cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Investigation of the Eating Disorder Continuum With Men

Men largely are neglected in research on eating disturbances, including research on the eating disorder continuum. This research explored whether the eating disorder continuum provides an accurate representation for men of characteristics related to disturbed eating in women. Results for a sample of 166 men were mixed, offering limited support for both the continuity and discontinuity perspectives. Scores on poor interoceptive awareness and on perceptions of long-term effectiveness, short-term safety, and long-term safety of maladaptive weight control techniques varied with respect to men’s rank along the eating disorder continuum. The eating disorder group appeared to be qualitatively different, however, from other groups on self-reported ineffectiveness. Scores on other variables did not vary with respect to men’s rank along the eating disorder continuum.
Banach algebras and non-linear semi-groups

Banach algebra methods are used to obtain generalized solutions of non-linear partial differential equations. These generalized solutions are similar to weak solutions but are specifically adapted to the non-linear context. The method is illustrated by the treatment of strongly non-linear positiveenergy wave equations (e.g. sinh-Gordon).
Factors Associated With Adoption of Mammography Screening: Results of a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT This study examined how cancer beliefs and cues to action were related to the adoption of mammography screening. The study employs a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal research design. Stepwise discriminant analyses conducted on a sample of women over 40 years (n = 395) revealed that a doctor's recommendation to have a mammogram was the most important predictor of ever having had a mammogram as well as adoption of initial screening. Personal experience with cancer in one's social environment and perceived seriousness of breast cancer also were consistently related to ever having had a mammogram. The results are discussed in terms of their scientific and pragmatic implications for increasing mammography screening.
PHYTOPLANKTON‐ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY. IV. THE SEASONAL IMPORTANCE OF GRAZING1

Grazing experiments with freshly caught plankton from Narragansett Bay were performed at weekly or biweekly intervals through most of a seasonal cycle. The laboratory rates (obtained under simulated natural conditions) were multiplied by the zooplankton concentration in the natural environment and the effects of grazing on the phytoplankton community were assessed. Grazing was most extensive in spring and early summer; phytoplankton production was believed to be high and a large standing crop of Skeletonema costatum persisted. The grazing population was severely reduced during summer, but the phytoplankton standing crop did not increase markedly and some other factor must have been limiting primary production at this time. During fall, decreasing light allowed little phytoplankton growth and mild grazing kept the standing crop at a minimum. This grazing ceased in December and with the release in grazing pressure the winter-spring diatom flowering began. Skeletonema costatum, the dominant bay diatom, was selectively grazed and its longer chains were preferentially removed.
Accessibility Trends among Academic Library and Library School Web Sites in the USA and Canada

This paper focuses on the accessibility of North American library and library school Web sites for all users, including those with disabilities. Web accessibility data collected in 2006 are compared to those of 2000 and 2002. The findings of this follow-up study continue to give cause for concern: Despite improvements since 2002, library and library school Web sites still tend to contain many barriers. A low correlation between the 2002 and 2006 data point to much up-and-down movement in Web accessibility. Contrary to findings derived from the early data sets, the comparison of the 2002 and 2006 data shows that redesign had a positive impact on accessibility. The paper concludes with the warning that advocates of accessible Web sites cannot yet relax: despite the overall positive trend, with so much up-and-down movement in Web accessibility occurring, today's leaders may turn into tomorrow's laggards—unless special vigilance and efforts keep this from happening.
Design of two-dimensional digital filters in the spatial domain

The design of two-dimensional (2-D) recursive digital filters in the spatial domain is investigated. Two algorithms are proposed for this purpose, namely, a modified version of the Newton-Raphson (MNR) method, and the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithm. Both of these methods are shown to outperform the Davidson-Fletcher-Powell (DFP) algorithm in terms of efficiency, when used for filter design. Comparison shows that the MNR is more efficient than the BFGS except for very-low-order filters, where the BFGS performs slightly better. >
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in thin film nanocrystalline silicon

Thin film nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si), a promising material for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications, is comprised of nanometer-scale crystals of silicon embedded in a matrix of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The degree of crystallinity of the material can be controlled by varying the deposition conditions, yielding materials that span the transition from the amorphous to the nanocrystalline state, and yielding variable grain size and crystalline fraction. Pump-probe measurements using optical pulses 35 fs in duration in the near-infrared were carried out on a series of nc-Si films of varying composition. Photoexcitation results in an induced absorbance signal with a nonexponential time dependence that is strongly dependent on excitation density. The response can be understood in terms of a multicomponent model that includes distinct contributions from each phase of the heterogeneous material. We observe a 240-fs exponential relaxation process associated with intraband relaxation in the silicon crystallites, a response characteristic of bimolecular recombination in the amorphous silicon matrix, and a long-lived component assigned to grain boundary states.
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH A SUSPECTED THYROID DISORDER

Thyroid disorders are highly prevalent in both undeveloped and industrialized regions of the world. 44 In general, these disorders are more common in women than men and increase in prevalence with age. In particular, the onset of autoimmune thyroid disease is relatively uncommon in the interval between the neonatal period and mid-adolescence. 22 Thyroid function tests are among the most common investigations ordered in clinical laboratories. Although these tests are relatively inexpensive individually, they account for a disproportionately large amount of health care expenditure for diagnostic testing. 43 The principal categories of thyroid disorders most commonly encountered by practitioners who are not in endocrine specialty practice are generalized goiter, thyroid nodules, clinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and abnormal thyroid function tests in clinically euthyroid individuals. This review is designed to provide the obstetrician-gynecologist with a practical guide to the initial investigation and diagnosis of the common types of incidentally discovered thyroid problems as they present. Therefore, disorders such as postpartum thyroiditis, the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, and the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and infertility, which are considered central to obstetric and gynecologic practice, are not reviewed in detail. Similarly, definitive management and follow-up of most thyroid disorders generally require the involvement of the patient′s family physician, internist, or endocrinologist with or without the support of a general or head and neck surgeon and are not comprehensively discussed here.
Transmural Atrial Fibrosis after Epicardial and Endocardial Argon‐Powered CryoMaze Ablation

Abstract Background: The CryoMaze procedure is usually limited to endocardial ablation under cardio-pulmonary bypass. Epicardial ablation is considered inferior as endocardial islets of atrial tissue could theoretically remain viable, protected from cryoinjury by epicardial fat and endocardial circulating warm blood. Novel argon-powered cryoprobes with lower ablation temperatures have recently become available. It is unclear if these instruments can reliably induce transmural atrial fibrosis by epicardial cryoablation on the beating heart. Methods: Ten sheep were divided into two equal groups. CryoMaze ablations were applied using an argon-powered cryoprobe with an ablation temperature of −185°C. In the control group, standardized ablations (n = 50) were applied endocardially under cardiopulmonary bypass. In the experimental group, corresponding ablations (n = 50) were applied epicardially on the beating heart. Postoperatively the animals were monitored for 30 days. At necropsy, the lesions were explanted and analyzed histologically for evidence of transmural fibrosis. Results: Two animals in the control group and one animal in the experimental group died prematurely. Autopsy of the remaining animals showed that all lesions (n = 70) had retained their structural integrity. In the control group, histology demonstrated transmural fibrosis in 94% (28/30) of the endocardially applied lesions. In the experimental group, histology demonstrated transmural fibrosis in 95% (38/40) of the epicardially applied lesions. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.96). Conclusion: Argon-powered epicardial cryoablation on the beating heart is as efficient in inducing transmural fibrosis as the traditional technique of endocardial ablation under cardio-pulmonary bypass. (J Card Surg 2011;26:240-243)
G Protein Activation of a Hormone-Stimulated Phosphatase in Human Tumor Cells

The growth-inhibiting peptide hormone somatostatin stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in the human pancreatic cell line MIA PaCa-2. This hormonal activation was mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) in the membranes of these cells. Activation of this G protein by somatostatin stimulated the dephosphorylation of exogenous epidermal growth factor receptor prepared from A-431 cells in vitro. This pathway may mediate the antineoplastic action of somatostatin in these cells and in human tumors and could represent a general mechanism of G protein coupling that is utilized by normal cells in the hormonal control of cell growth.
Reconstructing strings from random traces

We are given a collection of m random subsequences (traces) of a string t of length n where each trace is obtained by deleting each bit in the string with probability q. Our goal is to exactly reconstruct the string t from these observed traces. We initiate here a study of deletion rates for which we can successfully reconstruct the original string using a small number of samples. We investigate a simple reconstruction algorithm called Bitwise Majority Alignment that uses majority voting (with suitable shifts) to determine each bit of the original string. We show that for random strings t, we can reconstruct the original string (w.h.p.) for q = O(1/ log n) using only O(log n) samples. For arbitrary strings t, we show that a simple modification of Bitwise Majority Alignment reconstructs a string that has identical structure to the original string (w.h.p.) for q = O(1/n1/2+e) using O(1) samples. In this case, using O(n log n) samples, we can reconstruct the original string exactly. Our setting can be viewed as the study of an idealized biological evolutionary process where the only possible mutations are random deletions. Our goal is to understand at what mutation rates, a small number of observed samples can be correctly aligned to reconstruct the parent string.In the process of establishing these results, we show that Bitwise Majority Alignment has an interesting self-correcting property whereby local distortions in the traces do not generate errors in the reconstruction and eventually get corrected.
Association of antiepileptic drug nonadherence with risk of seizures in adults with epilepsy.

Abstract This study evaluated the potential effect of antiepileptic drug (AED) nonadherence on the risk of subsequent seizure. Retrospective insurance claims from the United States were analyzed. Inclusion criteria were: age 21–64 years, diagnosis of epilepsy or nonfebrile convulsions, ⩾2 AED prescriptions, and insurance enrollment for ⩾6 months pre- and ⩾60 days post-AED initiation. Seizure was defined as a hospital or emergency admission associated with epilepsy or nonfebrile convulsions. Observation began 7 days post-drug initiation, ending with the first of the following: seizure, insurance disenrollment, or 365 days post-drug initiation. Adherence was measured using the medication possession ratio (MPR), with MPR
Dosing Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Adults Receiving Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration

Characteristics of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) make the drug class susceptible to elimination via continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH), potentially leading to suboptimal drug concentrations if given at the recommended anephric doses during CVVH. The objective of this study was to formulate NRTI dosing recommendations for adults receiving CVVH. A mathematical formula that estimates the amount of drug likely to be removed during CVVH at various flow rates was used to calculate the supplemental NRTI dose required during CVVH. A proposed table of dosing recommendations for NRTIs during CVVH is presented. Clinicians should utilize these recommendations in the context of each individual patient, taking into consideration patient-specific factors and severity of illness. Future pharmacokinetic research correlating plasma and intracellular concentrations of NRTIs during CVVH is warranted to elucidate appropriate dosing.
PROTEOLYSIS BY IMMOBILIZED TRYPSIN

Trypsin immobilized on a phenol-formaldehyde resin was used as a model system to hydrolyze bovine serum albumin. An inhibitor was used during coupling to reduce autolysis. An automated GPC column showed that the reaction product distribution of the immobilized trypsin was different from that of the soluble enzyme. Enzyme loading affected the reaction product distribution. A 5% loss in proteolytic activity was found after 31 days of use.
The Cancer Stem Cell Concept in Progression of Head and Neck Cancer

Human head and neck cancer (HNC) is a highly heterogeneous disease. Understanding the biology of HNC progression is necessary for the development of novel approaches to its prevention, early detection, and treatment. A current evolutional progression model has limitations in explaining the heterogeneity observed in a single tumor nest. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as small subpopulations in solid tumors, including HNC. These CSCs can be selected by appropriate cell surface markers, which are cancer type specific and have been confirmed by unique in vitro and in vivo assays. Selected CSC populations maintain a self-renewal capability and show aggressive behaviors, such as chemoresistance and metastasis. In addition to introducing the CSC concept in solid tumors, this short review summarizes current publications in HNC CSC and the prospective development and application of the CSC concept to HNC in the clinic.
Treatment of refractory acute allograft rejection with aerosolized cyclosporine in lung transplant recipients

Triple drug regimens (cyclosporin or tacrolimus, azathioprine, prednisone) are routinely used in the maintenance therapy of lung transplant recipients. Despite the success of these protocols, acute rejection affects over 75% of patients. Episodes of acute cellular rejection are usually treated with short-term enhancement of immunosuppression consisting of pulse corticosteroids or cytolytic therapy. These efforts are not always successful and many recipients develop persistent or refractory acute rejection. If acute rejection is not controlled, it invariably results in tissue injury and organ failure. Persistent acute rejection is the predominant risk factor for subsequent development of chronic rejection and/or death within the first posttransplant year.
Ten-Year Review of Rating Scales. I: Overview of Scale Functioning, Psychometric Properties, and Selection

Objective: As part of the Journal’s 10-year Research Update Reviews, a series of articles will be presented on the role of rating scales in child and adolescent psychiatry. The first article in the series summarizes principles underlying scale functioning. Method: Sources were reviewed regarding testing theory, scale development, variability in scale functioning, psychometric properties, and scale selection. The extracted information was adapted to issues in child and adolescent psychiatry. Results: Rating scales can make major contributions to understanding youths’ needs. They provide easy and efficient measurement of psychopathology and quantify underlying constructs for comparison across youths, time, and applications. Although multiple factors may affect a scale’s functioning, these factors can be understood and managed by considering the goals of measurement and basic psychometric principles. Conclusions: Potential users of rating scales should not blindly assume that a well-known scale will meet the measurement needs for a particular application. Rather, they can relatively easily educate themselves regarding the appropriate use of rating scales. This article provides the background information needed to evaluate scales for intended applications. It will also assist in reviewing the individual scales presented in subsequent articles in this series. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2002, 41(2):114‐122.
Oral L‐glutamine therapy for sickle cell anemia: I. subjective clinical improvement and favorable change in red cell NAD redox potential

Previously, we demonstrated that there is an increased utilization of glutamine by intact sickle red blood cells (RBC) in conjunction with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism in vitro. In this report, we describe the in vivo effect of L-glutamine supplementation on total NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), and NAD redox potential of sickle RBC. Seven adult sickle cell anemia patients participated in this study. The exclusion criteria were pregnancy, previous or current use of hydroxyurea, and transfusion within 3 months of initiation of the study. After proper consent, L-glutamine was started at a dose of 30 g/day administered orally. Fasting blood samples were drawn at baseline and after 4 weeks of therapy by routine phlebotomy for evaluation of RBC total NAD and NADH levels. We found significant changes in both the NADH level and NAD redox potential (ratio of NADH to NAD+ + NADH). NAD redox potential increased from 47.2 +/- 3.7% to 62.1 +/- 11.8% (P < 0.01). The NADH level increased from 47.5 +/- 6.3 to 72.1 +/- 15.1 nmol/ml RBC (P < 0.01). The total NAD level demonstrated an upward trend (from 101.2 +/- 16 to 116.4 +/- 14.7 nmol/ml RBC) but this was not statistically significant. Our data show that oral L-glutamine can significantly increase the NAD redox potential and NADH level in sickle RBC. These changes may decrease oxidative susceptibility of sickle RBC and result in clinical benefit.
Enthalpy-enhanced microphase separation in homopolymer/block copolymer blends

A recent analysis of the enthalpy-driven swelling of a polymer brush by a compatible homopolymer leads to a simple swelling criterion that delineates the entropic and the enthalpic contributions. We consider the implications of this model for the formation of microphase in binary blends of a symmetric diblock copolymer (A-b-B) for which each block has a degree of polymerization (DP) = N and a homopolymer (A, B or X) which has DP = P. The model suggests that, in A/A-b-B and B/A-b-B blends, microphase formation will occur only if N/P > 1. However, in X/A-b-B blends, where there is an exothermic interaction between X and A or B, the enthalpic swelling can enable microphase formation even if N/P < 1. We present morphological observations which are qualitatively consistent with these predictions.
General equations for idealized CPU-I/O overlap configurations

General equations are derived for estimating the maximum possible utilization of main storage partitions, CPU and I/O devices under different conditions in an idealized CPU-I/O overlap model of multiprogrammed computer systems. The equations are directly applicable to any configuration consisting of sets of identical CPU's, I/O processors, main storage partitions and user tasks. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the equations to compute effective processing time per record and expected timesharing response time under both balanced and unbalanced resource utilization conditions.
Mental Health Implications of Welfare Reform and Florida's WAGES Program

The Federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996 set in motion changes to the welfare system which represent a tremendous challenge not only for the states as implementers of this reform, but also for the children and families who are directly affected by the new law. The National Center for Children in Poverty has called our attention to the fact that while two-thirds of the recipients of the former welfare program were children, these new ‘reform’ programs tend to concentrate on adult jobs, adult work, and adult self-sufficiency.
Cell surface changes associated with EGF and insulin-induced cell adhesion

Abstract The ability of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to restore cell surface function in cells damaged by serum deprivation has been examined. Both insulin (10 −7 M) and EGF (10 −8 M), when added for 2 h, resulted in reattachment of cells to the culture dish; with insulin, attachment was associated with increased amino acid uptake. Both hormones caused an increase in sialic acid and in free sulfhydryl groups associated with the cell membrane. The mobility of concanavalin A (Con A) on the upper cell surface was increased by EGF, and to a lesser extent by insulin. The effects of insulin and EGF on adhesion appear to be regulated by specific receptors for these hormones.
X-Ray Diffraction Measurements on Metallic and Semiconducting Hexagonal NiS

The crystallographic structure of hexagonal NiS has been determined at temperatures above and below the metal-semiconducting transition. The powder x-ray diffraction peak intensities were used to determine the atom positions in both phases. The symmetry of the unit cell is found to change from $\frac{P{6}_{3}}{mmc({D}_{6h}^{{}^{4}})}$ in the metallic phase to $P{6}_{3}mc({C}_{6v}^{4})$ in the semiconducting phase.
Effectiveness of Four Instructional Programs Designed to Serve English Learners Variation by Ethnicity and Initial English Proficiency

This article investigates the differences in academic achievement trajectories from elementary through middle school among English Learner (EL) students in four different instructional programs: English Immersion (EI), Transitional Bilingual (TB), Developmental Bilingual (DB), and Dual Immersion (DI). Comparing students with the same parental preferences but who attend different programs, we find that the English Language Arts (ELA) test scores of ELs in all bilingual programs grow at least as fast as, if not faster than, those in EI. The same is generally true of math, with the exception of DB programs, where average student scores grow more slowly than those of students in EI. Furthermore, Latino ELs perform better longitudinally in both subjects when in bilingual programs than their Chinese EL counterparts. We find no differences in program effectiveness by ELs’ initial English proficiency.
Ab initio kinetic Monte Carlo model of ionic conduction in bulk yttria-stabilized zirconia

We present a kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) model to simulate the ionic conduction in bulk single crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia. An interacting energy barrier model is developed to take into account the interactions between ions by combining density functional theory calculations and the cluster expansion method. The electrical impedance as a function of doping concentration is predicted by kMC simulations. The optimal doping concentration and the effective energy barrier are predicted to be consistent with the experimental observations. We also compute the electrical impedance at different dopant distributions, which helps us to identify the mechanisms of the ionic conductivity enhancement by rearranging dopants and predict the optimal dopant distribution.
Determination of independent predictive factors for anastomotic leak: analysis of 682 intestinal anastomoses

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with intestinal anastomotic leakage in order to practically assist in surgical decision making. Methods A retrospective review of an academic surgery database was performed over 5 years to identify patients who had intestinal (small bowel and colon) anastomoses to determine independent predictors of anastomotic leakage. Results Over the study period, 682 patients were identified with intestinal anastomoses; the overall leak rate was 5.6% (38/682). In bivariate analysis, 9 factors were associated with anastomotic leaks. Of these, 3 were found to be independent predictors of anastomotic leakage using a logistic regression model: anastomotic tension (odds ratio [OR] = 10.1, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.3 to 76.9), use of drains (OR = 8.9, 95% CI 4.3 to 18.4), and perioperative blood transfusion (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 12.3). Conclusions The recognition of factors associated with anastomotic leakage after intestinal operations can assist surgeons in mitigating these risks in the perioperative period and guide intraoperative decisions.
Methods courses and texts in psychology: “textbook science” and “tourist brochures”

Two studies examined the possibility that instruction in psychological methodology is committed to a philosophy of science, logical positivism, that is not adequately acknowledged and is empirically problematic. Study 1 suggested that psychology departments had more courses in methodology than corresponding physics departments, and psychology departments were far more likely to offer an introductory course in general methodology. Study 2 suggested that psychology had more introductory general methods textbooks than did physics. Both studies suggested psychology still presents itself as the kind of science that was defined by logical positivism. Study 2 suggested psychology does this only implicitly in its texts and without acknowledging problematic features of that philosophy. Psychology methods texts commonly justified the importance of the scientific method by describing human cognitive fallibilities without cautioning that these same fallibilities could be seen alternatively as showing the problematic nature of the positivistic conception of scientific methodology. In several regards, texts conformed to Fleck’s notion of “textbook science” and to Kuhn’s description of science texts as “tourist brochures.” It was cautioned that an implicit appeal by psychology to logical positivism contradicts its claim that its methods and data are objective, transparent, and little influenced by philosophy, logic divorced from data, or authority.
Assessment of car-following models by driver type and under different traffic, weather conditions using data from an instrumented vehicle

Abstract Car-following models are important components of simulation tools, since they describe the behavior of the following vehicle as a function of the lead vehicle trajectory. Several models have been developed and evaluated using field data. However, the literature has been inconclusive regarding the applicability of various car-following models under different operational conditions such as congested vs. non-congested. There has been very limited research regarding the relationship between car-following calibration parameters and different driver types. The objective of this study was to assess four car-following models using field data under different traffic (congested vs. uncongested) and weather conditions (rain vs. clear sky) and for various driver types (aggressive, average, and conservative). The assessed models were the Gipps (component of the AIMSUN software), Pitt (component of the CORSIM software), MITSIM (utilized in MITSIMLab program), and the Modified Pitt model. The data used in the analysis were collected with the help of an instrumented vehicle. The field trajectories were compared to the trajectories obtained by each of the four models evaluated. Results showed that the variable predicted best by the models was the speed of the following vehicle, which is consistent with previous findings. The calibration analysis also showed that the best variable to be used for calibration is spacing. Calibrating by spacing minimizes the errors that can be accumulated and can distort the final trajectory. Three calibration analyses were completed: first using all data available, second by traffic condition, and third by driver type. The best results were obtained when the parameters were calibrated by driver type using the MITSIM model. The study concludes with recommended calibration parameters, and application guidelines related to the car-following models examined.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae rectal screening during an outbreak of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at an acute care hospital.

We describe the results of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) screening as part of an outbreak investigation of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase–producing CRE at a tertiary care university teaching hospital. The manual method for CRE screening was useful for detecting patients with asymptomatic CRE carriage but was time-consuming and costly.
Assessment of a cytoprotection assay for the discovery and evaluation of anti-human immunodeficiency virus compounds utilizing a genetically-impaired virus

A biologically contained cytoprotection assay was developed to screen inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus without the need for high level containment or practices. The virus used has multiple point mutations that have destroyed its ability to produce both Rev and Tat, proteins essential for virus replication in vitro. The original cell line employed (CEM-SSTART) contains a genetic construct that allows for the continuous expression of both Rev and Tat, and a subclone (1A2) was developed that provides for maximum acute cytopathic effect. The National Cancer Institute's AIDS drug screening assay was used to test known drugs with both HIVIIIB virus in the T4 lymphocytic cell line CEM-SS and mutant virus in the 1A2 subclone. This cell-based assay uses the tetrazolium salt, XTT, as an indicator of cellular metabolism after the cells have been infected with virus. The results of extensive testing have shown that the assay using mutant virus is comparable to the current NCI AIDS drug screen. After 42 days in 1A2 or CEM-SS cell culture, the virus or the integrated genome did not revert to wild-type, and the virus produced in 1A2 cells was unable to replicate in PBMCs. Mutant viral stocks were devoid of wild-type virus as determined by a PCR assay that would have found 60-600 copies of mutant RNA. These materials, which are now available to the scientific community (NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program), should be useful tools to screen and test compounds for potential inhibition of HIV in laboratories not equipped to maintain and use wild-type infectious virus.
Dark Repair of Ultra-violet Injury in E. coli during Deprivation of Thymine

ULTRA-VIOLET irradiation produces injuries in bacteria which can be repaired in certain strains either by exposure to light (photoreactivation)1 or by incubation in the dark2,3. Aphotoreactivating enzyme extracted from yeast reconverts thymine dimers present in ultra-violet-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to thymine4. An enzymatic mechanism has also been proposed for the dark reactivation of ultra-violet-irradiated bacteriophage in E. coli B (refs. 5–7). This process was not inhibited by thymine deprivation8. In bacteria, dark reactivation can be demonstrated by recovery of the ability to synthesize acid-insoluble DNA following ultra-violet irradiation9. It, therefore, was of interest to see if this reactivation could also proceed under conditions of thymine deprivation.
Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications

Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) possessing a ‘web-like’ morphology was successfully modified with three different coupling agents: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and a titanate coupling agent (Lica 38). The surface modification was confirmed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and contact angle measurements. These modifications changed the surface character of MFC from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The untreated and treated MFC were successfully incorporated into an epoxy resin system using acetone as the solvent. Better and stronger adhesion between the microfibrils and the epoxy polymer matrix was observed for the treated fibers, which resulted in better mechanical properties of the composite materials.
Time-Resolved EPR Studies of Main Chain Radicals from Acrylic Polymers. Dynamic Effects Due to Conformational Motion

The temperature dependencies of the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of five main chain acrylic free radicals are presented and discussed in terms of conformational dynamics. The radicals are produced in liquid solution at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to over 100 °C by direct excitation (248 nm) of the ester group in the polymers leading to Norrish I α-cleavage of the side chain ester moiety. Restricted rotational motion near the radical center leads to modulation of the β-hyperfine coupling constants, which manifests itself in some of the spectra as an alternating line width effect near room temperature. A standard hyperfine modulation model (two-site exchange) is proposed and has been added to the simulation routine. The model works especially well for two of the polymers (poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(methyl d3-methacrylate), for which activation barriers for rotation are extracted from Arrhenius plots. The model is somewhat successful for poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) but f...
What explains away the increased risk of histological chorioamnionitis in African-American mothers of very-low-birthweight infants?

We sought explanations for African-American mothers' increased risk of chorioamnionitis by sequentially adjusting for confounder variables both individually and in groups. We searched for a subset of covariates that had the most influence on the chorioamnionitis odds ratio (OR) of these women. The sample consisted of 305 African-American and 520 White mothers who gave birth to a very-low-birthweight (< or = 1500 g) infant between 1991 and 1993, whose placenta was examined according to protocol and whose hospital chart was reviewed. Histologically proven chorioamnionitis was present in 43% of the placentas from African-American women and in 27% of those from Whites (crude OR 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5, 2.8). Singleton status appeared to be the most important effect modifier, with significant crude ORs of 1.5 among singletons and 3.4 among non-singletons. Using logistic regression models in the whole sample and in subgroups, we sought to 'explain away' this increased risk. Indeed, addition of information about confounder variables resulted in considerable reduction in the ORs to 1.1 among singletons and 1.9 among non-singletons. Particularly important among the confounders were singleton birth, Medicaid insurance, duration of ruptured membranes and gestational age. We discuss the possibility that this set of confounding variables conveys, in part, the same information as the variable African-American, and also perhaps information about the availability and/or utilisation of prenatal health care.
Practicing Anthropology in the Corporate World

Two years ago, I graduated with my Master's degree from the University of Colorado at Denver and, as yet, have not decided whether to pursue my Ph.D. During these past two years, I have been teaching part time at Metropolitan State College in Denver, working on my resume and doing a little archaeological field work. Just last year, I joined a network group consisting of some former friends and colleagues from graduate school, and a growing number of other graduate anthropologists. During my graduate work, I maintained my longstanding career in business. Since completion of that work, I have seen other graduates struggle with how to obtain rewarding positions in anthropological work. I went through a period of wondering just when I would be able to use my Master's degree professionally. Those questions and many doubts combined with my daily career in business have engendered a change in some of my attitudes about business and about "how to do anthropology." Based on my business experiences lately, I believ...
Enzyme histochemistry of the mesenteric and dorsal root ganglion cells of cat and squirrel monkey.

A detailed histochemical study has been made on the mesenteric ganglia of the cat, and dorsal root ganglia of the squirrel monkey by the use of appropriate histochemical techniques accompanied by appropriate controls for phosphatases, esterases, and oxidative enzymes. The different neurons of a particular ganglion show varied amounts of enzyme activity at a particular time depending upon the functional state of the neurons. SDH, CYO and LDH reaction is prominent in the cytoplasm of the neurons, gliocytes and satellite cells, whereas the MAO preparations generally show a weak reaction. The AK is prominent in the neuropil, cell membranes and peripheral part of cytoplasm, whereas ATPase activity has been observed in blood vessels as well. In AC preparations the area of lipofuscin concentration shows more intense reaction than the rest of the cytoplasm. The activity of AChE and BChE varies from mild, to moderate to strong. The TPPase preparations show morphologically different types and amounts of TPPase positive Golgi material even in the adjoining cells. The relationship between the TPPase Golgi material and various oxidative and dephosphorylating enzymes has been briefly discussed.
Service robotics for the home: a state of the art review

This paper provides a review of the state of the art of service robotics for the home. We were primarily interested in major features of commercially available robots and prototype research robots, as well as remaining research challenges and gaps for the future. The review was undertaken in support of an initiative to build advanced smart homes for disabled military service members and their families. These homes will be constructed with the aim to include advanced home automation, robotics, and other assistive technologies.
Information technology: The threat to unions

Although seldom recognized in the flurry of enthusiastic support, information technology has a dark side for unions. The Internet and the Web, with its power and convenience magnified by wireless communication, will reduce the relevancy of the traditional workplace-centered appeals of organizing unions. With greater physical distance and less psychological attachment to their employer and workplace, professional, clerical, technical, and sales workers will believe that collective bargaining does not fit their situations. Organizing these workers will require that unions not only have to broaden their mode of representation, perhaps even reviving associate membership, but also compete against advocacy and identity organizations. To make matters even worse, when unions try to organize any group of workers regardless of whether or not their jobs have been transformed by information technology, and when unions try to maintain their influence in already organized workplaces, they will have to compete against employer-controlled intranets.
Explaining the Passage of Living Wage Legislation in the U.S.

Using data from various sources to describe 1,077 U.S. cities, I examine the adoption of living wage legislation between 1995 and 2006. I analyze both the decisions to adopt such legislation and the timing of such decisions. My principal finding is that, while the size and political identity of the community play a significant role, the adoption of living wage legislation is also significantly influenced by local economic circumstances. An important implication is that researchers who seek to measure the economic impacts of the legislation must allow for its endogeneity, in order to separate its economic effect(s) from its economic cause(s).
Monitoring Drought: An Evaluation of Meteorological Drought Indices

A uniform method for defining, monitoring and quantifying the severity of drought conditions does not exist. This article introduces some of the tools (e.g. drought indices) that are commonly used in the United States to monitor meteorological drought, describes the strengths and weaknesses of these tools, and makes recommendations about which ones are the most appropriate for measuring and monitoring meteorological drought. The literature and the qualitative drought index evaluation both suggest that the Standardized Precipitation Index and deciles/percentiles are the most suitable for monitoring meteorological drought.
New rotavirus vaccines.

The twin objectives of all vaccines are safety and efficacy. In the case of rotavirus vaccine for humans safety and efficacy initially was sought through oral administration of related viruses indigenous to animals but the assumption that these viruses are harmless to humans appeared to be only partly correct. Furthermore the efficacy of the animal viruses in protection against human rotavirus infection and disease was inconsistent. The double-stranded RNA genome of rotaviruses is segmented which allowed reassortment in coinfected cell cultures with dsRNA segments of human rotaviruses. The animal rotavirus backbone was supposed to guarantee attenuation whereas the genes for G and P surface proteins from human viruses were supposed to provide efficacy. In 1998 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed a quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine containing reassortants of a G serotype 3 rhesus rotavirus (RRV) and rotavirus genes for human serotypes G1 2 and 4 proteins. Unfortunately these viruses multiplied well in the gastrointestinal tract and retained the ability to cause fever and diarrhea in some infants. More important suspicions that were engendered before licensure concerning an association of the vaccine with intussusception were confirmed postlicensure by case clusters in the 2 weeks after vaccination.1 RRV was withdrawn from use in 1999. (excerpt)
Looking to the Diaspora: The Overseas Chinese and China’s Economic Development, 1978–1994

Throughout the second half of this century, many forces have come to erode the autonomy and sovereignty of states, both at the supranational and the subnational levels. At the supranational level, ...
Effects of securities deregulation in underwriting: An Analysis of SEC Rule 415

In this paper we present evidence on the effects of Rule 415, the SEC Rule that relaxed the SEC's long-standing opposition to delayed offerings. Shelf registration allows securities to be offered on a continuous or delayed basis in certain circumstances. We provide evidence on one aspect of the controversy surrounding Rule 415's adoption: the effect of shelf registration on the distribution of underwriting revenues among broker/dealers. We find on average all broker/dealers experienced an increase in underwriting revenues following the adoption of shelf registration due to an increase in total business financing. However, we find that the largest underwriters experienced an increase in underwriting revenues relative to total business financing. The relationship for smaller broker/dealers between underwriting revenues and total business financing did not change significantly after the adoption of shelf registration. Thus, shelf registration appears not do have harmed small broker/dealers.
Endothelial cells have a particulate enzyme system responsible for EDRF formation: measurement by vascular relaxation.

Abstract Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) released from endothelial cells (EC) has been shown to be nitric oxide (NO) or a closely related molecule. In cultured EC, the enzyme responsible for the formation of EDRF, EDRF-synthase, was initially described as being cytosolic, but more recently we have found it to be predominantly particulate. In view of this discrepancy we have investigated the EDRF synthesizing activity of cytosolic and particulate fractions isolated from native bovine aortic EC. EDRF was measured by cGMP formation in rat fetal lung cultured fibroblasts (RFL-6) and by the ability of cell fractions to relax endothelium-denuded, preconstricted rabbit aortic strips. Cytosolic fractions from native EC (100 μg) had no effect on the tone of rabbit aortic strips and little effect on cGMP levels in RFL-6 cells in the presence of L-arginine and NADPH (100 μM). However, under the same conditions the 100,000 × g pellet fractions relaxed rabbit aortic strips and increased cGMP levels in RFL-6 cells. Thus EDRF synthase from native EC, like those grown in culture, is located mainly in the particulate fraction.
Relations between gamma efferent discharge and cortical activity

Abstract Relations between gamma efferent discharge and cortical activity have been studied in acute experiments on cats and rabbits immobilized by Flaxedil. Simultaneous recordings were made of gamma efferent activity in L7 or S1 ventral roots and of sensorimotor cortex. A general correlation was found between gamma unit discharge and changing levels of cortical activity, whether the cortical alterations occurred spontaneously or were induced by acoustic stimuli or drugs. However, in the presence of a continuously desynchronized cortex, or after cortical destruction, gamma efferent activation continued to be produced by acoustic stimuli. Alpha fibers, generally present in the filaments studied, discharged to EEG arousal or acoustic stimuli only after considerable precedent gamma efferent activity. Possible relations of the gamma system to different behavioral states are discussed.
SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS ANALYSIS OF CHOICE REACTION ERROR DATA

Results of several analyses of error data from four different discrete-choice reaction experimental conditions (an equiprobable two-choice condition, a two-choice condition in which one of the stimulus events appeared with a probability of .70, an equiprobable four-choice condition, and a four-choice condition in which one signal appeared on 20% of the trials) indicate salient characteristics of error data which an adequate model should predict, as well as some clues as to the information processing microstructure which determine error responses. In general, the second and third-order sequential effects observed for the error probability data closely parallel the often reported sequential effects associated with choice reaction time (CRT) data. However, findings concerning CRTs associated with error and posterror responses are reported which raise a number of questions regarding adequacy of current theoretical formulations which assume that errors are generated by premature exit from an invariant sequence...