cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-layer heterogeneous breast phantom for photoacoustic imaging

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is emerging as a potentially important aid for breast cancer detection. Well-validated tissue-simulating phantoms are needed for objective, quantitative, and physically realistic testing for system development. Prior reported PAT phantoms with homogenous structures do not incorporate the irregular layered structure of breast tissue. To assess the impact of this simplification, we design and construct two-layer breast phantoms incorporating vessel-simulating inclusions and realistic undulations at the fat/fibroglandular tissue interface. The phantoms are composed of custom poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol formulations mimicking the acoustic properties of two breast tissue types and tissue-relevant similar optical properties. Resulting PAT images demonstrate that in tissue with acoustic heterogeneity, lateral size of imaging targets is sensitive to the choice of sound speed in image reconstruction. The undulating boundary can further degrade a target's lateral size due to sound speed variation in tissue and refraction of sound waves at the interface. The extent of this degradation is also influenced by the geometric relationship between an absorber and the boundary. Results indicate that homogeneous phantom matrixes may underestimate the degradation of PAT image quality in breast tissue, whereas heterogeneous phantoms can provide more realistic testing through improved reproduction of spatial variations in physical properties.
Ethical Concerns of Un(Sustainable) Stakeholders: A Reexamination of Stakeholder Theory in Sustainable Decision-Making

Sustainability and sustainable business practices have influenced many policy and strategy decisions in organizations. Stakeholders, such as owners, employees, customers, and community members are bombarded with environmental and political claims, advertisements, and sustainability initiatives. This paper reexamines stakeholder theory when ethical situations are a concern, specifically with political ideology and stakeholders’ attitudes toward environmental spending. Using 2014 quantitative data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and then using qualitative interviews with 20 participants, this study questions the use of stakeholder theory in certain situations, especially when (un)ethical practices (e.g., spending on sustainability) come into question. Both logistic regression models show that political affiliation (i.e., ideology) has a significant negative association to spending on improving and protecting the environment. However, the findings of the qualitative study somewhat confirmed results of the quantitative study, yet brought up many ethical questions and issues. Introducing the qualitative results into this dilemma forces a business to question stakeholder theory, its stakeholders, and the ethics of always siding with its stakeholders. Finally, a few broad implications are included, including theoretical, organizational strategy, policy, and spending implications.
Multiple unerupted and supernumerary teeth in a patient with cleidocranial dysplasia

Cleidocranial dysplasia is an extremely rare familial disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of clavicles, characteristic craniofacial deformities, and the presence of numerous supernumerary and unerupted teeth. Here, the author reviews the striking radiographic findings of cleidocranial dysplasia in a 16-year-old adolescent boy who presented with delayed teeth eruption.
Integrating drama management into an adventure game

Often, video game designers must choose between creating a linear experience, and designing an open world with many different story lines that fail to form a tightly crafted narrative arc. A drama manager (DM) can provide a solution to this dilemma. A DM monitors an interactive experience, such as a computer game, and intervenes to shape the global experience so that it satisfies the author's expressive goals without decreasing a player's interactive agency. In this demo we present the first integration of declarative optimization-based drama management (DODM) into an adventure-style dungeon game called EMPath.
New from the Russian Archives

Massive recent archival releases by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation promise to revolutionize the historiography of the Soviet-German War, 1941–1945. Hitherto, heavily censored Sov...
Perception vs. Inner Sense: A Problem about Direct Awareness

Etude de l'interpretation de la theorie de la perception des sens de Jones developpee par Sellars dans le cadre de son analyse du langage des impressions et de l'experience perceptive. Entre phenomenalisme, instrumentalisme et realisme scientifique, l'A. examine le theme kantien de l'imagination et de la conscience chez Sellars.
Evaluating leading web search engines on children's queries

This study compared retrieved results, relevance ranking, and overlap across Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Yahoo Kids!, and Ask Kids on 15 queries constructed by middle school children. Queries included one word, two words, and multiple words/phrases/natural language, and the results were benchmarked against Google and Yahoo Kids! top 5 and top 10 retrieved results using a new relevance ranking metric. Yahoo! and Bing yielded similar results on all queries, but their relevance ranking differed on one-word queries. Ask Kids outperformed Yahoo Kids! on all queries, and a modest percentage of results had the same relevance ranking as Google. Yahoo Kids! and Ask Kids returned unique results that were not retrieved by the other three engines on the first results page. Yahoo! and Bing produced the highest percentage in overlap with Google followed by Ask Kids. Implications are made for children and mediators concerning the use of search engines on children's queries.
Sexual Behavior: Neuroendocrine Control

The experimental use of steroid hormones as molecular probes of neuronal mechanisms has permitted remarkably fast progress in explaining the regulation of hormone-dependent behaviors. This article discusses how both female and male mating behaviors are controlled. Then, it introduces the concept of generalized arousal of the central nervous system that supports sexual arousal, which in turn helps to activate sexual behaviors in both sexes.
Recent American Intelligent Networks

There are two major directions of force on the evolution of the public domain intelligent networks (INs) in the United States. First, the carriers of major data transport facilities around the country are evolving a special type of network intelligence to monitor and implement the network performance requirement from a data-throughput point of view. Optimal utilization of network switching and transmission facilities to maximize revenues is the major design criterion. With the advent of high-speed fiber optic systems that deploy multiple gigabit capacity in digital pipes, it is essential to be able to add, drop, and cross-connect channels appropriately from the digital superhighways spanning the country. Second, regional operations in the more densely populated areas of the United States are developing the capability to provide new intelligent network services (IN/1, IN/1+, and IN/2 architecture). In addition, the integrated services digital network (ISDN) capabilities for distributing data are being implemented by way of the ISDN switches, which are being implemented throughout the country.
Even Galois representations and the cohomology of $$\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)$$ GL ( 2 , Z )

Let $$\rho $$ be an even two-dimensional representation of the Galois group $${{\mathrm{Gal}}}(\overline{\mathbb Q}/\mathbb Q)$$ which is induced from a character $$\chi $$ of odd order of the absolute Galois group of a real quadratic field K. After imposing some additional conditions on $$\chi $$ , we attach $$\rho $$ to a Hecke eigenclass in the cohomology of $$\mathrm{GL}(2,\mathbb Z)$$ with coefficients in a certain infinite-dimensional vector space V over an arbitrary field of characteristic not equal to 2. The space V is defined purely algebraically starting from the field K.
Comparative gene expression analysis for identifying clinically relevant overexpressed genes in childhood brain tumors.

e14033Background: Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a rare and invasive pediatric brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Methods: The Treehouse Childhood Cancer Ini...
A Systematic Review of Time Series Based Spam Identification Techniques

Reviews are an essential resource for marketing the company’s products on e-commerce websites. Professional spammers are hired by companies to demote competitive products and increase their own product ratings. Researchers are now adopting unique methodologies to detect spam on e-commerce websites. Time-series based spam detection has gained popularity in the recent years. We need techniques that can help us catch spammers in real time, using fewer resources. Hence, an analysis involving the use of time series is of utmost importance for real-time spam detection. We focus on systematically analyzing and grouping spam detection techniques that either involve the use of temporal features, or have used time series. This study will proceed with analyzing the techniques in terms of accuracy and results. In this research paper, a survey of different time series based spam detection techniques has been presented and limitations of the techniques have been discussed.
A Novel 300–520 GHz TripIer with 50 % Bandwidth for Multi-pixel Heterodyne SIS Array Local Oscillator Signal Generation

We report on a novel frequency tripler working on a very broad frequency range. Its configuration combines the advantage of antiparallel pair of diodes for the confinement of the second harmonic signal, thin substrate transmission lines for uniform impedance matching, as well as varistor mode operating leveraged by the presence of a DC bias. Efficiency of 5 % over 300 GHz up to 520 GHz and an output power going from 0.5 mW to 1 mW provided within a single chip only offer the possibility to feed up to 8 pixels Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) mixers.
Creativity as a Dynamic, Personal, Parsimonious Process

This entire volume is intended to challenge static conceptions of creative action and thought. The present chapter introduces a particular dynamic definition of creativity. It also explores applications of that definition, primarily for education. The definition detailed herein is only one of several, as is evidenced by the other chapters in this same volume, and it may be that there is overlap. There may also be disagreement, the exploration of which will no doubt lead to further refinements and advance in our understanding of creativity. For obvious reasons the present chapter begins with a brief summary of previous definitions of creativity. The new dynamic definition will make the most sense after this summary (also see Corazza, GE. Creativity Research Journal, 28:258–267 (2016)).
NON-LINEAR STATE ESTIMATION IN POWER SYSTEMS UNDER MODEL UNCERTAINTY

This paper considers the problem of non-linear state estimation in power systems when the system model is not known with certainty due to lack of complete information about the model or possible disruptions in the network. Specifically, this paper focuses on the settings in which the true model might deviate from the nominal model to a group of alternative models. Such uncertainty in the true model adds another dimension to the system state estimation. Specifically, the state estimator must also detect if the system model has deviated from the nominal model, and then isolate the true model. The estimation and detection/isolation decisions are intertwined as the estimation performance is linked with the detection/isolation decisions, but isolation of the true model is never perfect due to noisy measurements. This paper establishes this fundamental interplay between model isolation and state estimation, and characterizes the optimal state estimator and model detector.
An Integrated Risk Assessment Tool for Team-based Periodontal Disease Management

Mounting evidence suggests a potential association of periodontal disease with systemic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke. The objective of this study is to develop an integrated risk assessment tool that displays a patients' risk for periodontal disease in the context of their systemic disease, social habits and oral health. Such a tool will be used by not just dental professionals but also by care providers who participate in the team-based care for chronic disease management. Displaying relationships between risk factors and its influence on the patient's general health could be a powerful educational and disease management tool for patients and clinicians. It may also improve the coordination of care provided by the provider-members of a chronic care team.
Abstract 820: Enzymatic Methyl-Seq: methylome analysis of challenging DNA samples

DNA isolated from blood draws (cell-free DNA (cfDNA)) or from archival material like formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues have advanced the field of cancer genetics. DNA methylation (5-methylcytosines (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC)) is a key epigenetic factor that plays an important role in cellular processes and it’s misregulation results in diseased states like cancer. Advances in the field of sample preparation from biological matrices and genomics have enabled cancer biomarker identification based on methylation profiling. Bisulfite sequencing is the standard method to detect methylation and has been employed for both targeted and whole genome methylation analysis. However, the chemical based bisulfite conversion of cytosines to uracils also results in DNA damage which subsequently results in shorter DNA insert sizes as well as introducing bias into the data. Robust biomarker detection relies primarily on the ability to profile methylation accurately. Analysis of DNA methylation from cfDNA and FFPE DNA is challenging as the DNA is typically of low quality and quantity. To overcome the drawbacks of bisulfite sequencing, we developed an enzyme based methylation detection technology, called NEBNext Enzymatic Methyl-Seq (EM-Seq). DNA damage is minimized enabling longer insert sizes, lower duplication rates and minimal GC bias resulting in more accurate quantification of methylation in the sample DNA. Using EM-Seq, we profiled cfDNA and FFPE DNA from multiple tissue types. Results for these challenging DNA types showed that the EM-Seq libraries had longer inserts, lower duplication rates, higher percentages of mapped reads and less GC bias compared to WGBS libraries. These libraries also identified a higher number of CpG’s and the estimated global methylation levels were in good agreement with the absolute levels quantified using LC/MS. In conclusion, EM-Seq libraries have superior sequencing metrics resulting in robust methylation profiling for these types of challenging DNA samples. Citation Format: Louise Williams, V K Chaithanya Ponnaluri, Brittany S. Sexton, Lana Saleh, Katherine Marks, Mala Samaranayake, Laurence Ettwiller, Shengxi Guan, Heidi E. Church, Nan Dai, Esta Tamanaha, Erbay Yigit, Bradley Langhorst, Zhiyi Sun, Thomas C. Evans, Romualdas Vaisvila, Eileen Dimalanta, Theodore B. Davis. Enzymatic Methyl-Seq: methylome analysis of challenging DNA samples [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 820.
Longitudinal assessment of post-surgical physical activity in endometrial and ovarian cancer patients.

Objective Physical activity plays a key role in cancer survivorship. The purpose of this investigation was to (a) describe the post-surgical physical activity trajectories of endometrial (n = 65) and ovarian (n = 31) cancer patients and (b) identify clinical and demographic predictors of physical activity over time. Methods 96 participants wore an Actiwatch accelerometer for three days at each of three time points (one week, one month and four months) after surgical intervention for their endometrial or ovarian cancer diagnosis. Analyses were conducted using linear mixed effects regression modeling in SAS 9.4. Results For both tumor types, although physical activity levels increased with time after surgery, even at four months patients were performing only a small fraction of the 150 minutes of recommended weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity. At 1 week, subjects were completing on average 14 minutes/week (SD = 4) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, compared to 14 minutes/week (SD = 2) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at four months post-surgery (p < .05). Better self-rated health was associated with higher physical activity (p = 0.02) in endometrial cancer survivors only. BMI, age, surgery type and use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy were not associated with activity over time. Conclusions Our findings suggest that physical activity levels are different for those with better self-rated health, but those individuals are still insufficiently active. This study adds new information describing the trajectories and variables that influence physical activity in gynecologic cancer survivors after surgery and highlights the need for health promotion interventions in this population.
A qualitative study on user acceptance of a home-based stroke telerehabilitation system

Objective: This paper reports a qualitative study of a home-based stroke telerehabilitation system. The telerehabilitation system delivers treatment sessions in the form of daily guided rehabilitation games, exercises, and stroke education in the patient's home. The aims of the current report are to investigate patient perceived benefits of and barriers to using the telerehabilitation system at home.Methods: We used a qualitative study design that involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 13 participants who were patients in the subacute phase after stroke and had completed a six-week intervention using the home-based telerehabilitation system. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data.Results: Participants mostly reported positive experiences with the telerehabilitation system. Benefits included observed improvements in limb functions, cognitive abilities, and emotional well-being. They also perceived the system easy to use due to the engaging experience and the convenience of conducting sessions at home. Meanwhile, participants pointed out the importance of considering technical support and physical environment at home. Further, family members' support helped them sustain in their rehabilitation. Finally, adjusting difficulty levels and visualizing patients' rehabilitation progress might help them in continued use of the telerehabilitation system.Conclusion: Telerehabilitation systems can be used as an efficient and user-friendly tool to deliver home-based stroke rehabilitation that enhance patients' physical recovery and mental and social-emotional wellbeing. Such systems need to be designed to offer engaging experience, display of recovery progress, and flexibility of schedule and location, with consideration of facilitating and social factors.
Entrepreneurial Opportunities in the Wholesale Sector: A Predictive Model

Wholesaling plays a crucial role in the success or failure of small businesses and the location decision is perhaps the most critical strategy decision to be made by wholesalers. Yet, there is little in the way of analytical tools to help prospective wholesalers with this decision. This paper presents an empirically tested model, based on a conceptual foundation, that is intended to help entrepreneurs predict wholesaling opportunities .
Teen and parental perspectives regarding transition of care in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objective The transition from parent management to teen self-management of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a stressful, but important, time with substantial long-term health consequences. The purpose of this study was to describe and explore teens’ and their parents’ perspectives on the transition through the transactional model of stress and coping (TMSC). This evidence will provide us an understanding of key variables of the TMSC to target in an intervention. Methods This qualitative study included 12 teens and 9 parents in Michigan. Subjects participated in semi-structured interviews designed to examine the transition process, using TMSC as a guide. Results Several themes emerged through the analysis of the interview data. The results of the themes are presented by primary and secondary appraisals. The primary appraisal theme was coded as fear. The secondary appraisal was focused on family communication. Finally, the coping strategies included provider communication, social support and tangible support. Conclusions Improving parent involvement and providing more social support and educational opportunities to both parents and teens can be possible avenues for new coping interventions.
Demonstration of $155.1\ \mu\mathrm{W}$ Wake-Up Gas Sensor Node Toward 8 Month Lifetime

This paper reports the design and implementation of a wake-up gas sensor node, including both a low-power sensor and a wake-up electrical circuit that was particularly capable of utilizing the “on/off” characteristic of a previously reported nano-gap sensor to produce the needed output electrical power for alerting operations (e.g. LED lighting) under power budgets. The designed circuit, as predicted by a SPICE model, consumed 3.7mW of power for its “on” operation at an applied voltage of 1V, while only consuming ∼970nW during its “off” operation. The measured power for both operations enabled an average power consumption of $155.1\mu\mathrm{W}$ and depicted the wake-up functionality of the integrated gas sensor node for longterm battery-supported deployment. The integrated sensor node successfully demonstrated the lighting of an LED as an alarm signal, when exposed to a threshold concentration of 550 ppm of 1,5-diaminopentane gas.
The Case for an Autonomy-Centred View of Physician-Assisted Death

Most people who defend physician-assisted death (PAD) endorse the Joint View, which holds that two conditions-autonomy and welfare-must be satisfied for PAD to be justified. In this paper, we defend an Autonomy Only view. We argue that the welfare condition is either otiose on the most plausible account of the autonomy condition or else is implausibly restrictive, particularly once we account for the broad range of reasons patients cite for desiring PAD, such as "tired of life" cases. Moreover, many of the common objections to an autonomy only view fail once we understand the extent of the autonomy condition's requirements-in particular, the importance of one's values for autonomous choices. If our view is correct, then the scope of permissible PAD is broader than is currently accepted in both the philosophical literature and the law and therefore poses an important challenge to the current consensus on justified PAD.
Investigation of Low-Cost Op-Amps as Decoupling Preamplifiers for MRI Array Coils

The benefits of array coils in MRI and MRS are well known. A key component of essentially all array coils used today is the decoupling preamplifier. Unlike conventional 50 ohm low-noise preamps, decoupling preamps present a reactive impedance to the coil, which can be used to ‘block’ currents from being induced in the receive coil, reducing the impact of any electromagnetic coupling between array elements. While available from a number of vendors, a lower-cost solution would be advantageous. We investigate the use of conventional operational amplifiers as low-noise decoupling preamplifiers. In this paper the performance of the op-amp preamplifier is compared to conventional 50 Ω. The op-amp preamp design shows promise for use as a decoupling preamplifier with array coils.Clinical Relevance— This work could facilitate the development of array coils for spectroscopy and imaging
WebProtégé: A Cloud-Based Ontology Editor

We present WebProtege, a tool to develop ontologies represented in the Web Ontology Language (OWL). WebProtege is a cloud-based application that allows users to collaboratively edit OWL ontologies, and it is available for use at https://webprotege.stanford.edu. WebProtege currently hosts more than 68,000 OWL ontology projects and has over 50,000 user accounts. In this paper, we detail the main new features of the latest version of WebProtege.
Real-time computing of pavement conditions in cold regions: A large-scale application with road weather information system

Abstract Pavement conditions including pavement temperatures, freezing and thawing depths, and the consequent mechanical performance are the key to the performance and longevity of the pavement. For example, thaw-weakening is a major cause of pavement damage in seasonally-frozen areas covering half of the U.S., leading to huge financial costs for taxpayers. In recent years, the damage has been lessened due to improved practices with Spring Load Restriction (SLR) policies. However, prevalent SLR date prediction methods/tools are still primitive from the perspective of information technology. Such methods/tools are obtained and/or implemented manually with small amounts of data, labor-intensive observations, and/or subjective experience. The paper reports what has been learned from a recent project supported by the Michigan Department of Transporation for the development of a web-based pavement condition prediction and SLR decision support tool: a web-based app called MDOTSLR. MDOTSLR enables access to much more data with little latency and automates data acquisition, processing, and decision making. In this paper, the data innovations and new models that support the functions of the tool will be first introduced. Followed will be the major functions (or services) of the app including software engineering details. Compared with traditional tools without web delivery, this web-based tool automates the acquisition and processing of weather data, GIS data, road weather information system data, and field measurements in real time and thus enables more accurate and convenient SLR predictions. The tool can be easily extended or modified for other road agencies for immediate financial savings in road maintenance and less disturbance to local transportation and economy.
Joint Teaching with a Colleague, for Just a Week or Two

This paper describes a joint teaching effort by two U.S. law school professors. One professor teaches constitutional law, and the other teaches property law, to the same set of first-year law students. For about two weeks during the semester, the professors blend their courses to teach, jointly, a subject that partakes of both constitutional law and property law - that subject being the requirement that government pay "just compensation" when it takes private property for public use. The paper discusses the rationale, the format, and the apparent benefits of their joint teaching efforts. The paper also offers advice to teachers who may wish to try something similar.
Handbook of Clinical Skills: A Practical Manual

Transition to the 21st Century: Clinical Competence - New Directions in Medical Education Disease, Illness and Illness Behavior Clinical Skills: Listening Skills and Observation Skills Diagnostic Skills Problem Solving Skills Human Relation Skills: Communication Skills Doctor-Patient Relationship Caring Skills and Connection Learning Skills and Teaching Skills Physician, Know Thyself.
Studies of 54,56 Fe Neutron Scattering Cross Sections

Elastic and inelastic neutron scattering differential cross sections and γ-ray production cross sections have been measured on 54,56 Fe at several incident energies in the fast neutron region between 1.5 and 4.7 MeV. All measurements were completed at the University of Kentucky Accelerator Laboratory (UKAL) using a 7-MV Model CN Van de Graaff accelerator, along with the neutron production and neutron and γ-ray detection systems located there. The facilities at UKAL allow the investigation of both elastic and inelastic scattering with nearly mono-energetic incident neutrons. Time-of-flight techniques were used to detect the scattered neutrons for the differential cross section measurements. The measured cross sections are important for fission reactor applications and also for testing global model calculations such as those found at ENDF, since describing both the elastic and inelastic scattering is important for determining the direct and compound components of the scattering mechanism. The γ-ray production cross sections are used to determine cross sections to unresolved levels in the neutron scattering experiments. Results from our measurements and comparisons to model calculations are presented.
The propensity for Christensen-type disruptive innovation in the electron device industry

A survey of participants in the electron device industry has been conducted to evaluate the industry's propensity for disruptive innovation as described by Clayton Christensen in The Innovator's Dilemma. The survey instrument was constructed by including questions for each of Christensen's five principles of innovation. A sample size of n=450 industry participants was obtained. We observe that the electron device industry, on average, exhibits a relatively low propensity to take advantage of these principles of disruptive innovation. Industry participant responses regarding their firm's behavior display both reluctance to embrace the principles fully and some heterogeneity in the principles they value most. As such, electron device industry firms that use these insights to plan disruptive attacks on, and to predict disruptive attacks from, others in this industry are positioned for relative competitive advantage.
Identifying program power phase behavior using power vectors

Characterizing program behavior is important for both hardware and software research. Most modern applications exhibit distinctly different behavior throughout their runtimes, which constitute several phases of execution that share a greater amount of resemblance within themselves compared to other regions of execution. These execution phases can occur at very large scales, necessitating prohibitively long simulation times for characterization. Due to the implementation of extensive clock gating and additional power and thermal management techniques in modern processors, these program phases are also reflected in program power behavior, which can be used as an alternative means of program behavior characterization for power-oriented research. In this paper, we present our methodology for identifying phases in program power behavior and determining execution points that correspond to these phases, as well as defining a small set of power signatures representative of overall program power behavior. We define a power similarity metric as an intersection of both magnitude based and ratio-wise similarities in the power dissipation of processor components. We then develop a thresholding algorithm in order to partition the power behavior into similarity groups. We illustrate our methodology with the gzip benchmark for its whole runtime and characterize gzip power behavior with both the selected execution points and defined signature vectors.
Trypanosoma cruzi: interaction with vertebrate cells in vitro. IV. Environmental temperature effects.

Abstract The effects of 4 environmental temperatures (29, 32, 35, and 38 C) on the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and bovine embryo skeletal muscle cells were quantified. Three aspects of the interaction (penetration of host cells by trypomastigotes, the lag period prior to the reproductive phase, and the reproductive phase) were markedly affected by temperature. There was a linear increase in the number of trypomastigotes penetrating cells in the 29–35 C range. Temperatures above 35 C can be considered supraoptimal as no further increase in the rate of penetration occurred. The lag period decreased linearly as temperature increased in the 29–35 C range; at 38 C, the lag period was markedly shortened. The doubling time of amastigotes increased linearly as temperature increased in the 32–38 C range; at 29 C, the doubling time was markedly lengthened. At all temperatures, parasites reproduced for 9 generations before cell rupture. The changes in lag period and doubling time complemented each other in the 32–38 C range. Thus, there was essentially no change in the overall length of the intracellular cycle which lasted 6.1 to 6.5 days. At 29 C, however, the cycle was lengthened to 8.9 days. Thermodynamic analysis revealed marked differences, characterized by a negative activation energy and negative enthalpy, between the reproductive phase of parasites within vertebrate cells and the vertebrate cells themselves. However, the thermodynamic parameters of parasites reproducing extracellularly in liquid medium and intracellularly were the same.
Objectives, Characteristics and Outcomes of University Licensing: A Survey of Major U.S. Universities

This paper describes results of our survey of licensing at 62 research universities. We consider ownership, income splits, stage of development, marketing, license policies and characteristics, goals of licensing and the role of the inventor in licensing. Based on these results we analyze the relationship between licensing outcomes and both the objectives of the TTO and the characteristics of the technologies. Patent applications grow one-to-one with disclosures, while sponsored research grows similarly with licenses executed. Royalties are typically larger the higher the quality of the faculty and the higher the fraction of licenses that are executed at latter stages of development. Sponsored research is more likely to be included in a license if the new technology is at an early stage of development or if the TTO evaluates it as important. We find that additional disclosures generate smaller percentage increases in licenses, and those increases in licenses generate smaller percentage increases in royalties.
Initial comparison of single cylinder Stirling engine computer model predictions with test results

A Stirling engine digital computer model developed at NASA Lewis Research Center was configured to predict the performance of the GPU-3 single-cylinder rhombic drive engine. Revisions to the basic equations and assumptions are discussed. Model predictions with the early results of the Lewis Research Center GPU-3 tests are compared.
What Was an Early Modern Public, and How Was It Made?

One argument of The Secret History of Domesticity is that there were two early modern publics, one traditional and one innovative; that the new concept of the public began to emerge when the authority of the old public, until then a matter of tacit belief, was subjected to explicit and rational analysis; and that the rationality of the new public depended on the simultaneous rise of an entirely new concept, the private. This argument responds at length to the central question raised by the Making Publics Project –“What was an early modern public, and how was it made?”– in ways that are pertinent to the work of MaPs, as can be seen in the stimulating essays gathered for this collection. The contributors have focused on a broad range of issues entailed in the hypothesis of a modern public, from political and religious history, social theory, historiography, and periodization to the history of civic architecture, gender and domesticity, drama, and the aesthetic, principally in England but also in fourteenth-century Italy and the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. This comparative dimension enhances and deepens the developing coherence, within English culture, of the category of the modern.
Incorporation of autonomic pharmacology into high fidelity simulated cardiopulmonary critical care scenarios improves cardiopulmonary pharmacology assessment performance (719.3)

Effective teaching of autonomic pharmacology is essential for understanding the pathology and treatment of cardio-pulmonary disease. To improve comprehension, we incorporated sympathomimetic treatments into high fidelity medical simulations (HFMS) involving scenarios of shock and respiratory insufficiency. Groups of five students treated their SimMan manikin, with faculty scaffolding the experience. Multi-disciplinary debriefings performed after HFMS focused on integrated clinical and pharmacology teaching. Students performed poorly on pre-HFMS quizzes after didactic sessions covering autonomic pharmacology (Mean: 54%) but improved significantly after the HFMS (Mean: 84%). Students exposed to HFMS performed better on summative autonomic pharmacology questions (Mean: 89%) than a cohort population of similar M2 students not taught autonomic pharmacology in HFMS (Mean: 74%). While the cohort with the lower score received 4 hours of topic didactics, the higher scoring HFMS cohort received 1.5 hours of topic d...
The Internet and grassroots politcs: Nike, the athletic apparel industry and the anti-sweatshop campaign

Carty examines ways in which the Internet has been employed to enhance political struggle in contemporary society. A case study of Nike Corp highlights the power and autonomy of transnational companies.
App Gene Dosage Modulates Endosomal Abnormalities of Alzheimer's Disease in a Segmental Trisomy 16 Mouse Model of Down Syndrome

Altered neuronal endocytosis is the earliest known pathology in sporadic Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS) brain and has been linked to increased Aβ production. Here, we show that a genetic model of DS (trisomy 21), the segmental trisomy 16 mouse Ts65Dn, develops enlarged neuronal early endosomes, increased immunoreactivity for markers of endosome fusion (rab5, early endosomal antigen 1, and rabaptin5), and endosome recycling (rab4) similar to those in AD and DS individuals. These abnormalities are most prominent in neurons of the basal forebrain, which later develop aging-related atrophy and degenerative changes, as in AD and DS. We also show that App , one of the triplicated genes in Ts65Dn mice and human DS, is critical to the development of these endocytic abnormalities. Selectively deleting one copy of App or a small portion of the chromosome 16 segment containing App from Ts65Dn mice eliminated the endosomal phenotype. Overexpressing App at high levels in mice did not alter early endosomes, implying that one or more additional genes on the triplicated segment of chromosome 16 are also required for the Ts65Dn endosomal phenotype. These results identify an essential role for App gene triplication in causing AD-related endosomal abnormalities and further establish the pathogenic significance of endosomal dysfunction in AD.
Precipitation of indium 8-hydroxyquinaldate from homogeneous solution

Abstract Zinc 8-hydroxyquinaldate can be precipitated quantitatively from homogeneous solution with 8-hydroxyquinaldine generated by the hydrolysis of 8-acetoxyquinaldine. Separation studies indicate the superiority of this method over the conventional procedure using 8-hydroxyquinaldine.
Exploration of the Sequence Specificity of pp60c-src Tyrosine Kinase MINIMAL PEPTIDE SEQUENCE REQUIRED FOR MAXIMAL ACTIVITY

Abstract The minimum length required for phosphorylation of a peptide by pp60c-src tyrosine kinase (srcTK) was delineated in this work. Budde (M. D. Anderson University of Texas, personal communication) suggested that the peptide (FGE)3Y(GEF)2GD (peptide I) was a “good” srcTK substrate. Peptide I yielded a 251-fold higher kcat/Km than RRLIEDAEYAARRG, a peptide substrate based upon the autophosphorylation site of srcTK. This was due to a 38-fold lower Km and a 6.6-fold increase in kcat. N-terminal truncation of up to 8 residues in a series of peptides yielded only a 3-fold decrease in activity. Removal of the final N-terminal residue resulted in a 10-fold loss in substrate activity, primarily as a result of an increase in the Km. C-terminal truncations ending in the amide yielded no significant loss in activity until the Y+3 residue was removed, which resulted in a 73-fold decrease in kcat/Km relative to peptide I. The latter was due primarily to an increase in Km. The results from peptides truncated on both termini suggest that subsite recognition N- and C-terminal relative to the site of phosphorylation can be examined independently. In addition, the observation that only 5 residues are required for significant substrate activity suggests that small molecule inhibitors based upon interactions with the phosphoacceptor site may be developed.
Quantitative Assessment of Human Neutrophil Migration Across a Cultured Bladder Epithelium

The recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the site of inflammation is an essential step in the innate immune response at any mucosal surface. During infection of the urinary bladder, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN; neutrophils) migrate from the bloodstream and traverse the bladder epithelium. Failure to resolve infection in the absence of a neutrophilic response demonstrates the importance of PMN in bladder defense. To facilitate colonization of the bladder epithelium, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the causative agent of the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), dampen the acute inflammatory response using a variety of partially defined mechanisms. To further investigate the interplay between host and bacterial pathogen, we developed an in vitro model of this aspect of the innate immune response to UPEC. In the transuroepithelial neutrophil migration assay, a variation on the Boyden chamber, cultured bladder epithelial cells are grown to confluence on the underside of a permeable support. PMN are isolated from human venous blood and are applied to the basolateral side of the bladder epithelial cell layers. PMN migration representing the physiologically relevant basolateral-to-apical direction in response to bacterial infection or chemoattractant molecules is enumerated using a hemocytometer. This model can be used to investigate interactions between UPEC and eukaryotic cells as well as to interrogate the molecular requirements for the traversal of bladder epithelia by PMN. The transuroepithelial neutrophil migration model will further our understanding of the initial inflammatory response to UPEC in the bladder.
Nautiliniellidae (Annelida) from Costa Rican cold seeps and a western Pacific hydrothermal vent, with description of four new species

Four genera and five species of Nautiliniellidae (Phyllodocida; Annelida), representing four new species and one new record, were found in association with bivalves belonging to Mytilidae (Bathymodiolus spp.), Solemyidae (Acharax sp.) and Vesicomyidae (Calyptogena and Vesicomya) from hydrothermal vents of the western Pacific (Lau back-arc basin) and cold seeps of the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica). Iheyomytilidicola lauensis n. sp. is characterized by the presence of unidentate hooks; Laubierus alvini n. sp. has long dorsal cirri and notoacicula not protruding in any segment; Natsushima sashai n. sp has bifurcate chaetae with distal teeth markedly different in length and width between each other; and Shinkai fontefridae n. sp. differs in having posterior hooks with subdistal spines. Sexual dimorphism is described for Shinkai and Natsushima species and confirmed by DNA sequencing (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences). In addition, one specimen of N. bifurcata Miura & Laubier, 1990 from the Gulf of Cadiz...
Visual Power? The Politics of Images in Twentieth-Century Germany and Austria-Hungary

In the twentieth century, images have played a crucial role in the construction and reproduction of political power. Yet German historians have only recently begun to pay serious attention to the politics of images. The five books under review here show that visual power has operated in two major ways: first, through the production and circulation of the ‘right images’ of any specific historical event or period, which is the subject of almost all the works discussed here; and second, through the direct observation and surveillance of subjects considered by state authorities to constitute some kind of threat, as in the use of photography by the East German Stasi analysed in Karin Hartewig's pioneering study, Das Auge der Partei. What makes those who produce and circulate images believe that they will achieve the desired effect? Is it the subject, the style, the medium or the genre? Does it matter where and how viewers encounter images? Do officially approved pictures still contain messages that may allow viewers to read them in subversive ways? Does the attempt to control images actually promote the viewer's visual desire to see what has not been shown in the ‘right pictures’? These are some of the central questions which the books reviewed here address.
Celebrating A Legacy

In this double issue, we present a belated festschrift (actually, as will be seen, "a festschrift and more") honoring John I. Kitsuse, whom sociologists generally remember primarily for his contributions to the fields of deviance (especially labeling theory) and social problems (especially constructionism). As the contributions here make clear, however, there is much more to discover about Kitsuse, more to celebrate. This is good news not only for admirers of Kitsuse, but for the field of sociology as a whole. Perhaps some seeds of a positive sociology (not in the Comtean sense, but rather in the contemporary sense of Martin Seligman's and Christopher Peterson's "positive psychology") may be planted here. For joyfulness?even in critique?is arguably a key to a field's viability and creativity. We begin with a discovered text, that is, a previously unpublished paper by John Kitsuse on a topic that is now widely debated, namely, how to evaluate teaching in higher education. Special thanks are due to John's widow, Kathy Kitsuse for sending the paper to Peter Ibarra, who helped to organize this issue. The paper was originally delivered as a public address (called an Inaugural Lecture) by John Kitsuse, at the University of California Santa Cruz, on November 2, 1977, in a setting known as "classroom unit 2." Listeners heard a challenge to re-examine the ways in which "teaching" is defined within higher education, including the institutionalized ambivalence surrounding such discourse. The continuing relevance of this challenge is evident in the subsequent outpouring of analyses, from Bloom's "the closing of the American mind," to commission reports on "the scholarship of teaching," to former Harvard president Derek Bok's recent volume on Our Underachieving Universities.
The mechanism of floc formation in protein precipitation by polyelectrolytes

Abstract Precipitation by polyelectrolytes is an important method in the processing of protein products. In the present work the mechanism of floc formation, breakup and reaggregation is examined in the system consisting of lysozyme precipitated with polyacrylic acids of varying molecular weight. The protein is first precipitated in a stirred tank under gentle agitation followed by a period of vigorous agitation and then a final period of gentle agitation. Floc size distributions are determined at all the three stages and used to draw inferences concerning the mechanism of floc formation and breakup. These inferences are further examined by measuring the molecular weights of the polyelectrolytes in flocs which have been subjected to agitation and comparing them with their original values. The results support a polymer bridging mechanism with high molecular weight polyelectrolytes and a charge neutralization mechanism with low molecular weight precipitant. A gradual transition between the mechanisms is noted as the molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte is decreased.
The PM221 interconnection network

A scheme based on the standard multiplier recoding technique that enables the use of (5*5) switches for PM2I networks is presented. The connections between switching stages are based on the modified PM2I functions, and are called plus-minus-2/sup 2i/ (PM22I); hence, these networks are called the PM22I networks. Since the number of switching stages in the PM22I networks is one-half of those in the PM2I networks, with a moderate increase in the switch size from (3*3) to (5*5), these networks provide similar design tradeoffs availability by the (2*2) and (4*4) cube networks. >