cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large effect QTL explain natural phenotypic variation for the developmental timing of vegetative phase change in maize ( Zea mays L.)

Natural variation for the timing of vegetative phase change in maize is controlled by several large effect loci, one corresponding to Glossy15 , a gene known for regulating juvenile tissue traits. Vegetative phase change is an intrinsic component of developmental programs in plants. Juvenile and adult vegetative tissues in grasses differ dramatically in their anatomical and biochemical composition affecting the utility of specific genotypes as animal feed and biofuel feedstock. The molecular network controlling the process of developmental transition is incompletely characterized. In this study, we used scoring for juvenile and adult epicuticular wax as an entry point to discover quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling phenotypic variation for the developmental timing of juvenile to adult transition in maize. We scored the last leaf with juvenile wax on 25 recombinant inbred line families of the B73 reference Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population and the intermated B73×Mo17 (IBM) population across multiple seasons. A total of 13 unique QTL were identified through genome-wide association analysis across the NAM populations, three of which have large effects. A QTL located on chromosome nine had the most significant SNPs within Glossy15, a gene controlling expression of juvenile leaf traits. The second large effect QTL is located on chromosome two. The most significant SNP in this QTL is located adjacent to a homolog of the Arabidopsis transcription factor, enhanced downy mildew-2, which has been shown to promote the transition from juvenile to adult vegetative phase. Overall, these results show that several major QTL and potential candidate genes underlie the extensive natural variation for this developmental trait.
Market-Based Solution to the Allocation of Tasks to Agents

Tasks allocation is a fundamental problem in multiagent systems. We formulate the problem as a multiple traveling salesmen problem (MTSP), which is an extension to the well known traveling salesman problem (TSP), both considered to be NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. We propose a solution in which agents interact in an economic market to win tasks situated in an environment. The agents strive to minimize required costs, defined as either the total distance traveled by all agents or the maximum distance traveled by any agent. Using a set of simple market operations, the agents come up with a solution for task allocation. In this work we examine the processing speed of the market-based solution (MBS), as well as the quality vs. optimal solutions achieved using enumeration for a 3 agents by 8 tasks scenario. We show that the MBS is both quick and close to optimal. We then show that the MBS can be scaled to more complicated problems, by comparing its results with results from genetic algorithm (GA) and clustering. We also show the robustness of the MBS to changes in the scenario, e.g. the addition and removal of tasks or agents.
Gabapentin for the treatment of pain related to radiation-induced mucositis in patients with head and neck tumors treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Background. This retrospective study evaluates the efficacy of gabapentin for the treatment of pain syndrome related to radiation-induced mucositis in patients with head and neck tumors. Methods. Thirty cases of head and neck malignancies treated with radiotherapy were analyzed. Results. By using a median dose of 2700 mg/day of gabapentin, only 10% of patients required additional narcotic pain medications for adequate pain relief during the third and fourth week of treatment, despite grade 2 or higher mucositis present in 56% and 73% of the patients, respectively. Likewise, during the last weeks of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), only 35% of patients required additional narcotics for pain control, despite the presence of grade 2 or higher mucositis in 80% of cases. Conclusions. Gabapentin appears promising in reducing the need for narcotic pain medication for patients with head and neck malignancies treated with IMRT and should be further evaluated prospectively in controlled clinical trials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Derivation of primary magmas and melting of crustal materials on Venus : some preliminary petrogenetic considerations

Crustal formation and evolution processes are of critical importance in the geochemical and thermal evolution of planets. As an aid to understanding these processes on Venus, we develop a general paradigm for: (1) the derivation of primary magmas, and (2) the range of possible conditions for remelting of crustal materials and the evolution of the products of remelting. We use as a basis for this paradigm the present knowledge of the bulk and surface composition, thermal structure, and surface geological and geochemical processes. For the range of conditions of derivation of primary magmas and crustal remelting, a wide range of magma types is possible, and no magma type can be arbitrarily excluded from consideration on Venus. We conclude that magmatic and volcanic activity on Venus, in its broadest sense, could be very similar to that on the Earth, although eruption styles are expected to vary due to environmental conditions (Head and Wilson, 1986). Major differences in magmatic and volcanic activity are likely to occur in two environments on Venus: (1) those analogous to terrestrial island arcs, where due to the absence of water, melts should be SiO2-undersaturated, and the more fluid melt products may produce widespread deposits of SiO2-poor ferrobasalts rather than more viscous SiO2-rich magmas and composite volcanoes, and (2) those in plains regions influenced by mantle plumes and hot spots, where highly picritic melts may periodically flood vast regions of the surface.
Use of environmental supports among patients with schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive adaptation training is a psychosocial treatment that uses individually tailored environmental supports, such as signs, calendars, hygiene supplies, and pill containers, to cue and sequence adaptive behavior in the client's home environment. Generic environmental supports offer a less costly treatment that provides a predetermined package of helpful supports to clients at the time of their routine clinic visit. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive adaptation training. The study reported here examined the extent to which environmental supports are used by clients. METHODS: As part of an ongoing study, persons with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: cognitive adaptation training, generic environmental supports, or assessment only. Rates of use of supports for the first three months of treatment were examined for the first 64 patients assigned to the first two groups. RESULTS: Rates of overall use averaged approximately 80 percent for ...
Identification of Symmetry, Redundancy and Equivalence of Boolean Functions

Functionally packaged logic can only be effectively utilized if the totality of switching functions that each package is capable of providing is recognized. Theorems concerning, and algorithms operating on, multiple output switching functions (possibly with don't care conditions) in cubical array notation are presented that 1) detect partial symmetry and redundancy sets of input varibles, 2) determine the function generated by a package with some of its inputs tied to logical 1 or 0 or tied together, and 3) rapidly show equivalence between two functions using symmetry information. While manual execution of the algorithms is possible, they are computer oriented. Results from actual computer experimentation show their efficiency.
Teaching software engineering using open source software

This paper describes our experience of using open source software systems in teaching a graduate level software engineering course. The motivation of this course, the course structure, the assessment, and the outcomes are discussed. The comparative results using different approaches are also presented.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology accuracy with palpable gynecologic neoplasms

From 1984 to 1988, 62 fine-needle aspirations (FNA) were performed on palpable lesions in 59 gynecologic oncology patients at the UCLA Medical Center. Sites of aspiration included abdomen, cervix, vagina, superficial lymph nodes, and pelvic masses. Confirmatory open biopsy (41) or adequate clinical follow-up (17) was obtained in 55 patients (58 aspirates). FNA correctly established the diagnosis of malignancy in 19 of 26 (73%) biopsied patients. The predictive value for a positive test was 100%, and the predictive value for a negative test was 82%. Initial surgical biopsy had been incorrectly benign in 4 of these patients who were shown subsequently to have malignant tumors by FNA and clinical findings. In 7 patients, FNA failed to diagnose the malignancy found by open biopsy. Two of the false-negative FNAs were insufficient and five were in masses where palpation was inadequate. In 17 patients who were followed clinically without open biopsy, FNA correctly predicted the subsequent clinical course in 15 (88%). There were no false-positive FNA diagnoses obtained when cytologic results were correlated with both clinical outcome and surgical biopsy. Aspiration cytology has a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 65%. A negative FNA obtained from a clinically suspicious lesion should be followed by a repeat aspiration or surgical biopsy.
Hypothermia and Rewarming after Cardiac Surgery

Ensuring adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues with respect to oxygen demand is an important operative challenge during cardiac surgery. The state of the art in myocardial preservation in the 1990s has evolved to include pretreatment of the myocardium; intraoperative use of systemic hypothermia with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), topical cooling of the myocardium, cold cardioplegia, and myocardial reperfusion; and postoperative oxygen transport support. These techniques optimize myocardial preservation while providing adequate cardiac surgery operative times by decreasing the myocardial ischemic period, decreasing cellular metabolic requirements, and preserving energy stores. Awareness of the physiologic consequences of hypothermia in the postoperative cardiac patient improves nursing assessment of the hypothermic patient. Appropriate temperature monitoring and reporting support timely medical and nursing interventions for hypothermia, such as internal and external rewarming techniques or drug administration to facilitate the rewarming process and suppress or treat shivering. This article addresses the physiologic condition of hypothermia, the elective hypothermia techniques used during cardiac surgery, and the medical or nursing rewarming and management techniques for the postoperative cardiac surgery patient.
Computation of the sampling distribution of coherence estimate

The recent paper published by Miranda de Sa (2004) derived, for the first time, the sampling distribution of coherence estimated between two signals. The paper also considered computational issues of the sampling distribution, using an approximate method. In this short note, we provided several 1-line programs for the exact computation of various measures of the sampling distribution. The advantages of using these programs are discussed.
Substrate specificity and effect on GLUT4 translocation of the Rab GTPase-activating protein Tbc1d1

Insulin stimulation of the trafficking of the glucose transporter GLUT4 to the plasma membrane is controlled in part by the phosphorylation of the Rab GAP (GTPase-activating protein) AS160 (also known as Tbc1d4). Considerable evidence indicates that the phosphorylation of this protein by Akt (protein kinase B) leads to suppression of its GAP activity and results in the elevation of the GTP form of a critical Rab. The present study examines a similar Rab GAP, Tbc1d1, about which very little is known. We found that the Rab specificity of the Tbc1d1 GAP domain is identical with that of AS160. Ectopic expression of Tbc1d1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes blocked insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, whereas a point mutant with an inactive GAP domain had no effect. Insulin treatment led to the phosphorylation of Tbc1d1 on an Akt site that is conserved between Tbc1d1 and AS160. These results show that Tbc1d1 regulates GLUT4 translocation through its GAP activity, and is a likely Akt substrate. An allele of Tbc1d1 in which Arg(125) is replaced by tryptophan has very recently been implicated in susceptibility to obesity by genetic analysis. We found that this form of Tbc1d1 also inhibited GLUT4 translocation and that this effect also required a functional GAP domain.
Assessing Instrumentality of Mission Statements and Social-Financial Performance Links: Corporate Social Responsibility as Context

This study blends stakeholder theory’s instrumental component with contingency theory’s accommodation and advocacy variables for a new framework used to scrutinize corporate social responsibility (CSR) elements in mission statements with possible linkages to corporate financial performance. Although findings have been mixed among research on corporate mission statements’ connection to performance, we found that looking for links in a CSR context lends new significance to mission statement instrumentality. Specifically, we content-analyzed Fortune 500 corporations’ mission statements to compare/contrast language used regarding stakeholders and other specific characteristics central to CSR. Findings suggest that higher-performing corporations’ mission statements devoted greater attention to accommodation variable components – such as desired public image, concern for satisfying employees, and concern for relationships. Higher-performing corporations’ mission statements also attended more to advocacy variabl...
Copper-induced olfactory toxicity in salmon and steelhead: Extrapolation across species and rearing environments

Abstract Recent research has shown that hatchery coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) are vulnerable to the olfactory neurotoxicity caused by copper from urban runoff, pesticide use, and mining activities. To explore the broader application of this data to salmonids living in the wild, we exposed naturally-reared steelhead ( O. mykiss ) to copper (5 and 20 μg/L; 3 h) and measured losses in olfactory function via electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings. Copper exposure disrupted the olfactory responsiveness of steelhead to an amino acid ( l -serine) in a dose-dependent manner that was equivalent to previously published data for hatchery coho. Our findings support extrapolation of copper toxicity data across species and from fish raised in hatcheries to fish in the wild.
Compressing large polygonal models

We present an algorithm that uses partitioning and gluing to compress large triangular meshes which are too complex to fit in main memory. The algorithm is based largely on the existing mesh compression algorithms, most of which require an 'in-core' representation of the input mesh. Our solution is to partition the mesh into smaller submeshes and compress these submeshes separately using existing mesh compression techniques. Since a direct partition of the input mesh is out of question, instead, we partition a simplified mesh and use the partition on the simplified model to obtain a partition on the original model. In order to recover the full connectivity, we present a simple scheme for encoding/decoding the resulting boundary structure from the mesh partition. When compressing large models with few singular vertices, a negligible portion of the compressed output is devoted to gluing information. On desktop computers, we have run experiments on models with millions of vertices, which could not be compressed using standard compression software packages, and have observed compression ratios as high as 17 to 1 using our technique.
Asymmetric Functional Divergence of Duplicate Genes in Yeast

Most duplicate genes are eliminated from a genome shortly after duplication, but those that remain are an important source of biochemical diversity. Here, I present evidence from genome-scale protein-protein interaction data, microarray expression data, and large-scale gene knockout data that this diversification is often asymmetrical: one duplicate usually shows significantly more molecular or genetic interactions than the other. I propose a model that can explain this divergence pattern if asymmetrically diverging duplicate gene pairs show increased robustness to deleterious mutations.
Self-reported differences on measures of executive function and hypersexual behavior in a patient and community sample of men.

ABSTRACTPatients seeking help for hypersexual behavior often exhibit features of impulsivity, cognitive rigidity, poor judgment, deficits in emotion regulation, and excessive preoccupation with sex. Some of these characteristics are also common among patients presenting with neurological pathology associated with executive dysfunction. These observations led to the current investigation of differences between a group of hypersexual patients (n == 87) and a non-hypersexual community sample (n == 92) of men using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI). Significant differences between the groups emerged on eight subscales and all of the general indices of executive functioning with the most dramatic differences on BRIEF-A's Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, and Plan/Organize subscales. Hypersexual behavior was positively correlated (r == .37, p < .01) with global indices of executive dysfunction and several subscales of the B...
Detection of Botulinum Type E Toxin in Channel Catfish with Visceral Toxicosis Syndrome Using Catfish Bioassay and Endopep Mass Spectrometry

Visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC) is a syndrome characterized by sudden mortality in apparently healthy market- and brooder-sized catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). This paper reports the design of a catfish neutralization assay to detect botulinum in catfish with VTC and verification by Endopep mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS). Sera from 6 affected catfish were incubated with botulinum antitoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, or F. For each serum sample, 3 experimental fingerlings were injected intracoelomically with each serotype-serum mixture and placed separately in an aquarium. Three fish were injected with VTC- affected serum only, and 3 fish were injected with unaffected serum only and also placed in separate aquaria. Signs of morbidity and mortality were seen in fish injected with sera combined with serotype A, B, C, or D, as well as in positive controls. No morbidity or mortality was seen in fish injected with sera combined with antitoxin serotypes E or F or negative control serum. Sera from affected and unaffected catfish were sent to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for detection and differentiation of botulinum neurotoxin. Aliquots of 0.5 ml of sera were incubated with magnetic beads coated with antibodies to botulinum, and the beads were subjected to the Endopep-MS reaction. Sera from affected catfish tested positive for botulinum E. Sera from 34 unaffected catfish tested negative for botulinum. Although there was not enough botulinum present in affected samples to obtain exact quantification, the estimated quantity of botulinum E in these sera samples was between 0.01 and 0.5 mouse LD50/ml.
Integrins may serve as mechanical transducers for low‐frequency electric fields

A hypothesis is presented that a transduction mechanism for low frequency electric fields of physiological strength (∼1 V/cm) is the same as that for sinusoidal fluid shear stresses, the force exerted on an integrin. Simple calculations show that the forces exerted on a model integrin by transverse electric fields and fluid shears that produce cellular effects are comparable in magnitude, about 1 fN. The electric force is provided by the interaction of the surface charges on the integrin with the tangential component of the applied field. The mechanical shear force is the transverse fluid drag force exerted on the cylindrical surface of the integrin. Either force is coupled mechanically to the actin cortex within the cell. The mechanical network which exists within a cell and connects a cell to its surroundings would then be directly coupled to an applied electric field. The fundamental transduction mechanism for some electric field effects may then be ultimately mechanical in nature. Bioelectromagnetics 27:505–508, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sensitivities of an intense Mediterranean cyclone: Analysis and validation

On 10 and 11 November 2001 a deep cyclone moved northward across the western Mediterranean. Severe floods affected Algeria on 10 November and a mesoscale-sized region of strong damaging winds occurred over the Balearics and eastern Spain during the first hours of 11 November. These large intense cyclones, originating over north Africa and moving northward, are occasionally observed in the region. Numerical simulations of these types of events are potentially hampered by the lack of observations over the Mediterranean Sea, north Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. To evaluate more accurately the regions in which the model simulations are influenced by this lack of data, the MM5 adjoint system is used to determine the most sensitive areas within the initial conditions of the simulation of this 10–11 November event. Limitations of available adjoint models, such as their linear character, suggest that a test of the applicability of MM5 to the case under analysis is needed. In this study, the evaluation is performed by means of the tangent linear model and, despite finding that the adjoint has an acceptable accuracy, important nonlinear effects are found and attributed to the moist processes. The study tracks backward in time the sensitivities shown at different simulation times using parameters chosen to characterize the cyclone's intensity at 0000 UTC 11 November. Results reveal that the areas that show the largest sensitivities are located over north Africa for the 12 h and 24 h simulations, whereas south-western and western Europe emerge as areas with important sensitivities for the longer 36 h and 48 h simulations. Subsynoptic details regarding the shape and intensity of an upper-level trough, as well as a low-level cold front, are highlighted by the adjoint runs as the structures which influence most strongly the baroclinic development of the intense Mediterranean cyclone and the damaging surface winds it produces. The usefulness of the sensitivity fields in the nonlinear simulations is confirmed by perturbing the control model's initial conditions using the adjoint results as guidance. This analysis helps to quantify the limitations of the linear estimation when applied to the full nonlinear model, focusing on the nonlinearities introduced by the moist physics parametrizations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Variance Analysis in Software Fault Prediction Models

Software fault prediction models play an important role in softwarequality assurance. They identify software subsystems (modules,components, classes, or files) which are likely to contain faults.These subsystems, in turn, receive additional resources forverification and validation activities. Fault prediction models arebinary classifiers typically developed using one of the supervisedlearning techniques from either a subset of the fault data from thecurrent project or from a similar past project. In practice, itis critical that such models provide a reliable predictionperformance on the data not used in training. Variance is animportant reliability indicator of software fault prediction models.However, variance is often ignored or barely mentioned in manypublished studies. In this paper, through the analysis of twelvedata sets from a public software engineering repository from theperspective of variance, we explore the following five questionsregarding fault prediction models:(1) Do different types ofclassification performance measures exhibit different variance? (2)Does the size of the data set imply a more (or less) accurateprediction performance? (3) Does the size of training subset impactmodel's stability? (4) Do different classifiers consistently exhibitdifferent performance in terms of model's variance? (5) Are theredifferences between variance from 1000 runs and 10 runs of 10-fold crossvalidation experiments? Our results indicate that variance is avery important factor in understanding fault prediction models andwe recommend the best practice for reporting variance in empiricalsoftware engineering studies.
Deconvolution from wave front sensing using the frozen flow hypothesis

Deconvolution from wave front sensing (DWFS) is an image-reconstruction technique for compensating the image degradation due to atmospheric turbulence. DWFS requires the simultaneous recording of high cadence short-exposure images and wave-front sensor (WFS) data. A deconvolution algorithm is then used to estimate both the target object and the wave front phases from the images, subject to constraints imposed by the WFS data and a model of the optical system. Here we show that by capturing the inherent temporal correlations present in the consecutive wave fronts, using the frozen flow hypothesis (FFH) during the modeling, high-quality object estimates may be recovered in much worse conditions than when the correlations are ignored.
Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins

The T-cell-mediated immune response plays a central role in the defense against intracellular pathogens. To avoid this immune response, viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms that target and modulate many different aspects of the host's immune system. A target common to many of these viruses is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes K3 and K5 zinc finger membrane proteins which remove MHC class I molecules from the cell surface. K3 and K5 exhibit 40% amino acid identity to each other and localize primarily near the plasma membrane. While K3 and K5 dramatically downregulated class I molecules, they displayed different specificities in downregulation of HLA allotypes. K5 significantly downregulated HLA-A and -B and downregulated HLA-C only weakly, but not HLA-E, whereas K3 downregulated all four HLA allotypes. This selective downregulation of HLA allotypes by K5 was partly due to differences in amino acid sequences in their transmembrane regions. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that while K3 and K5 did not affect expression and intracellular transport of class I molecules, their expression induced rapid endocytosis of the molecules. These results demonstrate that KSHV has evolved a novel immune evasion mechanism by harboring similar but distinct genes, K3 and K5, which target MHC class I molecules in different ways.
Complexity reduction of CELP speech coders through the use of phase information

An efficient search procedure for CELP coders is described. Based on the phase spectra of the codevectors and the ideal excitation vector, a subset of the codebook is preselected. This subset is then exhaustively searched to find the best, perhaps optimum, codevector. Computational savings of the order of 30-40 are achieved while still maintaining good output speech quality. >
Development of de novo urge incontinence in women post sling: the role of preoperative urodynamics in assessing the risk.

Aims The study was undertaken to investigate if there are specific identifiable risk factors on the preoperative history or urodynamics testing associated with an increased risk for the development of symptoms of de novo urge urinary incontinence after a minimally invasive sling procedure. Methods Two hundred eighty-one women who had undergone minimally invasive sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence between January 2000 and December 2003 were identified. The records of 92 patients were included in this review. Results Twenty-five patients (27%) reported urge urinary incontinence on postoperative questioning. Clinical and urodynamic parameters were correlated with the development of de novo urge urinary incontinence. Preoperative history parameters were not predictive of the increased risk of de novo urge urinary incontinence, with the exception of increased preoperative daytime frequency (OR 3.3 (1.2, 9.1)). Of 16 women whose detrusor pressure during the filling phase of cystometry exceeded 15 cm H2O, de novo urge urinary incontinence developed in 9 (56%) vs. 16 (21%) of 76 women, whose detrusor pressure was ≤ 15 cm H2O (OR 4.6 (1.4, 15.0)). Conclusions Directed patient history is only minimally helpful in the identification of women at increased risk for the development of de novo urge urinary incontinence, with the exception of the complaint of increased daytime frequency. Women with elevated detrusor pressure during the filling phase of cystometry were more likely to develop urge urinary incontinence postoperatively. Therefore, we suggest that preoperative urodynamic evaluation, and specifically detrusor pressure > 15 cm H2O may help identify patients at increased risk of developing de novo urge urinary incontinence following the minimally invasive sling procedure. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:407–411, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clathrin heavy chain is required for spore cell but not stalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum

Previous studies of a clathrin-minus Dictyostelium cell line revealed important roles for clathrin heavy chain (clathrin) in endocytosis, secretion of lysosomal hydrolases and osmoregulation. In this paper, we examine the contribution of clathrin-mediated membrane traffic to development in Dictyostelium discoideum. Clathrin-minus cells were delayed in early development. When exposed to starvation conditions, clathrin-minus cells streamed and aggregated more slowly than wild-type cells. Although clathrin-minus cells displayed only 40% the level of extracellular cyclic AMP binding normally found in wild-type cells, they responded chemotactically to extracellular cyclic AMP. Clathrin-minus cells down-regulated cyclic AMP receptors, but only to half the extent of wild-type cells. We found that the extent of development of clathrin-minus cells was variable and influenced by environmental conditions. Although the mutant cells always progressed beyond the tipped mound stage, the final structure varied from a finger-like projection to a short, irregular fruiting body. Microscopic examination of these terminal structures revealed the presence of intact stalks but a complete absence of spores. Clathrin-minus cells expressed prestalk (ecmA and ecmB) and prespore (psA and cotB) genes normally, but were blocked in expression of the sporulation gene spiA. Using clathrin-minus cells that had been transformed with various promoter-lacZ reporter constructs, we saw only partial sorting of clathrin-minus prestalk and prespore cells. Even when mixed with wild-type cells, clathrin-minus cells failed to sort correctly and never constructed functional spores. These results suggest three roles for clathrin during Dictyostelium development. First, clathrin increases the efficiency of early development. Second, clathrin enables proper and efficient patterning of prestalk and prespore cells during culmination. Third, clathrin is essential for differentiation of mature spore cells.
Exploring the rabbit hole of possibilities by myself or with my group: The benefits and liabilities of activating counterfactual mind‐sets for information sharing and group coordination

The current experiment explored the effect of activating a counterfactual mind-set on the discussion of unique information and group judgment accuracy. Evidence suggests that a counterfactual mind-set is characterized by a focused, analytic mental state and, when activated at the group level, improves group judgment accuracy in the murder mystery paradigm (a hidden profile task). We hypothesized that the beneficial effect of the counterfactual mind-set would only help group problem-solving tasks if the mind-set had been activated at the group level, allowing the analytical mind-set to play out in an atmosphere of synergistic coordination. In contrast, if this highly focused mental state is activated at the individual level, it could impair group judgment quality because inwardly focused analytical individuals may fail to coordinate their behavior with other group members. Consistent with our hypothesis, activating a counterfactual mind-set at the individual level had a debilitating effect on the group judgment task, whereas activating a counterfactual mind-set at the group level had a facilitative effect, increasing information sharing, synergistic coordination and judgment accuracy. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Qualitative Examination of Self-Care in Lawyers

It may seem obvious that self-care is important for well-being and success in life. However, self-care is not always practiced when work, bills, and other issues come into play. All individuals experience stress in their lives, but not all have identified specific strategies to adaptively cope with stress. Recent research has established the negative implications of work-related stress on well-being.
An Explanation of the Federal Income Tax Exemption for Charitable Organizations: A Theory of Risk Compensation

There currently is no universally-accepted theory that explains the fundamental reason underlying the deliberate and continued conferral of the federal income tax exemption on qualifying charitable organizations. This Article suggests that the rationale for the tax exemption is a separate issue from the question of whether a charitable organization deserves tax exempt treatment. As to the rationale, this Article proposes that the tax exemption is a non-volatile expected return to compensate rational charitable organizations for undertaking the provision of "inherently risky" public goods and services. With respect to the issue of deservedness, this Article looks at social and moral justifications and suggests broad guidelines based on the types of projects undertaken as an organization evolves, and the degree to which those activities comport with the organization's initial purpose constraint.
Observations and interpretation of the multifrequency continua of AGN and QSOs

The continuum distribution of AGN and QSOs extends from radio through x-ray frequencies to γ-ray energies in a few cases. Strongly active nonthermal sources (blazar) spectral-distributions seem to be adequately interpreted in terms of synchrotron self-Compton emission of nonthermal electrons although many interesting physical questions remain. The less strongly active emission line objects exhibit more complicated multifrequency spectral-distributions with a large blue bump at ultraviolet wavelengths as an energetically important and observationally prominent feature. Models are being explored that explain the large blue bump as synchrotron emission from secondary e+e− pairs radiating in the high magnetic field region of a supermassive compact object. As a natural consequence of secondary pair production we also anticipate a high energy x-ray component due to Compton scattering from the large blue bump, a nonthermal infrared component due to pairs radiating in the low field of the broad line region, a Compton scattered x-ray component from the infrared synchrotron emission and π° decay γ-rays with energies greater than 100 Mev. The sum of these components closely resembles the spectral distribution of 3C273 for 109 Hz < ν < 1023 Hz.
How Much!? Determining the Cost of an Assignment in an Organic Chemistry Class

Poster presented at Special Libraries Association 2015 All-Sciences Poster Session, Boston, MA, June 15, 2015.
Practices, Policies, and Persistence: A Study of Supplementary Materials in Crop Science Journals

ABSTRACTThis study compared practices and policies of 24 crop science journals to selected National Information Standards Organization/National Federation of Advanced Information Services (NISO/NFAIS) recommendations for online supplemental journal article materials. The studied recommendations include the display of supplementary materials, digital object identifiers (DOIs) for supplementary materials, and clear preservation statements regarding supplementary materials. This study also investigated missing supplementary materials on 18 of the journal websites. The findings reveal some potential roles for librarians and libraries, especially those with institutional repositories, which could better facilitate long-term access, data citation, and data reuse.
Test Marketing and Small Consumer Goods Manufacturing Firms

This study examines the perceptions and experience of small consumer packaged goods manufacturers regarding the use of test marketing in the new product development process. The results indicate that 42 percent of the small manufacturers test market their product prior to regional or national introduction. The use of test marketing was found to be more prevalent in the food, and pharmaceutical product industries than other consumer product industries surveyed. Cost and time constraints were most frequently cited as the major reasons firms did not test market their new products.
Hepatitis C therapy update

PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review here the recent literature regarding hepatitis C treatment through January 2012. We discuss newly approved therapies and their clinical trial data and discuss what can be expected in this rapidly changing field. RECENT FINDINGS Two new directly acting antiviral agents were approved in 2011 for use in hepatitis C treatment, bringing shortened treatment durations, and increased treatment success to some patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C. Additional drugs using different viral targets are in development to further improve response rates, tolerance, and increase access to therapy. SUMMARY Telaprevir and boceprevir were approved in 2011 for use against genotype 1 hepatitis C, in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. In most populations of genotype 1 patients, response rates are much improved but increased treatment related anemia has been seen. Additional options for therapy, including interferon-free regimens, are still needed and are under development.
Systematic Analysis of Outcomes for Surgical Resection and Radiotherapy in Patients with Papillary Meningioma.

Introduction Papillary meningiomas (PMs) are characterized by their aggressive nature and high rate of recurrence. Due to their rarity, studies examining the relationship between treatment and clinical outcomes for this disease are limited. Gross total resection (GTR) with or without radiotherapy (RT) is considered the standard treatment; however, when GTR is not feasible, subtotal resection (STR) followed by RT may be an effective alternative. In this study, we analyzed the clinical outcomes in patients who either underwent GTR alone, GTR followed by RT, STR alone, or STR followed by RT. Methods A systematic analysis was performed to identify PM patients with sufficient follow-up and outcome data, as measured by recurrence. Patient data lacking extent of resection, follow-up, or recurrence information were excluded. Results A total of 29 patients with PM were treated with resections (23 GTRs and 6 STRs).The mean age and mean follow-up of patients in this study were 32.3 years and 42.1 months, respectively. Of these patients, 58.6% experienced recurrence. Overall, 47.8% of patients who underwent GTR experienced recurrence. These patients also demonstrated improved survival compared with STR. Among patients whose tumors were only partially excised, a recurrence rate of 83% was observed. Conclusion Our results confirm that GTR results in fewer recurrences compared with STR, supporting GTR as the treatment of choice for PM. Furthermore, GTR in conjunction with RT resulted in improved survival compared with GTR alone. When GTR was not feasible, STR with RT was associated with improved survival compared with STR alone. Future studies with more outcome data are needed to elucidate the optimal treatment for this rare disease.
The Male Sterility in Rice Plant Induced by CRMS——II.Physiological effects of CRMS on the inducing male sterility in rice

Abstract: The physiological effects of the CRMS-induced rice male sterility were present in this paper. Physiological activities such as the respiration of the anther were inhibited by CRMS treatment, the metabolism of nitrogen and carbohydrate were disturbed, the content of protein and starch were decreased in the anthers, which may inhibit the development of anthers and reduce the numbers of pollens and induce sterility of pollens.
Social Web Recommendation using Metapaths.

The social web is characterized by a wide variety of connections between individuals and entities. A challenge for social web recommendation is make the most effective use of a diverse set of relations. Typically, researchers focus on a limited set of relations (for example, person to person ties for user recommendation or annotations in social tagging recommendation). In this paper, we propose a general approach to recommendation in social networks that can incorporate multiple relations in combination. A key feature of this approach is the use of the metapath, an abstraction of a large class of paths in the network in which edges of different types are traversed in a particular order. As a preliminary demonstration, we show that our approach yields improvements over a state-of-the-art technique on several social tagging datasets.
Measurement of Material Properties in Heterogeneous Food Systems by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Foods in general are unique heterogeneous mixtures. These materials are heterogeneous on different scales; e.g., microscopic and macroscopic. Magnetic resonance imaging is an experimental technique recently applied to study the properties of foods and the dynamics of changes occurring in foods during processing and storage. This paper will relate magnetic resonance imaging measurements to the development of transport theories for heterogeneous materials. These concepts will be illustrated by using magnetic resonance imaging velocity measurements and relating these measurements to fluid properties for suspensions with particular emphasis on the length and time scales involved.
Repression, opportunity, and innovation: The evolution of terrorism in Xinjiang, China

ABSTRACTHow does state repression affect the incidence and impact of terrorism? This study conducts a process tracing analysis of the ongoing contention between the Uyghur separatist movement and the Chinese state to provide a plausible explanation for the present lack of consensus on this question. Relying on insights from collective action theory, it argues that although repression was initially successful in curtailing the opportunistic use of terrorism, novel political opportunity allowed some separatists to adopt innovations, such as suicide bombing, to circumvent repression. Repression has since proved ineffective in quelling terrorism, and will likely remain incapable of forestalling future terrorist innovations.
Mobile Commerce and Usability

This chapter analyzes the critical issues confronting usability for mobile commerce (m-commerce) applications. Limited bandwidth and multiple form factors pose constraints for user interface design in terms of the amount and format of content presentation, navigation, and site structure. Mobile tasks performed on handheld devices—such as wireless PDAs, Pocket PCs and WAP phones—challenge developers to adopt new methods and design guidelines that take into account contextual variations in a mobile environment. At this early stage of mobile commerce, careful mapping of e-business strategies, mobile tasks, and technology characteristics will be critical for wireless interface design. Future research in these areas is needed to improve the usability of mobile commerce. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com ITB8904 IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING This chapter appears in the book, Advances in Mobile Commerce Technologies, edited by Keng Siau and EePeng Lim. Copyright © 2003, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
The Role of Social Workers' Religious Beliefs in Helping Family Members Forgive:

Practice experience suggests that forgiveness can strengthen family relationships and bring about social, psychological, and, for some, spiritual healing. This article presents a study from the fir...
Optical Limits to Parallel Processing in a Fabry-Perot Etalon

A nonlinear Fabry-Perot (NLFP) etalon is one of the promising devices for optical parallel processing because of its simple geometry and low threshold intensity. One simple geometry uses an array of pixels imaged through a simple lens to the NLFP. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the limit to the number of parallel elements due to the inclination of the incident beam. This is important since excessive inclination will raise the threshold for optical bistability, when the incident beam has a finite size. Recently the effects of the finite beam size have been discussed for on-axis beams in the NLFP. Here we use off-axis analysis with linear Gaussian beam theory to predict the condition for parallel processing limits due to finite beam size. The maximum number of pixels in a NLFP accessible with a single focussing lens is calculated.
STOCHASTIC RESPONSE FOR TERTIARY SYSTEMS.

A modal superposition method is presented for obtaining the response of a single-degree-of-freedom tertiary subsystem mounted on a primary-secondary system. The method is direct in that the response of the tertiary subsystem is obtained in terms of the properties of the input excitation without need to generate intermediate floor response spectra for the primary-secondary system. The method is also general in that any method in random vibrations based on modal superposition can be applied to obtain the tertiary subsystem response.
Ultra-compact sub-10nm logic circuits based on ambipolar SB-FinFETs

Novel ultra-compact sub-10nm XOR, NOR and NAND CMOS logic circuits based on ambipolar characteristics of Schottky-Barrier (SB) FinFET devices and gate metal workfunction engineering are introduced. Use of SB source and drain contacts, high-k gate dielectrics and ultra-thin body bestows extreme short-channel immunity to the proposed FinFETs with ambipolar current-voltage characteristics. Thus, the main physical parameter left for practical device design and threshold control is the gate workfunction along with independent-gate drive, which is creatively used in this work to build a novel conjugate (n/p channel) CMOS pass-gate transistor that can function as a two-transistor (2T) XOR gates as opposed to 4 transistor conventional pass-gates. In a similar fashion, gate workfunction engineering can be utilized to design unique ambipolar FinFETs with two independent gates and high thresholds to function as 2T NAND and NOR gates. Functionality of the proposed minimalist logic circuits are verified with Synopsys TCAD simulations, which indicate that optimized gate work-functions lead to CMOS logic circuits as small as 5nm and supply voltage of 0.6V, with a power-delay product at 5 χ 10−18 J level.
Repeated-Sprint Ability in Division I Collegiate Male Soccer Players: Positional Differences and Relationships With Performance Tests.

AbstractLockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Stage, AA, Liu, TM, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Hurley, JM, Torne, IA, Beiley, MD, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, Lazar, A, Stokes, JJ, and Giuliano, DV. Repeated-sprint ability in Division I collegiate male soccer players: positional differences and relationships with