cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lispflows: specification of a model for functional programs

The authors define and provide example uses of a dataflow model of functional language programs. This model, called a lispflow, represents functional programs in much the same way flowgraphs model imperative programs. The lispflow model provides insight into the fundamental structure of functional language programs. Thus it can be used to define software tools and software measures for functional language programs, analogous to similar flowgraph-based tools for imperative language programs. The authors define several structures based on the lispflow model of functional programs, which demonstrate the utility of the dataflow model. >
Autokinesis and Peripheral Stimuli: Implications for Fixational Stability

The reduction in autokinesis of a fixated stimulus was determined as a function of the eccentricity of an identical second stimulus. When the stimuli were separated by 1 deg, autokinesis was reduced by approximately 50% but with increasing separation the attenuation was diminished. The results are interpreted in terms of fixational stability models of autokinesis. It is suggested that autokinesis as well as other examples of apparent movement result from fixational instability.
A fundamental approach for the relationship between the Bostwick measurement and Newtonian fluid viscosity

The Bostwick consistometer is a durable and simple instrument that is widely accepted in industrial practice to evaluate product consistency. Flow observed in the Bostwick consistometer was evaluated as a balance of forces; the resulting expression yields the Bostwick measurement as a function of trough geometry and fluid properties. Experimental measurements for four Newtonian fluids verify the theoretically predicted dependence of the extent of flow on the kinematic viscosity to the – 1/5 power.
The Effectiveness of Dilute Acetic Acid Solutions in Removing Rust Stains from Eggs

Abstract A problem of rust-stained eggs, associated with the rusting of wire-floor cages, has been observed in high rainfall areas of the Hawaiian Islands. The condition is characterized by rust marks appearing on the eggs where they have come in contact with the rusted portion of the wire floor, primarily on the roll-away portion of the cage where the rust has not been worn off by the activity of the hen. Since no literature could be found on this subject the studies reported below were undertaken in an attempt to develop a simple method for the removal of the rust stains from market eggs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Preliminary laboratory studies showed that a 2% solution of acetic acid was effective in removing rust, as well as blood and fecal stains from eggs. On the basis of these studies 2 experiments were conducted to further evaluate this procedure and to determine the…
Strategies for predictability in real-time data-flow architectures

Consideration is given to the development of strategies for predictable performance in homogeneous multicomputer data-flow architectures operating in real-time. Algorithms are restricted to the class of large-grained, decision-free algorithms. The mapping of such algorithms onto the specified class of data-flow architectures is realized by a new marked graph model called ATAMM (algorithm to architecture mapping model). Algorithm performance and resource needs are determined for predictable periodic execution of algorithms, which is achieved by algorithm modification and input data injection control. Performance is gracefully degraded to adapt to decreasing numbers of resources. The realization of the ATAMM model on a VHSIC four processor testbed is described. A software design tool for prediction of performance and resource requirements is described and is used to evaluate the performance of a space surveillance algorithm. >
The fasting B6 vitamer profile and response to a pyridoxine load in normal and cirrhotic subjects

This study established the fasting plasma and urine profiles of vitamin B6 in cirrhotics and assessed the response to an oral dose of pyridoxine. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure all vitameric coenzymatic and degradatory forms. In 31 patients with cirrhosis and 15 healthy controls, fasting plasma and 24-hr urine collection showed: plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, the biologically active form, was significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced in cirrhotics (mean +/- S.D.: 5.7 +/- 3.2 ng per ml) compared to normals (14.2 +/- 7.5 ng per ml); plasma pyridoxal was detected in more cirrhotics (48%) than normals (28%); pyridoxic acid, the end catabolite, was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in plasma of cirrhotics compared to normals, but 24-hr urine excretion was not different. Administration of 25 mg of pyridoxine to 7 cirrhotics and 5 normals showed the following plasma changes: pyridoxine rapidly peaked at 30 min and was totally cleared from plasma by 3 hr; plasma pyridoxal and pyridoxic acid increased in parallel up to 40-fold over baseline by 1 to 2 hr and rapidly fell toward baseline by 8 hr, and plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, in contrast, increased significantly (p less than 0.05) from baseline by 60 min and was maintained above normal for 24 hr. The area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) for pyridoxal-5'-phosphate was significantly (p less than 0.05) less for the cirrhotics than normals and showed a significant negative correlation to hepatocyte function and blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stabilizability conditions for strictly bilinear systems with purely imaginary spectra

This paper presents simple sufficient conditions for the stabilizability of single-input, strictly bilinear systems with purely imaginary spectra. If the state matrix eigenvalues are distinct and a matrix function of the bilinear input and eigenvector matrices has nonzero diagonal elements, then the system is globally, asymptotically stabilizable.
The promise of soccer in America: the open play of ethnic subcultures

This essay juxtaposes the perceived lack of success of professional soccer in the United States with the nation’s rich history of ethnic and amateur soccer. It argues how soccer as ethnic subculture has provided a means for minority ethnic communities to construct a unique cultural identity while becoming a part of an emerging multicultural nation. In evidence of this more complex and nuanced process of cultural assimilation, the essay chronicles the rise of the Greek‐American Athletic Club in the San Francisco Soccer Football League (SFSFL), the oldest American soccer league in continuous existence. Perhaps reflective of other urban ethnic soccer clubs and the immigrant communities supporting their team, the San Francisco Greek‐Americans initially recruited players solely from their own community. Over time, however, the team began to recruit players based on their competitive potential rather than their ethnic heritage. With a mixture of non‐Greek foreign‐born and US‐born players, the San Francisco Gree...
The Neurophysiology of Dystonia

Any model for the physiology of dystonia must be able to explain how dystonia can be produced in various circumstances. Brain lesions can cause dystonia; responsible sites include the basal ganglia, brainstem, and thalamus, but the most common site is the putamen. Dystonia can be hereditary, and genetic linkage has been found for both generalized and focal dystonia. The only genetic dystonia for which the gene product is known is Segawa disease, a hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. The defect is in guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I, a gene that makes a cofactor for the synthesis of dopamine, which explains why this form of dystonia should be amenable to treatment with levodopa. Another example of dystonia in which a disorder of dopamine pharmacology appears responsible is the dystonia occurring in Parkinson disease, either spontaneously or as a result of treatment. Curiously, the dystonia occurs at both peak and trough dopamine levels.
Prediction of metabolic reactions based on atomic and molecular properties of small-molecule compounds

Motivation: Our knowledge of the metabolites in cells and their reactions is far from complete as revealed by metabolomic measurements that detect many more small molecules than are documented in metabolic databases. Here, we develop an approach for predicting the reactivity of small-molecule metabolites in enzyme-catalyzed reactions that combines expert knowledge, computational chemistry and machine learning. Results: We classified 4843 reactions documented in the KEGG database, from all six Enzyme Commission classes (EC 1–6), into 80 reaction classes, each of which is marked by a characteristic functional group transformation. Reaction centers and surrounding local structures in substrates and products of these reactions were represented using SMARTS. We found that each of the SMARTS-defined chemical substructures is widely distributed among metabolites, but only a fraction of the functional groups in these substructures are reactive. Using atomic properties of atoms in a putative reaction center and molecular properties as features, we trained support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to discriminate between functional groups that are reactive and non-reactive. Classifier accuracy was assessed by cross-validation analysis. A typical sensitivity [TP/(TP+FN)] or specificity [TN/(TN+FP)] is ≈0.8. Our results suggest that metabolic reactivity of small-molecule compounds can be predicted with reasonable accuracy based on the presence of a potentially reactive functional group and the chemical features of its local environment. Availability: The classifiers presented here can be used to predict reactions via a web site ( http://cellsignaling.lanl.gov/Reactivity/). The web site is freely available. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Norm Inflation and Ill-Posedness for the Degasperis-Procesi Equation

For s 3/2, this work establishes 3/2 as the critical index of well-posedness in Sobolev spaces.
Colonial legacy of ethno-racial inequality in Japan

This essay challenges anti-historicist accounts that sever the link between the colonial past and present, replacing them with a more historically nuanced understanding of Japan’s immigration policies and their relation to ethno-racial inequality. Contrary to the dominant view that transnational immigration is new to Japan, this article shows that Japan already had a history of immigration in the early twentieth century, and this history generated a lasting impact on postwar immigration policies and their integration. While recognizing the impact of structural and individual factors, this essay underscores a path-dependent approach that demonstrates how colonial exclusion led to the formation of a durable structure of inequality against low skilled labor immigrants, and thus how such a colonial legacy has continued to limit the life chances and integration of subsequent immigrants in Japan since the 1980s.
Finding (recently) frequent items in distributed data streams

We consider the problem of maintaining frequency counts for items occurring frequently in the union of multiple distributed data streams. Naive methods of combining approximate frequency counts from multiple nodes tend to result in excessively large data structures that are costly to transfer among nodes. To minimize communication requirements, the degree of precision maintained by each node while counting item frequencies must be managed carefully. We introduce the concept of a precision gradient for managing precision when nodes are arranged in a hierarchical communication structure. We then study the optimization problem of how to set the precision gradient so as to minimize communication, and provide optimal solutions that minimize worst-case communication load over all possible inputs. We then introduce a variant designed to perform well in practice, with input data that does not conform to worst-case characteristics. We verify the effectiveness of our approach empirically using real-world data, and show that our methods incur substantially less communication than naive approaches while providing the same error guarantees on answers.
System Response of Metabolic Networks in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to Total Available Ammonium

Drastic alterations in macronutrients are known to cause large changes in biochemistry and gene expression in the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, metabolomic and proteomic responses to subtle reductions in macronutrients have not yet been studied. When ammonium levels were reduced by 25–100% compared with control cultures, ammonium uptake and growth rates were not affected at 25% or 50% nitrogen-reduction for 28 h. However, primary metabolism and enzyme expression showed remarkable changes at acute conditions (4 h and 10 h after ammonium reduction) compared with chronic conditions (18 h and 28 h time points). Responses of 145 identified metabolites were quantified using gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry; 495 proteins (including 187 enzymes) were monitored using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry with label-free spectral counting. Stress response and carbon assimilation processes (Calvin cycle, acetate uptake and chlorophyll biosynthesis) were altered first, in addition to increase in enzyme contents for lipid biosynthesis and accumulation of short chain free fatty acids. Nitrogen/carbon balance metabolism was found changed only under chronic conditions, for example in the citric acid cycle and amino acid metabolism. Metabolism in Chlamydomonas readily responds to total available media nitrogen with temporal increases in short-chain free fatty acids and turnover of internal proteins, long before nitrogen resources are depleted.
Modeling and compensation of low-velocity friction with bounds

A systematic model-free methodology for the identification and compensation of friction is proposed and is shown to be viable for a class of dynamic systems. Design of the proposed identifier for friction uses Gaussian networks and incorporates explicit performance bound information. The identifier is then used in a particular compensation strategy that provides error bound information. The proposed identification and control designs have been validated using a hardware example case system. The methodology for identifying friction is systematic and uses minimal knowledge of the dynamics which is particularly attractive for a large class of low-dimensional dynamic systems with friction.
Bilateral breast reconstruction

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 211 000 women in the USA were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2005, (American Cancer Society. www.cancer.org. 2005). Nearly 65 000 of these women had postmastectomy reconstruction – a 100% increase from just over a decade ago, (American Society of Plastic Surgeons. www.plasticsurgery.org. 2005). A significant proportion of these women, will elect to undergo bilateral mastectomy for treatment and/or prophylaxis of breast cancer. Contemporary techniques provide numerous options for bilateral, postmastectomy reconstruction. Procedure selection will be based on a range of patient variables, including: availability of local, regional, and distant donor tissues for bilateral reconstruction, size and shape of the desired breasts, surgical risk, and most importantly, patient preference. Ultimately, the individualized selection of a reconstructive technique for each patient is a predominant factor in achieving a reconstructive success.
Constructing Adulthood in an Age of Uncertainty

Past research in both the transitions to adulthood literature and cultural sociology more broadly suggests that the working class relies on traditional cultural models in their construction of iden...
Ellipsoidal Techniques for Hybrid Dynamics: the Reachability Problem

This paper deals with the dynamics of hybrid systems under piecewise open-loop controls restricted by hard bounds. The system equations may be reset when crossing some prespecified domains (the guards) in the state space. Therefore the continuous dynamics which govern the motion between the guards are complemented by discrete transitions which govern the resets. A state space model for such systems is proposed and reachability sets for such models are described. The computational side of reachability is treated through ellipsoidal techniques that indicate routes for numerical algorithms.
Preoperative ICD risk score variables predict 30-day readmission after implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation in patients with heart failure

Abstract Objective To determine if preoperative ICD Risk Score for Adverse Outcome (ICD-RSAO) would predict need for hospital 30-day readmission. Background Pre-analysis of National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD database identified preoperative predictors of adverse outcomes associated with ICD implantation. Methods Logistic regression, descriptive statistics and Chi-square were used to examine the relationship between ICD-RSAO and 30-day readmission after ICD implantation. Results BUN >30, history of lung disease, NYHA Class IV and device implant during inpatient stay were predicative of 30-day readmission (P = 0.001; 95% CI = 0.58–0.79). Patients with a combination of two or more of four variables were more likely to be readmitted (Hosmer–Lemeshow (χ2 = 3.44, P = 0.49), c-statistic = 0.71, and Nagelkerke R2 = 0.15). Conclusion Patients who have elevated BUN's, NYHA Class IV, chronic lung disease and ICD implantation during a concomitant hospital admission are at increased risk for readmission and need early follow up.
Evaluating a Cultural Competency Curriculum: Changes in Dental Students’ Perceived Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills

In response to current and projected demographic changes in the United States, many dental schools have taken steps to increase the cultural competence of their students through various educational methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the cultural competency curriculum at Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine (GSDM). The curriculum was evaluated using a pre and post design, utilizing an instrument developed for pharmacy students and modified for dental students. The questionnaire was comprised of 11 items designed to assess changes in students' awareness, knowledge, and skills in providing culturally competent care. Data were collected for two classes of second-year DMD students and first-year Advanced Standing students. The total number of returned surveys was 485, for a response rate of 79.5%. The students' post-curriculum mean scores were all higher than their pre-curriculum scores for overall cultural competence (pre 26.5±6.3 to post 29.8±7.2) and for individual subscores on awareness (pre 5.3±1.4 to post 5.5±1.5), knowledge (pre 7.2±1.9 to post 8.1±2.1), and skills (pre 14.1±4.4 to post 16.2±4.4). The improvements on all scores were statistically significant (p<0.0001), with the exception of the awareness component. This evaluation suggests that the cultural competency curriculum at GSDM has been effective in producing improvements in these students' cultural competence in the domains of knowledge and skills.
The effects of pre-straining conditions on fatigue behavior of a multiphase TRIP steel

Abstract To assess the fatigue properties of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels with various strain histories, a multiphase TRIP780 steel (0.2C–1.7Mn–1.7Si–0.04Al in wt pct) containing 17.3 vol pct initial retained austenite was studied. Specimens were pre-strained to 0%, 5%, or 15% in uniaxial tension at room temperature, −20, or 80 °C, then subjected to fully-reversed room-temperature fatigue cycling at total strain amplitudes of 0.2–0.6%. The low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life of the TRIP780 steel was relatively independent of prior strain history with respect to the applied strain amplitude. However, the large loss in ductility due to pre-straining to 15% resulted in a decrease in LCF life with respect to the applied plastic strain amplitude. Decreasing the pre-strain temperature (in the range of 80 to −20 °C) increased martensite content but did not significantly reduce fatigue life. The amount of austenite formed during fatigue was comparable or slightly larger than the amount formed at equivalent strains in tension.
When caring for critically ill patients, do clinicians have a responsibility to be innovative and try unproven approaches when accepted approaches are failing?

As the first paper in this Journal Conference on intensive care unit controversies, the editors wished us to set the tone for the debate by discussing the ethics of medical “adventurism” in the intensive care unit. More life-or-death decisions are made in the intensive care unit than elsewhere in the hospital, and the critical care specialist often sees himself or herself as a warrior in a battle with death. This adrenaline-charged calling attracts highly intelligent, hard-working, and compassionate caregivers, as well as fiercely independent clinicians. The result of this is that critical care specialists passionately debate about the meaning and application of published “evidence” and this leads to thoughtful debate, as exemplified by the papers in this and the next issue of Respiratory Care, as well as thoughtless and often dangerous disregard for evidence-based medicine. Physicians are morally obligated to provide the best and most appropriate care possible for their patients, but when accepted approaches are failing and a critically ill patient is getting worse, the critical care physician must make a decision regarding innovative therapy, based on the patient9s prognosis, the available evidence, the resources on hand, the expertise of the physicians, and the values of the patient and the physician. This decision may lead, at times, to trying unproven and innovative strategies to achieve a clinical goal. In such cases, it is to be hoped that this can be done in such a way that data are formally and prospectively collected to increase our knowledge.
Identifying Time-Scale Structure for Simplified Guidance Law Development

Guidance law development for aerospace vehicles can be significantly simplified by reducing the order of the vehicle dynamic model. Identifying timescale separation in the system dynamics is important in this regard. This paper introduces a systematic means of identifying the time-scale structure in a nonlinear dynamical system by using regional Lyapunov exponents. Regional Lyapunov exponents and associated vectors are used to analyze the linear variational equations associated with a nonlinear system, in order to draw conclusions about the time-scale structure in the nonlinear system. Examples are used to illustrate the the time-scale information provided by the regional Lyapunov exponents. The time scale structure in an example of closed-loop entry dynamics is investigated using the regional Lyapunov exponents. The exponents and their associated directions identify energy as the slow variable and radial distance and flight path angle as fast variables and thus provide the information needed for reduced order guidance law development.
Trace metals and dissolved organic carbon in an estuary with restricted River flow and a brown tide bloom

This study was designed to establish the distributions of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and inorganic nutrients (PO4 and H4SiO4) in the water column of the small, relatively pristine Peconic River estuary. We were also able to examine the effects of a harmful microalgal bloom, known as the brown tide, which occurred in the area during our study. Because river inflow to the Peconic estuary is restricted by a small dam at the head of the estuary, direct evaluation of the relative importance of riverine inputs on estuarine metal distributions was possible. The simultaneous analyses of geochemical carrier metals (Al, Fe, and Mn), an indicator of sewage (Ag), and other ancillary parameters (e.g., suspended particulate matter, dissolved O2, chlorophylla) were used to describe the major processes controlling metal concentrations in the dissolved phase. The trace metal distributions indicated two distinct biogeochemical regimes within the estuary: an anthropogenically perturbed region with high metal levels (e.g., Ag, 165 pM; Cu, 51 nM; Zn, 57 nM) at the head (Flanders Bay), and a larger outer region with relatively low metal concentrations. The very similar distributions of some metals (e.g., Mn, Ni) in the Peconic estuary compared to those in estuaries having much higher river flow demonstrated the dominant role of internal processes (e.g., diagenetic remobilization) in controlling these metal patterns. An inverse relationship between dissolved Fe and DOC with cell counts of the brown tide microalgaeAureococcus anophagefferens in our field study suggested a close association with the bloom, although a similar relationship was observed between dissolved Al and brown tide cell counts, implying that removal of Fe could be due to particle scavenging rather than biological uptake.
Neurocognitive considerations in the treatment of attachment and complex trauma in children.

Accumulating evidence suggests that children suffering deprivation and maltreatment at critical times in their development often pay a cognitive toll. While children vary to the extent that neurocognitive domains are affected, those factors influence how children process, manage and understand traumatic and attachment experiences as well as how they respond to treatment. Current research on trauma and attachment favor some aspects of cognition over others. The literature discusses attention, memory, cognitive biases, internal working models, beliefs and attributions as ways that impact an individual’s understanding of experience. Other categories such as working memory, processing speed, verbal, auditory or perceptual processing, metacognitive skills, and cognitive rigidity or flexibility rarely surface. This paper examines what is and is not known about the interface of cognition with attachment and complex trauma and how that knowledge can inform treatment. It explores existing research and offers a cas...
Analysis of routine blood test in patients with H1N1,H3N2,and type B influenza

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and results of routine blood test of H1N1,H3N2,and type B influenza patients for providing new insights to the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of influenza.Methods:A total of 1 276 Out Patient Department patients with influenza-like illness(ILS) from Jan.2010 to Dec.2012were collected,and of them 421 patients were confirmed by real-time PCR to be suffered from N1H1,H3N2 or type B influenza.The epidemiological trends of these three types of influenza were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software,and the results of routine blood test were analyzed statistically by χ2test and t test.Results:The outbreaks of these 3 types of influenza had no specific conformity but had seasonal periodicity.Analysis of routine blood test showed that WBC count was normal in 311 patients(73.87%)and increased in 86 patients(20.43%); 313 patients(74.35%) had elevation of neutrophils; 274 patients(20.43%) had reduction of lymphocytes.t test analysis showed that WBC count,percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes were not significantly different between patients with H1N1 and H3N2 influenza(P0.05),however,significant differences were found between patients with H1N1,H3N2 influenza and type B influenza(P0.01).Conclusions:The outbreaks of H1N1,H3N2,and type B influenza have no specific conformity but with seasonal periodicity.In general,WBC count is normal percentage of neutrophils is increased and percentage of lymphocytes was decreased in influenza patients,however,WBC count and percentage of neutrophils are somewhat higher and percentage of lymphocytes is somewhat lower in H1N1 and H3N2 influenza than in type B influenza.Therefore,for patients with routine blood test not meeting the usual changes in influenza,but are highly suspected of having influenza and with no response to antibacterial agents,the detection of viral nuclei acid via throat and nasal swabs should be considered to establish the diagnosis.
Chemical Kinetic Model of Biogenic Gas and Its Application in the Qaidam Basin

The anaerobic fermentation method, which was used in biogenic gas resource appraisal, failed to reflect or describe the gas generation period. In consideration of this tough problem, a chemical kinetic model of biogenic gas generated from organic matter is constructed according to chemical kinetic theory, and the kinetic parameters are calibrated with the data of simulation experiment. On the base of this, taking the influence of bacterium concentration and temperature on the kinetic parameters into consideration, the initial application of the chemical kinetic model in the Qaidam Basin shows that the biogenic gas generation rate increases with the buried depth firstly, and then decreases when it reaches to the maximum (corresponding to a buried depth of 600 m). This conclusion is similar to the previous study result, so this model can be used to appraise the biogenic gas generation period.
The analysis on increasing surveillance accuracy for cause of death by conducting surveys for omission

Objective To study a correct convenient approach for the death surveillance and solve the omission death reports by medical institutions.Methods 51 714 permanent residents by two streets were verified with the comprehensive survey by means of informal discussion and inquiry.Results There were 4 omission death reports.The omission report rate was 1.49%.They were not reported and not canceled in the residence registrations.Conclusion Conducting the survey for omission reports one or two times every year could satisfy the corrections need of death surveillance and it was convenient and feasible.
Target Location Precision Analysis of 2D Airborne Radars

A 2D airborne radar cannot locate the ground target precisely due to lacking of reliable elevation.This paper presents the mathematic model of target location,analyzes the factors influencing airborne radar location,computes the Geometric Dilution of Precision(GDOP) and obtains the result of target location precision affected by all the factors through simulation.Target location precision analysis provides theoretic foundation for radar system design especially how to locate the radar target on the digital map precisely.
Modeling Secondary Structural Elements in Programmed DNA Assemblies

Programmed self-assembly of single-stranded DNA offers a versatile approach to synthesizing complex macromolecular architectures with nanometer-scale precision. Structure-based mechanical modeling of these 3D assemblies plays an important role in their design due to the numerous challenges associated with their high-resolution structural characterization. Here, we use modeling to examine the impact of secondary structural elements including hairpin loops, gaps, bulges, internal loops, and multi-way junctions on overall 3D structure. Our approach focuses on the 3D structure prediction of diverse DNA nanoparticles on the 10 to 100 nanometer-scale including Platonic solids, bipyramids, Archimedean solids, and Catalan solids, which are structurally aligned with 3D cryo-EM maps for structural validation. We explore the relative roles of the ground-state geometry and mechanical properties of secondary structure elements, as well as ground-state interhelical distance and angle, on 3D nanoparticle structure, and elucidate general rules for their optimal design. Bayesian cryo-EM data analysis enables unbiased estimation of model parameter values and their uncertainties.
Theory of Defects in the MOS System

Without doubt, the single most important technology for electronic device fabrication relies on the metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) system. In recent years III-V semiconductors have promised great increases in device speed and, because they are direct-gap materials, have been very important in electro-optical applications (i. e. light emitting diodes). However, these semiconductors have very complicated surfaces with high densities of surface-states and, hence, very low surface electron densities. While bare silicon surfaces also have low electron densities due to surface-states, most of these states can be eliminated by growing a thermal oxide. For other semiconductors, no such passivating process exists, so that, for instance, inversion devices such as enhancement-mode MOSFET’s (field effect transistors) are practical only in silicon. It is not surprising, then, that the MOS system has been studied intensely over the past thirty years. One of the most important areas of investigation has been the study of point defects. Defects in the oxide lead to shifts in threshold voltage in MOSFET’s [1]. Also, the residual unpassivated defects at the Si/SiO2 interface are responsible for decreased surface mobility, and for “soft” threshold characteristics. We should note that while some defects are inherent, i. e. arise from differences in the thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and silicon dioxide, and from lattice-network mismatch, most exist due to ionizing radiation or hot-electron injection. They can be created during fabrication (during X-ray lithography, or during the various plasma-assisted etching steps), or they can be a result of exposure to a space environment where even a modest flux of gamma rays can cause dramatic changes in device characteristics [2].
Expressionism and Modernism in the American Theatre: Epilogue: “modern times”

I n his 1936 film modern times , charlie chaplin traces the picaresque adventures of his Little Tramp, out of work after his job at a widget factory proves too much for his nerves. In the hilarious opening scene, we see the Little Tramp working on the assembly line, adjusting sprockets with a wrench in each hand. The rhythms of sprocket adjustment have so taken over his own natural rhythms, however, that, when he goes to take a break, he finds he cannot walk straight and moves in a jerky manner, adjusting imaginary sprockets in the air. Back on the assembly line, the Little Tramp is distracted by the company secretary when she bends over to tie her shoe. Thinking the buttons on her skirt are sprockets to be adjusted, he accosts her, chasing her through the factory before wandering out into the street. As a buxom woman with well-placed buttons on her dress walks down the sidewalk, the Little Tramp moves toward her, threatening to adjust her sprockets, before a police officer intercepts him and hauls him away. Several months later, the Little Tramp is released from a mental hospital with the advice to avoid excitement and overstimulation. Apparently, we are led to infer, the Little Tramp suffers from a neurasthenic condition brought on by modern times. Clearly, the rhythms of industry have so recalibrated his body's natural rhythms that the Little Tramp is unable to function normally in the world.
Laboratory Studies of the Role of Amines in Particle Formation, Growth and Climate

Organosulfur compounds have a variety of sources, particularly biological processes in the oceans. Their oxidation in air forms sulfur dioxide, which is further oxidized to sulfuric acid, as well as methanesulfonic acid (MSA). While sulfuric acid is a well known precursor to particles in air, MSA had not been regarded as a source of new particle formation. Laboratory studies were carried out under this project that showed MSA forms new particles quite efficiently in the presence of amines and water vapor. The data could be reproduced with a relatively simple kinetics model representing cluster formation and growth, which is promising for representing this chemistry in global climate models. The initial steps in the kinetics scheme are based on quantum chemical calculations of likely clusters. The organosulfur chemistry was introduced into an atmospheric model for southern California and used to predict the impact of going to a fossil-fuel free world in which anthropogenic emissions of SO2 are removed, but the natural processes remain.
Assessment of Intrathoracic Impedance Algorithm in the Pediatric and Adult Congenital Population

Background Decreased intrathoracic impedance has been used in adults to predict heart failure (HF) exacerbations. A commercial algorithm, OptiVol® (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA), identifies patients with decreased impedance. We sought to determine the specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of OptiVol for predicting HF exacerbation or increased arrhythmia burden in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease (CHD) patients. Methods A multicenter retrospective chart review was undertaken. Inclusion criteria were: (1) 30 days postimplant. Clinical events were defined as clinical HF exacerbation/hospital admission, initiation/uptitration of medication, or increased arrhythmia burden. Results Seventy-two patients (19 ± 9 years) were identified with the following indications: 20% dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), 11% hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 43% CHD, 15% channelopathy, and 11% other. Thirty-nine had 122 OptiVol crossings (median 2, range 1–11); 30% were linked to a cause. The remaining 33 had no crossing, though 17 had 89 clinical events. The clinical event rate was 19% greater in patients with crossings, though not statistically significant (P = 0.4). The algorithm had a 59% sensitivity, 52% specificity, and 62% PPV. Clinical HF exacerbation and arrhythmia burden did not significantly correlate with decreased impedance though uptitration or initiation of HF medication did correlate significantly (P = 0.03). Conclusion The algorithm sensitivity for pediatric DCM, HCM, CHD, and adult CHD was equivalent to the general adult population. Further studies are warranted to assess whether inaccuracy in prediction is secondary to the algorithm or to differences in the clinical response of pediatric/CHD patients.
Transactional memory analysis using CSB+ trees

Enterprise applications using in-memory databases prefer to run on scale up systems where the amount of memory and CPUs available are increasing with each generation. In addition to the cores/socket, the number of hardware threads per core has also increased. Increasing cores/socket and HW threads per core provides opportunities for more parallelism from application's perspective. But the applications fail to achieve the expected linear scaling due to various reasons. One of the key reason being the application having to serialize access to certain resources. Hardware transactional memory provides a way for the application to execute concurrently without serializing them using locks. We let the CPUs execute enter transactional mode concurrently and let them execute until a transaction failure is detected which primarily is due to cache line collision. Else, we let all of them succeed. Hardware transactional memory is available in Haswell processors from Intel and also in Power8 processors from IBM. The most important data structure where enabling parallel access becomes critical is a tree update or modify. Without this we will have to serialize the threads using a global lock which prevents the application from using all the available CPUs. In this paper, we will use an sample program of cache sensitive B+ tree (CSB+ tree) which is used in file-system meta-data indexing and in key-value database systems where the data access performance is very critical and compare the performance advantages of using a transactional memory and its scalability. Also, we will provide ways to improve or tune the performance.
Disrupted brain network functional dynamics and hyper-correlation of structural and functional connectome topology in patients with breast cancer prior to treatment.

Introduction Several previous studies have demonstrated that cancer chemotherapy is associated with brain injury and cognitive dysfunction. However, evidence suggests that cancer pathogenesis alone may play a role, even in non-CNS cancers. Methods Using a multimodal neuroimaging approach, we measured structural and functional connectome topology as well as functional network dynamics in newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer. Our study involved a novel, pretreatment assessment that occurred prior to the initiation of any cancer therapies, including surgery with anesthesia. We enrolled 74 patients with breast cancer age 29–65 and 50 frequency-matched healthy female controls who underwent anatomic and resting-state functional MRI as well as cognitive testing. Results Compared to controls, patients with breast cancer demonstrated significantly lower functional network dynamics (p = .046) and cognitive functioning (p < .02, corrected). The breast cancer group also showed subtle alterations in structural local clustering and functional local clustering (p < .05, uncorrected) as well as significantly increased correlation between structural global clustering and functional global clustering compared to controls (p = .03). This hyper-correlation between structural and functional topologies was significantly associated with cognitive dysfunction (p = .005). Conclusions Our findings could not be accounted for by psychological distress and suggest that non-CNS cancer may directly and/or indirectly affect the brain via mechanisms such as tumor-induced neurogenesis, inflammation, and/or vascular changes, for example. Our results also have broader implications concerning the importance of the balance between structural and functional connectome properties as a potential biomarker of general neurologic deficit.
Multicultural Complexity: an Intersectional Lens for Clinical Supervision

The author discusses the need for counselor educators and supervisors to promote the intersectional nature of identities in counselor trainees and supervisees, especially as supervision serves as the vanguard for professional development and provides a more individually tailored space. This article introduces the concept of multicultural complexity, along with its current dearth in the counseling literature. The utility of multicultural complexity is explored, and recommendations made in the form of sample action plans (Appendix) regarding how counselor educators and supervisors can further incorporate the concept into the practice of clinical supervision.
Teen Dating Violence Victimization, Trauma Symptoms, and Revictimization in Early Adulthood.

Abstract Purpose This research examined whether experiencing physical teen dating violence (TDV) relates to trauma symptoms, which in turn, predict future physical dating violence victimization in early adulthood. Methods Adolescents (N = 843) recruited from high schools reported on their experiences of physical TDV victimization and trauma symptoms. The sample was followed over a 5-year period to assess for revictimization in early adulthood. Results Trauma symptoms functioned as a mediator between experiences of physical TDV victimization during adolescence and later revictimization in early adulthood, even in a conservative test of mediation that controlled for baseline trauma symptoms. Multigroup analyses testing for gender differences suggest that this mediation model is significant for females but not for males. Conclusions The present findings suggest that the mental health consequences of experiencing physical TDV are an important factor contributing to future victimization in early adulthood. This holds potentially important implications for school-based efforts for reducing physical TDV. Specifically, school-based efforts to reduce victimization may be enhanced by supplementing existing efforts with empirically supported programs for addressing trauma symptoms.
Comparing Asian American Women's Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Risk of Heart Attack to Other Racial and Ethnic Groups: The mPED Trial.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to compare knowledge and awareness of heart attacks/heart disease and perceived risk for future heart attack in Asian/Pacific Islander women, compared t...
Detecting Mass Protest through Social Media

Building on the existing understanding of the dynamics of mass protest, this paper argues that social media data can be used to detect the occurrence of such protests. It outlines a theoretical framework arguing that during times of mass mobilization, network central actors will geographically converge upon city centers, and that the relative magnitudes of social media activity in the center and periphery of the state can be used to detect the occurrence of protests. This article presents a new dataset of 2.2 million geocoded Ukrainian tweets, which are used to empirically test the theory against the observed 2014 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine. By relying completely on count and network data rather than keywords, hashtags, or other contextual clues from the content, this technique is portable across language barriers and national borders.
Pyridone Luciferins and Mutant Luciferases for Bioluminescence Imaging

New applications for bioluminescence imaging require an expanded set of luciferase enzymes and luciferin substrates. Here, we report two novel luciferins for use in vitro and in cells. These molecules comprise regioisomeric pyridone cores that can be accessed from a common synthetic route. The analogues exhibited unique emission spectra with firefly luciferase, although photon intensities remained weak. Enhanced light outputs were achieved by using mutant luciferase enzymes. One of the luciferin-luciferase pairs produced light on par with native probes in live cells. The pyridone analogues and complementary luciferases add to a growing set of designer probes for bioluminescence imaging.
Magnetic sensor-based simultaneous state and parameter estimation using a nonlinear observer

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an observer design technique for a newly developed non-intrusive position estimation system based on magnetic sensors. Typically, the magnetic field of an object as a fu...
Revisiting the role of ABC transporters in multidrug-resistant cancer

Most patients who die of cancer have disseminated disease that has become resistant to multiple therapeutic modalities. Ample evidence suggests that the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1, also known as P-glycoprotein or P-gp), which is encoded by ABC subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), can confer resistance to cytotoxic and targeted chemotherapy. However, the development of MDR1 as a therapeutic target has been unsuccessful. At the time of its discovery, appropriate tools for the characterization and clinical development of MDR1 as a therapeutic target were lacking. Thirty years after the initial cloning and characterization of MDR1 and the implication of two additional ABC transporters, the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1; encoded by ABCC1)), and ABCG2, in multidrug resistance, interest in investigating these transporters as therapeutic targets has waned. However, with the emergence of new data and advanced techniques, we propose to re-evaluate whether these transporters play a clinical role in multidrug resistance. With this Opinion article, we present recent evidence indicating that it is time to revisit the investigation into the role of ABC transporters in efficient drug delivery in various cancer types and at the blood–brain barrier.