cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise and Sensory Integration

Abstract: Since NTS neurons receive synaptic input from many sensory modalities, it is crucial to understand the neuronal mechanisms involved in synaptic processing. We have proposed that GABA-containing neurons in the NTS are the primary target for somatic afferent fibers activated by skeletal muscle contraction. In our model, local inhibition of baroreceptor signaling is necessary to counteract the increase in baroreceptor input such that NTS output is normalized and baroreflex sensitivity is maintained during exercise. This GABAergic mechanism, in conjunction with sympathoexcitation evoked by somatic afferents, preserves reflex sensitivity and resets the baroreflex, respectively. Unfortunately, there is insufficient data to date to support or refute the proposed role for GABA on baroreflex function during exercise. However, we feel that this model will be useful in formulating future experiments to explore these synaptic interactions.
Modeling the Decomposition of Nitromethane, Induced by Shock Heating

The decomposition of nitromethane was studied over the temperature range 1000−1100 K in reflected shock waves. CH3NO2 and the reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The derived gross rate constant and activation energy for the disappearance of CH3NO2 is consistent with that of Glanzer and Troe. A reaction mechanism consisting of 99 chemical reactions was developed to simulate the experimental data of the present study and that of Hsu and Lin. Good agreement between experiments and simulations was achieved. It appears that significant amounts of CH3NO2 are destroyed through secondary reactions that involved highly reactive free radicals (H, OH, and CH3), suggesting the need for redeterming the true unimolecular decay rate constant for CH3NO2. For improvement of the performance of the model, several other rate constants also need to be determined. The final section is a preliminary report on a spectrophotometric technique for measuring the loss of nitromethane due to pyrolysis by recording i...
Cholecystokinin (CCK) release from rat brain slices in vitro is enhanced by agents which elevate intracellular cAMP.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) release from rat brain slices in vitro is enhanced by agents which elevate intracellular cAMP. Treatment of several CCK expressing tumor cells in culture with agents which increase intracellular cAMP increased secretion of CCK. The possibility that elevation of cAMP also alters potassium-evoked release of CCK from rat brain slices incubated in vitro was also investigated. Treatment of slices of rat prefrontal cortex and caudate-putamen with 5 μM forskolin plus 0.5 mM IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) caused a significant elevation of potassium-evoked CCK release. That cAMP can increase CCK release in intact brains slices as well as endocrine tumor cells from thyroid, pancreas, pituitary and intestine suggests that cAMP is a common intracellular mediator for the regulation of CCK release.
Lessons learned: the switch from VMS to UNIX operations for the STScI's Science and Mission Scheduling Branch

The Science and Mission Scheduling Branch (SMSB) of the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) historically operated exclusively under VMS. Due to diminished support for VMS-based platforms at STScI, SMSB recently transitioned to Unix operations. No additional resources were available to the group; the project was SMSB's to design, develop, and implement. Early decisions included the choice of Python as the primary scripting language; adoption of Object-Oriented Design in the development of base utilities; and the development of a Python utility to interact directly with the Sybase database. The project was completed in January 2004 with the implementation of a GUI to generate the Command Loads that are uplinked to HST. The current tool suite consists of 31 utilities and 271 tools comprising over 60,000 lines of code. In this paper, we summarize the decision-making process used to determine the primary scripting language, database interface, and code management library. We also describe the finished product and summarize lessons learned along the way to completing the project.
Arteriovenous Fistula Masquerading as Valvular Heart Disease

ARTERIOVENOUS (AV) fistula in a patient after laminectomy is a well-recognized cause of congestive heart failure. 1,2 In most patients with this surgical complication, the clinical syndrome of high-output heart failure is recognized and the diagnosis made without difficulty. We recently cared for a woman with this condition in whom the diagnosis of AV fistula was not made despite examination by numerous physicians. The patient had a loud systolic murmur, which misled her physicians into thinking that severe, acute mitral regurgitation was the cause of her heart failure. Report of a Case A 54-year-old woman with no history of cardiac problems reported having seven months of dyspnea on exertion, ankle swelling, and weight gain. The patient had undergone a lumbar laminectomy at the L5-S1 level six years previously. On physical examination, blood pressure was 150/55 mm Hg; there was no jugular venous distention. The point of maximal impulse was in
Induced changes in the efficiency of energy transfer in Porphyridum cruentum. I.

Abstract The intrinsic fluorescence yield of pigments in vivo and the energy-transfer efficiency (to sensitize chlorophyll fluorescence) are not constant but can be modified by irradiating the algae with monochromatic light for short periods of time. When cells are grown in blue light (436 mμ), adapting them to green light (546 mμ) increases the efficiency with which the phycoerythrin sensitizes chlorophyll fluorescence; adapting them to intense blue light (436 mμ) decreases the efficiency with which phycoerythrin sensitizes chlorophyll fluorescence. Interpreting the effects of adaptation on cells cultured in green light (546 mμ) required the assumption that two types of chlorophyll (fluorescent and nonfluorescent) exist in vivo and that the efficiency of energy transfer between these two forms can be changed by adaptation. The other observed adaptation effects can also be explained by this assumption.
Intervention in work-related disability: The need for an integrated approach

This paper looks at work-related disability in the United States as it is currently addressed according to the policies and procedures of the Social Security Disability Administration and the Workers' Compensation system. These policies and procedures proceed from a medical model that emphasizes health impairment as the fundamental cause of work-related disability. Thus physicians' evaluations of work-related impairment are the primary basis for administrative disability determinations. Increasing litigation regarding disability determinations and experience with long-term work-related disability suggest that the guiding policies are flawed. Work-related disability is as much a problem of manpower policy as it is one of personal health, but most employers and compensation programs in the United States do not yet respond to it as such. Recommended is a shift from a medical to a socioeconomic frame of reference for work-related disability that would overtly recognize regional variations in the static and dynamic factors of the economy and that would promote return to work and rehabilitation. Political intervention will be necessary. Because cultural values and social relationships are part of the problem, new research is needed in correlates of work-related disability.
Against Against Intuitionism

The main ideas behind Brouwer’s philosophy of Intuitionism are presented. Then some critical remarks against Intuitionism made by William Tait in “Against Intuitionism” [Journal of Philosophical Logic, 12, 173–195] are answered.
THE ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE OSTEOCLASTS OF NORMAL AND "IA" RATS.

Enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism as well as acid phosphatase were studied histochemically in osteoclasts from newborn normal rats and their littermates who suffered from a generalized defect in bone resorption (the “ia” rat). The osteoclasts of normal rats demonstrated intense activity for DPNH and TPNH diaphorase as well as succinic, malic and lactic dehydrogenase. Isocitric and glutamic dehydrogenase were less than one-half as active but no less definite. In the “ia” rat the reaction for the diaphorases and dehydrogenases were exactly as observed in the normal. Acid phosphatase was observed in normal osteoclasts as a general cytoplasmic reaction and also in a band of concentrated activity at the junction of the cell and bone. The osteoclasts from “ia” animals had greater acid phosphatase activity (more than twice as reactive) than the normal. However, the “junctional band” was only rarely observed in this anomaly. The junctional band may represent sites into which enzymes such as acid phosphatase are secreted in the resorption process and therefore only associated with active osteoclasts. It is possible that the “ia” rat may successfully form but not secrete the enzyme.
Density and compressibility of the molten lunar picritic glasses: Implications for the roles of Ti and Fe in the structures of silicate melts

Abstract The density and compressibility of four synthetic molten lunar picritic glasses was investigated from 0 to 10 GPa and 1748 to 2473 K. The picritic glasses were collected from the lunar surface during the Apollo missions, and they are hypothesized to have rapidly quenched as glass beads during pyroclastic fire fountain eruptions. The specific melt compositions investigated in the present study are the Apollo 15 green glass Type C (A15C, TiO2 = 0.26 wt%), the Apollo 14 yellow glass (A14Y, TiO2 = 4.58 wt%), the Apollo 17 orange glass 74220-type (A17O TiO2 = 9.12 wt%), and the Apollo 14 black glass (A14B, TiO2 = 16.40 wt%). These glasses are reported to represent primary unfractionated melts, making them a prime candidate for experimental studies into lunar basalt density and compressibility during partial melting of the lunar mantle. Sink–float experiments were conducted on the synthetic molten lunar glass compositions using a piston-cylinder apparatus (P 2.5 GPa) in order to bracket the density of the melts. New sink–float data are reported for A15C, A14Y, and A17O, which are combined with previously published density and compressibility data on A15C, A17O, and A14B. Although the Ti-rich liquids are highly compressible at lower pressures, they become nearly incompressible at much higher pressures when compared to the molten low-Ti glasses. Consequently, the melts with the most TiO2 (A14B) are the least dense at higher pressures, a reversal of what is seen at lower pressures. This change in density and compressibility is attributed to changes in coordination of Ti and Fe in the silicate melt structure. As Ti4+ abundances in the silicate melt increase, predominantly [IV]Ti4+ and [IV]Fe2+ change to [VI]Ti4+ and [VI]Fe2+ in the melt structure. All of the data from the present study were used to calculate a Birch–Murnaghan equation-of-state (BM-EOS) for each melt composition. The BM-EOS model for each composition was then combined with previously published estimates for the residual mantle source mineralogy and depth of origin for each of the glasses to assess the density of the partial melt with respect to its point of origin. This information was used to determine whether or not the melt would rise or sink with respect to its source region. We determined that all melt compositions, with the exception of the A17O melt, should have been able to rise to the crust-mantle boundary as a result of buoyancy forces alone, although different mechanisms are likely required for magma ascent through the lunar crust. For the rise of A17O, other modes of ascent through the lunar mantle are required to extract this melt composition from the mantle, and volatiles are not a plausible solution on the grounds of melt density alone.
Craniums, criminals, and the "cursed race": Italian anthropology in American racial thought, 1861-1924.

George Lipsitz, reflecting upon a growing body of American studies scholarship on whiteness, claims we now have a better understanding of “how people who left Europe as Calabrians and Bohemians became something called ‘whites' when they got to America.” As a summary of whiteness studies the statement is accurate. The verb “to become” in Lipsitz's assertion emphasizes the importance of deconstructing race in order to analyze it as an ideological and historical process. The statement implies, however, that European society did not also employ unstable hierarchical racial taxonomies. Indeed, the notion that it was in the United States where people defined by a European region or nation of origin became a race, isolates American racial thought from its Euro-American matrix.George Lipsitz, “The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy and the ‘White' Problem in American Studies,” American Quarterly 43, 3 (Sept. 1995): 370.
Luteinizing Hormone Receptor mRNA Down-Regulation Is Mediated through ERK-Dependent Induction of RNA Binding Protein

The ligand-induced down-regulation of LH receptor (LHR) expression in the ovaries, at least in part, is regulated by a posttranscriptional process mediated by a specific LH receptor mRNA binding protein (LRBP). The LH-mediated signaling pathways involved in this process were examined in primary cultures of human granulosa cells. Treatment with 10 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for 12 h resulted in the down-regulation of LHR mRNA expression while producing an increase in LHR mRNA binding to LRBP as well as a 2-fold increase in LRBP levels. The activation of ERK1/2 pathway in LH-mediated LHR mRNA down-regulation was also established by demonstrating the translocation of ERK1/2 from the cytosol to the nucleus using confocal microcopy. Inhibition of protein kinase A using H-89 or ERK1/2 by U0126 abolished the LH-induced LHR mRNA down-regulation. These treatments also abrogated both the increases in LRBP levels as well as the LHR mRNA binding activity. The abolishment of the hCG-induced increase in LRBP levels and LHR mRNA binding activity was further confirmed by transfecting granulosa cells with ERK1/2 specific small interfering RNA. This treatment also reversed the hCG-induced down-regulation of LHR mRNA. These data show that LH-regulated ERK1/2 signaling is required for the LRBP-mediated down-regulation of LHR mRNA.
Frequency- and Time-Domain Performance of Four-Arm Mode-2 Spiral Antennas

The performance of simply-fed four-arm Archimedean and equiangular spiral antennas operating in mode-2 (conical beam) and their suitability for pulsed communication applications are investigated. The frequency-domain transfer function of spiral antennas-based ultra-wideband (UWB) link is synthesized using complex far field information measured in a spherical near-field chamber from 2 to 12 GHz. The time-domain performance is obtained by post-processing frequency-domain data using the inverse fast Fourier transform. The synthesized approach is validated computationally and using direct link measurements. The quality of radiated pulses is evaluated in terms of the fidelity factor over the full field of view. The study demonstrates that the mode-2 spirals exhibit good time- and frequency-domain performance over a multioctave bandwidth which allows multiple communication services including UWB and time-frequency RF surveillance applications to be integrated into a single aperture system.
Reasons for Disposal of Dairy Cows from New York Herds

Abstract A mail survey was conducted over a six-month period in New York DHIA herds to determine the reasons for disposal of cows from the herds. Responses were received on 7,362 cows. The most important reasons for disposal were low production, 27–32%; sterility, 16–19%; udder trouble or mastitis, 14–20%; and sold for dairy purposes, 14–15%. Brucellosis and tuberculosis reaction are now relatively unimportant, each accounting for about 1% of the reasons for disposal. Culling for undesirable dairy type is also not very intense, since only 2–4% of cows were disposed of for this reason. Distinct differences between age groups for relative reasons for disposal were noted, as were differences between breeds, although the numbers of observations were small for most breeds.
Altered phenotypic expression of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable-region (VH) genes in Alicia rabbits probably reflects a small deletion in the VH genes closest to the joining region.

Abstract Rabbits of the Alicia strain have a mutation (ali) that segregates with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (lgh) locus and has a cis effect upon the expression of heavy-chain variable-region (VH) genes encoding the a2 allotype. In heterozygous a1/ali or a3/ali rabbits, serum immunoglobulins are almost entirely the products of the normal a1 or a3 allele and only traces of a2 immunoglobulin are detectable. Adult homozygous ali/ali rabbits likewise have normal immunoglobulin levels resulting from increased production of a-negative immunoglobulins and some residual ability to produce the a2 allotype. By contrast, the majority of the immunoglobulins of wild-type a2 rabbits are a2-positive and only a small percentage are a-negative. Genomic DNAs from homozygous mutant and wild-type animals were indistinguishable by Southern analyses using a variety of restriction enzyme digests and lgh probes. However, when digests with infrequently cutting enzymes were analyzed by transverse alternating-field electrophoresis, the ali DNA fragments were 10-15 kilobases smaller than the wild type. These fragments hybridized to probes both for VH and for a region of DNA a few kilobases downstream of the VH genes nearest the joining region. We suggest that this relatively small deletion affects a segment containing 3' VH genes with important regulatory functions, the loss of which leads to the ali phenotype. These results, and the fact that the 3' VH genes rearrange early in B-cell development, indicate that the 3' end of the VH locus probably plays a key role in regulation of VH gene expression.
Ethical Issues in Community Organization

The health educator's role as a community organizer raises a number of ethical dilemmas for the practitioner. Such basic prescriptions given the health educator as "start where the people are" and "change by choice, not by coercion" must be carefully examined in light of the realities which sometimes make strict adherence to these theoretical goals difficult in practice and problematic from an ethical perspective. The importance of avoiding unintentional "victim-blaming" in the selection of targets for community organization and the necessity of acquainting communities with possible negative or unanticipated outcomes of organizing efforts are underscored as critical ethical issues for the health educator engaged in community organization activities.
Non-Gaussian correlations outside the horizon

It is shown that under essentially all conditions, the nonlinear classical equations governing gravitation and matter in cosmology have a solution in which far outside the horizon in a suitable gauge the reduced spatial metric (the spatial metric divided by the square of the Robertson\char21{}Walker scale factor $a$) is time independent, though with an arbitrary dependence on comoving coordinates, and all perturbations to the other metric components and to all matter variables vanish, to leading order in $1/a$. The corrections are of order $1/{a}^{2}$, and are explicitly given for the reduced metric in a multifield model with a general potential. Further, this is the solution that describes the metric and matter produced by single-field inflation. These results justify the use of observed non-Gaussian correlations (or their absence) as a test of theories of single-field inflation, despite our ignorance of the constituents of the Universe while fluctuations are outside the horizon after inflation, as long as graphs with loops can be neglected.
Transcription in nematodes: early Ascaris embryos are transcriptionally active.

Abstract In this report we analyze early zygotic gene expression in the parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum. Using synchronous populations of early embryonic stages, nuclei were isolated, and in vitro run-off transcription assays were performed. We find transcriptional activity as early as the 4- to 8-cell stage. The percentage of RNA polymerase II activity, as measured in these assays, is >80% of the total transcription at the 60-cell stage. Furthermore, we show that a specific transcript (actin) can be identified in all early stages tested.
Red-light effect on tracer distribution in etiolated leaf tissue.

A survey of the distribution of tracer in preparations from etiolated corn leaf sections which had been fed with uniformly labeled glucose (glucose-U-C14) and then exposed to ten minutes of red light, failed to show the presence of any new or specifically labelled metabolite. The earliest consequence of the light-treatment was a loss of tracer from the soluble sugars accompanied by an accumulation of C14 in the cell-wall polysaccharides. Other light effects were reduced labelling of amino acids and higher phosphate turnover rates. The survey did not elucidate the nature of the first biochemical response after an exposure of an etiolated seedling to radiant energy, but it suggests several areas of further investigation.
Prime Silicon and Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Wafer Polishing With Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF)

The December 2001 [1, 2] edition of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors [3] (ITRS-2001) identifies several challenges for the manufacturing of silicon and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. For silicon, edge exclusion, site flatness and nanotopography1 requirements will become extremely challenging. For SOI, requirements for the control of the top silicon layer and its associated uniformity are pushing the limits of metrology. Keeping ± 5% tolerances on thicknesses, gradually decreasing from more than 100nm to less than 20nm for partially depleted devices (let alone from 30 to 3nm for fully depleted devices) is exceeding the capabilities of traditional chemo-mechanical-polishing (CMP) processes [5]. This paper will briefly describe magnetorheological finishing (MRF) and its suitability for prime silicon and SOI wafer polishing. Particular emphasis will be placed on MRF’s ability to improve the global flatness and the total thickness variation (TTV) on prime silicon wafers, and to reduce the nominal thickness of the top silicon layer, while improving thickness uniformity on SOI wafers. The paper will also touch upon the process qualification issues associated with the tight requirements of the semiconductor industry.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Development of an observation method for assessing pain behavior in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abstract Four studies examined the reliability and validity of a behavioral observation method for the assessment of pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The major purpose of experiment 1 was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of the observation method. Two observers recorded the frequencies of pain behaviors displayed by 20 RA patients. Each of 3 types of reliability estimates indicated that the pain behavior could be reliably observed. The purpose of experiment 2 was to examine the concurrent validity of the observation system by correlating 53 patients' self-reports of pain with the frequencies of their pain behaviors. Significant and positive correlations were found between patients' total pain behavior and 3 self-report measures of pain and functional disability. Furthermore, unlike the self-reports of pain, total pain behavior was only minimally related to self-report of depression. Experiment 3 was performed in order to assess the observation method's construct validity. Naive observers viewed video recordings of 25 RA patients and made global estimates of patients' pain severity and unpleasantness. Highly significant and positive correlations were found between these global estimates and total pain behavior. In experiment 4, the pain behaviors of 11 RA patients were recorded prior to and immediately following cognitive-behavioral treatment for the reduction of RA pain. There was a significant decrease in total pain behavior from pretreatment to posttreatment. The data indicate that the observation method provides a reliable, valid, and relatively objective measure of RA patient pain behavior. Future validation studies of the observation method are discussed.
Chemisorption geometry of NO on Rh(111) by X-ray photoelectron diffraction

Abstract The adlayer structure of (2 × 2)-3NO on Rh(111) has been investigated by high-energy, scanned-angle X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) in conjunction with single scattering cluster theory and R -factor analysis. In addition, a plausible adlayer registry, consistent with previously published HREELS data, is deduced by means of physical reasoning. The resulting structural model consists of NO bound to atop, three-fold hollow fcc, and three-fold hollow hcp sites through the N atom with an NO bond length of 1.15 A. NO molecules at all three sites within the adlayer are oriented normal to the surface. The Z coordinates ( Z being defined as perpendicular to the surface) of atop and hollow-site NO molecules relative to the top layer of Rh atoms differ by 0.5 A, with hollow-site NO being bound more closely to the substrate. This structure differs considerably from one proposed previously by a LEED I - V analysis in both the site occupancy and the spacing of NO molecules within the adlayer.
Intensity Modulation Effects in Multiparameter Displays

A number of photographs of simulated multiparameter displays are presented, showing the visual effects of several different matrix spot intensity modulation techniques. It is seen that brightening the matrix spots in direct proportion to contents, or height contributes to the 3-dimensional illusion of isometric displays. It is also seen that brightening the matrix spots in approximate logarithmic, rather than linear proportion to contents provides improved highlighting of small picture detail, and prevents "washout" of picture under high ambient light viewing conditions. Conclusions are also drawn concerning the necessary CRT spot resolution for acceptable data picture quality, and minimum frame rate for flicker-free viewing.
Strategic communication in asymmetric conflict

This article examines the war of ideas under conditions of asymmetric conflict, focusing on how advantages are achieved through the pioneering use of techniques not available to the other side, and how weaknesses are turned into strengths. Deploying an analysis based on competitive entry into markets for loyalties, the article categorizes the ways groups excluded from national debates can break through and substantially change the distribution of allegiances in a target audience. Four cases are considered: (1) a weak player struggles to enter a marketplace in which entry is strongly regulated; (2) a strong external player seeks to enter or alter a weakly regulated marketplace; (3) a strong state uses asymmetric techniques against another strong state; and (4) weak players struggle to enter a weakly regulated marketplace.
GRAPH THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH NORMAL COGNITION, MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, AND DEMENTIA DUE TO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

Background: Graph theory is emerging as a new technique to study changes in brain connectivity and network organization that occur with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although prior studies have demonstrated ADrelated changes in structural networks, these changes were often small and sometimes inconsistent, likely due to differences in network construction. The current study represents the first systematic investigation of how methods of structural network construction affect network properties. A second goal was to investigate the order in which network properties become abnormal with increasing disease severity. Methods: We estimated the structural connectivity of brain networks based on correlation maps of cortical thickness obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Network properties of four diagnostic groups were compared: 126 cognitively normal older adults who remained normal for at least 3 years, 103 individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) who retained MCI status for at least 3 years (stableMCI), 108 individuals withMCIwho developed to AD-dementia within 3 years (progressive MCI), and 105 individuals with AD-dementia.Results:Network properties most reliably differentiated the four groups when the edges of the graphs were weighted by the normalized product of the mean cortical thickness of the two regions. While other methods of network construction usually produced the same pattern of results, between-group differences were less reliable or absent. Of the metrics examined, characteristic path length, a measure of how well each node (or brain region) is connected to every other node, became abnormal early in the course of the disease. It was significantly greater in subjects with stable MCI compared to normal subjects and continued to increase as the disease progressed. Assortativity, which expresses the tendency of nodes with similar connectivity to connect with each other, appeared to become abnormal later and was significantly smaller in individuals with progressive MCI compared to those with stable MCI. Lastly, algebraic connectivity, a measure of global network connectivity, seemed to decrease early (from Normal to stable-MCI) and then stabilized. Conclusions: These results may suggest that different graphmetrics of structural brain networks change in an ordered fashion as AD pathology develops and may be useful for predicting symptom onset and tracking progression.
Eocene Land Mammals of the Pacific Coast

The Sespe formation comprises a series of sandstones, shales and conglomerate, several thousand feet in thickness, and receives its name from the type locality of its occurrence on Sespe Creek north of the Santa Clara Valley, Ventura County, California. Originally described by Watts [1], this formation has been recognized as furnishing an important stratigraphic record of the early Tertiary in the southern coast ranges with a position between marine sediments of Eocene age and marine sediments of Miocene age. At a number of localities in southern California deposits having the stratigraphic position and lithologic characteristics of the Sespe are designated by that name and are regarded as the correlatives of this formation. Prevailing features which have been noted with regard to the Sespe are (1) the presence of red beds, and (2) the absence of a fossil record.
The transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of the differentiation of follicular helper T cells

CD4(+) follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) are essential for germinal center (GC) responses and long-lived antibody responses. Here we report that naive CD4(+) T cells deficient in the transcription factor Foxp1 'preferentially' differentiated into T(FH) cells, which resulted in substantially enhanced GC and antibody responses. We found that Foxp1 used both constitutive Foxp1A and Foxp1D induced by stimulation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to inhibit the generation of T(FH) cells. Mechanistically, Foxp1 directly and negatively regulated interleukin 21 (IL-21); Foxp1 also dampened expression of the costimulatory molecule ICOS and its downstream signaling at early stages of T cell activation, which rendered Foxp1-deficient CD4(+) T cells partially resistant to blockade of the ICOS ligand (ICOSL) during T(FH) cell development. Our findings demonstrate that Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of T(FH) cell differentiation.
A Decade of Dialogue on the Three-Ring Conception of Giftedness.

This article examines some of the commentary an criticism that has been directed toward the three‐ring conception of giftedness since its original publication in 1978. Reactions to various interpretations of the concept are discussed, recent research dealing with the development of gifted behaviors is presented, and modifications in the original theory are described. Major changes include shifting emphasis from “being gifted” to the development of gifted behaviors, labeling services rather than students, and making changes in state guidelines to bring them into line with present day research. An analysis of the nature of controversy and its role in the advancement of a field of study is explored. The author invites new dialogue by presenting a specific identification system based on the three‐ring conception of giftedness. This six step identification system is presented for practical purposes as well as to stimulate new debate about the topic in general.
Abstract 648: Tobacco assessment in actively accruing Cooperative Group clinical trials

Purpose: The lack of accurate prospective tobacco assessments in cancer patients limits the ability to provide tobacco cessation and to accurately evaluate the true impact of tobacco use on cancer treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tobacco use assessment in patients enrolled in actively accruing cancer clinical trials. Methods: Protocols and forms for 155 actively accruing trials in the NCI9s Clinical Trials Cooperative Group program were evaluated for detailed tobacco use assessment at enrollment and through follow-up using a structured coding instrument. Results: Of the 155 clinical trials reviewed, the mean accrual start date was 2008.6 (range 2003-2011), 74.1% were phase III trials, and the total potential accrual population was 106,985 patients. Any form of tobacco use (i.e., cigarette, pipe, cigar, smokeless tobacco, or unspecified “tobacco”) was assessed in 29% of trials (46% of total patient accrual) at enrollment. Current cigarette use at enrollment was assessed in 21.9% of trials and former cigarette use was assessed in 21.3% of trials. Only 4.5% of trials assessed any form of tobacco use during follow-up. Secondhand smoke exposure was captured in 2.6% of trials at enrollment and only 1 trial during follow-up. None of the trials assessed nicotine dependence or interest in quitting at any point during enrollment or treatment. Tobacco assessment varied by type of cancer with a higher proportion of patients being assessed in lung or head and neck cancer trials. Conclusion: Most actively accruing cooperative group clinical trials do not assess tobacco use. Failure to incorporate standardized tobacco assessments into funded national clinical trials will continue to limit the ability to provide evidence based cessation support and will limit the ability to accurately understand the precise impact of tobacco use on cancer treatment outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 648. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-648
ELASTIC DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING OF SINGLY SYMMETRIC I-SHAPED FLEXURAL MEMBERS WITH SLENDER WEBS

The effectiveness of the measures provided in the 2005 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Specification for elastic distortional buckling of doubly symmetric I-shaped flexural members with slender webs was evaluated in a previous study. It was demonstrated that the code equations generally provide conservative strength estimates for the slender-web I-beams, and the amount of the conservatism was found to be rather dramatic for some cases. As a continuation of this effort, the effectiveness and accuracy of the 2005 AISC code provisions as well as predictions for elastic distortional buckling of slender-web singly symmetric I-shaped members is investigated in this paper. Comparisons are made with the finite strip analysis results for distortional buckling and the two design equations for elastic distortional buckling proposed by other researchers. It is demonstrated that the code predictions are by and large conservative, and even overly conservative in some cases, which does not seem to be justifiable economically.
Next stop, the cloud: understanding modern web service deployment in EC2 and azure

An increasingly large fraction of Internet services are hosted on a cloud computing system such as Amazon EC2 or Windows Azure. But to date, no in-depth studies about cloud usage by Internet services has been performed. We provide a detailed measurement study to shed light on how modern web service deployments use the cloud and to identify ways in which cloud-using services might improve these deployments. Our results show that: 4% of the Alexa top million use EC2/Azure; there exist several common deployment patterns for cloud-using web service front ends; and services can significantly improve their wide-area performance and failure tolerance by making better use of existing regional diversity in EC2. Driving these analyses are several new datasets, including one with over 34 million DNS records for Alexa websites and a packet capture from a large university network.
Comparative Analysis of the Subventricular Zone in Rat, Ferret and Macaque: Evidence for an Outer Subventricular Zone in Rodents

The mammalian cerebral cortex arises from precursor cells that reside in a proliferative region surrounding the lateral ventricles of the developing brain. Recent work has shown that precursor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) provide a major contribution to prenatal cortical neurogenesis, and that the SVZ is significantly thicker in gyrencephalic mammals such as primates than it is in lissencephalic mammals including rodents. Identifying characteristics that are shared by or that distinguish cortical precursor cells across mammalian species will shed light on factors that regulate cortical neurogenesis and may point toward mechanisms that underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in gyrencephalic mammals. We immunostained sections of the developing cerebral cortex from lissencephalic rats, and from gyrencephalic ferrets and macaques to compare the distribution of precursor cell types in each species. We also performed time-lapse imaging of precursor cells in the developing rat neocortex. We show that the distribution of Pax6+ and Tbr2+ precursor cells is similar in lissencephalic rat and gyrencephalic ferret, and different in the gyrencephalic cortex of macaque. We show that mitotic Pax6+ translocating radial glial cells (tRG) are present in the cerebral cortex of each species during and after neurogenesis, demonstrating that the function of Pax6+ tRG cells is not restricted to neurogenesis. Furthermore, we show that Olig2 expression distinguishes two distinct subtypes of Pax6+ tRG cells. Finally we present a novel method for discriminating the inner and outer SVZ across mammalian species and show that the key cytoarchitectural features and cell types that define the outer SVZ in developing primates are present in the developing rat neocortex. Our data demonstrate that the developing rat cerebral cortex possesses an outer subventricular zone during late stages of cortical neurogenesis and that the developing rodent cortex shares important features with that of primates.
Structural Analysis Methods for Structural Health Management of Future Aerospace Vehicles

Two finite element based computational methods, Smoothing Element Analysis (SEA) and the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM), are reviewed, and examples of their use for structural health monitoring are discussed. Due to their versatility, robustness, and computational efficiency, the methods are well suited for real-time structural health monitoring of future space vehicles, large space structures, and habitats. The methods may be effectively employed to enable real-time processing of sensing information, specifically for identifying three-dimensional deformed structural shapes as well as the internal loads. In addition, they may be used in conjunction with evolutionary algorithms to design optimally distributed sensors. These computational tools have demonstrated substantial promise for utilization in future Structural Health Management (SHM) systems.
Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan albatrosses and wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands

Surveys of Laysan Albatross and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters on Midway and Oahu Island, Hawaii, identified a high proportion of birds with plastic in the upper gastrointestinal tract, representing hazards to the health of adult birds and their chicks. Fifty Laysan Albatross chicks were examined for plastic items lodged within the upper digestive tract. Forty-five (90%) contained plastic, including 3 chicks having proventricular impactions or ulcerative lesions. Plastic items in 21 live albatross chicks weighed a mean of 35.7 g chick −1 (range 1–175 g). Four dead birds contained 14–175 g (mean 76.7 g). Two of four adult albatross examined contained plastic in the gut. Laysan albatross chicks have the highest reported incidence and amount of ingested plastic of any seabird species. Twelve of 20 adult Wedge-tailed Shearwaters (60%) contained plastic particles 2–4 mm in diameter. Impaction did not appear to be a significant hazard for adult shearwaters. Shearwater chicks were not examined. Chemical toxicity of plastic polymers, plasticizers and antioxidant additives is low, although many pigments are toxic and plastics may serve as vehicles for the adsorption of organochlorine pollutants from sea water, and the toxicity of plastics is unlikely to pose significant hazard compared to obstruction and impaction of the gut.
Thin film multilayers of TiNi/TiO 2 /PZT: material fabrication

Abstract Heterostructure multilayers of ferroelastic T1Ni coupled to thin film Ti02 and ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) produces a smart material capable of performingboth sensing and actuating functions. An important issue is the ability to generate the appropriate crystalline phases of each of the material and to minimize the chemical interactions from the surrounding material. Ti02 and PZT thin films were deposited onto commerciallyavailable TiNi substrates by the 501-gel process. Minimum crystallization temperatures forthe Ti02 phases and PZT perovskite phases were determined and characterized by X-raydiffraction (XRD). 1 . Introduction According to the USARO, a material is defined as being 'smart' if it has both sensing and actuating capability coupled by an innate control mechanism. A class of smart materials can be fabricated by combining shape memory alloys (SMA) with ferroelectric ceramics. Thesehybrid structures couples the broad mechanical stress-strain hysteresis properties of SMAwith the mechanical-electrical relationship associated with piezioelectric materials.
Can endosonographers evaluate on-site cytologic adequacy? A comparison with cytotechnologists

Background On-site determination of cytologic adequacy increases the accuracy of EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA); however, on-site cytotechnologists are not available to all endosonographers. We hypothesize that experienced endosonographers can accurately assess whether an on-site FNA specimen is adequate. Objective To determine the accuracy of on-site cytopathology interpretation of EUS-FNA specimens by comparing endosonographers with a cytotechnologist. Design Prospective double-blind controlled trial. Setting Academic medical center with a high-volume EUS practice. Patients Consecutive patients undergoing EUS-FNA of lymph nodes or pancreas tumors. Main Outcome Measurements Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 3 endosonographers and 1 cytotechnologist for interpretation of cytologic specimen adequacy and diagnosis compared with a criterion standard of a board-certified cytopathologist. Results There were 59 lymph node, 49 pancreas, and 9 liver specimens (117 total). For determination of adequacy, none of the endosonographers were statistically equivalent to the cytotechnologist ( P = .004). For determination of suspicious/malignant versus benign specimens, all 3 endosonographers were inferior ( P Limitations This study represents a small group of trained endosonographers in a high-volume practice and may not be applicable to other settings. The sample size does not allow an accurate evaluation of different biopsy sites (eg, pancreas vs lymph node). Conclusions Even trained endosonographers have variable and, in some cases, inferior abilities to interpret on-site cytologic adequacy compared with cytotechnologists.
Analysis of interleukin-8 release from normal human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to aliphatic hydrocarbons: delivery of hydrocarbons to cell cultures via complexation with α-cyclodextrin

Abstract While inhalation exposures represent the predominant route for jet fuel toxicity, increased concern has been placed on topical exposures due to reports of severe contact dermatitis among military personnel. All three of the predominant aviation fuels currently used by the commercial and military sectors have been demonstrated experimentally to induce the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a proinflammatory cytokine, in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). The objective of this study was to examine the effects of individual hydrocarbon components found in these fuels on IL-8 production by NHEK. In order to circumvent the extreme hydrophobicity of these compounds, inclusion complexes were formed between α-cyclodextrin/aliphatic hydrocarbons by adding 2 m m hydrocarbons to 4 m m α-cyclodextrin. NHEK were exposed to four aliphatic hydrocarbons (undecane, dodecane, tridecane, hexadecane) for 24 h at concentrations of 7.8–500 μ m . These hydrocarbons caused a peak in IL-8 release at a concentration of 31.2 μ m , with the exception of dodecane which peaked at 62.5 μ m . Subtoxic concentrations of the aliphatic hydrocarbons were those m . These studies demonstrate that the etiology of proinflammatory cytokine expression due to jet fuel exposure may be due in large part to the aliphatic hydrocarbon components. Furthermore, these studies provide additional evidence that hydrocarbons can be successfully delivered to cells in culture by encapsulating them in cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.
An evaluation of forecast-based quality control schemes

High volume production processes and many processes using automated sampling technology yield process data which are autocorrelated. One technique proposed for monitoring autocorrelated data involves the application of the Individuals control chart to forecast residuals from an appropriate time series model of the process. This study examines the following issues concerning forecast-based monitoring schemes: (i) the affect of forecast recovery from step changes on the average run length (ARL) of control charts applied to forecast residuals (ii) the proposal of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the run lengths as an appropriate criterion for chart comparisons and (iii) the relative performance of the Individuals control chart, the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) control chart and the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average control chart applied to forecast residuals using both the ARL and CDF criteria