cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transmutation facility for weapons-grade plutonium disposition based on a tokamak fusion neutron source

It is suggested that weapons-grade plutonium could be processed through a transmutation facility to build up sufficient actinide and fission product inventories to serve as a deterrent to diversion or theft during subsequent storage, pending eventual use as fuel in commercial nuclear reactors. A transmutation facility consisting of a tokamak fusion neutron source surrounded by fuel assemblies containing the weapons-grade plutonium in the form of PuO{sub 2} pebbles in a lithium slurry is investigated. A design concept/operation scenario is developed for a facility that would be able to transmute the world`s estimated surplus inventory of weapons-grade plutonium to 11% {sup 240}Pu concentration in nearly 25 yr. The fusion neutron source would be based on plasma physics and plasma support technology being qualified in ongoing research and development (RD otherwise, extensions of existing technologies and acceleration of existing R&D programs would seem to be adequate to qualify all required technologies. Such a facility might feasibly be deployed in 20 to 30 yr, or sooner withmore » a crash program. 49 refs., 5 figs., 13 tabs.« less
Ethical Analysis of "Mind Reading" or "Neurotechnological Thought Apprehension": Keeping Potential Limitations in Mind.

We appreciate Meynen’s examination of ethical implications of using neurotechnologies to decode neural data and make inferences about cognitive processes. Here, we address three issues that we beli...
Chromosome Organization: Making Room in a Crowd.

Summary Despite their small size and lack of membrane-based DNA encapsulation, prokaryotic cells still organize and scale their nucleoid in specific subcellular regions. Two studies show that the DNA-free regions in prokaryotes are full of large biomolecules, which exclude DNA via entropic forces.
On a Tiling Scheme from M.C.Escher

Escher studied certain tilings by decorated square tiles arranged into $2\times 2$ supertiles which are copied and translated to fill the plane. It is found that there are exactly 154 such tilings, if reflections of the tilings are allowed. Illustrations of all of them are presented.
Augmenting a space mission design course with high-altitude balloon projects

Experiential learning is a vital component of the space mission design course offered through the Department of Space Studies at the University of North Dakota. This course incorporates project-based learning through high-altitude balloon, satellite ground station, and small satellite team projects. In this educational setting, students gain hands-on experience with spacecraft engineering and operations principles. Four high-altitude balloon projects were utilized during the Spring 2011 Semester of this course. These team projects included one which focused on a superpressure balloon mission concept, a second which involved a biological payload, a third that involved an imaging payload, and a fourth that focused on launch and recovery operations. These four team projects, along with other team projects, spanned the range of systems engineering design steps leading up to the launch of a typical space mission. Each team project culminated in a mission concept review, preliminary design review, critical design review, flight readiness review, or an operational readiness review. As a result, students received practical exposure to the major phases of space mission design through project-based learning experiences.
Readaptation Treatment of Mal de Debarquement Syndrome With a Virtual Reality App: A Pilot Study

Mal de Debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is composed of constant phantom sensations of motion, which are frequently accompanied by increased sensitivity to light, inability to walk on a patterned floor, the sensation of ear fullness, head pressure, anxiety, and depression. This disabling condition generally occurs in premenopausal women within 2 days after prolonged passive motion (e.g., travel on a cruise ship, plane, or in a car). It has been previously hypothesized that MdDS is the result of maladaptive changes in the polysynaptic vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) pathway called velocity storage. Past research indicates that full-field optokinetic stimulation is an optimal way to activate velocity storage. Unfortunately, such devices are typically bulky and not commonly available. We questioned whether virtual reality (VR) goggles with a restricted visual field could effectively simulate a laboratory environment for MdDS treatment. A stripes program for optokinetic stimulation was implemented using Google Daydream Viewer. Five female patients (42 ± 10 years; range 26-50), whose average MdDS symptom duration was 2 months, participated in this study. Four patients had symptoms triggered by prolonged passive motion, and in one, symptoms spontaneously occurred. Symptom severity was self-scored by patients on a scale of 0-10, where 0 is no symptoms at all and 10 is the strongest symptoms that the patient could imagine. Static posturography was obtained to determine objective changes in body motion. The treatment was considered effective if the patient's subjective score improved by at least 50%. All five patients reported immediate improvement. On 2-month follow-ups, symptoms returned only in one patient. These data provide proof of concept for the limited-visual-field goggles potentially having clinical utility as a substitute for full-field optokinetic stimulation in treating patients with MdDS in clinics or via telemedicine.
Discrimination Ability of Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Pediatric Domains Compared With Scoliosis Research Society-22r and Legacy Patient Reported Outcome Measures in Juvenile and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Study design Comparative cohort study. Objective To compare patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in children and adolescents with varying extent of spinal deformity. Summary of background data Several PROMs have been proposed to help assess health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in pediatric spinal deformity surgery and research, but it is unclear which are sensitive to deformity severity. Methods Pediatric patients diagnosed with spinal asymmetry or juvenile/adolescent idiopathic scoliosis completed the patient-reported outcomes management information system (PROMIS) pediatric computer adaptive test bank (Domains: Mobility, Pain Interference, Physical Activity, Physical Stress Experiences, Psychological Stress Experiences), Scoliosis Research Society-22r (SRS-22r), Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) activity scale, and Trunk Appearance Perception Scale. Patients were grouped as spinal asymmetry, mild deformity, and substantial deformity by major Cobb angle measuring less than 10°, between 10° and 40°, and greater than 40° respectively. One-way analysis of variance with a Tukey post-hoc correction was used to determine score differences between groups. Results Final analyses included 206 patients, of which 135 (66%) were female. The mean age was 13.0 ± 2.2 years, and the mean major Cobb angle was 20.1 ± 14.1° (range: 0-74.2°). Compared with both spinal asymmetry and mild deformity patients, patients with substantial deformity reported worse outcomes, including lower function, more pain, and decreased psychological health by legacy PROMs and PROMIS. PROMIS Physical Activity and Psychological Stress Experiences did not capture any significant differences between all groups. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the spinal asymmetry and mild deformity groups for all PROMs measured. Conclusion Patients with substantial spinal deformity reported lower activity and function, more pain, and greater physical and psychological stress compared with patients without clinical spinal deformity by legacy PROMs and several PROMIS domains. As PROMIS Physical Activity and Psychological Stress Experiences did not capture these differences, these PROMs may measure different constructs than the legacy PROMs as they relate to spinal curvature and may be less relevant to measure HRQoL in this population.Level of Evidence 3.
Multimodal Microvascular Mapping for Head and Neck, Skull Base Research and Education: An Anatomical Donor Study

Objective This study was aimed to develop a method combining computed tomography (CT) and fluorescence imaging, allowing identification of microvasculature in anatomical donors and facilitating translational research and education. Methods We investigated homogeneity and radiopacity of 30 different mixtures including radiopaque substances povidone–iodine (Betadine), barium sulfate (BaSO4), and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) varying in suspension and dilution with agar, latex, or gelatin. Three candidate mixtures were selected for testing the extent of perfusion in renal vasculature to establish methodology. From these candidate mixtures, two were selected for mixture with fluorescein and infusion into cadavers based on their ability to perfuse renal vasculature. The extent to which these two candidate mixtures combined with fluorescein were able to perfuse vasculature in a cadaver head was used to determine which mixture was superior. Results BaSO4 and bismuth subsalicylate–based mixtures demonstrated superior opacity in vials. In terms of solidifying agents, gelatin-based mixtures demonstrated increased friability and lower melting points compared with the other agents, so only latex and agar-based mixtures were used moving forward past the vial stage. Combinations of BaSO4 and latex and BaSO4 and 3% agar were found to perfuse kidneys superiorly to the mixture containing bismuth subsalicylate. Finally, in cadaver heads, the mixture containing BaSO4, agar, and fluorescein was found to perfuse the smallest vasculature. Conclusion A final combination of BaSO4, 3% agar, and fluorescein proves to be a powerful and novel combination enabling CT imaging, fluorescence imaging, and dissection of vasculature. This paves the way for future translational research and education.
Political Violence and Language Endangerment in Colombia

This paper develops an account of the relationship between language endangerment and conflict violence by combining insights from the fields of political science and linguistics. We develop a theor...
Market Competition Between LTE-U and WiFi

LTE-U is an extension of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard for operation in unlicensed spectrum. LTE-U differs from WiFi, the predominant technology used in unlicensed spectrum in that it utilizes a duty cycle mode for accessing the spectrum and allows for a more seamless integration with LTE deployments in licensed spectrum. There have been a number of technical studies on the co-existence of LTE-U and WiFi. In this paper, we instead investigate the impact of such a technology from an economic perspective. We consider a model where an incumbent service provider (SP) deploys a duty cycle-based technology like LTE-U in an unlicensed band along with operating in a licensed band and competes with one or more entrants that only operate in the unlicensed band using a different technology like WiFi. We characterize the impact of a technology like LTE-U on the market outcome and show that the welfare impacts are subtle, depending in part on the amount of unlicensed spectrum and number of entrants. The difference in spectral efficiency between LTE and WiFi also plays a role in the competition. Finally, we investigate the impact of the duty cycle and the portion of unlicensed spectrum used by the technology.
Books: Unwell Women: a Journey Through Medicine and Myth in a Man-Made World: Reduced to her Biology.

Elinor Cleghorn Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd, 2021, HB, 496pp, £12.44, 978-1474616850 About 8 years ago, a close friend of mine died of breast cancer. At diagnosis, after a referral delay when she was advised that the lump she felt was benign, she was given a 25% chance of living for 5 years. Following her difficult and distressing death, her husband told me of the consultation with the surgical team at her 12-month follow-up, after enduring mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The (male) surgeon had turned to him, ignoring his wife completely, and said, ‘Now, how about a delayed breast reconstruction? You would like that, wouldn’t you?’ He spoke of his overwhelming anger at this assumption and the exclusion of his wife from the discussion, saying that he wanted to shout back, ‘All I want is for her to LIVE.’ Cleghorn examines and discusses the way in which such patriarchal attitudes have become embedded in medical practice and how they influence …
Exploring tourists' motivations, constraints, and negotiations regarding outdoor recreation trips during COVID-19 through a focus group study

Abstract The current COVID-19 outbreak has duly influenced tourists' psychology and subsequently their behavior and decision making to participate in outdoor activities. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate tourists' motivations, perceived constraints, and negotiation strategies to participate in outdoor recreation trips, within the current COVID-19 context. To explore and categorize motivating factors, constraints, and negotiation strategies, we employed a qualitative approach via semi-structured online focus group discussion with 16 tourists (mostly residents of Utah, United States) during late summer 2020. First, COVID-19 related restrictions and fewer opportunities to go outdoors were found to encourage outdoor recreation, for novelty-seeking and experiencing normalcy. Through content analysis, we found that tourists experience a blend of personal, social, practical, and ethical constraints. Additionally, we identified how tourists negotiate their constraints through different ways: by extensive planning and information searching, avoiding crowds, and changing leisure aspirations. Finally, we discuss theoretical and managerial implications of the study, followed by recommendations for future research. Management implications Understanding of tourists' motivations, constraints, and negotiation strategies—relevant to outdoor recreation trips—provides several managerial implications to destination managers and marketers, as outlined below: • Lack of centralized and reliable information was frequently cited as a constraint in the focus group discussions. In order to provide adequate and timely information to potential participations, we proposed a novel website template including details about information to be presented. • As our study sheds light on tourists' companionship preferences, activity choice, and evaluation of a destination's COVID-related operational practices, we propose several advertising strategies and destination operational guidelines to attract tourists.
Food allergy treatment value: Child caregiver and patient perspectives.

Background Food allergy is a major health problem that significantly impacts quality of life (QoL). There is growing focus to evaluate food allergy-related QoL and treatment options' value beyond the clinical effectiveness perspective by engaging patients and caregivers. We aimed to identify and prioritize outcomes important to food allergy parents of children and patients allergic to milk, egg, and/or peanut, to guide comparative effectiveness research (CER) that focuses on evaluating food allergy treatment decisions. Methods We conducted a modified 3-round Delphi study to identify and derive consensus on priority treatment outcomes for parents of children and adult patients with diagnosed allergies to at least one of three major allergenic foods (milk, egg, and peanut) from across the United States. Results Round 1 yielded 44 statements for round 2, and 39 statements reached the agreement level for round 3 ranking. Statements were organized under 4 sections: 1) food allergy problems, 2) treatment experiences, 3) important treatment outcomes, and 4) value of different treatment options. Conclusion Food allergy parents and patients face several social, psychological, medical, healthcare, financial, food selection, and awareness challenges. The areas of consensus on important treatment outcomes revealed shared priority for reducing the risk of potentially fatal allergic reactions and having reliable treatments. The most valued treatment options reflect hope for permanent cure and fear of serious allergic reactions.
Understanding the Impact of Walkability, Population Density, and Population Size on COVID-19 Spread: A Pilot Study of the Early Contagion in the United States

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an unprecedented global event that has been challenging governments, health systems, and communities worldwide. Available data from the first months indicated varying patterns of the spread of COVID-19 within American cities, when the spread was faster in high-density and walkable cities such as New York than in low-density and car-oriented cities such as Los Angeles. Subsequent containment efforts, underlying population characteristics, variants, and other factors likely affected the spread significantly. However, this work investigates the hypothesis that urban configuration and associated spatial use patterns directly impact how the disease spreads and infects a population. It follows work that has shown how the spatial configuration of urban spaces impacts the social behavior of people moving through those spaces. It addresses the first 60 days of contagion (before containment measures were widely adopted and had time to affect spread) in 93 urban counties in the United States, considering population size, population density, walkability, here evaluated through walkscore, an indicator that measures the density of amenities, and, therefore, opportunities for population mixing, and the number of confirmed cases and deaths. Our findings indicate correlations between walkability, population density, and COVID-19 spreading patterns but no clear correlation between population size and the number of cases or deaths per 100 k habitants. Although virus spread beyond these initial cases may provide additional data for analysis, this study is an initial step in understanding the relationship between COVID-19 and urban configuration.
Perirhinal and Postrhinal Functional Inputs to the Hippocampus

There is widespread agreement that perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) cortices are essential for episodic memory. The conventional view is that PER provides object information, and POR provides spatial and contextual information to the hippocampus through different information streams to support episodic memory. There is, however, considerable integration across these two information streams. Moreover, PER and POR also participate in non-mnemonic cognitive processes. PER is necessary for object recognition memory and is involved in high-level perceptual processing that conjoins elemental features to represent unique objects and items. POR represents the spatial layout of the current context, including objects and patterns located in that context, and then monitors the context for changes. Such object and pattern information in POR most likely arrives via a direct PER to POR pathway. Thus, the PER provides object information to both the POR and to the hippocampus, but for different purposes. Object information in POR would be used to represent and update the spatial layout of physical features of the local environment and for forming contextual associations. Such contextual information from the POR together with object and item information from the PER are made available to the hippocampus for associative learning and episodic memory.
Survival of the Action for Death by Wrongful Act

one might come to the conclusion that whether proof of non-volition of the decedent or of uncontrollable impulse or of both is stated as a requisite of claimant's case, in the great majority of cases, probably would make no difference; but, inasmuch as a general state of non-volition in the mind, especially in a well developed case of insanity, is a thing often so distinctly evidenced by objective manifestations as to be fairly susceptible of proof, while an uncontrollable impulse is likely to be a thing so strictly subjective as to give little or no objective manifestation prior to the suicidal act and therefore likely to be unsusceptible of proof, probably a formula directly making volition the pivotal * Professor of Law, De Paul University. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW point upon which to decide the case is preferable to a formula making the case turn upon uncontrollable impulse. It is of course true that the very reason for talking about uncontrollable impulse is that the suicide upon uncontrollable impulse is not a volitional suicide; but, because of the subjective approach through the "uncontrollable impulse" formula, it would seem that industrial boards may find it more difficult to justify in their own minds an award to the claimant under this formula than under the formula stressing volition. It may be comparatively easy to adduce some objective proof that the decedent was so insane that he was incapable of entertaining any volition, so that there is some proof to sustain an award; but it may be somewhat more difficult to find any proof that the decedent actually had an uncontrollable impulse to commit suicide, for the fact of uncontrollable impulse lies in the field of the subjective, which is not so easily penetrable by proof. In general, in workmen's compensation cases, courts seem inclined to follow loosely, with perhaps a greater liberality to plaintiff, the general principles of the common law as to causation and of inclusion of damage within or exclusion from the operation of the rule of law invoked by the plaintiff, just as they have done in cases brought under wrongful death statutes.' In one case, a board's award of compensation for suicide was permitted by I Daniels v. New York, New Haven & Hartford R. Co., 183 Mass. 393, 67 N.E. 424, 62 L.R.A. 751 (x903), is a wrongful death case in which recovery was refused because the uncontroverted evidence tended to show that decedent "with deliberate purpose, planned to take his own life," that he had "an understanding of the physical nature and effect of his act," and that he had a "willful and intelligent purpose to accomplish it." This case is often cited and followed in workmen's compensation cases. See Tetrault's Case, 278 Mass. 447, i8o N.E. 231
Analysis of Solids by Spark Source and Laser Mass Spectrometry

In about 1960 two scientific developments occurred which have a direct bearing on this topic. One was the demonstration of the first laser (1) whose impact on this topic will be discussed later. The other was the scientific development in the late 50’s and the commercial availability in the early 60’s of the spark source mass spectrometer (SSMS). Actually the SSMS was first demonstrated back in 1935 by A. J. Dempster (2,3). Basically the development of SSMS as an analytical tool was a response to the great surge in solid state and high purity metallurgy accurring in the 1950’s.
Complexity of Scrambling: A New Twist to the Competence - Performance Distinction

In this paper we discuss the following issue: How do we decide whether a certain property of language is a competence property or a performance property? Our claim is that the answer to this question is not given a-priori. The answer depends on the formal devices (formal grammars and machines) available to us for describing language. We discuss this issue in the context of the complexity of processing of center embedding (of relative clauses in English) and scrambling (in German, for example) from arbitrary depths of embedding.
Goals in a Formal Theory of Commonsense Psychology

In the context of developing formal theories of commonsense psychology, or how peole think they think, we have developed a formal theory of goals. In it we explicate and axiomatize, among others, the goal-related notions of trying, success, failure, functionality, intactness, and importance.
Towards preferences in virtual environment interfaces

Virtual Environment interfaces are designed by implementing an interaction metaphor and comparing it to existing implementations. This technique has proven effective in desktop interfaces but the difficulty of working inside a VE remains because VE interfaces do not understand what the user is trying to do, only what the metaphor wants to do. To handle this problem, we investigated a lower-level approach in interface design of letting the user work as they wish and the interface adapting to the user's method of interaction. Two exploratory experiments were performed on the task of selection to learn how users want to work, with the results being that users do not know until guided by affordances and feedback. Discussed is the intelligent capturing and dealing with VE interface data in terms of Nuances that can represent the details of the interface.
The Trustee and the Spendthrift: The Argument against Small Trust Termination

Trusts can be the solution to a tremendously varied and diverse set of problems, including, significantly, asset protection. It is well established in American law that a settlor may render a trust inalienable by including a spendthrift provision within a trust document. This prevents a beneficiary from selling or otherwise transferring his interest in the trust, and also prevents creditors from attaching most claims to the trust assets. But even more importantly, it serves to underline the purpose of a spendthrift trust: to keep a beneficiary from readily depleting his windfall; that is, to save the beneficiary from himself.With the demise of the rule against perpetuities, however, modifications and terminations of trusts have become more and more common. Though this can make trust planning more flexible (assets may remain in trust longer, and it gives beneficiaries and trustees the ability to make changes to the document if needed), it also has a more discouraging effect. Settlors can see their intentions frustrated, especially with regards to spendthrift beneficiaries.Nowhere is this more evident than with the closure of small trusts. Small trust termination statutes give trustees flexibility in closing trusts that have become uneconomical to administer. But giving a spendthrift beneficiary access to a lump sum of $100,000 or even $50,000 (typical dollar amounts for small trust termination statutes) can be worrisome, and can frustrate the intentions of the settlor. This paper will analyze the Uniform Trust Code, the Restatement of Law, relevant scholarship, and notable doctrines dealing with trust modification and termination; the paper concludes that a trustee owes to a spendthrift beneficiary a duty to continue to administer a trust until it reaches a zero balance or until it distributes under specific instructions provided by the settlor.
Introduction to the MPM: what it is and where it might fit

The microwave power module (MPM) is introduced and described. Its synergistic combination of technologies-MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) driver, vacuum power booster, and integrated electronic power conditioning-has a multitude of advantages for system applications. The MPM is capable of achieving performance not attainable with either solid-state or vacuum-electronics technology alone. Anticipated power, efficiency, and noise performance in the 6- to 18-GHz band in a compact lightweight package will be suitable for selected radar and EW (electronic warfare) applications. The second-generation MPM will be even more capable and suitable for insertion in a wider range of systems. The background of the MPM Program is detailed, and MPM programmatics are presented. Technical challenges that must be met in a variety of technical areas are identified. >
A study of the mechanism of serine biosynthesis.

Elwyn et al. (1, 2) have demonstrated that the C1 unit formed from serine is of the oxidation level of formaldehyde rather than formate. They compared the dilution of the Cl4 and deuterium of 2 ,3-deuterio-3-C14,N15L-serine that occurred during the conversion of the serine B-carbon to methyl groups in rats. The results indicated that this carbon did not pass through an intermediate, such as formate, which required the loss of 1 of the hydrogen atoms. In consideration of the results of Elwyn et al. and the general implication of the cit,rovorum factor, 5-formyl-5,6,7 ,&tetrahydrofolic acid, in the metabolism of C1 compounds, Welch and Nichol (3) proposed that the C1 unit formed from serine was a reduced form of citrovorum factor, 5-hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a hypothetical condensation product of formaldehyde and tetrahydrofolic acid. The formulation of the biosynthesis of serine as a process involving a condensation between the a-carbon of glycine, activated by the Schiff base formation with pyridoxal phosphate (4)) and 5-hydroxymethyl-5,6,7,8tetrahydrofolic acid is reminiscent of the Mannich reaction (5). Serine would be produced by hydrolytic cleavage of the resulting product. The conversion of serine to glycine could occur by the reverse process. The participation of THFA’ as a cofactor in the biosynthesis and cleavage of serine has been studied by adding it to pigeon liver extracts incubated anaerobically with glycine-1-V and L-serine. The assumption underlying this procedure was that the formation and breakdown of serine were catalyzed by a single enzyme. In this case, the ,&carbon atom of the L-serine would provide the C1 unit for the conversion of glycine-l-Cl4 * The results of preliminary experiments in this investigation have been published
Identification of a Major Protein Kinase C-binding Protein and Substrate in Rat Embryo Fibroblasts DECREASED EXPRESSION IN TRANSFORMED CELLS

We have used an interaction cloning strategy to isolate cDNAs for sequences that interact with protein kinase C (Chapline, C., Ramsay, K., Klauck, T., and Jaken, S.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 6858-6861). In this paper, we report a novel sequence, clone 72, isolated according to this method. Clone 72 has a 4.8-kilobase pair open reading frame; antibodies to clone 72 recognize a >200-kDa protein in cell and tissue extracts. Clone 72 message and protein are detected in a variety of tissues. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that clone 72 is the major >200-kDa binding protein described previously in REF52 fibroblasts (Hyatt, S. L., Liao, L., Aderem, A., Nairn, A., and Jaken, S.(1994) Cell Growth & Differ. 5, 495-502). Expression of clone 72 message and protein are decreased in progressively transformed REF52 cells. Since clone 72 is both a protein kinase C (PKC)-binding protein and substrate, decreased levels of clone 72 may influence both the subcellular location of endogenous PKCs as well as signaling events associated with clone 72 phosphorylation. Our results emphasize that the role of PKCs in carcinogenesis may involve several factors, including the quantity and location of the PKCs isozymes and their downstream targets.
Mechanism of oxidative N-demethylation by cotton microsomes

Abstract Inhibition studies with N -methylcarbamates and phenylureas were carried out to examine the mechanism for microsomal N -demethylation of substituted 3-(phenyl)-1-methylureas. Studies with a number of substituted N -methylcarbamates showed that a high electron density at the ortho position relative to the carbamate group was necessary for an effective inhibition of N -demethylation. Similar studies with several substituted phenylureas demonstrated that the proton on the aniline nitrogen atom was also necessary for effective inhibition of the microsomal N -demethylase system. Stable isotope studies with a methyl- d 3 and a carbonyl- 18 O labeled 3-(phenyl)-1-methylurea were also performed; the methyl-d 3 substrate exhibited a value of k H / k D = 1·3 for the metabolic reaction, and the carbonyl- 18 O substrate demonstrated no isotopic exchange of labeled oxygen after N -dealkylation.
Remembering versus knowing the past: children's explicit and implicit memories for pictures.

Abstract Two studies are reported examining children′s explicit and implicit memory for pictures, using measures of recognition memory and perceptual facilitation. In Experiment 1, 3-year-olds showed significant implicit memory, as assessed by perceptual facilitation in identifying blurred pictures after a 3-month delay, even though they showed no explicit memory for the pictures, as assessed by recognition. This was true even though initial exposure to the pictures had been only in clear focus. The finding was replicated in Exxperiment 2, which also included 5-year-olds and adults. Recognition memory and perceptual facilitation were related for adults, but not for children at either age. The data suggest that age-related improvements in explicit memory could be due, at least in part, to the realization that perceptual fluency can be an indicator of prior experience.
Initial steps of aromatic ring formation in a laminar premixed fuel-rich cyclopentene flame.

A fuel-rich, nonsooting, premixed laminar cyclopentene flame (φ = 2.0) at 37.6 Torr (50 mbar) is investigated by flame-sampling photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry utilizing vacuum-ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. Mole fractions as a function of distance from the burner are measured for 49 intermediates with ion masses ranging from 2 (H2) to 106 (C8H10), providing a broad database for flame modeling studies. The isomeric composition is resolved for most species, and the identification of several C4Hx, C7H6, and C7H8 isomers is discussed in detail. The presence of C5H5CCH/C5H4CCH2 and cycloheptatriene is revealed by comparisons between flame-sampled photoionization efficiency data and theoretical simulations, based on calculated ionization energies and Franck−Condon factors. This insight suggests a new potential molecular- weight growth mechanism that is characterized by C5−C7 ring enlargement reactions.
Intermediate-term outcome after pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty: Comparison with a matched surgical control group

To assess late (4 to 5 years) gradient reduction after pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty in childhood, and to compare the effectiveness of valvuloplasty with that of surgical valvotomy, 20 valvuloplasty-treated children and their age- and gradientmatched surgical control patients underwent prospective, noninvasive evaluation. The average age at intervention was 4.3 ± 1 years for the valvuloplasty group versus 4.7 ± 0.8 years for the surgical control group (p = NS). Before intervention the peak systolic pulmonary stenosis gradient was 76 ± 5 and 74 ± 4.4 nun Hg for the valvuloplasty and surgery groups, respectively (p = NS). Late evaluation consisted of clinical examination, two-dimensional echocardiogram and Doppler study, 24-hour Holter monitoring, 12-lead electrocardiogram, exercise treadmill study and chest radiograph performed an average of 5.3 ± 0.3 years after valvuloplasty and 11.7 ± 0.5 years after surgery (p < 0.01). The patients treated with balloon valvuloplasty had no evidence of restenosis; the residual pulmonary stenosis gradient at follow-up was 24 ± 2.7 mm Hg (range 8 to 48) versus 35 ± 3.6 mm Hg (range 19 to 70) immediately after valvuloplasty (p = NS). Comparison of the late residual gradients between treatment groups showed no hemodynamicallysignificant difference (24 ± 2.7 versus 16 ± 1.5 mm Hg, balloon versus surgery; p < 0.01). However, there was, a significant difference in the degree and severity of pulmonary valve insufficiency and ventricular ectopic activity between groups. In the balloon valvoplasty group 11 patients had no pulmonary insufficiency, and the remaining 9 had mild insufficiency. In the surgery group 9 had mild and 9 had moderate valve insufficiency (p < 0.01). Ventricular ectopic activity was absent in 19 w the balloon valvuloplasty group, and the remaining patient had Lown grade 1 ventricular ectopic activity. In contrast, 6 children in the surger group had complex ventricular arrhythmia (p < 0.01). In summary, compared with surgical valvotomy, balloon, valvuloplasty for isolated valvular pulmonary stenoss provides nearly equivalent long-term gradient relief with less valvular insufficiency and less late ventricular ectopic activity.
Bacteriophage Mu sites and functions involved in the inhibition of λ:: Mini-Mu growth

To better understand the nature of the mini-Mu-directed process which results in inhibition of lambda::mini-Mu growth we characterized spontaneous deletion mutants of the lambda::mini-Mu phage. On the basis of analysis of the deletion endpoints, mini-Mu replication functions, and integration and inhibition properties, the lambda::mini-Mu deletion mutants were divided into five classes which define the Mu sites and functions involved in lambda::mini-Mu growth inhibition. Class 1 mutants, which still exhibit lambda::mini-Mu growth inhibition, collectively delete all the Mu late functions encoded by the mini-Mu. Class 2 and 5 mutants, which show cis-dominant defects in inhibition and integration, delete the right and left mini-Mu attachment sites, respectively. Phages of Classes 3 and 4, which delete the Mu B or A and B genes, respectively, show recessive defects in growth inhibition. The properties of these mutants define the Mu replication functions, A and B, and the Mu attachment sites as essential for the inhibition of lambda::mini-Mu growth. The observation that the sites and functions essential for Mu replication also have requisite roles in the inhibition of lambda::mini-Mu growth suggests that inhibition results from mini-Mu-promoted replicative interference of lambda::mini-Mu development.
Supraglottitis in the era following widespread immunization against Haemophilus influenzae type B: evolving principles in diagnosis and management.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To review the demographics, presentation, interventions, and outcomes of acute supraglottitis in the post–Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccination era and make updated recommendations for treatment. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Patients with the discharge diagnosis of acute epiglottitis or supraglottitis from two tertiary hospitals from 1995 to 2005 were identified. Patient characteristics, signs and symptoms at presentation, interventions, hospital course, and outcomes were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Sixty adults and one child were identified. The most common presenting symptom was odynophagia (100%), followed by dysphagia (85%) and voice change (75%). Thirteen patients (21%) required airway intervention; 11 patients were intubated, and two required tracheotomy. Stridor, respiratory distress, tachycardia, tachypnea, rapid onset of symptoms, and shortness of breath were all associated with the need for airway intervention. Patients without any of these symptoms recovered without airway intervention. A total of 62% of patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and the average length of ICU stay was 2.3 days. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, most commonly ceftriaxone and ampicillin/sulbactam, and 87% of patients received at least one dose of steroids. The average overall length of stay was 3.8 days. There were no deaths. The use of corticosteroids was associated with shorter ICU and overall lengths of stay. Conclusions: The patient demographics, presentation, and course of supraglottitis have changed since the widespread use of the Hib vaccine. Recognizing the signs and symptoms associated with airway obstruction is important in the safe and effective management of this condition. Laryngoscope, 2010
Irradiation-free, columnar defects comprised of self-assembled nanodots and nanorods resulting in strongly enhanced flux-pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films

The development of biaxially textured, second-generation, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) wires is expected to enable most large-scale applications of HTS materials, in particular electric-power applications. For many potential applications, high critical currents in applied magnetic fields are required. It is well known that columnar defects generated by irradiating high-temperature superconducting materials with heavy ions significantly enhance the in-field critical current density. Hence, for over a decade scientists world-wide have sought means to produce such columnar defects in HTS materials without the expense and complexity of ionizing radiation. Using a simple and practically scalable technique, we have succeeded in producing long, nearly continuous vortex pins along the c-axis in YBa2Cu3O7?? (YBCO), in the form of self-assembled stacks of BaZrO3 (BZO) nanodots and nanorods. The nanodots and nanorods have a diameter of ~2?3?nm and an areal density ('matching field') of 8?10?T for 2?vol.% incorporation of BaZrO3. In addition, four misfit dislocations around each nanodot or nanorod are aligned and act as extended columnar defects. YBCO films with such defects exhibit significantly enhanced pinning with less sensitivity to magnetic fields H. In particular, at intermediate field values, the current density, Jc, varies as Jc~H??, with ?~0.3 rather than the usual values 0.5?0.65. Similar results were also obtained for CaZrO3 (CZO) and YSZ incorporation in the form of nanodots and nanorods within YBCO, indicating the broad applicability of the developed process. The process could also be used to incorporate self-assembled nanodots and nanorods within matrices of other materials for different applications, such as magnetic materials.
Evaluation of Growth, Hormonal, and Hematological Responses of Neonatal Chickens to Reduced Temperature Brooding

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to examine the response of neonatal, male broiler chicks to brooding at a reduced temperature. In Trials 1 and 2, chicks brooded at 26.7 C generally had lower body weights and higher serum corticosterone levels during the first week after hatch than those brooded at 32.2 C. However, significant differences in body weight were observed only on Day 6 in Trial 1 and on Days 1 and 5 in Trial 2. Serum corticosterone levels, likewise, were not significantly different on all days in Trials 1 and 2. These hormone levels were statistically different on Days 1 and 5 in Trial 1 and on Days 1 and 3 in Trial 2. Brooding neonates at 26.7 C for 3 days in Trials 3 and 4 resulted in consistently lower body weights and gain and higher serum corticosterone, thyroxine, total protein, albumin, and globulin. Serum growth hormone levels in chicks brooded at 26.7 C were initially depressed the first day but were elevated on the 2 subsequent days, compared with chicks brooded at 32.2 C. Considering the physiological importance of corticosterone and thyroxine in the adaptation of chickens to cold environmental temperatures, it would be useful to evaluate the genetic variation associated with the responsiveness of these hormones in a randombred population and to improve tolerance of neonatal chickens to reduced temperature brooding through selection.
Intrathoracic petechiae in sudden infant death syndrome: relationship to face position when found.

Previous studies have not addressed the relationship of intrathoracic petechiae (IP) to the position of the face when a caretaker finds a victim of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The aims of ...
Photoemission study of a in diffusion barrier in ZnSe/InP(100) heterostructures

Abstract Antimony layers can be used as a barrier to prevent In outdiffusion from InP(100) into a ZnSe epilayer. Surface sensitive synchrotron radiation photoemission spectra were taken during the heterostructure growth to monitor interdiffusion and reactivity at the interface. Our results demonstrate that Sb barrier layers of various thicknesses and treatments reduce In outdiffusion, thus reducing the reactivity and uncontrolled interfacial composition. However, fully effective diffusion barriers exceed the Sb critical film thickness, preventing the growth of a coherently strained ZnSe film on the InP substrate.
Continuous Quality Improvement: Transforming Advising Using a META Approach.

In providing information needed to initiate personal quality improvement efforts in working with advisees, the authors discuss key continuous quality improvement (CQI) themes and introduce four META principles (i.e., measurement, empowerment, teamwork, and advisee focus). Specific advising scenarios and possible measurable outcomes demonstrate applications.
Interaction of minor groove ligands with G-quadruplexes: Thermodynamic contributions of the number of quartets, T-U substitutions, and conformation

In the presence of specific metal ions, DNA oligonucleotides containing guanine repeat sequences can adopt G-quadruplex structures. In this work, we used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to investigate the conformation and unfolding thermodynamics of the K(+)-form of five G-quadruplexes with sequences: d(G(2)T(2)G(2)TGTG(2)T(2)G(2)), G2, d(G(3)T(2)G(3)TGTG(3)T(2)G(3)), G3, their analogs where T is replaced with U, G2-U and G3-U, and r(G(2)U(2)G(2)UGUG(2)U(2)G(2)), rG2. These G-quadruplexes show CD spectra characteristic of the "chair" conformation (G2 and G2-U), or "basket" conformation (rG2); or a mixture of these two conformers (G3 and G3-U). Thermodynamic profiles show that the favorable folding of each G-quadruplex results from the typical compensation of a favorable enthalpy and unfavorable entropy contributions. G-quadruplex stability increase in the following order (in ΔG°(20)): rG2 (-1.3 kcal/mol) < G2 < G2-U <G3-U (chair) < G3 (chair) <G3-U (basket) < G3 (basket) (-8.6 kcal/mol), due to favorable enthalpy contribution from the stacking of G-quartets. We used ITC to determine thermodynamic binding profiles for the interaction of the minor groove ligands, netropsin and distamycin, with each G-quadruplex. Both ligands bind with high exothermic enthalpies (~ -10.8 kcal/mol), 1:1 stoichiometries, and weak affinities (~8 × 10(4) M(-1)). The similarity of the binding thermodynamic profiles, together with the absence of induced Cotton effects, indicates a surface or outside binding mode. We speculate that the top and bottom surfaces of the G-quadruplex comprise the potential MGBL binding sites, where the ligand lies on the surface forming van der Waals interactions with the guanines of the G-quartets and loop nucleotides.
THE PERSON–SITUATION DEBATE: IMPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND CIVILIAN–MILITARY RELATIONS

Abstract The so-called person–situation debate in psychology, which pits internal, personality-based explanations of behavior against external, environment or situation-based explanations seems headed for a resolution that will somehow include elements of both perspectives. These two alternative views of human behavior have also been applied to that subset of human behavior thought of as leadership, and in this domain a rapprochement also seems well underway. In the domain of ethical leadership, however, especially as applied to military misconduct, public discussion of such events is dominated by strictly situation-based explanations, while institutional developments within the military are showing signs of integration, paralleling developments in the broader academic domain. The public discussion of such events thus lags behind the approach to ethical conduct in war taken by the military, which increasingly integrates personal and situational factors in the moral and ethical development of soldiers and ...