cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal vascular responses to captopril and to candesartan in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Renal vascular responses to captopril and to candesartan in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Background Enhanced renal vasodilator responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in diabetes mellitus despite a normal or low plasma renin activity level have suggested intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system in this disease. There is, however, a continuing debate as to the mediators of the renal hemodynamic response to ACE inhibition–reduced angiotensin II formation or pathways involving kinins, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. Methods Twelve patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus of 18 ± 3.2 (SEM) years of duration (7 females and 5 males, ages 17 to 50, 32 ± 4.0 years) who were free of sustained microalbuminuria and on a high-salt diet were given the ACE inhibitor captopril (25 mg orally) on one day and the AT 1 receptor blocker candesartan (16 mg orally) on another day. Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate were measured before and for four hours after administration. Results Both drugs caused a significant increase in RPF (captopril 574 ± 26 to 625 ± 37 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P = 0.008; candesartan 577 ± 26 to 643 ± 37, P = 0.004). There was a highly significant correlation between the responses to captopril and to candesartan ( r = 0.86, P 2 ), while five had a response that was normal (-4 ± 9). There was no significant change in glomerular filtration rate on either drug. Conclusion The remarkable rise in RPF in response to captopril and candesartan despite high-salt balance suggests the intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system in diabetes that is not reflected in plasma renin levels. The high correlation between the renal hemodynamic response to captopril and to candesartan indicates that reduced angiotensin II formation is the main mechanism of action of the ACE inhibitor.
High-contrast interference in a thermal cloud of atoms

The coherence properties of a gas of bosonic atoms above the Bose-Einstein-condensation transition temperature were studied. Bragg diffraction was used to create two spatially separated wave packets, which interfere during expansion. Given sufficient expansion time, high fringe contrast could be observed in a cloud of arbitrary temperature. Fringe visibility greater than 90% was observed, which decreased with increasing temperature, in agreement with a simple model. When the sample was ``filtered'' in momentum space using long, velocity-selective Bragg pulses, the contrast was significantly enhanced in contrast to predictions.
Locating the Social Ladder Across Cultures and Identities

It is rare to have the opportunity to write a theory paper on a topic that, we believe at least, will become a very important part of psychological research in the future. That this target article ...
Realisation of a controllable metafilm/ metasurface composed of resonant magnetodielectric particles: measurements and theory

In previous work, we derived generalised sheet-transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average electromagnetic fields across a metafilm/metasurface, which, when properly designed, can have certain desired reflection and transmission properties. A metafilm (also referred to as a metasurface) is the two-dimensional equivalent of a metamaterial and is essentially a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterised by electric and magnetic surface susceptibilities. This GSTC has been used to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of the metafilm, which depend upon the surface susceptibilities, themselves expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic polarisabilities of the scatterers. Conditions on these surface susceptibilities of the scatterers required to obtain total transmission and/or total reflection have also been obtained. These conditions can require either the electric or magnetic surface susceptibilities to become negative (analogous to the situation for negative-index bulk metamaterials). By controlling the polarisabilities of the scatterers in the metafilm (and thus the surface susceptibilities), a ‘smart’ or ‘controllable’ surface can be realised. Applications of such a controllable metafilm/metasurface would include controllable antennas, switches, sensors, resonators and waveguides. In this study, the authors present both analytic and measurement results to demonstrate the realisation of a controllable metafilm composed of resonant magnetodielectric particles. To this end, they present analytical results for plane-wave incident and waveguide measurements of the reflection and transmission properties of a controllable metafilm composed of spherical magneto-dielectric (yttrium iron garnet or YIG) particles. The good correlations between the measured and analytical results of the reflection and transmission characteristics of the metafilm presented here show that a ‘smart surface’ metafilm is realisable.
Strong and Electrically Conductive Graphene-Based Composite Fibers and Laminates

Graphene is an ideal candidate for lightweight, high-strength composite materials given its superior mechanical properties (specific strength of 130 GPa and stiffness of 1 TPa). To date, easily scalable graphene-like materials in a form of separated flakes (exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide) have been investigated as candidates for large-scale applications such as material reinforcement. These graphene-like materials do not fully exhibit all the capabilities of graphene in composite materials. In the current study, we show that macro (2 inch × 2 inch) graphene laminates and fibers can be produced using large continuous sheets of single-layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The resulting composite structures have potential to outperform the current state-of-the-art composite materials in both mechanical properties and electrical conductivities (>8 S/cm with only 0.13% volumetric graphene loading and 5 × 103 S/cm for pure graphene fibers) with estimated graphene co...
El Testimonio, Modelo Para Re-Armar la Subjetividad: El Caso De Tejas Verdes

ResumenEste articulo subraya la necesidad del testimonio—decir que que hay que decir sobre las experiencias traumaticas—, particularmente en paises que deben enfrentar el legado del terror, como Chile, Argentina y Uruguay. El testimonio es presentado como una manera de rearmar la subjetividad destruida por la “fabrica de muerte”. Tejas Verdes (1978), escrito por el chileno Hernan Valdes luego de sufrir la tortura sistematica, es analizado como uno de los ejemplos de los efectos de la exclusion y degradacion radicales. En America del Norte, los debates sobre el testimonio han llegado a un impasse luego de mas de una decada de intensa discusion teorica. En el Cono Sur, el interes por la memoria y el testimonio se han desarrollado especialmente desde el ano 2000. Con la nueva agenda centrada en los derechos humanos, los gobiernos de estos paises se ocupan no solo de llevar ante la justicia a los responsables de los crimenes contra la humanidad, sino tambien de los aspectos simbolicos y culturales de su sinie...
Support network characteristics associated with support satisfaction and perceived support

Social support networks, supportive behaviors, and subjective appraisals of support (perceptions, satisfaction) have emerged as three approaches to social support conceptualization and measurement. We see these as three equally legitimate components of the social support meta-construct, and ask what support network characteristics are associated with perceptions of and satisfaction with support. Ninety-eight nontraditional women students (ages 30 to 61) provided data on characteristics of networks providing five modes of support, satisfaction with each mode of support, and perceptions of support from family, friends, and others. Bi- and multivariate analyses yielded complex findings but indicated that support perceptions and satisfaction are related to size of support mode-specific networks, closeness of network relationships, and composition of networks, particularly the presence of a spouse, and the proportion of close friends, social acquaintances, and immediate family. Since Cobb's (1976) enthusiastic review, a huge volume of empirical literature has emerged under the rubric of "social support"-recognition of the importance of social context in the development and maintenance of individual well-being and distress. Unfortunately, this research has often been conducted without the prerequisite theoretical and conceptual analysis of the social support construct, resulting in a plethora of idiosyncratic measures (often post hoc) exhibiting dubious relevance to unclear concepts (Barrera, 1981; Dean & Lin, 1977; Heller & Swindle, 1983; Thoits, 1982).
Recombination of Vacancies and Interstitials in KBr at Low Temperatures

Measurements and a detailed analysis were made of the thermal annealing of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ band in KBr x rayed at temperatures below 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Four distinct annealing stages at 11, 17, 19, and 21\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K were resolved, the first three stages corresponding to first order reactions and the fourth stage to a second order reaction. The activation energies for the annealing stages were about 0.015, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 eV, respectively. The first three stages were interpreted as a correlated recombination of close pairs of bromide vacancies and interstitials, and the fourth stage as the recombination of more distant defect pairs through a free migration of an interstitialcy. The activation energy 0.06 eV is interpreted as the free migration energy of a bromide-ion interstitialcy. Interaction energies between a vacancy and an interstitial ion in several configurations were calculated and possible annealing sequences for the first three annealing stages are proposed. The observed low pre-exponential factor for the first stage is also discussed.
Why I am not an objective Bayesian; some reflections prompted by Rosenkrantz

The objective Bayesian program has as its fundamental tenet (in addition to the three Bayesian postulates) the requirement that, from a given knowledge base a particular probability function is uniquely appropriate. This amounts to fixing initial probabilities, based on relatively little information, because Bayes' theorem (conditionalization) then determines the posterior probabilities when the belief state is altered by enlarging the knowledge base. Moreover, in order to reconstruct orthodox statistical procedures within a Bayesian framework, only privileged ‘ignorance’ probability functions will work.
The activity of microtubules and microfilaments in neurulation in the chick.

During neurulation, the cells of the chick neural anlage elongate and become wedge-shaped. Microtubules are seen aligned parallel to the cells' long axes, and bands of microfilaments are seen in the cell apices. If stage 8 embryos are cultured in the presence of colchicine, the cells of the brain anlage round up and the neural folds move away from each other. In the posterior part of the neural anlage, cells fail to elongate, and neural folds never form in this region. If such embryos are cultured in the presence of cytochalasin B, the cells of the brain anlage remain elongate but the neural folds separate from each other. The cells of the posterior part of the neural anlage elongate in the presence of cytochalasin, but the neural folds never form in this region. These results constitute evidence that microtubules effect the cell elongation and microfilaments effect the apical constriction of cells which normally accompany neurulation. These changes in cell shape appear to be responsible for the elevation and mediad folding of the neural folds.
Dynamic compression system for the correction of pectus carinatum

Between April 2001 and 2007, we treated 208 patients with pectus carinatum by using a specially designed dynamic compression system (DCS) that uses a custom-made aluminum brace. Recently, an electronic pressure measuring device was added to the brace. Results were evaluated by using a double-blinded subjective scale (1 to 10). A total of 208 patients were treated over 6 years; 154 were males (74%) and the mean age was 12.5 years (range 3 to 18 years). Mean utilization time was 7.2 hours daily for 7 months (range 3 to 20 months). A total of 28 (13.4%) patients abandoned treatment and were not evaluated for final results. Of the 180 remaining patients, 112 completed treatment. A total of 99 of 112 (88.4%) had good to excellent results scoring between 7 and 10 points, and 13 (11.6%) patients scored 1 to 6 points and were judged as poor or failed results. The "Pressure for Initial Correction" (PIC) in pounds per square inch (PSI) proved that starting treatment with less than 2.5 PSI avoids skin lesions. Patients who require pressures higher than 7.5 PSI should not be treated with this method. We found a good correlation between PIC versus treatment duration and outcome. DCS is an effective treatment for pectus carinatum with minimal morbidity. We suggest that patients with pectus carinatum have a trial of compression therapy before recommending surgical resection. The use of pressure measurement avoids complications such as skin lesions, partial or poor results, and patient noncompliance.
Predicting the difficulty of pure, strict, epistatic models: metrics for simulated model selection

Background Algorithms designed to detect complex genetic disease associations are initially evaluated using simulated datasets. Typical evaluations vary constraints that influence the correct detection of underlying models (i.e. number of loci, heritability, and minor allele frequency). Such studies neglect to account for model architecture (i.e. the unique specification and arrangement of penetrance values comprising the genetic model), which alone can influence the detectability of a model. In order to design a simulation study which efficiently takes architecture into account, a reliable metric is needed for model selection.
INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Insensible water loss (IWL) was determined from measurements of insensible weight loss during the first 7 weeks of life on 30 immature and nine small-for-gestational age, low birth weight infants. Under standard conditions (single-walled incubator, infant nude, gavage feeding), 10 infants with birth weights less than 1,250 gm, gestational age 2.5 gm/kg/hr (equivalent to 60-120 ml/kg/day), considerably higher than previously reported. Studies following the insertion of a plastic heat shield revealed a 25% reduction in IWL. The heat shield facilitates achievement of neutral thermal environment and reduced water losses in low birth weight infants. IWL measurements in infants with birth weights >1,500 gm and those small-for-gestational age were similar to previously reported studies. Because of the known limited ability of small immature infants to increase metabolic rate, these extremely high losses are believed to represent disproportionately larger water losses from skin. Skin factors predisposing to large water loss in immature infants include thinner epidermis, increased water content, and increased permeability.
Spatio-temporal character of non-wavy and wavy Taylor–Couette flow

The stability of supercritical Couette flow has been studied extensively, but few measurements of the velocity field of flow have been made. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the axial and radial velocities in a meridional plane for non-wavy and wavy Taylor–Couette flow in the annulus between a rotating inner cylinder and a fixed outer cylinder with fixed end conditions. The experimental results for the Taylor vortex flow indicate that as the inner cylinder Reynolds number increases, the vortices become stronger and the outflow between pairs of vortices becomes increasingly jet-like. Wavy vortex flow is characterized by azimuthally wavy deformation of the vortices both axially and radially. The axial motion of the vortex centres decreases monotonically with increasing Reynolds number, but the radial motion of the vortex centres has a maximum at a moderate Reynolds number above that required for transition. Significant transfer of fluid between neighbouring vortices occurs in a cyclic fashion at certain points along an azimuthal wave, so that while one vortex grows in size, the two adjacent vortices become smaller, and vice versa. At other points in the azimuthal wave, there is an azimuthally local net axial flow in which fluid winds around the vortices with a sense corresponding to the axial deformation of the wavy vortex tube. These measurements also confirm that the shift-and-reflect symmetry used in computational studies of wavy vortex flow is a valid approach.
Deformation stabilization of lattice structures via foam addition

Stochastic foams are soft but absorb energy efficiently under compressive loading; in contrast, periodic lattice structures are strong but generally exhibit poor energy-absorbing characteristics. Here we present and assess a hierarchical composite concept that aims to combine the desirable attributes of stochastic foams and lattice structures. The composite comprises a low-density polymer lattice structure with centimeter-scale voids and stochastic foam with pores in the sub-millimeter scale in the spaces between the lattice struts. The assessment is made on the basis of compressive response. We show that the post-yielding strength of the lattice can be doubled with the addition of even a weak (low-density) foam: the strength exceeds the combined contributions from the lattice structure and the foam alone. Addition of slightly denser foams can lead to an even larger strength increase. Using X-ray computed tomography, we show that the strength elevation is attributable to the stabilization of the strut members against buckling when surrounded by foam. Finite-element calculations of lattice structures alone and lattice/foam composites show similar characteristics. This composite concept may allow attainment of combinations of strength and energy absorption capacity that cannot be accessed by either foams or lattice structures alone.
Periodic Location Area Update Schemes for UMTS 3G Mobile Networks: Optimality and Comparison

In this paper, we compare the normal location area update (NLAU) scheme, the periodic location area update (PLAU) scheme, and the PNLAU (NLAU+PLAU) scheme in 3GPP specifications for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) in terms of signaling and initial trunk setup cost. We analytically model cost functions of these schemes per checkpoint event. Optimality issue of the PNLAU has been studied to minimize the total cost of signaling and failure call setup, and optimal values are derived.
Impedance spectroscopy of grain boundaries in nanophase ZnO

Sintered compacts of nanophase ZnO (∼60 nm average grain size, presintered at 600 °C) were made from powders (∼13 nm) prepared by the gas-condensation technique. Impedance spectra were taken as a function of temperature over the range 450–600 °C and as a function of oxygen partial pressure over the range 10−3−1 atm (550 and 600 °C only). The activation energy was determined to be 55 kJ/mole (0.57 eV) and was independent of oxygen partial pressure. The oxygen partial pressure exponent was −1/6. Impedance spectra exhibited nonlinear I-V behavior, with a threshold of approximately 6 V. These results indicate that grain boundaries are governing the electrical properties of the compact. Ramifications for oxygen sensing and for grain boundary defect characterization are discussed.
Junctional Adhesion Molecule A Promotes Epithelial Tight Junction Assembly to Augment Lung Barrier Function

Epithelial barrier function is maintained by tight junction proteins that control paracellular fluid flux. Among these proteins is junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), an Ig fold transmembrane protein. To assess JAM-A function in the lung, we depleted JAM-A in primary alveolar epithelial cells using shRNA. In cultured cells, loss of JAM-A caused an approximately 30% decrease in transepithelial resistance, decreased expression of the tight junction scaffold protein zonula occludens 1, and disrupted junctional localization of the structural transmembrane protein claudin-18. Consistent with findings in other organs, loss of JAM-A decreased β1 integrin expression and impaired filamentous actin formation. Using a model of mild systemic endoxotemia induced by i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharide, we report that JAM-A −/− mice showed increased susceptibility to pulmonary edema. On injury, the enhanced susceptibility of JAM-A −/− mice to edema correlated with increased, transient disruption of claudin-18, zonula occludens 1, and zonula occludens 2 localization to lung tight junctions in situ along with a delay in up-regulation of claudin-4. In contrast, wild-type mice showed no change in lung tight junction morphologic features in response to mild systemic endotoxemia. These findings support a key role of JAM-A in promoting tight junction homeostasis and lung barrier function by coordinating interactions among claudins, the tight junction scaffold, and the cytoskeleton.
Bayesian inversion of marine CSEM data with a trans‐dimensional self parametrizing algorithm

SUMMARY The posterior distribution of earth models that fit observed geophysical data convey information on the uncertainty with which they are resolved. From another perspective, the non-uniqueness inherent in most geophysical inverse problems of interest can be quantified by examining the posterior model distribution converged upon by a Bayesian inversion. In this work we apply a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method to sample the posterior model distribution for the anisotropic 1-D seafloor conductivity constrained by marine controlled source electromagnetic data. Unlike conventional gradient based inversion approaches, our algorithm does not require any subjective choice of regularization parameter, and it is self parametrizing and trans-dimensional in that the number of interfaces with a resistivity contrast at depth is variable, as are their positions. A synthetic example demonstrates how the algorithm can be used to appraise the resolution capabilities of various electromagnetic field components for mapping a thin resistive reservoir buried beneath anisotropic conductive sediments. A second example applies the method to survey data collected over the Pluto gas field on the Northwest Australian shelf. A benefit of our Bayesian approach is that subsets of the posterior model probabilities can be selected to test various hypotheses about the model structure, without requiring further inversions. As examples, the subset of model probabilities can be viewed for models only containing a certain number of layers, or for models where resistive layers are present between a certain interval as suggested by other geological constraints such as seismic stratigraphy or nearby well logs.
Proving acceptability properties of relaxed nondeterministic approximate programs

Approximate program transformations such as skipping tasks [29, 30], loop perforation [21, 22, 35], reduction sampling [38], multiple selectable implementations [3, 4, 16, 38], dynamic knobs [16], synchronization elimination [20, 32], approximate function memoization [11],and approximate data types [34] produce programs that can execute at a variety of points in an underlying performance versus accuracy tradeoff space. These transformed programs have the ability to trade accuracy of their results for increased performance by dynamically and nondeterministically modifying variables that control their execution.We call such transformed programs relaxed programs because they have been extended with additional nondeterminism to relax their semantics and enable greater flexibility in their execution.We present language constructs for developing and specifying relaxed programs. We also present proof rules for reasoning about properties [28] which the program must satisfy to be acceptable. Our proof rules work with two kinds of acceptability properties: acceptability properties [28], which characterize desired relationships between the values of variables in the original and relaxed programs, and unary acceptability properties, which involve values only from a single (original or relaxed) program. The proof rules support a staged reasoning approach in which the majority of the reasoning effort works with the original program. Exploiting the common structure that the original and relaxed programs share, relational reasoning transfers reasoning effort from the original program to prove properties of the relaxed program.We have formalized the dynamic semantics of our target programming language and the proof rules in Coq and verified that the proof rules are sound with respect to the dynamic semantics. Our Coq implementation enables developers to obtain fully machine-checked verifications of their relaxed programs.
Dynamics of Non-Muscle Myosin II Organization into Stress Fibers and Contractile Networks

The cellular morphology of adhered cells critically depends on the formation of a contractile meshwork of parallel and cross-linked stress fibers along the contacting surface. The motor activity and mini-filament assembly of non-muscle myosin II is an important component of cell-level cytoskeletal remodeling during mechanosensing. To monitor the dynamics of non-muscle myosin II, we used confocal microscopy to image cultured HeLa cells that stably express myosin regulatory light chain tagged with GFP (MRLC-GFP). MRLC-GFP was monitored in time-lapse movies at steady state and during the response of cells to varying concentrations of blebbistatin which disrupts actomyosin stress fibers. Using image correlation spectroscopy analysis, we quantified the kinetics of disassembly and reassembly of actomyosin networks and compared them to studies by other groups. This analysis suggested that the following processes contribute to the assembly of cortical actomyosin and stress fibers: random myosin mini-filament assembly and disassembly along the cortex; myosin mini-filament aligning and contraction; stabilization of cortical myosin upon increasing contractile tension. We developed simple numerical simulations that include those processes. The results of simulations of cells at steady state and in response to blebbistatin capture some of the main features observed in the experiments. This study provides a framework to help interpret how different cortical myosin remodeling kinetics may contribute to different cell shape and rigidity depending on substrate stiffness.
A Packaged MEMS-Based 5-bit $X$ -Band High-Pass/Low-Pass Phase Shifter

This paper demonstrates the first packaged microelectromechanical systems-based phase shifter using high-pass/low-pass circuit topology. The device was fabricated with a process resembling available low-cost commercial Si and SiGe processes, and demonstrates an average loss of 4.5 dB with an rms phase error better than 10deg for 8-12 GHz. Thermal compression bonding is used to package the phase shifter with hermeticity confirmed by Military Standard 883G, Method 1014.12. The total shifter area is 9.2 mm2. Performance is compared to and found competitive with phase shifters using more expensive GaAs and BST technologies, which are less easily used in system-on-chip applications.
Development, System Integration and Flight Testing of a High-Resolution Imaging System for Small UAS

The development and flight testing of a high-resolution imaging system for small unmanned aircraft systems is described. The system utilizes an off-the-shelf camera coupled to an onboard computer and a wireless network to provide very high quality imagery from a very low cost platform with a simple web-based tasking and data retrieval interface. The project incorporates three primary developments: (i) control over a tactical wireless ad-hoc network, (ii) an advanced path-following flight control algorithm that couples the flight and camera control, and (iii) a remote control capability for the sensor. The camera is a dual use sensor, providing full frame/rate video as well as 12MP digital still images, and a gimbal provides a limited pointing capability. The path-following flight control system allows an untrained operator to scribble a path on a digital map, which becomes the ground-track for the sensor. The aircraft autonomously determines the optimal flight trajectory to keep the sensor footprint on this track. A robust wireless mesh network integrates the aircraft with the tactical network, offering control of autopilot and sensor functions from any other node on the network. The complete system is evaluated in the joint Cooperative Field Experiments conducted quarterly by U.S. Special Operations Command and the Naval Postgraduate School, where operators put the system to use in realistic scenarios.
Choline deficiency in the hamster.

SummaryYoung hamsters develop fatty livers when fed choline deficient rations containing peanut meal, although the mean increment in liver fat is only half that found in rats on the same diet. This may be correlated with the finding that hamster livers and kidneys possess markedly less choline oxidase activity than do the livers and kidneys of rats or may be due solely to the relatively poor appetite and growth of hamsters on these rations.
Expression and Distribution of Ectonucleotidases in Mouse Urinary Bladder

Background: Normal urinary bladder function requires bidirectional molecular communication between urothelium, detrusor smooth muscle and sensory neurons and one of the key mediators involved in this intercellular signaling is ATP. Ectonucleotidases dephosphorylate nucleotides and thus regulate ligand exposure to P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Little is known about the role of these enzymes in mammalian bladder despite substantial literature linking bladder diseases to aberrant purinergic signaling. We therefore examined the expression and distribution of ectonucleotidases in the mouse bladder since mice offer the advantage of straightforward genetic modification for future studies. Principal Findings: RT-PCR demonstrated that eight members of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPD) family, as well as 59-nucleotidase (NT5E) are expressed in mouse bladder. NTPD1, NTPD2, NTPD3, NTPD8 and NT5E all catalyze extracellular nucleotide dephosphorylation and in concert achieve stepwise conversion of extracellular ATP to adenosine. Immunofluorescent localization with confocal microscopy revealed NTPD1 in endothelium of blood vessels in the lamina propria and in detrusor smooth muscle cells, while NTPD2 was expressed in cells localized to a region of the lamina propria adjacent to detrusor and surrounding muscle bundles in the detrusor. NTPD3 was urothelial-specific, occurring on membranes of intermediate and basal epithelial cells but did not appear to be present in umbrella cells. Immunoblotting confirmed NTPD8 protein in bladder and immunofluorescence suggested a primary localization to the urothelium. NT5E was present exclusively in detrusor smooth muscle in a pattern complementary with that of NTPD1 suggesting a mechanism for providing adenosine to P1 receptors on the surface of myocytes. Conclusions: Ectonucleotidases exhibit highly cell-specific expression patterns in bladder and therefore likely act in a coordinated manner to regulate ligand availability to purinergic receptors. This is the first study to determine the expression and location of ectonucleotidases within the mammalian urinary bladder.
Storage Ring Parameters for High Gain FEL

We use one-dimensional free electron laser (FEL) theory to find criteria for choosing electron beam and undulator parameters for operation of a high gain FEL at 400 A. The criteria are moderate electron beam energy (<1 GeV), high peak current (several hundred amperes), small emittance ( about10/sup -8/ m-rad), small relative momentum spread ( about0.001), and narrow undulator gap ( about3 mm). Results of two-dimensional simulations on FEL performance are also presented.
Universal health coverage: The strange romance of The Lancet, MEDICC, and Cuba

As a key supporter of universal health coverage (UHC), The Lancet recently partnered with Medical Education Cooperation with Cuba (MEDICC), a non-governmental organization based in the United States, to produce a Spanish-language translation of The Lancet’s series on UHC in Latin America. This translation was launched as part of CubaSalud 2015, an international health conference held during April 2015 in Havana, Cuba. Despite its often ambiguous definition, UHC usually refers to a financial reform extending insurance coverage in varying degrees to a larger part of a country’s population. UHC does not mean “healthcare for all” (HCA) – a healthcare delivery system that provides equal services for the entire population regardless of an individual’s or family’s financial resources. UHC has received wide criticism because it does not necessarily create a unified, accessible system; because it usually encourages a role for private, for-profit insurance corporations; and because it in-volves tiered benefits packages with differing bene-fits for the poor and non-poor. Although the UHC orientation has become “hegemonic” in global health policy circles, its ideological assumptions have not been confirmed empirically. The editors of The Lancet and MEDICC Review should explain more fully the decisions to translate the UHC series and to launch the translation in Havana, and they should provide “equal time” for critiques of UHC and presentations of endeavors to achieve HCA
Tuning photo-catalytic activities of TiO2 nanoparticles using dimethacrylate resins

Abstract Objective The unique photo-catalytic activities (PCAs) of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) made them attractive in many potential applications in medical devices. The objective of this study is to optimize the benefits of PCAs of TiO2 NPs through varying chemical structures of dimethacrylate resins. Methods TiO2 NPs were functionalized to improve the PCAs and bonding to the resins. The PCAs of TiO2 NPs were evaluated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and UV–vis spectroscopy to determine the amount of the radicals generated and the energy required for their production, respectively. The beneficial effects of the radicals were assessed through: (1) the improvement of degree of vinyl conversion (DC) and (2) modification of resin hydrophilicity. One-way ANOVA with a 95% confidence interval was used to indicate the significant differences between the experimental groups. Results EPR and UV–vis results clearly showed that the functionalization of TiO2 NPs enhanced PCAs in terms of generating radicals under visible light irradiation. The presence of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid functionalities played an important role in DC enhancement and hydrophilicity modification. The DC could be increased up to 22% by adding only 0.1 wt% TiO2 NPs. Viscosity of the resins had minimal or no role in DC improvement through TiO2 NPs. In resins with abundant hydroxyl groups, radicals were more effective in making the resin more hydrophilic. Significance Knowledge learned from this study will help formulating nano-composites with optimized use of TiO2 PCAs as co-initiators for photo-polymerization, additives for making super-hydrophilic materials and/or antibacterial agents.
Paradoxes of maternal mourning.

It has been customary to conceptualize mourning as a phasic or stage phenomenon (Lindemann 1944; Parkes 1972; Bowlby 1980; Knapp 1986). Such a conceptualization has proved to be of tremendous didactic value, especially in terms of succinctly organizing and communicating the major affects, behaviors, and reactions of mourning. It is, however, my belief, based upon clinical experience with many forms of bereavement, that the phenomenon of mourning is not comprised of clearly delineated stages and phases. I have come to conceptualize the phenomenon of mourning the death of a loved person as involving the bereaved's struggle with a series of more or less unresolvable paradoxes rather than as a progression through stages that possess relatively distinct and predictable beginning and ending points. The specific paradoxes encountered by a bereaved person differ, of course, in accordance with the relationship that was lost (mother, father, spouse, child, or sibling), the developmental stage of the bereaved (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, or maturity), the type of death (sudden or prolonged), and the cause of death (illness, murder, suicide, or accident). In this paper, I will address those paradoxes that seem specific to maternal mourning - that is, to mothers who are mourning the death of a child. Language: en
Some remarks on the problem of column buckling

It is shown that within the framework of an earlier analysis of the author the difference between the results of Engesser's procedure and of a modified Engesser procedure can be accounted for entirely by a difference in assumptions concerning the form of the assumed one-dimensional stress strain relations. Depending on a choice between two types of expressions for the description of axial normal strain and transverse shearing strain in the beam it is either Engesser's procedure or the modified procedure which requires the presence of certain nonlinear terms in the stress strain relations.
Mass Rearing of the Tobacco Hornworm. II. Larval Rearing and Pupation

A procedure for rearing Manduca sexta (Johannson) in a simple and effective manner is described, and its use in a mass rearing program is considered. The procedure is an open, nonsterile system in which larvae are reared collectively in trays and synchrony of development is manipulated by means of photoperiods. The ingredients of an artificial diet, a diagram of the rearing tray, the yield at various stages of growth, and aspects of the behavior of the larvae also are provided.
Leaf-Vein Spacing as a Factor Affecting Larval Feeding Behavior of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The relationship between width of spaces between veins in the leaves of the food plants and larval survival of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), was investigated in laboratory studies. Vein spacing and larval survival were established for 18 species of Gramineae, and the thickness of the mouthparts of the first-instar beetle larvae was determined. The mouthparts were found to be too large for insertion between the veins of those plants which were unacceptable to this insect. The spacing of the veins in the food plant appears to be a significant factor conditioning resistance to the cereal leaf beetle larva.
A Long-Period Close-Packed Phase of the PuGa3 Type Prepared by RSP: m-Nb (Rh.75 Pd.25)3

In the pseudobinary system Nb(Rh 1−x Pd x ) 3 , as in other similar alloy systems, a series of polytypic phases occurs which have related, closepacked structures with systematically varying stacking sequences. After rapid quenching from the melt, the stacking sequence of these polytypes is often changed. A phase m-Nb(Rh .75 Pd .25 ) 3 of the PuGa 3 type with a 12-layer stacking sequence has been prepared by RSP; this phase is probably metastable and displaces an equilibrium phase of the VCo 3 type with a 6-layer structure. Occurrence of the m phase can be rationalized in terms of the sequence of the Jagodzinski notation (fraction of h-like packing) and the variation of the diffraction pattern with composition.
PACAP: Discovery, Gene, Receptors

By the mid 1980s, all the classical hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones had been isolated and identified. These included thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin, and dopamine which inhibits prolactin release. However, the presence of other hypophysiotrophic hormones that specifically stimulate the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or prolactin, as well as a hormone that regulates the function of non-glandular pituitary cells such as the folliculostellate (FS) cells could not be ruled out. On the other hand, the classical releasing hormones, TRH, LHRH, GHRH and CRH had been demonstrated to stimulate adenylate cyclase in cultured pituitary cells (Culler et al, 1984; Labrie et al, 1979; 1982) whether or not this activity was directly linked with the release mechanism for the corresponding pituitary hormone. Therefore, we assumed that if there were other releasing hormones in the hypothalamus, they would also stimulate pituitary adenylate cyclase. Based on this assumption, we screened the fractions of the ovine hypothalamic extracts for activation of adenylate cyclase in the rat pituitary cell cultures. The ovine hypothalamic extracts were fractionated by reverse phase-HPLC (RP-HPLC) and then cation ion exchange HPLC (IEX-HPLC). Each fraction was assayed for its ability to activate adenylate cyclase in the rat pituitary cell cultures (Miyata et al, 1989). The retention times of the fractions with cAMP activity from RP-HPLC were plotted on the abscissa, and those from IEX-HPLC were plotted on the ordinate of a map. The retention times in RP-HPLC correspond to the hydrophobicity and those in IEX-HPLC reflect electrical charge. The classical releasing hormones and somatostatin were also subjected to both RP-HPLC and IEX-HPLC, as the reference standards, and each of their retention times was also plotted on the same map. Any spot on the map that was different from those of the classical
John Dewey and the future of community college education. By Clifford P. Harbour

John Dewey and the Future of Community College Education by Clifford P. Harbour provides an overview and history of community colleges in the United States, and discusses how these colleges could b...
Analysis of Longitudinal Quality of Life Data with Informative Dropout

An important objective of many clinical trials is the estimation and comparison of longitudinal changes in quality-of-life measurements. One difficulty encountered in these trials is that participants may drop out of the study due to worsening disease and miss follow-up evaluations after the time of dropout. When the dropout process depends on the true quality-of-life measurement, it is called informative dropout. If the analysis of the data ignores information about the informative dropout process, the estimates of changes in quality-of-life measurements may be biased. In this chapter we review several approaches for adjusting for informative dropout. We consider the situations where the probability of dropout depends on only the last observed measurement prior to dropout, on only the unobserved measurement at the time of dropout, and on both of these measurements. We illustrate these concepts with an analysis of a clinical trial for the treatment of asthma and provide examples of emphysema and prostate cancer treatment trials in which these approaches are also applicable.
A Postsynaptic AMPK→p21-Activated Kinase Pathway Drives Fasting-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in AgRP Neurons

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role in regulating food intake. The downstream AMPK substrates and neurobiological mechanisms responsible for this, however, are ill defined. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus regulate hunger. Their firing increases with fasting, and once engaged they cause feeding. AgRP neuron activity is regulated by state-dependent synaptic plasticity: fasting increases dendritic spines and excitatory synaptic activity; feeding does the opposite. The signaling mechanisms underlying this, however, are also unknown. Using neuron-specific approaches to measure and manipulate kinase activity specifically within AgRP neurons, we establish that fasting increases AMPK activity in AgRP neurons, that increased AMPK activity in AgRP neurons is both necessary and sufficient for fasting-induced spinogenesis and excitatory synaptic activity, and that the AMPK phosphorylation target mediating this plasticity is p21-activated kinase. This provides a signaling and neurobiological basis for both AMPK regulation of energy balance and AgRP neuron state-dependent plasticity.
A survey of quantum Teichmüller space and Kashaev algebra

In this chapter, we survey the algebraic aspects of quantum Teichmuller space, generalized Kashaev algebra and a natural relationship between the two algebras. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 57R56; 57M50, 20G42.
Creating exclusive breastfeeding knowledge translation tools with First Nations mothers in Northwest Territories, Canada

Background . Breastfeeding is an ideal method of infant feeding affecting lifelong health, and yet the uptake of breastfeeding in some Indigenous communities in Canada’s north is low. Objective . The aims of this project were to determine the rate and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in a remote community in the Northwest Territories and to create knowledge translation tools to enhance breastfeeding locally. Methods . The study methodology followed three steps. Firstly, a series of retrospective chart audits were conducted from hospital birth records of Tl chǫ women (n=198) who gave birth during the period of 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. A second follow-up chart audit determined the rate of exclusive breastfeeding and was conducted in the local Community Health Centre. Chart audit data included the following factors related to breastfeeding: age of mother, parity, birthweight and Apgar scores. Secondly, semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of Tl chǫ mothers (n=8) and one Elder were conducted to identify breastfeeding practices, beliefs and the most appropriate medium to use to deliver health messages in Tl chǫ. Third, based on the information obtained in Step 2, two knowledge translation tools were developed in collaboration with a local community Advisory Committee. Results . The rate of exclusive breastfeeding initiation in the Tl chǫ region is less than 30%. Physiological and demographic factors related to breastfeeding were identified. Thematic analysis revealed two overarching themes from the data, namely, “the pull to formula” (lifestyle preferences, drug and alcohol use, supplementation practices and limited role models) and “the pull to breast feeding” (traditional feeding method, spiritual practice and increased bonding with infant). Conclusion . There are a myriad of influences on breastfeeding for women living in remote locations. Ultimately, society informs the choice of infant feeding for the new mother, since mothers’ feeding choices are based on contextual realities and circumstances in their lives that are out of their control. As health care providers, it is imperative that we recognize the realities of women’s lives and the overlapping social determinants of health that may limit a mother’s ability or choice to breastfeed. Further health promotion efforts, grounded in community-based research and a social determinants framework, are needed to improve prenatal and postnatal care of Indigenous women and children in Canada. Keywords: breastfeeding; rates of breastfeeding; remote settings in Canada; health promotion; knowledge translation (Published: 9 December 2016) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2016, 75: 32989 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.32989