cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium diversity in plant-pollinator systems.

We consider the mutualistic interaction between plants that are completely dependent upon animal pollinators for reproduction, and pollinators that for at least part of their life cycle are obligate exploiters of plants. An analytical model is developed to examine relationships between species diversities of the two groups. Using this model, we show that equilibrium numbers of plant and pollinator species may be established. This equilibrium is primarily dependent upon the sizes of plant and pollinator species pools, rates of encounter and extinction, and the enhancement of survivorship due to plant-pollinator interactions. We further establish that diversity of the equilibrium assemblage is unique, but species composition is not. Finally, conditions are derived which must be met to confer stability on the plant-pollinator community.
Bimodal assessment in a stressful social encounter: Individual differences, lead-lag relationships, and response styles

Analogue social-stress situations have assumed an important role in the assessment of social anxiety. However, psychophysiological assessment of social anxiety in these laboratory situations has produced inconsistent results. Notably, the empirical relationship between autonomic reactivity and behavioral indices of social anxiety has fluctuated widely. The present study examined the relationship between heart rate and behavioral ratings of social anxiety in a normal college-student sample utilizing a methodology which (a) addressed individual differences, (b) utilized a relatively unobtrusive heart-rate monitoring system, and (c) assessed time-lag relationships between the two measures. Cross-lagged correlations for the full sample of 25 subjects and a subset of heart-rate reactives showed large intersubject variability between the measures. The results support the lack of convergence between the two modes of measurement when subjects are considered as an aggregate.
Induction of strand breaks in DNA by trichloroethylene and metabolites in rat and mouse liver in vivo.

Abstract The ability of trichloroethylene (TCE) and selected metabolites to induce single-strand breaks in hepatic DNA of male B6C3F1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo was evaluated using an alkaline unwinding assay. Doses of TCE of 22–30 mmol/kg were required to produce strand breaks in DNA in rats, whereas a dose of 11.4 mmol/kg was sufficient to increase the rate of alkaline unwinding in mice. To assess the importance of TCE metabolism to this response, rats were subjected to pretreatments of ethanol, phenobarbital, TCE, or the appropriate vehicle for 4 days prior to challenge doses of TCE. Phenobarbital and TCE, but not ethanol pretreatments, reduced the dose of TCE required to produce significant increases in single-strand breaks. In another series of experiments, mice and rats were treated with metabolites of TCE. Trichloroacetate, dichloroacetate, and chloral hydrate induced strand breaks in hepatic DNA in a dose-dependent manner in both species. Strand breaks in DNA were observed at doses that produced no observable hepatotoxic effects as measured by serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The slopes of the dose-response curves and the order of potency of these metabolites differed significantly between rats and mice, suggesting that different mechanisms of single-strand break induction may be involved in the two species. These data provide a potential explanation for the different sensitivity of mice and rats to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of TCE.
Wirelessly powered electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD)

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) allows us to control wettability of droplets on a solid surface using electrical inputs and has been used in a wide range of applications including microfluidics, optical displays, lenses, and others. To date, however, they all have been powered in wired connections, limiting their further employments in hard-to-reach area particularly for implantable EWOD devices. One way to deal with the presented issue, a wireless EWOD system is studied and developed. Due to compatibility of EWOD with AC (less than 1 kHz), a wireless powering as prompt method is achieved by a magnetic induction which essentially utilizes AC signal. The wireless powering with droplets actuation is verified in both using spool-type coils and planar coils. In the spool-type wireless EWOD study, the induced voltage at the receiver is much higher (~390 V) than typically required EWOD voltages (at least >50 V), which is sufficient to actuate the droplets. For reliable wireless EWOD actuation, the voltage induction has to be higher than the conventional EWOD while the current does not have to be necessarily high. Since the voltage induction is proportional to the transmission frequency, a higher voltage can be obtained by increasing the transmission frequency. However, if the transmission frequency is too high, the actuation of droplets might be limited. For an efficient EWOD actuation even at such a high transmission frequency, the system might need to be incorporated with an external demodulation circuit. This issue is addressed in the planar wireless EWOD system in which the powering devices and EWOD electrodes are integrated by standard photolithography process. To oscillate droplets while in lateral actuation irrespective of the coil type, amplitude modulation (AM) technique is applied to the wirelessly transmitted signal. Droplet oscillations are often introduced in many applications and beneficial to reduce the contact angle hysteresis. Eventually, by employing the compact wireless EWOD system into particle collecting and mini-boat propulsion, the unnecessary and cumbersome wire connections between the device components are significantly reduced, and more convenient and flexible EWOD operation is achieved with less constraint of the space and equipment.
Effects of wrongdoer status on moral licensing

Abstract We examine the effects of wrongdoer status on receiving moral license, a social acceptance of norm-violating behavior. Compared to a control condition, we found that both high and low status wrongdoers receive more license, but for different reasons. Judges gave high status wrongdoers moral credentials by reinterpreting their behavior less negatively; whereas judges gave low status wrongdoers moral credits by showing them greater sympathy. Of import, our analyses provide insights into the underlying mechanisms explaining the moderating role of wrongdoer status. If transgressions are ambiguous (versus unambiguous), so as to allow for positive reinterpretation, judges were more inclined to evaluate behavior as less wrong and thus credential high status wrongdoers. Likewise, if judges are dispositionally more (versus less) amenable to showing others sympathy, they were more likely to credit low status wrongdoers. Our results shed light on different paths to receiving moral license and suggest that factors other than prior behavior (in our case, actor's status) may influence the severity of punishment.
The effect of a high energy injection on the performance of mm wave Gunn oscillators

Abstract The “dead zone” existing in conventional n + nn + GaAs Gunn diodes was eliminated by the addition of a cathode structure which launches electrons into the active region at nearly the energy required for intervally transfer. The experimental efficiency and output power from devices made with the launcher were up to three times higher at 80–100 GHz than from conventional n + nn + devices designed for these frequencies. The launcher was realized by the energy discontinuity at the interface of a n -AlGaAs/n-GaAs heterojunction, where the transport is perpendicular to the interface.
PNEUMOCARDIOGRAM (PCG) AND NEONATAL APNEA: ONE YEAR EXPERIENCE

Twelve hour PCG was performed on 372 high risk infants (inf) [Resp Care 28:1569, 1983] from 7/1/82 - 6/30/83. Gestational age (mean±SD) was 33.6±3.8 wks and birth wt. was 2262±843.3 gms. 208 inf (Table) have normal PCGs and 144 have abnormal PCGs. PCG was normal at 38.7±3.0 wks among inf on theophylline (T) compared to inf (41.1±6.5 wks) who were not on T (p<0.01). Inf with abnormal 1st PCGs, 37.5% were treated with T, 11.1% were on home apnea monitors (Mon), 21.5% treated with T and on Mon and 29.9% received no treatment. Repeat tests at 41.0± 7.4 wks on those inf whose 1st PCG was abnormal, 61.8% were normal and 21.5% remained abnormal. Inf whose 2nd PCG was abnormal had a normal PCG when retested later, as did 16.7% inf tested elsewhere. Two of the 372 inf who died of SIDS had abnormal PCG. One was a SIB SID who was not treated with T or placed on Mon. The other was on T and on Mon but was unattached to Mon at time of death.
Nosocomial antibiotic—associated diarrhea caused by enterotoxin-producing methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, an unrecognized disease

Nosocomial antibiotic—associated diarrhea caused by enterotoxin-producing methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, an unrecognized disease
Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo

HLA-A and HLA-B antigens are integral membrane glycoproteins which consist of a glycosylated heavy chain embedded in the membrane in noncovalent association with beta 2-microglobulin, a water-soluble polypeptide. The assembly and maturation of these antigens has been studied in vivo in the human B lymphoblastoid cell line T5-1 (HLA-A1, -A2, -B8, -B27). Two antigenically distinct populations of HLA-A and -B heavy chains can be detected by antisera which recognize determinants sensitive to the conformation of the heavy chain. One heavy chain population is associated with beta 2-microglobulin, whereas the other population is not. These populations can be further distinguished by their oligosaccharide structure and their localization within the cell. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate a precursor-product relationship between these heavy chain populations and suggest the following pathway for the assembly and maturation of HLA-A and -B antigens. The completed heavy chains initially carry high mannose oligosaccharides and are largely or wholly associated with beta 2-microglobulin. During the next 10-15 min, association with beta 2-microglobulin occurs and the heavy chain conformation is altered. Beginning at about 30 min after synthesis, the oligosaccharides are converted from the high mannose form to the complex form, and between 60 and 80 min after synthesis, the mature antigens appear at the cell surface. These observations are discussed in relation to in vivo and in vitro studies on the biosynthesis of a variety of secreted proteins and membrane proteins.
Using a sociotechnical framework to understand adaptations in health IT implementation

Abstract Purpose When barcode medication administration (BCMA) is implemented nurses are required to integrate not only a new set of procedures or artifacts into everyday work, but also an orientation to medication safety itself that is sometimes at odds with their own. This paper describes how the nurses' orientation (the Practice Frame) can collide with the orientation that is represented by the technology and its implementation (the System Frame), resulting in adaptations at the individual and organization levels. Methods The paper draws on two qualitative research studies that examined the implementation of BCMA in inpatient settings using observation and ethnographic fieldwork, content analysis of email communications, and interviews with healthcare professionals. Results Two frames of reference are described: the System Frame and the Practice Frame. We found collisions of these frames that prompted adaptations at the individual and organization levels. The System Frame was less integrated and flexible than the Practice Frame, less able to account for all of the dimensions of everyday patient care to which medication administration is tied. Conclusion Collisions in frames during implementation of new technology result in adaptations at the individual and organization level that can have a variety of effects. We found adaptations to be a means of evolving both the work routines and the technology. Understanding the frames of clinical workers when new technology is being designed and implemented can inform changes to technology or organizational structure and policy that can preclude unproductive or unsafe adaptations.
Solitons of the square-rectangular martensitic transformation

The static solitons of the square-rectangular martensitic transformation are obtained with the use of higher-order elasticity theory; both first-order (rectangular-rectangular and square-rectangular solitons) and second-order (rectangular-rectangular only) phase transitions are treated. The shear and dilatational strains vanish in all cases. The deviatoric strains are calculated exactly, and the displacement vectors are obtained as power series, using the full (nonlinear) Lagrangian strain tensor. In the first-order case, the width of the rectangular-rectangular soliton diverges as the transition temperature is approached from below; the soliton splits gradually into two square-rectangular solitons, both of finite width, whose separation diverges at the transition temperature.
Simulations of Cyclic Breathing in the Conducting Zone of the Human Lung

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to predict the air flow in the human lung during cyclic breathing. The study employed a morphologically complex computational geometry generated using a combination of patient-specific CT-scan data for the extrathoracic and upper airway regions and a representative branching geometry for the lower airways that is available in the open literature. The geometry extended throughout the entire conducting zone and includes 16 partially resolved airway generations. For each generation beyond the third, only a fraction of the airway branches were retained, resulting in truncated flow outlets (for inspiratory flow) in generations 414. The inhalation and exhalation air flow boundary conditions were prescribed based on a physiologically realistic ventilation pattern, which was obtained using a whole-body model of human physiology. The flow was driven by specifying time-varying volumetric flowrates applied at each of the distal boundaries, while the oral boundary was maintained at constant (atmospheric) pressure. The study investigated the effectiveness of three different mass flow distribution schemes to drive the air flow. It was found that prescribed mass flow distribution fractions based on the square of the airway cross-sectional area produced the best results in terms of a uniform distal pressure distribution, while all methods produced reasonable results in terms of mass flow distribution throughout the lung airway geometry.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Charge-Transfer Processes in (4-Nitrobenzoate)Re(CO)(3)(azine)(2) Complexes. Competitive Reductions of 4-Nitrobenzoate and Azine in Thermally and Photochemically Induced Redox Processes.

The photochemically and thermally induced redox reactions of the (4-nitrobenzoate)Re(CO){sub 3} (azine) (azine = 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2{prime}-bipyridine, and (4-phenylpyridine){sub 2}) were investigated by flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis. Processes characterized as intramolecular charge transfers from coordinated azine radicals to the 4-nitrobenzoate ligand and vice versa were observed in a 1--100 {micro}s time scale by pulse radiolysis. In photochemical experiments, the conversion among metal to ligand charge-transfer excited states, i.e., from the Re to azine to the Re to 4-nitrobenzoate charge-transfer excited state, involves intermediates with lives of picoseconds. A mechanism for the conversions that incorporates intraligand excited states is discussed.
Anatomical informatics: Millennial perspectives on a newer frontier.

One of the most ancient of sciences, anatomy has evolved over many centuries. Its methods have progressively encompassed dissection instruments, manual illustration, stains, microscopes, cameras and photography, and digital imaging systems. Like many other more modern scientific disciplines in the late 20th century, anatomy has also benefited from the revolutionary development of digital computers and their automated information management and analytical capabilities. By using newer methods of computer and information sciences, anatomists have made outstanding contributions to science, medicine, and education. In that regard, there is a strong rationale for recognizing anatomical informatics as a proper subdiscipline of anatomy. A high-level survey of the field reveals important anatomical applications of computer sciences methods in imaging, image processing and visualization, virtual reality, modeling and simulation, structural database processing, networking, and artificial intelligence. Within this framework, computational anatomy is a developing field focusing on data-driven mathematical models of bodily structures. Mastering such computer sciences and informatics methods is crucial for new anatomists, who will shape the future in research, clinical knowledge, and teaching. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:224–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Equilibrium precipitation of protactinium oxide from molten LiFBeF2ThF4UF4PaF5 mixtures between 535° and 670°C☆

Abstract Molten LiFBeF2ThF4UF4(71·9-16-12-0·1 mole %) containing dissolved PaF5 was equilibrated with various H2OHFAr gas mixtures at 535–670°C. The data obtained indicate that the protactinium was precipitated as Pa2O5 and, hence, that the reaction involved was PaF 5(d) + 5 2 H 2 O (g) = 1 2 Pa 2 O 5(s) + 5 HF (g) , for which the equilibrium quotient is Q 1 = P HF 5 P H 2 O −5 2 N PaF 5 −1 . The values of Q1 derived from the data can be expressed as log Q1 = [12·50 − 10,690/T(°K)] ± 0·2. In these expressions (d), (s), (g), P, and N denote dissolved component, solid, gas, partial pressure (atm), and mole fraction, respectively. The point at which uranium oxide began to precipitate along with protactinium oxide was determined at several temperatures, using salt mixtures with different UF4 concentrations. These data were considered in terms of the equilibria UF4(d) + 2H2O(g) = UO2(ss) + 4HF(g) and 1 2 Pa 2 O 5(s) + 5 4 UF 4(d) = PaF 5(d) + 5 4 UO 2(ss) , in which (ss) denotes UO2ThO2 solid solution. The respective equilibrium quotients can be expressed as log Q2 = [9·27 − 8966/T(°K)] ± 0·08 and log Q3 = [0·827 − 590/T(°K)] ± 0·1. These results are consistent with the estimated thermodynamic properties of protactinium compounds.
Solid-State NMR Demonstrates that Active Signaling Complexes of Bacterial Chemoreceptors Do Not Adopt the Proposed Trimer-Of-Dimers Structure

The receptor dimers that mediate bacterial chemotaxis form signaling complexes with CheW and the kinase CheA. Based on the packing arrangement observed in two different crystal structures of two different receptor cytoplasmic fragments, two different models have been proposed for receptor signaling arrays: the trimers-of-dimers and hedgerow models. We have identified an inter-dimer distance predicted to be substantially different by the two models, labeled the atoms defining this distance through isotopic enrichment, and measured it with 19F-13C REDOR. This was done in two types of receptor samples: isolated bacterial membranes containing overexpressed, intact receptor, and soluble receptor fragments reconstituted into kinase-active signaling complexes. In both cases, the distance found was incompatible with both the trimers-of-dimers and the hedgerow models. Comparisons of simulated and observed REDOR dephasing were used to deduce a closest-approach distance at this interface, which provides a constraint for the possible arrangements of receptor assemblies in the kinase-active signaling state.This research was supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grant GM47601; DJF was partially supported by National Research Service Award T32 GM08515.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Role of γ-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptors in Baroreceptor Reflexes in Hypertensive Rats

Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that stimulation of γ-aminobutyric acid B (GABA B ) receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) elicited a larger increase in arterial pressure compared with control Wistar-Kyoto rats. Since stimulation of GABA B receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius attenuates cardiovascular responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve in normotensive rats and there is evidence of a central neural attenuation of aortic depressor nerve–evoked responses in SHR, we conducted studies to test the hypothesis that enhanced stimulation of GABA B receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius in SHR is responsible for the attenuation of the aortic depressor nerve–evoked responses. Electrical stimulation of the left aortic depressor nerve resulted in frequency-dependent decreases in arterial pressure, heart rate, and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity in urethane-anesthetized control rats. These responses were not significantly altered by injection of the GABA B receptor antagonist CGP 35348 into the ipsilateral nucleus tractus solitarius. The responses evoked by aortic depressor nerve stimulation were attenuated in SHR. This attenuation was particularly apparent with more prolonged periods (>15 seconds) of high-frequency (25-Hz) stimulation, with the depressor and sympathetic nerve responses diminishing during the course of stimulation. This time- and frequency-dependent attenuation of baroreceptor-evoked depressor responses was reversed by injection of CGP 35348 into the ipsilateral nucleus tractus solitarius. Rats made hypertensive by treatment with deoxycorticosterone plus salt did not have attenuated aortic depressor nerve–evoked responses. These results suggest that alterations in GABA B -mediated neural transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarius contribute to the attenuation of the baroreceptor reflex observed in SHR.
Characterization of an alternatively spliced GADD45α, GADD45α1 isoform, in arsenic-treated epithelial cells

A new GADD45alpha isoform, GADD45alpha1, was identified in the cellular response to arsenic. DNA sequencing and biochemical analyses suggested that GADD45alpha1 is derived from an alternative splicing of the GADD45alpha mRNA by skipping the region corresponding to exon2 of the gadd45alpha gene during mRNA maturation. In addition to the size difference due to the lack of 34 amino acids encoded by exon2, GADD45alpha1 and GADD45alpha proteins differ in their effects on cell proliferation and cell cycle transition. Unlike GADD45alpha, the GADD45alpha1 is unable to attenuate cell growth. In over-expression experiments, the full length GADD45alpha, but not the GADD45alpha1, sensitized cells to arsenic-induced prometaphase arrest of the cell cycle. Furthermore, GADD45alpha1 appears to be able to antagonize the function of the GADD45alpha on the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest as demonstrated in cotransfection experiment. Thus, these data suggest that the generation of the GADD45alpha1 isoform may not only offset but also antagonize the effects of arsenic and GADD45alpha on cell growth and cell cycle regulation.
Apophyses and physeal equivalents in the pediatric pelvis

Injuries to pediatric athletes are becoming increasingly common as children compete in more physically demanding sports. These athletic injuries may be acute or as the result of chronic overuse. Acute trauma may lead to damage to tendons, ligaments, and muscles, as well as their bony attachment sites. Infections such as osteomyelitis must also be considered in the differential of pediatric patients presenting with hip or groin pain. This review will discuss the normal muscular attachments to hip physes and physeal equivalents, as well as common injuries and their management. These findings are important to help with the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients who present with hip pain.
Wireless teleradiology and fax using cellular phones and notebook PCs for instant access to consultants

The feasibility of wireless portable teleradiology and facsimile (fax) transmission using a pocket cellular phone and a notebook computer to obtain immediate access to consultants at any location was studied. Modems specially designed for data and fax communication via cellular systems were employed to provide a data communication interface between the cellular phone and the notebook computer. Computed tomography (CT) scans, X-rays, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were transmitted to a wireless unit to measure performance characteristics. Data transmission rates ranged from 520 to 1100 bytes per second. Typical image transmission times ranged from 1 to 10 minutes; however, using joint photographic experts group or fractal image compression methods would shorten typical transmission times to less than one minute. This study showed that wireless teleradiology and fax over cellular communication systems are feasible with current technology. Routine immediate cellular faxing of ECGs to cardiologists may expedite thrombolytic therapy decisions in questionable cases. Routine immediate teleradiology of CT scans may reduce operation room preparation times in severe head trauma.
Self-Sorting of Deformable Particles in an Asynchronous Logic Microfluidic Circuit

A microfluidic circuit can automatically sort deformable particles based on the hydrodynamic resistance that the particles induce in a constrained microfluidic channel while flowing through it.
Individual differences among mature boars in T-maze preference for estrous or non-estrous sows

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of boars to identify estrous sows. The preference of 11 mature boars for estrous or non-estrous sows was tested using a T-maze in Experiment 1. Boars were given a feed test on Days 1 and 4 and on Days 2, 3, 5 and 6; estrous and nonestrous sows were alternated in the right and left arms of the T-maze. The time (min) boars spent near four sets of estrous and non-estrous sows was recorded during each 5 min test. Yorkshire, Duroc, Landrace and Hampshire boars were tested in a random order on each day. Three boars (called target boars) spent more time (P 0.50). We conclude that some individual boars have the ability to distinguish between estrous and non-estrous sows. The target boars' ability to detect an estrous sow is not determined by feedback from the behavior of estrous sows.
Waveguide CARS spectroscopy of physisorbed methanol on a partially hydroxylated zinc oxide surface

Abstract Adsorption of methanol on a partially hydroxylated zinc oxide (0001) surface was investigated using the waveguide surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. The adsorbate molecules are retained on the surface through the hydrogen bonding and can be removed from the surface very easily. No evidence was found for the presence of surface bound methoxide and, therefore, it is concluded that dissociative adsorption of methanol does occur on a hydroxylated ZnO(0001) surface.
The coordination of clinical and didactic learning experiences to improve critical-thinking skills and academic performance

Abstract Teaching strategies to improve critical-thinking skills and knowledge construction in associate degree (AD) nursing education are most effective when they actively engage the student. Faculty in an Illinois nursing program developed a schedule that correlated classroom content with clinical experiences for the predominant medical–surgical units. While planned didactic/clinical correlation yielded mixed results as a strategy to improve academic performance, providing students with active clinical learning experiences is reinforcing to adult learning styles of AD students.
Successful early operation for papillary muscle rupture.

This is the earliest reported intervention in a syndrome which clinicians are seeing with increasing frequency. The diagnosis of a ruptured papillary muscle which is one of the disastrous complications of acute myocardial infarction requires early angiocardiography and catheterization when the condition is suspected. When adequate ventricular function is preserved, successful valve replacement is possible.
A theoretical study of helicopter rotor noise

Abstract A comprehensive theoretical study of the problem of helicopter rotor noise radiation is presented. The theory includes blade slap, rotation noise and vortex noise effects. Peak spectral levels over the “vortex noise” region are shown to be due to the higher harmonics of the rotational noise. An exact theoretical expression for the noise radiation has been used as the basis for the development of a comphrehensive computer program to calculate helicopter noise at any field point, including all effects of fluctuating airloads and all possible rigid and flexible blade motions. Under very reasonable approximations an analytic expression has been found for the sound field far from the helicopter. Computations based on this expression have also been made. The results show that it is the very high harmonics of the loading which contribute to the important harmonics of the sound field. For instance, calculation of the tenth harmonic of a four-bladed rotor requries a knowledge of loading harmonics up to the sixtieth. Details of such loadings are not available from theory or experiment. Rotor aerodynamic loadings have therefore been reviewed in detail and empirical harmonic decay laws derived. Loading phases appear to be best described as random, and this introduces simplification in the theory, together with the necessity for definition of a correlation length. Results of a parameter study show trends in agreement with experiment, both for overall levels and for spectrum shape. Sound at the higher harmonics is basically proportional to thrust times disc loading times tip velocity squared. For the lower harmonics the dependence on tip velocity is to the 2B power where B is the number of blades. The effect of forward speed is to increase the sound radiated forward and decrease that radiated aft, causing a difference of as much as 20 dB for the second and third harmonics at a forward Mach number of 0·25. The overall sound directionality pattern is found to have a minimum slightly above the plane of the disc and a broad maximum about 20° below. The effects of both the near field and blade motion effects are found to be small. The theory generally shows fair agreement with experiment for overall levels and good agreement for trends, and should therefore be of direct use for design trade-off studies to minimize noise in future helicopters.
A new fast algorithm for the calculation of response of a single-degree-of-freedom system to arbitrary load in time

Abstract The typical response calculation of a single-degree-of-freedom system uses a recursive algorithm for evaluating the relative displacement and velocity { x[n + 1], dot x [n + 1]} from { x[n], dot x [n]} and the acceleration values { a [ n ], a [ n + 1]}. Each time step of the iteration requires eight multiplications and six additions. A new algorithm using the digital impulse invariant and step invariant simulation of a continuous system has been derived which requires only two multiplications and three additions. This amounts to a 75% saving in multiplication time and 50% saving in addition time. The accuracy of the new algorithm is guaranteed by the sampling theorem in digital signal analysis. Calculation of the response spectra using the new algorithm is as accurate as that using the old algorithm.
Typical Spike-and-Wave Activity in Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury and its Implications for Classifying Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus

Introduction: Typical spike-and-wave activity (TSWA) in the electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). IGE-related nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is typically an absence status epilepticus (ASE). ASE and TSWA respond dramatically to benzodiazepines. Patients with no history of seizure/epilepsy may develop ASE “de novo” in the context of an acute brain disorder. However, we are aware of only one previous case of de novo ASE with TSWA in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Case presentation: A 65-year-old man, with congestive heart failure and history of substance abuse, survived cardiorespiratory arrest after 18 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Post-resuscitation, the patient was in coma with intact brainstem function. Toxicology was positive for cocaine and marijuana. Eyelid myoclonus suggested NCSE, which was initially treated with lorazepam and fosphenytoin. EEG monitoring showed sustained TSWA confirming NCSE and demonstrating de novo ASE (the patient and his family never had seizure/epilepsy). The TSWA was resistant to lorazepam, levetiracetam, and low-dose midazolam; it was eliminated only with midazolam at a dose that resulted in burst-suppression (≥1.2 mg/kg/hour). Conclusion: This is an unusual case of TSWA and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a patient with no history of seizure/epilepsy. The TSWA was relatively resistant to benzodiazepines suggesting that cerebral hypoxia-ischemia spared the thalamocortical apparatus generating TSWA but impaired the cortical/thalamic inhibitory circuits where benzodiazepines act to suppress TSWA. Albeit rare, ‘post-hypoxic’ TSWA offers us some valuable insights for classifying and managing nonconvulsive status epilepticus.
Amplification-Independent Overexpression of Thymosin Beta-10 mRNA in Human Renal Cell Carcinoma

The structurally related small (< 5 kD) polypetides, namely thymosins beta-4 and beta-10, were originally defined in the rat immune system. Previously it was shown that both the beta-4 and beta-10 genes are constitutively expressed at higher levels in neoplastic human kidney. Also, it was shown that human embryonic kidney contained more of these proteins than the adult tis sue. The present study used a human thymosin beta-10 cDNA to examine the possibility that overexpression of the beta-10 mRNA in renal cell carcinoma was due to gene amplification. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA extracted from normal and neoplastic tissue indicated no amplification of the thymosin beta-10 gene in RCC. No amplification or rearrangements were found in the human RAR-α gene in normal versus RCC tissue. Decreased expression of both the thymosin beta-4 and beta-10 proteins in the normal adult human kidney was found to be derived from a corresponding decrease in levels of the cognate mRNAs. These findings suggest that th...
Electromagnetic Induction Angle Sensor Error Correction Method

Electromagnetic induction angle displacement sensor processing error seriously affected the measurement accuracy, the system using multi-position probes method to eliminate harmonic errors. According to the electromagnetic induction angle sensor error characteristics, the 32 antipodal sensors are analyzed theoretically, 64 multiple harmonics are isolated，and the influence of periodicity multiple harmonic error have been removed by multi-position probes method. The error correction method eliminated systematic error of manufacturing processes. The electromagnetic induction angle sensor precision reach expected targets of 2′.
A laminate parametrization technique for discrete ply-angle problems with manufacturing constraints

In this paper we present a novel laminate parametrization technique for layered composite structures that can handle problems in which the ply angles are limited to a discrete set. In the proposed technique, the classical laminate stiffnesses are expressed as a linear combination of the discrete options and design-variable weights. An exact $\ell _{1}$ penalty function is employed to drive the solution toward discrete 0---1 designs. The proposed technique can be used as either an alternative or an enhancement to SIMP-type methods such as discrete material optimization (DMO). Unlike mixed-integer approaches, our laminate parametrization technique is well suited for gradient-based design optimization. The proposed laminate parametrization is demonstrated on the compliance design of laminated plates and the buckling design of a laminated stiffened panel. The results demonstrate that the approach is an effective alternative to DMO methods.
Equilibrium structures and approximate HF vibrational red shifts for ArnHF (n=1-14) van der Waals clusters

This paper presents a theoretical study of the size evolution of equilibrium structures and approximate HF vibrational red shifts for ArnHF van der Waals clusters, with n=1–14. Pairwise additive ArnHF intermolecular potential energy surfaces were constructed from spectroscopically accurate Ar–Ar and anisotropic Ar–HF potentials. The latter depend on vibrational excitation of the HF monomer. The global and energetically close‐lying local minima of ArnHF, n=1–14, for HF v=0 and v=1, were determined using simulated annealing followed by a direct minimization scheme. For ArnHF clusters with n≤8, the lowest‐energy structure always has HF bound to the surface of the Arn subunit. In contrast, for n≥9, the global minimum of ArnHF corresponds to HF inside a cage. Ar12HF has the minimum‐energy configuration of an HF‐centered icosahedron, which appears to be unusually stable. Size dependence of the HF vibrational red shift in ArnHF (n=1–14) clusters was investigated by means of a simple approximation, where the red ...
Value co‐creation and resource based perspectives for strategic sourcing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and illustrate a theoretically grounded framework capable of strategic guidance in making sourcing decisions.Design/methodology/approach – Based on literature review and secondary data from the US operation of 7‐Eleven, a large international retailer, this study develops and supports a framework for understanding and undertaking business process sourcing decisions. The framework considers internal core competencies, as well as the role of external actors in value creation, in analyzing sourcing decisions for business processes.Findings – Case analysis reveals that a firm's successful sourcing decisions can be explained by resource based view (RBV) and value co‐creation theories. RBV is shown to provide an internal view of the firm considering its core competencies, while value co‐creation illuminates the external perspective considering the role of customers when making sourcing decisions. Further, these theories can be decomposed and simplified, thereby p...
Effects of Zinc Binding and Chelation on Structures and Dynamics in Amyloid-Beta Dimers

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a protein of 39-43 amino acids that self-associates into a diverse array of neurotoxic aggregates linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, Aβ dimers and trimers have been shown to cause memory deficits when they are recruited to the synapse, perhaps due to zinc release during neurotransmission. We have employed single-molecule fluorescence methods to investigate dimer structures, to understand zinc-induced structural change and determine whether it may be reversed by metal chelation. Single-pair FRET measurements were performed using Aβ40 peptides labeled at the N-termini with donor and acceptor dyes; the donor peptide was additionally labeled at the C-terminus with a Lys-biotin moiety to permit tethering to a functionalized cover slip. Time-dependent FRET efficiencies (EFRET) were determined by measuring fluorescence from individual surface-tethered dimers, affording insight into dimer structures and structural dynamics. Characteristic EFRET values were determined for dimers in metal-free samples and in the presence of Zn2+ (1 equiv.), with and without excess amounts of the zinc chelator clioquinol (CQ, 10 equiv.). Under all sample conditions, dimers appear to exhibit at least two characteristic structures, as evidenced by at least two broad peaks in each of the EFRET ensemble histograms. Zinc binding causes a slight structural change that is not reversed by chelation. Strikingly, zinc also severely limits dimer structural dynamics: while 29% of dimers in metal-free samples visit two EFRET values over time, only 12% of dimers in the presence of zinc exhibit structural change. Chelation does not reverse this effect, as only 9% of dimers in the presence of CQ show structural dynamics. These results lend new insights into the role(s) of zinc in Aβ association and the use of metal chelators in AD prevention and treatment.
Acute Stress Selectively Reduces Reward Sensitivity

Stress may promote the onset of psychopathology by disrupting reward processing. However, the extent to which stress impairs reward processing, rather than incentive processing more generally, is unclear. To evaluate the specificity of stress-induced reward processing disruption, 100 psychiatrically healthy females were administered a probabilistic stimulus selection task enabling comparison of sensitivity to reward-driven (Go) and punishment-driven (NoGo) learning under either ‘no stress’ or ‘stress’ (threat-of-shock) conditions. Cortisol samples and self-report measures were collected. Contrary to hypotheses, the groups did not differ significantly in task performance or cortisol reactivity. However, further analyses focusing only on individuals under ‘stress’ who were high responders with regard to both cortisol reactivity and self-reported negative affect revealed reduced reward sensitivity relative to individuals tested in the ‘no stress’ condition; importantly, these deficits were reward-specific. Overall, findings provide preliminary evidence that stress-reactive individuals show diminished sensitivity to reward but not punishment under stress. While such results highlight the possibility that stress-induced anhedonia might be an important mechanism linking stress to affective disorders, future studies are necessary to confirm this conjecture.
Interphase chromosome order: A proposal

A model for the arrangement of chromosomes in interphase nuclei is proposed. The model assumes that interphase chromosomes have a Rabl orientation (a relic telophase arrangement). During interphase and prophase telomeres are attached to the nuclear envelope often in pairs. The association of telomeres, homologous or nonhomologous, is based on similarity of arm lengths and occurs at the time the nuclear envelope reforms. At this stage arm lengths will vary to some extent due to the amount of uncoiling etc. The sequence of chromosomes resulting from telomere-telomere pairing may vary among cells, but the number of arrangements will be restricted by arm length similarities. The ramifications of this model on melotic pairing, the constant attachment of chromosomes to some structure throughout the cell cycle, the distribution of genes within nuclei, and chromosome evolution are raised.
Bifurcations in nerve membrane dynamics.

The bifurcation theory involves qualitative analysis of variations in singular and certain periodic solutions of differential equations representing a dynamic system. The model proposed by Hodgkin and Huxley for nerve membrane dynamics illustrates certain concepts from this theory. The membrane current, Im is shown to be the bifurcation parameter. At certain values of this parameter, namely at bifurcation values, the character and the stability properties of singular solutions and the other limiting sets such as limit cycles change as predicted by the theory.
Nutrition students improve attitudes after a guided experiential assignment with older adults.

Abstract Objective Develop, implement, and evaluate an intervention (a guided experiential assignment) to improve nutrition students' attitudes toward working with older adults. Design A quasi-experimental design with an additional qualitative component (mixed methods). Setting A North Central land-grant university. Participants 100 college students from an upper-level community nutrition course. Intervention Students were randomly assigned to conduct a guided experiential assignment (dietary behavior change project) working with either an older adult (intervention, n = 52) or a younger adult (comparison, n = 48). Each student conducted 3 client interviews and completed a project report by responding to reflective questions about changes in beliefs, values, and self-efficacy in working with older adults. Main outcome The primary outcome was attitudes toward older adults as changed in reference to students' beliefs, values, and self-efficacy in working with other adults. Additional outcomes were knowledge of aging and interest in working with older adults. Analysis General linear model multivariate/univariate analysis and content analysis were conducted on the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results The intervention group had significantly increased scores on attitudes toward older adults relative to the comparison group. This finding appeared as a result of changes in beliefs about older adults and the increased value and self-efficacy in working with this group by most students in the intervention group. Conclusion and implications Completion of a guided experiential assignment with older adults in the community was an effective method to improve students' attitudes. Used in the curriculum for nutrition students, this technique might help to improve both attitudes toward and self-efficacy in working with older adults.
Hematologic complications of alternative remedies.

The use of alternative therapies increased dramatically over the last decade with a wide variety of methods and interventions. Dietary supplements are a very common form of alternative therapy used by healthy people as well as patients with serious health problems.The use of these untested, unregulated therapies may carry inherent risks. Hematologic complications are known side effects of these remedies and may present potentially life-threatening events. This manuscript discusses the clinical manifestations and mechanisms of action of these remedies and provides recommendations for patients’ evaluation and counseling.
Observations of surface-channelling phenomena with a stem instrument

Abstract The surface-resonance-channeling phenomena which have been explored in recent years by using transmission electron microscopes in the reflection electron microscopy (REM) mode may be observed also in scanning transmission electron microscopes used in the reflection (SREM) mode. When SREM images are formed using surface-channelled diffracted beams close to the “shadow-edge” of the diffraction pattern, high-intensity images are formed of down-steps on the surface which are almost invisible in SREM images formed with specularly reflected beams. In an alternative configuration the incident beam may be injected at the edge of a crystal face so that electron beam in the crystal runs parallel to a flat surface. Bright, near-axial features appear in the diffraction pattern corresponding to electrons channelled along the surface layers. Also bright resonance parabolas are generated, as in RHEED patterns, but coming in this case from scattering of elastic, rather than inelastic, resonance-channelled electrons. High resolution STEM images formed by detecting the axially channelled electrons show very bright lattice fringes at the surface. Low-loss EELS analysis of the axially channelled electrons and of the bright parabolas shows strong peaks due to surface excitations, with some dependence on channelling directions. Results are presented for MgO cleavage faces and MgO smoke crystals.
The Impacts of WTO Membership on Economic/Trade Relations Among the Three Chinese Economies: China, Hong Kong and Taiwan

Based on CGE model simulations, the present study examines the impacts on the growth of GDP, social welfare, the terms of trade, the volume of trade and trade dependence, under alternative scenarios of a WTO with and without the membership of China and Taiwan. In general, the three Chinese economies, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, will be benefited by China and Taiwan's WTO memberships. The world trade will increase by more than $ 130 billions in real terms ($ 63.6 billions of export and $ 66.5 billions of import). Among them, more than 60 percent will be shared by China, and 10 percent shared by Taiwan. The intermediate role of Hong Kong in trade and investment relations across the Taiwan Strait will diminish, Taiwan's trade dependence on China will increase, but China's trade dependence on Taiwan will decrease. However, trade flows across the Taiwan Strait will focus more on intra-industry trade.