cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammography as a Screening Tool for Diabetes

Background This large retrospective study investigates the relationship between breast arterial calcifications (BAC) identified on screening mammography and the presence of DM, thereby evaluating the utility of screening mammography as an additional screening tool for diabetes. Materials and Methods The screening mammograms of 1000 women were prospectively evaluated for BAC; women with a prior history of DM or CAD were excluded. This screening group was compared with all diabetic women who had undergone routine mammographic screening at our institution. The relationship between BAC and DM was statistically evaluated. Results Of the 1000 women prospectively evaluated, we identified 819 women without a history of either DM or CAD. Of these 819 women, mammographic BAC was identified in 86 for a baseline incidence of BAC in our screening population of 10%. We identified 790 diabetic women who had undergone screening mammograms at our institution, and BAC was identified in 288 (36.45%). The incidence of vascular calcifications was significantly higher in the DM group (P Conclusions BAC identified on routine screening mammography can identify a group of women at high risk for diabetes. Prospective studies are currently underway at our institution to confirm the utility of screening mammography as a screening tool for diabetes.
Ultrastructural morphometry of anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments: An experimental study in rabbits

This study presents morphometric analyses of collagen subfascicle area fraction and collagen fibril diameter distributions for the anterior cruciate (ACL) and medial collateral (MCL) knee ligaments from transmission electron micrographs of ligament cross sections of five mature, female New Zealand White rabbits. Statistically significant differences in subfascicular area fractions were found between the ACL and MCL (0.89 +/- 0.02, 0.97 +/- 0.01, respectively; p less than 0.001). Mean fibril diameters for the ACL and MCL were also significantly different (0.059 +/- 0.005, 0.085 +/- 0.011 microns, respectively; p less than 0.025). Fibril eccentricity (a measure of parallel alignment of collagen fibrils within the ligaments, defined as the ratio of minor to major axes of elliptical fibril outlines) was 0.89 +/- 0.03 and 0.85 +/- 0.08, respectively, for the ACL and MCL; these data were not significantly different (p greater than 0.1). The relative amount of variation in the pooled fibril diameter data due to variation between animals, ligaments, locations within ligaments, and among fibrils at individual locations are reported. The variation of fibril diameter distributions between the ACL and MCL was substantially greater than the variation between different locations within each ligament cross section as well as between different animals. The structural differences reported may help explain known differences in the biomechanical properties of the ACL and MCL.
Hand specialization, sympatry, and mixed-species associations in callitrichines.

Abstract Hand morphology in callitrichines (i.e., tamarins, marmosets, and Goeldi's monkey) is correlated with positional and foraging behaviors. This study examines hand shape in callitrichines using an allometric approach. It addresses a series of questions relating hand anatomy, insect foraging behavior, and resource partitioning in callitrichines. The main questions are: 1. Do the hands ofLeontopithecusdiffer in shape from all other callitrichine taxa allowing it to perform highly manipulative prey foraging behaviors? 2. Are the hands ofSaguinus fuscicollisadapted to manipulative foraging, and are they functionally similar toLeontopithecus’ hands? 3. Is hand morphology inS. fuscicollismore similar to the hand morphology of sympatric tamarin species with whom it does not form mixed species troops (S. nigricollisandS. tripartitus) than to those sympatric tamarin species with whom it does form mixed troops (S. mystax, S. labiatus, andS. imperator)? Measurements of hand length (HL), width (HW), and thickness (HT) were taken from 1350 museum specimens of callitrichines (Callithrix, Cebuella, Leontopithecus, Saguinus, andCallimico), squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), and owl monkeys (Aotus). The analysis indicates that hand shape covaries with foraging strategy. Specifically, the hands ofLeontopithecusare adapted for manipulative foraging and are relatively longer and more slender than the hands of other callitrichines. A similar pattern is observed in the hands ofS. fuscicollis, S. tripartitusandS. nigricollis. These latter species, however, differ significantly in shape from all other tamarin species. Large differences in hand morphology are observed among tamarin species that form mixed-species troops. These anatomical differences may permit resource partitioning and coexistence among these closely related taxa. Hand shape, expressed as log HLGM (logged hand length divided by the geometric mean of all measurements), is a good predictor of manipulative and non-manipulative prey foraging techniques employed by callitrichines.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ASSESSMENT OF VACATION DISCREPANCY A REPLY TO LOUNSBURY AND FRANZ

Differences in approach, in findings and their context are commented on. These may serve as complements, providing guidance for different purposes.
Analysis of SEASAT wind observations over the Indian Ocean

Surface winds as observed by the SEASAT-A satellite over the Indian Ocean for the period July 15–17, 1978 are analyzed. The purposes of the analysis are: (1) to evaluate the accuracy of the SEASAT wind measurements by comparing these measurements with ship observations and (2) to determine the improvement introduced to the description of the synoptic-scale wind field at the surface by adding SEASAT data to ship and island wind observations. The results of our study indicate that: (1) on the synoptic scale, the accuracy of SEASAT-derived winds is comparable to that of conventional surface observations and (2) a significant improvement in the surface wind analysis is achieved by incorporating SEASAT wind information, especially in data sparse areas. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01772.x
Destruction of testicular Leydig cells reveals a role of endogenous inhibin in regulating follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the adult male rat.

It has previously been demonstrated that passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin results in a dramatic elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in the adult female rat but not in the adult male. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the effects of immunoneutralizing endogenous inhibin on FSH secretion in the adult male rat might be masked by the presence of additional, compensating, FSH-suppressing factors. This was determined by examining the individual and combined effects of removing the testicular influences provided by the Leydig cells using the selective toxicant, ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS), and passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin. Within 24 h of a single i.p. injection of EDS, plasma testosterone levels were lowered to near assay limits and by 3 days were undetectable. Plasma FSH levels were significantly elevated 3 and 7 days after EDS treatment, but not to the levels observed in rats castrated for similar periods of time. Castration of rats, treated 3 days earlier with EDS, resulted in a further significant increase in FSH secretion as compared with EDS-treated, sham-operated controls, indicating that the testes were providing an additional FSH-suppressing factor(s) other than those originating in the Leydig cells. Injection of anti-inhibin serum, into rats treated 3 or 7 days earlier with EDS, induced a further significant increase in FSH secretion that raised plasma FSH to a level comparable to that observed in male rats castrated for similar periods of time. Plasma LH secretion was also dramatically elevated by EDS treatment to levels that equaled or exceeded those observed in similarly timed castrates. Pituitary sensitivity, as tested by the injection of an exogenous challenge of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), was significantly increased 3 or 7 days after either EDS treatment or castration in terms of LHRH-stimulated LH release, but not in terms of LHRH-stimulated FSH release. Immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin induced no further observable changes in pituitary sensitivity to LHRH. These results demonstrate that in the absence of the Leydig cells a secondary role is revealed for endogenous inhibin in suppressing FSH secretion that, in combination with the Leydig cell influence(s), accounts for the postcastration increase in FSH. The need to remove the Leydig cell influence(s) to reveal an effect of endogenous inhibin on FSH secretion in the adult male rat may suggest that the inhibin effect is normally masked by the presence of the comparatively larger suppressive influence(s) derived from the Leydig cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Analysis of V kI and VLDII Light Chain Genes in the Expressed B-Cell Repertoirea

Our previous studies of anti-DNA antibodies in SLE have demonstrated a preferential use of V kappa I and V lambda II gene families to encode light chains of antibodies that express the anti-DNA-associated 3I and 8.12 idiotypes, respectively. In this study, we employed PCR to obtain V kappa I and V lambda II germline genes from lupus patients in order to compare the germline genes to genes encoding expressed V kappa I and V lambda II light chains and to analyze the extent of somatic mutation among autoantibodies that derive from these light chain families. Our analysis shows that the germline repertoire among all persons (autoimmune and healthy) is comparable and that somatic mutation is used to diversify autoantibodies as well as anti-microbial antibodies. We have observed that autoantibodies encoded by V kappa I and V lambda II genes have a higher number of amino acid replacements in CDRs than autoantibodies encoded by other VL gene families. In addition, there may be subtle differences in V gene usage that distinguish the V kappa I-encoded light chains from other expressed V kappa light chains.
Long-term recognition memory for sentences

Abstract The present studies examined immediate and one-week delayed recognition performance for active and passive sentences. Recognition tests included distractor sentences wherein the logical subject, verb, of logical object of a sentence was replaced by a semantically confusable, visually confusable, or unrelated distractor. Results indicated that logical subjects, verbs, and logical objects of sentences were recognized equally well during immediate testing. During delayed testing, changes in the logical object or recipient of the action were not detected as well as verb changes of logical subject changes. The implications of these results for current sentence memory models were discussed.
Women on the Couch: Genital Stimulation and the Birth of Psychoanalysis

Following Freud's emphasis on his rejection of hypnosis as leading up to the development of psychoanalysis, there has been little mention in the psychoanalytic literature of the larger context of the somatic medical treatment of hysteria within which Freud treated his hysterical patients, and which Freud himself practiced. We contend that Freud's emphasis obscured his association with massage, electrotherapy, and the procedure of genital stimulation practiced by his medical colleagues in the treatment of hysteria. We show that the history of genital stimulation—including its obfuscation, desexualization, medicalization, and co-option from traditional women healers by an exclusively male medical establishment—provides us with the background for a more sophisticated understanding of the context in which Freud developed his theories. Specifically, we examine the contribution of this understanding to Freud's theoretical emphases on autonomy and individuality, abstinence and the renunciation of gratification, ...
Modeling of multicomponent homogeneous nucleation using continuous thermodynamics

A theory of homogeneous nucleation in a multicomponent vapor is developed by combining classic nucleation and continuous thermodynamics concepts. The perfect gas equation of state is used in conjunction with this theory to obtain a model valid at low vapor pressures. The theory is applied to kerosenes used for fuels in aeronautics (Jet A, JP-7, and RP-1) at temperatures from 220 to 360 K and at vapor pressures up to 1 bar. The results show that although the overall nucleation trends regarding the dependency on vapor pressure and temperature are similar for all kerosenes, Jet A has a distinct behavior compared with JP-7 and RP-1. For all kerosenes, as pressure increases, the nucleus size rapidly decreases and is smallest at low temperatures.
Discrepancies in the prediction of solar wind using potential field source surface model: An investigation of possible sources

[1] An inverse correlation has been found to exist between the magnetic flux tube expansion factor (FTE) at the source surface and the solar wind speed (SWS) observed at Earth, which has been made use of in the prediction of solar wind speed near the Earth with reasonable accuracy. However, the correlation between FTE and the solar wind speed at Earth is not always consistently high, and the discrepancies between the observed and predicted SWS are quite significant. There are several factors causing this discrepancy. The present work is an investigation of such factors and an estimation of error caused by them. We found that the number of multipole components included in the spherical harmonic expansion in the potential field source surface model, Nmax, has tremendous influence on the location of photospheric foot points of coronal features as well as the computation of FTE. Another important factor is the transit time of solar wind used in the inverse mapping. Approximate values of this parameter that are currently being used can lead to significant errors in the predicted solar wind speed. We also present a detailed discussion on the importance of considering interaction between slow and fast solar wind streams in the inverse mapping technique.
Why Teacher Leadership

Teacher leadership is a natural and necessary outgrowth of the increased demands for excellence being placed on schools. Overcoming the problems plaguing schools requires new and dynamic forms of l...
Molecular analysis of surgical margins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients

Objectives/Hypothesis Molecular analysis of surgical margins is playing an increasingly important role in establishing surgical margins. Most markers lack the sensitivity and ease of applicability for effective clinical use. To date, the proto-oncogene eIF4E (4E) is elevated in 100% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors and is of prognostic value in predicting recurrence. In a retrospective study, 4E overexpression in the margins appeared to be a more sensitive predictor of recurrence when compared with p53. The goal was to confirm this finding in a prospective study and also to compare the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) to 4E expression in tumors and margins. Other objectives were to determine which of these markers have prognostic significance in predicting recurrence and elucidate whether there is any additional benefit to analysis of surgical margins with a combination of the three molecular markers. Study Design A prospective study was performed on all patients who consecutively underwent primary surgical resection between 1998 and 1999 for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Patient and tumor characteristics were reviewed, and time to recurrence was noted. Methods Paraffin-embedded sections of tumors and all histologically tumor-free margins were analyzed for the presence or absence of 4E, p53, and MMP-9 with immunohistochemical analysis. Patients were followed according to the institution's head and neck cancer protocol, and time to recurrence was noted. Results Ninety-eight percent of tumors overexpressed 4E, 65% overexpressed p53, and 92% overexpressed MMP-9. Of the 52 patients with tumor-free margins, 52%, 46%, and 54% had positive margins for 4E, p53, and MMP-9, respectively. Although no significant correlation between 4E and p53 expression was seen in the margins (P = .16), a significant correlation between 4E and MMP-9 expression was noted (P = .0002). However, when expression of 4E and p53 in the margins of only the patients who overexpressed p53 in the tumors was compared (n = 34), there was a significant correlation (P = .04). There was also a significant difference in the disease-free interval between patients with 4E-positive and 4E-negative margins (P = .003). This difference in time to recurrence was not significant for the p53-positive versus the p53-negative group (P = .18) but approached significance when MMP-9 was used as a marker (P = .07). Although the univariate analysis showed that stage, nodal disease, grade, and 4E expression in the margins were significantly associated with disease-free interval, in the Cox multiple regression analysis, only 4E expression in the margin was significantly associated with disease-free interval (P = .01). Conclusions The era for molecular analysis of surgical margins is here. Although a significant correlation was seen between 4E and MMP-9, overexpression of 4E appears to be a significant predictor of recurrence when compared with the well-studied tumor suppressor gene p53 and a relatively novel marker, MMP-9.
Variable Selection Technique for Classification Problems.

This paper illustrates the usefulness of a variable selection technique when the linear discriminant function is used to develop a classification rule. A stepwise technique is given together with an illustration of how the expected loss can be reduced using fewer variables.
Energy use in the U.S. service sector: An input-output analysis

Abstract The U.S. input-output tables for 1972 and 1977 are used to examine the early adjustment of the service sector to the energy price shock of 1973–1974. IO analysis allows us to look at the indirect as well as direct changes in energy use intensity. We find a substantial decline in both primary and secondary energy intensity between 1972 and 1977 in the service sector. If 1977 energy technology, represented by the 1977 energy IO coefficients, had been used in 1972, the 19 service industry sectors would have required 23% less primary energy and 12% less secondary energy. Electricity use, on the other hand, would have increased by about 9%.
Strategies to improve performance of capillary isoelectric focusing

Acceptance of capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) as a routine analytical method has been limited by variable migration times, irreproducible patterns, and sample precipitation. Poor separation reproducibility can be traced to a number of factors. In this paper we explore the possibility of eliminating reagents without buffering capacity, and the use of internal markers. An often overlooked optimization stage of cIEF is mobilization. We demonstrate that hydraulic mobilization can be finely tuned by manipulating the pressure applied, and that ion addition mobilization can be greatly improved by properly selecting the type of ion used and its concentration. By limiting the pH range of the ampholytes to 8.5 or less, hundreds of runs on an individual capillary are possible, which is a necessity for routine analysis.
The painful face - Pain expression recognition using active appearance models

Pain is typically assessed by patient self-report. Self-reported pain, however, is difficult to interpret and may be impaired or in some circumstances (i.e., young children and the severely ill) not even possible. To circumvent these problems behavioral scientists have identified reliable and valid facial indicators of pain. Hitherto, these methods have required manual measurement by highly skilled human observers. In this paper we explore an approach for automatically recognizing acute pain without the need for human observers. Specifically, our study was restricted to automatically detecting pain in adult patients with rotator cuff injuries. The system employed video input of the patients as they moved their affected and unaffected shoulder. Two types of ground truth were considered. Sequence-level ground truth consisted of Likert-type ratings by skilled observers. Frame-level ground truth was calculated from presence/absence and intensity of facial actions previously associated with pain. Active appearance models (AAM) were used to decouple shape and appearance in the digitized face images. Support vector machines (SVM) were compared for several representations from the AAM and of ground truth of varying granularity. We explored two questions pertinent to the construction, design and development of automatic pain detection systems. First, at what level (i.e., sequence- or frame-level) should datasets be labeled in order to obtain satisfactory automatic pain detection performance? Second, how important is it, at both levels of labeling, that we non-rigidly register the face?
Phase diagram and concentration susceptibility of 3He-4He mixtures near the tricritical point

The inverse concentration susceptibility (∂Φ/∂\x) T of 3He-4He mixtures has been calculated from high-resolution vapor-pressure measurements and in situ measurements of the dielectric constant very close to the tricritical point. The measurements have been fitted to a scaling-law equation of state. In the normal fluid a logarithmic correction term was necessary to obtain a good fit. In the superfluid a regular correction term, proportional to (x − x t)2, was evaluated. New measurements of the phase-separation curve confirm our earlier measurements on the 3He-rich side and extend the measurements much closer to the tricritical point on the 4He-rich side. The tricritical point is at temperature T = 0.8669 ± 0.0005 K and mole fraction x = 0.6716 ± 0.0014.
Biotelemetry of White Crappies in a South Dakota Glacial Lake

Abstract Ultrasonic telemetry was used to determine monthly and diel movements of white crappies Pomoxis annularis in a South Dakota glacial lake, Sonic transmitters were surgically implanted in 37 adult white crappies (265–327 mm, total length; 315–530 g) at intervals from 10 April through 22 September 1992. From 15 April to 15 October, 1,712 locations were recorded for 34 of these fish. Movement (m/h; measured along the straight-line distance between successive locations) was significantly different among months (P < 0.05). Movement was highest in May (102.1 m/h) and significantly different from movements in April and June, The second highest amount of movement was in July (82.4 m/h). Other than in early spring, movement did not vary significantly among months. Depth of lake at white crappie locations differed significantly among months. White crappies were in significantly shallower lake areas in June and October than in August. Distance from shore differed significantly among months. White crappies we...
Numerical Solution of the Nonlinear Magnetostatic-Field Equation in Two Dimensions

Abstract The numerical solution of the second-order, elliptic, quasi-linear, partial differential equation arising in a two-dimensional magnetostatic-field problem, where the magnetic permeability varies with the field, is considered. A set of nonlinear difference equations approximating the original differential equation is derived, and in solving a test problem, the method of nonlinear successive overrelaxation compares favorably both to Newton's method and to a commonly used method based on a small-magnetic-field approximation. The first method, as here presented, could also be used to numerically solve similar equations, such as those for Plateau's problem or for irrotational compressible fluid flow.
Comparison of the THz absorption feature in lactose to related saccharides

Solid-state organic compounds such as a-lactose-monohydrate and biotin have been shown to have narrow and intense THz absorption features at room temperature. Interest in lineshapes in the THz region is justified not only for practical reasons, since they are of crucial importance to spectroscopy-based identification of materials, but also because of the information the line-widths contain about the solid-state physics of the materials. The line-width of THz absorption features (generally from lattice vibrations) in solids is excepted to be inversely proportional to the scattering time of optical phonons. The line-width of absorption features might thus have implications on the solid-state physics of the material, in particular, the interaction of phonons and the phonon density of states. We use a continuous wave THz photomixing system to obtain a high resolution spectrum of a-lactose-mohohydrate and analyze two of its lowest-frequency absorption lines. For comparison we measure the transmission spectra of 5 chemically related saccharides: melecitose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, and raffinose. Since a-lactose-monohydrate has a stronger and narrower absorption feature than any of its related saccharides, this comparison study is an important step in understanding the mechanism of THz radiation absorption by organic solids and what line-widths to expect in THz spectroscopy.
Analysis of local gene expression in human atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization.

In situ hybridization is an invaluable tool for the examination of gene expression in human atherosclerotic plaques, and therefore is useful for research into the underlying mechanisms of atherogenesis. Information obtained using this technique includes determining not only the presence or absence of a specific mRNA in a tissue sample, but also the type of cell expressing the gene of interest. Cells containing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) mRNA were identified in carotid endarterectomy specimens by in situ hybridization. Mesenchymal-appearing intimal cells, the major cell type containing PDGF mRNAs and expressing PDGF, were often found associated with focal regions of organizing thrombus. It is suggested that organization of thrombi resulting from plaque rupture or intraplaque hemorrhage of the vasa vasorum may contribute to the episodic growth of the atherosclerotic plaque through an influence on these cells.
Reactions of NO2 with Ba(OH)2 on Pt(111)

The interaction of NO2 with amorphous and crystalline Ba(OH)2 supported on Pt(111) was studied in the wide pressure range of 1.0 × 10−9 to 1.0 × 10−4 Torr and compared to that with a thick (>20 mon...
Big data, advanced analytics and the future of comparative effectiveness research

The intense competition that accompanied the growth of internet-based companies ushered in the era of ‘big data’ characterized by major innovations in processing of very large amounts of data and the application of advanced analytics including data mining and machine learning. Healthcare is on the cusp of its own era of big data, catalyzed by the changing regulatory and competitive environments, fueled by growing adoption of electronic health records, as well as efforts to integrate medical claims, electronic health records and other novel data sources. Applying the lessons from big data pioneers will require healthcare and life science organizations to make investments in new hardware and software, as well as in individuals with different skills. For life science companies, this will impact the entire pharmaceutical value chain from early research to postcommercialization support. More generally, this will revolutionize comparative effectiveness research.
Dapsone-induced Peripheral Neuropathy

ABSTRACT: A young man with dermatitis herpetiformis developed fatigue and neurologic complaints 4 years after he began oral dapsone therapy. Neurologic examination and nerve conduction studies confirmed the presence of a combined motor and sensory peripheral neuropathy. The symptomatic improvement reported by the patient was supported by improvement in the nerve conduction studies after cessation of dapsone therapy. Substitution of sulfapyridine did not adversely affect the resolution of his neuropathy.
Manifold learning visualization of network traffic data

When traffic anomalies or intrusion attempts occur on the network, we expect that the distribution of network traffic will change. Monitoring the network for changes over time, across space (at various routers in the network), over source and destination ports, IP addresses, or AS numbers, is an important part of anomaly detection. We present a manifold learning (ML)-based tool for the visualization of large sets of data which emphasizes the unusually small or large correlations that exist within the data set. We apply the tool to display anomalous traffic recorded by NetFlow on the Abilene backbone network. Furthermore, we present an online Java-based GUI which allows interactive demonstration of the use of the visualization method.
The Logic of Justification

We describe a general logical framework, Justification Logic, for reasoning about epistemic justification. Justification Logic is based on classical propositional logic augmented by justification assertions t: F that read t is a justification for F. Justification Logic absorbs basic principles originating from both mainstream epistemology and the mathematical theory of proofs. It contributes to the studies of the well-known Justified True Belief vs. Knowledge problem. We state a general Correspondence Theorem showing that behind each epistemic modal logic, there is a robust system of justifications. This renders a new, evidence-based foundation for epistemic logic.
Improved MODIS Aerosol Retrieval using Modified VIS/MIR Surface Albedo Ratio over Urban Scenes

In this paper, we focus on the use of simultaneous MODIS and AERONET sky radiometer data to regionally refine the MODIS surface albedo models which are used for the AOD retrieval over land and improve on the current operational retrieval. In particular, we show that the correlation coefficient assumption used in the MODIS Collection (5) model between the VIS and MIR channels used for surface reflection parameterization are still severely optical depth. When applying the new VIS/MIR surface reflectance ratio model, we show the MODIS and AERONET derived optical thickness agreement is significantly improved for the operational 10 km resolution product. Furthermore, we show the high resolution surface model allows us to improve the resolution of the retrieved AOD to 1.5 km. We find the AOD spatial variability from the improved MODIS retrievals is in far better underestimated in an urban area in comparison with high spatial resolution imagery data from Hyperion thereby leading to an underestimate in the VIS ground albedos and explaining the subsequent overestimation of the VIS aerosol.
Two-sided eigenvalue estimates for subordinate processes in domains

Let X={Xt ,t 0} be a symmetric Markov process in a state space E and D an open set of E. Denote by X D the subprocess of X killed upon leaving D. Let S ={ St ,t 0} be a subordinator with Laplace exponent that is independent of X. The processes X := {XSt ,t 0} and (X D ) := {X Dt ,t 0} are called the subordinate processes of X and X D , respectively. Under some mild conditions, we show that, if {−n ,n 1} and {−n ,n 1} denote the eigenvalues of the generators of the subprocess of X killed upon leaving D and of the process X D respectively, then
Reactions to Older People being Patronized The Roles of Response Strategies and Attributed Thoughts

This article examines young people's evaluations of young and elderly targets in a patronizing encounter. Intergenerational patronizing vignettes were presented to respondents who evaluated the target characters. The presence of patronizing talk by a young individual, the nature of the older adult's response, and the thoughts of each target were manipulated in the vignette. The thoughts were manipulated as caring or dominant (younger individual), and assertive or passive (older individual). The young individual was evaluated more negatively in the patronizing, rather than neutral, speech conditions. Less assertive responses to patronizing speech resulted in evaluations of increased warmth and incompetence for the elderly patronizee. Caring thoughts by the patronizer led to more positive evaluations of her or him, although such thoughts were unlikely to be attributed when not provided. Relationships between these findings and previous research are discussed, and applied and theoretical implications are con...
Computational Validation of the Flow Through a Turbine Stage and the Effects of Rim Seal Cavity Leakage on Secondary Flows

A computational validation study related to aerodynamic loss generation mechanisms is performed in an axial flow turbine. The 91.66 cm diameter axial flow turbine research facility has a stationary nozzle guide vane assembly and a 29 bladed HP turbine rotor. The NGV inlet and exit Reynolds numbers based on midspan axial chord are around 300000 and 900000, respectively. GRIDPRO is used as the structured grid generator. y+ values are kept below unity. The finite-volume flow solver ANSYS CFX with SST k–ω turbulence model together with the transitional flow model is employed. Experimental flow conditions are imposed at the boundaries. The computational predictions are compared to experimental data at NGV exit plane and rotor inlet plane. NGV exit plane measurements come from a previous experimental study with a five-hole probe and the data at rotor inlet plane is taken by the current authors using a Kiel probe with 3.175mm head diameter. The comparison of rotor-stator interface models shows that the stage model, which calculates the circumferentially averaged fluxes and uses as the boundary condition at the interface plane, agrees well with the experimental total pressure coefficient data at the NGV exit. The difference between the NGV only simulation and the rotor-stator simulation is emphasized. The effect of rim seal flow on the mainstream aerodynamics is investigated. This validation study shows that the effect of future geometrical modifications on the endwalls and the vane will be predicted reasonably accurately.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Role of Variable Annuities in Addressing Retirement Risks

Investors commonly fund their retirement through portfolios of stocks and bonds or mutual funds, which offer scant protection against the risk of a market downturn or of outliving their wealth. This article examines how adding a variable annuity with a guarantee lifetime withdrawal benefit (VA + GLWB) to a balanced portfolio can help reduce the risk of running out of money in retirement. It quantifies, through simulation analysis, the degree to which an allocation to a VA + GLWB can help mitigate two key retirement risks: longevity and sequence of returns risk. This risk reduction comes at the cost of a decrease in the expected future bequest. The article also explores how the timing of withdrawals and the asset allocation within a VA + GLWB impacts retirement outcomes.
Slip over rough and coated surfaces

We study the effect of surface roughness and coatings on fluid flow over a solid surface. In the limit of small-amplitude roughness and thin lubricating films we are able to derive asymptotically an effective slip boundary condition to replace the no-slip condition over the surface. When the film is absent, the result is a Navier slip condition in which the slip coefficient equals the average amplitude of the roughness. When a layer of a second fluid covers the surface and acts as a lubricating film, the slip coefficient contains a term which is proportional to the viscosity ratio of the two fluids and which depends on the dynamic interaction between the film and the fluid. Limiting cases are identified in which the film dynamics can be decoupled from the outer flow.
A Review of: David Mark. (2006). Going Dirty: The Art of Negative Campaigning.

In Going Dirty, David Mark stays true to his book's subtitle, “the art of negative campaigning.” He fills in his overview of the history and evolution of negative campaigning with details of messag...
Studies on the mode of action of isosorbide dinitrate: A physiologic and biochemical approach☆

Abstract The action of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and diltiazem on coronary artery diameter, vascular resistance, and coronary blood flow was determined in instrumented postoperative conscious dogs. Low doses of ISDN were found to increase the diameter of large arteries without affecting coronary blood flow. Higher doses of ISDN produced an increase in both coronary diameter and blood flow. Diltiazem, on the other hand, increased coronary artery diameter and blood flow at all doses tested. Coronary vascular resistance was more sensitive to diltiazem than to ISDN. In isolated canine cardiac Purkinje strands, ISDN produced a concentration-dependent decrease in force development and action-potential duration measured at 50% of repolarization (APD 50 ). ISDN did not significantly affect action potentials recorded in Purkinje strands depolarized by potassium (22 mmol) and treated with isoproterenol (10 −6 M). Diltiazem also decreased Purkinje strand force development and APD 50 in a concentration-dependent manner. Diltiazem, however, was several orders of magnitude more potent than ISDN and completely abolished action-potential genesis in potassium-depolarized, isoproterenol-restored Purkinje strands. Both diltiazem and ISDN were found to relax porcine coronary artery strips contracted by KCl or histamine. Studies on 45 Ca flux, in isolated coronary artery rings, indicate that ISDN inhibited both histamine-induced Ca ++ influx and efflux from intracellular sources. The inhibition of Ca ++ efflux and intracellular Ca ++ -dependent contraction occurred over a similar ISDN concentration range. ISDN also relaxed bovine coronary artery strips contracted with KCl. No change in cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels occurred during ISDN-induced relaxation of bovine coronary arterial strips. In contrast, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increased markedly in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the extent of ISDN-induced relaxation was directly correlated with the increase in cGMP. Calcium transport in mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and sarcolemmal membranes of cardiac and vascular smooth muscles was not affected by ISDN. It is postulated that increases in cGMP may be causally linked to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle due to changes in either Ca ++ flux or phosphorylation of proteins or both. In ischemic myocardium of dogs, ISDN appears to prevent damage of mitochondrial phosphorylative respiration.
Comparison of First, Second, and Third Approximations in Bacher and Goudsmit’s Theory of Atomic Spectra

Andrew and Meissner have shown that a first-approximation formula of the theory of Bacher and Goudsmit leads to better results than a second-approximation formula in several spectra with s and p electrons. The first-approximation formulas are not uniquely defined, and the theory as a whole does not account for the effects of strong configuration-interaction, even when this interaction can be estimated with second-order perturbation theory. In O iii experimental data are adequate to demonstrate roughly that errors from these two sources cancel, and thus explain the good agreement.In spectra with s and d electrons, where configuration interaction is less a factor, two first-approximation formulas are shown to yield better results than higher approximations if Racah’s modification of the theory of Bacher and Goudsmit is used. The superiority is most marked in spectra of the normal atoms, while in spectra of ions the first three approximations are more or less equivalent and all are very accurate. The Slater theory as recently expanded to include polarization effects (i.e., the linear theory) implies the possibility of getting the best significant agreement in a first approximation, but this is not expected in Racah’s modification. It is probably obtained because the parameters increase twice as much with change of a d to an s electron as they do with addition of a d electron and a unit increase in the atomic number. It is not likely that this sort of relationship would be valid in entirely different types of configurations. In the latter it is expected that a second-approximation formula would give best results, but a suitable first approximation could be found by trial and error.It is shown that the normal spectra follow the same pattern as the spectra of ions if configuration interaction or an irregular variation of the polarization parameters is assumed to cause the d2 configuration to be 3155 K too high above the ds configuration in Ca i, and 6542 K too high in Sr i. The equivalence of the linear theory and the theory of Bacher and Goudsmit theory is therefore, strongly indicated, insofar as effects of third- or higher order perturbations seem not to be observable, even in the normal spectra where they are expected to be strongest.Third- and higher-order approximations may be required when the Bacher and Goudsmit theory is applied in its original formulation, if the variation of parameters of the linear theory is complicated with respect to change in the degree of ionization. In all our formulas for spectra with s and d electrons, the original theory improves, the higher the order of the approximation. However, it is noted that the agreement obtained with the third-approximation formulas is not as good as expected on the basis of the linear theory if a simple power series variation of the parameters is assumed to apply.
Sites of Interaction between Aldolase and Thrombospondin-related Anonymous Protein in Plasmodium

Gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites are empowered by an acto-myosin motor located underneath the parasite plasma membrane. The motor is connected to host cell receptors through trans-membrane invasins belonging to the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family. A recent study indicates that aldolase bridges the cytoplasmic tail of MIC2, the homologous TRAP protein in Toxoplasma, and actin. Here, we confirm these unexpected findings in Plasmodium sporozoites and identify conserved features of the TRAP family cytoplasmic tail required to bind aldolase: a subterminal tryptophan residue and two noncontiguous stretches of negatively charged amino acids. The aldolase substrate and other compounds that bind to the active site inhibit its interaction with TRAP and with F-actin, suggesting that the function of the motor is metabolically regulated. Ultrastructural studies in salivary gland sporozoites localize aldolase to the periphery of the secretory micronemes containing TRAP. Thus, the interaction between aldolase and the TRAP tail takes place during or preceding the biogenesis of the micronemes. The release of their contents in the anterior pole of the parasite upon contact with the target cells should bring simultaneously aldolase, TRAP and perhaps F-actin to the proper subcellular location where the motor is engaged.
Encapsulation of iron nanoparticles in alginate biopolymer for trichloroethylene remediation

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles (10–90 nm) were encapsulated in biodegradable calcium-alginate capsules for the first time for application in environmental remediation. Encapsulation is expected to offers distinct advances over entrapment. Trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation was 89–91% in 2 h, and the reaction followed pseudo first order kinetics for encapsulated NZVI systems with an observed reaction rate constant (k obs) of 1.92–3.23 × 10−2 min−1 and a surface normalized reaction rate constant (k sa) of 1.02–1.72 × 10−3 L m−2 min−1. TCE degradation reaction rates for encapsulated and bare NZVI were similar indicating no adverse affects of encapsulation on degradation kinetics. The shelf-life of encapsulated NZVI was found to be four months with little decrease in TCE removal efficiency.
Es posible medir la corrupción, ¿pero podemos medir la reforma?

WHILE NUMEROUS INDICES AND SURVEYS ATTEMPT TO MEASURE CORRUPTION, THERE HAVE BEEN MANY FEWER EFFORTS TO MEASURE REFORM. PERCEPTION INDICES AND OTHER COUNTRY-LEVEL INDICATORS (LIKE THE TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX AND THE WORLD BANK'S CORRUPTION CONTROL) WILL NOT SUFFICE: WHILE WORTHWHILE FOR OTHER PURPOSES THEY CANNOT PROVIDE DETAILED FEEDBACK AND ASSESSMENTS. A BETTER APPROACH IS TO GATHER DETAILED GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: EASILY UNDERSTOOD AND COMPARABLE DATA THAT REFLECT BOTH THE INCENTIVES TO CORRUPTION AND ITS EFFECTS.
Mass Spectrometric Studies of Vapor‐Phase Crystal Growth II .

A mass spectrometer has been coupled to an open tube vapor phase crystal growth apparatus in order to study vapor phase processes leading to the deposition of crystals. Examination of the HCl transport of gallium showed that was the main transporting species. It was found that vapor resulting from the thermal decomposition of , , and mixtures is very complex; dimers and tetramers of As and P, as well as various mixed species of the type , were present in the vapor phase. The reaction governing the deposition of crystals was found to be where . It was established that the mixed species also readily participate in the deposition reaction. Significant deviations from thermochemical equilibrium were detected in the deposition system. The causes of these deviations and their influence on the deposition process are discussed.
Estimating the Rate of Accumulating Drug Resistance Mutations in the HIV Genome

Abstract Objectives HIV mutation accumulation has great implications for pharmacoeconomics and clinical care, yet scarcity of data has hindered its representation in decision analytic models. Our objective is to determine the accuracy with which mutation accumulation and other unmeasured parameters could be estimated during model calibration. Methods We used a second-order Monte Carlo simulation of HIV natural history that had been calibrated by varying two unmeasured parameters (mutation accrual rate and probability of adherence) to minimize differences between estimated and observed clinical outcomes (time to treatment failure and survival). We compared these estimated values first with only those results that had been already published at the time of model calibration, and second including results that were published after model calibration. Results The value for mutation accrual rate assigned during calibration was 0.014 mutations per month for antiretroviralnaive patients, at the lower bound of the results for nine heterogeneous studies published at the time of calibration (pooled 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.014–0.039 mutations per month). In contrast, this estimate accurately anticipated results from 11 larger and more homogeneous studies published after calibration (pooled 95% CI for antiretroviral naive patients, 0.012–0.015 mutations per month). The value for probability of adherence assigned during calibration (75%) was also within the range of published results (pooled 95% CI 62–76%). Conclusion Estimates for unobserved parameters derived during model calibration were not only within the range of clinical observations, but anticipated with accuracy clinical results that were not yet available. It may be feasible to use models to estimate unobserved parameters.
An improved refinable rational approximation to the ideal time delay

Time delays are an integral part of high-speed circuits and control-system applications. Rational approximations to the Laplace transform of a time delay T/sub d/, i.e., e-T(d/sup s/) have been used in the past. These approximations include Pade, Bessel, and other variations. The disadvantage of such approximations is that the quality of the response can only be improved by increasing the order of approximation. In some cases, this results in unstable systems, e.g., a fifth-order Pade approximation with no zeros and five poles is unstable. In this paper, a new rational approximation for the ideal time delay is developed that offers a greater degree of precision and control over the type of response achievable within the same order. Comparisons of the errors between the step responses of the approximation developed here with that of Pade and Bessel show that the new approximation can be tuned to result in a stable operation and the lowest error.