cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yields of K-vacancy-bearing metastable states following foil excitation

We have measured absolute yields of K x rays from the decay of heliumlike (1s2p)/sup 3/P/sub 2/ and lithiumlike (1s2s2p)/sup 4/P/sub 5///sub 2/ states produced by the passage of 30--50-MeV beams of Si, S, and Cl through thin foils of C, Al, Ti, and Ni. The x-ray yields saturate for sufficiently thick foils at values which are strongly dependent on the foil material. This behavior is attributed to the dependence of the saturation K-vacancy-bearing fraction of the beam on target atomic number. A model based on the factorization of inner- and outer-shell processes is described and used to discuss the data.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on the reduction of the components of complex I and transhydrogenase-inhibited complex I by NADH and NADPH.

Abstract NADH treatment of complex I at pH 7–8 results in the appearance of electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) signals at x band due to reduced ironsulfur centers 1, 2, 3 and 4, while NADPH treatment gives rise to the appearance of signals due to centers 2 and 3. Similar results are obtained with complex I preparations in which transhydrogenase activity from NADPH to NAD has been >95% inhibited by treatment of the complex with trypsin. At pH 6.5 and in the presence of rotenone, addition of NADPH to complex I or transhydrogenase-inhibited complex I results in partial reduction of iron-sulfur center 1 as well. These and other experiments with reduced 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide and NADPH + NAD as substrates have suggested that the differences in the reduction of complex I iron-sulfur centers by the above nucleotides are essentially quantitative and related to (a) the dehydrogenation rate of the nucleotides, and (b) autoxidation of complex I components under the epr experimental conditions.
Peer Grading of Essays in a Principles of Microeconomics Course

Business students often aspire to leadership and management positions that entail evaluating their own work and that of others. Peer grading in a “writing across the curriculum” program can give st...
Women, Fascism and Work in Francoist Spain: The Law for Political, Professional and Labour Rights

The Seccion Femenina (or SF, 1934–77), the female branch of the Spanish fascistic party, the Falange, created and successfully lobbied for the Law for Political, Professional and Labour Rights for Women (Ley de Derechos Politicos, Profesionales, y de Trabajo de la Mujer) in 1961. The law responded to and recognised the shifting world of women's work during the final years of the Franco regime (1939–75) and established the SF as an advocate for their labour rights. The new legislation simultaneously promoted employment opportunities for Spanish women and reinforced their traditional restrictions. This article explores this significant legal achievement for women's rights during the 1960s, discussing its meaning for the Franco dictatorship and for the female organisation that ushered in the new legislation. Ultimately, I argue that the law was a significant step for the advancement of women's rights and continued the piecemeal process of reform led by the SF. But it reinforced the group's paradoxical image as an organisation with fascist roots pushing (albeit in the workplace only) for reform.
The effects of synthetic prostaglandin analogs on canine hepatic bile flow.

Abstract The synthetic prostaglandin analogs 16, 16-dimethyl PGF 2α and 16, 16-dimethyl PGE 2 were administered to dogs with chronic biliary and gastric fistulas. The effects of 16, 16 diMePGF 2α and 16, 16 diMePGE 2 were evaluated on bile flow and composition and bile adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate (cyclic AMP) secretion. 16, 16 diMePGF 2α in doses of 0.125 and 0.25 μg-kg-min significantly increased hepatic bile flow. The choleresis was characterized by increased cloride and bicarbonate secretion. Measurement by radioimmunoassay of bile cyclic AMP concentration demonstrated no evident increase in bile cyclic AMP secretion associated with the choleresis produced by 16, 16 diMePGF 2α . The administration of 16, 16 diMePGE 2 in a dose range 0.01 to 1.0 μg-kg-min did not significantly alter bile flow rates or composition. Bile erythritol- 14 C clearance, a measure of canalicular bile flow, was significantly increased by PGF 2α but not by 16, 16-dimethyl PGF 2α , suggesting that the mechanism of action of PGF 2α in stimulating hepatic bile flow may be different from that involved in 16, 16-dimethyl PGF 2α choleresis. The results of this study indicate that the synthetic PGF 2α analog produces a choleretic response not mediated by adenylate cyclase and associated with increased chloride and bicarbonate secretion.
Some philosophical thoughts on the nature of technology

Much of the effort put into discovering or defining the nature of technology has been along “party lines,” for example, either favoring technology or not. Although there is a clear divergence in the stand that various authors take with respect to this topic, I believe they share a common assumption, namely, that there is such a thing as “the essence” or “nature” of technology. My claim in this paper is that the broad use to which we put the term “technology” is better understood on the model of “family resemblance,” a model put forward by Ludwig Wittgenstein, than it is on models that utilize the notion of “essence” or “nature.” Not only does the family resemblance model serve us better in understanding the wide variety of uses of the term, but it also helps to ameliorate the antipathy between the parties that their discussions often invoke.
Braille learning: Relative importance of seven variables†

A number of experiments have demonstrated that the learning of braille is affected by a variety of factors. The present experiment was carried out to determine the relative importance of these variables for braille learning. The variables were stimulus set discriminability (high, low), study modality (visual, haptic), test modality (visual, haptic), study size (large vs standard braille cell), test size (large vs standard braille cell), study rate (5 or 10 seconds per item), and test rate (5 or 10 seconds per item). The results showed that study modality, stimulus set discriminability, and test modality were the variables mainly responsible for differences in performance during acquisition. Some practical and theoretical implications of these results are considered.
Mortality associated with alcohol-related liver disease.

Summary Background Excessive alcohol use has been reported to be responsible for 80 000 annual deaths in the United States. However, the exact cause of death related to the excessive use of alcohol has not been fully explored. Aim To assess the effect of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) on all-cause, liver-related and cardiovascular mortality using population-based data. Methods Data were obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Linked Mortality Files. Alcohol consumption was estimated as grams per day. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was utilised to assess the effects of ALD on follow-up time to mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and liver disease. Results A total of 8,306 participants were included [ALD (n = 148)]. Mortality follow-up data were available for a median time of 178.27 months. Participants with ALD had increased risk for liver-related mortality [adjusted hazard ratios or aHR 7.06 (2.09–23.79)], but not for overall mortality [aHR 1.14 (0.70–1.85)] or cardiovascular mortality [aHR 0.61 (0.11–3.25)]. Conclusion Alcoholic liver disease increases the risks for liver-related mortality but not for cardiac or overall mortality.
Density-dependent shoot-borer herbivory increases the age of first reproduction and mortality of neotropical tree saplings

Shoot herbivory by the sapling specialist shoot-borer Cromarcha stroudagnesia (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Chrysauginae) is shown to have large direct and indirect effects on the rates of height increment and mortality of saplings of its host tree, Tabebuia ochracea (Bignoniaceae), in the secondary successional tropical dry forests of the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Experiments and field observations over 3-4 years show a substantial reduction in sapling height increments due to C. stroudagnesia herbivory, of equivalent magnitude to the difference in height increments between undamaged saplings in canopy gaps and full understorey shade. Extrapolating this data at average amounts of C. stroudagnesia herbivory increases the duration of the pre-reproductive sapling life stage by about 40% relative to undamaged plants. This is an underestimate, as top shoot herbivory by C. stroudagnesia also increased the probability of canopy gap saplings being overtopped and shaded by surrounding vegetation. Sapling mortality was increased by C. stroudagnesia herbivory, with 11.8% of the most heavily damaged young saplings dying in 3 years while no undamaged saplings died. Cromarcha stroudagnesia herbivory strongly increases with the number of conspecific T. ochracea saplings and the number of conspecific shoots within 50 m of focal saplings. It is therefore likely to disproportionately decrease the number of saplings and rate of recruitment to reproductive age in areas of high conspecific sapling density. These results suggest that sapling herbivory, especially herbivory of terminal meristems, has an important but largely unexplored influence on the population dynamics of tropical tree species. They further demonstrate that sapling herbivory by insects, in addition to the well-studied insect predation and herbivory of seedlings, is likely to influence tree species coexistence in tropical forests.
Rate constants for the reaction, O(3P)+H2O¶OH+OH, over the temperature range 1053 K to 2033 K using two direct techniques

The rate constant for the reaction of O( 3 P) with H 2 O (reaction (1)) was measured over the temperature range 1288 K≤T≤2033 K using the flash photolysis-shock tube technique and at 1053, 1090 and 1123 K using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence method. The photolytic source for O( 3 P) atoms was nitric oxide. The results were given by the Arrhenius expression: k 1 (T)=(9.2±0.9)×10 −11 exp(−19100±300 cal mol −1 /RT) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 The present results were equally well fit to the three parameter expression: k 1 (T)=4.93×10 −18 T 2.02 exp(−13400 cal mol −1 /RT) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Uncertainties in the Arrhenius expressions are given at the one standard deviation level and the mean deviation of the data from each expression is ±16%. Corresponding rate constants for the reverse reaction (reaction (−1)) were computed from the known values of the equilibrium constant and were fitted to the Arrhenius equation: k −1 (T)=(8.9±0.9)×10 −12 exp(−2100±300 cal mol −1 /RT) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . These direct experimental results for k −1 (T) and k 1 (T) are compared with previously reported experimental measurements and with available theoretical expressions.
Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder with early tobacco and alcohol use

Background The association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) with tobacco and alcohol use has not been assessed in a young adolescent sample representative of the U.S. population.
Execution time support for adaptive scientific algorithms on distributed

Optimizations are considered that are required for efficient execution of code segments that consists of loops over distributed data structures. The PARTI (Parallel Automated Runtime Toolkit at ICASE) execution time primitives are designed to carry out these optimizations and can be used to implement a wide range of scientific algorithms on distributed memory machines. These primitives allow the user to control array mappings in a way that gives an appearance of shared memory. Computations can be based on a global index set. Primitives are used to carry out gather and scatter operations on distributed arrays. Communications patterns are derived at runtime, and the appropriate send and receive messages are automatically generated.
Benzimidazolediones. 1,4‐addition reactions of 4,7‐benzimidazoledione

A number of 1,4-addition reactions of 4,7-benzimidazoledione with hydrogen halides, thiols and amines are described.
WHITE IMAGES OF BLACK SLAVES IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES

Sambo, the typical plantation slave, was docile but irresponsible, loyal but lazy, humble but chronically given to lying and stealing; his behavior was full of infantile silliness and his talk inflated with childish exaggeration. His relationship with his master was one of utter dependence and childlike attachment; it was indeed this childlike quality that was the very key to his being. Although the merest hint of Sambo's “manhood” might fill the Southern breast with scorn, the child “in his place,” could be both exasperating and loveable8 (p. 82).
Design of Power-Optimized Thermal Cantilevers for Scanning Probe Topography Sensing

This paper reports on design optimization of cantilever-based thermal topography sensors using finite-element simulations, their fabrication and characterization. Measurements demonstrate vertical distance sensitivities ?R/R of 2×10-4 nm-1, yielding sub-angstrom resolution at bandwidths of several tens of kHz and at powers on the order of 1 mW.
On the distribution of public program benefits between landlords and tenants

Abstract Many public programs have differential impacts on diverse parts of metropolitan areas. This fact has led analysts to use changes in land values as measures of the benefits of public programs. Using a model derived from theoretical urban economics, this paper demonstrates that changes in land values will only equal total benefits under very restrictive assumptions. Making concrete assumptions about consumer demand, the paper goes beyond previous work to consider the distributional impact of three different kinds of public programs: those which provide uniform benefits to every community, those which attempt to reduce intercommunity inequality, and those which generate improvements in only a subset of the region's towns.
More on Stochastic Comparisons and Dependence among Concomitants of Order Statistics

Abstract For a sample of iid observations {( X i , Y i )} from an absolutely continuous distribution, the multivariate dependence of concomitants Y [] =( Y [1] , Y [2] , …, Y [ n ] ) and the stochastic order of subsets of Y [] are studied. If ( X , Y ) is totally positive dependent of order 2, Y [] is multivariate totally positive dependent of order 2. If the conditional hazard rate function of Y given X , h Y ∣ X ( y ∣ x ), is decreasing in x for every y , Y [] is multivariate right corner set increasing. And if Y is stochastically increasing in X , the concomitants are increasing in multivariate stochastic order.
Previously Unreported Complication of Trephine Reamers in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

Trephine reamers have been used in revision total hip arthroplasty to facilitate the removal of femoral prostheses without creating additional osteotomy sites. These reamers are available in graduated sizes so as to minimize bone loss. We present a complication not previously reported in the literature. While performing the extraction of a well-fixed femoral prosthesis, the trephine reamer broke at its distal end, expanded, and created a cortical defect distal to the prosthesis.
Extramedullary disease in plasma cell myeloma: the iceberg phenomenon

Extramedullary (EM) plasmacytomas (EMPs) that are not progression of intramedullary (IM) plasma cell myeloma (PCM) are usually indolent. In contrast, EM spread of IM PCM is associated with a poor prognosis. The recently introduced Durie-Salmon PLUS staging system includes EM disease in the poor prognosis category. One study noted an increase in EM disease both at diagnosis and during follow-up of PCM in 2000-2007 compared with previous years raising concerns that adoption of novel agents (thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib) and greater use of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) might be contributory to this. It is uncertain if this is a true increase or merely greater detection due to the increasing use of more sensitive imaging techniques (computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) or a reflection of the evolving natural history of PCM in an era when patients are living longer (median overall survival before 1996 was 29.9 months vs 44.8 months after 1996). Recent studies suggest there are important biological differences between PCM with or without EM spread that are offering clues that might explain the propensity for dissemination and a more aggressive clinical course. For example, EM relapse in PCM with and without deletion 13 was 30.8 vs 5.6%, suggesting the biology of a plasma cell subclone before HCT can affect the nature of the relapse after HCT. This article will explore the clinical, biological and treatment implications of EM spread of PCM. In addition, the impact of extramedullary disease on the outcomes of autologous and allogeneic HCT for PCM will be analyzed. Allogeneic HCT early in the course of high-risk PCM with EM disease is a consideration since graft vs myeloma effects may be essential to achieve maximal survival benefits.
Selecting management talent for joint ventures: A suggested framework

Abstract Joint ventures (JVs) and other forms of interfirm collaboration continue to be an important part of the strategy of a substantial number of firms. Although JVs are interfirm level phenomena, individuals play very important roles in managing the relationship. This article presents a framework for the identification and selection of individual talent for JV management teams. The framework relates (1) general management skills; (2) technical competence and industry knowledge; and (3) individual dispositions to an individual venture manager's ability to deal with the challenges of JV management. The framework goes beyond just fitting individuals to the role demands. It considers factors that are relevant to the venture context as a whole. This is important, given that the venture context imposes constraints on the managers and the effectiveness of each individual must therefore be viewed within the context of the position. It may be possible to identify individuals most suitable for the role by determining ahead of time how they rank on the dimensions in the framework. In other cases, firms can prepare individuals for the role by providing opportunities for their employees to develop the types of skills and competencies that are useful for performance in the role.
Direct heavy ion induced excitation

Abstract Observation of the radionuclides 127 Cs through 132 Cs resulting from the reaction 133 Cs + 14 N at 140 MeV indicates that the more neutron deficient products are formed as a result of a direct interaction mechanism followed by neutron emission. Kinematic arguments based on the recoil momenta and angular distributions indicate that the formation of a highly excited intermediate state is required to account for the formation of 127 Cs through 130 Cs.
The mottled gene is the mouse homologue of the Menkes disease gene.

The mottled mouse has been proposed as an animal model for Menkes disease, an X–linked disorder of copper transport. The recent isolation of a copper–transporting ATPase gene responsible for Menkes disease has allowed us to test this hypothesis. Here we report the isolation and sequence of the mouse homologue of this gene. We show that two mottled (Mo) alleles, dappled (Modp) and blotchy (Mobio), have abnormalities in the murine mRNA and that Modp has a partial gene deletion. These studies prove that the mottled mouse is the murine model for Menkes disease, providing the basis for future biochemical and therapeutic studies.
A Study of Cosmic-Ray Bursts

A "fast" ionization chamber, suitable for the investigation of cosmic-ray bursts, is described. The operation of the chamber and of the associated electronic circuits is discussed. The nature of the cosmic-ray events responsible for the production of ionization bursts was studied (a) by observing coincidences between several ionization chambers, (b) by analyzing the shape of the ionization pulses, (c) by operating an ionization chamber inside a cloud chamber which was expanded whenever the ionization chamber recorded a pulse. The experimental results led to the following conclusions: (1) at mountain altitudes 98 percent of the ionization pulses in an unshielded chamber of the type used are produced by nuclear disintegrations, the remaining 2 percent by air showers; (2) in the nuclear disintegrations, heavily ionizing particles of sufficiently high energy are produced to cause coincidences between neighboring chambers; (3) nuclear disintegrations are produced mainly by non-ionizing rays, which are possibly neutrons, certainly not photons; (4) about 12 inches of lead is necessary to reduce the intensity of the radiation which produces nuclear disintegrations to $\frac{1}{e}$ times its original value.
Conservatism and Economics: A Sweet Turkish Delight

conference in Istanbul, Turkey on the theme: Conservatism and Democracy. AKP through its Prime Minister, Erdogan, has expressed a desire to pursue a conservative policy and to shift Turkey to a conservative democracy. To this end, an international conference was organized, with keynote papers prepared by Norman Barry (UK), Antony Sullivan (USA) and myself. I was asked to prepare a paper on conservative economics. The following is the paper that I presented at a conference attended by several thousand participants, translated simultaneously into English, Turkish, Arabic, French and German. The Turkish Prime Minister and almost his entire cabinet, attended the conference. They expressed themselves to be impressed by the ideas outlined. Therefore, although this paper is not entirely public choice in nature, it is published as an indication of what can potentially be achieved when political opportunities present themselves. The AKP currently enjoys a supra-majority that enables it to change the Turkish Constitution (assuming that the military does not invade that privilege). Turkey is a 98 percent Muslim country, nevertheless committed, since the rule of Kermal Ataturk, to secular government.
Refreshed Data System for Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Buoy Array

The tropical atmosphere ocean/triangle trans-ocean buoy network (TAO/TRITON) moored buoy array is a central component of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Observing System to support research and forecasting of El Nino and La Nina. The present composition of TAO/TRITON consists of 55 TAO legacy ATLAS moorings developed by NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) and maintained by NOAA National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), 12 TRITON moorings maintained by Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), and 5 subsurface acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) moorings (4 maintained by NDBC and 1 by JAMSTEC). During the transition of the TAO array from PMEL to NDBC, it was decided to refresh the TAO system by replacing the obsolete components to ensure ongoing continuity of the TAO array. The major refreshed components include the data logger, underwater conductivity/temperature (CT) sensors, and the compass for measurement of wind direction. Meanwhile, to increase the transmission frequency and transmitted data volume, NDBC decided to use the Iridium communication system for the refreshed TAO system so that high temporal resolution data could be transmitted to NDBC each hour in near real-time. Accordingly, the shore-side data system for data ingest, processing, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), and display were modified and enhanced. Thus, NDBC decided to redesign the data system for the TAO buoy system. This refreshed data system will work with both the legacy TAO buoy system (via Argos) and the refreshed TAO buoy system (via Iridium). This paper presents the refreshed IT architecture and design for both the legacy and refreshed TAO buoy systems. Details of NDBC data management services, which include data acquisition, data quality control, data storage and retrieval functionality, metadata management, and user interfaces for distribution to the public, will be discussed.
Diagnostic Assays for Identification of Microorganisms and Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants Directly from Positive Blood Culture Broth

Abstract The detection of blood stream infections is one of the most important functions of the clinical microbiology laboratory. Sepsis is a clinical emergency, and mortality increases if commencement of appropriate antimicrobial therapy is delayed. Automated blood culture systems are the most sensitive approach for detection of the causative agent of sepsis. Several laboratory methods have been developed to expedite identification of organisms directly from positive blood culture broth. The principle and analytical performance characteristics of these methods are described in this review.
Observations on Some Internal Structures and Pseudopods of Lesquereusia spiralis (Rhizopoda, Testacida)

SYNOPSIS. The internal structure and activities of Lesquereusia spiralis was observed by the use of nonmotile individuals which had incorporated a cover glass as part of their shell. As many as 14 ectoplasmic strands or epipods connect the main cytoplasmic mass to the inner surface of the shell. Two to 14 contractile vacuoles 2–5 μ in diameter at 22–25 C were present. A few epipods contained contractile vacuoles. The vacuoles emptied every 1–2 min. Both the number of epipods and contractile vacuoles varied with the degree of pseudopod activity; the more active the pseudopods, the more numerous these organelles. Egestion of indigestible food residues from the cytoplasm takes place just beyond the mouth of the shell thru vacuoles about 15 μ in diameter. Frequently, long flattened pseudopods of a tensile or contracting type were formed. In some cases pseudopods of this type were seen to pull themselves in 2 when the distal end remained attached and contraction continued.
Disease risk estimates from marker association data: Application to individuals at risk for hemochromatosis

The recessive hemochromatosis gene is both linked to the HLA region on chromosome 6 and nonrandomly associated with certain HLA alleles. The use of linked HLA markers to trace known hemochromatosis genes within a family is well known, but using the population associations to detect unsuspected disease genes has not been fully appreciated. Thus, while HLA typing has been utilized to detect asymptomatic affected siblings, it has not been applied to other relatives. We propose a method in which Bayes' rule is used to calculate the probability that designated HLA marker haplotypes, brought into the family by spouses, have attendant hemochromatosis genes. The A3, B14 and A3, B7 haplotypes are such high risk markers. When these haplotypes are inherited from the unaffected parent, the offspring of an individual with hemochromatosis is at marked increased risk for the disease. When A3 and B14 are absent from the HLA marker haplotype, however, the risk of having a hemochromatosis gene is less than that for the general population. This approach should be helpful in identifying family members at a higher risk for developing the disease and who may then undergo appropriate periodic screening.
Investigation of body temperature as a possible feeding control in the suckling rat

Under natural conditions, rat pups are deprived of milk only when the dam leaves the nest. At this time the body temperatures of the pups will fall. In this study we have investigated the possibility that lowered body temperature of the pups stimulates behavioral changes in either the pups or the dam, leading to increased milk intake. To study behavioral changes of the pups, the milk intake of warm-fasted, cool-fasted, and fed littermates was compared to 10, 14 and 16 days of age. There was no effect of body temperature on milk intake at any age. To study behavioral changes in the dam, milk release by dams suckling entire cool litters was compared with that by dams suckling entire warm litters. Milk release was not significantly affected by the litter temperature. We conclude that lowered body temperature of suckling rat pups does not cause increased milk intake.
Treatment Strategies for Cannabis Use in Schizophrenia

Cannabis is used by more than 25 % of schizophrenia patients and is associated with symptom exacerbation and poorer clinical outcome. To date, evidence is scarce for treating cannabis use disorders among schizophrenia patients. Psychosocial interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, or contingency management have been evaluated as potential treatments for cannabis use disorders (CUD) among schizophrenia patients and in the general population. However, results are somewhat inconsistent, and efficacy appears to wane after treatment concludes. Pharmacotherapy has also been examined as a potential treatment for CUD but has not yet demonstrated consistent efficacy in the general population. The administration of second-generation antipsychotic medications is the pharmacological standard of care for schizophrenia as well as the treatment of choice for comorbid cannabis use among schizophrenia patients. Recent preliminary trials of pharmacotherapy agents in the general population must be further tested to confirm their potential efficacy at treating CUD. Based on the current evidence, we recommend a multi-faceted approach to treatment for CUD in the schizophrenia population, employing pharmacological and psychosocial modalities. We recommend using a second-generation antipsychotic medication; to date risperidone, olanzapine, and clozapine show the most promise for this population. We also recommend engaging patients in a combination of motivation-based treatment (motivational interviewing or motivation enhancement therapy) and cognitive behavioral treatment directed at cannabis use. When family systems allow, multidimensional family therapy should also be considered, particularly for adolescent patients. The available evidence suggests that CUDs will require ongoing treatment in order to maintain long-term efficacy.
Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum PutA–membrane associations

In Escherichia coli, proline induces tight membrane binding of the PutA flavoenzyme and transforms PutA from a transcriptional repressor to a membrane-associated proline catabolic enzyme. In other gram-negative bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum, PutA lacks DNA binding activity and functions only as a proline catabolic enzyme. Here, we characterize the membrane binding properties of PutA from B. japonicum (BjPutA) to address whether proline regulates BjPutA-lipid binding similar to Escherichia coli PutA (EcPutA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic measurements of BjPutA-lipid binding show BjPutA forms a complex with lipids in the absence and presence of proline with similar dissociation constant (K(D)) values of 2.5 and 1.7nM, respectively. SPR experiments using differently charged lipid bilayers indicate BjPutA selectively binds negatively charged lipids, which contrasts with the charge independent membrane binding of EcPutA. Analysis of BjPutA-lipid binding by isothermal titration calorimetry at 25 degrees C revealed an endothermic binding reaction that is entropically driven. This work shows that BjPutA-membrane associations vary significantly from EcPutA.
Ultra micro quantitative analysis in clinical laboratories

A comprehensive description is given of the micro-methods used in the author's laboratory. Titrimetric, colorimetric, and emission photometric procedures are called on to determine microgram quantities, in order to make determinations in great numbers on small blood samples. The guiding principles observed during the development of the necessary ultramethods are discussed and examples are given of the resultant working procedures.
HYPERSENSITIVITY IN NEWBORN GUINEA PIGS

Neonatal guinea pigs during the first 2 weeks of life did not indicate the presence of delayed hypersensitivity intradermally, after sensitization with purified soluble antigens in dose levels that induced detectable delayed hypersensitivity in the skin of adults. Although Arthus type allergy was detectable in newborns, circulating antibody frequently preceded its appearance by several days. Passive Arthus reactions were not produced in newborns as readily as in adults. Contact hypersensitivity and allergic encephalomyelitis were induced in newborns, but corneal reactions were not. Total body irradiation with 200 r inhibited antibody formation in newborns, as in adults. In addition, the induction period for anamnestic responses in newborns and the antigen elimination rate were the same as in adults. Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity from sensitized newborns to normal adults was accomplished.
The almighty MYC: orchestrating the micro-RNA universe to generate aggressive liver cancer.

COMMENTARY ON: Stem cell-like micro-RNA signature driven by Myc in aggressive liver cancer. Cairo S, Wang Y, de Reynies A, Duroure K, Dahan J, Redon MJ, Fabre M, McClelland M, Wang XW, Croce CM, Buendia MA. PNAS, 2010, November 23, 107(47), 20471–20476. Copyright (2010) by the National Academy of Sciences. Abstract reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059911 Abstract : Myc activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatoblastoma (HB), a rare embryonal neoplasm derived from liver progenitor cells. Here, microRNA (miR) expression profiling of 65 HBs evidenced differential patterns related to developmental stage and Myc activity. Undifferentiated aggressive HBs overexpressed the miR-371–3 cluster with concomitant down-regulation of the miR-100/let-7a-2/miR125b-1 cluster, evoking an ES cell expression profile. ChIP and Myc inhibition assays in hepatoma cells demonstrated that both miR clusters are regulated by Myc in an opposite manner. We show that the two miR clusters exert antagonistic effects on cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Moreover, their combined deregulation cooperated in modulating the hepatic tumor phenotype, implicating stem cell-like regulation of Myc dependent miRs in poorly differentiated HBs. Importantly, a four-miR signature representative of these clusters efficiently stratified HB patients, and when applied to 241 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), it identified invasive tumors with a poor prognosis. Our data argue that Myc-driven reprograming of miR expression patterns contributes to the aggressive phenotype of liver tumors originating from hepatic progenitor cells.
Appendicitis. A critical review of diagnosis and treatment in 1,000 cases.

One thousand cases of appendicitis seen from 1963 to 1973 were reviewed. The overall negative appendectomy rate was 20%, but in women between ages 20 and 40 it exceeded 40%. Two thirds of the negative appendectomies were due to nonsurgical lesions. Mesenteric adenitis, gastroenteritis, and abdominal pain of unknown cause accounted for one third of the errors in females and two thirds in males. These diseases were best distinguished from appendicitis on the basis of temperature and white blood cell count. The remainder of the errors in females were due to pelvic inflammatory disease or other gynecologic diagnoses and were best distinguished from appendicitis on the basis of history and physical findings. The rate of perforation was 21% overall. The incidence of wound infection was 8.5%. Use of systemic antibiotics did not affect the wound infection rate.
The CD4 T cell response to respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can induce severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children worldwide. RSV-induced inflammation is believed to contribute substantially to the severity of disease. T helper (Th)2-, Th9-, and Th17-related cytokines are all observed in infants hospitalized following a severe RSV infection. These cytokines cause an influx of inflammatory cells, resulting in mucus production and reduced lung function. Consistent with the data from RSV-infected infants, CD4 T cell production of Interleukin (IL)-9, IL-13, and IL-17 has all been shown to contribute to RSV-induced disease in a murine model of RSV infection. Conversely, murine studies indicate that the combined actions of regulatory factors such as CD4 regulatory T cells and IL-10 inhibit the inflammatory cytokine response and limit RSV-induced disease. In support of this, IL-10 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to severe disease in infants. Insufficient regulation and excess inflammation not only impact disease following primary RSV infection it can also have a major impact following vaccination. Prior immunization with a formalin-inactivated (FI-RSV) vaccine resulted in enhanced disease in infants following a natural RSV infection. A Th2 CD4 T cell response has been implicated to be a major contributor in mediating vaccine-enhanced disease. Thus, future RSV vaccines must induce a balanced CD4 T cell response in order to facilitate viral clearance while inducing proper regulation of the immune response.
Dynamic priority queueing of handover calls in wireless networks: an analytical framework

In this paper, we present an analytical framework for dynamic priority queueing of handover calls in wireless networks. The framework employs a queueing discipline with two classes of priority for handover calls. Two queues, first priority and second priority, are employed for the two priority classes of handover calls. The priority of queued handover calls is not based only on the received signal strength, but also on the remaining time in the overlap region between two cells. We also incorporate a priority transition between handover calls in the queue; specifically, a second-priority handover call in the second-priority queue, based on certain criteria, can become a first-priority handover call and join the first-priority handover queue. In addition, the event that a handover call could finish its call while waiting in the queue is taken into account in the analysis. This event was not taken into consideration in previous related studies and, as a result, these previous studies overestimate handover failure probability. Our results also show that the predictions of the analytical framework developed in this paper are in very good agreement with simulation results. The developed analytical framework is comprehensive and can also cope with several priority schemes proposed by other researchers in the literature. For example, it is shown that, under certain conditions, the proposed framework converges to first-in-first-out queueing of handover calls. One can easily modify the proposed framework to incorporate priority schemes that use guard channels for handover calls. It is also shown that one could potentially use the framework developed in this paper in integrated voice/data networks, as well as for handover between different network types. The proposed analytical framework is anticipated to be a very useful tool in evaluating performance of present and future wireless networks employing dynamic priority queueing for handovers and in designing more efficient handover algorithms.
Beyond the cooking pot and pocket book: Factors influencing noncompliance with wildlife poaching rules

Reducing the rate, extent, and negative impacts associated with poaching is a priority for diverse stakeholders including conservation practitioners and, increasingly, law enforcement agencies. The...
Chromosome-Membrane Interactions in Bacteria

Prokaryotes, by definition, do not segregate their genetic material from the cytoplasm. Thus, there is no barrier preventing direct interactions between chromosomal DNA and the plasma membrane. The possibility of such interactions in bacteria was proposed long ago and supported by early electron microscopy and cell fractionation studies. However, the identification and characterization of chromosome-membrane interactions have been slow in coming. Recently, this subject has seen more progress, driven by advances in imaging techniques and in the exploration of diverse cellular processes. A number of loci have been identified in specific bacteria that depend on interactions with the membrane for their function. In addition, there is growing support for a general mechanism of DNA-membrane contacts based on transertion-concurrent transcription, translation, and insertion of membrane proteins. This review summarizes the history and recent results of chromosome-membrane associations and discusses the known and theorized consequences of these interactions in the bacterial cell.
Direct Labor Market Effects of Unemployment Insurance

Summary It has been established that relatively high income families receive a disproportionately large share of UI benefits. Little information on the distribution of costs by income class is available, but it is quite possible that the upper income groups may also bear a disproportionately large share of the costs. More empirical research is needed before the redistributive effects of UI can be known with any degree of confidence. There is little argument about the desirability on income mainlenance grounds of extending Unemployment insurance benefits in a recessionary period, all other things being equal. U1 is quite efficient as an income maintenance tool for covered workers. With respect to the unemployment problem, though, it is feared by some that the program goes too far in maintaining the incomes of covered workers, and as a result any extension of UI benefits will aggravate the unemployment problem. The evidence presented here suggests that fears of a major increase in unemployment as a result of such changes are largely unwarranted. However, extended UI benefits would appear to have some small, nontrivial adverse impact on unemployment. Finally, it seems that UI's income distributional impact has been portrayed unjustly as pro-rich. It may be that income is transferred through the UI system from the relatively well-to-do to the relatively poor. There is no scientific way of bringing these considerations to bear in deciding whether or not to restructure the unemployment insurance system. This question can be answered only by invoking fundamental value judgments to decide how sociely would be better off, and I would not presume here to offer my own. This paper will have served its purpose if it has provided the basis for a more informed decision.
Financing Victory Sovereign Credit, Democracy, and War

With access to inexpensive credit, states can finance wars without overburdening their constituents, and face relatively small short-term costs compared to states with poor credit access. As a resu...
Cholinergic Interneurons Mediate Fast VGluT3-Dependent Glutamatergic Transmission in the Striatum

The neurotransmitter glutamate is released by excitatory projection neurons throughout the brain. However, non-glutamatergic cells, including cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons, express markers that suggest that they are also capable of vesicular glutamate release. Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) express the Type-3 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT3), although whether they form functional glutamatergic synapses is unclear. To examine this possibility, we utilized mice expressing Cre-recombinase under control of the endogenous choline acetyltransferase locus and conditionally expressed light-activated Channelrhodopsin2 in CINs. Optical stimulation evoked action potentials in CINs and produced postsynaptic responses in medium spiny neurons that were blocked by glutamate receptor antagonists. CIN-mediated glutamatergic responses exhibited a large contribution of NMDA-type glutamate receptors, distinguishing them from corticostriatal inputs. CIN-mediated glutamatergic responses were insensitive to antagonists of acetylcholine receptors and were not seen in mice lacking VGluT3. Our results indicate that CINs are capable of mediating fast glutamatergic transmission, suggesting a new role for these cells in regulating striatal activity.
Normalization, testing, and false discovery rate estimation for RNA-sequencing data

We discuss the identification of genes that are associated with an outcome in RNA sequencing and other sequence-based comparative genomic experiments. RNA-sequencing data take the form of counts, so models based on the Gaussian distribution are unsuitable. Moreover, normalization is challenging because different sequencing experiments may generate quite different total numbers of reads. To overcome these difficulties, we use a log-linear model with a new approach to normalization. We derive a novel procedure to estimate the false discovery rate (FDR). Our method can be applied to data with quantitative, two-class, or multiple-class outcomes, and the computation is fast even for large data sets. We study the accuracy of our approaches for significance calculation and FDR estimation, and we demonstrate that our method has potential advantages over existing methods that are based on a Poisson or negative binomial model. In summary, this work provides a pipeline for the significance analysis of sequencing data.
Saturn's E Ring and Production of the Neutral Torus

Recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the densities of neutralOH molecules that coexist with and are precursors of the plasma ions have constrained models for the plasma sources. An orbital simulation model of the evolution of H2O molecules emitted from the satellites and the E ring is employed to put additional constraints on the possible plasma/neutral sources in Saturn's magnetosphere. We find that a large H2O source concentrated near the orbit of Enceladus (of the order 1027 H2O molecules/s) is needed to account for the observed OH neutral cloud. We suggest that a large amount of optically unobserved material near Enceladus could provide the “missing” H2O source. A Monte-Carlo collisional transport code for sputtering of ice surfaces is developed and applied to the E-ring grains. Grain lifetimes are found to be short (∼50 years for 1-μm grains and only a few years for 0.1-μm grains), so grains must be resupplied regularly to keep the E ring in the present state. Orbital collisions between icy fragments, possibly remains of a disrupted satellite near Enceladus, are the suggested mechanism for replenishing the E ring.
Anticonflict and Reinforcing Effects of Triazolam + Pregnanolone Combinations in Rhesus Monkeys

Combinations of positive modulators of benzodiazepine and neuroactive steroid sites on GABAA receptors have been shown to act in an additive or supra-additive manner depending on the endpoint under study, but they have not been assessed on experimentally induced conflict or drug self-administration. The present study examined the interactive effects of the benzodiazepine triazolam and the neuroactive steroid pregnanolone in a rhesus monkey conflict procedure (a model of anxiolysis) and on a progressive-ratio schedule of drug self-administration (a model of abuse potential). Both triazolam and pregnanolone decreased rates of nonsuppressed responding, whereas only triazolam consistently increased rates of suppressed responding (i.e., had an anticonflict effect). Fixed-ratio mixtures of triazolam and pregnanolone also decreased rates of nonsuppressed responding and did so in an additive manner. In contrast, mixtures of triazolam and pregnanolone produced either additive or supra-additive rate-increasing effects on suppressed responding, depending on the proportion of drugs in the mixture. Both triazolam and pregnanolone were self-administered significantly, and triazolam and pregnanolone mixtures had either proportion-dependent additive or infra-additive reinforcing effects. These results suggest that combinations of triazolam and pregnanolone may have enhanced anxiolytic effects with reduced behavioral disruption and abuse potential compared with either drug alone.