cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary fat on high-density-lipoprotein subclasses are influenced by both apolipoprotein E isoforms and low-density-lipoprotein subclass patterns

We examined the effects of replacing dietary fat with carbohydrates on high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses as measured by nondenaturing polyacrylamide-gradient-gel electrophoresis. One hundred five men received a 6-wk low-fat diet (24% of total energy) and a 6-wk high-fat diet (46% of energy) in a crossover design. Absorbency of protein stain was measured within five HDL subclasses: HDL3c (7.2-7.8 nm), HDL3b (7.8-8.2 nm), HDL3a (8.2-8.8 nm), HDL2a (8.8-9.7 nm), and HDL2b (9.7-12 nm). The low-density-lipoprotein-(LDL) subclass pattern was determined by gradient-gel electrophoresis, with pattern B men defined as having an LDL-predominant peak diameter < or = 25.5 nm and an LDL distribution skewed toward larger size particles. On the high-fat diet, 18 men exhibited LDL-subclass pattern B and 87 men exhibited the alternative LDL pattern A. Twelve men had the apolipoprotein (apo) epsilon 2 allele. Replacing dietary fat with carbohydrates 1) significantly decreased HDL3a, HDL2a, and HDL2b; 2) reduced HDL2b significantly more in pattern A than in pattern B men; and 3) increased plasma HDL3b concentrations significantly more in those men with the epsilon 2 allele. Our results suggest that unfavorable HDL changes were significantly more likely to occur in men who had LDL-subclass pattern A or the apo epsilon allele than in men who had pattern B or lacked the epsilon 2 allele.
Sport-related differences in biomarkers of bone resorption and cartilage degradation in endurance athletes

Summary Objective By measuring urinary cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx) as a bone resorption marker and urinary C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTx-II) as a cartilage degradation marker, we asked whether differences in skeletal stresses in college athletes undergoing high-intensity training for diverse types of aerobic sports affect their skeletal metabolism and, if so, differentially or in unison. Methods The study was cross-sectional at a Division 1 college campus with 60 student athletes representing crew, cross-country running and swimming. Controls were 16 non-athlete undergraduates. Urine samples were collected for NTx and CTx-II analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, normalizing results to creatinine. Two-way analysis of variance models and pair-wise comparisons were used to test whether biomarker levels differed by sport and the significance when adjusted for body mass index (BMI). Results NTx and CTx-II showed significant differences between groups before and after adjusting for BMI. NTx was highest in the rowers, and higher in rowers and runners than in swimmers or controls. CTx-II was significantly higher in runners than in crew, swimmers or controls, when unadjusted for BMI. After adjusting for BMI, these group differences remained significant except for runners over crew. Conclusion Athletes in-training in the three sports show significant differences in these markers of bone resorption and cartilage collagen degradation. The results suggest that crew undergo the highest bone remodeling and runners the highest cartilage degradation. The results also show how these markers can vary physiologically between individuals, at extremes of skeletal exercise.
Graph directed locking

A non-two-phase database concurrency control technique is introduced. The technique is deadlock-free, places no restrictions on the structure of the data, never requires data to be reread, never forces a transaction to be rolled back in order to achieve serializability, applies a type of lock conversion, and allows items to be released to subsequent transactions as soon as possible. The method introduced, database flow graph locking (FGL), uses a directed acyclic graph to direct the migration of locks between transactions. Unlike many previous non-two-phase methods, the database need not be structured in any specific fashion. The effect of these changes is that, with the same serializable schedule, FGL obtains a higher degree of concurrency than two-phase locking (2PL). Overhead requirements for database flow graph locking are comparable to those for two-phase locking, with 2PL being better in low conflict situations and FGL better in high conflict. >
Psychometric and Rationalization Accounts of the Religion‐Forgiveness Discrepancy

World events and psychological research often fail to support a relationship between religion and forgiveness. We suggest that the gap between general religious support of forgiveness and actual forgiveness by religious individuals (the religionforgiveness discrepancy) described by McCullough and Worthington (1999) may be partly due to methodological shortcomings. We present three studies with 452 undergraduate participants to illustrate how psychometric weaknesses can obscure the relationship between religiousness and transgression-specific forgiveness. We also propose a rationalization explanation that describes how religion might justify unforgiveness. We present a pilot study of 38 undergraduate participants that demonstrates correlations between retributive and compassionate religious beliefs, and transgression-specific forgiveness. We discuss future research directions addressing the religion-forgiveness discrepancy on psychometric and theoretical levels.
Effect of Addition of Inedible Tallow to a Calf Starter Fed to Holstein Calves

Summary Twenty-four male Holstein calves were fed limited whole milk to 35 days of age, a maximum of 4 lb. per day of calf starter containing 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% inedible stabilized tallow, and ad libitum alfalfa pellets to 92 days of age. The calves fed starters containing tallow consumed more calculated total digestible nutrients, which resulted in 5 to 6% greater increases in growth. The pounds of dry matter required per pound of live weight increase were less in the calves fed starters containing tallow, and total digestible nutrient utilization was not appreciably affected. Based on blood plasma values during the above feeding period and during a subsequent vitamin A depletion period, carotene and tocopherol utilization was unaffected by the inclusion of tallow in the starter. Digestibility and mineral balance studies with eight of the above calves and with four lambs indicated that when tallow was fed, there was a decrease in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and nitrogen-free extract in the calves, whereas ether extract was increased for both species. Fecal calcium increased with the inclusion of tallow in the ration of calves. The results of this study indicate that inedible stabilized tallow could be used in calf starters.
Measuring Garbage: Three Books and Three Perspectives on Solid Waste Management

Book reviewed in this article: Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory, byForbes R. McDougall, Peter R. White1, Marina Franke1, andPeter Hindlel Solid Waste Engineering, by P. Aarne Vesilind1, William A. Worrell, and Debra R. Reinhart1 Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash, by Elizabeth Roytel
Differentiating Sarcomas from Mesotheliomas

Despite the abundant literature data on the topic, the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma remains challenging. Its frequent phenotypic heterogeneity and diverse architectural patterns underline the capacity of mesothelioma to mimic other neoplasms, notably adenocarcinoma and sarcomas. Immunohistochemical markers facilitate solving differential diagnostic problems; however, in some cases, a definitive diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma is still a challenge. The pleura or other serosal surfaces can be involved by a number of neoplastic conditions, ranging from benign to malignant. Furthermore, metastatic neoplasms commonly involve these sites. Although malignant mesothelioma is a relatively uncommon tumor, it is the most common primary malignancy of the pleura and can develop at other sites, including the peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis (1). Histologically, the major subtypes of malignant mesothelioma are epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and mixed. Therefore, the differential diagnosis varies according to histologic type. Correlation between clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings is critical to make a correct diagnosis. Although distinguishing mesothelioma from an adenocarcinoma is the more common problem, differentiating either a metastatic or primary sarcoma from a malignant mesothelioma can have important therapeutic consequences. Primary mesenchymal tumors, primarily solitary fibrous tumors and sarcomas, of the pleura and other serosal membranes are rare (1). Most sarcomatous tumors of the pleura are manifestations of either a metastatic sarcoma or a sarcomatoid mesothelioma. In addition, sarcomas arising from the chest wall or lung can also involve the pleura. Both primary and metastatic sarcomas can mimic the characteristic clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of a malignant mesothelioma. Distinguishing sarcomatoid mesothelioma from morphologically similar sarcomas is a diagnostic challenge. This chapter outlines a practical approach in distinguishing mesothelioma from sarcomas.
The Biology of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin

Eggs of Chironomus plumosus (L.) are laid on the lake surface in masses averaging 1676 eggs. These masses absorb water, swell, and sink to the lake bottom, where the eggs hatch in 3–14 days. Larval stages range from 1.4-mm, colorless, first instars to 30-mm, dark red, fourth instars. The newly hatched first instars are free-swimming and positively phototrophic. All instars, except perhaps the first, construct U-shaped tubes in the bottom mud and, at temperatures above 5°C, feed indiscriminately by “filter feeding.” There is evidence that larvae may occasionally become limnetic, but normally they remain in their tubes and eventually pupate there. Female larvae must weigh 60 mg or more to pupate, but male larvae will pupate when they weigh 48–56 mg. Emergence may occur at any hour, day or night, but is most prevalent just before sunset. Newly emerged flies fly weakly with the wind, eventually accumulating on the lee shore. Swarms of males form about 1 hr before sunrise and disperse about 1 hr after sunset in response to light. The swarms, typically containing several thousand flies, orient over objects that contrast with the background. Females fly into the swarms for mating, which occurs most commonly in the early morning. Mated females, after a preoviposition period of 1½–5 days, fly out over the lake to oviposit, extruding their egg masses onto their hind legs while in flight; oviposition occurs commonly at all hours of day or night. In the laboratory, adults lived 3–11 days, longest at cool temperatures and 100% RII. The larvae are eaten by many fish and by 1 species of leech, are parasitized by a microsporidian, and are occasionally killed by unknown diseases. There are normally 2 generations a year in Lake Winnebago. Overwintering fourth-instar larvae pupate and emerge during mid-May; their progeny emerge from mid-July to early September. Rate of development and time of emergence are dependent on mud temperatures. If unknown stimuli necessary for pupation are absent, a generation may be delayed or entirely missed.
Cardiovascular effects of the respiratory muscle metaboreflexes in dogs: rest and exercise.

In awake dogs, lactic acid was injected into the phrenic and deep circumflex iliac arteries to elicit the diaphragm and abdominal muscle metaboreflexes, respectively. At rest, injections into the phrenic or deep circumflex iliac arteries significantly increased mean arterial blood pressure 21 ± 7% and reduced cardiac output 6 ± 2% and blood flow to the hindlimbs 20 ± 9%. Simultaneously, total systemic, hindlimb, and abdominal expiratory muscle vascular conductances were reduced. These cardiovascular responses were not accompanied by significant changes in the amplitude or timing of the diaphragm electromyogram. During treadmill exercise that increased cardiac output, hindlimb blood flow, and vascular conductance 159 ± 106, 276 ± 309, and 299 ± 90% above resting values, lactic acid injected into the phrenic or deep circumflex iliac arteries also elicited pressor responses and reduced hindlimb blood flow and vascular conductance. Adrenergic receptor blockade at rest eliminated the cardiovascular effects of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex. We conclude that the cardiovascular effects of respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation are similar to those previously reported for limb muscles. When activated via metabolite production, the respiratory muscle metaboreflex may contribute to the increased sympathetic tone and redistribution of blood flow during exercise.
Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11: How One Film Divided a Nation – By Robert Brent Toplin

In summer 2004, during George W. Bush's presidential reelection campaign, director Michael Moore released Fahrenheit 9/11, a film on the United States’ war in Iraq. Fahrenheit 9/11 quickly became t...
Regeneration-based multiversion dynamic voting scheme for replicated database systems

In replicated database systems, a replication control protocol is needed to ensure one-copy serializability. The author incorporates the concept of a regeneration into the missing-partition dynamic voting scheme to design a replication control protocol. Like the original missing-partition dynamic voting scheme, this protocol supports an inexpensive read operation which accesses one copy, rather than all copies, of each data item read. By incorporating the concept of regeneration and keeping multiple versions for each data item in the database, higher data availability is maintained. To support data regeneration, a replicated directory architecture for the proposed replication control protocol is designed, and it not only supports regeneration of replicated data items, but also provides inexpensive, high-availability directory services, which help maintain database availability. >
Surface species formed during thermal transformation of ethanol on ZnO powder

Abstract Adsorption of ethanol on ZnO powder was studied by infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory investigations. With most previous investigations of ethanol conversion over ZnO focused on thermal chemistry followed by thermal desorption, some of the key questions related to the adsorbed species and the mechanism of their conversion into products still remain unanswered. It is especially important for the realistic catalytic conditions, where elevated surface temperature, availability of various surface adatoms, and defects make the mechanistic studies challenging. We find that the initial dissociative adsorption resulting in a monodentate surface ethoxy intermediate characterized by clear CH 3 deformational modes at 1386 cm −1 , is immediately followed by the formation of a bidentate ligand with a characteristic O C O bridge vibration at 1560 cm −1 . The mechanism of this reaction is affected substantially by the presence of adatoms produced by preceding reactions, as was confirmed by multiple reaction cycles and supported by computational studies.
Verification of IP-Core Based SoC's

With rapid strides in Semiconductor processing technologies, the density of transistors on the die is increasing in line with Moore's law which in turn is increasing the complexity of the whole SoC design. With manufacturing yield and time-to-market schedules crucial for a SoC, it is important to select verification and analysis solutions that offer best possible performance, while minimizing iteration time and data volume. With the advent of cutting edge technology applications like set top boxes, HDTV, an increasingly evident need has been that of incorporating the SoC the whole system - on a single silicon i.e., Silicon On Chip (SoC) using standard IP- Cores. In an IP-Core based SoC design, a streamlined verification and analysis flow can contribute significantly to the success of a product. A strategy is devised for a more streamlined approach in IP-core based SoC verification which helps in smooth transition from design to chip tape-out stage.
Mitochondrial survivin inhibits apoptosis and promotes tumorigenesis

Evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer, but the molecular circuitries of this process are not understood. Here we show that survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis gene family that is overexpressed in cancer, exists in a novel mitochondrial pool in tumor cells. In response to cell death stimulation, mitochondrial survivin is rapidly discharged in the cytosol, where it prevents caspase activation and inhibits apoptosis. Selective targeting of survivin to mitochondria enhances colony formation in soft agar, accelerates tumor growth in immunocompromised animals, and abolishes tumor cell apoptosis in vivo. Therefore, mitochondrial survivin orchestrates a novel pathway of apoptosis inhibition, which contributes to tumor progression.
Evidence for the Effects of Swell and Unsteady Winds on Marine Wind Stress

Over the past four decades much effort has been directed toward determining a parameterization of the sea surface drag coefficient on readily measurable quantities, such as mean wind speed and atmospheric stability. Although such a parameterization would have obvious operational advantages, the considerable scatter present between experiments, or within any one experiment, indicates that it is not easily achievable. One likely candidate for much of the scatter is the underlying wave field. Unfortunately, few campaigns over the years have included spectral measurements of the waves. Among those that have, the results are inconclusive. Here data are presented from the Surface Wave Dynamics Experiment and High Resolution Remote Sensing Program campaigns in which 3-m discus buoys were instrumented with K-Gill and sonic anemometers and complete motion packages to measure the direct (eddy correlation) stress and, concurrently, the directional ocean wave spectrum. These data are examined for the effects of swell on the drag coefficient. It is found that much of the scatter in the drag coefficient can be attributed to geophysical effects, such as the presence of swells or nonstationary conditions.
Molecules and Membrane Activity: Single-Cell RT-PCR and Patch-Clamp Recording from Central Neurons

This chapter summarizes methods for characterizing mRNA expression and electrophysiological properties of central neurons using patch-clamp recording and single-cell reverse-transcription/polymerase chain reaction (scRT-PCR). A simple scRT-PCR protocol can be used to identify neurons by the expression of phenotypic marker mRNAs. The combination of these methods allows for the correlation of functional properties with molecular expression. Somewhat more complex methods are available for quantitation of mRNA expression. Both traditional gel-based PCR identification and real-time fluorescent PCR identification methods can be employed. Advantages and requirements of various methods are discussed. Different types of tissue preparations are presented with emphasis on methods used in our laboratories for acutely dissociated or cultured basal forebrain and amygdala neurons. The basal forebrain contains a heterogeneous population of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, while the amygdala displays neurons with a complex receptor subunit composition. Investigation of neurons with this type of molecular diversity benefits from techniques such as scRT-PCR for cell identification. We also illustrate how these PCR methods can be combined with more complex experimental protocols, such as calcium buffering measurements using fluorescent dyes in dissociated neurons from aged animals. The capacity to combine scRT-PCR with a variety of experimental protocols allows the identification of unique cell types and relationships between physiology and gene expression.
Data mining and statistical inference in selective laser melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process that builds a complex three-dimensional part, layer-by-layer, using a laser beam to fuse fine metal powder together. The design freedom afforded by SLM comes associated with complexity. As the physical phenomena occur over a broad range of length and time scales, the computational cost of modeling the process is high. At the same time, the large number of parameters that control the quality of a part make experiments expensive. In this paper, we describe ways in which we can use data mining and statistical inference techniques to intelligently combine simulations and experiments to build parts with desired properties. We start with a brief summary of prior work in finding process parameters for high-density parts. We then expand on this work to show how we can improve the approach by using feature selection techniques to identify important variables, data-driven surrogate models to reduce computational costs, improved sampling techniques to cover the design space adequately, and uncertainty analysis for statistical inference. Our results indicate that techniques from data mining and statistics can complement those from physical modeling to provide greater insight into complex processes such as selective laser melting.
Determining Respiration and Oxygen Evolution of Green Hydra with the Rank Brothers Oxygen Electrode

To measure oxygen consumption or evolution by as few as 150 green hydra or oxygen evolution from isolated symbiotic algae in suspension.
Radiographic Signs of Femoroacetabular Impingement Are Associated With Decreased Pelvic Incidence

Purpose To investigate the relation between cam, acetabular version, and pelvic incidence. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 65 patients with symptomatic hip pain and radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Twenty-seven patients were used as a control. All patients received a CT scan of the pelvis that included the sacral endplate. Alpha angle, acetabular version, and pelvic incidence (PI) were measured on 2D CT. Patients were then assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control, cam (alpha angle > 55°, version > 15°), retroverted (alpha angle 55°, version Results The PI in mixed-type FAI was 46.7° ± 3.7°, which showed a statistically significant decrease from the PI of the control group, 56.1° ± 4.4° ( P = .01). The PI for cam-only deformity was 50.8° ± 4.6°, and the PI for retroverted-only deformity was 51.0° ± 4.6°. Neither was statistically different from the control. Conclusions This study suggests that mixed-type FAI may develop as a response to decreased PI. This result is consistent with previous reports showing decreased PI associated with cam and retroversion deformities. Although the cause of FAI remains controversial, the potential impact of sagittal balance of the pelvis, and specifically, decreased PI, should not be ignored. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Comparative nutritive value of butter and vegetable fats under conditions of low environmental temperature.

SummaryImmature female rats were raised to maturity under cold room and room temperature conditions on purified rations differing only in the source of fat. The fats employed were cottonseed oil, corn oil, margarine fat, and butter fat. Gain in body weight was significantly reduced in all rats under cold room conditions. No significant difference was observed, however, either under cold room or room temperature conditions, in gain in body weight on the various diets employed.
Episodic fluvial incision of rivers and rock uplift in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya

Abstract: Seventeen strath terraces in northern India were dated using 10 Be surface exposure methods; ages range from c . 7 to c . 735 ka and provide fluvial incision rates of 0.02 ± 0.003 to 2.6 ± 1.9 mm a −1 . On the northern side of the Ladakh Range, incision rates are c . 1 mm a −1 ; in the northern Zanskar Range they are ≤0.06 ± 0.005 mm a −1 . New and published incision rates in southernmost Lahul range from 0.1 ± 0.02 to 13.2 ± 6.2 mm a −1 ; rates for ages >35 ka are ≤0.4 ± 0.2 mm a −1 . Across the Himalaya and Transhimalaya, Holocene fluvial incision rates range from c . 0.02 to c . 26.0 mm a −1 , whereas Pleistocene incision rates are ≤5 mm a −1 . Many of the Holocene incision rates exceed exhumation rates, whereas Pleistocene incision rates are comparable with exhumation rates. This suggests that long-term fluvial incision is in dynamic steady state with exhumation. The temporal pattern for rates of fluvial incision is probably controlled by episodic incision linked to significant precipitation changes throughout the Quaternary, suggesting that strath terraces with ages >35 ka can be used for assessing long-term rates of rock uplift. In contrast, rates of fluvial incision based on Late Glacial and Holocene strath terraces reflect changes in monsoon intensity and deglaciation events. By determining ages for multiple samples on flights of strath terraces, it is possible to document changes in incision rate, assess whether post-abandonment transient shielding has occurred, and help elucidate tectonic v. climatic controls on their formation. Supplementary material: Tables (DS1–4) for previously published data and recalculated ages for strath terraces, and figures (DS1 and DS2) showing plots of incision rates against time for the Himalaya and Transhimalaya are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18454.
Valproate-Related Hyperinsulinemia

Changes in insulin metabolism during treatment with valproate (VPA) were investigated in a study of 51 patients receiving monotherapy (31 male and 20 female) and 45 healthy controls at University of Oulu, and Hospital of Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Analysis of Motion of the Part on the Linear Vibratory Conveyor

Vibratory conveyor feeding part experiences discontinuous friction and collision,which is a typical strong-nonlinear dynamic problem. It is significant to obtain the motion state under different vibration conditions to design the vibratory conveyor. Based on Coulomb 's lawand collision regime, the sliding-hopping motion model on a linear vibratory conveyor was established. The effects on the motion of the part were analyzed in different vibration conditions upon the proposed model. It was found that there were both forward and backward sliding in the hopping motion,which influenced the motion of the part.
Calcium Oxalate Crystals and Oxalate Ions are Injurious to Renal Epithelial Cells

Human stones and experimentally produced calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stones are composed of a crystalline and non-crystalline phase, the latter containing a variety of substances, some of which closely resemble cell membranes both structurally and chemically. Experimentally, CaOx crystals can be formed as a result of heterogeneous nucleation in models in which the crystals are induced by administration of a nephrotoxin and an oxalate lithogen. In utilizing in vivo animal models it is difficult to determine whether injury precedes or results from exposure to crystals or oxalate. We decided to examine this question using a tissue culture model, the MDCK cell, in order to more closely monitor and examine the interaction between crystals, oxalate and cells. To assess cellular changes, we processed cultures for examination by phase and scanning microscopy and assessed others by trypan blue dye exclusion as well as specific activities of membrane enzymes.
SU-F-T-497: Spatiotemporally Optimal, Personalized Prescription Scheme for Glioblastoma Patients Using the Proliferation and Invasion Glioma Model

Purpose: To investigate a spatiotemporally optimal radiotherapy prescription scheme and its potential benefit for glioblastoma (GBM) patients using the proliferation and invasion (PI) glioma model. Methods: Standard prescription for GBM was assumed to deliver 46Gy in 23 fractions to GTV1+2cm margin and additional 14Gy in 7 fractions to GTV2+2cm margin. We simulated the tumor proliferation and invasion in 2D according to the PI glioma model with a moving velocity of 0.029(slow-move), 0.079(average-move), and 0.13(fast-move) mm/day for GTV2 with a radius of 1 and 2cm. For each tumor, the margin around GTV1 and GTV2 was varied to 0–6 cm and 1–3 cm respectively. Total dose to GTV1 was constrained such that the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) to normal brain equals EUD with the standard prescription. A non-stationary dose policy, where the fractional dose varies, was investigated to estimate the temporal effect of the radiation dose. The efficacy of an optimal prescription scheme was evaluated by tumor cell-surviving fraction (SF), EUD, and the expected survival time. Results: Optimal prescription for the slow-move tumors was to use 3.0(small)-3.5(large) cm margins to GTV1, and 1.5cm margin to GTV2. For the average- and fast-move tumors, it was optimal to use 6.0cm margin for GTV1 suggesting that whole brain therapy is optimal, and then 1.5cm (average-move) and 1.5–3.0cm (fast-move, small-large) margins for GTV2. It was optimal to deliver the boost sequentially using a linearly decreasing fractional dose for all tumors. Optimal prescription led to 0.001–0.465% of the tumor SF resulted from using the standard prescription, and increased tumor EUD by 25.3–49.3% and the estimated survival time by 7.6–22.2 months. Conclusion: It is feasible to optimize a prescription scheme depending on the individual tumor characteristics. A personalized prescription scheme could potentially increase tumor EUD and the expected survival time significantly without increasing EUD to normal brain.
Sweden during the Industrial Revolution

Among the major European countries that are important in the industrial revolution, Sweden stands out as a particularly clear example of a country with a special role to play. Long before the industrial revolution, Sweden had a distinguished record as a European political power — even possessing a Baltic ‘empire’ in the 17th and early 18th centuries — and a solid economic base, based on the agricultural and extractive sectors of the economy, but it appears to have missed much of the first industrial revolution (to 1850), at least in the traditional product lines. Indeed, it has been claimed (Sandberg, 1979, p. 225) that Sweden was actually ‘impoverished but sophisticated’ in 1850, after as many as 150 years of a relative economic decline (meaning that it had a growth rate that was significantly lower than the European average). By ‘sophisticated’ Sandberg means that Sweden ‘had a strikingly large stock of human and institutional capital’ compared with the rest of Europe (p. 225).
The Credit Scoring Model Based on Logistic-BP-AdaBoost Algorithm and its Application in P2P Credit Platform

The problem of credit risks forecasting is one of the most actively studied issues nowadays, as it is the main risk that commercial bank faced in the management. With a fully opened the domestic financial sector, the banking industry is facing increased competition from this industry. Improving the client satisfaction, the business transaction efficiency and the risk-control ability has become the main focus of competition in the banking industry. In this paper, we apply the Logistics algorithm, BP neural network and the AdaBoost algorithm to build the model (Logistic-BP-AdaBoost model) which can estimate credit score of the applicant with their multidimensional personal data. Compared with other methods, L-B-A model have a higher assessing accuracy which can help identify the possibility of loan default of the applicant and provide a score for each applicant. We apply this model to a websites and establish an online loan platform which is expected to improve the efficiency and reduce costs of traditional lending business.
Academic clustering among football student-athletes and exploring its relationship to institutional characteristics

With the advent of the Annual Progress in 2004, the assessment for athletic eligibility has shifted from individual measurements to aggregate outcomes among colleges and universities that participa...
Book Review, Steve Lerner, 'Diamond: A Struggle for Survival in Louisiana's Chemical Corridor'

"Cancer Alley" is the stretch of the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. It gets its name from the petrochemical plants that line the stretch. Residents daily confront noxious odors and then threat of spills and explosions. The book is about then struggle of Diamond, a small community that abuts a plant to survive.
Gun Deaths and Home Rule: A Case for Local Regulation of a Local Public Health Problem

There is an urban/rural variation to gun deaths, with the highest firearm death rates being found in core metropolitan counties. These geographic variations in the severity of a significant public health problem suggest that regulation designed to address that problem might best be applied at the local level. The history of public health recognizes the effectiveness of home rule, and courts have generally upheld local legislation designed to address local problems. Specifically, courts have upheld local laws designed to reduce gun-related injuries. But recently many states have preempted localities from enacting gun laws, consigning exclusive jurisdiction of this subject to the state legislatures. This is largely the product of lobbying by the National Rifle Association. Such preemption laws represent a step backward for public health.
Commentary: Inquiry-Based Teacher Learning for Inclusivity: Professional Development for Action and Change

University-school partnerships can offer teachers a space for inquiry into theory-based practice related to teaching for equity, inclusivity, and justice. The Teachers College Inclusive Classrooms Project (TCICP) invites city teachers to join an Inquiry to Action Team where they collectively interrogate students’ access to full participation in schools. Teachers are enthusiastic about this work and eagerly share their wisdom and carefully document their yearlong journeys into creating greater access and participation for students. The inquiry teams function as an alternate space for educators to share their work, ponder their pedagogical beliefs, and analyze power relationships in their classrooms and schools. As participants are validated in their work in this alternate space, they are able to build agency as intellectuals and act inclusively and for social justice within their own school spaces.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Management of advanced and high-stage tumors

While the majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) can be treated surgically, the additional work-up and treatments indicated for high-risk cSCC remain undefined. In recent years, improvements in tumor staging systems have allowed for the more accurate stratification of tumors into high- and low-risk categories. This insight, along with the publication of cSCC guidelines, brings us closer to the development of a consensus approach. The second article in this continuing medical education series addresses in question and answer format the most common questions related to advanced and high-stage cSCCs, with a simplified flowchart. The questions include the following: 1) Does my patient have high-risk cSCC?; 2) What is the next step for patients with cSCC and palpable lymphadenopathy?; 3) In patients with no clinically evident lymphadenopathy, who are candidates for lymph node staging?; 4) What forms of radiologic imaging can help detect subclinical lymph node metastases?; 5) What is the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cSCC?; 6) Which patients with cSCC need adjuvant radiation therapy?; 7) Is adjuvant chemotherapy an option for patients with high-stage cSCC after surgery?; 8) Are targeted and immunologic therapies an option for advanced cSCC?; 9) How often should I follow up with my patient after he/she has been diagnosed with a high-risk cSCC?; 10) What are the options for chemoprophylaxis in a patient with an increased risk of cSCC?; and 11) What chemopreventive measures can be started in coordination with medical oncology or transplant physicians?
Case Series: Virulent hemosporidiosis infections in juvenile great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) from Louisiana and California, USA

A total of eight juvenile great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) were found lethargic and on the ground in spring 2015, 2016, and 2017, including one fledgling from Louisiana, USA and seven nestlings from California, USA. One bird survived to release after rehabilitation; seven birds died or were euthanized due to poor prognosis and were necropsied. Necropsy findings were similar and included general pallor of all tissues, particularly the subcutis and lungs, and enlarged liver and spleen. Histopathology revealed multi-organ necrosis, abundant meronts containing merozoites, and intracytoplasmic pigmented haemosporidian parasites in blood cells in one bird. Leucocytozoon lineages lSTOCC16 and BUVIR06 were identified by polymerase chain reaction and genetic sequencing. The systemic Leucocytozoon infections were likely associated with morbidity and mortality in these owls. A second parasite, Haemoproteus lineage hSTVAR01, was also identified in an owl from Louisiana. This is the first identification of Leucocytozoon lineages that have been associated with mortality in young great horned owls.
An Exercise to Integrate Strategic and Financial Analysis

Many students ignore or underappreciate the important role that financial and accounting considerations have on the formulation and implementation of realistic and ultimately effective strategies. ...
Interagency Cooperation to Disseminate Materials Concerning Exceptional People's Needs.

Key elements in providing services to exceptional people are to arouse public awareness to their needs and to provide valid information about them. To enable parents of handicapped individuals and ...
Mars: Surface and Interior

Because of its many similarities to Earth, including its potential as an abode for past or present life, Mars has been the subject of intense international robotic space exploration over the past four decades. Here we summarize the major observations and results from these missions that pertain to the planet's surface and interior. Evidence exists for the long-term action of impacts, volcanism, tectonism, and erosion shaping the planet's geology and topography. Variations in the relative magnitude and influence of these processes have been used to define a simple geologic timescale for Mars that ranges from a warmer and wetter earliest ∼500 million years (Noachian), to a volcanically-dominated middle transitional period over the next ∼1 billion years (Hesperian), to the arid, wind-dominated regime of the last ∼3 billion years (Amazonian). Close-up observations by landers and rovers of a small number of carefully selected areas indicate that Mars once had the liquid water and energy sources required to make the surface habitable. Ongoing and future missions will focus on the associated search for the elements, molecules, and environments required to support past or present surface or subsurface life.
Lakatos’ Political Reawakening

For approximately his first ten years in England, Imre Lakatos held aloof from direct involvement in politics, though he remained convinced that there was an “analogy between political ideologies and scientific theories.”1 A valid scientific theory might therefore pave the way for a responsible political ideology. But he was no hurry to explore that possible connection. After his shameful — or to his mind, misguided — activities as a communist in Hungary,2 he was quite willing to limit himself to scientific work and the pursuit of women. Indeed, for Lakatos the two activities went hand in hand; in 1958, when his marriage to Eva Pap was failing, he confided to his father that he couldn’t work without love.3
Neural Intermediate Filament (Neurofilament) Genes

In mammalian systems, at least five neural IF proteins (NIFP) have been characterized. These include NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (68kd, 150kd, and 200kd, respectively, in rat) (Liem et. al., 1978; Schlaepfer and Freeman, 1978), a 57kd NIFP (peripherin) (Portier et. al., 1984; Parysek and Goldman, 1988), and a 66kd NIFP (Chiu, 1988). These IF polypeptides share the characteristic of neuron-specific expression but there are many distinctions among them.
Oversizing Analysis of HVAC System in Prototypical Commercial Buildings

Oversizing of heating ventilation and air-conditioning equipment becomes an intractable fault once the building system is designed and constructed. It imposes control challenges, impacts the indoor air condition, increases energy consumption, and reduces the equipment life span. As a system-level fault, it is difficult to duplicate and quantify in an experimental environment. This study analyzes the oversizing issues in prototypical commercial buildings. Data of system operations from 12 retail stores in different climatic regions in the US are collected. We applied three parameters, including cycling number, run-time fraction, and maximum cycling number, to capture the oversizing signature of a RTU based on the annual design conditions. Two different effective dead-band temperatures are adopted to evaluate the potential uncertainty. The findings can be used to assess the oversizing level of RTUs, quantify the average energy penalty of sample buildings, and guide future design. More importantly, the methodology can be automated and applied in smart building management systems for soft-repairing of an oversizing issue.
SECONDARY WALL ASSOCIATED MYB1 is a positive regulator of secondary cell wall thickening in Brachypodium distachyon and is not found in the Brassicaceae

Grass biomass is comprised chiefly of secondary walls that surround fiber and xylem cells. A regulatory network of interacting transcription factors in part regulates cell wall thickening. We identified Brachypodium distachyon SECONDARY WALL ASSOCIATED MYB1 (SWAM1) as a potential regulator of secondary cell wall biosynthesis based on gene expression, phylogeny, and transgenic plant phenotypes. SWAM1 interacts with cellulose and lignin gene promoters with preferential binding to AC-rich sequence motifs commonly found in the promoters of cell wall-related genes. SWAM1 overexpression (SWAM-OE) lines had greater above-ground biomass with only a slight change in flowering time while SWAM1 dominant repressor (SWAM1-DR) plants were severely dwarfed with a striking reduction in lignin of sclerenchyma fibers and stem epidermal cell length. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin genes were significantly down-regulated in SWAM1-DR plants and up-regulated in SWAM1-OE plants. There was no reduction in bioconversion yield in SWAM1-OE lines; however, it was significantly increased for SWAM1-DR samples. Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses strongly suggest that the SWAM1 clade was present in the last common ancestor between eudicots and grasses, but is not in the Brassicaceae. Collectively, these data suggest that SWAM1 is a transcriptional activator of secondary cell wall thickening and biomass accumulation in B. distachyon.
Daily interpersonal stress, sleep duration, and gene regulation during late adolescence.

Abstract Background Psychological stress and poor sleep are associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes, which are thought to be mediated in part by alterations in immune processes. However, the molecular bases of links among stress, sleep, and immune processes are not completely understood, particularly during adolescence when sensitivity to stress and problems with sleep tend to increase. In the current study, we investigated whether various stressors (daily stress, major life events, perceived stress), sleep indices (duration, efficiency), and their interactions (e.g., moderating effects) are associated with expression of genes bearing response elements for transcription factors that regulate inflammatory and anti-viral processes. Method Eighty-seven late adolescents completed daily checklists of their social experiences across a 15-day period and reported on their major life events during the previous year. They also completed actigraphy-based assessments of sleep quality and duration during 8 consecutive nights. An average of 5.5 months later, participants reported on their global perceptions of stress during the previous month and provided blood samples for genome-wide expression profiling of mRNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results Higher levels of daily interpersonal stress and shorter sleep duration were associated with upregulation of inflammation-related genes bearing response elements for proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Shorter sleep duration was also linked to downregulation of antiviral-related genes bearing response elements for interferon response factors (IRFs). Lastly, there was a significant interaction between daily stress and shorter sleep duration, such that the association between daily stress and inflammation-related gene expression was exacerbated in the context of shorter sleep duration. Results were independent of sex, ethnicity, parent education, body mass index, and smoking and alcohol history. Conclusion Everyday interpersonal stress and shortened sleep can be consequential for upstream NF-κB signaling pathways relevant to inflammatory processes during late adolescence. Notably, the occurrence of both may lead to even greater activation of NF-κB signaling.
219 DEPLETING REGULATORY T CELLS IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED IMMUNITY AND TUMOR CLEARANCE IN HUMAN CANCER

Despite a compelling logic, tumor immunotherapy has generally failed. Work by us and others suggests that this failure owes in part to tumor-mediated immune dysfunction. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are thought to contribute to this dysfunction. In support, we show that in ovarian cancer patients, Tregs block tumor-specific immunity, promote tumor growth and predict poor survival. We hypothesize that depleting Tregs will improve immunity and improve therapeutic outcomes in cancer patients. Ontak is a recombinant protein fusing the CD25-binding domain of IL-2 to the active domain of diphtheria toxin. It was designed to kill CD4+CD25+ leukemia cells. We tested the hypothesis that Ontak kills CD4+CD25+ Tregs and thus improves immunity in cancer patients. Patients 1-3 (advanced-stage cancer of the ovary, breast or lung) received a single intravenous infusion of 9 μg/kg Ontak. Patient 4 had relapsed stage IIIC ovarian cancer and received a single dose of Ontak at 12 μg/kg. Blood immune cells from before and after treatment were enumerated and cytokines were studied by flow cytometry. T cell suppression was also tested. Prior to infusion, the mean blood CD4+CD25+ cells/mm3 was 126, which was 26.8% of CD4+ T cells. This decreased to a mean of 78 cells/mm3 blood and mean of 19.0% of CD4+ T cells 3-5 days after Ontak. Also, interferon-γ-expressing T cells increased approximately 50% and FOXP3 (a functional marker for Tregs) was reduced after Ontak. In patient 4, CD4+CD25+ cells inhibited T cell proliferation in vitro prior to but not after treatment. Further, a single Ontak-mediated Treg depletion reduced blood CA-125 from 121 to 38 U/mL four weeks later in patient 4, suggesting clinical efficacy. Patient 4 then received 6 additional doses of Ontak at 12 μg/kg with a further decrease in blood CA-125 level to 16 U/mL four weeks after the final dose. Additionally, a PET/CT fusion demonstrated dramatic reduction of metastatic disease. The CA-125 level remains normal two months after the final Ontak dose. Our data demonstrate for the first time that Ontak efficiently depletes Tregs in patients with cancer, and Treg depletion is associated with improved T cell immunity, normalized CA-125 and reduced tumor metastasis. The data may help explain failures of current tumor immunotherapy protocols. It further suggests that Treg depletion or a combination with current immunotherapeutic regimens will be a novel strategy for treating patients with cancer.
Opinion Formation, Theory of

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 16, pp. 10876–10879, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.