cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation by Polycationic Ca2+-Sensing Receptor Agonists of Nonselective Cation Channels in Rat Hippocampal Neurons

We recently cloned an extracellular calcium (Ca2+0)-sensing receptor (CaR) from bovine parathyroid. The CaR is also expressed in various regions of brain, suggesting that it could potentially mediate some of the well-known but poorly understood effects of Ca2+0 on neuronal function. We have now examined the effects of polycationic CaR agonists on the activity of nonselective cation channels (NCC) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, using the cell-attached configuration of the patch clamp technique and applying CaR active agents to the external bath solution. The polycationic CaR agonist, neomycin (100 microM), as well as an elevated concentration of Ca2+0 (3 mM), which is known to activate the cloned CaR, significantly increased the probability of channel opening (Po). The polyamine, spermine (300 microM), which also mimics the actions of Ca2+0 on the cloned CaR, produced similar changes in Po in rat hippocampal neurons. Elevation of Ca2+0 also increased Po for a similar NCC in HEK293 cells transfected with the cloned human CaR but not in nontransfected HEK cells. Thus the CaR can regulate the activity of Ca(2+)-permeable NCC in hippocampal neurons and could potentially modulate key functions of these cells, including neurotransmission and neuronal excitability.
Sequestration of Dissolved CO2 in the Oriskany Formation

Experiments were conducted to determine the solubility of CO2 in a natural brine solution of the Oriskany formation under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. These data were collected at temperatures of 22 and 75 °C and pressures between 100 and 450 bar. Experimentally determined data were compared with CO2 solubility predictions using a model developed by Duan and Sun (Chem. Geol. 2003, 193, 257−271). Model results compare well with Oriskany brine CO2 solubility data collected experimentally, suggesting that the Duan and Sun model is a reliable tool for estimating solution CO2 capacity in high salinity aquifers in the temperature and pressure range evaluated. The capacity for the Oriskany formation to sequester dissolved CO2 was calculated using results of the solubility models, estimation of the density of CO2 saturated brine, and available geographic information system (GIS) information on the formation depth and thickness. Results indicate that the Oriskany formation can hold approximately 0...
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treated with radiation therapy.

Abstract Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans is an uncommon soft tissue tumor that is locally aggressive, prone to recur locally following excision, and has a low propensity for metastasis. Ten patients have received radiation (both external beam and interstitial implant) as part of, or as their only treatment, at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1979–1987. Three patients received radiation alone (66.7–75 Gy) for gross palpable disease. One patient has slowly regressing nodules at 33 months; the other two had complete regression and are free of disease at 24 and 26 months posttreatment. Seven patients received radiation in conjunction with surgery. One received both pre-operative and postoperative radiation and six received postoperative radiation (60–67 Gy) for microscopic residual disease following resection. Six of these seven patients are free of disease 16 to 105 months following treatment. One patient, with diffuse microscopic tumor infiltration of the scalp, had a local recurrence within the radiation field 16 months following 64.4 Gy. There has been no significant treatment related morbidity. Even though the present experience is limited and the follow-up brief, it does suggest that radiation can be considered a viable therapeutic option in the patient who has a lesion that is not resectable.
A rare case of left internal mammary artery disease before bypass surgery.

A 55-year-old man presented with history of, diabetes, hypertension and past history of right cerebellar infarct 10 years back. He did not give any history suggestive of peripheral vascular disease, no supraclavicular bruit, and no difference in upper and lower extremity blood pressures. He presented with history of typical new onset angina since 1 month. He was subjected to …
Parasympathetic nervous system activity and children's sleep.

We examined indices of children's parasympathetic nervous system activity (PNS), including respiratory sinus arrhythmia during baseline (RSAB) and RSA reactivity (RSAR), to a laboratory challenge, and importantly the interaction between RSAB and RSAR as predictors of multiple parameters of children's sleep. Lower RSAR denotes increased vagal withdrawal (reductions in RSA between baseline and task) and higher RSAR represents decreased vagal withdrawal or augmentation (increases in RSA between baseline and task). A community sample of school-attending children (121 boys and 103 girls) participated [mean age = 10.41 years; standard deviation (SD) = 0.67]. Children's sleep parameters were examined through actigraphy for 7 consecutive nights. Findings demonstrate that RSAB and RSAR interact to predict multiple sleep quality parameters (activity, minutes awake after sleep onset and long wake episodes). The overall pattern of effects illustrates that children who exhibit more disrupted sleep (increased activity, more minutes awake after sleep onset and more frequent long wake episodes) are those with lower RSAB in conjunction with lower RSAR. This combination of low RSAB and low RSAR probably reflects increased autonomic nervous system arousal, which interferes with sleep. Results illustrate the importance of individual differences in physiological regulation indexed by interactions between PNS baseline activity and PNS reactivity for a better understanding of children's sleep quality.
A Portrait of John Fletcher: from Bangor to Bournemouth … via the South Pacific

I always remember my first ever meeting with John, which took place in the staff lounge at Bournemouth University in the mid-1990s. The meeting was with two of my colleagues from Southampton, one o...
Some complexities of metabolic regulation

Abstract I have attempted to present a view of metabolic control mechanisms which de-emphasizes the idea that regulation of a metabooic pathway occurs at a single sensitive point. With lipogenesis as an example, I have indicated not only that control is possible at each step in the sequence but each step can be controlled in a variety of ways. Since many metabolites are found to have a large number of different roles, changes in concentration of a single metabolite will have a multitude of metabolic consequences. I have also pointed out that simple chemical interactions between metabolites make it very difficult to assess what change in concentration of an effective species occurs under a given set of conditions. When I related the maximum rates of enzymes of lipogenesis and the overall rate of tissue lipogenesis as well as the maximum rates each of the Krebs cycle enzymes and tissue respiration, it appeared that many steps may be rate-limiting so that control is, from this point of view as well, possible at several points. Before further progress can be made in understanding the basic features of metabolic control in animal cells, at least one important technical development must be made. It will be necessary to measure instantaneous substrate concentration in each compartment of the cell. Then the changes in concentration of a large number of possible effectors can be followed and related to the change in rate of a given metabolic path. It seems to me that one of the characteristics of animal metabolism is the high degree of complexity and its large number of interactions between the various substrates, effectors, and enzymes. It is probably these multiplicities of interactions that enables the tightness and stability of control typical of animal cells.
Understanding Socialization of Teachers and Social Workers: Groundwork for Collaboration in the Schools:

Collaboration between social workers and teachers is critical in order to maximize students' achievement in school. These professional groups share attributes including their status in professions ...
PHYLOGENY OF CARTERIA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) INFERRED FROM MOLECULAR AND ORGANISMAL DATA1

Comparative ultrastructural data have shown that at least two distinct groups exist within Carteria. Similarly, interpretations of variation in gross morphological features have led to the discovery of morphologically distinct groups within the genus. Partial sequences from the nuclear-encoded small- and large-subunit ribosomal RNA molecules of selected Carteria taxa were studied as a means of 1) testing hypotheses that distinct groups of species exist within the genus and 2) assessing monophyly of the genus. Parsimony analysis of the sequence data suggests that three Carteria species, C. lunzensis, C. crucifera, and C. olivieri, form a monophyletic group that is the basal sister group to all other ingroup flagellate taxa (including species of Chlamydomonas, Haematococcus, Stephanosphaera, Volvox, and Eudorina). Two other Carteria taxa, C. radiosa and Carteria sp. (UTEX isolate LB 762), form a clade that is the sister group to a clade that includes Haematococcus spp., Chlamydomonas spp., and Stephanosphaera. Thus, the sequence data support the interpretations of ultrastructural evidence that described two distinct Carteria lineages. Moreover, the sequence data suggest that these two Carteria groups do not form a monophyletic assemblage. Parsimony analysis of a suite of organismal (morphological, ultra-structural, life history, and biochemical) character data also suggest two distinct lineages among the five Carteria taxa; however, the organismal data are ambiguous regarding monophyly of these Carteria taxa. When the two independent data sets are pooled, monophyly of Carteria is not supported; therefore, the weight of available evidence, both molecular and organismal, fails to support the concept of Carteria as a natural genus.
Interrenal histochemistry of acid-exposed brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill).

Abstract Acute exposure of brook trout to acid water (pH 4.0) caused a significant decrease in interrenal (adrenocortical cell) nuclear diameter, concomitant with an increase in the intensity of nuclear staining. Cytochemical analyses of Feulgen-DNA (F-DNA) of interrenal cell nuclei revealed these cells to be diploid (2C) and nonreplicating. There was no loss in DNA evidenced in interrenal nuclei of acid-stressed trout. In the same fish, there appeared to be a progressive decrease in azure B-RNA levels measured cytophotometrically over a 3- to 24-hr-exposure interval. A marked but transient elevation in circulating cortisol levels occurred at 1–3 hr of exposure with a return to control levels after 24 hr of exposure. No visually discernible changes in Sudan black B staining for lipids were evidenced after acute acid exposure. The findings support the conclusion that there is a marked inhibition of RNA synthesis and presumably of steroidogenesis in interrenal tissue following acute exposure of trout to low pH.
Riparian buffers and forest thinning: Effects on headwater vertebrates 10years after thinning

We monitored instream vertebrate and stream-bank-dwelling amphibian counts during a stand-scale experiment of the effect of riparian buffer width with upland forest thinning in western Oregon, USA using a before/after/control methodology. We analyzed animal counts along 45 streams at 8 study sites, distributed from the foothills of Mount Hood to Coos Bay, Oregon using data collected pre-treatment and during the first decade post-treatment. We examined the role of four types of stream buffers in explaining the variability in post-treatment animal counts. We built separate linear regression models for stream-bank and instream animals, examining species and species-assemblages of specific interest. Stream-bank models addressed all amphibians, the subset of all terrestrial-breeding amphibians, Plethodon dunni, and Plethodonvehiculum, which were the two most abundant stream-bank species. Instream models were examined for all vertebrates, the subset of all stream-breeding amphibians, Dicamptodon tenebrosus, and Rhyacotriton species. All bank and instream models considered buffer treatment, survey area, stream width, pre-treatment count, and number of days post-treatment as possible explanatory variables. Instream models also considered survey method: hand sampling or electrofishing. Along banks there was support for a negative effect of the two narrowest buffers in the all-species model and the terrestrial-breeding amphibian assemblage model, and for an apparent negative effect of the narrowest buffer in the P. dunni model. Nevertheless, P. dunni were retained as one of the most common species along stream banks throughout the 10-years of our post-treatment monitoring. Instream, complex interactions among covariates in the model precluded determination of consistently positive or negative effects of buffers on animal counts. This is the first study to test the riparian reserve widths of the US federal Northwest Forest Plan, and it is encouraging that we documented no negative effects of those buffers with upland thinning in headwater drainages. Narrower buffers appeared to pose a risk to stream bank animals. Nevertheless, with our moderate thinning regime and in treatments with all buffer widths, species occurrences were retained through time. The joint buffers-with-thinning treatments appear to be relatively benign and may be reconciled by the designed long-term habitat restoration benefits of the thinning-and-buffer prescriptions. Mixed widths of buffers might be considered to hedge uncertainties, and balance the socioeconomic and ecological benefits of thinning in riparian areas with risks to some species.
Labor induction with 25 μg versus 50 μg intravaginal misoprostol: a systematic review

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To systematically review published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the safety and efficacy of 25 μg versus 50 μg of intravaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction. DATA SOURCES: We supplemented a search of entries in electronic databases with references cited in original studies and review articles to identify RCTs of misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction, which compared repeated doses of 25 μg and 50 μg. STUDY SELECTION: We evaluated, abstracted data, and assessed the quality of RCTs to compare the safety and efficacy of 25 μg versus 50 μg of intravaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Five RCTs met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each outcome (random- and fixed-effects models). In addition, we aggregated the results of two separate studies, permitting an indirect comparison of the two doses being analyzed. In the meta-analysis, tachysystole and hyperstimulation syndrome appear to occur less frequently among women who received 25 μg of misoprostol than with 50 μg. However, neonatal outcomes appear to be comparable with the two doses. Regarding efficacy, use of the 50-μg dose was associated with a shorter interval to vaginal delivery, greater proportion of deliveries within 24 hours, and less frequent need for oxytocin augmentation. The indirect comparison of two studies yielded similar results. CONCLUSION: Published data indicate that intravaginal misoprostol at doses of 50 μg for cervical ripening and labor induction is more efficacious but it is unclear whether it is as safe as the 25-μg dose.
Cross sections for electron excitation out of the metastable levels of helium into the higher singlet levels

Abstract Electron excitation cross sections for excitation out of the metastable 2 1 S and 2 3 S levels of the helium atom and into several higher singlet levels have been measured for electron energies from threshold up to 16 eV. The variation of the cross sections with quantum numbers is different from the cross sections for electron excitation out of the ground level.
A Spatial Logit Association Model for Cluster Detection

In this paper, I propose to set out a logit spatial association model for binary spatial events and develop a scan algorithm to search for spatial associations. I extend the traditional logit model with a spatial autocorrelated component so that the model includes not only known risk factors, but also spatially autocorrelated regions as control or explanatory factors. The case study of West Virginia lung cancer shows that the model effectively captures cool and hot spots in lung cancer mortality.
Diagnosis and treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea following accidental traumatic anterior skull base fractures

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is a serious and potentially fatal condition because of an increased risk of meningitis and brain abscess. Approximately 80% of all cases occur in patients with head injuries and craniofacial fractures. Despite technical advances in the diagnosis and management of CSF rhinorrhea caused by craniofacial injury through the introduction of MRI and endoscopic extracranial surgical approaches, difficulties remain. The authors review here the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of CSF rhinorrhea relevant exclusively to traumatic anterior skull base injuries and attempt to identify areas in which further work is needed.
Plasma chemistries for dry etching of NiFe and NiFeCo

Plasma chemistries based on chlorine, bromine, or iodine have been investigated for inductively coupled plasma etching of NiFe and NiFeCo. There is clear evidence of a chemically enhanced etch mechanism with both Cl2- and I2- based mixtures, with no enhancement present for Br2 chemistries. Etch yields are typically low (≤0.25), emphasizing the need for high ion fluxes in order to achieve practical material removal rates.
ORCHIECTOMY INCREASES BONE MARROW INTERLEUKIN-6 LEVELS IN MICE

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to be an important factor in disease states associated with bone resorption. There is both in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the fact that androgens down-regulate interleukin-6 production. These observations, in combination with the fact that osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells produce IL-6, led us to hypothesize that orchiectomy-induced androgen loss will result in increased IL-6 expression in the bone microenvironment. To prove our hypothesis we assessed the effect of orchiectomy on IL-6 protein and mRNA expression in bone marrow and spleen. We found that orchiectomy was associated with increased serum IL-6 levels at 3 and 28 days postsurgery. Phorbol ester-stimulated IL-6 levels were also higher in supernatants from bone marrow and spleen cell cultures from orchiectomized mice compared with unoperated or sham-operated mice. Additionally, we found that steady state IL-6 mRNA levels were increased in bone marrow but not spleen cells. Finally, we found that orchiectomized mice had splenomegaly and increased bone marrow cellularity. Histopathology of the spleen revealed lymphoid hyperplasia accompanied by a marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the red pulp. We conclude that orchiectomy induces IL-6 expression in the bone marrow. These findings suggest that endocrine and cytokine interactions contribute to bone pathophysiology.
Effect of training frequency on maximum expiratory pressure.

Purpose To determine the effects of expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) frequency on maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). Method We assigned 12 healthy participants to 2 groups of training fre...
Super-resolution preprocessing of data from undersampled imaging systems for phase diversity

Phase diversity algorithms allow wavefront and an estimate of the scene to be reconstructed from multiple images with a known phase change between measurements. These algorithms rely on sampling requirements that are frequently not met in remote sensing imaging systems. It is demonstrated that super-resolution pre-processing of imagery from undersampled systems can effectively increase the sampling, thereby allowing application of traditional phase diversity algorithms. Experimental results are presented for both a point object and an extended scene.
Hormone receptors 7. Characteristics of insulin receptors in a new line of cloned neonatal rat hepatocytes

Abstract 1. 1. A new line of cloned, differentiated rat hepatocytes (RL-PR-C) was evaluated for its usefulness as an in vitro system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor. 2. 2. Insulin rapidly reversibly and specifically bound to RL-PR-C hepatocytes. Binding of tracer 125I-labeled insulin, which was competitively inhibited by native insulin as well as by proinsulin and analogs of insulin and proinsulin in proportion to their biological activity, was not influenced by glucagon, corticotropin, or human growth hormone. Anti-insulin receptor serum from a patient with Acanthosis Nigricans Type B competed with 125I-labeled insulin for binding to cell surface sites. 3. 3. Trypsinization destroyed insulin binding sites, but these were restored by incubation under growth conditions; a 75% restoration of binding sites was achieved by one cell population doubling. 4. 4. RL-PR-C hepatocytes responded to insulin binding by an increase in glycogen synthesis from glucose. The insulin effect was maximal at 85 nM, but was detectable at lower, more physiological, concentrations. 5. 5. Chronic exposure (for at least 3 h) of hepatocytes to insulin (10−10− 10−8 M) reduced by up to 60% the number of binding sites for insulin (down-regulation). Down-regulation was prevented by cycloheximide at concentrations (10 μM) sufficient to inhibit markedly protein synthesis from tracer isoleucine. Recovery from down-regulation induced by native insulin at 10−7 M or lower concentrations was complete by 18 h under growth conditions. 6. 6. Although RL-PR-C hepatocytes spontaneously transform after about 90 population doublings, no significant differences between normal and transformed cells were observed in insulin binding characteristics and in interaction or cells with anti-insulin receptor serum. However, transformed cells exhibited a substantially reduced (maximum of 20%) down-regulation response to insulin. 7. 7. RL-PR-C rat hepatocytes appear, for these reasons, to be a useful model system for studying the regulation of the insulin receptor.
Letter Box: Communications in Agreement and Disagreement

Mass Production and Vocational Education In the April 1935 number of this magazine, under the head, “Why Are Vocational Schools?” Charles A. Prosser discussed and criticized some of the conclusions reached by Charles A. Koepke as a result of a job analysis survey which he described in Occupations for June 1934. In the following rejoinder, Professor Koepke defends his original position and insists on a new type of instruction for production workers, with increased emphasis on versatility.
A WAVE PACKET MODEL FOR ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SEMICONDUCTOR-LIQUID INTERFACE

This paper establishes the computational feasibility and examines the implications of a particular technique for simulations of time dependent electron transfer (ET) at semiconductor−liquid interfaces (SLIs). The methodology uses a one electron formalism employing wave packets, pseudopotentials, and molecular dynamics, which we dub WPMD. We describe a detailed mechanism for SLI ET by using the methodology. The model is versatile enough to address conventional SLI ET, surface state and adsorption mediated ET, photoexcited ET, and ET between quantum dots and other microstructures. We contrast the perspectives of our WPMD model of SLI ET with those in traditional literature and find substantial differences. The use of standard Landau−Zener theory for SLI ET is found particularly problematic.
Oxidant-specific Folding of Yap1p Regulates Both Transcriptional Activation and Nuclear Localization *

The yeast transcriptional regulator Yap1p is a key determinant in oxidative stress resistance. This protein is found in the cytoplasm under non-stressed conditions but rapidly accumulates in the nucleus following oxidant exposure. There it activates transcription of genes encoding antioxidants that return the redox balance of the cell to an acceptable range. Yap1p localization to the nucleus requires the oxidant-specific formation of disulfide bonds in the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (N-CRD) and/or the C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (C-CRD). H2O2 exposure triggers the formation of two interdomain disulfide bonds between the N-and C-CRDs. This dually disulfide-bonded structure has been argued to mask the nuclear export signal in the C-CRD that would otherwise prevent Yap1p nuclear accumulation. The C-CRD is required for wild-type H2O2 tolerance but dispensable for resistance to diamide. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae TRX2 gene, encoding a thioredoxin protein, cannot be induced by H2O2 in the presence of various mutant forms of Yap1p lacking the normally functioning C-CRD. In this work, we demonstrate that the proper folding of Yap1p in the presence of H2O2 is required for recruitment of the mediator component Rox3p to the TRX2 promoter in addition to the nuclear accumulation of Yap1p during stress by this oxidant. These data demonstrate that the dually disulfide-bonded Yap1p N- and C-CRDs form a bifunctional protein domain controlling both nuclear localization and transcriptional activation.
Magnetic nanostructuring and overcoming Brown's paradox to realize extraordinary high-temperature energy products.

Magnetic nanostructuring and overcoming Brown's paradox to realize extraordinary high-temperature energy products
Environmental stress response limits microbial necromass contributions to soil organic carbon

Abstract The majority of dead organic material enters the soil carbon pool following initial incorporation into microbial biomass. The decomposition of microbial necromass carbon (C) is, therefore, an important process governing the balance between terrestrial and atmospheric C pools. We tested how abiotic stress (drought), biotic interactions (invertebrate grazing) and physical disturbance influence the biochemistry (C:N ratio and calcium oxalate production) of living fungal cells, and the subsequent stabilization of fungal-derived C after senescence. We traced the fate of 13 C-labeled necromass from ‘stressed’ and ‘unstressed’ fungi into living soil microbes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total soil carbon and respired CO 2 . All stressors stimulated the production of calcium oxalate crystals and enhanced the C:N ratios of living fungal mycelia, leading to the formation of ‘recalcitrant’ necromass. Although we were unable to detect consistent effects of stress on the mineralization rates of fungal necromass, a greater proportion of the non-stressed (labile) fungal necromass C was stabilised in soil. Our finding is consistent with the emerging understanding that recalcitrant material is entirely decomposed within soil, but incorporated less efficiently into living microbial biomass and, ultimately, into stable SOC.
Fourier space separability in space-variant imaging

A modification of the equation of one-dimensional space-variant imaging is considered in which the output image is known both as a function of an image-plane coordinate and an object-position coordinate. Under this condition, the Fourier transform of the image intensity with respect to both variables equals the product of the object Fourier transform and a transfer function. A similar relation also occurs for observation of either the integrated image intensity or the intensity at a point versus an object-scan coordinate. Consequently, for the special situation considered, the transfer-function concept may be extended to the space-variant case. The implications of factorization of the transfer function are also considered.
Corrections to power-law behavior in the Heisenberg antiferromagnet

Under an external staggering field, \ensuremath{\epsilon}${\mathcal{J}}_{n}$${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1)}^{n}$${s}_{n}^{z}$, or a dimerizing interaction, \ensuremath{\beta}${\mathcal{J}}_{n}$${\mathrm{s}}_{n}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathrm{s}}_{n+1}$, a mass gap opens up according to m\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}$ or m\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$. Spronken, Fourcade, and L\'epine have shown that if logarithmic corrections are taken into account the finite-size-scaling result for \ensuremath{\nu} agrees with the theoretical prediction of (2/3). In this paper we show that the finite-size-scaling result for \ensuremath{\eta} is 0.720\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 when logarithmic corrections are accounted for. This is in disagreement with the theoretical prediction of (2/3). Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
Nonparametric bootstrap tests for neglected nonlinearity in time series regression models

Various nonparametric kernel regression estimators are presented, based on which we consider two nonparametric tests for neglected nonlinearity in time series regression models. One of them is the goodness-of-fit test of Cai, Fan and Yao (2000) and another is the nonparametric conditional moment test by Li and Wang (1998) and Zheng (1996). Bootstrap procedures are used for these tests and their performance is examined via monte carlo experiments, especially with conditionally heteroskedastic errors.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of wet-chemically prepared chlorinated Si(111) surfaces

Chlorine-terminated Si(111) surfaces prepared through the wet-chemical treatment of H-terminated Si(111) surfaces with PCl_5 (in chlorobenzene) were investigated using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV cryo-STM) and tunneling spectroscopy. STM images, collected at 77 K, revealed an unreconstructed 1 × 1 structure for the chlorination layer, consistent with what has been observed for the gas phase chlorination of H-terminated Si(111). However, the wet-chemical chlorination is shown to generate etch pits in the Si(111) surface, with an increase in etch pit density correlating with increasing PCl_5 exposure temperatures. These etch pits were assumed to stabilize the edge structure through the partial removal of the 〈112〉 step edges. Tunneling spectroscopy revealed a nonzero density of states at zero bias. This is in contrast to the cases of H-, methyl-, or ethyl-terminated Si(111), in which similar measurements have revealed the presence of a large conductance gap.
Heterocyclic amine adducts of bis(2-thiopyridine N-oxide)nickel(II)

Abstract Heterocyclic amine adducts of bis(2-thiopyridine N-oxide)nickel(II), Ni(OS)2·B (B = pyridine, piperidine, pyrazine and 3,4-lutidine) and Ni(OS)2·2B (B = 3-picoline, 4-picoline and 3,4-lutidine). In addition, a stable 1:1 adduct was formed with piperazine as well as a thermally unstable 2:1 adduct. The thermal decomposition enthalpies of these adducts and their infrared and electronic spectra are discussed.
The “Orchard” scheduler for manufacturing systems

Abstract This paper describes Orchard, which is a heuristic algorithm for scheduling the loading of jobs into a manufacturing system. While Orchard was specifically designed for use at a particular printed circuit board line, it is sufficiently generic to be used at other manufacturing systems as well. In general, such a manufacturing system performs several operations on each job with multiple machines performing each operation. The routing of each job may involve stochastic branching including rework loops, and there may be a need to assign human operators to operations. The Orchard heuristic can be adapted to two different objective functions: weighted mean flow time, and an objective specially formulated for the circuit board line. The present paper describes all aspects of Orchard except its operator assignment module (which is described in another paper) and concludes with results of tests of the algorithm as applied to the circuit board line.
Prediction and measurement of the combustion time of single coal particles

Combustion times of single particles of four coals, ranging in rank from lignite to medium volatile bituminous, were measured thermogravimetrically. The experiments were conducted in a gas mixture containing 13 vol% oxygen in nitrogen at a flow rate of 100 cm3 min−1 using particles ranging from 0.8 to 4.2 mm diameter, for gas temperatures from 973 to 1173 K. Gas velocity, particle size and bulk gas temperature influenced the char combustion rate, whereas the influence of coal type was relatively minor. The effects of gas velocity, particle size, and gas temperature on the oxygen diffusion rate were predicted using a char combustion model. The thickness of the mass transfer boundary layer, the fractional diffusional resistance, and the combustion times of coal particles up to 10 mm diameter were calculated for temperatures from 973 to 1373 K, and gas velocities from 0 to 200 cm s−1. The combustion times of the coal particles predicted by the model agreed with those measured experimentally and with published data in the literature for small scale fluidized bed reactors. The data indicate a mixed control (both diffusional and chemical kinetics) for conditions relevant to fluidized bed combustion.
Hydrothermal syntheses, structures, and properties of [Cu3Cl2CN(pyrazine)] and copper(I) halide pyrazine polymers.

Crystals of copper halide and pseudohalide compounds with pyrazine are synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The title compound, [Cu3Cl2CNPz] (1) (Pz = pyrazine), is a new copper compound exhibiting an unusual -(Cu3Cl2)- polymeric stair structural motif and three-coordinate cyanide. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m, with a = 3.6530(7) A, b = 17.160(3) A, c = 6.9800(14) A, β = 90.58(3)°, and Z = 2. In addition, the series of complexes [Cu2X2Pz] for X = Cl (2), Br (3), and I (4) are also crystallized under hydrothermal conditions. The inorganic polymer [Cu2Br2Pz] (3) belongs to the triclinic space group P1, with a = 6.9671(14) A, b = 7.849(2) A, c = 8.099(2) A, α = 71.69(3)°, β = 70.71(3)°, γ = 85.43(3)°, and Z = 2. The structure of 3, is similar to the recently reported structure for [Cu2Cl2Pz] (2) (Kawata, S.; Kitagawa, S.; Kumagai, H.; Iwabuchi, S.; Katada, M. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1998, 267, 143). The third member of the series, [Cu2I2Pz], is found to be isostructural on the...
A Student-Centered First-Semester Introductory Organic Laboratory Curriculum Facilitated by Microwave-Assisted Synthesis (MAOS)

An instructional laboratory curriculum for a first-semester introductory organic chemistry course has been developed using microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS). Taking advantage of short reaction times, materials were developed to facilitate collaborative experimental design, analysis, and debriefing of results during the normal laboratory period. Assessment results indicate that the new curriculum leads to more positive attitudes toward science, as well as enhanced retention of key concepts.
Early hominid femora: The inside story

Abstract Paleontology allows exploration of evolutionary novelty in the deep past. But paleontological taxa are at risk of being inaccurately characterized by modern humans who are over-reliant on models taken from the comparatively rich but relatively evolved neontological world. The recent discovery of the earliest hominid femora from Kenya provides an opportunity to explore earliest hominid locomotion beyond the usual constraints of phylogenetic and functional models based rigidly on contemporary species. The full measure of this opportunity remains unrealized because the internal structure of the crucial fossil femora recovered has been inadequately explored and documented. One result is that phylogenetic schemes purporting to exclude all hominids except Orrorin from human ancestry are unsupported. Another result may be that earliest hominid locomotion has been inaccurately portrayed. To cite this article: T.D. White, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006) .
Ranking Metric Anomaly in Invariant Networks

The management of large-scale distributed information systems relies on the effective use and modeling of monitoring data collected at various points in the distributed information systems. A traditional approach to model monitoring data is to discover invariant relationships among the monitoring data. Indeed, we can discover all invariant relationships among all pairs of monitoring data and generate invariant networks, where a node is a monitoring data source (metric) and a link indicates an invariant relationship between two monitoring data. Such an invariant network representation can help system experts to localize and diagnose the system faults by examining those broken invariant relationships and their related metrics, since system faults usually propagate among the monitoring data and eventually lead to some broken invariant relationships. However, at one time, there are usually a lot of broken links (invariant relationships) within an invariant network. Without proper guidance, it is difficult for system experts to manually inspect this large number of broken links. To this end, in this article, we propose the problem of ranking metrics according to the anomaly levels for a given invariant network, while this is a nontrivial task due to the uncertainties and the complex nature of invariant networks. Specifically, we propose two types of algorithms for ranking metric anomaly by link analysis in invariant networks. Along this line, we first define two measurements to quantify the anomaly level of each metric, and introduce the mRank algorithm. Also, we provide a weighted score mechanism and develop the gRank algorithm, which involves an iterative process to obtain a score to measure the anomaly levels. In addition, some extended algorithms based on mRank and gRank algorithms are developed by taking into account the probability of being broken as well as noisy links. Finally, we validate all the proposed algorithms on a large number of real-world and synthetic data sets to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of different algorithms.
The Effect of Milking at Short Intervals with and without Injections of Oxytocin

Summary A complete removal of accumulated milk was not obtained at each 2-hour milking interval when cows were milked normally, resulting in variable production from milking to milking. Injections of 10I.U. of oxytocin just prior to each 2-hour milking interval greatly decreased the milking-to-milking variability of production. When cows were milked 12 times a day, total fat production, with two exceptions, was greater than in the pre- and post-experimental periods when the cows were milked twice daily. The yield of non-fat milk constituents showed an even greater increase, resulting in a lowered percentage of fat, with one exception, during the experimental period.
Intrauterine injection of recombinant ovine interferon-tau extends the interestrous interval in sheep

The ability of recombinant ovine interferon-tau (roIFNtau) to extend the interestrous interval (IEI) in sheep was studied. Ewes were fitted with bilateral uterine catheters 7 or 8 days post estrus and were assigned to receive either 10 or 20 million antiviral (AV) units/day i.u. ( approximately 100 or 200 ug) of roIFNtau or ovine conceptus secretory proteins containing equivalent AV units of native oIFNtau (noIFNtau; 4 ewes/treatment). Four control ewes received ovine serum proteins (SP). Total protein injected was 6 mg per day, half at 0700 hours and half at 1730 hours. The treatments were administered from Day 11.5 (estrus=Day 0) to Day 16. Blood samples were collected by jugular vienipuncture daily from Day 11 until ewes returned to estrus. Concentrations of progesterone (P) in plasma were determined by RIA. Treatment with either noIFNtau or roIFNtau extended IEI beyond that of SP-treated ewes (19.1 vs 31.2+/-3.4 days P<0.03). Of the ewes receiving 100 mug/day of oIFNtau, 2 of 4 receiving noIFNtau (23.6+/-5.2 days) and 3 of 4 receiving roIFNtau (34.2+/-5.2 days) had an extended IEI. All ewes receiving 200 mug/day of noIFNtau or roIFNtau had an extended IEI (28.8 and 38.5+/-5.2 days. respectively). Ewes receiving roIFNtau had a longer IEI than those receiving noIFNtau (36.7 vs 26.2+/-3.4 days; P=0.07). Ewes with an extended IEI had functional corpora lutea, as assessed by P production. The results demonstrate that 10 or 20 million AV units ( approximately 100 or 200 ug) of roIFNtau extends the IEI and that the length of the IEI is longer for ewes receiving roIFNtau than noIFNtau following injection of equivalent AV units.
Mechanism of Surface Alignment in Nematic Liquid Crystals

Abstract Chatelain hypothesized that orientation of liquid crystals by interaction with the substrate is due to an adsorbed layer of fatty contaminants, but substrate topography has also been postulated as a causal factor. Experiments with chemically cleaned surfaces rubbed without contamination now confirm the importance of the impurity layer, which has been investigated using Auger spectrometry. Through the use of known surfactans, intentionally deformed substrates, and electron microscopy, the roles of surface topography and surface chemistry have been distinguished: substrates with surface energy lower than the liquid crystal surface tension cause homeotropic alignment; otherwise alignment is parallel to the substrate plane, following any long-range order, e.g., grooves, present on the surface.
A Surprising Host−Guest Relationship between 1,2-Dichloroethane and the Cesium Complex of Tetrabenzo-24-crown-8

The structure of the complex [Cs(tetrabenzo-24-crown-8)(1,2-dichloroethane){sub 2}](NO{sub 3}){sm{underscore}bullet}H{sub 2}O was shown by X-ray crystallography to involve an unprecedented bidentate coordination of two 1,2-dichloroethane solvent molecules to the Cs{sup +} cation via the four chlorine atoms. The coordination of the solvent molecules occurs within two clefts between facing benzo groups, one pair of benzo groups related to the other pair by an improper noncrystallographic 90{degree} rotation. Resembling the seam on a tennis ball, the crown ether envelops the metal cation within a cagelike arrangement of eight crown ether oxygen atoms. Good geometric and electronic complimentarily characterizes the apparent host-guest relationship between the cleft environment and the solvent molecules. The complete encapsulation of the cation by the crown ether and two solvent molecules explains well the speciation behavior observed in liquid-liquid extraction of CsNO{sub 3} or CsClO{sub 4} from aqueous solution to 1,2-dichloroethane solutions of the alkylated analogues 4,4{double{underscore}prime}- or 4,5{double{underscore}prime}-bis(tert-octylbenzo)dibenzo-24-crown-8. In the extraction process studied at 25 C, simple 1:1 metal/crown complexes form in the solvent phase, as modeled by the program SXLSQI. The complex cation and counteranion are present both as ion-pairs, postulated to be ligand-separated ion-pairs as suggested by the crystal structure, and as dissociated ions. In agreement withmore » a theoretical treatment of ion-pairing, the ion-pairs possess unusually low stability and exhibit no discrimination between the anions, largely ascribed to the large effective radius of the complex metal cation. Values of log K{sub f} corresponding to the formation of the complex cations Cs[bis(tert-octylbenzo)-dibenzo-24-crown-8]{sup +} in 1,2-dichloroethane at 25 C average 10.5 {+-} 0.2 for both positional isomers of the crown ether and for their 3:2 mixture. Overall, these results provide insight into the role of clefts as host environments for inclusion of neutral molecules and show how even solvent molecules with exceptionally weak donor-acceptor properties may participate in supramolecular assemblies. In addition, the results are unique in enabling a clear assessment of the effect of the encapsulation of the metal cation on the ion-pairing tendency of the metal complex and implications for anion selectivity.« less
Pressure and temperature effects on the hydrogen-bond structures of liquid and supercritical fluid methanol

The proton spin-lattice relaxation times and proton chemical shifts for the hydroxyl and methyl protons in methanol were measured at liquid and supercritical densities using capillary high-pressure NMR spectroscopy. The pressure range for the proton nuclear relaxation measurements was between 50 and 3500 bar over a temperature range of 50--3500 bar and a temperature range of 298--773 K. Attempts were made to separate the contributions of the dipolar and spin-rotation interactions to the spin-relaxation processes at each thermodynamic condition over methanol densities ranging from liquid to supercritical fluid. An average number of hydrogen bonds per molecule in methanol and the apparent activation energy of the methyl group internal rotation have been extracted from the experimental relaxation data. The extracted quantities show a moderate pressure dependence in addition to temperature effects, which suggest that molecular packing effects on hydrogen-bonded methanol are important at higher pressures. A comparison between methanol and water at similar thermodynamic conditions was also made to obtain new insight into these two important supercritical solvents.
USING TWISTED FILAMENTS TO MODEL THE INNER JET IN M 87

Radio and optical images of the M 87 jet show bright filaments, twisted into an apparent double helix, extending from HST-1 to knot A. Proper motions within the jet suggest a decelerating jet flow passing through a slower, accelerating wave pattern. We use these observations to develop a mass and energy flux-conserving model describing the jet flow and conditions along the jet. Our model requires the jet to be an internally hot, but subrelativistic plasma, from HST-1 to knot A. Subsequently, we assume that the jet is in pressure balance with an external cocoon and we determine the cocoon conditions required if the twisted filaments are the result of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) unstable elliptical mode. We find that the cocoon must be cooler than the jet at HST-1 but must be about as hot as the jet at knot A. Under these conditions, we find that the observed filament wavelength is near the elliptical mode maximum growth rate and growth is rapid enough for the filaments to develop and saturate well before HST-1. We generate a pseudo-synchrotron image of a model jet carrying a combination of normal modes of the KH instability. The pseudo-synchrotron image of the jet reveals that (1) a slow decline in the model jet's surface brightness is still about five times faster than the real jet, (2) KH-produced dual helically twisted filaments can appear qualitatively similar to those on the real jet if any helical perturbation to the jet is very small or nonexistent inside knot A, and (3) the knots in the real jet cannot be associated with the twisted filamentary features and are unlikely to be the result of a KH instability. The existence of the knots in the real jet, the limb brightening of the real jet in the radio, and the slower decline of the surface brightness of the real jet indicate that additional processes—such as unsteady jet flow and internal particle acceleration—are occurring within the jet. Disruption of the real jet beyond knot A by KH instability is consistent with the jet and cocoon conditions we find at knot A.
Chapter Seven: Pattern of Leaf Development in Schistochilaceae

Abstract Early stages of leaf development were studied in Schistochila appendiculata (Hook.) Dumort. ex Trevis., S. nobilis (Hook.) Trevis., Pachyschistochila subhyalina (R. M. Schust.) R. M. Schust. & J. J. Engel, and Gottschea conchophylla (E. A. Hodgs. & Allison) Grolle & Zijlstra, using transverse microtome sections. Like other groups of leafy liverworts, all four species have apical cells with three cutting faces and two primary leaf initials from which bilobed leaves are initiated. Apical cell geometry and early patterns of merophyte development are the same for all taxa studied, including those without underleaves. The wing of the leaf develops very early, shortly after the leaf lobes begin to form. The initial sign of wing development is the outward expansion and protrusion of a row of cells along the keel and the basiscopic or posterior margin of the ventral lobe. These cells undergo subsequent divisions so that transverse sections of the young leaves appear Y-shaped.