cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamical potential surface distortions in aromatic aldehyde 3A″ (nπ*) states

Abstract Two quanta of the aldehyde H-wag vibrational mode are observed with relatively constant activity in the vibrational structure of 3 A″ (nπ*) → 1 A′ phosphorescence spectra of benzaldehyde, deuterated benzaldehydes, pyridine aldehydes, p -methylbenzaldehyde, p -fluorobenzaldehyde, and p -chlorobenzaldehyde at 4.2°K in a methylcyclohexane polycrystalline environment. The fundamental is either missing or very weak. Contrasted to the aldehyde H-wag mode, higher quanta of the CHO torsional mode are observed in the phosphorescence of the same molecules with variable intensity and progression length. These results are interpreted in terms of a static (i.e., valence) distortion of the 3 nπ potential surface along the aldehyde H-wagging coordinate, and pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion along the CHO torsional coordinate. The valence distortion is analogous to a distortion found for the 3 nπ* state in propynal and its origin probably lies in excess electron density at the carbonyl carbon in the excited state. The dynamical Jahn-Teller distortion is ascribed to vibronic interaction between 3 A″ (nπ) and the nearest 3 A′(nπ*) states.
A 16-channel bluetooth enabled wearable EEG platform with dry-contact electrodes for brain computer interface

A mobile, easy to use, wireless dry contact EEG acquisition system is presented in this work. This system can potentially facilitate continuous in-home monitoring of electroencephalography (EEG) to diagnose ailments such as epilepsy. The system has also been validated with brain computer interface (BCI) paradigms that would enable physically disabled users to communicate.
Evaluating automated manufacturing technologies: Part II — a methodology for evaluation

Abstract In Part I of this paper we provided a review of the techniques used in the evaluation of automated manufacturing technologies. In this paper we provide a framework to integrate the economic, technical, strategic, and qualitative factors in the investment decision. The framework is based on combining a simulation model with a multi-attribute decision model. The simulation model is used to estimate the operational and economic attributes for the investment problem. The multi-attribute decision model is the linear additive scoring model because of its ease of use and its ability to structure multi-dimensional problems.
Lake sediments as potential sources of trihalomethane precursors

Trihalomethanes (THMs) form when chlorine reacts with certain naturally-occurring organic molecules (THM precursors) during the disinfection of drinking water. THMs are believed to have significant carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. The elucidation of THM precursor sources is important because source management may lower costs and increase effectiveness of in-plant treatments. This study investigated the importance of lake and reservoir sediments as a THM precursor source. Sediments collected from littoral and profundal areas of Lake Rockwell Reservoir (Portage County, Ohio) and from a nearby natural lake (East Twin Lake) were kept in the dark for 21 days at 20°C to estimate release rates of THM precursors. All sediments had significant THM precursor releases relative to non-sediment controls. Anaerobic conditions produced significantly less precursors than during an aerobic incubation. Littoral sediment precursor release rate (μg THMs/m2/day) was significantly greater than precursor release rates for lake and reservoir profundal sediments. The importance of sediment THM precursor release relative to other sources is discussed.
An Instructional Model for Teaching Proof Writing in the Number Theory Classroom.

ABSTRACT I discuss an instructional model that I have used in my number theory classes. Facets of the model include using small group work and whole class discussion, having students generate examples and counterexamples, and giving students the opportunity to write proofs and make conjectures in class. The model is designed to actively engage students in the classroom, develop conceptual understanding, and improve students' proof-writing abilities. Classroom activities for implementing the model are offered for the concepts of divisibility, congruence, and Euler's phi-function.
Premorbid use of statins is associated with higher recanalization rates in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular treatment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Statins have been shown to have lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects that may be beneficial in the management of vascular disease. We evaluated the effect of premorbid statin use on recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular treatment. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients who had undergone endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke at our institution. Computed tomography scans obtained after treatment were assessed for the presence of hemorrhagic transformation by an independent reviewer. The primary endpoint was partial or complete recanalization (at least 1 grade improvement in the Qureshi scale). Secondary endpoints were hemorrhagic transformation and neurological improvement. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of premorbid statin use after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria (mean age 66 ± 14, 38 were men) and among them 12 were on statins. The patients who were on statins had a higher recanalization rate (11/12 vs. 33/65, P= .02). This finding was confirmed by logistic regression analysis (odds ratio 17.25, 95% confidence interval 1.67-177.43). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding neurological improvement and hemorrhagic transformation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that patients on statins have higher recanalization rates when they undergo endovascular procedures for acute ischemic stroke.
Insights into the Environmental Resistance Gene Pool from the Genome Sequence of the Multidrug-Resistant Environmental Isolate Escherichia coli SMS-3-5

The increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogens of clinical and agricultural importance is a global public health concern. While antimicrobial use in human and veterinary medicine is known to contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, the impact of microbial communities and mobile resistance genes from the environment in this process is not well understood. Isolated from an industrially polluted aquatic environment, Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 is resistant to a record number of antimicrobial compounds from all major classes, including two front-line fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin), and in many cases at record-high concentrations. To gain insights into antimicrobial resistance in environmental bacterial populations, the genome of E. coli SMS-3-5 was sequenced and compared to the genome sequences of other E. coli strains. In addition, selected genetic loci from E. coli SMS-3-5 predicted to be involved in antimicrobial resistance were phenotypically characterized. Using recombinant vector clones from shotgun sequencing libraries, resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamide/trimethoprim was assigned to a single mosaic region on a 130-kb plasmid (pSMS35_130). The remaining plasmid backbone showed similarity to virulence plasmids from avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains. Individual resistance gene cassettes from pSMS35_130 are conserved among resistant bacterial isolates from multiple phylogenetic and geographic sources. Resistance to quinolones was assigned to several chromosomal loci, mostly encoding transport systems that are also present in susceptible E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli SMS-3-5 is therefore dependent both on determinants acquired from a mobile gene pool that is likely available to clinical and agricultural pathogens, as well, and on specifically adapted multidrug efflux systems. The association of antimicrobial resistance with APEC virulence genes on pSMS35_130 highlights the risk of promoting the spread of virulence through the extensive use of antibiotics.
The determination of the elastic field of a polygonal star shaped inclusion

Abstract Recently we found that the elastic field is uniform in a pentagonal star (five-pointed star inclusion) [1], and in a triangular inclusion [2], when an eigenstrain is distributed uniformly in these inclusions. This result is similar to the famous result of Eshelby (1957) that the elastic field is uniform in an ellipsoidal inclusion in an infinitely body when an eigenstrain is distributed uniformly in the ellipsoidal inclusion. We also found that for a Jewish star (Star of David or six points star) or a rectangular inclusion subjected to a uniform eigenstrain, the stress field is not uniform in these inclusions. These results also hold for two dimensional plane strain cases. Furthermore these analytical results are confirmed experimentally by photoelasticity method. In this paper, we investigate a more general inclusion of an m-pointed polygonal inclusion subjected to the uniform eigenstrain. We conclude that the stress field is uniform when m is odd number. This conclusion agrees with the speculation made by B. Boley after the author's talk at Shizuoka [2].
Aquaporin gene expression in murine fetal membranes and placenta

MARIE BEALL, SHENGBIAO WANG, BAOXUE YANG, NIMRA CHAUDHRI, FATANEH AMIDI, MICHAEL ROSS, Harbor-UCLA Med. Ctr., Dept. of OB/ GYN (LA BioMed), Torrance, California, University of California, San Francisco, Dept. of Medicine, San Francisco, California OBJECTIVE: Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane water channels that regulate transmembrane water flow in a variety of tissues. AQPs demonstrated in the fetal membranes and placenta of humans and sheep are thought to be involved in the regulation of fetal body water and amniotic fluid volume and composition. We sought to determine if AQP mRNA is expressed in murine fetal membranes and placenta and to characterize the AQP isoforms involved. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant CD1 mice were sacrificed at 16 days of gestation (term = 21 days). Gestational sacs were dissected free of the uterus, and fetal membranes (combined amnion and chorion) and placenta were collected and frozen at 80(C until analyzed for mRNA. Adult mouse kidney was collected and kidney mRNA was used as a positive control. Tissues were homogenized and total RNA was extracted. Using primers for all known murine AQP isoforms (AQP 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12) as well as b-actin, reverse transcription was performed on placenta, membranes and kidney, as well as appropriate negative controls. RT-PCR product (10 ml) was separated by gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining under UV light. RESULTS: RNA was successfully isolated from placenta, membranes and kidney. RT-PCR using primers for AQP 3, 8 and 9 yielded single bands of 100150 bp size, consistent with amplification of specific AQP mRNA in both membrane and placental specimens. Mouse kidney also expressed message for AQP 3, 8 and 9 as well as AQP 2, 4 and 6. CONCLUSION: The expression of AQP 3, 8 and 9 in murine fetal membranes and placenta is consistent with results in human and ovine pregnancy. As AQP 3 and 8 transport glycerol as well as water, and AQP 9 transports glycerol, water and urea, these findings suggest that amniotic fluid solute concentration as well SMFM Abstracts S139
Optical multiple pulse sequences for multiphoton selective excitation and enhancement of forbidden transitions

In this paper we present novel and simple pulse sequences for enhancing the intensity of forbidden or highly nonresonant optical transitions. These sequences provide a straightforward approach to circumventing the most serious limitation of optical coherent transientspectroscopy: Available laser intensities are often insufficient to excite a significant fraction of the ground state population into desired excited states, either because of large inhomogeneous broadening or, in the case of multiphoton absorption, large anharmonicities. Optical phase modulation (which can be produced by an acousto‐optic modulator) or amplitude modulation (which can be produced by an interferometer) with carefully chosen pulse flip angles and delays can effectively remove even very large energy mismatches, thus permitting essentially complete population inversions arbitrarily far from resonance. Coherent averaging theory and computer calculations are used to derive particularly valuable sequences. Pumping enhancement of 10^3–10^5 (depending on individual molecular parameters) for these modulated pulse sequences are predicted. Specific applications to multiphoton pumping of local vibrational modes are discussed.
Sustained visual attention in 8-week-old infants☆

Abstract Sustained visual attention was studied in 8-week-old infants. The infants were presented with varying and complex patterns on a TV monitor. At a delay from the onset of fixation on this stimulus, a similar pattern was presented on an adjacent TV monitor within the infant's field of vision. This secondary stimulus was presented when heart rate slowed significantly below prestimulus level, when the heart rate returned to prestimulus level, or at 3 or 7 s following the onset of the first stimulus. The infants were less easily distracted by the secondary stimulus when heart rate was lower than prestimulus level than when it had returned to prestimulus levels. The amount of heart rate slowing on the heart rate deceleration trials was significantly correlated with baseline amplitude of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (i.e., heart rate variability). Distraction time was positively correlated with heart rate variability on heart rate deceleration and heart rate acceleration trials. These results replicate the measurement of sustained attention in older infants and extend the study of the development of sustained attention earlier in life. However, there may be a dissociation between behavioral and physiological indices of sustained attention which become more closely associated in the next 2 to 3 months.
Complications and outcome of external hemipelvectomy in the management of pelvic tumors.

Background: Although the technique of external hemipelvectomy has been adequately described, little is known about its complications and late results.
An introduction to supported conversation for adults with aphasia: Perspectives, problems and possibilities

(1998). An introduction to supported conversation for adults with aphasia: Perspectives, problems and possibilities. Aphasiology: Vol. 12, No. 9, pp. 811-816.
MRI algorithm for medical necessity for auto accident injured patients.

RATIONALE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used as a diagnostic test to evaluate personal injury. However, it increases the health care cost. Therefore, it is important to study the necessity for using MRI. OBJECTIVE: To examine the percentages of MRI ordering between orthopaedic surgeon and non-surgeon referring health care providers, and to propose an MRI an algorithm to reduce unnecessary MRI for patients with personal injuries. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. A total of 2000 patients that received a soft tissue injury and did not require surgery between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2004, were examined. Among them, 1000 patients came directly to one of the authors, an orthopaedic surgeon, and other 1000 were referred to the same surgeon. The percentages of MRI ordered by the author and the referring health care providers are examined. For referred patients, the orthopaedic author re-examined each patient to determine whether he thought the MRI was necessary. The Chi-square test and McNemar's test are used for comparisons for the percentages, and confidence intervals are reported. The study examines the overall MRI ordering, and MRI ordering separately for body regions. CONCLUSIONS: We found that there was a great disparity between the percentages of MRI ordering between the orthopaedic surgeon and the non-surgeon referring doctors, the orthopaedic surgeon ordered significantly less MRI (P-values Language: en
Development of finite element shape functions with derivative singularity

Abstract A set of singular finite elements is developed for application to problems of fracture mechanics. These elements can have any order of derivative singularity between 0 and 1. They may also represent a rigid body motion and a constant strain field, and satisfy the compatibility condition along inter-element boundaries. Some examples are provided to test the accuracy of the elements.
Multi-Tiered Approach to Improving the Reliability of Multi-Level Cell PRAM

Phase change RAM (PRAM) is a promising memory technology because of its fast read access time, high storage density and very low standby power. Multi-level Cell (MLC) PRAM which has been introduced to further improve the storage density, comes at a price of lower reliability. This paper focuses on a cost-effective solution for improving the reliability of MLC-PRAM. As the first step, we study in detail the causes of hard and soft errors and develop error models to capture these effects. Next we propose a multi-tiered approach that spans architecture, circuit and system levels to increase the reliability. At the architecture level, we use a combination of Gray code encoding and 2-bit interleaving to partition the errors so that a lower strength error correction coding (ECC) can be used for half of the bits that are in the odd block. We use sub block flipping and threshold resistance tuning to reduce the number of errors in the even block. For even higher reliability, we use a simple BCH based ECC on top of these techniques. We show that the propose multi-tiered approach enables us to use a low cost ECC with 2-error correction capability (t=2) instead of one with t=8 to achieve a block failure rate of 10E-8.
Racial and ethnic differences in adult asthma prevalence, problems, and medical care.

Objectives. We document the extent to which racial and ethnic differences exist in asthma prevalence among US adults, and among asthmatic adults, we document racial differences in asthma problems and asthma-related medical care. We also explore potential explanations for racial and ethnic disparities in each outcome. Design. Using data on a 24-state sample of white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American adults from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examine race/ethnic differences in asthma prevalence, problems (had an asthma attack last year; asthma symptoms; sleep difficulties; activities limited because of asthma), and asthma-related medical care (number of routine doctor visits; medication use; urgent doctor visits; visited an emergency room for asthma-related care last year). We then explore whether any observed disparities are due to differences in demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health behavior, and environmental conditions across racial/ethnic groups. ...
Secure databases: protection against user influence

Users may be able to compromise databases by asking a series of questions and then inferring new information from the answers. The complexity of protecting a database against this technique is discussed here.
Construction and Uses of New Compound B-A-A Maize Chromosome Translocations

Maize B-A translocations result from reciprocal interchanges between a supernumerary B chromosome and an arm of an essential A chromosome. Because of the frequent nondisjunction of the B centromere at the second pollen mitosis, B-A translocations have been used to locate genes to chromosome arms and to study the dosage effects of specific A segments. Compound B-A translocations (B-A-A translocations) are created by bringing together a simple B-A translocation with an A-A translocation in which breakpoints in the A-A and B-A translocations are in the same arm. Recombination in the region of shared homology of these A chromosome segments creates a B-A-A translocation. Success in creating and testing for a new B-A-A translocation requires that the B-A translocation be proximal to the A-A translocation and that the A-A translocation be proximal to the tester locus. The breakpoints of most of the A-A translocations have been cytologically defined by earlier investigators. Previous investigators have produced 16 B-A-A translocations and one B-A-A-A translocation, which collectively define 35 A chromosome breakpoints. We have enlarged this group by creating 64 new B-A-A translocations. We present a summary of the total of 81 B-A-A translocations showing their distribution among the chromosome arms and the 163 cytologically defined chromosome segments delimited by them. We also illustrate the method of construction of these B-A-A stocks and their uses.
Direct observation of weak state mixing in highly vibrationally excited acetylene

Abstract A pulsed-laser double-resonance technique probes the mixing of zero-order states in the 3νCH vibrational overtone (ϵvib ≈ 9640 cm−1) of X 1 Σ g + acetylene (C2H2), where the calculated vibrational state density is about three states/cm−1. Vibrational overtone excitation populates and laser induced fluorescence via the A1Au electronic state detects the molecular eigenstates, which have slightly mixed vibrational character because of weak interactions between the zero-order optically bright CH stretching state and optically dark background states. Observing the interacting states at low state density in the weak perturber limit dramatically simplifies the assignment and interpretation of the spectra. A two-state model recovers the important features of the experimental data including our prior observations of surprisingly intense A « X electronic transitions originating from 3νCH, the anomalous rotational-level dependence of the electronic absorption cross sections, and small perturbations in the 3νCH line positions. A multi-state deperturbation analysis gives coupling matrix elements of 0.01–0.05 cm−1 that are consistent with those measured for weak interactions in other polyatomic molecules at higher state densities.
On the Performance of FM Communications in the Presence of RF Noise

A critical view is taken of some common notions of input signal-to-noise ratio ``thresholds'' below which frequency modulation radio links become inoperative but above which highly satisfactory communications result. Experimentally derived curves are shown giving output vs input S/N's for three FM receiver bandwidths and a signal employing sine-wave modulation. When the experimental FM curves are compared with theoretical curves for AM, DSB, and SSB, it becomes clear that the ``threshold'' concept is extremely misleading. FM systems can enjoy a competitive output S/N for low input S/N against uniform RF noise, while against narrow-band RF noise, wide-band FM is superior to the other systems for practical output S/N.
Oriented Collagen Matrices: the Control of Biomineralizaton in Bone

Bone-forming cells fabricate a highly ordered collagen matrix (osteoid) which subsequently mineralizes. A variety of cell culture systems exist for osteogenic cells, yet none of these is optimal for the organized formation of a mineralized matrix. We have generated collagen substrates which have different degrees of fibrillar orientation, and have cultured osteogenic cells on these matrices. In this format, von Kossa-stained sections show that highly oriented collagen matrix starts to calcify in 6-7 days, while a random fibrillar matrix does not mineralize even after 21 days. Mineral has been detected only within the collagen matrix with a narrow, unmineralized region between the cells and the mineral.
Topographical requirements for delta opioid ligands: presence of a carboxyl group in position 4 is not critical for deltorphin high delta receptor affinity and analgesic activity.

Summary To investigate the role of the carboxyl group in deltorphin molecules, we have synthesized three new analogues in which the acidic amino acid residues in position 4 of the deltorphins were replaced by non-acidic but hydrophilic amino acids residues. The three analogues, [Ser 4 ]-, [Gln 4 ]-, and [Cys 4 ]-deltorphin, all are as potent or more potent than either deltorphin I or II at delta opioid receptors and possess good delta selectivities. The excellent correlation between their in vitro delta receptor potencies and their intrathecal antinociception activity forms a strong argument for involvement of those receptors in spinal nociceptive modulation in the rats.
There’s No Substitute for Belonging: Self-Affirmation Following Social and Nonsocial Threats

Feelings of belonging are closely linked to feelings of self-esteem. This article examines whether these feelings are regulated in a similar manner. Research on self-esteem maintenance shows that self-enhancement strategies are interchangeable; self-esteem threats in one domain instigate indirect self-affirmations in unrelated domains that effectively replace needs to directly address the original threats. From this perspective, when self-esteem threats arise from a lack of belonging, indirect self-affirmations should again be both preferred and effective. However, belonging regulation may be distinct from self-esteem regulation. From this belonging maintenance perspective, indirect affirmations that enhance esteem, but do not directly repair belonging, may be relatively less preferred and effective following belonging threats. Supporting the belonging maintenance perspective, four studies demonstrated that whereas intelligence threats tended to elicit indirect self-affirmations, belonging threats elicited relatively more direct self-affirmations. Furthermore, whereas indirect affirmation strategies effectively repaired intelligence threats they did not effectively repair belonging threats.
Generation of rhyolitic melt in an artificial magma: Implications for fractional crystallization processes in natural magmas

Abstract A large (1.3 × 107 g) artificial mafic melt with a bulk composition similar to an unusually calcic basalt (17 wt.% CaO) was produced by in-situ heating of soil, and subsequently cooled and crystallized. The final crystalline assemblage consisted dominantly of acicular diopsidic to hedenbergitic pyroxene and anorthitic feldspar, with a subordinate amount of potassic feldspar. Electron microprobe analyses reveal the presence of a small amount (∼10 vol.%) of rhyolitic glass (71% SiO2) within the crystalline network. This glass is the residual material left after crystallization of pyroxene and feldspar, analogous to rhyolitic melt which may be generated from fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma. Ion microprobe imaging indicates that the rhyolitic glass is generally present in isolated triangular- to rectangular-shaped interstices left by crystallization of acicular and tabular phases, and that the glass is enriched in trace elements (such as Zr and Cs) which are incompatible within the crystalline phases. No evidence of coalescence or migration of the rhyolitic melt is suggested by glass morphology. Although these observations were made in an artificial magmatic system, analogies to a natural system may be drawn. The isolated nature and low abundance of the rhyolitic glass highlights the difficulty of extracting and segregating evolved melts produced by high degrees of crystallization of a primitive parent, particularly one characterized by elongated, rather than equant, crystals. The distribution of the rhyolitic glass supports the suggestion that extraction of significant amounts of evolved melts from rocks may require repeated partial melting of crystallized material in order to allow the evolved liquid to physically separate from the parent, and also suggests that the geometry of crystals may be an important factor in melt segregation.
Leaky mode engineering: A general design principle for dielectric optical antenna solar absorbers

Abstract We present a general principle for the rational design of dielectric optical antennas with optimal solar absorption enhancement: leaky mode engineering. This builds upon our previous study that demonstrates the solar absorption of a material with a given volume only dependent on the density and the radiative loss of leaky modes of the material. Here we systematically examine the correlation among the modal properties (density and radiative loss) of leaky modes, physical features, and solar absorption of dielectric antenna structures. Our analysis clearly points out the general guidelines for the design of dielectric optical antennas with optimal solar absorption enhancement: (a) using 0D structures; (b) the shape does not matter much; (c) heterostructuring with non-absorbing materials is a promising strategy; and (d) the design of a large-scale nanostructure array can use the solar absorption of single nanostructures as a reasonable reference.
Aneuploidy in male germ cells induced by alcohol ingestion

The effects of ethyl alcohol ingestion, at levels comparable to human drinking, have been evaluated by cytogenetic analysis of mouse spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The alcohol was administered intragastrically at different doses and for various periods of time. An increase in mitotic and first division meiotic aneuploidy was observed in direct proportion to the alcohol dose. Approximately a three-fold increase in mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy over control levels was observed in animals exposed to a daily 3 gm/kg bw dose for 6 to 28 days. The level of aneuploidy was found to return to control levels by 14 days after cessation of alcohol ingestion. Analysis of the kinetics of decrease in aneuploidy following cessation of alcohol suggests that the primal event resulting in altered chromosome numbers occurs at a stage of the cell cycle other than anaphase and therefore is not due to nondisjunction nor to anaphase lagging.
Controlled Experiments on the Value of Supplementary Vitamins for Young Dairy Calves

Summary Studies are reported involving approximately sixty heifer calves of various dairy breeds, largely Holsteins, which show that supplementing a normal diet with capsules or tablets containing vitamins A, D, and E, ascorbic acid, and several of the B-vitamins did not reduce the incidence or severity of scours. Extra vitamins in the amounts fed had no certain effect on the rate of growth or the general appearance of the calves during the early months of life. Under the feeding and management conditions involved, there was no advantage to calves from adding extra vitamins to the normal ration.
Single-particle electromagnetic decay of nuclei with high angular momentum

The spectra and angular distribution of γ-rays from nuclei with high angular momentum are calculated. The calculation is based on one single-particle transition. It is indicated how these results can be generalized ior a cascade of γ-rays.
Role of Misorientation in Assessing Fretting Damage

The primary focus of the current work is to develop quantifying measures that can describe the evolution of fretting damage at the microstructural scale in a dual phase Ti-6Al-4V as well as two single phase materials: commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), which consists of pure alpha-phase titanium, and a near alpha Ti-5Al-2.5Sn. It is important to understand deformation behavior at the microstructural scale in heterogeneous materials because features at this scale, such as grain size, crystallographic orientation, and phase distribution, strongly influence crack development and are dimensionally of the same magnitude as the fretting damage volume. In Ti-6Al-4V, the size, distribution, and crystallographic orientation of the alpha-phase, which has an HCP crystalline structure, is particularly significant in fretting crack formation. Recent studies have linked an increase in average intra-grain misorientation (AMIS) measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to increasing strain in medium to high stacking fault metals such as titanium, nickel, copper, and aluminum. A high AMIS value in the near surface layers of specimens subjected to procedures that may induce surface damage has been shown to correlate with a reduction in low-cycle fatigue life. Furthermore, AMIS may be used to estimate plastic strain accumulation when calibrated to specimens tested at a known plastic strain. In the current study, the effect of slip displacement amplitude and number of fretting cycles on the evolution of fretting damage is quantified using AMIS. Additional supporting evidence of significant plastic strain accumulation in the near surface layers of the fretted specimens obtained using nanoindentation and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) will also be presented. An opportunity exists to directly link microstructural damage measures such as AMIS with life prediction procedures, and therefore, remaining challenges in developing such methods will be discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
INTERPRETING SUBJECTIVE DATA FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION

This paper examines how to interpret subjective data from citizen and client surveys for purposes of evaluating governmental programs. Six alternative models of the subjective response process are identified, and the implications of the different models are considered. Finally, different strategies for the statistical analysis of subjective data are discussed and illustrated.
Biotransformation of saturated monohydroxyl fatty acids to 2-tetrahydrofuranyl acetic acid derivatives: Mechanism of formations and the biological activity of 5- n -hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid

Transformation of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12-HOA) to 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid (5-HTFA) byBacillus lentus NRRL B-14864 (B-14864) was carried out in the presence or absence of oligomycin, 2-bromooctanoic acid (2-BA), or sodium azide. In addition, several saturated and monounsaturated monohydroxyfatty acids, saturated monooxofatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acid were used as substrates for transformation reactions by B-14864 or corynebacterium FUI-2. Methyl esters of the transformation products were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Various γ-lactones and tetrahydrofuran fatty acid derivatives were conversion products when saturated monohydroxyfatty acids were used as substrates; the production of 5-HTFA from 12-HOA by B-14864 cells was completely inhibited in the presence of high concentration of oligomycin, 2-BA, or sodium azide; and fatty acid β-oxidation metabolic intermediates, 6-hydroxydodecanoic, 4-oxododecanoic, and 4-oxodecanoic acids were products when 12-HOA, 10-oxo-, and 12-oxooctadecanoic acids were used as substrates. Our results suggest that the production of 5-HTFA from 12-HOA by B-14864 was through the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. Three-day-old driedfruit beetle pupae were topically treated with 5-HTFA to test for juvenile hormone activity, and 5-HTFA was found to possess juvenile hormone-like activity in pure form but not when it was diluted to 10%.
Transporters involved in apical and basolateral uptake of ceftibuten into Caco-2 cells.

Ceftibuten uptake from the apical and basolateral side of Caco-2 cells grown on transwells was studied. Uptake into the cells showed concentration dependent saturation. The apical transporter(s) showed a higher capacity and lower affinity for ceftibuten than the basolateral transporter(s). Uptake was inhibited in the presence of higher pH and in the presence of 2,4-dinitro phenol (DNP). A proton gradient had a greater effect on the apical than on the basolateral transporter. Glycyl proline, a dipeptide transport system (PEPT1) substrate, inhibited ceftibuten uptake into Caco-2 cells. Benzoic acid, a monocarboxylic acid (MCT) transporter substrate also exhibited a strong inhibition of ceftibuten uptake, but acetic acid had no effect. Adipic acid inhibited apical uptake of ceftibuten but had no effect on the basolateral uptake. None of the inhibitors had a significant effect on ceftibuten uptake in absence of a pH gradient. Addition of inhibitors in presence of DNP led to a greater decrease in ceftibuten uptake, when compared to the effect of DNP alone, indicating a facilitated diffusion process. These results indicate that ceftibuten uptake in Caco-2 cells involve multiple transport pathways. Apical uptake is mediated by an energy dependent carrier-mediated process and an energy independent facilitated diffusion process. The apical transport system is different from the basolateral transporter.
749: Identification of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) using debt-time, a measure of intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) decelerations

women delivering infants with birthweight 10%ile (IUGR) and those delivering AGA infants. EFM patterns were extracted by trained obstetric research nurses, blind to clinical outcomes, using 2008 NICHD standard. A secondary analysis was performed, comparing IUGR to AGA among only those apparently normal infants, excluding those with composite morbidity: arterial cord pH 7.20, 5 minute Apgar 7, NICU admission. Relative risks and ARs were calculated. Logistic regression was used to adjust for BMI, race, nulliparity, induction, and protracted labor. RESULTS: Of 5,388 infants, 652 (12.1%) were IUGR. IUGR did not confer an increase in risk of minimal variability or bradycardia, but was associated with a decrease in risk of tachycardia (aOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50, 0.90). IUGR compared to AGA infants were less likely to have accelerations (29.0% v. 35.9%, p 0.01), remaining true even among apparently normal infants (29.0% v. 36.4%, p 0.01). IUGR was associated with more decelerations; a 6% increased risk of late decelerations was attributable to IUGR (AR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02, 0.10), even in apparently normal infants. CONCLUSION: Growth restriction at term confers an increased risk of late decelerations, even in the absence of neonatal morbidity. EFM patterns may require different interpretations based on a priori risk and clinical factors.
Speculative Trading and Stock Prices: Evidence from Chinese A-B Share Premia

The market dynamics of technology stocks in the late nineties has stimulated a growing body of theories that analyze the joint effects of short-sales constraints and heterogeneous beliefs on stock prices and trading volume. This paper examines implications of these theories using a unique data sample from China, a market with stringent short-sales constraints and perfectly segmented dual-class shares. The identical rights of the dual-class shares allow us to control for stock fundamentals. We find that trading caused by investors' speculative motive can help explain a significant fraction of the price difference between the dual-class shares.
Surface-mount sapphire interferometric temperature sensor

A fiber-optic high-temperature sensor is demonstrated by bonding a 45 degrees -polished single-crystal sapphire fiber on the surface of a sapphire wafer, whose optical thickness is temperature dependent and measured by white-light interferometry. A novel adhesive-free coupling between the silica and sapphire fibers is achieved by fusion splicing, and its performance is characterized. The sensor's interference signal is investigated for its dependence on angular alignment between the fiber and the wafer. A prototype sensor is tested to 1,170 degrees C with a resolution of 0.4 degrees C, demonstrating excellent potential for high-temperature measurement.
Loss of ATM function enhances recombinant adeno-associated virus transduction and integration through pathways similar to UV irradiation.

Ataxia telangiectasia is caused by a genetic defect in the ATM gene that results in altered cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents such as gamma-irradiation. ATM deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of neurological disorders, immune deficiency, and cancer. In this report we demonstrate that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) gene transfer in ATM-deficient fibroblasts is significantly enhanced over normal fibroblast cell lines. This enhancement of rAAV transduction in AT cells is correlated with an increased abundance of circular form rAAV genomes, as well as a higher number of integrated head-to-tail concatamer proviral genomes. Studies evaluating AAV trafficking using Cy3-labeled virus suggest that a nuclear mechanism is responsible for increased rAAV transduction in AT cells, because binding, endocytosis, and nuclear trafficking of virus are unaffected by the AT phenotype. Additionally, the profile of rAAV transduction after UV irradiation is significantly blunted in AT cells, suggesting that the level of DNA repair enzymes normally associated with UV augmentation of viral transduction may already be maximally elevated. These results further expand our understanding of genes involved in rAAV transduction.
The Support and Family Education (SAFE) Program: Mental Health Facts for Families

Although more than half of adults who have a serious and persistent mental illness live with their families (1), less than 10 percent of families of outpatients with schizophrenia receive support or education (2). Such services fail to be provided despite the fact that family participation in well-designed psychoeducational programs has been documented as reducing relapse and readmission rates, improving involvement and adherence to treatment (3,4), and producing positive outcomes for caregivers, including improved morale, better knowledge of mental illness, enhanced feelings of empowerment, and reduced worry and displeasure about their loved ones (5,6). Moreover, the vast majority of mental health providers believe that educating families about mental illness and its treatment is very important (7). Why, then, do so few clinicians commit the requisite time and energy to providing these effective and much appreciated services? There are four sources of obstacles to the adoption of a psychosocial treatment innovation such as family psychoeducation. The obstacles stem from the psychoeducational program itself (for example, its unfamiliarity and conflicts with the existing treatment ideology); the clinicians (lack of training, experience, and competence in functioning as "teachers" with families); the host agency or institution (countervailing priorities and lack of administrative support); and the process of dissemination (lack of knowledgeable consultants or enthusiastic "champions" or advocates for family psychoeducation and lack of user-friendly curricula or program manuals). These obstacles can be overcome when practitioners and family members work together as stakeholders in the benefits that accrue from ongoing psychoeducation (8). In this month's column, Michelle Sherman, Ph.D., presents the family psychoeducation program she created at the Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center. Dr. Sherman describes how she tailored the intervention to the VA population, thus generating the support not only of the clients and their families but also of her fellow clinicians and the VA administration. Her work demonstrates that when mental health clinicians devote time, energy, and expertise to supporting and educating caregivers, significant benefits emerge for both clients and their families.
Teams in Organizations: From Input-Process-Output Models to IMOI Models

This review examines research and theory relevant to work groups and teams typically embedded in organizations and existing over time, although many studies reviewed were conducted in other settings, including the laboratory. Research was organized around a two-dimensional system based on time and the nature of explanatory mechanisms that mediated between team inputs and outcomes. These mechanisms were affective, behavioral, cognitive, or some combination of the three. Recent theoretical and methodological work is discussed that has advanced our understanding of teams as complex, multilevel systems that function over time, tasks, and contexts. The state of both the empirical and theoretical work is compared as to its impact on present knowledge and future directions.
An Evaluation of Alternative Strategies for Implementing Dialogue Policies Using Statistical Classification and Rules

We present and evaluate a set of architectures for conversational dialogue systems, exploring rule-based and statistical classification approaches. In a case study, we show that while a rule-based dialogue policy is capable of high performance if perfect natural language understanding is assumed, a direct classification approach that combines the dialogue policy with NLU has practical advantages.
Decade-Scale Precipitation Increase in Great Plains at End of 20th Century

During the 1980–1999 period, many regions in the central and southern Great Plains experienced the longest and strongest increase in average annual precipitation of the century. The size of the increase ranged from 6 to 12% of mean annual precipitation and from 25 to 60% of interannual precipitation variability. Precipitation increased for dry, average, and wet years, though not equally for each category. Generally, precipitation in very wet years increased less than in average and dry years. The probability of occurrence of dry years was greatly reduced compared to earlier in the century, whereas the probability of average years remained about the same and the probability of wet years increased. The observed decade-scale precipitation increase is attributed to a reduction in the number and severity of dry years, as well as to an increase in the number of wet years, though very wet years did not increase as much. The seasonal distribution of the increase in precipitation showed no statistically significant prevalence during any one particular month, yet qualitative considerations suggest that early summer and autumn months capture more of the annual precipitation increase. In the northern and northwestern Great Plains, a similar precipitation increase, but of smaller proportions, was observed during the 1990–1999 period.
Argonaute2 Cleaves the Anti-Guide Strand of siRNA during RISC Activation

The mRNA-cleavage step of RNA interference is mediated by an endonuclease, Argonaute2 (Ago2), within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Ago2 uses one strand of the small interfering (si) RNA duplex as a guide to find messenger RNAs containing complementary sequences and cleaves the phosphodiester backbone at a specific site measured from the guide strand's 5' end. Here, we show that both strands of siRNA get loaded onto Ago2 protein in Drosophila S2 cell extracts. The anti-guide strand behaves as a RISC substrate and is cleaved by Ago2. This cleavage event is important for the removal of the anti-guide strand from Ago2 protein and activation of RISC.
Algorithm 625: A Two-Dimensional Domain Processor

This paper presents a Fortran algorithm for processing general two dimensional domains through the use of a rectangular grid overlay. The motivation and techniques of this algorithm arc presented in the companion paper: Numerical COTnpulu.lion with General Two Dimensional Domains. This paper describes the assumptions used by the algorithm, describes a set of 20 parameterized domains useful for testing such algoriLhms and documents the two principal subprograms of the algorithm.
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) associated with prairie remnants in the Lower Chippewa River State Natural Area (LCRSNA) of Western Wisconsin

Abstract The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has identified a new State Natural Area in the Lower Chippewa River region of western Wisconsin. This 100,000-ha+ area contains 800 ha of prairie remnants—25% of Wisconsin's remaining remnant prairie. Diversity of grasshopper populations (Orthoptera: Acrididae) was assessed in these remnant prairies. Remnants ranged in size from 60 ha, and contained from 6 to 15 species from four subfamilies. Half of the remnants contained 10 or more species. Data from this survey provides the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources with a tool to evaluate remnant prairies, and a snapshot of what grasshopper communities may have looked like in Wisconsin prior to settlement. This research also updates the Orthopteran literature database for acridid distribution records for this region of the USA.