cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Clumping and Substructure on ICM Mass Measurements

We examine an ensemble of 48 simulated clusters to determine the effects of small-scale density fluctuations and large-scale substructure on X-ray measurements of the intracluster medium (ICM) mass. We measure RMS density fluctuations in the ICM which can be characterized by a mean mass-weighted clumping factor C = / ^2 between 1.3 and 1.4 within a density contrast of 500 times the critical density. These fluctuations arise from the cluster history of accretion shocks and major mergers, and their presence enhances the cluster's luminosity relative to the smooth case. We expect, therefore, that ICM mass measurements utilizing models which assume uniform density at a given radius carry a bias of order sqrt(C) = 1.16. We verify this result by performing ICM mass measurements on X-ray images of the simulations and finding the expected level of bias. The varied cluster morphologies in our ensemble also allow us to investigate the effects of departures from spherical symmetry on our measurements. We find that the presence of large-scale substructure does not further bias the resulting gas mass unless it is pronounced enough to produce a second peak in the image of at least 1% the maximum surface brightness. We analyze the subset of images with no secondary peaks and find a bias of 9% and a Gaussian random error of 4% in the derived mass.
Chapter 9 – Quantum Information Science from the Perspective of a Device and Materials Engineer

Publisher Summary Quantum mechanics plays a daily role everyone's life. The idea of using quantum mechanics to build "quantum computers" that outpace "classical computers" is not all that new. The chapter briefly discusses Turning machine; there are two classes of Turing machines: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic Turing machine consists of an infinitely long tape partitioned into cells, each containing a 0. or a 1. There is a read/write head that can move left or right by one cell at a time. The head can exist is one of a finite set of memory states and contains a set of instructions (a program) that specify, depending on the current internal state and the bit currently being read by the head, how the internal state of the head will change, whether the bit being scanned will be changed and in which direction the head will move, if it moves at all. While the head of a deterministic Turing machine, in a given state, reading a certain bit on the tape, has only one (unique) successor state available to it, a probabihstic Turing machine has multiple successor states available. Which state is ultimately acquired depends on a random choice.
Listeners’ Perceptions of Choral Performances With Static and Expressive Movement:

We examined how movement impacted listeners’ perceptions of choral performances. Participants (N = 115; n = 60 nonmusic majors, n = 55 music majors) viewed excerpts of Moses Hogan’s “Didn’t My Lord...
BFastPay: A Routing-free Protocol for Fast Payment in Bitcoin Network

Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency which supports payment services via the Bitcoin peer-to-peer network. However, Bitcoin suffers from a fundamental problem. In practice, a secure Bitcoin transaction requires the payee to wait for at least 6 block confirmations (one hour) to be validated. Such a long waiting time thwarts the wide deployment of the Bitcoin payment services because many usage scenarios require a much shorter waiting time. In this paper, we propose BFastPay to accelerate the Bitcoin payment validation. BFastPay employs a smart contract called BFPayArbitrator to host the payer's security deposit and fulfills the role of a trusted payment arbitrator which guarantees that a payee always receives the payment even if attacks occur. BFastpay is a routing-free solution that eliminates the requirement for payment routing in the traditional payment routing network (e.g., Lightning Network). The theoretical and experimental results show that BFast is able to significantly reduce the Bitcoin payment waiting time (e.g., from 60 mins to less than 1 second) with nearly no extra operation cost.
Exclusion of Copyright Protection for Certain Legal Compilations

The document abstracted contains the complete record of the hearing held by the House of Representatives Judiciary Committee’s Subcommittee on Intellectual Property on May 14, 1992 regarding H.R. 4426. The bill sought to exclude copyright protection for certain legal compilations in the wake of the Eighth Circuit’s decision in West Publishing v. Mead Data Central, 799 F.2d 1219 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1070 (1987), and the Supreme Court’s decision in Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone, 499 U.S. 340 (1991). The author’s testimony before the House Subcommittee appears beginning at page 33 of the hearing, his prepared statement at page 35, and his letter to the Chair of the Subcommittee at page 308. The two key issues that confronted the Subcommittee with respect to H.R. 4426 were: (1) Are page and section numbers, etc., which identify laws, regulations, judicial reports, and portions thereof, protectible at all under standard principles of copyright law? (2) Even if such identifying matter were otherwise protectible, should protection be withheld by Congress in order to enhance access to the public domain documents, e.g., opinions of the courts or statutes enacted by legislative bodies like Congress, to whose location the identifying matter refers? The author’s answers to the Subcommittee were, respectively, “no” and “yes.”
Statistical Analysis of CFD Solutions From the Fifth AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop

The first AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop, held in June 2001, evaluated the results from an extensive N-version test of a collection of Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes CFD codes. The code-to-code scatter was more than an order of magnitude larger than desired for design and experimental validation of cruise conditions for a subsonic transport configuration. The second AIAA Drag Prediction Workshop, held in June 2003, emphasized the determination of installed pylon-nacelle drag increments and grid refinement studies. The code-to-code scatter was significantly reduced compared to the first DPW, but still larger than desired. However, grid refinement studies showed no significant improvement in code-to-code scatter with increasing grid refinement. The third Drag Prediction Workshop focused on the determination of installed side-of-body fairing drag increments and grid refinement studies for clean attached flow on wing alone configurations and for separated flow on the DLR-F6 subsonic transport model. This work evaluated the effect of grid refinement on the code-to-code scatter for the clean attached flow test cases and the separated flow test cases.
Other Hodgkin Lymphoma

This chapter focuses on the less common forms of Hodgkin lymphoma, which are less well characterized but have some features that are consistent with infection by a childhood virus. These less common Hodgkin lymphomas have occurred with about equal frequency in Los Angeles County and other registry populations and are slightly more common among males. These tumors begin to occur in young adulthood, occur more frequently at older ages, and do not occur more commonly in any particular racial/ethnic group. Among males in the county as a whole, they have been decreasing in frequency over time, although this tendency is less obvious among the residents of high-risk census tracts. The preponderance among males is consistent with the pattern of other lymphomas. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation is proposed.
Origins of Parental Care

Caring for one’s offspring is so widespread among birds and mammals that it is the exceptions that attract our attention. Among birds, megapodes are a special curiosity precisely because their precocial young are unattended by their elders, even though the latter may have labored long maintaining an optimal temperature in their solar-heated nests (Frith, 1962). Mammals, by virtue of the nursing relationship between mothers and young, are never quite so distant from their offspring, but in some species the contact between the generations ends abruptly with weaning while in others it persists long after. Why is parental care not universal and uniform?
Cross-species approaches to cognitive neuroplasticity research

Neuroplasticity studies investigate the neural mechanisms that support learning-induced changes in cognition and behavior. These studies are performed in both experimental animals and humans across development from childhood to aging. Here, we review select recent studies that have sought to combine both animal and human neuroplasticity research within the same study. In investigating the same cognitive/behavioral functions in parallel in animals and humans, these studies take advantage of complementary neuroscience research methods that have been established for each species. In animals, these methods include investigations of genetic and molecular biomarker expression and micro-scale electrophysiology in single neurons in vivo or in brain slices. In humans, these studies assess macro-scale neural network dynamics using neuroimaging methods including EEG (electroencephalography) and functional and structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). Thus, by combining these diverse and complementary methodologies cross-species studies have the unique ability to bridge molecular, systems and cognitive neuroscience research. Additionally, they serve a vital role in translational neuroscience, providing a direct bridge between animal models and human neuropsychiatric disorders. Comprehensive cross-species understanding of neural mechanisms at multiple scales of resolution and how these neural dynamics relate to behavioral outcomes, then serve to inform development and optimization of treatment strategies.
Externally blown flap noise research

The Lewis Research Center cold-flow model externally blown flap (EBF) noise research test program is summarized. Both engine under-the-wing and over-the-wing EBF wing section configurations were studied. Ten large scale and nineteen small scale EBF models were tested. A limited number of forward airspeed effect and flap noise suppression tests were also run. The key results and conclusions drawn from the flap noise tests are summarized and discussed.
Transport Phenomena and Electroweak Baryogenesis in the Two-doublet Higgs Model

We use transport equations to compute the evolution of the quark plasma at the electroweak phase transition in the two-doublet Higgs model, obtaining in a more rigorous and quantitatively accurate way results consistent with previous work. We discuss the model in connection with the electroweak baryogenesis scenario, and claim that the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe can be obtained within this model with a suitable choice of parameters.
Gender and height: Developmental patterns in knowledge and use of an accurate stereotype

The belief that men are taller than women is an accurate gender stereotype that is presumably learned through everyday encounters with men and women. It is unlike most gender beliefs that are difficult to quantify and verify, and that may be learned through means other than direct experience. This research makes use of several advantages available when studying an accurate stereotype (e.g., the ability to know the “truth” about judged targets). Subjects from five different age/grade levels (kindergarten, third grade, seventh grade, tenth grade, and college, N=491, 92.26% Caucasian, 7.54% Arabic, 0.2% African American) made judgments of “who is taller” among photographed male—female pairs that had actually been matched in height. Judgments were made of kindergarten, seventh grade, and college photo pairs. In a developmental context, height judgments are particularly interesting because the gender difference in height changes at different ages—specifically, girls are taller than boys around seventh grade. The data indicated that subjects were sensitive to the changing height stereotype—i.e., they judged adult males taller than adult females, but seventh grade females taller than seventh-grade males. However this was most strikingly true among subjects directly faced with this reality in their peer context—seventh graders—and among college students. Height judgments were also sensitive to an ingroup (gender) bias. The data are discussed in reference to the broader literature on stereotyping and base rate influences on judgment.
Two-megahertz off-line hybridized quasi-resonant converter

Thick-film hybrid technology is employed to fabricate a zero-current-switched, half-bridge, quasi-resonant converter for 300V dc off-line application. With a conversion frequency of 2MHz the converter delivers 80W at a power density of 21W/cu.in. This paper describes the theory of operation, detailed design rules and benefits of hybridization. Also described is a 2MHz hybridized gate drive.
A cohort approach to the analysis of migration differentials

Las tasasintercensales de migracion por edad especifica para hombres blancos en Estados Unidos, correspondientes al periodo 1870 a 1950, se ordenaron por cohortes en vez de la forma usual de seccion transversal. Este ordenamiento, cuando se relaciona con el caracter economico de las decadae a traves de las cuales vivieron las cohortes, muestrauna fuerte reaccion a la prosperidad y a la depresion, y explicalas fluctuaciones un tanto erraticas de las tasas por seccion transversal. Las tasas por cohortes quinquenales observadas a intervalos de diez anos producen datos para doe juegos de cohortes: las observadas solo en edades “pares” (10–14, 20–24, etc.); y las observadas solo en edades “impares” (15–19, 25–29, etc.). Las cohortes impares alcanzan el punta mas alto en las edades 25–29, siendo este mas altoen las decadas proeperas que en las de depresion, Las cohortes pares alcanzan el punta mas alto en las edades 20–24 si llegan a tales edades en una decada prospera, peru el punto mas alto es diferidoa las edades 30–34, si llegan a las edades 20–24 en una decada de depresion. Si las cohortes pares pudieran ser observadas en las edades impares, iambien. mostrarian probablemente tasas maximas decenales en las edades 25–29. El analisis de la migracion mediante cohortes parece indicar con mas claridad algunas relaciones y prometer una comprensiom. adicional en la cuestion de migracion diferencial.
Electrokinetic Demixing of Aqueous Two‐Phase Systems. 3. Drop Electrophoretic Mobilities and Demixing Rates

Scale-up of aqueous two-phase extraction, which is useful in the isolation and purification of certain bioproducts, is limited by the slow demixing rates of the two aqueous phases. Electrokinetic demixing has been shown to increase by more than 5-fold the demixing rates of systems up to 100 mL in volume in a manner that depends on field strength, field polarity, pH, and phase composition. The present study is an attempt to relate demixing rates to droplet electrokinetic mobilities which were measured microscopically and inferred from demixing data. A clear dependence of demixing rate was observed on drop electrophoretic mobility and pH. The electrophoretic mobility of individual phase droplets suspended in the other phase was measured for poly(ethylene glycol)/Dextran systems using a microelectrophoresis unit and compared with mobilities predicted by electrokinetic theory. We confirmed earlier reports that the droplet electrophoretic mobility increased with increasing drop diameter and explained this increase on the basis of an internal electroosmotic flow model. Effective electrophoretic mobilities were estimated from electrokinetic demixing data in a 100-mL column and compared with predicted as well as experimentally measured values of electrophoretic mobility. The mobilties increased with increased phosphate ionization due to change in pH irrespective of the sign (or polarity) of the applied electric field. The electroosmotic flow model could explain satisfactorily the following two paradoxes: (1) the direction of migration of drops is the opposite of that predicted by colloid electrokinetics and (2) the phase demixing rate increased irrespective of the sign of the applied electric field.
Developmental Aspects of Physiological Function Relating to Aerobic Exercise in Children

The many physiological determinants of exercise performance mature throughout the childhood years. Current research suggests that the improvements in maximal aerobic power which occur as the child ages are an expression of both increased body size and improved function. Absolute VO2max increases during the childhood years in both girls and boys. Average VO2max related to bodyweight, however, remains stable in boys of all ages, while values in girls decline progressively as they grow. VO2 at a given treadmill speed or slope falls during the growing years. This improvement in running economy may explain parallel advances in endurance exercise performance. The explanation for greater running economy with growth is uncertain, but lower step rate, improved running mechanics, and changes in body mass: surface area ratio may play a role.
Labor Welfare in France: A Matter of Citizenship

Whether the French Revolution of 1789 led to a victory of the bourgeoisie or the peasantry is debatable, but it did, unquestionably, mandate that the collective good should supersede individual desire. Given this history and the context of French political culture, this article traces the evolution of the relationship between France's labor unions and the country's social workers, largely in the shadow of a powerful centralized welfare state and its network of regional Bourses du Travail. Propositions that date from the Enlightenment—the belief in the mind, the depth of secular humanism, the sway of social activism—mean that workplace social services have been valued more as an idea than as a practice to date, but that the practice currently is growing.
Further applications of a general rate conservation law

Abstract Some further applications of a General Rate Conservation Law (GRCL) for stationary semimartingales are presented. GRCL is used to characterize the distribution of the reflection of Levy processes with arbitrary jumps. The stationary distribution of a general jump-diffusion with a reflecting boundary is derived and an interesting stochastic decomposition result is obtained. A multidimensional version of GRCL is used to examine the stationary behaviour of a multidimensional reflected Levy process. The relationship between GRCL and pathwise rate conservation is reviewed.
Endothelin-1 impairs angiogenesis in vitro through Rho-kinase activation after chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal sheep

Endothelin-1 impairs angiogenesis in vitro through Rho-kinase activation after chronic intrauterine pulmonary hypertension in fetal sheep
WEIGHTED COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON WEIGHTED BANACH SPACES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

The essential norm of weighted composition operators on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions is computed in terms of the weights and the inducing symbols. As a consequence the boundedness and compactness of these operators is characterized. As another consequence the essential norm of composition operators on weighted Bloch spaces is obtained and, consequently, the boundedness and compactness of composition operators on these spaces is also characterized. Particular instances of weighted Bloch spaces are the Lipschitz spaces. The method used allows a unified treatment of the problem of boundedness and compactness on these spaces.
The potential role of sheep in dryland grain production systems

In dryland farming areas of Montana, annual precipitation is not sufficient for annual planting of cereal grains. Instead, a crop-summer fallow farming system is used to conserve soil moisture and increase available nitrogen for subsequent crop growth. Managing this summer fallow, either by mechanical means or with herbicides, is the highest variable cost associated with dryland grain production in Montana. Wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) is the most damaging insect pest to Montana’s US$ 1 billion per year grain industry. Weed management is the largest variable cost associated with drylandgrain production andsummerfallow management. Sixfields, located onfour commercial Montana grainoperations,were grazedbysheepandgoatsfromOctober2002toMay2003todeterminetheimpactgrazinghasonC.cinctuspopulations,weedand volunteer cereal growth, soil compaction, and gravimetric water concentrations. Percent C. cinctus larval mortality and percent reduction of weed biomass was greater in grazed compared to non-grazed areas (P 0.01). No differences in soil bulk density or gravimetric water concentrations were found between treatments (P > 0.11). Grazing fallow with sheep and goats appears to successfully improve C. cinctus and weed management in grain production systems without impacting soil compaction. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Memory, consciousness and neuroimaging.

Neuroimaging techniques that allow the assessment of memory performance in healthy human volunteers while simultaneously obtaining measurements of brain activity in vivo may offer new information on the neural correlates of particular forms of memory retrieval and their association with consciousness and intention. We consider evidence from studies with positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging indicating that priming, a form of implicit retrieval, is associated with decreased activity in various cortical regions. We also consider evidence concerning the question of whether two components of explicit retrieval—intentional or effortful search and successful conscious recollection— are preferentially associated with increased activity in prefrontal and medial temporal regions, respectively. Last, we consider recent efforts to probe the relation between the phenomenological character of remembering and neural activity. In this instance we broaden our scope to include studies employing event–related potentials and consider evidence concerning the neural correlates of qualitatively different forms of memory, including memory that is specifically associated with a sense of self, and the recollection of particular temporal or perceptual features that might contribute to a rich and vivid experience of the past.
Reverse transcription of R2Bm RNA is primed by a nick at the chromosomal target site: A mechanism for non-LTR retrotransposition

Abstract R2 is a non-LTR retrotransposable element that inserts at a specific site in the 28S rRNA genes of most insects. We have expressed the open reading frame of the R2 element from Bombyx mori, R2Bm, in E. coli and shown that it encodes both sequence-specific endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities. The R2 protein makes a specific nick in one of the DNA strands at the insertion site and uses the 3′ hydroxyl group exposed by this nick to prime reverse transcription of its RNA transcript. After reverse transcription, cleavage of the second DNA strand occurs. A similar mechanism of insertion may be used by other non-LTR retrotransposable elements as well as short interspersed nucleotide elements.
A study of retention-time relationships in gas chromatography in terms of the structure of steroids

Abstract A study has been made of the retention-time behavior of steroids in gas chromatography with both a non-selective (non-polar) phase and several selective phases with a view to establishing relationships between structure and gas-chromatographic properties. A “steroid number” was defined following the work of Woodford and Van Gent in the fatty acid field, and these values were found to be less dependent on the temperature of the separation than relative retention times. It was found that an additive expression relating steroids numbers to structure may be used in structural studies; this extends earlier basic work on separations of steroids in paper partition chromatography to gas-liquid partition chromatography. Functional group effects were studied through the approach of Haahti, VandenHeuvel and Horning and T values were determined for a variety of steroids with neopentyl glycol succinate and a fluoralkyl silicone polymer as liquid phases. These values are temperature-dependent; a linear relationship was found in several instances for logT and temperature over a short temperature range. Steroid numbers were found to be useful in defining relationships based primarily on molecular weight and molecular shape. T values reflect the number, nature, position and sterochemical relationships of the functional groups. These data, derived from relative retention-time determinations, may be used to arrive at tentative structural conclusions for unidentified steroids, and an example is given of the way in which this may be done.
On the Representation of Integers by the Lorentzian Quadratic Form

In this paper, we establish an asymptotic formula, for large radiusr, for the number of representations of a nonzero integerkby the Lorentzian quadratic formx21+x22+…+x2n−x2n+1that are contained in the ball of radiusrcentered at the origin in Euclidean (n+1)-space.
Evaluation and management of early virological failure.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the causes, evaluation, and management of early virological failure in patients treated with their first antiretroviral regimen. RECENT FINDINGS Combination antiretroviral therapy predictably induces a rapid virological response, with the majority of patients achieving an undetectable HIV-RNA load by week 24. In clinical trials and cohorts, rates of virological suppression have improved over time. Poor adherence to therapy remains the most common cause of virological failure, and genotype resistance testing is a critical step in evaluating the optimal subsequent approach. Most studies suggest that transient HIV-RNA elevations do not warrant changing treatment, and may be a consequence of laboratory variation. For those who experience virological failure, resistance to individual components of the antiretroviral regimen is dependent on the initial choice of treatment. Once virological failure is confirmed and adherence issues addressed, a prompt change in treatment is warranted to limit the selection of further drug resistance. SUMMARY Resistance that occurs with early virological failure follows typical patterns, with limited resistance to most antiretroviral agents in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor classes. The likelihood of achieving virological suppression with subsequent regimens should be high so long as adherence can be assured.
Flaw behavior in mechanically loaded clad plates

Abstract A small crack near the inner surface of clad nuclear reactor pressure vessels is an important consideration in the safety assessment of the structural integrity of the vessel. Four-point bend tests on large plate specimens, six clad and two unclad, were performed to determine the effect of stainless steel cladding upon the propagation of small surface cracks subjected to stress states similar to those produced by pressurized thermal shock conditions. Test results have shown that the tough surface layer composed of cladding and/or heat-affected zone has enhanced the load-bearing capacity of plates under conditions where unclad plates have ruptured. The results are interpreted in terms of fracture mechanics. The behavior of flaws in clad reactor pressure vessels is examined in the light of the test results.
Caffeine (4 mg/kg) influences sustained attention and delayed free recall but not memory predictions

This experiment was conducted to examine the influence of a moderate dose of caffeine (4 mg/kg) on delayed memory, metamemory, and sustained attention. One hundred and forty-two volunteers ingested either caffeine or placebo during a study session which included three different memory tasks (free recall, cued recall, and recognition), and they made predictions of future memory performance. On day 2, participants again ingested either caffeine or placebo and completed memory tests. Sustained attention performance was measured on both days, and caffeine reliably improved hit rates and response latencies. A reliable drug-state interaction was detected only in the free recall test of memory. Caffeine did not affect the magnitude or accuracy of memory predictions, but there was some evidence that expectancies about caffeine were related to cognitive performance. Overall, caffeine's impact on memory and metamemory was not robust in this study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pitfall To Avoid When Estimating Incident-Induced Delay by Using Deterministic Queuing Models:

The deterministic queuing model is the most widely used method to estimate the delay caused by freeway incidents. It has been applied in numerous studies to determine the impacts of incidents and to estimate the benefits of policies designed to reduce such impacts. Typically, the average duration per incident type is used to estimate the incident delay. This approach assumes that the "delay due to an average incident" is the same as the "average delay due to incidents." In fact, because delay is a convex function of incident duration, the "delay due to an average incident" is always smaller than the "average delay due to incidents." This paper shows that the underestimate of the total delay is a function of (a) the variance of the incident duration times, (b) the severity of the type of incident under consideration, and (c) the number of incidents of the type under consideration. A formula is presented that accurately determines the total delay. The formula depends on the mean and the variance of the inci...
Aldehyde and ketone adducts of the gaseous trifluoromethyl cation.

IR spectra of CF3+ adduct ions are reported for the first time using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD). Carbonyl stretches of ketone conjugate acids shift less than do those of ions containing C═OCF3+ groups. Carbonyl absorptions shift in proportion to the empirical softness of the corresponding neutrals. Anharmonic DFT fits band positions of C═OCF3+ stretches for aliphatic ions, but unscaled harmonic calculations match O−CF3 stretches more closely. Calculated O−CF3 bond orders increase with gas phase CF3+ affinities of the corresponding neutral carbonyl.
Synthetic Oral Mucin Mimic from Polymer Micelle Networks

Mucin networks are formed in the oral cavity by complexation of glycoproteins with other salivary proteins, yielding a hydrated lubricating barrier. The function of these networks is linked to their structural, chemical, and mechanical properties. Yet, as these properties are interdependent, it is difficult to tease out their relative importance. Here, we demonstrate the ability to recreate the fibrous like network through a series of complementary rinses of polymeric worm-like micelles, resulting in a 3-dimensional (3D) porous network that can be deposited layer-by-layer onto any surface. In this work, stability, structure, and microbial capture capabilities were evaluated as a function of network properties. It was found that network structure alone was sufficient for bacterial capture, even with networks composed of the adhesion-resistant polymer, poly(ethylene glycol). The synthetic networks provide an excellent, yet simple, means of independently characterizing mucin network properties (e.g., surface...
Radiochemical and chemical quality-assurance methods for [13N]-ammonia made from a small volume H2 16O target

Abstract HPLC and TLC systems were sought for routine assurance of [ 13 N]NH 3 for human PET studies. An ion chromatograph with conductivity and radioactivity detection was used to confirm that [ 13 N]NO 2 − and [ 13 N]NO 3 − were the major 13 N species formed by the 16 O(p, α ) 13 N reaction in a small volume (0.5 mL) water target irradiated with protons (24 MeV), and that Devarda's alloy reduction and distillation in an apparatus constructed of disposable components and requiring no external heating gave radiochemically and radionuclidically pure [ 13 N]NH 3 . Merck polyethylene-backed TLC plates were developed in the upper phase of the solvent mixture: H 2 O/acetone/propionic acid (6:4:2, v/v) saturated with NaCl. The R f of [ 13 N]NH 3 was 0.6. HPLC was conducted with a 25 × 0.46 cm column with 2 mL/min CH 3 CN/10 mM aqueous sodium 1-octanesulfonate (1:2, v/v). [ 13 N]NH 3 eluted at 3.5 min.
TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD EFFECTS ON CYCLOMORPIHOSIS IN DAPHNIA

A 10-week laboratory study was conducted in an attempt to determine what effect, if any, photoperiod and temperature had on cyclomorphosis in Daphnia schϕdleri. Multiple regression—partial correlation techniques were employed. Significant relationships were found between tail-length to carapace-length ratio, photoperiod and temperature for 1 to 5-week juveniles.
Membrane fluidity in normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts

Abstract We have observed distinct differences in the polarization of fluorescence and temperature dependent emission intensity of the highly fluorescent phospholipid derivative (1-acyl-2-(N-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole)--aminocaproyl phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC), when incorporated in the plasma membranes of normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. Fluorescence polarization measurements indicate that the fluorochrome has a much higher degree of rotational mobility in cystic fibrosis fibroblasts as compared with normal cells. Temperature dependent transitions in the emission intensity of NBD-PC incorporated in normal fibroblasts are indicated at 17.7 and 21.2° C while the abnormal cell membranes apparently undergo transitions at 8.7 and 13.5° C. These differences might be due to changes in plasma membrane composition and/or organization, in the case of the cystic fibrosis cells.
Application-specific selection of biomaterials for pediatric craniofacial reconstruction: developing a rational approach to guide clinical use.

Background Biomaterials provide an invaluable alternative to autogenous bone graft for pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. However, there is no uniform agreement on the choice of biomaterial for different reconstructive needs. Methods Patients who had reconstruction of the craniofacial skeleton with alloplastic materials from 1994 to 2006 by a single surgeon were reviewed. Biomaterials used consisted of three classes: cement pastes, biomaterials designed to be replaced by bone, and prefabricated polymers. The study included 25 patients with a mean age of 5.5 years and a mean follow-up of 3.3 years. Results Cement pastes used for onlay augmentation to the cranial skeleton in eight patients consisted of hydroxyapatite (n = 5) and calcium phosphate (n = 3). One patient had a postoperative infection that resolved with partial implant removal and antibiotics. Biomaterials designed to be replaced by bone consisted of bioactive glass (n = 3) and demineralized bone (n = 8), which were used for inlay reconstruction of full-thickness calvarial defects in 11 patients. Computed tomographic scanning showed adequate bone mineralization in nine patients; two of the three patients with calvarial defects greater than 5 cm in diameter demonstrated variable mineralization. Prefabricated porous polyethylene was used in six patients for either onlay malar augmentation (n = 3) or inlay calvarial reconstruction (n = 3). One patient had a peri-implant infection that resolved with aspiration, irrigation, and intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions The authors developed an algorithm to guide use of biomaterials in craniofacial reconstruction based on whether (1) growth of the underlying craniofacial skeleton is nearly complete (>90 percent); (2) onlay or inlay reconstruction is to be performed; and (3) the reconstruction is performed in a load-bearing or non-load-bearing area.
Differential effects of ethanol consumption on synthesis of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial encoded subunits of the ATP synthase.

The relative concentrations of several subunits of the mitochondrial ciated with the FI (a + p and 7) are not altered in Fo.F,-ATP synthase were determined in mitochondria and submito- mitochondria from ethanol-fed animals. ln contrast, the levels of polypeptides of the FO (ATPase 6 and 8) are chondrial particles prepared from the livers of ethanol-fed and control rats. The polypeptides were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the stained gels were significantly de~~eased in these organelles. The data preanalyzed by densitometry for the relative concentrations of the ATP sented in this report provides additional evidence that an synthase subunits. A significant decrease in the relative concentra- ethanol-induced lesion in mitochondria1 protein syntion of the mitochondrial gene product, ATPase subunit 8, was thesis7,8 is responsible for the significant alterations in observed in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles from oxidative phosphorylation found in mitochondria from ethanol-fed animals. The relative concentration of the other mitochondrial encoded ATPase subunit, ATPase 6, was also depressed, ethanol-fed rats. Moreover, this study illustrates a difas confirmed in submitochondrial particles. In contrast, there were ferential effect of chronic ethanol consumption on cytono significant ethanol-related depressions in subunits a, 6, and OSCP plasmic and mitochondria1 protein syntheses of the ATP of the Fa. F, or the adenine nucleotide carrier in intact mitochondria. synthase subunits. These results demonstrate that ethanol consumption causes a decrease in the content of mitochondrial synthesized subunits 6 and 8 whereas no effect is exerted on the concentrations of nuclear gene products of the ATP synthase complex. Likewise, the adenine nu
Energy consumption of indoor radio-over-fiber distribution links: Experimental findings

Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) based network architectures would allow centralization of signal processing and signal conditioning functions and simple, cost-effective remote units at the cell site. RoF technology results in remote units with few components, however, certain aspects of the technology may inadvertently lead to high power consuming components. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the effect of electrical-optical-electrical (E/O/E) loss and signal bandwidth on the energy consumption of analog and digitized RoF (ARoF and DRoF) links. We also analyze the energy efficiency of multiple services on a single RoF distribution network. Our results show that E/O/E loss significantly degrades the energy efficiency of the ARoF links. DRoF is robust to the E/O/E loss on the optical link but is affected by the loss due to reconstruction of the radio frequency signal at higher Nyquist zones. We also show that increasing the bandwidth improves the energy efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate that the extra energy savings from having multiple services on a single RoF link depends on the wireless environment.
Cognitive biases in childhood anxiety disorders: Do interpretive and judgment biases distinguish anxious youth from their non-anxious peers?☆

The purpose of this study was to compare interpretive biases (i.e., the tendency to interpret neutral stimuli in a negative way) and judgment biases (i.e., a lowered estimate of one's ability to cope with a threatening situation) in clinically anxious youth (n=24) with a demographically matched group of non-referred youth (n=48). Interpretive biases were assessed with the Children's Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ) and judgment biases were assessed with the Anxiety Control Questionnaire-child form (ACQ-C). Results indicated that (1) children in the clinic sample exhibited significantly more negative interpretive biases and less positive judgment biases relative to the control sample, (2) the ACQ-C demonstrated incremental validity over the CNCEQ in predicting diagnostic status, (3) the ACQ-C predicted diagnostic status while controlling for Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms, (4) the relationship between the CNCEQ and diagnostic status was moderated by age and gender. Implications of the findings for theory and practice are discussed to highlight suggestions for future research and clinical practice.
Improving Turkey Meat Quality by Carcass Injection

Abstract ONE of the problems facing the turkey industry is consumer complaints on dryness and toughness of the meat, particularly the breast muscles. Schwall et al. (1968b) reported that injection of up to 5 percent of the body weight as a mixture of liquid fats and phosphate salts resulted in a significant improvement in juiciness and tenderness of the cooked meat. Klose et al. (1962) reported that use of 5 percent soluble phosphates in the chill water of turkeys resulted in significantly higher yields of cooked meat. May et al. (1962) reported that the use of 10 ounces of soluble polyphosphates per gallon of chill water resulted in a significant improvement in both tenderness and juiciness of broiler chickens. The injection of materials into meat to alter texture or flavor has been practiced for many years. Mareta (1938) proposed injection of seasonings in liquid form into poultry carcasses before they were…
Animal carcinogenicity experiments with and without serial sacrifice

Commonly used tests to detect carcinogenic potential of a test compound make extreme assumptions about the lethality of tumors, due to their occult nature. In this paper we compare a nonparametric test, which uses interim sacrifice to avoid such assumptions, with these tests using simulation based on the EDOl data. Results indicate that in the presence of a significant difference in the mortality rate with treatment, commonly used methods could fail to maintain the nominal significance level. However, when there is no difference in the mortality rate, such procedures are robust to the underlying assumptions about the lethality of tumors and more powerful than the nonparametric test using interim sacrifice.
A bacterial barrier dressing for skin donor sites

Abstract Although most skin donor sites heal uneventfully, some surgically prepared open areas become contaminated and are converted to full-thickness wounds. Accordingly, a synthetic bacterial barrier dressing (Hydron Burn Bandage) applied as a spray or a preformed sheet was compared with fine mesh gauze application on skin donor sites in a series of 50 burned children. Six of 19 control wounds demonstrated some bacterial contaminants. Only 2 out of 22 donor sites covered within 5 h after preparation contained any detectable bacterial contaminants. The Hydron bandage applied to skin donor sites adhered well, was easily removed at about 12 days and produced a barrier to bacterial contamination during the healing period.
Relationship between phonemic and lingual awareness.

The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to assess the relationship between knowledge of speech sounds (phonemes) and lingual awareness in normal adult speakers of English. The study also examined subjects' descriptions of lingual contact. 36 subjects (M age = 19.6, SD =.71) who were enrolled in an undergraduate phonetics class participated. All passed a speech and hearing screening and reported having received no prior speech therapy or classes in articulation, phonetics, or speech science During the first class meeting, the subjects were given two tests. The measure of phonemic awareness consisted of (a) judging which two (out of three) printed words began (or ended) with the same phoneme, (b) counting, substituting, reversing phonemes in words, and (c) indicating primary stress in two-syllable words. The lingual awareness test consisted of subjects imitating a syllable, then responding to a multiple-choice question regarding (a) tongue position (front to back), (b) tongue height (high to low), (c) contact with the teeth, and (d) contact with other oral cavity structures. Subjects were requested to imitate the syllable prior to answering each question, e.g., "Say tub. Did you feel your tongue in the front, middle, or back of your mouth?" Seven English phonemes (t, k, s, sb, r, l, and voiceless th) were presented in a consonant-vowel syllable with the central vowel "uh," Subjects were aided by a line drawing of the oral cavity. A significant correlation of 53 was found between the two tests, suggesting that individuals who possess greater awareness of speech sounds tend to exhibit heightened lingual awareness. Sound-symbol knowledge was the best predictor of lingual awareness. Subjects had the most difficulty describing lingual contact for phonemes that are often troublesome for children to articulate (sb, r, l, and s).
Deployment Of The Mx Spectrometer

The MX Spectrometer is a remotely controlled multiple object fiber optic spectrometer head. Mobile fiber probes provide the capacity to obtain simultaneous spectra of many objects. Our experience with the Medusa aperture plate fiber optic spectrograph led us to design and build the MX with automated fiber positioning in the telescope focal plane. 32 stepper motor driven probes in a fishermen-around-the-pond arrangement position 64 fibers in the 45 arcminute field of the Steward Observatory 2.3m telescope. An onboard Z-80 microprocessor interfaces to 64 intelligent stepper motor controllers. The intelligent controllers allow simultaneous motion of all the probes for rapid field alignment. All fibers can be moved from one target pattern to another in less than 90 seconds. Two arcsecond diameter fiber apertures can be moved in steps as small as 0.1 arcseconds (10 microns). Probe collisions are prevented by software which maps the footprint of each probe in the focal plane. A failsafe electronic hardware system stops all motion in the unlikely event that two probes touch or encounter a foreign object. A second Z-80 with floppy disk drives is stationed in the control room to interface with the observer. This support microprocessor provides mass storage for coordinate lists as well as serial communications with the instrument microprocessor. We describe here both construction and actual operation of the MX Spectrometer at the telescope. The ability to record spectra of 32 objects plus additional sky spectra will greatly enhance our ability to study clustered systems of stars or galaxies.