cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Utility of Nuclear gapCp in Resolving Polyploid Fern Origins

Although polyploidy is rampant in ferns and plays a major role in shaping their diversity, the evolutionary history of many polyploid species remains poorly understood. Nuclear DNA sequences can provide valuable information for identifying polyploid origins; however, remarkably few nuclear markers have been developed specifically for ferns, and previously published primer sets do not work well in many fern lineages. In this study, we present new primer sequences for the amplification of a portion of the nuclear gapCp gene (encoding a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Through a broad survey across ferns, we demonstrate that these primers are nearly universal for this clade. With a case study in cheilanthoids, we show that this rapidly evolving marker is a powerful tool for discriminating between autopolyploids and allopolyploids. Our results indicate that gapCp holds considerable potential for addressing species-level questions across the fern tree of life.
Identification of two novel mutations in families with X-linked ocular albinism.

PURPOSE Our goal was to evaluate the OA1 gene, also known as G-protein coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), in two United States families, one from the mid-west and one from the mid-south, who had clinical features of X-linked ocular albinism. Both families had previously tested negative for mutations. METHODS Selected family members underwent a detailed ophthalmologic evaluation. Blood samples were obtained, and genomic DNA isolated. Mutational analysis by direct sequencing was used to evaluate OA1 exons and intron/exon junction. RESULTS Ophthalmic features in the evaluated family members were consistent with X-linked ocular albinism. Mutation screening and sequence analysis of the OA1 gene in the mid-west family identified a novel 190delC deletion. The 190delC mutation was predicted to result in a frameshift following Ser63, an addition of 16 novel amino acids and a premature stop. In the mid-south family, a 346T>G substitution was identified in exon 2. The 346T>G mutation was predicted to result in a substitution of the highly conserved Cys116 to Gly and disruption of the disulfide bridge essential for the normal structure and function of the OA1 protein. CONCLUSIONS Two novel mutations in the OA1 gene were identified in two families with ocular albinism. The identified mutations are likely loss-of-function mutations. These findings confirm that mutations in the OA1 gene are associated with the majority of X-linked ocular albinism cases.
Reply to S. Lehrer et al and J.C. Dowdy and R.M. Sayre.

Thank you for thoughtful responses to the paper and editorial in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, July 1, 2015. We all seem to agree that dietary warnings are premature and that it will be important to identify clearly the dose-response for the photocarcinogenic properties of furocoumarins in citrus and other plant foods. It is known that grapefruit in juice or fruit interferes with the metabolism of drugs such as statins, cholesterol-blocking drugs. However, because it also interferes with other drugs, it is important to be aware of the potential interactions of drugs with furocoumarins. Thus, further investigation into the role of furocoumarins is important. Several misunderstandings are noted. Dowdy and Sayre stated that Wu et al stated that furocoumarin levels can increase in response to plant stress, poor handling postharvest, and suboptimal shipping or storage; in fact, Wu et al note a reduction of the contents of furocoumarin with such problems. The relationship between direct handling cross-contamination of edible parts and skin transfer needs to be clarified. According to the Senate Commission on Food Safety, most of the furocoumarins are in the peel. If that is true, then it is unlikely that there is a crosscontamination problem. There is a contradiction between the comment by Dowdy and Sayre that “only minimal UVexposure is required to induce photochemical reactions between furocoumarins and biological macromolecules” and the statement by Wu et al, based on their data, that such foods “may have a stronger photocarcinogenic effect in the presence of higher UV radiation as compared with that in the presence of lower UV radiation.” It is of interest to evaluate a “different UV exposure pattern for citrus-associated melanoma” that “may indicate evidence for action of persistent dietary photocarcinogens.” The potential for selection bias from this particular study population should not be dismissed. Additionally, the direction of any bias from noninclusion of nonmelanoma skin cancer history cannot be estimated without the data. It is interesting that both the editorial and the letter writers, although coming from different angles, are in agreement with the idea that there is a need for more data before any dietary recommendations.
Effect of dosage schedule on the efficacy of substitution therapy in pancreatic insufficiency.

Summary The effect of pancreatin dosage schedules upon pancreatic steatorrhea was studied in 11 patients with pancreatic enzyme deficiency. Eight gm. of Viokase per day was more effective in the reduction of fecal fat when it was administered in 12 doses of 0.66 gm. hourly than when given in three doses of 2.7 gm. with each meal. In 3 cases the fecal fat returned to normal levels during the hourly regimen of Viokase administration. Excretion of fecal nitrogen, measured in 4 of the 11 patients, was also reduced to a greater degree by hourly administration of Viokase than when it was given in three doses. These data demonstrate the importance of the continuous presence of pancreatin in the gastrointestinal tract during the period of digestion in the treatment of pancreatic steatorrhea and azotorrhea.
Frank Asbury Sherman

(1916). Frank Asbury Sherman. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 114-115.
The Aberrance of the 4S Diastereomer of 4-Hydroxyproline

Prolyl 4-hydroxylases install a hydroxyl group in the 4R configuration on the γ-carbon atom of certain (2S)-proline (Pro) residues in tropocollagen, elastin, and other proteins to form (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp). The gauche effect arising from this prevalent post-translational modification enforces a Cγ-exo ring pucker and stabilizes the collagen triple helix. The Hyp diastereomer (2S,4S)-4-hydroxyproline (hyp) has not been observed in a protein, despite the ability of electronegative 4S substituents to enforce the more common Cγ-endo ring pucker of Pro. Here, we use density functional theory, spectroscopy, crystallography, and calorimetry to explore the consequences of hyp incorporation on protein stability using a collagen model system. We find that the 4S-hydroxylation of Pro to form hyp does indeed enforce a Cγ-endo ring pucker but a transannular hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl moiety and the carbonyl of hyp distorts the main-chain torsion angles that typically accompany a Cγ-endo ring pucker. ...
A barometer-assisted method to evaluate 3D patient geolocation inside hospital

In the multi-floor hospital architecture, safety for in-patients is empowered if the hospital staff knows their location inside the building. Received signal strength (RSS) based method is commonly utilized in 2D geolocation but not equally efficient in 3D environment, since the signal suffers significant loss when going through ceilings between floors. This paper develops a barometer-assisted approach for 3D indoor geolocation inside hospital and demonstrates its improvement in estimated location error performance. A modified 3D path loss model is illustrated for the horizontal propagation while the vertical estimation error is modeled from barometric fit. By designing scenarios and calculating the 3D Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (3D CRLB), we have conducted a series of simulations and generated the location error CDFs for performance evaluation.
Application of ultraviolet light assisted titanium dioxide photocatalysis for food safety: A review

Abstract UV-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis (TUV) is an emerging non-thermal technology that has shown to efficiently inactivate food-borne pathogens. While TUV processing has been a well-established technique for water and wastewater treatment, its application in the food industry is minimal. The basic working principle underlying TUV technology is the photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that carry out redox reactions with species adsorbed on the TiO2 surface. Studies have confirmed that severe cell damage including destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane, super-coiled plasmid DNA and genomic DNA, and internal organelles occurred when bacteria were exposed to TUV. Recently, TUV has been explored for its applications in surface disinfection and post-harvest disease control of fresh produce, pasteurization of beverages, and anti-microbial food packaging. Although the novel developments in the technology are promising, more research is needed to achieve the practical application of this technology. The intent of this article is to provide an overview of the principles of TUV, the mechanism of microbial inactivation by TUV, and the recent findings on utilization of TUV for microbiological safety of foods and also, to present the prospective opportunities for TUV in the food industry. Industrial relevance TUV is a non-thermal technique recently explored for food safety applications. This review presents the prospective opportunities of TUV treatment in food industries in the area of food preservation. Based on the existing research findings discussed in this article, the authors have recommended major research aspects that are necessary to understand the scope of TUV technology in the food industry and validate the technology. This background will provide the necessary information for food scientists as well as industries to work on optimizing the treatment with regard to food quality and safety. Latest findings of TUV technology are promising; yet, more work is needed to develop and integrate extensive information for the practical application of this technology in the food industry. The areas that need more attention are listed and critically reviewed to facilitate utilization of the TUV technology in the food industry.
Special Academic Libraries and the Millennial Patron

ABSTRACTSpecial academic libraries are in the unique position to blend the innovative and user focused services of academic libraries with the niche collections of special libraries when serving their Millennial student population. Millennials are a highly researched generation, but special libraries may have not updated their services to reflect the needs and expectations of this rising generation. Maine Maritime Academy's Nutting Memorial Library serves as a case study of methods in which special academic libraries can incorporate Millennials' expectations of library spaces, services, and collections in sustainable ways.
Chapter 6 – Crucial Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Conscious Perception

Abstract Since the late 1990s, neuroimaging results revealed activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that correlated with conscious perception. However, the paradigms utilized in those imaging studies usually involved self-report, which has been argued to be a confound responsible for wrongly relating activation of the PFC with subjective perception. Furthermore, lack of severe impairments to consciousness upon prefrontal damage has casted doubts on the prefrontal area’s involvement in conscious perception. In this chapter, we consider relevant empirical evidence to address and defend against two popular arguments. We end by exploring the implications of activity in the PFC on current theories of consciousness.
Impact of drug interactions on clobazam and N-desmethylclobazam concentrations in pediatric patients with epilepsy

BACKGROUND Clobazam (CLB) is approved as adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients aged 2 years and older. It is converted to an active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam (NCLB) by CYP3A4, which is then broken down to an inactive metabolite by CYP2C19. This study characterizes the impact of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 drug interactions on CLB and NCLB serum concentrations (Cp) and concentration/dose (Cp/D) ratios in pediatric patients with epilepsy. METHODS This was a retrospective chart review including patients older than 1 month, who received CLB between April 2012 and March 2017. Extracted data included patient demographics, CLB daily dose, CLB and NCLB Cp, calculated CLB and NCLB Cp/Cp and Cp/D ratios, and all concomitant drugs. RESULTS The study included 995 CLB concentration sets from 302 patients (median age 7.6 years and range 0.2-40.1 years). Pharmacokinetic variability was extensive, as seen by widespread ranges of CLB and NCLB Cp, NCLB/CLB Cp ratio, and 3 Cp/D ratios (CLB, NCLB, and CLB + NCLB). Comedications, described as CYP3A4 inducers and/or CYP2C19 inhibitors (carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, felbamate, (fos)phenytoin, oxcarbazepine, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, rufinamide, and topiramate), generally increased NCLB/CLB Cp ratio (267%-400%), NCLB Cp/D ratio (167%-202%), and CLB + NCLB Cp/D ratio (142%-185%) and decreased CLB Cp/D ratio (47%-76%) compared with a group of concentration sets in patients receiving only neutral comedications (P < 0.025 for all comparisons). Older age was associated with higher Cp/D ratios (mg/kg), indicative of decreased clearance. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacokinetic variability of CLB in pediatric patients is extensive, and it is influenced by drug-drug interactions and age. Therapeutic drug monitoring of CLB and active metabolite NCLB with calculation of various Cp/Cp and Cp/D ratios can provide useful insight into CLB pharmacokinetics and help differentiate between causes of variability.
Disorders of Water Metabolism: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

Patients with disorders of sodium and water metabolism are seen frequently in Emergency Departments, but in most cases these disorders do not require treatment. Severe hypo- and hypernatremia are relatively uncommon but can result in severe neurologic sequelae or death. Appropriate therapy, based on an understanding of the physiology involved, can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these disorders. A systematic approach to the assessment and management of patients with hypo- and hypernatremia is presented.
Major transitions in planetary evolution

Earth has undergone a succession of stages driven by physical, chemical, geological, biological, and social processes. Among the most significant transitions in Earth’s planetary evolution are the ...
Using LaModel to analyze coal bumps

Abstract Coal bumps have long been a safety hazard in coal mines, and even after decades of research, the exact mechanics that cause coal bumps are still not well understood. Therefore, coal bumps are still difficult to predict and control. The LaModel program has a long history of being used to effectively analyze displacements and stresses in coal mines, and with the recent addition of energy release and local mine stiffness calculations, the LaModel program now has greatly increased capabilities for evaluating coal bump potential. This paper presents three recent case histories where coal stress, pillar safety factor, energy release rate and local mine stiffness calculations in LaModel were used to evaluate the pillar plan and cut sequencing that were associated with a number of bumps. The first case history is a longwall mine where a simple stress analysis was used to help determine the limiting depth for safely mining in bump-prone ground. The second case history is a room-and-pillar retreat mine where the LaModel analysis is used to help optimize the pillar extraction sequencing in order to minimize the frequent pillar line bumps. The third case history is the Crandall Canyon mine where an initial bump and then a massive pillar collapse/bump which killed 6 miners is extensively back-analyzed. In these case histories, the calculation tools in LaModel are ultimately shown to be very effective for analyzing various aspects of the bump problem, and in the conclusions, a number of critical insights into the practical calculation of mine failure and stability developed as a result of this research are presented.
Does distance education go the distance for adult learners? Evidence from a qualitative study at an American community college:

Online coursework is dramatically changing the higher education landscape, particularly for adult learners. And while research notes the way these courses increase college opportunity for post-trad...
Whose Post-Truth Era? Confronting the Epistemological Challenges of Teaching Journalism:

While discussions on validity, professional standards, and routines have become more challenging to many educators of journalism, these challenges are old news to communities of color whose experie...
Synthesis and properties of homomologated and contracted dipyrrinone analogs of xanthobilirubic acid

Dipyrrinone analogs of xanthobilirubic acid, 5-[1,5-didehydro-3-ethyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)-methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-propanic acid, with alkanoic acid chain lengths varying from formic to caproic have been synthesized as their methyl esters and characterized spectroscopically. All of the dipyrrinones studied exhibit intermolecular hydrogen bonding in chloroform, as detected by 1 H-nmr, and the influence of the carboxyl group on the uv-visible spectrum decreases with increasing chain length
The Historical Evolution of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has become an important tool in neurocritical care. Despite being used in intensive care units all over the world, many are unfamiliar with its origins and the people and events that shaped the development of this technique. Herein, we provide a comprehensive historical review of the evolution of ICP monitoring, beginning with the earliest descriptions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We conducted a database search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google Books for relevant articles using the key words "cerebrospinal fluid," "intracranial pressure," and "monitoring." Papers were further snowballed using reference lists of relevant papers. Although the earliest descriptions of CSF date back several hundred years bce, the history of ICP monitoring itself is not a long one. Alexander Monro and his student George Kellie laid the foundation of CSF physiology in the early 1800s through the Monro-Kellie doctrine. Their principles were later consolidated by John Abercrombie and Harvey Cushing. However, 10 years earlier than Cushing's work on CSF physiology, Hans Queckenstedt's utilization of a lumbar needle to measure the pressure in CSF marked the beginning of the era of ICP monitoring. Thenceforward, ICP monitoring technology underwent progressive improvements through the contributions of French scientists Jean Guillaume and Pierre Janny, Swedish neurosurgeon Nils Lundberg, among others. Nowadays, ICP monitoring can be performed via direct and indirect methods using a potpourri of devices such as, but not limited to, subarachnoid bolts, microtransducer catheters, and telemetric monitors. Nevertheless, despite advancements in ICP monitoring technology, the criterion standard remains an extraventricular drain catheter connected to an external pressure transducer.
The Importance of Communication to Possession in IP

In this invited online symposium piece, Professor Holbrook engages with the recent article by Dotan Oliar & James Y. Stern, Right on Time: First Possession in Property and Intellectual Property, 99 B.U. L. Rev. 395 (2019). This essay explores the important role that communication to interested third parties plays in possession for allocating property rights. The essay focuses on two aspects of patent law that demonstrate the importance of such communication: patent priority and utility. Under the first-to-invent regime, the first to invent could lose the right to the patent - and a second-to-invent could get the patent - if the first abandoned, suppressed, or concealed the invention. Thus, to qualify as being in "possession" of the invention first, there must be a communication of the invention. In terms of utility, patent law requires the disclosure of utility in the patent document itself. Exogenous demonstrations of utility are insufficient, again demonstrating the importance of the communicative act.
Two-scale porosity effects on cohesive crack growth in a ductile media

Abstract Microstructures with two distinct size-scales of voids are commonplace in additively-manufactured metals. The smaller-scale voids nucleate from inclusions within the metal, while the larger-scale voids originate from unsintered powder particles. In this work, we study the interaction between these two size-scales of voids ahead of a crack, and the influence on the ductile fracture process. We adopt a finite element model of a centerline crack subjected to small-scale yielding conditions. The diffuse process zone ahead of the crack is modeled by several rows of void-containing cell elements governed by a Gurson porous material relation. Results show that the larger-scale voids near the initial crack tip generally reduces the fracture toughness by facilitating void coalescence with the crack-tip to form a single contiguous damage zone. However, strategic placements of these larger-scale voids within the active plastic zone of the crack-tip can promote crack-tip shielding, leading to diffused damage in the form of multiple unconnected damage zones, and ultimately, a several-fold improvement in toughness. We quantify the fracture behavior, as a function of the relative size and proportion of larger-scale voids in the diffuse process zone, by reconstructing the equivalent crack-tip cohesive zone laws in an elasto-plastic medium via nonlinear field projection. We demonstrate that the cohesive strength, cohesive energy, as well as the functional form of the cohesive zone law, are strongly dependent on the dual void size-scales, which introduces a size-effect into the homogenized traction-separation relationship.
Morphine and ethanol pretreatment effects on expression and extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and aversion in mice

Opioid receptor antagonists reliably alter the expression or extinction of ethanol’s conditioned motivational effects as indexed by the place conditioning procedure, suggesting endogenous opioids are normally involved. These studies examined how exogenous stimulation of opioid receptors alters ethanol’s conditioned rewarding and aversive effects. Drugs that either directly (morphine) or indirectly (ethanol) stimulate opioid receptors were tested for their effects on the expression and extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned place aversion (CPA). Male DBA/2J mice were exposed to unbiased ethanol (2 g/kg) conditioning procedures that produced either CPP (experiments 1–2) or CPA (experiments 3–4). Morphine (0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was injected before three post-conditioning tests in experiments 1 and 3, whereas ethanol (0, 1, 2, or 3 g/kg) was injected before tests in experiments 2 and 4. All groups received vehicle on test 4 to determine whether the drug pretreatments altered the course of extinction. Morphine dose-dependently enhanced CPP expression (experiment 1), but ethanol dose-dependently reduced CPP expression (experiment 2). Test 4 showed no differences between drug-treated mice and mice given vehicle on all tests. Morphine had no effect on expression or extinction of ethanol-induced CPA (experiment 3). The highest ethanol dose (3 g/kg) interfered with CPA expression, but not extinction (experiment 4). Pretreatment drug effects on ethanol CPP and CPA expression were most likely a byproduct of their activity altering effects rather than opioid-receptor mediated modulation of ethanol’s conditioned motivational effects. Neither drug affected the course of extinction.
Protecting high-risk oncology patients during the pandemic of COVID-19 by creating an outpatient cancer clinic for febrile neutropenia (California clinic)

191Background: Delivering care for vulnerable cancer patients during a pandemic is challenging given the competing risks of death from cancer versus the high case fatality rates from SARS-COV-2 (CV...
Entero-pleural fistula as a long-term complication of patch repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Abstract For patients with large congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH), a mesh patch repair is currently accepted as a safe and feasible surgical option. As the survival rate of CDH has improved over time, the long-term sequelae of CDH warrant further detailed examination. Herein, we report a case of an entero-pleural fistula as a long-term complication of diaphragmatic hernia repair with synthetic mesh. Long-term complications of diaphragmatic hernia patch repairs remain sparse in the literature.
Rickets in a Thoroughbred-cross foal: case report and review of the literature.

Rickets is a metabolic bone disease associated with failure of endochondral ossification and impaired osteoid mineralization in growing animals. As a consequence, affected individuals can develop g...
Wave Propagation in the Ice-Covered Ocean Wave Guide and Operator Polynomials

Wave propagation in a 2D ocean wave guide covered by a thin ice layer is considered. Various models of ice cover are used (pack ice, solid ice, ice with surface tension, etc.), and the eigenfunctions of the transverse cross—section are analyzed. For each model of ice, an operator polynomial equation for eigenfunctions is derived. It is proved that, for non—critical frequencies, the eigenfunctions form a basis in a suitable Hilbert space. At the critical frequencies, a chain of associated functions might appear. The method is based on some (known) results from the abstract operator theory and some orthogonality relations for eigenfunctions.
Events surrounding the early development of Euglena chloroplasts. II. Normal development of fine structure and the consequences of preillumination.

Abstract Proplastids of cells of dark-grown, nondividing Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris contain a number of girdlelike thylakoids which are located close to the outer plastid membranes and connected to one or more prolamellar bodies. On illumination, plastid structure remains unchanged during the first 6 hr, a period of slow chlorophyll accumulation, and no new membranes are formed. Structural changes appear after about 12 hr of illumination, and their beginning coincides with the commencement of the rapid rise in chlorophyll content. These involve consecutive fusion of the girdle thylakoids, formation of new thylakoids, and conversion of girdle thylakoids into straight thylakoids. The prolamellar body disappears during this process, but we have not observed its direct transformation into new thylakoids. In cells which received a 90-min light pretreatment 12 hr before exposure to continuous light, the lag period in chlorophyll accumulation is eliminated. No structural changes occur during the preillumination or during the following dark period, but they begin 6 hr rather than 12 hr after subsequent exposure to continuous light. The enhancement of chlorophyll accumulation, CO2 fixation, and structural development require oxygen during the preillumination, but are not affected when the cells are kept during the dark period under a nitrogen atmosphere.
Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes

Aim To evaluate how factors acting at different spatial scales influence range limits in bird species of the Colombian Andes. Location Andes Mountains of Colombia. Methods We used Maxent, a climate envelope model (CEM), and environmental and geographic information to study range-filling (i.e. the extent to which a species occurs in all the areas in which it is predicted to occur) in 70 range-restricted bird species of the Colombian Andes. Environmental data were taken from the WorldClim database, and species occurrence data were taken from museum data collated by the BioMap project, an observational database, and the literature. We evaluated how climate and geographic barriers may shape range limits at two scales. Results At a broad extent (i.e. across the three main cordilleras within the Colombian Andes), we find that CEMs predict there to be suitable environmental conditions for particular species in regions where the species is absent, possibly as a result of dispersal limitation or biotic interactions. In contrast, at a finer scale (within a given cordillera), species generally occur across the entire area predicted to be suitable by a given CEM. Geographic discontinuities within cordilleras do not generally correspond to range limits; instead, range limits correspond to changes in environmental conditions. Main conclusions Our results suggest that different mechanisms influence the presence of species at different scales. Dispersal limitation, potentially combined with species interactions, may influence range limits at a broad extent (the entire Colombian Andes), while strong environmental gradients correspond to range limits at a finer scale (within a cordillera).
Evidence for bone marrow-derived endothelial cells incorporation into perfused blood vessels in tumors

3991 The contribution of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells (BMD-ECs) to blood vessels in postnatal life (adult vasculogenesis) remains controversial. BMD-EC involvement in tumor neovascularization has been reported to be significant to undetectable in some of the same tumor models. Other studies have identified hematopoietic cells incorporated into the endothelial lining of tumor vessels. In this context, the extent to which bone marrow-derived cells incorporate as bona fide endothelial (non-hematopoietic) cells into perfused tumor vessels, or any new vessels formed postnatally (vasculogenesis), is unclear. To this end, we developed models to characterize local vessel-derived and bone marrow-derived endothelial cells (BMD-ECs) using detection of a fluorescence reporter gene by in vivo multiphoton and ex vivo confocal microscopy techniques, as well as flow cytometry of enzymatically-digested tissues. Then, we quantified their contribution to perfused blood vessels in tumors using three transplanted tumor models, as well as in four spontaneous primary tumors and two metastatic models. By defining the endothelial cells based on their morphology, phenotype (i.e., endothelial markers such as Tie2, CD31, lack of CD45 expression), and function (i.e., blood perfusion), we demostrate that the process of neovascularization directly involves BMD-ECs. We demonstrate that BMD-ECs incorporate in perfused tumor vessels to a highly variable degree (from less than 1% to 58%). BMD-EC contribution to functional vessels was different for the same tumor type in different organ site, and varied with mouse strain. Furthermore, we observed that adipose tissue vasculature in aging obese mice||but not in young obese mice||contains BMD-ECs. This suggests a long-term re-population in certain tissues by bone marrow-derived cells. Collectively, these findings offer direct evidence for vasculogenesis during isografted tumor growth and metastasis in genetically unaltered mice. Many tumors are associated with extensive bone marrow-derived cell infiltration and thus, characterization of the roles of different subsets of bone marrow-derived cells in tumor growth, progression, metastasis and response to treatment may identify new therapeutic targets.
A new class of high capacity cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries: Li–Ni–Ti–Mo oxides

Recent successes with disordered Li-excess materials and applications of percolation theory have highlighted cation-disordered oxides as high capacity and energy density cathode materials. In this work, we present a new class of high capacity cation-disordered oxides, lithium-excess nickel titanium molybdenum oxides, which deliver capacities up to 250 mA h g−1. These materials were designed from percolation theory which predicts lithium diffusion to become facile in cation-disordered oxides as the lithium-excess level increases (x > 1.09 in LixTM2−xO2). The reversible capacity and rate capability in these compounds are shown to considerably improve with lithium excess. In particular, Li1.2Ni1/3Ti1/3Mo2/15O2 delivers up to 250 mA h g−1 and 750 W h kg−1 (∼3080 W h l−1) at 10 mA g−1. Combining in situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and electrochemistry, we propose that first charging Li1.2Ni1/3Ti1/3Mo2/15O2 to 4.8 V occurs with Ni2+/Ni∼3+ oxidation, oxygen loss, and oxygen oxidation in this sequence, after which Mo6+ and Ti4+ can be reduced upon discharge. Furthermore, we discuss how oxygen loss with lattice densification can affect lithium diffusion in the material by decreasing the Li-excess level. From this understanding, strategies for further improvements are proposed, setting new guidelines for the design of high performance cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries.
A Canadian spaceborne hyperspectral mission

The increasing use of research and operational airborne hyperspectral imaging systems such as AVIRIS and CASI is establishing the characteristics of an emerging market for imaging spectrometer data. Hyperspectral data are beginning to be used for a wide range of applications in environmental and resource management. The Canadian Space Agency, in close partnership with Canadian industry, is developing technologies and mission concepts leading to an operational hyperspectral mission which may be launched in 2006-2008. Our approach combines the knowledge developed on airborne hyperspectral sensors with the operational experience of the RADARSAT programme. These include options to use the International Space Station or a dedicated small satellite mission as a viewing platform. Product performance characteristics are be discussed in conjunction with the design solutions being proposed for each of the mission options. In addition, the exploitation potential of synergy between a Canadian hyperspectral mission and the RADARSAT constellation is discussed.
Implementing potentially better practices to reduce lung injury in neonates.

Objective. Adherence to basic quality improvement principles enhances the implementation of potentially better practices (PBPs) and requires extensive planning and education. Even after PBPs have been identified and acknowledged as desirable, effective implementation of these practices does not occur easily. The objective of this study was to identify and assess implementation strategies that facilitate quality improvements in the respiratory care of extremely low birth weight infants. Methods. The 9 members of the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative Year 2000 Reducing Lung Injury focus group identified 9 PBPs in a evidence-based manner to decrease chronic lung disease in extremely low birth weight newborns. Each site implemented several or all PBPs based on a site-specific selection process. Each site was asked to submit 1 or more examples of experiences that highlighted effective implementation strategies. This article reports these examples and emphasizes the principles on which they are based. Results. The 9 participating institutions implemented a total of 57 PBPs (range: 1–9; median: 5). Including previous implementation, the 9 participating institutions implemented a total of 70 of a possible 81 PBPs before or during the study period (range: 5–9; median: 8). We report 7 approaches that facilitated PBP implementation: information availability, feedback, perseverance, collaboration, imitation, recognition of implementation complexity, and tracking of process indicators. Conclusions. Quality improvement efforts are enhanced by identifying and then implementing PBPs. In our experience, implementation of these PBPs can be difficult. Implementation strategies, such as those identified in this article, can improve the chances that quality improvement efforts will be effective.
AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE TALUS TREATED BY CORE DECOMPRESSION

We reviewed 11 patients (17 ankles) who had had core decompression for symptomatic avascular necrosis of the talus before collapse. The Mazur grading system was used to assess function preoperatively and at final follow-up, and radiographs were graded according to the Ficat and Arlet (1980) classification modified for the ankle. At a mean follow-up of seven years (2 to 14) 14 ankles (82%) had an excellent or good outcome (Mazur scores > 80 points; pain scores > 40 points (41 to 50). The other three ankles required tibiotalar fusion at a mean of 13 months (5 to 20) after core decompression. We conclude that core decompression is a viable method of treatment for symptomatic avascular necrosis of the talus before collapse.
PATTERN OF ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO THE OVARIES IN NILI-RAVI BUFFALOES: RELATIONSHIP WITH THE DISTRIBUTION OF OVARIAN STRUCTURES

Abstract Reproductive tracts of 12 heifers and 18 adult buffaloes were collected from a slaughter house to study gross ovarian morphology and the distribution of follicles and corpora lutea on the surface of the ovary relative to the pattern of the arterial supply. Mean weight and volume of the ovaries were 3.8 ± 0.3 g and 4.08 ± 0.07 cm 3 , respectively, and were higher in adult buffaloes, but the difference was a function of body weight. Seventy percent of the ovaries were supplied by a single artery while the remaining 30% received two branches of the ovarian artery. Regardless of the position of entry of a single branch, ovarian follicles were located more frequently in the central (41.1%) than in medial (30.7%) or lateral portions of the ovary (28.2%). In ovaries supplied by two branches of the ovarian artery, follicles were distributed more uniformly on the ovarian surface. Number of follicles on the ovarian surface tended to increase when one of these branches was medial in position. Corpora lutea were observed more frequently in the part(s) of the ovary adjacent to the point of arterial entry regardless of the number of branches. Presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary had a negative effect on follicular development. The data suggested a possible relationship of the ovarian activity of the buffaloes with the pattern of arterial supply to the ovaries. Pattern of arterial supply might be contributing to the growth of the follicles, possibly by either saving them from atresia or by stimulating their growth.
Sexual and social experience is associated with different patterns of behavior and neural activation in male prairie voles

Monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) show mating-induced aggression towards conspecific strangers. This behavior is both selective and enduring. The present study was designed to investigate the behavioral conditions for the emergence of selective aggression (by varying prior experience with a female and identity of intruders) and the limbic activation in response to an intruder (by mapping regional staining for c-fos) in male prairie voles. In a first experiment, males that mated with a female for 24 h exhibited aggression towards a male intruder and had more Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells in the medial amygdala (AMYGme) and medial preoptic area (MPO) relative to males that cohabited with a female without mating or that had no prior exposure to a female. Cohabited males did not become aggressive. However, these males along with mated males had an increased number of Fos-ir cells in the lateral septum (LS) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) relative to males without prior exposure to a female. In a second experiment, mated males exhibited more offensive aggression to a male intruder but more defensive aggression to a female intruder. Both types of aggression, however, induced an increase in the number of Fos-ir cells in the AMYGme. In addition, Fos-ir staining in the BST was induced selectively in response to a male intruder and a similar trend was found in the LS. Exposure to a male or female intruder did not increase Fos-ir staining in the MPO. Taken together, our data suggest the neural substrates activated by social/sexual activity and involved in response to intruders. The AMYGme was involved in processing intruder-related cues and/or in the regulation of aggressive response to both male and female intruders. The BST and LS were modulated by social experience with a female (mating or cohabitation) and were responsive to male-related cues even in the absence of aggression. Finally, the MPO was activated at different magnitudes by social or sexual experience but did not respond to intruder-related cues as measured by Fos-ir.
LECITHIN IN SYNTHETIC LARVAL DIET FOR AEDES AEGYPTI IMPROVES LARVAL AND ADULT PERFORMANCE

A chemically defined synthetic rearing medium was used to compare larval growth of Aedes aegypti with or without crude animal lecithin or synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin. Pupal weights, adult female life spans and oviposition histories of pupae and adults derived from synthetic diet rearings and from crude culture (liver powder) rearings were also compared. Both lecithins improved larval growth rate; optimal concentrations reduced time to pupation by 2 and 1 days for animal and synthetic lecithins respectively, and animal lecithin was better tolerated by the mosquito larvae at the higher concentrations tested. Addition of crude animal lecithin to the basal synthetic rearing medium had little effect on the weights of male and female pupae, but it increased adult female life spans and improved weekly egg production. In no ease did mosquitoes from axenic rearings in synthetic media deviate greatly from limits specified by earlier workers for field-derived mosquitoes. RESUME AMELIORATION DES PERFORMANCES DES ADULTES ET DES LARVES D'AEDES AEGYPTI PAR LA PRESENCE DE LECITHINE DANS LE REGIME ALIMENTAME SYNTHETIQUE DES LARVES Les developpements larvaires d'Aedes aegypti out ete compares sur des Substrats alimentaires avec ou sans lecithine animale brute ou DL-a-dipalmitoyle lecithine synthetique. Les comparisons ont porte aussi sur les poids nymphaux, la longe-vite et la fecondite de femelles elevees sur regime synthetique ou a partir de poudre de foie. Les deux types de lecithines ameliorent le developpement larvaire; les concentrations optimales des deux regimes (lecithine animale et lecithine synthetique) avancent respectivement la pupaison de 2 et 1 jour; les lecithines animale et synthetique sont tolerees par les larves respectivement jusqu'aux concentrations de 0,008 et 0,006%. L'addition de lecithine animale brute au regime contenant de la lecithine synthetique a eu peu d'effets sur les poids des nymphes mâles et femelles mais a augmente la longevite et la fecondite hebdomadaire des femelles. Les performances des moustiques eleves sur substrat aseptique synthetique n'ont jamais ete tres eloignees des limites indiquees anterieurement par les travaux sur moustiques provenant de la nature.
Antiemetics in the Pigeon

An attempt was made to correlate the known antimotion sickness properties of six drugs in man with their ability to protect against drug-induced emesis in the pigeon. Digitoxin and alkavervir were used as the challenging emetics. Three of the six antiemetics were found to produce an emetic response in the pigeon (cyclizine HCl, dimenhydrinate, and diphenhydramine HCl). The remaining three (chlorcyclizine HCl, chlorpromazine HCl, and meclizine HCl) gave no protection against digi-toxin-induced emesis. Chlorcyclizine HCl and meclizine HCl protected the animal against alkavervir-induced emesis. Correlation between man and the pigeon for emetic/antiemetic responses was found to be poor.
On the simulation of multicomponent gas flow in porous media

Abstract In this paper, we present some numerical techniques for the modeling of multicomponent gas flow in porous media. We feature the mixed finite element method over quadrilaterals as a solver to the non-Darcy flow equation, and a conservative Godunov-type scheme for the mass balance equations. The Godunov-type method is a higher-order scheme and requires a linear reconstruction of the solution profile using appropriately-chosen limiters for the slope. The mixed formulation for the flow system enables an efficient and natural treatment of various well-conditions.
Eigenfunction expansions for the Schrödinger operator

We obtain an eigenfunction expansion for the operator −°+V under assump-tions (1.2)–(1.5) given below.
High-temperature Si isotope fractionation between iron metal and silicate

The Si stable isotope fractionation between metal and silicate has been investigated experimentally at 1800, 2000, and 2200 C. We find that there is a significant silicon stable isotope fractionation at high temperature between metal and silicate in agreement with Shahar et al. (2009). Further we find that this fractionation is insensitive to the structure and composition of the silicate as the fractionation between silicate melt and olivine is insignificant within the error of the analyses. The temperature-dependent silicon isotope fractionation is D 30 Sisilicate–metal = 7.45 ± 0.41 � 10 6 /T 2 . We also demonstrate the viability of using laser ablation MC-ICPMS as a tool for measuring silicon isotope ratios in high pressure and temperature experiments.
An oral-intensive abstract algebra course

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the evolution of a method for engaging students in the study of abstract algebra and for enhancing their depth of understanding. It emphasizes the impact of oral activities on student learning. Evaluation forms or guidelines are included.
Heliospheric termination shock motion in response to LISM variations: Spherically symmetric model

The unsteady spherically symmetric one-dimensional gasdynamic model appears to be a powerful tool in the investigation of the termination shock motion. Such a model has previously been used to examine the response of the heliospheric termination shock to variations in upstream solar wind conditions [Ratkiewicz et al., 1996]. In the current paper we apply the same model to study response of the shock to variations in the interstellar medium. The initial-boundary conditions for the unsteady calculations are given by the pressure as a function of time on an outer boundary either alone or with the density as a function of time on an inner boundary. The motion of the termination shock is caused by fluctuations in both solar wind and interstellar plasma parameters and has a rather complicated behavior, characterized by a sequence of perturbations that hit the termination shock and are reflected from the outer boundary.
Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome b5 and its mesoheme and deuteroheme modifications.

Abstract Resonance Raman spectra of proto-, meso-, and deuterohemes isolated in cytochrome b 5 have been recorded and effects due to sidegroup substituents noted. A one-to-one correspondence can be made between the fundamental Raman bands of mesoheme and deuteroheme, enabling identification of inductive effects on the porphyrin vibrations. (The saturated sidegroups of mesoheme produce Raman spectra very similar to cytochrome c .) Raman spectra of protoheme show extra structure which is produced by a resonance interaction between the vinyl sidegroups and deuteroheme core. Based on the resonance Raman data of protoheme it is possible to say that the red-shift in the absorption bands is due to extension of conjugation from the ring to the sidegroups rather than inductive effects of the sidegroups on the ring molecular orbitals.
Possible Solar Recharging of the Earth's Electric Field

Some of the materials comprising the earth's surface such as Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO can be semiconducting, and with a shallow layer of water laying above to serve as the electrolyte, may constitute a rudimentary photo-electrochemical cell. We investigated the possiblity that holes created inside the semiconductor by sunlight could pull electrons from the atmosphere by inducing a lower redox potential in the water. The result, solar recharging of the earth's electric field, may be a non-negligible contributor to the entire recharging process.