cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Repair of Isolated Meniscal Tears in Patients 18 Years and Younger

BackgroundIsolated meniscal tears in the skeletally immature patient are infrequent but well-recognized injuries. Although few studies have evaluated the pediatric and adolescent population, arthroscopic surgical repair remains the standard of care for Patients in this age group with unstable meniscal tears.PurposeTo review our results of arthroscopic repair of isolated meniscal tears in pediatric and adolescent patients to further define future management of these injuries.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsThe records of all patients 18 years old or younger who underwent isolated meniscal repair between 1990 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-four patients (6 girls, 38 boys) with an average age of 15.8 years (range, 9.9-18.7 years) were included in this study, for a total of 45 isolated meniscal tears. Clinical examinations were performed, International Knee Documentation Committee forms were administered, and Tegner scores were determined at an average of 5.8 years (range, ...
A global formalism incorporating constants of motion and other constraints in the classical description of chemical rate processes

Abstract A phase space cell method for providing a global description of the motions of a physical system is outlined. The key feature is a coarse-graining approximation to the phase-space probability distribution. Constants of motion and other constraints are incorporated to reduce the dimensionality of computations. Time-independent and time-dependent methods of solution are discussed.
Increased tyrosine phosphorylation and novel cis-acting element mediate activation of the fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) gene by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. New mechanism for trans-synaptic regulation of cellular development and plasticity.

FGF-2, a mitogenic/neurotrophic protein, controls the development and plasticity of many types of neural cells. In neural crest-derived adrenal pheochromatocytes, induction of FGF-2 coincides with the establishment of functional innervation and is reproduced in vitro by stimulating acetylcholine receptors (AChR). The mechanisms by which AChR activate the FGF-2 gene were examined in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin (BAMC) cells in which AChR induce expression and nuclear accumulation of growth-promoting FGF-2 and FGF-2 receptors. Carbachol or nicotine increased expression of transfected FGF-2 gene promoter-luciferase constructs and were more potent than the muscarinic agonist ABMCB. Deletion analysis has identified a unique -555/-512 bp element that confers AChR stimulation and basal activity to the downstream FGF-2 promoter, and a separate protein kinase C/cAMP-responsive sequence (-625/-555 bp). Stimulation of AChR increased in vitro formation of protein complexes with the AChR-responsive element which were not displaced by target oligonucleotides for common trans-activators. Southwestern analysis identified 50-55, 125, 140 and 170 kDa proteins that interact with the AChR-responsive element in a manner stimulated by AChR. Nicotine increased tyrosine phosphorylation of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, including 50-55 kDa promoter-binding factors. Activation of the FGF-2 promoter was reduced by genistein. Thus, nicotinic AChR activate the FGF-2 gene via a new signaling mechanism separate from the cAMP/PKC pathways. It utilizes tyrosine phosphorylation and interaction of trans-activating factors with a novel cis-acting element. It offers a new pathway through which trans-synaptic signals may control neural development and plasticity.
One Year of Glaucoma Research in Review: 2012 to 2013.

Purpose The objective of this study was to provide the practicing clinical ophthalmologist with an update of pertinent glaucoma literature published from 2012 to 2013. Design Literature review. Methods The authors conducted a 1-year (July 1, 2012, to September 30, 2013) English-language glaucoma literature search on PubMed using the following terms: glaucoma, automated perimetry, optic nerve imaging, optical coherence tomography, glaucoma structure and function, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, glaucoma medical therapy, neuroprotection, glaucoma laser treatment, secondary glaucoma, glaucoma surgery, and miscellaneous topics in glaucoma. Results Of 2659 articles on glaucoma published during our time frame, this review selected original and review articles that reflect novel aspects and updates in the field of glaucoma, while excluding letters to the editor, unpublished works, and abstracts. Preference was given to human research. Conclusions This review focuses on literature that is applicable to ophthalmologists in practice and also highlights studies that may enhance the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
The dark side of diversification: The case of US financial holding companies

Potential diversification benefits are one reason why US financial holding companies are offering a growing range of financial services. This paper examines whether the observed shift toward activities that generate fees, trading revenue, and other non-interest income has improved the performance of US financial holding companies (FHCs) from 1997 to 2002. We find evidence that diversification benefits exist between FHCs, but these gains are offset by the increased exposure to non-interest activities, which are much more volatile but not necessarily more profitable than interest-generating activities. Within FHCs, however, marginal increases in revenue diversification are not associated with better performance, while marginal increases in non-interest income are still associated with lower risk-adjusted profits. The key finding that diversification gains are more than offset by the costs of increased exposure to volatile activities represents the dark side of the search for diversification benefits and has implications for supervisors, managers, investors, and borrowers.
Discovery of INCB3284, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable hCCR2 Antagonist.

We report the identification of 13 (INCB3284) as a potent human CCR2 (hCCR2) antagonist. INCB3284 exhibited an IC50 of 3.7 nM in antagonism of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 binding to hCCR2, an IC50 of 4.7 nM in antagonism of chemotaxis activity, an IC50 of 84 μM in inhibition of the hERG potassium current, a free fraction of 58% in protein binding, high selectivity over other chemokine receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors, and acceptable oral bioavailability in rodents and primates. In human clinical trials, INCB3284 exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once-a-day dosing (T1/2 = 15 h).
Gravitational acceleration of antiprotons and of positrons

Theories of quantum gravity predict the existence of spin-1 (graviphoton) and spin-0 (graviscalar) partners of the graviton, which will yield non-Newtonian, non-Einsteinian effects. In particular, although the static gravitational acceleration of matter to the Earth could be modified by small Yukawa-type terms, the static gravitational acceleration of antimatter would be modified by a larger factor. Since these new interactions couple to an unknown linear combination of baryon and lepton numbers, it is important to do both the planned antiproton gravity experiment and a proposed positron gravity experiment. Antihydrogen is also mentioned.
Aneurysm Formation Associated with Ionizing Radiation

Radiotherapy is increasingly carried out for many central nervous system pathologies. These pathologies may have an indolent course or a good prognosis. With improvements in medical and surgical therapies, some patients with cancermayhaveareasonablylonglifeexpectancy.Thismayplace patients at increased risk for delayed complications resulting from radiotherapy. Cerebrovascular complications resulting from radiotherapy are still uncommon, but may include radiationinduced vasculopathy, vessel stenosis, thrombosis, or occlusion. Cerebral cavernous malformations associated with radiation therapy are also an uncommon complication. Cerebral aneurysm formation associated with radiotherapy or occurring within the
Preliminary investigations on the storage of dried grass and lucerne wafers

Abstract A preliminary investigation into the storage properties of two types of dried grass wafer and four types of dried lucerne wafer was carried out during the period January to June 1968. The wafers were stored for 3 months under ambient conditions in closed and open containers and changes in their moisture content, weight, chemical composition and durability were measured. The moisture contents of wafers in open containers were found to vary with the relative humidity of the ambient air and although the moisture content of the wafers rose to 14–16 per cent, mould was not observed. Mould occurred on the top surfaces of the closed samples where condensation had wetted the wafers. The durability of the wafers changed little during storage and the bulk densities of the different wafers were between 34 to 52 lb/ft 3 (545–833 kg/m 3 ). The behaviour of wafers stored in bulk was investigated at three commercial drying plants. Changes in the relative humidity of the ambient air were found to affect only the wafers near the surface of uncovered stacks, changing their moisture content and durability. In one stack covered with only a polythene sheet, condensation wetted the wafers. It was concluded that a bulk wafer store should have water-vapour proof walls and floor, and the stack should be covered with a plastic sheet insulated with straw on the outside.
Angiography's role in the treatment of bleeding after percutaneous renal surgery

Renal haemorrhage is the most worrisome complication of percutaneous renal surgery. After reviewing 2200 percutaneous renal operations we have formulated a protocol for the management of patients that bleed after percutaneous renal surgery. We recommend three different angiography and embolization conditions.
Flux of singlet oxygen from leaves of phototoxic plants

Detached leaves ofZanthoxylum americanum andPastinaca sativa, plants known to produce phototoxins, generate singlet oxygen when illuminated by a xenon arc lamp that simulates sunlight. Other species tested did not produce detectable amounts of singlet oxygen. Calculations of the rate of production of singlet oxygen indicate a flux of up to 4×1012 molecules cm−1s−1. This level is sufficiently high to induce damage in the cells of organisms near the leaf surface. Photodynamic action may thus provide for plants an evolutionary advantage in the form of preemptive protection against predators without tissue loss.
Telecommunication Technologies: Use and Investment Patterns in U.S. Multinational Corporations

Telecommunication technology enables multinational corporations (MNCs) to efficiently transfer the information necessary for coordinating global operations and remaining internationally competitive. However, few published studies have empirically examined the relationship between the organizational characteristics of MNCs and their use of telecommunication technologies. This study investigated whether use of, and investment in, telecommunication technologies by MNCs is related to firm and industry characteristics. Results from 105 U.S. MNCs reveal that the use of certain telecommunication technologies like teleconferencing networks and messaging systems differ significantly across firms with different degrees of international involvement and size; and, to a limited extent on industry characteristics. However, other technologies like inter-organizational systems and transmission media do not differ based on these characteristics. Moreover, the relative investment in such technologies as a whole differs in terms of a firmâ€™s degree of international involvement and its industry type, but not in terms of its size. Reasons for these differences are explored. The study also highlights the growing importance of building information platforms for integrating organizational systems using a wide variety of computing and communication technologies. Implications for IS/telecommunication executives and researchers are discussed.
Electrophoretic mobility and enhanced infectivity of a mutant of cowpea mosaic virus.

Abstract Four zones were partially resolved when cowpea mosaic virus was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous pH system of unusual design. The four zones, in order of increasing mobility, were related to previously reported slow and fast migrating electrophoretic forms and to the top, middle, and bottom centrifugal components as follows: top component slow form, a mixture of middle plus bottom components slow form, top component fast form, and a mixture of middle plus bottom components fast form. The slow and fast electrophoretic forms were separated on a preparative scale by fractional precipitation. A mutant was isolated which was more infectious than the cowpea mosaic virus from which it was derived and which was converted more rapidly from slow to fast electrophoretic form in infected cowpeas. Both these properties seem to be controlled by the bottom component. The possible relationship of the conversion of the electrophoretic forms to the location of the capsid protein structural genes is discussed.
Functional capacity of intact and hybrid ribosomes from livers of normal and hypophysectomized rats

Abstract These studies were designed to determine whether liver ribosomes from normal and hypophysectomized rats are functionally equivalent. Monosomes derived from both sources, by disaggregation of polysomes, were found to be equally responsive to stimulation by polyuridylic acid (poly U) when incubated in a cell-free amino acid-incorporating system. Monosomes prepared by reassociation, in all possible combinations, of 40 and 60S subunits from normal and hypophysectomized rats again were equally active in the same system. This investigation suggests that liver ribosomes from normal and hypophysectomized rats are operationally identical.
Council Coalitions and Mayoral Regimes in Chicago

We explore the structure of voting coalitions among members of the city council in Chicago at 10 different points in time from 1955 to 1995. In doing so, we develop a typology of mayor-council rela...
Synthesis of “9-deazaadenosine”; A new cytotoxic C-nucleoside isostere of adenosine

Abstract The synthesis of 7-(β- D -ribofuranosyl)-4-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d ]pyrimidine (9-deazaadenosine) 9 is described. It involves base-catalyzed cyclization of N-carboethoxyenamine 4 to give β- and α-ribosylated 3-amino-2-cyanopyrroles 6 and 7 , respectively, followed by a one-step conversion to the desired pyrrolo[3,2- d ]pyrimidine system.
Meteorological Impacts of Forest Mortality due to Insect Infestation in Colorado

AbstractPhysical characteristics of forests and other ecosystems control land–atmosphere exchanges of water and energy and partly dictate local and regional meteorology. Insect infestation and resulting forest dieback can alter these characteristics and, further, modify land–atmosphere exchanges. In the past decade, insect infestation has led to large-scale forest mortality in western North America. This study uses a high-resolution mesoscale meteorological model coupled with a detailed land surface model to investigate the sensitivity of near-surface variables to insect-related forest mortality. The inclusion of this land surface disturbance in the model increased in simulated skin temperature by as much as 2.1 K. The modeled 2-m temperature increased an average of 1 K relative to the default simulations. A latent to sensible heat flux shift with a magnitude of 10%–15% of the available energy in the forested ecosystem was predicted after the inclusion of insect infestation and forest dieback. Although re...
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the neurochemistry of vagal afferent neurons

Abstract To assess whether diabetes alters the content and/or expression of neuroactive agents and protooncogenes in afferent neurons of the vagus nerve, the nodose ganglia of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were studied at 8, 16, and 24 weeks after induction of diabetes. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the immediate early gene c-Jun, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) content and expression were measured in nodose ganglia of control, diabetic, and diabetic+insulin-treated rats using immunocytochemistry and reverse trancription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The numbers of nNOS-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were increased in the nodose ganglion of diabetic compared to control rats at the 8- and 16-week time points. However, no change was noted in the nNOS mRNA content of the diabetic nodose ganglion at either time point. Moreover, no alterations in the numbers of vagal efferent NOS-containing neurons (labeled with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry) were noted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) or the nucleus ambiguus (NA) of control, diabetic, and diabetic+insulin-treated rats at any time point. Neither the numbers of TH-ir neurons nor the content of TH mRNA was altered in the diabetic rats at the 8- and 16-week time points. However, 24 weeks of diabetes resulted in a reduction in the numbers of TH-ir neurons in the diabetic nodose ganglia when compared to control, an effect not seen in diabetic rats receiving insulin. The number of nodose ganglion neurons labeled for the protooncogene, c-Jun, was small yet slightly increased in the diabetic nodose ganglia at the 8-week time point and was reversed with insulin treatment. The increase in c-Jun-ir neurons was not found at 16 or 24 weeks of diabetes. VIP-ir and CGRP-ir were unchanged at any of the time points. These data show that diabetes affects the content of some, but not all, neuroactive agents in the nodose ganglion and may reflect a modest level of diabetes-induced damage and/or alterations in axonal transport in the vagus nerve.
Coping Strategies as Predictors and Mediators of Disability-Related Variables and Psychosocial Adaptation: An Exploratory Investigation

This study examined the relationships among four predictors (functional limitations, perceived visibility of condition, and two disability-associated affective responses— anxiety and depression), c...
STUDIES OF BINARY LIQUID MIXTURES IN CYLINDRICAL PORES : PHASE SEPARATION,WETTING AND FINITE-SIZE EFFECTS FROM MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS

Abstract We have used Monte Carlo simulations in the semi-grand ensemble to study the wetting behavior and phase separation of a simple binary liquid mixture confined in a cylindrical pore. Using “multicanonical” simulations and histogram-reweighting methods we can determine the coexistence of complete-wetting and partial-wetting systems in the ( T , X ) plane. We present results for several different pore systems, with varying degrees of selectivity for one component of the mixture. We discuss the dependence of the phase diagram and probability distribution function of the mole fraction on pore length, and consider the behavior of these systems in the limit of long pores.
Professional ethics and legal responsibilities: On the horns of a dilemma

Through a series of fact situations the author demonstrates that reliance by practicing school psychologists on codes of ethics may lead to legal liability. Five areas are chosen for particular attention: 1) Parents' right to access to records; 2) Informed consent and the right to privacy in research and assessment; 3) Confidentialty of client-clinician communication; 4) Parental refusal of proferred educational services; 5) Treatment of minors without parental consent. Current statutory and case law is reviewed to give practitioners some sense of how the legislature and judiciary view professionals' responsibility in these areas. The article concludes with a discussion of why codes of ethics fail to provide adequate support for pscyhologists in meeting problems encountered in their everyday functioning and suggests some remedial measures for improving the current codes governing school psychology.
Effects of freezing on the release and inactivation of chloroplast coupling factor 1

Abstract The three high-molecular-weight subunits of chloroplast coupling factor (CF 1 ) are the primary proteins released from pyrophosphate-washed thylakoids exposed to freezing. Identical subunit profiles are found in the supernatant proteins of thylakoids exposed to different intensities of freezing stress by the inclusion of sugars with varying degrees of cryoprotective efficiency. Isolated CF 1 is inactivated by freezing in the presence of NaCl, glucose, and sucrose but raffinose can protect against loss of enzymatic activity during freezing. The low specific activity of the supernatant proteins released from the thylakoid and the inability to recover the Ca 2+ -dependent ATPase activity lost from the membrane suggest that inactivation accompanies release of CF 1 during freezing.
Intrinsic rates and activation free energies from single-molecule pulling experiments.

We present a unified framework for extracting kinetic information from single-molecule pulling experiments at constant force or constant pulling speed. Our procedure provides estimates of not only (i) the intrinsic rate coefficient and (ii) the location of the transition state but also (iii) the free energy of activation. By analyzing simulated data, we show that the resulting rates of force-induced rupture are significantly more reliable than those obtained by the widely used approach based on Bell's formula. We consider the uniqueness of the extracted kinetic information and suggest guidelines to avoid overinterpretation of experiments.
Transabdominal preperitoneal robotic inguinal hernia repair.

ABSTRACT Inguinal hernias are commonly encountered at the time of radical retropubic prostatectomy. Concurrent inguinal hernia repair and prostatectomy is well described for the open and traditional laparoscopic approach. Robotic prostatectomy is the fastest growing treatment of prostate cancer. Concurrent robotic prostatectomy and robotic inguinal hernia repair has not been previously described. We recently performed such a procedure and describe our technique and impressions of this approach in this paper. The robotic surgical system allowed for the secure and efficient closure of the large transabdominal peritoneal flap following the preperitoneal placement of the mesh prosthesis. The robotic operating console provides the surgeon with a more comfortable, ergonomic position than is possible in a traditional laparoscopic approach. Robotic inguinal hernia repair is feasible immediately following robotic prostatectomy and may have certain advantages over alternative techniques.
Large off‐axis epoxy paraboloids for millimetric telescopes and optical light collectors

Large, off‐axis epoxy paraboloids with high surface accuracy (26 μm rms) were generated by spinning a bowl containing a long cure time, low viscosity epoxy. This note also describes procedures for generating and measuring meter‐class surfaces.
Nonoperative management of large tracheal injuries

Tracheobronchial injuries occur rarely as the result of trauma or iatrogenically from airway intubation. Classic surgical teaching mandates prompt diagnosis and surgical repair. More recently, however, support for nonoperative management of tracheal injuries in selected patients has been established. We present 2 cases of large iatrogenic tracheal injuries managed successfully without operative intervention and with excellent clinical outcomes.
Evidence on spouse responses to illness as a guide to understanding and studying spouse responses to living organ donation.

Although living kidney donors receive praise from friends and coworkers for their selflessness, recent studies report that members of the immediate family may not be as supportive. Reports of conflict surrounding living organ donation include divorce between the donor and the donor's spouse. The purpose of this review of the literature is to (1) discuss the spousal role when confronted with a partner's illness, (2) explore the current research describing the spouses of patients with heart disease and cancer, various transplant recipients, and living organ donors, and (3) identify the need for future research to explore the experiences and needs of the spouses of living kidney donors. Because the attitudes of donor family members, especially spouses, may affect the decision to donate and the satisfaction with recovery from donation surgery, it is critical to know how the spouses of living kidney donors view kidney donation. This knowledge may be instrumental in promoting family harmony and donor recovery a...
Vertical Cavity Laser and Passive Fabry Perot Interferometer Based Microfluidic Biosensors

Passive and active microfluidic Fabry-Perot vertical cavity based biosensors were designed and fabricated for the detection of biological cells. Transmission spectra of single polystyrene spheres, yeast cells, and blood cells inside optical cavities are reported.
Economic Models and Historical Explanation

In investigating their models, economists do not appear to engage much in the activities many philosophers take to be essential to scientific understanding of the world, activities such as testing hypotheses and establishing laws. How, then, can economic models explain anything about the real world? Borrowing from William Dray, an explanation of what something really is, as opposed to an explanation of why something happens, is the subsumption of the explanandum under a suitable concept. One way economic models explain real-world phenomena is by providing explanations-what of such phenomena. In this way, economic models can afford explanations of the world without necessarily involving the activities philosophers take to be integral to scientific understanding of the world, for explanations-what do not necessarily involve the activities in question.
Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acyl-protein thioesterase 1, the enzyme responsible for G protein α subunit deacylation in vivo

Thioacylation is a reversible lipid modification of proteins that plays a role in the regulation of signal transduction. Acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT1) was identified as an enzyme capable of deacylating some thioacylated proteins in vitro. Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame YLR118c encodes an enzyme homologous to Rattus norvegicus APT1. We demonstrate that the catalytic activity of the protein encoded by the yeast open reading frame is similar to that of rat APT1, and we designate the protein S. cerevisiae Apt1p. Yeasts bearing a disruption of the APT1 gene lack significant biochemically detectable acyl-protein thioesterase activity. They also fail to deacylate Gpa1p, the yeast Gα subunit, in metabolic radiolabeling studies. We conclude that native APT1 is the enzyme responsible for Gα subunit deacylation in S. cerevisiae and presumably other eukaryotes as well.
On the Effective Capacity of the Dense-Water Reservoir for the Nordic Seas Overflow: Some Effects of Topography and Wind Stress

AbstractThe overflow of the dense water mass across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (GSR) from the Nordic Seas drives the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The Nordic Seas is a large basin with an enormous reservoir capacity. The volume of the dense water above the GSR sill depth in the Nordic Seas, according to previous estimates, is sufficient to supply decades of overflow transport. This large capacity buffers overflow’s responses to atmospheric variations and prevents an abrupt shutdown of the AMOC. In this study, the authors use a numerical and an analytical model to show that the effective reservoir capacity of the Nordic Seas is actually much smaller than what was estimated previously. Basin-scale oceanic circulation is nearly geostrophic and its streamlines are basically the same as the isobaths. The vast majority of the dense water is stored inside closed geostrophic contours in the deep basin and thus is not freely available to the overflow. The positive wind stress curl in the No...
Estimation of the central arterial pressure waveform and beat-to-beat stroke volume from multiple peripheral arterial pressure waveforms

We introduce a new technique to estimate the clinically more relevant central arterial pressure (AP) waveform and relative beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume (SV) from multiple, less invasively measured peripheral AP waveforms distorted by wave reflections. The basic idea is to first reconstruct the central AP waveform by applying multi-channel blind system identification and to then estimate beat-to-beat proportional SV by fitting a Windkessel model to the reconstructed waveform in which wave distortion should be attenuated. We evaluated the technique in four swine in which two peripheral AP waveforms and gold standard central AP and SV were simultaneously measured during diverse hemodynamic interventions. We report an overall central AP error of 5.6% and an overall beat-to-beat SV error of 14.7%.
PITTING IN CANNED GREEN BEANS: EFFECT OF CULTURAL PRACTICES, TIN COATING, VACUUM, CORROSION ACCELERATORS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS

Green beans grown under different cultural conditions and packed in #25 and #50/25 R-enameled cans with variations in vacuum and pH and with added Cu, Fe, NaCl, NO3 and NO3 with PO, were visually examined for pitting after storage at 38°C and room temperature. The #25 cans and those with high levels of Cu, Fe NO3 and with low pH values had the most severe pitting. High can vacuum exhibited a protective effect against pitting during short term storage at room temperature. Pitting severity was not affected by heavy Cu(OH)2 sprays during the growing season, but there was an effect between cultivars.
Endocrine Toxicity of Drinking Water Disinfectants. I. In Vivo Dehalogenation and Clearance of Iodinated Nutrients

Ingestion of aqueous chlorine-based disinfectants has been shown earlier to cause decreased serum thyroxine levels and increased 131-I thyroid uptake in nonhuman primates. Disinfectants also were shown to immobilize iodine on gastric mucosa and cause covalent binding of dietary iodide to gastrointestinal contents in laboratory rodents. It has been demonstrated that nutrients in the presence of chlorine oxides, under conditions simulating the alimentary tract, effectively organify I- in vitro. A logical consequence of these is that traces of iodinated organics are absorbed after ingestion of drinking water disinfectants. Since over 100 million consumers receive a daily dose of about 0.4 mM of free chlorine, the pharmacotoxicology of such modified nutrient molecules is of public health interest. Therefore, we examined the in vivo deiodination of randomly in vitro iodinated organic mixtures prepared from different nutrients. Using adult female rats, we determined the 24-hour thyroid uptake of 125-I liberated...
Approaches to radiation guidelines for space travel.

Abstract There are obvious risks in space travel that have loomed larger than any risk from radiation. Nevertheless, NASA has maintained a radiation program that has involved maintenance of records of radiation exposure, and planning so that the astronauts' exposures are kept as low as possible, and not just within the current guidelines. These guidelines are being reexamined currently by NCRP Committee 75 because new information is available, for example, risk estimates for radiation-induced cancer and about the effects of HZE particles. Furthermore, no estimates of risk or recommendations were made for women in 1970 and must now be considered. The current career limit is 400 rem to the blood forming organs. The appropriateness of this limit and its basis are being examined as well as the limits for specific organs. There is now considerably more information about age-dependency for radiation effects and this will be taken into account. In 1973 a committee of the National Research Council made a separate study of HZE particle effects and it was concluded that the attendant risks did not pose a hazard for low inclination near-earth orbit missions. Since that time work has been carried out on the so-called microlesions caused by HZE particles and on the relative carcinogic effect of heavy ions, including iron. A remaining question is whether the fluence of HZE particles could reach levels of concern in missions under consideration. Finally, it is the intention of the committee to indicate clearly the areas requiring further research.
The effect of repetition on the discrimination of asserted and implied claims in advertising

A method was tested for teaching people how to identify implied claims in advertising and keep from remembering them as asserted facts. The experimental group received a detailed training session, while the control group participated in a comparable session not dealing with implied claims. Subjects then heard a series of ads with critical claims either asserted or implied and rated a set of claims for their truth value. Results showed that, when subjects heard the same ads two, seven, and nine days later, they increasingly recognized that implied claims were implied and rated them less true than directly asserted claims. Results were related to previous research and consumer education.
Which is the safest endotracheal tube for use with the CO2 laser? A comparative study.

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the efficacy of special endotracheal tubes manufactured for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser surgery with foil-wrapped and plain red rubber (RR) endotracheal tubes. Setting: Research laboratory of a metropolitan, university-affiliated medical center. Design and Interventions: Six types of endotracheal tubes were studied. Each had 5 L/min of oxygen passing through it and was exposed to 69 watts of continuous CO 2 laser radiation for 1 minute or until combustion occurred. Measurements and Main Results: The plain RR endotracheal tube burned within 15 seconds of laser impact. Aluminum foil-wrapped and copper foil-wrapped RR endotracheal tubes were not affected by the C02 laser. The shaft of a specially manufactured stainless steel endotracheal tube was not affected by 1 minute of CO 2 laser exposure. The shafts of two special endotracheal tubes made of silicone and metal burned vigorously under laser fire. Conclusion: Copper foil-wrapped RR tubes, aluminum foil-wrapped RR tubes, or stainless steel tubes are recommended for laser airway surgery.
Progestin and Thrombin Regulate Tissue Factor Expression in Human Term Decidual Cells

Context: Perivascular cell membrane-bound tissue factor (TF) initiates hemostasis via thrombin generation. The identity and potential regulation of TF-expressing cells at the human maternal-fetal interface that confers hemostatic protection during normal and preterm delivery is unclear. Objectives: The objective of the study were to identify TF-expressing cells at the maternal-fetal interface in term and preterm decidual sections by immunohistochemistry and evaluate progestin, thrombin, TNF-α, and IL-1β effects on TF expression by cultured human term decidual cells (DCs). Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Serial placental sections were immunostained for TF. Leukocyte-free term DC monolayers were incubated with 10−8 m estradiol (E2) or E2 plus 10−7 m medroxyprogestrone acetate (MPA) ± thrombin or TNF-α or IL-1β. ELISA and Western blotting assessed TF in cell lysates. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR measured TF mRNA levels. Results: Immunolocalized TF in DC membranes in preterm and term placental sections displayed higher Histologic Scores than villous mesenchymal cells (P < 0.05). TF was undetected in interstitial or extravillous trophoblasts. Compared with DCs incubated with E2, MPA and 2.5 U/ml thrombin each doubled TF levels (P < 0.05) and E2 + MPA + thrombin further doubled TF levels (P < 0.05), whereas TNF-α and IL-1β were ineffective. Western blotting confirmed the ELISA results. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed corresponding changes in TF mRNA levels. Conclusions: In human term placental sections, DC-expressed TF exceeds that of other cell types at the maternal-fetal interface and is localized at the cell membranes in which it can bind to factor VII and meet the hemostatic demands of labor and delivery via thrombin formation. Unlike the general concept that TF is constitutive in cells that highly express it, MPA and thrombin significantly enhanced TF expression in term DC monolayers.
The Drosophila Par domain protein I gene, Pdp1, is a regulator of larval growth, mitosis and endoreplication.

Abstract PDP1 is a basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor that is expressed at high levels in the muscle, epidermis, gut and fat body of the developing Drosophila embryo. We have identified three mutant alleles of Pdp1 , each having a similar phenotype. Here, we describe in detail the Pdp1 mutant allele, Pdp1 p205 , which is null for both Pdp1 RNA and protein. Interestingly, homozygous Pdp1 p205 embryos develop normally, hatch and become viable larvae. Analyses of Pdp1 null mutant embryos reveal that the overall muscle pattern is normal as is the patterning of the gut and fat body. Pdp1 p205 larvae also appear to have normal muscle and gut function and respond to ecdysone. These larvae, however, are severely growth delayed and arrested. Furthermore, although Pdp1 null larvae live a normal life span, they do not form pupae and thus do not give rise to eclosed flies. The stunted growth of Pdp1 p205 larvae is accompanied by defects in mitosis and endoreplication similar to that associated with nutritional deprivation. The cellular defects resulting from the Pdp1 p205 mutation are not cell autonomous. Moreover, PDP1 expression is sensitive to nutritional conditions, suggesting a link between nutrition, PDP1 isotype expression and growth. These results indicate that Pdp1 has a critical role in coordinating growth and DNA replication.
Drawing on the World: sketch in context

In this paper we introduce our approach to implementing context-rich sketch-based interfaces. By “contextrich” we mean interfaces for systems that refer to real-world objects. For example, a system that allowed the user to draw on an annotated video feed instead of a blank canvas would yield this kind of context-richness. We describe “Drawing on the World”, the concept that taking what is being drawn on into consideration results in increased ease of development and a better user experience in sketch recognition. We created a description language, called StepStool, and an engine to interpret StepStool descriptions. StepStool is used to describe the relationship between context (objects on the canvas) and drawn shapes to determine the shapes’ meanings. We used StepStool to implement the context-rich control interface to a robotic forklift (see [2], [11]). We use that interface in this paper to describe StepStool’s use. In our future work, we propose two extensions to StepStool that could make it more broadly applicable. The first extension allows StepStool to be used with non-robotic systems. The second proposed extension allows StepStool to be used with other modalities—e.g., hand gesture recognition.
Elastic Waves in Electromagnetic Launchers

Elastic waves are considered as a contributing factor to solid armature transition in guide rail launchers. The transient elastic waves in the rails of electromagnetic launchers are studied as well as the normal contact pressure between the rails and the armature. We have shown that, due to the interference of elastic waves, the contact pressure between the armature and rail will change dramatically as the armature goes through the critical velocity. This paper explores the effects of transverse magnetic pressure on the trailing arms of a "C"-shaped armature
From Communism to Capitalism: Liberalization, Learning, and the Long Road

Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization, Zoltan Barany, Robert G. Moser, eds. (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001). 260 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-521-80119-2), $55.00; paper (ISBN: 0-521-80512-0), $20.00. Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civic Movements in Eastern Europe, John K. Glenn III (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). 258 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-8047-3861-0). $45.00. Russia at the Polls: Voters, Elections, and Democratization, Christopher Marsh (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2002). 160 pp., paper (ISBN: 1-56802-629-3), $24.95. Out of the Red: Building Capitalism and Democracy in Postcommunist Europe, Mitchell A. Orenstein (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001). 166 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-472-09746-6), $54.50; paper (ISBN: 0-472-06746-X). $22.95. Books reviewed in this article: Zoltan Barany and Robert G. Moser (eds.), Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization John K. Glenn III, Framing Democracy: Civil Society and Civic Movements in Eastern Europe Christopher Marsh, Russia at the Polls: Voters, Elections, and Democratization Mitchell A. Orenstein, Out of the Red: Building Capitalism and Democracy in Postcommunist Europe
Optimal automatic periodic multiprocessor compiler for multi-bus networks

The theory and performance of a deterministic, optimal synchronous compiler for multiprocessor systems with a multibus interconnection network are presented. This compiler takes an algorithm described by a flow graph and produces realizations that meet traditional optimality criteria. These realizations are implemented on a multiprocessor system with the minimum number of buses possible. The compiler consists of three elements: flow graph analysis, scheduler, and processor assignment. The processor assignment module is discussed in detail. This module computes the bus communication bound from the schedule produced by the scheduler module. Based on this bound, the processor assignment module rearranges the schedule to use the minimum multibus interconnection network. The experimental study of the performance of this compiler emphasizes several adaptive and nonadaptive digital filters. >
Influence of pollinator grooming on pollen-mediated gene dispersal in Mimulus ringens (Phrymaceae)

Pollinator foraging patterns and the dynamics of pollen transport influence the quality and diversity of flowering plant mating opportunities. For species pollinated by grooming pollinators, such as bees, the amount of pollen carried between a donor flower and potential recipient flowers depends on how grooming influences pollen transfer. To investigate the relationship between grooming and pollen-mediated gene dispersal, we studied bumblebee (Bombus fervidus) foraging behavior and resulting gene dispersal in linear arrays of Mimulus ringens. Each of the 14 plants in an array had a unique multilocus genotype, facilitating unambiguous assignment of paternity to 1050 progeny. Each plant was trimmed to a single flower so that pollinator movements could be linked directly to resulting gene dispersal patterns. Pollen-mediated gene dispersal was very limited. More than 95% of the seeds sired by a donor flower were distributed over the first three recipient flowers in the visitation sequence. However, seeds were occasionally sired on flowers visited later in the pollinator’s floral visitation sequence. Intensive grooming immediately following pollen removal from a donor flower significantly increased the decay rate of the donor flower’s gene dispersal curve. These results suggest that the frequency and relative intensity of grooming can have significant effects on patterns of pollen-mediated gene dispersal from individual pollen donors.
SeqDepot: streamlined database of biological sequences and precomputed features

Summary: Assembling and/or producing integrated knowledge of sequence features continues to be an onerous and redundant task despite a large number of existing resources. We have developed SeqDepot—a novel database that focuses solely on two primary goals: (i) assimilating known primary sequences with predicted feature data and (ii) providing the most simple and straightforward means to procure and readily use this information. Access to >28.5 million sequences and 300 million features is provided through a well-documented and flexible RESTful interface that supports fetching specific data subsets, bulk queries, visualization and searching by MD5 digests or external database identifiers. We have also developed an HTML5/JavaScript web application exemplifying how to interact with SeqDepot and Perl/Python scripts for use with local processing pipelines. Availability: Freely available on the web at http://seqdepot.net/. REST access via http://seqdepot.net/api/v1. Database files and scripts may be downloaded from http://seqdepot.net/download. Contact: moc.liamg@ics+ekul.hcirlu
The patient with a fragility fracture: An evolving role for the orthopaedic surgeon

Osteoporosis can now be diagnosed readily, and treatments that increase bone mineral density and decrease fracture risk, even after fragility fracture has occurred, are now available. Clinical guidelines for management of osteoporosis unanimously recognize that fracture risk is highest among those who have already sustained a fracture, and encourage prompt evaluation and treatment of these individuals. Despite these guidelines, most women who experience fragility fractures remain untreated (for osteoporosis) by any of the physicians involved in their care. Barriers to diagnosis and treatment have been identified, including uncertainty about the responsibility for such management. The orthopaedic surgeon has a unique opportunity to initiate definitive osteoporosis evaluation and treatment in patients who present with fractures, and recent guidelines support the evolution of the role of the orthopaedist in this direction.
A Summary Report on the Reorganization of Cancer and Radiobiology Teaching for Radiation Oncology Residents

Approximately 3 years ago the Cancer and Radiobiology Committee of ASTRO suggested to the ASTRO board that there were a number of perceived and potential deficiencies in radiation biology curricula of radiation oncology residency programs nationwide. The primary issues related to (1) the aging of the teaching faculty, (2) the lack of formal training of newer faculty in classical radiobiology, (3) the lack of familiarity of radiobiology teachers with the American Board of Radiology (ABR) guidelines for the teaching of Cancer Biology and Radiobiology, (4) ignorance of the process undertaken for writing the ABR examination and the American College of Radiology in-service examination, and (5) inability of the ABR, RRS, ACR, ASTRO, and residency directors to communicate with teachers in an efficient manner.