cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design tradeoffs in joint powerline and wireless transmission for smart grid communications

Providing reliable smart grid communication from customers to the local utility faces significant challenges due to noise, interference, frequency selectivity, path loss and fading. For transmission over narrowband powerline channels (3–500 kHz) and unlicensed wireless channels (902–928 MHz), this paper reviews previous approaches for (a) channel modeling and estimation and (b) noise/interference modeling and mitigation. Based on these approaches, the paper reviews methods for joint transmission over the powerline and wireless channels to improve reliability further. The key contribution of this paper is to explore design tradeoffs in communication performance vs. implementation complexity for joint transmission.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. Differential incorporation of acyl-coenzymes A and acyl-acyl carrier proteins into plant microsomal lipids.

Abstract The acyl moiety of acyl-CoAs was transferred predominantly by avocado mesocarp microsomes to microsomal polar lipids and always to position 2; only a small portion of the acyl-ACP (acyl-acyl carrier protein) transferase activity resulted in polar lipid formation. In contrast, triacylglycerol was formed from either substrate but insertion occurred only at position 3; acyl-ACP transferase activity was similar for all acyl-ACPs tested. The acyl moiety of acyl-CoAs but not acyl-ACPs was transferred by spinach grana to grana polar lipids and insertion occurred only at position 2. No increase in transferase activity was observed in grana or microsomes in the presence of l -α-glycerophosphate, phosphatidic acid, l -α-glycerophosphorylcholine, lysolecithin or diolein. The significance of these observations with respect to plant lipid metabolism is discussed.
Determining nuclear structure using the fluorescence light microscope.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes fluorescence microscopy approaches to the structural (spatial localization) aspects of nuclear cell biology problems in fixed and living cells. It discusses which types of structural approaches are significant, the nature of the results obtained, and the pathways of development to create unique analysis tools for problem. An immunofluorescence experiment that is generally working is a more complex level of analysis. General principles applicable to traditional, film-based image recording are discussed, most of the methods require a modified epifluorescence microscope to allow digital image recording and to control routine elements of data recording (e.g., the focal position). The image quality of all but the most flat sample preparations can be significantly improved using methods that minimize the contributions from out-of-focus blur. Out-of-focus blur contributions to the image result from the fact that the high numerical aperture lenses giving maximal resolution in the focal plane have very small depths of focus.
Solitons in a continuous classical Haldane–Shastry spin chain

Abstract Motivated by Polychronakos' discovery that solitons exist in the hydrodynamic equations of continuum version of the Calogero model, we seek solitons in the classical dynamics of a continuum version of the Haldane–Shastry spin chain. We have obtained analytic multi-lump solitary wave solutions for our spin-field equation, and these solutions possess interesting topological features. We have performed numerical collision experiments showing that the solitary waves survive collisions, and thus suggest the existence of true multi-soliton solutions.
Shape analysis of female torsos based on discrete cosine transform

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present results of shape analysis of female torso shape using the discrete cosine transform (DCT) from a three-dimensional (3D) whole body scan database. Design/methodology/approach – Torso shape is a central part of body shape and difficult to describe by linear measurements. In order to analyze body shape variation within a population the authors employed a DCT-based shape description method to compresses a dense 3D body scan surface into a small vector that preserves shape and removes size. The DCT-based shape descriptors of torso surfaces are further fed to principal component analysis (PCA) that decompose shape variation into constituent shape components. A visualization program was developed to observe principal components of torso shape and interpret their meanings. Findings – Extreme shapes of the first ten principal components summarize major shape variations and identify shapes that are difficult to capture with traditional anthropometric measurements. P...
External field control of condensed phase reactions

Control of tunneling in a symmetric double well coupled to a bath via an external field is demonstrated. Optimal control theory is employed to design a laser field which couples to the reaction coordinate and drives a localized wave packet on the reactant side to the product side at a specified target time τ. Both a very quantumlike system (high barrier) and a low barrier double well are examined; excellent results are obtained for a range of reduced bath viscosities. Analysis of the control fields and corresponding localization dynamics shows that the frequency components of the control field are more or less in resonance with eigenstates of the double well and that the laser field enhances the natural dynamics of the individual wells. Future extension to more complicated models where the field couples to the bath is discussed.
Impact of Joule heating, roughness, and contaminants on the relative hardness of polycrystalline gold

Asperities play a central role in the mechanical and electrical properties of contacting surfaces. Changes in trends of uniaxial compression of an asperity tip in contact with a polycrystalline substrate as a function of substrate geometry, compressive stress and applied voltage are investigated here by implementation of a coupled continuum and atomistic approach. Surprisingly, an unmodified Au polycrystalline substrate is found to be softer than one containing a void for conditions of high stress and an applied voltage of 0.2 V. This is explained in terms of the temperature distribution and weakening of Au as a function of temperature. The findings in this communication are important to the design of materials for electrical contacts because applied conditions may play a role in reversing relative hardness of the materials for conditions experienced during operation.
Supporting Controlled Experimentation with Testing Techniques: An Infrastructure and its Potential Impact

Where the creation, understanding, and assessment of software testing and regression testing techniques are concerned, controlled experimentation is an indispensable research methodology. Obtaining the infrastructure necessary to support such experimentation, however, is difficult and expensive. As a result, progress in experimentation with testing techniques has been slow, and empirical data on the costs and effectiveness of techniques remains relatively scarce. To help address this problem, we have been designing and constructing infrastructure to support controlled experimentation with testing and regression testing techniques. This paper reports on the challenges faced by researchers experimenting with testing techniques, including those that inform the design of our infrastructure. The paper then describes the infrastructure that we are creating in response to these challenges, and that we are now making available to other researchers, and discusses the impact that this infrastructure has had and can be expected to have.
RESIDUAL AUTOCOVARIANCES AND UNIT ROOT TESTS BASED ON INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATORS FROM TIME SERIES REGRESSION MODELS

. Hall (Testing for a unit root in the presence of moving average errors. Biometrika 76 (1989), 49–56; Joint hypothesis tests for a random walk based on instrumental variable estimators. J. Time Ser. Anal. 13 (1992), 29–45), Pantula and Hall (Testing for unit roots in autoregressive moving average models:an instrumental variable approach. J. Econometrics 48 (1991), 325–53) and Lee and Schmidt (Unit root tests based on instrumental variable estimation. Int. Econ. Rev. 39 (1994), 449–62) proposed instrumental variable (IV) based tests for a unit root in an ARMA(p+ 1, q) time series. To perform the tests it is essentially necessary to know (p, q) but in many cases this information is unknown. In practice a natural solution to this problem is to estimate (p, q) from the data using a strategy based on the residual autocovariances from the IV regression. In this paper we examine the properties of these residual autocovariances under various assumptions about the true nature of the time series. This analysis allows us to propose a model selection procedure which has desirable asymptotic and finite sample properties whether the time series is stationary or possesses a unit root. A sideproduct of our analysis is that we extend Box and Pierce's (Distribution of residual autocorrelations in autoregressive integrated moving average time series models. J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 65 (1970), 1509–26) analysis of the least squares residual autocorrelations to the residual autocovariances from IV regressions.
Alloantibodies: Basic and clinical concepts

Summary The presence of alloantibodies in presensitized transplant candidates has become an increasing problem and results in prolonged waiting time because of the increased risk these patients have of rejecting incompatible donor organs. The destructive effects of antibodies on transplants have been documented by numerous experimental and clinical observations. It is evident now that the pathogenesis of allograft dysfunction and rejection due to alloantibody responses can involve a variety of complex mechanisms that are only partially understood. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that some antibodies may exert protective effects on graft survival in humans; the interaction between protective and destructive antibodies is a dynamic process that will require more investigation before it can be manipulated with certainty. Finally, effective immunosuppressive intervention targeted directly at B lymphocytes or at the generation of alloantibodies remains a challenge for the future.
Infra-red radiometry of semiconductor devices

Abstract Infra-red radiation can be used to measure the local surface temperature of semiconductor devices provided the emissivity is known. This measurement involves optical systems that collect radiant energy and focus it on to a suitable detector from which an electric signal is amplified and displayed. Depending on the optical system, detector and display subsystems, equipment can be built having a wide variety of performance and cost trade-offs. They can be divided into basic types depending on whether they have fixed or scanning optics, long or short focal length or real-time display. Infra-red radiometry can provide indirect measurement of local temperature as an important variable in design, testing and analysis of semiconductor devices. Each of these areas is discussed and examples presented. The relation of the information gained from infra-red radiometry to the understanding of device thermophysical characteristics is also illustrated.
Correlation between ultrasonic and hardness measurements in aged aluminum alloy 2024

Abstract Sound wave velocity, ultrasonic attenuation, eddy current and hardness measurements have been carried out on precipitation-hardening aluminum alloy 2024 subjected to a series of different pre-aging heat treatments prior to processing to T4, T351 and T851 tempers. For each temper the maximum hardness was found to correspond to a particular value of sound velocity. These results were correlated with electron microscopy observations of the microstructure. Ultrasonic attenuation was found to decrease consistently as hardness increased. Pre-aging at 350°C was found to induce the most rapid initial reduction in hardness, and corresponding changes in sound velocity and ultrasonic attenuation. This investigation has demonstrated the feasibility of ultrasonic techniques for non-destructive evaluation and characterization of age-hardened aluminum alloys.
DNA digestion to deoxyribonucleoside: A simplified one-step procedure

We present a simple and inexpensive 'one-step' protocol for the hydrolysis of DNA to deoxyribonucleosides. Unlike the older DNA hydrolysis protocol which is cumbersome and labor intensive, this new protocol is ideal for high-throughput assays and is suitable automation. Using this protocol we were able to hydrolyze several hundred samples within an 8-hour period. The new protocol is fully compatible with LC-MS/MS and gives similar recoveries for all five major deoxyribonucleosides when compared to the older protocol.
Yugoslavia in the 1970's: Self-management and bargaining

Abstract Although the reforms embodied in Yugoslavia's 1974 Constitution have stabilized her political situation, the increased reliance on social plans and instruments does not appear to be producing a corresponding degree of economic stability. This article describes the new political and economic decision-making system in Yugoslavia and shows how its functioning has generated certain tensions between and among governmental and productive entities, tensions that have led to unintended and undesired economic consequences. It suggests that the root of the problem lies in the operation of the new system, not in a departure from its principles.
The Component Structure of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy for Underprepared College Students:

Following the successful application of Bandura's (1977) theory of self-efficacy to the treatment of career indecision (Betz & Hackett, 1981; Hackett & Betz, 1981), Taylor and Betz (1983) developed the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy (CDMSE) scale. CDMSE identifies the extent to which students have confidence (self-efficacy) in their ability to engage in educational and occupational planning and decision-making. The Taylor and Betz (1983) study identified five sub-scales: Self-Appraisal, Occupational Information, Goal Selection, Planning, and Problem-Solving. Each sub-scale consisted of ten items. Using principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation, the total variance accounted for by factor scores of the five sub-scales equaled 52%. However, it was noted that since most of the items had relatively large loadings on more than one factor, the structure was not clear-cut, and therefore, the scale potentially represented a single and rather large general factor. Research has provided support for the validity of the CDMSE instrument (Betz & Hackett, 1986; Robbins, 1985; Taylor & Popma, 1990), and the concept has been widely adapted (Brown, Lent, & Larkin, 1989; Lent, Brown, & Larkin, 1984, 1986, 1987; Lent, Larkin, & Brown, 1989; Nevill & Schlecker, 1988; Peterson, 1993a, 1993b; Rotberg, Brown, & Ware, 1987; Shelton, 1990; Stumpf & Brief, 1987). However, the nature of career decision-making self-efficacy, as a construct is still being explored.
Effect of Tension on Change of Resistance and Thermoelectromotive Force by Transverse Magnetization

Effect on the resistance and thermoelectromotive force of nickel wires, of tension combined with transverse magnetization.---The wires 10 cm long and.14 cm in diameter were stretched while being magnetized transversely with a field of from 1000 to 9000 gauss. The application of tension was found to cause a marked decrease in the change due to the transverse magnetic field, both $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R}$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{E\ensuremath{\Delta}t}$ being decreased to half or less by a stress of 20 kg/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$.Effect on the Hall and Nernst effects in a nickel plate, of tension in the direction of the electric and thermal currents was studied for a tension of 28.5kg/${\mathrm{mm}}^{2}$ and for fields up to 20,000 gauss and found to be zero. These results suggest that the Hall and Nernst effects are associated with the action of the magnetic field not on the atoms but on the free electrons, while the change of resistance and of thermoelectromotive force in a magnetic field are associated with a deformation of the atoms by the field.Ewing's model of the ferromagnetic atom in which elliptic electronic orbits supply the magnetic control and a circular orbit the necessary Weber elements, is shown to account for the changes of length, of resistance, and of thermoelectromotive force on magnetization and the effect of tension on these changes if we assume the nickel atom is compressed in the direction of magnetization and expands at right angles, and that tension increases the stability of Weber elements with planes in the direction of the magnetic field.
Use of lacustrine sedimentary sequences as indicators of Holocene glacial history, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

Bottom sediments from three lakes in the Canadian Rocky Mountains were examined with the aim of evaluating the usefulness of downvalley sediment studies in reconstruction of Holocene glacial histories. Analyses of organic carbon and carbonate contents of core sediments provide information on changing sedimentation rate and changing relative importance of glacial and non-glacial sediment sources. Sedimentary histories of the three lakes are similar, suggesting that they record regional glacial/climatic forcing, rather than localized events, and thus that they may be useful in reconstructing Holocene glacial history. Lacustrine sediments indicate a period of high sedimentation rates and relatively large glacial sediment contribution prior to 7500-7000 yr B.P., with much reduced rates and decreased glacial sediment contribution between about 6000 and 4000 yr B.P., possibly interrupted by a brief period of increased glacial sediment output shortly after 5000 yr B.P. Sometime after 4000 yr B.P., sedimentation rates and glacial sediment output began to rise again, reaching approximately present levels by 2750-2650 yr B.P., and have not since returned to low mid-Holocene levels. In detail over the last 3000 yr there is some indication of a slight decrease in sedimentation rate for more than 1000 yr after about 2200 yr B.P. Sedimentation rates and glacial sediment input into all three lakes rose between about 900 and 750 yr B.P. and have remained very high since. If the lake sediments are interpreted as a proxy record of upvalley glacial activity, they allow the development of a glacial chronology which is at once generally consistent with, and more complete and easily datable than, the surficial glacial record.
EVALUATION OF LEFT HEART DISEASE BY STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF AORTIC PARAMETERS AND TRANSVERSE CARDIAC DIAMETER.

T here is quired a group of congenital and accardiovascular abnormalities characterized by an increase in the size of the thoracic aorta and/or some form of disease of the left ventricle. The most frequent of these pathologic conditions are hypertensive cardiovascular disease, occlusive coronary artery disease, aortic valve stenosis or insufficiency, and coarctation of the thoracic aorta.‘J The following is a report of a statistical analysis of the transverse cardiac diameter and aortic parameters in selected groups of adult patients with these diseases, including matched sets of normal patients for control purposes.
Michael Clyne, Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages

Michael Clyne, Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2003 Pp. xv, 282. Hb 24.00.Ever since Thomason & Kaufman 1988 reawakened linguists to the role of external contacts in language change, and the origin and development of creoles became a major research topic (largely after Bickerton 1981), the field of contact linguistics has burgeoned. Sociolinguists have always been interested in the social side of language contact, but today the grammatical side of contact also is attracting researchers. Books published just since 2000 give some idea of the research activity. Three monographs exemplify the wide interest in grammatical aspects of codeswitching: Hlavac 2003 deals with codeswitching among second-generation Croatian speakers in Australia; and Kovacs 2001 treats Australian Finnish and Hungarian in contact with English; and Canut & Caubet 2001 is a collection of articles on codeswitching involving French in various francophonie communities.
Light emitting diode excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy.

An excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence instrument has been developed using a linear array of light emitting diodes (LED). The wavelengths covered extend from the upper UV through the visible spectrum: 370–640 nm. Using an LED array to excite fluorescence emission at multiple excitation wavelengths is a low-cost alternative to an expensive high power lamp and imaging spectrograph. The LED-EEM system is a departure from other EEM spectroscopy systems in that LEDs often have broad excitation ranges which may overlap with neighboring channels. The LED array can be considered a hybrid between a spectroscopic and sensor system, as the broad LED excitation range produces a partially selective optical measurement. The instrument has been tested and characterized using fluorescent dyes: limits of detection (LOD) for 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)-anthracene and rhodamine B were in the mid parts-per-trillion range; detection limits for the other compounds were in the low parts-per-billion range (<5 ppb). The LED-EEMs were analyzed using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which allowed the mathematical resolution of the individual contributions of the mono- and dianion fluorescein tautomers a priori. Correct identification and quantitation of six fluorescent dyes in two to six component mixtures (concentrations between 12.5 and 500 ppb) has been achieved with root mean squared errors of prediction (RMSEP) of less than 4.0 ppb for all components.
Studies on the Essential Role of Ascorbic Acid in the Energy Dependent Release of Insulin from Pancreatic Islets

Abstract Pancreatic islets from young normal and scorbutic male guinea pigs were examined for their ability to release insulin when stimulated with depolarizing levels of KCl (45 mM) and by 20 mM d -glyceraldehyde. Islets from normal guinea pigs released insulin in a K + and d -glyceraldehyde dependent manner showing a rapid initial secretion phase followed by secondary waves of insulin release during a 120 min period. Islets from scorbutic guinea pigs were able to respond to elevated K + in a manner identical to that of the control islets. In contrast, insulin release from ascorbic acid deficient islets in response to the secretagogue, d -glyceraldehyde, was significantly delayed and decreased responses were observed during the 120 min period after d -glyceraldehyde stimulation. The results are consistent with the site of action of ascorbic acid on energy-dependent insulin release lying between the triose-phosphate level of glycolysis and the generation of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
Determining parameters related to the likelihood of failure of red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) from winching tests

This study provides data necessary to develop mechanistic models of the failure of open-grown trees. The literature contains few such data. Some results contrast previous studies on conifers. In cities and towns, tree failure can cause damage and injury. Few studies have considered large, open-grown trees when measuring parameters related to tree failure. To measure elastic modulus and maximum bending moment and stress, we winched red oaks (Quercus rubra L.), including some with co-dominant stems and others with extant decay. To simulate decay in a subsample of trees, we cut voids in the trunk before pulling trees to failure. Maximum bending moment was greatest for uprooted trees, but maximum bending and shear stresses were greatest for trees that failed in the crown in the vicinity of branches. The likelihood of failure at a void or area of extant decay increased as the loss in area moment of inertia increased. The moduli of elasticity and rupture of specimens taken from trees were greater than values measured on the trees themselves. Failure at the union of co-dominant stems only occurred when we pulled them apart, loading them perpendicular to the plane bifurcating the union. Some of the results are inconsistent with previous work on conifers; more data on open-grown trees are necessary to develop mechanistic models to predict tree failure.
“Investing in Farmers—The Impacts of Farmer Field Schools in Relation to Integrated Pest Management”—A Comment

Summary In a recent article in World Development, van den Berg and Jiggins [van den Berg, H. & Jiggins, J. (2007). Investing in farmers: The impacts of farmer field schools in relation to integrated pest management. World Development, 35(4), 663–686] (to be referred to in the discussion below as the “BJ paper”) challenge the validity of results in two papers written by us, [Feder, G., Murgai, R., & Quizon, J. (2004a). Sending farmers back to school: the impact of farmer field schools in Indonesia, Review of Agricultural Economics 26(1), 45–62, Feder, G., Murgai, R. & Quizon, J. (2004b). The acquisition and diffusion of knowledge: the case of pest management training in farmer field schools, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Economics 55(2), 217–239] focusing their criticism on a number of points, and concluding that our studies “appear to be less authoritative than they purport to be.” In the following, we will discuss the various points raised in the BJ paper, and show that they do not amount to a significant challenge to the validity of our results.
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and Change: Unconditional Self Acceptance and Hypnosis in CBT

This article reflects upon several critical factors in promoting durable therapeutic change. Among these issues are rational disputation and endorsement; unconditional self-and-other acceptance; addressing demandingness, low frustration tolerance and “awfulizing” across content areas of approval, achievement, and comfort; metacognitive biases; schematic distortion/resistance; self-efficacy; dual perspective cognition and Rational-Emotive Dissociation (RED); emotional activation; avoidance, source-monitoring, and addressing the BASIC-ID. This article proposes that adjunctive use of hypnosis in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy is a valuable means of addressing implicit cognitive processing, and thus it is an important means of addressing schematic, metacognitive and affective change, as well as other aspects of RED. It can also provide implicit processing support for explicit rational processing skills. This article further proposes that hypnotic work on unconditional self-acceptance is a valuable adjunct and supports hypnotic work on the other themes. An illustrative script of hypnotic suggestions is included.
Origin and characterization of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult human trabecular bone.

Much of the knowledge regarding the regulatory pathways for adult stem cell self-renewal and differentiation has been obtained from the results of in vitro cultures. However, it is unclear if adult stem cells are controlled in the same way under physiological conditions. We examined this issue with respect to the migration of stem cells to tissue injury and how switch from a migratory state to one of proliferation wherein they participate in development. Building on our previous identification of multipotent stem cells in trabecular bone, we have examined the in vitro behavior of these cells within the bone milieu. We found that cell proliferation is inhibited within the trabecular bone niche as cells migrate out of the trabecular bone prior to proliferation. Additionally, multiple cell types were detected in adult trabecular bone, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells, and Stro-1-positive mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Stro-1-positive cells migrated out of their...
Contribution of peptidoglycan to the binding of metal ions by the cell wall ofBacillus subtilis

Equilibrium dialysis techniques were utilized in assessing the interaction between the cell walls ofBacillus subtilis and metal ions. The results show that cell wall teichoic acid molecules are not required for wall-metal ion complex formation. The numbers of combining sites for metals on unmodified cell walls were 0.7–0.9 μmol metal bound per mg wall. Thus, it is likely that the metals are combining with identical sites in the cell walls. The geometry of the sites may be responsible for the changes in affinity of the walls for various metals.
Directional Detection For Dark Matter And Neutrino Physics

Abstract The Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber (DMTPC) collaboration has developed a direction-sensitive detector for tracking low-energy nuclear recoils. A large-scale version of this type of detector has potential to make a definitive directional detection of dark matter, as well as interesting possibilities for the first detection of 40K geo-neutrinos.
Composition of an amoeba plasma membrane

Abstract The plasma membrane of Acanthamoeba castellanii contains per mg of protein 0.6-0.7 μmoles of phospholipid, 0.81-0.98 μmoles of sterol, 1 μmole of non-lipid, organic phosphorus, and 1 μmole of carbohydrate (as glucose). Solutions of the lipid-extracted plasma membrane in 8 M urea separate on Sephadex G-200 into a voided fraction which contains all of the carbohydrate and non-lipid P, and 35% of the protein, and an included fraction which contains only protein of apparently low molecular weight. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate of solutions of fresh membranes or of lipid-extracted membranes reveals 2–3 protein-staining bands and two carbohydrate-staining bands all of which have mobilities approximately equal to that of lysozyme.
40Ar/39Ar constraints on the emplacement, uplift, and cooling of the Coast Plutonic Complex sill, southeastern Alaska

A >700-km-long and 5- to 15-km-wide aggregation of sill-like Tertiary plutons separates low- to medium-grade (greenschist to amphibolite facies) metamorphic rocks to the west from medium- to high-grade (upper amphibolite to granulite facies) gneisses and granitic plutons to the east along the western boundary of the Coast Plutonic Complex in southeastern Alaska and British Columbia. 40Ar/39Ar analyses of hornblende, biotite, and plagioclase samples from a sea-level traverse and a 1- to 2-km-elevation traverse across one of the sills, near Holkham Bay, southeastern Alaska, yield dates that vary systematically with position. Samples collected on the eastern margin of the sill are 3 to 6 m.y. younger than samples of the same mineral collected at the same elevation from the western margin of the sill, indicating that the western margin cooled earlier. Samples collected at sea level yield 40Ar/39Ar dates on hornblende, biotite, and plagioclase that are consistently younger than those collected at 1- and 2-km elevation. Dates from the center and eastern margin of the sill define isotherm-migration rates (km/m.y.) of 0.8-1.3 at 60-56 Ma (hornblende), 0.8-0.6 at 56-53 Ma (biotite), and 0.4 at 54-50 Ma (plagioclase). 40Ar/39Ar dates from a single sea- level sample collected 15 km farther south indicate no significant variation in dates parallel to the southeasterly strike of the sill for at least 30 km. The younger dates calculated for the east side relative to the west side and metamorphic temperatures suggest that the country rock was hotter to the east than to the west when the pluton cooled through mineral blocking temperatures. The rapid isotherm migration rates calculated from the vertically distributed samples and the suggestion of hotter country rock to the east during cooling is consistent with an interpretation that the pluton intruded during uplift of the rocks to the east. Because the relative precision of the 40Ar/39Ar technique is sufficient to detect subtle difference in the cooling ages, its application to spatially distributed samples within a homogeneous plutonic body, as in this study, may yield new insights into the timing of metamorphism, magmatism, and tectonism of young mountain belts.
Prenatal dexamethasone or stress but not ACTH or corticosterone alter sexual behavior in male rats

Prenatal maternal stress in rats and mice can demasculinize and feminize the sexual behavior of adult male offspring. Causal mechanisms are unknown, but one attractive hypothesis is that stress activation of maternal adrenal glucocorticoid secretion is the responsible agent. To test this hypothesis, pregnant rats were exposed to a variety of substances which enhance glucocorticoid actions. These included ACTH (20 IU of a gel preparation, SC once daily), corticosterone (CORT; 7 mg/kg SC in oil, three times daily), or dexamethasone (DEX; 0.1 mg/kg, SC once daily). Controls included noninjected dams and a positive stress control group (restraint under bright lights three times daily). All treatments reduced maternal weight gain, DEX most potently. No treatment altered litter size, stillbirths, or sex ratio, but DEX reduced weight at birth, an effect still seen at postnatal day 85. DEX, CORT, and stress reduced male adrenal weight at birth, while DEX and CORT altered sexual differentiation as measured by anogenital distance. Stress impaired adult male sexual performance but not the lordosis quotient following exposure of animals to stud males. DEX affected both measures. No other treatment had any significant effect on sexual behavior. No treatment altered plasma LH levels, either basal or in response to an estrogen challenge in adult gonadectomized males. In adulthood there was no treatment effect on stress reactivity, measured behaviorally or by plasma glucocorticoids. Correlational analysis revealed that weight gain during pregnancy was the single best predictor of subsequent sexual performance. It is concluded that prenatal dexamethasone exposure demasculinizes and feminizes male offspring. Whether the similar effect of stress is mediated solely by adrenal glucocorticoids is less certain; the ACTH and CORT treatments produced maternal plasma corticosterone levels higher than in stressed dams, yet did not affect adult sexual behavior. Because at high doses many drugs elicit a maternal stress response, including glucocorticoid secretion, these findings suggest that there may be a common effect of prenatal drug exposure upon sexual differentiation in the rat.
Improvements to a scale-dependent model for contact and friction

In this investigation three effects are included in a recently developed scale-dependent multi-asperity model of elastic contact and friction. First, a Weibull distribution of asperity heights is used, which allows the skew and kurtosis to be varied, but not independently of each other. Second, the effect of non-constant radii of curvature of the asperity summits, with the curvature varying with asperity height, is examined. Finally, the influence of noncontacting asperities on the normal force and hence on contact and friction is included. It is noted that the contact and friction model used (Adams et al 2003 ASME J. Tribol. 125 700–8) includes the effects of adhesion and scale-dependent friction. It is demonstrated that positive/negative skew decreases/increases both the friction coefficient and its dependence on the normal load. The results also indicate that for radii of curvature that increase/decrease with height, the friction coefficient increases/decreases as does its dependence on load.
Polarography in Propylene Carbonate: Preliminary Considerations

Abstract A preliminary investigation is reported of a relatively new solvent for polarography. Its aprotic nature, stability and high dielectric constant should prove useful for studies of organic and inorganic compounds. Preparation and stability of salt bridges and reference electrodes are described. Behavior of dropping mercury, pyrolytic graphite and platinum indicator electrodes is described.
An inwardly rectifying potassium channel in apical membrane of Calu-3 cells.

Abstract Patch clamp methods and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to characterize an apical K+ channel in Calu-3 cells, a widely used model of human airway gland serous cells. In cell-attached and excised apical membrane patches, we found an inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir). The permeability ratio was PNa/PK = 0.058. In 30 patches with both cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Kir present, we observed 79 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and 58 Kir channels. The average chord conductance was 24.4 ± 0.5 pS (n = 11), between 0 and –200 mV, and was 9.6 ± 0.7 pS (n = 8), between 0 and 50 mV; these magnitudes and their ratio of ∼2.5 are most similar to values for rectifying K+ channels of the Kir4.x subfamilies. We attempted to amplify transcripts for Kir4.1, Kir4.2, and Kir5.1; of these only Kir4.2 was present in Calu-3 lysates. The channel was only weakly activated by ATP and was relatively insensitive to internal pH. External Cs+ and Ba2+ blocked the channel with Kd values in the millimolar range. Quantitative modeling of Cl– secreting epithelia suggests that secretion rates will be highest and luminal K+ will rise to 16–28 mm if 11–25% of the total cellular K+ conductance is placed in the apical membrane (Cook, D. I., and Young, J. A. (1989) J. Membr. Biol. 110, 139–146). Thus, we hypothesize that the K+ channel described here optimizes the rate of secretion and is involved in K+ recycling for the recently proposed apical H+-K+-ATPase in Calu-3 cells.
Exploring game architecture best-practices with classic space invaders

The classic arcade game Space Invaders provides an ideal environment for students to learn about best practices in game software architectures. We discuss the challenges of creating a good game architecture, and show how our problem space is an ideal environment in which to experiment with the challenges and tradeoffs inherent in any software design. We discuss in detail how each student created and engineered their game using good architectural design principles in general and gang-of-four design patterns in particular.
The influence of stimulus attributes on duration matching-to-sample in pigeons

A duration matching-to-sample procedure was used to examine the influence of signal properties on temporal estimation and working memory. The results indicated that pigeons responded to durations of a light as if they were longer than equal durations of the absence of the same light, but delay performances did not differ between the two sample types. Similarly, pigeons responded to durations of a bright white light as if they were longer than equal durations of a dim red light, but again, delay performances did not differ between the two sample types. These results are discussed in terms of theoretical issues pertinent to timing, attention, and working memory.
Inducing and probing non-thermal transitions in semiconductors using femtosecond laser pulses

Soon after it was discovered that intense laser pulses of nanosecond duration from a ruby laser could anneal the lattice of silicon, it was established that this so-called pulsed laser annealing is a thermal process. Although the radiation energy is transferred to the electrons, the electrons transfer their energy to the lattice on the timescale of the excitation. The electrons and the lattice remain in equilibrium and the laser simply 'heats' the solid to the melting temperature within the duration of the laser pulse. For ultrashort laser pulses in the femtosecond regime, however, thermal processes (which take several picoseconds) and equilibrium thermodynamics cannot account for the experimental data. On excitation with femtosecond laser pulses, the electrons and the lattice are driven far out of equilibrium and disordering of the lattice can occur because the interatomic forces are modified due to the excitation of a large (10% or more) fraction of the valence electrons to the conduction band. This review focuses on the nature of the non-thermal transitions in semiconductors under femtosecond laser excitation.
Relationship Between Glucose- and Tolbutamide- induced Insulin Release and Insulin Content in Single Pancreatic Rat Islets

Abstract In single islets of Langerhans, the relationship between insulin content and glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin release was studied in vitro. It was found that the extractable amount of insulin stored in individual islets varied widely, 400–3500 μU of insulin measured immunologically. One factor determining the insulin content appears to be the anatomical location of the islet within the pancreas. Islets from the tail, despite similar size, contained more insulin than did islets from the head; it is suggested that tail islets contain more beta cells. The magnitude of the insulin response to glucose was also variable but could be correlated with insulin content. Tolbutamide potentiated the effect of glucose. If insulin content was between 500 and 1500 μU per islet, the response again correlated with insulin content. In islets containing more than 1500 μU of insulin, the combined effect of glucose plus tolbutamide was comparatively less, although it was still larger than the effect of glucose alone.
Protein engineering for studying enzyme catalytic mechanism

Perhaps as a result of the recent advances in nearly all areas of biophysical and biochemical technology, we have become less distracted with the excitement derived from our ability to alter protein structure and more sophisticated in our interpretation of the data provided by site-directed mutants. Two specific features of the recent literature reflect this maturity. One is the (now common) substitution of a residue with several amino acids instead of one to define the role of steric bulk, charge, nucleophilicity, etc. as separate ‘tools’ used by enzymes. Similarly, increasing numbers of mutants using multiple replacements or ‘domain changes’ are visible. The other feature is the increase in structure characterization and use of sophisticated physical methodologies to study mutant proteins. These two factors have resulted in an explosion in the number of publications that effectively use site-directed mutagenesis to elucidate enzyme catalytic mechanisms.
Comparison of Image Patches Using Local Moment Invariants

We propose a new set of moment invariants based on Krawtchouk polynomials for comparison of local patches in 2D images. Being computed from discrete functions, these moments do not carry the error due to discretization. Unlike many orthogonal moments, which usually capture global features, Krawtchouk moments can be used to compute local descriptors from a region-of-interest in an image. This can be achieved by changing two parameters, and hence shifting the center of interest region horizontally or vertically or both. This property enables comparison of two arbitrary local regions. We show that Krawtchouk moments can be written as a linear combination of geometric moments, so easily converted to rotation, size, and position independent invariants. We also construct local Hu-based invariants using Hu invariants and utilizing them on images localized by the weight function given in the definition of Krawtchouk polynomials. We give the formulation of local Krawtchouk-based and Hu-based invariants, and evaluate their discriminative performance on local comparison of artificially generated test images.
Constitutional Law in 1942–1943: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1942.

On February 15, 1943, Wiley B. Rutledge, Jr., a judge of the.United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, took the seat on the Supreme Court vacated by the resignation in October, 1942, of Mr. Justice Byrnes. There were no other changes in the Court's personnel. Disagreement among the justices abated somewhat. In only a dozen cases of importance did either four or three justices dissent, as against some thirty cases in the last term. The Court overruled two earlier decisions, both recent; and the reversal in each case was made possible by the vote of Mr. Justice Rutledge.
Emerging targets for military simulation-based training

This session brings together representatives from government and academic sectors to discuss their visions of the future of military simulation-based training. Specific discussion topics include small-unit excellence, human performance in extreme environments, intuitive decision-making, and human-robot collaboration. The goal of this special panel is to emphasize the importance of farsightedness and to promote ideation on potential strategies, risks, and challenges for the future of military simulation-based training.
Gate Assignment to Minimize Passenger Transit Time and Aircraft Taxi Time

This research focuses on airport gates, which are limited resources in the air transportation system. In spite of its importance, ramp congestion has not been considered in traditional research on gate assignment. This research, therefore, proposes a new perspective on the gate assignment problem that accounts for ramp congestion, as well as passenger flow. The proposed gate assignment problem minimizes weighted nominal taxi time and weighted taxi delay, as well as passenger transit time in the terminal. Nominal taxi time and taxi delay are weighted by the number of passengers on board. As a result, the flow in the passenger terminal and on ramps becomes efficient. To get near-optimal solutions within a reasonable amount of time, two metaheuristic algorithms, tabu search and genetic algorithm, are implemented for two ramp configurations. Also, the tradeoff between passenger flow and ramp congestion is analyzed.
The Equivalence of the Milliken—Graybill Procedure and the Score Test

Abstract Milliken and Graybill (1970) proposed a widely applicable test of a nonlinear specification in a regression model. In this note I show that their ad hoc procedure is equivalent to a score test and hence asymptotically equivalent to tests based on the maximum likelihood ratio.
Highly efficient diels-alder crosslinkable electro-optic dendrimers for electric-field sensors

One of the most challenging tasks encountered in developing highly efficient electro-optic (EO) devices is to find a material system that possesses all desirable properties such as large EO coefficients, good thermal and mechanical stability, and low optical loss. In order to meet this stringent requirement, we have developed a series of crosslinkable EO dendrimers using the standardized AJL8-type chromophore as the center core and the furyl- and anthryl-containing dendrons as the periphery. Upon adding a trismaleimide (TMI) dienophile, these dendrimers could be in-situ crosslinked via the Diels-Alder cycloaddition and efficiently poled under a high electric field. Through this dynamic process, the spatially voided and π-electron-rich surrounding of the chromophore core changes into a dense and more aliphatic network, with the dipolar chromophore embedded and aligned inside. The resultant materials exhibit large EO coefficients (63-99 pm V -1 at 1.31 μm), excellent temporal stability (the original r 33 values remain unchanged at 100 °C for more than 500 h), and blue-shifted near-IR absorption. With these combined desirable properties, a poled EOD2/TMI film could be processed through multiple lithographic and etching steps to fabricate a racetrack-shaped micro-ring resonator. By coupling this ring resonator with a side-polished optical fiber, a novel broadband electric-field sensor with high sensitivity of 100 mV m -1 at 550 MHz was successfully demonstrated.
A Liapunov functional for a scalar differential difference equation

Given the scalar, retarded differential difference equation x'(t)=ax(t) +bx(t−τ), a quadratic functional in explicit form is obtained that yields necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stability of this equation. This functional a Liapunov functional, is obtained through the study of the Liapunov functions associated with a difference equation approximation of the difference differential equation. The functional then obtained not only yields necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability, but provides estimates for rates of decay of the solutions as well as conditions, for asymptotic stability independent of the magnitude of the delay τ.