cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Farmland Protection Programs: What Results Does the Public Want?

Where cities are expanding and urban-edge farmland receding, government farmland protection programs are becoming increasingly popular. At the root of support for these programs is the recognition that farmland produces more for society than food and fiber. This study provides a number of insights on how farmland preservation programs operate as a policy instrument for protecting rural amenities. Some of these insights suggest the kind of rural amenities that seem to be most important, while others highlight concerns that affect the design and implementation of farmland protection policies
Ligand Initiated Self-Assembly of Pt and Ir Nanoparticles about Ru(II) Diimines in Room Temperature Fluid Solution

The addition of Pt or Ir nanoparticles (np’s) capped with poly(vinylpyrrolidone), designated M(PVP)n, to aqueous–ethanol solutions of (bpy)2Ruppz2+, bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(4,7-phenanthrolino-5:6,5′6′-pyrazine)ruthenium(II), and (bpy)2Rudpp2+, bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine)ruthenium(II), leads to the spontaneous aggregation of the nanoparticles about the complex. A comparison of the aggregation about different Ru(II) diimines indicates aggregation initiates at the heteroleptic ligand. Although initiating at the ppz ligand, continued aggregation of the np’s about the complex dilutes the specificity of the initial interaction, leading to larger aggregates of differing shape. TEM analyses of the aggregates indicate the volume occupied by the individual np’s is a small fraction of the total volume of the aggregate, suggesting a somewhat open structure interlaced with the solvent. Correlating TEM analyses of the aggregation with the electronic spectra of the solutions reveals a new absorption as...
Luminescence in the Fungi

The phenomenon of phosphorescence, or luminescence, in living organisms has long been known and wondered at, but there remains much to be learned about the entire subject. The lightbearing fishes of the deep sea, the "sparkling" waves at the sides of a ship on a dark night, the firefly and glowworm. and luminous bacteria occurring on decaying fish, cabbage, etc., are well known. Molisch's bacteria lamp designed for mines and powder magazines was an attempt to put this process of slow oxidation to some practical use. In animals, the light is usually brief and intermittent, while certain fungi may give off light continuously for days, weeks, or even months, so long as the light-giving cells are uninjured and active and water is present. This light-giving power is recognized as useful to animals, but is probably without biological significance in plants. One can hardly believe that the spores of Clitocybe illudens, for example, are distributed to any great extent by the moths and fireflies that happen to be attracted by the weird light emanating from its spore-bearing surface. In some fungi, the power of luminescence is confined to the active cells of the mycelium. This is true in the case of Armillaria mellea, which inhabits old stumps and often causes them to glow on dark nights. While the rhizomorphs of this species are covered with active hyphae, they are luminous, but when they form a cuticle and enter the resting period the luminosity disappears. The mycelium of the hymenophore of this species is not luminous even when most active.
Effect of Grafted Oligopeptides on Friction

Frictional and normal forces in aqueous solution at 25 °C were measured between a glass particle and oligopeptide films grafted from a glass plate. Homopeptide molecules consisting of 11 monomers of either glutamine, leucine, glutamic acid, lysine, or phenylalanine and one heteropolymer were each “grafted from” an oxidized silicon wafer using microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. The peptide films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Frictional force measurements showed that the oligopeptides increased the magnitude of friction compared to that on a bare hydrophilic silicon wafer but that the friction was a strong function of the nature of the monomer unit. Overall we find that the friction is lower for more hydrophilic films. For example, the most hydrophobic monomer, leucine, exhibited the highest friction whereas the hydrophilic monomer, polyglutamic acid, exhibited the lowest friction at zero load. When the two surfaces had opposite...
Towards a Tool for Predicting Goal-directed Exploratory Behavior

In recent years, research predicting search through webpages has begun to be successful. However, existing tools ignore the order in which on-screen options are evaluated and therefore might make inaccurate predictions. We developed CogTool-Explorer and used it to model a previously published web-based experiment. Its predictions were better than those of a previously published tool, and included the order of evaluation effect not accounted for by previous tools. These more accurate predictions can be attributed to CogTool-Explorer's approach of using a satisficing process model, with a visual search strategy and an accurate description of the visual interface in concert.
Amid shifting paradigms: teaching and research

In 2016, the disciplines of the built environment—whether architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, urbanism, or one of its many descendants such as landscape urbanism—must be understood ...
Beta Adrenergic Receptor-Mediated Adenosine Cyclic 3',5'-Monophosphate Accumulation in the Rat Corpus Striatum

After labeling with [ 14 C]adenine, the conversion of newly formed adenosine triphosphate to [ 14 C]adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate ([ 14 C]cAMP) was studied in both slices and crude mitochondrial fractions of the rat corpus striatum in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The observed order of potency for β-hydroxylated catecholamines in stimulating [ 14 C]cAMP accumulation in striatal slices was (-)-isoproterenol > (-)-epinephrine > (-)-norephinephrine, with EC 50 values (concentration resulting in 50% of maximum stimulation) of 0.03, 0.7, and 3.0 µM, respectively. In comparison, non-β-hydroxylated catecholamines were much less potent, with N -isopropyldopamine > dopamine (EC 50 = 60 µM); apomorphine was least active. Stereoselectivity was exhibited, with the (-) isomers of isoproterenol and norepinephrine being more potent than the racemic and (+) isomer, respectively. Over a wide range of concentrations, the response curves for (+)-norepinephrine and dopamine were similar. No "additive stimulatory effect" or significant enhancement of cAMP accumulation was demonstrated when dopamine was combined with maximum effective concentrations of norepinephrine or isoproterenol. Beta adrenergic antagonists, such as propranolol, MJ-1999 (sotalol), and alprenolol, were potent blockers of the dopamine-induced stimulation of cAMP formation, whereas the alpha adrenergic blocker phentolamine and the dopamine receptor antagonists chloropromazine and trifluoperazine were relatively inactive. Furthermore, low concentrations of propranolol displayed stereoselective inhibition, with the (-) isomer being the more potent antagonist of the stimulatory response to dopamine. A similar order of potency for catecholamines was exhibited in a crude mitochondrial preparation (P 2 ) of striatal homogenates: (±)-isoproterenol > (-)-norepinephrine > dopamine = (+)-norepinephrine. Dopamine did not augment the maximum response elicited by isoproterenol. Likewise, in striatal homogenates, the inhibitory potency of beta adrenergic antagonists contrasted markedly with the low blocking activity of trifluoperazine. Finally, in cerebral cortical slices and crude mitochondrial fractions from brain regions, including the cerebral cortex and hindbrain, which are sparsely innervated by dopaminergic terminals, a small but significant acceleration of cAMP accumulation was elicited by dopamine. Our findings in striatal slices and crude mitochondrial fractions containing synaptosomes suggest that the dopamine-induced accumulation of [ 14 C]cAMP may not be associated with a specific dopamine receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase but may involve a beta adrenergic receptor-linked cyclase which is weakly responsive to non-β-hydroxylated catecholamines, such as dopamine.
The Conventional Route, Joining Global Capitalism: Brazil

Formulating a strategy of development requires looking back over the trails Third World countries have already trod in their quest to accumulate capital. The real choices in the current world system are quite limited. One is to join the lane of traffic headed for capitalist development. A second is to leave the mainstream and aim for another destination. Third is to weave through the congestion, exploring an alternative passage, forcing an opening to the other end of the tunnel. Each route is a risky venture.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Point Defects in Solids, with Emphasis on Semiconductors

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has proven to be an extremely powerful tool for the study of point defects in semiconductors and insulators. As the various chapters in this and the preceding volume of this series attest, there is hardly an area of point defect study today that does not rely heavily either directly or indirectly upon EPR results for interpretation.
Robust Model Predictive Control of Systems by Modeling Mismatched Uncertainty

Abstract: This study addresses to the robustness of model predictive control in the presence of the mismatched uncertainty, e.g. disturbance, noise and parameter variations. Model predictive control is solved online and its control action is fed to the real system with the additional control action that is required to maintain the controlled trajectories in a simple uncertainty tube in practice where the center of the aforementioned tube is the trajectory of the nominal model. For this purpose, a sliding mode controller as variable control structure is designed taking the difference between the real system and nominal system into consideration. The stability of the overall system is proven taking the modeling error on the uncertainty model into account.
Multi-resonant Metamaterials for Visible and Near-IR Frequencies

At low frequencies, metals behave as a perfect electric conducting (PEC) material and no longer exhibit plasmonic properties. By “spoofing” a metal, through the use of grooves or perforations, with feature sizes much smaller than the incident wavelength, metals can have an effective dielectric that allows plasmonic responses even in ranges outside the optical range. Additionally, while on a smooth metal film, surface plasmons will propagate along the surface, a patterned film can have localized plasmon resonance, as in the case of PEALD Ag, which has small gaps. Thus, spoof hybrid plasmonics can occur (a) in large conformal coatings (b) can allow for multi mode transmission, and (c) allow for both traveling and localized modes. Here, we explore the effects of randomness in ALD Ag, and also modify the optical response in metamaterial structures by changing the unit cell. This is explored using reflectance measurements and calculations, including band structure. This research has applications in energy harvesting, communications, and sensing.
Reliability of transvaginal ultrasound in detecting first trimester pregnancy abnormalities.

Objective To evaluate the reliability of transvaginal ultrasound (US) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in detecting early abnormalities and predicting outcome of pregnancy. Patients One hundred thirty-two patients were studied, of which 113 had an intrauterine pregnancy and 19 had an ectopic pregnancy (EP). Results In 78 with singleton normal pregnancies, US revealed a normal crown-rump length, heart motion, and hCG levels between 1,000 to 107,000 mIU/mL. Of 16 patients with small crown-rump length, heart motion present, and normal hCG levels, 6 aborted and 10 reached term. Thus, 6 of 84 (7.14%) singleton with fetal heart motion aborted. Thirteen with small crown-rump and absent heart motion also aborted. All 8 with an empty gestational sac aborted. In 8, transvaginal US detected four twins, two triplets, and two quadruplets, whereas hCG was not discriminative. Transvaginal US revealed an empty uterus in 19 patients with an EP, whereas serum hCG varied between 37 and 10,500 mIU/mL. Conclusion A fetal crown-rump length compatible with gestational age and fetal heart motion seen by transvaginal US can predict a term pregnancy in >90% of patients.
Analysis of a concentric-tube robot design and feasibility for endoscopic deployment

An intraluminal endoscopic approach is desirable for most colonoscopic procedures and is growing in favor for other surgeries as tools are enhanced. Flexible robotic manipulators could further enhance the dexterity and precision of commercial endoscopic systems. In this paper, we explore the capabilities of concentric tube robots to work as tool manipulators at the tip of a colonoscope to perform endoscopic submucousal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic full thickness resection (EFTR). We provide an overview of the kinematic modeling of these manipulators, a design of a prototype manipulator and the transmission actuation system. Our analysis examines the workspace and stiffness of these manipulators being controlled at the tip of a colonoscope. We compare the results to reported surgical requirements and propose solutions for enhancing their effectiveness including notching tubes with a larger Young’s Modulus. We also determine the resolution and accuracy of the actuation system.
The labor market and gang membership in adulthood: is the availability, quality, and nature of legal work associated with adult gang involvement?

AbstractGang scholars generally contend that adult gang membership has grown more common in US cities since the 1970s. The greater presence of adult members is often attributed to conditions in the local labor market, an explanation that has been rarely tested. This research tests whether measures of the availability, quality, and nature of legal work are associated with the rate of adult gang membership among large US cities (N = 133). The current findings offer mixed support for the tested hypotheses and, in general, indicate that labor market conditions account for a small share of the variation in the rate of adult membership. Nonetheless, the current findings provide some support for measuring labor market conditions beyond simply the availability of work (e.g., rate of unemployment), for measures of the quality (e.g., extent of full-time employment) and the nature of work (e.g., degree of employment in service occupations) were no less important in explaining the rate of adult membership. The implic...
Double Knockouts Reveal That Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Is a Physiological Substrate of Calpain-1 in Platelets.

Calpains are ubiquitous calcium-regulated cysteine proteases that have been implicated in cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell motility, and hemostasis. Previously we used gene-targeting to evaluate the physiological function of mouse calpain-1, and established that its inactivation results in reduced platelet aggregation and clot retraction, potentially by causing dephosphorylation of platelet proteins. Here, we present data showing that calpain-1 null platelets accumulate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) that correlates with enhanced tyrosine phosphatase activity and dephosphorylation of multiple substrates in platelets. Using antibodies specific for phosphotyrosines 747 and 759 of the b 3 subunit of α Iib β 3 integrin, we show that the tyrosine phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues at positions 747 and 759 in the cytoplasmic domain of b 3 subunit is reduced by approximately 60–70% in the calpain-1 null platelets. Treatment of calpain-1 null platelets with DMHV, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases, corrected the aggregation defect and recovered impaired clot retraction. Importantly, platelet aggregation, clot retraction, and tyrosine dephosphorylation defects were rescued in the double knockout mice lacking both calpain-1 and PTP1B. Consistent with this paradigm, treatment of wild type mouse platelets as well as human platelets with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor DMHV enhanced their aggregation at low doses of thrombin. Conversely, MDL, a cell permeable inhibitor of calpains, potently inhibited aggregation of wild type mouse platelets in a dose-dependent manner upon thrombin activation. Further evaluation of mutant mice by ferric chloride induced arterial injury model suggests that the calpain-1 null mice are relatively resistant to thrombosis in vivo . Finally, the calpain-1 mediated regulation of PTP1B appears to be a systemic event as evident by the enhanced tyrosine dephosphorylation of B lymphocytes and their resistance to apoptosis in calpain-1 null mice. Together, our results demonstrate that PTP1B is a physiological substrate of calpain-1 and suggest that a similar mechanism may regulate calpain-1 mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation in other cells.
Diagnosis of coronary stenosis with CT angiography comparison of automated computer diagnosis with expert readings.

Rationale and Objectives To compare computer-generated interpretation of coronary computed tomography angiography (cCTA) by commercially available COR Analyzer software with expert human interpretation. Materials and Methods This retrospective Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act‑compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. Among 225 consecutive cCTA examinations, 207 were of adequate quality for automated evaluation. COR Analyzer interpretation was compared to human expert interpretation for detection of stenosis defined as ≥50% vessel diameter reduction in the left main, left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (LCX), right coronary artery (RCA), or a branch vessel (diagonal, ramus, obtuse marginal, or posterior descending artery). Results Among 207 cases evaluated by COR Analyzer, human expert interpretation identified 48 patients with stenosis. COR Analyzer identified 44/48 patients (sensitivity 92%) with a specificity of 70%, a negative predictive value of 97% and a positive predictive value of 48%. COR Analyzer agreed with the expert interpretation in 75% of patients. With respect to individual segments, COR Analyzer detected 9/10 left main lesions, 33/34 LAD lesions, 14/15 LCX lesions, 27/31 RCA lesions, and 8/11 branch lesions. False-positive interpretations were localized to the left main (n = 16), LAD (n = 26), LCX (n = 21), RCA (n = 21), and branch vessels (n = 23), and were related predominantly to calcified vessels, blurred vessels, misidentification of vessels and myocardial bridges. Conclusions Automated computer interpretation of cCTA with COR Analyzer provides high negative predictive value for the diagnosis of coronary disease in major coronary arteries as well as first-order arterial branches. False-positive automated interpretations are related to anatomic and image quality considerations.
1684d Developing healthy workplaces in ireland – integrated approach to employee health, safety and wellbeing

This introduces Eli Lilly’s Live4Life wellbeing programme, which is a holistic integrated approach to employee Health, Safety and Wellbeing. It aims to link the organisation’s safety culture journey with employee wellbeing – making it personal and empowering employees to ‘Do the right thing’ at work and at home. It outlines that in adopting a strategic approach to managing employee Health, Safety and Wellbeing; companies can make a dramatic impact – with relatively small effort and expenditure – by leveraging processes already in place in the organisation. It discusses the ‘Work Positive’ wellbeing survey and the development and spread of the Live4Life programme. It shows how management commitment and employee engagement has a positive effect within the organisation leading to increased education, participation and overall employee wellbeing.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Catalytic Mechanism

Elsewhere in this volume we detail findings from an alignment of 145 ALDH sequences (Perozich et al., 1999), and previously at these meetings we reported that the crystal structure of a class 3 ALDH (E-NAD binary complex) revealed a non-traditional mode of NAD-binding within an open β/α domain otherwise familiar in the NAD-binding “ossmann folds” of other dehydrogenases (Liu et al., 1997a). The variability of residues in the substrate-binding site clearly indicates evolutionary tailoring of the substrate specificities of inddual ALDHs. However, farther to the interior of the active site-between the catalytic thiol and NAD molecule where hydride transfer from aldehyde to NAD occurs-strict conservations are compatible with a common chemical mechanism (Liu et al., 1997b)he position of NAD in an isomorphous class 3 ALDH derivative and the emergence of Asn4/169 as a strictly conserved residue prompted us to consider the catalytic mechanism we present here.
The Role of Acetylcholine and its Receptors in Retinal Processing

Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized in the retina by two populations of amacrine cells. The effects of ACh are mediated by muscarinic (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The three β and nine α nAChR subunits and 5 mAChR subtypes identified in the vertebrate retina display distinctive physiological and pharmacological characteristics. Amacrine and ganglion cells in the retina express one or more AChR subtypes and there is evidence for expression by subpopulations of bipolar cells as well. ACh can affect the response properties of ganglion cells through receptors expressed by the ganglion cells themselves as well receptors on upstream cells.
Issues and Trends in Instructional Technology: Web 2.0, Second Life, and STEM Share the Spotlight

Comprised of four sections: Overall Developments; Corporate Training and Development; Higher Education; and K-12 Settings, this chapter synthesizes the findings of major annual reports including ASTD’s, State of the Industry Report; the EDUCAUSE Core Data Service Fiscal Year 2006 Summary Report; The ECAR study of undergraduate students and information technology; the fifth annual report on the state of online learning in U.S. higher education; Education Week’s Technology Counts annual report, and the fifth annual Speak Up and Horizon Report. The authors describe the state of the economy and its impact on instructional technology and comment on the importance of Web 2.0, Second Life, and Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) initiatives.
Complications of Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty

Lower blepharoplasty is one of the most common cosmetic procedures performed. It is considered safe, minimally invasive, and effective with regard to functional and cosmetic changes to the eyelid [1, 2]. While blepharoplasty has a high probability of success, even skilled surgeons will encounter complications [3]. Lower blepharoplasty was once focused on the removal of the excess skin and fat although presently the emphasis has been on repositioning and transfer techniques allowing for tissue preservation [2]. This allows for the restoration of volume loss that is associated with aging. While careful physical examination taking into account ocular health, lower eyelid position, and cheek projection is included in the preoperative assessment of a patient [4], complications can still arise.
Quantifying muscle glycosaminoglycan levels in patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness using T1ρ MRI.

The purpose of this study was to provide imaging evidence of increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness; and to determine the effect of hyaluronidase treatment on intramuscular GAG content. In this prospective study, we used 3D-T1ρ (T1rho) magnetic resonance (MR) mapping of the upper arm muscles to quantify GAG content in patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness before and after hyaluronidase injection treatment. For this study, healthy controls (n = 5), and patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness (n = 5) were recruited (March 2017–April 2018). T1ρ MR imaging and Dixon water-fat MR imaging of the affected upper arms were performed before and after off-label treatment with hyaluronidase injections. T1ρ mapping was done using a three-parameter non-linear mono-exponential fit. Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test was used to compare patients’ vs controls and pre- vs post-treatment conditions. The T1ρ values in the biceps were significantly higher in patients before treatment (34.04 ± 4.39 ms) compared with controls (26.70 ± 0.54 ms; P = 0.006). Significant improvement was seen in the biceps of patients before (35.48 ± 3.38 ms) and after treatment (29.45 ± 1.23 ms; P = 0.077). Dixon water-fat distribution was not significantly different in the patients compared to the controls (biceps P = 0.063; triceps P = 0.190). These results suggest that T1ρ mapping can be used to quantify GAG content in the muscles of patients with post-stroke muscle stiffness, and that muscle hyaluronan content is increased in stiff muscles compared with controls, providing imaging corroboration for the hyaluronan hypothesis of muscle stiffness.
Lidar measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in Yellowstone Lake

Airborne lidar study of lake ecosystems is still a relatively unexplored field. In this paper we present measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downwelling irradiance (Kd) obtained using a 532 nm airborne lidar in flights during 2004 and 2016 over Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. We compare the lidar measurements with MODIS Kd data, discuss the impact that local weather and river inflows/outflows may have had on the data, compare to previous models of the diffuse attenuation coefficient, and examine several published relationships converting Kd to Secchi disk depth.
Drivers and barriers to public acceptance of future energy sources and grid expansion in the United States

Abstract With the coming of the 21st century in the U.S., reliance on fossil fuels, in particular coal, decreased while renewable energy sources increased their contribution to the U.S. energy portfolio. The factors behind this emerging trend toward a decreased reliance on coal are many, including economic as well as policy goals. Nationally, support is strong for the general transition to renewable energy, but this support can decline at the local level particularly if renewable energy is perceived as have negative local economic impact, impeding implementation. However, some look at this as part of a transition to a new economic power structure. Due to a lack of research on identifying public preferences for energy production in the United States, the authors conducted a national survey to identify drivers and barriers of acceptance of different types of electrical energy production. Results show that nationally, most Americans support decarbonization of the energy sector, especially if wind and solar photovoltaic facilities are located at least 5 miles (8 km) from their home. This is also supported by strong preference for an energy mix containing a larger percentage of energy produced by renewable energy sources. Environmental sustainability, economic viability, and social acceptance were of roughly equal importance in pairwise comparison of policy objectives. Results also demonstrate the importance of analyzing socio-demographic characteristic's role regarding acceptance of renewable energy sources. The information is useful for policy makers to better implement renewable energy development and improve acceptance of such technologies at the local level.
O-011 Multimodality management of spetzler-martin grade III arteriovenous malformations

Introduction Grade 3 AVMs are diverse due to variations in size (S), location in eloquent cortex (E) and presence of central venous drainage (V). These variations may have implications for management and outcome which were evaluated in this study. Methods 100 patients with grade 3 AVMs were treated from 1984 to 2010. The AVMs were categorized by Spetzler-Martin characteristics as follows: Type 1, S1E1V1, Type 2 S2E1V0, Type 3 S2E0V1 and Type 4 S3E0V0. The occurrence of new neurological deficit, functional status (mRS) at discharge and follow-up, and radiological obliteration were correlated with demographic and morphologic characteristics. Results 100 patients (49f, 51 m, age 5–68 years, mean 35.8 years) were evaluated. Size of AVMs were 6 cm (1); 86 AVMs were in eloquent cortex, and 38 had central drainage. The AVMS were type 1 (28), type 2 (60), type 3 (11) and type 4 (1). Embolization was performed in 77 patients (175 procedures), surgery in 64 patients (74 surgeries), and radiosurgery in 49 patients (44 primary, 5 postoperative). Mortality following the management of these AVMs was 1%. 14 patients (14%) had new neurological deficits, with 5 (5%) disabling (mRS >2), and 9 (9%) non-disabling (mRS 40 years), size >3 cm, and non-hemorrhagic presentation predicted occurrence of new deficits (p Conclusions Multi-modality management of Grade III AVMs results in a high rate of obliteration which does not appear to be influenced by size, venous drainage or eloquent location. However, the development of new neurologic deficits did correlate with size, while eloquence and venous drainage did not influence this. We propose sub-classifying the grade III AVMs according to their size ( 3 cm) to account for treatment risk.
EU and US Discretion in Public Procurement Law: The Role of Eco-Labels and Life-Cycle Costing

This chapter addresses the nature of discretion in public procurement as it relates to the emergence of eco-labels and life-cycle costing (LCC), and the role of these mechanisms in furthering environmental interests through public procurement programs in the European Union (EU) and United States (US). Green public procurement (GPP), of which eco-labels and LCC are a part, can serve as an effective environmental regulatory tool in a mode of alternative environmental governance, allowing public institutions to create markets for environmentally friendly goods, thereby bridging the gap between traditional environmental law and private environmental governance.
PTH-115 Comparison of immunogenicity of biosimilar infliximab and originator infliximab in children with inflammatory bowel disease in real life setting

Introduction Biosimilar Infliximab has been licensed in the UK since 2015 for use in children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The aim is to compare the immunogenicity and response to treatment and factors associated with it in patients with IBD on treatment with originator and biosimilar Infliximab. Method We included all patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) who had anti-Infliximab antibodies measured between 2011–2016. Retrospective review of patient notes and laboratory results were conducted. Anti-Infliximab antibodies were requested by the clinician in charge based on clinical needs of the patients. Anti-Infliximab antibodies were measured using second generation ELISA test identifying both free and combined antibodies. Disease remission was assessed by Physician Global Assessment (PGA). Results In total 145 patients (124 with CD and 21 with UC) were included. 86 patients were on Originator Infliximab (80 with CD and 6 with UC) and 59 patients (44 with CD and 15 with UC) were on biosimilar Infliximab. Biosimilar Infliximab used was CT-P13 (Remsima and Inflectra). For children with Crohn’s disease median age, disease extent and the rate of perianal involvement were not different in patients receiving originator and biosimilar Infliximab. A similar proportion of patients with Crohn’s disease (70% in the originator group and 77% in the biosimilar group) developed anti-Infliximab antibodies. Detailed characteristics of these patients and their treatment are in Table 1. Comparison of the results of children with ulcerative colitis was limited by the small number of children receiving originator Infliximab. Conclusion Anti-Infliximab antibody formation occurs in a high proportion of patients receiving both originator and biosimilar Infliximab. Dose/frequency adjustment is needed for a good proportion of IBD patients on Infliximab treatment to achieve clinical remission. Rate of anti-Infliximab antibody formation and clinical remission are very similar in CD patients on originator and biosimilar Infliximab. Disclosure of Interest A. Wahid: None Declared, R Muhammed Conflict with: Abbvie, MSD, Conflict with: Abbvie, Pfizer, Dr Falk pharma, Conflict with: Tillotts pharma, Takeda pharmaceuticals
Investigation of Chaos in a Polydyne Cam with Flat-Faced Follower Mechanism

Abstract In this paper, the chaotic analysis is predicted based on the non-periodic motion of the follower. Non-periodic motion of the follower has been investigated by using the conception of Lyapunov exponent parameter. Wolf algorithm is used to quantify largest Lyapunov exponent parameter. The impact between the cam, follower and the two guides is occurred due to the impulse and momentum phenomenon. The effect of internal dimension of the follower guide on the follower non-periodicity is considered at distinct angular velocity of the cam. Positive value of Lyapunov exponent parameter indicates to non-periodic motion for the follower. The numerical simulation has been done by using SolidWorks software. Follower movement is processed experimentally through an infrared 3-D camera device with a high precision optical sensor. The non-periodic motion of the follower is increased with the increasing of internal dimension of the follower guide at cam angular velocity (N = 1200 and 1500) rpm.
Neural resampler for Monte Carlo reweighting with preserved uncertainties

Monte Carlo event generators are an essential tool for data analysis in collider physics. To include subleading quantum corrections, these generators often need to produce negative weight events, which leads to statistical dilution of the datasets and downstream computational costs for detector simulation. Building on the recent proposal of a positive resampler method to rebalance weights within histogram bins, we introduce neural resampling: an unbinned approach to Monte Carlo reweighting based on neural networks that scales well to high-dimensional and variable-dimensional phase space. We pay particular attention to preserving the statistical properties of the event sample, such that neural resampling not only maintains the mean value of any observable but also its Monte Carlo uncertainty. This uncertainty preservation scheme is general and can also be applied to binned (non-neural network) resampling. To illustrate our neural resampling approach, we present a case study from the Large Hadron Collider of top quark pair production at next-to-leading order matched to a parton shower.
The Forgotten Askari

This article studies the representation of the military in Ennio Flaiano’s Tempo di uccidere with a focus on the askari Johannes, a veteran of the Italian colonial army. It will be demonstrated tha...
Cognitive Impairment After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective The present systematic review and meta-analysis analyzes the available clinical literature on post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) cognitive impairment. Methods We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. A search of bibliographic databases up to July 31, 2020 yielded 2155 studies. Twenty articles were included in our final qualitative systematic review and 18 articles in quantitative meta-analysis. Results Based on analysis of data from 18 studies (3270 patients), we found prevalence of post-ICH cognitive impairment to be 46% (confidence interval, 35.9–55.9), with a follow-up duration ranging from 8 days to 4 years. The estimated pooled prevalence of cognitive decline decreased over longitudinal follow-up, from 55% (range, 37.7%–71.15%) within 6 months of ICH to 35% (range, 27%–42.7%) with >6 months to 4 years follow-up after ICH. The modalities used to evaluate cognitive performance after ICH in studies varied widely, ranging from global cognitive measures to domain-specific testing. The cognitive domain most commonly affected included nonverbal IQ, information processing speed, executive function, memory, language, and visuoconstructive abilities. Prognostic factors for poor cognitive performance included severity of cortical atrophy, age, lobar ICH location, and higher number of hemorrhages at baseline. Conclusions The prevalence of post-ICH cognitive impairment is high. Despite the heterogeneity among studies, the present study identified cognitive domains most commonly affected and predictors of cognitive impairment after ICH. In future, prospective cohort studies with larger sample sizes and standardized cognitive domains testing could more accurately determine prevalence and prognostic factors of post-ICH cognitive decline.
Self-Reported Substance Use in a Real-World Sample of Subjects with Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorder. (P4.8-038)

Objective: To evaluate the use of illegal substances in a “real world” sample of subjects with a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome (TS) or other tic disorders (TD). Background: TS is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. Individuals with TS are at an increased risk for substance use disorders. Design/Methods: A web-based survey was conducted by the Tourette Association of America, disseminated electronically to its membership (Jan–May/2018). Participants were informed that data would be used anonymously in aggregate to assess impact and experience of living with TS/TD. Only adult self-responders who completed the substance use question were included in this analysis. Results: 223 out of 281 adults were included in the analysis. 75.3% (n=168) were diagnosed for 10 years or longer and 63.2% (n=141) were diagnosed by a neurologist. 23.3% (n=52) reported ever using any illegal substance. In this group, 71.2% (n=37) used 1 substance, 13.5% (n=7) used 2 substances, 11.5% (n=6) used 3 substances, and 3.8% (n=2) used 5 substances. Alcohol was the most commonly used substance at 59.6% (n=31). Using Chi-square test of independence revealed a significant relationship between substance use and a history of self-harm/suicide X2(1, n=222)=9.58, p=0.002 (phi=0.21), as well as a history of being discriminated against or bullied, X2(1, 220)=5.47, p=0.019 (phi=0.16). Notably there was no significant relation to financial burden, missing work/school, or social impairment. Results of the Spearman correlation indicated that there was a significant positive association between the number of substances used and the number of medications tried, (rs(211)=0.22, p=0.002). Conclusions: This study reveals a relatively high rate of substance abuse in adults with TS/TD (23.3% compared to 12.8% previously reported). Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance. Substance abuse appears to be weakly related to a history of suicide, being discriminated against, and multiple medication trials. Further studies to evaluate these associations are warranted. Disclosure: Dr. Deeb’s institution has received research support from Abbvie, Auspex, Biogen, Biotie, Impax, Intrepid, Lundbeck, Nuvelution, Pfizer, and Revance. Dr. El Kouzi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malaty has received research support from Abbvie, Auspex, Biogen, Biotie, Impax, Intrepid, Lundbeck, Nuvelution, Pfizer, and Revance.
Efficient Modeling of Random Sampling-Based LRU

The Miss Ratio Curve (MRC) is an important metric and effective tool for caching system performance prediction and optimization. Since the Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy is the de facto policy for many existing caching systems, most previous studies on efficient MRC construction are predominantly focused on the LRU replacement policy. Recently, the random sampling-based replacement mechanism, as opposed to replacement relying on the rigid LRU data structure, gains more popularity due to its lightweight and flexibility. To approximate LRU, at replacement times, the system randomly selects K objects and replaces the least recently used object among the sample. Redis implements this approximated LRU policy. We observe that there can exist a significant miss ratio gap between exact LRU and random sampling-based LRU under different sampling size K; therefore existing LRU MRC construction techniques cannot be directly applied to random sampling based LRU cache without loss of accuracy. In this work, we present a new probabilistic stack algorithm named KRR which can be used to accurately model random sampling based-LRU under arbitrary sampling size K. We propose two efficient stack update algorithms which reduce the expected running time of KRR from O(N*M) to O(N*log2M) and O(N*logM), respectively, where N is the workload length and M is the number of distinct objects. Furthermore, we adopt spatial sampling which further reduces the running time of KRR by several orders of magnitude, and thus enables practical, low overhead online application of KRR.
Cryogenic Characterization and Modeling of 14 nm Bulk FinFET Technology

In this work, we report the characterization and modeling of a 14 nm bulk FinFET technology from room-temperature down to 4.6 K. A cryogenic device model is used which shows excellent fit to measured data and can accurately predict the performance of the devices at low temperatures. The nMOS device showed subthreshold swing of 20 mV/decade, V T shift of 80 mV and gm enhancement of 30%, all at 4.6 K. These results show that a tailored cryogenic FinFET technology, i.e. one accounting for the change in V T and SS, could achieve a sharp reduction of dissipated power by reducing the drive bias. Such technology has potential for strong impact e.g. in quantum computing, by enabling integration of dense advanced cryogenic ICs inside the cryostat.
Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict

Ethnic conflict often focuses on culturally charged symbols and rituals that evoke strong emotions from all sides. Marc Howard Ross examines battles over diverse cultural expressions, including Islamic headscarves in France, parades in Northern Ireland, holy sites in Jerusalem and Confederate flags in the American South to propose a psychocultural framework for understanding ethnic conflict, as well as barriers to, and opportunities for, its mitigation. His analysis explores how culture frames interests, structures demand-making and shapes how opponents can find common ground to produce constructive outcomes to long-term disputes. He focuses on participants' accounts of conflict to identify emotionally significant issues, and the power of cultural expressions to link individuals to larger identities and shape action. Ross shows that, contrary to popular belief, culture does not necessarily exacerbate conflict; rather, the constructed nature of psychocultural narratives can facilitate successful conflict mitigation through the development of more inclusive narratives and identities.
Recognizing Partial Global Goals

Before they can plan activities to solve larger network problems, nodes must first identify that in fact they are working on subproblems of a larger problem. To plan for cooperation, the nodes need to communicate about their local goals and identify the larger goals that they are cooperating to achieve. These goals are called partial global goals (PGGs): they are global in the sense that they can encompass the local goals of several nodes, but only part of the entire network of nodes may contribute to a single PGG. To identify PGGs for groups of nodes, the planner needs a network-model to represent the plans and goals of individual nodes and of groups of nodes. The focus of this chapter is on how nodes model each other and the network as a whole, and use these models to recognize PGGs and determine when they should cooperate; in the next chapter, we describe how these nodes then plan how they should cooperate to achieve these PGGs.
Recent progress in mite allergen immunochemistry.

The successful purification of several mite allergens within the last few years has considerably enhanced our understanding of mite allergen immunochemistry. The role of these glycoproteins in stimulating human IgE ab and their role as immunogens in mice and rabbits has been studied extensively in a number of laboratories worldwide. In particular, purified allergens have facilitated the production of murine IgG Mabs that have been used to purify mite allergens by affinity chromatography; to investigate the diversity of antigenic sites on purified allergens; and to develop Mab based immunoassays for measuring allergen concentrations in dust samples and extracts. Full amino acid sequencing of several mite allergens is now in progress together with efforts to identify antigenically important peptide fragments. Such investigations are aimed to further increase our knowledge of humoral and cellular immune responses at the molecular level.
Declining Corporate Income Taxes in the 1990s: A State-by-State Analysis of Effective Tax Rates

Between 1995 and 2000, inflation-adjusted federal corporate income taxes grew an average of 2.0 percent a year; the annual average for state and local corporate tax revenue actually declined by 0.12 percent during the same period. A number of statelevel studies have documented this decline by showing that corporations are paying a declining share of state taxes. But such results are inconclusive because they do not control for changes in corporate profitability. In this paper we use data from the National Income and Product Accounts to create a time series of corporate profits by state, enabling us to investigate corporate income taxes while controlling for corporate profits. Our findings are striking: out of the 42 states studied, 41 show a statistically significant decline in their effective corporate income tax rates between 1991 and 2001. The average decline for all states is 4.6 percent per year, which means that effective corporate income tax rates fell by a little over one-third over the decade of the 1990s and into 2001. After accounting for the impact of the growth in income of S corporations, this means that states lost about $11 billion on corporate income tax revenue in fiscal 2002 due to the decline in effective corporate income tax rates.
Principals and agents

Abstract The allocation of information determines the bargaining position of buyers and sellers. Low variability in buyer type or producer cost implies a smaller distortion from asymmetric information with informed buyers; high variability implies a smaller distortion with informed sellers.
Progress in Mathematical Programming: Interior-Point and Related Methods

1 An Algorithm for Solving Linear Programming Problems in O(n3L) Operations.- 2 A Primal-Dual Interior Point Algorithm for Linear Programming.- 3 An Extension of Karmarkar's Algorithm and the Trust Region Method for Quadratic Programming.- 4 Approximate Projections in a Projective Method for the Linear Feasibility Problem.- 5 A Locally Weil-Behaved Potential Function and a Simple Newton-Type Method for Finding the Center of a Polytype.- 6 A Note on Comparing Simplex and Interior Methods for Linear Programming.- 7 Pricing Criteria in Linear Programming.- 8 Pathways to the Optimal Set in Linear Programming.
A Time Series Sodar Simulator Based on Large-Eddy Simulation

A sodar simulator capable of producing time series data emulating sodar signals has been developed and tested. The atmospheric fields used to populate the sodar simulator are taken from output of a large-eddy simulation code. The characteristics of the sodar (number and zenith angle of beams, beamwidth, transmit frequency, range resolution, etc.) are defined by the user to allow emulation of existing systems. The range of the reflected acoustic signal is calculated based upon a temperature-dependent speed of sound. Realistic acoustic background noise is simulated using filtered white noise. The raw acoustic time series data are processed using a Fourier transform to yield acoustic Doppler spectra, from which the radial velocities are calculated. The design of the simulator allows for the testing of and comparisons between various signalprocessing techniques and averaging periods. An example case of feedingthe sodar simulatorwith large-eddy simulation data representative of a developing convective boundary layer is presented and discussed.