cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topology design for service overlay networks with bandwidth guarantees

The Internet still lacks adequate support for QoS applications with real-time requirements. In great part, this is due to the fact that provisioning of end-to-end QoS to traffic that traverses multiple autonomous systems (ASs) requires a level of cooperation between ASs that is difficult to achieve in the current architecture. Recently, service overlay networks have been considered as an approach to QoS deployment that avoids these difficulties. In this study, we address the problem of the topological synthesis of a service overlay network, where endsystems and nodes of the overlay network (provider nodes) are connected through ISPs that supports bandwidth reservations. We express the topology design problem as an optimization problem. Even though the design problem is related to the (in general NP-hard) quadratic assignment problem, we are able to show that relatively simple heuristic algorithms can deliver results that are sometimes close to the optimal solution.
Dirac constraint quantization of a parametrized field theory by anomaly-free operator representations of spacetime diffeomorphisms.

We construct a consistent Dirac constraint quantization of a parametrized massless scalar field propagating on a two-dimensional cylindrical Minkowskian background. The constraints are taken in the form of ``diffeomorphism Hamiltonians'' whose Poisson-brackets algebra is homomorphic to the Lie algebra of spacetime diffeomorphisms. The fundamental canonical variables are represented by operators acting on an embedding-dependent Fock space H which is based on the Heisenberg modes that are geometrically specified with respect to the Killing vector structure of the background. In the Heisenberg picture, the constraints become the Heisenberg embedding momenta and their Abelian Poisson algebra is homomorphically mapped into the operator commutator algebra without any anomaly. The algebra of normal-ordered Heisenberg evolution generators (which propagate the field operators) develops a covariantly defined anomaly. This anomaly is an exact two-form on the space of embeddings Emb(\ensuremath{\Sigma},M) and can thus be written as a functional curl of an anomaly potential on Emb(\ensuremath{\Sigma},M). By subtracting this potential from the normal-ordered Heisenberg generators (which amounts to their embedding-dependent reordering) we arrive at a commuting set of operators which we identify with the Schr\"odinger embedding momenta. By smearing the Heisenberg and the Schr\"odinger embedding momenta by spacetime vector fields we obtain a pair of anomaly-free operator representations of L DiffM. The diffeomorphism Hamiltonians annihilate the physical states and the smeared reordered Heisenberg evolution generators propagate the fields. We present the operator transformation from the Schr\"odinger to the Heisenberg picture. The two operator representations of L DiffM, by diffeomorphism Hamiltonians and by smeared Heisenberg evolution generators, guarantee that the Dirac constraint quantization is consistent, covariant, and leads to foliation-independent dynamics both in the Heisenberg and in the Schr\"odinger pictures.The appropriate factor ordering of the Hamiltonian flux operator and of the constraints is rewritten in terms of the fundamental Schr\"odinger variables with help of a normal-ordering kernel which is reconstructed from the intrinsic metric and the extrinsic curvature on a given embedding. All operators are defined and dynamics takes place on a single function space which is then restricted by the constraints to the space of physical states with a Hilbert-space structure.
Distal Insertional Footprint of the Brachialis Muscle: 3D Morphometric Study

Objective. The purpose of this study is to describe the three-dimensional morphometry of the brachialis muscle at its distal attachment to the ulna. Methods. Fifty cadaveric elbows were dissected and the brachialis distal insertion was isolated on the ulna bone and probed with a three-dimensional digitizer, to create a three-dimensional model of the footprint. Measurements and analysis of each footprint shape were recorded and compared based on gender and size. Results. There was significant gender difference in the surface length (P= 0.002) and projected length (P= 0.001) of the brachialis footprint. The shapes of the footprint also differed among the specimens. Conclusion. The shape of the brachialis muscle insertion differed among all the specimens without significant variation in gender or sides. There was also a significant difference in muscle length between males and females with little difference in the width and surface area. Significance. The information obtained from this study is important for kinematic understanding and surgical procedures around the elbow joint as well as the understanding of the natural age related anatomy of the brachialis footprint morphology.
Yohimbine increases sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine spillover in normal volunteers.

It has been difficult to examine clinically the physiological role of central and peripheral alpha 2-adrenoceptors in humans. We simultaneously measured directly recorded peroneal skeletal muscle sympathoneural activity (MSNA) and the rate of appearance (spillover) of norepinephrine (NE) in forearm venous and arterial plasma before and at 15 min during intravenous administration of the alpha 2-blocker yohimbine (Yoh, 125 micrograms/kg bolus, 1 microgram.kg-1.min-1 infusion) in seven normal volunteers. Yoh administration increased mean arterial pressure by 16% (P less than 0.005), heart rate by 8% (P less than 0.05), and forearm vascular resistance by 67% (P less than 0.05). MSNA was increased by 73% (P less than 0.05), NE spillover into arterial blood by 125% (P less than 0.05), and forearm NE spillover (FSO) by 337% (P less than 0.005). Ganglion blockade by trimethaphan during Yoh infusion decreased MSNA to below detection limits and reversed Yoh-induced increases in arterial concentrations of NE and epinephrine. The results demonstrate that Yoh administration increases sympathoadrenal outflow. Because the mean increase of FSO was much larger than that of MSNA, the results suggest that alpha 2-adrenoceptors on sympathetic nerve endings modulate the neuronal release of NE for a given amount of sympathetic nerve traffic in humans; this effect seems prominent in the human limb.
Effect of coffee (caffeine) against human cataract blindness

Previous biochemical and morphological studies with animal experiments have demonstrated that caffeine given topically or orally to certain experimental animal models has significant inhibitory effect on cataract formation. The present studies were undertaken to examine if there is a correlation between coffee drinking and incidence of cataract blindness in human beings. That has been found to be the case. Incidence of cataract blindness was found to be significantly lower in groups consuming higher amounts of coffee in comparison to the groups with lower coffee intake. Mechanistically, the caffeine effect could be multifactorial, involving its antioxidant as well as its bioenergetic effects on the lens.
Behavioral Experiments Exploring Victims' Response to Cyber-based Financial Fraud and Identity Theft Scenario Simulations.

two scenario-simulation behavioral experiments to explore individual users' response to common cyber-based financial fraud and identity theft attacks depend on systematically manipulated variables related to characteristics of the attack and the attacker. Experiment I employed a 4 by 2 between-groups factorial design, manipulating attacker characteristics (individual with picture vs. individual vs. group vs. unknown) and attack mode (acquiring a bank database vs. obtaining personal bank account information) in response to a bank letter scenario notifying respondents of a data breach. Respondents' positive and negative affect, perceived risk, behavioral intention and attitude towards the government's role in cyber security were measured. Results suggest that respondents experienced greater negative affect when the attacker was an individual, as well as experienced more positive affect when the attack target was an individual bank account. In addition, a picture of an individual attacker increased intended behavioral changes and expectations of the bank to manage the response in the bank database attacks only. Experiment II utilized a 4 by 3 between-groups factorial design, manipulating attacker motivation (fame vs. money vs. terrorism vs. unknown) and attack resolution status (resolved vs. still at risk vs. unknown) in response to an identity theft scenario that evolves over four time points. In this experiment, respondents' affect, perceived risk and intended short- and long-term behavior were measured at each time point. Results suggest that respondents reported less perceived risk when the attacker's motivation was to fund terrorism. Respondents also reported lower negative affect and lower perceived risk when the identity theft case was reported as resolved. Respondents also were more willing to pursue long- term behavior changes when the attack outcome was still at risk or unknown. In both experiments, respondents' sex and age were related to affect, risk perception, and behavioral intentions. The paper also includes discussion of how further understanding of individual user decision making informs policy makers' design and implementation of cyber security policies related to credit fraud and identity theft.
Feedforward dynamics for the control of articulated multi-limb robots

We describe a general approach for using linearizing feedforward control inputs for large degree of freedom (dof) multi-limb robots operating in scenarios involving motion and force constraints, and under-actuated degrees of freedom arising from the task and the environment. Our solution is general and has low computational cost needed for real-time control loops. It supports the tuning of the feedforward term to meet multiple task objectives. Being structure-based, it is able to easily accommodate changes in motion and force constraints that often occur in robotics scenarios.
Alexander Hamilton Church and the Development of Modern Management

A perception of the importance of measuring overhead costs led Church to analyze the totality of management. Among the first to formulate a comprehensive theory, he studied management in historical depth and defined it as a distinct function with identifiable components that could be manipulated in the interest of greater efficiency.
Development and Application of a General Interpolation Algorithm

A new general interpolation tool has been developed to transfer Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flowfield solutions between different grids using a solver-independent framework. The capabilities of the new tool include the ability to efficiently transfer flow solutions between structured Chimera and unstructured grids using linear or quadratic interpolation. These capabilities have been implemented while ensuring minimum required memory and optimum execution efficiency, thus enabling timely transfer of solutions between grids containing millions of points. This results in faster convergence rates on increasing grid sizes, hence reducing the computational resources and personnel time required to perform calculations on ever increasing grid sizes. In this study, the new interpolation tool has been applied to several two-dimensional and three-dimensional flowfields. Details on the development of the new tool and supporting results are presented. Nomenclature
Instruments and Method for Measuring Partial Surface Conductivity

In order to extend the application of partial surface conductivity(PSC) measurement in contamination evaluation of insulators, we demonstrated and compared the mechanism and performance of two devices. Both of them are general instruments, one of which is made up of voltage regulator and precision resistance, and the other is a special measuring device of resistance. Using these two devices, we measured the PSC of glass plates with different pollution levels. It is shown that there is only small difference of the results between different measurement devices and different probe shapes: with salt density within 0.05~0.40 mg/cm2, the difference between the PSC obtained by the two devices is less than 1%, and that between the PSC obtained by rectangular electrodes and round electrodes is less than 3%. Power supply's frequency may have significant impact on PSC measurement: with a ten times increase in frequency increases, the PSC rises by about 10%. Yet power supply's voltage has hardly any influence on PSC measurement: there is difference about 1% between the PSC obtained using the voltage of 1 V and 20 V. It is concluded that the PSC method is simple, feasible, highly accurate, and hence promising in application.
Paraclinoid Aneurysms: Flow Diverters and Endovascular Treatment

Paraclinoid aneurysms arise from the internal carotid artery, located adjacent to the anterior clinoid process between the distal dural ring at the end of the cavernous segment and the origin of the posterior communicating artery. These aneurysms are among the commonest intracranial aneurysms, comprising 30 % of all intracranial aneurysms. Endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysm has evolved since the introduction of the Guglielmi detachable coil in the 1990s. In this chapter, we discuss complications and radiological and clinical outcomes of various endovascular management options from primary coiling to the most recent application of flow-diverter devices.
A simple visualization and programming framework for wireless sensor networks: PROVIZ

Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are rapidly gaining popularity in various critical domains like health care, critical infrastructure, and climate monitoring, where application builders have diversified development needs for programming, visualization, and simulation tools. However, these tools are designed as separate stand-alone applications. To avoid the complexity of using multiple tools, we have designed a new extensible, multi-platform, scalable, and open-source framework called PROVIZ. PROVIZ is an integrated visualization and programming framework with the following features: PROVIZ includes (1) a visualization tool that can visualize heterogeneous WSN traffic (with different packet payload formats) by parsing the data received either from a packet sniffer (e.g., a sensor-based sniffer or a commercial TI SmartRF 802.15.4 packet sniffer) or from a simulator (e.g., OMNeT); (2) a scripting language based on the TinyOS sensor network platform that aims at reducing code size and improving programming efficacy; (3) an over-the-air programming tool to securely program sensor nodes; (4) a visual programming tool with basic sensor drag-and-drop modules for generating simple WSN programs; and (5) a visual network comparison tool that analyzes packet traces of two networks to generate a juxtaposed visual comparison of contrasting network characteristics. PROVIZ also includes built-in extensible visual demo deployment capabilities that allow users to quickly craft network scenarios and share them with other users. In this work, we introduce the various features of PROVIZ’s visualization and programming framework, analyze test scenarios, and discuss how all the tools can be used in sync with each other to create an all-encompassing development and test environment.
Separate Tables : Every Man an Island

Separate Tables consists of two one-act plays joined together by the same setting, a residential hotel, and by the reappearance of several characters from one play to the next. Through that fragile connection Rattigan not only makes a universal statement on the loneliness and desperation of the human condition, but also shows the small, temporary victories over despair and fear that human beings can have if they try to connect with one another. In the first play, Rattigan shows a couple with widely disparate sexual needs and incompatibility in just about every way possible who yet are able to overcome their doubts to try again, knowing ruefully the odds are against them. In the second play, a retired military man who has been arrested for accosting women in a movie theater and is therefore asked to leave the hotel by some of the other residents, decides finally to stay in residence at the hotel because a neurotic and high-strung woman under the thumb of her mother stirringly defies her mother and thereby signals to the Major that he should not leave. Rattigan’s metaphor for human society is the hotel (a transient’s temporary residence) and its dining room with separate tables, indicating the residents of a solar system without a sun, fixed in their routines and never progressing except toward old age and death.
THU0205 Association between Concurrent Methotrexate and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Use and The Risk of Hospitalisation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Nationwide Population Study

Background Concurrent use of methotrexate (MTX) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has been linked to the development of cytopenia as a result of reduced renal clearance of MTX. However, the risk of adverse outcomes has not been estimated in a population setting. Objectives This study aimed to examine the risk for emergency department visits or hospitalisation after concurrent use of MEX and TMP-SMX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Taiwan using the National Health Insurance (NHI) data. Methods This was a retrospective cohort analysis of RA patients identified from the entire NHI database which contains essentially all residents in Taiwan. The case definition of RA was based on a rheumatologist diagnosis with a verification of expert panel commissioned by the Administration of National Health Insurance. Overall we identified 30,285 RA patients between 2000 and 2010. RA patients filled prescription for MTX in 453,114 person-quarters in which 9018 person-quarters they also filled a prescription for TMP-SMX. The main outcome measure was emergency department visit or hospital admission in person-quarters with concurrent fills of MTX and TMP-SMX compared with the rates in person-quarters with MTX prescription only. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for age, sex, comorbidity, and socioeconomic status with a Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) model to calculated the crude ORs (95% CIs) and adjusted ORs. Results Hospitalisations were more common in person-quarters with MTX and TMP-SMX use (688 events/8330 quarters) compared with quarters with MTX use alone (20,616 events/423,480 quarters) with a crude OR of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–1.62] and an adjusted OR of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.33–1.58). However, the risk for emergency department visits associated with MTX and TMP-SMX use (536 events/8,482 person-quarters) was not higher (21,115 events/422,981 person-quarters). The crude OR was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.97–1.19) for emergency department visits and the adjusted OR was 1.05 (95% CI 0.95–1.15]). Conclusions MTX use along with TMP-SMX is associated with an increased risk for hospitalisations which suggests a significant drug interaction between MTX and TMP-SMX in RA patients. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Effect of PSI697, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of P-Selectin, in the Townes Model of Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Chronic vaso-occlusion is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Persistent vaso-occlusion can damage lungs, liver, kidneys or brain and ultimately lead to end-organ dysfunction. Vaso-occlusive pain crisis is a complex multistep process, initiated by adhesion of fragile sickle erythrocytes and rigid neutrophils to hypoxic and inflamed endothelium. Large multicellular aggregates of blood cells, including platelets and sickled erythrocytes, form on these adherent activated neutrophils in the microcirculation, ultimately causing vascular occlusion and tissue ischemia. Inflammatory mediators, such as P-selectin, play a key role in mediating these heterocellular interactions and attract additional leucocytes to the site of occlusion. P- and E-selectin mediate rolling and tethering of blood cells on the endothelium. Here, we explore cellular and animal models of sickle cell disease to assess PSI-697, an orally active small molecule antagonist of P-selectin. PSI-697 inhibits P-selectin binding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) with an IC50 of 50-125 µM (Bedard et al, JPET, 2008). Townes SCD mice were used to assess the efficacy for PSI-697 in preventing vaso-occlusion in SCD. Mice were randomized to treatment with vehicle or PSI-697. Animals were treated in a prophylactic setting prior to the surgical preparation. Surgical preparation induces a well described acute inflammatory response in the microcirculation associated with neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium and formation of multicellular aggregates. Alexa-488 labeled Ly-6G neutrophil antibody and Dylight-649 labeled CD42c platelet antibody were injected to quantify adherent neutrophils and neutrophil-platelet aggregates. Cremaster microvasculature was observed by intravital microscopy. Mice treated with 100 mg/kg of P-selectin inhibitor PSI-697 showed a 55% reduction in adherent neutrophils and a 78% decrease in the number of neutrophil-platelet aggregates compared to vehicle treated animals. Neutrophils showed ~7 fold increase in rolling velocity in mice treated with P-selectin inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that prophylactic administration of PSI-697, a small molecule P-selectin antagonist, improved parameters associated with vaso-occlusion in Townes SCD mice. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Neurodevelopmental Profiles of Children with Congenital Heart Disease at School Age

Objectives To assess 6-year neurodevelopmental outcomes in a current cohort of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB), and to determine risk factors for adverse outcomes. Study design Outcomes were examined in 233 prospectively enrolled children with CHD (including 64 with a recognized genetic disorder) who underwent CPB between 2004 and 2009. Follow-up assessment included standardized neurologic, motor, and cognitive tests. Variables were collected prospectively, and multiple regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for adverse outcome. Results The mean patient age at assessment was 6.3 years (range, 5.1-6.8 years). IQ was lower in children with a genetic disorder (median, 55; range, 17-115) compared with children without a genetic disorder (median, 95; range, 47-135; P Conclusions Current cohorts of children with CHD undergoing CPB show favorable outcomes but remain at risk for long-term neurodevelopmental impairments, particularly those with a genetic disorder and a complicated postoperative course. Close neurodevelopmental surveillance is necessary to provide early therapeutic support.
Trees harness the power of microbes to survive climate change.

Microorganisms are the most abundant and diverse taxa on Earth. They have the ability to tolerate extreme environments, catalyze a range of metabolic functions, and rapidly evolve in response to changing environmental conditions. Imagine if plants and animals could harness these powers. In fact, microorganisms confer numerous benefits to plants and animals. For example, microorganisms in the mammalian gut improve nutrition, reduce susceptibility to disease, and even alter host behavior (1). Some of the most complex microbiomes are found in soils, where they are responsible for nutrient cycling, crop yield, and carbon sequestration (2). In some cases, soil microbes can even rescue plants from the negative consequences of climate change (3). If plants and animals can build associations with specific microbial members that maximize benefits, then harnessing microbial powers may provide rapid and efficient solutions to the challenges resulting from global change. In PNAS, Gehring et al. (4) show that the relationship between soil microbial communities and plants is not a fortunate coincidence. Instead, some pinyon pine genotypes form associations with different belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities that help them contend with drought. These EMF communities were responsible for the observed difference in drought tolerance between host tree genotypes. Because these microbial communities are, at least partially, under plant genetic control, EMF community composition is an extended phenotype of the host tree and potentially a mode of adaptation to the increased drought stress pinyon pines face in a changing climate. Given the vast array of biogeochemical and metabolic functions in the microbial arsenal, if similarly tight linkages occur between diverse soil bacterial and fungal communities and host plant genotypes, then host plants may possess a powerful tactic for … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: jenlau{at}msu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The development trend of power system for ICT equipment

In this paper, we regard that reducing the total cost of ownership (TCO) is the most direct driver to the development of ICT (Information Communications Technology) power system. High efficiency, energy saving, green, sharing, intelligence and interconnection are the trends and characteristics of the future ICT power systems. Energy internet can realize the interconnection of energy, reduce redundant waste, and increase power reliability. It is the future development direction of various energy systems. ICT power system is the most intelligent energy equipment, and it may become the first terminal equipment of energy internet.
An Inequality Involving sin(n)

We prove an inequality involving sine by using an estimate of the irrationality measure of π.
Globalization of area studies: an analysis of collection development resources

Purpose This study aims to report on the findings of a detailed analysis of the collection development tools of use to subject bibliographers in meeting the challenges of the ongoing changes within the broad discipline of area studies. Design/methodology/approach Select online and print resources are examined for their treatment of specific area studies subjects. Findings This study identifies the benefits of subject resources, points out inconsistencies with the use of the controlled vocabulary and notes subject access limitations. Practical implications The analyzed resources will assist library professionals in identifying and selecting relevant sources. Originality/value The detailed analysis of how this subject is treated by numerous resources is unique to the field of library science.
Reactive Chlorine Compounds in the Atmosphere

The defining characteristic of reactive chlorine gases is that they are removed by tropospheric processes such as oxidation, hydrolysis in clouds and oceans, rain, or by deposition. Chlorine-containing gases may be classified according to their lifetimes in the troposphere, which is often a reflection of their chemical reactivities. If the lifetime is less than about one year, the gases are considered to be “reactive”; if it is between 1-10 years, the gases are “moderately reactive”; and if the lifetimes are longer, the gases are “unreactive” and are not removed in the lower atmosphere. There are some 23 Tg of gaseous chlorine in the atmosphere or about 4 parts per billion of the troposphere. Of this, only about 3 Tg can be identified to come from natural sources, and all of it is in the form of reactive chlorine gases. Moderately reactive and unreactive gases are entirely man-made. This chapter is a review of the global budgets and trends of chlorine-containing gases with emphasis on the reactive group. All the known gases in each group are included here if concentrations are above a few parts per trillion and the existence of the gas is mostly due to direct emissions. The group of reactive gases consists of chloromethane or methyl chloride (CH3Cl), chloroform (CHCl3), phosgene (COCl2), dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), chlorinated ethylenes (C2HCl3, C2Cl4), chlorinated ethanes (CH4Cl2, C2H2Cl4), some other rarer gases, and inorganic chlorine gases such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) and molecular and atomic chlorine (Cl2, Cl). Natural sources are identified for most of these gases. Methylchloride, for instance, comes from the oceans and fungal action on rotting wood. Although methylchloride is the most abundant chlorine-containing gas in the atmosphere, its budget is not understood at present. The class of moderately reactive gases consists of methylchloroform (CH3CCl3), chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2), dichlorofluoromethane (CHCl2F), and other less abundant chlorinated gases with concentrations below a few parts per trillion. The long-lived or unreactive gases are the chlorofluorocarbons (CCl2F2, CCl3F, C2Cl3F3, C2Cl2F4, C2ClF5, CCl3F) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The long-lived gases are discussed here for comparison and because of their important role in the global cycle of gaseous chlorine. The most important gases in these last two groups have well documented anthropogenic emissions that are consistent with the observed concentrations, and no natural sources have been unequivocally identified. Since these gases will no longer be produced because of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments (international agreements to phase out global production of compounds that can deplete the stratospheric ozone layer), new compounds are being manufactured to take their place. The first data on some of the new chlorinated replacement compounds, namely HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b, are discussed.
CIGARETTE SMOKING BABOONS: AN EXAMPLE OF HOW BEHAVIORAL ENGINEERING CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE A MODEL FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an example of the way behavioral engineering can be used to produce a model for biomedical research. The baboon is an excellent physiologic analog of the human in studies of the cardiopulmonary system. In addition to physiologic similarity between animal subject and human, an appropriate animal model for the experimental study of cigarette smoking requires similarity in the manner of smoking. The pattern of puffing on a cigarette controls the combustion process and the resulting smoke chemistry, so it is important that smoke generation and delivery be done in a fashion like that used by the average cigarette smoker. The physical processes of cooling, particle agglomeration, and secondary chemical reactions make mechanical generation and delivery of smoke a technically complex task in passive exposure systems for animals. However, the complex behavioral capacity of the baboon makes it possible to induce the animal to actively smoke cigarettes in a human-like manner. Microprocessor-based systems are used to select operating variables, record animal performance, deliver rewards, store data, and provide summary analyses. The cigarette smoking animals show a variety of statistically significant changes, including elevated fasting blood glucose, elevation of LDL cholesterol and reduction of HDL cholesterol, increase in Factor IV and decrease in Factor VIII, and lymphocytosis, which indicate that the experimental treatment is producing important effects of the type that would be expected based on epidemiologic studies of human smokers and nonsmokers.
Calcium Modulation of Auxin-Membrane Interactions in Plant Cell Elongation

Regulatory molecules of the auxin type specifically accelerate elongation growth in plants and in excised plant parts. Despite more than 50 years of intensive investigation, very little is known concerning the molecular details of elongation growth in plants or how auxin regulation of elongation growth is achieved.
On Becoming and Being A Critical Black Scholar in Mathematics Education

Fifteen years ago, William F. Tate (1994) authored a paper titled, From Inner City to Ivory Tower: Does My Voice Matter in the Academy? Building on the work of critical race scholars (Delgado, 1989, 1990; Williams, 1991), and reflecting on his own early schooling and later experiences as a professor in the academy, Tate echoed the call for voice scholarship as one way to explain the experiences of minority scholars.
Electrical Phenomena at the Interface of Rolling-Contact, Electrostatic Actuators

We live today in a hyper-dynamic social, economical and technological environment that calls increasingly for portable and wearable systems. People want to be, at all times, informed and in control of the events affecting their lives. The cell phone, the pager, the laptop and palmtop computers or the implantable drug delivery systems and peacemakers are some of the first wearable/portable devices to be widely used. New, wearable, biological and chemical analysis systems are now being developed, and they will provide continue monitoring of the environment and/or of the individual’s health condition.
Team-Based Learning in the Surgery Clerkship: Impact on Student Examination Scores, Evaluations, and Perceptions.

OBJECTIVE There is little evidence for effectiveness of team-based learning (TBL) in specialties such as Surgery. We developed and instituted TBLs in surgery clerkship and compared National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Surgery Subject Exam scores before and after implementation. We also analyzed students’ feedback for their perception of TBLs. DESIGN, SETTING, and PARTICIPATNTS The TBLs were transitioned into the curriculum during the 2013-2014 academic year. The “before” and “after” implementation periods were 2011-2013 and 2014-2016, respectively. NBME Surgery Subject Examination scores at our institution and nationally were compared using the independent samples t test. Satisfaction with the clerkship was assessed with Association of American Medical Colleges Graduate Questionnaire data. Student feedback regarding TBL was gathered at the end of each surgery rotation and were analyzed for themes, both positive and negative. RESULTS Mean NBME score was higher at our institution than nationally, both before (77.10 ± 8.75 vs. 75.20 ± 8.95, p = 0.032) and after (74.65 ± 8.0 vs. 73.10 ± 8.55, p = 0.071) TBL implementation. The mean score decreased following TBL implementation at our medical school (77.10 ± 8.75 vs. 74.65 ± 8.00, p = 0.039), but it was also lower nationally (75.20 ± 8.95 vs. 73.10 ± 8.55, p CONCLUSIONS Student perception of TBL into our surgery clerkship has been both positive and provided feedback for improvement. In addition, our medical school graduates have continued to assess their surgery experience as “good” or “excellent” by a large majority. Concurrently, our NBME scores remain above the national mean. We believe our medical students benefit from a well-organized TBL and its active approach to learning during the surgery clerkship with no loss of fundamental surgery knowledge.
Chapter 10 – Genetic Testing and Counseling

Over the past several decades, genetic testing and counseling have become increasingly complex and challenging. As knowledge about genetic disorders, including genetic disorder of bone, has expanded greatly over the past few years, the number of disorders for which genetic testing is commercially available has increased. The explosion in the number of tests available, and the introduction of new types of genetic tests being performed, has made counseling patients undergoing this testing more complex and challenging. In this chapter, we will discuss the types of genetic testing available, suggest an approach to genetic testing in individuals with a disorder of bone, and provide an overview of genetic counseling for individuals with a presumed genetic diagnosis and those undergoing genetic testing.
Discovery of 5-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-3-(pyrazol-4-yl)-7-azaindole (GNF3809) for β-Cell Survival in Type 1 Diabetes

Pancreatic β-cell apoptosis, a hallmark of the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D), is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, an agent protecting β-cells from cytoki...
From Farm to Fingers: an Exploration of Probiotics for Oysters, from Production to Human Consumption

Oysters hold a unique place within the field of aquaculture as one of the only organisms that is regularly shipped live to be consumed whole and raw. The microbiota of oysters is capable of adapting to a wide range of environmental conditions within their dynamic estuarine environments; however, human aquaculture practices can challenge the resilience of this microbial community. Several discrete stages in oyster cultivation and market processing can cause disruption to the oyster microbiota, thus increasing the possibility of proliferation by pathogens and spoilage bacteria. These same pressure points offer the opportunity for the application of probiotics to help decrease disease occurrence in stocks, improve product yields, minimize the risk of shellfish poisoning, and increase product shelf life. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge on oyster microbiota, the impact of aquaculture upon this community, and the current status of oyster probiotic development. In response to this biotechnological gap, the authors highlight opportunities of highest potential impact within the aquaculture pipeline and propose a strategy for oyster-specific probiotic candidate development.
Full Resolution Simulation for Evaluation of Critical Care Imaging Interpretation; Part 2: Random Effects Reveal the Interplay Between Case Difficulty, Resident Competence, and the Training Environment.

Rationale and objectives To further characterize empirical data from a full-resolution simulation of critical care imaging coupled with post hoc grading of resident's interpretations by senior radiologists. To present results from estimating the random effects terms in a comprehensive mixed (hierarchical) regression model. Materials and methods After accounting for 9 fixed effects detailed in Part 1 of this paper, we estimated normally distributed random effects, expressed in terms of score offsets for each case, resident, program, and grader. Results The fixed effects alone explained 8.8% of score variation and adding the random effects increased explanatory power of the model to account for 36% of score variation. As quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 28.5%; CI: 25.1–31.6) the majority of score variation is directly attributable to the case at hand. This “case difficulty” measure has reliability of 95%. Individual residents accounted for much of the remaining score variation (ICC = 5.3%; CI: 4.6–5.9) after adjusting for all other effects including level of training. The reliability of this “resident competence” measure is 82%. Residency training program influence on scores was small (ICC = 1.1%; CI: 0.42–1.7). Although a few significantly high and low ones can be identified, reliability of 73% militates for caution. At the same time, low intraprogram variation is very encouraging. Variation attributable to differences between graders was minimal (ICC = 0.58%; CI: 0.0–1.2) which reassures us that the method of scoring is reliable, consistent, and likely extensible. Conclusion Full resolution simulation based evaluation of critical care radiology interpretation is being conducted remotely and efficiently at large scale. A comprehensive mixed model of the resulting scores reliably quantifies case difficulty and resident competence.
Telemedicine Utilization in a Pediatric Sports Medicine Practice: Decreased Cost and Wait Times and Increased Satisfaction

Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication to provide l health care remotely. We sought to quantify time/ cost savings and satisfaction between telemedicine and live visits. Telemedicine visits were performed using a secure platform between September 2015 and August 2016. Total time and wait time for telemedicine visits were compared …
Hollywood’s dirtiest secret: the hidden environmental costs of the movies

In some academic circles, as well as in the broader public sphere, it is still news to many that the production and circulation of films often comes at a severe cost to the environment. As was reve...
Emerging drugs for the treatment of light chain amyloidosis.

Systemic AL amyloidosis is a protein-misfolding disorder that is characterized by the deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from kinetically unstable light chains. Achieving a rapid and d...
Factors associated with errors in the heparin dose response test: recommendations to improve individualized heparin management in cardiopulmonary bypass:

Background:A critical aspect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is to achieve full anticoagulation to prevent thrombosis and consumptive coagulation without using excessive amount of heparin. This can...
The Political Justification for Group Litigation

What is the relationship between the democratic political order in the United States and class action or other group litigation?1 This Essay examines two aspects of that relationship. First, it considers group litigation through the lens of the relationship between the individual and the state and argues that litigation can promote desirable ends such as citizen empowerment and deliberation.2 Second, it evaluates the structural implications of group litigation for the judicial branch and argues that group litigation can provide a safety valve for the executive and the legislature. These are significant justifications for enabling it. The debate over the legitimacy of the American class action has often been framed in terms of its internal structure and the protections it provides for absent class members. This Essay argues that what legitimates the class action best is the role it plays in the larger polity rather than the internal protections it offers participants. Concerns about autonomy of class
Case Report and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Porcine Nodavirus in the United States

Nodaviruses are small bisegmented RNA viruses belonging to the family Nodaviridae. Nodaviruses have been identified in different hosts, including insects, fishes, shrimps, prawns, dogs, and bats. A novel porcine nodavirus was first identified in the United States by applying next-generation sequencing on brain tissues of pigs with neurological signs, including uncontrollable shaking. RNA1 of the porcine nodavirus had the highest nucleotide identity (51.1%) to the Flock House virus, whereas its RNA2 shared the highest nucleotide identity (48%) with the RNA2 segment of caninovirus (Canine nodavirus). Genetic characterization classified porcine nodavirus as a new species under the genus Alphanodavirus. Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and clinical impacts of this virus.
Conformal Electronics Therapy for Defibrillation

Defibrillation remains the only effective therapy against sudden cardiac death. However, the current coil-based lead ICD devices are limited by high defibrillation threshold (DFT) and low arrhythmia sensing resolution, which can result in inappropriate and painful shocks adversely affecting the quality of life. Emerging classes of materials and mechanics concepts in the field of flexible and stretchable electronics have created new opportunities for integrating high-performance electronics with the human body and its organs and various tissues. These conformal electronics devices offer a platform for high-definition arrhythmia sensing to minimize inappropriate shocks and improve therapy and high-definition therapy delivery circuit to reduce DFT.
Modeling the α- and β-resorcinol phase boundary via combination of density functional theory and density functional tight-binding.

The ability to predict not only what organic crystal structures might occur but also the thermodynamic conditions under which they are the most stable would be extremely useful for discovering and designing new organic materials. The present study takes a step in that direction by predicting the temperature- and pressure-dependent phase boundary between the α and β polymorphs of resorcinol using density functional theory (DFT) and the quasi-harmonic approximation. To circumvent the major computational bottleneck associated with computing a well-converged phonon density of states via the supercell approach, a recently developed approximation is employed, which combines a supercell phonon density of states from dispersion-corrected third-order density functional tight binding [DFTB3-D3(BJ)] with frequency corrections derived from a smaller B86bPBE-XDM functional DFT phonon calculation on the crystallographic unit cell. This mixed DFT/DFTB quasi-harmonic approach predicts the lattice constants and unit cell volumes to within 1%–2% at lower pressures. It predicts the thermodynamic phase boundary in almost perfect agreement with the experiment, although this excellent agreement does reflect fortuitous cancellation of errors between the enthalpy and entropy of transition.
Real-Time Estimation of 2-D Temperature Distribution in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Thermal management is an integral part of battery management systems due to the effect of temperature on safety, lifetime, and efficiency of batteries. Therefore, a reliable real-time estimation algorithm is required to estimate the temperature distribution in battery cells based on available measurements. Temperature estimation in pouch-type cells is especially challenging due to the nonuniform distribution along length and breadth. Motivated by this issue, we study effective sensor placement and estimation algorithm design for pouch cells in this article. Specifically, we explore two scenarios: Scenario 1 where multiple temperature sensors are available, and Scenario 2 where only one temperature sensor is available. For Scenario 1, we find the minimum number of sensors required and their effective locations, whereas for Scenario 2, we find the effective location of the single sensor that maximizes the state observability. We employ the Gramian observability analysis for this study. Subsequently, we design sliding mode observer-based real-time algorithms for distributed temperature estimation in both scenarios. Finally, we illustrate the performance of the proposed estimation algorithms through extensive experimental and simulation studies.