cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled Multiphysics Simulations of Heat Pipe Microreactors Using DireWolf

DireWolf is a multiphysics software driver application designed to simulate heat pipe–cooled nuclear microreactors. Developed under the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy Nuclear E...
Diamond Schottky p-i-n diodes for high power RF receiver protectors

Abstract The electrical characteristics of diamond Schottky p-i-n diodes grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition have been measured from DC to 25 GHz and used to extract the small-signal parameters for a lumped-element compact model. The model accurately reproduces the forward and reverse bias DC characteristics, the capacitance-voltage behavior, as well as the insertion and reflection loss. The high thermal conductivity of diamond makes the diodes ideally suited for high power radar receiver protector applications. We demonstrate that under forward bias a single diode can provide 14 dB of input power attenuation. For self-biased limiter applications, a two-stage circuit with back-to-back diodes has been simulated using the diode model to show > 20 dB of attenuation at an input power of 50 dBm.
Differential Relationships Between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Informant-Rated Cognitive Decline Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites.

Objectives:We compared the concurrent validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) with other cognitive screening instruments among Mexican Americans (MA) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW).Meth...
Accurate Dosimetry for Radiobiology.

Purpose Accurate radiation dose is required to ensure reproducibility in establishing the radiobiological effect in biological systems among institutions. The dose should be the most precise and accurate parameter of the entire process. The goal is a system to provide uniform radiation dose verification among institutions that is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through an Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory. Methods and Materials Radiobiological beams are not NIST traceable but can be approximated based on the radiograph's half value layer. Phantoms have been developed containing detectors to measure the dose from total body irradiation of mice and others. Ionization chambers calibrated to NIST-traceable beams are the best detectors for precise and accurate dose determinations. However, thermoluminescent dosimeters have been mostly used for this application for comparison between institutions. Results A comparison of thermoluminescent dosimeters results among surveyed institutions showed a large variation in delivered dose. The range of radiograph doses that were measured deviated from the standard dose by 12% to 42%. The results have an uncertainty of 2.5% at 1 standard deviation. The surveyed radionuclide irradiators demonstrated a dose range variation of 1.6% to 13.5% from target dose. There is less variation among high energy (linacs) because a calibrated ionization chamber is generally used by personnel (eg, medical physicist) and the output is determined for radiation therapy applications as well. Conclusions Radiobiological dosimetry is lacking with respect to its precision and accuracy. The accuracy of radiograph calibrations for radiobiology can be estimated to be approximately 5%, because there are no NIST-traceable beams. However, among institutions, the variations can be up to 42%. Intercomparisons between institutions is important to have a clear understanding of the transference of dose between given studies.
Joint Characterization of the Cryospheric Spectral Feature Space

Hyperspectral feature spaces are useful for many remote sensing applications ranging from spectral mixture modeling to discrete thematic classification. In such cases, characterization of the feature space dimensionality, geometry and topology can provide guidance for effective model design. The objective of this study is to compare and contrast two approaches for identifying feature space basis vectors via dimensionality reduction. These approaches can be combined to render a joint characterization that reveals spectral properties not apparent using either approach alone. We use a diverse collection of AVIRIS-NG reflectance spectra of the snow-firn-ice continuum to illustrate the utility of joint characterization and identify physical properties inferred from the spectra. Spectral feature spaces combining principal components (PCs) and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embeddings (t-SNEs) provide physically interpretable dimensions representing the global (PC) structure of cryospheric reflectance properties and local (t-SNE) manifold structures revealing clustering not resolved in the global continuum. Joint characterization reveals distinct continua for snow-firn gradients on different parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet and multiple clusters of ice reflectance properties common to both glacier and sea ice in different locations. Clustering revealed in t-SNE feature spaces, and extended to the joint characterization, distinguishes differences in spectral curvature specific to location within the snow accumulation zone, and BRDF effects related to view geometry. The ability of PC+t-SNE joint characterization to produce a physically interpretable spectral feature spaces revealing global topology while preserving local manifold structures suggests that this characterization might be extended to the much higher dimensional hyperspectral feature space of all terrestrial land cover.
MO-AB-BRA-06: Noise Index for Model Based Iterative Reconstruction (MBIR)? A Prospective Trial with 110 Human Subjects

Purpose: Noise index (NI) enables the mAs to be automatically determined to achieve the desired CT noise level. The scientific foundation behind the use of NI is the linear relationship between noise variance (σ2) and the 1/mAs. This relationship has been severely violated by the use of the highly nonlinear MBIR algorithm, making the traditional NI system no longer valid. This work studied how the quantitative relationship between σ2 and mAs should be modified in MBIR so that a new NI-mAs correspondence can be established. Methods: A comprehensive investigation using an anthropomorphic abdominal phantom, in-vivo swine, and an IRB-approved prospective human subject trial with a cohort of 110 subjects was performed. All scans were performed using a 64-slice CT scanner (Discovery CT750 HD, GE Healthcare) with typical abdominal protocols. Several mAs levels were used for the phantom and swine (10–350 mAs), while for human subjects two mAs levels were used. Both FBP and MBIR (Veo, GE Healthcare) reconstructions were performed. Values of σ2 were measured in relatively uniform regions such as liver and fat. The measured variances were related to mAs through the power-law relationship σ2 = α(mAs)^(−β). Results: For liver, β is 1.0±0.10 for FBP and 0.4±0.12 for MBIR. The difference in β between the two methods is statistically significant (p<0.001). For patients with a given size (effective diameter∼28 cm), the α value is 1.2×10⁵ for FBP and 600 for MBIR. The R2 value fitting was 0.96±0.03. Conclusion: As long as the noise magnitude of a standard dose FBP image is known, in addition to predicting the noise magnitude of the corresponding MBIR image at the same dose, one can also predict the noise magnitude of the MBIR image at reduced dose. Therefore, it is both plausible and necessary to establish a new NI-mAs correspondence system for the MBIR. This work was partially supported by an NIH grant R01CA169331 and GE Healthcare. K. Li, D. Gomez-Cardona, M. G. Lubner: Nothing to disclose. P. J. Pickhardt: Co-founder, VirtuoCTC, LLC Stockholder, Cellectar Biosciences, Inc. G.- H. Chen: Research funded, GE Healthcare; Research funded, Siemens AX.
THE CHICKEN OR THE EGG: A RECENT HISTORY OF PUBLIC OPINION AND TAX REFORM IN FLORIDA

Public dislike of taxes led to tax revolt and tax reform. Despite the connection between tax attitudes and tax policy, relatively little is known about public attitudes toward taxes over time, and how public opinion either shapes or is shaped by changes in tax policy. We examine the link between opinion and changes in tax policy in Florida, where the public’s view of sales and property taxes was surveyed consistently from 1979-1997, a time when both taxes changed significantly. This combination of tax reform and survey data allows us to observe the pattern of public opinion before, during, and after changes in tax policy, and to draw inferences about whether public opinion leads or lags state action, while examining common explanations for individual differences in opinion. Among other things, our results indicate that the portrait of an anti-tax populace is overdrawn and that the pattern of opinion differs for each tax.
Examining the local response in the mucosa: how microfold cells act as first responders during a bordetella infection (MPF3P.811)

During a respiratory tract infection, the first interaction between the pathogen and host occurs at the mucosal interface. Microfold (M) cells, specialized antigen sampling cells associated with the mucosa and recently identified in the respiratory tract (Kim, D.Y, et al., 2011), are considered the gateway of the initial immune response because they are constantly binding and taking up soluble and inert antigens as well as commensals and pathogens. To determine how M cells contribute to the generation of an appropriate immune response against an invading pathogen, we investigated the response of villous M cells to the respiratory pathogen B. bronchiseptica using a co-culture system and in the murine nasal cavity. Since M cells must quickly respond to initiate a mucosal immune response following the binding of an antigen, we measured changes in mRNA encoding the cytokines and chemokines interleukin-4, interleukin-17, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 α, and tumor necrosis factor-α in culture as well as the ability of B. bronchiseptica to adhere to M cells. To directly measure the response of M cells to B. bronchiseptica in vivo, laser capture microdissection was used to isolate M cells, and gene expression changes were compared during different stages of B. bronchiseptica infection. These results will inform our understanding of the initial interactions between Bordetella and host cells, which will impact the development of an appropriate immune response.
The NF-κB Regulator Bcl-3 Governs Dendritic Cell Antigen Presentation Functions in Adaptive Immunity

Bcl-3 is an atypical member of the IκB family and modulates gene expression via interaction with p50/NF-κB1 or p52/NF-κB2 homodimers. We report in the present study that Bcl-3 is required in dendritic cells (DCs) to assure effective priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Lack of Bcl-3 in bone marrow–derived DCs blunted their ability to expand and promote effector functions of T cells upon Ag/adjuvant challenge in vitro and after adoptive transfers in vivo. Importantly, the critical role of Bcl-3 for priming of T cells was exposed upon Ag/adjuvant challenge of mice specifically ablated of Bcl-3 in DCs. Furthermore, Bcl-3 in endogenous DCs was necessary for contact hypersensitivity responses. Bcl-3 modestly aided maturation of DCs, but most consequentially, Bcl-3 promoted their survival, partially inhibiting expression of several antiapoptotic genes. Loss of Bcl-3 accelerated apoptosis of bone marrow–derived DCs during Ag presentation to T cells, and DC survival was markedly impaired in the context of inflammatory conditions in mice specifically lacking Bcl-3 in these cells. Conversely, selective overexpression of Bcl-3 in DCs extended their lifespan in vitro and in vivo, correlating with increased capacity to prime T cells. These results expose a previously unidentified function for Bcl-3 in DC survival and the generation of adaptive immunity.
Hard magnetization direction and its relation with magnetic permeability of highly grain-oriented electrical steel

The magnetic properties of highly grain-oriented electrical steel vary along different directions. In order to investigate these properties, standard Epstein samples were cut at different angles to the rolling direction. The hard magnetization direction was found at an angle of 60° to the rolling direction. To compare the measured and fitting curves, when the magnetic field intensity is higher than 7000 A/m, it is appropriate to simulate the relation of magnetic permeability and magnetization angle using the conventional elliptical model. When the magnetic field intensity is less than 3000 A/m, parabolic fitting models should be used; but when the magnetic field intensity is between 3000 and 7000 A/m, hybrid models with high accuracy, as proposed in this paper, should be applied. Piecewise relation models of magnetic permeability and magnetization angle are significant for improving the accuracy of electromagnetic engineering calculations of electrical steel, and these new models could be applied in further industrial applications.
Allele frequency misspecification: effect on power and Type I error of model-dependent linkage analysis of quantitative traits under random ascertainment.

Studies of model-based linkage analysis show that trait or marker model misspecification leads to decreasing power or increasing Type I error rate. An increase in Type I error rate is seen when marker related parameters (e.g., allele frequencies) are misspecified and ascertainment is through the trait, but lod-score methods are expected to be robust when ascertainment is random (as is often the case in linkage studies of quantitative traits). In previous studies, the power of lod-score linkage analysis using the "correct" generating model for the trait was found to increase when the marker allele frequencies were misspecified and parental data were missing. An investigation of Type I error rates, conducted in the absence of parental genotype data and with misspecification of marker allele frequencies, showed that an inflation in Type I error rate was the cause of at least part of this apparent increased power. To investigate whether the observed inflation in Type I error rate in model-based LOD score linkage was due to sampling variation, the trait model was estimated from each sample using REGCHUNT, an automated segregation analysis program used to fit models by maximum likelihood using many different sets of initial parameter estimates. The Type I error rates observed using the trait models generated by REGCHUNT were usually closer to the nominal levels than those obtained when assuming the generating trait model. This suggests that the observed inflation of Type I error upon misspecification of marker allele frequencies is at least partially due to sampling variation. Thus, with missing parental genotype data, lod-score linkage is not as robust to misspecification of marker allele frequencies as has been commonly thought.
Focus on . . . Interest Rates for Terminating Defined Benefit Plans

This article discusses changes the PPA has made to the rules governing defined benefit plan interest rates as they are used to calculate the value of optional forms of benefit, including lump sums. In regard to terminating plans, plan sponsors must be aware of the delicate balance between the PPA's new plan qualification requirements and ERISA's separate Title IV termination rules.
The Exergy Fields in Processes

This paper is a very brief review of the method for analyzing the space and time dependent exergy and irreversibility fields in processes. It presents the basic equations, the method for their use, and three examples from the work of the author and his former graduate students: flow desiccation, combustion of oil droplets, and combustion of pulverized coal. Conclusions from this Second Law analysis are used to attempt process improvement suggestions.
Azimuthal correlations with high-pT multi-hadron cluster triggers in Au+Au collisions at \sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200 GeV from STAR

Di-hadron correlation measurements have been used to probe di-jet production in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. A strong suppression of the away-side high-pT yield in these measurements is direct evidence that high-pT partons lose energy as they traverse the strongly interacting medium. However, since the momentum of the trigger particle is not a good measure of the jet energy, azimuthal di-hadron correlations have limited sensitivity to the shape of the fragmentation function. We explore the possibility to better constrain the initial parton energy by using clusters of multiple high-pT hadrons in a narrow cone as the ‘trigger particle’ in the azimuthal correlation analysis. We present first results from this analysis of multi-hadron triggered correlated yields in Au+Au collisions at \( \sqrt {s_{NN} } \) = 200 GeV from STAR. The results are compared with measurements in d + Au collisions and Pythia calculations, and the implications for energy loss and jet fragmentation are discussed.
A simple electrolytic method for cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing

An electrolytic approach to cutting small-diameter stainless steel tubing is described. The method is superior to abrasion or manual methods because it produces a clear lumen in the smallest diameter tubing available. The method is simple, quick, and inexpensive and has been found valuable for making small injection needles, small tissue punches, and for repairing broken or occluded microliter syringes.
Theory of zeolite supralattices: Se in zeolite Linde type A

We study theoretically properties of Se clusters in zeolites, and choose zeolite Linde type A (LTA) as a prototype system. The geometries of free-space Se clusters are first determined, and we report the energetics and electronic and vibrational properties of these clusters. The work on clusters includes an investigation of the energetics of C3-C1 defect formation in Se rings and chains. The electronic properties of two Se crystalline polymorphs, trigonal Se and α-monoclinic Se, are also determined. Electronic and vibrational properties of the zeolite LTA are investigated. Next we investigate the electronic and optical properties of ring-like Se clusters inside the large α-cages of LTA. We find that Se clusters inside cages of silaceous LTA have very little interaction with the zeolite, and that the HOMO-LUMO gaps (HOMO standing for highest occupied molecular orbital and LUMO for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) are nearly those of the isolated cluster. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of Se6, Se8, and Se12 are found to be similar, which makes it difficult to identify them experimentally by absorption spectroscopy. We find that the zeolite/Se8 nanocomposite is lower in energy than the two separated systems. We also investigate two types of infinite chain encapsulated in LTA. Finally, we carry out finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulations for an encapsulated Se12 cluster, which shows cluster melting and formation of nanoscale Se droplets in the α-cages of LTA.
Specific in vitro binding of radiolabeled antibodies to cell surface antigens: interaction of antihuman thymocyte globulin with human target cells.

Abstract We have developed a highly sensitive and reproducible in vitro method to measure the rate and amount of binding of radiolabeled antibodies to target cells. We reduced non-specific binding of the antibodies to the target cells approx. 92% by removing protein aggregates from the antibody solutions. Using a specially designed cup that simultaneously allows washing and collection of target cells, cell loss was eliminated. This method was used to study the in vitro binding properties of the IgG fraction of anti-human thymocyte globulin (ATG) to nucleated human cells and to cells of other species. We found the initial rapid uptake of labeled ATG-IgG slowed with prolonged incubation. Incubation temperature and ATG concentration increased the rate of uptake. Sequential absorption studies indicated that intial uptake was due to rapidly binding antibodies. After these antibodies were removed, the rate of binding for antibodies that remained was several fold less than that of the antibodies removed by the initial absorption. Since temperature and the concentration of antibody and target cells can be rigidly controlled, this in vitro model system is ideally suited to quantify optimal conditions and kinetics of antibody binding to cell membrane antigens. Furthermore, the binding properties of antibody subpopulations in an antiserum may be determined by this technique. The maximum antibody binding capacity of various cell types can also be measured using the technique with a precision of ± 14% on replicate determinations.
Electrophoretic variation in muscle lactate dehydrogenase in snake valley cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki subsp.

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoretic variation observed in muscle A group lactate dehydrogenase in Shake Valley cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki subsp.) suggested the presence of two variant alleles at the A1 locus and a null allele at the A2 locus. 2. 2. The taxonomic status of the Snake Valley cutthroat trout was reviewed.
Accurate and Simultaneous Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Organic Semi-conducting Materials

How to accurately determine carrier mobility and density in organic semiconducting materials is a very important subject for their optoelectronic applications including light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and thin film field-effect transistors. In this work, we report on a unique data analysis procedure for space-charge limited currents to simultaneously obtain the carrier density and mobility in semiconducting organic-materials. This procedure has been used for a few newly synthesized perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) derivatives with tunable p-stack structures without altering the electronic characteristic of individual molecules. How p-stack structural variation and residual carrier density affect electron transport performance will be discussed.
Incidence and cost burden of post-thrombotic syndrome

Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a long-term complication of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), manifesting as swelling, pain, edema, venous ectasia, and skin induration of the affected limb. PTS has been estimated to affect 23-60% of individuals with DVT, frequently occurring within 2 years of the DVT episode. Symptomatic DVT, post-operative asymptomatic DVT, and recurrent DVT are all risk factors for the development of PTS. Treatment of PTS is often ineffective and treatment-related costs represent a healthcare burden. Therefore, prevention of DVT is essential to reduce PTS, and thus improve outcomes and reduce overall healthcare costs. Although recommended by guidelines, appropriate DVT prophylaxis remains considerably underused. This review evaluates the incidence, risk factors, and economic impact of PTS. Increasing the awareness of PTS, and the methods to prevent this complication may help reduce its incidence, improve long-term outcomes in patients, and decrease resulting costs associated with treatment.
Topical and Intralesional Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Efficacy and Cost Comparisons

BackgroundTopical chemotherapy, topical immunomodulators, or intralesional chemotherapy may be used to treat nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC).ObjectivesTo review the cost and efficacy of topical and intralesional therapies for NMSC.MethodsLiterature search assessing the efficacy of NMSC treatment with
The Björk-Shiley Convexo-Concave Heart Valve Experience from the Perspective of the Supervisory Panel

The 20-year activities of a medical supervisory panel appointed under the terms of a settlement agreement of the Bowling v. Pfizer class action suit involving the Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave (BSCC) heart valve are detailed. Of approximately 86,000 valves implanted, catastrophic failure of the valve was reported in 663 patients from 1978 to 2012. In 1994, a 7-member medical panel consisting of cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, epidemiologists, and a nontechnical chairman was appointed by the federal court. The panel collected clinical and manufacturing data, supported epidemiologic studies assessing risk factors for valve fracture, and developed guidelines for payment for explanting potentially defective valves in patients. Three sets of guidelines, based on comparisons of estimated risks of valve fracture versus risks of valve replacement surgery, were issued by the panel to help guide patients and their physicians in decisions about explanting valves. In addition, the panel supported research directed at identifying valves at risk for outlet strut fracture. The primary techniques evaluated included analyzing acoustic signals from the valves, imaging valves for potential cracks in the struts, and structural analyses of Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave valves, but none proved applicable for large-scale surveillance of the patient population. The panel also became a patient advocate and acted as an intermediary between the manufacturer and the attorneys initiating the legal settlement. The panel's experiences may help inform future strategies for guideline development for other medical devices or procedures involving risk-benefit comparisons.
Disseminated histoplasmosis diagnosed by computed tomography directed needle biopsy of an adrenal mass.

Abstract Disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed by a computed tomographic (CT) directed needle biopsy of an adrenal mass. A 53-year-old man presented with a nonproductive cough, bilateral flank discomfort, and constitutional symptoms. Physical exam revealed mild hepatomegaly and tenderness. Chest radiograph revealed two destructive bone lesions. An abdominal CT scan demonstrated bilateral adrenal masses. Needle biopsy of the left adrenal mass revealed histoplasmosis. A rib resection or exploratory laparotomy was avoided. He has been completely free of evidence of disease for b months following completion of antibiotic therapy.
Historical GIS

Explaining much of what exists today or has happened in the past can be approached from both spatial and temporal perspectives. Often overlooked by traditional methodologies and paradigms, the locational element can provide significant new analytical perspectives and explanations that open up fresh opportunities for research. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies in the pursuit of historical research is emerging as an intriguing approach to understanding our world and its underlying historical dimension.
Short-term response to adalimumab in childhood inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Adalimumab is effective for adults with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD). Data in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is sparse. We aim to evaluate pediatric IBD response to adalimumab. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of pediatric IBD patients treated with adalimumab. We defined response as either a decrease in the disease activity index severity or remission after 3–6 months of treatment. Results: Ten patients were identified. Seven had CD, three had ulcerative colitis (UC). All had colonic disease and disease in either the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. Eight patients initially responded to infliximab, 5 with CD and 3 with UC; 2 CD patients had incomplete data for evaluation. The mean and median times between initial infliximab and initial adalimumab were 29.5 and 24 months, respectively. Eight patients responded to adalimumab 40 mg or 80 mg biweekly, or 80 mg initial dose followed by 40 mg biweekly. The mean Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) in CD patients before and after adalimumab were 12 and 4.2, respectively (normal ≤10). The mean Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) in UC patients before and after adalimumab were 9 and 5.1, respectively (normal <10). Corticosteroids were weaned off in 4/7 patients at 1 to 10 months after initiation of adalimumab. One patient with CD and 1 patient with UC failed adalimumab, required surgery, and remained on corticosteroids. Conclusions: Adalimumab is useful in pediatric IBD patients who become intolerant of infliximab. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008)
Sleep and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.

Abstract Objective To examine the associations between sleep problems and quality of life (QoL) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods Prospective correlational study using parent-report forms to measure QoL and sleep disorder symptoms. Two groups comprised of 41 children with CP and 91 typically developing (TD) controls age 8–12 years participated in a prospective correlational study. Results Measures were the PedsQL-4.0 Generic scales and the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire, with subscales of interest including sleep disordered breathing (SDB), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), insomnia (INS) and snoring (SNOR). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that EDS contributed unique variance in physical QoL, and INS contributed unique variance in psychosocial QoL in children with CP; for TD children, sleep disorder symptoms were infrequent and not associated with physical or psychosocial QoL. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of assessing sleep difficulties when addressing the needs of children with CP.
Perinatal cocaine exposure impairs myocardial beta-adrenoceptor signaling in the neonatal rat.

UNLABELLED Cardiac dysfunction occurs in infants with prenatal cocaine exposure, and gestational cocaine exposure induces presynaptic and postsynaptic changes in the central monoaminergic receptor pathways. The hypothesis of this study is that prenatal cocaine exposure adversely affects the peripheral adrenergic receptor (betaAR) signaling pathway in the neonatal rat heart. Timed pregnant rats received daily intragastric treatment with saline or cocaine 20 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg from Gestational Day 2 until parturition. After birth, nursing mothers either continued to receive the same treatment or received no treatment. Adenylyl cyclase activity, betaAR density, and the amount of immunoreactive G proteins were measured in myocardial membranes obtained from the offspring on Postnatal Day 1 or 7. On Postnatal Day 1, prenatal cocaine exposure increased the betaAR number but did not affect isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. On Postnatal Day 7, perinatal cocaine exposure significantly attenuated isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in the absence of betaAR up-regulation. Prenatal cocaine exposure also significantly increased Gi protein and reduced GTP-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in Postnatal Day 1 cocaine (20 mg/kg) pups compared with saline (P < 0.05). Therefore, perinatal cocaine exposure impaired the myocardial betaAR-cAMP signaling pathway during the first week of postnatal life in the rat. IMPLICATIONS This study shows that maternal cocaine use during pregnancy impairs the beta-adrenoceptor signaling pathway in the rat during the first week of life. Abnormal cardiac function in the cocaine-exposed neonate may be related to a defect in beta-adrenoceptors, because they regulate cardiac function.
Uncooled detector development at Raytheon

At the 2010 meeting of the Defense and Security Symposia Raytheon reported on the status of their efforts to establish a high rate uncooled detector manufacturing capability. At that time we had just finished the transition of the 640 × 480, 25 μm product to our 200 mm wafer fab line at Freescale semiconductor and established an automated packaging and test capability. Over the past year we have continued to build on that foundation. In this paper we will report on this year's progress in completing the transition of our 25 μm product line to Freescale semiconductor. Included will be the 320 × 240 product transition and a summary of SPC and defectivity data from one year's production. Looking beyond 25 μm, we are well along in our transition of the 17 μm product line to Freescale, with test results being available for the 640 × 480. Additionally, we will report on progress / status of the Tailwind program, which is developing a 2048 × 1536, 17 μm uncooled sensor. Data to be reported includes the establishment of subfield stitching at a high rate commercial fab and the development of the detector package and electronics. With 17 μm transitioned to production, Raytheon has started work on the HD LWIR program, which is laying the foundation for the next generation of uncooled detectors by further shrinking the pixel to <17 μm. With the HD LWIR program just beginning, we will review our development strategy and program plan.
Capacity of finite alphabet channels with noisy feedback

In [1], the authors characterized the noisy feedback capacity in terms of the residual directed information. However, this characterization may not be computable due to the probabilistic limit and code-functions in the formula. In this paper, we first explore a necessary and sufficient condition for the strong converse property of channels with noisy feedback. Then, for channels satisfying the strong converse property, we characterize the capacity in terms of the causal conditional directed information, which is a simplified version of the characterization in [1]. This new characterization may be computable by applying some technical algorithms (e.g. dynamic programming) which are used in computing the well-known directed information.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the nanometer-scale mechanical properties of compressed Buckminsterfullerene

Molecular dynamics simulation techniques and an analytic many-body potential function have been used to study a spherical C60 cluster (“Buckminsterfullerene”) compressed between graphite planes. We find that the cluster can reversibly deform under anisotropic compression to a radius (in the direction of compression) that is 13 that of the uncompressed cluster. On compression the restoring pressure first rises and then exhibits a distinct drop beginning at a pressure of about 3 GPa. This drop in pressure is a result of a reversible change which occurs when the cluster transforms to a disc-like structure. Further compression results in a rise in pressure with a slope different from the initial compression.
Increase in out-based physician diagnoses of bipolar disorder in youth in the USA.

Mark Olfson Correspondence to: Mark Olfson, MD, MPH, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; mo49@columbia.edu ### Question: How do patterns of outpatient visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder differ between 1994 and 2003 for youths and adults? ### Population: Representative sample of people visiting out-based physicians in the USA. Data were collected through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), an annual survey which samples a nationally representative group of visits to doctors engaged in direct patient care. ### Setting: Out-based physicians across the USA; 1994–2003. ### Assessment: As part of the NAMCS, for one week during the year selected physicians completed a questionnaire about each patient visit (collecting demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics). To look at temporal trends in visits with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, researchers pooled data for the following years: 1994–5, 1996–7, 1998–9, 2000–1, and 2002–3. Trends were compared in two different age groups, 0–19 year olds (youths) and 20+ year olds (adults). ### Outcomes: Visits per 100 000 population at which a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (ICD-9-CM) was received, proportion of visits …
Bubble behavior in liquids contained in vertically vibrated tanks.

Violent bubble behavior in liquids contained in vertically vibrated tanks caused by water hammer type of resonance
Effects of the 2 × 1 reconstruction on the electronic structure of the (111) surface of Si and Ge

Abstract We have studied the electronic surface properties of the (2 × 1) reconstructed (111) surface of a diamond-structure semiconductor with a simple sp 3 Hamiltonian. Different models for the reconstruction have been analysed. We conclude that, in order to explain experimental results, both relaxation and reconstruction effects have to be taken into account.
Oxidation/reduction studies on nanoporous platinum films by electrical resistance measurements

Abstract Mechanisms and kinetics of surface reactions in nanoporous platinum films were investigated. Nanoporous films of platinum of ∼250 nm thickness were deposited on glass slides by co-sputtering Pt and carbon followed by subsequently burning off carbon in air at 450 °C. Electrical resistance was measured in air and in 10% H2 + nitrogen at 80 °C as a function of time. The change in electrical resistance was extremely fast when switched to the H2 + N2 atmosphere. When switched to air, the film resistance increased with time at a much slower rate. The increase in resistance in air was attributed to the formation of Pt-oxide on the internal surfaces of the nanoporous films. The kinetics of oxidation was described by a model which includes two surface kinetic steps and a diffusional step. The use of nanoporous films makes it possible to investigate mechanisms and kinetics of surface reactions by ensuring a large surface to volume ratio. Oxide scale thickness at 80 °C in air after several hours of oxidation was only sub-monolayer. Oxide scale thickness after 3 h at 450 °C was about 1 nm. Implications of the results for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) Pt catalyst degradation are discussed.
DETERRENCE: CREDIBILITY AND PROPORTIONALITY

This paper extends the analysis of deterrence to examine terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and rogue nations. Such situations are characterized by differential pre-emptive and response capacity, in contrast to the traditional deterrence literature on nuclear superpowers, where such factors are absent. We focus on the credibility of deterrence responses to pre-emption and show that credible (subgame-perfect) responses are rarely proportional. The analysis is also extended to asymmetric deterrence scenarios whereby credibility and proportionality depend on the potential aggressor's access to conflict technology and the responder's preferences for indirect conflict vs. the status quo.
Choice of vessel

Abstract Presented with the alternative of a bowl or bottle in which to void a urine specimen, patients often chose the unexpected, with mistakes far more frequent among women than men. The “positives” did not differ significantly from our general office population, but errors by women with medical orientation were numerous.
Spinal transection restores sexual reflexes of rats following suppression by penile sheath removal.

Abstract Supine male rats displayed penile reflexes following retraction of the penile sheath. When the sheath was removed the reflexes were eliminated. However, when the spinal cord was then transected at the midthoracic level (T-9) the reflexes were reinstated to their full potential. This experiment indicates that the release of neural inhibition following spinal cord transection is sufficient to potentiate spinally mediated penile response patterns in the absence of tonic afferent stimulation due to the sheath.
The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana

Unlike many of its fellow sub-Saharan countries, Botswana has avoided the African Growth Tragedy. The success lied in the ability of the government of Botswana to successfully adopt growth-enhancing policies. We argue that the success stems from three factors. First, the government enhanced its legitimacy by relying on traditional sources of authority. Second, the traditional leaders pursued policies that legitimized the political system. Third, the government did not expend resources on military expenditures during its first decade. The interaction of these factors explain Botswana’s success.
An Empirical Investigation into the Distribution of Flatness Measurements

To ensure high yield in the manufacture of compact, small assemblies, the flatness of individual components is strictly toleranced and controlled. Twenty industrial flatness data sets from four separate processes and three different materials are examin..
Female Choice for Male Morphological Traits in House Sparrows, Passer domesticus

Female mate choice for male morphological traits was examined in captive house sparrows in New Mexico, USA. A study of house sparrows in Denmark indicated that male bib size is important in female choice (Moller 1988, 1989). To examine this issue further, and to compare the selective pressures on male morphological traits between the two populations, bibs of males were manipulated to one of four standard sizes and females were allowed to choose from four males, one of each bib size. The amount of time the female spent with each male was recorded for 40 trials. Males were then ranked in each trial, with a rank of 4 given to the male the female spent the most time with. The ranks a male obtained were then averaged to provide an indication of a male's attractiveness to females. Data from 23 different males indicated that bib size was not correlated with a male's average rank, even when the effects of other traits were controlled statistically. In addition, the size of the original (unaltered) bib was not correlated with male average rank. Bill depth was the only trait significantly correlated with a male's average rank. Differences in the populations studied or the methodologies used may have led to differences between the results obtained in this study and that of Moller (1988).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Stereotactic Localization of the Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus

Objective To optimize the accuracy of initial stereotactic targeting for movement disorders surgery, we performed stereotactic localization of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) using magnetic resonance imaging protocols in which the borders of these nuclei were directly visualized. Methods Fifty-one consecutive cases using the pallidal target and six using the subthalamic target were studied. Localization of these nuclei was performed using the Leksell stereotactic head frame and inversion recovery sequences (GPi) or T2-weighted spin echo sequences (STN). Targeting accuracy and individual variation in the spatial coordinates of these structures were independently measured by identification of nuclear boundaries during multiple microelectrode penetrations. Results The lateral and vertical coordinates of an atlas-defined point in the GPi, with respect to the line between the anterior and posterior commissures, was highly variable. Initial targeting the GPi based on direct visualization of the target boundaries (external medullary lamina and optic tract) resulted in greater precision than would be expected using fixed anterior and posterior commissure-based coordinates. Initial targeting the STN using magnetic resonance imaging was sufficiently precise to place the initial microelectrode penetration within STN in all six cases. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging-based initial stereotactic targeting of the GPi, based on direct visualization of the target boundaries, is useful to improve target accuracy over that of purely indirect anterior and posterior commissure-based targeting methods. Initial targeting of the STN was reliably accomplished by direct visualization. However, there remains sufficient variability that the final target location in both GPi and STN required electrophysiological mapping in all cases.
Crack Formation in Soil Landfill Covers Due To Thermal Contraction

Soil landfill covers in the northern United States experience ground freezing to depths of 2 m or more. During periods of decreasing winter temperatures, thermal contraction will increase tensile stresses creating the potential for crack formation. If elastic soil behaviour is assumed, a drop of only 2 or 3°C will generate significant tensile stresses. Climatological data examined for three locations, along with computed ground temperatures, show larger drops in temperature. Frozen cover soils are comparatively weak in tension. Cracks, once initiated, can propagate unstably through the frozen soil, and may extend deeper than the tensile stresses to which they owe their growth. Simple elastic soil behaviour used with thermal strains does not provide adequate information for predicting thermal contraction and crack formation. Information is needed on the thermal contraction behaviour of frozen soils, on the extent to which soil creep will reduce the tensile stresses, and on criteria suitable for preventing crack formation.
Radiation effects in high-temperature superconductors: A brief review

A brief review of the published results on radiation effects in high-temperature superconductors is given. The focus is on six observations: lack of ionization damage, displacement damage, displacement thresholds near 20 eV, effects on transition temperature and critical current, amorphization, and atomic site- and sublattice-specific damage processes. It is concluded that these new ceramic superconductors have a very complex interaction with radiation fields. For ambient-temperature, fast-neutron irradiation, they show effects similar to those observed for A-15 superconductors. However, their total response is far more complex.
Constructive stability and asymptotic stability of dynamical systems

In an earlier paper, the authors presented an algorithm for constructing a Liapunov function for a dynamical system. In this paper, we present theorems which allow the algorithm to be used In proving the asymptotic stability of dynamical systems, both difference and differential equations. The notion of an asymptotically stable set of matrices is introduced, and is shown to be a sufficient condition for the algorithm's termination in a finite number of steps. The instability stopping criterion is strengthened and the efficiency of the algorithm is improved in a number of ways. We investigate the tightness of our method by applying it to two-dimensional systems for which necessary and sufficient conditions for stability are known.
Comparative Tracking Error Analysis of Five Different Optical Tracking Systems

Objective: Effective utilization of an optical tracking system for image-based surgical guidance requires optimal placement of the dynamic reference frame (DRF) with respect to the tracking camera. Unlike other studies that measure the overall accuracy of a particular navigation system, this study investigates the precision of one component of the navigation system: the optical tracking system (OTS). The precision of OTS measurements is quantified asjitter. By measuring jitter, one can better understand how system inaccuracies depend on the position of the DRF with respect to the camera.Materials and Methods: Both FlashPoint™ (Image Guided Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colorado) and Polaris™ (Northern Digital Inc., Ontario, Canada) optical tracking systems were tested in five different camera and DRF configurations. A linear testing apparatus with a software interface was designed to facilitate data collection. Jitter measurements were collected over a single quadrant within the camera viewing volume, as s...
Trajectory-dependent energy- and charge-transfer in collisions of Br+(3P2) with Pt(111)

Abstract Collisions of hyperthermal energy Br + ( 3 P 2 ) with Pt(1 1 1) produces scattered Br − ( 1 S 0 ) with a yield approaching 7%. The energy distribution of the scattered product exhibits an unusual dependence on the collision energy. Specifically, as the incident energy increases from 34 to 54 eV, the peak energy of scattered Br − ( 1 S 0 ) decreases. Furthermore, the anion yield reaches a sharp maximum when Br + ( 3 P 2 ) approaches the surface with 26 eV of translational energy. The unusual scattering behavior is attributed to a trajectory dependent collision-induced deformation of the lattice. The corresponding electronic perturbation evolves synchronously with the motion of the departing projectile – leading to an enhanced charge-transfer probability.