cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model formalism of paramagnetic solid helium-3

The statistical-thermodynamic formalism of a collection of localized spin-1/2 atoms whose spin Hamiltonian refers to the isotropic antiferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange-interaction scheme is applied here to account for a set of important equilibrium-thermodynamic measurements on paramagnetic solid3He performed some time ago by University of Florida investigators. The measured properties were the temperature-dependent modulations of the pressure, which were proved earlier to arise overwhelmingly from the nuclear spin system. The present formalism of the pressure modulations or of the spin pressures, along specified isochores of the solid, includes the density- or molar-volume-dependent microscopic exchange energy parameter and its derivative. In this paper we have derived directly hitherto unavailable exact values of these parameters from spin pressure data on magnetized solid3He, as well as indirectly through the intermediary of spin pressures in the absence of a magnetic field. The directly derived exact parameters result from a single characteristic equilibrium-thermodynamic state of the solid in the presence of a constant and uniform magnetic field of adequate strength. The indirectly derived but exact parameters, of possibly somewhat lower accuracy, require the knowledge of a single directly derived exchange-energy parameter together with a set of spin pressures of asymptotic high-temperature equilibrium states in the absence of a magnetic field. The indirectly derived microscopic parameters along two of the three experimentally explored magnetized solid isochores yielded calculated spin pressures in fair and acceptable agreement, respectively, with their measured values. The directly derived exact parameters used in calculating the spin pressures along the third experimentally investigated isochore, in the absence of a magnetic field and at three different field strengths, led to complete agreement with the data. These results lend support to the tentative proposition advanced in early work that over a range of temperatures and molar volumes of paramagnetic solid3He, the statistical-thermodynamic formalism based on the antiferromagnetic exchange-interaction scheme may give an acceptable account of the spin pressures as well as of other thermal properties of this quantum solid.
Gridless methods for underdetermined source estimation

The performances of two gridless algorithms for direction of arrival estimation are analyzed, when the number of sources can be larger than the number of array elements. One of these algorithms is a hybrid scheme recently proposed by the authors that uses low rank recovery techniques, and the other is based on total variation (TV) norm minimization scheme. It is shown that when a nested sensor array is used, and the source signals are assumed to be Gaussian, these recovery algorithms can recover O(M2) sources using M sensors with overwhelming probability in the number of time snapshots. 1
A Review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.)

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Chamomilla recutita L., Matricaria chamomilla) is one of the most popular single ingredient herbal teas, or tisanes. Chamomile tea, brewed from dried flower heads, has been used traditionally for medicinal purposes. Evidence-based information regarding the bioactivity of this herb is presented. The main constituents of the flowers include several phenolic compounds, primarily the flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, luteolin and their glucosides. The principal components of the essential oil extracted from the flowers are the terpenoids alpha-bisabolol and its oxides and azulenes, including chamazulene. Chamomile has moderate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and significant antiplatelet activity in vitro. Animal model studies indicate potent antiinflammatory action, some antimutagenic and cholesterol-lowering activities, as well as antispasmotic and anxiolytic effects. However, human studies are limited, and clinical trials examining the purported sedative properties of chamomile tea are absent. Adverse reactions to chamomile, consumed as a tisane or applied topically, have been reported among those with allergies to other plants in the daisy family, i.e. Asteraceae or Compositae.
Athletics and Osteoarthritis

Athletes, and an increasing number of middle aged and older people who want to participate in athletics, may question whether regular vigorous physical activ ity increases their risk of developing osteoarthritis. To answer this, the clinical syndrome of osteoarthritis must be distinguished from periarticular soft tissue pain associated with activity and from the development of osteophytes. Sports that subject joints to repetitive high levels of impact and torsional loading increase the risk of articular cartilage degeneration and the resulting clinical syndrome of osteoarthritis. However, moderate habitual exercise does not increase the risk of osteo arthritis ; selected sports improve strength and mobility in older people and people with mild and moderate osteoarthritis. People with abnormal joint anatomy or alignment, previous significant joint injury or surgery, joint instability, above-average body weight, distur bances of joint or muscle innervation or inadequate muscle strength probably have increas...
Synthesis and Characterization of the New Ternary Nitride (Fe0.8W0.2)WN2

The new layered ternary transition-metal nitride (Fe0.8W0.2)WN2has been synthesized in a single-step ammonolysis of the transition-metal oxide precursor Fe2(WO4)3. The nitride was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction,a=2.87 A,c=10.96 A. The proposed structure consists of alternating layers ofMN6(M=W:Fe (1:4)) octahedra andM′N6(M′=W) trigonal prisms. Four-probe conductivity measurements indicate poor metallic conductivity with a very small temperature dependence.
Controversies in the treatment of bronchiolitis.

Purpose of review Bronchiolitis is a very common and potentially serious respiratory disease of young children. To date, there is not a single, widely practiced, evidence-driven treatment approach. This review summarizes important recently published studies on the treatment of acute bronchiolitis for both outpatients and hospitalized children. Recent findings Bronchodilators, epinephrine, and corticosteroids have all been used in the treatment of bronchiolitis. As with older studies, most recently published randomized clinical trials have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy in the use of these medications to treat either outpatients or infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Further, several meta-analyses and systematic reviews on this subject have been published in the last year or 2. Once again, most fail to provide convincing evidence to support the routine use of these medications to treat bronchiolitis. Summary The routine and repetitive use of bronchodilators, epinephrine, or corticosteroids to treat bronchiolitis in the absence of demonstrated clinical benefits for individual patients is not justified.
Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura

IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) are related diseases characterized by deposits of IgA1-containing immune complexes in the renal mesangium. Adult patients with IgA nephropathy have aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 (galactose-deficient O-linked glycans) in the circulation and renal deposits. However, IgA1 glycosylation has not been studied in pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy. Using our quantitative lectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, we measured serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 of children with IgA nephropathy and HSPN and controls. Children with IgA nephropathy and HSPN had serum levels higher than those of healthy children or renal-disease controls with C1q nephropathy. Furthermore, lectin ELISA identified patients with HSPN whose clinical course mimicked that of IgA nephropathy. In summary, pediatric patients with IgA nephropathy and HSPN have an aberrancy in the glycosylation in IgA1 O-linked glycans that is similar to that in adults with IgA nephropathy.
Fluctuations in neural activity during cocaine self-administration: clues provided by brain thermorecording

Since metabolic neural activity is accompanied by heat release, measurement of local brain temperature offers a method for assessing alterations in neural activity. This approach, continuous monitoring of local brain (ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum, and hippocampus) and body (temporal muscle) temperature, was used to study intravenous cocaine self-administration in trained rats. The first self-administration of a session was preceded by a strong temperature increase that continued after the drug infusion. After peaking at the time of the second self-administration, temperature plateaued (+0.7 °C) with biphasic fluctuations (±0.10–0.15 °C) around each subsequent self-administration. Temperature gradually increased before and for 30–50 s after the lever-press, but then abruptly decreased to a minimum at 180–240 s, when it began to increase to reach another peak immediately after the next lever-press. Doubling the dose of injected cocaine significantly potentiated the post-cocaine temperature decrease and increased time to the next lever-press. In contrast to drug-reinforced lever-presses, temperatures phasically increased after non-reinforced lever-presses and at the end of a session when the lever was blocked and the rat was hyperactive, trying to reach the inaccessible lever. While temperature changes in each recording location were generally correlative, the initial temperature elevation was stronger in all brain structures than in muscle and ventral striatum was the structure that showed the most pronounced and consistent temperature fluctuations. These data suggest a generalized brain activation associated with cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking behavior with its phasic fluctuations around individual drug self-injections. While the initial component of brain activation preceding the first lever-press for cocaine is internally determined and closely related to behavioral search, subsequent biphasic fluctuations in neural activity associated with repeated drug intakes appear to be drug-mediated. Cocaine-induced potentiation of monoamine transmission is a possible factor for gradual increases in neural activity that drive cocaine seeking, while a rapid, brain concentration-dependent action on Na+ transport (local anesthetic action) is the most probable factor determining an abrupt, transient cessation of neural activation associated with cocaine reward.
Efficient Fractionation and Improved Protein Identification by Peptide OFFGEL Electrophoresis

The sample fractionation steps conducted prior to mass detection are critically important for the comprehensive analysis of complex protein mixtures. This paper illustrates the effectiveness of OFFGEL electrophoresis with the Agilent 3100 OFFGEL Fractionator for the fractionation of peptides. An Escherichia coli tryptic digest was separated in 24 fractions, and peptides were identified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a microfluidic device with mass spectrometric detection. About 90% of the identified individual peptides were found in only one or two fractions. The distribution of the calculated isoelectric points for the peptides identified in each fraction was especially narrow in the acidic pH range. Standard deviations approached the size of the pH segment covered by the respective fraction. The experimental peptide isoelectric point measured by OFFGEL electrophoresis was used as an additional filter for validation of peptide identifications.
Three-Dimensional Laminar Buoyant Flow in A Horizontal Circular Cylinder with Differentially Heated End Walls at High Rayleigh Numbers

A numerical study is made of natural convection inside a horizontal cylinder with differentially heated ends. The geometric aspect ratio L/R is taken to be 2.0, and the Rayleigh number varies from 10 4 to 10 7 . The approach is based on primitive-variable finite differences discretized in generalized orthogonal coordinates. The governing equations are given in curvilinear orthogonal coordinates and the corresponding finite-difference control-volume formulation is presented. The resulting flow and temperature fields are compared to those known for other aspect ratios and Rayleigh numbers. Overall heat transfer data have also been obtained and compared with those from several approximate theories.
Minority Student Attrition Research: Higher Education’s Challenge for Human Resource Development

This article addresses higher education’s major challenge for human resource development in the 1990s and beyond—enrolling and retaining to graduation our nation’s racial/ethnic minority students. At the institutional level, this challenge suggests the need for ongoing research and positive intervention. The first section focuses on the interrelationships among human resource development needs, problems associated with the underrepresentation of minorities in higher education, and the subsequent participation of minorities in the skilled labor force. The second section relates these issues to institution-level attrition research as an effective tool with which to more effectively retain students and begin to address the mismatch between future job opportunities and workers’ skill levels. The third section employs the interaction theoretical perspective to warn predominantly White colleges and universities (PWCUs) against basing intervention strategies upon research whose assumptions and recommendations be...
AMOUNTS OF BOUND AND FREE WATER IN AN ORGANIC COLLOID AT DIFFERENT DEGREES OF HYDRATION.

All of the water in a colloidal system does not possess the same physical properties. This is shown by the fact that when the vapor pressure of the water in such systems is reduced, all of the water does not act as a solvent and some of it cannot be removed by pressure or by freezing. The water in the system which is free to exert those properties characteristic of the bulk of the water in dilute solutions has been termed free water in contrast to
role of protein phosphatases in the regulation of nonspecific cytotoxic cell activity

In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the protein phosphatase (PPase) inhibitors sodium fluoride (fluoride), sodium orthovanadate (vanadate), and lithium chloride on nonspecific cytotoxic cell (NCC) lysis of target cells. Both vanadate and fluoride stimulated NCC activity. Lithium chloride had no effects. Optimum enhancement for "normal" NCC was at low effector:target cell ratios and at least 30 min treatment was required to achieve maximum activation effects. Fluoride, but not vanadate activation effects were largely reversible. Vanadate, 2.5-10 mM, produced a 5-10-fold increase in cytotoxicity at 25:1 E:T, whereas less than twofold increases were produced by these concentrations at 100:1. NCC activity from "stressed" fish that had essentially no cytotoxic activity were also activated by vanadate. In vitro preincubation of NCC with 10-20 mM fluoride or 2.5-10 mM vanadate produced up to a 20-fold increase in stressed cytotoxicity. Combined treatments with 2.5 mM vanadate and 20 mM fluoride produced even greater responses. In vivo responses to vanadate were also determined. Treatment of catfish by immersion in 50 microM vanadate produced significant increases in cytotoxicity by 24-48 h posttreatment. Activation of cytotoxicity was not accompanied by increases in percentage of NCC (small lymphocyte content) or in total cell numbers in anterior kidney tissue. These studies indicated that levels of NCC activity are partially regulated by control of dephosphorylation of membrane proteins. Inability of NCC from stressed fish to lyse IM-9 target cells was reversed (probably) by disruption of an equilibrium between kinase and phosphatase activities. Normal NCC were "superactivated" only under conditions were they were in limiting numbers. These data show that phosphatases must be considered as active participants in regulation of signal transduction processes.
Excision of the epothilone synthetase B cyclization domain and demonstration of in trans condensation/cyclodehydration activity

The epothilones are potent anticancer natural products produced by a polyketide synthase (PKS)-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) hybrid involving proteins EpoA-F. The single NRPS module of the epothilone assembly line, EpoB, is a distinct subunit of approximately 160 kDa and consists of four successive domains: cyclization, adenylation, oxidation, and peptidyl carrier protein (Cy-A-Ox-PCP). The cyclization domain is responsible for introduction of the thiazoline heterocycle into the growing polyketide/nonribosomal peptide chain from the precursors malonyl-CoA and cysteine through the multiple steps of condensation, cyclization, and dehydration. This enzyme-bound thiazoline intermediate is subsequently oxidized to a thiazole by the EpoB Ox domain. The EpoB module was dissected to provide 57 kDa EpoB(Cy) and 102 kDa EpoB(A-Ox-PCP) as subunit fragments to evaluate Cy as a free-standing domain. EpoB was reconstituted by these fragments in trans to generate the methylthiazole product. Using this system, apparent kinetic constants for the upstream acyl donor EpoA(ACP) and EpoB(Cy) were determined, providing a measure of affinity for the naturally occurring interface of the amino terminus of EpoB and the EpoA carboxy terminus. Site-directed mutants in excised EpoB(Cy) were prepared and used to examine residues involved in condensation and heterocycle formation. This work demonstrates the ability to define a functional Cy domain by excision from its native NRPS module, and examine both its protein-protein interactions and mechanism of activity.
In The Field Measurement Of Image Intensifier Tube Contrast: Results, 1981

An important parameter in any image intensifier-based fluoroscopic or fluorographic imaging system is the percent contrast (also called the Veiling Glare) of the image intensifier tube itself. A photographic technique for the measurement of this important parameter in-the-field, developed by the author over the last six years, has been used over the past year to survey seventy-five (75) different image intensifier tubes. Results for the percent contrast measurements for this group of image intensifier tubes will be given. Based on these results, a rating system of "low", "low normal", "normal", and "high normal" is established. Different rating schemes are derived for image intensifier tubes installed before 1979 (average percent contrast = 70%) and installed 1979 to 1981 (average percent contrast = 77%). Pitfalls in the application of the photographic technique of image intensifier tube contrast determination, as well as crosschecks on the method, are also discussed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental determination of elution requirements in displacement ion exchange

Abstract It is clear that the progress of separation of any number of lanthanons by displacement ion-exchange elution can be predicted by expressions derived from the basic equilibria involved. The computation process can be reversed so that separation factors are obtained from boundary movement diagrams.
School-Based Mental Health Programming for Children with Inattentive and Disruptive Behavior Problems: First-Year Treatment Outcome.

This article examines the effectiveness of an evidence-based behavioral treatment package for children with inattentive and disruptive behavior problems when delivered in the context of a school-based mental health program. Child symptomatology and functioning are assessed in a treatment group (n = 30) and a waitlist control group (n = 12) across multiple time points (fall, winter, and spring). Treatment includes a daily report card procedure, year-long teacher consultation, and parenting sessions. According to the parent report, treated children show marked reductions in hyperactive and impulsive, oppositional or defiant and aggressive behavior, and marked improvement in peer relationships. Teachers observe treatment-related group differences in inattention, academic functioning, and the student-teacher relationship. Feasibility and acceptability data have implications for transporting evidence-based treatments to community settings and for integrating mental health services into the culture of the school community.
ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN METABOLISM AND ECOLOGY OF POLYCHAETES.

Abstract 1. 1. Rhythmic activity has been observed from the polychaetes Clymenella torquata, C. zonalis and C. mucosa. No such activity was observed in Petaloproctus socialis or Branchioasychis americana. 2. 2. The difference in rhythmic activity can be correlated with the ecological niche. Clymenella populations live in anoxic sediments; P. socialis live in coarse sediments. B. americana has filamentous gills. 3. 3. The volume of sediment turned over by C. torquata kept at 26°C was 1 ml/day. 4. 4. The oxyfen consumption of C. torquata is equivalent to 1 cal/day. The food consumed has a caloric value of 10 cal/day.
Nonconformal FETI-DP Methods for Large-Scale Electromagnetic Simulation

Two nonconformal dual-primal finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI-DP) methods are formulated for the finite element simulation of large-scale three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic problems through domain decomposition method (DDM). Both methods implement the Robin-type transmission condition at the subdomain interfaces to preserve the fast convergence of the iterative solution of the global interface problem in the high-frequency region. The first nonconformal FETI-DP method extends the conformal FETI-DP algorithm, which is based on two Lagrange multipliers, to deal with nonconformal interface and corner meshes, and the second method employs cement elements on the interface and combines the global primal unknowns with the global dual unknowns. Similar to the conformal FETI-DP method, the two methods formulate a global coarse problem related to the degrees of freedom at the subdomain corner edges to propagate the residual error to the whole computational domain in the iterative solution of the global interface equation. Numerical results for the simulation of finite antenna arrays, photonic crystal cavities, and dielectric-rod-array metamaterial slabs are presented to demonstrate the application, accuracy, efficiency, and capability of the two proposed nonconformal FETI-DP methods.
FOREIGN POLICY AND IDEOLOGICAL VOTING IN THE U.S. SENATE

This article examines the dimensional structure of roll-call voting in the Senate. Using an unfolding analysis based on interest group ratings, a single ideological dimension is found. The robustness of this dimension is explored by examining how well it explains a series of roll-call votes on foreign policy issues. As anticipated, the ideological dimension predicts these votes better than do other baseline models. This provides strong support for unidimensional theories of congressional voting behavior. Additionally, it suggests that while foreign policy may be substantively different from domestic policy, it is evaluated on the basis of a common ideological dimension.
Adolescents' Attitudes toward Themselves and Cigarette Smokers:

This paper examined the progressive development of adolescents' generalized attitudes toward themselves and cigarette smokers of various ages (n = 699, grades 4 to 12). Adolescents who reported being smokers did not differ from nonsmokers in over-all self-ratings, but they had more favorable and differentiated attitudes toward adolescent and adult smokers.
Pure alexia and covert reading: Evidence from stroop tasks

Patients with pure alexia (also referred to as letter-by-letter readers) show a marked word-length effect when naming visually presented words, evidenced by a monotonic increase in response time (or decrease in accuracy) as a function of the number of letters in the string. Interestingly, despite the difficulty in overtly reporting the identity of some words, many patients exhibit fast and above-chance access to lexical and/or semantic information for the same words. To explore the extent of this covert reading, we examined the degree of interference afforded by the inconsistent (word identity and colour label do not match) versus neutral condition in a Stroop task in a pure alexic patient, EL. EL shows evidence of covert reading on a semantic categorisation task and a lexical decision task. She also demonstrates covert reading by exhibiting Stroop interference of the same magnitude as a matched control subject, when naming the colour of the ink in which a word is printed. When the word shares some but not all letters with the colour name (BLOW instead of BLUE), neither subject shows interference. In contrast with the control subject, EL does not show Stroop interference when various orthographic changes (degraded visual input, cursive font) or phonological or semantic changes are made to the word. These findings indicate that although some implicit processing of words may be possible, this processing is rather rudimentary. Not surprising, this implicit activation may be insufficient to support overt word identification. We explain these findings in the context of a single, integrated account of pure alexia.
Vaginal swab specimen processing methods influence performance of rapid semen detection tests: a cautionary tale.

Abstract Background Detection of semen biomarkers in vaginal fluid can be used to assess women's recent exposure to semen. Quantitative tests for detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) perform well, but are expensive and require specialized equipment. We assessed two rapid immunochromatographic strip tests for identification of semen in vaginal swabs. Study Design We tested 581 vaginal swabs collected from 492 women. Vaginal secretions were eluted into saline, and PSA was measured using the quantitative IMx (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA) assay. Specimens were also tested using the ABAcard p30 test (Abacus Diagnostics, West Hills, CA, USA) for detection of PSA and RSID-Semen test (Independent Forensics, Hillside, IL, USA) for detection of semenogelin (Sg). Results Vaginal swab extraction using saline was compatible with direct assessment of vaginal swab eluates using ABAcard for PSA detection, but not for Sg detection using RSID. The rapid PSA test detected 91% of specimens containing semen compared to 74% by the rapid Sg test. Conclusion Investigators are urged to optimize vaginal swab specimen preparation methods for performance of RSID or other tests to detect semen components other than PSA. Previously described methods for PSA testing are not uniformly applicable to other tests.
Assessment of Stroke Risk in Southern Arizona, the Pairing of Acculturation and Stroke Risk Factor Development

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Hispanics have the same incidence of stroke, but are more likely to have subsequent strokes than non-Hispanic whites. This difference in outcome may be attributable to differences in stroke risk factor awareness. Patients at a community health center in Tucson, AZ completed an anonymous survey regarding existing and perceived health issues. Patient responses were compared in terms of ethnicity and acculturation, as indicated by language preference. Patient responses (n = 301, Spanish: 150, English: 151) indicated that proportionately fewer non-acculturated Hispanics than acculturated Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients indicated that they were at risk for stroke. Acculturated Hispanics and non-Hispanics displayed similar morbidity trends, including increased obesity, hypertension, diabetes, heart problems, depression, and previous stroke. These findings suggest that Hispanics become less healthy and more at risk for stroke and stroke risk factors as they become acculturated.
Proposals for the standardization of status description

This paper is to be presented at the Workshop for International Standardization of Simulation Languages to be held in Sorrento, Italy, September 20-21, 1979. It proposes (a) that the instantaneous status of a simulated system be described in terms of its entities, attributes and sets, and (b) that a standard notation be adopted for describing the EAS (entity, attribute and set) structure of a given system. The nature and track record of the EAS view is discussed in the body of the paper. An appendix considers possible variations in basic EAS conventions.
Effects of inescapable stress and treatment with pyridostigmine bromide on plasma butyrylcholinesterase and the acoustic startle response in rats.

Abstract Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is a reversible, peripherally active inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and is recommended by the military as a pretreatment against potential nerve gas exposure. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to inescapable stressors allows PB to cross the blood–brain barrier, and thereby affect central AChE activity in mice. Here, we evaluated the functional impact of a stress/PB treatment interaction on acoustic startle responding and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in male Sprague–Dawley rats. To model the treatment protocol used by the military, PB was delivered in the drinking water of rats for 7 consecutive days. The morning after the start of PB treatment, and for the next 6 days, half the rats were exposed to 1 h of supine restraint stress. We therefore employed a 2 × 2 (stress × PB treatment) between-groups design. Exposure to supine stress alone induced a persistent decrease in plasma BuChE activity. Further decreases in BuChE activity were not observed in rats exposed to supine restraint and PB treatment. Exposure to stress also induced an exaggerated startle response, evident on the last day of stress and 24 h after stressor cessation. Treatment with PB alone produced an exaggerated startle response over the same time period, albeit to a lesser degree. Although treatment with PB concurrent with stress did not produce further changes in either BuChE activity or acoustic startle responding, stress-induced alterations in drinking behavior (and thereby the dose of PB ingested) may have affected these results. Persistent stress-induced reductions in BuChE activity may increase the risk of adverse reactions to cholinomimetics.
A Role for Biology in Gender-Related Behavior

We take the opportunity of the 35th anniversary of Sex Roles to examine the journal and the field of gender research from a biological perspective. We discuss the limited coverage of biological perspectives in the pages of the journal and likely reasons for it in light of historical perspectives on the role of biology in gendered psychological processes and behaviors, review briefly contemporary research on biological (especially hormonal) influences on gender-related behavior, advocate for greater attention to biological perspectives, and suggest ways to integrate biological and socialization approaches into questions of interest to gender researchers.
Gadolinium triflate immobilized in imidazolium based ionic liquids: a recyclable catalyst and green solvent for acetylation of alcohols and amines

Gadolinium triflate immobilized in room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) was found to be a recyclable and green catalyst for acetylation of a variety of alcohols, phenols and amines. Acetylation reactions using acetic anhydride (Ac2O) as the reagent proceeded in excellent yields in the presence of catalytic amounts (0.2–0.5 mol%) of Gd(OTf)3 immobilized in RTILs, at ambient temperature. In addition, the catalyst system Gd(OTf)3/[bmim][X] can be recovered and reused efficiently in these transformations.
Recovery of plants from near-lethal stress

This study reports on the dieback and recovery of red-osier dogwood, Cornus sericea L. plants from "near-lethal" (NL, sublethal) stress after varying lengths of post-stress environment (PSE). Intact dormant stems were subjected to 47° C for one hour during either October, November or December, and then placed into either constant 0° C or 23° C (dark condition) or kept under natural conditions at Corvallis, OR. Plants exposed to NL-heat stress in October died prior to 9 weeks of 0° C PSE, while none of the plants from other PSE treatments showed signs of injury. For plants exposed to NL-heat stress during November and December, stemdieback occurred at 0° C after 12 and 15 weeks, respectively. None of the plants from the other PSE treatments were injured. Post-stress temperatures of 0° or 5° C following NL-heat in October were lethal while temperatures above 10° C allowed recovery. Post-stress exposure to 0° C injured excised stems within 48 h, whereas irreversible damage to whole plants occurred by two weeks. Dormant plants exposed in October to other stresses, e.g., freezing temperature and hydrogen cyanamide, at NL dosages showed that these stresses also caused plant dieback at 0° C and little or no dieback at 23° C PSE.
An efficient cascaded multilevel inverter suited for PV application

Two level inverters are common in PV applications. Due to large voltage swings in such a modulation, the switching losses are high reducing its conversion efficiency. Multilevel inverters employ smaller voltage steps and are preferred over 2-level modulation to obtain a higher dc to ac efficiency. The paper presents a novel multilevel inverter where the modulation strategy has provided “best possible performance” with an acceptable advantage in its implementation. Based on this strategy, a 1KW inverter was built and tested to evaluate its efficiency. The efficiency has been found to be in 99 percent range. For comparison, a commercial unit was tested for its efficiency and found to have a lower performance than the proposed multilevel inverter.
Management of hypertension in the facelift patient: results of a national consensus survey.

Introduction: In the facelift patient, uncontrolled perioperative hypertension is a difficult, acute condition that can lead to significant complications. Although the treatment of hypertension in the ambulatory medical setting has been standardized, its management in the cosmetic surgery setting has been ambiguous. Objectives: The authors evaluate the results of a survey to assess current national trends in perioperative facelift hypertension management. Methods: A 13-question survey regarding perioperative hypertension management was sent by postal mail to 1776 members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). Respondents were queried about their geographic location, caseload volume, facelift method, and hematoma rate. Results: A 35.4% response rate was attained (629 respondents). Superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) plication performed under general anesthesia as an outpatient procedure was the most common facelift technique. Perioperative blood pressure management was consistent among all respondents. Beta-blockers were commonly utilized throughout the preoperative period. Administration of alpha agonists was reported more frequently by surgeons with higher-volume caseloads and more years in practice. Reported hematoma rates did not vary with medication. Medical treatment at an intraoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP) threshold below 100 ( p < .04) and a postoperative SBP of greater than 139 ( p < .05) significantly increased reported hematoma rates. Conclusions: The data generated from the survey suggest that the timing of treating hypertension deserves more attention than the actual medication administered. Proper perioperative care of the facelift patient is paramount in the reduction of hematoma rates. Preexisting hypertension correlates with a higher hematoma rate, though this study also suggests that normotensive anesthesia, as well as strict postoperative blood pressure control did contribute to a reduction in hematoma rate.
The social determinants of cancer.

It is clear that social factors play a role in cancer incidence and mortality. Increased risk of cancer is associated with tobacco use, diet and alcohol, reduced physical activity, exposure to the sun and to environmental toxins. These relationships are relatively well established and quantified and there is broad understanding of their pathophysiological role in the etiology of cancer. All these factors are influenced by social, cultural, and environmental factors. The growing field of social epidemiology, however, is drawing attention to the role of more 'upstream' factors in health and disease [1]. Examples might include the influence of commercial marketing activities, relative social status, levels of income and education, access to the health care system system and the strength or absence of social networks. There is increasing evidence that such social level factors have an important etiologic role in cancer, but this role is far more difficult to study. This challenge has stimulated research that seeks to clarify the relationship of social factors and cancer and this issue of the journal presents two examples. In the first, Ocafia-Riola et al., studied the relationship between the incidence of cancers, socioeconomic levels and exposure to environmental toxins in defined geographic regions of Southern Spain [2]. They hypothesized that cancer may be associated with differential exposure to environmental toxins as reflected by areal measures. They found associations for most cancers with a measure of urbanization and for some cancer sites with measures of unemployment, illiteracy, and area under cultivation. Unfortunately, even though these association may suggest topics for further exploration, there seemed to be no commonality between the cancer sites associated with various factors. The authors did not offer any conjectures about biologic mechanisms. Jansson et al., in Sweden, looked at the possible impact of psychologically demanding work on the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamouscell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia [3]. They used data from individuals asked to recall conditions from 20-years earlier on job strain and work place satisfaction. The study demonstrated a modest relationship of new cases of these cancers with coping styles, not the job stress itself and a rather strong relationship with satisfaction regarding the pace of work. The authors speculate that the mechanism might be due either to the effect of inadequate coping with psychological stress on relaxing lower esophageal sphincter pressure, or perhaps to impaired immune function. The results of these two studies are of interest independently, but also illustrate the need for a broader approach if epidemiologists hope to elucidate the role of social determinants of cancer. Far more detailed
Faculty perceptions of college classroom environment

ABSTRACT Classroom environment, the psychosocial milieu of the classroom, has been studied actively for over two decades. Ignored in this work, though, have been studies of college faculty perceptions of classroom environment. The present research examined 31 college professors' perceptions of their large freshman and sophomore lecture classes as well as the professors' self-perceptions using ratings on 26 Semantic Differential rating scales. Professors' self ratings and class ratings showed significant positive correlations both at the beginning and at the end of a semester. It is concluded that perceptions of classroom environment are linked to self-perceptions. The large college classroom appears to be sufficiently ambiguous that professors' perceptions of classroom environment reflect a self-projecting tendency.
The Role of User Participation in Information Systems Development: Implications from a Meta-Analysis

This study synthesizes the research findings of 82 empirical studies on user participation in information systems development (ISD). Various ISD outcomes are addressed using a classification scheme involving two broad categories-attitudinal/behavioral outcomes and productivity outcomes. The results demonstrate that user participation is minimally-to-moderately beneficial to ISD; its effects are comparatively stronger on attitudinal/behavioral outcomes than on productivity outcomes. This attitudinal/behavioral impact may largely be the result of the emphasis that has been placed on user participation by academics and consultants. The results of this analysis are compared to those of a meta-analysis in the broader management context of participation. The results are similar in terms of attitudinal outcomes, but different, and lesser, in terms of productivity outcomes. Since the current status of research in the broad area of participation is that the effects of participation are considered to be problematic, that status and the results of this study suggest that user participation alone may not be sufficient to achieve significantly improved ISD outcomes, and that different strategies should be employed based on the specific goals of ISD projects. If system acceptance is the ultimate goal, user participation should be designed to induce more psychological involvement among potential users. If productivity benefits are the focus, user participation should be designed to provide developers the needed domain knowledge. In sum, user participation should be treated as one of a number of means for ISD projects to be more successful.
Source mechanism and rupture propagation in the Mudurnu Valley, Turkey, earthquake of July 22, 1967

First motions ofP waves and amplitude spectra ofG2 andG3 waves have been used to determine the source mechanism and rupture propagation. The amplitudes ofG3 waves have been corrected for the attenuation using aQ-model obtained from the amplitude spectra ofG2 andG3 waves. Observed directivities for the strike-direction agreed with a model of a bilateral fault propagated primarily from east to west.
Student Misapplication of a Gas-Like Model to Explain Particle Movement in Heated Solids: Implications for Curriculum and Instruction towards Students' Creation and Revision of Accurate Explanatory Models.

Understanding the particulate nature of matter (PNM) is vital for participating in many areas of science. We assessed 11 students’ atomic/molecular‐level explanations of real‐world phenomena after their participation in a modelling‐based PNM unit. All 11 students offered a scientifically acceptable model regarding atomic/molecular behaviour in non‐heated solids. Yet, 10 of 11 students expressed the view that, in response to added heat energy, atoms/molecules in a solid increase in movement to a degree beyond what is scientifically accepted. These students attributed a gas‐like model of atomic/molecular movement to situations involving a heated solid. Of the students who held two conflicting models of atomic/molecular movement in solids, almost all provided justification for doing so, indicating their holding of the conflicting models was unproblematic. These findings can be interpreted to mean that students may drop constraints of certain scientific representations and apply, assess, or revise models when...
Development of water level regulation strategies for fish and wildlife, Upper Mississippi River system

Water level regulation has been proposed as a tool for maintaining or enhancing fish and wildlife resources in navigation pools and associated flood plains of the Upper Mississippi River System. Research related to the development of water level management plans is being conducted under the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program. Research strategies include investigations of cause and effect relationships, spatial and temporal patterns of resource components, and alternative problem solutions. The principal hypothesis being tested states that water level fluctuations resulting from navigation dam operation create less than optimal conditions for the reproduction and growth of target aquatic macrophyte and fish species. Representative navigation pools have been selected to describe hydrologic, engineering, and legal constraints within which fish and wildlife objectives can be established. Spatial analyses are underway to predict the magnitude and location of habitat changes that will result from controlled changes in water elevation.
The determination of criteria for the selection of students for the pssc physics course

This study was done to determine criteria for selecting for the PSSC physics course and in the context, to determine the predictive ability of three creativity measures relative to more conventional predictors.
Maternal Responsivity Mediates the Relationship Between Prelinguistic Intentional Communication and Later Language

>> Intentional communication may be related to later language development, in part, because intentional communication is a relatively clear communicative cue, which may elicit languagefacilitating maternal responses. As a first step in testing this model, this study was conducted to determine whether the relationship between early intentional communication and later language is in part due to covariation with maternal responsivity. The participants were 58 children with developmental disabilities in the prelinguistic period of development and their mothers. Children's intentional prelinguistic communication, mothers' responses, and children's language were measured at entry into the study, 6 months later, and 12 months later, respectively. The results support the model that the relationship between intentional communication and later language was, in part, due to the covarying relationship with maternal responsivity. Implications for future research are discussed.
The Influence of Push and Pull Factors on Voluntary and Involuntary Early Retirees' Retirement Decision and Adjustment

Abstract While both push (e.g., poor health) and pull (e.g., leisure interests) factors have been found to influence the decision to retire and adjustment after retirement, no published studies have examined how perceptions of these factors differ for voluntary versus involuntary early retirees. Nine-hundred and ninety-two early retirees from wave one data (collected in 1992) of the Health and Retirement Study were examined on both push and pull factors, as well as on their postretirement adjustment. Results from discriminant function analyses indicate that both push and pull factors were important differentiators when deciding to retire. After retirement, the push (or negative) factors became more salient differentiators. In addition, those who perceived their retirement to be voluntary had higher life satisfaction scores and rated themselves as healthier (both physically and mentally) than those who perceived their retirement as involuntary.
Extending Sexual Objectification Theory and Research to Minority Populations, Couples, and Men

This reaction highlights several strengths of this major contribution and discusses some future directions in this line of research.The authors offer research ideas in the areas of cultural and cross-cultural issues, couples and relationships, as well as direct and indirect effects of sexual objectification on men. In terms of providing increasing support for the model of sexual objectification and substance use, the authors suggest more exhaustive studies that can look at the causal order of variables and consider such possibilities as a reciprocal effect of depression and substance use or a combined effect of depression and eating disorders leading to substance use, as well as examine possible moderating variables that could serve as risk or protective factors for negative outcomes. Furthermore, the authors also offer future directions for research on the interpersonal effects of sexual objectification. Specifically, they offer research ideas related to sexual objectification and relationship disruption...