cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do things go from bad to worse

Humans are constantly making evaluations about the direction of movement in time of systems perceived as relevant, in terms of whether things are moving to the better or to the worse. The relevant system may be very small or as large as the whole planet earth; evaluations seldom go beyond the solar system. We evaluate things like health, wealth, security, justice, etc. and we have a strange capacity for putting many diverse variables together into a single rough evaluation. Accountants evaluate the state of a balance sheet or position statement quantitatively in terms of dollars; economists evaluate aggregates like the GNP. But almost everyone goes beyond quantification into rough, qualitative evaluations of the total state of a system. The evaluation of overall systems runs into the difficulty that different persons evaluate the same perceived change differently. Nevertheless, there are many processes in society by which differing evaluations are coordinated, even if they are not reconciled. The market is one, politics is another, and the moral order is a third. In large systems we are unlikely to come out with a single answer to even the question of whether things are getting better or worse. But we can identify certain instances where there is wide agreement that a movement is for the worse: the ‘cliffs’-disasters, premature deaths, losses of liberty, etc. We can furthermore specify certain dynamic systems likely to produce these dramatic worsenings, and perhaps do something about them.
X-ray Absorption Spectra of the Oxidized and Reduced Forms of C112D Azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The oxidized and reduced forms of a mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin, in which the Cys112 has been replaced by an aspartate, have been studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It is well established that the characteristic ∼600 nm absorption feature of blue copper proteins is due to the S(Cys112) 3pπ → Cu 3d_(x^2-y^2) charge-transfer transition. While other mutagenesis studies have involved the creation of an artificial blue copper site, the present work involves a mutant in which the native blue copper site has been destroyed, thus serving as a direct probe of the importance of the copper−thiolate bond to the spectroscopy, active site structure, and electron-transfer function of azurin. Of particular interest is the dramatic decrease in electron-transfer rates, both electron self-exchange (k_(ese) ≈ 10^5 M^(-1) s^(-1) wild-type azurin vs k_(ese) ≈ 20 M^(-1) s^(-1) C112D azurin) and intramolecular electron transfer to ruthenium-labeled sites (k_(et) ≈ 10^6 s^(-1) wild-type azurin vs k_(et) ≤ 10^3 s^(-1) C112D azurin), which is observed in the mutant. These changes may be a reflection of significant differences in electronic coupling into the protein matrix (HAB) and/or in the reorganization energy (λ). These effects can be probed by the use of Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the results of which indicate both a decrease in the covalency of the active site and an expansion of ∼0.2 A in the Cu coordination sphere trigonal plane upon reduction of the C112D mutant.
Spatial filtered pseudocolor holographic imaging

A technique of spatial filtered pseudocolor holographic imaging is described. The encoding process takes place at the spatial frequency plane together with the one-step rainbow holographic process. The pseudocolor hologram imaging is obtained by the white light reconstruction of the multiplexed rainbow hologram. This technique provides a simple encoding procedure and offers a wide range of pseudocolor holographic images. The potential applications of this pseudocolor holographic imaging can range from aerial photography for remote sensing to X-ray transparencies for medical diagnosis. Experimental setup of this pseudocolor encoding process is illustrated. Some experimental demonstrations of the pseudocolor encoding hologram images are also provided.
Direct conversion of quiescent cardiomyocytes to pacemaker cells by expression of Tbx18

The heartbeat originates within the sinoatrial node (SAN), a small structure containing <10,000 genuine pacemaker cells. If the SAN fails, the ∼5 billion working cardiomyocytes downstream of it become quiescent, leading to circulatory collapse in the absence of electronic pacemaker therapy. Here we demonstrate conversion of rodent cardiomyocytes to SAN cells in vitro and in vivo by expression of Tbx18, a gene critical for early SAN specification. Within days of in vivo Tbx18 transduction, 9.2% of transduced, ventricular cardiomyocytes develop spontaneous electrical firing physiologically indistinguishable from that of SAN cells, along with morphological and epigenetic features characteristic of SAN cells. In vivo, focal Tbx18 gene transfer in the guinea-pig ventricle yields ectopic pacemaker activity, correcting a bradycardic disease phenotype. Myocytes transduced in vivo acquire the cardinal tapering morphology and physiological automaticity of native SAN pacemaker cells. The creation of induced SAN pacemaker (iSAN) cells opens new prospects for bioengineered pacemakers.
Why We Need Arts Education

This review synthesizes previous research findings regarding the benefits of arts education, particularly in the visual arts, to suggest future educational directions in the United States. It recognizes the current trend in public education emphasizing accountability, which has resulted in diminishing attention to arts education. Participation in arts education may not directly result in improved achievement on standardized tests; however, arts education benefits students in several critical ways, improving students' mental health, self-confidence, and life skills. Arts education also helps foster creativity, and sustains the natural creativity of young children. Suggestions for future research directions in education are discussed.
Utilization of cadaver tissue for a scanning electron microscopic study of the insertion of the masseter muscle

1. The generally poor state of soft tissue preservation that complicates observations by gross dissection and light microscopy posed no hindrance to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of bone surface, because all of the soft tissues are chemically removed. 2. Specific and identifiable surface patterns representing locations of periosteal and fibrous muscle attachments can be readily observed in cadaver tissue with the SEM. 3. SEM observations confirmed earlier literature concerning the extent of periosteal and intraosseus attachments of the masseter muscle. The masseter muscle attached periosteally on the lateral surface of the mandible and along the inferior border. Just above the inferior border, a ridge of intraosseous attachment was noted. 4. The correlation of SEM observation of bone surface patterns with gross dissection and light microscopy demonstrated that SEM can be useful in determining the extent of muscle attachments in cadaver tissue even when the soft tissue is poorly preserved.
Extrusion Cooking Reduces Recoverability of Fumonisin B1 from Extruded Corn Grits

A split-split plot design was used to determine the effects of extrusion cooking on the recoverability of the mycotoxin Fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ). Unextruded and extruded samples of spiked corn grits were analyzed for FB 1 by two methods, commercial enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and HPLC. Extrusion cooking resulted in more apparent loss of FB 1 with mixing screws than nonmixing screws. Losses of recoverable FB 1 (p≤0.05) were observed at 120°C and 160°C with the mixing screws. A linear increase in loss of recoverable FB 1 was observed (with the nonmixing screws) as the moisture content increased.
Pictures and Young Children's Prose Learning: A Supplementary Report.

Facilitative effects of illustration activity on prose learning have been previously established for young (first grade) children in a listening task. The present study tested for illustration effects with passages of varying complexity and length. Positive effects were found for long and short passages (100 vs. 50 words) that were either simple (one locational setting) or complex (two settings). The pattern of results for cued and free recall suggested that illustration facilitates individual sentence comprehension more than passage integration for these children. Analysis of subject-constructed illustrations showed a clear relationship between illustration content and passage recall.
Polymorphisms in Eruption Sequence of Permanent Teeth in American Children

Human dentition, Tooth eruption sequence, Tooth ABSTRACT This study provides basic descriptive data on the frequency of painvise eruption sequences ascertained in cross-sectional examination of 6,000 black and white American children in the Ten State Nutritional Survey of 1968-1970. All sex and race groups share a distinct pattern of sequence poly- morphisms in terms of location, number, and level. Teeth in eruption phase I (Ml, 11, 12) rarely reverse in sequence with those in phase I1 (C, P1, P2, and M2). Five sequences have variants that appear at 220% in all groups, with MI11 vs. 11M1 approaching maximum polymorphic values of 50%/50%. The traditional notation for eruption sequences can b'e modified to reflect these important variants, giving the sequence M1 I1 I2 (Pl C P2) M2 for the maxilla and (Ml 111 12 (C Pl) (P2 M2) for the mandible. The location of major polymor- phisms is explicable by close timing of teeth within phase I and, separately, teeth within phase I1 eruption. However, strong integration of development of physically adjacent teeth apparently acts to reduce substantially the number of sequence reversals. The Ten State Survey data prbvide a sound descriptive basis for two populations, yet precise comparative data are available for few other human groups or primate species.
Detecting vegetation-precipitation feedbacks in mid-Holocene North Africa from two climate models

Using two climate-vegetation model simulations from the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model (FOAM) and the Community Climate System Model (CCSM, version 2), we investigate vegetation-precipitation feedbacks across North Africa during the mid-Holocene. From mid-Holocene snap- shot runs of FOAM and CCSM2, we detect a negative feed- back at the annual timescale with our statistical analysis. Us- ing the Monte-Carlo bootstrap method, the annual negative feedback is further confirmed to be significant in both sim- ulations. Additional analysis shows that this negative inter- action is partially caused by the competition between evap- oration and transpiration in North African grasslands. Fur- thermore, we find the feedbacks decrease with increasing timescales, and change signs from positive to negative at increasing timescales in FOAM. The proposed mechanism for this sign switch is associated with the different persistent timescales of upper and lower soil water contents, and their interactions with vegetation and atmospheric precipitation.
Cost of reproduction and the evolution of deferred breeding in the western gull

Survival patterns in a population of western gulls (LOTUS ocddentaUs) of known age of first breeding, a, indicate a cost of reproduction related to the age of initial breeding. Among both sexes, birds that commenced breeding at the earliest ages (3 years in males and 4 years in females) had higher annual mortality than those that deferred breeding one or more years. In addition, females (but not males) evidenced a cumulative cost of reproduction: holding age constant, females with more annual breeding attempts demonstrated poorer survival. These patterns of a-specific survival were statistically significant after controlling for interannual variation in food availability and are not explained simply by variation in the intrinsic quality of individuals. To assess the effects of these sex-specific costs on fitness, we combined the observed survival patterns with data on prebreeding survivorship and a-spedfic reproductive success to »ttimgt«» rates of population growth and lifetime reproductive success for different ages at first reproduction. Males showed a dearly defined fitness optimum at a » 4 years, which coincided with the modal a for males in the population. Females showed no dear optimum, except that breeding at age 4 was suboptimaL hence females benefited from deferring breeding to ages 5-7 years. Observed age of first breeding also showed no dear mode for females, with slight peaks at ages 5 and 7. As a result, in both sexes, the fitness surface for a corresponded well with observed frequencies of a. We suggest that stabilizing selection has acted to shape the phenotypic distribution of a in males but, due to trade-offs between survival and early reproduction, stabilizing selection is weak or«bsent in female* Krj words: age, breeding experience, cost of reproduction, deferred breeding, gulls, reproductive success, survivorship. [Behav Eeol 8:140-147 (1997)1
Seizures in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the 1980s Types, Etiologies, Timing

A retrospective review was taken of 150 newborns with seizures evaluated at the same medical center and by the same investigator(s) from 1982 to 1987. The aims of the study were to determine in this current population the distribution of clinical seizure types, the distribution of causative etiologies, and the relation of etiology to the timing of onset of the seizures. Seizures were classified as subtle, multifocal clonic, generalized tonic, focal clonic, and myoclonic.Subtle (65% of total) and multifocal clonic seizures (54% of total) were the most common seizure types. Subtle seizures usually occurred in combination with other seizure types. Only one seizure type was related to gestational age, i.e., focal clonic seizures in the term infant. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (65% of total) was by far the most common etiology in both preterm and term infants. Seizures with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy occurred characteristically early in the neonatal period, i.e., 90 percent in the first 2 days of life...
■ REVIEW : Ionic Channels with Weak Voltage-dependence

In light of the recent identification of a class of voltage-dependent Na+ channels with a comparatively weak peak conductance/voltage relationship, this article reviews the structural elements by which proteins are rendered voltage-dependent and the manner in which these proteins are studied. The physicochemical principles used to analyze voltage-dependent ionic channels are reviewed, together with examples drawn from Na+ currents recorded from the somatic membranes of dorsal root ganglion neurons. The structure of the voltage dependent Na + channel and known structural/functional correlates are described. A functional definition of ionic channels with weak voltage-dependence and a discussion of inherent pitfalls of classical analytic methods when applied to the study of such channels are offered. Ultimately, determining how these channels function as they do, i.e., elucidating their gating properties, will be accomplished by cloning and reexpressing the channels in otherwise non-excitable cell systems, a...
Landscape Evaluation and Restoration Planning

Contemporary land managers are beginning to understand that landscapes of the early 20th century exhibited complex patterns of compositional and structural conditions at several different scales, and that there was interplay between patterns and processes within and across scales. Further, they understand that restoring integrity of these conditions has broad implications for the future sustainability of native species, ecosystem services, and ecological processes. Many too are hungry for methods to restore more natural landscape patterns of habitats and more naturally functioning disturbance regimes; all in the context of a warming climate. Attention is turning to evaluating whole landscapes at local and regional scales, deciphering their changes and trajectories, and formulating scale-appropriate landscape prescriptions that will methodically restore ecological functionality and improve landscape resilience. Here, we review published landscape evaluation and planning applications designed in EMDS. We show the utility of EMDS for designing transparent local landscape evaluations, and we reveal approaches that have been used thus far. We begin by briefly reviewing six projects from a global sample, and then review in greater depth four projects we have developed with our collaborators. We discuss the goals and design of each project, its methods and utilities, what worked well, what could be improved and related research opportunities. It is our hope that this review will provide helpful insights into how spatial decision support technologies may be used to evaluate and plan for local and perhaps larger-scale landscape restoration projects.
An application of passive human-robot interaction: human tracking based on attention distraction

In this research, a taxonomy is introduced to cover important considerations for human-robot interactions. As an application of passive human-robot interaction, two modalities for localizing humans based on sound source localization and infrared motion detection were developed and integrated with the face-tracker system of a humanoid ISAC (intelligent soft arm control), in order to direct ISACs attention and to prevent it from being quickly distracted. The sound source localization and passive infrared motion detection systems are used to provide the face-tracker system with candidate regions for finding a face. In order to avoid the situation where the robot appears to be "hyperactive" and cannot give sufficient attention to a newly discovered face, these sensing modules should not directly gain control of the tracking if the system has recently acquired a new face. Our goal is to allow a human to redirect the attention of the system but give the system a method to ignore the distraction if recently engaged.
Rethinking well-child care: lack of standardization at the beginning.

To the Editor .— July 1, 1953, marks the first time I began to think in earnest about the role of the pediatrician. Before that, through 5 years and 3 months as a pediatric house officer and 2 years in the United States Army, I had simply taken for granted what my training had implied and what the Army had demanded of me. That July day, however, was my first day in solo private practice. It was a busy day, because I was covering for a man on vacation. A woman called with a simple question: “Is it alright for our 3-year-old daughter to see me and my husband naked around the house?” I remember the question, but I cannot remember how I answered. I hope humbly. I also remember thinking that I had not been trained for this. In fact, in today's terminology, I had probably been better trained to be a “hospitalist” than anything else. I could do a cut-down or a tracheotomy, and I could insert a 25-gauge needle into a 26-gauge vein. It was a matter, then, of flying by the seat of my …
Podium disclosures at the 2012 AAOS meeting: an exercise in going through the motions.

Background: Slide-based disclosure of potential conflicts of interest prior to presentations is practiced at most orthopaedic meetings to help audiences critically evaluate the data presented. These slides are often supplemented with a printed disclosure in program guides and occasionally on Internet sites. The fidelity and usefulness of this format have not been investigated. We report the practice of disclosure of potential conflicts of interest during the 2012 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Annual Meeting to determine if the process is accomplishing its primary goal. Methods: Orthopaedic residents and fellow volunteers completed questionnaires related to the disclosures presented at symposia and instructional course lectures they attended at the 2012 AAOS Annual Meeting. The attendees were instructed to record the duration of time for which a disclosure slide remained visible to the audience. An attempt to count the words appearing on the disclosure slide, or photograph the disclosure slide so that a subsequent word count could be obtained, was also performed. Results: One hundred and thirty-nine disclosures were observed across a range of subspecialties including adult reconstruction, hand and wrist, pediatrics, shoulder and elbow, sports medicine, trauma, and oncology. Of these, 125 (90%) included the required disclosure slide and underwent additional analysis. Ninety-five slides had a number of words that were countable, with an average of 19.6 words per slide; thirty slides were not presented long enough to permit an accurate word count or photograph. The average time that disclosure slides were viewable was 3.1 seconds. Only 52% of slides noted whether the author disclosures were related to the data presented; 59% of presenters failed to mention this fact verbally. Only 45% of studies with multiple authors included coauthor disclosures on the slide. Institutional disclosures were absent from slides and discussion in 85% of presentations. Conclusions: Slides disclosing potential conflicts of interest were included in 90% of the observed presentations. Despite these slides having been shown, they were ineffective in communicating these disclosures because of deficiencies in timing, format, and content. We recommend that the practice of required slide-based disclosure of potential conflicts of interest should be abandoned and be replaced with a standardized and objective practice of disclosure.
Clustering methods for accurate DNA base-calling

Routinely extending the useful read-lengths of DNA chromatograms beyond 1 kps by employing intelligent base-calling algorithms will be extremely useful to genomics research because in many cases the entire coding region of a gene could fit into a single long read. By segmenting the chromatograms into base-call "events" to be labeled in terms of the number of bases they represent, base-calling as a pattern classification problem is formulated. An overview of two unsupervised clustering methods that could be used for its solution is presented.
The difficult pediatric encounter: insights and strategies for the pediatric practitioner.

1. Andrea Gottsegen Asnes, MD, MSW* 2. Ambika Shenoy, MD* 1. *The Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn All pediatric practitioners are familiar with the concept of the “difficult” encounter with a family. Such encounters can range from those that leave clinicians with a slightly uneasy feeling once the family has left the office to those in which actual disputes occur. Barbara Korsch, MD, wrote, “There are certain names on the day's schedule that make the practitioner's heart sink and feel fatigued in advance.” (1) Although the responsibility of an effective partnership between pediatric practitioner and parent is shared, the larger part of the task falls to the clinician. A recent policy statement published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) refers to pediatric clinicians as “privileged and trusted advocates for the well-being of children.” (2) With privilege and trust comes the responsibility to foster relationships with families and to fortify such relationships when they are threatened. The AAP states that “communication and collaboration” are principles of professionalism in pediatric practice to be upheld. In addition, the statement says that pediatric practitioners must recognize that “patients’ families and the health care team must work cooperatively with each other and communicate effectively to provide the best patient care.” (2) Our own experience leads us to believe that although not all difficult encounters with families can be overcome or smoothed over, many can. Recognizing patterns of interaction that can lead to conflict with parents and addressing them early can be highly effective in preventing escalation. Many conflicts, once understood, even can lead to an enhancement of the partnership between clinician and family. The following case vignettes illustrate several types of difficult interactions with families that we have had in our pediatric practices. Each is followed by suggestions that the pediatric practitioner may find useful. Although it can feel awkward, even false, to try these responses when faced with …
Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: Available anti-hyperglycemic therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is currently restricted to insulin, pramlintide, and pancreas or islet cell transplantation. The imperfect replication of normal insulin secretion and glucose control has been a driver for development of other anti-hyperglycemic agents for this population. Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is currently under investigation as an add-on therapy to insulin in T1DM. Areas covered: Within the drug evaluation, the authors describe the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and preliminary results from studies investigating treatment in rodent models and in individuals with T1DM. Expert opinion: Studies on adjunct therapeutic effects of empagliflozin in individuals with T1DM are limited, but initial reports show favorable effects on reducing HbA1c, body weight, total daily insulin dose and hypoglycemic events. Intriguingly, this drug may confer a degree of renal protection by reducing glomerular hyperf...
Experimental myocardial infarction. I. Production of left ventricular failure by gradual coronary occlusion in intact conscious dogs

A new method is described for producing acute myocardial infarction in dogs, by gradually inflating a balloon cuff which has been implanted around a coronary artery. The procedure results in myocardial damage severe enough to cause left ventricular failure, yet the survival rate is high.
Imaging Breathing Rate in the CO 2 Absorption Band

Following up on our previous work, we have developed one more non-contact method to measure human breathing rate. We have retrofitted our mid-wave infra-red (MWIR) imaging system with a narrow band-pass filter in the CO2 absorption band (4.3 mum). This improves the contrast between the foreground (i.e., expired air) and background (e.g., wall). Based on the radiation information within the breath flow region, we get the mean dynamic thermal signal. This signal is quasi-periodic due to the interleaving of high and low intensities corresponding to expirations and inspirations respectively. We sample the signal at a constant rate and then determine the breathing frequency through Fourier analysis. We have performed experiments on 9 subjects at distances ranging from 6 - 8 ft. We compared the breathing rate computed by our novel method with ground-truth measurements obtained via a traditional contact device (PowerLab/4SP from ADInstruments with an abdominal transducer). The results show high correlation between the two modalities. For the first time, we report a Fourier based breathing rate computation method on a MWIR signal in the CO2 absorption band. The method opens the way for desktop, unobtrusive monitoring of an important vital sign, that is, breathing rate. It may find widespread applications in preventive medicine as well as sustained physiological monitoring of subjects suffering from chronic ailments
The accumulation-mode field-effect transistor: a new ultralow on-resistance MOSFET

An ultralow specific on-resistance, vertical channel, power MOSFET structure, based on current conduction via an accumulation layer formed on the surface of a trench (UMOS) gate structure, is described. Two-dimensional numerical simulations and experimental results have been obtained, demonstrating that a specific on-resistance approaching 100 mu Omega -cm/sup 2/ can be obtained for a silicon device capable of blocking 25 V. >
Identifying relevant social media content: leveraging information diversity and user cognition

As users turn to large scale social media systems like Twitter for topic-based content exploration, they quickly face the issue that there may be hundreds of thousands of items matching any given topic they might query. Given the scale of the potential result sets, how does one identify the 'best' or 'right' set of items? We explore a solution that aligns characteristics of the information space, including specific content attributes and the information diversity of the results set, with measurements of human information processing, including engagement and recognition memory. Using Twitter as a test bed, we propose a greedy iterative clustering technique for selecting a set of items on a given topic that matches a specified level of diversity.In a user study, we show that our proposed method yields sets of items that were, on balance, more engaging, better remembered, and rated as more interesting and informative compared to baseline techniques. Additionally, diversity indeed seemed to be important to participants in the study in the consumption of content. However as a rather surprising result, we also observe that content was perceived to be more relevant when it was highly homogeneous or highly heterogeneous. In this light, implications for the selection and evaluation of topic-centric item sets in social media contexts are discussed.
Terminal Infill of Eocene Lake Gosiute, Wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract Deposition of lacustrine sediments in the greater Green River Basin was progressively terminated in the middle Eocene as volcaniclastic detritus prograded across the basin; the lacustrine sediment of the Laney Member was replaced by deposition of the deltaic and fluvial sediments of the volcaniclastic Bridger and Washakie formations and the Sand Butte Bed of the Laney Member. The transition from the deposition of lacustrine to alluvial sediment also records a reversal in the direction of drainage across the basin that occurred between 49.5 Ma and 48.9 Ma. Prior to this transition, drainage entered the basin from the east and the arkosic detritus of the Cathedral Bluffs Member of the Wasatch Formation was deposited in the Washakie and Great Divide subbasins. At the same time evaporitic sediments of the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation accumulated simultaneously in the Bridger Basin, indicating that the clastic sediment was baffled east of the Rock Springs Arch, an intrabasinal structural high. The subsequent transition to deposition of the Laney Member is traditionally interpreted as an isochronous expansion of Lake Gosiute across the greater Green River Basin. Alternatively, the transition may have been diachronous with continued accumulation of the Wilkins Peak Member in the Bridger Basin coinciding with the earliest deposition of the Laney Member in the Washakie Basin. By 48.9 Ma the dominant drainage was clearly from the west, which reflects the capture of an external drainage network through the northwest corner of the basin that delivered extrabasinal volcaniclastic detritus to the greater Green River Basin. More broadly, these results illustrate that the geomorphic evolution of the landscape influenced the character of sedimentary fill in the nonmarine greater Green River Basin.
Aspiration, Preaspiration, Deaspiration, Sonorant Devoicing and Spirantization in Icelandic

This paper presents a novel analysis of aspiration, preaspiration, and the related phenomena of sonorant devoicing and spirantization in an Optimality Theoretic framework. Central to the analysis are two constraints: one requires that the feature [spread glottis] be shared by adjacent consonants, and another prohibits moraic [spread glottis] stops. Aspirated stops are singleton stops that are specified as [spread glottis]. Unaspirated stops either have no [spread glottis] feature or share a [spread glottis] feature with another consonant. There is no movement of aspiration or the [spread glottis] feature from one segment to another as in earlier analyses. This account is fully in accord with phonetic descriptions and is of theoretical interest because it supports the fission analysis of preaspiration and is consistent with the assumption that geminates are moraic consonants.
PREDICTORS OF DISCORDANCE BETWEEN PERCEIVED AND OBJECTIVE NEIGHBORHOOD DATA

Purpose: Pathways by which the social and built environments affect health can be influenced by differences between perception and reality. This discordance is important for understanding health impacts of the built environment. This study examines associations between perceived and objective measures of 12 nonresidential destinations, as well as previously unexplored sociodemographic, lifestyle, neighborhood, and urbanicity predictors of discordance. Methods: Perceived neighborhood data were collected from participants of the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin, using a self-administered questionnaire. Objective data were collected using the Wisconsin Assessment of the Social and Built Environment, an audit-based instrument assessing built environment features around each participant’s residence. Results: Overall, there was relatively high agreement, ranging from 50% for proximity to parks to more than 90% for golf courses. Higher education, positive neighborhood perceptions, and rurality were negatively associated with discordance. Associations between discordance and depression, disease status, and lifestyle factors appeared to be modified by urbanicity level. Conclusions: These data show perceived and objective neighborhood environment data are not interchangeable and the level of discordance is associated with or modified by individual and neighborhood factors, including the level of urbanicity. These results suggest that consideration should be given to including both types of measures in future studies.
Convertible Bonds: How Much Equity, How Much Debt?

Financial analysts need accurate estimates of debt, equity, leverage, and EPS. The method proposed here, based on the probability of conversion, yields new estimates of the debt and equity in a convertible bond issue. When this method is used, the value of the equity component in a hypothetical issue is found to be substantial—larger than the value of the options and clearly larger than zero, which is assigned under current accounting rules. The estimate of the debt component is smaller than recorded under current accounting rules. Thus, the leverage of convertible bond issuers is substantially lower when this method is used.
Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in prepubescent and pubescent black and white females

A total of 2379 females equally divided between black and white were enrolled at 9 or 10 years of age. Participants were seen yearly for 5 years for a complete medical examination, evaluation of socioeconomic status, and patterns of eating and physical activity. Parents were seen in year 1 and responded to a questionnaire in years 3 and 5. At baseline, black females 9 to 10 years of age were taller and heavier and had greater BMI and skinfold thickness than white females. On the basis of dietary history, black females consumed more total energy and more calories as fat than white females. White females were physically more active and spent less time than black females watching television. More black than white females expressed a desire to be on the fat side, and black mothers were noted to be 20 lb. heavier than white mothers.
Recent Findings in DIII–D Relative to Advanced Tokamak Modes and their Implications for Fusion Energy

An advanced tokamak is characterized by increased confinement, stability and steady state operation. The increased confinement and stability are obtained through modifications to the shape and profiles of the plasma and through stability feedback control. These modifications have to be self-consistent. The increased confinement makes it possible to make smaller and thereby lower cost reactors for the same power outpui as compared to conventional tokamaks. Four potential modes for advanced tokamaks are currently being studied on DIII-D: radiative improved mode, high internal inductance i mode, negative central shear (NCS) mode, and quiescent double barrier (QDB) mode.
Neuropsychological and Language Deficits in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Investigators at Bambino Genu Children's Hospital, Rome, and multiple additional centers in Italy conducted a retrospective and prospective study of clinical manifestations at diagnosis and during follow-up of 228 patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
The minor regulated pathway, a rapid component of salivary secretion, may provide docking/fusion sites for granule exocytosis at the apical surface of acinar cells

Recently, we reported that the minor regulated and constitutive-like pathways are the main source of resting secretion by parotid acinar cells. Using tissue lobules biosynthetically labeled with [ 35 S]amino acids, we now show that discharge of the minor regulated pathway precedes granule exocytosis stimulated by isoproterenol (≥1 μM) or carbachol (2μ M). Stimulation of the minor regulated pathway by 40 nM carbachol as well as altering its trafficking, either by adding brefeldin A or by incubating in K + -free medium, cause potentiation of amylase secretion stimulated by isoproterenol, suggesting that the minor regulated pathway contributes to the mechanism of potentiation. Both exocytosis of the minor regulated pathway and the potentiation-inducing treatments induce relocation of immunostained subapical puncta of the SNARE protein syntaxin 3 into the apical plasma membrane. Rab11 and possibly VAMP2 may be concentrated in the same relocating foci. These results suggest that the minor regulated pathway and granule exocytosis are functionally linked and that the minor regulated pathway has a second role beyond contributing to resting secretion — providing surface docking/fusion sites for granule exocytosis. In the current model of salivary protein export, discharge of the minor regulated pathway by eitherβ -adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation is an obligatory first step. Ensuing granule exocytosis is controlled mainly by β-adrenergic stimulation whereas cholinergic stimulation mainly regulates the number of surface sites where release occurs.
Broad physiological tolerances of the invasive clam Nuttallia obscurata

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix INTRODUCTION 1 Overview 1 Study species 3 Experimental approach 6 METHODS 8 Collection of animals and study sites 8 Gill tissue assay 11 Temperature tolerance 13 Salinity tolerance 16 Long-term survivorship 17 RESULTS 19 Site parameters 19 Temperature tolerance 21 Salinity tolerance 26 Survivorship of gill tissue over time 29 DISCUSSION 31 Broad physiological tolerances 31
Modulating the bistable potential energy separatrix for augmented broadband vibration energy harvesting

In recent years, increased interest in broadband vibration energy harvesting schemes has been a main topic of interest among researchers. One of the most successful approaches toward broadband vibr...
A projection method for low Mach number fast chemistry reacting flow

We present a numerical technique for treating unsteady, low Mach number reacting flow. For fast chemistry nonpremixed combustion, the reaction effects arc generated using a conserved scalar, the mixture fraction. Such an approach yields species concentration information via post-processing rather than through the integration of species equations. Limits on the range of the conserved scalar are enforced using a conservative redistribution of overshoots rather than through traditional slope limiting methods. An approximate projection method is employed to enforce the non-zero divergence constraint. The method is second order in space and time. We examine a gaussian conserved scalar field advected in a developed axisyrnmetric pipe flow.
Alternative Models of the Rotating Beam

Rotating beams are usually analyzed with a Gauss-Laguerre modal decomposition. We examine rotating beam generation from a modeling perspective, using phase-retrieval algorithms and Hamiltonian raytracing, adding flexibility to the design process.
Molecular dynamic simulations and vibrational analysis of an ionic liquid analogue.

Deep eutectic solvents, considered ionic liquid (IL) analogues, show promise for many material science and engineering applications over typical ILs because they are readily available and relatively inexpensive. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been performed over a range of temperatures on one eutectic mixture, 1:2 choline chloride/urea, using different force field modifications. Good agreement was achieved between simulated density, volume expansion coefficient, heat capacity, and diffusion coefficients and experimental values in order to validate the best performing force field. Atom–atom and center-of-mass radial distribution functions are discussed in order to understand the atomistic interactions involved in this eutectic mixture. Experimental infrared (IR) spectra are also reported for choline chloride–urea mixtures, and band assignments are discussed. The distribution of hydrogen-bond interactions from molecular simulations is correlated to curve-resolved bands from the IR spectra. Th...
Lower Critical Solution Temperature Phase Behavior of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) in Ionic Liquid Mixtures

Ionic liquids feature a combination of properties that make them very interesting solvents for polymers, but many questions remain regarding the thermodynamics of polymer/ionic liquid solutions. In this work, the lower-critical-solution-temperature (LCST) phase behavior of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA) in mixtures of the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium:bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][TFSI]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium:TFSI ([EMIm][TFSI]) is characterized by transmittance, light scattering, and small-angle neutron scattering measurements. Several relevant thermodynamic parameters are easily tuned by varying the ionic liquid composition. In particular, the cloud point, spinodal, and Θ temperatures are all found to increase linearly with [BMIm] content. The interaction parameters, χ, are determined as a function of temperature and concentration using three different methods, and the results from each method are compared. The entropic and enthalpic components of the interaction pa...
Current Situation of Occupational Hazards in A Large-scale Electronic Circuit Board Manufacturer

[Objective]To understand the occupational hazards of a large-scale electronic circuit board manufacturer,to perform analysis and evaluation so as to determine the focus of prevention and control measures.[Methods]The on-site occupational health investigation and test,occupational health examination were used to evaluate the circuit board manufacturer.[Results]The location and the overall layout,equipment layout,occupational protection equipment,personal protective articles,occupational health management,health auxiliary set of the electronic circuit board enterprise were in accordance with " Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Occupational Disease" and other laws and regulations.The production process might generated occupational hazards of dust,toxicant,noise,etc.Among which,dust concentration in workplace met the health standards,workplaces with toxicant and chlorhydric acid exposure were not in line with health standards,the noise exposure was very harmful.[Conclusion]The occupational hazard control measures of this circuit board manufacturer is feasible and effective,but some place still need effective protective measures.
Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) can result from a number of abnormalities that result in a very small, unusable left ventricle and severe hypoplasia of the ascending aorta. Theses abnormalities include aortic valve atresia or severe stenosis and/mitral valve atresia and/or stenosis without a ventricular septal defect (Fig. 55.1).
Stochastic resource allocation for containerized cargo transportation networks when capacities are uncertain

Abstract We consider the stochastic resource allocation problem for containerized cargo transportation with uncertain capacities and network effects, in which a freight operator needs to allocate a certain amount of capacity to each product to maximize the expected profit. We formulate the problem as a constrained stochastic programming model and provide theoretical results that completely characterize the optimal solution to the model under a special case. Under a general case, we build an approximation model of the problem and propose a sampling based algorithm to solve the approximation model. A number of numerical experiments are offered to test the algorithm.
Three new extreme ultraviolet spectrometers on NSTX-U for impurity monitoring.

Three extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometers have been mounted on the National Spherical Torus Experiment–Upgrade (NSTX-U). All three are flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometers and are dubbed X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (XEUS, 8–70 A), Long-Wavelength Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LoWEUS, 190–440 A), and Metal Monitor and Lithium Spectrometer Assembly (MonaLisa, 50–220 A). XEUS and LoWEUS were previously implemented on NSTX to monitor impurities from low- to high-Z sources and to study impurity transport while MonaLisa is new and provides the system increased spectral coverage. The spectrometers will also be a critical diagnostic on the planned laser blow-off system for NSTX-U, which will be used for impurity edge and core ion transport studies, edge-transport code development, and benchmarking atomic physics codes.
Driving under the influence of distraction: Examining dissociations between risk perception and engagement in distracted driving

Abstract Driving while distracted is a critical and unwavering problem in the United States leading to numerous injuries and fatalities each year. While increasing legislation and developing technological interventions strive to ensure we only focus on driving, individuals still drive distracted. We surveyed college-aged adults to examine the factors that influence both their risk perception of driving while distracted and how often they engage in distracting activities and situations while driving. We found a disassociation between individuals’ perception of driving distraction risk and their engagement with the distraction. Exposure, perceived knowledge of risks, fairness beliefs, and ratings of perceived visual and cognitive demands was associated with risk perception. Conversely, risk-seeking traits, how voluntary the task was perceived, and previous exposure to a distraction influenced engagement. Overall, we recommend additional research focusing on factors that predict engagement in driver distraction rather than perceived risk alone.
Normal mode and experimental analysis of TNT Raman spectrum

Abstract In this study, a Raman spectrum of TNT was characterized through experiments and simulated using 22 hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods. Among the different hybrid DFT methods, it was found that the most accurate simulation results of the Raman shift frequency were calculated by the O3LYP method. However, the deviations of the calculated Raman frequencies from the experimental value showed no dependency on the abilities of the DFT methods in recovering the correlation energy. The accuracies of the DFT methods in predicting the Raman bands are probably determined by the numerical grid and convergence criteria for optimizations of each DFT method. It was also decided that the prominent Raman shift 1362 cm −1 is mainly caused by symmetric stretching of the 4-nitro groups. Findings of this study can facilitate futuristic development of more effective surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy/scattering (SERS) substrates for explosive characterization and detection.