cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-33 drives biphasic IL-13 production for noncanonical Type 2 immunity against hookworms

Parasitic helminths are a major cause of chronic human disease, affecting more than 3 billion people worldwide. Host protection against most parasitic helminths relies upon Type 2 cytokine production, but the mechanisms that regulate interleukin (IL) 4 and 13 production from CD4+ T helper 2 cells (TH2) and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2s) remain incompletely understood. The epithelial cell-derived cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 promote Type 2 responses, but the extent of functional redundancy between these cytokines is unclear and whether Type 2 memory relies upon either IL-25 or IL-33 is unknown. Herein, we demonstrate a pivotal role for IL-33 in driving primary and anamnestic immunity against the rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. IL-33–deficient mice have a selective defect in ILC2–derived IL-13 during both primary and secondary challenge infections but generate stronger canonical CD4+ T helper 2 cells responses (IL-4, IgE, mast cells, and basophils) than WT controls. Lack of IL-13 production in IL-33–deficient mice impairs resistin-like molecule beta (RELMβ) expression and eosinophil recruitment, which are two mechanisms that eliminate N. brasiliensis parasites from infected hosts. Thus, IL-33 is requisite for IL-13 but not IL-4–driven Type 2 responses during hookworm infection.
Jesus, Healer of the Canaanite Woman's Daughter in Matthew's Gospel: A Social-Scientific Inquiry

This study assesses the historicity of the healing story of the Canaanite woman's daughter in the Gospel of Matthew (15:21-28) primarily by means of a cross-cultural anthropological analysis. It is the second part of a larger study, the first being the healing account of the hemorrhaging woman (9:20-22). A social-scientific inquiry demonstrates that the account is possibly rooted in the activity of Jesus. Matthew's redaction of Mark does not take us farther away from the historical Jesus; quite the contrary, it underscores characteristics of Jesus' ministry even while it features theological concerns of the Sitz im Leben of the later Christian community.
Complete set of properties of 0.92Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.08PbTiO3 single crystal with engineered domains

Abstract This paper reports the complete set of elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants of 0.92Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –0.08PbTiO 3 domain engineered single crystal. We found that the piezoelectric strain constant d 33 and dielectric permittivity e 33 T of this crystal are larger than that of 0.955Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 –0.045PbTiO 3 reported earlier. Fluctuations of the values of piezoelectric and dielectric constants from sample to sample of this single crystal system were observed because the composition is very close to the morphotropic phase boundary.
A history of atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Spectrochemical analysis originated with the work of Kirchoff and Bunsen in 1860 but found relatively little application until the 1930s. Arc-spark emission and, to a lesser extent, flame emission methods then became popular. Following World War II flame emission became very popular. In 1955 the modern era of atomic absorption spectroscopy began with the work of Walsh and Alkemade and Milatz. The time since 1955 can be divided into seven year periods. The first was an induction period (1955–1962) when AA received attention from only a very few people. This was followed by a growth period (1962–1969) when most of what we see today was developed, and then by a period of relative stability (1969–1976) when AA contributed greatly to other fields. We are now in a period of great change, which started in about 1976, due to the impact of computer technology on individual laboratory instruments.
A Case Study in Systematic Improvement of Language for Requirements

The challenges to requirements from linguistic factors are well-known. This work concerns an approach to communicating requirements with greater fidelity among stakeholders through accommodation of cognitive habits and limits. To instantiate this approach, we synthesized linguistic principles into a method to generate high-quality representations of domain concepts to form the base of a project lexicon. The representations are further organized into a knowledge base that records relationships of interest. We hypothesize that the method leads to representations free of certain faults that compromise communicative fidelity. To investigate, we executed a case study in which the method was applied to the domain semantics of a medical device. Our representations compared favorably to pre-existing versions; further, analysis of the artifact as a whole supported new assertions about the application domain. These results indicate that particular language issues can be systematically managed, and that new information is available in the process.
Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis.

Objectives To test the efficacy of a new intravesical therapeutic solution in relieving urgency/frequency and pain in interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods A solution of 40,000 U heparin, 8 mL 1% lidocaine (80 mg; group 1) or 2% lidocaine (160 mg; group 2), and 3 mL 8.4% sodium bicarbonate was administered intravesically in patients with newly diagnosed IC with significant frequency, urgency, and pain. Using the Patient Overall Rating of Improvement of Symptoms, the response to treatment was evaluated within 20 minutes of instillation in all patients, after 24 to 48 hours in group 2, and after three treatments per week for 2 weeks in group 2 patients who elected to receive additional instillations. Significant symptom relief was defined as 50% or greater symptom improvement. Results After one instillation, 35 (75%) of 47 patients in group 1 (1% lidocaine) and 33 (94%) of 35 in group 2 (2% lidocaine) reported significant immediate symptom relief. The difference in the response rates was statistically significant (P <0.01). In group 2, 50% of the subjects experienced at least 4 hours of symptom relief from the single instillation, and 16 (80%) of 20 reported significant sustained symptom relief after 2 weeks of treatment. Conclusions Intravesical treatment with combined heparin and alkalinized lidocaine immediately reduced the pain and urgency of IC in most patients treated for newly diagnosed IC. Symptom relief lasted beyond the duration of the local anesthetic activity of lidocaine, suggesting the solution suppresses neurologic upregulation. In IC treatment, this new intravesical solution may be helpful in the interval before heparinoid therapy reaches its full effect.
Intrinsic protein electric fields: basic non-covalent interactions and relationship to protein-induced Stark effects.

Abstract Knowledge of the interactions involving charged, polar and polarizable groups in proteins is fundamental, not only because they are important determinants for gaining insight into biophysical molecular recognition and assembly processes, but also for understanding how the matrix of a protein can be viewed as an electric field capable of inducing Stark perturbations on the spectral properties of biological optical centers. This review describes the essential features of non-covalent interactions in protein systems and discusses the concept of the dielectric constant of a protein in the context of different microscopic and macroscopic modeling approaches. It also provides an account of a specific type of high resolution vibrational and optical Stark spectroscopy attempting to correlate the observed spectral properties of biological optical centers to the intrinsic protein fields induced by the matrix in which they reside.
Viscosity measurements on molten polyethylene

The flow curves for two samples of molten polyethylene and one of plasticized polyvinylbutyral were measured in a large range of rates of shear and shearing stresses. Two conicylindrical viscometers of greatly different dimensions were used to obtain the wide ranges; the data from these viscometers coincided in the region of overlapping. The behavior of the molten plastics is essentially parallel to the one for solutions of high polymers. Absolute values of the initial viscosity of these polyethylenes at different temperatures were close to those obtained by Dexter on other polyethylenes. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow calculated from these experiments was very similar to the ones reported in the literature.
Hypoalgesia and hyperalgesia with inherited hypertension in the rat.

Many studies indicate that blood pressure control systems can attenuate pain (hypoalgesia) of short duration; however, we recently found exaggerated nociceptive responses (hyperalgesia) of persiste...
Tailored MoSi2/SiC composites by mechanical alloying

MoSi2-based composites have been synthesized through the mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental molybdenum and silicon powders with and without carbon additions. The interplay between the phase formation sequence in the powders and the microstructural evolution in the consolidated samples is described. It is shown that the glassy SiO2 phase characteristic of conventional powder processed MoSi2 can be effectively eliminated by combining mechanical alloying, carbon additions, and an in situ carbothermal reduction reaction. Using this approach, composites consisting of uniformly distributed micron-size SiC in an MoSi2 matrix can be formed. The effect of important processing variables such as the extent of carbon additions, extraneous iron pickup during MA, partial pressures of oxygen, consolidation temperatures, and consolidation atmospheres is discussed based on the evidence obtained from DTA, TGA, TEM, and XRD.
Film transfer and bonding techniques for covering single-chip ejector array with microchannels and reservoirs

This paper describes a novel covering technique for an MEMS ejector array that is integrated with liquid reservoirs and microchannels on a single chip. The covering technique is based on wicking of a low viscous epoxy through the gap between the ejector wafer and a plate containing a parylene film, and allows the integrated ejector array to be fully covered by the parylene film with excellent uniformity, repeatability and yield. The technique is batch-processible and is suitable to cover many microfluidic systems with a thin film. The parylene film is tightly attached to the ejector array chip (with excellent bonding strength owing to the epoxy), so that liquid is automatically brought into the ejectors from the reservoirs through the microchannels (due to capillary force), as the ejectors shoot out liquid droplets. This automatic liquid supply makes the liquid level (in the ejector) be maintained constant throughout the entire ejection process until more than 90% of the liquid stored in the reservoir is delivered to the ejector through the microchannel. This paper describes also a number of other covering methods that we have experimentally tried, and compares those with the new covering technique. [1459].
A correlated noise calibration standard for interferometric, polarimetric, and autocorrelation microwave radiometers

A new type of calibration standard is presented which produces a pair of microwave noise signals to aid in the characterization and calibration of correlating radiometers. The Correlated Noise Calibration Standard (CNCS) is able to generate pairs of broad bandwidth stochastic noise signals with a wide variety of statistical properties. The CNCS can be used with synthetic aperture interferometers to generate specific visibility functions. It can be used with fully polarimetric radiometers to generate specific third and fourth Stokes parameters of brightness temperature. It can be used with spectrometers to generate specific power spectra and autocorrelations. It is also possible to combine these features and, for example, to generate the pair of signals that would be measured by a fully polarimetric, spectrally resolving, synthetic aperture radiometer at a particular pair of polarizations and antenna baselines for a specified scene over a specified frequency band. Algorithms are presented to construct signals with the desired statistical properties. Also presented is a description of the key hardware design challenges that were associated with fabrication of the first unit. CNCS performance is demonstrated by characterization tests of a pair of microwave interferometer radiometer receivers.
Sidelobe comparison of golay and PRBS codes for subsurface radar applications

In this study, it has been shown using results in the laboratory that the ACF sidelobes for Golay-based complementary codes are much smaller than that of PRBS, provided enough samples could be obtained for a given chip period or pulsewidth. Additionally, the sandbox experimental results for both Golay and PRBS sequences provide almost identical performance for 4 nsec pulsewidth. It is anticipated based on our laboratory results that the ACF sidelobe performance of the system using Golay codes would be better than that of PRBS provided higher number of samples could be arranged. This would necessitate a much higher sampling rate than what has been used in our experiments.
Regional variation in histopathologic features of tumor specimens from treatment-naive glioblastoma correlates with anatomic and physiologic MR Imaging

Histopathologic evaluation of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) at initial diagnosis is typically performed on tissue obtained from regions of contrast enhancement (CE) as depicted on gadolinium-enhanced, T1-weighted images. The non-enhancing (NE) portion of the lesion, which contains both reactive edema and infiltrative tumor, is only partially removed due to concerns about damaging functioning brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate histopathologic and physiologic MRI features of image-guided tissue specimens from CE and NE regions to investigate correlations between imaging and histopathologic parameters. One hundred nineteen tissue specimens (93 CE and 26 NE regions) were acquired from 51 patients with newly diagnosed GBM by utilizing stereotactic image-guided sampling. Variables of anatomic, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic susceptibility–weighted, contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging (DSC) from each tissue sample location were obtained and compared with histopathologic features such as tumor score, cell density, proliferation, architectural disruption, hypoxia, and microvascular hyperplasia. Tissue samples from CE regions had increased tumor score, cellular density, proliferation, and architectural disruption compared with NE regions. DSC variables such as relative cerebral blood volume, peak height, and recovery factor were significantly higher, and the percentage of signal intensity recovery was significantly lower in the CE compared with the NE regions. DWI variables were correlated with histopathologic features of GBM within NE regions. Image-guided tissue acquisition and assessment of residual tumor from treatment-naive GBM should be guided by DSC in CE regions and by DWI in NE regions.
Decentralized control of unstable systems and quadratically invariant information constraints

We consider the problem of constructing decentralized control systems for unstable plants. We formulate this problem as one of minimizing the closed-loop norm of a feedback system subject to constraints on the controller structure, and explore which problems are amenable to convex synthesis. For stable systems, it is known that a property called quadratic invariance of the constraint set is important. If the constraint set is quadratically invariant, then the constrained minimum-norm problem may be solved via convex programming. Examples where constraints are quadratically invariant include many classes of sparsity constraints, as well as symmetric constraints. In this paper we extend this approach to the unstable case, allowing convex synthesis of stabilizing controllers subject to quadratically invariant constraints.
Intergenerational conflict among the Mossi: father and son

relation to society. The Oedipus complex is a valid explanation for certain conflicts within the family which are ultimately responsible for an individual's maladjustment to his society. But it is questionable whether one is justified in extrapolating from individual psychology to the study of human society and cultural systems. The relations between generations and those between fathers and sons are also social relations and thus conditioned by the social structure and the cultural system within which they take place. Therefore, any serious attempt to understand these relationships must be viewed against the background of particular socio-cultural systems. Only when we know this background can we investigate and understand the individual reaction of father to son. I will attempt to analyze a pattern of conflict between father and son among the Mossi as a function of their socio-cultural system. I will show not only how the social structure of Mossi society builds and maintains these relationships, but how they support rather than impair the socio-cultural continuity of the system. Before looking at intergenerational conflict among the Mossi as characterized by father-son relations, it will perhaps be well, in order to facilitate an understanding of the problem, to present a brief outline of the structure of Mossi society. The one and onehalf million Mossi live in the Voltaic Republic which is just north of Ghana. They have traditionally been governed by rulers called Moro Nabas who once held feudal-like control over the provinces, districts and villages which comprised their kingdoms (2). A rather complex hierarchial administrative apparatus extended the power of the rulers into the smallest village, and funneled taxes and tribute back to them. Most of the taxes were paid in grain and livestock, the basic local commodities. Other economic activities in the society were cotton manufacture and caravan trading between the forest and desert zones of West Africa. The Mossi are divided into stratified royal, noble, and commoner patrilineages. Characteristic of this segmentary lineage system is a process by which royal sublineages descend serially until they merge with the mass of commoner lineages. Before the French conquered the Mossi in 1896, there were large classes of serfs and slaves of non-Mossi
Duty of Consistency and Marital Deduction: Horse and Carriage

The marital deduction provisions suggest a unique application of the rule of consistency. The deduction provides only the benefit of deferral and only on the rationale that the actual transfer occurs at the termination of the marital unit, that is, at the surviving spouse's death. The statute of limitations that begins to run at the death of the first spouse to die has little importance when viewed from that perspective. Moreover, the policy suggesting a very limited exception to the finality of the statute of limitations88 has no application to the marital deduction situation, because there is statistically a likelihood that the unit will survive more than three years from the death of the first spouse to die. The duty of consistency that requires the surviving spouse's estate to retain the same position as the first spouse's estate is clearly reasonable in that context and the courts should liberally apply it.
Knowledge and the scholarly medical traditions: Autopsia, historia and what women know: the authority of women in Hippocratic gynaecology

It is axiomatic that virtually all the extant medical treatises of Graeco-Roman antiquity were written by men, but the extent of women's role in the compilation of these writings is debated. Paola Manuli believes the Hippocratics treated the female body as a dumb canvas on which to project their theories, while Aline Rousselle claims the Hippocratic treatises were little more than the written mouthpiece for the female oral tradition. Needless to say, most scholars believe the truth lies somewhere between the two. G.E.R. Lloyd has drawn attention to the interplay between developing scientific medicine and folk medicine, and Ann Ellis Hanson divides women into two types: the inexperienced, whose knowledge of her own body is indeed shaped by the physician, and the ‘woman of experience’, who functions as an authoritative source for male physicians. The very existence of this debate, however, indicates the recognition that for the ancient Greeks and Romans the epistemological basis of their gynaecology differs somehow from that on which the rest of their medicine is founded. Neither ancient authors nor modern scholars are so concerned to analyse the contribution of the male clientele to Hippocratic theories and treatment. In practising clinical medicine the ancient physician recognized two sources of information: autopsia , his own observations, and historia , what he was told by other people. We might assume that it was the social impropriety of a doctor examining a woman's body in an intimate manner which caused a different emphasis in the epistemology of the gynaecology by restricting the opportunities ancient physicians had for autopsia in the case of women's diseases, but this is not acknowledged as a problem by the Hippocratics.
Possibility of Artifact in Studies of Cooperation

A comparison of cooperative and noncooperative response rate data for some Ss indicated that reinforcement influenced both rates in the same proportion during acquisition and extinction periods, ev...
Single-molecule tracking studies of flow-induced microdomain alignment in cylinder-forming polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer films.

Flow-based approaches are promising routes to preparation of aligned block copolymer microdomains within confined spaces. An in-depth characterization of such nanoscale morphologies within macroscopically nonuniform materials under ambient conditions is, however, often challenging. In this study, single-molecule tracking (SMT) methods were employed to probe the flow-induced alignment of cylindrical microdomains (ca. 22 nm in diameter) in polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer (PS-b-PEO) films. Films of micrometer-scale thicknesses were prepared by overlaying a benzene solution droplet on a glass coverslip with a rectangular glass plate, followed by solvent evaporation under a nitrogen atmosphere. The microdomain alignment was quantitatively assessed from SMT data exhibiting the diffusional motions of individual sulforhodamine B fluorescent probes that preferentially partitioned into cylindrical PEO microdomains. Better overall microdomain orientation along the flow direction was observed near ...
Probing Selective Deposition of Aluminum Using In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Dimethylethylamine alane (DMEAA) has been used to deposit thin films of aluminum selectively on gold in the presence of silicon oxide. This paper presents studies of the effect of temperature, pressure, and substrate pattern on the selectivity. A specially designed reactor allowed us to probe the structure of the species on the silica surface using infraed spectroscopy. At room temperature two absorptions in the Al-H stretching region were assigned to two species; weakly bound molecules of the intact precursor and a strongly bound dihydride formed from the reaction of DMEAA with surface bound (and H-bonded) hydroxyls (from H2O or silanol groups). At higher temperatures the CH vibrations of the amine disappeared, and the Al-H stretch shifted to higher energy. A weak absorption at 2250 cm−1 attributable to a Si-H also appeared. The impact of these observations on the loss of selectivity is discussed.
Stimulated Emission of Surface Plasmons on Top of Metamaterials with Hyperbolic Dispersion

We have demonstrated that the stimulated emission of surface plasmons propagating on top of multilayered hyperbolic metamaterials coated with dye-doped polymeric films has a much lower (2.5–7 times) threshold than that on top of thick Ag films. This observation correlates with more than 2-fold shortening of the spontaneous emission kinetics on top of a lamellar metamaterial as compared to that on top of silver. The propagation of surface plasmons on top of the metamaterial and silver substrates was modeled (in the Otto geometry) using COMSOL Multiphysics. It has been shown that at given system parameters, the plasmon propagation loss in a metamaterial is smaller than that in silver by ∼14% and cannot explain the dramatic reduction of the lasing threshold observed experimentally in the metamaterial samples. We infer that the stimulated emission of propagating plasmons on top of a metamaterial is enhanced by the nonlocal dielectric environment and high local density of photonic states.
Factors contributing to the emergence of coronary thrombolysis.

Coronary thrombosis is now recognized as the most common proximate cause of acute myocardial infarction, and thrombolysis is evolving as an accepted therapeutic approach to patients presenting in the early stages of myocardial infarction. The ascent of thrombolysis in treatment hierarchies reflects multiple factors, including improved understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction, advances in the characterization of thrombosis and thrombolysis, the availability of clot-selective thrombolytic agents, the widespread availability of safe arteriographic procedures, and the contemporaneous development of effective percutaneous balloon angioplasty. Selection of patients most likely to benefit from thrombolysis with the lowest risk for complications remains difficult. Undoubtedly, some patients will benefit greatly from an aggressive approach to evolving myocardial infarction
Laser-Aided Direct Writing of Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Super Alloy (N5)

This communication reports direct writing of Rene N5 nickel-based Super alloy. N5 powder was deposited on (100) single-crystal substrate of Rene N5, for epitaxial growth, using laser and induction heating with a specially designed closed-loop thermal control system. A thin wall (1 mm width) of Rene N5 single crystal of 22.1 mm (including 3 mm SX substrate) in height was successfully deposited within 100 layers. SEM and EBSD characterized the single-crystal nature of the deposit.
Biomimetic buildings

The more technology advances, the more there seems to be a basic human yearning to return to nature. This is reflected in a growing number of designers, architects, and artists who are turning to nature’s example to model uses of new technology. San Francisco architect Charles Lee does just that. Lee is a designer, artist, and researcher with …
Form-Based Codes for Downtown Redevelopment: Insights from Southern California

Several cities have adopted form-based codes (FBCs) for downtown redevelopment. Using a multiple–case study method, this article examines the extent to which FBCs adopted by Southern California cities for downtown redevelopment differ from conventional zoning regulations (CZRs) in integrating LEED-ND criteria, which include sustainable design principles. Results show that FBCs generally integrate LEED-ND criteria to a greater extent than do the CZRs that they replaced; however, there is variation in the extent to which FBCs integrate these criteria. The article points to criteria that deserve more attention in these FBCs and presents recommendations for planners considering FBCs for downtown redevelopment.
Realizing the Good: Hegel's Critique of Kantian Morality

This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Garcia Mills, N. (2018). Realizing the Good: Hegel's Critique of Kantian Morality. European Journal of Philosophy, 26(1), 195-212. doi:10.1111/ejop.12214, which has been published in final form at doi:10.1111/ejop.12214.
A New Supermicrosurgery Training Model of Saphenous Artery and Great Saphenous Vein Anastomosis for Development of Advanced Microsurgical Skills

Background This study aimed to confirm the feasibility and reliability of saphenous artery (SA) and great saphenous vein (GSV) anastomosis as a new supermicrosurgery training model and to compare the one-way-up anastomosis with the currently used end-to-end anastomosis technique. Methods Twenty supermicrosurgical anastomoses were performed in 10 Sprague Dawley rats. The external diameters of SA and GSV were measured using Leica LAS EZ software. The right-side SA and GSV anastomoses were performed using the standard end-to-end anastomosis technique. The left-side SA and GSV anastomoses were performed using the one-way-up technique with 11–0 monofilament-interrupted sutures. The duration of the surgery, patency rates, and technical challenges of the two anastomoses methods were compared. Results The mean external diameters of SA and GSV were 0.273 ± 0.03 and 0.291 ± 0.02 mm, respectively, which qualify these vessels for supermicrosurgical training. The vessels were easily accessible and both anastomosis techniques were feasible. The one-way-up technique was proven to be faster as compared with the end-to-end anastomosis technique (artery: 34 ± 2.55 vs. 40.4 ± 2.97 minutes, p = 0.02; and vein: 37 ± 4.85 vs. 44 ± 2.35 minutes, p = 0.05, respectively). Short-term patency rates for arteries and veins were 100% for both techniques. Seven-day anastomosis patency rates for arteries and veins were 80 and 100% for the end-to-end technique and 100 and 80% for the one-way-up technique, respectively. Conclusions We confirmed that saphenous pedicle is suitable for creating a supermicrosurgery training model for practicing the ultrafine motor skills. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on supermicrosurgery of SA and GSV in the rat model.
Effect of Warm-up on Softball Throw for Distance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of related and unrelated warm-ups on the distance a 12-inch softball could be thrown. The subjects, 77 college men, threw three softballs for distance with no preliminary warm-up, with a preliminary five-minute related throwing warm-up and with a preliminary five-minute non-related general warm-up. The results showed that both types of warm-ups resulted in significantly longer throws. There was no significant difference between the various types of warm-up and no significant warm-up effect was demonstrated between trials 1 and 3 on a particular day of testing. The time spent and the strenuousness of the warm-up appeared to be factors involved in improving the distance the balls were thrown.
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), 1979–1980

This chapter discusses how and why the three Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF) regimes maintained the failed state they inherited. During this period, the state became so much weak that widespread and intense political violence and instability enveloped the country. Ethnic and ideological politics, the reemergence and manipulation of the pre-Amin politics, the contested histories and politics of the liberation war, the unregulated circulation of arms and military uniforms, and the severe alienation and extermination of those from the West Nile region contributed to the severe crisis of legitimacy of the faltering state. Indeed, this crisis of legitimacy and the widespread political violence that enveloped the country added two layers of crisis state to the failed state: the predatory state and the warlord state.
Magnetic properties of nickel carbide nanoparticles with enhanced coercivity

Rhombohedral nickel carbide (Ni3Cx, x=0.7, 1.2 and 1.5) nanoparticles (∼ 110 nm) with enhanced magnetic coercivity (HC up to 1.3 kOe) at temperature below the spin-glass freezing (Tf) have been demonstrated. The presence of spin-glass state, which is seen at ∼17 K, is evident by the field dependence of the freezing temperature following the de Almeida–Thouless (AT) relationship and frequency dependence of Tf. Moreover, the spin-glass state is irreversible to the sweeping applied field and results in high HC at 10 K. With increases of the carbon content, we have found a gradual increasing trend in the saturation magnetization (MS: 6.6 to 9.2 emu/g) and coercivity (350 Oe to 1.3kOe) at 10 K. This is attributed to the increase of spin-glass contribution and the weak ferromagnetic phase.
Ion-Molecule Collision Complexes: Summary of the Panel Discussion

In 1957, Franklin, Field, and Lampe (l) described the ion-molecule reactions which occur in ethylene and acetylene. They noted and commented on the remarkable similarity between, for example, the products of the reaction of C2H 4 + with C2H4 and the fragments produced by the electron-induced ionization of several C4H8 isomers. The implication of a common C4H 8 + intermediate was clear.
Detecting falls and vital signs via radar sensing

A novel ultra-wideband radar sensor system for simultaneous detection of falls and vital signs is presented. The suggested system is able to deal with real-life conditions, such as lack of real-fall data for training, body movements, several people present, and privacy issues. Micro-Doppler features, extracted from time-frequency spectrograms, are used to classify human actions as related to normal or abnormal activities (falls). A deep learning framework is used to extract and classify such features, also taking into account the specific way the older adult performs activity-of-daily-living actions. Preliminary validation results are very encouraging, showing the effectiveness to achieve good detection performance in assisted living scenarios.
Probing magnetic nanoprobe in structured light by a subtle soft touch (Conference Presentation)

Optical magnetism has long been the elusive, missing component in light-matter interaction. Interesting applications may emerge if optical magnetism is effectively harnessed and exploited. Of particular interest is the possible manipulation of the optical magnetic force, in the form of photo-induced magnetic force microscopy. We propose an optical system for inducing magnetic forces in an axis-aligned Si disk under azimuthally polarized beam illumination. The designed Si disk can support a magnetic resonance in the visible range under azimuthal polarization by interacting with the longitudinal magnetic field at the overlapping axis. Such structure can serve as the unique magnetic probe to “feel” the magnetic force of light. In our current step, we use photo-induced force microscopy to characterize the near-field electric field distribution of this system. Measurements show a stronger electric field enhancement near the edge of the Si disk which indicates a longitudinal magnetic field enhancement at the overlapping axis. This measurement is in accordance with theoretical modeling, confirming the observed magnetic enhancement. This indirect measurement on the magnetic response of the Si disk defines an important step towards our final goal of achieving direct mapping of the local magnetic field with photo-induced magnetic force microscopy. Also, our methodology can be extended to the characterization of arbitrary nanostructures, including metamaterials and metasurfaces, under structured light illumination.
Autonomous vehicles are cost-effective when used as taxis

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) will radically re-shape the health and well-being of people in the United States in good ways and bad. We set out to estimate a reasonable time-to-adoption using cost-effectivenessmodels to estimate the point at which AVs become reasonably safe and affordable for widespread adoption. We used Waymo data (previously, Google Self-Driving Car Project) and a microsimulation model to explore projected costs and safety issues today and five years from today to get a sense of the speed of consumer adoption were AVs brought to the market. The adoption of AVs for private use was associated with an ICER of 1,396,110/QALY gained today, a figure that would decline to 173,890/QALY gained 5-years in the future. However, AV taxis are both less expensive and potentially already safer than human-piloted taxis. While AVs are not unlikely to be used a family vehicles any time soon, it would make economic sense to adopt them as taxis today. Legislation enhancing the benefits while mitigating the potential harmful health impacts of AV taxis is needed with some urgency.
Which procedures should be taught in family practice residency programs

Background Family practice residencies lack clear guidelines defining which procedures should be included in their curricula. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Task Force on Procedures developed a recommendation (approved by the AAFP Board of Directors) that can be used to create a set of procedures that should be taught in residencies. The task force recommendation is based on procedures taught in most family practice residencies and performed by most practicing family physicians. Methods The AAFP Task Force on Procedures surveyed all family practice residency programs and departments to determine which procedures they were teaching. The task force also surveyed a representative sample of practicing family physicians to find out which procedures they were performing. Results Residency programs and departments returned 397 surveys (74.1% response), and the sample of 4,400 practicing physicians returned 2,028 surveys (46.1% response). The survey data identified 69 procedures as being taught in most family practice residencies, and 30 of these procedures as being performed by most practicing family physicians. Conclusions Many procedures can be identified as being taught in most family practice residencies or performed by most practicing family physicians. Fewer procedures are performed by practicing family physicians than are taught in residencies.
Functional Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia: Non-motor Functions

While typically associated with motor control, the basal ganglia are also involved in reward-based learning, decision making, and habit formation. The cortico-basal ganglia circuitry constitutes a system in which frontal cortex exploits the basal ganglia for additional processing of reward and cognition to effectively modulate learning that leads to the development of action plans and motor behaviors. This chapter first addresses basic basal ganglia anatomy and circuitry. Second, it focuses on the non-motor pathways associated with prefrontal cortex, in both limbic and cognitive areas. While each basal ganglia structure can generally be divided along limbic, cognitive, and motor pathways, recent evidence supports the hypothesis that complex interactions may occur between these functional systems. This chapter discusses the potential routes by which information can cross functional (limbic, cognitive, and motor control) domains thereby providing a network that supports both parallel and integrative function across motor and nonmotor circuits.
Titanium Nitride Surface Plasmon Coupling for Enhanced IQE in GaN:Eu Red Light Emitters

TiN is investigated as plasmonic material to enhance the IQE of a GaN:Eu red light-emitter. Our findings indicate that trough the tuning of the TiN layer thickness and its distance from the GaN:Eu active-region, strong coupling to the surface-plasmons with high Purcell factors is possible.
Liver Transplantation for Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Disease

Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the single most common cause of cirrhosis although there is variability in the prevalence rate per geographic region. Currently hepatitis B accounts for approximately 4000-5000 deaths per year in the United States although far greater mortality is encountered in areas where HBV infection is endemic.
Supply Chains in Healthcare Organizations: Lessons Learned from Recent Shortages

This paper examines the need for better management of supply chains in healthcare facilities. Recent shortages have highlighted the need for better supply chain systems. The reasons for the shortages are false scarcity, natural disasters, medical lawsuits, production process problems, and group purchasing organizations (GPO). These problems have occurred with increasing frequency. There are three possible solutions available to handle the shortages. First, better use of supply chain management, including multiple suppliers and safety stock. Second, there needs to be better cooperation between suppliers, consumers, and government entities. Finally, healthcare facilities should develop teams of individuals responsible for monitoring critical areas and developing contingency plans.
Model-based feedforward control of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Control of laser power to improve part quality is critical for fabrication of complex components via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) processes. If the laser power is too low, it will result in a small melt pool and lack of fusion; on the other hand, if the laser power is too high, it will result in keyhole and material evaporation. This paper examines a model-based feed-forward control for laser power in LPBF to improve build quality by avoiding the onset of keyhole formation or reducing over-melting. First, an analytical, control-oriented model on the dynamics of melt-pool cross-sectional area in scanning a multi-track part was developed, and then a nonlinear inverse-dynamics controller was designed to adjust laser power such that the melt-pool cross-sectional area can be regulated to a constant set point during the build process. The resulting control trajectory on laser power from the simulated closed-loop controller was then implemented in a LPBF process as a feed-forward (FF) controller for laser power. Multiple bead-on-plate samples of Inconel 625, with different number of tracks and track lengths, were then built on an EOSINT M 280 AM system to evaluate the performance of the resulting FF-Analytic controller. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed FF-Analytic control of laser power was able to avoid the onset of keyhole formation that occurred under a constant laser power for certain samples. Furthermore, the proposed FF-Analytic control was demonstrated to have significantly reduced over-melting at the returning ends of the laser scan path in scanning a multi-track part compared to applying a constant laser power, albeit with some over-compensation due to modeling imperfection. Overall, the proposed FF-Analytic control of laser power had 23–40% lower average error rate than applying a constant laser power in regulating the melt-pool cross-sectional area to a constant reference value, in terms of measurements of cross-sections at track ends.
SPLICEd in the Seeds: Integration of Abscisic Acid and Light Signaling in Arabidopsis

Plant development and adjustment to the environment require not only tight regulation of core signaling pathways but also their integration in a time- and context-dependent manner. For example, seed germination and seedling development are coregulated by endogenous hormonal cues such as abscisic
A new Mentor Evaluation Tool: Evidence of validity

Author(s): Yukawa, Michi; Gansky, Stuart A; O'Sullivan, Patricia; Teherani, Arianne; Feldman, Mitchell D | Abstract: BackgroundMentorship plays an essential role in enhancing the success of junior faculty. Previous evaluation tools focused on specific types of mentors or mentees. The main objective was to develop and provide validity evidence for a Mentor Evaluation Tool (MET) to assess the effectiveness of one-on-one mentoring for faculty in the academic health sciences.MethodsEvidence was collected for the validity domains of content, internal structure and relationship to other variables. The 13 item MET was tested for internal structure evidence with 185 junior faculty from Schools of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy. Finally, the MET was studied for additional validity evidence by prospectively enrolling mentees of three different groups of faculty (faculty nominated for, or winners of, a lifetime achievement in mentoring award; faculty graduates of a mentor training program; and faculty mentors not in either of the other two groups) at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) and asking them to rate their mentors using the MET. Mentors and mentees were clinicians, educators and/or researchers.ResultsThe 13 MET items mapped well to the five mentoring domains and six competencies described in the literature. The standardized Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.96. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a single factor (CFI = 0.89, SRMR = 0.05). The three mentor groups did not differ in the single overall assessment item (P = 0.054) or mean MET score (P = 0.288), before or after adjusting for years of mentoring. The mentorship score means were relatively high for all three groups.ConclusionsThe Mentor Evaluation Tool demonstrates evidence of validity for research, clinical, educational or career mentors in academic health science careers. However, MET did not distinguish individuals nominated as outstanding mentors from other mentors. MET validity evidence can be studied further with mentor-mentee pairs and to follow prospectively the rating of mentors before and after a mentorship training program.
Transformation of shock-compressed copper to the body-centered-cubic structure at 180 GPa

Using in situ x-ray diffraction measurements in shock-compressed copper (38--276 GPa), we show that the ambient face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure transforms to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure at \ensuremath{\sim}180 GPa. Additionally, stacking fault (SF) abundance in shock-compressed copper increases with compression, reaching \ensuremath{\sim}10% at the onset of the fcc-bcc phase transition. Both findings are consistent with recent results on shock-compressed gold and silver that showed the importance of SFs in facilitating the fcc-bcc transformation. In contrast to our results, copper was recently reported to retain the fcc structure to over 1000 GPa under ramp compression [Fratanduono et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 015701 (2020)]. Further studies are needed to understand why the fcc-bcc transformation in copper is observed under shock compression, but not under ramp compression.
Pair dependent linear statistics for CβE

We study the limiting distribution of a pair counting statistics of the form ∑1≤i≠j≤Nf(LN(&#x1d703;i − &#x1d703;j)) for the circular β-ensemble (CβE) of random matrices for sufficiently smooth test function f and ...
GROWTH OF EARLY SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND THE HIGH-REDSHIFT EDDINGTON RATIO DISTRIBUTION

Using a new large-scale (~ 0.75 Gpc)3 hydrodynamic cosmological simulation, we investigate the growth rate of supermassive black holes (BHs) in the early universe (z 4.75). Remarkably we find a clear peak in the typical Eddington ratio (?) at BH masses of (4-8) ? 107 M ? (typically in halos of ~7 ? 1011 to 1 ? 1012 M ?, close to their shock heating scale), independent of redshift and indicative that most BH growth occurs in the cold-flow-dominated regime. BH growth is enhanced at high-z and by and large regulated by the cosmological evolution of gas density, with ? scaling simply as (1 + z)3. The peak in ? is caused by the competition between increased gas density available in more massive hosts, and a decrease due to active galactic nucleus feedback that becomes effective above the shock heating halo mass scale and at high BH masses. We show that the distribution of ? among both mass-selected and luminosity-selected samples is approximately lognormal. We combine these findings into a single lognormal fitting formula for the distribution of Eddington ratios as a function of (M BH, z). This formula can be used in analytic and semianalytic models for evolving BH populations, predicting BH masses of observed quasars, and, in conjunction with the observed distribution of Eddington ratios, can be used to constrain the BH mass function.