cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct observations of vacancies and vacancy-type defects in molybdenum following uniaxial shock-wave compression

Abstract Molybdenum sheet and small diameter wire samples were simultaneously shock-loaded to pressures of 150 and 250 kbar at a constant shock-pulse duration of 2 μsec. Thin foils and emission end-forms prepared from annealed as well as the shock-loaded samples were simultaneously examined by transmission electron and field-ion microscopy respectively. Dislocation loop densities were observed to increase from an annealed value of 5 × 10 9 −4 × 10 14 cm −3 and 7 × 10 14 cm −3 at 150 and 250 kbar, respectively, and the corresponding average loop diameters were measured to be 57, 104 and 152 A, respectively. A full determination of the relevant diffraction conditions and Burgers vectors of the loops in the electron microscope showed that 75% of the loops at 150 kbar and 80% of the loops at 250 kbar were vacancy type. By comparison, direct observations of vacancies and small vacancy aggregates in the field-ion microscope by systematic field-evaporation of atom layers showed a vacancy concentration of 1.2% in the annealed wires as compared with 2.2 and 6.0% vacancies in the 150 and 250 kbar shock-loaded wire samples respectively. Since the corresponding increase in dislocation density was determined to be 1.0 × 10 10 −1.2 × 10 10 cm −2 between 150 and 250 kbar for a concomitant increase in average residual microhardness from 514 to 770 kg/mm 2 in the same pressure range, it is shown that shock induced vacancies contribute significantly to residual shock hardening.
Thoracic surgeons' perception of frail behavior in videos of standardized patients.

Background: Frailty is a predictor of poor outcomes following many types of operations. We measured thoracic surgeons’ accuracy in assessing patient frailty using videos of standarized patients demonstrating signs of physical frailty. We compared their performance to that of geriatrics specialists. Methods: We developed an anchored scale for rating degree of frailty. Reference categories were assigned to 31 videos of standarized patients trained to exhibit five levels of activity ranging from ‘‘vigorous’’ to ‘‘frail.’’ Following an explanation of frailty, thoracic surgeons and geriatrics specialists rated the videos. We evaluated inter-rater agreement and tested differences between ratings and reference categories. The influences of clinical specialty, clinical experience, and self-rated expertise were examined. Results: Inter-rater rank correlation among all participants was high (Kendall’s W 0.85) whereas exact agreement (Fleiss’ kappa) was only moderate (0.47). Better inter-rater agreement was demonstrated for videos exhibiting extremes of behavior. Exact agreement was better for thoracic surgeons (n=32) than geriatrics specialists (n=9; p=0.045), whereas rank correlation was similar for both groups. More clinical years of experience and self-reported expertise were not associated with better inter-rater agreement. Conclusions: Videos of standarized patients exhibiting varying degrees of frailty are rated with internal consistency by thoracic surgeons as accurately as geriatrics specialists when referenced to an anchored scale. Ratings were less consistent for moderate degrees of frailty, suggesting that physicians require training to recognize early frailty. Such videos may be useful in assessing and teaching frailty recognition.
Bayesian hierarchical models for food frequency assessment

The aim of this study is to assess the biases of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) by comparing total energy intake (TEI) with total energy expenditure (TEE) obtained from doubly labelled water(DLW) biomarker after adjusting measurement errors in DLW. We develop several Bayesian hierarchical measurement error models of DLW with different distributional assumptions on TEI to obtain precise bias estimates of TEI. Inference is carried out by using MCMC simulation techniques in a fully Bayesian framework, and model comparisons are done via the mean square predictive error. Our results showed that the joint model with random effects under the Gamma distribution is the best fit model in terms of the MSPE and residual diagnostics, in which bias in TEI is not significant based on the 95% credible interval. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 506–516; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada Le but de cette etude est de mesurer le biais du questionnaire sur la frequence de consommation des produits alimentaires (FFQ) en comparant les apports energetiques totaux (TEI) avec la depense energetique totale (TEE) obtenue a partir du biomarqueur double de l'eau (DLW) apres ajustement des erreurs de mesure du DLW. Plusieurs modeles bayesiens hierarchiques pour les erreurs de mesure du DLW, sous differentes hypotheses sur la distribution du TEI, sont consideres afin d'obtenir un estime precis du biais du TEI. L'inference est faite en utilisant des techniques de simulation MCMC dans un cadre bayesien complet. Les comparaisons de modeles sont faites en utilisant l'erreur de prediction quadratique moyenne (MSPE). Nos resultats montrent que le modele conjoint avec effets aleatoires, sous le modele de densite gamma, donne le meilleur ajustement en fonction du MSPE et des diagnostics sur les residus. Ces derniers montrent que le biais du TEI est non significatif en se basant sur un intervalle de credibilite de niveau 95%. La revue canadienne de statistique 38: 506–516; 2010 © 2010 Societe statistique du Canada
The Voltage–Current Scaling Relationship and Impedance of DC Electromagnetic Launchers

Electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) including railguns, helical guns, and coilguns have been proposed for numerous applications. However, the scaling characteristics of EMLs are unknown. This paper examines the nonlinear operating characteristics of EMLs and derives the operating voltage and current scaling relationships as determined by the mass and velocity of the projectile and the length of the launcher. The scaling relationship is derived using the kinetic power relationship common to all types of EMLs. The scaling relationship is expressed as a simple function of the projectile velocity, projectile mass, and launcher length. This paper also defines the impedance of an EML. The accuracy of the scaling relationship and the EML impedance are verified in a comparison with the experimental results of practical EMLs. The effects of resistive losses and inductive energy storage on the scaling relationship are included in the analysis.
Imaging the phase separation in atomically thin buried SrTiO(3) layers by electron channeling.

A phase-separation instability, resulting in the dewetting of thin ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ films grown on Si(100) is shown by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Plan-view imaging of 1-nm thick, buried ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ films was achieved by exploiting electron channeling through the substrate to focus the incident 0.2 nm beam down to a 0.04 nm diameter, revealing a nonuniform coverage by epitaxial ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ islands and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ Sr-covered regions. Density-functional calculations predict the ground state is a coexistence of $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ Sr-reconstructed Si and Sr-deficient ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$, in correspondence with the observed islanding.
Properties of warm dense matter at low entropies

Abstract We describe the qualitative properties of warm dense matter on adiabats, paying particular attention to their behavior in the vicinity of phase transitions. The equation of state of matter on the adiabat corresponding to an entropy of 1 k B per nucleon is calculated within the compressible liquid drop model for nuclei.
The Value of Supervision

Abstract In a qualitative study examining clinical social workers' theories of cure, supervision emerged as an essential resource for clinical social workers. Their relationships to, and experiences with, supervisors were regarded as highly influential in the formation of their professional competence and identity. All had experienced important and profound supervisory experiences that helped form the basis of their professional competence. This paper describes the benefits of supervision as reported by the clinical social workers interviewed and validates supervision as a sustainable ingredient of clinical social work practice. “They were very, very patient. I was, I mean I had … I was a Goddamn mess, I didn't know anything and the fact that my supervisor didn't lean across the desk and strangle me I think really shows tremendous restraint on their part” (Male #2).
P-Selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 deficiency substantially protects against atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

The expression of leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) is essential for the emigration of leukocytes during an inflammatory response. The importance of the inflammatory response in the development of atherosclerosis is indicated by the increased expression of adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors in lesions and lesion-prone areas and by protection in mice deficient in various aspects of the inflammatory response. We have quantitated the effect of deficiency for intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, P-selectin, or E-selectin on atherosclerotic lesion formation at 20 wk of age in apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− (deficient) mice fed a normal chow diet. All mice were apo E−/− and CAM+/+ or CAM−/− littermates, and no differences were found in body weight or cholesterol levels among the various genotypes during the study. ICAM-1−/− mice had significantly less lesion area than their ICAM-1+/+ littermates: 4.08 ± 0.70 mm2 for −/− males vs. 5.87 ± 0.66 mm2 for +/+ males, and 3.95 ± 0.65 mm2 for −/− females vs. 5.59 ± 1.131 mm2 for +/+ females, combined P < 0.0001. An even greater reduction in lesion area was observed in P-selectin−/− mice: 3.06 ± 1.04 mm2 for −/− males vs. 5.09 ± 1.22 mm2 for +/+ males, and 2.85 ± 1.26 mm2 for −/− females compared with 5.60 ± 1.19 mm2 for +/+ females, combined P < 0.001. The reduction in lesion area for the E-selectin null mice, although less than that seen for ICAM-1 or P-selectin, was still significant (4.54 ± 2.14 mm2 for −/− males vs. 5.92 ± 0.63 mm2 for +/+ males, and 4.38 ± 0.85 mm2 for −/− females compared with 5.94 ± 1.44 mm2 for +/+ females, combined P < 0.01). These results, coupled with the closely controlled genetics of this study, indicate that reductions in the expression of P-selectin, ICAM-1, or E-selectin provide direct protection from atherosclerotic lesion formation in this model.
Reading Modernity in Urban Space: Politics, Geography and the Informal Sector of Downtown Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

DURING THE 1990s, the informal sector pervaded Dar es Salaam's geography and economy, providing cash, goods, and services even to salaried workers, yet professional-class urbanites consistently decried its increasing role in city life. Informal enterprises violate cultural-economic visions of cities as places of salaried employment and centralized planning—key facets of urbane modernity as imagined by office workers. For professionals and full-time street vendors alike, the informal sector and state attempts at regulation became a key arena for debates over the ideal form of urbanism and ultimately modernity in contemporary Tanzania. [Tanzania, modernity, informal sector, professional class, urban space]
The Science behind Preparing and Responding to Pandemic Influenza: The Lessons and Limits of Science

A strong evidence base provides the foundation for planning and response strategies. Investments in pandemic preparedness included support for research that aided early detection, response, and control of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) pandemic. Scientific investigations conducted during the pandemic guided understanding of the virus, disease severity, and epidemiologic risk factors. Field investigations also produced information that strengthened guidance for the use of antivirals, identification of target populations for monovalent pH1N1 vaccine, and refinement of recommendations for social distancing measures. Communication of this evolving evidence base was important to sustaining credibility of public health. Areas where substantial controversy emerged, such as the optimal approach to respiratory protection of healthcare workers, often suffered from gaps in the evidence base. Many aspects of the 2009-2010 pandemic influenza experience provide ongoing opportunities for additional study, which will strengthen plans for future pandemic response as well as control of seasonal influenza.
A New Protein Architecture for Processing Alkylation Damaged DNA: The Crystal Structure of DNA Glycosylase AlkD

DNA glycosylases safeguard the genome by locating and excising chemically modified bases from DNA. AlkD is a recently discovered bacterial DNA glycosylase that removes positively charged methylpurines from DNA, and was predicted to adopt a protein fold distinct from from those of other DNA repair proteins. The crystal structure of Bacillus cereus AlkD presented here shows that the protein is composed exclusively of helical HEAT-like repeats, which form a solenoid perfectly shaped to accommodate a DNA duplex on the concave surface. Structural analysis of the variant HEAT repeats in AlkD provides a rationale for how this protein scaffolding motif has been modified to bind DNA. We report 7mG excision and DNA binding activities of AlkD mutants, along with a comparison of alkylpurine DNA glycosylase structures. Together, these data provide important insight into the requirements for alkylation repair within DNA and suggest that AlkD utilizes a novel strategy to manipulate DNA in its search for alkylpurine bases.
Wasserstoffspeicherung in mikroporösen metall-organischen Gerüsten mit koordinativ ungesättigten Metallzentren

Metall-organische Geruste sind wegen ihrer hohen Aufnahmekapazitat bei tiefer Temperatur und der ausgezeichneten Reversibilitatskinetik interessant als mogliche Feststoffmaterialien zur Wasserstoffspeicherung. In den vergangenen Jahren hat man mehrere Methoden erforscht, um die Affinitat dieser Materialien fur Wasserstoff zu erhohen, und die Bindung von H2 an ungesattigte Metallzentren ist eine der vielversprechendsten. Wir geben hier eine Ubersicht uber bisher entwickelte Synthesemethoden fur Geruste mit zuganglichen Metallzentren sowie uber die entsprechenden Aufnahmekapazitaten fur Wasserstoff und Bindungsenergien. Weiterhin werden die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Metall-Wasserstoff-Wechselwirkung in ausgewahlten Materialien diskutiert.
Reduced Vascular Nitric Oxide–cGMP Signaling Contributes to Adipose Tissue Inflammation During High-Fat Feeding

Objective— Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation of adipose tissue, which contributes to insulin resistance and diabetes. Although nitric oxide (NO) signaling has antiinflammatory effects in the vasculature, whether reduced NO contributes to adipose tissue inflammation is unknown. We sought to determine whether (1) obesity induced by high-fat (HF) diet reduces endothelial nitric oxide signaling in adipose tissue, (2) reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling is sufficient to induce adipose tissue inflammation independent of diet, and (3) increased cGMP signaling can block adipose tissue inflammation induced by HF feeding. Methods and Results— Relative to mice fed a low-fat diet, an HF diet markedly reduced phospho-eNOS and phospho-vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (phospho-VASP), markers of vascular NO signaling. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was increased in adipose tissue of eNOS−/− mice. Conversely, enhancement of signaling downstream of NO by phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition using sildenafil attenuated HF-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression and the recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue. Finally, we implicate a role for VASP, a downstream mediator of NO-cGMP signaling in mediating eNOS-induced antiinflammatory effects because VASP−/− mice recapitulated the proinflammatory phenotype displayed by eNOS−/− mice. Conclusion— These results imply a physiological role for endothelial NO to limit obesity-associated inflammation in adipose tissue and hence identify the NO-cGMP-VASP pathway as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes.
Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine potentiates apoptosis induced by dietary tocotrienols in breast cancer cells

Introduction Tocomin® represents commercially available mixture of naturally occurring tocotrienols (T3s) and tocopherols extracted from palm oil/palm fruits that possess powerful antioxidant, anticancer, neuro/cardioprotective and cholesterol-lowering properties. Cellular autophagy represents a defense mechanism against oxidative stress and several anticancer compounds. Recently, we reported that T3s induce apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in breast cancer cells.
A high efficiency sigma-delta based direct digital amplifier

A digital input class-D amplifier that reduces the harmonics of the output signal has been implemented. The structure consists of a sigma-delta modulator which converts a 12-bit input signal into a 1-bit signal at the clock frequency of 2.5 MHz. The H-Bridge is made part of the modulator and power supply rejection is achieved using an ADC in the feedback loop. The proposed structure, designed and implemented using 2.5 V TSMC 0.25 u process, enables the in-band noise suppression, improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and reduction in the switching losses and hence the size of the low-pass filter at the output.
Density management and biodiversity in young Douglas-fir forests: Challenges of managing across scales

Concerns about the dominance of dense, young plantations in the Pacific Northwest have spurred interest in the effects of density management on various aspects of biodiversity. We review results from numerous large-scale management experiments (LSMEs) in terms of the early vegetation responses to thinning. In particular, we focus on the contributions of variable treatments, such as gap creation, unthinned patches and variable density thinning to within-stand variability. Density management resulted in changes in overstory and understory vegetation, but results were similar and independent of thinning intensity. Even light thinning operations initially reduced understory vegetation likely due to harvesting damage. The vegetation recovered quickly, but thinning resulted in a compositional shift towards invading, early seral species. Spatially variable treatments provide for variable canopy structure and understory vegetation and results from the LSMEs suggest incorporating these into thinning prescriptions may be beneficial where biodiversity is of concern. The need for spatially variable treatments is highlighted by the hierarchical habitat-selection framework of various wildlife species. This framework provides a basis for matching spatial variability in forest structure and vegetation to the spatial scales that wildlife species perceive and respond to. Silvicultural prescriptions that increase within-stand variability can provide important habitat features across multiple scales and enhance habitat quality beyond that provided by stand-level prescriptions.
Patients' experience compared with physicians' recommendations for treating fecal incontinence: a qualitative approach.

Using qualitative methods, we compared physician-recommended treatment options for fecal incontinence to patient knowledge of treatment options. Our hypothesis was that physician recommendations were not being communicated well to patients and that this impaired patients’ ability to cope with fecal incontinence. Cognitive interviews were conducted with physicians who routinely care for women with fecal incontinence. Physicians were asked to describe their typical nonsurgical treatment recommendations and counseling for fecal incontinence. Women with bothersome fecal incontinence were recruited to participate in focus groups and asked about personal experience with fecal incontinence symptoms and treatment options. For both physician interviews and patient focus groups, qualitative data analysis was performed using grounded-theory methodology. Physicians identified several barriers patients face when seeking treatment: lack of physician interest toward fecal incontinence, and patient embarrassment in discussing fecal incontinence. Physicians universally recommended fiber and pelvic floor exercise; they felt the majority (approximately 70–80 %) of patients will improve with these therapies. Collectively, patients were able to identify all treatment recommendations given by physicians, although many had discovered these treatments through personal experience. Three concepts emerged regarding treatment options that physicians did not identify but that patients felt were important in their treatment: hope for improvement, personal effort to control symptoms, and encouragement to go on living life fully. Whereas physicians had treatment to offer women with fecal incontinence, women had already found the best treatments through personal research and effort. Women want to hear a message of hope and encouragement and perceive personal effort from providers.
Hypoxia reduces TGFβ1-induced corneal keratocyte myofibroblast transformation

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether transient hypoxia had an effect on transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1)-induced rabbit corneal keratocyte myofibroblast transformation. METHODS Primary isolated rabbit corneal keratocytes were cultured in a serum-free medium. The effect of transient hypoxia treatment (1% oxygen, 4 h/day) on TGFbeta1 (5 ng/ml)-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SM actin) expression was examined by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry 72 h after treatment. We found that hypoxia treatment significantly reduced the myofibroblast phenotype and alpha-SM actin expression that was induced by TGFbeta1. To explore the possible mechanism for this effect, we screened for the effects of hypoxia on several early TGFbeta-dependent signaling events including activated pSmad3, CREB (cAMP response element binding) binding protein (CBP), MAPKs (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), and RhoA by co-immunoprecipitation and western blotting. RESULTS Hypoxia alone increased alpha-SM actin expression and the association of pSmad3 to CBP, but it did not induce the myofibroblast phenotype. The levels of pERK (the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) and pSmad3 or the extent of the interaction between pSmad3 and CBP induced by TGFbeta1 were not affected by hypoxia whereas the activation of RhoA induced by TGFbeta1 was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that hypoxia can inhibit TGFbeta1-induced corneal myofibroblast transformation and alpha-SM actin expression. Our data show that this inhibition does not occur by altering Smads or MAPK signaling but possibly by reducing the early activation of RhoA.
The series elastic shock absorber: tendon elasticity modulates energy dissipation by muscle during burst deceleration.

During downhill running, manoeuvring, negotiation of obstacles and landings from a jump, mechanical energy is dissipated via active lengthening of limb muscles. Tendon compliance provides a ‘shock-absorber’ mechanism that rapidly absorbs mechanical energy and releases it more slowly as the recoil of the tendon does work to stretch muscle fascicles. By lowering the rate of muscular energy dissipation, tendon compliance likely reduces the risk of muscle injury that can result from rapid and forceful muscle lengthening. Here, we examine how muscle–tendon mechanics are modulated in response to changes in demand for energy dissipation. We measured lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle activity, force and fascicle length, as well as leg joint kinematics and ground-reaction force, as turkeys performed drop-landings from three heights (0.5–1.5 m centre-of-mass elevation). Negative work by the LG muscle–tendon unit during landing increased with drop height, mainly owing to greater muscle recruitment and force as drop height increased. Although muscle strain did not increase with landing height, ankle flexion increased owing to increased tendon strain at higher muscle forces. Measurements of the length–tension relationship of the muscle indicated that the muscle reached peak force at shorter and likely safer operating lengths as drop height increased. Our results indicate that tendon compliance is important to the modulation of energy dissipation by active muscle with changes in demand and may provide a mechanism for rapid adjustment of function during deceleration tasks of unpredictable intensity.
Analytical Expression for the Bias and Frequency-Dependent Capacitance of MOS Varactors

Relaxation time approximation is used to obtain an analytical expression for the frequency dependence of the capacitance of MOS varactors that are associated with the inertia of inversion layer formation.
Bandwidth Extension of Audio Based on Partial Loudness Criteria

Most modern speech coders operate on a limited bandwidth. This tends to decrease the naturalness of the synthesized audio and often also affects the intelligibility of certain sounds. While a few wideband speech coders have been standardized, implementing them in existing systems would require significant changes to the infrastructure. One solution is to use bandwidth extension techniques that predict the high-frequency band based on low-band features. Problems arise however when the correlation between the low and the high band is insufficient for an adequate representation of the wideband signal. In this paper, we propose a novel source-filter bandwidth extension algorithm that makes use of psychoacoustic concepts to determine the perceptual benefits that a particular audio frame gains from a more exact representation of the high band. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed system performs at a lower average bit rate when compared to other similar algorithms without compromising the audio quality.
The MPEG-7 standard and the content-based management of three-dimensional data: a case study

Content based management of three dimensional data in the framework of the MPEG-7 standard is considered. An overview of MPEG-7 and three dimensional data is presented. Descriptors and description schemes suitable for three dimensional data are introduced and their integration in the framework of MPEG-7 is detailed. The shape descriptors are based on cords, wavelet transform and three dimensional statistical moments. Implications of the normative and the non-normative parts of the standard are analyzed and their relations are considered. The descriptors and description schemes are evaluated according to MPEG-7 criteria. Experimental results indicating the potential of the descriptors are presented. Some considerations on dynamic scenes are introduced.
The ontology of intentionality I: the dependence ontological account of order: mediate and immediate moments and pieces of dependent and independent objects

This is the first of three essays which use Edmund Husserl's dependence ontology to formulate a non-Diodorean and non-Kantian temporal semantics for two-valued, first-order predicate modal languages suitable for expressing ontologies of experience (like physics and cognitive science). This essay's primary desideratum is to formulate an adequate dependence-ontological account of order. To do so it uses primitive (proper) part and (weak) foundation relations to formulate seven axioms and 28 definitions as a basis for Husserl's dependence ontological theory of relating moments. The essay distinguishes between dependence v. independence, pieces v. moments, mediate v. immediate pieces and moments, maximal v. non-maximal pieces, founded v. unfounded qualities, integrative v. disintegrative dependence, and defines the concepts of the completion of an object, the adumbrational equivalence relation of objects, moments of unity which unify objects, and relating moments which relate objects. The eight theorems [CUT90]-[CUT97] show that relating moments of unity provide an adequate account of order in terms of primitive (proper) part and (weak) foundation relations.
Solutions for Certain Circular Plate Problems

The exact closed-form solutions have been obtained for the problems of transverse displacements in clamped thin solid circular elastic plates subject to partial loadings as described in the following. The transverse load per unit area, which varies as a closed form polynomial only in the direction perpendicular to a secant line in the circular plate, exists on one side of this line. The included examples are the case in which the plate is subject to hydrostatic pressure on one side of a secant line, and the case of a uniform line load along a chord. The technique of solution is by first deriving a closed-form particular integral of the governing differential equation. Next, the complementary solution of the equation in polar coordinates satisfying the necessary edge conditions is derived in the form of an infinite series. Finally the involved series are summed to obtain the desired closed-form solution.
Theropod dinosaurs from the Albian–Cenomanian Wayan Formation of eastern Idaho

AbstractThe record of terrestrial vertebrates in the upper Albian to Cenomanian Wayan Formation of Idaho is sparse, with most fossils recovered belonging to the small orodromine neornithischian Oryctodromeus cubicularis and the maniraptoran ootaxon Macroelongatoolithus carlylei. Here we report on a diversity of theropod forms now recognised from various isolated teeth, vertebrae, eggs and eggshell. Theropods recognised from isolated teeth include a large possible tyrannosauroid, a small tyrannosauroid, dromaeosaurids, and indeterminate theropods. A possible neovenatorid and indeterminate theropods are recognised from isolated vertebrae. A giant oviraptorosaur is indicated by the presence of rare eggs and common eggshell accumulations referred to Macroelongatoolithus. While these remains are admittedly meager, their presence indicates that a substantial diversity of theropods existed in the Albian to Cenomanian environments of southeastern Idaho. The Wayan theropod assemblage is among the most diverse repo...
Victims as the Heart of the Matter: The South African Amnesty Process as Promised in Practice

The South African amnesty process, and the truth and reconciliation commission of which it is a part, has been hailed as one of the most innovative and successful commissions to address a history of gross violations of human rights in a transitional society. This paper begins to look at the accomplishments of the amnesty process from the perspective of victims - those who suffered violations of their fundamental rights at the hands of those individuals who applied for amnesty. In particular it looks at the treatment, role, and perspectives of victims as reflected in the 921 amnesty decisions published to date, and in selective transcripts of amnesty hearings.
The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast

The northern Northwest Coast supported some of the most socially complex hunting and gathering societies on the Pacific Coast. The Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian of this region share a rich ethnographic history that reveals hereditary social ranking, sedentary villages, intensive warfare, part-time craft specialization and dense populations. Models developed to explain the origins of social and political complexity among these groups have covered the gamut of theories presented for the rise of complexity in state level societies. As will be demonstrated, not only have archaeologists failed to present a theory that explains the rangeof variability in the data, but on the northern Northwest Coast, the actual timing of the origins of political complexity is suspect.
Analysis on AFP cases in Jing de zhen city during 2004-2005

The epidemiolgical characteristics was analysed on AFP cases in Jing de zhen city during 2004-2005,and the indice of AFP monitoring system were evaluated.The data from the monitoring system showed that 16 cases totally from 2004 to 2005.Among them,6 cases were imported,the rest were native.The average report rate of child under 15 years was 1.25/100000.the montioring indice meeted the criteria except for the collecting rate of the two eligible excrement samples duing 14 days.
Statistical Analysis of Articles Published by the Children's Hospital of Hunan Province during 2000～2007

This article analyzed the number, publication journal and subject category of 1161 articles indexed by CHKD which arepublished by the Children's Hospital of Hunan Province during 2000～2007, and explored the scientific research tendency of thewhole and every subject as well as article contribution of research people, with considerations of the actuality of the hospital. It notonly objectively evaluated and awarded the academic level of the hospital, but also pointed out the deficiency of the research paper.Thus it reflected the change of medical scientific research level of the hospital and proposed the development directions for researchwork.
52 ACTIVATED TH2 LYMPHOCYTES EXPRESS NKG2A, -C AND AN NK-LIKE PHENOTYPE

Purpose Classically, NKG2 receptors are associated with cytotoxic cells, such as NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, NKG2A has been recently found on activated T-helper (TH) cells, presenting the possibility of differential expression between TH1 and TH2 subtypes. Given the importance of the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells in critical illnesses such as asthma and ARDS, this finding could be significant as these are the only TH receptors known to bind MHC class I complexes. To examine the expression of NKG2 receptors on TH1 and TH2 cells in quiescence and with activation. Methods Using a density gradient method, the mononuclear cell (MNC) layer was isolated from the peripheral blood of 5 healthy volunteers. TH1 and TH2 cells were isolated from the MNC fractions using a negative cell selection technique. Each cell isolate was split and half was activated for 4 hours with PMA, ionomycin, and brefeldin A. Flow cytometry was performed on the activated and non-activated samples. Results All isolates were pure CD3+CD4+ cells (SE: 98.8 0.4%) with no evidence of CD8+ or CD56+ contamination. We found moderate levels of NKG2C positivism on quiescent TH2 cells (14.7 4%) but little NKG2A. After activation, we found significantly increased expression of NKG2A (12.9 7.3%; p = 0.03) and decreased NKG2C (7.2 3.3%; p = 0.26) on TH2 cells, in addition to cells newly positive for CD56 (27.6 16.6%; p = 0.01). The degree of TH2 NKG2 expression with activation varied between individuals but was reproducible within an individual. There was little notable expression of either NKG2 receptor on TH1 cells before or after activation. Conclusions These data suggest that the earlier finding of NKG2 receptors on activated TH cells is due to TH2 up-regulation of several NK-like surface markers. This implies that these cells have some role in cytotoxicity. Intriguing also is the dramatic inter-individual differences in NKG2 expression levels. Elucidation of whether this is genetically-driven or a function of NKG2-switching among unmeasured subtypes is a crucial next step and could lead to important new understanding of the pathophysiology of TH1/2 balance-related diseases like asthma and ARDS.
An exploratory study of mental health interventions with infants and young children in foster care

ABSTRACTChild maltreatment negatively affects the well-being and development of youth in the United States. Infants and young children are disproportionately affected in number and severity by abuse and neglect, yielding short- and long-term developmental challenges requiring the identification of research-informed, trauma-focused early interventions. This exploratory study examines 23 children who started mental health treatment at, or before, age 5. All children were removed from home for reasons of suspected abuse and neglect, placed into foster care, and provided long-term, relationship-based psychotherapy for an average of 3.35 years through A Home Within, a national nonprofit focused on the emotional health of foster children. Findings indicate substantial reductions in therapist-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, dissociative symptoms, self-injurious behavior, sleep problems, enuresis, school problems, conduct problems, sexualized behavior, and aggression. These preliminary results support t...
The Machu Picchu Solution: A New Approach to Cultural Patrimony Disputes

The dispute over the Bingham collections from Machu Picchu was resolved by formal agreements by Yale University with the Peruvian government and with the University of Cuzco (UNSAAC) bringing to an end nearly a decade of discord. At the core of the agreements was an attitude of mutual respect and appreciation between the three parties, with the Peruvian government and our colleagues at UNSAAC acknowledging the historic importance of Bingham’s investigations and of Yale’s role in conserving and investigating the collections for nearly a century. At the same time, Yale University recognized the unique importance of the Machu Picchu site for the people of Cuzco and the Peruvian nation, and the need to return the collections to Cuzco and recognize Peru’s ownership. The agreements are built on the shared commitment to displaying these collections to the public, preserving them with adequate security and conservation, and guaranteeing that they remain accessible to researchers. The return, display, and conservation of the Machu Picchu collections are treated in the agreements within a broader framework that involves scientific investigation, student and faculty exchange, and other long-term educational and scholarly collaborations between Yale and UNSAAC. Thus, the solution to the dispute enriches both universities, providing new opportunities and resources for everyone concerned.
Impact of Women Self-help Groups (SHGs) on Income, Employment, Investment and Saving in South Konkan Region

The present study entitled, "Impact of women self help groups on income, employment, investment and saving in South konkan Region" was carried out in South Konkan region purposively. From Ratangiri district Dapoli, Khed and Guhaghar while from Sindhudurg district Kudal, Devgad and Kankavali tahsils were selected. From each tahsil, ten SHGs and five members of each SHG were selected randomly. Thus, final sample consisted of 60 SHGs, 300 SHG members. The selected SHGs were categorized taking into consideration group activities performed by SHG. The SHGs were classified as farming activities, agro-processing activities, and non-farming activities. This indicated that after joining the SHG, per member income increased to the extent of 13.87 per cent. This increase in income was 14.84 per cent in farming, 12.31 per cent in agro-processing and 14.63 per cent in non-farming category. Within different categories of groups, the increase in employment was 83.18 per cent in farming category, 61.95 per cent in agro-processing category and 77.41 per cent in non-farming category. The investment in different assets increased to the extent of 22.62 per cent after participation in SHG group. Within different categories of groups, the increase in investment was 22.22 per cent in farming category, 16.83 per cent in agro-processing category and 26.82 per cent in non-farming category. After participation in SHG activities per member saving increased by 27.84 per cent.
Adsorption of radioactive iodine and krypton from off-gas stream using continuous flow adsorption column

Abstract A novel Engelhard Titanosilicate – 10 (ETS-10) supported 10 wt% hollow carbon nano-polyhedron (10 wt% C@ETS-10) sorbent developed in our laboratory was investigated for adsorption of the radioactive iodine and krypton from off-gas stream using a continuous flow adsorption column. Adsorption experiments were performed to determine the capacity of 10 wt% C@ETS-10 sorbent for iodine and krypton in multicomponent mixture system by varying operating parameters, such as inlet concentration of iodine (I2) and krypton (Kr), and adsorption column temperature. Pristine and used sorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy to identify the morphology, elemental and vibration analysis of the sorbent before and after the experiments. EDS and XPS spectra of the used samples clearly indicate the presence of iodine on the sorbent. Multicomponent sorption capacities of I2 and Kr of 10 wt% C@ETS-10 sorbent calculated from the breakthrough curves at 20 °C at 25 ppm I2 and 70 ppm Kr balanced with nitrogen were found to be 41.5 and 0.0323 mg g−1, respectively. Sorption data was found to be best fitted by the Langmuir as well as Freundlich isotherm model. Experimental data were analyzed by Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and Bohart-Adams sorption kinetics models to predict the breakthrough curves and calculate the characteristic parameters of the column that are useful for process design for the multicomponent system. Results show that 10 wt% C@ETS-10 sorbent has potential sorbent for adsorption of multicomponent (I2 and Kr) from off-gas stream.
Relational resilience as a potential mediator between adverse childhood experiences and prenatal depression

This study examined the indirect effects of individual, relational, and contextual resilience in the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and prenatal depression. Participants include...
Examining Racial Microaggressions, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Bilingual Status with School Psychology Students: the Role of Intersectionality

The current study investigated the intersection of race/ethnicity and two related factors, gender and bilingual status, and the experience of racial microaggressions in a sample of school psychology graduate students. We proposed that race intersects not only gender but also bilingual status, leading to significant differences in the frequency of experiencing racial microaggressions. Through a national survey of racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse school psychology graduate students (n = 228), the study examined the interaction of race/ethnicity, gender, bilingual status, and three types of racial microaggressions students might experience in school psychology graduate education: assumptions of inferiority, microinvalidations, and workplace and school microaggressions. Although bilingual status was not significant, our findings indicated that Black males were significantly different from all other groups in their experience of two types of racial microaggressions—assumptions of inferiority and school and workplace racial microaggressions. Implications for school psychology program recruitment and retention practices are discussed.
Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and the role of lenalidomide in patients affected by poems syndrome

POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic condition, with a poorly understood pathogenesis. High dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been reported to be an effective therapeutic option for patients with good performance status. Here, we review the role of ASCT for POEMS syndrome and discuss indications together with advantages and disadvantages, and related issues such lenalidomide given before or after ASCT, VEGF levels as a marker of disease, and different regimens for stem cell mobilization.
A Hotel of Her Own: Building by and for the New Woman, 1900-1930:

This article examines the little-known phenomenon of apartment hotels built for single middle- and upper-class women during the early decades of the twentieth century. Focusing on New York City, wh...
EMBED: A Dataset for Energy Monitoring through Building Electricity Disaggregation

Electricity disaggregation, the task of inferring appliances' energy consumption in a building from a few sensing points, has received attention in the energy community. In this paper, we introduce EMBED, a publically available dataset for Energy Monitoring through Building Electricity Disaggregation. EMBED is the most comprehensive fully labeled disaggregation dataset to date containing the aggregate power measurement as well as plug load data of different appliances for three residential units, each was collected for at least two weeks. Therefore, this dataset could be used for comparing the performance for both event-based and non-even-based methodologies. In this dataset, all the events were uniquely labeled by identifying separate labels for different transition states for each appliance. This feature enables comprehensive evaluation of classification or clustering algorithms for disaggregation. The paper discusses the dataset, hardware setup, data collection procedure, and unique characteristics compared to the similar works. In addition, it presents preliminary analyses on the dataset as a benchmark to encourage future research in the disaggregation domain.
Thrombolysis for Acute Lower Limb Ischemia

Most acute vascular occlusions occur without the patient noting either sudden pain, or altered appearance of the limb. They can remain clinically silent or manifest as new onset or worsening of claudication.
Dynamic Causal Models for Human Electrophysiology: EEG, MEG, and LFPs

Dynamic causal modeling (DCM) is a Bayesian model inversion and selection framework for identifying the neurobiological mechanisms that generate electroencephalographic (EEG), magnetoencephalographic (MEG), and local field potential (LFP) recordings. The principal idea is to use generative models – based upon interconnected neural populations – to explain observed data, where these models embody competing hypotheses about how the data were generated. Dynamic causal models are parameterized in terms of effective connectivity or synaptic time constants and entail particular forms of neuronal dynamics that can be assessed using Bayesian model selection and parameter estimation.
Stellar Populations and the Star Formation History

An early determination of the stellar populations in M33 was the analysis of the stellar photometry obtained by Mould and Kristian (1986), as described in Chap. 8. Their results indicated that the galaxy contains a population of old stars, similar to those in the halo of our Galaxy. A second indication of the presence of a very old, population II component was the discovery of RR Lyrae stars (Pritchet 1988), as described in Chap. 10.
Leaf Energy Balance in the Wet Lowland Tropics

The interplay between macroclimate and vegetation in the wet tropics creates leaf microclimates in which light intensity, humidity, air temperature, and wind velocity tend to be correlated. Along a vertical transect through the forest, this creates an increase in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) with increasing height. The correlated changes in environmental factors act to narrow the range of microclimates encountered along a vertical transect through the forest, making it possible to simulate leaf energy balance for “typical” microhabitats. Basing the simulations on leaves of the size most frequently encountered and with stomatal responses to light and VPD, leaf energy balance along a vertical gradient from forest floor to canopy can be summarized as follows:
PROJECTIONS OF THE LOCUS COERULEUS IN THE RAT

The locus coeruleus, located in the pontine periventricular gray, is the largest group of norepinephrine-producing neurons in the rat brain. Locus coeruleus neuron axons collateralize markedly and produce a widespread innervation to neocortex, dorsal thalamus, cerebellar cortex and some areas of basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. The projection of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons is distinct from, but overlaps that of other brainstem norepinephrine neurons, dopamine neurons and epinephrine neurons.
Hilbert Space and Elements of Fourier Analysis

The basic tools of analysis rely on the translation invariance properties of functions and operations on Euclidean space, and, at least for applications involving integration, Fourier analysis is one of the most powerful techniques for exploiting translation invariance.