cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes in resident-performed cataract surgeries with iris challenges: Results from the Perioperative Care for Intraocular Lens study.

Purpose To assess the outcomes of resident-performed cataract surgeries with iris challenges and to compare these outcomes with similar surgeries performed by attending surgeons. Setting Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Design Retrospective chart review. Methods All cases of cataract extraction by phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation, performed by comprehensive ophthalmologists between January 1 and December 31, 2014, were reviewed. Cases with preoperative or intraoperative miosis, iris prolapse, and intraoperative floppy iris syndrome, were included for analysis. Visual outcomes and the rate of perioperative adverse events were compared between resident and attending surgeon cases. Factors predicting adverse events were also assessed. Results In total, 1931 eye cases of 1434 patients were reviewed, and 65 resident cases and 168 attending surgeon cases were included. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution corrected distance visual acuity was better in the resident group 1 month after surgery (0.051 ± 0.10 [SD] versus 0.132 ± 0.30, P = .03); however, the difference was eliminated when controlling for macular disease. The mean operative time was 43.8 ± 26.5 minutes and 30.9 ± 12.6 minutes for cases performed by resident surgeons and attending surgeons, respectively (P .0001). Residents utilized supplemental pharmacologic dilation or retraction more frequently than attending surgeons (98% versus 87% of cases, P = .008). The overall rate of adverse events was no different between residents and attending surgeons (P = 0.16). Dense nuclear sclerosis predicted adverse events in cataract cases with iris challenges (adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–2.94; P = .001). Conclusion Although requiring longer operative times and more surgical manipulation, residents who performed cataract surgeries with iris challenges achieved outcomes comparable to those performed by attending surgeons, and residents should be given the opportunity to operate on these eyes.
Signaling Events Downstream of AHR Activation That Contribute to Toxic Responses: The Functional Role of an AHR-Dependent Long Noncoding RNA ( slincR) Using the Zebrafish Model

Background: A structurally diverse group of chemicals, including dioxins [e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can xenobiotically activate ...
Law Against Justice and Solidarity: Rereading Derrida and Agamben at the Margins of the One and the Many

Law and justice are in crucial ways against nature as well as against solidarity. As David Hume famously proclaimed, justice is an “artificial virtue” in contrast to the social bonds of family and community which are affectively grounded in solidarity and manifestations of mutual sympathy. Law is also artificial much in the same way as justice. Indeed, to the extent that law is conceived as a self-standing normative order propelled by its own inner logic, it tends to remain too abstract to command heartfelt internalization or commitment. Moreover, law often stands against justice as some laws are unjust and law can rarely if ever deliver full justice. The above insights pose difficult questions for proponents of critical jurisprudence and the respective contributions to legal theory by Derrida and Agamben enrich the debate and open fruitful perspectives in relation to the relation between law, justice and solidarity in the context of the nexus between the singular, the universal and the plural. For Derrida, law must pursue justice, but always falls short as there is tragically no way to ever reconcile the universal and the singular. For Agamben, in contrast, while reconciling law, justice and solidarity may be as elusive as it is for Derrida, it becomes masked by a ceremonial spectacle of religiously inspired mysterious harmony leading to consensus acclamation by those subjected to law combined with an unbridgeable gap between law and administration. This chapter places in context and compares Derrida’s deconstruction of law with Agamben’s reconstruction and inquires whether these two theorists complement one another and whether there are any solutions to the problems they confront that may open a way beyond despair or artifice.
Effect of Mexican Oregano on Colon Cancer Cells

Oregano is an important spice with increasing demand in the USA. Mexican and Mediterranean oregano are the most common types, though their botanical and physical characteristics are substantially d...
Preheating in full general relativity

We investigate the importance of local gravity during preheating, the nonlinear dynamics that may be responsible for starting the process of reheating the Universe after inflation. We introduce three numerical methods that study a simple preheating scenario while relaxing gravitational assumptions, culminating in studying the process in full numerical relativity. We confirm that perturbation theory is no longer valid when one considers modes whose wavelengths are comparable to the size of the horizon at the end of inflation; however, this breakdown does not necessarily lead to a breakdown of the preheating process in nonlinear gravity. For the specific model we test we find no evidence for the creation of primordial black holes from the instabilities in this model. Finally, we remark on the opportunity for future numerical study of nonlinear gravitational dynamics in the early Universe.
Exact Controllability for the Wave Equation on Star Graphs

Abstract We consider initial boundary value and control problems for the wave equation on tree graphs, where Dirichlet controls are applied at either all or all but one boundary vertices. For a three-edge star graph, we prove the exact shape, velocity and full controllability of the systems. We propose new constructive algorithms solving the initial boundary value problem and the boundary control problem and present a numerical example.
Museums and digital culture: new perspectives and research

Change is stressful. In the 1990s, people had to make a conscious effort to go online to access the Internet. Museums and related cultural heritage institutions worried that potential visitors woul...
Atomic scale imaging and spectroscopy of a CuO2 plane at the surface of Bi2Sr2CaCu2 O8+δ

We have used a scanning tunneling microscope to demonstrate that a single CuO 2 plane can form a stable and atomically ordered layer at the surface of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + Φ . In contrast to previous stadies on high-T c surfaces, the CuO 2 -terminated surface exhibits a strongly suppressed tunneling condactance at low voltages. We consider a number of different explanations for this phenomena and propose that it may be caused by how the orbital symmetry of the CuO 2 plane's electronic states affects the tunneling process.
The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America

In The Color of Law, Richard Rothstein provides a critical and timely reminder of the history of segregation in the United States for all who have forgotten and those who never knew. As William Jul...
Occipital fixation techniques and complications

Occipitocervical fusions in the adult population are most commonly indicated for neoplastic tumors invading the craniocervical junction (CCJ), rheumatological deformities compromising the foramen magnum, and traumatic dislocations resulting in occiput-C1 instability. Appropriate preoperative imaging will not only assist in identifying the pathology but also determine a treatment regimen for the diseased junction. A treatment algorithm for craniocervical disease is proposed. Lesions must first be identified as irreducible versus reducible: restore extension and/or distraction of the craniovertebral junction without injuring the neural elements. Irreducible lesions require decompression only, while reducible lesions require an added fusion. Techniques in fusion are broadly divided into external immobilization versus internal fixation. The former entails halo rings and tongs for a prolonged duration. Fixation surgeries vary from wiring to screw fixation of the occiput-C1 segment. Details of the operation as well as potential complications are discussed.
Robust and efficient forward, differential, and inverse kinematics using dual quaternions:

Modern approaches for robot kinematics employ the product of exponentials formulation, represented using homogeneous transformation matrices. Quaternions over dual numbers are an established altern...
Predictors of surgical management for paediatric orbital subperiosteal abscesses.

Purpose of review Many paediatric orbital subperiosteal abscesses (SPA) are effectively managed conservatively with systemic antibiotics, but surgical drainage is required in some patients. This review aims to summarize the current literature to determine predictors of surgical intervention. Recent findings Nearly all the data regarding this topic come from analysis of retrospective case series. There is consensus that large volume SPAs require surgical drainage; however, the cutoff for volume differs between studies. Proptosis more than 5 mm, superior location of SPA and patient age more than 9 years are also all factors that may predispose towards surgical treatment. Summary A conservative approach may be trialled in younger patients with medial, smaller volume SPAs. Larger volume SPA, presence of proptosis, superior location of SPA and patient age more than 9 years should lower the threshold for considering surgical intervention. Given that many studies have been retrospective, future studies should be prospective and specifically aim to determine a cutoff for SPA volume.
Diet induced hyperlipidemia confers resistance to standard therapy in pancreatic cancer by selecting for "tumor protective" microbial metabolites and treatment refractory cells.

Obesity causes a number of systemic alterations including chronic inflammation and changes in gut microbiome. However, whether these actively contribute to poor survival and therapy resistance in patients with pancreatic cancer remain undetermined. Our current study shows that high fat diet fed pancreatic tumor bearing mice do not respond to standard of care therapy with gemcitabine and paclitaxel when compared to corresponding control diet fed mice. Upon fecal matter transplant from control mice to high fat diet fed mice, the tumors became sensitive to standard of care therapy and showed extensive cell death. Analysis of gut microbiome showed an enrichment of queuosine (Q) producing bacteria in high fat diet fed mice and an enrichment of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) producing bacteria in control diet fed mice. Further, treatment of high fat diet fed animals with SAM recapitulated the observation with lean to obese fecal matter transplant. Additionally, treatment of pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines in vitro with Q promoted resistance to the paclitaxel and oxaliplatin respectively, while treatment with SAM promoted sensitivity to these drugs. Treatment of pancreatic cancer cells with Q showed upregulation PRDX1, that is involved in oxidative stress protection. Analysis of tumor tissues in high fat diet fed mice showed high PRDX1, low apoptosis and increased proliferation, which were reversed upon treatment with SAM as well as by lean to obese fecal matter transplant. In parallel, high fat diet fed mice showed increase in CD133+ treatment refractory population compared to the control animals. Interestingly, treatment with Q in vitro did not enrich for CD133+ population, indicating that Q mediated protection from cell death was independent of enrichment of treatment refractory cells. These observations indicated that microbial metabolite Q accumulated in high fat diet fed mice protected tumors from chemotherapy induced oxidative stress by upregulating PRDX1. This protection could be reversed by treatment with SAM. We conclude that relative concentration of S-adenosyl methionine and queuosine in fecal samples of pancreatic cancer patients can be indicative of therapy response in this disease.
Vitamin D regulation of energy metabolism in cancer

Vitamin D exerts anti-cancer effects in recent clinical trials and preclinical models. The actions of vitamin D are primarily mediated through its hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D). Previous literature describing in vitro studies has predominantly focused on the anti-tumourigenic effects of the hormone, such as proliferation and apoptosis. However, recent evidence has identified 1,25(OH)2 D as a regulator of energy metabolism in cancer cells, where requirements for specific energy sources at different stages of progression are dramatically altered. The literature suggests that 1,25(OH)2 D regulates energy metabolism, including glucose, glutamine and lipid metabolism during cancer progression, as well as oxidative stress protection, as it is closely associated with energy metabolism. Mechanisms involved in energy metabolism regulation are an emerging area in which vitamin D may inhibit multiple stages of cancer progression.
Surgeons' Attitudes on Total Thyroidectomy vs Lobectomy for Management of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma.

This survey study assessed surgeons’ preference for total thyroidectomy vs lobectomy to treat patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
Simulation-based environmental-impact assessment of glycerol-to-hydrogen conversion technologies

This simulation-based comparative assessment aims to quantify the environmental and human-health impacts of greener hydrogen (H2) production via three glycerol-based technologies, including: supercritical water reforming (SCWR), aqueous-phase reforming (APR) and autothermal reforming (ATR). The GaBi (2018 edition) life-cycle assessment (LCA) platform is used to develop cradle-to-gate product system models for these technologies and the TRACI 2.1 methodology is used to quantify their midpoint impact categories. Aspen HYSYS (v11) process-simulation software is used to generate the life-cycle inventory (LCI) primary data required to produce 1 kg of H2 via each of the indicated glycerol-reforming technologies. Per ISO 14040:2006 reporting requirements for the LCA results interpretation step, three base case (BC) scenarios and four sensitivity scenarios (SS) are developed and quantified to compare the effects of different process electricity sources (US grid mix versus wind power) and thermal energy sources (natural gas versus biogas) on the LCA results. The high operating pressure (viz. 240 bar) of SCWR enabled assessment of the impact of in situ electricity generation to offset some of electricity required for this technology. The major insights from this research are as follows: (i) per 1 kg of produced H2, APR reduces CO2 emissions by ≈95% compared to ATR and by ≈92% compared to SCWR, (ii) for BC scenarios, the primary energy consumption (in MJ/kg of produced H2) is in the following order from highest to lowest: ATR > SCWR > APR and (iii) H2 production via glycerol APR is more environmentally sustainable than SCWR and ATR, and thus offers a promising path for greener H2 production. Future environmental sustainability studies should focus on expanding the scope of this study to include H2 production via water electrolysis using renewable electricity sources and via solar and nuclear-driven thermochemical water splitting.
Strange Quark Nuggets in Space: Charges in Seven Settings

We have computed the charge that develops on an SQN in space as a result of balance between the rates of ionization by ambient gammas and capture of ambient electrons. We have also computed the times for achieving that equilibrium and binding energy of the least bound SQN electrons. We have done this for seven different settings. We sketch the calculations here and give their results in the Figure and Table II; details are in the Physical Review D.79.023513 (2009).
Effects of respiratory mechanical forces on the pharmacological response of lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents

In vitro screening of chemotherapeutic agents is routinely carried out in static monolayer cell cultures. However, drugs administered to patients act in the presence of various microenvironments in vivo. For example, in lung tumors, mechanical forces are constantly present and do affect the physiological response of the lung tissue to a variety of therapeutic agents. We hypothesized that mechanical forces may affect the response of lung tumors to chemotherapeutic agents and studied the effects under simulated conditions. First, we examined the effects of simulated forces that approximate normal respiration on the proliferation and morphology of NCI-H358 and A549 cell lines. Then, we studied the effects of the simulated forces on the ability of Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, Zactima and an experimental drug to induce cytotoxicity in both cell lines. Cells were treated with the drugs in the presence or absence of simulated forces (20% maximum strain and 15 cycles/minute) that approximate human lung expansion and contraction. Cell proliferation and the effectiveness of the drugs were assessed. Using a standard exponential cell growth model, it was determined that mechanical forces significantly reduced the proliferation of both cell lines. Interestingly, forces also significantly lowered the effectiveness of all drugs except Zactima in A549 cells, while in NCI-H358 cells, Zactima was the only drug that demonstrated an increase in effectiveness owing to applied forces. Our results demonstrate that mechanical forces have significant impact on cell survival and chemotherapeutic efficacy and may be of significance in engineering improved screening assays for antitumor drug discovery.
Experimental extract and experienced formulas of refractive indices of GaAs and AlAs at high temperature by high resolution x-ray diffraction and optical reflectivity measurement

Distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure has been widely used in optoelectronic devices during the MBE growth. Precisely controlling the growth thickness of superlattice layers is very important for successfully achieving the optical properties of DBR structure. In general, an ideal thickness controlling with better than 1% accuracy is needed to realize the devices. Both methods of optical reflection difference and dynamic optical reflectivity are usually used to measure the growth rate of epitaxial growth layer in MBE experiment. During the calculation of the growth rate, however, the refractive index at high temperature is needed. The refractive indices of semiconductor materials axe the sensitive parameters to the temperature and the wavelength of incident laser. Up to now, there are not enough parameters for the semiconductor material indices at high temperature during a relatively wide wavelength region. In this paper, we use high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) technique to decide the superlattice thickness. With these data, we calculate and extract the refractive indices of the epitaxial layers of GaAs and AlAs. The accuracy of extracted indices is certified by optical reflectivity spectrum.
Sparse Matrix Methods for equation-based chemical process flowshweeting—II: Numerical Phase

Abstract Five new general-purpose sparse matrix codes are described, two based on routine Gaussian elimination, and three on improvements of other algorithms we have described elsewhere. These, as well as two currently available and well regarded codes, MA28 and NSPIV, are compared on the basis of their perfomance with respect to solution time and storage requirements. One of the new codes performs especially well on randomly structured problems, while this code, as well as the other new codes, prove more capable than either MA28 or NSPIV on flowsheeting problems.
From grapevine to trader: the evolution of distributed directory technology

Distributed directory is an essential component in a distributed processing environment that involves multiple systems connected via a LAN (local area network) and WAN (wide area network). This paper reviews the evolution of distributed directory technology from simple name-to-address mapping to sophisticated import request-to-export service mapping by examining four different kinds of directory systems: Grapevine, Global name service, ISO Directory, and Trader. The characteristics of these directory systems with respect to their directory functions are explained. The paper concludes with a discussion on the kind of directory functions most needed in a distributed processing environment.The positions expressed in this paper are solely the views of the author and are not a reflection of IBM Canada Ltd.'s position.
Endothelin-1 promotes fetal cardiomyocyte terminal differentiation via heightened DNA methylation (862.2)

Hypoxia is a major stress on fetal development and leads to induction of endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. We tested the hypothesis that ET-1 stimulates the terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes...
Some Questions Concerning Harmonic Measure

The purpose of this note is to discuss some conjectures concerning harmonic measure. We will start by considering harmonic measure on a simply connected plane domain Ω, but eventually we will also consider some multiply connected and higher dimensional domains. Most of these questions are trivial if ∂Ω has tangents a.e. and many are easy if Ω is only a quasicircle. Thus they are really questions about very non-smooth domains.
Bare NP's, Reference to Kinds, and Incorporation

This paper deals with differences between Hindi bare nominals in the availability of existential readings and the possibility of discourse anaphora. Hindi bare singulars are more restricted than bare plurals in both respects. These differences are discussed in light of two questions that are of relevance beyond the facts of Hindi. Is reference to kinds a mediating factor in object level quantification of bare nominal expressions? How does the semantics of bare nominals interact with incorporation? The description of the core facts is based on earlier work (Dayal 1 992 and Porterfield and Srivastav 1 988). Hindi bare nominals have a variety of readings which can be described in terms familiar from Carlson' s 1 977 discussion of bare plurals . ( 1 ) and (2) show that both the bare singular and the bare plural are compatible with kind level predicates, establishing their status as kind denoting :
Observations by Electron Microscopy on Pig Muscle Inoculated and Incubated with Pseudomonas fragi

Myofibrils from pig muscle inoculated and incubated with Pseudomonas fragi showed an extremely disrupted appearance as compared to uninoculated controls. There was an almost complete absence of material in the H zone, marked disruption of the A band (probably myosin), and some loss of dense material from the Z line. These changes indicated that marked proteolysis had occurred. Bacteria observed in spoiled muscle tissue exhibited protrusions or blebs on the outer surface of the cell walls. The blebs appeared to form detached globules that migrated into the muscle mass. Bacteria grown in non-muscle-containing media did not produce blebs, which indicates the blebs were induced by growth on muscle tissue. The possibility that the blebs and globules may contain a proteolytic enzyme responsible for myofibrillar disruption is discussed.
Food and Fantasy as Reflection of Female Repression in Like Water for Chocolate

Set in Mexico at the turn of the 20th century, Laura Esquivel’s contemporary novel, Like Water for Chocolate, centers on the youngest daughter of the De la Garza family whose familial position destines her to remain at home, unmarried, and in charge of the life-long care of her tyrannical mother. The conflict arises when Tita falls in love and is denied both marriage and influence over her own affairs. Ultimately, Tita negotiates a voice through the elaborate, fantastical recipes she creates, thereby subverting gender suppression by speaking through the stereotypical women’s sphere of cooking. These recipes and their fantastic results mirror and reinforce the central theme of the novel, that of suppression of the female voice and its inevitable explosion of expression elsewhere. Key words: Esquivel; Like Water for Chocolate ; female repression; matriarchy
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins Are Required for Cell Wall Synthesis and Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis

Mutations at five loci named PEANUT1-5 (PNT) were identified in a genetic screen for radially swollen embryo mutants. pnt1 cell walls showed decreased crystalline cellulose, increased pectins, and irregular and ectopic deposition of pectins, xyloglucans, and callose. Furthermore, pnt1 pollen is less viable than the wild type, and pnt1 embryos were delayed in morphogenesis and showed defects in shoot and root meristems. The PNT1 gene encodes the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of mammalian PIG-M, an endoplasmic reticulum-localized mannosyltransferase that is required for synthesis of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. All five pnt mutants showed strongly reduced accumulation of GPI-anchored proteins, suggesting that they all have defects in GPI anchor synthesis. Although the mutants are seedling lethal, pnt1 cells are able to proliferate for a limited time as undifferentiated callus and do not show the massive deposition of ectopic cell wall material seen in pnt1 embryos. The different phenotype of pnt1 cells in embryos and callus suggest a differential requirement for GPI-anchored proteins in cell wall synthesis in these two tissues and points to the importance of GPI anchoring in coordinated multicellular growth.
MacDonald [2 + 2]-type condensation with vicinal diketones: synthesis and properties of novel spiro-tricyclic porphodimethenes.

Acid-catalyzed [2 + 2] condensation reactions of polycyclic aromatic vicinal diketones including aceanthrenequinone, phenathrenequinone, and pyrene-4,5-dione with 5-mesityldipyrromethanes are outli...
“The Kind Peace of Mind Culture” Improves Patient Satisfaction

Purpose Following the theory that when patients know the nurse is coming at a predictable and frequent sequence, their anxiety is assuaged, the goal of “The Kind Peace of Mind Culture” model was to achieve the same outcome in terms of patient satisfaction and decreased call lights in an efficient and less labor intensive manner. Methods In this study, a new model was developed that would increase the amount of nurse touches to the patient and using helpful scripting will increase the patient's perception of the nurse's presence on a regular basis. Results and Discussion The sample setting was a 24-bed case mix of a Sub Acute and Acute Rehabilitation unit. Data were collected before and after implementation results that indicate the frequency of call lights decreased and patient satisfaction scores increased. Conclusion Findings for this project support the use of “The Kind Peace of Mind Culture” model to meet patient care needs in rehabilitation settings.
The Effects of Perceived Fairness and Communication on Honesty and Collusion in a Multi-Agent Setting

ABSTRACT: This study examines how two factors, the agents’ perceptions regarding the fairness of the principal and inter-agent communication, affect agents’ behaviors under a peer reporting system. Analytical models show that when agents can observe each other’s actions and local signals, a peer reporting system with a verification mechanism (using one agent’s information to verify the other’s) and a reward for truthful whistleblowing can induce agents to report honestly and thereby help the principal achieve the first-best outcome. However, behavioral research suggests that the agents’ perception regarding the fairness of the principal, as well as communication among agents, may affect how honestly agents report. The results of my experiment show that, under a peer reporting system with a high reward for whistleblowing, the agents’ perception regarding the fairness of the principal positively affects the agents’ reporting honesty and negatively affects their explicit attempts at collusion. Communication ...
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Lymphocyte counts and T,B and null cell proportions were analyzed in forty non-splenectomized, non-nephrectomized maintenance hemodialysis patients, and compared with those in controls. The patients were lymphopenic, but had normal T, B and null cell percentages, regardless of their primary renal disease. It is postulated that their lymphocyte suppression is non-selective and may be related to the state of controlled azotemia or to the dialysis procedure.
Globalization and liberation: two sides, same coin?

about globalization leading to broader identity choices is surprising, given his description of the dominant values in the forces behind globalization and the hegemonic hold that Western capitalism has on developing countries. One may argue that choices are actually narrowing under economic imperialism and its related imposition of values and lifestyles. Choices are limited especially for those without the resources and affordances to explore other alternatives or the power to uphold indigenous ways of life in self-sufficiency. Even in the United States, there is a powerful homogenizing influence exerted by the popular culture. Some psychologists consider selfhood to be in peril (e.g., Cushman, 1990), and others regard the popular culture as hazardous for the identity development of our youth (e.g., Pipher, 1994). Psychologists can foster healthy identities, as long as we are willing to include moral discourse in our inquiry into identity and the effects of globalization. We can also do more in support of a truly pluralistic global society by contributing to multicultural understanding. As professionals with knowledge relevant to human development, education, community resilience, and mental health, psychologists can contribute to shaping agendas and priorities such as those identified by Marsella (1998)—as alternatives to morally questionable ones currently driving globalization.
Interannual and seasonal variability of modelled soil moisture in Oklahoma

The temporal variability of soil moisture is examined for Oklahoma, where diverse land surface, soils, and precipitation regimes exist. Using readily available meteorological, vegetation, and soils data, a hydrologic model was used to estimate daily soil moisture at 258 evaluation locations for the 30 year period from 1 January 1962 through 31 December 1991. A geographic information system (GIS) was used for the analysis, to take advantage of its powerful analysis capabilities and visualization tools. Results document the long-term average soil moisture conditions, the variability that occurred during this 30 year period and the temporal scale of soil moisture variability for Oklahoma. On average, the soil moisture conditions in both winter and spring in Oklahoma are about 70% of field capacity and decrease to below 30% during the summer. Thus, the seasonal cycle is pronounced, although periods of wetter and drier conditions are evident. Overall, the period from 1962 through to early 1967, 1970–72, and 1976 through to 1981 were drier than the long-term average soil moisture conditions. By contrast, wetter soil moisture conditions prevailed in late 1972 through to early 1975 and 1985 to the early months of 1988, where winter and spring soil moisture values often exceeded the long-term average. An empirical estimate of the temporal consistency in soil moisture over Oklahoma is 53 days (1.8 months), and the amount of variance explained by the soil moisture (red noise) signal is 86%. No significant seasonal differences in the temporal autocorrelation were observed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of Age and Speed on Peak Lower Extremity Joint Torques During Gait When Controlling Speed and Step Length

Significant age differences in self-selected gait kinetics have been reported in the literature. These include reduced torque and power at the ankle and increased work at the hip in older adults as compared to young adults [1, 2]. The reasons for these differences are complex and not fully understood. It is possible older adults adapt their gait to a safer, more stable gait pattern [3]. However, differences in gait may also be due to age-related neuromuscular changes such as reduced muscle strength in older adults [4].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The impact of a professional community on the leadership development of induction-year teachers in the United States

Through case-study reports, this paper examines the development of two induction-year teachers (years one to three) through their participation in a professional development community in the United States: the Invitational Summer Institute (ISI) of the National Writing Project. Typically, the ISI focuses its professional development efforts on veteran educators as they negotiate sound writing pedagogy and become teacher-leaders in their communities. At the site in this study, induction-year teachers were intentionally invited into the ISI as a way of supporting their development as well as their longevity in the profession. The authors explore how including induction-year teachers in the summer institute may change the nature of it as professional development but also consider the circumstances in which novice teachers might find a supportive professional community, one factor identified in the literature as contributing to teachers thriving in the profession. Results indicate that the two induction teach...
Effect of core strength and endurance training on performance in college students: randomized pilot study.

Core training continues to be emphasized with the proposed intent of improving athletic performance. The purpose of this investigation was to discover if core isometric endurance exercises were superior to core isotonic strengthening exercises and if either influenced specific endurance, strength, and performance measures. Ten untrained students were randomly assigned to core isometric endurance (n = 5) and core isotonic strength training (n = 5). Each performed three exercises, two times per week for six weeks. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the measurements for the dependent variables and significance by bonferroni post-hoc testing. The training protocols were compared using a 2 × 3 mixed model ANOVA. Improvement in trunk flexor and extensor endurance (p < 0.05) along with squat and bench press strength (p < 0.05) occurred with the strength group. Improvement in trunk flexor and right lateral endurance (p < 0.05) along with strength in the squat (p < 0.05) were found with the endurance group. Neither training protocol claimed superiority and both were ineffective in improving performance.
The retention of first-stage pairs in a mediation and a control paradigm

The retention of the first-stage pairs, A-B, after the second stage pairs (B-C for mediation sets, X-C for control sets) have been acquired was studied with different types of recall tests. In one test, the cued-recall test, the stimulus from the first pair was presented alone and S was to supply the missing sequence. In the other test, a multiple-choice recall test, the stimulus from the first pair was presented with the response from the first pair and two additional response alternatives (A-BDE). Then S was instructed to pair each response with the stimulus and to select the one that made the “best” pair with the stimulus. Two additional multiple-choice test trials were used that bore the following relationship to the acquisition pairs: A-CDE and A-BCD. Some forgetting of the first-stage pairs occurred but the loss was less on the mediation sets than on the control sets, on the cued-recall test and on the A-BDE test trial. The C response was rarely given with the cued-recall test. It was selected more often on the A-BCD test trial. Mediated facilitation was shown with the A-CDE test trial.
RESONANCE PHENOMENA IN LARGE-ANGLE HELIUM ION-HELIUM ATOM COLLISIONS

When He/sup +/ ions are scattered from He atoms at kev energies, a small fraction of thesc collisions results in large-angle scattering of the incident particle. Particles from He/sup +/-He collisions were analyzed to determine the fractions which were neutral and doubly ionized. These data are shown graphically. (A.C.)
The Inside Story of Brownian Motion：Revealing Intracellular Mechanics（ブラウン運動の“内膜”物語：細胞内力学を明らかにする）

The cytoplasm of living cells is filled with cytoskeletal filament networks that dictate the shape and motility of cells. The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the cytoskeletal network has been visualized, but the limited accessibility of living cytoplasm prevents easy characterization of its physical properties. From the simple observation that the Brownian motion of a particle reveals the mechanics of its microenvironment, a new approach, microrheology, emerged and successfully applied to living cells. Here, we review recent progress in microrheology and the implication for the understanding of subcellular processes in biology.
Injury to the arterial wall of rabbits produces proteoglycan variants with enhanced low-density lipoprotein-binding property.

Abstract The effect of arterial injury on proteoglycans (PG) and their ability to bind low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were studied in rabbits 12 weeks after balloon injury. Following biosynthetic labeling in an organ culture system, PG were isolated under dissociative conditions from deendothelialized areas (DEA), reendothelialized areas (REA), and uninjured areas (control) of the aortic tissue. DEA and REA tissues yielded 42–52% more PG and incorporated 39–67% more 35 S-label into proteoglycans than control tissues. Ion-exchange chromatography of PG from DEA and REA tissues yielded PG-I, PG-II, and PG-III, while from control tissue only PG-I and PG-II. PG-II formed major portion (74–84%) of the isolated PG in all three tissue types. PGI preparations comprised entirely of heparan sulfate (HS)-PG of similar hydrodynamic size ( K av = 0.45−0.47). PG-II from DEA and REA tissues consisted of PGII-A ( K av = 0.02−0.04) and PGII-B ( K av = 0.32), while PG-II from control tissue contained only PGII-B with relatively smaller hydrodynamic size ( K av = 0.40). PGII-A preparations contained predominantly chondroitin sulfate (CS)-PG with no dermatan sulfate (DS); whereas PGII-B consisted mainly of CS/DS-PG, with relatively high proportion of DS in DEA and REA tissues vs. control tissue (50–54% vs. 43%). Further, the glycosaminoglycan chains of CS/DS-PG from DEA and REA tissues were 1.7-fold longer than those from control tissue. PG-III contained about 80% CS/DS-PG and 20% HS-PG; CS/DS-PG was similar to those found in PGII-B from DEA and REA tissues. HS-PG from PG-II and PG-III, unlike those from PG-I, was enriched with N -sulfated residues. PGI from all the three tissue types bound poorly to LDL. On the other hand, PGII-A, PGII-B, and PG-III from DEA and REA tissues showed enhanced ability to bind LDL, in that order. For example, the LDL-binding ability of PGII-B from DEA and REA was 2.9- to 3.1-fold above that from control tissue. Thus, arterial injury with or without regenerated endothelium produces proteoglycan variants with altered characteristics and enhanced LDL-binding ability.
Repressive Jurisprudence in the Early American Republic: The First Amendment and the Legacy of English Law

1. Political and jurisprudential worlds in conflict in the new Republic 2. Politics in the new Republic 3. Seditious and criminal libel in the colonies, the states, and the early Republic during the Washington administration 4. Federalist partisan use of seditious libel - statutory and common 5. Seditious and criminal libel during the Jefferson and Madison administrations 1800-16 6. Partisan prosecutions for seditious and criminal libel in the state courts: federalists against republicans, republicans against federalists, and republicans against dissident republicans in struggles for party control 7. Established jurisprudential doctrines (other than seditious and criminal libel) available in the new Republic for suppression of anti-establishment speech 8. Still other nineteenth-century doctrines for suppression of anti-establishment speech: the law of blasphemy and the slave-state anti-abolition statutes 9. Conclusion.
1,3,5-Triphenylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine – active intermediate and precursor in the novel synthesis of benzoxazine monomers and oligomers

The benzoxazine monomer synthesis via 1,3,5-trialkyl(aryl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine intermediate is followed by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and SEC. A model compound, 1,3,5-triphenylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, is synthesized independently and its reaction with bisphenol-A and paraformaldehyde in stoichiometric amounts is also followed by 1H NMR. Additional model compounds, 1,3,5-trimethyl(ethyl)hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, are used instead of a primary amine to synthesize bifunctional benzoxazine monomers, bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-3-methyl(ethyl)-1,3-benzoxazinyl)isopropane, via novel solventless reaction with bisphenol-A in the presence of paraformaldehyde. The mechanism of this reaction is proposed.
Learning from Tests: The Case of True-False Examinations

AbstractSixty-four college students read a series of passages about 12 U.S. presidents and then took a true-false exam on the material. One week later, they took a second exam in which they rated each item on a 7-point scale, ranging from definitely false to definitely true. Some items on the second exam were repeated from the first exam, whereas other items (nonrepeated items) were presented previously. Results indicated that mean validity ratings on the second exam were higher for repeated items than for nonrepeated items regardless of whether the items were true or false. That is, subjects were more likely to believe an item to be true if they had encountered it previously on the initial true-false exam. This occurrence for objectively false items constitutes evidence for a “negative suggestion effect” (Remmers & Remmers, 1926), in which students learn incorrect information as a result of exposure to false items. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Designing for Uncertainty: Three Approaches

Abstract Higher education wishes to get long life and good returns on its investment in learning spaces. Doing this has become difficult because rapid changes in information technology have created fundamental uncertainties about the future in which capital investments must deliver value. Three approaches to designing for this uncertainty are described using data from recent surveys. Many of these data are related to the National Survey of Student Engagement; for another essay that employs NSSE data, see the author's “First Questions for Designing Higher Education Learning Spaces” in the January 2007 issue of the Journal of Academic Librarianship .
Photosynthetic membrane development in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: incorporation of bacteriochlorophyll and development of energy transfer and photochemical activity.

Abstract 1. 1. Bleached cells of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, obtained by aerobic growth in the light, rapidly synthesize bacteriochlororphyll and carotenoids when transferred to 4% oxygen in the dark. Fluorescence excitation spectra of whole cells during the initial stages of pigment synthesis indicate that the major fraction of the newly synthesized bacteriochlorophyll is immediately incorporated into photosynthetic membranes and can receive excitation energy transferred from the carotenoids. Activity of the photosynthetic reaction centers, as measured by the effect of dithionite addition on the fluorescence of the incorporated bacteriochlorophyll, develops simultaneously with pigment incorporation. 2. 2. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra also indicate the presence of an unbound form of bacteriochlorophyll in vivo as well as a form of bacteriopheophytin. We suggest that this free bacteriochlorophyll is in a “pool” from which it is incorporated into the membranes and that the bacteriopheophytin (or bacteriopheophorbide) is formed by the degradation of the free and thus unprotected form of the bacteriochlorophyll.
Midazolam-induced increase in NaCl solution ingestion: Differential effect of the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15–1788 and CGS 8216

After adaptation to a 23-hr water deprivation regimen, under which rats were allowed a daily 1-hr water rehydration session, they were injected (SC) with 1 or 2 drugs presession and given 1.5% NaCl solution to drink in place of water. Midazolam (0.5–1.0 mg/kg) increased the intake of 1.5% NaCl solution as did Ro 15–1788 (2.5–10.0 mg/kg). This confirmed a previously noted agonist effect of midazolam and partial agonist action of Ro 15–1788. When injected in combination with midazolam, Ro 15–1788 (2.5–10.0 mg/kg) antagonized the effect of midazolam. CGS 8216 (2.5–20.0 mg/kg) revealed no partial agonist action on the NaCl solution ingestion procedure nor did it block the effect of midazolam.
Techniques for determination of trace metals in small samples of size-fractionated particulate matter: phytoplankton metals off central California

The oceanic biogeochemical cycles of many trace elements are dominated by their association with the growth, death, consumption and sinking of phytoplankton. The trace element content of marine phytoplankton reflects nutritional status, species composition, surface area to volume ratios, and interactions with bioactive and toxic elements in the ambient seawater. Despite the ecological and environmental importance of trace element assimilation by autotrophs, there are few modern measurements of trace elements in phytoplankton assemblages from the natural environment. Here we introduce a new method for collection and analysis of size-fractionated particulate samples from practical seawater volumes. We pay particular attention to accurate determination of trace element filter blanks which are typically the limiting factor for analysis of such samples. Metals were determined at very low detection limits by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass . spectrometry HR-ICP-MS for 11 elements Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, U, Zn and P, which is used as a biomass . . . normalizer in three types of polymer filters 0.45, 5.0, and 53 mm pore size and a quartz fiber filter 0.8 mm pore size . To place these new determinations in a practical context, results are presented for a vertical profile of samples filtered from 1-4 . l of coastal seawater 0.3-1.0 mg total solid dry weight at a station off central California. The results demonstrate that the blanks of the evaluated filter types, precleaned appropriately, are sufficiently low to allow accurate determination of the trace . metal content of three size-classes of phytoplankton. At the Pacific station, measured phytoplankton Zn content as Zn rP agrees with values predicted from single-species culture studies growing at seawater Zn concentrations expected for coastal waters. The new method has utility as a generally applicable and simple size fractionation technique, and allows determination of natural and pollutant elements in small samples of phytoplankton and particles in coastal, estuarine and offshore marine regimes. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Internal energies of combustion of samples of sewage sludge

Abstract Characteristic values of the internal energies of combustion of a variety of dried industrial and domestic sludge samples were obtained using a PARR combustion calorimeter. Values are reported on an “as received,” “moisture-free,” and “ash-free” basis.
Minority Language Education Reform from the Bottom: Two-Way Immersion Education for New Immigrant Populations in the United States

Abstract This paper focuses on the role of personal, educational, and socio-cultural contexts influencing the creation and implementation of a two-way immersion program in a rural district in the U.S. It centers on White teacher transformation into microlevel language policy (LP) reformers and the processes involved in their reintepretation and “correction” of top-down LPs for inclusive, enriching, and equitable educational reform for English language learners and mainstream students. The study asks: how educators contested monolingual or remedial bilingual education to promote enrichment bilingual programs and policies, and what contexts fostered and constrained teachers’ role as microlevel LP reformers.