cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Performance Analysis of Industrial Radiography Radiation Exposure Events

A set of radiation overexposure event reports were reviewed as part of a program to examine human performance in industrial radiography for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Incident records for a seven year period were retrieved from an event database. Ninety-five exposure events were initially categorized and sorted for further analysis. Descriptive models were applied to a subset of severe overexposure events. Modeling included: (1) operational sequence tables to outline the key human actions and interactions with equipment, (2) human reliability event trees, (3) an application of an information processing failures model, and (4) an extrapolated use of the error influences and effects diagram. Results of the modeling analyses provided insights into the industrial radiography task and suggested areas for further action and study to decrease overexposures.
Topology of a protein spin label in erythrocyte membranes.

Spin label electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a useful means of studying reporter group sensitivity to the mobility and chemical environment of its host molecule [ 11. In an attempt to understand the erythrocyte membranes on a molecular level, spin label EPR methods have been used to monitor motional and structural behavior of membrane proteins and lipids. In particular, maleimide-analogue sulfhydryl spin labels have been used to study the protein components of both normal [2-71 and abnormal [8] erythrocyte membranes. Conventional EPR spectra provide information about molecular motion in the fast time range of lo-“--lo-‘s. [2-6,7] while saturation transfer EPR monitors relatively slower motions in the range of 10-7-10-3s. [7]. Therefore, the combination of these two techniques allows us to detect a wide range of molecular events occurring in intact membranes. Up to the present time, however, the spin label binding sites have not been well characterized, and it is therefore difficult to associate spectral information with specific protein molecules in membranes. We have prepared spin-labelled right side out (RSO) vesicles both in the presence and in the absence of ascorbic acid, a chemical which reduces radicals to make spin labels EPR-silent. Since erythrocyte membranes are impermeable to ascorbic acid, we have selectively placed ascorbic acid molecules either inside or outside the vesicles and are therefore able to monitor the signals which arise from either the inner or from the outer surface of the vesicles. We find that
Application of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis to the assay of the carbohydrate antigens, alginate and fucan

Abstract Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis was applied to two acidic carbohydrate antigens, the major extracellular carbohydrates from brown seaweeds. These are the alginates (linear polyuronides) and the fucans (a family of branched heteropolysaccharides). They are representative of many of the types of physicochemical and immunochemical variability encountered both within and among preparations of carbohydrate antigens. Immunizing preparations of each carbohydrate contained several antigenic components. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis, inhibition of rocket immunoelectrophoresis and thin-layer gel filtration combined with crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis were employed to compare carbohydrate samples prepared in different ways and from different sources. Samples of each carbohydrate varied in immunoprecipitability, and inhibition of rocket immunoelectrophoresis was used to quantitate individual antigenic components in heterologous samples. Factors influencing the precipitability of alginates and fucans are discussed in comparison with hapten systems and other carbohydrate antigens. Possible sources of multiple antigenic components in a purified carbohydrate preparation are also discussed.
An unusual complex karyotype in myopericytoma.

Introduction Myopericytoma is a perivascular neoplasm commonly found in the skin and soft tissue of extremities. These lesions often exhibit concentric vascular proliferation of spindle shaped myoid cells.
Allelic exclusion of the T cell receptor alpha-chain: developmental regulation of a post-translational event.

Allelic exclusion of the alpha and beta chains of the T cell receptor is maintained by different mechanisms. Exclusion of the beta-chain is primarily by allowing the successful rearrangement of only one of the two beta-chain loci. In the case of the alpha-chain, rearrangement on both chromosomes is very common, as is expression of alpha-chain mRNA and protein encoded by both loci. For the most part, however, functional alpha-chain allelic exclusion is maintained at the cell surface after positive selection in the thymus. The mechanism by which this is accomplished is not yet known, but recent evidence indicates that it is an active process coupled to signalling through the T cell receptor.
Transitional Disorder: Calcineurin as an Example

How intrinsically disordered proteins and intrinsically disordered regions evade degradation by the cellular machinery evolved to recognize unfolded and misfolded chains remains a vexing question. One potential means by which this can occur is that the disorder is transitional in nature. Calcineurin (CaN) is a highly-conserved, heterodimeric Ser/Thr phosphatase that plays vital roles in memory development and retention, cardiac growth, and immune system activation. Alterations in the regulation of CaN contributes to disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, autoimmune disorders and cardiac hypertrophy. At low calcium levels the 95 residue regulatory domain in CaN appears to be folded. As levels rise, the CaN B chain binds calcium and undergoes a conformational change that releases the regulatory domain into a disordered state. The subsequent binding of CaM to CaN results in the regulatory domain folding. Folding of the regulatory domain in turn causes an autoinhibitory domain located C-terminal to the regulatory domain to be ejected from CaN's active site. The transitional disordered state of the regulatory domain is essential in the process of activation.
Upstream stimulatory factor 1 regulates osteopontin expression in smooth muscle cells.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) undergo a dramatic phenotypic transition in response to injury and ex vivo culture that includes enhanced proliferation, migration, matrix deposition, and alterations in gene expression. Osteopontin is a good marker for the injury-induced SMC phenotypic state in vivo and in vitro. To identify transcription factors that might control the regulation of osteopontin expression, we investigated cultured vascular SMCs that express high and low levels of osteopontin. Using nuclear run-on assays, mRNA stability studies, and deletion analysis, we demonstrate that regulation of osteopontin steady-state mRNA levels in SMCs occurs at the transcriptional level. Transient transfection and gel-shift analyses of osteopontin promoter indicated that a region between -123 and +66 was involved in the expression of osteopontin. Supershift EMSAs identified the bHLH-leucine zipper transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor-1 (USF1) as the protein binding to this sequence. Finally, we show that USF1 protein is induced in vivo within 24 h of balloon angioplasty of rat carotids coordinately with osteopontin induction. These data suggest that USF1 governs expression of osteopontin in cultured vascular SMCs and might contribute to initial osteopontin expression observed post carotid injury and in vascular pathologies in vivo.
The digital librarian

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the two basic skills necessary for today’s librarian to be successful in a library environment where technology and copyright are evolving and thus changing the manner by which a transition from print resources to digital can be successfully implemented. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners. Findings – A combination of technology skills and an understanding of digital copyright issues are strengths that, for today’s librarians, are less unique and more typical components of a librarian’s skill set. Originality/value – The value in addressing this issue is to highlight the background that today’s librarian must bring to the profession in a highly digitized and more legally determined library environment.
Top-quark and Higgs-boson mass bounds from a numerical study of supersymmetric grand unified theories

We run all the couplings of the minimal supersymmetric (SUSY) extension of the standard model, taking account of the Yukawa sector. After identifying the scale at which the gauge couplings unify, we place bounds on the top-quark mass by requiring equality of the bottom-quark and \ensuremath{\tau} Yukawa couplings at that scale. For ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{SUSY}}$=1 TeV, ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{b}}$=4.6 GeV, we find 139\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{t}}$\ensuremath{\le}194 GeV, which remarkably satisfy the \ensuremath{\rho}-parameter bound. Furthermore, using the minimal SUSY boundary condition on the scalar quartic coupling, we obtain bounds for the mass of the Higgs boson, 44\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Higgs}}$\ensuremath{\le}120 GeV.
Dating sediment burial with in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides: theory, techniques, and limitations

Abstract Dating sediment burial over million-year time scales is crucial in many areas of the Earth sciences and archeology, but is often difficult using traditional techniques. Sediment burial can be dated by the radioactive decay of cosmogenic nuclides, provided that the sediment was exposed to cosmic rays prior to burial. Dating calculations are straightforward if sediment is buried deeply and rapidly enough to prevent cosmogenic nuclide production after burial. However, the analysis can be complicated by postburial production if sediment is insufficiently shielded from secondary cosmic-ray nucleons and muons. This paper discusses how buried sediments can be dated over timescales up to 5 Myr using 26 Al and 10 Be in quartz.
Ultra-high performance, solid-state, autoradiographic image digitization and analysis system

We developed a Macintosh II-based, charge-coupled device (CCD), image digitization and analysis system for high-speed, high-resolution quantification of autoradiographic image data. A linear CCD array with 3,500 elements was attached to a precision drive assembly and mounted behind a high-uniformity lens. The drive assembly was used to sweep the array perpendicularly to its axis so that an entire 20 x 25-cm autoradiographic image-containing film could be digitized into 256 gray levels at 50-microns resolution in less than 30 sec. The scanner was interfaced to a Macintosh II computer through a specially constructed NuBus circuit board and software was developed for autoradiographic data analysis. The system was evaluated by scanning individual films multiple times, then measuring the variability of the digital data between the different scans. Image data were found to be virtually noise free. The coefficient of variation averaged less than 1%, a value significantly exceeding the accuracy of both high-speed, low-resolution, video camera (VC) systems and low-speed, high-resolution, rotating drum densitometers (RDD). Thus, the CCD scanner-Macintosh computer analysis system offers the advantage over VC systems of the ability to digitize entire films containing many autoradiograms, but with much greater speed and accuracy than achievable with RDD scanners.
The theory of equilibrium critical phenomena

The theory of critical phenomena in systems at equilibrium is reviewed at an introductory level with special emphasis on the values of the critical point exponents α, β, γ,..., and their interrelations. The experimental observations are surveyed and the analogies between different physical systems - fluids, magnets, superfluids, binary alloys, etc. - are developed phenomenologically. An exact theoretical basis for the analogies follows from the equivalence between classical and quantal `lattice gases' and the Ising and Heisenberg-Ising magnetic models. General rigorous inequalities for critical exponents at and below Tc are derived. The nature and validity of the `classical' (phenomenological and mean field) theories are discussed, their predictions being contrasted with the exact results for plane Ising models, which are summarized concisely. Pade approximant and ratio techniques applied to appropriate series expansions lead to precise critical-point estimates for the three-dimensional Heisenberg and Ising models (tables of data are presented). With this background a critique is presented of recent theoretical ideas: namely, the `droplet' picture of the critical point and the `homogeneity' and `scaling' hypotheses. These lead to a `law of corresponding states' near a critical point and to relations between the various exponents which suggest that perhaps only two or three exponents might be algebraically independent for any system.
Active damage mitigation in composite structure by actuation of piezoceramic patches

Damage in the form of local cracks or distributed microcracks causes a reduction of natural frequencies and increase in vibration damping. Natural frequency measurements are a very attractive form of damage detection tests since they can be made at a single point on the component and are independent of position chosen. Since this change in natural frequencies is due a localized reduction of stiffness due to damage anywhere in the structure, if the natural frequencies are shifted back to their undamaged values, it can be said that the local stiffness in the damaged region should be increased to the stiffness of the undamaged region. So damage mitigation can be taken as a dynamic pole placement problem. Considerable work has been done and very good results have been obtained in detecting damage by analyzing the modal test data from a bonded piezoceramic sensor after the structure has been excited with a sine sweep using a bonded piezoceramic actuator. Now work is going on in actuating the piezoceramic patches to reduce the dynamic moment in the damaged region for stress alleviation.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determining US workers' training: history and constructivist paradigm

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to review two accounts of the history of workplace learning and training in the USA that emphasize issues of power and control in the determination of what training occurs, and place these issues at the center of their analyses.Design/methodology/approach – The two texts are reviewed and a constructivist paradigm is considered to address issues raised in the texts.Findings – It is suggested that a constructivist view by managers and workers can foster a positive approach to determining what training workers receive, allowing for worker training that meets the needs of managers as well as workers.Research limitations/implications – While these two works were the only ones identified through a literature search that focuses on the history of who determined worker training in the USA, and they prove insightful on this topic, this paper is limited in that these works are now respectively approximately one and three decades old.Practical implications – Implementation of a con...
Simulation of the atomic arrangements in amorphous silicon and germanium

Abstract The atomic arrangements in amorphous germanium and silicon are simulated by means of a computer program. In this treatment a disordered system of 64 atoms in a cubic box with periodic boundary conditions is taken as the initial configuration. Each atom is considered in turn and the four nearest and twelve second-nearest neighbors are moved radially towards the nearest and next nearest neighbor distances. The resulting radial distribution function is in good agreement with experiment.
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio-Two Definitions

Two different definitions of the common-mode rejection ratio for differential amplifiers are not clearly distinguished. These ratios may differ by orders of magnitude. When differential amplifiers are used to minimize common mode interference in bioelectric measurements, these two ratios should be carefully defined and their magnitudes determined experimentally.
PCR diagnostics of herpes-virus-group infections.

(1992). PCR Diagnostics of Herpes-Virus-Group Infections. Annals of Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 221-224.
Simian immunodeficiency virus disrupts extended lengths of the blood-brain barrier

: It is known that there is disruption of the blood–brain barrier during terminal AIDS encephalitis in both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. Much, although by no means all, of the neuropathological findings of HIV and SIV infection involves accumulation of monocytes/macrophages that have likely crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB). There is no convincing, rigorous, demonstration of HIV (or SIV) infecting endothelial cells in vivo. However, this is not to say that HIV infection would not have any effects on the physiology of microvascular brain endothelial cells. Because of the elaborate nature of cerebral microvessels, previous studies of cerebral endothelial cells have been constrained by sectioning artifacts. Examination of freshly isolated cerebral microvessels allows investigation of extended lengths of vessels (>150 μm) without sectioning artifacts. These studies determine the changes in the expression of the tight junction protein zo-1 protein on the endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries at terminal acquired immune deficiency syndrome, demonstrating that there is a decreased expression of zo-1 protein over extended lengths of microvessels.
Manifestations and treatment of central nervous system complications associated with synthetic cathinone (“bath salts”) toxicities

INTRODUCTION "Bath Salts" or synthetic cathinone derivatives have made waves during the past several years in the designer drug market as a new trend in drugs of abuse. Natural cathinones are psychoactive chemicals that have been historically consumed by chewing Khat, or Catha edulis, leaves and shoots in regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Traditionally, Khat has been utilized to increase alertness and enhance euphoria as CNS stimulants commonly used by religious leaders and militant factions. The pharmacologic effects of synthetic cathinones have been noted to be similar to cocaine, amphetamines, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-Nmethylamphetamine (MDMA/ecstasy) although each have their own unique profile. There are at least 12 different known synthetic cathinones that are currently available but 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), 3,4methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), and 3,4methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) are three of the more common analogues. The DEA added mephedrone, methylone and MDPV to the list of Schedule 1 substances as part of the Control Substances Act in September 2011. This was an emergency scheduling and has not yet been made permanent. The other 9+ synthetic cathinones remain unscheduled.
Depression as a risk for cancer morbidity and mortality in a nationally representative sample.

The relative risks for cancer morbidity and mortality associated with depressive symptoms were examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale and the depression subscale from the General Well-being Schedule were used as predictors in this 10-year follow-up study of a nationally representative sample. No significant risk for cancer morbidity or mortality was associated with depressive symptoms with or without adjustment for age, sex, marital status, smoking, family history of cancer, hypertension, and serum cholesterol level. These data were also reanalyzed for subjects aged 55 years or older who were retraced by a second follow-up. Neither measure of depressive symptoms was a significant risk for cancer death during the 15-year follow-up interval. These results call into question the causal connection between depressive symptoms and cancer morbidity and mortality. ( JAMA . 1989;262:1191-1195)
Transposition of the maize activator element in transgenic rice plants

Transposition of the maize Activator (Ac) element was observed in transgenic rice. After protoplast transformation, Ac excision from an interrupted hygromycin phosphotransferase gene was monitored by appearance of the hygromycin-resistant colonies. The frequency of Ac excision, based on the biological assay was up to 19%. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that at least one copy per genome of the hygromycin-resistance gene was reconstituted after Ac excision and that the transposed Ac element was reintegrated into the rice genome. Analysis of DNA sequences at 14 empty donor sites indicated that the Ac element was excised in rice in a similar manner as maize. The excision of an Ac mutant in which a 1.3 kbp Tn903 fragment was inserted at a unique BamHI site so as to disrupt binding of the putative transposase was not detected by DNA analysis. These results demonstrated that the maize Ac element might be used as an effective heterologous transposon for mutagenesis and gene tagging in rice, an important food crops.
Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism. XII. The Synthesis and Degradation of Inositol Pentakis (Dihydrogen Phosphate)

The pathway(s) of synthesis and degradation of inositol 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 pentakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (inositol-P5), found predominantly in the avian erythrocyte, are unknown. Myo-inositol (inositol), D-glucose, inosine, and phosphate have been studied as potential precursors of inositol-P5 synthesis in chicken erythrocytes. Whole blood from chickens at several ages has been incubated for prolonged periods and the concentration of inositol-P5 measured to determine the ability of the avian erythrocyte to catabolize inositol-P5. Incubation of erythrocyte suspensions from 5-day chicks with [U-14 C]myo-inositol (inositol) for 17 hr lead to the appearance of 19.8% of the radioactivity in the aqueous acid-soluble extract of the erythrocytes (RBC). Fractionation of this extract on an anion exchange column yielded five major radioactive peaks, three of which represent 1) free myo-inositol, accounting for 63.5% of the radioactivity; 2) myo-inositol monokis (dihydrogen phosphate) (inositol-P), representing 1.6% of the radioactivity; and 3) inositol 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 pentakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (inositol-P5), representing 27.0% of the label in the erythrocyte. Sodium fluoride did not inhibit the incorporation of [U-14 C]myo-inositol into inositol-P5. Similar incubations with D-[U-14 C]-glucose and [U-14 C]-inosine yielded no incorporation of radioactivity into inositol-P5. These data are consistent with the interpretation that inositol is the major precursor for synthesis of inositol-P5 in chick red cells. Incubation of whole blood from 1-, 5-, and 42-day chicks and mature birds at 40 C for as long as 72 hr resulted in increases in RBC inorganic phosphate (Pi) thought due primarily to depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Inositol-P5 content of RBC of 5- and 42-day birds decreased 28 and 20%, respectively, after 72 hr, but no change was noted in inositol-P5 levels of RBC from mature birds. The red cells of the mature bird appear to be unable to catabolize inositol-P5 at significant rates. The apparent inability of the chicken erythrocyte to alter readily its concentration of inositol-P5 suggests that the hemoglobin oxygen delivery system of birds may be less adaptable to changing oxygen requirements by regulating the concentration of hemoglobin modulator than is that of the mammals.
Quark mass ratios and mixing angles from SU(3) family gauge symmetry

Abstract We explore a framework for the computation of quark mass ratios and CKM mixing angles based on an SU ( 3 ) family gauge symmetry. The four ratios m d / m b , m s / m b , m u / m t , and m c / m t can be fit at one loop in the family gauge interaction. The same is true of the quark mixing angles θ 12 and θ 23 , although the result for θ 13 is too small. The CP-violating phase is naturally O ( 1 ) .
A 3-D (Three Dimensional) Image Preprocessing Technique

This paper presents a new "Plane of Minimum Variation" (PMV) image preprocessing technique. After this preprocessing a three-dimentional(3 -D) image, while still containing information in temporal direction, can be further processed by 2-D methods. For each current pel, the PMV technique localizes a plane in 3-D image representation. This plane contains those pels from the current pel's neighborhood whose luminance values are close to the luminance of the current pel. Based on parameter V, which is a measure of the "closeness", two realizations of the PMV technique are presented. The results of the simulation show that by using the PMV technique, parameter V can be improved (decreased) by 8-12 dB, compared to the image which is not preprocessed by the PMV technique.
Compositional redistribution in alloy films under high-voltage electron microscope irradiation

Abstract The problem of nonequilibrium segregation in alloy films under high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) irradiation at elevated temperatures is re-examined in the present work, taking into account the damage-rate gradients caused by radial variation in the electron flux. Axial and radial compositional redistributions in model solid solutions, representative of concentrated Ni-Cu, Ni-Al and Ni-Si alloys, were calculated as a function of time, temperature, and film thickness, using a kinetic theory of segregation in binary alloys. The numerical results were achieved by means of a new software package (DISPL2) for solving convection-diffusion-kinetics problems with general orthogonal geometries. It was found that HVEM irradiation-induced segregation in thin films consists of two stages. Initially, due to the proximity of the film surfaces as sinks for point defects, the usual axial segregation (to surfaces) occurs at relatively short irradiation times, and rapidly attains quasi-steady state. Then, radial segregation becomes more and more competitive, gradually affecting the kinetics of axial segregation. At a given temperature, the buildup time to steady state is much longer in the present situation than in the simple case of one-dimensional segregation with uniform defect production. Changes in the alloy composition occur in a much larger zone than the irradiated volume. As a result, the average alloy composition within the irradiated region can differ greatly from that of the unirradiated alloy. The present calculations may be useful in the interpretation of the kinetics of certain HVEM irradiation-induced processes in alloys.
Decomposing the effect of marital status on migration

An econometric technique is developed to decompose the difference in the predicted migration probability of married and unmarried individuals into three parts. This technique allows one to examine the degree to which personal characteristics influence differences in migration between the two groups. The decomposition reveals that differences in human capital characteristics explain only 15.5% of the migration probability gap.
SU‐FF‐I‐113: Variation in Exposure‐Dependent SNR Among Systems With Identical Digital Flat Panel Detectors

Purpose: To establish expected performance of digital flat panel radiographysystems with respect to SNR versus detector exposure under clinical conditions for thoracic imaging.Method and Materials: Exposures were made of a LucAl Chest phantom at 125 kVp and 180 cm SID using 16 systems(models XQ/i, XR/d, XR/dII and Definium; GE Medical Systems; Milwaukee, WI). The mAs was modified for exposures above and below the mAs delivered by AEC. Exposures measured free‐in‐air were corrected to the imaging plane by the inverse square law, for attenuation by the phantom, and by the Bucky factor of the grid for this phantom, geometry, and kVp. SNR was the ratio of the mean and standard deviation (SD) of an ROI automatically selected in the center of each unprocessed image. Paired data was collected for 11 systems before and after a major gain and offset calibration. SNR versus detector exposure data were interpolated using a power function to stratify the data into 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mR to the detector.Results: Although mean SNR changed only slightly after calibration, SD of SNR decreased markedly (41%), approaching statistical significance (p=0.061). Systems were segregated into two classes: higher (N=5) and lower (N=6) than the mean SNR. After calibration, differences were noted for both high and low groups, but were significant only for some exposure levels using a one‐tailed t‐test. High and low groups were significantly different (p<0.01) from each other before, but not after calibration. SNRs from 4 of 5 remaining unpaired systems conformed to the 95% confidence intervals of paired data after calibration.Conclusions: Exposure‐dependent SNR measurements under clinical conditions provide criteria for evaluating digital flat panel radiographicsystems.Calibration reduces variation among systems.
Design of Pivoted-Pad Journal Bearings

Calculated load capacity and friction for complete pivoted-pad journal bearings are presented, for use in design computations. Dimensionless numerical results are given for the following variations in bearing geometry: 3 and 5 pads, L/D ratios of 1/2 to 1, pivot locations of 40, 50, and 60 percent, on pivot and between pivot loading, and ratios of “assembled” to “ground” clearance of 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0. The numerical results are an extension of the work of Castelli, et al., reference [1],1 and were generated in the same manner i.e., numerical solution of Reynolds’ equation by digital computer. Laminar, incompressible flow, and subambient pressures in diverging portions of the films were assumed. Illustrative numerical examples are included and significant conclusions with respect to major variables (L/D ratio, number of pads, clearances, pivot location, load direction) are drawn from the range of data produced.
The General Linear Model as a Framework for Models in Configural Frequency Analysis

The present paper discusses models of Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA). For most models of CFA maximum likelihood estimators are given. For all of these models least squares estimators are also given. These estimators are equivalent to each other if quasiparametric conditions prevail. Using the second approach, the general linear model can be used to systematize CFA models. Numerical examples are given, using both artificial and psychiatric data.
Preclinical models of HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC in mice: an immune clearance of HPV+ HNSCC.

Background. To investigate whether human papilloma virus (HPV)-specific immune mechanisms can result in tumor clearance, we have created HPV+ and HPV− tonsil cells that form squamous cancers in immune-competent mice. Here, we determine that an immune-specific response can clear HPV+ tumor cells and the cellular requirements to mediate this tumor clearance. Methods. Through the benefit of this model, we use in vitro and in vivo methods to better understand how HPV+ cells are rejected. Results. The data show that an in vivo antigen-specific antitumor response is generated to HPV+ transformed cells and that this response requires CD4+ and CD8+ cells to mount this antitumor response. Conclusion. The findings from this preclinical model will have implications not only in understanding human disease but also as a valuable model for testing immunotherapeutic strategies for HPV+ head and neck cancer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Detection of fecal shedding of rotavirus vaccine in infants following their first dose of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine.

Studies on rotavirus vaccine shedding and its potential transmission within households including immunocompromised individuals are needed to better define the potential risks and benefits of vaccination. We examined fecal shedding of pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) for 9 days following the first dose of vaccine in infants between 6 and 12 weeks of age. Rotavirus antigen was detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and vaccine-type rotavirus was identified by nucleotide sequencing based on genetic relatedness to the RV5 VP6 gene. Stool from 22 (21.4%) of 103 children contained rotavirus antigen-positive specimens on ≥1 post-vaccination days. Rotavirus antigen was detected as early as post-vaccination day 3 and as late as day 9, with peak numbers of shedding on post-vaccination days 6 through 8. Vaccine-type rotavirus was detected in all 50 antigen-positive specimens and 8 of 8 antigen-negative specimens. Nine (75%) of 12 EIA-positive and 1 EIA-negative samples tested culture-positive for vaccine-type rotavirus. Fecal shedding of rotavirus vaccine virus after the first dose of RV5 occurred over a wide range of post-vaccination days not previously studied. These findings will help better define the potential for horizontal transmission of vaccine virus among immunocompromised household contacts of vaccinated infants for future studies.
A quantum mechanical study of the transfer of biological sulfate

Abstract The biological process of enzymatic sulfuryl group transfer has been studied by ab initio (density-functional and Hartree–Fock) and semiempirical quantum mechanical methods. The active site of estrogen sulfotransferase in ternary complex with a sulfate donor (PAPS) and sulfate acceptor (estradiol) is modeled. The mechanism proposed in a recent X-ray crystal structure paper (Kakuta et al., Nat. Struct. Biol. 4 (1997) 904) serves as the basis for the calculations. We find that the mechanism proposed in the crystallographic paper is reasonable. The sulfonation takes place in several key steps: neutralization of the charge on PAPS, lengthening of the bridging S–O bond with no cost in energy, activation of the attacking oxygen and proton transfer from estradiol to histidine and then to the sulfuryl group.
Modeling of shock development and transition to detonation initiated by burning in porous propellant beds

Abstract This paper deals with the analyses of deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) occurring in a packed bed of granular, high-energy solid propellant. A reactive two-phase flow model of this phenomena is solved by utilizing a Lax-Wendroff finite differencing technique. Utilizing an appropriate gas phase nonideal equation of state and high-pressure gas permeability relations with an improved numerical integration technique, one can predict the transition to a steady detonation from initiation by deflagration. Analyses are presented that clearly indicate the effect of the propellant physical and chemical parameters on the predicted run-up length to detonation. Predictions of this run-up length to detonation are presented as a function of propellant chemical energy, burning rate, bed porosity, and granulation (size). Limited comparison with actual DDT data in the literature indicates qualitative agreement with these predictions.
Evaluating Item-Sort Task Methods: The Presentation of a New Statistical Significance Formula and Methodological Best Practices

An item-sort task is a common method to reduce over-representative item lists during the scale-creation process. The current article delineates the limitations and misapplications of the accepted statistical significance formula for item-sort tasks and proposes a new statistical significance formula with greater utility across a wider range of item-sort tasks. First, a simulation study compares the two formulas in an array of conditions that vary on sample size and number of assignment choices. Second, an empirical study compares the results of three separate item-sort tasks across the two formulas for statistical significance. In the empirical study, the proposed formula produces more correct retention decisions than the existing formula across all three item-sort tasks. In the simulation study, the proposed formula is more appropriate than the existing formula under most conditions. The two formulas function identically in item-sort tasks with only two assignment choices. Researchers could obtain erroneous results when misapplying the existing item-sort task statistical significance formula to cases with more than two assignment choices. The proposed formula corrects this limitation, ultimately providing accurate results more often than the existing formula. Applying the proposed formula could help future research and practice throughout the scale development process. Despite widespread use, few attempts have been made to improve scale-creation pretest methods, particularly item-sort tasks. The current study demonstrates that even conventional statistical methods are susceptible to misuse and misapplication, and future research could benefit from the reexamination of other common methods.
Three‐dimensional structure of cat tibialis anterior motor units

The motor unit is the basic unit for force production in a muscle. However, the position and shape of the territory of a motor unit within the muscle have not been defined precisely. The territories of five motor units in the cat tibialis anterior muscle were reconstructed three-dimensionally (3-D) from tracings of the glycogen-depleted fibers belonging to each unit. The motor unit territories did not span the entire length of the muscle and their cross-sectional areas tapered along the proximodistal axis producing a conical shape. In addition, the position of the territory of each unit shifted in an anterior–posterior plane along the longitudinal axis of the muscle, presumably as a consequence of the pinnation of the fibers. The area of the motor unit territory at any given level along the proximodistal axis was highly correlated with the number of fibers within the territory at that level. Connective tissue boundaries (outlining fascicles) appeared to have a strong influence on the shape of the territory, territories showed abrupt changes at connective tissue boundaries as groups of motor unit fibers within a fascicle often terminated together while motor unit fibers in neighboring fascicles did not terminate. It is likely that the mechanical impact of the recruitment of a motor unit is affected by the location and shape of motor units within the same muscle area. Since there is a close relationship between the area of the territory of a motor unit and the number of fibers in the motor unit, while the density of unit fibers remains the same, then the same factor(s) which regulate the number of fibers innervated by a motoneuron may also determine the territory area.© 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High-Resolution Recombinational Map of Mouse Chromosome 16

Five intersubspecific backcrosses and an intercross were used to establish a sex-averaged recombinational map spanning 56 cM across most of mouse Chromosome 16 (Chr 16). A total of 123 markers were ordered using an interval mapping approach to identify 425 recombination sites in a collection of 1154 meioses from 1155 progeny generated in the six crosses. The markers include the 10 "classic" Chr 16 reference markers, 26 additional genes or transcripts including two phenotypic markers (Pit1dw and Kcnj6wv), and 87 simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs). One set of monozygotic twins was detected among the 304 meioses mapped to highest resolution. The reference markers and SSLPs allow the map to be well integrated with existing maps of Chr 16. The average distance between crossover sites is less than 500 kb for most chromosomes, making this collection of recombinant chromosomes useful as a binning and ordering resource for YAC-based physical map assembly on Chr 16.
Archetype and signature: Nixon and the 1973 inaugural

An analysis of President Nixon's style in his Second Inaugural reveals an excellent use of archetype coupled with an ineffective call for personal responsibility.
Large deflection random response of cross-ply laminated plates with elastically restrained edges and initial imperfections

The large deflection random response of symmetrically laminated cross-ply rectangular thin plates subjected to random excitation is studied. The out-of-plane boundary conditions are such that all the edges are rigidly supported against translation, but elastically restrained against rotation. The plate is also assumed to have a small initial imperfection. The assumed membrane boundary conditions are such that all the edges are free from normal and tangential forces in the plane of the plate. Mean-square deflections and mean-square strains are determined for a three-layered cross-ply laminate.
Mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by nonnucleoside inhibitors

The mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by three nonnucleoside inhibitors is described. Nevirapine, O-TIBO, and CI-TIBO each bind to a hydrophobic pocket in the enzyme-DNA complex close to the active site catalytic residues. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis was used to establish the mechanism of inhibition by these noncompetitive inhibitors. Analysis of the pre-steady-state burst of DNA polymerization indicated that inhibitors blocked the chemical reaction, but did not interfere with nucleotide binding or the nucleotide-induced conformational change. Rather, in the presence of saturating concentrations of the inhibitors, the nucleoside triphosphate bound tightly (Kd, 100 nM), but nonproductively. The data suggest that an inhibitor combining the functionalities of a nonnucleoside inhibitor and a nucleotide analog could bind very tightly and specifically to reverse transcriptase and could be effective in the treatment of AIDS.
Reproductive behaviour of a temperate serranid fish, Paralabrax clathratus(Girard), from Santa Catalina Island, California, U.S.A.

The reproductive behaviour of the kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus was studied on Santa Catalina Island, California, U.S.A. from April 2000 to September 2002. Adults formed aggregations of three to > 200 individuals, and spawning occurred within subgroups of three to 23 individuals that contained a single female. The gonado-somatic index (I G ) of collected ripe males (mean = 5·8%, range = 0·5-13·1%) indicated a large investment in sperm production that is common in group-spawning fishes characterized by intense sperm competition. Spawning occurred 32 min before sunset to 120 min after sunset, and both males and females were capable of spawning multiple times during a single evening. Behavioural observations of adults and estimates of spawning periodicity from the collection of females with hydrated oocytes suggested that spawning occurred continuously throughout the summer months and showed no significant relationship with the lunar cycle. In general, the spawning behaviour of kelp bass was similar to other functionally gonochoric, group-spawning serranids. The dynamics of P. clathratus spawning aggregations, however, were inconsistent with that of tropical reef fish spawning aggregations, including the transient spawning aggregations of some tropical serranids. Aggregation spawning appeared to be an important component of the annual reproduction of this species.
Newspapers' transition from women's to style pages what were they thinking?

After nearly a century of publishing explicitly named women's pages, US newspapers starting in 1969 and into the 1970s began renaming them ‘style’ or ‘lifestyle’ sections, theoretically meaning they were for a general audience. This research investigates industry discourse during this time to determine what those in newsrooms were thinking about this transition. Seventy-two articles from three newspaper trade publications from 1969 through 1975 reveal that editors and reporters were most concerned with including serious content in these sections and unconcerned with the names of the sections. In fact the women editors of these style pages, who dominated the discourse, indicated that even after renaming the sections industry insiders thought of them as for and about women. The analysis also revealed that newsroom constraints, particularly those placed on lower level staff by male editors, prevented women editors of these women's/style sections from constructing the pages they desired.
Skeletal abnormalities after jejunoileal bypass

Jejunoileal bypass surgery is fraught with many longterm complications, among which is hypovitaminosis D. The relationship, if any, of hypovitaminosis D to the skeletal disease which may occur following this operation is, however, unknown. Consequently, we studied eight patients with low circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D who had undergone jejunoileal bypass at least two and one-half years previously. Despite the absence of skeletal symptoms, the bone biopsies of six of these patients were abnormal. The volume of trabecular bone was diminished in the group as a whole, and half the patients had an excess of unmineralized skeletal matrix. However, no noninvasive diagnostic technique identified those patients with skeletal disease. We therefore conclude that recognition of those jejunoileal bypass patients potentially at risk to develop clinically significant bone disease requires biopsy of the skeleton.
Computed tomography analysis of acetabular anteversion and abduction

The purpose of this study is to define the normal range of acetabular abduction and anteversion in relation to pelvic anatomy as depicted on conventional CT scan. We retrospectively reviewed 100 pelvic CT scans performed on patients presenting for evaluation of non-orthopaedic pathology. The study group consisted of 58 women and 42 men, aged between 18 and 88 years. Standard imaging protocol included an anteroposterior (AP) topogram with contiguous 5-mm thick axial images from the superior margin of the iliac crest to the lesser trochanter of the femur. The acetabular abduction was measured from the AP topogram by obtaining the angle between a line drawn from the acetabular teardrop to the lateral acetabular margin and a horizontal line between the ischial tuberosities. Acetabular anteversion was measured on axial images at the level of the mid-femoral head. We found the mean acetabular abduction to be 39 degrees (standard deviation 4 degrees, range 27 to 51 degrees) and the mean acetabular anteversion to be 23 degrees (standard deviation 5 degrees, range 12 to 39 degrees). Data suggests that acetabular anteversion may average 2.7 degrees lower in males than females and increase slightly with age, while abduction may tend to decrease with age. Ninety percent of patients had acetabular abduction between 31 and 46 degrees; the 90% central range for acetabular anteversion was estimated to be from 14 to 31 degrees. CT scanning is useful in accurately defining the normal range of acetabular abduction and antiversion. Knowledge of this normal anatomy will allow accurate assessment of acetabular component position as delineated on conventional CT scanning.
Estimating ecological integrity in the interior Columbia River basin

The adoption of ecosystem-based management strategies focuses attention on the need for broad scale estimates of ecological conditions; this poses two challenges for the science community: estimating broad scale ecosystem conditions from highly disparate data, often observed at different spatial scales, and interpreting these conditions relative to goals such as sustainability. The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP), estimated relative composite ecological integrity by clustering conditions among proxy variables representing three component integrity ratings (forestland, rangeland, and aquatic integrity). Composite ecological integrity provides an estimate of relative system condition within the interior Columbia River basin assessment area that is responsive to changes in broad scale land management practices. Broad-scale measures can be used to assess progress toward land management goals or as an aide for managers in selecting or prioritizing areas (watersheds) for treatment. Currently, federal land managers are using estimates of current composite ecological integrity and trends in ecological integrity to prioritize management activities and understand effects of management actions.