cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the substance active in sheep cell agglutination test for rheumatoid arthritis.

SummaryThe active principle responsible for sheep cell agglutination test for arthritis was purified and concentrated by salt fractionation and by dialysis against solutions of low ionic strength. The most active fractions were precipitated as plasma was adjusted from a concentration of 9% to a concentration of 14% sodium sulfate, or from ionic strength 0.06 to ionic strength 0.04. The electrophoretic fraction most consistently present in the concentrate was beta globulin. The agglutination factor is adsorbed on fibrin and is inactivated during lyophilization of concentrates and by the addition of alcohol to arthritic plasma.
Citrus bitter principles—V.

Abstract Examination of the limonoids in extracts from seeds of twenty-six Citrus species and hybrids showed limonin to be present in every case, and, with two exceptions, in greater amounts than obacunone and deacetylnomilin. Limonoids have also been shown to occur in the related genera, Poncirus, Microcitrus and Fortunella . New results are presented on the distribution of limonoids in other genera of the Rutaceae, i.e. Casimiroa, Evodia and Calodendrum . The value in chemical taxonomy of these data when combined with previous results is discussed. Comparison is made with limonoids occurring in the Meliaceae, and limonoid degradation products, the simaroubolides, occurring in the Simaroubaceae. In general, the distribution pattern of limonoids and simaroubolides in the Rutaceae, Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae correlates very well with the botanical divisions based upon orthodox taxonomy. Isopimpinellin has been isolated from seeds of Aeglopsis chevalieri Swing. and Bergapten from Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt.) f. Xanthotoxol and alloimperatorin have been isolated from seeds of Poncirus trifoliata .
Prognosis of Epilepsy

Investigators from the Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK, report results of longitudinal cohort studies of prognosis in epilepsy in adults and children and focus particularly on the National General Practice Study of Epilepsy (NGPSE) in 1195 patients initiated in 1983.
Byronic Advertising: Celebrity, Romantic Biography and The London Magazine

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the relationship between celebrity and literary commerce in Romantic periodical biography. Taking the ‘Biographical Memoir’ of Lord Byron published in the inaugural number of Gold and Northhouse’s London Magazine (1820) as a case study, I analyze the marketing strategies at work in both the magazine’s prospectus and the illustrated biography of Byron that appeared in the first two issues. The publishers clearly depend on Byron’s celebrity status, yet, I argue, they also craft his image in strategic response to the generic and commercial constraints of periodical publication. Considering magazine biography as itself a form of advertising, I locate the London Magazine’s visual and textual representations of Byron within a tradition of periodical biographies, and explore how the magazine manipulates Byron’s temporal and geographic identities to better serve its commercial aims.
Prenatal prediction of pulmonary hypoplasia

Pulmonary hypoplasia, although rare, is associated with significant neonatal morbidity and mortality. Conditions associated with pulmonary hypoplasia include those which limit normal thoracic capacity or movement, including skeletal dysplasias and abdominal wall defects; those with mass effect, including congenital diaphragmatic hernia and pleural effusions; and those with decreased amniotic fluid, including preterm, premature rupture of membranes, and genitourinary anomalies. The ability to predict severe pulmonary hypoplasia prenatally aids in family counseling, as well as obstetric and neonatal management. The objective of this review is to outline the imaging techniques that are widely used prenatally to assess pulmonary hypoplasia and to discuss the limitations of these methods.
Possible Selves: How Self-Perception of the Future Applies to Older Adults

Possible selves research suggests that goals and perceptions of the future shape human development and behavior (Cross & Markus, 1991). Although previous research demonstrates age-related differences in possible selves across time, older adults are not often included in possible selves discourse (Ryff, 1991). To better understand the diversity of possible selves across age, we conducted an interview with 13 older adults at the Mayflower retirement community in Grinnell, Iowa. Through our retrospective study, participants were asked to report the number and type of goals across their lifetime, satisfaction at different points in life, and concerns about health and social life domains over time. Results indicate that older adults recalled more specific and less global goals at old age as compared to young age. Further, participants recalled more global and less specific goals in young adulthood. Our findings support the theory that older adults use goal accommodation to achieve a closer fit between their ideal and actual selves (Ryff, 1991). Keywords: possible selves, aging, adult development, feared selves, ideal selves
Beyond the precariat: race, gender, and labor in the taxi and Uber economy

ABSTRACTUber has been hailed as a revolutionary peer-sharing platform, disrupting the archaic taxi industry, and creating employment and transportation opportunities for an increasingly imperiled middle class. We counter this representation by arguing that Uber’s main innovation is not its app, but the creation of part-time vs. full-time drivers. This durational divide reproduces familiar hierarchies of race, gender, and citizenship, with male immigrant full-time drivers positioned against more privileged part-time drivers both within the ranks of Uber and across the Uber-cabbie divide. We tie the differential regulation histories of Uber and taxi cabs to ideas of racial freedom; consider how disability and premature death is unevenly distributed; and conclude by considering how workers today can be understood through the experience of public demonstration or assembly. Here, we go beyond the universalizing term of precariat, without returning to limited understandings of class, to consider collective vuln...
Space and Planetary Resources

The Earth is surrounded by several celestial bodies with a vast wealth of resources for space and terrestrial applications. The minerals, metals, water, and volatile elements on the Moon, near-Earth asteroids, comets, and Mars, as well as the unlimited solar energy, vacuum, and low gravity in space have for some time being considered valuable extraterrestrial resources for robotic and human space missions. The identification, extraction, and utilization of these resources will enable space exploration by providing the necessary energy, materials, and human consumables to significantly reduce the mass, cost, and risk of missions, while also extending their reach and duration. In the future, space resources may also prove to be highly valuable for Earth applications.
Zero interest rates and cross-section of stock returns

The paper presents a theoretical market system based on the tenets of Islamic finance where the underlying assumption is zero interest rate. The paper used β < 1 as a criterion for zero interest rate assumption for the theoretical market system. The paper finds using multivariate analysis on portfolios sorted on β < 1, that cross section of stock returns can be explained using a parsimnious model that incorporates both behavioural finance and fundamental finance factors.
What Is Education For? (1990)

I f today is a typical day on planet Earth, we will lose 116 square miles of rain forest, or about an acre a second. We will lose another 72 square miles to encroaching deserts, the results of human mismanagement and overpopulation. We will lose 40 to 250 species, but no one knows the actual number. Today the human population will increase by 250,000. And today we will add 2700 tons of chlorofluorocarbons and 15 million tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Tonight the Earth will be a little hotter, its waters more acidic, and the fabric of life more threadbare. By year’s end the numbers are staggering: The total loss of rain forest will equal an area the size of the state of Washington; expanding deserts will equal an area the size of the state of West Virginia; and the global population will have risen by more than 70 million. By the year 2000 a sizeable fraction of the life-forms extant on the planet in the year 1900 will be extinct or in jeopardy.
Pulse Propagation in a Viscoelastic Solid with Geometric Dispersion

A technique employing double integral transforms is given for treating pulse propagation problems in a viscoelastic solid with geometric dispersion. It is used in connection with a correspondence principle and a linear model. Two examples treated are, taken from the general problem of pulse scattering by a circular cylindrical cavity in the infinite solid. In the corresponding elastic problem Rayleigh waves, generated by the pulse-cavity interaction, are spatially non-decaying (in θ about the cavity), periodic disturbances that predominate for long time. It is shown that their viscoelastic counterparts are spatially attenuated waves.
Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants on Norepinephrine Metabolism: Basic and Clinical Studies

The tricyclic antidepressants have been well established as clinically effective treatments for certain types of depressions, and these drugs have provided important tools for investigating those neurochemical changes that may be associated with alterations in affective state in man (Schildkraut 1970). Some years ago, in clinical studies of depressed patients, we observed a decrease in the urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA), the major deaminated O-methylated metabolite of norepinephrine during treatment with imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) as well as with phenelzine (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) (Table 1) (Schildkraut et al. 1964; Schildkraut, Gordon, and Durell 1965). In these studies with imipramine, we showed that the decrease in VMA excretion was a pharmacological effect of the drug per se and not a secondary concomitant of the alteration in clinical state (Table 2) (Schildkraut, Gordon, and Durell 1965). On the basis of these findings, which have been confirmed by other investigators (Haskovec and Rysanek 1967; Maas, Fawcett, and Dekirmenjian 1968b and personal communication), we suggested that tricyclic antidepressants like monoamine oxidase inhibitors may decrease the deamination of norepinephrine. Subsequently, Glowinski, Axelrod, and Iversen (1966) showed that desmethylimipramine decreased the deamination of intraventricularly administered tritiated norepinephrine in rat brain, and we found a similar decrease in the deamination of intracisternally administered tritiated norepinephrine and a concurrent increase in levels of tritiated normetanephrine in rat brain after administration of various other tricyclic antidepressants (Table 3) (Schildkraut et al. 1967; Schildkraut, Dodge, and Logue 1969).
Abstract 14187: Mitochondrial Iron Accumulation Leads to Cardiomyocyte Death and its Levels are Directly Sensed in the Cytoplasm

Background: Maintaining mitochondrial iron balance is critical for normal cardiac function. We showed earlier that deletion of ATP-binding cassette B8 (ABCB8) protein which facilitates mitochondrial iron export results in mitochondrial iron accumulation, oxidative stress, dysfunction of cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) cluster proteins, and spontaneous development of cardiomyopathy in mice. Given the complex phenotype, it remains unexplored which of these processes are responsible for cytotoxicity with ABCB8 deletion. This study has characterized the effects of mitochondrial iron accumulation due to ABCB8 knockdown (KD) or knockout (KO) on cellular survival, and potential communication between the mitochondria and cytoplasm in sensing iron levels. Results: To reverse mitochondrial iron accumulation with ABCB8 KD, we treated cells with various iron chelators, or with siRNA against mitoferrin-2 (MFRN2), the primary mitochondrial iron importer in cardiomyocytes. Both iron chelators and MFRN2 siRNA reversed mitochondrial iron accumulation, ROS production and cell death resulting from ABCB8 KD, suggesting that mitochondrial iron overload mediates cytotoxicity of ABCB8 deletion. To determine if the defect in cytosolic Fe/S proteins was primarily due to mitochondrial iron deregulation or was secondary to increased oxidative stress, we measured cytosolic Fe/S protein activity with iron chelators, MFRN2 siRNA, or antioxidant treatments. Neither MFRN2 siRNA nor various antioxidants were able to reverse inactivation of cytosolic Fe/S proteins with ABCB8 KD. However, iron chelator treatment rescued Fe/S protein activities in ABCB8 KD cells. Similarly, iron chelators reversed mitochondrial iron accumulation and restored activity of cytosolic Fe/S proteins in hearts from ABCB8 KO mice. Thus, the defect in maturation of cytosolic Fe/S proteins is independent of the oxidative stress, but is a direct effect of mitochondrial iron overload. Conclusions: Cytotoxicity of ABCB8 KD and the defect in cytosolic Fe/S cluster maturation are due to mitochondrial iron accumulation, but not the associated oxidative stress. Moreover, our results suggest that mitochondrial iron is sensed in the cytoplasm and influences maturation of cytosolic Fe/S proteins.
Abstract 246: An integrative genetic epidemiologic approach to identify susceptibility genes for post-menopausal breast cancer

Background: Up to 30% of common (peri- and post-menopausal) breast cancer cases in the general population are believed to be due to segregation of mutations and variations with low to medium risk [i.e., 1.5 Citation Format: Roxana Moslehi, Nur Zeinomar, Cristy Stagnar, Hui-Shien Tsao, Amiran Dzutsev. An integrative genetic epidemiologic approach to identify susceptibility genes for post-menopausal breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 246.
Using Probabilistic Risk Indices for Bulk System Reliability Analysis

This paper presents a risk-based reliability assessment framework for bulk transmission systems. In particular, the paper provides conceptual understanding of Probabilistic Risk Indices (PRI) which is a fundamental part of the overall framework. PRI provide a quantifiable approach to assess system reliability by considering probability as well as impact of contingencies. The paper presents a case study to illustrate computation and use of PRI for quantifying reliability, identifying weak system points, identifying critical system components, and developing probability-impact plots for contingencies.
Estimating Transient Stability Margin Regarding a Dominant Oscillation Mode

This paper proposes a method for estimating the transient stability margin of a multi-machine system regarding a single dominant oscillation mode under a disturbance. The nonlinear modal dynamics of the system regarding a dominant mode before it develops to an instability mode is characterized using an equivalent nonlinear oscillator that is modeled by a second order nonlinear differential equation and identifiable from measurements of the post-disturbance trajectory. With reasonable selection for the formulation of this oscillator, the unstable equilibrium points estimated directly by this equation can give conservative transient stability margin regarding that dominant mode. Case studies on the IEEE 9-bus and New England 39-bus power systems validate the proposed method.
Isolation of single HIV-1 Envelope specific B cells and antibody cloning from immunized rhesus macaques

Antibody cloning from single B cells is an essential tool for characterizing humoral immune responses and obtaining valuable therapeutic and analytical reagents. Antibody cloning from individuals with high serologic titers to HIV-1, Influenza, Malaria and ZIKV has led to new insights that inform vaccine design efforts. In contrast to humans and mice, less is known about antibody cloning from single B cells in macaques. Here, we describe a protocol to identify and purify single antigen-specific macaque B cells, and subsequently clone and produce macaque monoclonal antibodies. The sorting strategy requires the use of a combination of fluorochrome labeled antigens and omission of anti-IgG antibodies that can interfere with antigen binding and vice versa. Optimized methods for macaque antibody gene amplification, DNA preparation for antibody production and antibody screening by ELISA are also presented.
Robotic off-pump totally endoscopic hand-sewn coronary artery bypass using in-situ bilateral internal mammary artery.

The tips and tricks of robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass have not been fully described. In this video tutorial, we present our experience and provide information about technical considerations and other details that will help support surgeons interested in starting a totally-endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery program.
Synthesis of Strategies and the Hoare Logic of Angelic Nondeterminism

We study a propositional variant of Hoare logic that can be used for reasoning about programs that exhibit both angelic and demonic nondeterminism. We work in an uninterpreted setting, where the meaning of the atomic actions is specified axiomatically using hypotheses of a certain form. Our logical formalism is entirely compositional and it subsumes the non-compositional formalism of safety games on finite graphs. We present sound and complete Hoare-style (partial-correctness) calculi that are useful for establishing Hoare assertions, as well as for synthesizing implementations. The computational complexity of the Hoare theory of dual nondeterminism is investigated using operational models, and it is shown that the theory is complete for exponential time.
Innovations in Pediatrics: 2019.

Jeffery Teckman, MD, is the Drs. James and Patricia Monteleone Endowed Chair Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Director, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Contact: ude.uls.htlaeh@namkcet.ffej Open in a separate window
Collagen XI regulates the acquisition of collagen fibril structure, organization and functional properties in tendon.

Collagen XI is a fibril-forming collagen that regulates collagen fibrillogenesis. Collagen XI is normally associated with collagen II-containing tissues such as cartilage, but it also is expressed broadly during development in collagen I-containing tissues, including tendons. The goals of this study are to define the roles of collagen XI in regulation of tendon fibrillar structure and the relationship to function. A conditional Col11a1-null mouse model was created to permit the spatial and temporal manipulation of Col11a1 expression. We hypothesize that collagen XI functions to regulate fibril assembly, organization and, therefore, tendon function. Previous work using cho mice with ablated Col11a1 alleles supported roles for collagen XI in tendon fibril assembly. Homozygous cho/cho mice have a perinatal lethal phenotype that limited the studies. To circumvent this, a conditional Col11a1flox/flox mouse model was created where exon 3 was flanked with loxP sites. Breeding with Scleraxis-Cre (Scx-Cre) mice yielded a tendon-specific Col11a1-null mouse line, Col11a1Δten/Δten. Col11a1flox/flox mice had no phenotype compared to wild type C57BL/6 mice and other control mice, e.g., Col11a1flox/flox and Scx-Cre. Col11a1flox/flox mice expressed Col11a1 mRNA at levels comparable to wild type and Scx-Cre mice. In contrast, in Col11a1Δten/Δten mice, Col11a1 mRNA expression decreased to baseline in flexor digitorum longus tendons (FDL). Collagen XI protein expression was absent in Col11a1Δten/Δten FDLs, and at ~50% in Col11a1+/Δten compared to controls. Phenotypically, Col11a1Δten/Δten mice had significantly decreased body weights (p < 0.001), grip strengths (p < 0.001), and with age developed gait impairment becoming hypomobile. In the absence of Col11a1, the tendon collagen fibrillar matrix was abnormal when analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Reducing Col11a1 and, therefore collagen XI content, resulted in abnormal fibril structure, loss of normal fibril diameter control with a significant shift to small diameters and disrupted parallel alignment of fibrils. These alterations in matrix structure were observed in developing (day 4), maturing (day 30) and mature (day 60) mice. Altering the time of knockdown using inducible I-Col11a1-/- mice indicated that the primary regulatory foci for collagen XI was in development. In mature Col11a1Δten/Δten FDLs a significant decrease in the biomechanical properties was observed. The decrease in maximum stress and modulus suggest that fundamental differences in the material properties in the absence of Col11a1 expression underlie the mechanical deficiencies. These data demonstrate an essential role for collagen XI in regulation of tendon fibril assembly and organization occurring primarily during development.
Models for High-Redshift Lyman Alpha Emitters

We present models for dusty high-redshift Lyman alpha emitting galaxies by combining the Press-Schechter formalism with a treatment of inhomogeneous dust distribution inside galaxies. These models reproduce the surface density of emitters inferred from recent observations, and also agree with previous non-detections. Although a detailed determination of the individual model parameters is precluded by uncertainties, we find that (i) the dust content of primordial galaxies builds up in no more than 5x10^8 years, (ii) the galactic HII regions are inhomogeneous with a cloud covering factor of order unity, and (iii) the overall star formation efficiency is at least 5 percent. Future observations should be able to detect Lyman alpha galaxies upto redshifts of about z=8. If the universe is reionized at z(reion) z(reion) could prove to be a useful probe of the reionization epoch.
Capital Investment, Earnings, and Annual Stock Returns: Causality Relationships in China

The Granger-causality effects between earnings, cash flow, and capital investment as well as on subsequent annual stock returns are examined for China in an international framework. Overall, there is a Granger causality relationship from earnings to capital investment. Furthermore, there is strong causality in the reverse direction as well. Capital investment causes positive subsequent stock returns while earnings have a more direct and contemporaneous impact on stock prices. Regulatory mechanisms, managerial monitoring, state capitalism controls work best during expansions and non-crisis periods. The causality relationships diminish during recessions and crisis periods, such as the Asian Crisis. The results observed in China are different from the results for G7 countries, or the results for other non-G7 countries. Using cash flows instead of earnings confirms the conclusions. Insider ownership is not necessarily as effective as other control mechanisms in China.
Photovoltaic cells that produce power at night

Though the sun is our most abundant source of energy, existing solar power production methods can generate electricity only while the sun is shining. To shift to a truly sustainable energy grid, new green energy production techniques that function at night must be developed. Here we consider a “nighttime photovoltaic cell” that harnesses electricity from the flow of heat between the earth and the cold night sky. We discuss thermoradiative photovoltaics, the physics driving this photovoltaic technique, and the theoretical limits of such a device. We conclude with an analysis of this novel photovoltaic concept’s practical limits and integrability.
An Intelligent Agricultural Field Monitoring and Management System using Internet of Things and Machine Learning

Agriculture is a primary concern of every developing nation. But most of the processes involved in agricultural sector are still orthodox and inefficient. Though the technology is improving day by day, it is high time to incorporate technology innovations into the field of agriculture for better productivity and resource utilization. We propose an intelligent farming technology with the aid of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning to make various farming techniques smarter and efficient. Various sensors were deployed in the fields to remotely monitor the parameters of soil, water and air. The sensed information is fed to an Android app and it will process the data and alert the farmer if any unusual events occur. We are also using convolutional neural network for detecting various diseases affected by the plants. Experimental results validate that our model can be used for efficient utilization of agricultural resources like water and fertilizers and thereby improve the productivity and profit.
50th anniversary of computed tomography: past and future applications in clinical neuroscience.

Purpose: It has been 50 years since computed tomography was introduced to the worldwide neurologic medical and surgical community. In that time, tremendous advances in computer software and hardware, as well as creative changes in computerized tomographic (CT) hardware and tube technology, have dramatically improved the temporal and spatial resolution of CT. In this paper, I address what I feel are some of the most important impacts of CT in the field of clinical neuroscience over the last 50 years, as well as potential applications of CT that are on the horizon. Approach: I have recounted from literature, colleagues, and personal recollection the historical impact of CT on neuroradiology practice and what appear to be near-term future applications. Conclusions: Therapeutic applications beyond diagnosis, such as image-guided procedures, radiation, and surgical planning, and development of the field of theranostics have emerged and further increased the need for faster and more precise CT imaging. The integration of machine learning into the acquisition chain and radiologist tool kit has great implications for standardization, analysis, and diagnosis worldwide.
Vertically stacked RF switches by wafer-scale three-dimensional integration

Vertically stacked RF switches implemented by wafer-scale three-dimensional (3D) integration of three completely fabricated silicon-on-insulator wafers are demonstrated. The individual switch performance was maintained through the 3D integration process while the signal path is shortened by vertical interconnects. The footprint of the switch can be shrunk in proportion to the number of tiers it is distributed between, demonstrating the potential of significant size reduction of multiple-throw switches commonly required in many applications.
Modeling variable bit rate video on wired and wireless networks using discrete-time self-similar systems

In recent years, wireless networks have gained a lot of interest due to the increasing demand for Internet based wireless applications. Due to bandwidth constraints video traffic over the Internet is compressed. This type of compressed traffic shows burstiness on different time scales. In particular, the phenomena of long-range dependence (LRD), self-similarity and heavy-tailed distributions appear to play a prominent role in modeling VBR video traffic. In this paper we present novel discrete-time models based on self-similar considerations to characterize the statistical properties of VBR video traffic. We analyze MPEG VBR video traces that were collected on a wired network as well as multimedia traffic obtained at the access points (AP) on a wireless LAN based on IEEE 802.11b implementation. The results show that these traffic traces display long-range dependence and heavy-tailed behavior and the discrete-time statistically self-similar model discussed here can not only generate traces with the measured Hurst parameter but also provide better fits to the autocovariance function of the time-domain data than the existing models such as Markovian, LRD and M/G//spl infin/.
A photo-chemical electrical fuel cell

Abstract Hydroxyl compounds can be oxidized in a fuel cell using an illuminated sulfonated anthraquinone electron mediator to obtain electricity. Carbohydrates are also good fuels. These include glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch and molasses. The sucrose, molasses and starch require hydrolytic enzyme pre-treatments for maximum power output. These fuels generally produced 2000–3000 coulombs/gram fuel and were oxidized through 2 to 3 steps (2 e− per step). Generally, about 1.8 kg (4 lbs) fuel was required to produce 1 kWh electricity.
Mobile IPv6 Security

This paper presents a case study of security protocol design: authentication of binding updates in Mobile IPv6. We go step by step through the threat analysis and show how each threat is addressed in the protocol design. The goal is to solve any new security issues caused by the introduction of mobility without requiring any new security infrastructure.
Transactivation of the grp78 promoter by Ca2+ depletion. A comparative analysis with A23187 and the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin

The calcium ionophore A23187 has been shown to induce the expression of a set of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) genes through the depletion of Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ stores. Here we demonstrate that thapsigargin, which inhibits specifically the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and causes a discharge of the intracellular Ca2+ store, is able to induce the transcription of two grp genes (grp78/BiP and grp94) with kinetics and magnitude similar to that of A23187. The induction of the grp genes by both reagents requires several hours of sustained treatment, in contrast to the rapid induction previously described for c-jun and c-fos. The transactivation of the rat grp78 promoter by A23187 is mediated through sequences spanning -154 to -130 and -99 to -90. Further, simultaneous mutation of two 10-base pair regions, spanning -139 to -130 and -99 to -90, severely reduced the A23187 response. The induction by thapsigargin is also partially mediated through these same promoter elements, without the involvement of the TRE and CRE-like elements of the grp78 promoter. The Ca2+ response elements are further defined by their ability to confer Ca2+ stress inducibility to a heterologous promoter. We show that subdomains of the grp78 promoter are capable of conferring the Ca2+ stress response. In particular, two copies of a 50-base pair region spanning -159 to -110, when cloned in either orientation, can confer a 5- and 9-fold induction by A23187 and thapsigargin, respectively. Our results lend support to the hypothesis that the induction of grp78 by A23187 and thapsigargin following ER Ca2+ discharge acts through a novel pathway in which a Ca2+ signal is transduced through redundant elements containing CCAAT box-like motifs flanked by GC-rich regions.
Chapter 11 Ratio Imaging Instrumentation

Publisher Summary The underlying principle of ratio microscopy is that the quantification of fluorescence as a ratio has the effect of isolating the variable of interest by providing an internal control for many of the extraneous parameters. Ratio microscopy has been most widely used for ion measurements using special environment-sensitive dyes, but it is increasingly being applied to a variety of new applications. For example, relative amounts of two (or more) probes within the same volume can be calculated to address questions of endocytic sorting, cytosol permeability, localized actin polymerization, genome mapping, and genetic screening. Fluorescence ratios can also be calculated among different regions of cells and have been used to characterize intracellular protein distributions, drug distributions, calcium permeability of the nuclear membrane, and membrane potentials. Ratio microscopy can be conducted on the basis of fluorescence lifetimes rather than color. Fluorescence ratio microscopy can be divided into several categories: (1) excitation ratio microscopy, in which fluorescence ratio images are collected by sequentially exciting the sample with two different wavelengths of light and sequentially collecting two different images, (2) emission ratio microscopy, in which the sample is illuminated with a single wavelength of light and images formed from light of two different emission wavelengths are collected, and (3) a combination of the two, in which the sample is illuminated with two wavelengths of illumination and images are formed from light of two different emission wavelengths.
pλCM System: Observations on the Roles of Transposable Elements in Formation and Breakdown of Plasmids Derived from Bacteriophage Lambda Replicons

Transduction with phage derived from a 2-year-old lysate of λ cam105 (λ::Tn9) gave rise to chloramphenicol-resistant (Cmr) transductants harboring a plasmid (pλCM1) formed from λ cam105 by a Tn9-mediated adjacent deletion to position 36.07 kilobases in the N cistron of λ. The pλCM element can replicate as a plasmid, insert into the bacterial genome, or reproduce lytically as a phage on cells that provide N function. The feasibility of obtaining high titers in encapsidated form and the ease of synchronous introduction into and recovery from bacterial populations make pλCM very suitable for quantitative studies of recombination involving transposable elements. Replicon fusions between pλCM1 and RSF1596 (pMB8::Tn3Δ596) occur by duplication of either IS1 (at low rate in the absence of TnpA activity) or Tn3Δ596 (in the presence of TnpA activity). At 24 or 32°C, the rate of increase of TnpA-mediated fusions per pλCM is about 2% per cell doubling. RSF103 contains the deleted Tn1ΔAp (which lacks intact beta-lactamase and TnpR resolvase coding sequences) adjacent to a streptomycin resistance (Smr) determinant. We observed that Tn1ΔAp mediates insertions of external RSF103 sequences into the R388 plasmid. R388::Tn1ΔAp plasmids show transposition immunity in cells lacking TnpR activity. Using the pλCM system, we isolated adjacent transpositions of the RSF103 Smr determinant. The resulting pλCM-Sm cosmids contain Smr genetic material flanked by direct repeats of Tn1ΔAp, and all are deleted for some RSF103 or pλCM sequences. The pλCM-Sm constructs will fuse into R388 by duplication of a single Tn1ΔAp element. In the presence of tnpR+ (but not tnpR) Tn1 or Tn3 elements, all Tn1ΔAp-mediated complex replicons break down completely and rapidly to simple Tn1ΔAp inserts. The equilibrium for resolution is at least 105:1, and resolution is more than 90% complete after 40 min of exposure to a tnpR+ cytoplasm. In the absence of TnpR, Rec, and Red activities, Tn1ΔAp-mediated complex replicons yield simple Tn1ΔAp inserts at a lower rate. The presence of intact RSF103 replication determinants between direct Tn1ΔAp repeats appears to accelerate this precise TnpR- and Rec-independent breakdown.
Discussion Addendum for:Efficient Synthesis of Halomethyl‐2,2'‐Bipyridines: 4,4'‐Bis(Chloromethyl)‐2,2'‐Bipyridine

Halogenation of dimethyl-2, 2 -bipyridines via trimethylsilyl (TMS) intermediates and electrophilic halide reagents, CX3CX3 (X = Cl, Br or F), is a very useful method for bipyridine (bpy) derivation. 2-4 This approach benefits from nearly quantitative yields, few by-products, and low cost reagents. In the past decade, there have been only a few improvements reported for this reaction, but many bipyridine derivatives have been prepared using this method. Many bipyridine analogues have been accessed via TMS-bpy intermediates.
Information Technology And Market Structure

The HICSS-33 mini-track on Information Technology and Market Structure departs from the tradition established in the prior three years when the focus was primarily on financial markets-related market structure issues -- what Robert Schwartz of the City University of New York has called "market techno-structure." Beginning this year, we plan to broaden the coverage to include Internet-based electronic markets in the mix, as well as traditional markets that are in the process of being transformed by the new technologies associated with electronic commerce and the Internet. The Internet is creating the basis for a whole range of influences and changes in our marketplaces worldwide, including the financial markets, the markets for retail products and corporate procurement, as well as the market for collectibles and other non-commodity goods.
Increased cyclic AMP content directly correlated with morphological transformation of cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of mouse sarcoma virus

Normal rat kidney cells infected with a cold-sensitive mutant of mouse sarcoma virus [NRK(MSV-1b)] morphologically transform when exposed to adenosine 3′∶5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) at the restrictive temperature. The cAMP-induced morphological changes occur rapidly and are reversible. Agents capable of elevating endogenous levels of cAMP [prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and cholera toxin (CT)] induced morphological transformation of NRK(MSV-1b) cells at the restrictive temperature that was concentration dependent, potentiated by cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and not prevented by inhibitors of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Prostaglandin E1 stimulated a transient increase in the intracellular level of cAMP with a concomitant morphological transformation and reversion of cells as cAMP levels decline. The maximum increase is reached by 10 min, followed by a decline to near basal level by 80 min. In contrast, incubation of cells with CT resulted in irreversible morphological transformation and increased levels of cAMP first detectable by 1 hr with maximum levels reached by 24 hr. Heated CT (100°C, 20 min) was without effect. Addition of CT to reverted PGE1-treated cells resulted in morphological transformation suggesting the existence of discrete receptors in NRK (MSV-1b) cells.
Secondary neutrinos from tau neutrino interactions in Earth

The energy dependence of ``secondary'' neutrinos from the process $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}})$ for two input tau neutrino fluxes ${(F}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}),$ assumed to have been produced via neutrino oscillations from extragalactic sources, is evaluated to assess the impact of secondary neutrinos on upward muon rates in a ${\mathrm{km}}^{3}$ detector. We show that the secondary fluxes are considerably suppressed for the steeper flux, and even for fluxes $\ensuremath{\sim}{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ the secondary flux will be difficult to observe experimentally.
Pairing in low-density Fermi gases

In the theory of fermionic matter, the expansion about the low-density limit has been invaluable for understanding the structure of the theory and the role of the interaction. At low densities, the interaction needs only be characterized by its scattering length to get expansions for the energy density, excitation spectrum, etc. @1#. However, to our knowledge the pairing singularity has never been incorporated into this framework. We have for example only the qualitative statement in Ref. @1# that the pairing singularity is logarithmic and unimportant for integrated quantities. A more quantitative statement is needed to have complete understanding of low-density fermionic matter. Another motivation for our study is the general reexamination of nuclear physics with effective field theory which is now taking place @2‐9#. In the effective field theory approach, the interaction is systematically expanded in a power series in momentum with the object of getting relationships between observables such that the details of the shortdistance interaction need not be parameterized. We shall show here that the BCS theory of pairing is amenable to this approach, and the low-energy theory gives finite and analytic results. Within effective field theory many results can be obtained analytically opposed to the numerical treatment of potential models. In this sense our approach complements the large body of literature of pairing in nuclear and neutron matter that is based on potential models @10‐16#. We consider a Fermi gas with two-fold degeneracy interacting with a short-range attractive interaction. Examples are neutron matter or gaseous 3 He. The Hamiltonian is idealized to be of the form
Transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red cabbage

The color of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is due to anthocyanin accumulation. To investigate the regulatory control of anthocyanin production in red cabbage, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes from eight commercial cultivars was examined. While the four green varieties had negligible amount of anthocyanins under normal growth condition, the four red cultivars contained up to 1.60 mg g(-1) fresh weight. HPLC analysis of the four red cultivars revealed that they produced similar composition of various forms of cyanidin glucosides but at different concentrations. Molecular analysis indicated that all the red cabbage shared common mechanism of regulatory control for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Except CHI which showed similar expression levels between green and red cultivars, the other structural genes, CHS, F3H, F3'H, DFR, LDOX, and GST, were constitutively up-regulated during all stages of vegetative growth in red varieties. The expression of these structural genes was also dramatically increased in green and red cabbage under nutrient stresses. The increased expression of the structural genes coincided with a coordinated increase in transcript levels of a bHLH gene, BoTT8, and a MYB transcription factor, BoMYB2. These results indicate that activation of these two regulatory factors by unknown mechanisms constitutively up-regulates nearly the entire pathway genes for the onset of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red cabbage. Moreover, the amount of total anthocyanins in red cabbage was found to be positively correlated with total antioxidant power, implicating the potential health benefit of red cabbage to human health.
Overexpression of Bcl-2 in a murine dopaminergic neuronal cell line leads to neurite outgrowth

A dopaminergic neuronal cell line was established which stably expressed human Bcl-2 (MN9D/Bcl-2) or a control vector (MN9D/Neo). Overexpression of Bcl-2 cells led to robust neurite formation without cessation of cell division. Most markers of neuronal and/or dopaminergic maturation were unchanged although the synaptosomal associated protein, SNAP-25, was increased three-fold in MN9D/Bcl-2 cell lines. These data support a role for Bcl-2 in developmental processes at least during a certain stage(s) of neurogenesis.
Blockade of the specific lethal effects of narcotic analgesics in the mouse.

Abstract The capacity of the narcotic antagonists naloxone and nalorphine and the benzodiazepine derivatives diazepam and oxazepam to increase the LD 50 s of the narcotic analgesics morphine and methadone administered at convulsant doses was evaluated in the mouse. Naloxone produced a dose-related increase in the LD 50 s of both morphine and methadone. Diazepam and oxazepam were also effective in increasing the LD 50 s of the narcotics; this effect was additive with that of naloxone. However, the maximal increase in the LD 50 s of the narcotics produced by pretreatment with naloxone alone was not increased further by the combined pretreatment of naloxone and a benzodiazepine. The anticonvulsant trimethadione did not elevate the LD 50 of methadone, nor did it potentiate the effects of naloxone. These results suggest that the benzodiazepines may reduce the lethality of narcotic analgesics administered at high doses by a mechanism other than by an anticonvulsant effect alone. In addition to naloxone, nalorphine was also effective in increasing the LD 50 s of morphine and methadone. Therefore, the present results support the conclusion that the capacity to increase the convulsant LD 50 of the narcotic analgesics is a general property of the narcotic antagonists.
Invited article: Residency Review Committee for neurology: structure and function.

There are 28 Residency Review Committees within the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) that accredit all medical specialty training programs. The RRC for Neurology evaluates training programs in adult and child neurology as well as subspecialty programs such as clinical neurophysiology and vascular neurology. The rules and regulations surrounding residency training in neurology have become more demanding, especially as they relate to resident work hours. This makes the job of the residency program faculty more difficult. As the current Chair (R.K.) and past-Chair (M.V.J.) of the RRC for neurology, we were asked to provide an inside perspective on how the group is organized and operates, as well as more practical information about how the committee interprets the regulations. We are glad to pass along what we have learned because we believe that better communication will improve resident education and lessen stress on faculty. We have tried to distill our combined years of experience on the committee to provide practical information that might be especially helpful to Program Directors. However, we must emphasize that the following thoughts are ours alone and not the official position of the RRC or the ACGME. The ACGME evaluates and accredits medical residency programs.1 Its mission is to improve the quality of healthcare by ensuring and improving the quality of graduate medical education experience for the physicians in training. There is an RRC for each of the 26 specialties, one for transitional-year general clinical programs, and one for institutional review. The RRC develops and approves training standards, and reviews and accredits residency programs. Accreditation is the process for determining whether or not a residency program is in substantial compliance with established educational standards. Accreditation is the responsibility of the ACGME, through its RRCs. Certification is the process for determining whether an individual physician …
Response Patterns to Central Auditory Tests and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals—Revised: A Pilot Study

Tests of central auditory function and measures of receptive and expressive language abilities were administered to 10 children suspected of having central auditory processing disorders. Eight of the 10 subjects displayed expressive language difficulties, suggesting a need to examine more closely the relationship between expressive language and central auditory processing.
Effect of days on concentrate feed on sensory off-flavor score, off-flavor descriptor and fatty acid profiles for selected muscles from cull beef cows

Abstract The effects of short-term realimentation (0, 42 or 84 days) of cull beef cows ( n = 24) and post-mortem aging (10 or 20 days) of selected muscles on sensory off-flavor score, off-flavor descriptors of m. Gluteus medius (GLM), m. Longissimus lumborum (LOL), m. Triceps brachii -long head (LON) and m. Rectus femoris (REF) and fatty acid profiles (GLM, LOL and LON) were researched. Post-mortem aging did not affect sensory off-flavor detection or the interaction with muscle or treatment ( P ⩾ 0.65). Sensory off-flavor scores were lower ( P P P P > 0.05) by alterations in fatty acid profiles.
Kinetics of CO oxidation over Co3O4/γ‐Al2O3. Part II: Reactor dynamics

The transient responses of a fixed-bed reactor to step increases and decreases in CO, O2, and/or CO2 feed concentrations were measured and interpreted. It is shown that dynamic methods yield vastly more phenomenological and mechanistic information than steady state measurements, with significantly less experimental effort.