cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nematode diversity in the Gulf of Maine, USA, and a Web-accessible, relational database

Nematode assemblages were studied from four sublittoral sites at 50^56 m depth in the Gulf of Maine, north-eastern coast of the USA, within the context of an open ocean aquaculture experimental site. All four sites, two potential impact and two control sites, had a similar muddy ^ sand bottom and low organic content. Seventy genera in 27 families were recorded from a total of 1072 individuals. All but one taxa could be related to known genera. Family Comesomatidae was the most dominant with close to a third (27.6%) of the total individuals. At the genus level Sabatieria and Setosabatieria were most dominant with a quarter of the total number of individuals. Composition of dominant families from the Gulf of Maine diiered from all hitherto reported sublittoral or deep-sea communities from both sides of the Atlantic, and most similar with European estuaries. Nematode diversity at the genus-level was reasonably high and was comparable with Mediterranean samples. Most diversity indices ordered the four sites similarly with Site 2 as the most diverse followed by Site 5 and then Site 6. By contrast the relative diversity of Site 4 depended on the index employed and its k-dominance curve crossed that of the others. Furthermore based on clustering the community at Site 4 was least similar to the others. Although these observations could be related to the fact that Site 4 is within the expected impact zone of the ¢sh cage, the low number of ¢sh introduced by the time of sampling and the lack of any diierence in the maturity index among all the sites argue that these results can be considered before-impact data for further monitoring of the open ocean aquaculture experiment. A new paradigm where morphological information is documented and communicated using digital multifocal images is introduced. Each video image is comparable with visualization of a specimen under a microscope where the movie can be played back and forth to mimic focusing through a specimen. Webbased and openly accessible digital multifocal images were used to document and eiectively communicate the morphology of all the identi¢ed genera in this study. This approach for documenting and communicating survey results is proposed as a benchmark for future similar studies that would enhance standardization and quality control of meiofaunal taxonomy, ecology and biodiversity studies.
College Students' Perceptions of OTC Information Source Characteristics

College students' perceptions of characteristics of sources of information about over-the-counter medications were obtained, and the relationship between information source characteristics and the likelihood to use that source for information was examined. A survey was administered to a sample of 789 college students at 16 colleges and universities nationwide. Students identified formal sources-physicians and pharmacists-as the most accurate, most expensive, most time-consuming, and least convenient source of OTC information. Informal sources-friends, family, and TV advertisements-were rated less accurate but better in convenience, expense, and time consumed scores. Regression analyses identified source accuracy and convenience ratings as simcant predictors of likelihood to use a particular information source.
Reasoning about molecular similarity and properties

Ascertaining the similarity amongst molecules is a fundamental problem in biology and drug discovery. Since similar molecules tend to have similar biological properties, the notion of molecular similarity plays an important role in exploration of molecular structural space, query-retrieval in molecular databases, and in structure-activity modeling. This problem is related to the issue of molecular representation. Currently, approaches with high descriptive power like 3D surface-based representations are available. However, most techniques tend to focus on 2D graph-based molecular similarity due to the complexity that accompanies reasoning with more elaborate representations. This paper addresses the problem of determining similarity when molecules are described using complex surface-based representations. It proposes an intrinsic, spherical representation that systematically maps points on a molecular surface to points on a standard coordinate system (a sphere). Molecular geometry, molecular fields, and effects due to field super-positioning can then be captured as distributions on the surface of the sphere. Molecular similarity is obtained by computing the similarity of the corresponding property distributions using a novel formulation of histogram-intersection. This method is robust to noise, obviates molecular pose-optimization, can incorporate conformational variations, and facilitates highly efficient determination of similarity. Retrieval performance, applications in structure-activity modeling of complex biological properties, and comparisons with existing research and commercial methods demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the approach.
Emergence, Trapping, and Seasonal Abundance of Adult Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Associated with Cupressaceae in Connecticut

Abstract Emergence, attraction to traps, and seasonal abundance of cerambycids (Coleoptera) whose larvae injure Cupressaceae were studied under natural conditions in southern Connecticut between 1999 and 2005. Adults of the Asian cerambycid Callidiellum rufipenne (Motschulsky) emerged from trunk sections of Thuja occidentalis L. between late March and mid-May. In contrast, the native Atimia confusa confusa (Say) emerged from trunk sections of Juniperus virginiana L. between late August and mid-October. Emerged adults of both cerambycids had a 1:1 sex ratio, and the emergence of Callidiellum rufipenne showed protandry. In a comparison of four trapping methods, sticky bands stapled to trap logs and dead trees of J. virginiana had the highest density of adults of A. confusa confusa and Callidiellum rufipenne. Based on adults trapped on sticky bands on trap logs, dead trees, or girdled trees of J. virginiana or T. occidentalis at different locations, Callidiellum rufipenne was active on hosts for 5–8 wk betwe...
Analysis of Ionic Conductance Mechanisms in Motor Cells Mediating Inking Behavior in Aplysia californica

1. The release of ink in response to a noxious stimulus is a relatively stereotyped behavior produced by strong and long-lasting stimuli. The purpose of this series of papers is to determine the quantitative extent to which the known voltage- and time-dependent ionic conductance mechanisms and synaptic influences can account for the ink gland motor neurons' firing pattern and, thus, the features of the behavior. 2. Four voltage- and time-dependent ionic currents have been analyzed. These include a fast transiet Na+-mediated inward current, a slower Ca2+-mediated inward current, a fast transient K+-mediated outward current, and a slower delayed outward current also mediated by K+ ions. 3. The current-voltage (I-V) relationships, equilibrium potentials, and steady-state activation and inactivation characteristics appear qualitatively similar to comparable currents observed in other gastropod neurons. 4. The recovery from inactivation of the delayed outward current has two time constants, one comparable to the inactivation time constant and the other more than an order of magnitude larger. The fast transient K+ current also appears to have a similar slow recovery from inactivation. 5. The synaptic current contributing to the firing pattern of the ink motor cells is a complex function of time. Initially, the synaptic conductance is high and the equilibrium potential near 0 mV. But, with time there is a gradual decrease in synaptic conductance and shift in the equilibrium potential to more depolarized levels.
Furthering Law Schools’ Progress on Improving Students’ Academic Experience: Providing Students with Meaningful Feedback and Ways to Implement the Feedback to Improve Their Skills

The primary purpose of this article is two-fold. First, to provide students with a feedback tool that will help them to achieve academic success and improve their law school experience. Students who do not receive feedback or receive inadequate feedback should use the Professor Exam Review Form and accompanying documents to proactively and creatively find ways to obtain feedback. They should never be afraid or too proud to ask others for assistance with generating this feedback.Second, to encourage professors who believe students should receive adequate feedback to take steps towards providing the feedback rather than just wishing circumstances were different. They need to realize that their “individual expectations and approach[es] to teaching can have just as much impact on education reform as changes made to curriculum, process, and procedure." Further, even a minority of committed professors can initiate significant changes at their schools.
Is there evidence that botulinum toxin injections are more effective than phenol injections in relieving poststroke reflex activity during plantar flexion, thereby increasing ankle range of motion and improving gait function?

The purpose of “Evidence in Practice” is to illustrate the literature search process to obtain evidence that can guide clinical decision making. This article is not a case report. The examination, evaluation, and intervention sections are purposely abbreviated. A 60-year-old man was playing tennis when he collapsed on the court with a left cerebrovascular accident (CVA). He was stabilized in acute care, transferred to a rehabilitation facility 2 weeks after his stroke, and then discharged 3 weeks later. At the time of discharge, he could walk 100 feet with “minimal” assistance (ie, he was able to perform 75% of the activity) using a front-wheel walker. We first met the patient 3 months after his stroke to examine him for outpatient rehabilitation. The patient's primary goal was to return to work as a warehouse supervisor and, eventually, to play tennis. At the time of the examination, he was independent in community mobility but required use of a front-wheel walker (a score of 6 on the Functional Independence Measure [FIM]–3). His score on the Berg Balance Scale4–5 was 32/56. Elderly patients scoring more than 45/56 are less likely to fall than those scoring less than 45/56.6 Although we did not consider our patient to be elderly, we thought this score indicated that he could be at risk for falling. He was independent in his remaining basic activities of daily living as measured with the FIM.1–3 Cognitively he followed commands well and could communicate his needs. He had selective control of his right hip and knee, meaning that he could move each joint independently of the other but could not move them in synergy. He demonstrated 3-/5 strength at the hip and hamstrings, and 4/5 strength of the quadriceps (based on manual muscle testing …
Uyinmwen and the development of an indigenous genre in the Edo-Benin home video industry, Nigeria

The Nigerian movie industry which has been gradually developing in big screen celluloid formats, and largely as a reaction to Western stereotyping of Africa, in the early 1970s and 80s suddenly became a big industry of world acclaim known as Nollywood in the 1990s. This was the outcome of a change to themes dealing with indigenous African cultural values and the adoption of the video format for home use given the existence of the Video Cassette Recorder and its attendant mass marketing in the 1970s. The change was also characterized by production that appealed to an indigenous constituency and adaptation to their yearnings hence the production of home videos in various Nigerian indigenous languages. The economic undercurrent for the change to the home video format has also been noted by Haynes to be borne out of the economic crisis of the 1980s. But this argument is largely based on the experience of Lagos and the Yoruba.
Diagnostic engineering

One of the formidable problems addressed by diagnostic engineering is to develop a means for verifying the design of a sophisticated system having over 100 000 interconnected logical circuits. After the system is designed, built, and tested, there is still the problem of maintaining it in good working order. The optimum strategy for testing, detecting, and isolating malfunctions must be found. Perhaps the most important problem is how to design a system in such a way that it can be tested automatically, so that errors can be detected and isolated in a reasonably optimum manner.
Large-Scale Indoor/Outdoor Image Classification via Expert Decision Fusion (EDF)

In this work, we propose an Expert Decision Fusion (EDF) system to tackle the large-scale indoor/outdoor image classification problem using two key ideas, namely, data grouping and decision stacking. By data grouping, we partition the entire data space into multiple disjoint sub-spaces so that a more accurate prediction model can be trained in each sub-space. After data grouping, the EDF system integrates soft decisions from multiple classifiers (called experts here) through stacking so that multiple experts can compensate each other’s weakness. The EDF system offers more accurate and robust classification performance since it can handle data diversity effectively while benefiting from data abundance in large-scale datasets. The advantages of data grouping and decision stacking are explained and demonstrated in detail. We conduct experiments on the SUN dataset and show that the EDF system outperforms all existing methods by a significant margin with a correct classification rate of 91 %.
Diet quality of adults using intuitive eating for weight loss – pilot study

As the incidence of obesity and related disease steadily increases, researchers and medical practitioners are continuously examining new approaches to prevent and manage the epidemic. Intuitive eating (IE) is a new and innovative approach that uses an individual's response to internal cues of hunger, satiety, and appetite, and replaces calorie restriction (CR). CR is the standard approach for weight reduction. This study was a randomized controlled trial with two groups in which we accessed records of the dietary intake of obese adults using CR and IE to achieve weight loss. The participants were sedentary obese individuals with no history of chronic diseases. They engaged in physical activity three times per week for 30 min and recorded their daily food intake in a food diary. Instructions were given for CR and IE at the start and midpoint of the study. The duration of the study was six weeks. Weight and waist circumference were measured, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. The CR group's total weight loss was significantly (p = 0.03) lower than that of the IE group. The CR group had consistent weight loss throughout the study, while the IE group's weight loss was significantly less at the endpoint compared to the midpoint. CR is a superior approach to weight management than IE.
Modeling motivation three ways: Effects of MI metrics on treatment outcomes among adolescents

The purpose of this study was to determine how three different measures of motivation (cognitive motivation, taking steps, and self-efficacy for change and maintenance) predict substance use outcomes after engaging in a Motivational Interviewing intervention. Participants were 225 high school students enrolled in Project Reducing the Effects of Alcohol and Drugs on Youth (Project READY), a NIDA-funded intervention initially developed with Motivational Interviewing (MI) principles for adolescents identified by schools as having problems with alcohol or other drug use. We measured motivation at multiple time points during the intervention in multiple methods. Cognitive motivation was assessed using a Decisional Balance matrix at Session 3 of treatment. We measured self-efficacy with the Situational Confidence Questionnaire, administered at 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-week follow-ups. A measure of taking steps (SOCRATES, v. 8) was administered at intake and Session 8. We hypothesized that motivation would follow the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) pathway, and we proposed a model where cognitive motivation would predict self-confidence for change and taking steps toward change, and self-confidence and taking steps would predict substance use outcomes. We tested our model using path analysis in AMOS and found support for a motivational continuum predicting percent days abstinent at 16-week follow-up [χ(2) = 2.75, df = 7, p = .90, CFI = 1, RMSEA (90% confidence interval) = .00 - .03]. This model demonstrates that motivational metrics predict unique outcomes at different time points and serve as important components of intervention.
Effect of aflatoxin on human leukocytes.

SummaryAflatoxin inhibits mitosis and causes breakage and translocations in the chromosomes of cultured human leukocytes. The nonrandom pattern of breakage was confined mainly to the largest chromosomes of the human complement. Chromosome no's. 1 and 2 were particularly affected, while groups E, F, and G exhibited a lower than expected frequency of breaks.The effect of aflatoxin on human leukocytes is of the delayed type which is characteristic of chromosome breaking compounds such as alkylating agents 11,12.
Strategic Management and Crisis Communication Interdependence in the Global Context: A Preliminary Investigation:

This research discusses the topic of communication in general with emphasis on managerial communication and crisis interdependence from a strategic management perspective within the global context....
Design of Variable-rate Spraying System

The general design of water supplement irrigator of fruit root region was presented in the paper,according to principle of pressure.The simulation design of pre-embedding affusion pipe and movable water irrigating equipment was obtained,and the graph of accessory and assemble of the equipment was showed.The water supplement irrigator designed can feed water to the fruit root region directly,the depth of irrigating was enhanced,thus the distance of water supplement was shortened effectively,and the utilization efficiency of water resource was enhanced.
A review on three new austenitic heat resistant stainless steel 253MA,153MA and 353MA

According to the latest information provided by Europe 253MA austenitic heat resistant stainless steel manufactures,based on the ASME standard and material standard latest issued in 2007,the characteristics and application of this new material and its homologous series are introduced.In sprite of the new steel 253MA,153MA and 353MA contains relatively small amount of Cr and Ni,their comprehensive properties are good after adding rare earth and nitrogen and can replace steel contained more alloy and expensive nickel-base alloy in many high temperature corrosion resistance use occasion.
Transcultural Cities : Border-Crossing and Placemaking

Preface Jeffrey Hou Part One. Placemaking at the Margins 1 Transcultural Placemaking: Intertwined Spaces of Sacred and Secular on Devon Avenue, Chicago Arijit Sen 2 Brazilian Restaurants and the Transcultural Making of Place in Tokyo, Japan Vera Zambonelli 3 West African Immigrants' Hybrid Spaces and Identities in Rainier Valley, Seattle Rachel Miller 4 The Sin Oh Dan Street Lion Dance Competition: a Temporary Space for Cross-cultural Understanding Jayde Lin Roberts Part Two. Placemaking in the Space of Flows 5 The Korean Diaspora in Philippine Cities: Amalgamation or Invasion? Jose Edgardo Gomez, Jr. 6 The Transcultural Production of Space: Making "Little Shanghai" in Sydney Duangfang Lu & Hongguang He 7 Listening to Transcultural Voices, Watching out for Trans-Asian Places: Kampung Kanthan in Transition Shenglin Elijah Chang & Yenchew Foo 8 Everyday Places that Connect Disparate Homelands: Remembering through the City Clare Rishbeth Part Three. Bridging Spaces of Difference 9 "We are the Fruit Bowl": Place, Cultural Identity and Social Ties among Immigrant Residents in Public Housing Lynne C. Manzo 10 Spaces of Negotiation and Engagement in Multi-ethnic Ethnoscapes: The "Cambodia Town Neighborhood" in Central Long Beach, California Felicity Hwee-Hwa Chan 11 From a Neighborhood of Strangers to a Political Community of Fate: The Village of Market Creek Plaza Michael Rios 12Dumb White Kids and Asian Nerds? Race and Ethnic Relations in Silicon Valley Suburban Schools Willow Lung Amam Part Four. Building Communities across Cultures 13 The Road Less Travelled: Transcultural Community Building Caitlin Cahill 14 Creating Political and Social Spaces for Transcultural Community Integration Trinh Mai & Kimberly Schmit 15 Transcultural Participation: Designing with Immigrant Communities in Seattle's International District Jeffrey Hou 16 Urban Agriculture as "Agricultural" Producer Adam Prince Part Five. Struggles for Transcultural Cities 17 What's Parks Got to Do with It? Latino Children, Physical Activity, and the Parks System in Lancaster, Pennsylvania Mallika Bose & Kirk Dimond 18 Placemaking In Between Urban Redevelopment: Little Indonesia in Taipei Hung-Ying Chen 19 Regulation and Reception of Public Space in Hong Kong Kin Wai Michael Siu 20 Peripheralization and Other Roman Stories Lorenzo Rinelli Notes on Contributors
The Watershed as a Focus for Public Administration: Conventional and Bioregional Approaches

The watershed, a facet of physical landscape and resources management in the sciences and a symbol of social change among bioregionalists, has become a widely used organizing principle in administrative and community-based settings. This article reviews the roots of the watershed focus in the disparate literatures of water resources management and bioregionalism. The analysis shows that while neither group has seen its initial proposals fully realized, the watershed has indeed become a way to integrate the necessary knowledge and feeling necessary for more sustainable place-based governance.
Impact of computerized provider order entry (CPOE) on length of stay and mortality

Objective To examine changes in patient outcome variables, length of stay (LOS), and mortality after implementation of computerized provider order entry (CPOE). Materials and Methods A 5-year retrospective pre-post study evaluated 66 186 patients and 104 153 admissions (49 683 pre-CPOE, 54 470 post-CPOE) at an academic medical center. Generalized linear mixed statistical tests controlled for 17 potential confounders with 2 models per outcome. Results After controlling for covariates, CPOE remained a significant statistical predictor of decreased LOS and mortality. LOS decreased by 0.90 days, P < .0001. Mortality decrease varied by model: 1 death per 1000 admissions (pre = 0.006, post = 0.0005, P < .001) or 3 deaths (pre = 0.008, post = 0.005, P < .01). Mortality and LOS decreased in medical and surgical units but increased in intensive care units. Discussion This study examined CPOE at multiple levels. Given the inability to randomize CPOE assignment, these results may only be applicable to the local setting. Temporal trends found in this study suggest that hospital-wide implementations may have impacted nursing staff and new residents. Differences in the results were noted at the patient care unit and room levels. These differences may partly explain the mixed results from previous studies. Conclusion Controlling for confounders, CPOE implementation remained a statistically significant predictor of LOS and mortality at this site. Mortality appears to be a sensitive outcome indicator with regard to hospital-wide implementations and should be further studied.
Stabilization of diamond cubic Sn nanodots in Ge

Abstract Diamond cubic Sn (α-Sn) has many potential optoelectronic applications, but is normally stable only below 13°C. Here we demonstrate the stabilization of α-Sn nanodots at room temperature and above in a Ge matrix produced by rapid solidification of a Ge-6.3 at%Sn alloy. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to study the structure and stability of Sn particles, respectively. We show that the formation pathway of α-Sn is through the decomposition of a Ge-Sn solid solution, which gives a thermodynamic driving force necessary for the formation of α-Sn.
Gamma camera and SPECT quality control (QC) - An online database program designed to improve the quality of QC tests performed by technologists

1062 Learning Objectives 1. Become familiar with QC tests specified by nuclear medicine (NM) accreditation programs. 2. Be able to evaluate test results to ensure performance specifications are maintained. 3. Understand the utility of a database program designed to log and track test results displayed along with performance specifications. A gamma camera QC program has many routine tests, assessing gamma camera uniformity, spatial resolution and linearity, and SPECT uniformity and spatial resolution. Evaluation of test results is a critical step that is often skipped, mainly because performance criteria are not readily available. This exhibit discusses the purposes of QC tests prescribed by NM accreditation programs and explains expected results. An online database program was developed to store test results, but also aids in performance evaluation. Functions to identify cameras, QC tests and frequencies, and test specifications are available. Current test results are displayed on a single screen so the technologist can comprehensively determine what test needs to be performed. Highlighted test dates and results designate out-of-compliance status. Links to QC procedure manuals are displayed to provide assistance. Test data are entered as text into selected input forms. Some results are selected from pull-down lists corresponding to a specific phantom that was used. The results may be a bar or sphere size, or an artifact noting non-linearities in a bar phantom, or rings in a SPECT phantom study. Results are highlighted if they are outside of specifications. As a result, technologists should have a greater appreciation for QC testing when they more fully understand the results. Test failures, which are sometimes overlooked, are more likely to be timely reported. Integrating results into an online database has the added advantage that supervisors may systematically review and track test results to ensure proper camera performance and those tests are completed timely
Why the Public Plundering of Private Property Rights is Still a Very Bad Idea

This Article details the history and development of the American conception of private property rights. The Article illustrates areas where that conception conflicts with some contemporary American exercises of regulatory power over land on behalf of the public interest. The author warns that while private property rights should not go unrestrained, giving too great an influence to the notion of public property has dangerous consequences to every American's personal and economic freedom, including the stifling of the individual incentive that made America the most prosperous nation in world history.
Risk and benefit of neoadjuvant therapy among patients undergoing resection for non-small-cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES Neoadjuvant therapy has emerged as a favoured treatment paradigm for patients with clinical N2 disease undergoing surgical resection for non-small-cell lung cancer. It is unclear whether such a treatment paradigm affects perioperative outcomes. We sought to examine the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to assess the impact of neoadjuvant therapy on perioperative outcomes and long-term survival in these patients. METHODS All patients with a history of non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing anatomical resection between 2004 and 2014 were included. Thirty-day and 90-day mortality of all patients having neoadjuvant therapy versus those who did not were compared. In addition, the impact of neoadjuvant therapy on the overall survival of patients with clinical N2 disease was examined. RESULTS Of the 134 428 selected patients, 9896 (7.4%) patients had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy had a higher 30-day (3% vs 2.6%; P < 0.01) and 90-day mortality (6.5% vs 4.9%; P < 0.01). This association remained after adjusting for covariates. Among patients with clinical N2 disease (n = 10 139), 42.3%, 35.3% and 22.4% of patients had neoadjuvant, adjuvant and no chemotherapy, respectively. Univariable, multivariable and propensity score-weighted analyses indicated no difference in survival between patients receiving neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant therapy may adversely affect perioperative outcomes without providing a survival advantage compared with adjuvant therapy in clinical N2 stage patients. Randomized controlled trials need to be conducted to examine this issue further.
Comparison of Type I error rates and statistical power of different propensity score methods

ABSTRACTPropensity score analysis (PSA) is a technique to correct for potential confounding in observational studies. Covariate adjustment, matching, stratification, and inverse weighting are the four most commonly used methods involving propensity scores. The main goal of this research is to determine which PSA method performs the best in terms of protecting against spurious association detection, as measured by Type I error rate, while maintaining sufficient power to detect a true association, if one exists. An examination of these PSA methods along with ordinary least squares regression was conducted under two cases: correct PSA model specification and incorrect PSA model specification. PSA covariate adjustment and PSA matching maintain the nominal Type I error rate, when the PSA model is correctly specified, but only PSA covariate adjustment achieves adequate power levels. Other methods produced conservative Type I Errors in some scenarios, while liberal Type I error rates were observed in other scena...
Viral Matters: Barebacking and PrEP

Greteman engages contemporary issues impacting gay male subjectivity, particularly barebacking and the emergence of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). The chapter argues that these represent two contemporary moments in the ongoing story of AIDS: the Bareback Moment and the PrEP Moment. These two moments, illustrate shifting understandings of gay male sexuality and the shifting role pharmaceuticals play in safe-sex practices. Power, in the form of a pill, is ingested and, as Greteman concludes, dramatically shifts the possibilities of becoming queer.
The Application of a Computer-Controlled Time Discrimination Performance to Problems in Behavioral Toxicology

Several recent studies have focused attention on the effects on behavior of certain chemical and physical agents found in community or occupational environments. The rationale of such behavioral toxicology investigations is twofold: First, changes in behavior may serve as an early indicator of later irreversible pathological damage which could result from higher, acute dosages of the toxicant or from chronic exposure to lesser amounts of the toxic agent; and second, the effects of a toxic agent on specific behaviors vital to the well- being of the subject must be identified in order to prevent adverse effects when the behavior in question is required as part of the subject’s daily routine. In the former instance, the dose-response data are more important than the specific behavior used to demonstrate the impairment; in the latter, the specific behavior under investigation is the critical factor. An example of the first situation is the report by Hanninen (1971), who administered a battery of psychological tests to 50 viscose rayon workers poisoned by carbon disulfide (CS2), fifty workers exposed to CS2 without known poisoning, and fifty workers not exposed to CS2. Large and statistically significant differences were noted between the group means of the poisoned and the unexposed group in most performances involving speed, vigilance, manual dexterity, and intelligence. The exposed group also showed performance impairment, but to a lesser degree than the poisoned group. Hanninen concluded that CS2 apparently affects the working capacity and sociability of exposed workers earlier than can be diagnosed by purely medical means. The second type of behavioral toxicology study is illustrated by those investigations concerned with the effects of carbon monoxide on automobile driving. An example is the report by Ray and Rockwell (1970), who demonstrated the effects of carbon monoxide on certain behaviors (e.g., estimation of brakelight brightness) required of express highway driving.
Primary and Secondary Changes in Axonal Transport in Neurofibrillary Disorders

Neurofibrillary changes are pathological hallmarks of a variety of neurotoxic and degenerative disorders. Progress during the last five years in reconstructing the pathogenesis of neurofibrillary changes has resulted from correlations of ultrastructural findings with aberrations in the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins. The first neurotoxic agent studied in this fashion was β,β’-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) (Griffin et al., 1978). Recently, comparable studies have become available on aluminum (Troncoso et al., 1983; Bizzi et al., 1984; Parhad et al., 1984), colchicine (Komiya and Kurokawa, 1980), 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione (DMHD) (Griffin et al., 1984), acrylamide (Sidenius and Jakobsen, 1983; Gold et al., 1985), and 2,5- hexanedione (Gold, Griffin, Price, unpublished observation).
Cannabinoid receptor antagonists and obesity.

The cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor plays a role in the regulation of appetitive behavior. Exogenously administered cannabinoid receptor agonists stimulate food consumption in animals and humans. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists are present in the brain, and the brain level of these agonists increases with greater demand of food by rodents. Specific CB1 receptor antagonist compounds have been discovered that display high affinity and selectivity for the CB1 receptor. CB1 receptor antagonists inhibit both acute and long-term food intake in rodents. Chronic treatment with CB1 antagonists results in a sustained reduction in body weight in rodents (5 weeks), and weight loss in humans (16 weeks). Patent literature indicates CB1 receptor antagonist discovery efforts at a number of pharmaceutical companies. The CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR-141716), discovered by Sanofi-Synthelabo, is in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of obesity and has been found to decrease appetite and body weight in humans.
Clinical Progression in Four Cases of Primary Progressive Apraxia of Speech.

Purpose This case series details the clinical progression of patients with primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS) to illustrate, using several methods and supplemental material examples, the...
Comparison of the umbrella sampling and the double decoupling method in binding free energy predictions for SAMPL6 octa-acid host-guest challenges

We calculate the absolute binding free energies of tetra-methylated octa-acids host–guest systems as a part of the SAMPL6 blind challenge (receipt ID vq30p). We employed two different free energy simulation methods, i.e., the umbrella sampling (US) and double decoupling method (DDM). The US method was used with the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) (US-WHAM scheme). In the DDM scheme, Hamiltonian replica-exchange method (HREM) was combined with the Bennett acceptance ratio (BAR) (HREM-BAR scheme). We obtained initial binding poses via molecular docking using GalaxyDock-HG program, which is developed for the SAMPL challenge. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) and the mean absolute deviations (MAD) using US-WHAM scheme were 1.33 and 1.02 kcal/mol, respectively. The MAD was the top among all submissions, however the correlation with respect to experiment was unexceptional. While the RMSD and MAD via HREM-BAR scheme were greater than US-WHAM scheme, (i.e., 2.09 and 1.76 kcal/mol), their correlations were slightly better than US-WHAM. The correlation between the two methods was high. Further discussion on the DDM method can be found in a companion paper by Han et al. (receipt ID 3z83m) in the same issue.
Structural impact of Zn-insertion into monoclinic V2(PO4)3: implications for Zn-ion batteries

The zinc-ion battery (ZIB) has been a system of particular interest in the research community as a possible alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIB), and much work has been devoted to finding a suitable host material. In this article, monoclinic V2(PO4)3 is investigated as a host material for reversible insertion of Zn2+. Initial chemical assessment via a facile microwave-assisted chemical insertion method indicates the possibility of Zn2+ insertion into the host. Electrochemical assessment, however, exhibits a significant capacity fade. In-depth analysis on the average and local structure of Li3V2(PO4)3, the empty host V2(PO4)3, and the Zn-inserted V2(PO4)3 reveals that heavy distortion is induced upon Zn2+ insertion into the V2(PO4)3 framework, which is believed to be a result of a strong host–guest interaction jeopardizing the structural integrity. This is further supported by the dissolution of most of the material during the chemical oxidation of the Zn-inserted V2(PO4)3. The underlying structural inadequacy poses difficulties for monoclinic V2(PO4)3 to be a viable reversible host for Zn-ion batteries. This work suggests that not only the electrostatic repulsions of multivalent ions in a structure during diffusion, but also the structural stability of the host upon insertion of multivalent ions, must be considered for a better design of suitable host materials for multivalent-ion batteries.
Molecular characterization of longitudinally tracked prostate cancer foci in men on active surveillance for low-risk disease.

56Background: The biological trajectory of Gleason score 6 (GS6) prostate cancer (PCa) in men on active surveillance (AS) is unknown. We herein evaluate the potential for high grade PCa to arise cl...
Quantification of Surface Oxygen Depletion and Solid Carbonate Evolution on the First Cycle of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 Electrodes

By combining differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) with titrations of electrochemically modified LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622), we find that coinciding with the onset of CO2 evolution above ∼3.9 V vs Li/Li+ anodic cutoff potentials are several phenomena: (i) degradation of the native surface Li2CO3, (ii) degradation of the electrolyte evolving CO2, (iii) formation of a film of carbonate-like electrolyte degradation products on charge which are (iv) largely reduced and desorb on discharge, (v) near-surface oxygen charge compensation during charge, and (vi) irreversible formation of a transition metal-reduced, oxygen-depleted layer on the surface of NMC622 that persists after discharge. CO2 stemming from electrolyte degradation and Li2CO3 decomposition begins to evolve above ∼3.9 V on charge, discharge, and rest and results from a corrosion-like process involving NMC622, which appears to be distinct from the process that evolves O2. As measured using titrations that quantify surface peroxo-li...
A SIMD intrinsic correlator library for GNSS software receivers

An open-source implementation of a code division multiple access software correlator library that leverages single instruction multiple data (SIMD) is presented. We initially discuss the key aspects involved in the correlation operation for software radio applications. Afterward, we present the state-of-the-art application programming interface that provides SIMD capable methods for each of the components in a correlation operation, including the first of its kind parallelized code and carrier generation using lookup tables and SIMD instructions. The library was developed using SIMD intrinsic instructions, which are a C-type nomenclature offering access to the assembly instructions originally designed for the SIMD extensions in the processor. This design paradigm presents an advantage in terms of readability and simplified code development to accommodate future modifications. Recorded data were used with a standalone global navigation satellite system software receiver where the methods hereby presented were tested and profiled to validate theoretical assumptions.
Simplified Penile Block for Adult Surgery

A simplified technique to block the penis for surgery in adults is described. A subcutaneous ring is made around the penile root, then both dorsal nerves of the penis are blocked together. Only two failures were noted using this technique in 239 operations.
Preparation of ether-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy β-glycolipids via zinc chloride promoted coupling of Ac4GlcNAcCl with lipid hydroxy groups

Abstract Stereoselective glycosidation of lipid hydroxy groups has been achieved using 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glycosyl chloride as the glycosyl donor in CH 2 Cl 2 . In the presence of ZnCl 2 (1 equiv.) and various “promoters” (1 equiv.) such as Ph 3 CCl, 18-crown-6/KCl, n -Bu 4 NBr, or Me 3 SiCl, β-glycolipid conjugates are formed as the initial products, but they undergo anomerization on prolonged reaction times. The promoters may enhance the solubility of ZnCl 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 .
Are we SAFE now? An evaluation of the Seatbelts Are for Everyone teen traffic safety program in Kansas

AbstractObjective: Teens represent the highest risk group for automobile accidents and are almost 3 times as likely to be killed in an accident. Seat belt use interventions are one way to address t...
Measuring quality and outcomes of research collaborations: An integrative review.

Introduction Although the science of team science is no longer a new field, the measurement of team science and its standardization remain in relatively early stages of development. To describe the current state of team science assessment, we conducted an integrative review of measures of research collaboration quality and outcomes. Methods Collaboration measures were identified using both a literature review based on specific keywords and an environmental scan. Raters abstracted details about the measures using a standard tool. Measures related to collaborations with clinical care, education, and program delivery were excluded from this review. Results We identified 44 measures of research collaboration quality, which included 35 measures with reliability and some form of statistical validity reported. Most scales focused on group dynamics. We identified 89 measures of research collaboration outcomes; 16 had reliability and 15 had a validity statistic. Outcome measures often only included simple counts of products; publications rarely defined how counts were delimited, obtained, or assessed for reliability. Most measures were tested in only one venue. Conclusions Although models of collaboration have been developed, in general, strong, reliable, and valid measurements of such collaborations have not been conducted or accepted into practice. This limitation makes it difficult to compare the characteristics and impacts of research teams across studies or to identify the most important areas for intervention. To advance the science of team science, we provide recommendations regarding the development and psychometric testing of measures of collaboration quality and outcomes that can be replicated and broadly applied across studies.
Chemical Communication: Linking Behavior and Physiology

Summary How does physiological state affect the reproductive behavior of an organism? Two new studies in Caenorhabditis elegans implicate an ancient serotonergic neuronal circuit in the link between these two outputs — reproductive behavior and physiology.
Equipping the Workforce for Complex Care: How Jefferson University Trains Medical Students in Hotspotting

A complex care curriculum can equip medical students to provide effective, team-based care for super-utilizer patients and address social determinants of health.
The Logistics of "Making the Best Use of Test Kits for COVID-19": Testing More to Test Less.

P Saha-Chaudhuri; The Logistics of “Making the Best Use of Test Kits for COVID-19”: Testing More to Test Less, American Journal of Epidemiology, , kwaa128, htt
A Sex Chromosome piRNA Promotes Robust Dosage Compensation and Sex Determination in C. elegans

In metazoans, Piwi-related Argonaute proteins engage piRNAs (Piwi-interacting small RNAs) to defend the genome against invasive nucleic acids, such as transposable elements. Yet many organisms — including worms and humans — express thousands of piRNA that do not target transposons, suggesting that piRNA function extends beyond genome defense. Here we show that the X chromosome-derived piRNA 21ux-1 downregulates XOL-1 (XO Lethal), a master regulator of X-chromosome dosage compensation and sex determination in C. elegans. Mutations in 21ux-1 and several Piwi-pathway components sensitize hermaphrodites to dosage compensation and sex determination defects. Our findings reveal a physiologically important piRNA–mRNA interaction, raising the possibility that piRNAs function broadly to ensure robust gene expression and germline development.
Effects of physical, chemical, and biological ageing on the mineralization of pine wood biochar by a Streptomyces isolate

If biochar is to be used for carbon (C) management, we must understand how ageing affects biochar C mineralization. Here, we incubated aged and unaged eastern white pine wood biochar produced at 350 and 550 {degrees}C with a Streptomyces isolate, a putative biochar-decomposing microbe. Ageing was simulated via exposure to (a) alternating freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles (physical ageing), (b) concentrated hydrogen peroxide (chemical ageing) and (c) nutrients and microorganisms (biological ageing). Elemental composition and surface chemistry (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) of biochar samples were compared before and after ageing. Ageing significantly increased biochar C mineralization in the case of physically aged 350 {degrees}C biochar (p 0.05), likely due to lower surface oxidation and high condensed aromatic C content. These results have implications for the use of biochar for long term C storage in soils. SynopsisThis study highlights the impact of ageing on the microbial mineralization of biochar, which can affect its long-term C storage capacity. TOC Graphic O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/430652v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (17K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f3d6dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@149ebe3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d8df9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5404a7_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Neural MLAA for PET-enabled dual-energy CT imaging

The PET-enabled dual-energy CT method allows dual-energy CT imaging on PET/CT scanners without the need for a second x-ray CT scan. A 511 keV γ-ray attenuation image can be reconstructed from time-of-flight PET emission data using the maximum-likelihood attenuation and activity (MLAA) algorithm. However, the attenuation image reconstructed by standard MLAA is commonly noisy. To suppress noise, we propose a neuralnetwork approach for MLAA reconstruction. The PET attenuation image is described as a function of kernelized neural networks with the flexibility of incorporating the available x-ray CT image as anatomical prior. By applying optimization transfer, the complex optimization problem of the proposed neural MLAA reconstruction is solved by a modularized iterative algorithm with each iteration decomposed into three steps: PET activity image update, attenuation image update, and neural-network learning using a weighed mean squared-error loss. The optimization algorithm is guaranteed to monotonically increase the data likelihood. The results from computer simulations demonstrated the neural MLAA algorithm can achieve a significant improvement on the γ-ray CT image quality as compared to other algorithms.