cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management of hereditary colon cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. About 130,000 new cases are diagnosed each year in North America, and 56,600 persons die annually from this disease. Approximately 5% of patients with colorectal cancer have clearly defined inherited syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. These conditions are well described both genetically and phenotypically, and are characterized by auto-somal dominant inheritance, high penetrance, and high risk of colorectal cancer. We review the current recommendations for the diagnosis and management of these two hereditary forms of colorectal cancer.
A probabilistic approach to mining geospatial knowledge from social annotations

User-generated content, such as photos and videos, is often annotated by users with free-text labels, called tags. Increasingly, such content is also georeferenced, i.e., it is associated with geographic coordinates. The implicit relationships between tags and their locations can tell us much about how people conceptualize places and relations between them. However, extracting such knowledge from social annotations presents many challenges, since annotations are often ambiguous, noisy, uncertain and spatially inhomogeneous. We introduce a probabilistic framework for modeling georeferenced annotations and a method for learning model parameters from data. The framework is flexible and general, and can be used in a variety of applications that mine geospatial knowledge from user-generated content. Specifically, we study three problems: extracting place semantics, predicting locations of photos and learning part-of relations between places. We show our method performs well compared to state-of-the-art approaches developed for the first two problems, and offers a novel solution to the problem of learning relations between places.
Fixed effects estimation of structural parameters and marginal effects in panel probit models

Fixed effects estimators of nonlinear panel models can be severely biased due to the incidental parameters problem. In this paper, I characterize the leading term of a large-T expansion of the bias of the MLE and estimators of average marginal effects in parametric fixed effects panel binary choice models. For probit index coefficients, the former term is proportional to the true value of the coefficients being estimated. This result allows me to derive a lower bound for the bias of the MLE. I then show that the resulting fixed effects estimates of ratios of coefficients and average marginal effects exhibit no bias in the absence of heterogeneity and negligible bias for a wide variety of distributions of regressors and individual effects in the presence of heterogeneity. I subsequently propose new bias-corrected estimators of index coefficients and marginal effects with improved finite sample properties for linear and nonlinear models with predetermined regressors.
A mild and highly convenient chemoselective alkylation of thiols using Cs2CO3–TBAI

A mild and improved method for the synthesis of thioethers has been developed. In the presence of cesium carbonate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and DMF, various alkyl and aryl thiols underwent S-alkylation to afford structurally diverse sulfides in high yield. Unprotected mercaptoalcohols and thioamines reacted chemoselectively at the sulfur moiety exclusively. An example of a one-pot, solid-phase synthesis of a thioether is also described.
The Beauty of Boundaries: When and Why We Seek Structure in Consumption

How do consumers cope when it seems that they have no control over their outcomes in life? This research posits that consumers will seek greater structure in consumption—or the sense that everything is in its designated place. Moreover, it suggests that very simple boundaries in the environment offer a means for attaining this sense of structure. Several experiments demonstrate that when personal control is threatened, consumers prefer logos, products, and environments that are tangibly or intangibly bounded over those that are unbounded. This research also explores the functional and symbolic benefits that boundaries provide as representations of order and structure.
The Hele-Shaw problem as a \Mesa" limit of Stefan problems: Existence, uniqueness, and regularity of the free boundary

We study a Hele-Shaw problem with a mushy region obtained as a mesa type limit of one phase Stefan problems in exterior domains. We deal with both Neumann and Dirichlet data, and show pointwise convergence of the Stefan solutions to the Hele-Shaw solution. We make no assumptions on the geometry, topology, or connectivity of the injection slot.
Hard Data on Soft Errors: A Large-Scale Assessment of Real-World Error Rates in GPGPU

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are gaining widespread use in high-performance computing because of their performance advantages relative to CPUs. However, the reliability of GPUs is largely unproven. In particular, current GPUs lack error checking and correcting (ECC) in their memory subsystems. The impact of this design has not been previously measured at a large enough scale to quantify soft error events. We present MemtestG80, our software for assessing memory error rates on NVIDIA graphics cards. Furthermore, we present a large-scale assessment of GPU error rate, conducted by running MemtestG80 on over 50,000 hosts on the Folding@home distributed computing network. Our control experiments on consumer-grade and dedicated-GPGPU hardware in a controlled environment found no errors. However, our survey on Folding@home finds that, in their installed environments, two-thirds of tested GPUs exhibit a detectable, pattern-sensitive rate of memory soft errors. We show that these errors persist after controlling for over clocking and environmental proxies for temperature, but depend strongly on board architecture.
Textured magnetoplumbite fiber-matrix interphase derived from sol-gel fiber coatings

A calcium hexaluminate (CaAl{sub 12}O{sub 19}, magnetoplumbite structure) sol was used to coat alumina and yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) single-crystal fibers and single-crystal alumina plates. When the coated substrates were either annealed or hot-pressed in polycrystalline alumina and YAG matrices, the calcium hexaluminate basal cleavage planes were aligned parallel with the fiber-matrix interface. A complex series of reactions and phase transformations contributed to texture formation on alumina substrates. The alumina fibers and plates seeded the phase transformation of sol-derived transition aluminas to {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, CaAl{sub 12}O{sub 19} and CaAl{sub 4}O{sub 7} formed between the seeded {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and CaAl{sub 4}O{sub 7} later reacted with the seeded {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} to form CaAl{sub 12}O{sub 19}, resulting in a single-phase coating. Several different mechanisms may be responsible for the texture. The microstructure, phase evolution, and possible mechanisms for texture formation of CaAl{sub 12}O{sub 19} powders, sol-derived thin films, and coated plates and fibers, with and without hot-pressed matrices, were studied and are discussed. Deflection and propagation of cracks within the fiber-matrix interphase in thin foils suggests that such an interphase may protect fibers from matrix cracks.
The Planck law for particle with rest mass

In this work the author derives the Plank law for particles with rest mass that in the limit of photons with null rest mass leads to the known Plank law for the black body radiation. The paper shows that the relation has a pure quantum origin deriving it from the quantum potential of the hydrodynamic model. The paper puts under light how these laws originates by the scale invariance breaking due to the quantum potential. The paper also briefly analyzes the consequences of this symmetry breaking on the small-size black holes formation. PACS: 42.50.Lc, 04.60.-m
Optimal Seasonal Allocation of Generic Dairy Advertising Expenditures

Annual seasonal advertising expenditure allocations were estimated for the national generic advertising programs for fluid milk and cheese with the use of price and advertising elasticities of demand that varied over time. Significant variation in optimal allocations existed both across products and over time, emphasizing the importance of obtaining accurate seasonal forecasts that incorporate changes in market conditions to plan future spending allocations. In the absence of such information, allocating annual budgets equally across quarters still produced positive producer welfare gains on average relative to historical spending that were not statistically different from those realized under the optimal spending strategy.
Caught in the Housing Bubble: Immigrants’ Housing Outcomes in Traditional Gateways and Newly Emerging Destinations

Research has documented that immigrants have moved in large numbers to almost every metropolitan area and select rural areas in the US. In the midst of these demographic shifts, the country has experienced a profound recession. To date, there has been little research on the impact of the recession on immigrants across the US. Using 2006 and 2009 American Community Survey microdata, the paper assesses how the recent economic crisis has affected Latino and Asian immigrants with respect to two housing outcomes (homeownership and headship) over two important time points in the recent economic cycle. Immigrants have worse housing outcomes and significantly lower mobility rates after the recession. Regression results suggest that the negative impacts from the recession are strongest in the gateway metropolitan areas and that, after controlling for residence in the hardest-hit areas, increases in metropolitan-level unemployment and mortgage delinquency rates have a negative impact on homeownership rates. The results also suggest that, even though the recession has disrupted immigrants' upward trajectory in the housing markets, the effect has not been as severe on immigrants as one might expect. In particular, the places where immigrant populations are newest have not experienced as large a reduction in homeownership as those in the large immigrant gateways. Even in the established gateways, the decline in homeownership has been smaller for immigrants than for US-born households.
Systematic construction of anomaly detection benchmarks from real data

Research in anomaly detection suffers from a lack of realistic and publicly-available problem sets. This paper discusses what properties such problem sets should possess. It then introduces a methodology for transforming existing classification data sets into ground-truthed benchmark data sets for anomaly detection. The methodology produces data sets that vary along three important dimensions: (a) point difficulty, (b) relative frequency of anomalies, and (c) clusteredness. We apply our generated datasets to benchmark several popular anomaly detection algorithms under a range of different conditions.
Network-Based Inference of Cancer Progression from Microarray Data

Cancer cells exhibit a common phenotype of uncontrolled cell growth, but this phenotype may arise from many different combinations of mutations. By inferring how cells evolve in individual tumors, a process called cancer progression, we may be able to identify important mutational events for different tumor types, potentially leading to new therapeutics and diagnostics. Prior work has shown that it is possible to infer frequent progression pathways by using gene expression profiles to estimate ldquodistancesrdquo between tumors. Here, we apply gene network models to improve these estimates of evolutionary distance by controlling for correlations among coregulated genes. We test three variants of this approach: one using an optimized best-fit network, another using sampling to infer a high-confidence subnetwork, and one using a modular network inferred from clusters of similarly expressed genes. Application to lung cancer and breast cancer microarray data sets shows small improvements in phylogenies when correcting from the optimized network and more substantial improvements when correcting from the sampled or modular networks. Our results suggest that a network correction approach improves estimates of tumor similarity, but sophisticated network models are needed to control for the large hypothesis space and sparse data currently available.
Optical Trapping and Cooling of Glass Microspheres

We report optical trapping of glass microspheres in air and vacuum, and measurement of Brownian motion of single microspheres at different pressures. We are working on cooling the center-of-mass motion of a trapped microsphere.
Impact of Adoption of Improved Groundnut Varieties on Factor Demand and Productivity in Uganda

The study analyzed the impact of adoption of improved groundnut varieties on farm inputs demand and productivity using instrumental variables approach. The data was collected from a simple random sample of 161 groundnut farmers in Eastern Uganda. Econometric results show significant increase in expenditure on improved seed and labor among adopters relative to the non-adopters. Adoption of improved varieties significantly increased groundnuts yield, by about 1688kg per hectare. Thus, more effort is needed to increase farmers’ access to improved varieties. The Government and partners should facilitate the development of local seed multiplication systems to reduce the cost of improved seed..
THE IMPACT OF CHILDREN ON WAGES, JOB TENURE, AND THE DIVISION OF HOUSEHOLD LABOUR*

In the absence of typical exclusion restrictions, covariance restrictions are used to obtain estimates of the effects of children on household behaviour. Using data from the PSID on two age samples, children are found to have a significant impact on many household decisions. However, while in the young sample exogenous fertility cannot be rejected, in the older sample this is not the case. Finally, if the average household had one less child, the male-female wage differential would decrease by 9.5%. There has been enormous interest in learning the impact of children on various household behaviours, especially those of the mother. In particular, there has been much empirical research on the effect of fertility on female allocation and value of time (Angrist and Evans, 1998; Gronau 1988, 1977, 1976; Mroz, 1987; Rosenzweig and Wolpin, 1980; Fleischer and Rhodes, 1979; Cain and Dooley, 1976; Heckman, 1974; Gronau, 1973; etc.).' In either case, the inability to find appropriate instruments for fertility is troublesome. Fleischer and Rhodes (1979) conclude that their 'inability to represent the fertility variable with a suitable instrument is disappointing' and Willis (1987) wrote: '[I] t has proven difficult to find enough well-measured exogenous variables to permit cause and effect relationships to be extracted from correlations among factors such as the delay of marriage, decline of childbearing, growth of divorce, and increased female labour force participation.' Of related interest is the effect of fertility on market wages (Waldfogel, 1998; Hersch and Stratton, 1997; Korenman and Neumark, 1992; Hersch, 1991; Moore and Wilson, 1982; Hill, 1979; Cain and Dooley, 1976) and male behaviour (Browning, 1992; Pencavel, 1986). Controlling for the endogeneity of fertility is likely to be vital in any model of household time allocation. Browning (1992) stated: 'Finally, labor supply and fertility may be jointly determined; either by "basic economic principles" or because in the population preferences for having children and for working at ajob are negatively correlated.' Despite the theoretical claims, the empirical question of whether or not fertility is endogenous has yet to be answered
Synthesis of Cyclopropanes via Organoiron Methodology: Stereoselective Preparation of Bi(cyclopropyl)s

Cyclopropanation of [2-(alkenyl)pentenediyl]Fe(CO)3 complexes (4) proceeds in a diastereoselective fashion to afford [2-(cyclopropyl)pentenediyl]Fe(CO)3. The relative stereochemistry of the products was established by X-ray crystallography. The diastereoselectivity is rationalized on approach of the cyclopropanation reagent on the sterically more exposed face of 4. Oxidatively induced reductive elimination afforded stereodefined bi(cyclopropyl)s. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cross-layer congestion and contention control for wireless ad hoc networks

We consider joint congestion and contention control for multihop wireless ad hoc networks, where the goal is to find optimal end-to-end source rates at the transport layer and per-link persistence probabilities at the medium access control (MAC) layer to maximize the aggregate source utility. The primal formulation of this problem is non-convex and non-separable. Under certain conditions, by applying appropriate transformations and introducing new variables, we obtain a decoupled and dual-decomposable convex formulation. For general non-logarithmic concave utilities, we develop a novel dual-based distributed algorithm using the subgradient method. In this algorithm, sources at the transport layer adjust their log rates to maximize their net benefits, while links at the MAC layer select transmission probabilities proportional to their conceived contribution to the system reward. The two layers are connected and coordinated by link prices. Our solutions enjoy the benefits of cross-layer optimization while maintaining the simplicity and modularity of the traditional layered architecture.
Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality

The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
Frequency of Price Adjustment and Pass-Through

We empirically document using U.S. import prices that on average goods with a high frequency of price adjustment have a long-run pass-through that is at least twice as high as that of low-frequency adjusters. We show theoretically that this relationship should follow because variable mark-ups that reduce long-run pass-through also reduces the curvature of the proflt function when expressed as a function of the cost shocks, making the flrm less willing to adjust its price. Lastly, we quantitatively evaluate a dynamic menu-cost model and show that the variable mark-up channel can generate signiflcant variation in frequency, equivalent to 37% of the observed variation in the data. On the other hand the standard workhorse model with constant elasticity of demand and Calvo or state dependent pricing has di‐culty matching the facts.
Performance of a Jet-Pumped Cryogenic Refrigeration System

Efficient, lightweight thermal management and power systems are crucial for successful exploration of space. This paper provides an analysis of a novel solar-integrated thermal management and power system, which is comprised of a thermally actuated heat pump with power and refrigeration subsystems and having a jet pump serving as the compression device. The analysis allows calculation of on an overall system mass ratio that compares the overall active system mass to an idealized passive counterpart. In this study liquid nitrogen, which is common on many space missions, is the working fluid. This achieves a significant mass advantage as the use of cryocoolers is eliminated. By applying the techniques demonstrated in this paper, designers can identify and optimize conceptual configurations during the initial prototype development stages to reduce payload weight and increase financial savings.
Topological D-Branes and Commutative Algebra

We show that questions concerning the topological B-model on a Calabi–Yau manifold in the Landau–Ginzburg phase can be rephrased in the language of commutative algebra. This yields interesting and very practical methods for analyzing the model. We demonstrate how the relevant “Ext” groups and superpotentials can be computed efficiently by computer algebra packages such as Macaulay. This picture leads us to conjecture a general description of D-branes in linear sigma models in terms of triangulated categories. Each phase of the linear sigma model is associated with a different presentation of the category of D-branes.
Translocation of the 5-alkoxy substituent of 2,5-dialkoxyarylalkylamines to the 6-position: effects on 5-HT2A/2C receptor affinity

Abstract Positional modification of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine analogues has been studied. Specifically, the 5-alkoxy substituent was translocated to the 6-position of the phenyl nucleus. Methoxy groups were also constrained by incorporation into appended dihydrofuran and furan rings. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine had an approximately 3-fold lower affinity for the 5-HT 2A receptor compared to the parent 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). The rigid compound based on the 2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2- b ;5,4- b ′]difuran nucleus and the aromatic analogue containing the benzo[1,2- b ;5,4- b ′]difuran nucleus possessed an approximate 7- and 27-fold increase in affinity, respectively, compared to 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, the non-rigid, positional isomer.
Producing legitimacy at the World Trade Organization: the role of expertise and legal capacity

This qualitative study of disputing at the World Trade Organization (WTO) examines how expertise is acquired and maintained over time and how it influences perceptions of legitimacy held by WTO practitioners. The research demonstrates that expertise is derived from individuals' direct experience with disputing. Trade delegations employ or acquire expertise through the development of in-house experts, contracting private legal representation and seeking legal assistance. Institutionalizing expertise acquired by individuals is a primary challenge for building legal capacity and is linked to serial participation, building informal professional relationships and creating economies of scale in expert practitioners. Nonetheless, challenges remain, particularly related to the cost and difficulty of maintaining expertise over time and the role of market power in retaliation. How countries are able to gain expertise underwrites the legitimacy perceptions of practitioners, which emphasizes opportunities to acquire expertise over the persistence of inequalities in legal capacity.
Mean Interference in Hard-Core Wireless Networks

Matern hard core processes of types I and II are the point processes of choice to model concurrent transmitters in CSMA networks. We determine the mean interference observed at a node of the process and compare it with the mean interference in a Poisson point process of the same density. It turns out that despite the similarity of the two models, they behave rather differently. For type I, the excess interference (relative to the Poisson case) increases exponentially in the hard-core distance, while for type II, the gap never exceeds 1 dB.
Developing Components and Curricula for a Research-Rich Undergraduate Degree in Computational Physics

A four-year undergraduate curriculum leading to a Bachelor's degree in Computational Physics is described. The courses, texts, and seminars are research- and Web-rich, and culminate in an Advanced Computational Science Laboratory derived from graduate theses and research from NPACI centers and national laboratories. There are important places for Maple, Java, MathML, MatLab, C and Fortran in the curriculum.
Parametrized stochastic multi-armed bandits with binary rewards

In this paper, we consider the problem of multi-armed bandits with a large number of correlated arms. We assume that the arms have Bernoulli distributed rewards, independent across time, where the probabilities of success are parametrized by known attribute vectors for each arm, as well as an unknown preference vector, each of dimension n. For this model, we seek an algorithm with a total regret that is sub-linear in time and independent of the number of arms. We present such an algorithm, which we call the Three-phase Algorithm, and analyze its performance. We show an upper bound on the total regret which applies uniformly in time. The asymptotics of this bound show that for any ƒ ∈ ω(log(T)), the total regret can be made to be O(n · ƒ(T)), independent of the number of arms.
Theoretical Analysis of the Rotational Barrier of Ethane

The understanding of the ethane rotation barrier is fundamental for structural theory and the conformational analysis of organic molecules and requires a consistent theoretical model to differentiate the steric and hyperconjugation effects. Due to recently renewed controversies over the barrier's origin, we developed a computational approach to probe the rotation barriers of ethane and its congeners in terms of steric repulsion, hyperconjugative interaction, and electronic and geometric relaxations. Our study reinstated that the conventional steric repulsion overwhelmingly dominates the barriers.
Comprehensive interrogation of natural TALE DNA-binding modules and transcriptional repressor domains

Transcription activator-like effectors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that harbour modular, repetitive DNA-binding domains. Transcription activator-like effectors have enabled the creation of customizable designer transcriptional factors and sequence-specific nucleases for genome engineering. Here we report two improvements of the transcription activator-like effector toolbox for achieving efficient activation and repression of endogenous gene expression in mammalian cells. We show that the naturally occurring repeat-variable diresidue Asn-His (NH) has high biological activity and specificity for guanine, a highly prevalent base in mammalian genomes. We also report an effective transcription activator-like effector transcriptional repressor architecture for targeted inhibition of transcription in mammalian cells. These findings will improve the precision and effectiveness of genome engineering that can be achieved using transcription activator-like effectors. The peptide sequence of transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be customized to tailor the binding of TALEs to specific DNA sequences. Conget al. improve TALE specificity for guanine binding and use a genetic construct based on TALEs to efficiently repress expression of a target gene.
Aerodynamic Design and Performance of a Bent-Axis Geometry Vehicle

Variable bent-axis maneuvering vehicles provide a unique type of control for a variety of supersonic and hypersonic missions. Unfortunately, the large hinge moments often associated with these vehicles have prevented their application. This study examines the application of both experimental data and computational aerodynamics techniques in the design of such vehicles. A procedure is presented for the efficient design of a bent-axis geometry given a set of system constraints. In particular, the selection of vehicle parameters to produce minimum hinge moments for trimmed flight is examined in detail. Finally, the overall performance of the bent-axis geometry is reviewed in terms of static stability, lift-to-drag ratio, and control effectiveness.
Ag4V2O6F2: An Electrochemically Active and High Silver Density Phase

Low-temperature hydrothermal techniques were used to synthesize single crystals of Ag4V2O6F2. This previously unreported oxide fluoride phase was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy and was also evaluated as a primary lithium battery cathode. Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P21/n (No. 14), with a = 8.4034(4) A, b = 10.548(1) A, c = 12.459(1) A, β = 90.314(2)°, and Z = 4. Ag4V2O6F2 (SVOF) exhibits two characteristic regions within the discharge curve, an upper plateau at 3.5 V, and a lower sloped region around 2.3 V from reduction of the vanadium oxide fluoride framework. The material has a nominal capacity of 251 mAh/g, with 148 mAh/g above 3 V. The upper discharge plateau at 3.5 V is nearly 300 mV over the silver reduction potential of the commercial primary battery material, Ag2V4O11 (SVO).
Regularity of the extremal solutions in a Gelfand system problem

We examine the elliptic system given by (P )λ,γ  −∆u = λe Ω −∆v = γe Ω u = 0 ∂Ω v = 0 ∂Ω where λ, γ are positive parameters and where Ω is a smooth bounded domain in R . Let U denote the parameter region (λ, γ) of strictly positive parameters where (P )λ,γ has a smooth solution and let Υ denote the boundary of U . We show that the extremal solution (u∗, v∗) associated with (λ∗, γ∗) ∈ Υ is smooth provided that 3 ≤ N ≤ 9 and N − 2 8 < γ∗ λ∗ < 8 N − 2 . 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35J55, 35B05, 35K50, 35K55..
Rotation Speed of the First Stars

We estimate the rotation speed of Population III (Pop III) stars within a minihalo at z∼ 20 using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation, beginning from cosmological initial conditions. We follow the evolution of the primordial gas up to densities of 1012 cm−3. Representing the growing hydrostatic cores with accreting sink particles, we measure the velocities and angular momenta of all particles that fall on to these protostellar regions. This allows us to record the angular momentum of the sinks and estimate the rotational velocity of the Pop III stars expected to form within them. The rotation rate has important implications for the evolution of the star, the fate encountered at the end of its life, and the potential for triggering a gamma-ray burst (GRB). We find that there is sufficient angular momentum to yield rapidly rotating stars (≳1000 km s−1, or near break-up speeds). This indicates that Pop III stars likely experienced strong rotational mixing, impacting their structure and nucleosynthetic yields. A subset of them was also likely to result in hypernova explosions and possibly GRBs.
New acrylate systems: derivatives of β-SF5-acrylic acid

Abstract Addition of pentafluorothio bromide, SF 5 Br, to ethyl propiolate results in an 1:1 adduct, SF 5 CHCBrC(O)OC 2 H 5 , and a small amount of a 1:2 adduct. The former is converted by reduction to the corresponding β-SF 5 -acrylic ester, SF 5 CHCHC(O)OC 2 H 5 . Treatment of SF 5 CH 2 CBr(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 3 with base produces methyl-β-SF 5 -methacrylate, SF 5 CHC(CH 3 )C(O)OCH 3 . The preparation and characterization of these new compounds are described.
Discovery of Fog at the South Pole of Titan

While Saturn's moon Titan appears to support an active methane hydrological cycle, no direct evidence for surface-atmosphere exchange has yet appeared. The indirect evidence, while compelling, could be misleading. It is possible, for example, that the identified lake features could be filled with ethane, an involatile long-term residue of atmospheric photolysis; the apparent stream and channel features could be ancient remnants of a previous climate; and the tropospheric methane clouds, while frequent, could cause no rain to reach the surface. We report here the detection of fog at the south pole of Titan during late summer using observations from the VIMS instrument on board the Cassini spacecraft. While terrestrial fog can form from a variety of causes, most of these processes are inoperable on Titan. Fog on Titan can only be caused by evaporation of nearly pure liquid methane; the detection of fog provides the first direct link between surface and atmospheric methane. Based on the detections presented here, liquid methane appears widespread at the south pole of Titan in late southern summer, and the hydrological cycle on Titan is currently active.
Civil Conflict and Human Capital Accumulation: The Long-term Effects of Political Violence in Perú

This paper provides empirical evidence of the persistent effect of exposure to political violence on human capital accumulation. I exploit the variation in conflict location and birth cohorts to identify the long- and short-term effects of the civil war on educational attainment. Conditional on being exposed to violence, the average person accumulates 0.31 less years of education as an adult. In the short term, the effects are stronger than in the long run; these results hold when comparing children within the same household. Further, exposure to violence during early childhood leads to permanent losses. I also explore the potential causal mechanisms.
The Reunification of Theology and Comparison in the New Comparative Theology

This paper examines the relationship between the new comparative theology and the theology of religions in light of their common genealogy in the comparative theology of the late nineteenth century. Noting that the latter's blindness to its considerable biases was sustained by its oppositional relationship with the exclusionary apologetic theology of the day, the paper argues that the new comparative theology risks repeating the same pattern of self-deception when it dichotomizes its relationship with the theology of religions. At the same time, however, the new comparative theology, by openly acknowledging its theological commitments, strips the comparative method of the aura of "science" which has often functioned ideologically to mask bias. In this way, the new comparative theology exemplifies the recent shift in the understanding of comparison from a method of discovery to a critical method for the testing and revision of the categories through which scholars interpret their data.
Inverse diffusion problems with redundant internal information

This paper concerns the reconstruction of a scalar diffusion coefficient $\sigma(x)$ from redundant functionals of the form $H_i(x)=\sigma^{2\alpha}(x)|\nabla u_i|^2(x)$ where $\alpha\in\mathbb{R}$ and $u_i$ is a solution of the elliptic problem $\nabla\cdot \sigma \nabla u_i=0$ for $1\leq i\leq I$. The case $\alpha=\frac12$ is used to model measurements obtained from modulating a domain of interest by ultrasound and finds applications in ultrasound modulated electrical impedance tomography (UMEIT), ultrasound modulated optical tomography (UMOT) as well as impedance acoustic computerized tomography (ImpACT). The case $\alpha=1$ finds applications in Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT). We present two explicit reconstruction procedures of $\sigma$ for appropriate choices of $I$ and of traces of $u_i$ at the boundary of a domain of interest. The first procedure involves the solution of an over-determined system of ordinary differential equations and generalizes to the multi-dimensional case and to (almost) arbitrary values of $\alpha$ the results obtained in two and three dimensions in [10] and [5], respectively, in the case $\alpha=\frac12$. The second procedure consists of solving a system of linear elliptic equations, which we can prove admits a unique solution in specific situations.
Confronting feedback simulations with observations of hot gas in elliptical galaxies

Elliptical galaxies comprise primarily old stars, which collectively generate a long-lasting feedback via stellar mass-loss and Type Ia SNe. This feedback can be traced by X-ray-emitting hot gas in and around such galaxies, in which little cool gas is typically present. However, the X-ray-inferred mass, energy, and metal abundance of the hot gas are often found to be far less than what are expected from the feedback, particularly in so-called low L_X/L_B ellipticals. This "missing" stellar feedback is presumably lost in galaxy-wide outflows, which can play an essential role in galaxy evolution (e.g., explaining the observed color bi-modality of galaxies). We are developing a model that can be used to properly interpret the X-ray data and to extract key information about the dynamics of the feedback and its interplay with galactic environment.
Diastereoselective Aldol Additions of Chiral β-Hydroxy Ethyl Ketone Enolates Catalyzed by Lewis Bases

The trichlorosilyl enolates derived from chiral ethyl ketones bearing a β-hydroxyl group and an α-stereogenic center were employed in the phosphoramide-catalyzed aldol reaction. The addition of Z-enolates to achiral aldehydes produced aldol products in good yields and high syn relative diastereoselectivities. The internal diastereoselectivity is controlled by the catalyst configuration, allowing for selective formation of either syn diastereomer.
Differentiated Surveillance for Static and Random Mobile Sensor Networks

The utility of a sensor network derives primarily from the sensing data it gathers. Therefore, a critical issue of sensor networks is to efficiently provide sensing coverage. This paper proposes a scheme, enhanced differentiated surveillance (EDS), to maintain the required coverage for sensor networks by establishing working schedules of sensors for the purpose of energy saving. EDS allows every sensor in a sensor network to establish its working schedule in a distributive manner, based on random reference times generated through integer hashing and a proposed coverage measurement rule. The required coverage is continuously guaranteed when every sensor senses following its own working schedule.While most existing coverage maintenance schemes are only applicable for static sensors with equal sensing range (homogeneous sensors), EDS is versatile in applications. It can be applied to sensors with different sensing ranges (heterogeneous sensors), and extended to random mobile sensor networks, where sensors randomly roam and cannot control their movements. Compared with existing work, the advantages of EDS lie in minimum communication overhead, fast convergence, load balancing, and high battery efficiency. The effectiveness and efficiency of EDS are investigated through numerical examples of static and random mobile sensor networks.
Chiral perturbation theory and weak matrix elements

Abstract I describe recent developments in quenched chiral perturbation theory and the status of weak matrix elements involving light quarks.
Approaches to detecting gene × gene interaction in Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 pedigrees

Whether driven by the general lack of success in finding single-gene contributions to complex disease, by increased knowledge about the potential involvement of specific biological interactions in complex disease, or by recent dramatic increases in computational power, a large number of approaches to detect locus x locus interactions were recently proposed and implemented. The six Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14) papers summarized here each applied either existing or refined approaches with the goal of detecting gene x gene, or locus x locus, interactions in the GAW14 data. Five of six papers analyzed the simulated data; the other analyzed the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data. The analytic strategies implemented for detecting interactions included multifactor dimensionality reduction, conditional linkage analysis, nonparametric linkage correlation, two-locus parametric linkage analysis, and a joint test of linkage and association. Overall, most of the groups found limited success in consistently detecting all of the simulated interactions due, in large part, to the nature of the generating model.
Message delay analysis for TDMA schemes using contiguous-slot assignments

Under a TDMA (time-division multiple-access) scheme, a station shares a multiple-access communications channel by transmitting its messages during its dedicated time slots. An exact result concerning the queue-sizer and message delay analysis of TDMA systems in which a station is allocated multiple consecutive slots per frame is presented. The generating function of the system queue-size for a general independent arrival message process is obtained. Messages consist of a random number of packets, following a geometric distribution. An exact result for the generating function of the message delay for various common message arrival processes and light bounds for the mean message queue-size and delay are then derived. The results are compared to previously derived approximations. It is also proved that a slot allocation scheme which distributes station slots uniformly over the frame yields a message-delay lower bound. The results also apply to the analysis of time-shared reservation schemes. >
Supergravity backgrounds corresponding to D7 branes wrapped on Kähler manifolds

We consider supergravity solutions corresponding to D7 branes wrapped on Kahler manifolds with a U(1)R twist such that some supersymmetry is preserved. We find a class of 1/4-BPS backgrounds where a D7-brane is wrapped on a T2 torus with a metric of non-constant curvature. Similarly to the flat D7-brane case, the solution has a singularity at finite radius. We also discuss the case where the D7-brane is wrapped on a 4-dimensional non-compact manifold. The field theories on the D7 brane have = 1 supersymmetry in 6 and 4 dimensions respectively.
Firm Risk and Leverage-Based Business Cycles

Abstract I characterize cyclical fluctuations in the cross-sectional dispersion of firm-level productivity. Using the micro-estimated dispersion, or “risk”, stochastic process as an input to a baseline small-scale financial accelerator model, I assess how well the model reproduces cyclical movements in both real and financial conditions of the economy. In the model, risk shocks calibrated to micro data lead to empirically-relevant steady-state leverage, a financial measure typically thought to be closely associated with real activity. In terms of aggregate quantities, pure risk shocks in the small-scale general equilibrium model account for a notable share of GDP fluctuations — roughly 5%. The volatility of the risk process I measure using micro data is, remarkably, not very different compared to recent estimates of risk shocks based on medium- or large-scale models using macroeconomic data. These seemingly contrasting starting points for measuring risk shocks do not imply any dichotomy at the core of a popular class of DSGE financial frictions models. Rather, it is the particular transmission channels in financial-frictions models — whether small scale or medium scale — that are critical for aggregate quantity fluctuations to arise based on risk shocks.
Crosstalk Reduction for Superconducting Microwave Resonator Arrays

Large-scale arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) are attractive candidates for use in imaging instruments for next generation submillimeter-wave telescopes such as CCAT. We have designed and fabricated tightly packed ~250-pixel MKID arrays using lumped-element resonators etched from a thin layer of superconducting TiNx deposited on a silicon substrate. The high pixel packing density in our initial design resulted in large microwave crosstalk due to electromagnetic coupling between the resonators. Our second design eliminates this problem by adding a grounding shield and using a double-wound geometry for the meander inductor to allow conductors with opposite polarity to be in close proximity. In addition, the resonator frequencies are distributed in a checkerboard pattern across the array. We present details for the two resonator and array designs and describe a circuit model for the full array that predicts the distribution of resonator frequencies and the crosstalk level. We also show results from a new experimental technique that conveniently measures crosstalk without the need for an optical setup. Our results reveal an improvement in crosstalk from 57% in the initial design down to ≤2% in the second design. The general procedure and design guidelines in this work are applicable to future large arrays employing microwave resonators.
WHERE THERE'S SMOKING, THERE'S FIRE: THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING POLICIES ON THE INCIDENCE OF FIRES IN THE UNITED STATES.

Fires and burns are among the leading causes of unintentional death in the USA. Most of these deaths occur in residences, and cigarettes are a primary cause. In this paper, I explore the relationship between smoking, cigarette policies, and fires. As smoking rates decline, there are fewer opportunities for fires; however, the magnitude of any reduction is in question. Using a state-level panel, I find that increases in cigarette prices are associated with fewer residential fires and deaths. However, laws regulating indoor smoking are associated with more fires; in particular, restaurant and bar smoking bans are associated with an increase in fires at eating and drinking establishments. This increase is important given the growing popularity of smoking bans in the USA and around the world. As workplaces, schools, and businesses ban smoking and remove ashtrays, smokers who continue to smoke are left without safe options for disposal of cigarettes, leading to more opportunities for fires to start. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
GENE CLASSIFICATION USING EXPRESSION PROFILES: A FEASIBILITY STUDY

As various genome sequencing projects have already been completed or are near completion, genome researchers are shifting their focus to functional genomics. Functional genomics represents the next phase, that expands the biological investigation to studying the functionality of genes of a single organism as well as studying and correlating the functionality of genes across many different organisms. Recently developed methods for monitoring genome-wide mRNA expression changes hold the promise of allowing us to inexpensively gain insights into the function of unknown genes. In this paper we focus on evaluating the feasibility of using supervised machine learning methods for determining the function of genes based solely on their expression profiles. We experimentally evaluate the performance of traditional classification algorithms such as support vector machines and k-nearest neighbors on the yeast genome, and present new approaches for classification that improve the overall recall with moderate reductions in precision. Our experiments show that the accuracies achieved for different classes varies dramatically. In analyzing these results we show that the achieved accuracy is highly dependent on whether or not the genes of that class were significantly active during the various experimental conditions, suggesting that gene expression profiles can become a viable alternative to sequence similarity searches provided that the genes are observed under a wide range of experimental conditions.
X-Ray Properties of Black-Hole Binaries

AbstractWe review the properties and behavior of 20 X-ray binaries that contain a dynamically-confirmed black hole, 17 of which are transient systems. During the past decade, many of these transien...