cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BOV--a web-based BLAST output visualization tool.

The BLAST program is one of the most widely used sequence similarity search tools for genomic research, even by those biologists lacking extensive bioinformatics training. As the availability of sequence data increases, more researchers are downloading the BLAST program for local installation and performing larger and more complex tasks, including batch queries. In order to manage and interpret the results of batch queries, a host of software packages have been developed to assist with data management and post-processing. Among these programs, there is almost a complete lack of visualization tools to provide graphic representation of complex BLAST pair-wise alignments. We have developed a web-based program, B LAST O utput V isualization Tool (BOV), that allows users to interactively visualize the matching regions of query and database hit sequences, thereby allowing the user to quickly and easily dissect complex matching patterns. Users can upload the standard BLAST output in pair-wise alignment format as input to the web server (including batch queries generated installing and running the stand-alone BLAST program on a local server). The program extracts the alignment coordinates of matching regions between the query and the corresponding database hit sequence. The coordinates are used to plot each matching region as colored lines or trapezoids. Using the straightforward control panels throughout the web site, each plotted matching region can be easily explored in detail by, for example, highlighting the region of interest or examining the raw pair-wise sequence alignment. Tutorials are provided at the website to guide users step-by-step through the functional features of BOV. BOV provides a user-friendly web interface to visualize the standard BLAST output for investigating wide-ranging genomic problems, including single query and batch query datasets. In particular, this software is valuable to users interested in identifying regions of co-linearity, duplication, translocation, and inversion among sequences. A web server hosting BOV is accessible via http://bioportal.cgb.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/BOV/index.cgi and the software is freely available for local installations.
High-Quality MRC Document Coding

The mixed raster content (MRC) model can be used to implement highly effective document compression algorithms. MRC document coders are typically based on the use of a binary mask layer that efficiently encodes the text and graphic content. However, while many MRC-based methods can yield much higher compression ratios than conventional color image compression methods, the binary representation tends to distort fine document details, such as thin lines and text edges. In this paper, we propose a method for encoding and decoding the binary mask layer that substantially improves the decoded document fidelity of text and graphics at a fixed bit rate. This method, which we call resolution-enhanced rendering (RER), works by adaptively dithering the encoded binary mask, and then applying a nonlinear predictor to decode a gray level mask at the same resolution. Both the dithering and nonlinear prediction algorithms are jointly optimized to produce the minimal distortion rendering. In addition, we introduce a second method, interpolative RER (IRER), which incorporates interpolation into the MRC decoder. The IRER method increases the compression ratio by allowing a high-resolution document to be coded at lower resolutions. We present experimental results illustrating the performance of our RER/IRER methods and comparing them to some existing MRC-based compression algorithms
Geophysical parameterization and parameter structure identification using natural neighbors in groundwater inverse problems

A natural neighbor interpolation (NN) method based on Voronoi tessellation and Delaunay triangulation is developed for both parameter heterogeneity characterization and parameter structure identification in groundwater modeling. Honoring information from the natural neighboring basis points, NN generates a continuously distributed field. With NN, parameter structure identification seeks to identify the optimal parameter distribution in terms of the number, values, and locations of basis points. At each level of parameter structure complexity, the estimated distributed parameter is obtained by minimizing a regularized fitting residual. This is done sequentially, first by a genetic algorithm (GA) and then by a gradient-based algorithm (BFGS). In this study, sensitivity equations of state variables to both values and locations of basis points are developed for optimization as well as for parameter uncertainty analysis. The results obtained from numerical experiments show that, for a given set of head observations and point transmissivity measurements, the proposed inverse methodology successfully captures the variation of the true transmissivity field. The parameter structure complexity as represented by the parameter dimension is determined by considering the trade-off between the fitting residual and the parameter uncertainty error. An optimal parameter dimension is selected when the head fitting residual is close to the observation error and the uncertainty associated with identified transmissivity structure is acceptable.
Modulation of activity of Bacillus subtilis regulatory proteins GltC and TnrA by glutamate dehydrogenase

The Bacillus subtilis gltAB operon, encoding glutamate synthase, requires a specific positive regulator, GltC, for its expression and is repressed by the global regulatory protein TnrA. The factor that controls TnrA activity, a complex of glutamine synthetase and a feedback inhibitor, such as glutamine, is known, but the signal for modulation of GltC activity has remained elusive. GltC-dependent gltAB expression was drastically reduced when cells were grown in media containing arginine or ornithine or proline, all of which are inducers and substrates of the Roc catabolic pathway. Analysis of gltAB expression in mutants with various defects in the Roc pathway indicated that rocG-encoded glutamate dehydrogenase was required for such repression, suggesting that the substrates or products of this enzyme are the real effectors of GltC. Given that RocG is an enzyme of glutamate catabolism, the main regulatory role of GltC may be prevention of a futile cycle of glutamate synthesis and degradation in the presence of arginine-related amino acids or proline. In addition, high activity of glutamate dehydrogenase was incompatible with activity of TnrA.
Quickest path distances on context-free labeled graphs

Given σ units of data and a digraph G = (V,E) whose edges have delays, bandwidth constraints, and are labeled by terminals from a CFG (context-free grammar) G. A path p adheres to G's path constraints iff the concatenation of all terminals along p forms a word of the language generated by G. The all-pairs quickest CFG labeled-path distance problem is: for all pairs of vertices, find the minimum path-cost to send σ data units accounting for edge delays while adhering to labeled path and bandwidth constraints. This paper iteratively applies dynamic programming-based labeled path algorithms to CFG-labeled bandwidth-stratified induced subgraphs of an input graph. More precisely, we use Rosen, Sun and Xue's quickest-path algorithm [14] as a framework giving bandwidth-stratified induced subgraphs. This approach is far more efficient than naively applying dynamic programming-based labeled path algorithms to bandwidth-augmented CFG-labeled graphs from algorithms such as Chen and Chin's [4]. Although, bandwidth-augmented graph algorithms, like Chen and Chin's, have merit for other applications of dynamic programming.
Complementary Variational Principles in Neutron Diffusion Theory

Complementary variational principles associated with neutron diffusion in solids are presented. The resulting formulae are used to derive new expressions which provide upper and lower bounds for the absorption probability.
Trends in Vitamin A, C, D, E, K Supplement Prescriptions From Military Treatment Facilities: 2007 to 2011

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although prior studies have examined the prevalence of dietary supplement use among various populations, data on single vitamins prescribed by health care providers are limited. Objective: This study examined trends in single-vitamin supplement (A, C, D, E, K) prescriptions by providers from military treatment facilities from 2007 to 2011. Methods: We examined prescription data from the Department of Defense Pharmacy Data Transaction Service to determine trends in the aforementioned single-vitamin supplement prescriptions. Prescription rates per 1,000 active duty personnel were estimated using population data retrieved from the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (i.e., [number of prescriptions/population size] × 1,000). Results: Across the 5-year period, the number of vitamin D prescriptions per 1,000 active duty personnel increased 454%. In contrast, the number of vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin K prescriptions per 1,000 active duty personnel decreased by 32%, 53%, and 29% res...
Regional Economic Voting: PAIRED CASE STUDIES

The purpose of this chapter is to present background information on the nine elections included in the four paired case studies, including which parties were in power leading up to the election, major issues that came up during the campaign, the most important parties contesting the election, and the election results. I also include references to works in which interested readers can find more information on each of these elections. The chapter is included in the book for three reasons. First and foremost, I hope to familiarize those who are not well versed in the peculiarities of postcommunist electoral politics with some basic facts about each election in an effort to make the case studies more widely accessible. Second, I want to highlight why exactly I think it is interesting to consider these elections as substantively meaningful “pairs.” Finally, in a comparative study such as this one, it is impossible to do justice to the full panoply of issues at work in any one particular election, and I very consciously leave that task to others who are able to devote entire articles or even books to single-election analyses. Nevertheless, the danger is that in doing so we can lose sight of how interesting and important these elections were for the development of these countries in the postcommunist era. Thus, the final purpose of the chapter is to attempt to share with readers a bit of the richness of the electoral experiences that provide the data for my analyses.
Inferring intra-tumor heterogeneity from high-throughput DNA sequencing data

Cancer is a disease driven in part by somatic mutations that accumulate during the lifetime of an individual. The clonal theory [1] posits that the cancerous cells in a tumor are descended from a single founder cell and that descendants of this cell acquired multiple mutations beneficial for tumor growth through rounds of selection and clonal expansion. A tumor is thus a heterogeneous population of cells, with different subpopulations of cells containing both clonal mutations from the founder cell or early rounds of clonal expansion, and subclonal mutations that occurred after the most recent clonal expansion. Most cancer sequencing projects sequence a mixture of cells from a tumor sample including admixture by normal (non-cancerous) cells and different subpopulations of cancerous cells. In addition most solid tumors exhibit extensive aneuploidy and copy number aberrations. Intra-tumor heterogeneity and aneuploidy conspire to complicate analysis of somatic mutations in sequenced tumor samples.
Psychological morbidities in adolescent and young adult blood cancer patients during curative-intent therapy and early survivorship.

BACKGROUND Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer face unique psychosocial challenges. This pilot study was aimed at describing the prevalence of psychological morbidities among AYAs with hematologic malignancies during curative-intent therapy and early survivorship and at examining provider perceptions of psychological morbidities in their AYA patients. METHODS Patients aged 15 to 39 years with acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or Hodgkin lymphoma who were undergoing curative-intent therapy (on-treatment group) or were in remission within 2 years of therapy completion (early survivors) underwent a semistructured interview that incorporated measures of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS). A subset of providers (n = 15) concomitantly completed a survey for each of the first 30 patients enrolled that evaluated their perception of each subject's anxiety, depression, and PTS. RESULTS Sixty-one of 77 eligible AYAs participated. The median age at diagnosis was 26 years (range, 15-39 years), 64% were male, and 59% were non-Hispanic white. On-treatment demographics differed significantly from early-survivor demographics only in the median time from diagnosis to interview. Among the 61 evaluable AYAs, 23% met the criteria for anxiety, 28% met the criteria for depression, and 13% met the criteria for PTS; 46% demonstrated PTS symptomatology. Thirty-nine percent were impaired in 1 or more psychological domains. Psychological impairments were as frequent among early survivors as AYAs on treatment. Provider perceptions did not significantly correlate with patient survey results. CONCLUSIONS AYAs with hematologic malignancies experience substantial psychological morbidities while they are undergoing therapy and during early survivorship, with more than one-third of the patients included in this study meeting the criteria for anxiety, depression, or traumatic stress. This psychological burden may not be accurately identified by their oncology providers. Cancer 2016;122:954–61. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Upper Silesia in the Fifties

Silesia’s third largest city is Beuthen (Bytom), which celebrated its 700th anniversary in 1954, and had 101,000 inhabitants in 1939. About 40,000 Germans still live there, 76,000 Poles have settled making a total of 116,000. The reason for the increase lies in the expansion of coal mining and of industries for war production. The newly opened and fully mechanized coal mine ‘Julian’ was designed and installed by German engineers. The same is true of iron and steelworks as well as blast furnaces. Newcomers from Central Poland (about 2,000 in 1954) are being taught by German experts. Industrial production as a whole therefore has almost reached pre-war figures. However, labor turnover and permanent absenteeism among miners have been increasing seriously in recent years. In 1958 for example, 4,833 workers or 24.8% left the ‘Beuthen-Mine,’ only 23.2% newcomers arrived. At the ‘Wanda-Lech-Mine’, 3,029 left or 87.4% and 81.6% arrived.2
Assessing Business Scholarship: The Difficulties in Moving Beyond the Rigor-Relevance Paradigm Trap

I enter this dialogue regarding the challenges of scholarship assessment systems identified by Adler and Harzing (this issue) from the point of view of someone who has published in top-tier management journals and who is currently dean of the Sam M. Walton College of Business at the University of Arkansas. While certainly I do not speak for other administrators, I have had experiences as a management department chairperson, an associate dean, and dean at a wide variety of business schools, ranging from primarily undergraduatefocused to doctoral-granting and research-intensive. Regardless of the prominence of the research mix in terms of a particular business school's mission, the old joke about the ability of a dean to assess faculty research is nearly universal: "The Dean may not know very much about research, but at least she or he can count." There is much truth here, for indeed, we do consider the quantity of published works when evaluating faculty performance. From where we sit, however, performance is viewed as being much more multidimensional. Our colleges have significant teaching, service, and outreach expectations in addition to research goals. For our colleges to thrive, in addition to being judged favorably on the research dimension, we must also be positively viewed by our internal university constituents and senior administrators on campus, and we must be effective boundary spanners with our alumni, employers, business communities, and donors. To get all this done requires significant faculty cooperation and involvement. For most tenured or tenure-track faculty, however, the major coin of the realm is research. It is primarily one's research potential that strengthens initial job opportunities and one's subsequent research performance that drives advancement and career mobility. Junior faculty and research-productive continuing faculty thus often tend to be much more cosmopolitan than local in their orientations (Gouldner, 1957). That is, they may act more in accordance with broader research professional discipline norms than in response to the teaching and service needs of their particular employing organizations. Research skills and interests also tend to vary both within and between faculty members over time. This would appear to give administrators an opportunity to better address organizational needs beyond research, but it is often very difficult given both financial and cultural constraints to develop a supportive environment and incentive system that is more team focused. This is a tremendous
Effects of ouabain on intestinal oxygen consumption.

Most patients with fatal hemorrhagic necrosis of the gut were being administered a cardiac glycoside at the onset of their illness. Previously, our laboratory found that the rapid-acting cardiac glycoside, ouabain, constricted intestinal arterioles and reduced mesenteric blood flow. Since tissue necrosis presumes hypoxia as well as ischemia, we determined the effect of ouabain on intestinal oxygen consumption. Two in situ canine preparations were used: (1) an isolated loop of gut was autoperfused at constant blood flow, and perfusion pressure was measured across the loop; and (2) a segment of gut with uninterrupted circulation was used, and its blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic blood flow meter. An oxygen difference analyzer continuously measured oxygen content in arterial and venous blood photometrically in both preparations. Ouabain decreased oxygen consumption and increased mesenteric vascular resistance in the constant-flow preparation, exhibiting a more marked effect on oxygen uptake. The glycoside also reduced oxygen consumption and blood flow in the free-flow preparation. Since a reduced oxygen consumption could result from either decreased capillary perfusion or decreased metabolism, we measured Rb86 clearance which is an index of capillary perfusion; Rb86 is not metabolized. The clearance of Rb86 was decreased by ouabain. Our findings indicate that ouabain not only decreases intestinal blood flow but also decreases intestinal oxygen consumption, probably by constricting precapillary sphincters.
Applications of Surface Characterization Techniques to Glasses

Of particular concern to us* was the analysis of glass, following various manufacturing procedures, for chemical and structural information at the outermost atomic layers and to depths up to 1000 A beneath the surface. Depth profiling on this scale was possible by milling away surface layers with a beam of, for example, argon ions while at the same time monitoring the surface with Auger electron spectroscopy1,2 or other techniques depending on the information desired. Each analytical method is sensitive to a particular characteristic of the surface. Thus, ellipsometry3 has provided a means for observing changes in refractive index in the surface region due to polishing or chemical modification. The more recently developed Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) provides identification of chemical species present at the surface, while electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is particularly for analysis of chemical bonding characteristics4. Infrared spectroscopy as applied to glass corrosion by Hench and collaborators5 and others6 gives information on chemical species and bonding to greater depths, although somewhat less directly. The value of applying a variety of techniques is apparent.
Ultrasonically Guided Amniocentesis in Twin Gestations

In specific clinical situations, antenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders has become a widely used screening device. This is accomplished by amniocentesis. There are certain situations which can turn this relatively simple procedure into a technically difficult one.
Relation of higher-frequency oscillatory activity to white matter changes and to core mechanisms of attention

Voelker et al. discuss the potentially critical role of white matter changes underlying the effects of training. In regard to the specific types of neural activities and processes related to these changes, the authors focus on theta rhythms and the speed of manual response times. However, white matter changes likely affect brain oscillatory activity at multiple frequencies, and recent findings suggest structural connections may be even more important for higher frequency functional connectivity. Furthermore, activity in the gamma frequency range has been implicated in basic mechanisms of attention, and changes in these core processes could underlie improvements across multiple tasks.
Antidepressant-Antianxiety Agents

The complex title of this chapter reflects several basic points about this important class of medicines. They are now the most widely used psychotropic drugs, and even more in general medicine than in psychiatry [171, 384, 576]. Their origins in the 1950s were aimed specifically at a relatively complex group of depressive disorders prior to consolidation and broad acceptance of the concept “major depressive disorder.” Over the past half-century, indications for the use of these nominally “antidepressant” drugs have broadened extraordinarily. Some agents in this category, old and new, could well have been developed primarily as antianxiety agents. Indeed some that are used internationally as antidepressants are approved by the US FDA only for anxiety disorders (e.g., fluvoxamine and milnacipran). The broad use of such drugs includes various types of clinical depression, anxiety-associated disorders, attention disorders, some pain syndromes, and even urinary incontinence.
Sobukwe and the psychosocial

The political writings of Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, like those of Anton Muziwakhe Lembede and Steve Bantu Biko, are shot through with psychological notions (ideas of consciousness, mental emancipation, psychological enslavement, self-realization, the African personality, etc.). The use of such terms is not psychological in a strict disciplinary sense, yet it is nevertheless of crucial psychosocial relevance for a number of reasons. Firstly, such a borrowing of terms necessarily breaks down the partitioning of the psychical and the political. Secondly, by being extracted from the discourse of psychology and subjected to a psychosocial application, these terms are rendered politically operative and put to immediate socio-political use as part of the struggle against white supremacy. Thirdly, the psychological vernacular historically deployed by Sobukwe, Lembede and Biko, effectively called attention to aspects of the struggle not adequately foregrounded by political vocabularies of the time. It was in this way that the aligned discourses of African Nationalism and Black Consciousness as realized in the writings of Sobukwe, Lembede and Biko, sought to overcome an otherwise flawed mode of political resistance – the gradualist, petitioning stance of the African National Congress in the 1950s – with something altogether more radical.
Heart Allocation in the United States Intended and Unintended Consequences

The consequences of our actions are so complicated, so diverse, that predicting the future is a very difficult business indeed. —J.K. Rowling, British Novelist (1965–present) Nearly 20 years ago, clinical leaders in the field of heart transplantation met in Bethesda, Maryland, to address the growing disconnect between the numbers of patients with end-stage heart failure who were listed for cardiac transplant and those who actually received transplants.1 As stated by Dr Norman Shumway in his keynote address to the conference, “The principle issue that stands before us is the donor problem.” The severity of the crisis at the time was reflected in the fact that more patients were listed on any given date than underwent transplantation in the previous year. In an effort to ease the supply-demand mismatch, conference leaders developed objective criteria for candidate listing and prioritization, suggested new strategies to improve survival on the waiting list, and broadened donor selection. Despite these initiatives as well as the intensification of efforts toward public education, the actual number of transplants leveled off and has remained flat for more than a decade.2 Prioritization on the waiting list, however, has continued to evolve. In 1989, a simplified algorithm was implemented with 2 categories for medical urgency, and in 1999, a 3-tiered system (status 1A, 1B, and 2) was approved to address perceptions of unfairness in heart allocation. Most recently, the US allocation system was modified in 2006 to allow broader regional sharing of donor hearts to status 1A and 1B patients before allocating organs to local status 2 patients (Table).3 The primary objective of this algorithm change was to decrease wait-list mortality without effecting a change in posttransplant mortality. Article see p 249 View this table: Table. Initial Sequence of Adult Heart Allocation Over the past decade, there has been a slow, …
Hospitalization for Failure to Thrive: A Prospective Descriptive Report:

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a common symptom leading to hospitalization of children. Most literature describing this population is from 30 years ago. Since that time the hospitalized population has become more medically complex. We aimed to describe children hospitalized for FTT in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. We prospectively collected demographic, anthropometric, evaluation, and outcome data for 92 consecutive children admitted with FTT. The majority of children grew with behavioral interventions alone (primary nonorganic FTT) and had negative evaluation (n = 63). Children with primary organic FTT had longer hospital stays (7 vs 4 days; P < .001) and lower daily weight gain (35 vs 58 g/d; P < .001). Laboratory, radiological, and endoscopic evaluation rarely led to a diagnostic etiology of FTT in hospitalized children. We conclude that children hospitalized with FTT should be observed for weight gain prior to pursuing diagnostic investigation.
Association of surgical quality metrics and hospital-level overall survival for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

206Background: Both negative margins and lymph node yields ≥ 18 from neck dissections in patients with head and neck mucosal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) have been correlated with improved overall survival. It is unclear whether these patient-level metrics are applicable at the hospital level, and what compliance rates hospitals would need to achieve to show an improvement in survival. Methods: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients who underwent primary surgery that included a neck dissection for mucosal SCC of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The percentage of patients at each institution with negative margins on primary resection and lymph node yields ≥ 18 from a neck dissection was quantified. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the association between hospital compliance rates with these metrics and overall survival. Results: There were 65,097 patients at 1,087 hospitals in the NCDB who underwent a neck dissection f...
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Health by Occupation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Among U.S. Workers Aged ≥45 Years.

Introduction Identification of groups with poor cardiovascular health (CVH) can inform where and how to target public health efforts. National prevalence estimates of CVH were derived for clinical (blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure) and behavioral (BMI, diet quality, physical activity, smoking) factors among U.S. workers aged ≥45 years. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included 6,282 employed black and white men and women aged ≥45 years enrolled in the national population-based REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study from 2003 to 2007. Each CVH factor was scored as ideal (2); intermediate (1); or poor (0) according to American Heart Association criteria, and summed to define optimal composite scores: CVH (sum, 10–14); clinical (sum, 5–6); and behavioral (sum, 6–8) health. Occupational data were collected 2011–2013. Analyses were conducted in 2016. Results Only 14% met ideal criteria for all three clinical health factors, and none met ideal criteria for all four behavioral health factors. Sales and low status office workers had a low prevalence of optimal CVH. Service workers in protective services and the food preparation and serving occupations had a low prevalence of optimal clinical health; computer and healthcare support workers had a low prevalence of optimal behavioral health. Conclusions The prevalence of optimal CVH among middle-aged and older workers in the U.S. is low, but considerable differences exist by occupation. Targeted public health interventions may improve the CVH of at-risk older workers with different clinical and behavioral risk factor profiles employed in diverse occupational settings.
Decoupled Affine Computation for SIMT GPUs

This paper introduces a method of decoupling affine computations---a class of expressions that produces extremely regular values across SIMT threads---from the main execution stream, so that the affine computations can be performed with greater efficiency and with greater independence from the main execution stream. This decoupling has two benefits: (1) For compute-bound programs, it significantly reduces the dynamic warp instruction count; (2) for memory-bound workloads, it significantly reduces memory latency, since it acts as a non-speculative prefetcher for the data specified by the many memory address calculations that are affine computations.We evaluate our solution, known as Decoupled Affine Computation (DAC), using GPGPU-sim and a set of 29 GPGPU programs. We find that on average, DAC improves performance by 40% and reduces energy consumption by 20%. For the 11 compute-bound benchmarks, DAC improves performance by 34%, compared with 11% for the previous state-of-the-art. For the 18 memory-bound programs, DAC improves performance by an average of 44%, compared with 16% for state-of-the-art GPU prefetcher.
Effective n-type doping of monolayer MoS 2 by AlO x

Doping of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors often utilizes charge transfer techniques that are not compatible with standard CMOS fabrication and are unstable over time. Sub-stoichiometric oxides have demonstrated stable 2D material doping [1], but often degrade the subthreshold swing (S) and current on/off ratio (I max /I min ) of a device. Here, we demonstrate that AlOx can n-dope monolayer (1L) MoS2 while preserving Imax/Imin and S. The AlO x doping significantly reduces the contact resistance (to 480 Ω·μm) while preserving the mobility (∼34 cm2V−1s−1) and S, ultimately achieving record on-current of 700 μA/μm for a monolayer semiconductor. We also present a model for the effect of interface traps on the transfer characteristics, which explains the experimentally obtained results.
Crime without Punishment: Aspects of the History of Homicide

In this compelling book, Lawrence M. Friedman looks at situations where killing is condemned by law but not by social norms and, therefore, is rarely punished. He shows how penal codes categorize homicides by degree of intent, which are in turn based on society's sense of moral outrage. Despite being officially defined as murder, many homicides have historically gone unpunished. Friedman looks at early vigilante justice, crimes of passion, murder of necessity, mercy killings, and assisted suicides. In his explorations of these unpunished homicides, Friedman probes what these circumstances tell us about conflicts in social and cultural norms, and the interaction of law and society.
Climate Change Impacts on Waterborne Diseases: Moving Toward Designing Interventions

Climate change threatens progress achieved in global reductions of infectious disease rates over recent decades. This review summarizes literature on potential impacts of climate change on waterborne diseases, organized around a framework of questions that can be addressed depending on available data. A growing body of evidence suggests that climate change may alter the incidence of waterborne diseases, and diarrheal diseases in particular. Much of the existing work examines historical relationships between weather and diarrhea incidence, with a limited number of studies projecting future disease rates. Some studies take social and ecological factors into account in considerations of historical relationships, but few have done so in projecting future conditions. The field is at a point of transition, toward incorporating social and ecological factors into understanding the relationships between climatic factors and diarrheal diseases and using this information for future projections. The integration of these components helps identify vulnerable populations and prioritize adaptation strategies.
Variable number of TMC1-dependent mechanotransducer channels underlie tonotopic conductance gradients in the cochlea

Functional mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channels of cochlear hair cells require the presence of transmembrane channel-like protein isoforms TMC1 or TMC2. We show that TMCs are required for normal stereociliary bundle development and distinctively influence channel properties. TMC1-dependent channels have larger single-channel conductance and in outer hair cells (OHCs) support a tonotopic apex-to-base conductance gradient. Each MET channel complex exhibits multiple conductance states in ~50 pS increments, basal MET channels having more large-conductance levels. Using mice expressing fluorescently tagged TMCs, we show a three-fold increase in number of TMC1 molecules per stereocilium tip from cochlear apex to base, mirroring the channel conductance gradient in OHCs. Single-molecule photobleaching indicates the number of TMC1 molecules per MET complex changes from ~8 at the apex to ~20 at base. The results suggest there are varying numbers of channels per MET complex, each requiring multiple TMC1 molecules, and together operating in a coordinated or cooperative manner.
An Advanced Fault Data/Information Presentation in Power Systems.

To help make the power system more reliable huge amount of data generated from different Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) located in substation of power system should be collected, analysed and displayed. Easy way of accessing and viewing recorded data or information obtained through automated analysis is commonly lacking in the existing power systems. Nowadays data and related information presentation is one of the most important requirements in power engineering. Many users find that their work is more efficient when using versatile data/information presentation software. The emphasis in this paper is on implementing user-friendly, device independent data/information presentation with ability for remote access too.
Comprehension of Discourse-Linked and Non-Discourse-Linked Questions by Children and Broca's Aphasics

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the comprehension of discourse-linked and non discourse-linked questions by children and Broca's aphasics. The main goal of this research is to provide a picture of what part of the human language capacity is lost as a result of a specific brain damage. This research deals with the characterization of the patients' linguistic knowledge in terms of a contemporary linguistic theory. It also compares the children's (and aphasics') comprehension of the D-linked and nonD-linked subject and object Wh-questions. There is a clear difference between the D-linked and non-D-linked questions with regard to discourse presupposition. Only nonD-linked Wh-questions move at the level of logical form (LP), which results in the violation of the empty category principle (ECP). D-linked questions do not move at LP and no violation arises. It seems reasonable that the implementation of each linguistic operation is associated with spending a certain amount of resources. As in the case of anything else in the physical world, one might be tempted to use the notion of “energy. The children and Broca's aphasics exhibit some interesting similarities in the pattern of their comprehension errors.
Recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles as an oral vaccine

Viruses that infect cells in the gastrointestinal tract are well suited for examining the immune response to oral delivery of antigen and for exploring the advantages and pitfalls of oral vaccines. Norwalk virus (NV) (family Caliciviridae, genus Calicivirus) causes acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. The NV capsid is composed of 180 copies of a single 58 000 molecular weight protein which spontaneously forms virus-like particles (VLPs) that can be purified in extremely high yields (22mg per 300 ml culture) when produced using the baculovirus expression system. We are testing the potential of these recombinant NV (rNV) particles for use as an oral vaccine by administering them to mice and volunteers. Mice were orally inoculated four times with rNV particles in concentrations ranging from 5 to 500 μg in the absence of adjuvant or from 5 to 200 μg with 10 μg of cholera toxin. Serum IgG and fecal IgA immune responses were monitored. rNV particles were found to be immunogenic when orally given to mice with or without adjuvant. These particles also were safe and immunogenic when orally given to volunteers. These studies show that rNV particles are an excellent model to test the oral delivery of mucosal immunogens in general, and that rNV particles are ideal candidates for vaccine development in particular.
Male-female differences in the onset of heavy drinking episode soon after first full drink in contemporary United States: From early adolescence to young adulthood.

Abstract Background Globally, there is a male excess in the occurrence of heavy drinking once alcoholic beverages are consumed and some new evidence that this ‘gender gap’ might be null among underage drinkers. Here, we estimate age-specific male-female differences in heavy drinking episode (HDE) incidence across the first eight calendar-quarters after first full drink. Methods Study population is non-institutionalized civilians in the United States (2006–2014). Standardized audio computer-assisted self-interviews were used to assess the date of first full drink and the date of first HDE (i.e., 5+ drinks on one occasion) among ∼33,000 12-to-21-year-old newly incident drinkers (all with 1st full drink and HDE evaluated within 24 months of drinking onset). Time-to-HDE survival analyses are used to estimate age-specific male-female ratios in the hazard of HDE onset. Results We found that among early adolescent new drinkers (drinking onset at age 11–14), the newly incident drinking females progress to HDE more quickly than males (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.6). In contrast, male excess risk is observed when drinking starts at or after age 15 years. For underage drinkers, age-specific hazard ratios (HR) depend upon age at first full drink. Conclusions Based on recent survey data from the US, this study’s survival analyses support early adolescent female excess in the onset of HDE. When drinking starts at or after age 15 years, a male excess becomes apparent within two years since first full drink. Future studies may probe any sex-specific mechanisms toward the rapid onset of HDE at different age groups.
At the Intersection of Community Expectancy and Critical Theory: Emerging Perspective to Support Student Needs

ABSTRACTCommunities continue to establish, promote, and monitor the educational outcomes of their citizenry through both explicit and implied norms. Community attributes influence the pursuit of education and level of education completed by individual citizens. The influencers within communities can be attributed to common constructs of communities including formal education bodies, civic agencies, informal associations, religious affiliations, and home life as identified by the Model of Community Expectancy. Although the influence of these common constructs is more understood through recent empirical research, one cannot help but wonder in what ways Critical Theory can be leveraged with this model to further understand community college students’ growth and developmental needs. This manuscript explores how the two can be leveraged to address the norms of community that support or negate education among community college students.
Reviewer Essay: On Publishing SoTL Articles

Excerpt: With its most recent acceptance rate of 11%, IJ-SoTL represents one of the most difficult places to get a manuscript published. These three tips can help move you closer to that 11%:
Towards effective and sustainable disaster risk management in Nepal: challenges and gaps

Geo-hazards, dynamic Himalayan tectonics, high seismicity, predominant soft rock (argillaceous) formations, steep slopes, rugged (high elevation difference) terrain, when mistreated would trigger-disasters. These natural factors exacerbated by unplanned developments together with impacts of global climate change have further scaled-up disasters in Nepal. Common natural disasters in Nepal impacting the livelihoods of the people below poverty are: earthquakes, floods and landslides. The return period of former is longer (+/- 70 years)but catastrophic, e.g. Gorkha-earthquake, while latter ones are recurrent and chaotic. Substantial efforts have been made on disaster risk reductions (DRR) both by the state and non-state organizations. Contributions from sectoral ministries led by the Ministry of Home Affairs are primarily focused to legal provisions, strategies and policies while the departments are mandated to implement sectoral activities through projects and programs. Post Gorkha-earthquake rescue and relief operations demonstrated an exemplary solidarity among national, bilateral and international organizations. Reconstruction works are rather slow and still being continued. Despite substantial DRR efforts, outcomes are not satisfactory to the desired extent, whether it is earthquake or are floods and landslides across the country as per media and public voices reported. This paper aims to analyse some key questions towards effective and sustainable disaster risk management in Nepal against existing challenges and gaps in the backdrop of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030. A theory of change that would help improve effectiveness and sustainability of disaster risk management (DRM) in Nepal is envisioned and discussed
Embracing study heterogeneity for finding genetic interactions in large-scale research consortia

Genetic interactions have been recognized as a potentially important contributor to the heritability of complex diseases. Nevertheless, due to small effect sizes and stringent multiple-testing correction, identifying genetic interactions in complex diseases is particularly challenging. To address the above challenges, many genomic research initiatives collaborate to form large-scale consortia and develop open access to enable sharing of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Despite the perceived benefits of data sharing from large consortia, a number of practical issues have arisen, such as privacy concerns on individual genomic information and heterogeneous data sources from distributed GWAS databases. In the context of large consortia, we demonstrate that the heterogeneously appearing marginal effects over distributed GWAS databases can offer new insights into genetic interactions for which conventional methods have had limited success. In this paper, we develop a novel two-stage testing procedure, named phylogenY-based effect-size tests for interactions using first 2 moments (YETI2), to detect genetic interactions through both pooled marginal effects, in terms of averaging site-specific marginal effects, and heterogeneity in marginal effects across sites, using a meta-analytic framework. YETI2 can not only be applied to large consortia without shared personal information but also can be used to leverage underlying heterogeneity in marginal effects to prioritize potential genetic interactions. We investigate the performance of YETI2 through simulation studies and apply YETI2 to bladder cancer data from dbGaP.
The Escambia Project: An Experiment in Community-Led Legal Design

This article shares observations made during an experimental community-led design project undertaken to identify promising new solutions for civil justice services which low-income Escambia County ...
Fully-coupled Computational Modeling of the Dynamic Response of 1-3 Multiferroic Composite Structures

Abstract In this research, a fully-coupled finite element-based Multiphysics computational study was used to investigate a multiferroic composite structure comprised of a Terfenol-D magnetostrictive cylinder and a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric cylinder in a concentric bilayer configuration. The modeling parameters were carefully selected to address fundamental limitations in previous modeling efforts and accurately capture complex physical phenomena, including magnetic shielding, nonuniform magnetization, and principal strains. The composite structure was subjected to simultaneous stimuli of an AC electric field to actuate the outer PZT cylinder and a bias static magnetic field to activate the inner Terfenol-D cylinder. Composite geometry, configuration, and loading parameters were selected following prior experimental studies to simulate realistic operating conditions of the multiferroic structure, where the latter was used to validate the results of the computational model. The electric, magnetic, and mechanical responses of the multiferroic composite structure were vigorously investigated using the resulting three-dimensional full-field solution. It was found to be well-ordered with previous results, demonstrating the utility of the computational framework in exploiting the performance of the 1-3 multiferroic composite structures. To further elucidate the validity of the results, the experimental results from noncontact spatiotemporal laser vibrometer measurements, collected from a physical composite structure with analogous dimensions, were benchmarked with the simulation results. In all, the overall response of the model was validated with experimental displacement and strain measurements which were found to be in close agreement.
Finding probably best systems quickly via simulations

We propose an indifference-zone approach for a ranking and selection problem with the goal of reducing both the number of simulated samples of the performance and the frequency of configuration changes. We prove that with a prespecified high probability, our algorithm finds the best system configuration. Our proof hinges on several ideas, including the use of Anderson's probability bound, that have not been fully investigated for the ranking and selection problem. Numerical experiments show that our algorithm can select the best system configuration using up to 50p fewer simulated samples than existing algorithms without increasing the frequency of configuration changes.