cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-domain multi-scale problems in high frequency finite element methods

Purpose – This paper aims to present a domain decomposition method to overcome the challenges posed by multi-domain, multi-scale high frequency problems. Design/methodology/approach – A hybrid finite element and boundary integral procedure is also presented that allows for domains to employ different solution methods in different subdomains. Findings – By decomposing large electromagnetic regions into smaller domains, the finite element method can cope with the simulation of electrically large problems. Practical implications – Real life examples demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method. Originality/value – The Robin transmission condition (RTC) is applied to link the domains and preserve field continuity on interfaces.
Water, Human Rights, and Reproductive Justice: Implications for Women in Detroit and Monrovia

Abstract Access to safe water and adequate living standards are recognized as basic health requisites and human rights worldwide. Nevertheless, socially marginalized women across the globe are currently facing threats to safe water access, which has dire implications for their health and that of their children. The City of Detroit, Michigan has recently shut off water services to over 50,000 residences, with low-income and racially marginalized women and their families disproportionately affected. The conditions for many Detroit residents are not unlike those in Monrovia, Liberia, where lack of access to safe water and substandard environments have contributed to the ongoing Ebola epidemic and subsequent maternal and infant mortality. Utilizing a comparative analytic approach rooted in postcolonial feminist theory and intersectionality, our commentary draws parallels between these two timely water, human rights, and reproductive justice crises in Detroit and Monrovia. We explore how public discourse and p...
Defining disease with laser precision: laser capture microdissection in gastroenterology

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is an efficient and precise method for obtaining pure cell populations or specific cells of interest from a given tissue sample. LCM has been applied to animal and human gastroenterology research in analyzing the protein, DNA, and RNA from all organs of the gastrointestinal system. There are numerous potential applications for this technology in gastroenterology research, including malignancies of the esophagus, stomach, colon, biliary tract, and liver. This technology can also be used to study gastrointestinal infections, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, motility, malabsorption, and radiation enteropathy. LCM has multiple advantages when compared with conventional methods of microdissection, and this technology can be exploited to identify precursors to disease, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions.
Hormones, mammary growth, and lactation: a 41-year perspective

When I was a beginning graduate student 41 yr ago it had been established that estrogen caused mammary duct growth; a combination of estrogen and progesterone was required for lobule-alveolar development of the mammary glands; and prolactin and growth hormone were essential for mammary growth. In laboratory species exogenous prolactin, glucocorticoids, and estrogen would initiate secretion of milk provided the mammary glands had a well-developed lobule-alveolar system. It was not known with certainty that progesterone inhibited the process. For some species, prolactin and thyroxine had been shown to stimulate lactation, while glucocorticoids suppressed lactation. Definitive roles for growth hormone and insulin during lactation had not been established. Studies of hormonal control of mammary growth and function in cattle were few. In vitro methods to study hormonal regulation of the mammary glands were in their infancy. Quantitative measures of changes in mammary cell numbers and specific components of milk in response to hormones were rare. The concepts for quantification of hormone concentrations, hormone receptors, growth factors, and binding proteins in blood; hormonal regulation of nutrient partitioning; and hormonally induced mechanisms of action within mammary cells were waiting to be discovered. And eventually they were. However, lest we become too enamored with our current understanding of the hormones that control mammary growth and lactation, it remains a fact that the greatest physiological stimulus for milk yield is pregnancy, not some cocktail of exogenous hormones, growth factors, receptor agonists/ antagonists, or gene therapies. Viva la mom!
Death of a toddler due to ingestion of sulfuric acid at a clandestine home methamphetamine laboratory.

Exposure to strong acids such as sulfuric acid to either the skin or the gastrointestinal or respiratory mucosa will result respectively in significant—occasionally fatal—cutaneous chemical burns as well as devastating corrosive damage to the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Most injuries are accidental, but there are reports of using acids as weapons or as a means of suicide. The primary mechanism of acid injury is coagulative necrosis of the tissues. Sulfuric acid is a chemical often used in industrial and chemical laboratories, and it is an ingredient in household products like drain cleaner. Easily accessible, over-the-counter, household drain cleaner is one of several common materials used to manufacture methamphetamine. With increasing clandestine methamphetamine laboratories in the United States, exposure to methamphetamine and the toxic chemicals used for its production is a growing problem. In many instances, children living in these laboratories qua homes are at risk for injury and death. We report the death of an unattended toddler, who ingested sulfuric acid drain cleaner in his home. The gross and histopathological autopsy findings in this case are similar to those of previously described cases of sulfuric acid injury
Soviet Progress in Thermomechanical Treatment of Metals

Soviet efforts in thermomechanical treatments (TMT) have continued unabated during the last decade. The predominant strengthening mechanisms have been firmly established and procedures for simplifying the processing requirements have been developed. Substructural stabilization and hereditary treatments have received particular attention. Pilot plant and some production processing by TMT have been reported, though the type of end items involved has not substantially changed from earlier years. The typical applications involve processing of small volumes, while the TMT of large complex components is still not technically feasible. There are a number of small, simple components that have been successfully processed and evaluated in service. Surface hardening, particularly by roller burnishing, is one technological area where a wide range of specific hardware has been TMT processed. The background developed in all phases of TMT should enable Soviet designers to incorporate TMT into less publicized applications, as in military or aviation hardware, where the increased costs inevitably associated with TMT can be better tolerated.
A Communicative Theory of the Firm: Developing an Alternative Perspective on Intra-organizational Power and Stakeholder Relationships

Existing theories of the firm exhibit significant shortcomings when questions turn to intra-organizational power and extra-organizational relationships — two issues central to understanding firm operations. Here I advance an alternative view, founded on the Montreal School of organizational communication's conception of conversation—text relations, yet extending it in several ways. In developing a communicative theory of the firm, I highlight the functions of, and relations between, `concrete' and `figurative' texts, paying particular attention to their participation in the construction of an authoritative (yet never monolithic) system for cooriented and distributed action. Using examples drawn from struggles over power, strategy, and organizational form at GM, I show that seeing the firm in textual terms presents a very different view of its operations. Doing so, portrays individuals and collectives as engaging in sophisticated games where firms marshal consent and attract capital through textually media...
Drop Impingement on Wet and Dry Surfaces

2 creates a need for a heat transfer design model which incorporates enough physical detail to yield accurate predictions while being sufficiently simplified to allow its use in routine design computations. The spray cooling group at West Virginia University is pursuing a coordinated program of laboratory experiments and computational simulations to develop a Monte Carlo-based spray cooling model that will satisfy this requirement. This paper reports progress in both the laboratory and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) phases of this study, including comparisons between single droplet impact results at We values of 161 and 633 to validate the CFD simulations and experimental measurements. A key goal of the present work is to determine the thickness of the thin liquid layer remaining in the crater formed when a liquid droplet impacts a surface covered by a preexisting liquid film. The volume of liquid in this thin liquid film in the droplet impact crater is one factor that will influence the onset of critical heat flux (CHF). Based on the present data the preexisting static film thickness is observed to have more of an effect than the initial drop parameters on the minimum liquid volume under the crater, but the crater lifetime depends on the initial drop conditions. The comparisons between experiments and simulations for these two cases show promise, but more refinement in experimental and computational technique are needed to achieve more consistent determinations of the volume of liquid under a crater.
Explaining Return Times for Wildfires

Our interest is in analyzing fire regimes in the Mediterranean ecosystem in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa (CFR). With this objective, we consider an extensive database of observed fires with high-resolution meteorological data during the period 1980–2000 to build a novel survival model. The model is constructed as a time-to-event specification incorporating space- and time-varying covariates along with spatial random effects. With data at grid cell level, conditionally autoregressive (CAR) modeling is used for the spatial random effects. However, areal sampling is very irregular, yielding disjoint sets of areal units. Hence, disappointingly, the spatial model does not improve upon the nonspatial version. Results regarding the covariates reveal an important influence of seasonally anomalous weather on fire probability, with increased probability of fire in seasons that are warmer and drier than average. In addition to these local-scale influences, the Antarctic Ocean Oscillation (AAO) is identi...
The Basic Stereochemical Problems

In qualitative theory of the FO-PMO type, simplifying approximations have led to a rather simplistic view of highly complex problems. At the level of qualitative MOVB theory, complexity represents a welcome challenge. In preparing to meet this challenge, we must now recognize the different types of bonding situations one is apt to encounter in a wide variety of chemical problems and investigate them in detail. In order to do so, we must first examine the consequences of geometrical and constitutional changes on the orbital interactions within the substrate. What orbital interactions are triggered or suppressed as a linear molecule bends, as rotation about a bond takes place, as one geometric isomer is converted to the other, or, as the orientation of approach of one system towards another is changed? These are the questions which must be answered before we can formulate a general theory of the chemical bond.
L'Emploi du temps: Diderot et Rousseau lecteurs de Sénèque

L’ancien questionnement philosophique sur le bon emploi du temps, que l’on trouve notamment developpe dans les protreptiques (exhortations a la philosophie) de l’anti-quite, est repris de maniere peu orthodoxe par Diderot dans son Essai sur les regnes de Claude et de Neron (1782), a propos du texte de Seneque De la brievete de la vie : alors que Seneque prone de facon toute classique que le bon emploi du temps coincide avec le retrait dans la solitude pour s’employer a la philosophie, Diderot declare vouloir donner son temps a qui le reclame et le compter pour rien. Nous envisagerons cette prise de position a la lumiere de la querelle qui avait oppose Diderot a Rousseau sur la question de la sociabilite et de la solitude: Rousseau se montre proche de Seneque, il est jaloux de son temps, c’est la seule chose dont on puisse etre avare; Diderot, lui, en est prodigue, il l’offre a qui le demande. A travers cette divergence se pose la question de la place du philosophe et de la philosophie dans la societe: comment mesurer ce qui appartient a l’individu et ce qui appartient au groupe?
Effect of Annealing on Extraordinary Hall Effects in Sputtered Granular Cu $_80$ Co $_20$ Thin Films

The work focuses on the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) properties of annealed Cu80Co20 thin films by examining the magneto-transport in a series of thin films with vol.20% Co annealed at various temperatures. The films were sputtered on Si at base pressures below 1.5 times 10-7 Torr. Thinner films of 40 nm were made for Hall effect measurements while thicker films of 105 nm were made for magnetic measurements. These films were patterned into standard Hall bars followed by subsequent ex-situ annealing in vacuum chamber at temperatures ranging from 100 to 500degC for 60 minutes. The SQUID magnetometer was used to measure magnetic susceptibilities (chi-T) versus temperature, followed by magnetic hystereses (M-H) in a cyclic field ranging from -5.0 to +5.0 Tesla at 10 and 300 K. The magneto-transport was measured in a magneto-measurement system in a cyclic field ranging from -8.00 to +8.00 Tesla.
Preparation and characterization of the E168Q site-directed mutant of yeast enolase 1.

Yeast has two enolase isozymes (called 1 and 2), either of which suffices for growth. We cloned DNA encoding the enolase 1 protein coding and promoter regions flanked by BamHI termini using the PCR. The DNA, which contained no nucleotide base changes altering the protein sequence, was cloned into the multicopy shuttle vector pRS314 and transformed into a yeast strain with a deletion in its enolase 1 gene. The resulting plasmid-containing strain makes enolase 1 in quantities which depend on cell growth. A ‘charge shuttle’ mechanism of action of enolase based on X-ray crystallographic evidence (Lebioda and Stec, Biochemistry 30 : 2817, 1991) involves Glu-168 accepting a proton from a water molecule that in turn accepts a proton from a carbon-2 of the substrate. We prepared the E168Q mutant of enolase 1 by oligonucleotide-directed site-directed mutagenesis. Its identity was confirmed by N-terminal sequence analysis, HPLC on Superose 12, SDS-gel electrophoresis, and the sequence of the mutated DNA protein-coding region. The E168Q mutant has approximately 0.01% of the activity of native enolase. It binds substrate/product, AEP (3-aminoenolpyruvate-2-phosphate, the 3-amino analogue of the product phosphoenolpyruvate) and TSP (D-tartronate semialdehyde-2-phosphate, the aldehyde analogue of the substrate 2-phosphoglycerate), the latter two at least with affinities similar to those of the native enzyme. The E168Q enolase also produces absorbance changes in the analogues. The reaction with AEP is consistent with the ‘charge shuttle’ mechanism; the reaction with TSP, which presumably requires proton removal from carbon-2, is complex but shows a very slow phase consistent with expectations. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic modification of fetal baboon hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase following exposure to moderately reduced nutrient availability

Decreased maternal nutrient availability during pregnancy induces compensatory fetal metabolic and endocrine responses. Knowledge of cellular changes involved is critical to understanding normal and abnormal development. Several studies in rodents and sheep report increased fetal plasma cortisol and associated increased gluconeogenesis in response to maternal nutrient reduction (MNR) but observations in primates are lacking. We determined MNR effects on fetal liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (protein, PEPCK1; gene, PCK1 orthologous/homologous human chromosomal region 20q13.31) at 0.9 gestation (G). Female baboon social groups were fed ad libitum (control, CTR) or 70% CTR (MNR) from 0.16 to 0.9G when fetuses were delivered by caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Plasma cortisol was elevated in fetuses of MNR mothers (P < 0.05). Immunoreactive PEPCK1 protein was located around the liver lobule central vein and was low in CTR fetuses but rose to 63% of adult levels in MNR fetuses. PCK1 mRNA measured by QRT-PCR increased in MNR (2.3-fold; P < 0.05) while the 25% rise in protein by Western blot analysis was not significant. PCK1 promoter methylation analysis using bisulfite sequencing was significantly reduced in six out of nine CpG-dinucleotides evaluated in MNR compared with CTR liver samples. In conclusion, these are the first data from a fetal non-human primate indicating hypomethylation of the PCK1 promoter in the liver following moderate maternal nutrient reduction.
Crystallographic studies of the Escherichia coli quinol-fumarate reductase with inhibitors bound to the quinol-binding site.

The quinol-fumarate reductase (QFR) respiratory complex of Escherichia coli is a four-subunit integral-membrane complex that catalyzes the final step of anaerobic respiration when fumarate is the terminal electron acceptor. The membrane-soluble redox-active molecule menaquinol (MQH(2)) transfers electrons to QFR by binding directly to the membrane-spanning region. The crystal structure of QFR contains two quinone species, presumably MQH(2), bound to the transmembrane-spanning region. The binding sites for the two quinone molecules are termed Q(P) and Q(D), indicating their positions proximal Q(P)) or distal (Q(D)) to the site of fumarate reduction in the hydrophilic flavoprotein and iron-sulfur protein subunits. It has not been established whether both of these sites are mechanistically significant. Co-crystallization studies of the E. coli QFR with the known quinol-binding site inhibitors 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide and 2-[1-(p-chlorophenyl)ethyl] 4,6-dinitrophenol establish that both inhibitors block the binding of MQH(2) at the Q(P) site. In the structures with the inhibitor bound at Q(P), no density is observed at Q(D), which suggests that the occupancy of this site can vary and argues against a structurally obligatory role for quinol binding to Q(D). A comparison of the Q(P) site of the E. coli enzyme with quinone-binding sites in other respiratory enzymes shows that an acidic residue is structurally conserved. This acidic residue, Glu-C29, in the E. coli enzyme may act as a proton shuttle from the quinol during enzyme turnover.
Arm-domain interactions in AraC.

N-terminal deletions extending beyond the sixth amino acid of the Escherichia coli regulator of the l-arabinose operon, AraC, were found to generate constitutive regulatory behavior of the promoter pBAD. Mutagenesis of the DNA coding for the first 20 amino acids of the protein and screening for constitutives yielded mutants across the region whereas screening for mutants that cannot induce pBAD, even in the presence of arabinose, yielded none. These results indicate that the N-terminal arm is not essential for transcription activation, but that it plays an important and active role in holding the system in a non-activating state. Despite the fact that arabinose binds to the N-terminal domain of AraC, mutations were found in the C-terminal domain that weaken the binding of arabinose to the protein. The effects of the mutations could be suppressed by specific mutation in the N-terminal arm or by deletion of the arm. These results, in conjunction with the crystal structures of the N-terminal domain determined in the presence and absence of arabinose, indicate that in the absence of arabinose, the N-terminal arms of the protein bind to the C-terminal DNA binding domains to hold them in a state where the protein prefers to loop. When arabinose is added, the arms are pulled off the C-terminal domains, thereby releasing them to bind to adjacently located DNA half-sites and activate transcription.
Accurate Homologous Recombination Is a Prominent Double-Strand Break Repair Pathway in Mammalian Chromosomes and Is Modulated by Mismatch Repair Protein Msh2

We designed DNA substrates to study intrachromosomal recombination in mammalian chromosomes. Each substrate contains a thymidine kinase (tk) gene fused to a neomycin resistance (neo) gene. The fusion gene is disrupted by an oligonucleotide containing the 18-bp recognition site for endonuclease I-SceI. Substrates also contain a “donor” tk sequence that displays 1% or 19% sequence divergence relative to the tk portion of the fusion gene. Each donor serves as a potential recombination partner for the fusion gene. After stably transfecting substrates into mammalian cell lines, we investigated spontaneous recombination and double-strand break (DSB)-induced recombination following I-SceI expression. No recombination events between sequences with 19% divergence were recovered. Strikingly, even though no selection for accurate repair was imposed, accurate conservative homologous recombination was the predominant DSB repair event recovered from rodent and human cell lines transfected with the substrate containing sequences displaying 1% divergence. Our work is the first unequivocal demonstration that homologous recombination can serve as a major DSB repair pathway in mammalian chromosomes. We also found that Msh2 can modulate homologous recombination in that Msh2 deficiency promoted discontinuity and increased length of gene conversion tracts and brought about a severalfold increase in the overall frequency of DSB-induced recombination.
Differential effects of ethanol on signal transduction.

Background: PC12 pheochromocytoma cells were used as a model to study the effect of long-term ethanol exposure on signal transduction systems. In PC12 cells, the agonist bradykinin stimulates a phospholipase C specific for inositol-containing phospholipids and a phospholipase D specific for phosphatidylcholine. Methods: PC12 cells were grown in monolayer and cultured in the presence and absence of 1% ethanol for 5 days. After this period, bradykinin-stimulated phospholipase C and D were measured. The effect of long-term ethanol on the bradykinin-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was also measured. Results: In cells exposed to 1% ethanol for 5 days, bradykinin-stimulated phospholipase D was greatly attenuated, whereas bradykinin-stimulated phospholipase C was not altered. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, blocked the bradykinin-mediated activation of phospholipase D but did not affect the stimulation of phospholipase C. However, long-term ethanol treatment did not attenuate the ability of bradykinin to activate MAP kinase, which suggests that ethanol did not have a general effect on all tyrosine kinase pathways. Conclusions: Ethanol has a differential effect on signal transduction in PC12 cells. Activation of phospholipase D may be mediated by a kinase, whereas the activation of phospholipase C is probably mediated by the guanine nucleotide binding protein, Gq. Because of these differences in activation mechanism, the pathways may adapt differently to long-term exposure to ethanol.
Global Governmentality and graduated sovereignty: National belonging among poor migrants in ecuador

Abstract Questions about the transformation of governance and national identity are being re‐examined in the context of contemporary economic globalisation. Scholars are debating the ways in which globalisation is reworking national identities through the shifting of economic governance away from ‘... the territorially defined boundaries of the nation‐state ... [and into] “unbundled” space for which there is not yet a name’ (Gupta, 1998: 321). Much of the work that has examined these questions of national identity and belonging under globalisation have emphasised questions of mobility, memory and identity in diasporic communities. In this paper, by contrast, I work with economic migrants within Ecuador to emphasise how contemporary globalisation processes reach inside national territories and work to reconstitute and reinvigorate pre‐existing social hierarchies and spatial identities. I develop these arguments in the context of Ecuador's economic crisis of the last two decades, drawing on in‐depth intervi...
Effect of Dietary Pectin on Iron Absorption and Turnover in the Rat

The influence of dietary pectin on iron absorption and retention was studied in rats. Basal diet with low and normal iron levels were fed with and without addition of 2% citrus pectin. After 40 days rats were fasted for 24 hours and were given 59Fe in dilute HCl with or without 2% pectin by gavage. Whole-body counting techniques were employed to monitor 59Fe absorption and turnover. Rats maintained on low iron diet absorbed and retained a much higher proportion of 59Fe than rats maintained on normal level of iron. Dietary pectin at the level fed in this study had no influence on iron uptake and/or turnover in rats.
Infestations of Boll Weevils in Isolated Plots of Cotton 10 Texas, 1960-69

Studies of infestation patterns of overwintered and summer-generations of Anthonomus grandis Boheman were carried out in Texas from 1960 to 1969 in isolated plots of cotton. Movement of overwintered insects to the plots was detected from the last week in May until late June. Generally, a period of peak infestation was noted. Peaks were not related to rainfall or to ground-litter temperatures. During 1967, dispersal of the summer generation began in late June and increased as the summer progressed. The greatest dispersal during 1967, 1968, and 1969 occurred from mid-August until well into September. Dispersal also was monitored during 1968 and 1969 using traps baited with male boll weevils. Findings were similar to data recorded in the plots. Observations of dissected overwintered weevils collected in the plots showed that diapause had been terminated by the time of collection. Mature eggs appeared as the first squares formed. Observations of dissected summer- and fall-generation weevils from plots and traps indicated that both reproductive and diapausing individuals disperse.
Co-expression of the tobacco anthranilate synthase β subunit with its feedback-insensitive α subunit as a selectable marker that also markedly increases the free tryptophan content

Anthranilate synthase (AS), a tetramer consisting of two α subunits and two β subunits, is the key control enzyme in the tryptophan (Trp) biosynthesis pathway. A naturally occurring α subunit of AS called ASA2 that is insensitive to Trp feedback inhibition was isolated from a tobacco suspension cell culture and has been extensively studied and used for both nuclear and plastid transformation. However, the obligate β subunit of AS had not been studied in tobacco. Therefore, the tobacco AS β subunit-encoding cDNA was cloned and its encoded protein was verified. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco plants was performed, under the selection of the toxic Trp analogs, 7-methyltryptophan or α-methyltryptophan, with a construct containing both ASA2 and AS β subunit genes. Many transgenic plants overexpressing both subunits were identified and examined. Compared to the wild-type plants, the transgenic plants had higher levels of enzymatic activities for both holoenzyme and α subunit. The transgenic plants had 9 to 68 times the amount of free Trp as the wild-type plants, which was more pronounced than plants overexpressing ASA2 alone. This study demonstrates the potential of co-expressing AS α and β subunits as a robust plant transformation system as well as overcoming feedback inhibition to obtain high levels of Trp biosynthesis.
A Case of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Healthy Active Duty Marine

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is an uncommon disorder that can lead to small bowel obstructions or perforations. Typical populations include young females with anorexia. However, there have been a few reports of healthy males with acute vomiting reported to have SMA syndrome. Our case report highlights an active duty Marine who developed SMA syndrome and the importance of recognizing this disease given the severity in delay of diagnosis in population of young healthy active duty members.
Open Educational Resources

One particular topic likely on the minds of many university faculty, staff, and administrators starting a new academic year is budgets. While budget constraints are nothing new to libraries, many a...
Confirming the Need for Individual Accommodations for Students with Learning Disabilities

College and university officials are seeking efficient methods for determining and documenting the accommodation needs of students with disabilities. Unfortunately, without information about the student's underlying intrinsic processing deficits, many educators are providing ineffective accommodation plans. Using the Learning Disabilities Diagnostic Inventory, we examined the accommodation needs of students with learning disabilities being served in a fee-for-service learning disabilities program. We found that postsecondary students with learning disabilities have a variety of intrinsic processing deficits. We document the necessity for student-specific accommodations based on processing deficits, promote student self-advocacy, and discuss the role of advisors in assisting students.
Heme versus Non-Heme Iron-Nitroxyl {FeN(H)O}8 Complexes: Electronic Structure and Biologically Relevant Reactivity

ConspectusResearchers have completed extensive studies on heme and non-heme iron-nitrosyl complexes, which are labeled {FeNO}7 in the Enemark-Feltham notation, but they have had very limited success in producing corresponding, one-electron reduced, {FeNO}8 complexes where a nitroxyl anion (NO−) is formally bound to an iron(II) center. These complexes, and their protonated iron(II)-NHO analogues, are proposed key intermediates in nitrite (NO2–) and nitric oxide (NO) reducing enzymes in bacteria and fungi. In addition, HNO is known to have a variety of physiological effects, most notably in the cardiovascular system. HNO may also serve as a signaling molecule in mammals. For these functions, iron-containing proteins may mediate the production of HNO and serve as receptors for HNO in vivo. In this Account, we highlight recent key advances in the preparation, spectroscopic characterization, and reactivity of ferrous heme and non-heme nitroxyl (NO–/HNO) complexes that have greatly enhanced our understanding of...
Solving the Cloud Computing Impasse with MBaaS (Abstract Only)

Students raised on tablets and smart phones have a lot of expectations: data that is instantly available on all of their devices; social media integration so they can share that data with their friends; and push notifications, so that responses from their friends get the attention that they deserve. Unfortunately, the vendor-specific technologies required to make this magic happen are daunting, to put it mildly, well beyond the scope of a beginning mobile computing course. However, the last 2 years has seen the emergence of a new technology, Mobile Backend as a Service (MBaaS), that is vendor-agnostic and suitable for novice developers. This workshop will provide a hands-on introduction to this technology. Participants will be provided source code for Pigs Ahoy!, an implementation of the famed dice game Pig that lacks cloud storage and social media integration. During the course of the workshop, participants will add that functionality, and in the process of doing so, acquire a sufficiently detailed knowledge of MBaaS that they can confidently incorporate it into their classes.Because MBaaS is vendor-agnostic, participants may work on either iOS or Android versions of Pigs Ahoy!: full instructions will be provided in both Swift and Java, as well as snapshots of Pigs Ahoy! at various stages of completion, so that no one need fear being left behind. There are multiple MBaaS providers, and they offer similar capabilities and approaches. We will concentrate on the most popular, parse.com.
New Frontiers of Investigation in Social Attention

It has been 50 years since the term social attention was coined to refer to a special form of social awareness signaled by physical proximity, head and body orientation to conspecifics, and dynamic gaze. Since then the research in social attention has undergone substantial changes in direction, largely driven by developments in technology and scientific methods, as well as the emergence of new disciplines such as cognitive and social neuroscience. In this book we celebrate these advances over the past 50 years, and feature research that spans mature and developing neurotypical humans, as well as individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Behavioral methods such as eye tracking give unique insights into the behavior of preverbal humans, and measurements of brain activity (ascertained either neurophysiologically or hemodynamically) have allowed investigations into how social attention is deployed in developing and mature human subjects. The field appears to be currently experiencing a paradigm shift in experimentation, with more investigators trying to use ecologically valid stimuli and naturalistic tasks. Important differences in results between standard, static traditional laboratory-based tasks and these new approaches are examined and compared. Importantly, these new research directions have implications for our understanding of disorders of social cognition.
Momentum transfer Monte Carlo model for the simulation of laser speckle contrast imaging(Conference Presentation)

Laser speckle imaging (LSI) enables measurement of relative blood flow in microvasculature and perfusion in tissues. To determine the impact of tissue optical properties and perfusion dynamics on speckle contrast, we developed a computational simulation of laser speckle contrast imaging. We used a discrete absorption-weighted Monte Carlo simulation to model the transport of light in tissue. We simulated optical excitation of a uniform flat light source and tracked the momentum transfer of photons as they propagated through a simulated tissue geometry. With knowledge of the probability distribution of momentum transfer occurring in various layers of the tissue, we calculated the expected laser speckle contrast arising with coherent excitation using both reflectance and transmission geometries. We simulated light transport in a single homogeneous tissue while independently varying either absorption (.001-100mm^-1), reduced scattering (.1-10mm^-1), or anisotropy (0.05-0.99) over a range of values relevant to blood and commonly imaged tissues. We observed that contrast decreased by 49% with an increase in optical scattering, and observed a 130% increase with absorption (exposure time = 1ms). We also explored how speckle contrast was affected by the depth (0-1mm) and flow speed (0-10mm/s) of a dynamic vascular inclusion. This model of speckle contrast is important to increase our understanding of how parameters such as perfusion dynamics, vessel depth, and tissue optical properties affect laser speckle imaging.
Calculation of Electric Field Distribution Along Composite Insulator and Design of Grading Ring of HVDC Converter Valve

Converter valve is the core equipment of HVDC converter station,therefore calculation of the electric field surrounding conductors in high potential area and the surface of insulators is the key to optimal insulation design of converter valve under a small margin of safety.Many of the typical structures in the converter valve such as insulators,thyristors,etc.,can be reduced to 2D model,and calculation in the 2D electric field is fast and accurate.In this paper,the 2D and 3D electric field example was calculated separately,it was found that the constrained boundary electric field equation is more accurate than the ANSYS in the 2D field.Then,the surface electric field of a converter valve' insulator was calculated with the constrained boundary electric field equation in axisymmetric 2D field,and the equalizing ring was designed as well.The electric field of insulator fitting's surface reduced from 7.55 kV/mm to 2.87 kV/mm,and the electric field along insulator reduced from 1.93 kV/mm to 0.9 kV/mm.Finally,the checksum calculation of the equalizing ring size was carried out in the complex 3D model,and results show that the method proposed in this paper is reliable and practical for the electric field calculation of DC convertor valve's insulator surface and optimal design of the equalizing ring.
Analysis of temporal and spatial clustering of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome cases in Henan Province in 2010

The purpose was to analyse the temporal and spatial clustering of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)cases in Henan Province in 2010.The HFRS data in day and county levels in Henan Province in 2010 was sorted and fitted by Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution.The clustering parameter k was calculated by maximum likelihook method.In the fitting of temporal distribution and theoretical distribution,the χ2 value of Poisson distribution was 51.251 9(P0.05).The χ2 value of negative binomial distribution was 0.414 3,k=0.561 3(P0.05).In the fitting of spatial distribution and theoretical distribution,the χ2 value of Poisson distribution was 67.121 3(P0.05).The χ2 value of negative binomial distribution was 7.254 3,k=0.845 5(P0.05).The temporal and spatial distribution of HFRS cases in day level and county level fitted negative binomial distribution and presented the temporal and spatial clustering in Henan Province in 2010.
The use of an information system architecture modeling tool in the development of disease management systems.

UNLABELLED A Disease Management System (DMS) refers to an integrated healthcare delivery system that provides patient centered care throughout the course of the disease independent of delivery site. A fundamental barrier for the development, implementation and monitoring of a DMS is lack of an appreciation by care providers of the complexity of these systems, and what is required for their maintenance. Foremost in the development of these systems is the presence of information systems that attempt to deal with the temporal, spatial and information needs of the DMS. PURPOSE The Zachman Framework for Information Systems Architecture is used in many industries in the development of information systems. Its choice is based on the recognition of a need for a methodology in the conceptualization and modeling of complex information systems. This paper provides a brief overview of the Zachman Framework and its potential application in DMS development. In particular it will be the focus on the need for "perspective" clarification as the first step in the development of such complex systems. RESULTS This paper reviews DMS and their potential information needs. The clarification of "perspectives" provides a method toward team building and unification of purpose by decreasing conflict and recognizing the unique contributions that each perspective holder makes.
Interference suppression using knowledge-aided subarray pattern synthesis

Phased array systems often subarray many antenna elements into far fewer digitized channels. While having more degrees of freedom (DOF) yields better performance, adding channels to create more digital DOF increases system cost and data throughput requirements. A subarray itself constitutes a phased array with as many DOF as it has antenna element weights. Typically, only one degree of freedom is specified to steer the maximum gain direction of the subarray pattern. For typical antenna geometries a single subarray will provide many more spatial DOF than there are digitized channels. The inherent DOF of the subarrays could be used to mitigate selected interference signals with the subarray pattern if the antenna manifold, the angle of arrival (AOA), and the power of interference sources at the array face are known (i.e., Knowledge-Aided (KA)). The AOA and power estimates can then be used to synthesize an adapted subarray pattern to null interference, preserving digital DOF for other purposes. Simulations are used to illustrate the implementation for a simple antenna scenario.
Attitudes toward shale oil development in western North Dakota: The role of place based community values in attitude formation

Abstract Shale oil development can bring great reward to a community with greater opportunity, but also poses challenges to longtime community members, policy makers, businesses, and newcomers. Key to solving these challenges in a way that maximizes stakeholder interest is identifying the various place based community values and the attitudes of the stakeholders towards development. This article explicates the values and the concomitant attitudes, their interconnections, and their groundings in a detailed manner that provides a broader understanding of place based community values in a rural setting and how a transformative event such as shale oil development affects such values. This article also explicates the interconnections between the place based community values and three of the most frequently researched place conceptions: sense of place, attachment to place, and dependence on place. The findings clearly provide qualitative evidence to show that attitudes emerge on the basis of one’s perceived expectations or evaluations about how development affects the particular things that people value. Implications of community values and attitudes on planning and decision making are discussed. Findings of this article suggest three implications for shaping community strategies to handle community impacts of shale oil development: (1) improve feeling of safety and security through investment in public services; (2) establish and enhance social support groups; and (3) enhance sense of unity and togetherness through better community integration strategies.
Electrochemical Modification of Superconductive Oxides

The electrochemical potential between highly electropositive cations and conductive oxides has been the basis for numerous electrochemical batteries (Li/MnCO2, Li/V2O5). A new cell, based on the superconductive oxide, YBa2Cu3Ox, as a cathode and lithium as an anode, has been developed. The cell exhibited high open-circuit voltage (2.8 volts) and long-term loaded voltage stability under low drain conditions at room temperature. The cell was discharged four months before destructive analysis. Room temperature operation was initially performed due to the use of a liquid electrolyte.
Albert Einstein Attacks the Problem “Are Atoms Real?” from Every Angle: Solving a Centuries-Old Riddle in Seven Different Ways Can Finally Resolve It

The first and most influential discoveries of Albert Einstein’s early years were published as a series of papers inferring the size of atoms from the Brownian motion of microscopic particles. After tracing the historical development of the theory of atoms, this chapter will describe Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion and show how it leads to the weight of an atom. Einstein expanded this work with several other methods leading to the determination of Avogadro’s number. Short descriptions of his work on special relativity, the photoelectric effect, and general relativity are also included.
First experiments with rue automated deduction

RUE resolution represents a reformulation of binary resolution so that the basic rules of inference (RUE and NRF) incorporate the axioms of equality. An RUE theorem prover has been implemented and experimental results indicate that this method represents a significant advance in the handling of equality in resolution.
Tolerance to Access-Point Failures in Dependable Wireless Local-Area Networks

In one of the modes of operation defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard, mobile stations are connected to a wired network via an access-point that serves as a bridge between the wireless and the wired networks. If an access-point fails, then, all of the mobile stations connected to a wired network via the access-point can lose connectivity. In this paper, we address the problem of enhancing the dependability of wireless networks by focusing on tolerating access-point failures. We develop and evaluate a new fault-detection approach, based on signal-to-noise ratio, that promises to be more effective than heartbeats. We also describe and compare three techniques to recover from access-point failures in 802.11 wireless networks.
How Much Evaluation of the Airway Is Essential Prior to Anesthesia

With the availability of advanced airway management devices and algorithms, airway assessment for difficult laryngoscopy and intubation may be considered less important by some clinicians. Inability of any airway assessment test to provide absolute prediction of difficulty further decreases the importance of airway evaluation. However, proper evaluation of the airway aids in planning the appropriate technique to be used and thus reduce the likelihood of complications such as aspiration, airway obstruction and airway trauma during airway intervention.
The Use of a pH Meter for Bacterial Screening of Whole Blood Platelets.

Since March 2004 the American Association of Blood Banks has required blood collection and transfusion services to have in place measures that limit and detect bacterial contamination of platelet products. At our institution we employ a pH meter to screen all whole blood platelets (WBP) at time of issue. A pH of less than 7.0 is considered a failure and the unit is quarantined and cultured. We undertook a large scale study to establish the rate of pH screening failure and rate of culture positivity of WBP. We studied a representative sample of such units for various laboratory parameters to establish the cause of the pH failure. The number of WBP subjected to pH testing between May and July 2004 was 21,751 and there were 305 failures (1.40%). The average age of the WBPs that failed pH screening was 4.6 days and the average pH was 6.57. The relationship between platelet age and rate of pH failure is shown in the Table. All WBP units that failed the pH screen were cultured; during the study period four culture-positive WBP units were identified (1.3%); in one case S. aureus was isolated from the WBP unit after 4.0 hours of culture and was also identified in the associated RBC unit after 45.6 hours. Diptheroids, coagulase negative Staphylococcus and B. subtilis were isolated from the other three culture positive WBP units however, as the accompanying RBCs remained sterile they were suspected to be contaminants. A series of 38 WBPs that failed pH testing during the study period were evaluated for platelet and WBC concentration and found to have an average WBC and PLT concentration of 2.6x103/mm3 and 1371.0x103/mm3 respectively. The WBC concentration among the WBPs that failed pH screening was more than double the concentration of the WBPs that had acceptable pH (1.2x103/mm3, p=0.005). Additionally, the units that failed pH testing contained approximately 15% more platelets than those WBP units with acceptable pH (1189.6x103/mm3, p<0.05). Our experience with pH screening of WBPs at time of issue revealed a 1.3% bacterial contamination rate of WBPs that failed pH screening. The remaining units that failed pH screening are likely attributable to significantly higher WBC and PLT concentrations. The pH screening method lacks specificity in evaluating bacterial contamination of WBPs. Relationship of WBP age and pH failure | Age of WBP (days) | % of total WBP issued | % of pH failures | Rate of pH failure by age (%) | |:----------------- | --------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------------- | | 2 | 8.9 | 1.6 | 0.3 | | 3 | 16.3 | 5.6 | 0.5 | | 4 | 30.3 | 23 | 1.1 | | 5 | 44.3 | 70 | 2.2 |