cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of the migraine attack.

Migraine is a chronic condition of recurring attacks of transient focal neurologic symptoms, headache, or both. The headache is so intense that it interferes with the physical ability to function, sometimes necessitating bed rest, and it interferes with the functioning of other systems in the body, resulting in a plethora of associated symptoms. This interference occurs through activation of the sympathetic nervous system, and there is ample biochemical evidence of heightened sympathetic activity during migraine headache ( Fig. 211-1 ). The often most prominently affected system is the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in inhibition of its proximal and acceleration of its distal part. The ensuing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common associated symptoms of the migraine headache. Another system that is affected by the increased sympathetic nervous system activity is the peripheral circulation. The resulting vasoconstriction causes the characteristic facial pallor and coldness of the hands and feet. Increased arousal from the sympathetic nervous system activation is what results in the heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli. With increasing headache intensity, heightened sensitivity to light, noise, smell, and touch develops. Relaxation of the muscle of accommodation contributes to the increased sensitivity to light. This muscle has a rudimentary sympathetic innervation, activation of which results in its relaxation. The ensuing symptoms are increased sensitivity to light, constriction of peripheral vision, and blurring of vision, particularly near vision.
The role of serotonin in compulsive behavior: an animal model

Abstract This report presents a possible animal model for compulsive disorders in humans, based on the principles of spontaneous alternation in rats. Challenge with a serotonin agonist disrupted spontaneous alternation, whereas a chronic course of treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prevented such a deficit.
Widely Tunable High-Power Two-Color VECSELs for New Wavelength Generation

We report a collinear two-color vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL), which with minimal changes is suitable for intracavity type I second harmonic generation (SHG), type II sum frequency generation (SFG), and type II difference frequency generation (DFG). The demonstrated two-chip cavity provides high-brightness, independently tunable two color, orthogonally polarized intracavity lasing modes. VECSEL chips with emission around 970 and 1185 nm allow the generation of a wide range of wavelengths in the visible and long-wavelength spectral range. The open cavity, collinear geometry, provided a platform for efficient SHG yellow output, SHG blue output, and SFG of green output in the same cavity while only changing the nonlinear crystals. In all cases for visible light generation, a lithium triborate nonlinear crystal is introduced in the cavity region where the fundamental beams are overlapped. Simultaneous SHG and SFG in the same cavity resulting in overlapped outputs consisting of two visible colors are also demonstrated. By using two VECSEL chips with similar gain peaks, intracavity terahertz generation by DFG is demonstrated for the first time in a T-cavity VECSEL geometry. A custom-made tilted periodically poled lithium niobate nonlinear crystal generated DFG signal around 1 THz.
Implications of unchecked exponential growth

Treatments of applications of the exponential function in Calculus textbooks are often cursory in that they treat unchecked (Malthusian) exponential growth processes without examination of their implications and consequences. Through the use of problems posed to students, we illustrate the implications of such processes when applied to the growth of populations and to the growth in the rates of consumption of nonrenewable resources.
Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission: Fault Management Design Analyses

As a general trend, the complexities of modern spacecraft are increasing to include more ambitious mission goals with tighter timing requirements and on-board autonomy. As a byproduct, the protective features that monitor the performance of these systems have also increased in scope and complexity. Given cost and schedule pressures, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding the behavior of the system at design time. Formal test-driven verification and validation (V&V) is rarely able to test the significant combinatorics of states, and often finds problems late in the development cycle forcing design changes that can be costly. This paper describes the approach the SMAP Fault Protection team has taken to address some of the above-mentioned issues.
SPARC/Osteonectin Functions to Maintain Homeostasis of the Collagenous Extracellular Matrix in the Periodontal Ligament:

Expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)/osteonectin, a collagen-binding matricellular protein, is frequently associated with tissues with high rates of collagen turnover, such as bone. In the oral cavity, expression of SPARC/osteonectin has been localized to the periodontal ligament (PDL), a collagen-rich tissue with high rates of collagen turnover. The PDL is critical for tooth position within the alveolar bone and for absorbing forces generated by chewing. To characterize the function of SPARC/osteonectin in PDL, SPARC/osteonectin expression in murine PDL was evaluated by immunochemistry at 1, 4, 6, and >18 months. Highest levels of SPARC/osteonectin were detected at 1 and >18 months, with decreased levels associated with adult (4-6 months) PDL. To determine whether the absence of SPARC/osteonectin expression influenced cellular and fibrillar collagen content in PDL, PDL of SPARC-null mice was evaluated using histological stains and compared with that of wild-type (WT). Our results demonstrated decreased numbers of nuclei in PDL of SPARC-null mice at 1 month. In addition, decreased collagen volume fractions were found at 1 and >18 months and decreases in thick collagen fiber volume fraction were detected at 4, 6, and >18 months in SPARC-null PDL. The greatest differences in cell number and in collagen content between SPARC-null and WT PDL coincided with ages at which levels of SPARC/osteonectin expression were highest in WT PDL, at 1 and >18 months. These results support the hypothesis that SPARC/osteonectin is critical in the control of tissue collagen content and indicate that SPARC/osteonectin is necessary for PDL homeostasis.
Prediction of complex flow fields using higher-order turbulent closures

Abstract The tool of choice in computing turbulent flows of engineering interest is the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the mean motion, coupled with a closure scheme for the unknown higher-order turbulent correlations. The focus of this paper is to discuss some recent advances in turbulent closure schemes and their application to a weakly compressible flow. Specifically highlighted are the development and utilization of formulations for obtaining explicit algebraic stress and dissipation rate models. Results are presented for the flow over a two-dimensional single element airfoil as well as the downstream wake flow using the explicit algebraic stress model with a comparison to both experiment and a standard isotropic eddy viscosity model.
Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assess the competition of substituted anthraquinones for the QB binding site.

Abstract As analogs of the Photosystem II plastoquinone electron acceptor, Q B , substituted quinones compete with Q B for a common binding domain and thereby inhibit Q B function. Substituted quinones interact with the Q B binding niche via hydrogen bonds, and the extent of hydrogen bond formation is determined by quinone structure. We have previously shown that the quinone inhibitory activity can be quantitated using measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. To assess competition for the Q B binding site, we report here measurements of the action of various pairs of substituted anthraquinones on the chlorophyll fluorescence emission of barley chloroplasts. The degree of competition between quinones for the Q B binding site is classified as competition, partial competition, or no competition. Two quinones were classified as undergoing competition, i.e., interacting for the same or overlapping sites, if the chlorophyll fluorescence level in the presence of the two quinones was not as low as that achieved in the presence of either one of the quinones individually. Non-competitive quinones with different binding sites quenched chlorophyll fluorescence to the level expected if the quenching effects of the individual quinones were additive. Partial competition, or some interaction for the same or overlapping sites, was characterized by an extent of fluorescence quenching in the presence of two quinones that was more effective than either quinone alone but not as sizable as that expected when the two quinones act independently. These results reflect an interesting situation whereby substitution patterns can alter the binding characteristics within a single class of inhibitors. In an accompanying manuscript we report the results of CNDO molecular orbital calculations to demonstrate that the π charge distribution in substituted quinones governs their binding properties.
Fabrication of triangular nanochannels using the collapse of hydrogen silsesquioxane resists

We report a simple method to fabricate nanometer-scale channels using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resists. The collapse of high-aspect-ratio structures during the rinse and drying steps results in self-formed enclosed triangular-shaped channels. Using electron-beam lithography, dense arrays of HSQ triangular nanochannels were fabricated with high precision. This approach provides significant flexibility in design and simplicity in processing. We also show that the properties of HSQ resists are well suited for the fabrication of buried nanochannel structures.
Cholestrol Depletion reduces Voltage-Dependent Inactivation of L-Type Calcium Channel and DHEA Augments the Inacivation in A7R5 Cells

Cholesterol (Chol), a structural component of the membrane, is involved also in the functional regulation of ion channels. The increase of membrane Chol is associated with the reduction of L-type Ca2+ channel current (ICa,L). The effect of Chol on the voltage-dependent inactivation is not known, however. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a cholesterol-derived adrenal steroid hormone, produces a voltage-dependent inhibition of ICa,L at micro-molar concentrations. We studied the effect of Chol on the inactivation of ICa,L and on the DHEA-induced inhibition of ICa,L in A7r5, a cell line derived from fetal rat aorta. Chol was depleted with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) or loaded by cholesterol bound CD (chol-CD). Whole cell ICa,L was recorded with 10 mM Ba2+ as the charge carriers. T-type Ca2+ channel current was inactivated by 50 ms pre-pulse to −40 mV. The maximal density of ICa,L was decreased by 55% by loading Chol with 30 mM chol-CD, while it was not affected by the depletion of Chol by 10 and 30 mM CD. The depletion of Chol by 30 mM CD remarkably decreased the rate of inactivation of ICa,L, generating sustained current. It shifted V0.5 in the f∞-V curve to a depolarizing direction by 10 mV from control −30 mV, with appearance of 27% non-inactivating component at 0 mV. DHEA (30 micro M) inhibited the maximal amplitude of ICa,L by ∼30% irrespective of the manipulation of Chol. It shifted the V0.5 to a hyperpolarizing direction by 6 mV in control but 10 mV in the 30 mM CD treated cells. We conclude that membrane cholesterol is essential for the normal voltage-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channel. DHEA, at pharmacological concentrations, more potently augments the inactivation in the cholesterol depleted cells.
Human neutrophil response to recombinant neisserial Opa proteins

Interactions of human neutrophils with recombinant Escherichia coli expressing gonococcal outer membrane Opa proteins were examined using chemiluminescent and biological assays. Seven opa loci from Neisseria gonorrhoeae MS11 4.8 were expressed as beta-lactamase-Opa fusion proteins that contained all but the mature N-terminal amino acid of the full-length Opa protein fused to three N-terminal amino acids derived from the mature beta-lactamase. The Opa fusion proteins were exported and assembled in the outer membrane of E. coli in a manner similar to that of Opa in N. gonorrhoeae, as evaluated by antibody binding and in situ proteolytic cleavage. All fusion proteins exhibited the characteristic heat-modifiable migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that typifies Opa proteins of neisseriae. Opa fusion proteins conferred on E. coli the ability to stimulate a chemiluminescent response from human neutrophils in the absence of antibody or complement. The nature of the response in terms of chemiluminescence, phagocytosis, and killing was in all cases analogous to that seen using N. gonorrhoeae expressing the equivalent Opa protein. Neither E. coli nor gonococci expressing OpaA elicited a response from neutrophils. Use of E. coli expressing Opa fusions should be useful in defining their biological activities and pathogenic roles.
Living unrelated donor renal transplantation: A single center experience

Purpose: Living, genetically unrelated donor renal transplantation (LURT) is being performed with increasing frequency. We evaluated our single center experience with LURT and compared this to a cohort of living related donor renal transplants (LRT) to evaluate the short-term success of LURT at our center. Materials and Methods: We identified 99 consecutive patients who underwent LURT at our center and had at least 1 year of followup data. A control cohort of 99 patients who underwent LRT at our center matched for age, number of transplants and date of transplant was also identified. One-year graft and patient survival, and serum creatinine levels at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months were compared between the groups. Our data were compared with national and international data. Results: At our center 1-year graft survival was 95% in the LURT and LRT cohorts. One-year LURT patient survival was 99% compared with 97% in the LRT group and the serum creatinine levels were not significantly different. Conclusions: Patients undergoing LURT at our center have excellent 1-year graft and patient survival compared with LRT performed at our center, and national and international LURT. Genetically unrelated kidney donors should continue to be used to expand the kidney donor pool.
Construction Of Polyhedral Surfaces From Serial Sections: Exact And Heuristic Solutions

The problem of reconstructing a polyhedral surface from cross-sectional data admits of an exact and automatic solution when the surface is densely sampled as a voxel surface. We regard such a surface as a discrete sampling of a smooth manifold in general position. Using the full adjacency graph of the surface provided by a voxel model, we are able to classify the small set of possible topological changes in the sections of the surface; we then deal with these cases exhaustively, and thereby guide the triangulation process. In this way we are able to carry out triangulation without human interaction. When the sections are sparsely sampled, heuristic methods must suffice for triangulation. These methods work well on segments of "generalized cylinder," i.e., runs of sections containing single loops, but they often fail when attempting to process highly convoluted surfaces. This is because the topology of the sections changes when a critical point of the surface is encountered. We outline a heuristic algorithm based upon the same theoretical considerations as the full (dense-sampling) algorithm. This second algorithm follows a parsing step similar to that of the full algorithm, but locates critical nodes which are saddle points by a least-squares procedure, and uses this fit to supply the information required to complete the triangulation. This method provides a solution which is comparable in quality to the correct solution derived from the first algorithm.
Sudden Death in Patients With Chronic Bifascicular Block

Prospective follow-up studies of 277 patients with chronic bifascicular block showed that 30 patients developed sudden cardiac death (SCD). Cumulative one-, two-, and three-year SCD mortality was computed. The patients that developed SCD were compared with the remaining patients (209 alive and 38 dead). The groups were similar in regard to age, sex, AH, and HV intervals. The following were more frequent in the SCD group ( P ( Arch Intern Med 137:1005-1010, 1977)
Toward a psychology of charisma. II. The pathology viewpoint of James C. Davies.

This paper is the second in a series designed to relate Weber's concept of charisma to the author's Rorschach framework. It takes issue with James Davies' pathology viewpoint of charisma.
The Onset and Spread of Modern Economic Growth in Europe: An Empirical Test of a Catastrophe Model

Modern economic growth is associated with a striking acceleration in the growth of product per capita, which can be interpreted as the result of a switch from a premodern slowly moving equilibrium to a modern explosive disequilibrium growth. This switch corresponds to a ‘fold catastrophe’. In this paper, a catastrophe model of the onset and spread of modern economic growth is articulated and then tested by means of historical data. The results obtained support the notion that modern economic growth originated in England sometime during the eighteenth century and then spread throughout the rest of Europe by a process that had run its course by circa 1840.
The institutionalization of Japanese comics in US public libraries (2000–2010)

In the past ten years, Japanese comics, known as ‘manga’, have become institutionalized within key cultural sites in US culture – specifically the public library and local chain bookstore. In this article, I examine how this popular Japanese culture has become embedded within the everyday lives of Americans – particularly American teens – through its increased visibility and availability in US public and high-school libraries. To chart the increasingly prominent presence of manga books in public libraries since the year 2000, I draw on data I collected through conducting in-depth interviews with and administering online surveys to librarians located all over the United States. Importantly, I also examine the question of what it means to incorporate international cultures into mainstream American consumer and print culture. What does the process of Americanization (or ‘localization’) of manga mean for how this visual culture is received by its readers? If manga becomes embedded in these domestic cultural s...
Conformational studies of Zn-ligand-hexose diastereomers using ion mobility measurements and density functional theory calculations.

Ion mobility studies and density functional theory calculations were used to study the structures of [Zn/diethylenetriamine/Hexose/Cl]+ complexes in an effort to probe differences in the three-dimensional conformations. This information allows us to gain insight into the structure of these complexes before collisional activation, which is the first step in understanding the stereoselective dissociations observed under collisionally activated conditions. The collision cross sections obtained from the ion mobility measurements showed that the mannose structure is more compact than the galactose and glucose complexes, respectively. Using density functional theory, candidate structures for each of the experimentally observed complexes were generated. Two criteria were used to determine the most likely structures of these complexes before activation: (1) The allowed relative energies of the molecules (between 0–90 kJ/mol) and (2) collision cross section agreement (within 2%) between the theoretically determined structures and the experimentally determined cross section. It was found that the identity of the monosaccharide made a difference in the overall conformation of the metal-ligand-monosaccharide complex. For glucose and galactose, metal coordination to O(6) was found to be favorable, with the monosaccharide occupying the 4C1 chair conformation, while for mannose, O(2) metal coordination was found with the monosaccharide in a B3,0 conformation. Coordination numbers varied between four and six for the Zn(II) metal centers. Given these results, it appears that the stereochemistry of the monosaccharide influences the conformation and metal coordination sites of the Zn(II)/monosaccharide/dien complex. These differences may influence the dissociation products observed under collisionally activated conditions.
Education and training as a strategy for improving worker health and safety: a survey of U.S. apparel companies

Maintaining a healthy work force is becoming increasingly important to apparel manufacturers today. The purpose of this study was to examine the issues involved in worker health and safety, particularly that of educating and training production workers. Data were generated from responses to a mailed questionnaire by 134 upper level managers in companies located throughout the United States. Results indicated that educating workers was an important concern for managers, ranking second to controlling workers' compensation costs. Chi-square analysis showed that there was a significant difference between those who used education and training as a cost-reduction strategy and a decrease in workers' compensation costs. Education and training was reported as a component of ergonomics and safety programmes by over three-quarters of those who were developing and implementing such programmes. The findings from this study suggest that apparel manufacturers should seriously consider the importance of education and training programmes as a cost-reduction strategy as well as a means of improving the safety and health of production workers.
The mmaA2 Gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Encodes the Distal Cyclopropane Synthase of the α-Mycolic Acid

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a severe global health problem that has prompted an aggressive search for new antibiotic targets and vaccine strategies for this persistent pathogen. Recently, a wide variety of genetic determinants of Mtb pathogenicity have been identified, including several genes involved in the biogenesis of the complex Mtb cell envelope. Among these are the mycolic acid cyclopropane synthases, a family of proteins that modify the major cell envelope lipids of Mtb with a diversity of cyclopropane rings. Despite substantial sequence identity, these proteins catalyze highly specific cyclopropane modifications, including proximal modification of the α-mycolate (pcaA) and trans-cyclopropane modification (cmaA2). Here we report the mycolic acid modification function of a third cyclopropane synthase,mmaA2, through the creation and analysis of an M. tuberculosis mmaA2 null mutant. Unexpectedly, mmaA2is essential for the distal cyclopropane modification of the α-mycolate, a function previously attributed to cmaA1. α-Mycolates of a cmaA1 null mutant were unaffected, demonstrating that cmaA1 is not required for α-mycolate modification. Although fully cyclopropanated methoxymycolates are produced in the mmaA2 mutant,cis-cyclopropanation is impaired, leading to accumulation of unsaturated methoxymycolate derivatives. This study establishesmmaA2 as a distal cyclopropane synthase of the α-mycolates of M. tuberculosis and the first cyclopropane synthase to modify both α- and oxygenated mycolates. These results expand our knowledge of the biosynthesis of the Mtb cell envelope and will allow further elucidation of the relationship between Mtb pathogenesis and the fine structure of mycolic acids.
Temporal and spatial expression patterns of two G-protein coupled receptors inDrosophila melanogaster

Temporal and spatial expression patterns of a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (Acr60C) and an octopamine/tyramine receptor (Octyr) were determined inDrosophila melanogaster using quantitative Northern analysis andin situ hybridization to tissue sections. Expression of mRNA encoding both of these G-protein coupled receptors peaks initially in 18 to 21 hour embryos following the formation of the mature larval nervous system. Levels of mRNA then decline during larval stages, rising to a second peak in 3 to 4-day-old pupae after a period of major nervous system reorganization. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA is expressed throughout the cortical regions of the central nervous system in adults and embryos. Particularly high levels of expression of Acr60C are observed in cell bodies adjacent to the antennal lobes, suggesting a major role for this muscarinic receptor in the processing of olfactory information. In contrast, the octopamine/tyramine receptor mRNA is distributed diffusely throughout the adult brain, with patches of signal concentrated in the cortex of the dorsal protocerebrum near the mushroom bodies. These patches may represent individual cells expressingOctyr receptors.
Subjectivity of forces associated with manual-muscle test grades of 3+, 4-, and 4.

This study examined the subjectivity of forces applied by 10 testers during simulated manual-muscle testing. Individual testers were able to modify appropriately the forces they applied for muscle ...
Social Context and Campaign Volatility in New Democracies: Networks and Neighborhoods in Brazil's 2002 Elections

In new democracies party systems are often young, so partisan cues and roots in the electorate tend to be weak. The results, in many instances, include volatile campaigns with comparatively high degrees of short-term preference change among voters. We explore the mechanisms of voter volatility and, more broadly, the ways in which citizens learn about issues and candidates in weak-party systems. We claim that citizens in such settings rely heavily upon persuasive information gathered from their immediate social contexts. Utilizing a unique panel survey implemented during Brazil’s historic 2002 presidential election, we demonstrate the importance of political discussion within social networks and neighborhood context for explaining preference change during election campaigns. We also demonstrate the concrete political consequences of social context by showing how candidate momentum runs can be driven by waves of discussion.
Substation based dynamic state estimator - numerical experiment

This paper presents a distributed dynamic state estimation algorithm that operates on the substation level. The algorithm uses local GPS-synchronized and conventional non synchronized measurements in the substation of interest and can estimate the states of the local substation as well as the states at the other ends of the transmission lines at the neighboring substations. The estimation algorithm provides the true dynamic (transient) states of the system. As such it provides the basic infrastructure for high accuracy real time dynamic monitoring and control at speeds that are not presently available. Numerical experiments are presented in this paper for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is reliable and feasible for practical implementation.
Heterolayer screening of an external ion field

Abstract The theory of screening by heterolayer carriers, in their ground sub-band, is used to investigate the conditions in which the classical image charge applies to the polarization by an external ion field. An estimate of the field penetrating to the far side of the heterolayer is obtained.
Keep Your Eyes on the Road: Young Driver Crash Risk Increases According to Duration of Distraction

Purpose Secondary task engagement that distracts the driver is a contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes among adults. However, the association between eye glance duration and crash risk with novice teenage drivers has not been determined.
Multi-spectral analysis of animal tissues in the second NIR window based on endogenous chromophores

To minimize the problem with scattering in deep tissues while increasing the penetration depth, we explored the feasibility of imaging in the previously unexplored extended NIR (exNIR) spectral region at 900 - 1400 nm with endogenous chromophores. This region, also known as second NIR window, is weakly dominated by absorption of water and lipids and free from other endogenous chromophores, with virtually no autofluorescence. To demonstrate the applicability of the exNIR in bioimaging, we analyzed optical properties of individual components and animal organs using InGaAs spectrophotometer and a multispectral InGaAs scanning imager featuring in transmission geometry.
Particle modeling of cavity flow on a vector computer

Abstract A particle model is developed for the simulation of the cavity problem. The approach is formulated mathematically as an n -body problem which incorporates gravity and classical molecular-type forces. Systems of 946 second-order, ordinary differential equations are generated and solved numerically on a vector computer. Examples are described and discussed.
Novel phase in SU(3) lattice gauge theory with 12 light fermions

We study the phase structure of SU(3) lattice gauge theory with ${N}_{f}=12$ staggered fermions in the fundamental representation, for both zero and finite temperature at strong gauge couplings. For small fermion masses we find two transitions at finite temperature that converge to two well-separated bulk phase transitions. The phase between the two transitions appears to be a novel phase. We identify order parameters showing that the single-site shift symmetry of staggered fermions is spontaneously broken in this phase. We investigate the eigenvalue spectrum of the Dirac operator, the static potential and the meson spectrum, which collectively establish that this novel phase is confining but chirally symmetric. The phase is bordered by first-order phase transitions, and since we find the same phase structure with ${N}_{f}=8$ fermions, we argue that the novel phase is most likely a strong-coupling lattice artifact, the existence of which does not imply IR conformality.
Public Policy Implications of the RACE: Are We So Different? Project

: Pam Putenanny is contributing editor of “Views on Policy,” the AAA Committee on Public Policy column in Anthropology News. Keywords: views on policy, RACE, Texas child protective services, RACE Project, training program
Spatial and temporal coding of Nicaraguan Sign Language in MediaTagger: Documenting three dimensions with a two-dimensional tool

We recently began using the new multimedia tool MediaTagger to transcribe and code Nicaraguan Sign Language. Previously, this work had been conducted using glosses and coding spreadsheets that referred to analog video timecode. MediaTagger offers many advantages over analog videotape and glossing: it allows immediate access to tagged video segments, and enables the linking of those segments directly to the relevant transcription and coding. It does inherit some of the drawbacks of glossing, drawbacks that are shared with other tools available. In particular, the temporal order of signs takes priority over their spatial location. This bias in all of our tools may make us inadvertently attend to time more than space in our analyses. However, a new location-tagging feature may prove to overcome much of this imbalance. Overall, we find that MediaTagger provides us with a powerful and convenient tool for viewing and coding sign language data.
Gas phase H/D exchange kinetics: DI versus D2O.

The gas phase H/D exchange reactions of bradykinin (M + 3H)3+ ions with D2O and DI were monitored in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The H/D exchange kinetics of both chemical probes (D2O and DI) indicate the presence of two noninterconverting reactive gas phase ion populations of bradykinin (M + 3H)3+ at room temperature. The H/D exchange involving DI, however, generally proceeds faster than that involving D2O. The rate observations described here can be rationalized on the basis of the “relay mechanism” (see Campbell et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1995, 117, 12840–12854) recently proposed to account for H/D exchange between D2O and gaseous protonated polypeptides. The higher exchange rate with DI is believed to arise primarily as a result of its lower gas-phase acidity relative to that of D2O and, secondarily, as a result of the longer bond length of DI relative to that of OD in D2O.
Case---Quantifying Operational Risk in Financial Institutions

Risk management is essential in today's business environment for banks and other financial institutions to survive in highly competitive and volatile market environments. As the nexus of financial institutions grows ever more complex, sound risk management practices, or the lack thereof, affect more than just the individual institution. The subprime mortgage debacle in 2008 has clearly demonstrated this fact.
Use of Sex Reversal in Striped Bass to Create an All‐Male Population

Abstract Dietary administration of 17 α-methyltestosterone (MT) was used to reverse the sex of striped bass Morone saxatilis to create phenotypic males that were genetically female. Fish were exposed to steroid regimes at various times to determine the labile period for effective sex reversal. Methyltestosterone was administered either by dry feed (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) from 19 to 60 d posthatch (dph) or by feeding nauplii of Artemia franciscana cultured in MT media (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) from 6 to 30 dph. Sampling at 1 year revealed that a treatment of 2.5 mg MT/kg of formula diet altered the sex ratios significantly from an expected ratio of 1:1 and produced 82% males (N = 28, P < 0.05). Controls and other treatment levels did not differ from a 1:1 sex ratio. Some ovaries had delayed gamete development that was characterized by the presence of significantly more stage-I ova than stage-III ova compared with those from control females of a similar size. A few fish were intersex or sterile. The brin...
Fabrication of three-dimensional microstructures based on singled-layered SU-8 for lab-on-chip applications

This paper introduces a novel 3D manufacturing approach to the rapid processing of microfluidic components such as embedded channels and microvalves, using a scanning laser system. Compared to existing manufacturing techniques, our direct UV laser writing method greatly simplifies fabrication processes, potentially reducing the design-to-fabrication time to a few hours, which is extremely beneficial during the product development stages. The initial process validation has been presented by using SU-8 material. With the fine-tuning of the laser processing parameters, the depth of SU-8 polymerization can be controlled. This paper also describes the underlying theory and method to determine the Young's modulus of the exposed SU-8 material by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, nondestructive means of evaluation and materials characterization. More importantly, it allows for local inspection of material properties. The results presented in this paper potentially could serve as the first crucial step towards the rapid manufacturing of microdevices for lab-on-chip applications.
Spherical Eigenfunctions and Angular Momentum Distributions in the Statistical Theory of Atoms

The Thomas-Fermi density is expressed in terms of free-particle eigenfunctions of angular momentum. Expressions are directly obtained for the density of electrons of specified angular momentum. With the angular momentum distribution restricted to zero values, the Fermi-Amaldi theory had been utilized to calculate the electron densities in hydrogen and helium. They are in poorer agreement with quantum-mechanical densities than those obtained with the original Fermi-Amaldi theory. The angular momentum distribution for the Thomas-Fermi field has been determined for several atomic numbers. In each case, the agreement with "experimental" values is moderate.
Expansibility of erythrocytes during the course of hypotonic hemolysis.

A quick method for measuring the expansibility of erythrocytes during the course of hypotonic hemolysis has been developed, using the MCV continuous analyzer. By this method not only the volume changes during hypotonic hemolysis, but also the critical volume, at which hemolysis of the cells occurs, could be measured in a few minutes. Furthermore, data are presented demonstrating the following; when the MCV or the MCH was larger, the critical volume increased, but the expansion ratio (critical volume/initial volume) was almost constant, about 1.90, for most erythrocytes.
Technetium-99m HmPAO brain SPECT and outcome of hemispherectomy for intractable seizures

With recent descriptions of the modified hemispherectomies and hemicorticectomy, there has been renewed interest in hemispherectomy for treatment of intractable seizures with hemiparesis. Because long-term outcome remains uncertain, patient selection remains difficult. 99mTc-HmPAO brain SPECT has been a helpful adjunct in the evaluation of epilepsy surgery candidates. We report SPECT scan findings in 7 patients who underwent hemispherectomy and compare these results with scalp EEG findings. Six patients had unilateral SPECT findings and all had a favorable outcome, regardless of surface EEG findings.
Dorsal Laminectomy in the Horse III. Results in Horses With Cervical Vertebral Malformation

Subtotal dorsal cervical laminectomy was used to relieve spinal cord compression due to cervical vertebral malformation in 16 horses. The majority were Thoroughbred or Quarter Horse males, 1 to 4 years old. The caudal cervical vertebrae were involved in all but two instances. A Funkquist type B laminectomy was performed and the defect filled with a free autogenous nuchal fat graft. All horses recovered from surgery without complication or deterioration in neurological status. Neurological improvement occurred in 12 cases, including six that became sound. Three horses fractured a vertebral articular process and were euthanized. A modification to the shape of the laminectomy was adopted to reduce this complication.
Teaching our customers to help themselves: the resource desk as the next step in the evolution of the help desk environment

In the beginning Help Desk support was directed towards Mainframe Programming, which included interpreting error messages and debugging JCL. Our focus today is on providing support for a multitude of software, including presentation software and equipment, as well as web page design and email support. The Student Computing Center at Texas A & M University has over 500 PCs with 24 hour access during the week. Three classrooms with state of the art Proxima Projectors are available to the students and faculty for use. In providing support for our customers we walk the very thin line of academic dishonesty. One way to avoid stepping over that line is to help our customers learn to help themselves by using on line help, manuals and handouts. This is an evolving process of educating our customers and our staff. To help facilitate this evolution in the help desk environment we have implemented a Resource Desk, a stand-alone area in the lab, which provides our customers with handouts, manuals and equipment for check out and support. This paper will outline the evolution of our change in support focus, as well as the development and implementation of our Resource Desk.
NOVEL MANY-BODY EFFECTS IN PHOTOEMISSION AND INVERSE PHOTOEMISSION SPECTRA OF ULTRATHIN TRANSITION-METAL FILMS

We present an overview of some recent developments in the theoretical modeling of transition-metal systems, particularly the ultrathin-film structures, focusing on the effects of electron-electron interactions. We describe the progress in the understanding of how to model realistic strongly correlated electron systems using and going beyond the local-density-approximation single-particle electronic structures. Results of exact many-body calculations of photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra of ultrathin nickel, iron and cobalt films are shown to illustrate the application of our approach. Interesting new features induced by many-body effects are found and discussed. Comparison with available experimental results is presented and further work, both experimental and theoretical, is suggested.
The creation of diverse prairie-like communities

We tested the prediction that we are more likely to create persistent, species-rich plant communities by increasing the number of species sown and allowing communities to assemble over six or seven growing seasons. Treatments consisted of four initial seed mixtures comprising 4, 8, 12 and 16 species that represent four functional groups (C3 graminoids, C4 grasses, N-fixing species, and late-flowering composites) that predominate within North American prairies. Once seeded, half of the plots were left alone to develop without subsequent reseeding. To provide multiple opportunities for establishment, we reseeded the remaining plots with any target species that failed to establish after two growing seasons. There were two 16 x 16 m (256 m2) replicates per treatment established in 1994 and 1996 on former agricultural land. Annually, we measured total species richness and evenness, total cover, and establishment success defined as target species richness and total percentage cover by target species, collectively. In some instances, significant treatment x year interactions indicated that treatment effects on variables varied among years. Both richness and rate of establishment of target communities were higher in the more species-rich mixtures. Moreover, richness of resident species in the plots declined with increasing target species richness. Reseeding had no measurable effect on any of the variables, nor on the eventual establishment of target communities or individual target species. Our results, indicating that establishment of species-rich plant communities can be enhanced by starting with larger numbers of species at the outset, have implications for projects in which community biodiversity creation and maintenance are key goals.
Comparison of dipole layers, band offsets, and formation enthalpies of GaAs-AlAs(110) and (001) interfaces.

We report a very careful, self-consistent, relativistic pseudopotential calculation of the interfacial dipole double-layer potential, valence-band offset, and formation enthalpy of (GaAs${)}_{3}$(AlAs${)}_{3}$(110). A comparison is made with identical calculations for the (001) superlattice with the following results [(001) in parentheses]: The interfacial dipole layer is 315 (154) meV. The formation enthalpy per twelve-atom unit cell is -21.9 (+1.7) meV. The valence-band offset is 447 (446) meV. This lends credence to the idea that the band offset is a difference of bulk quantities and that vastly different interfaces set up whatever double layer is necessary to maintain that difference.
Anaerobic rat heart: mitochondrial role in calcium uptake and contractility.

In order to evaluate the manner by which fumarate enhances contractility in the anaerobic heart, we examined Ca++ movements in isolated heart mitochondria and in the isolated perfused heart. Our experiments showed that in isolated antimycin A plus cyanide treated mitochondria: (a) Ca++ uptake was promoted by electron transport generated by fumarate-dependent oxidation of NADH, (b) Ca++ stimulated fumarate-dependent oxidation of NADH, (c) the ratio of Ca++ uptake:NADH oxidized was 1.7 and (d) the Ca++ sequestered is transiently highly mobile and is rapidly released upon collapse of the membrane potential. In anaerobic hearts perfused with glucose plus fumarate, malate and glutamate Ca++ levels were the same as those in oxygenated hearts while in anaerobic organs perfused with or without glucose Ca++ content was appreciably lower. Succinate production in anaerobic heart perfusions was related to: (a) an increased retention of Ca++ by the heart, (b) a diminution in peak aortic pressure generated by cardiac contractions and (c) an increase in heart rate. The information obtained indicates that mitochondria have a capability for Ca++ movement which might be used physiologically, particularly in fumarate perfused anaerobic hearts, to assist the mechanism for contraction and relaxation of the heart.
Advection of upwelled waters in the form of plumes off Oman during the Southwest Monsoon

Abstract Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery of sea-surface-temperature, TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements of sea-level-anomaly (SLA), and modeled surface winds and wind-stress fields are used in concert with other ancillary data to describe the influence of the 1995 Southwest Monsoon on the distribution of upwelled waters off the coast of Oman. The Oman upwelling zone is characterized by the entrainment of cold upwelled waters into plumes extending from the coast into the deep ocean unaffected by the steep bottom gradients. The most prominent of these plumes is found offshore of Ras al Madraka. A mechanism for the entrainment of upwelled water into plumes is hypothesized, and validated by observational data. It is proposed that the location of the plume is primarily governed by the sea level structure away from the coast and that coastally upwelled water is passively advected offshore through regions of low sea level. Analysis of the surface wind-stress fields show significant spatial variability associated with the predominantly cyclonic mean wind-stress curl, with relatively weak curl observed in the region south of Ras al Madraka and north of Ras Marbat. Decomposition of the surface wind-stress fields through Principal Component Analysis shows that, at certain periods, the development of strong along-shore winds and cyclonic wind-stress curl in the region north of Ras al Madraka. This information, combined with concurrent observations of TOPEX/POSEIDON sea-level-anomalies (SLAs), satellite derived sea-surface-temperatures (SST), and surface current measurements, shows that the combined effects of a strong along-shore wind field and positive wind-stress curl forces a depression in sea level in the region north of Ras al Madraka. The sea level gradient, caused by the presence of a sustained high sea level to the south of Ras al Madraka, causes geostrophic advection of coastally upwelled waters away from the shelf. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) velocity measurements along with SST maps further prove that the upwelled water is geostrophically advected offshore as opposed to being an offshore deflection of a wind-driven coastal current. Comparison of interannual features in the TOPEX/POSEIDON SLAs suggest that the plumes coming off coast in the Oman upwelling zone may not be directly linked to the coastal topography or bathymetry but are a result of interaction between mesoscale variations in the wind field and the underlying ocean. The strong along-shore winds and cyclonic wind-stress curl to the north of Ras al Madraka becomes enhanced when the Findlater Jet moves closer to the Oman coast than its mean position.
Hypernucleus physics at RHIC

Abstract We report recent progress in hypernucleus studies measured by the STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We show a preliminary hypertriton measurement from our current event sample and discuss the next step for this project.