cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations Between the Severity of Influenza Seasons and Mortality and Readmission Risks After Elective Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement and Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Older Adults.

This cross-sectional study uses Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services claims data to investigate associations between influenza season severity and mortality and readmission risks after elective surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) among older adults.
Use of a Novel Human Milk-Based Fortifier in Term Infants with Surgical Congenital Gastrointestinal Disorders Improves Growth at Discharge

Background/Purpose: Human milk (HM) is the ideal source of nutrition for all infants, but alone is insufficient in protein and calories for infants with surgical congenital gastrointestinal disorders (S-CGD) and critically ill infants. Currently, the only option for term infants is fortification with formulas which have been associated with increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the preterm population and may contribute to the high rates of NEC in those infants with congenital gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, a human milk-based fortifier (HMBF) formulated for term infants with S-CGD is …
2. Surgical Approach to Mullerian Anomaly with Coexisting Renal Agenesis and VATER Syndrome

Summary We present the case of a 23-year-old female with severe cyclical pelvic pain and amenorrhea with multiple emergency room visits and hospitalization. She already had diagnoses of VATER, right renal agenesis, neurogenic bladder, and scoliosis of thoracolumbar region. Imaging demonstrated right sided hematometra, right and possibly left uterine horn, right renal agenesis, and hematosalpinx. Because of outflow obstruction, and resultant retrograde menstrual flow, causing severe pain, surgical management was indicated. Robot-assisted laparoscopy demonstrated endometriosis, significant adhesive disease, bilateral enlarged fallopian tubes, ovaries bilaterally, two uterine horns without midline fusion and no identifiable cervical tissue. Some surgical findings were anticipated, such as absent right ureter, endometrial implants, adhesive disease, enlarged right uterine horn. Other findings were unanticipated such as left uterine horn adjacent to the left round ligament inguinal insertion, obscured and atypical right-sided pelvic sidewall vasculature, and the additional embryologic tissue of unclear origin discovered adjacent to the right uterine horn and vagina. No cervical tissue was identified in either uterine horn and pathology confirmed this. Pathologic diagnosis of the additional embryonic tissue separate from the right uterine horn indicated Mullerian origin. Surgery was without complications, patient was discharged home without incident. Intended Objectives We display the challenges inherent in surgical management of cyclic pelvic pain due to retrograde bleeding from obstruction in a patient with multiple congenital anomalies. Co-occurrence of the vertebral defect, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia, renal defect, and limb defect association (VATER) and mullerian abnormalities is rare and not well-characterized. We describe and demonstrate surgical findings in a patient with the rarely associated VACTERL/VATER spectrum and Mullerian anomaly. Familiarity with the embryological origins of pelvic structures was crucial to decision-making and guided surgery. Robotic assistance facilitated visualization of planes and allowed precise dissection. Because each case of embryologic anomaly presents with unique pre-op and intra-op findings, formulating a sound thought process and surgical technique is crucial to prevent injury and achieve the goals of surgery.
Predictors of Citations in Neurosurgical Research: A 5-Year Follow-Up.

Background Citation rates are an important measure for the impact of articles. This study is the most comprehensive analysis of predictors for scientific neurosurgical research articles. Methods Scientific articles published in 13 neurosurgical journals in 2015 were selected. Data collected included article subject, level of evidence (LOE), journal impact factor (IF), authorship, contributing centers, and study design. Citation counts were collected for each article in Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar (GS) 2.5 and 5 years after publication and Scopus 5 years after publication. A generalized linear mixed-effects model using the predictors of search engine, LOE, number of centers, number of authors, and IF was constructed to predict total citation count at 5 years. Results A total of 2867 articles generated 39,190 citations in WoS, 61,682 in GS, and 43,481 in Scopus. The median number of citations per article was 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 14) in WoS, 15 (IQR, 20) in GS, and 11 (IQR, 15) in Scopus. On average, for every 1 citation in WoS, Scopus and GS identified 1.11 and 1.58 citations, respectively. Significant predictors of citation count in all databases 5 years after publication included search engine, LOE, number of centers, number of authors, number of countries, journal IF, and the month of publication (P Conclusions In the most thorough analysis of citation predictors in the neurosurgical literature, search engine, LOE, number of centers, number of authors, number of countries, journal impact factor, and month of publication influenced citations 5 years after publication.
“Impact” in 3D—Maximizing Impact Through Transactional Clinics

In speaking about “impact” clinical legal education, it is almost always exclusively as litigation -innocence projects, representing Guantanamo detainees, human rights concerns, environmental issues. Though these clinical efforts target different societal ills, all try to use the legal system as a catalyst for change. Rarely do clinicians invoke the word “impact” in the same manner in discussing transactional legal work much less transactional clinics. Yet transactional clinics can and do perform impact work. This article describes the current landscape of transactional clinics, the distinct evolution of community economic development clinics from small business and organizations clinics and argues that both can expand their vision of impact and employ new strategies to affect change. The article discusses the importance of clinic design in assuring that impact work is not undertaken at the expense of students’ educations. It argues that clinic design is comprised of three separate dimensions - service, skills development, and pedagogy - each of which influences and is influenced by the type of work that a clinic undertakes. The article suggests that clinicians should deliberately assess each dimension in determining its effect by an impact strategy. The article concludes by describing particular impact strategies the author employs in the clinic he directs, the strengths and weaknesses of such strategies, and encourages transactional clinicians to expand their conception of “impact” transactional work.
Fluid Dynamics and Noise Emission Associated With Supersonic Jets

Methods have long been sought to find an efficient means for reduction of jet noise using either active or passive turbulence control measures. Progress in this area is limited by unclear understanding of the physical supersonic jet noise source mechanisms as they relate to the jet plume turbulence structure. These mechanisms have been extensively studied using round jets. This paper shows that jets with non-round jet exit geometry can provide beneficial noise reduction relative to round jets. Both the fluid dynamic structure and noise of several non-round jets are examined in the paper.
Multiple Hexokinases of Rat Tissues PURIFICATION AND COMPARISON OF SOLUBLE FORMS

Abstract Rat tissues contain four hexokinases including both the liver-specific high Km glucokinase and three low Km hexo-kinases present in differing proportions in the various tissues. Each of the low Km hexokinase types designated I, II, and III has been purified approximately 150- to 400-fold from one or more rat tissues (Type I from brain and kidney, Type II from skeletal muscle and epididymal fat pad, and Type III from liver). Each purified enzyme type, regardless of tissue source, has certain unique properties that distinguish it from the other hexokinase types. The purified types retain their different electrophoretic and chromatographic properties as found in crude extracts. They also differ with respect to apparent Km values for glucose and probably for adenosine triphosphate, apparent Ki values for adenosine diphosphate and glucose 6-phosphate, and stability to heat and proteolytic inactivation. The different enzyme types are similar with respect to pH optimum, molecular weight, hexose and nucleotide specificities, Km for fructose, and the qualitative nature of inhibition by ADP and glucose-6-P. The available evidence indicates that these hexokinase types represent different molecular forms and are not artifacts of preparation.
The Ebola Virus Matrix Protein VP40 Interacts With Several Host Protein Networks to Facilitate Viral Replication

The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a lipid-enveloped virus that is filamentous in shape and belongs to the Filoviridae family. EBOV can cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates with high rates of fatality. Using a negative sense RNA genome that encodes just eight proteins, the lipid-enveloped EBOV can enter mammalian cells and undergo efficient replication to produce more virions to sustain and spread the infection. Throughout the replication cycle, EBOV inhibits or hijacks several host protein networks to suppress the immune response and to enhance the efficiency of assembly and budding from the host cell plasma membrane. Assembly and budding of EBOV is regulated by its matrix protein VP40, which can form different structures with distinct functions in the viral life cycle. VP40 has been shown to interact with several important host proteins, and although the conformational regulation of these interactions is mostly unknown, the sites of interaction have been somewhat resolved and will serve as the basis of this review article.
Blood volume response to drainage of left thoracic duct lymph in the ovine fetus.

Although it is known that left thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the ovine fetus is several times that in the adult relative to body weight, the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fetal blood volume has not been explored. In the present study, the left thoracic lymph duct was drained without return to the fetal circulation in 10 chronically catheterized animals for 7 h. Four experiments in which the lymph was returned to the circulation served as control. During the 7-h drainage, the total volume drained was 174.4 +/- 19.6 ml. Thoracic duct lymph flow rate decreased gradually and averaged 22.2 +/- 3.4% (SE) below control at 6-7 h compared with a small increase in the control experiments (analysis of variance: P = 0.0013 comparing 2 groups). Fetal blood volume decreased (P < 0.0001) by 8.2 +/- 1.1% at 3 h because of a decrease in plasma volume with a further small decrease in blood volume to 9.7 +/- 0.9% below normal at 7 h. The decreases in blood volume at 1, 3, 5, and 7 h were 49.5, 40.2, 24.6, a...
An example of risk assessment of software systems specifications

This paper presents an example of risk assessment in complex real-time software systems at the early stages of development. A heuristic risk assessment technique based on colored Petri net (CPN) models is used to classify software according to its relative importance in terms of such factors as severity and complexity. The methodology of this technique is presented in a companion paper (Ammar et al., 1997). This technique is applied on the Earth Operation Commanding Center; a large component of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) project. Two specifications of the system are considered: a sequential model and a pipeline model. Results of applying the above technique to both CPN-based models yield different complexity measures. The pipeline model shows clearly a higher risk factor than the sequential model. Whereas using traditional complexity measures, the risk factors were similar in both models.
Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Insulin Detemir, a Long-Acting Insulin Analog

Insulin detemir is a long-acting basal insulin approved for use in patients with type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Insulin detemir has demonstrated equivalent glycemic control and hypoglycemic risk when compared to insulin glargine, and insulin detemir has generally but not consistently demonstrated less weight gain than insulin glargine in T2DM. The benefits of basal insulin analogs relative to NPH insulin are well recognized, including less FBG variability, lower risk of hypoglycemia, and less weight gain specifically with insulin detemir. However, NPH insulin continues to be widely prescribed, which may be due in part to economic considerations. While NPH insulin generally costs less per prescription, insulin detemir has been shown to be cost effective compared to NPH insulin as well as insulin glargine. Therefore, insulin detemir is an effective option from both clinical and economic perspectives for patients with T1DM or T2DM who require basal insulin to achieve glycemic control.
Quantitation of the ultrastructural components of nucleoli of rat trigeminal ganglia

Four ultrastructural components can be recognized in neuronal nucleoli of rat trigeminal ganglia fixed by routine methods: (a) granular component, (b) dense component, (c) pars amorpha, and (d) vacuoles. A method was devised to quantitate the percentage of the total area in a nucleolar profile occupied by each of these four components. Quantitation of fifty nucleolar profiles from specimens fixed by routine methods revealed that the granular component comprised 54.5 ± 5.6 %; the dense component, 25.2 ± 5.5 %; foci of pars amorpha, 8.0 ± 5.7 %; and the vacuoles, 12.3 ± 2.8 %. In neuronal nucleoli of rat trigeminal ganglia fixed by the pyroantimonateosmium tetroxide method, four distinct areas can be distinguished: areas possessing (a) fine, (b) moderately fine, and (c) coarse deposits and (d) areas lacking antimonate deposits. Quantitation of fifty nucleolar profiles from specimens fixed by this method disclosed that the areas possessing fine deposits occupied 54.8 ± 5.0 % of the total nucleolar area; areas possessing moderately fine deposits, 24.0 ± 5.2 %; areas possessing coarse deposits, 9.1 ± 6.1 %; and the areas devoid of antimonate deposits, 12.1 ±2.9 %. These results demonstrate that the fine antimonate deposits are localized in the granular component, the moderately fine deposits in the dense component, and coarse deposits in foci of pars amorpha; the areas of the nucleolus lacking deposits correspond in distribution with the nucleolar vacuoles.
Lattice instabilities, anharmonicity and phase transitions in PbZrO3 from first principles

Abstract An effective Hamiltonian for the antiferroelectric transition in PbZrO3 is constructed from first-principles density-functional-theory total-energy and linear-response calculations through the use of a localized, symmetrized basis set of “lattice Wannier functions''. The effective Hamiltonian consists of three-component vector degrees of freedom at the Pb sites and two-component vector degrees of freedom at the oxygen sites. This effective Hamiltonian allows us to analyze the structural energetics and identify the role of various physical contributions. We find that there exists a strong competition between sets of coupled unstable modes in producing low energy states. Two such groups of instabilities found from the effective Hamiltonian are seen to be relevant to the experimental ground and intermediate states.
A Tour of Vibrational Predissociation from Seven Levels in the S1 p-Difluorobenzene-Ar van der Waals Complex

The absorption and fluorescence characteristics of p-difluorobenzene-Ar van der Waals complexes prove ideally suited for experimental study of vibrational predissociation (VP). The process has been observed from seven S1 complex levels that contain a total of six different ring modes. The levels have vibrational energies ranging between 240 and 900 cm−1. VP lifetimes are in the range of 2 – 12 ns for six of the levels. The other has a 200 ns lifetime, possibly because of relatively poor coupling of its hydrogenic bending motion with the dissociation coordinate. VP almost always occurs with only one or two major channels. The only exception is a level using three important channels. Remarkably, the final states of the VP are always the same, either 00 or 61 of the monomer. A strong Δv = 1 or 2 propensity rule for ring mode changes governs these VPs. The VP channels cannot be modelled well with the full collision state-to-state propensity rules known for Ar collisions. Difficulties are also encountered in modelling with a Golden Rule momentum gap formulation that has been successful in other systems.
Accelerators and national security the evolution of science policy for high‐energy physics, 1947–1967

Historical analysis of the evolution of science policy for high‐energy physics from 1947–1967 shows how national security concerns played a role in this branch of fundamental science. The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers supported particle accelerators after World War II demonstrated the military utility of particle accelerator technology for isotope separation, the transferability of technological skills from accelerator building to other technologies such as radar development, and the usefulness of particle accelerators in making the physical measurements required in the early stages of the design of nuclear weapons. Although the Atomic Energy Commission initially was disinclined to support further particle accelerator development, it was persuaded to support accelerator projects to advance understanding of the nuclear forces that underlay fission and other nuclear processes, to promote the health of the AEC Laboratories, and to ensure a supply of trained scientific ...
Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder.

We attempted to cross-validate findings from a previous study (Elhai, Gold, Sellers, & Dorfman, in press) using a clinical sample of combat-related war veterans to distinguish genuine from malingered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). The MMPI-2 scores of 124 male combat war veterans at the PTSD outpatient treatment program of a Veterans Affairs Medical Center were compared with those of 84 adult college students instructed and trained to malinger PTSD. MMPI-2 overreporting variables examined were F, |F - Fb|, F - K, F(p), Ds², O-S, OT, and FBS. A stepwise discriminant analysis identified F, |F - Fb|, F - K, Ds², O-S, and OT as the best malingering predictors. A predictive discriminant analysis yielded good hit rates for the model with impressive cross-validation results. We assessed cutting scores for the predictors of the model. We discuss clinical implications for using the MMPI-2 to distinguish malingered PTSD from combat-related...
Population models with globally age-dependent dynamics: on computing the steady state

Abstract We consider the problem of computing the steady state for a class of differential equations where either the dynamic, (∂/∂ a + ∂/∂ t ) u ( a, t ) or the boundary state u (0, t ) depends on the global state u (·, t ). A fixed point technique for establishing the existence of steady state solutions can be adapted naturally for use as an iterative method of computing these solutions. In some cases of current interest, the method is efficient and practical. In some other cases, where better methods are available, the conditions which are sufficient to guarantee convergence of our method have interesting interpretation which provides insight into the nature of stability in the differential equation.
The Legal Politics of the Article 16 Decision: The International Criminal Court, the un Security Council and Ontologies of a Contemporary Compromise

This introductory essay aims to offer a framework through which to make sense of the controversies arising from International Criminal Court (icc) intervention in Africa. One such controversy is related to the deployment of the powers to refer and defer icc cases central to Article 16 of the Rome Statute for the icc. The manner in which the unsc has employed this power has led critics – particularly on the African continent – to conclude that a range of geopolitics has undermined the judicial independence of the icc. The essay argues, therefore, that the drafting history of Article 16 of the Rome Statute shows the workings of the political origins of the law and the manner in which foundational inequalities were woven into the very fabric of the Rome Statute. Following theorists such as Giorgio Agamben and Walter Benjamin who have conceptualized law as violence and who have taken seriously the ways in which violence and inequality live on through the law, the authors argue that not only can contemporary ontologies of international criminal law not escape the politics of its making, but if we are to adequately address the conditions of violence in the postcolonial African state there must be an ontological shift in the way we conceptualize law. They propose a rethinking that acknowledges root causes of violence and that take seriously politically adumbrated histories of violence that continue live in the armature of the postcolonial state. Considering how and when political settlements are relevant and rethinking how complementarity and cooperation might work more effectively are key to the conceptual framework.
Quantitative analysis of the stability of pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles.

The stability of Pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) in air-, N2-, and H2-saturated aqueous solutions is reported. The DENs consisted of an average of 147 atoms per sixth-generation, poly(amidoamine) dendrimer. Elemental analysis and UV−vis spectroscopy indicate that there is substantial oxidation of the Pd DENs in the air-saturated solution, less oxidation in the N2-saturated solution, and no detectable oxidation when the DENs are in contact with H2. Additionally, the stability improves when the DEN solutions are purified by dialysis to remove Pd2+-complexing ligands such as chloride. For the air- and N2-saturated solutions, most of the oxidized Pd recomplexes to the interiors of the dendrimers, and a lesser percentage escapes into the surrounding solution. The propensity of Pd DENs to oxidize so easily is a likely consequence of their small size and high surface energy.
Characterization of RNA with unusual electrophoretic mobility from tissues of patients with Crohn's disease

Abstract RNAs from tissues of patients with Crohn's disease that migrate off the diagonal in a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system were partially characterized. One of the RNA species was a discrete cleavage product of region V2-9 of 28S rRNA; another is a conformer or variant of 5.8S rRNA; and a third is a mixture of unidentified fragments with mobility similar to that of 7S RNA. The yield of these species from resected tissue and their visualization by silver staining was very sensitive to the details of the preparative procedure. No evidence of viroid-like RNA was found within the range of molecular sizes (
Building, site, utilities and services for the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron

The development of the building project and its adaptation to requirements imposed by site, time schedule, and the accelerator is described. Included are such matters as the allocation and organization of building space in relation to accelerator operation and research function, provision for possible future changes, and the influence of the selected site and its topography on the building design. Factors that determined the choice of materials are discussed. The types of utilities for present and planned future needs, especially the high-purity water systems, are summarized. A brief description is given of illumination and building colors.
New indices of segregation

Abstract By using the ‘relative’ female/male employment distribution, new indices of occupational segregation are developed that are perfectly analogous to the standard income inequality measures. These ‘new’ indices differ considerably from the standard index in at least one empirical example.
Software controlled power management

Reducing power consumption is critical in many system designs. Dynamic power management is an effective approach to decrease power without significantly degrading performance. Power management decisions can be implemented in either hardware or software. A recent trend on personal computers is to use software to change hardware power states. This paper presents a software architecture that allows system designers to investigate power management algorithms in a systematic fashion through a template. The architecture exploits the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), a standard for hardware and software. We implement two algorithms for controlling the power states of a hard disk on a personal computer running Microsoft Windows. By measuring the current feeding the hard disk, we show that the algorithms can save up to 25% more energy than the Windows power manager. Our work has two major contributions: a template for software-controlled power management and experimental comparisons of management algorithms for a hard disk.
Damping constant of Fraunhofer lines.

Abstract It is shown, that for the solar photosphere the collisional-damping by hydrogen atoms is larger than that of electrons for 3s3 P0−3p3 D multiplet of carbon at 10, 700 A. The variation of the total damping constant as a function of optical depth for the Fraunhofer lines λ 5896 of Na I and λ 3968 of Ca II are also given.
On the slowness of phase boundary motion in one space dimension

We study the limiting behavior of the solution of u t −e 2 u xx +u 3 −u=0, a<x<b, with a Neumann boundary condition or an appropriate Dirichlet condition. The analysis is based on «energy methods». We assume that the initial data has a «transition layer structure», i.e., ue∼±1 except near finitely many transition points. We show that, in the limit as e→0, the solution maintains its transition layer structure, and the transition points move slower than any power of e
Developmental Alteration of Endocannabinoid Retrograde Signaling in the Hippocampus

Endocannabinoids are lipid derivatives that mediate paracrine and juxtacrine signaling between cells. In the hippocampal CA1 region, a retrograde endocannabinoid signal suppresses GABA release by a...
The Role of Religion in Shaping Sexual Frequency and Satisfaction: Evidence from Married and Unmarried Older Adults

This study assesses the role of religion in influencing sexual frequency and satisfaction among older married adults and sexual activity among older unmarried adults. The study proposes and tests several hypotheses about the relationship between religion and sex among these two groups of older Americans, using nationally representative data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Results suggest that among married older adults, religion is largely unrelated with sexual frequency and satisfaction, although religious integration in daily life shares a weak, but positive, association with pleasure from sex. For unmarried adults, such religious integration exhibits a negative association with having had sex in the last year among women, but not among men.
Forging Multilingual Spaces: Integrated Perspectives on Majority and Minority Bilingual Education edited by HÉLOT, CHRISTINE, & ANNE–MARIE DE MEJÍA

A review of the book "Forging Multilingual Spaces: Integrated Perspectives on Majority and Minority Bilingual Education," edited by Christine Helot and Anne De Mejia is presented.
Control of spin dynamics with laser pulses: Generation of entangled states of donor-bound electrons in a Cd 1-x Mn x Te quantum well

A quantum-mechanical many-particle system may exhibit nonlocal behavior in that measurements performed on one of the particles can affect a second one that is far apart. These so-called entangled states are crucial for the implementation of quantum information protocols and gates for quantum computation. Here, we use ultrafast optical pulses and coherent pump-probe techniques to create and control spin entangled states in an ensemble of up to three non-interacting electrons bound to donors in a ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}$Te quantum well. Our method, relying on the exchange interaction between optically excited excitons and the paramagnetic impurities, can in principle be applied to entangle an arbitrarily large number of electrons. A microscopic theory of impulsive stimulated Raman scattering and a model for multi-spin entanglement are presented. The signature of entanglement is the observation of overtones of donor spin-flips in the differential reflectivity of the probe pulse. Results are shown for resonant excitation of localized excitons below the gap, and above the gap where the signatures of entanglement are significantly enhanced. Data is also presented on the generation of coherent excitations of antiferromagnetically coupled manganese pairs, folded acoustic phonons, exciton Zeeman beats and entanglement involving two ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+2}$ ions.
The Paradox of Belief Instability and a Revision Theory of Belief

The epistemic paradox of ‘belief instability’ has recently received notable attention from many philosophers. In this paper I offer a new proposal, which I call a ‘revision theory of belief’. This theory is in many respects an application of Gupta’s and Belnap’s revision theory of truth. They argue that the Liar paradox arises because our notion of truth is circular. I offer a similar proposal for handling the paradox of belief instability. In particular, I argue that our notion involved in the paradox of belief instability is circular, and this circularity of belief is the source of the paradox.
Competition within and between encrusting clonal invertebrates

Colonies of encrusting marine invertebrates are tractable models for the study of competition, because of the relative ease with which observations can be made on the frequency and outcome of overgrowth interactions. Studies of intraspecific competition have found that competition is predicated upon a genetically controlled recognition event, which results in either fusion or rejection. Data are rapidly accumulating in two model systems showing that fusion is associated with somatic cell parasitism and that rejection is associated with overgrowth. Thus, encounters between conspecifics define a choice: to compete at the level of the cell lineage or to compete at the level of the colony. Fusion-rejection genes act to control the units (or targets) of selection.
Incorporating Severity of Illness into Estimates of Likelihood Ratios

ABSTRACT Although severity of illness may affect the usefulness of a diagnostic test, most previous work has considered test performance only in the dichotomous situation where the target disorder is considered present or absent. In this paper, a clinical example is provided and two methods presented whereby Illness severity may be incorporated into the determination of likelihood ratios for a diagnostic test. The use of this approach is that given a test result, a clinician may determine the post-test probability of all levels of the illness in the patient under study.
Aldose and aldehyde reductases in human tissues

Immunochemical characterizations of aldose reductase and aldehyde reductases I and II, partially purified by DEAE-cellulose (DE-52) column chromatography from human tissues, were carried out by immunotitration, using antisera raised against the homogenous preparations of human and bovine lens aldose reductase and human placenta aldehyde reductase I and aldehyde reductase II. Anti-aldose antiserum cross-reacted with aldehyde reductase I, anti-aldehyde reductase I antiserum cross-reacted with aldose reductase and anti-aldehyde reductase II antiserum precipitated aldehyde reductase II, but did not cross-react with aldose reductase or aldehyde reductase I from all the tissues examined. DE-52 elution profiles, substrate specificity and immunochemical characterization indicate that aldose reductase is present in human aorta, brain, erythrocyte and muscle; aldehyde reductase I is present in human kidney, liver and placenta; and aldehyde reductase II is present in human brain, erythrocyte, kidney, liver, lung and placenta. Monospecific anti-alpha and anti-beta antisera were purified from placenta anti-aldehyde reductase I antiserum, using immunoaffinity techniques. Anti-alpha antiserum precipitated both aldehyde reductase I and aldose reductase, whereas anti-beta antibodies cross-reacted with only aldehyde reductase I. Based on these studies, a three gene loci model is proposed to explain the genetic interrelationships among these enzymes. Aldose reductase is a monomer of alpha subunits, aldehyde reductase I is a dimer of alpha and beta subunits and aldehyde reductase II is a monomer of delta subunits.
Whites’ Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy: Are Multiracial Individuals a Source of Group Threat or Intergroup Contact?

This study uses multilevel modeling with data from the 2010 U.S. Census and the Pew Research Center’s 2006 and 2011 surveys to examine the relationship between the relative size of the multiracial population, specifically mixed-race whites, in metropolitan areas and the immigration attitudes of native-born non-Hispanic whites. The results indicate that whites who live in metropolitan areas with higher percentages of mixed-race whites are more likely to hold comparatively immigrant-friendly attitudes in general and specifically toward immigration levels, taxes, and employment, supporting contact theory. With increases in the multiracial population, whites are likely to adopt a more complex conception of race over time, leading to context-specific and topic-centered attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy.
Defect formation dynamics during CdTe overlayer growth

The presence of atomic-scale defects at multilayer interfaces significantly degrades performance in CdTe-based photovoltaic technologies. The ability to accurately predict and understand defect formation mechanisms during overlayer growth is, therefore, a rational approach for improving the efficiencies of CdTe materials. In this work, we utilize a recently developed CdTe bond-order potential (BOP) to enable accurate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for predicting defect formation during multilayer growth. A detailed comparison of our MD simulations to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy experiments verifies the accuracy and predictive power of our approach. Our simulations further indicate that island growth can reduce the lattice mismatch induced defects. These results highlight the use of predictive MD simulations to gain new insight into defect reduction in CdTe overlayers, which directly addresses efforts to improve these materials.
Routine Editing of Trainee-Generated Radiology Reports: Effect on Style Quality

Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine the effect of routine editing on the style quality of trainee-generated radiology reports.
Use of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts After Liver Transplantation

Background: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been used to control symptomatic portal hypertension in patients awaiting liver transplant. Although their role in pretransplantation patients is well established, their role in posttrans-plantation patients is unclear. Study Design: Retrospective analyses were performed for 18 liver-transplant recipients who underwent TIPS for recurrent end-stage liver disease. Patients were evaluated in regard to gender, age, diagnoses, allograft type, indication for TIPS, portal pressures, laboratory results, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and outcomes. Results: Median days from transplant to TIPS was 939 days (range, 122 to 3,415 days). Indications included variceal bleeding (n = 2) and ascites (n = 16). Ten patients (56%) responded to TIPS; TIPS prevented bleeding in both patients with varices, and it achieved symptomatic benefit in half of all patients with ascites. TIPS reduced median portal pressures from 22 mmHg (range, 17 to 50 mmHg) to 16 mmHg (range, 11 to 22 mmHg) and median portosystemic pressure gradients from 18 mmHg (range, 8 to 30 mmHg) to 8 mmHg (range, 2 to 12 mmHg). It increased median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores from 16 (range, 12 to 29) to 17 (range, 10 to 34) immediately and to 22 (range, 10 to 35) at 1 month. Six patients (33%) underwent retransplantation at a median of 58 days (range, 21 to 71 days) post-TIPS. Of the remaining 12 patients, 3 (25%) were alive and well at a median of 90 days (range, 78 to 1,169 days) post-TIPS; 9 (75%) died at a median of 99 days (range, 13 to 1,400 days) post-TIPS. Subgroup analysis failed to demonstrate significant differences between patients whose ascites responded to TIPS (n = 8) and patients whose ascites did not (n = 8). Responders were younger, had higher baseline portal pressures, greater reductions in portal-systemic pressure gradients, and better hepatic function. Conclusions: Though small, this was the largest series to date of TIPS in liver-transplant recipients. Overall, 56% of patients responded to TIPS. No single factor predicted response or nonresponse of ascites to TIPS. Without retransplantation, 75% of patients died. Careful selection is necessary when considering TIPS for patients with ascites.
Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin.

Objective Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end organ damage by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on human cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. Methods A human brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). Lactate dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and caspase-3 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. Results None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of E-selectin. Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, E-selectin expression was significantly increased; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were not altered relative to sham controls. Conclusion Increased ECAM expression and lactate dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.
Fan substitution between North American professional sports leagues.

We use Canada-to-US border crossing data to estimate market penetration and fan substitution across sports leagues. We find that passenger car crossings into the US increase by more than 2000 when the National Football League’s Buffalo Bills are playing a home game just across the border. This accounts for as much as 5% to 8% of Bills home attendance. Additionally, we find evidence of price competition, but not quality competition, between the Bills and Toronto-based teams in the three other major North American pro sports leagues. Given the exclusive market rights and antitrust privilege extended to professional sport in North America, these findings have important implications with respect to competition policies as they apply to major sports leagues.
Ethical Beliefs Toward Academic Dishonesty: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Undergraduate Students in Ukraine and the United States

Little work has been done on beliefs toward academic misconduct in Ukraine. This study explored the beliefs of Ukrainian students toward various forms of academic misconduct and compared the results to the U.S. undergraduate students (N = 270). Twenty-two forms of cheating, plagiarism, and questionable academic behaviors were grouped in five categories: unilateral cheating, collective cheating, falsification gaining favoritism, and performing extra work to receive better grades. Cross-cultural comparisons of beliefs were pivotal in this study. Results indicated that, in general, Ukrainian students are less likely to believe that academic misconduct is wrong compared to their U.S. counterparts, as well as seem to have different beliefs on what is and isn’t academic misconduct. Recommendations are proposed to help students change their beliefs and to reduce academic dishonesty. These recommendations also have application purposes outside of Ukraine.
Stress Analysis of a Penny-Shaped Crack in a Magneto-Electro-Thermo-Elastic Layer Under Uniform Heat Flow and Shear Loads

This article analyzes the mechanical behavior induced by a penny-shaped crack in a magneto-electro-thermal-elastic layer that is subjected to a heat flow. The surfaces of the magneto-electro-thermal-elastic layer are subjected to radial shear loads, and the crack is assumed to be thermally insulated. The Hankel transform technique is employed to reduce the problem to a Fredholm integral equation, which is then solved numerically. Shear stress intensity factors (SIFs) are obtained and discussed in detail. Numerical results reveals that in the case of only applied shear loads, the layer height has insignificant effects on the SIF when the ratio of the half-layer height h to crack radius a is larger than 2, and that in the case of only applied heat flow, the layer height also has insignificant effects on the crack extension force when h/a > 8. It is further interesting to note that for the magneto-electro-thermo-elastic layer under only applied heat flow, there exists a critical height as far as the stabilit...
Spatial Filtering for Detection of Signals Submerged in Noise

Matched filtering is described as a spatial filtering operation. A technique for producing a matched filter, wherein the filter transfer function is modulated onto a spatial carrier and the resulting function is hard-clipped allowing a filter construction of completely opaque and transparent lines, is given. The effect of this nonlinearity on the S/N is shown to be small. The effects of extraneous frequencies in the filter is shown to be negligible if the spatial carrier is sufficiently high. Experimental results are presented showing the detectability of the signal in the presence of various levels of additive noise.
The cutting path and tool selection problem in computer aided process planning

Abstract This paper is concerned with minimizing the sum of the tool setup and volume removal times associated with metal cutting operations on a flexible machine. The problem is of interest to most repetitive manufacturers because any reduction in processing time translates directly into cost savings. Findings optimal solutions, though, has proven quite difficult for manufacturing engineers due to the large number of cutting path and tool combinations that may be selected. The problem is modeled an as integer program but transformed by relaxing some of the constraints into one of finding a minimum cut on a simple network. After obtaining a tentative solution at this step, an efficient, but suboptimal, procedure is used to generate alternative process plans. These are seen to speed convergence during branch and bound. Overall performance is judged by examining a wide variety of test problems derived from actual manufacturing data.
Carbon dioxide activation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase in ethylene biosynthesis

Abstract Carbon dioxide was found to be required for, and to markedly stimulate, the activity of ACC oxidase enzyme extracted from apple fruit. Without supplemental CO 2 enzyme activity was low and variable. The half-maximal concentration CO 2 is 0.68% (v/v). Undissociated CO 2 rather than CHO − 3 serves as the activator of ACC oxidase. CO 2 and dithiothreitol act synergistically to activate the enzyme but CO 2 activation is independent of dithiothreitol. CO 2 increases the K m value for substrates ACC and ascorbic acid several fold while it increases the V max about 10-fold. CO 2 activation of ACC oxidase resembles that of rubisco, the only other plant enzyme known to be activated by CO 2 . Whereas CO 2 is known to be an inhibitor of ethylene action, it is required to make ACC oxidase catalytically competent to produce ethylene.
Carbamylated erythropoietin to treat neuronal injury: new development strategies.

Background: Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) is a modified erythropoietin molecule not affecting hematocrit. It is a potentially important pharmacological agent that may be applied to the treatment of several diseases affecting central and peripheral system neurons. Objective: Carbamylated erythropoietin is a prime candidate for development because of its potent cell survival and function enhancing effects. This article reviews the preclinical development profile of CEPO in animal models to determine whether further clinical development is justified. Methods: The review spans a detailed analysis of patents and scientific publications related to CEPO in animal models. Results/conclusions: Use of CEPO in treating diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries is important because these conditions affect millions of patients every year. Extensive preclinical studies support further clinical studies of CEPO for acute ischemic stroke. However, further studies are required for testing CE...
Reactions of the fungicide folpet (N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide) with a nonthiol protein

Abstract α-Chymotrypsin was used to investigate the reactions of folpet and its decomposition product thiophosgene with nonthiol proteins. Inhibition of enzyme activity by both compounds was correlated with changes in the properties of the protein as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding studies using 14 C and 35 S folpet indicated that the intact fungicide molecule was attached to protein site(s). The protein-fungicide complex(es) became unstable with time, however. The attachment of folpet to α-chymotrypsin, enzyme inhibition, and changes in gel patterns of treated proteins appeared to be pH dependent. These data suggest changes in the catalytically active conformation of treated protein. Possible reaction mechanisms involving folpet and thiophosgene with protein binding site(s) are discussed.