cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Terpenoid Phenols Resembles Calcium Stress and Inhibition of the TOR Pathway

Terpenoid phenols, including carvacrol, are components of oregano and other plant essential oils that exhibit potent antifungal activity against a wide range of pathogens, including Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To gain a mechanistic view of the cellular response to terpenoid phenols, we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism and monitored temporal changes in metabolic activity, cytosolic and vacuolar pH, and Ca(2+) transients. Using a panel of related compounds, we observed dose-dependent Ca(2+) bursts that correlated with antifungal efficacy. Changes in pH were long lasting and followed the Ca(2+) transients. A vma mutant lacking functional vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and defective in ion homeostasis was hypersensitive to carvacrol toxicity, consistent with a role for ionic disruptions in mediating cell death. Genomic profiling within 15 min of exposure revealed a robust transcriptional response to carvacrol, closely resembling that of calcium stress. Genes involved in alternate metabolic and energy pathways, stress response, autophagy, and drug efflux were prominently upregulated, whereas repressed genes mediated ribosome biogenesis and RNA metabolism. These responses were strongly reminiscent of the effects of rapamycin, the inhibitor of the TOR pathway of nutrient sensing. The results point to the activation of specific signaling pathways downstream of cellular interaction with carvacrol rather than a nonspecific lesion of membranes, as has been previously proposed.
THE EFFECT OF ENDOCRINES ON THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD I. THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY, THYROIDECTOMY AND ADRENALECTOMY ON THE BLOOD OF THE ADULT FEMALE RAT12

THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS may exert an influence on the formed elements of the blood. In the classical paper of Aschner (i) a decreased erythrocyte count and a decreased hemoglobin content in the blood of a hypophysectomised dog was reported. Since then several clinical (2–10) and experimental reports have been published supporting the theory that the hypophysis is concerned with the process of erythropoiesis. Houssay, Royer and Orias (11) observed an anemia and a decrease in hemoglobin after hypophysectomy in the rabbit. Stewart, Greep and Meyer (12) found that the hypophysectomized rat would not respond to a decreased oxygen tension with the typical bone marrow hyperplasia, reticulocytosis and an increased red count which is found in normal rats under similar conditions. Meyer, Stewart, Thewlis and Rusch (13) concluded that hypophysectomy in the rat produced a reticulocytopenia and an anemia.
A modular client-server discrete event simulator for networked computers

A novel simulation framework is described that uses a client-server paradigm combined with a discrete event simulator to allow the simulation modules to be distributed around a centralized core. The framework also simplifies the creation of new simulations by achieving the goals of being general purpose, easily extensible, modular, and distributed. A prototype of the client-server discrete event simulator (CS-DEVS) has been developed as a proof of concept. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the power of the new paradigm and prove the correctness of CS-DEVS. The first example is a modeling of the classical bank queuing simulation. The second example models the simulation of a distributed computing system, with complete modules for workload generation, architecture description, and scheduling and load balancing algorithms.
Transient Plumes from Convective Flow Instability in Horizontal Cylinders

In this paper we report on a transient flow instability phenomenon in a horizontal cylinder whose wall is subjected to a step increase in temperature. Pertinent previous work on related subjects is reviewed, and the appropriate governing equations and their numerical simulation are discussed for the present problem. The flow is governed by the Rayleigh number Ra as the other parameters are kept fixed. Studies are carried out for 0 < Ra < 106. The flowfield consists of two cells for Ra < 10s. Boundary layers at the wall exhibit a filling box phenomenon, which leads to a vertical stable stratification of the interior temperature field. The two-cell mode is temporarily unstable at Ra = 106, and a plume from a point source of buoyancy at the bottom of the cylinder evolves early in the transient. The downward motion of the stratification front suppresses the growth of the plume, and the flow is restabilized as the front approaches the bottom of the cylinder. The initial and final state in the system is a motionless fluid isothermal at the initial and new wall temperatures, respectively.
Urban-rural differences in BMI in low- and middle-income countries: the role of socioeconomic status

Background: Urbanization is often cited as a main cause of increasing BMIs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and urban residents in LMICs tend to have higher BMIs than do rural residents. However, urban-rural differences may be driven by differences in socioeconomic status (SES). Objective: Using nationally representative data collected at 2 time points in 38 LMICs, we assessed the association between urban residence and BMI before and after adjustment for measures of individual- and household-level SES. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative samples of 678,471 nonpregnant women aged 15–49 y, with 225,312 women in the earlier round of surveys conducted between 1991 and 2004 and 453,159 women in the later round conducted between 1998 and 2010. We used linear and ordered multinomial analysis with a country fixed effect to obtain a pooled estimate and a country-stratified analysis. Results: We found that mean BMI (kg/m2) in less-developed countries was generally higher within urban areas (excess BMI associated with urban residence before wealth index adjustment: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.52, 1.57). However, the urban association was attenuated after SES was accounted for (association after adjustment: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.47). Individual- and household-level SES measures were independently and positively associated with BMI. Conclusion: The association between urban residence and obesity in LMICs is driven largely by higher individual- and community-level SES in urban areas, which suggests that urban residence alone may not cause increased body weight in developing countries.
Information-Seeking Behavior of International Graduate Students vs. American Graduate Students: A User Study at Virginia Tech 2005

This is a comparative study on information needs and information-seeking behavior of international graduate students and American graduate students. This user study is based on empirical data collected from an online survey conducted between April 7 and May 28, 2005, at Virginia Tech. The goal of this comparative study is to investigate how graduate students from diverse ethnic groups discover, select, and use various information sources and to obtain insights into international graduate students’ information-seeking behavior, especially its similarities and differences compared with the information-locating patterns used by their American peers.
Mechanisms of control of microRNA biogenesis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ∼22 nt non-coding RNAs that control diverse biological functions in animals, plants and unicellular eukaryotes by promoting degradation or inhibition of translation of target mRNAs. miRNA expression is often tissue specific and developmentally regulated. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has been linked to developmental abnormalities and human diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders. The recent identification of mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis regulation uncovers that various factors or growth factor signalling pathways control every step of the miRNA biogenesis pathway. Here, we review the mechanisms that control the regulation of miRNA biogenesis discovered in human cells. Further understanding of the mechanisms that control of miRNA biogenesis may allow the development of tools to modulate the expression of specific miRNAs, which is crucial for the development of novel therapies for human disorders derived from aberrant expression of miRNAs.
Strategies for promoting academic integrity in CS courses

Plagiarism in computer science courses has become increasingly widespread. This paper describes the approach taken at Stanford University over the past ten years in an attempt to control this problem. Our approach consists of five steps. First, we have encouraged computer science faculty to become actively engaged in the university judicial process. Second, we have instituted the practice of using "expert witnesses" who are familiar with programming assignments as part of the judicial process. Third, we have redefined the most common violation-one student who copies an assignment from another-as "plagiarism" instead of "unpermitted collaboration." Fourth, we have adopted electronic tools to detect instances of such plagiarism. Fifth, we have established explicit departmental policies about collaboration and plagiarism and made sure that those policies are well understood by students. By adopting this multifaceted approach, the computer science department has been able to detect a larger fraction of the instances of academic dishonesty and prosecute more effectively the violations that occur.
Spatial reference frame of incidentally learned attention

Abstract Visual attention prioritizes information presented at particular spatial locations. These locations can be defined in reference frames centered on the environment or on the viewer. This study investigates whether incidentally learned attention uses a viewer-centered or environment-centered reference frame. Participants conducted visual search on a monitor laid flat on a tabletop. During training, the target was more likely to appear in a “rich” quadrant than in other “sparse” quadrants. Although participants were unaware of this manipulation, they found the target faster in the rich quadrant than in the sparse quadrants, showing probability cuing. In a subsequent testing phase, participants were reseated to change their viewpoint by 90°. In addition, the target became equally likely to appear in any quadrant. Spatial attention continued to be biased for several hundred trials. Critically, the attentional bias moved with the participant, shifting to a previously sparse quadrant on the screen. Incidental learning of a target’s likely locations led to a persistent, egocentric spatial bias.
Environmental munificence: a theoretical assessment

Two research limitations pertaining to environmental munificence-organization relationships are examined: (a) overabstraction, which exists when environment is defined too broadly, resulting in inappropriate aggregation of disparate environmental units and (b) conceptual ambiguity, which exists when researchers use different labels to describe similar munificence constructs and similar labels to describe different constructs. These limitations are clarified, and measurement suggestions, along with other research implications, are discussed.
Mutational and spectroscopic studies of the significance of the active site glutamine to metal ion specificity in superoxide dismutase.

We are addressing the puzzling metal ion specificity of Fe- and Mn-containing superoxide dismutases (SODs) [see C.K.Vance, A.-F. Miller. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120(3) (1998) 461-467]. Here, we test the significance to activity and active site integrity of the Gln side chain at the center of the active site hydrogen bond network. We have generated a mutant of MnSOD with the active site Gln in the location characteristic of Fe-specific SODs. The active site is similar to that of MnSOD when Mn2+, Fe3+ or Fe2+ are bound, based on EPR and NMR spectroscopy. However, the mutant's Fe-supported activity is at least 7% that of FeSOD, in contrast to Fe(Mn)SOD, which has 0% of FeSOD's activity. Thus, moving the active site Gln converts Mn-specific SOD into a cambialistic SOD and the Gln proves to be important but not the sole determinant of metal-ion specificity. Indeed, subtle differences in the spectra of Mn2+, Fe3+ and 1H in the presence of Fe2+ distinguish the G77Q, Q146A mut-(Mn)SOD from WT (Mn)SOD, and may prove to be correlated with metal ion activity. We have directly observed the side chain of the active site Gln in Fe2+ SOD and Fe2+ (Mn)SOD by 15N NMR. The very different chemical shifts indicate that the active site Gln interacts differently with Fe2+ in the two proteins. Since a shorter distance from Gln to Fe and stronger interaction with Fe correlate with a lower Em in Fe(Mn)SOD, Gln has the effect of destabilizing additional electron density on the metal ion. It may do this by stabilizing OH- coordinated to the metal ion.
REGRESSION ESTIMATES OF PER CAPITA GDP BASED ON PURCHASING POWER PARITIES

Policy ResearchWorkingPapets disseminate the findings of work in progress and enoourage the exchange ofideas among Bank staffand allothers interested in development issues. Thesepapers, distributedby theResearchAdvisory Staff, carry thenames of theauthors, reflect only theirviews, and should be used and cited accordingly. Thefindings,interpretations, and conclusions are the auLhors own.TThey should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, its management, or any of ita member countries. P ub lic D is cl os ur e A ut ho riz ed
Identification of gastric contractions from the cutaneous electrogastrogram

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether gastric contractions in the fasting and fed state can be identified from the cutaneous electrogastrogram. METHODS Simultaneous measurements of gastric myoelectrical and manometric activities were made in 10 healthy female volunteers from 1:00 AM to 9:45 AM. For manometric recording, a catheter incorporating solid state transducers was used. Cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG) was used for myoelectrical recording. All EGG data from 1:00 AM to 7:30 AM that occurred during motor quiescence, all EGG data that occurred during antral contractions, and 2-h EGG data after breakfast given at 7:30 AM were quantitatively analyzed and compared with each other. The EGG in three specific periods (fasting without antral contractions, fasting with contractions, and postprandial) was characterized by four parameters that include frequency, power, and stabilities of the frequency and power. RESULTS 1) the peak power of the postprandial EGG was, respectively, 12.5 dB (about 2-fold increase in amplitude) and 6.8 dB (about 1-fold increase in amplitude) higher than that during motor quiescence (p < 0.05) and motor activity in the fasting state; 2) the dominant frequency of the postprandial EGG was, respectively, 6% and 13% higher than that during motor quiescence and motor activity (p < 0.05) in the fasting state; 3) the peak power of the fasting EGG was 48% more unstable during motor activity than motor quiescence (p < 0.05); 4) the stability of the EGG frequency was not significantly different during the three different periods. CONCLUSION The EGG provides important and useful information for the assessment of gastric motility. An unstable EGG peak power is indicative of gastric contractions in the fasting state. An increase in EGG peak power and/or dominant frequency after a solid test meal suggests a normal postprandial gastric motility.
Dynamic lymph node mapping using a near infrared fluorescent dye

A69 Cancer metastases is a leading cause of cancer related deaths. The lymph system is a channel for transporting tumor cells and therefore plays an important role in pathogenesis of breast cancer metastases. Thus, sentinel lymph node mapping followed by biopsy has become a standard for diagnosing disease stages. In this presentation, we demonstrate a rapid, non-invasive dynamic fluorescent optical imaging technique for visualization of lymph nodes, lymph channels, and pulsating lymph flow using a non-specific NIR dye in a preclinical model of swine as an initial step toward utilizing molecularly targeted optical agents. Intra-dermal injections of indocyanine green (ICG) solutions (3-322 μM) were administered in the lymphatics of Yorkshire swine using a novel microcanula/catheter device. Dynamic optical imaging was performed by exposing the swine skin to a 0.25-mW/cm2, 785-nm plane wave and the re-emitted fluorescence at 830 nm was detected using an intensified charged-coupled device (ICCD) camera outfitted with band-pass and band rejection filters. From the dynamic images of the lymphatic trafficking of ICG we (1) mapped the lymphatic network of axillary, mammary, and inguinal regions of swine (2) characterized the dynamics of propelled lymph flow. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of the optical imaging method for sentinel lymph node mapping and thus support the use of molecularly targeted contrast agents for future molecular imaging to track cancer micro-metastases.
Jump-Diffusion Processes and the Bond Markets

This paper develops models of the term structure when the short rate follows a jump-diffusion process. An empirical implementation demonstrates that jump-diffusions better explain interest rate behavior than pure diffusion models. The fit is shown to be improved by an augmented jump-diffusion time varying volatility model proposed here. The effect of skewness and kurtosis on the term structure of interest rates is analyzed. The economic implications of jump activity are explored with the analysis of changes in Federal Reserve target rates and their relationship to the term structure.
Opportunities for urban ecology in community and regional planning

Our species plans. That’s who we are: plan makers. We rely on knowledge, instincts, and gut reactions to guide our decisions. Good plans rely on a careful reading of a place or a situation. Plans require context. Ecology, especially urban ecology, can contribute much to an understanding of place and context in city and regional planning. Planning theorists have connected what we know to what we do. For instance, John Friedmann (1987) suggested knowledge should lead to action, while Patrick Geddes (1915) placed diagnosis before treatment. Ecological knowledge can contribute much to the diagnosis of a place before a planning or design intervention is undertaken. Furthermore, plans should be flexible and capable of adjusting to changing circumstances and new information. From nature, we know that it is neither always the strongest of species that survives nor the most intelligent. Rather, it is the species that is most adaptable to change (this is a paraphrase of a quote often misattributed to Charles Darwin. I first saw it on a t-shirt at the Charles Darwin Research Station gift shop in the Galapagos Islands. Even though Charles Darwin never proclaimed this, the idea still rings true.) We humans are an adaptive species. Planning is among our most powerful tools for adaptation. Planning is simply thinking ahead. Community and regional planning involves thinking ahead and formally envisioning the future for ourselves and others. These two scales—community and regional—suggest planners deal with both close-knit groups and larger populations. Environmental and social concerns are equally important at both scales. Like planners, ecologists work at many scales from sites to landscapes on to regions. Ecology can be useful for the future of our planet through what has been called, “earth stewardship” (Ogden et al. 2013; Sayre et al. 2013) as a result of planning and urban design (Felson, …
A Fault‐Based Model for Crustal Deformation, Fault Slip Rates, and Off‐Fault Strain Rate in California

We invert Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity data to estimate fault slip rates in California using a fault‐based crustal deformation model with geologic constraints. The model assumes buried elastic dislocations across the region using Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast Version 3 (UCERF3) fault geometries. New GPS velocity and geologic slip‐rate data were compiled by the UCERF3 deformation working group. The result of least‐squares inversion shows that the San Andreas fault slips at 19–22 mm/yr along Santa Cruz to the North Coast, 25–28 mm/yr along the central California creeping segment to the Carrizo Plain, 20–22 mm/yr along the Mojave, and 20–24 mm/yr along the Coachella to the Imperial Valley. Modeled slip rates are 7–16 mm/yr lower than the preferred geologic rates from the central California creeping section to the San Bernardino North section. For the Bartlett Springs section, fault slip rates of 7–9 mm/yr fall within the geologic bounds but are twice the preferred geologic rates. For the central and eastern Garlock, inverted slip rates of 7.5 and 4.9 mm/yr, respectively, match closely with the geologic rates. For the western Garlock, however, our result suggests a low slip rate of 1.7 mm/yr. Along the eastern California shear zone and southern Walker Lane, our model shows a cumulative slip rate of 6.2–6.9 mm/yr across its east–west transects, which is ∼1 mm/yr increase of the geologic estimates. For the off‐coast faults of central California, from Hosgri to San Gregorio, fault slips are modeled at 1–5 mm/yr, similar to the lower geologic bounds. For the off‐fault deformation, the total moment rate amounts to 0.88×1019 N·m/yr, with fast straining regions found around the Mendocino triple junction, Transverse Ranges and Garlock fault zones, Landers and Brawley seismic zones, and farther south. The overall California moment rate is 2.76×1019 N·m/yr, which is a 16% increase compared with the UCERF2 model. Online Material: Table of geological slip rates.
Induced direct binding of the adapter protein Nck to the GTPase-activating protein-associated protein p62 by epidermal growth factor

The SH3-SH3-SH3-SH2 adapter protein Nck links receptor tyrosine kinases, such as EGF and PDGF receptors, to downstream signaling pathways, among which p21cdc42/rac-activated kinase cascade, Sos-activated Ras signaling and the human Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp)-mediated actin cytoskeleton changes, have been implicated. In EGF stimulated cells, Nck co-immunoprecipitates with a number of phosphotyrosine proteins including the EGF receptor (Li et al., 1992 Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 5824-2833). To identify the phosphotyrosine protein(s) that directly interacts with Nck and to distinguish it from indirectly associated proteins, preexisting phosphoytrosine protein complexes in the cell lysate were dissociated by heat and SDS prior to the test for binding to Nck. We found that Nck does not directly bind to EGF receptor, instead it binds via its SH2 domain to a 62 kDa phosphotyrosine protein. We present evidence demonstrating that the Nck-bound p62 is related to the previously identified GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-associated phosphotyrosine protein p62. (1) The Nck-bound and the GAP-bound p62 proteins co-migrate with each other in SDS-PAGE. (2) SH2 domains from Nck and GAP compete for binding to p62 in vitro. (3) Purified GST-Nck-SH2 binds directly to the GAP-associated p62. Under these conditions, SH2 domains from PLCgamma, PI-3 kinase, SHC, and Grb2 did not bind p62. (4) Tryptic phosphopeptide maps of the Nck- and the GAP-associated p62 proteins are identical. However, Nck and GAP do not co-immunoprecipitate with each other and apparently bind to different pools of p62. This study suggests that the GAP-associated p62 acts as an SH2 domain docking protein and mediates the interaction between Nck and EGF receptor in response to EGF stimulation.
Band-Gap Tuned Direct Absorption for Hybrid Concentrating Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal System

Two methods often proposed for harnessing renewable energy, photovoltaics and solar thermal, both utilize the power of the sun. Each of these systems independently present unique engineering challenges but when coupled together the challenge intensifies due to competing operating requirements. Recent research has demonstrated these hybrid systems for low-temperature applications but there exists limited studies at higher concentration ratios, and thus higher temperatures. What these studies have shown is that keeping the PV cell temperature low keeps the overall system efficiency relatively high but results in low efficiencies from the thermal system. This study presents a unique design strategy for a hybrid PV/thermal system that only has mild thermal coupling which can lead to enhanced efficiency. By creating a fluid filter that absorbs energy directly in the fluid below the band-gap and a PV cell with a passive cooling strategy combined efficiencies greater than 38% can be achieved.© 2011 ASME
ON THE CONTROL DESIGN OF THE DISTURBANCE REDUCTION SYSTEM FOR THE LISA MISSION

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) mission will consist of a three spacecraft formation acting as a large interferometer. The spacecraft formation will measure the distortion of space caused by passing gravitational waves. Each spacecraft will contain two shielded proof masses that define the optical arms of the interferometer. To mitigate the effects of external disturbances, the LISA Disturbance Reduction System will control the spacecraft to fly drag-free trajectories with reference to their respective proof masses. This paper investigates control design issues associated with the LISA Disturbance Reduction System (DRS). In particular, this paper presents a 2 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) model representing a spacecraft with a single proof mass. With this model, key control design issues are identified. A Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller design is then presented to illustrate the feasibility of the DRS control concept. A 3 DOF model is used to explore the DRS implications of a spacecraft with two proof masses.
Neuropsychological correlates of suboptimal adherence to metformin.

The goal of this study was to determine if neuropsychological function is associated with adherence to prescribed medication. Altogether, 79 patients with type II diabetes at a VA primary care clinic had adherence to the antihyperglycemic drug metformin measured with MEMS® caps over a 4-week period. They completed several tests of neuropsychological function: Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Trails A and B, Stroop, Digit Span, Digit Symbol, and Grooved Pegboard. In separate multivariate analyses, Stroop word score and time to complete Trails B were independently associated with adherence, as was age. Secondary analyses of the relationship between neuropsychological variables and other adherence-related measures were conducted. Low scores on the MMSE and non-Caucasian ethnicity were associated with missed appointments. None of the neuropsychological variables were associated with glycosylated hemoglobin. These results suggest that cognitive abilities should be considered when counseling patients concerning their adherence.
Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation for Lung Transplantation

Preoperative evaluation and preparation of lung transplant recipients require a team-based multidisciplinary approach with transplant pulmonologists providing the action plan. With this approach, lung transplant recipients are well prepared before the surgery, improving the opportunities and potentially the outcome of patients with end-stage lung disease. Management of acutely ill lung recipients is evolving with newer approaches, such as “awake” extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and lung assist devices, holding promise for the future.
Growth of Mice Fed Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus1

The effects of milk fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth of Swiss albino mice were tested. Mice were fed a stock diet and drinking water containing one of these milk additions: no supplementary milk (control), 10% liquid skim milk, 10% milk containing a viable culture of L. acidophilus, or 10% milk fermented by L. acidophilus. After 4 weeks mice receiving the fermented acidophilus milk had consumed more total feed and gained more weight than had the control mice, but not more than those fed the liquid skim milk or the nonfermented acidophilus milk.
Integrating data analytics and simulation for defect management in manufacturing environments

Defect management in manufacturing environments requires effective identification of the defects and finding proper solutions to resolve them. Predicting and preventing the defects before they can occur is the focus of quality risk management. To effectively manage defects, companies need to analyze historical data to identify the causes and solutions for defects as well as study the impact the defect can have on the processes, priorities, and operations. This study integrates data analytics and simulation modeling to develop a system for defect management in manufacturing environments. Simulation is used to analyze the behavior of the system whereas data analytics is used to develop prediction models for defect resolution. A case study from high-end server manufacturing environment, which is characterized by extensive test processes to ensure high quality and reliability of servers, is provided. The proposed approach helps decision makers analyze and manage defects and develop proactive means to prevent them.
Contrasting mobilization of elements in contact with sediment from Lake Roosevelt and the Upper Columbia River, Washington, USA

Abstract Trace element contamination is known to be widely present in sediment of Lake Roosevelt and the riverine reach of the Columbia River in Washington State, USA due to discharges from several smelters and numerous mines dating back to the mid-1800's. In this study, the concentrations of aqueous elements in contact with bed sediment from the lake and river were examined under varying degrees of physical mixing and time scales. Contrasting geochemical processes affecting aqueous concentrations were inferred from the release of major ions (Ca and Si), elements enriched in metallurgical smelter slag (Cu and Sb), and redox-sensitive species (Fe, Mn, Mo and U). Releases of major ions reflect the contrasting sediment substrates along the length of the river and large reservoir. Calcium released from carbonate minerals and slag particles was most pronounced in regions of carbonate bedrock and near sediment deposits with a large component of slag material, while Si released from unconsolidated glacial/fluvial sediment increased with increasing distance downstream. Sb release was a consistent indicator of slag presence and weathering, possibly because its anionic nature inhibits readsorption onto metal oxides. In contrast, Cu release was quite variable, likely due to varying degrees of copper readsorption or co-precipitation onto metal oxides. The release of Mo and U appeared to be affected by redox conditions, which were assessed using aqueous Fe and Mn concentrations.
Synthesis of 1-Cyanoalkynes and Their Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition with Organic Azides to Afford 4-Cyano-1,2,3-triazoles

A new method to convert terminal alkynes under relatively mild conditions to 1-cyanoalkynes using in situ formed cyanogen is described. 1-Cyanoalkynes have a higher reactivity than terminal alkynes in the ruthenium(II)-catalyzed regiospecific azide–alkyne cycloaddition to afford 4-cyano-1,2,3-triazoles. A mechanistic proposal different from the one that terminal alkynes adopt under the same reaction conditions is proposed. This work provides a new and convenient two-step sequence to prepare 4-cyano-1,2,3-triazoles from terminal alkynes and organic azides.
Comparison of the phosphorus status of soils managed organically and conventionally

Soils from adjoining farms, one managed organically and the other managed conventionally, were used in a greenhouse study to compare soil P status and the efficiency of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and North Carolina rock phosphate (RP). Soil and plant parameters were measured as indicators of levels of soil P forms and availability of soil P to soybeans (Glycine max L.). Management did not affect dry matter yield of soybean plants. Conventional management resulted in higher P concentration in the plant and higher P uptake when CSP was the P source. However, when RP was the source, management effect was not significant. RP was only 15% as effective as CSP in increasing yield. When no P was applied, organic management resulted in greater total soil P, organic P, and Ca phosphate (CaP); conventional management resulted in greater Al and Fe phosphate (AlFeP) and occluded AlFeP (OcP). Addition of CSP increased AlFeP and OcP. Addition of RP increased CaP. CSP was more effective than RP in increasing extractable soil P. Multiple regression analysis showed that extractable P was related to AlFeP when CSP was the P source and to CaP when RP was the source. Yield was related to extractable P when CSP was the P source but when RP was the source, no significant regression models were found for yield.
Individually coated microneedles for co-delivery of multiple compounds with different properties

Microneedle (MN) patches provide a simple method for delivery of drugs that might otherwise require hypodermic injection. Conventional MN patch fabrication methods typically can load only one or possibly multiple miscible agents with the same formulation on all MNs, which limits the combination and spatial distribution of drugs and formulations having different properties (such as solubility) in a single patch. In this study, we coated MNs individually instead of coating all MNs from the same formulation, making possible a patch where each individual MN is coated with different formulations and drugs. In this way, individually coated MN patches co-delivered multiple agents with different physicochemical characteristics (immiscible molecules, proteins, and nanoparticles) and in different spatial patterns in the skin. MN loading was adjusted by modifying the number of coating layers, and co-delivery of multiple agents was demonstrated in the porcine skin. We conclude that individually coating MNs enables co-delivery of multiple different compounds and formulations with needle-by-needle spatial control in the skin.
Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors and Devices

The non-linear properties of the ac Josephson effect(1) have been demonstrated in the laboratory by a number of experiments in which the interaction of a Josephson junction with external radiation, or with a resonant cavity, or with both, has been the focus of attention. Experiments have been reported in which Josephson junctions were employed in harmonic generation,(2)(3)(4) mixing,(5) (6)(7) generation and self-mixing,(8) and far-infrared detection.(9) (10) As a detector, there have been quoted sensitivities of 5 × 15–15 Watt,(10) speeds of better than 10 nanosecond,(9) and frequency response extending from very long wavelengths to better than 100 microns.(9) As a mixer, numbers that have been reported include conversion loss of about 6 dB at 13 GHz,(11) detection of a signal at 891 GHz by beating it against the 84th harmonic of a signal at 10.6 GHz,(6) and upconversion from 20 GHz to about 500 GHz.(8) None of these figures appears to represent a device limit. Other activity is also underway. The ac Josephson effect is the heart of a system to maintain the legal volt in terms of frequency and hence improve the reliability of standards intercomparisons around the world.(12)
Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Recent Findings.

To assess the strength of evidence for associations between environmental toxicants and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, suggest potential biological mechanisms based on animal and in vitro studies, and highlight avenues for future research. Evidence is strongest for links between persistent chemicals, including lead, cadmium, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic biphenyls, and preeclampsia, although associations are sometimes not detectable at low-exposure levels. Results have been inconclusive for bisphenols, phthalates, and organophosphates. Biological pathways may include oxidative stress, epigenetic changes, endocrine disruption, and abnormal placental vascularization. Additional prospective epidemiologic studies beginning in the preconception period and extending postpartum are needed to assess the life course trajectory of environmental exposures and women’s reproductive and cardiovascular health. Future studies should also consider interactions between chemicals and consider nonlinear associations. These results confirm recommendations by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Endocrine Society that providers counsel their pregnant patients to limit exposure to environmental toxicants.
The cause-effect relationship between bone loss and Alzheimer's disease using statistical modeling.

Abstract Background Animal studies provide strong evidence that the CNS directly regulates bone remodeling through the actions of the hypothalamus via two distinct pathways, the neural (mediated by leptin) arm and neurohumoral (mediated by neurohormones and growth factors) arm. The impact of AD on central regulatory mechanisms of bone mass is not known. Objectives To test a model that assesses the relationship between hypothalamic atrophy and bone loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and potential mediation through neural (leptin) and neurohumoral (insulin-like growth factor –1, IGF-1) mechanisms. Hypotheses AD-related hypothalamic structural change alters neural and neurohumoral regulatory systems of bone remodeling and contributes to bone loss in early AD. Design A secondary data analysis of data obtained in a two-year longitudinal study with path analysis and longitudinal mediation modeling. Participants The data were collected as a part of the University of Kansas Brain Aging Project, a two-year observational study of 71 older adults with early stage AD and 69 non-demented controls. Measurements Demographic characteristics and measures of bone density, body composition, and hypothalamic volume, serum levels of leptin, growth hormone, and IGF-1 were collected. Results Hypothalamic atrophy and bone loss were observed in AD group and were associated. Data modeling suggests that bone loss may precede measurable changes in the brain. Leptin increased over two years in AD and the increase in leptin was associated with hypothalamic atrophy. However, changes in leptin or IGF-1 levels did not mediate the relationship between hypothalamic atrophy and bone loss. Conclusions This study extends previous findings by suggesting that bone loss in AD may be related to neurodegenerative changes (atrophy) in the hypothalamus. Further studies are needed to explore the role of brain atrophy and mediating mechanisms in bone loss. Further exploring temporal relationship between bone loss and AD may have an important diagnostic value.
REITS and Market Declines

Extreme stock price behavior has become more recognized in the investment literature. Recent work by Glascock and Lu-Andrews shows that larger firms with high measures of liquidity react in a stronger manner to market related extreme events. These stocks also experience stronger stock price reversals on day 1 after the event. In this research, we examine the behavior of REITs around large market price events. Our results show that REITs that are larger and that have high liquidity behave as other stocks and react strongly to these events and have strong reversals of price on day 1 after the event. Overall, we argue that size and liquidity establish these REITs as being more market-related that other REITs.
Das Reich. Vom Wunschbild zur kleindeutschen Realität

Nach dem Scheitern der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung im Fruhjahr 1849 kam es in verschiedenen deutschen Regionen – am Rhein, in Berlin, in Dresden, vor allem aber in Baden und der Pfalz – zu revolutionaren Aktionen und Aufstanden. Sie wurden vom Militar niedergeschlagen. In Baden rief der Grosherzog das preusische Militar zur Hilfe, das unter dem ›Kartatschenprinzen‹ Wilhelm die badischen Truppen und Freischaren besiegte und im Juli 1849 die Festung Rastatt eroberte : Standgerichte und Massenerschiesungen schlossen sich an. Eine grose Auswanderungswelle – darunter 80 000 Badener – schwachte die demokratische Bewegung, wahrend sich zugleich das gesellschaftlich- politische Klima wieder dem der vorrevolutionaren Restauration und Repression anglich. Die Rede von Einheit in Freiheit hatte keine Zukunft.
Food Matters: Community Food Assessments as a Tool for Change

Community practitioners have paid little attention to food insecurity, an issue that has been addressed primarily at the individual level through emergency food assistance. Addressing community food security requires an approach to practice that considers and links all aspects of the food system including production, processing, distribution, and consumption. This article draws on a social justice framework to critically reflect on a Community Food Assessment (CFA), an integrative, systematic, and participatory approach to community practice that combines community organizing, policy advocacy, research, coalition building, and community development. Social work's core values and its broad skill set make it well suited to play a key role in these efforts.
Evaluation of a Vertical Box Plating Technique for Mandibular Body Fractures and Retrospective Analysis of Patient Outcomes

ImportanceDespite advancements, treatment of mandibular body fractures is plagued by complications. Evaluation of a new plating system is needed with the goal of reducing complication rates. Object...
Locating Medieval Armenia at the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Spanning 13 centuries, the exhibition “Armenia!” brings together some 140 objects to present the medieval art and culture of the Armenian peoples in a global context. Armenia has often existed at the borders of medieval art in contemporary scholarship, due to its complex history and continuously shifting borders, which undermine basic understandings of empires and polities. This exhibition seeks to “locate” Armenia through the twin themes of religion and trade, documenting the myriad ways in which Armenians employed visual culture to construct images of the self and community. The works on display demonstrate the distinctive qualities of the Armenian artistic and religious culture, while also documenting contact with an ever-shifting and expanding group of neighbors and trading partners. At once complimenting and extending the reach of the exhibition, the catalog provides scholars with a trove of insightful essays and catalog entries that are, characteristically, deeply researched and will serve as a touchstone in the field for decades to come. Together, this exhibition and catalog calls on medievalists to rethink the way we study and teach medieval art, recognizing the inner diversities, interlocking histories, and extraordinary artistic achievements of Christian communities in the east.
Rodrigo's Seventh Chronicle: Race, Democracy, and the State

Considers how democracy and the state both sit at the root of racism and points out how this is a natural extension of Enlightenment principles. Explores the link between freemarket politics, individualist competitiveness, and racism. Suggests moving toward a collectivist form of social organization emphasizing love and human solidarity.
Stable High‑Q Bouncing BallModes inside a Fabry–Pérot Cavity

We discover that stable high-Q bouncing ball modes with tight lateral confinement and whole-body light–matter interaction can exist in an imperfectly aligned, wedged plano–plano FP (WFP) cavity by ...
Clustering knowledge and dispersing abilities enhances collective problem solving in a network.

Diversity tends to generate more and better ideas in social settings, ranging in scale from small-deliberative groups to tech-clusters and cities. Implicit in this research is that there are knowledge-generating benefits from diversity that comes from mixing different individuals, ideas, and perspectives. Here, we utilize agent-based modeling to examine the emergent outcomes resulting from the manipulation of how diversity is distributed and how knowledge is generated within communicative social structures. In the context of problem solving, we focus on cognitive diversity and its two forms: ability and knowledge. For diversity of ability, we find that local diversity (intermixing of different agents) performs best at all time scales. However, for diversity of knowledge, we find that local homogeneity performs best in the long-run, because it maintains global diversity, and thus the knowledge-generating ability of the group, for a longer period. Using agent-based models of a problem-solving task in a network, the authors show that clustering people of similar knowledge maintains solution diversity and increases long run system collective performance. Clustering those with similar abilities, however, lowers solution diversity and performance.
UWB Multicarrier Radar Target Scene Identification With 2-D Diversity Utilization and GLRT Refinement

In this letter, we present a novel approach to target scene identification using ultrawideband software-defined radar system, which utilizes frequency-angle diversity and refines the decision via the numerically implemented generalized likelihood ratio test. The two stages of the method are discussed, as well as the Monte Carlo statistical simulation and its results. The experimental results are presented for two very similar target scenes, each of which had been successfully identified using training data available for five different scenarios. The proposed approach is tailored for use in multicarrier radar sensor systems; specifically, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system is considered in this letter.
Service Quality on Online Platforms: Empirical Evidence about Driving Quality at Uber

Online marketplaces have adopted new mechanisms for quality control that can accommodate a flexible pool of providers, with unclear effects on overall service quality. We focus on ride-hailing: pre-screening, which prevailed in taxi markets, has been diminished in favor of automated quality measurement, incentives, and nudges. Using telemetry data, an objective measure of quality, we show that UberX drivers perform better than UberTaxi drivers. We then explore whether the difference is driven by incentives, nudges, and information. Drivers respond to user preferences and to nudges, such as notifications due to low ratings. Informing drivers about their past behavior improves quality, especially for low-performing drivers.