cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Crystal Field and Charge Density: Mössbauer Studies of Fe F 2 , KFe F 3 , Fe Cl 2 , and Fe F 3

A temperature-dependent crystal field at the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ site in Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ is inferred from anisotropic thermal-expansion coefficients and M\"ossbauer quadrupole-splitting data; the latter indicate that the splitting of the ferrous ${T}_{2g}$ state, due to the axial component of the crystal field, decreases from ${E}_{\mathrm{axial}}=1300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to ${E}_{\mathrm{axial}}=1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K at 965\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Thermal-shift and thermodynamic data for Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, KFe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, and Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ show that the electronic charge density at the nucleus is essentially independent of temperature; thus, the expected decrease in this density due to isothermal expansion must be approximately canceled by an increase due to thermal effects at constant volume. In contrast, Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ displays a significant decrease of electronic charge density at the nucleus with increasing temperature. The above conclusions result from M\"ossbauer studies of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ in Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ (300-965\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), KFe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ (300-945\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), Fe${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ (300-644\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), and Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ (370-810\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K), reported in this paper. Also presented is a model which quantitatively fits the high-pressure Fe${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ M\"ossbauer quadrupole-splitting data of Champion et al. below 60 kbar. The new feature of this model is a method for estimating the effect of pressure on the $3d$ radial wave function. A phase transition is proposed around 65 kbar.
Ab Initio and Semiempirical Study of the Effect of Ethereal Solvent on Aggregation of a Lithium Enolate

The effect of dimethyl ether solvation on aggregated forms of the lithium enolate of acetaldehyde (CH2CHOLi)n(Me2O)x, n = 1−4, x = 0−4, was studied theoretically. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional was applied to calculate the energies of PM3 optimized structures (B3LYP//PM3). The accuracy of this method was checked successfully against a representative set of B3LYP//B3LYP computations. The DFT values also were calibrated by comparison with MP4 calculations on solvated methyllithium. The structures and energies of the aggregates are described, with emphasis on the main factors that control relative stabilities. Common crystal structure motivs are reproduced. Solvation is critical in the equilibria among the aggregated species and in the relative stabilities of the tetrameric isomers but is balanced by π-interactions between lithium and the enolate double bond. A number of tetramer structures were studied, but lithium is tetracoordinated only in the cubic tetramer in the most stable ...
Divergent impulsive crossflow over packed columnar arrays

Abstract A quasi-one-dimensional method was devised for calculating transient, compressible, viscous flows through packet beds and over tube bundles. The method was applied to study the impulsive crossflow of a lithium plasma through an array of liquid jets, a problem that arises in the design of inertial confinement fusion reactors. The jet array was a close-packed annular arrangement with the plasma initially contained within the annular cavity so that the flow was cylindrically divergent. It was found that the crosswise momentum imparted to the jets by the plasma derived mainly from form or profile drag and that skin friction effects were negligible. Plasma drag was estimated to contribute about 20% of the total radial impulse resulting from the pellet microexplosion.
Oxidative stress developed during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium induces apoptosis.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a genetically controlled response for cells to commit suicide and, is associated with DNA fragmentation or laddering. The common inducers of apoptosis include oxygen free radicals/oxidative stress and Ca2+ which are also implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. To examine whether ischemic reperfusion injury is mediated by apoptotic cell death, isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 15, 30 or 60 min of ischemia as well as 15 min of ischemia followed by 30, 60 or 120 min of reperfusion. At the end of each experiment, hearts were processed for the evaluation of apoptosis, DNA laddering. Apoptosis was studied by visualizing the apoptotic cardiomyocytes by direct fluorescence detection of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA using APOPTAG in situ apoptosis detection kit. DNA laddering was evaluated by subjecting the DNA obtained from the hearts to 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed under UV illumination. The results of our study revealed apoptotic cells only in the 60 and 120 min reperfused hearts as demonstrated by the intense fluorescence of the immunostained digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA when observed under fluorescence microscopy. None of the ischemic hearts showed any evidence of apoptosis. These results corroborated with the findings of DNA fragmentation which showed increased ladders of DNA bands in the same reperfused hearts representing integer multiples of the internucleosomal DNA length (about 180 bp). The presence of apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation in the myocardium were abolished by preperfusing the hearts in the presence of ebselen, which also removed the oxidative stress developed in the heart. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that oxidative stress developed in the ischemic reperfused myocardium induces apoptosis. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained analogs of the antitumor agents XK469 and SH80. Part 5.

Abstract Conformational restriction of bioactive molecules offers the possibility of generating structures of increased potency. To this end, a synthesis has been achieved of ( R , S )-2-[(8-chlorobenzofurano[2,3- b ]quinolinyl)oxy]propionic acid ( 12a ), a highly rigidified, polycyclic analog of 2-{4-[(7-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy}propionic acid ( 2a , XK469). Efforts to effect the same synthesis of the corresponding 8-bromo-derivative led to a mixture of intermediate, 8-chloro ( 9a ), and 8-bromo-2-hydroxybenzofurano[2,3- b ]quinoline ( 9b ), generated by halogen-exchange, via an aromatic S RN 1 (A RN 1 ) reaction of precursor, 8b , with pyridine hydrochloride. The presumption that conformational restriction of 1b – 12a might enhance the antitumor potency of the latter has not been sustained. In fact, 12a proved to be significantly less active than 1b . However, it is apparent that virtually all of the spatial and steric properties of 12a , necessary for improved activity, including the disposition of the 2-oxypropionic acid side chain remain to be identified.
8 Third Molar Implications in Orthodontics

In evaluating a third molar, its relationship to the total oral facial entity must be taken into consideration. Orthodontists should concern themselves with the importance of the third molar to occlusion or to a developing malocclusion, and consider its possible impedance to tooth movement. They must keep a perspective with regard to its importance in the maintenance of an optimally functioning and esthetically acceptable dentition.
Uncovering cryptic diversity in Aspidomorphus (Serpentes: Elapidae): Evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear markers

The Papuan region, comprising New Guinea and nearby islands, has a complex geological history that has fostered high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Unfortunately, much of this diversity remains undocumented. We examine the evolutionary relationships of the venomous snake genus Aspidomorphus (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), a Papuan endemic, and document extensive cryptic lineage diversification. Between Aspidomorphus species we find 22.2-27.9% corrected cyt-b sequence divergence. Within species we find 17.7-23.7% maximum sequence divergence. These high levels of genetic divergence may have complicated previous phylogenetic studies, which have had difficulty placing Aspidomorphus within the subfamily Hydrophiinae. Compared to previous studies, we increase sampling within Hydrophiinae to include all currently recognized species of Aspidomorphus and increase species representation for the genera Demansia and Toxicocalamus. We confirm monophyly of Aspidomorphus and resolve placement of the genus utilizing a set of seven molecular markers (12S, 16S, cyt-b, ND4, c-mos, MyHC-2, and RAG-1); we find strong support for a sister-group relationship between Aspidomorphus and a Demansia/Toxicocalamus preussi clade. We also use one mitochondrial (cyt-b) and one nuclear marker (SPTBN1) to document deep genetic divergence within all currently recognized species of Aspidomorphus and discuss the Solomon Island Arc as a potential center of divergence in this species. Lastly, we find high levels of concordance between the mtDNA and nuDNA markers used for inter-species phylogenetic reconstruction.
Evolution of morphological features of CMEs deduced from catastrophe model of solar eruptions

Abstract We describe the evolution of morphological features of the magnetic configuration of CME according to the catastrophe model developed previously. For the parameters chosen for the present work, roughly half of the total mass is nominally contained in the initial flux rope, while the remaining plasma is brought by magnetic reconnection from the corona into the current sheet and from there into the CME bubble. The physical attributes of the difference in the observable features between CME bubble and flare loop system were studied. We tentatively identified distinguishable evolutionary features like the outer shell, the expanding bubble and the flux rope with the leading edge, void and core of the 3-component CME structure. The role of magnetic reconnection is discussed as a possible mechanism for the heating of the prominence material during eruptions. Several aspects of this explanation that need improvement are outlined.
Protein isoforms encoded by the pX region of human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I.

Abstract The pX region of the human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) contains at least four open reading frames (orfI-orfIV). orf III and orf IV encode the regulatory HTLV-I proteins Rex and Tax, which together modulate viral expression, and the p21rex protein of unknown function. By using the reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction techniques on the RNA of an HTLV-I-infected cell culture, we uncovered the existence of alternatively spliced mRNAs generated through the use of three splice acceptor sites. These mRNAs encoded protein isoforms derived from the HTLV-I orf I (p12I) and orf II (p13II and p30II). An additional acceptor splice site, used in the processing of the env and tax/rex mRNAs and a singly spliced mRNA for the p21rex protein, was also identified. All of these HTLV-I mRNAs were also detected in freshly isolated cells from HTLV-I-infected individuals. Thus HTLV-I, like the human immunodeficiency virus type 1, has developed fine posttranscriptional mechanisms to increase the complexity of its genome.
Bor–Stickstoff-Verbindungen. XXIV. Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an 1,3,2-Diazaboracycloalkanen

Das Infrarot-Spektrum von 1,3,2-Diazaboracyclohexan wurde aufgenommen und die Hauptbanden zugeordnet. Die Auswertung spektroskopischer Daten von 1,3,2-Diazaboracycloalkanen erlaubt eine Diskussion der Bindungsverhaltnisse der BNC-Heterocyclen. The infrared spectrum of 1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexane has been recorded and major absorptions were assigned. The nature of the chemical bonding in 1,3,2-diazaboracycloalkanes is discussed on the basis of spectroscopic data.
Glycolysis in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis

Abstract 1. 1. The activities of Embden-Meyerhof pathway enzymes and related enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, hexokinase, glucosephosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase and lactic dehydrogenase, were determined in the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis . 2. 2. The presence of significant amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase indicates the possibility of an operative pentose phosphate pathway.
Neuroendocrine regulation of food intake and body weight

Abstract This paper reviews the effects of peptide hormones upon food intake. These effects are seen as falling into one of two categories depending upon whether the hormone in question is affected by the degree of adiposity. Many gut peptides, such as CCK and somatostatin, influence the size of individual meals and presumably reflect only the calories involved with that meal. Other peptides, especially insulin as it acts at the CNS, influence the size of all meals by indicating the current degree of adiposity. Such signals reflect not only single meal calories but also calories stored in the adipose beds and are therefore often called “long-term” signals.
AN AIR-LIFT CIRCULATOR FOR ALGAL CULTURE TANKS1

The water circulator described in this paper is a new device used in algal culture tanks at the Galveston Laboratory. The principle of the air-lift pump is incorporated into this apparatus which, when in operation, creates directional laminar water flow in rectangular tanks. Advantages include: 1) elimination of mechanical pumps, agitators, and electrical supply; 2) total water circulation that exposes all algal cells to light source and prevents cells from settling to bottom; 3) even distribution of nutrients; and 4) power source that provides air essential for algal growth.
Qy-Level Structure and Dynamics of Solubilized Light-Harvesting Complex II of Green Plants: Pressure and Hole Burning Studies

Nonphotochemical hole burning and pressure-dependent absorption and hole-burning results are presented for the isolated (disaggregated) chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting II trimer antenna complex of green plants. Analysis of the 4.2 K burn-fluence dependent hole spectra and zero-phonon hole action spectra indicates that the three lowest energy states (Qy) lie at 677.1, 678.4 and 679.8 nm. Their combined absorption intensity is equivalent to that of three Chl a molecules. The inhomogeneous broadening of their absorption bands is 70 cm-1. It is argued that these states, separated by 30 cm-1, are associated with the lowest energy state of the trimer subunit with the 30 cm-1 separations due to the indigenous structural heterogeneity of protein complexes. The linear electron−phonon coupling of the 679.8 nm state is weak and characterized, in part, by a mean phonon frequency of ωm = 18 cm-1 and Huang−Rhys factor of Sm = 0.8, values which yield the correct Stokes shift for fluorescence from the 679.8 nm state at ...
Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: A classification

Based on anatomic and biomechanical studies and review of our clinical experience of the past 10 years, a classification of injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex is presented. This classification is based on the clinical examination, routine x-ray films, wrist arthrograms, wrist arthroscopy, and wrist arthrotomy. The classification recognizes both traumatic and degenerative lesions. Traumatic lesions are classified according to their location. Degenerative lesions are classified by the location and severity of degenerative changes of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, ulnar head, ulnocarpal bones and lunotriquetral ligament.
Geochemical modelling of basalts from DSDP Leg 65, East Pacific Rise, Gulf of California

Abstract Major and rare earth element (REE) data for basalts from Holes 483, 483B, and 485A of DSDP Leg 65, East Pacific Rise, mouth of the Gulf of California, support a simple fractional crystallization model for the genesis of rocks from this suite. The petrography and mineral chemistry (presented in detail elsewhere) provide no evidence for magma mixing, but rather a simple multistage cooling process. Based on its lowest TiO 2 content (0.88%), FeO ∗ MgO ratio (0.95 with total Fe as FeO), and Mg# (100 Mg Mg + Fe ″ = 70 ), sample 483-17-2-(78–83) has been selected as the most primitive primary magma of the samples analyzed. This is supported by the REE data which show this sample has the lowest total REE content, a La Sm cn (chondrite-normalized) = 0.36, and Eu Sm cn = 1.05. Because other samples analyzed have higher SiO 2 , lower Mg#, and a negative Eu anomaly ( Eu Sm cn as low as 0.89), they are most likely derivative magmas. Wright-Doherty and trace element modelling support fractional crystallization of 14.1% plagioclase (An 88 ), 6.7% olivine (Fo 86 ), and 4.7% clinopyroxene (Wo 41 En 49 Fs 10 ) from 483-17-2-(78–83) to form the least differentiated sample with Mg# = 63. The La Sm cn of this derivative magma is almost identical to the parent magma (0.35 to 0.36), but the other samples have higher La Sm cn (0.45 to 0.51), more total REE, and lower Mg# (60 to 56). Both Wright-Doherty and trace element modelling indicate that the primary magma chosen cannot produce these more evolved samples. For the major elements, the TiO 2 and P 2 O 5 are too low in the calculated versus the observed (1.38 to 1.90; 0.11 to 0.17, respectively, for example). Rayleigh fractionation calculates a lower La Sm cn and requires about 60% crystal removal versus 40% for the Wright-Doherty. These more evolved samples must be derived from a parent magma different from the one selected here and, unfortunately, not sampled in this study. A magma formed by a smaller degree of partial melting with slightly more residual clinopyroxene left in the mantle than for sample 483-17-2-(78–83) is required.
Producing multiple products with stochastic seasonal demand and capacity limits

Capacity limitations for manufacturers of seasonally demanded goods create difficult problems for both practitioners and researchers. Empirical data suggest that practitioner response is far from optimal. Optimal solutions, however, are precluded for realistic problems due to computational complexity. Here, the structure of optimal policies is explored and heuristics based on myopic policies are developed. For simple problems, the best heuristic deviates from optimality by an average of 2.5% over a variety of conditions. Heuristics are also compared under more realistic business conditions by simulation.
Approximate analytical solutions for porous catalysts with nonuniform activity

Using a novel finite integral transform technique, the problem of diffusion and chemical reaction in a porous catalyst with general activity profile is investigated theoretically. Analytical expressions for the effectiveness factor are obtained for pth order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Perturbation methods are employed to provide useful asymptotic solutions for large or small values of Thiele modulus and Biot number.
VIBRATIONS, STRENGTH FUNCTIONS AND INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURE

Abstract The strength functions for single-particle states in 59Ni are calculated in a simple model which couples the p 3 2 , f 5 2 , p 1 2 , g 9 2 , d 5 2 , s 1 2 and d 3 2 neutron states with various numbers of 2+ and 3− core vibrations. The coupling splits the single-particle strength into many states. The neutron energies are taken from the experiments of Fulmer, McCarthy, Cohen and Middleton, and the properties of the core are determined by the energies of the lowest 2+ and 3− states in 58Ni. The only parameters which appear are the magnitudes of the λ = 2, 3 multipole terms of the particle-core interaction. The general complexity of the strength function is roughly that observed by Fulmer et al.
Small iminium ions block gramicidin channels in lipid bilayers

Guanidinium and acetamidinium, when added to the bathing solution in concentrations of approximately 0.1M, cause brief blocks in the single channel potassium currents from channels formed in planar lipid bilayers by gramicidin A. Single channel lifetimes are not affected indicating that the channel structure is not modified by the blockers. Guanidinium block durations and interblock times are approximately exponential in distribution. Block frequencies increase with guanidinium concentration whereas block durations are unaffected. Increases in membrane potential cause an increase in block frequency as expected for a positively charged blocker but a decrease in block duration suggesting that the block is relieved when the blocker passes through the channel. At low pH, urea, formamide, and acetamide cause similar blocks suggesting that the protonated species of these molecules also block. Arginine and several amines do not block. This indicates that only iminium ions which are small enough to enter the channel can cause blocks in gramicidin channels.
Media Review: Postsecondary Education for American Indian and Alaska Natives: Higher Education for Nation Building and Self-Determination

(2014). Media Review: Postsecondary Education for American Indian and Alaska Natives: Higher Education for Nation Building and Self-Determination. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 227-229.
A nuclear post-transcriptional mechanism mediates the induction of fibronectin by glucocorticoids

Treatment of the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 with glucocorticoids results in the induction of fibronectin (FN) protein and mRNA synthesis. We tested the contribution of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the regulation of FN by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX). Using nuclear run-on experiments, we found that the DEX-dependent induction of FN occurs primarily at the post-transcriptional level. The half-life of total FN mRNA was not affected by hormone treatment indicating that the induction of FN gene expression is not due to stabilization of the mature message. Interestingly, the induction by DEX was present at the level of nuclear FN RNA. We found that polyadenylation and alternative splicing of the ED-B domain of the FN transcript were not affected by glucocorticoid treatment. However, DEX was found to increase the steady-state level of unspliced FN transcript. Our data indicate that DEX exerts its effect on FN expression predominantly at the post-transcriptional level by a mechanism that, unlike most examples of post-transcriptional regulation by glucocorticoids, acts in the nucleus. Furthermore, they suggest that glucocorticoids activate a mechanism to stabilize the unspliced FN RNA. In an attempt to localize the FN RNA sequences mediating the DEX-dependent induction, we performed transfection analyses of FN minigene constructs. We suggest that the DEX-dependent regulatory elements are located in the introns since no such elements were found in the 8 kb FN mRNA.
Hybrid Bayesian-rank integration approach improves the predictive power of genomic dataset aggregation

Motivation: Modern molecular technologies allow the collection of large amounts of high-throughput data on the functional attributes of genes. Often multiple technologies and study designs are used to address the same biological question such as which genes are overexpressed in a specific disease state. Consequently, there is considerable interest in methods that can integrate across datasets to present a unified set of predictions. Results: An important aspect of data integration is being able to account for the fact that datasets may differ in how accurately they capture the biological signal of interest. While many methods to address this problem exist, they always rely either on dataset internal statistics, which reflect data structure and not necessarily biological relevance, or external gold standards, which may not always be available. We present a new rank aggregation method for data integration that requires neither external standards nor internal statistics but relies on Bayesian reasoning to assess dataset relevance. We demonstrate that our method outperforms established techniques and significantly improves the predictive power of rank-based aggregations. We show that our method, which does not require an external gold standard, provides reliable estimates of dataset relevance and allows the same set of data to be integrated differently depending on the specific signal of interest. Availability: The method is implemented in R and is freely available at http://www.pitt.edu/~mchikina/BIRRA/ Contact: ude.ttip@anikihcm Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ring of negative charge in BK channels facilitates block by intracellular Mg2+ and polyamines through electrostatics

Intracellular Mg 2+ and natural polyamines block outward currents in BK channels in a highly voltage-dependent manner. Here we investigate the contribution of the ring of eight negatively charged residues (4 x E321/E324) at the entrance to the inner vestibule of BK channels to this block. Channels with or without (E321N/E324N) the ring of negative charge were expressed in oocytes and unitary currents were recorded from inside-out patches over a range of intracellular Mg 2+ and polyamine concentrations. Removing the ring of charge greatly decreased the block, increasing K B ap (0 mV) for Mg 2+ block from 48.3 ± 3.0 to 143 ± 8 mM, and for spermine block from 8.0 ± 1.0 to 721 ± 9 mM (150 mM symmetrical KCl). Polyamines with fewer amine groups blocked less: putrescine K B ap described the voltage and concentration dependence of the block for channels with and without the ring of charge. The Hill coefficients for these descriptions were 2+ and spermine block, and were unchanged by removing the ring of charge. When KCl i was increased from 150 mM to 3 M, the ring of charge no longer facilitated block, Mg 2+ block was reduced, spermine block became negligible, and the Hill coefficients became ∼1.0. BK channels in cell-attached oocyte patches displayed inward rectification, which was reduced for channels without the ring of charge. Taken together, these observations suggest that the ring of negative charge facilitates block through a preferential electrostatic attraction of Mg 2+ and polyamine over K + . This preferential attraction of multivalent blockers over monovalent K + would decrease the K + available at the inner vestibule to carry outward current in the presence of Mg 2+ or polyamines, while increasing the concentration of blocker available to enter and block the conduction pathway.
Proceed with Caution Implementing Communication Therapies

Three critical factors must be considered when choosing and implementing communication therapies for the LD student.
Comparing the November 2002 Denali and November 2001 Kunlun Earthquakes

Major strike-slip earthquakes recently occurred in Alaska on the central Denali fault ( M 7.9) on 3 November 2002, and in Tibet on the central Kunlun fault ( M 7.8) on 14 November 2001. Both earthquakes generated large surface waves with M S [U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)] of 8.5 (Denali) and 8.0 (Kunlun). Each event occurred on an east–west-trending strike-slip fault situated near the northern boundary of an intense deformation zone that is characterized by lateral extrusion and rotation of crustal blocks. Each earthquake produced east-directed nearly unilateral ruptures that propagated 300 to 400 km. Maximum lateral surface offsets and maximum moment release occurred well beyond 100 km from the rupture initiation, with the events exhibiting by far the largest separations of USGS hypocenter and Harvard Moment Tensor Centroid (CMT) for strike-slip earthquakes in the 27-year CMT catalog. In each sequence, the largest aftershock was more than two orders of magnitude smaller than the mainshock. Regional moment release had been accelerating prior to the main shocks. The close proximity in space and time of the 1964 Prince William Sound and 2002 Denali earthquakes, relative to their rupture lengths and estimated return times, suggests that these events may be part of a recurrent cluster in the vicinity of a complex plate boundary.
Why Do Firms Form New Banking Relationships

Using a large loan sample from 1990 to 2006, we examine why firms form new banking relationships. Small public firms that do not have existing relationships with large banks are more likely to form new banking relationships. On average, firms obtain higher loan amounts when they form new banking relationships, while small firms also experience an increase in sales growth, capital expenditure, leverage, analyst coverage, and public debt issuance subsequently. Our findings suggest that firms form new banking relationships to expand their access to credit and capital market services, and highlight an important cost of exclusive banking relationships.
Fabrication of digital sinusoidal gratings and precisely controlled diffusive flats and their application to highly accurate projected fringe profilometry

Fabrication of digital sinusoidal gratings and precisely controlled diffusive flats and their application to calibration-based highly accurate phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry are presented. The main advantages of using digital sinusoidal gratings are (1) high geometrical accuracy (< 1 μm); (2) high contrast ratio; and (3) very low high-order harmonic distortion. In addition, a high-quality diffusive flat with precisely controlled lateral correlation length, fabricated by VLSI processes, offers a good calibration standard. It is found that, by applying these two components to the calibration-based phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry, absolute 3-D surface profile measurement accuracy on the order of microns can be achieved.
Membrane proteins involved in the adherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to the endothelium

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum (human malaria) infections are characterized by the attachment of erythrocytes infected with mature stage parasites to endothelial cells lining the post-capillary venules, a phenomenon known as sequestration. In the human body, the microvessels of the heart, lungs, kidneys, small intestine, and liver are the principal sites of sequestration. Sequestered cells that clog the brain capillaries may reduce blood flow sufficiently so that there is confusion, lethargy, and unarousable coma—cerebral malaria. This review considers what is known about the molecular characteristics of the surface proteins, that is, the red cell receptors and the endothelial cell ligands, involved in sequestration. Recent work from our laboratory on the characterization of the adhesive proteins on the surface of the P falciparum-infected red cell, and the ligands to which they bind on human brain endothelial cells is also discussed. Finally, consideration is given to the multifactor processes involved in sequestration and cerebral malaria, as well as the possible role of ‘anti-adhesion therapy’ in the management of severe malaria.
Antiemetic Effect of Intramuscular Levonantradol in Patients Receiving Anticancer Chemotherapy

Positive results of investigations of the antiemetic activity of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy have led to the development of levonantradol, a synthetic derivative of THC. We assessed both the antiemetic activity and toxicity of intramuscular levonantradol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy who were refractory to conventional antiemetic therapy. An open dose-finding study was conducted using initial doses of 0.5 mg. Doses were escalated by 0.5 mg when an incomplete response with no toxicity was observed. Of the 28 patients initially treated, 25/28 (89 per cent) achieved a complete or partial antiemetic response at doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg. There was no difference in response rate with respect to age or patient size. Of the 31 patients evaluable for toxicity, six reported none. Dysphoria, the dose-limiting toxicity, occurred in five patients (16 per cent) at 1.0 to 1.5-mg doses. The most commonly reported side effects were somnolence (48 per cent) and dry mouth (32 per cent). We conclude that intramuscular levonantradol is an effective antiemetic at doses as low as 0.5 mg.
Process-oriented model integration

The authors outline a process-oriented approach to model integration based on familiar notions from discrete-event simulation and communicating sequential processes. They introduce features of a model integration command language (MICL) that incorporates message-passing, demons, suspend/resume mechanisms, and structured programming constructs to represent a model integration schema, or procedure. They present several examples of model integration from various domains or demonstrate how the MICL functions. The primary advantage of the MICL is that it allows model components to be used as building blocks for more elaborate composite models without necessitating modifications to the components themselves. Incorporating the MICL as part of a model-management system's model manipulation language provides a mechanism for multiparadigmatic integration as well as for assimilating behaviorally complex components, such as those found in discrete event simulation, into the model management framework. >
Processing of terfenol-d alloy based magnetostrictive composites by dynamic compaction

Composites of Terfenol-D with metal binders were produced by explosive compaction. Compacts produced from powders prepared this way had a soft phase and intimate contact and bonding between particles are achieved. M/sub s//volume follows the expected trend based on the separate M/sub s//volume values of the constituents added. Magnetostriction of compacts made from mixture of Cu coated terfenol-D powder and Cu powder at a compressive stress of about 18 MPa were 110/spl times/10/sup -6/ and 195/spl times/ 10/sup -6/ prior to and after stress relief anneal at 350/spl deg/C. This value is about 18% of that obtained with Terfenol-D. Magnetic alignment of the powder during compaction can increase this to levels obtained in Terfenol-D-polymer composites. These composites had Young's moduli values in the range of 33-36 GPa and were strong and tough enough to withstand machining operation.
Do Undiluted Convective Plumes Exist in the Upper Tropical Troposphere

Using a passive tracer, entrainment is studied in cloud-resolving simulations of deep convection in radiative‐convective equilibrium. It is found that the convective flux of undiluted parcels decays with height exponentially, indicating a constant probability per vertical distance of mixing with environmental air. This probability per distance is sufficiently large that undiluted updrafts are negligible above a height of 4‐5 km and virtually absent above 10 km. These results are shown to be independent of the horizontal grid size within the range of 3.2 km to 100 m. Plumes that do reach the tropopause are found to be highly diluted. An equivalent potential temperature is defined that is exactly conserved for all reversible adiabatic transformations, including those with ice. Using this conserved variable, it is shown that the latent heat of fusion (from both freezing and deposition) causes only a small increase in the level of neutral buoyancy near the tropopause. In fact, when taken to sufficiently low pressures, a parcel with an ice phase ends up colder than it would without an ice phase. Nevertheless, the contribution from fusion to a parcel’s kinetic energy is quite large. Using an ensemble of tracers, information is encoded in parcels at the cloud base and decoded where the parcel is observed in the free troposphere. Using this technique, clouds at the tropopause are diagnosed for their cloud-base temperature, specific humidity, and vertical velocity. Using these as the initial values for a Lagrangian parcel model, it is shown that fusion provides the kinetic energy required for diluted parcels to reach the tropopause.
FEC-based loss recovery for interactive video transmission

Real-time interactive video transmission in the current Internet has mediocre quality because of high packet loss rates. Loss of packets belonging to a video frame manifests itself not only in the reduced quality of that frame but also in the propagation of that distortion to successive frames. This error propagation problem is inherent in any motion-based video codec because of the interdependence of encoded video frames. Since packet losses in the best-effort Internet environment cannot be prevented, minimizing the impact of these packet losses to the final video quality is important. We present a new forward error correction (FEC) technique that effectively alleviates error propagation in the transmission of interactive video. The technique is based on our recently developed error recovery scheme called Recovery from Error Spread using Continuous Updates (RESCU). RESCU allows transport level recovery techniques previously known to be infeasible for interactive video transmission applications to be successfully used in such applications. The proposed FEC technique can be very useful when the feedback channel from the receiver is highly limited, or transmission delay is high. Both simulation and Internet experiments indicate that our proposed FEC technique effectively alleviates the error spread problem and is able to sustain much better video quality than H.261 or other conventional FEC schemes under various packet loss rates.
APUM23, a PUF family protein, functions in leaf development and organ polarity in Arabidopsis

The normal biological function of leaves, such as intercepting light and exchanging gasses, relies on proper differentiation of adaxial and abaxial polarity. KANADI (KAN) genes, members of the GARP family, are key regulators of abaxial identity in leaf morphogenesis. This study identified a mutant allele (apum23-3) of APUM23, which encodes a Pumilio/ PUF domain protein and acts as an enhancer of the kan mutant. Arabidopsis APUM23 has been shown to function in pre-rRNA processing and play pleiotropic roles in plant development. The apum23-3 mutant also synergistically interacts with other leaf polarity mutants, affects proliferation of division-competent cells, and alters the expression of important leaf polarity genes. These phenotypes show that APUM23 has critical functions in plant development, particularly in polarity formation. The PUF gene family is conserved across kingdoms yet it has not been well characterized in plants. These results illuminating the functions of APUM23 suggest a novel role for PUF genes in Arabidopsis leaf development.
GABAergic Interneuron Lineages Selectively Sort into Specific Cortical Layers during Early Postnatal Development

It is of considerable interest to determine how diverse subtypes of γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons integrate into the functional network of the cerebral cortex. Using inducible in vivo genetic fate mapping approaches, we found that interneuron precursors arising from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) at E12.5, respectively, populate deep and superficial cortical layers in a complementary manner in the mature cortex. These age-matched populations initiate tangential migration into the cortex simultaneously, migrate above and below the cortical plate in a similar ratio, and complete their entrance into the cortical plate by P1. Surprisingly, while these 2 interneuron populations show a comparable layer distribution at P1, they subsequently segregate into distinct cortical layers. In addition, the initiation of the radial sorting within each lineage coincided well with the upregulation of the potassium/chloride cotransporter KCC2. Moreover, layer sorting of a later born (E16.5) CGE-derived population occurred with a similar time course to the earlier born E12.5 cohorts, further suggesting that this segregation step is controlled in a subtype specific manner. We conclude that radial sorting within the early postnatal cortex is a key mechanism by which the layer-specific integration of GABAergic interneurons into the emerging cortical network is achieved.
Effects of Elevated CO2 Leaf Diets on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Respiration Rates

Elevated levels of CO2 affect plant growth and leaf chemistry, which in turn can alter host plant suitability for insect herbivores. We examined the suitability of foliage from trees grown from seedlings since 1997 at Aspen FACE as diet for the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae: paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) in 2004-2005, and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) in 2006-2007, and measured consequent effects on larval respiration. Leaves were collected for diet and leaf chemistry (nutritional and secondary compound proxies) from trees grown under ambient (average 380 ppm) and elevated CO2 (average 560 ppm) conditions. Elevated CO2 did not significantly alter birch or aspen leaf chemistry compared with ambient levels with the exception that birch percent carbon in 2004 and aspen moisture content in 2006 were significantly lowered. Respiration rates were significantly higher (15-59%) for larvae reared on birch grown under elevated CO2 compared with ambient conditions, but were not different on two aspen clones, until larvae reached the fifth instar, when those consuming elevated CO2 leaves on clone 271 had lower (26%) respiration rates, and those consuming elevated CO2 leaves on clone 216 had higher (36%) respiration rates. However, elevated CO2 had no apparent effect on the respiration rates of pupae derived from larvae fed either birch or aspen leaves. Higher respiration rates for larvae fed diets grown under ambient or elevated CO2 demonstrates their lower efficiency of converting chemical energy of digested food stuffs extracted from such leaves into their biosynthetic processes.
Statistical Parametric Mapping reveals ligand and region specific activation of G-proteins by CB1 receptors and non-CB1 sites in the 3D reconstructed mouse brain

CB(1) receptors mediate the CNS effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and synthetic cannabinoids. Previous studies have investigated cannabinoid-mediated G-protein activity in a subset of brain regions thought to mediate the behavioral effects of cannabinoids, but a detailed regional comparison of the effects of multiple ligands has not been conducted. This study used a novel approach, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), to analyze 3D reconstructed brain images derived from agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS autoradiography in a whole-brain unbiased manner. SPM analysis demonstrated regional differences in the relative efficacies of cannabinoid agonists methanandamide (M-AEA), CP55,940 (CP) and WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in CB(1)(+/+) mouse brains. To assess the potential contribution of novel cannabinoid binding sites, experiments were performed in CB(1)(-/-) mouse brains. SPM analysis revealed that the aminoalkylindole WIN, but not the bicyclic cannabinoid CP or the endocannabinoid analogue M-AEA, stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebellum and certain brainstem areas (dorsal tegmental complex and locus coeruleus). No differences between WIN-stimulated G-protein activity and basal activity were found in basal ganglia. Pharmacological experiments using the CB(1) antagonist SR141716A in CB(1)(+/+) mice showed that SR141716A blocked WIN-stimulated G-protein activity in all brain regions, suggesting that it binds to both CB(1) and putative non-CB(1) sites. These studies show ligand and region-specific cannabinoid-mediated G-protein activity at both CB(1) and non-CB(1) sites and demonstrate that SPM is a powerful approach for the analysis of reconstructed brain imaging data derived from agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS autoradiography.
Effects of Methyl Bromide Concentration, Fumigation Time, and Fumigation Temperature on Mediterranean and Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Egg and Larval Survival

The effects of methyl bromide (MB) concentration (16, 32, 48, or 64 g/m3), fumigation temperature (15, 20, 25, or 30°C), and fumigation time interactions on the survival of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), eggs and first and third instars were recorded. Increasing the fumigation temperature from 15 to 20°C or from 20 to 25°C resulted in a significant reduction in fumigation time required for equivalent egg and larval mortalities at all studied MB concentrations; no further reductions in fumigation time resulted from increasing the temperature from 25 to 30°C. Conversely, increasing temperature and time allowed for a reduction in MB concentration to obtain equivalent mortality. Thus, the optimum fumigation temperature for Mediterranean and oriental fruit fly eggs and larvae was 25°C. Reducing MB concentrations required for phytosanitary fumigations would save time and expense, and reduce the amount of MB released into the atmosphere during aeration. Mediterranean fruit fly was as or more tolerant to MB than oriental fruit fly in MB tolerance for eggs and first instars. The egg stage was generally more tolerant to MB regardless of concentration. However, Mediterranean fruit fly eggs showed similar tolerance to first instars at 25°C for the three highest concentrations and to third instars at 25 and 30°C for the highest concentration, with no significant difference between them. Therefore, eggs alone can be used to obtain MB fumigation efficacy and quarantine security data at fumigation temperatures between 15 and 30°C for Mediterranean and oriental fruit fly.
Thermally-induced lens in an end-pumped cesium laser

Diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) have attracted a lot of attentions in the recent years for their high Stocks efficiency, good beam quality, compact size and near-infrared emission wavelengths. In this study, we analyze the thermally-induced lens in an end-pumped cesium cell by using the evaluated parameters such as the population density distribution, the transition rates of pump photon absorption, and the transition rates of laser photon emission, which had been obtained in our previous study. After dividing a cylindrical vapor cell into many cylindrical annuli, we calculate the refractive index n and the thermal-optic coefficient dn/dT in every annule. And then, we carry out the ray-trace to describe the propagation of an incident ray inside the vapor cell. Assuming that the incident plane-wave has a flat-top distribution, the intensity distribution of the outputted beam can be deduced. We adopted the second-moment calculation to evaluate the beam size after the ray passes through a pumped cell. Finally, the effective focal length of a thermally-induced lens was obtained for the end-pumped laser configuration. The research will be helpful to improve the beam quality of a DPAL.