cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease.

Nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) play an essential role in the understanding of PD pathophysiology and the assessment of PD therapies. NHP research enabled the identification of environmental risk factors for the development of PD. Electrophysiological studies in NHP models of PD identified the neural circuit responsible for PD motor symptoms, and this knowledge led to the development of subthalamic surgical ablation and deep brain stimulation. Similar to human PD patients, parkinsonian monkeys are responsive to dopamine replacement therapies and present complications associated with their long-term use, a similarity that facilitated the assessment of new symptomatic treatments, such as dopaminergic agonists. New generations of compounds and novel therapies that use directed intracerebral delivery of drugs, cells, and viral vectors benefit from preclinical evaluation in NHP models of PD. There are several NHP models of PD, each with characteristics that make it suitable for the study of different aspects of the disease or potential new therapies. Investigators who use the models and peer scientists who evaluate their use need information about the strengths and limitations of the different PD models and their methods of evaluation. This article provides a critical review of available PD monkey models, their utilization, and how they compare to emerging views of PD as a multietiologic, multisystemic disease. The various models are particularly useful for representing different aspects of PD at selected time points. This conceptualization provides clues for the development of new NHP models and facilitates the clinical translation of findings. As ever, successful application of any model depends on matching the model to the scientific question to be answered. Adequate experimental designs, with multiple outcome measures of clinical relevance and an appropriate number of animals, are essential to minimize the limitations of models and increase their predictive clinical validity.
Evaluation of sensor calibration uncertainties on vegetation indices for MODIS

The impact of reflectance calibration uncertainties on the accuracies of several vegetation indices (VIs) was evaluated for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the TERRA platform. A set of uncertainty propagation equations were designed to model the propagation of calibration uncertainties from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectances to atmospherically-corrected VIs. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), the atmospherically-resistant vegetation index (ARVI), and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were evaluated along with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The resultant VI uncertainties associated with calibration u/sub cal/(VI) varied with both surface reflectances and atmospheric conditions. Uncertainties in the NDVI and ARVI were highly dependent on pixel brightness, with the largest uncertainties occurring over dark targets with little or no vegetation. The SAVI uncertainties were nearly constant throughout a range of target brightness and vegetation abundance. The EVI uncertainties linearly increased with increasing EVI values. Atmosphere turbidities increased calibration uncertainties in all the VIs through their effect on TOA reflectances. The VI uncertainties were also found to decrease when the calibration errors were positively correlated between bands. Using field observational canopy reflectance data, the mean VI uncertainties were estimated to be /spl plusmn/0.01 VI units for the NDVI and SAVI, and /spl plusmn/0.02 VI units for the ARVI and EVI under normal atmosphere conditions (/spl ges/20 km visibility) and for a 2% reflectance calibration uncertainty.
Ecophysiological effects of predation risk; an integration across disciplines

integration of physiological responses has received less attention. This is the subject of this special issue.Prey physiological responses are important at all stages of the predator–prey interaction. They are a major part of the prey’s primary, fight or flight, response, are mechanis-tic drivers of behavioral and morphological changes, help prepare prey for future attack, and secondarily respond to changes caused by primary responses. We are beginning to understand how, in the initial steps of predator detection, sensory systems, such as visual and olfactory ones, may act synergistically to gather information regarding risk (Kats and Dill 1998; Hartman and Abrahams 2000). Following detection, the physiological status of the prey (Koivula et al. 1995; Martin and Lopez 1999), prey genotype (Den-nis et al. 2010), and personality (Sih et al. 2004) influence whether and how they respond. Physiological responses also aid in defense once the predator initiates attack. For example, tadpoles previously exposed to predator cues have adaptive morphological changes linked to elevated stress hormone levels giving them an advantage in escap-ing predation (Hossie et al. 2010), dragonfly predators select for higher arginine kinase enzyme that powers faster swimming speed and escape performance in damselfly prey (Strobbe et al. 2010), and caterpillars can increase digestive efficiency to compensate for reductions in feeding (Thaler et al. 2012). Finally, parental exposure to predation risk can influence offspring behavior, morphology, and physiol-ogy (Agrawal et al. 1999; Sheriff et al. 20092010, ; Storm and Lima 2010; Zanette et al. 2011) and these effects may lead to adaptive phenotypes dependent upon the match between the maternal and offspring environment (Sheriff and Love 2013). Given that the primary response of prey to the immediate threat of predation is the “stress response” (Sapolsky et al. 2000) and central to this is the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, much work has
Trends in aortic clamp use during coronary artery bypass surgery: effect of aortic clamping strategies on neurologic outcomes.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of different clamping strategies during coronary artery bypass grafting on the incidence of postoperative stroke. Methods In the present case-control study, all patients at Emory hospitals from 2002 to 2009 with postoperative stroke after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (n = 141) were matched 1:4 to a contemporaneous cohort of patients without postoperative stroke (n = 565). The patients were matched according to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons' predicted risk of postoperative stroke score, which is based on 26 variables. The patients who received on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were matched separately. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusted odds ratios was performed to identify the operative variables associated with postoperative stroke. Results Among the on-pump cohort, the single crossclamp technique was associated with a decreased risk of stroke compared with the double clamp (crossclamp plus partial clamp) technique (odds ratio, 0.385; P = .044). Within the on-pump cohort, no significant difference was seen in the incidence of stroke according to clamp use. Epiaortic ultrasound of the ascending aorta increased from 45.3% in 2002 to 89.4% in 2009. From 2002 to 2009, clamp use decreased from 97.7% of cases to 72.7%. Conclusions During on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, the use of a single crossclamp compared with the double clamp technique decreased the risk of postoperative stroke. The use of any aortic clamp decreased and epiaortic ultrasound use increased from 2002 to 2009, indicating a change in the operative technique and surgeon awareness of the potential complications associated with manipulation of the aorta.
Septin-Dependent Assembly of a Cell Cycle-Regulatory Module in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae septin mutants have pleiotropic defects, which include the formation of abnormally elongated buds. This bud morphology results at least in part from a cell cycle delay imposed by the Cdc28p-inhibitory kinase Swe1p. Mutations in three other genes (GIN4, encoding a kinase related to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe mitotic inducer Nim1p; CLA4, encoding a p21-activated kinase; and NAP1, encoding a Clb2p-interacting protein) also produce perturbations of septin organization associated with an Swe1p-dependent cell cycle delay. The effects of gin4, cla4, and nap1 mutations are additive, indicating that these proteins promote normal septin organization through pathways that are at least partially independent. In contrast, mutations affecting the other two Nim1p-related kinases in S. cerevisiae, Hsl1p and Kcc4p, produce no detectable effect on septin organization. However, deletion of HSL1, but not of KCC4, did produce a cell cycle delay under some conditions; this delay appears to reflect a direct role of Hsl1p in the regulation of Swe1p. As shown previously, Swe1p plays a central role in the morphogenesis checkpoint that delays the cell cycle in response to defects in bud formation. Swe1p is localized to the nucleus and to the daughter side of the mother bud neck prior to its degradation in G2/M phase. Both the neck localization of Swe1p and its degradation require Hsl1p and its binding partner Hsl7p, both of which colocalize with Swe1p at the daughter side of the neck. This localization is lost in mutants with perturbed septin organization, suggesting that the release of Hsl1p and Hsl7p from the neck may reduce their ability to inactivate Swe1p and thus contribute to the G2 delay observed in such mutants. In contrast, treatments that perturb actin organization have little effect on Hsl1p and Hsl7p localization, suggesting that such treatments must stabilize Swe1p by another mechanism. The apparent dependence of Swe1p degradation on localization of the Hsl1p-Hsl7p-Swe1p module to a site that exists only in budded cells may constitute a mechanism for deactivating the morphogenesis checkpoint when it is no longer needed (i.e., after a bud has formed).
Lefty Proteins Are Long-Range Inhibitors of Squint-Mediated Nodal Signaling

The regulation of signaling pathways by feedback inhibitors has become an emerging theme in the control of pattern formation during development. Nodal and Lefty proteins belong to divergent subfamilies of the TGF-beta family. Nodal signals promote mesendoderm induction in vertebrates, and Lefty proteins antagonize it. In zebrafish, Squint functions as a long-range Nodal signal during mesoderm induction. We report that the range over which Squint induces mesoderm is reduced by Lefty proteins. In contrast, the activity range of the short-range Nodal signal Cyclops is not regulated by Lefty activity. We present three lines of evidence that Lefty proteins diminish the range of Squint signaling by acting not only as antagonists of Squint autoregulation but also as long-range inhibitors of Squint activity. First, Lefty can block Nodal signaling at a distance. Second, Lefty regulates the range of Squint signaling before regulating squint expression. Third, Lefty restricts the range of Squint activity in squint mutant embryos, in which the endogenous gene is not subject to autoregulation. We also find that Lefty restricts the response to both high and low levels of Nodal signaling. These results indicate that Lefty proteins restrict the activity range of Nodal signals by dampening Nodal signaling in surrounding cells.
Identification of Critical Cutsets for Static Collapse Analysis

This paper deals with static transfer stability limits (STSLs) of network branches, cutsets of network branches, and their relation to power flow Jacobian singularity. A minimal cutset is a grouping of system branches that -if removed from the system -separates the seller and buyer for a given transaction into two separate subsystems (islands) of the original network while containing no unnecessary branches in the grouping. Originally, it was proposed to define a critical cutset as a minimal cutset of system branches that exactly reaches its own cutset STSL (CSTSL) at the instant of power flow Jacobian singularity. However, it is shown that line inductive losses can reveal more information. A critical cutset is defined as the transfer loss stability limit (Critical Cut TLSL) as the point of system collapse. This paper proposes a conjecture that at least one minimal cutset in a power system is the critical cutset for a given transfer. Multiple power system models are analyzed to experimentally support the conjecture.
Highlights of a Study of Floating-Point Instructions

The research work that this paper is based on resulted in the development of tools for the theoretical definition, analysis and comparison of floating-point instructions as mathematical mappings. These tools can be used to study the properties of most floating-point instructions and their operands.
Formation of Cariogenic Impactions in Rats

Large particles of rice in a modified HWC ration produced cariogenic impactions in the second transverse fissures of the first mandibular molars and in the transverse fissures of the second mandibular molars of rats. These particles were captured in caries-susceptible rats by the longitudinal sulcus terminating in each fissure.
The Virtual Pathology Instructor: a medical student teaching tool developed using patient simulator software ☆ ☆☆

Virtual microscopy has been adopted by many medical schools but often without addressing the need for students to understand how to integrate slide observations with other diagnostic information. The goal of this study was to develop an innovative tool for teaching pathology to medical students that presents a variety of virtual materials necessary for a complete pathology evaluation. The Virtual Pathology Instructor (V-PIN) is patient simulation software (vpSim) created and supported by the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Laboratory for Educational Technology, and allows students to assume the role of a diagnostic pathologist. V-PIN utility was demonstrated by educationally significant improvement between pretest and posttest scores for 2 cases (mean, 3.8 versus 4.2; P = .0007; 1.9 versus 3.0; P = .0001). A third case did not perform as well (mean, 2.5 versus 2.3; P = .12) but detailed evaluation of the performance of the case identified possible improvements. Maximum posttest performance was seen following both the traditional workshop and the V-PIN case as compared to the case alone (posttest 4.2 versus 3.0; P < .0001). No significant difference was identified in student progress through V-PIN cases taken before or after the related traditional workshop, as demonstrated by total time on task, number of steps to complete, total score, number of incorrect answers, and number of requests for V-PIN help. Patient simulation software is an effective tool for teaching pathology to medical students and can provide individual instruction and immediate feedback as well as identify opportunities to refine and enhance the educational experience.
The Interpretation of Charpy Impact Test Data Using Hyper-Logistic Fitting Functions

The hyperbolic tangent function is used almost exclusively for computer assisted curve fitting of Charpy impact test data. Unfortunately, there is no physical basis to justify the use of this function and it cannot be generalized to test data that exhibits asymmetry. Using simple physical arguments, a semi-empirical model is derived and identified as a special case of the so called hyper-logistic equation. Although one solution of this equation is the hyperbolic tangent, other more physically interpretable solutions are provided. From the mathematics of the family of functions derived from the hyper-logistic equation, several useful generalizations are made such that asymmetric and wavy Charpy data can be physically interpreted.
A Performance-Based Methodology for the Topology Design of Tall Buildings

Topology optimization methods have recently been used as a tool for conceptual tall building design. These techniques were originally developed in a deterministic setting despite the inherently uncertain nature of the real-world environment. If uncertainties are neglected during the design process there is a possibility that the final constructed designs may perform unsatisfactorily. Thus it is necessary to account for uncertainties affecting the problem, including stochastic environmental loads and time-invariant uncertainties. Furthermore, the dynamically sensitive nature of tall buildings must be considered during the design process. This paper presents a methodology for the topology optimization of tall buildings in this setting using a framework based on the PEER Equation. A novel decoupling approach is developed that defines approximate sub-problems that can be solved using established topology optimization techniques. The successive resolution of the sub-problems until convergence results in an optimal design that satisfies the original performance constraints. A case study is used to demonstrate the validity of this framework.
Efficiency issues in a class of visual language

A class of visual programming languages whose members share a common group of underlying principles is identified. In this class (the demand-driven temporal-assignment visual language model), the elimination of certain duplicate computations is a natural by-product of the model. The potential time and space complexity characteristics for visual languages based on this model are discussed, and a method that makes use of these characteristics is presented. >
PROBABILISTIC CONVEYOR ANALYSIS

Abstract The application of probabilistic models, utilizing the concepts of delay and the individual work station, offers a basis for realistic analysis and design of materials handling conveyors. These models, used in conjunction with the usual economic analyses, provide an improved means of describing the performance of a conveyor and the stations located along it Mathematical models provide the expected delay resulting when loading or unloading a conveyor at a particular work station. The models were developed in segments by considering a loading range, a bank removal range, and a reserve replenishment range. The availability of three distinct ranges provides for easier adaptation of the models to a given practical situation In addition to the delay models, probabilistic expressions for the finished product bank and raw material reserve are provided.
Cell and Tissue Microdissection in Combination with Genomic and Proteomic Applications

The combination of tissue microdissection protocols including discrete cell microaspiration and laser capture microdissection with high throughput gene expression profiling platforms such as cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays enables the simultaneous assessment of many individual elements from a single cell or a population of homogeneous cells. This chapter outlines in detail the theoretical and practical background for selecting the appropriate tissues and conditions amenable to expression profiling. In addition, this report illustrates the usage of microdissection strategies and RNA amplification methodologies in concert with array technologies using tissues harvested from the central nervous system obtained from animal models of neurodegeneration and postmortem human brain tissues.
The 'Sixth' Factor -- Social Media Factor Derived Directly from Tweet Sentiments

In this work, we document that the characteristics of securities derived from social media have significant power in explaining the time-series variation in daily stock returns. We examine the recent period from January 4, 2012 to October 30, 2015 in conjunction with direct tweet sentiments as provided by StockTwits. Notably, our “Social Media company-specific” factor is very different from prior “macro” factors. The Social Media Factor consists of views generated directly from the crowd on specific securities. Some have argued that this exposure to tweet sentiments is just noise and should not merit any compensation over time, reducing this factor to irrelevance. We disagree. Moreover, we document that the Social Media Factor, the “sixth” factor, is distinct from the traditional five factors authored by Fama and French (1992, 1993, and 1994).
A Presentation-Based Course in Sports Economics

Sports economics is a course that confronts a conundrum that can be addressed well with an active learning strategy. Students find a course in sports economics appealing and enter the course with enthusiasm, but expect to spend the term discussing sports, not economics, and often fail to recognize differences between popular press information and economic knowledge. This paper explains how the use of a presentation-based sports economics course can be successful at maintaining student interest while promoting economic analysis. The active learning approach of a presentation-based course is also shown to be consistent with fundamental learning principles that generate successful learning outcomes.
Pareto Principle and Competing Principles

The Pareto principle, the seemingly incontrovertible dictum that if all individuals prefer some regime to another then so should society, may conflict with competing principles. Arrow's impossibility theorem and Sen's liberal paradox are two notable examples. Subsequent work indicates more broadly that the Pareto principle conflicts with all non-welfarist principles. This essay surveys these results, including various extensions thereof, and offers perspectives on the conflict, drawing on classical and contemporary work in political economy and economic psychology.
Casino Taxes and Sound Tax Policy: Should States Cash in or Keep Rolling the Dice?

The author says casino taxes meet some of the principles of sound tax policy better than others.
A rare cause of recurrent aortic dissection.

We report the case of a 19-year-old man with a history of Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS), which was diagnosed when he had a Stanford type A aortic dissection. He also had multiple aneurysms including ones in the innominate, right common carotid, and right internal mammary arteries. He had had multiple procedures including Bentall’s procedure, repeat sternotomy with complete arch and valve replacement, and coil embolization of internal mammary artery aneurysm in the past. His LDS was characterized by gene mutation for transforming growth factor-β receptor 1. He presented to our facility with sudden onset of back pain, radiating to the right shoulder and chest. He was diagnosed with Stanford type B aortic dissection and underwent thoracic aorta endovascular repair for his aortic dissection. This case represents the broad spectrum of pathology associated with LDS where even with regular surveillance and aggressive medical management the patient developed Stanford B aortic dissection.
The use of instructional technology in poultry science curricula in the United States and Canada: 2. Factors contributing to the use of instructional technology

This paper describes a study conducted in recognition of the increasingly widespread use of computers and the importance of exposure to instructional technology (IT) in all aspects of the poultry science curriculum. The study consisted of the distribution and analysis of two cross-sectional surveys. One survey was sent to departments to obtain profiles of poultry science degree programs and the availability of IT and general support for its use. The second survey was sent to faculty to obtain individual profiles of IT use and of factors which may influence IT use. Herein are reported the results and analysis of those factors that are thought to contribute to or limit the diffusion of these media among poultry science faculty. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and contingency table comparisons using Likelihood Ratio chi-square. Factors that appear to be most important to faculty use of IT are availability of desired IT equipment, access to adequate expert assistance, availability of knowledgeable peers willing to share their experience and expertise, and exposure to concrete examples and ideas of how to use IT. All of these factors contribute to another important factor in participation and adoption: making it as easy as possible for faculty to learn and to use advanced IT methods.
After Imprisonment: Ichiro’s Search for Redemption in No-No Boy

It is a curious experience to read John Okada's No-No Boyl today. When we read of Ichiro Yamada, his family, and others of Japanese ancestry being unjustly incarcerated in relocation camps during the Second World War, Ichiro's double-negative response to questions regarding his loyalty and willingness to serve in the armed forces is understandable. It is difficult to see it as the shameful, treasonous act which most Japanese-Americans then thought it to be. How would a person today under similar circumstances-deprived of home, property, and family, and moved into a barren desert against his will-reply to the questions: "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States in combat duty wherever ordered?" "Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attacks of foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese Emperor, to any other foreign government, power or organization?"2 Probably "No-No." But even under these oppressive circumstances, thousands of Japanese-Americans willingly served and fought for their country to prove that they were Americans; the 442nd Combat Team emerged as the most decorated in the armed forces. As Okada says, "For each and every refusal based on sundry reasons, another thousand chose to fight for the right to continue to be Americans because homes and cars and money could be regained but only if they first regained their rights as citizens, and that was everything" (p. 34). Okada himself answered the questions affirmatively, joined the U.S. Army, and was discharged in 1946. The preface of Okada's novel reveals his ironic attitude towards "the removal of the Japanese from the Coast, which was called the evacuation, and ... [the] concentration camps, which were called relocation centers" (pp. x-xi). As if in answer to the second question (stressing loyalty to the Emperor), the central figure of Okada's preface is not Ichiro but a Japanese-American soldier, patterned after the author himself, who is stationed in the Pacific and flying regular reconnaisance flights
On the Device Design and Drive-Current Capability of SOI Lateral Bipolar Transistors

The SOI symmetric lateral bipolar transistor is uniquely suitable for operation at high injection currents where the injected minority carrier density in the base region is larger than the base doping concentration. Transistors operating in high-injection can achieve record-high drive currents on the order of 3-5 mA/μm. The commonly used Shockley diode and bipolar current equations are modified to be applicable for all injection levels. Excellent agreement is shown between measured and modeled currents for data at V BC = 0. A novel partially depleted-base design can further increase the drive current and the current gain, especially at low V BE .
Are humanistic and positive psychology really incommensurate

Comments on the article "The humanistic psychology-positive psychology divide: Contrasts in philosophical foundations" by Waterman (see record 2013-12501-001). Waterman has provided some broad-brush generalizations about differences between humanistic psychology and positive psychology, many of which do not hold in all cases, and he has pointed out some difficulties that would be involved in reconciling them. However, he has not presented any convincing argument that the two are irreconcilable. Essentially, Waterman has confounded difficulties with impossibilities by concluding these are incommensurate.
Risk Factor Analysis for the Prognosis in Elder Patients With Combined Aortic Valve Replacement and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Objectives: To analyze clinical characteristics with the early and late prognosis in elder patients with combined aortic valve replacement(AVR) and coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG).Methods: A total of 232 patients≥65 years of age who received AVR-CABG in our hospital from 2004-02 to 2014-09 were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors affecting the early and late prognosis in those patients were studied by multivariate Logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards model.Results: The in-hospital death happened in 7/232(3.0%) patients, early post-operative complication with prolonged mechanical ventilation time was 28(12.1%) and bleeding was 14(6.0%). The follow-up study was conducted in 225/232(97.0%) survived patients from 3 months to 10 years at the mean of(41.2 ± 29.0) months; 6(2.7%) patients had cardiac death, the major late post-operative adverse events were cardiac dysfunction(III to IV) or recurrence of angina(8.9%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that female(P=0.019, OR=2.576), pre-operative atrial fibrillation(AF)(P=0.012, OR=3.541) and CPB time(P=0.000, OR=3.781) were the independent risk factors affecting early post-operative outcome. Cox proportional hazards model presented that hyperlipidemia(P=0.025, HR=2.535), smoking(P=0.009, HR=3.414) and the history of PCI(P=0.013, HR=3.562) were the independent risk factors influencing late prognosis of AVR-CABG.Conclusion: The overall effect of AVR-CABG in elder patients was satisfactory. Female, pre-operative AF, CPB timemay affect the early post-operative outcome, while hyperlipidemia, smoking and PCI history could influence the long-term prognosis in relevant patients.
Coding Psychological Constructs in Text Using Mechanical Turk: A Reliable, Accurate, and Efficient Alternative

In this paper we evaluate how to effectively use the crowdsourcing service, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk), to content analyze textual data for use in psychological research. MTurk is a marketplace for discrete tasks completed by workers, typically for small amounts of money. MTurk has been used to aid psychological research in general, and content analysis in particular. In the current study, MTurk workers content analyzed personally-written textual data using coding categories previously developed and validated in psychological research. These codes were evaluated for reliability, accuracy, completion time, and cost. Results indicate that MTurk workers categorized textual data with comparable reliability and accuracy to both previously published studies and expert raters. Further, the coding tasks were performed quickly and cheaply. These data suggest that crowdsourced content analysis can help advance psychological research.
Translation of Computational Model Results for Risk Decisions

The focus of the chapter is on the development and application of computational toxicology methods to human risk assessment. The various CompTox methods are defined, and a brief history of their development and applications in risk assessment is provided. The technological, economic, and public health concerns driving the development of the methods are described, along with how the specific forces shaped the historical and current use of CompTox methods in risk assessment. Translation research programs in the United States and OECD are briefly reviewed, and current applications of CompTox to risk assessment in the areas of screening, priority setting for testing and regulation, and the elucidation of adverse outcome pathways are discussed. Potential future directions for the application of computational toxicology in a wider range of risk applications are identified, along with ongoing research needs.
How Hate Crime Legislation Shapes Gay and Lesbian Target Groups An Analysis of Social Construction, Law, and Policy

Supporters of hate crime legislation argue the laws are a positive development designed to promote social equality and encourage political participation. Critics claim the laws are patronizing and disempowering. Existing research addresses neither the impact of hate crime laws on designated social groups nor attempts to verify assumptions about legislation and the social and political status of protected minorities. Sexual orientation, one of the most controversial categories, resulted in considerable social and political debate. This research explores the addition of sexual orientation to state hate crime law and how inclusion of this target group affects the social construction of gays and lesbians. Data are drawn from a sample of 12 daily newspapers in six states. Content and time-series analyses were used to explore social construction. The results indicate that inclusion in hate crime protections fails to have a positive impact on the construction of the group, and the discussion offers important pol...
Diversidad y polimorfismo en el género Exophiala: manejo de las especies comunes en el laboratorio de baja complejidad

Exophiala es un genero fungico poco comun, conocido como integrante de las levaduras negras y sus respectivas formas filamentosas que pertenece al orden Chaetothyriales. Estos hongos son causantes de cromoblastomicosis o diferentes tipos de faeohifomicosis en pacientes sanos o con compromiso inmune (cutaneas, subcutaneas, diseminadas y quistes de faeohifomicosis). Sus miembros son a menudo dificiles de clasificar a nivel de especie solo por metodos feneticos, debido a su polimorfismo en cultivo y la gran diversidad molecular que exhiben, la cual se confirma en la revision de la literatura en estos ultimos 15 anos. El objetivo de este estudio, se basa en la descripcion y recopilacion de las especies mas comunes del genero, presente en ambientes diversos y especificos, con especial atencion a los principales aportes morfo fisiologicos utiles en su diagostico en un laboratorio de baja complejidad, sin olvidar que debido a su alto polimorfismo y la aparente similitud entre especie, el micologo debe confirmar su hallazgo mediante el envio de su cepa a un laboratorio de referencia internacional para evitar el subdiagnostico.
Abstract 1790: Factors associated with false positive results on screening mammography in a population of predominantly Hispanic women

Objective - High rates of screening mammography have been reported among Hispanic women in the U.S. However, a potential harm of screening is a false positive result with recall breast imaging or biopsy. Our objective was to identify factors associated with false positive results on screening mammography among a predominantly Hispanic population in New York City. Methods - We enrolled women receiving mammography at Columbia University Medical Center in New York, NY. They completed a questionnaire on breast cancer risk factors and gave consent to access their medical records for breast imaging and biopsy reports for the past 15 years. Breast cancer risk was assessed using the Gail model and eligibility for BRCA genetic testing was determined using a family history screener. High breast density was defined qualitatively as heterogeneously or extremely dense. Recall breast imaging was based upon a BIRADS score of 0, 3, 4, 5, or 6 on the screening mammogram. False positive breast biopsies were any biopsies that did not yield breast cancer. Results - From November 2014 to May 2015, 1325 women were enrolled: median age 58 years (range, 29-89); white/black/Hispanic/other (%): 10/10/76/4; 25% met high-risk criteria for breast cancer; 31% had high breast density; 71% were undergoing annual mammography; 53% had at least one recall breast imaging and 6% had at least one false positive breast biopsy. In multivariable analysis, high breast cancer risk, high breast density, and more frequent screening mammograms were associated with recall breast imaging and biopsy. Conclusions - Based upon our results, a potential strategy to reduce the false positive rates on screening mammography is to target women at high risk for breast cancer or with high breast density for screening with breast tomosynthesis, which has less false positives than digital mammography. Additionally, we may adopt less frequent breast cancer screening in average risk women to further reduce the harms of screening. Citation Format: William Ueng, Julia McGuinness, Katherine Infante, Meghna S. Trivedi, Hae Seung Yi, Raven David, Alejandro Vanegas, Jennifer Vargas, Rossy Sandoval, Rita Kukafka, Katherine D. Crew. Factors associated with false positive results on screening mammography in a population of predominantly Hispanic women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1790.
Metabolic host responses to malarial infection during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle

The malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum undergoes a complex life cycle, including an intraerythrocytic developmental cycle, during which it is metabolically dependent on the infected human red blood cell (RBC). To describe whole cell metabolic activity within both P. falciparum and RBCs during the asexual reproduction phase of the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle, we developed an integrated host-parasite metabolic modeling framework driven by time-dependent gene expression data. We validated the model by reproducing the experimentally determined 1) stage-specific production of biomass components and their precursors in the parasite and 2) metabolite concentration changes in the medium of P. falciparum-infected RBC cultures. The model allowed us to explore time- and strain-dependent P. falciparum metabolism and hypothesize how host cell metabolism alters in response to malarial infection. Specifically, the metabolic analysis showed that uninfected RBCs that coexist with infected cells in the same culture decrease their production of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, an oxygen-carrying regulator, reducing the ability of hemoglobin in these cells to release oxygen. Furthermore, in response to parasite-induced oxidative stress, infected RBCs downgraded their glycolytic flux by using the pentose phosphate pathway and secreting ribulose-5-phosphate. This mechanism links individually observed experimental phenomena, such as glycolytic inhibition and ribulose-5-phosphate secretion, to the oxidative stress response. Although the metabolic model does not incorporate regulatory mechanisms per se, alterations in gene expression levels caused by regulatory mechanisms are manifested in the model as altered metabolic states. This provides the model the capability to capture complex multicellular host-pathogen metabolic interactions of the infected RBC culture. The system-level analysis revealed complex relationships such as how the parasite can reduce oxygen release in uninfected cells in the presence of infected RBCs as well as the role of different metabolic pathways involved in the oxidative stress response of infected RBCs.
Field Evaluation of the MUG Assay for Enumerating Escherichia coli in Seawater and Oysters from Southeastern United States

Oysters and seawater collected from the southeastern United States were examined for fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli , using the current procedure of the American Public Health Association (APHA) and the fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) modified APHA procedure. After the presence of E. coli in both methods was confirmed by conventional IMViC procedures, there was no significant difference between method means at the α = 0.05 level. In oysters, low confirmation rates of 67 and 77% were observed by the APHA and the MUG methods, respectively. Seawater had the greatest confirmation rates (95%) by the MUG method. The MUG method may be a suitable alternative to the current APHA method for the microbiological evaluation of oysters and seawater.
Principles of Systemic Chemotherapy for Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are a group of malignancies that are sensitive to systemic therapy, in part due to the complexity of the molecular aberrations in these malignancies that impair DNA repair mechanisms. Administration of chemotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancers is guided by treatment goals and patient factors unique to this patient population. The known radiation-sensitizing properties of chemotherapy and its ability to impact rates of distant failure have established concurrent chemoradiation as a standard definitive and adjuvant therapy for locally advanced disease. Although known to produce tumor responses, chemotherapy given in the metastatic setting has not been consistently demonstrated to improve overall survival. The combination of chemotherapy with targeted monoclonal antibodies has shown promising results. The emergence of the distinct HPV(+) oropharynx cancer population has had a significant impact on the design of current clinical investigation for this disease. Further investigation of the role of nonoperative treatments in this disease will likely focus on efforts to decrease late treatment-induced morbidity, exploration of reirradiation with concurrent chemotherapy as a salvage therapy, and further integration of chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies in both definitive and palliative management.
Combined application of low-dose dopamine and phentolamine for treatment of edema in children with nephrotic syndrome

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of low dose dopamine combined with phentolamine in the treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) with edema. Methods Retrospective control studies were performed in 155 patients of PNS with edema, who received comprehensive treatment with small dose dopamine combined with phentolamine (group A). Patients treated with furosemide infusion were recruited as control (group B). Results The urinary output, urinary sodium increased after therapy in group A, showing significant differences (P ＜ 0. 01). But urinary potassium excretion, serum sodium and potassium showed no significant difference after therapy in group A. The urinary output, urinary sodium and potassium excretion increased and the serum sodium and potassium decreased after therapy in group B, all showing significant differences between before and after treatment (P ＜0. 01). The edema relief rate,urinary output, urinary sodium excretion, serum sodium and potassium in group A was significantly higher whereas urinary potassium excretion were significantly lower than those of group B(P ＜0. 01). The rate of drug adverse reaction in group A was significantly lower than that of group B. Conclusion Low dose dopamine combined with phentolamine in PNS with edema is safe and effective,which may be a substitute of diuretic like furosemide in the treatment of edema of patients with different blood volume. Key words: Low-dose dopamine; Phentolamine; Primary nephrotic syndrome; Edema; Children
Distance Learning Development and Delivery Applications

This article presents an overview of selected general delivery options (e.g., videoconferencing, online learning, etc.) and specific software applications for developing and delivering instruction electronically, especially via the World Wide Web. A summary of the relative merits of developing customized software and of buying commercial software sets the stage for a brief review of 15 delivery options and software packages. In particular, seven course management systems or courseware packages are considered. Course development tools are generally described and the article concludes with a discussion of development and delivery issues.
WinHeap Explorer: Efficient and Transparent Heap-Based Bug Detection in Machine Code

Despite all the efforts of the research community, buffer overflows remain one of the most dangerous bugs for modern IT systems. The problem is compounded by the fact that there are many developers who do not follow the basic rules of a secure software development lifecycle, supplying proprietary vulnerable products. To address this problem, the industry has proposed a number of techniques that perform analysis at the binary level. While most of them focus on problems that lead a program to crash or exception, there is a large class of more complex bugs that it is not possible to detect using only this criterion.In this paper we propose WinHeap Explorer, a highperformance solution for heap based bug detection in machine code using an original approach called light-weight dynamic binary instrumentation. The light-weight instrumentation is based on preliminary static analysis of code paths to highlight potentially erroneous parts, due to which we are able to decrease the overhead. Moreover, WinHeap Explorer does not change any memory allocation mechanisms, which preserves transparency of the tool towards the operating system. Our experiments have proven the ability of WinHeap Explorer to detect heapbased bugs as well as decrease runtime overhead for widely-used complex applications ranging between 24.2%-71.1% along with the same level of memory overhead in comparison with existing solutions. WinHeap Explorer is distributed under BSD license and available at [1].
God Panels and the History of Hemodialysis in America: A Cautionary Tale

Those charged by the ACA health reform act to identify best clinical practices that are evidence-based and applicable across diverse populations can learn much from the experience of the Medicare-funded End Stage Renal Disease Program.
Quotient Categories of Modules

Gabriel and Popesco [4] have proved the following: Theorem (*). Let C be an Abelian category vrith exact direct limits. Let U ∈ C, E = Hom C (U, U), ℳ E be the category of right E modules, and S;. C → ℳ E :M → Hom c (U, M). Let T: ℳ E C be an adjoint of S (one exists) and Φ the associated natural transformation from T o S to the identity functor on C. The follovnng are equivalent.
On the pressure-dependence of some parameters of a. c. discharges

The author describes the probe measurement method based on the pulse technique introduced byWaymouth and its application to the examination of discharges operated by a supply voltage of 50 cps. In this connection the author examines the pressure-dependence of some characteristic parameters; he shows the dependence of the cathode-fall, the axial field strength and the plasma potentials and the pressure of the applied argon ground gas, for a mercury vapour discharge. The results obtained are discussed and compared with the data appearing in recent literature.
Every Body Yoga

Yoga1 in the United States has never been more popular, and yoga studios can be found in most major metropolitan cities. Beyond studio walls, yoga is available in a variety of institutions, from sc...
Evaluating Student Performance and Perception of a Workshop Integrating Pharmacy Practice and a Pharmaceutics Lab.

Objective: Evaluating Student Performance and Perception of a Workshop Integrating Pharmacy Practice and a Pharmaceutics Lab Innovation: Common methods for curricular integration are often time and faculty-intensive. An innovative approach to integration was developed and utilized in an introductory compounding workshop. Faculty members collaborated with a compounding pharmacist to design and facilitate a pharmaceutics workshop for first-year pharmacy students. The workshop was composed of four major sections, an introduction to pharmaceutical compounding and the regulations surrounding manufacturing and sterility, a case discussion involving a pediatric patient and the need to develop an appropriate drug delivery system, a short review of pharmaceutical calculations and labeling requirements, and then an introduction to logistics and active learning in a lab setting. Critical Analysis: After taking part in the workshop, students indicated a significantly higher comfort level going into the pharmaceutics lab (3.48±0.83 to 4.04±0.70) and in the compounding process (3.06±0.83 to 3.71±0.80). Their views of the clinical application of the lab and the need to use knowledge gained from other courses in the lab were also significantly improved (4.36±0.68 to 4.61±0.49 and 3.71±0.77 to 4.26±0.74, respectively). In addition, their perceptions of how they will utilize the skills developed as a practicing pharmacist, and their feelings towards the safety procedures involved in compounding, were also positively affected (3.96±0.87 to 4.45±0.59 and 3.28±0.92 to 3.91±0.72, respectively). Finally, students’ average quiz score in Spring 2016, when the workshop was instituted, significantly increased from Spring 2015 (90.154±4.98 versus 85.89±10.87, respectively). Article Type: Note