cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juan Comas's summary history of the American association of physical anthropologists (1928–1968)

This translation of Juan Comas's Summary History of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists was originally published in Spanish by the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, in 1969 (Departamento de Investigaciones Antropologicas, Publication 22). Physical anthropologists from North America and members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists owe Juan Comas a debt of gratitude for having labored to produce this Summary History of the AAPA. There is much useful and interesting material in this document: extensive endnotes that are helpful to the historian of the profession; an appendix of the Journal issues where the proceedings of annual meetings can be found; a detailed listing of contributors of papers to annual meetings from 1930–1968; a warm acknowledgment and history of the contributions of the Wenner-Gren Foundation to biological anthropology; a history of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology; and comments on the short-lived PA Newsletter. In addition, there are appendices with the founding AAPA Constitution and By-Laws from 1930 and as they existed in 1968. All of this synoptic information saves the reader with interests in the history of the AAPA considerable effort, especially when few university and college libraries have the full (old and new) series of the AJPA on their shelves. We have tried to provide a translation of Comas's history that is faithful to the original Spanish-language publication. In a few cases, we shortened sentences and applied a slightly more modern usage than was popular in the late 1960s. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 48:163–195, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solution characterization of poly(isobornyl methacrylate) in tetrahydrofuran

Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of dilute solutions of poly (isobornyl methacrylate) (PIMA) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were characterized by using viscosity, static, and dynamic light scattering measurements. PIMA samples with different molecular weight were obtained by fractional precipitation of PIMA solution. Chain dimension parameters (Rg and RH), together with second virial coefficient A2 and intrinsic viscosity [η], were used to calculate various solution parameters characterizing polymer chains in polymer solutions. The experimental results are compared with calculation, indicating that PIMA behaves as a flexible coil in THF. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Symposium Report on Aligning Texas Four-by-Four High School Curricula and First-Year College Courses

This report describes two symposia convened to address the process of implementing the recently published Texas College and Career Readiness Standards, which are intended to help educators aid students in bridging the gap between high school and college classroom expectations. In 2009 and 2010, these two symposia for chemistry education professionals focused on understanding what is expected of chemistry students from various high school settings (e.g., small and large schools; rural, suburban, and urban locales) in order for students to succeed in first-year college-level lecture and laboratory courses. The first symposium was attended by 45 secondary school teachers and many representatives of universities, junior colleges, technical colleges, and private colleges. This symposium began a dialogue on how graduating high school seniors could become successful first-year students in college. The goals were to begin recognizing how the new standards evolved and to acknowledge the gaps between high school and college chemistry curricula. The first symposium also discussed what it means for students to be ready for postsecondary experiences and raised awareness of developments underway in high schools, including dual-credit courses, early college programs, and how colleagues in mathematics support efforts to improve chemistry education in Texas. The second symposium, which brought together more than 120 chemistry teachers in two locations via a teleconference, continued the dialogue established in the first symposium. Mathematics colleagues were invited to join the chemistry teachers in the second symposium so that the alignment issues between the disciplines could be addressed.
Rodent tissue α-l-fucosidases: Analysis of brain and spleen isoforms and characterization of the purified hamster liver enzyme

1. Isoelectric focusing of brain and spleen alpha-L-fucosidases from four rodents (rat, mouse, guinea-pig, hamster) indicated that only mouse and hamster tissues contained isoforms with significant amounts of activity above pI 7.0. 2. Hamster liver alpha-L-fucosidase was purified approximately 57,000-fold in 80% yield (to a final specific activity of 24,700 nmol/min/mg protein) by affinity chromatography on agarose-epsilon-aminocaproyl-fucosamine. 3. SDS-PAGE analysis of hamster liver alpha-L-fucosidase indicated the presence of one to two closely-spaced subunits at 56 and 60 kDa. Western blotting analysis indicated the hamster enzyme was recognized by polyclonal antibodies but not by a monoclonal antibody (both antibodies prepared against human liver alpha-L-fucosidase). 4. The pH-activity curve of hamster liver alpha-L-fucosidase is broad with an optimum centered around pH 6.8 and with high activity between pH 5.5 and 7.5.
Visual evoked potential study of attention

Many objects in our visual field compete for neural representation. Both bottom-up, sensory-driven processes (luminance detection) as well as top-down mechanisms (attention and familiarity) can affect the result of this competition. In this study, visual evoked potentials were used to measure the changes induced by both stimulus variables and attention processes. The stimulus set consisted of a grayscale sine wave grating pattern with different degrees of spatially random noise. This stimulus set was generated using the ALOPEX optimization algorithm. This algorithm generated a series of sequential images while converging from a completely random noise pattern to the sine wave grating pattern template. All of the patterns in the stimulus set were normalized for average luminance during the ALOPEX convergence process. Additionally, the stimulus content of each pattern was quantified using a number of image processing algorithms including space-averaged global contrast, image entropy, central moments, 2D Fourier transform, and 2D wavelet transform. The visual evoked potentials were recorded using the same pattern set for different attention states of the subjects. The results presented demonstrate the contrasting affects of noise and attention on both the time and frequency components of the visual evoked potential recorded from different lobes of the brain.
Three new species of Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae) from the Guianas

Three new species of Elaphoglossum are described from the Guianas: E. arachnidoideum, E. boudriei, and E. cremersii.
Preferences over characteristics and utility functions over commodities

Following Lancaster, preferences are defined over a set of characteristics, while commodities vectors are transformed into characteristics by a production function. We assume that both the preferences over the characteristics and the production functions are “neoclassical” and we characterize the set utility functions over the consumption space derived as the composition of preferences over characteristics and production functions. We prove that, under regularity conditions, any function can be derived by such a composition. Thus, the theories of characteristics does not impose any restrictions on derived utility functions.
Self-trapping of light in a two-dimensional photonic lattice

We study wave propagation in a two-dimensional photonic lattice with focusing Kerr nonlinearity, and report on the existence of various nonlinear localized structures in the form of fundamental, dipole, and vortex solitons. First, the linear bandgap structure induced by the two-dimensional photonic crystal is determined, and solitons are found to exist in the photonic bandgap. Next, structures of these solitons and their stability properties are analyzed in detail. When the propagation constant is not close to the edge of the bandgap, the fundamental soliton is largely confined to one lattice site; the dipole soliton consists of two p-out-of-phase, Gaussian-like humps, whereas the vortex comprises four fundamental modes superimposed in a square configuration with a phase structure that is topologically equivalent to the conventional homogeneous-bulk vortex. At high lattice potential, all these soliton states are stable against small perturbations. However, among the three states, the fundamental solitons are the most robust, whereas vortices are the least. If the propagation constant is close to the edge of the bandgap, then all three soliton states spread over many lattice sites and become linearly unstable as a result of the Vakhitov‐Kolokolov instability. © 2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.0190, 190.5530.
Rate of Spending on Chronic Conditions Among Medicaid and CHIP Recipients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the rate at which children with and without chronic conditions became recipients of Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) during a period of economic recession and to evaluate changes in spending and service utilization among children with chronic conditions. METHODS: Child recipients of Illinois fee-for-service Medicaid and CHIP from 2007 to 2010 were assigned to 5 chronic condition groups using 3M Clinical Risk Group software. Outcome measures were change in recipient number in each chronic condition category, total and per capita spending changes within various categories of service, and changes in service utilization. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2010, children with chronic conditions became recipients of Illinois fee-for-service Medicaid and CHIP at a higher rate than children without chronic conditions (26.7% vs 14.5%). Inflation-adjusted mean spending fell with a linear trend in all chronic condition categories except malignancy ( P P CONCLUSIONS: From 2007 to 2010, a period of severe economic recession, a disproportionately high number of children with chronic conditions became Illinois Medicaid and CHIP recipients. Total spending increases were driven by an increase in the number of recipients with the most complex chronic conditions, not increases in per-member spending.
Growth response of several Candida albicans strains to inhibitory concentrations of heavy metals

Prolonged exposure of several Candida albicans strains to inhibitory concentrations of Cd, Cu, or Zn resulted in the appearance of resistant colonies at frequencies and with kinetics significantly different than expected based solely upon the predicted spontaneous mutation rate. Characteristics of the response included: (i) a delay usually of 4–10 days in the emergence of the first resistant colonies; (ii) continued accumulation of resistant colonies for a minimum of 21 days after initial exposure to selection; and (iii) final mutation frequencies ranging from 7·0 ¢ 10-6 to 9·8 × 10-4. Further examination of the response of one of the strains to Cd, demonstrated that pretreatment with either ultraviolet irradiation or hydroxyurea resulted in approximately a 10-fold increase in the number of resistant colonies detected. While the distribution and identity of colony phenotypes was altered for all strains after exposure to the heavy metals, no specific morphologies could be correlated to development of resis...
POLYCYCLIC MUSK FRAGRANCES IN SEDIMENTS AND SHRIMP TISSUES

Polycyclic musk fragrances are widely used as ingredients in personal care products, shampoos, lotions, and household cleaning agents. These chemicals have relatively high octanol-water partition coefficients, and therefore tend to accumulate in sediments, sludge, and biological tissues. We analyzed shrimp and sediment samples for the presence of synthetic musks. Samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction. Gel permeation chromatography and solid phase extraction with silica were used to clean the extracts. The extracts were analyzed with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry with Electron Impact ionization (GC-MS-EI) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Sediment samples were collected from three tidal tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. HHCB was detected in concentrations up to 9.2 (average 1.1 ± 2.2) ng/g dry weight. Shrimp samples were collected as part of a seafood market survey of wild and farmed shrimp from the USA and other countries (Mexico, India, Equador, Thailand, China and othe...
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of tetraiododiphosphine.

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of of tetraiododiphosphine in C 2h symmetry are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of six types of motion (PI stretch, PP stretch, PI 2 scissors, PI 2 twist, PI 2 wag, and PI 2 rock) predicted by a group theoretical analysis. Computed vibrational frequencies are with IR and Raman spectra available in the literature, and uniform scaling factors are derived. Theoretical IR and Raman intensities are reported.
Cerebrovascular disease in an employed population.

Abstract Cerebrovascular disease arising in the middle-aged male population of two industrial companies during a 5-year period was studied. The capacity of those recovering to continue at gainful work in one company was compared with the cohort of fellow employees of the same age in the same company. The attrition rates of cases returning to work in each company were compared and a significantly greater rate, particularly in the first two years following the acute episode, was noted in the larger company whose work involves less physical effort. Possible explanations for this were suggested.
Efficacy of Voriconazole in Treatment of Murine Pulmonary Blastomycosis

We evaluated the efficacy of voriconazole, a new broad-spectrum triazole antifungal compound, in the treatment of murine pulmonary blastomycosis. Since mice metabolize voriconazole rapidly, we took advantage of our previous observation that administration of grapefruit juice to mice resulted in suitable serum voriconazole concentrations so that treatment studies with mice could be done (A. M. Sugar and X.-P. Liu, Med. Mycol. 38:209-121, 2000). Our results show that voriconazole prolonged survival in a dose-dependent fashion and that the fungal burden in the lungs was decreased by voriconazole administered at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day. Voriconazole should be studied in humans with blastomycosis.
Pain and spasticity after spinal cord injury: mechanisms and treatment.

Study design A comprehensive survey of literature on the proposed mechanisms and treatment of pain and spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI) was completed. Objectives To define the current understanding of these entities and to review various treatment options. Summary of background data The neurophysiologic basis of spasticity after SCI is well established. The mechanism of neuropathic pain after SCI remains conjectural, although considerable new data, much of it from animal models, now add to our understanding of this condition. Methods A comprehensive search and review of the published literature was undertaken. Results Treatment options for spasticity are effective and include oral medication (baclofen, tizanidine), intrathecal baclofen, and rarely, surgical rhizotomy or myelotomy. Selected patients with post-SCI pain can respond to surgical myelotomy (DREZ lesions) or intrathecal agents (e.g., morphine + clonidine), but the majority continue to suffer. Conclusions Medical and surgical treatments for spasticity are established and highly successful. Management of post-SCI pain remains a clinical challenge, as there is no uniformly successful medical or surgical treatment.
Stimulation of collagenolytic enzyme release from cultured bone cells of normal and osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice by parathyroid hormone and lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Collagenolytic enzyme release from bone cells was studied using cultured calvarial cells which are capable of degrading calcified and noncalcified collagen (cells from normal mice) or only noncalcified collagen (cells from osteopetrotic (mi/mi) mice). Treatment of cells from either normal or mi/mi mice with parathyroid hormone (PTH) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in the appearance of latent collagenolytic enzyme activity in the medium. Chromatography of media from cells from normal mice treated with PTH on lysine-Sepharose resulted in the separation of latent collagenase and latent gelatinase. Further characterization of the enzymes showed that they were similar to those previously isolated from media of calvaria cultured with heparin. Collagenase activity of media of cells from normal or mi/mi mice treated with PTH or LPS yielded identical elution patterns upon chromatography on lysine-Sepharose. These results show that the mi allele has no effect on regulation of latent collagenolytic enzyme release. The data also suggest that previously described differences between PTH- and LPS-stimulated collagen degradation in cultured calvaria are due to factors other than differences in the ability of these agents to stimulate the release of collagenolytic enzymes.
Budded cuttings for propagating roses

A scion with a dormant bud and a leaf was budded onto a single internode of rootstock. After budding, the base of the rootstock was profitably treated for 30 s with an indole-3-butyric acid solution at 2000 mg l−1. The budded cuttings were rooted in a no. 3 perlite medium under a balance type mist system. Rooting of the budded cuttings was satisfactory after 1 month and was comparable with that of grafted cuttings or marcotted plants.
Microanalytical separation of steroids by gas chromatography.

THE application of gas-liquid partition chromatography to the microanalytical separation of steroids has been recognized for some time as an attainable goal. The chief barrier to practical advances in the problem arises from the nature of the thermostable liquid phases that are now known and the properties of steroids, ‘Apiezon’ greases, thermostable silicones and polybutenes may be used at relatively high temperatures; but the distribution coefficients for many steroids are much in favour of these phases even at elevated temperatures1.
Congenital abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report

Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is distinctly uncommon in infants and children, and usually results from infection, iatrogenic trauma, vasculitis, connective tissue disorder, or tuberous sclerosis. Congenital "primary" neonatal AAA is exceedingly rare. The few reported cases of repair of congenital AAA describe use of synthetic graft material or aneurysmorrhaphy. We report the first successful treatment of a known 6 cm congenital infrarenal AAA repaired with a 5 mm cryopreserved allograft in a 4-month-old infant girl. The graft was pretreated with an antigen reduction process (SynerGraft), which preliminary studies suggest may inhibit allograft degeneration. The postoperative course was unremarkable. Lower extremity pulses and results of duplex ultrasound flow studies remained excellent at 14-month follow-up. Panel reactive antibodies against class I alloantigens remain negative. The use of an antigen-reduced allograft provides an acceptable conduit, which potentially may decrease allograft degeneration and relative graft stenosis associated with growth of the child, but requires follow-up.
Revascularization of the internal mammary artery after coronary artery bypass grafting

Symptomatic anterior myocardial ischemia as a result of stenosis at the origin of the left internal mammary artery developed in a patient who underwent prior coronary artery bypass grafting using the left internal mammary artery as a conduit. Successful revascularization of the left anterior descending coronary artery was achieved using a reversed saphenous vein bypass graft from the left common carotid artery to the proximal internal mammary artery. This approach provided myocardial revascularization and avoided reoperative median sternotomy.
Demand participation in the restructured Electric Reliability Council of Texas market

Abstract Does an electricity market which has been restructured to foster competition provide greater opportunities for demand response than a traditional regulated utility industry? The experiences of the restructured Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) market over the past eight years provide some hope that it is possible to design a competitive market which will properly value and accommodate demand response. While the overall level of demand response in ERCOT is below the levels enjoyed prior to restructuring, there have nonetheless been some promising advances, including the integration of demand-side resources into competitive markets for ancillary services. ERCOT's experiences demonstrate that the degree of demand participation in a restructured market is highly sensitive to the market design. But even in a market which has been deregulated to a large degree, regulatory intervention and special demand-side programs may be needed in order to bolster demand response.
Thermodynamic analysis of a heat-driven metal hydride cogeneration cycle

Abstract A heat-driven metal hydride cogeneration cycle has been analyzed using classical first and second law analysis as well as finite-time thermodynamics. Second law analysis introduces important limitations on operating conditions not previously mentioned in the literature. The system being investigated is based on a cycle developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Predicted performance is compared to data from two other hydride power systems, HYCSOS (developed at Argonne National Laboratory) and a system developed by Bomin Solar, GmbH. Power generated per kg of hydridable alloy was highest for the present cycle (0.11 kW·kg−1) while useful heat or cold rates were highest for the HYCSOS cycle (0.30 kW·kg−1) and the system developed by Bomin Solar (0.30 kW·kg−1). Fuel-use efficiencies were highest for the present cycle (0.23), while second law efficiencies were highest for HYCSOS (0.60). Power and efficiency diagrams based on the finite temperature difference between the hydride bed and external heat transfer fluid are also presented.
Becoming Qualitative Researchers: A Collaborative Approach to Faculty Development

Five junior scholars, representing two departments and four program areas in the College of Education at the University of North Texas, committed themselves to a long-term, systematic, research-based learning program in order to further their knowledge and skills as qualitative researchers. In this essay, this community of learners describes their collaborative efforts to develop more effective skills in one method of qualitative research, in-depth, oral history interviewing. Through their cross-discipline, research-based, faculty development model, the authors offer helpful direction to other higher education faculty who seek to improve their ability to conduct and also to guide students in qualitative investigations.
Vibrational and rotational energy transfer in Ar + HF

Abstract State-to-state energy transfer cross sections for Ar + HF ( v = 2, 4, and 6; J = 4, 6, 8, and 10) were computed using quasiclassical trajectories. Rotational energy transfer is invariant with increasing v , but vibrational energy transfer is significantly enhanced by increasing J .
Asynchronous Eye Closure as an Anti‐Predator Behavior in the Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)

Asynchronous eye closure (ASEC), one eye open while the other is closed, is a behavior observed in birds, some aquatic mammals, and reptiles. In birds and aquatic mammals, ASEC is associated with unihemispheric sleep wherein the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to (i.e. neurologically connected to) the closed eye sleeps while the other cerebral hemisphere remains awake with its associated eye open and functional. Evidence from birds suggests that ASEC is an important anti-predator adaptation to mediate the trade-off between the need to remain vigilant and the need to sleep. However, the anti-predator correlates of ASEC remain largely unstudied in other animals. Here, we present behavioral evidence that ASEC in reptiles is also an anti-predator adaptation used in response to an increase in the risk of predation. ASEC was measured in captive western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) individually exposed to three experimental treatments: (1) an empty terrarium, (2) a terrarium housing a novel moving object, and (3) a terrarium housing a live predator (snake). Predator exposure elicited significantly higher levels of vigilance, mostly due to an increase in ASEC. This increase in ASEC came largely at the expense of synchronous eye closure (both eyes closed). Lizards in ASEC also showed a strong tendency to orient their open eye in the direction of the predator. We suggest that lizards engaged in ASEC are sleeping unihemispherically and are thus able to maintain a level of vigilance concurrent with sleep.
The Biomechanics of Aggression: Psychophysiological Conditioning in Ulster's Loyalist Parades

Annually, Ulster's Protestant loyalists parade through the streets of Ulster. These in-your-face demonstrations of power by the Orangemen have ignited violence each year, from 1995 to 2000. What physiological and psychological mechanisms preserve the loyalist parades, and incite the violence associated with them?
X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad-3 region of two-component heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa. II. More extensive genetic tests reveal an unexpectedly high frequency of multiple-locus mutations.

Abstract More extensive genetic tests have been performed on a series of 832 X-ray-induced specific-locus mutations in the ad -3 region of a 2-component heterokaryon (H-12) of Neurospora crassa , reported earlier (Webber and de Serres 1965). Using a new tester strains and techniques for performing large-scale genetic tests (heterokaryon, dikaryon and trikaryon) to characterize ad -3 mutants induced in 2-component heterokaryons, new data have been obtained on this sample of X-ray-induced ad -3 mutants. These new data show that unexpectedly high frequencies of both single-locus (gene/point) mutations and multilocus deletions in the ad -3 region have additional, but separate, sites of resessive lethal ( RL CL ) damage in the immediately adjacent genetic regions. The frequencies of these X-ray-induced multiple-locus mutants in the ad -3 region are orders of magnitude higher than expected on the basis of target theory and classical models of chromosome structure during interphase. Current models of interphase chromosome structure in higher eukaryotes as revealed by chromosome “painting” offer a possible explanation of the Neurospora data.
Ultrasonic guided wave and acoustic impact methods for pipe fouling detection

Research on fouling detection in pipes in the foods industry using acoustics and ultrasonics could provide efficient and cost effective solutions. Fouling is the build up of fouled food product, corrosion, or baked on food product on the inside wall of a pipe or a plate. The existence of fouling can create unnecessary demands on pumping machinery, can decrease the efficiency of heat flow into the fouled pipes, and can decrease the product quality and/or safety. Early detection and quantification of fouling extent can reduce costs incurred due to wear on the machinery, maintenance of the pipes, and production down time. Two acoustic methods are investigated for their pipe fouling detection potential: guided wave ultrasonics and acoustic impact. The guided wave method relates energy loss to viscous or semi-solid loading on a plate or pipe. Acoustic impact relies upon changes in wave velocity and attenuation to signal the existence of fouling. The basic principles of each method are presented, followed by experimental results, advantages and disadvantages of each, and recommendations for future research.
The impact of dialysis and transplantation on children.

Effective methods to treat end stage renal disease (ESRD) in children have become available in the United States during the last 3 decades. Since the United States Congress created the Medicare ESRD Program in 1972, most children with ESRD have the option of Medicare insurance. Medicare expenditures for children with ESRD range from $14,000 for transplant recipients to $43,000 for dialysis patients per year. The tremendous expense of ESRD treatment has led to research to determine which treatment options are associated with the best health outcomes and the best value (quality/cost) for the money spent treating ESRD. The National Kidney Foundation's Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative recommends the use of quality of life and health status measures to gauge the impact of renal replacement therapy on quality of life in the ESRD population. In adult patients with renal failure, several generic and disease-specific quality of life measures have been validated and tested for reliability. In contrast, little research using validated and reliable health status measures has been performed in pediatric patients to measure the impact of ESRD. This article summarizes existing literature on how we currently measure the impact of dialysis and transplantation on children, discusses existing health status measures for children and adolescents, and describes how these measures might be used to improve our care of patients and long-term outcomes for children with kidnev failure.
Functional consequences of age-related morphologic changes to pyramidal neurons of the rhesus monkey prefrontal cortex

Layer 3 (L3) pyramidal neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) of rhesus monkeys exhibit dendritic regression, spine loss and increased action potential (AP) firing rates during normal aging. The relationship between these structural and functional alterations, if any, is unknown. To address this issue, morphological and electrophysiological properties of L3 LPFC pyramidal neurons from young and aged rhesus monkeys were characterized using in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and high-resolution digital reconstruction of neurons. Consistent with our previous studies, aged neurons exhibited significantly reduced dendritic arbor length and spine density, as well as increased input resistance and firing rates. Computational models using the digital reconstructions with Hodgkin-Huxley and AMPA channels allowed us to assess relationships between demonstrated age-related changes and to predict physiological changes that have not yet been tested empirically. For example, the models predict that in both backpropagating APs and excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), attenuation is lower in aged versus young neurons. Importantly, when identical densities of passive parameters and voltage- and calcium-gated conductances were used in young and aged model neurons, neither input resistance nor firing rates differed between the two age groups. Tuning passive parameters for each model predicted significantly higher membrane resistance (Rm) in aged versus young neurons. This Rm increase alone did not account for increased firing rates in aged models, but coupling these Rm values with subtle differences in morphology and membrane capacitance did. The predicted differences in passive parameters (or parameters with similar effects) are mathematically plausible, but must be tested empirically.
Medical and nursing education and training opportunities to improve survivorship care

Improving the quality of care for cancer survivors is contingent on having physicians, nurses, and other professionals with adequate training in survivorship care. Previous literature has documented the deficiencies in existing formal education programs regarding the complex needs of this growing population. Continuing education programs and basic curricula need to incorporate the expanding body of knowledge regarding the physiologic and psychosocial sequlae of survivorship. This article reviews the current status of survivorship education and provides direction for essential content in future education. Topics such as prevention of secondary cancers, long-term complications, rehabilitation services, quality-of-life issues, pain and symptom management, and treatment of recurrent cancer are critical competencies of education that should then become routine care for cancer survivors.
Invertible relations on polytopes

Ifg andh are any nonzero functions on the class of convex polytopes then ?(Fi,Fj) =g(Fi)/h(Fj) is a valuation whose inverse is ?(Fi,Fj) = (?1)j?ih(Fi)/g(Fj). This is proved and a smaller class of valuations are characterized: those ?(Fi,Fj) which depend only oni andj and which have inverses of the same form.
Multiple sources of lead in soils from a Hawaiian chronosequence

Abstract We report lead isotopic ratios and concentrations from a basaltic soil chronosequence in Hawaii. Substrate ages at the sites range from 300 years to 4.1 million years. All soils show a net addition of Pb above the contributions made by basaltic weathering, indicating that atmospheric deposition of natural or pollutant sources is important across the sequence. Isotopic ratios from the chronoseqence soils indicate a mixture of basalt, mineral aerosol, and anthropogenic Pb sources derived from both long range and local inputs. Locally derived anthropogenic Pb dominates young soils. Intermediate age soils in remote locations have a strong mineral aerosol signature and likely contain some anthropogenic lead of Asian origin. Older soils have undergone extensive leaching of both basaltic and eolian lead. While the anthropogenic inputs in most sites are from less radiogenic local and Asian sources, we find evidence of “J-type” lead of North American origin in a remote soil on Kauai. The diversity of anthropogenic lead sources suggests that at least two different weather patterns dominate atmospheric Pb transport across the Hawaiian island chain.
The enzymic degradation of lipids resulting from physical disruption of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit

Abstract Homogenization of fresh tissue from cucumber fruits results in a loss of endogenous lipid catalysed by acyl hydrolase enzymes. Deacylation of lipids is not accompanied by accumulation of free fatty acids. The levels of both saturated (mainly palmitic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic and linolenic) fatty acids in the lipids are reduced. Losses of the major acyl lipid constituents of cucumber (triacylglycerols and phospholipids) are mainly responsible for the observed hydrolysis. Triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase (lipase), phospholipase D and polar lipid acyl hydrolase enzyme activities were demonstrated. It is suggested that hydrolytic attack on endogenous lipids is the initial event on disruption of cucumber tissue, in the formation of lipid degradation products, amongst which are the volatile carbonyl compounds responsible for the characteristic flavour of cucumber.
Differential metabolism of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate by rat and chicken hepatic microsomes

Abstract The in vitro hepatic metabolism of O -ethyl O -4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) was investigated in the hen (a species that is sensitive to EPN delayed neurotoxicity) and the rat (an insensitive species). EPN, which produced a Type I binding spectrum on incubation with cytochrome P-450, was converted by liver microsomes from both species to its oxygen analog, O -ethyl O -4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate (EPNO), and to p -nitrophenol (PNP). The formation of EPNO and PNP was dependent on the presence of NADPH in the reaction mixture and could be inhibited by either SKF-525A or by anaerobic conditions. The rates of EPNO and PNP formation by rat liver microsomes were, however, 3- and 20-fold higher, respectively, than the rates of formation by chicken liver microsomes. There was also a 4-fold difference in the cytochrome P-450 contents of the liver microsomes. The EPNO-hydrolyzing activity of rat liver microsomes was much greater than that of chicken liver microsomes. EPNO metabolism, in contrast to EPN metabolism, did not require NAPDH nor was it inhibited by SKF-525A or by anaerobic conditions. Prior exposure of rats to phenobarbital (PB) or Arochlor 1254 resulted in an increase in hepatic microsomal EPN metabolism and cytochrome P-450 content. On the other hand, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment elevated microsomal cytochrome P-450 but did not increase EPNO or PNP formation. Pretreatment with EPN did not alter either microsomal EPN metabolism or cytochrome P-450 levels. In chickens, prior exposure to PB, 3-MC or 100 mg/kg EPN increased EPNO and PNP formation by liver microsomes as well as cytochrome P-450 levels; prior exposure of chickens to 15 mg/kg EPN did not alter these variables. The λ max Soret bands of the reduced hepatic cytochrome P-450 complexes from these animals differed as follows (rat then chicken): untreated, 450 vs 452 nm; PB-treated, 450 vs 451 nm; and 3-MC-treated, 448 vs 449 nm. None of the above treatments had an effect on EPNO metabolism by liver microsomes.
The Importance of Social Condition in the Hormonal and Behavioral Responses to an Acute Social Stressor in the Male Siberian Dwarf Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Social condition is an important factor in determining the behavioral and hormonal responses to a social stressor in the Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus). We predict that males housed with a female or a family (female and pups) will show an increase in the magnitude of the behavioral and hormonal responses to a male intruder compared to those of individually housed males. Three treatment groups were studied: individually housed males that had been previously group-housed in same-sex colonies (males, n = 10), males housed with a female (male + female, n = 9), and males housed with their female and pups (male + family, n = 12). Males were monitored for aggressive behavior toward an intruder male for 10 min. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after the encounter. Male + female and male + family groups spent more time in aggressive behavior (P < 0.05), such as attacking (P < 0.05) and fighting (P < 0.05), than did individually housed males. These same groups showed significant increases in plasma cortisol after the encounter (P < 0.01) whereas there were no significant increases in plasma cortisol in solitary males. All groups showed significantly lower levels of plasma testosterone (male, P < 0.001, male + female, P < 0.05; male + family, P < 0.01) whereas a significant increase in prolactin occurred only in the male + family group (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between postencounter cortisol levels and total number of minutes spent in aggressive behavior (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the introduction of a novel intruder male results in an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and a suppression of the reproductive axis. Furthermore, pairing of a male with a female alters the behavioral and hormonal responses to an intruder male.
Review Of The War Between Mentalism and Behaviorism: On the Accessibility of Mental Processes By William R. Utall.

Uttal's goals in writing this book are (a) to demonstrate that the war between mentalism and behaviorism is unwinnable because both sides are fundamentally flawed and (b) to describe a new version of behaviorism that resolves the conflict. The book is generally well written and contains many interesting and important points, but the goals are not attained because of weaknesses in some of the crucial analyses. For example, key terms such as mind and behavior are not defined; the scientific admissibility of inference is denied for philosophical reasons that are not relevant to inference as actually used; the accessibility of mind is both explicitly denied and implicitly assumed; two kinds of reductionism—between and within domains—are acknowledged but the distinction is not consistently maintained; and the proposed new behaviorism ignores rather than solves the old problems.
SiO2/Si(100) interface characterization using infrared spectroscopy: estimation of substoichiometry and strain

Abstract The transverse optical (TO) and longitudinal optical (LO) phonons of the asymmetric stretch of the O in SiOSi bridging bond in thermal SiO 2 show red shift with decreasing oxide thickness. These shifts are primarily due to interface effects like strain and substoichiometric silicon oxides (suboxides). A method to isolate the contributions of strain and suboxide concentration towards the observed shifts is proposed. The procedure, which utilizes simple optical model and effective medium approximation, allows estimation of the average strain and suboxide concentration in films of different thickness. Analysis of infrared spectra shows that suboxide-rich layers in low temperature dry and wet oxides are confined to a distance of ∼1.5 nm from the interface; wet oxidation may generate lower stress near the interface.
Surface tension of polymer solutions. II. Poly‐isobutylenes in n‐heptane and tetralin

The surface tensions of solutions of polyisobutylene fluids in n-heptane and tetralin have been measured at room temperature. The polyisobutylene samples studied range in molecular weight from 400 to 2800. The results conform closely to the predictions of equations previously developed from a simplified lattice theory calculation.
Exact confidence bounds for an exponential parameter under hybrid censoring

Consider a life testing experiment in which n units are put on test, successive failure times are recorded, and the observation is terminated either at a specified number r of failures or a specified time T whichever is reached first. This mixture of type I and type II censoring schemes, called hybrid censoring, is of wide use. Under this censoring scheme and the assumption of an exponential life distribution, the distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of the mean life θ is derived. It is then used to construct an exact lower confidence bound for θ.
Crystallization of the reovirus type 3 dearing core crystal packing is determined by the λ2 protein

Core particles of reovirus type 3 Dearing (T3D) crystallized in the face-centered cubic space group F432 with dimensions of 1270 A along each edge of the unit cell. Core particles of reovirus type 1 Lang (T1L) did not crystallize. Experiments with core particles derived from 27 different T1L × T3D reassortant viruses indicated that the L2 genome segment determined the capacity of cores to crystallize. This finding indicates important differences in the surface topography of the L2-translation product, the λ2 protein, of these two isolates, and suggests that important crystal contacts are mediated by this protein. These data are used to generate a model of the packing of reovirus core particles within the unit cell.
A hemorrhagic vestibular schwannoma presenting with rapid neurologic decline: A case report

INTRODUCTION Vestibular schwannomas (VS) account for approximately 8% of all intracranial neoplasms and nearly 80% of all cerebellopontine angle tumors. Spontaneous intratumoral hemorrhage (ITH) remains a rare entity with only 10 published reports existing in the international literature. In the present case, we discuss the clinical presentation, radiographic evaluation and management of a 66-year-old male with a histologically confirmed spontaneous hemorrhagic VS. STUDY DESIGN Case Report. SETTING Tertiary referral center. RESULTS A 66-year-old male with a history of prodromal left sided sensorineural hearing loss presented for evaluation after experiencing a rapid onset severe left sided headache, projectile vomiting and vertigo that woke him from sleep. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a left sided 2 X 2 cm cerebellopontine angle mass consistent with a VS. Local mass effect resulted in 4th ventricle effacement and hydrocephalus. Areas of T2 hypointensity and corresponding increased attenuation on CT confirmed an acute ITH. Hematology and coagulation laboratory studies were normal. The patient subsequently underwent a left suboccipital craniotomy with complete resection of a histologically confirmed hemorrhagic VS. CONCLUSION Spontaneous hemorrhage into a VS is an extremely rare event. In contrast to the insidious progression typified by nonhemorrhagic VSs, those with gross intratumoral bleeding most often present with acute cranial neuropathies and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage. In surgically fit patients, we advocate urgent microsurgical resection. Simple observation with serial radiography may risk repeated hemorrhage while the role of radiosurgery is not yet defined.
Analysis of a building power system with a rooftop PV array and phevs as an aggregator

As the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems on building rooftops increases, the accumulated effects of the rooftop PV output fluctuation on the electric utility are no longer negligible. Energy storage systems have been used to smooth PV power, especially when the building load becomes low. Commercial buildings are increasingly expected to charge or discharge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which can be regarded as distributed energy storage. This paper presents an alternative power system for commercial buildings, which compensates for rooftop PV power fluctuation by charging or discharging PHEV batteries, and moreover, participates in tracking frequency regulation signals. The proposed system is designed and implemented using steady-state and dynamic models of power converters and controllers. Simulation studies performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK verify that the objective can be achieved under various conditions, determined by such factors as the maximum voltage, minimum state-of-charge, and desired PHEV charging end-time.
Cardiac surgery before cardiopulmonary bypass.

To completely cover a topic such as this and to do justice to all of the people who were involved in the evolution of cardiac surgery is virtually impossible. Many texts and papers have been written regarding the early days of cardiac surgery and one has to draw on the information derived from various specific publications to have a grasp of the overall picture. Many important contributions were made and reported in various countries and the publications may have been in many different languages. At the outset, I apologize for any omissions, but I hope to capture the essence of the time, which, for the most part, encompasses the first part of the twentieth century.
Spin labeling studies of wheat germ calmodulin in solution.

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to investigate the physical state of plant calmodulin in solution. Wheat germ calmodulin contains a single cysteine residue (Cys-27) on the first of four calcium binding loops. In this study the nitroxide spin label 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-maleimidopiperidine-1-oxyl (MAL-6) was covalently attached to Cys-27 to produce a Ca2+-sensitive, biologically-active, labeled protein. The rotational correlation time of the spin label, a measure of its rotational mobility and reflective of the physical state of this region of the protein, was calculated under various conditions. Relative to control, changes in the physical state of the protein reflected by increased motion of the spin label were observed at high pH, low ionic strength and upon addition of Ca2+. These results extend knowledge of the structure of the protein, previously known from solid state and biochemical studies, to calmodulin in solution.