cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 as Post-Migration Stress: Exploring the Impact of a Pandemic on Latinx Transgender Individuals in Immigration Detention

Transgender asylum-seeking individuals are often exposed to traumatic events in their country of origin, during the migratory journey, and post-migration. As a host country, the United States disproportionately targets Latinx migrants through persecutory anti-immigration, nativist laws, and xenophobia. Many Latinx transgender individuals with precarious immigration statuses must await decisions about their cases in immigration detention centers. Detention centers have been criticized for a host of health and physical safety threats, such as sexual assault by guards and other detainees, physical violence, and negligence resulting in death. Coronavirus (COVID-19) has had a substantial impact on the lives of Latinx transgender migrants in detention by amplifying pre-existing stressors. Among these challenges is the limited access to mental health care and psychological evaluations needed to treat and determine histories of trauma, depression, and acute stress in credible fear asylum cases. The resilience framework will be used to address shared trauma between Latinx transgender migrants in detention and clinicians in coping with COVID-19-related barriers to therapeutic services.
Categorizing the function of positive emotions

This paper considers the principles of a functionalist perspective with regard to positive emotions. We discuss various ways that positive emotions have been studied historically and how these approaches bear on discussions of function. We then cover more recent attempts to categorize positive emotions and make recommendations for future endeavors. Our aim is not to pick and promote an existing view of emotions but rather to demarcate the various perspectives through which emotion scientists have viewed the question of function, which have in turn driven research on positive emotions. Taken together, this paper provide a brief introduction to the possible ways of focusing one’s scope when viewing the function of positive emotions.
Using Artificial Intelligence to Predict Legislative Votes in the United States Congress

We present in this study an experimental artificial intelligence tool to predict the likelihood of a legislative bill becoming a law. Using historical data of legislative bills, we designed an ensemble of predictive analytics algorithms that can predict whether or not a bill will pass both the Senate and the House of Representatives. Empirical results indicate that a bill's legislative vote could be predicted with an 80% accuracy using AI algorithms.
The Roles of Gray Divorce and Subsequent Repartnering for Parent-Adult Child Relationships.

OBJECTIVE Divorce is now widespread in later life, yet little is known about how older adults and their adult children respond in the aftermath of gray divorce. Guided by the life course perspective, this study examines the consequences of gray divorce and subsequent repartnering for parent-adult child relationships from the parent's perspective. METHOD Using longitudinal data from the 1998-2014 Health and Retirement Study in the United States, we estimated growth curve models to compare fathers' and mothers' frequent contact with and financial support to their adult children prior to, during, and following gray divorce. RESULTS Gray divorce and repartnering had disparate effects on father- versus mother-adult child relationships. Following divorce, fathers' frequent contact with their adult children decreased but financial support to their adult children increased. Fathers' repartnering had an enduring negative effect on frequent contact with their children. Gray divorce did not alter mothers' financial support to adult children and it actually increased interaction between mothers and adult children as the odds of frequent contact doubled upon divorce. Repartnering had no appreciable effects on mothers' relationships with their adult children. DISCUSSION The results of our study are consistent with prior research showing that divorce creates a matrifocal tilt in our kinship system. The shifting dynamics of parent-adult child relationships in response to gray divorce and repartnering raise questions about whether gray divorced parents will be able to rely on their adult children for care as they age.
Determining the Incidence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 among Early Recipients of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Prospective Cohort Study of Healthcare Workers before, during and after Vaccination [DISCOVER-COVID-19].

The impact of COVID19 vaccination on viral characteristics of breakthrough infections is unknown. In this prospective cohort study, incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased following vaccination. Although asymptomatic positive tests were observed following vaccination, higher cycle thresholds, repeat negative tests and inability to culture virus raises questions about their clinical significance.
Liposomal Bupivacaine vs Ropivacaine for Adductor Canal Blocks in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to determine the benefit of the analgesic liposomal bupivacaine compared to ropivacaine, by assessing pain and joint stiffness, and total oral opioid consumption by milligram morphine equivalent (MME) after total knee arthroplasty. Methods Patients were randomized to receive either the study drug (liposomal bupivacaine admixed with bupivacaine) or the control drug (ropivacaine) in an adductor canal block. Only the anesthesiologist performing the block was aware of which arm of the study the patient was randomized to. MME, pain, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Joint Replacement, and overall benefit of analgesia scores were recorded 24, 48, and 72 hours post-surgery either face-to-face or via telephone depending on patient discharge status. Results One hundred patients were enrolled into the study and analyzed: 54 in the control group and 46 in the experimental group. Primary outcomes measured were pain as a numerical rating scale, MME, and length of stay in hours. Secondary outcomes were joint pain and stiffness recorded as Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Joint Replacement outcome and overall benefit of analgesia score. No statistically significant between-group differences were observed for any measured outcome. Conclusion We did not find any supporting evidence that liposomal bupivacaine yields increased pain relief following total knee arthroplasty compared to the control drug, ropivacaine.
Temporal Anticipation and Adaptation Methods for Fluent Human-Robot Teaming

As robots work with human teams, they will be expected to fluently coordinate with them. While people are adept at coordination and real-time adaptation, robots still lack this skill. In this paper, we introduce TANDEM: Temporal Anticipation and Adaptation for Machines, a series of neurobiologically-inspired algorithms that enable robots to fluently coordinate with people. TANDEM leverages a humanlike understanding of external and internal temporal changes to facilitate coordination. We experimentally validated the approach via a human-robot collaborative drumming task across tempo-changing rhythmic conditions. We found that an adaptation process alone enables a robot to achieve human-level performance. Moreover, by combining anticipatory knowledge along with an adaptation process, robots can potentially perform such tasks better than people. We hope this work will enable researchers to create robots more sensitive to changes in team dynamics.
Effects of carbon treating on piperazine oxidation in pilot plant testing of PZAS

Abstract From February to June 2019, a pilot plant campaign was run for 2100 h at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC) using moderately degraded 5 m PZ with simulated flue gas equivalent to a 0.64 MW natural gas combined cycle. Piperazine with the Advanced Stripper™ (PZAS™) and a baghouse were used, and N2 sparging was applied at the bottom of the absorber. A carbon bed was activated and showed beneficial effects in removing degradation products and reducing the oxidation rate. The cumulative NH3 production was 180 mmol/k, indicating a PZ oxidation rate of 0.07 mmol/kg/h (0.3 kg PZ/tonne of CO2). The total formate before turning on the carbon bed was 41 mmol/kg, and the total Fe was 0.1 mmol/kg. Carbon treating reduced NH3 production from 0.1 mmol/kg/h to 0.056 mmol/kg/h after 400 h of operation, reduced the UV-Vis absorbance of the samples at 320 nm, and caused a decrease of dissolved Cr. Bench-scale experiments were performed using the NCCC solvent and the same type of carbon. In bench-scale experiments, the UV-Vis absorbance and the concentration of Fe, Mn, and Cr all decreased. A linear equilibrium relationship was observed between the UV-Vis absorbance and the carbon loading.
Effect of Hydrolytic Degradation on the In Vivo Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly used to treat diseases such as cancers, autoimmune disorders and inflammatory diseases. They are, however, highly susceptible to chemical modifications that can affect their potency and predispose patients to adverse immunogenic responses. This chapter presents the common routes of hydrolytic degradation of mAbs, their effects on in vivo performance, and the various strategies used to overcome these effects in developing “biobetter” antibody products.
THE MAKING OF THE LEGAL PROCESS

In one of the most unusual decisions in the history of legal publishing, Foundation Press is printing the I958 "tentative edition" of Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks's teaching materials on The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law. 1 Although The Legal Process remains unfinished to this day, it provided the agenda, much of the analytic structure, and even the name of the "legal process school" of the I950S and the ig6os.2 One need not embrace the proposition that The Legal Process is "the most influential book not produced in movable type since Gutenberg"3 to agree that these are unusually important teaching materials whose influence extends well beyond the students who studied them in a law school course. Despite their fame, The Legal Process materials presented us (the current editors) with several mysteries: How original were they? Why were the materials never published in the authors' lifetimes? How did these unpublished materials gain the stature they enjoy today? This Commentary provides both background and our own informed speculation about the answers to these questions. We maintain that The Legal Process was a splendid synthesis of public law themes that had become prominent before World War II. Although the world view and assumptions of the materials were sharply questioned by the next generation, The Legal Process and its philosophy made a come-
Guidelines for Evaluating Intervention Programs for Children with Autism.

It is now well recognized that early diagnosis and intervention improves the prognosis for children with autism. It is crucial that professionals be aware and sensitive to the needs of autistic persons and their families. We must never lose sight of the long-term goal of treatment and must not become so infatuated with any one treatment that we fail to provide the education parents need. It is incumbent upon us, as professionals, to educate parents and help them evaluate the myriad of information with which they are bombarded. In this article a framework for thinking about autism and principles of evaluation are reviewed. Components of appropriate early intervention programs are then described and guidelines for evaluating alternative treatments are provided.
A Proof of Duality in Structure Functions Near x = 1

A proof of Bloom-Gilman duality which relates an integral over the low-mass resonances in deep inelastic structure functions to an integral over the scaling region near x = 1 is given. It is based on general analytic properties of the corresponding virtual Compton amplitude but is insensitive to its asymptotic behaviour.
Literacies: Literacies on a human scale

Overview This chapter focuses on how we humans have made meaning in three historical moments. We will start with what we call ‘first languages’, the languages used before we had writing as we know it. We will then discuss some consequences of the development of writing, which began about five millennia ago, and how this culture of writing intensified with the mass application of printing after the fifteenth century and continues into modern times as more and more of the world’s peoples learn to read and write. Thirdly, we will consider aspects of the new cultures of meaning-making that emerged during the twentieth century, supported first by photographic technologies and more recently by technologies for the electronic production and distribution of meaning. It has been established by philosophers and scientists of language that writing is no mere transcription or writing down of thought. It is not even a direct record or copy of speech. It is a ‘technology’ or ‘artefact’ developed for a specific way of thinking and being. The ways of thinking and the everyday experiences of people who live in cultures where speaking is the main form of communication are very different from those whose cultures are dominated by writing. This has great relevance as we consider what is appropriate literacy teaching and learning in our contemporary times.
Advances in a Bayesian decision model of user stopping behavior for scanning the output of an information retrieval system

The formal modeling of information storage and retrieval systems has been an important element in the analysis and design of these systems. The retrieval mechanism has been viewed as a probablistic decision problem, often involving utilities. One key element is the evaluation of such retrieval systems. In this paper, we focus on the impact of the stopping rule, which determines when the user chooses to stop scanning the list of records retrieved in response to a given query. We shall first trace the evolution of the modelling and use of the stopping rule approach. Then, we shall briefly report on some recent results in our attempt to better model the generation of stopping rules.
TALKING LIKE THE RAIN TO THE EMPIRICAL DISCIPLINES

Recent developments in computational power have been applied to Shakespearean studies in such a way as to demonstrate that unprecedented collation and insight into authorial work will occur. This will generate a renewed emphasis on authorial intention and reviewing the canon, two traditions which have been reduced to mere concepts by the regnant schools of reader-response criticism and pure aesthetics. A glance at Stanley Fish's new Milton book and the state of G. M. Hopkins' criticism confirms that the academy is still committed to predominantly deconstruction and discipline segregation for English study. The author uses several various issues arising and several poetical meter studies to sketch a possible means of re-uniting pure English studies and empirical sciences like linguistics in fruitful dialogue.
Views on electronic cigarette use in tobacco screening and cessation in an Alaska Native healthcare setting.

Background . American Indian (AI) and Alaska Native (AN) communities confront some of the highest rates of tobacco use and its sequelae. Methods . This formative research project sought to identify the perspectives of 41 stakeholders (community members receiving care within the healthcare system, primary care providers, and tribal healthcare system leaders) surrounding the use of pharmacogenetics toward tobacco cessation treatment in the setting of an AI/AN owned and operated health system in south central Alaska. Results . Interviews were held with 20 adult AI/AN current and former tobacco users, 12 healthcare providers, and 9 tribal leaders. An emergent theme from data analysis was that current tobacco screening and cessation efforts lack information on electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use. Perceptions of the use of e-cigarettes role in tobacco cessation varied. Conclusion . Preventive screening for tobacco use and clinical cessation counseling should address e-cigarette use. Healthcare provider tobacco cessation messaging should similarly address e-cigarettes. Keywords: electronic cigarettes; qualitative research; tobacco use; Indians; North America (Published: 19 October 2015) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2015, 74: 27794 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.27794
Comparison of Day and Night Electrofishing in Texas Reservoirs

Abstract Our study compared catch rate and size structure of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum between day and night electrofishing, evaluated relative precision of day and night electrofishing, and evaluated effects of water transparency on differences in day and night catch rates in the spring and fall for 16 Texas reservoirs. Day and night catch rates of largemouth bass were similar in the spring, but night electrofishing collected significantly more 8.0–14.9-in (total length) largemouth bass in the fall. Night catch rates were significantly higher than day catch rates for bluegills over 2,9 in long in the spring and fall. Catch rates of gizzard shad more than 6.9 in long were significantly higher at night in the spring but were similar for all length categories in the fall. Relative precision of catch rates was generally higher with night electrofishing. Water transparency explained a significant portion of the variation in differ...
Networking to Leadership in Higher Education National and State-Based Programs and Networks for Developing Women

The Problem.Women continue to be underrepresented in the leadership of higher education, a particularly pressing problem given the aging of college presidents and growing numbers of women students....
Spirituality Predicts Health and Cardiovascular Responses to Stress in Young Adult Women

The primary focus of this study was to investigate the roles of spirituality and religiosity in self-reported physical health, and to determine whether there is an association between an individual’s spirituality and cardiovascular responses to two stressors. Fifty-two females participated in both a betrayal interview and a structured interview, during which blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. Spirituality, as assessed by the Spiritual Well-being Scale, was associated with perceived stress, subjective well-being, and medication use. The Existential Well-being subscale predicted fewer physical health symptoms and was associated with lower mean heart rate and decreased heart rate reactivity. The Religious Well-being subscale was associated with reduced systolic blood pressure reactivity in response to the structured interview. These findings suggest that spirituality may have a salutary effect on health, even in a fairly young sample. While previous studies have predominantly reported that religion, as well as spirituality, have a health protective effect, this study did not find strong support for that conclusion. Religiosity in this age group may still be undergoing developmental maturity, which may explain the lack of relationships to health.
Leveraging information sharing to configure supply chains

As supply chains evolve beyond the confines of individual organizations, information sharing has become the holy grail in supply chain technology. Although the value of information sharing is well recognized, there is little research on how to use it to configure supply chains. This paper proposes a parameterized model to capture information sharing in a supply chain. By changing the parameters of this model, we actually adjust the degree of information sharing and create new supply chain configurations. Configurations are the means of responding to events or changes in supply chains in a timely manner. A complete example is used to demonstrate this methodology. We also perform simulation experiments to compare configurations and to understand the effect of information sharing on supply chain performance. Thus, we show how to achieve supply chain configurability by leveraging information sharing. A supply chain architecture which allows agility, adaptability and alignment of partner interests is also proposed based on this methodology.
Surgical Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses

The oral cavity and its bony components (maxilla and mandible), along with the nose and its related sinuses, constitute most of the face. Because of their proximity, disease in one may affect the other, whereas trauma of the midface will involve bones common to the oral cavity, nose, and paranasal sinuses. The two serve important life-supporting functions, being the portals for nutrition and respiration. The paranasal sinuses are pneumatic cavities lined by mucous membrane and communicate directly with the nasal cavity. This article presents a brief but relevant view of the surgical anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Enzymatic Production of Soluble Sugars from Corn Husks

Of the three commercial enzyme preparations examined, Rapidase Pomaliq (Gist-brocades) was found to yield more soluble sugars from corn husks than Celluclast 1.5 L (Novo Nordisk) or Clarex ML (Genencor). Under favorable conditions (pretreated with 1.25 M NaOH, followed by 30 h of reaction at 50°C and pH 5.0), Rapidase Pomaliq was capable of increasing the concentration of soluble sugars from an initial value of 156 g to nearly 600 g/kg of dry matter of corn husks. Products of the enzymatic reaction were identified as glucose, xylose, cellobiose, xylobiose, and arabinose. The results of this study indicate that Rapidase Pomaliq, an enzyme preparation derived from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei, could serve as a sole enzyme source for the production of soluble sugars from corn husks.
Osteogenic Gene Expression Correlates With Development of Heterotopic Ossification in War Wounds

Background Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a frequent complication of modern wartime extremity injuries. The biological mechanisms responsible for the development of HO in traumatic wounds remain elusive.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of superparamagnetic CoAs nanostructures

This article provides a comprehensive guide on the synthesis and characterization of superparamagnetic CoAs nanoparticles and elongated nanostructures with high blocking temperature, (TB), via hot-injection precipitation and solvothermal methods. Cobalt arsenides constitute an important family of magnetically active solids that find a variety of applications ranging from magnetic semiconductors to biomedical imaging. While the higher temperature hot-injection precipitation technique (300 ?C) yields pure CoAs nanostructures, the lower temperature solvothermal method (200 ?C) yields a mixture of CoAs nanoparticles along with other Co-based impurity phases. The synthesis in all these cases involved usage of triphenylarsine ((C6H5)3As) as the As precursor which reacts with solid Co2(CO)8 by ligand displacement to yield a single source precursor. The surfactant, hexadecylamine (HDA) further assists in controlling the morphology of the nanostructures. HDA also provides a basic medium and molten flux-like conditions for the redox chemistry to occur between Co and As at elevated temperatures. The influence of the length of reaction time was investigated by studying the evolution of product morphology over time. It was observed that while spontaneous nucleation at higher temperature followed by controlled growth led to the predominant formation of short nanorods, with longer reaction time, the nanorods were further converted to nanoparticles. The size of the nanoparticles obtained, was mostly in the range of 10?15 nm. The key finding of this work is exceptionally high coercivity in CoAs nanostructures for the first time. Coercivity observed was as high as 0.1 T (1000 Oe) at 2 K. These kinds of magnetic nanostructures find multiple applications in spintronics, whereas the superparamagnetic nanoparticles are viable for use in magnetic storage, ferrofluids and as contrast enhancing agents in MRI.
Uptake of 3-hydroxykynurenine measured in rat brain slices and in a neuronal cell line.

Abstract The uptake of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), a tryptophan metabolite with reported convulsant and cytotoxic properties, has been investigated in a neuronally derived hybrid cell line and in tissue slices prepared from rat brain. In both systems, the observed uptake was temperature-dependent and inhibited in the presence of large neutral amino acids. The apparent K m and V max determined for 3HK uptake into N18-RE-105 cells were 1.65 mM and 25.5 nmol/(min x mg protein), respectively. The uptake of 3HK into rat brain slices could be resolved into two components on the basis of their requirements for sodium. Kinetic analyses performed using hippocampal slices revealed a K m of 1.1 mM and V max of 18.8 nmol/(h x mg protein) for the sodium-independent process and a K m of 4.8 mM and V max of 54.5 nmol/(h x mg protein) for the sodium-dependent process. While sodium-dependent uptake was abolished following treatment with metabolic inhibitors, sodium-independent uptake was only slightly impaired. Sodium-independent uptake was inhibited in the presence of the non-metabolizable amino acids, aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-car☐ylic acid (BCH), but not by N -methylated amino acid substrates. Sodium-dependent uptake was insensitive to AIB and was completely abolished by BCH. These results indicate that an uptake process for 3HK is present in the mammalian brain, and suggest that the sodium-dependent component of 3HK transport may be mediated by a system which has not previously been described in CNS tissue.
Low Threshold Current Density InGaN Based 520?530 nm Green Laser Diodes on Semi-Polar {2021} Free-Standing GaN Substrates

Green laser diodes (LDs) on the {2021} plane exhibit lower threshold current densities, nearly half of those on the c-plane in the green region between 520–530 nm. The threshold current of a typical {2021} green LD lasing at 525.5 nm under room temperature cw operation is 51.1 mA, which corresponds to a threshold current density of 4.3 kA/cm2. The threshold voltage is 6.38 V. The characteristics temperature T0 is measured to be 175 K. The perpendicular θ⊥ and parallel θ|| beam divergence angles at half power of the {2021} green LDs are 24 and 11°, respectively. From the viewpoint of the device characteristics, especially the threshold current density, we conclude that the green LDs on the {2021} plane GaN substrates have the essential advantage for obtaining efficient green LDs.
Could Diastereoselectivity in the Presence of O-2 Chiral Nonparticipating Groups Be an Indicator of Glycopyranosyl Oxacarbenium Ions in Glycosylation Reactions?

Although long postulated, the existence of glycopyranosyl oxacarbenium ions as intermediates or transition states (TS) in chemical glycosylation reactions has not been convincingly demonstrated experimentally. It is anticipated that elucidation of such reactive species will greatly assist synthetic chemists to control the α/β stereoselectivity by rational means. Previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations from our group found that the torsion potential about C-2–O-2 in protected glycopyranosyl donors changed from a conventional 3-fold rotor to a 2-fold rotor with a strong syn (CH-2–C-2–O-2–CPg) preference once the donor was ionized to its oxacarbenium ion. This suggested to us that if CPg of the protecting group was a chiral carbon, then diastereoselectivity might be observed in glycosylation reactions that proceed through oxacarbenium ions. The hypothesis to test is as follows: if a nonparticipating O-2 racemic chiral protecting group exhibits diastereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions, th...
STRONG NEW CONSTRAINTS ON THE EXTRAGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT IN THE NEAR- TO MID-INFRARED

Direct measurements of the extragalactic background light (EBL) in the near-IR to mid-IR waveband are extremely difficult due to an overwhelming foreground from the zodiacal light that outshines the faint cosmological diffuse radiation field by more than an order of magnitude. Indirect constraints on the EBL are provided by γ-ray observations of active galactic nuclei. Using the combination of the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope together with the current generation of ground-based air Cherenkov telescopes (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS) provides unprecedented sensitivity and spectral coverage for constraining the EBL in the near- to mid-IR. In this paper, we present new limits on the EBL based on the analysis of the broadband spectra of a select set of γ-ray blazars covering 200 MeV to several TeV. The EBL intensity at 15 μm is constrained to be 1.36 ± 0.58 nW m–2 sr–1. We find that the fast evolution and baseline EBL models of Stecker et al., as well as the model of Kneiske et al., predict significantly higher EBL intensities in the mid-IR (15 μm) than is allowed by the constraints derived here. In addition, the model of Franceschini et al. and the fiducial model of Dominguez et al. predict near- to mid-IR ratios smaller than that derived from our analysis. Namely, their intensities in the near-IR are too low while their intensities in the mid-IR are marginally too high. All of the aforementioned models are inconsistent with our analysis at the >3σ level.
Potassium Iodide as a Chemical Actinometer for 254 nm Radiation: Use of Iodate as an Electron Scavenger

Abstract— A solution of 0.6 M iodide and 0.1 M iodate in 0.01 M borate buffer (pH 9.25) can be used as a chemical actinometer to measure the incident fluence from a low-pressure mercury lamp that puts out more than 85% of its energy at 254 nm. The actinometric solution is optically opaque to light below 290 nm and is optically transparent to wavelengths greater than 330 nm. Hence, the solution absorbs all of the germicidal wavelengths but little if any of the ambient light normally present in the laboratory. Iodate acts as an electron scavenger and prevents the back reaction of the free electron with the iodine atom following UV excitation of KI. Irradiation results in the linear formation of triiodide, which is quantitated by measuring its absorbance at 352 nm. The quantum yield for this system is approximately 0.75 0.03 at 20.7AoC or approximately three times greater than that obtained previously using nitrous oxide as an electron scavenger. A model is proposed to account for this difference. A precise expression to account for the concentration and temperature dependence of the quantum yield is given by pH = 0.75(1 + 0.23[C - 0.577])(1 + 0.02[T - 20.7]) where C is the concentration of iodide and T is the temperature. The concentration of iodide can be obtained from the absorbance at 300 nm prior to irradiation using 1.061 MJ cm−1 as the molar extinction coefficient. This actinometric system meets the quality criteria established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry with the caveat that it is designed to measure only germicidal radiation (i.e. wavelengths less than 290 nm).
Evaluation of Circuit Models for an IPMC Sensor to Effectively Detect the Bending Angles of a Body

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) consists of an ion conductive membrane plated by metallic electrodes on both surfaces. When it bends, a voltage is generated between two electrodes. Since IPMC is flexible and thin, it can be easily mounted on the various surfaces of a body. Moreover, IPMC can produce output voltages without attenuation under large deflections. The present study investigates a sensor system using IPMC to effectively detect the bending angles applied on IPMC sensor. The paper evaluates existing R and C circuit models of IPMC and selects the best model for the detection of angles. The circuit models describe the relationship between input bending angles and output voltages. The identification of R and C values was performed by minimizing the error between the real output voltages and the simulated output voltages from the circuit models of IPMC sensor. Then the output signal of a sensor was fed into the inverse model of the identified model to reproduce the bending angles. In order to support the validation of the model, the output voltages from an arbitrary bending motion were also applied to the selected inverse model, which successfully reproduced the arbitrary bending motion. On-going work includes investigation of the selected circuit model to better understand the dynamics of the sensor as well as the relationships between electric and physical parameters of the sensor.© 2010 ASME
Interaction of S, SH and H2S with Ag(100)

Abstract A theoretical study of the interaction of S, SH, and H 2 S with Ag(1 0 0) has been carried out using ab initio configuration interaction (CI) theory. The adsorbate–surface system is described by an embedded cluster model. It is found that S adsorption at the fourfold hollow site is the most stable with an adsorption energy of 77.2 kcal mol −1 . For SH adsorption, atop, bridge and hollow sites have nearly identical adsorption energies, 43.1 kcal mol −1 , 42.9 kcal mol −1 and 42.7 kcal mol −1 , respectively, but very different equilibrium geometries. Adsorption energies of H 2 S on Ag(1 0 0) range from 3.2 kcal mol −1 to 4.8 kcal mol −1 , with the atop site favored by 1.4 kcal mol −1 . Dissociation of H 2 S to desorbed H 2 and adsorbed S is predicted to be exothermic by 32.6 kcal mol −1 .
Sensitivity of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers to the microinjection of ATP.

Abstract Sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers is promptly stimulated by internal application of ATP. This response is markedly augmented by pretreatment of the barnacle fiber with ouabain. ArP is found to be considerably less effective than ATP. It is suggested that the stimulatory response of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux to the microinjection of ATP may be due to a significant rise in the sarcoplasmic cAMP concentration caused by the catalytic action of an adenyl cyclase system.
The Crawling Rail

The beam on elastic foundation is employed as a mathematical model to develop an explanation for the crawling phenomena observed for the rails used to support the rotating beds of large rotary kilns.
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in a Multiethnic Population

Background and Purpose— Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Its association with ischemic stroke has been mainly documented after myocardial infarction. The stroke risk associated with LVD, especially of mild degree, in the general population is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between LVD and ischemic stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Methods— LV systolic function was assessed by transthoracic 2-dimensional echocardiography in a subset of subjects from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), 270 patients with first ischemic stroke and 288 age-, gender- and race-matched community controls. LV ejection fraction was measured by a simplified cylinder-hemiellipsoid formula, and categorized as normal (>50%), mildly (41% to 50%), moderately (31% to 40%) or severely (≤30%) decreased. The association between impaired ejection fraction and ischemic stroke was evaluated by logistic regression analysis after adjustment for established stroke ...
Site fidelity of Weddell seals: the effects of sex and age

Site fidelity is believed to be an important life history strategy for Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii), that return to traditional breeding colonies each spring. We examined four hypotheses concerning their fidelity to these colonies: 1) fidelity is stronger to natal sites (natal fidelity) than to other sites, 2) females exhibit greater site fidelity than males, 3) site fidelity for both sexes increases with age, 4) site fidelity in adult females is related to their reproductive status and their total number of offspring. Analysis of a long-term tagging database from McMurdo Sound did not support hypotheses 1 and 2. Although animals did express fidelity to specific sites over their lifetime (χ2 tests, P 0.05). Hypothesis 3 was supported. Since the probability of a returning seal occupying the same colony as the previous year increased with age among both sexes to about age 12. Finally, in support of hypothesis 4, females with a higher degree of site fidelity were more likely to both have a higher reproductive rate and return to a site where they have previously given birth.
Proteome Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Response to Environmental Change

We examined global changes in protein expression in the B31 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi, in response to two environmental cues (pH and temperature) chosen for their reported similarity to those encountered at different stages of the organism's life cycle. Multidimensional nano-liquid chromatographic separations coupled with tandem mass spectrometry were used to examine the array of proteins (i.e., the proteome) of B. burgdorferi for different pH and temperature culture conditions. Changes in pH and temperature elicited in vitro adaptations of this spirochete known to cause Lyme disease and led to alterations in protein expression that are associated with increased microbial pathogenesis. We identified 1,031 proteins that represent 59% of the annotated genome of B. burgdorferi and elucidated a core proteome of 414 proteins that were present in all environmental conditions investigated. Observed changes in protein abundances indicated varied replicon usage, as well as proteome functional distributions between the in vitro cell culture conditions. Surprisingly, the pH and temperature conditions that mimicked B. burgdorferi residing in the gut of a fed tick showed a marked reduction in protein diversity. Additionally, the results provide us with leading candidates for exploring how B. burgdorferi adapts to and is able to survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and lay a foundation for planned in situ studies of B. burgdorferi isolated from the tick midgut and infected animals.
Worldwide supply of blood and blood products.

Blood services have achieved a high degree of sophistication, but there remain serious logistic problems which interfere with the adequacy of blood supplies. Many countries have not been able to implement modern component therapy. Supplies of certain specialized products, such as factor VIII, are insufficient almost everywhere. There is a lively international trade in blood products, and corresponding evidence of disease transmission when the rate of infection is relatively high in the exporting region. The answer to these problems lies in the development everywhere of effective blood programs, based on the organization of nonremunerated blood donors.
A robust negative flash based on a parameterization of the tie-line field

Abstract We propose a novel approach to flash calculation, with particular application to negative flash. The basis of the method is a parameterization of the tie-line field. Rather than solving the Rachford–Rice equation (or any of its variants) we solve directly for the parameters defining the tie line. For an N-component system, our approach leads to a system of N − 2 quadratic equations, which we solve efficiently using a Newton method. The iterative method is very robust: unlike other negative flash procedures, the solution displays continuous dependence on the overall composition, even in the transition to negative concentrations. We illustrate the properties and behavior of the proposed approach on three-component and four-component systems, and we then generalize the method to systems of N components. From the global triangular structure of the system with constant K-values, it follows that the system of N−2 quadratic equations can only have two roots. For the important case of three components, the flash calculation is explicit.
Alcohol adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes : Latent catalysts for the thermally-controlled living polymerization of cyclic esters

Alcohol adducts of the N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3,4-triphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2-triazol-5-ylidene (NHC), function as excellent single-component catalyst/initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide and β-butyrolactone. Their reversible dissociation at elevated temperatures generates alcohol and triazolylidene carbene to provide a facile entry to polymerization of cyclic esters on demand. Under optimum conditions, adverse transesterification reactions are minimized, and importantly, upon complete consumption of monomer, a second monomer addition facilitates additional polymer growth, even after precipitation. Block copolymers were prepared by combining disparate polymerization techniques from the use of oligo-adducts and bifunctional initiators. Additionally, more complex polymer architectures were prepared from multifunctional or dendritic initiators, further demonstrating the versatility of the N-heterocyclic carbene platform.
Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression and murine systemic lupus erythematosus

Development of autoimmune disease in female New Zealand hybrid mice was dramatically modified by classical conditioning of immunosuppression. Groups of animals received each week a solution of sodium saccharin (conditioned stimulus). One group of conditioned animals received an injection of cyclophosphamide (the unconditioned stimulus) after half of the weekly occasions when they received the saccharin solution. The rate of development of proteinuria and mortality were significantly retarded in these conditioned mice relative to untreated controls and nonconditioned animals that received unpaired treatment with saccharin and cyclophosphamide.
Learning Doubly Sparse Transforms for Images

The sparsity of images in a transform domain or dictionary has been exploited in many applications in image processing. For example, analytical sparsifying transforms, such as wavelets and discrete cosine transform (DCT), have been extensively used in compression standards. Recently, synthesis sparsifying dictionaries that are directly adapted to the data have become popular especially in applications such as image denoising. Following up on our recent research, where we introduced the idea of learning square sparsifying transforms, we propose here novel problem formulations for learning doubly sparse transforms for signals or image patches. These transforms are a product of a fixed, fast analytic transform such as the DCT, and an adaptive matrix constrained to be sparse. Such transforms can be learnt, stored, and implemented efficiently. We show the superior promise of our learnt transforms as compared with analytical sparsifying transforms such as the DCT for image representation. We also show promising performance in image denoising that compares favorably with approaches involving learnt synthesis dictionaries such as the K-SVD algorithm. The proposed approach is also much faster than K-SVD denoising.
Failure to prolong rat renal allograft survival time by photochemical donor kidney pretreatment during hypothermic pulsatile kidney preservation

Systemic photochemical pretreatment of a rat kidney donor with the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP; 0.06 mg/kg intravenously, 10 min before graft removal) plus ex vivo longwave ultraviolet (UVA) irradiation of the kidney graft during simple hypothermic storage significantly prolonged survival time in allogeneic recipients. In contrast to these results, the present use of UVA irradiation during hypothermic pulsatile kidney perfusion using Euro-Collins® solution containing 8-MOP (0.06 mg/ml) did not prolong graft survival compared with untreated controls. Systemic application of 8-MOP to the kidney donor may be necessary for effective action of the combined photochemical treatment as a method of immunoalteration. The extended UVA irradiation time and the local use of 8-MOP in the preservation fluid had no effect on graft survival possibly because of inadequate tissue distribution of 8-MOP during both hypothermia and perfusion.
Nature and cause of compositional variation among the alkalic cap lavas of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii

Most Hawaiian basaltic shield volcanoes are capped by moderately to strongly evolved alkalic lavas (MgO<4.5 wt.%). On Mauna Kea Volcano the cap is dominantly composed of hawaiite with minor mugearite. Although these lavas contain dunite and gabbroic xenoliths, they are nearly aphyric with rare olivine and plagioclase phenocrysts and xenocrysts. The hawaiites are nearly homogeneous in radiogenic isotope ratios (Sr, Nd, Pb) and they define coherent major and trace element abundance trends. These compositional trends are consistent with segregation of a plagioclase-rich cumulate containing significant clinopyroxene and Fe-Ti oxides plus minor olivine. Elements which are usually highly incompatible, e.g., Rb, Ba, Nb, are only moderately incompatible within the hawaiite suite because these elements are incorporated into feldspar (Rb, Ba) and oxides (Nb). However, in the most evolved lavas abundances of the most incompatible elements (P, La, Ce, Th) exceed (by ∼5–10%) the maximum enrichments expected from models based on major elements. Apparently, the crystal fractionation process was more complex than simple, closed system fractionation. The large amounts of clinopyroxene in the fractionating assemblage and the presence of dense dunite xenoliths with CO2 inclusions formed at minimum pressures of 2 kb are consistent with fractionation occurring at moderate depths. Crystal segregation along conduit or magma chamber walls is a possible mechanism for explaining compositional variations within these alkalic cap lavas.
Haloenol lactone: a new synergist of chemotherapy in vitro.

Over-expression of glutathioneS-transferases (GST) has been found to play a significant role in multiple drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy. To combat GST-mediated drug resistance, GST inhibitors are being studied as potential synergists for effective cancer chemotherapy. We have designed and synthesized a haloenol lactone derivative as a mechanism-based inactivator of GST-π isozyme. In the current study, we examined the inhibitory effect of the haloenol lactone compound on GST of a human renal carcinoma cell line UOK130 and found that this compound shows time-dependent GST inhibition in these cancer cells. The enzyme activity lost upon incubation with the haloenol lactone could not be restored by extensive dialysis against buffer. Pretreatment of the cancer cells with 1.0 μM of haloenol lactone increased cytotoxicity induced by cisplatin in the UOK130 cell line. This report further supports the possibility of synergizing alkylating agents in cancer chemotherapy by use of selective GST inhibitors.
Diagenetic heterogeneity in sandstone at the outcrop scale, Breathitt Formation (Pennsylvanian), eastern Kentucky

Twenty-seven samples of feldspathic phyllarenite were obtained from three 1 m grids in a large, homogeneous distributary-bar sand stone body with the goal of elucidating bed-scale diagenetic het erogeneity. Significant variability in the content of both detrital and diagenetic components is present in the sample set. This variation is within the range of values predicted from comparison with a large regional data set from the same formation, but nonetheless, it is large enough to preclude successful prediction of diagenetic prop erties from consideration of average composition and thermal his tory alone. Grain size is one important local control on the overall abundances of cement and porosity. Grain size operates to control the overall degree of cementation (in these particular rocks, indi rectly) through its influence on lithic grain content and, hence, on compaction. Relatively minor carbonate cement is an exception to this trend and appears to be distributed somewhat randomly, with out regard to the size or composition of the detrital components. Diagenetic heterogeneity of the magnitude documented in this example is correlated to differences in porosity and permeability and therefore has implications for reservoir simulation and explo ration risk assessment. Prediction of rock properties through dia genetic modeling is more successful if the textural controls on dia genetic heterogeneity are considered.