cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Intervention Program to Increase Reading Fluency

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a self-modeling/ self-monitoring intervention to increase oral reading fluency in 5 elementary school students. Initially, students were videotaped reading from grade-appropriate text. The videotape was then edited to create a self-modeling intervention tape of approximately 5-minutes in duration, depicting the students reading in a fluent manner. The edited videotape was shown back to the students on two occasions in order to initiate the self-modeling intervention. Following this, students were videotaped reading 1-minute reading passage probes and these videotapes, without editing, were then shown back to the students during each subsequent session. The videotapes were viewed by the students twice weekly for a period of 4 weeks. To promote self-monitoring, after each passage reading session students were provided with performance feedback in the form of words correct per minute (WCPM) and progress toward their long-term goal. Results indicated increases i...
Chemical wave—electrical field interaction phenomena

Abstract Chemical waves in ionic media are shown to display a great variety of nonlinear phenomena. An overview of the application of bifurcation and scaling theory to the electrical field-chemical wave interaction problem is presented. It is discovered that electrical fields can induce effective negative phase diffusion coefficients in limit cycle systems and negative mode diffusion coefficients for systems near a bifurcation point. Waves are shown to exist in the system subject to an applied field when such waves do not exist in the field-free system. Entities like periodic static structures are shown to have an effective mobility and charge while fronts in some systems have an effective charge that can change sign with concentration. A host of new nonlinear equations describing these phenomena are posed. It is found that the variety of and potential to express nonlinear phenomena in reaction-transport systems is greatly enhanced by imposed or self-generated electrical fields.
Electrical resistivity of B2-type FeAl ordered alloys

The electrical resistivity of B2-type FeAl ordered alloys for compositions ranging between 38.5 to 50.5 at % Al is measured at 4.2, 77, and 293 K. The high values found indicate that these alloys are not good conductors, in addition the small variations of the resistivity with the measuring temperature show that structural defects play a fundamental role in the conduction process. A simple model taking into account only the diffusion of conduction electrons by these constitutional defects is proposed to explain the behavior of β phase FeAl electrical resistivity. La resistivite electrique d'alliages ordonnes FeAl de type B2 a ete mesuree a 4,2, 77 et 293 K dans un domaine de compositions allant de 38,5 a 50,5 at% Al. Les valeurs elevees que l'on obtient indiquent que ces alliages ne sont pas bons conducteurs, de plus les faibles variations de la resistivite avec la temperature de mesure montrent que les defauts de structure jouent un role fondamental dans le processus de conduction. Un modele simple prenant seulement en compte la diffusion des electrons de conduction par ces defauts de structure est propose pour expliquer le comportement de la resistivite electrique de la phase β FeAl.
Randomized Clinical Trials for Cancer Screening: Rationale and Design Considerations for Imaging Tests

Since the 1960s, there have been revolutionary developments in imaging technology. Undoubtedly, these advances in imaging technology have made it possible to detect most cancers much earlier than they would have presented with clinical signs or symptoms. However, there are harms from screening, including false-positive results and overdiagnosis, and the costs of screening can be substantial. Therefore, screening for cancer must be rigorously evaluated to ensure that it provides more benefit than harm at an acceptable cost. Unfortunately, the evaluation of cancer screening is difficult and susceptible to several forms of bias. Randomized clinical trials are the most valid study design for cancer screening, but they cannot be expected to answer all the questions that arise with the implementation of screening. Decision modeling can be used to extrapolate the results of randomized clinical trials to help inform public policy and individual decision making.
Probability distributions of peaks and troughs of non-Gaussian random processes

This paper deals with the development of probability density functions applicable for peaks, troughs and peak-to-trough excursions of a non-Gaussian random process where the response of a non-linear system is represented in the form of Volterra's second-order functional series. The density functions of peaks and troughs are derived in closed form and presented separately. It is found that the probability density function applicable to peaks (and troughs) is equivalent to the density function of the envelope of a random process consisting of the sum of a narrow-band Gaussian process and sine wave having the same frequency. Furthermore, for a non-Gaussian random process for which the skewness of the distribution is less than 1.2, the density function of peaks (and troughs) can be approximately presented in the form of a Rayleigh distribution. The parameter of the Rayleigh distribution is given as a function of parameters representing the non-Gaussian characteristics. The results of comparisons between newly derived density functions and histograms of peaks, troughs and peak-to-trough excursions constructed from data with strong non-linear characteristics show that the distributions well represent the histograms for all cases.
One-, two-, and three-beam optical chaos and self-organization effects in photorefractive materials

Collective self-organization effects and chaos are commonly observed in optics. We describe examples in a particular kind of nonlinear optical material: photorefractive crystals. In particular, we show different effects that arise when photorefractive crystals are illuminated by one laser beam, two laser beams, and three laser beams.
Changes in prostacyclin synthase in pregnant sheep myometrium, endometrium, and placenta at spontaneous term labor and regulation by estradiol and progesterone.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to investigate, first, whether there were changes in the abundance of prostacyclin synthase protein in intrauterine tissues of pregnant ewes in association with spontaneous term labor. Second, we examined the effect of either estradiol or progesterone, or both, on regulation of prostacyclin synthase protein abundance in uterine tissues using an ovariectomized nonpregnant sheep model. Study Design: The abundance of prostacyclin synthase protein was quantified by Western blot analysis in the myometrium, endometrium, and placenta of pregnant ewes in spontaneous term labor (n = 6) and term control ewes not in labor (n = 6). The changes of prostacyclin synthase in the myometrium and endometrium of 20 ovariectomized nonpregnant sheep (n = 5 for each group) were evaluated after treatment with estradiol, progesterone, or both. Results: Prostacyclin synthase protein was present in pregnant and nonpregnant sheep myometrium, endometrium, and placenta at a molecular weight of about 55 kd. At spontaneous term labor the level of prostacyclin synthase decreased in endometrium ( P P Conclusions: The decrease in prostacyclin synthase in pregnant sheep endometrium during labor may indicate paracrine interactions between the endometrium, the myometrium, fetal membranes, or a combination of these. The significant increase of prostacyclin synthase in pregnant sheep myometrium at spontaneous term labor may contribute to the increased uterine sensitivity to oxytocin or stimulate vasodilatation during labor to increase myometrial blood flow. Neither estradiol nor progesterone at the dosages studied changed prostacyclin synthase expression in the nonpregnant myometrium and endometrium. The molecular mechanism or mechanisms that differentially regulate prostacyclin synthase expression in pregnant uterine tissues merit further study. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:744-9.)
Cutaneous Drug Delivery: An Update

Cutaneous delivery of therapeutics represents a proven and attractive option for treating a variety of dermatologic conditions with minimal systemic side effects. Although there have been many innovations in drug delivery systems, the number of effective cutaneous drugs remains small, primarily because of the stratum corneum permeability barrier. Overcoming this barrier safely and reversibly to deliver large hydrophilic drugs cutaneously is one of the major challenges in the field of dermatologic therapy.
Two types of typicality: Rethinking the role of statistical typicality in ordinary causal attributions

Recent work on the role of norms in the use of causal language by ordinary people has led to a consensus among several researchers: The consensus position is that causal attributions are sensitive to both statistical norms and prescriptive norms. But what is a statistical norm? We argue that there are at least two types that should be distinguished—agent-level statistical norms and population-level statistical norms. We then suggest an alternative account of ordinary causal attributions about agents (the responsibility view), noting that this view motivates divergent predictions about the effect of information about each of the two types of statistical norms noted. Further, these predictions run counter to those made by the consensus position. With this set-up in place, we present the results of a series of new experimental studies testing our predictions. The results are in line with the responsibility view, while indicating that the consensus position is seriously mistaken.
Leadership and Organizational Performance: Isolating Links between Managers and Collective Success

Abstract Many studies of leadership succession have been undertaken, but there are more accurate ways to gauge manager effects on organizations. This study looks at the effects of baseball managers on team won-loss records. Manager-specific dummies predict team wins after an exhaustive number of alternative explanations are controlled. Superior managers win more games with player performances held constant, so it is plausible that differences in the tactical skills of managers are the main reason for this finding. To isolate another link between managers and team wins, we use independent measures of manager performance in first difference form to predict first differences in the batting average of traded players. The findings support a hypothesis that better managers improve player performances. Luck and halo effects cannot account for the combined results.
Lens diameter and thickness as a function of age and pharmacologically stimulated accommodation in rhesus monkeys

Uncertainty exists regarding accommodative and age changes in lens diameter and thickness in humans and monkeys. In this study, unaccommodated and accommodated refraction, lens diameter, and lens thickness were measured in rhesus monkeys across a range of ages. Iridectomized eyes were studied in 33 anesthetized monkeys aged 4-23 years. Refraction was measured using a Hartinger coincidence refractometer and lens thickness was measured with A-scan ultrasound. Lens diameters were measured with image analysis from slit-lamp images captured via a video camera while a saline filled, plano perfusion lens was placed on the cornea. Accommodation was pharmacologically stimulated with 2% pilocarpine via the perfusion lens in 21 of the monkeys and lens diameters were measured until a stable minimum was achieved. Refraction and lens thickness were measured again after the eye was accommodated. Unaccommodated lens thickness increased linearly with age by 0.029 mm/year while unaccommodated lens diameter showed no systematic change with age. Accommodative amplitude decreased by 0.462 D/year in response to pilocarpine. The accommodative increase in lens thickness decreased with age by 0.022 mm/year. The accommodative decrease in lens diameter declined linearly with age by 0.021 mm/year. Rhesus monkeys undergo the expected presbyopic changes including increasing lens thickness and a decreasing ability of the lens to undergo changes in thickness and diameter with accommodation, however without an age-related change in unaccommodated lens diameter. As in humans, the age-related decrease in accommodative amplitude in rhesus monkeys cannot be attributed to an age-related increase in lens diameter.
Teaching Tourism Students with Games and Learning Activities

Learning games and activities can be used to teach students how to apply concepts and theories to topics related to tourism. Rules for playing learning games are suggested along with sample games involving the Plog typology, signs and semiotic theory, the relation of myth to everyday life and travel, and Freud's structural hypothesis. Suggestions for creating new learning games are offered.
The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial.

Objective To examine the efficacy of a modular cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) protocol relative to treatment as usual (TAU) among children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and clinically significant anxiety. Method A total of 45 children (7–11 years of age) with high-functioning ASD and clinically significant anxiety were randomized to receive 16 sessions of weekly CBT or TAU for an equivalent duration. After screening, assessments were conducted at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Raters were blind to treatment condition. Results Youth receiving CBT showed substantial improvement relative to TAU on primary anxiety outcomes. Of 24 children randomized to the CBT arm, 18 (75%) were treatment responders, versus only 3 of 21 children (14%) in the TAU arm. Gains were generally maintained at 3-month follow-up for CBT responders. Conclusions Relative to usual care, CBT adapted for anxious youth with high-functioning ASD demonstrates large effects in reducing anxiety symptoms. This study contributes to the growing literature supporting adapted CBT approaches for treating anxiety in youth with ASD. Clinical trial registration information—Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT01178385.
Sexual Hypnotherapy for Couples and Family Counselors

This article presents the utilization of Ericksonian hypnotic techniques in conjunction with cognitive behavioral techniques collectively labeled the New Hypnosis, as they apply to the treatment of...
Academic grades of ninth‐grade urban learning‐disabled students and low‐achieving peers

Abstract The first purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the academic performance of secondary learning‐disabled students in regular education classes. We accomplished this by collecting the grades these students earned in three academic mainstream classes. The grades of low‐achieving students were also collected to provide a basis for comparison. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the distribution of grades earned by the two groups in social studies and health, but no significant differences between the grades earned in science. The second purpose of this study was to determine if selected variables (intelligence quotients, reading level, and absence rates) differentiated learning‐disabled students who passed ninth grade from those who did not. Of these variables, only absence rate discriminated between passers and failers.
Distribution of R-cognin and choline acetyltransferase in the ganglion cell layer of developing chick neural retina.

Abstract Retina cognin, a cell membrane glycoprotein which mediates cell-cell recognition and adhesion in vitro, is initially present throughout the retina and becomes confined to the ganglion cell layer at 14–15 days of embryogenesis. Within this layer it is found on membranes of virtually all ganglion and displaced amacrine cells, but not on membranes of retinal glial cells (Muller fibers) which traverse this layer. The distribution of cognin as determined by immunocytochemistry is described and compared with that of choline acetyltransferase. The significance of cognin as a possible address marker during development of neural retina is discussed.
School professionals and the evaluation function

Abstract Evaluation is assumed to be an integral part of the professional delivery of school services. As such, professionals employed in school systems are called upon to define alternative roles they might play in evaluation, to consider alternative ways to organize for evaluation, and to focus on various objects of evaluation. Listed alternatives were drawn from emerging literature in school evaluation. Standards suggested for judging school evaluation included those addressing accuracy, utility, propriety, and feasibility of the evaluation.
New views of the immunological synapse: variations in assembly and function

The interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells results in the formation of a contact face, termed the immunological synapse. The prototypical dynamics of this process are well established and involve cessation of crawling, a highly fluid 'immature' synapse phase during which signaling is initiated, and ultimately the formation of a 'mature' synapse characterized by centralized and peripheral supramolecular activating complexes. Ongoing research is directed towards defining how these supramolecular assemblies are formed and, more importantly, to what end. With regard to the former, progress has been made in defining the order in which various molecules are recruited to signaling centers in prototypical settings. With regard to the latter, however, the issue now appears more complex, as both developmental changes in T cells and variations in the environment appear to modulate features of mature synapse development. Although many details of the immunological synapse have been established, emerging evidence suggests a great variability in the ultimate form of these contacts and their effects on T-cell functions.
Microstructural damage and fracture processes in a composite solid rocket propellant

A study has been made of the microstructural damage and fracture processes associated with the fracturetoughness behavior of a polymer-matrix composite solid rocket-propellant material. Specifically, nonlinear-elastic fracture-mechanics tests were performed, as a function of displacement rate and temperature (—54 to 71°C), on center-cracked sheet test samples to determine fracture toughness in the form of /-integral resistance curves and viscoelastic resistance curves for the inert propellant H-24; in addition, in situ video imaging was employed to characterize the deformation and interaction between microstructural features and the crack-path morphology. It was found that at the lowest temperatures the increased polymer matrix strength resulted in enhanced cavitation and particle delamination, leading to larger crack-tip fracture process zones and hence to higher fracture toughness. At the high temperatures, the weaker polymer matrix was seen to tear readily and to advance the crack before significant particle delamination or cavitation would occur; this mechanism resulted in small fracture process zones and accounts for the decrease in fracture toughness with increasing temperature. The relationships between the toughness and fracture process in the material are discussed in terms of characterizing parameters for microstructural damage.
Similarity of DNA binding and transcriptional regulation by Caenorhabditis elegans MAB-3 and Drosophila melanogaster DSX suggests conservation of sex determining mechanisms

Although most animals occur in two sexes, the molecular pathways they employ to control sexual development vary considerably. The only known molecular similarity between phyla in sex determination is between two genes, mab-3 from C. elegans, and doublesex (dsx) from Drosophila. Both genes contain a DNA binding motif called a DM domain and they regulate similar aspects of sexual development, including yolk protein synthesis and peripheral nervous system differentiation. Here we show that MAB-3, like the DSX proteins, is a direct regulator of yolk protein gene transcription. We show that despite containing different numbers of DM domains MAB-3 and DSX bind to similar DNA sequences. mab-3 mutations deregulate vitellogenin synthesis at the level of transcription, resulting in expression in both sexes, and the vitellogenin genes have potential MAB-3 binding sites upstream of their transcriptional start sites. MAB-3 binds to a site in the vit-2 promoter in vitro, and this site is required in vivo to prevent transcription of a vit-2 reporter construct in males, suggesting that MAB-3 is a direct repressor of vitellogenin transcription. This is the first direct link between the sex determination regulatory pathway and sex-specific structural genes in C. elegans, and it suggests that nematodes and insects use at least some of the same mechanisms to control sexual development.
The commons In the sky: the radio spectrum and geosynchronous orbit as issues in global policy

Radio waves, which are used to transmit information electronically, are a portion of the larger spectrum of electromagnetic waves. They are used for purposes as diverse as telephone, AM and FM radio, UHF and VHF television, air and marine navigation, radar, radio astronomy, meteorology, data transmission, and electronic mail. Some uses of the spectrum entail transmitting or receiving information via satellites orbiting the planet. In order to communicate without interference at any given time, a user must have exclusive access to a frequency over a geographical area determined by the distance that the signals travel to targeted receivers.
Evaluation of Household Bleach as an Ovicide for the Control of Aedes aegypti

Accumulations of dormant eggs in container habitats allow Aedes aegypti populations to survive harsh environmental conditions and may frustrate control interventions directed at larval and adult life stages. While sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl) have long been recognized as ovicides for use against dengue vectors, the susceptibility of eggs to spray applications has not been robustly evaluated on substrate materials representative of the most frequently utilized artificial container habitats. Experiments were performed under controlled and natural conditions by applying dilutions of household bleach (52.5 ppt NaOCl) as a spray to eggs on plastic, rubber, and concrete surfaces, with and without a smectite clay thickener. Laboratory assays identified the minimum NaOCl concentrations required to eliminate eggs on plastic (10 ppt), rubber (20 ppt) and concrete (20 ppt) surfaces. Addition of smectite clay reduced the minimum effective concentration to 10 ppt NaOCl for all 3 substrates. A minimum exposure period of 24 h was required to completely eliminate egg viability on concrete surfaces, even at the highest NaOCl concentration (52.5 ppt). Field experiments verified that spray application of a 1∶3 dilution of household bleach mixed with smectite clay can reduce egg hatching by ≥ 99% in shaded and sun-exposed plastic containers. Similarly, 4∶1 dilution of household bleach (with or without smectite clay) eliminated ≥ 98% of eggs from concrete surfaces in outdoor, water-filled drums. In this study, we propose a practical, effective and safe strategy for using household bleach to eliminate Ae. aegypti eggs in a range of artificial container habitats.
Energy stability of the Ekman boundary layer

The critical value RE of the Reynolds number R is predicted by the application of the energy theory. When R < RE, the Ekman layer is the unique steady solution of the Navier-Stokes equations and the same boundary conditions, and is, further, stable in a slightly weaker sense than asymptotically stable in the mean. The critical value RE is determined by numerically integrating the relevant Euler-Lagrange equations. An analytic lower bound to RE is obtained. Comparisons are made between RE and RL, the critical value of R according to linear theory, in order to demark the region of parameter space, RE < R < RL, in which subcritical instabilities are allowable.
The competency of criminal defendants to refuse, for delusional reasons, a viable insanity defense recommended by counsel

This article addresses the issues of whether mentally ill defendants charged with serious crimes who refuse to plead a viable and counsel-recommended insanity defense for delusional reasons (but who are otherwise competent to stand trial) should be considered to be competent, or incompetent, to stand trial; whether such defendants should be allowed to represent themselves with a delusional defense; and whether an insanity defense may properly be imposed upon such defendants. Based on an analysis of relevant Supreme Court decisions and other relevant cases, it is concluded that such defendants should not be allowed to go forward with a delusional defense (at least until reasonable efforts to treat the defendants' delusions are made). It is also argued, however, that unless an insanity defense would be viable (as well as recommended by counsel) delusional defendants who are otherwise competent to stand trial should be permitted to go forward, and represent themselves, with the defense of their choosing.
Metamaterials: The early years in the USA

Metamaterials are artificial materials formed by embedding highly subwavelength inclusions in a host medium, which yield homogenized permittivity and permeability values. By design they offer the promise of exotic physics responses not generally available with naturally occurring materials, as well as the ability to tailor their properties to specific applications. The initial years of discovery emphasized confirming many of their exotic properties and exploring their actual potential for science and engineering applications. These seed efforts have born the sweet fruit enjoyed by the current generation of metamaterials scientists and engineers. This review will emphasize the initial investigative forays in the USA that supported and encouraged the development of the metamaterials era and the subsequent recognition that they do have significant advantages for practical applications.
An Exploration of Substrate Coupling at K-Band Between a SiGe HBT Power Amplifier and a SiGe HBT Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator

This work presents a case study of circuit-to-circuit substrate coupling between a 24-GHz power amplifier (PA) and a 23-GHz voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) implemented in a commercially-available SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor BiCMOS technology. The concurrent operation of these two circuits on the same silicon die results in -33dB of coupling between the PA's output and the VCO's output. Different testing configurations are considered to verify the dominant path of the coupling. These results highlight the potential challenges for silicon-based monolithic systems targeting microwave operational frequencies
Role of Cyclic Di-GMP during El Tor Biotype Vibrio cholerae Infection: Characterization of the In Vivo-Induced Cyclic Di-GMP Phosphodiesterase CdpA

In Vibrio cholerae, the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) positively regulates biofilm formation and negatively regulates virulence and is proposed to play an important role in the transition from persistence in the environment to survival in the host. Herein we describe a characterization of the infection-induced gene cdpA, which encodes both GGDEF and EAL domains, which are known to mediate diguanylate cyclase and c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities, respectively. CdpA is shown to possess PDE activity, and this activity is regulated by its inactive degenerate GGDEF domain. CdpA inhibits biofilm formation but has no effect on colonization of the infant mouse small intestine. Consistent with these observations, cdpA is expressed during in vitro growth in a biofilm but is not expressed in vivo until the late stage of infection, after colonization has occurred. To test for a role of c-di-GMP in the early stages of infection, we artificially increased c-di-GMP and observed reduced colonization. This was attributed to a significant reduction in toxT transcription during infection. Cumulatively, these results support a model of the V. cholerae life cycle in which c-di-GMP must be down-regulated early after entering the small intestine and maintained at a low level to allow virulence gene expression, colonization, and motility at appropriate stages of infection.
Cold shock induction of thermal sensitivity in Listeria monocytogenes.

Cold shock at 0 to 15°C for 1 to 3 h increased the thermal sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes. In a model broth system, thermal death time at 60°C was reduced by up to 45% after L. monocytogenes Scott A was cold shocked for 3 h. The duration of the cold shock affected thermal tolerance more than did the magnitude of the temperature downshift. The Z values were 8.8°C for controls and 7.7°C for cold-shocked cells. The D values of cold-shocked cells did not return to control levels after incubation fo r3ha t28°C followed by heating at 60°C. Nine L. monocytogenes strains that were cold shocked for 3 h exhibited D60 values that were reduced by 13 to 37%. The D-value reduction was greatest in cold-shocked stationary-phase cells compared to cells from cultures in either the lag or exponential phases of growth. In addition, cold-shocked cells were more likely to be inactivated by a given heat treatment than nonshocked cells, which were more likely to experience sublethal injury. The D values of chloramphenicol-treated control cells and chloramphenicol-treated cold-shocked cells were no different from those of untreated cold-shocked cells, suggesting that cold shock suppresses synthesis of proteins responsible for heat protection. In related experiments, the D values of L. monocytogenes Scott A were decreased 25% on frankfurter skins and 15% in ultra-high temperature milk if the inoculated products were first cold shocked. Induction of increased thermal sensitivity in L. monocytogenes by thermal flux shows potential to become a practical and efficacious preventative control method. Listeria monocytogenes remains a perplexing risk management problem for the food industry, as well as for regulatory and public health agencies. Despite decreased human incidence in the United States (44), food-borne listeriosis outbreaks continue. Isolation of Listeria spp. during product quality control testing and isolation of L. monocytogenes from ready-to-eat products due to mandatory inspection continues to impart significant economic losses to food processors. For
Deproteinated pancreatic extract (depropanex): II. Effect of intravenous administration in rabbits

Abstract In utilizing any therapeutic agent, the most efficacious method of administration is naturally desired. In the use of pancreatic extracts, intravenous administration has been associated with unfavorable reactions in the past. N. W. Barker and R. W. Graham 1 stated that when pancreatic extracts were injected intravenously into animals, toxic effects were noted. J. B. Wolffe. 2 similarly, has warned against the intravenous administration of these extracts. However, with the development of deproteinated pancreatic extract, which is practically protein-free, as well as free of insulin, histamine, and acetylcholine, the possibility of intravenous administration was considered more favorably. The present study was instituted in order to note the effects of large amounts of deproteinated pancreatic extract when administered intravenously to rabbits.
Are solar maximum fan streamers a consequence of twisting sheet structures

Context. Fan streamers are often observed at low to mid latitudes in the corona at solar maximum, appearing narrow in latitudinal extent near the Sun, and fanning out with height, adopting an approximately linear, but not necessarily radial, configuration above ∼3 R� . Aims. We offer arguments to support the conjecture that such structures may sometimes consist of high density, non-uniform sheets, viewed edge-on near the Sun, and twisting to a more face-on alignment by 3 R� . Methods. EUV and white light observations of a fan streamer observed on 2000/12/05 are analyzed. A simple 3D density model is used to recreate the streamer structure. Results. EIT images show a thin bright sheet at the base of the streamer. The continuation of this structure through the EIT, MLSO MKIV coronameter, and LASCO C2 fields of view, suggests that this sheet is formed mostly of open magnetic field lines. The overall large-scale appearance of the streamer is well simulated by a simple model of a twisting high-density sheet. If the twisting-sheet conjecture is valid, there is a correlation between the distribution of enhanced rays within the streamer viewed in white light, and the distribution of small regions of enhanced brightness seen on the disk in EIT 171 A at the position of the streamer base. Conclusions. We suggest that the apparent poleward divergence of equatorial coronal rays, or threads, seen during solar maximum above active regions, may sometimes be a consequence of such a twisting sheet topology.
State-space spectral estimation of characteristic electromagnetic responses in wideband data

This letter utilizes a robust spectral estimation method, based on state-space control theory, to coherently process wideband frequency domain field data of any object and extract specific modal (or characteristic) responses associated with wave propagation along the object. The estimation problem is formulated in terms of well-known range processing used in radar imaging. Thus, the data is modeled in terms of complex sinusoids, whose amplitude is scaled by the decay constants of the modes and whose phase yields the range associated with scattering centers pertinent to modal propagation. Unlike other approaches that require the system poles to be inside the unit circle, the complex poles yielding the decay constants in the proposed approach can be located anywhere in the z-plane, and can vary with frequency, in order to capture the dynamic wideband behavior of the scattering mechanism. The method is illustrated by application to mode extraction for a cylindrically stratified dielectric scatterer.
Biomechanical analysis of pin placement for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures: does starting point, pin size, and number matter?

Background: Several studies have examined the biomechanical stability of smooth wire fixation constructs used to stabilize pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. An analysis of varying pin size, number, and lateral starting points has not been performed previously. Methods: Twenty synthetic humeri were sectioned in the midolecranon fossa to simulate a supracondylar humerus fracture. Specimens were all anatomically reduced and pinned with a lateral-entry configuration. There were 2 main groups based on specific lateral-entry starting point (direct lateral vs. capitellar). Within these groups pin size (1.6 vs. 2.0 mm) and number of pins (2 vs. 3) were varied and the specimens biomechanically tested. Each construct was tested in extension, varus, valgus, internal, and external rotation. Data for fragment stiffness (N/mm or N mm/degree) were analyzed with a multivariate analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc analysis (P < 0.05). Results: The capitellar starting point provided for increased stiffness in internal and external rotation compared with a direct lateral starting point (P < 0.05). Two 2.0-mm pins were statistically superior to two 1.6-mm pins in internal and external rotation. There was no significant difference found comparing two versus three 1.6-mm pins. Conclusions: The best torsional resistances were found in the capitellar starting group along with increased pin diameter. The capitellar starting point enables the surgeon to engage sufficient bone of the distal fragment and maximizes pin separation at the fracture site. In our anatomically reduced fracture model, the addition of a third pin provided no biomechanical advantage. Clinical Relevance: Consider a capitellar starting point for the more distally placed pin in supracondylar humerus fractures, and if the patient’s size allows, a larger pin construct will provide improved stiffness with regard to rotational stresses.
Adaptive log compression for massive log data

We present a novel adaptive log compression scheme. Results show 30% improvement on compression ratios over existing approaches.
Does leptin cause functional peripheral sympatholysis

Leptin is a protein produced by adipocytes. Leptin is known to markedly and rapidly increase sympathetic nerve activity to the kidney and hindlimb of experimental animals. Recent studies suggest that leptin may stimulate endothelial production of nitric oxide, which could oppose sympathetically induced vasoconstriction. We tested the hypothesis that such actions of leptin may produce peripheral functional sympatholysis. In Sprague-Dawley rats, we intermittently stimulated the abdominal sympathetic trunk and measured renal and hindlimb blood flows before and after 3 h of infusion of leptin (1000 μg/kg, n = 7) or vehicle (n = 7). Leptin did not change arterial pressure, heart rate, or renal or hindlimb conductance over the course of 3 h. In addition, leptin did not significantly alter sympathetically mediated vasomotor responses to electrical stimulation, as compared with vehicle. Thus, we conclude that leptin does not change regional blood flows, and that leptin also does not appear to have vascular or neural actions to cause peripheral functional sympatholysis.
Barrel Aircraft Engines: Historical Anomaly or Stymied Innovation?

Paralleling development of radial and in-line aircraft engines in the period 1910-1940, interesting barrel engine configurations evolved in three distinct forms. One form died of its own complexity, one fell dormant at the start of World War II, and one still lives as a potential light aircraft engine. Compared to conventional designs, barrel designs promise little vibration, smoother power strokes, and more power and torque for less frontal area, weight, and parts count. Offsetting problems appear to be tricky cooling, lubrication, structural design, and servicing and maintenance challenges. Current design lessons may still be learned from these devices.
Associations among childhood sexual abuse, language use, and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction.

a b s t r a c t Objectives: To better understand the link between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction, we examined cognitive differences between women with (N = 128) and without (NSA, N = 99) CSA histories. Methods: We used the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count, a computerized text analysis pro- gram, to investigate language differences between women with and without CSA histories when writing about their daily life (neutral essay) and their beliefs about sexuality and their sexual experiences (sexual essay). Results: Compared to NSA women, women with CSA histories used fewer first person pronouns in the neutral essay but more in the sexual essay, suggesting women with CSA histories have greater self-focus when thinking about sexuality. Women who reported CSA used more intimacy words and more language consistent with psychological distancing in the sexual essay than did NSA women. Use of positive emotion words in the sexual essay predicted sexual functioning and satisfaction in both groups. Conclusions: These findings support the view that language use differs in significant ways between women with and without sexual abuse histories, and that these differences relate to sexual functioning and satisfaction.
Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems

After reviewing six senses of abstraction, this article focuses on abstractions that take the form of summary representations. Three central properties of these abstractions are established: ( i ) type-token interpretation; (ii) structured representation; and (iii) dynamic realization. Traditional theories of representation handle interpretation and structure well but are not sufficiently dynamical. Conversely, connectionist theories are exquisitely dynamic but have problems with structure. Perceptual symbol systems offer an approach that implements all three properties naturally. Within this framework, a loose collection of property and relation simulators develops to represent abstractions. Type-token interpretation results from binding a property simulator to a region of a perceived or simulated category member. Structured representation results from binding a configuration of property and relation simulators to multiple regions in an integrated manner. Dynamic realization results from applying different subsets of property and relation simulators to category members on different occasions. From this standpoint, there are no permanent or complete abstractions of a category in memory. Instead, abstraction is the skill to construct temporary online interpretations of a category's members. Although an infinite number of abstractions are possible, attractors develop for habitual approaches to interpretation. This approach provides new ways of thinking about abstraction phenomena in categorization, inference, background knowledge and learning.
The effect of moisture content on physical, mechanical and rheological properties of soybean (Glycine max cv. ATAEM-II) seed

Some physical, mechanical and rheological properties of soybean seed (Glycine max cv. ATAEM-II) were identified at moisture content of 8.02±(0.03), 12.08±(0.12), 16.07±(0.11), 20.11±(0.16) and 24.05±(0.09)% w.b. From initial moisture content with 8.02% to final moisture content with 24.05%, the average length, width, and thickness of seed increased by 11.93, 10.64 and 10.47%, respectively. Arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, surface area, terminal velocity, angle of repose, static friction angles and coefficients on aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized iron, rubber, glass and plywood plates increased with increasing moisture content whereas other all properties such as true and bulk densities, porosity, shpericity, aspect ratio, rupture force, hardness, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and energy decreased with increasing moisture content. The minimum friction was determined by glass, followed by aluminum, stainless steel, galvanized iron, plywood and rubber plates at all moisture contents. Elastic Modulus ranged between 118.83 and 100.91N mm−2 at initial and final moisture content, respectively. At the initial and final moisture content, the Poisson ratio changed between 0.527 and 0.262, respectively. The best germination ratio with 98.04% was identified at the 20.11% moisture content while the shortest germination duration with 12.96 days was determined at the 8.02% moisture content.
Ibrutinib as a Bruton Kinase Inhibitor in the Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A New Agent With Great Promise

The recent discovery of the role of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway in the propagation and maintenance of both normal B-cell function and in B-cell malignancies has highlighted the importance of many protein kinases involved in BCR signal propagation. Considerable research attention has focused on the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a potential therapeutic target in B-cell malignancies. Treatment paradigms including ibrutinib, a potent inhibitor of the BTK recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, have significantly improved disease outcome among high-risk and relapsed/refractory cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This has provided additional treatment options, especially among the elderly, where improved disease response has been accompanied by more manageable treatment-associated toxicity than commonly found with chemoimmunotherapy. In this review, we provide a synopsis of the current data on the efficacy and clinical utilization of ibrutinib and management of its resistance in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
The functional expression of tissue factor by fibroblasts and endothelial cells under flow conditions

The expression of tissue factor (TF) by a variety of vascular cell types under physiologic flow conditions is critical to factor X activation and in vivo clotting. Therefore, in a parallel-plate flow chamber (volume 40 microL) we mounted monolayers of human embryonic fibroblasts (FBs) or interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) (5 U/mL x 4 hours)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs). Inflow buffer contained 10 nmol/L factor VIIa, 100 nmol/L factor X, and 2.0 mmol/L CaCl. With FBs, production of factor Xa (product of outflow concentration of factor Xa-and flow rate) increased 200-fold over the range of shear stress from 0 to 2.7 dynes/cm2. Production values (mean +/- SE (N)) were 7.93 +/- 0.024 (6), 312 +/- 7.3 (6), 688 +/- 33.1 (8), 1,033 +/- 119 (6), and 1,601 +/- 183 (7) fmol/cm2.minute at shear stresses of 0, 0.27, 0.68, 1.35, and 2.7 dynes/cm2, respectively. Further experiments at 0.68 dynes/cm2 indicated that factor Xa production increased with factor X concentration over the range from 3 to 100 nmol/L, but changed little from 300 to 1,000 nmol/L. With ECs, production was 0.13 +/- 0.86 (6), 8.17 +/- 1.65 (13), and 1.66 +/- 1.66 (5) fmol/cm2.minute at 0, 0.68, and 2.7 dynes/cm2, respectively. However, in the presence of an antibody directed against tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) production with ECs was augmented to 16.46 +/- 0.80 (8), 149.8 +/- 18.6 (8), and 48.9 +/- 10.3 (10), respectively, at these same shear stresses. Control experiments with factor VIIa, factor X, or both absent confirm for both cell types the specificity of the reaction for the TF pathway. Similarly, specificity for TF itself is shown by the virtual absence of factor Xa generation in the presence of the monoclonal antibody HTF1–7B8 directed against human TF. We conclude that ECs, even when activated, are normally unable to generate significant quantities of factor Xa in the presence of factors X and VIIa. However, significant quantities of factor Xa are possible in the presence of an inhibitor of TFPI. On the other hand, production of factor Xa by fibroblasts is markedly augmented by shear stress, yet independent of the availability of substrate factor X above an inflow concentration of 100 nmol/L. The latter suggests a direct effect of flow on the fibroblast monolayers, not substrate limitation by convective diffusion.
Book Review: Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. By Kristen Stilt

Kristen Stilt has written a splendid work in Islamic Law in Action, one whose influence is certain to resonate in years to come. Increasing numbers of us in the American law academy are interested in applying some of the lessons of American legal realism to the study of Islamic law and in understanding, as Stilt would put it, how Islamic law works “in action.” Stilt brings a new perspective to this conversation, one of a practiced historian and a lawyer. Stilt offers in this work a careful and scholarly legal approach to the application of Islamic law in Egypt's Mamluk era that is largely unprecedented. The work would have benefited from some of the lessons of American critical legal studies, and is insights respecting the types of structural inequalities that law often imposes. The tales of a muhtasib who beats a woman severely for leaving her home for a necessity, or the Christian employee stripped naked and made to walk the streets because of public resentment against the Christians hired by the sultan, are certainly examples of law "in action." However, they are also demonstrations of the manner in which law, and legal authority, is often imposed by the powerful to repress the vulnerable and the weak. More attention to this might have offered a more complete account of precisely how law was used in the Mamluk era, and whom it was used against.