cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of analytical techniques employed to reduce the data obtained for steel samples subjected to high ambient pressure and axial tension

Abstract This report reexamines some of the experimental data collected by P.W. Bridgman and published in his book ‘Studies in Large Plastic Flow and Fracture’. Of special concern, for the present considerations, is the problem of the flow and resultant ‘necking’ which occurs when a cylindrical bar of steel is subjected to high ambient pressures and axial tension. Bridgman developed an equation which corrected the average stress across the minimum cross-section of the ‘necked’ portion of the sample for the effects of plastic stress concentration. A subsequent analysis by one of the present authors offered another relation for the stress concentration which provided a more complete theoretical analysis of the problem. This report documents the statistical evidence that the new procedure provides a superior correlation to Bridgman's data than Bridgman's original analysis.
A comparison of hydrogen bonding solvent effects on the singlet oxygen reactions of allyl and vinyl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones

Abstract The singlet oxygen ( 1 Δ g ) photooxidations of 2-methyl-3-phenylthio-2-butene ( 1a ), 1-[(4-nitrophenyl)thio]-2,3-dimethyl-2-butene ( 2c ), 2-methyl-3-phenylsulfinyl-2-butene ( 3 ), 2-methyl-3-phenylsulfonyl-2-butene ( 6 ), and 1-[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,3-dimethyl-2-butene ( 7c ) were conducted in the following deuterated solvents: acetonitrile, benzene, chloroform, methanol, or methanol/water mixture. In each case the ene allylic hydroperoxide products and/or the [2+2] cycloaddition products were quantified and inspected for possible hydrogen bonding induced differences in product selectivity and regiochemistry. After comparison to literature values for related substrates, the results indicate that only photooxidations of vinyl sulfides are susceptible to hydrogen bonding solvent effects.
Conduction mechanisms in contaminant layers on printed circuit boards

AC impedance methods have been utilized to explore surface conduction mechanisms on printed circuit boards (PCBs) containing various types of solder flux contaminants. Residues from water-soluble, rosin-based, and no-clean fluxes were analyzed and evaluated for their potential impact on reliability. Impedance data for intentionally contaminated PCBs having several circuit line geometries were obtained at different relative humidities. An equivalent circuit model is presented that fits the data obtained. It is used to evaluate and distinguish among ohmic, kinetic, and diffusion effects and to predict the environmental conditions that may be detrimental for various line geometries.
Fleet replacement under technological shocks

The paper analyzes a fleet replacement problem under general assumptions about technological improvement. The corresponding optimization model considers the variable lifetime of assets in deterministic infinite-horizon settings. The optimal dynamics of the asset lifetime and investment is investigated analytically and numerically under continuous technological change and technological shocks that affect the operating and new asset costs. The obtained results contribute to the OR replacement theory and suggest simple rules for the efficient fleet replacement under improving technology.
Early Medieval Christian Identity and Anti‐Judaism: The Case of the Visigothic Kingdom

This article discusses the efforts by Catholic rulers to eliminate the Jewish communities of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain. Their sustained effort to define Christian identity through the forced baptism of Jews and criminalization of Judaism was unusual in early medieval Europe. In explaining Visigothic anti-Judaism, modern historians have disagreed over the roles of Iberian Jews, Visigothic kings, and Catholic church leaders such as Isidore of Seville. This article suggests that rather than seeking causation in royal greed, religious fanaticism, or ‘crypto-Judaism’, historians can more fruitfully call upon the approaches used by scholars of later medieval Christian identity and anti-Judaism in Western Europe.
Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean hairy roots upon treatment with Fusarium solani

Abstract Hairy roots were initiated from two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes with different susceptibility (susceptible ‘Spencer’ and partially resistant ‘PI567.374’) to the disease sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines (FSG) to study the role of isoflavonoids in the plant response to FSG infection. Hairy root cultures obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes allows normal root growth that can be visually monitored. The principal isoflavones (genistin, daidzin, glycitin and their malonyl conjugates and aglycones) and also isoflavonoid phytoalexins (coumestrol and glyceollin) were measured by HPLC in extracts of the FSG-inoculated and non-inoculated hairy roots. FSG mycelia grew more slowly on inoculated PI567.374 hairy roots than on Spencer hairy roots. The glyceollin content was higher in FSG-inoculated PI567.374 hairy roots than in Spencer hairy roots even though the glyceollin precursor, the isoflavone daidzein, was higher in Spencer. The de novo synthesis of isoflavones and glyceollin was confirmed by [14C]Phe incorporation into glyceollin, which was higher both in the FSG-inoculated roots and surrounding medium of the cv. PI567.374 than that of Spencer. Glyceollin was the most inhibitory to FSG growth among eight isoflavonoids tested. The levels of coumestrol, a putative phytoalexin, did not change upon FSG inoculation. The defense response was also elicited by FSG culture filtrates in hairy roots grown in liquid culture. The data obtained indicate that the ability of soybean roots to rapidly produce sufficient amounts of glyceollin in response to FSG infection might be important in providing partial resistance to this fungus.
Cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget in a mountainous valley

Abstract An automated-ventilated radiation station has been set up in a mountainous valley at the Logan Airport in northern Utah, USA, since mid-1995, to evaluate the daily and annual radiation budget components, and develop an algorithm to study cloudiness and its contribution to the daily and annual radiation. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers and a net radiometer) provides continuous measurements of downward and upward shortwave, longwave and net radiation throughout the year. The surface temperature and pressure, the 2-m air temperature and humidity, precipitation, and wind at this station were also measured. A heated rain gauge provided precipitation information. Using air temperature and moisture and measured downward longwave (atmospheric) radiation, appropriate formula (among four approaches) was chosen for computation of cloudless-skies atmospheric emissivity. Considering the additional longwave radiation during the cloudy skies coming from the cloud in the waveband which the gaseous emission lacks (from 8–13 μm), an algorithm was developed which provides continuous 20-min cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the radiation budget) over the area during day and night. On the partly-cloudy day of 3 February, 2003, for instance, cloud contributed 1.34 MJ m− 2 d− 1 out of 26.92 MJ m− 2 d− 1 to the daily atmospheric radiation. On the overcast day of 18 December, 2003, this contribution was 5.77 MJ m− 2 d− 1 out of 29.38 MJ m− 2 d− 1. The same contribution for the year 2003 amounted to 402.85 MJ m− 2 y− 1 out of 9976.08 MJ m− 2 y− 1. Observations (fog which yielded a zero cloud base height and satellite cloud imaging data) throughout the year confirmed the validity of the computed data. The nearby Bowen ratio station provided the downward radiation and net radiation data. If necessary, these data could be substituted for the missing data at the radiation station. While the automated surface observing systems (ASOS) ceilometer at the Logan airport provides only the overhead cloud information, the proposed algorithm provides this information over the valley. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature, cloud base height, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget at local and regional scales.
A study of mechanisms of domain switching in a ferroelectric material via loading rate effect

Abstract A method to characterize the strain–electric field butterfly behavior based on the underlying domain switching mechanism is first presented. The effect of loading rate on the different characteristics of the strain–electric field butterfly behavior is then studied. By comparing the changes in these characteristics under different loading rates, it is established that the loading rate dependence of the strain–electric field butterfly behavior is mainly due to two factors: (i) the dependence of the switching of individual domains on the magnitude and duration of the loading time; and (ii) the variation of the transition electric field with the loading rate. Finally, the stability of switched domains is investigated by unloading and reloading the electric field at several predetermined values in the loading cycle. Several interesting attributes of the domain switching behavior that may shed further light on understanding the underlying mechanism of domain switching is illustrated in the present study. The present study also demonstrates that the proposed method of characterizing the strain–electric butterfly behavior based on the underlying domain switching mechanism is very effective for studying ferroelectric behavior under different loading conditions.
The coagulation rate of charged aerosols in ionized gases

We obtain analytical expressions for the coagulation rate of aerosols in ionized gases taking into account the statistical distribution of the aerosol charge due to the random nature the charging process. Depending on the asymmetry of the ionic environment, the charge distribution may be bipolar (symmetric charging) or unipolar (highly asymmetric charging). In symmetric charging the attraction between opposite charges is almost exactly counterbalanced by repulsion between like charges and the net effect is a slight increase in the overall coagulation rate. In asymmetric charging all particles carry charges of the same polarity, interparticle interactions are repulsive, and the rate of coagulation decreases. However, the effect of the charge distribution in these systems is to increase the rate of coagulation above the rate that would be obtained if all particles carried the mean charge. This increase is substantial for larger particles in highly asymmetric ionic environments.
Spontaneous seizures in rats treated with chlorpromazine during postnatal development.

Nachweis eines epileptogenen Effektes sowie Beurteilung von Dosis- und Altersabhangigkeit von Chlorpromazin (Largactil) bei neugeborenen und jungen Ratten.
Chromate adsorption on amine-functionalized nanocrystalline silicalite-1

Abstract Nanocrystalline silicalite-32 nm, which has a large external surface area (∼100 m2/g), was functionalized with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The functionalized nanocrystalline silicalite was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to verify crystallinity, solid state 29Si MAS NMR and thermal gravimetric analysis to quantify the functionalization, and zeta potential measurements of surface charge. As the amount of APTES functionalization increased, the zeta potential increased and this lead to increased chromate ( Cr 2 O 7 2 - ) adsorption. Chromate adsorption on the APTES functionalized silicalite-32 nm was attributed to external surface adsorption by an electrostatic interaction between the positively charged amine groups and the negatively charged chromate anions.
On the dynamics of current jets trapped to the flanks of mid‐ocean ridges

[1] Time-mean abyssal current observations over the flanks of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 9–10°N and at the Juan de Fuca Ridge at 45°N document the occurrence of paired along-ridge current jets that are trapped to the ridge flanks and sheared across the ridge in an anticyclonic sense. A coincident feature, where local hydrothermal discharge effects are not in play, is the upward bowing of isopycnals over ridge crests and isopycnals plunging into ridge flanks. It would be tempting to explain the jets primarily as geostrophic responses to the doming/plunging isopycnal distribution, though that should lead to the question as to how the isopycnal perturbations originate. A numerical model of time-dependent flow on a cross-ridge (x–z) transect, forced in a way to be consistent with a yearlong, hourly sampled record of currents measured at the EPR ridge crest, is used to investigate some of the underlying physics. It will be shown that the jets can arise from oscillatory flows via eddy-momentum, eddy-heat, and eddy-salt fluxes that ultimately cause the isopycnals to dome over the ridge. As the probable offspring of velocity-velocity and velocity-density correlations that depend upon oscillatory motion, the jets are likely examples of stratified topographic flow rectification. An ancillary feature is a slight yearlong-averaged downward current O (0.1–0.5 mm/s) over the EPR ridge crest that crosses the time-mean, upward bowing isopycnals in a counter-intuitive vertical direction.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT GRANTS IN INDONESIA'S WATER SUPPLY SECTOR

Over successive five-year development plans, Indonesia has channeled large sums of foreign loans and domestic funds into water supply projects with the aim of providing clean water for a majority of households. Most projects have been planned and financed through the central government's public works ministry, though a growing share of rural water projects are being funded through earmarked grants provided to local governments. This paper examines how these central government transfers, in the aggregate, have responded to various indicators of expenditure needs. Overall, past allocations have matched existing demand and supply levels closely–funding has generally favored provinces with large populations, large numbers of water enterprises, extensive distribution networks in place, and high production capacity. They have not, however, worked in favor of either equalization or economic productivity objectives, as reflected by per capita income or GRDP growth rates. This analysis suggests that equity would be promoted either by including income-related factors in future block grant allocation formulas or by shifting funding emphasis in the water supply sector from grants-in-kind controlled by the central government to sectoral grants controlled mainly at the local level. Such policy reforms would also further promote the nation's professed goal of decentralizing infrastructure development.
Augmented HIV vaccine trial design for estimating reduction in infectiousness and protective efficacy

It is important to design HIV vaccine trials to estimate the efficacy of a vaccine in reducing infectiousness in addition to the protective efficacy. Currently planned phase III HIV vaccine field trials in which at-risk individuals are randomized and followed over time do not permit estimation or testing of the vaccine's effect on reducing infectiousness of vaccinees who become infected. We suggest an augmentation of these field trials that recurits steady sexual partners of the primary participants into the trial as far as they are willing to participate. This study design would allow estimation of the efficacy of the vaccine on reducing infectiousness as well as the protective efficacy. We compare the classical design that does not include partners to two different types of augmented design. In the first type of augmentation, called the non-randomized partner design, the steady sexual partners are not randomized to vaccine or placebo. In the second type of augmentation, called the randomized partner design, the steady sexual partners are also randomized to vaccine or placebo. We present a probability model based on infection status at the end of the trial that provides maximum likelihood estimates of the protective efficacy of the vaccine, VE s , and the efficacy of the vaccine on reducing infectiousness, VE l . Wald statistics are used for one degree of freedom tests on VE s and VE,. With the augmented design, a likelihood ratio test is used to test whether the vaccine has any effect at all. The randomized partner design has more power and provides narrower confidence intervals than does the non-randomized partner design.
Generalization and discrimination as a function of the S-D-S delta intensity difference.

Three groups of four rats were trained on an auditory-intensity discrimination for 21 days. The SD-SΔ intensity difference for Group I was 10 db; for Group II, 20 db; and for Group III, 30 db. Following the initial discrimination training, the animals were tested for generalization of the bar-press response to seven novel SΔ's which were presented intermingled with the original SD and SΔ values. Conclusions: (1.) The amount of simple discrimination training required to obtain fairly stable differences in SD and SΔ responding is an inverse function of the magnitude of the stimulus difference between SD and SΔ. (2.) Generalization gradients obtained immediately following simple discrimination training exhibit a maximum displaced from SD in a direction also away from SΔ. (3.) Gradients obtained following continued exposure to the multivalued SΔ situation show a fairly stable maximum at the SD value. (4.) Although the gradients tend to fall off systematically on either side of the continuum as distance from SD is increased, they decrease most rapidly on the SΔ limb of the gradient.
Thermodynamics of proton dissociations from aqueous l-proline: apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of the protonated cationic, zwitterionic, and deprotonated anionic forms at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes Vφ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,φ were determined for aqueous solutions of l -proline, l -proline with equimolal HCl, and l -proline with equimolal NaOH at the pressure p=0.35 MPa. Density measurements obtained with a vibrating-tube densimeter at temperatures (278.15⩽T/K⩽368.15) were used to calculate Vφ values, and heat capacity measurements obtained with a twin fixed-cell, differential-output, power-compensation, temperature-scanning calorimeter at temperatures (278.15⩽T/K⩽393.15) were used to calculate Cp,φ values. Speciation arising from equilibrium was accounted for using Young’s Rule, and semi-empirical equations describing (Vφ, m, T) and (Cp,φ, m, T) for each aqueous equilibrium species were fitted by regression to the experimental results. From these equations, the volume change ΔrVm and heat capacity change ΔrCp,m for the protonation and deprotonation reactions were calculated. Additionally, the ΔrCp,m expression was integrated symbolically to yield values of the reaction enthalpy change ΔrHm, reaction entropy change ΔrSm, and equilibrium molality reaction quotient Q for both reactions. The results provide a much-improved thermodynamic characterization of aqueous l -proline and of its protonation and deprotonation equilibria.
Objective Load Rating of a Steel-Girder Bridge Using Structural Modeling and Health Monitoring

AbstractThe future of highway infrastructure in the United States is at a critical junction. Nearly one-third of U.S. bridges are nearing the end of their design life, and one in ten bridges is categorized as structurally deficient. While the design and construction of the next generation of U.S. highway bridges is underway, existing bridges must be maintained through proper inspection and load rating. This paper proposes an objective load rating protocol that takes advantage of a shift in the bridge design, construction, and management paradigm to include structural modeling, instrumentation, and nondestructive testing. A baseline structural model is created and verified using structural health monitoring (SHM) data collected during a controlled static load test. The structural model is then used to calculate load rating factors of the bridge at both current and simulated damaged conditions. The resulting load rating factors are compared with the AASHTO load resistance factor rating method.
A 32-to-48Gb/s serializing transmitter using multiphase sampling in 65nm CMOS

Serial-link transmitters are widely used in applications like optical transceivers and multi-gigabit Ethernet. At tens of Gb/s, the operating range of bit-rates is narrow; limited by the speed of the multiplexing and the setup and hold time constraints of the last stage in the serializer. This constraint leads to using delay-matching buffers [1] or delay calibration loops [1-2] to guarantee that timing constraints are always met at the desired bit-rate across all PVT corners. This additional circuitry increases power, area, and overall complexity of the transmitter. The timing constraint and power penalty are particularly severe when the data rate is high compared to the inherent speed of the technology.
The effect of drying temperature on the temperature-programmed reduction profile of a platinum/rhenium/alumina catalyst

Abstract Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) has been used to examine the effects of drying on the reduction of Pt/Re/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The results obtained support the previous contention that water influences the mobility of Re 2 O 7 . The results further suggest a variety of possible degrees of hydration of Re 2 O 7 which result in varying mobilities. The mobility of Re 2 O 7 thus depends on both the drying temperature, which determines the degree of hydration, and the TPR temperature. At none of the drying temperatures investigated is the TPR of the Pt/Re/Al 2 O 3 catalyst equal to the sum of the monometallics. It is concluded that, for drying temperatures of 500 °C or less, a substantial fraction of the Re 2 O 7 is at least partially hydrated and able to migrate to Pt reduction centers.
Antipsychotic treatment induces alterations in dendrite- and spine-associated proteins in dopamine-rich areas of the primate cerebral cortex

Abstract Background: Mounting evidence indicates that long-term treatment with antipsychotic medications can alter the morphology and connectivity of cellular processes in the cerebral cortex. The cytoskeleton plays an essential role in the maintenance of cellular morphology and is subject to regulation by intracellular pathways associated with neurotransmitter receptors targeted by antipsychotic drugs. Methods: We have examined whether chronic treatment with the antipsychotic drug haloperidol interferes with phosphorylation state and tissue levels of a major dendritic cytoskeleton–stabilizing agent, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), as well as levels of the dendritic spine–associated protein spinophilin and the synaptic vesicle–associated protein synaptophysin in various regions of the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Results: Among the cortical areas examined, the prefrontal, orbital, cingulate, motor, and entorhinal cortices displayed significant decreases in levels of spinophilin, and with the exception of the motor cortex, each of these regions also exhibited increases in the phosphorylation of MAP2. No changes were observed in either spinophilin levels or MAP2 phosphorylation in the primary visual cortex. Also, no statistically significant changes were found in tissue levels of MAP2 or synaptophysin in any of the cortical regions examined. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that long-term haloperidol exposure alters neuronal cytoskeleton– and spine–associated proteins, particularly in dopamine-rich regions of the primate cerebral cortex, many of which have been implicated in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. The ability of haloperidol to regulate cytoskeletal proteins should be considered in evaluating the mechanisms of both its palliative actions and its side effects.
Closest bifurcation analysis and robust stability design of flexible satellites

We consider the design of a satellite to ensure robust stability in a high-dimensional parameter space. Starting with a given nominal design that is stable, we compute instabilities that are locally closest to the nominal design in the design parameter space. If these worst-case instabilities are too close, we compute a design that is sufficiently far from the worst-case instabilities and hence sufficiently robust. The methods are based on computations from bifurcation theory and are considerably simplified by our assumption of a Hamiltonian satellite, which includes spin-stabilized satellites, dual-spin-stabilized satellites, and gravity-gradient-stabilized satellites. The Hamiltonian assumption is then relaxed to allow the inclusion of damping terms. We illustrate the computations by ensuring the robust stability of a flexible dual-spin satellite with six design parameters.
Determination of biosynthetic precursors from p-hydroxybenzoic acid-U-14C to ubiquinone.

A convenient method, based on a radiochromatographic spectrum, has been devised for analyzing the incorporation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid-U-14C into the biosynthetic precursors leading to ubiquinone. When applied to Rhodospirillum rubrum, the procedure reveals 5 of the 7 precursors, including a band which appears to be similar to that for 4-carboxy-6-decaprenylphenol. Also, an epoxyubiquinone-10 (significance to be evaluated later), ubiquinone-10, and rhodoquinone-10 are revealed. When the procedure was applied to a single Swiss mouse as a model for mammalian incorporation studies, precursors between p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and ubiquinone were not observed, but labeled ubiquinone-10 and one of its epoxy derivatives were revealed, in addition to recovered HBA. Thus, the procedure is also useful for analyzing the incorporation of HBA into ubiquinone by a mammalian species.
Naturally occurring dominant-negative SK3 channel isoform

In the article on Novel truncated isoform of SK3 potassium channel is a potent dominant-negative regulator of SK currents: implications in schizophrenia is described a potent dominant-negative truncated isoform of the SK3 potassium channel, SK3-1B. In the figure above, confocal fluorescence microscopy demonstrates the colocalization of functional SK3 channel protein with the inhibitory SK31B isoform. COS-7 cells that natively do not express SK3 were transfected with both constructs, SK3-1B being tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Top panel: Cells stained with antibody (red) specific for only the full-length SK3 channel protein. Middle panel: GFP fluorescence (green) showing the distribution of SK3-1B protein. Lower panel: Overlay of the two images shows their colocalization, seen as yellow. (N indicates the nucleus). In the article, electrophysiology and confocal microscopy show that this colocalization is the mechanism of dominant-negative inhibition of channel function, and the potential implications of this mechanism in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia are discussed. For more information on this topic, please see the article by Tomita et al 524–535 of this issue. Molecular Psychiatry (2003) 8, 460 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1359-4184/03 $25.00
Ion channels: The voltage-sensor quartet.

Decoding the workings of voltage-gated sodium channels is crucial because their mutation leads to severe disease and their activity is modulated by toxins and drugs. An innovative approach now allows such investigations.
Literacy Teachers Engage in Service-Learning via Community Organization Involvement

Service-learning provides community service as well as authentic, curriculum-driven learning experiences (Furco & Root, 2010) and has been an effective component of teacher education courses (Garcia, Arias, Murri, & Surna, 2010; Mitton-Kukner, Nelson, & Descrochers, 2010; Spencer, Cox-Petersen, & Crawford, 2005). With these authentic experiences, teachers construct conceptions of literacy learning as broader than classroom teaching and learning. This study investigates how 54 preservice elementary teachers (hereafter called teachers) learned about literacy development and cultural responsivity by engaging in a service-learning experience.
Microalgal Cell Disruption via Ultrasonic Nozzle Spraying

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of operating parameters, including ultrasound amplitude, spraying pressure, nozzle orifice diameter, and initial cell concentration on microalgal cell disruption and lipid extraction in an ultrasonic nozzle spraying system (UNSS). Two algal species including Scenedesmus dimorphus and Nannochloropsis oculata were evaluated. Experimental results demonstrated that the UNSS was effective in the disruption of microalgal cells indicated by significant changes in cell concentration and Nile red-stained lipid fluorescence density between all treatments and the control. It was found that increasing ultrasound amplitude generally enhanced cell disruption and lipid recovery although excessive input energy was not necessary for best results. The effect of spraying pressure and nozzle orifice diameter on cell disruption and lipid recovery was believed to be dependent on the competition between ultrasound-induced cavitation and spraying-generated shear forces. Optimal cell disruption was not always achieved at the highest spraying pressure or biggest nozzle orifice diameter; instead, they appeared at moderate levels depending on the algal strain and specific settings. Increasing initial algal cell concentration significantly reduced cell disruption efficiency. In all UNSS treatments, the effectiveness of cell disruption and lipid recovery was found to be dependent on the algal species treated.
MINDS, INTRINSIC PROPERTIES, AND MADHYAMAKA BUDDHISM

. Certain philosophers and scientists have noticed that there are data that do not seem to fit with the traditional view known as the Mind/Brain Identity theory (MBI). This has inspired a new theory about the mind known as the Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC). Now there is a growing controversy over whether these data actually require extending the mind out beyond the brain. Such arguments, despite their empirical diversity, have an underlying form. They all are disputes over where to draw the line between intrinsic and relational causal powers. The second-century Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna deals with similar issues when he argues for a middle way between the two positions that were known in his time by the terms eternalism and nihilism. Eternalism, like MBI, asserts that the mind is a permanent enduring substance (although the two theories disagree as to how long mind endures). Nihilism argued that the mind had no intrinsic existence, and today some argue that HEC could lead us to a similar conclusion. Nagarjuna's argument for a middle way between these two extremes is similar to an argument that can be made for HEC. We can accept that neither the brain nor any other single physical item is identical to the mind without falling down the slippery slope that leads to “The mind does not really exist, and therefore we are one with everything.” Nagarjuna was correct to say that the mind has conventional reality—that the mind exists even though there is no sharp border between the mind and the world.
Kith: the riddle of the childscape

This is a fascinating read and for the most part hit me like a fresh breeze. Reading Kith is a kaleidoscopic experience in that Griffiths first opens with a lucid account of how children, born out ...
Far-Out Neutrinos

Neutrino telescopes, proposed and under construction, should map out the neutrino sky, analogous to the way the electromagnetic sky has been mapped for centuries. Like light and unlike cosmic-rays, the neutrinos will point back to their sources. Unlike light, the neutrinos are not attenuated at high energies and so will allow us to see farther into space, and deeper into sources. We illustrate with specific examples the promise which neutrino astronomy at energies from a TeV to a ZeV holds to study astrophysics and particle physics. For astrophysics we focus on three “almost guaranteed” neutrino fluxes. For particle physics, we focus on what can be learned from cosmic neutrino flavor identification.
Interaction of atropine with amino acids

Abstract Atropine interact with amino acids forming a complex which gives an increasse in ultraviolet absorption between 270 and 320 mμ with a maximum at 290–295 mμ. This interaction takes place in aqueous solution, at room temperature, and shows an optimum at pH 6.5. It is inhibited by sulfhydrl amino acids, hydroxylamine, semicarbazide and p -chloromercuribenzoate. N -acetylated amino acids do not give the reaction, whereas simple amines do. It could therefore be concluded that the reactive, essential group of the amino acid is the free amino group. Additional functional groups such as imidazole, e -NH 2 , guanidino and OH enhance reactivity. The protonated nitrogen of the atropine molecule does not appear to have a role, whereas its esteratic group is essential. Atropine-amino acid interaction does not result in a reduction of the cholinolytic activity of the alkaloid.
Influence of Electronic Asymmetry on the Spectroscopic and Photodynamic Properties of the Primary Electron Donor in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center

Resonance Raman and subpicosecond resolution transient absorption data are presented on the reaction center (RC) from the Rb. sphaeroides (M)H202L/(L)L131H double mutant. This RC contains a bacteriochlorophyll/bacteriopheophytin heterodimer primary electron donor (D), as a result of introducing a Leu at M subunit residue 202, as well as a hydrogen bond to the ring-V keto group of he BChl component, as a result of introducing a His at L subunit residue 131. The double mutant shows a longer lifetime (40ps) for the lowest excited singlet state and a lower quantum yield of change separation (25%) than observed perviously for the heterodimer single mutants (M)H202L and (L)H173L. These changes are ascribed in large measure to a decrease in the contribution of the accessory pigment BChl{sub L} to the initial stage of charge separation. Both the rate of internal conversion of the excited primary donor and the characteristics of the near-infrared ground state absoption of the dimer appear to be intermediate between those found for the (M)H202L single mutant and wild type RCs. Resonance Raman profiles obtained via excitation at several wavelengths across the heterodimer absorption band suggest that there is a change in the nature and perhaps ordering of the two lowestmore » excited states of the heterodimer in the double mutant compared with the single mutant. 44 refs., 13 figs., 1 tab.« less
Patellar surface strain

We measured longitudinal surface strains on the anterior patella at controlled simulated quadriceps loads, quadriceps angles, and knee flexion angles. We studied both the natural patella and patellas resurfaced with domed, bifaceted, and metal backed polyethylene components. Twelve matched pairs of fresh human cadaver knee specimens were tested. Midanterior longitudinal patellar strains were greatest at knee flexion angles at 45 to 60° of knee flexion. Alterations in quadriceps angle medially and laterally did not decrease recorded strain values significantly. Polyethylene patellar prostheses increased patellar strains but a bifaceted component or “total contact” design minimized this effect. Metal support for the prosthetic patella decreased the recorded surface strains. This study of patellar surface strain at the three midline locations provides experimental results that may prove useful for design and validation of analytic models of the patella. The study also suggests that patellar surface strain measures may provide a method for evaluating the effects of patellar prosthesis design and resurfacing procedures.
Selective loss of polymorphic mating types is associated with rapid phenotypic evolution during morphic speciation.

Polymorphism may play an important role in speciation because new species could originate from the distinctive morphs observed in polymorphic populations. However, much remains to be understood about the process by which morphs found new species. To detail the steps of this mode of speciation, we studied the geographic variation and evolutionary history of a throat color polymorphism that distinguishes the “rock-paper-scissors” mating strategies of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana. We found that the polymorphism is geographically widespread and has been maintained for millions of years. However, there are many populations with reduced numbers of throat color morphs. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that the polymorphism is ancestral, but it has been independently lost eight times, often giving rise to morphologically distinct subspecies/species. Changes to the polymorphism likely involved selection because the allele for one particular male strategy, the “sneaker” morph, has been lost in all cases. Polymorphism loss was associated with accelerated evolution of male size, female size, and sexual dimorphism, which suggests that polymorphism loss can promote rapid divergence among populations and aid species formation.
The influence of negative marketplace information on consumer attitudes toward a service establishment

Abstract Market information about service providers and retailers can significantly influence how customers view firms. Prior research indicates that the impact of such information (especially when it is counter to consumers’ initial views of a firm) is dependent upon the nature of the customers’ evaluations, as well as the nature of the information itself. The current study examines these issues in the context of attitudes toward, and negative reviews about, a service provider (a new restaurant chain). An experimental study partially supports prior research findings and suggests a new process using a validated measure distinguishing between hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of attitude. Implications of our results are provided for theory and practice.
Cellular effects of ornithine decarboxylase induction in cells maintained with a salts/glucose medium.

Abstract Cultures preincubated in a growth restricted salts/glucose medium in the presence and absence of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activating factors were then incubated under ideal growth conditions to study the influence of these factors on cell growth. Incubation of confluent cultures in a salts/glucose medium alone did not induce ODC or change the other biochemical parameters investigated. However, if cultures were incubated in the salts/glucose medium supplemented with asparagine (ASN) and agents that increase cellular cAMP levels then ODC was induced after 6–8 h. This primary induction in the salts/glucose medium resulted in altered and delayed ODC induction during growth stimulation and also caused a delay in ( 3 H) thymidine incorporation without affecting ( 3 H) uridine and ( 3 H) leucine incorporation. These results demonstrate that incubation of cultures in a salts/glucose media with ASN and dibutyryl cAMP (dBcAMP) causes refractory ODC induction and altered ( 3 H) thymidine incorporation upon growth challenge with complete medium. These effects were not observed when cells were preincubated in a salts/glucose medium alone.
Patterning Anisotropic Collagen Scaffolds for Tendon Insertion Regeneration

Tendons are connective tissues that transmit loads between bone and muscle. The biological solution to the problem of connecting relatively compliant tendon to stiffer (∼2 orders of magnitude) bone is a gradient interface zone ∼100μm wide. Over the tendon-bone-junction (TBJ) a linear transition takes place in the ECM inorganic:organic (mineral:collagen) ratio as well as mineral crystallinity from that of tendon to bone. While small TBJ injuries can heal via regeneration, severe defects undergo repair-mediated healing characterized by fibrocartilagenous scar tissue with inferior biomechanical and functional properties. Severe TBJ injuries are common in athletes, the elderly, and following severe craniofacial and extremity trauma. Many tendon injuries (i.e. supraspinatus injuries), particularly those associated with acute trauma, are prone to occur at the TBJ due to high levels of region-specific stress concentrations; rotator cuff tendons injuries, one of the most common TBJ injuries, exhibit re-tears at rates as high as 94%. The scale of such defects and current poor clinical results suggest the need for a biomaterial solution that can mimic the dynamic heterogeneities of the native insertion and tendon body to induce rapid, functional regeneration. Three-dimensional collagen-GAG (CG) scaffolds have been successfully used clinically to regenerate large soft tissue defects (skin, peripheral nerves); they act by mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of the damaged tissue to prevent wound contraction and scar tissue synthesis. However these scaffolds have not traditionally been used for orthopedics due to an inability to recapitulate two critical features of orthopedic tissues: multiscale structural complexity, biomechanical properties.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
On a recent discussion of if's and can's

BRUCE AUNE has recently undertaken to refute two criticisms of claims that statements about human abilities are equivalent to statements about what people would do if certain conditions were to obtain.' These are Roderick Chisholm's criticism of the claim that 'S could have done other than A' is equivalent to 'S would have done other than A if he had so chosen'2 and Keith Lehrer's criticism of the more general claim that 'S can do X' is equivalent to 'S will do X if condition C obtains.' 3 Chisholm's criticism is (as Aune expounds it) roughly as follows: (a) (1) 'S would have done other than A if he had so chosen' is consistent with (2) 'S would not have done other than A if he had not so chosen' and (3) 'S could not have so chosen.' (b) Statements (2) and (3) entail (4) 'S could not have done other than A.' (c) Since (1) is consistent with (2) and (3), 33
The Perchlorate Dilemma in Drinking Water

Perchlorate (ClO 4 ) is an anion that is very mobile in aqueous systems. It is introduced in the environment from the dissolution of the ammonium, potassium, magnesium, or sodium perchlorate salts. It can persist for many decades under typical groundwater and surface-water conditions, because of its resistance to reaction with other available constituents. A major source of perchlorate contamination is the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate, which is used as the oxidizer component and primary ingredient in solid propellant for rockets, missiles, and fireworks. Other sources of perchlorate contamination include its use in nuclear reactors and electronic tubes; as an additive in lubricating oils, tanning and finishing leather; and as a fixer for fabrics and dyes, in electroplating, in aluminum refining, in rubber manufacture, and in the production of paints and enamels. Chemical fertilizer also has been reported to be a potential source of perchlorate contamination.
3-D Image Pre-processing Algorithms for Improved Automated Tracing of Neuronal Arbors

The accuracy and reliability of automated neurite tracing systems is ultimately limited by image quality as reflected in the signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and image variability. This paper describes a novel combination of image processing methods that operate on images of neurites captured by confocal and widefield microscopy, and produce synthetic images that are better suited to automated tracing. The algorithms are based on the curvelet transform (for denoising curvilinear structures and local orientation estimation), perceptual grouping by scalar voting (for elimination of non-tubular structures and improvement of neurite continuity while preserving branch points), adaptive focus detection, and depth estimation (for handling widefield images without deconvolution). The proposed methods are fast, and capable of handling large images. Their ability to handle images of unlimited size derives from automated tiling of large images along the lateral dimension, and processing of 3-D images one optical slice at a time. Their speed derives in part from the fact that the core computations are formulated in terms of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and in part from parallel computation on multi-core computers. The methods are simple to apply to new images since they require very few adjustable parameters, all of which are intuitive. Examples of pre-processing DIADEM Challenge images are used to illustrate improved automated tracing resulting from our pre-processing methods.
Function of the Rectal Gland in the Spiny Dogfish

The rectal gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, secretes a fluid which is essentially a sodium chloride solution with a concentration about twice that of the plasma and greater than that of sea water. Observed volumes of flow are sufficiently large to make it clear that the rectal gland can remove from the blood relatively large amounts of sodium chloride, and presumably this is its function.
Translating Transportation Data Between Linear Referencing Systems of Dissimilar Resolution

The Wisconsin Department of Transportation uses two linear referencing systems (LRSs) for complete mapping of crashes statewide: the State Trunk Network (STN), which represents only state routes, and the Wisconsin Information System for Local Roads (WISLR), which includes all roads but gives specific detail for local routes. A functional link between the two systems was developed; this link allows data to be translated from the STN, a higher-resolution representation, to the WISLR, a lower-resolution representation. Although data are easily translated from high to low resolution, ambiguities arise when data are moved from low resolution to high resolution. The research presented in this paper identifies common problems associated with translation of data from low to high resolution and provides some rules and guidelines to accommodate these issues.
Rapid simulation of steady-state spatially resolved reflectance and transmittance profiles of multilayered turbid materials

We present a technique for efficiently computing the reflection and transmission of light by arbitrary systems of turbid layers. To approximate the steady-state reflectance and transmittance without the need to solve difficult boundary conditions, we convolve the reflectance and transmittance profiles of individual layers. We extend single-slab boundary conditions to handle index-of-refraction mismatches between turbid slabs and account for interlayer scattering by applying methods similar to Kubelka-Munk theory in frequency space. We demonstrate good agreement between the reflectance and the transmittance predicted by our model and numerical Monte Carlo methods and show that the far-source reflectance and transmittance of multilayered turbid materials are dominated by interlayer scattering.
Pegylated arginine deiminase synergistically increases the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine in human pancreatic cancer

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has proven to be one of the most chemo-resistant among all solid organ malignancies. Several mechanisms of resistance have been described, though few reports of strategies to overcome this chemo-resistance have been successful in restoring sensitivity to the primary chemotherapy (gemcitabine) and enter the clinical treatment arena.