cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Relationship/ Conflict of Interest

As part of a larger discussion about the ethical practice of psychologists, much attention has been devoted to dual relationships and conflict of interest. Ethical guidelines for psychologists are designed to protect the welfare of the public served by the profession of psychology. Dual relationships and conflicts of interest are two possible sources of harm or exploitation for the public. Conflicts of interest occur within psychology when a psychologist has interests or relationships that may interfere with his or her ability to perform professional roles. Dual or multiple relationships exist when a psychologist is in a professional role with a person (e.g., therapist and client) as well as another relationship with that person or someone close to that person. This entry reviews the relevant ethical guidelines for psychologists, current controversies in the literature, and several ethical decision-making models regarding dual relationships and conflict of interest. Keywords: APA; ethics code; conflict; ethics; risk management
Towards a Policy Language for Humans and Computers

A policy is a statement that an action is permitted or forbidden if certain conditions hold. We introduce a language for reasoning about policies called Rosetta. What makes Rosetta different from existing approaches is that its syntax is essentially a fragment of English. The language also has formal semantics, and we can prove whether a permission follows from a set of Rosetta policies in polynomial time. These features make it fairly easy for policy language developers to provide translations between their languages and ours. As a result, policy writers and (human) readers can create and access policies via the interface of their choice; these policies can be translated to Rosetta; and once in Rosetta can be translated to an appropriate language for enforcement.
Do Tenants Capture the Benefits from the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit Program?

This article compares the rent savings accrued by recipient households over the life cycle of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) projects to their allocated tax credits. A simple two-stage empirical procedure is developed and implemented for a selected medium-sized metropolitan statistical area. Using hedonic pricing parameters estimated in the first stage, LIHTC ceiling rents are compared to predicted market rents. The findings indicate rent savings constitute a relatively small fraction of the programs costs, suggesting developers and investors may capture some of the program's benefits. As this finding characterizes only one potential source of benefits of the LIHTC program, a brief discussion of other potential benefits to low-income households supplements the analysis.
Mammalian iron–sulphur proteins: novel insights into biogenesis and function

Iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are found in nearly all species and are composed of various combinations of iron and sulphur atoms. Fe-S clusters can accept or donate single electrons to carry out oxidation and reduction reactions and to facilitate electron transport. Many details of how these complex modular structures are assembled and ligated to cellular proteins in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cytosolic compartments of mammalian cells remain unclear. Recent evidence indicates that a Leu-Tyr-Arg (LYR) tripeptide motif found in some Fe-S recipient proteins may facilitate the direct and shielded transfer of Fe-S clusters from a scaffold to client proteins. Fe-S clusters are probably an unrecognized and elusive cofactor of many known proteins.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Pioneers in Medical Imaging: Honoring the Memory of Robert F. Wagner

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Section Guest Editorial: Pioneers in Medical Imaging: Honoring the Memory of Robert F. Wagner” for JMI Vol. 1 Issue 03
Market Segmentation for Chocolate in Belgium and Poland

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is twofold. First, to investigate the perception of chocolate based on attribute importance and benefit beliefs among Belgian and Polish consumers. Second, to examine the impact of the individual characteristics of consumers on their perception of chocolate. Making cultural comparisons provides important understanding as well as practical applications to marketing. Sub-cultural design (six cities in total) was chosen as the most appropriate in complex societies where indigenous groups share influences on patterns of cuisine, food preferences and choices. Belgium serves as an example of the country with two dominant cultures (Dutch and French). In Poland, the sub-cultural differences in consumption patterns are less visible. In this study we have an opportunity to test this assumption. The comparative research is synchronic, i.e., makes comparison at one point in time. The market survey is based on exploratory research and literature. Data evaluation by factor, cluster, and d...
Reflections: The hospitalist movement a decade later

August 2006 marks the 10th anniversary of the publication of an article in the New England Journal of Medicine in which Lee Goldman and I coined the term hospitalist—an event that many people characterize as the start of the hospitalist movement in the United States. The present article describes the history of those early days, highlighting some of the choices the field's initial leaders made to nurture the new specialty. In retrospect, although there were many examples of fortunate serendipity, there were also several key strategic choices, including the focus on gathering research data to demonstrate the value of the field to external stakeholders; the forceful rejection of mandatory hospitalist systems, particularly those promoted by managed care organizations; and the purposeful linking of our new field to the burgeoning movements to improve quality and patient safety in hospitals. Most of all, the field's spectacular growth and successes can be attributed to the daily work of thousands of hospitalists in clinical care, education, research, and systems improvement. These individuals have given life to our theoretical notion a decade ago that a new model for inpatient care would improve the American health care system and the care of inpatients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:248–252. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Inactivation of an Aldehyde/Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

A nonreplicative plasmid containing an internal aad gene fragment has been integrated into the chromosome of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Transformation was accomplished by electroporation with relatively high concentrations of methylated plasmid DNA. Southern hybridization experiments revealed that integration occurred by single crossover homologous recombination inactivating the aad gene. Integrants were relatively stable after 25 generations. Inactivation of the aad gene drastically reduced solvent production. This result suggests that aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (AAD) plays a important role in butanol production.
Anomalous-spin paramagnetism in metals at low temperatures

Perturbation and more exact calculations indicate the presence of an extremum in the temperature dependency of the susceptibility χ a degenerate electron gas. The maximum in χ is viewed as a quantum feature due to the discreteness of the translational energy levels compared tokT. In the present study, summation forms are retained but no allowance is made for such refinements as exchange and correlation effects. The behavior of χ turns out to be structure-sensitive, which can be characterized in terms of a size effect. Moreover, χ(T) embodies both an increasing branch withT as well as the conventional decreasing one. Thus Niessen’s rejected temperature dependency in the degenerate region is supported herein. In the boltzon region, some pitfalls associated with statistical calculations are exposed with corrective measures posed. Extrema observed in line shifts for nuclear magnetic resonance in the low-temperature range are suggested as originating from the anomalous disposition of χ, the rise in χ of sodium with temperature (as well as certain other elements) can so be explained. Similar behavior of χ for other fermion particles is anticipated.
Heat of mixing and morphological stability

A mathematical model, which incorporates heat of mixing in the energy balance, has been developed to analyze the morphological stability of a planar solid-liquid interface during the directional solidification of a binary alloy. It is observed that the stability behavior is almost that predicted by the analysis of Mullins and Sekerka (1963) at low growth velocities, while deviations in the critical concentration of about 20-25 percent are observed under rapid solidification conditions for certain systems. The calculations indicate that a positive heat of mixing makes the planar interface more unstable, whereas a negative heat of mixing makes it more stable, in terms of the critical concentration.
Human Hexokinase II: Sequence and Homology to Other Hexokinases

The amino acid sequence of human hexokinase II was deduced from the sequence of cDNA clones isolated from a skeletal muscle library. An open reading frame of 2751 bases encodes a protein of 917 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has 94% identity with rat hexokinase II but only 72% identity with human hexokinase type I. In addition to hexokinase II clones, the human skeletal muscle cDNA library contained at least an equal number of clones of hexokinase I, the isoform reported to be typically found in kidney and brain. Genetic variation in hexokinase II could underlie insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and cause non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The availability of this sequence would facilitate investigating the role of mutations in the HKII gene in the etiology of this disease.
Lower trunk brachial plexus compression neuropathy due to cervical rib in young athletes

Compression by a cervical rib may result in neurologic and/or vascular symptoms. Two patients are reported with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) secondary to cervical rib. Both patients had vague shoulder pain as well as neurologic manifestations due to compression neuropathy of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. One patient was suspected initially to have carpal tunnel syndrome.
Gigahertz analog modulation and differential delay of GaAlAs lasers: temperature and current behavior

Gigahertz analog modulation characteristics of broad-area commercially available GaAlAs lasers have been investigated as a function of temperature and current in the vicinity of the upper frequency limit, where the resonance phenomena occur. The optimum temperature for small-signal amplitude modulation was found to be around -15 degrees C for our particular broad-stripe geometry double-heterostructure laser. The Q was found to increase by a factor of 2 and the bandwidth by about 2%; the external quantum efficiency was maximized in this range. The optimum dc current bias was about 2% above the threshold current. Differential delays have also been measured down to a few picosecond accuracy by a unique phase-angle measurement method using a vector voltmeter. Some of the temperature effects observed may be related to mode changes and multimode and superradiance behavior.
Optical vortices in low coherence light

A new topological feature associated with an optical vortex in partially coherent light was discovered and experimentally verified. This finding resolves an apparent violation of the conservation of angular momentum in low-coherence vortex beams.
Magnetic resonance image-guided thermal therapy with a radio frequency phased array

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to noninvasively detect temperature changes in tissue. Several MR measurable parameters have been shown to have temperature coefficients with sufficient sensitivity to be useful for application in thermal therapy (Parker 1983, LeBihan 1989, Ishihara 1995). Consequently, there have been several reports of the use of MRI to guide, monitor or assess thermal therapeutic procedures (Hynynen 1996, Carter 1998). Most of these applications have been associated with thermal ablation which involves high tissue temperature (< 6OC) and small volumes. In these procedures, a highly localized energy distribution is induced in the target volume for a period of several seconds. Rapid imaging techniques can localize the energy distribution and track the treatment volume. These energy distributions are produced using focused ultrasound (US), lasers, or radiofrequency (RF) electrodes. Other applications are geared to produce elevated temperatures (< 50') for longer time periods in larger volumes of tissue in an effort to sensitize tissue to other cytotoxic agents such as ionizing radiation and drugs. These procedures require tissues at elevated temperatures for times on the order of tens of minutes to hours (Carter 1998). For these procedures, microwave (MW) RF and US sources can be used. This paper concerns this latter application and is specific to malignant target sites that are located in the lower extremity of the body (Leopold 1989, Carter 1998). The heating technique used in combination with MRI is described
Coagulation and scavenging of radioactive aerosols

The coagulation constant of nonradioactive and radioactive metallic aerosols produced by an exploding-wire technique was determined experimentally. At early stages of coagulation the coagulation constant of radioactive gold aerosols (2 to 3.5 c./g.) was approximately twenty times the mean value of slightly radioactive aerosols (50 to 900 mc./g.). The values of the coagulation constant were corrected for deposition on vertical wall surfaces by means of a derived equation. Scavenging of radioactive aerosols was divided into three groups based upon the mechanism of coalescence: (1) dry particulate matter mixed with an aerosol, (2) dry particulate matter formed in the aerosol atmosphere, and (3) hygroscopic and liquid particulate matter formed in the aerosol atmosphere. Brownian motion in the presence of a water vapor concentration gradient around condensing droplets was found to be the most effective scavenging mechanism for slightly radioactive aerosols.
Power reduction in nanomagnetic logic clocking through high permeability dielectrics

Nanomagnetic logic (NML) has emerged as a novel paradigm to realize non-volatile, nanometer scale, ultra-low energy digital logic [1]. Since there are large energy differences between magnetization states, an external stimulus is required for circuit re-evaluation. In our first experiments we applied an off-chip magnetic field along the hard (i.e., short) axis of a group of nanomagnets. Later, structures that generate fields on-chip were demonstrated [2]. These current-carrying copper wires clad with ferromagnetic material (Supermalloy, Ni 79 Fe 16 Mo 5 ), can provide local magnetic fields for NML circuits. However, the required current densities could be as high as ∼107 A/cm2 [2]. The ratio of flux density to magnetic field strength (μ = B/H) can be increased by surrounding the magnets with a material of high permeability. While we will need to ensure that the binary state of a magnet is not adversely affected, candidate materials do exist. Freescale demonstrated enhanced permeability dielectrics (EPDs) with embedded magnetic nano-particles to increase the field from a word or bit line in field MRAM without increasing current [3]. That EPD particle sizes are below the superparamagnetic limit helps to ensure that a magnet's state is not unduly influenced. With similar considerations, we have proposed a clocking structure where EPD films surround the nanomagnets, as shown in Fig. 1. With this new design, the magnetic flux can be confined within the EPD film area instead of leaking to the air. As such, the field intensity for switching the nanomagnets can be increased, and the required current density and power for clocking can be reduced (potenitially by μ r 2 in the case of power). This work shows our efforts of integrating EPD films with nanomagnets for NML clocking.
Growth inhibitory signalling by TGFβ is blocked in Ras-transformed intestinal epithelial cells at a post-receptor locus

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family of growth regulatory peptides plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal epithelial cell homeostasis. Loss of growth inhibitory signalling by TGFbeta is common in the context of Ras-transformation and it has been hypothesized that loss of TGFbeta receptor II (TGFbetaRII) expression accounts for the emergence of TGFbeta resistance. Here we examine the functional significance of reduced TGFbetaRII expression in intestinal epithelial cells transformed by oncogenic Ras. TGFbeta-induced signalling events downstream of TGFbetaRII were examined in Ras-transformed RIE-1 cells (RIE-Ras) and compared to the parental RIE-1 line. RIE-Ras cells were resistant to growth inhibition by TGFbeta. Neither overexpression of TGFbetaRII in RIE-Ras cells nor expression of constitutively active TGFbetaRI restored sensitivity to TGFbeta. TGFbeta-mediated phosphorylation of Smad2 occurred in TGFbeta-resistant RIE-Ras cells, as well as other TGFbeta-resistant cells lines (HT-29, SW620) expressing low levels of TGFbetaRII. Nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad4 occurred equally in RIE-Ras and parental RIE cells. The activity of TIEG2, a TGFbeta-inducible SP1-like transcription factor, was reduced in RIE-Ras cells, implying that resistance in Ras-transformed RIE cells occurs by a transcriptional mechanism.
One- and two-electron integrals over cartesian gaussian functions

A formalism is developed which allows overlap, kinetic energy, potential energy and electron repulsion integrals over cartesian Gaussian functions to be expressed in a very compact form involving easily computed auxiliary functions. Similar formulas involving the same auxiliary functions are given for the common charge moments, electric-field operators, and spin-interaction operators. Recursion relations are given for the auxiliary functions which make possible the use of Gaussian functions of arbitrarily large angular momentum. An algorithm is described for the computation of electron repulsion integrals.
Quasi-optical grid amplifiers and oscillators

Recent work in active quasi-optical coupled arrays have shown this technology to be a feasible and promising method for achieving efficient and high-power solid state power combining. Quasi-optical techniques should find greatest use at millimeter-wave frequencies where waveguide circuits are lossy and difficult to build. In this paper, we examine some of the advantages of this technology and review the recent developments in active grid arrays. Because of their versatility, special emphasis is given to transistor grids and their use as oscillators and amplifiers.
Residual Effects of Preschool Phonology Disorders in Grade School, Adolescence, and Adulthood

This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the performance of people with a history of a preschool phonology disorder on measures of phonology, reading, and spelling at preschool age (n=20...
Mining source code repositories with boa

Mining source code has become a common task for researchers and yielded significant benefits for the software engineering community. Mining source code however is a very difficult and time consuming task. The Boa language and infrastructure was designed to ease mining of project and revision metadata. Recently Boa was extended to support mining source code and currently contains source code for over 23k Java projects, including full revision histories. In this demonstration we pose source code mining tasks and give solutions using Boa. We then execute these programs via our web-based infrastructure and show how to easily make the results available for future researchers.
Ruby Fluorescence Measurements In Shock Wave Experiments

AbstractA method has been developed for making time -resolved measurements of the ruby fluores-cence spectrum under shock compression. Preliminary experiments to demonstrate the feasi-bility of this technique are presented and recent modifications of the apparatus to providequantitative data are summarized. Future experiments to determine the rate of change ofwavelength with stress, as well as the effects of temperature and crystal orientation, areindicated.IntroductionThe objective of this work was to develop a method for making time -resolved measurementsof the ruby fluorescence spectrum under shock compression to determine the possibility ofusing this spectrum to monitor stress and /or pressure in shock wave experiments. Thisobjective was motivated, in part, by static pressure studies where the wavelength of theruby R1 line is routinely used to provide a measure of pressure.1 We will first present ashort review of shock wave concepts for those not familiar with shock experiments, alongwith some background on the ruby spectrum under static high pressure conditions. We willthen discuss the motivation for studying the ruby spectrum under shock conditions and ourexperimental approach. Finally, we will describe the experimental results obtained to date.Review of shock wave conceptsA shock wave can be thought of as a "large amplitude disturbance, propagating at asupersonic speed, across which the pressure, density, temperature, and related physicalproperties change in a near -discontinuous manner. "2 While shock waves in condensed matterare typically generated by what intuitively seem to be disorderly processes (e.g.,explosion, high -velocity impact, laser ablation), it is possible by careful experimentaldesign to create plane waves and uniaxial strain conditions in the shocked sample forperiods on the order of microseconds. A key feature of shock studies is the fact thatlarge compressions can be produced in macroscopic samples. In the experiments presentedhere, shock waves were produced by impacting the sample with a projectile fired from asingle -stage compressed gas gun.3 Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the conditionsprior to impact and at a time (X /D) after impact (where D is the shock speed). The impac-tor in these experiments was a flat sapphire disk attached to an aluminum projectile. Atimpact a shock wave is launched into the target, leaving the material behind it in a stateof uniaxial strain. The longitudinal stress in the sample is determined by the shockimpedances (product of density and shock speed) of the impactor and sample, and by thevelocity of the impactor. In order to maintain the condition of uniaxial strain, care istaken to align the impactor and sample to better than 0.2 mrad and the lateral dimensionsof the target are made sufficiently large that rarefactions from the edges do not reach themeasurement area for the duration of the experiment. In the case of steady one -dimensionalplanar flow, the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy reduce to theRankine -Hugoniot jump conditions:"p0(D-u0) = pl(D-u1)
The impact of subduction-zone metamorphism on mantle-ocean chemical cycling

Abstract Subduction zones represent avenues of recycling of crustal, atmospheric and oceanic (including organic) components to the mantle; metamorphism in the forearc and subarc regions of subduction zones likely dictates the extent to which elements are retained in subducted rocks into the deep mantle or participate in shallower fluid- and melt-related processes (arc magmatism, production of forearc serpentinite mud volcanoes, seafloor trench fluid venting). Knowledge of the impact of subduction-zone metamorphism on the compositions of subducting sediment and oceanic lithosphere may yield significant insight into the processes leading to arc magmatism and mantle chemical heterogeneity. Devolatilization processes in the Catalina Schist subduction-zone metamorphic terrane (California) resulted in the release of volatiles from metamafic and metasedimentary rocks and the large-scale transport of H2O-rich COHSN fluids with relatively uniform O- and H-isotope compositions. In the metasedimentary rocks of the Catalina Schist, the concentrations of elements such as B, N, Cs, As, Sb and possibly U (and the ratios of the concentrations of these elements to the concentrations of less fluid-mobile elements such as the HFSE and REE), the B Be ratios, and the H2O contents were decreased by progressive devolatilization. The Rb Cs and C reduced N ratios, δ15N and δ13C of the Catalina Schist metasedimentary rocks were increased during the high-P/T metamorphism. Metabasaltic rocks, despite their metamorphism at up to amphibolite-facies P-T conditions and resultant dramatic loss of H2O, preserve major and trace element and isotopic compositions similar to those of hydrothermally altered seafloor basalts (e.g., enrichments in B, K, Rb, Ba, and Cs, decreases in K Rb and K Cs , elevated δ 18 O and 87 Sr 86 Sr i relative to unaltered MORB). Metamorphism along the forearc slab-mantle interface may prevent the deep subduction of many subducted volatile components (e.g., H2O, Cs, B, N, perhaps As, Sb, and U) and result in their transport in fluids toward shallower reservoirs (e.g., seafloor, forearc mantle wedge). The removal, by devolatilization, and up-dip transport of such components toward the seafloor or into the forearc mantle wedge, could in part explain the imbalances between the estimated amounts of subducted volatiles (e.g., H2O, B, N) and the amounts returned via arc magmatism. The results of this study demonstrate that subduction can deliver, to various parts of the mantle (e.g., the forearc mantle wedge, the subarc mantle wedge, and deeper parts of the mantle), COHSN fluids, melts, and residual mineral reservoirs strongly fractionated isotopically and chemically relative to initial compositions of the subducted rocks. Some compatibilities between the rock compositions and inferred fluid compositions for the Catalina Schist and the isotopic and trace element compositions of various mantle-derived materials (igneous rocks and xenoliths) indicate the exciting potential to trace the large-scale transfer of these fractionated chemical signatures.
Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats, and the Liberal-Labor Coalition

G. William Domhoff and Michael J. Webber, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011, 288 pp. G. William Domhoff and Michael Webber's Class and Power in the New Deal argues that corporate modera...
Diamond growth reactor chemistry and film nucleation enhancement using chlorinated hydrocarbons

Abstract The chemistry of diamond film growth from chlorinated hydrocarbons has been investigated using a hot filament reactor coupled to an orifice sampling mass spectrometer. The relative concentrations of the species present near the growth surface have been determined as a function of filament temperature for dilute mixtures of CH 4 , CH 3 Cl, CH 2 Cl 2 and CHCl 3 in H 2 . Mass spectral analysis indicated that chlorinated hydrocarbons are sequentially dechlorinated in the presence of hydrogen at moderate reactor temperatures. A dark film was deposited on all surfaces of the reactor during studies of this dechlorination of CHCl 3 . Raman analysis indicated that these deposits are small particle polycrystalline graphite. Pretreatment of a Si 〈111〉 substrate under conditions that create the graphite deposit is seen to produce a significant nucleation enhancement of diamond when followed by growth at a higher temperature. Chemical mechanisms for some of these processes are proposed.
New Approach to the Analysis of Nucleon-Deuteron Breakup Data

We propose calculations and measurements of $N+d$ breakup cross sections as a function of a new set of kinematic variables. When carried out as a function of these variables, separable-potential calculations predict cross sections which exhibit a very deep destructive interference minimum over a wide range of bombarding energies. We proposed a procedure for isolating the effect of the crucial ${M}_{d2}$ amplitude on the cross section.
Aromatic and rigid rod polyelectrolytes based on sulfonated poly(benzobisthiazoles)

Aromatic polyelectrolytes based on sulfonated poly(benzobisthiazoles) (PBTs) have been synthesized by a polycondensation reaction of sulfo-containing aromatic dicarboxylic acids with 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride (DABDT) in freshly prepared polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Several sulfonated PBTs, poly[(benzo[1,2-d : 4,5-d']bisthiazole-2,6-diyl)-2-sulfo-1,4-phenylene] sodium salt (p-sulfo PBT), poly[(benzo[1,2-d : 4,5-d]bisthiazole-2,6-diyl)-5-sulfo-1,3-phenylene] sodium salt (m-sulfo PBT), their copolymers, and poly[(benzo[1,2-d : 4,5-d']bisthiazole-2,6-diyl)-4,6-disulfo-1,3-phenylene] potassium salt (m-disulfo PBT), have been targeted and the polymers obtained characterized by 13 C-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and solution viscosity measurements. Structural analyses confirm the structures of p-sulfo PBT and m-disulfo PBT, but suggest that the sulfonate is cleaved from the chain during synthesis of m-sulfo PBT. m-Disulfo PBT dissolves in water as well as strong acids, while p-sulfo PBT dissolves well in strong acids, certain solvent mixtures containing strong acids, and hot DMSO. TGA indicates that these sulfonated PBTs are thermally stable to over 500°C. Free-standing films of p-sulfo PBT, cast from dilute neutral DMSO solutions, are transparent, tough, and orange in color. Films cast from basic DMSO are also free standing, while being opaque and yellow-green. p-Sulfo PBT was incorporated as the dopant ion in polypyrrole, producing conductive films with conductivities as high as 3 S/cm and electrical anisotropies as high as 10.
Critical in the Name of Whom and What

Mayer Zald’s article poses an important challenge to the field of Critical Management Studies. It is based on a presentation to the Critical Management Studies Workshop (CMSW) at the 2001 Academy of Management meeting. I respond to it as someone who has helped organize the Critical Management Studies Workshop within the Academy of Management. I write here, however, not to represent the group’s views but to advance the debate about its future. When we decided to call our group the ‘Critical Management Studies Workshop’, the meaning of the term ‘critical’ was left rather vague. Our ‘mission statement’ (http://aom.pace.edu/cms/) reads:
Detecting mistakes in engineering models: the effects of experimental design

This paper presents the results of an experiment with human subjects investigating their ability to discover a mistake in a model used for engineering design. For the purpose of this study, a known mistake was intentionally placed into a model that was to be used by engineers in a design process. The treatment condition was the experimental design that the subjects were asked to use to explore the design alternatives available to them. The engineers in the study were asked to improve the performance of the engineering system and were not informed that there was a mistake intentionally placed in the model. Of the subjects who varied only one-factor-at-a-time, fourteen of the twenty-seven independently identified the mistake during debriefing after the design process. A much lower fraction, one out of twenty-seven engineers, independently identified the mistake during debriefing when they used a fractional factorial experimental design. Regression analysis shows that relevant domain knowledge improved the ability of subjects to discover mistakes in models, but experimental design had a larger effect than domain knowledge in this study. Analysis of video tapes provided additional confirmation as the likelihood of subjects to appear surprised by data from a model was significantly different across the treatment conditions. This experiment suggests that the complexity of factor changes during the design process is a major consideration influencing the ability of engineers to critically assess models.
Issues in Pediatric Research: Safeguarding the Children

purpose. To address the ethical question: “How can one safeguard children who participate in research?” patient population. Infants through adolescents. conclusions. Federal guidelines that delineate when research is allowable with children may not be enough to ensure children's safety from harm. practice implications. Risk evaluation conducted by those who understand child development because such understanding allows one to better anticipate children's potential exposure to harm. Safeguarding children requires a conscientious effort to envision children's understanding of events, their potential reactions, and the possible immediate and long-term consequences. This understanding provides the foundation for implementing sound research procedures to safeguard the children.
Continental origin and industrial sources of trace metals in the Northwest Atlantic troposphere

Trace metals (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and stable lead isotopes) have been analyzed in precipitation and total aerosols collected in the northwest Atlantic troposphere in April and November 1989. According to stable lead isotope signatures we encountered two main air mass sources, Mediterranean easterlies (206Pb/207Pb=1.131) and US westerlies (206Pb/207Pb=1.195–1.205). The phasing out of leaded gasoline has been invoked to explain the decrease of the 206Pb/207Pb ratios from 1.22 to 1.20 for the past 10 years in North America. Based on trajectory analyses, intermediate 206Pb/207Pb ratios are explained by a mixing of pure US westerlies with Canadian air masses (206Pb/207Pb=1.190–1.195) or Mediterranean air masses (206Pb/207Pb=1.18–1.19). Isentropic trajectories are very useful in explaining the variability of trace metal concentrations, a result of the fluctuating transport range of anthropogenic aerosols to remote marine areas of the North Atlantic. Lead concentrations appear to be closely correlated to the air mass transport patterns as defined from the meteorological analyses. For instance oceanic air masses transported over remote marine areas for more than three days were characterized by lead concentrations 2 to 10 times lower (Pb=0.5 to 2 ng/scm) than coastal air masses (Pb=3 to 10 ng/scm). Anthropogenic trace metal concentrations are generally in good agreement with the air mass signatures which display Pb and Cu, Ni, Zn concentrations higher than 2 and 10 ng/scm respectively in aerosol samples for the US source. Trace metal elemental ratios and soil enrichment factors were used to define industrial sources. Aerosol originating from the US exhibits the distinct industrial signature of Cu/Ni production and coal-oil combustion, while steel metallurgy could account for more than 50% of the overall Mn input into the Northwest Atlantic ocean.
Qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating harm-reduction goal setting among chronically homeless individuals with alcohol dependence

Abstract Introduction Most treatment programs for alcohol dependence have prioritized alcohol abstinence as the primary treatment goal. However, abstinence-based goals are not always considered desirable or attainable by more severely affected populations, such as chronically homeless people with alcohol dependence. Because these individuals comprise a multimorbid and high-utilizing population, they are in need of more focused research attention that elucidates their preferred treatment goals. The aim of this secondary study was therefore to qualitatively and quantitatively document participant-generated treatment goals Methods Participants were currently or formerly chronically homeless individuals ( N = 31) with alcohol dependence who participated in a pilot of extended-release naltrexone and harm-reduction counseling. Throughout the treatment period, study interventionists elicited participants' goals and recorded them on an open-ended grid. In subsequent weeks, progress towards and achievement of goals was obtained via self-report and recorded by study interventionists. Conventional content analysis was performed to classify participant-generated treatment goals Results Representation of the three top categories remained stable over the course of treatment. In the order of their frequency, they included drinking-related goals, quality-of-life goals and health-related goals. Within the category of drinking-related goals, participants consistently endorsed reducing drinking and alcohol-related consequences ahead of abstinence-based goals. Quantitative analyses indicated participants generated an increasing number of goals over the course of treatment. Proportions of goals achieved and progressed towards kept pace with this increase Conclusions Findings confirmed hypotheses that chronically homeless people with alcohol dependence can independently generate and achieve treatment goals towards alcohol harm reduction and quality-of-life improvement.
Space systems: Can they withstand attack?

Military space systems are not weapons themselves, but they do provide streams of data — in meteorology, warning and surveillance, navigation, and communication — that commanders need to make more effective use of their weapons. The growing military reliance on space systems makes it necessary to ensure that these systems can continue to function through all levels of conflict, even a protracted nuclear war.
A map series of the Southern East Pacific Rise and its flanks, 15° S to 19° S

Four large-scale bathymetric maps of the Southern East Pacific Rise and its flanks between 15° S and 19° S display many of the unique features of this superfast spreading environment including abundant seamounts (the Rano Rahi Field), axial discontinuities, discontinuity migration, and abyssal hill variation. Along with a summary of the regional geology, these maps will provide a valuable reference for other sea-going programs on-and off-axis in this area, including the Mantle ELectromagnetic and Tomography (MELT) experiment.
NM23-H1 PROTEIN IN OLIGODENDROGLIOMAS

We examined nm23-H1 protein levels in human oligodendrogliomas by immunohistochemistry. This class of brain tumor does not form spontaneous metastases, but its progression from benign (oligodendroglioma) toward malignant phenotype (oligodendroglioma transitionale and glioblastoma oligodendrogliale) can be followed. Two types of tumors, ODG-II and ODG-T, were highly positive for nm23 protein. However, there was no clear correlation between the extent of protein expression and tumor aggressiveness. No nm23 protein was detected in nonproliferative normal brain tissues and was found in only a few ODG-I specimens. As cell proliferation becomes more pronounced (OGD-II, ODG-T), nm23 protein becomes detectable in almost all samples. However, of the glioblastoma oligodendrogliale samples examined, 76% were negative for nm23-H1 protein. suggesting a change in nm23-H1 gene expression with increasing neoplastic progression. Our findings are in contrast to a proposed role of nm23-H1 protein as a tumor metastasis suppressor and support that it cannot serve as a reliable prognostic tumor indicator in all cases. However, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of glial tumor development and improve the accuracy of tumor diagnosis.
Bipolar doping between a molecular organic donor-acceptor couple

We demonstrate bipolar doping between a molecular organic system consisting of two planar-stacking compounds: 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and bis(1,2,5-thiadiazolo)-$p$-quinobis(1,3-dithiole) (BTQBT). Due to the small ionization potential of BTQBT $(4.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV})$ and the large electron affinity of PTCDA $(4.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{eV})$, partial electron transfer from BTQBT to PTCDA is observed. Combining ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy with in-plane conductivity and field-effect mobility measurements, we show that BTQBT molecules act as donors in PTCDA, while PTCDA molecules are acceptors when doped into BTQBT. The strong intermolecular interaction in these materials enables efficient separation of doping-generated charge carriers from the ionized dopant molecules. Infrared absorption spectroscopy shows that the degree of charge transfer between BTQBT and PTCDA is significantly less than one electron. This ultimately limits the overall doping efficiency, which may be improved by using a stronger donor-acceptor couple.
The Pulpal Origin of Immunoglobulins in Dentin Beneath Caries: An Immunohistochemical Study

Immunoglobulins localized in uninfected dentin beneath caries are thought to be protective, but their origin remains controversial. We reasoned that the localization and dominance of serum IgG1 would support the pulpal origin of the immunoglobulins while a predominance of secretory component (SC) bearing IgA1 and IgA2 would support their salivary origin. The prevalence and staining intensity of IgG1, IgA1, IgA2, IgM, and SC in uninfected dentinal tubules beneath shallow, deep caries, and noncaries teeth were examined immunohistologically. SC was only localized in caries, and IgG1 was the predominant subclass in uninfected dentinal tubules beneath shallow and deep caries, followed by IgA1. In noncaries teeth, IgG1 was localized on the pulpal end. The intensity of IgG1 was significantly higher than either IgA1 or IgA2 in both shallow and deep caries. Our data support the serum origin of immunoglobulins in uninfected dentin beneath caries.
Mathematical models for capacitated multi-level production planning problems with linked lot sizes

Various mixed-integer programming models have been proposed for solving the capacitated multi-level lot sizing problem with linked lot sizes. It would be of value for researchers and practitioners to know which of these models is the most efficient under different circumstances. To investigate the comparative efficiencies associated with these models, this paper therefore demonstrates theoretically the relationships between these models when the integrality requirement is relaxed for any subset of binary setup and setup-carryover variables, shows the relative effectiveness of these models in obtaining lower bound solutions associated with linear programming relaxations, and evaluates the relative computational resources and the time needed when using these models through intensive computational tests. These theoretical and numerical results are expected to provide significant guidelines for choosing an effective formulation for different situations.
Impact of Advanced Fuel Cycles on Uncertainty Associated With Geologic Repositories

This paper provides a qualitative evaluation of the impact of advanced fuel cycles, particularly partition and transmutation of actinides, on the uncertainty associated with geologic disposal. Based on the discussion, advanced fuel cycles, will not materially alter (1) the repository performance, (2) the spread in dose results around the mean, (3) the modeling effort to include significant features, events, and processes in the performance assessment, or (4) the characterization of uncertainty associated with a geologic disposal system in the regulatory environment of the United States.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Thomas Kuhn Is Alive and Well: The Evolutionary Relationships of Simple Life Form--A Paradigm Under Siege ?

A Kuhnian framework is used to analyze the current controversy over whether two or three fundamental types of life forms exist. Until the 1980s, all life was classified into two primary forms: eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Using molecular sequencing data, Carl Woese suggested the archaebacteria constituted a third domain. In the mid-1990s, Radhey S. Gupta challenged the three-domain hypothesis. While this dispute may seem to be a purely technical debate over the analysis of protein and nucleic acid sequence data, the controversy encompasses broader issues such as the aims of classification and the role of microorganisms in the biosphere. At the heart of this dispute is what kinds of data are relevant to constructing an overall taxonomy. The prestige of molecular biology played a large role in why the three-domain hypothesis was accepted so readily, but supporters of the two-domain hypothesis argue that the fossil record, morphology, and cell physiology should all play a role in taxonomy. This case study provides a good example of a paradigm shift in the making, demonstrating that issues beyond the raw data will be significant factors in deciding whether the three-domain hypothesis will prevail or a new classificatory scheme will emerge.
Some comments on crack closure due to bending and tensile loads

Cracks under bending loads may experience crack closure if the cracks are in the compression sides of the bending loads. Effect of crack closure was studied for plates with through-wall cracks under bending loads [1-3]. In Jones [1] and Heming [2] effect of crack closure was studied using the line closure model while that was studied using the surface closure model by Kwon [3]. Kwon [3] computed crack closure depths using the surface closure model. Effect of crack closure was found to reduce the stress intensity factors significantly. Thus, more accurate analyses of fracture mechanics are needed to consider crack closure. In this study, complete or partial crack closure will be considered due to bending and tensile loads.
Combined L2/H∞ model reduction

Abstract A model-reduction problem is considered which involves both L 2 (quadratic) and H ∞ (worst-case frequency-domain) aspects. Specifically, the goal of the problem is to minimize an L 2 model-reduction criterion subject to a prespecified H ∞ constraint on the model-reduction error. The principal result is a sufficient condition for characterizing reduced-order models with bounded L 2 and H ∞ approximation error. The sufficient condition involves a system of modified Riccati equations coupled by an oblique projection, i.e. idempotent matrix. When the H ∞ constraint is absent, the sufficient condition specializes to the L 2 model-reduction result given by Hyland and Bernstein (1985).
Transbilayer coupling mechanism for the formation of lipid asymmetry in biological membranes. Application to the photoreceptor disc membrane

An equilibrium transmembrane asymmetry in charged lipids is shown to arise as a result of oriented, bipolar proteins in the membrane. The basic interaction giving rise to the asymmetry is between a lipid molecule and a transbilayer potential generated by the asymmetric charge distribution in the protein. Thus, a protein can generate a lipid asymmetry without a direct binding interaction between lipid and protein. The generation of an asymmetry in charged lipid by this mechanism can also lead to a concomitant asymmetry in neutral lipids if deviations from ideality in the lipid mixture are taken into account. It is shown that regular solution theory applied to the lipid phase predicts an asymmetry in all components of a ternary mixture as long as one component is electrostatically oriented according to the mechanism mentioned above. The resulting asymmetry is not strongly salt dependent. The mechanism quantitatively accounts for the experimentally determined phospholipid asymmetry in the rod outer segment disc membrane of the vertebrate photoreceptor.
A NOTE ON THE PRIORITY OF HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES AND HYLASTES SALEBROSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The subjective synonymies of Hylastes rufipes Eichhoff with Hylesinus opaculus Leconte and Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff with Hylurgus scabripennis Zimmermann have been generally accepted (Eichhoff 1896; Wood 1979), but there has been disagreement about priority owing to differences in opinion about publication dates of Eichhoff's descriptions. Recently, Wood (1979) gave priority to Hylastes opaculus Leconte and Hylurgus scabripennis Zimmermann. This note reaffirms the priority of Eichhoff's names.