cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute total and one- and two-electron transfer cross sections for Arq+ (8≤q≤16) on He and H2 at 2.3q keV

Absolute values for the total and one- and two-electron transfer cross sections for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ ions (8\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}16) colliding with helium and molecular hydrogen at 2.3q keV laboratory energy were measured by the growth-rate method. The He and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ total cross sections as a function of Ar-projectile L-shell occupation number increase monotonically from ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{8+}$, 2p shell full, to ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{16+}$, 2s shell empty. The ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ one-electron capture cross section scales approximately as [${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{IP}}$ (He)/${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{IP}}$(${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$)${]}^{2}$ times the corresponding He cross section, but the shapes of the two cross sections differ in detail. The ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ ions were produced by the Cornell superconducting-solenoid, cryogenic electron-beam ion source (CEBIS) and extracted at 2.3 kV. Selected charge states traversed a gas cell, after which they were detected and charge-state analyzed by the energy-retardation method and by a \ensuremath{\pi}/ \ensuremath{\surd}2 cylindrical electrostatic analyzer. The target-gas pressure in the cell was measured directly by the orifice-flow method used for absolute-pressure gauge calibration. The overall error in the ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ cross-section measurements is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%, and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15% in the He measurements.
Nonlinear optical microscopy of articular cartilage

Summary Objective To assess the ability of nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) to image ex vivo healthy and degenerative bovine articular cartilage. Method Fresh bovine femoral–tibial joints were obtained from an abattoir. Articular cartilage specimens were harvested from the tibial plateau. Normal and degenerative specimens were imaged by NLOM and subsequently fixed and processed for histological examination. Results NLOM provided high resolution images of articular cartilage at varying depths with high sensitivity to tissue morphology and high specificity to tissue components without fixing, sectioning or staining. Spectroscopic segmentation of nonlinear optical signals isolated the collagen matrix from the chondron (chondrocyte and non-collagen pericellular matrix). Images from the superficial zone were consistent with the presence of a matrix composed of both elastin-like and collagen fibers distributed in a depth-dependent morphological arrangement, whereas only collagen was demonstrated in the middle and deep zones. Alterations of collagen matrix associated with advanced degenerative joint disease (fibrocartilage) were observed with NLOM. Individual chondrocytes were imaged and demonstrated intracellular fluorescence consistent with the presence of products of intracellular biochemical processes. Conclusion Thin images of living articular cartilage using NLOM may be obtained with (sub-)cellular resolution at varying depths without fixing, sectioning or staining. Extracellular matrical collagen and chondron may be imaged separately in native tissue using spectrally distinct, endogenous, nonlinear optical signals. NLOM was sensitive to macromolecular composition and pathologic changes in articular cartilage matrix. Advances in instrumentation may lead to the application of NLOM to study articular cartilage in vivo .
An organ for hearing and vibration sense in the ghost crab Ocypode

1. The sensory basis of sound and vibration perception has been studied neurophysiologically in the ghost crab Ocypode. Experiments were carried out both on neural responses from the brains of intact animals and on nerve responses recorded from isolated walking legs. 2. Hearing curves for two species of Ocypode from about 800 Hz to 3000 Hz showed maximum sensitivities in the 1–2 kHz band. 3. The substratum vibration sensitivity curve for Ocypode ceratophthalmus extended to 5000 Hz. 4. Synchrony between the response and the stimulus was seen for low frequency vibrations up to 600–800 Hz. 5. Sensitivity to high frequency vibrations and sounds was localized in Barth's myochordotonal organ in the merus of each walking leg. 6. This system could be used for conspecific call detection, and may provide sufficient information to the animals for orientation to acoustically signalling individuals.
HIV-positive patients differ from HIV-negative patients in indications for and type of UV therapy used

Abstract Background: Treatments using UV, UVB, or oral psoralen and UVA (PUVA) have been advocated for the care of HIV-infected persons with skin diseases. Concerns about the safety of these treatments exist. Objective: We attempted to determine the characteristics of HIV infected persons receiving UV therapy and establish the reasons for and type of treatment administered. Methods: During two 2-week periods, we prospectively ascertained basic information on all patients treated at 40 phototherapy clinics and detailed clinical information on patients known to be infected with HIV. Results: We identified 3716 persons receiving UV therapy, including 311 known to be infected with HIV. When compared with patients not known to be infected with HIV, HIV-positive patients were significantly more likely to be treated with UVB rather than PUVA and were more likely to be treated for pruritic conditions rather than psoriasis. Conclusion: There were great variations in the relative reliance on UVB and PUVA among centers. There appears to be no agreement as to which type of UV therapy is optimal for patients infected with HIV. Most patients known to the treating clinician to be HIV positive are in the advanced stages of HIV disease. The number of persons with less advanced HIV disease receiving treatment remains unquantified but may be even more clinically important. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:48-55.)
Utility of Immediate Postlobectomy Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Preventing Atelectasis

In a prospective randomized trial, we examined the value of routine postlobectomy fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in preventing postoperative atelectasis. Twenty patients who underwent lobectomy were randomly assigned to either chest physical therapy alone (group 1) or immediate bronchoscopy (group 2). Both group I and group 2 were placed on a standard physical therapy regimen consisting of aerosol bronchodilator therapy, chest percussion, and incentive spirometry. It was concluded that routine postlobectomy bronchoscopy offers no advantage over the usual physical therapy measures in preventing the development of postoperative atelectasis.
High-Q double-disk microcavities for cavity optomechanics

We design a double-disk microcavity consisting of a pair of silica microdisks separated by a nanoscale gap region on a silicon chip for cavity optomechanics. We show that this type of photonic structure can provide a per-photon gradient force with a magnitude much larger than for scattering-force-based structures. Moreover, this device provides for nearly independent optimization of optical and mechanical properties. We present the processing details of fabricated devices.
Local Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution With Air Impingement Into a Cavity

Impingement heat transfer coefficients are presented for a row of holes impinging into an oval cavity with the spent air leaving through holes on one or both sides of the cavity. The distribution around the cavity surface is obtained and is correlated with a survey of the recent literature. In addition, local heat flux gages were used with an impingement jet air supply which could be changed in location along the axis of the test section. This permitted the determination of local heat transfer coefficient distribution over the surface both around the cavity and also in the region between the impinging jets. This two-dimensional distribution is shown to be influenced by the bleed geometry and the shape of the impinging jet holes.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Clinical Approach to Leukoencephalopathies

Recent advances in biochemical and molecular genetics have led to the discovery of new leukoencephalopathies. Despite these advances, many patients with leukoencephalopathy remain undiagnosed. A systematic approach to the investigation of these patients is needed to select the most appropriate testing strategy. In this article, the author presents a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based approach to the evaluation of patients with leukoencephalopathy.
Investigation of a Li-O2 cell featuring a binder-free cathode via impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuit model analysis

Many studies of the discharge performance of traditional lithium oxygen (Li-O2) cells with binder also include electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data and equivalent circuit models (ECM) to provide additional insight on the electrochemical kinetics driving cell operation. However, no EIS and ECM data have been reported for binder-free Li-O2 cells. In this work, EIS and ECM data are analyzed and first reported for a binder-free Li-O2 cell. The EIS results are consistent with the overall discharge capacity results for a cell that is experiencing increased polarization due to cycling, and the fitted equivalent circuit accurately models the same behavior. Surface morphology is also presented for the cell and exhibits product formation on the cathode that is consistent with increased polarization.
Role of the LolP cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in loline alkaloid biosynthesis.

Abstract The insecticidal loline alkaloids, produced by Neotyphodium uncinatum and related endophytes, are exo-1-aminopyrrolizidines with an ether bridge between C-2 and C-7. Loline alkaloids vary in methyl, acetyl, and formyl substituents on the 1-amine, which affect their biological activity. Enzymes for key loline biosynthesis steps are probably encoded by genes in the LOL cluster, which is duplicated in N. uncinatum, except for a large deletion in lolP2. The role of lolP1 was investigated by its replacement with a hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene. Compared to wild type N. uncinatum and an ectopic transformant, ΔlolP1 cultures had greatly elevated levels of N-methylloline (NML) and lacked N-formylloline (NFL). Complementation of ΔlolP1 with lolP1 under control of the Emericella nidulans trpC promoter restored NFL production. These results and the inferred sequence of LolP1 indicate that it is a cytochrome P450, catalyzing oxygenation of an N-methyl group in NML to the N-formyl group in NFL.
Economic Implications of Adding Two Expanded-Duty Dental Assistants to a Practice

The addition of a second expanded-duty dental assistant to a practice can substantially increase a dentist’s productivity. However, the greatest incremental increase in revenue was found in the addition of one expanded-duty assistant and one chairside assistant to the practice of a dentist employing two traditional assistants. The average theoretical revenue per day in the surrogate practice involving one dentist, two expanded-duty assistants, and four chairside assistants was almost 64% greater than that produced by the dentist with two chairside assistants, and 19% greater than that produced by one dentist, one expanded-duty assistant, and three chairside assistants. The addition of one expanded-duty assistant enabled the dentist to treat 4.58 more patients a day, whereas the addition of two assistants enabled him to treat 10.0 more patients a day.
On the Grassmanian of lines in PG(4,q) and R(1,2) reguli

An R(1,2) regulus is a collection of q+1 mutually skew planes in PG(5,q) with the property that a line meeting three of the planes must meet all the planes. An (l,π)-configuration is the collection of lines in PG(4,q) meeting a line l and a plane π skew to l. A correspondence between (l,π)-configurations in PG(4-,q) and R(1,2) reguli in the associated Grassmanian space G(1,4) is examined. Bose has shown that R(1,2) reguli represent Baer subplanes of a Desarguesian projective plane in a linear representation of the plane. With the purpose of examining the relations between two Baer subplanes of PG(2,q2), the author examines the possible intersections of a 3-flat with an R(1,2) regulus.
Optical coherence tomography of dialysis graft after angioplasty.

Neointimal hyperplasia, the major cause of arteriovenous graft (AVG) stenosis, is not directly visualized by angiography. A 60-year-old woman on hemodialysis presented with a clotted AVG 30 days after its creation. Following percutaneous thrombectomy, angiography revealed severe (4 50%) stenosis at the graft (G)-vein (V) anastomosis (arrow in Fig 1). Optical coherence tomography performed using an intravascular Dragonfly catheter (St. Jude Medical, Westford, Massachusetts) delineated the intima in bright yellow. It demonstrated severe, focal, circumferential neointimal hyperplasia at the
A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for conscious sedation during colonoscopy in a prospective double-blind study ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background: Midazolam and diazepam are commonly used for conscious sedation, but their comparative respiratory depressive effects have not been accurately studied. We used a novel real-time, on-line, computerized data acquisition system to compare the two agents in a randomized double-blind study. Methods: One hundred patients undergoing colonoscopy were studied. The maximum end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO 2 ) and the minimum oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) were recorded by computer every minute. Patients received meperidine (25 to 50 mg) and incremental doses of either midazolam or diazepam to an identical end point of slurred speech and/or ptosis. Sedation was scored from 1 (unarousable) to 5 (wide awake). Results: Sedation scores were 3.6 ± 0.1 (mean ± standard error) after each agent. The doses of midazolam and diazepam were 0.031 ± 0.002 and 0.106 ± 0.009 mg/kg, respectively. In the first 45 minutes (PetCO 2 ) was significantly higher with midazolam than with diazepam ( p 2 was significantly depressed for 80 minutes after each agent, and the number of minutes when the minimum Sp O 2 was less than 90% did not differ between the two agents. Conclusions: Midazolam was 3.4 times more potent than diazepam. The duration of oxygen desaturation emphasizes the importance of monitoring SpO 2 until ventilation and oxygenation have recovered. Although the degree of hypoxemia was comparable, midazolam led to higher end-tidal carbon dioxide tensions. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:684-9.)
Improvement of the hairless mouse screening model for antipsoriatic drugs.

SUMMARY The hairless mouse screening model for antipsoriatic drugs was improved by investigating the effects of critical variables on the rate of ultraviolet light-induced epidermal DNA synthesis. The variables investigated were diurnal variation, ultraviolet light dose, time course and ambient temperature. From these studies a set of experimental conditions was developed that resulted in the lowest rate of DNA synthesis in non-irradiated epidermis and the highest rate in irradiated epidermis, thereby significantly increasing the power of the assay.
Soil Photolysis in a Moisture- and Temperature-Controlled Environment. 2. Insecticides

The photolytic degradations of imidacloprid, carbofuran, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, pyridaben, propoxur, and esfenvalerate were independently compared in both moist (75% field moisture capacity at 0.33 bar) and air-dry microbially viable soils at 5 μg/g. All compounds were applied to sandy soil except for propoxur, which was applied to sandy loam soil. Diazinon was applied to both sandy soil and sandy loam soil. The samples were exposed for up to 360 h, depending on the half-life of the compound. Moisture and temperature were maintained through the use of a specially designed soil photolysis apparatus. Corresponding dark control studies were performed concurrently. With the exception of esfenvalerate, the other compounds exhibited significantly shorter half-lives in moist soils, attributed to the increased hydrolysis and microbial activity of the moist soil. The esfenvalerate metabolism was not first order due to limited mobility in the soil because of its very low water solubility. The overall half-life for...
SU-FF-T-227: A Frequency-Domain Approach for Addressing Heat-Transport Problems in Room-Temperature Water Calorimeters

Purpose: To develop a way to collect and analyzewatercalorimeter data that enables the use of frequency‐domain signal processing techniques for extracting radiation dose signals from waveforms containing artifacts due to conduction and convection. This would provide a convenient, inexpensive way for standards labs to obtain accurate estimates of absorbed dose to water.Method and Materials: A sealed‐water calorimeter of the Domen design was used in a 60Co beam delivering approximately 15 mG/s. Bridge excitation and voltage measurements were performed with a lock‐in amplifier, using a 100 Hz, 1 Vrms sine wave as a reference signal. Square‐wave modulation of the radiation beam, achieved by controlling the source shutter, was conducted for shutter periods ranging from 60s to 3600s. For each shutter‐period setting, measurements of the bridge imbalance (voltage) waveform were collected at a sample rate of 5 Hz for several hours. The waveforms were then analyzed using both time‐domain (midpoint extrapolation) and frequency‐domain techniques. All measurements were done at room temperature. Results: Severe distortion in the time waveform is observed for periods above 240s, precluding accurate dose estimation by midpoint extrapolation, but correct absorbed dose estimates are nevertheless obtainable via Fourier analysis. At periods below 240s, time‐domain analysis converges to the results of Fourier analysis, and both concur with the historical value transferred by an ionization chamber. Conclusion: Several standards labs have been able to eliminate convection artifacts by incorporating external refrigeration systems that keep the water temperature near 4°C. However, this comes at considerable cost, makes the calorimeter bulky and difficult to transport, and does not address the problem of conduction artifacts. Our approach may offer a more portable, robust, and efficient system for direct dose measurements in variable environments.
Precise beat length measurement of birefringent fibres with dual channel low-coherence reflectometer

A highly sensitive interferometric method to measure beat length of fibres with high or low birefringence is described. The method does not require any mechanical perturbation to the fibre and can accurately measure temporal group delay between polarisation modes of a 0.5 m fibre with a birefringence as low as Δn = 3.64 × 10-8 or a beat length of 36 m.
Commentary: All Relationships Are Difficult: Research Relationships Are No Exception

Abstract This comment on the preceding set of papers seeks to evaluate them as a cohesive set, postulate some questions the authors might ask each other, and highlight themes and issues. Issues associated with relationships between researchers of different backgrounds and relationships between theories and methods from different traditions are particularly difficult.
Binding of Bicarbonate to Human Carbonic Anhydrase II: A Continuum of Binding States

Herein, we report molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (HCAII) complexed with the substrate molecule bicarbonate using a quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical ...
Follicular growth and intraovarian and extraovarian oocyte release after daily injections of melatonin and 6-chloromelatonin in the Syrian hamster

Groups of adult female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were injected daily at 17:00 hr with 2.5, 15, or 25 micrograms of melatonin (Mel) or 6-chloro-melatonin (Cl-Mel) for 12 weeks. An ovary from each animal was completely serially sectioned for light microscopic investigation. Judging from the presence of corpora lutea, there were some animals in each group that continued to cycle, although the postestrous, white mucous discharge had disappeared. Noncycling animals were most often found in the 25-micrograms group of Cl-Mel. Only uterine weights of noncycling animals treated with either 25 or 15 micrograms of Mel or Cl-Mel were statistically significantly depressed versus controls. Cl-Mel (25 micrograms) significantly suppressed the total number and size of antral follicles (P less than 0.05). Follicular ruptures with incomplete or complete release of the oocyte out of the follicular compartment were observed. The oocyte release occurred either into the ovary ("intraovarian oocyte release: IOR") or outside of the ovary ("extraovarian oocyte release: EOR"). Compared with controls, the total number of IOR was increased in all experimental groups with the exception of the 2.5-micrograms group of Cl-Mel. IOR appeared in both preantral and antral follicles, and often IOR was complete. In controls, only preantral follicles were involved in IOR; these were primarily incomplete ones. IOR was seen in cycling and noncycling animals. By contrast, EOR was exclusively observed in noncycling hamsters. It is concluded that the cessation of postestrous, white mucous discharge is not necessarily an index for a halt in cyclic ovarian function. Injections of 25 micrograms of Cl-Mel are more effective than 25 micrograms of Mel in suppressing ovarian function. Both Mel and Cl-Mel increase the frequency of IOR. Finally, noncycling hamsters show EOR that is regarded as an abnormal ovulation.
Rapid Diagnosis of Inhomogeneity in Turbid Media

In this work, a novel approach is proposed that would be able to rapidly diagnose the presence and location of inhomogeneity in turbid media. In this approach, ultrafast pulse laser is used as a detecting source and the time-resolved backscattered light signals are collected around the boundary of the target. The log slopes in the decaying log tail of the detected signals will be analyzed and used for the detection and image of embedded inhomogeneity. The relatively high absorption in the foreign object will result in a steeper log slope when the detector is located close to the object. A slim graphite of 1.6 mm in diameter embedded in a tissue phantom has been successfully detected in a preliminary experiment and the location of the graphite is determined from the v-groove profile of log slopes. A Monte Carlo program has been developed to further simulate and investigate the feasibility and quality of this method to diagnose the presence of a tumor-like material embedded inside a highly scattering media. A 2D reconstructed image confirms the potential of this novel method to detect and image accurately and rapidly the presence of tumors in biological tissues.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Principled evaluation: A critique of the AEA Guiding Principles

The American Evaluation Association's succinct Guiding Principles for Evaluators quietly establish new boundaries for addressing ethical problems of the profession.
Kinetics and mechanism of surface reaction of salicylate on alumina in colloidal aqueous suspension

The reaction kinetics of salicylate with Al(III) in aqueous solution and at the colloidal alumina–water interface was studied by stopped-flow laser fluorescence spectroscopy. Temporal evolution of the fluorescence spectra suggests that formation of a carboxylate monodentate complex was the reaction intermediate that occurs transiently at the beginning of the reaction in aqueous salicylate–Al(III) solution. However, by lowering the pH to 2.0, the formation of such an intermediate can be directly observed as it is the only species formed. The reaction of salicylate with aqueous Al3+ is completed within 10 min at pH 3.3 but is significantly slower at pH 2.0. At both pH the aqueous reaction follows a single pseudo-first order rate law. In alumina suspension the reaction was initially fast but slowed down after ∼30 s. Completion of the reaction took up to 12 h, depending on pH and ionic strength. The formation of a carboxylate monodentate surface complex as a transient species is clearly observed in alumina suspensions at near neutral pH. The initial rapid reaction ( 4, suggesting that the slow reaction pathway involves ligand substitution reactions between salicylate and the hydroxyl groups for which the Al–O binding and activation energy are affected by site heterogeneity or site density to a lesser degree than Al–OH2+ sites.
Detection of methadone, LAAM, and their metabolites by methadone immunoassays.

(LAAM) was recently approved as a substitute for methadone. LAAM, methadone, and their common metabolite, methadol, are extensively N-demethylated. The structural similarities of LAAM and its metabolites to methadone suggest that they may cross-react in methadone immunoassays. To test this hypothesis, drug-free urine was fortified with LAAM, norLAAM, dinorLAAM, methadol, normethadol, dinormethadol, methadone, 2-ethylidene-l,5-climethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), or 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-cliphenylpyrroline (EMDP) at 12 concentrations (0.03 to 100 pg/mL). Samples were analyzed using two enzyme immunoassays (Sehring Diagnostics, EIA-b; Diagnostic Reagents, EIA-d); a fluorescent polarization immunoassay (Abbott, FPIA); two enzyme-linked immunosorhant immunoassays (Diagnostix, ELISA-d; STC Technologies, ELISA-B); a kinetic microparticles in solution immunoassay (Roche Diagnostic Systems, KIMS); and a radioimmunoassay (Diagnostic Products, RIA). LAAM had high cross-reactivity with ELISA-d (318.3%), RIA (249.5%), EIA-d (100.8%), KIMS (91.1%), and ELISA-s (75.3%). Methadol also displayed relatively high crossreactivity as follows: EIA-d (97.8~ KIMS (85.4~ ELISA-d (70.3%), and FPIA (37.7%). Successive N-demethylations of LAAM and methadol were associated with loss of cross-reactivity. The methadone metabolites EDDP and E/VIDP showed little crossreactivity. These findings suggest that LAAM use could result in positive immunoassay test results when using many of the commercially available methadone immunoassay kits and that confirmation of LAAM and its metabolites should be considered.
Electromagnetic Trapping of Neutral Atoms

Electromagnetic trapping of neutral atoms is a new branch of applied physics that has potential for use in very many areas, including metrology and high-resolution precision spectroscopy. It has the possibility of leading toward the spectroscopic ideal of an isolated atom at rest, available for interaction with electromagnetic field probes. We present an introduction to trapping in both dc magnetic fields and optical fields (laser beams). The basic ideas and fundamental limitations are discussed and the first successful experiments are reviewed.
Increases in rewards promote flexible behavior

Offering reward for performance can motivate people to perform a task better, but better preparation for one task usually means decreased flexibility to perform different tasks. In six experiments in which reward varied between low and high levels, we found that reward can encourage people to prepare more flexibly for different tasks, but only as it increased from the level on the previous trial. When the same high rewards were offered continuously trial after trial, people were more inclined to simply stick with doing what had worked previously. We demonstrated such enhancements in flexibility in task switching, a difficult visual search task, and an easier priming of pop-out search task, which shows that this effect generalizes from executive tasks to perceptual processes that require relatively little executive control. These findings suggest that relative, transient changes in reward can exert more potent effects on behavioral flexibility than can the absolute amount of reward, whether it consists of money or points in a social competition.
The effects of dextroamphetamine and phenobarbital on a simplified standardized CFF measure.

The effects of a CNS-stimulant, CNS-depressant, and placebo on CFF thresholds of 24 subjects were determined using a flicker-fusion test based on the psychophysical method of limits. Four conditions, 10 mg of d-amphetamine, 65 mg of phenobarbital, inert placebo, and no-drug, were applied in a repeated measures design under double-blind conditions. Each session lasted three hours. Pulse was taken concurrent with CFF, and an adjective checklist of subjective feeling was administered at the end of each session. Both CFF and mood checklist were sensitive to phenobarbital. Pulse differences appeared only under d-amphetamine. Longer test sessions, more frequent testing or more subjects seemed advisable for future work. The method of CFF measurement used, most amenable to the aforementioned extensions, appeared at least as sensitive as the more complex techniques previously employed.
Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.
Health-Care Access of Women Medicaid Recipients Evidence of Disability-Based Disparities

Little is known about the health care received by women with disabilities, who comprise a substantial subset of the population. This article describes the health care of a national sample of low-income female Medicaid recipients. Despite having similar potential for care (health insurance, usual source of care, and having a physician as a usual source of care) as compared to nondisabled women, women with disabilities had substantially worse rates of receiving medical care and medication when they were needed and of cervical cancer screenings. Women with disabilities were also much less likely to be satisfied with their care than were nondisabled women. These results support calls to mandate quality-based reimbursement incentives within Medicaid, specifically for women with disabilities.
Streamlines, vorticity lines, and vortices

The properties of vortical flows are studied using both theoretical analysis and computational flow fields. The consequences of two definitions of the vortex core, a minimum in the streamline curvature and a maximum in the normalized helicity, are examined. Analysis indicates that several criteria must be met if the cores defined by these two methods are to coincide. In certain regions of the flow, computational flow fields indicate that these two definitions are coincident, that the velocity and vorticity fields are aligned at the core, and that extrema in the velocity magnitude, vorticity magnitude, pressure, and density occur at the core.
Diffusion and Innovation of New Technologies under Skill Heterogeneity

This article presents a model of innovation and diffusion of machines which embody a new technology. Users of the machines are heterogenous in their skill level. Skilled machine-users adopt new machines first, while unskilled users wait until machines become more user-friendly and reliable. The improvement of machines is the engine of diffusion, and it is carried out by the monopolist machine producer. The speed of diffusion is affected by the skill distribution in the economy. At any point in time, the machine producer can innovate a new generation of machines. The timing of innovation is also influenced by the skill distribution.
American ‘pain-ology’ in the war on terror: a critique of ‘scientific’ torture:

Questionable tactics in America’s war on terror continue to undergo scrutiny due to their threats to human rights, chief among them ‘enhanced’ interrogation and torture. Indeed, a growing chorus of criticism has been leveled at the political, legal, and ethical considerations of those policies and practices. Scholars, nonetheless, have neglected other important aspects of the controversy, for instance, the extent to which modern torture has been influenced by ‘scientific’ claims involving the effectiveness and appropriateness of certain procedures. Filling the void, this analysis explores the invention of modern torture as it draws on behavioral and psychological research in developing a new paradigm for pain. Delving into the assertions of ‘enhanced’ techniques, the critique focuses on a science studies perspective aimed at deciphering the allure of science in policing as well as in the war on terror. Such ‘scientification’, as discussed herein, reinforces the illusion that the state’s capacity to unveil...
COVARIATE MATCHING: A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE

Summary.-Inefficient use of data is noted as a difficulty with experimental matching of Ss in addition to those cited by previous authors. Analysis of covariance is shown to circumvent experimental matching problems with varying degrees of effectiveness depending on usage. Observation of experimental effects both with and without covariare ad jusunents is suggested as a maximally effective procedure.
Comparison Between Tail Vein and Jugular Vein Cannulation in Cattle

Blood samples obtained simultaneously from the jugular and tail (coccygeal) veins during induction of bovine mastitis infection and after administration of 250 IU of adrenocorticotropin did not differ in percentage of hematocrit, concentration of total corticosteroid in plasma, or concentrations of total circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes. Patency of the tail vein cannula was maintained for 1 mo. Tail vein cannulation is a practical alternative to jugular cannulation in cattle.
How Big is Kiriwina

Interpretations of political and economic organization in ethnographic accounts often depend on assumptions about or estimates of the relation between a population and the area it inhabits and/or exploits. While some attention has been given to factors contributing to the unreliability of demographic data in anthropology, less has been directed to the possible unreliability of information on land area. The purpose of this paper is to present an illustrative example of such unreliability. It also, as a consequence, provides updated information on an ethnographically much studied area, the island of Kiriwina, which is not as big as earlier accounts would have it nor as small as later ethnographies suggest.
The calculus of intelligence cooperation

(1990). The calculus of intelligence cooperation. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 307-323.
T Lymphocyte Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The contribution of immune regulation to the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is poorly understood. Using the monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8, we quantitated, by flow cytometry, T inducer/helper and T cytotoxic/suppressor cells in patients with SLE. Serologically active patients, who had clinical manifestations such as arthritis or rash and were not receiving prednisone, were characteristically lymphopenic due to a marked reduction in OKT4+ cells. Prednisone therapy produced the same phenomenon. Untreated patients, who were serologically inactive, demonstrated no abnormalities. These studies have thus revealed two presumably independent factors that can produce similar immunoregulatory aberrations.
A unified approach to unambiguous synthesis of the phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphates involved in intracellular signal transduction

Abstract A unified approach to unambiguous synthesis of the phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphates involved in intracellular signalling is illustrated by the synthesis of 1 d -1-(1′,2′-dihexadecanoyl -sn- glycero-3′-phospho )-myo- inositol-3,4,5-trisphsphate .
Acute Bone Marker Responses to Whole-Body Vibration and Resistance Exercise in Young Women

Abstract Whole-body vibration (WBV) augments the musculoskeletal effects of resistance exercise (RE). However, its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTM) have not been determined. This study examined BTM responses to acute high-intensity RE and high-intensity RE with WBV (WBV+RE) in young women (n=10) taking oral contraceptives in a randomized, crossover repeated measures design. WBV+RE exposed subjects to 5 one-minute bouts of vibration (20Hz, 3.38 peak-peak displacement, separated by 1min of rest) before RE. Fasting blood samples were obtained before (Pre), immediately after WBV (PostVib), immediately after RE (IP), and 30-min after RE (P30). Bone alkaline phosphatase did not change at any time point. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b significantly increased ( p p
Pituitary Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors during the Rat Estrous Cycle

The binding of [6-alanine]gonadotropin-releasing hormone to pituitary plasma membranes increased threefold between metestrus and early proestrus in female rats. Receptor numbers fell rapidly on the afternoon of proestrus coincident with the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. The numbers of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone were positively correlated with concentrations of estradiol in serum; this pattern may be a necessary component of increased pituitary sensitivty to gonadotropin-releasing hormone observed during proestrus.
Reaction of Vinyl Chloride with Cationic Palladium Acyl Complexes

Vinyl chloride (VC) reacts with the cationic Pd complexes [L2Pd(Me)(CO)][B(C6F5)4] (3a−d; L2 = Me2bipy, tBu2bipy, dppp, dmpe) and [L2Pd{C(O)Me}(CO)][B(C6F5)4] (4a−d) by 2,1-insertion of L2Pd{C(O)Me}(VC)+ intermediates to yield the O-chelated products [L2Pd{CHClCH2C(O)Me}][B(C6F5)4] (5a−d). 5a−d were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of 5a and 5b·CH2Cl2 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The VC 2,1-insertion regiochemistry is favored in part because the alternative L2Pd{CH2CHClC(O)Me}+ 1,2-insertion products would be destabilized by placement of the electron-withdrawing Cl and acyl substituents on the same carbon. In contrast to analogous nonhalogenated L2Pd{CHRCHR‘C(O)Me}+ species, 5a,c do not further react with CO, due to the stability of the chelate ring and the low migratory aptitude of the −CHClCH2C(O)Me group.
Death receptor-3 mediates apoptosis in human osteoblasts under narrowly regulated conditions

We previously reported that a soluble form of the TNF-family receptor death receptor-3 (DR3) is expressed in osteoblasts. DR3 regulates death or differentiation in other tissues, and DR3 ligands occur in bone, but the function of DR3 in the osteoblast was unknown. We studied the expression of DR3 and the effects crosslinking antibodies to DR3 or of natural DR3 ligands in human osteoblasts. Western analysis showed that nontransformed osteoblasts and the MG63 osteosarcoma cell line produce both soluble decoy receptor and transmembrane isoforms of DR3. Cell surface labeling showed that low and high DR3-expressing osteoblast populations occur. Verification of by cloning showed a point mutation in DR3 from MG63 cells. Activation of DR3 by antibody crosslinking or with DR3 ligands caused apoptosis in osteoblasts and in MG63 cells, but only in low-density cell cultures. In dense cultures apoptosis did not occur, but nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear translocation was observed under some conditions. Crosslinking of DR3 in high-density MG63 cultures blocked expression of bone matrix elements. DR3 activation in high-density nontransformed osteoblasts had only minor effects on cell maturation. We conclude that DR3 activation can mediate apoptosis in osteoblasts. Its activity is, however, highly restricted by its soluble ligand-binding isoform and possibly also by alternate survival signals. In the presence of survival signals, DR3 may affect cell maturation although effects on differentiation were clearly seen only in the MG63 transformed cell line.
Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression

Increasing amounts of data suggest that inflammatory responses have an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. Depressed patients have been found to have higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, chemokines and cellular adhesion molecules. In addition, therapeutic administration of the cytokine interferon-α leads to depression in up to 50% of patients. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines have been found to interact with many of the pathophysiological domains that characterize depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, synaptic plasticity and behavior. Stress, which can precipitate depression, can also promote inflammatory responses through effects on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system pathways. Finally, depression might be a behavioral byproduct of early adaptive advantages conferred by genes that promote inflammation. These findings suggest that targeting proinflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways might represent a novel strategy to treat depression.
Exploring the motivational brain: effects of implicit power motivation on brain activation in response to facial expressions of emotion

This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation (nPower), in interaction with power incentives, influences activation of brain systems mediating motivation. Twelve individuals low (lowest quartile) and 12 individuals high (highest quartile) in nPower, as assessed per content coding of picture stories, were selected from a larger initial participant pool and participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study during which they viewed high-dominance (angry faces), low-dominance (surprised faces) and control stimuli (neutral faces, gray squares) under oddball-task conditions. Consistent with hypotheses, high-power participants showed stronger activation in response to emotional faces in brain structures involved in emotion and motivation (insula, dorsal striatum, orbitofrontal cortex) than low-power participants.
Exploiting sparse Markov and covariance structure in multiresolution models

We consider Gaussian multiresolution (MR) models in which coarser, hidden variables serve to capture statistical dependencies among the finest scale variables. Tree-structured MR models have limited modeling capabilities, as variables at one scale are forced to be uncorrelated with each other conditioned on other scales. We propose a new class of Gaussian MR models that capture the residual correlations within each scale using sparse covariance structure. Our goal is to learn a tree-structured graphical model connecting variables across different scales, while at the same time learning sparse structure for the conditional covariance within each scale conditioned on other scales. This model leads to an efficient, new inference algorithm that is similar to multipole methods in computational physics.
Evaluation of CALIOP 532 nm aerosol optical depth over opaque water clouds

Abstract. With its height-resolved measurements and near global coverage, the CALIOP lidar onboard the CALIPSO satellite offers a new capability for aerosol retrievals in cloudy skies. Validation of these retrievals is difficult, however, as independent, collocated and co-temporal data sets are generally not available. In this paper, we evaluate CALIOP aerosol products above opaque water clouds by applying multiple retrieval techniques to CALIOP Level 1 profile data and comparing the results. This approach allows us to both characterize the accuracy of the CALIOP above-cloud aerosol optical depth (AOD) and develop an error budget that quantifies the relative contributions of different error sources. We focus on two spatial domains: the African dust transport pathway over the tropical North Atlantic and the African smoke transport pathway over the southeastern Atlantic. Six years of CALIOP observations (2007–2012) from the northern hemisphere summer and early fall are analyzed. The analysis is limited to cases where aerosol layers are located above opaque water clouds so that a constrained retrieval technique can be used to directly retrieve 532 nm aerosol optical depth and lidar ratio. For the moderately dense Sahara dust layers detected in the CALIOP data used in this study, the mean/median values of the lidar ratios derived from a constrained opaque water cloud (OWC) technique are 45.1/44.4 ± 8.8 sr, which are somewhat larger than the value of 40 ± 20 sr used in the CALIOP Level 2 (L2) data products. Comparisons of CALIOP L2 AOD with the OWC-retrieved AOD reveal that for nighttime conditions the L2 AOD in the dust region is underestimated on average by ~26% (0.183 vs. 0.247). Examination of the error sources indicates that errors in the L2 dust AOD are primarily due to using a lidar ratio that is somewhat too small. The mean/median lidar ratio retrieved for smoke is 70.8/70.4 ± 16.2 sr, which is consistent with the modeled value of 70 ± 28 sr used in the CALIOP L2 retrieval. Smoke AOD is found to be underestimated, on average, by ~39% (0.191 vs. 0.311). The primary cause of AOD differences in the smoke transport region is the tendency of the CALIOP layer detection scheme to prematurely assign layer base altitudes and thus underestimate the geometric thickness of smoke layers.
Adenovirus Serotype 30 Fiber Does Not Mediate Transduction via the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor

Prior work by members of our laboratory and others demonstrated that adenovirus serotype 30 (Ad30), a group D adenovirus, exhibited novel transduction characteristics compared to those of serotype 5 (Ad5, belonging to group C). While some serotype D adenoviruses bind to the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR), the ability of Ad30 fiber to bind CAR is unknown. We amplified and purified Ad30 and cloned the Ad30 fiber by overlap PCR. Alignment of Ad30 fiber with Ad3, Ad35, Ad5, Ad9, and Ad17 revealed that Ad30, like Ad9 and Ad17, has a shortened fiber sequence relative to that of Ad5. The knob region of fiber was 45% identical to that of the Ad5 knob regions. We made a chimeric recombinant virus (Ad5GFPf30) in which the Ad5 fiber (amino acids [aa]47 to 582) was replaced with Ad30 fiber sequences (aa 46 to 372), and CAR-mediated viral entry was determined on CAR-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. While CAR expression significantly increased Ad5GFP-mediated transduction in CHO cells (from 1 to 36%), it did not enhance Ad5GFPf30 gene transfer. Binding of radiolabeled Ad5GFPf30 or Ad30 wild-type virus was also not improved by the expression of CAR. These results suggest that Ad30 fiber is distinct from Ad5, Ad9, and Ad17 fibers in its inability to direct transduction via CAR.
The impact of conditions associated with maternal employment on the diet quality of young children

Questionnaire and dietary intake data from employed mothers with pre-school children were examined to discern the effects of employment-related conditions on the diet quality of preschool children. These conditions included role satisfaction of the mother, household support and perceived quality of child care. Multivariate analysis showed few effects of these conditions on diet quality. Role satisfaction was positively correlated with dietary fat intake and maternal education level was negatively correlated with calcium intake. Overall, this study showed that working mothers were able to provide a sound diet for their children regardless of their numerous responsibilities.