cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-resolved loading of monomers into bilayers with different curvature.

Directed assembly of nanostructures within temporary and recyclable self-assembled scaffolds is emerging as an attractive method for the synthesis of nanomaterials with programmed properties. Understanding interactions of building blocks with amphiphilic scaffolds is critical for rational design of new nanostructures and nanodevices. Here we examine loading of hydrophobic monomers into bilayers with different curvatures. Time-resolved loading was studied by high performance liquid chromatography and dynamic light scattering. Despite differences in initial bilayer geometry, loading rates and maximum bilayer capacity are the same for liposomes with radii ranging from 25 to 100 nm. When using divinylbenzene (DVB) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), monomer/lipid loading ratio of 1.2 was achieved within 12 hours. While accommodation of a large amount of monomers is likely to be accompanied with significant changes in bilayer structure, all liposomes in this study including those with smallest size and higher bilayer curvature retain encapsulated content and show no evidence of fusion during monomer loading. These results contribute to our understanding of interactions between hydrophobic molecules and lipid bilayers and expand the scope of the directed assembly method.
Liquor Is Quicker Gender and Social Learning Among College Students

Akers’s Social Structure-Social Learning Theory (SS-SL) has recently been criticized for dealing with social structural factors as exogenous variables rather than integrating them into propositions...
Computational efficiency of the hybrid penalty-pseudocompressibility method for incompressible flow

Abstract Ramshaw and Mesina have combined the penalty (P) and the pseudocompressibility (PC) methods for the solution of transient incompressible flow problems and have shown that the combined or hybrid method is much superior to either the P or PC method alone. The question remains, however, whether this new method is an improvement over standard (implicit) methods. The two are difficult to compare fairly because, for instance, there appears to be no way to control the error a priori with the hybrid method. For this purpose therefore, we have introduced a method of solving the hybrid method to within a specified error, and also a method of subcycling the rapidly-varying terms. This makes the hybrid method directly comparable to standard implicit methods of solving the incompressible flow equations. We find that the hybrid method is still inferior with regard to computational work to methods based on conjugate gradients, and this conclusion appears to hold independently of mesh resolution.
Coalescence in subcritical Bellman-Harris age-dependent branching processes

We consider a continuous-time, single-type, age-dependent Bellman-Harris branching process. We investigate the limit distribution of the point process A(t)={a t,i : 1≤ i≤ Z(t)}, where a t,i is the age of the ith individual alive at time t, 1≤ i≤ Z(t), and Z(t) is the population size of individuals alive at time t. Also, if Z(t)≥ k, k≥2, is a positive integer, we pick k individuals from those who are alive at time t by simple random sampling without replacement and trace their lines of descent backward in time until they meet for the first time. Let D k(t) be the coalescence time (the death time of the last common ancestor) of these k random chosen individuals. We study the distribution of D k(t) and its limit distribution as t→∞.
POSTPOLLINATION PHENOMENA IN ORCHID FLOWERS. V. PARTICIPATION BY THE ROSTELLUM AND GYNOSTEMIUM TIP

A B S T R A C T Removal of the rostellum following pollination does not prevent stigmatic closure in Cymbidium flowers and has a minimal effect on straightening of the gynostemium (column). However, this treatment does depress anthocyanin levels in both gynostemia and labella. Excision of the rostellum 30 or 60 min after pollination has a more pronounced effect than removal after 150 min. Stigmatic closure is not inhibited by removal of the gynostemium tip, but column swelling is reduced. These findings are discussed relative to rostellar functions and theories regarding their origin.
The photochemistry of 1,2-cyclobutanedione in the gas phase

The gas phase photochemistry of 1,2-cyclobutanedione (CBD) has been studied for the first time at five wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm, at which it is excited to its first π* « n+, 1B1 « 1 A1 excited state. Major products were CO and C2H4, and a simple primary disssociation is indicated: In the initial stages of the photolysis [C2H4] < 0.5[CO], and it is suggested that a second primary process occurs, in which X is tentatively identified as cyclopropanone, which is lost by secondary decomposition and polymerization. Quantum yields of C2H4 were measured and varied from about 0.7 to 1.0, increasing with decreasing wavelength. The addition of CO2 reduced the yields of C2H4, and pressures for 50% quenching between 300 and 800 Torr were measured, increasing with decreasing wavelength. Fluorescence was also observed from the system; relative quantum yields were measured which decreased at the shorter wavelengths. An emission spectrum is reported, excited at 488.0 nm. Oxygen had a small quenching effect on the emission, which appears to be singlet rather than triplet emission. A low resolution absorption spectrum is also reported, and shows complex sharp vibrational structure. Mechanisms are suggested for the photolysis and the light emission, and comparisons are made with glyoxal and cyclobutanone.
Proton-detected heteronuclear edited and correlated nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear Overhauser effect in solution

The proton has been the nucleus of choice for NMR studies of macromolecules because it is ubiquitous; it provides the highest sensitivity; its resonances can be identified with types of amino and nucleic acids by means of experiments utilizing proton spin-spin interaction and chemical shift; and, most important, proton NMR yields distance information via the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). Many of these advantages are lost for larger biopolymers (molecular weight more than 15 kDa) for which the line width is considerably greater than the proton-proton spin-spin interaction. The spin-spin interaction is then useless or difficult to use for assignment; and furthermore the proton line width and the number of proton resonances both increase in proportion to the molecular weight, thereby increasing the problem of resonance overlap to an intolerable degree.
Displacing Disney: Some notes on the flow of culture

This article presents a comparative reading of the theme parks Disneyland, DisneyWorld, Tokyo Disneyland, and (in brief) EuroDisney. The aim is to explore how an explicitly American product flows across distinct cultural boundaries. The park itself is treated as a source of “cultural experience” for those who pay to wander about its grounds and partake of its attractions. The meaning of this cultural experience depends however on the social context in which it occurs and — despite corporate claims to the contrary — is anything but universal.
Defensible Space Undefended: Social Factors in Crime Control Through Environmental Design

The notion that crime can be prevented through environmental design is a recent and promising idea emerging from the fields of architecture and urban planning. However, despite intriguing correlations between crime rates and features of building design, we understand little about the social processes which induce residents to intervene to stop crimes and disorderly behavior in the spaces around them. This article investigates the conditions under which residents of an American inner-city housing project act and fail to act to defend both architecturally defensible and undefensible spaces. Because of the fragmented social fabric, even architecturally defensible spaces here are undefended.
Design of a networked robotic system capable of enhancing wireless communication capabilities

In this paper, we present the design of a networked robotic system capable of enhancing wireless communication capabilities. The core of the system is active antenna tracking with directional antennas. The proposed system is decentralized and consists mainly of a mobile robot system and a command center system. Each system is equipped with off-the-shelf network devices such as antennas, access points (AP), and network switches. For directional antennas to be beneficial to our system, we propose a weighted centroid algorithm (WCA), which is a method for active antenna tracking and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation. Through extensive field experiments in different environments and with different antenna selections, such as omni-to-omni, omni-to-directional, directional-to-directional antennas, we demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed system. We expect that our system can be applied in a variety of rescue, surveillance, and emergency scenarios where high bandwidth and long distance communications are needed.
Maximizing Throughput for Queries over Streaming Sensor Data

Sensors are becoming ubiquitous, and increasingly integrated with our lives. Sensors usually send sampled data periodically using wireless connections to server machines. The servers perform various operations (e.g. filter, aggregate, join etc) on this data in real-time according to predefined queries or rules. In this paper, we address the problem of finding an optimal join tree that maximizes throughput for sliding window based multi-join queries over continuous sensor data streams. We develop a dynamic programming algorithm OptDP, that produces an optimal tree but runs in an exponential time in the number of input streams. We then present a polynomial time greedy algorithm XGreedyJoin. Our experiments in ARES show that for almost all instances, trees from XGreedyJoin perform close to the optimal trees from OptDP, and significantly better than existing XJoin based heuristic algorithms.
Does inflammation after stroke affect the developing brain differently than adult brain

The immature brain is prone to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and stroke. The incidence of arterial stroke in newborns is similar to that in the elderly. However, the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury is profoundly affected by age at the time of the insult. Necrosis is a dominant type of neuronal cell death in adult brain, whereas widespread neuronal apoptosis is unique for the early postnatal synaptogenesis period. The inflammatory response, in conjunction with excitotoxic and oxidative responses, is the major contributor to ischemic injury in both the immature and adult brain, but there are several areas where these responses diverge. We discuss the contribution of various inflammatory mechanisms to injury and repair after cerebral ischemia in the context of CNS immaturity. In particular, we discuss the role of lower expression of selectins, a more limited leukocyte transmigration, undeveloped complement pathways, a more rapid microglial activation, differences in cytokine and chemokine interplay, and a different threshold to oxidative stress in the immature brain. We also discuss differences in activation of intracellular pathways, especially nuclear factor κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Finally, we discuss emerging data on both the supportive and adverse roles of inflammation in plasticity and repair after stroke.
Cognition and emotion from the ret viewpoint

This article discusses the considerable overlap between my own (R. S. Lazarus) and Albert Ellis' cognitive view of emotions. In discussing Ellis' approach, the hallmarks of a cognitive theory of emotion are identified. My own theory concerning the role of cognitive appraisal and coping in emotions is discussed as well as the crucial metatheoretical concepts of transaction and process. It is stretching things to say that Albert Ellis has presented a fully elaborated theory of emotion. Rather, he has achieved the beginnings of a good theory especially as applied to the pathology of emotional life and how to correct it. Most lacking is how the emotion process works from encounter to encounter, moment to moment. Irrational beliefs as structural, static variables do not adequately account for emotional flux nor adequately explain the content and intensities of the full range of positive and negative emotions.
World Economic Cycles and Central American Political Instability

This article explores the parameters of choice available to small developing countries within the constraints imposed by the international economic system. Its thesis is that, since the 1930s, world economic recessions have helped accelerate waves of social discontent, political instability, and repression within the Central American nations. It concludes that international economic crisis was a necessary but not sufficient condition to exacerbate political instability in all countries. The thesis was supported in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama (which entered the 1930s with traditional authoritarian regimes) and rejected for Costa Rica (which began with a democratic regime). The article also discusses the dynamics of leadership transfer in the region and makes policy recommendations about how to minimize the negative impact of world economic cycles on small countries.
THE NUCLEIC ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

Both ribonucleic and desoxyribonucleic acids have been obtained from purified particles of PR8 influenza virus. These particles were also found by extraction with formamide to contain carbohydrate in addition to that of the nucleic acids. Carbohydrate-rich fractions, essentially devoid of nucleic acid, were obtained not only from the particles representing PR8 virus but from those of Lee influenza virus as well. The carbohydrate in each case appeared to be a polysaccharide composed of mannose, galactose, and glucosamine units.
Reducing Systemic Risk Through the Reform of Capital Regulation

Capital requirements are a key element in containing systemic risk. This article argues that the market needs to play a more significant role in determining these requirements. The Basel process has a bad track record and there are inherent methodological and political difficulties in a group of regulators, particularly an international one, determining the appropriate amount of capital for a given risk. An added role for the market depends, however, on fuller disclosure by banks of their risks and minimization of the moral hazard created by bailouts, so creditors and counterparties bear a fuller measure of the risk. Oxford University Press 2010, all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.
The Just War Tradition: Restraint on the Use of Force or Partner in Crime?

Just War and International Order: The Uncivil Condition in World Politics. By Nicholas Rengger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 220 pp., $25.94 (ISBN-13: 978-1-107-64474-8). Nicholas Rengger's Just War and International Order: The Uncivil Condition in World Politics is a masterful work of scholarship in which the author develops a counterintuitive argument that the just war tradition (JWT) has become complicit in the expanding use of violence that characterizes the international system. The JWT is widely viewed as a constraint on the use of force because it treats the use of force as just only under particular conditions and only if utilized in particular ways. Rengger's broad and sophisticated intellectual history calls this widely held belief into question with his contention that the JWT has developed in a way that authorizes an expanding scope of violence. Rengger is not the first to claim that the world is gripped by increasing violence. Many others have made similar claims and some have argued that this increasing use of force is just in response to humanitarian crisis or, in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, as part of a crusade against terrorism. Rengger does not reject these claims about the frequency of violence in the international system, though he does disagree with the causes to which this violence is often attributed. Instead of endorsing the idea that the international system has changed post-9/11, he locates the source of this increasing permissiveness in a tension between two distinct concepts of the state. Drawing on Oakeshott (⇓), he identifies …
Neonatal Hotline Telephone Network

By simplifying the process by which telephone contacts are made, improved communications were established between a university-affiliated newborn intensive care center and some of the community hospital nurseries that it serves as a regional resource. Initiation of the improved system of communications was associated with a significant improvement in the survival of infants transferred from the community hospitals to the regional care facility.
Real-time evolution of neural networks in the NERO video game

A major goal for AI is to allow users to interact with agents that learn in real time, making new kinds of interactive simulations, training applications, and digital entertainment possible. This paper describes such a learning technology, called real-time NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies (rtNEAT), and describes how rtNEAT was used to build the NeuroEvolving Robotic Operatives (NERO) video game. This game represents a new genre of machine learning games where the player trains agents in real time to perform challenging tasks in a virtual environment. Providing laymen the capability to effectively train agents in real time with no prior knowledge of AI or machine learning has broad implications, both in promoting the field of AI and making its achievements accessible to the public at large.
Phosrestin I undergoes the earliest light-induced phosphorylation by a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in drosophila photoreceptors

Abstract Activation of PI-PLC initiates two independent branches of protein phosphorylation cascades catalyzed by either PKC or Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK). We find that phosrestin I (PRI), a Drosophila homolog of vertebrate photoreceptor arrestin, undergoes light-induced phosphorylation on a subsecond time scale which is faster than that of any other protein in vivo. We determine that a CaMK activity is responsible for in vitro PRI phosphorylation at Ser 366 in the C-terminal tryptic segment, MetLysSer(P)IIeGIuGInHisArg, in which Ser(P) represents phosphoserine 366 . We also demonstrate that Ser366 is the phosphorylation site of PRI in vivo by identifying the molecular species resulting from in-gel tryptic digestion of purified phospho-PRI using HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectroscopy. From these data, we conclude that the CaMK pathway, not the PKC pathway, is responsible for the earliest protein phosphorylation event following activation of PI-PLC in living Drosophila photoreceptors.
Determinants of moral distress in medical and surgical nurses at an adult acute tertiary care hospital.

Aim To determine the prevalence and contributing factors of moral distress in medical and surgical nurses. Background Moral distress from ethical conflicts in the work environment is associated with burnout and job turnovers in nurses. Method A prospective cross-sectional survey using the Moral Distress Scale tool was administered to medical and surgical nurses at an adult acute tertiary care hospital. Results The survey was completed by 260 nurses (92% response rate). The intensity of moral distress was uniformly high to situations related to physician practice, nursing practice, institutional factors, futile care, deception and euthanasia. Encounter frequencies for situations associated with futile care and deceptions were particularly high. Encounter frequencies increased with years of nursing experience and caring for oncology and transplant patients. Conclusion Moral distress is common among nurses in acute medical and surgical units and can be elicited from different types of situations encountered in the work environment. Nursing experience exacerbated the intensity and frequency of moral distress. Implications for nursing management Strategies aimed to minimize exposure to situations of moral distress and augment mechanisms mitigating its effect on nurses are necessary to enhance job satisfaction and retention.
Evaluating connectivity between marine protected areas using CODAR high-frequency radar

To investigate the connectivity between central California marine protected areas (MPAs), back-projections were calculated using the network of high-frequency (HF) radar ocean surface current mapping stations operated along the California coast by the member institutions of the Coastal Ocean Currents Monitoring Program with funding provided by California voters through Propositions 40 & 50 and administered by the State Coastal Conservancy. Trajectories of 1 km resolution grids of water particles were back-projected from ten MPAs each hour, out through 40 days in the past, from each day in 2008, producing a map of where surface waters travel over a 40-day period to reach the MPAs — and visualizations of the length of time the waters travel along these paths. By comparing the travel times of those back-projected track-points that crossed between MPA regions, the connection time between MPAs along the State's central coast was assessed. Repeating these calculations resulted in a connectivity matrix between the MPAs in the region, and may be useful for assessing connectivity for the important invertebrate and fish larvae that are restricted to the surface ocean during a fraction of their lifecycle.
The design of an object-oriented command interpreter

Object-oriented programming languages are noted for their ability to allow users quickly to construct large software systems. They achieve this ability by allowing the programmer to concentrate on what it is they want to do, ignoring details of how that functionality is achieved. Such characteristics should make the object-oriented style of programming attractive to casual or novice computer users, indeed one of the best known object-oriented programming languages, Smalltalk, was initially designed with just such novice users in mind. The Unix operating system is widely regarded as a good environment for doing software development. Nevertheless, its large number of often terse and cryptic commands make it difficult for novice or casual users to use. In this paper we argue that one solution is to create an object-oriented command interpreter, or shell, between the user and the underlying system. This paper reports on the construction of one such prototype shell, and the lessons we have learned from the use of this system.
Coding for Reliable On-Chip Buses: A Class of Fundamental Bounds and Practical Codes

A reliable high-speed bus employing low-swing signaling can be designed by encoding the bus to prevent crosstalk and provide error correction. Coding for on-chip buses requires additional bus wires and codec circuits. In this paper, fundamental bounds on the number of wires required to provide joint crosstalk avoidance and error correction using memoryless codes are presented. The authors propose a code construction that results in practical codec circuits with the number of wires being within 35% of the fundamental bounds. When applied to a 10-mm 32-bit bus in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology with low-swing signaling, one of the proposed codes provides 2.14times speedup and 27.5% energy savings at the cost of 2.1times area overhead, but without any loss in reliability
Improved Performance of a Thylakoid Bio-Solar Cell by Incorporation of Carbon Quantum Dots

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were incorporated into thylakoid bioanodes capable of direct photobioelectrocatalysis in order to increase the photocurrent generation. More thylakoids are in contact with the increased surface area which allows for greater direct electron transfer (DET). Additionally, the fluorescent quantum dots redshift the light which allows for the thylakoid/CQD electrodes to use more of the solar spectrum, increasing the photocurrent. The current density was more than twice as large when CQDs were
GENERAL LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN POST WORLD WAR II AMERICA: A SUMMARY OF TRENDS*

There has been a general shift towards liberalism during the post World War II period. A plurality of attitude trends have moved in the liberalism direction. There is, however, some evidence that this liberal shift has weakened, but not reversed during the last decade. Topical disaggregation show that the liberal movement has not been uniform across subjects. Attitudes towards abortions, civil liberties, race relations, and religion have moved most consistently in the liberal direction while crime/violence and spending/taxation items have showed more conservative trends. The main causes of the general liberalism trend were modernization and liberal idealism assisted by the New Deal Realignment and institutional leadership. The main countervailing forces to liberalism were found to be stagflation, taxation level, and crime. Despite the waning of liberalism in recent years there is no evidence to support the idea that most liberal advances over the past four decades will be reversed in the immediate future.
Affective, but hardly effective: a reply to Gauvin and Rejeski (2001)

Background and purpose: This paper is a reply to Gauvin and Rejeski’s rebuttal (Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2 (2001) 73) of a previously published conceptual and methodological critique (Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2 (2001) 1) of the Exercise-induced Feeling Inventory (EFI; J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 15 (1993) 403). Methods: Our responses focus on (a) issues regarding scientific debates, (b) the necessity of psychometric scrutiny, (c) the ongoing search for a definition of ‘‘exercise-induced feeling states,’’ (d) concerns regarding the underrepresentation of the intended domain of content of the EFI and its appropriate uses, (e) the implications of inductive and deductive scale development, (f) several methodological issues, (g) the value of a circumplex model for exercise psychology research, and (h) the compatibility of categorical and dimensional models of affect. Results and conclusions: We maintain that the most important issues raised in the original critique of the EFI, such as the definition, the demarcation, and the structure of its intended domain of content, were not addressed in Gauvin and Rejeski’s rejoinder and remain unclear. Researchers are urged to contemplate the theoretical bases and to scrutinize the psychometric data of the available measures before making their selection. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Brane worlds in 5D and warped compactifications in IIB

In computing potentials for moduli in, for instance, type IIB string theory in the presence of fluxes and branes a factorisable ansatz for the ten-dimensional metric is usually made. We investigate the validity of this ansatz by examining the cosmology of a brane world in a five-dimensional bulk and find that it contradicts the results obtained by using a factorisable ansatz. We explicitly identify the problem with the latter in the IIB case. These arguments support our previous work on this question.
Trichogramma releases in North Carolina cotton: why releases fail to suppress heliothine pests.

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the fate of naturally oviposited F3 heliothine eggs in cotton plots treated with augmentative releases of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner and nontreated plots. Four cohorts of newly oviposited eggs (<24 h old) were followed in 1996 and two cohorts in 1997. In 1996, mean ± SD percent parasitism, estimated by in-field studies following the fate of naturally oviposited eggs, ranged from 7 ± 7 to 61 ± 8% in T. exiguum release plots and 0 ± 0 to 35 ± 13% in control plots. The mean ± SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 1 ± 2 to 11 ± 4% and 7 ± 4 to 28 ± 10% in control plots. In 1997, mean ± SD percent egg parasitism ranged from 27 ± 4 to 40 ± 3% in T. exiguum release plots and 15 ± 18 to 25 ± 8% in control plots. The mean ± SD percent of eggs hatched in T. exiguum release plots ranged from 7 ± 3 to 12 ± 2% and 18 ± 6 to 28 ± 8% in control plots. Despite increased parasitism and reduced egg hatch in T. exiguum release plots, overall, there was no significant difference in larval density (all instars combined) between T. exiguum release and control plots. Combined analysis of the heliothine larval populations and egg fate data revealed that the additional egg mortality produced by released T. exiguum was offset by lower larval mortality in release plots. Because of the occurrence of compensatory mortality, the egg stage of heliothines is not an appropriate target for biological control using Trichogramma wasp releases.
Nosocomial infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalised for tuberculosis

Background The interaction between tuberculosis and HIV-infected infection is well known and is responsible for the increase in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in sub-Saharan Africa over the last decade. This places a considerable extra burden on health services. The Brooklyn Hospital for Chest Diseases (BCH) is a non-acute TB hospital for the City of Cape Town, South Africa. The hospital has 60 children’s beds and approximately 140 paediatric admissions annually. This study, undertaken before the availability of antiretroviral drugs in the public sector in South Africa, documents the occurrence of nosocomial infections in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children at BCH.
Conservative Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Single-Center Experience with 100 Patients

AbstractFrom January 1956 March 1987., 100 patients underwent a conservative (parenchymasparing) operation as curative treatment for renal cell carcinoma at our clinic. This series includes 56 patients with bilateral (28 synchronous and 28 asynchronous) and 44 with unilateral renal cell carcinoma; in the latter category the contralateral kidney was either absent or nonfunctioning (17 patients), functionally impaired (17), involved with a benign disease process (6) or normal (4). The pathological tumor stage was I in 75 patients, II in 9, III in 10 and IV in 6. A nephron-sparing operation was performed in situ in 86 patients and ex vivo in 14.Postoperatively, 93 patients experienced immediate function of the operated kidney, while 7 required dialysis (4 temporary and 3 permanent). The incidence of dialysis was greater after ex vivo than in situ surgery (p equals 0.0005). The mean postoperative serum creatinine level in 97 patients with renal function was 1.7 mg. per dl. (range 0.9 to 4.6 mg. per dl.).The o...
HKcαEncodes Ouabain-insensitive H,K-ATPase in Surface Cells of Rat Distal Colon

The mammalian colon has an important role in total body K homeostasis. The importance of colonic K movement in both subjects and experimental animals with normal renal function and normal dietary intake of sodium and potassium is modest; but in the presence of reduced renal function (e.g., anephric patients on hemodialysis) and during variation of dietary K intake, the colon adapts and become an important site for both K absorption and secretion. Although under normal conditions there is net K secretion in the large intestine that occurs via both potential-dependent and active transport mechanisms, the colon is capable of both active K secretion and active K absorption. Further, these active K transport mechanisms are modified by the dietary K status of the organism.
Automating the Process of Taxonomy Creation and Comparison of Taxonomy Structures

The ability to automatically extract information from the footnotes of financial statements simplifies access to critical information concerning public companies. However, extraction can be particularly challenging due to great variations in the filing structure and terminologies used. Hierarchical formalization of text becomes a necessity in such circumstances. This is facilitated by the creation of a valid taxonomy. The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to develop a semiautomatic method of taxonomy creation; (2) to compare the structure of the taxonomy created with the XBRL US GAAP taxonomy and (3) to demonstrate how the tool developed as a part of this process can be used for more exploratory research. Pension plan footnotes of 10K statements have been used to demonstrate the use of this method. To create a taxonomy, we first collected 10K statements from SEC EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval) then extracted pension footnotes, and restructured the data. We then applied the Hierarchical clustering algorithm to this data to create the taxonomy structure. Comparison of the taxonomy developed with the XBRL taxonomy reveals some differences. In general the reporting trends of companies reveal a greater level of aggregation. Pension footnote structures of forty five randomly selected companies were compared across ten years. Several instances were found where the company has added new terms or a completely new section to the footnote or a term is missing. The contribution of this paper are: (i) a method to formalize and partially automate the complex and time consuming process of taxonomy creation using historical data has been proposed; (ii) a generic parsing tool as a part of the taxonomy creation process is developed; (iii) structural differences between the official XBRL US GAAP taxonomy and taxonomy using historical data are demonstrated (iv) potential use of the parsing and matching tool for other exploratory research in accounting is shown.
The Experience of Oneness: The Components of the Void in J. M. G. Le ClÉZio with Correspondences in Architecture

Contemplation, meditation, reflection, life and death are continuing themes in the stories of J. M. G. Le Clezio. In his books, Le Clezio poses innumerable questions and explores answers about the human condition through his characters‐ experiential journeys in the world. His quest for understanding human existence and for discovering liberation through Buddhism was the subject of his novels written in 1966 while he taught at the Buddhist University of Bangkok and thereafter.
Ligand redox activity and mixed valency in first-row transition-metal complexes containing tetrachlorocatecholate and radical tetrachlorosemiquinonate ligands.

Ligand noninnocence occurs for complexes composed of redox-active ligands and metals, with frontier orbitals of similar energy. Usually methods of analysis can be used to define the charge distribution, and cases where the metal oxidation state and ligand charge are unclear are unusual. Ligands derived from o-benzoquinones can bond with metals as radical semiquinonates (SQ•–) or as catecholates (Cat2–). Spectroscopic, magnetic, and structural properties can be used to assess the metal and ligand charges. With the redox activity at both the metal and ligands, reversible multicomponent redox series can be observed using electrochemical methods. Steps in the series may occur at either the ligand or metal, and ligand substituent effects can be used to tune the range of ligand-based redox steps. Complexes that appear as intermediates in a ligand-based redox series may contain both SQ and Cat ligands “bridged” by the metal as mixed-valence complexes. Properties reflect the strength of metal-mediated interligand...
Iatrogenic Placement of a Tenckhoff Catheter in the Bladder of a Diabetic Patient After Penectomy

AbstractThe placement of permanent peritoneal catheters for dialysis of patients with renal failure is safe and has been popular since its modification by Tenckhoff. The majority of complications associated with these catheters are infectious in nature, manifesting as peritonitis or insertion site skin infections. Occasionally, serious complications may occur. We report the iatrogenic placement of a Tenckhoff catheter in the bladder of a penectomized patient. Consideration to this surgically altered lower genitourinary tract may have avoided this rare complication as well as aided in the postoperative management of this patient.
Mixed Methods Papers in First-Person and Third-Person: Writing Voices in Dialogue:

While writing from a qualitative tradition often occurs in first person and from a quantitative tradition often occurs in third person, the pros and cons of voice in mixed methods research needs consideration. This article argues for more inclusion of the first-person in such writing, particularly as evidence for the researcher’s claims, as a way to triangulate and corroborate perspectives from a Bakhtinian dialogic theoretical framework. This article presents a discussion of the first- and third-person styles in academic writing and the effect of each on the reader. Additionally, there are dialectic and complementary justifications for such use of different perspectives within a mixed methods piece, as each style dialogues with the other, compensating for the other’s shortfalls. Such a style of writing is imperative because it brings both distance and familiarity, presenting a more complete understanding of the mixed methods research and the phenomenon investigated.
The Knowledge-Related Confidence Effects of a Marketing Simulation Game

Computerized simulation games are becoming increasingly popular in marketing programs and in business school curricula in general. Unfortunately, empirical evidence concerning the impact of this method of instruction is contradictory. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the impact of complex business games played over a long time period. This paper reports the preliminary results of an empirical investigation of the impact of a complex business simulation which focuses on product management decisions over eight simulated years. Preliminary analysis suggests that participants' confidence in applying learned marketing concepts and tools to real-world situations increases significantly due to participation in the simulation.
Electrospun Scaffolds: Enhanced Lineage-Specific Differentiation Efficiency of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Engineering Colony Dimensionality Using Electrospun Scaffolds (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 12/2016).

Electrospun scaffolds provide soft nanofibrous networks pliable by human induced pluripotent stem cells. J. Nam and co-workers show on page 1408 that such compliant scaffolding leads to the formation of stem cell colonies with a distinctive three-dimensional morphology. The morphological modulation resulted in the lineage-specific differentiation, suggesting a potential means to enhance translational applications of the stem cells.
HLA expression by benign and malignant prostatic epithelium : augmentation by interferon-gamma

Chronic prostatitis is a poorly understood entity that is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of benign prostatic epithelium. Previously, we and others have shown that prostatic epithelium involved by prostatitis is phenotypically different from uninvolved epithelium. In addition, we have shown that malignant prostatic epithelium is rarely, if ever, infiltrated by lymphocytes. We now report that benign prostatic epithelium expresses HLA-DR only in the presence of lymphocytic inflammation, and that benign epithelium without chronic prostatitis and malignant prostatic epithelium do not express HLA-DR. In order to determine whether HLA-DR expression is inducible on malignant prostatic epithelium and therefore, at least theoretically, susceptible to immune regulation, we studied the DU-145 cell line in culture under various conditions. DU-145 cells did not express HLA-DR under routine culture conditions. However, the addition of interferon-gamma (100 to 6000 U/ml.) resulted in HLA-DR expression by DU-145 cells at 24 hours with maximal expression by 72 hours. In contrast, other cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-2) had no effect on HLA-DR expression. These investigations show that interferon-gamma induces HLA-DR expression on the DU-145 prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line, raising the theoretical possibility that malignant prostatic cells may be induced in vivo to express HLA-DR and thus become susceptible to immune regulation.
Development of Design Judgment in Instructional Design: Perspectives from Instructors, Students, and Instructional Designers

This chapter covers the findings of an exploratory qualitative study that investigates understanding of design judgment as part of design character in the instructional design (ID) field and how ID instructors address and value development of design judgment in their students. This study represents an empirical exploration of ideas that are beginning to be acknowledged as critical, both in the field of ID and in multiple design fields where design-based research is practiced and design theory is therefore growing in relevance. The study data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ID instructors, students, and professionals. The findings suggest that even though it is not a commonly used construct in ID, design judgment is a critical ID competency that should be developed early on in novice designers. The five major ways in which instructors address development of design judgment are also discussed in this chapter.
I/sub DDQ/ testing for submicron CMOS IC technology qualification

Sandia is manufacturing high reliability CMOS ICs with a 0.5 micron CMP technology, as part of the progression to 0.35 micron and smaller scale technologies. To qualify this technology for delivery of high reliability ICs to customers for military, space, and commercial applications, a qualification program has been implemented that includes extensive loop testing. Two vehicles are being used for this qualification, a 256 K bit SRAM and a Microcontroller Core (MCC). Both of these ICs present unique loop testing challenges. This paper describes the methods used to successfully implement I/sub DDQ/ testing for these two types of ICs.
A Call for Better Toxics Policy Reform

After 40 years of lackadaisical regulation of toxic chemicals in the United States, on June 22, 2016, President Obama signedinto law an update of the loophole-riddled Toxic Substances Control Act o...
CRITIQUE – OF “AN APPROACH TO MEASURING LEACHING OF NITRATE FROM FREELY-DRAINED IRRIGATED FIELDS”

The approach presented by Pratt, Lund, and Rible appears excellent for placing into perspective the time required for leaching nitrate through soil. The amount of nitrate leaching can also be estimated, but in many cases the accuracy will be limited by sampling error and insufficient data regarding additions of nitrate and chloride. Although the nitrate leaching equation was developed for irrigated soils where irrigation water served as a chloride source, the procedure can also be applied to nonirrigated soils if a chloride source is added along with nitrogen applications.
Effects of social adversity and HIV on subcortical shape and neurocognitive function

The purpose of the current study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of social adversity (SA) and HIV infection on subcortical shape alterations and cognitive functions. Participants included HIV+ (n = 70) and HIV- (n = 23) individuals who underwent MRI, neurocognitive and clinical assessment, in addition to completing questionnaires from which responses were used to create an SA score. Bilateral amygdalae and hippocampi were extracted from T1-weighted images. Parametric statistical analyses were used to compare the radial distance of the structure surface to a median curve to determine the presence of localized shape differences as a function of HIV, SA and their interaction. Next, multiple regression was used to examine the interactive association between HIV and SA with cognitive performance data. An HIV*SA interactive effect was found on the shape of the right amygdala and left hippocampus. Specifically, HIV-infected participants (but not HIV-uninfected controls) who evidenced higher levels of SA displayed an inward deformation of the surface consistent with reduced volume of these structures. We found interactive effects of HIV and SA on learning/memory performance. These results suggest that HIV+ individuals may be more vulnerable to neurological and cognitive changes in the hippocampus and amygdala as a function of SA than HIV- individuals, and that SA indicators of childhood SES and perceived racial discrimination are important components of adversity that are associated with cognitive performance.
Predictive model for site specific simulation of ground motions based on earthquake scenarios

Summary A predictive stochastic model is developed based on regression relations that inputs a given earthquake scenario description and outputs seismic ground acceleration time histories at a site of interest. A bimodal parametric non-stationary Kanai-Tajimi (K-T) ground motion model lies at the core of the proposed predictive model. The functional forms that describe the temporal evolution of the K-T model parameters can effectively represent strong non-stationarities of the ground motion. Fully non-stationary ground motion time histories can be generated through the powerful Spectral Representation Method. A Californian subset of the available NGA-West2 database is used to develop and calibrate the predictive model. Samples of the model parameters are obtained by fitting the K-T model to the database records, and the resulting marginal distributions of the model parameters are efficiently described by standard probability models. The samples are translated to the standard normal space and linear random-effect regression models are established relating the transformed normal parameters to the commonly used earthquake scenario defining predictors: moment magnitude Mw, closest-to-site distance Rrup, and average shear-wave velocity VS30 at a site of interest. The random-effect terms in the developed regression models can effectively model the correlation among ground motions of the same earthquake event, in parallel to taking into account the location-dependent effects of each site. For validation purposes, simulated acceleration time histories based on the proposed predictive model are compared with recorded ground motions. In addition, the median and median plus/minus one standard deviation elastic response spectra of synthetic ground motions, pertaining to a variety of different earthquake scenarios, are compared to the associated response spectra computed by the NGA-West2 ground motion prediction equations and found to be in excellent agreement.
Educating for post-disaster sustainability efforts

Abstract Urgent sustainability problems call for accelerated and transformational change. Disasters can provide opportunities for accelerating such change towards sustainability by eliminating the impediments of “normal times,” but only if a new breed of change agents is able to seize these opportunities. However, current educational programs in sustainability and disaster risk management insufficiently prepare change agents for this challenging task. Recent reforms of curricula, institutional innovations, and actual experience from such change agents could be used to help design curricula that train students in seeing and seizing post-disaster opportunities for change towards sustainability. Linking sustainability education and disaster risk management education might be a co-benefit in the future.