cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a heat-stable protein activator of phosphorylase phosphatase

Phosphorylase phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase-1 [1] is believed to be regulated by: (i) Specific interaction of ligands with phosphorylase a; i.e.i by substrate directed-effects; (ii) Competition between phosphorylase and various other phosphoprotein substrates; (iii) Interaction of the phosphatase with heatstable inhibitors [2]. Two heat-stable inhibitors have been isolated from skeletal muscle, inhibitor-1 and inhibitor-2 [3-5]. Inhibitor-1 exists in an active phosphorylated form and an inactive dephosphorylated form [3,4]. The degree of phosphorylation of inhibitor-1 is under hormonal control [ 1 ]. While studying the heat-stable protein inhibitors of phosphorylase phosphatase from kidney, we have found an activator of phosphorylase phosphatase. To our knowledge such an activator has not been described. We have purified the heatstable protein activator from swine renal cortex 300-fold and have studied some of its properties. The activator stimulates phosphorylase phosphatase activity primarily by decreasing the Km of the enzyme for phosphorylase a.
A TSVD Analysis of Microwave Inverse Scattering for Breast Imaging

A variety of methods have been applied to the inverse scattering problem for breast imaging at microwave frequencies. While many techniques have been leveraged toward a microwave imaging solution, they are all fundamentally dependent on the quality of the scattering data. Evaluating and optimizing the information contained in the data are, therefore, instrumental in understanding and achieving optimal performance from any particular imaging method. In this paper, a method of analysis is employed for the evaluation of the information contained in simulated scattering data from a known dielectric profile. The method estimates optimal imaging performance by mapping the data through the inverse of the scattering system. The inverse is computed by truncated singular-value decomposition of a system of scattering equations. The equations are made linear by use of the exact total fields in the imaging volume, which are available in the computational domain. The analysis is applied to anatomically realistic numerical breast phantoms. The utility of the method is demonstrated for a given imaging system through the analysis of various considerations in system design and problem formulation. The method offers an avenue for decoupling the problem of data selection from the problem of image formation from that data.
4 February 1942: Its Causes and Its Influence on Egyptian Politics and on the Future of Anglo-Egyptian Relations, 1937-1945

The British military presence in Egypt established in 1882 ended on 27 July 1954 with an agreement providing for withdrawal of forces from the Suez Canal Zone within twenty months. The signing was a victory for Colonel Jamāl 'Abd al-Nāsir and a defeat for Anthony Eden who had sought to retain British forces on air bases within the Zone. British attempts to regularize their occupation of Egyptian territory after World War II in the face of nationalist demands had failed, its doom foretold with the advent of the officers’ regime which took over Egypt on 23 July 1952 and exiled Fārūq three days later.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis in transurethral surgery.

Various agents (ampicillin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporins, quinolones) have been tested to prevent infection after transurethral surgery and all appear to be appropriate. The fluoroquinolones with their unique pharmacokinetics, mode of action, and spectrum seem an excellent choice
Spontaneous trpY Mutants and Mutational Analysis of the TrpY Archaeal Transcription Regulator

Over 90% of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus mutants isolated as spontaneously resistant to 5-methyl tryptophan had mutations in trpY. Most were single-base-pair substitutions that identified separate DNA- and tryptophan-binding regions in TrpY. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that DNA binding was sufficient for TrpY repression of trpY transcription but that TrpY must bind DNA and tryptophan to assemble a complex that represses trpEGCFBAD.
Syncope in a Patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and Inducible Ventricular Fibrillation

The patient is a 16-year.old white girl with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, palpitations, and syncope. Seven months prior to refer- ral, she was evaluated for dizziness and headaches, and was noted to have ventricular preexcitation on her electrocardiogram . Holter monitoring disclosed only sinus tachycardia. She was treated with quinidine for several months without symptomatic improvement, so quinidine was discontinued and propranolol was substituted at a dose of6O mg three times daily. Her symptoms were improved until one week prior to referral, when she complained of some chest discomfort and palpitations, and passed out at school. The patient was witnessed to be unconScious for several minutes, but no cyanosis or seizure activity was noted. Her propranolol was stopped, and she was referred for evaluation. On physical examination her blood pressure was 112/70 Hg and her pulse rate was 76/min and regular. There was no jugular venous distention. Her lungs were clear to auscullation and percussion.
Sperm head morphology in 36 species of artiodactylans, perissodactylans, and cetaceans (Mammalia).

Detailed descriptions of mammalian sperm morphology across a range of closely related taxa are rare. Most contributions have been generalized descriptions of a few distantly related mammalian species. These studies have emphasized a generalized ungulate sperm morphology, but have not underscored several important morphological differences in ungulate sperm, such as head shape. The present study is the first to document descriptions of sperm head morphology using cold field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) for a large number of closely related mammalian species. In total, the sperm of 36 species in three orders: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates), Cetacea (whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) were examined to gather new information relevant to the debate about the phylogenetic placement of cetaceans relative to terrestrial ungulates. In all species examined, the sperm heads were generally flattened and ovate in shape with a distinct apical ridge, although considerable variation in sperm head shape was detected, both within and between orders. In artiodactylans, the sperm head was uniformly flat in lateral view, whereas perissodactylan and cetacean sperm heads showed a distinct posterior thickening. In both artiodactylans and perissodactylans, the mitochondria were elongate and wound in a tight helix around the midpiece, whereas in cetaceans the mitochondria were rounded and appeared to be randomly arranged around the midpiece. Additionally, prominent ridges running along the anterior–posterior axis were observed in the postacrosomal region of the sperm head in four species of cetaceans. These ridges were not observed in any of the terrestrial ungulates examined. Pits or fenestrations were detected in the postacrosomal region in most artiodactylan species examined; these structures were not detected in perissodactylans or cetaceans. The equatorial segment of the acrosome was detected in the artiodactylan species examined, tentatively identified in perissodactylans, but not found in cetaceans. Its shape and location are described for relevant taxa. The presence of a recently reported substructure within the equatorial segment (the equatorial subsegment; Ellis et al. [2002] J Struct Biol 138:187–198) was detected in artiodactylans, and its shape is described for the species examined. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the discrete analogues of continuous distributions

Abstract In this paper, a new method is proposed for generating discrete distributions. A special class of the distributions, namely, the T-geometric family contains the discrete analogues of continuous distributions. Some general properties of the T-geometric family of distributions are obtained. A member of the T-geometric family, namely, the exponentiated-exponential–geometric distribution is defined and studied. Various properties of the exponentiated-exponential–geometric distribution such as the unimodality, the moments and the probability generating function are discussed. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is proposed for estimating the model parameters. Three real data sets are used to illustrate the applications of the exponentiated-exponential–geometric distribution.
Speculative N-Way barriers

Speculative execution is an important technique that has historically been used to extract concurrency from sequential programs. While techniques to support speculation work well when computations perform relatively simple actions (e.g., reads and writes to known locations), understanding speculation for multi-threaded programs in which threads may communicate and synchronize through multiple shared references is significantly more challenging, and is the focus of this paper.We use as our reference point a simple higher-order concurrent language extended with an n-way barrier and a fork/join execution model. Our technique permits the expression guarded by the barrier to speculatively proceed before the barrier has been satisfied (i.e., before all threads that synchronize on that barrier have done so) and to have participating threads that would normally block on the barrier to speculatively proceed as well. Our solution formulates safety properties under which speculation is correct in a fork/join model, and per-synchronization basis.
Facilitated Dissociation of Protein from a Single DNA Binding Site

Protein-DNA interactions are central to chromosome compaction, defining the topology of chromatin, DNA repair, and gene regulation, and therefore control all aspects of cellular function. It is therefore important to understand the factors that regulate the dynamics of protein-DNA interactions since these factors will influence the dynamics of cellular processes. Previous single DNA studies involving the major nucleoid-associated protein Fis have shown that it stably binds 48.5 kb DNA in Fis-free buffer. However, protein in solution was found to accelerate the off-rate of Fis in a concentration dependent manner via an unknown mechanism. This effect has also recently been observed in a number of other cases suggesting its generality. It is unknown whether facilitated dissociation is an effect at the single binding site level or whether it involves protein clustering and/or cooperativity. Using single molecule fluorescence microscopy, we have measured the off-rate of Fis from 27bp dsDNAs, constituting individual Fis binding sites, and have observed facilitated exchange demonstrating an effect at the single binding site level. We have also found that the salt dependence of the off-rate is dramatically reduced when protein is in solution. This observation provides strong support for a simple microscopic theory that thermally excited, partial dissociation events lead to facilitated dissociation. In the absence of cooperativity, it is commonly assumed that finding the ratio of the off-rate to the on-rate constant will produce the same dissociation constant as finding the concentration of ligand for which half of the substrates are bound by ligand. However, if the off-rate is a function of protein concentration, this equivalence no longer holds. If facilitated exchange is found to be a general phenomenon, it will force a change in how we think about protein binding kinetics in biology.
Improved efficiency and normalization of somatic embryogenesis inTriticum aestivum (wheat)

Tissue cultures derived from the scutellum of immature embryos ofTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) gave rise to somatic embryos with a well-defined scutellum and coleoptile as well as one or more shoot primordia and a root primordium. The normal somatic embryos were formed from compact, white callus tissue which was not observed until 4 or more weeks after culture initiation. The highest frequency of white embryogenic tissue formation and the most normal embryoids were obtained in the dark on Murashige and Skoog's medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts plus sucrose (2%), inositol (100–200 mg/l), casein hydrolysate (100–200 mg/l), glutamine (500 mg/l), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1–2 mg/l).
Spectral calibrations of HICO data using atmospheric bands and radiance adjustment based on HICO and MODIS data comparisons

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO™) [1] instrument is now operating from a location on the Japanese Experiment Module-Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) on the International Space Station (ISS). HICO™ is a pushbroom sensor covering a spectral range between 0.35 and 1.08 micron with a spatial resolution of about 90 meter and a spectral sampling interval of 5.7 nanometer. The instrument is not equipped with radiometric and spectral calibration devices. Before shipping the HICO™ instrument to Japan to be launched on a Japanese HII-B rocket, spatial, spectral, and radiometric calibrations of the instrument were made in a calibration lab at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC. Based on the analysis of HICO data acquired from ISS/ we have observed that the wavelengths of the HICO channels are slightly changed in comparison with those from laboratory calibrations. We have used a spectrum matching technique [2] for adjusting wavelengths. Several atmospheric water vapor and oxygen absorption bands in the HICO data measured under the normal operation mode with a spectral sampling interval of approximately 5.7 nm are used for spectrum matching. Four extra-terrestrial solar lines in the HICO data with a spectral spacing of 1.7 nm are also used for spectrum matching. The spectrum matching technique is described in this paper. Also based on analysis of ISS HICO data, we have found that the radiances of ISS HICO data calibrated with the laboratory-based coefficients are smaller than expected by approximately 25%. We have adjusted the calibration coefficients based on comparing HICO data and MODIS data acquired over several desert areas. The vicarious calibration procedure for HICO radiometric calibrations is also described in this paper.
Relationship between microfilaria count and sensitivity of the direct smear for diagnosis of canine dirofilariosis.

Abstract Direct blood smear examination (using 0.05 ml of whole blood) detected 168 (80.9%) of 204 microfilaremic canine blood samples as determined by the modified Knott test for microfilariae (mff) of Dirofilaria immitis (using 1 ml of whole blood). Direct smear examination detected all of 134 microfilaremias greater than 50 mff ml −1 , but only 31 of 70 (44.3%) microfilaremias having less than 50 mff ml −1 . In a separate retrospective query of a database of 963 dogs with necropsy-confirmed heartworm infections, 834 (86.6%) were positive by the DiroCHEK heartworm antigen test, and 504 (52.3%) were microfilaremic by the modified Knott test. Only 2 (0.4%) of the microfilaremic dogs were DiroCHEK negative and another 18 (3.6%) were very weak positives. Although these microfilaremic dogs were not tested by direct smear, only one of the two DiroCHEK-negative and six of 18 weakly DiroCHEK-positive dogs had microfilaremias so low that a direct smear may have given a false negative result. Significant adverse reactions to either diethylcarbamazine or the macrolide endectocides have not been reported for microfilaremias less than 500 mff ml −1 , thus substitution of the direct smear for a concentration test for mff, such as the modified Knott test or membrane filtration, does not appear to increase the risk of an unexpected adverse reaction to heartworm prophylactic drugs. Such a substitution results in only a very slight decrease (on the order of 0.1%) in the overall sensitivity of heartworm screening, provided a test for mff is run concurrently with an antigen test. If a test for mff is the only screening test used, then substitution of a direct smear for a concentration test may decrease the sensitivity of heartworm screening by nearly 20%, depending on the prevalence of low level microfilaremias in the population of dogs tested.
New England coastal frontogenesis

New England coastal frontogenesis is investigated on the basis of individual and climatological case studies. The results suggest that differential friction plays the role of the synoptic scale geostrophic deformation in packing the isotherms together for this mesoscale boundary-layer frontal phenomenon. An initial temperature gradient must be present for the differential friction mechanism to be effective. Geostrophic deformation is incapable of initiating coastal frontogenesis while the maximum area of observed deformation coincides with the location of the developing front. Coastal frontogenesis is associated with a pronounced sea level cold anticyclone to the north and east of New England in all cases studied. Differential friction between the northerly inland flow and the more easterly onshore flow then sets up favourable shoreline deformation and convergence fields leading to frontogenesis in the presence of differential thermal stratification. The time scale for an order-of-magnitude increase in the horizontal temperature gradient appears to be one-half to one day depending upon the contribution of differential diabatic heating. The orientation of the New England shoreline is such as to favour frontogenesis across extreme eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. An axis of relatively high precipitation is noted just to the west of this favoured locale on the climatological charts, consistent with a thermally direct circulation about the front.
Performance of a non‐nuclear resonant frequency capacitance probe. II. Measurement of dryland crop water use

Abstract Resonant frequency capacitance techniques have been recently developed as a safe and reliable method for measuring water content of various materials. A previous study with a commercial capacitance probe (Troxler Sentry 200‐AP) showed it to be a safe, reliable, and a rapid method of in situ measurement of soil water content in the field provided it is calibrated for individual soils. Further testing of this resonant frequency capacitance probe was done to evaluate the performance of the probe by comparing results of field measured crop water use to those reported in similar studies using other methods of determining in situ soil water content in the field. These tests were done in two field experiments which were conducted during the summer of 1994 using corn and sorghum as the indicator crops. The experimental field was the same used to calibrate the capacitance probe in the previous study. Treatments consisted of three plant populations of corn and four plant populations in two cultivars of gra...
Fast and dynamic OLAP exploration using UDFs

OLAP is a set of database exploratory techniques to efficiently retrieve multiple sets of aggregations from a large dataset. Generally, these techniques have either involved the use of an external OLAP server or required the dataset to be exported to a specialized OLAP tool for more efficient processing. In this work, we show that OLAP techniques can be performed within a modern DBMS without external servers or the exporting of datasets, using standard SQL queries and UDFs. The main challenge of such approach is that SQL and UDFs are not as flexible as the C language to explore the OLAP lattice and therefore it is more difficult to develop optimizations. We compare three different ways of performing OLAP exploration: plain SQL queries, a UDF implementing a lattice structure, and a UDF programming the star cube structure. We demonstrate how such methods can be used to efficiently explore typical OLAP datasets.
Strong coupling theory for interacting lattice models

We develop a strong coupling approach for a general lattice problem. We argue that this strong coupling perspective represents the natural framework for a generalization of the dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). The main result of this analysis is twofold: (1) It provides the tools for a unified treatment of any nonlocal contribution to the Hamiltonian. Within our scheme, nonlocal terms such as hopping terms, spin-spin interactions, or nonlocal Coulomb interactions are treated on equal footing. (2) By performing a detailed strong-coupling analysis of a generalized lattice problem, we establish the basis for possible clean and systematic extensions beyond DMFT. To this end, we study the problem using three different perspectives. First, we develop a generalized expansion around the atomic limit in terms of the coupling constants for the nonlocal contributions to the Hamiltonian. By analyzing the diagrammatics associated with this expansion, we establish the equations for a generalized dynamical mean-field theory. Second, we formulate the theory in terms of a generalized strong coupling version of the Baym-Kadanoff functional. Third, following Pairault, S\'en\'echal, and Tremblay [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5389 (1998)], we present our scheme in the language of a perturbation theory for canonical fermionic and bosonic fields and we establish the interpretation of various strong coupling quantities within a standard perturbative picture.
Negative Examples for Sequential Importance Sampling of Binary Contingency Tables

The sequential importance sampling (SIS) algorithm has gained considerable popularity for its empirical success. One of its noted applications is to the binary contingency tables problem, an important problem in statistics, where the goal is to estimate the number of 0/1 matrices with prescribed row and column sums. We give a family of examples in which the SIS procedure, if run for any subexponential number of trials, will underestimate the number of tables by an exponential factor. This result holds for any of the usual design choices in the SIS algorithm, namely the ordering of the columns and rows. These are apparently the first theoretical results on the efficiency of the SIS algorithm for binary contingency tables. Finally, we present experimental evidence that the SIS algorithm is efficient for row and column sums that are regular. Our work is a first step in determining the class of inputs for which SIS is effective.
Production of L-phenylacetyl carbinol by immobilized yeast cells. I. Batch fermentation

Immobilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 834 within alginate beads enhances microbiological conversion of benzaldehyde to L-phenylacetyl carbinol (L-PAC), a precursor employed for synthesis of L-ephedrine. Yields of 90% L-PAC on benzaldehyde (initially 0.6% in medium) were obtained with immobilized cells, in contrast to about 10% with free cells which tend to form pellets in the presence of benzaldehyde. The predominant favorable action of immobilization appears to be a reduction in the toxic or inhibitory effects of benzaldehyde. With an initial benzaldehyde concentration of about 0.6% in the medium the optimum cell mass concentration was observed to be about 28 g cell mass (immobilized) per liter of medium.
Reconstructing the prevailing meteorological and optical environment during the time of the Titanic disaster

In this paper, we reconstruct the meteorological and optical environment during the time of Titanic’s disaster utilizing a state-of-the-art meteorological model, a ray-tracing code, and a unique public-domain dataset called the Twentieth Century Global Reanalysis. With high fidelity, our simulation captured the occurrence of an unusually high Arctic pressure system over the disaster site with calm wind. It also reproduced the movement of a polar cold front through the region bringing a rapid drop in air temperature. The simulated results also suggest that unusual meteorological conditions persisted several hours prior to the Titanic disaster which contributed to super-refraction and intermittent optical turbulence. However, according to the simulations, such anomalous conditions were not present at the time of the collision of Titanic with an iceberg.
Analysis of Small Molecule Ligands Targeting the HIV-1 Matrix Protein-RNA Binding Site

The matrix domain (MA) of the HIV-1 precursor Gag (PrGag) protein directs PrGag proteins to assembly sites at the plasma membrane by virtue of its affinity to the phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). MA also binds to RNA at a site that overlaps its PI(4,5)P2 site, suggesting that RNA binding may protect MA from associating with inappropriate cellular membranes prior to PrGag delivery to the PM. Based on this, we have developed an assay in which small molecule competitors to MA-RNA binding can be characterized, with the assumption that such compounds might interfere with essential MA functions and help elucidate additional features of MA binding. Following this approach, we have identified four compounds, including three thiadiazolanes, that compete with RNA for MA binding. We also have identified MA residues involved in thiadiazolane binding and found that they overlap the MA PI(4,5)P2 and RNA sites. Cell culture studies demonstrated that thiadiazolanes inhibit HIV-1 replication but are associated with significant levels of toxicity. Nevertheless, these observations provide new insights into MA binding and pave the way for the development of antivirals that target the HIV-1 matrix domain.
Cloning and characterization of nine heat-shock-induced mRNAs of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract We have cloned cDNA segments representing nine different genes whose expression is activated by heat-shock treatment of Drosophila melanogaster cells. These nine were selected from a larger population based on the fact that the levels of the polysomal, poly(A)-containing RNA homologous to each of these cDNA segments is significantly greater in induced cells. Among these genes are four that hybridize in situ to major heat-shock puff sites on polytene chromosomes, and five previously uncharacterized genes that hybridize to other sites. Some of these additional sites have been previously implicated as responders to heat shock. Hybridization of in vivo pulse-labeled, total RNA from induced and uninduced cells to specific cDNA segments provided an estimate of both the relative level of different heat-shock transcripts and the inducibility of the nine genes. Although the most abundant RNA species are derived from genes at major heat-shock puff sites, all nine show significant induction. These results indicate that the repertoire of gene expression that is activated or amplified by heat shock is not confined to these major puff sites and that the number of genes involved in the heat-shock response is much larger than the seven commonly noted.
An assessment of the effect of mass customization on suppliers’ inventory levels in a JIT supply chain

Abstract In some industries, mass customization requires a supplier to provide an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) with a wide range of variants of a given part. We consider an OEM-parts suppliers system for an automotive supply chain where parts are delivered to the assembly line several times a day in a just-in-time environment. Simulating varying assembly schedule and parts delivery schemes, we assess the effect of mass customization on the level of inventory the supplier needs for each variant in order to prevent stockouts. We find, among other things, that as the level of mass customization increases, there tends to be an increase in the level of inventory the supplier needs to maintain for each part variant in order to prevent stockouts. Theoretical support is provided for the phenomenon. The presented framework is also useful for evaluating the levels of mass customization that will enable the manufacturer meet customers’ requirements in a cost effective manner. Furthermore, the study confirms the superiority, in terms of inventory levels, of the min–max over the min–sum optimization framework.
Congenital Horner’s syndrome resulting from agenesis of the internal carotid artery

Abstract Objective To report a patient with agenesis of the right internal carotid artery associated with ipsilateral, congenital Horner's syndrome. Design Case report. Methods A 30-year-old woman, with a past history of migraine headaches, underwent neuro-ophthalmologic and neuroradiologic evaluation for transient visual obscurations and congenital Horner's syndrome. Results A right, third-order neuron Horner's syndrome was confirmed with 1% hydroxyamphetamine topical drops. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed an absent right internal carotid artery flow void, computed tomography demonstrated absence of the right carotid canal, and cerebral angiography confirmed absence of the right internal carotid artery. No atheromatous lesions were found and the results of coagulation studies were normal. Conclusions Agenesis of the internal carotid artery is a rare cause of congenital Horner's syndrome. The cause of transient visual blurring in the current patient remains unproven.
Parental influences on television watching among children living on the Texas-Mexico border.

Abstract Purpose We examined the association of parental television (TV) rules and compliance with the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) recommendations of ≤ 2 h of television per day in a primarily Hispanic sample of elementary school children (n = 734) living on the U.S. side of the Texas–Mexico border. The potential modifying effects of children's home environment (parental TV watching, parent at home after school, and TV in bedroom) were also examined. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed on baseline survey data merged from two waves (2006 and 2007) of a CDC-funded TV reduction intervention with 4th grade children (mean age: 9.5 years). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations. Results Children who had TV rules were 1.4 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.94) and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.32) times more likely to meet the AAP recommendation for weekend and weekday TV watching, respectively. Parental TV watching and TV in bedroom modified the effect of TV rules on children's TV watching, with null associations found for children whose parents watch TV frequently and for children with no TV in bedroom. No interaction effect was found for children's afterschool context. Conclusions Parental TV limits is one strategy for reducing children's television watching that merits further investigation.
Design study of a gas turbine combustor with heat recirculation

A means of avoiding stoichiometric combustion, reducing emissions, and yet providing stable burning for lean mixtures is based on the use of heat recirculation rather than flow recirculation. This paper is concerned with the calculations of the design parameters of a gas turbine combustor with heat exchanger to produce the desired preheat temperature. The combustor inlet temperature, maximum temperature, equivalence ratio and recirculated heat are determined by thermodynamic analysis. The heat transfer analysis then provides the dimensions of the system to produce the predetermined boundary conditions. It is indicated that practical combustor design may be feasible for reactant mixtures as low as equivalence ratio 0.2.
A Novel Pitch Determination Algorithm based on Generalized Correlation Function

In this paper, we propose a novel pitch determination algorithm (PDA) based on the newly introduced concept of the generalized correlation function called correntropy [1]. Correntropy contains a positive definite kernel function which nonlinearly transforms the original signal into a high dimensional reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), and calculates very efficiently the generalized correlation in that RKHS. By incorporating the kernel function, correntropy is able to utilize higher order statistics to enhance the resolution of pitch estimation. The proposed PDA calculates the summary of correntropy functions from the outputs of an equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) filter bank. We present simulations on pitch determination for single vowel and double vowels cases. Simulations show that correntropy exhibits much better resolution than the conventional autocorrelation method for pitch determination.
Transients and crises — An essay on common sense

SOME YEARS AGO, the sister of Karl Compton, whose husband was the head of an educational institution abroad, was having her house wired by a native electrician who constantly came to her with questions such as “Where do you want the wires?” “How many plugs?” “Do you want three-way switches?” She finally said, “Oh, you know what I want, just use your common sense.” He replied politely: “Madam, common sense is a gift of God. I have only a technical education.”
Radiometric dating of young MORB using the 40Ar‐39Ar incremental heating method

Determination of reliable crystallization ages by K-Ar methods for young (<1 Ma), fresh basalts from the seafloor has been frustrated by several effects. The small amounts of radiogenic 40Ar developed over these timescales in such low-K rocks are difficult to resolve from predominantly atmospheric 40Ar. An additional concern is that mantle-derived 40Ar may not be totally outgassed when magmas quench at seafloor hydrostatic pressures. We have developed a successful strategy for partially separating atmospheric from radiogenic 40Ar in 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating experiments on mid-ocean ridge basalts, from the East Pacific Rise near the Clipperton Fracture Zone. Pre-heating samples to 400°C removes surficial atmospheric 40Ar, while subsequent heating at 600°–1000°C produces favorable proportions of radiogenic 40Ar. Experiments using “zero-age” glassy and holocrystalline samples show that mantle-derived 40Ar is retained only in the outermost few cm of rapidly cooled pillow basalts.
Alternating magnetic field optimization for IONP hyperthermia cancer treatment

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) have therapeutic potential to deliver a thermal dose to tumors when activated in an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Through various targeting methods such as antibody labeling or injection site choice, delivery of IONPs to tumors yields enhanced treatment accuracy and efficacy. Despite this advantage, delivery an AMF, which is sufficient to result in clinically relevant IONP heating, can result in nonspecific tissue heating via the generation of eddy currents and tissue permeated by local electric fields (joule heating). The production of eddy current heating is a function of tissue size, geometry and composition as well as coil design and operation. The purpose of this research is to increase the level of energy deposited into the IONPs versus the non-target tissue (power ratio/PR)1 in order to improve target heating and reduce nonspecific tissue damage. We propose to improve the PR using two primary concepts: (1) reduce power deposition into non-target tissue by manipulating the fields and eddy current flow and (2) enhance heat removal from non-target tissue. We have shown that controlling tissue placement within the AMF field, accounting for tissue geometry, utilizing external cooling devices, and modifying the field properties can decrease non-target heating by more than 50%, at clinically relevant AMF levels, thereby allowing for an increase in thermal dose to the tumor and increasing the therapeutic ratio.
Scrotal ultrasonography in Henoch-Schönlein purpura

The vasculitis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura may involve the scrotum and clinically mimic diseases requiring surgical intervention, such as testicular torsion or an incarcerated inguinal hernia. The ultrasonographic features include marked edema of the scrotal skin and contents with intact vascular flow in the testicles. These findings may suggest the correct diagnosis and prevent unnecessary surgical exploration.
Experimental evidence for a discrete transition to channeling for 1.0-MeV protons in Si〈100〉

This article discusses experimental evidence for a discrete transition to channeling for 1.0-MeV protons in Si〈100〉.
Constraints in the police use of force: Implications of the just war tradition

The “just war” philosophy of Cicero, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas has had momentous and provocative implications for modern political theory. The use of force by police is one theme through which the just war tradition can be utilized to demonstrate the extent of infusion for the concept in the Western political archetype. As police become constrained in their use of force, they are bound by the concepts inherent in the philosophy of the just war doctrine. The Supreme Court, likewise, has been influenced by the philosophy of the just war tradition in many of its decisions regarding the proper use of force by police.
Foiling IL-6 to treat B-lymphoproliferative disorder

Approximately 21 000 solid organ transplantations are performed annually in the United States. These transplantations offer hope to those about to die of a failing heart, a hepatitis C–ravaged liver, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or they improve the quality of life for those
Distribution of constitutive heterochromatin in mammalian chromosomes

Using a special staining technique, a survey of the chromosomes of many mammalian species showed that constitutive heterochromatin is present in all cases and that the heterochromatin pattern appears to be specific and consistent or each chromosome and each taxon. Usually heavy heterochromatin is found in the centromeric areas, but terminal heterochromatin is not uncommon. Occasionally interstitial heterochromatin bands occur. In some species, such as the Syrian hamster and Peromyscus, many chromosome arms are completely heterochromatic.
Dendritic architecture of corticothalamic neurons in a rat model of microgyria

Abstract Materials and methods. Freezing lesions of the sensorimotor cortex resembling focal human microgyria were carried out in newborn rats on first postnatal day (P1). The fine architecture of dendritic trees of corticothalamic neurons was studied in microgyric animals on P90. Results and discussion. Compared with controls, layer 5 corticothalamic neurons located in the cortex surrounding the experimental lesion display longer basal dendrites. This finding is discussed with reference to earlier results on dendrites of layer 3 associative neurons, which, in contrast to those of corticothalamic neurons, appear to be markedly simplified.
Interactions among topographically induced elastic stress, static fatigue, and valley incision

[1] Gravity acting on topography creates differential stress, which, for sufficiently high, steep topography, can fracture intact bedrock. If static fatigue governed the time dependence of that fracturing, a feedback should exist between incision of the landscape and fracturing. The timescale for static fatigue decreases exponentially with differential stress. By creating deeper, steeper valleys, incision should increase the differential stress and, as a result, accelerate fracturing of intact rock. Because both fluvial systems and hillslopes can transport fractured rock much more easily than they can both erode intact rock and then transport its products, topographically induced fracturing could play a crucial role in landscape evolution, especially of steep terrain. Predicting differential stress useful for general rules in geomorphology, however, appears to be difficult, in part because the stress distribution depends sensitively on the precise form of the topography and, perhaps more importantly, because the differential stress for specific topography can differ not only in magnitude but also in sign for small differences in Poisson's ratio. Nevertheless, it appears possible that in steep terrain where rivers are capable of moving bed load sufficiently rapidly, the rate-limiting process for incision might be static fatigue of the rock under stress due to gravity acting on the adjacent topography.
Influence of the vagus nerve on respiratory patterns during early maturation

Nonlinear dynamical analysis was performed on the phrenic neurogram before and after vagotomy in order to study the influence of the vagus nerve on the complexity of the phrenic neurogram in piglets in three age groups: 3-7 days (n=7); 11-19 days (n=6); and 29-34 days (n=8). The phrenic neurogram, generated by the respiratory neural networks in the medulla, projects on the diaphragm muscles and initiate the respiratory movement. On the other hand, the vagus nerves carry the information from mechanoreceptors, located at the lower airway and lungs, to the medulla. The data was recorded during normal breathing (eupnea) before and after vagotomy while piglets were ventilated with 40% O/sub 2/ in N/sub 2/ and analyzed using the approximate entropy (ApEn) method. The mean values of the approximate entropy before and after vagotomy during the first 7 days of the postnatal age were 1.32/spl plusmn/0.1 (standard deviation) and 1.34/spl plusmn/0.07, respectively. These values before and after vagotomy during the 11-19 days age group were 1.15/spl plusmn/0.09 and 1.12/spl plusmn/0.05, respectively. For the 29-34 days age group, they were 1.14/spl plusmn/0.05 before vagotomy and 1.19/spl plusmn/0.08 after vagotomy. These differences in the ApEn (complexity) values of the phrenic neurogram before and after vagotomy are not statistically different at each age group. However, the mean mean approximate entropy (complexity) values between the 3-7 days age group and the other two groups were significantly different both before and after vagotomy (p<0.05) using an analysis off variance test. These results suggest that the vagus nerve may not be mature during early maturation in piglets.
Elder Research: Filling an Important Gap in Psychology and Law

In the past few decades, psychology–law as a discipline has made great strides in understanding and guiding public policies on issues related to eyewitnesses, confessions, juries, judges, juveniles, the mentally ill, and many others. As a field, we have largely neglected the oldest subset of the population, with only a few scholars focusing specifically on elder issues or systematically including elders in their studies. The current article is a call to research. It first outlines why elders should be considered as a specific subset of the population even though they have not been an area of focus in the field. Second, the article provides suggestions for integrating elder issues into more common psychology–law research as well as some new areas for research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association with distributivity and the problem of multiple antecedents for singular different

Brasoveanu (Linguist Philos 34:93–168, 2011) argues that “different” exhibits what he calls association with distributivity: a distributive operator such as “each” creates a two-part context that propagates through the compositional semantics in a way that can be accessed by a subordinate “different”. We show that Brasoveanu’s analysis systematically undergenerates, failing to provide interpretations of sentences such as “Every1 boy claimed every girl read a different1 poem”, in which “different” can associate with a non-local distributive operator. We provide a generalized version of association with distributivity, implemented using de Groote’s (in: Proceedings of semantics and linguistic theory XVI, 2006) continuation-based dynamic semantics. We compare our analysis with the one in Brasoveanu (2011), drawing conclusions about computational tractability, scope of indefinites, and whether it is possible or even desirable to arrive at a unified analysis of internal and external readings of “different”.
Intelligent Placement of Meters / Sensors for Shipboard Power System Analysis

Real time monitoring of the shipboard power system is a complex task to address. Unlike the terrestrial power system, the shipboard power system is a comparatively smaller system but with more complexity in terms of its system operation. This requires the power system to be continuously monitored to detect any type of fluctuations or disturbances. Planning metering systems in the power system of a ship is a challenging task not only due to the dimensionality of the problem, but also due to the need for reducing redundancy while improving network observability and efficient data collection for reliable state estimation process. This research is geared towards the use of a genetic algorithm for intelligent placement of meters in a shipboard system for real time power system monitoring taking into account different system topologies and critical parameters to be measured from the system. The algorithm predicts the type and location of meters for identification and collection of measurements from the system. The algorithm has been tested with several system topologies.
Pornography Use: Who Uses It and How It Is Associated with Couple Outcomes

Very little is known about how pornography use is related to the quality of committed relationships. This study examined associations among pornography use, the meaning people attach to its use, sexual quality, and relationship satisfaction. It also looked at factors that discriminate between those who use pornography and those who do not. Participants were couples (N = 617 couples) who were either married or cohabiting at the time the data were gathered. Overall results from this study indicated substantial gender differences in terms of use profiles, as well as pornography's association with relationship factors. Specifically, male pornography use was negatively associated with both male and female sexual quality, whereas female pornography use was positively associated with female sexual quality. The study also found that meaning explained a relatively small part of the relationship between pornography use and sexual quality.
Comment on the Prune Belly Syndrome: An 11-Week Fetus With Megacystis

An 11-week human fetus with megacystis, prostatic dysgenesis, and lateral displacement of the abdominal muscles is described. We suggest that a subtle outflow obstruction of the very early bladder may give rise to both bladder dilation and bladder wall dysgenesis. The bladder dilation may produce abdominal muscle dysplasia or atrophy and almost certainly produces dilation of the prostatic urethra. The dilation of the prostatic urethra disrupts the formation of the prostate.
Identification and thermochemical analysis of high-lignin feedstocks for biofuel and biochemical production

Background Lignin is a highly abundant biopolymer synthesized by plants as a complex component of plant secondary cell walls. Efforts to utilize lignin-based bioproducts are needed.
Why Trust Matters: How Confidence in Leaders Transforms What Adolescents Gain From Youth Programs

Youth's trust in program leaders is considered a key to the positive impact of youth programs. We sought to understand how trust influences youth's program experiences from their perspective. We interviewed 108 ethnically diverse youth (ages 12-19) participating in 13 arts, leadership, and technology programs. Analysis of these accounts suggested five ways in which youth's trust in leaders amplified program benefits. Trust increased youth's (1) confidence in leaders' guidance in program activities, (2) motivation in the program, (3) use of leaders for mentoring, (4) use of leaders as a model of a well-functioning relationship, and (5) experience of program cohesiveness. Across benefits, trust allowed youth to draw on leaders' expertise, opened them to new experiences, and helped increase youth's agency.