cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selenomethionyl proteins produced for analysis by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) : a vehicle for direct determination of three-dimensional structure

An expression system has been established for the incorporation of selenomethionine into recombinant proteins produced from plasmids in Escherichia coli. Replacement of methionine by selenomethionine is demonstrated at the level of 100% for both T4 and E. coli thioredoxins. The natural recombinant proteins and the selenomethionyl variants of both thioredoxins crystallize isomorphously. Anomalous scattering factors were deduced from synchrotron X-ray absorption measurements of crystals of the selenomethionyl proteins. Taken with reference to experience in the structural analysis of selenobiotinyl streptavidin by the method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD), these data indicate that recombinant selenomethionyl proteins analyzed by MAD phasing offer a rather general means for the elucidation of atomic structures.
Dissipative Structures, Control and Innovative Behavior in Monopolies:

Although many economists have tended to agree with Schumpeter that most research and innovative activities will tend to be conducted by large, monopolistic firms, empirical studies do not provide clear evidence to support this conclusion. Part of the problem in resolving this conflict, it is argued, rests with the lack of a methodologically sound conceptual framework for examining the processes of innovation. This paper employs concepts from the comparatively new scientific fields of “chaos”, non-linear systems, and “dissipative structures”—as well as from cybernetics and information theory—to develop an outline of a general model to explore the issue. It concludes that to the extent that monopolies tend to move “close to equilibrium”, their internal entropy will increase, and their R&D efforts will atrophy. On the other hand, when these firms are driven by external market pressures “far from equilibrium”, R&D and innovative activities become revitalized.
Traditional marine tenure

Abstract There has been increasing interest in using traditional forms of marine resource ownership as models for fisheries management regimes that offer an alternative to open access. Based on earlier research on the traditional marine tenure systems of four Micronesian atolls, this article presents and analyses five social conditions thought to be crucial in the maintenance of these systems. This analysis is used as a basis for a discussion of the potential for using traditional marine resource ownership in the development of management regimes for artisanal fisheries.
On Two Letters versus Three

If A is a context-free language over a two-letter alphabet, then the set of all words obtained by sorting words in A and the set of all permutations of words in A are context-free. This is false over alphabets of three or more letters. Thus these problems illustrate a difference in behavior between twoand three-letter alphabets. The following problem appeared on a recent exam at Cornell: Let be a finite alphabet with a fixed total ordering on the letters. For a string x , let sort x be the string obtained by sorting the letters in increasing order. For example, if a b c, then sort abacbaa aaaabbc. For A , let sortA fsortx j x Ag. Of the following three statements, two are false and one is true. Give counterexamples for the two false ones and a proof of the true one. (i) If A is regular, then so is sort A. (ii) If A is context-free, then so is sortA. (iii) If A is context-sensitive, then so is sort A. One might also ask the same questions about perm A, the set of all permutations of words in A. Of course, it is (i) and (ii) that are false, since sort abc perm abc a b c fabc j n g
RNA polymerase as a repressor of transcription in the hut(P) region of mutant Klebsiella aerogenes histidine utilization operons.

Abstract Mutants of Klebsiella aerogenes able to express the hutUH operon in the absence of positive effectors were isolated and characterized. These mutations improve the hutUH promoter (PUH) by changing the -10 region to match the consensus sequence more closely. These mutations also affect another, oppositely oriented promoter in this region, PC. Although the mutations lie far outside PC, they cause PC to be inactive, apparently because binding of RNA polymerase to the PUH promoter blocks the overlapping PC site. Thus, in the mutants, RNA polymerase bound at the strong (mutant) PUH site effectively repress the PC promoter.
Voter Opinions about Election Reform: Do They Support Making Voting More Convenient?

Abstract We study public opinions about convenience voting reforms, using a unique state-by-state survey conducted in the 2008 presidential election. Our analysis of the American voting public's support for convenience voting reforms provides a variety of important insights into the potential direction of innovations in the electoral process in the near future. First, we find that the most prominent convenience voting reforms have mixed support. These include attitudes toward automatic voter registration, Election Day voter registration, and moving Election Day to a weekend. These reforms do not have majority support among all voters nationwide, but some enjoy majority support within some states. Second, we find that Internet voting and voting by mail do not receive a great deal of support from American voters. There is no state in which a majority of voters supports Internet voting, nor are there states where expanded vote-by-mail has majority support (other than states which have already implemented the...
Classification of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters by receiver operating characteristics (ROC)

Classical time and frequency domain analysis was performed on short-term heart rate variability (HRV) signal suitable for clinical trials. The indices derived from both methods were used to study the diagnostic ability of HRV non-invasively. Study considered HRV signals derived from ECG recordings obtained from PhysioNet database. The population under study consisted of 8 normal subjects (control group), 9 arrhythmic patients and 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) class III and IV. The derived HRV indices were statistically tested using receiver operating characteristics (ROC). The ability of ROC to discriminate between normal and abnormal patient population was determined by studying the area under the ROC curve.
642 The Effect of Timing of Antenatal Steroids on Early Postnatal Blood Pressure in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns

642 The Effect of Timing of Antenatal Steroids on Early Postnatal Blood Pressure in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns
IUPUI image collection: a usability survey

Purpose – To measure functionality, content, and awareness of an online digital image collection by observing participants in a controlled search for a specific image and evaluating their responses to questions with the objective of improving the site.Design/methodology/approach – Participants were recruited from among faculty, staff, and students based on interests stated in online profiles or indicated by type of professional work or academic major. Participants were timed while searching for a target photo and interviewed afterward about their search experience and their use of digital images.Findings – Most potential users are not aware of the Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis image collection and have some difficulty locating it, but when introduced to it find the site attractive and navigable and its content interesting and useful for research, instruction, publication, or class work.Research limitations/implications – There were only 5,100 images uploaded to the collection at the ti...
Effects of prolonged wakefulness on c-fos and AP1 activity in young and old rats

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that the immediate-early gene c-fos is induced in neuronal populations responsible for specific sleep–wake states. The induction of this gene may be functionally relevant to sleep homeostasis since without the gene mice (c-fos null) take longer to fall asleep and have a selective reduction in slow-wave sleep. This suggests that a build-up of c-fos during wakefulness increases the drive to sleep and lack of c-fos is associated with reduced sleep. Sleep also has an effect on c-Fos serving to eliminate the protein rapidly. Waxing and waning of transcription factors such as c-Fos may influence slow, oscillating events such as sleep and wakefulness. To further examine what role c-Fos may play in regulating sleep, the present study examined the effects of prolonged wakefulness on c-Fos and AP-1 activity in young (3.5 months old) and old (21.5 months old) Sprague–Dawley rats. Previously we found that old rats slept less even after prolonged wakefulness, and other investigators have found that aging is also associated with a decline in c-Fos. In the present study, we reasoned that prolonged wakefulness would also fail to increase c-Fos in old versus young rats. The baseline levels of c-Fos and AP-1 activity were not different between young and old rats. However, in response to 6 or 12 h of prolonged wakefulness, old rats demonstrated significantly less c-Fos and AP-1 activity compared to young rats. These findings suggest that in old rats the mechanism responsible for c-Fos induction in response to wakefulness is deficient. Such a decline at the molecular level could contribute to the decline in sleep that typically occurs with age.
Bioavailability assessment of a liquid prednisone preparation.

To assess the relative bioavailability of a recently developed liquid prednisone preparation, prednisolone pharmacokinetics were evaluated after the administration of three separate steroid preparations. On 3 study days, each 2 wk apart, 12 healthy subjects received in random order: prednisone liquid, prednisone tablet, and prednisolone sodium phosphate. Plasma samples were collected over a 12 hr study period and analyzed for prednisolone concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Tablet data demonstrated a time-to-peak concentration of 1.23 +/- 0.68 hr (SD), mean residence time of 5.1 +/- 0.49 hr, and absolute bioavailability (tablet/i.v.) of 97.5% +/-- 17.5%. Liquid data demonstrated a significantly (p less than 0.01) shorter time-to-peak concentration, 0.54 +/- 0.20 hr, and mean residence time 4.6 +/- 0.34 hr, with no significant difference in absolute bioavailability (liquid/i.v.), 88.2% +/- 15.8%. This resulted in significantly (p less than 0.05) higher plasma prednisolone concentrations for the liquid preparation in the first 0.75 hr and significantly lower concentrations after 1.5 hr as compared with the tablet. Prednisolone area under the plasma concentration vs time curve for the liquid prednisone formulation was 90.0% +/- 13.2% of the tablet preparation. Thus prednisone liquid has comparable bioavailability to the tablet, with an earlier peak plasma prednisolone concentration and significantly higher plasma prednisolone concentrations within the first hour of administration.
Observation of separate cation and anion electrophoretic mobilities in pure ionic liquids.

Ionic liquids (ILs) continue to show relevance in many fields, from battery electrolytes, to carbon capture, to advanced separations. These highly ion-dense fluids present unique challenges in understanding their electrochemical properties due to deviations in behavior from existing electrolyte theories. Here we present a novel characterization of ILs using electrophoretic NMR (ENMR) to determine separate cation and anion mobilities. This method uses an applied electric field coincident with a pulsed magnetic field gradient to encode the E-field driven flow into NMR signals for cations (1H) and anions (19F). We describe the detailed design of these experiments, including quantitative analysis of artifact mitigation and necessary control experiments. We then explore mobilities and diffusion coefficients for two representative ILs: 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2mim][BF4]) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([C2mim][TfO]). We further use the individual ion mobilities to calculate the bulk net conductivity, which closely agrees with bulk conductivity measurements obtained using impedance spectroscopy. These observations represent the first reliable measurements of cation and anion mobilities in pure ILs, with errors of ±7%. We discuss this advanced experimental methodology in detail, as well as implications of these sensitive measurements for understanding conduction mechanisms in ion-dense electrolytes.
Active Power Filter based on PIDNN controller

Because of the limitation of PI controller in Shunt Active Power Filter (APF), this paper proposes to apply PID neural network (PIDNN) into APF control loop as to improve the dynamic characteristics. The model of APF which can filter the silicon controlled rectifier load current is built in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show that the adoption of PIDNN controller can achieve the same effect as PI controller, while PIDNN can resolve the problem that the PI controller parameters are difficult to be adjusted.
In vivo binding of diethylstilbestrol to nuclear proteins of kidneys of Syrian hamsters.

Abstract We demonstrate here that stilbene estrogen (diethylstilbestrol) is converted to nuclear protein binding metabolite(s) both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro reaction of DES with nuclei from hamster liver or kidney in the presence of cumene hydroperoxide or NADPH revealed binding of [ 3 H]DES in nuclear proteins (histones; nonhistones precipitable by 2% TCA, NH2; nonhistones soluble in 2% TCA, NH30). The binding was significantly inhibited by cytochromes P450 inhibitors. In an in vitro system [ 3 H]DES quinone, one of the metabolites of DES, was able to bind to pure nonhistone proteins RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase. The binding of [ 3 H]DES quinone to nonhistones RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase was inhibited by low molecular weight thiols i.e. glutathione and cysteine, or thiol modifiers, such as n -ethylmaleimide, dithionitrobenzoic acid and hydroxymercuric benzoate. DES and DES metabolites inhibited transcriptional activity. In vivo [ 3 H]DES was able to bind to nuclear proteins of hamster liver, kidneys and testes. The level of in vivo [ 3 H]DES binding to all three types of nuclear proteins (histones, NH2, NH30) in the kidney (target organ) was two or more fold higher than that observed in the liver or testis (nontarget organs). Four nuclear NH30 proteins (mol wts.: 56, 37, 33 and 28 kDa) were irreversibly bound to [ 3 H]DES in vivo. The in vivo binding of [ 3 H]DES to transcriptionally active chromatin NH30 proteins also was observed. The data reported here establish that DES was able to bind to liver or kidney nuclear proteins in vitro, which was catalyzed by nuclear enzymes when fortified with an appropriate cofactor. DES quinone may be one of the protein binding metabolites. DES and DES metabolites inhibited transcriptional activity. The level of in vivo binding of [ 3 H] DES to nuclear proteins of kidney (target organ) was double in comparison with that observed in liver or testis (nontarget organs). In vivo modifications in the chromatin proteins may be a factor in the development of DES-induced renal carcinogenesis is not clear.
Evaluating the Impact of Facilitated Communication on the Communicative Competence of Fourteen Students with Autism.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate facilitated communication (FC) as an augmentative or alternative communication system for 14 students attending the Eden Institute in Princeton, NJ. All participants had an independent diagnosis of autism and standardized testing revealed significant deficits in adaptive behavior across all developmental domains. A pretest-posttest design was utilized to (a) determine if any of the participants were immediately capable of communicating through FC (b) if necessary, instruct the participants in the use FC, and (c) determine if this instruction had any impact on their ability to use FC. At the end of 10 weeks of instruction, no participants were able to produce functional, typed communication. Findings are consistent with other quantitative studies that find no support for the cause-effect relationship proposed by FC proponents.
Conformational changes in phosphoglucose isomerase induced by ligand binding.

Abstract Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) is the second enzyme in glycolysis, where it catalyzes the isomerization of d -glucose-6-phosphate to d -fructose-6-phosphate. It is the same protein as autocrine motility factor, differentiation and maturation mediator, and neuroleukin. Here, we report a new X-ray crystal structure of rabbit PGI (rPGI) without ligands bound in its active site. The structure was solved at 1.8 A resolution by isomorphous phasing with a previously solved X-ray crystal structure of the rPGI dimer containing 6-phosphogluconate in its active site. Comparison of the new structure to previously reported structures enables identification of conformational changes that occur during binding of substrate or inhibitor molecules. Ligand binding causes an induced fit of regions containing amino acid residues 209–215, 245–259 and 385–389. This conformational change differs from the change previously reported to occur between the ring-opening and isomerization steps, in which the helix containing residues 513–521 moves toward the bound substrate. Differences between the liganded and unliganded structures are limited to the region within and close to the active-site pocket.
Limits for Stable Near-Circular Planetary or Satellite Orbits in the Restricted Three-Body Problem

In the vicinity of two massive bodies rotating in circles around their common center of mass there are regions in which near-circular orbits of a third body are stable, and other regions in which near-circular orbits are unstable. Expressions for calculating the limiting radii of the regions where stable near-circular orbits can exist are developed from Jacobi's integral to the equations of motion of a particle, and computed quantitative values for these radii are given in graphical and tabular form for mass ratios from 10 ~ to 0.5. An example is given of the application of these limits to an idealized Earth-moon system (mass ratio, 0.012128563).
Sex-specific differences in hyperoxic lung injury in mice: role of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A.

Abstract Sex-specific differences in pulmonary morbidity in adults and preterm infants are well documented. Hyperoxia contributes to lung injury in experimental animals and humans. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A enzymes have been shown to play a mechanistic role in hyperoxic lung injury (HLI) in animal models. Whether CYP1A enzymes contribute to gender-specific differences in relation to HLI is unknown. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that mice will display gender-specific differences in HLI, and that this phenomenon will be altered in mice lacking the genes for Cyp1a1 or 1a2 . Eight week-old male and female wild type (WT) (C57BL/6J) mice, Cyp1a1 -/-, and Cyp1a2 -/- mice were exposed to 72 h of hyperoxia (FiO 2 > 0.95). Lung injury and inflammation were assessed and pulmonary and hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 levels were quantified at the enzyme activity, protein and mRNA level. Upon exposure to hyperoxia, liver and lung microsomal proteins showed higher pulmonary CYP1A1 (apoprotein level and activity) in WT females compared to WT males and a greater induction in hepatic CYP1A2 mRNA levels and activity in WT females after hyperoxia exposure. The gender based female advantage was lost or reversed in Cyp1a1 -/- and Cyp1a2 -/- mice. These findings suggest an important role for CYP1A enzymes in the gender-specific modulation of hyperoxic lung injury.
From The Editor: The Evolution of a Family Therapist

As with every profession, the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT) is characterized by a unique training and socialization process for those who desire to attain full membership. Students first must become proficient and demonstrate competence in the following areas: the theoretical foundations of family therapy, with a specific focus on a systems perspective; human development and family studies, with an emphasis on such areas as individual and family development, sexual functioning, and psychopathology; the many therapeutic models and approaches to working with clients; values and ethics relative to family therapy; and supervised practicum experiences that focus on working with clients utilizing a systems perspective (Becvar in press; Becvar and Becvar 2009). Following their formal education, trainees must engage in supervised clinical experiences for a period of at least 2 years and successfully complete a licensure exam in order to become licensed MFTs. This entire process is overseen by those of us who have come before and who in our role as MFTs have chosen to become mentors to the next generation. Once out in the field, some of our students will follow in our footsteps, becoming trainers and supervisors, while others will embrace various aspects of practice, whether in private practice, agency settings, or in a variety of other roles. And regardless of context, many will continue to focus on generating knowledge relative to both the training and supervision of family therapists and the practice of family therapy. In this edition we thus provide articles that represent various components of this evolutionary process, dividing them into the two categories of training and practice.
Messenger RNAs coding for enzymes of polyamine biosynthesis are induced during the G0-G1 transition but not during traverse of the normal G1 phase

The events occurring during emergence of cells from quiescence ("G0") are not necessarily identical to those in the G1 phase of continuously dividing cells. Cellular levels of the mRNAs coding for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase (SDC), key enzymes in polyamine synthesis, increased maximally within 5 h after addition of serum to resting 3T3 cells, following a kinetic course similar to that of c-myc mRNA. In a pure early G1 population of cells, prepared by centrifugal elutriation of growing fibroblasts, the levels of ODC and SDC mRNAs were not significantly lower than in other phases of the cell cycle and approximated serum-induced levels rather than the reduced values found in serum-starved cells. Thus, we conclude that the mRNAs coding for the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, like c-myc, are growth controlled, but not regulated during traverse of a normal cell cycle.
Structure and function of the urnulae in Balaustium sp. (Parasitengona: erythraeidae) featuring secretion of a defensive allomone and alarm pheromone

Abstract In studying predator-avoidance tactics of adult Balaustium sp. mites, a characteristic red fluid was observed leaking from a single pair of tubercles (urnulae) that project from the dorsal idiosoma, just behind the eyes. Until now, the urnulae had no known function, but served a useful taxonomic purpose. When threatened, mites were observed actively secreting urnulae-derived fluid that was spread over their body surface by means of numerous setae. Subsequent application of the fluid to mealworm beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor) resulted in sudden diminished ant attacks, suggesting that this secretion serves a defensive role as an allomone. True to semiochemical parsimony, this secretion also prompted an excited dispersal response among conspecific mites, indicating that it also functions as an alarm pheromone, perhaps as an injury cue. More pronounced predator defense and alarm activities are displayed by mite body fluids, indicating that the activity of the emission from the urnulae parallels tha...
John W. Hinckley, Jr.: A Case of Narcissistic Personality Disorder

This article is about John W. Hinckley, Jr., whose attempt to assassinate President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981 was unsuccessful and whose trial in 1982 resulted in a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. It focuses on the view of psychiatric experts that he has a narcissistic personality disorder and on the fact that this diagnosis is the primary rationale for his continuing confinement to St. Elizabeth’s Hospital in Washington, D.C. I conclude that the question of his release raises the difficult issue of the possible conflict between justice and care.
It’s Only Part of the Story: The Fallacy of Improved Outcome Data in New York City’s Effort to Make Its High Schools Small

This article examines a recent reform effort that has opened hundreds of small high schools in poor urban communities in New York City, The New Century Schools Initiative (NCSI). Outcome data have shown that NCSI has dramatically increased graduation rates among poor students and students of color. However, an ethnographic study of the instructional practices at 3 NCSI high schools revealed that these schools are struggling to maintain high expectations and to prepare their students for higher education. In a climate that prioritizes outcome data, these challenges are obscured. Consequently, this article argues that urban school reform focus its efforts on improving instructional practice so to truly make sustainable improvements in the education of poor students.
How useful are tests for unit-root in distinguishing unit-root processes from stationary but non-linear processes?

Summary Standard unit-root tests are known to be biased towards the non-rejection of a unit-root when they are applied to time series with non-linear dynamics. Unfortunately, not much is known about the source of the power loss mainly because the analysis on nonstationarity and nonlinearity to this date has been fragmentary. By means of a Monte Carlo study, the current paper investigates the finite sample performance of five popular unit-root tests against a wide class of non-linear dynamic models. In contrast to the common perception, our simulation results suggest that what determines the power of unit-root tests is not the specific type of nonlinearity in the alternative model, but how far the alternative model is away from the unit-root process. The presence of nonlinearity seems immaterial to the performance of unit-root tests if the non-linear process is far away from the unit-root process, which is in line with the fact established in linear framework. Among the five tests under study, the ADF test outperforms when the sample size is relatively small while the inf-t due to Park and Shintani (2005) is more powerful for relatively large sample size regardless of the form of true models. We then illustrate the empirical relevance of our analysis by reexamining the issue of mean reversion in real interest rates, often referred to the Fisher hypothesis.
Miniaturized tin oxide (SnO x ) sensor by using oxygen-plasma-treated thin film technique

A new processing technique for thin film tin oxide gas sensor has been described in this paper. Oxygen plasma is used as film sensitizing tool, in which the temperature only goes up to 190 degree(s)C for a short time. By using this technique, the tin oxide thin film sensors with smooth, uniform surface have been made with a reasonable sensitivity to the CO gas at room temperature. The oxygen plasma treatment decreases both film resistivity and film grain size. This new technique makes the tin oxide sensor fabrication compatible with the microelectronic processing.
Spatially uniform sampling in 4-D EPR spectral-spatial imaging

4-D EPR imaging involves a computationally intensive inversion of the sampled Radon transform. Conventionally, N-dimensional reconstructions have been carried out with N-1 stages of 2-D backprojection to exploit a dimension-dependent reduction in execution time. The huge data size of 4-D EPR imaging demands the use of a 3-stage reconstruction each consisting of 2-D backprojections. This gives three orders of magnitude reduction in computation relative to a single stage 4-D filtered backprojection. The multi-stage reconstruction, however, requires a uniform angular sampling that yields an inefficient distribution of gradient directions. We introduce a solution that involves acquisition of projections uniformly distributed in solid angle and reconstructs in three 2-D stages with the spatial uniform solid angle data set converted to uniform linear angular projections using 2-D interpolation. Images were taken from the two sampling schemes to compare the spatial resolution and the line width resolution. The degradation in the image quality due to the additional interpolation was small, and we achieved ∼30% reduction in data acquisition time.
Location Memory: Separate Cortical Coding for Distal and Local Cues

Entorhinal cortex is implicated in coding the location of spatial cues: a new study has found that distinct regions of entorhinal cortex respond differentially to distal versus local cues when these cues are rotated in conflict with one another.
Sources of Variation in Milk Flow Characteristics

Abstract Kymograph milking rates on 87 cows at morning and afternoon milkings at periodic stages of lactation were studied for effects of stage of lactation and milk yield. Two machine types were compared, one with 30 to 33cm mercury vacuum (low), 48 pulsations per min, and a 1:1 milking to rest pulsation ratio; and a second with 38 to 41cm mercury vacuum (high), 60 pulsations per min, and a 2.5:1 milking to rest pulsation ratio. Traits highly related to milk yield (yield to .45 kg/min, yield during maximum rate, and total yield) had the highest variation among stages of lactation. Milking rate traits (maximum rate, duration of maximum rate, strip time, time to reach maximum rate, total time, average rate, and time to reach 45 kg/min) had least variation from stage-to-stage for the same cow. There was a significant interaction between machine type and stage of lactation for all traits except yield to .45 kg/min and total yield. For maximum rate, the high-vacuum machine had a much flatter lactation trend than the low-vacuum machine. As lactation progressed, the high-vacuum machine had progressively less milking time than the low-vacuum machine. However, the high-vacuum machine left more shippings than the low-vacuum machine. Regressions on milk yield were significant for all traits except time to maximum rate.
Rethinking measures of migration: on the decomposition of net migration.

The purpose of this paper is to “resurrect” the measure of net migration and defend its continued use under specific research circumstances, despite the current dissatisfaction with the measure as expressed by some scholars. We employ data from the 1980 Census of Population to compare five measures of migration, including net migration rates, in- and out-migration rates, migration efficiency ratios and migration turnover rates. We demonstrate the additivity of in- and out-migration rates with net migration rates and migration turnover rates. Also, we show how the migration efficiency ratio and turnover rates are conceptually and mathematically related. Finally, a simple multivariate model is estimated to show how regression coefficients from in-and out-migration rate models are related to net migration and migration turnover rates.
Rh antigenicity: an essential component soluble in butanol.

STRUCTURAL requirements for the antigenicity of the Rh antigens of human erythrocytes have not been recognized so far. Recent evidence based on the reversible loss of antigenicity as a result of treatment with sulphydryl reagents suggested that sulphydryl groups are required for activity1. Clear evidence of the activity of the Rh antigens in solution has not been found. The presence of sulphydryl groups suggests that protein is the class to which the chemical structure of the Rh antigens belongs. This is in contrast to previous work which suggested that carbohydrate moieties were responsible for the specificity of the Rh antigen2.
The stabilization problem for Heegaard splittings of Seifert fibered spaces

Abstract The maximal number of stabilizations required to obtain equivalent Heegaard splittings from Heegaard splittings of an orientable Seifert fibered space with orientable base space is 1.
Quantitative variations in gene expression: possible role in cellular diversification and tumor progression.

Changes in the quantitative expression of certain genes or in the amounts of their products can quickly stimulate progression to the metastatic phenotype. This has been done experimentally by transferring dominantly acting oncogenes such as c-H-rasEJ into susceptible cells or more recently by interfering with metastasis suppressor genes. In vivo such rapid qualitative changes in dominantly acting oncogenes or suppressor genes occur only rarely, and progression to highly metastatic phenotypes is thought to occur through a process involving the slow stepwise progression of a subpopulation of neoplastic cells to more malignant states. Such slow changes can be reversible and need not involve known dominantly acting oncogenes or metastatic suppressor genes, consistent with clinical and experimental observations on naturally occuring, highly advanced metastatic tumors. An important element in the natural progression of tumors to more malignant states may be their ability to circumvent host environmental controls that regulate growth and cellular diversity. They also evolve into heterogeneous cellular phenotypes, a process that appears to mainly involve quantitative changes in gene expression but can be rapidly stimulated in cell culture by the introduction of a dominantly acting oncogene or inhibited by the introduction of a suppressor gene. The oncogenes and suppressor genes that affect malignancy may control important steps in the quantitative regulation of sets of genes that are ultimately responsible for the cellular alterations seen in adhesion receptors, cell motility responses, cell-cell communication components, degradative enzymes and their inhibitors, growth factor receptors, components that aid in escape from host surveillance mechanisms and others that are important in malignancy. Highly malignant cells that have slowly evolved in vivo may contain only a few qualitative gene changes but have undergone extensive cycles of diversification and accumulation of quantitative changes in the expression of genes that encode products that are related to malignancy and metastasis. Thus highly malignant cells can arise quickly due to specific qualitative changes in critical controlling genes or more slowly by less critical qualitative genetic changes together with cycles of cellular diversification and accumulation of quantitative changes in gene expression.
Evaluation of Two Lattice Boltzmann Models for Multiphase Flows

Two lattice Boltzmann models for multiphase flows, the immiscible fluid model proposed by Rothman and Keller (RÂ?K) and the multicomponent nonideal gas lattice Boltzmann model by Shan and Chen (SÂ?C), are studied numerically to compare their abilities to simulate the physics of multiphase flows. The test problem is the simulation of a static bubble. Isotropy, strength of surface tension, thickness of the interface, spurious currents, Laplace's law, and steadiness of the bubble are examined. The results show that the SÂ?C model is a major improvement over the RÂ?K model.
Retinoblastoma protein switches the E2F site from positive to negative element.

ORIGINALLY E2F sites were identified as elements in the promoters of adenovirus early genes that are necessary for activation of these genes by the early protein E1a (ref. 1). E2F promoter elements have been shown to be important for transcriptional activation of several genes critical for progression through the cell cycle2–4. During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the E2F protein forms a complex with the cell-cycle protein Rb (ref. 5) and it has been suggested that this binding of Rb to E2F inactivates E2F (ref. 5). Here we show that Rb-E2F is an active complex that, when bound to the E2F site, inhibits the activity of other promoter elements and thus silences transcription. We propose that the ability of this complex to inhibit transcription is integral to the function of Rb and provide evidence that E2F is a positive element in the absence of an active form of Rb. It has been shown that binding of Rb to E2F depends on the phosphorylation state of Rb (only the underphosphorylated form binds)5 and that the phosphorylation state of Rb changes during progression through the cell cycle6,7. We therefore suggest that the E2F site alternates between a positive and negative element with the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle of Rb. This cyclic activity may be responsible for activating and then inhibiting genes during the cell cycle.
Quantitation of α-linked Glucose Polymers Passing to the Small Intestine in Cattle

Abstract The amount of α-glucose polymers entering the duodenum of re-entrant cannulated steers was measured. In each of two trials, four steers received 275g or 500g of a high-grain diet every 2h; 16 and 12 total duodenal digesta, 8-h collections were made. The mean flows of digesta were 976 and 1,685 ml/h, and dry matters of duodenal digesta were 4.8 and 5.8% when animals were given 275 and 500g of feed. About 58 to 60% of consumed dry matter was digested and absorbed before reaching the duodenum at both intakes. Glucose in duodenal digesta, as a percentage of that ingested, was 3.6 and 5.2, and total glucose recovered in duodenal digesta per 8-h collection averaged 20 and 40g during low and high feed consumption. If all the glucose (60 g/day) passing to the duodenum during 275g feed intake were absorbed, it would contribute only 9% of the total glucose metabolized by these animals.
Comparison of intraosseous, central, and peripheral routes of sodium bicarbonate administration during CPR in pigs

Obtaining venous access continues to be one of the most difficult problems faced by a physician caring for the pediatric patient in cardiac arrest. Our study examined the use of the intraosseous route (through the bone) to obtain venous access for sodium bicarbonate administration in a cardiac arrest model. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 23 domestic swine. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed for five minutes and sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq/kg) was administered through a peripheral IV line (n = 6), a central IV line (n = 5), or intraosseously (n = 6). Controls (n = 6) did not receive bicarbonate. Blood pH was sampled every two minutes for 30 minutes from the right ventricle, left ventricle, and femoral artery. An analysis of variance revealed that the central and intraosseous routes were significantly different ( P P
The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power

(1991). The White Labyrinth: Cocaine and Political Power. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 293-294.
Fast and Flexible Coupled Cluster Implementation

A new coupled cluster singles and doubles with triples correction, CCSD(T), algorithm is presented. The new algorithm is implemented in object oriented C++, has a low memory footprint, fast execution time, low I/O overhead, and a flexible storage backend with the ability to use either distributed memory or a file system for storage. The algorithm is demonstrated to work well on single workstations, a small cluster, and a high-end Cray computer. With the new implementation, a CCSD(T) calculation with several hundred basis functions and a few dozen occupied orbitals can run in under a day on a single workstation. The algorithm has also been implemented for graphical processing unit (GPU) architecture, giving a modest improvement. Benchmarks are provided for both CPU and GPU hardware.
Theoretical changes of the magnetic elements with altitude

Confining our attention to the portion of the Earth's magnetic field— about 94 per cent for 1922—which may be expressed by a potential due to a system of magnetic and electric forces below the Earth's crust, the theoretical variation of any intensity component, C, with altitude, a, above the Earth's surface may be expressed by the following simple formula, in which terms containing higher powers of a than the first are for the present neglected: Figure 1. Here 22=Earth's mean radius=6,370 kms. and Co is the value of the particular intensity component at the Earth's surface. We may use with sufficient accuracy the approximate formula: Figure 2. hence a decrease of about one two-thousandth part of C per kilometer elevation above the Earth's surface.
Frequency and significance of acute intracystic hemorrhage during EUS-FNA of cystic lesions of the pancreas

Background Complications from EUS-guided FNA of cystic lesions of the pancreas are infrequent. Although several studies have evaluated infectious complications of EUS-guided FNA in this setting, the frequency and the clinical significance of intracystic hemorrhage have not been determined. This study assessed the frequency of acute intracystic hemorrhage during EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cystic lesions. The characteristic EUS appearance is described. Methods EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cyst lesions was performed in 50 patients (July 2000 to June 2003). Patients were followed prospectively for the development of complications. Observations Acute intracystic hemorrhage occurred during EUS-guided FNA at the site of aspiration in 3 patients (6%: 95% confidence interval [1.3%, 16.6%]). Endosonographically, the bleeding manifested as a small hyperechoic area at the puncture site that progressed gradually over a few minutes to involve the majority of the cyst cavity. EUS-guided FNA was terminated when bleeding was observed. One patient was asymptomatic, but two patients experienced abdominal pain transiently. All patients were treated with a short course of orally administered antibiotics and were observed as outpatients. Clinical history and laboratory parameters did not predict which patients were at risk for intracystic hemorrhage. Conclusions Acute intracystic hemorrhage is a rare complication of EUS-guided FNA; it has a characteristic EUS appearance. Recognition of this event is important, because it permits termination of the procedure and thereby minimizes the potential for more serious bleeding.
Transport of minority- carriers in graded-composition semiconductors and its impact on graded-band-gap base transistors operated at high currents

A comprehensive model for minority‐carrier transport due to a quasi‐electric‐field in graded‐composition semiconductor materials is developed including effects due to nondegenerate high‐level injection of excess electrons and holes. For low‐level injection, equivalent to a one‐sun photoexcitation of uniformly doped direct‐ or indirect‐band‐gap material the total quasifield is given by the standard gradient of band‐gap energy. High‐level injection asymptotically reduces quasifield components due to band‐gap and effective‐mass gradients to lower values, and essentially eliminates components due to equilibrium‐ and excess‐carrier concentration gradients. The impact of these results on performance of p‐n‐p and n‐p‐n graded‐band‐gap base transistors operated at high currents is examined.
Experiencing Everyday Discrimination: A Comparison Across Five Immigrant Populations

Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, this article explores and compares the subjective experiences of everyday discrimination articulated by immigrants across five different national origin populations. The comparison reveals that discrimination is perceived, encountered, and experienced differently by immigrants from various national origins backgrounds. Further, from the perspective of immigrants themselves, discrimination is not just about phenotypical racial characteristics, but also about language abilities, class position, immigration status, foreignness, and personhood. The article describes some of the contexts or settings within which discrimination is encountered, including a discussion of both mainstream and minority contexts. The latter is rarely addressed in the literature on discrimination. Finally, using some hypothetical scenarios, it examines how immigrants of different national origins say they might react to discriminatory behavior. This exercise not only illuminates some intriguing variations across the five populations but also addresses broader discussion of confrontation as opposed to forbearance in the literature on discrimination.
Positive Psychotherapy According to the Socratic Method

The present article explores the integration of positive psychology and the Socratic method. Positive psychology provides an important shift of focus, helping psychotherapists to move away from an exclusive focus on problems, symptoms, and pathology. Instead, psychotherapy sessions can include a strong emphasis on personal qualities and social resources for managing stressful situations. The Socratic method provides a broad framework that is compatible with positive psychology. Three areas are explored that integrate positive psychology with the Socratic method: (a) A focus on developing positive views of self and other people, (b) positive goals for life-long changes, and (c) a positive process for therapy that is guided by collaboration and exploration. When combined, these three focal shifts can help to soften the style of therapy and expand the relevance of treatment.
The intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility of FMRI activation during three encoding tasks: implications for clinical applications.

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the inter- and intrasubject reproducibility of FMRI activation for three memory encoding tasks previously used in the context of presurgical functional mapping. The primary region of interest (ROI) was the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Comparative ROIs included the inferior frontal and fusiform gyri which are less affected by susceptibility-induced signal losses than the MTL regions. Eighteen subjects were scanned using three memory encoding paradigms: word-pair, pattern, and scene encoding. Nine subjects underwent repeat scanning. Intersubject reproducibility of FMRI activation was evaluated by examining the percent of subjects who showed activation within a given ROI and the range to which individual laterality indices (LIs) varied from the mean. Intrasubject test-retest reproducibility was evaluated by examining the LI test-retest correlation, the average difference between LIs from two separate imaging sessions, and concordance ratios of activation volumes (Rvolume and Roverlap). For scene encoding the reproducibility of activation volume and LIs within the MTL were as good as or better than the reproducibility within the fusiform and inferior frontal ROIs. For pattern encoding and word-pair encoding, the reproducibility of activation volume and LIs within the MTL tended to be worse compared to the fusiform and inferior frontal ROIs. The differences in FMRI reproducibility appeared more dependent on the task than the susceptibility effects. The results of this study suggest that FMRI-based assessment of the neural substrates of memory using a scene encoding task may be a useful clinical tool.
Four probe polarization techniques and the application to investigations of solid-state electrochemical devices

Abstract The application of sequential, bipolar, square-wave, current pulses to a solid-state electrochemical device with two properly positioned reference electrodes, has greatly facilitated the characterization of cell performance. This technique is particularly useful in identifying the rate-limiting step by separation of polarization distributions among cell components. Additional utility of this technique includes fast results and easy data interpretation. In fact, the current pulse sequences can be superimposed on a cell under normal operation to determine the kinetic and transport properties of the electrolyte and electrode materials in situ during cell operation.