cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative radiation therapy of hepatic metastases: technical aspects and report of a pilot study.

Abstract Surgical resection of hepatic metastases offers long-term survival, and possibly cure, for selected patients with colorectal carcinoma. Fifty percent of patients considered candidates for resection are found to have disease confined to the liver. The resections necessary are often more extensive than predicted preoperatively, which provides an opportunity for innovative approaches using radiation therapy. The intraoperative radiation therapy technique presented here offers the ability to control multiple metastatic deposits in patients not deemed resectable. This is achieved using remote afterloading interstitial (Ir-192) radiation therapy to deliver tumoricidal radiation doses to limited volumes within the liver. The technique was used to treat 11 patients in a pilot study, delivering radiation doses of 20 Gy to the periphery of predetermined target volumes in a single treatment. The number of metastatic deposits treated ranged from 2 to 11 separate tumors with maximum diameters from 3 to 9 cm (median 6 cm). Hospitalizations were from 6 to 23 days (median 8) with only one patient experiencing a surgically related complication (wound dehiscence and pneumonia). There were no radiation related complications on follow-up to 18 months. Biopsies of two treated sites in a patient undergoing reoperation confirmed control of tumors by this procedure. This technique is offered as a standby procedure to patients undergoing exploration for hepatic resection at our institution.
TRAC-PF1/MOD1 calculations and data comparisons for mist small-break LOCA, feed-and-bleed and steam-generator tube-rupture experiments

Los Alamos National Laboratory is a participant in the Integral System Test (IST) program initiated in June 1983 for the purpose of providing integral system test data on specific issues/phenomena relevant to post-small-break loss-of-coolant accidents, loss of feedwater and other transients in Babcock and Wilcox (B&W) nuclear plant designs. The Multi-Loop Integral System Test (MIST) facility is the largest single component in the IST program. MIST is a 2 × 4 [two hot legs and steam generators (SGs), four cold legs and reactor coolant pumps] representation of B&W lowered-loop reactor systems. It is a full-height, full-pressure facility with 1/817 power and volume scaling. Efforts are under way at Los Alamos to assess TRAC-PF1/MOD1 against data from the MIST facility. Calculations and data comparisons for TRAC-PF1/MOD1 assessment are presented for three transients run in the MIST facility. The energy removal and depressurization mechanisms in these tests are identified and the phenomena occurring in these tests compared. The tests analyzed are MIST Test 3109AA, the nominal small-break LOCA, Test 330302, a feed and bleed test with delayed high-pressure injection; and Test 3404AA, an SG tube-rupture test with the affected SG isolated. TRAC was able to predict these phenomena although the timing and magnitude of events were not always in good agreement. The MIST test have demonstrated the thermal-hydraulic phenomena expected to occur during transients in B&W nuclear plants. Because of scaling atypicalities, test results cannot be extrapolated directly to plant conditions. Although the phenomena were demonstrated in the MIST tests, there may be differences in the timing, magnitude and sequences of events in plant transients. Assessment calculations, three of which are presented here, have shown that the TRAC computer code can predict the major trends and phenomena occurring during the MIST tests with reasonable qualitative agreement. This includes complex sequences of events. Reasonable qualitative agreement is defined as meaning that major trends are predicted correctly, although TRAC values are frequently outside the range of data uncertainty. These assessment results, taken with assessment results from other facilities at a wide range of scales, provide us with confidence that the TRAC code can adequately simulate the transient phenomena possible in B&W nuclear plants.
Aluminum Windings and Other Strategies for High-Frequency Magnetics Design in an Era of High Copper and Energy Costs

Recent Cu price increases motivate careful examination of approaches to minimize Cu use in high-frequency transformers and inductors. Approaches that can reduce Cu use without increasing losses include careful winding design, trading winding volume for core volume, replacing Cu with Al, and using Cu-clad Al (CCA) windings. Al wire is particularly attractive. The cost of Al is lower than it might appear from the cost per unit mass when the much lower density of Al is also considered, and the disadvantage of higher resistivity becomes less important when high-frequency effects are considered.
The ArcA regulon and oxidative stress resistance in Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae transits between niches within the human host that are predicted to differ in oxygen levels. The ArcAB two-component signal transduction system controls gene expression in response to respiratory conditions of growth and has been implicated in bacterial pathogenesis, yet the mechanism is not understood. We undertook a genome-scale study to identify genes of the H. influenzae ArcA regulon. Deletion of arcA resulted in increased anaerobic expression of genes of the respiratory chain and of H. influenzae's partial tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased anaerobic expression levels of genes of polyamine metabolism, and iron sequestration. Deletion of arcA also conferred a susceptibility to transient exposure to hydrogen peroxide that was greater following anaerobic growth than after aerobic growth. Array data revealed that the dps gene, not previously assigned to the ArcA modulon in bacteria, exhibited decreased expression in the arcA mutant. Deletion of dps resulted in hydrogen peroxide sensitivity and complementation restored resistance, providing insight into the previously uncharacterized mechanism of arcA-mediated H(2)O(2) resistance. The results indicate a role for H. influenzae arcA and dps in pre-emptive defence against transitions from growth in low oxygen environments to aerobic exposure to hydrogen peroxide, an antibacterial oxidant produced by phagocytes during infection.
Estimation of Intrinsic Dimensionality Using High-Rate Vector Quantization

We introduce a technique for dimensionality estimation based on the notion of quantization dimension, which connects the asymptotic optimal quantization error for a probability distribution on a manifold to its intrinsic dimension. The definition of quantization dimension yields a family of estimation algorithms, whose limiting case is equivalent to a recent method based on packing numbers. Using the formalism of high-rate vector quantization, we address issues of statistical consistency and analyze the behavior of our scheme in the presence of noise.
Race in Biological and Biomedical Research

The concept of race has had a significant influence on research in human biology since the early 19th century. But race was given its meaning and social impact in the political sphere and subsequently intervened in science as a foreign concept, not grounded in the dominant empiricism of modern biology. The uses of race in science were therefore often disruptive and controversial; at times, science had to be retrofitted to accommodate race, and science in turn was often used to explain and justify race. This relationship was unstable in large part because race was about a phenomenon that could not be observed directly, being based on claims about the structure and function of genomic DNA. Over time, this relationship has been characterized by distinct phases, evolving from the inference of genetic effects based on the observed phenotype to the measurement of base-pair variation in DNA. Despite this fundamental advance in methodology, liabilities imposed by the dual political-empirical origins of race persist. On the one hand, an optimistic prediction can be made that just as geology made it possible to overturn the myth of the recent creation of the earth and evolution told us where the living world came from, molecular genetics will end the use of race in biology. At the same time, because race is fundamentally a political and not a scientific idea, it is possible that only a political intervention will relieve us of the burden of race.
A 10-Bit 500-MS/s 55-mW CMOS ADC

A pipelined ADC incorporates a digital foreground calibration technique that corrects errors due to capacitor mismatch, gain error, and op amp nonlinearity. Employing a highspeed, low-power op amp topology and an accurate on-chip resistor ladder and designed in 90-nm CMOS technology, the ADC achieves a DNL of 0.4 LSB and an INL of 1LSB. The prototype digitizes a 233-MHz input with 53-dB SNDR while consuming 55 mW from a 1.2-V supply.
Kalman filtering application in automatic music transcription

In this paper we discuss the problem of partial tracking as applied to music signals, and propose a tracking algorithm based on Kalman filtering. This algorithm is capable of tracking both frequency and power partials, which are used in different areas of music signal analysis. We introduce a set of state-space models for our signals based on the evolution of frequency and amplitude in different classes of musical instruments. These prior models are used to estimate future values of partial tracks in successive time frames of our spectral data. We present and evaluate the performance of our tracker in different possible scenarios where there are crossing partials or vibrato
Constraint and developmental dissociation of phenotypic integration in a genetically accommodated trait

The genetic accommodation of novel adaptive traits may be accompanied by the evolution of correlated traits that constrain adaptive evolution. Very little is known about the removal of maladaptive correlated traits. In the present study, body size was found to have evolved as a correlated trait during the artificial selection for a polyphenism and a monophenism, and the developmental basis underlying this correlated trait was investigated. The body size and coloration were found to be developmentally integrated by titers of the insect developmental hormone, juvenile hormone (JH). Attempts to uncouple the two traits resulted in the evolution of one of the body size determinants-the critical weight-but not the delay period whose evolution is constrained by JH titers. Thus, maladaptive correlated traits can be removed when multiple developmental modules exist, and the evolution of one or more of these modules is not constrained.
A Mixed Methods Approach to Measuring Depth of Group Information Processing in the Context of Deliberative Public Involvement

This article presents a mixed methods procedure for evaluating information processing and the role of social influences in deliberative public involvement groups. Specifically, it describes an interpretive, qualitative coding scheme for analyzing group discussions to quantitatively assess how group differences in information processing and social influences affect decision judgments. To substantiate the need for this new approach, the contributions of social psychology for better understanding persuasive influences in groups and individual information processing are described in relation to participatory public involvement contexts. The approach is then described using examples from a deliberative public involvement process. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges associated with the proposed technique and suggestions for research to advance the technique and assess its contribution to mixed methods research.
On Pushing the Voice-Onset-Time (Vot) Boundary About:

There is voluminous evidence that homorganic stop consonants are distinguishable on the basis of voice onset time relative to their supraglottal articulation. For initial stops a convenient acoustic reference point is the onset of the release burst, and VOT has been defined as the interval between this point and onset of glottal signal. VOT boundary values between voiced and voiceless initial stops of English have been established by spectrographic measurements of naturally produced isolated words and by perception testing of synthesized CV syllables. The close match between the two kinds of boundary values suggests that fairly natural values were chosen for the invariant features of the synthetic speech patterns tested. It is known, however, that certain of these affect voicing perception. New data from synthesis experiments show that VOT boundaries shift with changes in transition duration, and that it is the first formant and not higher ones which are responsible.
Saving One's Life By Losing It

Considered rhetorically, or by phenomenological-literary analysis, the saying about finding one's life by losing it intends to break up the continuity of existence of the hearer to the extent that he or she is left without a frame of reference. Considered from a historical-literary point of view, however, the saying occurs in an environment and presupposes a context which gives meaning to the response. A Whiteheadian or process perspective of interpretation offers an approach which can relate these two types of understanding of the saying, and can also cast light on contemporary styles of interpretation with their ontological presuppositions, either to set the saying
Room-temperature AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb heterojunction phototransistors

We present room-temperature AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb heterojunction phototransistors (HPT) with a cutoff wavelength (50% of maximum quantum efficiency) of 2.4 µm and 2.15 µm. AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb HPT structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). This work is a continuation of a preceding project, which was carried out using liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) grown AlGaAsSb/InGaAsSb/GaSb heterostructures. Although the LPE-related work resulted in the fabrication of an HPT with excellent parameters, MBE and MOCVD - compared to LPE - provides better control over doping levels, composition and width of the AlGaAsSb and InGaAsSb layers, compositional and doping profiles, especially with regard to abrupt heterojunctions. HPT with different diameter of photosensitive area (75, 200, 300 and 1000 µm) were fabricated and characterized. In particular, I-V characteristics, spectral response and noise, as well as detectivity and noise-equivalentpower were determined in a broad range of temperatures and bias voltages. Advantages of HPT integration with diffractive optical elements (DOE) were demonstrated.
Behavior Control of Seizure Disorders

Epilepsy (or, more accurately, “the epilepsies”) is not a disease. It is a multifactoral disorder in which seizures—electrical and clinical—are the most dramatic manifest symptom and the most destructive to personal functioning. The medical management of a person with epilepsy requires a comprehensive program that considers electroencephalogram (EEG) data, underlying organic lesions or pathology, tolerance and effectiveness of anticonvulsant medication, adjunctive behavior therapeutics, and social and personal habilitation. Admittedly, if the seizure problem could be eliminated, the remaining problems involved with epilepsy would be trivial, at most. But the goal is decidedly not to treat the EEG and not to control seizures at all costs (even if such a possibility were always pres ent). Behavioral medicine offers a perspective that permits the design of multifactoral interventions to meet the diverse challenges presented by the patient with epilepsy. This chapter will restrict its focus to adjunctive treatment tactics that do not require nutritional, pharmacological, or surgical procedures. The epileptology literature is vast, and the interested reader is well advised to consult this body of knowledge for a broader and more detailed appreciation of the historical, medical, and psychosocial aspects of this topic.
Abstract A78: Factors associated with screening mammography in Asian Americans: Test of the Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use

Despite its effectiveness as a preventive measure, minority women are less likely to obtain screening mammograms. Although numerous studies have examined factors associated with mammography utilization and women9s adherence to mammography screening guidelines, less attention has been directed to mammography adherence among Asian Americans and how nativity influences adherence. Asian Americans may be one of the fastest growing racial/ethnic groups in the United States, but remains one of the most poorly understood minorities in terms of screening mammography adherence. Using an adapted Andersen9s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use and data from the California Health Interview Survey (2001-2009), this study sought to determine the relationship between predisposing, enabling, and need factors on mammography adherence among Asian Americans and to determine if it varied by nativity. The sample included 8,353 Asian Americans with 80.2% foreign-born. A multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the association between enabling, predisposing, and need factors to screening mammography. The factors associated with screening mammography varied by nativity. Among U.S.-born Asian females, mammography adherence was associated with current smokers, prior cancer prevention health service use, Asians over the age of 65 years old, household size, speaking English very good or well and being uninsured. Among foreign-born Asian females, mammography adherence is associated with being overweight, sedentary, prior cancer prevention health service use, age (50-64 years old), household size, marital status, health insurance, and having one or more chronic conditions. Understanding the factors that impact mammography adherence may inform intervention strategies. Citation Format: ThuyQuynh Ngoc Do, M. Kristen Peek. Factors associated with screening mammography in Asian Americans: Test of the Andersen9s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A78. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A78
Religion and Education in England and Wales

Any modern democracy with an established religion faces a dilemma. On the one hand, the fact of establishment itself implies one true faith. On the other hand, discrimination (except for good reason in carefully defined circumstances) is unacceptable. An irony compounds this 'democratic dilemma': whatever may be the established religion, it does not necessarily follow that it is practised by the majority of the population. Indeed, it seems quite possible that more Brits currently find spiritual solace in various cults rather than traditional religions.This paper explores the role of religion in both public and private education in England and Wales, from K-12 through to post-secondary education. It finds that the means by which the law continues to wrestle with the above conundrum is not necessarily well chosen. The pattern of legislation has been to lay down with one hand a blanket prohibition on religiously-based discrimination; but then, with the other, to provide for exceptions to this ostensible norm which actually mean that those of a particular religious persuasion often do receive preferential treatment.
Cocamidopropyl betaine : the significance of positive patch test results in twelve patients

Cocamidopropyl betaine is a surfactant coming into wide use in shampoos and other cleansing products. Recent reports have implicated it as a potential allergen, although it is less irritating than other surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate. Twelve positive patch test results were seen over a period of fifteen months of testing in selected patients. Of these, seven results were thought to be relevant. All seven patients with relevant reactions and four of the five with uncertain relevance had dermatitis of the head and neck area. It is concluded that although cocamidopropyl betaine is not a common allergen, it may be at least partially responsible for some cases of allergic dermatitis of the head and neck.
Review of risks to communities from shale energy development.

Although shale energy development can bring infusions of money and jobs to local communities, an array of risks to community-level assets and institutions is also possible. Sociological research dating back to the 1970s links rapid oil and gas development with overburdened municipal services, upended social and cultural patterns, and volatile economic growth. Research on technological risk has demonstrated communities can come to be associated with pollution and contamination, resulting in out-migration, declining amenity-led development, and decreased financial investment. Emerging shale energy case studies in Wyoming, Pennsylvania, North Dakota, and Texas show a similar, although nuanced, picture of these concerns. Yet, little data exists on the prevalence or magnitude of these risks in the current context of shale gas development. The existing research has largely remained case-based in nature, has not been synthesized across various disciplines, and has not been updated to account for various social a...
Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis and Captan When Used In a Mixture for Treating Seed Corn for Moth Control

Captan (Orthocide) in aqueous suspension at 58.6 mg of Al/ml prevented germination of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Dipel) spores but did not kill the spores. Upon dilution with water, spores that had been incubated with captan for 4 h germinated and produced colonies on agar plates. Captan had no effect on the toxicity of B. thuringiensis to almond moths, Ephestia cautella (Walker), and only a slight negative effect on toxicity to Indianmeal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), perhaps because of its effects on the spores to which this species is susceptible. Captan alone was slightly toxic to these insect species, but it did not increase the toxicity of B. thuringiensis in mixtures.
The Triple Threat of Recurrence after Breast Conserving Therapy: Race, Receptor Status and Age.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of race, receptor status, and age on recurrence in patients undergoing breast conserving therapy (BCT). Methods The study population consisted of 510 primary invasive female breast cancer patients (excluding Stage IV), who resided in Fulton-Dekalb counties, in Atlanta, GA. These patients were diagnosed in 2003-2004 and treated within the Emory University Affiliated Hospitals. Data was obtained from the SEER cancer registry and augmented with medical record abstraction. Median follow-up was 3.5 and 4.4 years for recurrence and survival, respectively. Breast tumors were categorized as either triple negative (TN), which were estrogen, progesterone, and Her2-neu receptor negative tumors, versus (vs) non-TN, all other possible iterations. Women were evaluated for recurrence and death by TN status, race (African American (AA) vs Caucasian (C)), age, grade, tumor size, nodal status, socioeconomic status (SES), and receipt of chemotherapy. Both recurrence and survival were evaluated using chi-square, fisher exact, and cox regression analyses, p ≤ 0.05 significance. Results Of the 510 women, 193 received BCT. Of the 193, 92% completed radiation therapy and 45% received chemotherapy. Of the 184 women with known recurrence status, 11 recurred locally, 11 distantly, and none regionally. Compared to patients with non-TN tumors, TN patients had significantly higher local (13% vs 5%) and distant (16% vs 4%) recurrence rates. AA women had non-significant higher local recurrence than C women (7% vs 4%) and a higher distant recurrence rate (8% vs 3%). Finally, compared to women ≥50 years old, women age Conclusion We observed that there was a significant increase in local and distant metastatic recurrence rates after BCT among patients diagnosed with TN breast cancers, AA women, and women Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6045.
Apparent Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Transfer in Some Insect Blood Cells

In an existent study of the blood picture of the southern armyworm, Prodenia eridania (Cram.), to be eventually utilized in an investigation of the effects of certain experimental procedures and toxic substances upon this insect, it has been necessary to make detailed microscopic observations with high magnification of the various blood (hemolymph) cell types. It has been observed frequently that the nuclei of certain blood cells present peculiar appearances which can be interpreted to indicate the occurrence of a transfer of material from nucleus to cytoplasm and, in some cells, even of a nucleus-to-cytoplasm-toplasma transfer. Whether the transfer is a nuclear budding or an extrusion of nuclear or nucleolar material is not distinguished in this paper, and “nuclear to cytoplasmic transfer” is used with the general meaning of any process that results in the location of small masses of nuclear material in the cytoplasm of the same cell. This appearance has been encountered with sufficient frequency in the blood of southern armyworm larvae to justify its description.
Impact of AIDS on Clinical Laboratorians

We developed a survey to assess the effects of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on clinical laboratory professionals with regard to the following: knowledge of AIDS, laboratory safety practices, and attitudes toward working with AIDS specimens and patients. In December 1987,580 surveys were distributed to laboratorians employed in eight hospitals in central and northern New York State. There were 307 usable responses for an overall return rate of 53%. Our findings indicate that most laboratorians are knowledgeable about the modes of transmission of AIDS, but that a significant number are uncertain about transmission, some of the CDC's recommendations for laboratory safety, the type of HIV screening test used, and HIV-associated abnormalities of the immune system. While the majority of laboratorians were knowledgeable about the recommendations for universal precautions and the use of gloves in the laboratory, many indicated that they are not following the recommended precautions. Laboratorians were more likely to follow the precautions if they attended two or more inservice programs on AIDS. This finding suggests the need for more aggressive inservice education programs with emphasis on laboratory safety with regard to AIDS. Finally, most laboratorians believe that AIDS has increased their on-the-job stress to some degree but not enough to change their career.
Female Body Size and Reproduction in Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from Two Ponds in Central Ohio

Abstract Gambusia affinis (Western Mosquitofish) is one of the most widespread and invasive freshwater fish. Herein we describe and compare the body size and reproduction of female Western Mosquitofish from 2 small ponds in central Ohio: Wood Duck (WD) and Olde Minnow (OM). This population is one of the most northern populations of Western Mosquitofish to be studied to date. The 2 ponds differed in water temperature (OM > WD), dissolved oxygen (OM » WD), and depth (OM > WD). Body size and body condition of Western Mosquitofish collected was similar in the 2 ponds. Litter size averaged 15.2, increased with female size, and did not differ between ponds. This mean litter size is substantially smaller than that reported for other populations at a similar latitude. Females contained embryos or follicles throughout the study (May–July), but the proportion declined over time, especially in WD. Simultaneous presence of embryos and follicles suggests multiple broods per season, and was more common in OM than in WD...
Studying Earth in the New Millennium: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Contributions to Earth Science and Applications Space Agencies

The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a national research facility that carries out cuttingedge earth science missions. JPL developed the first U.S. Earth-orbiting science spacecraft and is a pioneer in the use of remote sensing for science of the oceans, atmosphere, and solid earth. Explorer I was the first U.S. Earth-orbiting spacecraft. It followed the Soviet Sputniks 1 and 2 but carried James Van Allen's Geiger counter, which upended space physics with the discovery of the radiation belts now named for him [1]. Explorer I also carried a micrometeoroid detector. JPL developed atmospheric temperature instruments for the Nimbus series of weather satellites, built microwave and infrared instruments to help gain an understanding of stratospheric ozone depletion, ocean circulation, and surface winds, and flew Seasat, which carried the first civilian synthetic aperture radar. This article gives a general overview of recent, current, and near-future earth science missions led by JPL, highlighting a few of the many measurements that are transforming our understanding of the processes governing the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land surfaces, and climate.
Research on visual simulation system of antimechanized projectile

In order to reveal the content and relationship about the ballistic computed data of some new projectile,and hold the whole process and discover the internal rule,the visual simulation soft on this projectile is designed.The significance and process on the visual simulation system of some new projectile is analyzed,and the conception and design model of simulation system is established based on the object-oriented technology,and meanwhile the improvement and optimization of coordinate transforming of graph space is to meet the need of the real-time visual simulation.At last,by changing the parameter and using the real-time dynamic graphics of OpenGL,the visual simulation system is implemented.
The Reduction of Theories

The kinetic theory of matter was by far one of the most exciting achievements in the history of science. Not only did it succeed in explaining a vast array of hitherto mysterious macroscopic phenomena by reducing gases, liquids and solids to swarms of microscopic atoms whose behaviour is governed by Newton’s laws and the laws of statistics, it also enabled the incorporation of independent or isolated scientific systems into a single, more comprehensible and powerful framework. So the reduction of theories augments our understanding of nature in a very special way, and in such a way as to bring about a single coherent picture of nature, something that the scientific community has always sought to achieve from the very beginning, ever since Thaies boldly asserted that everything was (a form of) water. This venerable way of accounting for natural phenomena has been the subject of philosophical treatment by philosophers of science for ages. Although, at first, it appeared that analysing the logic of explanation by reduction and the relationship between the reduced theories and the deeper system to which they are reduced would be a fairly straightforward matter of applying traditional techniques of logic and philosophy, it turned out, on the contrary, that the logic of reduction has been highly elusive, and that the relationship between the reduced theories and the reducing theory is a far more complex one than was first envisaged. As a result, controversy over these issues has persisted in the literature up to the present.
Population Ecotoxicology: Exposure and Effects of Environmental Chemicals

Just as organisms are affected by environmental contaminants, so too can populations. Instead of looking for cellular or chemical changes in organisms, biologists interested in population ecotoxicology look for changes in reproductive rate, mortality rate, or similar signs in a population. As we increase the scale of our concerns, going from organisms to populations, and then eventually to communities and ecosystems, stochasticity or randomness tends to increase. It becomes increasingly important, therefore, to identify the possible sources of this randomness. For example, we define demographic stochasticity as that which occurs due to age, sex, or reproductive status and environmental stochasticity is that which is due to randomness in the environment.
Pre-transplant emotional support is associated with longer survival after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Emerging evidence suggests that psychosocial factors pre-transplant predict survival in cancer patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). These studies, however, typically have small sample sizes, short-term follow ups or a limited panel of medical covariates. We extend this research in a large, well-characterized sample of transplant patients, asking whether patients' perceived emotional support and psychological distress predict mortality over 2 years. Prior to transplant, 400 cancer patients (55.5% males; 82.8% White; Mage=50.0 years; 67.0% leukemia, 20.0% lymphoma) were interviewed by a social caseworker, who documented the patients' perceived emotional support and psychological distress. Subsequently, patients received an allogeneic HSCT (51.0% matched-related donor, 42.0% matched-unrelated donor and 7.0% cord blood). HSCT outcomes were obtained from medical records. Controlling for demographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity and marital status) and medical confounders (disease type, conditioning regimen, remission status, cell dosage, donor and recipient CMV seropositivity, donor sex, comorbidities and disease risk), ratings of good emotional support pre-transplant predicted longer overall survival (hazard ratio (HR)=0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.42-0.91; P=0.013). Pre-transplant psychological distress was unrelated to survival, however (Ps>0.58). Emotional support was marginally associated with lower rates of treatment-related mortality (HR=0.58, CI, 0.32-1.05; P=0.073). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that emotional support contributes to better outcomes following HSCT. Future studies should examine whether intervention efforts to optimize emotional resources can improve survival in cancer patients.
Numerical Methods for Advection-Dominant Transport

The numerical solution of the transport equation, describing the fate of a passive scaler in a moving fluid, has been the object of intense research for the past few decades. So much interest concerning an apparently inoffensive (in many occasions it is even linear) equation may seem, at first sight, misplaced. However, there is a fundamental difficulty in the solution of the transport equation, which results from the fact that, while advection and dispersion are simultaneous processes, they promote mass transport very differently: in the case of advection, transport is along characteristic lines that follow the flow, while in the case of dispersion, it is both along and between characteristic lines. Mathematically, this means the need to treat simultaneously hyperbolic terms associated with advection and parabolic terms associated with dispersion terms, a problem that no numerical method has yet fully overcome. Prevailing approaches of solving the transport equations may be classified into three broad categories: Eulerian methods (EMs), Lagrangian methods (LMs), and EulerianLagrangian methods (ELMs).
RNP RNAV Arrival Route Coordination

Current terminal operations are changing as more terminal Area Navigation (RNAV) routes are defined that aircraft are expected to fly. Previously, arriving aircraft filing a Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR) were given vectors to guide them to the runway when the aircraft transitioned from the STAR and entered the terminal area. There are, however, efforts underway to extend these STARs as routes in the terminal area that overlay the current traffic patterns resulting from the vectors that controllers give to the aircraft. Since these RNAV STAR extensions are overlays, they typically have merge points prior to the merge on final. The challenge for terminal controllers managing merges are wind and speed differentials due to the altitude change along the arrival paths. The geometry of a merge (the number of turns and the length of each route prior to the merge) makes it more challenging to identify a potential merge problem early enough to prevent vectoring an aircraft off the RNAV procedure. To achieve the additional expected benefits and efficiencies from these terminal routes, the controllers will need automation support to assist them in managing the traffic where the routes merge. Currently there is an automation aid in the U.S. terminal automation systems (Automated Radar Tracking Systems (ARTS) and Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS)) that helps controllers synchronize two streams of traffic, namely the Converging Runway Display Aid (CRDA).
Vaupés Marriage: A Network System in the Northwest Amazon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the specific and at times unique characteristics of the Vaupes marriage system. An analysis of the marriage system found in the Vaupes territory of south eastern Colombia demonstrates the utility of a regional approach to small-scale, kinship-based societies, and complex ones. Consideration is given to the question of how much this marriage system can be seen as an adaptation to the particular ecosystem within which it operates. However, the major intention is to demonstrate the advantages of taking the total regional ecosystem as the unit of analysis when doing research on any problem concerning social groupings in environments similar to the Vaupes: tropical forests where human populations have a hunting–fishing–gathering base with a substantial amount of horticulture. Because of this focus, conclusions relating to the specific ethnographic data and interpretation for the Vaupes are presented in a condensed form.
Management of Depression in Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Over the past 30 years, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to rise in the pediatric and adolescent population. The increased rates of depression in children with type 1 diabetes have long been established in literature. However, the association of type 2 diabetes and depression has only recently been acknowledged. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature to examine the incidence of depression and type 2 diabetes in adolescents and to suggest protocols for caring for these patients.
Coexistence of WLAN Network With Radar: Detection and Interference Mitigation

Coexistence between 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) and radars operating in co/adjacent channel scenarios (notably 5GHz) is a problem of considerable importance that requires new innovations. We propose a modified Wi-Fi link design that mitigates the interference from a pulsed search radar such that the WLAN network continues to operate outside the exclusion region. For low density parity check encoding adopted in high throughput WLANs such as 802.11n and.11ac, the modified receiver includes a new interleaver and a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) mapping function to mitigate the impact of radar interference. Two detection approaches are proposed to detect the radar pulse interference to Wi-Fi; time domain cyclic prefix auto-correlation detection and frequency domain data subcarrier based detection. The detection approaches are derived analytically and their performances are evaluated via simulation. We investigate the impact of interleaver length and LLR mapping function parameters via simulations to obtain the desirable frame error rate. Under the known radar pulse arrival at the Wi-Fi receiver, the modified system can significantly mitigate the radar interference for all interference to noise ratio (INR) values by using the frame interleaver. Using the radar pulse detectors in the system, the modified system can mitigate the interference at high and low INRs, while it can partially mitigate the interference in the range of 3<INR<30 dB, especially at higher modulation and coding scheme.
Perceptions of Change and New Routine Adoption

The adoption of new organizational routines is often described as difficult and imperfect. In this study, to explain new routine adoption, I consider how beliefs about the impact of the new practic...
Arthroscopic Delivery of Injectable Bone Graft for Staged Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Bone defects caused by femoral and tibial tunnel enlargement can pose a significant technical challenge when planning to perform revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A number of options have been described for managing osseous deficiencies, including the use of large autograft or allograft bone dowels to provide sufficient tunnel fill and subsequent structural support for revision surgery. These techniques can be time-consuming and technically demanding to ensure proper tunnel fill and press-fit stability of the bone graft. We describe our preferred technique for arthroscopic bone grafting using a mixture of demineralized cortical bone graft augmented with platelet-rich plasma delivered through a simple delivery system.
Effect of Viscoelasticity on Lubricant Behavior Under Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Conditions

In Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) technology, the lubricant layer coating on the disk is exposed to severe thermal conditions, leading to evaporation, depletion, and chemical degradation. In general, those studying the effects of laser exposure on lubricant depletion and recovery have assumed the lubricant to be a viscous fluid and have modeled its behavior using lubrication theory. However, PFPE lubricant depletion and recovery behavior at the timescale of HAMR conditions (microsecond to millisecond) is known to be that of a viscoelastic fluid. In this paper, we introduce a modification to the traditional lubrication equation that accommodates viscoelastic effects. The results suggest that this method is numerically unstable for small laser spot sizes, close to the target of HAMR. Accordingly, we developed a novel approach to model the viscoelastic depletion and recovery behavior of PFPE ultra-thin films using a Finite Element Analysis. We show that this new method is able to model the entire range of material viscoelasticity, from purely viscous to purely elastic extremes. The results show that the viscoelastic effects become remarkably pronounced with a decrease in laser spot size. For the micron-size laser spots, close to typical experimental conditions, the lubricant behaves like a viscous fluid. For the laser spot size of 20 nm, close to the target of HAMR, it behaves like an elastic material. In exposing the consequences of this viscoelastic behavior, this study predicts that lubricant flow due to thermo-capillary effects will not be a significant issue in the development of the HAMR technology. Rather, future efforts should concentrate on the thermal degradation and evaporation effects upon HAMR lubricants.
In the Shadow of Independence: Portugal, Brazil, and Their Mutual Influence after the End of Empire (late 1820s-early 1840s)

Historians have long recognized how the formal achievement of independence meant neither that the legacies of colonialism had been extirpated nor that the newly won sovereignty was unencumbered. Legacies of colonialism in Latin America after independence were numerous and included older forms of indigenous tribute and taxation, labor regimes such as slavery, legal codes, and the position of the post-colonial polity in the world economy, the latter of which also circumscribed sovereignty as scholars working in the Dependency Theory, Informal Empire, and World Systems traditions have demonstrated. Recently, historians have begun to recognize that many non-economic connections and relationships between Europe and Latin America survived the disintegration of the Ibero-Atlantic empires and that many new ones, both overtly coercive and less so, were formed (e.g., the circulation of political ideas; European immigration schemes) (Brown and Paquette 2013). Three phenomena—the “persistence of mutual influence,” the repair or rethickening of frayed threads, and the spinning of new, unprecedented transatlantic webs— may be understood as combining to make plausible the notion of “Late Atlantic History” (Rothschild 2011); that is, an Atlantic History after the demise of formal empire. Traditionally, Atlantic History’s outer chronological limit was defined by the separation of the European metropolises from their American dominions, episodes normally considered
The world digital library

The World Digital Library (WDL) is a website, www.wdl.org, which provides free access to primary cultural heritage materials that tell the stories and cultural achievements of all countries. The WDL is a joint effort of the Library of Congress, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and over 120 participating institutions around the world. This poster session will introduce the WDL by presenting brief history of the WDL, its objectives, contributors, content, capacity building, and features. The poster will also show how the WDL web site is used by the people around the world.
Motor Learning Deficits in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Their Effect on Training Response in Gait and Balance: A Narrative Review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder traditionally associated with degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra, which results in bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and postural instability and gait disability (PIGD). The disorder has also been implicated in degradation of motor learning. While individuals with PD are able to learn, certain aspects of learning, especially automatic responses to feedback, are faulty, resulting in a reliance on feedforward systems of movement learning and control. Because of this, patients with PD may require more training to achieve and retain motor learning and may require additional sensory information or motor guidance in order to facilitate this learning. Furthermore, they may be unable to maintain these gains in environments and situations in which conscious effort is divided (such as dual-tasking). These shortcomings in motor learning could play a large part in degenerative gait and balance symptoms often seen in the disease, as patients are unable to adapt to gradual sensory and motor degradation. Research has shown that physical and exercise therapy can help patients with PD to adapt new feedforward strategies to partially counteract these symptoms. In particular, balance, treadmill, resistance, and repeated perturbation training therapies have been shown to improve motor patterns in PD. However, much research is still needed to determine which of these therapies best alleviates which symptoms of PIGD, the needed dose and intensity of these therapies, and long-term retention effects. The benefits of such technologies as augmented feedback, motorized perturbations, virtual reality, and weight-bearing assistance are also of interest. This narrative review will evaluate the effect of PD on motor learning and the effect of motor learning deficits on response to physical therapy and training programs, focusing specifically on features related to PIGD. Potential methods to strengthen therapeutic effects will be discussed.
Longitudinal patterns of employee high-deductible health plan choices

AbstractEmployers in the United States have increasingly provided high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) to their employees to reduce health care spending. Prior studies on employees’ choice of HDHPs...