cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spin-label study of plasma membranes of adrenal chromaffin cells

Abstract Chromaffin-cell membranes were labeled with two nitroxide spin labels, one probing the interior of the membrane and one probing the interfacial region. Both spin labels indicate that the membrane undergoes a phase transition at about 26°C. An Arrhenius plot of acetylcholinesterase activity exhibits a discontinuity at 26°C, consistent with the existence of a phase transition at that temperature. Acetylcholine, which stimulates chromaffin cells to secrete catecholamines, and hexamethonium, a cholinergic blocker, do not affect the rotational correlation times of the spin labels. These results argue that cholinergic stimulation does not affect the fluidity of the chromaffin-cell membrane.
FLAGELLAR MOTILITY IS NOT INVOLVED IN THE INCORPORATION OF THE SPERM INTO THE EGG AT FERTILIZATION

Cinemicrography of sea urchin fertilization reveals that the fertilizing sperm is one of the first sperm to attach to the egg. Just before the cortical reaction the fertilizing sperm ceases motility and then is incorporated into the egg without flagellar beating. The rate of incorporation is 5-1 1 pmlsec and is constant. Lytechinus pictus sperm rendered immotile by azide treatment can bind to and fertilize eggs but binding, and therefore fertilization, is blocked by azide treatment of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus gametes. Although much attention has focused on the interaction of sperm with egg before fertilization and the metabolic responses of the egg after fertilization, surprisingly little is known about the mechanism of incorporation of the sperm into the egg. Early observations of JEAN DAN (2) on sea urchin gametes and C. R. AUSTIN (1) on mammalian gametes suggested that sperm motility per se is not required once fusion has occurred. These workers observed that the fertilizing sperm (that is, the sperm which fuses with and enters the egg) ceases motion during its period of incorporation into the egg. These observations suggest that the force incorporating the sperm into the egg is not the sperm flagellum but originates from the egg itself or from some non-motile component of the sperm. We here report on a cinemicrophotographic and experimental analysis of fertilization of the sea urchin egg which confirms and considerably extends these earlier observations. The motion pictures reveal no immediate distinction between the ultimately fertilizing and the nonfertilizing or supernumerary sperm in terms of their behavior on the egg surface. All sperm that attach vigorously gyrate around the point of acrosomal attachment up to a time just before the initiation of the cortical reaction. At this moment the fertilizing sperm ceases its movement. It remains attached and non-motile, perpendicular to the egg surface. Single frame analysis shows that this sperm is incorporated into the egg at a constant rate of 5 pm/min. Since sperm motility did not seem to be required, we attempted to fertilize eggs with nonmotile sperm. Although we observed species differences, the results reveal that motionless sperm can attach to and fertilize eggs. These findings suggest that the function of sperm motility is primarily to bring the sperm to the egg surface and that subsequent incorporation is independent of flagellar activity. Several hypotheses to account for sperm incorporation are discussed.
Wavenumber frequency spectra of the meridional transport of sensible heat in the mid-troposphere of the Southern Hemisphere

The wavenumber-frequency spectra of the meridional transport of sensible heat at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°, and 70°S, at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere, show a definite spectral domain for the transport at various latitudes, which is dominated by the wave motion of the meridional component of the velocity. In middle latitudes, the spectral band of the meridional flux of sensible heat is oriented from a region of low wavenumbers and low frequencies to a region of high wavenumbers and negative frequencies assigned for waves moving from west to east. In low latitudes, the spectral band is confined to a narrow band centered near the zero frequency. It is found that most of the meridional transport of sensible heat at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is accomplished by waves of medium wavelengths moving from west to east in middle and high latitudes. The meridional flux of sensible heat at 500 mb in the summer of the Southern Hemisphere is about three times that in the summer of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the meridional flux of sensible heat at 500 mb is about the same in the winter of both hemispheres. In the Southern Hemisphere practically all the meridional flux of sensible heat is associated with the moving waves in all seasons, whereas in the Northern Hemisphere the stationary waves contribute about 40% of the transport in winter.
Postmyocardial infarction pain and infarct extension in the coronary care unit: Role of two-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract Recent data suggest that patients who manifest extension of their acute myocardial infarct have a worse prognosis than do those who do not have this complication and, if identified early, may be candidates for more aggressive intervention. Serial two-dimensional echocardiography was used to diagnose myocardial infarct extension in 33 consecutive patients and its sensitivity was compared with that of electrocardiography (ECG) and serum creatine kinase determination. Infarct extension was diagnosed clinically using ECG and enzymatic criteria. The echocardiograms were scored using a weighted regional scoring system, with each segment of the left ventricle ascribed a percent of the total left ventricular mass. Abnormal regions were summed to yield a percent asynergy. In the postinfarction period, 19 episodes of acute ischemia occurred; in 9 of these episodes clinical extension was confirmed, and in 7 of the 9 episodes echocardiographic extension was detected. In the patients in whom infarct extension was documented clinically, the mean asynergy score increased from a mean of 19.2 ± 11.3% to 36.1 ± 18.2% (p Electrocardiography alone failed to distinguish which episodes of ischemia represented infarct extension and which did not. Greater degrees of asynergy were associated with worse in-hospital mortality. Two-dimensional echo cardiography is a useful method for detecting myocardial infarct extension providing a means of assessing functional impact and prognosis.
A lethal giant kinase in cell polarity.

The coordinated action of several conserved multiprotein complexes establishes polarity in an asymmetrically dividing cell. How apically localized cues affect the basal distribution of proteins has remained unclear. However, new studies provides a direct link between the two poles, showing that the apical Par6–aPKC complex directly regulates Lethal giant larvae (Lgl).
Individual dosing of carboplatin based on drug monitoring in children receiving high-dose chemotherapy.

Abstract Individual dosing of carboplatin based on drug monitoring was performed within a multi-centric phase I study based on high AUC-levels in children. Twelve patients (aged 3–17 years old) have been included: 3, 5, and 4 patients at the overall target ultrafilterable carboplatin AUC of 20, 25, or 30 mg/ml×min, respectively. Carboplatin was administered as a daily 60-min infusion, repeated on five consecutive days. The initial daily dose corresponding to the three first days was calculated according to the carboplatin clearance (CL) predicted from patients’ characteristics (body weight, serum creatinine and nephrectomy status). Three blood samples were taken per patient. The individual CL were estimated by MAP (maximum a posteriori approach) Bayesian method implemented in the MP-K program. The doses for day 4 and 5 was adjusted in order to obtain the overall target AUC. Drug monitoring led to a change in the carboplatin dose (overall administered dose versus overall dose planned) ranging from −41% to +45%. Pharmacokinetics were performed at day 5 for 7/12 children: mean relative change between day 1 and day 5 was −11% showing a statistically significant, but limited, decrease of CL from day 1 to day 5. The percentage of difference between the observed and target overall AUC ranged between −7% and +14%. Three patients (one at each AUC level) who were previously treated with cisplatin experienced dose-limiting hearing loss. In conclusion, drug monitoring and dose adjustment is needed for the control of carboplatin plasma exposure when administering high doses of carboplatin in children.
Deformation and fracture of gold-platinum polycrystals strengthened by spinodal decomposition

Abstract The plastic deformation and fracture characteristics of two gold-platinum alloys strengthened by spinodal decomposition have been experimentally investigated. It was found that the fracture path in these alloys is primarily intergranular; this is caused by incoherent grain, boundary precipitation of the equilibrium phases. The grains themselves are not embrittled by the transformation. It was also found that the initial work-hardening rate is higher than normally observed, and that the proportional limit is appreciably increased by spinodal decomposition. A new theory was advanced to account for the work-hardening behavior, and it is in good agreement with experimental results. It was also shown that present theories cannot account for the large increase in proportional limit.
Free Convective Flow of Non-Newtonian Nanofluids in Porous Media with Gyrotactic Microorganism

The two-dimensional steady laminar boundary-layer free convective flows along an isothermal solid horizontal flat plate located in a porous quiescent medium filled with non-Newtonian power law nanofluids that contain both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms are investigated numerically. The horizontal plate has uniform surface temperature, solute, nanoparticle concentrations and density of the motile microorganism. The governing partial differential equations are nondimensionalized, and then similarity transformations are developed using a linear group of transformations. Using similarity transformation, the governing equations are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically. The influence of controlling parameters on the dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and density of motile microorganisms, as well as the local Nusselt, Sherwood, and motile microorganism numbers, are studied. It is found that the bioconvection para...
Temporal knowledge representation / reasoning / learning for medicine

It is increasingly being recognized that time is an important element in knowledge representaton in different domains including medicine (van Benthem J., 1988; Dean, 1987). In fact, in the Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) symposium (Kabakcioglu, 1992a) many papers investigated time and medical reasoning and panel discussions also emphasized this. We believe that knowledge representation, reasoning and knowledge acquisition (leing) issues should be considered together in one unified and coherent framework. Following this philosophy in this papr we present a temporal kowledge representation, reasoning and leaing system within a production system famework for computerized Medical Information Systems. The approach will be demonstated with examples fm the medical domain.
Low allelopathic potential of an invasive forage grass on native grassland plants: a cause for encouragement?

Abstract Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a highly competitive European grass that invades US grasslands, is reportedly allelopathic to many agronomic plants, but its ability to inhibit the germination or growth of native grassland plants is unknown. In three factorial glasshouse experiments, we tested the potential allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected (E+) and uninfected (E−) tall fescue on native grasses and forbs from Midwestern tallgrass prairies. Relative to a water control, at least one extract made from ground seed, or ground whole plant tissue of E+ or E− tall fescue reduced the germination of 10 of 11 species in petri dishes. In addition, the emergence of two native grasses in potting soil was lower when sown with E+ and E− tall fescue seedlings than when sown with seeds of conspecifics or tall fescue. However, when seeds of 13 prairie species were sown in sterilized, field-collected soil and given water or one of the four tall fescue extracts daily, seedling emergence was lower in one extract relative to water for only one species, and subsequent height growth did not differ among treatments for any species. We conclude that if tall fescue is allelopathic, its inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling growth of native prairie plants are limited, irrespective of endophyte infection. On the other hand, the apparent inability of these plants to detect tall fescue in field soil could hinder prairie restoration efforts if germination near this strong competitor confers fitness consequences. We propose that lack of chemical recognition may be common among resident and recently introduced non-indigenous plants because of temporally limited ecological interactions, and offer a view that challenges the existing allelopathy paradigm. Lastly, we suggest that tall fescue removal will have immediate benefits to the establishment of native grassland plants.
The effect of chain extenders and stabilizers on the in‐vivo stability of polyurethanes

Poly(etherurethane) (PEU) and poly(etherurethaneurea) (Biomer®) films with and without antioxidant stabilizers were subcutaneously implanted into dogs and rats for up to 10 weeks. It was found that the molecular weight of the PEU films decreased over the 10-week period, while the Biomer® films increased in molecular weight. The presence of the stabilizers resulted in less severe changes in molecular weight. Surface cracking was most pronounced on both the stabilized and nonstabilized PEU films. Stress did not have to be applied to induce the surface cracking.
MET molecular mechanisms and therapies in lung cancer.

The MET tyrosine kinase signaling pathway is upregulated in many cancers, including lung cancer. The pathway normally promotes mitosis, cell motility and cell survival; but in cancer it can also promote cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The activating ligand, hepatocyte growth factor, is normally secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, but can also be produced by tumor cells. MET upregulation in lung cancer is caused by overexpression and mutation. These mutations can vary with ethnicity. MET signaling affects cytoskeletal proteins such as paxillin, which participates in cell adhesion, growth and motility. Therapeutic approaches that block MET signaling are being studied, and include the use of: small interference RNA, Geldanamycin, competitive HGF homologues, decoy receptors, and direct MET inhibitors such as K252a, SU11274, PHA665752 and PF2341066. It is hoped that blocking MET signaling may one day become an effective treatment for some lung cancers.
A speed limit compliance model for dynamic speed display sign.

Abstract Introduction Violating speed limits is a major cause of motor vehicle crashes. Various techniques have been adopted to ensure that posted speed limits are obeyed by drivers. This study investigates the effect of dynamic speed display signs (DSDSs) on drivers’ compliance with posted speed limit. Method An extensive speed data collection upstream of, adjacent to, and downstream of DSDS locations on multiple road classes with different speed limits (25, 35, and 45 mph) was performed short-term and long-term after DSDS installation. Conventional statistical analysis, regression models, and a Bayesian network were developed to assess the DSDS’s effectiveness. Results’ conclusions General compliance with speed limit (upstream of the DSDS location), time of day, day of week, duration of DSDS operation, and distance from the DSDS location were significantly correlated with speed limit compliance adjacent to the DSDS. While compliance with the speed limit due to the DSDS increased by 5%, speed reduction occurred in 40% of the cases. Practical applications Since drivers were likely to increase their speed after passing the DSDS, it should be installed on critical points supplemented with enforcement.
Physical and stable-isotope evidence for formation of secondary calcite and silica in the unsaturated zone, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract Calcite and silica form coatings on fracture footwalls and cavity floors in the welded tuffs at Yucca Mountain, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. These secondary mineral deposits are heterogeneously distributed in the unsaturated zone (UZ) with fewer than 10% of possible depositional sites mineralized. The paragenetic sequence, compiled from deposits throughout the UZ, consists of an early-stage assemblage of calcite±fluorite±zeolites that is frequently capped by chalcedony±quartz. Intermediate- and late-stage deposits consist largely of calcite, commonly with opal on buried growth layers or outermost crystal faces of the calcite. Coatings on steep-dipping fractures usually are thin (⩽3 mm) with low-relief outer surfaces whereas shallow-dipping fractures and lithophysal cavities typically contain thicker, more coarsely crystalline deposits characterized by unusual thin, tabular calcite blades up to several cms in length. These blades may be capped with knobby or corniced overgrowths of late-stage calcite intergrown with opal. The observed textures in the fracture and cavity deposits are consistent with deposition from films of water fingering down fracture footwalls or drawn up faces of growing crystals by surface tension and evaporated at the crystal tips. Fluid inclusion studies have shown that most early-stage and some intermediate-stage calcite formed at temperatures of 35 to 85 °C. Calcite deposition during the past several million years appears to have been at temperatures 18 O values. Although others have interpreted the elevated temperatures as evidence of hydrothermal activity and flooding of the tuffs of the potential repository, the authors conclude that the temperatures and fluid-inclusion assemblages are consistent with deposition in a UZ environment that experienced prolonged heat input from gradual cooling of nearby plutons. The physical restriction of the deposits (and, therefore, fluid flow) to fracture footwalls and cavity floors and the heterogeneous and limited distribution of the deposits provides compelling evidence that they do not reflect flooding of the thick UZ at Yucca Mountain. The textures and isotopic and chemical compositions of these mineral deposits are consistent with deposition in a UZ setting from meteoric waters percolating downward along fracture flow paths.
Out-of-plane thermal expansion coefficient of biphenyldianhydride-phenylenediamine polyimide film

The out-of-plane thermal expansion coefficient α⊥ of biphenyldianhydride-phenylenediamine (BPDA-PDA) polyimide thin film between 20 and 400°C has been measured using a laser spot scanning interferometer. The α⊥ varies from 100 ppm/°C at 20°C to 400 ppm/°C at 400°C. As the result of highly anisotropic microstructure, the α⊥ is much larger than the in-plane thermal expansion coefficient α∥ and increases dramatically when the temperature exceeds the glass transition temperature (≈320°C).
When are thin films of metals metallic

There is an increasing body of experimental information suggesting that very thin films of materials, normally considered to be metals, exhibit behavior characteristic of a nonmetal. In almost all cases, there is a nonmetal-to-metal transition as a function of film density or thickness, frequently accompanied by a structural transition. Amazingly, this behavior seems to occur for metal films on metal substrates, as well as for metals on semiconductors. The identification of this phenomena and the subsequent explanation has been slow in developing, due to the inability to directly measure the conductivity of a submonolayer film. This paper will discuss the evidence accumulated from variety of spectroscopic experimental techniques for three systems: a Mott-Hubbard transition, a Peierls-like distortion, and a Wilson transition.
Structural and other contributions to the third-law entropies of silicates

Abstract The true third-law entropies of many minerals are frequently quite different from those values derived from calorimetric measurements. The discrepancy can usually be attributed to neglected residual or unextracted entropies related either to site-mixing and molecular disorders or to the lack of significant magnetic ordering at those temperatures reached by the heat capacity measurements. A literature review indicates that many silicates present site-mixing and vacancies in one or several of their crystallographic sites. The effect on entropy is well known in feldspars, but residual entropies of similar or greater magnitudes are also present in many amphiboles, micas, chlorites, zeolites, scapolites, feldspathoids, and other silicates. Less conspicuously, disorder in water molecules or hydrogen bonding may be responsible for yet another frequently overlooked entropy contribution. Unextracted entropy results from limited heat capacity measurements so that magnetic ordering effects to be expected in minerals with transition metals are either not registered or only incompletely recorded. In some cases, significant magnetic ordering probably only takes place at temperatures well below 15 K. The discussion in this paper centers on the causes resulting in discrepancies between calorimetric and third-law entropies. A set of tables reproduces the crystallographic information for most important rock-forming silicates and indicates the entropy contribution arising from site-mixing and vacancies, and possible magnetic ordering in those substances with transition metals. In addition, most elements appear in several isotopic forms, and it is this effect that gives rise to isotopic site-mixing and thus to another configurational entropy. It can on the whole be neglected. A discussion centered on the system fayalite-iron oxides (wustite, hematite, magnetite) indicates the uncertainties involved in deriving third-law entropies from either equilibrium data or calorimetric investigations, which is especially relevant when dealing with substances presenting vacancies (wustite), transition metals, and the possibility of magnetic ordering. The published entropies of many minerals are probably only approximations to true third-law values and should be checked against structural and magnetic information.
Costs and financing of routine immunization: Approach and selected findings of a multi-country study (EPIC)

Abstract Background Few detailed facility-based costing studies of routine immunization (RI) programs have been conducted in recent years, with planners, managers and donors relying on older information or data from planning tools. To fill gaps and improve quality of information, a multi-country study on costing and financing of routine immunization and new vaccines (EPIC) was conducted in Benin, Ghana, Honduras, Moldova, Uganda and Zambia. Methods This paper provides the rationale for the launch of the EPIC study, as well as outlines methods used in a Common Approach on facility sampling, data collection, cost and financial flow estimation for both the routine program and new vaccine introduction. Costing relied on an ingredients-based approach from a government perspective. Estimating incremental economic costs of new vaccine introduction in contexts with excess capacity are highlighted. The use of more disaggregated System of Health Accounts (SHA) coding to evaluate financial flows is presented. Results The EPIC studies resulted in a sample of 319 primary health care facilities, with 65% of facilities in rural areas. The EPIC studies found wide variation in total and unit costs within each country, as well as between countries. Costs increased with level of scale and socio-economic status of the country. Governments are financing an increasing share of total RI financing. Conclusions This study provides a wealth of high quality information on total and unit costs and financing for RI, and demonstrates the value of in-depth facility approaches. The paper discusses the lessons learned from using a standardized approach, as well as proposes further areas of methodology development. The paper discusses how results can be used for resource mobilization and allocation, improved efficiency of services at the country level, and to inform policies at the global level. Efforts at routinizing cost analysis to support sustainability efforts would be beneficial.
Effect of surface roughness on the universal thermal conductance

We explain the reduction of the thermal conductance below the predicted universal value observed by Schwab et al. [Nature (London) 404, 974 (2000)] in terms of the scattering of thermal phonons off surface roughness using a scalar model for the elastic waves. Our analysis shows that the thermal conductance depends on two roughness parameters: the roughness amplitude δ and the correlation length a. At sufficiently low temperatures the ratio of the conductance to the universal value decreases quadratically with temperature at a rate proportional to δ2a. Values of δ equal to 22% and a equal to about 75% of the width of the conduction pathway give a good fit to the data.
Data description and conversion architecture

A data description and conversion architecture has been defined by IBM to enhance data interchange among Systems Application Architecture™ (SAA™) programming languages and systems. Its components, described in this paper, are (1) A Data Language (ADL), a programming language for describing data and specifying what data conversions are to be performed, (2) an object-oriented method of encoding ADL for efficient machine storage, transmission, and processing, and (3) programs that translate the data declarations of other programming languages to or from ADL. Also discussed is the application of the architecture to record-oriented files for SAA Distributed File Management.
Catalytic asymmetric allylation (CAA) reactions. II. A new enantioselective allylation procedure

A simplified and highly efficient new protocol is described for asymmetric allylation of aldehydes using allyltri-n-butylstannane and a chiral Lewis acid.
Specificity ofGeotrichum candidum lipase with respect to double bond position in triglycerides containingcis‐octadecenoic acids

Fifteen approximately random, mixed, triacylglycerols, each of which contained 12∶0, 14∶0, 9, 12–18∶2, 16∶0 and only one positional isomer ofcis 18∶1 (Δ2 through Δ16), were synthesized. These mixtures were used as substrates for the lipase from the microorganismGeotrichum candidum to define the specificity of the enzyme for unsaturated fatty acids. Comparatively small quantities of the 18∶1 isomers, other than 9–18∶1, were hydrolyzed. Relatively large amounts of 18∶2 were released from all substrates. There was no preference between 9–18∶1 and 18∶2. The positional isomers other than 9–18∶1 accumulated in the di- and mono-acylglycerols.
Extrapituitary Regulation of the Circadian Rhythm of Plasma Corticosteroid Concentration in Rats

Intravascular injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone in hypophysectomized rats were approximately 3 times more effective in stimulating increases in plasma corticosteroid concentration when given at the offset rather than the onset of the daily photoperiod (12 h:12 h light-dark cycle). Reversal of the photoperiodic schedule produced a reversal in the corticosteroid response after 5 days. Similar temporal variations in androgen and T4 responses to LH and TSH were not obtained. Although plasma corticosteroid concentrations were maintained at normal intermediate levels in rats with adrenal autotransplants, daily variations were not demonstrable. These results indicate that the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroid concentration is regulated by way of neural pathways to the adrenal.
Damping Capacity of Styrene-Butadiene Latex Admixed Concrete: A Micromechanical Study

Adequate damping capacity of concrete material is critical for concrete structures to resist impact loads. The effectiveness of styrene-butadiene latex as a polymer admixture for improving the vibration reduction capacity of concrete matrix is evaluated in this study by using a micromechanical-based numerical approach, aided with laboratory experimental work for determining material parameters and validating a developed numerical model. By using the discrete element method (DEM), a user-defined three-dimensional (3D) model was developed to study the dynamic flexural responses of styrene-butadiene latex admixed concrete in the loss tangent, storage modulus, and loss modulus at three loading frequencies: 0.2, 1, and 5 Hz and a typical ambient temperature: 25°C. The 20% usage of styrene-butadiene latex, by weight of cement, was found to favorably enhance the storage and loss moduli and the loss tangent of concrete. Results from this combined numerical and experimental study can be expected to benefit the design of more resilient concrete materials and structures.
Algorithms to estimate the lower bounds of recombination with or without recurrent mutations

An important method to quantify the effects of recombination on populations is to estimate the minimum number of recombination events, R min , in the history of a DNA sample. People have focused on estimating the lower bound of R min , because it is also a valid lower bound for the true number of recombination events occurred. Current approaches for estimating the lower bound are under the assumption of the infinite site model and do not allow for recurrent mutations. However, recurrent mutations are relatively common in genes with high mutation rates or mutation hot-spots, such as those in the genomes of bacteria or viruses. In this paper two new algorithms were proposed for estimating the lower bound of R min under the infinite site model. Their performances were compared to other bounds currently in use. The new lower bounds were further extended to allow for recurrent mutations. Application of these methods were demonstrated with two haplotype data sets. These new algorithms would help to obtain a better estimation of the lower bound of R min under the infinite site model. After extension to allow for recurrent mutations, they can produce robust estimations with the existence of high mutation rate or mutation hot-spots. They can also be used to show different combinations of recurrent mutations and recombinations that can produce the same polymorphic pattern in the sample.
The Student Dust Counter on the New Horizons Mission

The Student Dust Counter (SDC) experiment of the New Horizons Mission is an impact dust detector to map the spatial and size distribution of dust along the trajectory of the spacecraft across the solar system. The sensors are thin, permanently polarized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic films that generate an electrical signal when dust particles penetrate their surface. SDC is capable of detecting particles with masses m>10−12 g, and it has a total sensitive surface area of about 0.1 m2, pointing most of the time close to the ram direction of the spacecraft. SDC is part of the Education and Public Outreach (EPO) effort of this mission. The instrument was designed, built, tested, integrated, and now is operated by students.
Transgender Lives: From Bewilderment to God’s Extravagance

Bewilderment is an emotion often evoked by the topic of transgender. Even among those of good will, questions arise that seem to undermine many of the established understandings of personal identity and sexuality. This essay examines bewilderment as a salutary experience, a biblically sanctioned virtue that can lead to a new appreciation of God’s extravagance. The testimony of several transgender persons is examined, confirming the role of gender transition in their maturing in faith.
Response of Russet Burbank potatoes to ethephon sprays

Ethephon ((2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid) was sprayed on the foliage of Russet Burbank potatoes at tuber initiation in four separate field trials over two years. Rates were 0, 61, 122 and 183 g ai/ha. Total yield, yield of U.S. No. 1’s, hollow heart and brown center generally decreased at higher ethephon rates. Yield of undersized tubers increased. Ethephon sprays generally decreased specific gravity but the effect was minor and not consistent. In three of the four plantings where hollow heart and brown center in the untreated controls exceeded 8 t/ha, the low rate of ethephon increased the yield of non-hollow tubers ≥56 g in size.
COMMUNITY AMONG GEOGRAPHERS

Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world …. “The Second Coming,” W. B. Yeats 1921
Synthesis of RSSR-SRR spatial motion generator mechanism with prescribed crank rotations for three and four finite positions

Abstract The mechanism considered here is an RSSR-SRR spatial mechanism for motion generation with prescribed crank rotations. It consists of an R - R - R ( R = revolute, S = spheric joint) fixed frame, two grounded R-S links, one grounded RRS dyad and a ternary S-S-S coupler. Motion of the coupler is to be prescribed for three and four finitely separated positions and to be correlated to the prescribed input rotations of the crank, the grounded R-R link of the RRS dyad. The synthesis equations obtained by using vector mathematics are linear in the unknowns up to three prescribed positions of the body in spatial motion. For four precision positions, the design procedure involves solving two cubic algebraic equations simultaneously for two unknowns for the R-S dyad synthesis, and solving one fourth-degree algebraic equation in one unknown for synthesis of the RRS group. The design procedure is described in detail and numerical examples are presented for illustration.
Hepatic iron content and the risk of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in liver transplant recipients.

Iron is a critical nutrient source and contributes to staphylococcal pathogenesis. We assessed the role of hepatic explant iron overload as a risk factor for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in liver transplant recipients. Seven of 13 cases with S aureus bacteremia (53.8%) had hepatic explant iron concentrations that exceeded normal limits (grade ≥ 2). Length of posttransplant intensive care unit stay (P = .013) and hepatocellular carcinoma as underlying liver disease (P = .04), but not hepatic explant iron concentration, correlated with a higher risk of S aureus bacteremia after transplantation. However, noncarriers (patients without S aureus nasal carriage) who developed S aureus bacteremia were more likely to have high hepatic iron content; 4 of 7 (57%) noncarriers with high-grade iron content developed S aureus bacteremia but no noncarriers with low-grade iron content did (P = .07). All non-carriers who became infected had high iron content (grade ≥ 2) of the hepatic explant. A readily quantifiable as...
Have We Lost the Message Before Gaining the Knowledge

Professional documentation of transportation technology and project development from the past 12 decades is progressively being lost to the engineering and economic community. For more than three decades tons of books, reports, plans, and documents on myriad aspects of transportation have been discarded by local and national government agencies, university libraries, and private firms. Seldom have these groups sought alternative locations for their accumulated collections. The issues at the time of discard are not often related to proprietary aspects of the documents but rather appear to be based on the human reasoning that if the documents have no merit for the agency or firm in possession of them, then they have no interest for others. The issue is brought before professionals so that discussion and options may be explored. Given the electronic options in document retention and retrieval, the professional community has new opportunities to preserve and utilize the valuable insights of paper-based documents without incurring the expense of extensive floor space.
Respiratory Illness in the Construction Industry: Airflow Obstruction Among Painters

To assess the potential respiratory effects of exposure to paint products, the pulmonary function of 118 construction painters was compared to construction workers unexposed to paints (314 sheet metal workers). When compared to sheet metal workers, painters reported significant excess symptoms of cough (p 1 ) (p 1 /FVC) (p 1 (p 1 /FVC (p
Emergency management of oral hypoglycemic drug toxicity.

There are several classes of oral diabetes medications available in the United States, including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, glitazones, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. These different classes have various mechanisms of action, giving each class a unique potential for toxicity that necessitates a distinct approach to evaluation, treatment, and disposition of each class of drug. The practicing emergency physician must have an understanding of these differences to safely care for patients exposed to these medications.
Mixed Lattice and Electronic States in High Temperature Superconductors

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements are presented which show the abrupt development of new oxygen lattice vibrations near the doping-induced metal-insulator transition in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. A direct correlation is established between these lattice modes and the electronic susceptibility (as measured by photoemission) inferring that such modes mix strongly with charge fluctuations. This electron-lattice coupling can be characterized as a localized one-dimensional response of the lattice to short-ranged metallic charge fluctuations.
Glass microfluidic devices with thin membrane voltage junctions for electrospray mass spectrometry

In this study a novel glass membrane was prepared for conducting high voltage (HV) to solution in the channel of a microfabricated device for generation of liquid electrospray. Taylor cone formation and mass spectra obtained from this microdevice confirmed the utility of the glass membrane, but voltage conduction through the membrane could not be successfully explained based solely on the conductivity of the glass itself. This novel method for developing a high-voltage interface for microdevices avoids direct metal/liquid contact eliminating bubble formation in the channel due to water hydrolysis on the surface of the metal. Further, this arrangement produces no dead volume as is often found with traditional liquid junctions. At the same time, preliminary investigations into the outlet design of glass microdevices for interfacing with electrospray mass spectrometry, was explored. Both the exit shape and the use of hydrophobic coatings at the channel exit of the microdevice electrospray interface were evaluated using standard proteins with results indicating the utility of this type of design after further optimization.
The use of computers to improve biomedical image quality

Pictorial data have long been an important source of information in medicine and biology, but until quite recently, little use has been made of computers to process this data. Perhaps the major obstacle to such development was the difficulty of getting pictures into and out of the computer. The character recognition systems developed in the fifty's were in general not applicable to biomedical image problems because of the restrictive nature of the input devices. High resolution image scanners with the ability to detect multiple shades of grey were required and while such devices became available in the early sixties, it was difficult to find biomedical applications that would justify their cost which was frequently in the half million dollar range.
Receptor editing for better or for worse

Receptor editing has emerged from its original identification as a minor secondary mechanism of B cell tolerance to be considered as a dominant mechanism by which autoreactive immature B cells are rendered tolerant. Clonal deletion, previously regarded as the major mechanism of central B cell tolerance, has been shown by recent studies to operate secondarily and only when receptor editing is unable to provide a non-autoreactive specificity. Receptor editing has also been shown to operate during the development of wild-type B lymphocytes, and ongoing investigations demonstrate the influence of particular signaling molecules in the induction and/or inhibition of receptor editing. Together, these studies begin to map the signaling pathways that regulate receptor editing in autoreactive and non-autoreactive immature B cells.
Psychologically realistic cognitive agents: taking human cognition seriously

Cognitive architectures may serve as a good basis for building mind/brain-inspired, psychologically realistic cognitive agents for various applications that require or prefer human-like behaviour and performance. This article explores a well-established cognitive architecture CLARION and shows how its behaviour and performance capture human psychology at a detailed level. The model captures many psychological quasi-laws concerning categorisation, induction, uncertain reasoning, decision-making, and so on, which indicates human-like characteristics beyond what other models have been shown to be capable of. Thus, CLARION constitutes an advance in developing more psychologically realistic cognitive agents.
Carbide Inclusions in Delta-Phase Plutonium

Inclusions in plutonium alloys are common and depend on the processing parameters and age of the material. Plutonium-bearing compounds frequently observed as inclusions include: hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and carbides. Optical metallography and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to characterize plutonium carbide (PuC) inclusions in delta-phase plutonium. The structural complexities of plutonium combined with its radioactivity, pyrophoric nature, and toxicity create a unique challenge to revealing and interpreting its microstructures. Samples of delta-phase Pu-239 were used in this study. Note that the delta phase is stabilized to room temperature by the addition of {approx}1 wt% gallium. After samples are cut, mounted in epoxy, ground, and polished, they are then electropolished at 40 V in an etchant of 10 vol.% nitric acid and 90 vol.% dimethylformamide and electroetched at 6 V in the same etchant. Optical micrographs were collected using an inverted metallograph equipped with a digital camera. Back-scattered electron images and elemental maps of the plutonium, carbon, and gallium content were collected using an EPMA equipped with wavelength dispersive spectrometers. After reviewing our data and consulting work done by Cramer and Bergin it was determined that the inclusions were acicular plutonium carbides and were formed during the casting process atmore » the time the material was manufactured. It is believed that these inclusions would affect the high strain-rate properties. The response of plutonium alloys during implosion is critical to the performance and reliability of a nuclear weapon. We plan to further investigate these inclusions to gather information about orientation, composition, structure, and concentration. An x-ray diffractometer with a 10 {micro}m beam diameter will be used to gather information on the orientation and structure of individual inclusions. A field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a WDS will be used at low voltage to collect quantitative compositional data fromjust the inclusions. Finally, attempts will be made to fluoresce the inclusions using both light on a metallograph and electrons in a variable pressure SEM. Images will be collected using a digital camera and a cathodoluminescence detector respectively. The data from all four instruments will be compared to data collected from a PuC powder standard.« less
Phospholipid composition of fat-bodies of Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract The fat-body of Sarcophaga bullata contained the following amounts of various phospholipids: 51% phosphatidylethanolamine, 21% phosphatidylcholine, 14% lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and 13% lysophosphatidylcholine. No sphingosine-containing lipids were detected.
The Genetic Account of Moral Status: A Defense

Christopher Grau argues that the genetic basis for moral agency account of rightholding is problematic because it fails to grant all human beings the moral status of rightholding; it grants the status of rightholding to entities that do not intuitively deserve such status; and it assumes that the genetic basis for moral agency has intrinsic/final value, but the genetic basis for moral agency only has instrumental value. Grau also argues that those who are inclined to hold that all human beings are rightholders should reconsider speciesism. In this paper, I argue that Grau’s objections do not undermine the genetic basis for moral agency account of rightholding, and I also offer criticisms of Grau’s defense of speciesism.
Using a windows attack intRusion emulator (AWARE) to teach computer security awareness

Technology has become a major part of our lives. We are entering an era where almost anyone using a computer must have certain fundamental knowledge on how to protect themselves from attacks while online. In this paper, we describe AWARE, an emulator designed to teach either experienced or casual Windows XP users how to use system-supplied tools to detect potential attacks on their system resources. Our system also has built-in tutorials to help educate the user during their simulated attacks.
Demonstration of a medical device integration and coordination framework

This tool demonstration presents a framework for integrating and coordinating the activities of medical devices. The framework uses a publish-subscribe framework for communicating with and controlling devices and a model-driven component-based development environment for rapid implementation of device coordination tasks. A multi-faceted graphical user interface supports activities such as device/driver registering and installation, model-based development of device integrations, and monitoring system activities/performance. The framework also includes a control/display environment that clinicians would use to (a) display integrated information pulled from multiple devices and (b) launch and interact with device coordinations that automate clinical workflows. The distribution of the framework includes a collection of mock medical devices, and instructions for integrating real devices. The codebase is freely available under an open source license.