cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Developments in Chronic Disease Epidemiology: Competing Risks and Eligibility

Abstract Conclusions drawn from epidemiological studies depend on the methods selected to compute the risk of reaction and death from specific causes. Studies restricted to limited segments of life-span and a small number of diseases often result in too great reliance on age-specific death rates. For chronic diseases such rates are not independent from previous and concurrent mortality experience. Problems stem from varying eligibilities of population segments to different causes of death and illness. Conditions of eligibility are discussed. A follow-up study of industrial workers is presented as an example.
Preliminary study of fine changes in the duration of dynamic cooling during 755-nm laser hair removal on pain and epidermal damage in patients with skin types III-V.

Background and Objectives The use of the long-pulsed 755-nm alexandrite laser has been an effective tool in hair removal. A dynamic cooling device (DCD) is commonly used with this laser in order to minimize epidermal damage. No studies have examined how fine changes in DCD duration may affect comfort and epidermal damage during laser hair removal. This study was designed to determine what effect, changes in the duration of dynamic cooling would have on pain and epidermal damage with laser hair removal (755 nm alexandrite) in patients with darker skin types. Study Design/Materials and Methods Ten volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin types III–V were enrolled. A 755-nm alexandrite laser with a pulse duration of 3 milliseconds and equipped with a DCD was used with the 12 mm spot size on matched treatment sites. We compared cryogen spurt durations of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 milliseconds on pain and epidermal changes. The spray delay was set at 1 millisecond. Pain rating scales and epidermal changes (skin sloughing, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation and scarring) were assessed. Results Overall a decrease in pain was seen with increases in spurt duration. A spurt duration of 20 milliseconds was beneficial for pain reduction in all patients. Longer spurt durations were associated with additional pain relief especially when geographic spacing of pulses was maximized to prevent thermal build-up. In regards to epidermal protection, most patients benefited with shorter cryogen durations of 20–60 milliseconds. There was little advantage with longer spurt durations. Some patients treated at higher fluences without cooling had no detectable side effects. Conclusions Increasing DCD spurt duration in laser hair removal provides its strongest benefit in the area of pain reduction, particularly in type V patients. Increasing cryogen spurt durations above a protective threshold shows no significant benefit in terms of epidermal protection. Changing the spurt duration may not be as important in some patients with darker skin types. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:247–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cardiac manifestations of complex partial seizures

Abstract Six patients with complex partial seizures in whom the first or most prominent manifestation was cardiovascular are described. "Anginal pain," which was usually atypical, developed in five patients (mean age 34), although three were admitted to coronary care units; sinus tachycardia developed in one, sinus bradycardia leading to syncope developed in one, and a cluster of symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma developed in one. The causal relationship between complex partial seizures and these symptoms is based on clinical history, electrodiagnostic studies indicating epilepsy (in five of six cases) without changes of myocardial ischemia, and response to anticonvulsant but not antianginal medications. Complex partial seizures that present with cardiovascular and other visceral symptoms represent an underdiagnosed, treatable disorder.
Beam characterization and measurement of propagation attributes

Beam waist size, waist location and the times-diffraction-limit number, M2, are the most basic and fundamental parameters describing the propagation characteristics of laser beams. This information is useful in the engineering development of lasers and beam delivery systems, and provides a meaningful way to monitor, compare and control quality both in the manufacture and in the application of laser devices. An instrument that allows real-time access to this information is described.
Planar Ultrasonic Imaging of a Two-Phase Mixture

Flows of solid-liquid mixtures, fiber suspensions, polymer melts, and colloidal dispersions are commonly encountered in chemical, petroleum, pulp and paper, and food industries. In most cases, the dynamics of the flow field can impact the rheology of the mixture and the morphology of the final products. Studying and understanding the dynamics is limited due to the fact that these mixtures are optically opaque, heterogeneous in properties, and dynamic in behavior. The use of optical diagnostics tools, and other non-ultrasonic techniques are limited due to various reasons as pointed out in detail in a comprehensive review Cheremisinoff (1986), Kytoemaa and Corrington (1993), and Shekarriz et al. (1994). The system used in this study is a real-time ultrasonic imaging system (RTUIS). It has unique characteristics with a usable degree of spatial resolution and with a temporal resolution and with a temporal resolution much higher than other (non-optical) planar techniques. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the feasibility of using RTUIS for non-intrusive planar velocity measurement on the basis of the motion of visible texture caused by the scattering particles. A simple two-phase channel flow is utilized for demonstration of the current technique.
The nature of yielding and plastic deformation in rubber-modified polystyrene

Obliquely grooved sheet samples of high-impact polystyrene were used to establish conditions that lead to the early stage of plastic deformation under combined-stress loading conditions. By applying the plasticity theory and the method proposed by Hill to the thermoplastic, it was demonstrated that the basis for relating incremental strain rate with the corresponding deviatoric stress could be established. Yielding under the combined-stress loading condition was also shown to be strongly dependent on the sign of stress. Some insight into the asymmetric yielding behaviour was gained by determining the density and orientation dependence of crazes around the rubber-modified particles. It was shown that the process of craze initiation depended on the prevailing stress state and did not follow the stress or strain criterion. Based on the testing method used, a simple procedure of predicting sheet drawability is outlined.
Perfect terahertz absorber using fishnet based metafilm

We present a perfect terahertz absorber that operates over numerous incidence angles. The two-fold symmetry of rectangular fishnet structures allows either complete absorption or mirror-like reflection depending on the orientation of the electric field.
Survival of the western pond turtle (Emys marmorata) in an urban California environment

The western pond turtle Emys (formerly Clemmys) marmorata is declining throughout its range, primarily due to loss of habitat via urbanization and conversion to agriculture. Urban waterways present several important challenges to freshwater turtle populations, but they also present an opportunity to maintain declining species in a ubiquitous habitat that has high public visibility. The arboretum waterway on the University of California, Davis campus is an example of an extensively altered urban habitat that supports a relatively large E. marmorata population. Over the last 6 years, we monitored the turtle population inhabiting the arboretum waterway to determine the demographic health of the population, and the challenges and opportunities that urban environments pose for pond turtles. Since 1993, the naturally existing arboretum pond turtle population has declined by approximately 40% and has shown little natural recruitment. During this time, we also introduced 31 headstarted turtles into the arboretum. Headstarting is the process of raising juveniles in captivity until they have outgrown their period of greatest vulnerability to predators, and then releasing them into the wild. Our headstarting results demonstrate that this contentious strategy is a viable option for adding young turtles to the population, although it does not address the causes of decline. Over the course of our study, we encountered nine species of non-native turtles in the waterway, and these appear to be a serious threat to the native species. As more habitat becomes urbanized, it is increasingly important to understand how freshwater turtles, such as E. marmorata, adapt to urban waterways and the impact of non-native turtles on native turtle species. Our strong feeling is that urban waterways can provide habitat for viable populations of freshwater turtles and showcase them to the public, but both the aquatic and terrestrial habitat must be managed according to the biological requirements of individual species. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis in synchronized hamster cells

Summary Other investigatiors have shown that nitrosoguanidine (NG) preferentially mutagenizes the replication fork of bacteria and can be used to map the bacterial chromosome. The susceptibility of synchronized hamster cells to NG mutagenesis prior to and throughout the DNA synthetic period has been determined for two markers, resistance to 6-thioguanine or 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Mutagenesis in these experiments was independent of the position of the cell in the replicative cycle. This suggests a major difference in the response to NG of bacteria and animal cells.
Certification and accreditation in GIS: Prospects and pitfalls

Abstract The rapid proliferation of GIS adopters has raised concerns within the GIS community about assuring the competency of GIS professionals. The strategy most commonly suggested as a means to achieve this objective is certification. Certification involves the specialized training of individuals who are ultimately tested on what they have been taught. Those who pass the examination are certified. Accreditation is a system wherein education and training programs are designed to meet specific requirements as determined by representatives from the profession assessing specific training/education programs according to criteria to which the profession as a whole agrees. Each of these strategies has advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses certification and accreditation as alternatives to the status quo, raises questions that the GIS community as a whole must consider before making any decision, and recommends that we begin to address this issue by asking the question, “How can the GIS community best assure the competency of its professionals?”, rather than beginning with the assumption that certification is the only means to this end. Since the primary objective of this paper is to stimulate discussion on haw the GIS community can best assure the competency of its professionals, it deliberately avoids making any recommendations about which strategy the GIS community should follow to assure the competency of its professionals, suggesting instead that the community formally consider this topic to achieve a resolution.
Assessing rater agreement using marginal association models.

New models that are useful in the assessment of rater agreement, particularly when the rating scale is ordered or partially ordered, are presented. The models are parameterized to address two important aspects of rater agreement: (i) agreement in terms of the overall frequency in which raters assign categories; and (ii) the extent to which raters agree on the category assigned to individual subjects or items. We present methodology for the simultaneous modelling of univariate marginal responses and bivariate marginal associations in the K-way contingency table representing the joint distribution of K rater responses. The univariate marginal responses provide information for evaluating agreement in terms of the overall frequency of responses, and the bivariate marginal associations provide information on category-wise agreement among pairs of raters. In addition, estimated scores within a generalized log non-linear model for bivariate associations facilitate the assessment of category distinguishability.
Explanation-Based Learning for Diagnosis

We present explanation-based learning (EBL) methods aimed at improving the performance of diagnosis systems integrating associational and model-based components. We consider multiple-fault model-based diagnosis (MBD) systems and describe two learning architectures. One, EBLIA, is a method for “learning in advance.” The other, EBL(p), is a method for “learning while doing.” EBLIA precompiles models into associations and relies only on the associations during diagnosis. EBL(p) performs compilation during diagnosis whenever reliance on previously learned associational rules results in unsatisfactory performance—as defined by a given performance threshold p. We present results of empirical studies comparing MBD without learning versus EBLIA and EBL(p). The main conclusions are as follows. EBLIA is superior when it is feasible, but it is not feasible for large devices. EBL(p) can speed-up MBD and scale-up to larger devices in situations where perfect accuracy is not required.
Discovering Hidden Totally Leontief Substitution Systems

A constructive procedure is given for determining the existence of and evaluating when it does exist a nonsingular matrix that transforms a system of linear equations in nonnegative variables into a totally Leontief substitution system. The computational effort involved is about that required to optimize the given m-row linear system with m + 1 different linear objective functions.
Effectiveness of Reduced Rates of Insecticides for the Control of Melanotus communis (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Sugarcane

ABSTRACT Wireworms (larval Elateridae) are perennial pests of newly planted sugarcane causing stand loss directly by damaging growing points and indirectly by introducing disease. Two organophosphate insecticides, phorate and ethoprop, are currently labeled for controlling wireworms in sugar cane. In the first experiment, 4 rates of phorate (100, 87.5, 75, and 62.5% of the current maximum field rate) were used in 2 different types of soil: Dania Muck and Immokalee Fine Sand. In the second experiment, 4 rates of phorate and ethoprop (100, 75, 50, and 25% of current maximum field rates) were used in a Lauderhill Muck soil. A no-treatment and a wireworm-free treatment were used as controls in both experiments. The effect of the insecticide was evaluated in simulated field experiments conducted in 18.9-L (5-gallon) buckets filled with soil and artificially infested with 10 wireworms (Melanotus communis (Gyllenhall), Coleoptera: Elateridae) per bucket. After 60 d, the contents of the buckets were emptied to ev...
Effect of ammonium metavanadate on the murine immune response

Female B 6 C 3 F 1 mice were exposed to ammonium metavanadate (NH 4 VO 3 ) by intra‐peritoneal injection every 3 d at 2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg V/kg for 3, 6, or 9 w and were then assayed for alterations in immunoresponsiveness. Resistance to Escherichia coli en‐dotoxin lethality increased in a dose‐dependent manner up to 6 w of exposure, while resistance to viable gram‐positive Listeria lethality was depressed in a dose‐dependent manner. Comparison of LD20 values indicated a 250‐fold decrease in resistance to Listeria at the lowest vanadium exposure and a 40% increase in resistance to endo‐toxin after the highest vanadium exposure. Peritoneal macrophage phagocytic capacities were decreased in a dose‐dependent manner, but viabilities remained unaffected. Rosetting capacity of splenic lymphocytes was increased following vanadium exposure. Liver and splenic enlargement was observed, and examination of splenic tissue indicated enhanced formation of megakaryocytes and red blood cell precursors. Subchronic exposure t...
Nutritional Criteria in Machiguenga Food Production Decisions: A Linear-Programming Analysis'

Machiguenga Indians of the Peruvian Amazon, like other low populationdensity, technologically “simple” peoples, produce ample food for a nutritious diet. Assuming that this is an intended outcome of their foodproduction strategy, to what extent is it a labor-efficient solution to the problem of producing a “balanced diet”? A linear-programming model of the “diet problem” is constructed with parameters reflecting the Machiguenga economy, and solutions are computed. These are then compared to observed Machiguenga food production; the degree of fit between model and behavior is examined and reasons for discrepancies are discussed.
Monte Carlo studies of isomers, structures, and properties in benzene-cyclohexane clusters: computation strategy and application to the dimer and trimer, (C6H6)(C6H12)n, n = 1-2.

Low-temperature isomeric energies, structures, and properties of benzene−cyclohexane clusters are investigated via Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo strategy is first documented and then applied to (C6H6)(C6H12) and (C6H6)(C6H12)2 using four different potential energy surfaces. Results identify a single parallel-displaced dimer isomer. MP2 optimizations and frequency calculations support the Monte Carlo dimer structure and identify the van der Waals mode observed in vibronic spectra. Caloric simulations identify two temperatures where structural transitions occur and imply an experimental temperature below 10 K for dimers in cold supersonic expansions. The (C6H6)(C6H12)2 studies identify eight independent trimer isomers: three form parallel-stacked (sandwich) arrangements with the two cyclohexane moieties related through a D6h transformation. The remaining five trimer isomers are trigonal, with no overall symmetry. Caloric studies indicate that the sandwich and trigonal isomeric classes coexist in...
Intrinsic Chirality of 3-Connected Graphs

We characterize which 3-connected graphs are intrinsically chiral in terms of whether or not a certain type of graph automorphism exists.
Bounds for heat transport in a porous layer

Bounds on convective heat transport in a porous layer heated from below are derived using the background field variational method (Constantin & Doering 1995a, b, 1996; Doering & Constantin 1992, 1994, 1996; Nicodemus, Holthaus & Grossmann 1997a) based on the technique introduced by Hopf (1941). We consider the infinite Prandtl–Darcy number model in three spatial dimensions, and additionally the finite Prandtl–Darcy number equations in two spatial dimensions, relevant for the related Hele-Shaw problem. The background field method is interpreted as a rigorous implementation of heuristic marginal stability concepts producing rigorous limits on the time-averaged convective heat transport, i.e. the Nusselt number Nu, as a function of the Rayleigh number Ra. The best upper bound derived here, although not uniformly optimal, matches the exact value of Nu up to and immediately above the onset of convection with asymptotic behaviour, Nu[les ]9/256Ra as Ra→∞, exhibiting the Howard–Malkus–Kolmogorov–Spiegel scaling anticipated by classical scaling and marginally stable boundary layer arguments. The relationship between these results and previous works of the same title (Busse & Joseph 1972; Gupta & Joseph 1973) is discussed.
Statistical approach of functional profiling for a microbial community.

BACKGROUND Metagenomics is a relatively new but fast growing field within environmental biology and medical sciences. It enables researchers to understand the diversity of microbes, their functions, cooperation, and evolution in a particular ecosystem. Traditional methods in genomics and microbiology are not efficient in capturing the structure of the microbial community in an environment. Nowadays, high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies are powerfully driving the metagenomic studies. However, there is an urgent need to develop efficient statistical methods and computational algorithms to rapidly analyze the massive metagenomic short sequencing data and to accurately detect the features/functions present in the microbial community. Although several issues about functions of metagenomes at pathways or subsystems level have been investigated, there is a lack of studies focusing on functional analysis at a low level of a hierarchical functional tree, such as SEED subsystem tree. RESULTS A two-step statistical procedure (metaFunction) is proposed to detect all possible functional roles at the low level from a metagenomic sample/community. In the first step a statistical mixture model is proposed at the base of gene codons to estimate the abundances for the candidate functional roles, with sequencing error being considered. As a gene could be involved in multiple biological processes the functional assignment is therefore adjusted by utilizing an error distribution in the second step. The performance of the proposed procedure is evaluated through comprehensive simulation studies. Compared with other existing methods in metagenomic functional analysis the new approach is more accurate in assigning reads to functional roles, and therefore at more general levels. The method is also employed to analyze two real data sets. CONCLUSIONS metaFunction is a powerful tool in accurate profiling functions in a metagenomic sample.
Concepts and conceptual change

This paper argues that questions concerning the nature of concepts that are central in cognitive psychology are also important to epistemology and that there is more to conceptual change than mere belief revision. Understanding of epistemic change requires appreciation of the complex ways in which concepts are structured and organized and of how this organization can affect belief revision. Following a brief summary of the psychological functions of concepts and a discussion of some recent accounts of what concepts arc, I propose a view of concepts as complex computational structures. This account suggests that conceptual change can come in varying degrees, with the most extreme consisting of fundamental conceptual reorganizations. These degrees of conceptual change are illustrated by the development of the concept of an acid.
CLARREO shortwave observing system simulation experiments of the twenty‐first century: Simulator design and implementation

[1] Projected changes in the Earth system will likely be manifested in changes in reflected solar radiation. This paper introduces an operational Observational System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) to calculate the signals of future climate forcings and feedbacks in top-of-atmosphere reflectance spectra. The OSSE combines simulations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report for the NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM) with the MODTRAN radiative transfer code to calculate reflectance spectra for simulations of current and future climatic conditions over the 21st century. The OSSE produces narrowband reflectances and broadband fluxes, the latter of which have been extensively validated against archived CCSM results. The shortwave reflectance spectra contain atmospheric features including signals from water vapor, liquid and ice clouds, and aerosols. The spectra are also strongly influenced by the surface bidirectional reflectance properties of predicted snow and sea ice and the climatological seasonal cycles of vegetation. By comparing and contrasting simulated reflectance spectra based on emissions scenarios with increasing projected and fixed present-day greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations, we find that prescribed forcings from increases in anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols are detectable and are spatially confined to lower latitudes. Also, changes in the intertropical convergence zone and poleward shifts in the subsidence zones and the storm tracks are all detectable along with large changes in snow cover and sea ice fraction. These findings suggest that the proposed NASA Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission to measure shortwave reflectance spectra may help elucidate climate forcings, responses, and feedbacks.
Opening ahead: early steps in lumen formation revealed

The contribution and order of polarity complexes and vesicular trafficking events during lumen formation remains obscure. Now, lumenogenesis in MDCK cell cysts is shown to require a Rab11a-Rabin8-Rab8a network that recruits Sec15A and Cdc42 and that promotes apical exocytosis by enlisting the Par complex and Sec8-Sec10 to an early apical membrane initiation site.
Fetal alcohol syndrome: glucose and liver metabolism in term rat fetus and neonate.

The combined effects of chronic ethanol ingestion and fasting (24-hr fast, except water, prior to delivery) were examined in term pregnant rats and their offspring. Rats fed liquid diet containing 5% (w/v) ethanol (EF) consumed fewer calories than those fed control diet and exhibited reduced weight gain relative to either ad libitum-fed (AF) or pair-fed (PF) controls. White the number of live fetuses at term was unaffected, fetal body and liver weights were reduced in EF litters. Stood glucose levels were significantly lower in EF fetuses although maternal glucose levels did not differ between the groups. Liver glycogen levels also were reduced in EF fetuses, without any change in plasma immunoreactive insulin or immuno-reactive glucagon levels. Both active and total glycogen synthase and phosphorylase were significantly lower in livers of EF fetuses than in livers of control fetuses. After delivery, blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin levels fell more slowly in EF neonates than in either control group, but EF neonates remained hypoglycemic at 4 hr postnatal, whereas glycemia in both control groups had recovered to normal. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels in EF were elevated during the first 2 hr following delivery relative to either AF or PF controls, and hepatic glycogen levels were reduced in EF neonates during the entire interval studied. Conclusion: Fetal exposure to ethanol in utero and to a short maternal fasting prior to delivery results in fetal growth retardation, hypoglycemia, hypoin-suHnemia, and liver glycogen depletion at term. Also, both glycogen synthase (active and total) and phosphorylase (active and total) were decreased as wed. These aberrations in fetal carbohydrate metabolism exhibited a slow or incomplete recovery during the immediate perinatal period.
Incidence and hospital death rates associated with heart failure: a community-wide perspective.

Abstract Purpose Despite often stated references to the emerging epidemic of heart failure in the United States, relatively little data are available describing the incidence and short-term death rates associated with this clinical syndrome. The objectives of this study were to describe the hospital incidence and death rates associated with acute heart failure and factors associated with an adverse hospital prognosis in residents of the Worcester, Mass, metropolitan area hospitalized at all greater Worcester medical centers with new onset heart failure in 2000. Subjects and methods We reviewed the medical records of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure at all 11 area medical centers during 2000. New onset heart failure was diagnosed using standardized criteria. Regression analyses were performed to examine demographic and clinical factors associated with hospital death rates. Results During 2000, 2604 men and women from greater Worcester were diagnosed with new onset heart failure; 637 (24.5%) of these cases were initial events. The incidence and attack rates (per 100000) of heart failure were 219 and 897, respectively. Occurrence of heart failure increased with advancing age, and women were at greater risk for heart failure than men (incidence rates [per 100 000] = 250 and 194, respectively). Hospital case-fatality rates were 5.1%. Hospital death rates were associated with several demographic and clinical characteristics. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that heart failure is an important clinical syndrome affecting residents of this large northeast community. Several groups at high risk for developing or dying from heart failure can be identified and targeted for preventive efforts as well as for the receipt of effective treatment modalities.
How health care systems can begin to address the challenge of limited literacy

The growing literacy and health literature calls attention to the ways in which the U.S. health care system is inadequate and even unjust, not only for the estimated 90 million U.S. adults with limited literacy, but for many other users to the system. We have presented 3 overarching principles for health system transformation that focus on promoting productive interactions between patients and providers, reorganizing health care delivery, and embracing a community level and ecological perspective. We believe that instituting such changes could improve the quality of care not only for patients with limited literacy, but for all health care consumers, and could contribute to the development of a more “health literate” society.
Prestorage leukocyte reduction of cellular blood components.

Abstract With the increasing demand for leukoreduced cellular blood components, many blood centers in Europe, North America, and Asia have begun to prepare leukocyte depleted cellular blood components prior to storage. Increased understanding of transfusion complications resulting from recipient exposure to residual donor leukocytes has focused attention on donor leukocytes during blood storage. This review examines production options for prestorage leukocyte removal, considers approaches to quality control, discusses proposed laboratory and clinical advantages of leukoreduction prior to storage compared with after storage, and suggests a strategy for cost-effective implementation of widespread prestorage leukocyte removal.
The unique anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle

The development and interpretation of tomographic models of the Earth's mantle have usually proceeded under the assumption that fast and slow seismic velocity anomalies represent a spatially heterogeneous temperature field associated with mantle convection. Implicit in this approach is an assumption that either the effect of anisotropy on seismic velocities is small in comparison with isotropic thermal or compositional effects, or that the tomographic results represent the average isotropic heterogeneity, even if individual seismic observations are affected by anisotropic structure. For example, velocity anomalies in the upper portions of the oceanic mantle are commonly interpreted in terms of the progressive cooling1,2 (and localized reheating3) of amechanical and thermal boundary layer consisting of rigid oceanic lithosphere and an underlying, less viscous, asthenosphere. Here, however, we present results from a global three-dimensional tomographic model of shear-wave velocity which shows that the uppermost mantle beneath the central Pacific Ocean is considerably more complicated than this simple model. Over a broad area, with its centre near Hawaii, the seismic data reveal a regional anomaly in elastic anisotropy which produces variations of seismic velocities that are at least as large as those due to thermal effects. Because seismic anisotropy is an indicator of strain in Earth materials, our tomographic results canbe used to put constraints on both buoyancy forces (thermal effects) and flow patterns in the upper mantle.
lem7, a novel temperature-sensitive Arabidopsis mutation that reversibly inhibits vegetative development

Abstract An important question in developmental biology concerns the mechanisms by which a few cells coordinate division and differentiation to yield the complex structures and organs found in multicellular organisms. During vegetative growth in plants, cells in the apical meristem must coordinate division and differentiation to yield the fully mature leaf organ. Alterations in these processes may result in an abnormal leaf. In this paper we present the isolation and characterization of an EMS-generated, cold-temperature-sensitive mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana, designated lem7 ( le af m orphogenesis). lem7 is a semidominant mutation that maps to a novel locus on chromosome 2. When grown at 16°C, lem7 reversibly arrests leaf development at the shoot apex. In contrast, lem7 grown at 30°C appears phenotypically normal. Our data also suggest that the Lem7 locus may not be involved solely in leaf organogenesis, but may also play a role in floral development and the maintenance of patterns and structures after cellular differentiation. At an intermediate temperature of 23°C, leaves on the lem7 plant emerged phenotypically normal but began to show drastic changes at about 13 days postgermination. These changes include a reduced bilateral symmetry, a rough leaf lamina, a reduced number of trichomes, and an altered vascular network. Leaves that developed at the permissive temperature (30°C) and shifted to the nonpermissive temperature (16°C) form tumor-like outgrowths. Histological analysis of these tumor-like outgrowths and leaves grown at the intermediate temperature reveal abnormally large mesophyll cells, a disorganized mesophyll layer, and collapsed epidermal cells. We propose that the reversible inhibition of leaf development in lem7 under nonpermissive temperatures may serve as a useful tool for identifying genes involved in Arabidopsis leaf organogenesis.
Progress in 800 x 800 charge-coupled device /CCD/ imager development and applications

Performance parameters of the 800 x 800 three phase and virtual phase CCD imaging sensors for the planned Project Galileo and Space Telescope Wide Field/Planetary Camera are compared, and the significance of some of the parameters for device radiation performance is discussed. The problems encountered by the three phase device that resulted in its being considered not suitable for the Galileo mission are described, and the radiation hardening performed on the virtual phase device to permit it to cope with Jupiter's radiation belts is addressed. Major research tasks in the effort to advance the technology of large area virtual phase imagers are stated.
Teachers' beliefs about mental health needs in inner city elementary schools.

ABSTRACT Objective: To survey teachers' beliefs about mental health service needs in inner city elementary schools. Method: A total of 119 teachers from six elementary schools in a major city in the midwestern United States were surveyed to assess their beliefs about the major mental health problems facing their schools, the major barriers to surmounting those problems, their preferences for mental health topics for in-service education, and their education, experience, knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy pertaining to mental health issues. Results: Disruptive behavior was endorsed by approximately 50% of teachers as the largest mental health problem facing their schools, and lack of information/training was endorsed as the greatest barrier to surmounting mental health problems. The highest-rated topics for in-service education were disruptive behavior disorders and implementing behavior plans. Although most teachers had taught students with mental health problems, most had had little education in mental health and little consultation with mental health professionals. Correspondingly, teachers' knowledge about mental health issues was limited, and they did not feel confident about their ability to manage mental health problems in their classrooms. Conclusions: Teachers would benefit from education, training, and consultation from mental health professionals if they serve as effective gatekeepers to mental health services.
Electrochemical oxidation of barbituric acids in aqueous solution in the absence of chloride ion

Abstract Barbituric acid, 1-methylbarbituric acid, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and 1,3-diethylbarbituric acid are electrochemically oxidized at the pyrolytic graphite electrode by way of two principal voltammetric oxidation processes. The reaction schemes and products formed in these processes were studied in most detail for 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid. The first voltammetric peak I a involves theoretically 1.33 e per molecule of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid oxidized. The reaction scheme involves an initial 1 e oxidation of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid to give a neutral radical that dimerizes at the 5-position to give hydurilic acid. This is then immediately further electrooxidized in a 2 e /1H + process to give a carbonium ion that reacts further with barbituric acid to give 5,5-di[1′,3′-dimethyl-2′,4′,6′-trioxopyrimid(5)yl]-1,3-dimethyl-2,4,6-trioxopyrimidine, the so-called open chain trimer of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid. The second voltammetric oxidation peak II a is rather more complex. Electrochemical oxidation of the open chain trimer of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid at peak II a potentials involves a 2 e /2H + reaction to give 5,6-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-5,6-di[1′,3′-dimethyl-2′,4′,6′-trioxopyrimid-(5′,5′)yl]furo[2,3-d]uracil, the so-called cyclic trimer of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid. Direct electrooxidation of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid at peak II a potentials however, involves two reaction routes. The first via an initial 1 e process to a radical that dimerizes and ultimately forms open chain trimer as in the peak I a process, however the open chain trimer is then further electrooxidized to the cyclic trimer. The second route appears to involve a further 1 e oxidation of the initially formed barbituric acid radical to give a carbonium ion. This is rapidly attacked by water to give dialuric acid which in turn is immediately further oxidized to 1,3-dimethylalloxan. Barbituric acid and other N-substituted barbituric acids appear to be electrochemically oxidized by similar mechanisms.
Generation of Organic Radicals During Photocatalytic Reactions on TiO2

Abstract Using a variety of organic carbonyl molecules (R1C(O)R2) and the rutile TiO2(1 1 0) surface as a model photocatalyst, we demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that ejection of organic radicals from TiO2 surfaces is likely a prevalent reaction process occurring during heterogeneous photooxidation of organic molecules. Organic carbonyls react with coadsorbed oxygen species to form organic diolates which are more strongly bound to TiO2 than are the parent carbonyls. The parent carbonyls, when bound to TiO2(1 1 0) in an η1 configuration, are photo-inactive toward valence band holes. However, the diolates are shown to photodecompose by ejection of one of the two R substituents from the surface into the gas phase, leaving behind the carboxylate of the other R group. Theoretical calculations using DFT show that in most cases the choice of which R group is ejected can be predicted based on the C–R bond energies and, to a lesser extent, the stability of the ejected R group.
Do fears of terrorism predict trust in government

Since 9/11, 2001, protection from terrorism has become a poignant issue in the political spectrum, and some have argued that fears of terrorism have been manipulated for political purposes. Contributing to a growing body of research, this study sought to test whether terrorism fears, and/or the impact of terror alerts, predicted overall trust in government in a sample of university undergraduates who completed the Perceptions of Terrorism Questionnaire Short‐Form (PTQ‐SF). Two psychological theories offer plausible explanations for this relationship: attachment theory and evolutionary psychology theory. Results indicate that both general terrorism fears and the impact of terror alerts specifically, are statistically significant predictors of trust in government, using separate hierarchical regression models after controlling for other factors. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed, as are directions for further research.
Division of labor during honey bee colony defense.

Summary. Some worker honey bees respond to major disturbances of the colony by flying around the assailant and possibly stinging; they are a subset of the bees involved in colony defense. These defenders have an openended age distribution similar to that of foragers, but defensive behavior is initiated at a younger age than foraging is. Behavioral and genetic evidence shows that defenders and foragers are distinct groups of older workers. Behaviorally, defenders have less worn wings than foragers, suggesting less flight activity. Genetically, defenders differ in allozyme frequencies, demonstrating different subfamily composition from foragers in the same colony. They also differ in allozyme frequencies from guards in the same colony, providing further evidence for division of labor associated with colony defense. We use this information to develop a model for honey bee colony defense involving at least two distinct groups of workers and we propose that the non-guard defenders be called "soldiers", due to their important role in colony defense.
Interfacial molecular recognition. Binding of ferrocenecarboxylate to β-aminocyclodextrin hosts electrostatically immobilized on a thioctic acid monolayer

The interfacial binding properties of electrodes prepared by the electrostatic immobilization of an adlayer of positively charged β-aminocyclodextrin (β-ACD) hosts on a self-assembled monolayer of thioctic acid on gold were investigated using Osteryoung square wave voltammetry. The results indicate that the water-soluble ferrocenecarboxylate (Fc-COO-) guest was effectively bound by the interfacial β-ACD hosts, with binding constants in the range (2−5) × 104 M-1. The measured binding constants were found to increase slightly with the surface density of immobilized hosts.
Microstructural mechanics of collagen gels in confined compression: poroelasticity, viscoelasticity, and collapse.

Background: Collagen gels are important as platforms for in vitro study of cell behavior and as prototypical bioartificial tissues, but their mechanical behavior, particularly on the microscopic scale, is still poorly understood. Method of Approach: Collagen gels were studied in step (10% strain in 0.05 s) and ramp (0.1%/s strain rate for 100 s) confined compression. Real-time birefringence mapping gave the local collagen concentration and orientation along with piston stress. Variations in the retardation allowed material-point tracking and qualitative determination of the strain distribution. Results: Ramp tests showed classical poroelastic behavior: compression near the piston and relaxation to a uniform state. Step tests, however showed an irreversibly collapsed region near the piston. Conclusions: Our results suggest that interstitial flow and fibril bending at crosslinks are the dominant mechanical processes during compression, and that fibril bending is reversible before collapse.
High Performance Room Temperature Rectenna IR Detectors Using Graphene Geometric Diodes

High performance rectenna detectors that operate at room temperature have been developed for the frequency range of terahertz to infrared (IR). We formed IR rectennas by coupling bowtie antennas to ultrafast diodes, called geometric diodes. Geometric diodes rely on geometric asymmetry and the long charge carrier mean-free path length of graphene to provide asymmetric current-voltage characteristics. The planar structure of the geometric diode provides the femtosecond RC time constant necessary for detection of IR frequencies. Fabricated IR rectennas using graphene geometric diodes have shown strong optical response to 28 THz CO $_{2}$ laser illumination at room temperature. The detectivity $({\rm D}^*)$ and the noise equivalent power (NEP) of the IR rectennas are calculated to be on the order of $10^{8}$ cm Hz $^{1/2}{\rm W}^{-1}$ and $10^{-9}$ W ${\rm Hz}^{-1/2}$ , respectively. Simulations show that with some improvement room temperature rectennas using graphene geometric diodes are able to achieve an NEP value as low as $10^{-11}$ W ${\rm Hz}^{-1/2}$ .
Magnetic single-electron transistor as a tunable model system for Kondo-destroying quantum criticality

Abstract Single-electron transistor (SET) attached to ferromagnetic leads can undergo a continuous quantum phase transition as their gate voltage is tuned. The corresponding quantum critical point separates a Fermi liquid phase from a non-Fermi liquid one. Here, we expound on the physical idea proposed earlier. The key physics is the critical destruction of the Kondo effect, which underlies a new class of quantum criticality that has been argued to apply to heavy fermion metals. Its manifestation in the transport properties is studied through an effective Bose–Fermi Kondo model (BFKM); the bosonic bath, corresponding to the spin waves of the ferromagnetic leads, describes a particular type of sub-Ohmic dissipation. We also present results for general forms of sub-Ohmic dissipative bath and consider in some detail the case with critical paramagons replacing spin waves. Finally, we discuss some delicate aspects in the theoretical treatment of the effect of a local magnetic field, particularly in connection with the frequently employed non-crossing approximation (NCA).
Clinical significance of Her-2/neu overexpression in uterine serous carcinoma

Abstract Objective. To evaluate the clinico-pathologic characteristics and survival outcome associated with overexpression of Her-2/neu in patients with uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Methods. Twenty-five patients with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis of USC and available paraffin embedded tissue samples treated at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions from 1/1/1992 through 12/31/2000 were identified retrospectively. Her-2/neu expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using HercepTest (DAKO). Clinical data were abstracted from medical records. Clinico-pathologic characteristics associated with Her-2/neu overexpression like staging, histology, lymph-vascular space involvement, and myometrial invasion were evaluated using logistic regression analysis and Fisher's exact test. Analyses of overall survival time were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results. Twelve (48%) of the 25 USC cases demonstrated Her-2/neu overexpression. There was a significant difference in Her-2/neu overexpression and surgical staging (81.8% vs. 28.6%, P = 0.01). Survival analysis according to primary tumor characteristics revealed that overexpression of Her-2/neu was significantly associated with a worse survival outcome (HR = 6.58, 95%CI: 1.36–31.89, P = 0.02). Conclusions. Her-2/neu overexpression is associated with advanced surgical stage USC and poor survival outcome. These data may be useful in guiding the clinical management of patients with USC and have potential implications for the development of novel treatment strategies.
Vielsegmentige Nanostäbe: Templatsynthese und Eigenschaften

Nanomaterialien gewinnen in den Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften rasant an Stellenwert. Fur viele derartige Materialien sind inzwischen zuverlassige Synthesen verfugbar, die vielfaltige Anwendungen in allen Bereichen von Nanowissenschaften und Nanotechnologie ermoglicht haben. Bisweilen ist es erwunscht, dass ein einziges Nanomaterial mehrere Funktionen zugleich ausubt, sodass sich die Forschung zu Mehrkomponenten-Nanomaterialien wie Kern-Schale- oder Legierungsnanopartikeln sowie gestreiften Nanodrahten intensiviert. Solche multifunktionalen Strukturen bieten vielversprechende Perspektiven fur die Entwicklung von neuartigen Anwendungen. Dieser Aufsatz prasentiert aktuelle Fortschritte bei der Synthese vielsegmentiger eindimensionaler Nanostabe und -drahte mit Metallen, Halbleitern, Polymeren, Molekulen und sogar Lucken als Komponenten. Zudem werden Anwendungen dieser Mehrkomponenten-Nanomaterialien in den Bereichen Magnetismus, Selbstorganisation, Elektronik, Biologie, Katalyse und Optik vorgestellt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf neuen Materialien und Anwendungen, bei denen die Vorteile von Mehrkomponenten-Nanodrahten gegenuber Einkomponentenstrukturen zutage treten.