cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytisine induces autonomic cardiovascular responses via activations of different nicotinic receptors

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors mediate autonomic transmission at ganglia. However, whether different subtypes of nicotinic cholinergic receptors expressed in autonomic ganglia elicit distinct roles in mediating sympathetic and parasympathetic regulations remain to be defined. In this study, we observed that different subtypes of nicotinic receptors were responsible for the sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular responses. In urethane anesthetized mice, intravenous injection with cytisine, a non-selective nicotinic agonist, induced a brief but pronounced decrease in heart rate, followed by increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure. The bradycardic response was blocked by atropine, and the pressor response was blocked by prazosin, confirming that these responses were parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively. Hexamethonium, a ganglionic blocker, blocked both sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. Pretreatment with methyllycaconitine citrate, a selective α7 nicotinic receptor antagonist, significantly attenuated cytisine-induced sympathetic response with little effect on the parasympathetic response. In contrast, pretreatment with dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide, a selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor antagonist, blocked cytisine-induced parasympathetic response but not the sympathetic response. Pretreatment with dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide also blocked baroreflex associated parasympathetic bradycardic response. Moreover, treatment with nicotine induced a bradycardic response without a significant pressor response, which was also attenuated by dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide. Collectively, these data suggest that different nicotinic receptors play distinct roles in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Specifically, activations of α7 and α4β2 nicotinic receptors are involved in cytisine-induced cardiovascular sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, respectively.
The Sins of Josiah and Hezekiah: A Synchronic Reading of the Final Chapters of Kings

The double redaction theory of the Deuteronomistic History has its roots in the claim that there are logical discontinuities in the narrative from Manasseh to the end of 2 Kings. This article argue...
Imaging cyclic AMP changes in pancreatic islets of transgenic reporter mice.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+ are two ubiquitous second messengers in transduction pathways downstream of receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters and local signals. The availability of fluorescent Ca2+ reporter dyes that are easily introduced into cells and tissues has facilitated analysis of the dynamics and spatial patterns for Ca2+ signaling pathways. A similar dissection of the role of cAMP has lagged because indicator dyes do not exist. Genetically encoded reporters for cAMP are available but they must be introduced by transient transfection in cell culture, which limits their utility. We report here that we have produced a strain of transgenic mice in which an enhanced cAMP reporter is integrated in the genome and can be expressed in any targeted tissue and with tetracycline induction. We have expressed the cAMP reporter in β-cells of pancreatic islets and conducted an analysis of intracellular cAMP levels in relation to glucose stimulation, Ca2+ levels, and membrane depolarization. Pancreatic function in transgenic mice was normal. In induced transgenic islets, glucose evoked an increase in cAMP in β-cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cAMP response is independent of (in fact, precedes) the Ca2+ influx that results from glucose stimulation of islets. Glucose-evoked cAMP responses are synchronous in cells throughout the islet and occur in 2 phases suggestive of the time course of insulin secretion. Insofar as cAMP in islets is known to potentiate insulin secretion, the novel transgenic mouse model will for the first time permit detailed analyses of cAMP signals in β-cells within islets, i.e. in their native physiological context. Reporter expression in other tissues (such as the heart) where cAMP plays a critical regulatory role, will permit novel biomedical approaches.
Giving voice to the dead: Last statements of the condemned

The discourse surrounding the death penalty includes many diverse voices. However, the voices of the individuals at the center of this ultimate punishment – the condemned themselves – are often silenced. Moreover, systematic research on these individuals is severely lacking in the scholarly literature on the death penalty. This article seeks to ‘give voice’ to these individuals by exploring their last statements. Through an exploratory examination of the last statements of the condemned, the perspectives and sentiments of these individuals are brought to light. Through the use of content analysis, the major themes found among the last statements are identified and a detailed typology is constructed. What we find is that the most dominant themes among the condemned center around transformation and positive messages of connection to others. We find humanity.
Positive response to binge eating intervention enhances postoperative weight loss

Abstract Background Binge eating disorder has been suggested as a predictor of negative outcomes, including weight regain and poorer weight loss, particularly if the symptoms (e.g., loss of control eating) remain after surgery. Binge eating disorder has been viewed by some as a contraindication for weight loss surgery, and preoperative treatment has been recommended to help reduce binge eating behaviors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the response to a preoperative binge eating intervention related to differential postoperative weight loss at an academic medical center. Methods A total of 128 bariatric surgery candidates completed a brief cognitive behavioral group treatment for binge eating behaviors. The patients were categorized as positive responders or nonresponders according to the postintervention outcomes, including binge eating symptoms and episodes. The percentage of excess body weight loss (%EBWL) was measured at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results Across all bariatric procedures, the positive responders to the brief binge eating intervention had lost significantly more weight at 6 months (46% EBWL versus 38% EBWL) and 12 months (59% EBWL versus 50% EBWL) postoperatively. The results for a subsample of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients (n = 89) were also significant, with 53% EBWL for the responders and 42% EBWL for the nonresponders at 6 months and 68% EBWL versus 54% EBWL at 12 months postoperatively, respectively. Conclusion The response to binge eating treatment could be an important predictor of postoperative weight loss. The results from the present study provide support for patients who respond to preoperative binge eating treatment having enhanced surgical outcomes.
Improving Registration In Photolithography

During the next five to ten years we can expect optical lithography to reach its limits, which may be defined as the printability of minimum feature sizes ranging from about 0.4 μm to 0.8 μm.
Periodate-induced increase in cyclic GMP in mouse and guinea pig splenic cells in association with mitogenesis

INTERACTION of the lectins phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (con A) with the lymphocyte plasma membrane initiates a sequence of metabolic events leading to cell proliferation. The numerous alterations in cellular components and processes that occur early after mitogenic stimulation include enhanced uptake of nucleotides2, amino acids3,4, sugars5, Ca2+ (ref. 6), and K+ (ref. 7), enhanced activity of several membrane enzymes8,9, accelerated turnover of phospholipids10,11, increased membrane fluidity12 and an increased accumulation of cellular cyclic 3′, 5′-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP)13–15. Demonstrations that exogenous cyclic GMP can stimulate definable functions in lymphocytes16,17, including proliferation18, and that there is an association between phytomitogen action and cyclic GMP accumulation suggest that this nucleotide is a positive effector of proliferation. To investigate further how cyclic GMP may be involved in this sequence of events, we have studied the effects that the oxidant periodate (IO4) and the reducing agent cysteine have on the cyclic nucleotide levels of rodent splenic cells1. IO4 stimulates lymphocyte proliferation19 and because the oxidant produces definable chemical alterations in membrane components, which can be prevented by reducing agents20, studies with these agents may provide insights into the regulation of cyclic GMP metabolism in relation to mitogenic stimulation.
Temperature dependence of J-band aggregate of the dye 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine bromide studied by steady-state and time-resolved picosecond fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract Steady-state and time-resolved picosecond fluorescence spectra of the J-band aggregate state of the dye 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-cyanine bromide were measured at different temperatures. When the temperature was lowered below 210 K, two narrow bands centered at 572 and 577 nm appeared in the absorption and fluorescence spectra arising from the formation of the J aggregate. The time-resolved fluorescence study showed that the relaxation decay time of the J-band was ≈ 20 ps while that of the monomer band was ≈ 300 ps.
Incidental computed tomographic bladder wall abnormalities: harbinger or herring?

Objective To evaluate the outcomes of incidental radiographically identified bladder wall abnormalities in the absence of other urologic indications for evaluation. Methods All screening cystoscopy evaluations performed at our center over 4 years were identified using surgical logs. We identified patients for whom cystoscopy was performed for a radiographic bladder wall abnormality, defined as diffuse bladder wall thickening, focal bladder wall thickening, or intraluminal bladder mass. Patients with other indications for cystoscopy such as previous bladder cancer, pelvic radiation, or hematuria were excluded. The outcomes including any relevant biopsy or malignant diagnosis were recorded. Results A total of 2483 cystoscopies were performed in 1418 unique patients, with 34 (2%) performed for radiographic bladder wall abnormalities in the absence of other indications for cystoscopy. Eleven of 34 patients (32.4%) were evaluated for diffuse bladder wall thickening, of which 2 had high-grade carcinoma. Fifteen patients (44.1%) had focal bladder wall thickening, all negative at cystoscopy. Four of the 8 patients (23.5%) evaluated for bladder mass had disease (1 high grade, 3 low grade). Conclusion Although generally nonspecific for malignancy, incidental radiographic finding of bladder wall abnormality led to diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma in >15% of our patients including 3 worrisome tumors. This finding argues for routine cystoscopy in patients with radiographic bladder wall abnormality even in the absence of hematuria.
AQR's Momentum Funds (A)

AQR is a hedge fund based in Greenwich, Connecticut, that is considering offering a wholly new line of product to retail investors, namely the ability to invest in the price phenomenon known as momentum. There is a large body of empirical evidence supporting momentum across many different asset classes and countries. However, up until this point, momentum was a strategy employed nearly exclusively by hedge funds, and thus not an available investment strategy to most individual investors. This case highlights the difficulties in implementing this "mutual funditizing" of a hedge fund product, along with the challenges that the open-end and regulatory features that a mutual fund poses to many successful strategies implemented in other contexts. In addition, it gives students the ability to calculate and interpret various horizons of correlations between many popular investment strategies using long time-series data and then thinking about the potential complementarities of strategies from a portfolio construction context.
Structure‐property relations and processing of rod‐like aromatic polyamides

Homopolyamides and copolyamides with structural characteristics such as bulky lateral substituents, non-coplanar, 2, 2′-dimethylbiphenylene units and comonomers of different length were prepared and their structure-property relations investigated. Polyamides with high solubilities and very low or no degree of crystallinity are obtainable by a combination of monomers with bulky lateral substituents and non-coplanar biphenylene units. These polyamides form tough, transparent films with good mechanical and thermal properties. Lyotropic liquid crystalline behavior was found in some cases for polyamides with non-coplanar biphenylene units. The incorporation of monomers with bulky substituents on the terephthalic acid unit lowers the chain stiffness and significantly influences the formation of lyotropic solutions.
Strategic Ambiguity and Differentiation: Ethnic and Civic Nationalist Discourses in Taiwan from 1945 to the 1990s

This paper analyzes the rational and strategic nature of several ethnic and civic nationalist discourses in Taiwan from 1945 to the 1990s, focusing particularly on the ‘New Taiwanese’ and ‘Taiwanese Nation’ discourses in the 1990s. These two discourses employ different strategies, one to be strategically ambiguous and the other more sharply differentiating the ethnic/national boundary in the construction of a Taiwanese national identity. This paper also argues that the political structural conditions essentially condition the formation and transformation of such discourses. Based on the research, it is proposed that nationalist discourses be analyzed from a combined rational and structural perspective.
An Analytical Approach to the Design of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Nodes

Energy harvesting is one of the promising solutions to the problem of limited battery capacity in many wireless devices. This paper addresses the problem of system design of energy harvesting capable wireless devices in terms of the required sizes for energy and data buffers, as well as the size of the harvester, for given delay and loss requirements. We analyze the performance of an energy harvesting node, considering a stochastic model that takes into account energy harvesting and event arrival processes. We derive closed-form expressions for the probability of event loss and the average queueing delay. Our event-driven continuous time simulations validate our analytical results. Employing these results, we provide a near-optimal approach to the design of the system in terms of sizing the energy harvesting device, the energy storage, and the event queue capacity.
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA in rat spleen and thymus

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the final enzyme in the biosynthesis of epinephrine, has been detected in rat and human spleen with radioenzymatic assays, but the presence of PNMT has not been examined in other lymphoid tissues. Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis, we tested for PNMT mRNA in rat spleen and thymus. A single PCR fragment from spleen, thymus, adrenal and brainstem gave a strong hybridization signal with a PNMT cDNA probe, whereas a PCR fragment from liver was only faintly visible on Southern blots. These findings indicate that the PNMT gene is expressed in spleen and thymus and raise the possibility that lymphoid organs synthesize epinephrine as an intrinsic regulator.
Hip arthroplasty with a collared straight cobalt-chrome femoral stem using second-generation cementing technique: a 10-year-average follow-up study.

Abstract Clinical and radiographic results of 116 patients who had undergone 132 hip arthroplasties at our institution from 1983 to 1988 with a collared cemented straight cobalt-chrome femoral stem using second-generation cementing technique were reviewed. Twenty hips in 20 patients who were part of the original cohort were lost to follow-up. Mean age at the time of surgery was 68.2 years. Mean radiographic follow-up was 9.6 years with a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Ten-year survivorship of the component was 96.5% with revision considered as an endpoint and 94.2% witheither revision or radiographic loosening considered the endpoint. Three implants (2.3%) were revised for aseptic loosening at a mean of 8.1 years after implantation. One implant (0.8%) was revised for septic loosening at 10.5 years after surgery. Of the implants not revised, I showed evidence of circumferential bone—cement radiolucencies, and I had radiolucencies at the implant-cement interface. Five of the surviving femoral components (5.0%) showed focal areas of cystic osteolysis, and proximal femoral bone resorption under the collar was seen in 32 patients (31.7%). There were no cases of cement fracture or stem subsidence. The biomechanical and material properties of this stem combined with second-generation cementing technique look promising for long-term survivorship.
Experimental diagenetic study of a modern lipid-rich sediment

Abstract Holocene organic-rich sediments were subjected to a series of laboratory experiments in order to evaluate the relative importance of temperature, pressure, the presence/absence of soluble lipids and nascent atmospheric conditions on generated products. Samples were heated at 80, 160 and 240°C for 50 h and the hexane-, benzene- and chloroform-soluble fractions were determined at the conclusion of each experiment. C12C30 aliphatic fatty acids and C15C32n-paraffins were analyzed individually. Maximum n-paraffin yields occurred at the highest temperatures; these paraffins were derived from the insoluble organic material (kerogen) as well as decarboxylation of fatty acids. The odd-C dominance of paraffins from the original sediments disappears as a function of temperature thus laboratory studies parallel observations made by Philippi on natural diagenesis. Fatty acids from both lipid-extracted and unextracted samples retain an even-C dominance at 240°C. At 160°C, fatty acids are released from the kerogen matrix at rates exceeding their degradation. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The ANOVA indicated that, for conditions employed in the study, the only factors which affected variation in components measured at the end of each experiment were: (1) organic matrix (presence/absence of soluble lipids); (2) temperature; and (3) the organic matrix—temperature interaction.
A theoretical analysis of the relationship between venous blood and mean tissue oxygen pressures

Abstract Starting with the Krogh-Erlang equation, and the assumptions necessary for that simple model, an equation for mean tissue oxygen pressure is derived and solved for a number of plausible conditions in order to examine the degree to which venous blood P O 2 approximates the calculated mean tissue value. For normal resting conditions there is a remarkably close agreement between the two values, but there are significant deviations when capillary density, metabolic rate, hemoglobin concentration and cardiac output are altered. The purpose of the analysis is not to defend quantitatively the Krogh tissue model, which is admittedly crude, nor to propose that the mean tissue P O 2 has any unique physiological significance, but to make a first approximation of tissue oxygenation, and to define the usefulness of venous blood as an index of mean tissue P O 2 applicable to the Krogh model. Insights are provided concerning optimal modes of response to hypoxic stress and the. problems of tissue oxygenation in physiological and patho-physiological states.
Spectrographic diagnosis of speech disturbances

Abstract This paper briefly presents four cases of speech disturbance and spectrographically illustrates the sounds emitted by the patients. It is felt that this way of objectifying the actual sounds produced by patients is a necessary step in the scientific analysis of communication disorders.
An alternating copolymer containing trigonal planar homocoordinated copper(I) ions: catena-poly[[[bis­[μ-(E)-1,2-bis­(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethene-κ2N3:N3′]dicopper(I)]-μ-(E)-1,2-bis­(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethene-κ2N3:N3′] bis­(perchlorate) acetonitrile disolvate]

The structure of the title salt, {[Cu(2)(C(20)H(20)N(4))(3)](ClO(4))(2) x 2 CH(3)CN}(n), consists of linear [Cu(I)(2)L(3)] polymer chains [L is (E)-1,2-bis(1-ethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethene], which extend along the c cell direction, interspersed with disordered perchlorate ions and acetonitrile solvent molecules. In a given chain, each Cu(I) ion exhibits distorted trigonal planar coordination to three L ligands; two of these are linked to adjacent Cu(I) ions to form dimeric units containing 14-membered rings that adopt a twisted-loop configuration, stabilized by pi-pi interactions between the ethene fragments of the two ligands. The dimeric units exhibit diad symmetry (twofold axis sites in I2/a) and are linked by a third, centrosymmetric, S-shaped L ligand (inversion centers in I2/a) to form the copolymer chain. When viewed along the b cell direction, the 14-membered rings appear as vacant ellipses that form channels parallel to the b axis. The walls of the channels are formed by the benzimidazole fragments of the dimeric units. This study of a novel alternating copolymer containing homocoordinated Cu(I) ions demonstrates further the usefulness of bis(benzimidazoles) as versatile bidentate ligands.
Implementing Pico-hydropower Sites in Rural Rwanda☆

Abstract Dartmouth Humanitarian Engineering's Hydropower Project seeks to implement small-scale “pico” hydropower in remote communities around the world. These smaller systems produce under a single kilowatt (kW) of power, and are capable of charging car batteries that can be distributed to community members. These rechargeable batteries are rented out through a battery box kiosk station, which is run by a member of the community. Once DHE's Hydropower group arrives in country, the team begins installation, which includes training local technicians to operate and maintain the site and the kiosk. DHE has utilized an iterative design process in developing its proprietary Pelton turbine design, aided by the assistance of graduate-level work done over 2011. The project has installed and helped maintain three turbines in Rwanda over the past five years.
Social predictors of cessation treatment use among smokers with serious mental illness

Abstract Objective Social factors play an important role in quitting smoking in the general population, but relatively little is known about social influences on smoking cessation efforts among individuals with serious mental illness who suffer disproportionately high rates of smoking. This study examined social factors as predictors of using smoking cessation treatment among adults with serious mental illness. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a randomized study comparing two versions of a motivational decision support system for smoking cessation treatment including 124 smokers with schizophrenia or severe mood disorders. Hierarchical logistic regression with blocked entry of theoretically linked predictor variables was used to model two types of social influences (explicit and implicit) as predictors of using cessation group therapy or smoking cessation medication. Results Approximately 31% of participants initiated smoking cessation treatment during the 2-month follow-up. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that over and above demographic and personal factors, implicit social influences (others' approval of treatment) significantly predicted use of smoking cessation medication, while explicit social influences (smoking with others) significantly predicted use of cessation group therapy. Conclusions For people with serious mental illness, social factors appear to influence use of smoking cessation treatment above and beyond personal factors and may be specific to the type of treatment. These data support the need to further explore the role of social factors as potential leverage points for engagement in smoking cessation treatments in this population.
A note on short-term intersectoral factor immobility

Abstract The dynamic trade literature has identified two important aspects of the adjustment process to real shocks contributed to short-term intersectoral factor immobilities. Real income rises over time as the production factors reallocate, while the presence of nontradeable goods leads to a dynamic relative price effect. While these effects are usually studied separately in the literature, this paper presents a simple multi-period model with optimizing agents in which both effects operate simultaneously. As an illustration of the model, the current account response to a favorable endowment shock is studied. The two effects have an opposite impact on the direction of the current account response. The relationship between model parameters and the response to the shock is studied.
A tribute to Mad skill: expert amateur visuality and world of Warcraft Machinima

In this paper, we look at the prominent World of Warcraft machinima community as an expert amateur online com-munity and present a multi-part study of a canon of the most successful works (i.e., machinima videos) produced by this community. By focusing our study on its roughly 300 most successful examples, the determination of which we explain in the paper, we are able to highlight the evolv-ing visual practices, tools, and aesthetic sensibilities of the community. Chiefly, our study identifies how creativity support tools and visual practices are inextricably linked and mutually support the in-kind development of the other. For WoW machinima and its producers, the affordance of creativity tools and the cultivation of visual skill synced at key moments and in powerful ways to support the rapid growth, experimentation, and refinement of amateur exper-tise at the individual and community levels.
Selective oxidation of hydrocarbons on supported Au catalysts

Abstract The importance of proximity of isolated TiOx cluster to Au surface for the formation of acetone in the selective oxidation of propane was investigated using a model system of Au particles decorated with mononuclear TiOx units dispersed in silica clusters. The results showed that no acetone was formed without TiOx, and its formation was more prominent on a sample containing a higher density of TiOx. Covering a Au/TiO2 catalyst with a layer of TiOx-containing silica changed the product selectivity from predominently propene to acetone. The data strongly supported the importance of isolated TiOx clusters near the Au surface in acetone formation, and suggested the relevance of Au-TiOx interface sites. Such interface sites might also be important in selective propene epoxidation that was coupled to CO oxidation in a H2O-methanol mixture. Using oxygen isotope labeling technique, it was found that the proximal source of oxygen in propene oxide was not from H2O but from O2. The observation was consistent with a methyl hydroperoxide intermediate, which could be formed by oxidation of a Ti methoxy at the Au-support interface.
High sensitivity immunoassays using particulate fluorescent labels.

Abstract The use of polystyrene fluorescent microspheres as sensitive labels in direct-detection (not enzymatically amplified) heterogeneous equilibrium “sandwich” immunoassays in 96-well plates is described. With mouse IgG as a model antigen, a fluorescent particulate label is more sensitive than a corresponding soluble reporter. The limit of detection of mouse IgG in the multiparametrically optimized assay was 0.2 ng/ml (7.6 × 10 8 antigens/ml) for the particulate reporter and 50 ng/ml (1.9 × 10 11 antigens/ml) for the soluble reporter. The sensitivities of assays using the particulate label were dependent on the surface densities of the capture and reporter antibodies and the concentration of reporter beads. Sensitivity was improved by adding the preformed reporter antibody/fluorescent microsphere complex to trapped antigen on the well surfaces instead of sequentially adding the reporter antibody and then the fluorescent microspheres. Maximal (equilibrium) binding of the particulate reporter to captured antigen occurred after 20 h with a concentration of 1.4 × 10 9 reporter beads/ml. Thus, particulate fluorescent labels provide high sensitivity in direct-detection immunoassays.
Outcomes and Cost Analysis of 3 Operational Models for Rapid HIV Testing Services in an Academic Inner-City Emergency Department

Objective We compare the outcomes and costs of alternative staffing models for an emergency department (ED) rapid HIV testing program. Methods A rapid oral-fluid HIV testing program was instituted in an inner-city ED in 2005. Three staffing models were compared during 24.5 months: indigenous medical staff only, exogenous staff only, or exogenous staff plus medical staff (hybrid). Personnel obtained written consent and provided brief pretest counseling, obtained kits, collected specimens, returned specimens to the ED satellite laboratory, and performed posttest counseling and referral to care. Cost analysis was performed to estimate cost per patient tested and cost per patient linked to care. Results Overall, 44 of 2,958 (1.5%) patients tested received confirmed positive results and 30 (68%) were linked to care. The exogenous staff only model yielded the highest number tested per month (587), and indigenous medical staff only yielded the lowest (57). Significantly higher positivity rates were found in both indigenous medical staff only (2.2%) and hybrid (2.0%) models versus the exogenous staff only model (0.6%) (prevalence rate ratio: 3.7 [95% confidence interval {CI}1.5 to 9.3] versus 3.4 [95% CI 1.5 to 7.8], respectively). All patients with confirmed positive results were linked to care in the indigenous medical staff only model but only approximately 60% were linked to care in the 2 other models (linked to care rate ratio versus exogenous staff only: 1.8 [95% CI 1.1 to 4.4]; versus hybrid: 1.7 [95% CI 1.2 to 2.5]). The indigenous medical staff only model had the highest cost ($109) per patient tested, followed by the hybrid ($87) and the exogenous staff only ($39). However, the indigenous medical staff only model had the lowest cost ($4,937) per patient linked to care, followed by the hybrid ($7,213) and exogenous staff only ($11,454). Conclusion The exogenous staff only model tested the most patients at the least cost per patient tested. The indigenous medical staff only model identified the fewest patients with unrecognized HIV infection and had the highest cost per patient tested but the lowest cost per patient linked to care.
Reconfigurable and Area-Efficient Architecture for Symmetric FIR Filters with Powers-of-Two Coefficients

This paper presents a new reconfigurable and area- efficient architecture for symmetric FIR filters with powers-of-two (PT) coefficients (2PFIR filters). The proposed architecture is based on the general-purpose digital signal processor (DSP) architecture. The synthesis results show that the proposed architecture is more area-efficient than the normal architecture in terms of gate count, maintaining reconfigurability. The use of a single shifter/adder/accumulator as an arithmetic unit results in the good area efficiency of the proposed architecture.
Computational electronics for the 21 st century: Reflections on the past, present, and future

The author's career has coincided with the development of numerical simulation into an essential component of semiconductor device technology research and development. We now have a sophisticated suite of simulation capabilities along with new challenges for 21st Century electronics. This talk presents a short history of the field and a description of the current state of the art, but it concentrates on lessons learned and thoughts about how computational electronics can continue to contribute effectively to the development of new electronic device technologies. The author will argue that electronics is changing, and that computational electronics can play a key role in this evolution. In addition to supporting the continuing development of a small suite of physically detailed / first principles tools, he will argue for more emphasis on analytically compact, strongly physical, conceptual models. Such models help guide the development of physically detailed models, connect to circuit and application designers, and advance device science itself.
Laboratory Evaluation of Intraoperative Myocardial Protection: The Need for Appropriate Animal Models

The investigative laboratory is the appropriate place to evaluate methods of intraoperative myocardial protection. It is becoming apparent that diseased myocardium is more susceptible to intraoperative injury than is normal heart muscle, and so animal models that simulate human cardiac disease states such as chronic left ventricular hypertrophy should be used to assess various techniques. Long-term studies on animals surviving operation are necessary in order to evaluate the chronic effects of various methods of protection.
Strike-Slip Fault Patterns on Europa: Obliquity or Polar Wander?

Variations in diurnal tidal stress due to Europa's eccentric orbit have been considered as the driver of strike-slip motion along pre-existing faults, but obliquity and physical libration have not been taken into account. The first objective of this work is to examine the effects of obliquity on the predicted global pattern of fault slip directions based on a tidal-tectonic formation model. Our second objective is to test the hypothesis that incorporating obliquity can reconcile theory and observations without requiring polar wander, which was previously invoked to explain the mismatch found between the slip directions of 192 faults on Europa and the global pattern predicted using the eccentricity-only model. We compute predictions for individual, observed faults at their current latitude, longitude, and azimuth with four different tidal models: eccentricity only, eccentricity plus obliquity, eccentricity plus physical libration, and a combination of all three effects. We then determine whether longitude migration, presumably due to non-synchronous rotation, is indicated in observed faults by repeating the comparisons with and without obliquity, this time also allowing longitude translation. We find that a tidal model including an obliquity of 1.2?, along with longitude migration, can predict the slip directions of all observed features in the survey. However, all but four faults can be fit with only 1? of obliquity so the value we find may represent the maximum departure from a lower time-averaged obliquity value. Adding physical libration to the obliquity model improves the accuracy of predictions at the current locations of the faults, but fails to predict the slip directions of six faults and requires additional degrees of freedom. The obliquity model with longitude migration is therefore our preferred model. Although the polar wander interpretation cannot be ruled out from these results alone, the obliquity model accounts for all observations with a value consistent with theoretical expectations and cycloid modeling.
Functional analysis of the yeast Ran exchange factor Prp20p: in vivo evidence for the RanGTP gradient model.

Numerous cellular processes rely on the movement of macromolecules into and out of the nucleus. The primary regulator of this movement is the small GTPase Ran. Like other small GTPases, the nucleotide-bound state of Ran is regulated by effectors that enhance the rate of nucleotide exchange or hydrolysis. Current models for vectorial nuclear transport suggest that it is the strict compartmentalization of these Ran effector molecules that generates a gradient of RanGTP between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to impart directionality to the transport process. Here we investigate the mechanism by which the Ran exchange factor is targeted to the nucleus, and test the impact of disrupting this nuclear compartmentalization on nucleocytoplasmic transport in vivo. Our results indicate that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the nucleotide exchange factor Prp20p can be targeted to the nucleus via a classical nuclear localization sequence. This transport mechanism is dependent both on Ran and the receptor that recognizes the nuclear localization sequence, importin α. Mutations in the evolutionarily conserved nuclear localization sequence only partially inhibit nuclear import of Prp20p, suggesting the existence of a secondary mechanism for this critical nuclear targeting. In an in vivo test of the RanGTP gradient model, we demonstrate that overexpression of a functional cytoplasmic exchange factor inhibits cell growth and blocks both protein import and RNA export in wild-type cells that contain the endogenous nuclear Prp20 protein. Taken together, our results provide in vivo evidence for the idea that the compartmentalization of the exchange factor serves as a mechanism for establishing directional nuclear transport.
The NASA Marshall solar activity model for use in predicting satellite lifetime

Abstract A principal source of uncertainty in estimating future orbital altitude densities for predicting satellite orbital lifetimes is the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) heat input values to use in the atmospheric model. The observed 10.7-cm solar radio flux (not adjusted to 1 AU) is used as a proxy for this most significant input, which is not otherwise available. A statistical technique was developed to estimate the future 13-month Zurich smoothed solar radio flux and geomagnetic index values. A principal application of this model is as an input to thermospheric density models used for satellite lifetime predictions.
Electrically pumped photonic crystal nanocavities using a laterally doped p-i-n junction

Ion implantation doping is used to define a laterally doped p-i-n junction to electrically pump a gallium arsenide photonic crystal nanocavity with indium arsenide quantum dots. Cavity coupled electroluminescence is demonstrated.
“MacGyver-Meets-Dr. Ruth”: Science Journalism and the Material Positioning of Dr. Carla Pugh

This article examines the rhetorical consequences of foregrounding female scientists' materials through an analysis of seven news articles on Dr. Carla Pugh, a surgeon who designs medical patient simulators. Journalists foreground Pugh's materials by positioning her as both “MacGyver,” creatively assembling simulators from everyday objects, and “Dr. Ruth,” willingly discussing intimate parts. These positions avoid focusing on Pugh's personal life or body but still ultimately gender her and her work. The MacGyver position associates Pugh with gendered activities, objects, and spaces while undermining her affiliation with the technical aspects of design. Meanwhile, the Dr. Ruth position implies Pugh's knowledge comes from inherent bodily expertise, making certain scientific fields appear more natural for women.
On the invertibility of the map T→STS−1+S−1TS and operator-norm inequalities

Abstract For an invertible operator S, we consider the invertibility of the map T→STS−1 +S−1TS. When this map is not invertible, the kernel is examined. For a normal invertible operator N, a condition on the spectrum of N is found to be equivalent to the invertibility of the map T→NTN−1+N−1TN.
Sensitivity and specificity of in vitro diagnostic device used for influenza rapid test in Taiwan

The pandemic influenza A/H1N1 outbreak resulted in 18,449 deaths in over 214 countries. In Taiwan, the influenza rapid test, an in vitro diagnostic device (Flu-IVD), only requires documented reviews for market approval by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the analytical sensitivity and specificity of Flu-IVDs used in Taiwan. Analytical sensitivity and specificity tests were performed for influenza antigens A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) virus, A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2) virus, B/Brisbane/60/08 virus, and human coronavirus OC43. A total of seven domestic and 31 imported Flu-IVD samples were collected, of which, 20 samples had inadequate labeling, including those with removed package inserts or incorrect insert information. The analytical sensitivity of Flu-IVDs for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and Flu B was 500–1000 ng/mL, 1000 ng/mL, and 1000 ng/mL, respectively. For the 50% cell culture infective dose (CCID50) label, the average A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 sensitivity for Flu-IVDs was log10 5.8 ± 0.5 and log10 6.6 ± 0.5 CCID50/mL, respectively. As to the specificity test, no product cross-reacted with human coronavirus OC43. This study provides important information on the Flu-IVD regulation status and can thus help the government formulate policies for the regulation of in vitro diagnostic devices in Taiwan.
PREVALENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF Leucocytozoon smithi AND Haemoproteus meleagridis IN WILD TURKEYS IN SOUTH CAROLINA

A survey of 76 hunter-killed wild turkeys from all geographic regions in South Carolina during 1972 revealed that 33 of 76 (43%) were infected with Leucocytozoon smithi. Ten turkeys in the Coastal area had multiple infections with both L. smithi and Haemoproteus meleagridis.
Double-differential inclusive hydrogen and helium spectra from neutron-induced reactions at 27.4, 39.7, and 60.7 MeV: Oxygen and nitrogen.

Double-differential cross sections for the neutron-induced production of p, d, t, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, and alpha particles from oxygen and nitrogen have been measured using an unpolarized neutron facility. Neutron beam energies of 27.4, 39.7, and 60.7 MeV were used. The charged particle energy spectra, at six forward laboratory angles, 15, 20, 35, 40, 45, and 65, and, where feasible, at three backward angles, 90, 130, and 150 deg, range up to the kinematic maximum, from a typical low-energy cutoff of 4 MeV for p, d, t, and alpha particles, and 8 MeV for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. Intranuclear cascade plus deexcitation calculations were carried out. The data are compared with these calculations and with available proton-induced (charge-symmetric) reaction spectra for oxygen.
On boolean algebra and its importance for the computer sciences

A brief survey is given of the abstract contentless Boolean algebra and its realizations to logic, class theory, and electric circuits as well as its applications to the software and hardware of the modern electronic computers. It is shown that three relations, 1 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 0, and 1 + 1 = 10, correspond to three different realizations of the algebra, and that they, hence, represent an elementary example of a Godelian branching point in the abstract Boolean algebra.
Toward a Social Psychology of Professional Military Interrogation

The essence of successful interrogation is the relationship between interrogator and source. This relationship does not need to be friendly, but it does need to provide something of value for both interrogator and source. This article reviews elements of theory and research in social psychology that can illuminate the nature of the exchange, including the human costs to the interrogator in developing and using an intense human connection.
The nucleotide sequence of dengue type 4 virus: Analysis of genes coding for nonstructural proteins

We recently cloned a full-length DNA copy of the dengue type 4 virus genome. Analysis of the 5' terminal nucleotide sequence suggested that the three-virion structural proteins are synthesized by proteolytic cleavage of a polyprotein precursor which is encoded in one open reading frame. We now present the remaining sequence of the dengue type 4 virus genome which codes for the nonstructural proteins. The entire genome, which is 10,644 nucleotides in length, contains one long open reading frame which codes for a single large polyprotein 3386 amino acids in length. Alignment of the dengue nonstructural protein sequence with that of other flaviviruses, including yellow fever and West Nile viruses, revealed that significant homology exists throughout the entire nonstructural region of the dengue genome and this allowed tentative assignment of individual nonstructural proteins in the following order: NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5-COOH. Processing of the nonstructural proteins appears to involve two types of proteolytic cleavage: the first occurs after a long hydrophobic signal sequence and the second occurs at a junction between two basic amino acids and a small polar amino acid. A notable exception is the cleavage at the N-terminus of the dengue NS3 which may take place at the junction between Gln-Arg and Ser. Comparative analysis suggests that dengue NS3 and NS5 may be involved in enzymatic activities related to viral replication and/or transcription. Putative nonstructural proteins NS2a, NS2b, NS4a, and NS4b are extremely hydrophobic, suggesting that these proteins are most likely associated with cellular membranes.
A quantitative model for the interpretation of RAV (rocking curve azimuthal variation) results from heteroepitaxial semiconductor layers

Abstract Here we present a new quantitative model for the interpretation of the asymmetric broadening of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of X-ray rocking curves due to different dislocation densities on different slip systems. Our analysis indicates that an asymmetry in densities of dislocations on different slip systems will cause the FWHM of the rocking curve to vary with the azimuth, for a symmetric reflection. To illustrate this method we have applied it to heteroepitaxial ZnSe on GaAs (0 0 1) using a Bartels high-resolution diffractometer and the symmetric 004 reflection. 004 rocking curves were measured at azimuths spaced by 20°. The FWHM was maximum at [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] and [ 1 ¯ 1 0 ] azimuths but minimum with [1 1 0] and [ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ] azimuths. This indicates that there are fewer dislocations on the slip systems having misfit dislocation segments with [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] type line vectors than on those with [1 1 0] type line vectors in this system. We refer to these dislocation densities as D A and D B , respectively. Using this experimental data and the present analytical model, the densities of dislocations on the two types of slip systems were found to be D A =2.0×10 9 cm −3 and D B =2.5×10 9 cm −3 . This difference in dislocation densities could be due to the difference in mobility for α and β type dislocations.
Suggested ultrasound parameters for the assessment of fetal well‐being during chronic hemodialysis

There are no published guidelines on how to assess fetal well-being during hemodialysis. We have developed a specific protocol of renal and obstetric interventions to ensure that hemodialysis is associated with minimal changes in fetal status. We tested this protocol serially over a 9-week period in a pregnant patient who was undergoing chronic hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Testing involved serial assessments of uterine and umbilical artery blood flow with Doppler velocimetry and continuous fetal heart rate tracings, before, during and after each hemodialysis session. We found that, by strict adherence to these guidelines, there were no significant alterations in maternal mean arterial blood pressure, continuous fetal heart rate tracings, uterine artery systolic/diastolic ratios, or umbilical artery systolic/diastolic ratios. We conclude that stable uteroplacental and fetal perfusion can be maintained during chronic hemodialysis in pregnancy by adhering to a specific set of precautions. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mobile Sodium Ion Passivation in HCl Oxides

Chlorine has been incorporated into thin films by thermal oxidation of Si in a mixture of and gases. Controlled amounts of mobile sodium ions were adsorbed on the free surface and drifted to the interface to study Na+ neutralization in these oxides. Passivation, defined as the neutralized fraction of total mobile Na charge, was determined by electrical measurements. Passivation was measured over a variety of oxide growth conditions (, , and partial pressure in the oxidation ambient = 0–0.1 atm) and drift conditions (and ). We demonstrate that pasivation was essentially independent of drift conditions, but varied linearly with , the Cl content of the oxide film, and with renormalized growth temperature . A variation of with growth time is also demonstrated. We suggested that the controlling process in Na+ neutralization is a simple capture process (Na+ is immobilized at neutral Cl species at the interface).