cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A family of anadromic numerical methods for matrix Riccati differential equations

Matrix Riccati Differential Equations (MRDEs) X′ = A21 −XA11 +A22X −XA12X, X(0) = X0, where Aij ≡ Aij(t), appear frequently throughout applied mathematics, science, and engineering. Naturally, the existing conventional Runge-Kutta methods and linear multi-step methods can be adapted to solve MRDEs numerically. Indeed, they have been adapted. There are a few unconventional numerical methods, too, but they are suited more for time-invariant MRDEs than time-varying ones. For stiff MRDEs, existing implicit methods which are preferred to explicit ones require solving nonlinear systems of equations (of possibly much higher dimensions than the original problem itself of, for example, implicit Runge-Kutta methods), and thus they can pose implementation difficulties and also be expensive. In the past, the property of an MRDE which has been most preserved is the symmetry property for a symmetric MRDE; many other crucial properties have been discarded. Besides the symmetry property, our proposed methods also preserve two other important properties — Bilinear Rational Dependence on the initial value, and a Generalized Inverse Relation between an MRDE and its complementary MRDE. By preserving the generalized inverse relation, our methods are accurately able to integrate an MRDE whose solution has singularities. By preserving the property of bilinear dependence on the initial value, our methods also conserve the rank of change to the initial value and a solution’s monotonicity property. Our methods are anadromic,1meaning if an MRDE is integrated by one of our methods from t=τ to τ+θ and then integrated backward from t=τ+θ to τ using the same method, the value at t=τ is recovered in the absence of rounding errors. This implies that our methods are necessarily of even order of convergence. For time-invariant MRDEs, methods of any even order of convergence are established, while for time-varying MRDEs, methods of order as high as 10 are established; but only methods of order up to 6 are stated in detail. Our methods are semi-implicit, in the sense that there are no nonlinear systems of matrix equations to solve, only linear ones, unlike any pre-existing implicit method. Given the availability of high quality codes for linear matrix equations, our methods can easily be implemented and embedded into any application software package that needs a robust MRDE solver. Numerical examples are presented to support our claims. 1We coined “anadromic” from the Greek roots “ανα-” (back up) and “δρoμoσ” (act of running) of “anadromous” (which describes fish that must return from the ocean to spawn in the same streams whence they hatched) after we had tried to describe our numerical methods with words such as “reflexive” [27, 28], “symmetric” (which is still used today in the literature, e.g., [22]), and “reversible” which turned out to be overused. Received by the editor Received August 25, 2009 and, in revised form, October 30, 2010. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 65L05.
Optical Alignment And Testing Of The Diffuse Ir Background Experiment IR Cryogenic Telescope

Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) optical alignment and testing methods are discussed. Using strobe videography, vibration and performance testing of a 32 hz tuning-fork chopper was carried out. The Cosmic Background explorer satellite provides improved microwave and IR all-sky maps of the cosmic background radiation from a polar orbit. A liquid helium cryostat houses the DIRBE and the Far IR Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) instruments at a temperature of 2 K. Differential MicRowave Radiometers (DMRs) provide large scale maps of anisotropy of the 3 K background at wavelengths of 3.3, 5.7, and 9.6 mm. The DIRBE telescope is an IR photometric instrument with 10 wavelength bands between 1 and 300 microns, designed to measure radiation from the epoch of galaxy formation. Stringent stray light requirements mean that the DIRBE flight instrument has to be built and tested in a class 100 environment.
Exploiting asymmetry in hierarchical topic extraction

Topic or feature extraction is often used as an important step in document classification and text mining. Topics are succinct representation of content in a document collection and hence are very effective when used as content identifiers in peer-to-peer systems and other large scale distributed content management systems. Effective topic extraction is dependent on the accuracy of term clustering that often has to deal with problems like synonymy and polysemy. Retrieval techniques based on spectral analysis like Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) are often used to effectively solve these problems. Most of the spectral retrieval schemes produce term similarity measures that are symmetric and often, not an accurate characterization of term relationships. Another drawback of LSI is its running time that is polynomial in the dimensions of the m x n matrix, A. This can get prohibitively large for some IR applications. In this paper, we present efficient algorithms using the technique of Locality-Sensitive Hashing (LSH) to extract topics from a document collection based on the asymmetric relationships between terms in a collection. The relationship is characterized by the term co-occurrences and other higher-order similarity measures. Our LSH based scheme can be viewed as a simple alternative to LSI. We show the efficacy of our algorithms via experiments on a set of large documents. An interesting feature of our algorithms is that it produces a natural hierarchical decomposition of the topic space instead of a flat clustering.
Developmental changes in visual scanning of face and nonface patterns by infants

Abstract The eye movements of infants, aged 4–5, 7–8, and 10–11 weeks, were recorded while they viewed either a representation of a face or a nonface stimulus. Presentation of the visual stimulus was paired with the presentation of an auditory stimulus (either voice or tone) or silence. Attention to the visual stimulus was greater for the older two groups than for the youngest group. The effect of the addition of sound was to increase attention to the visual stimulus. In general, the face was looked at more than the nonface stimulus. The difference in visual attention between the face and the nonface stimulus did not appear to be based solely on the physical characteristics of the stimuli. A sharp increase in the amount of looking at the eyes of the face stimulus at 7–8 weeks of age seemed to be related to a developing appreciation of the meaning of the face as a pattern.
Analysis of the cross-effects in a cross-lagged panel study

Panel studies are statistical studies in which two or more variables are observed for two or more subjects at two or more points in time. Cross-lagged panel studies are comprised of continuous variables which divide naturally into two sets, and otten the primary statistical issue Is to estimate and test the cross-effects which indicate the degree to which each set is related to the other over time. By taking a regression approach to modeling the relationships, we apply multivariate regression methodology to make inferences about the regression coefficients in a cross-lagged panel model. In particular we develop a test of the hypothesis that the regression coefficients indicating the cross-effects are equal and develop simultaneous confidence bounds for various linear combinations of these regression coefficients.
In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, ceftibuten and cefixime.

The in vitro activity against 30Helicobacter pylori strains of three new third generation cephalosporins, cefpodoxime, ceftibuten and cefixime, which can be administered orally, was determined using an agar dilution technique under microaerophilic conditions. The MIC50 and MIC90 of cefpodoxime was 0.5 and 4.0 µg/ml respectively, of ceftibuten 2.0 and 8.0 µg/ml, and of cefixime 0.06 and 0.5 µg/ml. All antibiotics showed good activity againstHelicobacter pylori, cefixime having the highest activity of the three agents.
Weighted gene coexpression network analysis strategies applied to mouse weight

Systems-oriented genetic approaches that incorporate gene expression and genotype data are valuable in the quest for genetic regulatory loci underlying complex traits. Gene coexpression network analysis lends itself to identification of entire groups of differentially regulated genes—a highly relevant endeavor in finding the underpinnings of complex traits that are, by definition, polygenic in nature. Here we describe one such approach based on liver gene expression and genotype data from an F2 mouse intercross utilizing weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) of gene expression data to identify physiologically relevant modules. We describe two strategies: single-network analysis and differential network analysis. Single-network analysis reveals the presence of a physiologically interesting module that can be found in two distinct mouse crosses. Module quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) that perturb this module were discovered. In addition, we report a list of genetic drivers for this module. Differential network analysis reveals differences in connectivity and module structure between two networks based on the liver expression data of lean and obese mice. Functional annotation of these genes suggests a biological pathway involving epidermal growth factor (EGF). Our results demonstrate the utility of WGCNA in identifying genetic drivers and in finding genetic pathways represented by gene modules. These examples provide evidence that integration of network properties may well help chart the path across the gene–trait chasm.
Unpacking Generational Identities in Organizations

Generational phenomena underlie several complex organizational challenges. Yet many fundamental questions regarding what generations mean and what the implications of generational differences in organizations are remain unanswered. The framework proposed in this paper allows us to incorporate multidisciplinary conceptualizations of generations as various dimensions of a generational identity, to specify conditions under which these dimensions may be activated in organizational contexts, and to derive implications for intergenerational interactions.
The distribution of factor XIIIa-positive cells in the human fetus and placenta

Immunohistochemical staining for factor XIIIa, a transglutaminase, revealed a variety of positively stained cells in human fetal tissues. Factor XIIIa-positive cells were most numerous in the dermis and connective tissues. Numerous large, stellate cells in placental villi, decidua, and chorionic membranes also expressed factor XIIIa at 7–9 weeks gestational age, before the onset of fetal hematopoiesis. There was heterogeneity in the staining for factor XIIIa in the early and late fetal tissues, in both rounded and in dendritic cells. In preparations of consecutive sections and in double-labelling experiments, some cells expressed both factor XIIIa and certain monocyte markers and were identified in close association with blood vessels and lymphoid organs in the late fetus and in the placental villi at the end of gestation. Other rounded and dendritic cells expressed factor XIIIa but not monocyte markers, and were found in adult and fetal connective tissues at all gestational ages. These results suggest that there are two factor XIIIa-positive cell populations. One population is present at all developmental stages, does not express monocyte markers, and probably differentiates in situ from primitive mesenchyme. The other population appears mainly after the onset of fetal hematopoiesis, coexpresses some monocyte markers, is HLA-DR positive and may be capable of antigen presentation.
26Al and the partial ionization of the solar nebula

It is shown that an even distribution of the amount of Al-26 equal to 10 to the minus tenth power of the amount of H (the amount of Al-26 suggested by scaling from cosmic abundances) will lead to a small but significant partial ionization of the nebular gas. Calculation of the ionization state and consequent magnetic Reynolds number for the solar nebula shows that the presence of Al-26 will result in strong coupling of the gas to magnetic fields. In the absence of Al-26, K-40 will still result in substantial ionization, but the degree of magnetic coupling is much more model dependent.
Using discriminant analysis to identify the noncognitive characteristics of high-achieving medical students.

Sum-.-Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate high-GPA medical students from low-GPA medical students on noncognitive characteristics. Medical students were divided on preclinical GPA (n = 85) and clinical GPA (n = 82). The noncognitive dependent variables were the Rotter Locus of Control, Adjective Check List, and Student Orientations Survey. Medical students with high preclinical GPAs tended to be less autonomous and assertive and more external in locus of control. Differences in noncognitive characteristics were not found between students with high clinical GPAs and their counterparts with low clinical GPAs. The ability of noncognitive measures to predict success in medical school has been of interest to medical educators during the last three decades. Cuca, et al. (1976) reported the wide variety of measures used and results obtained by researchers during the 1955-1976 period. With the advent of statistical computer packages containing multivariate analysis methods, investigators of the predictive validity of noncognitive measures have favored stepwise linear multiple regression analysis (Roessler, et al., 1978; Willoughby, et al., 1979; Keck, et al., 1979; Markert, 1983a, 1983b). The study reported in this paper departs from the use of multiple regression to employ a potentially more promising multivariate technique, discriminant analysis. The predictive ability of three noncognitive measures is examined with both preclinical and clinical performance as criteria.
Interactions of neurons and astrocytes during growth and development of human fetal brain in vitro.

Abstract Morphologic details of interactions between neurons and astrocytes from human fetal cerebrum during the early phases of in vitro growth in dissociated cultures are described. There is an intimate relationship between these two cell types characterized by aggregation of neurons along the surface of the soma and processes of astrocytes and subsequent migration along astrocytic processes. Neurons form long processes that establish contact with other astrocytes. The occurrence of these features in dissociated cultures strengthens the significance of similar findings observed in the outgrowth of organotypic cultures. Dissociated cultures establish, furthermore, that the production and growth of neurites and survival of neurons during this early period in vitro are dependent upon the development of this close relationship with astrocytes. Another feature of this cellular interaction observed at the ultrastructural level in organotypic cultures is the development of an unusual type of junction between neurites and astrocytes, characterized by deposition of intermembranous electron-dense material. The findings suggest that the relationship between neurons and astrocytes is an important aspect of neural ontogenesis and lend further support to the thesis that astocytes play a role in neuronal migration and differentiation. The combined criteria for identification of neurons and astrocytes in culture based upon multiple procedures, including bright field stains, phase contrast microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence are also reviewed in detail.
Simplified Method for Calculating Lateral Distribution Factors for Live Load Shear

The simplified equal distribution factor (EDF) method for live load shear presented in this study originates from Henry's method, a method that has been used in Tennessee for nearly forty years. Henry's method allows for equal distribution of live load effects in all beams. This study focused on a careful examination and modification of Henry's method by comparing shear distribution factors obtained from Henry's method with those from finite element analysis and other code-specified methods for actual bridges. Twenty-four Tennessee bridges with six different types of superstructures were used in the study. The effects of structural parameters on the shear distribution factors were also studied. Modification factors to Henry's method were proposed based on the comparison study. The proposed modification factors include structure type factors that are applied to different types of superstructures and a skew correction factor that is used to account for the effects of skew angle for skewed bridges. With proper modifications, the simplified EDF method can produce very reasonable and reliable distribution factors for live load shear.
Latent Content and Ideology in a Subjective Measure of Alienation

This study examines aspects of a major research tradition in sociology which developed from Seeman's classic work on the meanings of alienation. It argues that the Powerlessness Scale contains an unintended, latent ideological content (one that was excluded in Seeman's delineation of alienation's meanings through his translation of alienation theory into the language of Rotter's social learning theory). However, the Powerlessness Scale that was developed from Seeman's conceptual analysis drew on the person's perception of the nation-state, its functions and legitimacy, thus reintroducing both polemical and political content into the empirical assessment of alienation. Using a panel of expert judges we tested the hypothesis that high-powerlessness statements on this scale are associated with critical perceptions of the nation-state and its functioning while low-powerlessness statements tend to reflect a more conformist perspective (the former being similar to the theoretical assertions of “power elite” theory and the latter to the “pluralist” form of political theory). The data provided by the expert judges are in general agreement with the hypothesis. A critical interpretation of the Powerlessness Scale is suggested in terms of O'Connor's model of the state and its modern functions.
Noise-induced perturbations of dispersion-managed solitons

We study noise-induced perturbations of dispersion-managed solitons. We do so by first developing soliton perturbation theory for the dispersion-managed nonlinear Schr\"odinger (DMNLS) equation, which governs the long-term behavior of optical fiber transmission systems and certain kinds of femtosecond lasers. We show that the eigenmodes and generalized eigenmodes of the linearized DMNLS equation around traveling-wave solutions can be generated from the invariances of the DMNLS equations, we quantify the perturbation-induced parameter changes of the solution in terms of the eigenmodes and the adjoint eigenmodes, and we obtain evolution equations for the solution parameters. We then apply these results to guide importance-sampled Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and reconstruct the probability density functions of the solution parameters under the effect of noise, and we compare with standard MC simulations of the unaveraged system. The comparison further validates the use of the DMNLS equation as a model for dispersion-managed systems.
A rapid manual method for nitrate determination in small volumes by a modification of the cadmium reduction method

Abstract Nitrate concentration (2–100 μg NO 3 -N1 −1 ) in water samples as small as 5 ml can be determined manually in test tubes by a modification of the standard cadmium reduction method without loss of sensitivity. Once reaction tubes are prepared, 30 samples can be batch-processed in one hour by this technique. Reaction tubes can be used 5–10 times before the reactivation of the cadmium is necessary.
Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics of SnO2 Nanoclusters: A Refined Interpretation of the Electron−Hole Kinetics in Metal Oxides

Femtosecond experiments on 15 nm diameter SnO2 nanoclusters measure the elementary charge carrier reactions of electron trapping and electron−hole recombination. From the early time transient absorption data, an electron-trapping time of 200 ± 20 fs is determined. In addition, an experimental scheme to determine the effect of electron thermalization on the relaxation of photoexcited electrons is presented. Excess excitation energy above the conduction band increases the decay time to 500 ± 50 fs indicating that thermalization plays an important role in the electron-trapping kinetics. The dynamics of charge carrier recombination are investigated by an ultraviolet pump intensity study. A second-order rate constant of (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10-10 cm3/s is found to fit all of the decays. The early time decay kinetics in metal oxide nanoclusters do not agree with a recently proposed fractal kinetic study but are consistent with trapped electron/free hole recombination. The assignment of the early time transient absorpt...
Examining fear and stress as mediators between disorder perceptions and personal health, depression, and anxiety

Abstract Research examining the effect of neighborhoods on personal health has often focused on neighborhood disorder, or visual cues in neighborhoods perceived as personally threatening or noxious. Neighborhood disorderliness is thought to elevate individuals’ fear of crime, thereby negatively impacting personal and mental health. Unfortunately, the pathways between disorder, fear of crime, and health have yet to be established. This study examines the pathways between neighborhood disorder, fear of crime, and three health outcomes. Using the Community, Crime and Health Survey, this study employs structural equation modeling to examine how general (being afraid of walking alone) and offense-specific fear of crime (being afraid of specific crimes) mediate the relationship between individuals’ disorder perceptions and self-rated health, depression and anxiety. Results show that fear of crime does mediate the relationship between disorder perceptions, self-rated health and depression, though the mediating pathways are weak. This study suggests that the disorder-fear of crime-health nexus should be re-examined theoretically.
ICE: an iterative combinatorial exchange

We present the first design for a fully expressive iterative combinatorial exchange (ICE). The exchange incorporates a tree-based bidding language that is concise and expressive for CEs. Bidders specify lower and upper bounds on their value for different trades. These bounds allow price discovery and useful preference elicitation in early rounds, and allow termination with an efficient trade despite partial information on bidder valuations. All computation in the exchange is carefully optimized to exploit the structure of the bid-trees and to avoid enumerating trades. A proxied interpretation of a revealed-preference activity rule ensures progress across rounds. A VCG-based payment scheme that has been shown to mitigate opportunities for bargaining and strategic behavior is used to determine final payments. The exchange is fully implemented and in a validation phase.
Normal Versus Deviant Children: A Multimethod Comparison.

The present study investigated differences between referred and nonreferred children and their families on the basis of home and clinic observations and parent questionnaires. Subjects were 28 families with children between 4 and 8 years of age who had been referred to a clinic for acting-out behavior and 28 nonreferred controls matched on several variables. Home observation results indicated that referred children showed significantly more deviant behavior and less prosocial behavior than nonreferred children and that their parents emitted more negative and commanding behavior in contrast to the control group. Systematic observation in the clinic revealed significant differences only in parent negativeness and number of commands. Finally, all five factors of the parent attitude questionnaire yielded large and significant differences between groups. There was considerable overlap between groups on all behavior variables but less overlap on the parent attitude measure. Results from a stepwise discriminant analysis classified 90% of referred children and 90% of nonreferred children correctly on the basis of the parent attitude variable alone. Taken together, these results suggest that child behavior is not always the critical variable in referral and stress the importance of multiple assessment procedures for child-family problems when children are referred for treatment.
Detector Implications for Electroweak Physics at the Tevatron

This paper discusses how various performance aspects of the DO and CDF detectors at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider affect the electroweak physics that is done with these detectors.
An update on the use of antibodies against the filoviruses

Multiple recent, independent studies have confirmed that passively administered antibodies can provide effective postexposure therapy in nonhuman primates after exposure to an otherwise lethal dose of Ebola virus or Marburg virus. In this article, we review composition and performance of the antibody cocktails tested thus far, what is known about antibody epitopes on the viral glycoprotein target and ongoing research questions in further development of such cocktails for pre-exposure or emergency postexposure use.
First- and Second-Order Expectation Semirings with Applications to Minimum-Risk Training on Translation Forests

Many statistical translation models can be regarded as weighted logical deduction. Under this paradigm, we use weights from the expectation semiring (Eisner, 2002), to compute first-order statistics (e.g., the expected hypothesis length or feature counts) over packed forests of translations (lattices or hypergraphs). We then introduce a novel second-order expectation semiring, which computes second-order statistics (e.g., the variance of the hypothesis length or the gradient of entropy). This second-order semiring is essential for many interesting training paradigms such as minimum risk, deterministic annealing, active learning, and semi-supervised learning, where gradient descent optimization requires computing the gradient of entropy or risk. We use these semirings in an open-source machine translation toolkit, Joshua, enabling minimum-risk training for a benefit of up to 1.0 bleu point.
Optimization by Design of Experiment techniques

Design of Experiments (DOE) is a statistical technique for quickly optimizing performance of systems with known input variables. It starts with a screening experimental design test plan involving all of the known factors that are suspected to affect the system's performance (or output). When the number of input variables or test factors is large, the primary experimental objective is to pare this number down into a manageable few. This is usually followed by another designed experiment design or test plan with the objective of optimizing the system's performance. The most common initial and final optimization designs of experiment are called the Screening Design and the Response Surface Method (RSM). This paper will present some examples in the use of these designs.
Alkali and gas emissions from PFB combustion of lignite

Abstract Abstract—The results of pressurized fluidized hed combustion (PFBC) tests of lignite in a 780 mm diameter bed operated at 7 atm, using three types of bed material (dolomite, alumina and sand) are presented. The alkali and gas emissions are correlated with bed operating parameters, i.e., excess air, bed temperature and bed materials Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide emissions, well below EPA limits, were attained, even when inert bed materials (sand or alumina) were used. The inherent alkali oxides in lignite ash have been identified as responsible for removal of SO2 from flue gas. Negligible SO2 emissions were measured with dolomite as a bkd material. However, the measured vapor phase alkali concentrations (−0.2 to 4 ppmw) are one to two orders of magnitude larger than suggested by gas turbine manufacturers (0.024 ppmw). Alumina, as a bed material, results in lowered alkali vapor emissions, due to fixation of alkali in the bed as stable, high melting temperature alumino-silicates. While some result...
THE NATURE OF THE TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION PHENOMENON

1. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of young toxic cultures of B. botulinus produce an antitoxic serum poor in precipitins. 2. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of old and partly autolyzed toxic cultures produce an antitoxic serum containing precipitins. 3. Animals immunized with toxin-free autolyzed bacteria produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in specific precipitins. 4. Animals immunized with the filtrates of an atoxic variant produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin. 5. Animals immunized with the washed bacteria of the atoxic variant produce a serum that contains no antitoxin, but is rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin. 6. Removal of the precipitins by flocculation with a non-toxic antigen does not materially reduce the antitoxic value of a serum. 7. Removal of the proteins of the antigen by add coagulation removes the specific precipitable substance. 8. All the sera that contain precipitins produce the specific flocculus when combined with homologous toxins, anatoxins, or with the filtrates of the atoxic variant. The flocculation is restricted within the type. The amount of the precipitate and the width of the zone vary approximately with the estimated amount of bacterial protein in the antigen that is used for the immunization of animals. We conclude, therefore, that the toxin-antitoxin flocculation is a specific bacterial precipitation phenomenon.
COTS approach to a utility VTOL UAV

Many UAVs are in the market place but few are very profitable. After studying the lessons learned form our predecessors, a commercial off the shelf approach was chosen to meet the price performance challenge. A multi-mission capable aircraft was chosen to provide exposure to the widest possible market. Using an analysis tool developed for DARPA, the Vigilante VTOL UAV was successfully competed against both Outrider and Predator.
Blind adaptive space-time multiuser detection with multiple transmitter and receiver antennas

The demand for performance and capacity in cellular systems has generated a great deal of interest in the development of advanced signal processing techniques to optimize the use of system resources. In particular, much work has been done on space-time processing in which multiple transmit/receive antennas are used in conjunction with coding to exploit spatial diversity. We consider space-time multiuser detection using multiple transmit and receive antennas for code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications. We compare, via analytical bit-error-probability calculations, user capacity, and complexity, two linear receiver structures for different antenna configurations. Motivated by its appearance in a number of third-generation (3G) wideband CDMA standards, we use the Alamouti (see IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol.16, p.1451-58, Oct. 1998) space-time block code for two-transmit-antenna configurations. We also develop blind adaptive implementations for the two transmit/two receive antenna case for synchronous CDMA in flat-fading channels and for asynchronous CDMA, in fading multipath channels. Finally, we present simulation results for the blind adaptive implementations.
Income risk and allocation of labour time: an empirical investigation

This study investigates the behaviour of risk averse farm operators in response to farm income and employment variability. Economic theory maintains that greater farm income variability should incr...
Survival of Salmonella typhimurium on Sterile Ground Chicken Breast Patties After Washing with Salt and Phosphates and During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

This study investigated the effects of 10% (w/v) salt, trisodium phosphate (TSP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) washes on removal of attached Salmonella typhimurium from sterile chicken breast patties, as well as on their injury and survival in a refrigerator for 16 d, in a 220 8 88 8C freezer for 10 mo, and after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. S. typhimurium were grown on chicken patties at 20 8C for 20 h, washed, and enumerated by plating on selective and nonselective media. Salt and phosphates washing significantly lowered the survival populations of attached S. typhimurium on patties, but did not cause any significant sublethal injury of attached S. typhimurium, irrespective of storage treatments. The TSP washes showed superior effects of removing and inactivating S. typhimurium compared to other washing treatments.
The politics of crime, punishment, and social order in East Asia

Recent scholarship on crime, law, and society in China and Japan has addressed the politics of globalization and legal reform in both countries, but political context is not self-revealing. The literature on China has focused too often on the role of the police in an authoritarian state without sufficiently taking into account the changing balance of power among judicial actors, which may be more important for understanding the shape and direction of Chinese legal reform. In contrast, the literature in Japan has recently begun to grapple with the new politicization of criminal justice but could do more to show how these concerns are intimately connected to deeper unease about the country's future. In suggesting new ways of analyzing the politics of criminal justice in China and Japan, this article also argues for increased attention to the social consequences of crime's increasing political saliency, including patterns of marginalization and constructions of deviancy.
Viajes violentos: la transformación de la migración clandestina hacia Sonora y Arizona

In 2010, we witnessed a series of events showing the shifting state of clandestine migration all along the border between Mexico and the United States. This article, based on interviews with people deported by U.S. authorities, reviews several themes rarely looked at in the literature, and brings newperspectives to better known topics. These are all integral parts of the network of violence woven into the experiences of border crossings. The authors discuss different manifestations of that violence as they explain both the structural forces that spawn and characterize it and individual reactions to these factors.
Phytoextraction of Zinc by Indian Mustard and Tall Fescue

Abstract This experiment evaluated the capacity of two species, Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to extract zinc (Zn) from soils. Also, this experiment focused on using nitrogen (N) fertilizers to increase the phytoextraction of Zn. Two soils of the Hadley series (Typic Udifluvents) were studied. A treatment array of Zn concentrations in soils was supplied as zinc sulfate. Nitrogen was supplied at 200 mg N/kg of soil as calcium nitrate, urea, or compost. Two successive plantings of Indian mustard in the same media were grown until flowering and harvested. Fescue was grown from seeding to a height of 15 cm, harvested, grown again in the same media to a height of 15 cm, and harvested again. After the second harvests of Indian mustard and fescue, soil samples were taken for analysis of extracts with water and with Morgan's solution. Indian mustard was grown with Zn additions ranging from 0 to 100 mg/kg soil. The shoot mass of Indian mustard in both harvest...
MENTAL ROTATION AND TEMPORAL CONTINGENCIES

A task that requires subjects to determine whether two forms of the same shape, but in different orientations, are mirror images or identical except for orientation is called a handedness recognition task. Subjects' reaction times (RT) on this task are consistently related to the angular disparity (termed alpha) between the two presented forms. This pattern of data has been interpreted to indicate that subjects solve the task by imagining that one of the forms rotates into the orientation of the other (termed mental rotation). The speed with which one imagines one of the forms rotating has been widely considered a fixed capability of the individual, and thus immune to the effect of contingencies. We present an experiment that assesses the effects of temporal contingencies in a handedness recognition task on the slope of the function RT = f(alpha). The data indicate that the slope of this function can come under the control of temporal contingencies.
Conditions for the Local Boundedness of Solutions of the Navier-Stokes System in Three Dimensions

Abstract We show that a weak solution of the Navier-Stokes system is locally bounded if there is some e>0so that either or
Determination of the interaction impedance of coupled cavity slow wave structures

The interaction impedance of coupled cavity slow wave structures can be measured by perturbing the resonances of a shorted length of the structure using a dielectric rod. An analysis of this procedure is presented. The analysis retains radial as well as axial electric fields and all significant space harmonics. The results obtained are easily programmed formulas for calculating total interaction impedance or Pierce impedance using the experimental data.
Myeloid Cell Receptor LRP1/CD91 Regulates Monocyte Recruitment and Angiogenesis in Tumors

Recruitment of monocytes into sites of inflammation is essential in the immune response. In cancer, recruited monocytes promote invasion, metastasis, and possibly angiogenesis. LDL receptor-related protein (LRP1) is an endocytic and cell-signaling receptor that regulates cell migration. In this study, we isografted PanO2 pancreatic carcinoma cells into mice in which LRP1 is deleted in myeloid lineage cells. Recruitment of monocytes into orthotopic and subcutaneous tumors was significantly increased in these mice, compared with control mice. LRP1-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) expressed higher levels of multiple chemokines, including, most prominently, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/CCL3, which is known to amplify inflammation. Increased levels of CCL3 were detected in LRP1-deficient tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), isolated from PanO2 tumors, and in RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells in which LRP1 was silenced. LRP1-deficient BMDMs migrated more rapidly than LRP1-expressing cells in vitro. The difference in migration was reversed by CCL3-neutralizing antibody, by CCR5-neutralizing antibody, and by inhibiting NFκB with JSH-23. Inhibiting NFκB reversed the increase in CCL3 expression associated with LRP1 gene-silencing in RAW 264.7 cells. Tumors formed in mice with LRP1-deficient myeloid cells demonstrated increased angiogenesis. Although VEGF mRNA expression was not increased in LRP1-deficient TAMs, at the single-cell level, the increase in TAM density in tumors with LRP1-deficient myeloid cells may have allowed these TAMs to contribute an increased amount of VEGF to the tumor microenvironment. Our results demonstrate that macrophage density in tumors is correlated with cancer angiogenesis in a novel model system. Myeloid cell LRP1 may be an important regulator of cancer progression.
Adolescents living the 24/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning.

OBJECTIVE. Adolescents may not receive the sleep they need. New media technology and new, popular energy drinks may be implicated in sleep deficits. In this pilot study we quantified nighttime technology use and caffeine consumption to determine effects on sleep duration and daytime behaviors in adolescents. We hypothesized that with increased technology use, adolescents increase caffeine consumption, resulting in insufficient sleep duration. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Subjects were recruited from a pediatric office in a proximal suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Inclusion criteria for this study were middle and high school subjects aged 12 to 18 years old. The questionnaire, Adolescent Sleep, Caffeine Intake, and Technology Use, was developed by the investigators to measure adolescents9 intake of caffeinated drinks, use of nighttime media-related technology, and sleep behaviors. Descriptive statistics characterized the subjects, their caffeine and technology use, and sleep variables. Regression models assessed the relationships between caffeine, technology use, and sleep variables, having adjusted for age, race, gender, and BMI. RESULTS. Sleep was significantly related to the multitasking index. Teenagers getting 8 to 10 hours of sleep on school nights tended to have 1.5- to 2-fold lower multitasking indices compared with those getting less sleep. Thirty-three percent of the teenagers reported falling asleep during school. Caffeine consumption tended to be 76% higher by those who fell asleep. The log-transformed multitasking index was significantly related to falling asleep during school and with difficulties falling asleep on weeknights. CONCLUSIONS. Many adolescents used multiple forms of technology late into the night and concurrently consumed caffeinated beverages. Subsequently, their ability to stay alert and fully functional throughout the day was impaired by excessive daytime sleepiness. Future studies should measure more than television hours when evaluating the impact of nighttime activities on sleep patterns in adolescents.
A thermal dissociation laser‐induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of NO2, peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO3

[1] This paper describes a new instrument that uses a combination of thermal dissociation and laser-induced fluorescence detection of NO2 for in situ detection of the sum total peroxy nitrates, the sum total of alkyl nitrates and hydroxyalkyl nitrates, and HNO3. The instrument is capable of routine, continuous in situ measurements of these three classes of compounds that are accurate (15%) with a low detection limit (90 parts per trillion (ppt) 10 s−1, S/N ratio = 2 on a background of 1 ppb NO2 and 30 ppt 10 s−1 on a background of 100 ppt NO2). Theoretical analysis of potential interferences combined with laboratory experiments that test for interferences show that rapidly cooling the gas and dropping the pressure after the thermal dissociation reduces interferences to the order of 1–5%. Observations in ambient air at the University of California Blodgett Forest Research Station demonstrate the capabilities of this instrument under field conditions. These field observations are compared with independent total NOy observations.
Emerging Influence of the Intestinal Microbiota during Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Control the Gut and the Body Will Follow

The intestinal microbiota has many critical roles in maintaining gastrointestinal epithelial and gastrointestinal systemic immune homeostasis. This review provides insight into how allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and its associated complications and supportive care therapies affect the microbiota. Additionally, the review discusses how preservation and restoration of the microbiota might be advantageous in decreasing HCT-related morbidity and mortality.
Horizontally grown ZnO nanowires and their application in addressable arrays of one-dimensional p-n heterojunctions

In this presentation, we present a simple methodology for formation and hierarchical assembly of electrically addressable nanowire-based semiconductor heterojunctions. These p-n junctions are oriented and formed epitaxially by planar growth of nanowires on a semiconductor substrate, as opposed to conventional approaches that use mechanical contacts. We demonstrate a practical two-step approach for scalable electrical injection into these nanowire heterojunctions. The formed heterojunctions are grown from arrays of zinc oxide nanowires and nanowalls on a semiconductor substrate. We show their blue and orange-color light emissions depending on the polarity of the applied voltage. The developed architecture could be a general methodology for fabricating addressable assemblies of nanowires useful in photovoltaics and photodetectors.
PV module characterization using Q-R decomposition based on the least square method

The determination of solar cell parameters (I-V characteristic) from experimental data was achieved by using the Q-R decomposition technique based on the least squares method, where all data points were considered. The algorithm used a three-parameter equation transformed from the original cell equation of five parameters. This method could be used to analyze the I-V characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules of various technologies under the natural conditions of implementation, and to help to establish the best sizing of a PV system and the best adaptation of a PV system to its environment. >
Extent of smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States: 1991–1993

Rates of nicotine dependence vary in different sociodemographic groups in the population. These group differences remain to be understood. The objective of this study is to specify the relationship between cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence and whether group differences are explained by quantity smoked or differential sensitivity to nicotine. The data used derived from National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (1991-1993), multistage area probability samples of the US population 12 years old and over, and anonymous structured household interviews, considering subjects who were last-month smokers (12,550 White, 4903 Black, 4839 Hispanic). The main outcome measure was last-year nicotine dependence based on symptoms of dependence and drug-related problems approximating DSM-IV dependence criteria. Rates are higher among females than males, Whites than minorities and the lowest among older adults. Dependence rates increase sharply up to half a pack of cigarettes smoked per day. At higher quantities, the increased risk for dependence is minimal. The higher rate of dependence among females than males results from a greater number of symptoms at the same quantity smoked. The similarity of adolescent and middle-adult rates results from the fact that adolescents smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than adults, but experience higher rates of dependence at the same levels of use. Although adults 50 and over are the heaviest smokers, they experience the lowest rates of dependence because of hypothesized lower sensitivity to increased quantity of nicotine intake. The higher rates among Whites than Blacks appear to result from heavier smoking and greater sensitivity to nicotine effects. It was concluded that adolescents, women and Whites are particularly vulnerable to becoming dependent on nicotine. Group-specific thresholds may be more appropriate criteria than an absolute threshold to define the risk for nicotine dependence.