cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theoretical investigation of the enol content of acetic acid and the acetate ion in aqueous solution

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations and statistical Monte Carlo simulations employing a combined quantum and molecular mechanical potential were used to determine the enol contents of acetic acid and the acetate ion in aqueous solution. A p K E of 19.3 ± 0.3 was predicted for the keto-enol equilibrium of acetic acid, and 21.8 ± 0.8 for the acetate ion in water. The results are found to be in good accord with Guthrie's calculations based on disproportionation reactions and kinetic data. Combining with the experimental p K a value of acetic acid, we obtained p K a k = 26.6 for ionization of acetic acid as a carbon acid in water, and p K a E = 7.3 for ionization of the enol of acetic acid.
Particle dynamics of sewage sludge dumping in the ocean

The objectives of the study were to determine the rate of coagulation, the change in size distribution with time, and the equilibrium size distribution at different particle concentrations and turbulence. At a fixed mixing rate the initial coagulation rate is highest for the particle concentration of 1/50 dilution, steadily decreasing to 1/10,000. The time to reach an equilibrium size distribution is shortest for the 1/50 dilution and longest for the 1/10,000 dilution. The equilibrium size distribution series for 1/50 through 1/10,000 dilution will be presented. These experiments were conducted at up to four mixing rates in order to determine the effect of mixing on the parameters. A blade mixer and a Couette (double cylinder) mixer were used to determine the effect of different turbulent conditions. The settling velocity of flocs in sea water showed a wide range. The largest flocs had velocities of up to 0.4 cm/sec., but the smallest flocs had very slow settling velocities.
Hyperfine structure in the (0,0,0)X2Σ+ state of CaOH observed by pump/probe microwave-optical double resonance

Abstract A pump/probe microwave-optical double resonance experiment has been performed on calcium monohydroxide, CaOH, using the technique of laser ablation/supersonic expansion for production of the compound. Frequencies associated with the three lowest pure rotational transitions in the (0,0,0) X 2 Σ + vibronic state were observed with a resolution of B = 10023.0841(7), D = 0.01154(5), γ = 34.7593(10), b F (H) = 2.602(3), c (H) = 2.053(10). The proton hyperfine interactions were interpreted in terms of a molecular orbital description for the X 2 Σ + state.
Combining standardized mean differences using the method of maximum likelihood

A maximum likelihood procedure for combining standardized mean differences based on a noncentratt-distribution is proposed. With a proper data augmentation technique, an EM-algorithm is developed. Information and likelihood ratio statistics are discussed in detail for reliable inference. Simulation results favor the proposed procedure over both the existing normal theory maximum likelihood procedure and the commonly used generalized least squares procedure.
MULTI‐RESIDUE DETERMINATION AND CONFIRMATION OF TEN HETEROCYCLIC AMINES IN COOKED MEATS

Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) have been identified in various cooked meat products. HAAs are formed from pyrolysis of proteins and amino acids and are of interest because many of these primary arylamines are mutagens and rodent carcinogens. We developed a screening method for ten HAAs using liquid-liquid extraction, reverse-phase HPLC separation, and tandem electrochemical (ECD) and fluorescence (FLU) detectors. This detection system exhibited greater sensitivity (50-100 fold) for HAAs than the HPLC-UV methods. HPLC-FLU has detection limits of 100 pg to 1 ng for six HAAs, and HPLC-ECD detection limits of four HAAs were 250 pg to 1 ng. We also developed a confirmatory procedure for ten HAAs using HPLC coupled to positive ion APCI-MS. This technique has subnanogram detection limits. These methods were used to quantify HAAs in meat products at levels formed by typical Western cooking methods.
On optimizing certain nonlinear convex functions which are partially defined by a simulation process

This paper considers the problem of optimizing a nonlinear convex function which is, in part, defined by a simulation process. An iterative technique, based on contractive mapping properties, is given by which a selected class of such functions can be optimized.
Evaluating documents reference service and the implications for improvement

Abstract Using the Wisconsin-Ohio Reference Evaluation Program developed by Charles A. Bunge and Marjorie Murfin, the Government Documents Department at Joyner Library at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina evaluated its reference services during the spring of 1994. By tabulating staff and users' responses to questions about individual reference transactions, the program measures effectiveness in answering questions and shows factors that lead to success. Factors considered are type of staff, subject and difficulty of the question, whether the staff directed or searched, time spent, types and number of sources used, how busy staff was, existence of cataloging or technical problems, and amount learned during a transaction. Undergraduate students were found to be the largest group of users; however, faculty had the largest per capita use. While social science majors and questions dominated, the majors and questions covered a wide range. The overall success rate was 72.37 percent with a nonprofessional staff's success rate of 68.75 percent and a professional librarians' success rate of 73.33 percent. The Documents Department's success with document questions (74.19 percent) was much higher than the average of general reference desks with such questions (55.60 percent). Results indicated that cataloging and technical problems, the amount of time spent in searching, and staff knowledge appear to be the factors that most affected success.
Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Immune Cells; Emerging Role in Cardiovascular Disease

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in humans. As such, MR antagonists improve cardiovascular outcomes but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The actions of the MR in the kidney to increase blood pressure are well known, but the recent identification of MRs in immune cells has led to novel discoveries in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease that are reviewed here. MR regulates macrophage activation to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and this process contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular fibrosis in response to hypertension and to outcomes in mouse models of stroke. T lymphocytes have recently been implicated in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular fibrosis in mouse models. MR activation in vivo promotes T lymphocyte differentiation to the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 subsets while decreasing the number of anti-inflammatory T regulatory lymphocytes. The mechanism likely involves activation of MR in antigen presenting dendritic cells that subsequently regulate Th1/Th17 polarization by production of cytokines. Alteration of the balance between T helper and T regulatory lymphocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis and the associated complications. B lymphocytes also express the MR and specific B lymphocyte-derived antibodies modulate the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the role of MR in B lymphocyte function remains to be explored. Overall, recent studies of MR in immune cells have identified new mechanisms by which MR activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of organ damage in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Conversely, inhibition of leukocyte MR may contribute to the protective effects of MR antagonist drugs in cardiovascular patients. Further understanding of the role of MR in leukocyte function could yield novel drug targets for cardiovascular disease.
The price of anarchy in active signal landscape map building

Multiple receivers with a priori knowledge about their own initial states are assumed to be dropped in an unknown environment comprising multiple signals of opportunity (SOPs) transmitters. The receivers draw pseudorange observations from the SOPs. The receivers' objective is to build a high-fidelity signal landscape map of the environment, which would enable the receivers to navigate accurately with the aid of the SOPs. The receivers could command their own maneuvers and such commands are computed so to maximize the information gathered about the SOPs in a greedy fashion. Several information fusion and decision making architectures are possible. This paper studies the price of anarchy in building signal landscape maps to assess the degradation in the map quality should the receivers produce their own maps and make their own maneuver decisions versus a completely centralized approach. In addition, a hierarchical architecture is proposed in which the receivers build their own maps and make their own decisions, but share relevant information. Such architecture is shown to produce maps of comparable quality to the completely centralized approach.
Intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring

T HERE HAVE BEEN remarkable recent advances in surgical procedures performed on the central and peripheral nervous systems. For instance, early in this century, one of the principal concerns associated with acoustic neuroma resection was the reduction of mortality associated with this procedure. Given the surgical anatomy of the posterior fossa and the complexity of safely separating the eighth cranial nerve from tumor, there was little regard for the preservation of cranial nerve function. Subsequent understanding of the anatomic relationships of cranial nerves, as well as advances in surgical instrumentation, have greatly improved the surgical management of intracranial tumors in the posterior fossa. Decreased mortality and refinements in surgical techniques have fostered a stronger emphasis on preservation of cranial nerve function. Along with advances in surgical instrumentation and technique, the sophistication of electroneurophysiological diagnostic procedures has also contributed to the earlier diagnosis and treatment of neurological lesions. The discovery of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) by Jewett et al was a landmark contribution to this field. 1 By the late 1970s, owing to contributions by Starr and Achor 2 and by Selters and Brackmann, 3'4 the ABR was established as a valuable neurodiagnostic tool. Today, the ABR is a universally accepted diagnostic test used, among other things, for the early detection of mass lesions of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Electromyography of facial muscles is also rapidly gaining acceptance as a neurophysiological tool, contributing to the early diagnosis and management of
Simple Holographic Patterning for High-Aspect-Ratio Three-Dimensional Nanostructures with Large Coverage Area

Using the vertical standing wave phenomena commonly regarded as a deterrent in holographic lithography, multifaceted three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures are fabricated on polymeric photoresist materials using a simple two-beam interferometer. Large-area 3D nanostructures with high aspect ratios (greater than 10) are readily produced using this methodology, including grating, pillar and pore patterns. Furthermore, manipulation of the lithography process conditions results in unique sidewall profiles of the nanostructures. Such 3D holographic control even produces highly porous polymer membranes composed of 3D interconnected pore networks, which resembles the 3D photonic crystal compound nanostructures that were previously attainable only with limited pattern coverage area using complex multibeam holographic lithography processes. Such well-tailored high-aspect-ratio 3D nanostructures with large pattern coverage area further enable the fabrication of novel nanostructures for functionalized materials via various additive and subtractive pattern transfer techniques such as etching, deposition, and molding. In particular, direct molding followed by thermal decomposition process leads to the synthesis of hierarchical titanium oxide nanostructures of tunable 3D geometry, which would be of great significance in applications of photonic crystals, photovoltaic solar cells, and photocatalyst in water decontamination.
Determining student beliefs about engineering

Arizona and the United States need more engineers. It is well known that very few college freshmen choose engineering as a major. In addition, studies show that roughly 40% of students planning to study engineering and science change majors or fail to get their degrees. Students aspiring to be an engineer must take several years of mathematics courses. Mathematics is not popular. In a recent Noel-Levitz study, 45% of today's freshmen agreed with the statement, "Math has always been a challenge for me." A discouraging fact is that many high school and community college students know very little about engineering and thus do not even have it on their radar as a possible career. This team of authors have been working with precollege and community college students for over 10 years trying to increase the number of engineers. They have made many visits to community colleges and to high schools to talk about engineering. At the same time they had done research on these students to better understand them and to help determine the best practices to interest more students in engineering. This paper gives the results of surveys that have been given to high school and to community college students to try to determine their largest areas of ignorance or misunderstanding regarding engineering and computer science. This information can then inform how best to use a limited amount of time with undecided students to break down these barriers.
Heparin-regulated release of growth factors in vitro and angiogenic response in vivo to implanted hyaluronan hydrogels containing VEGF and bFGF

Controlled release of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from hydrogels composed of chemically modified hyaluronan (HA) and gelatin (Gtn) was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that inclusion of small quantities of heparin (Hp) in these gels would regulate growth factor (GF) release over an extended period, while still maintaining the in vivo bioactivity of released GFs. To test this hypothesis, HA, Gtn, and Hp (15 kDa) were modified with thiol groups, then co-crosslinked with poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Either VEGF or bFGF was incorporated into the gels before crosslinking with PEGDA. Release of these GFs in vitro could be sustained over 42 days by less than 1% Hp content, and was found to decrease monotonically with increasing Hp concentration. As little as 0.03% Hp in the gels reduced the released VEGF fraction from 30% to 21%, while 3% Hp reduced it to 19%. Since the minimum Hp concentration capable of effective controlled GF release in vitro was found to be 0.3% (w/w), this concentration was selected for subsequent in vivo experiments. To evaluate the bioactivity of released GFs in vivo, gel samples were implanted into the ear pinnas of Balb/c mice and the resulting neovascularization response measured. In the presence of Hp, vascularization was sustained over 28 days. GF release was more rapid in vitro from gels containing Gtn than from gels lacking Gtn, though unexpectedly, the in vivo neovascularization response to Gtn-containing gels was decreased. Nevertheless significant numbers of neovessels were generated. The ability to stimulate localized microvessel growth at controlled rates for extended times through the release of GFs from covalently linked, Hp-supplemented hydrogels will ultimately provide a powerful therapeutic tool.
Hot eluent capillary liquid chromatography using zirconia and titania based stationary phases

Abstract High speed capillary liquid chromatographic separations using a simple home made system constructed from readily available inexpensive components have been studied. Using thermally stable zirconia and titania based packing, the separation of eight alkylbenzene derivatives in less than 2 min is shown. The system is capable of operating at temperatures as high as 200°C and pressures up to 10,000 psi and can, thus, take advantage of the reduction in eluent viscosity and enhanced mass transport at elevated temperatures to operate at very high linear velocities without sacrificing separation efficiency.
A Common Core PXI Test Platform for Factory and Depot Applications

The test requirements for the manufacturing and maintenance of military - aerospace components, subsystems, and systems should ideally be addressed by a common test platform. The ability to leverage test programs, fixturing, test resources and even product knowledge all points to the use of a common core platform. However, more often than not, the requirements for supporting and maintaining these assemblies results in specifying and developing completely different test solutions- resulting in higher capital and maintenance expenditures for deployed systems and components. This paper will review how one can successfully address the test needs associated with both the manufacture and maintenance of systems and components - based on a common core solution and built around the PXI architecture, which can successfully address both the performance and economics aspects of test. The paper will also present a real world example of how this strategy has been successfully implemented on a current weapons system program.
Electrophysiological responses in hydranencephaly.

Hydranencephaly is a congenital anomaly in which the cerebral hemispheres consist only of membranous sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid. These fluid-filled sacs readily transilluminate, which is pathognomonic for hydranencephaly. Cases have been reported, however, in which the transillumination was initially negative, presumably because of the intercranial fluid being filled with blood or protein. The name hydranencephaly incorrectly implies that the condition is a combination of hydrocephaly and anencephaly. In hydranencephaly, as opposed to hydrocephaly, the head circumference is normal at birth. While it may become abnormal, the change appears to be secondary to the underlying disease and is not as great as it would be if the cortical damage were the result of increased intracranial pressure. Hydranencephaly is also distinct from anencephaly in that the cranium is of normal size and the meninges are intact.
Reproductive toxicology of methyldopa in male F344/N rats.

Abstract Methyldopa, a widely used antihypertensive drug, was administered to male Fischer 344/N rats by gavage 5 days/week for 65 days at dosages of 0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg. Decreased body weight was seen in treated animals. After mating to untreated female Fischer 344/N rats on days 57–61, the male rats were necropsied (days 65–67) and reproductive toxicity was measured by sperm count, sperm motility, organ weights, hormone levels and histologic evaluation of the testis. Decreased fertility was seen in males dosed with 200 or 400 mg/kg methyldopa. Decreases were also seen in sperm count, sperm motility, apparent number of late spermatids, and plasma testosterone levels in males in the 200 and 400 mg/kg groups. This alteration of reproductive function in male rats was found to be reversible after a 13-week recovery period without dosing. The marked decrease in circulating testosterone levels following methyldopa treatment at 200 or 400 mg/kg may have contributed to the reproductive toxicity of this drug.
Rejected by the Nation: The Electoral Defeat of Candidates Included in the Self Is Experienced as Personal Rejection

The current research was designed to examine how the outcome of the 2008 United States presidential election would affect participants' feelings of being rejected. Specifically, we set out to test whether participants who favored the losing candidate would feel as if they had been personally rejected. Additionally, we were interested in whether these feelings of rejection would be predicted by the extent to which participants included the major party candidates in their own self-representation, as measured with the Inclusion of Other in the Self (IOS) scale. We find that conservative participants who included John McCain in the self reported feeling less satisfaction of their basic needs (a composite of belonging, self-esteem, belief in a meaningful existence, and sense of control), compared with conservative participants low in McCain IOS, and these effects are independent of mood. Applied and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite

Abstract Rare earth element concentrations in biogenic apatite of conodonts, fish debris and inarticulate brachiopods were determined in over 200 samples from Cambrian to modern sediments. Tests for experimental bias caused by the chemicals used to separate fossils from the rock matrix and for interlaboratory, interexperiment or interspecies related variations clearly show that no resolvable fractionation of REE occurs. Incorporation of REE in biogenic apatite of Recent fish debris occurs near the sediment-water interface soon after deposition and reflects characteristics of seawater. The original REE signature apparently survives subsequent burial and diagenesis. Cerium variations in fish debris from modern environments are controlled by redox potential. Ce is fractionated by co-precipitation with metallic oxides under oxidizing conditions. This fractionation produces a negative Ce anomaly (Ce anom ) in seawater that is reflected in the sedimented fish debris. Conversely, no fractionation of Ce occurs under reducing conditions, resulting in Ce concentrations that are normal to enriched in anoxic seawater and fish debris deposited under local or basinwide anoxic conditions. Extrapolation of observations of the redox control of Ce anom in modern oceans to fossil apatite indicates that anoxic conditions were prevalent in lower Paleozoic and Lower Triassic oceans, whereas in the upper Paleozoic, the world ocean was generally oxidizing.
Social Inclusion and Critical Consciousness in Australia.

Australia's Indigenous population is excluded from a range of opportunities, experiences and amenities that facilitate wellbeing, self-determination and social inclusion. This social exclusion constrains the career development and occupational attainment of Indigenous youth, which represent key routes to societal inclusion. Critical consciousness - the awareness of sociopolitical inequality and motivation to participate in social action to change social structures and practices that foster social exclusion - is examined here as a precursor to social inclusion for Indigenous Australian youth. Critical consciousness appears to facilitate the career development and occupational attainment of socially excluded youth and augment career interventions for socially excluded people in North America. Given similarities in the social structures and practices that foster social exclusion in North America and Australia, critical consciousness may augment Australian educational policy and practice, as well as career counselling and interventions, complementing macro-level policies aiming to redress the social structures that cause social exclusion in Australia.
Urotrauma – The Success of an AUA Legislative Initiative: A Legislative Primer

Abstract Introduction Urogenital injury has been increasing among American soldiers engaged in foreign operations because of improvised explosive devices. The American Urological Association led a legislative coalition that in 2013 was successful in having Congress enact law improving the care of soldiers who have suffered urotrauma. Reviewing the legislative effort from the beginning to the present provides many valuable insights into the components of federal legislative success that can be applied to future efforts. Methods Since 2008 the American Urological Association has advocated for the passage of federal legislation promoting care for U.S. military veterans with urotraumatic injuries. Direct observations of the stakeholders in the development and passage of legislation are used to describe the interaction of policy and politics in the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act in 2013. Results The passage of the National Defense Authorization Act in 2013 included a provision that promoted care for U.S. military veterans with urotraumatic injuries. Conclusions Key components for the passage of legislation include 1) identification of a clear urological patient care policy need, 2) engaging a coalition of stakeholders, 3) an organizational posture of persistence and adaptability, and 4) the fostering of new and existing Congressional relationships among urologist advocates and organized urology’s advocacy partners.
Students as Web Site Authors: Effects on Motivation and Achievement

This study examined the effects of a Web site design project on students' motivation and achievement. Tenth-grade biology students worked together in teams on an ecology project that required them to locate relevant information on the Internet, decide which information should be included on their Web site, organize the information into Web pages, and link the pages together. A comparison group received traditional ecology instruction that included lectures and labs. Data sources included motivation questionnaires, achievement tests, student attitude questionnaires, and teacher interviews. While both groups showed similar achievement gains, the students that designed Web sites were more motivated than the students that received traditional instruction. Advantages and disadvantages of the Web site design project are reported and discussed. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible for a high-school teacher to use a student-as-designer model of instruction with Web-based technology.
Phase Evolution in the Transformation of Atomically Mixed Versus Ball‐Milled Mixtures of Nanopowders in the Formation of Composite MO·3Al2O3 Spinels: Bottom‐Up Processing is Not Always Optimal

Liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis (LF-FSP) provides atomically homogeneous mixed metal powders with 30–40 nm average particle sizes, often producing kinetic phases due to the high quench rate As produced LF-FSP Al2O3-rich spinels, such as MgO·3Al2O3, form an Al2O3-rich metastable single-phase spinel. On heating, the powders phase separate to form MAl2O4 and α-Al2O3. Compacts of MO·3Al2O3 (M = Co, Ni, Mg) were produced and sintered to evaluate the final duplex microstructure. The same composition was also approached from stoichiometric LF-FSP MAl2O4 nanopowders ball-milled with Al2O3 nanopowders in an attempt to evaluate how the initial length scale of mixing affected the final microstructure. Contrary to traditional sintering, we observe two distinct mechanisms. At 1000°C–1200°C, cation diffusion appears to control densification as a consequence of high vacancy concentrations and atomic mixing where traditionally expected site inversion plays less of a factor given the high quench rates. The second mechanism follows α-Al2O3 exsolution and densification occurs via oxygen diffusion and α-Al2O3 grain growth. When sintering the duplex MAl2O4/α-Al2O3 compacts to at least 95% theoretical density, we find final microstructures that do not reflect the initial degrees of mixing. That is, the atomically mixed MgO·3Al2O3 does not does not offer an advantage over the submicron length scale of mixing in the ball-milled samples.
Albuminuria causes lysozymuria in rats with Heymann nephritis.

Albuminuria causes lysozymuria in rats with Heymann nephritis. To determine if changes in dietary protein intake alter renal excretion of small molecular weight proteins in passive Heymann nephritis, 21 rats with passive Heymann nephritis were fed 8.5% protein for 12 days after injection with antiserum. Dietary protein intake was then increased to 40% in 10 rats (LP-HP) while 11 rats remained on 8.5% protein (LP-LP). Lysozymuria (U lys V) increased from 66.5 ±31.0 meg/day to 457.5 ± 98.0 mcg/day (P alb V) increased only in LP-HP, from 168 ± 23 mg/day to 447 ± 45 mg/day (P alb V (r = 0.737, P lys V correlated with changes in U alb V (r = 0.657, P lys V was the direct effect of the change in diet, enalapril 40 mg/kg/day was administered to prevent the increase in U alb V that occurs when these rats are fed a high protein diet. Twelve rats were fed 8.5% (LP) and 10 were fed 40% protein (HP) from the time of injection with antiserum. Six LP (LPE) and five HP (HPE) received enalapril. U lys V was 873 ± 391 meg/day in HP and nearly undetectable in the other three groups. U alb V was significantly greater in HP (368 ± 60 mg/day) compared to the other three groups (114 ± 16 in LP, 136 ± 44 in HPE, 95 ± 21 in LPE). A third group of nephrotic rats, maintained on a constant diet of 21% protein had enalapril added to their drinking water. UiysV decreased from 49 ± 9 meg/day to less than 2 meg/day (P alb V decreased from 516 ± 67 to 183 ± 32 mg/day (P lys V and U alb V remained unchanged in untreated rats. Lysozyme, an enzyme normally entirely reabsorbed by the kidney, is found in the urine of rats with passive Heymann nephritis, and increases when dietary protein intake is increased. High protein diets increase U lys V only in as much as U alb V is increased, and when U alb V is reduced by use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in the presence of a high protein diet U lys V is reduced in a parallel fashion, suggesting that albuminuria itself decreases the capacity of the renal tubule to reabsorb lysozyme.
Integrating algorithm animation into a learning environment

Abstract Algorithm animation would seem to be a useful tool for teaching algorithms. However, previous empirical studies of using algorithm animation have produced mixed results. This paper presents an empirical study in which the subjects programmed the algorithm which they had seen animated. The results of the experiment indicate that combining the animation with the implementation of the algorithm was an effective way to teach the animation, and also produced transfer effects for general recursion problems.
Characterization of Mechanically Attrited Si/SiOx Nanoparticles and Their Self-Assembled Composite Films

The surface chemistry and structure of nanosized silicon, as obtained by high-energy ball milling and its subsequent dispersion in ethanol, via sonication-assisted oxidation, is presently described. These Si/SiOx suspensions that spontaneously assemble on glass surfaces were investigated as a function of pH in a variety of oxidizing agents and atmospheres. Spectroscopic characterization indicates that at pH 5 or below and in the absence of H2O, the Si−OEt groups present on the surface of these nanoparticles get protonated, providing the driving force to assemble on less positively charged glass substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy concurs with a core/shell (Si/SiOx) nanoparticle structure, with an average Si-atom ratio of 45/55 and x in the order of 1.5. In addition, Raman investigation suggests that the Si core in these nanoparticles (45% of the total Si-atom content) is composed of crystalline (34%) and amorphous (11%) parts.
Newton's unpublished dynamical principles: A study in simplicity

Summary Contrary to the received opinion, the fundamentals of Newton's dynamics can be set forth quite simply. In the first edition of the Principia, Newton employs a device (the linear dynamics ratio) that relates to Galileo's analysis of uniform rectilinear motion. In the second and third editions, Newton introduces an alternate device (the circular dynamics ratio) that relates to Huygens's analysis of uniform circular motion. A third device (the comparison dynamics ratio) is also introduced but is hidden away as a corollary to a problem rather than set forth clearly as a theorem. Following the appearance of the first edition, Newton proposed, but never published, a grand new scheme for revising his dynamics in which he clearly set forth each dynamics ratio with a complementary set of solutions to the problems. As published, however, the alternate methods are not clear and are a source more of confusion than of clarification.
Hemilability and nonrigidity in metal complexes of bidentate P,PS donor ligands

Hemilability and nonrigidity in a series of mixed P , P S donor ligands has been studied in the complexes [Pd( P , P S )Cl 2 ], [Pd(η 3 -C 3 H 5 )( P , P S )][SbF 6 ], and [Rh(cod)( P , P S )][SbF 6 ] ( P , P S = Ph 2 P-Q-P(S)Ph 2 ). The effect of bite angle, the rigidity of the ligand backbone, and the role of the ancillary ligands are discussed.
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors in the dorsal striatum mediate stress-induced interference with negatively reinforced instrumental escape behavior.

Uncontrollable stress can interfere with instrumental learning and induce anxiety in humans and rodents. While evidence supports a role for serotonin (5-HT) and serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CR) in the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress, the specific sites of action are unknown. These experiments sought to delineate the role of 5-HT and 5-HT2CR in the dorsal striatum (DS) and the lateral/basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the expression of stress-induced instrumental escape deficits and exaggerated fear, as these structures are critical to instrumental learning and fear behaviors. Using in vivo microdialysis, we first demonstrated that prior uncontrollable, but not controllable, stress sensitizes extracellular 5-HT in the dorsal striatum, a result that parallels prior work in the BLA. Additionally, rats were implanted with bi-lateral cannula in either the DS or the BLA and exposed to uncontrollable tail shock stress. One day later, rats were injected with 5-HT2CR antagonist (SB242084) and fear and instrumental learning behaviors were assessed in a shuttle box. Separately, groups of non-stressed rats received an intra-DS or an intra-BLA injection of the 5-HT2CR agonist (CP809101) and behavior was observed. Intra-DS injections of the 5-HT2CR antagonist prior to fear/escape tests completely blocked the stress-induced interference with instrumental escape learning; a partial block was observed when injections were in the BLA. Antagonist administration in either region did not influence stress-induced fear behavior. In the absence of prior stress, intra-DS administration of the 5-HT2CR agonist was sufficient to interfere with escape behavior without enhancing fear, while intra-BLA administration of the 5-HT2CR agonist increased fear behavior but had no effect on escape learning. Results reveal a novel role of the 5-HT2CR in the DS in the expression of instrumental escape deficits produced by uncontrollable stress and demonstrate that the involvement of 5-HT2CR activation in stress-induced behaviors is regionally specific.
On the Search for Extant Life on Mars

Proposals for continuing the search for extant life on Mars are primarily predicated on the assumption that specialized environmental niches that could support a biota may exist on the planet. Before attempting any critical tests for extant organisms, either in situ or on returned samples, it is imperative to determine whether any such sites actually exist. If, through remote sensing and landed instrumentation, sites of potential biological interest are discovered and characterized, biological tests can then more effectively be planned to elicit the presence of organisms that are adapted to living in these particular environments.
de Quervain Tendinopathy: Survivorship and Prognostic Indicators of Recurrence Following A Single Corticosteroid Injection

Purpose To determine short- and long-term success rates of a single corticosteroid injection for de Quervain tendinopathy while identifying prognostic indicators for symptom recurrence and repeat intervention. Methods Fifty consecutive patients with de Quervain tendinopathy treated with corticosteroid injections (lidocaine plus triamcinolone acetonide or dexamethasone) were prospectively enrolled. Patients with inflammatory arthritis, carpometacarpal osteoarthritis, or a previous distal radius fracture affecting the symptomatic wrist were excluded. Demographic data and information on existing comorbidities were recorded. Patients were seen in clinic at 6 weeks after injection and contacted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following injection to determine symptom recurrence and further intervention. Medical records were also reviewed for this purpose. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression modeling were used to estimate recurrence rates and identify predictors of symptom recurrence and repeat intervention. Results Fifty wrists in 50 patients (average age, 49 y) were included. One patient was lost to follow-up. Eighty-two percent of patients had resolved symptoms 6 weeks after a steroid injection. Twenty-four patients had a recurrence of symptoms at a median of 84 days after the injection. Eleven patients underwent additional intervention (7 surgical releases and 4 repeat injections) at a median of 129 days (range, 42–365) after the injection. Estimated freedom from symptom recurrence was 52% at 6 and 12 months. Estimated freedom from repeat intervention was 81% at 6 months and 77% at 12 months. Two of 3 patients with a history of trigger finger required subsequent de Quervain surgery. Conclusions We demonstrated that a single cortisone injection was effective in alleviating symptoms of de Quervain tendinopathy in 82% of patients and that over half remained symptom-free for at least 12 months. All patients with recurring symptoms developed them within the first 6 months. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
The role of endogenous opioids in the guinea pig dentate gyrus: A brief review ☆

Research in this lab has been focused on the role of the opioid neuropeptides in the regulation of synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain. We ask how specific opioid peptides function in the control of neuronal excitability in the rodent hippocampus by defining 1) the physiological conditions under which the peptides are released, 2) the postsynaptic cell types on which they act, 3) the specific receptors and signal-transduction mechanisms mediating their actions, and 4) the specific physiological consequences of their action on the functioning of the neural circuit. Electrophysiological, anatomical and neurochemical methods are used to define the pre- and postsynaptic features of the neuropeptide synapse
Physiological Science and Scientific Management in the Progressive Era: Frederic S. Lee and the Committee on Industrial Fatigue

This article explores the first attempt by American physiologists to assist employers with the stubborn problem of tired workers. It examines the work of Frederic Lee and the Committee on Industrial Fatigue, which was set up to increase productivity in the face of the long hours deemed necessary for war readiness. Despite the biomedical investigators' strenuous efforts and their incisive critique of Taylorism, however, corporate management found few practical uses for their findings and remedial proposals. Instead, industrial physiology helped to pave the way for rival consultants from psychology.
Results of primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty plus abciximab with or without stenting for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

This study examines the effects of abciximab as adjunctive therapy in primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock. Abciximab improves the outcome of primary PTCA for AMI, but its efficacy in cardiogenic shock remains unknown. Case report forms were completed in-hospital and follow-up was obtained by telephone, outpatient visit, and review of hospital readmission records. A total of 113 patients with cardiogenic shock from AMI were included. All underwent emergency PTCA during which abciximab was administered to 54 patients (48%). The 2 groups of patients who received and did not receive abciximab were similar at baseline. Coronary stents were implanted slightly more often in the abciximab group (59% vs 42%; p = 0.1). A significantly improved final TIMI flow, less no-reflow, and a decrease in vessel residual diameter stenosis occurred in the abciximab group. At 30-day follow-up, the composite event rate of death, myocardial reinfarction, and target vessel revascularization was better in the abciximab group (31% vs 63%; p = 0.002). The combination of abciximab and stents was synergistic and resulted in improvement of all components of the composite end point beyond that seen with each therapy alone. Thus, abciximab therapy improves the 30-day outcome of primary PTCA in cardiogenic shock, especially when combined with coronary stenting.
The Utility of Sodium Diisopropylamide (NADA): Formation of a New Transition Metalate via Silyl Migration Chemistry, [(η5-Me3SiC5H4)Fe(CO)(PPh3)]−Na+ (SiFpPNa), and Resulting Thermal Rearrangements of the Complexes SiFpP−CH2SiMe2R (R = H, SiMe3) to SiFpP−SiMe2CH2R

A new transition metalate system, [(η5-Me3SiC5H4)Fe(CO)(PPh3)]−M+ (SiFpPM; M = Li, Na), was synthesized via treatment of (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(PPh3)SiMe3 with sodium and lithium diisopropylamides (MN(iPr2); NADA and LDA, respectively). The utility of NADA was far superior to that of LDA, with shorter reaction times, lower reagent concentrations, and higher yields. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the new ferrates indicated that their stability and utility were dependent upon the tight ion pairs Fe−CO−M; in the presence of coordinating solvents and ionophores the separated ion pairs formed led to the expulsion of the PPh3 and CO scavenging led to formation of the dicarbonylferrate [(η5-Me3SiC5H4)Fe(CO)2]−M+. Hexane was the solvent of choice for formation and use of the ferrates. Reactions of the new ferrates with MeI led to [SiFpP]CH3, whereas reactions with ClCH2SiMe2R (R = H, SiMe3) did not lead to the expected Fe−C bonded complexes [SiFpP]CH2SiMe2R but to high yields of the rearranged complexes [SiFpP]SiMe2...
Restoration of sensitivity of cultured hepatoma cells to cyclic nucleotides shows permissive effect of dexamethasone.

CULTURED rat hepatoma cell lines H-35, HTC and RLC respond to glucocorticoid hormones and have revealed details of how these steroids regulate the activity of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) that could not have been learned using intact liver1–4. Unfortunately, the apparent lack of other regulatory mechanisms normally present in liver often limits the usefulness of these lines. For. example, although cyclic AMP or its dibutyryl derivative reproducibly cause a several-fold induction of TAT in adult5 and foetal rat liver6 and in the H-35 (refs 7 and 8) and RLC9 hepatoma cell lines, these compounds have generally been found to be ineffective inducers of HTC cell tyrosine aminotransferase8–10. Taken with the demonstration that HTC cells have marginally detectable levels of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP, this insensitivity to cyclic nucleotides led to the suggestion that glucocorticoid induction does not depend on cyclic AMP10. The following evidence suggests that the converse may not be true: TAT induction by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cyclic AMP) in adult rat liver is reduced by adrenalectomy11; combinations of db cyclic AMP and steroids result in synergistic induction in rat liver and liver organ culture5; and cortisol increases the absolute degree of induction of TAT by db cyclic AMP in some responsive hepatoma cell lines8–12. This putative interrelationship could be clarified if a cell line, otherwise unresponsive to cyclic nucleotides, could be made to respond to these agents by adrenal steroid hormones. This report describes such an accomplishment and suggests that HTC cells are a model system for studies of the permissive effects of glucocorticoid hormones.
Personal Narrative Themes of African-American Mothers:

African-American mothers of low income enrolled in an Even Start program were videotaped as each told a personal narrative to her child. A content analysis of the stories gave three major themes id...
SYNTHESIS OF DYNAMIC VIBRATION ABSORBERS.

Description d'une methode pour le calcul d'absorbeurs dynamiques de vibration qui creent des antiresonances en des points donnes d'un systeme soumis a des vibrations forcees longitudinales. Etude detaillee des systemes absorbeurs du type masse-ressort. Sensibilite du calcul aux variations de la frequence, de la constante d'elasticite, et de la masse de l'absorbeur. Illustration de la methode par des resultats numeriques obtenus dans le cas d'une poutre uniforme simplement supportee
Phase separation during anaerobic fermentation of solid substrates in an innovative plug-flow reactor

Separation of the liquefaction-acidification and gasification phases of anaerobic digestion was studied in a simple, plug-flow reactor (PFR) charged with 3 to 10 wt% solids-content feed slurries. The unmixed PFR had zigzagging parallel channels with floors sloping towards the outlet. Steady-state runs were conducted at hydraulic retention times of 32 to 13 days and organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.84 to 6.84 kg-VS/m3-d. Phase separation was first observed when the OLR was 2.05 kg-VS/m3-d. Longitudinal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles at this OLR showed a lowest pH of 6.10 and a highest VFA accumulation of 1500 mg/l. The acidogenic phase predominated within the first 50 cm from the inlet, and the methanogenic phase prevailed in the remainder of the PFR. At an OLR of 6.84 kg-VS/m3-d the pH dropped to 4.4, and the VFA accumulated to 9600 mg/l with the acidogenic phase extending to 83 cm from the PFR inlet. Unlike a CSTR digester, the PFR always recovered from the initial sour digestion and afforded high VS reductions of 78 to 63% corresponding to methane yields of 0.36 to 0.28 m3/kg-VS added.
AT1 receptor-mediated enhancement of collecting duct renin in angiotensin II-dependent hypertensive rats

Angiotensin II (ANG II)-infused rats exhibit increases in distal nephron renin expressed in principal cells of connecting tubules and collecting ducts. This study was performed to determine whether...
On the disulfiram-like activity of moxalactam

A three-way crossover study was undertaken in 10 healthy subjects to characterize the reported disulfiram-like activity of moxalactam and to assess its influence on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism. On different occasions separated by at least 2 wk subjects were given in random order: 0.5 gm/kg ethanol orally, 0.5 gm/kg ethanol followed in 1 hr by 1.0 gm IV moxalactam, and 1.0 gm IV moxalactam every 8 hr for four doses followed by 0.5 gm/kg ethanol. Mean ethanol elimination rates of 13.1 ± 0.76, 10.1 ± 1.11, and 10.9 ± 1.06 mg/dl/hr (mean ± SEM) were observed in the three protocols, respectively. Corresponding mean estimated acetaldehyde clearance rates were 103.7 ± 15.55, 93.8 ± 13.79, and 97.3 ± 10.41 l/min (mean ± SEM). While no consistent moxalactam effect on ethanol or acetaldehyde elimination was observed, two subjects experienced mild disulfiram-like reactions to ethanol after moxalactam pretreatment. In one subject this reaction was associated with markedly elevated blood acetaldehyde concentrations. We conclude that moxalactam pretreatment may induce a disulfiram-like reaction after ethanol ingestion in some, probably due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, and that alcoholic beverages are contraindicated in patients receiving moxalactam. We suggest, however, that such reactions will not occur when moxalactam is given after ethanol ingestion. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 347–355; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.170