cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced nonperturbative effects in Z decays to hadrons

We use soft collinear effective field theory (SCET) to study nonperturbative strong interaction effects in Z decays to hadronic final states that are enhanced in corners of phase space. These occur, for example, in the jet energy distribution for two jet events near E_J=M_Z/2, the thrust distribution near unity and the jet invariant mass distribution near zero. The extent to which such nonperturbative effects for different observables are related is discussed.
Social Conflict in America: The 1960's

(1971). Social Conflict in America: The 1960's. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 295-307.
Chemically active liquid membranes in inorganic supports for metal ion separations

Ceramic membranes with pores filled with organic chelation acid show promise as the basis for inorganic membrane separator units for metal ion separations from dilute aqueous streams. The performance of such membranes in disk geometry is evaluated experimentally for a model system. The proposed model describes the metal ion flux through the membrane, and a batch or continuous operated separator using these membranes is analyzed. Copper ion fluxes through α-alumina/silica disks impregnated with 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime were determined from a rotating diffusion cell apparatus for feed solution concentration of copper 0.03 mol/L, feed solution pH 3, strip solution pH of 0.3, and rotation speed of 130 rpm. Flux values range from 5.4 × 10−6 to 2.2 × 10−5 mol/cm2·h and compare well with the reported values for metal ion transport through polymeric supporting membranes (Largman and Sifniades, 1978; Babcock et al., 1981; Teramoto and Tanimoto, 1983; Kojima and Miyauchi, 1981). The proposed steady-state flux model describes the metal flux through chemically active liquid membranes in inorganic supports. The model includes film resistance to mass transfer in both liquid films, complexation and stripping reactions at the liquid-liquid interface in the membrane pores on both surfaces of the membrane, and metal ion/complex diffusion through the membrane. Separately designed experiments were executed using a precise pH-static technique to obtain the physical and chemical parameters of diffusivities, kinetic coefficients and equilibrium coefficients. Calculated fluxes compare well with experimentally determined values from batch experiments (average standard error, 11%). The proposed lumped parameter linear kinetic rate model for the surface reaction rates interprets the kinetic data for the copper chelation reaction. The model is based on a multistep reaction mechanism and has the following form for the extraction reaction for the above mentioned conditions: A similar expression is presented for the strip reaction. An analytical solution for the mathematical model predicts the performance of the chemically active liquid membrane reactor for the batch or continuous operation of the rotating diffusion cell. Calculated results describe expected trends and agree well with the experimental results.
Government transparency in the U.S?: the ethics, functional literacy, and usability of open geographic government data

This presentation reports on interviews conducted with Open Code Orlando Brigade members in regards to public information and geodata. Open Code Orlando Brigade is a volunteer group of coders who strive to make public data accessible for both business and public use. However, the public data which they gain access to is often released in static PDFs or file formats which rely on expensive software to open. Therefore, the members of the Brigade must find work arounds to make public information dynamic and useful for public use. The research reports on the ethics and usability of this open public data
Mother-Child Interaction as a Predictor of Mastery Motivation in Children with Disabilities Born Preterm

This study examined mother-child interaction as a predictor of mastery motivation (i.e., persistence on a problem-posing task) in 3-year-old children who were born premature and had either motor impairment or developmental delay (n = 34). Two aspects of mother-child interaction were hypothesized to predict for mastery motivation: response to child's distress and cognitive growth-fostering behaviors. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that maternal response to distress, but not cognitive growth promotion, added significant unique variance (15.3%) beyond child cognitive performance in the prediction of mastery motivation. Results suggest that interventions focused on emotional aspects of the mother-child dyad provide important benefits to young children with disabilities who are born preterm.
Upping the Ritalin

“So basically, what we have here is a medicine adjustment.” The attending physician regarded his intern, considered his words, took a slow, barely perceptible breath, and commenced. “Please, just run the facts of the case by me again, would you?” he asked. The intern nodded, composed himself, and began. “This woman comes today for an adjustment of her son’s Ritalin dose, if it is necessary. He has the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and has been on Ritalin for the past school year. It is not controlling his symptoms and the primary care doctor has referred him here for dosage adjustment. Except for the hyperactivity he is in good health. Had an uneventful pregnancy, birth weight of seven pounds ten ounces; three days in the nursery, no recognized allergies, no other medicines. He has had the usual childhood illnesses and a hernia repair. No history of seizure, cerebral palsy or migraine and no cancer, diabetes, or heart disease in the family. Physical and neurologic examinations are normal. Because the current dose is only five milligrams per day and this is a small dose, I recommend upping the dose to five milligrams in the morning and an additional five at noon. We can see the patient back in three months to see how he is doing. I do not recommend an EEG or a neuroimaging study for this patient at this time.” He paused, confident he had delivered an excellent presentation. Thus, the first question took him a bit by surprise. “How do you know this patient has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?” “The mother provided the history,” he answered. “She told you that was the correct diagnosis?” “Yes, she told me that was the diagnosis,” he replied, thinking that if the attendings would pay attention he wouldn’t have to repeat …
Input impedance of aperture-coupled dielectric resonator antennas

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRA?s) excited by a narrow-slot aperture in a conducting ground plane are analyzed using a numerical technique based upon a surface-integral equation formulation for bodies of revolution (BOR's) coupled to non-BOR geometries. An efficient matrix-solution algorithm, together with a simple microstrip transmission-line model or a delta-source model are used to comnute the antenna inmt impedance. Input impedances obtained with this technique show favorable agreement to those obtained via another numerical technique, as well as to those obtained by measurement.
122 Substance P Induce Nitric Oxide Production in Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Substance P(SP) modulates cytokine synthesis and adhesion molecule expression by inflammatory and endothelial cells in response to injury. A major proinflammatory effect includes nitric oxide(NO) production. Three nitric oxide synthase(NOS) isoforms include neuronal(nNOS), inducible(iNOS), and endothelial(eNOS). In this study, we determined which NOS enzymes mediate SP-induced NO upregulation in endothelial cells. Confluent human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs) were treated with SP(10−8 M) for 48 h with and without the nonspecific NOS inhibitor N-nitro l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 4 uM) or specific inhibitors against nNOS (L-thiocitrulline;60 nM), iNOS (n-3-aminomethyl benzyl acetamidine;7 nM), eNOS (N-5-1-iminoethyl-L-ornithine; 0.5 uM). Inhibitors were added for 3 h prior to and continued throughout SP stimulation. Nitrate/nitrite levels were measured in cell extracts using Greiss reagents and standardized with protein concentration for each sample. Results are expressed as uM nitrate/mg protein. Statistical analysis was determined using ANOVA. Result are expressed as mean ± sd; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SP effectively elevated nitrate levels (2.96 uM/mg protein;p ≤ 0.05) compared to control treatment (2.1 uM/mg protein). All NOS inhibitors showed some inhibitory effect on substance P induced NO production. However, only L-NAME (1.9 uM/mg protein) and the specific eNOS inhibitor (2.32 uM/mg protein) demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05.) Our data suggest that SP up-regulation of NO in HMECs is primarily mediated by eNOS, but that other NOS enzymes may also contribute. Further studies are warranted to better understand the role of NOS in SP signaling.
When liberal peoples turn into outlaw states: John Rawls’ Law of Peoples and liberal nuclearism:

John Rawls’ account in Law of Peoples of a realist utopia composed of a society of liberal and decent peoples is a stark contrast to his description of “outlaw states,” which seek to undermine the ...
Walter Kempner. A biographical note.

Considering Walter Kempner's family background, it is not surprising that he chose medical research as a career. By the time of his birth, Jan 25, 1903, both of his parents were active medical investigators. His father made the first antitoxin against the poison of Bacillus botulinus . His mother established the pathogenicity in humans of the bovine strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Both had begun as assistants to Robert Koch, discoverer of the tubercle bacillus. Koch was the godfather of Dr. Kempner's brother who made a name for himself as the American deputy chief counsel in the war crime trials in Nuremberg. Walter Kempner graduated from the Medical School of the University of Heidelberg in Germany in 1926. After internship in Heidelberg, where his first paper, on diabetes, was published, he worked in 1927 to 1928 and again in 1933 to 1934 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cellular Physiology in Berlin-Dahlem,
Analysis of errors in the discrimination learning of normal and retarded children

Normal and mentally retarded children were tested on a three-choice size discrimination learning, problem. Most of the normals and about half of the retardates were able to reach a criterion of five consecutive correct responses within 60 trials. An analysis of response patterns indicated that the nonlearners made a much higher proportion of perseverative errors than the learners. By contrast, the successful Ss were characterized by a pronounced tendency to commit alternation errors.
Propionate Metabolism in Cells Cultured from a Patient with Methylmalonic Acidemia

Extract: Propionate metabolism in human skin fibroblasts was studied in cells from three controls and one patient with methylmalonic acidemia. In the control cells, propionate-2-14C was metabolized to succinate and thence into the citric acid cycle, as indicated by the appearance of the C label in CO2, succinate, aspartate, and glutamate. The patient's fibroblasts accumulated methylmalonate and failed to convert the C label as readily into CO2, aspartate, and glutamate. Speculation: Human skin fibroblasts cultured from a patient with methylmalonic acidemia offer an in vitro technique of pinpointing the defective site in this disorder. Furthermore, the kinetic properties of the mutant enzyme can be readily investigated.
Organic structural specificity and sites of coenzyme Q in succinoxidase and DPNH-oxidase systems.

In succinoxidase, CoQ1 had low activity, and CoQ2 through CoQ10 had comparable activities in both the acetone- and pentane-extracted systems. In the DPNH-oxidase system, CoQ1 had low activity; CoQ2, CoQ3, and CoQ4 had about one-fourth the activity; and CoQ5 and CoQ6 had about one-half the activity of CoQ10. CoQ7, CoQ8, and CoQ9 had activity comparable with that of CoQ10. Hexahydro- and octahydrocoenzyme Q4 had activities comparable with that of CoQ4 and CoQ10 for succinoxidase, but about 10–15% that of CoQ10 for DPNH-oxidase. The double bond in the isoprenoid unit adjacent to the nucleus, and possible cyclization, are not necessary for activity. 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-heptadecyl-l,4-benzoquinone shows succinoxidase and DPNH-oxidase activities comparable with that of hexahydrocoeuzyme Q4. The 5-methyl group is not essential for succinoxidase activity, but has some significance for DPNH-oxidase. A tertiary hydroxyl group in the isoprenoid unit adjacent to the nucleus abolishes activity for succinoxidase but not completely for DPNH-oxidase. Rhodoquinone had no activity in the succinoxidase system and 25% that of CoQ10 in the DPNH-oxidase system. Representatives of biosynthetic precursors, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone, had no activity in either the succinoxidase or DPNH-oxidase systems. Four compounds having a mechanistic relationship between CoQ and vitamin E had no activity. These data support the concept of two sites for the electron transfer of CoQ. The site for CoQ in succinoxidase is not very specific in the structural and steric requirement for the isoprenoid side chain, and has an electron potentiality that is not met by rhodoquinone. The site for CoQ in DPNH-oxidase has a rather specific requirement for a given length of side chain, and an electron potentiality that is significantly met by rhodoquinone.
Electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of iron porphyrins in the presence of nitrite

Abstract The reaction of nitrite with ferric and ferrous porphyrins was examined using visible, infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Solutions of either ferric or ferrous porphyrin were stable in the presence of nitrite, with only complexation reactions being observed. Under voltammetric conditions, though, a rapid reaction between nitrite and iron porphyrins was observed to form the nitrosyl complex, Fe(P)(NO), where P=porphyrin. The products of the reduction of ferric porphyrins in the presence of nitrite were confirmed by visible spectroelectrochemistry to be Fe(P)(NO) and [Fe(P)] 2 O. Visible, NMR and infrared spectroscopy were used to rule out the formation of Fe(P)(NO) by the iron-catalyzed disproportionation of nitrite. A reaction between iron porphyrins and nitrite only occurred by the presence of both oxidation states (ferric/ferrous). The kinetics of the reaction were monitored by visible spectroscopy, and the reaction was found to be first-order with respect to Fe(OEP)(Cl) and Fe(OEP). The products were the same as those observed in the spectroelectrochemical experiment. The rate was not strongly dependent upon the concentration of nitrite, indicating that the coordinated, not the free nitrite, was the reaction species. The kinetics observed were consistent with a mixed oxidation state nitrite-bridged intermediate, which carried out the oxygen transfer reaction from nitrite to the iron porphyrin. The effect of nitrite coordination on the reaction rate was examined.
Indigenous Koro , a Genital Retraction Syndrome of Insular Southeast Asia: A Critical Review

Koro, one of the least known culture-bound syndromes of Southeast Asia, is characterized by complaints of genital hyperinvolution and fear of impending death. Current medical and psychiatric literature describe the syndrome as endemic only among Chinese populations, especially in Southeast Asia. But the term and the syndrome were first introduced to Western science as a malady indigenous to southern Sulawesi, formerly known as Celebes, an island of Indonesia (Blonk 1895). Blonk’s short report rapidly engendered a psychodynamic analysis (Brero 1896a, 1896b) and a second case report (Vorstman 1897), but koro received no further attention until the 1930’s, when another brief spate of articles appeared (Slot 1935; Mulder 1935; Wulfften Palthe 1934,1935a, 1935b, 1936,1937). Since then, koro rarely has been noted among the non-Chinese peoples of Southeast Asia.
A Performance Simulation Study of the Ethernet and Token Bus Local Computer Networks

This paper presents a detailed comparative performance simulation study for the Ethernet and Token Bus local computer networks. The simulation models are built using discrete-driven simulation. SIMSCRIPT 11.5 is used to develop the simulation models. The performance metrics considered in this paper are the throughput and average packet delay. Results obtained show that the throughput declines as the normalized propagation delay increases. However, the Token Bus channel utilization is higher than that of Ethernet especially when the Token Bus is operating in the exhaustive service case. The Token Bus exhaustive service has better maximum throughput - normalized propagation delay, a, characteristics especially for large values of a. It is found that delay - throughput comparisons between Ethernet and Token Bus topologies are sensitive to the network parameters. The results obtained show that Ethernet is inappropriate for high load conditions due to the increased number of collisions. Finally, it is found th...
Thermoelectric Property Studies on Cu-Doped n-type CuxBi2Te2.7Se0.3 Nanocomposites

Combining high energy ball-milling and hot-pressing, significant enhancements of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) have been reported for p-type Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 nanocomposites. However, applying the same technique to n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 showed no improvement on ZT values, due to the anisotropic nature of the thermoelectric properties of n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3. Even though texturing was effective in improving peak ZT of Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 from 0.85 to 1.04, reproducibility from batch to batch remains unsatisfactory. Here, we show that good reproducibility can be achieved by introducing an optimal concentration of 0.01 copper (Cu) per Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 to make Cu0.01Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 samples. A peak ZT value of 0.99 was achieved in Cu0.01Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 samples without texturing. With texturing by re-pressing, the peak ZT was increased to 1.06. Aging in air for over 5 months did not deteriorate but further improved the peak ZT to 1.10. The mechanism by which copper improves the reproducibility, enhances the carrier mobility, and reduces the lattice thermal conductivity is also discussed.
Conflicting Loyalties: A Literature Review.

Because most counselors are employees of institutions and agencies rather than private practitioners, the problem of dual, sometimes conflicting, allegiance to the employer and to the client has long been an issue. The ethical code of the American Personnel and Guidance Association acknowledges this ambiguity, but it does not offer precise directions for its resolution. It is assumed that counselors may turn to the professional literature for direction to resolve the dilemma. This article surveys the relevant literature in an attempt to discover the nature of the direction available to counselors as they deal with conflicting loyalties.
Isolation and primary structure of β-endorphin and β-lipotropin from bovine pituitary glands

Summary Bovine pituitary β-endorphin has been isolated and its amino acid sequence shown to be identical with that of residues 61–91 in the ovine β-lipotropin structure. In addition, the primary structure of bovine β-lipotropin was found to consist of 91 amino acids, rather than 93 amino acids as previously reported.
Detection of mutagen-induced lesions in isolated DNA by marker rescue of Bacillus subtilis phage Φ105

Abstract A new mutagenesis assay is described which detects the induction of forward mutations in isolated DNA. The assay utilizes replicative from DNA of the temperate Bacillus subtilis phage φ105 and tests the ability of chemicals to induce lesions which inactivate phage genes involved in lysogen formation. There is a cluster of such genes tightly linked to the φ105 genetic marker Jsus11 which restricts the host range of the phage to cells capable of suppressing sus mutations. In the actual assay chemically treated DNA, from wild-type J + phage, is added to competent cells which are infected with φ105 Jsus11 . Wild-type phage, capable of producing plaques on cells which are nonpermissive for φ105 Jsus11 , are produced by recombination between the added chemically-treated DNA and infecting φ105 Jsus11 DNA. If the added DNA also carried mutagenic lesions in any of the genes controlling lysogeny, clear plaque mutants are produced which are readily distinguishable from the turbid plaquing wild-type phage. This report demonstrates the capacity of this marker rescue-based assay to detect as mutagens the following DNA-reactive chemicals: hydroxylamine (HA); N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG); chloroacetaldehyde (CAA); propylene oxide (PO) and N -acetyl- N -acetoxy-2-amino-fluorene (AAAF). The effect of using a host cell, defective for excision repair, on the sensitivity with which the assay detected the mutagenic activities of CAA, PO and AAAF also was examined. The new mutagenesis assay offers 2 advantages over several other previously described transformation-based assays: (1) in contrast to assays based on the induction of ribosome-associated drug resistances, the new assay can detect frameshift as well as base-substitution-type mutagens and (2) the mutants generated can be detected at high plating densities. The assay thus may be useful for general mutagen screening especially with highly bactericidal compounds which are not readily tested in other microbial assays.
The relationship of dieting severity and bulimic behaviors to alcohol and other drug use in young women.

Patients with bulimia nervosa frequently have problems with alcoholism and other substance abuse. The goal of this study was to assess whether this relationship between eating abnormalities and substance abuse extends to subthreshold levels of dieting and substance use. A self-administered questionnaire assessing dieting and substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) was completed by 1,796 women prior to their freshman year in college. Using a scale derived from DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa and previous research in this population, subjects were categorized as nondieters, casual, intense, severe, at-risk, or bulimic dieters. The relationship between the dieting-severity category and frequency and intensity of alcohol use and frequency of marijuana and cigarette use was assessed. DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa were met by 1.6% of the women. Only 13.8% of these women were nondieters. Increasing dieting severity was positively associated with increasing prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use and with increasing frequency and intensity of alcohol use. The bulimic and at-risk dieters were similar in their alcohol and drug use. The relationship between eating disorders and alcoholism and other substance abuse noted in clinical populations extends in a continuous, graded manner to subthreshold levels of dieting and substance use behaviors. Dieting-related attitudes and behaviors in young women may be related to increased susceptibility to alcohol and drug abuse.
Endothelium-derived microparticles induce acute lung injury

Abstract Introduction: Elevated plasma levels of endothelium-derived microparticles (EMPs) have been detected in human disease states including sepsis. EMPs (0.1–4 microns) consist of a lipid bilayer with normal and abnormal endothelial cell surface proteins. Previous work has demonstrated EMP dependent endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesize that EMPs may contribute to pulmonary capillary leak and inflammation in acute lung injury (ALI). Methods: EMPs were generated by stimulating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P4) with plasminogen activation inhibitor-1. Supernatant was collected, concentrated, and the presence of EMPs confirmed using flow cytometric analysis. Twenty-four Brown Norway rats were treated for six hours with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, lipopolysaccharide (4 mg/kg), or intravenous injection of EMPs to attain plasma levels of 1 million/mL. As a measure of permeability, four rats per group were injected with I125 labeled albumin thirty minutes prior to sacrifice and I125 blood/lung ratios determined. Myeloperoxidase activity of homogenized lungs from each group was measured. Results: Normal saline, LPS, and EMP (n = 4/grp) mean lung permeability ratios and standard deviations were 0.0693+/−0.080, 0.166+/−0.037(p = 0.01), and 0.336+/−0.123(p = 0.03) respectively. Similarly, mean myeloperoxidase activity for the groups (n = 4/grp) were 0.071+/−0.017, 0.109+/−0.020(p = 0.01), and 0.137+/−0.039(p = 0.02) respectively. Preliminary data from PMN depletion studies suggest PMN dependence for EMP induced ALI. Conclusions: EMPs induce both pulmonary capillary leak and inflammatory response in our model of ALI. The plasma levels of EMPs in these experiments approximate those in human patients, although the role of EMPs in human ALI is unknown.
An Early Introduction to the Google+ Social Networking Project

Reviewing a brand new web-based service is always a risky proposition, as it seems many of them fail to catch on beyond the initial excitement of the announcement of a release. Google Wave, the sub...
RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES TO NET ION FLUXES IN RAT PROXIMAL TUBULES.

STOPPED flow microperfusion techniques have been used to advantage in the investigation of the origin of transtubular potential differences in amphibian nephrons1,2; the present communication is concerned with the application of similar methods to mammalian proximal convoluted tubules.
Harmonizing classes, functions, tuples, and type parameters in virgil iii

Languages are becoming increasingly multi-paradigm. Subtype polymorphism in statically-typed object-oriented languages is being supplemented with parametric polymorphism in the form of generics. Features like first-class functions and lambdas are appearing everywhere. Yet existing languages like Java, C#, C++, D, and Scala seem to accrete ever more complexity when they reach beyond their original paradigm into another; inevitably older features have some rough edges that lead to nonuniformity and pitfalls. Given a fresh start, a new language designer is faced with a daunting array of potential features. Where to start? What is important to get right first, and what can be added later? What features must work together, and what features are orthogonal? We report on our experience with Virgil III, a practical language with a careful balance of classes, functions, tuples and type parameters. Virgil intentionally lacks many advanced features, yet we find its core feature set enables new species of design patterns that bridge multiple paradigms and emulate features not directly supported such as interfaces, abstract data types, ad hoc polymorphism, and variant types. Surprisingly, we find variance for function types and tuple types often replaces the need for other kinds of type variance when libraries are designed in a more functional style.
On strongly planar 3SAT

The strongly planar 3SAT problem is NP-complete. This fact is proved in a book (Du et al. in Introduction to computational complexity theory, 2002). We show that the strongly planar 1-in-3SAT and strongly planar not-all-equal 3SAT problems are also NP-complete. They are very useful in study of combinatorial optimization problems in a plane.
Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6

The SLC6 family is a diverse set of transporters that mediate solute translocation across cell plasma membranes by coupling solute transport to the cotransport of sodium and chloride down their electrochemical gradients. These transporters probably have 12 transmembrane domains, with cytoplasmic N- and C-terminal tails, and at least some may function as homo-oligomers. Family members include the transporters for the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine, the aminergic transmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, the osmolytes betaine and taurine, the amino acid proline, and the metabolic compound creatine. In addition, this family includes a system B0+ cationic and neutral amino acid transporter, and two transporters for which the solutes are unknown. In general, SLC6 transporters act to regulate the level of extracellular solute concentrations. In the central and the peripheral nervous system, these transporters can regulate signaling among neurons, are the sites of action of various drugs of abuse, and naturally occurring mutations in several of these proteins are associated with a variety of neurological disorders. For example, transgenic animals lacking specific aminergic transporters show profoundly disturbed behavioral phenotypes and probably represent excellent systems for investigating psychiatric disease. SLC6 transporters are also found in many non-neural tissues, including kidney, intestine, and testis, consistent with their diverse physiological roles. Transporters in this family represent attractive therapeutic targets because they are subject to multiple forms of regulation by many different signaling cascades, and because a number of pharmacological agents have been identified that act specifically on these proteins.
Magnetic resonance of Cu and of Gd in insulating GdSr2Cu2NbO8 and in superconducting GdSr2Cu2RuO8

Weak-ferromagnetic (or antiferromagnetic) resonance of Cu and electron spin resonance (ESR) of Gd are observed both in insulating GdSr2Cu2NbO8 and in superconducting GdSr2Cu2RuO8. The Cu resonance implies that the CuO2 planes are magnetic and indicates that the superconducting layer of GdSr2Cu2RuO8 is SrO (not CuO2), as in its related superconducting compound without cuprate planes, doped Sr2YRuO6.
Expression of the green fluorescent protein-encoding gene from a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector

A cDNA fragment encompassing the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein-encoding gene (gfp) was introduced into a genomic cDNA clone of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Infectious RNA transcripts produced in vitro were used to inoculate tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves. After 1-2 days, bright green fluorescent areas could be visualized upon illumination with a long-wave ultraviolet (UV) light source. The virus was capable of infecting and expressing gfp in plant tissues both locally (in the inoculated leaf) and systemically (throughout the entire plant). Continued observation of inoculated plants indicated that systemic infection resulted from a combination of two forms of virus movement: a slow, cell-to-cell spread with concomitant virus replication and gfp expression, and a rapid, vascular-mediated form of transport without gfp expression.
The illicit drug trade, counternarcotics strategies and terrorism

Conventional wisdom indicates that international trade in illicit drugs helps to fuel terrorism. Since 2001, counter-narcotics policy increasingly has been used to fight terrorism. This study investigates empirically the relationship between the drug trade and terrorism and examines whether or not interdiction and eradication efforts reduce domestic and transnational terrorist activity. The study finds that illicit drug production and opiate and cocaine wholesale prices are significant positive predictors of transnational and domestic terrorist attacks, while drug crop eradication and drug interdiction are significant negative predictors of terrorism. The study concludes with the policy implications of the findings.
Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on annual aboveground biomass of an intermediate coastal marsh

Annual production of vegetation is an important indicator of various ecosystem processes in coastal marshes; many factors, both biotic and abiotic, can influence production of aboveground biomass. Using a 14-year data set, we evaluated the relative influence of 38 biotic and abiotic factors on annual aboveground biomass of an intermediate coastal marsh on the upper Gulf Coast of Texas. We used visual obstruction (VO) measurements as a surrogate variable in a prediction model to estimate available aboveground biomass in the marsh. Available biomass was greatest (3.34 kg/m 2 ) when sampling site was flooded. Plant growth form, type of animal present, and composition of the ground cover influenced biomass of the marsh. Presence of insects was related to biomass (regression beta weight 5 0.28), uniquely accounting for 7.6% of the incremental variance in biomass. The presence of moderate amounts of litter was also related to available biomass (beta weight 5 0.86). Soil capping had little or no influence on aboveground biomass. Implementing standard protocols for long-term vegetation monitoring can be cost and time intensive. Our results suggest quantitative measurement of VO and qualitative observation of few variables (standing water, insects, and litter) measured annually can yield a reasonable assessment of aboveground biomass of intermediate coastal marshes.
Assessment of the utility of tag clouds for faster image retrieval

Flickr™, a web-based system for online photo management, has experienced rapid growth in popularity over the past several years, due to an increase in photo sharing as a social networking tool. Part of the excitement about Flickr is due to its use of tag clouds, which permit key words to be used as 'tags' associated with photos. Once tags are added to a photo, the picture can be retrieved for viewing by others based on the key words found the tag cloud associated with the photo. The research presented here examines the selection of words for inclusion in a tag cloud, and identifies the significance of the careful selection of tags. More frequently used words contribute to slower image retrieval, while less frequently used words, such as non-English terms, demonstrate a measurable increase in overall retrieval speed for the images associated with the tags. In addition, a personal tag cloud is built, integrated into Flickr, and shown to reduce the time taken for image retrieval by a factor of three, depending on the total number of images using the selected tag.
Is Current Drug Abuse Prevention Programming Generalizable Across Ethnic Groups

Considerable progress has been made over the past two decades in identifying effective drug abuse prevention strategies. In particular, much support has been obtained for the effectiveness of a comprehensive social influences approach to drug abuse prevention. Given the inclusion of fundamental social psychological principles in comprehensive programs, it is possible that currently developed drug abuse prevention programming is generalizable to different ethnic groups. However, the empirical and theoretical evidence is equivocal regarding the extent to which this is true. In this article, the authors present arguments for and against the need to develop drug abuse prevention programs specifically for minority ethnic groups.
A comparative analysis of 2D and 3D CAD for calcifications in digital breast tomosynthesis

Many medical centers offer digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and 2D digital mammography acquired under the same compression (i.e., “Combo” examination) for screening. This paper compares a conventional 2D CAD algorithm (Hologic® ImageChecker® CAD v9.4) for calcification detection against a prototype 3D algorithm (Hologic® ImageChecker® 3D Calc CAD v1.0). Due to the newness of DBT, the development of this 3D CAD algorithm is ongoing, and it is currently not FDA-approved in the United States. For this study, DBT screening cases with suspicious calcifications were identified retrospectively at the University of Pennsylvania. An expert radiologist (E.F.C.) reviewed images with both 2D and DBT CAD marks, and compared the marks to biopsy results. Control cases with one-year negative follow-up were also studied; these cases either possess clearly benign calcifications or lacked calcifications. To allow the user to alter the sensitivity for cancer detection, an operating point is assigned to each CAD mark. As expected from conventional 2D CAD, increasing the operating point in 3D CAD increases sensitivity and reduces specificity. Additionally, we showed that some cancers are occult to 2D CAD at all operating points. By contrast, 3D CAD allows for detection of some cancers that are missed on 2D CAD. We also demonstrated that some non-cancerous CAD marks in 3D are not present at analogous locations in the 2D image. Hence, there are additional marks when using both 2D and 3D CAD in combination, leading to lower specificity than with conventional 2D CAD alone.
Ultra Logconcave Sequences and Negative Dependence

We prove that the convolution of two ultra-logconcave sequences is ultra-log-concave. This was conjectured recently by Pemantle and implies that a natural negative dependence property is preserved under the operation of “joining” families of exchangeable Bernoulli random variables.
Painting Texas History to 1900

Dramatic historical events have frequently provided subject matter for artists, particularly in pre-twentieth-century Texas, where works portraying historical, often legendary, events and individuals predominated. Until now, however, these paintings of Texas history have never received the kind of study given to historical, fictional, and film versions of the same events. Painting Texas History to 1900 fills this gap with an interdisciplinary approach that explores these paintings both as works of art and as historical documents. The author examines the works of more than forty artists, including Henry McArdle, Theodore Gentilz, Robert Onderdonk, William Huddle, Frederic Remington, Friedrich Richard Petri, Arthur T. Lee, Seth Eastman, Sarah Hardinge, Frank Reaugh, W. G. M. Samuel, Carl G. von Iwonski, and Julius Stockfleth. He places each work within its historical and cultural context to show why such subject matter was chosen, why it was depicted in a particular way, and why such a depiction gained popular acceptance. For example, paintings of heroic events of the Texas Revolution were especially popular in the years following the Civil War, when, in Ratcliffe's view, Texans needed such images to assuage the loss of the war and the humiliation of Reconstruction. Though the paintings cut across traditional art history categories-- from the pictographs of early historic Indians to European-inspired oil paintings-- they are bound together by their artists' intent for them to function as historically evocative documents. With their visual narratives of events that characterized all of America's westward expansion-- Indian encounters, military battles, farming, ranching, surveying, and the closing of the frontier-- these works add an important chapter to the story of the American West.
Under the Cover of Kindness: The Invention of Social Work

In Under the Cover of Kindness, Leslie Margolin looks at how this country's social welfare system developed and with what results. From his detailed examination of social work texts, primarily case histories, he argues persuasively that social work disguises its own assumptions and claims to power as a way of further legitimizing its actions. By attending to these case histories, Margolin shows how social work entails not only the intrusion into the previously private space of the home but also the constant justification of this intervention - to both clients and workers themselves - as representing charitable and disinterested help. This book critically assesses how social workers invent themselves as they simultaneously invent their field of knowledge.
Mental health correlates of healthy lifestyle attitudes, beliefs, choices, and behaviors in overweight adolescents.

Abstract Introduction A tripling in the number of overweight adolescents has occurred during the past two decades, with type 2 diabetes reaching epidemic proportions. Although obesity has been identified as a correlate of depression and low self-esteem in adolescents, the relationships among key cognitive/mental health variables and healthy attitudes, beliefs, choices, and behaviors in overweight teens have yet to be explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe these relationships so that an effective intervention program to promote and sustain healthy lifestyle behaviors could be implemented. Methods A descriptive correlational study was conducted with 23 overweight teens. Key variables measured included depressive symptoms, state and trait anxiety, self-esteem, beliefs/confidence about engaging in a healthy lifestyle, perceived difficulty in leading a healthy lifestyle, and healthy attitudes, choices, and behaviors. Findings Teens with higher state and trait anxiety as well as depressive symptoms had less healthy lifestyle beliefs, and teens with higher self-esteem had stronger beliefs about their ability to engage in a healthy lifestyle. Stronger beliefs about the ability to engage in healthy lifestyles were related to healthier living attitudes and healthier lifestyle choices. Teens who perceived healthy lifestyles as more difficult had less healthy attitudes and reported less healthier choices and behaviors. Discussion Including a strong cognitive behavioral skills building component into clinical interventions with overweight teens may be key in boosting their beliefs/confidence about being able to engage in healthy behaviors and lessening their perceived difficulty in performing them, which should result in healthier choices and lifestyle behaviors.
Omega v.l.f. wave propagation and the 1922ߝ23 Marconi expedition

The experimental data from the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. around-the-world voyage of 1922 and 1923 are statistically analysed to determine the difference in attenuation rates for v.l.f. radiowaves propagating in the east-west and west-east directions. The resulting difference in attenuation rates between east-west and west-east propagation is compared with a recent estimate given by the Omega Navigational System Committee.
The retentional and the repressed: Does Freud's concept of the unconscious threaten Husserlian phenomenology?

This paper investigates the claims made by both Freudian psychoanalysic thought and Husserlian phenomenology about the unconscious. First, it is shown how Husserl incorporates a complex notion of the unconscious in his analysis of passive synthesis. With his notion of an unintentional reservoir of past retentions, Husserl articulates an unconscious zone that must be activated from consciousness in order to “come to life.” Second, it is explained how Husserl still does not account for the Freudian unconscious. Freud's unconscious could be called, in phenomenological terms, a repressed retentional zone that differs from both near and far retention. Finally, an analysis is offered for the significance of this psychoanalytic argument for phenomenology. Does phenomenology provide a complete account of the psychical life of the subject without the Freudian unconscious? Does phenomenology suggest, as is often done, that Freud's “discovery” of the unconscious is a fantastical invention? Or, does the Freudian unconscious represent a true stumbling block for phenomenology?
The phases of two-dimensional matter, their transitions, and solid-state stability: A perspective via computer simulation of simple atomic systems

Abstract An extensive computer simulation investigation of the structure, thermodynamics and phase stability of the two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system is presented, with special emphasis on the low-pressure melting regime of the phase diagram. This investigation includes isobaric-isothermal Monte Carlo simulations of the various phases of the two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system and of the melting and vaporization processes in configuration space, the isodensity-isothermal Monte Carlo simulations of two-phase coexistence between crystal and liquid and between liquid and vapor, the determination of the phase diagram, the establishment of the thermodynamic melting temperature, and the determination of the physical significance of the Kosterlitz-Thouless-Feynman dislocation model for melting in relation to the stability of the crystalline phase. I conclude that th phase diagram of the Lennard-Jones system in two dimensions is qualitatively similar to that in three dimensions. Finally, I present a new simulation method for doing molecular dynamics at constant pressure and/or constant temperature, and employ this method to study the temporal-spatial evolution of two-dimensional melting and vaporization.
Reduced, Quenched, Chiral Models

A reduced, quenched, large-$N$ model which is identical with the infinite-volume lattice chiral theory in any number of dimensions for both strong and weak couplings is proposed. It is shown to provide numerical evidence for the existence of a first-order phase transition in the large-$N$ limit of the two-dimensional case.
Site specificity in the H–D exchange reactions of gas-phase protonated amino acids with CH3OD

H–D exchange reactions of methanol-d1 with protonated amino acids were performed in an external-source Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Absolute rate constants were determined for the group which included glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and proline. By comparing reactivities with selected methyl esters, it was found that exchange on the carboxylic acid occurs 3–10 times faster than exchange on the amino group. No simple correlation is observed between the rates of H–D exchange on the acid group and the size of the alkyl group. However, the rates of exchange on the amine decrease with increasing gas-phase basicity. Glycine, the least basic amino acid, exchanges its amine hydrogens the fastest. These results are useful for determining the interaction of methanol with protonated amino acids and can provide insight into the H–D exchange reactions observed with polyprotonated proteins produced by electrospray ionization.
Race and Diversity: What Have We Learned?

This article briefly examines geographic scholarship on race and diversity to enumerate how such work can contribute to the Addressing Locally-tailored Information Infrastructure and Geoscience Needs for Enhancing Diversity (ALIGNED) project's goal of creating a more diverse discipline and more diverse departments. Our review presents two arguments. First, diversity, as an object of analysis and desired institutional characteristic, is dynamic, unstable, and, above all, historically and geographically contingent. Studies of diversity, and efforts to create it, must begin from this observation. Second, we argue for diverse methodological and epistemological approaches but ones that are linked through a shared commitment to examining race and racism, diversity and inequalities, simultaneously.
INSTABILITY OF AN ELASTIC MATERIAL

Conditions are derived which are necessary for stability of incompressible elastic materials. These are obtained by considering the speeds of small-amplitude plane waves superposed on a finitely deformed state of the material.