cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cluster expansion for the coherent and incoherent dynamic structure factors in simple classical liquids

A cluster expansion is obtained for the coherent and incoherent dynamic structure factors in the case of a simple classical dense fluid. The expansion is useful in the case of fluids where the hard-core repulsive part of the interaction plays an important role. The first term in the expansion is given by the dynamic structure factor of a noninteracting system. The second term is obtained by solving the dynamics of a two-particle system with initial positions given by the pair-correlation function for the full system and initial velocities given by a Maxwellian distribution. The third term is obtained by solving the dynamics of a three-particle system, etc. Keeping only the first two terms, the effect of repeated binary collisions on the dynamic structure factor is studied in the case of a hard-core fluid and a Lennard-Jones (6,12) fluid with liquid-argon parameters. The results are compared with neutron-scattering experiments.
Spectral characterization of a hyperspectral imaging system using optical standards

Hyperspectral imaging relies on the optical properties of materials which absorb or scatter light at different wavelengths. To obtain repeatable results from a hyperspectral or any other imaging system, the system's spectral response must be characterized using optical standards against the light source used. Light sources vary in their spectral properties and their performance over time. Differences in light sources, such as intensity or emitted wavelengths, can affect the acquired data; however, through calibration and data normalization, such effects can be minimized. Knowing the imager's spectral response to the light source is vital for analyzing hyperspectral data and interpreting the results from the media of interest. In this study, the spectral response of the hyperspectral imaging system to tungsten halogen diffuse light source is determined in reflection and transmission modes using optical standards of varying thickness. In addition, the system's response to the same light source over time is investigated. The noise levels in single and averaged spectra are measured and reported. System normalization methods are described. For the tested hyperspectral imaging system and light source, the noise reduces in averaged spectra across multiple spectra compared to single spectra. Spectral peak shifts have also been observed at different light source power levels.
Adsorption and Relaxation Kinetics of Albumin and Fibrinogen on Hydrophobic Surfaces: Single-Species and Competitive Behavior

We report the kinetic behavior of albumin and fibrinogen adsorption and relaxation from gentle shearing flow and phosphate buffer onto C16 self-assembled monolayers. The adsorption kinetics were generally transport-limited; however, the ultimate coverages depended on the rates at which protein molecules arrived at the surface, suggesting that interfacial relaxations determined the ultimate coverage. Of particular note was a dependence of the ultimate coverage of both proteins on the wall shear rate, in addition to the influence of the bulk solution concentration. Analysis of single protein experiments revealed interfacial protein relaxation rates of 0.12 and 0.15 nm2 molecule-1 s-1 for albumin and fibrinogen, respectively. These rates were constant over the range of experimental conditions and represent the initial relaxation rates after protein adhesion to the surface. The initial protein footprints were consistent with the free solution protein dimensions and, in the case of albumin, grew over a factor ...
Indications and Technique of Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation

Articular cartilage, once injured, does not heal. With careful patient selection and attention to meticulous surgical technique, autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) can provide a durable hyaline-like repair tissue. More than 90% of patients with lesions of the femoral condyles have good long-term clinical outcomes, including the return to even high levels of activity. This article will provide a review of current indications surgical techniques, rehabilitation, and outcomes after ACT.
Estimation of Effective Diffusivity of Stored NOx in the Barium Phase of Pt/BaO/Al2O3 Catalysts using TAP

A systematic study over Pt/BaO/Al 2 O 3 powder catalyst is carried out using Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) to estimate the effective diffusivity of stored NO, in the barium phase. The prenitration of PtBaO/ Al 2 O 3 using sequential pulses of NO, followed by reduction with H 2 results in the evolution of N 2 and NH 3 . The reduction is carried out in the NO x transport limited regime in which diffusion of the stored NO, from BaO storage phase to Pt/BaO interface was determined to be the rate controlling process. The effluent profiles of N containing species (2N 2 + NH 3 ) were used to estimate stored NO, diffusivity in barium phase and the apparent activation energy. The activation energy (74-81 kJ/mol) is in good agreement with the estimated value of 75 kJ/mol from a recent NO, trap modeling study. 1 .
Methods of analysis for vehicle soak time data

Vehicle soak time, the duration of time a vehicle's engine is at rest prior to being started, and its distribution function are important transportation activity data inputs for mobile emissions inventory estimation due to their impacts on vehicle start and evaporative emissions. This paper provides vehicle emission researchers with an overview of statistical analysis methods relevant to analyzing vehicle soak time data. Many of these methods are already in use in emissions research and have appeared in the literature. These methods are reviewed and further details regarding the implementation and interpretation of these methods are provided. Statistical methods relevant to the analysis of soak time data that have yet to appear in the emissions literature, including kernel density estimation and generalized linear models, are also introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are compared and theoretical justification is provided. Issues of correlated observations and censored data are discussed. General guidelines for the analysis of soak time data, such as stratification by start type and geographical region, are established. Finally, a subset of the statistical methods discussed is used to analyze the US Environmental Protection Agency's 3-city data.
Efficient table-top source of ultrashort XUV pulses at 50-kHz repetition rate

We demonstrate a high-flux XUV harmonics source at 50-kHz repetition rate, exploiting favorable wavelength scaling and phasematching in ultraviolet generation fields. Direct isolation of individual narrowband harmonics between 7.9 eV and 22.3 eV is achieved.
Melting Phenomena and Interfacial Instability Associated with Laser Irradiation

The work on annealing of displacement damage, dissolution of boron precipitates, dopant redistribution and formation of constitutional supercooling cells using pulsed ruby and dye laser irradiation is reviewed in order to provide convincing evidence for melting as a primary mechanism of laser annealing. The nature of the liquid-solid interface and the interfacial instability during laser-induced rapid crystal growth are considered in detail. Solute concentrations after laser annealing can far exceed retrograde solubility limits, but there is a critical concentration above which a planar liquid-solid interface becomes unstable and breaks into cellular structures. The solute concentrations and cell sizes associated with this instability have been studied as a function of crystal-growth velocity and these results compared with calculations of the perturbation theory. Good agreement between the experimental results and the theory was obtained when the dependence of the distribution coefficient upon crystal growth velocity was taken into account in the calculations.
Stage- and tissue-specific expression of the neu oncogene in rat development

Abstract The neu oncogene (also referred to as c-erbB-2 and HER2) encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity termed p185. The p185 glycoprotein is structurally related to the epidermal growth factor receptor. It is thought that p185 is the receptor for an as yet unidentified growth factor. In the present study, RNA blot analyses and immunohistochemical studies were performed on rat tissues obtained from a variety of prenatal and postnatal stages to examine the expression of the neu oncogene and its product, p185, during normal development. Expression of the neu gene was detected in mid-gestation embryos in a variety of tissues including nervous system, connective tissue, and secretory epithelium, but not in lymphoid tissue. In adult animals, secretory epithelial tissues and basal cells of the skin expressed neu. These studies demonstrate that the neu gene is expressed in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner. We suggest that the p185 molecule plays an important role in the growth and development of a variety of tissues, and, in particular, in epithelial tissue.
Acute estrogen potentiates excitatory responses of neurons in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus

In a previous behavioral study, brief application of a membrane-limited estrogen to neurons in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) facilitated lordosis behavior-inducing genomic actions of estrogen. Here, electrophysiological recordings from single neurons were employed to characterize these membrane-initiated actions. From rat hypothalamic slices, electrical activity was recorded from neurons in the ventrolateral VMN, the cell group crucial for estrogen induction of lordosis. In addition to the resting activity, neuronal responses to histamine (HA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) were also recorded before, during, and after a brief (10–15 min) application of estradiol (E, 10 nM). These two transmitters were chosen because their actions are mediated by different mechanisms: HA through G protein-coupled receptors and NMDA by ligand-activated ion channels. Vehicle applications did not affect either resting activity or neuronal responses. In contrast, acute E exposure modulated neuronal responses to transmitters, with no significant effect on the resting activity. It potentiated excitatory responses to HAs (20 out of 48 cells tested) and to NMDA (10 out of 19 cells), but attenuated inhibitory responses to HA (3 out of 6 units). Both of these hormonal actions would increase VMN neuronal excitation. In separate experiments, neuronal excitation was found to be suppressed by anesthetics, which would block E's induction of lordosis when administered at the time of estrogen application. These data are consistent with the notion that increasing electrical excitation of VMN neurons can be a mechanism by which acute E exposure facilitates the lordosis-inducing genomic actions of estrogens.
Single-phase and two-phase heat transfer characteristics of low temperature hybrid micro-channel/micro-jet impingement cooling module

Abstract This study examines the single-phase and two-phase cooling performance of a hybrid micro-channel/micro-jet impingement cooling scheme using HFE 7100 as working fluid. This scheme consists of supplying coolant from a series of jets that deposit liquid into the micro-channels. A single-phase numerical scheme that utilizes the k–e turbulent model and a method for determining the extent of the laminarized wall layer shows very good predictions of measured wall temperatures. It is shown jet velocity has a profound influence on single-phase cooling performance. High jet velocities enable jet fluid to penetrate the axial micro-channel flow and produce a strong impingement effect at the wall. On the other hand, the influence of jets at low jet velocities is greatly compromised compared to the micro-channel flow. During nucleate boiling, vapor layer development along the micro-channel in the hybrid module is fundamentally different from that encountered in conventional micro-channels. Here, subcooled jet fluid produces repeated regions of bubble growth followed by bubble collapse, rather than the continuous growth common to conventional micro-channel flow. By reducing void fraction along the micro-channel, the hybrid scheme contributes greater wall temperature uniformity. Increasing subcooling and/or flow rate delay the onset of boiling to higher heat fluxes and higher wall temperatures, and also increase critical heat flux considerably. A nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation is developed that fits the present data with a mean absolute error of 6.10%.
The evolution of plant development in a paleontological context.

Contrary to what might be expected from the observation of extant plants alone, the fossil record indicates that most aspects of vascular plant form evolved multiple times during their Paleozoic radiation. Opportunity is increasing to unite information from fossil and living plants to understand the evolution of developmental mechanisms and each field can provide tests for hypotheses derived from the other. The paleontological context to recent advances in developmental genetics is reviewed for the evolution of a functionally independent sporophyte generation, of leaves, and of roots — all of which are integral to understanding the explosive radiation of vascular plants during the Devonian, 400 million years ago.
Representation of the complete retina in the contralateral superior colliculus of some mammals.

Abstract ‘Our data on the rat include one case, number 2, with a lesion restricted to the extreme temporal retina, entirely on the temporal side of the fixation point. In this case the great majority of the degenerated fibers are uncrossed. None of the crossed fibers can be seen to terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus and certainly most of them pass over the nucleus and terminate in the lateral margin of the superior colliculus. The uncrossed fibers, on the other hand, all enter the lateral geniculate nucleus and terminate within its caudal third.’ K. S. Lashley, 1934 (ref. 7) .
A tiered approach to assessing children's exposure: a review of methods and data.

From a public health view, there are many important issues to improving children's and adolescent's health, for example, prenatal and childhood nutrition, immunizations, infectious disease control, and drug/alcohol/tobacco control. There has been increasing emphasis worldwide on protecting children from adverse health effects due to environmental factors, including chemicals. For well-studied contaminants (e.g. lead) the risks to children are reasonably known and appropriate risk management actions, in a public health context, can be undertaken. For a number of other chemicals, hazard and exposure data are less complete, and risk-based priorities are consequently less substantive. The US EPA's Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program proposal prompted additional efforts to develop and improve methods and data for assessing children's exposure. The goal is to efficiently identify the substances and conditions that present the highest potential risks to children, so that resources can be applied efficiently to assure their health improvement. The methods we illustrate use an iterative (tiered) approach for (a) screening level and (b) more detailed exposure assessments relevant to children. We also review and reference the key information sources available for such assessments and analyze the information and method's strengths and limitations.
The development of Sylow p-subloops in finite Moufang loops

We show that if L is a finite Moufang loop and p is a “Sylow prime” for L then there exists a Sylow p-subloop of L. Moreover, if L1 is a p-subloop of L then L1 is contained in a Sylow p-subloop of L. Finally, for finite Moufang loops that don't contain Sylow p-subloops, any p-subloop can be embedded in some quasi-Sylow p-subloop.
Sox4, EMT programs, and the metastatic progression of breast cancers: mastering the masters of EMT

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs require the expression of a variety of so-called master regulators of EMT, including members of the Snail, Zeb, and Twist transcription factor families. Teleologically, the requirement for such a diverse group of ‘master regulators’ seems evolutionarily cumbersome, and emerging evidence indicates that these transcription factors do in fact mediate unique and specialized functions, suggesting the existence of higher-order ‘masters’ that truly direct and coordinate EMT programs. Accordingly, Tiwari and colleagues recently delineated an elegant pathway wherein transforming growth factor-beta stimulates Sox4 expression, which induces that of the histone methyltransferase, Ezh2, thereby reprogramming the epigenome to elicit EMT programs and metastasis of breast cancers. This viewpoint highlights Sox4 as a ‘new’ master of EMT programs and metastatic breast cancer.
Laboratory determination of the rate coefficient for three-body recombination of oxygen atoms in nitrogen

[1] A laser-based measurement of the rate coefficient for O-atom three-body recombination at room temperature is reported. The experiment employs the pulsed output of a fluorine laser at 157.6 nm to achieve high degrees of photodissociation of molecular oxygen. In a high-pressure (1 atm) background of N2, the produced oxygen atoms recombine in a timescale of several milliseconds. The O-atom population is monitored by two-photon laser-induced fluorescence at 845 nm, using a second laser with output near 226 nm. The measured value of the rate coefficient is (2.7 ± 0.3) × 10−33 cm6s−1 (1σ uncertainty), a value a factor of 2 lower than that currently adopted by the atmospheric modeling community.
State-sum invariants of 3-manifolds associated to artinian semisimple tortile categories

Abstract The method of Turaev and Viro is generalized to construct state-sum invariants of 3-manifolds using an artinian semisimple tortile category as initial data. In the first two sections of this paper we lay the topological and algebraic groundwork for the construction of a large class of (2+1)-dimensional TQFT's and their associated 3-manifold invariants. Then, following Turaev and Viro [21], we will first construct the 3-manifold invariants, and then handle the “relative case” to obtain TQFT's. In doing so, we isolate the analogues of the (classical or quantum) 6j-symbols in any artinian semisimple tortile category over an arbitrary field, in the correct normalization to repeat the construction of Turaev and Viro [21] with some modifications. Throughout, we assume all manifolds and homeomorphisms are piecewise linear and write compositions in diagrammatic order.
Historical aspects of F. W. putnam's systematic studies on fishes

As a student and collaborator of Louis Agassiz on the study of fishes, F. W. Putnam gave promise of becoming a leading ichthyologist with special interest in taxonomy generally and the Etheostomidae in particular. While he was noted briefly in these fields, contributed a number of minor papers, and aided in the posthumous publications of some of Agassiz's work on fishes, he neither reached his original goal nor completed his major projected works. For in 1874 he switched careers and was appointed Curator of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University, and is remembered today primarily as a founder of American archaeology rather than as a systematic ichthyologist.
Online controlled experiments: introduction, learnings, and humbling statistics

The web provides an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate innovation by evaluating ideas quickly and accurately using controlled experiments (e.g., A/B tests and their generalizations). Whether for front-end user-interface changes, or backend recommendation systems and relevance algorithms, online controlled experiments are now utilized to make data-driven decisions at Amazon, Microsoft, eBay, Facebook, Google, Yahoo, Zynga, and at many other companies. While the theory of a controlled experiment is simple, and dates back to Sir Ronald A. Fisher's experiments at the Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station in England in the 1920s, the deployment and mining of online controlled experiments at scale--thousands of experiments now--has taught us many lessons. We provide an introduction, share real examples, key learnings, cultural challenges, and humbling statistics.
Human high density lipoprotein (HDL3) binding to rat liver plasma membranes.

Abstract The binding of human 125I-labeled HDL3 to purified rat liver plasma membranes was studied. 125I-labeled HDL3 bound to the membranes with a dissociation constant of 10.5 μg protein/ml and a maximum binding of 3.45 μ g protein/mg membrane protein. The 125I-labeled HDL3-binding activity was primarily associated with the plasma membrane fraction of the rat liver membranes. The amount of 125I-Iabeled HDL3 bound to the membranes was dependent on the temperature of incubation. The binding of 125I-labeled HDL3 to the rat liver plasma membranes was competitively inhibited by unlabeled human HDL3, rat HDL, HDL from nephrotic rats enriched in apolipoprotein A-I and phosphatidylcholine complexes of human apolipoprotein A-I, but not by human or rat LDL, free human apolipoprotein A-I or phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Human 125I-labeled apolipoprotein A-I complexed with egg phosphatidylcholine bound to rat liver plasma membranes with high affinity and saturability, and the binding constants were similar to those of human 125I-labeled HDL3. The 125I-labeled HDL3-binding activity of the membranes was not sensitive to pronase or phospholipase A 2 however, prior treatment of the membranes with phospholipase A2 followed by pronase digestion resulted in loss of the binding activity. Heating the membranes at 100° C for 30 min also resulted in an almost complete loss of the 125I-labeled HDL3-binding activity.
Theory of drop size and phase continuity in microemulsions I. Bending effects with uncharged surfactants

Abstract A simple theory is developed using the methods of statistical thermodynamics to predict the drop size and solubilization in microemulsions containing uncharged surfactants. Its novel feature is a lattice model of the hydrocarbon region of the surfactant film at the surface of each drop. This region contains the hydrocarbon “tails” of surfactant and cosurfactant molecules, which are assumed to be fully extended, as well as oil molecules taken up by the film, which are assumed to be completely flexible. The effect of curvature is taken into account by considering this spherical region to consist of parallel lattice planes with unequal numbers of sites. With this model of the tail region and with the surfactant and alcohol polar groups taken as hard disks occupying a surface, the theory provides a simple description of bending effects on drop size. These effects are shown to be particularly important when a microemulsion phase is in equilibrium with excess oil or water. Calculations of drop size in such systems are made by minimizing system free energy with respect to drop radius and area per surfactant molecule for a given ratio of alcohol to surfactant molecules in the film. The “natural” radius of curvature is found by neglecting the free energy of drop dispersion and interaction. Then the Percus-Yevick approximation for hard spheres is used to account for dispersion effects. Our results indicate that the effect of dispersion is always to lower drop radius below its “natural” value. Calculations are made for systems containing double-chain and single-chain surfactants representative of those studied in our laboratory. The oils are straight-chain hydrocarbons and the cosurfactants straight-chain alcohols. Predicted variation of drop size and inversion behavior with surfactant, alcohol, and oil chain length, with surfactant head size, and with surfactant to alcohol ratio in the film are all in qualitative agreement with experimental results. The theory explains clearly for the first time how oil chain length affects microemulsion behavior. Basically, different oil-chain lengths lead to different free energies of mixing in the hydrocarbon region of the film and hence to different amounts of oil taken up by the film.
A multi-scale analysis of urban form and commuting change in a small metropolitan area (1990–2000)

Issues of growth, especially the spatial nature of recent urban development and its implications for travel patterns, have received a great deal of attention. In particular, questions persist as to how the spatial distribution of workers and jobs influences commute patterns. This paper investigates changes in commuting and land use patterns using measures of jobs–housing balance, commuting efficiency and other statistics. A smaller urban area is chosen for study (Tallahassee, FL, USA)and data on its workers, jobs, and commute patterns are obtained from the Census Transportation Planning Package for 1990 and 2000. The key research questions investigated probe whether there were substantial changes in urban form and commuting over the period. A two-tiered approach is taken where change is explored at the regional and local scales using GIS, optimization procedures, and inferential statistical techniques. The results reveal the extent of the spatial changes in the study area between 1990 and 2000. Major findings included stability in urban structure over the time period, as well as a persistent strong relationship between land use and commute patterns. These results are discussed in light of their implications for other cities and for future work.
Carrier recombination and high-barrier Schottky diodes on silicon

Small-area high-barrier Schottky diodes have a very high dynamic resistance. Consequently, special care is needed when measuring the current-voltage characteristic of such diodes. The reported observation of carrier recombination in the depletion layer of high-barrier IrSi/Si Schottky diodes at room temperature is shown to be due to instrumental loading of the diodes. Careful measurements show that carrier recombination is observed only below 200 K and is dependent on the dimension of the diode.
Land Use–Land Cover Changes and Sewage Loading in the Lower Eastern Shore Watersheds and Coastal Bays of Maryland: Implications for Surface Water Quality

ABSTRACT Aighewi, I.T.; Nosakhare, O.K., and Ishaque, A.B., 2013. Land use–land cover changes and sewage loading in the lower Eastern Shore watersheds and coastal bays of Maryland: Implications for surface water quality. Changes in land use and cover influence surface water quality and thus are a potential threat to water systems and coastal ecosystem health. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of historical land use–land cover (LULC) changes and point-source sewage discharge on surface water quality of some lower Eastern Shore watersheds of Maryland. LANDSAT data for 1986–2006 was acquired and classified using Anderson level-1 classification system in ENVI 4.5, whereas LULC changes were detected in Arc-GIS 9.2 environment. Historical water monitoring and climatic data were obtained from Maryland Department of Environment–Chesapeake Bay Program, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, respectively. Nutrient loading data from wastewater treatment plants were obtained fr...
Electrical control optical delay lines made of y-junction SOA switches

Electrical control optical delay lines can be made of integrated y-junction SOA switches for many applications. The operation of a cell synchronizer, which can obtain different optical delays, is demonstrated with the fabricated SOA switches.
Synthesis and interrelationship of ubiquinone and ubichromenol in rat tissues

Abstract The relationship between ubiquinone and ubichromenol has been examined by studying their biosynthesis in the rat from mevalonate-2-14C, p-hydroxybenzoate-U-14C, and methionine-(methyl)-14C. Three hours after intraperitoneal injection of mevalonate-2-14C, ubiquinone and ubichromenol are labeled, ubiquinone having the higher specific activity. Under the same conditions p-hydroxybenzoate-U-14C is incorporated into ubiquinone but not ubichromenol. p-Hydroxybenzoate-U-14C, injected daily over a 5-day period, has been found to label both ubiquinone and ubichromenol, but the incorporation of radioactivity into ubichromenol is less than 5% of the amount observed in ubiquinone. Rat kidney minces incorporate mevalonate-2-14C into ubiquinone and ubichromenol, but p-hydroxybenzoate-U-14C and methionine-(methyl)-14C are only incorporated into ubiquinone. Added ubiquinone incubated with kidney mince is converted to a small extent to ubichromenol. This reaction appears to be nonenzymic, as heat-denatured kidney mince and albumin could also bring it about. It is postulated that ubiquinone is slowly converted in the animal to ubichromenol or a ubichromenol ring-fragment and that the side-chain of ubichromenol can turn over independently.
Writing about Atrocity: Wartime Accounts and their Contemporary Uses

In today's China, public memory of the War of Resistance against Japan, 1937–1945, is more visible than ever. Museums, movies, television programmes, and commemorations focus heavily on the victimization of the Chinese people at the hands of the Japanese invaders. Japanese atrocities, particularly the Nanjing Massacre, are at the centre of much of this remembering. But what of the wartime period? How did journalists and writers discuss Japanese atrocities? This paper finds that most wartime writing stressed the theme of ‘heroic resistance’ by the Chinese rather than China's victimization at the hands of Japanese. Exceptions to this approach included efforts to publicize Japan's action to Western audiences in the hope of gaining support for China's cause, and a related focus on the bombing of the civilian population by the Japanese. This paper suggests major differences between the current approach to remembering the war and to writing during the war itself.
Jovian North Equatorial Belt spots in 1966–1967

Abstract Precise measurements of white ovals on the north edge of Jupiter's North Equatorial Belt are reported. The North Equatorial Belt spots exhibited the same type of short-term behavior as the Red Spot—changes in length and width, small-amplitude oscillations in latitude, abrupt changes in rotation rate, and small variations in longitude. The coalescense of two white ovals is discussed.
Propagation of the 12 May 1997 interplanetary coronal mass ejection in evolving solar wind structures

[1] Recently, we simulated the 12 May 1997 coronal mass ejection (CME) event with a numerical three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model (Odstrcil et al., 2004), in which the background solar wind was determined from the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) coronal model (Riley et al., 2001) and the transient disturbance was determined from the cone model (Zhao et al., 2002). Although we reproduced with some fidelity the arrival of the shock and interplanetary CME at Earth, detailed analysis of the simulations showed a poorly defined shock and discrepancies in the standoff distance between the shock and the driving ejecta and in the inclination of the shock with respect to the Sun-Earth line. In this paper, we investigate these problems in more detail. First, we use an alternative coronal outflow model, the so-called Wang-Sheeley-Arge-Mount Wilson Observatory (WSA-MWO) model (Arge and Pizzo, 2000; Arge et al., 2002; Arge et al., 2004), to assess the effect of using synoptic, full rotation coronal maps that differ in method of preparation. Second, we investigate how differences in the presumed evolution of the coronal stream structure affect the propagation of the disturbance. We incorporate two time-dependent boundary conditions for the ambient solar wind as determined by the WSA model, one derived from pseudo daily updated maps and one derived from artificially modified full rotation maps. Numerical results from these different scenarios are compared with solar wind observations at Earth. We find that heliospheric simulations with the SAIC and WSA full rotation models provide qualitatively similar parameters of the background solar wind and transient disturbances at Earth. Improved agreement with the observations is achieved by artificially modified maps that simulate the rapid displacement of the coronal hole boundary after the CME eruption. We also consider how multipoint temporal profiles of solar wind parameters and multiperspective synthetic white light images emulating upcoming STEREO spacecraft observations might be used to differentiate between different event scenarios.
Open Archives Data Providers Part II: Science and Technology

The second of three features on the Open Archives Initiative data providers, focusing on the areas of science and technology. Outlines the services provided by Bioline International, CERN Document Server, Digital Library for Earth System Education and Organic Eprints.
Concussions From Youth Football Results From NEISS Hospitals Over an 11-Year Time Frame, 2002-2012

Background:Youth football programs across the United States represent an at-risk population of approximately 3.5 million athletes for sports-related concussions. The frequency of concussions in thi...
Evidence, Ethos and Experiment: The Anthropology and History of Medical Research in Africa. P. Wenzel Geissler and Catherine Molyneux, eds. New York: Berghahn Books 2011; 498 pp.

This article was downloaded by: [Vincanne Adams] On: 20 March 2015, At: 17:04 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rgph20 Alternative accounting in maternal and infant global health a b c Vincanne Adams , Sienna R. Craig & Arlene Samen a Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA b Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA c Click for updates One Heart World-Wide, San Francisco, CA, USA Published online: 18 Mar 2015. To cite this article: Vincanne Adams, Sienna R. Craig & Arlene Samen (2015): Alternative accounting in maternal and infant global health, Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1021364 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1021364 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Bose-Einstein condensation of a finite number of particles trapped in one or three dimensions

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of an ideal gas is investigated for a finite number of particles. In three dimensions, we find a transition temperature which is lower than in the thermodynamic limit. Lowering the dimension increases the transition temperature and is therefore favorable for BEC. This is in contrast to the standard result obtained in the thermodynamic limit which states that BEC is not possible in, e.g., a one-dimensional (1D) harmonic potential. As a result, 1D atom traps, such as radially tightly confining magnetic traps or optical dipole traps, are promising for studying BEC. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Practice and Purpose of History

History tangles the past with the present in webs of fact. Its practice is to treat things that exist here and now as though they concerned the past and to use them in new compositions designed to equip people for their trip into the future. This process can be segmented to provide students of history with two tasks. One studies the things of the present documents, broken crockery, elicited memories in order to speak about past cultures. Another studies the ways people construct understandings of the past in order to speak about culture in the present. History was not part of my training. A folklorist of the new school, I went into the field to observe the dynamics of creation and communication, but the people I met and the objects I encountered disrupted the synchronic and urged me into time. With time I have come to practice both kinds of history, analyzing old houses to learn of the dead, studying historical constructions to learn why and how history is important to the living.' Speaking here only of the latter, I will sketch a little of what I have learned about history's purposes from practitioners who are not historians by profession. My goal is comparative. The historians with whom I have studied differ greatly from one another. Some call themselves historians, some do not; they are men and women, poor and prosperous, rural and urban, American and not. In telling you about them my wish is not to buttress the superiority nor to denigrate the sincerity of the professional, but to work toward the traits general to historical practice while discovering concepts that might improve the doing of history. Purpose centers the quest. Replace myth with history in the old formulation of functionalist anthropology, and the grand purpose seems set. Myth, we once said, is the charter of society. A mechanistic circularity doomed functionalism. If societies endlessly reaffirm the status quo through stories told about the past, then change would seem impossible and little room would remain in life for the creative will. But the functionalist's formula can be revitalized if we step back to note the historical context of colonial expansion within which the tribal societies studied by anthropologists were struggling
Identifying and Treating Sex Offenders: Current Approaches, Research and Techniques by R. Geffner, K. Crumpton Franey, T. A. Geffner, R. Falconer, and S. Taylor

Identifying and Treating Sex Offenders: Current Approaches, Research and Techniques provides a thorough review of topics relevant to those working with sexual offenders. The editors have included t...
Pathways of Spindle Pole Formation: Different Mechanisms; Conserved Components

A central event during cell division is the transformation of an interphase network of microtubules into a bipolar spindle. For most animal cells the centrosomes, a pair of centrioles surrounded by electron-dense pericentriolar material, represent the microtubule organizing centers from which
Quaternary sedimentation in the Japan arc-trench system

Quaternary sedimentation around the Japanese Islands took place in a dynamic morphotectonic setting that included seismically active trenches, a large back-arc basin, and a tectonically complex slope environment characterized by en echelon folds and fault-bounded ridges with small intervening basins. These structural ridges created barriers to sediment transport by bottom currents and acted as dams on the slope behind which Quaternary sediments ponded. Sea levels higher than at present throughout most of the Pleistocene impeded escape of coarse sediments from the shelf, except through a few major submarine canyons that extended completely across the shelf and slope; thus, deeper-water sediments in both the Japan fore-arc and back-arc are dominantly hemipelagic muds and subordinate mud turbidites. A drop in sea level to about 130 m below the present level at approximately 18,000 yr B.P. resulted in deposition of widespread fluviomarine sands and gravels on the continental shelf and an increase in sand-silt turbidites in the latest Pleistocene record in both the fore-arc and the back-arc. Sandy turbidites interbedded with hemipelagic mud or mud turbidites occur particularly in the trench fill of Nankai Trough (Southwest Japan Trench), in some fore-arc basins on the South-west Japan slope, and in the western part of the Japan Sea back-arc basin. They are sparsely represented in the Japan Trench and the Northeast Japan slope, apparently owing to the poor development of throughgoing submarine canyons on the Northeast slope. Diatomaceous and calcareous muds and oozes occur in some parts of both the fore-arc and the back-arc, and volcanic ash and pumice are virtually ubiquitous throughout the Quaternary sediment record in nearly all parts of the Japan arc-trench system. Quaternary sedimentation rates are less than about 30 m/m.y. in the open Pacific deep-sea basins seaward of the trenches, but they increase toward the fore-arc and reach values as high as 230 m/m.y. in the Japan Trench inner slope and 300–900 m/m.y. in the trench fill of Nankai Trough. Back-arc sedimentation rates for the total Quaternary range from 20–140 m/m.y., and latest Pleistocene-Holocene rates range from 65–230 mm/1,000 yr.
Are there Two Regressions

Abstract If, in sampling from an existent population, we wish to know the regression of u on v, a line is fitted by least squares, minimizing the sum of the squared residuals of v (or y). If there is no error in measuring the independent variate u, regardless of whether the dependent variate has been measured without error as v or with error as y, the regression is an estimate of the true regression. If, however, the independent variate is measured with error in x, the regression obtained is a biassed one. The bias will characterize the fitted line, and will be present whether the sample is a random one of the entire population or has been taken at preassigned selected values of x. If, however, the experiment is one in which one of the variates is a controlled observation, it differs from sampling from an existent population in that, 1), the line estimated by least squares, minimizing the sum of the squared residuals of the dependent uncontrolled variate, is the same, whether x or y is the controlled vari...
The structural plasticity of Tom71 for mitochondrial precursor translocations

Mitochondrial precursors are transported through the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. Tom70/Tom71 is a major surface receptor of the TOM complex for mitochondrial precursors and facilitates Hsp70/Hsp90-escorted precursor translocation into the mitochondrion. Previous structural studies of Tom71 have revealed that it contains an N-­terminal and a C-terminal domain and that the two domains may remain in an open conformation when binding to Hsp70/Hsp90. In a newly obtained crystal form of a complex of Tom71 and the Hsp70 C-terminus, the N-terminal domain was found to have rotated about 12° towards the C-terminal domain compared with the previous determined crystal structure of Tom71 in the open conformation. This newly solved structure is defined as the ‘intermediate conformation’. The domain rearrangements in Tom71 significantly change the surface hydrophobicity and the volume of the precursor-binding pocket. This work suggests that Tom70/Tom71-family members may exhibit structural plasticity from the intermediate conformation to the fully open conformation when complexed with Hsp70/Hsp90. This structural plasticity enables the precursor receptors to accommodate different precursor substrates for mitochondrial translocation.
Treatment of B cell malignancies with 131I LYM‐1 monoclonal antibodies

Lym-1 is a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that is B-cell specific but has greater avidity for malignant B cells when compared with normal B lymphocytes. It was originally produced by immunizing mice with nuclei of cultured cells from a patient with Burkitt's lymphoma. Ten patients with progressive refractory B-cell malignancies were treated with 131I-labelled Lym-1. Treatment with 131I Lym-1 produced complete or partial remissions in 4 patients. Toxicity did not occur or was mild in most patients. The only significant complications included two instances of fistula secondary to necrotic lymphoma and one instance of hypotension. Human antimouse antibodies occurred in only 2 patients after multiple injections of Lym-1 antibody. This experience was in contrast to treatment of B-cell malignancies with unconjugated Lym-1 alone. Unconjugated Lym-1 also caused no significant toxicity but was less effective than 131I Lym-1.
Disturbance estimation and compensation in linear systems

Discrete-time estimation and compensation are discussed as a solution to the problems encountered when disturbances are present and degrade the performance of continuous automatic control systems. The method described, under a mild set of conditions, allows the designer to locate the closed-loop system poles substantially anywhere and provide disturbance rejection as large as desired by increasing the dimensions of the disturbance estimator. This estimation/compensation scheme results in a gain characteristic, below some frequency ( omega /sub c/), with a slope of q*20 dB/decade. The value of q and omega /sub c/ can be chosen by the designer, within the physical limitations of the problem, so that the system error resulting from either deterministic or stochastic disturbances is sufficiently reduced. The method has been investigated for use with known linear, time-invariant systems. >
A Hall-effect magnetic field detector

An accurate low-cost field detector was designed to measure the magnitude of magnetic flux density generated by 60 Hz AC. The Hall effect magnetic field detector was designed as an exposure assessment instrument that can provide the information needed to accurately conduct these epidemiologic studies. Though fields generated by high voltage transmission lines seem to be the focus of much public concern, many common household appliances are sources of potentially high magnetic fields as well. Magnetic field measurements of some appliances were recorded. By using three orthogonally mounted analog Hall sensors and analog computation circuits, field measurements in gauss are expressed in terms of RMS voltage. >
Comparison of stromal hydration techniques for clear corneal cataract incisions: Conventional hydration versus anterior stromal pocket hydration

Anterior stromal pocket hydration was compared with conventional hydration for preventing wound leak after 2.8 mm uniplanar clear corneal incisions (CCIs) in patients having routine cataract surgery. Conventional hydration involves hydration of the lateral walls of the main incision with visible whitening of the stroma. The anterior stromal pocket hydration technique involves creation of an additional supraincisional stromal pocket overlying the main incision, which is then hydrated instead of the main incision. Sixty-six eyes of 48 patients were included in the data analysis with 33 assigned to each study group. The anterior stromal pocket hydration technique was significantly better than conventional hydration in preventing wound leak due to direct pressure on the posterior lip of the incision.