cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing bilingual electronic group meeting comprehension with round-trip translations

Multilingual groups can use electronic meeting technology to automatically translate typed comments into several languages, but participants cannot be sure how well their comments are understood by those speaking other languages unless a translation preview is provided. Here, we describe a multilingual meeting system that presents to each user a round-trip translation (RTT) after each comment is typed, allowing them to revise a comment if the preview is poor. In a study of how English speakers use the system with automatic translation to German, results showed that the participants thought the system and the preview feature were useful in a multilingual meeting. Those using the feature better estimated the accuracy of the German translations than those who did not use RTT, and there was a significant, positive correlation between the forward translations to German and the back translations to English, indicating that the accuracy can be predicted and comprehension can be enhanced in a bilingual meeting.
Association of Maternal Histocompatibility at Class II HLA Loci with Maternal Microchimerism in the Fetus

For investigating the possible influence of maternal-fetal HLA compatibility on maternal microchimerism, DNA samples from blood of 120 maternal-fetal pairs were genotyped at two polymorphic loci: glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Informative pairs (mother heterozygous/fetus homozygous at one of the two loci) were then tested by quantitative real-time PCR for the noninherited maternal allele(s) and genotyped at the HLA-A, B, and C class I loci and/or at the DRB1 and/or DQB1 class II loci. Small numbers of maternal cells were detected in the circulation of 16 of the 30 informative second- and third-trimester fetuses. Comparison with HLA data suggested an association between microchimerism and maternal compatibility at the class II DRB1 and/or DQB1 HLA loci and with the maternal HLA-DQB1*0301 allele. There was no relationship between maternal microchimerism and maternal-fetal HLA compatibility at other HLA loci or with gestational age, fetal anomalies, or red cell or platelet isoimmunity.
The efficacy of a hyaluronate-carboxymethylcellulose bioresorbable membrane that reduces postoperative adhesions is increased by the intra-operative co-administration of a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist in a rat model

Background Bioresorbable membranes composed of hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose (HA/CMC) are the most effective method to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions; however, their efficacy may be limited to the site of application. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the intraperitoneal administration of a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (NK-1RA) reduces adhesions; however, the co-administration of HA/CMC plus an NK-1RA has not been studied. Methods Adhesions were induced in rats by creating ischemic buttons on the peritoneum. Rats received NK-1RA, HA/CMC, HA/CMC+NK-1RA or saline intraperitoneally at surgery. The HA/CMC was applied either bilaterally over all ischemic buttons or unilaterally over half the ischemic buttons. Animals were sacrificed and adhesions quantified at 7 days. Peritoneal fluid was collected at 24 hours to measure peritoneal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity using a bioassay. Results The bilateral placement of HA/CMC alone reduced adhesions by 62% (P Conclusion The co-administration of HA/CMC plus NK-1RA not only increases the efficacy of the membrane at the site of application, but significantly reduces adhesions formation at distal unprotected sites. This combination may represent an emerging concept in more effective adhesion prevention throughout the peritoneum.
Geographic variation in the songs of Neotropical singing mice: testing the relative importance of drift and local adaptation

Patterns of geographic variation in communication systems can provide insight into the processes that drive phenotypic evolution. Although work in birds, anurans, and insects demonstrates that acoustic signals are sensitive to diverse selective and stochastic forces, processes that shape variation in mammalian vocalizations are poorly understood. We quantified geographic variation in the advertisement songs of sister species of singing mice, montane rodents with a unique mode of vocal communication. We tested three hypotheses to explain spatial variation in the song of the lower altitude species, Scotinomys teguina: selection for species recognition in sympatry with congener, S. xerampelinus, acoustic adaptation to different environments, and stochastic divergence. Mice were sampled at seven sites in Costa Rica and Panama; genetic distances were estimated from mitochondrial control region sequences, between-site differences in acoustic environment were estimated from climatic data. Acoustic, genetic and geographic distances were all highly correlated in S. teguina, suggesting that population differentiation in song is largely shaped by genetic drift. Contrasts between interspecific genetic-acoustic distances were significantly greater than expectations derived from intraspecific contrasts, indicating accelerated evolution of species-specific song. We propose that, although much intraspecific acoustic variation is effectively neutral, selection has been important in shaping species differences in song.
A comparison of visual microscopic methods of spray droplet size measurement using eyepieces employing the image shearing principle and the globe and circle eyepiece graticule

Abstract The visual microscopic assessment of spray droplet size using several available eyepiece techniques is described. Preparation of sample, eyepiece calibration and counting procedures are outlined and the speed and accuracy of the alternative methods are appraised.
Spitzer science archive interface

The Spitzer Science Center (SSC) provides a set of user tools to support search and retrieval of Spitzer Science Archive (SSA) data via the Internet. This paper will present the system architecture and design principles that support the Archive Interface subsystem of the SSA. The Archive Interface is an extension of the core components of the Uplink subsystem and provides a set Web services to allow open access to the SSA data set. Web services technology provides a basis for searching the archive and retrieving data products. The Archive Interface provides three modes of access: a rich client, Web browser and scripts (via Web services). The rich client allows the user to perform complex queries and submit requests for data that is asynchronously downloaded to the local workstation. Asynchronous download is a critical feature given the large volume of a typical data set (on the order of 40 Gigabytes). For basic queries and retrieval of data the Web browser interface is provided. For advanced users scripting languages with Web services capabilities (i.e. Perl) can used to query and download data from the SSA. The archive interface subsystem is the primary means for searching and retrieving data from the SSA and is critical to the success of the Spitzer Space Telescope.
Evaluation of Lung Volumes and Intrapulmonary Gas Mixing in Diseased and Normal Children

The evaluation of pulmonary function is particularly helpful in the clinical management of long-term respiratory diseases of childhood such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas with pulmonary complications, asthma, and respiratory poliomyelitis. Clinical studies coupled with physiological measurements of pulmonary function help to determine: (1) the evolution of pulmonary disease processes; (2) the progress of therapy programs; and (3) the programming of energy demands. Furthermore, important serial changes can be appreciated in lung compartition and functional evaluation. A renewed interest in the physiology of the child’s pulmonary function has developed in the last decade. This has been stimulated by the clinician’s desire to use physiological measurements in evaluating disease states. Several studies of total lung volume and its subdivisions in healthy children have been published in an effort to establish useful comparative values for ill children (Table 1). It appears that significant variations are imposed by choice of techniques, by body positioning, and by other factors. Comparisons in health and disease are therefore best made by use of identical methods among individuals as much alike in body size and age as possible. Attempts also have been made to extend functional evaluation to include intrapulmonary gas mixing and thereby develop standards for judging impairment in lung gas distribution. Several methods of quantitating intrapu]monary gas mixing have appeared in the literature.’� Several variations greatly influence distribution indices that are dependent upon time and volume of ventilation, and that must be determined during very steady or basal states. The clearance equivalent as used by Becklake,’ Lundin,6 and Luft7 appears to offer one means of correcting for these variations in lung volume and for naturally large differences in depth and rate of qulet breathing found among healthy subjects in a steady state. The determination of the total lung capacity and its subdivisions and the efficiency of intrapulmonary gas mixing in 50 healthy children and 21 children with various types of chronic pulmonary diseases are reported and contrasted.
Mailed Reminders for Area-Wide Influenza Immunization: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine if mailed reminders would increase area-wide influenza immunization for persons aged 65 and older. DESIGN: A randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Ten counties in Indiana. PARTICIPANTS: Using a Medicare database, 10,000 subjects were selected randomly from 10 counties in Indiana and randomized for the study. Using pre-established criteria, 4503 persons in the control group and 4508 in the intervention group were eligible for study. INTERVENTION: Intervention subjects received mailed reminders during the immunization season of 1995. MEASUREMENTS: Data from mailed surveys, Medicare claims, and phone calls were used to determine immunization rates. RESULTS: Of those surveyed who received immunization, only 63.4% filed a Medicare claim. Immunization rates were high in both groups but higher in the intervention group, 69.0% versus 64.2%. Age, presence of lung disease, assignment to the intervention group, presence of heart disease, and an age-sex interaction term were significantly and independently related to immunization. CONCLUSIONS: The Healthy People Year 2000 goal (60% immunization for persons 65 and older) was exceeded in this population. Medicare claims data do not reflect immunization rates accurately. Mailed reminders, an inexpensive intervention, increased immunization rates area-wide and have potential for cost savings.
Effects of Fluency Versus Accuracy Training on Endurance and Retention of Assembly Tasks by Four Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities

Schools are increasingly being encouraged to teach vocational skills to middle and high school students. Although extensive research exists demonstrating the benefits of fluency instruction when teaching academic skills to this population of students, few studies have examined the importance of fluency training when teaching vocational skills. Using an alternating treatments design, the present study examined the effects of fluency versus accuracy training on 4 students’ fluency in completing 2 vocational tasks. Following the training phase, students completed each task during 20- and 40-min work sessions to assess endurance and retention of the trained skills. Overall, results suggest that the fluency condition produced greater work productivity.
Use of artificial tanning products among young adults.

Background Neither the prevalence of sunless tanner use nor its impact on sunburning and tanning bed use has been evaluated in the United States. Objective We surveyed young adults in greater Boston to measure use of artificial tanning products, as well as recent history of sunburns and tanning bed use. Methods In July 2004, 448 individuals 18 to 30 years of age completed a brief questionnaire at universities, shopping venues, and parks. Results Twenty-two percent of respondents used sunless tanning lotions in the preceding 12 months, and another 22% had not used them but would consider doing so in the coming year. Sunless tanning users were more likely to be female, younger, and more likely to report being severe burners. Both users and potential users were more likely to have sunburned during the summer and to have used tanning beds than those who neither used nor intended to use sunless tanning lotions, even after controlling for skin type. Limitations The study was based on a non-randomly selected sample in one city and was cross-sectional in nature. Conclusion Our study raises the possibility that sunless tanning products do not decrease rates of sunburning or use of tanning beds. While safe alternatives to ultraviolet exposure are desirable, the potential risks of widely endorsing artificial tanning products must be considered.
A rational model for the turbulent scalar fluxes

The paper reports on an alternative approach to modelling the turbulent scalar fluxes that arise from time averaging the transport equation for a scalar. In this approach, a functional relationship between these fluxes and various tensor quantities is constructed with guidance from the exact equations governing the transport of fluxes. Results from tensor representation theory are then used to obtain an explicit relationship between the fluxes and the terms in the assumed functional relationship. Where turbulence length– and time–scales are implied, these are determined from two scalar quantities: the turbulence kinetic energy and its rate of dissipation by viscous action. The general representation is then reduced by certain justifiable assumptions to yield a practical model for the turbulent scalar fluxes that is explicit and algebraic in these quantities and one that correctly reflects their dependence on the gradients of mean velocity and on the details of the turbulence. Examination of alternative algebraic models shows most to be subsets of the present proposal. The new model is calibrated using results from large–eddy simulations (LESs) of homogeneous turbulence with passive scalars and then assessed by reference to benchmark data from heated turbulent shear flows. The results obtained show the model to correctly predict the anisotropy of the turbulent diffusivity tensor. The asymmetric nature of this tensor is also recovered, but only qualitatively, there being significant quantitative differences between the model predictions and the LES results. Finally, comparisons with data from benchmark two–dimensional free shear flows show the new model to yield distinct improvements over other algebraic scalar–flux closures.
The World Bank's new environmental policy for dams and reservoirs.

Water development schemes are fraught with major environmental problems, especially in the tropics. However, where gains in conservation and use efficiency of energy and water have been substantial, then such schemes can often be more appropriate than alternatives, such as coal and nuclear. But this means that the environmental impacts of water development schemes must be prevented, mitigated or compensated for much more effectively than hitherto. The World Bank's new policy is designed to do just that.
Effect of microbubble incorporation on local solute transport in tissue engineered cartilage constructs

Previously, microbubbles have been studied for a number of different medical applications including ultrasound imaging contrast and drug delivery [1]. Microbubbles are comprised of a gas enclosed in a lipid shell. Recent research has shown that the inclusion of microbubbles in tissue engineered cartilage constructs has been shown to enhance mechanical and biochemical growth [2,3]. This modification of the tissue engineering scaffold by incorporation of gas-filled microbubbles has been shown to homogenize depth-dependent mechanical properties (Fig. 1) [3], which, in standard constructs, resembles a “U-shaped” strain profile with the stiffest regions on the edges surrounding a soft center [4]. In addition, these microbubble containing constructs are described by a higher partition coefficient than standard constructs, indicating increased solute transport [3]. These results led us to propose the hypothesis that the incorporation of microbubbles: a) increases nutrient transport upon microbubble dissolution, b) creates fluid-filled pores upon gas efflux and subsequent influx of culture media [3]. In this study, the aforementioned hypothesis is interrogated through analysis of local solute diffusivity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Organization Moderators of Gender Differences in Career Development: A Facet Classification.

Abstract The literature on organizational factors that are relevant to gender differences in career development is characterized by conceptual complexity and a lack of integration among research studies, each of which examines a different single facet of the problem. In this study, the methodology of facet analysis is applied to the empirical literature on moderators of such gender differences, clarifying and organizing this complexity. Six facets pertaining to situational and individual variables are required to classify the existing empirical research to organization moderators of gender differences. The implications of the facet classification for the study of females' career development are discussed and hypotheses for future research are provided.
Analytical solution for boundary heat fluxes from a radiating rectangular medium

Reference is made to the work of Shah (1979) which demonstrated the possibility of partially integrating the radiative equations analytically to obtain an 'exact' solution. Shah's solution was given as a double integration of the modified Bessel function of order zero. Here, it is shown that the 'exact' solution for a rectangular region radiating to cold black walls can be conveniently derived, and expressed in simple form, by using an integral function, Sn, analogous to the exponential integral function appearing in plane-layer solutions.
Super-resolution of ultrasound images by displacement, averaging, and interlacing

Ultrasound is a widely used medical imaging methodology because it is safe and relatively inexpensive. However, the quality of the images is affected by the point spread function of the system and coherent wave interference or speckle. The present research studies the averaging of images that have been displaced laterally and displays them using an interlaced grid. The main goals are to reduce speckle and improve contrast and resolution. The point spread function of the ultrasound scanner was estimated using a thin nylon thread within a water bath. Then, a set of eight images of a breast phantom (having lateral displacements smaller than the width of the point spread function) were averaged and interlaced. The results show a total improvement of 4% in signal to noise ratio and 7% in contrast to noise ratio.
Growth of generalized Temperley–Lieb algebras connected with simple graphs

We prove that the generalized Temperley–Lieb algebras associated with simple graphs Γ have linear growth if and only if the graph Γ coincides with one of the extended Dynkin graphs $$ {\tilde A_n} $$ , $$ {\tilde D_n} $$ , $$ {\tilde E_6} $$ , or $$ {\tilde E_7} $$ . An algebra $$ T{L_{\Gamma, \tau }} $$ has exponential growth if and only if the graph Γ coincides with none of the graphs $$ {A_n} $$ , $$ {D_n} $$ , $$ {E_n} $$ , $$ {\tilde A_n} $$ , $$ {\tilde D_n} $$ , $$ {\tilde E_6} $$ , and $$ {\tilde E_7} $$ .
Tradeoff Studies for the Unmanned Free Swimming Submersible (UFSS) Vehicle

In the early stages of the design of the UFSS vehicle decisions had to be made between fundamentally different solutions to three basic problems: the energy source, the propulsion method, and the hull shape, which determined drag. Accordingly a series of tradeoff studies was undertaken which considered the various alternatives in the light of the desired performance levels of the vehicle and the constraints of both time and money placed on the entire effort. Possible energy sources included fuel cells, various battery systems, dynamic converters, and even a nuclear heat converter. Two different hull configurations were considered for which drag differed by a factor of three. Propulsion techniques included pump jets, a method based on the Coanda effect, and a conventional propeller coupled to a variety of prime movers. In the course of the work a great deal of quantitative information was obtained both on the technical characteristics of the various systems and on the likely costs of those which needed further development.
Wireless network discovery via RSS-based estimation of multi-transmitter RF footprint

This paper presents an algorithm for estimating the network connectivity of a wireless network from physical layer measurements. Received signal strength (RSS) data is used to jointly estimate the locations and radiation patterns of multiple transmitters. These estimates are used to create an RF footprint of each transmitter, and the collection of footprints can be used to estimate which nodes are communicating with which other nodes.
Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil vertebrate localities in southeastern Australia

A series of magnetic polarity stratigraphy studies are presented from localities in Victoria and southwest New South Wales, Australia. These localities were examined in order to improve the age resolution of Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil vertebrate sites in south-eastern Australia. The following age constraints should now be used for these southeastern Australian local faunas: For-syth9s Bank, Kalimnan Stage and >4.42 Ma; Hamilton, Gilbert Chron (4.35-4.42 Ma); Boxlea, Gilbert Chron? (>4.06 Ma); Parwan, Gilbert Chron (4.06-4.20 Ma); Coimadai, Late Gilbert Chron (3.35-3.82 Ma); Fisher-man9s Cliff, Gauss Chron (2.42-2.87 Ma); Bone Gulch, Early Matuyama Chron (1.82-2.42 Ma); Dog Rocks, Early Matuyama Chron (1.82-2.42 Ma); Duck Ponds, Late Matuyama Chron (>0.71 Ma and probably
Binding of juvenile hormone, methoprene and hydroprene to haemolymph proteins of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract The binding of tritiated juvenile hormone I, and the juvenile hormone mimics, methoprene and hydroprene (alkyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoates), to proteins of the haemolymph of larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, was examined in vitro. The techniques of analytical isoelectric focusing, disc electrophoresis and gel filtration were employed. Juvenile hormone was shown to bind to a high affinity low molecular weight protein in the haemolymph of diapausing larvae. This protein has an apparent dissociation constant of about 3.1 × 10 −7 M at 4°C, an isoelectric point of about 4.85, and a molecular weight of about 3 × 10 4 . Juvenile hormone was also bound to at least one low affinity high molecular weight protein fraction. High juvenile hormone binding activity was found in the haemolymph of newly diapaused larvae. Methoprene and hydroprene bound selectively to a different protein fraction present in the haemolymph of pre-diapausing larvae. This protein fraction had a low relative mobility when subjected to electrophoresis at pH 8.9. A preliminary study of the binding of tritiated juvenile hormone I to proteins of the haemolymph of pre-diapausing larvae of the southern cornstalk borer, Diatraea crambidoides, was also conducted in vitro. A low molecular weight binding protein with identical electrophoretic properties to that of D. grandiosella was present. The high molecular weight binding protein fraction of the two species, however, had different electrophoretic properties.
Approximating probability distributions to reduce storage requirements

The measurement and/or storage of high order probability distributions implies exponential increases in equipment complexity. This paper considers the possibility of storing several of the lower order component distributions and using this partial information to form an approximation to the actual high order distribution. The approximation method is based on an information measure for the “closeness” of two distributions and on the criterion of maximum entropy. Approximations consisting of products of appropriate lower order distributions are proved to be optimum under suitably restricted conditions. Two such product approximations can be compared and the better one selected without any knowledge of the actual high order distribution other than that implied by the lower order distributions.
Clinic nurses: confronting campus alcohol use on the frontline.

Abstract Alcohol use is common on college campuses. Nurses in the student health clinic, in collaboration with other health professionals, have a responsibility and an opportunity to assess, intervene, and prevent problems related to the use of alcohol and other drugs. In this article, the author suggests how college health nurses, in everyday practice, can seize opportunities for helping students face their alcohol-related problems.
Analytical Complexity Modeling of Wavelet-based Video Coders

Analytical modeling for video coders can be used in a variety of scenarios where information concerning rate, distortion or complexity is essential for driving system or network interactions with media algorithms. While rate and distortion modeling have been covered extensively in previous works, complexity is not well addressed because it is highly algorithm dependent and hence difficult to model. Based on a stochastic modeling framework for the transform coefficients, we present a novel complexity analysis for state-of-the-art wavelet video coding methods by explicitly modeling several aspects found in operational coders, i.e. embedded quantization and quadtree decompositions of block significance maps. The proposed modeling derives for the first time analytical estimates of the expected number of operations (complexity) for a broad class of wavelet video coders based on stochastic source models, coding algorithm and system parameters.
Equations for obtaining melting points for the ternary system ethylene glycol/sodium chloride/water and their application to cryopreservation.

The present study describes the H(2)O-NaCl-ethylene glycol ternary system by using a differential scanning calorimeter to measure melting points (T(m)) of four different ratios (R) of ethylene glycol to NaCl and then devising equations to fit the experimental measurements. Ultimately an equation is derived which characterizes the liquidus surface above the eutectic for any R value in the system. This study focuses on ethylene glycol in part because of recent evidence indicating it may be less toxic to pancreatic islets than Me(2)SO, which is currently used routinely for islet cryopreservation. The resulting physical data and previously determined information regarding the osmotic characteristics of canine pancreatic islets are combined in a mathematical model to describe the volumetric response to equilibrium-rate freezing in varying initial concentrations of ethylene glycol.
The contrasting effects of colony-stimulating factor-1 and epidermal growth factor on tooth eruption in the rat.

Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) have been shown to accelerate eruption of teeth in rodents. We compared the effects of neonatal injections of EGF (1μg/g body weight) and CSF-1 (106 units) alone or together on the eruption of incisors and first molars. EGF accelerated the eruption of incisors with no significant effect on first molars. CSF-1, in contrast, accelerated molar eruption more than incisor eruption. CSF-1, but not EGF, increased the numbers of mononuclear cells in the dental follicle and osteoclasts on adjacent alveolar bone surfaces around the first molar and produced enhanced resorption of crypt surfaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. These data suggest that during eruption rodent incisors and molars may preferentially respond to different molecular regulators.
The Humanizing Brain: An Introduction

The rediscovery of the sacred needs to take into account the neural underpinnings of faith and meaning and also draw on the insights of the emerging discipline of complexity studies, which explore a tendency toward adaptive self-organization that seemingly is inherent in the universe. Both neuroscience and complexity studies contribute to our understanding of the brain's activity as it transforms raw stimuli into recognizable patterns, and thus “humanizes” all our perceptions and understandings. The brain is our physical anchor in the natural environment—and its human capacities orbit us into the emerging world of culture (including religion), which provides a template for the brain's function of making sense of an ambiguous reality. The humanizing brain holds together scientific causality and religious meaning, working both bottom-up (linking the physical and the experiential) and top-down (beginning with the whole of things, or God). These processes we know as “mind” (experienced as intentionality, subjective consciousness, empathy, imagination, memory, adaptability). We maintain that such processes are not only subjective but built into “the way things really are.” Thus, they carry the most privileged information about the nature of reality to which we human beings have access. For not only are we humans observers and logicians, but we are embedded in the larger reality; and as we strive to make sense of it all, we become both Homo sapiens and Homo religiosus.
Exchange of tubulin dimer into rings in microtubule assembly--disassembly.

We have prepared native radioactive tubulin dimer from two species: [35S]tubulin dimer, by in vivo labeling of rat brain, and porcine [3H]ethyltubulin, as previously described [Zeeberg, B., Cheek, J., & Caplow, M. (1980) Anal. Biochem. 104, 321--327]. After microtubule assembly with radioactive tubulin dimer and nonradioactive dimer and rings, the tubulin in the rings and the dimer obtained upon disassembly have approximately equal specific activities. Therefore, during the reaction sequence dimer + rings leads to 37 degrees C microtubules leads to 0 degrees C dimer + rings the tubulin initially in rings becomes indistinguishable from tubulin initially in dimer. Under nonpolymerizing conditions (0 degrees C) radioactive tubulin dimer and radioactive guanine nucleotide are incorporated into rings at approximately equal rates. This indicates that there is a pathway for nucleotide incorporation into rings under nonpolymerizing conditions which involves the incorporation of dimer-bound nucleotide. We also report results on the lack of the mirror image equilibrium during the disassembly process, using porcine [3H]-ethyltubulin dimer, rat [35S]tubulin dimer, and a [3H]-GDP.porcine tubulin dimer complex. In all three cases there is no significant disassembly-dependent incorporatioin of radioactivity into rings when microtubules are disassembled in the presence of radioactive dimer. These results demonstrate that, for rat and porcine tubulin, rings are formed during microtubule disassembly by direct cleavage of intact rings, without a tubulin dimer intermediate.
The impact of parental homeownership on children's outcomes during early adulthood

Abstract Whether children benefit from being raised in a home owned by their parents has important policy implications and has been the topic of much scholarly debate. We match Panel Study of Income Dynamics data with census tract data to examine the impact of childhood experiences on adult outcomes for children followed over three decades. This allows us to document a wide range of characteristics. For children born between 1968 and 1974, we analyze data on their first 18 years and also various outcomes when they are between 25 and 31 in 1999. We control for a comprehensive set of observable parental characteristics and develop a method to control for unobservable child characteristics together with an instrumental variable for the remaining selection problems. Parental homeownership status and children's college education and home‐ownership status are closely related, although the former is generated partially by the greater residential stability associated with homeownership.
Absence of clonidine-induced food intake in hamsters

Previous studies support an interaction between noradrenergic and opiate systems in the control of food intake. For example, in both rats and rabbits, food intake stimulated by the noradrenergic agent clonidine is reduced by opiate antagonists. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not clonidine stimulated the food intake of non-food-deprived hamsters, a species which appears to lack an opiate-sensitive feeding system. Hamsters fed a chow diet did not increase their food intake when injected with clonidine in doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.25 mg/kg. Furthermore, the animals did not increase their intake of sunflower seeds, a preferred diet for hamsters.
Structural models, information and inherited restrictions

Abstract The derived structural estimates of the system βY = γZ + δU impose identifying restrictions on the reduced form estimates ex post. Some or all of the derived structural estimates are presented as evidence of the model's efficacy. In fact, the reduced form inherits a great deal of information from the structure's restrictions and hypothesized sign patterns, limiting the allowable signs for the reduced form. A method for measuring a structural model's statistical information content is proposed. Further, the paper develops a method for enumerating the allowable reduced form outcomes which can be used to falsify the proposed model independently of significant coefficients found for the structural relations.
Interactions Between Diet and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke on Metabolic Syndrome Among Children: NHANES 2007–2010

Context Metabolic syndrome is likely influenced by a complex interaction between exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and diet, but no studies have evaluated this relationship. Objective This study aimed to investigate the interaction between diet and exposure to SHS on metabolic syndrome among 12-19 year olds. Design and participants We used weighted logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, to examine interaction of these risk factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 12-19 year olds participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2010). Interaction was assessed by introducing product terms between SHS (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, cotinine, and self-report) and the individual nutrients (dietary fiber, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin E) and nutrient patterns in separate models; the relative excess risk due to interaction was used to evaluate interaction on the additive scale. Results The joint effect between high exposure to SHS and low levels of certain nutrients (vitamin E and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) on metabolic syndrome risk was greater than would be expected from the effects of the individual exposures alone (for example, relative excess risk due to interaction for SHS and vitamin E = 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.5-17.8). Conclusions Prevention strategies for metabolic syndrome aimed at reducing SHS exposures and improving diet quality may exceed the expected benefits based on targeting these risk factors separately.
Human freedom and divine providence: some new thoughts on an old problem

But how can it be maintained tnat man is causally and thus morally responsible for certain states of affairs and yet consistently maintained that all states of affairs are under God's control? In response to this well-known prima facie conflict, various theists have attempted to demonstrate a com patibility between Ti and T2, each basing his or her reasoning on a some what different understanding of what it means for man to be 'significantly free' and for God to be 'in control of all existent states of affairs'. The purpose of this paper is threefold. In Section I, I critically discuss the basic types of 'consistency models' which have been generated in relation to Ti and T2. I conclude that the only sense of human freedom (the only reading of Ti) consistent with orthodox Christian theism is a sense of freedom which entails that God cannot ensure that states of affairs with respect to which human agents are significantly free will always come about in the manner in which he desires. In section ii, I search for a reading of divine control (a reading of T2) consistent with the sense of human freedom explicated in section i. Particular attention is paid to the standard claim that God, like a master chess player playing a novice, can ultimately bring about the exact ends he desires, regardless of the actions of his finite creatures i.e. regardless of the fact that some states of affairs brought about by human agents are not themselves what he desires. I conclude that, given the sense of human freedom the Christian theist must affirm, the Christian God can only ensure that his ends will be accomplished in a very general sense. In section iii, I point out the seeming incompatibility between this very general sense of divine control (general reading of T2) and a number of popular Christian tenets. I conclude that the Christian theist must necessarily modify such tenets if he desires to maintain a consistent belief system.
Integrating XML into a database systems course

eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is becoming a standard tool for data storage and transmission. Integrating XML into current database systems courses provides students with an understanding of the growing role of XML in data management and manipulation. We have successfully designed and implemented several exercises for a database systems course in the context of a real-world software project that educate students as to how XML relates to current Database Systems course topics.
THE INTERPRETATION OF THYMUS BODIES

THYMUS BODIES which occur in all vertebrates, with the probable exception of the cyclostomes, remain today as enigmatic as when first examined, and this despite the great amount of work, morphological and physiological, observa-tional and experimental, which has been devoted to their interpretation. Hammar (i) states that in the last 25 yearsmore than 1000 publications have appeared devoted to the thymus. Certainly in an earlier period of 100 years nearly an equal number of publications1 have demonstrated the interest centered in the thymus. Indeed, its large bulk in the young of man and mammals generally forced the query as to its nature and significance. With new technics and experimental approaches, the conceptions of the thymus have shifted in accordance with changing theories, and the accumulated results have been summarized from time to time in reviews. First among these must be mentioned
Plenary session: enabling communities of knowledge workers

The MITRE corporation is a geographically distributed company of knowledge workers working on projects either related by the same customer or by the problems and technologies being addressed. MITRE recognized early on the power of information technology to enhance the effectiveness of each of its staff with knowledge sharing tools. Early deployment of an intranet with novel functions has promoted information sharing among the staff, enabling each staff member to effectively leverage the knowledge of the entire company. Specific examples, storage structures, information spaces, search mechanisms and policy issues that have promoted sharing have revealed many lessons for enabling the knowledge worker.
Adjustment in General Equilibrium: Some Industrial Evidence

The link belween output changes and factor-mix adjustments in general equilibrium is examined for each of nine industries using pooled datia from 12 developed countries over the years 1MO-85. Specihcations of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and the specific-facton model of production are built on the-ussumptionr and scruaure of theory with each industry isolated in turn. In their simplest version with only capital and Labor input, these competitive general-equilibrium models explain a goad deal of the obse~ed variahioos in iodusIrial favtor mLres. The specific-facto~s model perfom better. The theory of production and trade is built in large part on the competitive paradigm contained in general-equdibrium models of production. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem (1941) of the Heckscher-Ohlin model captures the link between an industry's price and the return to its intensively used factor of production, illustrated inEdgeworth box and Lerner-Peatce diagrams. The specific-factors model assumes every industry is characterized by productive capital used only in that industry, creating a direct link between the price of an output and its specific factor. This paper provides some empirical evidence for the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and specific-factors model. Model specifications are estimated using data for each of nine manufacturing industries across 12 OECD countries horn 1970-85. In the StolperSarnuebon ~pecilication, a rising price in an industry causes the capital-labor ratios to adjust accorhg to factor intensity. In the specilic-factors model, e higher price in an industry is expected to increase labor input. There are data available for many industries, suggesting a model with many goods. When the prices of goods ae exogenously given at world levels, however, a production model with two factors shared by each industry is overdetermined. Inttoducing demand allows a tractable model, but relaxes the intensity links. The present paper isolates each industry and aggregates the others into a single sector, developing a series of two-sector models to coincide with the Stulper-Samuelson theorem. Learner (1994a) argues that an idea needs nn issue, a theory, and evidence to survive. The Stolper-Samuelson theorem meets Lhe Erst two conditions. but lacks much of the third. The theorem was originally presen(ed and applied largely in the context of
A Magnetically Enhanced Inductive Discharge Chamber for Electric Propulsion Applications

A magnetically enhanced inductive discharge was investigated for electric propulsion applications. The high plasma density produced by the source makes it attractive as an ion source for a gridded ion thruster or possibly a standalone ambipolar thruster. The discharge plasma is produced by a compact ldquostovetoprdquo spiral antenna that is similar to that used in plasma processing sources. Operation on argon to pressures as low as 1 mtorr was demonstrated at powers ranging from 100 to 250 W. Ion current as high as 1 A was extracted from a 10-cm-diameter device. Plasma properties and ion production efficiency are reported and commented upon.
Regulatory branch points affecting protein and lipid biosynthesis in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

It is widely established that nutritional nitrogen deprivation increases lipid accumulation but severely decreases growth rate in microalgae. To understand the regulatory branch points that determine the partitioning of carbon among its potential sinks, we analyzed metabolite and transcript levels of central carbon metabolic pathways and determined the average fluxes and quantum requirements for the synthesis of protein, carbohydrates and fatty acid in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Under nitrate-starved conditions, the carbon fluxes into all major sinks decrease sharply; the largest decrease was into proteins and smallest was into lipids. This reduction of carbon flux into lipids together with a significantly lower growth rate is responsible for lower overall FA productivities implying that nitrogen starvation is not a bioenergetically feasible strategy for increasing biodiesel production. The reduction in these fluxes was accompanied by an 18-fold increase in a-ketoglutarate (AKG), 3-fold increase in NADPH/NADP þ , and sharp decreases in glutamate (GLU) and glutamine (GLN) levels. Additionally, the mRNA level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and two type II diacylglycerol-acyltransferases were increased. Partial suppression of nitrate reductase by tungstate resulted in similar trends at lower levels as for nitrate starvation. These results reveal that the GS/GOGAT pathway is the main regulation site for nitrate dependent control of carbon partitioning between protein and lipid biosynthesis, while the AKG/GL(N/U) metabolite ratio is a transcriptional signal, possibly related to redox poise of intermediates in the photosynthetic electron transport system.
Visitor Motivations Across Three Informal Education Institutions: An Application of the Identity-Related Visitor Motivation Model

ABSTRACT Recent studies suggest that visitors’ situated museum identities may be examined through the motivations expressed during visits to zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens, and other museums. This article examines a tool published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and J. Falk, Heimlich, and Bronnenkant (2008) for documenting visitors’ motivations at zoos, aquariums, and other informal education settings and compares motivations for visiting across three informal education sites. Surveys were administered to 370 adult visitors to an aquarium, science center, and boat-based eco-tour operator. Findings revealed both different motivations of visitors to these informal education institutions and seasonal changes to those motivations. Moreover, the motivations tool, which was created specifically to document visitor motivations in zoos and aquariums, was able to successfully document visitor motivations in such places as a science center and boat excursion company. It is not clear, however, tha...
Marginalization of Sunset Firms in Regime Coalitions: A Social Network Analysis

De Socio M. Marginalization of sunset firms in regime coalitions: a social network analysis, Regional Studies. Business leaders and organizations are central to the formation and maintenance of urban regimes. Business communities are not monolithic, however, and they vary in their composition of economic activities and industry sectors, and in the resources they command. Differentiation in business community resources has implications for regime networks, particularly in cities where large percentages of their economic base are comprised of industries in decline. Utilizing social network analysis, this paper finds that business leaders associated with traditional manufacturing are marginalized within the prevailing regime networks of two United States ‘rustbelt’ cities in favour of leaders associated with newer, more stable, industries. De Socio M. La marginalisation des entreprises en perte de vitesse sous des coalitions politiques, Regional Studies. Les chefs d'entreprise et les organisations sont au co...
Admission characteristics and academic performance of podiatric and osteopathic medical students at Des Moines University.

Background: Podiatric and osteopathic medical students at Des Moines University take the same basic science medical curriculum. The first course students complete is medical biochemistry. The final common course is the second-year medical pharmacology course. Attrition typically occurs between these academic offerings. We sought to compare admissions data, retention rates, and academic performance between these two groups of medical students for the classes of 2008 to 2011. Methods: Average admission scores, performance scores for the biochemistry and medical pharmacology courses, and retention rates for the 2008 to 2011 classes were obtained from the registrar and enrollment offices. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the scores of the two cohorts. Linear regression was used to identify changes across time. Results: The DO students showed significantly better performance than the DPM students in matriculating overall and science grade point averages, total Medical College Admissions Test sc...