cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Price perceptions, merchant incentives, and consumer welfare

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the research demonstrating the consumer's erroneous and unfounded perceptions of prices, which can have severe negative consequences on consumer welfare.Design/methodology/approach – This is a review paper of previous research on the price/quality relationship and the effects of advertised reference price on consumer's price acceptance.Findings – The major findings are that you do not necessarily get what you pay for and your idea of what an item should cost is influenced by advertised prices even when they are totally unbelievable.Originality/value – The value of this paper is in sensitizing the reader to the ways in which sellers, perhaps unconsciously, can take advantage of consumers' price misperceptions.
Levetiracetam for the treatment of hot flashes: a phase II study

Goals of work The objectives of this pilot trial were to assess the potential efficacy and safety of levetiracetam for the treatment of hot flashes, a major cause of morbidity among breast cancer survivors.
Periodicity of Desert Rodent Activity

The radiation dose detected by microthermoluminescent dosimeters attached to pocket mice,Perognathus formosus, indicated the amount of time these animals were active on the surface of the ground. Radiation was from anelevated, partially shielded source in the center of the 8-hectareenclosure. The rodents are almost entirely inactive in midwinter but spend 30 to 40 percent of their time above ground in the summer months. Periods of activity increase gradually through the spring. These results support laboratory findings that members of this genus undergo periods of torpor in response to low ambient temperatures or food shortage. That this adaptation may enhance survival is indicated by the longevity of marked individuals of a related species.
In vivo immune stimulation of mice by anti-μ antibodies: Generation of high serum levels of a low molecular weight IgM product

Abstract These studies show that anti-μ antibodies first injected into BALB/c mice as young adults exhibit a marked in vivo stimulatory effect, manifested by the appearance in circulation of large quantities of an aberrant IgM product. This stimulatory property extends to both rabbit and goat anti-μ antisera which have been raised against either myeloma or normal IgM but is not demonstrable for normal sera or antisera against γ or α heavy chains. The kinetics of appearance of this IgM product provide support for active generation upon stimulation, as opposed to immediate release of a preformed substance. Production of this form of IgM is accompanied by slight elevations in serum levels of IgG1 and normal IgM but unaltered levels of IgG2 and IgA. A molecular weight similar to that of IgG together with the demonstrated presence of light chains suggest that the aberrant product is likely a monomer of IgM. This stimulatory process appears to be thymus dependent because it cannot be induced in congenitally athymic (nude) mice unless they have been thymus reconstituted. Several test protocols involving adult-initiated anti-μ treatment resulted in immune responses to two thymus-dependent complex antigens (rabbit serum and sheep red blood cells) as well as generation of the aberrant IgM product in normal control mice but failed to render nude mice responsive to either antigen. It is thus apparent that although anti-μ antibodies can generate a stimulus in adult mice which results in production of an otherwise undetectable IgM product, the stimulus is not generally interpreted biologically as an immune “signal” complementary to antigen stimulation.
Calibrating the imaging and therapy performance of magneto-fluorescent gold nanoshells for breast cancer

Gold nanoshells with NIR plasmon resonance can be modified to simultaneously enhance conjugated NIR fluorescence dyes and T2 contrast of embedded iron-oxide nanoparticles, and molecularly targeted to breast and other cancers. We calibrated the theranostic performance of magneto-fluorescent nanoshells, and contrasted the performance of molecularly targeted and untargeted nanoshells for breast cancer therapy, employing MCF-7L and their HER2 overexpressing derivative MCF-7/HER2-18 breast cancer cells as in vitro model systems. Silica core gold nanoshells with plasmon resonance on ~810 nm were doped with NIR dye ICG and ~10 nm iron-oxide nanoparticles in a ~20 nm epilayer of silica. A subset of nanoshells was conjugated to antibodies targeting HER2. Cell viability with varying laser power levels in presence and absence of bare and HER2-targeted nanoshells was assessed by calcein and propidium iodide staining. For MCF-7L cells, increasing power resulted in increased cell death (F=5.63, p=0.0018), and bare nanoshells caused more cell death than HER2-targeted nanoshells or laser treatment alone (F=30.13, p<0.001). For MCF-7/HER2-18 cells, death was greater with HER2-targeted nanoshells and was independent of laser power. This study demonstrates the capability of magneto-fluorescent nanocomplexes for imaging and therapy of breast cancer cells, and the advantages of targeting receptors unique to cancer cells.
Influenza Virus Can Enter and Infect Cells in the Absence of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Influenza virus has been described to enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. However, it has also been suggested that other endocytic routes may provide additional entry pathways. Here we show that influenza virus may enter and infect HeLa cells that are unable to take up ligands by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. By overexpressing a dominant-negative form of the Eps15 protein to inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we demonstrate that while transferrin uptake and Semliki Forest virus infection were prevented, influenza virus could enter and infect cells expressing Eps15Δ95/295. This finding is supported by the successful infection of cells with influenza virus in the presence of chemical treatments that block endocytosis, namely, chlorpromazine and potassium depletion. We show also that influenza virus may infect cells incapable of uptake by caveolae. Treatment with the inhibitors nystatin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and genistein, as well as transfection of cells with dominant-negative caveolin-1, had no effect on influenza virus infection. By combining inhibitory methods to block both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and uptake by caveolae in the same cell, we demonstrate that influenza virus may infect cells by an additional non-clathrin-dependent, non-caveola-dependent endocytic pathway. We believe this to be the first conclusive analysis of virus entry via such a non-clathrin-dependent pathway, in addition to the traditional clathrin-dependent route.
Binding with Nucleic Acids or Glycosaminoglycans Converts Soluble Protein Oligomers to Amyloid

Ample evidence suggests that almost all polypeptides can either adopt a native structure (folded or intrinsically disordered) or form misfolded amyloid fibrils. Soluble protein oligomers exist as an intermediate between these two states, and their cytotoxicity has been implicated in the pathology of multiple human diseases. However, the mechanism by which soluble protein oligomers develop into insoluble amyloid fibrils is not clear, and investigation of this important issue is hindered by the unavailability of stable protein oligomers. Here, we have obtained stabilized protein oligomers generated from common native proteins. These oligomers exert strong cytotoxicity and display a common conformational structure shared with known protein oligomers. They are soluble and remain stable in solution. Intriguingly, the stabilized protein oligomers interact preferentially with both nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which facilitates their rapid conversion into insoluble amyloid. Concomitantly, binding with nucleic acids or GAG strongly diminished the cytotoxicity of the protein oligomers. EGCG, a small molecule that was previously shown to directly bind to protein oligomers, effectively inhibits the conversion to amyloid. These results indicate that stabilized oligomers of common proteins display characteristics similar to those of disease-associated protein oligomers and represent immediate precursors of less toxic amyloid fibrils. Amyloid conversion is potently expedited by certain physiological factors, such as nucleic acids and GAGs. These findings concur with reports of cofactor involvement with disease-associated amyloid and shed light on potential means to interfere with the pathogenic properties of misfolded proteins.
Technological paradigms, innovative behavior and the formation of dissipative enterprises

Although many studies have assigned a key role to “technological paradigms” in the development and diffusion of new technologies, which are often pioneered and led by small businesses, the nature of this term has remained somewhat unclear. This paper uses concepts from modern theories of “chaos,” information theory and “dissipative structures,” to describe the process through which new technological paradigms form and how the evolve. This analysis shows that the development of a new and innovative product or production methods drive existing as well as new firms to search for innovations. The interaction of all firms that are affected by this explorative behavior generates escalating waves of change and thereby creates “chaos,” which is the source of the materials from which new technological structures emerge. These new structures are arrangements of production tasks and activities that link an extended, interindustry group of firms into an interdependent system. This structure constitutes a technological paradigm when it serves as a matrix, or template, through which all firms in the system engage in innovative activity.
Fluconazole treatment of neonates and infants with severe fungal infections not treatable with conventional agents

Fluconazole was evaluated prospectively in 40 neonates and infants between the ages of 2 days and 3 months in whom conventional antifungal therapy was ineffective or contraindicated. The patients received therapy on an individual compassionate request basis for microbiologically documented or presumed fungal infection. The mean fluconazole dosage was 5.3 mg/kg/day (range 1–16 mg/kg/day) and the mean duration of therapy was 26 days (range 2–80 days). Efficacy was evaluated in neonates with proven fungal infection as documented by the presence of a pathogen at baseline. A positive clinical response was achieved in 97 % (31/32) of the clinically evaluable patients; eradication of the fungal organism was achieved in 97 % (30/31) of evaluable patients. Adverse events occurred in two patients (5 %); therapy was not discontinued in either patient. These favorable safety and efficacy data are similar to results obtained with fluconazole in older children and adults.
REGENERATING TISSUES FROM THE COCKROACH LEUCOPHAEA MADERAE; EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN VITRO.

Regenerating tissues from the leg of nymphs of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae were cultured in vitro along with explants of brain, prothoracic gland, and corpus allatum. The growth responses of the leg regenerates to these explants of endocrine glands indicated that the interactions occurring were comparable with those found during leg regeneration in vivo. It was also found that the prothoracic ganglion could mimic the action of the brain in activating the prothoracic gland. This latter activity appears to be related to wound healing rather than to the molting cycle.
The Effects of Fast Start Reading: A Fluency-BasedHome Involvement Reading Program, On the Reading Achievement of Beginning Readers

This study tested the effects of a fluency-based home reading program called Fast Start. Thirty beginning first-grade students, representing a wide range of early reading abilities, were randomly assigned to experimental or control conditions for a period of 11 weeks. Parents and students in the experimental group received Fast Start training, weekly materials packets, and weekly telephone support. Control group parents and students received the parent involvement opportunities typical for their family and classroom. Significant effects for those students most at-risk in reading (as measured by pretest) were found on measures of Letter/Word recognition and reading fluency. Verbal and written survey information collected from the experimental group indicated generally positive perceptions of the program by parents.
Adherence to outpatient program postoperative appointments after bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Surgery is the only treatment that has been proved to have beneficial long-term effects for the morbidly obese (body mass index >40 kg/m 2 ). One of the requirements for the Centers for Excellence program instituted by American Society for Bariatric Surgery is to have a system in place to provide comprehensive follow-up care. A recent study showed that the complication rate after bariatric surgery is 39.6% during the 180 days after discharge. Inadequate adherence to follow-up care has been recognized as contributory to the development of complications after bariatric surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine the variables that relate to patients' adherence to scheduled appointments after bariatric surgery. Methods A block entry logistic regression analysis was done from a database of an outpatient bariatric program that contained cross-sectional data collected for 1 year. Patient adherence to follow-up was defined as having 1 postoperative follow-up appointment within 90 days of undergoing surgery. A total of 375 subjects completed the preoperative program and underwent either laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (84.3%) or gastric banding (15.7%). Results Of the 14 variables used in the analysis, 5 were statistically significant ( P Conclusion Incorporation of the identified predictors into preoperative screening tools to flag patients at risk of nonadherence might improve follow-up care. Additional research is needed on possible interventions to decrease complications after bariatric surgery.
Efficacy of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in a Porcine Model of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Objective: To assess the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in reducing pulmonary hypertension in a porcine model of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Design: Nonrandomized, controlled experiment without blinding. Setting: Surgical research laboratory. Participants: Twelve pigs, matched equally for body weight. Intervention: Acute lung injury was induced by intravenous injection of oleic acid. Animals were then divided into either a control group, for monitoring without any further intervention, or a NO-treatment group, in which NO was administered at concentrations of 10 to 80 ppm, with each step separated by a NO-free interval to assess duration of effect. Main Outcome Measures: Pulmonary artery pressure, systemic blood pressure, PaO2, intrapulmonary shunt fraction, and extravascular lung water. Nitrosylated hemoglobin, arterial methemoglobin, and plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations. Results: All animals responded to oleic acid injection with rapid development of pulmonary hypertension and deterioration of PaO2and intrapulmonary shunt fraction. Inhaled NO reversed these changes in a concentration-dependent manner. Cessation of NO administration led to a prompt return of pulmonary hypertension. A small but significant drop in systemic blood pressure was observed only at the highest concentration of NO administered (80 ppm). Extravascular lung water almost doubled following oleic acid injury. This increase was sustained in all animals for the remainder of the experiment. Significant increases in circulating methemoglobin and plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations were measured during NO inhalation. Conclusion: Inhaled NO appears to be a selective pulmonary vasodilator and may prove to be useful in improving gas exchange in adult respiratory distress syndrome. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:158-164)
Effects of Distracting Stimuli on Complex Information Processing

Student performance on an information-processing task was compared under four conditions: popular music, connected speech, industrial noise, and a control condition. Results indicated significant d...
Faster learning for dynamic recurrent backpropagation

The backpropagation learning algorithm for feedforward networks (Rumelhart et al. 1986) has recently been generalized to recurrent networks (Pineda 1989). The algorithm has been further generalized by Pearlmutter (1989) to recurrent networks that produce time-dependent trajectories. The latter method requires much more training time than the feedforward or static recurrent algorithms. Furthermore, the learning can be unstable and the asymptotic accuracy unacceptable for some problems. In this note, we report a modification of the delta weight update rule that significantly improves both the performance and the speed of the original Pearlmutter learning algorithm. Our modified updating rule, a variation on that originally proposed by Jacobs (1988), allows adaptable independent learning rates for individual parameters in the algorithm. The update rule for the ith weight, wi, is given by the delta-bar-delta rule: with the change in learning rate ~~(t) on each epoch given by if &(t l)&(t) > 0 if &(t - l)&(t) < 0
Bias and Precision of Estimates from an Age-Structured Stock Assessment Program in Relation to Stock and Data Characteristics

Abstract Assessments for many U.S. Pacific coast groundfish stocks have been developed using the statistical catch-at-age method known as Stock Synthesis. This study used Monte Carlo simulation and a fractional factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of input data errors and stock characteristics on bias and precision in estimates of ending exploitable biomass, rate of fishing mortality, depletion, and other output variables. Nine factors were examined: length of the data series, rate of natural mortality, shape of the fishery selectivity curve, trend in fishing mortality, recruitment pattern, and level of sampling error in the data for catch, fishing effort, a survey biomass index, and sample size for fishery and survey age compositions. Length of the data series, age composition sample size, survey biomass variability, and fishing effort variability were the most influential factors for most of the output variables. The estimates of depletion had the least bias and the estimates of starting biomass...
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated depression of rat testicular heme synthesis and microsomal cytochrome P-450☆

Abstract Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces hirsutism, alopecia, and chlorance, symptoms that suggest a possible alteration of endocrine function. Therefore, the effects of TCDD on rat testicular cytochrome P-450 content were investigated. Forty-eight hours after a single, oral dose of TCDD (25 μg/kg) testicular microsomal cytochrome P-450 levels were depressed by approximately 24%. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 continued to decrease to 62% of control levels at 4 days and remained at approximately the same levels 7 days following treatment. Testicular microsomal heme content exhibited a similar pattern after administration of TCDD. No alterations in testicular δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase were detected. The incorporation of [14C]ALA into microsomal heme was decreased to approximately 36% of control values at 24 hr after TCDD administration. Testicular weights were not altered during the 7-day experimental period. These data suggest that TCDD depresses cytochrome P-450 levels in the rat testis through an inhibition of the synthesis of testicular heme.
Inclusive computer science education using a ready-made computer game framework

Leveraging the prevailing interest in computer games among college students, both for entertainment and as a possible career path, is a major reason for the increasing prevalence of computer game design courses in computer science curricula. Because implementing a computer game requires strong programming skills, game design courses are most often restricted to more advanced computer science students, yet real game design involves a diverse and creative team. This paper reports on a ready-made game design and experimentation framework, implemented in Java, which makes game programming more widely accessible. This framework, called Labyrinth, enables students at all programming skill levels to participate in computer game design. We describe the architecture of the framework, and discuss programming projects suitable for a wide variety of computer science courses, from capstone to non-major.
Purification of ascitic fluid-derived murine monoclonal antibodies by anion-exchange and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography

Ascitic fluid-derived murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a subisotypes) were previously prepared against an isolate of Actinobacillus sp (CAs8C) for the purpose of identifying and characterizing outer membrane antigens on this bacterium. An attempt was made to purify these MoAbs by anion-exchange and size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hybridomas producing the IgG1 and IgG2a MoAbs posed unique difficulties in that they also secreted irrelevant IgG2b MoAbs that were present in the ascitic fluids. Anion-exchange chromatography (Protein-Pak DEAE-5PW column), with a simultaneous change in gradients of pH and ionic strength, was used to purify IgG and as a first step in the purification of IgM. There was good separation of IgG2b from IgG2a, but not from IgG1. Size-exclusion chromatography (Protein-Pak 300 SW column) was required to complete the purification of IgM. The presence of MoAbs in the HPLC fractions was confirmed by discontinuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (denatured and either reduced or non-reduced conditions) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HPLC-purified MoAbs were free from transferrin and albumin and retained their specificity for As8C.
Relationship of Vit. A and Carotene to Bovine Serum Proteins.

SummaryBovine serum protein was fractionated with a continuous flow electrophoresis apparatus. Vit. A and carotene were principally associated with albumin. When one co-twin of identical twin heifers was subjected to Vit. A deficiency, serum albumin was progressively reduced. Following an intravenous injection of carotene, the deficient heifer low in serum albumin retained approximately one-half the plasma-carotene concentration as her normal co-twin. Serum albumin returned to normal in the deficient co-twin within 10 days following intravenous Vit. A administration.
Structural basis for the autoinhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I.

Abstract The crystal structure of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I has been determined in the autoinhibited form. The C-terminal regulatory region of the enzyme forms a helix-loop-helix segment that extends across the two domains of the catalytic core, making multiple inhibitory interactions. Elements of the first regulatory α helix and the loop interfere with the binding site for peptide substrates, while the loop and the second helix interact with the ATP-binding domain to induce conformational changes that obstruct the nucleotide binding pocket. One part of the calmodulin recognition element protrudes away from the catalytic domain and is potentially available for an initial interaction with calmodulin. The structure provides a view of an intact calmodulin target and suggests that substantial structural changes will accompany kinase activation by calmodulin binding to the regulatory region.
Revisiting the Dartmouth Court Decision: Why the US has Private Nonprofit Agencies Instead of Public Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

In 1819, the US Supreme Court ruled in Dartmouth v. Woodward that Dartmouth College, even though originally chartered by government, was legally akin to a private corporation. This landmark decision was the founding legal document of what has become the American private nonprofit sector. While the decision has attained hagiographic status, this paper explores what the US nonprofit sector would look like if the Supreme Court had ruled the other way. Using alternate history and scenario writing as research methodologies, it highlights the invisible losses due to the decision and depicts what a public nonprofit sector would have looked like.
Response to Letter by Purroy et al

Response: We thank the authors for their interest in our article and for presenting their analysis of the use of the ABCD score in their own population …
Past foraging experience influences honey bee dance behaviour

Abstract Abstract. Because of changing environmental conditions, honey bee, Apis mellifera , nectar foragers must constantly assess resources. A forager's perception of resource profitability may be affected by her past foraging experience. To test this, the concentrations of sucrose solutions in feeders were varied and dance characteristics that serve as indicators of resource profitability were recorded. Round dances of foragers that had last visited a lesser concentration than that on which they were presently foraging had higher rates of directional reversal, circuit rates and speeds than those of foragers on the same concentration that had last visited a feeder offering a higher sucrose concentration. Dance information related to resource profitability was thus modulated by the immediate past experience of a forager, and was not based strictly on absolute resource profitability. Losses were weighted more heavily than gains. Contrary to the assumptions of current models of optimal prey choice, past foraging experience can influence resource assessment.
Electric field-induced concentration gradients in lipid monolayers

Externally applied electric field gradients gave rise to lateral concentration gradients in monolayers of certain binary lipid mixtures. For binary mixtures of dihydrocholesterol and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, the application of an electric field gradient at pressures below the critical pressure produced a liquid-liquid phase separation in a monolayer that is otherwise homogenous. At pressures slightly above the critical pressure, a field gradient produced a large concentration gradient without phase separation. The lipid concentration gradients can be described by equilibrium thermodynamic chemical potentials. The observed effects appear to be relevant to the structure and composition of biological membranes.
Local and nonlocal surface nonlinearities for surface optical second-harmonic generation.

We investigate the physical origins of the surface nonlinear susceptibility responsible for surface optical second-harmonic generation. Experiments performed on simple covalent systems were designed to distinguish between the nonlocal electric-quadrupole-type nonlinearity induced by field discontinuity and the local intrinsic, electric-dipole-type nonlinearity of a surface or interface. We find that both mechanisms could operate: The latter usually dominates when the surface layer has a strong structural asymmetry with the fundamental or the second-harmonic frequency at resonance with a dipole-allowed transition.
Platelet factor 1 related to prothrombin activation.

Concentrates of platelet factor 1 were made from bovine platelets. Being bound to fine particles, the activity was not obtained in solution. The activity of the concentrates is destroyed by heating at 53 °C., at pH 5.2, by extraction with ether, by drying with acetone, or by standing at −20 °C. The concentrates accelerated the clotting of whole blood, and also the activation of prothrombin either to form thrombin or a non-thrombin derivative. Activation of purified prothrombin occurred under several different circumstances, and different end products formed. Platelet factor 1 concentrates appear to have a general property of accelerating alterations in the prothrombin molecule independently of these variants.
Navier-Stokes computations on flexible advanced transport wings in transonic regime

Steady, unsteady, and aeroelastic computations are performed on an advanced transonic wing configuration. The flow is modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations, and structures for aeroelastic computations are modeled by the modal equations. The inadequacy of Euler equations and the importance of using the Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulence model is demonstrated for supercritical flows in the transonic regime. The effect of Mach number on steady pressure distributions is illustrated. Steady flow computations for transonic wings are compared with wind-tunnel data and also with equivalent conventional wings. Unsteady computations are made hi the context of demonstrating the use of the indicial approach for generating aerodynamic data for aeroelastic computations. By using the unsteady data generated by indicial responses, a computationally efficient approach of computing preliminary flutter boundaries is demonstrated. The effect of Mach number on the flutter boundary including the prediction of the transonic flutter speed dip is demonstrated. The flutter boundaries of transonic wings are compared with equivalent conventional wings. Characteristics of the flutter boundaries are correlated with aerodynamic flow characteristics.
Convenient Microsampling System for UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

We report here the development of a new microsampling device for UV Raman measurements which permits the use of sample volumes as small as 50 μL and which permits recirculation of the sample to minimize sample heating and the contribution of transient species. UV Raman studies with pulsed laser sources (typically ~ 10 ns duration) can cause transient heating during the laser pulse. Unless the sample is exchanged between pulses, the Raman measurements will monitor previously heated sample volumes which may contain thermally or photochemically generated transient species. Given the ~ 10 ms intervals between laser pulses, we may observe photochemically generated transient species with decay times longer than ~ 1 ms. In addition, the long thermal diffusion times which exist for typical samples will result in the significant heating of a static illuminated sample volume.
The riboflavin requirement of the growing Mongolian gerbil

Abstract Growing gerbils fed a riboflavin-deficient diet showed decreased growth rate and severely depressed urinary excretion, but no observable eye, skin, or neuromuscular changes. Pair-fed animals also grew less well than controls. Growing female gerbils fed graded levels of riboflavin demonstrated slight, but not significant, growth retardation and severely decreased urinary riboflavin levels when fed 0.7 mg riboflavin per kilogram of ration. Urinary levels were sharply increased when animals were fed 3.5 mg riboflavin per kilogram of ration. In order to allow for other sources of variability, 7.0 mg per kilogram of ration is suggested as a “recommended allowance” of riboflavin in the diet of the gerbil.
Exhaustion from Explanation: Reading Czech Gender Studies in the 1990s

Frustrations attending East/West feminist dialogs in the early days of post-socialism were particularly visible in the Czech Republic. English-language publications explained why Czechs were not going to accept feminism easily, despite the growth of new gender studies centers. This article explores the works of three scholars who participated in these discussions: sociologist Marie Cermakova, philosopher and sociologist Hana Havelkova, and sociologist Jiřina Siklova. It argues that in the early to mid-1990s, Czech gender scholars' explanations of why feminism was inappropriate in the Czech context reproduced state narratives of family and gender relations from the interwar and socialist era. Feminist writings from Western Europe and the US often make explicit the contrast between state agendas and women's lives. Czech narratives of past experiences with the state, however, served as a framework for navigating the early post-socialist era.
Vertex Partitions by Connected Monochromatic k-Regular Graphs

Generalizing a result of Erdos, Gyarfas and Pyber we show that there exists a constant c such that for any integers r,k?2 and for any coloring of the edges of a complete graph with r colors, its vertices can be partitioned into at most rc(rlogr+k) connected monochromatic k-regular subgraphs and vertices. We also show that the same result holds for complete bipartite graphs, generalizing a result of Haxell.
An alternative method for reconstruction of large intranasal lining defects: the Farina method revisited.

Objective To examine use of the paramedian forehead flap for intranasal lining. Methods The medical records and photographs were reviewed for patients who underwent a nasal reconstruction involving a paramedian forehead flap used for internal lining. Results Three patients underwent this procedure. In all patients, the flap provided excellent intranasal lining. External incisions were acceptable in all the patients. Conclusions The paramedian forehead flap may be used for internal lining of large intranasal defects. An external rhinoplasty approach facilitates reconstruction.
Efficient metal removal and neutralization of acid mine drainage by crab-shell chitin under batch and continuous-flow conditions.

Abstract Crab-shell chitin was evaluated as a multifunctional substrate for treating acid mine drainage (AMD) in both batch-microcosms and continuous-flow column tests. In microcosms, crab-shell chitin was able to treat AMD from three different sites with similar results: pH increased from 3.5 to ∼7.5 within 2 days; alkalinity increased at a rate of 37.9 ± 2.2 mg CaCO3/L day; and sulfate was reduced at a rate of - 13.6 ± 2.6 mg SO 4 2 - / L day . In columns, a hydraulic retention time of 11.2 h was enough to raise the pH from 3.5 to ∼7.5. Alkalinity increased at a rate of 50 ± 20 mg CaCO3/day, and lasted throughout the duration of the test (125 days, 268 pore volumes (PV)) without showing signs of exhaustion. Metals (Al, Fe, and Mn) were completely removed for 171 PV, and geochemical modeling indicates that they likely precipitated as insoluble hydr(oxides), sulfides, and carbonates. Manganese and iron breakthroughs occurred after 174 and 234 PV, respectively, whereas aluminum breakthrough was never observed. These results demonstrate for the first time that crab-shell chitin can completely remove metals and neutralize the pH of AMD under continuous-flow conditions.
749 TURNER'S SYNDROME: THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE PHENOTYPE

Two girls with Turner's phenotype and 45 X karyotypes in perpheral blood have good sexual development including menses. Buccal smears showed Barr bodies in 1/200 and 0/200 cells. Paraovarian fibroblasts from one girl gave 45 X on 40 spreads. Ovarian biopsies on both showed fibrous gonads with sparse follicles (est. total 8000/2 ovaries). Limited studies of estrogens and gonadotropins were normal. Traditional interpretation invokes mosaicism. A better interpretation is that these girls represent an expected extreme of a spectrum; that, because both X's are active in oogenesis before meiosis (Migeon and Jelalian, Nature 269:242, 1977), the XO complement causes an increased rate of atresia of follicles from the high fetal number, but does not prevent maturation. Somatic features of Turner's syndrome - almost uniform short stature and highly variable combinations of other features-can be explained by random inactivation during embryogenesis of the only X (Gartler and Sparkes, Lancet II:411, 1963) with ensuing cell death. This has never been seen because such cells are nonviable. This hypothesis would explain the high fetal wastage yet good viability of individuals who survive embryogenesis. The predicted reduction of cell number in early embryogenesis explains the uniform short stature in survivors. If such inactivation occurs, inactivation of the second X in normal cells must be prevented by interaction between the heterochromatic X(s) and the euchromatic X.
A new Classification for some Jurassic Brachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Homolodromioidea): families GoniodromitidaeBeurlen, 1932 and Tanidromitidae new family

The Prosopidaevon Meyer, 1860, sensu lato as currently construed is too broad to be considered as a single family. A new family, Tanidromitidae, and two new genera,Sabellidromites andTanidromites, are erected to embrace several Jurassic species of brachyurans from northern Europe, based upon their possession of a unique combination of orbital and dorsal carapace characters. These revisions have also resulted in 11 new combinations. The GoniodromitidaeBeurlen, 1932, and the new family are placed within the Homolodromioidea. Members of the Tanidromitidae seem to have preferred sponge-dominated habitats and environments in which laminated limestones were deposited. Unlike other Jurassic members of the Homolodromioidea, members of the Tanidromitidae thus far have not been recovered from coral reef environments. The Tanidromitidae ranges from Middle to Late Jurassic in age and is known from Germany, Poland, and Britain. The Goniodromitidae ranged from the Jurassic to Cretaceous throughout Europe.
Fantasm: The triumph of form (an essay on the democratic sublime)

This essay attempts to counter the dreariness of postmodern critique and culture by locating the vital force of phantasy, rhetoric, argument, hope, and memory in contemporary public affairs. More particularly, it engages recent controversies about collective memory and the FDR memorial statue especially to generate a greater sensitivity to the fact that we are agents (and not just dupes) of history. The body, symbolic and material, is a core site for the history, theory, and practice of democracy, I argue, and is the hard kernel of collective identification and division. Methodologically, the essay fuses Aristotle and Lacan's ideas about phantasy as a perceptual device, which gages and creates public and personal desire, as an analytic frame for the study of public discourse.
Computer scheduling methods and their countermeasures

The simultaneous demand for computer service by members from a population of users generally results in the formation of queues. These queues are controlled by some computer scheduling method which chooses the order in which various users receive attention. The goal of this priority scheduling algorithm is to provide the population of users with a high grade of service (rapid response, resource availability, etc.(, at the same time maintaining an acceptable throughput rate. The object of the present paper is to discuss most of the priority scheduling procedures that have been considered in the past few years, to discuss in a coherent way their effectiveness and weaknesses in terms of the performance measures mentioned above, to describe what the analysis of related queueing models has been able to provide in the way of design aids, and in this last respect, to point out certain unsolved problems. In addition we discuss the countermeasures which a customer might use in an attempt to defeat the scheduling algorithm by arranging his requests in such a way that he appears as a high priority user. To the extent that we can carry out such an undertaking, the single most important value of this consolidation of the results of analysis, experimentation, and experience will be in the potential reduction of the uncertainty connected with the design of a workable service discipline.
Adsorption of Sr by immobilized microorganisms

Wastewaters from numerous industrial and laboratory operations can contain toxic or undesirable components such as metal ions, which must be removed before discharge to surface waters. Adsorption processes that have high removal efficiencies are attractive methods for removing such contaminants. For economic operations, it is desirable to have an adsorbent that is selective for the metal contaminant of interest, has high capacity for the contaminant, has rapid adsorption kinetics, can be economically produced, and can be regenerated to a concentrated waste product or decomposed to a low-volume waste. Selected microorganisms are potentially useful adsorbents for these applications because they can be inexpensive, have high selectivities, and have high capacities for adsorption of many heavy metals, which are often problems in a variety of industries.
Assessing technological forecasts for the fiber optic communications market

It is noted that a key issue in engineering management is how technological forecasting affects marketing and planning decisions. Because published market forecasts influence both supplier and customer decision making, there is a need to understand the factors influencing these forecasts. Completing the management cycle requires analysis of the results and recommendations to change the original plan. In this case, a post-audit of the forecasts was made to determine past performance. Recommendations were made to standardize the terminology so that future market forecasts could be better understood, analyzed, and post-audited. A comprehensive literature search of publicly available forecasts for the United States fiber optic communications market was made. The research indicated that two major trends within the fiber optic communications industry are expected to develop. The two major trends are continued growth and the shift of emphasis from long-haul to short-haul systems. It is concluded that growth will be driven by cost effectiveness. >
An Experimental System for Advanced Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Control

Abstract While having the potential to significantly improve heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system performance, advanced (e.g., optimal, robust and various forms of adaptive) controllers have yet to be incorporated into commercial systems. Controllers consisting of distributed proportional-integral (PI) control loops continue to dominate commercial HVAC systems. Investigation into advanced HVAC controllers has largely been limited to proposals and simulations, with few controllers being tested on physical systems. While simulation can be insightful, the only true means for verifying the performance provided by HVAC controllers is by actually using them to control an HVAC system. The construction and modeling of an experimental system for testing advanced HVAC controllers, is the focus of this article. A simple HVAC system, intended for controlling the temperature and flow rate of the discharge air, was built using standard components. While only a portion of an overall HVAC system, it is representative of a typical hot water to air heating system. In this article, a single integrated environment is created that is used for data acquisition, controller design, simulation, and closed loop controller implementation and testing. This environment provides the power and flexibility needed for rapid prototyping of various controllers and control design methodologies.
A graphical model for predicting protein molecular function

We present a simple statistical model of molecular function evolution to predict protein function. The model description encodes general knowledge of how molecular function evolves within a phylogenetic tree based on the proteins' sequence. Inputs are a phylogeny for a set of evolutionarily related protein sequences and any available function characterizations for those proteins. Posterior probabilities for each protein are used to predict the molecular function of that protein. We present results from applying our model to three protein families, and compare our prediction results on the extant proteins to other available protein function prediction methods. For the deaminase family, our method achieves 93.9% where related methods BLAST achieves 72.7%, GOtcha achieves 87.9%, and Orthostrapper achieves 72.7% in prediction accuracy.
Controlled growth of gold nanoparticles on silica nanowires

Production of gold nanoparticles with the specific goal of particle size control has been investigated by systematic variation of chamber pressure and substrate temperature. Gold nanoparticles have been synthesized on SiO2 nanowires by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Determination of particle size and particle size distribution was done using transmission electron microscopy. Average nanoparticle diameters were between 4 and 12 nm, with particle size increasing as substrate temperature increased from 573 to 873 K. A bimodal size distribution was observed at temperatures ≥723 K indicating Ostwald ripening dominated by surface diffusion. The activation energy for surface diffusion of gold on SiO2 was determined to be 10.4 kJ/mol. Particle sizes were found to go through a maximum with increases in chamber pressure. Competition between diffusion within the vapor and dissociation of the precursor caused the pressure effect.
Challenges and opportunities in conducting educational research in the computer science classroom: how to collect empirical evidence to assess whether students really learned (abstract only)

This workshop will provide CS educators with tools to conduct educational research. Primary objectives of this workshop are: (1) learn basic principles of educational research; (2) learn about educational research designs: qualitative vs. quantitative; experimental vs. quasi-experimental; case studies, survey; and (3) to practice designing research. This workshop will help participants make informed decisions when faced with limitations of educational research and collect empirical evidence about what works in the classroom. In addition, we will also discuss how to develop robust student outcome measures, such as surveys and tests.
Idle Channel Noise of Delta Modulation

The basic properties of idle channel noise in a delta modulation (\Delta M) system are determined. Analytical results are used to predict the noise waveform that the decoder will receive as well as the power level of the received noise. Experimental and computational results are in good agreement.
Sentinel nodal assessment in patients with carcinoma of the lung

Background. Assessment of sentinel nodes to predict metastases in a regional nodal basin is valuable for staging patients with melanoma and breast carcinoma. This study tested whether injection of isosulfan blue and technetium-99 could identify mediastinal sentinel nodes in patients with lung carcinoma and determine whether sentinel node histology predicts distal nodal metastases. Methods. Isosulfan blue and technetium-99 were injected into the tumor and pulmonary resection performed. The hilum and mediastinum were assessed visually and with the gamma probe, and a mediastinal nodal dissection was performed. Results. Thirty-one patients were evaluated. Three patients had positive sentinel nodes and positive distal mediastinal nodes. Twenty-two patients had negative sentinel nodes and negative distal nodes. No sentinel node was identified in 6 patients and 2 patients had two sentinel nodes. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that this rapid, simple technique can identify sentinel nodes in the mediastinum and that the sentinel node is an accurate predictor of distal nodal metastases in patients with lung cancer.