cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geochemical characterization of bentonite beds in the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian, Montana), including a new 40Ar/39Ar age

Abstract Terrestrial deposits of the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana preserve multiple bentonite beds (n ≥ 19) that reflect recurrent pyroclastic events in the Western Interior Basin. Major and trace element concentrations were determined on 27 samples derived from four bentonites using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. This study evaluates the potential for geochemically distinguishing three of these bentonite beds using a stepwise discriminant analysis of trace element concentrations. Seven elements were found sufficient to establish 100% classification in the group matrix. The elements (in order of decreasing contribution to the canonical discriminant functions) are Zr, Sc, V, Cr, U, Ga, and Th. The validity of these results is strongly supported by cross-validation methods that correctly assigned 100% of randomly-selected bentonite samples left out of the stepwise analysis to their correct bed. These findings indicate geochemical discrimination is a viable tool for correlation within the formation and suggests its application to more distant coeval strata. We also report here a new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 77.52 ± 0.19 Ma for one of the analyzed bentonite beds. This new radioisotopic age affords insights into the timing of regional eruptive events, and further constrains the age of the Two Medicine Formation and its renowned fossil resources. Finally, the inferred magmatic composition of the original ash (based on trace element compositions) from the two older bentonites beds suggest a source in the Elkhorn Mountain Volcanics whereas the younger bentonites may have been sourced from the Adel Mountain Volcanics.
Non–ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Treatment guidelines for the nurse practitioner

Purpose: To increase awareness among nurse practitioners (NPs) of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) 2002 guideline update for the diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndrome, and for secondary prevention in patients with unstable angina (UA) and non–ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Data sources: ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with UA and NSTEMI, ACC/AHA guidelines for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease, 2006 update, selected research and clinical articles. Conclusions: Recent research has shown that patients with UA/NSTEMI benefit from the routine, long-term use of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. In suitable patients, outcome is also improved by adoption of an early invasive strategy combined with aggressive medical therapy. Implications for practice: Familiarity with the patient as well as current management recommendations can improve clinical outcomes for patients with UA/NSTEMI. Thus, NPs can play a pivotal role in the management of coronary disease, both during and following an acute ischemic event.
Influence of staurosporine, nitrendipine and monooleoylglycerol on interleukin-1-induced insulin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

Abstract The monokine interleukin-1α (IL-1) induces a glucose-dependent increase in insulin secretion, an effect tentatively attributed to its ability to increase beta cell phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. In the present experiments, the effects of the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (20 nM), the calcium channel antagonist nitrendipine (5 μM), and the diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor monooleoylglycerol (MOG, 25 μM) on 40 nM IL-1-induced increments in insulin release from perifused islets and inositol phosphate levels in [3H]inositol prelabeled islets were assessed. In perifused islets, insulin secretion in response to IL-1 in the presence of 7 mM glucose averaged 313 ± 43 pg/islet/min 35–40 min after the onset of stimulation. Release from control islets perifused in the presence of 7 mM glucose alone averaged 56 ± 6 pg/islet/min at this time point. The addition of staurosporine together with IL-1 reduced insulin secretion at this time point to 88 ± 21 pg/islet/min. This level of IL-1 caused significant increases in inositol phosphate accumulation in the presence of 7 mM glucose but not 2.75 mM glucose. Staurosporine was without a significant effect on inositol phosphate accumulation in response to the monokine. In contrast, nitrendipine (5 μM) inhibited insulin release and inositol phosphate accumulation in a parallel fashion. Finally, MOG significantly amplified release to the monokine without significantly affecting its impact on inositol phosphate accumulation. Nitrendipine or staurosporine blocked this amplifying effect of MOG on secretion. These results emphasize the role of PI hydrolysis in IL-1-induced insulin secretion and suggest further that calcium influx is essential for IL-1 to fully activate both PI hydrolysis and insulin secretion.
E-speak e-xplained

HP's e-speak is an open software platform designed to simplify Internet-based e-services by making it easier for unrelated Web sites to work together.
EFFECTS OF SALT ON RESTRUCTURED BEEF

Beef muscles were reduced in size and blended with one of four mixtures (1) 1% food grade NaCl + 0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) (1F), (2) 1% laboratory grade NaCl + 0.25% STP (1L), (3) 2% food grade NaCl + 0.25% STP (2F) or (4) 2% laboratory grade NaCl + 0.25% STP (2L). The samples were converted to restructured beef steaks and evaluated at 0, 7, 14, and 56 days. Color degradation of 2F and 2L steaks was greater (P<0.05) than for 1F and 1L samples. Storage time and salt concentration were more critical than grade of salt in the reduction of color and flavor degradation.
You must be joking...: should the internet have an ON/OFF switch?

If despite your better judgment you decide to read this article, keep in mind that it was written during the summer, and this has been the hottest summer ever. To avoid such articles in the future, respond to the call below:Request for Contributions: Do you have a news-item of interest? Social gossip? Do you have a pressing question that needs a serious answer? Don't procrastinate: send me an email with "CCR" in the subject.
Total Wrist Replacement: A Retrospective Comparative Study

Purpose Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) is an evolving procedure for the treatment of arthritis of the wrist joint. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes of three different total wrist implants. Methods A retrospective review of the Biaxial, Universal 2, and Re-Motion total wrist arthroplasties was performed. Patients were evaluated for clinical outcome, radiographic analysis, review of complications (incidence and type), and conversion to wrist fusion. Patient function measures included: the Mayo wrist score, the Patient Related Wrist Evaluation, and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score. Results Forty-six wrist implants were performed in 39 patients. There were 36 rheumatoid and 10 posttraumatic cases. The average follow-up was 6 years (3.5 to 15). The total wrist inserted included 16 resectional arthroplasties (Biaxial) and 30 resurfacing designs (Universal 2 and Re-Motion). Nine implant failures were noted. Causes for arthroplasty failure included distal component implant loosening and wrist instability. Salvage procedures included revision TWA or wrist fusion. In successful cases, flexion and extension motion averaged 30 and 38 degrees, respectively, and grip strength improved by 3 kg. Mayo wrist scores, in successful cases, increased from 40 (preoperative) to 76 (postoperative). The Mayo wrist scores for posttraumatic conditions averaged 87 points versus 71 points for rheumatoid arthritis. The average DASH score for the two resurfacing designs were 20 and 37, and 48 for the resectional arthroplasty design. Discussion Total wrist replacement maintains itself and provides good pain relief and functional motion in over 80% of all cases and in 97% of resurfacing implants. Better results were correlated with improved distal component fixation and minimal resection of the distal radius. Level of Evidence Level 3 Case Control
The terpene-producing glands of a Phasmid insect. Cell morphology and histochemistry.

The defensive glands of Anisomorpha buprestoides produce the terpene toxicant anisomorphal. Each gland consists of a cuticular secretion reservoir surrounded by the secretory epithelium and the musculature which serves to compress the gland and expel the secretion. Two types of cells make up the secretory epithelium: a squamous layer next to the cuticular reservoir and a layer of larger secretory cells responsible for production of the toxicant. The microvilli-laden plasma membrane of each secretory cell is invaginated to form a central cavity. It appears that secretory products pass into the central cavity and then flow out to the gland reservoir via an efferent cuticular ductule contained within the squamous epithelial cell. Histochemical techniques demonstrate lipid reserves, carboxylic esterases, a variety of phosphatases, and an alcohol dehydrogenase, within the secretory cells. It is suggested that the lipid reserves are precursors of the terpenoid toxicant, that a mevalonic kinase has been histochemically demonstrated by the phosphatase test, and that an unusual alcohol dehydrogenase is active in the final steps of toxicant synthesis. The histochemical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that anisomorphal is produced via the mevalonic acid pathway.
Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex.

Golgi and electronmicroscopic methods were used to define the shapes and intercellular relationships of cells migrating from their sites of origin near the ventricular surface across the intermediate zone to the superficial neocortical layers of the parietooccipital region in the brains of 75- to 97-day monkey fetuses. After mitotic division in either ventricular or subventricular zones, the cells enter the intermediate zone and assume an elongated bipolar form oriented toward the cortical plate. The leading processes, 50 to 70 μ long, are irregular cytoplasmic cylinders containing prominent Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, microtubules, ribosomal rosettes, immature endoplasmic reticulum and occasional centrioles. They usually terminate in several attenuated expansions, the longest one oriented toward the cortical plate. The trailing processes are more slender, relatively uniform in caliber and display few organelles. Throughout the 3500 μ pathway across the intermediate zone the migrating cells are apposed to elongated, radially oriented, immature glial processes which span the full thickness of the cerebral wall. Most of the perikarya of these glial cells in the younger specimens lie in the ventricular or subventricular zones, but in older fetuses of this series many are found in the intermediate zone. The main characteristics of these fibers are: elongated cylindrical form contaiing numerous microtubules; electronlucent cytoplasmic matrix; short lamellate expansions protruding at right angles from the segment of the fiber which runs through the intermediate zone; and terminal endfeet joined at the pial surface to form a continuous sheet coated externally with basement membrane. It is suggested that glial radial fibers provide guidelines for cell migration through the complex mixture of closely packed cell processes and cell bodies that compose the developing cerebral wall. Strong surface affinity between radial fiber and migrating cell is suggested in regions where both follow precisely the same curving course from subventricular to intermediate zones and also in areas where large extracellular spaces separate other cells and processes but in which migrating cells and radial fibers remain closely paired nonetheless. Specific affinity between them is implied in the failure of migrating cells to follow any of the myriad differently-oriented processes they encounter. Several generations of postmitotic cells appear to migrate along the same radial fiber, a developmental mechanism that would allow for the vertical cell columns of adult neocortex.
Validating and improving elastic network models with molecular dynamics simulations.

Elastic network models (ENMs) are a class of simple models intended to represent the collective motions of proteins. In contrast to all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the low computational investment required to use an ENM makes them ideal for speculative hypothesis-testing situations. Historically, ENMs have been validated via comparison to crystallographic B-factors, but this comparison is relatively low-resolution and only tests the predictions of relative flexibility. In this work, we systematically validate and optimize a number of ENM-type models by quantitatively comparing their predictions to microsecond-scale all-atom simulations of three different G protein coupled receptors. We show that, despite their apparent simplicity, well-optimized ENMs perform remarkably well, reproducing the protein fluctuations with an accuracy comparable to what one would expect from all-atom simulations run for several hundred nanoseconds. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SU‐GG‐T‐253: Interface Dosimetry in Heterogeneous Water Phantom Using EBT Film

Purpose:Interfacedosimetry measurements in heterogeneous phantoms are subject to additional uncertainties when using solid materials due to the presence of air gaps between the materials and the detector. The use of solid materials also limits the location of dosimeters. In this study, we investigate performing interfacedosimetry using EBT film in a liquid water phantom with lung‐equivalent media inside the phantom. Method and Materials: A 6 MV 10×10 cm2 static field was measured at 90 cm SSD with an ionization chamber and EBT film placed in water. Then, interface measurements were made using EBT film or an ion chamber for a 6 MV beam of a 3×3 cm2 static field at 95 cm SSD. The heterogenous phantom consisted of a 4×4×10 cm3lung equivalent material suspended 5 cm below the water surface in 40×40×40 cm3water phantom. The phantom was CT scanned and the images were used for dose calculations. EBT film was placed perpendicular to the central axis at multiple depths and in a parallel orientation at central axis and at ±1 cm off axis. The film extended from the water surface to 12.5 cm depth. Data were averaged over multiple measurements. Film data were compared to Monte Carlo simulations and convolution/superposition calculations. Results: EBT film data obtained in both orientations in water agree, to within 2%, with ion chamber data. In the heterogeneous water phantom, a 3% agreement with Monte Carlo simulations is achieved. Large deviations with convolution and superposition calculations was observed. Conclusion: EBT film is a reliable dosimeter in water with and without the presence of heterogeneity when the film is irradiated parallel or perpendicular to central axis. The film can be used in a variety of phantoms to obtain more reliable measurements for commissioning of sophisticated dose calculations algorithms.
Infrared spectrum of the ionic cyclic C+5 cluster in an argon matrix

Abstract The laser vaporization of graphite produces ionic and neutral clusters of carbon. In this paper, methods are reported which help to discriminate between ionic and neutral clusters trapped in rare-gas matrices. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy is used to investigate the clusters. In an unannealed argon matrix a low-intensity band appears at 2052 cm −1 after Nd/YAG vaporization of graphite. This band grows substantially with matrix annealing. The band is shown to be caused by a positive carbon cluster ion. When a 1:1 mixture of 12 C: 13 C isotopes is substituted for the 12 C graphite rod, a total of eight isotopomeric bands is observed. Three possible geometric structures, trigonal planar C 4 , pyramidal C 4 and planar cyclic C 5 , could account for eight isotopic peaks but only planar cyclic C 5 provides an excellent fit in the normal coordinate analysis. A mechanism for the formation of cyclic C + 5 from C + 3 and C 2 is suggested. Finally, a conjecture is made on the formation of larger carbon clusters via addition of C 2 and C 3 clusters to the C + 5 ring, leading to the corannulene radical and possibly to the fullerenes.
Response dynamics of bluff-body stabilized conical premixed turbulent flames with spatial mixture gradients

Abstract Response of bluff-body stabilized conical turbulent premixed flames was experimentally studied for a range of excitation frequencies (10–400 Hz), mean flow velocities (5, 10 and 15 m/s) and three different spatial mixture distributions (uniform, inner and outer enrichment). Upstream excitation was provided by a loudspeaker producing velocity oscillation amplitudes of about 8% of the mean flow velocity. Flame response was detected by a photomultiplier observing the CH ∗ emission from the flame. The studied turbulent flames exhibited transfer function characteristics of a low-pass filter with a cutoff Strouhal number between 0.08 and 0.12. The amplification factors at low frequencies ranged from 2 to 20 and generally increased for mean flow velocities from 5 to 15 m/s. The highest levels of amplification were found for the outer mixture enrichment followed in decreasing order by uniform and inner mixture gradient cases. The high levels of flame response for the outer enrichment case were attributed to the enhanced flame–vortex interaction in outer jet shear layer. At high excitation levels ( u ′ / U m ≈ 0.3 ) for U m = 5 m / s where non-linear flame response is expected, the flame exhibited a reduced amplitude response in the frequency range between 40 and 100 Hz for the uniform and outer equivalence ratio gradient cases and no discernible effect for the inner equivalence ratio gradient. In all cases, transfer function phase was found to vary linearly with excitation frequency. Finally, a relationship between the amplitude characteristics of the bluff-body wake transfer function and flame blowoff equivalence ratio was presented.
Mentoring as an HRD Approach: Effects on Employee Attitudes and Contributions Independent of Core Self-Evaluation.

Mentoring as a form of strategic human resource management is an interesting addition to the HRD literature because it provides a mechanism of change for individual employees. Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of mentoring to both the employee and the firm; yet, a recent review of mentoring research argues that mentoring has less effect on important job-related outcomes than some characteristics of the individual being mentored. While individual characteristics such as personality and core self-evaluation are good predictors of job-related attitudes and performance, they can’t be acted on in an HRD capacity. The firm can, however, improve the quality of its human resources by taking actions that foster an environment for mentoring to flourish. The current research developed a model to examine whether efforts to reduce barriers and encourage mentoring can, in fact, lead to individual and organizational benefits like greater job, career, and coworker satisfaction; more organizational commitment; and higher performance and competency, and if these effects are independent of core self-evaluations. Data from 121 supervisors and 632 employees in a Fortune 500 insurance firm were subjected to linear structural relations (LISREL) analysis. Results demonstrated that while both mentoring and core self-evaluation had positive and independent relationships with job and organizational attitudes, only mentoring had a statistically reliable relationship with supervisors’ reports of employee contributions. The findings suggest that the individual and organizational benefits of mentoring are important outcomes of a strong strategic HRD system.
PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO PBDES AND NEURODEVELOPMENT

BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used flame retardant compounds that are persistent and bioaccumulative and therefore have become ubiquitous environment contaminants. Ani...
Teacher Training and Transitions in Rural Indonesian Schools: A Case Study of Bogor, West Java.

As one of the world's largest and most diverse countries, Indonesia faces an enormous challenge as it seeks to upgrade the skills and knowledge of its widespread primary teacher workforce. This challenge is even more acute in remote rural areas, where practising teachers require specialized training to work in classrooms with children of different ages and grades. Yet, due to their remote locations, these teachers have little access to training opportunities, and teacher educators have few opportunities to assess their needs. To explore training needs and instructional strategies employed by rural teachers, we conducted a case study of nine rural schools in the district of Bogor, West Java. We interviewed headmasters and teachers in these schools, instructors at a major Indonesian university, and a district official. We found that while rural teachers generally consider their training to be helpful, they receive little guidance to help them manage and teach large multigrade classes. As a result, pedagogic...
Inhibition of Host Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factor 6 Results in Cure With Cyclophosphamide and Interleukin 12 Immunotherapy

Interleukin (IL)-12 immunotherapy is highly effective against established immunogenic tumors. However, nonimmunogenic tumors fail to respond to IL-12 therapy. Analysis of tumor rejection of the immunogenic tumors shows that a preexisting antitumor immune response is required for an effective IL-12 response. It is not known whether this lack of a preexisting host antitumor immune response is a limiting factor for the lack of response to IL-12 therapy by nonimmunogenic tumors. Experiments were done using the spontaneously arising nonimmunogenic metastatic murine breast 4T1 carcinoma in normal and STAT6 knockout BALB/c mice. 4T1 is nonimmunogenic in normal mice, and established subcutaneous tumors are resistant to immunotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cy) plus IL-12. However, in STAT6 knockout mice, 4T1 becomes immunogenic, and established 4T1 tumors are eradicated by Cy plus IL-12. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from normal mice into STAT6 knockout mice before tumor inoculation reduces both the immunogenicity and response to Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy of 4T1 in the recipient mice. Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy can eradicate nonimmunogenic tumors as long as a preexisting immunity is established in the tumor-bearing host. Furthermore, the STAT6 pathway is likely involved in the suppression of the development of host antitumor immunity.
Medullary sites mediating some abdominal vagal reflexes in the ferret using [14C]2-deoxyglucose

Abstract The central projections of some abdominal visceral afferents passing through the vagal communicating branch were studied in anesthetized ferrets using [ 14 C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. The reflex effects of electrical stimulation of the vagal communicating branch were studied while measurements of jejunal motor activity and transmural potential difference, a marker of electrogenic epithelial transport were made concurrently. The aim of this study was to examine brainstem projections of some afferent fibers in the communicating branch of the thoracic vagus nerve that are necessary for the reflex regulation of small intestinal motor activity and epithelial transport. In urethane-anesthetized ferrets, electrical stimulation of the cur central end of the vagal communicating branch increased jejunal motor activity and electrogenic epithelial transport. In addition, glucose utilization in the left medial sub-nucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus was significantly increased as compared with sham-operated non-stimulated control animals. Identical areas on the contralateral side of the brain showed no change in glucose utilization as compared with sham-operated non-stimulated controls. This functional brain-mapping study strongly suggests that the left medial sub-nucleus tractus solitarius and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, in the ferret, are involved in processing alimentary affrent activity from both the small intestinal musculature and epithelium as well as the reflex changes in efferent vagal nerve activity to the same regions of the alimentary tract.
345. MRI study of the cingulate cortex in bipolar disorder patients

have reduced gray matter content compared to healthy controls. 7 DSM-IV drug-free (age 5 37.4 6 6.3) and 16 lithium-treated (age 5 34.6 6 9.1) bipolar patients, and 16 healthy controls (age 5 36.1 6 9.3) were recruited. A 1.5T GE Signa magnet with 5.4.3 software (General Electrics, INC. Milwaukee, WI) was used. 3D gradient echo imaging (SPGR) was performed in the coronal plane (TR 5 25 ms, TE 5 5 ms, slice thickness 5 1.5 mm). Image analysis was conducted blindly with the Scion Image software. Drug-free bipolar patients had significantly reduced gray matter content in DLPC compared to healthy controls bilaterally (Left: mean 5 61.57 6 3.54 ml and 67.31 6 3.95 ml, respectively; t-test 5 3.30, p 5 0.003. Right: mean 5 55.08 6 5.88 ml and 62.03 6 7.02 ml, respectively; t-test 5 2.28, p 5 0.033), while lithium-treated bipolar patients did not differ significantly (Left: mean 5 65.51 6 4.30 ml; t-test 5 1.35, p 5 0.19. Right: mean 5 55.78 6 5.38 ml; t-test 5 1.47, p 5 0.15). The gray matter content in the left DLPC was inversely correlated with age in bipolar patients (r 5 20.541, p 5 0.017), but not in healthy controls (r 5 20.170, p 5 0.53). This study demonstrated a decrease in gray matter content in DLPC in unmedicated bipolar patients. As the values for lithium-treated individuals were similar to healthy controls, these findings are consistent with the possibility that chronic lithium treatment may correct abnormalities in gray matter content in this brain region.
Preoptic implants of estradiol increase wheel running but not the open field activity of female rats.

Abstract In order to localize the neural substrate for estrogen induction of increases in activity, bilateral implants of dilute estradiol (in concentrations of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:250) were made into the medial preoptic area (n=5), the anterior hypothalamus (n=8), the ventromedial hypothalamus (n=6), and the posterior hypothalamus (n=4) of ovariectomized female rats housed in running wheels. The same animals were also tested for open field activity and lordosis. The preoptic area was the most effective site tested for estrogenic stimulation of running wheel activity, with 3 5 animals responding consistently to estradiol application. 3 8 animals with cannulae in the anterior hypothalamus (AHA) responded with increased in activity measured in the running wheel on at least two out of three estradiol treatments. No animals with cannula placements posterior to the AHA exhibited consistent running wheel responses to estradiol. No estrogen-induced increase in open field activity was found, regardless of cannula location or concentration of estradiol; however, there was a tendency for the number of squares entered during the later tests to decrease in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus group and in the subgroup of animals not showing estrogen-sensitive wheel running in the anterior hypothalamic area group. Only the ventromedial hypothalamic estradiol treatments stimulated lordosis behavior. These results support earlier reports suggesting that the medial preoptic area (and possibly the adjacent anterior hypothalamic area) is the critical brain site for estrogenic stimulation of running wheel activity. Since estradiol treatments effective in stimulating running in an activity wheel did not increase locomotion in the open field, it is possible that estrogen effects on open field measures of activity are regulated separately.
Outcome and long-term follow-up of 20 horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction: a retrospective study (2000-2008).

Summary Reasons for performing study: If untreated, caecal impaction may progress to rupture of the caecum and reports of longterm outcome for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction are required. Objectives: To describe short- and long-term complication rates for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction in an otherwise life-threatening gastrointestinal condition. Methods: Case records were reviewed for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction. Horses were included in the study if an abnormally large, fluid-distended or feedimpacted caecum was the primary diagnosis at surgery and excluded if the caecum had already ruptured upon opening the abdomen, necessitating euthanasia. Short-term follow-up data were obtained from clinical records; and included complications, repeat celiotomy and survival to discharge. Long-term survival was defined as survival for >1 year post operatively. Long-term follow-up data were obtained through telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinary surgeons. Survival, occurrence of post operative colic and subsequent use of the horse were recorded. Results: Twenty horses underwent surgery for caecal impaction: 16 horses underwent caecal bypass (typhlotomy and removal of caecal contents, ileal transection followed by ileocolostomy); 3 underwent typhlotomy alone; and one horse underwent typhlotomy followed by a second procedure where caecal bypass was performed. Five horses (25%) were admitted for colic evaluation with primary caecal impactions, in 10/20 (50%) of cases the impaction was secondary to previous orthopaedic surgery and in 5/20 (25%) caecal impaction was identified at repeat celiotomy following a previous colic surgery. Sixty-five percent (13/20) of horses survived to discharge; 11/13 (85%) of horses discharged survived long term; 100% (3/3) horses that received
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Current State and Future Directions

Substantial improvements have been made in the management of metastatic colorectal cancer over the last two decades. The overall survival of patients diagnosed with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer has increased from approximately 1 year during the era of fluoropyrimidine monotherapy to more than 30 months with the integration of multiple cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies. More effective therapeutic combinations have increased the rate of curative-intent surgical resections, resulting in median survival in this subgroup that exceed 5 years. Here we review the landscape of systemic therapies for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer during the current era of targeted therapies, review the effects of RAS and BRAF mutations on clinical decision making, and reflect on future directions for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
An aperture-coupled patch antenna in RFIC package for 60 GHz applications

This paper presents an aperture-coupled patch antenna integrated in the RFIC package environment for 60 GHz applications. The package is based on multilayer organic technology, so it can be fabricated by PCB manufacturers. The antenna has at least 6 dBi gain at the 60 GHz band.
Tm fiber laser mode-locked at large normal dispersion

We demonstrate a mode-locked Tm fiber laser at large normal dispersion, generating 0.4 nJ pulses dechirping to 470 fs. The dispersion is controlled in an all fiber format.
Mauna Loa's submarine western flank: Landsliding, deep volcanic spreading, and hydrothermal alteration

Four new remotely operated vehicle dives carried out by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) reveal a heterogeneous distribution of lithologies and compositions along a transect across the submarine west flank of Mauna Loa, from the outer scarp of the frontal bench to the upper flank. The frontal bench is composed predominantly of volcaniclastic sediments, ranging from very fine-grained monomictic hyaloclastites to coarse-grained, compositionally mixed volcaniclastic breccias. The predominance of subaerially derived clasts suggests accumulations of landslide deposits, probably emplaced along a regional shear plane preserved in cataclastic breccias with local foliations and grain trails. Repeated packages of inversely graded strata are interpreted to reflect thrust imbrication of the resulting volcaniclastic apron during volcanic spreading of Mauna Loa's western flank, similar to that now documented along Kīlauea's south flank. Many of the rocks from the bench show evidence for alteration, ranging from low-grade burial diagenesis to higher-grade hydrothermal alteration, including phases never before observed in submarine Hawaiian rocks, including epidote, talc, sphene, and corrensite. Alteration is concentrated in deformed zones, denoting pathways for fluid flow into or out of the volcanic edifice. Formed at depth, the altered rocks were subsequently transported along low-angle thrust faults into the bench and exposed along high-angle fractures and faults. The upper submarine flanks are draped by subaerially erupted, submarine emplaced pillow lavas and interbedded hyaloclastites, generated by shoreline-crossing lava flows. Basalt glasses indicate Mauna Loa origin but imply earlier compositions than present-day lavas, consistent with Ar-Ar ages suggesting eruption 0.28 ± 0.10 Ma. Late stage detachment of a nearshore slump produced the 'Ālika 2 debris avalanche that broke through the frontal bench, perhaps portending the evolution of the active Hilina slump now present on Kīlauea volcano's south flank.
An open trial of aripiprazole for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients

Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients, and to examine differential responses based on delirium subtypes.Method:We conducted an analysis of 21 hospitalized cancer patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) who had been evaluated and treated for delirium with aripiprazole, using an MSKCC Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved Clinical Delirium Database. Measures used were the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS), the Karnofsky Scale of Performance Status (KPS), and side effect rating at baseline (T1), 2–3 days (T2), and 4–7 days (T3). All measurements were integrated into the routine clinical care of patients. Doses of aripiprazole were adjusted based on clinical response.Results:Patients treated for delirium with aripiprazole experienced significant improvement and resolution of delirium, with MDAS scores declining from a mean of 18.0 at baseline (T1) to mean of 10.8 at T2 and a mean of 8.3 at T3. KPS scores improved from 28.1 at baseline (T1) to 35.2 at T2 and 41 at T3. Delirium resolved (based on MDAS < 10) in 52.4% of cases at T2 and in 76.2% at T3. The mean dosage of aripiprazole required was 18.3 mg (range of 5–30) daily at T3. In our cohort of patients with hypoactive delirium, we observed a delirium resolution rate of 100% compared to the cohort of patients with hyperactive delirium (58.3% rate of delirium resolution). MDAS scores improved from 15.6 at T1 to 5.7 at T3 in hypoactive delirium and from 19.9 at T1 to 10.2 at T3 in hyperactive delirium. In patients with pre-morbid cognitive deficits and the hyperactive subtype of delirium, we observed a more limited treatment response to aripiprazole treatment for delirium. There were no clinically significant side effects noted.Significance of results:Aripiprazole is effective and safe in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. These preliminary finding suggest that aripiprazole may be most effective in resolving delirium of the hypoactive subtype.
New Combinations in North American Rosulabryum (Bryopsida, Bryaceae)

For the Flora of North America Project, five species are transferred to Rosulabryum J. R. Spence (Bryaceae). Two weedy European species, Bryum bornholmense Winkelmann & R. Ruthe and B. rubens Mitten, are transferred based on morphology and recent molecular results, as R. bornholmense (Winkelmann & R. Ruthe) J. R. Spence and R. rubens (Mitten) J. R. Spence. The western North American endemics B. erythroloma (Kindberg) Syed and B. gemmascens Kindberg are also transferred to Rosulabryum, as R. erythroloma (Kindberg) J. R. Spence and R. gemmascens (Kindberg) J. R. Spence. Finally, the rare eastern North American Brachymenium andersonii H. A. Crum is transferred to Rosulabryum as R. andersonii (H. A. Crum) J. R. Spence. In all, 13 species of Rosulabryum are found in North America north of Mexico. A key to the species is included.
A Conserved Telomerase Motif within the Catalytic Domain of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Is Specifically Required for Repeat Addition Processivity

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase responsible for the maintenance of one strand of the telomere terminal repeats. The catalytic protein subunit of the telomerase complex, known as TERT, possesses a reverse transcriptase (RT) domain that mediates nucleotide addition. The RT domain of TERT is distinguishable from retroviral and retrotransposon RTs in having a sizable insertion between conserved motifs A and B', within the so-called fingers domain. Sequence analysis revealed the existence of conserved residues in this region, named IFD (insertion in fingers domain). Mutations of some of the conserved residues in Saccharomyces cerevisiae TERT (Est2p) abolished telomerase function in vivo, testifying to their importance. Significant effects of the mutations on telomerase activity in vitro were observed, with most of the mutants exhibiting a uniform reduction in activity regardless of primer sequence. Remarkably, one mutant manifested a primer-specific defect, being selectively impaired in extending primers that form short hybrids with telomerase RNA. This mutant also accumulated products that correspond to one complete round of repeat synthesis, implying an inability to effect the repositioning of the DNA product relative to the RNA template that is necessary for multiple repeat addition. Our results suggest that the ability to stabilize short RNA-DNA hybrids is crucial for telomerase function in vivo and that this ability is mediated in part by a more elaborate fingers domain structure.
Every birth a healthy birth

Progress in understanding and combating pneumonia, diarrhea, and other childhood illnesses has substantially reduced the percentage of children who die worldwide <5 years of age. But child mortality will remain unacceptably high without major research and implementation advances against what has increasingly become a leading cause of death among children: premature birth.
Implementation of digital PID controllers for DC-DC converters using digital signal processors

Implementation of digital PID controllers for DC-DC converters is discussed in this paper. The primary advantages of digital control over analog control are higher immunity to environmental changes such as temperature and aging of components, increased flexibility by changing the software, more advanced control techniques and reduced number of components. Analog PID and PI controllers were first designed using frequency response techniques, then converted into digital controllers. Digital PID and PI controllers are then implemented using digital signal processors (DSPs). Two possible choices of DSPs are introduced. The first one is the TMS320F2812 DSP from Texas Instrument, and the second one is the Si8250 digital power controller from silicon laboratories. Main features and development tools for both DSPs are introduced. Digital PID and PI controllers were implemented on the TI TMS320F2812 DSP. Experimental results for a prototype buck converter are presented.
Environmentally benign atom transfer radical polymerization: Towards “green” processes and materials

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a metal complex-catalyzed method of controlled radical polymerization that has been successfully employed to prepare a multitude of well-defined functional polymeric materials. The environmental aspects of ATRP that are reviewed in this work include (i) methods for catalyst removal and its potential further recycling, (ii) development of active ATRP catalysts that can be used at low concentration, (iii) conducting ATRP in environmentally friendly media (water, supercritical carbon dioxide, and ionic liquids), and (iv) application of ATRP to the production of advanced materials such as self-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and (bio)degradable polymers.
VLSI process monitoring system

The authors describe the development and implementation of an in-situ continuous monitoring system for B/323, a VLSI manufacturing line. B/323 is a Class 10 facility with 132000 sq. ft. of VLF cleanroom surrounded by a Class 10 K controlled perimeter. The manufacturing process in B/323 consists of micron and submicron semiconductor technologies. These technologies require defect densities of less than one particle/wafer/process. These requirements can only be maintained by an in-situ continuous monitoring system at the point of distribution and the point of use. This monitoring system will give the controls needed to control and eliminate process contamination caused by room environment, process liquids, and gases. >
‘Sons of the Soil’ and Contemporary State Making: autochthony, uncertainty and political violence in Africa

Abstract The employment of autochthony discourses has become a prominent feature of contemporary politics around the world. Autochthony discourses link identity and space, enabling the speaker to establish a direct claim to territory by asserting that one is an original inhabitant, a ‘son of the soil’. Drawing from recent African examples, this contribution argues that the employment of autochthony discourses is an attractive response to the ontological uncertainty around political identities within the postmodern/postcolonial condition. Autochthony discourses can resonate deeply with populations longing for a sense of primal security in the face of uncertainty generated by a variety of sources, from the processes of contemporary globalisation to the collapse of neo-patrimonial structures. Yet this sense of security is inevitably fleeting, given the instability and plasticity of autochthony claims. The contribution examines why these discourses are often characterised by violence, and argues that autochth...
Risk-Averse Two-Stage Stochastic Linear Programming: Modeling and Decomposition

We formulate a risk-averse two-stage stochastic linear programming problem in which unresolved uncertainty remains after the second stage. The objective function is formulated as a composition of conditional risk measures. We analyze properties of the problem and derive necessary and sufficient optimality conditions. Next, we construct a new decomposition method for solving the problem that exploits the composite structure of the objective function. We illustrate its performance on a portfolio optimization problem.
Relationship of Sex, Achievement, and Science Self-Concept to the Science Career Preferences of Black Students.

Science career preferences of junior high school-aged students, while not stable predictors of ultimate career choice, do serve to direct and maintain individuals along the paths to careers in science. In this study, factors relevant to science career preferences of black eighth grade students were investigated. This issue is of particular import to blacks since they are severely underrepresented in the scientific fields. The sample consisted of 113 males and 148 females in an inner city junior high school. The Science Career Preference Scale, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Self-Concept of Ability Scale (Form B-Science) were administered. Mathematics and science grades were obtained from class rating sheets. Treatment of the data involved multiple regression analysis according to a hierarchical model. Results showed that of all the independent variables, sex was the strongest predictor of science career preferences, accounting for 25% of the criterion variance. The findings suggest that early adolescent science career preferences are related more to interests that are consonant with sex-role considerations than realistic assessment of mathematics or science achievement.
Restarting Particle Filters: An Approach to Improve the Performance of Dynamic Indoor Localization

Particle filters have been found to be effective in tracking mobile targets in indoor environments. One frequently encountered problem in these settings occurs when the target's movement pattern changes unexpectedly; such as when the target turns around, enters a room from a corridor or turns left or right at an intersection. If the particle filter makes an incorrect prediction, it might not be able to recover using the normal techniques of prediction, weight update and resampling. We propose an approach to automatically restart the particle filter by sampling the latest trusted observation when the particle cloud diverges too much from the observations. The restart decision is based on Kullback-Leibler divergence between the probability surfaces associated with the current observation and the particle cloud. Through an experimental study we show that the restart algorithm allows the successful early recovery of stranded particle filters, in our scenarios providing a 36% average improvement in localization accuracy.
Climatic Presentations for Short-Range Forecasting Based on Event Occurrence and Reoccurrence Profiles

Abstract The climatology of persistency has been found to provide useful information to the short-range forecaster. This Information can be obtained directly for any given station by computer-tracing initially observed events throughout the historical records for specified time intervals and tabulating the respective probability of their reoccurrence statistics. Several investigators have suggested ways of generating conditional probabilities of an event reoccurring without resorting to such extensive computer processing. Most of these approximation procedures incorporate the assumption that the conditional-unconditional relationships are independent of the initial forecast time, ceiling category, cloud type, and station location. Research conducted on cloud ceilings at Saint Louis University has shown that these assumptions break down during instances of rare events or when the forecast ceilings under consideration are below 1000 ft. Hence, data from 15 climatically non-homogeneous stations were processe...
Cutaneous Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by diverse clinical features and autoantibodies. Lupus erythematosus includes both systemic disease (SLE), which may affect multiple organ systems, and cutaneous disease (CLE) involving the skin and mucous membranes. Cutaneous disease has been estimated to occur as the initial manifestation in 25 % of patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and in 70–80 % of patients at some point during their disease course.
Ignorance is Not Bliss: The Law of Belligerent Occupation and the U.S. Invasion of Iraq

Military planning for the 2003 invasion of Iraq focused on the quick removal of Saddam Hussein using a modest ground force. Little attention seems to have been given to such politico-strategic concerns as post-conflict stability and there is no evidence to indicate that law of war provisions governing belligerent occupation received any consideration. This oversight seems incongruous given the key U.S. role in developing these norms, substantial subsequent experience with their implementation, and the fact that Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) attorneys in Iraq took them to heart even while U.S. leadership at home avoided mentioning them. Occupation law has practical roots in Napoleon's disastrous experiences in the Peninsula Campaign as well as the U.S. Army's successful operations in Mexico in 1847-48. Americans Henry W. Halleck and Professor Francis Lieber captured lessons from these experiences, and the latter's "Code," prepared during the Civil War, provided the basis for subsequent international codification. Had modern U.S. policy-makers recognized the practical foundation of occupation law and given its requirements due weight in the invasion planning process, it is quite likely that subsequent events in Iraq would have turned out more favorably and the overall costs of the conflict would have been substantially lower.