cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of Tyrosine Kinases by Reactive Oxygen Species in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Significance and Involvement of EGF Receptor Transactivation by Angiotensin II

Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H(2)O(2) and a failure in ROS removal by scavenging systems are hallmarks of several cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. ROS act as second messengers that play a prominent role in intracellular signaling and cellular function. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), a vascular pathogen, angiotensin II, appears to initiate growth-promoting signal transduction through ROS-sensitive tyrosine kinases. However, the precise mechanisms by which tyrosine kinases are activated by ROS remain unclear. In this review, the current knowledge that suggests how certain tyrosine kinases are activated by ROS, along with their functional significance in VSMCs, will be discussed. Recent findings suggest that transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by ROS requires metalloprotease-dependent heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor production, whereas other ROS-sensitive tyrosine kinases such as PYK2, JAK2, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor require activation of protein kinase C-delta. Each of these ROS-sensitive kinases could mediate specific signaling critical for pathophysiological responses. Detailed analysis of the mechanism of cross-talk and the downstream function of these various tyrosine kinases will yield new therapeutic interventions for cardiovascular disease.
Laparoscopic surgery for diverticulitis

Background: Resection of diverticular disease may be quite challenging; the acute inflammatory process, thick sigmoid mesentery, and any associated fistula or abscess can make this procedure technically demanding. The aim of this study was to compare the results between laparoscopic and laparotomy-type resections stratified by disease severity and thereby predict outcome and possibly a subset of patients who may benefit from a laparoscopic approach. Methods: From August 1991 to December 1995, all patients with diverticular disease were classified according to a modified Hinchey classification system. The laparoscopic group included 18 patients who underwent a laparoscopic assisted colectomy, one with a loop ileostomy. The identical procedures were performed in 18 patients by laparotomy. The mean age of the two groups were 62.8 and 67.1 years, respectively (p= NS). Results: Seven of 18 patients in whom laparoscopy was attempted (38.9%) had conversion to laparotomy. Six of seven (85.7%) conversions were directly related to the intense inflammatory process. Laparoscopic treated patients with Hinchey IIa or IIb disease had a morbidity rate of 33.3% and a conversion rate of 50% while all patients with Hinchey I disease were successfully completed without morbidity or conversions to laparotomy. However, after the first four cases, the intraoperative morbidity and postoperative morbidity rates were zero and 14.3% and after ten cases they were zero and zero, respectively. Furthermore, the median length of hospitalization for Hinchey I patients after laparoscopy was 5.0 days vs 7 days after laparotomy (p < 0.05). In Hinchey IIa and IIb patients, the median length of hospitalization was almost 50% shorter with a laparoscopic approach (6 days vs 10 days, p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, laparoscopic resection of diverticulitis can be performed without additional morbidity particularly in Hinchey I patients and with a reduced length of hospitalization in patients with class I or II disease. Patients with class I disease, and after initial experience even those with class II disease, can benefit from the reduced morbidity and length of hospitalization associated with laparoscopic treatment.
Coping and quality of life in patients awaiting lung transplantation

Abstract Objective Patients with end-stage lung disease (ESLD) experience significant decrements in quality of life (QOL). Although coping strategies are related to QOL in patients with ESLD, the extent to which specific native lung disease moderates this relationship is unknown. Methods We investigated the relationship between coping, native lung disease, and QOL among 187 patients awaiting lung transplantation, including 139 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 48 with cystic fibrosis (CF). Participants completed a psychosocial battery assessing psychological QOL, physical QOL, and coping strategies. Results For both COPD and CF patients, higher levels of Active Coping ( P P P =.01) such that Active Coping was associated with better physical QOL in patients with COPD but not in patients with CF. Conclusions The relationship between coping and QOL may vary as a function of native lung disease. Patients' native disease may need to be considered in order to develop effective interventions to help patients cope successfully with ESLD.
Latent aspect rating analysis without aspect keyword supervision

Mining detailed opinions buried in the vast amount of review text data is an important, yet quite challenging task with widespread applications in multiple domains. Latent Aspect Rating Analysis (LARA) refers to the task of inferring both opinion ratings on topical aspects (e.g., location, service of a hotel) and the relative weights reviewers have placed on each aspect based on review content and the associated overall ratings. A major limitation of previous work on LARA is the assumption of pre-specified aspects by keywords. However, the aspect information is not always available, and it may be difficult to pre-define appropriate aspects without a good knowledge about what aspects are actually commented on in the reviews.In this paper, we propose a unified generative model for LARA, which does not need pre-specified aspect keywords and simultaneously mines 1) latent topical aspects, 2) ratings on each identified aspect, and 3) weights placed on different aspects by a reviewer. Experiment results on two different review data sets demonstrate that the proposed model can effectively perform the Latent Aspect Rating Analysis task without the supervision of aspect keywords. Because of its generality, the proposed model can be applied to explore all kinds of opinionated text data containing overall sentiment judgments and support a wide range of interesting application tasks, such as aspect-based opinion summarization, personalized entity ranking and recommendation, and reviewer behavior analysis.
Visual movement perception: A comparison of absolute and relative movement discrimination

It is proposed that there are two types of visual movement perception, absolute and relative. The former occurs when an object is seen to move in an otherwise homogeneous (or at least locally homogeneous) visual field. Relative judgments occur when one object is seen to move with respect to another, i.e., the separation between them is seen to change. Quantitative models for both processes are developed, and an experiment reported for which the models seem appropriate. The results appear relevant to a theory of size of length perception as well as to the general perceptual issue of absolute and relative judgments.
The Impact of Delinquency on Young Adult Sexual Risk Behaviors and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Abstract Purpose Youth in the juvenile justice system have increased sexual risk behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, research exploring the effect of self-reported delinquency on sexual risk behavior and STI is limited, and results vary depending on the populations studied. Therefore, we used nationally representative data to examine the longitudinal association between delinquent behavior, sexual risk behavior, and STI among adolescents and young adults. Methods We used a sample of 10,828 participants from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Health. Outcomes included STI and sexual risk behavior from Wave III (17–27-year-olds). Predictors for the generalized linear regression models (stratified by gender) include race, age, education, relationship status at Wave III, and delinquent behavior groups (life-course persistent, adolescence-limited, late-onset and nondelinquency). Results None of the delinquency groups were associated with young adult STI. Only life-course persistent delinquency was associated consistently with sexual risk behavior (except for condom use). The adolescence-limited and late-onset groups had limited effects on sexual risk outcomes. Conclusions Life-course persistent delinquency influences the expression of young adult sexual risk behavior. However, delinquent behavior does not predict STI in a population-based sample of youth. Programs and interventions that address the sexual health of youth need to consider the role of delinquency in shaping sexual risk behaviors, and future research should explore broader societal and environmental risk factors on STIs.
Characterization of oviductal aromatase in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens

Abstract Previous work has shown that the oviduct of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, can convert testosterone to estradiol. The present paper examines the characteristics of the aromatase responsible for this reaction and compares it with human placental aromatase. Microsomes were isolated from the oviducts, and aromatase activity was assayed by a tritiated water release method. The Km and the Vmax for androstenedione were 188.1 ± 30.2 nM and 1.42 ± 0.11 fmol of estrogen produced/min/mg protein, respectively. Using the same method, human placental aromatase had a Km of 123.0 nM and a Vmax of 113.57 fmol of estrogen produced/min/mg protein. When tested at four temperatures between 15 and 45°C, the frog enzyme showed maximum activity at 37°C. The enzyme had a broad pH optimum between 7.4 and 10.4. The aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione inhibited activity by 20% at 0.3 μM and 40% at 0.5 μM. The present study provides additional evidence that an aromatase is present in the frog oviduct. Characterization of this enzyme revealed similarities to human placental aromatase, but the specific activity was much lower in the frog oviduct.
Utility of bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill surgical patients.

Abstract Background Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is recommended to facilitate the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). It is unclear if bilateral sampling improves the accuracy of BAL. Methods Consecutive patients with clinical suspicion for VAP were analyzed. All patients underwent bilateral BAL. A threshold of >10 4 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL was diagnostic for VAP (VAP positive). Samples were concordant if the organism(s) and thresholds from both lungs were diagnostically consistent. Organisms ≤10 4 cfu/mL with growth on the contralateral sample >10 4 cfu/mL were considered false-negative samples. Results Between November 2005 and April 2006, 73 patients were considered clinically suspicious for VAP. Forty-four (60%) patients were VAP positive. Twenty-eight (64%) VAP patients had concordant samples. Overall, there were 15 false-negative samples. Sole use of the unilateral samples to guide treatment would have inappropriately directed antibiotic avoidance and/or discontinuation in 25% of VAP patients. Influence of the chest radiograph was equivocal because of the presence of bilateral infiltrates in 80% of discordant samples. Conclusions Bilateral BAL improves the accuracy of bronchoscopy in diagnosing VAP. Unilateral BAL may be insensitive in patients with clinically significant contralateral infection.
Seismic data reconstruction by inversion to common offset

Preserving amplitude information when imaging 3‐D multichannel seismic data is a challenging task. The imaging process can be described as seeking the inverse for a large matrix that relates the data to a reflectivity model. Due to irregular coverage at the surface and uneven illumination of the subsurface, the matrix is often ill‐conditioned and its coefficients are badly scaled. We present a new approach for regularizing the coverage of 3‐D surveys by partial imaging before migration. After regularization, 3‐D data become better suited for prestack migration using either “true amplitude” Kirchhoff methods or wave extrapolation techniques.Posing partial stacking before migration as an inverse problem, we develop a new optimization technique named “inversion to common offset” (ICO) that solves for optimal partial stacks from multifold 3‐D data. The inversion approach takes advantage of the redundancy of information present in multichannel recording to recover densely and regularly sampled common‐offset co...
Synthesis and characterization of in-containing colloidal quantum dots

nanospheres and quantum rods were synthesized under reflux conditions in a coordinating methyl imizadole (MeIm) solvent. The QDs were characterized by TEM, the asso ciated energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron dif fraction, and steady state UV-VIS optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Keywords: organometallic synthesis, colloidal quantum dots, indium phosphide, indium nitride, indium oxide.
Is the United States ready for QALYs

Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) are used in cost-effectiveness analyses to aid coverage and reimbursement decisions worldwide. QALYs provide a flexible and convenient metric for measuring and comparing health outcomes across diverse diseases and treatments. But their use has stirred controversy about how accurately they reflect preferences for health care and whether their use is fair. We review the debate and the use of QALYs in other countries and discuss prospects for using them in the U.S. health care system. Strict adherence to a QALY approach is likely to prove unacceptable in the United States, but a more flexible use of QALYs could be beneficial.
Modeling and Prediction of Gearbox Faults With Data-Mining Algorithms

A data-driven approach for analyzing faults in wind turbine gearbox is developed and tested. More specifically, faults in a ring gear are predicted in advance. Time-domain statistical metrics, such as jerk, root mean square (RMS), crest factor (CF), and kurtosis, are investigated to identify faulty components of a wind turbine. The components identified are validated with the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) of vibration data. Fifty neural networks (NNs) with different parameter settings are trained to obtain the best performing model. Models based on original vibration data, and transformed jerk data are constructed. The jerk model based on multisensor data outperforms the other models and therefore is used for testing and validation of previously unseen data. Short-term predictions of up to 15 time intervals, each representing 0.1 s, are performed. The prediction accuracy varies from 91.68% to 94.78%.
Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery--an S.O.S.

Health care organizations have appropriately begun to focus increased attention on the quality of medical services they provide to their patients.1 Reports from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have illustrated how frequently errors occur in our hospitals and have outlined many areas in which medical services could be improved. As long as a decade ago, the IOM was emphasizing the urgent need to monitor and improve the quality of health care in our society.2 However, it remains a challenge to decide how quality should best be defined. What is quality? The IOM has suggested that quality of care should reflect . . .
Laparoscopic surgery and the parasympathetic nervous system

Laparoscopic surgery preserves the immune system and has anti-inflammatory properties. CO2 pneumoperitoneum attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production and increases survival. We tested the hypothesis that CO2 pneumoperitoneum mediates its immunomodulatory properties via stimulation of the cholinergic pathway. In the first experiment, rats (n = 68) received atropine 1 mg/kg or saline injection 10 min prior to LPS injection and were randomization into four 30-min treatment subgroups: LPS only control, anesthesia control, CO2 pneumoperitoneum, and helium pneumoperitoneum. In a second experiment, rats (n = 40) received atropine 2 mg/kg or saline 10 min prior to randomization into the same four subgroups described previously. In a third experiment, rats (n = 96) received atropine 2 mg/kg or saline 10 min prior to randomization into eight 30-min treatment subgroups followed by LPS injection: LPS only control; anesthesia control; and CO2 or helium pneumoperitoneum at 4, 8, and 12 mmHg. In a fourth experiment, rats (n = 58) were subjected to bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy or sham operation. Two weeks postoperatively, animals were randomized into four 30-min treatment subgroups followed by LPS injection: LPS only control, anesthesia control, CO2 pneumoperitoneum, and helium pneumoperitoneum. Blood samples were collected from all animals 1.5 h after LPS injection, and cytokine levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were consistently suppressed among the saline–CO2 pneumoperitoneum groups compared to saline–LPS only control groups (p < 0.05 for all four experiments). All chemically vagotomized animals had significantly reduced TNF-α levels compared to their saline-treated counterparts (p < 0.05 for all), except among the CO2 pneumoperitoneum-treated animals. Increasing insufflation pressure with helium eliminated differences (p < 0.05) in TNF-α production between saline- and atropine-treated groups but had no effect among CO2 pneumoperitoneum-treated animals. Finally, vagotomy (whether chemical or surgical) independently decreased LPS-stimulated TNF-α production in all four experiments. CO2 pneumoperitoneum modulates the immune system independent of the vagus nerve and the cholinergic pathway.
A crack layer approach to fatigue crack propagation in high density polyethylene

Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in high density polyethylene (HDPE) is observed to occur with an accompanying layer of damage ahead of the crack tip. The crack layer theory, which accounts for the presence of both the damage and the main crack, is applied to the problem. It is observed that the kinetic behavior of HDPE under fatigue consists of three regions: initial acceleration, constant crack speed (“deceleration”), and reacceleration to failure. Within the first two regions, crack propagation appears “brittle,” while in the third region “ductile” behavior is manifested. Ultimate failure occurs via massive yielding of the unbroken ligament. Two damage mechanisms are found to be responsible for HDPE failure: formation of fibrillated voids and yielding. Both mechanisms are present throughout the entire lifetime of the crack, but the former dominates the “brittle” crack propagation region, while the latter is more prominent in the “ductile.” Throughout the analysis the resistance moment Rt is approximated as the total volume of transformed material associated with crack advance. Crack layer analysis produces a satisfactory fit of the experimental data and yields a specific enthalpy of damage, γ*, value in the 1–2 cal/g range.
Single crystal ZnSr:Mn prepared by ion implantation

Abstract Single crystal ZnS was implanted with 100 keV Mn + ions. Low-temperature ZnS:Mn emission spectra were obtained using 5 keV electrons for excitation. Phonon structure was observed in thermally annealed material, and Mn diffusion was measured using a depth-selective emission profile.
Two-Stream Instability Heating of Plasmas by Relativistic Electron Beams

We discuss the two-stream interaction of relativistic electron beams with a plasma in the nonlinear regime supported by computer simulation experiments.
A Pattern Recognition Approach to the Classification of Nonlinear Systems

A fundamental problem in system modeling and theory is the characterization of the structure of an unknown nonlinear stochastic system when only input-output measurements are available. A method of classifying nonlinear stochastic systems, using pattern recognition and a pattern vector constructed from the input-output data, is proposed for ten stated classes of low-order nonlinear systems. The method is capable of extension to additional classes of nonlinear systems. Extensive experimental results are given to show that classification of an unknown nonlinear system, with respect to basic structural properties, can be and accomplished with a very high probability of correct classification. Various applications of the classification procedure are given, particularly in the areas of systems modeling, self-organizing control systems, and learning control systems.
Benefits Evaluation of Basic Information Dissemination Services

The design and development of a library of modeling tools called ITS Options Analysis Model (ITSOAM) to evaluate the merit of intelligent transportation system (ITS) deployment elements within a benefits-cost framework are described. ITSOAM is designed as a sketch-planning tool to meet the diverse needs of New York State ITS coordinators in their economic assessment of expected user and operational benefits imputable to specific ITS elements in specific corridors. It is intended as a system assisting engineers and planners in screening worthy ITS deployments. The general modeling philosophy and framework of ITSOAM are presented, with an emphasis on the evaluation of basic information dissemination by variable message signs.
124. The multiple dimensions of schizotypy in the biological relatives of schizophrenia patients

Investigators have long sought self-report measures of personality that index genetic risk for schizophrenia. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ, Raine, 1991) is a self-report measure that assesses the nine major features of schizotypal personality disorder as defined by the DSM. In the current investigation, the SPQ, modified to include validity scales, was administered to 122 non-psychotic first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia inpatients, as well as to 75 non-psychiatric controls. The relatives endorsed more characteristics of schizotypy on all three factors of the SPQ: Social-Interpersonal (p , .002, Glass9 d 5 .59), Cognitive-Perceptual (p , .02, Glass9 d 5 .46), and Disorganized (p , .05, Glass9 d 5 .34). Social interpersonal deficits, reflected in the overall score and in subscale scores, best differentiated the relatives of schizophrenia patients from healthy controls, indicating that it may be the most important feature associated with genetic vulnerability. A principal components analysis was conducted that yielded three factors, correlating very highly with the three factor solution previously reported. Together, these data demonstrate that a multidimensional paper-and-pencil measure can identify and characterize the long documented schizotypal features in the relatives of schizophrenia patients. Thus, schizotypal characteristics revealed by this method appear to be useful for the further investigation and delineation of the schizophrenia spectrum and for broadening the heritable phenotype of schizophrenia.
Isolation of a neurotoxin with A presynaptic action from the venom of the black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans, Fabr.).

Abstract Whole venom gland homogenates from the black widow spider were fractionated by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eleven fractions were extracted from gel sections and assayed for toxicity by injection into cockroach nymphs and by application to cockroach neuromuscular preparation. One of the fractions, a slowly migrating protein with a molecular weight of 125,000, produced a slow permanent paralysis and accounted for the major action of crude venom by inducing a large transient rise in the miniature endplate potential frequency and eventual synaptic failure. A possible second neurotoxin with a different action has also been isolated.
The illusion of imperium: visual and material perspectives of colonial Louisiana

Abstract Alexandre de Batz's 1724 watercolours of Native Americans living in the Lower Mississippi Valley were part of an emerging archive of material, corporeal, and social differences in French Louisiana. While these images created and promoted a certain plan of colonization, the details of colonial materialities are illusory. Most notably, the French and their interactions with Native Americans are invisible in de Batz's artistic vision. In this paper, I explore how these watercolours influenced social and material engagements between French and Native Americans, while probing the anxieties of colonial entanglements found along the margins of de Batz's paintings.
SU-E-T-112: Experimental Characterization of a Novel Thermal Reservoir for Consistent and Accurate Annealing of High-Sensitivity TLDs.

Purpose: To develop and characterize a novel thermal reservoir for consistent and accurate annealing of high‐sensitivity thermoluminescencedosimeters (TLD‐100H) for dosimetry of brachytherapy sources. Methods: The sensitivity of TLD‐100H is about 18 times that of TLD‐100 which has clear advantages in for interstitial brachytherapy sources. However, the TLD‐100H requires a short high temperatureannealing cycle (15 min.) and opening and closing the oven door causes significant temperature fluctuations leading to unreliable measurements. A new thermal reservoir made of aluminum alloy was developed to provide stable temperature environment in a standard hot air oven. The thermal reservoir consisted of a 20 cm × 20 cm × 8 cm Al block with a machine‐milled chamber in the middle to house the aluminumTLD holding tray. The thermal reservoir was placed inside the oven until it reaches thermal equilibrium with oven chamber. The temperatures of the oven chamber, heat reservoir, and TLD holding tray were monitored by two independent thermo‐couples which interfaced digitally to a control computer. A LabView interface was written for monitoring and recording the temperatures in TLD holding tray, the thermal reservoir, and oven chamber. The temperature profiles were measured as a function of oven‐door open duration. The settings for oven chamber temperature and oven door open‐close duration were optimized to achieve a stable temperature of 240 0C in the TLD holding tray. Complete temperature profiles of the TLDannealing tray over the entire annealing process were obtained. Results: A LabView interface was written for monitoring and recording the temperatures in TLD holding The use of the thermal reservoir has significantly reduced the temperature fluctuations caused by the opening of oven door when inserting the TLD holding tray into the oven chamber. It has enabled consistent annealing of high‐sensitivity TLDs.Conclusions: A comprehensive characterization of a custom‐built novel thermal reservoir for annealing high‐sensitivity TLD has been carried out. It enabled consistent and accurate annealing of high‐ sensitivity TLDs which could significantly improve the efficiency of brachytherapy source characterizations. Supported in part by NIH grant R01‐CA134627
The MESSENGER mission to Mercury: Status after the Venus flybys

Abstract NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft, launched on 3 August 2004, is well into its voyage to initiate a new era in our understanding of the terrestrial planets. The mission, spacecraft, and payload are designed to answer six fundamental questions regarding the innermost planet during three flybys and a one-year-long, near-polar-orbital observational campaign. The cruise phase to date has been used to commission the spacecraft and instruments and begin the transition to automated use of the instruments with on-board, time-tagged commands. An Earth flyby one year after launch, a large propulsive maneuver in December 2005, and Venus flybys in October 2006 and June 2007 began the process of changing MESSENGER's heliocentric motion. The second Venus flyby was also used to complete final rehearsals for Mercury flyby operations in January 2008 while coordinating observations with the European Space Agency's Venus Express mission. The upcoming Mercury flyby will be the first since that of Mariner 10 in 1975. Along with the second and third MESSENGER flybys in October 2008 and September 2009, that flyby will provide images of the hemisphere of Mercury never seen before by spacecraft as well as the first high-resolution information on Mercury's surface mineralogy. These three flybys, interspersed with deep space maneuvers, finish adjusting the spacecraft motion sufficiently for Mercury orbit injection to follow in March 2011. In the orbital phase, the spacecraft's nominal periapsis latitude of 60 ∘ N will gradually drift northward as the periapsis altitude of 200 km gradually drifts upward due to solar gravitational perturbations. The 12-h period and 80 ∘ inclination are maintained while the altitude is readjusted downward to 200 km every Mercury revolution about the Sun. The profile enables mapping of the entire planet and acquiring detailed elemental and topographic data over the northern hemisphere. After conclusion of the nominal mission in March 2012, an additional year of data analysis and archiving is planned before the conclusion of the MESSENGER project. To broaden scientific participation in the mission, NASA has established a Participating Scientist Program, bringing a full complement of international scientific researchers into the mission. The MESSENGER team is also continuing its informal interaction with members of the BepiColombo project to maximize the overall scientific return from both missions.
Isolation and Characterization of Caseins from Rat Milk

Abstract Whole rat casein, precipitated from milk at pH 4.0, was resolved into three major fractions on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose at pH 7 in the presence of urea and mercaptoethanol. Each fraction, upon further analysis, appeared to consist of at least two closely related components. The minimum molecular weights of these major casein fractions, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, were approximately 25,500, 21,500, and 20,000. Under the usual dissociating conditions of sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, the 20,000 dalton fraction occurs as a dimer of 40,000 daltons which slowly dissociates into the monomer. The 21,500 dalton fraction is sensitive to proteolytic attack at pH 6.6 by the milk-clotting enzyme chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4). The various casein components were characterized further by starch gel electrophoresis, phosphorus, and sialic acid content, amino acid analysis, carbon-terminal group determination, and nitrogen-terminal sequence analysis. The 25,500 dalton component exhibits homology with β -casein from other species.
Cognitive Dissonance May Enhance Sympathetic Tonus, but Attitudes Are Changed to Reduce Negative Affect Rather than Arousal

Abstract An experiment was conducted using a novel misattribution source to investigate the motivational state underlying dissonance-induced attitude change. Misattribution sources associated in the past with negative experiences (e.g., a pill) have been criticized as negatively biasing subjects' interpretation of their dissonance arousal. However, prism goggles, which were used in place of an “experimental pill” as the misattribution source in the present research, were found in pilot testing to be novel, affectively neutral, and affectively malleable. Subjects wore prism goggles for 3 min and were informed that the goggles may have the delayed side-effect of making them feel pleasantly excited (positive hedonic state) or tense (negative hedonic state). Subsequently, subjects agreed to write a counterattitudinal essay under conditions of high or low choice. Results revealed that the frequency of nonspecific skin conductance responses was higher for subjects in the high-choice than low-choice conditions only during the critical postdecision period. In addition, dissonance arousal, as indexed by this physiological measure, was equal for subjects in the high-choice/positive-cue and high-choice/negativecue conditions. The analysis of attitude change revealed the predicted main effect for Choice and and the Cue × Choice interaction: Subjects in the high-choice/positive-cue condition exhibited greater attitude change than subjects in the remaining conditions. These data suggest that although cognitive dissonance may increase sympathetic activity, people in a dissonant state change their attitudes in order to reduce the unpleasant state rather than the “arousal” state induced by cognitive dissonance.
PHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTOPHYSICAL STUDIES ON CHEMICALLY AMPLIFIED RESISTS

Photolysis of triphenylsulfonium salts in solution or polymer films gives 2-, 3- and 4-phenylthiobiphenyl isomers by an in-cage reaction, whereas diphenylsulfide and other aromatic photoproducts are formed by cage-escape reactions with solvent. The cage and escape reactions both generate acid, which is the primary initiator for many chemically amplified resists. Photo-CIDNP has been used to characterize the cage and escape reactivity of radical intermediates formed from photolysis of triphenylsulfonium salts. In addition nanosecond laser flash photolysis studies have found key intermediates in the direct and triplet sensitized photolysis of these salts. The photophysics of a number of aromatic polymers was examined to understand how the polymer participates in the photoinitiation process. The polymer fluorescence was quenched by sulfonium salts in solution by a dynamic mechanism, whereas in polymer films the quenching was by a static mechanism. Fluorescence lifetimes for the polymers, estimated from the quenching plots in solution, were relatively short, 4-8 nsec and the values agreed well with those obtained by time-resolved spectroscopy.
Multiplication of aster yellows virus in in vitro preparations of insect tissues.

Abstract Nymphs of aster leafhoppers were allowed to feed for 2 days on diseased plants of China aster to acquire aster yellows virus. No virus was recovered when juices of these leafhoppers were injected into virus-free leafhoppers on the following day. However, virus was recovered by the same injection method after the nymphs had been cut into pieces and their living tissues incubated for 10 days in a suitable medium in hanging drops. This experiment demonstrated that aster yellows virus could complete its incubation not only in vectors feeding on a constant supply of fresh plant food, but also in insect tissues in vitro . The experiment provided additional evidence for multiplication of this plant virus in the tissues of its insect vector.
Time perception differences in children with and without ADHD.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare time perception in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with use of a time reproduction task. Methods: The sample consisted of 60 children (30 with ADHD and 30 without ADHD) ranging in age from 9 to 12 years. Children were asked to watch a light, verbally estimate how long the light was illuminated, and hold a lever in a depressed position for the same amount of time they thought the light was on. Each child participated in 16 trials of 3, 6, 12, or 24 seconds for a total of 64 trials. Results: Children with ADHD had significantly greater absolute discrepancy scores on the time reproduction task (F 1,58 = 10.878; P 3,174 = 82.08; P Discussion: Poor time perception affects the performance of social skills and other adaptive behaviors such as health consciousness and concerns for safety. The findings of this study indicate that children with ADHD have impaired time perception compared with children who do not have ADHD. J Pediatr Health Care. (2003). 17, 64-71.
Opticians as astronauts

One of the most useful tasks to be carried out at the Space Station will be the making of large precision telescopes. It will become possible to assemble optics bigger than can be launched in one piece. A further step would be to take advantage of extraordinarily favorable conditions in space for testing and even manufacturing optics. In this short paper, these two aspects are considered.
The determination of the crystalline content of glass-ceramics

The determination of the crystalline content of glass-ceramic materials is complicated by small crystal size (0.1 to 20μm) as well as by variable crystal composition and morphology. Electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and chemical separation techniques for quantitative crystallinity determinations can give equally valid results. Electron microscopy, however, is more universal in its application, since identification and synthesis or insolubility of the crystals are not important factors in quantitative results. Replica and transmission electron microscopy are used to determine the crystalline content of complex polycrystalline glass-ceramics. These techniques involve preparation of replicas of selectively etched surfaces as well as thin sections less than 0.1μm thick. The X-ray diffraction peak-intensity procedure for quantitative crystallinity analysis is demonstrated in glass-ceramics exhibiting extensive crystal solid solution. Chemical separation techniques for quantitatively distinguishing between glass and crystalline phases corroborate electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results.
Five Cases of DeMyer Sequence: An Interophthalmic Dysplasia

Abstract Five cases with vomero-septal-prolabium agenesis, four with premaxillary agenesis, and one with hemipremaxillary agenesis are presented. All five patients had complete clefts of the secondary palate. No known family history for craniofacial dysmorphia was reported. Height and weight ranged from 2nd to 10th centile. Psychological testing showed intelligent quotients of 121, 93, 72 for three patients; two were microcephalic with undetermined IQ, but severe generalized developmental delay. CT scans for the patient with the IQ of 72 and for one of the two microcephalic subjects showed normal brain structures. The other microcephalic patients had midline prosencephalic dysgenesis. Cephalometric analysis of the cranial base and interorbital dimension using normal standards and self indexing showed hypotelorism and small anterior cranial bases to be apparently related to reduced size of the sphenoid. An intact ethmoid, nasal bone, and crista galli appear to represent key anatomic differences in these pa...
A note on prime ideals which test injectivity

(1987). A note on prime ideals which test injectivity. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 471-478.
Limiting Processes in the Formal Theory of Scattering

The equivalence of different formal limiting processes employed in the theory of scattering is discussed by comparing the integral equations which hold for finite values of the parameter.
Righteous Violence: Revolution, Slavery, and the American Renaissance

In Righteous Violence, Larry J. Reynolds deftly elaborates how authors of the American Renaissance struggled to reconcile their literary imaginations with antebellum political violence and the subs...
The Civil Advocate and the Multifaceted Functions of Dispute Settlement—Some Domestic and Cross‐cultural Perspectives

"The Zeal of the Civil Advocate" is a valuable contribution to legal literature. Professor Schwartz identifies a vulnerable issue in chastising the legal profession for not distinguishing between the roles and responsibilities attributed to criminal advocates and those attributed to civil advocates. His observation that we too often use examples from criminal practice to justify the responsibilities of civil advocates is a valid criticism. I write not to disagree with points Schwartz has made but to explicate a few points he has not made that I believe to be relevant to the topic. Schwartz's conclusion that civil advocates should be held morally accountable for legal but immoral professional tactics and for such ends sought by their clients rests, at least in part, on his preliminary findings that "the criminal defense lawyer is not an appropriate model for the lawyer who engages in civil litigation" and that "the rules of behavior for civil litigators should be drawn with the primary objective of ascertaining truth." I regard both of these subordinate conclusions as correct but incomplete. While criminal litigation and civil litigation do differ in function, as Schwartz contends, their differences are not as clearly defined as Schwartz would have us believe, and if the moral accountability of the criminal defense lawyer is less than that of the civil litigator, it is due more to peculiar constitutional provisions and interpretations in the United States than to inherent differences between criminal and civil trials. Anthropological studies contain several illustrations of cultures in which the criminal and civil processes are combined. Among the Ifugao of Northern Luzon, "there can be no criminal acts."' While both violations of contract and other wrongs and injuries are subject to penalties, "the responsibility for initiating any prosecution rests with the aggrieved; any damages, penal assessments, or physical punishment inflicted upon the defendant are im-
Surgical salvage after radiation for laryngeal cancer.

From January, 1962, through December, 1973, 1,084 patients with cancer of the intrinsic larynx were treated at the Mayo Clinic. of the 1,084 patients, 136 were retreated after radiation therapy failed to cure their cancer (105 glottic, 30 supraglottis and one subglottic cancers). Recurrence of glottic cancer was generally recognized later than recurrences in the supraglottic area; likewise, glottic cancers were more advanced at recurrence than supraglottic growths. When feasible, conservation surgery was carried out on both glottic and supraglottic growths. Unfortunately, many growths were too advanced for conservation surgery by the time recurrence was recognized. The concept of “radiate-and-watch” for early glottic and supraglottic cancers is designed to save larynges. The concept is not supported by this study.
Photorefractive integrated-optical switch arrays in LiNbO 3

A new optical switch design is reported that consists of two sets of parallel channel waveguides intersecting at right angles. Arrays based on Ti:LiNbO3 technology, with waveguide intersections iron doped to provide photorefractive sensitivity, have been fabricated. Interfering guided beams are used to write index gratings at the waveguide intersections, which in turn diffract a portion of an incident signal beam into the crossing waveguide. Arrays ranging from 15 × 15 up to 50 × 50 waveguides are constructed in an active area of 5 mm × 5 mm. Diffraction efficiency and writing-time measurements are reported along with a proposal for a practical architecture.
Cytoskeleton modulates coupling between availability and activation of cardiac sodium channel

The aim of this study was to investigate modulation of voltage-dependent steady-state activation and availability from inactivation of the cardiac Na+ channel by the cytoskeleton. As an experimenta...
Using Graphical Methods in Assessing Measurement Invariance in Inventory Data

Most measurements of psychological constructs are performed using inventories or tests in which it is assumed that the observed interdependencies among the item responses are accounted for by a set of unobserved variables representing the psychological constructs being measured. Using test scores, researchers often attempt to detect and describe differences among groups to draw inferences about actual differences in the psychological constructs measured by their instruments. However, direct comparisons using tests scores are not meaningful unless these are commensurable or invariant across populations. Most researchers simply assume that measurement invariance holds. However, the extent to which this assumption is a reasonable one for specific measures and specific populations should be tested empirically. Using item response theory, the present study discusses the difficulties faced to evaluate measurement invariance when, as is most common, a psychological construct is assessed by means of a test or inventory composed of categorical items. In this context, graphical methods (fitplots) can be a useful auxiliary tool that we believe has been overlooked. An example is provided to illustrate the use of fitplots in assessing measurement invariance in inventory data.
ADHD and the DRD4 exon III 7-repeat polymorphism: an international meta-analysis

We sought to elucidate the relationship of ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) to the DRD4 exon III VNTR 7R allele worldwide using analytic techniques and to relate these findings to the field of cultural neuroscience. To focus on a potential moderating role of race/ethnicity, we excluded over 30 papers that have explored the relationship between the DRD4 7R and ADHD but had unclear or lax racial–ethnic inclusion criteria. The papers in this meta-analysis were only included if a single race made up 95% or more of their sample. We searched for and translated papers not published in English, and found a significant difference in the relationship of ADHD and DRD4 7R in people of European-Caucasian (Odds ratio 1.635, Z ¼ 3.936, P < 0.00001) and South American (Odds ratio 2.407, Z ¼ 3.317, P ¼ 0.001) descent vs people of Middle Eastern ancestry (Odds ratio 0.717, Z ¼� 2.466; P ¼ 0.014). We also examined the moderating effect of differing ADHD diagnoses, subject recruitment, control recruitment and male to female ratio. Finally, we consider the implications of these data for cultural neuroscience.
Phase Equilibria and Crystal Chemistry in Portions of the System SrO─CaO─½Bi2O3─CuO: V, The System SrO─CaO─½Bi2O3

Data are presented on the phase equilibria and crystal chemistry of the ternary system SrO-CaO-[1/2]Bi[sub 2]O[sub 3]. Symmetry data and unit-cell dimensions based on single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction measurements are reported for the two monoclinic phases. The monoclinic phase with a Sr:Ca:Bi ratio of 99:33:68 was shown to have both high- and low-temperature (black) oxidized forms.
Representing and Reasoning about Web Access Control Policies

The advent of emerging technologies such as Web services, service-oriented architecture, and cloud computing has enabled us to perform business services more efficiently and effectively. However, we still suffer from unintended security leakages by unauthorized services while providing more convenient services to Internet users through such a cutting-edge technological growth. Furthermore, designing and managing Web access control policies are often error-prone due to the lack of logical and formal foundation. In this paper, we attempt to introduce a logic-based policy management approach for Web access control policies especially focusing on XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) policies, which have become the de facto standard for specifying and enforcing access control policies for various applications and services in current Web-based computing technologies. Our approach adopts Answer Set Programming (ASP) to formulate XACML that allows us to leverage the features of ASP solvers in performing various logical reasoning and analysis tasks such as policy verification, comparison and querying. In addition, we propose a policy analysis method that helps identify policy violations in XACML policies accommodating the notion of constraints in role-based access control (RBAC). We also discuss a proof-of-concept implementation of our method called XACMLl2ASP with the evaluation of several XACML policies from real-world software systems.