cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper(II) benzoate nitroxide dimers and chains: structure and magnetic studies.

Copper(II) benzoate dimers and linear chains have been synthesized and exhibit very different magnetic behaviors. The benzoate dimers, 1a, show typical dimeric singlet−triplet transitions and stron...
Intergroup Collective Induction

Abstract Collective induction is the cooperative search for descriptive, predictive, and explanatory generalizations, rules, and principles. Intergroup collective induction occurs when groups work separately on a common problem but exchange hypotheses and evidence. Two separated four-person groups exchanged hypotheses and evidence on each trial in the solution of the same rule induction problem (Exchange Condition) or solved the problem independently (No Exchange Condition). A theory of intragroup collective induction (Laughlin & Hollingshead, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1995) predicted the probabilities of group hypotheses for distributions of member hypotheses better than five other plausible models, although all six models could be rejected. Aggregating over 400 groups in the current and three previous experiments, the predictions of the theory could not be rejected whereas the other five models could confidently be rejected. A formal analysis distinguishes unidirectional and bidirectional instigative and supportive influence by correct, plausible, and nonplausible hypotheses. There was weak evidence in the Exchange Condition for instigative influence by correct hypotheses when one group received the correct hypothesis from the other, and strong evidence for mutually supportive influence when both groups simultaneously proposed the correct hypothesis and received it from the other group.
Endothelin Inhibits NPR-A and Stimulates eNOS Gene Expression in Rat IMCD Cells

We have shown in previous studies that high extracellular tonicity is associated with increased expression of the type A natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A) and reduced expression of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene in cultured rat inner-medullary collecting duct cells. The vasoactive peptide endothelin has been shown to be avidly expressed in this nephron segment, and to be subject to osmotic regulation. We asked whether endothelin might play a role in the control of basal or osmotically regulated NPR-A or eNOS gene expression in these cells. Although exogenous endothelin had little or no effect on basal expression of eNOS mRNA or protein or NPR-A gene expression, both the type A (BQ610) and type B (IRL1038) endothelin receptor antagonists proved capable of reducing eNOS mRNA and protein expression, and increasing levels of the NPR-A mRNA. Increased extracellular tonicity reduced endothelin mRNA accumulation in these cells (≈15% of control levels); however, exogenous endothelin failed to normalize osmotically increased NPR-A activity or expression, or osmotically suppressed eNOS expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate the presence of a number of independent but highly interactive local regulatory networks governing fluid and electrolyte handling in this distal nephron segment.
Some Correlates of the Order in which People Think of Personality Traits when Asked to List them

(1957). Some Correlates of the Order in which People Think of Personality Traits when Asked to List them. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 255-259.
The local convergence of Broyden-like methods on Lipschitzian problems in Hilbert spaces

The classical local convergence analysis for Broyden’s method requires: a finite number of real variables, Holder-continuity of the Jacobian and a rather accurate initial approximation $B_0 $. Here these three conditions are relaxed to allow for Lipschitz-continuous Hilbert space operators that can be reasonably well approximated by a linear operator $B_ * $ that is close to $B_0 $ up to an arbitrary compact perturbation. To achieve local and R-linear convergence, Broyden’s method is modified by a very mild line search condition. In case of a continuously differentiable system in Euclidean space we obtain R-superlinear convergence without restricting $B_0 $ or requiring the Jacobian to be Holder-continuous.
Screening for alcohol abuse using the cage questionnaire

A prospective study of 518 patients admitted to the orthopedic and medical services of a community-based teaching hospital during a six-month period was performed to test the hypothesis that a short, easily administered questionnaire would improve the detection rate by physicians of alcohol abuse. The CAGE questionnaire--a mnemonic for attempts to cut back on drinking, being annoyed at criticisms about drinking, feeling guilty about drinking, and using alcohol as an eye opener--was utilized as a screening instrument. The mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells, liver transaminase levels, and the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level were also evaluated as screening tests. The presence or absence of alcoholism and alcohol abuse for a consecutive sample of CAGE-negative patients and all patients answering "yes" to one or more of the CAGE questions was established through the administration of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, a detailed chart review, and analysis of quantity of alcohol consumed. Diagnostic criteria were those described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III. The prevalence of alcohol abuse was 20 percent. The mean corpuscular volume, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase value, and liver transaminase levels were very insensitive as screening tests. In contrast, the CAGE questionnaire had a sensitivity of 85 percent and a specificity of 89 percent. Only 63 percent of the alcoholic subjects and alcohol abusers were detected by their physicians, and in only 24 percent of these cases did a physician address the problem with the patient. The CAGE questionnaire is a simple, sensitive, and specific screening test for alcohol abusers.
Unparticle self-interactions and their collider implications

In unparticle physics, operators of the conformal sector have self-interactions, and these are unsuppressed for strong coupling. The 3-point interactions are completely determined by conformal symmetry, up to a constant. We do not know of any theoretical upper bounds on this constant. Imposing current experimental constraints, we find that these interactions mediate spectacular collider signals, such as $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathcal{U}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathcal{U}\mathcal{U}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}ZZ$, $ZZZZ$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}{l}^{+}{l}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $ZZ{l}^{+}{l}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $4l$, with cross sections of picobarns or larger at the large hadron collider. Self-interactions may therefore provide the leading discovery prospects for unparticle physics.
Achieving 50% Ionization Efficiency in Subambient Pressure Ionization with Nanoelectrospray

Inefficient ionization and poor transmission of the charged species produced by an electrospray from the ambient pressure mass spectrometer source into the high vacuum region required for mass analysis significantly limits achievable sensitivity. Here, we present evidence that, when operated at flow rates of 50 nL/min, a new electrospray-based ion source operated at ∼20 Torr can deliver ∼50% of the analyte ions initially in the solution as charged desolvated species into the rough vacuum region of mass spectrometers. The ion source can be tuned to optimize the analyte signal for readily ionized species while reducing the background contribution.
Duplication of the stomach

Abstract Duplications of the stomach are being reported with increasing frequency. A series of nine patients with their clinical, radiographic, pathologic and operative findings is presented. Certain consistent clinical features are indicated which should alert the clinician to consider strongly the diagnosis. Surgical intervention is recommended, though procedures will vary. Simple excision should be employed whenever possible.
Proline, glutamate and glutamine metabolism in mouse brain synaptosomes

Abstract In nerve terminals, glutamate (Glu) may serve as precursor of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and the putative excitatory transmitter, aspartate (Asp), in addition to exerting its own excitatory neurotransmitter role in brain. Glu carbon can originate from glucose through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, from glutamine (Gln) subsequent to uptake, and from proline (Pro) and ornithine (Orn). Orn, but not Glu, is an effective precursor in nerve terminals of Pro, a putative inhibitory neurotransmitter32,44–46. [3H]Arg can be converted in mouse brain nerve terminals to Orn, which in turn gives rise to Glu, Pro and GABA. In the present study, the conversion subsequent to uptake of labeled Glu, Gln, and Pro to other amino acids was studied in unfractionated and subfractionated synaptosomal particles which layered, respectively, on 1.0 M, 1.2 M, 1.3 M and 1.5 M sucrose after centrifugation in a discontinuous gradient (fractions 1–4, respectively). Fraction 1 contained small synaptosomal fragments with vesicles and almost no mitochondria. Fractions 2 and 3 showed numerous normal-appearing mitochondria-containing synaptosomes, and fraction 4 contained large synaptosomes and more free mitochondrial than the other fractions. Glu was readily taken up in all fractions and converted to Asp, Gln and GABA, the greatest formation of Asp from Glu occuring in fractions 2 and 3 and of Gln in fraction 4. In contrast, Gln was taken up poorly in fraction 1 and not metabolized, converted extensively to Glu and GABA in fractions 2–4, giving rise only to very small amounts of Asp in fractions 2 and 3. Although Pro was taken up to the greatest extent in fraction 2, it was by far most readily converted to Glu, Gln and GABA in fraction, showing only small amounts of Asp formation in fractions 1–3 and none in 4. There was no significant production of Pro from Glu or Gln or Arg and Orn from any of the 3 precursors studied. The above results suggest that Glu, Gln and Pro may be taken up largely in different classes of synaptosomes which are distributed among the centrifugally separated fractions and which posses differing transport and metabolic characteristics. Determination of glutamate decar☐ylase activity (GAD) indicated that GABA-forming nerve terminals were present in all synaptosomal fractions studied. Amino acid determinations by HPLC in the subfractionated synaptosomes showed a similar distribution for Glu, Asp and GABA contents, peaking in fraction 2, and an inverse relationship of the latter 3 with Arg contents. Since reanalysis of data from another study21 showed there to be linear relationships between Arg contents and Asp, GABA, and the sum of Asp and GABA contents in unfractionated synaptosomal particles from seven regions of bovine brain, it is likely that theArg → Glu → Asp and Arg → Glu → GABA pathways are operative in synaptosomes under the conditions of the rather lengthy procedure employed by us for subfractionation, depleting Arg and increasing the contents of the amino acids to which it ultimately is converted.
DIPLODEF: A Unified Backcalculation System for Asphalt and Concrete Pavements

The absence of a single backcalculation program that can incorporate all combinations of the four widely used pavement models (elastic layer, plate, elastic solid, and dense liquid) deprives the pavement community of the ability to perform comparative studies. The program DIPLODEF was developed to analyze both asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete pavement systems. The new code was assembled from an existing backcalculation program called WESDEF by replacement of its engine, WESLEA, with DIPLOMAT. In addition to the elastic layer and elastic solid models, DIPLOMAT can accommodate the plate and dense liquid idealizations and can analyze multilayer asphalt and concrete pavement systems with user-defined inputs. DIPLODEF has been thoroughly debugged and tested for consistency and reasonableness. Analyses involving various combinations of elastic layers, plates, and springs were performed. Finally, a rating scheme was devised to standardize the assessment of the precision of backcalculated values and permit consistency in comparisons of results.
An early postpartum hospital discharge program: implementation and evaluation.

An early postpartum hospital discharge program for post-delivery mothers and infants is described in three phases: antepartum planning, postpartum instruction, and home follow-up. Review of statistics after two years showed few complications, and evaluation of the program by means of a questionnaire showed consumer satisfaction.
Left ventricular assist device pump thrombosis: understanding mechanisms as a key to causality.

39. Smith MC, Nielsen VG. Detection of carboxyhemefibrinogen and methemefibrinogen in a patient with thrombosis of a HeartMate II ventricular assist device. ASAIO J. 2013;59:93-5. 40. Wong K, Samaroo G, Ling I, Dembitsky W, Adamson R, del Alamo JC, et al. Intraventricular flow patterns and stasis in the LVAD-assisted heart. J Biomech. 2014;47:1485-94. 41. May-Newman K, Wong YK, Adamson R, Hoagland P, Vu V, Dembitsky W. Thromboembolism is linked to intraventricular flow stasis in a patient supported with a left ventricle assist device. ASAIO J. 2013; 59:452-5. 42. Kounis NG, Soufras GD, Davlouros P, Tsigkas G, Hahalis G. Thrombus Formation Patterns in HeartMate II continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: a multifactorial phenomenon involving Kounis syndrome? ASAIO J. April 10, 2014 [Epub ahead of print]. 43. Major TC, Brisbois EJ, Jones AM, Zanetti ME, Annich GM, Bartlett RH, et al. The effect of a polyurethane coating incorporating both a thrombin inhibitor and nitric oxide on hemocompatibility in extracorporeal circulation. Biomaterials. 2014;35:7271-85.
Inter-relationship between different platelet measures of 5-HT and their relationship to aggression in human subjects.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore the inter-relationship of three platelet measures of serotonergic function (5-HT): 5-HT Transporter Binding, 5-HT-2 Receptor Binding and 5-HT Content and to explore their inter-relationship with measures of aggression and impulsivity. 58 male subjects with personality disorder were studied. Numbers of platelet 5-HT Transporter and 5-HT-2 Receptor sites were assessed by examining the Bmax of 3 H-Paroxetine Binding and the Bmax of 125 I-LSD Binding to the blood platelet; 5-HT Content was assessed by measuring the amount of 5-HT in the platelet material. Life history of aggression was assessed by Life History of Aggression. Impulsivity was assessed by the Impulsivity Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-II. Platelet 5-HT Transporter Binding correlated with both 5-HT-2 Receptor Binding and 5-HT Content; the latter two variables did not correlate with each other. Only Platelet 5-HT Transporter binding correlated significantly with LHA Aggression. These data suggest that while Platelet 5-HT Transporter binding correlates with both 5-HT-2 Receptor Binding and with 5-HT Content, that only 5-HT Transporter Binding represents a correlate of aggression in male personality disordered subjects.
A system to measure viscosities of spray mixtures at high shear rates

The viscosity of spray mixtures can greatly influence the sizes of spray droplets produced by atomizers. However, no low-cost system has been available to measure the viscosity at the high shear rates that are typical of pesticide mixtures passing through orifices of nozzles at pressures commonly used in agricultural spraying. An inexpensive system was developed to measure viscosity at shear rates up to 200000 s -1 for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Viscosity measurements of Newtonian liquids with viscosities ranging from 0.87 to 9.1 mPa s indicated that the measured viscosity was within 5% of the actual value at various high shear rates up to 200000 s -1 . As shear rate was increased, the viscosities of mixtures of water with drift control agents 'Nalco-Trol,' 'Target' and an experimental formulation decreased remained about the same, and increased respectively.
The failure of immunosuppression withdrawal: Patient benefit is not detectable, inducible, or reproducible

Key Points (1) Immunosuppression is responsible for excellent patient outcomes. (2) Immunosuppression withdrawal fails in most patients. (3) Patients who may benefit from immunosuppression withdrawal cannot currently be identified. (4) No data suggest that immunosuppression withdrawal decreases patient morbidity (ie, nephrotoxicity). (5) The minimization of immunosuppression instead of withdrawal may be adequate for improving patient outcomes. Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
The complex of partial bases for F n and finite generation of the Torelli subgroup of Aut ( F n )

We study the complex of partial bases of a free group, which is an analogue for Aut(F_n) of the curve complex for the mapping class group. We prove that it is connected and simply connected, and we also prove that its quotient by the Torelli subgroup of Aut(F_n) is highly connected. Using these results, we give a new, topological proof of a theorem of Magnus that asserts that the Torelli subgroup of Aut(F_n) is finitely generated.
Affinity: A relative approach to region finding

Abstract A region growing process is described, suitable for an initial, syntactic overview of a visual scene. The process is designed to function on scenes where nonuniform surfaces discourage absolute thresholding techniques. Region segments are repeatedly merged with their most similar neighbors. The resulting tree of regions is not a definitive parsing of the scene, but does provide regions of interest for further processing.
Two projects for undergraduate mechatronics class: success and failure

The vast majority of mechatronics courses currently offered in Mechanical Engineering programs across the country have a substantial project experiences as a central part of the course. The proper design of the project experience is crucial for the success of the educational experience. In this paper, two particular mechatronics projects that were actually used in a senior-level elective mechatronics course at Penn State will be examined. While they are very similar in basic design, they were extremely different in practice: one being a huge success, the other a dismal failure. The features that contributed to the success and failure of the projects will be addressed as will the overall structure of Penn State's mechatronics program so that the paper can be given the proper perspective.
Age-dependent loss of naïve T cells in TCR transgenic bone marrow chimeras.

Study of immune senescence is complicated by low numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes, particularly naive T (Tn)cells which disappear with aging. Although T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice facilitate aging research, their large number of Ag-specific T cells renders their T cell pool abnormal, precluding normal in vivo immunity. To create a physiologically relevant model with measurable numbers of TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells in the context of normal lymphocytes, mixed (DO11.10+BALB/c) bone marrow (BM) chimeras were constructed. As found in normal mice, the total number of transgenic T cells and the Tn:memory T cell ratio declined with the aging of the BM chimeras. Although these shifts in T cell subsets were evident in both the lymph nodes and the spleen (SP), they were more pronounced in the SP. Unlike DO11.10 mice, transgenic T cells in the chimera acquired an effector/memory phenotype upon antigen challenge. These results reveal a pliable model to study the impact of the constriction of the Tn cell repertoire upon optimal vaccine responses in the elderly.
The contribution of comparative research to measuring the policy preferences of legislators

Comparative legislative research has contributed to an examination of the validity of roll-call votes as measures of legislators' policy preferences. It has prompted an awareness of the influence of legislative structure on the composition of the voting record. Comparative research on members' ideal points has confronted the problems of selection effects, abstentions, the influence of the agenda setter, and the effect of party strategy. It has encouraged the search for alternate measures of members' preferences, including members' speech, cosponsorship, survey responses, and party manifestos. In the non-American setting, ideal points have been regarded as group-level, as well as individual-level, variables. The game-theoretic approach to the study of legislatures has led to the formulation of hypotheses relating legislative structure to members' ideal points.
A-band shortening in single fibers of frog skeletal muscle

The question of whether A-bands shorten during contraction was investigated using two methods: high-resolution polarization microscopy and electron microscopy. During shortening from extended sarcomere lengths in the passive state, sarcomere-length changes were essentially accounted for by I-band shortening. During active shortening under otherwise identical conditions, the sarcomere length change was taken up approximately equally by A- and I-bands. Several potential artifacts that could give rise to apparent A-band shortening were considered and judged unlikely. Results obtained with polarization microscopy were similar to those obtained with electron microscopy. Thus, modest but significant thick filament shortening appears to occur during active sarcomere shortening under physiological conditions.
Comments on "Getting to the Roots of Change: Performance Management and Organizational Culture"

As image builders, leaders must demonstrate to their stakeholders that they are serious about changing the culture. The stakeholders of the Finance Department the citizens of New York City-needed assurances that something was being done to take on the existing culture of corruption. Martha Stark's belief was that a change in culture from within the organization would exude transparency and accountability, ultimately sending a new message to the citizens. Stark was serious and started strong. Her goal was to loosen the noose of bu reaucracy through performance measures, which would create a new system of transparency and accountability. To begin to sell the idea, she hired a sidekick and put in some serious face time with her employees. Stark embraced one type of management reform, hired another sidekick to help implement it, and subsequently hired consultants to manage the change. Reform efforts abound and decision makers are led to believe, through little evidence of success, that the new reform is better than yesterday's reform. In fact, the new reforms that emerge are often recycled old reforms with a twist-such as New Coke or Pepsi with lemon. The Performance Management Movement of the 1950s, when dollars were matched to production, became the New Performance Management Movement starting in the 1990s, which linked dollars to outcomes. SMART is no different. In fact, this system goes beyond performance measure ment: SMART makes every employee identify and rationalize his or her position and justify how the position fits within the organization. It is not the responsibility of the line workers to determine why they work for the organization. All employees have job descriptions, which may evolve over time, but organizations do not hire people and then ask questions about what their jobs are and how they fulfill the organization's mission. The organization's management team creates, rationalizes, and links each position to the mission, values, and objectives, and the workers carry out that plan by doing their assigned tasks. Unfortunately, the common belief among many managers, agency heads, and
Design of an orbiting stellar interferometer for planet detection

SONATA--Small OSI (Orbiting Stellar Interferometer) for Narrow angle Astrometry with Two Apertures--is a concept for a space based interferometer capable of detecting extra-solar planets. The instrument is an extension of the TOPS-0 interferometer testbed concept which is a ground-based dual feed interferometer, and the space-based OSI concept, which is being studied for the Astrophysics Division of NASA. The SONATA instrument uses a quadruple- feed interferometer which will be capable of measuring fringes on four stars simultaneously within a 10 arcminute field of view. The starlight is collected by two 0.4 meter telescopes separated by 7 meters. The use of common collecting optics results in cancellation of a large number of systematic errors found in multiple baseline designs. The targeted astrometric accuracy for SONATA is 0.5 uas. In the photon-noise limit, this performance can be achieved on 14th magnitude objects by integrating for 4 hours. This level of accuracy will enable detection of nearby Earth type planets. The SONATA design uses a non-deploying structure and will be launched on an Atlas II/Centaur for insertion into a 900 km Sun-synchronous orbit.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Barriers to evaluating the effectiveness of drug treatment behind bars

Abstract The delivery of substance abuse treatment within correctional settings marks one of the criminal justice system's primary opportunities to disrupt the drugs-crime nexus. Federally funded residential substance abuse treatment programs were rapidly introduced across the nation, although implementation problems increased their operational variability. This article examines how implementation barriers interrelate with other types of obstacles and multiply to hinder determinations of program effectiveness. Specific barriers were identified from a case study of process and outcome evaluations of the South Carolina Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT) program. A conceptual framework groups barriers by type into four interrelated domains wherein additive effects and reciprocal consequences that can undermine effective program assessment are illustrated.
Preparation Time and Response Complexity Effects on Stutterers’ and Nonstutterers’ Acoustic LRT

Nonstutterers’, mild stutterers’, and severe stutterers’ acoustic laryngeal reaction times (LRTs) were recorded for isolated vowels and nonpropositional VCV responses in different stimulus conditio...
Solidification of an aqueous ammonium chloride solution in a rectangular cavity—II. Comparison of predicted and measured results

Abstract Comparisons between experimental and numerical results for solidification of a binary NH4C1-H2O solution in a rectangular cavity are made using a newly developed continuum model. The model predicts key features of the solidification process such as liquidus interface irregularities, remelting and the development and subsequent erosion of a double-diffusive interface. However, due to uncertainties in the available property data base and/or limitations in related model assumptions, good quantitative agreement is not obtained for all of the data.
‘Zap axotomy’: Localized fluorescent excitation of single dye-filled neurons induces growth by selective axotomy

Abstract The response of populations of neurons to axotomy has traditionally been studied by crushing or sectioning whole nerve trunks. The present communication describes a technique by which single neurons can be reliably and selectively axotomized in the absence of damage to other axons and non-neuronal cells within the nerve. To obtain selective axotomy, identified neurons of the buccal ganglia of the snail, Helisoma , were first filled with fluorescent dye. Next, the preparation was positioned in a restricted beam of blue light using low light video fluorescence microscopy. Finally, the selected region of axon was briefly exposed to light levels normally employed for fluorescence microscopy. Shortly after irradiation of the identified neuron 5, antidromic action potentials no longer propagated past the region of exposure in the dye-filled cell, whereas adjacent axons were physiologically intact. Several days after exposure, profuse neurite outgrowth was observed from the proximal region of axon of neuron 5, but never in neighboring axons which were not filled with dye at the time of irradiation. When the axons of both neurons 5R and 5L were spot irradiated neurite outgrowth resulted in the formation of a novel electrical connection between these cells. These changes in growth and connectivity which were induced by selective axotomy of single axons were indistinguishable from the changes which are produced by crushing entire nerve trunks.
The impact of prenatal bowel dilation on clinical outcomes in neonates with gastroschisis

Abstract Purpose In fetuses with gastroschisis, the importance of ultrasonographic bowel dilation remains controversial. The outcome of patients with gastroschisis with and without prenatal bowel dilation is reported. Methods From 2000 to 2004, 27 neonates with gastroschisis were followed at a single center. Thirteen patients had prenatal ultrasonographic bowel dilation (diameter, ≥6 mm; range, 6-35 mm). Outcomes of those with and without dilation were compared using 2 sample t tests and logistic regression. Results Time to initiation of enteral nutrition varied significantly between groups (20.4 ± 11.7 days vs 12.5 ± 4.3 days, P P = .06). No significant difference was found when considering mortality, gestational age, time in the intensive care unit (ICU), time on parenteral nutrition, or length of stay. Prenatal bowel dilation, a longer ICU stay, and later gestational age independently predicted readmission for bowel obstruction ( P Conclusion Infants with gastroschisis and prenatal bowel dilation were significantly slower to initiate enteral feeding and tended to have a reduced incidence of primary closure. This did not translate into increased mortality, time on parenteral nutrition, time in the ICU, or length of stay. However, dilation was associated with readmission for bowel obstruction.
Attitudes and Cultural Patterns in Spanish Proverbs

AS A MAN’S SPEECH MIRRORS HIS THOUGHTS, so do a people’s proverbs reflect dominant attitudes and cultural patterns. Many observers have felt that the enormous store of Spanish proverbs should afford great insight into the Spanish way of life. Yet, to the writer’s knowledge, no one has attempted systematically to demonstrate or to reject this notion. The purpose of this paper is to arrange into an over-all picture certain prevalent attitudes and cultural patterns suggested in Spanish proverbs. The original proverbs supporting these patterns are quoted in footnotes. Examples are suggestive, but no means exhaustive, since in many cases the list would number several hundred items.
Opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of myocardial infarction amongst adults

Backgrounds With increasing use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain comes concern about safety of this class of drugs. Opioid-induced hypogonadism, which could increase the risk for myocardial infarction (MI), has recently come to the attention of clinicians. To evaluate this concern we examined the association between opioid use for noncancer pain and risk of MI amongst adults. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. Amongst 1.7 million opioid users during 1990–2008, we identified 11 693 incident MI cases aged 18–80 years, and randomly selected up to four controls matched by age, gender, index date (date of onset symptoms or diagnosis of first-ever MI) and general practice via risk-set sampling. Cases and controls were required to have no cancer and no major risk factors for MI before the index date. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from conditional logistic regression. Results Compared with nonuse, current use of opioids was associated with a 1.28-fold (95% CI 1.19–1.37) risk of MI. Cumulative use of opioids with 11–50 (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.28–1.49) or > 50 (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11–1.40) prescriptions, was also marginally associated with increased risk of MI. The risk was particularly increased in users of morphine (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.09–2.68), meperidine (OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.24–3.74) and polytherapy (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.22–1.76). Conclusions Current use of any opioids and cumulative use of 11 or more prescriptions are associated with a small increased risk for MI compared to nonuse and the risk was greater in morphine, meperidine and polytherapy users. Residual confounding, particularly confounding by indication, should be considered in interpreting our results.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DISPERSAL DYNAMICS IN AN INVADING POPULATION OF ARGENTINE ANTS

The ecology and dispersal dynamics of unicolonial ant invaders are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of a well-documented, invading population of Argentine ants in the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve in northern California to examine the dispersal distances of reproductives, the direction and mode of population expansion, and changes in the genetic differentiation among nests over time. Using microsatellite data, we measure both traditional FST statistics and multi-locus ge- notype assignment distances to determine the patterns of genetic structure at three spatial scales: population-wide gene flow, population substructure, and mixing between neigh- boring nests. At the population level, there was little viscosity across the Jasper Ridge population, suggesting recent rapid expansion and/or considerable long-distance gene flow, presumably mediated by winged males. The pattern of genetic structure across distance indicates that the scale of queen dispersal was limited to less than 100 m. At the level of population substructure, hierarchical F statistics measures were low across subpopulations, locations within subpopulations, and nests. However, multi-locus genotype assignment tests revealed significant structure between subpopulations and between locations. Genetic dis- tances between nests were lower within locations than between locations, indicating that nests are most closely related to neighboring nests and that the expansion of subpopulations is primarily due to the local budding of new nests from existing nests at the invasion front. At the level of nest connectivity, the genetic differentiation among neighboring nests was associated with the time since invasion. As the invasion proceeds, nearby nests tend to be less closely related, indicating that extensive local mixing does not occur among more established nests. Our results show that the genetic structure of nests was not homogenous across unicolonial populations. Instead, the patterns of genetic structure reflect the limi- tations of and barriers to the dispersal of Argentine ant reproductives, the demographic history of the Jasper Ridge invasion, and changes in the genetic and ecological environment during the course of the invasion.
The current and future state of pharmacogenomics medical education in the USA

Healthcare professionals (e.g., physicians, physician assistants, pharmacists, nurses and genetic counselors) believe pharmacogenomics (PGx) is essential to personalized medicine; however, they still lack confidence prescribing, dosing, interacting with other healthcare professionals and counseling patients with regard to PGx. This is due to the inadequate incorporation of PGx content into professional curricula. Compared with other health professions, Doctor of Pharmacy programs have integrated more PGx content. Unlike other healthcare professionals, pharmacists have extensive training in pharmacology, drug selection, drug dosage, drug-drug interactions and are uniquely accessible to patients. We suggest pharmacists are the best poised to facilitate incorporating PGx into therapeutic decision-making. Based on our experience as undergraduate and pharmacy PGx educators, we further reflect on our experience educating future healthcare professionals on PGx.
The distribution of dust devil activity on Mars

[1] Martian dust devil activity, inferred from their tracks, is mapped globally and compared to surface and atmospheric properties. Dust devils are estimated to lift 2.3 ± 1 × 1011 kg of dust each year, mostly from two narrow bands near 60°N and 60°S, during their respective spring and summer. Approximately 55% of the dust lifted by dust devils in the northern hemisphere is removed from within 45 and 75°N, while 65% of that lifted in the south is from within 45 and 75°S. The southern band is an order of magnitude more populated with tracks than in the north, likely a result of Mars' orbital eccentricity. The equator is the location of a lesser peak, while few dust devil tracks are found at the poles and middle latitudes. During the fall and winter in both hemispheres, few tracks are observed. Dust devil and track formation does not appear to be controlled significantly by elevation, topographic slope, dust cover, or surface physical properties. Dust devils annually lift approximately half as much material as local and regional dust storms and are therefore significant contributors of dust into the Martian atmosphere.
An exploratory study on the effects of a straw dispenser in farrowing crates

Abstract The effect of a straw dispenser in farrowing crates was investigated to determine the extent to which the provision of small quantities of straw has an influence on both sows and piglets. Sows and suckling piglets are often housed in barren environments with limited opportunities to show behavior they are highly motivated to perform. Enriching the environment might be a solution; for example, by providing materials that can be manipulated. In this study, 20 sows received a straw dispenser with chopped straw (treatment group) and 20 other sows did not receive any enrichment (control group). The treatment group was split up in 2: in treatment group A, the straw dispenser was placed in front of the sow, above the feed trough; and in treatment group B, the straw dispenser was placed next to the sow. Sows from the treatment groups received the straw dispenser from arrival in the farrowing crate until weaning. The total straw use within the treatment group was very variable but did not differ before and after farrowing. Sows took on average 53.0 g (±8.85) straw from the straw dispenser during the whole period in the farrowing crate. The frequency of undesirable and stereotypical behavior performed by the sows did not differ between treatment and control groups, and the same is seen with nest-building behavior before farrowing. By positioning the dispenser in front of the sow, the frequency of lateral lying increased, which means the udder was exposed more toward the piglets. This was reflected in the higher frequency of udder activity, performed by piglets from this treatment group. By positioning the dispenser next to the sow, sows showed more ventral lying behavior, because of disturbance of lying behavior by piglets. Piglets from this treatment group also showed less udder activity and possibly because of this, more pain-related behavior. These piglets performed more playing behavior in the third week of life compared with other groups, but it cannot be stated with certainty that this is a positive effect. A lower weight gain and weaning weight were seen in piglets within treatment group B. Possible explanations are the higher level of activity among these piglets as the straw dispenser was positioned within their reach or decreased milk consumption because of decreased udder activity and increased ventral lying by the sows. It can be concluded that the straw dispenser has positive effects on the behavior and welfare of sows and piglets, but positioning the straw dispenser in reach of both sow and piglets is not preferred as it is associated with undesirable effects on behavior such as ventral lying in sows and pain-related behaviors in piglets.
Carisoprodol-induced myoclonic encephalopathy.

AbstractCase Report; A 39-year-old man ingested 35 g carisoprodol. He developed agitation, tachycardia, myoclonus, and coma. The blood carisoprodol was 71 /tg/mL; the meprobamate was 26 μg/mL. Discussion: Carisoprodol overdose is thought to induce simple central nervous system depression. This case demonstrates a severe overdose with symptoms more consistent with myoclonic encephalopathy. A review of cases presenting to the San Francisco Division of the California Poison Control System during 1997 suggests that carisoprodol is more commonly associated with agitation and bizarre movement disorders than the current literature suggests. The pharmacology and potential mechanisms of toxicity are discussed. Conclusion: Agitation, hypertonia, and a myoclonic encephalopathy may be seen with significant carisoprodol intoxication.
Additions to Neotropical Dichapetalaceae

The new speciesTapura panamensis Prance is described as the first record of its genus from Central America. A key toTapura updates that of the Flora Neotropica monograph and a list of exsiccatae studied since the monograph is given.
Genotypic responses of scab-resistant apple cultivars/selections to two strains of Erwinia amylovora and the inheritance of resistance to fire blight

SUMMARY Apple cultivars and selections were tested for resistance to two strains of Erwinia amylovora following shoot tip inoculation in the greenhouse. Cv. Liberty was resistant to strain Ea 273, and Priscilla, Delicious and Coop 17 were highly resistant to strain Apple # 1. A significant genotype x strain interaction was obtained suggesting a differential host × pathogen interaction. Segregation of seedlings derived from 16 controlled crosses after fire blight inoculation indicated that resistance to fire blight is quantitatively controlled with evidence for presence of dominant additive gene effects.
A hedgehog homolog regulates gut formation in leech(Helobdella)

Signaling by the hedgehog (hh)-class gene pathway is essential for embryogenesis in organisms ranging from Drosophila to human. We have isolated a hh homolog (Hro-hh) from a lophotrochozoan species, the glossiphoniid leech, Helobdella robusta, and examined its expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole-mount in situ hybridization. The peak of Hro-hh expression occurs during organogenesis (stages 10-11). No patterned expression was detected within the segmented portion of the germinal plate during the early stages of segmentation. In stage 10-11 embryos, Hro-hh is expressed in body wall, foregut, anterior and posterior midgut, reproductive organs and in a subset of ganglionic neurons. Evidence that Hro-hh regulates gut formation was obtained using the steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, which specifically blocks HH signaling. Cyclopamine induced malformation of both foregut and anterior midgut in Helobdella embryos, and no morphologically recognizable gonads were seen. In contrast, no gross abnormalities were observed in the posterior midgut. Segmental ectoderm developed normally, as did body wall musculature and some other mesodermal derivatives, but the mesenchymal cells that normally come to fill most of the coelomic cavities failed to develop. Taken with data from Drosophila and vertebrates, our data suggest that the role of hh-class genes in gut formation and/or neural differentiation is ancestral to the bilaterians, whereas their role in segmentation evolved secondarily within the Ecdysozoa.
THE ROLE OF HOST FACTORS IN NFCROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC)

Recent hypotheses have suggested that NEC may occur more readily in the immature neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) tract than in the mature one. During an investigation of a NEC outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we evaluated maternal toxemia, one of several factors that accelerate lung maturity as well as several other host factors, birthweight and postconception age (gestational age at birth plus postnatal age at onset of NEC) in a case-control study. Review of all NICU charts for a 3-month period identified 9 definite and 6 suspect NEC cases on the basis of histopathologic, clinical and x-ray findings. Low birthweight babies (<1250g) had the highest incidence of NEC. All definite and suspect NEC cases had hematochezia and distinctive x-ray findings. However, the definite NEC cases had the more severe clinical features and significantly lower birthweights and postconception age than suspect NEC cases. A case-control study using birthweight-matched controls showed that 0/15 mothers of the definite or suspect NEC cases had toxemia, compared with 5/15 mothers of the controls (p=0.031, Binomial Exact Test). These findings suggest that maternal toxemia may be protective for the development of NEC. Additionally, this report describes a relationship between NEC disease severity and postconception age.
Division of Labor at the Eukaryotic Replication Fork

DNA polymerase delta (Pol delta) and DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol epsilon) are both required for efficient replication of the nuclear genome, yet the division of labor between these enzymes has remained unclear for many years. Here we investigate the contribution of Pol delta to replication of the leading and lagging strand templates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a mutant Pol delta allele (pol3-L612M) whose error rate is higher for one mismatch (e.g., T x dGTP) than for its complement (A x dCTP). We find that strand-specific mutation rates strongly depend on the orientation of a reporter gene relative to an adjacent replication origin, in a manner implying that >90% of Pol delta replication is performed using the lagging strand template. When combined with recent evidence implicating Pol epsilon in leading strand replication, these data support a model of the replication fork wherein the leading and lagging strand templates are primarily copied by Pol epsilon and Pol delta, respectively.
Thermal expansion of a gel layer on a rigid substrate

Abstract It was previously shown that the hydrodynamic relaxation time, τ, of a gel can be found from a measurement of the kinetics of thermal expansion of a rod of gel [J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 130 (1991) 157]. Given an independent measure of the elastic modulus of the gel, the permeability of the network can be calculated from τ. For soft gels, it can be difficult to use this geometry, because the rod bends when stood on end. In addition, the result of the analysis in that case is an implicit expression that must be evaluated numerically, even for the simplest thermal history. In this paper, an analysis is presented for the thermal expansion kinetics of a layer of gel on a rigid substrate (e.g., a shallow dish full of gel). A relatively simple explicit solution is obtained in this case. The disadvantage of the method is that the absolute displacement is proportional to the thickness of the body, so sensitive equipment is required to measure the expansion of a thin layer of gel.