cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed union of femoral fractures in older rats:decreased gene expression

Fracture healing slows with age. While 6-week-old rats regain normal bone biomechanics at 4 weeks after fracture, one-year-old rats require more than 26 weeks. The possible role of altered mRNA gene expression in this delayed union was studied. Closed mid-shaft femoral fractures were induced followed by euthanasia at 0 time (unfractured) or at 1, 2, 4 or 6 weeks after fracture in 6-week-old and 12-15-month-old Sprague-Dawley female rats. mRNA levels were measured for osteocalcin, type I collagen α1, type II collagen, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4 and the type IA BMP receptor. For all of the genes studied, the mRNA levels increased in both age groups to a peak at one to two weeks after fracture. All gene expression levels decreased to very low or undetectable levels at four and six weeks after fracture for both age groups. At four weeks after fracture, the younger rats were healed radiographically, but not the older rats. (1) All genes studied were up-regulated by fracture in both age groups. Thus, the failure of the older rats to heal promptly was not due to the lack of expression of any of the studied genes. (2) The return of the mRNA gene expression to baseline values in the older rats prior to healing may contribute to their delayed union. (3) No genes were overly up-regulated in the older rats. The slower healing response of the older rats did not stimulate a negative-feedback increase in the mRNA expression of stimulatory cytokines.
Learning Networks of Heterogeneous Influence

Information, disease, and influence diffuse over networks of entities in both natural systems and human society. Analyzing these transmission networks plays an important role in understanding the diffusion processes and predicting future events. However, the underlying transmission networks are often hidden and incomplete, and we observe only the time stamps when cascades of events happen. In this paper, we address the challenging problem of uncovering the hidden network only from the cascades. The structure discovery problem is complicated by the fact that the influence between networked entities is heterogeneous, which can not be described by a simple parametric model. Therefore, we propose a kernel-based method which can capture a diverse range of different types of influence without any prior assumption. In both synthetic and real cascade data, we show that our model can better recover the underlying diffusion network and drastically improve the estimation of the transmission functions among networked entities.
The development of a multidimensional measure of job market cognitions: the Employment Opportunity Index (EOI).

The purpose of this research was to develop a multidimensional measure of job market perceptions based on a meta-analysis by R. P. Steel and R. W. Griffeth (1989). Item sets were developed to operationally define the dimensions and were tested among 3 samples. Results of a series of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in 3 samples indicated that the 5 scales have satisfactory psychometric properties, construct, and criterion-related validity. The 5 dimensions accounted for significant and relatively large amounts of turnover variance, even after a number of standard turnover predictors had been taken into account. The results suggest the presence of job search microprocesses in the employee turnover process. These microprocesses are described and integrated into current thinking about the turnover process.
Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in Pregnant Women Determined by an Immunoradiometric Assay for Intact PTH

Most studies of circulating PTH levels using traditional RIAs have supported the concept of physiological hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy, with pregnant women having serum immunoreactive PTH levels significantly higher than those in nonpregnant subjects. However, such RIAs are insensitive and often detect inactive PTH fragments, so that the correlation between PTH immunoreactivity and bioactivity is poor. Employing a new intact PTH immunoradiometric assay (Allegro-Nichols), we reassessed the effects of pregnancy on parathyroid function. The mean serum PTH level in 81 pregnant women was 14.4 +/- 6.3 (+/- SD) compared to 24.8 +/- 9.0 ng/L in 11 normally cycling nonpregnant women (P less than 0.001). The mean serum total and ionized calcium levels in the 2 groups were similar. In 5 of the pregnant women, serum bioactive PTH, determined by cytochemical bioassay, was slightly lower (7.7 +/- 3.4 ng/L) than in normal individuals (11.1 +/- 1.9 ng/L). Our findings suggest, in contrast with the results of most previous studies, that serum intact PTH may decline during pregnancy.
Reflections for November: Love in the time of Alzheimer's disease

> She always told the same story > > Over and over > > To anyone and everyone > > Even complete strangers, > > From the grocery bagger > > To the bus driver. > > I can be that stranger too. > Every doctor's appointment, > > It is the same thing. > > The doctors cushion her. > > They call it > > Perseveration. > > Empty speech. > The doctor asks her > > “What do you do with your time?” > > She smiles and says, > > “I read a lot.” > > Asked what she read, > > She just gives a flat, blank > > Empty …
The plasma antithrombin titer in incipient and advanced liver failure.

Recent reports have stressed the frequent lack of correlation between clinical, laboratory and histologic findings in various liver diseases1s. While liver function studies adequately confirm the presence of hepatocellular injury, the complex and often dissociated metabolic, excretory and circulatory derangements in liver disease cause ambiguous results which seriously interfere with definitive clinical and pathological diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, the sensitivity of many tests for a specific liver function yield findings often inconsistent with the clinical state of the patient. Since there is no parallel, therefore, between laboratory findings and the natural course of liver disease, the transition phase of long standing hepatic decompensation (ascites, jaundice, edema, spiders, liver palms, etc.) into the fl,nal stage of hepatic failure (degeneration and necrosis) is seldom recognized. (Table I). From the standpoint of clinical appraisal and prognostic evaluation during any phase of hepatic decompensation, liver function studies do not accurately reflect the critical variables of duration, magnitude, severity, pathologic type and physiologic extent of hepatic parenchymal derangement. It seems plausible to assume that neither composite laboratory determinations nor histologic preparations adequately mirror basic alterations (perhaps involving major enzyme systems) of hepatic cellular function. Detection of such significant changes may require special histochemical technics. A liver function test whose titer specifically parallels variations in the severity and extent of liver cell damage should therefore prove valuable. Evidence shall be presented supporting the hypothesis that the level of antithrombin is conditioned by the degree of functional over-all dissociation of the liver cell in both incipient and advanced stages of hepatic insufficiency. § In addition, these studies suggest a theoretical basis for the mechanisms of plasma antithrombin formation and activation.
The role of iron in bacterial infections, with special consideration of host-tubercle bacillus interaction.

Various bacteria can invade dead or weakened tissues of an animal but only pathogenic parasites are able to establish themselves in viable host tissues and cause disease. To survive in a host and to invade its healthy tissues, a bacterial parasite has to possess mechanisms to neutralize or resist the natural defenses of the host and to use tissues and fluids of the infected body as sources of energy and materials essential for growth. Some pathogens secrete exotoxins which produce symptoms of disease, and, if not neutralized by antitoxins, may cause death. The active or passive acquisition of antibodies to exotoxins usually eliminates toxemia but not infection. Direct destruction of bacteria by specific antibodies and complement occurs only in a few bacterial species. Many pathogens do not produce exotoxins but nevertheless are able to invade tissues of the host, to multiply, and to spread. There is no single characteristic which could account for the pathogenicity of the non-toxigenic bacteria. Some of them survive in the host by being able to multiply rapidly in its tissue fluids and to resist engulfment by his phagocytic cells; once phagocytized, these bacteria are readily digested by intracellular enzymes. Other nontoxigenic parasites are unable to multiply in tissue fluids of the host but survive and multiply in its phagocytic cells. Because of this ability to persist in the intracellular environment, these nontoxigenic bacteria are called facultative intracellular parasites. The diseases caused by facultative intracellular parasites tend to be chronic and their nature is certainly not as acute as that of diseases caused by other bacteria.
Finite Element Applications in Forming Billet and P/M Preforms

The finite element simulation of various metal forming processes assists in producing defect-free final products from billet and sintered powdered-metal(P/M) preforms. In this paper a rigid-thermoviscoplastic finite element program, including the effect of compressibility of the material and temperature on deformation was applied to forming of sintered P/M preforms in ring compression, die pressing, closed-die forging at room temperature, and non-isothermal plane-strain compression. Possible fracture sites in such sintered P/M forming processes were predicted from the numerical simulations and compared with the experimental observations available in the literature. Also, the computed macroscopic densification and forging pressure required were compared with the available data. Finally, the effect of temperature on metal flow has been investigated in conventional hot forging.
Yield performance and stability of dry pea and lentil genotypes in semi-arid cereal dominated cropping systems

Abstract The promotion of dry pea ( Pisum sativum L.) and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) production in cereal dominated cropping systems require identifying high yielding and widely adapted genotypes for a diverse range of environments. However, this information is rarely available in the semi-arid temperate region. We carried out two separate experiments consisting of seven genotypes of dry pea in 25 environments and eight genotypes of lentil in 16 environments to determine yield performance and stability. The results showed that environments (E) and genotypes (G) and interaction (G × E) effects were highly significant ( P −1 for dry pea and lentil, respectively. The G × E accounted 5.4 and 15.8% of the total sum of square for dry pea and lentil experiments, respectively. The G × E effects were crossover type for both experiments revealing inconsistent performance of genotypes across environments. Based on interaction principal component analysis of G × E, the dry pea genotypes, Montech 4152 followed by SW Midas and DS Admiral showed combination of better yield performance and stability. Among the lentil genotypes, CDC Richlea followed by Avondale showed less fluctuation to environmental changes but produced similar yields compared with the high yielding lentil genotypes. Therefore, these dry pea and lentil genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in wide range of environments in the temperate semi-arid climates and similar ecologies.
The Role of Parent-Child Interaction in Community-Based Youth Relationship Education

abstractThis study sought to answer whether there is an association between parent-adolescent relationship processes and adolescents' awareness of unhealthy relationships. Adolescent awareness of unhealthy relationships was measured using a retrospective pre/post survey after participation in a relationship education (RE) program that has been adapted for use with youth. Supportiveness in the parent-child relationship was measured at pre-test. The sample consisted of 6984 adolescents aged 11–18. The sample was fairly representative of the areas from which it was drawn: 54% European American, 36% African American. Results revealed significant improvement in awareness of unhealthy relationships after program participation. Greater supportiveness predicted greater change in the outcome. This suggests that RE programs targeted at youth should specifically inform parents of goals so that they may be reinforced in parents' interactions with their adolescents.
Asymmetric ECCs for Flash in high-radiation environments

Research in coding for Flash devices typically deals with errors that occur during normal device operation. This work is instead concerned with codes that protect Flash devices that are experiencing errors caused by exposure to large radiation dosages. Such errors occur when, for example, Flash is used as onboard memory in satellites and space probes. In a previous paper, we examined the effects of errors on MLC Flash cells and introduced appropriate code constructions. In this work, we focus on the single level cell (SLC) case. We model the errors as being the result of a binary asymmetric channel (BASC). We show how to modify existing error-correcting codes in order to produce codes capable of correcting radiation-induced errors. Our approach focuses on finding and dealing with miscorrections, where an asymmetric decoder incorrectly deals with errors it is not designed to handle.
Hot Electron Injection from Graphene Quantum Dots to TiO2

The Shockley–Queisser limit is the maximum power conversion efficiency of a conventional solar cell based on a single semiconductor junction. One approach to exceed this limit is to harvest hot electrons/holes that have achieved quasi-equilibrium in the light absorbing material with electronic temperatures higher than the phonon temperature. We argue that graphene based materials are viable candidates for hot carrier chromophores. Here we probe hot electron injection and charge recombination dynamics for graphene quantum dots (QDs, each containing 48 fused benzene rings) anchored to the TiO2(110) surface via carboxyl linkers. We find ultrafast electron injection from photoexcited graphene QDs to the TiO2 conduction band with time constant τi < 15 fs and charge recombination dynamics characterized by a fast channel (τr1 = 80–130 fs) and a slow one (τr2 = 0.5–2 ps). The fast decay channel is attributed to the prompt recombination of the bound electron–hole pair across the interface. The slow channel depends...
Elastic and Thermoelastic Properties of Rubberlike Materials. A Statistical Theory

Abstract A statistical theory of the elasticity of rubber and similar high-molecular compounds was proposed by one of the authors several years ago, and an extended form of the theory was presented recently. The theory is applied here to vulcanizates, and shows the dependence of stress on both temperature and deformation for both extension and compression. The foundations of the theory will be stated precisely, inasmuch as some recent articles dealing with it are likely to lead to misunderstandings concerning the assumption of free rotation and structure of long-chain compounds, such as vulcanized rubber. The possible roˆle of kinetic effects for the rubber type of elasticity has been discussed qualitatively by Wohlisch, Busse, Karrer, Meyer, Susich and Valko, and Shacklock. The first quantitative theory was developed by one of the authors in 1934 and published later, partly in collaboration with Mark. In the statistical theory, the main assumption is that of quasi-free rotation in a rubber molecule aroun...
Emotion Management: Unexpected Research Opportunities

During the process of emotion management, individuals perceive that they are feeling emotions that differ from what is expected within the situation. Consequently, they use cognitive, physical, and/or other means either to display more appropriate emotions or to change their emotions on a deeper level to be consistent with what is customarily expressed. Beginning with the first examinations of emotion management in 1979 by the pioneer Arlie Hochschild, emotion scholars have produced over 6,000 studies of this phenomenon. We join this vibrant research program by proposing new avenues of research using an interdisciplinary strategy. First, we explore possibilities for emotion management research within its “home base” of sociology; then, we branch out to the areas of morality and political science. In so doing, we craft new and unexpected pathways for advancements in theory, theory adjudication, and methodology, for the future of emotion management research.
Emergence of internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice in White children

This research examined White U.S. children’s internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice (IMS and EMS). Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of IMS and EMS scales adapted...
Action mechanism of early strength accelerator DWA-II

An early strength channeling control cement slurry system with DWA Ⅱas low temperature filtrate loss reducer and early strength accelerator was used in Jilin oilfield to cope with cementing problems existing in more than 1000 m section in adjusting wells. By using the system, not only cement slurry's high flowability and good displacement efficiency were remained, but also problems of severe filtrate loss, long setting time, high permeability and poor early strength were solved, the cementing quality was improved as well. To study the action mechanism of DWA Ⅱ, methods and equipments including infrared spectrometer, ultraviolet spectrum, scanning electron microscope, Zeta potential analyzer, X ray diffraction, micrography, porometer and permeamter were used. Also, microcosmic construction of DWA Ⅱ was tested and studied. Results showed that with the using of DWA Ⅱ, the electric characteristics, adsorption property, hydration and permeability of cement particle were improved. Meanwhile, action mechanism of DWA Ⅱ improving Dalian A class cement slurry's flowability, reducing filtrate loss, increasing cement stone's early strength and ensuring thickening curve appearing right angle was investigated.
Technology of Data Stream Management and Mining

The research on data stream is one of the hot topics among the database domain all over the world resently.Firstly,the trend of database technology is summarized,and concepts,characteristics,architecture,applications of data stream are outlined.Second,some methods of constructing synopsis data structure are analyzed concisely,the technology of continuous approximate query is analyzed summarily.Finally,the research on data stream mining is analyzed.The objective of this paper is to contribute to the overall understanding of the technologies available for managing and mining data streams.
Foam Extrusion of PS Blown with a Mixture of HFC-134a and Isopropanol:

Use of mixtures of blowing agents in foam extrusion has gained interest in the past few years. Reasons for blending physical foaming agents (PFA) are numerous. The incentives may be economical, environmental or technical. With respect to that latter factor, blending suitable PFAs is often regarded as providing a better control of processing conditions. For example, a specific PFA could be selected for its inflation performance and blended with other co-blowing agents chosen for their stabilizing role. Although considerable amount of work has been done in that area, very little information has been disclosed in open literature. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) has been reported as an interesting candidate for polystyrene (PS) foaming, although low densities cannot be easily obtained and stable processing conditions are difficult to achieve. This work studies the effect of blending HFC-134a with isopropanol as a co-blowing agent for PS. Off-line solubility data, on-line rheology measurements and extrusion foaming performance of this mixture will be discussed. The function of each blowing agent during the process will be analyzed with respect to the plasticization, nucleation, expansion and stabilization phases. Attention will also be paid to interaction involving the two PFA components.
Conquest of Spain

The Moslem campaign in the Iberian Peninsula, the southwestern gate of Europe, was, as noted before, the last and most dramatic of the major military operations undertaken by the Arabs. It marked the height of the African-European expansion of the Moslems, just as the conquest of Turkestan marked the apogee of the Asiatic-Egyptian expansion.
Regional hemophilus influezae type B immunization program: a success or a false sense of security?

Objectives: Assessment of the hemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) immunization program in our institution. Design: Comparing the change in the incidence of Hib meningitis with the Hib immunization program. Setting: Saudi Aramco Al Hasa Health Center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Subjects: All 16 cases of Hib meningitis diagnosed between January 1983 and October 1995. Interventions: Institution of Hib immunization program. Main outcome measures: Incidence of Hib meningitis after the institution of the immunization program. Results: Eight cases occurred before the Hib immunization program and all survived. Three developed sequellae which included hydrocephalus, cerebral atrophy, transient seizures and sensorineural hearing loss. Eight cases occurred after the Hib immunization program and all survived without severe sequellae. All these 16 infants were non- or incompletely immunized in dispensaries outside Saudi Aramco, where Hib immunization is not offered. No child fully immunized with Hib had Hib meningitis, or any other systemic Hib infection. Conclusions: The efficacy of Hib immunization in preventing invasive Hib infections in infancy and childhood is highlighted as well as the vulnerability of non-immunized infants. The only realistic and long-term solution to protect all children is to have the Ministry of Health implement a compulsory nation-wide Hib immunization campaign.
A Comparison of Predictions and Measurements of the Acoustoelastic Response of a Textured Aggregate

In the development of acoustoelasticity as a tool for the nondestructive evaluation of active and residual stresses, it has become clear that the anisotropy of the materials under examination plays a significant role in the ultimate utility of the method [1, 2]. This technique is based on the observation that the speeds at which various waves propagate through a material depend not only on the elastic stiffness, but also on the amount of deformation or stress to which the material is subjected. If a material’s elastic and acoustoelastic constants are known, and if sufficiently precise measurements of velocity are made, the stress may be evaluated.
Career Goals, self-efficacy and persistence in Engineering Students

Research connected on both career goals and self-efficacy has linked each to the persistence of undergraduate students in engineering programs: self-efficacy through numerous qualitative and quantitative studies, and career goals through a recently conducted study. Additionally, research suggests that self-efficacy plays a role in the goals that individuals set, and whether they persist towards the accomplishment of those goals. In this work in progress study, we focus on how those relationships can provide researchers and educators with new ways of considering factors related to persistence in engineering programs. In this paper, we discuss results from a piloted survey, and their meaning for continued research. Initial results revealed a relationship between career goals and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy for persistence correlated significantly (p < 0.05) to ambiguity that students have about their career goals. The next investigative steps in this study will include the collection of additional interview data. New interview data will help us build more of an understanding of how self-efficacy and career goals relate. After an interview protocol has been created, future work will focus on comparing career goals and self-efficacy to persistence data.
Back to the Future: The 21st Century and the Loss of Sensibility

Introducing to the public administration a long-standing dispute between Herbert Simon and the philosopher Hubert Dreyfus over the assumptions underlying artificial intelligence, the argument pursu...
Prophylactic Nrf2 Activation Halts Progression of the Severe Adult Phenotype of Sickle Cell Disease in Transgenic Mice

Abstract Transition from pediatric to adult care is associated with poor prognosis and a sharp rise in mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD). Hitherto, mechanisms that promote the severe adult phenotype of SCD have not been defined. We performed a longitudinal cohort study in thirty-two Townes transgenic mice (SS; n=16, AA; n=16) aged 1 month through to 10 months to identify prognostic factors of SCD severity. Thirty-eight percent of the SS mice died during this period while all the control AA mice survived (Log-rank Mantel Cox test, p Disclosures Archer: Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy.
Elevated DNA Oxidation and DNA Repair Enzyme Expression in Brain White Matter in Major Depressive Disorder

Background Pathology of white matter in brains of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) is well-documented, but the cellular and molecular basis of this pathology are poorly understood. Methods Levels of DNA oxidation and gene expression of DNA damage repair enzymes were measured in Brodmann area 10 (BA10) and/or amygdala (uncinate fasciculus) white matter tissue from brains of MDD (n=10) and psychiatrically normal control donors (n=13). DNA oxidation was also measured in BA10 white matter of schizophrenia donors (n=10) and in prefrontal cortical white matter from control rats (n=8) and rats with repeated stress-induced anhedonia (n=8). Results DNA oxidation in BA10 white matter was robustly elevated in MDD as compared to control donors, with a smaller elevation occurring in schizophrenia donors. DNA oxidation levels in psychiatrically affected donors that died by suicide did not significantly differ from DNA oxidation levels in psychiatrically affected donors dying by other causes (non-suicide). Gene expression levels of two base excision repair enzymes, PARP1 and OGG1, were robustly elevated in oligodendrocytes laser captured from BA10 and amygdala white matter of MDD donors, with smaller but significant elevations of these gene expressions in astrocytes. In rats, repeated stress-induced anhedonia, as measured by a reduction in sucrose preference, was associated with increased DNA oxidation in white, but not gray, matter. Conclusions Cellular residents of brain white matter demonstrate markers of oxidative damage in MDD. Medications that interfere with oxidative damage or pathways activated by oxidative damage have potential to improve treatment for MDD.
Entity relationship ranking using differential keyword-role affinity

Identifying relationship between named entities from a corpus of text is a well studied NLP problem. In this paper, we consider a tractable version of this wherein sample text snippets and corresponding roles are extracted and need to be ranked on relevance of text to the role. Our scoring approach uses a cumulative estimated relevance of all keywords observed in the text snippet. Relevance metrics are computed based on differential affinity of keywords to the roles observed in the training data.
Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Employs trkB Signaling for Neuroprotection and Functional Restoration

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the most common neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson9s disease motor symptoms. In preclinical models, STN DBS provides neuroprotection for substantia nigra (SN) dopamine neurons and increases BDNF in the nigrostriatal system and primary motor cortex. However, whether BDNF signaling in the SN participates in the neuroprotective effects of DBS remains unknown. We demonstrate that STN DBS in male rats activates signaling downstream of tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (trkB), namely, phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6, in SN neurons. Long-term trkB blockade abolished STN DBS-mediated neuroprotection of SN neurons following progressive 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and was associated with decreased phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 immunoreactivity. Acute trkB blockade in rats with stable nigrostriatal denervation attenuated the forelimb akinesia improvement normally induced by STN DBS. These results suggest that STN DBS increases BDNF-trkB signaling to contribute to the neuroprotective and symptomatic efficacy of STN DBS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is increasingly used in mid- to late-stage Parkinson9s disease (PD) but with an incomplete knowledge of its molecular mechanisms. STN DBS is neuroprotective against neurotoxicants in animal models and increases BDNF. This study is the first to show that BDNF signaling through the cognate tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (trkB) receptor occurs in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons and is required for neuroprotection. In addition, blockade of trkB unexpectedly reduced the functional benefit of STN DBS on a short timescale that is inconsistent with canonical trkB signaling pathways, suggesting a noncanonical role for trkB in STN DBS-mediated behavioral effects. Together, these data implicate trkB signaling in the symptomatic efficacy and disease-modifying potential of STN DBS.
Management of Acute Ischemic Coronary Syndromes: The Present and Future

This article begins by discussing the pathogenesis of acute ischemic syndromes reviewing the cascade of ischemic events. We then go on to discuss the interventional management of acute ischemic syndromes and the benefits of early conservative therapy versus aggressive management with either PTCA or stenting. A discussion is then held regarding the pharmacological management of acute ischemic syndromes including the various agents involved including thrombolytic agents, aspirin, heparin and other measures. The main body of the article reviews the role of the 2B/3A inhibitors and the management of acute ischemic syndromes, including those studies that have been conducted to date, reviewing the role of the 2B/3A inhibitors and acute ischemic syndromes and the outcome from their application.
Active Photonic Crystal Devices for 3D Integrated Photonics

We report recent advances in Fano resonance photonic crystal based optoelectronic devices on silicon for 3D integrated photonics. We will focus our discussions on photonic crystal surface-emitting membrane lasers and bi-layer coupled photonic crystal spatial light modulators. The potentials and prospects of Fano resonance membrane photonics will also be discussed.
Haemophilus spills its guts to make a biofilm.

Most bacteria do not live as single cells but form communities on surfaces called biofilms (1). Similar to human communities, some are fairly homogeneous, whereas others contain a diversity of microbes. Biofilms are important for the growth and survival of all sorts of bacteria: bacteria that live in water or soil and also bacteria that live in or on animal hosts, including commensal bacteria, beneficial bacteria, and disease-causing bacteria (1). Biofilm communities are held together by a matrix containing a collection of molecules that are released by the bacterial cells within the biofilm (2). The composition of the biofilm matrix differs with different organisms but most often contains extracellular DNA (eDNA), polysaccharides, and proteins. The article in PNAS by Jurcisek et al. (3) demonstrates that nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae ( Hflu ) (4) uses components from two different secretion systems to release DNA and a biofilm-associated DNA-binding protein integration host factor (IHF) to allow efficient biofilm formation. This work shows that the secretion of DNA and DNABII proteins is an active process that uses components from two different apparatuses to enable robust biofilm formation. Bacteria are single-cell organisms that have a complex envelope structure that provides essential functions for the bacteria, including protecting the cell’s interior (cytoplasm) from injury, providing energy to the cell, maintaining the characteristic shape of each bacterial species, and mediating cell division (5). Most bacteria fall into two major classes based on their envelope architecture, gram-negative and gram-positive. There are six well-defined secretion systems in gram-negative bacteria (type I to VI); all can transport proteins into or outside of a bacterial cell, and a few can also transport DNA, often complexed with proteins (6). How the molecules that form biofilm matrixes are released from bacterial cells is not always understood, but it has been assumed, and in a few … [↵][1]1Email: h-seifert{at}northwestern.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Active Surveillance Cultures for MRSA, VRE, Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negatives

Active surveillance [AS] is increasingly used as an infection control measure to control the transmission of multidrug-resistant [MDR] bacteria; however, studies on their efficacy have been conflicting. AS identifies patients colonized with MDR pathogens who act as a source for transmission to other patients. In this chapter, we discuss the strengths and drawbacks of studies on AS for control of spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA], vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus [VRE], and MDR-Gram-negative organisms [MDR-GNs] and point out the factors which can influence the outcomes of AS programs. Furthermore, microbiologic and molecular methods used and patient populations targeted in AS programs are also reviewed.
Family of BODIPY Photocages Cleaved by Single Photons of Visible/Near-Infrared Light

Photocages are light-sensitive chemical protecting groups that provide external control over when, where, and how much of a biological substrate is activated in cells using targeted light irradiation. Regrettably, most popular photocages (e.g., o-nitrobenzyl groups) absorb cell-damaging ultraviolet wavelengths. A challenge with achieving longer wavelength bond-breaking photochemistry is that long-wavelength-absorbing chromophores have shorter excited-state lifetimes and diminished excited-state energies. However, here we report the synthesis of a family of BODIPY-derived photocages with tunable absorptions across the visible/near-infrared that release chemical cargo under irradiation. Derivatives with appended styryl groups feature absorptions above 700 nm, yielding photocages cleaved with the highest known wavelengths of light via a direct single-photon-release mechanism. Photorelease with red light is demonstrated in living HeLa cells, Drosophila S2 cells, and bovine GM07373 cells upon ∼5 min irradiatio...
The Microeconomic Theory of the Rebound Effect: Nuances, Externalities, and Welfare

Economists have long noted that improving energy efficiency could lead to a rebound eff ect, reducing or possibly even eliminating the energy savings from the efficiency improvement. Yet there are important nuances in the microeconomic theory of the rebound eff ect that have not been explored. This paper develops a generalized model illuminating the eff ects of an exogenous change in energy efficiency on energy use, external costs, and welfare. This model overturns conventional wisdom by showing how several identities that are frequently used to estimate the rebound eff ect no longer hold in a generalized setting. We clarify the relationship between the direct rebound effect and the indirect rebound, and highlight the importance of complement/substitute relationships between energy services. Furthermore, by including external costs in our model, we develop conditions under which the rebound is welfare-improving and show how the rebound influences the welfare consequences of energy efficiency policies.
Determining Concentration vs. Depth Profiles from Backscattering Spectra without Using Energy Loss Values

In backscattering spectra in which the different elements are well separated, it is possible to obtain a profile of each element vs. the collision energy rather than the energy measured at the detector. This is done by assuming depth-independent values, for each element, for the quantity (energy loss after collision) ÷ (energy loss before collision). Once these profiles are obtained, a profile of composition vs. collision energy follows directly from the Rutherford scattering cross section, and hence, by integration, a composition vs. depth profile is obtained.
Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation

Theory suggests that neighborhood effects depend not only on where individuals live today, but also on where they lived in the past. Previous research, however, usually measured neighborhood context only once and did not account for length of residence, thereby understating the detrimental effects of long-term neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigates the effects of duration of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods on high school graduation. It follows 4,154 children in the PSID, measuring neighborhood context once per year from age 1 to 17. The analysis overcomes the problem of dynamic neighborhood selection by adapting novel methods of causal inference for time-varying treatments. In contrast to previous analyses, these methods do not "control away" the effect of neighborhood context operating indirectly through time-varying characteristics of the family, and thus they capture the full impact of a lifetime of neighborhood disadvantage. We find that sustained exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods has a severe impact on high school graduation that is considerably larger than effects reported in prior research. Growing up in the most (compared to the least) disadvantaged quintile of neighborhoods is estimated to reduce the probability of graduation from 96% to 76% for black children, and from 95% to 87% for nonblack children.
Advanced Boundary-Scan Topics

As this book goes to press, the 1149.1 Standard is in its 25th year of existence. Chapter 3 discussed the most basic and general uses of the Standard. This chapter will examine some other uses that have been proposed or have been implemented in some quarters.
Factors affecting engagement between academic faculty and decision-makers: learnings and priorities for a school of public health.

Schools of public health (SPHs) are increasingly being recognised as important contributors of human, social and intellectual capital relevant to health policy and decision-making. Few studies within the implementation science literature have systematically examined knowledge exchange experiences within this specific organisational context. The purpose of this study was therefore to elicit whether documented facilitators and barriers to engaging with government decision-makers resonates within an academic SPH context. We sought to understand the variations in such experiences at four different levels of government decision-making. Furthermore, we sought to elicit intervention priorities as identified by faculty. Between May and December 2016, 211 (34%) of 627 eligible full-time faculty across one SPH in the United States of America participated in a survey on engagement with decision-makers at the city, state, federal and global government levels. Surveys were administered face-to-face or via Skype. Descriptive data as well as tests of association and logistic regression analyses were conducted using STATA. Over three-quarters of respondents identified colleagues with ties to decision-makers, institutional affiliation and conducting policy-relevant research as the highest facilitators. Several identified time constraints, academic incentives and financial support as important contributors to engagement. Faculty characteristics, such as research areas of expertise, career track and faculty rank, were found to be statistically significantly associated with facilitators. The top three intervention priorities that emerged were (1) creating incentives for engagement, (2) providing funding for engagement and (3) inculcating an institutional culture around engagement. The data suggest that five principal categories of factors – individual characteristics, institutional environment, relational dynamics, research focus and funder policies – affect the willingness and ability of academic faculty to engage with government decision-makers. This study suggests that SPHs could enhance the relevance of their role in health policy decision-making by (1) periodically measuring engagement with decision-makers; (2) enhancing individual capacity in knowledge translation and communication, taking faculty characteristics into account; (3) institutionalising a culture that supports policies and practices for engagement in decision-making processes; and (4) creating a strategy to expand and nurture trusted, relevant networks and relationships with decision-makers.
Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Biomarker for Vascular Dysfunction in Pregnancy?

Placental dysfunction, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, is a leading contributor to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Development of effective prevention and treatment strategies has been limited by lack of identification of at-risk pregnancies. We performed small RNA sequencing of maternal serum microRNAs (miRNAs) to discover and independently verify biomarkers differentially expressed in patients who later developed preeclampsia. In this study, maternal serum was collected between 17-28 weeks gestation in two cohorts: The high-risk UCSD Placenta Study (19 cases, 29 controls); and the Sera Prognostics PAPR Study (54 cases, 110 controls). Samples were divided into Discovery (2/3) and Verification sets (1/3). Cases and controls were matched for gestational age (GA) at blood draw. miRNAs were isolated and sequenced to yield miRNA counts. Individual miRNAs and pairwise ratios (reversals) were tested in blinded verification. Biomarker discovery and verification were performed on the entire GA range and for 3 GA windows: 170/7 - 215/7 (Early); 195/7 - 244/7 (Middle); and 222/7 - 280/7 (Late) weeks. In Discovery, best performing miRNAs and reversals were selected for each GA window. Performance was then confirmed in blinded Verification (Table 2). 7/50 Early GA reversals had significant AUCs (mean Discovery AUC 0.78, mean Verification AUC 0.79). 21/50 Late GA reversals had significant AUCs (mean Discovery AUC 0.71, mean Verification AUC 0.68). Of biological importance, verified reversals contained a high proportion of miRNAs that were strongly expressed in placenta and/or encoded in the chr14q32 and chr19q13 miRNA clusters. miR-155-5p, present in 21 verified reversals, has been reported to mediate repression of eNOS by TNFα, which is a regulatory interaction associated with preeclampsia. We identified and verified differentially abundant miRNAs in maternal serum at 17-28 weeks GA in pregnancies that later developed signs and symptoms of preeclampsia compared to pregnancies with uncomplicated outcomes. Our findings suggest that maternal serum miRNAs may be useful as biomarkers for prediction of placental dysfunction and warrant validation in large independent cohorts. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Direct percutaneous embolization of intestinal lymphatic trunk for chylous ascites management following liver transplant.

Abstract Chylous ascites can be caused by infection, trauma, malignancy, or maybe a complication after major abdominal surgery including liver transplantation. We present a case of a patient who developed chylous ascites following his liver transplantation. He was subsequently treated with direct embolization of lymphatic trunk efferent branches with a mixture of N-butyl cyanoacrylate and lipiodol after the identification of a localized leak on a fluoroscopic lymphangiogram. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of chylous ascites following liver transplantation that was treated with direct embolization of intestinal lymphatic trunk branches.
PCN calculations for Z=111 to Z=118

In previous publications (Yao and Loveland, Phys. Rev. C 97:014608, 2018; Loveland and Yao, EPJA Web of Conferences 163:00033, 2017) we presented evidence for the importance of spin in determining capture and evaporation residue cross sections in the synthesis of heavy nuclei. We extend the previous calculations which dealt with nuclei where ZCN ≤ 110 to the region of ZCN = 111–118. We deduce a new systematics of the fusion probability PCN for these reactions.
Intratympanic gentamicin injection for Meniere's disease

Meniere's disease is characterized by idiopathic progressive fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and episodic vertigo. Intratympanic gentamicin injection is the preferred therapeutic option for those who have failed conservative management including lifestyle modifications and oral medications. The procedure is simple and can be performed in the outpatient setting under local anesthesia with manageable recovery time. Patients may experience a disequilibrium sensation beginning approximately 3-5 days after injection, which peaks around 10-14 days after injection and fades over the course of several more weeks. The presence of this reaction is an indicator of treatment response. Intratympanic gentamicin injection achieves control of vertigo in 80%-90% of patients. Risks include prolonged imbalance from delayed vestibular compensation after treatment, as well as sensorineural hearing loss, both of which are generally preferable to disabling vertigo attacks.
In Need of Care: African American Families Transform the Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans during the Final Collapse of Slavery, 1839–1846:

In 1839, several white Quaker women in Providence, Rhode Island, founded the Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Orphans; they sought to take in the city’s orphans. During the first y...
White dwarf bounds on charged massive particles

White dwarfs (WD) effectively act as high-gain amplifiers for relatively small energy deposits within their volume via their supernova instability. In this paper, we consider the ways a galactic abundance of $\mathcal{O}(1)$-charged massive relics (i.e., CHAMPs) could trigger this instability, thereby destroying old WD. The dense central core structure formed inside the WD when heavy CHAMPs sink to its center can trigger a supernova via injection of energy during collapse phases, via direct density-enhanced (pycnonuclear) fusion processes of carbon nuclei dragged into the core by the CHAMPs, or via the formation of a black hole (BH) at the center of the WD. In the latter scenario, Hawking radiation from the BH can ignite the star if the BH forms with a sufficiently small mass; if the BH instead forms at large enough mass, heating of carbon nuclei that accrete onto the BH as it grows in size may be able to achieve the same outcome (with the conservative alternative being simply that the WD is devoured by the BH). The known existence of old WD that have not been destroyed by these mechanisms allows us to improve by many orders of magnitude on the existing CHAMP abundance constraints in the regime of large CHAMP mass, ${m}_{X}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{11}--{10}^{18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Additionally, in certain regions of parameter space, we speculate that this setup could provide a trigger mechanism for the calcium-rich gap transients: a class of anomalous, subluminous supernova events that occur far outside of a host galaxy.