cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-Competitive Games and Algorithmic Pricing

We study a game of price competition amongst firms selling homogeneous goods defined by the property that a firm's revenue is independent of any competing prices that are strictly lower. This property is induced by any customer choice model involving utility-maximizing choice from an adaptively determined consideration set, encompassing a variety of empirically validated choice models studied in the literature. For these games, we show a one-to-one correspondence between pure-strategy local Nash equilibria with distinct prices and the prices generated by the firms sequentially setting local best-response prices in different orders. In other words, despite being simultaneous-move games, they have a sequential-move equilibrium structure. Although this structure is attractive from a computational standpoint, we find that it makes these games particularly vulnerable to the existence of strictly-local Nash equilibria, in which the price of a firm is only a local best-response to competitors' prices when a globally optimal response with a potentially unboundedly higher payoff is available. Our results thus suggest that strictly-local Nash equilibria may be more prevalent in competitive settings than anticipated. We moreover show, both theoretically and empirically, that price dynamics resulting from the firms utilizing gradient-based dynamic pricing algorithms to respond to competition may often converge to such an undesirable outcome. We finally propose an algorithmic approach that incorporates global experimentation to address this concern under certain regularity assumptions on the revenue curves.
Transcendent Rebellion: The Influence of Simone Weil on Albert Camus’ Esthetics

The relationship between the thought of Albert Camus and Simone Weil has been partially explored by scholars since their deaths. However, current scholarship does not fully explain the influence We...
MORAL ‘SHOULD’S AND ‘MORALLY SHOULD’S, OR, RACHELS ON THE MORAL POINT OF VIEW

In 1972 James Rachels published a challenging criticism of moral-point-of-view theories. It has never been answered. This is surprising, given that the species of theory to which it applies remains alive. In this paper I reply to Rachels’ criticism. My reply refers frequently to the work of G. J. Warnock and employs three distinctions that have been overlooked in the literature on moral-point-of-view theories. These distinctions have relevance to more than Rachels’ paper. As shown in Section 6, they undermine a contemporary argument for moral subjectivism.
Analytical Preparation for Negotiation: A Checklist

It would be hard to conceive of a full, absolutely comprehensive checklist for preparation for negotiation! This is, however, a good start. Improve it, by adding your own questions to consider at the end of each page, and at the end. This resource aims to provide negotiation teachers and trainers with a convenient teaching resource to supplement classroom activities on this topic.
Serum ghrelin is inversely associated with cognitive function in a sample of non-demented elderly

Aim: The orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, is linked to learning and memory in animal studies. No previous study has investigated whether cognition is related to ghrelin in the non-demented elderly. Methods: Thirty-five older adults underwent neuropsychological testing and fasting blood draw with subsequent serum ghrelin quantification. Results: Ghrelin was negatively correlated with several cognitive domains, including verbal memory, working memory, and naming. Conclusion: Areas of cognition associated with ghrelin level were similar to the pattern of deficits observed in early Alzheimer's disease. Findings suggest a potential moderational role of ghrelin in pathological cognitive decline. Further work investigating mechanisms is needed.
Association of Piebaldism, Multiple Café-au-lait Macules, and Intertriginous Freckling: Clinical Evidence of a Common Pathway between KIT and Sprouty-Related, Ena/Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Homology-1 Domain Containing Protein 1 (SPRED1)

Piebaldism is a rare genodermatosis caused by KIT mutations. We report the case of a 5-year-old boy who had the white forelock and leukoderma of piebaldism, but the presence of many cafe-au-lait macules and axillary and inguinal freckling complicated the diagnosis. Patients with similar cutaneous findings have been previously reported, and their disorder has been attributed to an overlap of piebaldism and neurofibromatosis type 1. Legius syndrome is a recently described syndrome caused by Sprouty-related, Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein homology-1 domain containing protein 1 (SPRED1) mutations that also has multiple cafe-au-lait macules and intertriginous freckling. Based on our current understanding of KIT and SPRED1 protein interactions, we propose that cafe-au-lait macules and freckling may be seen in some patients with piebaldism and does not necessarily represent coexistence of neurofibromatosis type 1.
Sex, Risk, and Responsibility

In 2010 the Ontario Superior Court of Justice struck down substantial provisions of the laws governing prostitution, ruling that they were unconstitutional. This case (Bedford v. Canada) does not go far enough in recognising the rights of sex trade workers in Canada. The battle for individual autonomy and agency for female sex trade workers still has a long way to go. It is argued that this is largely because sex trade workers are still being represented as victims yet continue to be held responsible for their actions. This article illustrates the competing feminist discourses which shape the way prostitution is understood in Canada, analyses the Bedford decision and examines the decision through a process of what Foucault and other governmentality scholars call self-responsibilisation and self-governance.
The Development Of The Miller Ratio (MR): A Tool To Detect For The Possibility Of Earnings Management (EM)

This study focuses on the study of tool practitioners and regulators may find useful. The large body of literature on the topic of earnings management provides discussions of total accruals, discretionary total accruals, and current accruals. The literature also offers discussions of the development and study of models to determine the level of earnings management given that cash flow from operations (CFO) and net income differ.
EGFR Regulates the Development and Microarchitecture of Intratumoral Angiogenic Vasculature Capable of Sustaining Cancer Cell Intravasation

Many malignant characteristics of cancer cells are regulated through pathways induced by the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Herein, we show that besides directly affecting the biology of cancer cells per se, EGFR also regulates the primary tumor microenvironment. Specifically, our findings demonstrate that both the expression and signaling activity of EGFR are required for the induction of a distinct intratumoral vasculature capable of sustaining tumor cell intravasation, a critical rate-limiting step in the metastatic cascade. An intravasation-sustaining mode of intratumoral angiogenic vessels depends on high levels of tumor cell EGFR and the interplay between EGFR-regulated production of interleukin 8 by tumor cells, interleukin-8–induced influx of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils delivering their unique matrix metalloproteinase-9, and neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9–dependent release of the vascular permeability and endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Our data indicate that through VEGF-mediated disruption of endothelial layer integrity and increase of intratumoral vasculature permeability, EGFR activity significantly facilitates active intravasation of cancer cells. Therefore, this study unraveled an important but overlooked function of EGFR in cancer, namely, its ability to create an intravasation-sustaining microenvironment within the developing primary tumor by orchestrating several interrelated processes required for the initial steps of cancer metastasis through vascular routes. Our findings also suggest that EGFR-targeted therapies might be more effective when implemented in cancer patients with early-staged primary tumors containing a VEGF-dependent angiogenic vasculature. Accordingly, early EGFR inhibition combined with various anti-VEGF approaches could synergistically suppress tumor cell intravasation through inhibiting the highly permeable angiogenic vasculature induced by EGFR-overexpressing aggressive cancer cells.
Dopamine concentrations in the brainstem-mesencephalon of active rats as compared with passive rats.

Abstract Exploratory-loeomotor activity (LAT 1963) was measured as door crossings in a total population of more than 90 ovariectomized rats. Passive ( N = 17) and active ( N = 15) rats were chosen as outliers beyond one standard deviation to the left and right of the population mean (if10.6±6.9 M±S.D.). Two-thirds of each group was placed within a restraining device and exposed to cold (refrigerator). The other third of each group acted as controls and were left in their home cages. After two hours the rats were killed by decapitation and their brainstem-mesencephalons were assayed for norepinephrine epinephrine; dopamine and dopa. Active rats had significantly less dopamine (plus dopa) than passive rats. Restraining them for two hours in a cold environment obviated this difference suggesting an interoceptive feedback mechanism inhibiting release and/or metabolism when active animals are unable to locomote. The possibility that there are differences in sensitivities to restraint-stress between active and passive animals is also discussed.
SYMMETRY PREDICTIONS FROM SUM RULES WITHOUT SATURATION.

The application of sum rules derived from current commutation relations to give $\mathrm{SU}(6)$-like results is developed without the assumption of saturation. We first derive a consistency condition by comparing sum rules, and then study the sum rules for $\frac{1}{g_{A}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$ and the isovector charge radii, replacing the assumption of saturation with a simple dynamical model for the remaining continuuum contribution. This results in several $\mathrm{SU}(6)$-like predictions which contain important correction factors to the results previously derived assuming saturation. We have also re-examined the experimental data for the sum rule for $\frac{{〈r_{N}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}〉}^{V}}{6}$, and find that it converges below 1 GeV like the sum rule for $\frac{1}{g_{A}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$ when account is taken of the contribution to the sum rule of the large resonant ${M}_{1+}$ and nonresonant ${\mathrm{E}}_{0+}$ multipoles in pion photoproduction, and of the ${N}^{**}(1520)$.
Hyperactive and normal children and the error, latency, and double median split scoring procedures of the matching familiar figures test

Abstract To further evaluate the construct validity of Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF), three different scoring methods—the MFF error measure, the MFF latency measure, and Kagan's double median split—were used to compare learning disabled and behavior disordered boys at two age levels with their normal peers on the frequency with which they were designated as impulsive. In the comparison of 7-year-old and 12-year-old learning disabled boys with the normal children, the MFF error measure identified a greater frequency of the learning disabled boys as impulsive at both age levels. No differences occurred between the learning disabled and the normal boys at either age level on the latency measure. Kagan's double median split procedure differentiated only between the older learning disabled and the normal boys. Thus, combining the latency measure with the error measure detracted from the effectiveness of the error measure. None of the MFF scoring procedures differentiated between the behavior disordered and the normal boys at either age level. Although the findings tend to support the results of studies with normal children in indicating that the error measure is more sensitive than the latency measure, the failure of the error measure to designate a greater frequency of the severely behavior disordered boys as being impulsive than are their normal peers raises further questions about the construct validity of the MFF, regardless of the scoring procedure used.
The potential role of antiplatelet agents in modulating inflammatory markers in atherothrombosis

Atherothrombosis is the process that links atherosclerotic lesion development with unpredictable and life-threatening ischemic vascular events such as angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke. Atherothrombosis is triggered when an unstable atherosclerotic lesion is ruptured, leading to platelet activation and thrombus formation. Inflammatory mediators are responsible for lesion instability leading to rupture, and in recent years atherothrombosis and its underlying condition of atherosclerosis have come to be recognized as manifestations of inflammatory disease. Inflammatory mediators may therefore serve as early markers of atherothrombosis. Measurement of early markers may be used to predict future ischemic events and improve risk stratification in patients following diagnosis of atherothrombotic disease. In addition, detection of such markers may help to optimize the use of current therapies to manage atherothrombosis. Molecules that may serve as early markers of atherothrombotic disease include C-reactive protein, CD40 ligand, myeloperoxidase, pregnancy-associated plasma protein and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Early indications are that levels of these markers are influenced by therapies currently in use in the treatment of atherothrombotic conditions, including antiplatelet agents. Ongoing studies will provide further insight into routine assessment of inflammatory markers as a guide to the management of patients with atherothrombosis.
Phenomenological molecular rotational Hamiltonians in cubic symmetry

Abstract Group theoretical techniques are employed to derive the form of the most general phenomenological rotational Hamiltonian associated with a given molecular vibrational state or set of states. The expansion is given in terms of the symmetrized products of angular momentum matrices. A perturbation expansion for the rotational states is developed based on tetrahedral distortions of a spherically symmetric distribution of mass. This jellium approximation significantly reduces the number of parameters in the rotational Hamiltonian. The specific application to methane is indicated.
Replication profile of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI

Background: An understanding of the replication programme at the genome level will require the identification and characterization of origins of replication through large, contiguous regions of DNA. As a step toward this goal, origin efficiencies and replication times were determined for 10 ARSs spanning most of the 270 kilobase (kb) chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results: Chromosome VI shows a wide variation in the percentage of cell cycles in which different replication origins are utilized. Most of the origins are activated in only a fraction of cells, suggesting that the pattern of origin usage on chromosome VI varies greatly within the cell population. The replication times of fragments containing chromosome VI origins show a temporal pattern that has been recognized on other chromosomes—the telomeres replicate late in S phase, while the central region of the chromosome replicates early. Conclusions: As demonstrated here for chromosome VI, analysis of the direction of replication fork movement along a chromosome and determination of replication time by measuring a period of hemimethylation may provide an efficient means of surveying origin activity over large regions of the genome.
Critical elements in the design of piping systems for toxic fluids

While releases of hazardous/toxic fluids from pressurized pipelines are infrequent, the potential for a catastrophic event resulting from such a release warrants extraordinary care of the hazardous/toxic piping systems containing these fluids, during the entire plant life cycle. System identification, segregation, material and component selection, construction techniques, and preventative maintenance programs all contribute to improved system reliability, and are discussed herein. Methods to mitigate damages in the event of a failure are also discussed.
Body image and eating disturbance in India: media and interpersonal influences.

Objective The current study was designed to examine the relationships among the variables of body mass index (BMI), interpersonal teasing, media internalization, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness in samples of young adult and middle school females from India. Method Ninety-six adolescent and 93 adult females from Bombay, India, completed measures of body dissatisfaction, restriction, teasing history, and internalization of media images. Correlational and path analytic procedures were used to examine the data. Results Path analyses indicated that teasing and internalization mediated the effect of BMI on body dissatisfaction and in certain cases influenced drive for thinness. Discussion These findings replicate and extend previous work with U.S., Australian, and Swedish samples, suggesting that there are similar potential risk factors, cross-culturally, that may explain the development of eating and shape-related problems. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 198–203, 2004.
Spectroscopy with Copernicus and the Edwin P. Hubble Observatory

It is a pleasure and a privilege for me to participate in this symposium in honor of Professor Rowland. My talk will deal with astronomical applications of spectroscopy, and will have two parts. First, I shall talk about the Copernicus satellite, mainly because it used a Rowland spectrometer, which was uniquely qualified for the purpose we had in mind. Second, I shall say a few words about the two spectrometers on the Hubble Space Telescope; these instruments do not use Rowland mountings, but are of interest because they offer such enormous promise for future research. MY own interest in spectroscopy emphasizes the ultraviolet wavelengths, because in the study of interstellar matter the universe opens up below 3000 A. It opens up a little wider below 1600 A, and even more in the region between 900 and 1250 A, the region in which the Copernicus satellite principally contributed to the study of interstellar lines. Fiqure 1 is an optical diagram of the spectrometer on Copernicus, which will be familiar in principle, I am sure, to all of you. The light passes through a narrow entrance slit and strikes the concave grating: the spectrum is then brought to a focus on the Rowland circle, about one meter in diameter. I shall say nothing about the Copernicus spacecraft, but I will say just a few words about the spectrometer exit slits, since these were of somewhat unusual design.
On the Lichen Gonidia Question

THE morphological side of Schwendener's theory may be now regarded as fully proved. The opponents have confined themselves on the whole to a priori arguments, and of those who have applied themselves to carefully working out afresh the relations of hypha and gonidium, several, if not all, have been converted to the new views. No one can have much faith in the haphazard style of preparation and examination known, par excellence, as the “lichenological.” However, one or two points remain which have not as yet received much attention. These are the beautiful symmetry of the lichen as a whole, the rareness of the application of the hypha to the gonidium, and the generally healthy look of the gonidia themselves. All this contrasts greatly with what we find, as a rule, in the relations of parasitical fungus and host.
Photoproton Reaction in Be 9

The reaction ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, p){\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$ was measured from threshold (16.89 Mev) up to 57 Mev using the bremsstrahlung beam from the Iowa State University electron synchrotron. The data were taken in energy steps of \ensuremath{\sim}0.050 Mev for the first several Mev and in energy steps of \ensuremath{\sim}1.0 Mev for the remainder of the yield curve. A number of small resonances near threshold was observed. The giant resonance cross section reaches a peak value of 2.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.30 mb at an energy of 23 Mev, and it possesses a large high-energy tail. The integrated cross section to 56.8 Mev is 41.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.6 Mev-mb.
Ionophore bromo-A23187 reveals cellular calcium stores in single pituitary somatotropes

Abstract Free cytosolic calcium concentration, [Ca 2+ ] i , in single rat pituitary cells can be measured with the fluorescent, calcium-sensitive probe fura-2 and digital image analysis. A reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) identifies somatotropes in the mixed population of pituitary cells. Previous studies showed that growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) stimulates growth hormone (GH) release from pituitary somatotropes by increasing the influx of calcium into the cell. Somatostatin reduced [Ca 2+ ] 1 and inhibits hormone release presumably by closing calcium channels in the membrane. The calcium-ionophore bromo-A23187 rapidly increased [Ca 2+ ] i from a baseline of 226 ± 38 nM to a peak of 842 ± 169 nM (mean + SEM) which was reached 30 s after exposure to the drug. This spike was followed by a sustained phase of elevated [Ca 2+ ] i ~ 370 nM. When Somatostatin (SRIF) (10 nM) was combined with ionophore treatment, the initial rise was preserved. However, the second phase was abolished and SRIF lowered [Ca 2+ ] i to 57 ± 7 nM. Depolarizing the cellular membrane with high extracellular potassium (60 mM) increased cytosolic calcium as well (797 ± 178 nM); however, this was not affected by the addition of SRIF (988 ± 71 nM). KC1 depolarization in calcium-free medium ( + 1.5 mM EGTA) provoked no rise in cytosolic calcium. In contrast, after ionophore, the initial spike was preserved while the sustained phase of elevated [Ca 2+ ] i was abolished. We conclude from these data that (1) membrane depolarization and ionophore treatment lead to an influx of calcium into the cytosol of normal pituitary somatotropes. (2) SRIF inhibits calcium influx induced by ionophore but not influx after depolarization with high potassium concentrations. (3) Intracellular calcium stores are present in this cell type and can be mobilized with bromo-A23187. (4) The release of cellular calcium depots is not affected by SRIF.
The safety approach of the Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR)

Abstract The Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR) is an advanced reactor concept under development in a cooperative program involving the U.S. Government, the nuclear industry, and the utilities. The design utilizes the basic high-temperature gas-cooled (HTGR) features of ceramic fuel, helium coolant, and a graphite moderator. However, the specific size and configuration of the MHTGR are selected to utilize the inherent characteristics of these materials to develop passive safety features that provide a significantly higher margin of safety than current generation reactors. The design meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Protective Action Guidelines at the site boundary, hence precluding the need for sheltering or evacuation of the public during any licensing basis event. This safe behavior is not dependent upon operator action, is insensitive to operator error, and does not require a leak tight containment building. A safety summary is provided of the response to events challenging the functions relied on to retain radionuclides within the coated fuel particles. The regulatory interaction process and results are discussed through reviews of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff, NRC contractor and Advisory Committee for Reactor Safeguards (ACRS). Insights from the NRC's Draft Safety Evaluation Report are discussed.
Two-stage approach for identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with rheumatoid arthritis using random forests and Bayesian networks

We used the simulated data set from Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 Problem 3 to assess a two-stage approach for identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the first stage, we used random forests (RF) to screen large amounts of genetic data using the variable importance measure, which takes into account SNP interaction effects as well as main effects without requiring model specification. We used the simulated 9187 SNPs mimicking a 10 K SNP chip, along with covariates DR (the simulated DRB1 gentoype), smoking, and sex as input to the RF analyses with a training set consisting of 750 unrelated RA cases and 750 controls. We used an iterative RF screening procedure to identify a smaller set of variables for further analysis. In the second stage, we used the software program CaMML for producing Bayesian networks, and developed complex etiologic models for RA risk using the variables identified by our RF screening procedure. We evaluated the performance of this method using independent test data sets for up to 100 replicates.
Usability study on newspaper mobile websites

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to analyze the mobile websites of newspapers in terms of their user interface, particularly for the space usage for content.Design/methodology/approach – Since the early age of the web in the mid‐1990s, many usability recommendations have made for desirable web page design to maximize the valuable but limited space of a screen. To verify whether those recommendations have been applied appropriately to the recent development of mobile web pages, the first pages of 775 online news mobile sites were captured and analyzed in terms of the relationship between the words of the content and various design aspects of the sites. The dependent variable is the number of content words displayed on the first page and the independent variables are the different aspects of the mobile web pages' interface design.Findings – Multiple practices of wasting space were identified such as too large advertisement areas and navigation only first pages. Suggestions to save the space are made, ...
Studies of the Human Testis. V. Properties of Δ5-3β and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in the Biosynthesis of Testosterone from Dehydroepiandrosterone

The properties of Δ5-β3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the human testis were examined using cell-free homogenates with added cofactors. Michaelis constants of the Δ5-β3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme at 37 C and pH 7.4 were 8.2 × 10–7M for dehydroepiandrosterone and 2.9 × 10–6M for androstenediol. The optimal pH for both substrates was approximately 8.15. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol are competitive substrates for the enzyme. When free and conjugated C19 steroids in the order of 10–6 were added, androstenedione and testosterone inhibited the enzyme activity for dehydroepiandrosterone while the activity for androstenediol was inhibited by addition of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate as well as by androstenedione and testosterone. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase had two apparent Michaelis constants for dehydroepiandrosterone, 3.3 × 10–6M at low substrate concentrations and 1 × 10–5M at high substrate concentrations. The enzyme activities for deh...
Slot-Filler and Taxonomic Organization: The Role of Contextual Experience and Maternal Education

Previous studies on children’s semantic development suggest a shift from slot-filler to taxonomic organization at around eight years of age. However, these studies typically did not include children of early elementary-school ages (six- or seven-year-old); hence the possibility remains that the shift could have emerged earlier in development. The goal of the present study was to examine the age at which the taxonomic advantage in semantic organization occurs in a cross-sectional sample of children covering a wider age range and elucidate the factors related to the use of different semantic organizational strategies. Forty-six Mandarin-English bilinguals belonging to three age groups (five-, six-, and seven-year-old) were administered category generation task in both slot-filler (e.g., “Name all the zoo animals you can think of.”) and taxonomic conditions (e.g., “Name all the animals you can think of.”). The taxonomic advantage emerged as early as six years of age. Knowledge of specific slot-filler categories (farm vs. zoo animals) showed different age-related changes. Age and maternal education more consistently predicted performance in taxonomic than slot-filler condition. The slot-filler to taxonomic shift in semantic organization is exhibited across populations of distinct language background in early school-age years. Experience with specific categories and parental input both play important roles in the development of semantic organization.
Pitfalls and promising practices of youth–adult partnerships: An evaluator's reflections

Youth–adult partnerships (Y-APs) are an innovation being used increasingly as a key strategy for promoting youth development, as well as for building strong programs and communities. This article discusses three pitfalls that can undermine their effectiveness: (1) the assumption that youth should do everything of importance; (2) the belief that adults should “get out of the way,” and give up power, and (3) the focus on youth as the marked category. The article also describes three promising practices to overcome pitfalls: (1) integrate reflection into meetings; (2) articulate the logic of programs and Y-APs; and (3) engage a third party to help explore group assumptions and values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 75–85, 2005.
Observations on “Orthogonality” in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separations

The concept and definition of orthogonality in the context of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) separations are interesting topics of active discussion. Over the years, several approaches have been taken to quantify the degree of orthogonality, primarily to serve as a metric to optimize (and compare) comprehensive 2D separations. Recently, a mathematical function was reported that is qualitatively instructive for the purpose of providing such a metric. However, the mathematical function has some quantitative shortcomings. Herein, we both explore and partially correct this function. The orthogonality metric, referred to previously and herein as the orthogonality, O, was mathematically related to the fraction of the 2D separation space occupied by compounds (i.e., fractional coverage) and the peak capacity, P, for one dimension of the 2D separation. The fractional coverage, f, is simply related to the percentage coverage, which is equal to 100%(f). Our main finding was that the values for O as a function of P for a given percentage coverage achieve a constant value at large P but deviate severely to lower O values at small P. For comprehensive 2D separations operated such that the second dimension is at small P, the findings we report have consequences for those who consider applying the O metric. Finally, it is discussed that the percentage coverage may be a better metric to gauge the extent to which the compounds in a given sample mixture have been disseminated in the 2D separation space.
Fluctuating currency rate effects on an international project

Abstract More or less every international project faces risks and uncertainties due to fluctuations of currencies of different nations involved with the project. This paper analyzes this difficult problem, which many times is very complicated; An example is presented in a simple form to help visualize and evaluate the risks due to the fluctuating of different countries' currencies on a project of international involvement.
Importance of Process Chemistry in Selecting the Operating Policy for Plants with Recycle

A novel methodology using an economic objective function and employing recycle flow rates as independent degrees of freedom is proposed for the selection of a steady-state operating policy for chemical plants with recycle streams. Recycle flow rates are chosen as degrees of freedom instead of traditional decision variables such as conversion and molar ratio because the analysis is considerably simplified, allowing for greater insight into the nature of the solution of the problem. The methodology makes it clear that the process chemistry is of paramount importance in selecting a plantwide operating policy. Based on the kinetics of the process reactions, plants can be assigned to one of two equivalence classes of operating policies. One class requires constant maximal reactor holdup for optimal operation, and the other class requires a variable reactor holdup (assuming that the process has sufficient flexibility). Results are illustrated with simple examples and a case study based on a process to produce c...
The correlation between amplitude and speed measures in children 's lever-pulling behavior

Forty first-grade children performed 25 lever-pulling responses, with measures being taken on each trial of starting time, movement time, and response amplitude (force exerted at the termination of the response chain). For each S, Pearson r values were computed relating starting speed and movement speed (reciprocals of the respective time values) to response amplitude across trials (excluding the first). The results provided virtually no evidence for a relationship between starting speed and amplitude (r= +. 058). In contrast, a rather substantial relationship between movement speed and amplitude was revealed (r = +.511). Implications for lever studies employing children asSs are discussed.
Sociometric Status, Behavior Ratings, and Social Knowledge of Learning Disabled and Low-Achieving Students

A significant relationship between academic achievement and peer popularity has long been established. Nonetheless, the role of achievement in mediating social differences between learning disabled children and their nondisabled peers remains unclear. The goal of this research was to clarify the contribution of academic achievement to learning disabled children's social competence. Third and fourth-grade LD boys were compared to a group of low-achieving, third and fourth graders matched on sex, race, grade, classroom and reading achievement. No significant differences were found between these two groups in terms of levels of classroom acceptance, social knowledge, and social behavior as rated by their regular classroom teachers. Likely variables accounting for these results are discussed as well as directions for future research.
Illusions of moral hazard: A conceptual and empirical critique

Abstract This piece presents a three-fold critique of the theory of moral hazard. It begins with an examination of the core concepts of the theory—perverse incentives, negative precedents, norms, and provocation—and argues that these concepts are often used in conflicting and contradictory ways within the emerging literature on moral hazard. A second critique identifies several methodological problems. In particular, the literature relies heavily on a few cases to illustrate the utility of the theory. In doing so it suffers from selection bias and generates spurious findings. The third critique presents a series of empirical objections to the literature, especially as it applies to the cases in the Balkans. This criticism begins by challenging the evidence of a causal connection between international norms, perverse incentives and the ethnic wars in Bosnia in 1992 and in Kosovo in 1998–99. The piece concludes with a discussion of recent studies which show that, while there was a rise in regional and civil...
The relationship between open windspeed and windspeed reduction in shelter

Windspeed reduction in shelter is generally expressed relatively and is usually assumed to be independent of open windspeed. The purpose of this study was to re-examine the relationship between open windspeed and windspeed reduction in shelter using windspeeds and wind directions measured for two windbreak systems at various distances from the windbreaks and with three windbreak porosities. Optical windbreak porosities were estimated from digitized color photographs using an intelligent (trainable) image processing program. Relative windspeed reduction in shelter was found to be related to the open windspeed. There existed a threshold windspeed at approximately 5 m s−1, below which relative windspeed reduction varied but generally decreased as the open windspeed increased. Above the threshold windspeed, open windspeed did not have an effect on relative windspeed reduction in the sheltered zone. Using the threshold windspeed reduction, the authors propose an index to evaluate the effectiveness of a windbreak for the overal windspeed protection.
Host–Guest Chemistry Aids and Abets a Stereospecific Photodimerization in the Solid State

A bis(dialkylammonium ion)-substituted stilbene derivative cocrystallizes with bisparaphenylene[34]crown-10 to form, in the solid state, a 2:2 host-guest complex wherein the stilbene double bonds are aligned with a relative geometry suitable for a stereospecific photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition. When irradiated with white light, this crystalline complex forms a single diastereoisomer of the corresponding cyclobutane derivative, the stereochemistry of which has been determined unambiguously in the solid state by X-ray crystallography to be syn-anti-syn.
Primary angioplasty of an anomalous left main coronary artery: diagnostic and technical considerations.

In this case of primary angioplasty of an anomalous left main coronary artery, a method of identifying the course of these vessels is reviewed. Unique electrocardiographic findings relative to left main occlusion, aiding in suspecting this anomaly before angiographic study, are presented and the technical approach to revascularization is discussed.
Clinical Assessment of New I.V. Sedation Agents and Techniques

The purpose of this paper has been to describe the information that must be gathered before a new drug can be used effectively and safely for I.V. sedation. A new drug, midazolam, has been used as an illustrative example.
Comments on functional reproducibility of time-varying input-output systems

Recent results on solvability developed as part of a conjecture of K.A. Grasse (SIAM J. Contr. Optimiz., vol.26, p.230-249, 1988) on the necessity of certain rank conditions is answered for an important class of systems. A simpler description of the derivative arrays is presented. An alternative way of computing the control producing a given output is presented. >
The inhibition of activated bovine coagulation factors X and VII by antithrombin III

Abstract The inhibition of activated bovine Factors VII and X by antithrombin III has been studied by kinetic methods. The reaction between Factor X a and antithrombin III is characterized by second-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 3.9 × 10 3 m −1 s −1 at pH 7.5 at 37 °C. Inhibition in the presence of excess antithrombin III does not proceed to completion: The decay of Factor X a deviates from pseudo-first-order kinetics and a final equilibrium is reached, suggesting reversibility. The apparent association constant, at pH 7.5, 37 °C, is 2.3 × 10 9 m −1 . The interaction of three forms of bovine Factor VII with antithrombin III has been studied by the same methods. Factor VII and the two-chain activated form, α-Factor VII a , and the tissue factor-Factor VII a complex are not significantly inhibited by plasma levels of antithrombin III, in the either the presence or absence of heparin.
Prediction of bearing capacity of friction piles in soft Louisiana soils by cone penetration test

A comparison of four different methods for predicting the axial compression capacity of single piles using cone penetration test (CPT) results is presented. Nineteen pile load tests and parallel CPT soundings conducted close to the piles were identified and documented from the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development archives. Piles with different sizes and lengths were investigated. The four prediction methods selected were the Schmertmann method, the de Ruiter and Beringen method, the French Central Bridge and Pavement Laboratory (LCPC) method, and the Tumay and Fakhroo method. An evaluation scheme was performed using these methods to assess their capability to reliably predict the axial compression capacity of piles installed in soft Louisiana soils. The predicted pile capacities obtained by the different methods were compared with the measured pile capacities obtained from pile load tests. Analysis of the results showed that the Schmertmann, de Ruiter and Beringen, and Tumay and Fakhroo methods predicted the ultimate compression capacities of piles installed in soft Louisiana soils with a reasonable accuracy. The LCPC method underpredicted the measured capacities of these piles.
Dual mTORC1/2 inhibition in a preclinical xenograft tumor model of endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objectives Up to 70% of endometrioid endometrial cancers carry PTEN gene deletions that can upregulate mTOR activity. Investigational mTOR kinase inhibitors may provide a novel therapeutic approach for these tumors. Using a xenograft tumor model of endometrial cancer, we assessed the activity of mTOR and downstream effector proteins in the mTOR translational control pathway after treatment with a dual mTOR complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2) catalytic inhibitor (PP242) compared to that of an allosteric mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor (everolimus, RAD001). Methods Grade 3 endometrioid endometrial cancer cells (AN3CA) were xenografted into nude mice. Animals were treated with PP242, PP242 and carboplatin, carboplatin, RAD001, and RAD001 and carboplatin. Mean tumor volume was compared across groups by ANOVA. Immunoblot analysis was performed to assess mTORC1/2 activity using P-Akt, P-S6 and P-4E-BP1. Results The mean tumor volume of PP242+carboplatin was significantly lower than in all other treatment groups, P P =0.097). Immunoblot analysis of tumor lysates treated with PP242 demonstrated inhibition of activated P-Akt. Conclusions Catalytic mTORC1/2 inhibition demonstrates clear efficacy in tumor growth control that is enhanced by the addition of a DNA damage agent, carboplatin. Targeting mTORC1/2 leads to inhibition of Akt activation and strong downregulation of effectors of mTORC1, resulting in downregulation of protein synthesis. Based on this study, mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitors warrant further investigation as a potential treatment for endometrial cancer.
Biochemical basis of the resistance of sugarcane to eyespot disease.

Abstract Helminthosporoside is the host-specific toxin produced by Helminthosporium sacchari, the organism causing eyespot disease on sugarcane. Clones of sugarcane susceptible to the toxin posses a membrane protein that binds the toxin. Membranes of resistant clones do not bind the toxin. In this study, a binding protein from a susceptible clone was compared with its counterpart from a resistant clone. The protein from the resistant clone did not bind the toxin unless it was first treated with mild detergent. The two proteins are antigenically identical, have the same molecular weight, and each contains four subunits. They differ slightly in their electrophoretic mobility and vary with respect to four different aminoacid residues. The basis of resistance of clone H50-7209 to eyespot disease is directly associated with the structurally altered membrane-binding protein.
Polyvalent nucleic acid nanostructures.

Polyvalent oligonucleotide–nanoparticle conjugates possess several unique emergent properties, including enhanced cellular uptake, high antisense bioactivity, and nuclease resistance, which hypothetically originate from the dense packing and orientation of oligonucleotides on the surface of the nanoparticle. In this Communication, we describe a new class of polyvalent nucleic acid nanostructures (PNANs), which are comprised of only cross-linked and oriented nucleic acids. We demonstrate that these particles are capable of effecting high cellular uptake and gene regulation without the need of a cationic polymer co-carrier. The PNANs also exhibit cooperative binding behavior and nuclease resistance properties.
On the Theory of Diamagnetism

Relations between the Weber-Langevin theory and that of Pauli. The first theory gives a band for the Zeeman effect; the second, which is based on Larmor precession, gives sharp lines, as is known. The susceptibilities, K1 and K2, are different except when the orbits are normal to the intensity H of the magnetic field. When they are parallel to H, K1 vanishes and K2 is half that for the normal orbits, an extreme case. In the simplest case, viz., that of coplanar orbits, the ratio of the susceptibility KR for random orientation of the orbits to that KP for similar orientation with all orbital axes parallel to H is 1/3 by the first theory, and 2/3 by the second. In the general case of Pauli's theory KR / KP=2 / 3×(ratio of total ''quadrupolmoment'' to quadrupolmoment normal toA), where A designates a principal atomic axis, which may be normal to no orbit, and KP the susceptibility when A is parallel to H. In the general case of random orientation K2 / K1=2. Molecular magnetic orientation. In 1910 Langevin showed that the magnetic field tends to orient unsymmetrical diamagnetic atoms, so as to make the magnitude of the extraneous flux through the orbits a minimum. The general law is similar to that for magnetic double-refraction, alignment approaching completeness and diamagnetic susceptibility approaching a minimum as H increases and temperature decreases. Thus this theory cannot explain the recent results of Glaser on the variation of susceptibility with pressure; it is suggested that these may possibly be due to a quantization resulting from the weak magnetic moment produced according to either theory in an intense field. Larmor precession of a diamagnetic atom is shown to be independent of orbital motions and due to the same cause as Weber's rotations.
A Wintertime Arctic Oscillation Signature on Early-Season Indian Ocean Monsoon Intensity

Abstract The Indian Ocean monsoon (IOM) exhibits considerable year-to-year variations that have previously been attributed to a number of forcing mechanisms including the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Eurasian snow cover anomalies. In this study, spatial data of Eurasian spring land surface temperatures are analyzed as well as proxies for soil moisture, summer IOM precipitation, and summer IOM 850-mb zonal winds for the 1979–99 period to isolate correlated modes of variability. The results indicate the existence of a prominent mode that appears to be related to the boreal winter Arctic Oscillation (AO); this mode projects strongly on the June precipitation and 850-mb zonal wind fields in the vicinity of the IOM region. Its projection on spatial fields of temperature and proxies for soil moisture shows springtime surface warming and drying in the region to the north and west of the Indian subcontinent and cooling over the higher Eurasian latitudes during years of anomalously intense June monsoon ...
A possible explanation for nonlinear spherulitic growth rates

Nonlinear growth of polymer spherulites has been repeatedly reported in blends containing a low-molecular weight amorphous polymer. A new explanation for this behaviour is proposed. Results of numerical simulations of the growth of lamellar stacks are presented. The model incorporates diffusion of amorphous polymer and assumes that the lamellar growth rate is depressed by the presence of amorphous chains at the growth front. It is shown that steady-state growth is reached only after long times when the diffusion coefficient of amorphous chains is large or when the lamellar growth rate is small. It is proposed that nonlinear growth in blends containing a low-molecular weight amorphous polymer (large diffusion coefficient) is, in some cases, due to the long times needed for a steady state to be reached and not a diffusion-limiting process.