cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension in the United States According to the 2017 High Blood Pressure Guideline.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTR-hypertension) in US adults with treated hypertension by using the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Patients and Methods Nonpregnant US adults older than 20 years with a self-reported history of treated hypertension who had blood pressure measured in NHANES cycles 2007 to 2014 were included in this study. Study participants were stratified into 4 groups according to average blood pressure and antihypertensive medication use: well-controlled hypertension, undertreated hypertension, aTR-hypertension by the 2017 guideline, and aTR-hypertension by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) guideline. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey sample weights were used to estimate the national prevalence. Results From 2007 to 2014, 5512 participants with treated hypertension representing 46.7 million people nationally were included. Compared with JNC 7 guideline criteria, application of the 2017 high blood pressure guideline criteria increased the prevalence of aTR-hypertension in US adults with treated hypertension from 12.0% to 15.95%, identifying an additional 1.85 million individuals with aTR-hypertension nationally. Individuals newly reclassified as having aTR-hypertension were younger. However, the prevalence of thiazide diuretic use remained less than 70%, and that of mineralocorticoid antagonist use remained less than 10% regardless of the guideline definition. Conclusion On the basis of the 2017 high blood pressure guideline, the prevalence of aTR-hypertension is 15.95% in US adults with treated hypertension. This represents an absolute increase of 4% (1.85 million additional individuals nationally) compared with the JNC 7 guideline definition, with a consistent increase across all subpopulations with treated hypertension.
Hypovitaminosis D Is A Risk Factor for Posterior Chain Muscular Injury in NCAA Division I Track And Field Athletes

Objectives:Currently little information is available in evaluating micronutrient requirements in elite athletes. Despite evidence that groups of NCAA athletes may be deficient in Vitamin D, no stud...
Secondary repair of incompetent pulmonary valves after previous surgery or intervention: Patient selection and outcomes

Abstract Objectives Pulmonary valve (PV) regurgitation (PR) is common after intervention for a hypoplastic right ventricular outflow tract. Secondary PV repair is an alternative to replacement (PVR), but selection criteria are not established. We sought to elucidate preoperative variables associated with successful PV repair and to compare outcomes between repair and PVR. Methods Patients who underwent surgery for secondary PR from 2010 to 2017 by a single surgeon were studied. The PV annulus and leaflets were measured on the preoperative echocardiogram and magnetic resonance images, and the primary predictor variable was leaflet area indexed to ideal PV annulus area (iPLA) by magnetic resonance imaging. PV repair and PVR groups were compared using multivariable logistic regression, and with a conditional inference tree. Freedom from PV dysfunction and from reintervention were assessed with Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Results Of 85 patients, 31 (36%) underwent PV repair. By multivariable analysis, longer PV total leaflet length (cm/m2) (β = 3.00, standard error [SE] = 0.82, P Conclusions Patients with an iPLA >0.9, and those with an iPLA between 0.7 and 0.9 with a PV annulus z score >0 should be considered for a native PV repair. At midterm follow-up, patients with a PV repair were not more likely to develop PR or to require reintervention when compared with patients undergoing PVR.
An Interesting Contradiction: A Study of Religiously Committed, Psychoanalytically Oriented Clinicians

This presentation summarizes an exploratory study of twelve religiously committed, psychoanalytically oriented clinicians (RPC's). The study, grounded in object-relations theory, employs a clinical...
Eliciting the coordination of preservice secondary mathematics teachers’ definitions and concept images of function

Given the vast experiences pre-service mathematics teachers (PSMTs) have with functions, one may assume that they have existing personal definitions and concept images. The purpose of this paper is...
When Race and Class Collide: Classism and Social-Emotional Experiences of First-Generation College Students:

Scholarship devoted to first-generation college students has increased rapidly over the past decade, with studies demonstrating first-generation students are systematically disadvantaged compared t...
Risks to Relationships in Kidney Transplant Research with Living Donors and Recipients.

In order to consider how best to address relationship concerns with potential research participants arising in this study (Johnson, Duenas, and Wilfond 2021), we will first describe unique features...
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Calyx Yield of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Grown under Field Conditions

Assessments of growth, calyx yield and nutritional composition of roselle can help farmers in Iraq to determine which cultivars are the best for commercialization. The field experiment has been done on two roselle cultivars (red and white) during summer of 2019 in a private farm that belongs to a farmer in Al-Saniyah county, Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq, to investigate the impact of applying various rates of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha) on some agronomic traits and calyx yield. The results exhibited that there were significant differences in the rate of Nitorgen and applying N fertilizer has increased the vegetative growth and yield. Significant differences have been also reported in different agronomic traits between the cultivars and the white cultivar showed the best. The red cultivar of roselle showed the better in yield and yield components than the white cultivar grown in Iraq. it can be concluded that applying of nitrogen fertilizer had a pronounced beneficial influenced on the red roselle cultivar.
The enteric pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum exports proteins into the cytoplasm of the infected host cell

ABSTRACT The parasite Cryptosporidium is responsible for diarrheal disease in young children causing death, malnutrition, and growth delay. Cryptosporidium invades enterocytes where it develops in a unique intracellular niche. Infected cells exhibit profound changes in morphology, physiology and transcriptional activity. How the parasite effects these changes is poorly understood. We explored the localization of highly polymorphic proteins and found members of the C. parvum MEDLE protein family to be translocated into the cytoplasm of infected cells. All intracellular life stages engage in this export, which occurs after completion of invasion. Mutational studies defined an N-terminal host-targeting motif and demonstrated proteolytic processing at a specific leucine residue. Direct expression of MEDLE2 in mammalian cells triggered an ER stress response that was also observed during infection. Taken together, our studies reveal the presence of a Cryptosporidium secretion system capable of delivering pathogenesis factors into the infected enterocyte.
Affect-Regulation Related Emergent Brain Network Properties Differentiate Depressed Bipolar Disorder from Major Depression and Track Risk for Bipolar

Abstract Background Individuals with/at risk for Bipolar Disorder (BD) often present initially for the treatment of depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, pharmacological treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can be iatrogenic, precipitating mania which may not have otherwise occurred. Current diagnostic procedures rely solely on self-reported/observable symptoms, and thus alternative data sources, like brain network properties, are needed to supplement current self-report/observation-based indices of risk for mania. Methods Brain connectivity during affect maintenance/regulation was examined in a large (N=249), medication-free sample of currently depressed BD (n=50) and MDD (n=116) patients and healthy controls (n=83). BD risk was categorized in a subset of MDD patients. We used graph theory to identify emergent network properties that differentiated between (i) BD and MDD and (ii) MDD patients at high and low risk for BD. Results BD and MDD differed in the (i) extent to which rostral anterior cingulate was embedded in the local network, (ii) amount of influence hippocampus exerted over global network communication, and (iii) clarity of orbitofrontal cortex communication. MDD patients at high BD risk showed a pattern of local network clustering around right amygdala that was similar to healthy controls, whereas MDD at low risk for BD deviated from this pattern. Conclusions BD and MDD differed in emergent network mechanisms subserving affect regulation, and amygdala properties tracked BD risk in MDD patients. If replicated, present findings may be combined with other markers to assess the presence of BD/BD-risk in individuals presenting with depressive symptoms in order to prevent the use of iatrogenic treatments.
The Impact of Trainee and Standardized Patient Race and Gender on Internal Medicine Resident Communication Assessment Scores.

Background Standardized patient (SP) encounters are commonly used to assess communication skills in medical training. The impact of SP and resident demographics on the standardized communication ratings in residents has not been evaluated. Objective To examine the impact of gender and race on SP assessments of internal medicine (IM) residents' communication skills during postgraduate year (PGY) 1. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of all SP assessments of IM PGY-1 residents for a standardized communication exercise from 2012 to 2018. We performed descriptive analyses of numeric communication SP ratings by gender, race, and age (for residents and SPs). A generalized estimating equation model, clustered on individual SP, was used to determine the association of gender (among SP and residents) with communication ratings. A secondary analysis was performed to determine the impact of residents and SP racial concordance in communication scores. Results There were 1356 SP assessments of 379 IM residents (199 male residents [53%] and 178 female residents [47%]). There were significant differences in average numeric communication rating (mean 3.40 vs 3.34, P = .009) by gender of resident, with higher scores in female residents. There were no significant interactions between SP and resident gender across the communication domains. There were no significant interactions noted with racial concordance between interns and SPs. Conclusions Our data demonstrate an association of resident gender on ratings in standardized communication exercises, across multiple communication skills. There was not an interaction impact for gender or racial concordance between SPs and interns.
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor, Evidence for A Mixed Odontogenic Tumor

Abstract Objective Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) was classified by WHO as a mixed odontogenic tumor in 1992 and reclassified as an epithelial-only tumor in 2005 without clear rationale. The purpose of this study was to investigate if there was any evidence to suggest AOT might be a mixed odontogenic tumor. Study Design Immunohistochemical studies with nestin, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), cytokeratin, and vimentin were performed using 21 cases of AOT and the staining results were analyzed according to the various morphologic patterns seen in AOT. Sirius red stain was used to detect presence of collagen types I and III in AOT products. Results Our results showed that 20/21 (95.23%), 0/21 (0%), 21/21 (100%), and 20/21 (95.23%) cases expressed nestin, DSPP, cytokeratin, and vimentin, respectively. Some cells in rosette/duct-like structures (RDS) expressed nestin, vimentin or both, without cytokeratin. Co-expression of vimentin and cytokeratin, or nestin, cytokeratin, and vimentin were noted in some cells. Sirius red was positive in eosinophilic products in RDS, double-layered spheres and dentinoid. Conclusion Although most AOT cells appear epithelial, there is a small population of cells expressing mesenchymal proteins and secreting collagen types I and III. These evidence suggests that AOT is a mixed odontogenic tumor.
ETS1 Ameliorates Hyperoxia-Induced Alveolar Epithelial Cell Injury by Regulating the TGM2-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects newborns who need oxygen therapy, and high-concentration oxygen therapy may cause neonatal morbidity and mortality in newborns. E26 oncogene homologue 1 (ETS1) and transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) have been reported to be associated with lung cell injury. However, the mechanism of ETS1 in regulating BPD is still unclear. Hyperoxia-induced A549 cells to simulate hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial cell injury. MTT assays and colony formation assays were performed to investigate the proliferation of A549 cells. Flow cytometry was carried out to quantify the apoptosis of A549 cells. The expression levels of ETS1 and TGM2 were quantified by qRT–PCR. The protein expression levels of ETS1, TGM2, β-catenin, c-Jun and MET were measured by western blot. Overexpression of ETS1, overexpression of TGM2, overexpression of ETS1 with downregulation of TGM2 and overexpression of TGM2 with inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway were performed to investigate the role of ETS1, TGM2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial cell injury. Hyperoxia decreased the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of cells in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, overexpression of ETS1 rescued the effect of hyperoxia on proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of TGM2 participated in the regulation of hyperoxia-induced proliferation and apoptosis. ETS1 regulated hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial cell injury through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via TGM2. ETS1 ameliorates hyperoxia-induced alveolar epithelial cell injury through the TGM2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
The Profession and the Crisis

So we’re having an economic crisis. I say “having,” not “had,” because we have by no means recovered. Financial panic may have subsided, stocks may be up, but employment remains far below pre-crisis levels, and unemployment — especially long-term unemployment — remains disastrously high. And while you can make the case that the economy is slowly on the mend, slowly is the operative word. We have already been through two years of economic purgatory, and there’s no end in sight. There is a real sense in which times like these are what economists are for, just as wars are what career military officers are for. OK, maybe I can let microeconomists off the hook. But macroeconomics is, above all, about understanding and preventing or at least mitigating economic downturns. This crisis was the time for the economics profession to justify its existence, for us academic scribblers to show what all our models and analysis are good for. We have not, to put it mildly, delivered. What do I mean by that? As I see it, there are three main complaints one can make about economists and their role in the current crisis. First is the complaint that economists fell down on the job by not seeing the crisis coming. Second is the complaint that economists failed even to see the possibility of this kind of crisis — and that by pointing out the possibility, they could have helped head the crisis off. Third is the complaint that they have either failed to offer useful advice on what to do after the crisis struck, or that they have offered such a cacophony of voices as to provide no useful guidance for policy. As I see it, the first complaint is mostly — though not entirely — unfair. The second is much more substantial: anyone with some knowledge of history should have realized that the age of financial crises was far from over. But the most damning failure of economists, I’d argue, was their acquired ignorance of what I’ve called depression economics — the principles that should govern policy after a financial crisis has left conventional open-market operations impotent. So let me walk through these issues one at a time.
FTMP: a protocol for distributed fault tolerant operating system services

The authors discuss the design of a highly redundant distributed fault-tolerant environment based on the fault-tolerant monitor protocol (FTMP). An implementation of this protocol was developed on a 16-node 4-by-4 planar-2 mesh of Sun Sparcstations running UNIX. The implementation provided fully distributed reliability services to applications in a highly redundant, loosely coupled, distributed network. These services were based on five abstractions: projects, tasks, ports, critical files, and objects. The purpose of these abstractions was to provide a reliable computing environment for complex distributed applications such as autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) control systems which require a high degree of reliability and unattended availability. This approach has been shown to be feasible and capable of dealing with hardware and software items. When combined with an AUV control system it also has been shown to meet the mission requirements of an AUV. >
Accuracy of MOM calculations for scattering from simple objects

Summarizes a study of applications of massively parallel high performance computing to analysis of electromagnetic scattering from a number of targets. Specifically, the paper focuses on the use of advanced numerical techniques and massively parallel computing in implementation of the method of moments (MOM) to numerical solution of integral equation electromagnetic scattering formulations. The goal of the paper is to increase numerical accuracy without sacrificing computational efficiency. The main thrust is to explore several strategies for improving the accuracy of method of moments (MOM) calculations of electromagnetic scattering from metallic, dielectric, and resistive bodies. These strategies, involving more intensive computation than less accurate conventional techniques, are ideally suited for implementation on a massively parallel high-performance computer. The paper emphasizes strategies to minimize computation time and storage requirements. Some of these strategies include adaptive partitioning of the scattering body; non-uniform partitioning of the body; and the usage of alternative basis functions, including basis functions incorporating correct singular behavior near edges. The residual and the singular value decomposition (SVD) are used to diagnose solution convergence and accuracy. Specific cases presented include application of the strategies outlined to the cases of scattering from 2-dimensional metallic and dielectric scatterers.
Studies on the glandular apparatus and secretions of virgulate xiphidiocercariae. II. Qualitative chemical analysis of secretions

Abstract Three species of virgulate xiphidiocercariae (Trematoda:Lecithodendriidae) were induced to secrete their glandular contents onto glass surfaces by means of the India inksaline technique. These secretions were soluble in concentrated sulfuric, formic, and acetic acids and in sodium hypochlorite solution, but were insoluble in all other strong acids tested and in weak acids and organic solvents. They were digested rapidly by trypsin, but were digested only partially by chymotrypsin and lysozyme. Spot tests performed on these secretions yielded positive reactions for native protein, amino acids, and carbohydrate. Sixteen amino acids and glucosamine were identified in one-dimensional paper chromatograms of hydrolysates of this material. The digestion of the secretions by trypsin, their relative insolubility in inorganic and organic solvents, and their amino acid content support previously reported histochemical evidence that they contain scleroprotein.
Routes for the Synthesis of (2S)-2-Methyltetrahydropyran-4-one from Simple Optically Pure Building Blocks

Routes to (2S)-2-methyltetrahydropyran-4-one of high optical purity starting from readily available chiral pool precursors and suitable for large-scale manufacture are described. In one approach, the key step is cyclisation of (S)-5-hydroxyhex-1-en-3-one, derived either from an alkyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate or (S)-propylene oxide. Formation of the tetrahydropyran ring directly via an intramolecular oxy-Michael reaction under acid-catalysed conditions resulted in loss of optical purity, whereas proceeding through the intermediate (2S)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one, via an oxidative Pd-catalysed ring closure, followed by hydrogenation of the alkenyl bond, preserved the optical purity. An alternative approach to (2S)-2-methyl-2,3-dihydropyran-4-one is also reported, again starting from an alkyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate by elaboration to a carbonyl-protected (6S)-6-methyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2,4-dione derivative, followed by partial reduction and dehydration. Alternatively, the carbonyl group can be reduced out com...
Foundations for system measurement

Abstract A system can be defined as a set of elements that interacts with its environment, where relationships exist between the elements. Numerous disciplines in the sciences including physical, social, and behavioral, as well as the realms of engineering, business, and economics are concerned with objects, processes, and phenomenon that satisfy this generic, system definition. These fields and others have a need to understand systems within their domain. Key to understanding a system is being able to measure it. This paper presents fundamental concepts and an empirically feasible methodology for system measurement.
A Robust Torque and Drag Analysis Approach for Well Planning and Drillstring Design

This paper presents a novel torque and drag analysis approach and demonstrates its robustness when used with a versatile computer program. Torque and Drag analysis remains an important evaluation process for assessing drilling feasibility of directional wells, minimizing the occurrence of catastrophic drill string failures and avoiding premature termination of the drilling operation before reaching planned target depth. From a draft well plan, the drilling engineering analysis is initiated with the development of a representative analytical model using selected entries in a Torque and Drag computer program. Several parameters and instances of evaluation are needed to capture the physical behavior of modeled systems and to produce technically sound results. The availability of computational tools have not necessarily improved the drilling engineering process or enhance the quality of recommendations without a methodical approach and application of results. To minimize the iterative steps required to reach an interpretable result, the analytical process as presented in this paper is accelerated with a directed search and a convergence to the determinant drilling variables. The novel approach narrows - the design search domain and tests sensitivities of well-plan characteristics, simulates drilling conditions and applicable drillstring - to the dominant operating factors that determine the boundaries of application. A record extended reach well (MD/TVD ratio of 2.9) with a lateral displacement of approximately 6,000 ft. was drilled in the GOM using this approach to select tubulars and their position in the well with respect to well trajectory objectives, bottom-hole assembly (BHA) performance and target reach.
Δ9-THC: Selective impairment of corticosterone uptake by limbic structures of the rat

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has a marked influence on the selective uptake of 3H-corticosterone by the hippocampus and septum of the rat. Analysis of variance on blood/tissue ratios showed that a dose of 9 mg/kg of Δ9-THC significantly (P < 0.01) lowered 3H-corticosterone uptake in the hippocampus. Compared with uptake in frontal and hind cortices, Δ9-THC selectively depressed 3H-corticosterone uptake within the septum and hippocampus. The decrease in uptake across the 3 and 9 mg/kg doses for the limbic system components compared with the cortical samples is highly significant (P < 0.001) and suggests that Δ9-THC exerts differential actions on hormone uptake within the central nervous system.
Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: A comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P
Electron microscopy of digital tactile corpuscles and small cutaneous nerves.

Digital tactile corpuscles of the monkey are surrounded by a capsule consisting of variable numbers of lamellae made up of greatly flattened cells. The capsule and its extensions divide the corpuscle into a large number of more or less separate lobules or compartments. The nerve fibers entering the corpuscle are thought to ramify profusely, and certainly dwindle in size. All nerve processes are folded into extensions of Schwann cells so that no truly naked processes exist. Occasional fibroblasts are also found within the corpuscle. Substantial extracellular spaces are present, and collagenous fibers run singly or in bundles within these spaces, generally oriented in the direction of the nerve processes. Collagenous fibers are also found on and between the capsular lamellae. The digital corpuscles are compared with cutaneous nerve bundles. The perineurium of the latter, like the capsule of the former, consists of multiple lamellae made up of continuous sheets of flattened protoplasm. The lamellar cells in both places, furthermore, are characterized by an obvious basement membrane that distinguishes them from ordinary fibroblasts. It makes it likely that these cells are more closely related to Schwann cells which similarly possess a basement membrane. The capsule of muscle spindles as described by Robertson is undoubtedly a homologous structure. The outer circumferential lamellae of the Pacinian corpuscle as described by Pease and Quilliam seems also to be homologous. These living envelopes around the nervous structures isolate the latter from the general connective tissue environment.
Effect of an orthotic intervention on sensorimotor integration mechanisms in patients with musculoskeletal disorders

Summary Objective The objective of this research was to determine the effect of an orthotic intervention on the recruitment profiles of the tibial nerve H-reflex response in patients with musculoskeletal disorders during quiet standing as compared to lying prone on a table. The amount of H-reflex inhibition between resting prone and quiet standing assesses the integrity of sensorimotor integration mechanisms. Design Cross-sectional with repeated measures on footwear conditions for patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Single-blind of investigator for footwear conditions. Setting Research Laboratory. Methods The participants were 12 asymptomatic individuals and 11 patients with musculoskeletal disorders. In the prone and standing positions, H/M recruitment profiles were generated with subjects wearing their aerobic shoes. The subjects rested prone on a treatment table with their feet resting on foot plates. During quiet standing trials, subjects balanced equally on both feet while maintaining a relaxed posture and lightly grasping a hand support at hip level to minimize the influence of postural sway and fatigue. The patients were tested with and without their orthotics inserted into their aerobic shoes. The tibial nerve H-reflex methodology was used to record M-wave and H-reflex responses from the gastrocnemius muscle of the right leg. The Hmax/Mmax ratio was calculated from the recruitment profile in each test position. Results The amount of H-reflex inhibition for the prone position to quiet standing did not systematically increase with the orthotic intervention (12.7%) as compared to the patient's normal shoe condition (13.2%). Regardless of footwear condition, the amount of H-reflex inhibition from the prone position to quiet standing was similar to the effect observed in the asymptomatic individuals (13.4%). Among the patients with musculoskeletal disorders, subject-specific variations in the amount of H-reflex inhibition from the prone position to quiet standing were significantly different from zero, between the two footwear conditions (5.7%; t10 = 4.54). Conclusion Altering sensory feedback signals from the plantar surface of the foot with an orthotic intervention modified sensorimotor integration mechanisms in a subject-specific manner. In agreement with biomechanics research and neuromuscular concepts for the benefits of orthotics, sensorimotor integration mechanisms may be different for each subject-shoe-insert condition.
Dissipative Chaos in Semiconductor Superlattices

We consider the motion of ballistic electrons in a miniband of a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) under the influence of an external, time-periodic electric field. We use a semiclassical, balance-equation approach, which incorporates elastic and inelastic scattering (as dissipation) and the self-consistent field generated by the electron motion. The coupling of electrons in the miniband to the self-consistent field produces a cooperative nonlinear oscillatory mode which, when interacting with the oscillatory external field and the intrinsic Bloch-type oscillatory mode, can lead to complicated dynamics, including dissipative chaos. For a range of values of the dissipation parameters we determine the regions in the amplitude-frequency plane of the external field in which chaos can occur. Our results suggest that for terahertz external fields of the amplitudes achieved by present-day free-electron lasers, chaos may be observable in SSL{close_quote}s. We clarify the nature of this interesting nonlinear dynamics in the superlattice{endash}external-field system by exploring analogies to the Dicke model of an ensemble of two-level atoms coupled with a resonant cavity field, and to Josephson junctions. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Chloroplast membrane characteristics.

Abstract 1. 1.Isolated Spinacea oleracea chloroplasts respond as reversible osmometers over limited ranges of sucrose concentration. Comparison of albumin and sucrose spaces in centrifuge tube pellets indicates that sucrose penetrates more of the chloroplast space than does albumin. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the grana (or thylakoid) compartment is the sucrose and salt impermeable, osmotically responsive space. 2. 2.Lowering the pH of a chloroplast suspension to the isoelectric point, i.e. pH 4.7, results in the same degree of shrinkage as obtained by extrapolation of the Boyle-Van't Hoff plots. This suggests that chloroplast volume is in part determined by the degree of ionization of fixed dissociable charge groups of the membranes and possibly of non-diffusible polyelectrolytes within the chloroplast. Varying degrees of ionization of such groups would lead to changes in the amount of counter-ions within the structure, with concomitant changes in volume. The effect of many divalent cations (Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ ,Co 2+ and Ni 2+ as chloride salts) suggests that these cations may bind to fixed groups and induce contractions similar to those obtained by lowering the pH. 3. 3.The internal pH of chloroplasts was measured by using the distribution of a weak electrolyte (5,5′-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione). It was found in general that (a) a difference in pH exists across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane with the internal pH higher than the external pH when the latter is below pH 7.1 and (b) the internal pH tends to remain near pH 7.1 as the external pH decreased to near 6.3 A pH gradient as large as 1.0 pH unit could also be induced when the external sucrose concentration was increased to 0.5–0.8 M, from 0.2 M sucrose.
Extraction of the. pi. NN form factor from charged pion photoproduction

The ..pi..NN form factor F/sub piN/N (t), at small values of the momentum transfer, 0 pi../sup +/n for incident photon energies in the range 3.4 --18 GeV. A total of 104 unpolarized differential cross sections and 22 asymmetries have been fitted with a Reggeized one-pion-exchange model. The best fits give for a monopole vertex function a range ..lambda..approx. =1000 MeV and for a dual model type of form factor, an asymptotic rate parameter ..beta..approx. =2.3--2.5. These results are consistent with those of a recent analysis of NN charge exchange scattering data at high energy and the same range of momentum transfers. The contribution of non-one-pion exchanges to the photoproduction amplitudes has been found to be negligible and does not affect the chi/sup 2/, thus leading to an essentially model-independent extraction of F/sub piN/N (t). The implications of these results for the construction of one-pion-exchange potentials in nuclear physics is briefly discussed.
Direct instruction: What it is and what it is becoming

This essay describes the principles of Direct Instruction design and delivery used to establish clear, unambiguous communication and maximize student responding. Direct Instruction research findings are summarized: achievement of low-income students in Follow Through, longitudinal results, and the effectiveness of Direct Instruction for students with handicaps. Finally, new directions for Direct Instruction, technological applications and instruction of higher-order skills, are discussed.
The Comparative Antiarrhythmic Actions of Lidocaine and its Quarternary Derivative, Methyl Lidocaine

Lidocaine has proved to be an effective antiarrhythmic agent in the management of ventricular arrhythmias subsequent to acute myocardial infarction. Lidocaine's short duration of action and its propensity for producing central nervous system (CNS) stimulation suggest that a safer and more effective therapeutic agent, based on a modification of the lidocaine structure, might be found. The quaternary ammonium compound, methyl lidocaine, was synthesized and its actions in experimentally-induced arrhythmias were studied and compared to those of lidocaine. The antiarrhythmic effects of lidocaine and methyl lidocaine were examined in the anesthetized dog against ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardia and in conscious animals with ventricular tachycardia 48 hours after two-stage ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Both pharmacological agents were capable of reversing digitalis-induced arrhythmias and restoring normal sinus rhythm in animals 48 hours after surgical ligation of the anterior desce...
The Effects of Fat Talk on Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Behavior: The Moderating Role of Dietary Restraint

Although research suggests that fat talk, the normalized conversations that involve degrading one's body shape/weight and size, can increase body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behavior, the extent to which dietary restraint may moderate these relationships remains uncertain. A pilot study (N=30) comparing online videos with researcher-developed vignettes as prospective manipulations for fat talk exposure suggested use of the vignettes as potent yet subtle stimuli. In the main study, women undergraduates (N=116) were randomized to read a fat talk or neutral vignette and then completed standardized measures of body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint while being concurrently presented with food stimuli. Results suggest significant moderation effects for dietary restraint: whereas fat talk exposure was associated with increased body dissatisfaction among low dietary restrainers, it appeared to reduce food consumption among high dietary restrainers. Findings highlight the importance of individual differences in shaping responses to fat talk.
Geometric transient solutions of autonomous scalar maps

Smooth autonomous scalar maps with locally asymptotically stable equilibria have families of asymptotically constant solutions which decay geometrically to the equilibria. Locally, all transients converging to the equilibria have this form.
Peronea arteria magna.

A 10-year-old girl was evaluated with MR angiography forleft lower extremity varicosities. The arterial phase MIP(Fig. 1) demonstrated an incidental peronea arteria magna(PAM ) of the right calf and a conventional left trifurcation(AT anterior tibial artery, P peroneal artery, PT posteriortibial artery).Anomalous branching of the trifurcation results in adominant peroneal artery in 7–12% of the population, andPAM, in which the peroneal artery is the only vascularsupply to the foot, occurs in 0.2–5.3% [1, 2]. Patients withcongenital or acquired peroneal arterial dominance, espe-cially PAM, are at risk of foot ischemia if this vessel istraumatized, affected by stenoocclusive disease, or har-vested as part of a free fibular graft. Preharvest imaging,such as with MR angiography, has been advocated becausepatients with peroneal arterial dominance can have normaldistal pulses [1].References
What's really new about policy modeling? An assessment on the basis of the U.S. federal government experience

Abstract This article is an attempt to look at where policy modeling is today in reality as opposed to where it is often perceived to be by those who are its proponents. To do this, an impressionistic survey is made of the state of the art, looking at such factors as model theory, structure, data, validation, and uses. Finally, some effort is made to take the results of this examination and use the conclusions reached to suggest what the future of policy modeling might be and what yet unexplored avenues remain to the model builders and users.
Isotopic ages of zircon from granites and pegmatites

Isotopic lead age determinations have been made on 13 zircons obtained from rocks 185 to 1400 million years old. Concordant or nearly concordant ages are found for all of the samples which contain no detectable common lead, and discordant ages are found for most, if not all, of the samples which contain common lead. A comparison is made between the concordant isotopic age patterns given by three zircons from the Grenville subprovince in Ontario and the discordant patterns given by three zircons from the Cordilleran region of western United States. This indicates that the discordant ages can be related to the recent orogenies which occurred in the Cordilleran region. The Grenville is a stable shield area. There is no relation between the agreement of the isotopic ages of zircon and crystal size, amount of radiation damage or optical appearance—that is, zoning, cloudiness, or inclusions. When a discordant age result is compared with the potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium ages of associated mica the Pb207-Pb206 age is found to be the closest to the mica age. Isotopic ages are compared with the simpler alpha-lead and chemical lead ages, which do not require isotopic analysis of lead. The non-isotopic ages are approximately correct for zircons which have concordant isotopic ages but are in error when discordant isotopic ages are found. No explanation is offered as to why the mica ages are apparently unaffected by the process or processes which altered the zircon ages. An understanding of this phenomenon would doubtless provide valuable information concerning the post-crystallization history of the samples.
A randomized controlled trial comparing short versus long‐term catheterization after uncomplicated vaginal prolapse surgery

Aims: Routine catheterization following vaginal prolapse surgery has advantages like prevention of postoperative retention of urine and prevention of any adverse effect on surgical outcome. However, it increases the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI), prevent early ambulation and prolong hospital stay. This randomized controlled trial was done on how best to minimize catheter related complication after prolapse surgery. Methods: 200 patients planned for vaginal prolapse surgery were recruited and randomized into two groups. In group I and group II catheter was removed on 1st and 4th post operative day, respectively. After removal, if patient could not void or when residual urine volume exceeds 150 mL, recatheterisation was done for another three days. Sample of urine was sent for culture during catheter removal. Results: Age, parity, type of surgery and mean operation time did not differ significantly between the two groups. Mean duration of catheterization was significantly shorter (1.64 vs 4.09) and mean duration of hospital stay was shorter by 1.2 days, in first group. However a significantly higher number of retention of urine or residual urine more than 150 mL was found in the early removal group (OR 3.10) but lesser chance of development of urinary tract infection (OR 0.10). Conclusions: The early removal of catheter seems more advantageous, with lower incidence of urinary tract infection and a shorter hospital stay although associated with an increased risk of recatheterisation.
Impact of Through-Silicon-Via capacitance on high frequency supply noise in 3D-stacks

We analyze the bias and frequency dependent capacitance of the Power/Ground (P/G) Through-Silicon-Via (TSVs) and its impact on the high-frequency noise in the power delivery network (PDN) of a 3D stack. We show that the P/G TSVs in a 3D PDN act as on-chip distributed decoupling capacitances and hence, help reduce the high-frequency impedance. We present that for the same cross-sectional area, P/G TSVs created using a cluster of small diameter TSVs has higher capacitance than a single large diameter TSV and hence, can further reduce the high-frequency PDN impedance.
Toward microwave integrated circuits on flexible substrates (invited)

Flexible electronics find a number of important applications that rigid chip based electronics are unable to easily fill in. Semiconductor nanomembrane (NM) based flexible electronics provides high speed capabilities with superior mechanical properties resulting from ultra-thin thickness and the high material quality of their single crystalline active materials. In this paper, we summarize and discuss various electrical components based on semiconductor nanomembrane (NM). The evolvement of radio frequency (RF) flexible Si NM thin-film transistors (TFTs) and single-pole single-throw (SPST) switches will be overviewed as examples of electrical components.
A new signal averaging algorithm for discrete signals

A technique for the stacking of phase coherent waveforms is presented. The algorithm consists of a sampling process followed by bandpass filtering and is therefore faster than conventional stacking. Expressions for the power spectral density (PSD) and variance of the output noise are derived. The error variance attains the Cramer-Rao bound when the signal and noise spectra satisfy certain conditions. The fast algorithm therefore has the same performance as conventional stacking, but has a computational advantage. Examples illustrating the performance of the algorithm are included. >
Myocardial structural response following administration of a fatty diet to rats.

Abstract Myocardial infarctions in rats were induced by dietary means. Feeding a high-fat diet for a minimum of eight weeks was required for the onset of ventricular infarction; however, distinctive myocardial abnormalities preceding the terminal event were clearly recognizable. Within four weeks of exposure to the fatty diet, the morphologic hallmarks of the initial myocardial response consisted of (1) a gradual and progressively increasing deposition of lipids within myocardiocytes, and (2) mobilization of macrophages. With continued administration of the diet, the most conspicuous morphologic manifestation of the dietary effect on the heart consisted of an extensive invasion of macrophages into the interstitial spaces within the muscle mass. The terminal event, i.e. infarcted areas of varying extent and severity, involving diffusely ventricular sites, was only rarely associated with the unequivocal presence of mural thrombi. Significantly, however, the obstruction of microvascular channels with widely-distended, lipid-engorged macrophages was strikingly evident. These findings indicate that dietary fats stimulate the reticulo-endothelial system, and that the induction of myocardial infarcts is a consequence of excessive macrophagic activity.
‘International education’ in US public schools

This study focuses on the recent adoption of ‘international education’ (IE) by US public schools. Theoretically, it conceptualises this phenomenon as a social movement and a dynamic arena of knowledge construction and contestation. Methodologically, it combines fieldwork, interviews and critical discourse analysis. The central finding is that multiple meanings are circulating on an asymmetrical field: a discourse of national security dominates the ‘IE’ movement but competing discourses (global perspective, cosmopolitanism, international student body) are found closer to the ground of school practice.
A mixed methods analysis of support for self-management behaviors: Perspectives of people with epilepsy and their support providers

Social support is associated with improved self-management for people with chronic conditions, such as epilepsy; however, little is known about the perceived ease or difficulty of receiving and providing support for epilepsy self-management. We examined patterns of epilepsy self-management support from the perspectives of both people with epilepsy and their support persons. Fifty-three people with epilepsy and 48 support persons completed a survey on epilepsy self-management support. Of these individuals, 22 people with epilepsy and 16 support persons completed an in-depth interview. Rasch measurement models were used to evaluate the degree of difficulty of receiving or providing support often for nine self-management tasks. We analyzed model-data fit, person and item location along the support latent variable and differential person and item functioning. Qualitative methods were used to provide context and insight into the quantitative results. The results demonstrated good model-data fit. Help with seizures was the easiest type of support to receive or provide more often, followed by rides to a doctor's appointments and help avoiding seizure triggers. The most difficult types of support to receive or provide more often were reminders, particularly for taking and refilling medications. While most participants' responses fit the model, responses of several individuals misfit the model. Person misfit generally occurred because the scale items did not adequately capture some individuals' behaviors. These results could be useful in designing interventions that use support as a means of improving self-management. Additionally, the results provide information to improve or expand current measures of support for epilepsy self-management to better assess the experiences of people with epilepsy and their support persons.