cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supernova explosions in the Universe

During the lifetime of our Milky Way galaxy, there have been something like 100 million supernova explosions, which have enriched the Galaxy with the oxygen we breathe, the iron in our cars, the calcium in our bones and the silicon in the rocks beneath our feet. These exploding stars also influence the birth of new stars and are the source of the energetic cosmic rays that irradiate us on the Earth. The prodigious amount of energy (approximately 10(51), or approximately 2.5 x 10(28) megatonnes of TNT equivalent) and momentum associated with each supernova may even have helped to shape galaxies as they formed in the early Universe. Supernovae are now being used to measure the geometry of the Universe, and have recently been implicated in the decades-old mystery of the origin of the gamma-ray bursts. Together with major conceptual advances in our theoretical understanding of supernovae, these developments have made supernovae the centre of attention in astrophysics.
Popliteomeniscal fascicle tears causing symptomatic lateral compartment knee pain: diagnosis by the figure-4 test and treatment by open repair.

BackgroundInjuries to the popliteomeniscal fascicles of the lateral meniscus are difficult to identify from physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging scans. To our knowledge, there have been no described physical examination techniques to identify symptomatic isolated popliteomeniscal fascicle tears. The popliteomeniscal fascicles have been demonstrated to be important for lateral meniscus stability, and it has been reported that tears can lead to painful symptoms.HypothesisPopliteomeniscal fascicle tears cause symptomatic lateral compartment knee pain and can be diagnosed by physical examination. Surgical repair can improve patient function.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsSix patients with isolated tears of the popliteomeniscal fascicles, which caused lateral joint line knee pain, were identified by positive figure-4 test results.ResultsAll patients were found to have replication of their symptoms while placing the affected knee in the figure-4 position and were found to ha...
The Indirect Effects of Discredited Stereotypes in Judgments of Jewish Leaders

Can stereotypes of ethnic groups have an indirect impact on voters’ judgments even if voters reject them? We examine the case of Jewish leaders and hypothesize that acceptable political stereotypes (Jews are liberal) are linked in voters’ minds to unacceptable social stereotypes (Jews are shady); consequently, a cue to the candidate’s shadiness works indirectly by increasing the perception that the candidate is liberal, even as the shady cue is rejected. Using three national surveyexperiments we randomly varied a candidate’s Jewish identity, ideology, and shadiness. The cue to the rejected social stereotype indeed activates the more legitimate political stereotype. Moreover, voters give more weight to the candidate’s perceived liberalism in their evaluation. Consequently, the candidate’s support suffers. However, when the candidate takes a more extreme ideological position on issues, the effects disappear. The indirect influence of discredited stereotypes and the limits of those stereotypes have implications for our understanding of voting and of the legacies of discrimination.
Can an electronic health record system be used for preconception health optimization

To explore the potential of an integrated outpatient electronic health record (EHR) for preconception health optimization. An automated case-finding EHR-derived algorithm was designed to identify women of child-bearing age having outpatient encounters in an 85-site, integrated health system. The algorithm simultaneously cross-referenced multiple discrete data fields to identify selected preconception factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, teratogen use including ACE inhibitors, multivitamin supplementation, anemia, renal insufficiency, untreated sexually transmitted infection, HIV positivity, and tobacco, alcohol or illegal drug use). Surveys were mailed to a random sample of patients to obtain their self-reported health profiles for these same factors. Concordance was assessed between the algorithm output, survey results, and manual data abstraction. Between 8/2010-2/2012, 107,339 female outpatient visits were identified, from which 29,691 unique women were presumed to have child-bearing potential. 19,624 (66 %) and 8,652 (29 %) had 1 or ≥2 health factors, respectively while only 1,415 (5 %) had none. Using the patient survey results as a reference point, health-factor agreement was similar comparing the algorithm (85.8 %) and the chart abstraction (87.2 %) results. Incorrect or missing data entries in the EHR encounters were largely responsible for discordances observed. Preconception screening using an automated algorithm in a system-wide EHR identified a large group of women with potentially modifiable preconception health conditions. The issue most responsible for limiting algorithm performance was incomplete point of care documentation. Accurate data capture during patient encounters should be a focus for quality improvement, so that novel applications of system-wide data mining can be reliably implemented.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Npc2p is a functionally conserved homologue of the human Niemann-Pick disease type C 2 protein, hNPC2.

ABSTRACT Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NP-C) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which is biochemically distinguished by the lysosomal accumulation of exogenously derived cholesterol. Mutation of either the hNPC1 or hNPC2 gene is causative for NP-C. We report the identification of the yeast homologue of human NPC2, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Npc2p. We demonstrate that scNpc2p is evolutionarily related to the mammalian NPC2 family of proteins. We also show, through colocalization, subcellular fractionation, and secretion analyses, that yeast Npc2p is treated similarly to human NPC2 when expressed in mammalian cells. Importantly, we show that yeast Npc2p can efficiently revert the unesterified cholesterol and GM1 accumulation seen in hNPC2−/− patient fibroblasts demonstrating that it is a functional homologue of human NPC2. The present study reveals that the fundamental process of NPC2-mediated lipid transport has been maintained throughout evolution.
American Judges and International Law

This article addresses an issue with which federal courts have been forced to deal with increasing frequency: how ought a judge go about determining the content of customary international law? The article seeks to demonstrate, using the example of the treatment of the concept of jus cogens by the courts of appeals, that federal courts have come to rely on doubtful sources in addressing questions of international law. More specifically, it sets out to show that courts frequently do not rely on the actual practice of governments to determine the content of customary international law, which would seem to be required both by the nature of customary international law and by Supreme Court authority. Rather, they have come to place weight on the works of writers whose conclusions are based on questionable authority, on the Restatement of Foreign Relations Law, on the views of other domestic courts and on the decisions of international courts. The article explains the problems with relying on such sources, and briefly describes an alternative method of proceeding for cases involving an area of customary international law very frequently before American courts, the law of human rights.
A concatenated coded multiplexing scheme for multiuser OFDM downlink

The allocation of available resources in an OFDM multiaccess system is usually done by allotting a fixed set of subcarriers to each user. Adaptive allocation has been suggested to improve performance and provide increased granularity in terms of minimum number of subcarriers available to each user. But it has several drawbacks associated with the need for robust channel estimates and computational loading algorithms at the transmitter. In this paper, we investigate an approach which spreads the data of all the users over the complete set of subcarriers by appropriate combination of coding, multiplexing and interleaving. We analyze the performance of such a system and demonstrate the potential for substantial coding, interleaving and diversity gains relative to fixed subcarrier allocation, but with lower computational and signaling cost than adaptive schemes. We also present simulations for a suboptimal decoding scheme when the setup is applied to multiuser scenarios.
Reactive oxygen species activation of plant Ca2+ channels. A signaling mechanism in polar growth, hormone transduction, stress signaling, and hypothetically mechanotransduction.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive reduced oxygen molecules. Recent studies have shown that production of ROS occurs in response to many physiological stimuli in plant cells, including pathogen attack, hormone signaling, polar growth, and gravitropism. Evidence is emerging that ROS
Non-sentential vs. Ellipsis Approaches: Review and Extensions

Non-sententials (also known as fragments, elliptical structures) can be roughly characterized as free-standing utterances, which are, or at least appear to be, smaller than a sentence. The persisting controversy regarding non-sententials is the following: are they pretty much what you see, base-generated words, phrases, or small clauses (non-sentential analysis), or are they full finite sentences that have undergone deletion/ellipsis (sentential/ellipsis analysis). This issue is all the more important today given that various interdisciplinary enterprises hinge on how it is resolved, including studies of language acquisition, language disorders, language evolution, and language representation in the brain. This review focuses on the most recent wave of controversy pertaining to non-sententials and provides a critical assessment of the crucial connectivity/anti-connectivity arguments, which are the backbone of both approaches, including islandhood, case, preposition stranding, and complementizer effects. The conclusion of this review is that a careful reexamination of each of these (anti-)connectivity phenomena demonstrates that the non-sentential approach is at least as successful as the ellipsis approach in accommodating these effects. Moreover, the non-sentential approach opens up new and exciting prospects for enriching syntactic theory with new data and perspectives, as well as provides a better framework for interdisciplinary extensions mentioned above.
Exploration and validation of clusters of physically abused children.

Abstract Objective Cluster analysis was used to enhance understanding of heterogeneity in social adjustment of physically abused children. Method Ninety-eight physically abused children (ages 5–10) were clustered on the basis of social adjustment, as measured by observed behavior with peers on the school playground and by teacher reports of social behavior. Seventy-seven matched nonabused children served as a comparison sample. Clusters were validated on the basis of observed parental sensitivity, parents’ self-reported disciplinary tactics, and children's social information processing operations (i.e., generation of solutions to peer relationship problems and attributions of peer intentions in social situations). Results Three subgroups of physically abused children emerged from the cluster analysis; clusters were labeled Socially Well Adjusted, Hanging in There, and Social Difficulties. Examination of cluster differences on risk and protective factors provided substantial evidence in support of the external validity of the three-cluster solution. Specifically, clusters differed significantly in attributions of peer intent and in parenting (i.e., sensitivity and harshness of parenting). Clusters also differed in the ways in which they were similar to, or different from, the comparison group of nonabused children. Conclusions Results supported the contention that there were clinically relevant subgroups of physically abused children with potentially unique treatment needs. Findings also pointed to the relevance of social information processing operations and parenting context in understanding diversity among physically abused children. Practice implications Pending replication, findings provide support for the importance of considering unique treatment of needs among physically abused children. A singular approach to intervention is unlikely to be effective for these children. For example, some physically abused children might need a more intensive focus on development of prosocial skills in relationships with peers while the prosocial skills of other abused children will be developmentally appropriate. In contrast, most physically abused children might benefit from training in social problem-solving skills. Findings also point to the importance of promoting positive parenting practices in addition to reducing harsh discipline of physically abusive parents.
What Killed the Diammonium Phosphate Futures Contract

Using a survey of industry participants, and an analysis of price relationships, this paper investigates the demise of the diammonium phosphate futures. The results indicate the diammonium phosphate cash and futures markets were not well linked. The results also suggest that the initial specifications of diammonium phosphate futures contract may have resulted in its use as a forward contract with a high rate of delivery, reducing market participation and limiting liquidity. Ultimately, the contract failed because it was a poor hedging tool, and was perceived by the industry not to offer benefits beyond existing contracting and risk management practices.
Angiopoietins Promote Ovarian Cancer Progression by Establishing a Procancer Microenvironment

Despite decades of research, the survival rate of ovarian cancer patients is largely unchanged. Current chemotherapeutic drugs are effective only transiently because patients with advanced disease eventually develop resistance. Thus, there is a pressing need for identifying novel therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer. Mounting evidence suggests that angiopoietins (Angpts) may play an essential role in cancer progression; however, the expression profiles and biological effects of Angpts on ovarian cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we show that, compared with their normal counterparts, expressions of Angpt1, Angpt2, and Angpt4 are increased in ovarian cancer cells and tissues and that human ovarian cancer cells also express the Angpt receptor Tie-2–receptor tyrosine kinase. We show that increased expression of Angpt1, Angpt2, or Angpt4 promotes intraperitoneal growth of ovarian cancers and shortens survival of the experimental mice. We further show, for the first time, that Angpts promote accumulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor angiogenesis in the ovarian cancer microenvironment, as well as enhance ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vivo. In addition, we establish a novel function of Angpts in promoting proliferation and invasion and inducing Tie-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in ovarian cancer–associated fibroblasts. Taken together, these data suggest that the Angpt–Tie-2 functional axis is an important player in ovarian cancer progression and an attractive target for ovarian cancer therapy.
The challenge of resistance in antimicrobial drug development

Man has long battled the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Since the late 1930s, the discovery and development of chemotherapeutic agents has been the central effort toward combating infectious disease. Although many of the major causes of historical pandemics no longer present the threat they once did and we have experienced a multidecade era in which safe and effective antibiotics were plentiful, we are now witnessing the emergence of organisms resistant to the most efficacious agents. The adaptive nature of the pathogens necessitates the discovery of new effective compounds or the re-engineering of existing molecules to combat the resistant organisms. This iterative cycle of discovery and development is a unique hallmark of drug discovery targeting proliferating cells. All major classes of agents with antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiviral activity are subject to lost efficacy owing to resistance through a multitude of pathways. Common mechanisms of resistance and examples of affected classes include point mutations in the target (HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors), upregulation of efflux pumps (fluoroquinolones), gene amplification or development of bypass pathways (fluconazole) and drug alteration ( β-lactamase activity targeting cephalosporins). As each of these mechanisms is unique to the particular drug:organism system, carefully tailored solutions are necessary to overcome the resistance. Modern medicinal chemistry has confronted numerous resistant organisms with a variety of approaches including the discovery of novel agents without cross-resistance, use of combination therapy, or most frequently, alteration of the chemical structure to circumvent the resistance mechanism. For example, the discovery and development of daptomycin to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus relied on a natural product with a novel mechanism of action. The development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of multiple antiviral agents, revolutionized the treatment of HIV. Finally, no class better exemplifies the value of refinement through medicinal chemistry than the β-lactam antibiotics; many successive generations in this class have overcome β-lactamase activity while increasing the spectrum of coverage. In this issue, notable advances in understanding and overcoming resistance in a variety of disease states are presented, including a modern overview of natural product sources for discovery [1], application of combination therapy to prevent resistance [2] and a description of a structure-based approach to antibiotic redesign to evade resistant drug targets [3]. This is followed by more specific approaches to antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis [4], as well as discussion of the critical issue of “The adaptive nature of the pathogens necessitates the discovery of new effective compounds or the re-engineering of existing molecules to combat the resistant organisms.”
Urban Renewal and the Story of Berman v. Parker

The Supreme Court’s 1954 decision in Berman v. Parker serves as the foundation for much of our modern eminent domain jurisprudence, including the controversial 2005 Supreme Court decision in Kelo v. New London. But the story behind the case starts well before 1954, and it carries implications that are relevant today. It’s a story that played out in many cities across the nation, just as it did in Washington, D.C., where the case took place. It’s the story of urban decay and urban renewal. This working paper covers the history of redevelopment in Southwest Washington, from the turn of the century to today. It discusses the City Beautiful movement and progressive housing reform in Washington, the rise of public housing and slum clearance policies, the urban renewal planning process as it played out in Southwest D.C., and the demise of urban renewal as a federal policy in the wake of its failures. The conclusion points out while we may approach contemporary economic development projects differently than we approached urban renewal in the 50s and 60s, much can still be learned from the story behind this landmark case.
Development of a Sampling Technique for the Pecan Leaf Scorch Mite and Phytoseiids on Pecan

Studies were conducted for 2 yr in Louisiana to develop a sampling technique for the pecan leaf scorch mite, Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor), and associated phytoseiids. Results indicated that tree to tree and leaf to leaf variation in pecan leaf scorch mite, pecan leaf scorch mite egg, and phytoseiid populations was slight regardless of the sample date in the growing season. The greatest variation occurred among leaflets on individual compound leaves; however, the data indicated positive correlations between populations encountered on certain leaflets and combinations of selected leaflets and populations encountered on entire compound leaves. The consequence of these findings should be important for pest management programs currently being developed for pecans. Sampling pecan leaf scorch mites and phytoseiids from paired leaflets would be ca. 10 times faster than sampling in the manner previously described in the literature. The reduction in sampling time would enable monitoring of additional orchards.
Pure and Combined Spin-Flip of Delocalized Electrons

A review of high-magnetic field electron-spin spectroscopy of delocalized electrons in solids is given. Due to spin-orbit coupling there is always a strong influence of the delocalized motion of the electrons on the spin properties. A series a experimental results on combined spin-flip and related resonances in connection with different magnetic field generators up to 1,000 T is presented and discussed.
The use of shared medical appointments in the care of the elderly.

The shared medical appointment is a model of delivering outpatient care in which several patients interact simultaneously with 1 or several providers. These appointments were developed as an efficient means of delivering education about chronic medical conditions to elderly individuals. In several,
Commentary on: A population-level analysis of bilateral breast reduction: does age affect early complications?

Although the term elderly has been present in the English language as a synonym for aged or old since the 17th century, its definition remains vague.1 The terms elderly and old are not precisely definable, in part because they lack a universal meaning across societies. Even though common definitions exist, general agreement on the age at which a person becomes “old” remains elusive. While in most developed countries, 65 years of age is an accepted definition of elderly, the United Nations (UN) has not established a numerical standard. Rather, acknowledging the large variance in life expectancies and population health status worldwide, the UN and World Health Organization (WHO) use the term older population when referring to those older than 60 years.2 The influence of advancing age on surgical outcomes has become a fruitful area of research, in part due to the availability of large, powerful, recently developed data registries such as the American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Inaugurated in 1994, the ACS-NSQIP is the most robust national surgical registry available today.3 The prospectively collected, validated, risk-adjusted, clinically derived data methodology compares observed and expected surgical outcomes. Compared with methodologies designed to identify adverse patient outcomes using administrative claims data (hospital discharge diagnoses and procedure coding), the ACS-NSQIP has been shown to capture more clinically important events, with greater sensitivity.4 Because it measures outcomes and quality of care across …
Determination of multiple pesticide residues in mushroom and ginger by SPE-GC /MS

Objective A method for determination of 49 pesticide residues in mushroom and ginger by SPE-GC /MS was established,and 74 mushroom and 22 ginger samples were detected. Methods The pesticide residues in fresh mushroom and ginger were extracted with acetonitrile,and dry mushroom was extracted with acetone. The extracts were purified by SPE after being concentrated,and DB-1701 capillary column was used for separation. Results There was a good linearity between the peak area and the concentration of 49 pesticide residues within 0. 25 μg / ml- 2 μg / ml,the correlation coefficients were 0. 989 0- 0. 999 7,the recoveries of spiked sample at 8 and 80 μg / kg to fresh mushroom and ginger were ranged from 66. 5%- 143. 8%,RSDs were ranged from 2. 2%- 10. 8%,and the detection limits were ranged from 0. 1-10. 0 μg / kg. Conclusion The method was simple,rapid and reliable. It could be applied to determine pesticide residues in fresh mushroom and ginger.
Energy and user acceptability benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lot illumination

This study set out to understand the benefits of improved illuminance uniformity in parking lots in terms of user perception and acceptability, as well as energy use, and to demonstrate that light-...
Low Pharmacist Counseling Rates in the Kansas City, Missouri, Metropolitan Area:

ObjectiveTo quantify the percentage of patients counseled by community-based pharmacists.MethodsPhase I consisted of a 15-minute observational period of pharmacist counseling in 50 randomly selecte...
In situ structure determination of the high-pressure phase of Fe3O4

The crystal structure of a high-pressure Fe 3 O 4 phase was determined by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements at high pressure and temperature, using an imaging plate detector and monochromatic synchrotron X-radiation. The high-pressure phase has the Pbcm space group (CaMn 2 O 4 -type structure) with cell parameters a = 2.7992(3) Aa, b = 9.4097(15) Aa, and c = 9.4832(9) Aa at 23.96 GPa and 823 K. Fe (super 3+) occupies an octahedral site and Fe (super 2+) is in an eightfold-coordinated site described as a bicapped trigonal prism. The high-pressure CaMn 2 O 4 -type Fe 3 O 4 phase is about 6.5% more dense than the spinel form at 24 GPa.
Future Relations between the United States and Europe

After twenty-five years of quite unusual strategic stability, the security relationships among the major world powers are returning to their historic natural state — flux. This has been painfully obvious to Soviet decision-makers concerned with their Chinese ex-ally, and equally clear if not so dramatic with their East European client-subjects.1 The flux is also to be seen in the relationship between the United States and its NATO and Japanese allies. Since the beginning of the 1970s, change has accelerated and there is little reason to expect it to moderate because of some benign and intrinsic equilibrium process at work in world politics.
Untangling the effects of “special purpose entities” on global FDI

The measurement of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and stocks between home countries and host countries is muddied by the widespread use of “special purpose entities” (SPEs), including for the round-tripping of domestic investment. Many national statistical bodies still do not separately track investments through SPEs and thereby risk presenting a distorted picture of global FDI. International bodies, including the OECD and UNCTAD, have long identified the problem, but it persists. This short paper provides a Russian illustration: the US$55 billion acquisition of TNK-BP, a Russian oil producer, by Rosneft, another Russian oil company, in 2013. While the case may be singular, its magnitude made the distortive effect on global FDI statistics quite visible.
Collaborative Writing Groups in the College Classroom

This study analyzes college writing by focusing on texts produced over the course of a single semester by students working under 3 different conditions: independently and in permanent versus changing groups. Focusing on collaborative writing groups (i.e., on groups whose members share full responsibility for the production of a text), this study aims to (1) measure the efficacy of using collaborative writing groups (over other conditions) in a college level composition class and (2) determine how issues related to group cohesion (whether students remain in the same group for an entire semester or for the duration of a writing project) shape writing improvement. The method employed for gathering and analyzing data integrated two social scientific research paradigms: a process-product quantitative design, which measured student writing performance and writing improvement vis-a-vis group cohesion (students’ attitude, retention and absentee rates); and a qualitative design, which described participants’ impressions of the social and interactional processes involved in collaborative writing groups. Participants were approximately 150 college freshmen at a mid-sized, public university, enrolled in 6 sections of a second semester freshman composition course; 2 instructors, and the author. For an entire semester, two sections wrote the majority of their assignments in permanent groups, two sections wrote in groups that changed with each writing task, and two wrote independently. Groups consisted of 4–5 students, heterogeneously mixed. Results show that collaborative writing groups are efficacious; all students significantly improve their writing; retention rates for group classes are significantly higher than individual classes; and students enjoy writing more in (permanent and changing) group classes. From researcher observations, and from analyses of participants’ comments (as noted in the transcripts of tape-recorded sessions) it was observed that permanent groups engaged in more dialogic collaboration, while changing groups used more hierarchical collaboration. Although there are benefits to all groups, students in permanent groups approached and constructed the activity of writing in line with a more process-oriented pedagogy.
Progressive incision of the Channeled Scablands by outburst floods

The surfaces of Earth and Mars contain large bedrock canyons that were carved by catastrophic outburst floods. Reconstructing the magnitude of these canyon-forming floods is essential for understanding the ways in which floods modify planetary surfaces, the hydrology of early Mars and abrupt changes in climate. Flood discharges are often estimated by assuming that the floods filled the canyons to their brims with water; however, an alternative hypothesis is that canyon morphology adjusts during incision such that bed shear stresses exceed the threshold for erosion by a small amount. Here we show that accounting for erosion thresholds during canyon incision results in near-constant discharges that are five- to ten-fold smaller than full-to-the-brim estimates for Moses Coulee, a canyon in the Channeled Scablands, which was carved during the Pleistocene by the catastrophic Missoula floods in eastern Washington, USA. The predicted discharges are consistent with flow-depth indicators from gravel bars within the canyon. In contrast, under the assumption that floods filled canyons to their brims, a large and monotonic increase in flood discharge is predicted as the canyon was progressively incised, which is at odds with the discharges expected for floods originating from glacial lake outbursts. These findings suggest that flood-carved landscapes in fractured rock might evolve to a threshold state for bedrock erosion, thus implying much lower flood discharges than previously thought.
Splenic Synthesis of Factor VIII: Basis for Transplant Therapy of Hemophilia A.

Synthesis of factor VIII by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells has been documented, and liver transplantation for end stage liver disease has been shown to cure concomitant hemophilia A. Given the irreversible nature of liver transplantation, the spleen is an alternate organ of interest in transplant therapy to cure hemophilia A. Factor VIII gene expression in the spleen has been documented by RT-PCR (Hollestelle, M. J. et al, 2001, Thromb Haemost86:855–61), and a recent report of living related splenic transplantation for hemophilia A has shown symptom-free survival up to 4 years (Jiang, H. C. et al, 2006, Transplant Proc38:1483). However, it is unclear which cell populations in the spleen synthesize factor VIII. Immunohistochemistry of murine spleen showed factor VIII staining of the sinusoidal endothelial cells as expected. Surprisingly, clusters of large mononuclear cells in the red pulp also intensely stained for factor VIII. CD31 staining revealed same pattern of sinusoidal endothelial cells and large mononuclear cells in the red pulp. Single cell suspensions of murine spleen analyzed by flow cytometry corroborated significant factor VIII expression (47–70% of all splenic cells). At least 60% of splenic cells were CD31+ CD45+, and these CD31+ CD45+ cells showed significant factor VIII expression (38–48%). When CD31+ cells were depleted by magnetic cell sorting, there was still a subgroup of cells expressing factor VIII (approximately 50%). In summary, we have shown that a significant proportion of splenic cells synthesize factor VIII by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In addition to the sinusoidal endothelial cells, CD31+ CD45+ cells (possibly the large mononuclear cells seen on immunohistochemistry) contribute to splenic synthesis of factor VIII. Based on CD31 depletion study, there is still an unidentified group of cells (CD31-) that contributes to factor VIII synthesis. Further characterization of these cells and an in vivo study in a murine hemophilia A model have been initiated. We conclude that the spleen is a viable source of factor VIII and may be useful in cell-based and/or organ transplant therapy of hemophilia A.
The ins and outs of cyclic di-GMP signaling in Vibrio cholerae

The second messenger nucleotide cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) governs many cellular processes in the facultative human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. This organism copes with changing environmental conditions in aquatic environments and during transitions to and from human hosts. Modulation of c-di-GMP allows V. cholerae to shift between motile and sessile stages of life, thus allowing adaptation to stressors and environmental conditions during its transmission cycle. The V. cholerae genome encodes a large set of proteins predicted to degrade and produce c-di-GMP. A subset of these enzymes has been demonstrated to control cellular processes – particularly motility, biofilm formation, and virulence – through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational mechanisms. Recent studies have identified and characterized enzymes that modulate or sense c-di-GMP levels and have led towards mechanistic understanding of c-di-GMP regulatory circuits in V. cholerae.
Values in Landscape Architecture: Finding Center in Theory and Practice

Edited by M. Elen DemingLouisiana State University Press, 2015296 pages$30 (paperback)Most designers sincerely believe that what they do offers something positive to society and enhances the physic...
Cell Specificity in DNA Damage and Repair

Many animal models for organ-specific neoplasia have been developed and used to investigate the pathogenesis of cancer. Studies dealing with morphologic aspects of this disease process have frequently concentrated on target cells. In contrast, most biochemical studies have employed whole organ homogenates even though tumors only develop from specific subpopulations of the target organ. For example, hepatocytes are the target cell for nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), 2-acetylaminofluorene, and dinitrotoluene, while sinusoidal lining cells represent the primary targets for vinyl chloride and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH). Although hepatocytes comprise more than 90% of the liver’s mass, they account for only 60 to 70% of its cells. The nonparenchymal cells (NPC) account for the remaining 30 to 40% of the cells and 10 to 20% of the DNA. Thus, localization of carcinogen metabolism or DNA damage and repair within susceptible and nonsusceptible cell populations requires separation of cell types.
Abstract NS 9: An Educational Intervention to Enhance Acute Stroke Symptom Recognition Skills Among Nursing Home Nursing Assistants

Background: Treatment of stroke requires a coordinated effort by clinicians educated to identify and transfer presumed acute stroke patients to hospital Emergency Departments (EDs) for expedited ev...
Pulsed power performance of the Z machine: Ten years after the upgrade

The Z machine is a 36-module, multi-megavolt, low impedance magnetic pressure driver for high-energy-density physics experiments. In 2007, a major re-build doubled the stored energy and increased the peak current capability of Z. The upgraded system routinely drives 27 MA through low inductance dynamic loads with 110 nanosecond time to peak current. The Z pulsed power system is expected to be prepared for a full-energy experiment every day, with a small (<2%) chance of pulsed power system failure, and ±2 ns timing precision. To maintain that schedule with 20 MJ stored, it becomes essential to minimize failures that can damage hardware. We will show the results of several improvements made to the system that reduce spurious breakdowns and improve precision. In most cases, controlling electric fields is key, both to reliable insulation and to precision switching. The upgraded Z pulsed power system was originally intended to operate with 5 MV peak voltage in the pulse-forming section. Recent operation has been above 6 MV. Critical items in the pulsed power system are the DC-charged Marx generators, oil-water barriers, laser-triggered gas switches, and the vacuum insulator. We will show major improvements to the laser-triggered gas switches, and the water-insulated pulse forming lines, as well as delivered current reproducibility results from user experiments on the machine.
Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam

(2000). Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 48-49.
Protective effect of black relative to white race against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with severe obesity, independent of type 2 diabetes.

Severe obesity (body mass index ⩾35 kg m-2) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are potent and additive risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Scant available evidence indicates that black relative to white patients with severe obesity are less susceptible to NAFLD, but it is unclear if T2D abolishes this apparent racial disparity. Therefore, we compared biopsy-proven NAFLD and its progression between black (n=71) and white (n=155) patients with severe obesity stratified by presence or absence of T2D. Although prevalence of T2D was similar between races (37%, P>0.9), whites were significantly more likely than blacks to have NAFLD, NASH and advanced fibrosis (defined as bridging fibrosis and/or cirrhosis). Importantly, T2D was associated with increased odds of NAFLD, NASH and advanced fibrosis (defined as bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis) in whites only (P<0.05). In turn, a higher proportion of blacks than whites with T2D were free of NAFLD (58 versus 22%, P<0.01). These preliminary findings question translation of the powerful interconnection between T2D and NAFLD in whites with severe obesity to blacks and point to an important role of race in the pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases.
Improved thermal stability of a copper-containing ceria-based catalyst for low temperature CO oxidation under simulated diesel exhaust conditions

Cerium–zirconium mixed oxides (CZ) containing Cu (CZCu) have very high CO oxidation performance at low temperatures under simulated diesel exhaust conditions; however, CZCu is prone to significant deactivation upon hydrothermal aging. In this work, we discovered that Cu supported on commercial CZ (GMR6) is thermally stable, and after aging Cu/GMR6 shows comparable activity for CO oxidation to the fresh CZCu. GMR6 is more thermally stable than homemade CZ, and Cu/GMR6 shows a smaller decrease of BET surface area than Cu/CZ upon hydrothermal aging. The decrease of the BET surface area of the catalyst is accelerated by the presence of Cu. The presence of La and Pr in the GMR6 support provides high structural stability and enhanced oxygen mobility. The formation of both surface and bulk carbonates during CO oxidation results in the activity decrease of Cu/GMR6. Thermal decomposition of these carbonates fully regenerates Cu/GMR6. The presence of low levels of SO2 in the feed gas mixture poisons the CO oxidation activity of Cu/GMR6 forming highly stable sulfates on the CZ support.
Culinary Processing and Preservational Effects on Bone

This chapter discusses culinary and preservational processing as central aspects of the human adaptation, outlining gains in nutrition, reduction of mastication time and energy, and extension of animal product use-life. It agrees with authors who stressed the social nature of culinary practices and the central role these play in the social life of anatomically modern humans. It asserts that culinary processing and conservation of animal products has been understudied in zooarchaeology and advocates taking a chaine operatoire approach to carcass processing that unifies all phases of human use of vertebrates for food. It returns to attribution of cut mark function within a chaine operatoire approach to processing. Chapter 15 reviews nutritional gains realized by different forms of cooking. It summarizes osteological markers of culinary processing, including cut marks, bone grease production, thermal alteration to bone color and fracture morphology, breakage associated with pot-sizing, and the distinctive abrasion known as pot-polish. It argues that better understanding the nutritional gains and energetic costs of specific food processing strategies enables closer assessment of their social, economic, and evolutionary significance.
Outlier Removal for Enhancing Kernel-Based Classifier Via the Discriminant Information

Pattern recognition on big data can be challenging for kernel machines as the complexity grows with the squared number of training samples. In this work, we overcome this hurdle via the outlying data sample removal pre-processing step. This approach removes less-informative data samples and trains the kernel machines only with the remaining data, and hence, directly reduces the complexity by reducing the number of training samples. To enhance the classification performance, the outlier removal process is done such that the discriminant information of the data is mostly intact. This is achieved via the novel Outlier-Removal Discriminant Information (ORDI) metric, which measures the contribution of each sample toward the discriminant information of the dataset. Hence, the ORDI metric can be used together with the simple filter method to effectively remove insignificant outliers to both reduce the computational cost and enhance the classification performance. We experimentally show on two real-world datasets at the sample removal ratio of 0.2 that, with outlier removal via ORDI, we can simultaneously (1) improve the accuracy of the classifier by 1 %, and (2) provide significant saving on the total running time by 1.5x and 2x on the two datasets. Hence, ORDI can provide a win-win situation in this performance-complexity tradeoff of the kernel machines for big data analysis.
Of Two Minds: Making Sense of Hybrid Organizing

In recent years, hybrid organizations have attracted increasing attention from scholars interested in how these organizations navigate the challenges associated with competing identities and/or goals. This work has greatly deepened our understanding of an increasingly common organizational form, but many questions remain unanswered. Many of these questions are related to the dynamics of hybrid organizing – in particular, how hybrid organizations and their members make sense of hybridization. The five papers in this symposium develop theoretical insights about these dynamics through inductive, qualitative studies. Drawing on the case of a battery company with dual commercial and religious identities, the first paper considers how multifaceted elements of individual identity shape if and how members identify with their organization's hybrid identity. The second paper also considers the multifaceted nature of individual identity. Examining the context of impact investing, it suggests individuals' prior exper...
Are Patient Admission Handoffs from the ED to MICU PARfect

Studies have highlighted the importance of using objective physiological measures in quickly identifying critical patients who are at an increased risk of clinical deterioration and decompensation....
Early history of cardiac pacing and defibrillation.

The Electricity and the Heart website1 is intended to facilitate the collection, cataloging and presentation of historical information about technical and scientific advances in cardiac devices. Over the course of the past century as the fields of cardiac pacing and electrophysiology have evolved, the technological devices used by physicians and researchers has been a fascinating and rapidly changing portion of the history of the fields. NASPE's Oral History Project houses hundreds of devices collected over the years that illustrate the evolution from crude and simple machines to the sophisticated and advanced technological wonders that are used in the field today. The photos and descriptions of many of these devices show just how far we have come in the advancement of treatment and patient care.
Two theorems on autostability in p-Groups

Mal'cev [6] introduced the notion of an autostable structure as a recursive structure where an isomorphism with another recursive structure can be replaced by a recursive isomorphism. Aside from the simplicity and naturalness of this notion, it has fundamental importance since effectiveness questions about algebraic properties are determined in an autostable structure. We will call the problem of characterizing the autostable structures the autostability problem. At present there is no general model theoretic solution to the autostability problem. There are solutions in specific categories. The most general was provided by Nurtazin [8] for the category of decidable models. As a sample application of Nurtazin's Theorem one obtains the following: an algebraically closed field is autostable iff it has finite transcendence degree over its prime field. LaRoche [4] has shown that a Boolean algebra is autostable iff it has only finitely many atoms. Theorem 1 of this paper is classification of the autostable p-groups.
Tonks-Girardeau and super-Tonks-Girardeau states of a trapped one-dimensional spinor Bose gas

A harmonically trapped, ultracold, one-dimensional (1D) spin-1 Bose gas with strongly repulsive or attractive 1D even-wave interactions induced by a three-dimensional (3D) Feshbach resonance is studied. The exact ground state, a hybrid of Tonks-Girardeau (TG) and ideal Fermi gases, is constructed in the TG limit of infinite even-wave repulsion by a spinor Fermi-Bose mapping to a spinless ideal Fermi gas. It is then shown that in the limit of infinite even-wave attraction this same state remains an exact many-body eigenstate, now highly excited relative to the collapsed generalized McGuire-cluster ground state, showing that the hybrid TG state is completely stable against collapse to this cluster ground state under a sudden switch from infinite repulsion to infinite attraction. It is shown to be the TG limit of a hybrid super-Tonks-Girardeau (STG) state, which is metastable under a sudden switch from finite but very strong repulsion to finite but very strong attraction. It should be possible to create it experimentally by a sudden switch from strongly repulsive to strongly attractive interaction, as in the recent Innsbruck experiment on a spin-polarized bosonic STG gas. In the case of strong attraction, there should also exist another STG state of much lower energy, consisting of strongly bound dimers, a bosonic analog of a recently predicted STG state which is an ultracold gas of strongly bound bosonic dimers of fermionic atoms, but it is shown that this STG state cannot be created by such a switch from strong repulsion to strong attraction.