cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reference-Frequency Relation in the Physical Sciences

We counted references in about 200 research papers in each of 16 journals in six physical sciences. They show that for average papers, the number of references is a linear function of the paper length. In fact, it is the same function for journals in different sciences. The fact that various physical sciences all give the same reference frequencies for papers of the same length and impact factor tells us that citation counts in those sciences can be intercompared. There is a dependence upon impact factor and a general relation is derived. In addition, the number of references increases by about 1.5% per year, probably due to the increase in the literature pertinent to any paper. The average paper lengths differ among the six sciences and three possible explanations for that difference are given.
The Musical Mess that the Mass Is in

Abstract Rock music and its pervasive influence on religion and society is the modern manifestation of a 2,500-year-old conflict between the music used in the worship of two fundamentally opposed Greek gods, Dionysus and Apollo.
Stretched string with self-interaction at the Hagedorn point: Spatial sizes and black holes

We analyze the length, mass and spatial distribution of a discretized transverse string in ${D}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ dimensions with fixed end points near its Hagedorn temperature. We suggest that such a string may dominate the (holographic) Pomeron kinematics for dipole-dipole scattering at intermediate and small impact parameters. Attractive self-string interactions cause the transverse string size to contract away from its diffusive size, a mechanism reminiscent of the string-black hole transmutation. The string shows sizable asymmetries in the transverse plane that translate to primordial azimuthal asymmetries in the stringy particle production in the Pomeron kinematics for current pp and pA collisions at collider energies.
Potential Cytoprotective Effects of Heat Shock Proteins to Skeletal Muscle

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are chaperone molecules that are known to facilitate protein synthesis, protein assembly, provide cellular protection and regulate intracellular signaling. These cytoprotective effects have been linked to increases in HSP70 and HSP27p concentrations but there has been little progress in determining the specific role of HSP in human skeletal muscle adaptations. Short wave diathermy (SWD) and ultrasound are treatments commonly used to stimulate deep heat increases in skeletal muscle with limited research examining the effects of increased muscle temperature on muscle damage induced injury severity. Current research cannot definitively identify the mechanistic roles of HSP in mitigation of muscle damage even though they are commonly cited as mechanism of action for prevention of damage in heat-treated muscle. This article will examine the role of HSP induction in skeletal muscle as a therapeutic countermeasure for reduction of muscle atrophy during prolonged periods of immobilization as well as mechanisms for accelerated repair of injured muscle fibers through increased total protein concentrations.
Note on pool swell dynamics during depressurization

Abstract A relationship between (1) formalism and kinematic wave analysis for the swelling of a saturated liquid pool during continuous pressure release, and (2) the extensive kinematic wave analysis of transient volumetric pool boiling is described. When the primary contribution to vapor generation, the liquid enthalpy, is the only contribution considered, and when the pressure release rate is essentially uniform, approximate results for depressurization are found to be obtained directly from existing volumetric boiling presentations.
Changing Cairo: the political economy of urban form

Although a firm theoretical foundation for understanding the relationship between political economy and urban form has been created in the western based literature, such approaches are of limited applicability for understanding cities in the developing world. By analyzing the impact of four political economic regimes (Islamic, Imperialist, Arab Socialist and Transitory) on the urbanscape of Cairo, this article illustrates how political economic regimes imprint their ideology on the urban morphology. The representation of this ideology is manifested in both city form and function. Evidence from Cairo finds that political economic shifts, particularly those which alter the nature of the city’s relationship with the global economic system, had far-reaching impacts on the city’s urbanscape. Finally, this approach is suggested as a model for application in other developing world contexts. Bien que l’on puisse trouver dans les travaux precedents une bonne base theorique qui permet de comprendre le lien entre l’e??conomie politique et les formes urbaines, ces approches sont limitees lorsqu’on en vient a` la comprehension des villes du monde en developpement. En analysant l’impact de quatre regimes politiques economiques (islamique, imperialiste, arabe socialiste et transitoire) sur le paysage urbain du Caire, cet article montre comment l’ideologie des regimes politiques economiques laisse sa marque sur la morphologie urbaine. La representation de cette ideologie se manifeste et dans la forme et dans la fonction des villes. Les donnees provenant du Caire demontrent que les changements politiques economiques, particulierement ceux qui changent la nature de la relation de la ville au systeme economique global, ont un impact d’une grande portee sur le paysage urbain. Finalement, je suggere que cette approche peut servir de modele et peut etre appliquee a` d’autres pays en voie de developpement.
Fowlpox virus as a vector in non-avian species.

Abstract Examination of the members of the Poxvirus family reveals a large and diverse group with members infecting almost every animal species ( Table 1 ). To a large extent, members of the individual genera have a broad host range and infect a number of animal species 1 , although, as Baxby 2 has pointed out, successful experimental inoculation of a species does not necessarily mean that this species provides a natural host for that virus. Avipox viruses, together with swinepox virus occupy a somewhat unique position in possessing a restricted host range. We have taken advantage of this restricted host range in fowlpox virus to engineer recombinant vector viruses for use in the poultry industry 3 and in vaccination of non-avian species 4 .
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS STIMULATES H+ SECRETION IN THE PERFUSED RABBIT OUTER MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCT OF THE INNER STRIPE (OMCDi). • 2212

The OMCDi absorbs HCO3- at high rates but it is not clear how it responds to metabolic acidosis. We measured net HCO3- transport in isolated perfused OMCDi taken from control and acidotic(NH4Cl fed × 3 d) rabbits. Tubules from acidotic rabbits showed higher rates of HCO3- absorption (17.1 ± 0.3 vs. 12.9± 0.2 pmol/min/mm, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the 10μM SCH28080-sensitive flux (H+,K+-ATPase; 5.9 ± 0.1 vs. 5.8 ± 0.2 pmol/min/mm), whereas there was a higher 5-10 nM bafilomycin-sensitive HCO3- absorptive flux (H+-ATPase; 11.3 ± 0.3 vs. 7.0 ± 0.2 pmol/min/mm, p<0.01). Transport was then measured in other OMCDi segments before and after incubation for 1 h at pH 6.8 followed by 2 h at pH 7.4 (in vitro acidosis). Acid incubation in vitro stimulated HCO3- absorption (12.5 ± 0.4 to 16.8 ± 0.4 pmol/min/mm; p < 0.05). while incubation at pH 7.4 for 3 h did not change basal rate (12.5 to 12.4 pmol/min/mm). The H+,K+-ATPase sensitive flux did not change after acid incubation (5.4 ± 0.4 to 6.1± 0.2 pmol/min/mm), while there was a 60% increase in H+-ATPase sensitive flux (6.6 ± 0.3 to 10.8 ± 0.3 pmol/min/mm). In 2 segments obtained from acidotic animals and incubated at low pH there was a higher basal rate and a further increase in HCO3- absorption(17.1 to 21.4 pmol/min/mm).
Trends in vaccination coverage disparities among children, United States, 2001–2010

Abstract Introduction One of two overarching goals of the Healthy People 2010 initiative was to eliminate health disparities. We evaluate trends in children vaccination coverage disparities by socio-demographic characteristics in the United States from 2001 through 2010. Methods Disparities in vaccination coverage for the 4:3:1:3:3:1 vaccine series was assessed with National Immunization Survey (NIS) 2001–2010 data. The disparities between two categories of population were independently evaluated yearly from 2001 through 2010. Results In 2001, 10 out of 12 disparities were significant ( P -value P -value Conclusions Significant success has been achieved in reducing disparities in vaccination coverage for young children among most of the major socio-demographic subpopulations in the United States by 2010.
Effect of supplemental ultraviolet radiation on the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of green house-grown leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars

Abstract Eight green leaf and eight red leaf lettuce varieties were grown in a greenhouse under control, receiving supplemental ultraviolet-A (UV-A) (320–400 nm) and supplemental UV-A plus ultraviolet-B (UV-B) (290–320 nm) radiation. The edible portion of the lettuce was frozen, lyophilized and extracted in 80% aqueous acetone for carotenoid and chlorophyll content determination by reverse-phase HPLC. Lutein was the major carotenoid in the lettuce samples with lesser amounts of β-carotene and neoxanthin. In general, supplemental UV-B increased the carotenoid and chlorophyll concentration of green leaf lettuce, while reducing the levels of these compounds in red leaf lettuce. Varieties with relatively high levels of lutein also had high levels of chlorophyll a. Pheophytin a and b levels were higher in green leaf lettuce relative to the red leaf varieties. The up to 10-fold cultivar-specific differences in the levels of the carotenoids in plants grown under identical conditions suggests that the selection of specific leaf lettuce varieties for greenhouse production may enhance their nutritional benefits.
Effects of organic acids with and without a microbial culture on performance and gastrointestinal tract measurements of weanling pigs

In Study 1, 25-day-old crossbred weanling pigs (n = 144) were fed a 20% crude protein maize-soyabean meal basal diet. Supplementation with 1.5% citric acid tended to improve gain and the efficiency of feed utilization (F:G) during the first 4 weeks with no effect during week 5; 1.5% fumaric acid caused smaller and non-significant improvements in gain and F:G. Feed intake was unaffected by organic acids. The pH, chloride ion and volatile fatty acid concentration of intestinal contents from the stomach, jejunum, cecum and lower colon of 27 pigs killed at the end of Study 1 were not significantly affected by dietary organic acids. With the exception of fumarate, the concentration of non-volatile acids was not affected by diet. The stomach and jejunum of pigs given fumaric acid had a greater concentration (P < 0.05) of fumarate than those of pigs given the control and citric acid diets. In Study 2 (n = 192), no interactive effect of dietary fumaric or citric acid with a live microbial culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus) was observed. Fumaric acid supplementation increased (P < 0.03) gain and the microbial culture improved gain (P < 0.08) and F:G (P < 0.02) during the 5 week test; 1.5% citric acid had no effect. In conclusion, the addition of citric or fumaric acid and/or a microbial culture produced inconsistent improvements in gain and F:G, with little effect on intestinal digesta measurements.
ROME: distributing C++ object systems

The remote objects message exchange (ROME), which provides C++ programmers with a simple, highly portable, immediately usable mechanism for distributing application objects across an arbitrary collection of processors, is discussed. ROME comprises a protocol for communication among C++ objects, a programming infrastructure that implements this protocol, and an application programming interface (API) to that infrastructure. >
Contour metamorphosis using the wavelet descriptor

Interpolation based contour metamorphosis methods often yields self-intersecting intermediate contours. In this research, we present a highly automatic algorithm to achieve non-self- intersecting contour morphing. The basic idea of our approach is to represent a planar curve with the wavelet descriptor which allows the metamorphosis at different resolutions as well as spatial locations. Furthermore, to avoid self-intersection, we formulate the mapping of control vertices of key frames as a minimization problem with a cost function involving bending and stretching of an object. Experiments of the proposed morphing algorithm are conducted to demonstrate its performance.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
System-independent assessment of OCT axial resolution with a "bar chart" phantom

We present a optical phantom approach for the characterization of OCT axial resolution and contrast via multilayered "bar charts." We explored two methods to fabricate these phantoms: the first is based on monolayers of light-scattering microspheres with an intervening layer of transparent silicone, and the second involves alternating layers of scatteringenhanced silicone and transparent silicone. Varying the diameter of the microspheres and the thickness of the silicone layers permits different spatial frequencies to be realized in the axial dimension of the phantoms. Because the phantom's dimensions are accurately known independent of the OCT system, no information about the system's spatial calibration is required. We quantified the degree to which the bars in each phantom could be resolved with OCT, which provides insights into the axial contrast transfer function. Initial testing of these phantoms on time-resolved and Fourier-domain OCT platforms indicated that our approach can provide accurate, system-independent estimates of resolution.
Accelerated aqueous leaching of selenium and arsenic from coal associated rock samples with selenium speciation using ultrasound extraction

Ultrasound extraction was used to compare the accelerated release rates of selenium and arsenic from three rocks (BT700, BT 571 and BT 60) that are associated with mountaintop mining and valley fill coal mining practiced in southern parts of West Virginia, USA. The concentrations of arsenic released from rocks were found to be three orders of magnitude higher than that of selenium. The accelerated leaching rate constants were ten times higher for arsenic compared to selenium. Se (IV) was found to be stable under ultrasound extraction conditions used whereas As (III) was quickly oxidized to As (V). BT700 was found to have more Se (IV) compared to BT571 while BT60 did not have any significant Se (IV) concentrations. Such compositional and kinetic information becomes important when determining suitable mining waste treatment protocols that have to be undertaken to different types of overburden before it is dumped in valleys.
The co-evolution of rural tourism and sustainable rural development in Hongdong, Korea: complexity, conflict and local response

This research examines the evolution of rural tourism in Hongdong Town, Korea, and its links to agricultural change, and traditional small farm survival, as part of sustainable rural development. The study is informed by cross-disciplinary literature in rural development, specifically, multi-functional agriculture and nested markets. Results show a complex, dynamic terrain where new strategies are emerging within an agricultural sector struggling to survive global free trade policies and neoliberalism. Here, rural tourism is neither a simple, business-orientated project nor a step-by-step process of tourism “development”. It emerges, together with nested markets, in the rural agricultural domain. Farmers, residents and newcomers draw upon historical practices and cultural knowledge to create innovative, quality products and educational experiences that contribute to the sustainability of local agricultural livelihoods and cultural traditions. However, shifts in public sector roles and structural changes i...
The Design and Characterization of an Interface for High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Direct Current Argon Plasma Detection

The design and characterization of a nebulizer/spray chamber interface for high performance liquid chromatography-direct current argon plasma spectroscopy are presented. Optimum geometry for this interface was determined by the varying of the chimney tip diameter. Mechanical efficiencies of the interface as a function of nebulizer argon flow are tabulated. The particle velocity distribution within the solvent spray created by the nebulizer and emerging from the interface chimney was measured with the use of laser-Doppler anemometry.
Enharmonic systems: A theory of key signatures, enharmonic equivalence and diatonicism

Abstract Key signatures and enharmonic equivalence are taken as points of departure for a study of the diatonic–chromatic relationship. Key signatures are modelled by signature vectors, i.e. seven-dimensional vectors with integer coordinates, each coordinate indicating the number of sharps (+) or flats (−) assigned to one of the seven letter names. A definition of standard signature vectors (those corresponding to the usual key signature of some major key) is readily formulated. These constructions do not depend on any convention regarding enharmonic equivalence of note names, but enharmonic equivalence (EE) conditions are intimately connected with key signatures, and in fact may also be formalized in terms of signature vectors, called in this context EE vectors. The canonical EE vector gives rise to a familiar twelve-note enharmonic system, but other systems are possible. Connections with maximal evenness and other properties familiar in diatonic set theory are investigated. The usual staff notation, inc...
Purification of three catalase isozymes from facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus firmus OF4

Cell extracts of facultatively alkaliphilic B. firmus OF4 were assayed for catalase activity and their catalase isozyme content was analyzed on native polyacrylamide gels stained for catalase activity. pH-10.5-grown cells had about twice the specific catalase activity of pH-7.5-grown cells. The higher activity, however, did not confer resistance to exogenous hydrogen peroxide challenge relative to pH-7.5-grown cells and, in fact, the pH-10.5-grown cells were much more sensitive to the challenge. Electrophoresis resolved three catalase isozymes in cell extracts. The isozymes, labeled I–III in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility, were purified and their Nterminal amino acid sequences were obtained. Isozyme III corresponded to the product of a cloned gene fragment that had been shown to possess substantial sequence similarity to the KatE (HP-II) catalase of E. coli (Quirk, P.G., Krulwich, T.A. and Hicks, D.B. (1993) Biophys. J. 64, 164A) and which had similar biochemical properties to HP-II, i.e., it was a chlorin-containing enzyme expressed only in stationary phase. Isozyme II, a protoheme enzyme, was responsible for the higher activity of alkaline-grown cells and was induced in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide or ascorbate. It showed sequence similarity to katA of Bacillus subtilis (Bol, D. and Yasbin, R. (1991) Gene 109, 31–37). Isozyme I was the only isozyme that exhibited detectable levels of peroxidase activity in addition to catalase activity, resembling a catalase enzyme purified from a different alkaliphile, Bacillus YN-2000 (Yumoto, I., Fukumori, Y. and Yamanaka, T. (1990) J. Biochem. 108, 583–587), to which it showed some sequence similarity.
High-affinity transport of L-glutamine by a plasma membrane preparation from rat brain

Plasma membrane vesicles prepared from rat brain contain a saturable, high-affinity transport system for L-glutamine that exhibits the following characteristics: (1) The rate of L-glutamine transport is linear up to 200 micrograms/mL membrane protein. (2) Transport of [3H]-L-glutamine is linear with time for at least 10 min, is significantly reduced by lowering the assay temperature to 4 degrees C, and is essentially abolished by the addition of excess unlabeled L-glutamine. (3) The transport rate is optimal in the range of pH 7.4-8.2. (4) The system exhibits a Km for L-glutamine of approximately 1.7 microM and a Vmax of approximately 46 pmol/(min.mg of protein). (5) The system is not highly dependent upon the addition of monovalent or divalent cations. (6) Inhibitor studies reveal that the amino acid amides exhibit the highest affinity for the system and that there is a high specificity for the L-isomers.
SPEED AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL INTERCONNECTIONS : COMPARISON OF ON-CHIP, OFF-CHIP, AND FREE-SPACE TECHNOLOGIES

We model and compare on-chip (up to wafer scale) and off-chip (multichip module) high-speed electrical interconnections with free-space optical interconnections in terms of speed performance and energy requirements for digital transmission in large-scale systems. For all technologies the interconnections are first modeled and optimized for minimum delay as functions of the interconnection length for both one-to-one and fan-out connections. Then energy requirements are derived as functions of the interconnection length. Free-space optical interconnections that use multiple-quantum-well modulators or vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers as transmitters are shown to offer a speed–energy product advantage as high as 30 over that of the electrical interconnection technologies.
Kaleidoscopic spatial instability: Bifurcations of optical transverse solitary waves.

The cell-exit transverse profile for one-way propagation through sodium vapor forms a pattern of spots with complexity and beauty rivaling that of a kaleidoscope. These patterns are stationary in time, reproduce completely when the power or frequency is scanned, and agree well with one-way computations that show that the patterns change very little after one-fifth of the propagation distance, i.e., they exhibit the properties of bifurcations of transverse solitary waves.
Intrinsic Growth Rates and Net Reproduction Rates in the Presence of Migration

Fertility rates in all developed countries are now below the replacement level. Partly in response to these low levels and their age-distributional consequences international migration flows to the developed world have increased sharply (United Nations 2006: 84). Many developed countries face the prospect of population decline over the next decades unless they admit larger numbers of immigrants or find the means to promote higher fertility levels. Many of the conventional measures used in demography are not well suited to a world in which migration plays a major role because they refer to hypothetical populations or cohorts that are assumed to be closed to migration. These classic measures demonstrate the implications of keeping age-specific rates of fertility and/or mortality fixed at some observed level and setting age-specific migration rates at zero. Such measures include the net reproduction rate the gross reproduction rate the total fertility rate life expectancy at birth and "intrinsic" rates of growth birth and death (i.e. rates that would eventually emerge if current age-specific fertility and mortality rates were indefinitely maintained with zero migration). (excerpt)
Behavioral Aspects of Spatial Organization in the Chipmunk, Tamias Striatus

This study attempts to demonstrate the possible role of agonistic behavior and vocalization in maintaining the spatial organization found in a population of 12 eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus. The home ranges of the chipmunks overlapped almost entirely, but their burrow entrances were regularly spaced in the study area and their core areas did not overlap. Agonistic behavior was studied while attracting the chipmunks to small piles of sunflower seeds. Chasing occurred most often in 398 agonistic encounters. The chase orders at 15 locations in the study area were remarkably different. Reversal of dominance consistently occurred between neighboring chipmunks. Each chipmunk seemed to maintain a dominance area centered around its burrow entrance. This dominance area roughly coincided with its core area. If reversal of dominance with difference in space is accepted as a criterion of territorial behavior, chipmunks seem to exhibit territorial behavior. Chipmunk vocalizations form a graded sound system. There is a gradation of both temporal patterning and frequency. All vocalizations seem to function as alarm calls. One of the vocalizations, chipping, may also function as an agonistic signal. Reciprocal chasing between neighboring chipmunks may in part explain the regular spacing of burrow entrances and the mutual exclusiveness of the core areas. Since each animal's dominance area centers around its burrow entrance, the chipmunk can, by chasing, prevent another chipmunk, from digging or using a burrow near its own. Since the dominance area roughly coincides with its core area, the animal can likewise prevent other chipmunks from frequenctly using its core area. It is also possible that the vocalizations of the chipmunks, especially chipping, help maintain the spatial organization of the population. The chipping could well advertise the presence of a chipmunk in its dominance area, thereby dissuading intrusion by neighboring chipmunks.
A Historical Overview of Internet Reference Services for Distance Learners

SUMMARY The advent of library services and collections on the Internet revolutionized reference services to students enrolled in distance learning programs. Prior to the Internet, reference librarians who supported distance learning programs had few methods, and many of them costly, to provide the equivalent library services advocated by the ACRL Guidelines. Through the Internet, these librarians were able to approximate the services and resources that had always been available to students who came into the library. This article describes the development of reference services on the Internet in a variety of libraries that support distance learners.
Energy dissipation by pulsating air bubbles in a viscoelastic medium

A theoretical discussion is presented on the mechanisms by which an isolated pulsating air bubble in a viscoelastic solid dissipates its energy. The analysis is limited to the situation where the amplitude of motion is assumed to be sufficiently small that the stress strain relations may be described by linear equations with convected differentiation replaced by ∂/∂t. The theoretical thermal, radiation, and viscous damping constants are calculated for resonant air bubbles in unvulcanized natural rubber; however, the results are typical of elastomers in general.
Determination of axial polarity in the vertebrate embryo: homeodomain proteins and homeogenetic induction.

Lors de l'embryogenese chez les vertebres une polarite axiale s'etablit et les mouvements morphogenetiques de tissus s'amoncent. Ces deplacements tres precis de territoires entiers sont sous l'influence des tissus avoisinants (mesoderme et tissu neural et reciproquement). Les genes contenant des homeobox et intervenant dans la differenciation tissulaire sont exprimes en proteines dans les tissus: elles contribuent a cette induction, dite induction homeogenetique
Mass Spectrum of Naturally Abundant Ethylgermane

Abstract A complete mass spectral fragmentation pattern of naturally abundant ethylgermane is presented together with the parent mass spectrum and the m/e 70 to m/e 79 region. The base peak of ethylgermane occurs at m/e 74 in the GeHx=0→3 + region and not in the parent region. Five metastable peaks are observed at m/e 48.90, m/e 50.82, m/e 52.64, m/e 54.47, and m/e 56.30.
Programming the supply of a strategic material. Part I. A Nonstochastic Model

This paper deals with the various ways in which the requirements of a certain strategic material could be met in a period of limited war. Besides a small stock of ores to draw on at the beginning of the period, high-quality foreign ores have to be imported or low-quality domestic ores made suitable for the production of alloys. In the latter case, however, the plants for upgrading and processing the ores first have to be constructed. The objective is to meet the requirements, assumed here to be given for the years of limited war, at minimum cost. The cost function contains, besides linear, also quadratic terms, positive as well as negative ones. Two recently developed computational methods have been used to solve the problem.
A smog chamber and modeling study of the gas phase NOx–air photooxidation of toluene and the cresols

An experimental and modeling study of irradiated toluene–NOx–air, toluene–benzaldehyde–NOx–air, and cresol–NOx–air mixtures at part-per-million concentrations has been carried out. These mixtures were irradiated at 303 ± 1 K in a 5800-liter Teflon-lined, evacuable environmental chamber, with temperature, humidity, light intensity, spectral distribution, and the concentrations of O3, NO, NO2, toluene, PAN, formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, o-cresol, m-nitrotoluene, and methyl nitrate beingmonitored as a function of time. For the toluene and toluene–benzaldehyde–NOx–air runs a variety of initial reactant concentrations were investigated. Cresol–NOx–air runs were observed to be much less reactive in terms of O3 formation and NO to NO2 conversion rates than toluene–NOx–air runs, with the relative reactivity of the cresol isomers being in the order meta » ortho > para. The addition of benzaldehyde to toluene–NOx–air mixtures decreased the reactivity, in agreement with previous studies. Alternative mechanistic pathways for the NOx photooxidations of aromaticsystems in general are discussed, and the effects of varying these mechanistic alternatives on the model predictions for the toluene and o-cresol–NOx–air systems are examined. Fits of the calculations to most of the experimental concentration–time profiles could be obtained to within the experimental uncertainty for two of the mechanistic options considered. In both cases it is assumed that (1) O2 adds to the OH–toluene adduct ∼75% of the time forming, after a further addition of O2, a C7 bicyclic peroxy radical, and (2) this C7 bicyclic peroxy radical reacts with NO ∼75% of the time to ultimately form α-dicarbonyls and conjugated γ-dicarbonyls (e.g., methylglyoxal + 2-butene-1,4-dial) and ∼25% of the time to form organic nitrates. The major uncertainties in the mechanisms concern (1) the structure of the bicyclicperoxy intermediate, and (2) the γ-dicarbonyl photooxidation mechanism. Good fits to the o-cresol concentration–time profiles in the toluene–NOx runs are obtained if it is assumed that o7-cresol reacts rapidly with NO3 radicals. However, it is observed that the model underpredicts nitrotoluene yields by a factor of ∼10, but this is in any case a minor product. It is concluded that further experimental work will be required toadequately validate the assumptions incorporated in the aromatic photooxidation mechanisms presented here.
BRIEF REPORT: Attitudes Toward Hormone Therapy After the Women's Health Initiative: A Comparison of Internists and Gynecologists

In the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), postmenopausal women receiving combination hormone therapy (HT) experienced more adverse outcomes than placebo recipients. To determine whether gynecologists and internists interpreted the WHI differently, we conducted a survey in which physicians responded to a hypothetical asymptomatic woman who asks whether to continue HT. In response to this scenario, gynecologists were more likely than internists to hold permissive views about prescribing HT (66% vs 35%; P<.001). These results suggest that gynecologists may be less concerned than internists about the adverse events associated with HT, or that gynecologists have stronger beliefs about benefits of HT.
Generalized scattered-wave approach to molecular-orbital theory

The scattered-wave approach to molecular-orbital theory is generalized to the case where the one-electron potential can be represented by a model nonlocal operator which is dependent on the orbital energy and angular-momentum components. In its most elementary form, this operator reduces to the previously applied example of nonover-lapping, spherically averaged Hartree–Fock–Slater (HFS) or Slater Xα potentials. More general forms of the potential operator allow one to simulate the effects of truly overlapping potentials, without significantly sacrificing the computational advantages of the scattered-wave technique.
Molecular Basis for Cell-Specific Regulation of the NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Gene

NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR), a flavoprotein localized in the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum of most cell types, is responsible for transferring electrons from NADPH to the cytochromes P450 as well as heme oxygenase, squalene epoxidase, and cytochrome b(5). CYPOR is encoded by a single gene and, similar to many housekeeping genes, has a TATA-less, GC-rich promoter with multiple Sp1 consensus sites. The current work has delineated the importance of multiple cis-acting elements contained within the proximal promoter for basal expression of the CYPOR gene. Transcription factor binding sites within this region included two upstream Sp1 motifs, a SEC element containing overlapping Sp1/Egr-1/CACCC box motifs, and a novel site designated the OxidoReductase Upstream element (ORU). Mutational modification of the ORU element, leading to a loss of protein binding, resulted in an approximately 90% decrease in transcriptional activity in H4IIE cells. Similarly, inactivation of the Egr-1/CACCC segment of the SEC element dramatically reduced promoter activity to less than 10% of wild-type, while mutagenesis of the contiguous Sp1 site did not affect basal transcription. Although both Sp1 sites contained within the minimal promoter were required for optimal expression in H4IIE cells, loss of these sites was compensated for by those Sp1 motifs located upstream of position 206, suggesting that Sp1 was acting as a position-independent enhancer. Hence, the CYPOR promoter was distinguished from the majority of TATA-less promoters in that Sp1 was not a primary transcriptional regulator and by the fact that the Sp1 binding site closest to the transcription start site was nonfunctional. Furthermore, both the SEC and ORU elements were essential for basal expression; however, the ORU element exhibited cell-specific differences in regulatory activity. Thus, several mechanisms appear to be in place to selectively alter the expression of the CYPOR gene.
Failure of atrial natriuretic factor to increase with volume expansion in acute and chronic congestive heart failure in the dog.

It remains unclear whether the levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) observed in chronic CHF are appropriate for the magnitude of elevations in atrial pressures. Specifically, it is not known whether acute increases in atrial pressure in CHF can result in further significant increases in circulating ANF. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that in chronic CHF there is an attenuated relation between circulating ANF and atrial pressure such that the heart is unable to respond to further increases in atrial pressure with appropriate increases in ANF. Cardiovascular hemodynamics and plasma levels of ANF were measured at baseline and after rapid right ventricular pacing (RRVP) to produce acute (n = 10, 25 minutes RRVP) and chronic (n = 7, 14-16 days RRVP) CHF. Acute saline volume expansion was then performed in each group to determine the response of circulating ANF to acute increases in atrial pressure in both acute and chronic CHF. In chronic CHF, right atrial pressure was much higher than in acute CHF (8.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.4 +/- 1.3 mm Hg, p less than 0.05); however, circulating ANF was not greater in chronic as compared with acute CHF (385 +/- 73 vs. 500 +/- 89 pg/ml), which is consistent with an attenuated release of ANF in chronic CHF. In response to volume expansion, right atrial pressure increased in both acute (3.4 +/- 1.3 to 12.1 +/- 7 mm Hg) and chronic (8.5 +/- .9 to 13.3 +/- 1.0 mm Hg) CHF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The role of neural input in the effects of morphine on the rat adrenal medulla

Abstract Rats with denervated left and intact right adrenal glands were treated with morphine twice daily and the individual adrenals were analyzed for catecholamine (CA) content and for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activities. After one day of treatment at a low dosage level (10 mg/kg) neither side demonstrated any change in CA, but DBH was increased in both; TH was elevated only in the intact side. After one week of treatment, CA levels were elevated only slightly in both intact and denervated adrenals, while the effect on DBH was more marked (30 per cent elevation). While TH was increased in the innervated side by more than 50 per cent, there was only a small increase in TH in the denervated adrenal. With the subsequent initiation of higher dosages, there was an initial decline in CA which was more pronounced in the innervated gland, accompanied in the denervated side by short-term decreases in DBH. Chronic administration of 40 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg led to larger increases in CA, TH and DBH in the innervated glands. In the denervated adrenal there were only slight increases in CA and TH after chronic administration of the higher doses, while DBH activity was markedly elevated during chronic administration of 40 mg/kg but declined toward control levels during chronic treatment with 100 mg/kg. These data indicate that: (1) most of the morphine-induced increases in TH activity and CA content result from increased stimulation of the splanchnic nerve; (2) morphine also exerts a direct effect on the adrenal medulla which influences DBH activity primarily; (3) the direct action of morphine may display tolerance while the increased splanchnic stimulation does not.
The alpha beta versus gamma delta T-cell lineage choice

During thymic development, immature T cells rearrange and express the genes encoding the T-cell antigen receptor and mature as either alpha beta or gamma delta lineage T cells. In the past year, advances have been made in understanding the role of individual components of the T-cell antigen receptor complex in the development of alpha beta and gamma delta lineage T cells. In addition, the transmembrane receptor Notch has recently been implicated as a new player in alpha beta versus gamma delta lineage determination.
Hydrocarbon transport in the Mackenzie River, Canada

Abstract This study examines the sources and transport of hydrocarbons to the lower Mackenzie River in response to concern over the environmental impact of human activities, particularly those related to hydrocarbon development, within the Mackenzie River basin. We carried out two time-of-travel studies by boat, commencing at the confluence of the Liard and Mackenzie Rivers and extending 1250km downstream to a major distributary channel in the Mackenzie delta near Inuvik. The first study, carried out in 1985, characterized summer flow conditions, and the second study reflected snowmelt inputs during spring breakup in 1986. Samples of suspended sediment and water were obtained at a total of eight sites and analyzed for n-alkanes and PAHs. n-Alkanes were present in suspended sediments at all sites in both sampling periods. Based on their distributions and isomer patterns, alkanes in the river appear to originate from three main sources: Great Slave Lake is a source of algal alkanes; a source of undegraded petroleum-related alkanes, possibly from erosion of bituminous shale bedrock; and a source of high molecular weight alkanes, possibly related to combustion. PAHs also enter the river from several sources. Under low flow conditions, low levels of PAHs from petroleum-related sources, possibly seeps, were detected, while under high flow conditions, PAH patterns were dominated by atmospherically-deposited combustion-related PAHs that had been carried into the river by snowmelt.
Treatment of carcinoma of the nasal vestibule by irradiation

An analysis of 36 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule is made. The small lesions (T1 and T2) are highly curable by radiation therapy alone, with good functional and cosmetic results. The advanced lesions (T3), with bone destruction and metastases, are best treated by radical surgery with or without irradiation if the lesions are resectable. For the inoperable tumors, high dose megavoltage irradiation may offer palliation and, occasionally, an unexpected cure. Of 31 patients eligible for 3-year NED evaluation, 23 or 74% were alive and well without disease, after radiation therapy alone. For the T1, T2,and T3 lesions, the 3-year NED rates were 83,71, and 50%, respectively. A staging system for the primary disease is proposed.
The Middle Class: Toward a Precise Definition

The concept "middle class" is one of the most enigmatic yet frequent in the social sciences. Historians, in this case no more vague, toss the term about with gay abandon. Think of what the word can connote: The triumphant industrialist, with his satellite professionals as allies, ultimately forming a new ruling class, revolutionary when needed but prone to a quick return to the policies of order and not revolutionary at all when aristocratic or Tory foes had been disposed of. Relatedly, a class imbued with strong cultural values which conveyed a personalized amalgam of Enlightenment-cumCalvinist ideals and changed the mentality of society, through "social control," well beyond the class itself. But also the Nazis and anti-Semites, the fighters against modernity, and not only in Germany. Property owners but also nonowners who picked up a perhaps "false" but durable class consciousness. Finally, the pervasive bourgeois, a term applicable to both modernizers and anti-modernizers. The cultural philistine, the husband who slept, and may still sleep, at concerts he was dragged to by his wife. The avaricious early capitalist, the gaudy social climber, but also the reader of serialized romantic stories or, more recently, the housewife glued to soap operas. Images could be multiplied, but the point is clear. We're dealing with a peculiar beast and quite possibly with several beasts. Yet we have made little headway toward anatomical precision. The subject is fraught with ideological overtones, but few ideological stances have produced significant illumination. There are also disciplinary complications. When we are told that social stratification is the prime province of sociology,2 the social scientific historian might be tempted to run up the white flag and wait for wisdom from on high before attempting his petty data manipulation. Or we could at best yield to the temptation of the conventional, fill-a-gap historian's gambit, of saying that not enough work
Microwave-Enhanced Organic Syntheses for the Undergraduate Laboratory:: Diels−Alder Cycloaddition, Wittig Reaction, and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Microwave heating enhanced the rate of three reactions typically performed in our undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory: a Diels−Alder cycloaddition, a Wittig salt formation, and a Williamson ether synthesis. Ninety-minute refluxes were shortened to 10 min using a laboratory-grade microwave oven. In addition, yields improved for the Wittig salt and ether preparations. The Diels-Alder cycloaddition of N-phenylmaleimide and 1,3-cyclohexadiene in absolute ethanol in a closed vessel and 130 °C gave 84−90% yields. Formation of the Wittig salt, benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, from triphenylphosphine and benzyl chloride gave yields greater than 90% when heated in acetonitrile at 200 °C Yields doubled in the Williamson ether synthesis of 2-ethoxynaphthalene, from 2-naphthol, methanolic potassium hydroxide, and iodoethane with microwave heating at 130 °C.
TGF-b/Smad signaling defects in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and possible novel therapies for chronic inflammation

The immune system normally defends the body against the constant threat of myriad organisms and substances in the surrounding environment. In some individuals immune reactivity becomes inappropriate or excessive, and autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases ensue, which usually persist for most of the patient’s life. While chronic inflammation can affect practically any organ, this process is distinctive in the gastrointestinal tract: Whereas most organs contain only a sprinkling of immune cells, the normal gut contains a rich lymphoid compartment that maintains a low level of “physiological” intestinal inflammation. Enteric flora and food antigens are believed to induce and sustain this physiological intestinal inflammation that is transformed into destructive and persistent “pathological” inflammation when the gut is involved by Crohn disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), or other forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS: CAN MIDDLE-SCHOOL STUDENTS MEANINGFULLY TRANSLATE FROM WORDS TO MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS?

Using symbolic algebra to represent and solve linear equations is one of the expectations within the Algebra content standard for the 6–8-grade band in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000). Students' understanding of these concepts, even before a formal algebra course, prepares them for future success. Students need a balance of conceptual (comprehension) and procedural (vocabulary) skills as they begin to develop algebraic understanding. This study investigated the extent to which middle school students showed facility with translating English language into mathematical symbols or vice versa using conceptual or procedural indicators as measures of comprehension and vocabulary. Students (N = 668) in 25 middle-school teachers' classrooms were assessed on three algebra tasks. In addition, (n = 60) random incorrect responses were examined to identify patterns in their responses that emerged. As a confirmatory procedure, five (n = 5) stu...
Boehmite-Derived γ-Alumina System. 2. Consideration of Hydrogen and Surface Effects

A boehmite-derived gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) system was studied using various complementary techniques to examine surface area and pore size, the amount of hydrogen-containing species, the nature of hydrogen bonding environments, and the location of these species. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, the material examined was shown to have a significantly higher surface area than that typically expected for highly crystalline boehmite-derived γ-Al2O3. This higher surface area was associated with the presence of closed nanopores, the size of which was found to complement observations from transmission electron microscopy. More hydrogen was determined to be in the structure when measured using prompt-gamma activation analysis than indicated by loss on ignition experiments, suggesting that hydrogen-containing species other than water were also present. Neutron vibrational spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed a reduction in signals associated with water and hydroxide species as the calcination temperatu...