cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Which concepts are worth extracting

It is well established that extracting and annotating occurrences of entities in a collection of unstructured text documents with their concepts improve the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection. However, it is very resource intensive to create and maintain large annotated collections. Since the available resources of an enterprise are limited and/or its users may have urgent information needs, it may have to select only a subset of relevant concepts for extraction and annotation. We call this subset a conceptual design for the annotated collection. In this paper, we introduce the problem of cost effective conceptual design, where given a collection, a set of relevant concepts, and a fixed budget, one likes to find a conceptual design that improves the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection the most. We prove that the problem is generally NP-hard in the number of relevant concepts and propose two efficient approximation algorithms to solve the problem: Approximate Popularity Maximization (APM for short) and Approximate Annotation-benefit Maximization (AAM for short). We show that if there is not any constraints regrading the overlap of concepts, APM is a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. We also prove that if the relevant concepts are mutually exclusive, APM has a constant approximation ratio and AAM is a fully polynomial time approximation scheme. Our empirical results using Wikipedia collection and a search engine query log validate the proposed formalization of the problem and show that APM and AAM efficiently compute conceptual designs. They also indicate that in general APM delivers the optimal conceptual designs if the relevant concepts are not mutually exclusive. Also, if the relevant concepts are mutually exclusive, the conceptual designs delivered by AAM improve the effectiveness of answering queries over the collection more than the solutions provided by APM.
Arsenic-doped polycrystalline silicon film for bipolar integrated circuits

Abstract The advantages of the use of As-doped polycrystalline silicon film over that of As-doped glass film in the fabrication of high speed bipolar integrated circuits have been shown. The films have been used for doping buried layer and emitter. Deposition conditions optimized for the As-doped polycrystalline silicon film allows low junction leakage to be attained with low pipe density. During the course of the work the mechanism for the formation of pipes have been suggested.
Systematics of fission product X-ray intensities

Abstract The K X-rays of fission products from thermal neutron capture in 235 U have been studied with a high-resolution, bent crystal spectrometer. Systematic variations of the X-ray intensities with atomic number are found.
Postmortem titin proteolysis is influenced by sarcomere length in bovine muscle

The calpain protease system, in particular, μ-calpain is involved in the disassembly of specific myofibrillar proteins, resulting in tenderization of meat postmortem. Given the size, complexity, and integral nature of titin to the structure of the sarcomere, it is plausible that the length of a sarcomere may alter the susceptibility of various domains of titin to cleavage by the calpains. Therefore, we hypothesized titin degradation differs in a sarcomere-length-dependent manner in beef. After slaughter, beef carcasses were split and sides were either suspended by the Achilles tendon (normal suspension, NS) or by the aitchbone (hip suspension, HS). Immediately after suspension, samples were dissected from the LM, psoas major (PM), and semitendinosus (STN) muscles to serve as 0-d controls. After 24 h, 4 steaks were removed from each muscle and randomly assigned to 1-, 4-, 7-, or 10-d aging treatments. After the assigned aging period, myofibrils were purified for determination of sarcomere length. Warner-Bratzler shear force analysis was also performed to evaluate differences in tenderness. Muscle proteins were solubilized and subjected to SDS-VAGE (vertical agarose gel electrophoresis) to evaluate titin degradation. Sarcomere lengths differed (P 0.05) were detected in the disappearance of intact titin among suspension methods in the LM or STN. These data demonstrate that suspension method alters proteolysis of titin and suggest an increase in sarcomere length may contribute to the susceptibility of titin to postmortem proteolysis in beef.
Two “big” dynorphins from porcine pituitary

Abstract Two dynorphins of 24 and 32 residues, respectively, were isolated from porcine pituitary and sequenced. They both contain the dynorphin heptadecapeptide, now designated dynorphin A, at the amino terminus, followed immediately by the putative processing signal Lys-Arg. In the 24-residue peptide the subsequent five amino acids comprise the [Leu] enkephalin sequence. In the 32-residue peptide this [Leu] enkephalin sequence is part of a novel opioid tridecapeptide designated dynorphin B.
Inhibition of prolactin secretion by ergolines.

Peptide-containing ergot alkaloids and synthetic ergoline derivatives were administered to reserpine-treated male rats in order to evaluate their prolactin-inhibiting properties. Each compound was administered ip at a standard 50 ¼g/kg dose. The 9,10-dihydrogenated ergots, dihydroergocornine, and dihydroergocryptine were able to inhibit prolactin to the same degree as ergocornine and ergocryptine. This is significant because the 9,10-dihydrogenation process removes the toxic vasoconstrictive properties from the molecule and allows the prolactin-inhibiting ability to remain intact. In addition, dose-response studies show that minute amounts of an ergot can cause a significant reduction in prolactin secretion. The failure of ergocorninine to inhibit prolactin secretion demonstrates that the stereochemical configuration of the molecule at the 8 position is important for prolactin-inhibiting ability. Interestingly, a number of simple ergot molecules lacking the peptide side chain are able to inhibit prolactin...
Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor decreases intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery.

Abstract Hypothesis: Arterial intimal hyperplasia is induced by injury and is frequently the cause of luminal narrowing after vascular reconstruction. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) respond to injury by proliferating and migrating into the intima. This process is regulated by thrombin, endothelin, and angiotensin II, all ligands of G protein-coupled receptors. Signal transduction from these receptors in cultured cells depends in part on transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We hypothesize that EGFR has a substantial role in activation of SMC in vivo and development of intimal hyperplasia. Methods: Intimal hyperplasia was induced in rat carotid arteries by passage of a balloon catheter. Animals were given a monoclonal blocking antibody to rat EGFR, matched mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) control antibody, or saline solution. Results: Blocking EGFR antibody inhibited medial SMC proliferation, as determined by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine labeling at 2 days (IgG control, 8.0% ± 2.0%; anti-EGFR, 3.2% ± 0.8%) and intimal hyperplasia at 14 days (intimal area: IgG control, 0.07 ± 0.01 mm 2 ; anti-EGFR, 0.04 ± 0.01 mm 2 ). Conclusion: Activation of EGFR is important for early induction of SMC proliferation and subsequent intimal thickening. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:644-9.)
Topologically novel copper molybdate phases based on 3,4′-dipyridylketone: Hydrothermal synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties

Hydrothermal treatment of CuCl{sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O, MoO{sub 3}, and 3,4'-dipyridylketone (3,4'-dpk) in 1:1:2 mole ratio afforded the new mixed metal oxide phases [Cu{sub 2}(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}(3,4'-dpk)(H{sub 2}O)] (1) or [Cu{sub 4}(3,4'-dpk){sub 4}(Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26})] (2), depending on the pH of the initial reaction mixture. Compound 1 possesses unique one-dimensional (1-D) [Cu{sub 2}(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} ribbons constructed from the linkage of {l_brace}Cu{sup II}{sub 4}O{sub 6}{r_brace} tetrameric units through isolated [MoO{sub 4}]{sup 2-} tetrahedra. These ribbons in turn are connected into a two-dimensional (2-D) coordination polymer structure by tethering 3,4'-dpk ligands. Compound 2, containing monovalent copper ions, manifests an unprecedented 'X-rail' 1-D extended structure with (6{sup 2}8){sub 4}(6{sup 6}) topology formed from the bracketing of discrete [{beta}-Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26}]{sup 4-} anions by four [Cu{sup I}(3,4{sup '}-dpk)]{sub n}{sup n+} chains. The variable temperature magnetic susceptibility behavior of 1 was fit to a linear tetramer model, with g=2.03(3), J{sub 1}=25.8(7) cm{sup -1} and J{sub 2}=-46(1) cm{sup -1}. Antiferromagnetic inter-tetramer interactions (zJ'=-0.21(3) cm{sup -1}) were also evident. Crystallographic data: 1 monoclinic, P2{sub 1}/c, a=10.3911(11) A, b=6.9502(6) A, c=22.958(2) A, {beta}=100.658(7){sup o}, V=1629.5(3) A{sup 3}, R{sub 1}=0.1256, and wR{sub 2}=0.2038; 2 triclinic, P1-bar,a=10.9000(3) A, b=11.7912(4) A, c=13.5584(4) A, {alpha}=102.482(2){sup o}, {beta}=102.482(2){sup o}, {gamma}=117.481(2){sup o},more » V=1450.98(8) A{sup 3}, R{sub 1}=0.0428, and wR{sub 2}=0.0630. - Graphical abstract: [Cu{sub 2}(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}(3,4'-dpk)(H{sub 2}O)] (1, 3,4'-dpk=3,4'-dipyridylketone) and [Cu{sub 4}(3,4'-dpk){sub 4}(Mo{sub 8}O{sub 26})] (2) have been prepared by hydrothermal methods. 1 possesses 1-D [Cu{sub 2}(MoO{sub 4}){sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)]{sub n} ribbons containing magnetically interacting {l_brace}Cu{sub 4}O{sub 6}{r_brace} tetramers. The ribbons are connected into 2-D by 3,4'-dpk ligands. The reduced phase 2 manifests an unprecedented 1-D 'X-rail' chain motif.« less
Selfless Desires and the Property Theory of Content

The property theory of content takes the content of each cognitive attitude (each belief, desire, and so on) to be a property to which the subject of the attitude is related in the appropriate psychological way. This view is motivated by standard cases of de se belief and other attitudes. In this paper, I consider a couple of related objections to the property theory of content. Both objections have to do with the possible non-existence of the subject. More specifically, the objections are based on attitudes, the contents of which entail the non-existence of their subjects, and also on attitudes that commit their subjects to preferences regarding situations in which the subjects do not exist. I show that the property theory can answer these objections adequately, and I argue that my answer to the objections is more plausible than other possible responses.
Flame boundary layer effects in line-of-sight optical measurements

Abstract A premixed flame burning under ambient laboratory conditions can be approximated by a core surrounded by a boundary layer, both of uniform but different temperatures and species concentrations. For this model the temperature T measured by the line-reversal and ratio methods is calculated as well as the OH concentration [OH] from the integrated absorption of an OH line. Comparison with experiment is made for a premixed fuel-rich hydrogen flame using the same composition with two different burner geometries. We find that the reversal T, using Na as a T-probe, is always less than the ratio T, using OH as the T-probe in the absorption mode. The difference is due to a deficient boundary layer sodium concentration [Na], relative to the core, compared with an excess [OH] produced by the reaction of surplus H2 with ambient O2. The agreement of T and [OH] measurements with the model predictions is satisfactory.
Effects of sleep restriction on glucose control and insulin secretion during diet-induced weight loss.

Insufficient sleep is associated with changes in glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and insulin action. Despite widespread use of weight-loss diets for metabolic risk reduction, the effects of insufficient sleep on glucose regulation in overweight dieters are not known. To examine the consequences of recurrent sleep restriction on 24-h blood glucose control during diet-induced weight loss, 10 overweight and obese adults (3F/7M; mean (s.d.) age 41 (5) years; BMI 27.4 (2.0) kg/m2) completed two 14-day treatments with hypocaloric diet and 8.5- or 5.5-h nighttime sleep opportunity in random order 7 (3) months apart. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) data, fasting lipids and free fatty acids (FFA), 24-h blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and counter-regulatory hormone measurements were collected after each treatment. Participants had comparable weight loss (1.0 (0.3) BMI units) during each treatment. Bedtime restriction reduced sleep by 131 (30) min/day. Recurrent sleep curtailment decreased 24-h serum insulin concentrations (i.e., enhanced 24-h insulin economy) without changes in oral glucose tolerance and 24-h glucose control. This was accompanied by a decline in fasting blood glucose, increased fasting FFA, which suppressed normally following glucose ingestion, and lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Sleep-loss-related changes in counter-regulatory hormone secretion during the IVGTT limited the utility of the test in this study. In conclusion, sleep restriction enhanced 24-h insulin economy without compromising glucose homeostasis in overweight individuals placed on a balanced hypocaloric diet. The changes in fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid and FFA concentrations in sleep-restricted dieters resembled the pattern of human metabolic adaptation to reduced carbohydrate availability.
The effect of cisterna chyli ablation combined with thoracic duct ligation on abdominal lymphatic drainage.

Objective— To evaluate the effect of cisterna chyli ablation (CCA) and thoracic duct ligation (TDL) on abdominal lymphatic drainage in normal dogs. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Nine female beagle dogs. Methods— TDL was performed in 3 dogs and was combined with CCA (CCA–TDL) and local omentalization in 6 dogs. Contrast lymphangiography was attempted in all dogs immediately before and after TDL. Dogs were reanesthetized at 31–37 days for lymphatic studies by new methylene blue (NMB) injection into a mesenteric lymph node and by contrast lymphangiography. Results— In 6 CCA–TDL dogs, 2 had direct shunting of contrast from the lymphatic system into major abdominal veins, 3 had contrast material that dissipated into abdominal vessels within the mesenteric root, and 1 had shunting into the azygous vein. NMB was not observed within the omental pedicle after CCA–TDL. Chylous drainage was by the azygous vein in all 3 TDL dogs. Conclusions— CCA–TDL disrupted chylous drainage to the thoracic duct and resulted in direct intraabdominal lymphaticovenous anastomoses identified by shunting of lymphatic flow directly into the abdominal vasculature in 5 of 6 CCA–TDL dogs. Omentalization of the cisternal ablation site was not beneficial in augmenting extrathoracic lymphatic drainage and is not recommended with CCA–TDL. Clinical Relevance— CCA–TDL represents a novel approach to surgical redirection of chylous drainage to the venous circulation outside of the thorax and may be useful in the treatment of spontaneous chylothorax in the dog.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 response to insulin during suppression of endogenous insulin secretion

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is one of several related proteins that bind and modulate the actions of IGFs. The liver is the primary source of IGFBP-1, and insulin is a major regulator of hepatic IGFBP-1 production. We report five sets of investigations that further define the characteristics of hepatic IGFBP-1 response to insulin. In normal subjects, a continuous high-dose insulin infusion caused a rapid decrease in plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations, with a rate of 0.24 ± 0.04 μg/L·min−1 and a t 1 2 of 89 ± 4 minutes. Conversely, a 3-hour somatostatin (SRIF) infusion caused a 4.5-fold increase in plasma IGFBP-1 levels. SRIF plus low-dose insulin infusion (to inhibit break-through insulin secretion) resulted in a plateau in IGFBP-1 concentrations at 5 to 8 hours, with a t 1 2 to achieve steady state of 60 to 75 minutes. Under similar conditions, a stepped increase in plasma glucose level from 5 to 9 mmol/L had no effect on the rate of IGFBP-1 increase in plasma, indicating that an acute increase in glucose concentration within a physiologic range has no independent inhibitory effect on IGFBP-1 production in the presence of a nonsuppressive insulin level. Using SRIF plus sequential graded insulin infusions, the threshold peripheral (=portal) plasma insulin concentration for IGFBP-1 suppression was between 65 and 172 pmol/L. Subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) showed a similar dose-response pattern, suggesting that insulin regulation of IGFBP-1 may be normal in IDDM. The rapid and sensitive response of IGFBP-1 to insulin is consistent with its postulated role to modulate IGF bioaction in relation to substrate availability. Moreover, measurement of plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations may serve as a useful marker of hepatic insulin sensitivity.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Diversion Programs for People with Serious Mental Illness Co-Occurring with Substance Abuse: Four Case Studies

Many cities, counties, and states have criminal justice diversion or jail diversion programs, in which those committing low-level offenses and who have mental illness or substance abuse are diverted from the criminal justice system into treatment. However, there is little existing evidence on the cost and cost-effectiveness of such programs. This article presents the first such estimates for four sites. Estimates of the impact of diversion on both costs and effectiveness varied across the sites. This variation likely reflects heterogeneity in the structure and implementation of the programs across the sites. Directions for future research are suggested.
Evaluation of a closed vessel acid digestion method for plant analyses using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.

Abstract A simple acid digestion procedure has been evaluated which utilized a closed, teflon container with HNO3 and plant tissue placed into an initially cool oven which was brought to 110°C overnight. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated for a wide variety of plant materials obtained from NBS and a regional plant tissue exchange program. There were significant differences between the proposed method and the standard HNO3‐HClO4 digestion with Al, Fe, Cu, and Mg. However, the data comparison of the HNO3 closed vessel digestion results to NBS plant reference materials showed significantly lower values only with Al and Fe. Comparison of this method to the plant materials analyzed by laboratories in a tissue exchange program showed good agreement. Thus, this method appears accurate and precise for plant tissue analyses of Ca, Mg, P, K, S, Cu, Mn, Na, Zn and B using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. It appears to perform as well as most other methods utilized by western plant tissue...
Assigning phrase accent to Chinese Text-to-Speech system

This paper mainly solves the problem of phrase accent placement for Chinese Text-to-Speech (TIS) systems. Part-of-speech, prosodic boundary, word position, word unigram score and TF-IDF weight are employed in two speech corpus training by CART, which achieved the 80.01% and 77.15% of accuracy on testing data respectively. A perceptual experiment is designed to evaluate the phrase accent assignment. The result shows that it is important to assign phrase accent for Chinese ITS systems from the perceptual point of view, and that the performance of our automatic method is close to the manually annotation
On long‐period seismographic disturbances

A series of experiments was carried out at Saint Louis using the Macelwane-Sprengnether horizontal component electromagnetic seismometers working in synchronism with type H-S, L and N galvanometers having a period of twenty seconds; both the seismometer and the galvanometer were critically damped. With this equipment some more or less regular long period disturbances were recorded. These disturbances were finally eliminated by operating the seismographs in a seismic vault in which both the temperature and the humidity were controlled. While no physical explanation for this can be given at the present time, it appears worth while to point out that these results are similar to those found by Milne in Tokyo, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in Honolulu, and by Shaw in England.
Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Strings

Statistical properties of the system of strings produced at a phase transition in the early universe are studied using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fractal dimension of the strings and the size distribution of closed loops are determined, and it is shown that infinite strings contribute about 80% to the total length of strings in the universe. The results are used to analyze the cosmological evolution of strings. Formation of domain walls and of walls bounded by strings is also discussed, and it is shown that in both cases the system is dominated by one infinite cluster of very complicated topology. The results of the simulations may also be of interest in condensed-matter systems where similar topological defects can be formed.
Teaching psychology as a laboratory science in the age of the Internet.

For over 30 years, psychologists have relied on computers to teach experimental psychology. With the advent of experiment generators, students can create well-designed experiments and can test sophisticated hypotheses from the start of their undergraduate training. Characteristics of new Net-based experiment generators are discussed and compared with traditional stand-alone generators. A call is made to formally evaluate the instructional effectiveness of the wide range of experiment generators now available. Specifically, software should be evaluated in terms of known learning outcomes, using appropriate control groups. The many inherent differences between any two software programs should be made clear. The teacher’s instructional method should be fully described and held constant between comparisons. Finally, the often complex interaction between the teacher’s instructional method and the pedagogical details of the software must be considered.
Antifibrillatory actions of cisatracurium: an atrial specific M2 receptor antagonist.

Introduction: Muscarinic receptor antagonists are proposed to prevent atrial fibrillation (AF), but also facilitate AV conduction, limiting clinical usefulness. Methods: Cisatracurium, a neuromuscular blocker, was administered to anesthetized dogs (0.05–0.8 mg/kg IV) and was administered to superfused pulmonary vein (PV) tissues in vitro. Results: Dose-dependent suppression of AF induced by premature atrial stimuli was observed under control conditions (n = 3), right vagus nerve stimulation (n = 7), and anterior right ganglionated plexus stimulation (n = 3). AF was prevented (P < 0.0001) concurrent with suppression of the decreased atrial MAP duration/ERP accompanying vagus nerve stimulation without altering AH intervals or sinus cycle length. Although atropine (0.001–0.016 mg/kg, n = 4) suppressed AF (P < 0.04) in association with suppression of atrial MAP shortening induced by vagus nerve stimulation, atropine also prevented sinus cycle length and AH interval prolongation with vagus nerve stimulation, and decreased AV effective and functional refractory periods. In vitro, both cisatracurium and atropine prevented (1) action potential shortening produced by acetylcholine administration and (2) action potential shortening and arrhythmia triggering within PV sleeves produced by local autonomic nerve stimulation, atropine producing competitive inhibition, and cisatracurium producing noncompetitive M2 muscarinic receptor blockade. Conclusions: Cisatracurium demonstrates a dose-dependent (1) suppression of AF and atrial action potential shortening accompanying vagus nerve stimulation without facilitating sinus or atrioventricular nodal function and (2) noncompetitive blockade of action potential shortening and triggered firing induced in isolated PVs by local autonomic nerve stimulation. The data are consistent with allosteric binding of cisatracurium to the M2 muscarinic receptor in canine atrium.
Practice Management Training in the PGY1 Residency Year: Best Practices From Two Nationwide Surveys.

Purpose: The development of future pharmacy leaders is vital to the advancement of our profession. Postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) residency training requires residents to exercise leadership and practice management skills. Two national surveys were conducted to describe the current state of practice management experiences and elucidate best practice recommendations Methods: The surveys, online multiple choice and free response, queried American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)–accredited residency program practice management preceptors (survey 1) and PGY1 residents (survey 2) and were distributed via the ASHP residency program directors’ listserv. Responses were reviewed and analyzed by members of the University HealthSystem Consortium Pharmacy Council Strategic Initiatives and Programming Committee. Results: Survey 1, completed by 240 institutions, identified that a combination of concentrated and longitudinal practice management experiences were used most frequently (47%), followed by concentrate...
The interaction of Ricinus communis agglutinin with normal and tumor cell surfaces.

Abstract Two plant agglutinins were isolated and purified from Ricinus communis beans by affinity chromatography. Both of the agglutinins were inhibited by sugars containing terminal β- d -galactose-like residues, but the smaller agglutinin (mol. wt approximately 60 000) was additionally inhibited by N- acetyl- d -galactosamine-like sugars. The larger agglutinin (mol. wt approximately 120 000) was used to specifically agglutinate several normal and transformed cell lines. The agglutinin consistently agglutinated transformed cells at much lower concentrations than those required to agglutinate normal cell lines unless the normal cells were first treated with low concentrations of trypsin. The significance of the change in agglutinability of transformed or trypsinized cells is discussed in relation to the topology of the cell surface.
Lessons from interleukin-deficient mice: the interleukin-1 system.

The study of cytokine-deficient mice has provided important information for a better understanding of inflammatory processes. In this report, the characterization of mice deficient for various components of the interleukin (IL)-1 system is reviewed. Results obtained by studying mice deficient for IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1 receptor type I, IL-1 receptor accessory protein, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase, and the IL-1β-converting enzyme caspase-1 are summarized. Because some of the components of the IL-1 system are shared with IL-18, similarities between IL-1β and IL-18 are also discussed.
Differential induction of human monocyte transforming growth factorβ1 production and its regulation by interleukin 4

We have previously shown that trauma patients' monocytes which arein vivo activated by multiple injury-induced mediators have elevated transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) bioactivity. Interleukin-4 (IL-4), a Th2 and B lymphocyte stimulatory factor, has been shown to inhibit monocyte production of a number of mediators both after lipopolysaccharide stimulation and after trauma-induced stimulation. However, IL-4 inhibitory effects appears to vary, depending on the mixture of inducing stimuli. Here we describe thein vitro IL-4 inhibition of human monocyte TGFβ bioactivity using several stimulation induction protocols: muramyl dipeptide stimulation alone, or after FcγRI (CD64) cross-linking induction, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) priming, or trauma-generatedin vivo mediator induction. IL-4 suppressed both muramyl dipeptide-induced TGFβ bioactivity and TGFβ mRNA in a dose-dependent fashion and was most effective when IL-4 was administered at initiation of normal monocyte stimulation. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced increases in trauma patients' monocyte TGFβ bioactivity were also inhibited by high doses of IL-4 (25 ng/ml). FcγRI cross-linking increased MDP-induced normal monocyte TGFβ bioactivity, but this increase could be consistently inhibited only by very high IL-4 concentrations (50 ng/ml). IL-4 did not consistently downregulate MDP-induced TGFβ bioactivity in IFNγ-primed monocytes. IL-4 can suppress monocyte TGFβ production, as well as other monocyte mediators, but its efficiency depends on the stimuli combination present in the microenvironment.
State Hegemony in Transforming the Rural Landscapes of Eastern Germany: 1945–1994

Abstract The West German state has transformed the collectivized agriculture of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) since reunification in 1990. The government's reprivatization of land, based on Soviet land reforms during their World-War-II occupation of eastern Germany, has required GDR cooperative farms (LPGs) to reorganize themselves or be dissolved and encouraged the establishment of individual private farms. These hegemonic changes have transformed the rural landscapes in eastern Germany, adding new farms, re-establishing previous farms, abandoning cooperative farm buildings, and resulting in smaller fields. Yet, the landscape impress of earlier State hegemonies persists. The centrally planned economy of the GDR gradually consolidated individual farms and fields (which had been largely established by the Soviets in the northern half of the GDR) and added barns, apartments, and social services to the villages. Reprivatization has produced profound changes in land use, farm management, and far...
The PKARIα Subunit of Protein Kinase A Modulates the Activation of p90RSK1 and Its Function

Previously, we showed that interactions between p90RSK1 (RSK1) and the subunits of type I protein kinase A (PKA) regulate the activity of PKA and cellular distribution of active RSK1 (Chaturvedi, D., Poppleton, H. M., Stringfield, T., Barbier, A., and Patel, T. B. (2006) Mol. Cell Biol. 26, 4586–4600). Here we examined the role of the PKARIα subunit of PKA in regulating RSK1 activation and cell survival. In mouse lung fibroblasts, silencing of the PKARIα increased the phosphorylation and activation of RSK1, but not of RSK2 and RSK3, in the absence of any stimulation. Silencing of PKARIα also decreased the nuclear accumulation of active RSK1 and increased its cytoplasmic content. The increased activation of RSK1 in the absence of any agonist and changes in its subcellular redistribution resulted in increased phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic substrate BAD and increased cell survival. The activity of PKA and phosphorylation of BAD (Ser-155) were also enhanced when PKARIα was silenced, and this, in part, contributed to increased cell survival in unstimulated cells. Furthermore, we show that RSK1, PKA subunits, D-AKAP1, and protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) exist in a complex, and dissociation of RSK1 from D-AKAP1 by either silencing of PKARIα, depletion of D-AKAP1, or by using a peptide that competes with PKARIα for binding to AKAPs, decreased the amount of PP2Ac in the RSK1 complex. We also demonstrate that PP2Ac is one of the phosphatases that dephosphorylates RSK, but not ERK1/2. Thus, in unstimulated cells, the increased phosphorylation and activation of RSK1 after silencing of PKARIα or depletion of D-AKAP1 are due to decreased association of PP2Ac in the RSK1 complex.
Ultrastructure of the replication of the grasshopper crystalline-array virus in Schistocerca americana compared with other picornaviruses

Abstract The replication of the grasshopper crystalline-array virus (CAV), a picornavirus, was studied in thoracic muscles and pericardial cells. Two types of intracellular vesicles were evident that apparently functioned in viral synthesis. Those with smooth membranes were predominant in perinuclear regions and appeared to originate as protrusions from the outer nuclear membrane; those with particle-associated membranes were evident throughout the cytoplasm and appeared to be derived from existing membranous structures such as Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum. In general, the replication of the grasshopper-CAV appears similar to the replication of picornaviruses in vertebrate systems.
Opposing roles for HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the regulation of angiogenesis by mononuclear phagocytes.

Macrophages contribute to tumor growth through the secretion of the proangiogenic molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We previously observed that monocytes treated with the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) produce a soluble form of the VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1), which neutralizes VEGF biologic activity. The VEGF and VEGFR-1 promoters both contain a hypoxia regulatory element, which binds the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors under hypoxic conditions. Based on this observation, we examined VEGF and sVEGFR-1 production from monocytes cultured at various O2 concentrations. The amount of sVEGFR-1 production observed from GM-CSF-treated monocytes increased with decreasing levels of O2. This sVEGFR-1 was biologically active and sequestered VEGF. To evaluate the role of the HIFs in sVEGFR-1 production, we used macrophages with a genetic deletion of HIF-1α. HIF-1α−/− macrophages cultured with GM-CSF at hypoxia secreted diminished amounts of VEGF compared with HIF-1α+/+ macrophages, whereas sVEGFR-1 secretion was unaffected. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HIF-2α inhibited the production of sVEGFR-1 in response to GM-CSF and low O2, whereas VEGF production was unaffected. These studies suggest that hypoxia, generally thought to promote angiogenesis, can induce antiangiogenic behavior from macrophages within a GM-CSF–rich environment. Furthermore, these results suggest specific and independent roles for HIF-1α and HIF-2α in hypoxic macrophages.
Competency for graviresponse in the leaf-sheath pulvinus of Avena sativa: onset to loss.

The development of the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa L. cv. Victory) was studied in terms of its competency to respond to gravistimulation. Stages of onset of competency, maximum competency and loss of competency were identified, using the length of the supertending internode as a developmental marker. During the early phases in the onset of competency, the latency period between stimulus and graviresponse decreased and the steady state response rate increased significantly. When fully competent, the latency period remained constant as the plant continued to develop, suggesting that the latency period is relatively insensitive to quantitative changes (e.g., in carbohydrate or nutrient availability) at the cell level within the plant. In contrast, the response rate was found to increase with plant development, indicating that graviresponse rate is more strongly influenced by quantitative cellular changes. The total possible graviresponse of a single oat pulvinus was confirmed to be significantly less than the original presentation angle. This was shown to not result from a loss of competency, since the graviresponse could be reinitiated by increasing the presentation angle. As a result of the low overall graviresponse of individual pulvini, two or more pulvini are required to bring the plant apex to the vertical. This was determined to occur though the sequential, rather than simultaneous, action of successive pulvini, since a given pulvinus lost competency to gravirespond shortly after the next pulvinus became fully competent.
Radioimmune precipitation study comparing the epstein-barr virus membrane antigens expressed on P3HR-1 virus-superinfected Raji cells to those expressed on cells in a B-95 virus-transformed producer culture activated with tumor-promoting agent (TPA)

Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced membrane antigen (MA) complex was compared in Raji cells abortively infected with P3HR-1 virus and in a cell line producing transforming EBV. To enhance MA production in the producer cell line, the cells were exposed to 40 ng/ml tumor-promotor agent (TPA) for 72–96 hr. Such treatment increased the percentage of MA-positive cells from 10 to 30–50% over this time period. Both types of cultures were surface labeled by three different but highly sensitive techniques. The cells were then solubilized with Triton X-100 and the radiolabeled EBV-specific membrane proteins were precipitated by sera containing high antibody titers to MA. Analysis of these immune precipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified only one antigen of 90,000 molecular weight common to both the superinfected Raji cells and TPA-activated producer culture. In addition, four additional antigens at 300,000, 250,000, and 170,000 molecular weights were found with two of the labeling procedures to be present on the superinfected Raji cells while the TPA-activated producer culture contained only one additional high molecular weight antigen of 320,000. To determine if this difference denoted a possible strain difference or, alternatively, reflected a difference in membrane antigen production between abortive versus permissive infections, TPA-activated cells from the parent culture producing P 3 HR-1 virus were also examined. Three of these proteins identified in abortively infected cells were identified in the membranes of this producer culture. The data suggest, therefore, that these differences in membrane components might reflect differences between various EBV strains.
Tuberculin hemagglutination studies in active tuberculous infections, benign and virulent.

Summary 1 We have presented in a preliminary form the results of observations on the tuberculin hemagglutination test in relation to the dynamic development of the represented antibody in infants vaccinated in the neonatal period and in infants and children vaccinated at a period of time remote to the neonatal period. 2 We have also examined the dynamic development of the hemagglutinating antibody in patients with primary tuberculosis, and have made some preliminary observations as to the relationship of the amount of antibody formed and the severity of the primary infection. 3 Some aspects of the significance of these observations have been discussed, particularly the failure of infants to develop antibody during the first year after B. C. G. vaccination and the subsequent appearance of antibody among those infants when they reside in homes with a history of tuberculous infection.
Effect of Dietary Cereal Grain, Citrus Penctin, and Guar Gum on Liver Fat in Laying Hens and Young Chicks

One laying hen and three chick experiments were conducted to study the effect of cereal grains, citrus pectin, and guar gum on liver fat of chicks and hens and on serum cholesterol of chicks. Feeding of wheat, rye, or 2% pectin in place of corn reduced liver fat content. The decrease in liver fat of hens fed wheat or rye was larger than that of those fed 2% pectin (P less than .05). The smallest amount of liver fat was found in livers of hens fed the rye diet. Wheat or pectin did not affect egg production of egg weight, but rye caused a significant decline in egg production in comparison with other treatments. Addition of 4% pectin or 2% guar gum to the corn control diet lowered liver fat, serum cholesterol (P less than .05), and body weight in chicks (P less than .05). Penicillin added to the diets containing 2% guar gum gave an increase in body weight (P less than .05) but had no effect on body weight of chicks fed diets containing 4% pectin. In contrast, pectinase prevented growth depression by pectin and guar gum. Pectinase also increased liver fat and serum cholesterol of birds fed the diet containing pectin or guar gum. When the corn control diet was pair-fed to the pectin diet, growth of the pair-fed chicks was better than that of the pectin-fed birds but was lower than that of birds fed the control diet ad libitium. Pectin-fed birds again had lower liver fat the serum cholesterol than the control birds. The reduced feed intake of chicks pair-fed the corn control diet had no effect on liver fat content.
Novel non-flat photovoltaic module geometries and implications to power conversion

Emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies have enabled the creation of intentionally non-flat PV modules for energy generation. Doing so however has significant implications to the power electronics since these cells are not coplanar by design. Non-uniform insolation from cell-to-cell gives rise to non-uniform current density which limits the ability to series-connect these cells without bypass diode or other ways to shunt current, well known in the maximum power tracking literature to limit energy harvest. This paper presents a modeling approach to determine and quantify the variations in generation of energy due to intentionally non-flat PV geometries. This in turn will enable the power electronics circuitry to be optimized to harvest maximum energy from PV pixel elements - clusters of cells with similar operating characteristics and thus able to be interconnected in series/parallel combination. This paper systematically compares different geometries with the same two-dimensional projection “footprint” for energy harvest throughout the day. The results show that for the same footprint a semi-cylindrical surface harvest more energy over a typical day than a flat plate. These results have broad application to a variety of energy scavenging scenarios in which either total energy harvested needs to be maximized or unusual geometries for the PV active surfaces are required, including building-integrated PV. This paper serves as a first step towards analyzing the potential gain in energy harvest the implication the design of the power electronics circuits and control algorithms.
The Impact Of Code Density On Instruction Cache Performance

The widespread use of reduced-instruction-set computers has generated a lot of interest in the tradeoff between the density of an instruction set and the size of the instruction cache. In this paper we present and justify a method that predicts the cache performance for a wide range of architectures, based on the miss rate for a single architecture. When we apply the method to a number of cache organizations we find that changes in code density can have a dramatic impact on memory traffic, but that modest improvements in code density do not reduce program execution time significantly in a well-balanced system.
Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams

The bulk of our understanding of teams is based on traditional teams in which all members are collocated and communicate face to face. However, geographically distributed teams, whose members are not collocated and must often communicate via technology, are growing in prevalence. Studies from the field are beginning to suggest that geographically distributed teams operate differently and experience different outcomes than traditional teams. For example, empirical studies suggest that distributed teams experience high levels of conflict. These empirical studies offer rich and valuable descriptions of this conflict, but they do not systematically identify the mechanisms by which conflict is engendered in distributed teams. In this paper, we develop a theory-based explanation of how geographical distribution provokes team-level conflict. We do so by considering the two characteristics that distinguish distributed teams from traditional ones: Namely, we examine how being distant from one's team members and relying on technology to mediate communication and collaborative work impacts team members. Our analysis identifies antecedents to conflict that are unique to distributed teams. We predict that conflict of all types (task, affective, and process) will be detrimental to the performance of distributed teams, a result that is contrary to much research on traditional teams. We also investigate conflict as a dynamic process to determine how teams might mitigate these negative impacts over time.
Genetic modulation of plasma NPY stress response is suppressed in substance abuse: Association with clinical outcomes

Summary Background Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in stress regulation. Genetic variations predict plasma NPY and neural correlates of emotion and stress. We examined whether the functional NPY haplotype modulates stress-induced NPY and anxiety responses, and if plasma NPY stress responses are associated with substance dependence outcomes. Methods Thirty-seven treatment-engaged, abstinent substance dependent (SD) patients and 28 healthy controls (HCs) characterized on NPY diplotypes (HH: high expression; HLLL: intermediate/low expression) were exposed to stress, alcohol/drug cues and neutral relaxing cues, using individualized guided imagery, in a 3-session laboratory experiment. Plasma NPY, heart rate and anxiety were assessed. Patients were prospectively followed for 90-days post-treatment to assess relapse outcomes. Results HH individuals showed significantly lower stress-induced NPY with greater heart rate and anxiety ratings, while the HLLL group showed the reverse pattern of NPY, anxiety and heart rate responses. This differential genetic modulation of NPY stress response was suppressed in the SD group, who showed no stress-related increases in NPY and higher heart rate and greater anxiety, regardless of diplotype. Lower NPY predicted subsequent higher number of days and greater amounts of post-treatment drug use. Conclusion These preliminary findings are the first to document chronic drug abuse influences on NPY diplotype expression where NPY diplotype modulation of stress-related plasma NPY, heart rate and anxiety responses was absent in the substance abuse sample. The finding that lower stress-related NPY is predictive of greater relapse severity provides support for therapeutic development of neuropeptide Y targets in the treatment of substance use disorders.
The Mirage NFS router

Mirage aggregates multiple NFS (network file system) servers into a single, virtual NFS file server. It is interposed between the NFS clients and servers, making the clients believe that they are communicating with a single, large server. Mirage is an NFS router because it routes an NFS request from a client to the proper NFS server, and routes the reply back to the proper client. Experiments with a Mirage prototype show that Mirage effectively virtualizes an NFS server using unmodified clients and servers. Mirage imposes a negligible overhead on a realistic NFS workload. On real world workloads, such as a collection of clients executing compile jobs over NFS, Mirage imposes an overhead of 3% as compared to a proxy that simply forwards packets.
Dorothy Day: Student of the Moral Life, Educator for the Moral Life

Dorothy Day (1897-1980), convert to Catholicism and co-founder of the Catholic Worker movement, exemplifies both the educator and student of the Christian moral life. Her own development highlights the extraordinary importance of the ordinary aspects of daily living in the formation of the morally committed Christian.
ION CYCLOTRON WAVES IN THE SOLAR WIND OBSERVED BY STEREO NEAR 1 AU

Using high-resolution magnetic field data from the STEREO mission, we have observed strong narrow-band ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) in the solar wind near 1 AU. The waves propagate nearly parallel to the magnetic field and are below the local proton gyrofrequency in the solar wind frame. Because the twin STEREO spacecraft were far away from any planet, including the Earth, the waves do not have a planetary source. The ICWs often appear when the interplanetary magnetic field is more radial than the nominal Parker spiral. Since the wave frequency in the spacecraft frame is higher than the local proton gyrofrequency, the waves are not locally generated by ion pickup. Observations are consistent with wave generation closer to the Sun and outward transport by the super-Alfvenic solar wind. The waves are intrinsically left-hand polarized in the solar wind frame, but appear to be both left- and right-handed in the spacecraft frame, associated with outward and inward propagation, respectively. The relative amplitudes of the left-handed and right-handed waves support the closer-to-Sun generation scenario.