cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Justice and the Administrative State: The FDIC and the Superior Bank Failure

As society becomes more complicated and increasingly interrelated, the administrative state is forced to take a more active role to ensure justice in an environment of competing interests. For instance, promoting justice or equitable response during a bank failure can prove particularly difficult for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) due to its assumption of multiple roles with respect to banks and other financial institutions. This article discusses the difficulties of promoting justice by assessing the FDIC’s actions in resolving the insolvency of Superior Bank, FSB (“Superior”), a billion-dollar Illinois savings bank that failed in 2001—a failure that will end up costing the FDIC’s insurance fund hundreds of millions of dollars. The FDIC, a government agency, is responsible not only for the regulation and oversight of insured financial institutions, but also for their closure and liquidation in times of insolvency.1 In closing and liquidating a financial institution, the FDIC acts in a “corporate capacity” in administrating and managing the Savings Association Insurance Fund (“Insurance Fund”).2 The Insurance Fund is used to pay-off insured deposits held in savings and loans, savings banks, or similar types of thrifts that have “failed.”3 In its resolution of the Superior insolvency, the FDIC entered into a highly unusual partnership with Superior’s high-profile stockholders after Superior’s closure, thus illustrating the issues of justice and fairness that result from the conflicts of interest arising from the FDIC’s differing roles.
Water Supply of Dhaka City: Present Context and Future Scenarios

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has been expanding both horizontally and vertically since last three decades with an estimated annual growth of six percent. Over the past several decades, concerns have been raised regarding the amount of water used in Dhaka as with higher rates of personal water use, which mostly collected from ground water resulting in declined aquifers across the area. This study investigated household consumption and management behaviour, more specifically household water management of different income groups of Dhaka city. Based on the present water demand and supply data of Dhaka city, this study attempted to build three scenarios for the year 2050. The study finds that despite Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority’s (DWASA) existing capacity of supplying required water to its population, quality-water scarcity has been increasing at household level mostly due to management inefficiency. Under a business-as-usual scenario, the situation signals for a worrying future where 12.37 million people may be deprived of basic water requirement by 2050. In addition to existing inequality, unplanned rapid urbanization and over extraction of groundwater make the inhabitants more vulnerable to access to safe water. This research predicts that unless substantive actions are taken to increase surface water supply as well as reducing Unaccounted for Water (UfW) in response to increased demand, a considerable number of Dhaka’s population will be deprived of access to minimum water with increased inequality even under ambitious future roadmap .
Controlling optical absorption in metamaterial absorbers for plasmonic solar cells

Metals in the plasmonic metamaterial absorbers for photovoltaics constitute undesired resistive heating. However, tailoring the geometric skin depth of metals can minimize resistive losses while maximizing the optical absorbance in the active semiconductors of the photovoltaic device. Considering experimental permittivity data for InxGa1-xN, absorbance in the semiconductor layers of the photovoltaic device can reach above 90%. The results here also provides guidance to compare the performance of different semiconductor materials. This skin depth engineering approach can also be applied to other optoelectronic devices, where optimizing the device performance demands minimizing resistive losses and power consumption, such as photodetectors, laser diodes, and light emitting diodes.
Multicellular ceramics as catalyst supports for controlling automotive emission

The basic flow and heat transfer properties of monolithic multicellular ceramic structures are described and related to their use as supports for catalysts to control automobile pollutants. Characteristics that make multicellular ceramics particularly suitable as catalytic supports for controlling exhaust emissions include: smaller size, faster heat-up, lower back pressure, lower vibration attrition, and design flexibility. A corderite-mullite system possesses the desirable properties of both low expansion and high use temperature; however, the choice of the composition is a compromise between these two properties. The extrusion technique for manufacturing monoliths is fast and efficient, yielding a uniform, reproducible product. Monoliths must be designed as part of a total system since the coating, catalyst, mounting technique, and engine all contribute to the success or failure of the monolithic system.
Indoor Air Quality Impacts of Ventilation Ducts: Ozone Removal and Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds

The concentrations of contaminants in the supply air of mechanically ventilated buildings may be altered by pollutant emissions from and interactions with duct materials. We measured the emission rate of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes from materials typically found in ventilation ducts. The emission rate of VOCs per exposed surface area of materials was found to be low for some duct liners, but high for duct sealing caulk and a neoprene gasket. For a typical duct, the contribution to VOC concentrations is predicted to be only a few percent of common indoor levels. We exposed selected materials to approximately 100-ppb ozone and measured VOC emissions. Exposure to ozone increased the emission rates of aldehydes from a duct liner, duct sealing caulk, and neoprene gasket. The emission of aldehydes from these materials could increase indoor air concentrations by amounts that are as much as 20% of odor thresholds. We also measured the rate of ozone uptake on duct liners and galvanized sheet metal to predict how much ozone might be removed by a typical duct in ventilation systems. For exposure to a constant ozone mol fraction of 37 ppb, a lined duct would initially remove approximately 9% of the ozone, but over a period of 10 days of ozone removal efficiency would diminish to less than 4%. In an unlined duct, in which only galvanized sheet metal is exposed to the air-stream, the removal efficiency would be much lower, approximately 0.02%. Therefore, ducts in ventilation systems are unlikely to be a major sink for ozone.
Effective field enhancement factor and the influence of emitted space charge

Although Fowler and Nordheim developed the basics of field emission nearly one century ago with their introduction of the Fowler-Nordheim equation (FNE), the topic continues to attract research interest particularly with the development of new materials that have been proposed as field emitters. The first order analysis of experiments typically relies upon the FNE for at minimum a basic understand of the physical emission process and its parameters of emission. The three key parameters in the FNE are the work function, emission area, and field enhancement factor, all of which can be difficult to determine under experimental conditions. This paper focuses in particular, on the field enhancement factor β. It is generally understood that β provides an indication of the surface roughness or sharpness of a field emitter cathode. However, in this paper, we experimentally and computationally demonstrate that cathodes with highly similar surface morphologies can manifest quite different field enhancements solely through having different emission regions. This fact can cause one to re-interpret results in which a single sharp emitter is proposed to dominate the emission from a field emitting cathode.
Video Games and Mental Health

Research suggests that video games can have both negative and positive effects on children and adults. Studies investigating the negative effects of games have tended to find a short-term link between violent video games and hostility. However, the effect size for this link is small and there are no clear data suggesting that violent video games are linked to changes in violence at the national level. Researchers examining the positive effects of video games have effectively used video games to educate children in math and science, assist in medical procedures, and even reduce depression in adolescents.
Impact of Frequency Scaling on One Sided Remote Memory Accesses

CPU Frequency scaling is a common approach used for achieving energy savings in parallel applications. A typical approach for achieving power savings is by reducing the frequency of a processor whenever the invested CPU cycles do not contribute to the progress of an application (e.g. polling for events). Many recent research efforts have been directed towards employing this approach within HPC applications. However, one of the important challenges that have remained unexplored is its potential impact on data transfer operations within communication-intensive applications.This paper presents a detailed analysis of the impact of frequency scaling on the performance and energy efficiency of one-sided point-to-point communication within PGAS models. As an an outcome of this study, we observe that the extent of this impact depends on a number of factors like the implementation approach of a data transfer operation and the number of explicit remote transfers initiated. Besides the characteristics of the software stack, hardware features like the microarchitectural design also impact the performance of such data movement while adopting voltage scaling techniques. These inferences are supplemented with empirical analysis of common approaches of implementing remote write (PUT) operations.The empirical results presented in this paper should act as a guide for future design of software solutions targeting energy efficiency in distributed systems.
Distributed Cooperation During the Absence of Communication

This paper presents a study of a distributed cooperation problem under the assumption that processors may not be able to communicate for a prolonged time. The problem for n processors is defined in terms of t tasks that need to be performed efficiently and that are known to all processors. The results of this study characterize the ability of the processors to schedule their work so that when some processors establish communication, the wasted (redundant) work these processors have collectively performed prior to that time is controlled. The lower bound for wasted work presented here shows that for any set of schedules there are two processors such that when they complete t1 and t2 tasks respectively the number of redundant tasks is Omega;(t1t2/t). For n = t and for schedules longer than ?n the number of redundant tasks for two or more processors must be at least 2. The upper bound on pairwise waste for schedules of length ?n is shown to be 1. Our efficient deterministic schedule construction is motivated by design theory. To obtain linear length schedules, a novel deterministic and efficient construction is given. This construction has the property that pairwise wasted work increases gracefully as processors progress through their schedules. Finally our analysis of a random scheduling solution shows that with high probability pairwise waste is well behaved at all times: specifically, two processors having completed t1 and t2 tasks, respectively, are guaranteed to have no more than t1t2/t +? redundant tasks, where ?= O(log n+ ?t1t2/t?logn.
The uses and complications of porous hydroxyapatite and proplast hydroxyapatite

A series of 141 alloplastic implants in 98 patients — 74 hydroxyapatite and 67 proplast hydroxyapatite — is presented. The areas of the face treated, the advantages and the complications associated with these materials in this series is outlined. Each implant has its own characteristics, making it more suitable in certain situations. At the moment, proplast hydroxyapatite seems to be the more useful of the two.
Water transport in soils as in fractal media

Abstract Fractal scaling laws of water transport were found for soils. A water transport model is needed to describe this type of transport in soils. We have developed a water transport equation using the physical model of percolation clusters, employing the mass conservation law, and assuming that hydraulic conductivity is a product of a local component dependent on water content and a scaling component depending on the distance traveled. The model predicts scaling of water contents with a variable x t 1 (2+β) where β deviates from the zero value characteristic for the Richards equation. A change in the apparent water diffusivity with the distance is predicted if the apparent diffusivity is calculated using the Richards equation. An equation for the time and space invariant soil water diffusivity is obtained. Published data sets of five authors were used to test the scaling properties predicted by the model. The value of β was significantly greater than zero in almost all data sets and typically was in the range from 0.05 to 0.5. This exponent was found from regression equations that had correlation coefficients from 0.97 to 0.995. In some cases a dependence of β on water content was found indicating changes in scaling as the water transport progressed.
Partial purification and characterization of thymidylate kinase from embryonic chick liver.

Abstract Thymidylate kinase from the livers of 18-day-old chick embryos was concentrated 423-fold. The purification procedure included acid precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and G-75 Super Fine, and ion-exchange chromatography on Diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-50. This enzyme was found to be very labile but could be stabilized for long periods of time by its substrate (thymidine 5′-monophosphate) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Enzymes responsible for the formation of thymidine 5′-diphosphate and thymidine 5′-triphosphate, respectively, were separated during fractionation procedures. Thymidylate kinase from chick embryo liver was found to be a single protein having a molecular weight of approximately 46,000, Michaelis constant approximately 8 × 10−5 m , and a broad pH optimum between 6.6 and 8.6. A 2–3 m m requirement of Mg2+ above the adenosine 5′-triphosphate concentration was shown to be necessary for maximum enzyme activity. The enzyme appears to be competitively inhibited by thymidine, thymidine 5′-diphosphate, and thymidine 5′-triphosphate and noncompetitively inhibited by adenosine 5′-diphosphate. Thymidylate kinase enzymes isolated from two stages of developing embryonic liver and adult chick liver were shown to be identical.
Spin-species conversion rate in solid C H 4 in the temperature range 4-23 K

By monitoring the time dependence of the nuclear magnetic susceptibility we have measured the spin-species conversion rate in solid C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ for temperatures of 4-23 K. We discuss the relation to previous measurements and to the available theory of spin-species conversion.
Admissibility criteria for shock wave solutions of a system of conservation laws of mixed type

The following system of conservation laws is considered: where σ: ℝ→ℝ is a smooth function monotonically increasing except in an interval. Two criteria for the admissibility of shocks are shown to be independent in the sense that there are shocks satisfying each and violating the other. This contrasts with the corresponding situation for strictly hyperbolic systems (σ'( u )>0 for all u ), for which the two criteria are equivalent.
Large-scale structure from cosmic-string loops in a baryon-dominated universe

The results are presented of a numerical simulation of the formation of large-scale structure in a universe with Omega(0) = 0.2 and h = 0.5 dominated by baryons in which cosmic strings provide the initial density perturbations. The numerical model yields a power spectrum. Nonlinear evolution confirms that the model can account for 700 km/s bulk flows and a strong cluster-cluster correlation, but does rather poorly on smaller scales. There is no visual 'filamentary' structure, and the two-point correlation has too steep a logarithmic slope. The value of G mu = 4 x 10 to the -6th is significantly lower than previous estimates for the value of G mu in baryon-dominated cosmic string models.
An application of noninteracting control to a continuous flow stirred‐tank reactor

A general method, given in a companion paper, by which an interacting linear multivariable system may be decoupled into independent subsystems, is applied to a continuous flow stirred-tank reactor. The form of the compensating controllers required for the physical system is obtained. It is then verified numerically that noninteraction is achieved, as postulated, by simulation of the linear model with compensating control on the analog computer.
Double-passage recovery of an object embedded in a random medium

Double passage of electromagnetic radiation in a finite random medium in the presence of an object is discussed in the limit of Gaussian statistics and the parabolic approximation. It is shown that the mutual coherence function contains the Fourier-transform information of the object’s reflectivity function. It is further demonstrated that the Fourier transforms appearing in the mutual coherence function are closely related to the P-matrix transformed ambiguity functions familiar in radar theory.
Peripheral T Cells Select the B‐Cell Repertoire in Old Mice

These studies have shown that the alterations in the repertoire of antibody produced by old mice is not due to an intrinsic defect in the bone marrow or in the B-lymphocyte population arising from the bone marrow but rather to a selective downregulation by auto-anti-idiotypic antibody and idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions, shifting the idiotype distribution in the peripheral B-cell population. Thus, the clonal distributions of B cells generated by bone marrow of old and young mice are very comparable. The age-related differences in antibodies expressed by young and old mice are, to a great extent, determined by the activity of a peripheral regulatory immune network. This immune cellular network operates prior to exposure to antigen, presumably on the basis of an idiotype-anti-idiotype network between T and B lymphocytes. After exposure to antigen, a network of idiotype-anti-idiotype antibody interactions also contributes to differences in the immune responses of old and young mice to foreign antigens. If the expressed repertoire of antibody reflects down-regulation of auto-anti-idiotypic antibody, comparable repertoires of B-cell clones would be expected to be recovered from old and young mice if B cells from old mice were rescued from selective peripheral downregulatory influences active in old mice. Support for this hypothesis has been obtained by generating B-cell hybridomas from young and old mice immunized with TNP bovine gamme globulin (Marcenario et al. 1989). The same number of anti-TNP hybridomas and a comparable number of IgG and high-affinity antibody-producing clones were recovered from the spleens of young and old mice. Thus, the actual B-cell clonal repertoires of young and old mice appear to be similar although the expressed repertoires of antibody-producing lymphocytes from old and young mice are very different. This conclusion has considerable impact on strategies that could be employed to reverse the senescence of humoral immunity. Strategies to counter downregulatory influences which constrain the expression of the B-cell population should be more effective than attempts to reconstitute the repertoire of B lymphocytes in aged individuals. Finally, the mechanisms underlying these age-associated shifts in the expressed humoral antibody response can be attributed to life-long interactions with self and foreign antigens. The overall shift may be described as a decreased reactivity to foreign antigens and a complementary increase in reactivity with self antigens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
RR1. A Propensity Adjusted Analysis of Open and Endovascular Thoracic Aortic Repair for Chronic Type B Dissection: A 20-Year Evaluation

Background. Optimal treatment of chronic type B aortic dissection (CBAD), whether open (open descending aortic repair, OAR) or endovascular (thoracic endovascular aortic repair, TEVAR), is controversial, suggesting a comparative analysis is warranted. Methods. One hundred twenty-two of 1,049 patients (1993 to 2013) undergoing descending aortic repair required intervention for CBAD 29.2 ± 34.9 months after the initial acute event and formed the study cohort (mean age 59.7 years). Those with degenerated residual type A dissection were excluded (n[ 65). Eighty-eight had extent IIIB CBAD; 11 had intramural hematoma. Indications for surgery included aneurysmal degeneration (n [ 105), rupture (n [ 8), acute or chronic dissection (n [ 8), and extension of dissection (n [ 1). Open strategy included descending (n [ 71) and thoracoabdominal repair (n [ 19), with hypothermic circulatory arrest used in 70 patients. The TEVAR was performed with (n [ 2) or without (n [ 30) visceral debranching. A treatment strategy propensity score incorporating time since initial acute event, CBAD extent, year of intervention, age, and selected comorbidities was constructed for multivariable analysis. Results. Early outcome included the following: 30-day mortality 4% (n [ 5); stroke 2% (n [ 2); permanent
Equity yields in models considering higher moments of the return distribution

(1988). Equity yields in models considering higher moments of the return distribution. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 325-334.
The effect of medical nutrition therapy on changes in dietary knowledge and DASH diet adherence in older adults with cardiovascular disease.

To examine the effect of MNT on dietary knowledge of older adults at baseline, 6 months and 12 months and to assess the effect of dietary knowledge on change in DASH diet adherence from baseline to 12 months. Data for the analysis come from a controlled, randomized prospective design conducted from 2003–2005 with the outcome measures taken pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Data were collected from participants in their homes in an urban community in North Carolina. Participants (N=147) were adults aged 60+ with a diagnosis of hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia. Intervention recipients received three sessions of MNT throughout the 1 year study period. The control group received nutrition information at enrollment. Participants completed a dietary knowledge questionnaire and a 24 dietary recall at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Instrumental variables models with participant fixed effects were used to determine the impact of MNT on dietary knowledge and dietary knowledge on DASH diet adherence. Among those who received MNT, dietary knowledge increased from baseline to twelve months (p<.01). Changes in dietary knowledge were not associated with changes in DASH adherence from baseline to 12 months (p=0.44). The MNT administered was effective at improving dietary knowledge, but not at improving DASH adherence. Three MNT sessions may be insufficient to change behavior. Integrating behavioral change theory and cultural sensitivity to MNT may improve diet adherence among diverse older adults.
Compositional control of CdxZn1−xSe grown by photoassisted organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

The photoassisted OMVPE growth technique is important for the fabrication of blue/green laser diodes based on Cd x Zn 1-x Se quantum wells. Low temperature growth with photoassistance is key to the fabrication of these devices, however, the compositional control of Cd x Zn 1-x Se becomes increasingly difficult as the growth temperature is reduced. We have studied the compositional control of Cd x Zn 1-x Se using the sources DMCd, DMZn, and DMSe, with irradiation from a Hg arc lamp. We studied the dependence of the composition on the growth temperature, irradiation intensity, and source mass flows. The composition x increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing irradiation intensity. The solid-phase composition is a non-linear function of the gas-phase composition X. The slope of this characteristic, dx/dX, should be minimized for good compositional control. At 475°C without photoassistance, dx/dX is 1.75 near a composition of 20%, as determined from the data of Parbrook et al. Decreasing the temperature increases dx/dX. At 370°C with 12 mW/cm 2 , dx/dX 13 and at 350°C with 58 mW/cm 2 dx/dX 60. We have investigated this behavior at 370°C with 12 mW/cm 2 irradiation by studying both the composition and the growth rate as a function of the gas-phase composition. The growth rate is non-monotonic, and is minimum for a gas-phase composition of ∼ 0.20. The behavior is quite complex, and is not fully understood at the present time. Nonetheless, our results indicate that the Cd-bearing precursor is adsorbed much more strongly than the Zn-bearing precursor. In addition to this, the introduction of the DMCd strongly inhibits the growth of ZnSe. We have achieved sufficiently good compositional control at 370°C and 12 mW/cm 2 to grow ZnSe/Cd x Zn 1-x Se/ZnSe multiple quantum well structures. More work is necessary in order to clarify the roles of irradiation intensity and VI/II ratio so that good compositional control can be achieved at lower growth temperatures.
STUDIES ON THE MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPHTHERIA

DNA was extracted from toxigenic and nontoxigenic (tox+ and tox-) diphtheria bacilli isolated during a carrier survey that followed recovery of a tox+ Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis from a baby with membranous tonsillitis. The electrophoretic gel patterns of restriction enzyme digests were indistinguishable from one another. They were, however, readily distinguishable from similar gels of DNAs extracted from diphtheria bacilli associated with outbreaks elsewhere. Hybridisation of a labelled nick-translated corynephage-beta c-DNA probe to nitrocellulose blots of these gels occurred only to blots from tox+ strains. Other hybridisation studies showed that all of seven strains, each isolated from a diphtheria case or carrier in a different part of the world, carried a prophage with DNA closely related to phage beta tox+. When an individual carrying a tox+ diphtheria bacillus arrives in an immunised community, spread of the tox gene to other individuals may be via phage conversion of tox- C diphtheriae already prevalent among the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of the local populace, rather than by colonisation with the tox+ strain itself.
Necrotizing Encephalitis and Chorioretinitis in a Young Infant: Report of a Case With Rising Herpes Simplex Antibody Titers

THE ASSOCIATION of encephalitis and chorioretinitis in a young infant brings to mind a number of etiological considerations, prominent among them being syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalic inclusion disease. 1,2 Yet, experience teaches that it is often impossible to incriminate these or any other agent, so that the etiology remains obscure. 3 In the case to be presented, the cerebrum and the retinae were devastated within a few weeks by an inflammatory disease process. Although no infective agent was recovered from various body fluids during life, herpes simplex complement fixing antibodies in the infant's blood rose significantly. It is because of this finding and that of the closely documented evolution of a necrotizing encephalitis and chorioretinitis in a young infant that this case is reported. Report of Case A 25-day-old white girl was admitted to the Massachusetts General Hospital because of focal convulsions. She remained in the hospital until four weeks
Comparison of optical imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain using a photon-hitting density weight in the calculation of the BOLD signal

We present a new method for the calculation of a blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal which is meaningful for a quantitative comparison with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data. Since optical tomography of the human brain still poses several difficulties, in this study we propose a way to project the BOLD signal on a two-dimensional (2D) map for comparison with NIRS data. The underlying assumption is that fMRI and NIRS are sensitive to similar aspects of the hemodynamic changes occurring during a functional task, and therefore they should have similar spatial and temporal features. We present a case study of functional activation during a finger-tapping test where we used the new method for the calculation of BOLD signal. For every optical source-detector pair we calculated a weighted BOLD signal by using a photon hitting-density weight function, and by using a simple back-projection algorithm we were able to generate BOLD 2D maps. We found that the weighted BOLD signals calculated from different source-detector pairs scale in a similar way to the corresponding oxy and deoxy-hemeoglobin concentration changes calculated from NIRS data, for most of the time range of the task. Therefore the BOLD 2D maps were quantitatively similar to the optical maps calculated at different times during the protocol.
Subtle Priming of Shared Human Experiences Eliminates Threat-Induced Negativity Toward Arabs, Immigrants, and Peace-Making

Many studies demonstrate that mortality salience can increase negativity toward out-groups but few have examined variables that mitigate this effect. The present research examined whether subtly priming people to think of human experiences shared by people from diverse cultures increases perceived similarity of members of different groups, which then reduces MS-induced negativity toward out-groups. In Study 1, exposure to pictures of people from diverse cultures engaged in common human activities non-significantly reversed the effect of MS on implicit anti-Arab prejudice. In Study 2, thinking about similarities between one’s own favorite childhood memories and those of people from other countries eliminated MS-induced explicit negative attitudes toward immigrants. In Study 3, thinking about similarities between one’s own painful childhood memories and those of people from other countries eliminated the MS-induced reduction in support for peace-making. Mediation analyzes suggest the effects were driven by perceived similarity of people across cultures. These findings suggest that priming widely shared human experiences can attenuate MS-induced inter-group conflict.
Neural networks for web-process inspection

This paper examines two issues upon any industrial inspection system using a neural network: the feature set which the sensory system must provide and the accuracy of neural based- inspection. The context is web-process inspection which requires rapid examination of vast amounts of data for on-line detection of faults in the sheet material. Feature vectors with nine or 17 dimensions, created by a simulated segmented photodetector using measurement of the angular distribution over a 25 degree(s) cone angle of the scattering were evaluated for inspection of CrO2 coated sheet steel samples. The scattered coherent light from the surface of the material being processed could be directly conditioned by a photodetector so as to produce this small set of features which are then examined by a neural network trained to find and categorize unsatisfactory surface conditions. details are presented to show how a modified feature set was developed and tested after an examination of feature space. This new, smaller set proved to be more accurate than the larger set. Classification by fault or no fault categorized 133 samples correctly out of 135, while there were seven errors in one attempt at classification into the various common surface faults out of the same number of test samples and nine in another. It is shown that a bit of insight in feature selection can improve the capability of the network to recognize faults.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What Do You Expect?: The Influence of People's Prior Knowledge of Crime Categories on Fact-Finding

Jurors have accumulated prior knowledge of crime categories that influences their verdict choices (V. L. Smith, 1991, 1993). The present research investigates whether this prior knowledge also influences the fact-finding process by operating as an expectancy for information processing. Consistent with the expectancy hypothesis, Study 1 demonstrated that people are more susceptible to misleading information that is perceived to be typical of the crime in question than misleading information that is atypical. Studies 2 and 3 revealed that people's intrusion errors also contain more typical than atypical information. These results indicate that people's prior knowledge of crime categories does indeed serve as an expectancy for fact-finding. Thus, prior knowledge plays a broader role than previously appreciated. The implications of this breadth are discussed.
New concepts in trauma.

As other surgical disciplines have noted in this issue of the Journal, new concepts and techniques have been introduced into the surgery of trauma in recent years. In this section, two of the more clinically significant developments will be discussed. The first is “abbreviated” or “damage control” laparotomy with planned reoperation for severely injured patients. A common complication of this technique, known as the abdominal compartment syndrome, will also be discussed. The second development is the rapidly evolving relationship between the trauma surgeons and the interventional radiologists. Interventionalists are becoming more like surgeons than radiologists, and they are performing operations that once were exclusively in the domain of surgeons. Finally, as state wide and regional trauma systems mature, data regarding the performance of different institutions are emerging that may be of great assistance to states or regions whose trauma systems are still in their infancy. One significant development in trauma has been the acceptance by trauma surgeons of “abbreviated” or “damage control” laparotomy with planned reoperation for injured patients who develop hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy.‘.’ The concept of staged operations is, of course, not new; however, what is novel has been the application of this concept as a routine part of trauma care in large numbers of patients. The realization that patients with a core temperature less than 34°C a pH less than 7.2, and a clinically apparent coagulopathy are at high risk for sudden death has permitted trauma surgeons to abort the procedure and avoid what Moore referred to as the “bloody vicious spiral.“’ Prior to abbreviated laparotomy, surgeons continued to operate on patients until the blood bank was emptied, the rate of blood loss exceeded transfusion capabilities, or a fatal arrhythmia occurred. Now, when such patients are identified, the procedure is terminated as quickly as possible by ligating or stapling enteric injuries, packing diffusely bleeding surfaces, leaving clamps on or ligating unrepaired vascular injuries, or otherwise simply not treating parenchymal injuries of the pancreas or kidneys. The ahdominal incision is closed using multiple sharp towel clips. With these maneuvers, operations can be concluded within l-5 minutes once the decision has been made. The patient is then covered with dry, warm blankets and resuscitated either in the surgical intensive care unit or the operating room. When the patient’s core temperature approaches normal and the dilutional coagulopathy has been corrected, the
The fibrin serum factor.

UNTIL recent years, it was rather generally believed that the structure of a fibrin clot is held together by primary chemical bonds, as indicated, for example, by its failure to dissolve in concentrated neutral urea solutions. It is now known that fibrin can be prepared in two different forms, one of which contains much stronger bonds than the other. The latter is obtained from highly purified fibrinogen and thrombin; the former is prepared in the presence of small amounts of calcium salt and a yet unidentified component of serum. The fibrin prepared from purified components is soluble in dilute acid1, neutral urea or neutral guanidine hydrochloride solution2, or neutral solutions of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, sodium bromide and sodium iodide3,4. The fibrin with calcium and serum factor is resistant to all these reagents. The greater bond-strengths found in this fibrin compared with those in the clot obtained in the absence of calcium and serum factor are also shown by its higher rigidity and much slower stress relaxation5. This serum factor seems to be of protein nature, and is precipitated with fibrinogen in half-saturated ammonium sulphate, but not on isoelectric (pH 5.2–5.4) precipitation6. The purpose of the present communication is to report that this factor can be removed from fibrinogen preparations by exposure to several reagents, and that it can be restored by use of a purified albumin fraction.
Electron spin resonance and optical identification of Fe4+-V0 in SrTiO3

Abstract The electron spin resonance of the minority defect Fe 4+ -V 0 has been observed in SrTiO 3 . It is the first pair center identified with a two-fold positive charge with respect to the lattice. For Fe 4+ it occurs in the unusual high spin S = 2 state. Optically-induced conversion to the neighbor Fe 3+ -V 0 charge state served to identify the acceptor transfer bands, showing the potentiality of the conversion-rate method.
Collaborative Signal Processing Using Radar Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a collaborative signal processing framework using waveform diversity in radar sensor networks (RSN). We study waveform diversity using constant frequency (CF) pulse waveform and linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform, and compare their performance in automatic target recognition (ATR) with delay-dopper uncertainty. Simulation results show that CF pulse waveform and LFM waveform can achieve very similar performance in ATR with delay-doppler uncertainty using radar sensor networks. The ATR performance can tremendously be improved with larger number of radars in RSN.
Modelling oil degradation in electric transformer oil under typical loads

In testing transformer oils for durability, it is desirable to use typical transformer operating conditions with appropriate allowances for factor of safety against temperature and voltage. The kinetics of degradation of used type II transformer oil with original flash point of 148?C, pour point of 51?C, and water content of 4 ppm was investigated. Assuming that the oil temperature in models Pr01 and Pr02 transformers rises to 60?85?C with maximum operating voltage of 230 KV, these conditions were simulated in the laboratory using DTS-100D oil tester for voltage breakdown, HKV 400 series High Viscosity Bath, and EM300/CX1 heater.
Photo-caged agonists of the nuclear receptors RARγ and TRβ provide unique time-dependent gene expression profiles for light-activated gene patterning

Light-activated gene expression systems hold promise as new tools for studying spatial and temporal gene patterning in multicellular systems. Photo-caged forms of nuclear receptor agonists have recently been shown to mediate photo-dependent transcription in mammalian cells, however, because intracellularly released agonists can rapidly diffuse out of cells, the photo-initiated transcription response is only transient and limited to only a few hours in reported examples. Herein we describe a photo-caged thyroid hormone receptor agonist that provides a robust 36 h transcription response to a single irradiation event. These findings are in contrast to a closely related system, which uses a caged retinoic acid receptor agonist, which provides only a short transcription response. Comparison of the two systems, show that the duration of transcription response is not controlled by the rate of diffusion of free ligand out of the cell, but perhaps by the duration of ligand-induced transcription/stability of the active transcription complex.
The biochemistry of nitrogen fixation by leguminosae

A large number of experiments were performed under a variety of conditions to test whether the nodule bacteria are capable of using atmospheric nitrogen apart from the host plant. The results have offered no encouragement to the belief that nitrogen fixation does take place. Organisms from clover nodules were repeatedly transferred in six media containing 3 widely different nitrogen sources, and after a number of transfers the cultures were tested for ability to fix nitrogen. There was no indication that the cultures could use atmospheric nitrogen. Mixed cultures of nodule bacteria with a number of organisms and in media of various nitrogen levels were found to make no gain in nitrogen. Association of rhizobia with Azotobacter did not appear to increase the nitrogen fixed by the latter; with Cl. acetobutylicum there was a slight increase in the nitrogen fixed. Respiring plant tissue was found to have no effect on nitrogen fixation by cultures of nodule bacteria, nor did nodules continue to fix nitrogen when removed from the plant. The Olaru experiments in which it is claimed manganese stimulated nitrogen fixation by the nodule bacteria, and the Golding experiments, in which removal of the products of growth was stressed, have been repeated, but our results have failed to confirm those of either Olaru or Golding.
Professor Skinner's Visions

Skinner, Q. (2002) Visions of Politics, Volume I: Regarding Method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skinner, Q. (2002) Visions of Politics, Volume II: Renaissance Virtues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skinner, Q. (2002) Visions of Politics, Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Foreign Policy Gaps between Citizens and Leaders

Persistent gaps between the policy preferences of leaders and those of citizens are problematic from the point of view of democratic theory. Examination of the foreign policy preferences of samples of citizens and leaders from seven Chicago Council on Foreign Relations (CCFR) surveys between 1974 and 1998 reveals many differences of 30, 40, and even 50 percentage points. Often a majority of the public has disagreed with a majority of leaders. Some of the same gaps have persisted over the full 24-year period of these surveys. The pattern of gaps is considerably more complicated than a simple difference in degree of commitment to internationalism. Citizens have generally put a higher priority than leaders on expanding domestic programs like Social Security, crime fighting, and health care, and have been more eager to cut foreign economic aid. But there have not been substantial gaps with respect to defense spending or military aid. More members of the public than leaders emphasize foreign policy goals related to protecting Americans' jobs and ensuring Americans' health and physical security (e.g., from terrorism, drugs, and epidemic diseases). Citizens have been more reluctant than leaders to use U.S. troops in most circumstances, but the opposite is true of situations involving Latin America. Citizens have been more willing to bomb than to commit troops, though not indiscriminately so, and many more citizens than leaders oppose selling weapons abroad. Fewer members of the public than leaders have favored most kinds of cooperative relationships with adversary countries. But more members of the public than leaders generally support the United Nations, and more favor multilateralism in general. About the same number of citizens as leaders have supported NATO. Some of these gaps may reflect lower levels of attention to foreign affairs and lower levels of information among the public than among leaders, but many of the gaps may instead reflect different values and interests. In cases where the public is ill-informed, persistent gaps suggest a failure of leaders to educate and persuade. Where public opinion is well-informed and deliberative, democratic theory would seem to call for responsiveness by policymakers.
Protective Coatings for Polymer Composites

Thermal spray coating is being studied as one of the techniques used for coating graphite reinforced polymer composites, which are extensively used in the aviation industry. These coatings are studied for improvement of surface properties such as erosion resistance, UV protection, property retention and electro magnetic shielding. NiAl (63:35) (65%Ni,35%Al) intermetallic, NiAl (95:5) (95%Ni,5%Al), Aluminum and Zinc coating were thermal-spray deposited using different procedures (plasma, flame, electric wire arc) onto composite specimens. Two categories of coating were evaluated: Coatings with bond coating and coatings without bond coating. These coatings were tested for protection against erosion encountered by aircraft components. The microstructures and micro-hardness of these coatings were determined. The bond strength between the substrate and the coating layer was evaluated by means of adhesion tests. The results obtained are discussed, with special attention being paid to the specific characteristics of the different spraying procedures.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Reflecting on “Reflections on Well-Child Care Practice”

The word is out: we like our work with children and families. We really like it. Tanner, Stein, and their American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) colleagues1 have let the cat out of the bag. Focus groups of primary care practitioners from around the country came together to discuss what we do, how we do it, and how we would like to do it better. They found practitioners who were committed to promoting health and preventing disease and were passionate about their anticipatory guidance and its impact on families. They noted how important we find our individual relationships with families and our passion for individualized care. This confirms our belief in preventive care. The history of our profession is in the care of the sick. The history of our specialty is in disease management … Address correspondence to Joseph F. Hagan Jr, MD, FAAP, Hagan and Rinehart Pediatricians, PLLC, 410 Shelburne Rd, Burlington, VT 05401. E-mail: jhagan{at}aap.org
Hick's law, IQ, and singularity or specificity of mind: A psychometric analysis

One hundred and two university students were tested with two paper-and-pencil tests of speed of information processing and two paper-and-pencil IQ tests. One processing test measured speed of encoding alphanumerics; the other speed of encoding visual forms which varied in informational content from 0- to 3-bits. Hick's Law [linear relationship between reaction time (RT) and bits] was demonstrated psychometrically. At the more complex information processing levels, both processing tests correlated negatively with IQ and positively with each other. Processing tests with different knowledge bases are not uncorrelated as the “specificity of mind” view asserts (Ceci, 1990, Intelligence, 14, 141–150); rather they appear interchangeable as measures of IQ: the “singularity of mind” view is supported. For the simple processing tasks, RT correlated positively with IQ; a partial correlation analysis indicated that this was a consequence of the slowing of motor skills with age. The two IQ tests (the speeded Wonderlic and the power Shipley-Hartford) correlated to about the same extent with RT.
Short-distance walking speed and timed walking distance: Redundant measures for clinical trials?

The velocity of a 15-meter walk and walking endurance (distance covered in 6 minutes) are considered distinct outcomes in clinical trials of stroke rehabilitation. Comfortable velocities used for each task in 24 subjects with chronic hemiparesis were not significantly different, however. Although speed and endurance did not reflect different domains of efficacy in outpatients whose usual speed was >0.5 m/s, the fastest feasible 15-meter velocity augmented these measures.