cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimised heuristics for a geodiverse routing protocol

We propose two heuristics for solving the path geodiverse problem (PGD), in which the calculation of a number of geographically separated paths is required. The geodiverse paths can be used to circumvent physical challenges such as large-scale disasters in telecommunication networks. The heuristics we propose for solving PGD have significantly less complexity compared to the optimal algorithm we previously used while still performing well by returning multiple geodiverse paths for each node pair. The geodiverse paths contribute to providing resilience against regional challenges. We present the GeoDivRP routing protocol with two new routing heuristics implemented, which provide the end nodes with multiple geographically diverse paths and demonstrates better performance compared to OSPF when the network is subject to area-based challenges.
Object and spatial relational memory in adult rhesus monkeys is impaired by neonatal lesions of the hippocampal formation but not the amygdaloid complex.

Adult rhesus monkeys with neonatal aspiration lesions of the hippocampal formation or the amygdaloid complex (including their respective subjacent cortices) and their age-matched controls were tested on the transverse patterning problem (A+ vs. B−, B+ vs. C− and C+ vs. A−) and a spatial version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task with delays of 10 s to 30 s, 60 s, 120 s, and 600 s. Monkeys with neonatal damage to the amygdaloid complex learned both tasks and did not differ from controls at any delay of the spatial DNMS task. Monkeys with neonatal hippocampal damage, however, were unable to learn transverse patterning, though they easily transferred to a linear series (A+ vs. B−, B+ vs. C−, and C+ vs. X−). Three of the four were also unable to reach criterion on the spatial DNMS task within the limits of testing, and the performance of all four monkeys deteriorated with increasing choice delays. The data suggest a role of the primate hippocampal region in both object and spatial relational learning. Hippocampus 2002;12:421–433. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
What is the optimal time for delivery in women with gestational hypertension

Objective To assess the optimal timing of delivery for women with gestational hypertension. Study Design A multicenter database that contained 228,668 deliveries was used to extract data on gravidas with gestational hypertension. The week-specific rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality were calculated after induction of labor. Point wise 95% confidence intervals were calculated around each of these gestational age-specific rates. Results After induction of labor, the rate of maternal morbidity/mortality reached a nadir of 89.9 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval, 68.1–111.8) at 38-38 6/7 weeks' gestation, although the rate of neonatal morbidity/mortality fell to 10.5 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval, 2.8–18.2) at 39-39 6/7 weeks. There were only 3 total stillbirths in our study cohort. Conclusion In women with gestational hypertension, induction of labor between 38- and 39-weeks' balances the lowest maternal and neonatal morbidity/mortality.
Effect of cortisone on lipids of serum, liver and testes in intact and adrenalectomized rats.

Summary1. Cortisone therapy increased serum cholesterol and lipid phosphorus of intact rats but did not have this effect in ad-renalectomized rats maintained with DC A. 2. Adrenalectomized rats maintained with D′CA showed a significant increase in liver lipid phosphorus. This was restored to normal by a dosage of cortisone which was without effect on the liver lipid phosphorus of the intact rat. 3. Cortisone therapy decreased testicular weight of intact and adrenalectomized rats, but caused no change in the concentrations of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus of the testes.
Passing On: Reader-Sourcing Gender Diversity in Wikipedia

This paper presents work in progress on "reader-sourcing," an approach to cooperative content creation through the reading behavior of crowds. We present the Passing On system, that reader-sources the creation and expansion of Wikipedia articles about women, aiming to support frame changes on women's representation and offer a counter-public for novice Wikipedians. In Passing On, browsing and searching creates Wikipedia content when reading about notable women not yet in Wikipedia. This paper presents the design goals, working system, and evaluation plan.
The pressure distribution between two elastic bodies in contact

Die vorliegende Untersuchung behandelt die Verteilung des Kontaktdruckes von (a) zwei zweidimensionalen, symmetrischen, orthotropen Korpern und (b) zwei transversal-isotropen Rotationskorpern. Man sieht, dass die zwei Probleme mathematisch identisch sind mit den entsprechenden Problemen der undeformierbaren Stempel und dass einfache Losungen moglich sind. Mehrere Beispiele sind ausgearbeitet.
A framework for optimization of sensor activation using most permissive observers

This paper considers the problem of finding dynamic sensor activation policies that satisfy the property of K-diagnosability for discrete event systems modeled by finite state automata. We begin by choosing a suitable information state for the problem and defining a controller. We then define a structure called the most permissive observer, which provides all feasible solutions for the controller (i.e., for sensor activations). By formulating the problem as a state disambiguation problem, we prove a number of monotonicity properties about the information state. Finally, we show that this formulation allows us to efficiently compute the set of all satisfactory control decisions at all points in the system's execution.
Scott heights of abelian groups

The Scott height of a structure gives ordinal measure of the inhomogeneity of the structure. The Scott specturm of a collection of structures is the set of Scott heights of structures in the collection. We will recall the precise definitions of these and related concepts in the next section. The reader thoroughly unfamiliar with these notions may want to skip ahead before reading the rest of this Introduction. In [11] it is shown that every model of the complete theory of ( , +, 1), where, as usual, denotes the integers, is ℵ 0 -homogeneous, and therefore has Scott height at most ω . On the other hand, a footnote in [1] gives a model of the theory of ( , +) which is not ℵ 0 -homogeneous, while in [11] such a model is described which can be expanded to a model of the theory of ( , +, 1). However, since it is also true that any model of the theory of ( , +) is isomorphic to a subgroup, in fact a pure subgroup, of a direct sum of and a torsion-free divisible group, it is easy to see that any such model must be ≡ ∞ ω to a model of cardinality at most and so must have Scott height below . After having recalled the relevant material about Scott heights in §2, we will review the situation for torsion abelian groups in §3. In §4 we shall produce torsion-free abelian groups of high Scott height. It is the proof of Theorem 15 that was our primary motivation in writing this paper.
A platinum-cyclobutene complex: preparation and structure of bis(triphenylphosphine)-(1,2-dicyanocyclobutene)platinum(0)

Abstract The reaction of Pt(C 2 H 4 )(PPh 3 ) 2 with 1,2-dicyanocyclobutene affords the new complex bis(triphenylphosphine)(1,2-dicyanocyclobutene)platinum(0), Pt((NC) CC(CN)CH 2 C H 2 )(PPh 3 ) 2 . The complex has been characterized spectroscopically and by means of a low-temperature X-ray diffraction study. The 31 P NMR spectrum displays a singlet at 24.34 ppm downfield from external 85% H 3 PO 4 with 195 Pt satellites ( 1 J ( 195 Pt 31 P)  3561 Hz), consistent with the equivalence of the two PPh 3 groups in the complex. The material crystallizes in space group  P 2 1 / n of the monoclinic system with four formula units in a cell at −150°C of a  14.525(3), b 11.981(3), c  19.721(6) A, β  98.22(1)°. Based on a total of 14108 observations and 173 variables the structure has been refined to values of R and R w on F o 2 of 0.044 and 0.073, respectively. The cyclobutene is attached to the P 2 Pt moiety through interaction with the double bond. The resultant P 2 PtC 2 portion of the molecule is essentially planar. The PtP distances are 2.284(1) and 2.301(1) A and the PtC distances are 2.091(3) and 2.077(3) A. The 1,2-dicyanocyclobutene portion of the complex is essentially planar, with the angle between this plane and that of the P 2 PtC 2 plane being 62.6°. The single bonds within the ring have lengths of 1.542(4), 1.546(5), and 1.541(5) A, while the former double bond has on coordination lengthened to a value of 1.504(4) A.
TIME RESOLVED STUDIES OF RARE-GAS MOLECULAR EMISSION IN THE VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET: HELIUM AND ARGON.

Abstract Gated photoelectric detection is used to resolve overlapping vacuum-UV emission continua from pulsed rare-gas discharges. The badlike Ar 2 continuum in the 1074–1200A region arises from collision-induced emission of the 3 P 2 metastable state of Ar.
Cause-effect modeling and simulation of power distribution fault events

Modeling and simulation are important to study power distribution faults due to the limited actual data and high cost of experimentations. Although a number of software packages are available to simulate the electric signals, approaches for simulating fault events in different environments are not well developed yet. In this paper, we propose a framework for modeling and simulating fault events in power distribution systems based on environmental factors and cause-effect relations among them. The spatial and temporal aspects of significant environmental factors leading to various faults are modeled as raster maps and probability distributions, respectively. The cause-effect relations are expressed as fuzzy rules and a hierarchical fuzzy inference system is built to infer the probability of faults given the simulated environments. This work will be helpful in fault diagnosis for different local systems and provide a configurable data source to other researchers and engineers in similar areas as well. A sample fault simulator we have developed is used to illustrate the approaches.
Lipid composition and metabolism in oospores and oospheres ofAchlya americana

Abstract Oospores and oospheres ofAchlya americana Humphrey were isolated by sonication and filtration through nylon-mesh cloth of progressively diminishing porosity, and their lipid composition was investigated. The average dry weight of an oospore was 3.2 ng. Approximately 37% of the dry weight was composed of lipid. Triacylglycerols represented 88.7% of the total lipid, unesterified fatty acids made up 9.7%, and sterols, sterol esters, phospholipids, and mono- and diacylglycerols each constituted less than 1% of the total. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the predominant fatty acids, along with smaller amounts of myristic, palmitoleic, stearic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids. The fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol fraction was similar to that of the total lipid, while that of the phospholipid fraction was higher in oleic acid. The unesterified fatty acid fraction was higher in saturated components than the total lipid, while the sterol ester fraction was higher in unsaturated fatty acids. In both the total lipid and the various lipid classes, unsaturated fatty acids increased during spore development. The sterol fraction consisted of 72% fucosterol, 22% cholesterol, and 7% 24-methylenecholesterol. In both oospheres and oospores, 1-[14C] acetate was assimilated most readily into phospholipids, triacylglycerols, and unesterified fatty acids, and was incorporated preferentially into palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acids. 1-[14C]-Arachidonic acid was incorporated by isolated oospheres into eicosapentaenoic acid, indicating that arachidonic acid is the immediate precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid.
cDNA sequence and Fab crystal structure of HL4E10, a hamster IgG lambda light chain antibody stimulatory for γδ T cells.

Hamsters are widely used to generate monoclonal antibodies against mouse, rat, and human antigens, but sequence and structural information for hamster immunoglobulins is sparse. To our knowledge, only three hamster IgG sequences have been published, all of which use kappa light chains, and no three-dimensional structure of a hamster antibody has been reported. We generated antibody HL4E10 as a probe to identify novel costimulatory molecules on the surface of γδ T cells which lack the traditional αβ T cell co-receptors CD4, CD8, and the costimulatory molecule CD28. HL4E10 binding to γδ T cell, surface-expressed, Junctional Adhesion Molecule-Like (JAML) protein leads to potent costimulation via activation of MAP kinase pathways and cytokine production, resulting in cell proliferation. The cDNA sequence of HL4E10 is the first example of a hamster lambda light chain and only the second known complete hamster heavy chain sequence. The crystal structure of the HL4E10 Fab at 2.95 A resolution reveals a rigid combining site with pockets faceted by solvent-exposed tyrosine residues, which are structurally optimized for JAML binding. The characterization of HL4E10 thus comprises a valuable addition to the spartan database of hamster immunoglobulin genes and structures. As the HL4E10 antibody is uniquely costimulatory for γδ T cells, humanized versions thereof may be of clinical relevance in treating γδ T cell dysfunction-associated diseases, such as chronic non-healing wounds and cancer.
Halo formation induced by density nonuniformities in intense ion beams

A test-particle model is used to investigate the charged-particle dynamics in an intense matched ion beam with nonuniform density profile propagating through an alternating-gradient quadrupole magnetic field in the space-charge-dominated regime. It is shown that self-field nonlinearities due to transverse nonuniformities in the beam density not only can result in chaotic ion motion but also can cause halo formation. For heavy-ion fusion applications, these results indicate that accurate density profile control is critical in preventing heavy-ion beams from developing halos.
Optimal lighting design to maximize illumination uniformity

Machine vision applications frequently require uniform or near-uniform illumination of the object being imaged. Optimizing the illumination uniformity requires a precise definition of the criterion to be optimized. Previous work has considered the smoothest possible illumination at the center of the field of illumination. In this paper, we find the lighting placement that maximizes the surface area within which the illumination is uniform to within some tolerance. This definition of optimality comes closer to what is desired in practice, since one generally wishes to illuminate objects having non-zero extents. Several different types of lighting are considered: area, line, point, and ring sources. Symmetry arguments are used to reduce the complexity of the analysis in many cases. Of particular interest is how to select a lighting design to optimize the illumination uniformity across regions that can be described by simple geometric models, such as circles, squares, rectangles, regular polygons, etc. Keywords: illumination, machine vision
USING RUN‐LENGTH DISTRIBUTIONS OF CONTROL CHARTS TO DETECT FALSE ALARMS

Run-length distributions for various statistical process-control charts and techniques for computing them recently have been reported in the literature. The real advantages of knowing the run-length distribution for a process-control chart versus knowing only the associated average-run length of the chart have not been exploited. Our purpose is to use knowledge of the run-length distribution as an aid in deciding if an out-of-control signal is a true signal or merely a false alarm. The ability to distinguish between true and false signals is important, especially in operations where it is costly to investigate the causes of out-of-control conditions. Knowledge of the run-length distribution allows us to compute likelihood ratios, which are simple to calculate and to interpret and which are used to determine the odds of obtaining an out-of-control signal at a particular run length when a shift in the process mean actually has occurred vis-a-vis no such shift. We extend our analysis in a Bayesian sense by incorporating prior information on the distribution of the shift size of the process mean, combined with the likelihood ratio obtained from the run-length distribution, to determine if a shift larger than a critical size has occurred. We give examples for the Shewhart chart, the exponentially weighted moving-average chart, and the special-cause control chart for processes with autocorrelated observations. The examples show that the current recommended usage of the average-run length alone as a guide for determining whether a signal is a false alarm or otherwise can be misleading. We also show that the performance of the traditional charts, in terms of their average-run length, can be enhanced in many instances by using the likelihood-ratio procedure.
Comparison of the adsorptive properties of activated charcoal and alaskan montmorillonite for some common poisons

Abstract Activated charcoal and our own preparation of Alaskan montmorillonite have been compared in vitro with respect to their adsorption isotherms at 37° for six common poisons. When evaluated on the basis of the maximum adsorption capacity and dissociation constant in 0.1 N HCl (“artificial gastric juice”), montmorillonite adsorbs d-amphetamine, tripelennamine, ferrous sulfate, and ethyl alcohol about as well as activated charcoal. With substances which are not ionized at the pH of gastric juice, notably salicylic acid and pentobarbital, a 100-fold difference in dissociation constants and a 3- to 13-fold difference in adsorption capacities occur in favor of charcoal. Both adsorbents are expected to dissociate free salicylate if allowed to pass into the intestinal tract. When the pH rises from 1 to 7.4, the dissociation constant of the salicylate-charcoal complex increases 5-fold and the capacity decreases 3-fold. Over the same pH range, however, the montmorillonite-salicylate complex increases its dissociation constant more than 10-fold and decreases its capacity more than 50-fold. Despite its less acceptable appearance, activated charcoal is judged to be superior to montmorillonite as a gastrointestinal adsorbent for general clinical use in acute poisonings.
Functional characterization of CLPTM1L as a lung cancer risk candidate gene in the 5p15.33 locus

Cleft Lip and Palate Transmembrane Protein 1-Like (CLPTM1L), resides in a region of chromosome 5 for which copy number gain has been found to be the most frequent genetic event in the early stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This locus has been found by multiple genome wide association studies to be associated with lung cancer in both smokers and non-smokers. CLPTM1L has been identified as an overexpressed protein in human ovarian tumor cell lines that are resistant to cisplatin, which is the only insight thus far into the function of CLPTM1L. Here we find CLPTM1L expression to be increased in lung adenocarcinomas compared to matched normal lung tissues and in lung tumor cell lines by mechanisms not exclusive to copy number gain. Upon loss of CLPTM1L accumulation in lung tumor cells, cisplatin and camptothecin induced apoptosis were increased in direct proportion to the level of CLPTM1L knockdown. Bcl-xL accumulation was significantly decreased upon loss of CLPTM1L. Expression of exogenous Bcl-xL abolished sensitization to apoptotic killing with CLPTM1L knockdown. These results demonstrate that CLPTM1L, an overexpressed protein in lung tumor cells, protects from genotoxic stress induced apoptosis through regulation of Bcl-xL. Thus, this study implicates anti-apoptotic CLPTM1L function as a potential mechanism of susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy.
The energy-transducing NADH: quinone oxidoreductase, complex I.

Abstract The energy-transducing NADH: quinone (Q) oxidoreductase (complex I) is the largest and most complicated enzyme complex in the oxidative phosphorylation system. Complex I is a redox pump that uses the redox energy to translocate H + (or Na + ) ions across the membrane, resulting in a significant contribution to energy production. The need to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of complex I has greatly increased. Many devastating neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with complex I deficiency. The structural and functional complexities of complex I have already been established. However, intricate biogenesis and activity regulation functions of complex I have just been identified. Based upon these recent developments, it is apparent that complex I research is entering a new era. The advancement of our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of complex I will not only surface from bioenergetics, but also from many other fields as well, including medicine. This review summarizes the current status of our understanding of complex I and sheds light on new theories and the future direction of complex I studies.
Relation of systemic venous return, pulmonary vascular resistance, and diastolic dysfunction to exercise capacity in patients with single ventricle receiving fontan palliation.

Fontan patients have a reduced exercise capacity, primarily owing to limitations in the ability to augment pulmonary blood flow and stroke volume. To date, the mechanism of peak exercise pulmonary blood flow restriction has not been elucidated. We performed a single-center, prospective, crossover trial of supine and upright exercise in Fontan patients and healthy controls to determine the mechanisms of exercise limitation in the Fontan-palliated patient. A total of 29 Fontan patients and 16 control subjects completed the protocol. The duration of exercise, percentage of predicted peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and peak work were reduced in the Fontan group, regardless of posture (p ≤0.03). The percentage of predicted oxygen pulse, a surrogate for pulmonary stroke volume, was not increased with supine posture in the Fontan cohort (upright, 82.3 ± 18.8% vs supine, 82.4 ± 19.7%; p = 0.6). In both groups, the percentage of predicted peak VO 2 was lower with supine exercise than with upright exercise (p ≤0.002). Diastolic dysfunction was present in 57% of the Fontan patients and was associated with a reduced percentage of predicted peak VO 2 (p = 0.04) and supine peak work (p = 0.008). Six Fontan patients who underwent supine exercise with indwelling catheters failed to demonstrate the expected decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance characteristically seen with peak exercise (at rest, 2.8 ± 0.7 mm Hg/L/min/m 2 vs at peak, 2.8 ± 0.9 mm Hg/L/min/m 2 ; p = 0.9). In conclusion, supine exercise in Fontan patients does not result in an increased VO 2 or oxygen pulse, suggesting that inadequate venous return might not be the primary limitation of exercise capacity in this population. Diastolic dysfunction and relatively excessive peak exercise pulmonary vascular resistance might be more important factors in Fontan exercise limitation.
A note on chaos

Abstract Let f be a continuous function on a compact interval I. If some point in I has period 3 under f, then Li and Yorke have shown that f is chaotic. Nathanson has shown that if some point in I has period divisible by 3, 5, or 7 then f is chaotic. In this note it is shown that if some point has period p under, f, where p is not a power of 2, then f is chaotic. On the other hand for each p which is a power of 2 an example is given of a non-chaotic function with points of period p.
Evaluation of a single-room, dedicated mass spectrometer

A single-room dedicated mass spectrometer can be used to measure carbon dioxide, halogenated anesthetic agents, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. This device challenges the multiplexed mass spectrometer, a current standard in measurement. This study compared the single-room dedicated mass spectrometer with a conventional mass spectrometer that is normally used in a multiplexed setting. In this study, a single-room dedicated Ohmeda 6000 Mini-Mass Spectrometer and the Perkin-Elmer MGA-1100 mass spectrometer were calibrated with the same reference gases and both devices sampled various concentrations of dry gases. Regression lines and intercepts were plotted and showed excellent correlation between the two devices. The intraclass correlation test of Lee, Koh, and Ong, showed the devices to be equivalent with regard to the ability to determine various gas concentrations. Various advantages of a single-room dedicated mass spectrometer are discussed.
Mitigation of Optical Distortions in a Free Shear Layer Using Feedback Flow Control

The development of a flow-state database, including the optical aberrations caused by density variations, of the separated shear layer behind a backward-facing step is discussed in this paper. Delayed Detached-Eddy Simulations (DDES) using Cobalt are performed to investigate the flow field, both in its natural, unforced state and when periodic forcing is applied. The results indicate that the large, coherent structures in the shear layer cause the most severe optical aberrations, while the smaller scales do not significantly affect the beam. The computational results are part of a flow state database that will serve as the basis for the development of feedback control strategies to mitigate the optical aberrations caused by large coherent structures in the flow.
Macedonian Border Closings in the Kosovo Refugee Crisis: A Game-Theoretic Perspective

The 1999 Kosovo crisis generated more than 800,000 refugees, the majority of whom fled into Albania or Macedonia. While Albanians welcomed their ethnic kin, Macedonia closed its border three times. We provide a game-theoretic perspective on strategic interactions between Macedonia and NATO. We use narrative accounts of the crisis to eliminate many configurations of payoffs. Among those remaining, the theory of moves isolates one game that can satisfy the necessary conditions for credible threats: the prisoners' dilemma. Credible threats of border closings in a prisoners' dilemma alter donor incentives and lead to international sharing of asylum burdens in repeated play.
The successful treatment of long-term selective mutism: a case study ☆

This study describes the successful treatment of a seventh grade boy who had selective mutism in school since kindergarten. Treatment consisted of systematic desensitization, consultation with school personnel, and training in social speaking skills. The student made significant gains with respect to frequency of verbalizations to teachers and peers, number of individuals spoken to, anxiety related to speaking, school attendance, and involvement in school-based extracurricular activities. At one year follow-up, the student's rate of speech was indistinguishable from his classmates'. Special issues concerning the treatment of long-term selective mutism are discussed.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 Dust

Abstract Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (S–L 9) was imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope from January 1994, through solar opposition on April 29, and until impact in July 1994. As noted by several observers, no anti-sunward dust tails were detected east of the fragments after opposition (D. Jewitt and J. Chen 1994,Periodic Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9(1993e), IAU Circular 5924; Z. Sekanina, P. W. Chodas, and D. K. Yeomans 1994,Astron. Astrophys.289, 607–636; H. A. Weaveret al.1994,Science263, 787–791; G. P. Chernova, N. N. Kiselev, and K. Jockers 1995, inEuropean SL-9/Jupiter Workshop(R. West and H. Bohnhardt, Eds.), pp. 11–16, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings No. 52), a fact from which some have concluded that the S–L 9 fragments were inactive (e.g., Sekaninaet al.1994, Weaveret al.1994, Chernovaet al.1995). However surface brightness profiles of the brighter fragments G1, H, K, L, and S comae suggest the opposite. Images acquired during January and March 1994 show the brighter S–L 9 fragments' azimuthally averaged brightness profiles varied as ρ−1.1±0.1in the inner ρ ≲ 1″ comae and ρ−1.5±0.2in the outer ρ ≳ 1″ comae, where ρ is the projected distance from a coma photocenter. These profiles are consistent with active comet fragments surrounded by dust comae disturbed by radiation pressure. However inactive comet models, which assume the dust was created during a burst of activity immediately following breakup, produce comae that remain highly elongated along the fragment axis throughout their orbit. This type of coma morphology was not observed. Simulations of an active, dust-producing comet in S–L 9's orbit are presented. Comparisons of models with observations show that the dominant light-reflecting grains in the S–L 9 comae and tails had radii ranging between about 5 and 500 μm emitted from the fragments at outflow velocities of order 1 m/sec. The models show radiation pressure swept the dust into tails which appeared west of the fragments both before and after solar opposition. As the fragments neared Jupiter in late June 1994, the combined effects of the jovian tide and radiation pressure distorted the dust tails into broad fans that consisted of grains larger thanR≳ 100 μm and were oriented along the Jupiter–comet direction. The smallerR≲ 100 μm grains were confined to narrower tails whose projected orientation near the nucleus were approximately in the direction of Jupiter. The additional light contributed by the smaller grains caused the S–L 9 dust to appear brighter on the jovian side than the trailing side of the dust fans.
Signal transduction by cell adhesion receptors and the cytoskeleton : functions of integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-superfamily members

Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix and with neighboring cells profoundly influence a variety of signaling events including those involved in mitogenesis, survival, and differentiation. Recent advances have provided insights into mechanisms underlying the ability of integrins, cadherins, selectins, and other cell adhesion molecules to regulate signal transduction cascades. These mechanisms often involve the ability of cell adhesion molecules to initiate the formation of organized structures or scaffolds that permit the efficient flow of information in signaling pathways.
Characterization of the plastic substrates, the reflective layers, the adhesives, and the grooves of today's archival-grade recordable DVDs

The plastic substrates, reflective layers, dyes, and adhesives of four archival-grade, recordable DVDs and one standard-grade recordable DVD were analyzed to determine their chemical compositions and/or physical dimensions. Chemical analyses by attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray/scanning transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry show that all these DVDs use very similar polycarbonate plastic substrates and acrylate-based adhesives, but different reflective layers and dye write layers. In addition, physical measurements by atomic force microscopy show differences in the DVD groove depth, width, and other dimensions. These chemical and physical analyses may help explain variations in DVD lifetimes and facilitate development of the next-generation archival-grade DVDs.
Tissue culture studies of demyelinating disease: A critical review

Tissue culture studies of human and experimental demyelinating diseases have demonstrated that sera from patients with multiple sclerosis reversibly demyelinate central nervous system cultures. Similar changes are evoked by sera from animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by inoculation with whole central nervous system tissue but not by encephalitogenic myelin basic protein. Sera and buffy coat or lymph node cells from humans with idiopathic polyneuritis and animals with experimental allergic neuritis demyelinate cultures of peripheral nervous system tissue. While these studies have contributed to speculations about pathogenetic mechanisms of demyelinating diseases, including the role of both circulating antibodies and delayed hypersensitivity factors, a number of important questions remain unanswered. Among these are the identity of the antigens that evoke antimyelin antibodies and the precise relationship of serum or cellular antimyelin factors to the pathogenesis or clinical course of the demyelinating diseases. Further studies with this technique may provide more complete information about the role of immunological events in induction of disease.
X-ray spectra and time variability of active galactic nuclei

The X-ray spectra of broad line active galactic nuclei (AGN) of all types (Seyfert I's, NELG's, broadline radio galaxies) are well fit by a power law in the .5 to 100 keV band of man energy slope alpha = .68 + or - .15. There is, as yet, no strong evidence for time variability of this slope in a given object. The constraints that this places on simple models of the central energy source are discussed. BL Lac objects have quite different X-ray spectral properties and show pronounced X-ray spectral variability. On time scales longer than 12 hours most radio quiet AGN do not show strong, delta I/I .5, variability. The probability of variability of these AGN seems to be inversely related to their luminosity. However characteristics timescales for variability have not been measured for many objects. This general lack of variability may imply that most AGN are well below the Eddington limit. Radio bright AGN tend to be more variable than radio quiet AGN on long, tau approx 6 month, timescales.
The general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT): implications for consumer products marketing

Provides marketers with both a broad‐based and an industry‐specific understanding of the marketing implications of GATT. First presents background information regarding GATT, followed by an overview of the key provisions of the agreement. Provides an analysis of a number of consumer product industries to help assess the potential industry‐specific impact of GATT on the “offensive” and “defensive” marketing strategies which are described in the study.
A Discrete Version of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle

A basic algorithm of a discrete version of the maximum principle and its simplified derivation are presented. An example is solved to illustrate the use of the algorithm.
Not without my permission: parents' willingness to permit use of newborn screening samples for research.

Background: State newborn screening (NBS) programs are considering the storage and use of NBS blood samples for research. However, no systematic assessment of parents’ attitudes exists. Methods: We conducted an Internet-based survey of a nationally representative parent sample. We examined parents’ willingness (1) to permit use of their children’s NBS samples for research with/without their permission and (2) to allow NBS sample storage. Using bivariate and multinomial logistic regression, we examined the asso ciation of parent and child characteristics with parents’ willingness to permit NBS sample storage and use for research, respectively. Results: The response rate was 49.5%. If permission is obtained, 76.2% of parents were ‘very or somewhat willing’ to permit use of the NBS sample for research. If permission is not obtained, only 28.2% of parents were ‘very or somewhat willing’. Of parents surveyed, 78% would permit storage of their children’s NBS sample. Parents who refused NBS sample storage were also less willing to permit use of the NBS sample for research. Conclusions: Three-quarters of parents would permit use of their children’s NBS samples for re
Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius Syndrome: Presence of Brachiocarpalis Muscle and Its Importance

Purpose Common clinical manifestations associated with thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome have been reported in the literature since its initial description in 1959. The purpose of this study was to report a clinical observation and describe the anatomic location of this brachiocarpalis muscle. Methods The radiographs of 20 patients (39 extremities) with TAR syndrome were reviewed and are the focus of this report. The presence or absence of an abnormal muscle crossing both the humero-ulnar and ulno-carpal joint, and its anatomic origin and insertion, were documented by radiographs, surgery, or both. A total of 12 patients underwent surgery on 19 extremities. Furthermore, we compared the radiographs of these 20 patients (39 extremities) with the radiographs of 20 arbitrarily selected patients with non-TAR type IV radial dysplasia, which were part of our database. Results An abnormal brachiocarpalis muscle was noted radiographically in all 39 of the extremities and was observed surgically in all 19 patients who underwent surgery. It was absent in all 40 extremities of the non-TAR type IV radial dysplasia patients. One TAR patient had only unilateral radial dysplasia. This anomalous muscle has an abnormally high origin on the anterolateral aspect of the proximal humerus, and an insertion into the radial side of the carpus. As such, it has a deforming force at both the wrist and the elbow. Conclusions We report the consistent finding of a brachiocarpalis muscle in patients with TAR syndrome. Because of its location, the presence of this muscle may influence the surgical treatment of these patients. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
Pooled assembly of marine metagenomic datasets: enriching annotation through chimerism.

Motivation Despite advances in high-throughput sequencing, marine metagenomic samples remain largely opaque. A typical sample contains billions of microbial organisms from thousands of genomes and quadrillions of DNA base pairs. Its derived metagenomic dataset underrepresents this complexity by orders of magnitude because of the sparseness and shortness of sequencing reads. Read shortness and sequencing errors pose a major challenge to accurate species and functional annotation. This includes distinguishing known from novel species. Often the majority of reads cannot be annotated and thus cannot help our interpretation of the sample. Results Here, we demonstrate quantitatively how careful assembly of marine metagenomic reads within, but also across, datasets can alleviate this problem. For 10 simulated datasets, each with species complexity modeled on a real counterpart, chimerism remained within the same species for most contigs (97%). For 42 real pyrosequencing ('454') datasets, assembly increased the proportion of annotated reads, and even more so when datasets were pooled, by on average 1.6% (max 6.6%) for species, 9.0% (max 28.7%) for Pfam protein domains and 9.4% (max 22.9%) for PANTHER gene families. Our results outline exciting prospects for data sharing in the metagenomics community. While chimeric sequences should be avoided in other areas of metagenomics (e.g. biodiversity analyses), conservative pooled assembly is advantageous for annotation specificity and sensitivity. Intriguingly, our experiment also found potential prospects for (low-cost) discovery of new species in 'old' data. Contact dgerloff@ffame.org Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CD40L Induces Functional Tunneling Nanotube Networks Exclusively in Dendritic Cells Programmed by Mediators of Type 1 Immunity

The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to mediate CD4(+) T cell help for cellular immunity is guided by instructive signals received during DC maturation, as well as the resulting pattern of DC responsiveness to the Th signal, CD40L. Furthermore, the professional transfer of antigenic information from migratory DC to lymph node-residing DC is critical for the effective induction of cellular immune responses. In this study we report that, in addition to their enhanced IL-12p70 producing capacity, human DC matured in the presence of inflammatory mediators of type 1 immunity are uniquely programmed to form networks of tunneling nanotube-like structures in response to CD40L-expressing Th cells or rCD40L. This immunologic process of DC reticulation facilitates intercellular trafficking of endosome-associated vesicles and Ag, but also pathogens such HIV-1, and is regulated by the opposing roles of IFN-γ and IL-4. The initiation of DC reticulation represents a novel helper function of CD40L and a superior mechanism of intercellular communication possessed by type 1 polarized DC, as well as a target for exploitation by pathogens to enhance direct cell-to-cell spread.
Constant-Power Load System Stabilization by Passive Damping

This paper addresses stability problems in power systems with loads that exhibit constant-power behavior. Instability may occur in such systems due to the negative incremental impedance of constant-power loads (CPLs). Existing approaches to stabilizing such systems require modification of the source and/or the load control characteristics, or isolating the CPL from the rest of the system by additional active devices, which are difficult to implement and often conflict with other system requirements such as control bandwidth, size, weight, and cost. In this paper, we investigate passive damping as a general method to stabilize power systems with CPL. Using a representative system model consisting of a voltage source, an LC filter, and an ideal CPL, we demonstrate that a CPL system can be stabilized by a simple passive damping circuit added to one of the filter elements. Three different damping methods are considered and analytical models are developed for each method to define damping parameters required for stabilizing the system. Time- and frequency-domain measurements from an experimental system are presented to validate the methods.
Resource deployment based on autonomous system clustering

Effective placement of resources used to support distributed services in the Internet depends on an accurate representation of Internet topology and routing. Representations of autonomous system (AS) level topology derived solely from BGP tables show only a subset of the connections that actually get used. However, in many cases, missing connections can be discovered by simple traceroutes. In addition, the differences between customer-to-provider links, peer-to-peer links, and sibling-to-sibling links are useful distinctions for the resource placement problem which is the focus of our work. Using two complementary mechanisms, we improve the accuracy of an AS forest as a predictor of packet paths. One mechanism uses recent insights that packets flow unidirectionally across customer-provider inter-AS links. Annotations are added to the AS forest to indicate links that appear to be peering versus those that appear to be customer-provider links. The other mechanism provides links between trees by remembering the most recently seen similar traceroute. The paper concludes by applying the annotated AS forest to a problem in resource placement to show that the representation is amenable to computationally inexpensive analysis.
Auctions of divisible goods with endogenous supply

Abstract Uniform-price auctions are studied in which the seller may cancel part of the supply after observing the bids. This feature eliminates many of the ‘collusive seeming’ equilibria of the auction. In equilibrium the seller always sells the full quantity.
Taboo or Not Taboo? That is the Question: Offensive Language on Prime-Time Broadcast and Cable Programming

This investigation of offensive language on prime-time broadcast and cable programs found that 9 out of 10 programs contained at least one incident of profanity, and viewers were exposed to 12.58 cuss words per hour in 2005. Viewers of broadcast programs were exposed to slightly less than 10 objectionable words per-hour compared to 15 words-per-hour on cable programs.
A Sampling-Based Approach to Information Recovery

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in research on noisy and incomplete data. Many applications require information to be recovered from such data. Ideally, an approach for information recovery should have the following features. First, it should be able to incorporate prior knowledge about the data, even if such knowledge is in the form of complex distributions and constraints for which no close-form solutions exist. Second, it should be able to capture complex correlations and quantify the degree of uncertainty in the recovered data, and further support queries over such data. The database community has developed a number of approaches for information recovery, but none is general enough to offer all above features. To overcome the limitations, we take a significantly more general approach to information recovery based on sampling. We apply sequential importance sampling, a technique from statistics that works for complex distributions and dramatically outperforms naive sampling when data is constrained. We illustrate the generality and efficiency of this approach in two application scenarios: cleansing RFID data, and recovering information from published data that has been summarized and randomized for privacy.
Resource area dilation to reduce power density in throughput servers

Throughput servers using simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) processors are becoming an important paradigm with products such as Sun's Niagara and IBM Power5. Unfortunately, throughput-computing via SMT aggravates power-density problems because SMT increases utilization, decreasing cooling opportunities for overheated resources. Existing power density techniques are: slowing computation and lowering supply voltage, which is likely infeasible in future technologies; stopping computation to reduce heating, which substantially degrades performance; or migrating computation to spare resources, which adds complexity; or requiring underutilized resources, which may not be available in an SMT-based throughput server. An alternative is to increase the area of heat-prone resources at design time. We propose the concept of dilation where a resource's circuit components are spread over an area larger than required for correct logic. Increasing area allows the resource to be utilized more without violating power-density constraints. This paper is the first to consider increasing CPU resource area for improving throughput in a thermally-constrained processor. Dilating area to improve performance seems counterintuitive because it also increases the latency of the components. However this technique is uniquely effective in SMT-based throughput computing because having multiple threads from which to choose instructions makes SMTs more tolerant of added latency than superscalars. We propose two implementations. Our first implementation, Simple Resource Area Dilation (S-RAD), increases the area of heat-prone resources and scales the CPU clock frequency accordingly. Our second implementation, Pipelined Resource Area Dilation (PRAD), pipelines the dilated resources to maintain clock frequency.
Basic Approximate Methods in Analysis

In this chapter we will explain and illustrate some important strategies that can often be used to solve operator equations such as differential equations, integral equations, and two-point boundary value problems. The methods to be discussed are as indicated in the table above.
Trace element composition of different plant species used for remediation of boron-laden soils

Vegetation management with different plant species may be a strategy to reduce high soil (B) to non-toxic levels. Plant tissues, however, may accumulate not only B but other trace elements also present in the soil. Two separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate the uptake of Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, Al, Cu, Mo, B, and Se in four different plant species grown in soil containing high concentrations of B. The four species were: Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf), Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss (Indian mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb cv. Fawn (tall fescue), and Lotus corniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil). Concentrations of Cd, Se and B were the only trace elements which might be limiting factors when considering the use of kenaf and Indian mustard as a blend in animal feed rations.