cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating defects into model predictions of metal lattice-structured materials

Abstract Metal lattice structures are optimized for high specific strength properties and are now customizable using additive manufacturing methods. However, many of these methods, like selective laser melting, can introduce defects such as porosity, parasitic material, and disconnected struts into the structure, which can negatively affect mechanical behavior. While there are many computational models used to predict the mechanical response of lattice-structured materials, most use an idealized structure and are often not robust enough to account for defects. In this study, metal lattice structures are characterized for defects and mechanically tested in compression. The defect types and distributions are characterized using x-ray micro-tomography and the tomography analyses is used in two different model predictions. First, in an equivalent continuum model, where the defects are used to predict the variability in mechanical properties, and second, in a finite element analysis, where the predicted stress-strain response for both realistic and idealized structures are compared. Investigating this further, a finite element analysis of an octet lattice quantifies the reduction in strength associated with disconnected struts and captures a dependence on the strut's orientation relative to the loading direction. Overall, incorporating defect information gleaned from tomography data improves predictions of mechanical properties by capturing a more realistic deformation response for lattice-structured material.
Schutz on Reducing Social Tensions

Is the thinking of Alfred Schutz conservative? Is he a conservative because he urges value-neutral research, i.e., does he in effect support the status quo by not working to change it? To defend him, one might contend, positively, that theoretical knowledge is the best foundation for valuing and action and, negatively, that immediate ethical and political purposes distort theoretical efforts to lay such foundations. In that case, however, the question arises of whether Schutz ever gets beyond theory to practical application or at least urges doing so.
An Innovative Two-Phase Undergraduate Program in Software Engineering Education

ABSTRACT This paper presents the two-phase undergraduate software engineering education program at the Hong Kong Baptist College. The program is intended to speed up the supply of computer professionals to partially solve the manpower shortage problem of software engineers in Hong Kong. It also aims to produce graduates who have a balance in theory and practice in software development. The design of the program, its rationales, perceived and actual advantages from the view of the society, potential employers and employees (students) are discussed. The theoretical-practical balance of the curriculum is analyzed. The work of the students and their readiness for information systems related employment, and follow-up statistics on the achievements of the students are highlighted. Finally the problems and resistance faced during implementation and their implications for future design of software engineering education are presented.
Inhibition of Src Kinases by a Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Causes Mitotic Arrest

src kinase activity is elevated in some human tumors, including breast and colon cancers. The precise cellular function of the src family kinases is not clearly understood, but they appear to be involved in numerous signaling pathways. We studied the effects of PD173955, a novel src family-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on cancer cell lines and found that it has significant antiproliferative activity due to a potent arrest of mitotic progression. The mitotic block occurs after chromosome condensation in prophase, before spindle assembly and without loss of cyclin A and B kinase activities. This effect is seen in cancer cell lines of all types with low or high activities of src kinases as well as in untransformed cell lines. In MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, this drug produces a rapid inhibition of cellular src and yes kinase activities as well as suppression of the mitotic hyperactivity of these kinases. This compound defines a novel class of antimitotic drugs that work through inhibition of src kinases and possibly other protein kinases that are required for progression through the initial phases of mitosis.
Multi-wavelength near infrared cross polarization converters

Two types of cross polarization converters (CPCs) that can simultaneously work at several wavelengths in the reflection mode in near infrared spectrum range are proposed. The first type (type I) is constructed of an L-shaped perforated silver layer (top layer) printed on a dielectric material backed by a gold ground plane, which can work at three frequencies due to the excitation of three different modes. The second type (type II) is realized by adding another silver layer with the same pattern as the top layer between top layer and ground plane. Type II CPCs can work at even more frequencies (≥5) simultaneously compared to type I CPCs because the couplings between the two silver layers provide more freedom for generating polarization conversion working frequencies. Numerical simulations have verified the performance of the proposed CPCs.
Intelligent autonomy for unmanned surface and underwater vehicles

As the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) and Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) platforms mature in endurance and reliability, a natural evolution will occur towards longer, more remote autonomous missions. This evolution will require the development of key capabilities that allow these robotic systems to perform a high level of on-board decision-making, which would otherwise be performed by human operators. With more decision making capabilities, less a priori knowledge of the area of operations would be required, as these systems would be able to sense and adapt to changing environmental conditions, such as unknown topography, currents, obstructions, bays, harbors, islands, and river channels. Existing vehicle sensors would be dual-use; that is they would be utilized for the primary mission, which may be mapping or hydrographic reconnaissance; as well as for autonomous hazard avoidance, route planning, and bathymetric-based navigation. This paper describes a tightly integrated instantiation of an autonomous agent called CARACaS (Control Architecture for Robotic Agent Command and Sensing) developed at JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) that was designed to address many of the issues for survivable ASV/AUV control and to provide adaptive mission capabilities. The results of some on-water tests with US Navy technology test platforms are also presented.
Cameron lesions in patients with hiatal hernias: prevalence, presentation, and treatment outcome.

Background and study aims Cameron lesions, as defined by erosions and ulcerations at the diaphragmatic hiatus, are found in the setting of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients with a hiatus hernia (HH). The study aim was to determine the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Cameron lesions.
EN MEMORIA DEL ABUELO SABEDOR MIRU PÚU, UNA VOZ TUKANO DEL VAUPÉS

This text speaks about abuelo sabedor Miru Puu, Antonio Guzman Lopez, who for more than thirty years was a collaborator, "informant" and coauthor of scholars who study the Colombian Vaupes area. It is presented as homage to this abuelo sabedor of the Desana Nation because with his wisdom and knowledge he gave all of us a life lesson.
Epidemiological characteristics, hospital course and outcome of snakebite victims in West Texas

AbstractIntroduction. Numerous snakebites are reported every spring and summer in the United States especially in the Southwestern part of the country. This is usually associated with significant morbidity but fatalities are rare. Most victims are male and the majority of bites are on the extremities. Methods. A search for all cases coded with a discharge diagnosis of snakebite injury revealed 90 patients admitted to Northwest Texas Hospital, the trauma center in Amarillo, Texas, between January 2002 and December 2012. These charts were retrospectively reviewed and data extracted including patient demographics, severity of snakebite, treatment given, and ultimate outcome. Results. Ninety patients were admitted to the hospital due to snakebite. It was a rattlesnake in 83 cases. The mean age of the victims was 29.7 years and 74 of them were male. Fifty-one bites were on the upper extremities, thirty-eight bites were on the lower extremities and one bite was on the abdominal wall. About 95% of the lower extr...
Making the connection between depression and activity levels among the oldest-old: a measure of life satisfaction.

Abstract In this study, depression scores are compared with activity levels among the oldest-old through a secondary data analysis of the 1994 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey. Depression was measured using an abbreviated version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and activity levels were measured using a set of “time use” questions. Time use had a significant interaction with depression (p = .050). Other variables demonstrating significant interactions with depression were self-perceived health, gender, and number of ADLs and IADLs. It is concluded that the oldest-old population enjoys greater life satisfaction with increased activity even if they rate their health as poor.
Endovascular graft repair of ruptured aortoiliac aneurysms.

Abstract Background: The feasibility of endovascular graft (EVG) repair of ruptured aortoiliac aneurysms (AIAs) has yet to be demonstrated. There are inherent limitations in EVG repair, including the need for preoperative measurements of the aneurysmal and adjacent arterial anatomy to determine the appropriate size and type of graft and the inherent delay to obtain proximal occlusion. We developed an EVG system with broad versatility that largely eliminates these problems. Study Design: Between 1993 and 1998, within an experience of 134 endovascular AIA repairs, 12 ruptured AIAs were treated using EVGs that facilitated intraoperative customization and eliminated the need for preoperative measurements. The EVGs consisted of either a Palmaz stent and a PTFE graft deployed by a compliant balloon (n = 9) or a self-expanding covered stent graft (n = 3). Both grafts were cut to the appropriate length intraoperatively. The mean age of the patients was 72 years (range 40 to 86 years). The mean size of the aneurysms was 7.6 cm (range 3 to 16 cm). Preoperative symptoms were present in all patients and included abdominal or back pain (n = 9), syncope (n = 4), and external bleeding (n = 2). All patients were high surgical risks because of comorbid disease (n = 10) or previous abdominal operations (n = 6), and nine experienced hypotension. Results: All EVGs were inserted successfully and excluded the aneurysms from the circulation. The mean operating time was 263 minutes, the mean blood loss was 715 mL, and the mean length of hospital stay was 6.5 days. There were two deaths (16%), one from the preexisting acute myocardial infarction and one from multiple organ failure. There were three minor complications (25%). Two patients required evacuation of an intraabdominal hematoma from the initial rupture. All but one of the grafts was functioning at a mean followup of 18 months. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of EVG repair for ruptured AIAs using a graft that can be customized intraoperatively for each patient. Such repairs currently are valuable in patients with ruptured AIAs and serious comorbidities and may be applicable in other circumstances as well.
The engaged university

Universities play a unique role in society, providing a community of experimentation and innovation. Even so, leaders around the world have had to push for university primacy to retain competitiveness in the global economy. This paper examines efforts taken by universities in the United States to evaluate their contribution to economic development. An emerging role for universities is one of active neighborhood involvement, in which they are engaged in projects with local communities. These projects include providing assistance to local firms and policy advice to state and local government, and getting involved in community outreach. In this role and in an unprecedented manner, universities are engaging on a wide range of topics with local communities, using these communities as labs to test new ideas and find better ways to achieve social and economic goals. This is precisely why it is important to consider the larger role of universities’ in economic and social development.
Impurity ions in liquid helium

A technique for introducing a wide variety of positive ions into liquid helium is described and used to investigate positive atomic ions of K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The zero-field mobilities of the impurity ions were measured in He II in the temperature range 1.2 < T < 1.4 K. The dependence of mobility on ion mass alone was found directly for Ca+ ions by investigating two isotopes. Measurements were made of the ion drift velocities in high electric fields, where nucleation of quantized vortex rings occurs. All the data and its analysis are consistent with the assumptions that all the impurity ions are singly charged, that the size of the cluster surrounding the ion is significantly different for the different ions, and that the ion-roton cross section is approximately geometric. A possible alternative model for the structure of the ion complex is discussed and a mechanism is suggested which may account for the observed variations in ionic radii.
High fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air despite steroid treatment in asthmatic children.

Summary Background The fractional concentration of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FENO) is elevated in atopic asthma and typically responds to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, some patients have persistently high FENO levels despite treatment. Objective We studied how optimizing the inhalation technique and increasing ICS doses would affect FENO in stable atopic asthmatic children who had elevated FENO while using ICS. Methods In 41 stable asthmatic children who were treated with ICS (median daily dose 800mg budesonide equivalent, range 100–1600mg) and maintained FENOX20 p.p.b., we optimized the inhalation technique by thorough instruction and measured FENO 2 weeks later. Then, if FENO remained X20 p.p.b., we increased the ICS dose and reassessed FENO 2 weeks later. Results Improving the inhalation technique did not reduce FENO. Increasing ICS from a daily median dose of 800 to 1200mg budesonide had no significant effect on FENO. FENO correlated positively with symptom scores in the following 2 and 4 weeks (P 5 0.001, 0.002) and b2-agonist use the 2 and 4 weeks following FENO measurement (P 5 0.02, 0.004). Conclusion We conclude that common steps in asthma treatment, i.e. inhalation instruction and increasing ICS dose, were both ineffective in reducing FENO in atopic asthmatic children with elevated FENO values despite treatment with ICS. This implies that FENO cannot simply be incorporated in current treatment guidelines.
Implanted strain gauge and EMG amplifier to record motor behavior in unrestrained rats.

Abstract We report a technique for recording EMG from a specific axial muscle with concomitant recording of an independent measure of axial movement during behavioral activity elicited by stimulation applied to awake unrestrained rats. EMG signals are led from bipolar teflon-coated tungsten wires (50 μ diameter) to a well-insulated FET input operational amplifier implanted subcutaneously. At the same time, changes are recorded in the resistance of a small mercury-in-silastic strain gauge stretched between appropriate vertebral dorsal spines. Differential amplification of the EMG in situ has been found to provide a high gain output signal which is relatively free from movement-related artifact. Satisfactory recordings have been obtained for up to 10 days from individual animals and both devices can be re-used.
Identification of critical molecular components in a multiscale cancer model based on the integration of Monte Carlo, resampling, and ANOVA

To date, parameters defining biological properties in multiscale disease models are commonly obtained from a variety of sources. It is thus important to examine the influence of parameter perturbations on system behavior, rather than to limit the model to a specific set of parameters. Such sensitivity analysis can be used to investigate how changes in input parameters affect model outputs. However, multiscale cancer models require special attention because they generally take longer to run than does a series of signaling pathway analysis tasks. In this article, we propose a global sensitivity analysis method based on the integration of Monte Carlo, resampling, and analysis of variance. This method provides solutions to (1) how to render the large number of parameter variation combinations computationally manageable, and (2) how to effectively quantify the sampling distribution of the sensitivity index to address the inherent computational intensity issue. We exemplify the feasibility of this method using a two-dimensional molecular-microscopic agent-based model previously developed for simulating non-small cell lung cancer; in this model, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced, EGF receptor-mediated signaling pathway was implemented at the molecular level. Here, the cross-scale effects of molecular parameters on two tumor growth evaluation measures, i.e., tumor volume and expansion rate, at the microscopic level are assessed. Analysis finds that ERK, a downstream molecule of the EGF receptor signaling pathway, has the most important impact on regulating both measures. The potential to apply this method to therapeutic target discovery is discussed.
806-2 Impact of Thrombolysis on Infarct Expansion and Ventricular Remodeling After Anterior Infarction: One-Year Echocardiographic Follow-up

Animal studies have shown that reperfusion of the infarct-related artery (IRA) may prevent infarct expansion (IE); however, clinical studies investigating the impact of thrombolysis (T) and IRA patency on IE are still rare. We have evaluated 49 consecutive pts with anterior MI by 2D echocardiography on post-MI days 1,2,3,7,21,42 and after 3,6, and 12 months. T was administered in 23 pts (T+) and 26 pts were treated with conventional therapy (T–). LV end-diastolic volume index (EDVi) was determined from apical two- and four-chamber views. Total LV perimeter (TP) and infarct perimeter (IP) were determined in end-diastole in the apical four-chamber view. IE was defined as the increase of IP g5%, with the similar increase of TP on days 2–3, Coronary angiography was performed in 44 pts before discharge; IRA patency was defined as TIMI grade 3. Results IE was detected in 15 pts: 1 T+ and 14 T– pts; IRA was occluded in 11 pts. Absence of IE correlated better with T (r = 0.64, p = 0.001) than with IRA patency (r = 0.48, P = 0,01). In T+ pts, IP significantly decreased from day 2 (p l 0.05) onward. compared to T– pts (Figure). EDVi was higher in pts with IE from day 2 (p = 0.018) through 12 months (p = 0.013). Conclusions 1) These results indicate that T prevents IE in anterior MI, regardless of late IRA patency. It appears that even transient reperfusion induced by T may attenuate IE and prevent LV remodeling. 2) Moreover, Tieads to infarct regression. which is detectable as early as day 2 and continues over 12 months. Download : Download high-res image (90KB) Download : Download full-size image
P300 and Recall in an Incidental Memory Paradigm

In previous research Karis, Fabiani, and Donchin (1984) found a relationship between the amplitude of the P300s elicited by words and subsequent recall performance. Words later recalled elicited larger P300s than words later not recalled. However, this relationship was dependent on the mnemonic strategies used by the subjects. There was a strong relationship between P300 amplitude and recall when rote rehearsal strategies were used, but when subjects used elaborative strategies the relationship between P300 amplitude and recall was not evident. In the present experiment we employed an incidental memory paradigm to reduce the use of rehearsal strategies. An “oddball’ task consisting of a series of names was presented, and subjects were required to count either the male or the female names. Event-related brain potentials were recorded to the presentation of each name. Following the oddball task, subjects were asked, unexpectedly, to recall as many names as possible. The names that were recalled had elicited, on their initial presentation, larger P300s than names not recalled. Thus, these results confirm our hypothesis: when elaborative rehearsal strategies are not used, the relationship between P300 and memory emerges more consistently. Our data provide support for a “context updating’ hypothesis of the functional significance of the P300.
Fuelling flight in a parasitic wasp: Which energetic substrate to use?

1. Flight is an energy-demanding behaviour in insects. In parasitic wasps, strategies of nutrient acquisition and allocation, resulting life-history trade-offs and relationships with foraging strategies and resource availability have received much attention. However, despite the ecological importance of dispersal between host and food patches, and the great impact energy diverted to flight should have on lifetime reproductive success, the eco-physiology of flight in parasitoids is poorly understood. 2. The objective of this study is to (i) identify the energetic resources used to fuel flight, and (ii) relate nutrient type and rate of utilisation to selective pressures in terms of resource availability posed by the environment. 3. Using a flight mill and biochemical assays, we compared flight performance and nutrient dynamics during flight between two reproductive modes of the parasitoid Venturia canescens Gravenhorst, which is known to thrive preferentially in contrasted environments (i.e. natural vs. anthropogenic habitat), differing notably in host and food distribution. 4. Biochemical analyses of different nutrient types showed that glycogen is the flight fuel used by this species, yet no significant differences in its dynamics in flight were found between the two reproductive modes. 5. Results suggest that both glycogen quantity and flight performance are related to the diverging ecological conditions experienced by thelytokous and arrhenotokous strains. © 2012 The Royal Entomological Society.
Articulating the Curriculum through Cultural Themes: A Literacy and Genre Approach to Teaching Protest, Rebellion, and the Reevaluation of the Past

Conceived of as a response to the 2007 MLA Report on the state of foreign language teaching and learning in the United States, this article takes up some of the report's recommendations and puts them into practice. The first part of the article offers a response to current debates concerning foreign language programs and lays the conceptual foundation for a unit intended to help bridge the gap between second and third year courses in German Studies. This is followed by a pedagogical unit developed around Gregor Schnitzler's (2002) comedy thriller, Was tun, wenn's brennt? The film provides material for students of German to explore the idea of Vergangenheitsbewaltigung (‘coming to terms with the past’) beyond the context of the Nazi period, focusing instead on post-war periods of German history.
On the effect of daytime surface evaporation on pollution dispersion

Abstract The general effects of surface moisture availability on regional and local pollution dispersion during the day are examined through conceptual modeling and analytic analysis, when surface moisture availability is assumed to be homogeneous over regional scales. The results suggest that in low mid-latitudes and sub-tropical regions the change in Pasquill stability classes around noon, between extremely wet and very dry surfaces, is typically one stability class shift. In the morning and the afternoon, however, the corresponding change is more pronounced. Similar trends were suggested when the evaluations were made in terms of w ∗ /U (where w ∗ is the convective scaling velocity and U the mean wind speed within the daytime convective boundary layer). Also, numerical model simulations and analytical evaluations were carried out providing an estimation of the mixing layer depth as dependent on the surface moisture availability. The mixing layer depth over extremely dry surfaces was found to be ∼ 1.5–2 higher compared to that computed over very wet surfaces. Observational aspects are discussed, suggesting complementary insight into the interpretation of the modeling and the analysis results.
Tensile bond strengths of composites to a gold-palladium alloy after thermal cycling

Abstract Statement of Problem. Many different materials and methods have been used to fabricate or repair veneer facings with composites, but only a few of these have been studied. Purpose. This study compared the tensile bond strengths of composites to a gold-palladium alloy with the use of several surface treatment methods. Material and Methods. Forty alloy specimens were cast in Eclipse (52% gold and 37.5% palladium) in the form of truncated cones. These specimens were divided equally into 4 groups. In group I, the bonding surfaces of the metal cones were treated with Silicoater MD. Truncated cones of Dentacolor composite were bonded to the metal surfaces and light-polymerized. In group II, the bonding surfaces of the metal cones were air-particle abraded with 50 μm aluminum oxide and coated with CB Epic-TMPT, 12 ± 4; Pertac-Hybrid, 13 ± 5; and Visio-Gem, 18 ± 4. The tensile bond strength of Visio-Gem was significantly higher than that of Epic-TMPT, but no differences were found among Dentacolor, Pertac-Hybrid, and Epic-TMPT ( P Conclusion. Within the limitations of this study, all 4 bonding systems tested produced high bond strengths between composites and a gold-palladium alloy after thermal cycling. (J Prosthet Dent 2002;87:271-6.)
Deciphering a complex genetic regulatory network: the Bacillus subtilis sigmaW protein and intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial compounds.

Bacillus subtilis, a spore-forming soil bacterium, is the preeminent model system for the analysis of gene regulation in Gram-positive bacteria. Early genetic analyses established that this organis...
Chimeric fibronectin matrix mimetic as a functional growth- and migration-promoting adhesive substrate.

Abstract Therapeutic protein engineering combines genetic, biochemical, and functional information to improve existing proteins or invent new protein technologies. Using these principles, we developed an approach to deliver extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin-specific signals to cells. Fibronectin matrix assembly is a cell-dependent process that converts the inactive, soluble form of fibronectin into biologically-active ECM fibrils. ECM fibronectin stimulates cell functions required for normal tissue regeneration, including cell growth, spreading, migration, and collagen reorganization. We have developed recombinant fibronectin fragments that mimic the effects of ECM fibronectin on cell function by coupling the cryptic heparin-binding fragment of fibronectin’s first type III repeat (FNIII1H) to the integrin-binding domain (FNIII8–10). GST/III1H,8–10 supports cell adhesion and spreading and stimulates cell proliferation to a greater extent than plasma fibronectin. Deletion and site-specific mutant constructs were generated to identify the active regions in GST/III1H,8–10 and reduce construct size. A chimeric construct in which the integrin-binding, RGDS loop was inserted into the analogous site in FNIII8 (GST/III1H,8 RGD ), supported cell adhesion and migration, and enhanced cell proliferation and collagen gel contraction. GST/III1H,8 RGD was expressed in bacteria and purified from soluble lysate fractions by affinity chromatography. Fibronectin matrix assembly is normally up-regulated in response to tissue injury. Decreased levels of ECM fibronectin are associated with non-healing wounds. Engineering fibronectin matrix mimetics that bypass the need for cell-dependent fibronectin matrix assembly in chronic wounds is a novel approach to stimulating cellular activities critical for tissue repair.
Biomedical Applications of Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly: From Biomimetics to Tissue Engineering

The design of advanced, nanostructured materials at the molecular level is of tremendous interest for the scientific and engineering communities because of the broad application of these materials in the biomedical field. Among the available techniques, the layer-by-layer assembly method introduced by Decher and co-workers in 1992 has attracted extensive attention because it possesses extraordinary advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation, versatility, capability of incorporating high loadings of different types of biomolecules in the films, fine control over the materials’ structure, and robustness of the products under ambient and physiological conditions. In this context, a systematic review of current research on biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly is presented. The structure and bioactivity of biomolecules in thin films fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly are introduced. The applications of layer-bylayer assembly in biomimetics, biosensors, drug delivery, protein and cell adhesion, mediation of cellular functions, and implantable materials are addressed. Future developments in the field of biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly are also discussed.
Folded chromosomes in meiotic yeast cells: Analysis of early meiotic events☆

Abstract Analysis of folded chromosomes in cells under standard sporulation conditions shows that the g 0 form of the folded genome is used as the entry into meiosis. Premeiotic DNA replication is initiated from the g 0 structure. In contrast, mitotic DNA replication is preceded by a characteristic pre-replicative form, g 1 . Nonetheless, the mitotic and meiotic replication structures are indistinguishable by sedimentation. Preliminary evidence also suggests that the meiotic equivalent of the mitotic post-replicative structure, g 2 , is absent. In strains homozygous for the mating type locus, aa and αα, meiotic replicating structures are not detected, and the folded chromosomes remain in a non-cycling form. However, this non-cycling form is distinguishable from the g 0 form of aα . cells.
Relationships between lengths of long bones among recent Americans and Early Medieval Alamannic Germans.

Relationships between lengths of long bones in early medieval Alamanns and in recent white Americans do not differ significantly. Lacking evidence of any differences between the contribution of trunk length to stature in the two samples, formulas for estimating stature based on relationships of bone lengths to stature in an American sample thus appear applicable to the Alamannic material.
COSMIC-RAY MODULATION BY THE GLOBAL MERGED INTERACTION REGION IN THE HELIOSHEATH

It was found by Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 that the Global Merged Interaction Region (GMIR) still has effects on cosmic-ray transport in the heliosheath. The GMIR produced by the intense solar activities of 2005 September propagated into the heliosheath in 2006, causing several decreases in the cosmic-ray flux at Voyager 1. Motivated by these observations, we investigate cosmic-ray modulation by the GMIR in the heliosheath using a three-dimensional Galactic cosmic-ray modulation code that includes the drift effect, termination shock, and a propagating GMIR. The simulation reproduces all major modulation features found by previous cosmic-ray observations in the supersonic solar wind region. However, when the simulation is made for the heliosheath region during a passage of the GMIR, the cosmic-ray modulation shows a new feature. The cosmic-ray fluxes at many locations in the heliosheath region experience two distinguished decreases. One coincides with the GMIR's arrival at the termination shock, the other with its arrival at the observing points. Based on this feature, we use the Voyager observations of the 2006 GMIR modulation events to derive the radial distance of the termination shock of ~91 AU and the GMIR shock propagation speed inside the heliosheath of ~172 km s-1 for this event.
Self-diffusion at the melting point: From H2 and N2 to liquid metals

A nominal lower bound to the mean free diffusion time at the melting point Tm was obtained earlier which provided a factor-two type estimate for self-diffusion coefficients of the alkali halides, alkali metals, eight other metals, and Ar. The argument was based on the classical Uncertainty Principle applied to the solid crystal, whereby maximum-frequency phonons lose validity as collective excitations and degenerate into aperiodic, single-particle diffusive motion at the melting point. Because of the short time scale of this motion, the perfect-gas diffusion equation and true mass can be used to obtain the self-diffusion coefficient in the Debye approximation to the phonon spectrum. This result for the self-diffusion coefficient also yields the scale factor that determines the order of magnitude of liquid self-diffusion coefficients, which has long been an open question. The earlier theory is summarized and clarified, and the results extended to the more complex molecular liquids H2 and N2. It is also demonstrated that combining Lindemann's melting law with the perfect-gas diffusion equation estimate yields a well-known empirical expression for liquid-metal self-diffusion at Tm. Validity of the self-diffusion estimate over a melting temperature range from 14 to more than 1300 K and over a wide variety of crystals provides strong confirmation for the existence of the specialized diffusive motion at the melting point, as well as confirmation of a relation between the phonon spectrum of the solid crystal and diffusive motion in the melt.
Two facets of the moran statistic

The asymptotic distributions of statistics are often used to construct finite sample approximations for their distributions. However statistics which arise in different contexts but are equivalent in law can have different asymptotic distributions. We consider Moran's sum of logarithms of uniform spacings statistic which is equal in law to a special case of Bartlett's test statistic for homoscedasticity. Moran's statistic is asymptotically normal and, by accelerating the convergence, we obtain an accurate approximation for small samples. Also, contrary to expectation, we find that the asymptotic chi-square distribution associated with the homoscedasticity test provides as good a basis for approximating the distribution of Moran's statistic. A closer look at likely alternatives leads to a scaled Beta as a more uniformly accurate approximation than either the normal or the chi-square.
Failure of intervention or failure of evaluation: a meta-evaluation of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign Evaluation.

The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign was conducted during 1998–2004 and evaluated through a national, four-wave panel study of adolescents (n = 8,117 at baseline to 5,126 at three-year follow-up). The evaluation's results were unexpected and controversial, finding both no effects overall and a possibly harmful effect, namely inducing initiation of marijuana use. A meta-evaluation by the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) supported the original evaluation's major conclusions, but the Campaign's sponsor, the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), contested both the original evaluation's findings and the GAO's assessment of them. This study presents an alternative meta-evaluation of the original evaluation, concluding that the Campaign probably was ineffective, but without sufficient evidence of harmful effects. However, had the Campaign been effective, the original evaluation would have been unable to determine that fact due to the possibility of socially desirable responding. The evaluati...
A stationary apparent weight shift from a transient Machian mass fluctuation

A transient mass fluctuation, predicted by Lorentz-invariant theories of gravitation wherein inertia is gravitationally induced, can be combined with a synchronous thrust to produce a stationary change in the apparent weight of an object. A substantial effect of this sort—on the order of tenths of a gram or more—should be achievable in laboratory scale apparatus. A detailed derivation of the predicted transient mass fluctuation is given in an appendix.
Interaction of Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and Adrenergic Nervous System

ABSTRACT Arachidonic acid, which is esterified mainly at the Sn-2 position of phospholipids, is deacylated in response to a wide variety of neurohormonal stimuli, including sympathetic nerve stimulation and catecholamines. In most cardiovascular tissues, arachidonic acid is metabolized via the cyclooxygenase pathway into prostaglandins. The kind and quantity of prostaglandins formed in response to adrenergic stimuli vary in different tissues. For example, PGE 2 is the major product of arachidonic acid formed in the spleen and kidney and PGI 2 in the heart in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and norepinephrine. The sequence of events, including the type of adrenergic receptor involved in the action of catecholamines on PG synthesis, varies from tissue to tissue. For example, PG synthesis elicited by adrenergic stimulation in the heart is mediated via activation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors, whereas in the kidney it is linked to stimulation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. Moreover, prostaglandin synthesis elicited by alpha-1 adrenergic receptor activation in the kidney requires only partially extra- but mainly intracellular Ca ++ and calmodulin. However, beta-1 adrenergic receptor stimulated PG synthesis in the heart is absolutely dependent upon extracellular Ca ++ but not on calmodulin. Furthermore, alpha-1 but not beta-1 adrenergic receptor stimulated PG synthesis is inhibited by mepacrine, a phospholipase A 2 and C inhibitor. These data suggest that distinct types of lipases are involved in the release of arachidonic acid for PG synthesis elicited by alpha-1 and beta-1 adrenergic receptors.
Renewable polyol‐based polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde thermosetting resins

Several polycarbamates and polycarbamate–formaldehyde (CF) resins were synthesized, and their properties were investigated aiming at developing of useful thermosetting polymer materials from simple polyols including those derived from renewable resources. Polycarbamates synthesized from polyols using two-step laboratory routes showed good storage stabilities making them suitable as large volume industrial chemicals. Furthermore, syntheses and 13C-NMR studies of CF resins showed the formation of oligomeric resins having hydroxymethyl and methylene groups with thermosetting curing properties that are similar to those of current urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins. Dynamic mechanical analysis studies showed somewhat slower curing rates for CF resins compared to UF resins. Bonding of particleboard and internal bond and free formaldehyde content measurements indicated high-bond strength values and very low-formaldehyde emission potentials for CF resins. The higher functionalities of CF resins appear to be the basis of good performances. Further investigations on scalable synthesis methods for polycarbamates and on the expansion of CF resins' bonding capabilities would need to be investigated in the future. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
THE COMBINED ACTIONS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND OF BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODY PLUS COMPLEMENT ON SALMONELLA TYPHOSA

Quantitative determinations, employing turbidimetric growth assays, have been made of the inhibitory actions of choramphenicol, and of specific antibody plus complement, separately, and in combination. In experiments with the Ty2 strain of S. typhosa the combined activities of the two groups of reagents have been predicted, within 3 per cent, from the activities of the separate components, on the hypothesis of joint, independent action (additive inhibitions). A fourfold increase in resistance to chloramphenicol of the 0901 strain of S. typhosa has been shown to have little, if any, effect on its susceptibility to the bactericidal action of anti-O antibody and complement. Indirect evidence indicates that the latter may not be a general effect but may vary with the particular strain.
PEDIATRIC CHEST LESIONS

Pathologic conditions of the pediatric chest are protean. They tend to be either very symptomatic or readily visible to parents and care providers. For these reasons, pediatric surgeons are often asked to assess children with these dramatic lesions. A detailed discussion of all pediatric thoracic conditions requiring surgical treatment is beyond the scope of this article. Instead, the author focuses on those lesions that are common and encountered by primary care pediatricians and family practitioners with some regularity, and severe lesions that require early recognition and treatment. Separating the diseases of the chest into anatomic regions is helpful in understanding their symptoms and treatment. It is also a valuable way to guide the evaluation and differential diagnosis of children with thoracic symptoms.
Overview of articulation materials and methods for the prosthodontic patient.

Abstract Statement of problem. Many methods and materials are available for registering the centric relation position, with various degrees of accuracy. Once the centric relation position is recorded, many instruments are available for cast articulation. These articulators range from simple to complex devices that generate different mandibular movements depending on the sophistication of the instrument. Purpose. This review evaluated the methods and materials used to record the centric relation position and eccentric maxillomandibular relations, and to compare the articulators available for mounting casts. Methods. A MEDLINE search was completed (from 1966-present) along with personal searches of selected journals to find additional publications that addressed these materials, methods of registration, and available instrumentation. Conclusion. Potential applications of this review are as follows: (1) to allow the reader to examine the various methods for recording the centric relation position that have been studied and described, and (2) to observe how the accuracy of recording materials have changed over time. The reader will also realize the types of simple and complex articulators that exist, along with the different degrees of simulated mandibular movements that may be accomplished. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:235-47.)
SNARE Selectivity of the COPII Coat

The COPII coat buds transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum that incorporate cargo and SNARE molecules. Here, we show that recognition of the ER-Golgi SNAREs Bet1, Sed5, and Sec22 occurs through three binding sites on the Sec23/24 subcomplex of yeast COPII. The A site binds to the YNNSNPF motif of Sed5. The B site binds to Lxx-L/M-E sequences present in both the Bet1 and Sed5 molecules, as well as to the DxE cargo-sorting signal. A third, spatially distinct site binds to Sec22. COPII selects the free v-SNARE form of Bet1 because the LxxLE sequence is sequestered in the four-helix bundle of the v-/t-SNARE complex. COPII favors Sed5 within the Sed5/Bos1/Sec22 t-SNARE complex because t-SNARE assembly removes autoinhibitory contacts to expose the YNNSNPF motif. The COPII coat seems to be a specific conductor of the fusogenic forms of these SNAREs, suggesting how vesicle fusion specificity may be programmed during budding.
MEMS deformable mirror with integrated black silicon aperture

This paper describes a method to integrate a black aperture around a MEMS deformable mirror. Silicon grass (black silicon) is etched on the areas surrounding the mirror membrane to absorb and scatter light. This eliminates specular reflection of light from the silicon substrate around the mirror, increasing optical contrast during imaging. The design, fabrication process, and performance of this integrated aperture are presented.
Acetylation-Deacetylation of the Transcription Factor Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2) Regulates Its Transcriptional Activity and Nucleocytoplasmic Localization

Activation of Nrf2 by covalent modifications that release it from its inhibitor protein Keap1 has been extensively documented. In contrast, covalent modifications that may regulate its action after its release from Keap1 have received little attention. Here we show that CREB-binding protein induced acetylation of Nrf2, increased binding of Nrf2 to its cognate response element in a target gene promoter, and increased Nrf2-dependent transcription from target gene promoters. Heterologous sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) decreased acetylation of Nrf2 as well as Nrf2-dependent gene transcription, and its effects were overridden by dominant negative SIRT1 (SIRT1-H355A). The SIRT1-selective inhibitors EX-527 and nicotinamide stimulated Nrf2-dependent gene transcription, whereas resveratrol, a putative activator of SIRT1, was inhibitory, mimicking the effect of SIRT1. Mutating lysine to alanine or to arginine at Lys588 and Lys591 of Nrf2 resulted in decreased Nrf2-dependent gene transcription and abrogated the transcription-activating effect of CREB-binding protein. Furthermore, SIRT1 had no effect on transcription induced by these mutants, indicating that these sites are acetylation sites. Microscope imaging of GFP-Nrf2 in HepG2 cells as well as immunoblotting for Nrf2 showed that acetylation conditions resulted in increased nuclear localization of Nrf2, whereas deacetylation conditions enhanced its cytoplasmic rather than its nuclear localization. We posit that Nrf2 in the nucleus undergoes acetylation, resulting in binding, with basic-region leucine zipper protein(s), to the antioxidant response element and consequently in gene transcription, whereas deacetylation disengages it from the antioxidant response element, thereby resulting in transcriptional termination and subsequently in its nuclear export.
An Urban Ocean Notes on the Historical Evolution of Coastal Cities in Greater Southeast Asia

While there are universalizing trends in global urbanization currently taking place, several Southeast Asian cities will adopt these new frameworks and institutions at least partly within a local model that is already several centuries old. Particular to the region, this model does not parallel South and East Asia's urban evolutions, the two regions traditionally regarded as the well-springs of Southeast Asian culture. Rather, it contradicts it. The cities of this arena have been and will continue to be primarily their own creatures from a variety of vantage points. Yet it is only by first examining the pattern of these cities' evolutions that we can hope to gain any insight into how these urban centers may unfold in the future. It is in the distant and colonial past that we can sift for geographic and demographic clues that auger how the new Asian “super-capitals” sitting astride the equator may evolve in the years to come.
Development of a direct sampling method for verifying the cleanliness of equipment shared with peanut products

Abstract A direct sampling method was developed to verify the cleanliness of stainless steel equipment used to produce peanut products. The protocol consisted of sampling the product-contact area with two Critical Swab® flat zapped-head foam swabs pre-moistened with 20 mM phosphate, pH 7.2 (PBS), mixing each swab in PBS for 1 h, and analyzing the extract for peanut residues. Quantitation of peanut residues was accomplished with a non-specific assay while SDS–PAGE was used to ensure the recovery of the allergen, Ara h 1. This sampling approach was able to recover 90–95% of the peanut proteins at sub-microgram levels and Ara h 1 at low nanogram levels directly from a stainless steel surface.