cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Good Death — Ebola and Sacrifice

Dr. Sam Brisbane, the emergency department director at JFK Memorial Medical Center in Monrovia, Liberia, recently died from Ebola. The authors believe that like other clinicians who've sacrificed themselves caring for patients with this horrible disease, he died a good death.
Reflections on My Involvement with the CSS [Historical Perspectives]

This issue of "Historical Perspectives" is the third in a series of remembrances from past presidents of the IE Control Systems Society.
Hybrid empires: Hollywood convention and the settler colony in Guy Maddin's Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary

ABSTRACTFocusing on Guy Maddin's 2002 film Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary, this essay argues that by rejecting Hollywood's iconic images of Dracula in favor of a silent, montage-heavy ballet performance film, Maddin calls attention to the exclusion of Dracula's own perspective from Bram Stoker's 1897 novel. As a result, Maddin makes parallels between Dracula's otherness and a multicultural Canada attempting to navigate American media influence. In addition, Maddin's casting of a member of Canada's largest minority group as Dracula allows the film to investigate identity constructions of Asian-Canadians, founded on the nation's relationship to its indigenous populations and molded by American categorizations such as ‘yellow peril’. Through the film's embrace of silent film esthetics, Maddin denies not only Dracula but also the entire Canadian cast a voice, probing the definition of settler colonials who must contend with the lingering ramifications of British colonialism, their complicity in indigeno...
P054 EDTA treatment of serum eliminates interference in flow cytometric crossmatches

Aim A recurrent problem in our flow crossmatch (FXM) is a skewing, or shift to the left, of the T cell population, indicating interference by some component of patient serum. The suspected interfering agents are high levels of complement proteins or IgM antibodies. Previously, we have tried to correct this problem using heat inactivation and spin column treatment of the serum, or running the FXM with nonpronase treated cells. However, each of these options had drawbacks and did not consistently provide accurate results. Using nonpronase cells reduces sensitivity and causes occasional false positive results. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been shown to eliminate interfering substances, specifically complement proteins, in patient serum that causes a prozone or blocking effect during antibody testing, especially those patients with high titer antibodies (Schnaidt M, et. al. Transplantation, 2011). We report the use of EDTA as a pretreatment of patient serum to remove interfering agents in the T cell FXM. Methods Three color FXM using the Halifax protocol were performed with pronase treated (15 min/37 °C) donor cells. For FXM showing skewed T cells, sera were pretreated with EDTA (95 μl serum + 5 μ l EDTA) and then added to cells as in standard FXM. Results Twelve patient serum samples showed significant T cell skewing in FXM against seven different donor cells, but this shift to the left was eradicated by EDTA treatment in all of these FXM. For example, in one FXM there was a reduction in gated CD3 + T cells from 80% in the negative control serum compared to 15% in the neat, untreated patient serum – but when this patient serum was treated with EDTA, the CD3 + T cell population was restored to 80%. Furthermore, in this particular FXM, there was a difference in FITC median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of 120 channels when comparing the neat to the EDTA treated patient serum. EDTA treatment did not affect negative and positive control sera as the CD3 + T cells and FITC MFI levels were unchanged in FXM comparing EDTA to untreated serum controls. Conclusion EDTA treatment of serum is an easy, quick, inexpensive and effective way to remove elevated levels of complement proteins, IgM and possibly other proteins from patient sera which interfere with T cell FXM. EDTA treatment provides accurate interpretation of the T cell FXM.
A Multi-scale CNN for Affordance Segmentation in RGB Images

Given a single RGB image our goal is to label every pixel with an affordance type. By affordance, we mean an object’s capability to readily support a certain human action, without requiring precursor actions. We focus on segmenting the following five affordance types in indoor scenes: ‘walkable’, ‘sittable’, ‘lyable’, ‘reachable’, and ‘movable’. Our approach uses a deep architecture, consisting of a number of multi-scale convolutional neural networks, for extracting mid-level visual cues and combining them toward affordance segmentation. The mid-level cues include depth map, surface normals, and segmentation of four types of surfaces – namely, floor, structure, furniture and props. For evaluation, we augmented the NYUv2 dataset with new ground-truth annotations of the five affordance types. We are not aware of prior work which starts from pixels, infers mid-level cues, and combines them in a feed-forward fashion for predicting dense affordance maps of a single RGB image.
Learning to interpret topographic maps: Understanding layered spatial information

Novices struggle to interpret maps that show information about continuous dimensions (typically latitude and longitude) layered with information that is inherently continuous but segmented categorically. An example is a topographic map, used in earth science disciplines as well as by hikers, emergency rescue operations, and other endeavors requiring knowledge of terrain. Successful comprehension requires understanding that continuous elevation information is categorically encoded using contour lines, as well as skill in visualizing the three-dimensional shape of the terrain from the contour lines. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether novices would benefit from pointing and tracing gestures that focus attention on contour lines and/or from three-dimensional shape gestures used in conjunction with three-dimensional models. Pointing and tracing facilitated understanding relative to text-only instruction as well as no instruction comparison groups, but shape gestures only helped understanding relative to the no instruction comparison group. Directing attention to the contour lines may help both in code breaking (seeing how the lines encode elevation) and in shape inference (seeing how the overall configuration of lines encodes shape). In Experiment 2, we varied the language paired with pointing and tracing gestures; key phrases focused either on elevation information or on visualizing shape. Participants did better on items regarding elevation when language highlighted elevation and better on items requiring shape when language highlighted shape. Thus, focusing attention using pointing and tracing gestures on contour lines may establish the foundation on which language can build to support learning.
Training community health workers: an evaluation of effectiveness, sustainable continuity, and cultural humility in an educational program in rural Haiti

AbstractCommunity health worker (CHW) programs, which provide health-related training to members of the general public, have emerged as a key tool in addressing the health needs of the world’s poorest citizens. The Caribbean nation of Haiti is widely considered the least developed in the Western hemisphere with health indicators near the bottom of all countries worldwide. In response to the vast healthcare needs of the country, attempts have been made to extend sustainable rural health services with a small number of CHW programs formed through international and community partnerships. The purpose of the current mixed methods research was to evaluate the efficacy, sustainability, and cultural compatibility of an annual volunteer-led training program for CHWs in rural southeast Haiti. The course aimed to expand the health literacy of 126 Haitian CHWs with a specific focus on maternal and child health. Results showed significant improvement in participants’ knowledge of course content and participants overw...
Diversity Barriers in K-12 Computer Science Education: Structural and Social

As computer science (CS) education expands at the K-12 level, we must be careful to ensure that CS neither exacerbates existing equity gaps in education nor hinders efforts to diversify the field of CS. In this paper, we discuss structural and social barriers that influence Blacks, Hispanics, and girls, based on surveys of 1,672 students, 1,677 parents, 1,008 teachers, 9,805 principals, and 2,307 superintendents in the United States. We find that despite higher interest in CS among Black and Hispanic students and parents, these students experience greater structural barriers in accessing computers and CS classes than White students. And while girls have the same access as boys, social barriers exist with girls reporting lower awareness of CS opportunities outside of classes, less encouragement from teachers and parents, and less exposure to CS role models in the media. It is critical for expanding CS opportunities to address the unique issues for each group.
Humanities E-Books: An Affective Faculty Survey

ABSTRACTSubject specialists seek to understand humanists' perceptions of e-books. The investigator conducted an online survey of humanities faculty at The College of New Jersey (TCNJ) to find out. ...
Cold sintering and ionic conductivities of Na3.256Mg0.128Zr1.872Si2PO12 solid electrolytes

Abstract The recent invention of cold sintering process (CSP) suggests a new opportunity to densify ceramic solid electrolytes at reduced temperatures. In the study, Na3.256Mg0.128Zr1.872Si2PO12 (Mg-doped NASICON) specimens were cold-sintered at 140 °C to ∼83% of the theoretical density. In addition, post-CSP annealing, at temperatures lower than that is needed for the conventional sintering of NASICON, can substantially increase the ionic conductivity (with or without significant further densification). For example, the conductivity of cold-sintered Mg-doped NASICON reached >0.5 mS/cm after annealing at (as low as) 800 °C; in comparison, a dry-pressed specimen exhibited virtually no densification at a higher temperature of 1000 °C with
Evaluation of the Painful Wrist

Numerous modalities are available for the evaluation of the painful wrist. Plain films will suffice in the vast majority of cases. Specialized views are ordered when the patient’s history, physical exam, or plain film evaluation indicates the need. A static wrist instability series still has a place in diagnosis of the painful wrist. CT scanning is of limited utility for most wrist pathology except for DRUJ subluxation. Bone scans are less frequently indicated, given the increasing use of MRI, but are generally indicated when evaluating complex cases with minimal findings on other tests. MRI will become increasingly common in the place of arthrography, but currently is the gold standard for the diagnosis of carpal osteonecrosis. Its role in the diagnostic armamentarium is still being defined as technology improves.
NECESSITY OF MULTIMODAL TREATMENT OF ACROMEGALY AND OUTCOMES

ABSTRACT Objective: Uncontrolled acromegaly is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite multimodal therapeutic options, adequate control can be challenging and lead to prolonged e...
Versican proteolysis as a key regulator of CD8+ T-cell infiltration in colorectal cancer.

e15082Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) originates within immunologically complex microenvironments. To date the benefits of immunotherapy have been modest except in neoantigen-laden mismatch rep...
A System of Prevention: Applying a Systems Approach to Public Health:

Among public health and health care practitioners, there is growing understanding that individuals make choices about their health not in a vacuum but based on the social, physical, and economic environments surrounding them and the resources available to them. Furthermore, we know that we, as a society, have designed these environments and resource allocation processes and that those in turn can produce better or worse health outcomes. In recognition of this, some practitioners are turning toward systems thinking as a way of understanding the many sectors and factors that influence health, and as a strategy for influencing broad and sustained health interventions. In October 2018, Prevention Institute released System of Prevention, a book that uses graphic design to illustrate Prevention Institute's framework for a systems approach to population health that can achieve health equity. The book draws upon learning in the primary prevention arena and presents it in an innovative format designed to be accessible to the many sectors outside of public health that collectively shape the social and community determinants of health. It aims to spark dialogue and catalyze collaboration among the sectors and stakeholders that can together work for a healthy and equitable future for all communities.
Impacts of flooding, nitrogen-fertilization, and soil-depth on sugarcane nutrients grown on Histosols

Sustainable production in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is confounded by decreasing soil depth and high annual rainfall. Formerly a sawgrass marsh, Histosols predominate much of the EAA an...
Measurement and kinetic analysis of the neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fraction of legumes and grasses.

The fermentation of the neutral detergent-soluble (NDS) fraction of two legumes (clover, alfalfa) and two grasses (timothy, guinea grass) was measured using a curve subtraction technique with in vitro gas production data from the whole forage and the isolated neutral detergent-extracted fiber. The NDF disappearance and VFA production also were measured. There were no significant differences between the VFA patterns from whole forage and NDF. There was a good linear correlation between the volume of gas produced and the mass of fiber digested in the NDF samples. Analysis of the gas curves with a dual-pool logistic model gave a lag value, digestion rates and pool sizes for the whole forage, the fiber component, and the NDS fraction. Rates for the NDS fraction ranged from.152 h -1 for clover to.191 h -1 for timothy. These rates are appreciably lower than values assumed in some models. Application of a triple-pool logistic model revealed the presence of faster-digesting material in the legumes. We discuss several different ways to measure the NDS pool size. The simplest method requires only a single gas measurement at the end of in vitro digestion of the whole forage coupled with an NDF disappearance measurement. The curve subtraction technique can provide information on the size and digestion kinetics of the NDS pool. This information is useful both for model studies and for agronomic research and may help us to understand the nutritional significance of this fast-digesting carbohydrate fraction.
Recovery from Severe Disability that Develops Progressively Versus Catastrophically: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Intervening Events.

Background Few prior studies have evaluated recovery after the onset of severe disability or have distinguished between the two subtypes of severe disability. Objectives To identify the risk factors and intervening illnesses and injuries (i.e., events) that are associated with reduced recovery after episodes of progressive and catastrophic severe disability. Design Prospective longitudinal study of 754 nondisabled community-living persons, aged 70 years or older. Setting Greater New Haven, CT, March 1998 to December 2016. Participants A total of 431 episodes of severe disability were evaluated from 385 participants: 116 progressive (115 participants) and 315 catastrophic (270 participants). Measurements Candidate risk factors were assessed every 18 months. Functional status and exposure to intervening events leading to hospitalization, emergency department visit, or restricted activity were assessed each month. Severe disability was defined as the need for personal assistance with three or more of four essential activities of daily living. Recovery was defined as return to independent function (no disability) within 6 months of developing severe disability. Results Recovery occurred among 35.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 26.0%-48.0%) and 61.6% (95% CI = 53.5%-70.9%) of the 116 progressive and 315 catastrophic severe disability episodes, respectively. In the multivariable analyses, lives alone, frailty, and intervening hospitalization were each independently associated with reduced recovery from progressive disability, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.31 (0.15-0.64), 0.23 (0.12-0.45), and 0.27 (0.08-0.95), respectively, whereas low functional self-efficacy, intervening restricted activity, and intervening hospitalization were each independently associated with reduced recovery from catastrophic disability, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.56 (0.40-0.81), 0.55 (0.35-0.85), and 0.45 (0.31-0.66), respectively. Conclusions Recovery of independent function is considerably more likely after the onset of catastrophic than progressive severe disability, the risk factors for reduced recovery differ between progressive and catastrophic severe disability, and subsequent exposure to intervening illnesses and injuries considerably diminishes the likelihood of recovery from both subtypes of severe disability.
Current Trends in WALANT Surgery: A Survey of American Society for Surgery of the Hand Members

Purpose To define self-reported WALANT use among American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) members. We aimed to define surgeon and practice demographics relative to WALANT use and identify potential barriers for WALANT implementation. Methods An anonymous multiple-choice survey was electronically distributed to all active ASSH members. Incomplete surveys were included in the final analysis. Surgeons were asked to provide reasons for not performing WALANT, which were categorized based on general themes. We compared practice and surgeon demographic information relative to WALANT use. Results Of 3,826 ASSH members, 869 responded (23%). A total of 79% of respondents had performed at least one WALANT procedure; 62% currently incorporated WALANT into their practice. Hospital-owned outpatient surgery centers were the most common location for WALANT procedures (31%). Canadian surgeons were more likely to use WALANT, compared with US and international surgeons. Surgeons with fewer years in practice and higher-volume surgeons were more likely to use WALANT. There was no statistically significant association between either practice or income structure and WALANT use. For carpal tunnel release (CTR), 13% did not offer patients WALANT, whereas 43% offered WALANT to all patients. Moreover, 51% of surgeons reported that anesthesia staff was required to be present for WALANT cases at their institution. In determining reasons for not using WALANT, 16% reported that they preferred a tourniquet for visualization. Only 2% had concerns regarding epinephrine use in the hand. Conclusions The results of this survey illustrate current WALANT use among ASSH members and defines the demographics of those employing WALANT. Lack of familiarity with WALANT and an acceptance of the use of epinephrine in the hand has increased from prior ASSH surveys. Lack of familiarity with the technique, concerns regarding operating room efficiency, and patient preferences remain considerable barriers to more widespread adoption of WALANT procedures. Type of study/level of evidence Economic and Decision Analysis V.
Involution factorizations of Ewens random permutations

An involution is a bijection that is its own inverse. Given a permutation $\sigma$ of $[n],$ let $\mathsf{invol}(\sigma)$ denote the number of ways to express $\sigma$ as a composition of two involutions of $[n].$ The statistic $\mathsf{invol}$ is asymptotically lognormal when the symmetric groups $\mathfrak{S}_n$ are each equipped with Ewens Sampling Formula probability measures of some fixed positive parameter $\theta.$ This paper strengthens and generalizes previously determined results on the limiting distribution of $\log(\mathsf{invol})$ for uniform random permutations, i.e. the specific case of $\theta = 1$. We also investigate the first two moments of $\mathsf{invol}$ itself.
Light and social exposure: complimentary effect on pituitary gonActal function

Publisher Summary This chapter mentions the complimentary effect on pituitary gonadal function. Testicular hypertrophy response was used as a measurement for relative effect of light and social effect on neurosecretory activity in hypothalamo-hypophysial complex. Right testis (larger of the two) was removed from male doves and was weighed. Birds were then assigned to various combinations of (1) short vs. normal light cycle, and (2) isolation vs. social stimulation. At the end of 4 weeks, all birds were laporatomized. The left testis was removed, weighed and expressed in percentage weight of right testis for each bird. The main results are (1) testicular hypertrophy is complete in 4 weeks in 14 h light cycle. In addition, the chapter also highlights the inhibition effects of “neo-natal” estrogenization on the sexual behavior of the male rat and modifications of the genital tract.
The Impact of State Constitutions: The Implementation and Effects of Super-DOMAs

Little empirical research investigates the grass-roots impact of state constitutional social-policy provisions without federal analogue. This paper examines the implementation and effects of state constitutional amendments in Georgia, Michigan, and Ohio that ban all forms of relationship recognition for same-sex couples. In-depth interviews of 75 gay and lesbian pairs in those jurisdictions reveal consequential direct and indirect effects of such Super-DOMAs on same-sex couples.
The microphysical properties of ice fog measured in urban environments of Interior Alaska

[1] The microphysical properties of ice fog were measured at two sites during a small field campaign in January and February of 2012 in Interior Alaska. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Video Ice Particle Sampler probe and Formvar (polyvinyl formal)-coated microscope slides were used to sample airborne ice particles at two polluted sites in the Fairbanks region. Both sites were significantly influenced by anthropogenic emission and additional water vapor from nearby open water power plant cooling ponds. Measurements show that ice fog particles were generally droxtal shaped (faceted, quasi-spherical) for sub-10 µm particles, while plate-shaped crystals were the most frequently observed particles between 10 and 50 µm. A visibility cutoff of 3 km was used to separate ice fog events from other observations which were significantly influenced by larger (50–150 µm) diamond dust particles. The purpose of this study is to more realistically characterize ice fog microphysical properties in order to facilitate better model predictions of the onset of ice fog in polluted environments. Parameterizations for mass and projected area are developed and used to estimate particle terminal velocity. Dimensional characteristics are based on particle geometry and indicated that ice fog particles have significantly lower densities than water droplets as well as reduced cross-sectional areas, the net result being that terminal velocities are estimated to be less than half the value of those calculated for water droplets. Particle size distributions are characterized using gamma functions and have a shape factor (μ) of between −0.5 and −1.0 for polluted ice fog conditions.
Sensor for distinguishing liquid-vapor phases of superfluid helium

Liquid helium is an indispensable cryogen for devices operating at temperatures below 10 K. Examples are semiconductor and superconductor far-infrared detectors and superconductive sensors, magnets, and logic elements. For planned scientific experiments associated with space missions, such as the Stanford/NASA gyroscope test of general relativity [1], the proposed Large Space Telescope, and the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility, the use of liquid helium as cryogen, probably as a superfluid, is considered essential or highly desirable. The application of liquid helium in the zero-gravity environment poses problems concerning the spatial distribution of liquid within the dewar, both for thermal reasons and because dynamic behavior may affect the spacecraft attitude control system. A small, high-accuracy, rapid-response low-power-dissipation sensor is needed to determine the distribution of liquid in the flight dewar with minimum disturbance to the fluid. Standard techniques using pure superconductor wire or carbon resistors [2,3] have proved inapplicable in the enclosed isothermal environment of a superfluid-filled dewar. A new sensor, based on the resistance change of the normal-superconductive transition, has been developed and is described in this paper. The sensor can be made suitable for use in either normal or superfluid helium by proper choice of material for the superconducting coating.
Auditing Information Systems

Information technology implementation by organizations introduces significant changes in organizational governance, risk, and controls. Technology also affects how auditors perform their assurance responsibilities. This article provides a brief overview on the need for IT audit, the changing role of auditors, and how they must perform the audit of complex technology systems. Keywords: application controls; auditing technology; IT audit; technology risks
Performance and test results of a regulated magnetron pulser

This paper describes the test results and performance of a 5.0 kV, 500 mA, regulated current pulser used to drive an Hitachi model 2M130 2425 MHz magnetron. The magnetron is used to modulate the plasma in a particle accelerator injector. In this application, precise and stable RF power is crucial to extract a stable and accurate particle beam. A 10 kV high-voltage triode vacuum tube with active feedback is used to control the magnetron current and output RF power. The pulse width may be varied from as little as ten microseconds to continuous duty by varying the width of a supplied gate pulse. The output current level can be programmed between 10 and 500 mA. Current regulation and accuracy are better than 1%. The paper discusses the overall performance of the pulser and magnetron including anode current and RF power waveforms, linearity compliance, and vacuum tube performance.
Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome

The discovery of omeprazole and the subsequent development of other proton pump inhibitors (lansoprazole, pantoprazole) has had a profound effect on the management of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) as well as other gastric hypersecretory states.These drugs have now become the drugs of choice for these conditions [1]. The focus of this chapter will be their impact on Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, because of all the gastric hypersecretory states this disease demonstrates the most profound gastric acid hypersecretion and has been the best studied. Although there are a few studies with lansoprazole and pantoprazole (Tab. 1), most of the detailed studies (Tab. 1) [2–13] have been performed using omeprazole, so these studies will be primarily emphasized in this chapter. To understand the impact of omeprazole on the treatment of ZES, it is essential to understand the treatment regimens that existed prior to its introduction in the early 1980s for treatment of ZES [2, 3, 14].
CP/CPT Experiments with Neutral Kaons -OR- Experimental Study of Two Complex Numbers eta+- and eta00

Recent and upcoming Fermilab experiments to probe the origin of CP violation and to search for CPT violation are reviewed for an audience of theoretical particle physics graduate students.
Employment of Reservoirs in At-Home Whitening Trays: Efficacy and Efficiency in Tooth Whitening

AIM This study aimed to determine the efficacy of trays made with and without reservoirs, in conjunction with time and cost evaluations, by measuring color change with home whitening procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracted human maxillary teeth (central incisors n = 20; canines n = 20; molars n = 20) and 60 artificial teeth (lateral n = 20; premolar n = 40) were mounted into ten typodonts. Tray fabrication was completed such that a block-out resin reservoir was placed on half of the buccal surface of the tray, while the other half remained without a reservoir. Whitening with custom fabricated trays was performed based on two different whitening regimens, where each regimen was assigned to five typodonts: Night-time: Opalescence PF 10% carbamide peroxide for 8 hours daily and Day-time: Philips DayWhite 9.5% hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes, twice daily. Both systems were applied for 1 week. To evaluate tooth shade, the VITA Easyshade® Advance 4.0 spectrophotometer was used. Color measurements were obtained at baseline (T1), 1-day post-whitening (T2), and 1 month post-whitening (T3). One-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc Tukey's HSD test, was used to detect significant difference in the overall color change (ΔE*) among the four groups at T2 and T3. Additionally, paired-sample t-test was used to assess difference in ΔE* between T2 and T3 treatment within each of four techniques of tray fabrication. RESULTS No significant difference in ΔE* was found among the four groups at T2 and T3 (p > 0.05 in each instance). There were significant differences in mean ΔE* between T2 and T3 treatment for the day white treatment groups without reservoir (6.96 vs 10.19 respectively; p = 0.0026) and with reservoirs (6.23 vs 9.79 respectively; p = 0.0031). CONCLUSION The use of reservoirs does not have a significant effect on whitening efficacy, regardless of type of whitening material and regimen. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of custom fabricated trays with or without reservoirs were equally effective in whitening teeth.
Broad_scale, dense amphipod tube aggregations on the sea bed: implications for resource species that utilize benthic habitats

During a research cruise to Georges Bank in 1999 to study the areas closed to fishing, broad areas of the sea floor (3000 km 2 ) were found to have a high percentage cover of emergent invertebrate tubes. Most of these tubes were attributable to the tubicolous epifaunal amphipod, Ericthonius rubricornis. Our data show the spatial extent that dense clumps of amphipod tubes could cover the sea floor on Georges Bank. When some of the same sites were sampled 1 yr later, in June 2000, thepercentcoverofthetubeclumpsontheseafloorwas significantly reduced. Biogenic structures, such as invertebrate tubes, are important features of benthic habitats and may provide protection for juvenile fish and invertebrate resource species. Our observations reiterate that biogenic habitat characteristics are not spatially and temporally stable and this needs to be recognized by fisheries managers when managing the living marine resources that utilize these habitats.
Vector Analysis of Ventricular Function—an Approach to the Study of Myocardial Performance

Evaluation of myocardial performance must take into consideration stroke work as related to ventricular force generation. A method has been developed where by pressure, flow velocity and their derivatives could be X-Y correlated and represented as vector loops, with time dashes to facilitate direction and amplitude analyses of the various loop components. Of several X-Y combinations, the most informative loops were those derived from: (1) LV pressure vs. aortic flow velocity (P-F loop); (2) LV pressure vs. derivative (P-dP/dt loop); (3) pressure derivative vs. flow derivative (dP/dt-dF/dt loop). Planimetry and analysis of the outgoing and returning limbs of the P-F loops enable separation of LV stroke work into its major early and late systolic components. These could be correlated with the P-dP/dt loops which reflect the corresponding ventricular force generation, and with the dP/dt-dF/dt loops which relate to work efficiency. In 10 adult dogs with chronically implanted aortic flow probes, various inotropic drugs and adrenergic blockers produced consistent changes in the loops indicating augmented or decreased myocardial performance. Loops obtained from children immediately before and after cardiopulmonary bypass provided information relative to changes in myocardial performance.
Dynamic document processing

The current role of computers in automatic document processing is briefly outlined, and some reasons are given why the early promise of library automation and of the mechanization of documentation processes has not been fulfilled.A new dynamic document environment is then outlined in which clustered files are searched and information is retrieved following an interactive user-controlled search process. Methods are described for an automatic query modification based on user needs, and for a continuous reorganization of the stored information as a function of earlier file processing and of normal collection growth. The proposed procedures provide powerful tools for information retrieval and for the control of dynamic library collections in which new items are continually added and ones are retired.
Adsorption Equilibrium of Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor on Zeolites 5A and 13X

Adsorption equilibria were measured for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide and water vapor on zeolites 5A and 13X using a volumetric apparatus. The experiments were conducted at (0, 25, and 50) °C with water loadings of (1.0, 3.4, and 9.4) mol·kg−1. With an increase in adsorbed water loadings, the loadings of weakly adsorbed CO2 decrease appreciably. Pure component data are described well by a multitemperature Toth isotherm. Binary data show a discrepancy with predictions of the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) but are described well by a virial excess mixing coefficient (VEMC) model, which adds corrective terms to the IAST to account for nonidealities. Data measured at lower CO2 partial pressures and higher water loadings show indications of chemisorption and carbonate formation.
Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Treating children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) has been a clinical challenge for pediatricians. We recruited 24 children (18 boys and six girls) with steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SRINS) who were <2 years. All patients were administered prednisone 2 mg/kg per day prior to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). By the end of the eighth week, MMF was initiated at 25–30 mg/kg daily for 6− 12 months. Prednisone dose was reduced stepwise. Biochemical assays were performed every 2 months. Complete remission was achieved in 15 patients, partial remission in six, and no response to MMF was noted in three. With MMF treatment, the levels of urinary protein and serum cholesterol decreased and that of serum albumin increased in a time-dependant manner. We demonstrated the MMF could reduce proteinuria in SRINS children <2 years. Our study suggests that MMF therapy might be an effective strategy for treating SRINS in children <2 years.
From Global, Finite-Time, Linear Computations to Local, Edge-Based Interaction Rules

A network of locally interacting agents can be thought of as performing a distributed computation. But not all computations can be faithfully distributed. This technical note investigates which global, linear transformations can be computed in finite time using local rules with time varying weights, i.e., rules which rely solely on information from adjacent nodes in a network. The main result states that a linear transformation is computable in finite time using local rules if and only if the transformation has positive determinant. An optimal control problem is solved for finding the local interaction rules, and simulations are performed to elucidate how optimal solutions can be obtained.
Soil organic carbon dynamics in the Pendleton long-term experiments: implications for biofuel production in Pacific Northwest.

Use of crop residues for biofuel production raises concerns on how removal will impact soil organic carbon (SOC). Information on the effects on SOC is limited and requires long-term experimentation. Fortunately, Pendleton long-term experiments (LTEs), dating to the 1930s, provide some answers. This study compared crop residue inputs and SOC balance in conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) systems with annual rotation ofWW and spring pea (Pisum sativum L.). The WW-SF consisted of crop residue (CR-LTE) (0-90 N ha -1 yr -1 , 11.2 Mgha -1 yr -1 of steer (Bos taurus) manure and 1.1 Mg ha -1 yr -1 of pea vines additions, residue burning, and tillage fertility (TF-LTE) (tillage- plow, disc, sweep, and N (0-180 kg ha -1 )). Winter wheat-pea (WP-LTE) rotation treatments included maxi-till (MT-disc/chisel), fall plow (FP), spring plow (SP), and no-till (NT). Soils were sampled (0-60-cm depth) at 10-yr intervals, and grain yield and residue data collected every year. In WW-SF systems, SOC was maintained only by manure addition and depleted at a rate of 0.22 to 0.42 Mg ha -1 yr -1 in other treatments. In WP-LTE, MT, FP, SP, and NT treatments increased SOC at the rate of 0.10, 0.11, 0.02, and 0.89 Mg ha -1 yr -1 , respectively. Minimum straw biomass to maintain soil organic carbon (MSB) in the CR-LTE, TF-LTE, and WP-LTE was 7.8, 5.8, and 5.2 Mg ha -1 yr -1 , respectively. Winter wheat-SF straw production was lower than MSB, therefore residue removal would exacerbate SOC decline. Harvesting straw residues under NT continuous cropping systems is possible when MSB and conservation requirements are exceeded.
Development of GIS-based models to predict plant community structure in relation to western juniper establishment

Abstract During the past 130 years, western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) has rapidly expanded into sagebrush communities impacting plant structure and function. Predictions of intercanopy shrub density and cover with woodland development can provide insight into site condition and ecological resiliency in western juniper encroached areas. The purpose of this study is to model shrub density and cover in relation to juniper competition across a heterogeneous landscape in a southeast Oregon watershed. Independent variables included in model development were derived from high-resolution color imagery, a 10 m digital elevation model, and field-based vegetation and soil moisture measurements. Juniper cover and three intercanopy classes, representing different levels of juniper competition, were delineated from 1:5000 scale color (RGB) imagery. A competition index was produced from the classified image representing a gradient of potential competition with juniper. An integrated moisture index was generated representing variability in soil moisture due to hillslope solar radiation, curvature of the landscape and flow path direction and flow accumulation (flow path density). Plant density, plant cover, and percent soil moisture (gravimetric) were measured from 10 m × 10 m plots located throughout the watershed study area. Multiple stepwise regression produced the best-fit model for predicting plant density or cover for mountain big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata ssp. vaseyana Beetle), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh)), and all shrub species combined. The prediction of total shrub density was significantly greater than expected by chance (p
Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray reduces breakthrough cancer pain intensity compared with placebo in people taking at least 60 mg daily oral morphine or equivalent.

Commentary on: RK Portenoy, AW Burton, N Gabrail, et al.; Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray 043 Study Group. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multiple-crossover study of Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray (FPNS) in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain.Pain2010;151:617–24.
The dynamics of bilateral intellectual property negotiations: Taiwan and the United States

Abstract This study analyzes the progress of copyright enforcement in Taiwan in the period from 1985 to 2000. As a rapidly industrializing region, Taiwan has faced significant pressure from its international trade partners to improve intellectual property protection. This pressure has been strongest from the United States, Taiwan's largest partner. Analysis of the progress of intellectual property protection in Taiwan provides an opportunity to learn more about the dynamics of intellectual property policy development in developing countries, and the impact of U.S. actions on internal IP politics and cultural development. The paper will survey the significant milestones in Taiwanese copyright policy development over the last two decades and conclude with a conceptual model that can be tested by analysis of other case studies of cross-jurisdiction intellectual property relationships.
TEXTURE MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL COOKED DRY BEANS BY THE PUNCTURE TEST

TEXTURE MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL COOKED DRY BEANS BY THE PUNCTURE TEST. M.C. BOURNE. J. Food Sci. 37, 751–753 (1972)-The Instron Universal Testing Machine was set up to puncture test a large number of cooked dry beans, one bean at a time, by using the distance cycling controls on the machine. The punch is caused to cycle between two preset distance limits at a predetermined speed, permitting the operator to devote full attention to placing and removing beans in the puncture cup. 10 beans per minute can be conveniently tested by this procedure. The number of peak force heights in 20 selected force ranges are counted off from the chart, making for rapid retrieval of data. Tests on cooked dry beans show that the number of beans in each texture range follows approximately a normal distribution pattern, except for the presence of a few exceptionally hard beans which cause the distribution curve to tail off into the high puncture-force range.
Compensation for instrument losses

THE RELATIVE LOCATION in a circuit of a wattmeter, voltmeter, and ammeter generally requires careful consideration. The wattmeter reading will be greater than the load power by the power loss in the potential circuits or the current circuit, depending on the connection used. Ammeter or voltmeter readings will also differ for the same reason from the load value they should represent.
A family of densities derived from the three-parameter dirichlet process

The traditional Dirichlet process is characterized by its distribution on a measurable partition of the state space-namely, the Dirichlet distribution. In this paper, we consider a generalization of the Dirichlet process and the family of multivariate distributions it induces, with particular attention to a special case where the multivariate density function is tractable.
Suppression of Band Edge Migration at the p-GaInP2/H2O Interface under Illumination via Catalysis

The band edges of p-GaInP2 are observed to migrate toward negative potentials during current flow under illumination in solutions with pH ranging from 1 to 14.5. The migration is not caused by a change in the pH of the semiconductor microenvironment but is a result of accumulation of photogenerated electrons at the p-GaInP2/water interface due to poor interfacial kinetics. This less than optimal interfacial charge-transfer rate can be catalyzed by treating the surface with transition-metal ions (e.g., RuIII, RhIII, CoIII, OsIII) which results in a suppression of band edge migration. As compared to an unmodified p-GaInP2 surface, the metal-ion treatment does not induce any appreciable band edge shift in the dark but effectively suppresses the band edge migration under illumination. RuIII and RhIII are found to act as better hydrogen-evolution catalysts than electrodeposited Pt.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION OF RNA TUMOR VIRUS REPLICATION IN VITRO AND EVALUATION OF CANDIDATE ANTIVIRAL AGENTS IN VIVO

A limited number of biologically active materials were examined for their relative ability to selectively inhibit the replication of Gross or Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MLV) in Swiss mouse embryo cells by means of the UV-XC plaque-reduction assay. Among the compounds demonstrating significant antiviral activity against Gross MLV in vitro were 1-(4-fluorobenzyloxy) adenosine (FBAR), polyadenylic acid [poly(A)], the carbocyclic analogue of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside (C-MeMPR), 3-(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazonemethyl)rifamycin SV (AF/DNFI), and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA). Five compounds that exhibited significant antiviral activity against MLV in vitro were tested for similar activity against Rauscher MLV in vivo. Three of these selected compounds, pyrazofurin (pyrazomycin), ribavirin (Virazole), and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), produced a significant (50%-100%) inhibition of virus-induced splenomegaly development in mice, whereas the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, the other two candidate inhibitors, 3-deazauridine (deazaUR) and rifamycin SV, failed to demonstrate any in vivo activity in this 21-day leukemogenesis assay. The administration of an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (Co-vidarabine) in combination with ara-A resulted in an enhanced antiviral response in both infected cell cultures and animals. Co-vidarabine also increased the potency of ara-AMP against Gross MLV in vitro, indicating the probable dephosphorylation of the compound to ara-A and its subsequent deamination to ara-H in this system.
Strain and temperature sensitivity of very-thin low-density tantalum films

Low-density tantalum thin films, several-hundred angstroms thick, sputtered at 1500 V can exhibit relatively stable strain-gauge factors of the order ten, after heat treatment at 150 to 200°C. Temperature compensation can be obtained by means of a bridge network energised with a current source.
An experimental and numerical investigation of the structure of steady two-dimensional partially premixed methane-air flames

Steady two-dimensional partially premixed slot-burner flames established by introducing a rich fuel-air mixture from the inner slot and air from the two outer slots are investigated. Numerical simulations are conducted using detailed chemistry, velocity measurements are made using particle image velocimetry, and images of the chemiluminescent reaction zones are obtained. Two reaction zones are evident: one in an inner rich-side premixedlike flame and the other in an outer lean-side non-premixed flame. Validation of the predictions involves a comparison of the (1) premixed and non-premixed flame heights, (2) the double-flame structure and (3) velocity vectors. The measured and predicted velocity vectors are in good agreement and show that the flame interface separates smaller velocity magnitudes on the reactant side from large values on the (partially) burned side. The outer flame temperature is higher than that of the inner premixed flame. A substantial amount of methane leaks past the inner flame and reacts in the outer non-remixed zone. The inner flame produces partially oxidized products such as H2 and CO, which provide the fuel for the non-premixed flame. The initiation reaction CH4+H⇔CH3+H2 proceeds strongly at the base of the flame where both the inner and outer flames are connected and at the tip of the inner flame, and it is weak along the sides of both inner and outer flames in accord with the chemiluminescent images. Carbon dioxide formation through the reaction CO+OH⇔CO2+H is more diffuse than methane consumption in the outer flame, because the availability of hydroxyl radicals in that region is limited through oxidizer transport.
The price of immunity

Resistance mechanisms of the innate and adaptive immune responses prevent the colonization of foreign organisms in unwanted anatomical sites and participate in tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis after damage induced either by the invasion of pathogenic microbes or by the organism's response to them. The intensity of the response is controlled and limited by positive and negative feedback circuits that aim at preventing collateral tissue damage. In this Review we will discuss the protective and pathogenic effects of host-commensal microbiota mutualism on the immune response and illustrate some examples of collateral tissue and systemic damage caused by immunity to pathogens.