cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expressions of recombinant venom allergen, antigen 5 of yellowjacket (Vespula vulgaris) and paper wasp (Polistes annularis), in bacteria or yeast.

Abstract Antigen 5 is a major allergen of vespid venom. It has partial sequence identity with proteins from diverse sources. The biologic function of Ag 5 and its related proteins is not known. We are interested in the expression of Ag 5 with the native conformation of the natural protein since its B cell epitopes are mainly of the discontinuous type. When expressed in bacteria, recombinant Ag 5 formed an insoluble intracellular product, and it did not translocate from cytoplasm to periplasm by the addition of a pelB leader sequence to the cloned protein. When expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris, Ag 5 was secreted because the cloned protein contained a yeast α signal leader sequence. Recombinant Ag 5 from yeast was shown to have the native structure of the natural protein and the recombinant Ag 5 from bacteria did not. This was shown by comparison of their solubility, electrophoretic behavior, disulfide bond content, CD spectrum, and binding of IgE antibodies from allergic patients and IgG antibodies from mice immunized with natural Ag 5 or recombinant Ag 5s from yeast or bacteria. These studies were made with Ag 5s from yellowjacket ( Vespula vulgaris ) and paper wasp ( Polistes annularis ).
Using In-Depth Science Instruction to Accelerate Student Achievement in Science and Reading Comprehension in Grades 1 - 2

This study focused on accelerating development of science knowledge and understanding at the primary level (grades 1 – 2) as a means for enhancing reading comprehension (i.e. early literacy). An adaptation of a grade 3 – 5 cognitive-science-based, instructional model (Science IDEAS) that integrated science with reading and writing, this year-long study implemented daily 45-min instructional periods emphasizing in-depth, cumulative learning of science core-concept “clusters” while integrating science and literacy in a manner that provided teachers with a thematic focus for all aspects of instruction. Results (a) confirmed the feasibility of implementing the integrated, in-depth science model at the primary level and (b) showed that experimental students obtained significantly higher achievement on Iowa Tests of Basic Skills Science and Reading tests than comparable controls. Discussed are curricular policy implications for increasing the instructional time for content-area instruction at the primary level.
Potential Intrusiveness of Aware Home Technology: Perceptions of Older Adults

Older individuals in particular might benefit from an aware domestic environment. Yet, fear of intrusion is a potential barrier that might keep older adults from adopting smart technologies in the ...
Pressure recovery in bileaflet heart valve prostheses. Localized high velocities and gradients in central and side orifices with implications for Doppler-catheter gradient relation in aortic and mitral position.

Background We investigate pressure recovery in central and side orifices of St Jude valves and the effect of mitral versus aortic position on the relation between Doppler- and catheter-derived pressure gradients. Methods and Results Maximum, transvalvular, and net pressure gradients are calculated and compared with Doppler-derived gradients in an in vitro model. Pressure recovery and pressure loss coefficients are calculated. Simultaneous Doppler and catheter gradients are obtained intraoperatively in five patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. Centerline Doppler gradients correspond closely with maximum catheter gradients but are higher than transvalvular and net pressure gradients. Thirty-six percent of the initial pressure drop is recovered between the valve leaflets and is independent of valve size or configuration. A variable amount of postvalvular pressure recovery is observed depending on aortic or mitral configuration. Side orifice velocities are 85±4% of the centerline velocities. Incorpor...
Seedling and clonal recruitment of the invasive tree Psidium cattleianum: implications for management of native Hawaiian forests.

Abstract Non-native plants present serious management problems in many preserves. Strawberry guava Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae), a small tree and aggressive invader of tropical areas, is rapidly spreading through many Hawaiian forests including those of the two US national parks in Hawaii. Feral pigs and non-native birds disperse Psidium seeds; pigs also create soil disturbances that may enhance the tree's spread. Our study of guava's reproductive biology focussed on its dependence on non-native animals. We found that the abundantly produced seed germinated rapidly under a wide range of conditions, without scarification. Psidium seedlings occur on the same substrates as do native seedlings, usually on undisturbed sites. Both seedlings and clonally produced suckers are common, but suckers contribute greater leaf areas. Guava's clonal growth may partially explain its success in dominating native forests. Apparently germination and establishment do not depend on animal dispersal, or on disturbances created by pigs; thus, control of the plant cannot rest entirely on control of non-native animals.
Modeling distributed parameter systems using Jacobi vectors

This paper discusses a method for obtaining state models for distributed parameter systems which are normally modeled by partial differential equations. The partial differential equations need not be of any particular form (other than linear), and they may possess any number of spatial dimensions. The approach is felt to have application where distributed systems are to be controlled by a finite number of discrete inputs. The modeling process is accomplished using Jacobi vectors (derived from Jacobi polynomials) which provide a framework for analysis and are the basis of the modeling process.
Does abnormal bile acid metabolism contribute to NEC

Bile acids (BAs) facilitate emulsification, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver and are essential for normal digestion. However, accumulation of BAs in the intestine can result in damage to the intestinal epithelium. Using the neonatal rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), we have recently shown that BAs accumulate in both the ileal lumen and enterocytes of neonatal rats with NEC and the increased BA levels are positively correlated with disease severity. Importantly, when BAs are not allowed to accumulate, neonatal rat pups develop significantly less disease. In addition, BA transporters are altered during disease development. These data indicate that BAs play an important role in the development of experimental NEC, and suggest that the inability of neonatal rats to adequately regulate BA transporters may be a mechanism by which ileal damage occurs.
The Bearing Capacity Character of Enlarged Base Shallow Foundation under Uplift Load

By theory analysis and field tests, failure model of soil around foundation and ultimate uplift resistance of enlarged bass shallow foundation were analyzed. The results showed that the deformation and failure process of soil around foundation under uplift load undergone three phases: 1) soil upon enlarged base compressed, 2) appearance and extension of plastic zone of soil around foundation, and 3) soil around foundation general shear failure. With the combination of the Limit Equilibrium Method, and Sliding Curve Theory, a simplified theory model to calculate net ultimate uplift resistance of shallow foundation assuming cir failure surface under uplift load was established. Then three examples were calculated by this method and the good agreement between theory calculation solution and experimental results validated the rationality of the model. The study in this paper provided an important theoretical support and brand-new idea on calculation method of uplift capacity of foundation with enlarged base and failure surface characteristics determination of soil around foundation.
Estimate of loads during wing-vortex interactions by Munk's transverse-flow method

The inviscid, incompressible interaction of a wing with a vortex is studied by use of Munk's transverse-flow method. The method assumes that the loading on the wing is such that the local circulatory flow of the vortex is turned so that the wing and its vortex wake act as a barrier to the flow. This permits the analysis to be carried out by mapping the transverse flowfield into the flow about a circle to find the vorticity distribution in the wake. Closed-form expressions are then derived for the bound circulation in the wind and for the lift and rolling moment induced by the vortex on the encountering wing. Comparisons of the loads predicted by these relationships with those of vortex-lattice theory for a flat wing of a rectangular planform indicate that they accurately represent the various parameters when the aspect ratio of the encountering wing is less than about two. When flat rectangular wings of higher aspect ratios are considered, some sort of correction is needed. Examples are then presented to illustrate some applications of the results.
Radioisotope X-ray fluorescence: A rapid, precise, inexpensive method to determine bulk elemental concentrations of geologic samples for determination of porosity in hydrocarbon reservoirs

Abstract Instrumental elemental analysis requiring only desk-top equipment can now be used to quickly perform assays on rock samples. Monochromatic radiation from radioisotope sources irradiating 44 mg of rock powder cause X-ray fluorescence with X-rays emitted recorded by computer-based multi-channel analyzer display programs. Although many sources may be used to fluoresce the sample, a 109 Cd radiation source fluoresces elements heavier than Ca and lighter than Mo, in a single scan. Calibration of peak intensities using standards of any element between Ca and Mo, enables quantitative determination of the concentration of that element. A specific application of this system is to determine weight-percent Fe concentration (to 0.1% precision) in carbonate rocks. These data allow better understanding of geophysical well logs intended to assist in location of porosity and hydrocarbons.
The 45Sc(p, n) reaction as a source of monoenergetic 10–50 keV neutrons

Abstract The use of the 45 Sc(p,n) reaction as a monoenergetic source of 10–50 keV neutrons is compared to the frequently used 7 Li(p,n) reaction. The lower cross section in the 45 Sc(p,n) case is compensated for by the spectral purity of the beam, which is shown to be a major drawback in the 7 Li(p,n) case. Detailed yield curves are given for the 45 Sc(p,n) reaction to 110 keV above threshold.
Studies of tamoxifen as a promoter of hepatocarcinogenesis in female Fischer F344 rats

Tamoxifen, an antiestrogen used in the treatment of breast cancer, was assessed for carcinogenic potential in the two-stage model of experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Groups of female Fischer F344 rats were initiated with a non-necrogenic, subcarcinogenic dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN; 10 mg/kg, po) and fed tamoxifen at a concentration of 250 mg per kg of AIN-76A diet for 6 or 15 months. The livers of these animals exhibited an increase in size and number of altered hepatic foci compared with those animals which were initiated with DEN but not exposed to tamoxifen. This finding indicates that tamoxifen may have a carcinogenic potential in the rat liver. After 6 months of treatment, neoplastic nodules were observed in 3/8 rats in the DEN-initiated, tamoxifen-treated group. In the initiated group provided with tamoxifen for 15 months, neoplastic nodules were observed in 7/8 rats and hepatocellular carcinomas in 3/8 rats. The serum level of tamoxifen in these rats was 200–300 ng/ml. The ratio of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, and N-desmethyl tamoxifen was 1:0.1:0.5-1 in the serum. When adjusted for age-related weight increases, the serum and liver levels of tamoxifen and its N-desmethyl metabolite did not change over the 15 months. In the rat liver, the level of tamoxifen and its N-desmethyl metabolite was 10-29 µg/g liver after 6 or 15 months of chronic dietary administration. The ratio of tamoxifen:4-hydroxy tamoxifen:N-desmethyl tamoxifen was 1:0.1:1.3-2.3 in the liver. Therefore, the liver had 20- to 30-fold more tamoxifen and 4-hydroxy tamoxifen and at least 100-fold more N-desmethyl tamoxifen than the serum (assuming 1 gram of tissue is equivalent to 1 ml of serum). These results indicate that tamoxifen is a promoting agent for the rat liver at serum levels found in patients given the usual therapeutic course of tamoxifen. The high concentrations of tamoxifen attained in the rat liver indicate that actions other than its known estrogenicity for liver could contribute to its promoting action. In addition, these results indicate that the pharmacodynamic differences in tamoxifen metabolism in rats and humans and at low versus high doses should be determined. Thus, the therapeutic indications for tamoxifen should be balanced by the potential risk it may present as a promoting agent in mammalian liver.
Fabry-Perot-interferometer imaging system for thermospheric temperature and wind measurements

Doppler-broadened Fabry-Perot fringes of weak (less than 1-kR) auroral forbidden O I 5577- and 6300-A emissions have been detected in real time (1/60 sec) with the aid of a low-light level image-orthicon TV camera coupled to a two-stage image intensifier. The imaging scheme permits static-mode operation of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. For maximum use of all the information contained in every TV frame, each circular fringe may be sectioned into several annuli, and the corresponding annuli from all rings are summed to yield an intensity value. This procedure for deriving a fringe profile requires a video digitizer coupled to a digital processing system and should provide fast real-time (1/60 sec) measurements of E- and F-region temperatures and winds. With forbidden O I 5577-A intensity of 750 R, visually prominent TV images of the Fabry-Perot fringes were recorded in 0.5 sec, and the temperature of the emitting region was determined from two percent of the total information in the TV image.
On polyhedral extension of some LP theorems

McLinden (Mathematical Programming 24 (1982) 162---176) has extended theorems of Tucker (1956) and Williams (1970) on the complementarity behaviour of feasible and optimal solutions to a pair of canonical linear programs to proper convex polyhedral functions. He achieved this by heavily using the well-developed machinery of convex analysis. In this note, we prove most of his results mainly using linear programming theory.
History and Class Consciousness / A Defense of the History of Class Consciousness: Tailism and the Dialectic

Our field continues to debate the nature of a materialist rhetorical theory. Critics of Marxism have leveled the charge that Marxist discourse theories do not fathom the problem of mediation, or th...
A prospective, randomized comparison of 3 contemporary bioprosthetic aortic valves: should hemodynamic performance influence device selection?

Objective Latest generation biologic aortic valve prostheses were designed to improve hemodynamic performance. We sought to determine whether there are clinically important early differences among these devices. Methods Three hundred adults with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement were randomized to receive the Edwards Magna, Sorin Mitroflow, or St. Jude Epic bioprostheses (n = 100, n = 101, n = 99, respectively). Early hemodynamic performance was studied by echocardiography. Results Mean patient age was 76 ± 8 years and there were 203 men (68%). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics among implant groups. Early mortality was 1.7%, and there were no differences in early adverse events. Postoperative echocardiography showed small but statistically significant differences overall between the Magna, Mitroflow, and Epic valves in mean gradient (14.2 mm Hg, 16.3 mm Hg, 16.5 mm Hg, respectively; P = .011), aortic valve area (2.05 cm 2 , 1.88 cm 2 , 1.86 cm 2 , respectively; P = .012), and indexed aortic valve area (1.05 cm 2 /m 2 , 0.97 cm 2 /m 2 , 0.95 cm 2 /m 2 , respectively; P = .012). Prosthetic performance was similar among all with a small (≤21 mm) aortic annulus. Patients who received the Magna device with a 23-mm annulus had slightly greater indexed aortic valve area; those with >23 mm had a slightly lower transprosthetic gradient. Analogous trends were found when data were stratified by either commercial implant size or echocardiography-determined aortic annulus size. Severe patient–prosthesis mismatch was infrequent overall and was similarly low among devices ( P value not significant). Conclusions This prospective, randomized comparison reveals that there are small but consistent early postoperative hemodynamic differences among current third-generation porcine and pericardial aortic valve prostheses. The 3 valves studied performed equally well in patients with a small (≤21 mm) aortic annulus. The Magna valve had a slightly lower mean gradient in those with larger annular size (>23 mm). Longitudinal follow-up of these randomized cohorts is essential to determine late clinical implications of these early postoperative findings.
Das Modell der ‘alten’ Komödie. Zu Lenz' «Lustspielen nach dem Plautus»Helmut Kreuzer zum 60. Geburtstag

Summary Die Traditionen des volkstumlichen«Lachtheaters»sind in Deutschland spatestens seit dem fruhen 18. Jahrhundert erfolgreich unterdruckt oder abgewertet worden. Dies last sich exemplarisch etwa an der deutschen Plautusrezeption verfolgen. Freilich gab es gerade in diesem Fall auch hochst produktive (wenn auch nicht traditionsbildende) ‘Rettungs’-oder Amalgamierungsversuche: neben Lessing hat sich vor allem auch der Sturm und Drang Autor Lenz intensiv mit dem klassischen romischen Komodienautor beschaftigt. Die Analyse seiner wichtigsten ubersetzungen zeigt, wie konsequent Lenz der Sujets der Vorlage an deutsche Verhaltnisse angepast hat, die Figuren sozial konturierte und die derbe Plautinische Komodiantik in den Dienst einer aufklarerischen Gesellschaftskritik zu stellen suchte. Gleichzeitig erweisen sich die schon von den Zeitgenossen hochgeschatzten«Neuschopfungen»als wichtige Vorstufe der Lenzschen Dramatik und Komodientheorie. Ich setze noch hinzu, das wer die Kunst besitzt, sokratisch zu lachen, aus diesem wie aus allen andern Lustspielen unsers uralten Komikus mehr Wahres, Gutes und Schones sehen und lemen wird, als aus allem faden Geschwatz auf unsern heutigen Buhnen, das weder vergnugt noch unterrichtet (…).» Lenz - ein Schatten nur einer ungesehenen Tradition2.
Fully reduced ribonuclease A does not expand at high denaturant concentration or temperature

The dimensions of a denatured protein, fully reduced ribonuclease A (r-RNase A), have been measured using synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering. The radius of gyration, 34-35 A, is unchanged from 0-6 M guanidinium chloride and from 20-90 degrees C at pH 2.5, and agrees with the known scaling behavior for a multitude of chemically denatured states. The polypeptide is behaving as a statistical coil in the non-interacting, high-temperature limit.
Potassium uptake by Marianna plum under limited oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide levels in the root atmosphere

Abstract Potassium (K) uptake rates were determined for Marianna 2624 rootstocks with ‘French’ prune scions using the nutrient solution depletion technique. The nutrient solutions were bubbled with factorial combinations of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) to create treatment root atmospheres with O2 ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 m3/m3 and CO2 ranging from 0 to 0.05 m3/m3. The K+ uptake rate was more susceptible to O2 deprivation than to elevated CO2 in the root atmosphere. Decreasing O2 levels from 0.10 m3/m3 decreased K+ uptake in a hyperbolic fashion to no net uptake at 0.01 m3/m3 O2. Increasing root atmosphere CO2 from 0 to 0.05 m3/m3 had a small depressing effect on net K+ influx from 60 μM K+ solutions at 0.10 and 0.05 m3/m3 O2, but no effect when O2 was 0.025 or 0.01 m3/m3. Elevating CO2 decreased Km for the net K+ influx rate at 0.10 and 0.05 m3/m3 O2. Increased pH buffering from higher HCO3 concentration at the plasma membrane surface was suggested to explain the CO2 effect on Km.
Viking 1975 Mars Lander interactive computerized video stereophotogrammetry

A novel computerized interactive video stereophotogrammetry system has been developed for analysis of Viking 1975 lander imaging data. Prompt, accurate, and versatile performance is achieved. Earth-returned digital imagery data are driven from a computer to a pair of video monitors. Powerful computer support enables a photogrammetrist, stereoscopically viewing the video displays, to create diverse topographic products. Profiles, representing the intersection of any definable surface with the Martian relief, are readily generated. Vertical profiles and elevation contour maps, including stereo versions, are produced. Computer overlays of map products on stereo images aid map interpretation and permit independent quality evaluation. Slaved monitors enable parallel viewing. Maps span from the immediate foreground to the remote limits of ranging capability. Surface sampler arm specific vertical profiles enable direct reading of arm commands required for sample acquisition, rock rolling, and trenching. The ranging accuracy of plus or minus 2 cm throughout the sample area degrades to plus or minus 20 m at 100-m range.
Kinetic model for simulation of aerosol droplets in high-temperature environments

A kinetic flow model to determine the behavior of aerosol droplets injected into a high-temperature gas environment is presented. Droplet heating, desolvation, coalescence, and transport are considered. The desolvation rate of droplets is calculated with a continuum heat transfer and a mass-loss model that uses the Fuks correction to account for kinetic effects. Droplet transport is modeled with the Cunningham slip flow correction factor applied to Stokes’s law. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to model droplet‐droplet collisions, with the collision outcome determined with the use of the Ashgriz‐Poo coalescence model. The developed computational tool is applied to the simulation of droplet evolution in a spatially uniform background gas and that of an argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP). We find that consideration of transitional regime effects reduces the desolvation rate and the droplet drag. In addition, the simulation shows that droplet coalescence leads to a significant increase in the penetration depth of the aerosol even into a high-temperature ICP environment.
On Intensity-Based Nonmetric Visual Servoing

This paper considers the problem of vision-based robot stabilization where the equilibrium state is defined via a reference image. Differently from most solutions, this study directly exploits the pixel intensities with no feature extraction or matching and uses only nonmetric information of the observed scene. Intensity-based techniques provide higher accuracy, whereas not requiring metric information increases their versatility. In this context, this paper further exploits the epipolar geometry and its intrinsic degeneracies. Such degeneracies always occur when that stabilization is sufficiently close to the equilibrium, regardless of the object shape. This remarkable fact allows the development of new vision-based control strategies with varying degrees of computational complexity and of prior knowledge. Importantly, they are arranged hierarchically from the simplest to the state-of-the-art ones, all in a unified framework. Three new local methods are then presented, and their closed-loop performances are experimentally assessed using both planar and nonplanar objects, under small and large displacements, simulating and employing a six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm.
Ties That Bind: Governmentality, the State, and Asylum in Contemporary Ireland

Coinciding with the so-called ‘Celtic Tiger’ boom of the 1990s, Ireland experienced a momentous shift in long-standing patterns of migration, with significant in-migration and an unprecedented change in population dynamics. Asylum seekers form a small and noteworthy group within the population in association with several recent legislative changes. In 2003 a previously granted guarantee of residency rights for so-called ‘non-national’ migrant parents whose children were born in Ireland was withdrawn; subsequently, in 2004 voters endorsed a referendum doing away with the Irish Constitution's provision for birthright citizenship. With this, many asylum seekers and their children who were born in Ireland were excluded from the possibility of establishing intimate ties within society and to the state. This social context forms the backdrop for examining the intersections between governmentality and the intimate ties between populations and nation-state. Drawing on recent attention to Foucault's lectures on Se...
Modifying Beliefs and Behavior through Self‐Confrontation*

Self-confrontation theory is a cognitive-consistency-based model of behavioral and cognitive change developed by Milton Rokeach. The theoretical origins and major concepts of self-confrontation theory are elaborated, along with a review of experimental tests and evidence supporting the theory. The sociological relevance of self-confrontation theory and research is discussed.
Microdetermination of inorganic sulfate using thin-layer plates

Abstract Inorganic sulfate was precipitated on cellulose thin-layer plates with the radioactive reagent, 133 BaCl 2 . Excess reagent was removed by repeated washings with an acidic BaCl 2 solution. The residual activity was transferred to vials by cutting out the point of application and its immediate surroundings. Counting was performed in a scintillation well γ-counting system. The concentration-activity curve was linear.
Vertical Takeoff Rescue Amphibious Firefighting Tiltrotor Design Report

The design of the proposed amphibious tiltrotor aircraft was conducted by a team of 10 undergraduate students as a capstone design project. The aircraft was designed to meet requirements specified by the NASA Amphibious Tiltrotor Competition. The aircraft is required to take off and land vertically on both water and land, as well as having an 800 nm range and a cruise speed of 300 kts. The payload is up to 50 passengers or water for firefighting operations. A dual fuselage concept, named the Vertical Transport Rescue Amphibious Firefighting Tiltrotor (V.T. R.A.F.T.) was proposed as the design best suited to fulfill the mission. The aircraft can perform vertical flight operations with a maximum takeoff gross weight (TOGW) of 62,460 lb. The aircraft can accommodate 50 passengers or 12,000 lb of water, in addition to 10,175 lb of fuel. Two 6150 shp turboshaft engines power the aircraft, it can change from helicopter mode to airplane mode in 30 sec. The choice of a dual fuselage allows stability in a sea state of up to four, eliminates the need for pontoons, and reduces the aerodynamic loading on the main spar. The dual fuselage also enhances aerial rescue capabilities by providing a rescue area shielded from the rotor downwash
Socioeconomic Status and Survival of People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection before and after the Introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome-associated mortality contributes considerably to overall mortality rates among adults in the United States. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine conceptual approaches that have been used to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus and their survival and summarize existing evidence regarding the association between socioeconomic status and mortality due to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome. Methods: We systematically retrieved neighborhood and individual-level studies of acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome-related or all-cause mortality among patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus that reported original data and analyzed socioeconomic status as a predictor of mortality. Results: We included 21 studies (19 cohort and 2 case-control studies). Heterogeneity in both the conceptual approaches to socioeconomic status measurements and selection of variables for the adjustment of the measure of association precluded meta-analysis of the results. Six studies observing populations before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy found that socioeconomic status was not associated with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome mortality. In the post- highly active antiretroviral therapy period socioeconomic status was inconsistently associated with Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome mortality risk in studies adjusting for highly active antiretroviral therapy use. Conclusion: Further studies considering multilevel socioeconomic status measurements and controlling for treatment and clinical variables are needed to enhance understanding of the role of socioeconomic gradients on human immunodeficiency virus outcomes.
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES AND CRIME PREVENTION IN THE DEVELOPINGMETROPOLIS

Routine activities deliver easy crime opportunities to the offender. Astute planners and managers can interfere with this delivery, diverting flows of likely offenders (such as adolescents) away from streams of suitable targets (such as television sets). They can engineer traffic to provide “natural surveillance.” Past trends encouraged crime rate increases, but the developing metropolitan facility could reverse this, privatizing substantial portions of metropolitan turf.
Failure of spring turnover in Onondaga Lake, NY, U.S.A.

Onondaga Lake, N.Y., failed to turnover in the spring of 1986 because of the strong chemical stratification under the ice that developed as a result of ionic discharges from an alkali plant. This stratification had a negative impact on the O2 resources of the lake, as the lower depleted layers of the lake were not replenished with O2. Anoxia and anaerobiesis in the bottom water expanded following ‘ice-out’. Comparison of characteristics observed for the winter through spring interval of 1986 with historic data indicates Onandaga Lake has failed to experience spring turnover in a number of years (approximately 7 of the last 18 yr) because of the ionic discharges from the alkali plant.
Theory of high-pressure phases of Pb

We have studied the behavior of Pb at high pressure using the first-principles pseudopotential total-energy method, with spin-orbit effects treated within perturbation theory. Our calculations agree with recent experiments that indicate that Pb undergoes a phase transition to the bcc structure at pressures on the order of 100 GPa.
The Reaction of the Substrate Analog 2-Ketoglutarate with Adenosylcobalamin-dependent Glutamate Mutase

Abstract Glutamate mutase is one of several adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes that catalyze unusual rearrangements that proceed through a mechanism involving free radical intermediates. The enzyme exhibits remarkable specificity, and so far no molecules other than l-glutamate andl-threo-3-methylaspartate have been found to be substrates. Here we describe the reaction of glutamate mutase with the substrate analog, 2-ketoglutarate. Binding of 2-ketoglutarate (or its hydrate) to the holoenzyme elicits a change in the UV-visible spectrum consistent with the formation of cob(II)alamin on the enzyme. 2-ketoglutarate undergoes rapid exchange of tritium between the 5′-position of the coenzyme and C-4 of 2-ketoglutarate, consistent with the formation of a 2-ketoglutaryl radical analogous to that formed with glutamate. Under aerobic conditions this leads to the slow inactivation of the enzyme, presumably through reaction of free radical species with oxygen. Despite the formation of a substrate-like radical, no rearrangement of 2-ketoglutarate to 3-methyloxalacetate could be detected. The results indicate that formation of the C-4 radical of 2-ketoglutarate is a facile process but that it does not undergo further reactions, suggesting that this may be a useful substrate analog with which to investigate the mechanism of coenzyme homolysis.
Towards Aberration Correction of Transcranial Ultrasound Using Acoustic Droplet Vaporization

We report on the first experiments demonstrating the transcranial acoustic formation of stable gas bubbles that can be used for transcranial ultrasound aberration correction. It is demonstrated that the gas bubbles can be formed transcranially by phase-transitioning single, superheated, micron-size, liquid dodecafluoropentane droplets with ultrasound, a process known as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). ADV was performed at 550 kHz, where the skull is less attenuating and aberrating, allowing for higher-amplitudes to be reached at the focus. Additionally, it is demonstrated that time-reversal focusing at 1 MHz can be used to correct for transcranial aberrations with a single gas bubble acting as a point beacon. Aberration correction was performed using a synthetic aperture approach and verified by the realignment of the scattered waveforms. Under the conditions described below, time-reversal aberration correction using gas bubbles resulted in a gain of 1.9 +/- 0.3 in an introduced focusing factor. This is a small fraction of the gain anticipated from complete transmit-receive of a fully-populated two-dimensional array with sub-wavelength elements. (E-mail: khaworth@umich.edu).
Linear periodic systems: eigenvalue assignment using discrete periodic feedback

The eigenvalue assignment problem of a T-periodic linear system using discrete periodic state feedback gains is discussed. For controllable systems, an explicit formula for the feedback law is given that can be used for the arbitrary assignment of the eigenvalues of Phi /sub c1/(T,0), the closed-loop state transition matrix from 0 to T. For the special case of periodic systems controllable over one period, this control law can be used to obtain any desired Phi /sub c1/(T,0). >
DNA Electrochemistry with Tethered Methylene Blue

Methylene blue (MB′), covalently attached to DNA through a flexible C12 alkyl linker, provides a sensitive redox reporter in DNA electrochemistry measurements. Tethered, intercalated MB′ is reduced through DNA-mediated charge transport; the incorporation of a single base mismatch at position 3, 10, or 14 of a 17-mer causes an attenuation of the signal to 62 ± 3% of the well-matched DNA, irrespective of position in the duplex. The redox signal intensity for MB′–DNA is found to be least 3-fold larger than that of Nile blue (NB)–DNA, indicating that MB′ is even more strongly coupled to the π-stack. The signal attenuation due to an intervening mismatch does, however, depend on DNA film density and the backfilling agent used to passivate the surface. These results highlight two mechanisms for reduction of MB′ on the DNA-modified electrode: reduction mediated by the DNA base pair stack and direct surface reduction of MB′ at the electrode. These two mechanisms are distinguished by their rates of electron transfe...
Condensed tannins in Leucaena and their relation to psyllid resistance

Leucaena species and hybrids were examined to determine the relative content of condensed tannins and its relationship to susceptibility to defoliation by the Leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana). The interspecific Leucaena hybrid KX2 (L. leucocephala × L. pallida) was examined for variability of condensed tannin levels. A broad range of condensed tannin values were found which indicate potential for improved forage value through selection for KX2 trees with lower condensed tannin while maintaining psyllid resistance. A significant correlation was not found linking condensed tannins and psyllid resistance.
Effects of fibronectin-related peptides on cell spreading

Four synthetic peptides related in amino acid sequence to the area of the fibronectin molecule thought to be involved in cell binding were tested for the ability to inhibit cell spreading promoted by several different attachment factors. Effects of the peptides were assayed on a number of cell types. For all cell types tested, peptides effective at inhibiting fibronectin-promoted cell spreading were found also to inhibit cell spreading promoted by human serum spreading factor (SF). These peptides were also capable of inhibiting to a lesser extent cell spreading promoted by other attachment factors, although this phenomenon was dependent on the cell type examined.
Death education for advanced nursing practice

Abstract Transition Services is a graduate nursing program in the Department of Community Health Care Systems at the University of Washington's School of Nursing. The program was developed as a specific model of health care for preparing nurses to deliver personalized care to people with advanced cancer and their families. One important aspect of the graduate program is to prepare nurses who are knowledgeable and skillfull at providing terminal care to families in their homes. The article describes the clinical content of the program that helps graduate students to learn about the process of dying during three critical periods: before death, the death event, and bereavement.
Inhibitory effect of bovine follicular fluid on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.

Abstract To investigate its inhibitory properties, bovine follicular fluid was collected at different stages of the estrous cycle from small, medium, and large follicles. Follicular fluids were incubated with germinal vesicle stage, bovine oocytes aspirated from small follicles. Nuclear maturation was determined at 24h. Bovine follicular fluid inhibited the spontaneous maturation of bovine oocytes. The inhibition was reversed when follicular fluid was removed from oocyte cultures by 24h. Follicular fluid varied in its ability to inhibit germinal vesicle breakdown according to follicle size and estrual stage. Follicular fluid from both small and medium follicles at estrus had the greatest ability to prevent germinal vesicle breakdown but became less potent postestrus. Follicular fluid from large follicles at estrus had less ability to inhibit germinal vesicle breakdown than fluid from small and medium follicles. Strong germinal vesicle breakdown inhibiting activity was present in large, probably atretic follicles at late metestrus, early diestrus, and mid diestrus. However, follicular fluid from large follicles had less germinal vesicle breakdown inhibiting activity at proestrus than, follicular fluid from large follicles at late metestrus, early diestrus, and mid diestrus. This proestrual activity was similar to that in Graafian follicles at estrus.
Improved Specificity of ICA Assays in the Fourth International Immunology of Diabetes Serum Exchange Workshop

The goal of the Fourth International Workshop for Standardization of ICA Measurements was to determine the specificity of ICA assays and their ability to distinguish between control sera (n = 57) and sera from IDDM-related individuals--representing relatives of IDDM patients (n = 21), healthy individuals who later developed IDDM (n = 8), or newly diagnosed IDDM patients (n = 23). Results from 28 laboratories were analyzed. The mean specificity (percentage of control sera reported as negative) among 27 laboratories was 91%, including 6 laboratories with 100% specificity. Nevertheless, 78% of laboratories found at least one control sample > 0 JDF U. Among samples from first-degree relatives, the mean concordance was 86%, including three sera found negative (0 JDF U) by all laboratories. Among individuals who later developed diabetes, the mean concordance was 93%, with two sera found positive by 100% of laboratories. In sera from newly diagnosed IDDM patients, the mean concordance was 82%. Three sera were found positive and one serum negative by all laboratories. The JDF U of the sera considered to be positive were significantly greater than each laboratory's average for the controls. In conclusion, the results from laboratories participating in the Fourth International ICA Workshop demonstrated excellent specificity, good concordance, and an ability to separate control sera from defined, IDDM-related subjects.
Studies of human hemoglobin intermediates. The double mixing method for studying the reactions of the species Hb4(CO) and Hb4(CO)2.

Using the double mixing method we have studied the reactions of the partially liganded species (Hb4, Hb4L1, Hb4L2, Hb4L3) of normal human hemoglobin with carbon monoxide. In the first mixing, oxygen is removed from the species Hb4(O2)x(CO)y and at the second mixing the species Hb4(CO)y reacts with CO. At 90% saturation of oxyHb with CO the main intermediate species are Hb4(CO)3 and Hb4(CO)2, and at 10% saturation Hb4 and Hb4(CO). The four CO-combination rate constants determined are: l′1=1×105 m −1 s−1, l′2=7×105 m −1 s−1, l′3=2×105 m −1 s−1 and l′4=4·8×106 m −1 s−1. The results indicate that there is no monotonic increase in the successive CO-combination rate constants. It is difficult to explain these results on the basis of the two-state model ( Monod et al., 1965 ) or the stereochemical model of Perutz (1970) .
Polyaromatic ether‐ketones and polyaromatic ether‐ketone sulfonamides from 4‐phenoxybenzoyl chloride and from 4,4′‐dichloroformyldiphenyl ether

Polyaromatic ether-ketones possessing high thermal stabilities were prepared by Friedel—Crafts polymerizations from 4-phenoxybenzoyl chloride and from 4,4′-dichloroformyldiphenyl ether and diphenyl ether. Sulfonation and subsequent sulfamidation of these polymers afforded polyaromatic ether-ketone sulfonamides with different degrees of substitution depending on the reaction conditions. Sulfonation reactions with chlorosulfonic acid did not cause much degradation on the polymers. The polysulfonamides were soluble in various organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, or chloroform, and could be cast into transparent films. These polymers may be used as desalination membranes.
An electronic pollen detection method using Coulter counting principle

Abstract A method for detecting and counting pollen particles based on Coulter counting principle is presented. This approach also provides information on the size and surface charges of the micro particles, allowing for preliminary differentiation of pollens from other micro particles. Three samples are studied: polymethyl methacrylate particles, tree pollens from Juniperus Scopulorum and grass pollens from Secale Cerale. The samples, suspended in diluted KCl aqueous solutions in an electrochemical cell, were allowed to pass through a microchannel and the conductance of the microchannel was sampled with a Gamry ® Potentiostat. The changes in the conductance due to the passing of the micro particles was thus recorded and analyzed. The experimental results showed that tree pollens and grass pollens display distinctive behaviors. The phenomena may be attributed to the differences in the surface characteristics of the pollens and is potentially useful for counting and differentiating different micro particles.
Local two-phase heat transfer from arrays of confined and submerged impinging jets

Abstract Local heat transfer distributions at high spatial resolution are obtained under two-phase transport conditions in confined and submerged impingement from arrays of miniature jets. The dielectric liquid HFE-7100 is investigated to enable direct cooling of electronic components. Three round orifice geometries with the same total orifice open area are investigated, including a single orifice of 3.75 mm diameter, a 3 × 3 array of 1.25 mm diameter orifices, and a 5 × 5 array of 0.75 mm diameter orifices. A thin-foil heat source backed by a magnesium-fluoride window is fabricated to allow detailed mapping of the heated surface temperature via infrared (IR) thermography. The rigorous experimental calibration procedures employed, and correction for heat spreading within the thermally conductive IR-transparent window, yield low-uncertainty local heat transfer coefficient distributions. Each of the three orifice geometries is characterized at volumetric flow rates of 450 ml/min, 900 ml/min, and 1800 ml/min, resulting in a Reynolds number range of 1920–39400. Pressure drop across the confined jets is measured for all experimental cases. The test facility and measurement techniques employed are validated against heat transfer and pressure drop correlations in the literature for single-phase jet impingement from a single round orifice. Spatially resolved temperature contour maps, along with local heat transfer coefficient and boiling curves, are presented as a function of applied heat flux. Boiling is shown to coexist with single-phase convection under the impinging liquid jets. Two-phase enhancement is exhibited at large radial distances from the single jet axis, and in regions between neighboring jets within the arrays. The arrays of jets result in higher area-averaged heat transfer than a single jet at a fixed flow rate; however, the arrays display larger relative nonuniformity in local two-phase heat transfer coefficient and surface temperature. While the 5 × 5 array resulted in a higher (and the 3 × 3 a lower) pressure drop than the single jet, all orifices displayed pressure drop that is independent of the applied heat flux and vapor generation.
a possible ENSO signal in the Ross Sea

An examination of the observational record in the Ross Sea over the period 1982-1994 indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between the Ross Sea sea surface temperature (SST) and the ENSO signal in the tropical Pacific. During this period the Ross Sea SSTs lag the ENSO signal by 2-4 months with the highest correlation coefficient occurring with a lag of 3 months. Observations of the sea ice concentration during 1982-1994 also indicate a relation between the sea ice concentration in the Ross Sea and the ENSO cycle, with reduced sea ice concentrations in El Nino years.
Importance of Akt signaling pathway for apoptosis in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an acute respiratory tract infectious disease that is associated with a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Our recent study indicated that SARS-CoV infection induces activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the p38 MAPK inhibitor partially inhibited its cytopathic effect in Vero E6 cells. The results of the present study indicated that before cell death, Akt, which is an inhibitor of apoptosis, was also activated in response to viral replication. Phosphorylation of a serine residue on Akt was detected at least 8 h postinfection (hpi), which declined after 18 hpi. Thus, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is activated in virus-infected Vero E6 cells. However, a threonine residue was not phosphorylated. A downstream target of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta), was slightly phosphorylated, indicating that the level of activation of Akt was very low. PKCzeta, which is downstream of the PI3K pathway, was also phosphorylated in virus-infected cells. These results suggested that weak activation of Akt cannot prevent apoptosis induced by SARS-CoV infection in Vero E6 cells.
Language, Identity, and Marglnality In Indonesia: The Changing Nature of Ritual Speech on the Island of Sumba

Language, Identity, and Marglnality In Indonesia: The Changing Nature of Ritual Speech on the Island of Sumba. Joel C. Kuipers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xviii. 183 pp., plates, figures, tables, appendix, references, Index.