cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking cessation: Principles and practice based upon the AHCPR Guideline, 1996

Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of morbidity and premature mortality in the United States. Although the vast majority of smokers come in contact with the health care system on a regular basis, clinical smoking cessation interventions happen infrequently and in a non-systematic manner. In 1996, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) "Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline" provided detailed clinical practice recommendations based on a review of some 3,000 articles in the research literature and dozens of supporting meta-analyses. This article presents a simple four-step model for clinical smoking cessation interventions, including systematic identification of smoking status, brief cessation advice from clinicians, assessment of patient motivation, and detailed assistance for those willing to stop smoking. It also provides the empirical basis for the AHCPR Guideline recommendations.
Thermal dissociation of protonated cyclodextrin-amino acid complexes in the gas phase

Abstract Dissociation temperatures of protonated gas-phase amino acid-cyclodextrin complexes were determined by producing the complexes with electrospray ionization and passing them through a resistively heated capillary. The dissociation temperatures of the complexes increased with the number of hydrogen bonding interactions and the ability of the cyclodextrin host to sterically lock the amino acid guest in place. There was little correlation between the gas-phase basicity of the amino acid and the dissociation temperature. Molecular modeling was used to better understand the nature of the interactions.
Population-Based Design of Surface-Mounted Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

Permanent-magnet synchronous machines can be designed to obtain high efficiency and high torque density. Population-based optimization methods such as genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization are gaining acceptance as a means of optimizing the design of this class of machines. This paper builds on the literature by utilizing a computationally efficient machine analysis appropriate for use with population-based optimization methods that enables the consideration of a significantly larger search space than previously reported in the literature. It is also unique in that the relative performance of different parameter encoding and objective function formulations are considered.
Improved techniques for high accuracy isotope ratio measurements of nuclear materials using thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract A set of new techniques with significantly improved accuracy and precision has been developed and qualified for isotope ratio measurements of nuclear material using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). First, we have modified the classical total evaporation technique to provide both high precision and high accuracy for a broader range of isotope ratios. This NBL-modified total evaporation technique acquires isotope ratio data until the entire sample is consumed, similar to the classical total evaporation technique, but also corrects the usually low abundances of isotopes such as 234 U and 236 U for peak tailing contributions originating from the isotope intensities of 235 U and 238 U . Using the NBL-modified total evaporation technique, we have analyzed a series of NIST/NBL certified reference materials (CRMs) and report new results. For the 235 U / 238 U isotope ratio, the relative standard deviation (RSD) between sample turrets is below 0.01%, based on the analysis of 5–10 samples per sample turret. As a second new development, the NBL-modified total evaporation technique is combined with a multi-dynamic measurement routine that further improves the accuracy of the 234 U / 238 U and 236 U / 238 U isotope ratio measurements. Multi-dynamic isotope ratio measurements combine the simultaneous detection of multiple isotopes with dynamic cycling of mass in two or more steps. This technique is applied on a new mass spectrometer equipped with a dispersion quadrupole, which for the first time allows the necessary fast switching of the ion beam dispersion during multi-dynamic measurements. The advantage of multi-dynamic compared to static measurements is that the dependence of the isotope ratio results on both the cup efficiencies and the current amplifier gains is eliminated. The result is a higher degree of accuracy for nuclear materials analyses. The impact of the NBL-modified total evaporation and the multi-dynamic measurement techniques on several recent certification projects at NBL is demonstrated for uranium. These techniques have significantly improved reproducibility and accuracy for nuclear safeguards measurements and certification of nuclear materials. They have the potential to improve precision and accuracy for other mass spectrometric applications as well.
On the nucleation of partial dislocations in nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline face-centred-cubic (FCC) materials show unique mechanical properties. In this regard, an interesting but controversial discovery is that nanocrystalline FCC materials with high stacking-fault energy (SFE), such as aluminum (Al), exhibit a novel mechanism of deformation. In particular, both molecular dynamic simulations and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations show that for nanocrystalline Al mechanical twinning plays an important role in the deformation process. Yet these results are surprising, as the presence of partial dislocations in high SFE FCC metals are expected to be unstable. The purpose of this article is to offer a plausible explanation for the occurrence of stacking faults and deformation twins in nanocrystalline Al. A simple model is developed for the nucleation of both perfect and partial dislocation half-loops in individual single-crystal nanoparticles of Al and copper (Cu) with different sizes subjected to shear stress. The model shows that as the ...
The growth of single crystals of lead sulphide in silica gels at ambient temperatures - preliminary characterization and effect of various organic compounds as sulphide ion donors

Abstract The use of thioacetamide as sulphide ion donor for the growth of lead sulphide single crystals in silica gels at ambient temperatures is discussed. Data are presented on the chemical purity and certain pertinent electronic properties of the gel grown lead sulphide crystals. Other organo-sulphur compounds are experimentally evaluated as possible sulphide ion donors and compared with thioacetamide which compound has given the best results to date.
THE LAY OF THE LAND: BATTLEGROUNDS AND TERRAIN IN PARTY SCHOLARSHIP

There is no shortage of works on political parties and their relationship to governing institutions and political behavior. But unlike the study of legislatures, the courts, executives, or voters, party analysis has proceeded in a segregated fashion. Indeed, few integrative models have been advanced linking what parties are, what they do, and why they matter both normatively and empirically. In this paper we argue that four conceptual battlegrounds best summarize these works, and that within each there are common threads. Party scholarship has really been fought on three terrains: party organization and activities, party values and culture, and the party context. Before definitive answers can be reached and integrative models developed, scholars must first ask the same questions, and in the same language.
The Doublet Majoron Model and Solar Neutrino Oscillations

Abstract We present a minimal extension of the standard electroweak theory which, as a consequence of the spontaneous breaking of lepton number and the radiative origin of the neutrino mass, offers a natural framework for the solution of the solar neutrino problem through matter-enhanced neutrino oscillations (Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein mechanism). Indeed, we show that the presently available astrophysical bounds on the lepton-breaking vacuum expectation value naturally lead to neutrino masses in the required regime. The fact that the Majoron belongs to an SU(2)L doublet and not a triplet has relevant phenomenological implications. In particular, the scalar contribution to the Z0 width is four times smaller than in the triplet model and equivalent to 1 2 a neutrino-antineutrino mode. Relevant effects related to the presence of two physical singly charged scalars, both at the quantum and tree level, are studied. As a result we find that the model is tightly constrained by present data. In particular, for a wide range of parameters, the decay μ → eγ is within two orders of magnitude from the present experimental limit.
Restricted transcription of the herpes simplex virus genome occurring early after infection and in the presence of metabolic inhibitors.

Abstract There is restricted transcription of the genome of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) prior to viral DNA replication (early after infection). Restricted transcription also takes place in the presence of protein and DNA synthesis inhibitors. We have carried out an extensive kinetic analysis of the rate of solution hybridization between viral DNA and RNA found in cells under these conditions. Results of these analyses have demonstrated that there are two concentration classes of viral RNA synthesized during restricted transcription. The major component is homologous to 20% of the viral DNA; the minor concentration class of viral RNA is homologous to an undetermined portion of the remainder of the viral DNA. Prior to viral DNA replication the second class of RNA comprises no more than 10% of the total concentration of viral RNA. Also, the relative concentration of this second RNA component varies from less than 5% to 15% of total viral RNA synthesized in the presence of DNA and protein-synthesis inhibitors. The concentration of viral RNA early after infection is proportional to the multiplicity of infection. The multiplicity of infection has no effect on the fraction of the HSV genome expressed as major concentration classes of viral RNA. Several models of transcription consistent with these data are discussed.
Nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry and precursor ion monitoring for quantitative steroid analysis and attomole sensitivity.

Nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) mass spectrometry was performed on naturally occurring steriod sulfates and unconjugated steroids derivatized to their sulfate esters using precursor ion monitoring. Initially, an extraction method was developed based on a combinatorial approach employed to obtain the most efficient liquid/liquid extraction protocol. The new method allowed unconjugated steroids and their sulfated analogues to be isolated separately in a two-step procedure using diethyl ether/hexane (90:10, v/v) in the first step to extract the unconjugated steroids and chloroform/2-butanol (50:50, v/v) in the second step to extract steroid sulfates. Precursor ion scanning performed with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to examine quantitatively the extracted unconjugated and sulfated steroids, where the recovery efficiency averaged 70 and 87%, respectively. In addition, some steroids could be structurally elucidated by employing tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection for steroi...
“The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Friend” Is the Enemy: Dealing with the War-Provoking Rules of Intent

A set of rules often invoked to explain or justify the evolution of intentions and the consequent behavior of competitive systems consists of the following: The friend of my friend is my friend. The friend of my enemy is my enemy. The enemy of my friend is my enemy. The enemy of my enemy is my friend. These rules have been modeled as a set of nonlinear, coupled differential equations from which predictions can be derived as to eventual alliance building or conflict in the system, predictions which are quite ominous for the behavior of simple three-body systems. This paper presents illustrations of the application of the rules to international behavior and discusses the relationship between the rules as usually verbally applied and the associated mathematical models. Not all of these rules are equally desirable: behavior in accordance to the fourth rule has led to major difficulties in the “real world.” This fourth rule cannot just be dropped, since the four rules are not independent of each other in the m...
Automated tolerance analysis for CAPP system

Various computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems can produce different process plans, but few of them can deal with the specified design tolerances that have a significant influence on the process selection, machine selection, set-up and datum selection, operation sequencing, cutting condition decisions, and time and cost calculations; nor can they provide exact information on fixture/datum and the coordinates of the tool movements that are the necessary data for automated NC programming. The focus of this paper is on the discussion of an automated tolerance based analysis approach of CAPP systems.
Interprocedural side-effect analysis in linear time

We present a new method for solving Banning's alias-free flow-insensitive side-effect analysis problem. The algorithm employs a new data structure, called the binding multi-graph, along with depth-first search to achieve a running time that is linear in the size of the call multi-graph of the program. This method can be extended to produce fast algorithms for data-flow problems with more complex lattice structures.
Why the “epistemic” in epistemic rhetoric? The paradox of rhetoric as performance

In 1967 Robert L. Scott proclaimed that rhetoric is epistemic. Since then, some have declared the rhetorical epistemology controversy dead, suggesting that epistemology is not or should not be the linchpin of rhetorical theory. Implicitly, if not explicitly, theorists now appear to be suggesting that the meaning of rhetoric resides not in its epistemic foundations, but in its hermeneutic, pragmatic, and aesthetic dimensions, that is, in its “performance.” In this essay, we argue that there is no way to avoid an examination of epistemology when addressing the function and importance of the rhetorical enterprise. It is our contention that a theory of rhetoric as performance—one that eschews epistemic foundations—is paradoxical, nullifying the raison d'etre of rhetoric.
Partial NMR assignments and secondary structure mapping of the isolated α subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase, a 29‐kD TIM barrel protein

The α subunit of tryptophan synthase (αTS) from S. typhimurium belongs to the triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) or the (β/α)8 barrel fold, one of the most common structures in biology. To test the conservation of the global fold in the isolated Escherichia coli homolog, we have obtained a majority of the backbone assignments for the 29-kD αTS by using standard heteronuclear multidimensional NMR methods on uniformly 15N- and 15N/13C-labeled protein and on protein selectively 15N-labeled at key hydrophobic residues. The secondary structure mapped by chemical shift index, nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOEs), and hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange, and several abnormal chemical shifts are consistent with the conservation of the global TIM barrel fold of the isolated E. coli αTS. Because most of the amide protons that are slow to exchange with solvent correspond to the β-sheet residues, the β-barrel is likely to play an important role in stabilizing the previously detected folding intermediates for E. coli αTS. A similar combination of uniform and selective labeling can be extended to other TIM barrel proteins to obtain insight into the role of the motif in stabilizing what appear to be common partially folded forms.
Exploring polycythaemia vera with fluorescence in situ hybridization: additional cryptic 9p is the most frequent abnormality detected*

Between 1986 and 2001, 220 patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) were studied using conventional cytogenetics. Of 204 evaluable patients, 52 (25.4%) had clonal abnormalities. The recurrent chromosomal rearrangements were those of chromosome 9 (21.1%), del(20q) (19.2%), trisomy 8 (19.2%), rearrangements of 13q (13.4%), abnormalities of 1q (11.5%), and of chromosomes 5 and 7 (9.6%). Subsequent analysis of 32 patients, performed at follow-up of up to 14.8 years, revealed new clonal abnormalities in five patients and the disappearance of an abnormal clone in four. Eleven patients remained normal up to 11.5 years and seven patients maintained an abnormality for over 10 years. Fifty-three patients were studied retrospectively using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH), utilizing probes for centromere enumeration of chromosomes 8 and 9, and for 13q14 and 20q12 loci. Conventional cytogenetics demonstrated clonal chromosome abnormalities in 23% of these 53 patients. The addition of I-FISH increased the detection of abnormalities to 29% and permitted clarification of chromosome 9 rearrangements in an additional 5.6% of patients. FISH uncovered rearrangements of chromosome 9 in 53% of patients with an abnormal FISH pattern, which represented the most frequent genomic alteration in this series.
Evaluation of irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics in conjunction with radical mastectomy for cancer of the breast.

From 1948 through 1964, 978 patients with cancer of the breast were treated by radical mastectomy alone or in conjunction with pre- or postoperative irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics. Since 1954 with increasing availability of skin-sparing beams (60Co, 137Cs and electron beam), the dose to the supraclavicular and internal mammary chain nodes has been increased. This paper reviews over-all survival rates, survival rates related to the location of the tumor within the breast and the incidence of recurrences in the regional lymphatics and the chest wall. The analysis shows a very low incidence of supraclavicular disease and a negligible incidence of parasternal recurrences. Since 1955 chest wall recurrences have also been few. It seems that one can draw the conclusion that irradiation of the peripheral lymphatics in conjunction with radical mastectomy is worthwhile except for small tumors located in the outer quadrants with the axillary nodes negative in the surgical specimen.
The K + →π + +e + +e − decay

The decay rate for K+→π++e++e− is examined and is found to depend strongly upon the pion electromagnetic form factor. The branching ratio is estimated to be about 10−6.
Studies on the endocrine control of metabolism in II. Effect of the corpora cardiaca on fat-body respiration☆

Oxygen consumption of fat-body tissues was measured in vitro. Basal metabolism of fat body from egg-maturing females was relatively high, whereas that from pregnant females was rather low. Addition of homogenated corpora cardiaca stimulated respiratory metabolism of fat body from both egg-maturing and pregnant females. However, in the few cases in which the basal metabolism of the tissues from pregnant females was high the addition of corpora cardiaca inhibited respiration. The agents that influence respiratory metabolism are intrinsic to the corpora cardiaca since glands isolated for up to several months still contained the active principles. The corpora cardiaca are thus independent endocrine organs. Corpora, cardiaca from pregnant females apparently stimulate respiration more than do those from egg-maturing females. Observations of fat body respiration subsequent to various operations suggest that active corpora allata stimulate the production of biologically active substances by the corpora cardiaca, whereas the brain checks, via nervous pathways, their release from these glands.
Natural products as topoisomerase II poisons: effects of thymoquinone on DNA cleavage mediated by human topoisomerase IIα.

The seeds of Nigella sativa (often referred to as black seed) have long been utilized as a medicinal herb in Middle Eastern, Northern African, and Indian cultures. Historically, black seed has been used to treat a variety of illnesses associated with inflammation. More recent studies have found that it induces apoptosis and displays anticancer activity in animal and cellular models. The major bioactive compound of black seed is thymoquinone, which shares structural features with 1,4-benzoquinone and other covalent topoisomerase II poisons. Because a number of anticancer drugs target type II topoisomerases, we determined the effects of thymoquinone and a series of related quinones on human topoisomerase IIα. Thymoquinone enhanced enzyme-mediated DNA cleavage ∼5-fold, which is similar to the increase seen with the anticancer drug etoposide. In order to enhance cleavage, compounds had to have at least two positions available for acylation. Furthermore, activity was decreased by the inclusion of electron-dona...
Elevation of guinea pig brain preprodynorphin mRNA expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity by "binge" pattern cocaine administration.

Abstract The endogenous opioid system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have been implicated in many of the neurobiological effects of cocaine. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that “binge” pattern cocaine administration increases preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA levels in the caudate putamen and circulating levels of corticosterone in the rat. The present study extended these findings to guinea pigs, a species known to have a κ opioid receptor profile similar to that of humans. Male guinea pigs were treated with: (a) “binge” pattern cocaine for 7 days (subchronic) (3 × 15 mg/kg/day, hourly, intraperitoneal); (b) “binge” pattern saline for 5 days followed by “binge” pattern cocaine for 2 days (subacute); or (c) “binge” pattern saline for 7 days. Thirty minutes after the final injection, levels of ppDyn mRNA were quantitated in the nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus using a solution hybridization RNase protection assay. Regional distribution of ppDyn mRNA levels in the guinea pig brain was similar to that found in rat, with highest levels in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen. In the caudate putamen, ppDyn mRNA was significantly increased following either 2 days (38% increase) or 7 days (32% increase) of “binge” pattern cocaine administration as compared to saline-treated controls. No significant changes in ppDyn mRNA levels were found in any other brain region. Both subacute and subchronic “binge” cocaine administration significantly elevated plasma levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. However, the ACTH and cortisol increases were significantly blunted following 7 days of “binge” cocaine administration as compared to 2 days of drug treatment, reflecting the development of HPA tolerance or adaptation to repeated cocaine administration. Thus, the ppDyn mRNA and HPA responses to cocaine in guinea pigs are similar to those observed in rats.
Neuroendocrine abnormalities in hypothalamic amenorrhea: spectrum, stability, and response to neurotransmitter modulation.

To characterize the neuroendocrine patterns of abnormal GnRH secretion in hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA), 49 women with primary and secondary HA underwent frequent sampling of LH in a total of 72 baseline studies over 12–24 h. A subset of women participated in more than one study to address 1) the variability of LH pulse patterns over time; and 2) the impact of modulating opioid, dopaminergic, and adrenergic tone on LH secretory patterns. The frequency and amplitude of LH secretion was compared with that seen in the early follicular phase (EFP) of normally cycling women. The spectrum of abnormalities of LH pulses was 8% apulsatile, 27% low frequency/low amplitude, 8% low amplitude/normal frequency, 43% low frequency/normal amplitude, 14% normal frequency/normal amplitude. Of patients studied overnight, 45% demonstrated a pubertal pattern of augmented LH secretion during sleep. Of patients studied repeatedly, 75% demonstrated at least 2 different patterns of LH secretion, and 33% reverted at least once to a ...
New insights into the pathophysiology, classification, and diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction.

The coronary microvasculature plays a key role in determining and modulating coronary blood flow across the spectrum of myocardial demand. Our understanding of this complex system has been limited partly due to our inability to visualize the anatomy of an extensive microvascular bed and its complica
On the dual canonical and Kazhdan-Lusztig bases and 3412-, 4231-avoiding permutations

Abstract Using Du’s characterization of the dual canonical basis of the coordinate ring O ( G L ( n , C ) ) , we express all elements of this basis in terms of immanants. We then give a new factorization of permutations w avoiding the patterns 3412 and 4231, which in turn yields a factorization of the corresponding Kazhdan–Lusztig basis elements C w ′ ( q ) of the Hecke algebra H n ( q ) . Using the immanant and factorization results, we show that for every totally nonnegative immanant Imm f ( x ) and its expansion ∑ d w Imm w ( x ) with respect to the basis of Kazhdan–Lusztig immanants, the coefficient d w must be nonnegative when w avoids the patterns 3412 and 4231.
Smart actuation of inlet guide vanes for small turbine engine

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gained popularity over the past few years to become an indispensable part of aerial missions that include reconnaissance, surveillance, and communication [1]. As a result, advancements in small jet-engine performance are needed to increase the performance (range, payload and efficiency) of the UAV. These jet engines designed especially for UAV's are characterized by thrust force on the order of 100N and due to their size and weight limitations, may lack advanced flow control devices such as IGV [2]. The goal of the current study was to present a conceptual design of an IGV smart-material based actuation mechanism that would be simple, compact and lightweight. The compressor section of an engine increases the pressure and conditions the flow before the air enters the combustion chamber [3]. The airflow entering the compressor is often turbulent due to the high angle of incidence between engine inlet and free-stream velocity, or existing atmospheric turbulence. Actuated IGV are used to help control the relative angle of incidence of the flow that enters the engine compressor, thereby preventing flow separation, compressor stall and thus extending the compressor's operating envelope [4]. Turbine jet- engines which employ variable IGV were developed by Rolls Royce (Trent DR-900) and General Electric (J79).
Simulation of electrostatic turbulence due to sheared flows parallel and transverse to the magnetic field

A spatially two-dimensional electrostatic particle simulation code is used to examine the stability of a plasma equilibrium characterized by a localized transverse dc electric field and a magnetic-field-aligned electron drift for L much less than Lx, where Lx is the simulation length in the x direction and L is the scale length associated with the dc electric field. It is found that the dc electric field and the field-aligned current can together play a synergistic role to enable the excitation of electrostatic waves even when the threshold values of the field-aligned drift and the E x B drift are individually subcritical. The simulation results indicate that a broadband turbulence is associated with such an equilibrium.
Probing the Conformational Distributions of Subpersistence Length DNA

We have measured the bending elasticity of short double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) chains through small-angle x-ray scattering from solutions of dsDNA-linked dimers of gold nanoparticles. This method, which does not require exertion of external forces or binding to a substrate, reports on the equilibrium distribution of bending fluctuations, not just an average value (as in ensemble fluorescence resonance energy transfer) or an extreme value (as in cyclization), and in principle provides a more robust data set for assessing the suitability of theoretical models. Our experimental results for dsDNA comprising 42-94 basepairs are consistent with a simple wormlike chain model of dsDNA elasticity, whose behavior we have determined from Monte Carlo simulations that explicitly represent nanoparticles and their alkane tethers. A persistence length of 50 nm (150 basepairs) gave a favorable comparison, consistent with the results of single-molecule force-extension experiments on much longer dsDNA chains, but in contrast to recent suggestions of enhanced flexibility at these length scales.
Family Obligation, Caregiving, and Loss of Leisure: The Experiences of Three Caregivers

This article presents in-depth case studies of three care-givers of older husbands with dementia. The cases highlight the women's rationale behind sacrificing leisure in order to provide better care. A relationship between a strong sense of family obligation and sacrifice of leisure is explored.
Computer-assisted analyses of barrel neuron axons and their putative synaptic contacts.

The “barrels” in layer IVof rodent SmI neocortex receive inputs from individual whiskers on the contralateral face. Previous analyses of neuronal morphology in mouse and rat barrel cortex, as revealed by Golgi impregnations, have focused on the dendritic patterns of the stellate cells. The cells can be classified into two groups: Class I cells with spiny dendrites and Class i I cells with smooth, beaded dendrites. These classes can be subdivided further according to somal position and spatial distribution of dendrites with respect to barrel cytoarchitectonic boundaries. In the present study the axons of these cells were examined and the locations of close appositions to dendrites of other impregnated neurons were mapped. All data are taken from Golgi-Cox preparations, cut parallel to layer IV at 140 μm, counter-stained with Nissl to reveal the barrels, and measured with a computer-microscope. Axons which had extensive branching within the section (present on 10% of all impregnated cells) were chosen for measurement. The analysis of the axons revealed: (1) Class I axons are thin and directed to the white matter with recurrent collaterals in the barrels, while Class II axons are thick, frequently beaded, and directed toward the pia before cascading down into the barrels; (2) in layer IV, the axons of both cell classes tend to be as restricted to a barrel as the dendrites of the same cell are (i.e., most axons are confined to one barrel); (3) within layer IV, the Class II cell axons have a total length about three times that of Class I cell axons, and about four times as many branch points. The analysis of the appositions of these axons to impregnated dendrites of other cells revealed: (1) A maj ority of “contacts” tended to be made by terminal branches of the axonal trees. (2) For the Class I neurons, a greater number of appositions occur near the distal ends of complete dendritic segments. As measured from the “contacted” cell soma, appositions are more or less uniformly distributed along dendritic trees. (3) No striking patterns are found, such as an obvious propensity for axons of one cell type to prefer or avoid another cell type. These results show that the axons of barrel cells of each class are as consistent and distinctive as their dendritic trees. Specifically, the cells in each class can be distinguished by their axonal patterns on purely numerical bases. The new computer programs which were developed to systematically search for sites of apposition between axons and dendrites -a necessary prerequisite for the existence of synaptic contacts-greatly facilitated the collection of these data: The data may be of value for defining “probable” sites of interaction between particular cell types. In particular, these light microscopic observations of the distribution of appositions along dendritic segments are similar in some ways to White and Rock's ('80, '81) electron microscopic mapping of synapses on single-barrel neurons.
ACM SIGGRAPH outreach to the computer games community: a report on the game developers conference 2000

As noted in Computer Graphics 34(1) February 2000, ACM SIGGRAPH began the year 2000 with a new special project to outreach to the computer games community. So far, we have received a terrific number of emails from computer games professionals and other interested folks. Simultaneously, the SIGGRAPH 2000 Courses Committee accepted an innovative course entitled: "Games Research: the Science of Interactive Entertainment," Craig Reynolds of Sony Computer Entertainment America and Chris Hecker of definition six, inc. are the course organizers. Please see: http://www.siggraph.org/s2000/conference/courses/crs39.html. As part of this SIGGRAPH outreach effort, the CMP Game Media Group provided me a warm welcome at the Game Developers Conference 2000. Below is the report of my adventures.
Out of sight, but not out of mind: 21-month-olds use syntactic information to learn verbs even in the absence of a corresponding event.

By 27 months of age, toddlers hearing a novel verb in transitive syntax are able to (1) establish an initial representation for the verb based on its syntactic properties alone, even in the absence of a relevant visual scene, and (2) retrieve this representation later when a candidate causative referent comes into view. This ability is important considering that over 60% of the verbs that mothers produce in conversations with their children refer to events that are not currently observable. Here, we advance this finding in two ways. First, we demonstrate the same ability in 21-month-olds, who do not yet show mastery of transitive structures in their own productions. Second, we use analyses of toddlers’ eye gaze to explore the time-course with which they process the novel verb and assign its referent when candidate scenes become available. These results (1) provide the first evidence that 21-month-olds establish a representation of a novel verb's meaning from syntax alone, and (2) establish that they proce...
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for January–March 1994

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 143 earthquakes that occurred during the first quarter of 1994. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward (1992, in: Acoustical Imaging, Plenum Press, 19; 785–797). A new model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom (1994, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., Spring Meeting Suppl., 75: 83) is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
The Use of Culture Portfolio Project in a Korean Culture Classroom: Evaluating Stereotypes and Enhancing Cross-Cultural Awareness.

This paper investigates a case of designing, implementing, and evaluating a semester-long culture portfolio project in a Korean culture class in an American university setting. The paper addresses the following four issues: (1) How does the project help the students gain insights into a particular aspect of Korean culture and encourage them to evaluate their own stereotypical impressions of Korean culture? (2) How does the project raise students' cross-cultural awareness? (3) Does the project increase students' interest to study Korean language? (4) What are the pedagogical implications of the project? Students' written (e.g. pre- and post-project questionnaires) and spoken reports (e.g. classroom presentation) are used for qualitative analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that the project assists the students in gaining insights into a particular aspect of the Korean culture, by modifying their own stereotypical impressions of the target culture and people. The project helps the students to be a...
Confusion between dimethyl selenenyl sulfide and dimethyl selenone released by bacteria

Dimethyl selenone [(CH3)2SeO2] has been reported in the literature as a metabolite released by bacteria in contact with selenium metal or selenium salts. In this study, mass spectral, chromatographic, and boiling-point data are presented that show that dimethyl selenone has been confused with dimethyl selenenyl sulfide (CH3SeSCH3). In addition, the headspaces above monocultures of selenium-resistant bacteria were examined using gas chromatography followed by fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection. A number of alkyl sulfur and selenium species were detected, along with dimethyl selenenyl sulfide. A pathway from oxidized selenium salts to reduced methylated selenides and dimethyl selenenyl sulfide is also presented.
Prevention of DOI-mediated wet dog shakes by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI)-induced wet dog shakes (WDS) required the involvement of nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Systemic administration of the general NOS inhibitor NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), but not its d -isomer, and the neuronal NOS (nNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole completely blocked DOI-mediated WDS in a dose dependent manner. The data provides evidence that serotonin 5HT2 receptors are coupled to nNOS activation in the rat brain.
Species associations and redundancy in relation to biological hotspots within the northern California Current ecosystem

article i nfo The dynamic nature of biological hotspots, while well recognized, is not well understood. We hypothesize that the persistenceofhotspotsinthe northernCaliforniaCurrent System(CCS),despite seasonal and annualchanges in the nekton community species composition, is related to associations among species and their functional re- dundancy. To address this hypothesis, sampling was conducted during June and August of 2000 and 2002 within two hotspots occurring between Newport, Oregon and Crescent City, California in the coastal CCS. Associations were examined to identify potentially complementary and redundant species. The strongest negative associa- tions were between jellyfish and fish species, with strong positive associations evident among several fish species.Dominant species variedseasonally and annually,although evidence indicated replacement of dominant species by other similar species with respect to functional group and preferred habitat. This finding suggests that the persistence of these biological hotspots is related to species redundancy and is an important attribute contributing to stability within this highly variable system.
Percolation on a Continuum and the Localization-Delocalization Transition in Amorphous Semiconductors

The concept of percolation has been set in a form which is more directly germane than the existing theory of percolation on lattices to the question of the localization-delocalization transition (mobility edge) in amorphous semiconductors. The problem of percolation on a continuum has been formulated in the context of motion in a random potential $V(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$. An energy-dependent dimensionless density $\ensuremath{\varphi}(E)$ is introduced which specifies the fraction of space satisfying $VlE$. Extended states appear above a critical density ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}$; this provides our working criterion $\ensuremath{\varphi}({E}_{c})={\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}$ for the location of the percolation threshold ${E}_{c}$. In one dimension ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}=1$, and in two dimensions we find that ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}=\frac{1}{2}$ for an important class of random potentials. In three dimensions we obtain an estimate of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{c}=0.15$ from an empirical rule. The percolation criterion for the location of the mobility edge ${E}_{c}$ has been applied to several types of disordered potentials. The oft-invoked Gaussian potential distribution has been treated and the results compared with those of several recent calculations. Random-walk techniques can be used to attack more general random potentials; we have used this approach to explicity calculate ${E}_{c}$ for the potential of an array of random dipoles, which is an initial model for an amorphous molecular solid. A way of including short-range order is briefly discussed.
F-16 helmet-mounted display flight evaluations

The Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) concept has long been regarded as a significant advantage to the modern combat pilot. This concept, however, has been limited to simulators, helicopters, and simplistic display types on fighter aircraft. For the first time, wide field of view HMD5, coupled with a head-steered FLIR, have undergone significant flight tests aboard a state of the art fighter aircraft. This paper discusses some of the lessons learned concerning the use of HMDs in a high performance fighter aircraft.
Glycerol thioethers in human heart.

Glycerol thioethers have been isolated from the nonpolar (neutral) lipids of several human hearts. The qualitative distribution of these thioethers was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The principal compounds found were the 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1 ether chains.
Differentiating Parents with Faking-Good Profiles from Parents with Valid Scores on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory

Parental capacity assessments (PCAs) remain common during child abuse investigations, and “best practice” approaches to evaluations consist of using a comprehensive assessment (Budd et al. 2011). The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP; Milner 1986) is one risk assessment measure used during PCAs, but results may be confounded by faking-good behavior. Currently, there is a small amount of literature examining the characteristics and implications of parents who fake good on the CAP. The present study examined differences between physically abusive parents with a faking or non-faking profile on the CAP by demographic information, psychopathology, behavioral observation data, and abuse recidivism. Parents differed significantly by IQ and depression scores, but no significant differences were found on any other variable including recidivism rates at posttreatment. Implications of study outcomes, and the emphasis for a multimethod approach to PCAs will be discussed.
The Fate of Intracranial Microaneurysms Treated with Bipolar Electrocoagulation and Parent Vessel Reinforcement

OBJECTIVE Although direct clipping remains the treatment of choice for intracranial aneurysms, not all aneurysms can be clipped. This report reviews the results of bipolar coagulation followed by parent vessel reinforcement for the treatment of intracranial microaneurysms (maximal diameter of < or =3 mm), with immediate and delayed postoperative angiographic evaluation in all cases. METHODS During a 1-year period, 20 intracranial microaneurysms in 12 patients were treated with bipolar electrocoagulation followed by reinforcement of the parent artery with muslin gauze. All patients underwent intraoperative or immediate postoperative angiographic evaluation, and all underwent follow-up angiographic evaluation approximately 1 year later. No patient was lost to follow-up monitoring. RESULTS Microaneurysms involved the middle cerebral artery (eight cases), internal carotid artery (six cases), anterior cerebral/anterior communicating artery (five cases), and superior cerebellar artery (one case). In all cases, the patient was undergoing a craniotomy for clipping of a larger aneurysm, and the microaneurysms were treated concurrently. At the time of the immediate angiographic examinations, 19 of 20 (95%) microaneurysms were no longer visible and 1 was substantially smaller (< 1-mm irregularity on the parent vessel). No patient experienced an adverse event related to microaneurysm treatment. In the 1-year follow-up examinations, there was no angiographic evidence of recurrence in the 19 cases with complete obliteration; the one residual aneurysm remained stable. CONCLUSION At 1 year, direct coagulation followed by parent vessel reinforcement seems to provide a satisfactory treatment option for intracranial microaneurysms.
Synthesis, Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Amorphous and Crystalline Boron Nanobelts

Amorphous and crystalline (rhombohedral structure with [111] growth direction) boron nanobelts were synthesized by the vapor-liquid-solid technique. Their structure and chemical compositions were studied by various electron and atomic force microscopy techniques. Most amorphous and crystalline belts have a width to thickness ratio of 2 and are covered with a layer of amorphous silicon oxide. The crystalline belt cores are defect-free single crystals. Gold catalyst thickness and synthesis temperature are the two prominent parameters determining structure of the synthesized nanobelts. The elastic modulus and hardness were measured using nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy three-point bending techniques. The indentation elastic modulus and hardness were measured to be 92.84.5 GPa and 8.40.6 GPa for amorphous belts, and 72.73.9 GPa and 6.80.6 GPa for crystalline ones, respectively. The three-point bending elastic moduli were found to be 87.83.5 GPa and 72.22.4 GPa for amorphous and crystalline, respectively. The measured mechanical properties are 4-5 times lower than those of the counterpart bulk materials.
Reflecting on Our Recent Articles

[Excerpt] In my tenure as editor of the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, I have frequently had readers, writers, and parties associated with our publisher, the School of Hotel Administration, express opinions to me about the content of the journal. Indeed, in most of my editorials, I have encouraged readers to contact me with questions, opinions, or concerns regarding the journal and how well we are fulfilling our mission. While most of the feedback I have received has been positive, I have also made an effort to listen to and address the concerns that have been raised. With the publication of this special issue on multinational topics for hospitality, and looking back on 2004, I wanted to take the time to reflect on how we are addressing the most common concerns I have heard.
HPB surgery can be safely performed in a community teaching hospital.

Introduction There is ongoing debate about feasibility of performing hepatobiliopancreatic (HPB) cases in low-volume, community hospitals. We decided to analyze outcomes of HPB surgical cases done in our community hospital and compare it with published data from academic centers and/or national data.
SOI for hostile environment applications

SOI technology has been used for niche applications long before it became mainstream. High-temperature electronics and radiation-hard circuits are probably the two most important of these niche markets. SOI transistors are inherently more resistant to most harsh environments than bulk devices because they contain a smaller volume of silicon. Novel devices such as double-and multiple-gate SOI devices offer the potential of being even more resistant to harsh environment conditions than single-gate devices.
Hyperglycemia Enhances IGF-I–Stimulated Src Activation via Increasing Nox4-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in a PKCζ-Dependent Manner in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

IGF-I–stimulated sarcoma viral oncogene (Src) activation during hyperglycemia is required for propagating downstream signaling. The aim of the current study was to determine the mechanism by which hyperglycemia enhances IGF-I–stimulated Src activation and the role of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) and protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) in mediating this response in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Nox4 expression was analyzed in VSMCs exposed to hyperglycemia. The role of Nox4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IGF-I–stimulated Src activation was investigated via knockdown of Nox4. Different isoforms of PKC were screened to investigate their role in hyperglycemia-induced Nox4. The oxidation of Src was shown to be a prerequisite for its activation in response to IGF-I during hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia induced Nox4, but not Nox1, and p22 phagocyte oxidase (p22phox) expression and IGF-I stimulated Nox4/p22phox complex formation, leading to increased ROS generation. Knockdown of Nox4 prevented ROS generation and impaired the oxidation and activation of Src in response to IGF-I, whereas knockdown of Nox1 had no effect. PKCζ was shown to mediate the hyperglycemia-induced increase in Nox4 expression. The key observations in cultured VSMCs were confirmed in the diabetic mice. Nox4-derived ROS is responsible for the enhancing effect of hyperglycemia on IGF-I–stimulated Src activation, which in turn amplifies IGF-I–linked downstream signaling and biological actions.