cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design optimization of discrete structural systems using MPI-enabled genetic algorithm

The focus of this paper is on the development and implementation of a genetic algorithm (GA)-based software system using message passing interface (MPI) protocol and library. A customized and improved form of simple GA used in previous research (Chen et al. 1997; Chen and Rajan 1998, 2000; Rajan et al. 1999) is parallelized. This MPI-enabled version is used to find the solution to finite element-based design optimization problems in a network of workstations. Results show that an almost linear speedup is obtained on homogenous hardware cluster and, with a proper load-balancing strategy, on heterogeneous hardware cluster.
Evaluating the performance of cryospheric models 1

Abstract Numerical models of the cryosphere cannot be verified and their truthfulness in providing an accurate description of actual physical processes cannot be proven conclusively. At best, models can be confirmed by comparing predictions with independent data that were not used to calibrate model parameters. The more such confirmations are achieved, the greater the confidence that can be placed in the model as a representation of Nature. Most prognostic cryospheric models have not been adequately calibrated and confirmed, and skepticism toward their predictions is therefore warranted.
An analysis of COMET and MAGIC using the standard reference model for intelligent multimedia presentation systems

We provide an overview of two multimedia generation systems developed at Columbia University, COMET and MAGIC, and analyze them using the standard reference model for intelligent multimedia presentation systems. COMET (Coordinated Multimedia Explanation Testbed) emphasizes the coordinated generation of text and 3D graphics in a military maintenance and repair documentation domain. It features support for automated determination of what information to present, assignment of information to appropriate media and generation of textual cross-references to the structure and content of generated graphics, including the automated redesign of graphics to make possible better cross-references. MAGIC (Multimedia Abstract Generation for Intensive Care) generates presentations that use temporal media, including speech and animation, to explain the status of hospital patients. It extends the media coordination approach used in COMET to include a multi-stage negotiation process that solves temporal constraints imposed by individual media generators to determine when and for how long actions should occur in each medium.
Polar pyramidal molecules on a graphite substrate

We study the energetics of single CH4, CH3F, CH3Cl, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF4 molecules physisorbed on a graphite substrate using the Lennard-Jones 6–12 and Coulomb pair potentials. The ground state orientations and positions of these molecules have been obtained. In contrast to CH4 and CF4, for the dipolar molecules we found a shift in the preferred adsorption site slightly off of the atop site. This shift removes the existing orientational degeneracy of the adsorption potential associated with the three-fold rotational symmetry of the graphite lattice, but introduces a new degeneracy due to the three possible directions of the shift. The softening of the potential well due to this off-center displacement should show up in the low-temperature thermodynamic properties.
Corrected High–Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound With Software Alignment

Purpose To improve lingual ultrasound imaging with the Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment (CHAUSA; Miller, 2008) method. Method A production study of the IsiXhosa alveolar click is presented. Articulatory-to-acoustic alignment is demonstrated using a Tri-Modal 3-ms pulse generator. Images from 2 simultaneous data collection paths, using dominant ultrasound technology and the CHAUSA method, are compared. The probe stabilization and head movement correction paradigm is demonstrated. Results The CHAUSA method increases the frame rate from the standard National Television System Committee (NTSC) video rate (29.97) to the ultrasound internal machine rate—in this case, 124 frames per second (fps)—by using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM; National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2008) data transfer. DICOM avoids spatiotemporal inaccuracies introduced by dominant ultrasound export techniques. The data display alignment of the acoustic and articulatory...
Conformational changes and association of chemically modified chymotrypsins

Abstract The low pH conformational transitions of a series of modified chymotrypsins have been examined and compared to the association properties of these same proteins in order to determine if the effect of the modification was directly upon the association or indirectly through conformational changes. The modifications of α-chymotrypsin that have been studied are serine-195 modified with acetyl or with phenylmethane sulfonyl groups, His-57 modified by tosylamidophenylethyl chloromethyl ketone or with a methyl group, and Met-192 modified with a nitrophenacyl group. Chymotrypsinogen and native and modified delta-chymotrypsin have also been studied. Ultraviolet difference spectra and optical rotatory dispersion measurements show that the various proteins may be divided into three groups depending upon their response in the low pH transition. These groupings based upon conformational transitions are not divided in the same manner as were those based upon the effect of the modifications on the association process itself. The latter process had earlier been found to correlate with the size of the modification in the active site. From these findings it has been concluded that the effect of the modifications on the association was directly upon the interacting subunit interface and that the observed conformational change is only incidental to this effect. Therefore, the amino acids involved in the association in solution are the same as those involved in the dimerization in the crystal, namely, the active site region of Ser-195, His-57, and Met-192. This is the most direct demonstration that the mode of association of a protein in solution is the same as the mode of association in the crystal.
Experimental observations of a flexible slider crank mechanism at very high speeds

A slider crank mechanism has been constructed and operated for the purpose of investigating steady state rod bending vibration induced by a very high speed crank. Features include a combination flywheel and adjustable length crank, a thin aluminum connecting rod, and a piston sliding on steel rod slide axes. A strain gage on the rod and magnetic pickup on the crank sensed rod strain and crank speed, respectively. For this system configuration, experimental results are categorized as small, intermediate and large crank length response. Small and intermediate cranks response was amplified due to a large superharmonic component of twice the crank speed frequency and at crank speeds near 1/2 the first natural frequency of the rod. Beyond that speed, period doubling occurred over a range of speeds for intermediate length cranks. The occurrence of period doubling was experimentally sudden and audibly noticeable, and characterized by the onset of frequency components of 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and 7/2 times the crank speed. For large crank sizes of 0.5, 1, and 2 inches an amplified response also appeared in each at a certain speed, but at speeds lower than in the small and intermediate crank cases. Larger cranks required more frequency components to describe the response than smaller cranks. Experimental responses were correlated with computer simulations of a one mode nonlinear ordinary differential equation model, and over a wide range of speeds and for a representative of a small, intermediate, and large crank length.
Photon distribution function for long-distance propagation of partially coherent beams through the turbulent atmosphere

The photon density operator function is used to calculate light beam propagation through turbulent atmosphere. A kinetic equation for the photon distribution function is derived and solved using the method of characteristics. Optical wave correlations are described in terms of photon trajectories that depend on fluctuations of the refractive index. It is shown that both linear and quadratic disturbances produce sizable effects for long-distance propagation. The quadratic terms are shown to suppress the correlation of waves with different wave vectors. We examine the intensity fluctuations of partially coherent beams (beams whose initial spatial coherence is partially destroyed). Our calculations show that it is possible to significantly reduce the intensity fluctuations by using a partially coherent beam. The physical mechanism responsible for this pronounced reduction is similar to that of the Hanbury-Braun--Twiss effect.
Endocrine aspects of mosquito reproduction

Blood ingestion by the female mosquito initiates a series of endocrine events that is dominated by juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids, and several peptide hormones, resulting in the maturation of a batch of eggs. The mechanisms of hormone release and their roles during the previtellogenic, vitellogenic, and postvitellogenic phases are discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:491–512, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observation of a Higgs-like Boson in CMS at the LHC

Abstract After decades of pursuit at lepton and hadron colliders around the world, a Higgs-like boson has been observed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We present results of searches by the CMS collaboration for the production of the standard model Higgs boson in proton-proton collisions, using data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 5.1 fb − 1 at s = 7 TeV and 5.3 fb − 1 at s = 8 TeV . The searches have been performed in five Higgs decay modes, γγ, ZZ, WW, τ + τ − , and b b ¯ , in the mass range from 110 up to 160 GeV. Multivariate methods have been used in many aspects of the analyses to extract optimal results. An excess of events has been observed above the expected background, with a significance of 5.0 standard deviations. Most of the excess is in the high resolution γγ and ZZ decay modes. A fit to the signal in these modes yields a mass for the boson of 125.3 ± 0.4 (stat.) ± 0.5 (syst.) GeV . Since the new boson decays into two photons, its spin can be inferred to be different from one.
What is pea legumin - Is it glycosylated?

Since there is some question as to whether or not legumin is glycosylated, this storage protein was isolated by various procedures from developing cotyledons of Pisum sativum L. supplied with [14C]-labeled glucosamine and analyzed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Legumin isolated by the classical method of Danielsson [(1949) Biochem. J. 44, 387–400] a procedure in which globulins extracted with a buffered salt solution are precipitated with ammonium sulfate (70% saturation) and legumin separated from vicilin by isoelectric precipitation, was labeled. The glucosamine incorporated into legumin was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. In contrast, legumin isolated by the method of Casey [(1979) Biochem. J. 177, 509–520], a procedure where legumin is prepared by zonal isoelectric precipitation from globulins precipitated with 40–70% ammonium sulfate, was not labeled. However, the globulin fraction precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate was labeled and the radioactive glucosamine was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. Legumin isolated from protein bodies [Thomson et al. (1978) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5, 263–279] was not extensively labeled. However, the saltinsoluble fraction of protein body extracts was labeled and the radioactivity was associated with low-molecular-weight polypeptides. These results indicate that protein bodies contain a glycoprotein of low-molecular-weight that co-purifies with legumin isolated by the method of Danielsson but that is discarded when isolation methods developed more recently are used.
On the estimation of stress concentration and flexibility at nozzles in ellipsoidal vessel heads

Abstract The US Welding Research Council Bulletin Number 107 (WRC-107) is currently being used by many designers in the estimation of stress concentrations at nozzle-vessel junctures. The validity of the application of this design document to the case of nozzles in ellipsoidal vessel heads is studied in this paper. A number of comparisons of the stress intensity and flexibility at the nozzles between approximate approaches and the exact situation were made and discussed.
Sendai virus pathogenesis in mice is prevented by Ifit2 and exacerbated by interferon

The type I/III interferon (IFN) system has major roles in regulating viral pathogenesis, usually ameliorating pathogenesis by impairing virus replication through the antiviral actions of one or more IFN-induced proteins. Ifit2 is one such protein which can be induced by IFN or virus infection, and it is responsible for protecting mice from neuropathogenesis caused by vesicular stomatitis virus. Here, we show that Ifit2 also protects mice from pathogenesis caused by the respirovirus Sendai virus (SeV). Mice lacking Ifit2 (Ifit2−/−) suffered severe weight loss and succumbed to intranasal infection with SeV strain 52 at a dose that killed only a few wild-type mice. Viral RNA was detectable only in lungs, and SeV titers were higher in Ifit2−/− mice than in wild-type mice. Similar infiltration of immune cells was found in the lungs of both mouse lines, corresponding to similar levels of many induced cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, IFN-β and IFN-λ3 expression were considerably higher in the lungs of Ifit2−/− mice. Surprisingly, type I IFN receptor knockout (IFNAR−/−) mice were less susceptible to SeV than Ifit2−/− mice, although their pulmonary virus titers were similarly high. To test the intriguing possibility that type I IFN action enhances pathogenesis in the context of elevated SeV replication in lungs, we generated Ifit2/IFNAR−/− double knockout mice. These mice were less susceptible to SeV than Ifit2−/− mice, although viral titers in their lungs were even higher. Our results indicate that high SeV replication in the lungs of infected Ifit2−/− mice cooperates with elevated IFN-β induction to cause disease. IMPORTANCE The IFN system is an innate defense against virus infections. It is triggered quickly in infected cells, which then secrete IFN. Via their cell surface receptors on surrounding cells, they induce transcription of numerous IFN-stimulated genes (ISG), which in turn protect these cells by inhibiting virus life cycles. Hence, IFNs are commonly considered beneficial during virus infections. Here, we report two key findings. First, lack of a single ISG in mice, Ifit2, resulted in high mortality after SeV infection of the respiratory tract, following higher virus loads and higher IFN production in Ifit2−/− lungs. Second, mortality of Ifit2−/− mice was reduced when mice also lacked the type I IFN receptor, while SeV loads in lungs still were high. This indicates that type I IFN exacerbates pathogenesis in the SeV model, and that limitation of both viral replication and IFN production is needed for effective prevention of disease.
Performance of Cross Flow Microchannel Heat Exchangers Subjected to Viscous Dissipation

This paper analyzes the effect of viscous dissipation on the thermal performance of balanced flow cross flow microchannel heat exchangers. The cross flow microchannel heat exchanger analyzed in this paper is one that is subjected to axial heat conduction. Governing equations are developed for each of the fluids and the wall separating the fluids. The equations are solved simultaneously using the numerical technique of finite difference method to obtain the temperature profile. The effectiveness of each fluid is determined using the temperature profile thus obtained. The effectiveness and the temperature of the fluids are found to depend on NTU, axial heat conduction parameters and the viscous dissipation parameter. In the presence of axial heat conduction the effectiveness of the fluid decreases for a specific NTU. In addition, the effectiveness of the fluids decreases with increase in axial heat conduction parameters at a particular NTU. The effectiveness of the hot fluid in the presence of viscous heat dissipation alone decreased at a particular NTU. On the other hand the effectiveness of the cold fluid for the same amount of viscous heating improved at a specific NTU. The combined effect of axial heat conduction and viscous dissipation on the hot fluid is to decrease its effectiveness. With regard to the cold fluid effectiveness it can either increase or decrease due to the combined effect of axial heat conduction parameter and viscous dissipation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Divergent clinical outcome in two CML patients who discontinued imatinib therapy after achieving a molecular remission

Imatinib mesylate therapy leads to major or complete cytogenetic response in the majority of patients with CML in the chronic phase. A subset of these patients also achieves remission at a molecular level. It is not known if such patients will require continuous therapy, or whether imatinib could be safely discontinued. This report describes divergent clinical outcomes in two patients with chronic phase CML who discontinued imatinib therapy after obtaining a molecular remission; one patient who maintained a complete molecular response throughout a period of interruption, and a second patient with overt relapse, highlighting the uncertainty of discontinuing imatinib therapy.
Four Worlds of Welfare: Understanding Subnational Variation in Chinese Social Health Insurance

China's social health insurance has expanded dramatically over the past decade. The increasing number of beneficiaries and benefits, however, has aggravated rather than mitigated regional disparities in health care. How can the regional variation in Chinese social health insurance be explained? This paper argues that the subnational variation in China's social health insurance results from the policy choices of central and local states. The central leadership, which is concerned about regime stability, delegates substantial discretionary authority to local state agents to accommodate diverse social needs and local circumstances. Local officials, who care about their political careers in the centralized personnel system, proactively design and implement social health insurance policy according to local situations such as fiscal resources and social risk. In specifying the rationale, conditions and patterns of regional variation in Chinese social health insurance, this paper addresses the general issue of how political leaders in an authoritarian regime respond to social needs.
Diagnosing for administrative purposes: the process and problems.

Abstract Psychiatrists are required by law and social custom to perform examinations and issue reports answering specific administrative inquiries. Disbursing billions of dollars in cash awards and other benefits is contingent on the release of such information. Heretofore, no clear-cut distinction has been made in the literature between diagnosing for administrative purposes versus diagnosing for therapeutic purposes. Considering the widespread practice of diagnosing for administrative purposes, in the absence of a distinctive literature, the assumption appears to be that psychiatrists, by virtue of their training, are suitably trained to perform such examinations. This assumption is not solidly supported in research or other literature, nor is any special training in this activity provided in most graduate and post-graduate psychiatric programs. Because administrative queries differ profoundly from questions addressed in treatment-oriented examinations, a distinction between these two types of examinations appears warranted and should be reflected in psychiatric training.
A study of the dynamic tribological response of closed fracture surface pairs by Kolsky-bar compression-shear experiment

Abstract The Kolsky torsion bar technique has been utilized successfully to develop a new compression-shear recovery experiment for dynamic tribometry of closed fracture surface pairs. This new experimental design enables combined dynamic compression and shear loading and preserves the residual specimen surface after a single cycle of loading. The experimental design was first verified through a series of dynamic friction experiments on flat 7075-T6 aluminum alloy surface pairs. The technique was then applied to study the dynamic tribological response of closed fracture surface pairs of the same material in conjunction with surface topography examination. It was found that the pre-sliding response depends primarily on normal stress and roughness of as-fractured surface. The response after the initiation of frictional sliding displays an exponential decay with increasing sliding displacement. The long-time steady-state response (if achieved) depends predominantly on normal stress. The results also show that a sufficiently high normal stress may suppress frictional sliding between the fracture surfaces giving rise to a dynamic plastic deformation continuous across the interface. An empirical model describing the key experimental observations is proposed and evaluated against the experimental data. The implication of the findings on shear cracking under high confining stress is discussed.
Metallothionein as a clonable high-density marker for cryo-electron microscopy

Abstract Cryo-electron microscopy is expanding its scope from macromolecules towards much larger and more complex cellular specimens such as organelles, cells and entire tissues. While isolated macromolecular specimens are typically composed of only very few different components that may be recognized by their shape, size or state of polymerization, cellular specimens combine large numbers of proteinaceous structures as well as nucleic acids and lipid arrays. Consequently, an unambiguous identification of these structures within the context of a whole cell may create a very difficult challenge. On plastic-embedded specimens, or Tokuyasu sections ( Tokuyasu, 1980 ), epitopes that are exposed at the surface can be tagged by antibodies. However, vitrified sections have to be kept at strict cryo-conditions (below −140 °C) and therefore do not allow any post-sectioning treatment of the specimens other than data acquisition in the microscope. Hence, the labels have to be placed into the specimen before freezing. Here we report on the application of a small metal-clustering protein, metallothionein (MTH), as a clonable label capable of clustering metal atoms into a high-density particle with high spatial resolution. We tested MTH as a label for kinesin-decorated microtubules (MTs) as well as the building blocks of desmin intermediate filaments (IFs).
Vulnerability in socially-informed peer-to-peer systems

The recent increase in the volume of recorded social interactions has the potential to enable a large class of innovative social applications and services. The decentralized management of such social information as a social graph distributed on a user-contributed peer-to-peer network is appealing due to privacy concerns. This paper studies the vulnerability of such a peer-to-peer system to attacks staged by malicious users who try to manipulate the graph or by malicious peers who try to manipulate the mining of the social graph. We discuss the effects and limitations of such attacks and we show experimentally how the distribution of the social data onto peers affects the system's resilience.
Direct parametric inference for the cumulative incidence function

Summary. In survival data that are collected from phase III clinical trials on breast cancer, a patient may experience more than one event, including recurrence of the original cancer, new primary cancer and death. Radiation oncologists are often interested in comparing patterns of local or regional recurrences alone as first events to identify a subgroup of patients who need to be treated by radiation therapy after surgery. The cumulative incidence function provides estimates of the cumulative probability of locoregional recurrences in the presence of other competing events. A simple version of the Gompertz distribution is proposed to parameterize the cumulative incidence function directly. The model interpretation for the cumulative incidence function is more natural than it is with the usual cause-specific hazard parameterization. Maximum likelihood analysis is used to estimate simultaneously parametric models for cumulative incidence functions of all causes. The parametric cumulative incidence approach is applied to a data set from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project and compared with analyses that are based on parametric cause-specific hazard models and nonparametric cumulative incidence estimation.
Confidentiality of student records: The professor's obligation

Abstract Recent Federal legislation has secured more firmly the rights of students to control the accumulation and dissemination of information about them. This situation would seem to compel professors to be more knowledgeable of student rights so as not to abuse them. This paper reviews the current status of student rights vis-a-vis their educational records and discusses a potential dilemma for the professor created by the legislation which established those rights. Knowledge of the law is particularly important to the accounting professor because his or her typically close liaison between the student and employment recruiter increases the risk of violation.
Development of a gene transfer-based treatment for radiation-induced salivary hypofunction

A significant long-term side effect of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers is xerostomia, a dry mouth, due to salivary gland damage. Despite continuing efforts to eliminate this problem, many patients continue to suffer. This brief review describes our efforts to develop a gene transfer approach, employing the aquaporin-1 cDNA, to treat patients with existing radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. A Phase I/II clinical trial, using a recombinant adenoviral vector to mediate gene transfer, is currently underway.
Analysis and FPGA implementation of image restoration under resource constraints

Programmable logic is emerging as an attractive solution for many digital signal processing applications. In this work, we have investigated issues arising due to the resource constraints of FPGA-based systems. Using an iterative image restoration algorithm as an example we have shown how to manipulate the original algorithm to suit it to an FPGA implementation. Consequences of such manipulations have been estimated, such as loss of quality in the output image. We also present performance results from an actual implementation on a Xilinx FPGA. Our experiments demonstrate that, for different criteria, such as result quality or speed, the best implementation is different as well.
Settlement requirements of molluscan larvae: New data on chemical and genetic roles

Abstract Recent studies in the author's laboratory and elsewhere indicate that a high degree of substratum chemical specificity is necessary to induce settlement and metamorphosis in a number of molluscan species. The chemical nature of natural and artificial inducers, as well as the nature of inducer-larval interactions, provides insights into both stimulus and response aspects of the metamorphic process. Larvae of Phestilla sibogae undergo rapid and complete metamorphosis in response to a soluble, coral-produced substance. These larvae undergo slow but complete metamorphosis in response to choline, GABA, and some related compounds; they exhibit partial metamorphosis in the presence of certain catecholamines. Reversible inhibition of metamorphosis (habituation) occurs when larvae are exposed to an inducer prematurely. Analysis of these observations allows the formulation of new models for molluscan metamorphic induction. It may be that a single model will not be appropriate for all marine molluscs. Both age at metamorphic competence and concentration of natural inducer necessary to elicit metamorphosis in competent larvae of Phestilla are known to show wide variance among larvae. Long-term selective inbreeding experiments have failed to indicate obvious genetic components of the observed variances. High variance in age at competence occurs even among the egg masses of a single, highly inbred individual with a single mate.
Multicomponent liquid phase adsorption in fixed bed

Although multicomponent, liquid phase adsorption is often encountered in industrial application, most of the studies concerning fixed-bed sorption processes have been dealt primarily with systems containing one adsorbable species. The present work provides a numerical solution to the fixed-bed, multicomponent adsorption problem, taking into account both separately or in combination the effect of liquid and/or solid phase mass transfer resistance and of variation of the assumed governing adsorption isotherm. Numerical solutions of several example problems are presented and compared with results based on equilibrium theory and a simplified method developed by Cooney and co-workers previously (1972).
Glycosyltransferases as Potential Drug Targets

Copyright: © 2013 Sun XL. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Glycoconjugates, existing as glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans on cell surface, are involved in many biological processes, such as cell-cell communication, signal transduction, immune response, and microbial adhesion and infection [1]. Structures features of glycoconjugates are vital in specific biological processes, however, change dramatically during disease development such as malignant transformation [2]. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) manage the biosynthesis of glycans and glycoconjugates, and thus play essential roles in these biological processes [3]. Therefore, intervention of GTs has attracted remarkable interest for drug development since inhibitors of GTs can potentially interfere pathological processes, in which the GTs are involved [4]. With the recent advances of glycomics and chemical glycobiology, the considerable potential of GTs as drug targets has been revealed and prospective strategy for GTs inhibition have been developed, especially in therapeutic areas of inflammation, cancer and infection diseases. This Editorial highlights the recent advances in drug development targeting GTs.
A Doubly-Stochastic Model for a TCP/AQM System under Aggressive Packet Marking

We consider a TCP/AQM system with large link capacity shared by many flows. Traditional approaches via fluid-based modeling require that the buffer size be chosen in proportion to the number of flows (N) for system stability. However, they are all unable to predict the true system performance if the buffer size at the bottleneck link and the corresponding AQM scheme are scaled as O(Nalpha) with alpha<0.5. In this paper, we develop a doubly-stochastic model for a TCP/AQM system with many flows by taking into account the packet-level dynamics over finer time scales. Our model differs from any other fluid-based models in that it can explicitly capture two different sources of randomness in packet arrivals to the bottleneck link, while the existing approaches do not capture both of them simultaneously. Under our stochastic framework, we show that the the TCP/AQM system actually yields high link utilization and low packet loss probability even with much smaller buffer size than what has been suggested. We also provide simulation results using ns-2 under different AQM schemes and show that they are in good agreement with all the theoretical results derived in this paper.
Law, Psychology, and the “New Sciences”: Rethinking Mental Illness and Dangerousness

Clinical and legal research on the meaning of mental illness and on definitions (and predictions) of dangerousness continue to offer the mental health law arena mostly disappointing results. In this article, the authors argue that much of this failure is linked to the prevailing Newtonian paradigm of cause-effect relationships, linear logic, and absolute order. In its place, the authors draw attention to the “new sciences”; that is, advances generated from quantum physics and chaos theory. To situate the analysis, the authors explore how psycholegal decision making unfolds. Specifically, the authors examine what contributions the new sciences offer society on the nature and meaning of psychiatric disorder and on the forecasting of violence. Along the way, the authors suggest how the new sciences advance the regard for citizen justice within the domain of mental health law.
The effect of mobility-induced location errors on geographic routing in ad hoc networks: analysis and improvement using mobility prediction

Geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks has proved to provide drastic performance improvement over strictly address-centric routing schemes. While geographic routing has been shown to be correct and efficient when location information is accurate, its performance in the face of location errors is not well understood. In this paper, we study the effect of inaccurate location information caused by node mobility under a rich set of scenarios and mobility models. We identify two main problems, named LINK and LOOP, that are caused by mobility-induced location errors. Based on the analysis via ns-2 simulations, we propose two mobility prediction schemes - neighbor location prediction (NLP) and destination location prediction (DLP) to mitigate these problems. Simulation results have shown noticeable improvement under all mobility models used in our study. Our schemes achieve up to 27% improvement in packet delivery and 37% reduction in network resource wastage on average without incurring any additional communication or intense computation.
Active robot calibration algorithm

This paper presents a new updating algorithm to reduce the complexity of computing an observability index for kinematic calibration of robots. An active calibration algorithm is developed to include an updating algorithm in the pose selection process. Simulations on a 6-DOF PUMA robot with 27 unknown parameters shows that the proposed algorithm performs more than 50,000 times better than exhaustive search based on randomly generated designs.
JASMONATE AND SALICYLATE INDUCE THE EXPRESSION OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-PROTEIN GENES AND INCREASE RESISTANCE TO CHILLING INJURY IN TOMATO FRUIT

Treatment of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Beefstake) fruit with low concentrations of (0.01 mM) methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or methyl salicylate (MeSA) substantially enhanced their resistance to chilling temperature and decreased the incidence of decay during low-temperature storage. While studying the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, different accumulation patterns of PR-protein mRNAs in tomato fruit were observed. MeJA substantially increased the accumulation of PR-2b transcripts encoding intracellular β-1,3-glucanase and enhanced the mRNA levels of PR-2a and PR-3b encoding extracellular β-1,3-glucanase and intracellular chitinase, respectively. MeSA substantially increased accumulation of PR-2b and PR-3a mRNAs and slightly increased PR-3b mRNA accumulation. Chilling temperature did not appreciably enhance the accumulation of PR-protein mRNAs in untreated fruit. However, the accumulation of PR-3b mRNAs in MeSA-treated fruit was enhanced following low-temperature storage. Transcript abundance of catalase genes also was investigated in different pretreated tomatoes. The accumulation of cat1 mRNA was increased substantially by MeJA, while it was reduced by MeSA treatment. These results suggest that the pre-treatment of tomato fruit with MeSA or MeJA induces the synthesis of some stress proteins, such as PR proteins, which leads to increased chilling tolerance and resistance to pathogens, thereby decreasing the incidence of decay.
The development and application of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum sequence database

Molecular analysis was conducted on 36 Mycoplasma gallisepticum DNA extracts from tracheal swab samples of commercial poultry in seven South African provinces between 2009 and 2012. Twelve unique M. gallisepticum genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the 16S23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (IGSR), M. gallisepticum cytadhesin 2 (mgc2), MGA_0319 and gapA genetic regions. The DNA sequences of these genotypes were distinct from those of M. gallisepticum isolates in a database composed of sequences from other countries, vaccine and reference strains. The most prevalent genotype (SA-WT#7) was detected in samples from commercial broilers, broiler breeders and layers in five provinces. South African M. gallisepticum sequences were more similar to those of the live vaccines commercially available in South Africa, but were distinct from that of F strain vaccine, which is not registered for use in South Africa. The IGSR, mgc2 or MGA_0319 sequences of three South African genotypes were identical to those of the ts-11 vaccine strain, necessitating a combination of mgc2 and IGSR targeted sequencing to differentiate South African wild-type genotypes from ts-11 vaccine. To identify and differentiate all 12 wild-types, mgc2, IGSR and MGA_0319 sequencing was required. Sequencing of gapA was least effective at strain differentiation. This research serves as a model for the development of an M. gallisepticum sequence database, and illustrates its application to characterize M. gallisepticum genotypes, select diagnostic tests and better understand the epidemiology of M. gallisepticum.
Not in our Backyard: Solidarity, Social Networks, and the Ecology of Environmental Mobilization

This paper explores the role of social networks in channeling individuals’involvement in local activism. A case study of a grassroots environmental group examines variation in members’levels of involvement, using three levels of explanation: individual attributes, strong and weak ties between members, and memberships in other organizations. After demonstrating that high- and low-level members are very similar in personal attributes, it focuses on social ties and organizational affiliations. As expected, the data suggest that an individual's level of involvement is increased by strong ties to other members, structural similarity to other high-level members, and fewer ties to nonmembers. Extramovement organizational affiliations are often assumed to diminish actors’structural availability, though empirical research in differential recruitment has generally revealed a positive effect on participation in social movements. This study addresses a microstructural explanation for the variation between competition and mutualism in a local multiorganizational field, as it shows how organizational goals condition the effect of outside affiliations on level of participation. Paradoxically, ties to other organizations with irrelevant goals appear to facilitate participation in this group, while ties to groups with congruent goals diminish participation.
Applying Virtual Test principles to digital test program development

Simulation model development and test program integration can account for over half the effort spent on digital TPS development. Digital test development in a Virtual Test environment can result in substantial TPS cost reductions through a combination of VHDL device model reuse and ATE environment simulation. Technology developed under the VTest contract sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Wright Laboratory Manufacturing Technology Directorate enables fault simulation of devices supported by VITAL libraries, thereby extending the use of VHDL into test program generation. Simulation driven VTest methodologies enable development of digital test programs completely off-line and with the ability to target virtually any digital ATE.
Tibiofibular synostosis and recurrent ankle sprains in high performance athletes

Recent evidence points toward a weight bearing and dynamic stabilizing function of the distal fibula in ankle joint mechanics. When fibular rotation and translation are restricted, ankle pain during weight bearing and push off often (but not always) results. The case histories of six professional athletes with distal tibial synostosis resulting from internal rotation-inversion injury confirm recent reports of ankle disability resulting from restriction of fibular motion, but suggest that there may be many patients with this lesion who are not disabled. Two patients with incomplete synostosis were asymptomatic, and one with complete synostosis had only occasional pain after vigorous exercise.
Dental and Cranial Pathologies in Mice Lacking the Cl−/H+-Exchanger ClC-7

ClC-7 is a 2Cl(-) /1H(+) -exchanger expressed at late endosomes and lysosomes, as well as the ruffled border of osteoclasts. ClC-7 deficiencies in mice and humans lead to impaired osteoclast function and therefore osteopetrosis. Failure of tooth eruption is also apparent in ClC-7 mutant animals, and this has been attributed to the osteoclast dysfunction and the subsequent defect in alveolar bone resorptive activity surrounding tooth roots. Ameloblasts also express ClC-7, and this study aims to determine the significance of ClC-7 in enamel formation by examining the dentitions of ClC-7 mutant mice. Micro-CT analysis revealed that the molar teeth of 3-week old ClC-7 mutant mice had no roots, and the incisors were smaller than their age-matched controls. Despite these notable developmental differences, the enamel and dentin densities of the mutant mice were comparable to those of the wild-type littermates. Scanning electron microscopy showed normal enamel crystallite and prismatic organization in the ClC-7 mutant mice, although the enamel was thinner (hypoplastic) than in controls. These results suggested that ClC-7 was not critical to enamel and dentin formation, and the observed tooth defects may be related more to a resulting alveolar bone phenotype. Micro-CT analysis also revealed abnormal features in the calvarial bones of the mutant mice. The cranial sutures in ClC-7 mutant mice remained open compared to the closed sutures seen in the control mice at 3 weeks. These data demonstrate that ClC-7 deficiency impacts the development of the dentition and calvaria, but does not significantly disrupt amelogenesis.
Implementing restaurant revenue management: A Five-step approach

Revenue management (or yield management) rests on a measure of the time involved in the guest-service cycle. Such a time-related measure raises complications for restaurants, because they explicitly sell meals, rather than a period of time at the table. Existing measures of restaurant success do not give restaurant managers an effective gauge for revenue management because they do not capture the time element. Instead, would-be restaurant revenue managers must gain control of the timing and duration of restaurants' meals. The timing depends mostly on guest arrival, which can sometimes by altered with price and menu promotions. Managing duration is complex and relies on control of food production and the service cycle. A time-based measure of restaurant operation is revenue per available seat-hour (RevPASH). That calculation is total revenue for a given period (e.g., meal period, day part, or day) divided by the product of the number of available seats and the length of the period in question. Managers mus...
Sensitivity analysis of aquifer parameter estimations based on the Laplace equation with linearized boundary conditions

[1] Estimates of aquifer parameters, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and drainable porosity were obtained by an analytical solution of the two-dimensional Laplace equation with linearized boundary conditions and were compared to prescribed parameters in a finite element model that simulated drainage of a coupled system of unsaturated/saturated flow. Boundary conditions prerequisite for the analytical solution were systematically relaxed during numerical experiments to see how the resulting aquifer-parameter estimates deteriorate if (1) correct aquifer geometry values are used and (2) aquifer geometry is imprecisely estimated. Sensitivity of aquifer parameter estimation to imprecise saturated thickness and groundwater profile information was also performed at the watershed scale. The analysis supports the robustness of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and drainable porosity estimates in all cases considered, at both field and catchment scales, with the only exception being the drainable porosity for sand where a significant flux-exchange between the vadose and phreatic zones during drawdown results in both modeled and estimated effective drainable porosities significantly larger than traditionally expected.
Effects of land crabs on seedling densities and distributions in a mainland neotropical rain forest

The land crab, Gecarcinus quadratus (Gecarcinidae), affects plant diversity in a mainland, neotropical rain forest through selective seedling con- sumption. In Costa Rica's Corcovado National Park, G. quadratus lives infossorial populations with up to six crabs m −2 in coastal forest extending c. 600 m inland from the Pacific Ocean. A narrow transition zone (c. 30 m) separates the crab zone from the crabless zone that comprises the remainder of the 55 000-ha park. The composition of dicotyledonous plants from the adjacent zones were distinct: crab- less zone transects (240 m 2 ) contained 97 species representing 76 genera and 41 families; crab zone transects contained 46 species representing 38 genera and 25 families. Despite the narrow zonal separation, the crabless zone shared only 27.4, 29.9 and 52.8% of its species, genera and families, respectively, with the crab zone; in contrast, crab zone transects shared 56.5, 60.5 and 88% of their species, genera and families with the crabless zone. This abrupt diversity gradient suggests a powerful selection pressure in the crab zone preventing the establishment of cer- tain dicotyledonous species. Two years of experimental crab exclusion suggested that G. quadratus reduces seedling density and diversity. Densities of seedlings (3- 25 cm tall) within exclosures increased 144% over baseline values while control densities decreased. In contrast, seedlings at the cotyledon stage and taller (26- 50 cm) were unaffected by crab exclusion. Preference tests conducted in the crab zone revealed a five-fold ratio of mortality rates for seedlings transplanted from the crabless zone and crab zone respectively. However, when protected from crabs, transplanted crabless and crab zone seedlings survived similarly well over 6 mo (83 and 70% respectively). Together, data from transects and experiments suggest that G. quadratus influences plant community composition.
Computational schemes for modeling proton transfer in biological systems: Calculations on the hydrogen bonded complex [CH3OH · H · NH3]+

Different schemes are explored for the calculation of the proton transfer process in the hydrogen bonded cation [CH3OH · H · NH3]+. Results from ab-initio calculations with the STO-3G, 3-21G and 4-31G basis sets, are compared in search for an efficient reliable scheme to study the potential energy curves for the proton transfer. The curve constructed from the lowest energies calculated with the frozen optimized geometries of the two possible pairs of proton donor and acceptor fragments, (i.e., CH3OH/NH3 and CH3OH/NH) is in good agreement with that obtained when all the fragments of the hydrogen bonded complex are completely optimized simultaneously.
Polyoxin D inhibits growth of zoopathogenic fungi.

We demonstrated that polyoxin D at millimolar concentrations caused marked morphological alterations of the human pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. C. albicans incubated in the presence of this drug grew in long chains that were severely swollen. Polyoxin D inhibited the growth of C. neoformans and killed cells of both the yeast and the hyphal phase of C. albicans. These observations give the first evidence that polyoxin antibiotics can kill zoopathogenic fungi. Images