cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single photon radioluminescence. II. Signal detection and biological applications

A quantitative theory for excitation of fluorescent molecules by beta decay electrons is reported in the accompanying manuscript; experimental detection methods and biological applications are reported here. The single photon signals produced by an excited fluorophore (single photon radioluminescence, SPR) provide quantitative information about the distance between radioisotope and fluorophore. Instrumentation was constructed for SPR signal detection. Photons produced in a 0.5-ml sample volume were detected by a cooled photomultiplier and photon counting electronics. To minimize electronic noise and drift for detection of very small SPR signals, a mechanical light chopper was used for gated-signal detection, and a pulse height analyzer for noise rejection. SPR signals of approximately 1 cps were reproducibly measurable. The influence of inner filter effect, sample turbidity, and fluorophore environment (lipid, protein, and carbohydrate) on SPR signals were evaluated experimentally. SPR was then applied to measure lipid exchange kinetics, ligand binding, and membrane transport, and to determine an intermolecular distance in an intact membrane. (a. Lipid exchange kinetics.) Transfer of 12-anthroyloxystearic acid (12-AS) from sonicated lipid vesicles and micelles to vesicles containing 3H-cholesterol was measured from the time course of increasing SPR signal. At 22 degrees C, the half-times for 12-AS transfer from vesicles and micelles were 3.3 and 1.1 min, respectively. (b. Ligand binding.) Binding of 3H-oleic acid to albumin in solution, and 3H-2,2'-dihydro-4,4'-diisothiocyanodisulfonic stilbene (3H-H2DIDS) to band 3 on the erythrocyte membranes were detected by the radioluminescence of the intrinsic tryptophans. The SPR signal from 5 microCi 3H-oleic acid bound to 0.3 mM albumin decreased from 13 +/- 2 cps to 3 +/- 2 cps upon addition of nonradioactive oleic acid, giving 2.7 high affinity oleic acid binding sites per albumin. The SPR signal from 1 microCi 3H-H2DIDS bound selectively to erythrocyte band 3 in erythrocyte ghosts (1.5 mg protein/ml) was 2.2 +/- 0.8 cps. (c. Membrane transport). Dilution of J774 macrophages loaded with 3H-3-O-methylglucose and BCECF gave a decreasing SPR signal with a half-time of 81 s due to methylglucose efflux; the SPR measurement of the efflux rate was in agreement with a conventional tracer efflux rate determination by filtration. 20 microM cytochalasin B inhibited efflux by 97%. (d. Distance determination.) The SPR signal from erythrocyte membranes labeled with 27 microCi 3H-oleic acid and 10 microM of fluorescein-labeled wheat germ agglutinin was 5.7 +/- 0.5 cps, giving an average glycocalyx-to-bilayer distance of 5 nm. The results establish methods for experimental detection of SPR signals and demonstrate the applications of radioluminescence to the measurement of lipid exchange kinetics, ligand binding, membrane transport, and submicroscopic distances in intact membranes in real time.
The NBS Proposal for a One GeV CW Racetrack Microtron Facility

As part of a joint accelerator research project with the Los Alamos National Laboratory, NBS is now building a 200 MeV, high current, CW racetrack microtron (RTM). Upon its completion, scheduled for 1984, we propose to use this machine to provide CW electron beams to nuclear physics experimenters, and also as the injector for a second stage RTM to boost the final energy to one GeV. A building addition of 35,000 square feet will house the second stage RTM and new experimental facilities. Subharmonic RF beam splitting is planned to allow up to three simultaneous beams for experiments, with currents up to l00?A each. In addition, low and high energy beams at low currents for tagged-bremsstrahlung experiments can be delivered at the same time. This proposed multi-user facility is intended to be a national center for electromagnetic nuclear physics research.
State Lottery Sales: Separating the Influence of Markets and Game Structure

State lotteries are the fiscal gimmick for the 1980s, receiving widespread popular and legislative approval. Unfortunately, the impact of structural and external influences on lottery sales is not well understood. This analysis sheds light on these influences, demonstrating that state economic activity, age of the game, interstate lottery competition, and game portfolios significantly affect sale and, consequently, benefit to the state.
Preparing Secondary Educators to Support Adolescent Struggling Readers

The authors examined 3 secondary special education teachers’ implementation of reading knowledge and strategies acquired during a 2-year preparation program. They collected and qualitatively analyzed interview and observation data to ascertain what strategies teachers used and why. Findings indicated that contextual factors (e.g., school-adopted curriculum, students’ abilities) were important influences on the extent to which teachers could situate reading knowledge acquired during the preparation program. Implications for teacher educators and school personnel involved with the design and delivery of secondary reading instruction and teacher education are provided.
Time-dependent many-electron approach to slow ion-atom collisions for systems with several active electrons

We develop a first-principles molecular dynamics for slow ion-atom collisions, where a many-electron system is described over time allowing for its self-consistent coupling to evolving nuclear motions. Our treatment combines an eikonal description of nuclear motions and time-dependent Hartree-Fock states and introduces molecular orbitals written as linear combinations of traveling atomic functions to derive general matrix equations for state-to-state cross sections and to calculate properties. A ``relax-and-drive'' procedure is employed to propagate solutions to the coupled equations with different time scales for electronic transitions and nuclear displacements. Reduced differential cross sections have been calculated for elastic, electron transfer, and excitation processes in ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}+\mathrm{D}$ collisions, and they compare very well to experimental values and other calculations. In addition, we present results for the evolution of atomic populations during collisions.
Colonizing intersectionality: replicating racial hierarchy in feminist academic arguments

In this article I use tools of critical and poststructural discourse analysis to examine a particular rhetorical frame adopted by some European social scientists and philosophers dealing with the feminist concept of intersectionality. These scholars must negotiate a complex discursive terrain framed by what David Theo Goldberg calls ‘racial Europeanization,’ a metadiscursive regime that denies the continuing existence of European race and racisms. The result is to suppress the availability of conceptual tools that will allow people to recognize, analyze, and debate what might count as structural racisms and how racial differences can be negotiated effectively. Acceding to this suppression restricts the tools available when critics must engage with racial arguments in criticizing US intersectionality. I examine here three cases in which critics fail to give due attention to the imbrication of race, nation, and power in their arguments, the women they target, and the forms of intersectionality they wish to ...
Towards a nutritional ecology of invasive establishment: aphid mutualists provide better fuel for incipient Argentine ant colonies than insect prey

Many potential species invasions fail before establishment. This is likely especially true for invasive Argentine ants that must overcome a severe founding bottleneck and transition from propagules that rely on protein-rich prey to massive supercolonies that dominate by consuming carbohydrate-rich honeydew from hemipteran mutualists. While this dietary shift supports the classic idea that protein fuels early colony development and carbohydrates maintain adult workers, recent evidence suggests that carbohydrates can govern initial colony establishment. In this study, we use lab experiments to show that resources from aphid mutualists had greater benefits for Argentine ant propagule survival, maintenance, growth, and worker activity rates than did prey items. These effects persisted at low aphid densities, and when colonies were otherwise starved. Moreover, prey-starved colonies did not appear to consume aphids, suggesting that carbohydrate-rich honeydew is a mechanism that facilitates colony establishment. Combined, these results support a hypothesis that the dietary shift from prey to honeydew is driven more by increased access to hemipterans after establishment, than by specific benefits of prey early in colony development. The results highlight the important role of nutritional ecology for studying invasive establishment, linking propagule success not only to the supply of food resources, but also to their quality.
Maternal mortality in New York City: excess mortality of black women.

To assess maternal mortality in New York City, birth certificates and mortality records for New York City from 1988 through 1994 were linked and examined. During these 7 years, maternal mortality in New York City (defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition [ICD-9], as 630–676) per 100,000 live births signicantly exceeded that of the country as a whole (20.2 vs. 8.2, respectively). Within New York City, an even greater variation of maternal mortality by race/ethnicity was noted, with the mortality ratio of whites, blacks, and Hispanics being 7.1, 39.5, and 14.4 per 100,000 live births, respectively. Socioeconomic characteristics such as educational attainment, marital status, and income influenced maternal mortality more in non-blacks than blacks. Analyses of cause-specific mortality revealed that, overall, ectopic pregnancy, embolism, and hypertension were the leading causes of death. However, the major factors explaining the excess maternal mortality among blacks were hypertension (mortality ratio of blacks to whites 5.57,95% confidence interval 2.30–13.39), ectopic pregnancy (4.78,95% confidence interval 2.40–9.51), and abortion (4.58, 95% confidence interval 1.72–12.22). These findings confirm a persisting gap in maternal death between black and white women. Indeed, if all New Yorkers who became pregnant enjoyed the survival of the city's non-Hispanic white residents, the difference in maternal mortality between the city and the nation would be eliminated.
An improved delayed-start LPT algorithm for a partition problem on two identical parallel machines

We propose an off-line delayed-start LPT algorithm that sequences the first (longest) 5 jobs optimally and the remaining jobs according to the LPT principle on two identical parallel machines. We show that this algorithm has a sharper tight worst-case ratio bound than the traditional LPT algorithm for the sum of squares of machine completion times minimization problem.
Fibrochondrogenesis in two embryonic stem cell lines: Effects of differentiation timelines

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an exciting cell source for fibrocartilage engineering. In this study, the effects of differentiation time and cell line, H9 versus BG01V, were examined. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were fibrochondrogenically differentiated for 1, 3, or 6 weeks and then used to engineer tissue constructs that were grown for an additional 4 weeks. Construct matrix was fibrocartilaginous, containing glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagens I, II, and VI. A differentiation time of 3 or 6 weeks produced homogeneous constructs, with matrix composition varying greatly with cell line and differentiation time: from 2.6 to 17.4 μg of GAG per 106 cells and from 22.3 to 238.4 μg of collagen per 106 cells. Differentiation for 1 week resulted in small constructs with poor structural integrity that could not be mechanically tested. The compressive stiffness of the constructs obtained from EBs differentiated for 3 or 6 weeks did not vary significantly as a function of either differentiation time or cell line. In contrast, the tensile properties were markedly greater with the H9 cell line, 1,562–1,940 versus 32–80 kPa in the BG01V constructs. These results demonstrate the dramatic effects of hESC line and differentiation time on the biochemical and functional properties of tissue-engineered constructs and show progress in fibrocartilage tissue engineering with an exciting new cell source. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The role of intracellular trafficking and the VPS10d receptors in Alzheimer’s disease

In Alzheimer's disease, the key pathological culprit is the amyloid-β protein, which is generated through β- and γ-secretase cleavage of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Both the secretases and amyloid-β precursor protein are transmembrane proteins that are sorted via the trans-Golgi network and the endosome through multiple membranous compartments of the cell. The coat complex clathrin controls the sorting from the cell surface and the trans-Golgi network to the endosome. Instead, the retromer controls the reverse transport from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network. The retromer contains two subprotein complexes: the cargo-selective subcomplex consisting of VPS35, VPS29 and VPS26 and the membrane deformation subcomplex consisting of Vps5p, Vps17p, SNX 1/2 and possibly SNX 5/6 or SNX 32 in mammals. Cargo molecules of the retromer include the VPS10 receptor proteins SORL1, SORT1, SORCS1, SORCS2 and SORCS3. There is increasing evidence through cell biology and animal and genetic studies that components of the retromer and the VPS10d receptor family play a role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews and summarizes this current evidence.
Young Adults' Recollections of Parental and Nonparental Childcare.

From a sample of 419 college students, 750 written recollections were obtained regarding their parental and nonparental childcare experiences. Vignettes were sorted and coded according to five emerging themes: emotional valence, play, TV, educational activities and holidays/birthdays. Several significant differences were found in remembered experience between parental and nonparental care. Emotionally positive recollections were significantly more prevalent in parental care. Emotionally negative recollections were significantly more prevalent in nonparental care. In addition, within context, emotional parental care memories were more often positive while emotional nonparental care memories were more often negative. Regarding the other four themes, memories of educational activities, play, and holiday/birthday celebrations were more often related to parental care. There were no between‐context differences in rates of recall for TV – related memories. Across contexts, play memories were most prevalent.
Fever in Critical Neurologic Illness

Fever is a commonmedical complication formany types of critical neurologic illnesses, including acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and brain trauma. In prospective observational studies, fever has been found in nearly 75% of patients.1 Fever is a form of secondary injury and independently worsens neurologic outcome and increases themortality in neurologic patients.1 Hence, fever is a therapeutic target that needs tobe identified, understood, and treated. Measuring temperature and determining the presence of fever is straightforward, but thedifferential diagnosis of infectious vs noninfectious (or central) fever is quite challenging and ismore art than science. It is well known that patients with intracranial blood may have noninfectious (or central) fever in the absence of objective signs of clinical infection. The criteria and methodological approach tomaking thedistinction between infectious andnoninfectious feveraresubject toconsiderablevariationamongpractitioners. This variability likely results in someantibiotic overusage,whichcan haveadverseeffects on thepatient inquestionandonmicrobial resistance across a larger cohort of patients. Hence, it is crucial to be able to determine infectious from noninfectious fever. In an article in JAMANeurology by Hocker et al,2 determinants ofnoninfectious feverwere identified froma largesingle-centerneurocritical care cohort of patients with a wide variety of critical neurologic illnesses, ranging fromsubarachnoidhemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and tumors to status epilepticus. The authors performed a retrospective analysis to design a classification tree schemaofwhich patients are likely to have infectious fever. Noninfectious fever occurring within 72 hours of admission was determined tobepresent in46%ofpatients.Blood transfusionswereanother independent factor associatedwith noninfectious fever. The authors proposed a step-wise selection treemethod for determining the cause of fever. JAMANEUROLOGY
In vitro evolution of a self-alkylating ribozyme

RNA enzymes are postulated to have catalysed all chemical reactions in the earliest living cells. This idea is now investigated in a search for alkyl transferases from a pool of random sequence RNAs. Selection for self-biotinylation yields a transfer RNA-like ribozyme that efficiently catalyses carbon-nitrogen bond formation. Ribozymes can thus promote reactions other than those involving the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone, suggesting that RNA may be capable of a broad range of catalytic activities.
Common coding by pigeons in a many-to-one delayed matching task as evidenced by facilitation and interference effects

Pigeons were first trained on many-to-one delayed matching in which pairs of hue and line­ orientation samples were associated with individual comparison stimuli. They were then trained to match two ofthe original samples (either hues or line orientations) to new comparisons, after which 2-sec delays were inserted between the samples and comparisons. In testing, the remain­ ing samples were presented as interpolated stimuli during the delays. When the interpolated stimulus had been associated with the same comparison as the sample in many-to-one matching, performance was significantly more accurate than when it had been associated with a different comparison. This finding adds to the evidence that samples sharing common comparison associa­ tions are commonly coded. With many-to-one (MTO) mapping, when two stimuli, A and B, are independently associated with a common event, C, it is possible to show that an association has developed between A and B-though A and B never have been presented together (Urcuioli, Zentall, Jackson-Smith, & Steirn, 1989). Suggestive evidence for this phenome­ non, called common coding, can be found in retention data from experiments involving delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) in which there is an MTO mapping of samples onto comparisons. For example, differences between the slopes of retention functions that normally appear when sample discriminability is manipulated (hue samples vs. line-orientation samples) all but disappear in MTO DMTS (Zentall, Urcuioli, Jagielo, & Jackson-Smith, 1989; see also Grant, 1982). The similarity of retention functions that are typically quite different is consistent with the notion that samples associated with the same comparison are commonly coded. In other words, if memory for these samples con­ sists of a common representation, one would expect that the rate of memory loss for the samples would be com­ parable, independently of the particular sample that gave rise to that representation. Another source of evidence for common coding comes from reversal designs in which, following training on
Remarks on the concept of an atom in a molecule and on charge transfer between atoms on molecule formation

Density functional theory provides a natural and rigorous definition of an atom in a molecule in its ground state: The molecular electron density is the sum of atomic densities, the atoms have the same chemical potential as does the molecule, and the atoms are minimally promoted from their ground states. These atoms in general are not spherical, and in general they bear nonintegral charges. Charge transfer on molecule formation is thereby uniquely defined. Calculations by Palke and by Guse are reviewed, in which the hydrogen atom is identified in the hydrogen molecule.
Expression and Localization of Myelin Basic Protein in Oligodendrocytes and Transfected Fibroblasts

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major structural component of myelin. It is expressed exclusively in myelinating glia (oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS) and is localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane and myelin membrane produced by these cells. The work described here concerns the mechanism of plasma membrane localization of MBP in myelinating glial cells and whether it involves differentiated functions specific to these cells or general functions of plasma membrane assembly common to all cells. To this end, the subcellular localization of endogenous MBP in mouse oligodendrocytes was compared with that of transiently expressed MBP in monkey fibroblasts (Cos-1 cells) transfected with an MBP expression vector containing cDNA for rat 14K MBP. The steady-state levels of MBP-specific RNA and of MBP polypeptide expressed in the transfected fibroblasts were comparable to the levels expressed in oligodendrocytes in primary culture. MBP localization was analyzed in whole cells by immunofluorescence and in specific intracellular compartments by subcellular fractionation. The results show that MBP expressed in wild-type oligodendrocytes is localized to the plasma membrane. In contrast, MBP expressed in transfected fibroblasts appears dispersed in the cytoplasm and is distributed uniformly among the various subcellular fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A WEIGHTED HARDY'S INEQUALITY AND NONOSCILLATORY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Abstract In this paper we determine the exponents α0, α, β0, β for which the Hardy inequality holds where p ≥ r and M, M′,w are monotone functions. We also show how our results may be applied to obtain nonoscillation criteria for differential equations.
To See Or Not To See: The Uses of Photometers and Measurements of Reflective Power

Armed with a photometer originally designed for evaluating telescopes, Richard Potter in the early 1830s measured the re(integral)ective power of metallic and glass mirrors. Because he found significant discrepancies between his measurements and Fresnel's predictions, Potter developed doubts concerning the wave theory. However, Potter's measurements were colored by a peculiar procedure. In order to protect the sensitivity of the eye, Potter made certain approximations in the measuring process, which exaggerated the discrepancies between the theory and the data. Potter's measurements received strong criticisms from wave theorists, not because they felt they needed to defend their theory, but because they believed that Potter was wrong in using the eye as an essential apparatus in the experiments. Potter's photometric measurements and the subsequent debate reveal the existence of two incompatible sets of measuring procedures, each of which consisted of a body of practices concerning how photometric instruments should be used properly. In the debate, the differences regarding measuring procedures shaped the participant's judgments of experimental evidence and eventually their evaluations of the optical theories.
The Responsiveness of Tax Lien Investors in English Auctions to Matching Rules: Evidence from Illinois

Auctions allowing competitors to match the current high bid are thought to be suboptimal, particularly compared to auctions where new bids must exceed the current high bid (Milgrom, 2004). To date no study has examined, empirically, the effect of allowing matching bids. A recent policy innovation in Illinois provides an opportunity to estimate the effect of matching on winning bids. Using administrative data from five suburban Illinois counties on the auction of 127,073 liens, we find that an English auction design that allows matching is associated with higher winning bids when compared to an English design that does not allow matching. These higher winning bids increase interest fees on tax delinquent property owners by 20 percent. The paper is the first to estimate the cost of matching on auction outcomes. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
Knowledge Spillovers, Search, and Creation in China's Emerging Market

Prior research and the articles included in this special issue demonstrate that in emerging markets in general and in China in particular, knowledge spillovers exist between foreign firms and domestic firms. As domestic markets become more sophisticated, and competition between domestic firms and foreign firms becomes stronger, knowledge is flowing to and being sourced in many different directions: from overseas head offices to foreign firms then on to domestic firms; from domestic firms to domestic firms; and from domestic firms to foreign firms, and back to the multinational corporations' head offices in the form of reverse spillovers and reverse innovation. We propose that knowledge spillovers, search, and creation in an emerging market are a dynamic and reciprocal process with knowledge flowing between and among foreign and domestic firms. This represents a fertile field for future research and we have identified a number of areas ripe for study.
Dynamics of left ventricular emptying in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. A cineangiographic and hemodynamic study.

Abstract 1. 1. Left ventricular cineangiograms of 9 patients with “idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis” were studied with reference to rate and pattern of left ventricular contraction, and compared with similar studies of 11 normal subjects and 8 patients with valvular aortic stenosis. 2. 2. The ventricle in “idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis” emptied more completely and in less time than did the unobstructed normal ventricle. The left ventricle in valvular aortic stenosis emptied more completely than did the normal, but required a significantly longer time interval. 3. 3. Increased pressure gradients in the same IHSS patient after premature beats or after isoproterenol were associated with more rapid and complete ventricular emptying, rather than evidence of increased obstruction. 4. 4. In no case was significant narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract seen in the RAO projection. Additional LAO views were obtained in 4 patients, and no narrowing was seen. There was no distinguishable difference in the pattern of subvalvular versus apical contraction between the three groups to suggest outflow tract obstruction in the “idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis” group—i.e., neither early subvalvular contraction nor delayed apical emptying were seen. 5. 5. These data provide evidence that the pressure gradient in “idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis” is not due to obstruction in those patients in whom obstruction is not clearly demonstrated by other means.
Black Scholar: Horace Mann Bond, 1904-1972

This volume chronicles the life and career of the historian, teacher and university administrator, Horace Mann Bond. It discusses his prodigious early output of scholarly books and articles, and his career-long interest in what he felt were affinities between Africans and African Americans.
Recent developments in immunomodulatory therapy

The remarkable gains in basic immunologic knowledge have outpaced improvements in available agents or techniques that can be used to clinically modify the immune response. Many biologic and synthetic immunomodifiers, adjuvants, and drugs with both specific and/or nonspecific effects on immunity have been investigated. Many of the therapies currently available are still in a developmental stage. However, it appears very likely that the extraordinary gains of the next decade will come in the sphere of "immunomodulation." The development of monoclonal antibodies has opened several avenues where immunochemistry can be applied to modify biologic responses. One concept enjoying a revival in recent years is that of the "magic bul le t" -an idea similar to that initially proposed by Paul Ehrlich nearly a century ago. The modem bullet will use the high selectivity of monoclonal antibodies to direct cytotoxic agents to abnormal tissue. There is a need to develop agents that can selectively enhance or suppress one specific class or subclass of immunocyte. It appears probable that when the mechanism of action of the many immunomod-
Surgical treatment of chronic suppurative parotitis. a critical review

Chronic suppurative parotitis, manifest by recurrent acute parotid enlargement and purulent sialorrhea, is usually seen with sialolithasis, sialectasis, or duct strictures. These conditions have a common pathophysiology, the predisposition to infection associated with fluid stasis. Chronic suppurative parotitis can usually be successfully treated with conservative mechanical and medical measures. Occasionally the disease is severe enough to require vigorous surgical treatment. Parotidectomy is currative and provides tissue to confirm the diagnosis. Because of concern about risk to the facial nerve in parotidectomy, tympanic neurectomy and parotid duct ligation—which theoretically cause atrophy of the gland by interruption of secretomotor nerves or pressure effects—are advocated as alternative treatment. Basic physiological and clinical studies do not confirm that tympanic neurectomy consistently interrupts all secretomotor nerves to the gland nor that parasympathetic denervation can induce complete atrophy of the gland. Studies of parotid duct ligation also do not conclusively demonstrate that this procedure will induce complete atrophy of the gland. There is a suggestion that it may have some role in protecting an already functionless gland from ascending infection. Published studies indicate that parotidectomy is the most effective treatment for this disease, and that the risk of permanent facial injury after the operation is slight. A review of 86 consecutive parotidectomies is reported. Fourteen of the surgical specimens showed inflammatory pathology and 6 of the patients had frank chronic suppurative parotitis preoperatively. The patients with chronic parotitis are asymptomatic 2 to 7 years after parotidectomy and there was no instance of permanent facial paresis after operations done for inflammatory disease. Parotidectomy is the treatment of choice for chronic suppurative parotitis when it is resistant to conservative measures. Operations such as tympanic neurectomy and parotid duct ligation, which approach the disease in an indirect manner, are not founded on carefully considered basic or clinical information and are of questionable effectiveness. The risk of permanent facial nerve paresis following parotidectomy for inflammatory disease is an important question. Our review indicates that the risk is well within acceptable limits.
Digestion of collagen and reticulin in paraffin sections by collagenase.

Tissues are fixed in ethanol or in Carnoy's 6:3:1 mixture and embedded in paraffin after routine ethanol dehydration. Sections are taken to water and then covered with 0.2 ml of a 0.9% NaCl solution containing 1 mg/ml of collagenase, and incubated at 50° C for 45 min. After this, they were washed and then stained by the usual methods for connective tissue fibers. Control sections were made by substituting plain 0.9% NaCl solution for the collagenase solution. The collagenase used was from bacteria and obtained from Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation, Cleveland 28, Ohio.
Chronic consumption of fumonisins derived from Fusarium moniliforme culture material: clinical and pathologic effects in swine.

could be in jeopardy because of the loss of elasticity of the bulbus and the subsequent impaired output. However, the more sedentary and noncompetitive environment of farmed fish may eliminate the necessity for sudden increases of cardiac output. Similar findings have been described in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with pancreas disease, where clinical signs may not be observed in affected fish despite an associated cardiomyopathy.
Crystallization, X-ray diffraction analysis and preliminary structure determination of the polygalacturonase PehA from Agrobacterium vitis.

Polygalacturonases are pectate-degrading enzymes that belong to glycoside hydrolase family 28 and hydrolyze the α-1,4 glycosidic bond between neighboring galacturonasyl residues of the homogalacturonan substrate. The acidic polygalacturonase PehA from Agrobacterium vitis was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, where it accumulated in the periplasmic fraction. It was purified to homogeneity via a two-step chromatography procedure and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique. PehA crystals belonged to space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 52.387, b = 62.738, c = 149.165 A, β = 89.98°. Crystals diffracted to 1.59 A resolution and contained two molecules per asymmetric unit. An initial structure determination by molecular replacement indicated a right-handed parallel β-helix fold.
Conjunctival Flora Antibiotic Resistance Patterns After Serial Intravitreal Injections Without Postinjection Topical Antibiotics

Purpose To report conjunctival bacterial flora antibiotic resistance patterns after serial intravitreal injections performed using a povidone-iodine preparation without the use of preinjection or postinjection topical antibiotics. Design Prospective, interventional case series. Methods Setting: Single-center clinical practice in Pennsylvania. Study Population: Thirteen eyes of 13 treatment-naive patients undergoing serial intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections for exudative age-related macular degeneration or macular edema attributable to retinal vein occlusion. Intervention: Conjunctival cultures from the treatment eye were performed prior to each injection preparation. A minimum of 3 monthly conjunctival cultures were obtained per eye over the course of the study. Ocular surface preparation consisted of topical anesthetic and povidone-iodine 5% without the use of preinjection or postinjection topical antibiotics. Main Outcome Measures: Conjunctival flora growth patterns and antibiotic resistance patterns to several common antibiotics tested over the course of the study. Results A total of 48 cultures were performed with a 77% culture positivity rate. Over the course of the serial conjunctival cultures in each patient, there was no evidence for emergence of resistant bacteria to any of the tested antibiotics (including fluoroquinolones and azithromycin) or significant alteration from baseline conjunctival flora. Of the 47 bacterial isolates, the most commonly isolated organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus both at baseline (73%) and following serial intravitreal injections (78%, P = .73). Conclusions Ocular surface preparation for intravitreal injection using povidone-iodine 5% alone in the absence of postinjection topical antibiotics does not appear to promote bacterial resistance or a discernible change in conjunctival flora.
Low-power, process-variation tolerant on-chip thermal monitoring using track and hold based thermal sensors

High die temperatures adversely impact CMOS device operation degrading both performance and reliability of integrated circuits. Dynamic thermal management (DTM) schemes rely on physical sensors to provide them with feedback to ensure an accurate and closed-loop throttling mechanism. Power-density trends in current-generation, high-performance processors motivate the need for multiple, low-power and highly accurate thermal monitoring circuits. Studies performed on power-thermal-characteristics of current processors suggest that better sensor-measurement accuracy translates into power-savings and better system-performance. To this end, we propose a novel, track and hold-based on-chip thermal sensor which provides an accuracy of
Impact of Aerodynamics and Structures Technology on Heavy Lift Tiltrotors

Rotor performance and aeroelastic stability are presented for a 124,000-lb Large Civil Tilt Rotor (LCTR) design. It was designed to carry 120 passengers for 1200 nm, with performance of 350 knots at 30,000 ft altitude. Design features include a low-mounted wing and hingeless rotors, with a very low cruise tip speed of 350 ft/sec. The rotor and wing design processes are described, including rotor optimization methods and wing/rotor aeroelastic stability analyses. New rotor airfoils were designed specifically for the LCTR; the resulting performance improvements are compared to current technology airfoils. Twist, taper and precone optimization are presented, along with the effects of blade flexibility on performance. A new wing airfoil was designed and a composite structure was developed to meet the wing load requirements for certification. Predictions of aeroelastic stability are presented for the optimized rotor and wing, along with summaries of the effects of rotor design parameters on stability.
Copper clean-up procedure for ultrasonic extraction and analysis of pyrethroid and phenylpyrazole pesticides in sediments by gas chromatography-electron capture detection

Abstract A rapid ultrasonic extraction method coupled with a heated-copper clean-up procedure for removing interfering constituents was developed for analyzing pyrethroid and phenylpyrazole pesticides in sediments. Incubation of the 60 mL extract with 12 g copper granules at 60 °C for 2 h was determined to be the optimal conditions for removing the interfering constituents. Eleven pyrethroid and phenylpyrazole pesticides were spiked into sediment samples to determine the effectiveness of the ultrasonic extraction method. The average recoveries of pyrethroids and phenylpyrazoles in sediment at 4 °C storage on day 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21 ranged from 98.6 to 120.0%, 79.2 to 116.0%, 85.0 to 119.7%, 93.6 to 118.7%, and 92.1 to 118.2%, respectively, with all percent relative standard deviations less than 10% (most −1 ), from 97.8% to 117.9% for middle fortification level (10–80 μg kg −1 ), and from 94.3% to 118.1% for highest fortification level (20–160 μg kg −1 ). Relative standard deviations of pesticide recoveries were usually less than 7%. Method detection limits of target pesticides ranged from 0.22 μg kg −1 to 3.72 μg kg −1 . Furthermore, field sediment samples collected from four residential lakes during a three-month monitoring period were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. Bifenthrin was detected in all of sediment samples (highest concentration 260.33 ± 41.71 μg kg −1 , lowest concentration 5.68 ± 0.38 μg kg −1 ), and fipronil sulfone was detected at least once in sediment samples collected from three sites with concentrations ranging from 1.73 ± 0.53 to 7.53 ± 0.01 μg kg −1 .
Simulations of Flow Through Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valves With Asymmetric Leaflet Motion

Prosthetic heart valves have been used for over 50 years to replace diseased native valves but still lead to severe complications such as platelet aggregation and thromboembolic events. The most widely implanted design is the bileaflet mechanical heart valve (BMHV). Most modern BMHV designs have better flow hemodynamics and blood damage performance than earlier-generation counterparts. However, blood element trauma and thromboembolic events still remain as major complications of current BMHV designs. These problems have been linked to blood damage caused by non-physiological stresses. These stresses are caused by the complex flow fields that arise due to prosthetic heart valve design. In order to reduce the severity of these complications, the blood damage that occurs in flows through prosthetic heart valves must be well understood.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Active microwave filters with noise performance considerations

Active microwave filters offer a unique solution for certain filtering problems in modern microwave integrated circuit applications. A number of authors have reported novel active filter topologies in this connection; however, noise considerations for these exotic designs have seldom been addressed, and only Bonetti and Williams (1990, 1992) have provided actual reliable repeatable measured noise data across a band of frequencies. The main objective of this paper is to present a precision computer-oriented technique to accurately predict and quantify the noise performance of various active microwave filter realizations. Experimental examples are presented which validate the computer-oriented simulation methodology. Noise performance results are presented for a representative realization of each class of active microwave filter considered. >
Liberation from Self: A Theory of Personal Autonomy

This is a detailed, sophisticated and comprehensive treatment of autonomy. Moreover it argues for a quite different conception of autonomy from that found in the philosophical literature. Professor Berofsky claims that the idea of autonomy originating in the self is a seductive but ultimately illusory one. The only serious way of approaching the subject is to pay due attention to psychology, and to view autonomy as the liberation from the disabling effects of physiological and psychological afflictions. A sustained critique of concepts such as moral autonomy, self-realisation, ideal autonomy, and identification is offered. The author replaces these with an alternative model that reveals how spontaneity, vitality and competence enable human beings to act in the real world.
Chromosome-scale genetic mapping using a set of 16 conditionally stable Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes.

We have created a resource to rapidly map genetic traits to specific chromosomes in yeast. This mapping is done using a set of 16 yeast strains each containing a different chromosome with a conditionally functional centromere. Conditional centromere function is achieved by integration of a GAL1 promoter in cis to centromere sequences. We show that the 16 yeast chromosomes can be individually lost in diploid strains, which become hemizygous for the destabilized chromosome. Interestingly, most 2n − 1 strains endoduplicate and become 2n. We also demonstrate how chromosome loss in this set of strains can be used to map both recessive and dominant markers to specific chromosomes. In addition, we show that this method can be used to rapidly validate gene assignments from screens of strain libraries such as the yeast gene disruption collection.
The Informed Consent Process in Genetic Family Studies

The informed consent process provides protection by ensuring that potential research subjects understand the goals of the research project they are being asked to voluntarily partake in as well as the risks associated with the study. We examined subjects' comprehension and ability to identify issues explicitly raised during the consent process that was conducted as part of their participation in a genetic family study (GFS). We employed cross-sectional design by providing a short, self-administrative questionnaire to 246 participants recruited from families enrolled in the Extended Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes (EFIND) study conducted at the University of Texas Health Science Center. Participants responded to the questionnaire directly after their enrollment in the EFIND study. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions and focused on the understanding of the purposes, procedures, and risks associated with their participation in the EFIND study. These questions were formulated to reflect basic information presented to subjects through the consent process. Responses to questions were expressed as percentages, placing equal weight on each response. Participants were Mexican-American, 62.3% female and averaged 35.2 ± 12.7 years old (range: 18-76). Our findings showed that the average comprehension score was 58. About 30% of the participants did not know the name of the study, and 70% did not identify all elements related to the study procedures. The most striking finding was the lack of understanding concerning the social risks associated with participation in EFIND. While 35.1% of participants identified all potential physical risks, only 1.3% could identify all of the social risks. Our findings showed that participants comprehension score was significantly associated with their level of education and income. We conclude that using the informed consent process to communicate research social risks to subjects participating in GFS has some limitations. Future research directed at improving risk communications to subjects of low socioeconomic levels participating in genetic research is justified.
Message-optimal protocols for reliable broadcasts in networks with crash failures

We consider reliable broadcast protocols in both weakly synchronous and totally asynchronous distributed systems with point-to-point communication links. We present protocols that, in an n-process system subject to at most t crash failures, guarantees the delivery of a message from any process to other nonfaulty processes. In the absence of failures, our protocols require (n+t-1) messages in the weakly synchronous model and (t+1)(n-1- 1/2 ) messages in the totally asynchronous model. Moreover, we show that the message complexity of our protocol is optimal. >
The uhleri group of the genus Amblycorypha (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): extraordinarily complex songs and new species

Abstract The uhleri group of the genus Amblycorypha consists of A. uhleri Stal and 4 new species: arenicola, cajuni, longinicta, and rivograndis. The species are easily distinguished in the field by features of their songs, and most specimens can be identified by size and features of the ovipositor and male stridulatory apparatus. Males of the uhleri group produce the most complex calls known for ensiferan Orthoptera and thus earn the common name of “virtuoso katydids”. Each species uses 4 types of wing-movement cycles to produce 4 types of syllable sequences. During these sequences there are gradual and sudden changes in intensity. The 4 types of sequences are produced in more or less predictable order, with a complete song requiring 4 to > 60 s depending on the species, the population, and the temperature. In response to these songs, sexually responsive females make nondescript answering “ticks” immediately before and during the place in the songs where the males produce “type IV” syllables. Available e...
New Species of Rimicola from California

Abstract A new species of clingfish (Gobiesocidae) in the genus Rimicola, that exhibits unique sexual dimorphisms, is described from the Santa Barbara Islands, California. It is most closely related to two other California Rimicola species that are also sexually dimorphic. Now that a Rimicola species described from the Caribbean has been determined to belong elsewhere, the genus reverts to its original status as a northeastern Pacific endemic.
Texture Development and Twinning in Polycrystalline Gold Thin Films

Gold thin films have a {111} texture component that strengthens during heating. We show that this texture can be affected by the formation of twins, which may be influenced by the substrate material. Gold thin films were evaporated onto rock salt and glass substrates, and incrementally annealed without removal from the substrate. The texture was mapped using an area detector x-ray diffractometer. The films showed a primary {111} fiber texture and a secondary {200} fiber texture on both substrates with the addition of a {511} fiber texture component, which is much more pronounced on rock salt than on other substrates. The {511} surface normal derives from a twin rotation, showing that there is more twinning on rock salt than on glass although there is no lattice matching between the rock salt and gold.