cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Civil and Criminal Orders of Protection as Remedies for Domestic Violence Victims in a Midwestern County

Past research has identified many potential advantages of civil protection orders as a means of addressing domestic violence without invoking an official response of the criminal justice system. Using data from a Midwestern county, this exploratory study provides a comparison of civil protection orders with orders of protection that are filed in conjunction with a criminal battering arrest. We examine the demographic characteristics of the respondents/defendants and petitioners/victims, the nature of the abuse leading up to the filing of the protection order, the reasons for filing, the terms of the order, location of the offense, and violations of orders. Our findings reveal many similarities between types of orders, in terms of order stipulations, past abuse histories of petitioners/victims, and respondents/defendants’ likelihood of reoffending. The findings also reveal an important difference in the petitioners’ and victims’ reasons for filing; whereas petitioners in civil cases were more likely to identify emotional abuse as the factor leading up to issuance of the order, victims in criminal cases were more likely to document physical abuse. We discuss these findings in the context of victim preference.
Inactivation of TMV-RNA by ultra-violet radiation in sunlight.

SummaryThe ultra-violet component of sunlight inactivates the infectivity of purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The rate of inactivation in summer is high enough to suggest that ultra-violet radiation from sunlight may damage a significant proportion of certain kinds of RNA molecules in exposed plant tissues. The sunlight-inactivated TMV-RNA can be photoreactivated in tobacco leaves.
Biomimetic formation of chicoric-acid-directed luminescent silver nanodendrites

In this work, we report the formation of well-defined silver nanodendrites via biomineralization under mild conditions in a single step, in the presence of the plant phytohormone chicoric acid (CA), a well-known HIV-I integrase inhibitor. CA played a dual role as reductant as well as directed the growth of the nanodendrites, which were found to grow primarily in the [111] and [200] directions. In addition to the formation of highly ordered hierarchical structures, the formed Ag nanodendrites were found to exhibit luminescence, as observed by confocal microscopy. This study not only demonstrates a new method for the preparation of luminescent silver nanodendrites using a simple, environmentally friendly biological method, but also indicates the ability of CA, a potent HIV-integrase inhibitor, to interact with silver ions which may shed light on its potential for additional biomedical and biosensor applications.
Potential Effects of Molecular Testing of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodule Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy on Thyroidectomy Volume

Increasing utilization of genetic expression profiling (GEP) for thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine needle aspiration (FNA) results will potentially decrease the number of patients requiring diagnostic thyroidectomy. This study sought to determine the potential effects of GEP for indeterminate thyroid FNA results on thyroidectomy volume. A retrospective review of thyroidectomy procedures performed over 1 year at the University of Michigan in the endocrine surgery division evaluated the indications for thyroidectomy, FNA Bethesda classification, and final surgical pathology to determine how application of GEP on indeterminate FNA results would affect decision for surgery and subsequent thyroidectomy volume. During the study period, 358 thyroidectomies were performed. The indication for procedure included: FNA findings, n = 122; symptomatic multinodular goiter, n = 85; nodule >4 cm, n = 30; Graves’, n = 26; other, n = 95. FNA was performed in 231 patients. Bethesda classification included: benign, n = 69; malignant, n = 55; follicular lesion of undetermined significance, n = 59; follicular neoplasm, n = 20; suspicious for malignancy, n = 16; nondiagnostic, n = 12. If standard GEP was performed for all indeterminate FNA results, it would have influenced the decision for surgery in 68 (19 %) patients. Assuming 38 % of indeterminate FNA specimens will have benign results on genetic profiling, 27 patients would not have undergone thyroidectomy, translating into a 7.2 % decrease in overall thyroidectomy volume over a year. In an academic endocrine surgery program, the most common indication for thyroidectomy is an FNA result; however, standard application of GEP for all indeterminate thyroid FNAs would result in a minimal reduction in overall thyroidectomy volume.
Na+ Binding to Cyclic and Linear Dipeptides. Bond Energies, Entropies of Na+ Complexation, and Attachment Sites from the Dissociation of Na+-Bound Heterodimers and ab Initio Calculations

The Na+ affinities of simple cyclic and linear dipeptides and of selected derivatives are determined in the gas-phase based on the dissociations of Na+-bound heterodimers [peptide + Bi]Na+, in whic...
Sharing rotting wood in the shade: ectomycorrhizal communities of co-occurring birch and hemlock seedlings.

Coarse woody debris (CWD)is an important nursery environment for many tree species. Understanding the communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF)and the effect of ECMF species on tree seedling condition in CWD will elucidate the potential for ECMF-mediatedeffects on seedling dynamics. In hemlock-dominatedstands, we characterized ECMF communities associated with eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt) seedling pairs growing on CWD. Seedling foliage and CWD were analyzed chemically, and seedling growth, canopy cover, and canopy species determined. Thirteen fungal taxa, 12 associated with birch, and 6 with hemlock, were identified based on morphology and ITS sequencing. Five species were shared by co-occurringbirch and hemlock, representing 75 % of ectomycorrhizal root tips. Rarified ECMF taxon richness per seedling was higher on birch than hemlock. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed significant correlations between ordination axes, the mutually exclusive ECMF Tomentella and Lactarius spp., foliar N and K, CWD pH, and exchangeable Ca and Mg. Seedlings colonized by Lactarius and T. sublilacina differed significantly in foliar K and N, and CWD differed in exchangeable Ca and Mg. CWD pH and nutrient concentrations were low but foliar macro-nutrientconcentrations were not. We hypothesize that the dominant ECMF are adapted to low root carbohydrate availability typical in shaded environments but differ in their relative supply of different nutrients.
Micromechanics of colloidal aggregates at the oil–water interface

The micromechanics of two-dimensional (2D) colloidal aggregates at the oil–water interface are measured using optical tweezers. Aggregates form from stable 2D suspensions after introducing either 0.25 M NaCl/0.1 mM SDS in the aqueous sub-phase or 25 μM sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80) in the oil super-phase. Aggregates formed with NaCl/SDS have strong bond bending rigidities due to tangential forces between particles, leading to an average aggregate rigidity κa = 4.9 ± 3.1 mN m−1. Rigid aggregates are consistent with previously reported open microstructures and irreversible, diffusion-limited cluster aggregation kinetics. In contrast, aggregates formed by SPAN 80 exhibit weak bond rigidities (κa = 0.28 ± 0.31 mN m−1), enabling particle rearrangements that lead to a denser microstructure. The micromechanical properties of aggregates that constitute the macrocolloidal structure of 2D suspensions provide a critical link between their colloidal interactions and interfacial rheology.
Scapulothoracic Bursitis as a Significant Cause of Breast and Chest Wall Pain: Underrecognized and Undertreated

Pain is one of the most commonly reported breast complaints. Referred pain from inflammation of the shoulder bursa is often overlooked as a cause of breast pain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of shoulder bursitis as a cause of breast/chest pain. An IRB-approved retrospective review from July 2005 to September 2009 identified 461 patients presenting with breast/chest pain. Cases identified with a trigger point in the medial aspect of the ipsilateral scapula were treated with a bursitis injection at the point of maximum tenderness. The bursitis injection contains a mixture of local anesthetic and corticosteroid. Presenting complaint, clinical response and associated factors were recorded and treated with descriptive statistics. Average age of the study group was 53.4 ± 12.7 years, and average BMI was 30.4 ± 7.4. One hundred and three patients were diagnosed with shoulder bursitis as the cause of breast pain and received the bursitis injection. Most cases (81/103 or 78.6%) presented with the breast/chest as the site of most significant discomfort, where 8.7% (9/103) had the most severe pain at the shoulder, 3.9% (4/103) at the axilla and 3.9% (4/103) at the medial scapular border. Of the treated patients, 83.5% (86/103) had complete relief of the pain, 12.6% (13/103) had improvement of symptoms with some degree of residual pain, and only 3.9%(4/103) did not respond at all to the treatment. The most commonly associated factor to the diagnosis of bursitis was the history of a previous mastectomy, present in 27.2% (28/103) of the cases. Shoulder bursitis represents a significant cause of breast/chest pain (22.3% or 103/461) and can be successfully treated with a local injection at site of maximum tenderness in the medial scapular border.
Efficacy of right atrial infusion of PGE1 in sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension

Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of right atrial infusion of PGE1 (RAIPGE1) in doses from 40 to 500 ng/kg/min on sepsis-induced pulmonary artery hypertension (SIPAH). Thirteen pigs were randomized into a time-course group (n = 6) and a PGE1-treated group (n = 7). Pulmonary hypertension (PAH) was induced with the infusion of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PsAr) at a concentration of 2 × 108 CFU/20 kg/min in both groups. The infusion of PsAr caused a significant and persistent rise in mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPA), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVRI), right ventricular compliance (RVC), RV dp/dt, and right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI), 30 min after the onset of infusion (P
Quadrupedalism in some Miocene catarrhines

Abstract The term quadrupedalism refers both to a locomotor mode involving the use of all four limbs to move on horizontal substrates and to a locomotor repertoire dominated by the locomotor mode of quadrupedalism. Among extant primates there are numerous types of quadrupedal repertoires and modes, only some of which have been well characterized in terms of their functional morphology. Most Miocene catarrhines are only known from fragmentary postcranial specimens, and do not closely resemble particular anthropoid taxa. Thus, their possible quadrupedalism can only be characterized in a fairly general way. Much of the postcranial skeleton is known for the hominoid Proconsul . Limb proportions and the detailed morphology of the trunk and limbs indicate a locomotor repertoire dominated by quadrupedalism. Proconsul's quadrupedal mode involved palmigrade hand placement, and fairly eclectic movement at the limb joints. Variations on this type of quadrupedal mode are likely for the hominoids Kenyapithecus, Dryopithecus, and Sivapithecus, although other components of the locomotor repertoire are likely to have been more strongly expressed in these genera. The primitive catarrhine Pliopithecus differs from Proconsul in having more gracile limbs and relatively longer forelimbs. These atelid-like features suggest a stronger representation of suspension and climbing in the locomotor repertoire. However, as in Proconsul, there are many features indicating the primacy of quadrupedalism. The primitive catarrhine Dendropithecus and its close relatives resemble Pliopithecus in many aspects of their locomotor morphology. The hominoid Oreopithecus differs from all the other Miocene taxa in having a Pongo -like locomotor repertoire dominated by climbing and suspension, but probably with a minor quadrupedal component. Oreopithecus apart, the known Miocene catarrhines are predominantly quadrupedal animals. This fact must be incorporated into any attempt to chart the emergence of the locomotor specializations of extant hominoids.
Design of a 4-W Envelope Tracking Power Amplifier With More Than One Octave Carrier Bandwidth

This paper presents a high-efficiency broadband envelope-tracking power amplifier with operation at carrier frequencies from 500 to 1750 MHz. The RF power amplifier (RFPA) is provided by a single-chip gallium-nitride (GaN) integrated circuit (IC) whose design included a broadband output match achieved by operating directly into a load resistance of 50 Ω and broadband input match achieved using a feedback network. Under single-tone excitation, the Class-AB GaN PA IC provides output power above 12 W with greater than 50% drain efficiency and more than 10-dB gain at 40-V drain bias. When placed in envelope tracking configuration, using a representative WCDMA modulated signal with 4-MHz bandwidth and 6.6-dB peak-to-average power ratio, the ET PA achieved 4 W of average output power at its peak average drain efficiency of 31% at 752 MHz (including the power dissipation of the envelope modulator). The RFPA individually was measured to have an average drain efficiency of 58.5% for the WCDMA signal. Across the 500-1750-MHz band, using the WCDMA signal, greater than 25% average drain efficiency with more than 10 dB of gain was measured.
Chiral lagrangians and nuclear forces

Abstract We obtain the nuclear potential coming from the general chiral invariant effective lagrangian up to third order. It consists of a stronger two-body potential and a weaker three-body force. It accounts for the known spin-isospin dependence in the form of contact terms but also yields novel features of finite range.
Mast Cell Tryptase and Microphthalmia Transcription Factor Effectively Discriminate Between Cutaneous Mast Cell Disorders and Leukemia Cutis: A Comparative Cytochemical and Immunohistochemical Study

Cutaneous mast cell disorders are uncommon but a subset of these disorders, especially mastocytoma, can histologically mimic leukemia cutis. Our objective was to employ a panel of cytochemical and immunohistolochemical markers to determine which markers would be most useful in distinguishing these entities. We studied 17 cases of cutaneous mast cell disorders (UP, TMEP, and mastocytoma) and 12 cases of leukemia cutis (myeloid, myelomonocytic and monocytic) with toluidine blue, Giemsa, pinacyanol erythrocyanate (PE), mast cell tryptase, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), CD117, myeloperoxidase, CD43 and CD68. We found that PE stained the majority of cases of mast cell disorders (11/15) but did not stain leukemia cutis. Tryptase and MITF stained all cases of mast cell disorders but not leukemia cutis. Although CD117 showed strong staining in all cases of mast cell disorders, it also stained up to 25% of cases of leukemia cutis (2/8). Staining for myeloperoxidase was specific to leukemia cutis but detected only leukemias with myeloid differentiation (6/12). Our results show that mast cell tryptase and microphthalmia transcription factor are equally effective in distinguishing mast cell disorders from leukemia cutis. Interestingly, pinacyanol erythrocyanate appears to be specific for mast cell disease, as no staining was seen in leukemia cutis.
Reflections on the Gerstmann syndrome

Abstract There has been much debate about whether or not the Gerstmann aggregate is a syndrome in any meaningful sense. Some investigators have marshalled evidence suggesting that the syndrome is an artifact of selective observation and that its components are merely particular expressions of aphasic disorder or mental impairment. Other investigators have attacked the design and logic of these negative studies and have contended that the syndrome is an index of focal brain disease. In this paper, aspects of the early history of the syndrome that are relevant to the question are reviewed, the nature of the components of the syndrome is discussed from a cognitive standpoint, and the findings and logic of recent major studies dealing with the question are analyzed. On this basis, the neuropsychological significance of the syndrome is assessed and some persisting questions are considered.
METABOLIC STUDIES IN CHILDREN FED MILK FROM COWS RECEIVING SYNTHETIC THYROPROTEIN

REINEKE and Turner (16) showed that the feeding of iodinated milk proteins to lactating cows and goats for short periods increased milk production with corresponding increases in the yield of butterfat. This confirmed the earlier observations of Graham (10), Jack and Bechdel (12), Folley and White (9), Herman et al. (11) and Ralston and hisassociates (13) who stimulated milk production in cows by the administration of desiccated thyroid or thyroxine. From an economic standpoint, these findings may prove to be of practical significance. According to some workers, however, the augmentation of milk and butterfat output by these methods may not be without some disadvantages. Van Landingham, Henderson and Weakley (29)and Seath, Branton and Groth (26) noted increases in pulse rate, body temperature and respiratory rate and a decrease in body weight of cows fed synthetic thyroprotein. On the other hand, Reineke (15) failed to observe these effects in 27 cows of three different breeds fed 1.5 to 2.5 grams of thyr...
The Effect of Oil Debris in Turbocharger Journal Bearings on Subsynchronous NVH

Abstract Instances have occurred where the outer surface of turbocharger fully floating journal bearing bushings have exhibited damage from oil debris resulting in constant tone noise and subsequent warranty claims. This paper studies the effect of oil debris in Turbocharger journal bearings on Subsynchronous NVH. A CFD model is built to study the behavior of oil debris particles with different sizes. It is found that the dominant centrifugal forces prevent larger particles from reaching the inner film while smaller particles travel more easily to the inner film. It is also found that the turbine side is more likely to become damaged from debris than the compressor side bearing due to higher temperatures. A tribology analysis shows that oil debris particles in the outer film will reduce the speed ratio, while oil debris particles in inner film will increase the speed ratio. The tribology analysis also predicts the effects of oil debris on bearing stiffness and damping. These stiffness and damping effects are incorporated into a rotordynamics simulation to predict the influence on Subsynchronous NVH. Shaft tip displacements and bearing forces are predicted as a relationship to oil debris particles collected in the inner or outer film. It is found that the peak dynamic reaction forces at the bearings can increase two fold as compared to undamaged bushings and clean oil films. The predicted frequency of these Subsynchronous forces matches well with measured data taken from vehicles exhibiting offending constant tone noises whose bearing bushings were found heavily damaged from oil debris.
Dichotomy of Solar Coronal Jets: Standard Jets and Blowout Jets

By examining many X-ray jets in Hinode/XRT coronal X-ray movies of the polar coronal holes, we found that there is a dichotomy of polar X-ray jets. About two thirds fit the standard reconnection picture for coronal jets, and about one third are another type. We present observations indicating that the non-standard jets are counterparts of erupting-loop H alpha macrospicules, jets in which the jet-base magnetic arch undergoes a miniature version of the blowout eruptions that produce major CMEs. From the coronal X-ray movies we present in detail two typical standard X-ray jets and two typical blowout X-ray jets that were also caught in He II 304 Angstrom snapshots from STEREO/EUVI. The distinguishing features of blowout X-ray jets are (1) X-ray brightening inside the base arch in addition to the outside bright point that standard jets have, (2) blowout eruption of the base arch's core field, often carrying a filament of cool (T ~10(exp 4) - 10(exp 5) K) plasma, and (3) an extra jet-spire strand rooted close to the bright point. We present cartoons showing how reconnection during blowout eruption of the base arch could produce the observed features of blowout X-ray jets. We infer that (1) the standard-jet/blowout-jet dichotomy of coronal jets results from the dichotomy of base arches that do not have and base arches that do have enough shear and twist to erupt open, and (2) there is a large class of spicules that are standard jets and a comparably large class of spicules that are blowout jets.
Invariant Mappings and Classically Conserved Quantities

We determine the properties of the most general (infinitesimal) mapping in phase space which preserves a congruence of classical trajectories. Although such mappings need not be canonical, we find that they can nevertheless be associated in a unique fashion with constants of the motion. The application of these results to the problem of determining the observables of the general theory of relativity is indicated.
Thermomechanical phenomena in high speed rubbing

An analytical approach is presented for the modeling of the thermomechanical interactions which occur in high speed sliding situations. These sliding contact problems which are characterized by active and interrelated thermal and mechanical phenomena could be called 'rub energetics' problems. Analytical models were developed to simulate two different rub situations: high energy braking of disk brakes and high speed rubs of gas path seals in turbine engines. The models proved to be particularly useful in predicting the severe temperatures and deformations near hot contact patches on the rubbing surfaces. The size of the hot patches is generally determined by normal load and the properties of the contacting materials. Temperatures at the contact patches can approach the melting point of the materials, especially at high sliding velocities. These high temperatures can lead to large amounts of near-surface deformation and high wear rates. Decreased contact temperatures can result from using materials with increased thermal conductivity and increased heat capacity or choosing mechanical properties (decreased stiffness, yield stress or coefficient of thermal expansion) which give larger hot spot size.
Continuous stiffness measurement and creep behavior of composite magnetic tapes

The mechanical properties of magnetic tapes play a critical role in determining the performance and life of tapes. The continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) technique was successfully used to study the contact stiffness, elastic modulus, hardness and creep behavior of two metal-particle (MP) tapes A and B with different binder and head cleaning agents (HCA) in their magnetic layers. For the same tape, the magnetic layer has the highest contact stiffness, elastic modulus, hardness and creep resistance, followed by the backcoat and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) substrate. Tape B's magnetic layer has higher contact stiffness, elastic modulus, hardness and better creep resistance than tape A's magnetic layer. Larger concentration of HCA and harder binder with better adhesion between binder and particles are attributed to the better mechanical properties for magnetic layer. The CSM nanoindentation creep tests can detect creep in a small volume, making it possible to study the creep of magnetic layers and backcoats.
Effects of Processing and Powder Size on Microstructure and Reactivity in Arrested Reactive Milled Al + Ni

Abstract Ball-milling Al-metal powders can result in self-sustaining high-temperature synthesis in intermetallic-forming systems. Here, Al and Ni powders with similar composition are used to investigate how microstructural differences affect the measured time to reaction (TTR) between powders of different sizes processed under milling conditions specified by statistically designed experiments. Linear statistical models predicting the TTR and the change in temperature (Δ T ) are built from these experimental results. The time required to observe a self-sustained high-temperature synthesis of NiAl with different combinations of the powders and ball-milling conditions vary by almost an order of magnitude. Comparisons of powders milled to times corresponding to percentages of their averaged TTR show similar reaction initiation temperatures despite the difference in total milling time. Several distinct arrested reactions within the powder grains exhibit rapid solidification or incomplete diffusion of Ni into Al, forming porous Ni-rich layered structures. The partially reacted grains suggest that the composite laminate particles are not forming intermetallic on the grain scale, but on the localized scale between layers.
Cell Dynamics During Somite Boundary Formation Revealed by Time-Lapse Analysis

We follow somite segmentation in living chick embryos and find that the shaping process is not a simple periodic slicing of tissue blocks but a much more carefully choreographed separation in which the somite pulls apart from the segmental plate. Cells move across the presumptive somite boundary and violate gene expression boundaries thought to correlate with the site of the somite boundary. Similarly, cells do not appear to be preassigned to a given somite as they leave the node. The results offer a detailed picture of somite shaping and provide a spatiotemporal framework for linking gene expression with cell movements.
EFFECT OF SIMILARITY ON SOCIAL SCHEMAS

Summary.-Kuethe ( 1962), using the Felt Figure Replacement Technique, found that non-identical human figures (man-woman) were replaced closer together than identical non-human figures (two identical rectangles). This finding was attributed to the operation of a social schema that humans "go together." The present experiment examined this finding, with similarity of form held constant and similarity of dimension varied. Perception of dimensional differences rather than social schemas may be a more viable explanation for the differences in replacement of the figures. These results add to the growing evidence that the technique must be subjected to much closer scrutiny before being widely accepted. Using information dealing with unit-forming principles, Kuethe (1962a) attempted to analyze some of the properties of social schemata by developing a methodology called the Felt Figure Technique. This technique is described in detail elsewhere (Kuethe, 1962a). Briefly the procedure involves giving a subject an object set (human or non-human) cut from felt and having the subject place these objects on a different colored felt background in any desired configuration. Upon placement of the figures, the distances between the figures and the relative placement are recorded. Since there are no correct responses, Kuethe believed that this task, with its lack of restraint, would theoretically allow the full operation of whatever social schemas were dominant for a subject. In addition Kuethe ( 1962b) used a reconstruction technique of figure placement to evaluate response bias over a wide range rather than at selected presentations. Kuethe pointed out that, with the reconstruction technique, the influence of the basic schemas on the subject's responses could be monitored until stability was reached. The reconstruction technique requires the subject to view figures separated by specific distances on the felt background for a certain length of time. Then the figures ate moved by the experimenter, and an attempt is made by the subject to replace the figures with exactly the same separations. On the reconstruction results tend to indicate that non-identical human figures ( man-woman) ate placed closer together than identical non-human figures, two identical rectangles ( Kuethe, 1962b; Kuethe & Weingartner, 1964). One possible explanation for perceptual errors on the reconstruction task is that lack of similarity in the non-identical human figure dyads enhances the social impact of the schemata. The man-woman object set (as used by Kuethe) was dissimilar in two respects. First, the two figures had differenr forms, e.g., proThis experiment was conducted while the first author was at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. Portions of this paper were presented at the 1975 meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association. The authors would like to thank Tony A. Harris for his assistance in this experiment.
Fetlock joint kinematics differ with age in thoroughbred racehorses

Fetlock joint kinematics during galloping in 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old Thoroughbreds in race training were quantified to determine if differences due to age could account for the observation that 2-year old Thoroughbred racehorses incur a high number of injuries to the bones and soft tissues in the distal forelimbs during training and at the outset of racing. Twelve Thoroughbred racehorses were videotaped in the sagittal plane at 250 frames/s during their daily galloping workout on a 7/8 mile sand-surface training track. Four galloping strides were recorded for each horse and subsequently digitized to determine fetlock joint angles of the leading forelimb during the limb support period of a stride. Four kinematic variables were measured from each stride's angular profile: angle of fetlock joint dorsi-flexion at mid-stance, negative angular velocity, positive angular velocity and time from hoof impact to mid-stance phase of limb support. The 2-year old Thoroughbreds had significantly quicker rates of dorsi-flexion of their fetlock joints than 3- (p=0.01), 4- (p=0.01), and 5-year old (p<0.01) Thoroughbreds following impact of the leading forelimb during moderate galloping (avg. 14 m/s). Higher rates of dorsi-flexion in young Thoroughbreds may reflect immaturity (lack of stiffness) of the suspensory apparatus tissues.
YOUNG BROWN DWARFS AT HIGH CADENCE: WARM SPITZER TIME SERIES MONITORING OF VERY LOW MASS σ ORIONIS CLUSTER MEMBERS

The continuous temporal coverage and high photometric precision afforded by space observatories have opened up new opportunities for the study of variability processes in young stellar cluster members. Of particular interest is the phenomenon of deuterium-burning pulsation in brown dwarfs (BDs) and very low mass stars, whose existence on 1-4 hr timescales has been proposed but not yet borne out by observations. To investigate short-timescale variability in young, low-mass objects, we carried out high-precision, high-cadence time series monitoring with the Warm Spitzer mission on 14 low mass stars and BDs in the ~3 Myr σ Orionis cluster. The flux in many of our raw light curves is strongly correlated with subpixel position and can vary systematically by as much as 10%. We present a new approach to disentangle true stellar variability from this "pixel-phase effect," which is more pronounced in Warm Spitzer observations as compared to the cryogenic mission. The light curves after correction reveal that most of the sample is devoid of variability down to the few-millimagnitude (mmag) level, on the minute to day timescales probed. However, one exceptional BD displays erratic brightness changes at the 10%-15% level, suggestive of variable obscuration by dusty material. The uninterrupted 24 hr datastream and sub-1% photometric precision enable limits on pulsation in the near-infrared. If this phenomenon is present in our light curves, then its amplitude must lie below 2-3 mmag. In addition, we present three field eclipsing binaries and one pulsator for which optical ground-based data are also available.
Advances in insectivore and rodent systematics due to geometric morphometrics

1 Morphometrics, the study of the variation and change in form amongst organisms, serves as a basic methodological tool in various fields of biological research, including systematics. Because it includes information about spatial relationships amongst anatomical landmarks, geometric morphometrics is more suitable for analyzing morphometric variation than methods based on distance measurements. 2 Geometric morphometrics allows us to answer general ecological and evolutionary questions about shape. 3 In this paper, landmark-based methods are described and illustrated, based on a dataset of measurements from 295 Apodemus mandibles, and the applications of such methods in the systematics of insectivores (Eulipotyphla) and rodents (Rodentia) are summarized.
Visual outcomes and incidence of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy in diabetic eyes pretreated with bevacizumab (avastin).

Purpose To evaluate the safety and effect of bevacizumab pretreatment on the incidence of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and visual acuity after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Methods This was a consecutive, retrospective, and comparative cohort study. Patients undergoing vitrectomy from September 2006 through November 2007 at the Emory Eye Center for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were identified and reviewed. A total of 33 eyes pretreated with bevacizumab and 104 untreated eyes were observed for postoperative vitreous hemorrhage and final visual acuity. Results Patients in the bevacizumab group were significantly younger than those in the untreated group (average age, 46.4 vs. 58.4 years) and were more likely to have 20-gauge instrumentation (58% vs. 36%). An average of 9.6 days passed between injection and surgery. Early (4-6 weeks) rebleed rates were 15% versus 13% in the bevacizumab and untreated groups, respectively, and not statistically different. Preoperative (7/200 vs. count finger at 4'), 1-month postoperative (20/200(-3) vs. 20/150), and 3-month postoperative visual acuity (20/100(-3) vs. 20/100(+2)) were not statistically different between groups. No statistical difference was found in rebleed rates regarding the gauge of vitrectomy. Conclusion Bevacizumab pretreatment for diabetic vitrectomy was not associated with any observed complications but did not influence rates of postoperative vitreous hemorrhage or final visual acuity in this retrospective series. The overall incidence of postoperative early vitreous hemorrhage in this series was 13% and seems lower than historically reported rates.
Description and test of a simple process-based model of forest growth for mixed-species stands

Process-based models of forest growth have been discussed for decades, but their utility as management tools has only recently begun to increase. Ideally this type of model would be tested by treating it as a complex hypothesis that relates independently measured parameters to predicted responses. This approach provides a test of the structure and the parameterization of the model that is not possible if the model has been calibrated (or tuned). We conduct such a test of a new model of forest production and allocation. The test uses a series of plots located across complex terrain in northern Idaho, USA. The production model scales leaf-level gas exchange to the canopy, and is parameterized with foliar nitrogen, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy structural parameters. New biomass is allocated such that tree allometry is maintained while foliage and branches turn over. A simple approach combines allometric equations across species in mixed-species stands. Predictions of volume increment for a 10-year period were higher than measurements, but the two were significantly correlated. The discrepancy was reduced when leaf area index was estimated from canopy light transmission rather than allometric equations. We argue that one likely reason for the overprediction is the occurrence of soil water deficits in the summer. A sensitivity analysis showed that estimates of production were most sensitive to leaf area index and canopy average foliar nitrogen content, but much less to other parameters. We conclude that comparing the model to observed data reveals shortcomings that might have been hidden if the parameters had been tuned. The mixed-species allometric constraint provides a new tool for modeling biomass allocation in mixed-species stands.
Structure and binding determinants of the recombinant kringle-2 domain of human plasminogen to an internal peptide from a group A Streptococcal surface protein.

Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of a complex of a modified recombinant kringle-2 domain of human plasminogen, K2Pg[C4G/E56D/L72Y] (mK2Pg), containing an upregulated lysine-binding site, bound to a functional 30 residue internal peptide (VEK-30) from an M-type protein of a group A Streptococcus surface protein, has been determined by molecular replacement methods using K4Pg as a model, and refined at 2.7 A resolution to a R-factor of 19.5 %. The X-ray crystal structure shows that VEK-30 exists as a nearly end-to-end α-helix in the complex with mK2Pg. The final structure also revealed that Arg17 and His18 of VEK-30 served as cationic loci for Asp54 and Asp56 of the consensus lysine-binding site of mK2Pg, while Glu20 of VEK-30 coordinates with Arg69 of the cationic binding site of mK2Pg. The hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket in mK2Pg, consisting primarily of Trp60 and Trp70, situated between the positive and negative centers of the lysine-binding site, is utilized in a novel manner in stabilizing the interaction with VEK-30 by forming a cation-π-electron-mediated association with the positive side-chain of Arg17 of this peptide. Additional lysine-binding sites, as well as exosite electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions involving Glu9 and Lys14 of VEK-30, were observed in the structural model. The importance of these interactions were tested in solution by investigating the binding constants of synthetic variants of VEK-30 to mK2Pg, and it was found that, Lys14, Arg17, His18, and Glu20 of VEK-30 were the most critical amino acid binding determinants. With regard to the solution studies, circular dichroism analysis of the titration of VEK-30 with mK2Pg demonstrated that the peptidic α-helical structure increased substantially when bound to the kringle module, in agreement with the X-ray results. This investigation is the first to delineate structurally the mode of interaction of the lysine-binding site of a kringle with an internal pseudo-lysine residue of a peptide or protein that functionally interacts with a kringle module, and serves as a paradigm for this important class of interactions.
Reverse engineering the Internet

To provide insight into Internet operation and performance, recent efforts have measured various aspects of the Internet, developing and improving measurement tools in the process. In this paper, we argue that these independent advances present the community with a startling opportunity: the collaborative reverse-engineering of the Internet. By this, we mean annotating a map of the Internet with properties such as: client populations, features and workloads; network ownership, capacity, connectivity, geography and routing policies; patterns of loss, congestion, failure and growth; and so forth. This combination of properties it greater than the sum of its parts, and exposes the attributes of network design easily overlooked by simpler, uncorrelated models. We argue that reverse engineering the Internet is feasible based on continuing improvements in measurement techniques, the potential to infer new properties from external measurements, and an accounting of the resources required to complete the process.
Assembly of a [2Fe-2S]2+ Cluster in a Molecular Variant of Clostridium pasteurianum Rubredoxin†

The rubredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum contains a single iron atom bound to the polypeptide chain by cysteines 6, 9, 39, and 42. The C42A variant of this protein has been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis and heterologous expression of the gene in Escherichia coli. The mutated protein was found to contain an unexpected chromophore that has been characterized by a variety of techniques. UV-visible absorption and resonance Raman spectra were strongly reminiscent of those of [2Fe-2S] proteins. Mossbauer spectra of the oxidized chromophore isolated in oxygen-free conditions indicated low-temperature diamagnetism resulting from antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin ferric ions. Analysis of X-ray absorption fine structure spectra yielded an Fe-Fe distance of 2.68 A. Colorimetric assays of iron and inorganic sulfide showed that the two elements are present in a 1:1 ratio. Electrospray-ionization mass spectra displayed a major component at M = 6190 Da, i.e. the molecular mass of the C42A apoprotein plus two atomic masses of iron and two atomic masses of sulfur. Taken together, these data show that a mere point mutation allows the stabilization of a binuclear [2Fe-2S] cluster in a protein that normally accommodates a mononuclear Fe(Scys)4 site. Assembly of a [2Fe-2S] cluster may occur because rubredoxin assumes a similar fold around its metal center as the [2Fe-2S] Rieske protein. Alternatively, a more extensive structural rearrangement of the polypeptide chain of the C42A rubredoxin variant may be considered as well.
Hierarchical multiobjective strategy for particle‐size distribution control

A multiobjective optimization formulation is presented to track a desired particle-size distribution (PSD) trajectory in semi-batch emulsion polymerization. This is done in a hierarchical framework, controlling the individual processes of nucleation, growth, and coagulation that determine the PSD. An evolutionary technique, the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, is employed as the optimization tool. Experimental implementation of these open-loop optimal recipes yield promising results, but simultaneously highlight the importance of feedback corrective action. Preliminary state/parameter estimation studies are performed, which show an ability to estimate the full distribution and related states from the available measurements (relative distribution, latex density, and feed rates), and also elucidate the requirements in the strategy to be employed for estimation. The potential for on-line feedback is examined using experimental data, in view of the irreuersibilities and process limitations.
New autosomal STR loci

Abstract Additional STR loci can be beneficial for a number of human identity, forensic casework, and DNA database applications. The marker selection and characterization process applied at NIST in developing these new loci and assays are described along with concordance testing results from non-overlapping PCR primers. A 23plex for simultaneous amplification of 22 autosomal STR loci and an amelogenin sex-typing assay is also demonstrated.
Toxicity of imidazolium- and pyridinium-based ionic liquids and the co-metabolic degradation of N-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate

Abstract We examined the effects of the ionic liquids (ILs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], N-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate [EtPy][BF4], and N-ethylpyridinium trifluoroacetate [EtPy][CF3COO] on Pseudomonas fluorescens, a ubiquitous soil bacterium. In the presence of 0.5- and 1% of [BMIM][PF6] or [EtPy][CF3COO] the growth of bacteria was inhibited, whereas exposing them to 1% [EtPy][BF4] increased the lag period wherein bacteria adapt to growth conditions before continuing to grow. However, at higher concentrations (5% and 10%), no growth was observed. The inhibitory effects were evident by a decrease in the optical density of the culture, a decline in the consumption of the carbon source, citric acid, and a change in the size of the bacterium. At concentrations below 1%, [EtPy][BF4] was metabolized by P. fluorescens in the presence of citric acid. Oxidation of the side alkyl-chain of [EtPy][BF4] caused the accumulation of N-hydroxylethylpyridinium and pyridinium as major degradation products.
A survey of statistical software

This paper describes a survey of computer software for the processing and analysis of statistical data. Information from both developers and users of widely-used statistical computer programs has been compiled and analysed into a review of the state of statistical software.
Fundamentals of a liquid (soap) film tunnel

The continuously running liquid film tunnel (LFT) is a novel device suitable for the study of two-dimensional flows. In this innovation, the films start from a reservoir, run over a horizontal or non-horizontal wire frame and get pulled/washed by a water sheet or by gravity of liquid film. How-ever, despite the simple design and widespread application of LFT, its working mechanisms are not well understood. In the present work, an experimental effort for explaining these mechanisms is reported. The results show that both film velocities and film flow rates increase with water sheet velocity up to a saturation level. This behavior is described via a force balance between the shear force produced by the water sheet and the opposing pulling force of reservoir and boundary layer frictions. The results also show that the average film thickness depends on the surfactant concentration. This is as predicted by a model based on Langmuir’s adsorption theory, in which the liquid film contains two external monolayers of surfactant and a slab of surfactant solution in between. When a film is drawn from the reservoir to the water sheet, the surfactant molecules start migrating from the former to the latter. To restore the thermodynamic equilibrium, the dragged film pulls more surfactant due to Marangoni elasticity, and thus a flow is established. The film flow soon reaches an equilibrium rate as required by the force balance mentioned above.
Influence of dietary fat, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and sex on plasma lipoprotein levels.

BACKGROUNDThe "Western" diet, sex, and apolipoprotein (Apo) E polymorphism have been implicated as codeterminants of lipid levels.METHODS AND RESULTSIn a retrospective analysis, we evaluated the combined impact of dietary fat, sex, and Apo E phenotype on lipoprotein levels in 67 subjects fed two contrasting, metabolically controlled diets: one a "Western" diet, with a low polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) fatty acid ratio and the other a "therapeutic" diet, with a high P:S ratio. The high P:S diet compared with P:S diet exerted a far stronger predictive influence on lipoprotein concentrations than Apo E phenotype, sex, or the latter two factors combined. Apo E phenotype alone was associated with a stepwise increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), such that 3/2 less than 3/3 less than 4/3 on either the low or the high P:S diets. On the low P:S diet only, sex was shown to be a significant predictor of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, with women greater than men, and the ...
Consequences of limited seed dispersal within simulated annual populations

Theoretical analyses of the consequences of dispersal have been almost entirely limited to studies of colonization. A simulation model is constructed and analyzed to study the effects of dispersal within local plant populations. Rules for the growth and reproduction of individuals are deterministic and related only to competition with other plants. Rules for the dispersal of individual seeds are stochastic; the generalized seed shadow is negatively exponential. The analysis has several interesting results. 1) In small, dense populations of annuals, mortality and growth behavior are significantly affected by small-scale changes in dispersal. 2) Stable population size, at any life stage, is not environmentally fixed (e.g. by the number of safe sites) but is also a function of reproductive capacity and dispersal. 3) There is a minimum productive capability which must be exceeded for a population to be able to respond to increased dispersal. The responsive range of the parameters may be related to the grain of safe site distribution. 4) When the total number of seeds per generation is large, high dispersal decreases the number of germlings that are able to establish. 5) For plants that reach the growing stage, however, expected reproduction can exceed that of genotypes with greater reproductive capacity but less dispersal. 6) An uneven distribution of seeds is essential to a spatial patterning of mortality which can deter competitive extinction.