cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying risk for type 2 diabetes in different age cohorts: does one size fit all?

Objective To estimate age-specific risk equations for type 2 diabetes onset in young, middle-aged, and older US adults, and to compare the performance of simple equations based on readily available demographic information alone, against enhanced equations that require both demographic and clinical information (fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels). Research design and methods We estimated the probability of developing diabetes by age group using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (for ages 18–40 years), Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (for ages 45–64 years), and the Cardiovascular Health Study (for ages 65 years and older). Simple and enhanced equations were estimated using logistic regression models, and performance was compared by age group. Thresholds based on these risk equations were evaluated using split-sample bootstraps and calibrating the constant of one age cohort to others. Results Simple risk equations had an area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) of 0.72, 0.79, 0.75, and 0.69 for age groups 18–30, 28–40, 45–64, and 65 and older, respectively. The corresponding AUROCs for enhanced equations were 0.75, 0.85, 0.85, and 0.81. Risk equations based on younger populations, when applied to older cohorts, underpredict diabetes incidence and risk. Conversely, risk equations based on older populations overpredict the likelihood of diabetes in younger cohorts. Conclusions In general, risk equations are more successful in middle-aged adults than in young and old populations. The results demonstrate the importance of applying age-specific risk equations to identify target populations for intervention. While the predictive capacity of equations that include biomarkers is better than of those based solely on self-reported variables, biomarkers are more important in older populations than in younger ones.
Federal Regulation of Virtual Currencies

We examine how the U.S. federal government, which initially was slow in examining and prosecuting violations of law brought about by the misuse of virtual currencies, has now taken aggressive action against parties who either deliberately or carelessly act in violation of the rights of users and customers. We examine the role of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and its initial prosecutions; the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, which together with the SEC, are the leading prosecutorial agencies with respect to the new currencies; the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and its guidance to the financial industry; and additional agencies and their attempts to protect investors and consumers.
Motivation and Etiology‐Specific Cognitive–Linguistic Profiles

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interplay between motivation and etiology‐specific strengths and weaknesses in cognitive–linguistic functioning. The chapter presents a brief review of research on motivation in children with idiopathic developmental delays. It discusses evidence for within‐individual and task‐specific variability in motivational orientation. Most research in mental retardation has considered motivation to be a domain‐general construct, but this chapter review evidence that individuals change motivational orientations in response to different types of tasks. The idea of differential motivation is discussed in the context of cognitive–linguistic phenotypes in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome: the role that motivation plays in helping to shape outcomes (progressive modularization of language in Williams syndrome), and the role motivation can play in modifying developmental outcomes (cognitive–linguistic intervention in Down syndrome). This exploration is an important first step toward designing motivation‐oriented interventions that prevent or ameliorate early syndrome‐specific failure experiences and maximize early successes.
Dental Applications of Bone Biology

The teeth are implanted in depressions within alveolar bone and are surrounded by the periodontium which consists of bone, a suspensory ligament (the periodontal ligament), cementum on the root surface, and gingiva. In health, the bone tissue is located approximately 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction which separates the crown of the tooth and its root from the bone (Fig. 9.1). From a functional viewpoint, the periodontium is a unique, very dynamic and adaptable tissue. The periodontal ligament has one of the fastest turnover rates of connective tissue in the body and maintains its dimensions even if the teeth are moved or the ligament is regenerated. At the same time, the periodontium provides support for the tooth, resists biting forces, and, importantly, provides a seal around the tooth. It is important to recognize that the tooth is a solid structure that extends from inside the body to outside the body.
Vascular Disease and Venous Thromboembolism

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is common and often unrecognized. Patients with PAD are at high-risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Management of lower extremity PAD has two components: aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors as well as treatment of lower extremity symptoms. In some cases of carotid and renal artery disease, interventional treatment is performed in asymptomatic lesions with hopes of altering the natural disease history and reducing future events.
Molecular Regulatory Mechanism of Exocytosis in the Salivary Glands

Every day, salivary glands produce about 0.5 to 1.5 L of saliva, which contains salivary proteins that are essential for oral health. The contents of saliva, 0.3% proteins (1.5 to 4.5 g) in fluid, help prevent oral infections, provide lubrication, aid digestion, and maintain oral health. Acinar cells in the lobular salivary glands secrete prepackaged secretory granules that contain salivary components such as amylase, mucins, and immunoglobulins. Despite the important physiological functions of salivary proteins, we know very little about the regulatory mechanisms of their secretion via exocytosis, which is a process essential for the secretion of functional proteins, not only in salivary glands, but also in other secretory organs, including lacrimal and mammary glands, the pancreas, and prostate. In this review, we discuss recent findings that elucidate exocytosis by exocrine glands, especially focusing on the salivary glands, in physiological and pathological conditions.
Consumption of Health-Related Content on Social Media Among Adolescent Girls: Mixed-Methods Pilot Study.

Background: Consumption of health- and fitness-related social media content is a predominant behavior among teenage girls, which puts them at risk for consuming unreliable health-related information. Objective: This mixed-methods study (qualitative and quantitative) assessed health behavior attitudes and practices as well as social media use among adolescent girls. Additionally, similar practices and behaviors of adults who regularly interact with this population were studied. Methods: Girls aged 12-18 years were recruited to complete a 28-item survey and participate in a 45- to 60-minute focus group. Adults who regularly interact with adolescent girls, including parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals, were recruited from the local community and given a link to provide online consent and complete a survey. Results: A total of 27 adolescent girls participated in one of nine focus groups. Participants included 18 high school (age: mean 16.1 years; SD 1.3 years) and 9 middle school (age: mean 12.4 years; SD 0.7 years) girls. Eleven adults completed the online survey. Adolescents used social media to communicate and connect with friends, rather than as a source of health information. Although adolescents may see health-related content, most do not follow health-related pages or share such pages themselves, and fewer are actively searching for this information. Adolescents tend to trust information from familiar sources, and the participants reported that they do not follow official news accounts. Adults considered modeling and discussing healthy behaviors important and reportedly expected adolescents to see some level of health-related, especially fitness-related, content on social media. Conclusions: Education interventions are warranted for both adolescents and adults with whom adolescent girls regularly interact, in the areas of sedentary behavior to guide them to access reliable online health-related information and be judicious consumers of online health information.
What Are the Unique Considerations of Liver Transplant Patients with Abdominal Pain

Liver transplant patients presenting to the ED with abdominal pain offer unique challenges in diagnosis and management. In addition to the usual abdominal pathologies considered, the emergency medicine provider must consider unusual causes of pain that stem from anatomical complications related to the transplant procedure itself, organ rejection, and the effects of immunosuppressive medications. The timing of presentation in relation to the date of transplant is critical as this heavily influences the differential diagnoses and guides empiric antimicrobial therapy. Finally, early communication with the patient’s transplant team or surgeon is crucial to guide appropriate workup and disposition decisions.
Aedes aegypti Ir8a mutant female mosquitoes show increased attraction to standing water

The detection of water sources is crucial for insects such as mosquitoes to avoid desiccation and survive. In addition, mosquitoes use humidity cues to successfully navigate the environment to find a suitable oviposition site. Previous studies have implicated some members of the ionotropic receptor family in humidity sensing by Drosophila. Here, we investigate if IR8a co-receptor mediates water detection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Using a simple behavioral assay, we examined the attraction of Ir8a mutant mosquitoes to standing water. Ir8a mutant mosquitoes were able to discriminate between traps containing water and those without as well as wild-type and heterozygous control females. Surprisingly, the female mutants were more robustly drawn to standing water than control mosquitoes. Further investigation revealed that the increased behavioral attraction to water is likely not mediated by a metabolic need or an activity defect.
A note on the independence number of triangle-free graphs. II

Let G be a triangle-free graph on n points with degree sequence d1, …, dn. Let α be the independence number of G. Let f(0) = 1, f(d) = [1 + (d2 − d) f(d − 1)](d2 + 1)d ≥ 1. We prove α ≥ Σi = 1n f(di). We also show slightly stronger results as the girth of G tends to ∞.
Biomechanical analysis of anchorage reinforcement by intrusion arch

Objective To determine the suitable anchorage bend in intrusion arch for anchorage reinforcement while retracting canines.Methods According to Burstone segmental arch wire technique,intrusion arch were fabricated by 0.017” × 0.025” beta titanium alloy( TMA),and working arch wire were fabricated by 0.016” × 0.016” stainless steel archwire,meanwhile canines were retracted distally by spring coil with 150 g force.OMSS were used to imitate the situation in clinic.Force and moments were measured three dimensionally at incisor segment,canine segment and posterior segment with 20,30,40 degree bite-opening bend in the intrusion arch separately.Results OMSS test showed that molar segment tipped mesially by 10 degree without intrusion arch,and molar segment tipped mesially by 5 degree while canine retracted distally when intrusion arch were activated by 20 degree tip back,and molar segment tipped distally by 5 degree while canine retracted and translated distally and with the aid of intrusion arch activated by 30 degree tip back,molar segment tipped distally by more than 10 degree while canine retracted and tipped distally with the aid of intrusion arch activated by 40 degree tip back.Conclusions Intrusion arch activated by 30 degree is preferred for the best anchorage reinforcement while canine retracted distally. Key words: Intrusion arch; Anchorage bend
Suicide Deaths during the Stay-at-Home Advisory in Massachusetts.

Abstract Many believe that shelter-in-place or stay-at-home policies might cause an increase in so-called deaths of despair. While increases in psychiatric stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic are anticipated, whether suicide rates changed during stay-at-home periods has not been described. This was an observational cohort study that assembled suicide death data for persons aged 10 years or older from the Massachusetts Department of Health Registry of Vital Records and Statistics from January 2015 through May 2020. Using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA to analyze suicide deaths in Massachusetts, we compared the observed number of suicide deaths in Massachusetts during the stay-at-home period (March through May, 2020) in Massachusetts to the projected number of expected deaths. To be conservative, we also accounted for the deaths still pending final cause determination The incident rate for suicide deaths in Massachusetts was 0.67 per 100,000 person-month (95% CI 0.56-0.79) versus 0.81 per 100,000 person-month (95% CI 0.69-0.94) during the 2019 corresponding period (incident rate ratio of 0.83; 95% CI 0.66-1.03). The addition of the 57 deaths pending cause determination occurring from March through May 2020 and the 33 cases still pending determination from the 2019 corresponding period did not change these findings. The observed number of suicide deaths during the stay-at-home period did not deviate from ARIMA projected expectations using either preliminary data or an alternate scenario in which deaths pending investigation (exceeding the average remaining number of deaths still pending investigation which occurred during the corresponding 2015-2019 period) were ascribed to suicide. Decedent age and sex demographics were unchanged during the pandemic period compared to 2015-2019. The stable rates of suicide deaths during the stay-at-home advisory in Massachusetts parallel findings following ecological disasters. As the pandemic persists, uncertainty about its scope and economic impact may increase. However, our data are reassuring that an increase in suicide deaths in Massachusetts during the stay-at-home advisory period did not occur.
Resource allocation at an income‐sharing community: An application of Elinor Ostrom's commons framework

Elinor Ostrom's framework for commons management is used here to analyse ethnographic material from long‐term fieldwork in an income‐sharing community in the United States. By requiring participants to pool labour and share resources for survival and well‐being, income‐sharing communities align with Ostrom's allocation design for common‐pool resources. These communities can figure as a node within the hybrid and polycentric networks designated by Ostrom for equitable and effective commons management, which requires both effective institutional arrangements and shared social capital among system participants. While a case is made for analysing resource‐sharing practices at these communities with Elinor Ostrom's framework, shortcomings and possible future directions are indicated.
When Protest is the Disaster: Constitutional Implications of State and Local Emergency Power

The President’s use of emergency authority has recently ignited concern among civil rights groups over national executive emergency power. However, state and local emergency authority can also be dangerous and deserves similar attention. This article demonstrates that, just as we watch over the national executive, we must be wary of and check on state and local executives — and their emergency management law enforcement actors — when they react in crisis mode. This paper exposes and critiques state executives’ use of emergency power and emergency management mechanisms to suppress grassroots political activity and suggests avenues to counter that abuse. I choose to focus on the executive’s response to protest because this public activity is, at its core, an exercise of a constitutional right. The emergency management one-size-fits-all approach, however, does not differentiate between political activism, a flood, a terrorist attack or a loose shooter. Public safety concerns overshadow any consideration of protestors’ individual rights. My goal is to interject liberty considerations into the executive’s calculus when it responds to political activism. I use the case studies of the 2016 North Dakota Access Pipeline protests, the 2014 Ferguson protests, and the 1999 Seattle WTO protests to demonstrate that state level emergency management laws and structures provide no realistic limit on the executive’s power, and the result is suppression of activists’ First and Fourth Amendment rights. Under current conditions, neither lawmakers nor courts realistically restrain the executive’s emergency management action. I suggest a better check on executive crisis and emergency actions undertaken in response to mass protest. When the protest is the disaster, more robust judicial review of executive emergency declarations and the establishment of a council to guide state and local executives’ emergency/crisis response are crucial.
Hands-On IoT Education with Mobile Devices: Demo Abstract

Distributed computing, computer networking, cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) are all around us, yet very little of the underlying concepts are being taught in introductory computer science courses in K12. Teaching IoT is especially problematic since it requires hardware with its own cost and maintenance requirements that many under-resourced schools cannot afford. However, smartphones are commonplace networked devices that boast a wide range of sensors. With the right approach, they can be used to introduce many advanced computing concepts even to novices. We have created a mobile app, PhoneIoT, which makes all available sensors accessible to the user's computer through NetsBlox, a block-based educational programming environment specializing in networking and distributed computing. Accessing PhoneIoT uses the same simple networking primitives as other NetsBlox services, so no additional knowledge is required. PhoneIoT makes it possible to collect sensor data, build a custom graphical interface on the device and receive corresponding events, all without leaving your browser running NetsBlox. This demonstration will showcase a few simple projects such as an exercise tracking app and how to turn your phone into a game controller.
A scalable parallel algorithm for reactive particle tracking

Abstract Modeling chemical reactions on the basis of probabilistic rules has been employed in Lagrangian schemes to simulate transport of solutes in porous media. Reactive random walk particle tracking allows reagents particle pairs to interact proportionally to their separation distance and the nature of the chemical process. However, most of the available algorithms result to be computationally prohibitive, since their efficiency depends on the number of pairs of particles interacting. In this work, a novel framework for modeling reactive solute transport is introduced, with the target of reducing the computational burden characteristic of existing approaches. Our method introduces an innovative optimal kernel function and permits the parallelization of a bimolecular reaction modeling scheme which leads to computational speedup. To test the performance of our method, we execute a computational speedup analysis with other approaches reported in the literature. The proposed method is successfully validated with exact analytical solutions. We illustrate the applicability of the method to simulate reactive transport in two-dimensional flow fields that are relevant for environmental applications. The computational time of the proposed methodology scales linearly with the number of particles employed in the simulation, feature that makes the algorithm suitable for simulating reactive transport with large number of particles.
Discharge Communications for Older Patients Between Hospital Healthcare Providers and Home Healthcare Providers: An Integrative Review:

The increasing volume of our aging population is dramatically affecting the need for home care services. The discharge process from hospital to home can be fraught with communication challenges if ...
Recurrent Right-Sided Ptosis in a Child. Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy.

A young boy presented for evaluation of “droopiness” of the eyelid. He had 3 episodes of right-sided ptosis, each of which occurred at 18months, 3 years, and 5 years of age. None of these episodes was preceded by fever. During the last 2 episodes, he experienced severe right-sided headache lasting for 6 to 7 days before development of ptosis; he also experienced double vision. There was no history of loss of consciousness, seizures, lossofvisionorhearing, facialdeviation, trouble swallowing, or weakness of the extremities in any of these episodes. There was history of migraineon thematernal sideof the family. Therewasno family historyof autoimmunedisorders or cerebral aneurysms. At the time of the clinic visit, the patient was asymptomatic and results of the neurologic examinationwere normal. The family provided a photograph of the patient’s face at the time of the first episode (Figure, A). After the first episode,with a presumed diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, he received intravenous pulse methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 30 mg/kg, for 3 days and recovered completely in 3weeks. Thepatient received intravenous immunoglobulin, 2 g/kg, for 2 days after the subsequent 2 episodes, with a presumed diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy, and recovered fully. Results of brain magnetic resonance imaging performed at 18 months showed thickening of the cisternal part of the right third cranial nerve in the perimesencephalic cistern (Figure, B) with no parenchymal lesions. Results of tests on cerebrospinal fluid collected via lumbar puncture were normal. Quiz at jamapediatrics.com A B
EUGENE MEYER AND THE GERMAN INFLUENCE ON THE ORIGIN OF US FEDERAL FINANCIAL RESCUES

While federal financial rescues have become a common response to crises, the federal provision of finance was not one of the original powers of the federal government. One man, Eugene Meyer, is largely responsible for the origin of federal financial rescues, through both the War Finance Corporation and Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Meyer learned laissez-faire economics from William Graham Sumner at Yale. However, German economist Adolph Wagner’s state-socialism philosophy heavily influenced Meyer’s thinking, and Meyer developed an interventionist philosophy. Serving in key government positions, Meyer put his beliefs into practice. These channels of influence and the resulting policies are examined.
What the Eyes Reveal: Measuring the Cognitive Workload of Teams

This paper describes the measurement of cognitive workload using the Networked Evaluation System (NES). NES is a unique network of coordinated eye-tracking systems that allows monitoring of groups of decision makers working together in a single environment. Two implementations are described. The first is a military application with teams of officers working together on a simulated joint relief mission, and the second is a fatigue study with teams of individuals working together in a simulated lunar search and recovery mission.
Pricing of Multiple-Event Coupon Paying CAT Bond

The main focus of this paper is to develop a framework for pricing of a multiple-event coupon paying CAT bond. The model is the first of its kind to address theoretical issues of pricing of an insurance-linked security that derives its value based on two underlying processes: catastrophic insured property losses and catastrophic mortality. It is also the first study that develops a CAT bond with a multiple-event structure. In addition, this work provides a numerical evaluation of the bond's price using the UK catastrophic data provided by Swiss Re. The findings of our analysis may be interesting to insurance and reinsurance companies and other financial institutions that want to transfer their exposure to catastrophic risks, including risk of terrorism, to capital markets.
Swimming muscles power suction feeding in largemouth bass

Most aquatic vertebrates use suction to capture food, relying on rapid expansion of the mouth cavity to accelerate water and food into the mouth. In ray-finned fishes, mouth expansion is both fast and forceful, and therefore requires considerable power. However, the cranial muscles of these fishes are relatively small and may not be able to produce enough power for suction expansion. The axial swimming muscles of these fishes also attach to the feeding apparatus and have the potential to generate mouth expansion. Because of their large size, these axial muscles could contribute substantial power to suction feeding. To determine whether suction feeding is powered primarily by axial muscles, we measured the power required for suction expansion in largemouth bass and compared it to the power capacities of the axial and cranial muscles. Using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM), we generated 3D animations of the mouth skeleton and created a dynamic digital endocast to measure the rate of mouth volume expansion. This time-resolved expansion rate was combined with intraoral pressure recordings to calculate the instantaneous power required for suction feeding. Peak expansion powers for all but the weakest strikes far exceeded the maximum power capacity of the cranial muscles. The axial muscles did not merely contribute but were the primary source of suction expansion power and generated up to 95% of peak expansion power. The recruitment of axial muscle power may have been crucial for the evolution of high-power suction feeding in ray-finned fishes.
Mental Health Aspects of Autism and Asperger Syndrome

Preface 1. Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An overview. 2. What is Asperger syndrome? 3. Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. 4. Medical Conditions in Autism. 5. Psychiatric Comorbidity: an introduction 6. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 7. Depression and other Mood Disorders. 8. Anxiety Disorders in Autism and Asperger syndrome. 9. Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders. 10. Autism, Tic Disorders, and Tourette Syndrome. 11. Other Psychiatric Disorders 12. Violence in Autism and Asperger syndrome.13. Psychiatric Comorbidity of Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Task ahead. References. Index.
Preparing Emerging Doctoral Scholars for Transdisciplinary Research: A Developmental Approach

Research models that bridge disciplinary, theoretical, and methodological boundaries are increasingly common as funders and the public push for timely, effective, collaborative responses to pressing social and environmental problems. Although social work is inherently an integrative discipline, there is growing recognition of the need to better prepare emerging scholars for sophisticated transdisciplinary and translational research environments. This paper outlines a developmental, competency-oriented approach to enhancing the readiness of doctoral students and emerging scholars in social work and allied disciplines for transdisciplinary research, describes an array of pedagogical tools applicable in doctoral course work and other program elements, and urges coordinated attention to enhancing the field's transdisciplinary training capacity.
Genetic Disorders of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-GH/IGF-I Axis

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the effector of the growth effects of growth hormone (GH). Genetic disorders resulting in deficiency of IGF-I or resistance to its effects encompass a wide range of abnormalities, beginning with structural malformations of the central nervous system affecting pituitary development. Mutations of critical factors in the differentiation or function of GH-producing cells of the pituitary and mutations of the GH molecule also result in GH deficiency that can be effectively treated with recombinant human (rh) GH injection. These genetic defects account for perhaps 10–15% of all GH deficiency. Peripheral unresponsiveness to GH due to mutation of the cell surface GH receptor (GHR), failure of the GH–GHR interaction to effect IGF-I synthesis because of mutation of transcription factors, and the extremely rare (three cases) mutations of the IGF-I gene result in severe growth failure that cannot be corrected with rhGH therapy. In addition to severe postnatal growth failure, as is seen with mutations resulting in GH deficiency and GHR mutations, the patients with IGF-I gene mutation had intrauterine growth retardation and severe mental retardation, indicative of intrauterine somatic and brain growth dependency on GH-independent IGF-I. Mutations of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) are associated with problems of immuno-incompetence, as well as growth. Mutations of the GH-dependent acid labile subunit (ALS), which stabilizes the binary complex of IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 in the circulation, result in severe IGF-I deficiency but only modest, at worst, growth impairment, emphasizing the importance of GH stimulation of autocrine/paracrine IGF-I synthesis in growing bone. Heterozygous defects in the IGF-I receptor result in growth failure that is not as severe as with GHR deficiency and is partly responsive to rhGH. These receptor and postreceptor genetic abnormalities account for a tiny fraction of growth failure, not more than about 200 children worldwide.
Entropy‐Based Spatial Interaction Models for Trip Distribution. 基于熵的空间相互作用模型在出行分布中的应用

Wilson's use of entropy-maximization techniques to derive a family of spatial interaction models was a major innovation in urban and regional modeling. The work elegantly linked methods for transportation analysis and regional economics into a unified framework. One version, the doubly constrained spatial interaction model, is closely related to the transportation problem of linear programming and other existing trip distribution techniques. This article traces some of these connections, particularly the sense in which an entropy model with an average trip length constraint can be seen as a relaxation of a least cost solution to a linear program. These ideas have renewed significance in the context of studies of simulation models for regional economies. Wilson's developments therefore provided a unifying basis for the work of very creative urban and regional modelers of that time (e.g., Alonso, Batty, Evans, Harris, Herbert, Lakshmanan, Stevens, Webber) and indicate the lasting and significant influence of his insight. Wilson utilizo las tecnicas de maximizacion de entropia para derivar toda una familia de modelos de interaccion espacial en el modelado urbano y regional. Su trabajo vincula de forma elegante metodos para analisis de transporte y para economia regional dentro de un marco unificado. Una version de este modelo, el modelo doblemente restringido de interaccion espacial (doubly constrained spatial interaction model), esta ligado estrechamente al problema de transporte (transportation problem) de programacion linear, y con otras tecnicas de distribucion de viajes. Este articulo traza algunas de estas conexiones, en particular la forma en la cual un modelo de entropia con restriccion de promedio de viaje (average trip length constraint) puede ser entendido como la relajacion de una solucion de tipo costo minimo (least cost) de un programa lineal (LP). Estas ideas han renovado su significado hoy en el contexto de los estudios de simulacion de economias regionales. En resumen, las ideas desarrolladas por Wilson proporcionaron una base unificada para aplicaciones creativas en el modelado urbano y regional, (muestra de lo cual son los trabajos de Alonso, Batty, Evans, Harris, Hebert, Lakshmanan, Stevens, Webber entre otros), los cuales son indicativos de la influencia duradera y de la importancia de sus ideas y vision. 威尔逊应用最大熵方法推导出的空间相互作用模型族是城市和区域建模的重要创新。该研究将交通运输分析和区域经济学完美地结合到一个统一框架中。作为其中之一的双重约束空间相互作用模型，与线性规划中及其他现有的出行分布分析方法中的交通问题密切相关。本文探索了上述两者之间某些关联性，特别是具有平均行程长度约束的熵模型可视作线性规划中最小费用问题的一个松弛解的内在涵义。这些观点在对区域经济中模拟模型研究尤为重要。因此，威尔逊的研究进展为该时期具有很强创造力的城市和区域建模者（例如Alonso, Batty, Evans, Harris, Herbert, Lakshmanan, Stevens, Webber）提供了一个统一的基础，同时也表明他的洞察力具有持久和显著的影响。
Use of methylene blue to identify the minor papilla or its orifice in patients with pancreas divisum

Abstract Background: In some patients with pancreas divisum, minor papilla cannulation is difficult because of uncertain identification of the papilla or its orifice, even after pancreatic secretory stimulation with secretin or cholecystokinin agonist. Methods: Two techniques with methylene blue were used to identify the minor papilla and its orifice more clearly in a series of patients: spraying methylene blue over duodenal mucosa in the region suspected to contain the minor papilla with/without secretin or cholecystokinin agonist administration, and injection of contrast medium containing methylene blue into the ventral pancreatic duct by means of the major papilla in cases of incomplete pancreas divisum. Results were reviewed retrospectively. Results: From January 2001 to May 2002, minor papilla cannulation with conventional methods initially failed in 38 of 305 patients with pancreas divisum because of an inconspicuous minor papilla orifice. Methylene blue was used to identity the minor papilla orifice in 14 of 38 patients (spraying, 13; injection, 1). Minor papilla cannulation was successful in 12 of 14 (86%) patients (spraying 11, injection 1). Mild pancreatitis developed in 1 patient. Conclusions: Methylene blue spraying or injection appears to be a helpful technique for identification of the inconspicuous minor papilla orifice in patients with pancreas divisum. (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:358-63.)
Prediction of therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) for lymphoma.

Therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (t-AML/MDS) are being reported with increasing frequency as a complication of ABMT for Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. At present there is no method available to predict who is at risk or is destined to develop this nearly universally fatal disorder. We therefore investigated whether clonal growth of cells is predictive of the development of t-AML/MDS. In a patient who developed secondary AML/MDS 18 months after ABMT, X-linked clonality analysis at the human androgen receptor locus was performed on serial banked samples, and documented transition from polyclonal to clonal hematopoiesis. Clonal cells could be identified 6 months after transplant (1 year prior to the diagnosis of t-AML/MDS), at a time when there was no morphologic or clinical evidence of disease. Clonality analysis can be predictive of the development of t-AML/MDS after ABMT and may offer important insights into associated risk factors and strategies to minimize the risk of t-AML/MDS. Am. J. Hematol. 56:45–51, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physics of Coanda jet detachment at high-pressure ratio

Experimental measurements of surface pressure for an underexpanded two-dimensional supersonic Coanda flow with static conditions exterior to the jet flow was obtained for a fixed slot height to a radius ratio of 0.04. The data demonstrate that an oblique shock forms near the jet exit plane which vectors the jet flow from the curved surface at a pressure ratio of 7.6. The jet detachment occurs at a pressure ratio which is a function of the ratio of slot height to cylinder radius. An increase in the pressure ratio to 11.5 before jet detachment has been demonstrated by the translation of the upper wall providing for a converging-diverging geometry. The physics of the Coanda expansion and the jet detachment are qualitatively described using an optical schlieren system. A compressible in viscid model was derived analytically to demonstrate the variation in Mach number and surface pressure as a function of the geometric parameters with increasing pressure ratio.
Comparing predictions from mixed model equations with host range determinations from historical disease evaluation data of two previously released weed biological control pathogens

Abstract Host range determination is essential to risk assessments of classical biological weed control agents and needed for petitions to release of agents into non-native areas. Recently Henderson’s mixed model equations (MME) were adapted to evaluating host ranges of two biological control pathogens. This was accomplished by incorporating genetic relatedness, in the form of DNA sequences, with disease evaluation data among target and non-target plants to generate best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of disease reaction among these plant species. Although qualities of MME analysis provide inherent validation of the approach, it has been difficult to validate by comparison with historical host range determination or field data. These types of data are virtually non-existent, because original, raw host range data from replicated tests have, for the most part, been lost, and host-range data from tests or monitoring of multiple plant species in the field are extremely limited. In this study, the host-ranges of two biological weed control pathogens previously released in the USA were re-evaluated with the MME and historical host-range data. Results showed that: BLUPs confirmed the narrow host range of the two pathogens; BLUPs supported and substantiated currently available information on host range; BLUPs were accurate predictors of host range, particularly concerning susceptibility of any non-target species in the field; and no new, unforeseen non-target effects could be expected in nature on the basis of BLUPs. Thus, validation was made for MME analysis in predicting known field host-range from greenhouse data.
An effective mass trigger at the Brookhaven multi-particle spectrometer (MPS)

Abstract An effective mass trigger for use at the Brookhaven Multiparticle Spectrometer (MPS) is described. It is a microprocessor based device using extensive fast memory attached to proportional wire chambers in the MPS magnetic field. It will select kinematic quantities unique to the reaction being studied, thereby permitting higher sensitivities and a reduction in data-processing costs for MPS experiments. The principles of operation for this trigger, and the results of simulations to assess its performance, are presented.
Indoleamine neurons and their processes in the normal rat brain and in chronic diet‐induced thiamine deficiency demonstrated by uptake of 3H‐Serotonin

Indoleamine structures in the brains of normal, pair-fed control, and thiamine deficient rats are selectively localized by autoradiography following monoamine oxidase inhibition and simultaneous intraventricular infusion of 3H-5HT (10−5 m) and cold d–1 norepinephrine (10−4 m). The locations of indoleamine neurons and their plexuses are comparable in the normal and control animals and are enumerated and mapped in detail. In addition to numerous labeled neurons in the raphe and reticular formation of pons and medulla, there are indoleamine neurons in several hypothalamic nuclei, in the mammillary, habenular, and interpeduncular nuclei. Labeled axonal plexuses occur in almost all areas of the brain but certain regions in spinal cord, medulla, midbrain, diencephalon, basal ganglia, and hippocampus are particularly rich. Thiamine deficiency causes lack of label in almost all indoleamine neurons and their processes in the midbrain and medulla; only a few dystrophic cells with hypertrophied axons are seen. In the diencephalon more indoleamine neurons and their axonal plexuses are visualized in these uptake studies. The periventricular regions of spinal cord, medulla, midbrain and diencephalon, the mammillary nuclei, habenular nuclei, and cerebellum – areas richly innervated by indoleamine axons in the normal brain – are the most severely affected. The ventricular and leptomeningeal indoleamine structures are preserved, however, and individual axons may hypertrophy. It remains to be resolved whether these changes reflect disturbances in the ability of certain indoleamine neurons to take up and retain 3H-5HT or true neuronal degeneration.
MORPHOLOGICAL CODING IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY

Ss learned lists made up of morphologically distinct blocks of items. In a control condition, items were interleaved. Block presentation increased recall above the baseline. Each added block lowere...
Equivalence of constitutive equations for non-linear materials with memory

Abstract Constitutive equations for simple materials with memory have been studied independently by Green and Rivlin [Archs ration. Mech. Analysis 4, 387–404 (1960)] and by Noll [Archs ration. Mech. Analysis 2, 197–226 (1958)]. Restrictions imposed by the requirement of frame indifference lead to two different forms of the response functionals. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the functionals of the above references are equivalent.
Fluorescent tetramethyl rhodamine derivatives of α-bungarotoxin: Preparation, separation, and characterization

Abstract α-Bungarotoxin is fluorescently labeled with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate and then fractionated on Sephadex G-25 and CM-Sephadex C-50 columns. The elution profile of the CM-Sephadex C-50 columns exhibits four distinct fluorescent peaks and a peak of unlabeled toxin. All four fluorescent peaks can fluorescently stain mouse diaphragm motor end plates. The most slowly eluting peak, Peak IV, has the highest quantum efficiency. Peak IV, which is identified as monolabeled tetramethyl rhodamine α-bungarotoxin, binds irreversibly to acetylcholine receptors on electroplax fragments and labels the fragments more intensely than Peaks I–III, which are identified as mixtures of multiply labeled tetramethyl rhodamine α-bungarotoxin.
Membrane depolarization and intracellular Ca2+ increase caused by high external Ca2+ in a rat calcitonin-secreting cell line.

1. Calcitonin secretion is regulated by the external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) via a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). The mechanism which couples an increase in [Ca2+]o to an increase in [Ca2+]i was explored in a rat calcitonin-secreting cell line (rMTC 44-2). [Ca2+]i was monitored using Fura-2 AM, and the membrane potential or current was simultaneously measured. 2. Using the conventional whole-cell clamp, tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated Na+ channels, T- and L-type Ca2+ channels, and three types of K+ channels, the delayed K+ channel, the A-channel and the inward-rectifying channel were observed. 3. Using the nystatin-perforated whole-cell-clamp technique, the resting potential measured under current clamp in standard extracellular medium was -59.0 +/- 5.0 mV (mean +/- S.D., n = 25), and the input resistance was 3.9 +/- 1.9 G omega (n = 10). In 0.5 mM [Ca2+]o most cells (22/25) showed spontaneous action potentials. 4. An increase in [Ca2+]o depolarized the cell membrane and elevated [Ca2+]i even in the presence of 10 microM-tetrodotoxin. The rise in [Ca2+]i was greatly reduced when action potentials were inhibited by applying hyperpolarizing current. The increase in [Ca2+]i saturated with 3-4 mM [Ca2+]o. In 3 mM [Ca2+]o, [Ca2+]i was 188.9 +/- 40.5% (n = 12) of that in 0.5 mM [Ca2+]o. 5. In high [Ca2+]o the duration of action potentials was prolonged, but the action potential frequency did not always increase. In some cases it even decreased in high [Ca2+]o. 6. Two types of action potential were observed in high [Ca2+]o, one with a shorter duration and the other with a longer duration. [Ca2+]i transiently increased in association with the long-duration action potentials. These long-duration action potentials were also accompanied by a larger after-hyperpolarization. 7. Under voltage clamp, high [Ca2+]o caused a membrane conductance increase to Na+ ions. 8. Even when the membrane potential was clamped at a level below the threshold for Ca2+ channel activation, high [Ca2+]o provoked an increase of [Ca2+]i which was composed of an initial transient increase followed by a sustained increase, indicating an involvement of mechanisms other than Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated channels. The sustained increase was more frequently observed than the initial transient increase. The amplitude of the sustained phase was dependent on [Ca2+]o, and in 5 mM [Ca2+]o it was 120.9 +/- 18.9% (103-194%) (n = 58) of that in 0.5 mM [Ca2+]o.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Impact munitions: a discussion of key information

Purpose – To provide readers with some basic information about the use of impact munitions in modern American police work.Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies various sorts of impact munitions and places key findings from previous studies of these devices in a broader historical context of police force options.Findings – Impact munitions are an increasingly popular feature of contemporary American policing that rarely lead to serious injury, but can, under certain circumstances, cause fatal injuries.Originality/value – The paper provides interested academics and professional with information about an increasingly popular police force option.
Inhibition of insect acetylcholinesterase by the potato glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine

Homogenates from several insect species were assayed for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the potato glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine. Colorado potato beetle acetylcholinesterase was up to 150-fold less sensitive than other species tested. Acetylcholinesterase from an insecticide-resistant strain of Colorado potato beetles was more sensitive to inhibition than the susceptible strain. Most insect species tested had inhibitory concentrations causing a 50% reduction in activity in the 5 to 40 microM range. Sensitive insect acetylcholinesterases were similar to mammalian cholinesterases in their response to alpha-chaconine. The results indicate that pesticides and host plant resistance factors may interact at the same target. Changes in the target due to selection pressure from either pesticides or host plant resistance factors could affect the efficacy of both control strategies.
Sensitivity of ATPases to silver ions suggests that silver acts outside the plasma membrane to block ethylene action

Abstract The possibility of inhibition of ATPases, when silver salts are used to inhibit ethylene action in plant tissues, was considered. The vanadate-sensitive ATPase in a plasma membrane preparation was sensitive to 1 μM silver nitrate. Inhibition was reversed by a 20-fold excess of sodium thiosulphate, or dithiothreitol, but not by EDTA. This ATPase was also inhibited by silver nitrate in the presence of a four- or eight-fold excess of sodium thiosulphate. Mitochondrial ATPases appeared to be less sensitive than the plasma membrane enzymes to silver nitrate, but more sensitive to silver thiosulphate mixtures. Dilution of silver thiosulphate increased its inhibitory effect. Silver above 10 μM promoted ion and sugar efflux from corn coleoptile segments, but tissue respiration was only inhibited at 500 μM silver. It is suggested that ethylene action is inhibited by silver acting outside the plasma membrane.