cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Rearing in Japan

In this chapter we focus on child rearing in Japan. We are particularly interested in the changing role of fathers, who have frequently been characterized as marginal figures in the Japanese family system. We first undertake a brief historical overview of the Japanese family in order to understand how the role of mothers and fathers has evolved during the modern period. We then review recent research findings on parenting in Japan. We conclude with an overview of the steps that policy makers and educators can take to support Japanese parents’ ability to nurture their young and improve the wellbeing of all family members.
Perennial Grasslands Are Essential for Long Term SOC Storage in the Mollisols of the North Central USA

Long-term agricultural research sites like the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), with annual and perennial cropping systems growing alongside rotationally grazed pasture and native prairie plantings, provide invaluable insight into the carbon sequestration potential of agriculture in the North Central USA. Analysis of soil organic C (SOC) stocks during the first 20 years of the WICST study showed that annual row crop agriculture lost 5.5 Mg C ha−1, while rotationally grazed pasture was a significant sink to 0–60 cm depth (5.1 Mg ha−1). While SOC changes for the Prairie, Conservation Reserve Program planting (CRP), and forage systems were not significantly different from zero when considered independently of one another, differences between systems suggest a trend of SOC accumulation in Prairie and loss in the CRP and forage systems. Carbon stabilization and accretion on the fine textured Mollisols of the North Central U.S. may not be possible, even under agricultural best management practices, without the inclusion of perennial grasses.
Making Time for Building Blocks

The schema theorem provides one important constraint on the design of a genetic algorithm. Certainly, if the building blocks that make up desirable solutions do not grow in market share, there is little hope that recombination mixes them to form good solutions. Having said this, the schema theorem is something of a static condition saying little about the time to substantial convergence, and understanding time is critical for two reasons. Most pragmatically, understanding time is one leg of a three-legged analytical stool of understanding (1) time or run duration, (2) space or population size, and (3) accuracy or solution quality that enables us to start to estimate solution time complexity, and we certainly are most interested in understanding how selectorecombinative GAs scale as problem size or difficulty change. Second, applicable models of time enable us to analyze other key phenomena by appealing to time-scales arguments such as the race alluded to in chapter 3. In this chapter, we examine an array of little models that help us understand how long it takes before populations converge under a variety of assumptions.
Fair trade advertising: Influences of information type and emotional appeal congruency

This study examined whether and when information type (concrete vs. abstract) is an effective advertising strategy for fair trade products. The results of two experimental studies demonstrated that...
Effects of Climate Change on Wind-Driven Heavy-Snowfall Events over Eastern North America

AbstractEastern North America contains densely populated, highly developed areas, making winter storms with strong winds and high snowfall among the costliest storm types. For this reason, it is im...
Tin nanoparticles embedded in a carbon buffer layer as preferential nucleation sites for stable sodium metal anodes

Sodium (Na) metal is one of the most appealing anode materials for grid-scale energy storage systems owing to the high earth abundance and low cost of Na resources. Nevertheless, the implementation of the Na metal anode is hindered by two primary issues associated with Na dendrite growth and volume expansion, resulting in low coulombic efficiency and poor cycle life. Herein we present a facile and scalable method to synthesize tin (Sn) nanoparticles (NPs) that are uniformly embedded within a carbon network (denoted as Sn@C composite), which can address the two issues simultaneously. Specifically, Sn NPs can serve as preferential nucleation sites to guide Na nucleation and thereby lower the Na deposition overpotential, while the carbon network can act as a buffer layer to effectively minimize the volume change and alleviate the exfoliation of Sn NPs over repeated cycles. Consequently, high-capacity Na anodes can be realized with long-term reversibility and stability. Moreover, a room-temperature Na–sulfur battery based on the Sn@C composite as an anode coupled with commercial sodium sulfide as a cathode was demonstrated to have significantly improved electrochemical performance. We believe that this work provides a new pathway for designing high-energy Na metal batteries.
Navigating social justice in the current historical moment

Writing about the current historical moment, Cornel West (2018) powerfully argues that Trump “is a symbol and a symptom—not cause or origin” of the problems today.” While racism, xenophobia, settle...
UPDATE ON SENTINEL LYMPH NODE MAPPING IN ENDOMETRIAL CANCER PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK FOR NODAL METASTASIS.

Clinical trials have demonstrated the accuracy of SLN mapping in detecting nodal spread in patients with endometrial cancer. However, data regarding the oncological outcomes of this approach, particularly in the setting endometrial cancer with a high risk of nodal spread, are still lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of SLN mapping in endometrial cancer. We will specifically discuss its use in patients at high risk of nodal metastasis. Controversies and future directions for research will also be discussed. High-quality data from prospective studies have shown that SLN mapping is as accurate as systematic lymphadenectomy. Retrospective analyses have suggested that SLN mapping does not appear to compromise oncological outcomes, compared to systematic lymphadenectomy in high-risk endometrial cancer. In light of published retrospective data suggesting that SLN mapping in high-risk endometrial cancer does not jeopardize oncological outcomes and may even be better in identifying patients who need adjuvant treatment, SLN mapping may prove to be the optimal surgical management of these high-risk patients. Future studies on SLN mapping should focus on oncological outcomes and the management of micrometastases and ITCs that cannot be identified without ultrastaging.
Electronic effects on optical properties of graphitic Carbon Nitride towards its superiority

The non-metallic conjugated polymer graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has drawn attention to the material science researchers for its potential application in the field of renewable energy harnessing and environmental remediation. Its outstanding electronic and optical properties made this material a superior photocatalyst among the existing photocatalysts. The effects of electronic property on enhancement of optical property of photocatalysts is discussed in this article and a future experimental scheme has been proposed here.
Fixed-time Control under Spatiotemporal and Input Constraints: A Quadratic Program Based Approach

In this paper, we present a control synthesis framework for a general class of nonlinear, control-affine systems under spatiotemporal and input constraints. First, we study the problem of fixed-time convergence in the presence of input constraints. The relation between the domain of attraction for fixed-time stability with respect to input constraints and the required time of convergence is established. It is shown that increasing the control authority or the required time of convergence can expand the domain of attraction for fixed-time stability. Then, we consider the problem of finding a control input that confines the closed-loop system trajectories in a safe set and steers them to a goal set within a fixed time. To this end, we present a Quadratic Program (QP) formulation to compute the corresponding control input. We use slack variables to guarantee feasibility of the proposed QP under input constraints. Furthermore, when strict complementary slackness holds, we show that the solution of the QP is a continuous function of the system states, and establish uniqueness of closed-loop solutions to guarantee forward invariance using Nagumo's theorem. We present two case studies, an example of adaptive cruise control problem and an instance of a two-robot motion planning problem, to corroborate our proposed methods.
The FamilyTalk randomized controlled trial: patient-reported outcomes in clinical genetic sequencing for colorectal cancer

As genetics gains favor in clinical oncology, it is important to address patient concerns around confidentiality, privacy, and security of genetic information that might otherwise limit its utilization. We designed a randomized controlled trial to assess the social impact of an online educational tool (FamilyTalk) to increase family communication about colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and screening. Of 208 randomized participants, 149 (71.6%) returned six-month surveys. Overall, there was no difference in CRC screening between the study arms. Privacy and confidentiality concerns about medical and genetic information, reactions to genetic test results, and lifestyle changes did not differ between arms. Participants with pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) results were more likely than those with negative results to report that the results accurately predicted their disease risks (OR 5.37, p = 0.02 and OR 3.13, p = 0.02, respectively). This trial demonstrated no evidence that FamilyTalk impacted patient-reported outcomes. Low power, due to the limited number of participants with P/LP results in the overall sample, as well as the short follow-up period, could have contributed to the null findings.
Numerical investigation of heat exchanger with inserted twisted tape inside and helical fins on outside pipe surface

Abstract This research presents numerical investigation of pipe heat exchanger with twisted tape inserted inside and helical fins on outside pipe surface. Various configurations were modelled based on the twist pitch (p) inside the pipe and fin twist pitch (P) over outside of the pipe. The fin twist pitch P (P = P, 2P/3, P/2) on the pipe outside and the inserted tape twist pitch p (p = p, 3p/2, p/2) inside the pipe was varied in the investigation. The hot fluid (water) passes inside the pipe, while the cold fluid (water) passes on the outside of pipe in counter flow direction. The Dittus-Boelter correlation was used for validation. For smooth pipes and the proposed heat exchanger with twisted tapes and helical fins, numerical results were compared. It was found that in inside and outside flows, twisted tape formed longitudinal vortex that helped to increase fluid mixing, thus being higher than that of smooth tube heat transfer rate.
Setting Bounds on Entangled Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections in Common Fluorophores

Excitation with entangled photon pairs may lead to an increase in the efficiency of two-photon absorption at low photon flux. The corresponding process, entangled two-photon absorption (E2PA), has been investigated in numerous theoretical and experimental studies. However, significant ambiguity and inconsistency remain in the literature about the absolute values of E2PA cross sections. Here, we use a fluorescence-based registration scheme to experimentally determine upper bounds on the cross sections for six fluorophores. These bounds are up to 4 orders of magnitude lower than the smallest published cross section. For two samples that have been studied by others, Rhodamine 6G and 9R-S, we measure upper bounds 4 and 5 orders of magnitude lower than the previously reported cross sections.
A novel bioluminescent mouse model and effective therapy for humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

4883 Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) is an often fatal T-lymphocyte malignancy caused by infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATLL patients develop severe complications including humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) resulting from increased osteoclastic bone resorption. Cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) induce osteoclastic bone resorption and the expression of these genes can be activated by NF-κB. A proteasome inhibitor, PS-341, disrupts the NF-κB pathway. In addition, bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid (zol), have been used for treatment of HHM; however, little is known about the effects of these two drugs on tumor burden and HHM in ATLL patients. Our goal was to establish an in vivo model to evaluate the effects of NF-κB disruption and osteoclastic inhibition on the development of ATLL and HHM. To examine the in vitro effects on proliferation, cell viability and apoptosis, the MTT, trypan blue exclusion and TUNEL assays were performed, respectively. PS-341 significantly inhibited proliferation (IC50 = 10 nM), decreased viability (50% reduction at 25 nM), and induced apoptosis (43% at 20 nM). PS-341 also inhibited PTHrP expression in ATLL cells using real-time RT-PCR. To monitor tumor burden in vivo by noninvasive bioluminescent imaging (BLI), ATLL cells were transduced with a luciferase reporter gene. Forty million cells were injected into NOD/SCID mice and mice were treated with vehicle alone, PS-341 alone, zol alone, or a combination of PS-341 and zol. The BLI signals, plasma calcium concentrations and the cell numbers obtained from abdominal lavage in treatment groups were significantly lower than the vehicle control group (all p values were
Women's Experiences of Promotion and Tenure in Academic Medicine and Potential Implications for Gender Disparities in Career Advancement: A Qualitative Analysis.

Importance Gender disparities in career advancement in academic medicine have persisted despite gender parity in medical school matriculation. Although numerous explanations for this gap exist, little is known about women’s experiences of promotion and tenure in academic medicine. Objective To examine women’s experiences of promotion and tenure in academic medicine to uncover mechanisms associated with the gender disparity in career advancement. Design, Setting, and Participants In this qualitative study, 52 in-depth, semistructured interviews with women academic medicine faculty members were conducted in 2019. The 52 participants were drawn from 16 medical schools across the US. Institutions were selected using a purposive sampling strategy to seek diversity of geography and ownership (private or public). Within institutions, purposive and snowball sampling were used to seek diversity with respect to respondents’ degree type (MD, PhD, and MD and PhD), age, and career stage. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Data analysis was performed from March to December 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Themes and subthemes in participants’ experiences of promotion and tenure. Results The 52 women in this study ranged in age from 34 to 82 years (mean [SD] age, 54.0 [10.7] years). Eighteen respondents (34.6%) held an MD, 4 (7.7%) held both an MD and PhD, and 30 (57.7%) held a PhD. Fourteen respondents (26.9%) were assistant professors at the time of the study, 8 (15.4%) were associate professors, and 30 (57.7%) were full professors. Four main themes within participants’ experiences of promotion and tenure that pertain to gender inequities were identified: ambiguous or inconsistent criteria for promotion or tenure; lack of standard processes for reviewing applications and making decisions; vulnerability to malicious behavior of senior faculty, department chairs, and division chiefs; and women seeing men have different experiences of advancement. Conclusions and Relevance The respondents’ experiences of promotion and tenure suggest that promotion and tenure processes may be characterized by inconsistency and a lack of oversight, which have the potential to contribute to well-documented patterns of gender disparities in career advancement in academic medicine.
On the Basic Norm

I have been asked to talk to you about the so-called Pure Theory of Law. As it is not possible to deal within the short time allowed with all the aspects of this theory, I suggest that we discuss one problem that is most characteristic of this theory: the basic norm. The starting point of the Pure Theory of Law-as of any legal theoryis a definition of the concept of the law. The Pure Theory defines the law as an aggregate or system of norms, as a normative order. Now, what is a norm? A norm is a specific meaning, the meaning that something ought to be, or ought to be done, although actually it may not be done. There are different kinds of norms, norms of thinking, that is, logical norms, and norms of acting, that is, moral and legal norms. According to a legal norm, men ought to behave under certain conditions in a certain way. That a man ought to behave in a certain way means that this behavior is prescribed or permitted or authorized. In this sense, a legal norm is a prescription or permission or authorization. Such a norm may be the meaning of an act of will of one individual intentionally directed at the behavior of another individual. Using a figure of speech, we say: the norm is created or posited by an act of will; then it is a positive norm. The law as a system of norms created by acts of human will is positive law. The Pure Theory of Law is a theory of positive law. The act by which the norm is created must be distinguished from the norm created by the act-for instance: A legislative act and the law or statute created by it. The act is a fact, the norm is the meaning of this fact. The act by which a norm is created actually exists in space and time, and as such is the effect of certain causes, according to the law of causality. Its existence is the existence of a natural fact. The statement referring to the act by which a norm is created is an "is"-statement. Since the norm is not a fact but the meaning of a fact, its existence is different from the existence of a fact. Its existence is its validity. The statement that a norm prescribing, permitting, or authorizing a certain behavior is valid does not mean that this behavior actually takes place or that it will take place in the future; it means that it ought to take place, that men ought to behave as the norm prescribes, permits or authorizes men to behave. The statement referring to the validity of a norm is an "ought"-statement. Now, the question arises: What is the reason of the validity of a definite norm, that is the question: why ought we to behave in conformity with a
Identification of Moraxella bovis by qualitative genetic transformation and nutritional assays

Strains of Moraxella bovis were identified definitively through the combined use of a qualitative genetic transformation assay and determination of the ability of the organism under examination to grow in a defined medium (medium MB). Except for weak transformation by DNA from strains of M. lacunata, M. nonliquefaciens, and M. (Branhamella) ovis, DNA samples from all other members of the genus Moraxella failed to transform either of the two M. bovis auxotrophs used in this study. Images
National library associations as reflected in their codes of ethics: Four codes examined

Purpose – There are numerous professional associations for librarians and libraries. A small proportion of these have promulgated codes of ethics. These codes of ethics vary along several dimensions. Often the code reflects the social, political, or professional mandate of its organization. This paper aims to address ethics codes and their functions in professional associations that have individuals as members.Design/methodology/approach – It is suggested that for these organizations there are several different types of ethics codes. This paper addresses the four most common types. The oldest code (American Library Association), one of the newest (Association des Bibliothecaires Francais), and two of a more average age (Canadian Library Association and Colegio de Bibliotecarios de Chile) are compared and considered in detail.Findings – The paper finds that, while most library and information professionals share similar values, as reflected in their codes of ethics, the application of those codes varies wi...
Teaching the Newly Essential Knowledge, Skills, and Values in a Changing World

This chapter of Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World has contributions from many authors:Section A, Professional Identity Formation, includes:Teaching Knowledge, Skills, and Values of Professional Identity Formation, by Larry O. Natt Gantt, II & Benjamin V. Madison III,Integrating Professionalism into Doctrinally-Focused Courses, by Paula Schaefer,Learning Professional Responsibility, by Clark D. Cunningham, andTeaching Leadership, by Deborah L. Rhode.Section B, Pro Bono as a Professional Value, is by Cynthia F. Adcock, Eden E. Harrington, Elizabeth Kane, Susan Schechter, David S. Udell & Eliza Vorenberg.Section C, The Relational Skills of the Law, includes:Teaching Relational Skills: The Evidence, by Susan Daicoff, andCultivating Students' Relational Skills, by Susan L. Brooks.Section D, Teamwork, is by Linda Morton & Janet Weinstein.Section E, Intercultural Effectiveness, is by Mary A. Lynch with Robin Boyle, Rhonda Magee & Antoinette Sedillo Lopez.Section F, Social Justice Across the Curriculum, is by Susan Bryant.Section G, Problem-Solving and Conflict Resolution, includes:Teaching Students to Be Healers: The Comprehensive Law Movement, by Susan Daicoff,Teaching Alternative Dispute Resolution, by Andrea Kupfer Schneider, andIntegrating Alternative Dispute Resolution and Problem-Solving Across the Curriculum, by Jill Gross & John LandeSection H, Interprofessional Education, is by Lisa Radtke Bliss, Sylvia B. Caley, Patty Roberts, Emily F. Suski & Robert Pettignano.Section I, Technology in the Profession, is by Conrad Johnson.Section J, Business and Financial Literacy, is by Dwight Drake.Chapter 1 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637100 Chapter 2 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637068 Chapter 3 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637102 Chapter 4 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637490 Chapter 5 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637495 Chapter 7 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637541 Chapter 8 is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2637544
Nonhuman Primate IgA: Genetic Heterogeneity and Interactions with CD89

Nonhuman primates are extremely valuable animal models for a variety of human diseases. However, it is now becoming evident that these models, although widely used, are still uncharacterized. The major role that nonhuman primate species play in AIDS research as well as in the testing of Ab-based therapeutics requires the full characterization of structure and function of their Ab molecules. IgA is the Ab class mostly involved in protection at mucosal surfaces. By binding to its specific Fc receptor CD89, IgA plays additional and poorly understood roles in immunity. Therefore, Ig heavy alpha (IGHA) constant (C) genes were cloned and sequenced in four different species (rhesus macaques, pig-tailed macaques, baboons, and sooty mangabeys). Sequence analysis confirmed the high degree of intraspecies polymorphism present in nonhuman primates. Individual animals were either homozygous or heterozygous for IGHA genes. Highly variable hinge regions were shared by animals of different geographic origins and were present in different combinations in heterozygous animals. Therefore, it appears that although highly heterogeneous, hinge sequences are present only in limited numbers in various nonhuman primate populations. A macaque recombinant IgA molecule was generated and used to assess its interaction with a recombinant macaque CD89. Macaque CD89 was able to bind its native ligand as well as human IgA1 and IgA2. Presence of Ag enhanced macaque IgA binding and blocking of macaque CD89 N-glycosylation reduced CD89 expression. Together, our results suggest that, despite the presence of IgA polymorphism, nonhuman primates appear suitable for studies that involve the IgA/CD89 system.
Array2BIO: from microarray expression data to functional annotation of co-regulated genes.

Background There are several isolated tools for partial analysis of microarray expression data. To provide an integrative, easy-to-use and automated toolkit for the analysis of Affymetrix microarray expression data we have developed Array2BIO, an application that couples several analytical methods into a single web based utility.
Nature of isoamylases released, by acidification, from macroamylase complexes.

We describe observations of the isoamylase nature of the amylase released by acid from partially purified macroamylase complexes that are dissociable under acid conditions. The released isoamylases displayed the chromatographic characteristics previously found in the pancreatic type (P-type) and salivary type (S-type) of amylases in human serum and urine. The proportions of S- and P-types released from 30 macroamylase complexes varied over a much wider range than those proportions found in 27 normal sera. Of particular note was the relatively large number of cases in which there was a marked preponderance of S-type in the released amylase. These data testify further to the varied nature of cases of macroamylasemia, and contribute additionally to their systematic classification.
Data Sharing Among Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources Scientists: An Analysis of Selected Publications

INTRODUCTION Understanding the differing data management practices among academic disciplines is an important way to inform existing and emerging library research support and services. This paper reports findings from a study of data sharing practices among ecology, evolution, and natural resources scientists at the University of Minnesota. It examines data sharing rates, methods, and disciplinary differences and discusses the characteristics of researchers, data, methods, and aspects of data sharing across this group of disciplines. METHODS Data sharing practices are investigated by reviewing the two most recently published research articles (n=155) for each faculty member (n=78) in three departments at a single large research university. All mentions of data sharing in each publication were pursued in order to locate, analyze, and characterize shared data. RESULTS Seventy-two of 155 (46%) articles indicated that related research data was publicly shared by some method. The most prevalent method for data sharing was via journal websites, with 91% of data sharing articles using this method. Ecology, evolution, and behavior scientists shared data at the highest rate (70% of their articles), contrasting with fisheries, wildlife, and conservation biologists (18%), and forest resources (16%). DISCUSSION Differences between data sharing practices may be attributable to a range of influences: funder, journal, and institutional policies; disciplinary norms; and perceived or real rewards or incentives, as well as contrasting concerns, cost, or other barriers to sharing data. CONCLUSION Study results suggest differential approaches to data services outreach based on discipline and research type and support the need for education and influence on both scientist and journal practices. External Data or Supplements: Herold, Philip, 2015, “Appendices to “Data Sharing Among Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources Scientists: An Analysis of Selected Publications””, http://dx.doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5BOGES , Harvard Dataverse
The analysis of corporate governance policy and corporate financial performance

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the quality of corporate governance policy and the firm financial performance and. Data were collected from Corporate Library. A sample of 3,068 firms from the database of 2010 Corporate Library was analyzed. Logistic regression models were employed and SPSS statistical package was utilized to perform the analysis. Our results show that when firms have better corporate governance policies, they are more likely to perform better. Specifically, when firms have a better board rating, compensation policy, takeover defense strategy, accounting practice, and a formal governance policy, they are more likely to perform better than their counterparts without such quality corporate governance policies.
Homo Politicus and Argument (Nearly) All the Way Down: Persuasion in Politics

Much theorizing about world politics and many policy recommendations are predicated on a rather thin view of homo politicus, often assuming that humans are rational and self-interested strategic actors and that force is the ultima ratio of politics. This thin notion should be replaced by a richer understanding of homo politicus that includes the characteristic activities of political actors: we fight, we feel, we talk, and we build institutions. This understanding helps illuminate the scope and limits of strategic action, argument and persuasion in world politics in both empirical and normative senses. I describe the spectrum of political action that situates the role of argument and persuasion within the extremes of brute force on one side and mutual communication on the other. I also discuss barriers to argument and communication. Noting the role of argument in this spectrum of international and domestic political practice suggests that it is argument (nearly) all the way down and that the scope of argument can be and in some cases has increased over the longue duree. Coercion, by itself, has a limited role in world politics. The claim that there are distinctive logics of argumentation, strategic action, or appropriateness misses the point. Argument is the glue of politics - its characteristic practice. Understanding politics as argumentation has radical empirical and normative implications for the study and practice of politics.
Photoluminescence from deep centers in GaAs

Abstract Sharp line structure attributable to phonon assisted radiative emission has been observed in the 6 K photoluminescence spectra from deep centers in bulk samples of chromium doped GaAs. Two luminescence bands at 0.56 and 0.8 eV have been observed and both bands exhibit evidence of phonon assisted radiative recombination. An exploration of these luminescence bands in terms of excited state to ground state transitions of Cr3+ and Cr2+ ions is proposed.
Navy Imaging Systems

Naval environments require sensing modalities that span the spectral imaging regime. Recent advances in optics and spectral sensor design, sensor fusion, and image processing techniques are described relevant to unique Navy airborne and maritime applications.
Isolation of a G protein that is modified by learning and reduces potassium currents in Hermissenda

In Hermissenda crassicornis conditioned to associate light and rotation, type B photoreceptor neurons exhibit pairing-specific decreases in the potassium currents IA and IK-Ca, which account for many of the behavioral changes elicited by associative conditioning. To determine which proteins are involved in storage of this memory, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to examine proteins from Hermissenda eyes. Conditioning-specific changes in four phosphoproteins were observed 24 hours after conditioning. One of these proteins, cp20, was purified to apparent homogeneity and found to be a G protein. When injected back into Hermissenda type B cells, cp20 reduced IK and IK-Ca in a manner indistinguishable from the reduction caused by conditioning, suggesting that this protein may play a crucial role in memory acquisition or retention.
Diurnal cycle of tropical precipitation in a general circulation model

[1] Hourly averaged precipitation rates from an ensemble of the Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) simulations for the 44-month period from January 1998 through August 2001 are compared to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. In order to have adequate sampling by the satellite, comparisons are made for 15° longitude × 10° latitude boxes and for larger geographical areas within the tropics. The temporally and spatially averaged hourly precipitation rates from CCM3 and from TRMM are fit to the diurnal harmonic by the method of linear least squares regression, and the phases and the amplitudes of the diurnal cycles are compared. The model's diurnal cycle is too strong over major land masses, particularly over South America (200% too large), and is too weak over many oceans, particularly the northwestern tropical Pacific (57% too small). The model-satellite phase differences tend to be more homogeneous. The peak in the model's diurnal harmonic consistently precedes that of the observations nearly everywhere. Phase differences are large over Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Saharan Africa, where CCM3 leads TRMM by 4 hours, 5 to 6 hours, and 9 to 11 hours, respectively. The model's phase and amplitude biases likely have effects on its hydrologic cycle and its surface and atmospheric energy budgets. Thus the causes for the model's biases need to be investigated.
Evidence for dual infection of rabbits with the human retroviruses HTLV-I and HIV-1

Rabbits experimentally infected with HTLV-I and HIV-1 produced antibody to various viral proteins, and viral DNA could be detected by gene amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. HTLV-I genes were detected in cell lines derived from infected rabbits, and in some cases, both HIV-1 and HTLV-I DNA sequences were demonstrated in peripheral blood cells taken from rabbits one year after experimental infection. The polymerase chain reaction procedure was used to demonstrate the presence of HTLV-I gag, env and tax genes and HIV-1 gag and env genes. The amplified fragments were identified by size and by hybridization to specific probes. The ability of rabbits to support simultaneous infection with HTLV-I and HIV-1 will allow in vivo studies of the possible synergistic effects of these important human pathogens.
Relation of weights of operatively excised stenotic aortic valves to preoperative transvalvular peak systolic pressure gradients and to calculated aortic valve areas.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to correlate the weights of operatively excised stenotic aortic valves to preoperative transvalvular peak systolic gradients and to calculated aortic valve areas. Background No previous publication has correlated the weights of stenotic aortic valves to the transvalvular gradients or to the calculated aortic valve areas. Methods We weighed operatively excised stenotic aortic valves in 324 adults who had undergone preoperative left-sided cardiac catheterization. Results As the weights of the operatively excised stenotic aortic valves increased (from l1 g to g6 g), the average transvalvular peak systolic pressure gradients progressively increased. For any valve weight, in general, the women had higher average transvalvular gradients (p ≤ 0.005) and lower average valve areas (p ≤ 0.008) than did the men. Correlation between aortic valve weight and transvalvular gradient improved further when gender was taken into account. Conclusions Preoperative transvalvular peak systolic pressure gradients across stenotic aortic valves correlate better with the weights of the operatively excised valves than do the calculated valve areas.
Essay on the Geography of Plants

Review of Essay on the Geography of Plants . Alexander von Humboldt and Aime Bonpland. Edited and with an Introduction by Stephen T. Jackson. Translated by Sylvie Romanowski. 2009. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 296, 1 color plate, 9 halftones, 7 tables, 1 poster. $45.00 (cloth). ISBN 9780226360669.
Performance forecasts as feedback for schedule generation

Abstract We present a dynamic scheduling technique in which performance forecasts from locally controlled subsystems are used as feedback for a higher level controller. The scheduling technique is capable of handling dynamic job arrivals and job rescheduling due to machine failures and material shortages.
What does it take to start an oropharyngeal fire? Oxygen requirements to start fires in the operating room.

Abstract Introduction Airway fires are a well-described and potentially devastating complication of oropharyngeal surgery. However, the actual factors required to ignite the fire have never been well-delineated in the medical literature. In this study, we used a mechanical model to assess the oxygen parameters necessary to cause an oropharyngeal fire. Methods An electrosurgical unit (Bovie) was grounded to a whole raw chicken and a 6.0 endotracheal tube (ETT) was inserted into the cranial end of the degutted central cavity. Oxygen (O 2 ) was then titrated through the ETT tube at varying concentrations, with flow rates varying from 10 to 15 L/min. Electrocautery (at a setting of 15 W) was performed on tissue in the central cavity of the chicken near the ETT. All trials were repeated twice to ensure accuracy. Positive test results were quantified by the time required to obtain ignition of any part of the mechanical setup and time required to produce a sustained flame. A test was considered negative if no ignition could be obtained after four minutes of direct electrocautery. Results At an O 2 concentration of 100% and a flow rate of 15 L/min, ignition with a sustained flame was obtained between 15 and 30 s after initiation of electrocautery. At 100% O 2 at 10 L/min, ignition was obtained at 70 s with immediate sustained flame. At an O 2 concentration of 60%, ignition occurred at 25 s and sustained fire after 60 s. At an O 2 concentration of 50% ignition with a sustained flame occurred between 128 and 184 s. At an O 2 concentration of 45%, neither ignition nor sustained flames could be obtained in any trial. Conclusions Operating room fires remain a genuine danger when performing oropharyngeal surgery where electrocautery is performed in an oxygen-enriched environment. In our study, higher O 2 flow rates with higher FiO 2 correlated with quicker ignition in the chicken cavity. A fire was easily obtained when using 100% O 2 ; as the O 2 concentration decreases, longer exposure to electrocautery is required for ignition. Below 50% O 2 we were unable to obtain ignition. Our study is the first to examine the relative risk of ignition and sustained fire in a mechanical model of oropharyngeal surgery. Decreasing the fraction of inspired O 2 (FiO 2 ) to less than 50% may substantially decrease the risk of airway fire during oropharyngeal surgery.
A model trust-region modification of Newton's method for nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems

The method of quasilinearization for nonlinear two-point boundary-value problems is Newton's method for a nonlinear differential operator equation. A model trust-region approach to globalizing the quasilinearization algorithm is presented. A double-dogleg implementation yields a globally convergent algorithm that is robust in solving difficult problems.
Long-term survival after aggressive resection of pulmonary metastases among children and adolescents with osteosarcoma.

Abstract Purpose Although survival without resection of pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma is unlikely, not all surgeons agree on an aggressive surgical approach. We have taken an approach to attempt surgical resection if at all feasible regardless of number of metastases and disease-free interval (DFI). This study presents information on long-term follow-up after this aggressive approach to resection. Methods A single-institution retrospective cohort study of osteosarcoma patients younger than 21 years with pulmonary metastases, limited to the contemporary chemotherapeutic period (1980-2000), was conducted. Results In 137 patients, synchronous (23.4%) or metachronous (76.6%) pulmonary nodules were identified. The median follow-up was 2.0 years (5 days to 20.1 years) for all patients. Overall survival among patients who had pulmonary nodules was 40.2% and 22.6% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Ninety-nine patients underwent attempted pulmonary metastasectomy (mean survival, 33.6 months; 95% confidence interval, 25.1-42.1) and 38 patients did not (mean survival, 10.1 months; 95% confidence interval, 6.5-13.6; P t test). Characteristics that were associated with an increased likelihood of 5-year overall survival after pulmonary resection were primary tumor necrosis greater than 98% after neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( P P Conclusions Most patient and tumor characteristics commonly used by surgeons to determine utility of resection of pulmonary metastases among patients with osteosarcoma are not associated with outcome. Biology of the particular tumor (response to preoperative chemotherapy, measured by tumor necrosis percentage, and DFI), as opposed to tumor burden, appears to influence survival more significantly. We would advocate considering repeat pulmonary resection for patients with recurrent metastases from osteosarcoma.
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation via face mask in patients with acute respiratory failure who refused endotracheal intubation.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the response to noninvasive ventilation in a group of terminally ill patients with acute respiratory failure who refused endotracheal intubation. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Medical intensive care units (ICUs) in a university health science center. PATIENTS Eleven patients, nine with hypercapnic and two with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. Mean age of patients was 64 yrs. INTERVENTION Mechanical ventilation was delivered via a face mask. The initial ventilatory setting was continuous positive airway pressure mode, with pressure-support ventilation of 10 to 20 cm H2O, titrated to achieve a respiratory rate of < 25 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 5 to 7 mL/kg. Ventilatory settings were adjusted based on results of arterial blood gases. Mean duration of mechanical ventilation was 44 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mechanical ventilation via face mask was effective in correcting gas exchange abnormalities in seven of 11 patients, all of whom survived and were discharged from the ICU. Four patients with hypercapnic acute respiratory failure died. Mechanical ventilation via face mask was effective in improving respiratory acidosis in three patients and had no effect in one patient. Two of the four patients could not be weaned from mechanical ventilation and opted for discontinuation of this method. Removal of the ventilator while retaining the mask for oxygen supplementation was a nontraumatic experience to the patient and family. Even when respiratory failure did not resolve, mechanical ventilation via face mask was effective in lessening dyspnea and allowed the patient to maintain autonomy and continuous verbal communication. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mechanical ventilation via face mask offers an effective, comfortable, and dignified method of supporting patients with end-stage disease and acute respiratory failure.
Generalized algorithm for computing the 4-3-4 N-axis robotic trajectory

A generalized inversion technique and algorithm is presented for the purpose of computing the 9n coefficients pertaining to the three segments—i.e., liftoff, transitory, and setdown—of a motion trajectory of an n-axis robot manipulator. The technique and the computer program presented is general enough to be immediately applicable to an n-axis robot manipulator if only the desired initial and final position, velocity, acceleration, as well as the intermediate “via” positions are given. A number of examples are presented for a wide spectrum of these constraint conditions on the desired motion trajectories.
Stage Models of Gentrification: An Examination

Some researchers have contended that stage models are useful to help explain the dynamics of gentrification. Neighborhood change in the Hyde Park section of Tampa, Florida, is analyzed in this article to evaluate empirically the validity of certain components of the stage models and to present some conclusions concerning the general usefulness of the stage models in examining neighborhood change. The models provide a helpful framework within which to examine gentrification, but they must be refined to reflect that gentrification is a more chaotic concept than the models have thus far explicitly acknowledged.
The effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris

We investigated the effects of substrate composition on foraging behavior and growth rate of larval green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, in the laboratory at 20±1°C over a period of 5 weeks. Larval groups (n=100) with mean wet weight (0.72±0.01 g) at 50 days post-hatch were reared on slate-rocks, cobble, sand or glass. Typically, fish were negatively rheotactic and exhibited dispersed skimming behaviors on provided substrates during pre-feeding and feeding, respectively, but were all positively rheotactic during feeding. Fish reared on slate-rock substrates were negatively phototactic, remained benthic, and aggregated underneath the substrates. In all substrates except slate-rocks, fish displayed frequent episodes of burst and glide swimming activity, tank wall skimming and vertical swimming behaviors, however these behaviors ceased immediately during feeding and reappeared at the end of the feeding period. Substrate composition led to variable foraging effectiveness and likely contributed to significant differences in specific growth rates (2.28, 1.14, 1.77, and 2.27% body weight per day) and mortality (7%, 40%, 11%, 0%) among the treatment groups; slate-rocks, cobble, sand, and glass, respectively. There were no significant differences in morphometrics, somatotopic indices, and whole-body lipid content among treatment groups at the end of the experiment. The present findings indicate that certain substrates in artificial/natural habitats may negatively affect larval growth and may lead to decreased recruitment of juvenile green sturgeon in the wild.
Hepatic artery chemoembolization for 110 gastrointestinal stromal tumors: response, survival, and prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND. The efficacy of hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) was evaluated for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) metastatic to the liver. METHODS. Records for patients with metastatic GIST who underwent HACE between January 1993 and March 2005 were reviewed and cross-sectional images were used to determine objective tumor response. Progression-free survival in the liver (PFS-liver) and overall survival (OS) were calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method. Patient, tumor, and treatment variables were analyzed to identify factors influencing survival. RESULTS. Of the 110 patients identified, the radiologic response to HACE could be evaluated in 85 patients, 12 of whom (14%) demonstrated partial responses, 63 of whom (74%) demonstrated stable disease, and 10 of whom (12%) demonstrated progressive disease. PFS-liver rates were 31.2%, 8.2%, and 5.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively; the median PFS time was 8.2 months. OS rates were 62% at 1 year, 32% at 2 years, and 20% at 3 years; the median OS time was 17.2 months. Patients who had >5 liver metastases and received only 1 HACE treatment were found to have a shorter PFS compared with patients with fewer metastases or those who received ≥2 HACE sessions. Extensive liver involvement, the presence of extrahepatic metastases, and progression of liver disease after HACE were associated with poor OS. Use of imatinib prolonged OS time. CONCLUSIONS. HACE produced a durable tumor response or disease stabilization in the majority of patients with GISTs metastatic to liver. Extent of liver disease, presence of extrahepatic disease, number of embolization treatments, and use of imatinib were found to have prognostic influence on PFS, OS, or both. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.