cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of adenylate cyclase-coupled β-adrenergic receptors

Abstract The pharmacological characteristics of adenylate cyclase-coupled β-adrenergic receptors were determined by examining potency series of β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from six tissues: canine myocardium, diaphragmatic skeletal muscle, liver, lung, rat paraovarian fat and frog erythrocytes. Agonists were: isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, soterenol and dobutamine. Antagonists were: d,l-propranolol, dichlorisoproterenol, practolol (a selective β1 antagonist) and butoxamine (a selective β2 antagonist). Catecholamine stimulation of adenylate cyclase ranged from 1.7-fold in lung membranes to 9.1-fold in frog erythrocyte membranes. Isoproterenol was the most potent agonist and propranolol the most potent antagonist in all tissues. Norepinephrine was a potent agonist in cardiac and adipose membranes ( 1 3 – 1 5 isoproterenol) but was much weaker in the other tissues ( 1 50 – 1 1000 isoproterenol). Soterenol was very weak in cardiac membranes but equipotent with norepinephrine and epinephrine in adipose membranes. Soterenol was more potent than norepinephrine in muscle, liver, lung and erythrocyte membranes. Practolol was a more potent antagonist than butoxamine in heart and adipose membranes, but the reverse was true in the other tissues. The potency ratio of practolol to butoxamine was 10 in fat, 5.8 in heart, 0.16 in muscle, 0.15 in liver and 0.07 in erythrocyte membranes. These results correlate reasonably well with previously determined results in more intact preparations. They suggest that adenylate cyclase-coupled β-adrenergic receptors reflect the specificity of physiological β-adrenergic receptors. The receptors in cardiac and adipose membranes appear to be β1- and those in muscle, liver, lung and erythrocyte β2-adrenergic receptors. The data also indicate heterogeneity of the receptors within each subclass (e.g. potency of soterenol in adipose vs cardiac membranes).
Acute lymphonodular pharyngitis: a newly described condition due to Coxsackie A virus.

An outbreak of a clinically distinct acute febrile disease is described and illustrated. The distinctive, raised, micronodular lesions occurred primarily in the pharynx and related structures and regressed without ulceration. The condition was readily distinguishable from herpangina, acute herpetic gingivostomatitis, and other viral infections. This outbreak was caused by Coxsackie A-10 virus.
Rapid confocal imaging of large area excised tissue with strip mosaicing

Strip mosaicing in a confocal microscope allows imaging of cellular morphology over large-area tissue for rapid pathology at the bedside. We scan 10 mm long strips and stitch to display 100 mm2 in five minutes.
On the structure of moving average processes

This paper uses Hilbert space methods to develop a rigorous proof that the sum of two uncorrelated moving average processes of order q1 and qz is an MA process of order q 6 max ((I~, q2). The methods establish the existence of suitable random shocks for the summed process, they illuminate relationships between the coefficients of such processes and their random shocks, and they provide means for proving that the random shocks of the summed processes are normal when the shocks of the underlying processes are normal. The role of the Weld decomposition is examined in terms of multiple representations of an MA process.
How to build better memory training games

Can we create engaging training programs that improve working memory (WM) skills? While there are numerous procedures that attempt to do so, there is a great deal of controversy regarding their efficacy. Nonetheless, recent meta-analytic evidence shows consistent improvements across studies on lab-based tasks generalizing beyond the specific training effects (Au et al., 2014; Karbach and Verhaeghen, 2014), however, there is little research into how WM training aids participants in their daily life. Here we propose that incorporating design principles from the fields of Perceptual Learning (PL) and Computer Science might augment the efficacy of WM training, and ultimately lead to greater learning and transfer. In particular, the field of PL has identified numerous mechanisms (including attention, reinforcement, multisensory facilitation and multi-stimulus training) that promote brain plasticity. Also, computer science has made great progress in the scientific approach to game design that can be used to create engaging environments for learning. We suggest that approaches integrating knowledge across these fields may lead to a more effective WM interventions and better reflect real world conditions.
Assembly of weed communities along a crop diversity gradient

Summary 1 Increasing cropping system diversity is one strategy for reducing reliance on external chemical inputs in agriculture and may have important implications for agro-ecosystem functions related to the regulation of weed populations and community assembly. However, the impacts of cropping system diversity on weed communities have not been evaluated formally in a study comparable with those performed in experimental grasslands, where much of the evidence regarding diversity–ecosystem function has been reported. We performed a field experiment in Michigan, USA, in which we manipulated the number of crop species grown in rotation and as winter cover crops over a 3-year period and in the absence of fertilizer and pesticides, to determine the impact of crop diversity on the abundance, composition and structure of the weed community. 2 Crop diversity treatments consisted of three row-crops, corn Zea mays L., soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. and winter wheat Triticum aestivum L., grown in continuous monoculture and in 2- and 3-year annual rotations with and without cover crops (zero, one or two legume/small grain species). Weed communities were measured each year at peak biomass, with soil resources and light availability being measured over the course of the growing season in the final year of the study. 3 The effects on weed communities of the crop diversity treatments were dependent on rotation phase. In winter wheat, weed abundance and diversity (species richness, H′ and D) were lowest in the two highest crop diversity treatments. Across all phases of the rotation, weed community structure was affected more by crop identity than crop diversity per se. 4 In general, the effects of crop diversity on weed communities were mainly the result of the presence of cover crops, which had strong effects on soil resource and light levels, particularly in winter wheat. 5 Synthesis and applications. Increasing crop diversity in the absence of external chemical inputs can result in changes in soil resource availability without a concomitant increase in the abundance of weeds or a shift to weed communities that are more difficult to manage.
History of Basic Science in Cardiac Electrophysiology

Basic cardiac electrophysiology (EP) has been inspired by 2 disciplines, clinical cardiology and membrane/cellular biophysics. Early in the twentieth century, the field was clinically oriented, seeking to understand the relation between disease and cardiac electrograms. Other scientists, motivated by a desire to understand natural systems, were studying the general origin of cellular electric properties. Although communication between the 2 areas has sometimes been suboptimal, theymerged to form our modern basic cardiac EP. Modern electronics and digital computers have also been critical to both basic and clinical EPs, providing essential tools for both basic insights and clinical applications of cardiac EP. The field has flourished with good ideas. Understanding the origin of ideas is fraught with difficulty. Ideas typically derive from interaction, combined with contemplation and study. However, scientific creative processes are rarely explained in a form accessible to a historian. The scientific literature has developed a publishing format that is focused on how to reproduce the reported results, not on how the ideas were developed. Hodgkin describes the problem thus: scientists tend to publish how the experiments should have been conceived and performed rather than how the investigators actually stumbled on their answers. Consequently, the important creative process is often obscured in the otherwise voluminous scientific literature.
Common music. A music composition language in common lisp and CLOS

Common Lisp (Steele 1990) and the Common Lisp Object System (Bobrow 1988) provide an environment uniquely suited to the exploratory and incremental process of musical composition. Common Music is a high-level music composition language built in Common Lisp and CLOS designed to support computer composition in a variety of score formats through a common protocol. Initially prototyped on a Symbolics Lisp machine, the system runs under most Common Lisp environments found on standard computers such as Apple Macintosh and NeXT machines. Common Music is currently offered at CCRMA as part of course work for computer music classes and workshops. It is available through anonymous file transfer (ftp) on the machine ccrma-ftp in the file named /pub/cm.tarfile.Z
Identification of an allelopathic compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and characterization of its herbicidal activity

Aqueous extracts of Ailanthus altissima bark and foliage were previously shown to be toxic to other plants. Using bioassaydirected fractionation, I isolated the phytotoxic compound from A. altissima root bark and identified it to be ailanthone, a quassinoid compound having molecular mass of 376. Ailanthone was highly phytotoxic, with concentrations of 0.7 ml/L causing 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in a standardized bioassay with garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds. Ailanthone exhibited potent preand postemergence herbicidal activity in greenhouse trials. Postemergence activity was especially striking; even the lowest application rate (0.5 kg/ha) caused complete mortality of five of the seven plant species tested within 5 d of treatment. In contrast, the highest application rate (8 kg/ha) did not cause any detectable injury to A. altissima seedlings, indicating the presence of a protective mechanism in the producer species to prevent autotoxicity. Ailanthone was rapidly detoxified in field soil as a result of microbial activity. Applications of ailanthone equivalent to 0.5 and 4.0 kg/ha completely lost their phytotoxicity within 5 d when incubated in the presence of nonsterile soil. When incubated with sterile soil under identical conditions, however, ailanthone remained highly phytotoxic throughout the 21-d duration of the investigation. The high level of postemergence herbicidal activity in conjunction with its rapid biodegradation in soil suggest ailanthone may have potential for development as a natural-product herbicide.
Problems of specificity: an indirect argument for Chwang's position.

Eric Chwang's article (2014) interprets Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 45.46 as identifying specific vulnerable populations for which research which might not otherwise be permissible might be p...
On the mechanism of action of thyroxin, an amino acid analog of tyrosine.

Abstract The concept of a hormone inevitably carries with it a set of specific connotations and prejudices which in the case of thyroxin may obscure rather than elucidate its mechanism of action. Viewed as a hormone, the very number and broad range of thyroxin effects defy resolution. Viewed as an amino acid analog, the behavior of this molecule becomes coherent, in that it resembles the behavior of amino acids in general and tyrosine in particular, with distinguishing characteristics appropriate to its own structure and its analog status. Thyroxin is only one of a number of amino acids appearing in the course of phylogeny, derived from modifications of aminoacyl residues in protein. Comparative physiologic studies suggest that the biogenesis of iodine-modified tyrosines long preceded their useful biological function. Eventually their presence in threatened aquatic forms may have provided survival advantage with regard to terrestrial adaptation. Both structure and function of the vertebrate thyroid gland reflect its foregut ancestry. Iodoproteins within the lumen of the thyroid follicle are subject to a process similar to gastric digestion of ordinary dietary proteins. Free iodoamino acids together with other amino acid constituents of the digest are then absorbed into the blood stream. As expected of an amino acid, thyroxin leaving the extracellular space enters into and influences the function of almost all cells and subcellular organelles, including the nucleus. Its analog properties are reflected in the fact that only small fractions of the available thyroxin pools participate at any one time in biological reactions. The diverse actions of thyroxin are compatible with the model set by the parent amino acid tyrosine, which is notably active at a number of branch points in its own metabolism. Thyroxin effects on growth and development conform with the known alterations in genetic response which occur in the presence of false protein amino acids and are also consistent with the rapid turnover and remodelling of protein systems which follow the incorporation of false amino acid residues into protein. Its effects on overall metabolic processes are consistent with the known propensity of tyrosine-like compounds to become converted to false transmitters in the adrenergic nervous system, which in the case of thyroxin, would result in the development of iodothyronine-derived adrenergic transmitter substances. Altered pigment metabolism in patients with thyroid disease and localization of iodoamino acids in pigment-bearing cells of many vertebrate species suggest that thyroxin may be an alternate substrate in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. Since thyroxin is required for normal body function, it may be classified as an indispensable amino acid along with the other biologically more ancient members of its class.
Ambulatory surgery for multi-ligament knee reconstruction with continuous dual catheter peripheral nerve blockade.

Purpose: Major reconstructive surgery of the knee traditionally requires an extended hospital stay for pain management. Continuous peripheral nerve blockade is an alternative method of pain control but is seldom used in the ambulatory setting. This case illustrates the use of lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve peripheral catheters for major knee surgery using intermittent bolus dosing for outpatient analgesia. Clinical features: A 20-yr-old male presented for multi-ligamentous knee reconstruction (posterior collateral ligament and revision anterior collateral ligament and lateral collateral ligament). Anesthesia was managed with a lumbar plexus and a sciatic nerve peripheral catheter and a light general anesthetic. Post-operative analgesia was provided with a 12-hr infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine in an over night recovery care centre. Subsequent catheter dosing was performed as an outpatient, twice a day using 0.2% ropivacaine, 10 ml in each catheter (four injections total). This provided 96 hr of analgesia and low supplemental opioid use. Conclusion: The use of a lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve peripheral catheter offered an alternative to conventional pain control that worked well in the ambulatory setting. By providing prolonged unilateral lower limb analgesia, extensive knee surgery was performed that would normally require a hospital stay for pain control. Using a bolus dosing method the risk of local anesthetic complications occurrning outside of the hospital with a continuous infusion was minimized.
Grass species and cultivar differences in magnesium concentration

Abstract Two rates of Mg, 0 and 56 kg/ha, were randomized within each of 43 cultivars that had previously been established in a randomized complete block design. The 43 cultivars consisted of 6 species. Forage samples were obtained in early spring and chemically analyzed for content of Ca, Mg and K. Grass species and cultivars with species significantly differed in content of Ca, Mg and K and in the ratio meq K/(meq Ca + meq Mg). Significant interactions of Mg with species and Mg with cultivars within species were observed. At the relatively low level of soil Mg and Mg rate, no cultivar contained 0.20% Mg, a value often used to identify proneness to grass tetany. However, no cultivar had an average meq ratio, K/(Ca + Mg), greater than 2.2, a value often used in diagnosing potential tetany problems that might be associated with intake of low Mg forage. The interaction of cultivar with Mg rate indicates that fertilizer Mg level influenced cultivar content of Mg, and that the effect was not consistent for al...
Characterization of the rhesus fibromatosis herpesvirus MARCH family member rfK3

Retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus (RFHV) is a γ-herpesvirus of macaques that is closely related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Herein, we present characterization of the K3 gene from RFHV, a homologue of the KSHV K3 and K5 genes. Like the KSHV proteins, kK3 and kK5, the rfK3 protein decreases cell surface MHC I levels. Similar to kK5, rfK3 also modulates ICAM-1, but not another kK5 target, B7.2. Inhibitors of dynamin or mutations in the rfK3 RING-CH E3 ubiquitin ligase domain block cellular target regulation, implicating a ubiquitin-dependent, endocytosis-mediated mechanism for target down regulation and degradation. Overall, this manuscript presents the first characterization of a non-human primate virus MARCH family E3 ubiquitin ligase contributing important information about the evolution of immune avoidance strategies in primate viruses and paving the way for an animal model examining the importance of kK3 and kK5 in vivo.
When is the Truth not the Truth? Truth Telling and Libel by Implication

Implied libel cases involve defamatory news stories composed entirely of factual, truthful material. Because they lack the false statements typically required for a successful libel suit, these cases present unique challenges regarding determination of falsity. This article examines how appellate judges articulate and apply conceptions of truth in libel- by-implication cases. It concludes that there exists no common understanding of truth and that judges and courts that favor the correspondence theory of truth tend to favor the media, while those that adopt the coherence theory of truth do not. This disagreement over the fundamental understanding of what constitutes truth leads to confusion and lack of clarity for journalists and judges. The article concludes that the actual malice standard apply in all implied libel cases.
The modulation of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by spermine, spermidine and diamines.

Extremely low concentrations of putrescine, spermidine and spermine added to the extracellular medium of cultures of mammalian cells inhibit the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity despite 100- to 1,000-fold greater intracellular polyamine concentrations. The diamines, 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,10-diaminodecane, 1,12-diaminododecane also inhibit ornithine decarboxylase at all concentrations tested (greater than 10−6 M). In contrast, 10−6 M to 10 −3 M 1,8-diaminooctane, the alkyl analog of spermidine, enhances ornithine decarboxylase activity. The concentraton of putrescine required to inhibit the activity of ornithine decarboxylase by 50% is a characteristic of each cell line; however, it varies by as much as 1,000-fold among the five cell lines we have tested (L1210 leukemic, H35 hepatoma, N18 neuroblastoma, W256 carcinosarcoma and 3T3 fibroblasts). The antizyme to ornithine decarboxylase can be induced in all these cells by high (di)(poly)amine concentrations. Based on these and other experiments we suggest a working hypothesis: that the polyamines regulate ornithine decarboxylase activity through two different sites that may be interrelated; a sensitive membrane-mediated site that responds to minute fluctuations of extracellular polyamine levels and a coarse site which may be intracellular or membrane associated that responds to larger fluctuations of intracellular polyamine levels. The consequences of such a control mechanism operating within the whole organism are discussed.
An opsin mutant with increased thermal stability.

This report describes the biochemical characterization of a double mutant of rhodopsin (N2C,D282C) in which Cys residues engineered into the protein at positions 2 (in the amino-terminal extracellular domain) and 282 (in the extracellular loop between transmembrane helices 6 and 7) are shown to form a disulfide bond and increase the thermal stability of the unliganded or opsin form of the protein. Wild-type opsin does not survive detergent solubilization and purification at pH 7.5 and 25 °C. In contrast, the N2C,D282C mutant opsin survives the purification protocol and loses less than 50% activity after incubation for 20 days under the same conditions. Less than 5% is lost after 20 days at 4 °C. While the disulfide bond clearly has a dramatic effect on protein stability, it has a minor impact on the activity of the pigment. The MII lifetime of the mutant (6.6 min) is similar to that of the wild type (7.9 min), and the specific activity of the light-activated mutant for activation of transducin is within 2...
Response of the isolated heart to carbon monoxide and nitrogen anoxia.

Abstract The effects of carbon monoxide (CO) or nitrogen (N 2 ) anoxia were assessed and compared in stimulated (360 beats/min) and unstimulated isolated rat hearts. The hearts were perfused through the aorta with Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated with 95% O 2 5% CO 2 (O 2 ). Heart rate, pulse pressure, perfusate flow, and perfusate lactate concentrations were recorded. After 30 min of O 2 perfusion, the hearts were challenged with 95% CO5% CO 2 (CO) or 95% N 2 5% CO 2 (N 2 ) for 10 min. The preparations were then reoxygenated and allowed to recover for 10 min. In the unstimulated hearts, CO depressed heart rate, pulse pressure, and perfusate flow earlier than did N 2 . Lactate concentrations increased to a greater extent with N 2 than with CO. With reoxygenation heart rate, pulse pressure, and lactate concentrations returned to control values earlier in the CO hearts. The differences observed in pulse pressure and lactate concentrations with CO and N 2 anoxia disappeared with stimulation. There were no significant differences in water or glycogen contents after CO or N 2 in either the unstimulated or stimulated preparations. These results suggest that CO may have a direct effect on the myocardium in addition to its well-known anoxic effect.
Near‐ and mid‐infrared microspectroscopy of the Ronda peridotite

[1] Microspectroscopy is a potentially useful tool for planetary applications, as individual mineral grains can be targeted and measured in situ. A series of closely coupled experiments was designed to investigate and compare the laboratory measurement of optical properties of a peridotite sample in the macroscale and microscale. The Ronda peridotite consists largely of olivine with significant orthopyroxene and minor clinoproxene and serpentine. Microscopic transmission spectra of unmounted thin sections produce strong, well-defined absorption features in the near infrared, and band positions can be directly compared to macroscopic and microscopic reflectance spectra. For near-infrared reflectance, where photons are multiply scattered by different grains, measurement of a microscopic target means most photons are scattered out of the field of view and few photons return to the detector from the target area. This precludes most microspectroscopic reflectance measurements of small features in the near infrared. In the mid-infrared, where reflectance measurements involve only surface interactions, microspectroscopic measurements detect well-defined absorption features for most samples. Although the intensity of absorption features varies between grains, band positions are consistent with macroscopic diffuse reflectance and emittance measurements of bulk samples, and can be used to extract general chemical information such as iron/magnesium ratios of olivines.
Choosing the level of detail for depicting two-variable spatial relationships

A method for determining the most appropriate scale for presentation of spatial relationships between two variables combines the principle of entropy decomposition with Phipps' entropy-based method for determining mutual information of landscape patterns. The method enables determination of the optimal level of detail for maps, data matrices, or other depictions of two spatially associated phenomena. An example from wetland mapping is given.
Chemical and Rheological Characterization of Drag-Reducing Cationic Surfactant Systems

Surfactant drag-reducing additives are very promising for saving pumping energy in recirculation systems such as district heating and cooling systems because of their “self-repairability” after mechanical degradation compared to polymer drag-reducing additives, which degrade irreversibly. The effectiveness of cationic surfactant drag-reducing additives, as indicated by their effective drag-reduction temperatures and Reynolds number ranges, depends on the chemical structures and concentrations of the surfactants and counterions. In this paper, the effects of the surfactant (alkyl chain length, saturated/unsaturated chain, odd/even numbers of carbons, and surfactant headgroup) and counterion (size, polarity, etc.) chemical structures on surfactant drag reduction, as well as three physical properties postulated to be associated with surfactant drag reduction, are addressed. Shear-induced structure (SIS), viscoelasticity (in the forms of nonzero first normal stress difference, quick recoil, and stress oversho...
The evolution of atrial fibrillation ablation from triggers to substrate

The surgical approach to treat atrial fibrillation involves compartmentalizing the atrium. By dividing the atrium into discrete segments, the surgeon prevents the arrhythmia's ability to sustain by decreasing the required atrial substrate for propagation of the fibrillatory wavelets. Endocardial catheter ablation techniques used to replicate the surgical procedure were fraught with long procedure times and unacceptably high thromboembolic complications. The realization that the initiation of atrial fibrillation is often caused by triggers within the pulmonary veins has changed the focus from preventing the arrhythmia's ability to maintain itself to preventing the arrhythmia from ever being initiated. Early focal catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation used activation mapping and pace mapping to identify sites of spontaneous firing that led to bursts of atrial fibrillation. Although acute success rates were quite high, recurrences were unacceptably common. When investigators reattempted ablation of these patients, triggers were often found in other areas of the vein initially targeted and/or in remote veins. Because it appeared that either new triggers could arise in nonablated areas of veins or these areas were arrhythmogenic but not realized during initial ablation, the technique of complete isolation of the pulmonary vein was developed. A circular mapping catheter was placed at the funnel-shaped opening of each vein to map electrical exit sites of the vein into the atrium. Early attempts at electrical isolation of the veins occasionally caused pulmonary vein stenosis, on occasion necessitating angioplasty or stenting of the vein. This phenomenon has caused investigators to isolate the veins by using much larger circles with far greater diameters along the posterior left atrium. Many investigators now also have added ablation lines along the roof of the left atrium as well as down to the mitral valve annulus. The technique appears to be more analogous to the surgical model, now isolating triggers as well as preventing arrhythmia propagation.
Health Services Utilization by Low-Income Limited English Proficient Adults

Objectives We evaluated the health care utilization of limited English proficiency (LEP) compared to English proficient (EP) adults with the same health insurance (Medicaid managed care) and full access to professional medical interpreters. Methods Health care utilization over two years was compared for 567 LEP and 1162 EP adults. Multivariate analysis controlled for age, gender, months enrolled in Medicaid and morbidity. Results LEP compared to EP subjects were enrolled longer and more continuously in Medicaid, were 94% more likely to use primary care and 78% less likely to use the emergency department. Specialty visits and hospitalization did not differ. Conclusions When language barriers are reduced and health insurance coverage is the same, LEP patients show ambulatory health care utilization associated with lower cost and more access to preventive care through establishing a primary care home.
Patient Perceptions of Pain Management Therapy: A Comparison of Real-Time Assessment of Patient Education and Satisfaction and Registered Nurse Perceptions

Nurses must have an understanding of their patients' perception to assist in meeting analgesic goals. Adequate patient teaching is essential. The value of a simplified tool to assess patients' satisfaction has not been widely examined. This study examined if nurses' perceptions of their patients' satisfaction with pain management are congruent with patients' self-report, and if patients' level of satisfaction corresponds with the type of therapy used and adequacy of teaching related to their pain management plan. Data were collected though a survey in a community hospital. It was designed as an evaluative study of the variables in two nursing units and as a pilot study of the survey tool. Ratings of patient satisfaction by nurses (3.8 ± 0.88 [mean ± SD]) were similar to patients' self-ratings (4.08 ± 1.06). Higher self-report of pain (visual analog scale 4.00 ± 2.22) was associated with lower levels of satisfaction (3.80 ± 0.881). Patients reporting adequate teaching rated a higher satisfaction score (4.46) than patients reporting inadequate teaching [3.59; t (48) = -3.12; p = .003]. Patients receiving intravenous analgesia as needed had higher pain VAS scores (4.74) than patients receiving other analgesia protocols [3.37; t(48) = -2.26; p = .028]. Measuring patient satisfaction has become critical in evaluating adequacy of treatment. Factors that affect patients' satisfaction with pain management include the adequacy of teaching they receive and the type of therapy they are provided. A simple survey can be a useful tool in measuring satisfaction.
Automatic runtime error repair and containment via recovery shepherding

We present a system, RCV, for enabling software applications to survive divide-by-zero and null-dereference errors. RCV operates directly on off-the-shelf, production, stripped x86 binary executables. RCV implements recovery shepherding, which attaches to the application process when an error occurs, repairs the execution, tracks the repair effects as the execution continues, contains the repair effects within the application process, and detaches from the process after all repair effects are flushed from the process state. RCV therefore incurs negligible overhead during the normal execution of the application. We evaluate RCV on all divide-by-zero and null-dereference errors available in the CVE database [2] from January 2011 to March 2013 that 1) provide publicly-available inputs that trigger the error which 2) we were able to use to trigger the reported error in our experimental environment. We collected a total of 18 errors in seven real world applications, Wireshark, the FreeType library, Claws Mail, LibreOffice, GIMP, the PHP interpreter, and Chromium. For 17 of the 18 errors, RCV enables the application to continue to execute to provide acceptable output and service to its users on the error-triggering inputs. For 13 of the 18 errors, the continued RCV execution eventually flushes all of the repair effects and RCV detaches to restore the application to full clean functionality. We perform a manual analysis of the source code relevant to our benchmark errors, which indicates that for 11 of the 18 errors the RCV and later patched versions produce identical or equivalent results on all inputs.
Dynamics of the Dopamine Transporter in Various States in the Presence of an Explicit Sodium Gradient

The monoamine transporters (MATs) are a family of neurotransmitter transporters located on the presynapse of a neuron. These monoamine transporters regulate the levels of neurotransmitters available in the synapse to bind to post-synaptic receptors. One of the MATs, the dopamine transporter (DAT) is a target of various therapeutic and illicit drugs. The mechanism and conformational states of the DAT is still widely debated. A driving force behind the transport mechanism for DAT is the sodium gradient. We present an all-atom MD study of the DAT at physiological concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl-. A dual POPE lipid bilayer system was constructed to impose an explicit sodium gradient via two water baths. Six permeations of DAT states were simulated that vary bound sodium ions and dopamine molecules. Trajectory data have been analyzed to gain insight to the role of sodium and substrates in conformational changes of the DAT.
Vitallium mold arthroplasty of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis.

A critical evaluation is presented of the place of Vitallium mold arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis hips. The indications for surgery are reviewed, including mainly the following: 1. Surgery for pain; 2. Surgery for correction of deformity; 3. Surgery for the restoration of motion; 4. Surgery for the preservation of motion. The surgery of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis is presented as au incident in the total management of the patient with this disease. The complications and result of the surgery were evaluated by Dr. Solomon who had nothing to do with the surgery or the choice of patients. This we believe presents an unbiased opinion of the present status of mold arthroplasty. Es presentate un evaluation critic del rolo de arthroplastia a modulo de vitallium in coxas con arthritis rheumatoide. Es revistate le indicationes pro le operation. 1110s es primarimente (1) dolor e le objectivo de (2) corriger un deformitate, (3) restaurar motion, o (4) preservar motion. Le chirurgia del coxa in arthritis rheumatoide es presentate como un del elementos del therapeutica total in iste condition. Le complicationes e le resultatos del operation esseva evalutate per Dr. Solomon qui non esseva concernite in ulle maniera con le operationes mesme o con le selection del patientes. Nos opina que le presente reporto reflecte sin prejudicio le stato presente de arthroplastia a modulo.
Incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts: Evidence for complex regulation by postsurgical macrophages

Macrophages and fibroblasts are major components of the postsurgical repair process. In order to understand more fully the interaction between these two cell types, we studied the modulation by macrophages of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into postsurgical fibroblasts recovered from the site of peritoneal injury. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC):(greater than 95% macrophages) were collected from rabbits 4 and 7 days after resection and reanastomosis of the small intestine. PEC were suspended in Medium 199 (M-199) with 3% fetal calf serum (FCS) and incubated for 48 hr. Fibroblasts were obtained from rabbits that underwent abrasion of the parietal peritoneum 7 days previously, and were cultured for 7 days in M-199 with 3% FCS. Fibroblasts were then replated and incubated with macrophage-spent medium. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into fibroblasts was significantly suppressed after 24 hr of incubation with macrophage-spent media compared to the incorporation by fibroblasts incubated with fresh medium (control). This suppression was most profound when fibroblasts were incubated with resident (nonsurgical) macrophage-spent medium. The incorporation of thymidine by macrophage-spent media groups then increased rapidly and reached control levels at 48 hr of incubation. After 54 hr of incubation, the incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts incubated with media from postsurgical macrophages was significantly higher than that of control. Morphological changes in fibroblasts also appeared as the culture with macrophage-spent media progressed. Initially, fibroblasts were shaped like pine needles, but after 7 days of culture, fibroblasts assumed a spherical shape. Round-shaped fibroblasts returned to the original morphology (pine needle shape) after incubation for 48 hr with macrophage-spent medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monitoring phosphorus mineralization from poultry manure using phosphatase assays and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphatase enzymes are responsible for mineralization of organic-phosphorus (P) compounds in soil where they hydrolyze the organic phosphate esters to inorganic phosphate. One way to monitor the mineralization process in soils receiving poultry manure is by assessing the activity of phosphatase in a soil amended with poultry manure relative to a soil that is not amended. In a laboratory incubation, soil phosphomonoesterase activity and soil phosphodiesterase activity were measured 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after soil incorporation of poultry litter. Two soils, both Fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults, were used in the study. Both soils differed in their previous management. The first soil was from a conventionally tilled field that received annual poultry litter applications for 18 consecutive years. The second soil was from an adjacent recently cleared woodland that had no history of manure application. In the previously non-manured soil, soil phosphodiesterase activity following p...
Spherule wall formation by Physarum polycephalum.

Microplasmodia ofPhysarum polycephalum Schw differentiate into numerous hard walled spherules when deprived of nutrients. Cleavage occurs by invagination of the plasmalemma and growth of furrows centripetally. Cleavage furrows consistently contain ruthenium red positive fibrillar material. As the spherules become more rounded, a compact layer of ruthenium red positive material surrounds their membranes. A spherule wall which does not bind ruthenium red is deposited inside of the stained layer. Clusters of spherules are enclosed by ruthenium red positive material similar to the microplasmodial slime.
A critical analysis of the “risky shift” phenomenon

Abstract In recent years a substantial body of research findings (based almost solely on responses to the Dilemmas-of-Choice instrument as the measure of risk), commonly referred to as the “risky shift” phenomenon, has suggested that groups take greater risks than individuals. This interpretation, if generalizable, would replace the commonly held belief that groups make decisions that are more conservative than, or the average of, individual decisions. This paper examines, empirically and analytically, some major limitations of the generalizability of the risky shift phenomenon. The major concerns of this paper are analysis of (1) the conventional method of statistically analyzing the data generated in risky shift studies, and (2) the measure of risk almost universally used by investigators of the risky shift phenomenon. In order to accomplish this task several experiments were designed. The conventional statistic used in the risky shift literature is analyzed and inferences appropriate to it are explored. The conventional test supports the risky shift findings. A revised measurement scale and alternative statistical testing procedures are discussed. The revised scale permits a continuum of response rather than the discrete choices permitted with the Dilemmas-of-Choice instrument. Results using the alternative methods of statistical analysis and the revised scale are presented. These results do not support the previous findings that groups accept a level of risk significantly greater than that acceptable to the average group member deciding alone. These findings strongly suggest that generalization of the risky shift phenomenon may be limited to individuals and groups using the Dilemmas-of-Choice instrument as the measure of risk.
Design of Robust Digital Controllers and Sampling-Time Selection for SISO Systems.

The stability of a digital control system and its performance in terms of the continuous plant output are studied. A two-step controller design is proposed. In the first step, the assumption of no modelling error is made and a controller that combines properties of the algorithm that minimizes the sum of squared errors and a deadbeat-type algorithm is designed so that no intersample rippling appears. In the second step, a filter is designed so that appropriate conditions which guarantee robust stability and performance in the presence of model-plant mismatch are satisfied. The effect of the sampling time on the achievable performance and the robustness properties of the system is examined and the results are incorporated in a complete procedure for sampling-time selection and robust controller design. Finally, the procedure and some theoretical implications are illustrated with examples.
Local Government Efforts to Promote the “Three Es” of Sustainable Development Survey in Medium to Large Cities in the United States

The purpose of this article is to find out the extent to which local governments in the United States are committed to the principles of sustainable development in their planning practices. This study presents the findings from a survey of all medium to large cities carried out in April 2006. The findings indicate that, instead of adopting sustainable development as a development framework, cities are adopting sustainability initiatives in a piecemeal, ad-hoc manner. A broader level commitment to the concept, as evidenced by presence of sustainability plans, indicators project measuring progress toward sustainability goals, or an office and staff devoted to sustainability activities, is exhibited by very few cities. Finally, there is little evidence that cities are connecting sustainability to equity and social justice issues.
Estimating Service Lives of Air-Purifying Respirator Cartridges for Reactive Gas Removal

A mathematical model has been developed to estimate service lives of air-purifying respirator cartridges that remove gases reactively from flowing air. Most gases, because of their high volatility and low polarizability, are not effectively removed by physical adsorption on activated carbon. Models previously developed for toxic organic vapors cannot estimate service lives of cartridges for toxic gases. Often, an activated carbon is impregnated with a chemical to enhance gas removal by chemical reaction(s). The kinds of reactions, types and amounts of impregnants, and effects of the presence of water vary; therefore, the model requires user inputs of gas capacity and water effect parameters. Ideally, these should be available from manufacturers of the cartridges. If they are not, they can be extracted from measured breakthrough times using this model. The key to this model is the observation that adsorption rates of gases can be adequately quantified by the same correlations that have been reported for or...
Immune evasion in acute myeloid leukemia: current concepts and future directions

Immune responses generated against malignant cells have the potential to inhibit tumor growth, or even eliminate transformed cells before a tumor forms. However, immune tolerance mechanisms that normally protect healthy tissues from autoimmune damage pose a formidable barrier to the development of effective anti-tumor immunity. Because malignant cells are derived from self-tissues, the majority of defined tumor antigens are either shared or aberrantly expressed self-proteins. Eliciting productive T cell responses against such proteins is challenging, as most high-affinity, self-reactive T cells are purged during thymic selection. Some T cells capable of tumor antigen recognition escape thymic deletion, but are functionally inhibited by peripheral tolerance mechanisms which limit their ability to attack a developing malignancy. Alternatively, some tumors express antigens derived from mutated self-proteins, viral proteins or self proteins expressed only during embryonic development. These antigens are recognized by the immune system as foreign and could be recognized by a relatively large number of peripheral T cells. Even in this scenario, tumors evade otherwise effective T cell responses by employing potent immunosuppressive mechanisms within their local environment. In the setting for solid malignancies, such as melanoma, a growing number of putative immune evasion mechanisms have been characterized. However, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a systemic disease, and the pathways it exploits to subvert the host immune response may be quite different than those of a solid tumor. Much remains unknown regarding the immune escape mechanisms promoted by AML, and whether efforts to thwart tolerance may influence the progression of this disease. Here, we review current concepts of immune evasion in AML, and speculate how potentially effective immunotherapeutic strategies might be developed to reverse immune tolerance in leukemia patients in the future.
Mobility of large woody debris (LWD) jams in a low gradient channel

Abstract Mobility of large woody debris (LWD) in low gradient channels is an important but often overlooked transport process. The majority of studies on LWD have focused on its role in geomorphic and ecologic river processes. When jams extend across the width of the channel, they have the potential to retain sediment and alter the channel profile. When jams obstruct only a portion of the channel, they can re-direct flow, altering patterns of scour and deposition. The boundary complexity created by LWD has a recognized role in riverine ecosystems which has led to programs of replacing LWD in-channel corridors where it was previously removed. Although LWD jams are common in rivers around the world, they have been studied most intensely in steep, forested channel reaches where they are often found to be stable channel features. It is not fully known how much of the information on LWD from steep forested channels will transfer to other channel types. Whereas it may be reasonable to assume that the ecological benefits of LWD are similar in low gradient channels, research has shown that a much higher rate of LWD transport occurs in low gradient channels, with jams mobilized on timescales of 10 0 –10 2 years. This study evaluates the distribution and mobility of LWD over 72 km of the San Antonio River, a low gradient channel in southeast Texas. LWD jam locations were identified for 2003 and 2007 using a combination of aerial photography and field mapping. Each jam was cataloged according to its location in the channel cross-section and the amount of channel area blocked. During the four-year period, all the LWD jams were mobilized, including those jams extending across the channel width. Although easily mobilized, 34 jams re-form in the same locations, creating 34 channel locations with persistent LWD jams. Data from the San Antonio River are applied to two models developed to predict LWD mobility and transport distances to assess the applicability of each model to a low gradient channel. The locations of stable (or recurring) LWD jams were matched to model results where predicted LWD transport distances were equal to measured LWD jam spacing. Model results showed good agreement with the mean and median spacing of LWD jams when given input parameters specific to the channel and wood species. The ability to predict where LWD jams will persist over time in a low gradient channel has application in watershed management. Persistent LWD jams can exert a greater influence on channel morphology and may require active management.
The causes of hay fever occurring between the grass and ragweed seasons

Abstract 1.1. The immunologic specificity of marsh elder, wild rice, and cocklebur has been shown. 2.2. Skin tests are no index for treatment, except after observation. 3.3. Treatment relieves symptoms.