cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2409: The effect of heme on mitochondrial biogenesis and function of NSCLC cells

Heme is a central molecule for mitochondrial function and for many processes involved in oxygen utilization. Heme serves as a prosthetic group or a cofactor for a number of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes and other oxygen-utilizing hemoproteins. Heme also directly regulates the synthesis, translocation, and assembly of these enzyme complexes. Most, if not all, human cells can synthesize and uptake heme from the circulation. A number of epidemiologic studies have shown that high heme intake is associated with increased risk of cancer, including lung cancer. To assess the status of heme metabolism in lung cancer cells, we performed a series of experiments in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and compared the results with an immortalized normal lung cell line, HBEC30KT. We observed significant increase in rates of heme synthesis and heme uptake in NSCLC cells compared to HBEC30KT. Previous studies carried out in our lab showed intensified mitochondrial respiration and increased levels of heme as well as hemoproteins in NSCLCs. NSCLCs were also found to exhibit significantly high expressions of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis such as SIRT-1, PGC1α, NRF-1, NRF-2, and TFAM. Expression levels of these proteins correlate with oxygen consumption and total heme content in NSCLCs, suggesting a possibility of role of heme in mitochondrial biogenesis. Immunofluoresence studies showed that heme depletion and add-back significantly affected localization and expression levels of these proteins. Studies are currently under way to determine how heme depletion affects the interactions of various transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Citation Format: Sagar Shashikant Sohoni, Chantal Vidal, Li Zhang. The effect of heme on mitochondrial biogenesis and function of NSCLC cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2409.
Laboratory Characterization of Structural Capacity of North American Heavy Haul Concrete Crossties

Over the past few decades, the use of concrete crossties in North America has increased as a high-performance alternative to timber crossties, especially in heavy-haul freight and higher speed rail...
Geographical Units of Analysis and the Analysis of Crime

When spatial analysis of crime is conducted, the analyst should not ignore the spatial units that data are aggregated into and the impact of this choice on the interpretation of findings. Just as several independent variables are considered to determine whether they have statistical significance, a consideration of multiple spatial units of analysis should be made as well, in order to determine whether the choice of aggregation level used in a spatial analysis can result in biased findings. This chapter considers four classes of problems that can arise when data bounded in space are analyzed. These problems, inherent in most studies of space, include: issues associated with politically bounded units of aggregation, edge effects of bounded space, the modifiable aerial unit problem (MAUP), and ways in which the results of statistical analyses can be manipulated by changes in the level of aggregation. Techniques that can be used to alleviate each of the methodological difficulties described in this chapter are then discussed.
Raising the Burden of Proof: A Default Rule for Remedying the Under-Funding of Indigent Defense

Indigent defense in America is woefully under-funded. While prior reform efforts have been valiant, they unfortunately have been unsuccessful. For the most part, courts have been unwilling to inject themselves into difficult funding decisions. And when courts have become involved and issued favorable decisions, the benefits have been only temporary because once the pressure of litigation disappears so does a legislature's desire to appropriate more funding. This article proposes an alternative framework designed to assuage courts' concerns about micro-managing budget decisions, while at the same time imposing continuous pressure on legislatures to ensure proper funding. This article proposes that if an indigent defense system is under-funded, the state supreme court should impose a default rule raising the burden of proof to convict indigent defendants to "beyond all doubt" for the subsequent year. The legislature will then have the opportunity to opt out of this higher burden of proof by providing enough funding to bring defense lawyers' caseloads within well-recognized standards or by providing funding parity with prosecutors' offices. Such an approach will create an incentive for legislatures to adequately fund indigent defense without miring courts in detailed supervision of legislative budget decisions. At the same time, because courts can check once per year to determine whether there is funding parity with prosecutors' offices or compliance with caseload guidelines, there will be constant pressure on legislatures to maintain adequate funding in order to avoid the higher burden of proof. This approach should prevent improvements in indigent defense funding from dissipating over time.
The in Situ Analysis of Intracellular Aluminium in Plants

Aluminium toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity worldwide (Bennet and Breen 1990). It is particularly a problem in highly weathered soils, where Al in the acidic subsoil presents a chemical barrier to deep root penetration (Hammel and Summer 1989), increasing susceptibility to drought (Sartain and Kamprath 1978). This is true for traditional high-input agricultural systems and even more so for lowinput, nonirrigated sustainable systems. Additionally, genotypes which are drought resistant have been found to be Al-tolerant (Foy 1988; Goldman et al. 1989). Because of its agricultural importance, Al toxicity has been intensively studied. Nevertheless, there is still no consensus on the primary mechanisms of Al toxicity or on the mechanistic basis for differential genotypic sensitivity.
Abstract B039: Multinucleation precedes the emergence of drug resistance in prostate cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer remains a lethal disease. Taxane chemotherapy used to be restricted to the hormone-resistant metastatic setting in which most patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develop therapeutic resistance to chemotherapy, achieving limited therapeutic benefit. Recently, two trials demonstrated adjuvant chemohormonal therapy to increase survival in men with high-risk metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Although chemotherapy has been extensively used for decades, how it affects tumor heterogeneity at the molecular level is poorly understood. Experiments with drug gradients in our engineered microfluidic device have shown that docetaxel therapy leads to multinucleation with a stiff distribution pattern of heterogeneous cell populations across the concentration gradient. Furthermore, in these experiments, multinucleation always preceded the development of drug resistance. To confirm these findings, we conducted experiments in conventional cell culture using different chemotherapeutic agents in several prostate cancer cell lines and confirmed multinucleation was a common feature among them. Interestingly, multinucleation occurred to some extent, independently of the mechanism of action of the drug tested. Aneuploidy, an inherent consequence of multinucleation, has been described as a common characteristic of tumors and proposed to drive tumor progression by increasing the potential for cellular transformation. However, whether this is a cause or a consequence of cancer remains unclear. Aneuploidy can be caused by very diverse molecular mechanisms such as mitotic slippage, endo-replication, or cell fusion. In cancer biology, it has been associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition as well as with gain of stem-like potential. Recent data in prostate cancer demonstrated the association of multinucleation with chemotherapy, androgen-deprivation therapy, and radiotherapy. Although the data supporting the association of multinucleation with drug resistance are extensive, the effects of these therapies on tumor heterogeneity remain unknown. A better understanding of the resistance mechanisms might reveal new targets for cancer therapy. In this work, we focus on the characterization of the subset of cells within the tumor population that leads to the multinucleated phenotype, particularly the subpopulation with the potential to reverse polyploidy and repopulate tumor heterogeneity after therapy. Citation Format: Gonzalo Torga, Ke-Chih Lin, Robert H. Austin, Kenneth J. Pienta. Multinucleation precedes the emergence of drug resistance in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Prostate Cancer: Advances in Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research; 2017 Dec 2-5; Orlando, Florida. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(16 Suppl):Abstract nr B039.
Replacing Syllabi with Pledges: : Creating a Peace Frame for Learning

Language is embodied. Words and metaphors that we use in our classrooms are literally neurologically sourced in shared cognitive frames or schemas. Because the field of engineering in the U.S. grew out of the military, the culturally-habitual cognitive frames derive from a "war" frame. Frames activate associated neurological states that can work against students’ ability to learn. As an example, faculty will often describe assignments as a gauntlet, which has an original meaning of "undergoing the military punishment of receiving blows while running between two rows of men with sticks." This word can elicit a neurological state of fear which causes the release of biochemicals that undermine making synaptic connections—the stuff of learning. In this paper we propose a practice of creating a frame of peace through the use of a syllabus-replacement that we call a Pledge. Unlike a traditional syllabus, this pledge—which means a solemn promise—activates schema involving mutual respect, generosity and freedom. In this paper, we will briefly review the research of cognitive frames and how language can affect the learning environment. Through a small sample of syllabi published online from three universities, we express the state of this typical document used in higher education. We then contrast the frames of traditional syllabi with those of our pledge concept. We suggest design guidelines for people to create Peaceful pledges for their own courses.
Theoretical Prediction of Optical Absorption and Emission in Thiolated Gold Clusters.

Although the photoluminescence of gold clusters has been extensively studied so far, there are still questions on the origin of the emission in these materials. In this work, we report time-dependent density functional theory calculations on the absorption and emission spectra of the well-studied Au25(SR)18– cluster, the lowest energy isomer of the Au38(SR)24 cluster, and five isomers of the Au22(SR)18 cluster. Good agreement between the calculated and measured absorption spectra, as well as with the lowest-energy emission values for these clusters, was demonstrated, verifying the accuracy of the theoretical methods employed. Our results for Au25(SR)18– explain a newly observed feature in the absorption peak, also rationalizing the optical response in terms of the superatom model. The analysis of the absorption and emission characteristics of the Au25(SR)18– and Au38(SR)24 clusters provides an estimate of the spectral regions, where fluorescence or phosphorescence is predicted to occur. Interestingly, we ...
The Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 6

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) constitute of a group of degenerative and progressive disorders that can be identified on a molecular and cellular basis. Along with histological changes, the clinical presentation of SCA differs between subtypes. In addition to basic cerebellar dysfunction symptoms, patients with SCA develop gait ataxia, dysphagia, dysarthria, oculomotor disturbances, pyramidal and extrapyramidal disease signs, rigidity, bradycardia, sensory deficits, and mild cognitive and executive function decline. MRI scans have confirmed reduction in mass of frontal, temporal, and parietal portions of the brain along with the cerebellar peduncles, brainstem, and cranial nerve III. Clinically, these damages manifest as decline in cognition and problems with speech, contemplation, and vision. This review article compares the most prevalent subtypes of SCA based on genetic background, pathogenesis, neurological manifestations, other presenting symptoms, and diagnostic workup. Further goals of research in this field should be directed towards a cure for SCA, which currently does not exist.
Pselaphotumulus, a new genus of pselaphine endemic to New Zealand (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Pselaphitae)

ABSTRACTPselaphotumulus Owens and Carlton, gen. nov., is described as the sixth genus in the tribe Pselaphini known from New Zealand. Three new species are described: Pselaphotumulus aorerei, sp. n...
Perceptions of PrEP Use Within Primary Relationships Among Young Black Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men

A significant proportion of new HIV infections among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) occur within primary relationships. Although PrEP use continues to increase, there is a need to better understand the factors that contribute to PrEP decision-making within primary relationships. We qualitatively examined how relationship context influences perceptions of PrEP and decisions to initiate and discontinue PrEP among young Black MSM to provide a nuanced understanding of PrEP use within relationships. Between late 2017 and mid-2018, we conducted 10 focus groups with young Black MSM (n = 80) in Milwaukee, WI, Minneapolis, MN, Kansas City, KS, and Detroit, MI. We used inductive thematic analysis to examine how young Black MSM make decisions about PrEP use within the context of primary relationships. We identified three primary themes: (1) perceptions of PrEP as an indication of distrust and infidelity, (2) perceptions of PrEP use as necessary, even in primary relationships, and (3) the influence of partners on PrEP. Our results demonstrate the considerable variation in how young Black MSM view PrEP within primary relationships and the influence of primary partners in PrEP use decisions. The dynamics between two or more individuals can shape an individual’s conceptualizations of and decisions around PrEP use, and these may be key drivers of racial disparities in HIV and PrEP use.
Knocking Out Sigma-1 Receptors Reveals Diverse Health Problems

Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a protein present in several organs such as brain, lung, and heart. In a cell, Sig-1R is mainly located across the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and more specifically at the mitochondria-associated membranes. Despite numerous studies showing that Sig-1R could be targeted to rescue several cellular mechanisms in different pathological conditions, less is known about its fundamental relevance. In this review, we report results from various studies and focus on the importance of Sig-1R in physiological conditions by comparing Sig-1R KO mice to wild-type mice in order to investigate the fundamental functions of Sig-1R. We note that the Sig-1R deletion induces cognitive, psychiatric, and motor dysfunctions, but also alters metabolism of heart. Finally, taken together, observations from different experiments demonstrate that those dysfunctions are correlated to poor regulation of ER and mitochondria metabolism altered by stress, which could occur with aging.
Negotiating the future of the Adaptation Fund: on the politics of defining and defending justice in the post-Paris Agreement period

The Paris Agreement's rapid entry into force, less than one year after it was adopted, reaffirmed that the international community would continue its efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions an...
Dual-comb spectroscopy of trace chemicals using mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency combs: recent advances and field applications

Dual-comb spectroscopy of trace chemicals using mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency combs: recent advances and field applications
Diet-dependent sex differences in the response to vertical sleeve gastrectomy

These data highlight the interaction of postsurgical diet after bariatric surgery on metabolic outcomes across sexes. These data suggest the impact of VSG on hepatic triglycerides is diet-dependent...
Applying the Framework

In Chap. 7, I established that the challenge of climate change is transnational and that it generates non-discretionary moral demands on the practical deliberations of states and the international community. As such, there is, at the very least, a prima facie moral conflict between the moral discretion afforded sovereign states and the moral imperatives generated by the challenge of climate change. It bears repeating that if there was no conflict, there would be no competing demands on the practical deliberations of states giving rise to a moral tension in need of resolution, thus there would be no need to inquire further.
Near-Continuum Gas Flows over a Cylinder

In this paper, the problem of near-continuum gas flows over a cylinder is numerically investigated. Three types of boundary conditions for the cylinder surface are adopted: 1) with nonslip and constant temperature surface, 2) velocity slip with a consideration of velocity gradient and temperature jump at the surface, and 3) velocity slip with considerations of both velocity and temperature gradients, along with temperature jump at the surface. Two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for compressible flows are adopted with the Roe numerical scheme. The numerical results include flowfield properties, coefficient distributions for surface pressure, friction, heat flux, velocity slip, temperature jump, and total drag. The third type of surface boundary condition does not create significant differences from the second type. Rarefaction effects on the total drag are also investigated.
An international DNA database: balancing hope, privacy, and scientific error.

The discovery of DNA technology is considered one of the most revolutionary and beneficial contributions to the modern industrialized world. Not only has it led to formidable advances in medicine and genetic biology, but, in the past ten years, DNA technology also has become an important tool to law enforcement personnel and the legal community. Since 1986, police officers and lawyers have used DNA to find, apprehend, convict, and exonerate criminals ranging from burglars to murderers. The creation of the first DNA criminal investigative database in 1995 in Britain further enabled law enforcement to better exploit the uses of DNA technology and effect more acts of justice. As many more countries develop similar databases and seek to create one international databank, however, legislatures must ensure that the advancement of this tremendously powerful tool will not overshadow the fundamental right of privacy.
Regulation of the Escherichia coli glyA gene by the metR gene product and homocysteine

The methionine component of glyA gene regulation in Escherichia coli K-12 was investigated. The results indicate that the glyA gene is positively controlled by the metR gene product. Activation of glyA by the MetR protein requires homocysteine, an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis. The positive-acting metR regulatory system functions independently of a regulatory system shown previously to control glyA gene expression.
Ceramide as a Mediator of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious comorbidity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Since plasma ceramides are increased in NAFLD and sphingomyelin, a ceramide metabolite, is an independent risk factor for CVD, the role of ceramides in dyslipidemia was assessed using LDLR-/- mice, a diet-induced model of NAFLD and atherosclerosis. Mice were fed a standard or Western diet (WD), with or without myriocin, an inhibitor of ceramide synthesis. Hepatic and plasma ceramides were profiled and lipid and lipoprotein kinetics were quantified. Hepatic and intestinal expression of genes and proteins involved in insulin, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism were also determined. WD caused hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, increased hepatic long-chain ceramides associated with apoptosis (C16 and C18) and decreased very-long-chain ceramide C24 involved in insulin signaling. The plasma ratio of ApoB/ApoA1 (proteins of VLDL/LDL and HDL) was increased 2-fold due to increased ApoB production. Myriocin reduced hepatic and plasma ceramides and sphingomyelin, and decreased atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and apoptosis without any effect on oxidative stress. These changes were associated with decreased lipogenesis, ApoB production and increased HDL turnover. Thus, modulation of ceramide synthesis may lead to the development of novel strategies for the treatment of both NAFLD and its associated atherosclerosis.
Antibodies and radioimmunoassays for phosphoserine, phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine. Serologic specificities and levels of the phosphoamino acids in cytoplasmic fractions of rat tissues.

Abstract For antibody production, the O-phosphorylated derivative of tyrosine, threonine, or serine was covalently linked to succinylated bovine albumin via the carbodiimide reaction. Each conjugate was then complexed with methylated bovine albumin for immunization of rabbits. To determine binding, the corresponding O-phosphorylated [3H]amino acids were chemically synthesized. In addition, these 3H-phosphorylated derivatives were acylated (with succinic or acetic anhydride) to obtain ligands whose structures resemble those present in the immunogen. The acylated ligands bound to their respective antibodies more effectively: in some cases binding was about three orders of magnitude greater than their non-acylated counterparts. Radioimmunoassays were therefore developed using the N- succiny -[ 3 H] phhosphoamino acids. When the unlabeled N-succinl-phosphorylated amino acids were used as inhibitors in the homologous immune systems, 50% displacement of the labeled ligand was found with 0.06, 0.27 or 0.8 pmol of the tyrosine, threonine, or serine derivatively respectively. The antibodies were highly specific for the homologous hapten; the requirement for the phosphate group on the acylated amino acid was essentially absolute. Antibody content (expressed as mg/ml serum) and apparent binding constants for the N-succinyl derivatives in individual bleedings of immune sera were 1.9 and 1 × 1010 M−1 for phosphotyrosine, 0.825 and 6 × 108 M−1 for phosphothreonine, and 0.150 and 2 × 108 M−1 for phosphoserine. The radioimmunoassays were used to quantitate the phosphoamino acids in cytolasmic fractions of rat tissue extracts. The production of antibodies to phosphorylated O-tyrosine has been reported previously, but to our knowledge, this represents the first report of antibodies specific for O-phosphorylated serine and threonine residues.
Belief-Independent Processes and the Generality Problem for Reliabilism

The Generality Problem for process reliabilism is to outline a procedure for determining when two beliefs are produced by the same process, in such a way as to avoid, on the one hand, individuating process types so narrowly that each type is instantiated only once, or, on the other hand, individuating them so broadly that beliefs that have different epistemic statuses are subsumed under the same process type. In this paper, I offer a solution to the problem which takes belief-independent processes to be functions that take as inputs information about distal states of affairs, and produce beliefs as outputs. Processes are individuated narrowly, so as to avoid the latter aspect of the Generality problem, but, by holding process tokens to be of the same type when they take perceptually equivalent scenes as inputs, and produce beliefs of the same kind as outputs, the former aspect of the problem is avoided too. Having argued that this method of typing process tokens solves the Generality Problem, I then argue that my solution does not fall prey to objections that have been, or might be, raised for similar proposals.
What Drives Nutritional Disparities? Retail Access and Food Purchases Across the Socioeconomic Spectrum

The poor diets of many consumers are often attributed to limited access to healthy foods. In this paper, we use detailed data describing both the healthfulness of household food purchases and the retail landscapes facing consumers to measure the role that access plays in explaining why some people in the United States eat more nutritious foods than others. We first confirm that households with lower income and education purchase less healthful foods. We then measure the spatial variation in the average nutritional quality of available food products across local markets, revealing that healthy foods are less likely to be available in low-income neighborhoods. Though significant, spatial differences in access are small and explain only a fraction of the variation that we observe in the nutritional content of household purchases. Systematic socioeconomic disparities in household purchases persist after controlling for access: even in the same store, more educated households purchase more healthful foods. Consistent with this result, we further find that the nutritional quality of household purchases responds very little to changes in the retail environment, especially among households with low levels of income and education. Together, our results indicate that policies aimed at improving access to healthy foods in underserved areas will leave most of the socioeconomic disparities in nutritional consumption intact.
Progress in development of a vaccine to aid malaria control.

The resurgence of malaria morbidity and mortality underlines the failure of hopes for the eradication of malaria of the middle part of the 20th century. By the 1950s, control measures based on chemotherapy with chloroquine and use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) had reduced the disease burden of malaria so substantially that many policymakers believed the task of malaria control was close to being completed. DNA sequences from Plasmodium falciparum parasites can be delivered as DNA molecules (DNA vaccines) or various recombinant attenuated DNA viruses to generate candidate DNA-based vaccines. There is an unimaginably large number of possible malaria constructs for inclusion in a malaria vaccine. In general, recombinant protein-based platforms are chosen where antibody induction is thought to be the most important effector mechanism. Adjuvants are chemicals which, when administered in combination with an antigen, augment the immune response to the antigen. All vaccines, including malaria vaccines, are evaluated in animal models to assess their safety and immunogenicity. For a vaccine to have any public health impact it must be licensed, manufactured, promoted, and distributed. Once a vaccine that prevents clinical disease is licensed by a regulatory authority, it may yet be many years before the vaccine is added to local immunization programs in countries where malaria is endemic. Inclusion of sexual-stage vaccine components in multistage vaccines is theoretically attractive.
The Inclusive Command: Voluntary Integration of Sexual Minorities into the U.S. Military

This essay reexamines the "unit cohesion" problem, which many members of Congress cited as the primary rationale for the "Don't Ask Don't Tell (DADT)" policy currently enforced in the U.S. Military. As an alternative to DADT, we propose the formation of two alternative command structures to which service members would be assigned to assign themselves, depending upon their stated willingness to serve with gay people. Soldiers who are willing to serve with gay people would be assigned to "inclusive" commands. Service members who are not willing to serve with gay people would be assigned to "exclusive" commands which would continue to operate under the DADT regime. The benefits of the inclusive units would be threefold: amelioration (of current discrimination), demonstration (that DADT is not necessary to preserve unit cohesion), and realignment of political allies and enemies (creating a common cause for pro-gay legislators on the left and pro-defense legislators on the right). The proposal is dynamic, not static. The hope is that inclusive commands would so effectively demonstrate the benefits of integration that, over time, increasing numbers of service members would opt for integrated units. From there, the step to universal, mandatory integration of sexual minorities into the armed forces would be smaller and more easily taken. The essay explores some of the implementation issues likely to arise with inclusive commands.
ROLE STRESS, CUSTODY ORIENTATION, AND DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS

Shifting correctional philosophies and institutional policies concerning the handling and control of inmates have contributed to experiences of role stress among prison guards. The present study, based on questionnaire responses of 144 prison guards from a maximum security prison, suggests that role stress is resolved by an intensified commitment to the custodial role. A major consequence of this is a higher rate of disciplinary reports filed by the guards. Apparently, an increased custody orientation disposes guards to a pattern of closer surveillance and control of the inmate population. This study concludes with a discussion of the implications of our findings for guardinmate relationships and for the administration of justice in the prison setting.
Probing the gaseous halo of galaxies through non-thermal emission from AGN-driven outflows

Feedback from outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) can affect the distribution and properties of the gaseous halos of galaxies. We study the hydrodynamics and non-thermal emission from the forward outflow shock produced by an AGN-driven outflow. We consider a few possible profiles for the halo gas density, self-consistently constrained by the halo mass, redshift and the disk baryonic concentration of the galaxy. We show that the outflow velocity levels off at $\sim 10^3\,\rm km\, s^{-1}$ within the scale of the galaxy disk. Typically, the outflow can reach the virial radius around the time when the AGN shuts off. We show that the outflows are energy-driven, consistently with observations and recent theoretical findings. The outflow shock lights up the halos of massive galaxies across a broad wavelength range. For Milky Way (MW) mass halos, radio observations by The Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) and The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) and infrared/optical observations by The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) can detect the emission signal of angular size $\sim 8"$ from galaxies out to redshift $z\sim5$. Millimeter observations by The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) are sensitive to non-thermal emission of angular size $\sim 18"$ from galaxies at redshift $z\lesssim1$, while X-ray observations by Chandra, XMM-Newton and The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is limited to local galaxies ($z\lesssim 0.1$) with an emission angular size of $\sim2'$. Overall, the extended non-thermal emission provides a new way of probing the gaseous halos of galaxies at high redshifts.
Ray-driven analytical fan-beam SPECT reconstruction with nonuniform attenuation

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is based on the measurement of radiation emitted by a radiotracer injected into the patient. Because of photoelectric absorption and Compton scatter, the photons are attenuated inside the body before arriving at the detector. A quantitative reconstruction must consider the attenuation, which is usually non-uniform. Novikov and Natterer had derived an explicit formula for nonuniformly attenuated SPECT reconstruction of parallel-hole collimators. In this paper, we extend their researches to fan-beam collimators. Because any ray in fan-beam geometry can be treated as a ray in parallel-beam geometry, we derived a ray-driven analytical fan-beam reconstruction formula with non-uniform attenuation. Its accuracy is demonstrated computer simulation experiments.
Gene regulation by human orthologs of Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1.

Abstract Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) functions in gene silencing, transcriptional regulation, and chromatin remodeling. Drosophila HP1 enhances position effect variegation and has also been shown to repress transcription of some euchromatic genes and activate some heterochromatic ones. The purpose of this study was to determine if human orthologs of Drosophila HP1 differentially regulate transcription by identifying genes that are targets for regulation by HP1 family proteins in human cells. Using a gene expression array, we identify several genes regulated by overexpression of the three human HP1 family proteins HP1Hsα, HP1Hsβ, and HP1Hsγ. We show further that overexpressed HP1Hsα and HP1Hsβ repress the transcription of four human genes while overexpressed HP1Hsγ enhances transcription of the same genes. These results show that different human HP1 family proteins can potentially repress or activate the same genes.
Plasma Vasopressin Concentration in the Adrenally Insufficient Dog

The plasma ADH concentration in the adrenalectomized, conscious dog maintained with oral cortisone acetate, 25 mg twice daily, and oral sodium chloride, 3 g once daily, was within normal limits. When cortisone and salt were discontinued for a 3-day period, there was a progressive rise in the plasma ADH.concentration. If salt alone was continued during the 3-day period, the rise in the plasma ADH concentration was prevented. The possibility that the increase in the plasma ADH concentration in adrenal insufficiency is the consequence of reductions in blood volume and blood pressure is discussed. (Endocrinology 86: 196, 1970)
Two-Dimensional Leaf Orientation Distributions

Combined inclination/azimuth leaf angle distributions are important for accurate models of vegetation canopy reflectance. It is shown that appropriate mathematical representations can be constructed from beta distributions under most circumstances. This is illustrated by analyzing observational data on soybean leaves and balsam fir needles. There are some problems when the data is imprecise and when correlations between inclination and azimuth angle are induced by heliotropism. Otherwise, the two-dimensional beta-type distribution appears to be a versatile tool for describing complete inclination/azimuth leaf angle distributions.
Public Reporting of Provider Performance at a Crossroads in the United States: Summary of Current Barriers and Recommendations on How to Move Forward

Twenty-seven years after the first public release by the U.S. government of data on the quality of hospital care, public reporting for consumers has expanded substantially. Despite the growth in public reporting activities, there is limited evidence of their use by consumers in ways that significantly affect health care delivery. Support for public reporting continues, in part, because of the face value of transparency. The limited impact of reporting efforts is plausibly due to flaws in the content, design, and implementation of existing public reports rather than inherent limitations of reporting. Substantial work is still needed for public reports to achieve their potential for engaging and informing consumers. We present a vision statement and 10 recommendations to achieve this potential.
Approaching the Sixties: Between Nostalgia and Critique

This essay addresses theatre scholars who self-identify as baby boomers or, more precisely, those who link the years of their youth to the decades of the 1960s and 1970s, those who, in the vernacular of that time, were participants in or influenced by “the Movement.” Of course, the singular “Movement” was really a number of different movements or forms of activism, public performance, and revolutionary effort. The unselfconscious use of singular terms like “Movement” was one of the defining conundrums of the period itself, but I do not want to begin with a never-ending series of qualifications indicating I have passed beyond the thinking of those years. I prefer, rather, to start with a basic affirmation of participation in the rhetoric as well as the struggles of that time. Although my discussion addresses a limited age cohort within the field of theatre and performance studies, I am ultimately suggesting that scholarly, pedagogical, or even performative projects based upon a period that one has lived through need, at some level, to incorporate openly and consciously a critical self-reflection based on that experience.
An image watermarking technique using pyramid transform

An image watermarking technique based on pyramid transforms is proposed. An arbitrary binary pattern is formed into an effective hypothesized pattern and transmitted as a watermark. Multiresolution pyramid transforms are applied to host images, whose characteristics are exploited to embed the watermark. The detector is designed to be effective to a wide range of original signal sources and noise sources. The scheme is designed to achieve efficient trade-offs between perceptual invisibility, robustness and trustworthy detection. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed technique has high imperceptibility, good robustness, and accurate detection. It can be applied to copyright notification, enforcement, and fingerprinting.
Thermal decomposition of individual positional isomers of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide: Evidence of carbon-oxygen bond scission

The methyl ester of individual positional isomers of linoleate hydroperoxide were prepared by an enzymic oxidation of linoleate. On injection onto a gas chromatographic column they were thermally decomposed and the resulting volatile components analyzed. The major (67–80% yield on a molar basis) cleavage products were found to be hexanal, methyl octanoate, 2,4-decadienal isomers, and methyl 9-oxononanoate. Both the 9 and 13 isomers of linoleate hydroperoxide gave rise to these same four compounds, an observation suggesting carbon-oxygen scission in their decomposition. This was confirmed by using very pure individual isomers obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. The involvement of an isomerization reaction of the hydroperoxides is discussed.
Counting circular arc intersections

\indent In this paper we present efficient algorithms for counting intersections in a collection of circles or circular arcs. We present a randomized algorithm to count intersections in a collection of $n$ circles whose expected running time is $O(n^{3/2+\epsilon})$, for any $\epsilon < 0.$ We also develop another randomized algorithm to count intersections in a set of $n$ circular arcs whose expected running time is $O(n^{5/3+\epsilon})$, for any $\epsilon < 0.$ If all arcs have the same radius, the (expected) running time can be improved to $O(n^{3/2+\epsilon})$, for any $\epsilon < 0$.
Low-temperature heat capacity of small Nb3Sn polycrystals by ac calorimetry

It is shown by an ac calorimetry technique that the multiple heat capacity anomalies which occur below the superconducting transition temperature for small polycrystalline Nb3Sn samples are intrinsic to these samples. The recent suggestions that shear stresses can account for these results are analyzed for their validity. The dependence of the occurrence of these multiple anomalies upon the thermal history of the samples was investigated.
Wind Uncertainty in Long Range Trajectory Forecasts

ABSTRACT The essential equations of oil spill trajectory modeling have not changed in four decades. The vast majority of existing trajectory models divide the slick up into pieces, called Lagrangian Elements (LE's). The models move the LE's by summing movement vectors related to three somewhat interrelated components; surface water currents, turbulent diffusion, and surface wind stress. Improvement in modeling has consisted, chiefly, of better refining these three components. While such trajectory models generate predictions, the real world is filled with uncertainty. As the spill response community seeks longer-range forecasts, spill models must be able to not only provide a best-guess prediction but also to estimate the likelihood and extent of any errors in the prediction. Wind forecast error often is the major contributor to trajectory error for longer-range forecasts because, more so than currents, wind is subject to rapid change in magnitude and direction. This paper provides a formula to identify a...
Economic valuation of environmental services sustained by water flows in the Yaqui River Delta

Abstract We attempted to estimate the economic value of environmental services provided by restored instream flows in the water-scarce Yaqui River Delta in Mexico. The Yaqui River begins near the U.S.–Mexico border and continues for 400 km before reaching the Oviachic dam, but has not reached the nearby Gulf of California for decades due to diversions for irrigation. These diversions have degraded the riparian ecosystem, coastal wetlands, and estuaries. Environmental services provided by restored flows in the Yaqui River would include healthy riverside vegetation, wetlands and estuaries, fish and wildlife habitats, non-use values, and recreation. A contingent valuation survey in 40 neighborhoods in the most populated Delta city, Ciudad Obregon, was administered to estimate non-market values of instream uses. Respondents were given a current and hypothetical Delta scenario (the latter assumed restored water flows in the River) and asked a willingness-to-pay (WTP) question regarding purchasing water for environmental flows through higher water bills. Results from 148 in-person interviews indicated that households would pay an average of 73 pesos monthly. WTP was found related to key variables suggested by economic theory and contingent valuation studies elsewhere: income, educational level, number of children in the household, and initial bid amount. These results will allow decision makers to compare the benefits generated by different water uses, including environmental services, and to manage scarce water resources under a long-term sustainable approach.
Instrumentation considerations in spectral imaging for tissue demarcation: comparing three methods of spectral resolution

Multiple methodologies exist to implement spectral imaging for tissue demarcation and disease diagnosis. In this paper, benchtop acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF), liquid-crystal tunable filter (LCTF) and Fourier interferometric spectral imaging systems were quantitatively compared in terms of imaging speed of soft tissue autofluorescence. Optical throughput, image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and collagen autofluorescence imaging in chicken breast were assessed. Within this comparison, the Fourier system possessed the largest optical throughput (~50%) relative to the tunable-filter imaging systems; however, its throughput advantage failed to correlate to improved image SNR over the LCTF system. Further, while the autofluorescence imaging capability of the Fourier system exceeded that of the LCTF system for comparable total image integration times, the LCTF is capable of producing equivalent autofluorescence SNR with superior SNR when interrogations at only a few wavelengths are required and the random access filter tuning of the LCTF can be exploited. Therefore, the simple, rugged design and random-access filter-tuning capability of LCTF-based spectral imaging makes it best-suited for clinical development of soft tissue autofluorescence imaging.
Increasing MSW Students’ Information Competencies through Online Tutorials, Application Exercises, and Course Assignments

Increasing MSW students’ information competencies was achieved through a 2-year project in which online video tutorials, in-class exercises, and course assignments were created and integrated into two required foundation courses. Tutorials demonstrated basic and advanced search techniques, online databases, and online course-specific research guides. Tutorials were viewed during and outside of class. In-class exercises and course assignments enabled students to immediately apply what they had learned. Results indicate a significant increase in the adequacy of students’ search for online information and ability to critically examine sources and evidence. Implications for social work education are discussed.
Comparative Efficacy of Sertraline vs. Fluoxetine in Patients Age 70 or Over With Major Depression

Using data from a larger 12-week clinical trial, the authors evaluated the comparative efficacy and safety of sertraline (n=42) and fluoxetine (n=33) in patients over age 70 with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Similar improvement on measures of depression, including remission of depressive symptoms, was evident, although significantly more sertraline-treated patients achieved a criterion clinical response. Significantly greater improvement for the sertraline group was apparent on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, but not on two other measures of cognitive functioning. Although there was no difference in the rate of adverse events experienced, fluoxetine-treated patients lost significantly more body weight over the 12-week trial than did sertraline-treated patients, whereas the latter group exhibited significantly more "shaking. "
Oil and Gas Developments in West Virginia in 1952

The total number of wells drilled in West Virginia in 1952 reported to March 17, 1953, was 701, an increase of 5, or 0.7 per cent. Permits to drill or deepen totaled 654, or 90 less than in 1951, or a decrease of 12.1 per cent. Abandoned during the year were 464 gas wells, 453 oil wells, 59 oil and gas wells, and 31 other wells, or a total of 1,007 wells, according to report by the West Virginia Department of Mines, which total does not include new wells (133) drilled in dry. Wells completed were: gas, 455; oil, 60; oil and gas, 27; storage, brine, water-injection, and pressure, 26; dry holes, 133. Compared with 1951, gas wells decreased 8, or 1.7 per cent; oil wells decreased 11, or 15.5 per cent; oil and gas wells increased 12, or 44.4 per cent; storage and other wells ecreased 4, or 15.4 per cent; dry holes increased 16, or 13.7 per cent. Depth of wells completed ranged from 75 to 8,175 feet, compared with 200 to 9,085 feet in 1951. Total footage drilled (2,044,821) increased 30,245 feet, or 1.5 per cent over 1951. The average depth of wells (2,917 feet) increased 22 feet, or 0.7 per cent over 1951. The total initial daily open flow of the gas wells was 411,142 MCF, an increase of 55,289 MCF, or 15.5 per cent over 1951. The size of the gas wells ranged from 10 to 19,000 MCF, compared with 6 to 16,817 MCF in 1951. The total daily initial oil was 782 barrels, 340 barrels less than in 1951, or 30.3 per cent. The size of the oil wells ranged from ¼ to 80 barrels daily, compared with 2 to 180 barrels in 1951. The number of wells drilling or unreported if completed at the end of the year was 265,41 less than at the end of 1951. Letters were sent to 159 operators regarding 367 wells not reported. Replies were received from 105 operators regarding 298 wells, leaving 54 operators unheard from regarding 69 wells. The average size of gas wells was 878 MCF, compared with 757 MCF in 1951, a 16 per cent increase. The average size of the oil wells was 10.7 barrels, compared with 14.2 barrels in 1951, a decrease of 24.7 per cent. Preliminary estimates of production for 1952: gas, 172,300,000 MCF, a decrease of 22,330,000 MCF under 1951, or 11.5 per cent; oil, 2,601,000 barrels, a decrease of 156,000 barrels under 1951, or 5.66 per cent. The estimated number of producing wells at the end of 1952: gas, 13,517; oil, 13,233. Table gives statistics b counties.