cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange of positively charged mononucleotides by use of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The gas-phase structures of protonated (deoxy)nucleoside-5′- and 3′-monophosphates (mononucleotides) have been examined by the use of gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange and high-field Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. These nucleotides were reacted with three different deuterating reagents: ND3, D2O, and D2S, of which ND3 was the most effective. All mononucleotides fully exchanged their labile hydrogen for deuterium with ND3 with the exception of deoxycytidine-3′-monophosphate, deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate, adenosine-5′-monophosphate, and adenosine-3′-monophosphate. Semiempirical calculations demonstrate the presence of hydrogen bonding upon protonation of the purine mononucleotides which may lead to incomplete H/D exchange. H/D exchange rates differed between the deoxymononucleotides and the ribomononucleotides, suggesting that the 2′-OH group plays an important role in the exchange process. Reactions of nucleosides and mononucleotides with D2O demonstrate that a structure-specific long-lived ion—molecule complex between D2O and the mononucleotide involving the phosphate group is necessary for exchange to overcome the high-energy activation barrier. In contrast, a structure-specific long-lived ion—molecule complex between the mononucleotides and ND3 is not required for exchange to occur.
Gait Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Advances in Treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by episodic decline in various neurologic functions. Gait dysfunction in MS is distinguished by decreased gait speed, walking endurance, step length, cadence and joint motion, as well as increased metabolic cost of walking and increased variability of gait. Standardized clinical, timed, and patient-based measures can identify MS patients with gait dysfunction, and observational gait analysis, instrumented walkways, or three-dimensional gait analysis can help determine which problem underlies their gait dysfunction to help direct effective treatment. Exercise may ameliorate all types of gait dysfunction. In addition, gait dysfunction due to weakness may be alleviated by orthoses or functional electrical stimulation; gait dysfunction due to spasticity may be relieved by oral, intrathecal, or intramuscular medications. Assistive devices and balance training may reduce gait dysfunction from imbalance, and dalfampridine may accelerate gait in people with MS who walk slowly.
The importance of deficit of sodium and chloride in dehydration

Summary The case of a patient with severe burn is reported. Two episodes of symptoms of dehydration developed in which loss of sodium chloride without loss of water was produced by placing the boy in a continuous tub containing hypotonic salt solution. Symptoms of dehydration were due to loss of extracellular electrolyte without loss of body water. Metabolic studies are reported on a patient with infantile diarrhea, which show that the symptoms of intestinal intoxication were brought about by loss of sodium and chloride without deficit of body water. Therapeutic procedures for the treatment of dehydration are discussed in the light of recent concepts of the nature of dehydration.
A note on a paper by M. Mignotte

In his paper "An Inequality About Factors of Polynomials" [1] M. Mignotte proved the following sharp inequality about the product of some roots of a polynomial. (This inequality was then used to bound the coefficients of the factors of a polynomial.)
Stimuli‐Responsive Semi‐Fluorinated Polymer Brushes on Porous Silica Substrates

A diblock copolymer brush consisting of poly(methyl acrylate)-block-poly(pentafluoropropyl acrylate) (Si/SiO 2 //PMA-b-PPFA) was synthesized on a porous silica substrate. The brush was exposed to selective solvents, as well as thermal treatments, to induce a surface rearrangement. The rearrangement resulted in the selective loss or creation of an ultrahydrophobic layer by location of the fluoropolymer segment. This work demonstrates that surface rearrangements observed on flat surfaces can be transferred to porous substrates.
Short-term effects of alcohol consumption on the hormonal milieu and mood states in nulliparous women.

The present study was designed to determine the short-term effects of alcohol consumption on hormonal responses and mood states in nulliparous women who have regular menstrual cycles. To this aim, we conducted a within-subjects design study in which eight women consumed a 0.4-g/kg dose of alcohol in orange juice during one test session (alcohol condition) and an equal volume of orange juice (control condition) during the other. Changes in plasma prolactin, oxytocin and cortisol levels, blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), and mood states were compared. BAC peaked at approximately 36.7 + 5.4 min after the consumption of the alcoholic beverage and decreased thereafter. Alcohol consumption significantly increased the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of prolactin (P < .01) and decreased the oxytocin AUC (P = .04) when compared to the control condition. Cortisol AUCs were not different across the two experimental conditions. Similar to that previously observed in lactating women, changes in prolactin and oxytocin paralleled changes in feelings of drunkenness. The magnitude and persistence of the alcohol-induced hormonal changes in nulliparous women were significantly less pronounced than those observed in lactating women, further highlighting the dynamics of the system under study during lactation.
Homosexual role separation and AIDS epidemics: Insights from elementary models

Simple models of a closed homosexual population are developed to explore the effect of differentiation of roles in anal intercourse on the size of an AIDS epidemic. Preferential and random mixing among the sex‐role subgroups are modeled via a concept of partnership‐formation rates for pairs of individuals. Models of differing mixing assumptions are compared via a concept of reference reproductive rate. Under the assumption of no risk associated with insertive anal intercourse, explicit epidemic thresholds are determined; epidemic intensity increases with increasing size of the dual‐role (insertive and receptive) subpopulation. Other results indicate that there is a threshold for reproductive rates which determines whether or not random mixing yields a more severe epidemic than a form of segregated mixing, and that for fixed epidemiological conditions, a certain level of like‐with‐like preference, rather than random mixing, yields a worst‐case scenario.
Mössbauer Studies of Inequivalent Ferrous Ion Sites in Ferrous Formate

The iron ions in ferrous formate, Fe${(\mathrm{HCOO})}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, are located at two sites with different environments. The nearest-neighbor symmetry of the type-1 site is nearly octahedral, while the type-2 site has lower symmetry. Our M\"ossbauer experiments with a powder absorber of ferrous formate show a spectrum composed of four lines resulting from the inequality of the effective electric-field gradients at the two sites. The lines are grouped in two pairs having the same center of gravity located at the usual ferrous-ion isomer shift. The quadrupole splittings at the two sites are 2.97 mm/sec (type 2) and 0.59 mm/sec (type 1) at room temperature, and 3.36 mm/sec (type 2) and 1.48 mm/sec (type 1) at 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The larger splitting has naturally been assigned to the more asymmetrical site (type 2). Calculations based on the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splittings indicate that the energy separation between the ground and first excited ion orbital states corresponds to 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (type 2) and 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (type 1). The method used for the calculations is based on known properties of spherical harmonics.
Invited Editorial Comment: Survival of the Richest

1. Andrew W. Lo 1. is the Harris & Harris Group Professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in Cambridge, MA. The gut-wrenching financial events of the past two years have cast serious doubt on the traditional investment paradigm. The wisdom of diversification, the long only constraint,
Mode of Action of Surfactants on Mosquito Pupae

The surface-tension-reducing properties of 50 nonionic surface-active agents (derived from the condensation of ethyleneoxide with alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, and fatty acids) were correlated with the activity of the compounds against pupae of the southern house mosquito, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. A reduction in surface tension to 41 dynes/cm or less (water = 72 dynes/cm) was required to produce mortality at the LC60 level. A further reduction in surface tension of only 2–4 dynes/cm produced mortality at the LC50 level. Exceptions were the dinonylphenol-EO ethers which did not affect surface tension appreciably at concentrations required to give 50 and 90% mortality. Suffocation tests, to determine the degree to which the pupae could withstand submergence in distilled water, resulted in 50% mortality after 80–110 minutes and 100% mortality in 3.8 hours of submergence. Larvae, on the other hand, were able to survive long submergence periods by reason of cuticular respiration. Higher concentrations of the surfactants were required to kill 4th stage larvae than pupae. The greater susceptibility of the pupae is attributed to the dependence of pupae on remaining at the surface for respiration; the capability for this is readily impaired by a reduction in surface tension.
Analysis of stain formation and wear mechanisms in a linear tape drive

AbstractMagnetic reliability of a linear tape drive is intimately related to the tribology at the head-tape interface because an increase in the spacing between the read element of the head and the...
Vapor-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures of carbon dioxide with benzene, toluene and p-xylene

Abstract Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for carbon dioxide - benzene, carbon dioxide - toluene, and carbon dioxide - p-xylene were measured for pressures up to 6.5 MPa, and at temperatures of 353 K, 373 K, and 393 K. The solubility of benzene in the dense carbon dioxide vapor phase is higher than that of either toluene or p-xylene. In the liquid phase, carbon dioxide is more soluble in p-xylene than in toluene or benzene. The experimental data obtained were compared with calculations from three correlations: the Peng-Robinson equation, the UNIFAC activity coefficient correlation, and the Perturbed-Anisotropic- Chain Theory (PACT). All three correlations predict phase compositions in good agreement with the experimental data.
Whole-Exome Sequencing in the Clinic: Lessons from Six Consecutive Cases from the Clinician's Perspective

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is being used clinically to diagnose rare Mendelian disorders, especially when standard tests have failed. The diagnostic yield from WES is reported to be ∼15-30%; however, data regarding the clinical utility and interpretative challenges from the clinician's perspective are lacking. Here, we present a series of the first 6 unselected consecutive cases seen over a period of 6 months where WES was employed in clinical labs via trio-based testing (proband and parents). While we do not discount the value of WES in the clinical setting, our cases and experience illustrate the significant clinical challenges of WES, even when a diagnosis may be achieved.
The Impact of Sleep Consultation Prior to a Diagnostic Polysomnogram on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Adherence

Background Polysomnograms (PSGs) are routinely ordered by nonsleep specialists. However, it is unknown whether a sleep specialist consultation prior to a diagnostic PSG influences adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Methods This study was done at the University of Chicago Sleep Disorders Center and included 403 patients with obstructive sleep apnea who had CPAP adherence data available. CPAP was set up at home, and objective adherence was remotely monitored during the first 30 days of therapy. Physicians who ordered PSGs were divided into two groups: sleep specialists and nonsleep specialists. Results Patients were aged 52.5 ± 14 years, 47% were men, and 54% were African American. Mean daily CPAP use was greater in patients who were referred by sleep specialists (n = 105, 279 ± 179 min/d) than in patients referred by nonsleep specialists (n = 298, 219 ± 152 min/d, P = .005). In the linear regression model adjusting for several covariates, only two predictors were significantly associated with CPAP adherence. A sleep specialist consultation prior to the diagnostic PSG was associated with 58.2 min more per day (P = .002), and African American race was associated with 56.0 min less per day (P = .002) of CPAP use. Conclusions In this cohort study, CPAP adherence was significantly higher with a sleep specialist consultation prior to the diagnostic PSG. In addition, African American race was associated with worse adherence to therapy. A better understanding of predictors of CPAP adherence may be useful in identifying patients who may benefit from a sleep specialist consultation prior to ordering a diagnostic PSG.
Oncological consequences of impaired immune surveillance against ubiquitous viruses.

The immune system is constantly challenged by ubiquitous viruses. Multiple immune defenses have evolved to meet these challenges, and thus immunocompetent individuals successfully respond to infection without sequela. X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome patients, renal allograft recipients, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients share impaired immune surveillance as a common feature. Such individuals are variously susceptible to numerous untoward complications following infection with Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B virus. We hypothesize that failure of the immune system to control these viruses is instrumental in the occurrence of some B-cell lymphomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and squamous-cell and hepatocellular carcinomas, Herein we review some mechanisms responsible for the breakdown of immune surveillance and the permissive role immunodeficiency plays in viral oncogenesis.
Quenching Dynamics of the Photoluminescence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+-Pendant PAMAM Dendrimers by Nitro Aromatics and Other Materials

The Stern−Volmer quenching constants (Ksv) for poly(amidoamine)- (PAMAM-) based dendrimers (generations G0−G4) modified with (4, 8, 16, 32 and 64) pendant [Ru(bpy)3]+2 (bpy is 2,2‘-bipyridine) chromophores have been measured in the presence of three nitroaromatic quenchers (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene = TNT, 2,4-dinitrotoluene = DNT, nitrotoluene = NT), two negatively charged quenchers (K3Fe(CN)6, Na4Fe(CN)6), and one energy transfer type quencher (Fe(C5H5)2). The quenching efficiencies were calculated for the dendrimers (G0−G4) in the presence of TNT and were found to peak for dend-16-Ru(bpy)3. The generation dependence of the quenching efficiency mirrors the calculated crowding factor and the variations were attributed to changes in the 3-dimensional structure with generation (size) and the associated changes in the accessibility of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+-pendant groups. Electrostatic attractions between the positively charged dendrimers and the negatively charged quenchers resulted in larger Ksv values when compar...
Placing Physician Orders at Triage: The Effect on Length of Stay

Study objective Emergency department (ED) crowding is a significant problem nationwide, and numerous strategies have been explored to decrease length of stay. Placing a physician in the triage area to rapidly disposition low-acuity patients and begin evaluations on more complex patients is one strategy that can be used to lessen the effect of ED crowding. The goal of this study is to assess the effect of order placement by a triage physician on length of stay for patients ultimately treated in a bed within the ED. Methods We conducted a pre-experimental study with retrospective data to evaluate patients with and without triage physician orders at a single academic institution. A matched comparison was performed by pairing patients with the same orders and similar propensity scores. Propensity scores were calculated with demographic and triage data, chief complaint, and ED capacity on the patient's arrival. Results During the 23-month study period, a total of 66,909 patients were sent to the waiting room after triage but still eventually spent time in an ED bed. A quarter of these patients (23%) had physician orders placed at triage. After a matched comparison, patients with triage orders had a 37-minute (95% confidence interval 34 to 40 minutes) median decrease in time spent in an ED bed, with an 11-minute (95% confidence interval 7 to 15 minutes) overall median increase in time until disposition. Conclusion Our study suggests that early orders placed by a triage physician have an effect on ED operations by reducing the amount of time patients spend occupying an ED bed.
Assessing impacts of introduced aquatic species: Grass carp in large systems

Introduced species have created environmental benefits and unanticipated disasters so a priori assessments of species introductions are needed for environmental management. A checklist for assessing impacts of introduced species was developed from studies of introduced species and recommendations for planning introductions. Sterile, triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are just beginning to be used as a biocontrol agent for the management of aquatic vegetation in open waterways. Potential impacts of grass carp in open systems were identified by reviewing grass carp biology relative to the impact assessment checklist. The potential consequences of introduced grass carp were reviewed for one case study. The case study demonstrated that conclusions about potential impacts and monitoring needs can be made despite incomplete information and uncertainty.
Self- and Partner-objectification in Romantic Relationships: Associations with Media Consumption and Relationship Satisfaction

Few studies have examined objectification in the context of romantic relationships, even though strong theoretical arguments have often made this connection. This study addresses this gap in the literature by examining whether exposure to mass media is related to self-objectification and objectification of one’s partner, which in turn is hypothesized to be related to relationship and sexual satisfaction. A sample of undergraduate students (91 women and 68 men) enrolled in a university on the west coast of the United States completed self-report measures of the following variables: self-objectification, objectification of one’s romantic partner, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and exposure to objectifying media. Men reported higher levels of partner objectification than did women; there was no gender difference in self-objectification. Self- and partner-objectification were positively correlated; this correlation was especially strong for men. In regression analyses, partner-objectification was predictive of lower levels of relationship satisfaction. Furthermore, a path model revealed that consuming objectifying media is related to lowered relationship satisfaction through the variable of partner-objectification. Finally, self- and partner-objectification were related to lower levels of sexual satisfaction among men. This study provides evidence for the negative effects of objectification in the context of romantic relationships among young adults.
Cyanobacterial light-harvesting complex subunits encoded in two red light-induced transcripts

The major light-harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae, the phycobilisome, is composed of chromophoric and nonchromophoric polypeptides. Two linked genes encoding major chromophoric components, the polypeptide subunits of phycocyanin, were isolated from the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon. Transcripts from this phycocyanin subunit gene cluster were present as major species in the cyanobacterium grown in red light, but not in cultures maintained in green light. The genes for the subunits of the red light-induced phycocyanin were transcribed together (beta-phycocyanin followed by alpha-phycocyanin) on two messenger RNA species; one contained 1600 bases while the other had 3800 bases. The latter, which encompassed the smaller transcript, contained additional sequences extending from the 39 end of the coding region of the alpha-phycocyanin gene. It may encode other light-induced components of the phycobilisome. Since phycocyanin, which effectively absorbs red light, becomes a dominant constituent of the phycobilisome in red light, these different levels may reflect an important adaptive mechanism of these organisms to their environment.
Large scintillation detector for photoneutron reactions

Abstract A 40″ liquid scintillation detector was constructed for use in photonuclear work. Integrated cross sections for reactions in which one or two neutrons are emitted were measured up to 50 MeV for fluorine. The efficiency of the detector was about 60%.
Adjustable hybrid diffractive/refractive achromatic lens

We demonstrate a variable focal length achromatic lens that consists of a flat liquid crystal diffractive lens and a pressure-controlled fluidic refractive lens. The diffractive lens is composed of a flat binary Fresnel zone structure and a thin liquid crystal layer, producing high efficiency and millisecond switching times while applying a low ac voltage input. The focusing power of the diffractive lens is adjusted by electrically modifying the sub-zones and re-establishing phase wrapping points. The refractive lens includes a fluid chamber with a flat glass surface and an opposing elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane surface. Inserting fluid volume through a pump system into the clear aperture region alters the membrane curvature and adjusts the refractive lens’ focal position. Primary chromatic aberration is remarkably reduced through the coupling of the fluidic and diffractive lenses at selected focal lengths. Potential applications include miniature color imaging systems, medical and ophthalmic devices, or any design that utilizes variable focal length achromats.
Does the public sector outperform the nonprofit and for-profit sectors? Evidence from a national panel study on nursing home quality and access.

Are public and private organizations fundamentally different? This question has been among the most enduring inquiries in public administration. Our study explores the impact of organizational ownership on two complementary aspects of performance: service quality and access to services for impoverished clients. Derived from public management research on performance determinants and nursing home care literature, our hypotheses stipulate that public, nonprofit, and forprofit nursing homes use different approaches to balance the strategic tradeoff between two aspects of performance. Panel data on 14,423 facilities were analyzed to compare measures of quality and access across three sectors using different estimation methods. Findings indicate that ownership status is associated with critical differences in both quality and access. Public and nonprofit organizations are similar in terms of quality, and both perform significantly better than their forprofit counterparts. When compared to nonprofit and, in some cases, for-profit facilities, public nursing homes have a significantly higher share of Medicaid recipients. The paper proposes strategies to address the identified long-term care divide. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Servicescape moderation on personality traits, emotions, satisfaction, and behaviors

Abstract This study aims to extend the previous servicescape literature and to examine servicescapes as a moderating variable on a comprehensive model of individual personality traits, emotions, satisfaction, and approach-avoidance behaviors. The highlight of the present research is to incorporate the effects of different personality traits (i.e., extroversion, openness to experience, and arousal-seeking tendency) and moderation of different servicescape situations (i.e., Gestalt versus Non-Gestalt) on emotions, satisfaction, and approach-avoidance behavior. The value of assessing the effects of different personality traits with different settings is demonstrated. This study utilizes an experimental design with the appropriate manipulation of ambient stimuli of the combined colors and music to form differential servicescapes and participants were randomly assigned to these servicescapes. Survey data from 261 participants were then collected on personality traits, emotions, satisfaction and approach-avoidance behavior and the data were analyzed by structural equation modeling to test the present research framework. Results indicate that Gestalt versus Non-Gestalt servicescape situations moderated the relationship between arousal-seeking tendency and emotions. Pleasure was found to enhance satisfaction, and satisfaction was found to enhance approach-avoidance behaviors. Limitations, managerial and future implications are explained further in the content of the paper.
Conserved cis- and trans-acting determinants for replication initiation and regulation of replication fork movement in tetrahymenid species

The rDNA minichromosomes of Tetrahymena thermophila and Tetrahymena pyriformis share a high degree of sequence similarity and structural organization. The T.thermophila 5 4 non-transcribed spacer (54 NTS) is sufficient for replication and contains three repeated sequence elements that are conserved in T.pyriformis, including type I elements, the only known determinant for replication control. To assess the role of conserved sequences in replication control, structural and functional studies were performed on T.pyriformis rDNA. Similar to T.thermophila, replication initiates exclusively in the 54 NTS, localizing to a 900 bp segment. Elongating replication forks arrest transiently at one site which bears strong similarity to a tripartite sequence element present at fork arrest sites in T.thermophila rDNA. An in vitro type I element binding activity indistinguishable from the T.thermophila protein, ssA-TIBF, was detected in T.pyriformis extracts. The respective TIBF proteins bind with comparable affinity to type I elements from both species, suggesting that in vivo recognition could cross species boundaries. Despite these similarities, the T.pyriformis 5 4 NTS failed to support replication in transformed T.thermophila cells, suggesting a more complex genetic organization than previously realized.
Investigation of factors that affect the sensitivity of accelerator mass spectrometry for cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al isotope analysis.

We report experiments designed to improve accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of 10Be and 26Al for a wide range of geological applications. In many cases, the precision of the AMS isotope ratio measurement is restricted by counting statistics for the cosmogenic isotope, which are in turn limited by the intensity of AMS stable ion beam currents. We present data obtained at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL) indicating that AMS ion beam currents are impacted by certain elemental impurities. For 10Be analysis, the AMS ion beam current is most adversely affected by the presence of titanium (which can be challenging to separate chemically during sample preparation because of its tendency toward stable refractory forms) and aluminum (which can coelute with beryllium during cation exchange chromatography). In order to minimize impurities that suppress AMS ion beam currents, we evaluate, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrosco...
The cellular paradigm of chlamydial pathogenesis

Abstract Diseases caused by Chlamydia are based on intense and chronic inflammation elicited and maintained by reinfection or persistent infection. The traditional view in the field is that disease is mediated by antigen-dependent delayed-type hypersensitivity or autoimmunity. This immunological paradigm has served as the basis for years of chlamydial research but the mechanism or the antigen that causes pathology has yet to be unequivocally revealed. Recent research on responses elicited in Chlamydia -infected cells defines a new direction for our understanding of this microorganism–host interaction and provides the basis for a reassessment of disease mechanisms. Chlamydia -infected non-immune mammalian cells produce proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, growth factors and other cellular modulators. This cellular response to infection supports an alternative hypothesis for chlamydial pathogenesis: the inflammatory processes of chlamydial pathogenesis are elicited by infected host cells and are necessary and sufficient to account for chronic and intense inflammation and the promotion of cellular proliferation, tissue remodeling and scarring, the ultimate cause of disease sequelae.
Research Summary: Legionella contamination of waterlines?

Objectives To determine the prevalence of legionellae in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) in general dental practices in London and rural Northern Ireland and whether the organism occurs at a high enough frequency and magnitude in DUWL to represent a threat to dentists' health. Materials and method Two hundred and sixty six (166 London, 100 Northern Ireland) randomly selected dental surgeries were recruited. Standardised 250 ml water samples were taken from the DUWL and 1 litre samples from the surgery cold water tap to measure the prevalence of legionellae. The dentists provided a blood sample for legionella serology. Results The prevalence of legionellae was very low (0.37%). Legionellae were not isolated from DUWL or surgery basin taps in Northern Ireland. Legionella spp were isolated from the DUWL and surgery basin of one practice in London and from the cold water supply of a further three practices. The prevalence of Legionella pneumophila antibodies was less than that seen in a comparable group of London blood donors. Conclusion The risk to dentists' health from potential exposure to legionellae in this cohort of dentists was very low and this was confirmed by the very low seroprevalence and antibody titres to legionella detected in the dentists.
Shear strength parameters between geomembranes and cohesive soils

Abstract This paper focuses on the shear strength of various geomembranes and a number of different cohesive soils. The data base is felt to be necessary since geomembranes used in solid waste disposal are often placed directly on low permeability clay soils. Adapted direct shear tests were performed allowing for a determination of adhesion and friction angle values. It was seen that the adhesion of the soil to the geomembrane is significantly reduced from the cohesion value of the soil itself, unless the geomembrane is very soft or textured. Conversely, the friction angle at the interface between the geomembrane and the soil is relatively high, at least for the normal pressures used in these tests. The information presented is felt to be the type necessary for a number of practical design considerations.
Enzymatic detection systems for non-isotopic in situ hybridization using biotinylated cDNA probes

The feasibility of various non-isotopic enzymatic detection systems was tested for in situ hybridization using biotin-labelled, nick-translated cDNA probes. For this purpose, we isolated and prepared cDNA restriction fragments encoding the proteolytic cysteine proteinase cathepsin L and analysed Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed BALB/3T3 cells, which have been shown to express high amounts of cytoplasmic RNA of this ras oncogene-induced proteinase. When compared on a semiquantitative basis, colorimetric non-isotopic detection of cDNA hybrids with avidin-biotin-peroxidase conjugates visualized by silver intensification of the nickel-diaminobenzidine end-product was superior to that obtained with avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase using different substrates for development. When the peroxidase staining technique was applied for RNA detection, it was found that overnight incubation in methanol containing hydrogen peroxide followed by deproteination with HCl was the most effective method for inhibition of endogenous peroxidase activity. For DNA detection, non-specific nucleic staining was completely abolished when heat treatment (100°C) of the cell specimens was performed prior to hybrpidization.
Enhancing Procedural Justice in Local Government Budget and Tax Decision Making

Two studies examined criteria for procedural justice in the related contexts of local government budgeting (Study 1) and taxation (Study 2). Questionnaire data were gathered from 272 municipal police chiefs in Study 1 and 81 municipal property owners in Study 2, Regression analysis indicated that ethicality. accuracy, and bias suppression were signiticant (p < 0.05) predictors of procedural justice in both studies. Other significant predictors of procedural justice in Study I were correctability and justification. However. the relationship between justification and procedural justice in Study I was negative. which is contrary to theory. The results suggest strategies that local government officials can use to enhance the perceived fairness of budget and tax decision-making procedures.
Enforcing reference and object immutability in Java

Immutability information is useful in many software engineering tasks, such as modeling, verification, optimization, and refactoring. Furthermore, undesired mutation or side-effect are hard to detect and debug. This paper describes a javac plug-in that enables programmers to write immutability annotations in a Java program to detect and prevent bugs. The IGJ annotations are rich and flexible; the tools are scalable; case studies show they are effective and easy to use; and the annotated program remains compilable with a standard compiler.
Solid phase peptide synthesis of α-factor, a yeast mating pheromone

Abstract Based on analysis of highly purified preparations of natural α -factor and on the sequence recently reported by others, oligopeptides of the following structures were chemically synthesized by the solid phase method of Merrifield: N-Trp-His-Trp-Leu-Lys-Pro-Gly-G1N-Pro-Met-Tyr-C N-His-Trp-Leu-Lys-Pro-Gly-G1N-Pro-Met-Tyr-C Both synthetic species arrested a cells in G1, inhibited their DNA synthesis, caused them to elongate markedly, and induced an increase in their adhesivity toward α cells. Neither synthetic material caused any of these effects in α cells or in a α diploids.
Turbidity of Beverages with Citrus Oil Clouding Agent

Basic principles of light scattering were used to predict turbidity in cloudy beverages for monodisperse and polydisperse systems of suspended citrus oil globules. Predicted values for specific turbidity agreed well with experimental values for diluted citrus oil-in-water beverage cloud emulsions. Citrus oil-in-water cloud emulsions were prepared with a pressure homogenizer at different pressures (4.1–27.56 kPa). Size distributions obtained for the emulsions fit the long-normal distribution and the distribution curves became more narrow as pressure of homogenization increased.
Microscopic Lagrangian description of warm plasmas: 3. Nonlinear wave‐particle interaction

The averaged-Lagrangian method is applied to nonlinear wave-particle interactions in an infinite, homogeneous, magnetic-field-free plasma. The specific example of Langmuir waves is considered, and the combined effects of four-wave interactions and wave-particle interactions are treated. It is demonstrated how the latter lead to diffusion in velocity space, and the quasilinear diffusion equation is derived. The analysis is generalized to the random phase approximation. The paper concludes with a summary of the method as applied in Parts 1-3 of the paper.
Modeling the image performance of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission sensors

The LDCM will carry two new pushbroom imagers. The nine band Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the two band Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) represent significant changes in Landsat Sensor Technology, as does the plan to generate a common data product from two sensors (registered 11 band data). This effort is designed to generate synthetic images that will predict the LDCM performance pre-launch, will support trouble shooting of instrument behavior during initialization and operation, and perhaps most importantly, can support Landsat remote sensing science activities throughout the mission. This paper reports on initial results of efforts to simulate all of the phenomena that can lead to non-uniformity variations in an image. This includes detector-to-detector and array-to-array non-uniformities due to variations in relative spectral response (RSR), gain, bias, and non-linearities. The overall approach involves modifying the DIRSIG image simulation model to allow detailed modeling of the Landsat orbit and LDCM sensors parameters and generation of test scenes to allow full end-to-end image simulations incorporating illumination, atmospheric, sensor geometry, and radiometry effects as a function of time, meteorology, spectral range from the visible through the long wave infrared, and spatial effects. The results reported in this paper emphasize the modeling and initial demonstration of the non-uniformity phenomenology.
COEVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN CHEMOKINES AND THEIR RECEPTORS

A phylogeny of mammalian chemokines revealed two major clusters, corresponding to the CC and CXC chemokines; the C chemokines appeared to be more closely related to the former. In a phylogeny of chemokine receptors, there were also two major clusters: one containing CC chemokine receptors plus other receptors of unknown function and another containing CXC receptors and other receptors of unknown function. However, within the CC receptors, there was not a close correspondence between the phylogenies of chemokines and their receptors. The CC chemokines contained two major subfamilies: (1) the MIP subfamily (including MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES); and (2) the MCP subfamily (including MCP-1,-2,-3, and -4 and eotaxin). Receptors having preferred ligands in the MCP subfamily did not constitute a monophyletic group but rather evolved twice independently. Reconstruction of ancestral amino acid sequences suggested that these two groups of MCP receptors did not convergently evolve any amino acid residues; rather, they convergently lost sequence features found in the third and fourth extracellular domains of known receptors for MIP-subfamily chemokines.
Accuracy of Self-Predictions Versus Judgments by Knowledgeable Others

Two studies examined the relative accuracy of subjects' self-predictions of their future behavior versus predictions made by others who knew them very well. Self-predictions were more accurate than those made by subjects' mothers or peers. This was especially true when negative outcomes were predicted, when predictions were made against the base rate, or when events with less extreme base rates were predicted. Subjects whose behavior was more atypical and those who described themselves as impulsive were more difficult to predict, both for themselves and generally for others. Differential accuracy is discussed in terms of the role of self-protective biases and the information base that is available for predictions.
Adaptive diffusion kernel learning from biological networks for protein function prediction

Machine-learning tools have gained considerable attention during the last few years for analyzing biological networks for protein function prediction. Kernel methods are suitable for learning from graph-based data such as biological networks, as they only require the abstraction of the similarities between objects into the kernel matrix. One key issue in kernel methods is the selection of a good kernel function. Diffusion kernels, the discretization of the familiar Gaussian kernel of Euclidean space, are commonly used for graph-based data. In this paper, we address the issue of learning an optimal diffusion kernel, in the form of a convex combination of a set of pre-specified kernels constructed from biological networks, for protein function prediction. Most prior work on this kernel learning task focus on variants of the loss function based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). Their extensions to other loss functions such as the one based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, which is more suitable for mining biological networks, lead to expensive optimization problems. By exploiting the special structure of the diffusion kernel, we show that this KL divergence based kernel learning problem can be formulated as a simple optimization problem, which can then be solved efficiently. It is further extended to the multi-task case where we predict multiple functions of a protein simultaneously. We evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms using two benchmark data sets. Results show that the performance of linearly combined diffusion kernel is better than every single candidate diffusion kernel. When the number of tasks is large, the algorithms based on multiple tasks are favored due to their competitive recognition performance and small computational costs.
Adolescent Opiate Exposure in the Female Rat Induces Subtle Alterations in Maternal Care and Transgenerational Effects on Play Behavior

The non-medical use of prescription opiates, such as Vicodin® and MSContin®, has increased dramatically over the past decade. Of particular concern is the rising popularity of these drugs in adolescent female populations. Use during this critical developmental period could have significant long-term consequences for both the female user as well as potential effects on her future offspring. To address this issue, we have begun modeling adolescent opiate exposure in female rats and have observed significant transgenerational effects despite the fact that all drugs are withdrawn several weeks prior to pregnancy. The purpose of the current set of studies was to determine whether adolescent morphine exposure modifies postpartum care. In addition, we also examined juvenile play behavior in both male and female offspring. The choice of the social play paradigm was based on previous findings demonstrating effects of both postpartum care and opioid activity on play behavior. The findings revealed subtle modifications in the maternal behavior of adolescent morphine-exposed females, primarily related to the amount of time females’ spend nursing and in non-nursing contact with their young. In addition, male offspring of adolescent morphine-exposed mothers (MOR-F1) demonstrate decreased rough and tumble play behaviors, with no significant differences in general social behaviors (i.e. social grooming and social exploration). Moreover, there was a tendency toward increased rough and tumble play in MOR-F1 females, demonstrating the sex-specific nature of these effects. Given the importance of the postpartum environment on neurodevelopment, it is possible that modifications in maternal-offspring interactions, related to a history of adolescent opiate exposure, plays a role in the observed transgenerational effects. Overall, these studies indicate that the long-term consequences of adolescent opiate exposure can impact both the female and her future offspring.
The Rural School Leadership Dilemma

The idea that rural schools and communities, indeed, even rural people, are somehow substandard or second-class has deep historical roots. The goal of this essay is to reveal that history so as to render stereotypical conceptions all things rural less powerful and more easily dismissed by rural school professionals. Consequently the focus is on one dilemma every rural school leader faces: when to speak up in the face of rural denigration.
The implications of the thermal equilibrium assumption for surrounding-driven steady conduction within a saturated porous medium layer

Abstract The issue of local thermal equilibrium between a solid porous matrix and a saturating (stagnant) fluid under unidirectional steady heat diffusion is considered focusing on the effect of exterior-boundary thermal conditions. We demonstrate that in the case of exterior boundaries with uniform heat flux, i.e., when the heat per unit of phase area flowing through each phase is equal, thermal equilibrium will ensue only when the phases have the same thermal conductivity. When the phases are in thermal equilibrium at the exterior boundaries, then they will be in thermal equilibrium throughout the entire domain independently of the properties of each phase. In this case, the ratio of the heat flowing through each phase will be uniform within the layer and proportional to the thermal conductivity phase-ratio. With uniform heat flux at one end and thermal equilibrium at the other end of the domain, four independent criteria lead to thermal equilibrium. For a small fluid-to-solid volumetric heat transfer coefficient the medium reaches a state of maximum thermal nonequilibrium. A criterion for estimating the thermal equilibrium status within the layer is also derived. This criterion is important for the experimental determination of the effective thermal conductivity of a saturated porous layer.
Microcomputer, minicomputer, mainframe interfacing

The problems associated with the transfer of data from one computer to another in conducting neuropsychological research are described. The reasons for using different computers to perform different tasks are outlined, and a rationale for using task-specific computers is presented. A detailed description ofthe use and function of the Kermit File Transfer Protocol in neuropsycho­ logical research is given. There are a number of different types of computer net­ works. The ultimate network is one in which there is con­ versation in both directions between any of the computers in the network. Since the ability to communicate between any of the computers is not always a requirement, then the ultimate network is not always necessary. Much of the communication between the computers in research laboratories is for the transfer of data flIes. This is true in the neuropsychology laboratory at Trinity University. As a part of our research, we transfer data from one com­ puter to another. Analog data are collected from subjects with a PDP-I 1/24 computer. Once the data are collected
Bone morphogenic protein 2 activates protein kinase D to regulate histone deacetylase 7 localization and repression of Runx2.

The transcriptional activity of Runx2 is determined by associations with co-repressors including histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7). We previously found that bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) induces export of HDAC7 from the nucleus. In this study we demonstrate that BMP2 specifically stimulates redistribution of HDAC7 but not HDAC 4, 5, or 6. HDAC7 subcellular redistribution in mesenchymal cells requires Crm1-mediated nuclear export, is associated with increased HDAC7 serine phosphorylation, and requires conserved serines in the HDAC7 amino terminus. The protein kinase D (PKD) inhibitor Go6976 blocked both basal and BMP2-directed HDAC7 nuclear export. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1) associated with HDAC7 in a BMP2-enhanced manner, and a constitutively active form of PKD1 stimulated HDAC7 nuclear export. Furthermore, active PKD1 inhibited repression of Runx2-mediated transcription by HDAC7. Suppression of HDAC7 was not sufficient to rescue BMP2 induction of osteoblast marker genes in Go6976-treated cells, indicating that PKD-dependent factors beyond attenuation of HDAC7-repressive activity are required for osteoblast differentiation. These results establish a novel pathway by which BMP signaling regulates Runx2 activity via PKD-dependent inhibition of HDAC7 transcriptional repression.