cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polygenic analysis of pattern formation: Interdependence among veins in the same compartment of the Drosophila wing

Polygenic modifiers of the L4 and L5 wing veins in Drosophila simulans were used to study the degree of genetic independence of veins within the same developmental compartment. The L4 and L5 were selected for opposite changes in length. Whole-chromosome assays of heterozygous effects showed that the L4 and L5 polygenic modifiers were associated with differences both in chromosomes and in interchromosomal interactions. A comparison of selection responses confirmed that, though some modifiers had strictly vein-specific action, others acted either upon all veins within the posterior compartment or upon all veins in the wing. The results support the idea that some genes control pattern formation in the wing as a whole, others regulate structures within a single compartment, and still others are limited to a single element within a compartment.
Surgical drainage of chronic serous retinal detachment associated with uveitis.

Purpose: To evaluate the anatomic and visual outcomes after surgical management of chronic serous retinal detachments (SRD) associated with uveitis. Methods: Retrospective, interventional, case study of patients with uveitis with controlled ocular inflammation who underwent drainage of a chronic SRD at the Cole Eye Institute (1998–2006). Data collected included diagnosis, ophthalmic findings, medical management, surgical technique, complications, and anatomic and visual outcomes. Results: Five patients with uveitis were identified who underwent surgical drainage of a SRD. Preoperative medical treatment included prednisone 1 mg/kg with various tapering regimens. The median time on oral corticosteroids preoperatively was 4 months (range 3–6 months). Four patients received further adjuvant treatment. Median time from SRD diagnosis to surgical drainage was 6 months (range 3–15 months). No patient had active intraocular inflammation preoperatively. Retinal reattachment was achieved in all patients after a median follow-up of 55 months (range 1–61 months). Four of five patients experienced improvement in visual acuity after surgical intervention. Conclusion: Select patients with uveitis with a SRD whose subretinal fluid fails to resorb after medical therapy and resolution of inflammation can achieve long-term retinal reattachment by surgical management.
Herpes esophagitis in the immunocompetent child.

tion studies with cells f rom pat ients with different types of N P D may resolve the classification problem? 3 Despite the normal neurologic findings at present in the proband, the ret inal involvement raises concerns about longterm neurologic and intellectual prognosis. However, early presentat ion of organomegaly, macular abnormal i ties, and very low sphingomyel inase levels is not always associated wi th neurologic deter iorat ion in early childhood. These clinical and enzymat ic findings may define a dist inct var ian t of N P D , requiring consideration in prognostic and genetic counseling of families with apparen t NPD-B.
Observation of the mutually-reinforced hole burning effect in multi-mode lasers

Abstract It is shown that a laser oscillating in multiple longitudinal modes in a standing-wave cavity containing a Doppler-broadened medium exhibits a new dip in the intensity tuning curve in addition to the more familiar Lamb dip. The existence of this dip, which is due to a mutually-reinforced hole burning effect by multiple modes, has been verified both analytically and experimentally, the latter using a two-mode HeNe laser.
The Use of Langmuir Probes in Non-Maxwellian Space Plasmas

Disturbance of the Maxwellian plasma may occur in the vicinity of a spacecraft due to photoemission, interactions between the spacecraft and thermospheric gases, or electron emissions from other devices on the spacecraft. Significant non-maxwellian plasma distributions may also occur in nature as a mixture of ionospheric and magnetospheric plasmas or secondaries produced by photoionization in the thermosphere or auroral precipitation. The general formulas for current collection (volt-ampere curves) by planar, cylindrical, and spherical Langmuir probes in isotropic and anisotropic non-maxwellian plasmas are examined. Examples are given of how one may identify and remove the non-maxwellian components in the Langmuir probe current to permit the ionospheric parameters to be determined. Theoretical volt-ampere curves presented for typical examples of non-maxwellian distributions include: two-temperature plasmas and a thermal plasma with an energetic electron beam. If the non-ionospheric electrons are Maxwellian at a temperature distinct from that of the ionosphere electrons, the volt-ampere curves can be fitted directly to obtain the temperatures and densities of both electron components without resorting to differenting the current. For an arbitrary isotropic distribution, the current for retarded particles is shown to be identical for the three geometries. For anisotropic distributions, the three probe geometries are not equally suited for measuring the ionospheric electron temperature and density or for determining the distribution function in the presence of non-maxwellian back-round electrons.
GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECTS OF INSECURITY, RESTRUCTURED WORKPLACE TEMPORALITIES, AND TECHNOLOGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL LOYALTY

We test hypotheses regarding generational differences in the effects on organizational loyalty of workplace insecurity, restructured workplace temporalities, and technological access to the workplace. We argue that large-scale social changes have eroded the social employment contract and impacted these features of the workplace. Further, these new working conditions will have a greater impact on the organizational loyalty and commitment of older cohorts of workers whose expectations were formed under the previous social contract than on more recent cohorts. With the exception of insecurity, our results generally support our hypotheses. They also have some intriguing implications that the conditions that dampen the loyalty of older cohorts enhance that of younger. Likewise, they raise important questions about what factors affect the loyalty of younger generations of workers and what role the increasing reliance on technology for work outside of “normal” working hours might play in fostering loyal employees.
A search for evidence of strain gradient hardening in Au submicron pillars under uniaxial compression using synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction

When crystalline materials are mechanically deformed in small volumes, higher stresses are needed for plastic flow. This has been called the “smaller is stronger” phenomenon and has been widely observed. Various size-dependent strengthening mechanisms have been proposed to account for such effects, often involving strain gradients. Here we report on a search for strain gradients as a possible source of strength for single-crystal submicron pillars of gold subjected to uniform compression, using a submicron white-beam (Laue) X-ray diffraction technique. We have found, both before and after uniaxial compression, no evidence of either significant lattice curvature or subgrain structure. This is true even after 35% strain and a high flow stress of 300 MPa were achieved during deformation. These observations suggest that plasticity here is not controlled by strain gradients or substructure hardening, but rather by dislocation source starvation, wherein smaller volumes are stronger because fewer sources of dislocations are available.
Asymmetric Information in Product Markets: Looking to Other Sectors for Institutional Approaches

Producers want low-cost ways to communicate their products' qualities to consumers and differentiate their products from those of other producers. Consumers value reliable means to identify desired product attributes. Credible mechanisms to achieve these goals have been the subject of much economic research and are often the reason for demands for government standards. The new USDA standard for "organic" foods is a recent example of a government-developed standard for a credence characteristic, but it is far from unique. But government standards are not the only, or necessarily the best, approach to quality information issues.
p120 GAP Modulates Ras Activation of Jun Kinases and Transformation

Although recent evidence demonstrates that Ras causes transformation by activation of multiple downstream pathways, the specific role of non-Raf effector pathways is presently unknown. Although Ras causes activation of the Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) via a Raf-independent pathway, the contribution of JNK activation to Ras transformation and the effector that mediates JNK activation have not been established. We observed that a dominant negative mutant of SEK1/JNKK, an activator of JNKs, selectively inhibited oncogenic Ras activation of JNK and Ras transformation, but not Ras activation of the p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In contrast, overexpression of wild type SEK1 enhanced Ras activation of JNK and transforming activity. Thus, JNK activation promotes Ras transformation. Furthermore, a dominant negative mutant of p120 GAP (designated N-GAP), a candidate Ras effector, blocked Ras, but not Raf, transformation and blocked Ras, but not Rac, activation of JNK. Since N-GAP overexpression reduced the association of p190 Rac/Rho GAP with endogenous p120 GAP, N-GAP may form nonproductive complexes with components critical for p120 GAP function. In summary, p120 GAP may function as an effector for Ras activation of JNK and Ras transformation.
Robotic Endocrine Surgery: State of the Art

Over the last decade, developments in technology have led a rapid progress in robotic endocrine surgery applications. Robotics is attractive to the surgeon because of the three-dimensional image quality, articulating instruments, and stable surgical platform. Safety and effectiveness of robotic adrenalectomy and thyroidectomy have been shown in many studies. While these robotic procedures offer better ergonomics for the surgeon, they provide similar outcomes compared to the laparoscopic approach for adrenalectomy and better cosmetic results versus the conventional option for thyroidectomy. Recently, while the robotic approach for adrenalectomy has been popularized, enthusiasm for robotic thyroidectomy has decreased. In the present review we aim to describe emerging robotic procedures and review the literature regarding outcomes.
The Zonal Flow of the Free Atmosphere Between 10N and 80S, in the South American Sector

Abstract Data from all available sources have been used to construct vertical cross sections of the seasonal mean flow of the atmosphere between 900 and 30 mb, over the western and southern part of South America. Monthly zonal wind profiles are presented for the subpolar region where the stratospheric circumpolar westerlies in late winter are strongest. For these latitudes, an extrapolation of the zonal wind up to the 10-mb level is attempted.
BROWN-MCLEAN SYNDROME OCCURRING IN A CORNEAL GRAFT

Purpose. To present a case of Brown-McLean syndrome occurring in a transplanted cornea. Methods. Retrospective case report. Results. A patient had penetrating keratoplasty performed for bullous keratopathy 6 years after intracapsular cataract extraction in the right eye. She developed atypical Brown-McLean syndrome in the left eye 6 years after extracapsular cataract extraction with pupil-support intraocular lens (IOL) insertion and later IOL removal. The clear corneal graft in the right eye developed peripheral stromal and epithelial edema with pigmentation of the endothelium, consistent with Brown-McLean syndrome 9 years after keratoplasty. Conclusion. Brown-McLean syndrome can occur in a grafted cornea, although the features may differ from those seen in ungrafted corneas
Effect of a Magnetic Field upon the Polarization of Impact Radiation.

Sodium $D$ line radiation excited by electrons moving parallel to a magnetic field of 300 gauss or more shows about 16 percent polarization, the major electric vibration being parallel to the direction of the exciting electron beam. In fields below 300 gauss the polarization is less, decreasing to zero in the absence of a field. That the polarization changes in a magnetic field must be due to the fact that the $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ level is a hyperfine multiplet which undergoes a Paschen-Back effect.
Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Propagation in Austenitic Stainless Steel Fusion Welds

The objective of this study was to characterize hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in gas-tungsten arc (GTA) welds of the nitrogen-strengthened, austenitic stainless steel 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn (21-6-9), using fracture mechanics methods. The fracture initiation toughness and crack growth resistance curves were measured using fracture mechanics specimens that were thermally precharged with 230 wppm (1.3 at. pct) hydrogen. The fracture initiation toughness and slope of the crack growth resistance curve for the hydrogen-precharged weld were reduced by as much as 60 and 90 pct, respectively, relative to the noncharged weld. A physical model for hydrogen-assisted crack propagation in the welds was formulated from microscopy evidence and finite-element modeling. Hydrogen-assisted crack propagation proceeded by a sequence of microcrack formation at the weld ferrite, intense shear deformation in the ligaments separating microcracks, and then fracture of the ligaments. One salient role of hydrogen in the crack propagation process was promoting microcrack formation at austenite/ferrite interfaces and within the ferrite. In addition, hydrogen may have facilitated intense shear deformation in the ligaments separating microcracks. The intense shear deformation could be related to the development of a nonuniform distribution of hydrogen trapped at dislocations between microcracks, which in turn created a gradient in the local flow stress.
On the natural selection of reasoning theories

Analyse critique et empirique de la theorie du schema pragmatique et de la theorie de l'echange sociale comme predicteurs du fait que les connaissances specifiques a la tache a propos de regles particulieres facilitent le raisonnement
Effects of dietary bran and the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on faecal β-glucuronidase activity in mice

To evaluate the physiological changes that might provide either mechanistic or prognostic information in colon carcinogenesis, we treated 8-wk-old male BALB/c mice with semisynthetic bran diets containing 20% by weight of either soya bean, winter wheat, or corn bran and gave ten weekly injections (from age 11–21 wk) of 20 mg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)/kg body weight. Appropriate controls were included. Faecal samples were collected 11–13 wk after completion of DMH treatment and after 24–26 wk of continuous bran diet feeding. Daily faecal β-glucuronidase activity fluctuations were observed, but these were not statistically significant. Faecal enzyme activity varied depending upon the type of bran diet (control > wheat > soya bean > corn). DMH generally depressed faecal enzyme activity to a statistically significant degree (P < 0·03). These results demonstrate the persistent enzyme alterations produced by DMH and the assay's sensitivity for detecting such change. Further, the effects of diet suggest that dietary brans cause physiological changes that have the potential to modify colon carcinogenesis.
To the Bitter End: Disparities in End-of-Life Care

Although technological advancements have provided the means to sustain life and provide care regardless of whether the treatment is appropriate and compassionate given the condition of the patient, bioethical, legal, and moral concerns related to disparities in care still arise in the United States. These concerns call into question the necessity to continue life-sustaining or palliative care treatments when patients and/or families are faced with end-of-life decisions. This study will focus on various historical, clinical cultural, and ethical issues that have placed this dilemma into a controversial public spectrum, by using case studies retrieved from referenced literature, which illustrate disparities in care at the end of life.
Diesel Engine Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Ammonia Surface Coverage Control Using a Computationally-Efficient Model Predictive Control Assisted Method

This paper presents a diesel engine selective catalytic reduction (SCR) control design based on a novel model predictive control (MPC)-assisted approach, which utilizes the advantages of MPC while keeping the computation demand under an acceptable level. The SCR control problem is featured by the challenges of time delay, significant time-varying characteristics, and limited control authority. Based on the understanding of the SCR reactions, the NH3 surface coverage ratio was selected as the control objective. The proposed MPC-assisted method was compared with conventional controllers such as PID and linear MPC (LMPC). Simulation results exhibited that the MPC-assisted approach can achieve a SCR ammonia surface coverage ratio control with much smaller root mean square error compared to these of other controllers while maintaining a manageable computational demand, and in turn better control of tailpipe NOx and ammonia emissions.© 2009 ASME
Alternative Certification in Special Education: Efficacy of a Collaborative, Field-Based Teacher Preparation Program.

The severe and increasing shortage of personnel, particularly those from traditionally underrepresented groups, to teach students with mild and moderate disabilities has prompted teacher educators to explore alternative means of preparing certified and qualified special education teachers. Johns Hopkins University, in collaboration with two urban local education agencies and the Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE), developed a field-based, 2-year experimental program leading to certification and a Master's degree in special education. This program possessed several unique features: special recruitment procedures, intensive on-the-job university-based supervision, and local school mentoring. Efficacy data were collected from university supervisors, mentors, and building principals to assess the impact of the program. Direct observation instruments, interviews, and self-report questionnaires were used to collect dependent data. Comparisons were made with beginning special educators who had complet...
Melanoma-Associated Suppression of the Dendritic Cell Lines DC2.4 and Jawsii

Dendritic cells function as potent regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity to tumors and the regulatory activities of these cells are tightly linked to their maturation and activation status. Despite the critical role played by dendritic cells in the induction of anti-tumor immune responses, the number of dendritic cells that can be isolated from experimental animals is limiting and often precludes in-depth analyses of these cells. To overcome this limitation, dendritic cell lines have been established and have facilitated the experimental study of dendritic cell biology. In this study we compare the dendritic cell lines DC2.4 and JAWSII as in vitro model systems for studying the influence of melanoma-derived factors on dendritic cell maturation and activation. Using flow cytometry and ELISA analyses, we evaluate the expression of costimulatory/MHC class II molecules and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines by these dendritic cell lines in their resting state and following LPS stimulation in the presence or absence of B16-F1 melanoma-derived factors. Results: We demonstrate that soluble B16-F1-derived factors suppress the LPS-induced upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC class II on both the DC2.4 and JAWSII dendritic cell lines. Interestingly, LPS-induced secretion by DC2.4 cells of the proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines TNF-α, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and MCP-1 is also altered by B16-F1-derived factors, whereas JAWSII cell cytokine/chemokine production is affected to a lesser extent by such factors, with only IL-1β and IP-10 production being suppressed. Conclusions/Recommendations: We conclude that melanoma-derived factors can suppress dendritic cell maturation/activation and that the DC2.4 and JAWSII dendritic cell lines are effective in vitro models for future studies that aim to (1) identify factors that influence both the susceptibility and the resistance of dendritic cells to tumor-mediated immunosuppression and (2) investigate the influence of tumor-altered dendritic cells on the quality of anti-tumor T cell responses.
Late causes of death in children treated for CNS malignancies.

As the outcome for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancies improves, data regarding long term effects and risk of early mortality are needed. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we evaluated the causes of mortality in 5-year survivors of a CNS tumor diagnosed prior to the age of 20 years. Using United States population data, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare number of deaths observed to the expected number for the cohort. Cumulative incidence of subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs) and standardized incidence ratios of observed to expected SMNs were calculated. 3,627 patients were included in the study. 20-year overall survival (OS) was 85.7 % compared to an expected rate of 98.5 % (p < 0.001). Death from the primary brain tumor accounted for 51 % of deaths, while death from a SMN accounted for 10 % of deaths. Patients were at an increased risk of death due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (SMRs = 2.5, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.2–4.8 and 7.9, 2.6–19.0, respectively). Cumulative incidence of SMN at 30 years was 6.4 % (95 % CI 4.8–7.7). Patients treated after 1986 enjoyed a small improvement in mortality (20-year OS 86.5 vs 83.8 %, p = 0.005). Five-year survivors of a childhood CNS tumor experienced a nearly 13-fold increased risk of death compared to their peers. Patients were at an increased risk of death due to recurrent disease, SMNs, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events.
An Alternative Paradigm of Managing Sustainability in the Global Supply Chain

Based five year field work (2006-2011) in China, the author interviewed 30 Chinese executives from 20 different foreign multinational enterprises. Only two companies chose to practice more communication with their suppliers despite interests in operational efficiency. Exemplifying an alternative paradigm of managing sustainability based on thorough understandings through change of their organizational culture and relationships with their selected Chinese suppliers. Their commitment to sustainability in the global supply chain is due to the moral consciousness of their leaders and the persistence, compassion, and humbleness of their dedicated corporate social responsibility officers. There are five major barriers for managing sustainability in the global supply chain in China: seeking low cost and production efficiency; lacking internal alignments between commercial and responsible supply chain objectives; lacking incentives to practice procedural justice or develop trusting relationships with their suppliers in China in which there is weak legal enforcement system and civil society; easily bypassing many social and environmental responsibilities in China; and evasive compliance-oriented mechanism (i.e., monitoring, evaluating, reporting and sanctioning) over Chinese suppliers. Pursuing sustainability under the existing low-cost operational efficiency paradigm cannot overcome these five barriers. Managing sustainability in the global supply chain must be driven by the spirit of caring people and environment.
Natural control ofLiriomyza sativae [Dip.: Agromyzidae] in pole tomatoes in southern California

Liriomyza sativaeBlanchard and its associated parasites were monitored during the growing season on untreated fresh market tomatoes in southern California in 1978.Chrysonotomyia (Achrysocharella) punctiventris (Crawford) andChrysocharis parksiCrawford were the predominant larval and larval-pupal parasites, respectively, parasitizing the leafminer. A significant linear relationship was found between the percentage parasitization of viableL. sativae larvae byC. parksi and the number ofL. sativae viable pupae per sampling unit.
Phenotypic characterization of a tobacco mutant impaired in auxin polar transport

A mutation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv `Xanthi') called lat (low auxin transport) that changes many morphogenic features throughout the life of the plant has been isolated. Abnormalities were observed in seed development, embryogenesis, cotyledon formation, leaf initiation and development, leaf veination pattern, and flower development. Selfed R2 lat mutant plants set between 60% and 90% fewer seeds than wild-type tobacco, and about 10% of these seeds did not germinate. Non-germinating seeds contained either abnormal embryos or abnormal endosperm tissues. There was no uniformity in the stage at which embryonic development ceased in the aberrant seeds. Seedlings often revealed abnormal and highly varied phenotypes after germination. In some of these cases, cotyledons were heart-shaped, fused, cup-shaped, or cylindrical. Leaf morphology ranged from normal to cup-shaped, and some leaves occasionally produced shoots from the leaf midvein. Flowers ranged from normal to compound with occasional fused floral parts or split petals. Stamens were sometimes petal-like. This unusual assortment of phenotypic changes suggested that the mutation might affect a basic component of plant metabolism. We found that polar transport of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was reduced to about 9–19% of the wild-type level in the inflorescence axis of selfed R2 lat mutants. In addition, supplementation of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to sterile media suppressed some of the abnormalities of the lat mutation so long as the plants grew there. Similarities in the phenotype of embryos, cotyledon and leaf shapes, translocation of labeled IAA, and response to applied NAA indicate that the lat locus of tobacco may be analogous to the pin locus of Arabidopsis, or produce a protein that functions in the same auxin-transport pathway.
Effects of sorbed water on properties of low and high molecular weight PMMA: 11. Fatigue performance

Abstract The influence of sorbed water on average fatigue life and on fracture surface morphology for unnotched samples of low and high molecular weight poly(methyl methacrylate) has been investigated. For air-equilibrated samples, the effects of test frequency on fatigue performance, and on associated thermal effects, have been determined. Average fatigue lifetimes are about two decades higher for the high molecular weight polymer. Sorbed water, at concentrations from 0 to 1%, produces a significant drop in fatigue resistance. At higher water contents, fatigue life tends to become independent of water content. It is suggested that the transition in behaviour near 1% is associated with onset of water clustering.
Foraging in Chemically Diverse Environments: Energy, Protein, and Alternative Foods Influence Ingestion of Plant Secondary Metabolites by Lambs

Interactions among nutrients and plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may influence how herbivores mix their diets and use food resources. We determined intake of a food containing a mix of terpenoids identified in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) when present in isoenergetic diets of increasing concentrations of protein (6, 9, 15, or 21% CP) or in isonitrogenous diets of increasing concentrations of energy (2.17, 2.55, 3.30, or 3.53 Mcal/kg). Lambs were offered choices between those diets with or without terpenes or between diets with terpenes and alfalfa hay. Intake of the diets with terpenes was lowest with the lowest concentrations of protein (6%) and energy (2.17 Mcal/kg) in the diets, and highest with diets of 15% CP and 3.53 Mcal/kg. In contrast, when terpenes were absent from the diets, lambs consumed similar amounts of all four diets with different concentrations of protein, and more of the diets with intermediate amounts of energy. When given a choice between the diet with or without terpenes, lambs preferred the diet without terpenes. When lambs were offered choices between terpene-containing diets and alfalfa, energy and protein concentrations influenced the amount of terpenes animals ingested. Energy densities higher than alfalfa, and protein concentrations higher than 6%, increased intake of the terpene-containing diet. Thus, the nutritional environment interacted with terpenes to influence preference such that lambs offered diets of higher energy or protein concentration ate more terpenes when forced, but not when offered alternative food without terpenes. The nutrients supplied by a plant and its neighbors likely influence how much PSM an animal can ingest, which in turn may affect the dynamics of plant communities, and the distribution of herbivores in a landscape. We discuss implications of these findings for traditional views of grazing refuges and varied diets in herbivores.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES INDUCED IN THE ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS BY INJECTIONS OF OESTRIN1

Numerous investigators (1–12) have reported that injection of oestrin or implantation of ovarian tissue into castrated female rats either prevented or caused a regression of castration changes in the anterior pituitary and that injection of sufficient amounts of oestrin induced changes in the anterior lobe comparable to those of pregnancy. Concerning the more specific action, Wolfe (13) reported that injections of large amounts of oestrin for 12 days resulted in a marked but variable weight increase in the pituitary, a finding also noted by others (10, 14, 15). Morphologically (16), it was found that the basophiles were markedly degranulated and that the relative percentages of these cells were extremely reduced. Many eosinophiles also presented loss of granules and a variable reduction in relative percentage. Many eosinophiles were partially degranulated and swollen and many had an enlarged negative image of the Golgi apparatus. The chromophobes were markedly increased both in relative percentage and in ...
State Comparisons of SAT Scores: Who’s Your Test Taker?:

Differences among states’ average SAT scores are almost entirely attributable to differences in percentage of test takers, parent education and income of the test takers, and the high school rank a...
Damage mechanics approach for predicting high-temperature crack growth under mixed-mode loading conditions

Abstract Recent studies of the factors that control high-temperature crack growth under mixed-mode loading conditions are reviewed. In particular, measurements of crack growth direction and crack growth rate in specially designed specimens under mode I, mode II and mixed-mode loading conditions are discussed. Attempts have been made with the aid of finite element results to determine how both the crack path and the crack growth rate are influenced by the nature of loading. Discrepancies as to the ability of the von Mises equivalent stress in correlating the experimental data have been observed. A damage mechanics approach is proposed that brings mixed-mode crack growth data into better agreement when plotted against an effective value of C ∗ . This approach is also shown to correlate mixed-mode stress field calculations with reported observations of crack growth direction. The results demonstrate the importance of addressing damage mechanics ahead of the crack tip for accurate predictions of high-temperature crack growth under mixed-mode loading conditions.
Genetic Epidemiology of Complex Traits

Genetic epidemiology is a research discipline, which evaluates the contribution of genetic factors to disease incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, prevention and treatment, in the population. As most traits and diseases are influenced by a number of genetic and nongenetic factors, the identification and characterization of these factors using population-based studies are difficult. The complex, multifactorial and context-dependent pathophysiological basis of most traits and diseases is further compounded by a number of issues associated with the genetic structure of human populations. Genetic epidemiologists perform ‘assays’ investigating aspects of genetic population structure and thereby deal with these issues in coherent and compelling ways. Keywords: polygenic traits; epistasis; linkage; genetic association; penetrance
Validating NSSE Against Student Outcomes: Are They Related?

While there exist many examples of institutional use of the results of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), there is a relative paucity of research explicitly linking student outcomes to responses on the survey. A major Doctoral-Extensive institution in the Southeast recently conducted a large-scale implementation of the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE). We have linked multiple years of NSSE responses to several student outcomes: freshman retention, GPA, pursuit of graduate education, and employment outcome upon commencement/degree conferral. Our research finds minimal explanatory power in the NSSE benchmarks for these outcomes. A statistically derived model from the individual NSSE items shows greater promise, although there are difficulties in replicating the model for previous student cohorts.
Correlates of Placebo Response in the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction in Women: A Preliminary Report

ABSTRACT Introduction Placebo responses have been large across a number of clinical trials for treatment of women's sexual dysfunction. Studying placebo responses may elucidate predictors of symptom reduction and responsiveness to intervention. Aim To determine the correlates of placebo response in participants enrolled in a clinical trial for female sexual dysfunction. Methods We analyzed data from 16 women with sexual arousal and orgasmic dysfunction who were randomized to receive 8 weeks of placebo treatment within a larger randomized controlled trial. Using nonparametric correlations, we tested whether age, length of relationship, psychological symptoms, and scores on self-report measures predicted change in sexual function with placebo treatment. Main Outcome Measure Female Sexual Function Index. Results Consistent with findings from other studies, we found a significant improvement in sexual function scores after 8 weeks of treatment with placebo. We also found that age and length of relationship predicted the magnitude of change in sexual function across treatment. Changes in relationship adjustment, but not relationship adjustment at baseline, predicted the magnitude of improvement in sexual function scores. We observed no relationship between psychological symptom severity and change in sexual function. Conclusions Participant age and length of relationship predicted subsequent magnitude of change in sexual function scores during treatment with placebo. In addition, relationship adjustment covaried with changes in sexual function. Our findings suggest that “placebo effects” may represent underlying factors that influence the way in which women respond to the process of treatment. Bradford A, and Meston C. Correlates of placebo response in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: A preliminary report.
An objective finite element approximation of the kinematics of geometrically exact rods and its use in the formulation of an energy-momentum conserving scheme in dynamics

We present in this paper a new finite element formulation of geometrically exact rod models in the three-dimensional dynamic elastic range. The proposed formulation leads to an objective (or frame-indifferent under superposed rigid body motions) approximation of the strain measures of the rod involving finite rotations of the director frame, in contrast with some existing formulations. This goal is accomplished through a direct finite element interpolation of the director fields defining the motion of the rod's cross-section. Furthermore, the proposed framework allows the development of time-stepping algorithms that preserve the conservation laws of the underlying continuum Hamiltonian system. The conservation laws of linear and angular momenta are inherited by construction, leading to an improved approximation of the rod's dynamics. Several numerical simulations are presented illustrating these properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose dependent D2 effects on genital reflexes after MPOA injections of quinelorane and apomorphine

Abstract This study investigated the effects on genital reflexes of unilateral MPOA injections of 0.1, 1, 3 and 10 μg of the D2 agonist quinelorane (LY-163502), and of 3 μg quinelorane administered together with 3 μg of the D1 antagonist SCH-23390. In addition, the effects of an MPOA injection of 10 μg apomorphine were tested. All but the lowest dose of quinelorane significantly decreased the latency to the first reflex. The 3 and 10 μg doses of quinelorane, and the combination of quinelorane and SCH-23390, decreased the total number of reflexes. In addition, 10 μg quinelorane increased the number of seminal emissions. 10 μg apomorphine, like 10 μg quinelorane, decreased the latency to the first reflex and increased the number of seminal emissions, but did not decrease the numbers of erections or penile movements. The ratio of D1/D2 activity may influence the number of erections displayed during ex copula testing.
Effects of eutrophication on vitellogenin gene expression in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol in field mesocosms

This study evaluated the effect of aquatic secondary nutrient supply levels (nitrogen and phosphorus) on the subcellular response of adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to a single nominal concentration of 17 alpha-ethynytestradiol (EE2), a potent synthetic estrogen, under quasi-natural field conditions. Outdoor mesocosms were maintained under low, medium, and high nutrient supply conditions as categorized by total phosphorus (TP) level (nominal 0.012, 0.025, and 0.045 mg TP/L, respectively), and treated with EE2 with and without a carrier solvent. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, vitellogenin gene (Vg) expression was determined in the fish collected at 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, 4 d, 7 d, and 14 d post-exposure. Induction of Vg was detected as early as 8 It post-exposure, with and without the carrier solvent, and persisted through Day 14. Results showed Vg to be significantly greater at low nutrient levels (p < 0.05), suggesting that EE2 bioavailability to the fish was likely greater under less-turbid water conditions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The carotid sinus syndrome: a frequently overlooked cause of syncope in the elderly

Abstract Exaggerated carotid sinus reflexes may account for alterations in consciousness responsible for significant disability and injury in elderly patients. Nonspecificity of symptoms and concomitant medical conditions frequently delay diagnosis and therapy. During a recent 9-year period, 82 patients were identified as having symptomatic carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH). Fifty-nine patients described complete syncope, 73 patients had multiple syncopal or near-syncopal episodes, and 40 patients related cervical pressure or motion as provocative events. Electrophysiologic testing demonstrated that 47% had cardioinhibitory CSH, 26% had vasodepressor CSH, and 27% had combined vasodepressor and cardioinhibitory CSH. The mean follow-up period of all patients was 36 months. Surgical therapy included ventricular demand pacemaker implantation in 33 patients and carotid sinus denervation in seven patients. Medical therapy was used in 32 patients, 11 mildly symptomatic patients were not treated, and 3 patients had carotid sinus irradiation. Pacemaker implantation relieved symptoms in 53%; however, 11 patients (33%) had significant postoperative complications. Carotid sinus denervation relieved symptoms in 86%, medical therapy in 54%, and carotid sinus irradiation in 33% of patients. Because of its demonstrated effectiveness in all variants of CSH and negligible perioperative morbidity, carotid sinus denervation should be offered to acceptable operative candidates when the diagnosis of CSH is confirmed. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:376-83.)
Opinion and Policy: A Global View*

In a world where citizens desire to have their preferences reflected in public policy and, for instrumental reasons, policy makers share that desire, the linkage of opinion to policy still faces formidable problems. Chief among these is this: policy making is highly specific, detailed, and informed, while mass electorates choose not to attend closely enough to politics and policy to have preferences that are similarly specific, detailed, and informed. We now believe that many citizens have meaningful preferences over the general contours of government activity. At the level of whether “government should do more to …” deal with any number of problems, we now see individual citizen preferences in a somewhat more favorable light than we once did. More important, we now view change in aggregate preferences over time as expressive of real beliefs and values about public choices.But this is not enough. Policy makers face no choices as simple as “do more” or “do less.” They deal at a wholly different level. They deal at a level of specificity where public attitudes are only infrequently measured, and for good reason; mass publics in the main do not have (real) attitudes over details they cannot reasonably be expected to attend to. And yet each of those choices, complicated and specific though they are, will reflect some measure of movement at the more general level where citizen preferences are engaged. The daily choices of the C-SPAN world are obscure and arcane to typical citizens. And yet the actors in that world feel bound by citizen preferences.
Effect of glucagon in hemorrhagic shock.

Glucagon has been shown to selectively increase renal blood flow in anesthetized dogs. This observation coupled with the known ability of the hormone to increase cardiac output suggested that this agent might be beneficial in the acute treatment of shock. The purpose of this study was to correlate changes in cardiac output and renal blood flow in response to intravenous infusions of glucagon during hemorrhagic shock in the dog. Cardiac output and renal blood flow were monitored simultaneously on a square-wave electromagnetic flowmeter with probes placed around the ascending aorta and left renal artery. Shock was produced by bleeding to a constant systolic pressure of 70 mm Hg. After a 60-min stabilization period, glucagon was infused, intravenously for 30 min at 0.5 or 1 μg/kg/min. The drug produced a rapid increase in heart rate, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and renal blood flow. Most responses dissipated within 30 min after discounting the infusion. Following reinfusion of the shed blood, glucagon increased heart rate but did not increase cardiac output. Renal blood flow was either increased or unchanged. In the normovolemic animals the effect of glucagon on the kidney was reflected as a marked fall in renal vascular resistance. Total peripheral resistance did not fall. It is concluded that glucagon has potential usefulness in clinical situations in which cardiac output and renal blood flow are compromised.
Recovery of the Bristol Bay stock of red king crabs under a rebuilding plan

Kruse, G. H., Zheng, J., and Stram, D. L. 2010. Recovery of the Bristol Bay stock of red king crabs under a rebuilding plan. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1866–1874.After peak landings in 1980, the red king crab fishery in Bristol Bay (Alaska) was closed in 1983 because of stock collapse. In the following decade, small commercial harvests and additional fishery closures (1994 and 1995) associated with depressed stock status prompted a reappraisal of the management strategy. A length-based population model was developed, which provided an improved stock assessment for setting annual catch quota. A management strategy evaluation revealed that a harvest strategy, which included a stair-stepped harvest rate of 10–15% of mature males and a threshold for effective spawning biomass below which no fishing is permitted, provides for relatively high long-term yield, greater stability in yield, fewer fishery closures, and higher effective spawning biomass. This strategy was adopted in 1996, in addition to crab bycatch caps and closed areas, to protect sensitive crab habitats implemented in the management of the groundfish trawl fishery. Since then, abundance of legal-sized males increased by 58%, that of mature males doubled, and mature female abundance and effective spawning biomass tripled through 2008. The stock has been considered rebuilt since 2003. Subsequently, a sharp reduction in fishing capacity improved profitability of the fishery, after implementation of an individual fishing quota programme in 2005.
Intentional Forgiveness in Relational Leadership: A Technique for Enhancing Effective Leadership:

Executive Summary The call for effective leadership echoes throughout our society. Leaders are advised to inspire a vision, empower their followers, and not mistake management for leadership—all in an attempt to build more effective social structures. This focus on effectiveness can lead to a productivity orientation that may in fact undermine the development of organizations. The authors of this article believe that a deepened understanding of effective leadership is built on relationships, and that the quality of relationships reflects the quality of leadership. Relational leadership is introduced as a forum for enhancing effective leadership. The approach is centered on interpersonal relationships. In this article, the authors outline a technique called intentional forgiveness designed to restore meaningful relationships necessary in the context of effective leadership.
Perturbative Calculations of Symmetry Breaking

The one-loop contributions to fermion and pseudo-Goldstone masses are calculated for the general class of renormalizable guage theories. It is shown explicitly that when the masses are subject to any type of zeroth-order symmetry. relation for all values of the parameters in the Lagrangian, the divergences in the one-loop corrections to these symmetry relations cancel. The finite parts of these corrections are evaluated and discussed. Other topics considered include the connection of this work with that of Coleman and E. Weinberg, the constraints obeyed by scalar coupling constants, and the path-integral derivation of the Feynman rules for general renormalizable gauge theories.