cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized phase 2 trial of bevacizumab with or without daily low-dose interferon alfa-2b in metastatic malignant melanoma.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a proangiogenic molecule produced by melanoma cells. We hypothesized that administration of bevacizumab (Bev), a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes VEGF, with low-dose interferon alfa-2b (IFN-α2b), an inhibitor of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), would lead to the regression of metastatic melanoma. Patients with metastatic melanoma were randomized to receive Bev (15 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks) with or without low-dose IFN-α2b (1 MU/m2 subcutaneously daily). Patients exhibiting a clinical response or stable disease after 12 weeks were treated until disease progression. Thirty-two patients (16 per arm) were accrued (18 male, 14 female; mean age 57.5 years). Both regimens were well tolerated. Six patients developed easily managed exacerbations of preexisting hypertension. Two patients developed grade 3 proteinuria that resolved after a treatment break. IFN-α2b therapy was associated with grade 1 to 2 constitutional symptoms. Arterial thromboembolic complications were observed in three patients (two mild myocardial infarctions, one transient ischemic attack), all of whom had risk factors. One patient (Bev plus IFN-α2b arm) had locally recurrent scalp disease that partially responded to therapy. Eight patients (five Bev, three Bev plus IFN-α2b) had prolonged disease stabilization (24 to 146 weeks). Plasma levels of VEGF and FGF did not correlate with any clinical parameter. The patient with the longest period of stable disease had the highest baseline VEGF and FGF. Bev was well tolerated at this dose and prolonged disease stabilization was achieved in one-quarter of metastatic melanoma patients. Low-dose IFN-α2b did not augment the activity of Bev.
Tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist co-administration attenuates opioid withdrawal-mediated spinal microglia and astrocyte activation

Prolonged morphine treatment increases pain sensitivity in many patients. Enhanced spinal Substance P release is one of the adaptive changes associated with sustained opioid exposure. In addition to pain transmitting second order neurons, spinal microglia and astrocytes also express functionally active Tachykinin NK₁ (Substance P) receptors. In the present work we investigated the role of glial Tachykinin NK₁ receptors in morphine withdrawal-mediated spinal microglia and astrocyte activation. Our data indicate that intrathecal co-administration (6 days, twice daily) of a selective Tachykinin NK₁ receptor antagonist (N-acetyl-L-tryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylester (L-732,138; 20 μg/injection)) attenuates spinal microglia and astrocyte marker and pro-inflammatory mediator immunoreactivity as well as hyperalgesia in withdrawn rats. Furthermore, covalent linkage of the opioid agonist with a Tachykinin NK₁ antagonist pharmacophore yielded a bivalent compound that did not augment spinal microglia or astrocyte marker or pro-inflammatory mediator immunoreactivity and did not cause paradoxical pain sensitization upon drug withdrawal. Thus, bivalent opioid/Tachykinin NK₁ receptor antagonists may provide a novel paradigm for long-term pain management.
Stresses in powder particle—a review

Abstract A critical review of the origins, nature, measurement and effects of particle residual stresses is given. During powder manufacture uniform and nonuniform plastic deformation, temperature and thermal strain differentials, and phase transformations in individual particles are possible primary causes of residual stresses. A surface shear stress can also be associated with the surface free energy. Quantitative evaluation of the magnitude and possibility of formation of residual stresses is described for some cases. Multiphase particles, such as metal-coated ceramics, are particularly susceptible to residual stress formation. Compaction and sintering may be unaffected by certain types of residual stresses. The limited amount of published work in this area is referenced and the need for additional research emphasized.
Vapor Phase Spiking and Thermal Desorption of a Passive Sampler

Vapor phase spiking of passive samplers closely represents the true field sample loading conditions, but requires the preparation of standard vapor mixtures, and accurate knowledge of the dosimeter sampling rate. This represents a limitation during the development of a passive sampler, since the determination of desorption efficiency is required prior to the experimental determination of the sampling rate. A method has been developed and validated that provides a convenient and effective procedure of vapor phase spiking the analyte for desorption efficiency studies during passive sampler development when the dosimeter sampling rate is not yet known. Problems of interferences during the analysis associated with the use of solvents are avoided with this method. In addition, thermal desorption was demonstrated to be an accurate and reproducible method for recovery of benzene from the activated charcoal felt used in this study. A desorption efficiency greater than 95% and constant for a wide loading range of ...
LXXI. The polarization of the light of resonance spectra

(1913). LXXI. The polarization of the light of resonance spectra. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 26, No. 155, pp. 846-848.
A comparison of stemmers on source code identifiers for software search

As the popularity of text-based source code analysis grows, the use of stemmers to strip suffixes has increased. Stemmers have been used to more accurately determine relevance between a keyword query and methods in source code for search, exploration, and bug localization. In this paper, we investigate which traditional stemmers perform best on the domain of software, specifically, Java source code. We compare the stemmers using two case studies: a comparative analysis of the unified word classes in terms of accuracy and completeness, as well as an investigation into the effectiveness of stemming for software search. Our results indicate that relative stemmer effectiveness varies with a software engineering tool such as search, justifying further research into this area.
Artifact Diamond Its Allure And Significance

While the preponderance of the mechanical, optical, and electronic properties of natural diamond have been known for over a decade, only recently has artifact diamond in technologically useful form factors become an exciting possibility. The advent of sacrificial, lattice matched crystalline substrates provides the basis not only for semiconducting applications of diamond, but for optical mirrors, lenses, and windows as well. As a semiconductor, diamond has the highest resistivity, the highest saturated electron velocity, the highest thermal conductivity, the lowest dielectric constant, the highest dielectric strength, the greatest hardness, the largest bandgap and the smallest lattice constant of any material. It also has electron and hole mobilities greater than those of silicon. Its figure of merit as a microwave power amplifier is unexcelled and exceeds that of silicon by a multiplier of 8200. For integrated circuit potential, its thermal conductivity, saturated velocity, and dielectric constant also place it in the premier position (32 times that of silicon, 46 times that of GaAs). Although not verified, its radiation hardness should also be unmatched. Aside from its brilliant sparkle as a gemstone, there has been little use of diamond in the field of optics. Processing of the diamond surface now appears to be as simple as that of any other material --albeit with different techniques. In fact, it may be possible to etch diamond far more controllably (at economically viable rates) than any other material as the product of the etch is gaseous and the etched trough is self-cleaning. Other properties of diamond make it an ideal optical material. Among them are its unmatched thermal conductivity, its extremely low absorption loss above 228 nanometers, and unmatched Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, tensile strength, hardness, thermal shock, and modulus of elasticity. If the recently-found mechanisms by which erbium impurities in III-V junctions can be made to "lase" are indeed applicable to indirect gap semiconductors, then even efficient diamond lasers at attractive portions of the spectrum become a distinct possibility.
Inhibition of Potentially Pathogenic Yeastlike Fungi by Clotrimazole in Combination with 5-Fluorocytosine or Amphotericin B

Clotrimazole (CTM) has a doubtful future with respect to use in treatment of the systemic mycoses. To assess the potential of CTM in combined drug regimens, antifungal effects of CTM together with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) or amphotericin B (AMB) were tested in a synthetic liquid medium against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata. Viable counts were monitored over a 48-h incubation period. Weak inhibitory concentrations of CTM were tested in combination with levels of 5-FC or AMB that alone produced transient antifungal effects followed by rapid recovery of proliferative capacity. Results were similar for each of the organisms studied. Between 24 and 48 h, when cultures containing 5-FC or AMB alone were in the recovery phase, CTM plus 5-FC and CTM plus AMB continued to markedly suppress cell multiplication. It would appear that weak inhibitory concentrations of CTM can act together with 5-FC or AMB to produce antifungal effects greater than that obtained with either of the latter two drugs alone.
Normal solvability of boundary value problems for a class of fourth-order operator-differential equations in a weighted space

In a weighted space, we find sufficient conditions for the normal solvability of a boundary value problem for a class of fourth-order operator-differential equations whose leading part has multiple characteristics. Note that these conditions are expressed in terms of properties of operator coefficients of the equation considered.
The pdh Operon Is Expressed in a Subpopulation of Stationary-Phase Bacteria and Is Important for Survival of Sugar-Starved Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans is a facultative member of the oral plaque and is associated with dental caries. It is able to survive long periods of sugar starvation. We show here that inactivation of pdhD, putatively encoding a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, impairs survival of both batch cultures and biofilms. We show that pdhD and the downstream genes pdhA, pdhB, and pdhC form an operon that is predominantly transcribed in stationary phase. Analysis with fluorescent reporters revealed a bimodal expression pattern for the pdh promoter, with less than 1% of stationary-phase populations expressing pdh. When it was first detected, after 1 day of sugar starvation in batch culture, expression was mostly in individual bacteria. At later times, expressing bacteria were often in chains. The lengths of the chains increased with time. We infer that the pdh-expressing subpopulation is able grow and divide and to persist for extended times in stationary phase.
Transgressive-Regressive Cycles and Environments of Coal Deposition in Upper Cretaceous Strata of Trans-Pecos Texas: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Paralic deposits of Late Cretaceous age are represented in Trans-Pecos Texas by the Aguja Formation in the Big Bend region and the correlative San Carlos Formation in the Sierra Vieja region. Although both units are broadly progradational, each records a single widespread transgressive pulse. This transgressive event began in Early Campanian time, and reached a peak during the "middle" Campanian. Regressive (progradational) deposits consist of prodeltaic shale and delta front siltstone and claystone, overlain by coalesced lenticular fluvial-dominated deltaic sand bodies. Trangressive deposits consist of local storm-dominated shoal sandstone, thin laterally extensive oyster-rich sublittoral sand sheets, and shelf mud. Transgression occurred relatively rapidly and was expressed differently depending on the distance traversed landward of the previous shoreline. Coal and lignite deposition occurred in restricted interdistributary areas during progradation, and in more widespread areas during peak transgression when the strandline was neither advancing nor retreating. There is no evidence for barrier island development during transgressive events; hence, the coal and lignite accumulated along a muddy non-barred coast in marshes directly adjacent to the sea. The coal-bearing strata consist of an alternating series of dark gray root-mottled carbonaceous claystone with sideritic "ironstone" concretions, coal or lignite, and well-laminated light gray pyritic shale with calcareous concretions bearing marine invertebrates. The cyclic alternation of these facies suggests the repeated inundation of coastal marshes by marine waters, followed by mud accumulation, subsequent regrowth of the marsh, and the deposition of lignite or coal.
Phenyltin inhibition of the cytotoxic function of human natural killer cells.

Phenyltin (PT) contamination has been reported in water, sediment, and fish. However, the role of PT in weakening human immune function mediated through natural killer (NK) lymphocytes has not been elucidated. In this study, we report the effects of in vitro exposure to triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT) on the function of human NK cells. Exposure to TPT (1 μM, for 1h) inhibited the tumor killing capacity of NK cells by 85%. Exposure of NK cells to DPT for 1 h (5 μM) and 24 h (1.5 μM) reduced tumor lysis by greater than 90%. A 24-h exposure of NK cells to 5 μM MPT reduced tumor lysis by greater than 80%. Assays assessing the ability of NK cells to bind to tumor cells showed that a 24-h pretreatment with TPT, DPT, or MPT reduced NK cell binding to tumor cells by greater than 50%. The toxic potential of the PTs followed the order TPT>DPT>MPT. In comparison with butyltins (BTs), in vitro effects of PTs revealed that these compounds are relatively less toxic to NK cells than BTs. The results of this study provide evidence that phenyltin compounds are immunotoxic to human NK cells under in vitro experimental conditions.
Kinetics of illite formation

An activation energy of 19.6 +- 3.5 kcal/mole was found for conversion of synthetic beidellite with the composition Al/sub 2/Si/sub 3/./sub 66/Al/sub 0/./sub 34/O/sub 10/(OH)/sub 2/K/sub 0/./sub 34/ to mixed-layer illite/smectite. The size of this activation energy and the rate constants suggest that (1) the alteration of smectite to illite during diagenesis involves the breaking of chemical bonds in the 2:1 layers; (2) either an equilibrium or a kinetic interpretation for the range of mixed layering found in burial diagenetic sequences is compatible with the kinetic data; and (3) the formation of illite from smectite on the ocean floor will not be seen, even if the reaction is favored thermodynamically, because the reaction rate is too slow.
Sorption of organic matter from four phytoplankton species to montmorillonite, chlorite and kaolinite in seawater

Abstract The sorption of organic matter from four species of phytoplankton to clean mineral surfaces was studied using sequential adsorption experiments. The soluble intracellular components from four phytoplankton species, Phaeocystis globosa, Gymnodinium sanguineum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, and Ditylum brightwellii, were repeatedly exposed to three minerals; montmorillonite, kaolinite, and chlorite. The surface-reactive fraction of organic matter in phytoplankton dissolved organic carbon (DOC) solutions ranged from 47% to 85% of the total. Adsorption partition coefficients (Kd) ranged from 53 to 175 l kg−1. These partition coefficients are significantly higher than the partition coefficients commonly observed for sedimentary porewater organic matter (≤30 l kg−1), and suggest that phytoplankton exudates contain a component of organic matter with considerable surface reactivity. S. trochoidea and D. brightwellii consistently had the highest Kd values and the greatest reactive organic matter component relative to P. globosa and G. sanguineum. On average, the highest Kd values were associated with chlorite (average Kd of 119 l kg−1) and montmorillonite (average of 105 l kg−1) rather than kaolinite (average Kd of 89 l kg−1). Organic matter from all four phytoplankton species interacted most with montmorillonite (average=82% reactive), followed by chlorite (72% reactive) and kaolinite (63% reactive). Significant variation in both the extent of surface-reactive material and the partition coefficients of the reactive material using this matrix of source organisms and mineral surfaces suggest that both the mineral and organic matter sources are influential in the sorption of organic matter to sediment surfaces.
Equipment and System Modeling for Large-Scale Stability Studies

As systems have increased in size and complexity, and as the number of firm-power ties between systems have increased, the nature of the system stability problems has changed. Furthermore, there is also a demand for more accurate engineering analysis of these complex problems. Although much effort has been devoted to searching for alternate methods, the practical and effective method for large-scale studies is still the simulation of the system response, with time, following a prescribed disturbance. This emphasis on simulation necessarily requires system and equipment models which adequately represent their behavior over some time span, usually less than 20 seconds.
Note on the 1972 Giacobinid meteor shower.

It is shown that the 1972 Giacobinid meteor shower was extremely weak with a peak activity of two to three visual meteors per hour. Only two meteor spectra were obtained from the 17 slitless spectrograph systems operated by the Langley Research Center. The largely unexpected, essentially null results of the 1972 Giacobinid meteor shower observations are indicative of the present limited understanding and predictability of cosmic dust storms.
Epileptogenesis in diacylglycerol kinase epsilon deficiency up-regulates COX-2 and tyrosine hydroxylase in hippocampus.

Abstract Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates the second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) to yield phosphatidic acid, two neural signaling elements that function to modulate synaptic activity. Of the nine mammalian DGK isotypes known, DGK epsilon (DGKe) shows specificity for arachidonoyldiacylglycerol (20:4-DAG) and selectively contributes to modulate brain signaling pathways linked to synaptic activity and epileptic seizure activity. In this study, we examined changes in gene transcription in a mouse kindling model of epileptogenesis using control DGKe (+/+) and DGKe-knockout (−/−) mice. Total RNA was isolated from the hippocampus and analyzed using RNA and DNA arrays. Significantly altered gene-expression levels were confirmed independently using Western immunoblot analysis. In agreement with our previous studies, a very few number of genes reached a significance of twofold or greater (either up- or down-regulated; p
Cooperation Requirements Planning (CRP) for multiprocessors: Optimal assignment and execution planning

Cooperation is considered an essential attribute of intelligent multi-machine systems. It enhances their flexibility and reliability. Cooperation Requirement Planning (CRP) is the process of generating a consistent and coordinated global execution plan for a set of tasks to be completed by a multi-machine system based on the task cooperation requirements and interactions. CRP is divided into two steps: CRP-I which matches the task requirements to machine and system capabilities to generate cooperation requirements. It also generates task precedence, machine operation, and system resource constraints. CRP-II uses the cooperation requirements and various constraints to generate a task assignment and coordinated and consistent global execution plan. The global execution plan specifies an ordered sequence of actions and the machine sets that execute them such that the assigned tasks are successfully completed, all the constraints are resolved, and the desired performance measure optimized.
Nitrite Inhibition of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin (VHb) in Recombinant E.coli: Direct Evidence that VHb Enhances Recombinant Protein Production

Bacteria engineered with the gene (vgb) encoding Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) typically produce more protein than unengineered cells, and it has generally been assumed that VHb is responsible for this effect. Here, using matched strains of E. coli that bear a recombinant alpha-amylase gene (MK57) or the alpha-amylase gene and vgb (MK79), we provide evidence supporting this assumption. Sodium nitrite (which is known to inhibit heme proteins) was tested over a range of concentrations regarding effects on growth, alpha-amylase production, respiration, and VHb function in MK57 and MK79. Nitrite concentrations were identified at which respiration of cell membranes was inhibited only slightly and to approximately equal degrees in both strains, while whole cell respiration was inhibited to a greater extent and about twice as much in MK79 as MK57. This suggests that these concentrations inhibit VHb while having a much smaller effect on cytochrome oxidase. Direct measurements of VHb showed, in fact, that the same nitrite concentrations greatly decreased the levels of active (ferrous) and, to a somewhat lesser extent, total (ferrous plus ferric) VHb in MK79. Finally, these same nitrite concentrations reversed the advantage regarding alpha-amylase production of MK79 over MK57 seen at 0 mM nitrite, linking the presence of active VHb with the increase in alpha-amylase production.
Renal medullary adenylate cyclase in rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.

The activities of enzymes related to the cellular action of vasopressin as well as the activities of other enzymes were studied in an animal model of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (homozygotes of Brattleboro strain) were found to have significantly lower renal medullary adenylate cyclase activity, either basal activity or activity stimulated by vasopressin, as compared with controls (heterozygotes of the same strain). There were no differences between the two strains in the activities of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase, other hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases, or the other renal medullary enzymes studied, which are apparently unrelated to the vasopressin action. The treatment of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus with exogenous vasopressin increased the activity of renal medullary adenylate cyclase stimulated in vitro by maximal doses of vasopressin, but had no effect on the basal activity of adenylate cyclase or on the activity of ...
Spoken tasks for human-human experiments: towards in-car speech user interfaces for multi-threaded dialogue

We report on the design of spoken tasks for a study that explored how people manage spoken multi-threaded dialogues while one of the conversants is operating a simulated vehicle. Based on a series of preliminary studies we propose a set of considerations that researchers should take into account when designing such tasks. Using these considerations, we discuss two spoken tasks, the parallel twenty questions game and the last letter game, and discuss the successful utilization of these tasks in a study exploring human-human dialogue behavior.
Prediction of Broadband Ground-Motion Time Histories: Hybrid Low/High- Frequency Method with Correlated Random Source Parameters

We present a new method for calculating broadband time histories of ground motion based on a hybrid low-frequency/high-frequency approach with correlated source parameters. Using a finite-difference method we calculate low- frequency synthetics (< ∼1 Hz) in a 3D velocity structure. We also compute broadband synthetics in a 1D velocity model using a frequency-wavenumber method. The low frequencies from the 3D calculation are combined with the high frequencies from the 1D calculation by using matched filtering at a crossover frequency of 1 Hz. The source description, common to both the 1D and 3D synthetics, is based on correlated random distributions for the slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time on the fault. This source description allows for the specification of source parameters independent of any a priori inversion results. In our broadband modeling we include correlation between slip amplitude, rupture velocity, and rise time, as suggested by dynamic fault modeling. The method of using correlated random source parameters is flexible and can be easily modified to adjust to our changing understanding of earthquake ruptures. A realistic attenuation model is common to both the 3D and 1D calculations that form the low- and high-frequency components of the broadband synthetics. The value of Q is a function of the local shear-wave velocity. To produce more accurate high-frequency amplitudes and durations, the 1D synthetics are corrected with a randomized, frequency-dependent radiation pattern. The 1D synthetics are further corrected for local site and nonlinear soil effects by using a 1D nonlinear propagation code and generic velocity structure appropriate for the site’s National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (nehrp) site classification. The entire procedure is validated by comparison with the 1994 Northridge, California, strong ground motion data set. The bias and error found here for response spectral acceleration are similar to the best results that have been published by others for the Northridge rupture.
Collaborating to meet the needs of non‐English speaking patrons

Kansas is a predominantly rural state, located in the geographic and geodetic centre of the USA. Recently, meat processing and other agriculture‐related industries have located in Kansas, bringing literally thousands of new immigrants into the State. As the non‐English speaking population has blossomed, communities have been hard pressed to meet the needs of all of their residents. The collaborative efforts of schools, universities, libraries, the State Department of Education, and many others, have been required to make an impact. This article ‐ originally presented as a Poster Session at ALA’97 in San Francisco, California ‐ describes these efforts, and offers suggestions on making your own facility more user‐friendly for non‐English speaking patrons.
Complex Diesel Engine Simulation with Focus on Transient Operation

The paper presents a complex simulation model for multicylinder, common rail diesel engines developed on a SIMULINK platform. The model consists of the main modules simulating the processes in the ...
An evolutionary-ecological model of the evolution of migratory behavior in the Monarch Butterfly, and its absence in the Queen Butterfly

This paper presents a model that generates testable hypotheses concerning the evolution of long-range migratory behavior in the Monarch Butterfly,Danaus plexippus and the general absence of such behavior in a related form, the Queen,D. gilippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). An attempt is made to reconstruct a probable transition within the Neotropical forest-dwelling danaines associated with woody Asclepiadaceae (and to a lesser extent, perhaps some Apocyanaceae) as larval food plants to a progenitor stock of the Monarch and Queen in more seasonal tropical regions, and eventually temperate regions, and associated with herbaceous asclepiads such asAsclepias. A basic premise of the proposed hypothetical model is that the colonization of secondary habitats in seasonal tropical regions of Central America preadapted both forms to an eventual colonization of the sub-temperate and temperate zone of North America. The assumed evolutionary diversification of the herbaceousAsclepias species in North America provided an evolutionary stepping stone for the expansion of these danaines into this region. Owing to strong selection arising from the co-association of the Monarch and Queen with the same species ofAsclepias in the subtropical region of North America, eventually there was selection for the colonization of the higher latitudes by the Monarch, whereAsclepias thrived. Being essentially a tropical insect, the Monarch evolved an obligatory long-range migratory behavior to allow colonization of the temperate zone annually, and necessitating the use of overwintering sites in Mexico and other places.
Effect of diet on animal performance, lipid composition of subcutaneous adipose and liver tissue of beef cattle.

Two trials were carried out with Brahman beef cattle to study animal performance and carcass characteristics as well as fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose and hepatic tissue, as influence by length of grain feeding period or a pasturing regimen. In trial 1, steers were allotted to three feedlot finishing periods (76, 104 and 146 days) after being backgrounded on pasture. Steers fed 76 days had greater average daily gains (P 0.·05) in these individual subclasses of liver lipids or in triglycerides were observed between the feedlot groups. Liver polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were higher (P < 0·001) at 104 than 76 days. In trial 2, steers fed a concentrate diet gained faster (P < 0·05) than the pasture group after 138 days. Marbling scores, yield grade, quality grade, fat over ribeye and per cent KPH were higher (P < 0·01) for the concentrate group while fat color scores were higher (P < 0·01) for the pasture group. Liver fatty acid analysis of summed ω6 PUFAs of triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine were higher for the feedlot than the pasture group. Linoleic acid was higher (P < 0·05) in the TG and PC liver subclass of the feedlot animals while higher (P < 0·05) linolenic acid occurred in the pasture group.
Most Routine Laboratory Testing Of Pediatric Psychiatric Patients In The Emergency Department Is Not Medically Necessary

We examined the patient characteristics and hospital charges associated with routine medical clearance laboratory screening tests in 1,082 children younger than age eighteen who were brought to the emergency department (ED) for involuntary mental health holds—that is, each patient was brought to the ED to be evaluated for being a danger to him- or herself or to others, for being gravely disabled (unable to meet his or her basic needs due to a mental disorder), or both—from July 2009 to December 2010. Testing was performed on 871 of the children; all patients also received a clinical examination. The median charge for blood and urine testing together was $1,235, and the most frequent ordering pattern was the full comprehensive panel of tests. Of the patients with a nonconcerning clinical examination, 94.3 percent also had clinically nonsignificant test results. When we extrapolated cost savings to the national level, omitting routine screening laboratory tests in the population of pediatric patients presen...
American Educational History: School, Society, and the Common Good, by William H. Jeynes

“[A]ll men were created to busy themselves with labor for the common good.” – John Calvin In his book, American Educational History, William H. Jeynes takes on a very ambitious and multi-faceted pr...
Cover Crop Residue and Organic Mulches Provide Weed Control during Limited-Input No-Till Collard Production

Limited input producers may adopt no-till production if sufficient weed suppression can be achieved. High-biomass producing cover crops used in conjunction with organic mulches may provide sufficient weed control in no-till vegetable production. Our objective was to quantify weed suppression from a forage soybean summer cover crop and three types of organic mulches applied after collard (Brassica oleracea L.) planting. Forage soybean residue did not suppress weeds, but mulches were generally effective. Broadleaf and sedge weeds decreased in population size over the three-year period, but grass weed management remained problematic until three years after conversion to no-till. Grass suppression was greater when mulches were applied after the first year. Collard yield, averaging 17,863 kg ha−1, was not affected by any cover crop or mulch treatment.
Film Stress Characterization Using Substrate Shape Data and Numerical Techniques

Intrinsic stress in a film-substrate system can have deleterious effects. To facilitate an understanding of stress generation and control film quality, measuring film stress is essential. In recent years research laboratories and industry have increasingly adopted indirect methods, which are usually based on the measurement of substrate deformation. The film stress is calculated by equations relating the stress to the deformation, such as the well-known Stoney’s equation. However, when the two principal stresses at each point in the film plane are not equal and their distribution is nonuniform, the local application of Stoney’s equation does not provide correct stress results. A numerical technique is presented, which overcomes these limitations and makes accurate stress determination possible.
No reservations: Why the time has come to kill print textbook reserves

In the 21st century, the ever-growing cost of textbooks (and of higher education in general) provides the reason to break the textbook economic model. Digital technology provides the means. All that is lacking is the will to say that we librarians refuse to continue providing life support to an economic model that serves the interests of neither students nor the academy.
DNA replication in eukaryotic cells

▪ Abstract The maintenance of the eukaryotic genome requires precisely coordinated replication of the entire genome each time a cell divides. To achieve this coordination, eukaryotic cells use an ordered series of steps to form several key protein assemblies at origins of replication. Recent studies have identified many of the protein components of these complexes and the time during the cell cycle they assemble at the origin. Interestingly, despite distinct differences in origin structure, the identity and order of assembly of eukaryotic replication factors is highly conserved across all species. This review describes our current understanding of these events and how they are coordinated with cell cycle progression. We focus on bringing together the results from different organisms to provide a coherent model of the events of initiation. We emphasize recent progress in determining the function of the different replication factors once they have been assembled at the origin.
Adaptive variable structure control of flexible manipulators by neural network payload identification

Complexities in controller designs for flexible manipulators, mainly arising from the nonlinear vibrational dynamics, get further compounded when task executions are to be completed in the face of changing payloads. The development of a neural network-based scheme for adaptively implementing a variable structure controller (VSC) to drive a flexible manipulator arm is described in this paper. The controller provides a satisfactory suppression of the tip vibrations while facilitating a rapid hub rotation for executing motions during which payload variations can occur. An efficient integration of the operational strong features of a trained neural network and a VSC is made in the development of the overall control scheme. On the one hand, the high degree of inherent robustness of the VSC serves to reduce the architectural and training complexity of the neural network, while on the other, the faster processing capability of the neural network is exploited for on-line payload identification and adaptive implementation of the VSC. The resulting control strategy is novel and is significantly different from the popularly discussed approaches for using neural networks for controller designs (such as the inverse dynamics approach). >
Biological response to biomechanical signals:Orthodontic mechanics to control tooth movement

Abstract The orthodontic appliance is the clinician's primary tool for initiating andsustaining the biological processes that control tooth movement. This is achieved by applying a force system that displaces a tooth, or segment of teeth, causing stresses in the periodontal ligament which produce physical, chemical, and electrical signals that are sent to the surrounding cells and tissues. Both the quantity and quality of tooth displacement can be altered by varying the magnitude and direction of the moments and forces applied mechanically to the teeth. Understanding the relationship between appliance activation and the resultant stresses produced at the level of the periodontal ligament is the first step toward understanding the biological mechanisms that allow clinicians to move teeth predictably.
Spud Johnson and a Gay Man's Place in the Taos Creative Arts Community

This article explores the status of Willard "Spud" Johnson within the modernist arts community of Taos, New Mexico, in the 1930s. By highlighting Johnson9s entertaining and self-reflective journal, the article addresses how Johnson9s homosexuality contributed to his position as a middling member of the Taos arts community, a position poised between white members of the colony, especially women, and the non-white local New Mexicans whom members of the colony patronized. By examining the internal hierarchy of the Taos arts community, I shed light on how creative production works. Although popular audiences tend to credit individual genius, the beauty of the landscape, or the appeal of local traditions for creative production, Johnson9s experience suggests that internal social relationships, even inequitable ones, shape the creative dynamics of arts colonies.
A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology

During its long history of developing and deploying remote sensing instruments, NASA has provided a scientific data that have benefitted a variety of scientific applications among them archaeology. Multispectral and hyperspectral instrument mounted on orbiting and suborbital platforms have provided new and important information for the discovery, delineation and analysis of archaeological sites worldwide. Since the early 1970s, several of the ten NASA centers have collaborated with archaeologists to refine and validate the use of active and passive remote sensing for archeological use. The Stennis Space Center (SSC), located in Mississippi USA has been the NASA leader in archeological research. Together with colleagues from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), SSC scientists have provided the archaeological community with useful images and sophisticated processing that have pushed the technological frontiers of archaeological research and applications. Successful projects include identifying prehistoric roads in Chaco canyon, identifying sites from the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery exploration and assessing prehistoric settlement patterns in southeast Louisiana. The Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) stimulated commercial companies to collect archaeological data. At present, NASA formally solicits "space archaeology" proposals through its Earth Science Directorate and continues to assist archaeologists and cultural resource managers in doing their work more efficiently and effectively. This paper focuses on passive remote sensing and does not consider the significant contributions made by NASA active sensors. Hyperspectral data offers new opportunities for future archeological discoveries.
Theory of design: An optimization perspective

Abstract In this paper we describe a theory of design from an optimization perspective. The theory covers a broad spectrum of the design cycle: from qualitative and innovative design to global numerical parametric design. The emphasis is on a theoretical framework leading to design conceptualization and insight concerning the interrelationships between the various parameters of the design, rather than specific numerical solutions. The optimizing design framework will be applied to a multispeed gearbox design example. Although the emphasis of the paper is on routine design, extensions as to how these same concepts and methods have been applied to innovative design will be summarized in the presentation of the general design framework.
An Analysis of Internal and External Linkages of Manufacturing and Non-manufacturing Industries: Application to Chinese Metropolitan Economies

In this chapter, the methodology developed for multi-regional economic systems analysis by Miyazawa (1966, 1971) and extended by Sonis and Hewings (1993), is directed to an examination of the interdependencies between industry groups within one region rather than the interdependencies between regions. The interactions between some a priori defined strategic industry groups can be revealed by drawing on Miyazawa’s concepts of internal and external multipliers and Sonis and Hewings’ (1993) extension to the synergetic interactions of regional sub-systems (see also chapter 2 in this volume). In this way, the dependencies and interdependencies between groups of sectors of an economy can be revealed.
On-time data exchange in fully-parallelized co-simulation with conservative synchronization

Trade-offs between simulation speed, fidelity, compatibility, and scalability limits the use of accurate high-resolution simulators in the automotive industry. With a growing demand for fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles, the need for precise co-simulation of entire vehicle is greater than ever before. In this paper we present a technique for distributed discrete event co-simulation that exploits parallel computing and distributed simulation with an advanced synchronization technique to overcome all of these constraints. The system allows us to add new components with their own solvers to a simulation without compromising the solution accuracy or simulation speed.
Reducing the phase error for finite-difference methods without increasing the order

The phase error in finite-difference (FD) methods is related to the spatial resolution and thus limits the maximum grid size for a desired accuracy. Greater accuracy is typically achieved by defining finer resolutions or implementing higher order methods. Both these techniques require more memory and longer computation times. In this paper, new modified methods are presented which are optimized to problems of electromagnetics. Simple methods are presented that reduce numerical phase error without additional processing time or memory requirements. Furthermore, these methods are applied to both the Helmholtz equation in the frequency domain and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of these new methods.
A real-time software controller for a digital model railroad system

The paper describes a real-time software controller for a digital model railroad. The Unix real-time primitives of fork, pipe, and signal are used to perform interprocess communication among three concurrently executing tasks, (1) a scanning task, (2) a scheduler and collision avoidance task, and (3) a graphical user interface (GUI) task. The software engineering objective of this real-time system is to maintain control of multiple digital locomotives each running on the same track layout while at the same time allowing a computerized scheduling system to 'run' the trains. The control software continuously monitors reed contact sensors to keep track of each train's location and direction, and is constantly performing collision avoidance testing. The locomotives are digitally encoded with a chipset that is addressable, therefore messy block wiring to turn the power on and off is unnecessary. Each digital locomotive and digital turnout switch responds to computer commands that are sent to its address. >
Electronic Properties of High-Performance Capacitor Materials and Nanoscale Multiterminal Devices

Recent advances in theoretical methods combined with the advent of massively-parallel supercomputers allow one to reliably simulate the properties of complex materials and device structures from first principles. We describe applications in two general areas: (i) novel ferroelectric oxide-polymer composites for ultrahigh power density capacitors, necessary for pulsed power applications, such as electric discharges, power conditioning, and dense electronic circuitry, and (ii) electron transport properties of ballistic, multi-terminal molecular devices, which could form the basis for ultraspeed electronics and spintronics. For capacitor materials, we investigate the dielectric properties of PbTiO3 slabs and polypropylene/PbTiO3 nanocomposites. We evaluate both the optical and static local dielectric permittivity profiles for isolated PbTiO3 slabs and across the polypropylene/PbTiO3 interface. For thin ferroelectric slabs, we find that in order to maintain the ferroelectric structure, it is necessary to introduce compensating surface charges. Our results show that: (i) the surface-and interface-induced modifications to dielectric permittivity in polymer/metal-oxide composites are localized to only a few atomic layers; (ii) the interface effects are mainly confined to the metal-oxide side; and (iii) metal-oxide particles larger than a few nanometers retain the average macroscopic value of bulk dielectric permittivity. Turning to nanoelectronic devices, we investigate ballistic electron transport through a paradigmatic four-terminal molecular electronic device. In contrast to a conventional two-terminal setup, the same organic molecule placed between four electrodes exhibits new properties, such as a pronounced negative differential resistance.
Wave Patterns, Wave Induced Forces and Moments for a Gravity Based Structure Predicted Using CFD

Gravity Based Structures (GBSs) are commonly used in the offshore oil and gas industry for storage during the production of hydrocarbons. The GBS sits on the sea bed, but it is subjected to forces and moments caused by waves. Obtaining accurate predictions of the magnitude of wave induced forces and bending moments is essential input to the structural design. Other key operational factors are the wave field in the vicinity of the structure and the amount of green water that will come onto the deck of the GBS. Scale model experiments can be used to obtain these predictions but this is an expensive option, especially in the early stages of a design, when many different concepts may be considered. An alternative method is to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). One CFD approach that is particularly suited to the challenges of predicting the required performance parameters for a GBS is the Volume of Fluid method, which is available in the commercial code Flow-3D. This paper presents the numerical simulation of the wave field around a surface piercing cylinder using the Volume of Fluid approach and compares it to published results. It also presents the simulations of the forces, moments and wave field around a proposed Gravity Based Structure, for which model data was available. The results show that predictions made using the Volume of Fluid method agree well with the observed wave patterns close to the structure in both cases, and that the method also gives good predictions of the observed forces and bending moments acting on the GBS.Copyright © 2011 by ASME