cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework Supporting Selecting Space to Make Place in Spatial Mixed Reality Play

Studies of mixed reality systems, especially games and play, have proliferated in the human-computer interaction literature, yet little research has directly addressed how designers select physical spaces to make places. A space is a physical area, while a place is a space infused with meaning. Mixed reality games that make use of physical space make and/or alter places. Selection of a space as a setting for a mixed reality play raises questions around immersion, safety, and user experience design. The present research analyzes the mixed reality literature through grounded theory to derive guidelines for selecting space and making place in mixed reality play. We consider 71 papers and 17 games after filtering over 240 papers for how they address space. We contribute a framing for mixed reality spaces on two axes: one that reflects space continuity and one that reflects space specificity requirements. From the framework, we provide design implications for space selection.
Explaining Sluggish Savings under Accountable Care.

Organizations operating as ACOs include both long-standing integrated systems and more recently formed entities. An understanding of this diversity — and variation in performance among these organizations — may provide insight into ways to improve ACO performance.
Lymphangiogenesis in Chronic Rejection and Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy: An Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target?

Article, see p 488 Although lymphatic endothelial cells comprise only 3% of the cells in the adult heart,1 the role of the lymphatic system in modulating cardiac disease has recently become the focus of significant research leading to an enhanced interest in the potential therapeutic manipulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis.2,3 The current study by Edwards and colleagues4 in this issue of Circulation adds additional support for modulation of the cardiac lymphatic response to injury to attenuate disease progression. Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains the leading cause of death in patients >5 years posttransplant. This group presents enticing new evidence to suggest that enhanced lymphatic flow from donor transplant myocardium to local host lymph nodes and subsequent augmentation of antigen presentation are at least partially responsible for CAV. The authors used a minor antigen (HY) sex-mismatched murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model combined with single-photon emission computed tomography lymphoscintigraphy to document increased lymphatic flow in sex-mismatched controls that correlated with an increase in the donor cell presentation to the mediastinal lymph nodes, increased lymphatic vessel area, and an increase in immunoreactive cells in the graft (Figure). These observations lead the authors to speculate that inhibition of lymphangiogenesis may dampen chronic rejection by attenuating efferent flow of donor antigen presenting cells to host lymph nodes. Figure. Schematic representation of cardiac lymphatic response to injury. Normal cardiac lymphatic flow is from endocardium to subepicardial collecting lymphatics. The chronic response of lymphatic vessels after transplantation is marked by proliferation and dilation of collecting lymphatics, permitting greater egress of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the donor heart to recipient draining lymph nodes. The subsequent immune response results in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). During the acute …
Change in Cardiometabolic Risk Among Blacks, Whites, and Hispanics: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study

Background Blacks experience greater multisystem physiological dysregulation, or cumulative biological risk, which is associated with poor cardiometabolic health and mortality. In this study, we assess race differences in change in risk over 4 years among older whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Method We examined race differences in 4-year change in individual biomarkers and a cumulative measure of risk-cardiometabolic risk (CMR)-using data for each respondent from two waves of the Health and Retirement Study's biomarker assessment (n = 5,512). CMR is a count of high-risk cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers. We estimated mean CMR at baseline and follow-up by race/ethnicity, and used logistic regression to determine whether race differences exist in 4-year transitions between high- and low-risk states for individual biomarkers. Results Blacks had higher baseline CMR than whites and Hispanics and experienced an increase in risk over 4 years; conversely, CMR decreased among whites and Hispanics. Blacks were more likely to develop high-risk pulse pressure and high-risk hemoglobin A1c, which contributed to increases in CMR. Whites and Hispanics were more likely to become low-risk on C-reactive protein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol which contributed to declines in CMR. Race differences in transitions between risk states remained after controlling for social, behavioral, and health care-related factors. However, the racial patterning of these differences was influenced by disease diagnosis and medication use. Conclusions We show that the cardiometabolic health of older blacks worsens as they age both absolutely and relative to that of whites and Hispanics because of poor blood pressure control and diabetes prevention.
Giant Mediastinal Liposarcoma: A Rare Yet Distinct Clinical Entity

Mediastinal liposarcomas are rare tumors that occasionally present as unusually large and rapidly growing mediastinal masses resulting in compressive symptoms. We present a case of a 48-year-old woman undergoing resection of a mediastinal liposarcoma of massive proportion and propose that "giant mediastinal liposarcomas" be identified as a distinct clinical entity.
Intense Femtosecond Laser Driven Explosions of Heteronuclear Clusters

This chapter presents experimental measurements of exploding heteronuclear clusters driven by intense femtosecond laser pulses. The prediction of a dynamic enhancement of ion energies in some heteronuclear clusters is confirmed by measuring energy spectra from laser-induced explosions of the methane isotopes CH 4 and CD 4 . In addition, the fusion resulting from the explosions of a gas of CD 4 clusters is studied. An experimental comparison is conducted between ion energies and fusion yields from plasmas produced from the explosions of both CD 4 clusters and D 2 clusters. CD 4 clusters exhibit higher ion energies than comparably sized D 2 clusters. There is anisotropy in the neutron spatial distribution, though the angular distribution differs markedly from earlier reports. A peaking of the neutron yield along the axis of laser propagation is observed, and there is no enhancement in the perpendicular direction.
Ultrasonic Detection of Unstable Plastic Flow in Metal Cutting

Recently developed metal-cutting tools, made from such materials as ceramics and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), allow turning and milling operations to be applied to heat-treated steels in the hardened (50–65 Rockwell C) state. Understanding the linkage between controllable machining parameters and the associated mechanical phenomena is difficult because of the extreme complexity of the environment of the tool and workpiece. For most reasonable machining conditions, the flow of material is unstable, leading to oscillations in tool-workpiece stresses, local chip velocities, and temperatures. In precision hard turning, with chip dimensions on the order of tens of μm, the oscillation frequencies may approach a few hundred kHz. The goal of this work is to investigate ultrasonic measurement techniques suitable for characterization of material flow during machining, as an aid to understanding the effect of material flow on important process variables and product quality.
Low Accuracy of Diagnostic Codes to Identify Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear in Orthopaedic Database Research.

Background:Database research is being used in orthopaedic literature with increased regularity. The main limitation of database research is the absence of diagnosis and treatment verification affor...
Diffusional Boriding of Subeutectoidal Tool Steels: Technology and Outcome

Structural, subeutectoidal structural, and tool steels are studied. Their boriding is considered. Equipment for electrolytic boriding and a modernized high-temperature casting crucible are presented. The conditions of electrolytic boriding are established. Shortcomings of electrolytic boriding are noted.
Enhanced atom-resonator coupling using superradiance in whispering gallery mode

Atom coherence in the cooperative interaction between the atoms and a single photon creates ultrafast spontaneous emission and ultrastrong intensity peaks, namely single-photon superradiance, which has attracted considerable research interest in the recent years. As the investigation for such a single-photon superradiance usually involves only quantum emitters, in this paper we present the cooperative atom-photon interaction in a system including whispering gallery mode resonators, which are one of the most essential components in nanophotonic devices. Here we both analytically and computationally show that the separated atoms on a resonator can obtain cooperative interaction, manifesting superradiant coupling strength, which results in the ultrafast spontaneous emission and ultrastrong intensity peaks. The conditions of such single-photon superradiance are called whispering gallery mode superradiance conditions. Furthermore, the atoms are proved to have cooperative interaction on a cascade of resonators by a renormalization approach.
A Usability Study of Four Secure Email Tools Using Paired Participants

Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors use and development of lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

e13093Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are commonly prescribed medications for hypertension and heart failure. Generally, ACEIs are well-tolerated medications with reaso...
Possessor Extraction in Colloquial English: Evidence for Successive Cyclicity and Cyclic Linearization

This article describes and analyzes possessor extraction (PE) in English, a restricted possibility in the colloquial language of some speakers. I argue that the complexities of this phenomenon reveal evidence for the Cyclic Linearization theory of Spell-Out (e.g., Fox and Pesetsky 2005), which constrains English PE by interacting with a (phase-level) requirement to keep the possessor and the possessive D adjacent at PF (e.g., Gavruseva and Thornton 2001). These factors prevent such PE from succeeding unless the possessum is stranded in a clause edge, among other restrictions. This analysis entails the nonphasehood of DP, clarifies the derivation of that’s-relatives, reveals some linearization constraints on stranding, and suggests that expletive there originates in vP.
Genes Involved in the HPA Axis and the Symptom Cluster of Fatigue, Depressive Symptoms, and Anxiety in Women With Breast Cancer During 18 Months of Adjuvant Therapy:

This study aimed to (1) identify subgroups of women with breast cancer with the psychological symptom cluster (fatigue, depressive symptoms, and anxiety) during the first 18 months of adjuvant ther...
Unintended Consequences of Automated Vehicles and Pooling for Urban Transportation Systems

Automated vehicles (AVs) have emerged rapidly in recent years, becoming a focus of high expectations and heated debates. Advocates argue that the arrival of AVs will make driving safer, greener, cheaper, and faster, bringing ubiquitous access to transportation while significantly reducing traffic congestion and environmental impacts. Skeptics, in contrast, suggest that the appeal of AVs will induce additional driving, offsetting or even overwhelming the positive effects of increased automation. Many analysts now believe that the solution lies in ensuring that most vehicle trips are shared to serve the same number of passenger miles with fewer vehicle miles, reducing traffic congestion. However, these analyses fail to recognize that reducing congestion will induce yet more demand for driving and attract riders from other transportation modes including public transit, which is already experiencing falling ridership in many cities. In this study, we explore the impact of AVs and pooling on consumer mode choice and the effect on the performance of both road and public transit systems. We show that the well‐intentioned move to promote pooling may have the unintended consequence of triggering a public transit death spiral, leading to both worse public transit quality and more rather than less traffic congestion. We argue that the deployment of AVs and pooling can be effective at accelerating the transition to sustainable urban mobility, but only when accompanied by policies that make driving less attractive, not more.
Interferometric imaging of neural activity (Conference Presentation)

Small cellular deformations associated with the changes of cell potential can reveal the underlying physiological activity. Using quantitative phase microscopy, we demonstrate deformations of up to 3nm during action potential in HEK cells, and ~1nm in primary cortical neurons. Phase-resolved OCT with adaptive optics in human eyes revealed rapid axial shrinkage of the cone outer segments, starting within 0.3ms after light stimulus, followed by a gradual expansion that saturates around 500ms. Characteristics of the rapid outer segment contraction are consistent with the early receptor potential, attributed to charge movement across the outer segment disc membranes during photoisomerization.
"Lesion-habitat" radiomics to distinguish radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence on post-treatment MRI in metastatic brain tumors

About a third of all cancer patients develop brain metastases. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a common treatment for patients with brain metastases and offers excellent tumor control rates. However, the most significant clinical challenge for patients after SRS is reliably differentiating tumor progression from radiation necrosis, a side effect of SRS, which occurs in about 20% of all metastatic brain tumor patients. The current diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence via visual inspection by expert radiologists on routine MRI scans is 50-60%. Invasive surgical intervention provides the only definitive means of diagnosis. Therefore, finding non-invasive markers to reliably differentiate between these diagnoses are urgently needed. In this work, we present a radiomic-pipeline that involves capturing texture features (Laws, Haralick, Gabor) from not just the lesion but also the peri-lesion environment (defined as “lesion habitat”) to distinguish radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence. We obtained a discovery dataset (n=37 studies) from Cleveland Clinic with post-Gd T1w, T2w, and FLAIR volumes. Patients were confirmed via histopathology (biopsy or resection) as having a recurrent tumor (n=17) or radiation necrosis (n=20). A separate set of 12 patients was kept blinded as the hold-out" set. Each patient's T2 and FLAIR volumes were co-registered onto Gd-T1w. Lesion habitat sub-compartments were annotated by an expert as enhancing tumor, necrosis, and perilesional edema. Following pre-processing, a total of 4,740 texture features (including Haralick, Gabor, Laws, CoLlAGe) were extracted from each sub-compartment of the lesion habitat across all three available MRI sequences. To identify the most discriminatory features, we used Wilcoxon rank-sum test to remove correlated features (correlation 0.75). This was followed by a 3-fold cross-validation scheme, within a random forest classifier using the training cohort. The most discriminatory features were then evaluated on the hold out test set. Within our discovery set, we obtained an average AUC of .9781 with a sensitivity of .91 and a specificity of .92. On the blinded hold out set, we obtained an accuracy of 91% in distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence. Laws features (capturing edges, waves, ripple patterns) from the enhancing tumor region on Gd-T1w MRI were identified as being the most discriminatory in distinguishing radiation necrosis and tumor recurrence in METs patients.
Observational Study of the Downstream Consequences of Inappropriate MRI of the Lumbar Spine

Contrary to guidelines, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often ordered in the first 6 weeks of new episodes of uncomplicated non-specific low back pain. To determine the downstream consequences of early imaging. Retrospective matched cohort study using data from electronic health records of primary care clinics of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Patients seeking primary care for non-specific low back pain without a red flag condition or an encounter for low back pain in the prior 6 months (N = 405,965). MRI of the lumbar spine within 6 weeks of the initial primary care visit. Covariates included patient demographics, health history in the prior year, and baseline pain. Outcomes were lumbar surgery, prescription opioid use, acute health care costs, and last pain score recorded within 1 year of the index visit. Early MRI was associated with more back surgery (1.48% vs. 0.12% in episodes without early MRI), greater use of prescription opioids (35.1% vs. 28.6%), a higher final pain score (3.99 vs. 3.87), and greater acute care costs ($8082 vs. $5560), p < 0.001 for all comparisons. Reliance on data gathered in normal clinical care and the potential for residual confounding despite the use of coarsened exact matching weights to adjust for baseline differences. The association between early imaging and increased utilization was apparent even in a setting largely unaffected by incentives of fee-for-service care. Reduced imaging cost is only part of the motivation to improve adherence with guidelines for the use of MRI. Early scans are associated with excess surgery, higher costs for other care, and worse outcomes, including potential harms from prescription opioids.
Postoperative Respiratory Failure

Postoperative respiratory failure (PRF) is the most feared complications in the spectrum of pulmonary complications that could occur after surgery. The incidence of PRF in the general surgical population ranges from 0.2% to 3.4%, with a mortality rate that in certain cases can exceed 25%. Several predictive scores have been validated to identify at risk patient populations. These scores are driven by preexisting patient factors, comorbid conditions, and type of surgical exposure. An intraoperative protective ventilatory strategy has been shown to decrease the incidence of pulmonary complications and respiratory failure. Modalities, such as noninvasive ventilation and the emerging trend of high-flow nasal cannula use have been shown to rescue postoperative respiratory failure in certain patient populations.
Effect of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on protein stability, cleavage, and cell-cell fusion function

The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) is the sole viral protein responsible for both viral binding to a host cell and the membrane fusion event needed for cell entry. In addition to facilitating fusion needed for viral entry, S can also drive cell-cell fusion, a pathogenic effect observed in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. While several studies have investigated S requirements involved in viral particle entry, examination of S stability and factors involved in S cell-cell fusion remain limited. We demonstrate that S must be processed at the S1/S2 border in order to mediate cell-cell fusion, and that mutations at potential cleavage sites within the S2 subunit alter S processing at the S1/S2 border, thus preventing cell-cell fusion. We also identify residues within the internal fusion peptide and the cytoplasmic tail that modulate S cell-cell fusion. Additionally, we examine S stability and protein cleavage kinetics in a variety of mammalian cell lines, including a bat cell line related to the likely reservoir species for SARS-CoV-2, and provide evidence that proteolytic processing alters the stability of the S trimer. This work therefore offers insight into S stability, proteolytic processing, and factors that mediate S cell-cell fusion, all of which help give a more comprehensive understanding of this highly sought-after therapeutic target.
Cysteinyl-specialized proresolving mediators link resolution of infectious inflammation and tissue regeneration via TRAF3 activation

The recently elucidated proresolving conjugates in tissue regeneration (CTR) maresin-CTR (MCTR), protectin-CTR (PCTR), and resolvin-CTR (RCTR), termed cysteinyl-specialized proresolving mediators (cys-SPMs) each promotes regeneration, controls infection, and accelerates resolution of inflammation. Here, we sought evidence for cys-SPM activation of primordial pathways in planaria (Dugesia japonica) regeneration that might link resolution of inflammation and regeneration. On surgical resection, planaria regeneration was enhanced with MCTR3, PCTR3, or RCTR3 (10 nM), each used for RNA sequencing. The three cys-SPMs shared up-regulation of 175 known transcripts with fold-change > 1.25 and combined false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.002, and 199 canonical pathways (FDR < 0.25), including NF-κB pathways and an ortholog of human TRAF3 (TNFR-associated factor 3). Three separate pathway analyses converged on TRAF3 up-regulation by cys-SPMs. With human macrophages, three cys-SPMs each dose-dependently increased TRAF3 expression in a cAMP-PKA-dependent manner. TRAF3 overexpression in macrophages enhanced Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli IL-10 also increased phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing of mouse TRAF3 in vivo significantly reduced IL-10 and macrophage phagocytosis. TRAF3 silencing in vivo also relieved cys-SPMs' actions in limiting polymorphonuclear neutrophil in E. coli exudates. These results identify cys-SPM-regulated pathways in planaria regeneration, uncovering a role for TRAF3/IL-10 in regulating mammalian phagocyte functions in resolution. Cys-SPM activation of TRAF3 signaling is a molecular component of both regeneration and resolution of infectious inflammation.
Safety, standardization, and surgical innovation: lessons from the development of sentinel node biopsy in gynecologic oncology.

It is 25 years since sentinel lymph node biopsy was introduced into the care of women with vulvar cancer.[1][1] Congratulations to Moloney and co-authors for taking an analytic approach to standardizing sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of endometrial cancer.[2][2] They enrolled credible
Voltage Sharing With Series Output Connected Battery Modules in a Plug-and-Play DC Microgrid

This article presents output voltage sharing among series output connected battery power modules (BPMs) in plug-and-play (PnP) dc microgrids with a wide bus voltage range. The system provides active cell balancing and interfaces cells to the bus voltage through series output connected BPMs. A cell current sensor is utilized to achieve both state-of-charge regulation and output voltage sharing. To improve microgrid modularity, the battery pack behaves as a current source. A current-dependent droop between the individual output voltages and input currents is used to facilitate series output connected voltage sharing with bidirectional power flow, simple control, and smooth transitions between charge and discharge regions. Experimental results are reported for a 3 kWh 1C-rate prototype consisting of two parallel 24 V subsystems, with five series output connected BPMs in each subsystem. Each BPM consists of three battery cells and three 100 W dc–dc converters.
Pathology Quality Control for Multiplex Immunofluorescence and Image Analysis Assessment in Longitudinal Studies.

Immune profiling of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) staining and image analysis methodology allows for the study of several biomarkers on a single slide. The pathology quality control (PQC) for tumor tissue immune profiling using digital image analysis of core needle biopsies is an important step in any laboratory to avoid wasting time and materials. Although there are currently no established inclusion and exclusion criteria for samples used in this type of assay, a PQC is necessary to achieve accurate and reproducible data. We retrospectively reviewed PQC data from hematoxylin and eosin (HE 123 (13.21%) were excluded during the mIF PQC. The most common causes of exclusion were the absence of malignant cells or fewer than 100 malignant cells in the entire section (n = 42, 34.15%), tissue size smaller than 4 × 1 mm (n = 16, 13.01%), fibrotic tissue without inflammatory cells (n = 12, 9.76%), and necrotic tissue (n = 11, 8.94%). Baseline excluded samples had more fibrosis (90 vs 10%) and less necrosis (5 vs 90%) compared with post-treatment excluded samples. The most common excluded organ site of the biopsy was the liver (n = 19, 15.45%), followed by soft tissue (n = 17, 13.82%) and the abdominal region (n = 15, 12.20%). We showed that the PQC is an important step for image analysis and that the absence of malignant cells is the most limiting sample characteristic for mIF image analysis. We also discuss other challenges that pathologists need to consider to report reliable and reproducible image analysis data.
Towards Sample-efficient Apprenticeship Learning from Suboptimal Demonstration.

Learning from Demonstration (LfD) seeks to democratize robotics by enabling non-roboticist end-users to teach robots to perform novel tasks by providing demonstrations. However, as demonstrators are typically non-experts, modern LfD techniques are unable to produce policies much better than the suboptimal demonstration. A previously-proposed framework, SSRR, has shown success in learning from suboptimal demonstration but relies on noise-injected trajectories to infer an idealized reward function. A random approach such as noise-injection to generate trajectories has two key drawbacks: 1) Performance degradation could be random depending on whether the noise is applied to vital states and 2) Noise-injection generated trajectories may have limited suboptimality and therefore will not accurately represent the whole scope of suboptimality. We present Systematic Self-Supervised Reward Regression, S3RR, to investigate systematic alternatives for trajectory degradation. We carry out empirical evaluations and find S3RR can learn comparable or better reward correlation with ground-truth against a state-of-the-art learning from suboptimal demonstration framework.
Identification of β-hematin inhibitors in the MMV Malaria Box

The Malaria Box, assembled by the Medicines for Malaria Venture, is a set of 400 structurally diverse, commercially available compounds with demonstrated activity against blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. The compounds are a representative subset of the 20,000 in vitro antimalarials identified from the high-throughput screening efforts of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (TN, USA), Novartis and GlaxoSmithKline. In addition, a small set of active compounds from commercially available libraries was added to this group, but it has not previously been published. Elucidation of the biochemical pathways on which these compounds act is a major challenge; therefore, access to these compounds has been made available free of charge to the investigator community. Here, the Malaria Box compounds were tested for activity against the formation of β-hematin, a synthetic form of the heme detoxification biomineral, hemozoin. Further, the mechanism of action of these compounds within the malaria parasite was explored. Ten of the Malaria Box compounds demonstrated significant inhibition of β-hematin formation. In this assay, dose-response data revealed IC50 values ranging from 8.7 to 22.7 μM for these hits, each of which is more potent than chloroquine (a known inhibitor of hemozoin formation). The in vitro antimalarial activity of these ten hits was confirmed in cultures of the chloroquine sensitive D6 strain of the parasite resulting in IC50 values of 135-2165 nM, followed by testing in the multidrug resistant strain, C235. Cultures of P. falciparum (D6) were then examined for their heme distribution following treatment with nine of the commercially available confirmed compounds, seven of which disrupted the hemozoin pathway.
Evaluation and Modification of an Underwater Test Battery to Measure Gross Motor Performance

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate and modify a previously developed test battery to measure gross motor performance underwater. The addition of new tests, modification of existing tests, and standardization of instructions and procedures was successful in substantially improving validity and reliability. Language: en
Defining Delayed Consequences as Reinforcers: Some Do, Some Don't, and Nothing Changes

Results of a survey sent to members of the editorial boards of five behavior-analytic journals in 1990 indicated that there was no consensus among respondents with respect to whether delayed events can function as reinforcers (Schlinger, Blakely, Fillhard, & Poling, 1991). Since that time, several studies with nonhuman animals have demonstrated that events delayed by at least several seconds can increase the probability of occurrence of the responses that produce them. To determine the relative number of contemporary behavior analysts who nonetheless believe that reinforcers must immediately follow the responses that produce them, the present study replicated the procedures used by Schlinger et al., with similar results. That is, respondents did not agree with respect to whether delayed events could be reinforcers.
Virtualization technology: past, present, and future

Effective sharing and utilization of machine resources have been an active research area since the early days of computing. Virtualization technology was a popular way toward effective resource sharing some four decades ago. It was later replaced by time-sharing systems which incur lower computing overhead. Recent advances in computing platform performance brought virtualization technology back to the main stage. Furthermore, innovations in architecture support for virtualization made many exciting usage models possible. In this presentation I will examine what the field had accomplished in the past. I will then briefly review the wide array of current virtualization technologies and how they are being deployed. I will conclude by projecting where future virtualization technologies might take us.
Adult Day Care Services for the Elderly and Their Families

This paper summarizes the findings of a statewide evaluation of adult day care centers in Pennsylvania. It concludes that these centers perform a much needed respite and socialization function. As demand for adult day care continues growing, there is need to establish quality care standards, improve transportation and add counseling services for both the clients and their caregivers.
Regional Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies by Critical Care Nurses

Critical care settings are unique environments having high-tech equipment with numeric displays and alarms, medically complex high-acuity patients, and worried, hovering family members. Critical care units are staffed by nurses and frequented by the numerous diverse members of the healthcare teams. The frequent intrusions for consultation and intervention, the lights, noise, and disruption and pressures of multiple time-sensitive protocols and emergency events may be overstimulating to patients and nurses alike. The stress experienced as a result may over time take a toll on the health of the staff and professionals routinely exposed to intensive critical care environments. Stress may have particular adverse psychologic and physiologic effects on nurses who are assigned 8to 12-hour shifts on the unit with the responsibility to care for patients who are desperately ill. Indeed, although the presence of stress in ICU settings has been noted and decried in healthcare literature for nearly as long as they have existed, well over three decades [1,2], recent literature attests to its persistence to the present day [3–5]. Understaffing may be stressful to critical care nurses and was found to be among the leading reasons given by nurses as a cause to leave nursing [6]. In light of the current nursing shortage, stress will continue to be a part of critical care practice settings for the foreseeable future. That there is a need for methods to deal with psychologic and physiologic stress is undeniable. Nurse use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) is one approach taken to counter the untoward effects of stress. CAT has been the topic of increased public interest and use in recent years [7–11]. The use of CAT in healthcare and for the care of hospitalized patients is also receiving increasing attention [12,13]. CAT may be generally defined as the use of nonallopathic remedies that typically fall outside of those used within the scope of traditional healthcare practices; however, many CAT are well accepted nursing interventions [14]. Although CAT is used for a wide variety of reasons and indications, one of its known uses is to combat or alleviate the effects of stress. Numerous CAT may be used for the purpose of self-care [15]. CAT has the potential for managing job-related stress and its adverse psychologic and physiologic effects on nurses in critical care. Furthermore, the personal use of CAT by nurses may increase the use of these therapies for patients in professional practice. This article summarizes the literature documenting the stress of the critical care environment and the use of CAT by the public and by nurses. The personal use of CAT and correlates of personal use by critical care nurses from a national survey of members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) are described, and implications for research and practice are presented.
Gonadotroping binding and activation of the interstitial cells of the testis.

Tissue receptor sites with high affinity for luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have been defined in the interstitial cells of the testis, and also in the normal and gonadotropin-luteinized rat ovary (1–8). Comparable binding sites have also been demonstrated in the bovine corpus luteum, and in porcine granulosa cells during maturation in vivo and in vitro (9). The common receptor site for LH and hCG in these tissues is highly specific, with binding affinity only for molecules with the conformation characteristics of LH and chorionic gonadotropin. The biological specificity of hormone binding is demonstrable with LH from a wide variety of species, and with the placental gonadotropins of man, primates and the horse (2). The properties of the testis LH/hCG receptors, and their applications to radioligand-receptor assay, have been previously described in detail (2). In this chapter, the characteristics and application of gonadotropin receptors will be briefly reviewed, and more recent studies on the analysis of hormone-receptor interactions and the target cell responses to gonadotropins will be described.
Bayesian wombling: finding rapid change in spatial maps

In spatial analysis, typically we specify a region of interest and consider a spatial surface over the region. It is often of interest to ascertain where the surface is changing rapidly. Identifying locations or curves where there is rapid change is referred to as wombling. The surface may arise continuously over the region or discretely, in which case values are provided for a collection of areal units. In either setting, algorithmic strategies are available to attempt to identify so-called wombling boundaries. In this study, the surfaces of interest are all assumed to be random, realizations of a Gaussian process in the continuous case, of a Markov random field in the discrete case. With specifications given as stochastic models, we discuss Bayesian approaches to implement desired boundary analysis. We refer to this as Bayesian wombling and show how fully model-based inference can be carried out, including assessment of uncertainty. The approach for the continuous case is more theoretically demanding (expected with an uncountable set of locations) but yields elegant distribution theory. The discrete case is more straightforward. Each case is illustrated with a brief example. WIREs Comput Stat 2015, 7:307–315. doi: 10.1002/wics.1360 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Very smooth AlGaAs-GaAs quantum wells grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We report here the low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of AlGaAs-GaAs quantum well heterostructures having low-temperature (4.2 K) photoluminescence spectra with full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values ranging from ≌6 to 4 meV for quantum wells having 6–28 monolayer (ML) widths, respectively. These linewidths are compared to those measured for quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy, flow-rate modulation epitaxy, and atomic layer epitaxy. We find that the FWHM values for the thinnest quantum wells grown in the present study (≌6 ML) are equal to or narrower than those observed for comparable structures produced by other technologies.
Preparation of actinide phosphinidene complexes: Steric control of reactivity

We report herein that synthetic routes previously employed in the production of uranium organoimido complexes of the actinides have now been extended to the preparation of phosphinidene analogs. In summary, the first terminal phosphinidene complex of an f-element has been isolated. The structural features of the complex suggest a model of bonding which is similar to that proposed for some transition metal phosphinidine complexes, in which (while a metal-ligand multiple is clearly evident) a bent phosphinidene results when both ligand {pi}-electron pairs are not strongly stabilized by interaction with metal-based orbitals. Evidence suggests that the base-free phosphinidene complexes are more reactive than their previously characterized imido analogs. Phosphinidene functional groups may be stabilized against further reaction, however, either by imposition of additional ligands at the metal center or by relaxation of the steric constraints introduced by the ancillary ligands so that dimerization is feasible. 16 refs., 1 fig.
Statistical Treatment of Strong Electrolytes

By assuming the Coulomb forces between the ions of an electrolytic solution and by combing Poisson’s equation and Boltzmann’s principle, Debye and Hukel have developed a theory of strong electrolytes, satisfactory, however, only up to moderate concentrations. The approximate character of their method has been extensively investigated by a number of authors. Proceeding from the laws of statistics, Fowler showed that only for dilute solutions is Poisson’s equation valid in the Debye-Hukel treatment, where phenomena on a molecular scale are involved, the omitted fluctuation terms becoming appreciable at stronger concentrations. Although Halpern§ claims that at no concentration of physical interest is such a neglect permissible, we may assume from more recent work|| that Fowler’s original conclusions hold. Another objection is the use of the Colulomb law of force between two ions of charge e i and e j F ij = e i e j /D rij 2, (1.1) Which is not justifiable for small values of rij . In water, for example, the main part of D is contributed by the orientation of the water dipoles, and in the vicinity of an ion, a saturation effect will exist changing the value of D considerably. In addition, the polarization, van der Waals and exchange forces between the ions come into play at their close approach.
Problem of Transshipment in Travel Forecasting: Model of Tour Structures

The concept of the transshipment of goods has not been widely incorporated into models for transportation planning. A model with transshipment should recognize that a whole shipment could be transported in two or more stages involving intermediate points (transshipment points) between the origin and the final destination. The database containing data from the Ontario, Canada, Commercial Vehicle Survey is one of the few databases that contains substantial transshipment information. The analysis of the Ontario Commercial Vehicle Survey first focused on commodities and their origin-destination facilities and defined terminals and warehouses as possible transshipment locations. Analysis revealed that any commodity was likely to be transshipped through either a truck terminal or a warehouse. Eight tour structures could be ascertained from the database, with each structure differing in the order and number of transshipment points and previous customers. A choice model of those tour structures was built. Factors...
Silicon Nanowires Wrapped with Au Film

In an attempt to provide ohmic contacts to silicon nanowires (SiNWs), SiNWs wrapped with Au film have been fabricated. Au particles were deposited on the as-grown SiNWs and followed by electron beam annealing under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) study showed the transformation of the Au particles into crystalline Au film. The uniformity of Au film was dependent upon the size and the separation of the Au particles.
Population heterogeneity of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium resulting from phase variation of the lpf operon in vitro and in vivo.

The lpf fimbrial operon oscillates between phase ON and phase OFF expression states, thereby generating heterogeneity within S. enterica serotype Typhimurium populations with regard to expression of long polar fimbrial antigens. To determine whether the proportion of lpf phase variants changes with growth conditions, the lpf phase ON content of cultures was determined after in vitro and in vivo passage. After passage in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth for 120 generations, 96% of cells in a serotype Typhimurium culture carried the lpf operon in the phase ON expression state, regardless of the phase ON/OFF ratio in the inoculum. In contrast, a culture passaged on LB agar plates for 500 generations contained approximately 2% lpf phase ON cells. Differences in the lpf phase ON content of cultures passaged in broth and on plates were not caused by an outgrowth of lpf phase ON or lpf phase OFF cells, since deletion of lpf biosynthesis genes did not alter the phase ON/OFF ratio attained after passage. Instead, growth in LB broth resulted in a eightfold increase in the phase OFF-to-ON transition frequency and a decrease of the lpf phase ON-to-OFF transition frequency by a factor of 150 compared to growth on LB agar plates. After infection of naive CBA/J mice with an lpf phase ON culture of serotype Typhimurium, the proportion of lpf phase ON cells continuously decreased over time, regardless of whether the strain carried intact fimbrial biosynthesis genes. These data suggest that elaboration of fimbriae does not have a major influence on the population heterogeneity produced by phase variation of the lpf operon in naive mice.
Assessing Cyber-threats Situation for Electric Power Information Networks

The Cyber-threats Situation Assessment (CSA) could show the macro security situation of Electric Power Information Networks (EPIN) in real time. Researching the efficient CSA method will be helpful to enhance the security protection ability of EPIN. A hierarchical CSA method, which is based on both the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Grey Clustering Algorithm (GCA), is proposed and implemented. The Cyber-threats Situation Value (CSV) is used to describe the cyber-threats situation. The higher CSV shows worse security situation, on the contrary, the lower CSV shows the better. In order to determine the weights of all cyber-threats, the AHP is used to design the hierarchical CSA index system that could divide all cyber-threats into the “Strong”, “Medium” and “Weak” 3 grey clustering classes. At the same time, the GCA is used to construct the criteria layer of index system. The key components of CSV could be clearly shown by those above ways. The CSV value is the summation of products, which products are multiplied by the occurrences number of each cyber-threat and its weight. Finally, the experimental results and system normal operation show that this method can dynamic display the macro security situation of EPIN in real time, with a high practical value.
Cocaine pharmacokinetics in men and in women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that females may be less vulnerable to cocaine's toxic effects than males. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous cocaine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) were measured in 12 men and 22 women with a history of cocaine abuse, matched with respect to age and body mass index (BMI). Women were studied during the follicular and the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. There were no differences between men and women in pharmacokinetic measures [peak plasma cocaine levels (Cmax), elimination half-life (T 1/2 min), area under the curve (AUC)] or cardiovascular or subjective effects “high” measures. Heart rate increases were cocaine dose-related (p < .01–.02) and also did not differ between men and women. Cocaine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects were similar in men and women, and in women during the follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.
Cognition at risk: Gestalt/feature-intensive processing, attention deficit, and substance abuse

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is associated with elevated levels of substance abuse, but the cognitive linkages involved have been little explored. The present study builds upon earlier work showing that more gestalt, as opposed to feature-intensive, styles of processing are conductive to substance abuse, especially in those with ADHD symptoms. The work reported here indicates that a protective factor against substance abuse may lie in relatively efficient heuristic processing, especially synthetic or inferential heuristic processing, but further demonstrates that those with ADHD symptoms tend to have poorer abilities in this regard, even at the subclinical, nondiagnosed level. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/featureintensive processing theory of cognition.
Effects of parathyroidectomy and cautery of the thyroid gland on the plasma calcium level of rats with autotransplanted parathyroid glands.

Rats were surgically parathyroidectomized and the parathyroid glands were autotransplanted in the hamstring muscles. The autografts were functional within one week after transplantation as judged by body weight gain and plasma calcium levels during intake of a diet low in calcium as well as by the response of the transplanted animals to removal of the grafts and to an injection of thyrocalcitonin. Removal of the transplanted parathyroid glands by hot-wire cautery or excision was followed by a relatively slow (t½>2 hr) fall in the plasma calcium level. In contrast, hot-wire cautery of the thyroid gland was followed by a rapid (t½ <30 min) fall in the plasma calcium level. One hr after cautery of the thyroid gland the plasma calcium was 6–7 mg/ 100 ml. Marked hypocalcemia after cautery of the thyroid gland persisted for at least 7 hr. The effect on the plasma calcium level of cautery of the lower pole of the thyroid gland of intact rats was also examined. If the extent of thyroid cautery was slight, the tim...