cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directions in multiprocessor verification

IBM server products, mainframes and RISC engines, have witnessed an evolution in verification techniques. Costly special-purpose engines and blunt attempts to force operating system initial program load's (IPL's) in simulation have given way to the idea of more complete, lower level simulation with smart testcase generation algorithms. The idea is to explore the state space of the smaller piece of logic more fully before integrating if into its larger residence. This form of divide and conquer is being used in IBM's Austin facility. Shared-Memory Multiprocessor (SMP) verification represents a special case of verification for an entire computer system. Many of its constraints are common with other parts of the system. This paper examines verification from a historical perspective, explores some of the ways of using existing hardware resources without additional capital investment and highlights how IBM's Austin facility addresses SMP simulation. >
Newton's Metaphysics of Space: A “Tertium Quid” betwixt Substantivalism and Relationism, or merely A “God of the (Rational Mechanical) Gaps”?

This paper investigates the question of, and the degree to which, Newton’s theory of space constitutes a third-way between the traditional substantivalist and relationist ontologies, i.e., that Newton judged that space is neither a type of substance/entity nor purely a relation among such substances. A non-substantivalist reading of Newton has been famously defended by Howard Stein, among others; but, as will be demonstrated, these claims are problematic on various grounds, especially as regards Newton’s alleged rejection of the traditional substance/accident dichotomy concerning space. Nevertheless, our analysis of the metaphysical foundations of Newton’s spatial theory will strive to uncover its unique and innovative characteristics, most notably, the distinctive role that Newton’s “immaterialist” spatial ontology plays in his dynamics.
ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS OF THE PUERTO RICAN TODY: HETEROTHERMY, TORPOR, AND INTRA‐ISLAND VARIATION

The extremely small size (5–7 g) of todies, together with their taxonomic affinities (Order Coraciiformes) and tropical distribution, suggest that the thermoregulatory physiology of these birds merits detailed investigation. Here, we present results of a study on body temperature regulation and metabolic rate of one species, the Puerto Rican Tody (Todus mexicanus). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was 3.24 ± 0.59 mL O2·g−1·h−1 (mean ± 1 sd), ∼33% higher than predicted on the basis of mass, but within the range of BMRs reported for other small birds. However, many other aspects of the tody's thermoregulatory physiology are unusual. (1) Average active-phase body temperature (Tb) was 36.7 ± 1.2°C, well below the avian norm of 40–41°C. (2) Todies exhibited heterothermy; over a range of ambient temperatures (Ta) from 15° to 40°C, body temperatures varied from 27.9° to 42.9°C. At low Ta's, Tb of some individuals decreased by as much as 10–11°C during nocturnal hypothermia; these birds remained active and alert, indic...
Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations

We provide a multilevel theoretical model to understand why business organizations are increasingly engaging in corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and thereby exhibiting the potential to exert positive social change. Our model integrates theories of organizational justice, corporate governance, and varieties of capitalism to argue that organizations are pressured to engage in CSR by many different actors, each driven by instrumental, relational, and moral motives. We conclude by highlighting empirical questions for future research and discussing some managerial implications. Economic progress, through a fair and open world trading system is essential to tackle poverty and ensure a safer more secure world for everyone now and for future generations. The challenges remain of ensuring that the benefits of that progress reach all sectors in all countries and are not at the expense of the environment (Sir Stephen Timms, U.K. Minister for CSR, Royal In
Immunization of Chickens for the Control of Infectious Bursal Disease

Abstract Six experiments were conducted involving 790 chickens inoculated with IBD (infectious bursal disease) vaccine produced at this station to determine a suitable age and route of vaccination. Vaccinated birds resisted a challenge dose that caused 10–20% mortality among unvaccinated challenged controls; whereas, there were no deaths among vaccinates. A total of 3,092,864 chicks in 135 flocks on 88 farms in Alabama and Mississippi were vaccinated at an average age of 5 days via the drinking water or intraocularly in initial trials. Mortality following vaccination averaged
Millimeter-Wave Beam-Steering Using an Array of Reconfigurable Antenna-Filter-Antenna Elements

This paper presents a novel beam-steerable filter-lens array (FLA) based on reconfigurable antenna-filter-antenna (AFA) unit cells. A 2-bit phase control is realized by using multi-mode AFA elements with programmable 3-pole/4-pole frequency response. A switchable compact AFA element of this type is designed and verified using finite element method simulations and measurements. Five proof-of-concept fixed FLAs have been fabricated for output beams scanned at 0deg, 10deg, 20deg, 30deg and 40deg in the H-plane. The measurement results show that up to plusmn40deg H-plane scan is possible at 16 GHz with a loss of less than 1.3 dB and a worst case sidelobe level (SLL) of -12 dB. The insertion loss of this FLA is approximately 1.5 dB at the center frequency assuming ideal switches
Serum independent liposome uptake by mouse liver

Abstract The rate of liposome clearance from blood by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), primarily the Kupffer cells of the liver, depends largely on liposome composition. Inclusion of phosphatidylserine or dicetyl phosphate into liposomes with a simple composition of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol increases liposome clearance, while inclusion of GM1 or amphipathic poly(ethylene glycol) decreases the rate of liposome clearance. To understand the underlying mechanism by which liposome clearance is regulated by the RES, we have developed a simple liver perfusion system. Using mouse liver as a model, we demonstrated that hepatic uptake of neutral or negatively charged liposomes does not involve serum components. Liver uptake of liposomes is directly related to the surface characteristics of liposomes. Liposomes with a neutral composition of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol exhibit relatively low liver uptake. Inclusion of PS or DCP into these liposomes dramatically enhances liposome uptake by the perfused liver. Conversely, inclusion of GM1 or PEG derivatives into liposomes greatly reduces the liposome uptake by the mouse liver. In contrast to the neutral or negatively charged liposomes, serum enhances the liver uptake of positively charged liposomes. Such serum effect on liver uptake of the positively charged liposomes is likely due to liposome aggregations caused by serum proteins. Inhibition of the liver uptake for PS-containing liposomes using liposomes with different compositions suggests that liver uptake of liposomes may involve different receptors.
GENE FREQUENCY COMPARISONS BETWEEN SUNFISH (CENTRARCHIDAE) POPULATIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE

Avise, J. C. and M. H. Smith (Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602) 1977. Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Syst. Zool. 26:319-335.-A total of 11-15 genetic loci encoding enzymes and other proteins has been assayed in populations belonging to 20 taxa of the North American sunfish in the family Centrarchidae. Four stages of evolutionary divergence are recognized among these taxa by systematists. We have determined mean levels of genetic differentiation, D, between populations at each of these stages: geographic populations, D = 0.024 + 0.003; subspecies, D - 0.171 + 0.004; species, D = 0.626 + 0.028; genera, D = 1.340 + 0.064. D estimates the number of electrophoretically detectable codon substitutions per locus accumulated since populations separated from a common ancestor. Mean genetic distance among centrarchids increases dramatically through the various stages of evolutionary divergence. Different subspecies of Lepomis macrochirus exhibit about an 8-fold increase in genetic distance over geographic populations belonging to a subspecies. Species of the genus Lepomis are completely distinct in allelic composition at nearly 50 percent of loci, on the average, despite their ability to produce viable and sometimes fertile hybrids. Species belonging to different centrarchid genera have accumulated more than one allelic substitution per locus, on the average. Among the centrarchids prezygotic reproductive isolating barriers may have preceded the development of significant postzygotic isolating mechanisms. Nonetheless, mean levels of genetic divergence between centrarchid taxa are similar to those other animal taxa of corresponding rank characterized by different modes of reproductive isolation. Amounts and patterns of genetic divergence are employed to infer probable evolutionary relationships among the Centrarchidae. A great deal of evolutionary information is contained within even a relatively small number of genes. [Electrophoresis; genetic distance; sunfish; Centrarchidae.]
Paleogeography and Depositional Environments of the Cambro-Ordovician Shallow-Marine Facies of the North Atlantic

Detailed sedimentological and petrological investigations of the Cambro-Ordovician shallow-marine facies of western Newfoundland, northwest Scotland, and central East Greenland reveal arresting similarities in their histories. Faunal, stratigraphic, sedimentologic, geochemical, and diagenetic comparisons of the thick sandstone, shale, and carbonate successions indicate contemporaneous development on a contiguous broad marine shelf bordering the western margin of a “proto-Atlantic” basin. Sedimentation dominated by intertidal to shallow subtidal environments is indicated by tidal sand bodies, ichnofossils, desiccation phenomena, oolitic lithologies, and stromatolitic algal structures. Complex diagenetic processes probably account for anomalous potash concentrations in correlative Lower Cambrian shale horizons and demonstrably effect replacements by feldspar, silica, dolomite, and calcite in the sandstones and carbonates. Parallel trends of recrystallization, dolomitization, silicification, calcitization, and dolomitization of the oolitic carbonates in each of the three study areas suggest correspondent post-depositional diagenetic environments. Independently the similarities are inconclusive, but collectively they are compelling in their suggestion of common depositional and diagenetic histories for the Cambro-Ordovician successions of western Newfoundland, northwest Scotland, and central East Greenland, ostensibly on the western shelf of a “proto-Atlantic” basin.
Trends in food availability, 1909–2007

The increase in childhood obesity mainly reflects increased energy intake. However, it is not clear which food categories are responsible for this increase. Food availability data, which are calculated from annual food production, imports, beginning stocks, subtracting exports, ending stocks, and nonfood uses, provide clues about which categories are the primary contributors. Data from 1909 to 2007 show increases in per capita availability of several product classes: added oils increased from 16.1 to 39.4 kg/y, meat increased from 56.3 to 91.2 kg/y, cheese increased from 1.7 to 14.9 kg/y, and frozen dairy products increased from 0.7 to 11.5 kg/y. From 1970 to 2007, per capita availability of sweeteners increased from 54.1 to 62.0 kg/y. Carbonated beverage availability has increased, partly at the expense of fluid milk. Flour and cereal availability decreased from 1909 until the late 1960s but rebounded thereafter. Availability of fruit, fruit juices, and vegetables has increased. We conclude that the major contributors to increased energy intake over the last century are oils, shortening, meat, cheese, and frozen desserts, with more recent increases in added sweeteners, fruit, fruit juices, and vegetables. These changes may have influenced the prevalence of childhood obesity.
Perspective: Embryo editing needs scrutiny

Genome-editing presents many opportunities. But the advent of human-germline editing brings urgency to ethical discussions, says Jennifer Doudna.
Adaptive transparency

Adaptive transparency is a new solution to order-independent transparency that closely approximates the ground-truth results obtained with A-buffer compositing but, like a Z-buffer, operates in bounded memory and exhibits consistent performance. The key contribution of our method is an adaptively compressed visibility representation that can be efficiently constructed and queried while rendering. The algorithm supports a wide range and combination of transparent geometry (e.g., foliage, windows, hair, and smoke). We demonstrate that adaptive transparency is five to forty times faster than realtime A-buffer implementations, closely matches the image quality, and is both higher quality and faster than other approximate order-independent transparency techniques: stochastic transparency, uniform opacity shadow maps, and Fourier opacity mapping.
Field determination of energy flow in a small nocturnal mammal.

Food intake over a limited time interval was linearly correlated with weight of the stomach contents. Predictability of this relationship was 52 percent in the laboratory during the four hours prior to the time the animal was killed. The degree of correlation was not significantly altered by quality of diet or food intake before the beginning of the four hour period. Food intake of a natural population of Peromyscus polionotus in South Carolina was estimated from the stomach contents of animals captured throughout the night. Energy flow of the population was estimated at 0.48 ± 0.04 kilocalories/gram live weight/day.
“In The Land of the Tarpon”: The Silver King, Sport, and the Development of Southwest Florida, 1885–1915

Tarpon fishing offers the opportunity to pursue a narrative of environmental and sport history that focuses on the mutuality between ecology and development. Angling for tarpon illustrates the capacity of an offshore, sporting species to alter the landscape and growth of an entire region. Tarpon fishing reshaped the southwest coast of Florida. In the Charlotte Harbor region, the confluence of human and nonhuman species catalyzed a sporting enterprise that grew dramatically in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Fishing for tarpon in the Gulf of Mexico was almost exclusively a sporting pursuit, because the unpalatable tarpon had little commercial value. The convergence of the sporting and environmental histories of southwest Florida, the demographics of fishermen and fish, and the development of sporting industries regionally and nationally all provide evidence of the close ecological mutuality that defined tarpon angling during its peak years. On account of features of the fish's annual and life cycle, the region, and the sport, this fishing seemed not to overtax populations of the fish themselves.
Seasonal Development of Fiorinia externa, Tsugaspidiotus tsugae (Homoptera: Diaspididae), and Their Parasite, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Importance of Parasite-Host Synchronism to the Population Dynamics of Two Scale Pests of Hemlock

The seasonal development of Fiorinia externa Ferris, Tsugaspidiotus tsugae (Marlatt) (Homoptera: Disaspididae), and their parasite, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw.) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on hemlock was studied at two sites in southwestern Connecticut. Descriptions of the parasite life stages developing within each scale and of the host stages attacked are given. Although A. citrinus completed 2 generations on both scales during 1977, its seasonal development on each differed considerably in response to the sharply contrasting life histories of univoltine F. externa and bivoltine T. tsugae . Evidence is presented that synchronism between ovipositing adult parasites and suitable life stages of their hosts had an important influence on percent parasitism and on the dynamics of scale populations. On T. tsugae , where the seasonal abundance of parasite and host were synchronous, percent parasitism and scale population growth remained relatively constant for 3 generations. However, on F. externa where seasonal abundance of parasite and host were asynchronous, parasitism and population growth fluctuated greatly from generation to generation. Several features of the scale insect community on hemlock which influence the permanency of the parasite-host relationship and the probable success of biological control are discussed.
Instructional Use of a Single-Zone, Premixed Charge, Spark-Ignition Engine Heat Release Simulation:

Modeling and computer simulation of an internal combustion engine's operating processes offers a valuable tool for enhancing our understanding of real physical phenomena and contributes significantly to optimizing and controlling the engine's operation to meet different objectives. This paper illustrates the use of engine modeling in the educational setting through the development and use of a single-zone, premixed charge, spark-ignition engine heat release simulation. The paper begins by describing the operation of an engine. A heat release simulation is then discussed in depth, and a description is given of how it can be used to offer an understanding of thermodynamic fundamentals in an internal combustion engine. In particular, a comprehensive examination of the thermodynamic properties of the engine working fluid and in-cylinder gas-to-wall heat transfer demonstrates the need for accurate physical—chemical sub-models when performing a high-fidelity heat release analysis. Overall, this study demonstrat...
Biochemical and Biophysical Understanding of Metal Ion Selectivity of DNAzymes.

Abstract This review summarizes research on the metal-binding properties of catalytic DNAzymes, towards the goal of understanding the structural properties leading to metal ion specificity. Progress made and insight gained from a range of biochemical and biophysical techniques are covered, and promising directions for future investigations are discussed.
Abnormal Expressions of Costimulatory Molecules and Cytokines of Peripheral Blood T Lymphocyte Cell in Children with Dust Mite Allergic Asthma and Their Significances

Objective To analyze abnormal costimulatory molecules and cytokines secretion of T lymphocyte cell in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by allergens in children with dust mite(DM) allergic asthmatics.To explore the roles of inducible costimulatory molecules(ICOS),CD28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4(CTLA-4) in the immunological pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Me-thods Thirty DM allergic asthma children(asthma group) were included in the study,30 healthy children were included as healthy control group.Perpheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque cushions and costimulatory molecule expressions of T cells were assessed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry(FCM).The intracellular cytokines expressions were analyzed by intracellular staining and FCM.The data were analyzed using statistics software. Results Compared with the non-stimulated healthy controls,the CTLA-4 expression was remarkably decreased on CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of asthma children(P0.01),howe-ver,no significant variation was found about the level of CD28 and ICOS expressions on CD4+ T cells between asthma children and healthy controls(Pa0.05).Interferon-γ(IFN-γ) expression on CD4+ T cells was notably increased in asthma children compared to controls(P0.000 1),but no significant difference of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin-4(IL-4) and IL-13 production was found between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).After specific stimulation by DM,the ICOS expression on CD4+ T cells was remarkably increased in asthma children than that in healthy control group(P0.000 1).However,no significant variation at the level of CD28 and CTLA-4 expressions was found between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).The IL-4 and IL-13 expressions on CD4+ T cells of asthmatics were significantly higher than those in healthy control group(Pa0.000 1),but no remarkable difference of the IFN-γ expression was found between the 2 groups(P0.05). Conclusions A constructive decreased expression of CTLA-4 and increased expression of IFN-γ peripheral blood of allergic asthma children were found,which contributed to Th1 cells abnormal activation.Specific allergens of DM stimulation induced ICOS-dependent Th2 activation and the breakage of Th1/Th2 balance.
Application of a Series Capacitor Based Transformer Neutral DC Current Blocking Device

The scheme of adopting the capacitor connected in series with transformer neutral to block DC current is used to the transformer neutral DC current blocking device for No.1 power transformer of Pajiang substation,while the capacitor is connected in parallel with fast by-pass system consisting of fast switch,rectifier bridge,high-power thyristors,overvoltage-triggering unit and fast-tripping circuit.This device can withstand fault current of 20 kA with duration of 1 second,and its standard impedance is less than 1.2 W,the trigger time of the by-pass system is shorter than 20ms,meanwhile,the monitoring and control unit make the operation of the device visible,controllable and operable.The action of this device during the testing period of the No.2 circuit of HVDC power transmission project from Guizhou to Guangdong is described in detail,and impacts of configuring DC current blocking device in the neutral of No.1 power transformer of Pajiang substation on neutrals of adjacent power transformers are analyzed.Both test results and operation data show that this device works normally and can effectively block DC current in transformer neutral.
Engineering Porous Organic Cage Crystals with Increased Acid Gas Resistance

Both known and new CC3-based porous organic cages are prepared and exposed to acidic SO2 in vapor and liquid conditions. Distinct differences in the stability of the CC3 cages exist depending on the chirality of the diamine linkers used. The acid catalyzed CC3 degradation mechanism is probed via in situ IR and a degradation pathway is proposed and supported with computational results. CC3 crystals synthesized with racemic mixtures of diaminocyclohexane exhibited enhanced stability compared to CC3-R and CC3-S. Confocal fluorescent microscope images reveal that the stability difference in CC3 species originates from an abundance of mesoporous grain boundaries in CC3-R and CC3-S, allowing facile access of aqueous SO2 throughout the crystal, promoting decomposition. These grain boundaries are absent from CC3 crystals made with racemic linkers.
A novel flight surgeon training model at a joint military and civilian surgical residency program

Abstract Background Graduating military preliminary interns are often required to fill flight surgeon billets. General surgery preliminary interns get experience evaluating surgical and trauma patients, but receive very little training in primary care and flight medicine. At a joint military and civilian training program, we developed a supplemental curriculum to help transition our interns into flight medicine. Methods From 2013 to 2016, we developed a lecture series focused on aerospace medicine, primary care, and specialty topics including dermatology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, pediatrics, psychiatry, and women's health. During the 2016 iteration attended by 10 interns, pre- and post-participation 10-item Likert scale surveys were administered. Questions focused on perceived preparedness for primary care role and overall enthusiasm for flight medicine. Open-ended surveys from 2013 to 2016 were also used to gauge the effect of the curriculum. Results The composite number of agreement responses (indicating increased comfort with presented material) increased 63% after course completion. Disagreement responses and neutral responses decreased 78% and 30%, respectively. Open-ended surveys from 14 participants showed an overall positive impression of the curriculum with all indicating it aided their transition to flight medicine. Conclusions Survey responses indicate an overall perceived benefit from participation in the curriculum with more confidence in primary care topics and improved transition to a flight medicine tour. This model for supplemental aerospace medicine and primary care didactics should be integrated into any residency program responsible for training military preliminary interns who may serve as flight surgeons.
Rapid abstract perception to enable tactical unmanned system operations

As unmanned systems (UMS) proliferate for security and defense applications, autonomous control system capabilities that enable them to perform tactical operations are of increasing interest. These operations, in which UMS must match or exceed the performance and speed of people or manned assets, even in the presence of dynamic mission objectives and unpredictable adversary behavior, are well beyond the capability of even the most advanced control systems demonstrated to date. In this paper we deconstruct the tactical autonomy problem, identify the key technical challenges, and place them into context with the autonomy taxonomy produced by the US Department of Defense’s Autonomy Community of Interest. We argue that two key capabilities beyond the state of the art are required to enable an initial fieldable capability: rapid abstract perception in appropriate environments, and tactical reasoning. We summarize our work to date in tactical reasoning, and present initial results from a new research program focused on abstract perception in tactical environments. This approach seeks to apply semantic labels to a broad set of objects via three core thrusts. First, we use physics-based multi-sensor fusion to enable generalization from imperfect and limited training data. Second, we pursue methods to optimize sensor perspective to improve object segmentation, mapping and, ultimately, classification. Finally, we assess the potential impact of using sensors that have not traditionally been used by UMS to perceive their environment, for example hyperspectral imagers, on the ability to identify objects. Our technical approach and initial results are presented.
Statistics for Food Analysis

This chapter is a review of basic statistics, showing how statistics is used in the context of food analysis. The use of statistics is important in using food analysis data to solve problems and make decisions in the food industry, research, and regulatory or government scenarios. This chapter covers calculation and use of the following statistics terms: mean, standard deviation, Z-score, t-score, and t-test. This chapter includes practice problems, for which the answers are at the end of the lab manual.
Magnetospheric whistler mode ray tracing in a warm background plasma with finite electron and ion temperature

Whistler mode waves play a major role in the energy dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere. Numerical raytracing has been used for many years to determine the propagation trajectories of whistler mode waves from various sources, both natural and anthropogenic. Previous work has been under the ideal cold plasma assumption even though temperatures of the background ions and electrons are in the range of several eV. We perform numerical raytracing with the inclusion of finite electron and ion temperatures to more accurately model the plasma environment of the Earth's magnetosphere. Finite temperature effects are found to play a significant role in the whistler mode refractive index surface only when the wave frequency is near the lower hybrid resonance frequency and the wave normal angle is oblique. In such cases, the primary effect on whistler mode propagation is to lower the refractive index magnitude and increase the group velocity with slight modifications to the ray trajectories. Landau damping is shown to increase slightly with the inclusion of finite temperature.
Decision-Making for Managing Complex Rotator Cuff Tears

There are multiple different treatment options available for the management of complex rotator cuff tears, and achieving a positive outcome in these challenging cases requires individualized treatment planning considering a variety of factors. Choosing the appropriate treatment begins with understanding the patient’s goals of treatment, from pain relief to returning to a higher level of physical activity, and includes a thorough assessment of shoulder function on physical examination. Imaging studies provide valuable information regarding bony alignment and muscle quality that may help predict the likelihood of success or failure. Finally, an arthroscopic assessment is included as a component of the determination of the best treatment strategy.
The Cytosolic Concentration of Free Ca2+ in Vertebrate Rod Outer Segments

The role of calcium in the mechanism of phototransduction has yet to be defined. The observation of Yoshikami and Hagins (1971), that an application of calcium to the outside of the rod caused a reduction in the dark-current, and thus mimicked the effect of light, led to the well-known “calcium hypothesis” according to which, calcium ions, released by light from an intracellular store, were internal messengers that diffused to the plasma membrane and caused the closure of “light-sensitive” channels. This hypothesis stimulated an enormous interest in phototransduction during the subsequent decade and a half. During that time, however, several lines of evidence began to point to cyclic GMP as the internal transmitter, the recent demonstration, by Fesenko, Kolesnikov and Lyubarsky (1985, 1986), that the channels in patches of plasma membrane excised from rod outer segments (ROS) are activated by cGMP and are not blocked by calcium ions, being, perhaps, the most direct (see also Yau and Nakatani, 1985b). These channels have properties identical to those of the light-sensitive channels (Matthews, 1986).
The entrapped EEA stapler. Backing out with ease.

When the premium CEEA® stapler becomes entrapped after performing a low colorectal anastomosis, new instrument design features permit easy removal, avoiding problematic anastomotic injury. After disconnecting the anvil from the cartridge, the anvil center rod can be grasped with a right-angle clamp, allowing the anvil to be angled “sideways” so that it slides by the newly constructed anastomosis and can be withdrawn with ease.
Superchiral light generation on achiral nanostructured surfaces

In this work, we demonstrate superchiral light generation based on achiral plasmonic surfaces. At resonance, the symmetric cavity-coupled plasmonic system generates single-sign chiral near-field whose helicity is determined solely by the handedness of the incident light. We elucidate the mechanism for such unique superchiral near field generation and find its origin in coherent and synergetic interactions between plasmonic and photonic cavity modes. The cavity-coupling enhances otherwise weak plasmonic chiral near-field by many folds. Furthermore, the system in a unique way suppresses the far field chirality due to its totally symmetric geometry providing a route for surface-enhanced chiroptic spectroscopy on a single surface.
Acute Cervical Spine Injuries

Athletic cervical spine injuries can range from mild sprains to fracture dislocations with complete neurologic injury. Fortunately, serious cervical spine injury in athletics is rare, but certain sports such as football and gymnastics do carry a higher risk than others. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent deterioration of a given injury. Understanding when an athlete can safely return to play after a cervical spine injury is necessary to prevent secondary injury. This chapter will cover common cervical spine injuries in athletics, with a focus on clinical and radiographic diagnosis, acute management of the injury, and timing for return to play.
A path to a biennial life history.

Biennial plants require exposure to the cold of winter to overcome a block to flowering in the spring. The molecular role of FRIGIDA, a key component of the system that establishes the cold requirement in Arabidopsis, is to assemble a protein super-complex that promotes expression of a flowering repressor in the autumn.
Influence of the Fear of Missing Out in Student Pharmacists' Decision to Pursue Residency Training

Objective. To examine the influence of the fear of missing out (FOMO) on student pharmacists' postgraduate career decisions, specifically on whether to pursue a residency. Methods. A 14-item FOMO scale was designed to examine the influence of this factor on student pharmacists' residency decision. A survey was distributed to second-, third-, and fourth-year student pharmacists at four participating universities. Average FOMO scores were compared based on residency intentions. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict residency intentions based on students' average FOMO scores. Results. The survey response rate was 74%. Of the 833 respondents, 42% indicated an intention to pursue residency training. Students indicated the FOMO items were "slightly" true of them, as evidenced by the overall FOMO mean score of 2.0 on a 5-point scale. Comparison among classes revealed a higher mean FOMO score among students in the second year of the pharmacy curriculum than among students in the third and fourth years. Logistic regression analysis indicated that FOMO score can reliably distinguish between students with residency intentions and those without. Conclusion. This study supports the existence of FOMO in the decision to pursue a pharmacy residency, although more research and scale refinement is needed to better identify its impact.
Cranium, Cephalic Muscles, and Homologies in Cyclostomes

Extant cyclostomes are jawless vertebrates and include hagfishes and lampreys. They are the closest extant relatives to jawed vertebrates (often called gnathostomes, which also include jawless extinct species) and share with them vertebrate-specific characters, like the presence of somites, neural crest cells, eyes (absent in hagfish), among others. There are also cyclostome-specific characteristics as the lingual apparatus, velum, and posterior hypophyseal process-derived cartilages. The comparison of development and anatomy between cyclostomes and gnathostomes provides insights into the evolution of the jaws and associated muscles. Furthermore, comparative anatomical and evolutionary developmental studies help to reconstruct the last common ancestor of vertebrates, cyclostomes, and gnathostomes. The evolutionary appearance of the jaw and associated muscles is of particular interest, as those are said to be one of the main reasons for the success of jawed vertebrates. Interestingly, the mechanisms to make an upper jaw are in place in cyclostomes and jawed vertebrates, but the lower jaw developmental program is only found in gnathostomes. The lower jaw is therefore a novelty that evolved in gnathostomes. Another example is the mandibular arch mesoderm and the associated neural crest cells which give rise to mandibular arch muscles and the jaws in gnathostomes, respectively. Cyclostomes have many muscles derived from the mandibular arch mesoderm, but only few can be homologized with those muscles from gnathostomes. However, those muscles that are homologous between those taxa must be present in their last common ancestor, i.e., vertebrates. Interestingly, some studies seem to indicate that mandibular arch (first arch) development was only secondarily included in the vertebrate branchial arch series, what would explain several differences in mandibular arch development between jawed and jawless vertebrates. However, this hypothesis is controversially discussed.
Scaling Up Coral Reef Restoration Using Remote Sensing Technology

Coral reefs face an uncertain future and may not recover naturally from anthropogenic climate change. Coral restoration is needed to rehabilitate degraded reefs and sustain biodiversity. There is a need for baseline data on global reef distribution, composition and condition to provide targets for conservation and restoration. Remote sensing can address this issue and is currently underutilized in reef research and restoration. This synthesis integrates current capabilities of remote sensing with key reef restoration criteria to facilitate coral restoration success. Development of a spectral database for corals, linking habitat type and extent with predator abundance, and identification of species-specific acoustic signatures are needed to drive forward the use of remote sensing in reef restoration design and monitoring. Reciprocally, reef restoration efforts should innovate at ecosystem, regional and global levels using remote sensing, to preserve as much of the coral reef biome as possible with continued ocean-climate change.
The permeability of tag questions in a language contact situation: The case of Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals

Abstract In this paper, we utilize negative polarity tag questions in order to assess to what extent discourse-pragmatic variables are susceptible to language contact induced changes. Based on a comparison of forms and functions of negative tags in the varieties spoken by Portuguese-Spanish bilinguals in a community on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border with the one spoken by monolinguals in the Uruguayan capital, we aimed at assessing to what extent any differences in this variable behavior may be affected by contact with Portuguese. Our results indicate that, despite the high permeability of discourse-pragmatic features in contact situations attested in the literature and the presumed tendency for cognate languages to converge, the forms and functions of negative tags in bilingual Spanish did not radically differ from the monolingual variety. We found, instead, an intricate pattern of convergences and divergences that challenges the presupposed assumptions about extreme permeability of cognate discourse pragmatic systems in contact.
Use of acidified versus non-acidified liquid human milk fortifier in very low birth weight infants: A retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND Use of human milk is recommended for low birth weight (VLBW) infants, but must be safety fortified with sterile liquid fortifiers to be nutritionally sufficient. Due to clinical concern for a high incidence of metabolic acidosis among VLBW infants fed human milk fortified with acidified liquid human milk fortifier (ALHMF), we aimed to retrospectively compare the outcomes of infants fed ALHMF to those fortified with non-acidified liquid HMF (NLHMF). METHODS Medical records of VLBW neonates admitted to our institution's neonatal intensive care unit from July 1st, 2013 to June 30th, 2014 were reviewed. 129 patients were included in the study, 61 of which received ALHMF and 68 received NLHMF. Metabolic, nutritional and clinical outcomes, including growth, were compared between the two cohorts. RESULTS Of the infants who received ALHMF, 70.5% developed metabolic acidosis compared to only 11.8% in the NLHMF group (p < 0.001). In addition, infants who received NLHMF had a 10% greater growth velocity during the period of fortification (p = 0.01). During the full course of hospitalization, no difference in growth velocity was seen between the groups and greater length gains were found in the ALHMF group. CONCLUSIONS The use of human milk fortified with ALHMF was associated with an increased incidence of metabolic acidosis and poorer growth during the period of fortification when compared to NLHMF-fortified feedings. These growth effects were not apparent when the duration of hospitalization was considered, suggesting a need for further study to better characterize the advantages and disadvantages of each fortifier.
Psychological and social aspects of Dengue virus illness virus infection

Abstract This chapter highlights the strong association between physical and mental health, if not paid immediate and adequate attention can have its psychological and social effects on the society causing grave implications on the functionality of not only the individual but also their households and community at large, thereby in turn affecting the overall productivity of the society and the country. It also emphasizes on the responsible role of both the governmental organizations as well as media and also in tackling with such situations in an efficient way through proper education, more participation of both government and community at various levels with special focus on developing new strategies to prevent the overall death and disease burden which will in turn reduce the psychological and social distress.
La construcción del "otro" en la Relación de la jornada de Cíbola de Pedro Castañeda de Nájera

En este trabajo se describen algunos procedimientos utilizados en la Relacion de la jornada de Cibola de Pedro Castaneda de Najera para representar la otredad de las tierras exploradas y sus habitantes. La constante mas notoria de tales representaciones es la proyeccion de los esquemas epistemicos y axiologicos de la cultura europea.
Guiding Cell Network Assembly using Shape‐Morphing Hydrogels

Forces and relative movement between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are crucial to the self-organization of tissues during development. However, the spatial range over which these dynamics can be controlled in engineering approaches is limited, impeding progress toward the construction of large, structurally mature tissues. Herein, shape-morphing materials called "kinomorphs" that rationally control the shape and size of multicellular networks are described. Kinomorphs are sheets of ECM that change their shape, size, and density depending on patterns of cell contractility within them. It is shown that these changes can manipulate structure-forming behaviors of epithelial cells in many spatial locations at once. Kinomorphs are built using a new photolithographic technology to pattern single cells into ECM sheets that are >10× larger than previously described. These patterns are designed to partially mimic the branch geometry of the embryonic kidney epithelial network. Origami-inspired simulations are then used to predict changes in kinomorph shapes. Last, kinomorph dynamics are shown to provide a centimeter-scale program that sets specific spatial locations in which ≈50 µm-diameter epithelial tubules form by cell coalescence and structural maturation. The kinomorphs may significantly advance organ-scale tissue construction by extending the spatial range of cell self-organization in emerging model systems such as organoids.
Baking as Cultural Heritage: Regional Variation in the Roman Production of Bread

Food is at its heart a form of cultural heritage and ways of making and eating it are often passed down from one generation to another. Moreover, bread, its production, and its consumption are frequently imbued with symbolism and entangled in belief systems and identities. This chapter begins with an analysis of domestic bread production that is grounded in kinship and cultural units, such as tannūr-style ovens in North Africa and Spain, or clay-chamber ovens in central Europe. Following the second century BCE, ovens across the western Mediterranean homogenize, moving toward the familiar domed, masonry ovens. But there are also indications that local traditions continued to inform the baking process, such as the use of clay ovens in Roman forts on the limes or the continued use of tannūr-style ovens in parts of North Africa.
Acute Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor DNA Methylation Trajectories in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Associations With Outcomes Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults:

Background. Epigenetic biomarkers have the potential to explain outcome heterogeneity following traumatic brain injury (TBI) but are largely unexplored. Objective. This exploratory pilot study char...
Professional Ethics in the Clinical Practice of Perinatal Medicine

This chapter provides clinically applicable, ethical sound guidance to ethical challenges in the clinical practice of perinatal medicine. The chapter describes the professional ethics of perinatal medicine as combining professional ethics in obstetrics with professional ethics in pediatrics. The roles of the ethical principles of beneficence and respect for autonomy are described, as well as the best interests of the child standard from professional ethics in pediatrics. The chapter shows how professional ethics in perinatal medicine provides clinically applicable guidance for counseling pregnant women about intrapartum obstetric management, counseling prospective parents about neonatal management, and counseling parents about ethically justified limits on neonatal critical care.
The relationship between the Bispectral Index (BIS) and the Observer Alertness of Sedation Scale (OASS) scores during propofol sedation with and without ketamine: a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial

Prior studies have examined the static effect of intravenous ketamine on the BIS Index for sedation but it remains unknown if the BIS Index is a reliable method to track sedation levels in the presence of ketamine. The major objective of the current investigation was to compare the BIS Vista Index ability to track varying depths of sedation as determined by OASS scores in a standardized anesthetic regimen with and without ketamine. The study was a randomized, double blinded clinical trial. Patients undergoing breast surgery under sedation with propofol were randomized to receive ketamine (1.5 μg kg min−1) or saline. Infusion data was used to estimate propofol plasma concentrations (Cp). The main outcome of interest was the correlation between the BIS Vista Index with the OASS score. Twenty subjects were recruited and fifteen completed the study. Four hundred fifty-five paired data points were included in the analysis. Model performance (Nagelkerke R2) of the multinomial logistic regression model was 0.57 with the c-statistic of 0.87 (95 % CI 0.82–0.91). Compared to awake the odds ratio for BIS values predicting moderate sedation in the saline/propofol group 1.19 (95 % CI 1.12–1.25) but only 1.06 (95 % CI 1.02–1.1) in the ketamine/propofol group (P = 0.001). There was no difference in the odds for BIS values to predict deep sedation between groups (P = 0.14). The BIS monitor can be used to monitor sedation level even when ketamine is used with propofol as part of the sedation regimen. However, ketamine reduces the value of the BIS in predicting moderate sedation levels.
Bio-mechanical characterization of voice for smoking detection

The purpose of this work is to discriminate between smoker and non-smoker speakers by analyzing their voice. In fact, the vocal folds, the main organ responsible of producing voice, is damaged by smoke so that its structure and its vibration are altered. Some bio-mechanical features, describing vocals folds behavior and status are used. They are based on the two-mass model which characterizes vocal folds by the mass, the stiffness and the losses of their cover and body parts. Bio-mechanical features of smokers and non-smokers are analyzed and compared to select relevant features permitting to discriminate between the two categories of speakers. The Quadratic Discriminant Analysis is used as a tool of classification and shows a relatively good rate of detection of smokers.