cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heats of solution and dilution for polyethylene oxide in several solvents

Abstract The Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter, as modified by Maron and Filisko, has been used to measure the heats of solution and dilution of a sample of polyethylene oxide (PEO) of M2 = ca. 6000 in chloroform, methylene chloride, and water. By applying the Maron theory to these measurements, it was found from the organic solvent data that the heat of fusion of the PEO sample is 57.1 cal/g polymer, independent of the solution concentration or the solvent used. However, the solution behavior in water was different because PEO in organic solvents exists as a random coil, whereas in water its conformation is helical. By combining the water and organic solvent data, it can be shown that conversion of the random coils to the helix involves the evolution of 39.3 cal of heat per gram of polymer. This heat evolution accounts, in all probability, for the solubility of PEO in water.
Adequacy, accountability, autonomy and equity in a Middle Eastern school reform: The case of Qatar

This study examines Qatar’s recent and ambitious school reform in the early stages of its implementation against a set of four criteria for successful education systems drawn from guidelines developed by the international community: adequacy, accountability, autonomy and gender equity. We investigate both the initial structure of the reform and its sustainability in light of concerns that movements in these directions might be politically unfeasible. To some degree, these concerns are substantiated by the developments we trace. However, it is important to note that the reform has changed the landscape of primary and secondary education in Qatar and that many reform principles, though diluted, have been retained. This paper highlights lessons learned – both hopeful and cautionary – in the first few years of reform and presents a methodology for evaluating progress along key dimensions that can be applied to school systems in many nations.
Insulator-surface flashover conditioning: A streak photographic investigation

Conditioning behavior of surface flashover strength of a large-bandgap insulator (quartz) is investigated with the aid of streak photography in conjunction with electrical (voltage and current) and optical UV (phototube) diagnostics. The breakdown strength of the sample is found to be conditioned during the initial test as well as the subsequent test, performed after an overnight rest period. The results suggest that light emission during the initial test is dominated by visible light whereas during the subsequent test it is dominated by UV. The initial conditioning is attributed primarily to the desorption of absorbed molecules and rearrangement of the same by migration kinetics. Processes such as negative charge formation on the insulator surface and trapping of electrons in the deep traps are proposed to be responsible for the observed conditioning after the overnight rest period. The breakdown strength of the sample was found to degrade after experiencing breakdown at higher fields (i.e., after second day test). This deconditioning behavior is discussed in terms of evaporation of electrode material and deposition of the same on the insulator near the cathode end. >
LI.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXII

(1916). LI.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXXII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 17, No. 102, pp. 428-435.
THE RELATION BETWEEN GESTURE AND SPEECH IN CONGENITALLY BLIND AND SIGHTED LANGUAGE-LEARNERS

Gesture is widely regarded to play an important role in communica- tion, both in conjunction with and independent of speech. Indeed, gesture is known to develop even before the onset of spoken words. However, little is known about the communicative conditions under which gesture emerges. The aim of this study was to explore the role of vision in early gesturing. We examined gesture development in 5 congenitally blind and 5 sighted toddlers videotaped longi- tudinally between the ages of 14 and 28 months in their homes while engaging in free play with a parent or experimenter. All of the blind children were found to produce at least some gestures during the one-word stage of language development. However, gesture production was relatively low among the blind children relative to their sighted peers. Moreover, although blind and sighted children produced the same overall set of gesture types, the distribution of gesture types across categories differed. In addition, blind children used gestures primarily to communicate about objects that were nearby, while sighted children used them for nearby as well as distally located objects. These findings suggest that gesture may play different roles in the language-learning process for sighted and blind children. Nevertheless, they also make it clear that gesture is a robust phenomenon of early communicative development, emerging even in the absence of experience with a visual model. In the early stages of language acquisition, normally developing chil- dren use both speech and gesture in their efforts to communicate. In fact,
Pharmacologic modulation of the whealing response to histamine in human skin: identification of doxepin as a potent in vivo inhibitor.

Tricyclic antidepressants are known to exert potent in vitro H 1 antihistaminic effects. Doxepin, a heterocyclic variant of amitriptyline, is a particularly effective H 1 -antihistamine in vitro. In this study we examined the ability of doxepin to inhibit histamine-induced whealing reactions in human skin. Percutaneous introduction of histamine into skin on the volar surface of the forearm provoked a whealing response that was linearly related to the concentration of histamine from 0.0002M to 1.0M histamine. An average increase in wheal diameter of 2.39 mm (95% confidence interval of 2.19 to 2.60) was observed for each 10-fold increase in the histamine concentration above threshold. Day-to-day shifts in slopes of dose-response curves in 41 subjects were minimal. Day-to-day changes in the concentrations of histamine required to provoke whealing responses equivalent to responses on the first day of testing averaged 1.8-fold (±0.6 SE). Single doses of 5, 10, or 25 mg of doxepin increased the concentrations of histamine required to provoke responses equivalent to control reactions 5.2 (±0.9 SE), 18.4 (±3.3 SE) and 82.2-fold (±37.7 SE), respectively, when reactions were measured 4 hr after drug administration. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of five doses of 5 mg of doxepin administered at 12-hr intervals confirmed the effectiveness of doxepin. The blinded study also demonstrated that the amount of histamine required to provoke a response equivalent to the control response increased from 2.5-fold (±0.8 SE) after one dose to 17.2-fold (±4.7 SE) after three doses and to 22.2-fold (±5.9 SE) after five doses. These experiments demonstrate that doxepin is a potent antihistamine in man and suggest that this agent, related antidepressants, or compounds derived from tricyclic antidepressant structures may be useful in the clinical regulation of histamine-mediated reactions.
Presence of autoantibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome further links autoimmunity to cardiovascular disease

Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) autoantibodies were described in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and might be involved in the genesis of arterial and venous thrombotic events. To investigate the presence of these autoantibodies in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) without other features of autoimmunity, we set up an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-Apo A-1 antibodies. We used it to investigate their prevalence in ACS as compared to SLE and APS and correlated them to plasma Apo A-1 and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) concentrations. The prevalence of anti-Apo A-1 autoantibodies in the healthy control group was 1% (1/92), but was significantly higher in other groups: 21% (11/53) in ACS group (P=0.001), 13% (12/92) in SLE and/or APS group (P=0.005). Multiple linear regression revealed a significant correlation between plasma Apo A-1 (r=-0.72, P=0.013), plasma SAA concentration (r=0.76, P=0.0066) and anti-Apo A-1 IgG titre in ACS patients. The presence of anti-Apo A-1 autoantibodies in patients with ACS highlights an additional link between autoimmunity, inflammation and atherosclerosis.
An Investigational Antiviral Drug, DAS181, Effectively Inhibits Replication of Zoonotic Influenza A Virus Subtype H7N9 and Protects Mice From Lethality

Human infections caused by avian influenza A virus type subtype H7N9 have been associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Emergence of virus variants carrying markers of decreased susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors was reported. Here we show that DAS181 (Fludase), an antiviral drug with sialidase activity, potently inhibited replication of wild-type influenza A(H7N9) and its oseltamivir-resistant R292K variants in mice. A once-daily administration initiated early after lethal infection hampered body weight loss and completely protected mice from lethality. We observed a time-dependent effect for 24–72-hour delayed DAS181 treatments on morbidity and mortality. The results warrant further investigation of DAS181 for influenza treatment.
"This Astounding Car for $1,500": The Year Automobile Advertising Came of Age

In 1906, a writer declared that it remained an “unsolved problem whether the automobile is to prove a fad like the bicycle, or a lasting factor in the industry of the country.” A few years later, concerned with the possibility of overproduction and market saturation, auto executives and other commentators were writing articles for the advertising trade press with titles like “Why Auto Production Must Be Curtailed” and “The Fading of the Automobile Rainbow.” Considering that by the early twenty-first century, the United States had a population of nearly 300 million people and an average of 2.1 registered motor vehicles per household, it is difficult to appreciate how uncertain the industry’s status seemed in its early years. Yet although contemporary observers may not have known it, in many ways by the end of 1908 the foundation stoneswere already in place for a hundred years of automotive economic and cultural preeminence in the United States. Two events from that year are well known as harbingers of the industry’s future. In September, General Motors was established, and in October, Ford introduced its Model T to the nation's auto dealers. In time, these developments had a profound impact on American automobile manufacture and management.
Receptor Selection in B and T Lymphocytes

The process of clonal selection is a central feature of the immune system, but immune specificity is also regulated by receptor selection, in which the fate of a lymphocyte’s antigen receptor is uncoupled from that of the cell itself. Whereas clonal selection controls cell death or survival in response to antigen receptor signaling, receptor selection regulates the process of V(D)J recombination, which can alter or fix antigen receptor specificity. Receptor selection is carried out in both T and B cells and can occur at different stages of lymphocyte differentiation, in which it plays a key role in allelic exclusion, positive selection, receptor editing, and the diversification of the antigen receptor repertoire. Thus, the immune system takes advantage of its control of V(D)J recombination to modify antigen receptors in such a way that self/non-self discrimination is enhanced. New information about receptor editing in T cells and B-1 B cells is also discussed.
An abnormal electrocardiogram in a young man: what is the etiology?

October 2002 PACE, Vol. 25, No. 10 A 23-year-old man with diabetes presented to the emergency department complaining of nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. The physical exam was notable only for a fever. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained (Fig. 1). A second ECG was recorded 5 minutes later and is shown in Figure 2. An echocardiogram revealed normal left ventricular function, with no wall-motion abnormalities or pericardial effusion. What is the cause of the abnormal ECG? Discussion
A numerical method for determination of source time functions for general three‐dimensional rupture propagation

Summary. We present a method to determine the displacement and the stress on the crack plane for a truly threedimensional shear crack of arbitrary shape propagating in an infinite, homogeneous medium which is linearly elastic everywhere off the crack plane. The main idea of the method (which is due to Hamano) is to use a representation theorem in which the displacement at any given point on the crack plane is written as an integral of the traction over the whole crack plane. The tractions are weighted by the threedimensional solution to Lamb’s problem. Such solutions usually require one numerical integration, but fortunately the necessary solutions are obtainable in closed form. The weighting factor is discretized over a space and time grid to solve the integral equation numerically. As a test of the accuracy of our numerical technique, we compare the results with known solutions for two simple cases.
POPULATION GENETICS, DEMOGRAPHIC CONNECTIVITY, AND THE DESIGN OF MARINE RESERVES

Genetic analyses of marine population structure often find only slight geo- graphic differentiation in species with high dispersal potential. Interpreting the significance of this slight genetic signal has been difficult because even mild genetic structure implies very limited demographic exchange between populations, but slight differentiation could also be due to sampling error. Examination of genetic isolation by distance, in which close populations are more similar than distant ones, has the potential to increase confidence in the significance of slight genetic differentiation. Simulations of one-dimensional stepping stone populations with particular larval dispersal regimes shows that isolation by distance is most obvious when comparing populations separated by 2-5 times the mean larval dispersal distance. Available data on fish and invertebrates can be calibrated with this simulation approach and suggest mean dispersal distances of 25-150 km. Design of marine reserve systems requires an understanding of larval transport in and out of reserves, whether reserves will be self-seeding, whether they will accumulate recruits from surrounding exploited areas, and whether reserve networks can exchange recruits. Direct measurements of mean larval dispersal are needed to understand connectivity in a reserve system, but such measurements are extremely difficult. Genetic patterns of isolation by distance have the potential to add to direct measurement of larval dispersal distance and can help set the appropriate geographic scales on which marine reserve systems will function well.
Kinetics of growth and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole, isoprothiolane, and nystatin

Growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and accumulation of aflatoxin B(1) in the medium that contained antifungal agents were monitored during the growth cycle of the mold. The antifungal agents tested are the food additive (antioxidant), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), the pesticide, isoprothiolane, and the antibiotic, nystatin. Growth of the mold was quantified using a newly developed criterion, named the growth coefficient (GC). The GC values were calculated from the growth parameters of the logistic function that fits the growth curve of the mold. At the range of concentrations of additives studied, maxima of growth inhibition were 31.3, 23.1, and 43.6% at 60 ppm of BHA, 70 ppm of isoprothiolane, and 45 units of nystatin/mL, respectively. The ability of the mold to accumulate aflatoxin B(1) in its medium [as measured by the accumulation rate constant (alpha)] In the presence of various levels of the antifungal agents was concentration-dependent. Sixty parts per million of BHA decreased the value of alpha by 71.7%, 30 units of nystatin/mL was the most effective concentration of that antibiotic and resulted in only 23.5% inhibition, and isoprothiolane at all its levels stimulated elaboration of aflatoxin B(1) by the mold.
Where are the female athletes in Sports Illustrated? A content analysis of covers (2000–2011):

We content analyzed more than 11 years of Sports Illustrated (SI) covers (2000–2011) to assess how often females were portrayed, the sports represented, and the manner of their portrayal. Despite females’ increased participation in sport since the enactment of Title IX and calls for greater media coverage of female athletes, women appeared on just 4.9 percent of covers. The percentage of covers did not change significantly over the span and were comparable to levels reported for the 1980s by other researchers. Indeed, women were depicted on a higher percentage of covers from 1954–1965 than from 2000–2011. Beyond the limited number of covers, women’s participation in sport was often minimized by sharing covers with male counterparts, featuring anonymous women not related directly to sports participation, sexually objectifying female athletes, and promoting women in more socially acceptable gender-neutral or feminine sports.
Designing adaptive lighting control algorithms for smart buildings and homes

Artificial lighting is often the main lighting provision for workplaces. This paper describes algorithms for optimizing lighting control in large (smart) buildings that are extensible to smart home use. Systems that provide uniform lighting, under varying outdoor light levels, at occupied locations turns out to be a hard problem. We present methods that work as generic control algorithms and are not preprogrammed for a particular building. Our system uses wireless sensors and wired actuators for the lighting control. But the system does not know about locations and correlations between lights and sensors. The model shows that the control problem is NP-Hard. A heuristic algorithm is proposed and validated to solve the problem to compute approximate optimal solution.
Citizens, Consumers, and the Good Society

Advocating a “postmoralist” position in the analysis of consumer culture, this article holds that it is a mistake to identify political action with public-spirited motives and consumer behavior with self-interested motives. Both political behavior and consumer behavior can be either public-spirited or self-interested. Consumer choices can be expressly political and public-spirited, and styles of consumer behavior can enlist and enshrine values that serve democracy, from going to coffee-houses in eighteenth-century London to eating at McDonald's in twenty-first-century Beijing. Political behavior, meanwhile, may be a particular kind of consumer behavior, and political practice often turns out not to be public-spirited but egocentric and grasping. The article concludes with some suggestions for making political activity more like the experience of consumer choice, that is, more like a situation in which people can take their own preferences seriously because there is a reasonable prospect that they will ult...
Correlated firing improves stimulus discrimination in a retinal model

Synchronous firing limits the amount of information that can be extracted by averaging the firing rates of similarly tuned neurons. Here, we show that the loss of such rate-coded information due to synchronous oscillations between retinal ganglion cells can be overcome by exploiting the information encoded by the correlations themselves. Two very different models, one based on axon-mediated inhibitory feedback and the other on oscillatory common input, were used to generate artificial spike trains whose synchronous oscillations were similar to those measured experimentally. Pooled spike trains were summed into a threshold detector whose output was classified using Bayesian discrimination. For a threshold detector with short summation times, realistic oscillatory input yielded superior discrimination of stimulus intensity compared to rate-matched Poisson controls. Even for summation times too long to re-solve synchronous inputs, gamma band oscillations still contributed to improved discrimination by reducing the total spike count variability, or Fano factor. In separate experiments in which neurons were synchronized in a stimulus-dependent manner without attendant oscillations, the Fano factor increased markedly with stimulus intensity, implying that stimulus-dependent oscillations can offset the increased variability due to synchrony alone.
Plant Disease Resistance Genes: Function Meets Structure.

The coevolution of interacting plants and microbes has given rise to a diverse array of exchanged signals and responses. Microbes that elicit a host response can be met variously with hospitable acceptance (as is the case with symbionts such as nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria), with tardy recognition and moderately effective defenses (as for most interactions that result in disease), or with a strong and rapid defense response that blocks further infection (Dixon and Lamb, 1990; Keen, 1990; Long and Staskawicz, 1993). This latter form of disease resistance forms the subject of this review and is known variously as race-specific resistance, gene-for-gene resistance, or hypersensitive resistance. Activation of gene-for-gene resistance typically depends on specific recognition of the invading pathogen by the plant (Keen, 1990). Numerous individual plant genes have been identified that control gene-for-gene resistance, and these genes are known as resistance (R) genes. Study of gene-for-gene resistance might be justified solely by the intrigue of plant-pathogen coevolution or as a model for signal transduction research in which an organism perceives and responds to its environment. However, the topic takes on greater interest dueto its pivotal impact on crop health and food production. Plant diseases cause billions of dollars in lost harvest annually, and in some instances, these losses have severe consequences for humans (Agrios, 1988; Schumann, 1991). One of the most convenient, inexpensive, and environmentally sound ways to control plant disease is to utilize disease-resistam varieties, and plant breeders make extensive use of classically defined R genes (Agrios, 1988). Recent work has revealed the structure of a number of plant R genes, and a striking degree of similarity among these genes has been observed. After briefly introducing the subject of R genes and avirulence (Avo genes, this review provides an overview of the conserved structural components that are predicted in the proteins encoded by R genes. The cloning of R genes has stimulated additional research that is also discussed, including structure-function analysis of R gene-encoded proteins, isolation of additional R genes, identification of functionally related components of the defense signal transduction cascade, and engineering of improved disease resistance in plants. RESISTANCE GENES, AVIRULENCE GENES, AND PLANT DEFENSE
MULTIDISCIPLINARY AERODYNAMIC-STRUCTURAL SHAPE OPTIMIZATION USING DEFORMATION (MASSOUD)

This paper presents a multidisciplinary shape parameterization approach. The approach consists of two basic concepts: (1) parameterizing the shape perturbations rather than the geometry itself and (2) performing the shape deformation by means of the soft object animation algorithms used in computer graphics. Because the formulation presented in this paper is independent of grid topology, we can treat computational fluid dynamics and finite element grids in a similar manner. The proposed approach is simple, compact, and efficient. Also, the analytical sensitivity derivatives are easily computed for use in a gradient-based optimization. This algorithm is suitable for low-fidelity (e.g., linear aerodynamics and equivalent laminated plate structures) and high-fidelity (e.g., nonlinear computational fluid dynamics and detailed finite element modeling analysis tools. This paper contains the implementation details of parameterizing for planform, twist, dihedral, thickness, camber, and free-form surface. Results are presented for a multidisciplinary design optimization application consisting of nonlinear computational fluid dynamics, detailed computational structural mechanics, and a simple performance module.
Bark- and Wood-Borer Colonization of Logs and Lumber After Heat Treatment to ISPM 15 Specifications: The Role of Residual Bark

Wood packaging material (WPM) is a major pathway for international movement of bark- and wood-infesting insects. ISPM 15, the first international standard for treating WPM, was adopted in 2002 and first implemented in the United States in 2006. ISPM 15 allows bark to remain on WPM after treatment, raising concerns that insects could infest after treatment, especially if bark were present. We conducted field studies to evaluate insect infestation of green logs and lumber with varying amounts of bark after heat treatment. In a log study, Cerambycidae and Scolytinae (ambrosia beetles and bark beetles) readily infested and developed in logs with bark after heat treatment. In a lumber study, Cerambycidae and bark beetles laid eggs in all sizes of bark patches tested (approximately 25, 100, 250, and 1,000 cm2) after heat treatment but did not infest control or heat-treated lumber without bark. Cerambycidae completed development only in boards with bark patches of 1,000 cm2, whereas bark beetles completed development on patches of 100, 250, and 1,000 cm2. Survival of bark beetles was greater in square patches (10 by 10 cm) versus rectangular patches (2.5 by 40 cm) of the same surface area (100 cm2). In surveys at six U.S. ports in 2006, 9.4% of 5,945 ISPM 15-marked WPM items contained bark, and 1.2% of 564 ISPM 15-marked WPM items with bark contained live insects of quarantine significance under the bark. It was not possible to determine whether the presence of live insects represented treatment failure or infestation after treatment.
Unusual amiodarone toxicity in a child.

metabolite were 0.3 µg/mL (0.47 µmol/L) and 0.4 ug/mL, respectively. The reference range for amiodarone in the serum is 0.5-2.5 µg/mL (0.8-3.9 0.47 µmol/L). Thyroid function test, ammonia level, plasma amino acids and urine organic acids were all normal or negative. The electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm at 102 beats per minute. QRS was 89 msec, and QTc was 460 msec. A review of the literature revealed that central and peripheral neurotoxicity was indeed associated with amiodarone.
Appendix E: Table for Gaussian Cumulative Distribution Function

An understanding of random processes is crucial to many engineering fields-including communication theory, computer vision, and digital signal processing in electrical and computer engineering, and vibrational theory and stress analysis in mechanical engineering. The filtering, estimation, and detection of random processes in noisy environments are critical tasks necessary in the analysis and design of new communications systems and useful signal processing algorithms. Random Processes: Filtering, Estimation, and Detection clearly explains the basics of probability and random processes and details modern detection and estimation theory to accomplish these tasks. In this book, Lonnie Ludeman, an award-winning authority in digital signal processing, joins the fundamentals of random processes with the standard techniques of linear and nonlinear systems analysis and hypothesis testing to give signal estimation techniques, specify optimum estimation procedures, provide optimum decision rules for classification purposes, and describe performance evaluation definitions and procedures for the resulting methods. The text covers four main, interrelated topics: * Probability and characterizations of random variables and random processes * Linear and nonlinear systems with random excitations * Optimum estimation theory including both the Wiener and Kalman Filters * Detection theory for both discrete and continuous time measurements Lucid, thorough, and well-stocked with numerous examples and practice problems that emphasize the concepts discussed, Random Processes: Filtering, Estimation, and Detection is an understandable and useful text ideal as both a self-study guide for professionals in the field and as a core text for graduate students.
Abductive inference and historiography: a conversation for historians and philosophers

o artigo toma a forma de uma conversa entre estudantes em um seminario de filosofia da historia. O topico do dia e abducao, uma forma de inferencia identificada pela primeira vez por Charles S. Peirce, que a comparou e contrastou a deducao e inducao. Apos o professor introduzir o topico e um aluno resumir a visao do proprio Peirce acerca da inferencia abdutiva, os alunos se revezam propondo modelos de inferencia abdutiva e oferecendo observacoes sobre a possivel adequacao destes modelos como descricoes de ou guias para uma investigacao ou explicacao historica. Um aluno propoe que a diferenca da abducao, contrastando com a deducao e inducao e apenas que a abducao infere que a conclusao e possivel ao inves de necessaria (deducao) ou provavel (inducao). Alguns alunos oferecem objecoes a esta caracterizacao e a discussao entao se move na direcao de uma serie de outras propostas para compreender a propria abducao, assim como a distincao entre particularidade e generalidade historica, o carater da explicacao historica e a funcao da evidencia na avaliacao das teses historicas.
Genetics, Ecology, and Conservation of Montane Populations of Colorado Chipmunks (Tamias quadrivittatus)

Population genetics and ecological characteristics were assessed in relictual montane populations of the Colorado chipmunk ( Tamias quadrivittatus ). This study focused on conservation and systematic relationships of two endangered populations of T. quadrivittatus inhabiting the Oscura and Organ mountains of central and southern New Mexico, relative to coniferous-forest populations found in northern latitudes. Results suggest that inbreeding has had a significant effect on genetic structure of populations of chipmunks, particularly in more arid regions of central and southern New Mexico. Levels of intrapopulation variability were a function of population size, as indicated by the significant association between area of forest habitat and average values of allelism, polymorphism, and heterozygosity. Patterns of allozymic differentiation in the northernmost populations can be explained by dispersal, in which populations connected by corridors of mesic woodland during the Pleistocene or Recent received sufficient gene flow to account for the generally low level of interpopulation genetic divergence. Conversely, genetic divergence in central and more arid southern populations likely is a result of isolation and subsequent genetic drift associated with fragmentation of formerly continuous forest vegetation since the Pleistocene. Most relict-montane populations of T. quadrivittatus in New Mexico are small and patchy in distribution because of a close affinity with specific ecological parameters. These genetically depauperate populations are particularly susceptible to extinction owing to increasing human-induced destruction of habitat, as well as vagaries of stochastic demographic and environmental phenomena. A goal of resource management in the southwestern United States must be to preserve relict-mountaintop ecosystems that represent unique biogeographic links to the evolutionary history of the region. Within these mesic woodland and forest patches, special effort must be made to preserve as much of the species pool as possible, owing to increased habitat destruction and fragmentation. Based on results of genetic, morphologic, and ecologic data, a new subspecies of the Colorado chipmunk from the Oscura Mountains, New Mexico, is described.
The Effects of Brand Extensions on Market Share and Advertising Efficiency

The authors examine the effects of brand strategy (i.e., brand extensions vs. individual brands) on new product market share and advertising efficiency, and the degree to which these effects are mo...
The emerging digital library: A new collaborative opportunity on the academic campus

La revolution de l'information et l'environnement electronique ouvrent une ere d'opportunites pour les bibliotheques de recherche et la science, ainsi que de nouvelles possibilites de partenariat avec les scientifiques et les chercheurs, faisant passer les bibliothecaires du role d'intermediaires a celui de participants actifs. La bibliotheque electronique de l'Universite Texas A & M a ete concue de facon flexible pour traiter les besoins de toute la communaute universitaire, tout en apportant une capacite de stockage a grande echelle, la puissance informatique, un equipement d'imagerie performant, et un logiciel de recherche sophistique. L'article decrit les caracteristiques de la bibliotheque electronique de Texas A &M : politique concernant l'acces aux donnees, la personnalisation et la propriete intellectuelle, gestion des donnees, architecture des composants pour la recherche, la navigation et pour l'importation de donnees numeriques. Les tâches techniques d'acquisition d'image, de stockage et de recherche sont rendues transparentes aux utilisateurs. La plupart des fonctions sont accessibles sur le Web.
Abstract B34: Increase in EGFR level through SLUG-induced repression of dynactin 5 in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Aggressive breast cancers of the triple negative type (TNBCs) are often characterized with higher levels of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g. EGFR) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs; e.g. PAR1). These receptors are activated by their agonists, induce signal transduction and then are attenuated by signal uncoupling and retrograde recycling endosome transport. We report here that the levels of several of these receptor proteins are elevated and hyperactivated on the surface of aggressive breast cancer cells that have high levels of the transcriptional repressor protein SLUG. Chip-on-chip analysis to identify genes that are repressed by SLUG in the breast cancer cells revealed one of the proteins that are critical for the retrograde recycling transport of the RTKs and GPCRs, namely dynactin 5 (DCTN5). DCTN5 (aka p25) is a member of the dynactin complex. DCTN5 is a subunit of the pointed-end subcomplex of dynactin that is thought to interact with membranous cargo. Interestingly, DCTN5 is expressed from the reverse activity of the bidirectional promoter of human PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) gene whose product regulates the functions of the tumor suppressor protein BRCA2. We found that SLUG inhibits both PALB2 and DCTN5 gene expression through chromatin remodeling in human breast cancer cells. We hypothesize that the malignant breast cancer cells acquire highly aggressive and metastatic characteristics in part due to the higher levels and hyperactivation of EGFR on their surface. The hyperactivity of EGFR occurs through the SLUG-mediated repression of DCTN5 which mediates the internalization and thus, degradation of activated receptors. We evaluated the role of DCTN5 in the determination of aggressiveness in TNBC cells. We postulate that maintenance of normal levels DCTN5 in the TNBC cells through the inhibition of the functions of SLUG will control the invasive growth of the breast tumors. Supported in parts by the DOD-CDMRP grants BC050641, BC086542 and BC103645. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B34.
Antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from neonatal intensive care unit

Objective To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens isolated from inpatients of departments of pediatrics and neonatal intensive care unit. Methods VITEK automicroscan were used to identify the species and conduct drug resistance test and the antimicrobial resistances of two groups were analyzed by VITEK bioLIAISON Data Trac software.χ2 test was made to identify the significance of difference.Results The most common pathogens in neonatal intensive care unit were Staphylococcus epidermidis,Coagulase-negative staphylococcus,Klebsiella whereas Staphylococci aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis,Congulase-negative staphylococcus,Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in departments of pediatrics.The resistant rates of the pathogens isolated from intensive care unite to ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin,cefepime,ceftazidime,and piperacillin/tazobactam were 37.6%,36.8%,71.2%,71.2%,and 50.5% respectively and all of them were significantly more than those from departments of pediatrics(P0.001).Conclusion The resistant rates of pathogens isolated from neonatal intensive care unite were higher than those isolated from departments of pediatrics.
Stellate Ganglion Block for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

Objective In this study, we aimed to determine if stellate ganglion block (SGB) could reduce symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in comparison with sham therapy in military service members. Methods In a randomized trial in which both participants and assessors were blind, participants with PTSD received either an SGB or a sham procedure. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were measured using the CAPS (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) and self-report measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and pain. Subjects underwent assessment before the procedure and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the procedure. Patients receiving sham injections were allowed to cross over to the treatment group, and participants who maintained criteria for PTSD were allowed to receive a second SGB treatment. Results Posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression scores all showed improvement across time, but there was no statistically or clinically relevant difference in outcomes between the active and control groups. Individuals who crossed over from sham treatment to SGB similarly showed no greater improvement with the SGB treatment. Improvement in CAPS was greater with a second SGB treatment than after the first treatment. Conclusions Although previous case series have suggested that SGB offers an effective intervention for PTSD, this study did not demonstrate any appreciable difference between SGB and sham treatment on psychological or pain outcomes. Future studies should examine if differences in treatment methods or patient population could allow individuals with PTSD to benefit from SGB, but current evidence does not support widespread or indiscriminant clinical use of the procedure for PTSD.
Toxins and Venoms

Toxins are produced by numerous microorganisms and invertebrates as well as by higher plants and animals. Venoms are produced by many groups of animals, from coelenterates to vertebrates. While toxins and venoms are the primary toxicological concern in natural ecosystems, they are frequently of importance in agroecosystems and in military deployments. They belong to a very large number of chemical classes and consequently are usually classified according to the groups of organisms producing them, for example, mycotoxins, algal toxins, and insect venoms. Plant toxins are representative of a larger group of phytochemicals known as secondary plant chemicals or plant allelochemicals. They may be acutely toxic, have chronic toxicity, or may be toxic at one dose but therapeutic at a lower dose. Some drugs of abuse are plant toxins abuse. A representative selection of the more important members of each category is provided.
Proximal Capture Dynamics for a Single Biological Nanopore Sensor.

Single nanopore sensors enable capture and analysis of molecules that are driven to the pore entry from bulk solution. However, the distance between an analyte and the nanopore opening limits the detection efficiency. A theoretical basis for predicting particle capture rate is important for designing modified nanopore sensors, especially for those with covalently tethered reaction sites. Using the finite element method, we develop a soft-walled electrostatic block (SWEB) model for the alpha-hemolysin channel that produces a vector map of drift-producing forces on particles diffusing near the pore entrance. The maps are then coupled to a single-particle diffusion simulation to probe capture statistics and to track the trajectories of individual particles on the μs to ms time scales. The investigation enables evaluation of the interplay among the electrophoretic, electroosmotic, and thermal driving forces as a function of applied potential. The findings demonstrate how the complex drift-producing forces com...
A Single-Cell Assay for Time Lapse Studies of Exosome Secretion and Cell Behaviors

To understand the inhomogeneity of cells in biological systems, there is a growing demand on the capability of characterizing the properties of individual single cells. Since single-cell studies require continuous monitoring of the cell behaviors, an effective single-cell assay that can support time lapsed studies in a high throughput manner is desired. Most currently available single-cell technologies cannot provide proper environments to sustain cell growth and, proliferation of single cells and convenient, noninvasive tests of single-cell behaviors from molecular markers. Here, a highly versatile single-cell assay is presented that can accommodate different cellular types, enable easy and efficient single-cell loading and culturing, and be suitable for the study of effects of in vitro environmental factors in combination with drug screening. One salient feature of the assay is the noninvasive collection and surveying of single-cell secretions at different time points, producing unprecedented insight of single-cell behaviors based on the biomarker signals from individual cells under given perturbations. Above all, the acquired information is quantitative, for example, measured by the number of exosomes each single-cell secretes for a given time period. Therefore, our single-cell assay provides a convenient, low-cost, and enabling tool for quantitative, time lapsed studies of single-cell properties.
Effect of daily fifteen-minute periods of calisthenics upon the physical fitness of fifth-grade boys and girls.

Abstract This study compared the physical fitness of two 5th-grade self-contained classes—one with no physical education curriculum and the other with a curriculum of 15-min. daily periods of calisthenics. Physical fitness was determined by the AAHPER Youth Fitness test. Analysis included pre- and postexperimental within group changes and between group differences. Postexperimental results yielded (a) some significant changes within groups, (b) no significant differences between groups, and (c) one significant difference in mean change in favor of the experimental group (50-yd. dash).
Adjudicating Adjudication and the Problem of Epistemic Caution

Does evidence of a biomechanical cause of psychopathy reduce sentencing to the same extent for male and female judges? A recent experiment found that when psychiatric evidence of criminal psychopathy was supplemented by evidence of an underlying biomechanism, judges assigned shorter average sentences and were more likely to cite at least one mitigating factor of psychopathy in accompanying written opinions. But it remains unclear whether the absence of neurobiological evidence justifies the retention of longer sentences, and unclear whether the opinions of this judicial sample are widely held, or reflect the unique demographics of the U.S. state trial judiciary. Specifically, previous research has found systematic differences in the credence that men and women give to different kinds of scientific explanations, and this research suggests that the discovered scientism among U.S. state trial judges may be moderated by the gender ratio of that population, which is skewed heavily toward men. Here, a reanalysi...
What could possibly go wrong? A multi-panel Delphi study of organizational social media risk

The growth of social media has crossed the boundary from individual to organizational use, bringing with it a set of benefits and risks. To mitigate these risks and ensure the benefits of social media use are realized, organizations have developed a host of new policies, procedures, and hiring practices. However, research to date has yet to provide a comprehensive view on the nature of risk associated with the use of social media by organizations. Using a multi-panel Delphi approach consisting of new entrants to the workforce, certified human resource professionals, and certified Information Technology auditors, this study seeks to understand organizational social media risk. The results of the Delphi panels are compared against a textual analysis of 40 social media policies to provide a comprehensive view of the current state of social media policy development. We conclude with directions for future research that may guide researchers interested in exploring social media risk in organizations.
Enhanced sensitivity of Neil1-/- mice to chronic UVB exposure.

Abstract Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA base damage are thought to be central mediators of UV-induced carcinogenesis and skin aging. However, increased steady-state levels of ROS-induced DNA base damage have not been reported after chronic UV exposure. Accumulation of ROS-induced DNA base damage is governed by rates of lesion formation and repair. Repair is generally performed by Base Excision Repair (BER), which is initiated by DNA glycosylases, such as 8-oxoguanine glycosylase and Nei-Endonuclease VIII-Like 1 (NEIL1). In the current study, UV light (UVB) was used to elicit protracted low-level ROS challenge in wild-type (WT) and Neil1 −/− mouse skin. Relative to WT controls, Neil1 −/− mice showed an increased sensitivity to tissue destruction from the chronic UVB exposure, and corresponding enhanced chronic inflammatory responses as measured by cytokine message levels and profiling, as well as neutrophil infiltration. Additionally, levels of several ROS-induced DNA lesions were measured including 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua), 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde), 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 5,6-dihydroxyuracil (5,6-diOH-Ura) and thymine glycol (ThyGly). In WT mice, chronic UVB exposure led to increased steady-state levels of FapyGua, FapyAde, and ThyGly with no significant increases in 8-OH-Gua or 5,6-diOH-Ura. Interestingly, the lesions that accumulated were all substrates of NEIL1. Collectively, these data suggest that NEIL1-initiated repair of a subset of ROS-induced DNA base lesions may be insufficient to prevent the initiation of inflammatory pathways during chronic UV exposure in mouse skin.
The Applicability of Psychological and Moral Distinctions in an Emerging Neuroscientific Framework

In Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man, Sellars ([1963] 1991) argues that the conceptual framework of persons, what we might call commonsense psychology, should be joined to, and not merely ...
Physics and painting

Robert P Crease looks at several books that examine how physics influenced artistic movements.
Advanced carboraneous materials

Abstract Nano-species derived from carborane clusters are extremely useful materials in the field of science and engineering. In this article, the unique properties and potential applications of carboraneous (nano-) materials, along with detailed descriptions of recent developments in carborane chemistry are being discussed. Many reviews have been focused on the synthesis and characterization of carborane clusters and their derivatives. This mini review mainly discusses on the latest applications of carboraneous materials. They have found wide potential applications in cancer therapy, including boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), semiconductor devices, inhibitors, molecular vehicles and catalysis, due to their unusual chemical stability and reactivity.