cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of long-chain fatty acids on orthophosphate-adenosine 5′-triphosphate exchange activity associated with oxidative phosphorylation

Summary 1. Various saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids inhibited [32P]Pi-ATP exchange activity associated with respiratory-chain oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition by a given concentration of long-chain fatty acid was considerably augmented by conditions which prevented fatty acid oxidation during the course of the reaction. This was accomplished by addition of various inhibitors of respiration (KCN, antimycin A, azide, or amytal) or by conducting the reaction under anaerobic conditions. 2. Investigation of the effect of various saturated long-chain fatty acids at 3 · 10−5 M and in the presence of 1 mM KCN revealed that myristic, lauric, capric, palmitic, caprylic and caproic acids, in decreasing order of effectiveness, inhibited [32P]Pi-ATP exchange activity. Investigation of the effect of unsaturated fatty acids under similar conditions showed that oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic, erucic and elaidic acids, in decreasing order of effectiveness, inhibited [32P]Pi-ATP exchange activity. 3. The inhibition of [32P]Pi-ATP exchange activity by long-chain fatty acids was not accompanied by significant increase in ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity or evidence indicative of mitochondrial disruption.
Hyaluronan oligosaccharide-induced activation of transcription factors in bovine articular chondrocytes.

Objective To document the activity profile of transcription factors following chondrocyte stimulation with hyaluronan (HA) hexasaccharides (HA6) and to determine the expression of genes whose transcriptional activation is tightly associated with the transcription factors. Methods Nuclear extracts from bovine articular chondrocytes treated with HA6 were subjected to transcription factor protein–DNA array analysis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analyses were performed to confirm the results of protein–DNA array. The gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), type II collagen, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protease activity was assessed by casein zymography. Results In the protein–DNA array analysis, 12 transcription factors were up-regulated and 2 transcription factors were down-regulated in the chondrocytes treated with HA6. The transcription factors retinoic acid receptor (RAR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), and Sp-1 exhibited >2-fold increased activity by HA6 treatment, as confirmed by EMSA. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of MMP-3, type II collagen, and COMP messenger RNA, which are tightly associated with the activation of RAR, RXR, or Sp-1, were up-regulated by treatment with HA6. Addition of high molecular mass HA after HA6 treatment resulted in abrogation of the MMP-3 induction. Conclusion These results suggest that HA6 increase the activity of multiple transcription factors in chondrocytes and signal the enhanced expression of key genes involved in cartilage-matrix remodeling and turnover. The data also demonstrate that high molecular mass HA has a potential to suppress the signaling activated by HA6.
Patient-Centered Research : Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Homebound Patients

PURPOSE: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) can be defined as medical practices not taught widely at US medical schools or generally available at US hospitals. National studies suggest that between 30–40% of the general US population use CAM. These users tend to be more educated, have higher incomes, and are more likely to be between the ages of 30–49. However, to date, no study has documented the use of CAM among the homebound population, patients who are usually elderly, debilitated, and have less access to medical care. We studied the use of alternative therapies in homebound patients of the Mount Sinai Visiting Doctors Program serving the inner city of New York. METHODS: Eligibility for the study was limited to patients who are in the Visiting Doctors Program, and whose mini-mental status exam score was greater than 20 or who were deemed competent to complete the survey by their primary care provider. Participant's CAM use was assessed by a survey administered by an interviewer at the patient's home. RESULTS: Forty-nine consecutive, eligible patients were interviewed and a survey completed. Among the respondents, 84% were women, the mean age was 78.6 (STD = 14.1). Respondents were 51% Caucasian, 27% African-American, 14% Hispanic and 8% other. On rating their own health, 69% rated it as poor to fair, 22% rated it as good, and 8% rated it as very good to excellent. Sixty-nine percent of the respondents reported using one or more CAM in the past 12 months. Commonly used CAM included: vitamins/minerals (33%) [excluding MVI, calcium], spiritual healing (27%), and herbal remedies (20%). Spiritual healing included prayer and faith healing. The most common herbal remedies were garlic, ginger, and chamomile tea. Among CAM users, their main sources of information about CAM came from their own physicians (32%), family/friends/co-workers (18%), and newspaper/radio/TV (18%). CONCLUSION: The use of CAM in this elderly, debilitated, homebound population was significantly higher than that of the general population. It is especially important for physicians who care for homebound patients to be aware of and discuss the use of CAM. Clinicians can then better understand any potential associated health consequences and help their patients make informed decisions about their CAM use.
Searching for Evidence: The Value of a Librarian-Clinician Collaboration—The Librarian’s Role

More than ever before, home health care practitioners are expected to support their clinical decision making with the best available scientific evidence. It is important for these practitioners to understand the process involved and possess the necessary resources and skills. Librarians and other information professionals trained in performing extensive literature and database searches are ideal partners during the search for evidence. This article identifies and describes those databases most likely to include citations and reviews of research relevant to the home health care practitioner engaging in the evidence search phase of the EBP process, including the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and others, and provides practical suggestions for devising search strategies and optimizing retrieval based upon a well-built clinical question.
Preserved high energy phosphate metabolic reserve in globally "stunned" hearts despite reduction of basal ATP content and contractility.

Impaired energy production has been proposed as one mechanism to explain the contractile abnormality in post-ischemic “stunned” myocardium. If energy production were impaired, administration of inotropic agents should result in a deterioration of cellular energy stores because of an inability of ATP synthesis to match the rate of increased utilization. In this study we correlated changes in myocardial high energy phosphates, measured by 31 P-NMR spectroscopy, with changes in left ventricular function and energy requirement in buffer perfused rabbit hearts following ischemia and reperfusion, and during stimulation with isoproterenol. Hearts were stunned by 20 min of zero flow global ischemia at room temperature. After reperfusion, isovolumic developed pressure returned to 77.8±2.2% of baseline and ATP content was reduced to 80.9±4.1% of baseline. Isoproterenol (5×10 −8 m for 10 min) caused increases in developed pressure and rate-pressure product (to 134.1±12.6% and 195.0±21.4% of baseline, respectively) without a decrease in ATP or phosphocreatine (PCr) content (80.0±7.1% and 103.0±3.8% of preischemia, respectively), and without functional or metabolic deterioration of the hearts after discontinuation of the drug. Control hearts not subjected to ischemia showed similar functional and metabolic responses to isoproterenol. The phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate (PCr/ P i ) ratio, an index of the balance between energy production and utilization, was higher (not lower) than baseline in stunned hearts, thus confirming that energy production was not intrinsically impaired. Together these data indicate that despite reduced myocardial ATP content, mitochondrial function in stunned hearts is capable of sustaining a large increase in function and energetic requirements.
The effect of retroviral transformation on DNA replication and DNA polymerase-γ activity in chick embryo fibroblast mitochondria☆☆☆

Abstract The effect of transformation by oncogenic Rous sarcoma viruses on the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) was investigated, extending our previous report of a three- to five-fold increase in the rate of mtDNA replication, which is strictly linked to the expression of the transformed state, is mitochondria-specific, and is not attributable to virus production per se or different growth rates between normal and transformed CEF. In this paper, in vivo pulse-label and pulse-chase analysis shows an increased specific activity in all the replicative and topological forms of transformed cell mtDNA I, labeled within a 10-min pulse, 30-min chase period, reflecting about the same proportion of total label incorporated into D-loop strands (~9S) relative to full-length closed circular forms (~37S) of mtDNA from both cell types. In contrast to the concomitant changes observed in many other systems with elevated DNA synthesis, neither the estimated intramitochondrial pool size of the labeled DNA precursor (dTTP), nor the total level of the mtDNA-replicating enzyme (mt γ-polymerase) is increased in the transformed cells. Notably, however, in both cell types the mitochondrial dTTP pools relative to the mtDNA complement are significantly larger than whole-cell pools relative to the nuclear DNA complement, confirming recent reports in HeLa cells. The solubilized mt γ-polymerases from normal and transformed CEF, respectively, are both precipitated by 50% ammonium sulfate, inhibited by N -ethylmaleimide, have similar sedimentation coefficients, and exhibit optimal activity when poly(rA) · (pT) 10 is used as the template-primer. On the other hand, the transformed cell enzyme demonstrates an altered response to thiol compounds, a decreased tendency to aggregate during sedimentation, and is significantly less tightly attached to the mitochondria than the normal cell enzyme. We conclude that, as a result of transformation, an increased fraction of mtDNA molecules replicate at a given time, and that this increased replication rate in vivo is correlated with the expression of several altered endogenous properties, which possibly include a modified intramitochondrial structural attachment of the mt γ-polymerase in situ. This experimental system may be well suitable for use in the identification of regulatory factors which function during the replication of the mitochondrial genome in vivo.
A Robust Structural Stress Method for Fatigue Analysis of Ship Structures

Recent rapid advances in developing mesh-insensitive structural stress methods are summarized in this paper. The new structural stress methods have been demonstrated to be effective in reliably calculating structural stresses that can be correlated with fatigue behavior from simple weld details to complex structures. As a result, a master S-N curve approach has been developed and validated by a large amount weld S-N data in the literature. The applications of the present structural stress methods in a number of joint types in offshore/marine structures will be illustrated in this paper. The implications on future applications in drastically simplifying fatigue design and evaluation for offshore/marine structures will also be discussed, particularly for using very coarse finite element mesh designs in ship structures.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Recreational genomics; what's in it for you?

Nearly two millennia ago Galen presciently introduced the concept of personalized medicine. Now, thanks to rapidly accelerating technology, the ability to live an examined life is at hand in a way that Socrates couldn't have dreamt of. Analyzing an individual's genome at 1,000,000 sites has become an afternoon's work and full genomic sequencing of the individual will soon be practical if the NIH's “$1,000 genome project” is even marginally successful1. The resultant deluge of Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAS) in the medical literature promises to be a considerable boon to individualized medicine; allowing us to optimize disease screening, identify novel drug targets and illuminate the fundamental etiology of common diseases2. But while the medical community is trying to figure out how to use this information to improve health, the private sector is rushing to satisfy our drive to know ourselves in this new way with a variety of boutique genotyping services. These offerings, widely publicized in the popular press, promise to analyze the consumer's genome for between $1,000 and $2,500, illuminating everything from their ancestry and ear-wax type to their risk for prostate cancer.3 Most of us view our genetic information as somehow special, in a way that our chest x-ray or electrolyte panel is not, and we thus (rightly or wrongly) accord it a special status; call it the “DNA R Us” attitude. As such potentially powerful information slips the bounds of the traditional academic or healthcare setting, it behooves us as physicians, patients and consumers to ask what we are really likely to discover about ourselves with such individualized analyses. Broadly speaking, what are we likely to find out after having sent our DNA and credit card number to one of these new companies and received in return such a genetic report?
Effects of eruption history and cooling rate on lava dome growth

To better understand the factors controlling the shapes of lava domes, laboratory simulations, measurements from active and prehistoric flows and dimensional analysis were used to explore how effusion history and cooling rate affect the final geometry of a dome. Fifty experiments were conducted in which a fixed volume of polyethylene glycol wax was injected into a tank of cold sucrose solution, either as one continuous event or as a series of shorter pulses separated by repose periods. When the wax cooling rates exceeded a critical minimum value, the dome aspect ratios (height/diameter) increased steadily with erupted volume over the course of a single experiment and the rate at which height increased with volume depended linearly on the time-averaged effusion rate. Thus the average effusion rate could be estimated from observations of how the dome shape changed with time. Our experimental results and dimensional analyses were compared with several groups of natural lava flows: the recently emplaced Mount St Helens and Soufriere domes, which had been carefully monitored while active; three sets of prehistoric rhyolite domes that varied in eruptive style and shape; and two sets of Holocene domes with similar shapes, but different compositions. Geometric measurements suggest that dome morphology can be directly correlated with effusion rate for domes of similar composition from the same locality, and that shape alone can be related to a dimensionless number comparing effusion rate and cooling rate. Extrapolation to the venusian ‘pancake domes’ suggests that they formed from relatively viscous lavas extruded either episodically or at average effusion rates low enough to allow solidified surface crust to exert a dominating influence on the final morphology.
Genetic difference in the sympathetic nervous activity and susceptibility to atherosclerosis in pigeon

Abstract Norepinephrine (NE) accumulation, dose response to NE and NE content were studied in the aortas of White Carneau (WC) and Show Racer (SR) pigeons in order to determine if a correlation exists between the atherosclerosis susceptibility of WC and atherosclerosis resistance of SR with the degree of sympathetic nerve ending activity. In addition, the age factor was included by comparing results in 4–14 month-old and 5-year-old animals. NE accumulation by abdominal aorta samples from SR pigeons of both age groups and by thoracic segments from 5-year-old SR was significantly higher than that by WC pigeon samples. The difference in NE accumulation had lower P -values in older than in younger pigeons. Maximal contraction of SR abdominal aorta was significantly higher than that of WC samples. The ED 50 to exogenous NE decreased with age in both strains but the decrease was statistically significant only in WC strain. Finally, NE content of abdominal aorta segments was significantly higher in SR than in WC pigeons. NE content of thoracic aorta did not differ in the 2 strains. The results complement our previous work indicating that sympathetic nerve endings in the vessel wall may have atrophic influence which modulates the metabolic pattern of the arteries. Thus, atherosclerosis and perhaps age, are related degenerative vascular changes associated with reduced indices of sympathetic activity.
Analysis of the irregular planar distribution of proteins in membranes.

SUMMARY Methods to characterize the irregular but non-random planar distribution of proteins in biological membranes were investigated. The distribution of the proteins constituting the intramembranous particles (IMP) in human erythrocyte membranes was used as an example. The distribution of IMPs was deliberately altered by experimental means. For real space analyses, the IMP positions in freeze fracture micrograph S were determined by an automatic procedure described. Radial distribution and autocorrelation analysis revealed quantitative differences between experimental groups. These methods are more sensitive than the corresponding optical diffraction or Fourier-Bessel analyses of the same IMP distribution data, due to the inability of the diffraction methods to separate contrast and distribution effects. A method to identify IMPs on a non-uniform background is described.
Super-resolution techniques for velocity estimation using UWB random noise radar signals

The Doppler spread pertaining to the ultrawideband (UWB) radar signals from moving target is directly proportional to the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and the target velocity. Using typical FFT-based methods, the estimation of true velocities pertaining to two targets moving with relatively close velocities within a radar range bin is problematic. In this paper, we extend the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm to resolve targets moving velocities closer to each other within a given range bin for UWB random noise radar waveforms. Simulated and experimental results are compared for various target velocities using both narrowband (200MHz) and wideband (1GHz) noise radar signals, clearly establishing the unbiased and unambiguous velocity estimations using the MUSIC algorithm.
Improvement of spin transfer torque in asymmetric graphene devices.

A graphene lateral spin valve structure with asymmetric contacts is presented for the first time, with enhancement of spin angular momentum absorption in its receiving magnet. The asymmetric device with tunneling barrier only at the injector magnet shows a comparable spin valve signal but lower electrical noises compared to the device with two tunneling barriers. We also report experimental measurements of spin transfer torque. Assisted by an external magnetic field of 2.5 mT, spin diffusion current-induced magnetization reversal occurs at a nonlocal charge current density of 33 mA/μm2, smaller than that needed in devices with two tunneling barriers.
Does Sex Make a Difference? Job Satisfaction of Television Network News Correspondents

Women have been employed in national television news since the 1960s, but there is a question about gender balance now. This study surveyed correspondents at national television news networks. The results showed that on average women were significantly younger and less experienced than men, which affected women's salaries. Women were less satisfied than men about their work environment, and after controlling for years employed at their network, women also were less satisfied with their jobs overall.
Slices, RNP, strong regularity, and martingales

The usual proof that dentability implies the Radon-Nikodým property involves a clever but rather baroque exhaustion argument. This note presents a very short and simple proof of this implication. The techniques in this new proof are then generalised to derive some direct proofs of recent results concerning strongly regular operators on L 1 .
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons profile of kitchen dusts.

Concentrations and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in thirty dust samples collected from kitchens that use wood cook system (WCS), kerosene stove cook system (KSCS) and butane gas cook system (BGCS). The total PAHs concentrations ranged from 52 to 497, 39 to 96 and 37 to 155 μg kg−1 for WCS, KSCS and BGCS respectively. The results indicate predominance of lower molecular weight (2–3 rings) over higher molecular weight PAHs and users of wood cook system are more exposed to higher levels of PAHs than the users of either kerosene cook system or butane gas cook system.
Distinctive profile of sudden cardiac arrest in middle-aged vs. older adults: A community-based study☆ , ☆☆

Abstract Background While sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) rates increase with age, middle-aged adults (35–59years) may comprise a significant proportion of SCA cases in the community (30–40%). However, there is a lack of studies evaluating SCA risk factors specifically associated with this age-group of the population. Methods Using prospective multiple-source surveillance methodology we identified cases of SCA ≥35years in the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, population≈1,000,000). Out-of-hospital SCA cases, aged 35–59years were compared to older SCA cases (≥60years) in a comprehensive analysis of clinical profile of SCA. Results The middle-aged (n=753) compared to older (n=1251) cases were more likely to be male, obese, have sleep apnea and seizure disorder (all p≤0.001); and were less likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, known coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and syncope (all p Conclusions SCA in the middle-aged adult was distinguishable from older subjects by higher rates of obesity, sleep apnea and seizure disorder; and lower prevalence of traditional clinical risk markers. With the growing epidemic of obesity, these findings have implications for SCA burden; and suggest the need for a clinical and investigational focus on SCA prediction and prevention in the middle-aged adult, that is distinct from older adults.
Microscopic evaluation of vesicles shed by rat erythrocytes at elevated temperatures

Abstract It is hypothesized that the elevation of the temperature of the blood during heat stress may cause an increase of the shedding of erythrocyte membrane vesicles. Therefore, the increase of vesicle numbers following heat stress may be indicative of and proportional to the level heat stress. In order to test this hypothesis, erythrocytes and the vesicles shed by erythrocytes were collected from rat blood and analyzed after the elevation of body temperature by exposure to external heat. The images of erythrocytes and vesicles were analyzed by a custom light microscopy system with spatial resolution of better than 90 nm. The samples were observed in an aqueous environment and required no freezing, dehydration, staining, shadowing, marking or any other manipulation. The elevation of temperature from 36.7±0.3 to 40.3±0.4 °C resulted in significant increase of the concentration of vesicles in blood. At a temperature of 37 °C, mean vesicle concentrations and diameters found in rat blood were (1.4±0.2)×10 6 vesicles/μL and 0.436±0.03 μm, respectively. The concentration of free vesicles increased after exposure to heat to (3.8±0.3)×10 6 vesicles/μL. It was estimated that 80% of all vesicles found in rat blood are smaller than 0.45 μm. The increase in the number of vesicle associated with elevated temperatures may be indicative of the heat stress level and serve as diagnostic test of erythrocyte stability and heat resistance.
Presynaptic alterations associated with enhancement of evoked release and synthesis of norepinephrine in hippocampus of chronically cold-stressed rats

We have previously demonstrated that prior exposure to chronic cold stress does not alter basal levels of norepinephrine (NE) release or synthesis in hippocampus of rat. However, in response to a subsequent novel stressor, an enhancement of both of these noradrenergic parameters is observed in the chronically stressed animals relative to naive controls. In the present experiments, we have examined whether the biochemical sensitization of NE release and synthesis produced by chronic stress can be demonstrated by local depolarization of the noradrenergic nerve terminals with elevated K+. The local application of elevated K+ in dorsal hippocampus resulted in a greater increase in extracellular NE and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in chronically stressed rats than in naive controls. It is proposed that in dorsal hippocampus, extracellular NE and DOPAC provide measures of NE release and biosynthesis, respectively. Therefore, these data suggest that local depolarization, similar to novel stress, elicits both enhanced NE release and synthesis in chronically stressed rats. One factor that is known to modulate both of these processes is the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor. Therefore, we examined whether a change in the sensitivity of these receptors might contribute to the altered noradrenergic responsivity observed in chronically stressed rats. Local administration of clonidine, an alpha-2 receptor agonist, produced a decrease in extracellular NE and DOPAC in both naive and chronically stressed rats. The dose-response curve for the effect of clonidine on NE was shifted to the left in the latter group. In addition, local administration of idazoxan, an alpha-2 receptor antagonist, produced a greater increase in extracellular NE and DOPAC in the chronically stressed rats than in naive controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Catalyzing Political Engagement: Lessons for Civic Educators from the Voices of Students.

This article analyzes the comparative impact of three educational interventions aimed at increasing students' political engagement, two at the undergraduate level and one at the high school level. Findings from interviews with student participants in these programs indicate that political competencies are best acquired through democratic practice, particularly programs and courses that encourage student voice. This study also demonstrates the need to widen our understanding of politics beyond electoral competition if we want to engage young people politically.
The effects of zooplankton swimming behavior on prey-capture kinematics of red drum larvae, Sciaenops ocellatus

Most marine fishes undergo a pelagic larval phase, the early life history stage that is often associated with a high rate of mortality due to starvation and predation. We present the first study that examines the effects of prey swimming behavior on prey-capture kinematics in marine fish larvae. Using a digital high-speed video camera, we recorded the swimming velocity of zooplankton prey (Artemia franciscana, Brachionus rotundiformis, a ciliate species, and two species of copepods) and the feeding behavior of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae. From the video recordings we measured: (1) zooplankton swimming velocity in the absence of a red drum larva; (2) zooplankton swimming velocity in the presence of a red drum larva; and (3) the excursion and timing of key kinematic events during prey capture in red drum larvae. Two-way ANOVA revealed that: (1) swimming velocity varied among zooplankton prey; and (2) all zooplankton prey, except rotifers and ciliates, increased their swimming velocity in the presence of a red drum larva. The kinematics of prey capture differed between two developmental stages in S. ocellatus larvae. Hyoid-stage larvae (3–14 days old) fed on slow swimming B. rotundiformis (rotifers) while hyoid-opercular stage larvae (15 days and older) ate fast moving A. franciscana. Hyoid-opercular stage red drum larvae had a larger gape, hyoid depression and lower jaw angle, and a longer gape cycle duration relative to their hyoid-stage conspecifics. Interestingly, the feeding repertoire within either stage of red drum development was not affected by prey type. Knowledge of the direct relationship between fish larvae and their prey aids in our understanding of optimal foraging strategies and of the sources of mortality in marine fish larvae.
Spanning lengths of percolation clusters

The spanning length of a percolation cluster is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum coordinates of the cluster with respect to some chosen direction. It is statistically related to the number size of the cluster by an exponent that differs from the iriverse dimension that would characterize a compact cluster. This exponent for large percolation clusters in simple cubic lattice sites was studied by the Monte Carlo technique, and results are presented. Previous theoretical treatments of this exponent and its relationship with other critical exponents are discussed.
On seminorms and probabilities, and abstract Wiener spaces

In real Hilbert space H there is a finitely additive measure n on the ring of sets defined by finitely many linear conditions, which is analogous to the normal distribution in the finite-dimensional case. This has been examined from various points of view in Gelfand and Vilenkin [11], Gross [12], Segal [19], as well as by many earlier authors. Now, if the Hilbert space is “completed” in any of number of ways, this “cylinder set measure” extends to an actual Borel measure on the completed space. For example, if we define | x | T = P Tx P, where T is a Hilbert-Schmidt operator with trivial nullspace, then the completion of H with respect to the norm | • | T is such a completion. A more subtle example is the following. Let H be realized explicity as L 2(0, 1). Define a norm on H by \(|f|={\rm sup}_{0\leqq t \leqq 1}|\left|\int^{{t}}_{0}f\left(s\right)ds\right|.\) Then the completion of H with respect to this is isomorphic to the continuous functions on [0, 1] with suo norm and vanishing at zero, via the map which sends f to the function g whose value at t is \(\int^{{t}}_{0}f\left(s\right)ds, 0\leqq t \leqq 1.\) The finitely additive measure n is then realized as Wiener measure. Other natural norms give rise to realizations of n as Wiener measure on the Holder–continuous function, exponent α < α < 1/2. This sort of phenomenon has been investigated abstractly by L. Gross in [14]. He shows there (Theorem 4) that if H is completed with respect to any of his measurable seminorms, as defined in Gross [13], then n gives rise to a country additive Borel measure on the Banach space obtained frome H by means of the seminorm.
Culinary crafts and foods in southwestern Ethiopia: An ethnoarchaeological study of Gamo groundstones and pottery.

Few ethnoarchaeological studies have combined the production and use of groundstones and pottery as indicators of household variation in subsistence and socioeconomics. This ethnoarchaeological study explores how the Gamo people who live in southwestern Ethiopia interact with their culinary tools of pottery and groundstones. One of the unique cultural features of the Gamo is their strict caste system, which forces artisans such as potters and groundstone makers into a full-time specialization. This paper uses a chaine operatoire analysis regarding groundstone and pottery production and then addresses their use by drawing from household studies from three Gamo communities. The analysis discusses the role that social hierarchy can have on cooking and craft variation within households. Thus, these artisans bring to life crafts that give the Gamo tools to create their daily subsistence, and these tools and foods allow us to explore two key archaeological issues: subsistence and socioeconomic variation of people’s households.
Nearshore water circulation related to bottom topography and wave refraction

The nearshore circulation in the vicinity of Scripps Beach has been measured by means of very simple devices. It has been found that this circulation is controlled to a large degree by the wave convergence and divergence resulting from the diversified submarine relief outside this gently curving shoreline. The position of rip currents is similarly related to the points of wave convergence and divergence. The existence of strong longshore currents flowing against the direction of wave approach is established. The development of large eddies with vertical axes is discussed. Also the pulsating nature of outflowing rip currents is related to alternating groups of high and low breakers.
Comparative analysis of estrogen receptors covalently labeled with an estrogen and an antiestrogen in several estrogen target cells as studied by limited proteolysis.

Abstract Estrogen receptors covalently labeled with the estrogen affinity label [3H]ketononestrol aziridine (KNA) or with the antiestrogen affinity label [3H]tamoxifen aziridine (TAZ) were subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and then analyzed on 10–20% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient gels followed by fluorography. The similar molecular weights of intact receptors (Mr 66,000 daltons) and the proteolytic digest patterns indicate extensive homology among estrogen receptors from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, GH4 rat pituitary cells and rat uterus when liganded with estrogen or antiestrogen. Each protease generated a distinctive ladder of estrogen receptor fragments, and the fragmentation patterns were virtually identical for estrogen receptors labeled with estrogen (KNA) or antiestrogen (TAZ). Each protease yielded a relatively “resistant” receptor fragment of about 28,000–35,000 daltons. Trypsin and chymotrypsin at higher concentrations generated a much smaller 6,000–8,000 dalton digest product that still contained the [3H]KNA- or [3H]TAZ-labeled receptor binding site. Moreover, the receptor digest patterns were similar for estrogen receptors from the three different target cells. Our studies suggest considerable structural relatedness among these three estrogen receptors and also indicate that these two affinity labels bind to a similar, perhaps identical, region of the receptor molecule.
Mechanisms of optical clearing in cellular tissue

The mechanisms of optical clearing in cellular tissue in response to application of a hyperosmotic solute were theoretically considered using the Rayleigh-Gans approximation to scattering. The effect on scattering coefficient due to changes of three input parameters including refractive index ratio, scatterer size, and scatterer volume fraction were investigated. Decreasing refractive index ratio has the greatest effect on decreasing tissue scattering coefficient, and this parameter is likely to undergo a large variation. Decreasing scatterer size can result in a slight increase or decrease in tissue scattering coefficient depending on initial scatterer size, percent decrease in radius, and wavelength. The effect of tissue scattering coefficient due to an increase in the volume fraction of scatterers depends on initial scatterer volume fraction and percent change. Scattering always decreases when initial scatterer volume fraction is greater than .5. Results of simulations illustrate the high sensitivity of changes in tissue scattering due to the initial and final states of these parameters. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of tissue clearing will require accurate experimental measurement of these input parameters.
ALG treatment of steroid-resistant rejection in patients receiving cyclosporine.

Thirty-one episodes of biopsy-proved acute rejection (R) in 28 patients maintained on cyclosporine did not respond to high-dose steroids an were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Cyclosporine was discontinued in all but three during ALG administration. (A) Twenty-four patients received 26 courses of ALG within 90 days of transplant (11 1st R, 15 2nd or 3rd). Seven treatment courses were cut short due to infection (4), ongoing R (2) and a combination of infection and rejection (1). Only 1 of 7 has a functioning graft. Of the remaining 19 full ALG courses (17 patients) (8 1st R, 11 2nd or 3rd), 13 (11 patients) responded (7 1st R, 6 >1st). The remaining 6 Five patients were treated after 6 months posttransplant; two responded but no grafts currently function. (c) Overall 7 patients developed systemic infection (7 viruses, 1 Candida) with 1 death, and 2 additional patients developed severe thrombocytopenia an leukopenia. Patients responding to their ALG course were restarted on cyclosporine. We conclude that ALG is not as effective I reversing steroid-resistant rejection in patients maintained on cyclosporine. We conclude that ALG is not as effective in reversing steroid-resistant rejection in patients maintained on cyclosporine as it has been in patients maintained on azathioprine. However, more than 50% of steroid-resistant rejection episodes are reversed.
Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on serum enzymes and tissues in exercised rats

Abstract Five hours exercise of rats increased as much as four-fold serum levels of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), aldolase (SAld), lactic dehydrogenase (SLDH), malic dehydrogenase (SMDH) and urea nitrogen (SUN). Exercise also caused virtually complete depletion of liver glycogen, and a moderate intensification of the 5 isoenzyme bands of SLDH. Nineteen hours after exercise was terminated, approximately half of the rats showed slight to moderate fatty changes in the liver and thigh muscles. Administration of 4.5 mg/kg dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) i.p., without exercise increased slightly serum transaminase levels within 24 hours. DMSO combined with exercise (5 hours) increased serum enzymes as much as nine-fold and intensified all 5 isoenzyme bands of SLDH. In addition the isoenzyme band of malic dehydrogenases associated with the mitochondria was found in the serum. Nineteen hours after terminating exercise, fatty changes in the liver and thigh muscles occured in all 6 rats given DMSO and in only 3 of 6 untreated rats. These results suggest that DMSO in exercised rats enhances the permeability of cellular and mitochodrial membrane, facilities the release of tissue enzymes into the circulation, and may increase the incidence of fatty changes in the liver and in thigh muscles.
Preoperative evaluation of cardiac risk using dobutamine-thallium imaging in vascular surgery.

Coronary artery disease is frequently present in patients undergoing evaluation for reconstructive peripheral vascular surgery. Dobutamine-thallium imaging has been shown to be a reliable and sensitive noninvasive method for the detection of significant coronary artery disease. Eighty-seven candidates for vascular reconstruction underwent dobutamine-thallium imaging. Forty-eight patients had an abnormal dobutamine-thallium scan. Twenty-two patients had infarct only, while 26 had reversible ischemia demonstrated on dobutamine-thallium imaging. Fourteen of 26 patients with reversible ischemia underwent cardiac catheterization and 11 showed significant coronary artery disease. Seven patients underwent preoperative coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty. There were no postoperative myocardial events in this group. Three patients were denied surgery on the basis of unreconstructible coronary artery disease, and one patient refused further intervention. Ten patients with reversible myocardial ischemia on dobutamine-thallium imaging underwent vascular surgical reconstruction without coronary revascularization and suffered a 40% incidence of postoperative myocardial ischemic events. Five patients were denied surgery because of presumed significant coronary artery disease on the basis of the dobutamine-thallium imaging and clinical evaluation alone. Thirty-nine patients with normal dobutamine-thallium scans underwent vascular reconstructive surgery with a 5% incidence of postoperative myocardial ischemia. Dobutamine-thallium imaging is a sensitive and reliable screening method which identifies those patients with coronary artery disease who are at high risk for perioperative myocardial ischemia following peripheral vascular surgery.
Does brachytherapy of the prostate affect sperm quality and/or fertility in younger men?

Objective: Sperm banking prior to surgical procedures which may affect fertility, such as retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, has been well documented. However, such procedures are usually performed in young men. With older men marrying later in life, or remarrying, we wanted to investigate the effects of radiation on prostate cancer patients who wanted to have children afterwards. Material and Methods: We encountered several patients with prostate cancer who decided to undergo brachytherapy and were planning to have more children. We performed a search using PubMed and Ovid for the period 1966–2001 using the key words “fertility”, “sperm banking”, “radiation effects”, “prostate cancer” and “brachytherapy”. Results: Of the four young patients we encountered who underwent brachytherapy, we found no significant change in semen parameters post‐therapy, and three of them were able to father a child subsequently without any deleterious side‐effects. It has been demonstrated in several reports that external‐...
Relative Importance of Quantifying Area and Vascular Patterns in Uveal Melanomas

Purpose To test whether the cross-sectional area of choroidal and ciliary body melanomas and quantification of microcirculatory networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking are features associated with death from metastatic melanoma, and to compare new with conventional histologic prognostic features. Methods The cross-sectional area of 234 ciliary body or choroidal melanomas was measured from digitized images of histologic sections. The percentage of cross-sectional area occupied by two microcirculatory patterns---networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking---was calculated for the 152 tumors containing at least one focus of either pattern. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated based on cross-sectional and percentage of cross-sectional areas of these patterns. Cox proportional hazard regression methods related time to death from melanoma with sets of predictor variables. For each model, percent variation explained was computed. Results Patient survival differs significantly when tumors are classified based on cross-sectional area: small ( 2 ), medium (≥ 16 mm 2 but 2 ), and large (≥ 61.4 mm 2 ). Patients with tumors containing networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking microcirculation patterns that occupy 2% of cross-sectional area have a significantly worse prognosis than do those patients with tumors containing a smaller percentage of these patterns. Conclusions Quantifying cross-sectional tumor area and the percentage area occupied by networks and parallel vessels with cross-linking microcirculatory patterns in ciliary body and choroidal melanomas provides significant prognostic information. Compared with more conventional prognostic characteristics, the most dramatic increase in prognostic information is provided by determination of the presence or absence of micro-vascular patterns.
Percutaneous extraction of stented device leads

Background There are limited published data regarding the percutaneous extraction of device leads jailed by a venous stent. Objective In this study we assessed the feasibility and safety of percutaneous extraction of stented device leads. Methods We reviewed our experience percutaneously extracting 7 chronically implanted device leads jailed to the wall of the left innominate and/or subclavian veins by a previously placed stent. Results All leads were successfully extracted by using a percutaneous approach. Both pacing leads and defibrillator leads were extracted. The oldest pacing lead extracted was 14 years old. The oldest defibrillator lead extracted was 6 years old. Three of the leads were extracted with simple manual traction alone. The 4 remaining leads required a more complex, femoral extraction approach for successful removal. Conclusion In our experience extracting 7 stented device leads, complete percutaneous removal was feasible 100% of the time using a combination of simple manual traction and a femoral approach. No major complications were associated with the extraction procedures.
Organization of multicenter clinical trials

The typical multicenter trial involves several clinical centers, a data center, and other specialty centers as well. A common structure for large-scale trials funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) involves two or three key committees. One of these is comprised exclusively of investigators from the study (steering committee) and is responsible for operation of the trial. A second committee, usually comprised of individuals not involved in the study, is responsible for overseeing the trial and providing advice to the NIH regarding the study. A third committee--sometimes part of the second committee and comprised largely of individuals not involved in the trial--is responsible for monitoring the study results for evidence of adverse or beneficial treatment effects as the trial proceeds. The organizational design of a trial may be as important as the experimental design is in the success of the trial. Attention to organizational questions at the start of the study and periodic review and revision of the structure as the trial proceeds can help identify problems before they become major impediments to progress in the trial. Such ongoing monitoring and periodic review is especially important in the long-term multicenter trial.
Analysis Of Binarized Hartley Phase-Only Filter Performance With Respect To Stochastic Noise

Binary phase-only filters (BPOF) are a viable candidate for the replacement of matched filters in real-time image processing and pattern recognition applications. The original BPOFs were binarized versions of the real or imaginary parts of the Fourier transform. Recently, a filter has been proposed which is the binarized Hartley transform. In this paper, the noise performance of the binarized Hartley phase-only filter is analyzed and compared to other BPOFs as well as the phase-only and matched filter. It is well known that the matched filter optimizes signal-to-noise ratio. Further, it can be shown that the matched filter phase is the optimum phase-only filter. A bound on the BPOF signal-to-noise ratio relative to that of the phase-only filter is derived. Finally, the analysis is applied to the generalized form of the binarized Hartley transform.
Telemark skiing injuries: Characteristics and risk factors

Objective To determine the types of injuries associated with telemark skiing and the effects of ability level, equipment, and terrain. Methods A survey was mailed to a sample of North American telemark skiers. Results Completed surveys were returned by 548 telemarkers (response rate=74.5%). The mean age was 42.7 (±9.3) years, and 69% were male. A total of 439 injury events resulted in 494 body injuries, reported by 285 skiers (52%). Lower-extremity injuries (n =231) were more frequent than upper-extremity injuries ( n =187). Knee injuries were most common with 128 cases, followed by 80 thumb, 66 shoulder, and 44 ankle injuries. Surgery was required in 39 cases. Skiers suffering thumb injuries with sequela lasting greater than 3 months were 10.1 times less likely to have sought medical attention than skiers with other long-term injuries (p p p Conclusions The knee, thumb, shoulder, and ankle are most frequently injured telemark skiing. Injuries are more likely to occur at lift-served areas than in the backcountry. Thumb injuries are often ignored and may result in long-term sequela. Ankle injuries appear more severe in leather boots. Release bindings appear protective against injury, but they often do not release.