cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid Acids and Bases

The chapter familiarizes the reader with the concepts and conventions in the chemistry of solid acids and bases and provides a guide and entry point to the pertinent literature. In the first part, inorganic solids are classified according to the structural principles that give rise to acidic and basic properties, and it is shown how these properties depend on composition. In the second part, common methods for the characterization of acidic and basic sites are explained, and the scales of acid or base strength derived from such measurements are compared. Important catalytic applications of solid acids and bases are highlighted.
Arc Lengths and Curvature of Parabolic Segments

The use of a table of nondimensional properties of second degree parabolas is presented as a convenient method for determining arc lengths and radii of curvature of parabolic segments. The table covers a range of rise-to-span ratios from 0.01 to 0.50 in increments of 0.01. Linear interpolation has been found to be satisfactory for most engineering applications. An illustrative numerical example demonstrating the use of the table is included.
Optical Study of Dual-width Plasmonic Nanogap Gratings for Biosensor Applications

Plasmonic grating (1D) and grid (2D) structures with two unique widths and sub-10 nm gaps have been fabricated, and electromagnetic simulations and Raman spectroscopy results have been performed to optimize the geometry for optical enhancement.
Human Factors and Electrophysiologic Considerations in the Design of Visual Prosthetics

The paper is concerned with design considerations for the development of visual prosthetics which by-pass the site of dysfunction in the visual system. Pattern recognition and cognition as well as ...
Current status of robotic single-port surgery

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery in urology is an ever progressing field, and boundaries are constantly broken with the aid of new technology. Advancements in instrumentation have given birth to the era of robotic laparoendoscopic single-site technique (R-LESS). R-LESS however, has not gained widespread acceptance due to technical hurdles such as adequate triangulation, robotic arm clashing, decreased access for the bedside assistant, lack of wrist articulation, continued need for an axillary/accessory port, lack of robust retraction, and ergonomic discomfort. Many innovations have been explored to counter such limitations. We aim to give a brief overview of a history and development of R-LESS urologic surgery and outline the latest advancements in the realm of urologic R-LESS. By searching PubMed selectively for relevant articles, we concluded a literature review. We searched using the keywords: robotic laparoscopic single incision, robotic laparoendoscopic single-site, single incision robotic surgery, and R-LESS. We selected all relevant articles in that pertained to single-site robotic surgery in urology. We selected all relevant articles that pertained to single-site robotic surgery in urology in a table encompassed within this article. The development of the R-LESS procedures, instrumentations, and platforms has been an evolution in progress. Our results showed the history and evolution toward a purpose-built single-port robotic platform that addresses previous limitations to R-LESS. Even though previous studies have shown feasibility with R-LESS, the future of R-LESS depends on the availability of purpose-built robotic platforms. The larger concern is the demonstration of the definitive advantage of single-site over the conventional multiport surgery.
The Effects of Cyclic Nucleotides on Plasma Renin Activity and Renal Function in Dogs

It has been reported previously by our laboratory (Allison et al.,1970) that isoproterenol infused into the renal artery resulted in a significant increase in plasma renin activity in the absence of significant changes in blood pressure, plasma potassium concentration or renal function. Beta adrenergic blockade was effective in preventing the increase in plasma renin activity associated with isoproterenol infusion, whereas alpha adrenergic blockade was without effect.
Nanomaterials for in vivo imaging of mechanical forces and electrical fields

Cellular signalling is governed in large part by mechanical forces and electromagnetic fields. Mechanical forces play a critical role in cell differentiation, tissue organization and diseases such as cancer and heart disease; electrical fields are essential for intercellular communication, muscle contraction, neural signalling and sensory perception. Therefore, quantifying a biological system's forces and fields is crucial for understanding physiology and disease pathology and for developing medical tools for repair and recovery. This Review highlights advances in sensing mechanical forces and electrical fields in vivo, focusing on optical probes. The emergence of biocompatible optical probes, such as genetically encoded voltage indicators, molecular rotors, fluorescent dyes, semiconducting nanoparticles, plasmonic nanoparticles and lanthanide-doped upconverting nanoparticles, offers exciting opportunities to push the limits of spatial and temporal resolution, stability, multi-modality and stimuli sensitivity in bioimaging. We further discuss the materials design principles behind these probes and compare them across various metrics to facilitate sensor selection. Finally, we examine which advances are necessary to fully unravel the role of mechanical forces and electrical fields in vivo, such as the ability to probe the vectorial nature of forces, the development of combined force and field sensors, and the design of efficient optical actuators. Mechanical forces and electrical fields are crucial for cellular signalling and can be both inducers and indicators of disease. This Review highlights advances in nanoscale, in vivo, optical probes, discussing spatial and temporal resolution, stability and stimuli sensitivity in bioimaging.
Persistently low inferior vena cava filter retrieval rates in a population-based cohort

Abstract Background Practice patterns associated with inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement have seen considerable variation in the last decade. We used a statewide administrative database to examine trends in IVC filter placement and retrieval in the general population. Methods We reviewed Florida state inpatient and ambulatory surgery databases from 2004 to 2014. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes and Current Procedural Terminology codes were searched for patients undergoing inpatient or outpatient IVC filter placement, and each patient was longitudinally tracked to the time of inpatient or outpatient filter retrieval. For inpatient filter placements, associated diagnoses were reviewed to identify indications for placement. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify factors associated with improved retrieval rates. Results During the 11-year period, 131,791 IVC filter placements were identified, with a 50% increase from 2004 to 2010 and a 24% decline from 2010 to 2014. Median age at filter placement was 71 years (interquartile range, 57-81 years). Mean follow-up after filter placement was 17.3 ± 25.5 months. Only 8637 filters (6.6%) were retrieved. The annual retrieval rate trended upward, from 3.4% in 2004 to 8.5% in 2013 (P Conclusions IVC filter placements, after a substantial increase between 2004 and 2010, have been declining since 2010. Retrieval rates in the general population are steadily improving but continue to lag behind those described in center-specific literature. Increased age and Medicare as the primary payer are the strongest risk factors for lack of filter retrieval. Widespread improvements on a national scale are needed to improve the appropriateness of filter placements and to enhance filter retrieval rates.
Note on the Almost Periodic Stochastic Beverton–Holt Equation

In this paper almost periodic random sequence is defined and investigated. It is then applied to study the existence and uniqueness of the almost periodic solution of the stochastic Beverton–Holt equation with varying survival rates and intrinsic growth rates.
A method for determining the stress intensity factor of a single edge-notched tensile specimen

A straightforward method for determining the stress intensity factor of a single edge-notched tensile specimen with unknown end conditions is presented. It involves the use of measured crack mouth opening displacements, coupled with existing solutions for stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements for uniform tensile loading and for pure bending. The use of the method is demonstrated through experiments on a porous matrix ceramic composite.
Pediatric laryngopharyngeal reflux: Perceptual, acoustic, and laryngeal findings.

Abstract Objectives Describe acoustic and laryngeal findings in pediatric patients with subjective dysphonia attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Determine the impact of LPR on perceived voice quality using the pediatric Voice Handicap Index (pVHI). Compare these findings with age-matched normative values as well as data on pediatric patients with dysphonia due to other etiologies. Methods Retrospective case series of pediatric patients (age 2–17 years) evaluated at a specialty pediatric voice clinic at a tertiary care children's hospital from January 1 2007 to December 31 2017 in whom LPR in whom LPR was deemed to be the most significant contributing factor for dysphonia based on physical examination and history. Patients with structural laryngeal abnormalities unrelated to LPR, such as raised lesions, stenosis, papillomatosis, or vocal fold immobility were excluded. Results 163 out of 1195 evaluable patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 87% had pVHI and 83% had acoustic data available from their first appointment for analysis. Mean total pVHI score was 24 (range: 0–81). Perturbation measures were elevated in both females (jitter 1.38%, shimmer 4.16%) and males (jitter 2.01%, shimmer 5.62%). Laryngologic assessment revealed: vocal fold changes including erythema and/or pre-nodules in 72% of patients. Cobblestoning of any portion of the pharynx was present in 67% with hypopharyngeal cobblestoning the most common, present in 64% of patients. Conclusion Pediatric patients with clinically diagnosed LPR have pVHI, jitter, and shimmer scores that are comparable to previously reported patients with raised lesions, scar and immobility, and values that are significantly higher than published normative data. Dysphonic children should be assessed for LPR and treated when indicated. Level of evidence 4.
Digital staining with quantitative phase imaging for time-lapse studies of cellular growth and proliferation (Conference Presentation)

Microscopic imaging modalities can be classified into two categories: those that form contrast from external agents such as dyes, and label-free methods that generate contrast from the object’s unmodified structure. While label-free methods such as brightfield, phase contrast, or quantitative phase imaging (QPI) are substantially easier to use, as well as non-toxic, their lack of specificity leads many researchers to turn to labels for insights into biological processes, despite limitations due to photobleaching and phototoxicity. The label-free image may contain the structures of interest, but it is often difficult or time-consuming to distinguish these structures from their surroundings. Here we summarize our recent progress in shattering this tradeoff, by using machine learning to perform automated segmentation on label-free, intrinsic contrast, quantitative phase images.
The role of brachytherapy in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review.

Purpose Brain metastases have a highly variable prognosis depending on the primary tumor and associated prognostic factors. Standard of care for patients with these tumors includes craniotomy, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for patients with brain metastases. Brachytherapy shows great promise as a therapy for brain metastases, but its role has not been sufficiently explored in the current literature. Material and methods The PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were searched using a combination of search terms and synonyms for brachytherapy, brain neoplasms, and brain metastases, for articles published between January 1st, 1990 and January 1st, 2018. Of the 596 articles initially identified, 37 met the inclusion criteria, of which 14 were review articles, while the remaining 23 papers with detailing individual studies were fully analyzed. Results Most data focused on 125I and suggested that it offers rates of local control and overall survival comparable to standard of care modalities such as SRS. However, radiation necrosis and regional recurrence were often high with this isotope. Studies using photon radiosurgery modality of brachytherapy have also been completed, resulting superior regional control as compared to SRS, but worse local control and higher rates of radiation necrosis than 125I. More recently, studies using the 131Cs for brachytherapy offered similar local control and survival benefits to 125I, with low rates of radiation necrosis. Conclusions For a variety of reasons including absence of physician expertise in brachytherapy, lack of published data on treatment outcomes, and rates of radiation necrosis, brachytherapy is not presently a part of standard paradigm for brain metastases. However, our review indicates brachytherapy as a modality that offers excellent local control and quality of life, and suggested that its use should be further studied.
Exploring infant hip position and muscle activity in common baby gear and orthopedic devices

Infant positioning in daily life may affect hip development. While neonatal animal studies indicate detrimental relationships between inactive lower extremities and hip development and dysplasia, no research has explored infant hip biomechanics experimentally. This study evaluated hip joint position and lower extremity muscle activity of healthy infants in common body positions, baby gear, and orthopedic devices used to treat hip dysplasia (the Pavlik harness and the Rhino cruiserabduction brace). Surface electromyography(EMG) and marker-based motion capture recorded lower extremity muscle activity and kinematics of 22 healthy full-term infants (4.2±1.6 months, 13M/9F) during five conditions: Pavlik harness, Rhino brace, inward-facing soft-structured baby carrier, held in arms facing inwards, and a standard car seat. Mean filtered EMG signal, time when muscles were active, and hip position (angles) were calculated. Compared to the Pavlik harness, infants exhibited similar adductor activity (but lower hamstring and gluteus maximus activity) in the Rhino abduction brace, similar adductor and gluteus maximus activity (but lower quadriceps and hamstring activity) in the baby carrier, similar but highly variable muscle activity in-arms, and significantly lower muscle activity in the car seat. Hip position was similar between the baby carrier and the Pavlik harness. This novel infant biomechanics study illustrates the potential benefits of using inward-facing soft-structured baby carriers for healthy hip development and highlights the potential negative impact of using supine-lying container-type devices such as car seats for prolonged periods of time. Further study is needed to understand the full picture of how body position impacts infant musculoskeletal development.
ECG quiz - Where is the block?

Abstract A 68 year-old man presented with palpitations. A standard 12‑lead ECG was performed and demonstrated significant conduction disease. Using findings on the index and prior ECGs, we review the differential diagnoses for his conduction abnormality. We discuss the possibility of phase III delay, phase IV delay, and “supernormal conduction” to explain the ECG findings. We explore each of these phenomena and review their relative likelihood as it applies to the case presented.
Evidence from Oromo on the typology of complementation strategies

This paper explores the clausal complementation strategies found in Oromo (Cushitic). Recent work by Wurmbrand and Lohninger (2019) suggests that languages distinguish three broad semantic categories of complement clauses, which are hierarchically ordered with respect to their syntactic complexity. Based on newly elicited data and examples from the literature, I propose that Oromo complement clauses also show this three-way split, lending support to Wurmbrand and Lohninger’s (2019) proposal. However, the distribution of clausal complement categories appears to diverge somewhat from what has been reported for other languages, suggesting some flexibility in the way certain states and events can be linguistically encoded. Situating Oromo within the typology of clausal complementation thus sheds light on the diversity of ways in which basic semantic building blocks may be incorporated into the expression of complex meanings and speaks to the import of understudied languages to typological research.
Non-Invasive Sweat-Based Tracking of L-Dopa Pharmacokinetic Profiles Following an Oral Tablet Administration

Levodopa (L-Dopa) is the "gold-standard" medication for symptomatic therapy of Parkinson disease (PD). However, L-Dopa long-term use is associated with the development of motor and non-motor complications, primarily due to its fluctuating plasma levels in combination with the disease progression. Herein, we present the first example of individualized therapeutic drug monitoring for subjects upon intake of standard L-Dopa oral pill, centered on dynamic tracking of the drug concentration in naturally secreted fingertip sweat. The touch-based non-invasive detection method relies on instantaneous collection of fingertip sweat on a highly permeable hydrogel that transports the sweat to a biocatalytic tyrosinase-modified electrode, where sweat L-Dopa is measured by reduction of the dopaquinone enzymatic product. Personalized dose-response relationship is demonstrated within a group of human subjects, along with close pharmacokinetic correlation between the finger touch-based fingertip sweat and capillary blood samples.
Incorporating emotions into clinical decision-making solutions

Abstract Health and emotions are inexorably connected. Yet there is still little emphasis on emotions in many clinical decision-making tools and interventions. Instead, existing solutions have tended to target cognition – how people comprehend and act on information about health and disease. While clear thinking contributes to better choices, a potential consequence of heavily targeting cognition is an under-emphasis on emotions - a tendency to work on improving how people think about health care choices without addressing how they feel about them. Several solutions can help clinicians and behavioral scientists address these dynamics: critically evaluating current decision-making conceptual frameworks and strategies, searching for areas where emotions may play a role and where they may have been overlooked; and filling any identified gaps by drawing on insights from affective science. Clinical decision-making solutions should address how individuals feel, not just how they think.
Complementary resistive switching in core–shell nanowires

Highly dense, energy-efficient, and fast neuromorphic architectures emulating the computational abilities of the brain use memristors to emulate synapses in the analog or digital systems. Core–shell nanowires provide us with new opportunities for neuromorphic hardware integration. In this work, we have fabricated core–shell nanowires using a combination of bottom-up and top-down techniques. Additionally, we have demonstrated eightwise and counter-eightwise bipolar resistive switching (BRS). Remarkably, for the first time along with BRS, we have also demonstrated complementary resistive switching (CRS) in core–shell nanowires. Here, Pt was used as the conductive core and HfO2 as the memristive shell with Ti as the top electrode. The resistive switching properties were characterized by I–V curves and pulse operation modes. The cycling endurance in the BRS mode was 1000 cycles with an off–on ratio of ∼13 and resistance was retained for 104 s. Additionally, the compliance current used to form the nanowire in the BRS mode influenced the CRS operation by lowering the peak operating current. Additionally, current density–electric field analysis performed to determine charge conduction mechanisms revealed that the wires exhibit a thermionic emission mechanism in the high resistance state and Ohmic conduction mechanism in the low resistance state during the BRS mode of operation and hopping conduction mechanism in state 0 and space-charge-limited conduction mechanism in state 1 during the CRS mode of operation. This observed versatility in the mode of operation makes core–shell nanowires of significant interest for use as synaptic elements in neuromorphic network architectures.
Social-Ecological-Technical Misalignments Threaten Mountain Water Tower Resilience in Utah, USA

The essential “water tower” role played by mountains is compromised by climate change and human development. Misalignments in various socio-ecological-technical dimensions threaten adaptive capacity and resilience in mountain water-dependent regions. Interdisciplinary research in Utah’s Wasatch Mountains reveals a complex set of mid-elevation dynamics and stakeholder perspectives complicating water resource planning at local and state levels. Rapid urban development and population growth in the region point to water demand exceeding supply in the near future. Climate change is already influencing snowpack levels, snow water equivalent, and phase changes in mountain precipitation. Winter forest evapotranspiration rates present unexpected water loss with warming air temperatures. Mountain water quality is deteriorating due to up-slope nitrogen deposition as well as mid-elevation grazing, fire, and residential development. Multiple data sources point to diverse and conflicting stakeholder perspectives throughout the region suggesting considerable work to be done to find common ground for water management and planning in this dynamic water tower system. We explore the opportunities and constraints related to a range of adaptation pathways being considered and attempted at local, regional, and state government scales, including water reuse, water transfers and pipelines, new reservoirs, water banking, and water conservation promotion.
Restoration and History : The Search for a Usable Environmental Past

List of Figures and Tables. Acknowledgments. Introduction. 1. Tempo and Mode in Restoration. Marcus Hall. Restoration in History. 2. Reflections on Humpty-Dumpty Ecology. David Lowenthal. 3. Spontaneous Rewilding of the Apostle Islands. James Feldman. 4. Changing Forests, Moving Targets in Finland. Timo Myllyntaus. 5. Sidebar: Clementsian Restoration in Yosemite. William Rowley. History in Restoration. 6. Does the Past Matter in Scottish Woodland Restoration? Mairi J. Stewart. 7. Palaeoecology, Management, and Restoration in the Scottish Highlands. Althea Davies. 8. Conservation Lessons from the Holocene Record in "Natural" and "Cultural" Landscapes. Nicki J. Whitehouse. 9. The Shifting Baseline Syndrome in Restoration Ecology. Frans Vera. 10. Regardening and the Rest. Chris Smout. 11. Sidebar: Reforestation, Restoration, and the Birth of the Industrial Tree Farm. Emily K. Brock. Restore To What? Selecting Target States. 12. Informing Ecological Restoration in a Coastal Context. Anita Guerrini & Jenifer E. Dugan. 13. South Yorkshire Fens: Past, Present, and Future. Ian Rotherham & Keith Harrison. 14. Uneasy Relationships between Ecology, History, and Restoration. Jan E Dizard. 15. Sidebar: Designing a Restoration Mega-Project for New York. Mark B. Bain. What To Restore? Selecting Initial States. 16. Reflooding the Japanese Rice Paddy. David Sprague & Nobusuke Iwasaki. 17. American Indian Restoration. David Tomblin. 18. Restoring for Cultural-Ecological Sustainability in Arizona and Connecticut. David G. Casagrande & Miguel Vasquez. 19. Models for Renaturing Brownfield Areas. Lynn M. Westphal, Paul H. Gobster, & Matthias Gross. 20. Sidebar: Conflicting Restoration Goals in the San Francisco Bay. Laura A. Watt. Changing Concepts In Restoration. 21. Nature Without Nurture? Kathy Hodder & James Bullock. 22. Toward a Multiple Vision of Ecological Restoration. Josef Keulartz. 23. Rewilding the Restorer. David Kidner. Implementation: Rewilding, Regardening, & Renaturing. 24. Implementing River Restoration Projects. Daniel McCool. 25. Cloning in Restorative Perspective. Eileen Crist. 26. NLIMBY: No Lions In My Backyard. C. Josh Donlan & Harry W. Greene. Conclusions. 27. Restoring Dirt Under the Fingernails. Eric Higgs. Contributors. References. Index.
Reproductive Activation and Metabolism in Female Voles

Female prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster require stimulation by males to become reproductively activated and normally do not express “spontaneous” cycles of ovarian activity (Richmond and Conaway, 1969). Thirty-six to 48 hr after the onset of exposure to an unfamiliar male, virgin females become sexually receptive (Carter et al., 1980). In this period of time, follicular maturation takes place and uterine mass substantially increases. Ovulation does not occur until stimulated by copulation (Richmond and Conaway, 1969). The evolutionary factors that have resulted in this type of reproductive system have been mostly a matter of speculation. For example, it’s unclear whether the voles’ system is either primitive to or derived from that of rodents in which spontaneous ovulatory cycles are the norm.
Der Umgang mit persuasiven Rezepten

Verkaufen, Flirten, Fuhren – uberall wird dazu persuasive Kommunikation eingesetzt. Wie sie funktioniert und warum, haben wir kennen gelernt. Ein auffalliger Gegensatz ist dabei sichtbar geworden: Auf der einen Seite treibt es uns manchmal fast die Schamrote ins Gesicht – so einfach kann Uberzeugung gelingen, fast auf Knopfdruck? Auf der anderen Seite wurde hoffentlich auch deutlich, wie komplex manche Persuasionsvorgange ablaufen.
Latin America's New World of Work: Changing Traits of Work and Problem Sovling

Transitions to market models have had an important impact on the structure of the labor market and on structures of interest representation of the working classes in Latin America. They have produced pressure for a more flexibiized labor market and a shift within the working classes from the formal to the informal sector. This study analyzes the way conditions of informality affect the capacity of informal workers to engage in problem-solving activities around both materialist issues and political problems.
A superconducting gyroscope for gimballed platform application.

Development of a cryogenic superconductive gyroscope for gimballed platform mounting was initiated in an effort to determine whether operation in the cryogenic environment would avoid random changes in drift behavior which limit accuracy of conventional gyroscopes. At temperatures near absolute zero, the materials used are chemically inactive, electrical losses are low, and expansion coefficients and creep properties are greatly reduced. Design concepts used in the gyro described in this paper are based upon those proposed by T. A. Buchhold.
Modeling and coordinated control of a multi-load earthmoving vehicle powertrain

An earthmoving vehicle powertrain is modeled as a MIMO hydrostatic system. Its control inputs include the engine throttle, the electro-hydraulic pump displacement and the flow valve commands. These inputs offer a great control freedom but need to be coordinated. A coordinated MIMO controller for a multi-load powertrain is designed by using an LQG/LTR technique. Modeling and control design are accomplished and validated by both first principles and experimental data. The experimental data are obtained upon an Earthmoving Vehicle Power-train Simulator (EVPS) at the University of Illinois. The paper details the utilization of this “Hardware-In-the-Loop” testbed in investigating generic power-optimization problems for hydrostatic transmissions. Experimental results are presented.
Algorithmic Patterns for Orthogonal Graph Drawing

In this paper, we present an object-oriented design and implementation of the core steps of the GIOTTO algorithm for orthogonal graph drawing. Our design is motivated by the goals of making the algorithm modular and extensible and of providing many reusable components of the algorithm. This work is part of the JDSL project aimed at creating a library of data structures and algorithms in Java.
Secular Motion in a 2nd Degree and Order-Gravity Field with no Rotation

The motion of a particle about a non-rotating 2nd degree and order-gravity field is investigated. Averaging conditions are applied to the particle motion and a qualitative analysis which reveals the general character of motion in this system is given. It is shown that the orbit plane will either be stationary or precess about the body's axis of minimum or maximum moment of inertia. It is also shown that the secular equations for this system can be integrated in terms of trigonometric, hyperbolic or elliptic functions. The explicit solutions are derived in all cases of interest.
Fe (super 3+) distribution in oxidized olivine; a synchrotron micro-XANES study

Synchrotron micro-XANES spectroscopy (SmX) is used to examine the amount and distribution of Fe (super 2+) and Fe (super 3+) in five samples of fayalite previously studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy. Rockport fayalite is homogeneous and the Fe in it is completely reduced. Olivine from Qianan is almost completely oxidized, and probably contains finely intergrown silica, laihunite, and hematite with hematite predominating. Pantelleria olivine has an oxidized rim around a reduced core, suggesting either a post-crystallization reaction with fayalite and oxygen going to laihunite and hematite or a change in prevailing oxidation during growth. The texture of olivine from the Mourne Mountains suggests exsolution from a fayalite-laihunite solid solution, based on the substitution of three Fe (super 3+) atoms for two Fe (super 2+) and one vacancy, that was stable at high temperature. Laihunite from the type locality (Lai-He village) shows 1-3 mu m mottling between light and dark areas in backscatter images, but these areas cannot correspond to pure fayalite and laihunite exsolution because the bulk Fe (super 3+) /Sigma Fe of such a combination would not correspond to the SmX value of 67% Fe (super 3+) . Rather, the texture observed in backscatter is interpreted to represent alternating areas of magnetite-rich and laihunite-rich compositions with a similar (i.e., 67% Fe (super 3+) /Sigma Fe) extent of oxidation.
An event trace monitor for the VAX 11/780

This paper describes an event trace monitor implemented on Version 1.6 of the VMS operating system at Purdue University. Some necessary VMS terminology is covered first. The operation of the data gathering mechanism is then explained, and the events currently being gathered are listed. A second program, which reduces the data gathered by the monitor to usable form, is next examined, and some examples depicting its operation are given. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some of the monitor's uses.
A note on band gaps in amorphous semiconductors (Relation to structure)

It is argued that the band gap in amorphous semiconductors is maximized if the structure is as homogeneous as possible.
A versatile low-cost interface module that features optical isolation

The complete design and construction of a versatile low-cost interface module are presented. This module functions as a combination pulse lengthener-stretcher with an added feature of optical isolation between the input and output circuits. It is useful in interfacing many behavioral and physiological instruments that utilize different voltage levels and polarities in their respective logic systems. The cost of the components needed for module construction (without power supply) is approximately $15.
Molecular cloning and overexpression of the human FK506-binding protein FKBP

THE potent immunosuppressive agent FK5061,2 is highly effective in preventing organ transplant rejection in humans3. Like cyclosporin A, FK506 inhibits the transcription of early T-cell activation genes4, apparently by modulating the activity of transcriptional regulators5 such as nuclear factor of activated T cells6. A remarkable finding is that the predominant binding proteins (immunophilins) for cyclosporin A and FK506, cyclophilin7–9 and FKBP10,11 respectively, are peptidyl-prolyl-cis–frans-isomerases that are potently and selectively inhibited by their respective ligands. Here we report the complementary DNA and derived amino-acid sequences of human FKBP from Jurkat cells and also the efficient overexpression in Escherichia coli of fully active, recombinant human FKBP. The human FKBP cDNA sequence shows significant similarity to an open reading frame in the Neisseria meningitidis genome12.
Compelling Defendant's Appearance at Court in Islamic Law

Different legal systems have employed a variety of measures to insure the appearance of the defendant in court. The earliest conception of an action in Rome and in pre-Islamic Arabia was the voluntary appearance of both parties before a recognized or prestigious authority. Thus, early Roman law could not pass judgment against a defendant who failed to appear, either voluntarily or involuntarily. The idea that the court could give a judgment in the plaintiff's absence—the so-called judgment by default—took a long time to materialize in the West. Classical Islamic law requires that the defendant or his legal representative ( wakīl ) be present for a judgment to be given. This requirement is predicated on the assumption that the primary function of the judge is conciliation of the parties and not necessarily the vindication of rights. The law describes various measures that may be employed to force the defendant to appear in court. Failing that, it provides for the appointment of a legal representative for the defendant. Judgment by default was introduced into Muslim countries only in modern times under the influence of Western codes of procedure.
Arsenate sorption by Fe(III)-doped alginate gels

Although cationic metal contaminants can be effectively removed from wastewaters by treatment with biopolymers, application of biopolymers for the removal of anionic contaminants (such as As, Cr(VI), and Se) has been limited. The objective of this study was to examine the fundamental aspects of a possible remediation strategy for removal of anionic metal species employing the biopolymer alginic acid pretreated with Ca and Fe(III). Spherical gel beads (2 mm in diameter) were formed by dispensing the biopolymer solution dropwise into 0.1 M CaCl2; Ca beads were then washed and equilibrated with 0.1 M FeCl3 to achieve partial substitution of Fe(III) for Ca. The resulting Ca-Fe beads were found to be effective at removing As(V) from solution on a time scale of approximately 100 h. As(V) sorption was pH dependent, optimal removal and stability of the Ca-Fe beads was achieved at pH 4. At a given initial As(V) concentration, As(V) removal efficiency increased with increasing Fe content (number of beads); at an initial As(V) concentration of 400 μg/l, up to 94% removal was achieved at pH 4 after 120 h. For a given Fe content, uptake of As(V) increased with increasing initial As(V) concentration until saturation was reached. Sorption data was modeled using a single type of As(V) binding site. Data on As(V) sorption as a function of dissolved As(V) concentration and Fe content were used to obtain and validate the site density and conditional affinity constant for As(V) sorption. | Although cationic metal contaminants can be effectively removed from wastewaters by treatment with biopolymers, application of biopolymers for the removal of anionic contaminants (such as As, Cr(VI), and Se) has been limited. The objective of this study was to examine the fundamental aspects of a possible remediation strategy for removal of anionic metal species employing the biopolymer alginic acid pretreated with Ca and Fe(III). Spherical gel beads (2 mm in diameter) were formed by dispensing the biopolymer solution dropwise into 0.1 M CaCl2; Ca beads were then washed and equilibrated with 0.1 M FeCl3 to achieve partial substitution of Fe(III) for Ca. The resulting Ca-Fe beads were found to be effective at removing As(V) from solution on a time scale of approximately 100 h. As(V) sorption was pH dependent; optimal removal and stability of the Ca-Fe beads was achieved at pH 4. At a given initial As(V) concentration, As(V) removal efficiency increased with increasing Fe content (number of beads); at an initial As(V) concentration of 400 μg/l, up to 94% removal was achieved at pH 4 after 120 h. For a given Fe content, uptake of As(V) increased with increasing initial As(V) binding site. Data on As(V) sorption as a function of dissolved As(V) concentration and Fe content were used to obtain and validate the site density and conditional affinity constant for As(V) sorption.
An inexpensive shock generator for aversion therapy

A reliable, readily assembled and inexpensive shock generator for aversion therapy in the clinic or laboratory is described.
Self-assembled ErAs islands in GaAs for THz applications

This paper concerns self-assembled ErAs islands in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The nucleation of ErAs on GaAs occurs in an island growth mode leading to spontaneous formation of nanometer-sized islands. Pump–probe measurements indicate that the ErAs islands capture photogenerated carriers on a subpicosecond time scale. This together with the high resitivity of the material allows us to use it as a fast photoconductor. The performance of photomixer devices made from this material is discussed.
COMMENTS ON THE POSSIBLE USE OF THE SLC AS AN e−e− COLLIDER

In this letter, we discuss practical issues that must be addressed to reconfigure the SLAC Linear Collider as the first multi-GeV e−e− collider.
Storage Wars: how citrate-capped silver nanoparticle suspensions are affected by not-so-trivial decisions

A critical but often overlooked component of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) suspensions involves their behavior following short- and long-term storage. The current study investigates the integrity of citrate-capped AgNP suspensions, nominally 20 nm in average diameter, in a series of distinct storage conditions, based on possible combinations of reasonable decisions researchers make, both nanoparticle-based (AgNP and relative citrate concentration) and environmental-based (solution oxygenation and ambient light or dark). AgNP integrity was determined by monitoring single particle stability, aggregation/agglomeration, and oxidation for 104 days. We demonstrate that AgNP suspensions lose their physical and chemical integrity by two distinct processes: (1) oxidation only (light-independent) and (2) oxidation followed by photo-reduction (light-dependent), following initial dilution from a concentrated (and newly synthesized) AgNP stock solution. Optical spectroscopy indicates that the effects of oxidation are readily observed while the effects of photo-reduction are less obvious, leading to a greater increase in average particle diameter, the formation of new, metallic nanoparticles, and the oxidation of the parent citrate capping agent. In general, the overall integrity of citrate-capped AgNP suspensions are best maintained when these solutions are purged with nitrogen gas and stored in the dark at the highest AgNP and citrate concentrations. This study outlines a strategy for both assessing and monitoring the integrity of AgNP suspensions in an effort to harmonize long-term experiments and promote inter-laboratory consistency.
Copernicus’s Mereological Vision Of The Universe

Mereology is the philosophical study of part/whole relations. Copernicus, Mastlin, and Kepler addressed explicitly some of the logical issues in their support of heliocentrism. Their emphasis on harmony and commensurability to evaluate theories as more or less likely fits with their use of part/whole relations to argue for the greater reasonability or probability of heliocentrism. The essay summarizes the logical and metaphysical issues that earlier traditions discussed, and it uses those discussions to illuminate features of heliocentric theories that remain otherwise obscure even in Newton.
A multiple objective optimization model for environmental benign process planning

Few years back, not much importance was given to the effect of the product on the environment in the process planning stage. Till recently the environmental issues related with the manufacturing process were taken up seriously by both the general public and the government agencies which led to the need for environmental conscious manufacturing. This paper deals with the systematic determination of methods involved in the manufacturing of parts with one of the objective of minimizing environmental impacts. The focus of this study is to develop a multi objective non linear programming model for environmental supportive process planning while minimizing factors such as machining cost, machining time and environmental impact. An interactive front end tool is developed for optimum parameter selection and the results are discussed.
Predicting dementia: role of dementia risk indices

There are currently more than 5 million people in the USA living with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, and prevalence is expected to triple over the next 40 years. As new strategies for prevention and treatment are developed, it will be critically important to be able to identify older adults who do not currently have dementia but have a high risk of developing symptoms within a few years so that they can be targeted for monitoring, prevention and early treatment. In other fields, prognostic models and risk indices are often used to identify high-risk individuals (e.g., Framingham Heart Index and Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool). The objective of this paper is to describe the development of Dementia Risk Indices and to discuss the potential for these tools to be incorporated into clinical and research settings for the identification of individuals with a high risk of dementia.
Interferon-α Regulates Glutaminase 1 Promoter through STAT1 Phosphorylation: Relevance to HIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) develop during progressive HIV-1 infection and affect up to 50% of infected individuals. Activated microglia and macrophages are critical cell populations that are involved in the pathogenesis of HAND, which is specifically related to the production and release of various soluble neurotoxic factors including glutamate. In the central nervous system (CNS), glutamate is typically derived from glutamine by mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase. Our previous study has shown that glutaminase is upregulated in HIV-1 infected monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM) and microglia. However, how HIV-1 leads to glutaminase upregulation, or how glutaminase expression is regulated in general, remains unclear. In this study, using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system, we demonstrated that interferon (IFN) α specifically activated the glutaminase 1 (GLS1) promoter. Furthermore, IFN-α treatment increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation and glutaminase mRNA and protein levels. IFN-α stimulation of GLS1 promoter activity correlated to STAT1 phosphorylation and was reduced by fludarabine, a chemical that inhibits STAT1 phosphorylation. Interestingly, STAT1 was found to directly bind to the GLS1 promoter in MDM, an effect that was dependent on STAT1 phosphorylation and significantly enhanced by IFN-α treatment. More importantly, HIV-1 infection increased STAT1 phosphorylation and STAT1 binding to the GLS1 promoter, which was associated with increased glutamate levels. The clinical relevance of these findings was further corroborated with investigation of post-mortem brain tissues. The glutaminase C (GAC, one isoform of GLS1) mRNA levels in HIV associated-dementia (HAD) individuals correlate with STAT1 (p<0.01), IFN-α (p<0.05) and IFN-β (p<0.01). Together, these data indicate that both HIV-1 infection and IFN-α treatment increase glutaminase expression through STAT1 phosphorylation and by binding to the GLS1 promoter. Since glutaminase is a potential component of elevated glutamate production during the pathogenesis of HAND, our data will help to identify additional therapeutic targets for the treatment of HAND.
Implementing and Sustaining Service-Learning at the Institutional Level:

In this study, we offer insights regarding the tactics used by institutions to implement and sustain service-learning at various levels of commitment as identified by Holland (1997). An analysis of data collected from 12 directors of service-learning centers provides a description of common practices associated with implementing and sustaining service-learning initiatives at the institutional level, focusing on organizational tactics associated with funding, administration, faculty recruitment and support, and student involvement and assessment.
Computer sleep stage classification using heart rate data.

Abstract This paper explores the possibility of using discriminant analysis and Bayes classification procedures to determine sleep stage using only heart rate data. The recognition of sleep stages or even the ability to differentiate sleep from wakefulness using heart rate information alone rather than conventional EEG measures could considerably expand the scope of sleep studies. Measures of heart rate were obtained on 10 subjects, 2 nights each, using approximately 3200 epochs of R-to-R intervals recorded during known stages of sleep. The significance of these measures was computed using analysis of variance. Approximately one-half of the first recorded night of each individual was used to train our discriminant analysis and Bayes classification digital programs. After completing training, both nights of an individual were classified into Awake and Stages 1, 2, 3 and REM sleep. Accuracy of the procedure was determined in terms of percent correct classifications, correlation of the computerized sleep pattern with respect to the EEG hand-scored pattern, and an empirically derived cost function.
Facing the unique challenges of dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease

Dyskinesia is among the most challenging complications of levodopa and dopaminergic drug therapy in advanced Parkinson’s disease. This symptom has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease and is hard to manage. Current advances in our understanding of the diverse phenomenology and complicated pathophysiology of dyskinesia have led to a number of novel strategies aimed at better control of this complication. Further insight has been gained from focusing on the characteristics of the rating scale used for assessment of dyskinesia and from the inherent susceptibility of dyskinesia to placebo effect. Here, we will briefly review the phenomenology, pathophysiology and the treatment of dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease.
Tradeoff Curves, Targeting and Balancing in Manufacturing Queueing Networks

In this paper, we introduce the notions of tradeoff curves, targeting and balancing in manufacturing systems to describe the relationship between variables such as work-in-process, lead-time and capacity. We consider multiproduct manufacturing systems modeled by open networks of queues and formulate the targeting TP and balancing BP problems as nonlinear programs. These formulations are based primarily on parametric decomposition methods for estimating performance measures in open queueing networks. Since TP and BP typically are hard to solve, we show that under fairly realistic conditions they can be approximated by easily solvable convex programs. We present heuristics to obtain approximate solutions to these problems and to derive tradeoff curves. We also provide bounds on the performance of the heuristics, relative to the approximation problems, and show that they are asymptotically optimal under mild conditions.