cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing a Better Place: Multimodal Multilingual Composition

This case study, situated within an ethnographic study of second- and third-grade students at a French–English dual language immersion school in the USA, seeks to shed light on how a multilingual second-grade teacher, M. Brahim, and his students navigated the multimodal composition process during an end of the year project on “How to Make the World a Better Place.” This study provides an ethnographic look at the design process of the students’ projects using a variety of mediums (e.g., PowerPoint, YouTube, trifold boards). In this chapter, I will discuss the pedagogical process of M. Brahim, the multimodal multilingual composition process of the students, and the importance of the display of the designed products.
Online μSEC2-nRPLC-MS for improved sensitivity of intact protein detection of IEF separated non-human primate cerebrospinal fluid proteins

Proteoform-resolved information, obtained by top-down (TD) "intact protein" proteomics, is expected to contribute substantially to the understanding of molecular pathogenic mechanisms and in turn, identify novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets. However, the robustness of mass spectrometry analysis of intact proteins in complex mixtures is hindered by high dynamic range in protein concentration and mass, protein instability, and the chemical complexity of biological samples. Here, we describe an evolutionary step for intact protein investigations through the online implementation of tandem microflow size exclusion chromatography with nanoflow reversed-phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (SEC2-nRPLC-MS). Online serial high- and low-pass SEC filtration overcomes the aforementioned hurdles to intact proteomic analysis through automated sample desalting/cleanup and enrichment of target mass ranges prior to nRPLC-MS analysis. The coupling of SEC to nRPLC is achieved through a novel injection volume control (IVC) strategy of inserting protein trap columns pre- and post-SEC columns to enable injection of dilute samples in high volumes without loss of sensitivity or resolution. Critical characteristics of the approach are tested via rigorous investigations on samples of varied complexity and chemical background. Application to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples pre-fractionated by OFFGEL isoelectric focusing demonstrates that the platform drastically increases the number of intact mass tags detected within the target mass range (< 30 kDa) in comparison to one-dimensional nRPLC-MS starting from approximately 100x less CSF than previous studies. Furthermore, the modular design of the SEC2-nRPLC-MS platform is robust and promises significant flexibility for large-scale TDMS analysis of diverse samples either directly or in concert with other multidimensional fractionation steps.
Compression in Molecular Simulation Datasets

In this paper, we present a compression framework, for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data, which yields significant performance by combining the strength of principal component analysis (PCA) and discrete cosine transform (DCT). Though it is a lossy compression technique, the effect on analytics performed on decompressed data is very minimal. Compression ratio up to 13 is achieved with acceptable errors in results of analytical functions.
Modular-Invariance of Trace Functions¶in Orbifold Theory and Generalized Moonshine

The goal of the present paper is to provide a mathematically rigorous foundation to certain aspects of the theory of rational orbifold models in conformal field theory, in other words the theory of rational vertex operator algebras and their automorphisms.
Multiple Cell CPV Nickel Hydrogen Battery

Johnson Controls, Inc. has developed a multiple cell CPV nickel hydrogen battery that offers significant weight, volume, and cost advantages for aerospace applications. The baseline design was successfully demonstrated through the testing of a 26-cell prototype, which completed over 7000 44 percent depth-of-discharge low earth orbit cycles. Prototype designs using both nominal 5 and 10 inch diameter vessels are currently being developed for a variety of customers and applications.
Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence after Brain Injury

There is little reported in the literature describing the prevalence of voiding dysfunction after brain injury. A prospective study was conducted, 54 consecutive admissions to our brain injury unit from September 1992 through January 1993 were screened for signs and symptoms of voiding dysfunction. Signs and symptoms were noted in 24 patients (44.4%). There was no statistically significant difference in symptom prevalence based on age, sex, hemisphere (right or left) injured, or presence or absence of a frontal lobe injury. Those functioning at a lower cognitive level (Rancho Los Amigos Scale VI or less) had a higher symptom prevalence than the VII-VIII group (p = 0.004, Chi Square Test).
The Making of the Indian Constitution: A Case for a Non‐nationalist Approach

The writing of the Indian constitution has often been celebrated for its momentousness, as it came at the end of a long period of anticolonial struggle. However, very little has been written on the making of the constitution. Often, the event of drafting the constitution is written-off as part of a logical end to the British Empire in India or as part of a fulfilling of the promise made by India's anticolonial leaders. However, this has led to a severe impoverishment of the field of Indian constitutional history. In this essay, I suggest that we could benefit so much more by considering the long, complicated, and fraught history of constitution making separately from the process of the making of independent India. By separating nation-making from constitution-making, the field of constitutional and political history can only be a richer and more informative resource to understand the complex postcolonial developments in India.
Dual-function pH and oxygen phosphonated trityl probe.

Triarylmethyl radicals (TAMs) are used as persistent paramagnetic probes for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic and imaging applications and as hyperpolarizing and contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton–electron double-resonance imaging (PEDRI). Recently we proposed the concept of dual-function pH and oxygen TAM probes based on the incorporation of ionizable groups into the TAM structure (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7240−7241). In this paper we report the synthesis of a deuterated derivative of phosphonated trityl radical, pTAM. The presence of phosphono substitutes in the structure of TAM provides pH sensitivity of its EPR spectrum in the physiological range from 6 to 8, the phosphorus hyperfine splitting acting as a convenient and highly sensitive pH marker (spectral sensitivity, 3ΔaP/ΔpH ≈ 0.5 G/pH unit; accuracy of pH measurements, ±0.05). In addition, substitution of 36 methyl protons with deuterons significantly decreased the individual line width of pTAM d...
Environmental education for the masses: lessons from a large, general enrollment environmental studies course

One critical tool for creating an environmentally literate citizenry is to reach students other than those in environmental-related majors in the form of the university-level large introductory environmental studies course. In this study, we relate student academic background to initial and final environmental awareness results. We found that students from a wide range of backgrounds begin with similar motivation for taking the class and uniformly low environmental knowledge. Our results indicate that a low-credit, engaging introductory environmental studies class can strongly impact student awareness independent of diverse learner academic backgrounds. For example, results suggest that students taking the course primarily to meet science breadth requirements and students with a strong previous science background had equivalent initial awareness and course outcomes. The lack of a correlation with background suggests that students are not learning about environmental studies in other classes and reinforces the importance of investing in nonmajors-focused environmental education. Additionally, our findings support the importance of affective learning gains, such as attitude changes, which we term “learning to care”.
Project St. Hope: An AIDS Community Information Outreach Project

ABSTRACT Project St. Hope built on the strengths of an academic/community partnership to promote a healthy lifestyle for individuals living with HIV/AIDS and to facilitate access to electronic HIV/AIDS information resources. This outreach project utilized a mobile laptop computer lab to provide hands-on education/training at three HIV outpatient clinics. Education/training sessions were conducted by an HIV/AIDS educator and a health sciences librarian. Sessions were subject-specific and concluded with administration of a post-session evaluation. Interviews and a final focus group were also used to evaluate Project St. Hope.
Two Generalizable Routes to Terminal Carbido Complexes

Desulfurization of the thiocarbonyl ligand in square pyramidal [Ru(CS)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1-S) via sulfur atom abstraction using [Mo(H)(eta2-Me2CNAr)(N[i-Pr]Ar)2] forms [Ru(C)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1) cleanly over several hours in benzene; isolated yield is 55%. Complex 1 is also formed in 87% isolated yield upon reaction of [Ru(CHR)(PCy3)2Cl2] (R = p-C6H4Me, 2; Ph, 3) with vinyl acetate in dichloromethane. Complex 1-S is re-formed quantitatively from 1 upon treatment with elemental sulfur in CH2Cl2, but is prepared most conveniently by treatment of crude [Ru(CS)Cl2(PPh3)2(OH2)] with excess PCy3 in toluene. Nearly quantitative conversion of 1 to [Ru(CO)Cl2(PCy3)2] (1-O) occurs upon addition of dimethyldioxirane solution in acetone to 1 dissolved in CH2Cl2 at ca. -90 degrees C.
The Action of Dither in a Polarity Coincidence Correlator

An analysis has been made of how dither added to the input of a polarity coincidence correlator eliminates capture of a weak signal by an unwanted signal. For certain interfering environments the output signal-to-noise ratio of various correlators with three specific input dithers is analyzed. The correlators considered were a polarity coincidence correlator with: 1) no dither, 2) dither of random, amplitude uniformly distributed between the chosen plus-and-minus peak values, 3) sinusoidal dither, and 4) Gaussian dither. Each correlator was analyzed for the cases of Gaussian-noise, rectangular-wave, and sinusoidal interference and compared with the classical correlator. The choice of dither amplitude based upon the measured value of the noise power was studied. A uniformly distributed dither is shown to be slightly superior to sinusoidal dither, and both superior to Gaussian noise.
Exposure to violence and mental health among Chinese American urban adolescents.

Abstract Purpose This cross-sectional study examined exposure to violence as a predictor of mental health and perpetration of violence in a sample of 71 Chinese American young adolescents from nine urban middle schools. Methods Separate hierarchical multiple regressions were used to predict self-reported symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perpetration of violence, and teacher-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression, and adaptive functioning. Results After controlling for daily hassles, exposure to violence uniquely predicted higher self-reported PTSD and depressive symptoms. After controlling for prior academic achievement and daily hassles, exposure to violence uniquely predicted more perpetration of violence. Conclusions Our study suggests that exposure to violence is associated with worse mental health and more perpetration of violence among Chinese American adolescents living in urban areas.
Deep‐sea soundings

Bathymetric charts for many areas of the ocean are cheap and accurate, and we usually take their availability for granted. In these times of abundant information, it is easy to forget the wonder and excitement of the last century, when mechanical sounding machines revealed for the first time the major features of the ocean depths. Who would not be awed by the graceful sweep of the Blake Plateau or the plunging depths of the Puerto Rico Trench, and who could remain unimpressed by undersea mountain ranges more majestic than any in view? In his 1888 book, entitled Three Cruises of the Blake, Alexander Agassiz has this to say about the spectacular Caribbean bottom topography: “Compared to such panoramas the finest views of the range of the Alps sink into insignificance; it is only when we get a view of portions of the Andes from the sea-coast…that we get anything approximating to it in grandeur.”
Identification and estimation of statistical functionals using incomplete data

Incomplete data, due to missing observations or interval measurement of variables, usually cause parameters of interest in applications to be unidentified except under untestable and often controversial assumptions. However, it is often possible to identify sharp bounds on parameters without making untestable assumptions about the process through which data become incomplete. The bounds contain all logically possible values of the parameters and can be estimated consistently by replacing the population distribution of the data with the empirical distribution. This is straightforward in some circumstances but computationally burdensome in others. This paper describes the general problem and presents an empirical illustration.
Nuclear Power and the Challenge of High-Level Waste Disposal in the United States

Any consideration of the future of nuclear power must tackle the question of how to dispose of the highly radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactors. This article reviews the decades-long debate in the United States over nuclear-waste policy, including the Obama administration's decision to cancel work on the planned waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and the 2012 report from the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future. The article, in addition to discussing some of the technical challenges of nuclear-waste disposal, looks at the political challenges of siting a high-level waste repository in the United States, and links those challenges to the continuing search for a national energy policy that reduces dependency on fossil fuels and its ramifications for climate change.
Substrate compositional variation with tissue/region and Gba1 mutations in mouse models--implications for Gaucher disease.

Gaucher disease results from GBA1 mutations that lead to defective acid β-glucosidase (GCase) mediated cleavage of glucosylceramide (GC) and glucosylsphingosine as well as heterogeneous manifestations in the viscera and CNS. The mutation, tissue, and age-dependent accumulations of different GC species were characterized in mice with Gba1 missense mutations alone or in combination with isolated saposin C deficiency (C*). Gba1 heteroallelism for D409V and null alleles (9V/null) led to GC excesses primarily in the visceral tissues with preferential accumulations of lung GC24∶0, but not in liver, spleen, or brain. Age-dependent increases of different GC species were observed. The combined saposin C deficiency (C*) with V394L homozygosity (4L;C*) showed major GC18∶0 degradation defects in the brain, whereas the analogous mice with D409H homozygosity and C* (9H;C*) led to all GC species accumulating in visceral tissues. Glucosylsphingosine was poorly degraded in brain by V394L and D409H GCases and in visceral tissues by D409V GCase. The neonatal lethal N370S/N370S genotype had insignificant substrate accumulations in any tissue. These results demonstrate age, organ, and mutation-specific quantitative differences in GC species and glucosylsphingosine accumulations that can have influence in the tissue/regional expression of Gaucher disease phenotypes.
Effects of opiate receptor drugs injected intracerebrally into the normovolemic and hypovolemic monkey.

Abstract Systemic injection of naloxone (NAL), an opioid-receptor antagonist, significantly elevates systolic blood pressure (SBP) in anesthetized hypovolemic monkeys, providing indirect evidence that endogenous opioids contribute to cardiovascular depression during shock. The purpose of this study was to identify specific centrally located opioid receptor sites that participate in SBP regulation under normovolemic and hypovolemic conditions. In 6 monkeys, bilateral guide cannulae were stereotaxically implanted above areas ranging from the diencephalon to the lower medulla. Microinjections (1 μl) of D- Ala 2 -Met-enkephalinamide (DAME) (3.4–27.2 nM) into normovolemic unanesthetized monkeys reduced SBP by 10–65 mm Hg in a dose-related fashion. Subsequent injection of NAL (12.2 nM) attenuated this hypotensive response. Heart rate fell 20–40 bpm with DAME, but not in response to dose. In the anesthetized animal rendered hypotensive (SBP=45 mm Hg) by hemorrhage, NAL injected into predetermined DAME-sensitive sites failed to increase SBP more than 5 mm Hg. Even consecutive injections into multiple sites elevated SBP only 20 mm Hg. We conclude that the centrally located opioid-sensitive sites tested exert only a mild influence in mediating hemorrhagic hypotension.
Hemopoietic Regulation Assessed in Clonal Culture: A Brief Overview

The continuous cell turnover of the hemopoietic system is supported by a population of cells termed stem cells. The stem cells possess extensive ability to proliferate and produce progenitors that are committed to differentiation in single lineages. Because of this dynamic nature of the hemopoietic system, studies of the regulatory mechanisms of the hemopoietic system have been carried out by using functional assays. Both the spleen colony assay developed by Till and McCulloch (1961) and the semi-solid culture assay developed independently by Pluznik and Sachs (1965) and Bradley and Metcalf (1966) are based on the ability of the progenitors to proliferate and differentiate. During the last two decades, the mecha¬nisms of hemopoiesis have been significantly elucidated by studies using these clonal culture assays. This review provides a brief description of the mechanisms of stem cell differentiation (commitment) and a summary of the studies of the effects of the growth factors on the proliferation of progenitors.
An examination of impaired acoustic-phonetic processing in aphasia

Abstract This research examines the nature of acoustic–phonetic impairments found in aphasia, and the reliability of patient performance on phoneme discrimination and identification tasks. Aphasic patients were tested on three phoneme discrimination tasks examining their ability to discriminate items on the basis of contrasts in sonorance, manner, place, or voicing using both spoken and synthetic stimuli. One of these tests involving the discrimination of spoken, one-syllable items was given to patients on three occasions over the course of 1 year to examine short- and long-term test reliability. In addition to these measures, patients were tested on three phoneme identification tasks using stimulus items drawn from the discrimination tests. The results of these tests show that aphasic patients may display stable patterns of performance on these measures over time and between tests. Furthermore, these findings suggest that discriminations of synthetic speech do not necessarily reflect patients' ability to discriminate spoken speech tokens. These results are interpreted as evidence that aphasics display stable, discrete impairments in acoustic–phonetic processing, and that these deficits may be measured reliably using phoneme discrimination and identification tasks using natural speech.
Event-specific risk and ecological factors associated with prepartying among heavier drinking college students

Using event-specific data, the present study sought to identify relevant risk factors and risky drinking patterns associated with prepartying. Analyses focused on drinking outcomes as a function of drinking game playing and the social context on occasions where prepartying did and did not occur. This research utilized a representative two-site sample of prepartiers who also reported a heavy episodic drinking event in the past month (n=988). Results revealed that during a preparty event, participants drank significantly more, reached higher blood alcohol levels (BALs), and experienced significantly more negative consequences compared to the last occasion that they drank but did not preparty. Students who played drinking games when they prepartied had higher BALs and experienced more negative consequences than those who did not play drinking games. Whether females prepartied in a single-sex or coed setting had little effect on their BALs. For males, however, their BALs were greater when they prepartied in a coed setting compared to a single sex setting. Moreover, participants reported more negative consequences when they prepartied in a coed setting than in a single-sex setting. Finally, regression analyses demonstrated that participants' BAL, frequency of prepartying, and the interaction between BAL and frequency of prepartying all uniquely contributed to the prediction of event-specific alcohol-related negative consequences. As BAL increased, the number of negative consequences increased more sharply for those who prepartied infrequently, compared to those who prepartied frequently. Analyses were examined as a function of gender which revealed important gender effects and interactions. Interventions can be designed to intervene with high-risk prepartiers by using BAL education emphasizing the impact of time-limited prepartying drinking.
Work function changes and surface chemistry of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon on indium tin oxide

Abstract The surface chemistry of indium tin oxide (ITO) has been investigated with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). A vibrating Kelvin probe (KP) with a graphite reference was used to monitor the absolute work function (Φ) of ITO as a function of chemical modification. The ITO was exposed in situ to molecular hydrogen (H2), hot-filament-activated oxygen ( O 2 ∗ ), and hot-filament-activated deuterium ( D 2 ∗ ). The initial Φ of ITO was determined to be 5.2 eV, and surface chemical changes had strong effects on this value, as seen by KP. Exposure of clean ITO to O 2 ∗ increased Φ to ∼5.6 eV, but the increase was short-lived. The changes in Φ over time were correlated with the uptake of carbon impurities in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as monitored by AES. The HREELS of ITO revealed significant hydrocarbon impurities. Chemical reduction of ITO produced a metallic surface and dehydrogenated the adsorbed hydrocarbons. Both re-oxidation of metallic ITO and oxidation of clean ITO temporarily removed adventitious carbon from the surface, but oxidized ITO adsorbed an even larger quantity of carbon over time.
Optimization of the Sensitivity of FET-Based Biosensors via Biasing and Surface Charge Engineering

It has been shown that the sensitivity of FET-based biosensors is highest when the biosensor is biased in the subthreshold regime. Given a substrate contact and a solution electrode, there is a wide range of voltages that bias the sensor this way, and not all of them are optimal; we use simulations to clarify the proper bias point. We also show that screening in the buffer solution is bias dependent, and we describe the origin of this dependence. Furthermore, we show that phenomena in the FET part and screening at the outer surface of the biosensor may have differing optimization criteria in terms of biasing. To make the most of the biosensor, both have to be optimized simultaneously. We show that this may require engineering of the charges at the surface of the biosensor, possibly affecting the choice of receptor molecules, linker molecules, and insulator material.
Extracellular matrix remodeling in canine and mouse myocardial infarcts

Extracellular matrix proteins not only provide structural support, but also modulate cellular behavior by activating signaling pathways. Healing of myocardial infarcts is associated with dynamic changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix; these changes may play an important role in regulating cellular phenotype and gene expression. We examined the time course of extracellular matrix deposition in a canine and mouse model of reperfused infarction. In both models, myocardial infarction resulted in fragmentation and destruction of the cardiac extracellular matrix, extravasation of plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen and fibronectin, and formation of a fibrin-based provisional matrix providing the scaffold for the infiltration of granulation tissue cells. Lysis of the plasma-derived provisional matrix was followed by the formation of a cell-derived network of provisional matrix composed of cellular fibronectin, laminin, and hyaluronic acid and containing matricellular proteins, such as osteopontin and osteonectin/SPARC. Finally, collagen was deposited in the infarct, and the wound matured into a collagen-based scar with low cellular content. Although the canine and mouse infarcts exhibited a similar pattern of extracellular matrix deposition, deposition of the provisional matrix was more transient in the mouse infarct and was followed by earlier formation of a mature collagen-based scar after 7–14 days of reperfusion; at the same timepoint, the canine infarct was highly cellular and evolving. In addition, mature mouse infarcts showed limited collagen deposition and significant tissue loss leading to the formation of a thin scar. In contrast, dogs exhibited extensive collagen accumulation in the infarcted area. These species-specific differences in infarct wound healing should be taken into account when interpreting experimental infarction studies and when attempting to extrapolate the findings to the human pathological process.
TH-A-M100E-03: Requirements for Addressing Respiratory Motion in Cooperative Group Clinical Trials

In mid‐2006, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) published updated guidelines for the use of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) on clinical trials, specifically when the target volume included the thoracic region or other areas in which respiratory motion could have a significant effect. In addition to requiring heterogeneity corrections, the NCI now requires that the clinical protocol address the localization and immobilization of both the patient and the tumor.Imaging must be performed in a manner that provides a representation of the target volume without motion artifact. Procedures must be defined to document reproducible daily position of the patient and target. Some form of credentialing is required. The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) has been enlisted to participate in the credentialing process for institutions participating in certain cooperative group trials in which respiratory motion is an issue. To accomplish this, the RPC has constructed several phantoms that mimic the thoracic and abdominal region, and which can be placed on a moving platform to simulate respiratory motion. The combination of phantom and moving platform have been used to evaluate compensation techniques for respiratory motion at several institutions. The techniques employed and the results of these measurements will be described as well as those reported in the literature. Learning Objectives: 1. Review the structure supporting cooperative group clinical trials in the US. 2. Become familiar with the NCI guidelines for the use of IMRT in clinical trials. 3. Learn about the effects of respiratory motion during thoracic treatments. 4. Understand the information derived from the RPC's moving anthropomorphic phantoms. This research is supported by grants CA 10953 and 81647 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Understanding the nature of science: A comparison of scientists and science teachers

Interpreting science in the culture is coming to be the responsibility of a science teacher. The author finds that some neophytes are prepareil.
A segregated finite element formulation of Navier-Stokes equations under laminar conditions

Abstract This paper describes the application of the Taylor-Galerkin based finite element method to the calculation of incompressible viscous flows. The fundamental concepts and characteristics of the formulations and the associated solution methodology used are described in technical detail. This scheme is second-order accurate for velocity and pressure in time as well as in space. The three test cases chosen for the performance evaluation of this formulation are the standing vortex problem, the lid-driven cavity flow at Reynolds numbers up to 5000, and the sudden expansion problem at Reynolds numbers up to 800. These results are provided to illustrate the quality of the computed transient solutions in two dimensions under laminar conditions.
Tides of change: is Bayesianism the new paradigm in statistics?

Abstract For the last 50 years Bayesians and frequentists have disputed the appropriate way to do statistics. Bayesian methods have grown in popularity and acceptance, but how is the conflict between Bayesians and frequentists likely to play out in the future? This article uses theories advanced by Thomas Kuhn and Lawrence Grossberg to offer a framework for understanding possible futures and to pose questions about the future of the field of statistics.
B n Stanley symmetric functions

Abstract We use the Kraśkiewicz insertion algorithm to show that the B n Stanley symmetric function can be expressed as a nonnegative integer combination of Schur P -functions. It turns out that the decreasing parts of the insertion tableau form a shifted tableau, and Edelman-Greene insertion can be regarded as a special case of Kraśkiewicz insertion. Using these results, we obtain simple forms for some of the B n Stanley symmetric functions. We show that the recording tableau of a reduced word a under Kraśkiewicz insertion is the evacuation of the recording tableau of the reverse of a . We also establish a connection between Kraśkiewicz insertion and promotion sequence.
Identification of Sequences in the Polysialyltransferases ST8Sia II and ST8Sia IV That Are Required for the Protein-specific Polysialylation of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule, NCAM

The polysialyltransferases ST8Sia II and ST8Sia IV polysialylate the glycans of a small subset of mammalian proteins. Their most abundant substrate is the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). An acidic surface patch and a novel α-helix in the first fibronectin type III repeat of NCAM are required for the polysialylation of N-glycans on the adjacent immunoglobulin domain. Inspection of ST8Sia IV sequences revealed two conserved polybasic regions that might interact with the NCAM acidic patch or the growing polysialic acid chain. One is the previously identified polysialyltransferase domain (Nakata, D., Zhang, L., and Troy, F. A. (2006) Glycoconj. J. 23, 423–436). The second is a 35-amino acid polybasic region that contains seven basic residues and is equidistant from the large sialyl motif in both polysialyltransferases. We replaced these basic residues to evaluate their role in enzyme autopolysialylation and NCAM-specific polysialylation. We found that replacement of Arg276/Arg277 or Arg265 in the polysialyltransferase domain of ST8Sia IV decreased both NCAM polysialylation and autopolysialylation in parallel, suggesting that these residues are important for catalytic activity. In contrast, replacing Arg82/Arg93 in ST8Sia IV with alanine substantially decreased NCAM-specific polysialylation while only partially impacting autopolysialylation, suggesting that these residues may be particularly important for NCAM polysialylation. Two conserved negatively charged residues, Glu92 and Asp94, surround Arg93. Replacement of these residues with alanine largely inactivated ST8Sia IV, whereas reversing these residues enhanced enzyme autopolysialylation but significantly reduced NCAM polysialylation. In sum, we have identified selected amino acids in this conserved polysialyltransferase polybasic region that are critical for the protein-specific polysialylation of NCAM.
Deactylase Inhibitors Disrupt Cellular Complexes Containing Protein Phosphatases and Deacetylases

Affinity isolation of protein serine/threonine phosphatases on the immobilized phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR identified histone deacetylase 1(HDAC1), HDAC6, and HDAC10 as novel components of cellular phosphatase complexes. Other HDACs, specifically HDAC2, -3, -4, and -5, were excluded from such complexes. In vitro biochemical studies showed that recombinant HDAC6, but not HDAC4, bound directly to the protein phosphatase (PP)1 catalytic subunit. No association was observed between HDAC6 and PP2A, another major protein phosphatase. PP1 binding was mapped to the second catalytic domain and adjacent C-terminal sequences in HDAC6, and treatment of cells with trichostatin A (TSA) disrupted endogenous HDAC6.PP1 complexes. Consistent with the inhibition of tubulin deactylase activity of HDAC6, TSA enhanced cellular tubulin acetylation, and acetylated tubulin was present in the PP1 complexes from TSA-treated cells. Trapoxin B, a weak HDAC6 inhibitor, and calyculin A, a cell-permeable phosphatase inhibitor, had no effect on the stability of the HDAC6.PP1 complexes or on tubulin acetylation. Mutations that inactivated HDAC6 prevented its incorporation into cellular PP1 complexes and suggested that when bound together both enzymes were active. Interestingly, TSA disrupted all the cellular HDAC.phosphatase complexes analyzed. This study provided new insight into the mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors elicited coordinate changes in cellular protein phosphorylation and acetylation and suggested that changes in these protein modifications at multiple subcellular sites may contribute to the known ability of HDAC inhibitors to suppress cell growth and transformation.
Rural Nurses’ Perceptions of Disruptive Behavior and Clinical Outcomes: A Pilot Study

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to explore rural nurses’ perceptions regarding disruptive behavior and its impacts on interdisciplinary relationships, patient safety, and patient outcomes. Methods: Montana nurses working at either of two rural facilities, one a small hospital and the other a critical access facility, participated in the study. The study replicated a larger study conducted by Rosenstein and O’Daniel (2005) in the VHA West Coast hospital network. A questionnaire was sent to nurses electronically via their agency’s email system to assess perceptions of disruptive behavior and its effects on patient outcomes. Findings: Fifty-seven nurses participated in the study, yielding a 47.5% response rate. Disruptive behavior was reported to be displayed more often by nurses than physicians in this study. Nurses perceived that disruptive behavior is linked to adverse events, and may also have a negative impact on patient safety and satisfaction. In addition, participants perceived a link between disruptive behavior and the psychological and behavioral variables impacting individual nurses. Finally, the majority of respondents indicated that their facility lacked appropriate reporting and counseling policies for addressing disruptive behavior. Conclusions: Like their VHA West Coast counterparts, nurses working in rural settings experience disruptive behavior and believe there is a link between disruptive behavior and negative patient outcomes. However, results from this pilot study suggest that disruptive behavior by nurses in rural settings is more prevalent than that of physicians, findings that contradict previous work. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v14i1.300 Key words : Disruptive behavior, workplace incivility, patient outcomes, patient safety, rural nursing
Optical Characterization of Tristructural Isotropic Fuel Particle Cross-Sections Using Generalized Ellipsometry

Abstract One particularly important measure of quality of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles is the degree of preferred orientation of crystallites in the polycrystalline pyrolytic carbon coatings. Excessive crystallographic anisotropy leads to unwanted anisotropic dimensional changes during irradiation that can cause the TRISO coatings to fail. Early optical methods were developed in the 60s and 70s to measure this anisotropy by taking advantage of the large optical anisotropy of graphite. Since that time, there have been significant improvements in both the theoretical understanding and experimental techniques in the understanding of optical anisotropy. Here we discuss a new method, based on the two-modulator generalized ellipsometer (2-MGE) to measure the optical anisotropy. This technique has been demonstrated to measure the optical diattenuation to an accuracy from ±0.001 to ±0.005 and the preferred direction of the crystallites to an accuracy of better than ±2° with a spatial resolution of better than 5 μm. Diattenuation ‘pictures’ of the nuclear fuel cross-sections reveal that the inner pyrocarbon layer (IPyC) is far from uniform both in the degree of diattenuation and in the direction of the principal axis. The 2-MGE technique is faster, more accurate, and collects considerably more data than previous optical anisotropy measurements of TRISO fuel particles.
Media Literacy Art Education: Deconstructing Lesbian and Gay Stereotypes in the Media

Popular media such as films, television programmes/commercials and magazines have become the dominant source through which children learn about others and their world, develop attitudes and beliefs as manifested in media expressions, and formulate their sense of identity. Popular media have enormous influence on children who are constantly immersing themselves in value-laden media images that perpetuate over-generalised representations of cultural groups, in particular, lesbian and gay stereotypes. By critically examining media images in the art room, media literacy art education offers art teachers and their students an opportunity to nurture their aesthetic sensibilities, social awareness and the media literacy necessary to resist and challenge prejudiced, dehumanised or unjust social practices. This article explores issues of lesbian and gay stereotypes in the media, and proposes using media images as a pedagogical device to help students deconstruct them.
Steady crack growth in a thin, ductile plate under small-scale yielding conditions: Three-dimensional modeling

Abstract This work employs high resolution, finite element computations to investigate key features of the elastic–plastic fields near a steadily advancing crack at quasi-static rates under three-dimensional, small-scale yielding conditions. The model represents a structurally thin component constructed of a material ( e.g ., Al and Ti alloys) with flow stress and fracture toughness properties that together limit the size of the in-plane plastic zone during steady-growth to no more than several multiples of the plate thickness. The computational approach generalizes the streamline integration procedure used previously for two-dimensional studies into three dimensions to represent steady-state growth on a fixed mesh in a boundary-layer framework. The plate thickness provides the only geometrical length scale. Crack extension occurs at the remotely applied, fixed loading without the need for a local growth criterion. In the first computations of this type, the present work considers a straight crack front advancing under local and global mode I loading with zero T -stress in a moderately hardening material. Applied remote loads at steady growth generate plastic zone sizes ahead of the advancing crack front ranging from 0.25 to 6.4 times the thickness. Key results include: (1) the crack-front fields exhibit a self-similar scaling characterized by a non-dimensional loading parameter; (2) three-dimensional effects extend to distances of approximately 1.5–2.5 times the thickness ahead of the advancing crack front for key values of this loading parameter, beyond which the fields (elastic–plastic then linear-elastic at greater distances) become uniform over the thickness; and (3) crack opening profiles on the outside surface reveal a “wedge-like”, opening shape which simplifies the definition of a crack-tip opening angle.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis in a 51-Year-Old Man: Case Report

Dorsal hand osteophytes are common findings in the general population, frequently presenting with dorsal pain and treated with surgical excision. We report the spontaneous rupture of the extensor carpi radialis brevis in association with a previously asymptomatic dorsal scaphoid spur. Following conservative management, surgical excision of dorsal hand osteophytes should be considered for both resolution of pain and prevention of attritional tendon rupture.
Identification of a Novel Phosphorylation Site, Ser-170, as a Regulator of Bad Pro-apoptotic Activity

Abstract Bad is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins that is thought to exert a death-promoting effect by heterodimerization with Bcl-XL, nullifying its anti-apoptotic activity. Growth factors may promote cell survival at least partially through phosphorylation of Bad at one or more of Ser-112, -136, or -155. Our previous work showed that Bad is also phosphorylated in response to cytokines at another site, which we now identify as Ser-170. The functional role of this novel phosphorylation site was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis and analysis of the pro-apoptotic function of Bad in transiently transfected HEK293 and COS-7 cells or by stable expression in the cytokine-dependent cell line, MC/9. In general, mutation of Ser-170 to Ala results in a protein with increased ability to induce apoptosis, similar to the S112A mutant. Mutation of Ser-170 to Asp, mimicking a constitutively phosphorylated site, results in a protein that is virtually unable to induce apoptosis. Similarly, the S112A/S170D double mutant does not cause apoptosis in HEK293 and MC/9 cell lines. These data strongly suggest that phosphorylation of Bad at Ser-170 is a critical event in blocking the pro-apoptotic activity of Bad.
Leukocyte anomaly, mental retardation, and dwarfism in a family with abnormal chromosomes.

The recognition of the importance of leukocyte morphology in the study of conditions not strictly hematologic prompted a survey of blood smears from patients in an institution for mental defectives. An 11-year-old boy has been discovered who has dwarfism, mental retardation, and abnormal leukocytes resembling those of the Pelger-Huet anomaly. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity is greatly elevated. In the course of family studies, the paternal grandmother has been found to have chromosomal mosaicism of the type XO/XX/XXX with chromatin-negative leukocytes. The possible etiological significance of these findings is discussed.
Validation of the Engineering Plant Analyzer methodology with Peach Bottom 2 stability tests

Abstract The Engineering Plant Analyzer (EPA) had been developed in 1984 at Brookhaven National Laboratory to simulate plant transients in boiling water reactors (BWR). Recently, the EPA with its High-Speed Interactive Plant Analyzer code for BWRs (HIPA-BWR) simulated for the first time oscillatory transients with large, non-linear power and flow amplitudes; transients which are centered around the March 9, 1988 instability at the LaSalle-2 BWR power plant. The EPA's capability to simulate oscillatory transients has been demonstrated first by comparing simulation results with LaSalle-2 plant data (Wulff et al., NUREG/CR-5816, BNL-NUREG-52312, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1992). This paper presents an EPA assessment on the basis of the Peach Bottom 2 instability tests (Carmichael and Niemi, EPRI NP-564, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto,CA, 1978). This assessment of the EPA appears to constitute the first validation of a time-domain reactor systems code on the basis of frequency-domain criteria, namely power spectral density, gain and phase shift of the pressure-to-power transfer function. The reactor system pressure was disturbed in the Peach Bottom 2 power plant tests, and in their EPA simulation, by a pseudo-random, binary sequence signal. The data comparison revealed that the EPA predicted for Peach Bottom tests PT1, PT2, and PT4 the gain of the power-to-pressure transfer function with the biases and standard deviations of (−10 ± 28)%, (−1 ± 40)% and (+28 ± 52)%, respectively. The respective frequencies at the peak gains were predicted with the errors of +6%, +3%, and −28%. The differences between the predicted and the measured phase shift increased with increasing frequency, but stayed within the margin of experimental uncertainty. The code assessment presented here is valid only for small-amplitude oscillations, but it encompasses neutron kinetics, fuel thermal response, coolant thermohydraulics and control-system dynamics. To our knowledge, this assessment of the time-domain HIPA-BWR code by frequency-domain methods and spectral plant data demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of such an assessment.
Using longitudinal data to understand children's activity patterns in an exposure context: Data from the Kanawha county health study

Abstract An important component of assessing the levels, the sources, and the health effects of children's exposure to air pollution is understanding how and where members of this sensitive population spend their time. There are, however, few data bases that allow the documentation of the day-to-day nature of children's activities. Of particular concern is whether the one-day snapshots provided by time/activity diaries typically used in exposure studies represent the actual temporal and spatial extent of children's activities. As part of a community health study, longitudinal data on children's time/activity patterns were recently collected. A respiratory health status and gender stratified sample of 90 children kept daily diaries over two-week periods during both the summer and the fall. This paper first presents baseline information of children's activity patterns: the sample distribution of time spent in each of five microenvironments (travel, outdoor, at school, at home, and inside other locations) and the daily temporal pattern of activities. The consistent patterns of children on school days suggest that for most days we can accurately predict children's locations by time of day. The second part of the analysis shows that there is both high child-to-child variation in the average time spent in each microenvironment, even after controlling for gender and respiratory health status, and strong temporal variability in activity patterns within a child over time, even after controlling for school days versus nonschool days.
In vivo studies of the FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus.

FINKEL et al.1 have isolated a virus from a spontaneously occurring osteosarcoma in a 260 day old CF1/Anl mouse. This virus (FBJ) was shown to induce tumours histologically similar to the original tumour from which the virus was isolated. Here we describe further studies of this virus.
Pattern Recognition and Analysis for Circuit Fabrication by Ink Jet Printing

Traditional methods for patterning conductive materials, such as screen-printing and photolithography, are complex and time-consuming. In this paper, we successfully combined three processes: Self-assembly polyelectrolyte (SAP) surface treatment, microdispensing catalyst patterning on the substrate, and electroless plating to form metal circuits. Due to the porous structure, these polyelectrolyte membranes are of great benefit to the absorption of the catalyst used for metal deposition. Hence, the processes above can form excellent metal pattern for various substrates, for example, PET, Glass, PI, FR-4, etc. The result has been verified by IPC 6013 standard for flexible substrate. This study also developed an image analysis method to validate the reliability of this ink jet printed circuit. It included the steps of threshold setting, erosion operation, template calibration, filtering, and edge-enhancement. After image analysis, the line width was of 135 μm on the average and the standard deviation was of 3.5 μm. The maximum blurring rate of the edge of the line observed is within ±15%.