cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Everglades: North America’s subtropical wetland

The Everglades is the largest subtropical wetland in the United States. Because of its size, floral and faunal diversity, geological history and hydrological functions on the Florida landscape, the remaining Everglades are considered to be the crown jewel of U.S. wetlands. It is also called a “sentinel wetland” to test our society’s resolve for ecosystem restoration. Originally called Pa-hay-okee (“grassy lake”) by the American Indians, it was later popularized as the “river of grass” by Marjory Stoneman Douglas. This metaphor unfortunately has led to a simplistic view of the complexities of the Everglades ecosystem and how it functions on the landscape. Often incorrectly referred to as the “marsh” or “swamp,” the Everglades is a fen peatland or alkaline mire. These are important distinctions when one considers how different marshes and swamps are from peatlands in terms of their hydrologic controls, biogeochemistry, rate of peat development, plant and animal communities and-importantly-succession patterns. This paper provides a brief review of the geological processes that led to the development of the Everglades, compares historic and current hydrologic flow patterns, assesses nutrient conditions, presents information on vegetation communities and succession patterns, and provides a new peatland classification of the Everglades system, which may help in the development of a more appropriate restoration management framework.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: recognizing the radiographic features in children.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Children often present with enlargement of the nasopharyngeal soft tissues, which is usually due to benign hypertrophy of adenoids. The objective of this report is to emphasize that, although rare, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) does occur in children and can be diagnosed reliably when certain key radiographic features are recognized. METHODS: The presenting scans of 11 patients with biopsy proven NPC were reviewed retrospectively by a CAQ-certified neuroradiologist. The age range was 12–17 years (median 15 years). Fifteen scans were reviewed, including 8 CT scans of the neck with intravenous contrast and 7 MR scans of the nasopharynx without and with gadolinium. RESULTS: All 11 patients had a nasopharyngeal mass. The nasopharyngeal mass had invaded the central skull base in 10 patients (91%). Widening of the petroclival fissure was present in 8 (73%) patients; all except one patient had accompanying skull base invasion. The tumor had extended into the adjacent parapharyngeal space in 6 (55%), the pterygopalatine fossa in 2 (18%), and the masticator space in 2 (18%). Unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy was present in 4 (36%) and bilateral in 7 (64%). Lateral retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy that measured greater than 1 cm in maximal transverse dimension was present in 10 (91%). CONCLUSION: Pediatric NPC is generally not suspected clinically until late into the disease process. Awareness that NPC can occur in children should prompt careful evaluation for distinctive radiographic features. Earlier diagnosis may then direct the patient to timely appropriate therapy when these key radiographic features are present and recognized.
The Sonic Scanner and the Graphonic Interface

This paper describes the concepts, design, implementation, and evaluation of two new interfaces for music performance and composition. Both of the interfaces were motivated by the idea of creating music through drawing, but they approach the activity in very different ways. While the Graphonic Interface allows you to make music as you are drawing, the Sonic Scanner requires pre-composed graphic material in order to make music. However, both of the devices are real-time controllers that produce sound in an interactive manner, thereby allowing them to be used as performance instruments.
5β-Reductase and other Androgen-Metabolizing Enzymes in Primary Cultures of Developing Zebra Finch Telencephalon

Enzymes in the avian brain irreversibly catalyze the conversion of androgens into either active metabolites (aromatase and 5α-reductase) or inactive metabolites (5β-reductase). 5β-reductase is thought to influence the formation of active metabolites by reducing the concentration of androgenic substrate available for these reactions. However, because these enzymes have different regional, cellular and subcellular distributions in brain, the traditional method to measure enzyme activity in brain homogenates may be inaccurate because of artificial mixing of enzymes. Recently, we have prepared primary cell cultures from the telencephalons of developing zebra finches. Cell cultures offer the advantage that enzyme activity can be measured in live cells in which the relative distribution of enzymes may more closely reflect that found in vivo. We have previously reported that aromatase is expressed at high levels in these cultures, and that it is active in both neurons and in glia. Here we report on the activities of 5α- and 5β-reductase in these cell cultures. Along with aromatase, 5β-reductase was expressed at high levels in these mixed cell cultures, including cultures highly enriched in glia. This suggests that 5β-reductase is present in non-neuronal cells in brain, possibly co-localized with aromatase. However, despite the presence of 5β-reductase, aromatase was detected reliably in vitro even when the concentration of substrate was low. Thus, 5β-reductase does not prevent the synthesis of estrogen in the telencephalon of developing zebra finches. By contrast, 5α-reductase activity was very low or absent in these cultures. Thus, cells expressing 5α-reductase may be poorly represented in these cultures. Alternatively, 5α-reductase and aromatase together may interfere with the synthesis of 5α-reduced androgens in the zebra finch telencephalon.
Nanowire Lasers of Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites and Their Stabilized Alloys with Improved Stability

The excellent intrinsic optoelectronic properties of methylammonium lead halide perovskites (MAPbX3, X = Br, I), such as high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, long carrier lifetime, and high gain coupled with the facile solution growth of nanowires make them promising new materials for ultralow-threshold nanowire lasers. However, their photo and thermal stabilities need to be improved for practical applications. Herein, we report a low-temperature solution growth of single crystal nanowires of formamidinium lead halide perovskites (FAPbX3) that feature red-shifted emission and better thermal stability compared to MAPbX3. We demonstrate optically pumped room-temperature near-infrared (∼820 nm) and green lasing (∼560 nm) from FAPbI3 (and MABr-stabilized FAPbI3) and FAPbBr3 nanowires with low lasing thresholds of several microjoules per square centimeter and high quality factors of about 1500–2300. More remarkably, the FAPbI3 and MABr-stabilized FAPbI3 nanowires display durable room-temperature lasing u...
Crystal structure of tris-(di-methyl-amido-κN)-bis-(di-methyl-amine-κN)-zirconium(IV) iodide.

Zirconium amides have become increasingly popular and useful due to their widespread use as precursors to other zirconium complexes and their use in the production of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Herein we report the mol­ecular structure of tris­(di­methyl­amido)­bis­(di­methyl­amine)­zirconium(IV) iodide, [Zr(C2H6N)3(C2H7N)2]I. The bond lengths and bond angles are consistent with a slightly distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry around the metal atom. N⋯I contacts of 3.6153 (15) and 3.5922 (14) A are consistent with the presence of N—H⋯I inter­actions. These N—H⋯I inter­actions link the complex cations and iodide anions into extended chains that propagate parallel to the a axis.
NMDA-dependent currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus contribute to induction but not permanence of kindling.

NMDA-dependent currents in granule cells of the dentate gyrus contribute to induction but not permanence of kindling. Single-electrode voltage-clamp techniques and bath application of theN-methyl-d...
Influence of Alkoxy Groups on Rates of Acetal Hydrolysis and Tosylate Solvolysis: Electrostatic Stabilization of Developing Oxocarbenium Ion Intermediates and Neighboring-Group Participation To Form Oxonium Ions

The hydrolysis of 4-alkoxy-substituted acetals was accelerated by about 20-fold compared to that of sterically comparable substrates that do not have an alkoxy group. Rate accelerations are largest when the two functional groups are linked by a flexible cyclic tether. When controlled for the inductive destabilization, an alkoxy group can accelerate acetal hydrolysis by up to 200-fold. The difference in rates of acetal hydrolysis between a substrate where the alkoxy group was tethered to the acetal group by a five-membered ring compared to one where it was tethered by an eight-membered ring was less than 100-fold, suggesting that fused-ring intermediates were not formed. By comparison, the difference in rates of solvolysis of structurally related tosylates were nearly 106-fold between the five- and eight-membered ring series. This observation implicates neighboring-group participation in the solvolysis of tosylates but not in the hydrolysis of acetals. The acceleration of acetal hydrolysis by an alkoxy gro...
Combination of multistep IMAC enrichment with high-pH reverse phase separation for in-depth phosphoproteomic profiling.

Typical mass spectrometric phosphoproteome studies are complicated by the need for large amounts of starting material and extensive sample preparation to ensure sufficient phosphopeptide identifications. In this paper, we present a novel strategy to perform optimized multistep IMAC enrichment from whole cell lysates followed by high-pH reverse phase fractionation (multi-IMAC-HLB; HLB means hydrophilic–lipophilic-balanced reversed-phase cartridge). The peptide-to-IMAC ratio was optimized to maximize IMAC performance, while multistep IMAC enrichment enabled improved phosphopeptide acquisition. The addition of the HLB step further fractionates the IMAC enriched phosphopeptides while desalting the samples, which dramatically reduces the sample manipulation time and sample loss compared to other popular strategies. We compared the phosphopeptide identification results of the multi-IMAC-HLB method with 3 mg of starting material to the well-established SCX-IMAC method with 15 mg of starting material. We identifi...
Which Way to Lean? A National Study of Women Dental Faculty Members’ Career Aspirations and Choices

The aim of this first national study of women in academic dentistry was to explore factors and perceived barriers for why administrative/leadership positions were or were not sought via data collected from full-time women dental faculty members in the U.S. In fall 2015, the researchers conducted a survey that employed a combination of response formats: forced choice from a menu, multiple allowable answers, and open-ended written comments. The overall response rate for the survey was 35.6% (537/1504). Respondents were from 48 of the 65 U.S. dental schools. Half of the respondents indicated their primary appointment was in clinical sciences, 22.9% were in administration, 7.3% in research, 7.1% in basic science, and 2.5% in behavioral science. While a quarter of the respondents indicated administration as their primary appointment, over half reported holding administrative positions, and nearly all (92.4%) reported currently holding leadership roles at their institutions. For those not currently in administrative/leadership roles, 52.6% indicated a desire for an administrative role and 70.7% a leadership role. Of those in administrative/leadership roles, 62.1% indicated not receiving extra remuneration for those responsibilities. Half of the respondents perceived that they were paid less in their current position than men doing the same work. The most dominant theme emerging from qualitative analysis of barriers the respondents experienced was the difficulty women in dental education have in a traditionally male-dominated profession. The results confirmed that women faculty members are "leaning in" to seek administrative/leadership roles in academic dentistry. However, pay equity remains an issue, and faculty development and mentoring are needed for the advancement of academic dentistry and ultimately the dental profession.
Incidence and Outcomes of Pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndrome in the US

Background There is lack of epidemiological data on pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome (p-MDS) in the literature. MDS became reportable to the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program in 2001, providing an opportunity to estimate the incidence and survival of pediatric patients with MDS in the United States. Methods We utilized data from the National Cancer Institute SEER-18 to determine the incidence and long term overall survival (OS) of pediatric patients (ages 0 to 20 years) diagnosed with de novo MDS or therapy-related MDS. Inclusion criteria was diagnosis of MDS (International Classification of Diseases-Oncology, Third Edition, ICD-O-4 codes 9980/3, 9991/3, 9992/3, 9982/3, 9985/3, 9983/3, 9986/3, 9986/3, 9989/3, 9985/3, 9975/3, and 9987/3) between 2001 and 2011. Follow up was updated through the end of 2011 (November 2013 submission). Overall survival was estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare the effects of age, race, gender, histological subtype, and etiology ( de novo vs. therapy-related) on survival. Results The incidence of p-MDS was 1.16 cases/1 million population*year. A greater incidence occurred in children younger than 1 year of age possibly reflecting congenital bone marrow failure syndromes ([Figure 1][1]). A total of 314 p-MDS cases were included in the analysis with median follow up of 31 months (range 0-131). Median age of patients was 9 years; 167 (53.3%) had MDS unclassifiable (NOS), 40 (12.7%) had therapy-related MDS (t-MDS), 44 (14%) had refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), 32 (10.3%) had refractory anemia (RA), 17 (5.4%) had refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD), 6 (1.9%) had refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), 5 (1.6%) had refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEBT), and 3 (0.9%) had MDS associated with isolated del(5q). Male patients comprised 154 (49%) of cases. Racial groups included white (218, 69.4%), 52 (15.7%) black, 37 (11.8%) of other races, and 7 (2.3%) the race was unknown. The 5 year-OS for the entire cohort was 68% (95% C.I.=62.3-73.7). Patients with t-MDS had significantly worse 5 year-OS (41.2%; 95%C.I.=23.8-58.6) compared to those with de novo MDS (71.3%; 95%C.I.=65.3-77.2; P=0.004, [Figure 2][2]). In multivariate analysis of age, race, gender, histological subtype, and etiology ( de novo vs. therapy-related) utilizing Cox regression model, only t-MDS was associated with higher risk of death (HR=2.07, 95% C.I.=1.25-3.42, P=0.005). Conclusions Pediatric MDS is a rare disorder, with higher incidence among children younger than 1 year of age. Over two thirds of p-MDS patients will become long-term survivors, although significantly inferior outcome is seen in t-MDS. ![Figure 1][3] Figure 1 ![Figure 2][3] Figure 2 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: #F2 [3]: pending:yes
How language shapes the cultural inheritance of categories

It is widely recognized that language plays a key role in the transmission of human culture, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which language simultaneously encourages both cultural stability and cultural innovation. This paper examines this issue by focusing on the use of language to transmit categories, focusing on two universal devices: labels (e.g., shark, woman) and generics (e.g., "sharks attack swimmers"; "women are nurturing"). We propose that labels and generics each assume two key principles: norms and essentialism. The normative assumption permits transmission of category information with great fidelity, whereas essentialism invites innovation by means of an open-ended, placeholder structure. Additionally, we sketch out how labels and generics aid in conceptual alignment and the progressive "looping" between categories and cultural practices. In this way, human language is a technology that enhances and expands the categorization capacities that we share with other animals.
Naturally-derived biopolymer nanocomposites: Interfacial design, properties and emerging applications

Abstract Naturally derived materials with hierarchical organization are attractive candidates for high-performance and functional bionanocomposites because of their renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, and the availability of multiple reactive sites for introducing novel functionalities. Complementary to these inherent properties, the synergistic combination of biological and synthetic components facilitated by strong interfacial interactions, can substantially enhance the structural performance and facilitate added functionalities of these bio-enabled nanocomposites. In this review, we discuss the current progress of naturally-derived bionanocomposites that has advanced our understanding of the biological/synthetic interfaces. In these bionanocomposites, various novel synthetic nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotube, mineral nanoparticles and metallic nanoparticles) are efficiently integrated with biological components to achieve novel properties such as superior electrical and thermal conductivity, controlled gas barrier properties, complex actuation, and unique optical properties. Two popular biocomponents, nanocellulose and silk, are mainly discussed in this review as representatives of classes of polysaccharides and polypeptides with some other biopolymers briefly discussed as well. The structures and morphologies, processing strategies, tailored functionalities and emerging applications of these bionanocomposites are analyzed and summarized. Finally, we present an outlook on the current trends in providing structural and interfacial enhancement as well as emerging applications which will employ new optical, sensing, structural, and actuating functionalities and properties.
Protective Practice in Serving the Mentally Impaired Aged

A model is reported that uses casework as the core service complemented by extensive ancillary services within the structure of a voluntary agency
A GUI-based editor and type checker for Object-Z: nifty tools and assignments

Formal methods are increasingly applied to software development, particularly for analyzing requirements and validating design specifications. Consequently, numerous educational institutions around the world have included formal methods in their Computer Science curriculum. For many formal specification languages such as Larch, OBJ3 and VDM-SL, existing tools are difficult to use and some of them are also out-dated. Due to a lack of sufficient tool support for formal specification languages, many such institutions still use paper and pencil for teaching formal methods or use tools that are cumbersome and out-dated.
Phospholipid-derived signaling in plant response to temperature and water stresses.

Cell membranes are typically the initial point of signal perception and transduction. Phospholipids provide not only the structural base of cell membranes, but are also rich resources for generating cellular mediators. Such mediators include phosphatidic acid (PA), lysophospholipids, free fatty acids (FFAs), oxylipins, N-acylethanolamine, diacylglycerol (DAG), phosphoinositides, and water-soluble inositol polyphosphates. Each category of the above lipid regulators encompasses many molecular species due to variations in fatty acids, head groups, and/or other modifications. These lipid and lipid-derived regulators are produced in response to biotic and abiotic cues, and the production is regulated by various lipid-signaling enzymes, such as different families of phospholipases, lipid kinases, and/or phosphatases (Table 1) (1). Lipid-mediated signaling is an emerging, rapidly expanding area of research in plant biology. Significant advances have been made over the past years on the production and function of lipid-derived signaling processes. PHOSPHOLIPID-DERIVED SIGNALING IN PLANT RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE AND WATER STRESSES
Mindfulness for Healthcare Providers: The Role of Non-Reactivity in Reducing Stress

Context There is strong evidence in the literature that the cultivation of mindfulness through programs such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) has a profound impact on perceived stress for healthcare providers. The mechanism of the latter association is still being studied. However, it has been hypothesized that in particular, the cultivation of non-reactivity as a mindfulness skill may be particularly associated with the salutary effect of MBSR to reduce stress in health care providers even if adjusted for the benefit on quality of life gained after MBSR. The latter may represent important mechanistic information to build customized mindfulness interventions for health care providers. Objective Determine whether the change in non-reactivity to inner experience after MBSR is associated with the adjusted changes in perceived stress after MBSR. Design a Cross-sectional study. Setting A large, Midwestern teaching hospital. Participants 100 health care providers. Intervention 8-week standard MBSR course. Main outcome measures Perceived Stress Scale-10, Linear Analog Scale Assessment to measure Quality of life, and the mindfulness domain non-reactivity to inner experience was assessed by the non-reactivity subscale of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. All measures were administered at baseline and completion of the intervention. Results The change from baseline to completion of MBSR was significant for all variables, with moderate-to-robust effect sizes. There was a significant negative correlation between non-reactivity and perceived stress both at baseline (p Conclusion Non-reactivity to inner experience is a key aspect of MBSR that is independently associated with a change in perceived stress in health care providers.
Tunisia’s national intelligence: why ‘rogue elephants’ fail to reform

Why ‘rogue elephants’ fail to reform: the subtitle of this study of Tunisia's intelligence agencies does not brim with optimism for this sector's contribution to that country's effort at democratic...
Predicting the metabolic capabilities of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 adapted to different light regimes

There is great interest in engineering photoautotrophic metabolism to generate bioproducts of societal importance. Despite the success in employing genome-scale modeling coupled with flux balance analysis to engineer heterotrophic metabolism, the lack of proper constraints necessary to generate biologically realistic predictions has hindered broad application of this methodology to phototrophic metabolism. Here we describe a methodology for constraining genome-scale models of photoautotrophy in the cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Experimental photophysiology parameters coupled to genome-scale flux balance analysis resulted in accurate predictions of growth rates and metabolic reaction fluxes at low and high light conditions. Additionally, by constraining photon uptake fluxes, we characterized the metabolic cost of excess excitation energy. The predicted energy fluxes were consistent with known light-adapted phenotypes in cyanobacteria. Finally, we leveraged the modeling framework to characterize existing photoautotrophic and photomixtotrophic engineering strategies for 2,3-butanediol production in S. elongatus. This methodology, applicable to genome-scale modeling of all phototrophic microorganisms, can facilitate the use of flux balance analysis in the engineering of light-driven metabolism.
Conservative Fluid Management After Sepsis Resuscitation: A Pilot Randomized Trial:

Rationale:The feasibility and clinical outcomes of conservative fluid management after sepsis resuscitation remain unknown.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of a conservative fluid management proto...
Targeting tumor intrinsic metabolic node in pancreatic cancer causes tumor regression, remodels extracellular matrix and sensitizes to anti-PD1 therapy.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered to be a highly immunosuppressive and heterogenous neoplasm which has extremely poor survival. Despite improved knowledge regarding the genetic background of the tumor and better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1), which has shown effect in other solid tumors, has not been very successful against PDAC. The robust desmoplastic stroma, along with an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) that is rich in glycosaminoglycans like hyaluronan, plays an integral role in this immune evasion. Hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), a shunt pathway of glycolysis, is a metabolic node in cancer cells that can promote survival pathways (by regulating pro-oncogenic signaling via O-GlcNAc mediated protein modifications) on one hand and influence the ECM in the tumor by regulating hyaluronan synthesis on the other. The rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway, glutamine-fructose amidotransferase (GFAT1), uses glutamine and fructose 6-phosphate to eventually synthesize UDP-GlcNAc. Our results show that enzymes of HBP including GFAT1 are overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and chronic pancreatitis patient samples. In the current manuscript, we target this glutamine-utilizing enzyme by a small molecule glutamine analog (6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine or DON). DON decreases pro-survival pathways in pancreatic cancer cells and decreases the aggressive self-renewal potential and metastatic ability of tumor cells. Further, treatment with DON results in a decrease in hyaluronan and collagen in the tumor microenvironment, leading to an extensive remodeling of the ECM. Treatment with DON further increases CD68+ activated macrophages in the tumor and increases infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. This, in turn, makes the tumor microenvironment more conducive to cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell infiltration and makes tumors more susceptible to anti-PD1 therapy.
Dairy Milk Is Associated with Increased Risk of Breast Cancer in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) Cohort (P05-026-19)

Associations between diet and risk of breast cancer have been difficult to identify. Dairy milk has been hypothesized as a possible cause based on ecological data, also its sex hormone content (70% of dairy cows are pregnant), and likely ability to raise levels of insulin-like growth factor-1. We tested the dairy-breast cancer hypothesis in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort. AHS-2 is a national cohort that includes 61,000 Adventist women, of whom 52,795 formed an analytic cohort after exclusions. Many of these women did not consume dairy or consumed in minimal amounts, but more than half (i.e., the non-vegetarians) consumed dairy in usual amounts, on average. Soymilk was also consumed by many. Consumption of dairy, other foods and covariates was assessed from an extensive food frequency, health habits, and medical history questionnaire at study baseline (2002–7). During follow-up 1057 incident breast cancers were observed largely by matching with state cancer registries. Statistical analyses used proportional hazards regressions, adjusting for reproductive and other possible lifestyle risk factors. A calibration study with repeated 24-hour dietary recalls allowed for regression calibration. Comparing 90th to 10th percentiles of intake, dairy milk was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.41 (95% CI: 1.15–1.72; P = 0.001), rising to 2.56 (95% CI:1.51–4.99; P < 0.001) with the less biased but less precise regression calibration procedure. Models substituting median intakes of soymilk for dairy milk (medians of users) predicted a HR of 0.66 (95% CI:0.51–0.85; P < 0.001). No associations were seen with cheese or yogurt. Associations were non-linear with steeper rises in breast cancer risk at intakes of dairy milk up to ¾ cup/day. No clear indication of protection was seen for soymilk after adjustment for dairy. In this population, dairy milk consumption is clearly associated with risk of breast cancer after adjusting for soy intake. This was not the case for cheese (known to have lower hormone content). More work is needed to define possible mechanisms. Those at higher risk of breast cancer may gain advantage by limiting milk intake and considering dairy substitutes. National Institutes of Health, 1UO1CA152939]; World Cancer Research Fund (U.K.), grant 2009/93.
The use of a smart-textile garment during high-intensity functional training: a pilot study.

Background Wearable devices are common in the health and fitness industry and provide valuable information to improve and achieve fitness goals. The Hexoskin shirt (Hx) is one such device that has been shown to be valid and reliable. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare the Hx to established methods during a maximal graded exercise test (TM) and a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) session. Methods Ten healthy individuals (31.0±7.6 years, 76.4±11.4 kg; 1.7±0.1 m) volunteered for this study and completed a TM and a HIFT exercise session. During both testing sessions, respiratory measures (respiratory rate [RR], and respiratory volume [RV]) were assessed using a portable metabolic system (Cosmed K4b2; K4), and heart rate (HR) was determined via ECG in a standard 12-lead configuration. The Hx was worn during both sessions. Results During TM, a 4% difference was noted for HR during cool down, while exercising HR and RV, along with RR during cool down were all under 10%. During HIFT, HR at rest and cool down, as well as RR during exercise were less than 10%. The variation between technologies for the remaining variables ranged between 12.3-39.9% and 10.9-41.1% for TM and HIFT, respectively. Conclusions The Hx smart garment may be utilized to provide select cardiorespiratory data in a TM and HIFT session. We recommend that the validity and reliability be fully established before the Hx smart garment is entirely utilized for all cardiorespiratory data and research purposes in a field-based environment.
The Effect of Broken Rotor Bar on the Low Frequency Components in the Axial Stray Flux of Induction Motors

The flux radiates out of the frame can be detected in the vicinity of operating motors. Spectrums of the external flux for induction machines are rich in harmonics and they are not quite the same as current spectrum. This paper gives new explanations and analysis for the slip frequency component in the axial stray flux spectrum. Experimental validation is performed. The whole broken bar is removed from the sample rotor to avoid inter-bar current. The axial stray flux spectrum for a dynamic eccentricity sample is compared with the broken bar sample and a healthy sample. The experiment results confirmed the analysis that broken rotor bar is the main cause of the slip frequency component in the axial stray flux rather than dynamic eccentricity regardless the presence of inter-bar current.
A brief history of nanotechnology and introduction to nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Abstract This chapter outlines a brief introduction to the field of nanotechnology and its history. It provides an analysis of the use of the word “nanoparticle” in research articles and an introduction to the topics covered by the rest of this book.
Climate Change, Industrial Transformation, And

This paper examines the possibility of environmental "development traps," or "brown poverty traps," caused by interactions between the impacts of climate change and increasing returns in the development of "clean-technology" sectors. A simple specification is used in which the economy can produce a single homogeneous consumption good with two different technologies. In the "old" sector, technology has global diminishing returns to scale and depends on the use of fossil energy that gives rise to long-lived, damaging climate change. In the "new" sector, the technology has convex-concave production and is not dependent on the polluting energy input. If the new sector does not grow fast enough to move through the phase of increasing returns, then the economy may linger at a low level of income indefinitely or it may achieve greater progress but then get driven back down to a lower level of income by environmental degradation. Stimulating growth in the new sector thus may be a key element for avoiding an environmental poverty trap and achieving higher, sustained income levels.
Comparisons Across Dimensions, People, and Time: On the Primacy of Social Comparison in Self-Evaluations:

People often consider how their performance in one domain compares to their performance in other domains, the performance of other people, and their past performance (i.e., dimensional, social, and...
Protocol for Project Recovery: Cardiac Surgery - Leveraging Digital Platform for Efficient Collection of Longitudinal Patient-Reported Outcome Data Towards Improving Postoperative Recovery

Abstract Introduction Improving postoperative patient recovery after cardiac surgery is a priority, but our current understanding of individual variations in recovery and factors associated with poor recovery is limited. We are using a health-information exchange platform to collect patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and wearable device data to phenotype recovery patterns in the 30-day period after cardiac surgery hospital discharge, to identify factors associated with these phenotypes and to investigate phenotype associations with clinical outcomes. Methods and analysis We designed a prospective cohort study to enroll 200 patients undergoing valve, coronary artery bypass graft, or aortic surgery at a tertiary center in the U.S. We are enrolling patients postoperatively after the intensive care unit (ICU) discharge, and delivering electronic surveys directly to patients every 3 days for 30 days after hospital discharge. We will conduct medical record reviews to collect patient demographics, comorbidity, operative details and hospital course using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) data definitions. We will use phone interview and medical record review data for adjudication of survival, readmission, and complications. We will apply group-based trajectory modeling to the time-series PROM and device data to classify patients into distinct categories of recovery trajectories. We will evaluate whether certain recovery pattern predicts death or hospital readmissions, as well as whether clinical factors predict a patient having poor recovery trajectories. We will evaluate whether early recovery patterns predict the overall trajectory at the patient-level. Ethics and dissemination The Yale Institutional Review Board approved this study. Following the description of the study procedure, we obtain written informed consent from all study participants. The consent form states that all personal information, survey response, and any medical records are confidential, will not be shared, and are stored in an encrypted database. Strengths and limitations of this study This study will assess the patient perspective on recovery after cardiac surgery at a high frequency within the 30-day postoperative period with surveys and activity monitoring via a health information platform and wearable devices. Using longitudinal patient-reported outcomes measure (PROM) data, this study will define recovery patterns and factors associated with different recovery trajectories and guide the development interventions to improve recovery and support expansion of the study to additional sites. The study is single center and the sample size is limited.
The determinants of complication trajectories in American Indians with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUNDWe aimed to determine whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects longitudinal trajectories of diabetic complications, including neuropathy, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), and kidney disease in American Indians with type 2 diabetes.METHODSWe performed a prospective study where participants underwent annual metabolic phenotyping and outcome measurements. The updated National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were used to define MetS and its individual components, using BMI instead of waist circumference. Neuropathy was defined using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument index, CAN with the expiration/inspiration ratio, and kidney disease with glomerular filtration rate. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate associations between MetS and these outcomes.RESULTSWe enrolled 141 participants: 73.1% female, a mean (±SD) age of 49.8 (12.3), and a diabetes duration of 19.6 years (9.7 years) who were followed for a mean of 3.1 years (1.7 years). MetS components were stable during follow-up except for declining obesity and cholesterol. Neuropathy (point estimate [PE]: 0.30, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.35) and kidney disease (PE: -14.2, 95% CI: -16.8, -11.4) worsened over time, but CAN did not (PE: -0.002, 95% CI: -0.006, 0.002). We found a significant interaction between the number of MetS components and time for neuropathy (PE: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01-0.10) but not CAN (PE: -0.003, 95% CI: -0.007, 0.001) or kidney disease (PE: -0.69, 95% CI: -3.16, 1.76). Systolic blood pressure (SBP, unit = 10 mmHg) was associated with each complication: neuropathy (PE: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.39), CAN (PE: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.03, -0.02), and kidney disease (PE: -10.2, 95% CI: -15.4, -5.1).CONCLUSIONIn participants with longstanding diabetes, neuropathy and kidney disease worsened during follow-up, despite stable to improving MetS components, suggesting that early metabolic intervention is necessary to prevent complications in such patients. Additionally, the number of MetS components was associated with an increased rate of neuropathy progression, and SBP was associated with each complication.FUNDINGThe following are funding sources: NIH T32NS0007222, NIH R24DK082841, NIH R21NS102924, NIH R01DK115687, the Intramural Program of the NIDDK, the NeuroNetwork for Emerging Therapies, the Robert and Katherine Jacobs Environmental Health Initiative, the Robert E. Nederlander Sr. Program for Alzheimer's Research, and the Sinai Medical Staff Foundation.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00340678.
ReSFlow: A Remote Sensing Imagery Data-Flow for Improved Model Generalization

As satellite imagery collections continue to grow at an astonishing rate, so is the demand for automated and scalable object detection and segmentation. Scaling computational activities demand models that generalize well across various challenges that can hamper progress, including diverse imaging and geographic conditions, sampling bias in training data, manual ground truth collection, tooling for model reuse and accountability assessment, and poor model training strategies. A great deal of progress has been made on these challenges. We contribute to the improvement through further development of ReSFlow, a workflow that breaks the problem of model generalization into a collection of specialized exploitations. ReSFlow partitions imagery collections into homogeneous buckets equipped with exploitation models trained to perform well under each bucket.s specific context. Essentially, ReSFlow aims for generalization through stratification. Therefore, within a bucket, exploitation is a homogeneous process that mitigates heterogeneity challenges, including the number of training data and data biases that can occur over varied conditions. Furthermore, custom model architectures and rich training strategies effective for within-bucket conditions can be developed. Meanwhile, across buckets, performance metrics support systematic views of the workflow leading to optimal data labeling allocations and indications that further specialization is warranted. Herein, we discuss the formation of models during the framework's “Offline Initialization” stage. Lastly, we exploit the inherent parallelism due to bucketing to introduce model reuse and demonstrate efficacy by reducing an 89-day manual data labeling cost to zero-days in a new area of interest.
Transitional Justice and Human Rights in Morocco: Negotiating the Years of Lead

1 Public Memory: A Forensic Genre 2 Transitional Justice: A Panacea for Bloody Pasts 3 The Years of Lead: A Rhetorical Account 4 Symbolic Justice: Beyond the Good and the Legal 5 Conclusion
Postpartum partial anuria with uremia and fatal upper abdominal hemorrhage; Report of a case with autopsy findings

T HE patient, Mrs. C. S., para viii, aged thirty-eight, was admitted to the University Hospital, Sept. 14, 1930, eight and one-half months advanced in her eighth pregnancy, complaining of painless vaginal bleeding. Her out-patient prenatal record was distinctly normal. Past history was unimportant and previous pregnancies uncomplicated. Vaginal examination revealed a placenta previa lateralis, the cervix being dilated about one and one-half fingers. Good pains were beginning. Presentation was
In Vivo or Ex Vivo Models for Testing Thrombosis and Hemostasis

In vitro model systems are limited in assessing the impact of global or systemic factors that propagate coagulation and/or platelet activation. Clinically relevant model systems of thrombosis are crucial in assessing the impact of both local (vascular endothelium, atherosclerosis, and other local factors) and systemic factors responsible for coagulation and platelet activation. Several in vivo model systems have been used successfully in the preclinical evaluation of novel antiplatelets or anticoagulants. The correlation between blood levels (pharmacokinetics) and antithrombotic efficacy (pharmacodynamics) in vivo and ex vivo provided a predictive dosing simulation in humans in achieving antithrombotic efficacy given the understating of any pharmacogenomic variables. This chapter highlights commonly used in vivo model systems for the evaluation of antithrombotic strategies.
Origin, nature and significance of the "embryoids" of human teratomas.

A study of the embryoids (embryo-like structures) encountered in one ovarian and one testicular teratoma is presented. Both teratomas are mixed types and composed of all types of tissues which are encountered in teratomas. The embryoids are classified according to their morphologic characteristic and their embryonic age. Three main categories of embryoids are recognized: the complete, the imperfect and the amorphous forms. Each category is composed of several types of embryoids. The advanced forms of the trophoblastic stage of embryoid development are presented and described for the first time. The embryoids are considered to be derived from parthenogenesis of primordial, premeiotic germ cells. The embryonic evolution of these embryoids constitutes the architecture of the teratomas. The benign or malignant behavior of a teratoma depends on the tendency toward histologic maturity or immaturity of its embryoids respectively.
Modelling p-Mode Interaction with a Spreading Sunspot Field

Sunspots absorb and scatter incident p modes. The dominant mechanism is still uncertain. One possibility, mode conversion to slow magneto-acoustic waves, has been shown to yield results in agreement with observations for the f mode only. Absorption of p modes in simple vertical magnetic field models is too weak by an order of magnitude or more. Here we report on numerical calculations of p modes encountering a simple sunspot model with field which spreads with height. It is found that p-mode absorption is greatly enhanced by field spread, to a level consistent with observations, and it appears that it occurs preferentially in the outer regions of the spot, in line with recent results from acoustic holography.
Effects of analytical window and resolution on topographic relief derived using digital elevation models

Relief has been used as an index to quantify the vertical dimension of topography in landscape evolution studies. However, potential impacts of analytical window and resolution of digital elevation models (DEMs) were seldom addressed. Here, three relief parameters (fixed-area local relief, watershed relief, and watershed mean local relief) were examined for three topographic regions (relatively flat loess-till plains in northern Missouri, hilly karst topography in southern Missouri, and a mountainous topography in western Washington) using DEMs of 30-m (USGS NED), 90-m (SRTM), and 1-km (GTOPO30), which are commonly applied in landscape evolution studies. Results indicate that both fixed-area and watershed mean local reliefs are strongly affected by the size of the analytical window, whereas watershed relief is relatively stable. The correlation between watershed relief and watershed mean local relief is affected by the edge effect in determining watershed mean local relief, especially for small watersheds...
In-home computing and information services: A twenty-year analysis of the technology and its impacts

Abstract This article examines the evolution of in-home computing over a period of 20 years, 1980–2000. Although its development in the past five years has not occured in the precise manner predicted, there are many signals which promise its future growth in different directions. In order to capture these various possibilities realistically, what is needed is an assessment of in-home computing not as an expression of a single product within a single technology but as an outcome of the fusion of computing, communication and information technologies developing over a period of time. The impact of such a multifaceted development extends to the economic, social, politial and psychological spheres.
Molecular epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most rapidly increasing cause of cancer mortality with still dismal prognosis (5-year survival <12%) in the U.S.1 Although it is known that advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis is the high-risk condition that rationalizes regular HCC surveillance, the extremely high prevalence of cirrhosis (1~2% of population) as well as other factors such as immigration from developing world make it practically difficult to adhere to the surveillance protocol: only 17% of new HCC cases were diagnosed through regular surveillance.2, 3 On the other hand, whereas annual cancer incidence in cirrhotic patients is very high (1~7%), a certain proportion of cirrhotic patients do not develop HCC during their lifetime.4 In addition, there is a huge diversity in the clinical course of HCC tumors. However, our ability to predict these outcomes is still limited or lacking especially in patients with early-stage diseases. There has been a big expectation on molecular biomarkers to fill this unmet need and enable effective, personalized patient management with limited medical resources. Furthermore, such biomarkers will help development of HCC prevention strategies by enriching at-risk patients for clinical trials as well as by predicting or monitoring treatment response. HCC development is a multistep process, involving establishment of chronic liver injury, progressive liver fibrosis that results in cirrhosis, initiation of neoplastic clone, and stepwise malignant transformation and dissemination of the clone (Figure 1). Molecular mechanisms involved in each of the steps have been extensively studied aiming at identifying the key drivers and gate keepers, and now we have many candidates of biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets.5 Figure 1 Multistep process of HCC development in chronic liver diseases.