cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed energy-conserving routing protocols

This paper discusses several distributed power-aware routing protocols in wireless ad-hoc networks (especially sensor networks). We seek to optimize the lifetime of the network. We have developed three distributed power-aware algorithms and analyzed their efficiency in terms of the number of message broadcasts and the overall network lifetime modelled as the time to the first message that can not be sent. These are: (1) a distributed min power algorithm (modelled on a distributed version of Dijkstra's algorithm), (2) a distributed max-min algorithm, and (3) the distributed version of the centralized online max-min zP/sub min/ algorithm presented by Qun Li et al. (2001). The first two algorithms are used to define the third, although they are very interesting and useful on their own for applications where the optimization criterion is the minimum power, respectively the maximum residual power. The distributed max-min zP/sub min/ algorithm optimizes the overall lifetime of the network by avoiding nodes of low power, while not using too much total power.
Abstract A45: Upregulation of the small GTPase Rap1 and the insulin‐like growth factor I receptor in breast epithelium occurs in carcinoma in situ

With use of screening mammography, the diagnosis of breast carcinoma in situ (CIS) is increasing worldwide. Although classified as a noninvasive precancer, the presence of this lesion increases risk for developing invasive cancer. The molecular markers associated with this transition remain uncertain. Recent reports indicated that activation of the small GTPase Ras ‐ related protein 1 (Rap1) in human breast cancer cells associated with cell invasion in vitro and tumorigenicity in nude mice (Itoh, M. et al.. Cancer Res, 67: 4759–4766, 2007). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the alteration in the levels of Rap1 protein expression is associated with invasion of breast cancer cells in humans. Using an image‐based uniplex method, we performed quantitative protein profiling on 90 surgical samples representing breast cancer progression series and including 17 histologically normal tissues, 16 benign lesions; 10 pure CIS, 5 CIS with co‐existing invasion, and 42 invasive carcinomas. The expression of Rap1 was found increased in pure CIS and significantly increased in CIS with co‐existing invasion (P=0.0010) and invasive carcinoma (P Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A45.
Missing a critical piece of the pie: simple document search strategies inadequate for systematic reviews

A review based on a biased collection of studies is likely to produce biased conclusions. As such, a central component of a quality systematic review is a comprehensive document search. Three issues are explored in this paper that underpin the importance of such a search. First, the evidence of publication selection bias clearly establishes that peer-reviewed journal articles are more likely to show statistically significant results than less formally published studies. Second, the presence of grey literature studies that cannot be discovered through a search of bibliographic databases is demonstrated using Campbell Collaboration systematic reviews, and third, the logical and empirical problems with using publication status as a proxy for methodological quality are examined. More robust methods of identifying research conducted in the social sciences are needed if we are to take seriously the accumulation of knowledge, such as the development of a priori registries of research studies.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of group III nitrides: a discussion of critical issues

Abstract Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is recognized as the method of choice for the large-scale production of nitride based optoelectonic and electronic devices. (Al, Ga, In)N alloys with In and Al compositions below 40% have been intensively investigated for applications in light emitting and electronic devices. However, due to the difficulties in epitaxial growth, less attention was directed to the fabrication of materials with higher Al and In mole fractions. In this article, critical issues in the growth of (Al, Ga, In)N by MOCVD are discussed in relation to the diverse chemical properties of the group-III nitrides and their impact on the growth process.
Design of a cell for the wide-field corrector for the converted MMT

We describe an approach for mounting the approximately 0.8 m diameter optical elements in a refractive corrector for the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). The optical elements are mounted on discrete pads of RTV rubber to an Invar/carbon steel cell. Following the conversion of the MMT to use a single 6.5 m primary mirror, the corrector will provide up to a 1 degree(s) diameter field-of-view for multi-object spectroscopy with optical fibers or for wide- field imaging.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The early exercise of American puts

Abstract This paper shows that American puts on dividend paying stocks are most likely to be exercised either just after an ex-dividend date or just prior to expiration. At any other time the option to exercise an American put early may have less value. Thus, put writers and converters can predict when protection against premature exercise will be most valuable. The probability of early exercise is shown to be sensitive to managerial policy regarding the suspension of dividend payments, transaction costs, and interest rates. However, dividend payments are demonstrated to be the primary deterrent to early exercise.
Engineering models for fuel cell production management

Membrane electrode assemblies are the key components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The future demand for this product could grow exponentially if key technical challenges are successfully addressed including low cost mass production and reliable customer order fulfilment. This study reports on a multidisciplinary team effort to formulate and apply engineering models for managing the fabrication and shipping of this product at a global supplier. With the goal of assessing the cost effectiveness of scheduling a new, semi-automated production flow line system to meet an order of magnitude increase in demand, a specialised schedule building logic is proposed to support what-if analyses to inform a major technology investment decision for this supplier. The results of the study provide a decision support tool to generate cost estimates for meeting increased market demand using the new production technology.
High-throughput capillary-electrophoresis analysis of the contents of a single mitochondria.

We present a technique for labeling the contents of acidic organelles and rapidly releasing, separating, and detecting their labeled contents with laser-induced fluorescence. We have performed solution-phase separation of the contents of single mitochondria and single 100 nm vesicles, which represents a demonstration of an analyzed volume of ∼1 aL. Our strategy to label the acidic contents of the mitochondrion relies on the use of the membrane-permeable dye, Oregon Green diacetate succinimidyl ester, and a membrane-permeable base to raise intramitochondrial pH. In order to measure the contents, we utilized a glass microfluidic chip and high voltage gradient for millisecond capillary electrophoresis separation after single-mitochondrion photolysis. We observed heterogeneity among a population of mitochondria with respect to a constituent chemical component.
986-77 Does Atropine Completely Abolish the Influence of β-blockade on the Ischemic Response During Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography?

To examine the effect of a β -blocker on the ischemic response to dobutamine stress and the degree to which this effect can be abolished by atropine, we produced in 7 pigs, using an hydraulic occluder, an LAD stenosis that reduced coronary flow (CF) reserve to 1.1 to 1.8 (maximal/resting flow), corresponding to a 50–80% diameter stenosis. Wall thickening was measured with epicardial echocardiography and sonomicrometers. Regional lactate production and coronary venous pH were monitored from the cardiac vein parallel to the LAD. A dobutamine infusion from 5 to 40 μ g/kg/min was given, with measurements made at each stage. After normalization of ischemic abnormalities, esmolol was infused at 50 μ g/kg/min, and the dobutamine test was repeated, with 1.0 mg of atropine added at the maximal dose. Results The β -blocker significantly altered the relationship between Download high-res image (110KB) Download full-size image rate pressure product (RRP)/CF (an index of O 2 consumption and supply) and regional wall thickening (Figure). Esmolol prevented lactate production in 4/7 pigs and wall motion abnormalities in 3/7 pigs. Adding atropine induced lactate production and a reduction in wall thickening in all pigs. But lactate and regional venous pH were lower than without the β -blocker (p l 0.05). Conclusion In the presence of a β -blocker, adding atropine to dobutamine enhances the inducibility of myocardial ischemia, but does not completely reverse the effect of β -blockade.
'A Woman's Touch in Foreign Affairs'? The Career of Ambassador Frances E. Willis

Although women have now attained the top ranks of American foreign policymaking, we know relatively little about the early history of American women diplomats, and even less about one of the most important: Frances E. Willis (1899-1983), the first woman chief of mission to have emerged from the career Foreign Service. This article seeks to help fill this gap by tracing Willis' career; suggesting how she succeeded; and exploring how she approached 'the women's issue'. It argues, in part, that Willis' success stemmed from the influence of mentors; her competence, perfectionism, and self-confidence; and her refusal to make an issue of her sex. These survival strategies notwithstanding, it also concludes that Willis exhibited gender-consciousness, took pride in her accomplishments as a woman, and knowingly pursued low-key, moderate means towards feminist ends.
A genome-wide analysis of biomineralization-related proteins in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Biomineralization, the biologically controlled formation of mineral deposits, is of widespread importance in biology, medicine, and engineering. Mineralized structures are found in most metazoan phyla and often have supportive, protective, or feeding functions. Among deuterostomes, only echinoderms and vertebrates produce extensive biomineralized structures. Although skeletons appeared independently in these two groups, ancestors of the vertebrates and echinoderms may have utilized similar components of a shared genetic “toolkit” to carry out biomineralization. The present study had two goals. First, we sought to expand our understanding of the proteins involved in biomineralization in the sea urchin, a powerful model system for analyzing the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie this process. Second, we sought to shed light on the possible evolutionary relationships between biomineralization in echinoderms and vertebrates. We used several computational methods to survey the genome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus for gene products involved in biomineralization. Our analysis has greatly expanded the collection of biomineralization-related proteins. We have found that these proteins are often members of small families encoded by genes that are clustered in the genome. Most of the proteins are sea urchin-specific; that is, they have no apparent homologues in other invertebrate deuterostomes or vertebrates. Similarly, many of the vertebrate proteins that mediate mineral deposition do not have counterparts in the S. purpuratus genome. Our findings therefore reveal substantial differences in the primary sequences of proteins that mediate biomineral formation in echinoderms and vertebrates, possibly reflecting loose constraints on the primary structures of the proteins involved. On the other hand, certain cellular and molecular processes associated with earlier events in skeletogenesis appear similar in echinoderms and vertebrates, leaving open the possibility of deeper evolutionary relationships.
Terrestrial Movements and Upland Habitat Use of Gopher Frogs in Central Florida

Abstract In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the upland habitat requirements of pond-breeding amphibians. The increased attention is due to a general lack of knowledge about the terrestrial phase of the life history of most pond-breeding species and a concern over loss of upland habitats. In this study, radio telemetry was used to determine the terrestrial behavior of Rana capito (Gopher Frogs) in central Florida. Frogs were captured at Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) and Geomys pinetis (pocket gopher) burrows. Surgically implanted radio transmitters were used to follow nine Gopher Frogs at various times between September 1999 and May 2000. Radio-located frogs used from one to four terrestrial shelters (Mean ± S.D. = 2.28 ± 1.11). Terrestrial movements ranged in total distance from zero to 35 m (Mean ± S.D. = 15.28 ± 15.29). Mean minimum convex polygons (m2) were calculated for each frog (Mean ± S.D. = 45.29 ± 79.73). Gopher Frogs showed strong site fidelity to both pocket gopher and...
Intracranial meningioma with abnormal localization of bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical: Correlation with gross and microscopic pathology

Meningioma is one of the neoplasms in which there may be extraosseous localization of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. Tumor calcification, calvarial erosion, and the formation of reactive bone have been proposed as the cause of this abnormal tracer localization. We present a patient with a frontal meningioma that was evaluated using 99mTc-methylene-diphosphonate bone scintigraphy, head computed tomography, and skull radiography; the homogeneous density seen in the radiographic studies corresponded to the area of bone-seeking-agent localization shown in the scitigram. At autopsy, bony tissue and a few psammoma bodies were found in the meningioma, and apparently accounted for the bone-tracer localization. There was no calvarial erosion and no formation of reactive bone. If skull-radiographic studies show a homogeneous, radio-opaque lesion with no reactive changes in the adjacent skull, a meningioma showing a localization of a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical may be predicted to have bonetissue formation with or without psammoma bodies.
A methodology for computer-aided facility planning

A general methodology for development and operation of computer-aided facility planning (CAFP) tools is described including preparation, specification, analysis. and results phases with major features of a general data base and a common analysis model which has a structure for individualized extensions. Advantages of this methodology include user oriented application, efficient data handling, and effective overall design which lead to higher designer productivity and better facility planning. The methodology is illustrated with INDECS, a CAFP tool for conveyorized facilities.
Human hexokinase: sequences of amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves are homologous.

Summary cDNA clones encoding human hexokinase have been isolated from an adult kidney library. Analysis of this 917 amino acid protein (M r = 102,519) indicates that the sequences of the NH 2 − and COOH-terminal halves, corresponding to the regulatory and catalytic domains, respectively, are homologous; and that eukaryotic hexokinases evolved by duplication of a gene encoding a protein of ≈450 amino acids. The COOH-terminal half of the protein created by this gene duplication retained the glucose binding site and glucose phosphorylating activity while the substrate binding sites of the NH 2 -terminal half evolved into a new allosteric effector site.
Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males.

Although previous studies have clearly demonstrated that energy from alcohol may not be efficiently utilized to maintain body weight when it comprises 20% or more of the daily caloric intake, there is considerable debate regarding the influence of moderate alcohol consumption ( 0.05) were demonstrated for any of the following variables: body weight, body fat percentage, ski...
Integration of environmental stimuli in the migratory orientation of the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)

Abstract Two ‘cue-conflict’ experiments were designed to evaluate the role of (1) solar cues at sunset and stars, and (2) solar cues at sunset and geomagnetic stimuli, in the migratory orientation of the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). A sunset and stars experiment exposed birds in the experimental group to a mirror-reflected sunset followed by an unmanipulated view of stars. Experimental birds shifted their migratory activity in accordance with the setting sun despite exposure to a normal night sky. The sunset and geomagnetism experiment exposed birds in the experimental group to a simultaneous shift in both the position of sunset and the earth's magnetic field. Again experimentals shifted their activity in accordance with the setting sun rather than the artificially shifted magnetic field. Savannah sparrows probaly use stars as celestial landmarks to maintain a preferred direction and do not reorient their activity when exposed to an alternative cue once a direction is established. Moreover, savannah sparrows with experience of migration do not require geomagnetic information in order to use the solar cues available at sunset to select a migratory direction.
Lift of a Solid Spherical Particle Subject to Vorticity and/or Spin

A LTHOUGH the drag and gravitational forces are typically the most important to particle motion, the lift force can often be significant and can even approach the magnitude of the other two forces in some circumstances for surface spin velocities on the order of the translational particle velocity. As such, there are a number of multiphase systems in which consideration of lift is vital. The lift has been noted to be important for lateral migration in tubes (Saffman [1]), effectiveness of microcentrifuges (Heron et al. [2]), and particle deposition in boundary layers (Young and Leeming [3]). Another flowfield for which particle lift effects are important is that of the rotating bioreactor, which allows animal tissue growth under idealized conditions, similar to that obtained in microgravity conditions [4]. In many of these conditions, the particle can be considered as spherical and solid and the surrounding fluid as incompressible and Newtonian, as will be the focus of this review. However, there have beenmany excellent reviews on particle lift that discuss other conditions. In particular, the review by Leal [5] discussed dynamics and theoretical results for nonspherical particles, deformable particles, and particles in non-Newtonian fluids. On the subject of clean bubbles, Drew [6], Magnaudet and Eames [7], and Tomiyama et al. [8] discussed theory and models for lift in shear, rotational, and straining flows. For noncontinuum conditions, Wang [9] investigated the effect of particle spin in free-molecular flow and obtained a lift force that acted in a direction opposite to that of drag in continuum creeping-flow conditions. Recently, Volkov [10] investigated the transition between the continuum and the freemolecular regimes for spinning particles to obtain the critical Knudsen number at which particle spin did not yield lift. To discuss solid particle lift for incompressible continuum Newtonian flow, it is helpful to first define the dimensionless parameters that influence lift, as well as the various forms of the lift coefficient. In general, the particle velocity v is defined as the translational velocity of the particle center of mass xp. The continuous-fluid velocity is generally defined in all areas of the domain unoccupied by particles. However, a hypothetical continuous-phase velocity can be extrapolated to the particle centroid and will be denoted as u and termed the “unhindered velocity.”The relative velocity of the particlesw is then based on the unhindered velocity (i.e., along a particle trajectory):
NSF cyberinfrastructures: A new paradigm for advancing materials simulation

Abstract This paper discusses the motivation for the creation of cyberinfrastructures to enhance specific technical areas of research. It then goes on to provide a review of two cyberinfrastructures supported by the National Science Foundation, OpenKIM and CAMS, which are geared towards enhancing materials modeling at the atomic scale. Their objectives, accomplishments, and future goals are discussed. Lastly, the future outlook for cyberinfrastructures such as these to impact materials modeling is discussed.
Turbulent combustion data analysis using fractals

This paper investigates several types of data analysis, based upon fractal geometry concepts, using time series generated in turbulent combustion research. The techniques are quite general and may be used for other turbulent flows. Investigated are the generalized fractal dimension, multifractal probability density function, fractal filtration, multifractal spectrum, and fractal interpolation and its possible connection with chaotic dynamics. It is concluded that several of the techniques are useful for 1) new visual depiction of the data, 2) discrimination of portions of data traces as noise-contaminated, 3) separation of wanted and unwanted highor low-frequency events, and 4) interpolation between sparse data points in either short run time or low data acquisition rate situations.
On a new interpretation of the sample variance

It may not be an overstatement that one of the most widely reported measures of variation involves S2, the sample variance, which is also well-known to be alternatively expressed in the form of an U statistic with a symmetric kernel of degree 2 whatever be the population distribution function. We propose a very general new approach to construct unbiased estimators of a population variance by U statistics with symmetric kernels of degree higher than two. Surprisingly, all such estimators ultimately reduce to S2 (Theorem 3.1). While Theorem 3.1 is interesting and novel in its own right, it leads to a newer interpretation of S2 that is much broader than what is known in the statistical literature including economics, actuarial mathematics, and mathematical finance.
All of The Myriad Worlds: Life in the Akashic Plenum

This article explores some experiential implications of Laszlo's Akashic Field hypothesis as well as similar information-rich field models such as those suggested by Bohm and Sheldrake. It examines the implications of such models for both ordinary and anomalous human experience, and proposes the idea that these models allow for the possibility of alternative experiential worlds as real as ordinary “material” reality. Such alternative realities are posited by many, if not all, major mythic and religious systems, and are said to be directly experienced in certain contemplative and shamanic traditions as well as during postmortem and near-death experiences. We note that information-rich holographic fields may be able to store concentrated non-overlapping quantities of information that can be selectively activated by distinct eliciting stimuli. Individual human consciousness itself might constitute just such a stimulus, thus accounting for the individual and cultural variations on commonly shared motifs in sh...
Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rapidly evolving field. Advances in liver surgery and transplantation mean that curative treatment can be offered to patients with HCC in compensated livers who are diagnosed early or to those who are within transplant criteria. Explanted livers have provided a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms in hepatocarcinogenesis and diagnostic modalities. Several locoregional therapies are also available. For advanced tumors, molecular targeted therapies are yielding promising results. Because of the heterogeneity of the patients and the disease, many questions are waiting for answers through well-designed, adequately powered, and bias-free multicenter, controlled, randomized trials.
The risk of general Stein-like estimators in the presence of multicollinearity

Abstract This paper investigates the behavior of the bounding risk functions for theStein-like estimator that shrinks toward the restricted least squares estimator. First, it is demonstrated that the form and severity of multicollinearity affect the amount of potential risk gains over ordinary least squares (OLS). In general, the less extensive the multicollinearity the smaller the potential risk improvements over OLS. Second, when multicollinearity is present, potential risk gains are increased by using a number of parameter restrictions approximately equal to the number of small characteristic roots of X′X . Third, potential risk gains are dramatically affected by the degree of shrinkage. Under severe multicollinearity, maximum shrinkage often, but not always, produces the greatest risk gains.
Gross anatomy of the blood supply and biliary drainage of the canine liver.

Necropsy examinations were performed on 100 dogs to study the biliary system, blood supply, and topographic anatomy of the liver. The major ligamentous attachments of the relatively mobile organ are the left triangular and hepatoduodenal ligaments. Considerable fixation is provided by the hepatic veins and the intimate attachment of the liver to the inferior vena cava. The six lobes of the liver are arranged in three natural divisions. The portal vein, its branches, and their distribution are consistent as are major hepatic veins. The hepatic artery branches and major bile ducts have patterns which may be readily related to the divisional boundaries. The branches of the hepatic artery vary in number from one to five. Three branches were present in 64 of 100 specimens. A single gallbladder and cystic duct were found in each of 100 specimens. The common bile duct is formed from three (64%) or four (36%) major collecting or divisional ducts. When four divisional ducts are present, the right and left divisions of the liver are each drained by a single duct with two ducts draining the central division. The cystic duct may join either the right or left central divisional duct to form the common bile duct.
Structural characteristics of an abnormal protein influencing its proteolytic susceptibility.

Abstract Structural properties of two similar β-galactosidase fragments were investigated to determine how they influence the fragments' degradation rate in Escherichia coli . Both fragments resulting from a C-terminal nonsense mutation in lacZ , the CSH11 polypeptide and its 90 kDa degradative intermediate, exist predominantly as monomer subunits instead of in the tetrameric form characteristic of the native enzyme. However, both fragments appear to produce trace amounts of dimers and tetramers. The tetramer and higher molecular weight aggregates formed by the wild-type subunit confer greater protection for the enzyme's N-terminal auto-α polypeptide than does the monomer state of the β-galactosidase fragments. The thermally induced aggregation of both β-galactosidase fragments correlates with their sensitivity to α-chymotrypsin. The relatively low thermal stability of the 90 kDa degradative intermediate appears to be the cause of the significant increase in its proteolytic susceptibility at moderately high temperatures.
New blackstart standards needed for competitive markets

Restructuring the electric-power industry may present new challenges for bulk-power reliability. The incentives to maintain and properly deploy system blackstart services that worked for vertically integrated utilities may not work when the system operator, the transmission system, and individual generators are in separate commercial organizations. The four North American power system interconnections are designed to be in continuous synchronized operation. Individual pieces of equipment are taken out of service for maintenance, but each interconnection as a whole is designed to run without interruption. Nevertheless, the power system must be prepared for the rare occasions when all or a major portion of the system is forced out of service. The author reviews the existing standards for blackstart capability, standards for the restructured industry, and system blackstart under restructuring.
Status and development of superconducting 2+GeV accelerator at HEPL

Abstract The design of the accelerator which is substantially complete is discussed. In particular, the design of the niobium accelerating structure, the refrigerator, dewar, and low temperature transport system, and the injector and control system are explained. Projections of further developments will be considered.
A comparison of the antifouling/foul-release characteristics of non-biocidal xerogel and commercial coatings toward micro- and macrofouling organisms

Five non-biocidal xerogel coatings were compared to two commercial non-biocidal coatings and a silicone standard with respect to antifouling (AF)/fouling-release (FR) characteristics. The formation and release of biofilm of the marine bacterium Cellulophaga lytica, the attachment and release of the microalga Navicula incerta, and the fraction removal and critical removal stress of reattached adult barnacles of Amphibalanus amphitrite were evaluated in laboratory assays. Correlations of AF/FR performance with surface characteristics such as wettability, surface energy, elastic modulus, and surface roughness were examined. Several of the xerogel coating compositions performed well against both microfouling organisms while the commercial coatings performed less well toward the removal of microalgae. Reattached barnacle adhesion as measured by critical removal stress was significantly lower on the commercial coatings when compared to the xerogel coatings. However, two xerogel compositions showed release of 89-100% of reattached barnacles. These two formulations were also tested in the field and showed similar results.
Spacing effects on implicit memory tests.

The spacing effect refers to the advantage in memory for information that is repeated at separated points of time over information repeated in massed fashion. The author attempted to demonstrate the existence of spacing effects in implicit memory tasks (spelling of homophonic words, perceptual identification, and word-fragment completion)
Using Agentsheets to create a voice dialog design environment

Agentsheets is a tool for building interactive, graphical systems. It combines the ease of use of a construction kit with the flexibility of a visual programming environment. Agentsheets uses a grid structure to clarify spatial relationships such as adjacency, relative and absolute position, distance, and orientation. System designers can use the Agentsheets substrate to quickly create tailored, domainspecific graphical applications requiring simulation and spatial representations. The design and implementation of a voice dialog design environment using the Agentsheets substrate is described. By using Agentsheets, a mixed team of professional voice dialog designers and academic researchers were able to design and build a substantial core design environment in less than four months. 1Also University of Colorado technical report CU-CS-576-92, January 1992
AFM studies of Pd silica supported thin film catalysts

AFM has been used to study the effects of pretreatment gases on Pd/SiO2 supported thin film catalysts during 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation. The Pd/SiO2 catalyst, treated with O2 followed by H2 at 450°C, has an initial conversion of 85% and a surface morphology of 60 x 65 nm2 Pd grains and only deactivates slightly. After a second treatment, the reactivity was fully recovered and the surface morphology exhibits a redispersion of the Pd grains. The catalyst with a similar initial reactivity and morphology but only treated in H2, shows a decrease in activity and coalescence of Pd grains after repeated treatment. XPS studies have shown that the O2 and H2 treated Pd/SiO2 catalyst has a lower Pd binding energy than the H2 treated Pd/SiO2. The effect of the substrate thickness and composition is also reported.
Optimal three-dimensional VLSI layouts

In this note we propose VLSI layouts for the cube-connectedcycles (CCC) in a three-dimensional medium. The first type of layout is for the all-active-volume mode, where computing modules are placed anywhere within the solid chip; the second type is for the one-active-layer mode, where computing modules are placed on an external face of the solid chip. In both cases we present volume × time optimal realizations. In addition, by opening the cycles of the CCC, one obtains the well-known FFT network. Both realizations use minimum volume; an all-active-volume realization with the same volume performance was earlier proposed by Rosenberg, while the present one-active-layer realization is the only optimal one that is known.
A hybrid test for the isotonic change-point problem

Abstract This work studies minimaxity of the asymptotic risk of Brillinger’s test and proposes a hybrid test for the isotonic change-point problem. The new test turns out to have asymptotic power 1 under some local alternatives and outperforms the other major tests in detecting some weak isotonic signals. An application to live data related with the Amazon flooding issue is illustrated.
The 447-52D Antibody: Hitting HIV-1 Where Its Armor Is Thickest

The problem of recognizing "non-self" is immensely more difficult when the "non-self" in question is hypervariable. In this issue of Structure , Stanfield et al. (2004) reveal the atomic-level basis for broad recognition of a hypervariable loop of HIV-1.
A survey of medical ethics education at U.S. and Canadian medical schools.

AbstractPurpose.To assess the format, content, method, and placement of medical ethics education in medical schools; the faculty and curricular resources and institutional structure and support of medical ethics; and the perceptions of ethics education among deans of medical education and medical et
Cultural Determinism versus Administrative Logic: Asian Values and Administrative Reform in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

Abstract Cultural explanations of development claim that the choices a nation makes are dependent upon the country's deeply held norms and values. When this argument is extended to the realm of administrative science, it suggests that values rather than formal institutions under certain circumstances exert a determining influence in administrative development. The truth of this general proposition implies that societies that have similar cultural foundations and which undergo similar external pressures can be expected to follow similar paths of administrative change. Is this general tendency borne out by empirical observation? The present article examines this expectation using empirical evidence from the experience of administrative reform in two Central Asian countries, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The article argues that these two countries, while having similar culture values and norms as well as a common administrative legacy, followed very different paths of administrative reform during the first deca...
FAST: A simulation framework for solving large-scale probabilistic inverse problems in nano-biomolecular circuits

Inverse problems in nano-biomolecular circuits typically involve stochastic functional elements that admit non-linear relationships between different circuit variables. In this regard, a factor graph representation serves as an important visualization and analysis tool that can be used to compute inferences over an arbitrary large-scale biomolecular circuit. Solving the inverse problem using a factor graph entails passing of messages/signals between the internal nodes of the biomolecular circuit, and the steady-state distribution of the messages can be used to determine the dynamics of the circuit and the final solution. In this paper, we present an open-source simulation tool that we have developed which can be used to verify the functionality of a generic nano-biomolecular circuit. As a representative example, we apply the simulation software to estimate the reliability of a 103 size biosensor array where each element of the array is comprised of our previously reported antigen-antibody based biomolecular circuit. This example will demonstrate the utility of the proposed software in emulating the functionality of micro and nano biosensor arrays without resorting to time-consuming and laborious fabrication procedure and laboratory experiments.
Research on the Multicomponent Diffusion Theory and its Application to the Calculation of Evaporation Histories of Multicomponent Droplets

In this paper, a method is presented to obtain the exact solution of the Stefan-Maxwell equations for multicomponent diffusion systems. This method is the continuation of Gilliland and Toor’s works for ternary diffusion systems. As an example, a solution of the Stefan-Maxwell equations for four-component system is given. Finally, the result is used for the calculation of the evaporation histories of multicomponent fuel droplets in hot air flow. The calculated results are favorably compared with the experimental data.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Free word problems for additive relation algebras of modules

For M an R-module, the set Su(M × M) of submodules of M × M is an additive relation algebra under lattice meet and join, composition of relations, unary converse (〈a, b〉 in ƒ# iff 〈b, a〉 ∈ ƒ), relational sum (〈a, b+c〉 ∈ ƒ + g if 〈a, b〉 ∈ ƒ and 〈 a, c〉 ∈ g), and several constants. For a ring R with unit, VR denotes the variety of additive relation algebras generated by {Su(M × M): M an R-module}. The analysis of these varieties includes an algorithm for recursively solving free word problems for VR in many cases, the classification of all the distinct varieties VR, a self-duality result for all VR, and a proof that VR is not finitely axiomatizable for R a field with characteristic zero, among other cases.
Fiction, reality, and molecular neurology.

What was considered fiction and myth in one era of human history has become mundane reality in another era. Our scientific predecessors unraveled the mysteries of the physical world by asking questions and seeking answers. This exercise led to new knowledge and, more importantly, to the creation of novelty by manipulating the laws of nature. Some examples are antibiotics, electricity, computers, and modes of transportation and communication. Another critical contribution of science is to arrest and reverse damage caused by wide dissemination of personally held misconceptions. Individuals with epilepsy were thought to be witches possessed by the devil, and, until recently, medical students were taught that the adult brain is incapable of neurogenesis. These fallacies may stem from the need to organize the laws of nature within the frame of current knowledge, thus limiting the advancement of knowledge. Furthermore, when knowledge is presented in the classroom as truth, erroneous convictions could restrain the inquisitive minds of the next generation. Advances in the fields of medicine, physics, and computer science are arguably the most spectacular scientific achievements of the 20th century. Functional imaging of the brain has assayed memory in normal and some neurological disease states. The discovery of DNA led to the development of powerful tools in molecular biology. For instance, polymerase chain reaction has applications in medicine and also in various other fields, such as law and anthropology. The results of polymerase chain reaction are now used to make diagnoses early in the course of many elusive infectious diseases, to predict familial predisposition to cancer or neurological disease, and to gather genetic evidence that dates the existence of first humans (the scientific Adam and Eve) and track migrations of historical populations. Furthermore, DNA evidence has proved the innocence of individuals convicted for crimes they did not commit. The results of polymerase chain reaction that are used as evidence in court proceedings have redefined the concept of proof beyond the shadow of a doubt; before the members of the jury cast a verdict, they must be educated about the current technologies and their limitations. In conjunction with advances in molecular biology, the imminent completion of the Human Genome Project
Modulation of rat testicular alcohol dehydrogenase by psychoactive agents.

The in vivo and in vitro effect of selected psychoactive agents on specific activity of rat testicular alcohol dehydrogenase (T-ADH) was studied. Drinking of 15% ethanol solution for 14 consecutive days inhibited endogenous T-ADH from controls. This inhibition was enhanced when the animals were kept in complete darkness. Short-term administration of drugs with various pharmacologic properties, i.e. CNS-stimulants, a muscle relaxant, an antidepressant and estrogenic steroids, exerted little effect on T-ADH. d-Amphetamine, 3-methoxytyramine (3MT) and histamine inhibited-T-ADH in vitro. The amphetamine inhibition was non-competitive and the KI50 determined was of moderate magnitude.
HYPOGLYCIN EFFECTS ON LEUCINE INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN: MECHANISM FOR TERATOGENESIS?

Hypoglycin is the agent responsible for Jamaican vomiting sickness and is teratogenic in experimental animals. Because of this teratogenic association, we investigated effects of hypoglycin on protein synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Addition of 1 × 10−5 M to 1 × 10−4 M hypoglycin to rat liver polysomal cell-free protein synthesizing systems resulted in 50 to 89% inhibition of C14-leucine incorporation into acid-precipitable peptide. Hypoglycin did not effect the incorporation of C14-aspartic acid or C14-valine into acid precipitable peptide. To localize in vivo effects of hypoglycin, protein synthesis was measured using isolated cell-free polysomal systems obtained from livers of animals sacrificed 1 hour after the intraperitoneal administration of 15 mg/100 gm body weight of hypoglycin. Preparations obtained from hypoglycin treated animals incorporated 70% less C14-leucine than controls. Combination of pH 5 enzymes from treated animals and polysomes from controls yielded only 15% of control activity suggesting that inhibition of leucine incorporation is at the tRNA level. Hypoglycin may act as a leucine analogue, competitively bind leucine-tRNA and be incorporated into protein in place of leucine.
Mechanism of the waller reaction. Investigation of methods for the synthesis of pteridines

The preparation of aminopterin analogs via 6-halomethylpteridine intermediates either were unsuccessful or gave low yields of pteridines by reaction of 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine (1) with 2,3-dibromopropionaldehyde (2), 1,1,3-trichloroacetone (11), and 1,1,3-tribromoacetone (12), respectively. Similarly, the preparation of a 6-formylpteridine was unsuccessful by the alkylation of 1 with bromomalonaldehyde and by the addition of the 5-acetyl derivative of 1 to 2-bromopropenal (17). In contrast, the oxidation of 2,4-diaminopteridine-6-methanol (23) with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide gave the corresponding 6-formylpteridine 20. In related work, a mechanism for the Waller reaction was suggested by the identification of some of the products resulting from the reaction of 2-bromopropenal with p-aminobenzoyl derivatives.
Synthesis and Characterization of S-Methylspiro[4.5]-dec-7-en-6-one and 6-methylspiro[4.5]dec-6-en-8-one

Abstract In connection with another problem, we required authentic samples of 8-methylsiro[4.5]dec-7-en-6-one (1) and 6-methyl-spire[4.5]dec-6-en-8-one (2). The former compound is not reported in the literature. Although there are two reports of the latter material,1,2 the physical data ascribed to it do not agree. In this communication, we report the synthesis and characterization of the two isomers.
Cyclic nucleotides in anatomical subdivisions of the bovine lens.

Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) have been measured in whole and anatomically subdivided areas of bovine lenses. The highest values of cAMP and cGMP (2.843 pmoles/mg protein and 0.0139 pmoles/mg protein respectively) were found in the epithelium. In contrast, the lowest values of cAMP and cGMP (.007 pmoles/mg protein and. 001 pmoles/mg protein respectively) were detected in the central nucleus. Values for the cyclic nucleotides in the whole tissue more closely resembled those of the whole nucleus.
A novel peptide sansalvamide analogue inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth through G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest

Patients with pancreatic cancer have little hope for cure because no effective therapies are available. Sansalvamide A is a cyclic depsipeptide produced by a marine fungus. We investigated the effect of a novel sansalvamide A analogue on growth, cell-cycle phases, and induction of apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. The sansalvamide analogue caused marked time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of two human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and S2-013). The analogue induced G0/G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and morphological changes suggesting induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V binding. This novel sansalvamide analogue inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells through G0/G1 arrest and induces apoptosis. Sansalvamide analogues may be valuable for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on subjective arousal, arousal to erotic stimulation, and nocturnal penile tumescence in male sex offenders.

Three chronic pedophiliac sex offenders were treated individually with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) over a minumum of 3 months. Genital and subjective response to erotic stimulation, nocturnal penile tumescence, self-reporting of sexual urges, and testosterone levels were recorded repeatedly throughout the study. A single-subject reversal design was used and medication was administered through a double-blind procedure. The results showed that self-report of arousal outside of a laboratory setting was unreliable as a measure of the drug effect. In a laboratory setting, however, there appeared to be a significant reduction in the report of arousal to erotic stimuli while genital arousal decreased only slightly. Reversal of these responses occurred in only one subject during a final placebo phase. Nocturnal penile tumescence was significantly decreased during MPA administration and appeared to be related to decreases in total testosterone.
Intracardiac and Intravascular Potentials Resulting from Electrical Activity of the Normal Human Heart

Electrical records were made from the interior of the right heart and attached vessels in 14 normal subjects. Technics differed somewhat from those previously reported in that simultaneously recording string galvanometers were used exclusively, and tracings were made whenever the catheter-electrode was moved within the heart. Previously unreported large positive QRS deflections were found in records from the lower part of the right atrium, from the pulmonary artery, and in two instances from within the right ventricle itself close to the base. The possible anatomical origin of these is discussed.
European banking: Five modes of governance

Banking policy is a strong case for the rise of the regulatory model in Europe. However, regulation is not the single observable governance mode. Overall five competing and mutually complementary modes of governance define European banking policy and policy making: governance by state control; governance by the market; governance by regulation; governance by sectoral co‐ordination; and governance by supranational interdependence. Each of these modes raises its own distinct claim to legitimacy. Moreover, a pattern of leapfrogging characterises regulatory policy making at the supranational level.