cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-variational effects in a domain wall model equation

Abstract We study in two dimensions a Ginzburg-Landau equation for a complex amplitude, with broken phase invariance. The addition of non-variational terms breaks the chiral symmetry of the equation and leads to striking effects. A non-variational term is provided by an external, complex field with time dependence. Our results, which are for two dimensional systems, can be phrased in the language of domain walls. We investigate how these walls move when a weak, complex magnetic field, is applied. There occurs spiral type behavior around stationary points, where the amplitude is zero, and there exists a critical radius above which circular domains grow.
The photoactivated relaxation of smooth muscle of rabbit aorta.

Smooth muscle of strips of rabbit aorta, placed in a state of active tonic contraction by addition of a stimulating drug, relaxes during exposure to light. The relaxation is reversible. The extent of relaxation produced by a standard exposure depends on the preexposure level of active contraction but not on the nature of the stimulating drug used to produce contraction. With strips brought to an intermediate level of contraction, the degree of relaxation (steady state levels) is a rectangular hyperbolic function of radiation intensity. The kinetics of the relaxation process during irradiation and the recovery process following irradiation are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary photoactivated material initiates a reaction or reactions leading to a product which inhibits some process involved in the production of active contraction. The photorelaxation does not require the presence of oxygen. It is potentiated by reducing the temperature of the aortic strip. The action spectrum of the photorelaxation shows relatively low effectiveness at wavelengths above 450 mµ. The effectiveness increases markedly and progressively as the wavelength is lowered below 450 mµ, reaching a peak at 310 mµ. A deep trough occurs at 280 mµ. However, both peak and trough probably result from internal filtering due to absorption by proteins in the aortic strip. It is surmised that if a correction could be made for this internal filtering, the action spectrum would rise continuously down to wavelengths at least as low as 250 mµ.
Absence of insect juvenile hormones in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari:Ixodidae), and in Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley (Acari:Argasidae).

Abstract Synganglia, salivary gland, midgut, ovary, fat body and muscle alone and in combination from the ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), or the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, were incubated in vitro in separate experiments with l -[ methyl - 3 H]methionine and farnesoic acid or with [1- 14 C]acetate. Life stages examined in D. variabilis were 3 and 72 h old (after ecdysis) unfed nymphs, partially fed nymphs (18 and 72 h after attachment to the host), fully engorged nymphs (2 d after detachment from host), 3 and 72 h old (after eclosion) unfed females, partially fed unmated females (12–168 h after attachment to host) and mated replete females (2 d after detachment from the host). Those from O. parkeri were third and fourth stadium nymphs and female O. parkeri , 1–2 d after detachment. Corpora allata from Diploptera punctata , Periplaneta americana and Gromphadorina portentosa were used as positive controls in these experiments. No farnesol, methyl farnesoate, JH I, JH II, JH III, or JHIII bisepoxide was detected by radio HPLC from any tick analysis while JH III, methyl farnesoate, and farnesol were detected in the positive controls. To examine further for the presence of a tick, insect-juvenilizing agent, Galleria pupal–cuticle bioassays were conducted on lipid extracts from 10 and 15 d old eggs, unfed larvae (1–5 d after ecdysis), unfed nymphs (1–7 d after ecdysis), and partially fed, unmated female adults (completed slow feeding phase) of D. variabilis . Whole body extracts of fourth stadium D. punctata and JH III standard were used as positive controls. No juvenilizing activity in any of the tick extracts could be detected. Electron impact, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of hemolymph extracts from fed, virgin (forcibly detached 7 d after attachment) and mated, replete (allowed to drop naturally) D. variabilis and fully engorged (1–2 d after detachment) O. parkeri females also failed to identify the common insect juvenile hormones. The same procedures were successful in the identification of JH III in hemolymph of fourth stadium D. punctata . Last stadium nymphal (female) O. parkeri implanted with synganglia from second nymphal instars underwent normal eclosion to the adult. The above studies in toto suggest that D. variabilis and O. parkeri do not have the ability to make the common insect juvenile hormones, and these juvenile hormones do not regulate tick metamorphosis or reproduction as hypothesized in the literature.
Impact of Management Development on Nurse Retention

PURPOSE Nurse retention is essential to maintain quality healthcare organizations. In an effort to mitigate the loss of nurse managers, a management education program was created for new and transitioning nurse managers that included scholarships for nurses from long-term and rural acute care settings. Program evaluation was based upon the outcomes of anticipated turnover and employee satisfaction. DESIGN AND METHODS Using a preprogram and postprogram evaluation, the Index of Work Satisfaction (IWS) and the Anticipated Turnover Scale (ATS) were used to survey participants. Descriptive statistics as well as Wilcoxon statistics for group comparisons were used for analysis. FINDINGS ATS scores were significantly reduced (P < .05) for all program participants. Further analysis of scholarship recipients indicated that the management program significantly increased their intent to stay (P < .08) in their current positions. However, because of a large rate of attrition, findings can only be considered preliminary. CONCLUSIONS While the high level of attrition among the scholarship recipients is disappointing, potential attendance barriers are discussed, particularly from long-term care settings. Management development programs may improve the satisfaction and retention of critically needed managers and enhance development of future nursing leaders.
Effects of stress modulation on morphine-induced conditioned place preferences and plasma corticosterone levels in Fischer, Lewis, and Sprague–Dawley rat strains

Rationale There is a direct relationship between hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) reactivity and susceptibility to drug use in outbred rats. Specifically, manipulations that increase or decrease HPA activity also increase or decrease drug intake, respectively. Interestingly, this relationship has not been established in the inbred Fischer (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rat strains that are often used as animal models of susceptibility to drug use.
Current tests for antibody to hepatitis b core antigen used to screen donors for non-A, non-B hepatitis are comparable to the original radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B core antigen.

: Prospective studies have shown a relationship between the transfusion of donor blood which is positive for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and an increased incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis. The anti-HBc test was selected on the assumption that epidemiologic circumstances predisposing donors to hepatitis B infection also might favor exposure to non-A, non-B hepatitis. Current radioimmunoassays (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIA) for anti- HBc utilize hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) prepared by recombinant DNA technology, whereas the original RIA anti-HBc assay used HBcAg derived from hepatitis B virions. In the current study, 1329 sera were evaluated of which 23.3 percent were anti-HBc positive. The results indicate that sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the current EIA and RIA tests for anti-HBc (Abbott Diagnostic Laboratories) are virtually identical to the original RIA test kit. In addition, all donor samples (128 specimens) administered to 57 cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis that were prospectively followed at Baylor College of Medicine for the Transfusion-Transmitted Viruses (TTV) Study group were retested with the EIA-recombinant anti-HBc assay. All 21 samples which were reactive in the original RIA anti-HBc test also were positive by the current EIA procedure. One sample was EIA positive/RIA negative, and 106 other samples were negative by both assays. Thus, commercial anti-HBc kits based on HBcAg derived by recombinant DNA technology, should retain their predictive value for reducing the incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis as described in the prospective studies.
Inclusive pd → pX and pn → pX Cross Sections between 50 and 400 GeV

We have measured inclusive cross sections for the reaction $\mathrm{pd}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pX}$ in the region $0.15l|t|l0.39$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$, $100lsl750$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and $0.80lxl0.92$ using the acceleration ramp and deuterium-gas jet target at Fermilab. These measurements are combined with our earlier measurements of $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pX}$ to obtain inclusive cross sections for $\mathrm{pn}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pX}$.
High-Pressure Physics: The 1-Megabar Mark on the Ruby R1 Static Pressure Scale

Ruby crystals were subjected to a static pressure greater than 1 megabar in a diamond-windowed pressure cell. The pressure was monitored continuously by observing the spectral shift of the sharp fluorescent R(1) ruby line excited with a cadmium-helium gas-diffusion laser beam. One megabar appears to be the highest pressure ever reported for a static experiment in which an internal calibration was employed.
Solvent effects on the optical rotation of (S)-(-)-α-methylbenzylamine

The optical rotation of (S)-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamine at 589 nm has been measured in 39 different solvents at five different concentrations: 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 3.00 M. A correlation of the intrinsic rotations (i.e., extrapolation of specific rotations to zero concentration) with Kamlet's and Taft's solvent parameters (alpha, beta, and pi) is established. The polarity/polarizability, pi, and solvent acidity, alpha, terms are found to have a greater effect upon the optical rotation than the basicity of the solvent, beta. The specific rotation for (S)-(-)-alpha-methylbenzylamine has been calculated with Gaussian03 using a PCM model (B3LYP aug-cc-pVDZ) for all 39 solvated systems. Comparisons between the experimental and calculated values show the importance of hydrogen bonding on specific rotation.
Theoretical rate of dissociative recombination of HCO+ and DCO+ ions

This Brief Report presents an improved theoretical description of dissociative recombination of ${\text{HCO}}^{+}$ and ${\text{DCO}}^{+}$ ions with a low-energy electron. In a previous theoretical study [Mikhailov et al., Phys. Rev. A 74, 032707 (2006)] on ${\text{HCO}}^{+}$, the vibrational motion along the CO coordinate was neglected. Here, all vibrational degrees of freedom, including the CO stretch coordinate, are taken into account. The theoretical dissociative recombination cross section obtained is similar to the previous theoretical result at low collision energies $(l0.1\text{ }\text{eV})$ but somewhat larger at higher $(g0.1\text{ }\text{eV})$ energies. Therefore, the present study suggests that motion along the CO coordinate does not play a significant role in the process at low collision energies. The theoretical cross section is still approximately 2--3 times lower than the data from a recent merged-beam experiment.
Utility Theory and reciprocal pairwise comparisons: The Eigenvector Method

Abstract The criticisms of Utility Theory focus on either its axioms or the construction of utility functions. Here we present a method which avoids the problems of uniqueness encountered in the construction of utility functions when using either the certainty equivalence method or the probability equivalence method. The method is based on the construction of ratio scale value functions from reciprocal pairwise comparisons and Saaty's Eigenvector Method. We show that under the assumption of cardinal consistency utility functions are a particular case of these ratio scales. Reciprocal pairwise comparisons allow decision makers to relax the transitivity assumption and help to derive a unique scaling of preferences.
Food insecurity with hunger is associated with obesity among HIV-infected and at risk women in Bronx, NY.

Background Food insecurity, insufficient quality and quantity of nutritionally adequate food, affects millions of people in the United States (US) yearly, with over 18 million Americans reporting hunger. Food insecurity is associated with obesity in the general population. Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected women, we sought to determine the relationship between food insecurity and obesity in this cohort of urban, HIV-infected and –uninfected but at risk women. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we collected data on food insecurity, body mass index and demographic and clinical data from 231 HIV-infected and 119 HIV-negative women enrolled in Bronx site of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). We used multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with obesity. Results Food insecurity was highly prevalent, with almost one third of women (110/350, 31%) reporting food insecurity over the previous six months and over 13% of women reported food insecurity with hunger. Over half the women were obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of ≥30. In multivariate analyses, women who were food insecure with hunger had higher odds of obesity (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.56, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.27, 5.20) after adjusting for HIV status, age, race, household status, income, drug and alcohol use. Conclusion Food insecurity with hunger was associated with obesity in this population of HIV-infected and –uninfected, urban women. Both food insecurity and obesity are independent markers for increased mortality; further research is needed to understand this relationship and their role in adverse health outcomes.
Chiral Separation Mechanisms in Protein-Based HPLC Columns. 2. Kinetic Studies of (R)- and (S)-Warfarin Binding to Immobilized Human Serum Albumin

This work used plate height measurements to investigate the kinetics of (R)- and (S)-warfarin binding to an immobilized HSA column. The dissociation rate constants for (R)- and (S)-warfarin on this column increased from 0.06 to 1.9 s-1 and from 0.06 to 0.36 s-1 between 4 and 45 °C. The corresponding association rate constants increased from 2.4 × 104 to 3.2 × 105 M-1 s-1 for (R)-warfarin and from 4.4 × 104 to 7.2 × 104 M-1 s-1 for (S)-warfarin over the same temperature range. From the dissociation data, it was found that an increase in temperature led to a large decrease in the plate height due to stationary phase mass transfer for both enantiomers. Further studies indicated that (R)- and (S)-warfarin had similar activation energies for their binding to HSA. For (R)-warfarin, most of this energy requirement was due to the change in enthalpy of the system, while for (S)-warfarin, it was mainly due to the change in entropy. All of these results agree with an earlier model, in which (R)- and (S)-warfarin wer...
The magnetopause electron layer along the distant magnetotail

An energetic electron layer is found immediately adjacent to, and outside of, the magnetopause surface along the distant magnetotail (−40 ≲ X_(SM) ≲ −15 R_E). The layer has been detected using Caltech instrumentation aboard the earth-orbiting spacecraft IMP-8 and is observed for electrons with energies E ≳ 200 keV. The present study shows that such electrons form a layer ∼ 3 R_E thick and are strongly streaming in a well-ordered pattern, especially along the dusk magnetopause. The energy dissipation implied by the persistent flow may be a direct indication of nearly continuous magnetic merging at or near the magnetopause.
Concordance between verbal report and urine screen of recent marijuana use in adolescents.

Abstract This study compared the concordance of self-report for recent marijuana use with results obtained from urine drug screen. The sample consisted of adolescent sons of fathers with DSM-III-R lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) [high average risk (HAR); N =75] and sons of fathers with no Axis 1 psychiatric or SUD [low average risk (LAR); N =125]. To avoid recall bias, and to ensure that the timeframe for accurate detection was restricted to promote accuracy, urine drug screen results were compared to self-reported marijuana use during the prior 48 h using an interview format. The HAR group of adolescents reported a higher rate of recent cannabis use and also had a higher rate of cannabis detection as measured in urine. The two groups did not differ with respect to either over or under-reporting marijuana use. Overall, of 19 participants who obtained positive urine cannabis results, six (31.5%) verbally denied that they used marijuana within the previous 2 days. Among the 181 participants who obtained a negative urine drug screen, 20 subjects (11.5%) inaccurately asserted that they had used marijuana within the prior 2 days. In total, 13% of the participants (26/200) inaccurately reported recent cannabis use. These results underscore the need for caution in interpreting the results of self-report methods documenting the prevalence of drug use among youth.
Growth rates of renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma under surveillance are similar

Abstract Objective Through examining our experience with renal mass surveillance, we hoped to determine factors suggestive of renal cell carcinoma. Methods We followed for at least 1 year 41 patients with 47 solid renal masses (mean diameter 2.0 cm, range 0.8–5). Mean surveillance duration was 29 months and was more than 2 years for 23 masses (49%). Results Overall mean increase in diameter was 0.27 cm/year, but 21 (45%) did not grow, and mean growth rate was 0.5 cm/year in the 26 that did grow. Of the masses, 14 have been treated, 33 continue to be followed, and pathology is known in 16 (34%). Growth was seen in all 6 known oncocytomas (mean 0.52 cm/year), 80% of the 10 biopsy proven renal cell carcinomas grew (mean 0.71 cm/year), but only 12 (39%) of the masses with unknown pathology (0.08 cm/year). There was no factor that distinguished oncocytomas from renal cell carcinomas. In 1 patient, a 3-cm mass that had not changed in size for 6 years doubled in size over 6 months, and metastatic disease developed. Conclusions Although growth of most renal masses is slow, some grow quickly, and delayed growth with metastases can occur. No factor distinguished renal cell carcinomas from oncocytomas. Surveillance for renal masses remains an option but must be rigorous and continuous, and is not without risk of progression.
Riddles of natural categorization

Pigeons and other animals can categorize photographs or drawings as complex as those encountered in ordinary human experience. The fundamental riddle posed by natural categorization is how organisms devoid of language, and presumably also of the associated higher cognitive capacities, can rapidly extract abstract invariances from some (but not all) stimulus classes containing instances so variable that we cannot physically describe either the class rule or the instances, let alone account for the underlying capacity. In contrast, with other contingencies of reinforcement, pigeons will not extract abstract rules of categorization; they will instead learn to identify visual stimuli down to small details, and they will retain much of what they learned for a year and more. How animals can shift between abstraction and photographic retention, and whether or not the two modes can be unified under a single theory are questions that help define the boundaries of knowledge about animal intelligence.
Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Perturbed Spectra. Part I: Statement of the Problem

Abstract The interpretation and analysis of perturbed molecular spectra is an interesting and challenging activity. Moreover as the resolution and precision of molecular data improves, a systematic and manageable approach to the problems of interpretation and analysis is mandatory. Such a notion may seem a little radical to many scientists, but let us consider the importance of the determination of a complete anharmonic potential function for even the simplest polyatomic molecules. Without molecular model parameters, recovered from the highest quality spectral data, such determinations are doomed to mediocrity. Consider, also, the simulation of the propagation characteristics of infrared radiation through plantetary atmospheres. Without precise molecular parameters, such simulations, though they may be pretty and interesting, are about as valuable scientifically as 30-year-old MO wave functions for a pentatomic molecule. It is not only necessary to be able to recover precise molecular model parameters fro...
A Quarter Century of News Coverage of Candidates in Presidential Nomination Campaigns

Abstract This paper analyzes network news coverage of presidential nomination candidates during the pre-primary and primaries seasons from 1975 to 2000. Using data from the Vanderbilt Television Archives, we find that the network news programs are giving less coverage to the candidates. The decline corresponds to the front-loaded primary schedule, which produces a presumptive nominee sooner and effectively ends coverage of the nomination campaign. We also analyze news coverage of US senators and representatives campaigning for the presidency. Legislators' news coverage varies with their position in Congress and their position in or at the polls.
Abstract B08: Tipping the balance: Factors that influence the ER signaling network in breast cancer

Our lab has generated a tamoxifen resistant cell line (TamR) from MCF7 cells by serial passage in a nude xenograft model in the presence of tamoxifen. The TamR tumor model is stimulated by tamoxifen and does not require estradiol for growth. Transcriptional control of ER in this model is shifted to a ligand-independent state as ER target genes are basally increased and do not induce much higher with estradiol or tamoxifen. We hypothesized that the transcriptional program of ER was altered and that candidate factors could be identified with DNase Hypersensitivity analysis by DNase-Seq. Following Identification of DNase Hypersensitivity Regions, motif enrichment analysis, footprinting, and comparison to to known ChIP-Seq data were performed. These analyses indicate a an increased role for the FOXA family members and RNA-Seq indicates a dramatic upregulation of the FOXA2 transcript. Studies are ongoing to determine the relevance of FOXA2 in tamoxifen resistance and impact on the ER transcriptional program. Citation Format: Jeff S. Jasper. Tipping the balance: Factors that influence the ER signaling network in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B08.
Visual keyword-based word spotting in handwritten documents

The problem of word spotting in handwritten documents is addressed as a form of visual keyword search. In the particular approach taken, explicit references to the lexical structure of handwritten data are avoided, which makes it useful for developing applications where the information to be retrieved is not limited to handwriting and may consist of other visual objects, such as hand drawings. The line-oriented structure of handwritten documents is utilized to facilitate the search. In particular, sequential processing methods based on dynamic programming techniques are used during recognition to take advantage of the implicit time information and improve spotting performance. Feature profiles based on the ink- background transition representation of binary images are used to facilitate the sequential data obtained from the Archives of the Indies. Encouraging results of 90 percent target word detection at the cost of one false alarm are reported.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Asset Price Theory of Shareholder Revaluations: Tests with the Tax Reforms of the 1980s

A tax reform providing incentives for fixed investment may increase shareholder wealth because after-tax cash flows on planned investment increase. Alternatively, shareholder wealth may decline because existing assets receive disadvantageous tax treatment relative to new ones and equities are largely claims on existing assets. This study tests the alternative hypothesis by predicting in a simulation model the revaluation of existing assets resulting from the 1981 and 1986 tax acts and then by comparing the predictions to stock returns data. The results reject the hypothesis that cumulative excess returns accruing because of tax reform equal the revaluation on existing assets.
Selenium derivatives of L-arabinose, D-ribose, and D-xylose

Abstract Attempted cyclization of 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-5-seleno- L -arabinose dimethyl acetal in acidic solution gave the corresponding diselenide. Intramolecular attack by the selenobenzyl group at C-5 of 5-O-p-tolylsulfonyl- L -arabinose dibenzyl diseleno-acetal resulted in the formation of benzyl 1,5-diseleno- L -arabinopyranoside. Similarly, 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-4-O-p-tolylsulfonyl- D -xylose dibenzyl diselenoacetal gave benzyl 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-1,4-diseleno- L -arabinofuranoside, and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-5-O-p-tolylsulfonyl- D -xylose (or ribose) dibenzyl diselenoacetal gave benzyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1,5-diseleno- D -xylo- (or ribo-)pyranoside. The glycosylic benzylseleno group was removed from the pyranoside with mercuric acetate, but attempted deacetylation of the product led to decomposition and not to the expected 5-seleno- D -xylopyranose.
A new proof that analytic sets are Ramsey

We give a direct mathematical proof of the Mathias-Silver theorem that every analytic set is Ramsey.
If Virchow were to meet Newton.

In this issue of Blood, Kasirer-Friede and colleagues show that ADAP is a component of a signaling system triggered when blood flow pulls αIIbβ3 bound to fibrinogen. It serves to convert tension into a biochemical response that stabilizes platelet attachment by directing lamellipodia formation.
SU‐E‐T‐356: Dose Response of a 2D Diode Array for Non‐Primary Photon Radiation from a Dynamic MLC

Purpose: To quantify the dose responses of a 2D‐diode array for ‘non‐primary’ radiations (scatter and transmission from MLC and gantry‐head) under dynamic MLC dose deliveries. The ‘non‐primary doses’ have been overlooked by the 2D‐diode dose‐calibration because the primary radiation dominates over a large calibration field (10×10cm2). If non‐primary dose responses of diode are significant, it would cause systematic errors when non‐primary radiations become important (in small field). Methods: The dose response is the diode‐dose normalized by chamber‐dose. Three setups under a 6MeV photon beam (Trilogy) were measured by detector (diode and chamber) at central‐axis (CAX): (1) the CAX diode was accurately located at places: either within MLC‐leaf collimation (2.5 mm) or between leaves. This measurement field is entirely blocked by MLC. (2) Dynamic MLC exposures are tested by 6 different MLC‐gaps (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mm) sweeping over the CAX detector. (3) To estimate the scatter dose but without MLC involved, the CAX detector is blocked from primary beam by jaws only but received scatter doses from narrow‐slit apertures with distances from CAX. Results: (1) Results showed the diodes tends to underestimate dose of lower energy radiation, e.g. scatters. Experiment (3) confirmed this by showing its decreased dose response by scatter source away from CAX; i.e. more lower‐energy scatters in larger lateral scattered angles. As the slit is narrowed, less scatters and higher diode response were observed. (2) 3% difference in diode response to MLC‐leakage vs. non‐leakage was detected. However the impact of MLC leakage is not substantial in dynamic MLC delivery unless MLC‐gap is narrow enough (e.g. 1 mm). (3) Overall non‐primary radiations still significantly present as gap<10mm by 3% criterion. Conclusions: The diode dose responses to non‐primary radiations can cause more than 3% systematic errors for small‐aperture dynamic MLC QA unless appropriate corrections are made.
Laplacians and the Cheeger Inequality for Directed Graphs

We consider Laplacians for directed graphs and examine their eigenvalues. We introduce a notion of a circulation in a directed graph and its connection with the Rayleigh quotient. We then define a Cheeger constant and establish the Cheeger inequality for directed graphs. These relations can be used to deal with various problems that often arise in the study of non-reversible Markov chains including bounding the rate of convergence and deriving comparison theorems.
PROTEIN UPTAKE IN THE OOCYTES OF THE CECROPIA MOTH

The formation of yolk spheres in the oocyte of the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia (L.), is known immunologically to result largely from uptake of a sex-limited blood protein. Recent electron microscope analyses of insect and other animal oocytes have demonstrated fine structural configurations consistent with uptake of proteins by pinocytosis. An electron microscope analysis of the cecropia ovary confirms the presence of similar structural modifications. With the exception of two apparently amorphous layers, the basement lamella on the outer surface of the follicular epithelium and the vitelline membrane on the inner, there is free access of blood to the oocyte surface between follicle cells. Dense material is found in the interfollicular cell space and adsorbed to the outer surface of the much folded oocyte membrane. Pits in the oocyte membrane and vesicles immediately under it are lined with the same dense material not unlike the yolk spheres in appearance. Introduction of ferritin into the blood of a developing cecropia moth and its localization adsorbed to the surface of the oocyte, and within the vesicles and yolk spheres of the oocyte cortex, is experimental evidence that the structural modifications of the oocyte cortex represent stages in the pinocytosis of blood proteins which arrive at the oocyte surface largely by an intercellular route. Small tubules attached to the yolk spheres are provisionally interpreted as a manifestation of oocyte-synthesized protein being contributed to the yolk spheres.
Dispersal and development of bagworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) on three host plants.

The present study investigated the development and dispersal of bagworm larvae, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), on three hosts: arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis, blue spruce, Picea pungens, and juniper, Juniperus virginiana. The biomass of larvae was recorded at repeated intervals at 21 field sites. The relative quality of plants varied during larval development: early in the season, larvae were heavier on juniper and arborvitae than on blue spruce; late in the season, in contrast, larvae and pupae were lighter on juniper than on the two other plants. Larvae on blue spruce pupated later than those on arborvitae. In the laboratory, feeding rate and larval growth were not influenced by the density of larvae on the foliage of arborvitae up to a range which greatly exceeded that observed at any of our experimental sites. The incidence of dispersal among neonates emerging on arborvitae was high, as indicated by the high number of larvae captured on sticky traps, and the relatively low number of early instars on arborvitae foliage in relation to the reproductive output of females in the parental generation. The high rate of dispersal among early instars may be due to potential resource depletion over successive generations of bagworms.
The utility of environmental exergy analysis for decision making in energy

Abstract The analysis framework discussed and employed in this paper utilizes the recent recognition that exergy is a form of environmental free energy to provide a fundamental basis for valuing environmental interactions independent from their secondary impacts. The framework is comprised of two separate components: (1) environmental exergy analysis and (2) anthropocentric sensitivity analysis. Environmental exergy analysis is based on fundamental thermodynamic principles and analysis techniques. It extends the principles of technical exergy analysis to the environment in order to quantify the location, magnitudes, and types of environmental impact—state change, alteration of natural transfers, and destruction change. Anthropocentric sensitivity analysis is based on the concepts of anthropocentric value and anthropocentric sensitivity. It enables the results of environmental exergy analysis to be interpreted for decision making, but at the expense of introducing some subjectivity into the framework. A key attribute of the framework is its ability to evaluate the environmental performance of energy systems on a level playing field, regardless of the specifics of the systems—i.e., resources consumed, products and by-products produced, or system size and time scale. The utility of the analysis framework for decision making is demonstrated in this paper through application to three example energy systems.
Adenosine and Its Agonists Cause Retinal Vasodilation and Hemorrhages: Implications for Ischemic Retinopathies

Animals were given a 0.1-mL intravitreous injection of various agents and followed up with frequent ophthalmoscopic examinations. Fundus photographs were performed before injection and at six and 24 hours after injection. Vascular caliber was assessed by a previously described technique of performing measurements on fundus photographs taken and projected in a standardized fashion. No significant vascular dilation was identified for vehicle alone, carbachol, histamine, isoproterenol hydrochloride, or bradykinin. Mild dilation within one hour, but not persisting for 24 hours, was noted for dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Prominent dilation within one hour, becoming maximal by five hours but not persisting for 24 hours, was noted for adenosine, dipyridamole, and sodium nitroprusside. The adenosine-induced vasodilation was effectively blocked by an adenosine receptor antagonist, BW-A1433U. N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), a nonspecific adenosine selective agonist, was a much more potent vasodilator than two relatively selective A1 adenosine agonists, N6-cyclopentyladenosine and N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, suggesting that A2 receptors are involved. The vascular dilation caused by adenosine, dipyridamole, and particularly NECA, but not nitroprusside or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, was accompanied by retinal hemorrhages, producing a picture reminiscent of some features of ischemic retinopathies. This study suggests that adenosine may be an important mediator of vasodilation, and therefore blood flow, in the retina.
Approximate methods for the fast computation of EPR and ST-EPR spectra. III. Extension of the perturbation approximation to conditions of overmodulatio

Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) spectra typical of nitroxide spin labels obeying an isotropic, brownian diffusion model are theoretically investigated. The derivative approximation discussed in the first paper of this series (I) is examined and generalized to consider large modulation amplitudes. The approximation considers both molecular and applied modulation effects with the Zeeman modulation frequency acting as a perturbation parameter. The application of the approximation to first and second harmonic simulations is discussed. The observations of I are preserved for first harmonic spectra. The approximation is able to accurately reproduce the in-phase absorption and in-phase-quadrature dispersion signals. In-phase dispersion signals are reproducible at low microwave powers while in-phase-quadrature signals may be reproduced at higher powers. The approximation is of limited utility for second harmonic simulations and is particularly unable to reproduce the in-phase-quadrature absorption signal at this harmonic. The approximation enables a marked reduction in both the core and CPU time required for simulations. Factors of 3 and 4.2 respectively were realized in the simulations of slow isotropic brownian diffusion.
The Sun's luminosity over a complete solar cycle

The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM I) measured the sun's luminosity from early 1980 to late 1989. The first account of the complete ACRIM I data set is presented and evidence is given which confirms that solar luminosity varies with the 11-yr solar cycle. This slow variation closely follows statistical measures of the distribution of magnetic and photospheric features on the solar surface. An exception to this correlation occurred in the form of a remarkable irradiance excess during 1980, at about the time of the sunspot maximum of solar cycle 21. The linkage, over a whole cycle, of luminosity variation to photospheric activity suggests the existence of an unknown physical mechanism other than the thermal diffusion model that explains luminosity deficits due to sunspots. Luminosity models connecting total irradiance to global indicators of solar activity are consistent with the gross features of the variability but fail to account for the 1980 irradiance excess.
Force Modeling in Laser-Assisted Microgrooving Including the Effect of Machine Deflection

Laser assisted mechanical micromachining is a process that utilizes highly localized thermal softening of the material by continuous wave laser irradiation applied simultaneously and directly in front of a miniature cutting tool in order to produce micron scale three-dimensional features in difficult-to-machine materials. The hybrid process is characterized by lower cutting forces and deflections, fewer tool failures, and potentially higher material removal rates. The desktop-sized machine used to implement this process has a finite stiffness and deflects under the influence of the cutting forces. The deflections can be of the same order of magnitude as the depth of cut in some cases, thereby having a negative effect on the dimensional accuracy of the micromachined feature. As a result, selection of the laser and cutting parameters that yield the desired reduction in cutting forces and deflection, and consequently an improvement in dimensional accuracy, requires a reliable cutting force model. This paper describes a cutting force model for the laser-assisted microgrooving process. The model accounts for the effect of elastic deflection of the machine X-Y stages on the forces and accuracy of the micromachined feature. The model combines an existing slip-line field based force model with a finite element based thermal model of laser heating and a constitutive material flow stress model to account for thermal softening. Experiments are carried out on H-13 steel (42 HRC (hardness measured on the Rockwell 'C' scale)) to validate the force model. The effects of process parameters, such as laser power and cutting speed, on the forces are also analyzed. The model captures the effect of thermal softening and indicates a 66% reduction in the shear flow stress at 35 W laser power The cutting force and depth of cut prediction errors are less than 20% and 10%, respectively, for most of the cases examined.
Risk zones and longshot bias: an exploratory analysis

This paper examines decision making in a special case of risk and uncertainty that is similar to pari-mutuel betting. Specifically, this paper examines following issues: the presence of a longshot bias; the strategies participants adopt in making a priori selections; the effect of these strategies on total payoff; and the association of these strategies with participants' demographics. By examining decision strategies, the paper provides evidence of a longshot bias – participants bet on underdogs with an expectation to win big although in reality such a strategy usually correlates with lower total returns. The paper also shows the presence of risk zone where risky strategies significantly lower total returns. Interestingly, participants in the risk zone tend to bet more on longshots than on favourites. The paper offers economic explanations for the observed longshot bias in office pools and possible resolutions to mitigate this bias.
THE IMPACT OF STRATEGIC PLANNING ON STOCK PRICES

Does a company's long‐term corporate strategy influence how security analysts rate its stock? The authors found that it does—but only when the strategy is communicated to analysts through corporate advertising, executive presentations, annual reports, and similar means.
Intraoperative MRI: Safety

Intraoperative and interventional MR have opened a new chapter in neurosurgery bringing both new therapeutic opportunities and creating unique safety challenges for the MR operating room. The presence of a large magnetic field in the otherwise familiar environment of the operating room necessitates site-specific comprehensive policies for safety, staff training, infection control, and MR compatibility. Intraoperative MRI also creates unique MR image interpretation challenges that are of paramount significance for patient safety. These safety concerns are reviewed with particular reference to the nine years experience of the authors.
Oral and maxillofacial surgery residents have poor understanding of biostatistics.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate residents' understanding of biostatistics and interpretation of research results. Materials and Methods A questionnaire previously used in internal medicine residents was modified to include oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) examples. The survey included sections to identify demographic and educational characteristics of residents, attitudes and confidence, and the primary outcome—knowledge of biostatistics. In 2009 an invitation to the Internet survey was sent to all 106 program directors in the United States, who were requested to forward it to their residents. Results One hundred twelve residents responded. The percentage of residents who had taken a course in epidemiology was 53%; biostatistics, 49%; and evidence-based dentistry, 65%. Conversely, 10% of OMS residents had taken none of these classes. Across the 6-item test of knowledge of statistical methods, the mean percentage of correct answers was 38% (SD, 22%). Nearly half of the residents (42%) could not correctly identify continuous, ordinal, or nominal variables. Only 21% correctly identified a case-control study, but 79% correctly identified that the purpose of blinding was to reduce bias. Only 46% correctly interpreted a clinically unimportant and statistically nonsignificant result. None of the demographic or experience factors of OMS residents were related to statistical knowledge. Overall, OMS resident knowledge was below that of internal medicine residents (P Conclusions OMS residents lack knowledge in biostatistics and the interpretation of research and are thus unprepared to interpret the results of published clinical research. Residency programs should include effective biostatistical training in their curricula to prepare residents in evidence-based dentistry.
Incarnation, Resurrection and the Doctrine of the Trinity: A Comparison of Thomas F. Torrance and Roger Haight

Abstract: By comparing the thought of T.F. Torrance and Roger Haight, this article shows that whenever the starting-point for interpreting the resurrection is not Jesus himself as the incarnate Word, then Christology and soteriology are undermined because of a faulty understanding of the Trinity, with the result that salvation is equated with the human religious quest for meaning. Because the incarnation and resurrection are intimately connected, this article suggests that any docetic view of the one will lead to a docetic view of the other. And this has soteriological implications: if Jesus is not seen as the only Savior, then we must somehow save ourselves.
Tuberculous Infection in Animals Prevented from Developing Hypersensitivity

SummaryWhen guinea pigs were infected with virulent human tubercle bacilli and prevented from becoming hypersensitive by daily subcutaneous injections of O.T., some developed pulmonary lesions teeming with bacilli. However, some of the control animals, demonstrated to be hypersensitive, showed identical lesions. It is, therefore, concluded that the development of lesions of this type is dependent on factors other than a lack of hypersensitivity.
Yb:YAG master oscillator power amplifier for remote wind sensing

We have demonstrated key advances towards a solid-state laser amplifier at 1.03 μm for global remote wind sensing. We designed end-pumped zig-zag slab amplifiers to achieve high gain. We overcame parasitic oscillation limitations using claddings on the slab's total internal reflection (TIR) and edge surfaces to confine the pump and signal light by TIR and allow leakage of amplified spontaneous emission rays that do not meet the TIR condition. This enables e3, e5, and e8 single-, double-, and quadruple-pass small-signal amplifier gain, respectively. The stored energy density is 15.6 J/cm3, a record for a laser-diode end-pumped Yb:YAG zig-zag slab amplifier.
Adapting Corporate Governance for Sustainable Peace

Acts of violence toward multinational corporations have important consequences for the way these companies will need to structure their approach to international business. This Article proposes four contributions that corporations can make to sustainable peace. By incorporating sustainable peace as a business objective, multinational corporations may be able to blend extant corporate governance principles with a goal that can significantly contribute to the reduction of violence in society.
A 90-nm FPGA I/O buffer design with 1.6-Gb/s data rate for source-synchronous system and 300-MHz clock rate for external memory interface

As FPGAs integrate into high-speed systems, performance and signal integrity become more important in I/O design. This paper describes the development of an FPGA design to support 1.6 Gb/s differential source-synchronous standards and 300 MHz external memory interfaces. Speed and performance were achieved using circuits such as differential level-shifters with voltage and temperature compensated current sources, on-chip decoupling capacitors, and floating-well output buffers. Programmable drive strength, output impedance matching, hot-socketing compliance, and 3.3-V voltage tolerance are features of the I/O buffer. In addition, DLLs and programmable phase-offset circuits were used to obtain precise timing control. The chip was manufactured on a 90-nm CMOS process.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy investigation of the anisotropic vibrational transitions of hydrogen

The anisotropic components of Raman vibrational Q-branch transitions are theoretically predicted to have larger collisional linewidths than those of the isotropic components, owing to broadening contributions by collisions that reorient the molecular angular momentum. We report experimental observations of this effect for linewidths of the isotropic and anisotropic components of H2Q-branch transitions, measured at 296 K using high-resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Differences in these linewidths are a direct measure of state-resolved reorientational broadening and are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and with related experimental results. The Galatry soft-collision line-shape model yields excellent fits to the anisotropic and isotropic line shapes but exhibits a slight density dependence in the best-fit motional narrowing coefficients at low densities. No difference is observed between the narrowing coefficients for isotropic and anisotropic spectra. Also, by comparing our measurements of rovibrational O-branch linewidths with measurements of pure rotational S-branch linewidths by Keijser et al. [Physica 76, 585 (1974)], we obtain estimates of broadening by elastic vibrational dephasing.