cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-Methyl-1-Phenylphospholene Oxide

3-Methyl-1-phenylphospholene oxide product: 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1-phospha-3-cyclopentene 1-oxide Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, cycloaddition; cyclization, miscellaneous; phosphines, aromatic, odor; phosphines, aromatic, disposal
Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Body Dissatisfaction in Gay and Heterosexual Men.

Although researchers have long hypothesized a relation between gender role orientation (i.e., masculinity and femininity) and body dissatisfaction, findings have been inconsistent. The current study employed a measure of recalled childhood gender nonconformity to examine gender role behaviors in association with body dissatisfaction among an ethnically diverse (76% Caucasian, 2% African American, 8% Asian, and 16.4% Hispanic American) group of predominantly college-aged males of both homosexual (n = 129) and heterosexual (n = 52) orientation. Consistent with past research, gay males reported more body dissatisfaction and recalled more childhood gender atypical behaviors (e.g., disliking athletics, playing with dolls). Group differences in body dissatisfaction, however, disappeared when childhood gender nonconformity was statistically controlled, suggesting childhood atypical gender role behavior may place males at greater risk for adult body dissatisfaction. A within-group analysis also found that a “high feminine” subtype of gay males had greater body dissatisfaction than “less feminine” subtypes had. Results support the assertion that gender role behaviors may contribute to body dissatisfaction among gay males.
Light load efficiency improvement for high frequency LLC converters with Simplified Optimal Trajectory Control (SOTC)

The light load efficiency has drawn more and more attention for the LLC resonant converters. And the high frequency LLC converters are emerging in recent years. The conventional burst mode control cannot fix to the efficiency-optimal state during the burst-on time. Optimal Trajectory Control (OTC) for burst mode can solve this problem by using fixed 3-pulse pattern; however, the burst operation range of OTC is limited when it is applied to the high frequency LLC converters due to the fixed 3-pulse pattern and digital delay. To extend the burst operation range for the high frequency LLC converters, Simplified Optimal Trajectory Control (SOTC) for burst mode with adaptive burst on-power and adaptive multi-step are proposed in this paper. The burst mode operation range can be extended by increasing either the burst on-power or the burst on-time. The experimental results are demonstrated on a 500kHz 1kW 400V/12V LLC converter with 92.5% efficiency at 10% load and 91.8% efficiency at 2.4% load.
Cholinergic cell loss and hypertrophy in the medial septal nucleus of the behaviorally characterized aged rhesus monkey

Quantitative studies were conducted to determine the number and size of cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus of four aged (23-25 years old) and four young (10-12 years old) rhesus monkeys. All of the animals had been tested on an extensive battery of learning and memory tasks prior to these experiments. Two of the aged monkeys displayed a pattern of recognition memory deficits that resembled the effects of medial temporal lobe damage. The postmortem anatomical data were analyzed in relation to both the age and behavioral status of the animals. Across all rostrocaudal levels of the medial septal nucleus, there was a 19.3% decrease in the number of cholinergic neurons in the aged monkeys. The loss was regionally selective, however, and ranged from a low of 6.2% rostrally to 40.9% caudally. The degree of cell loss was similar in both memory-impaired and memory-unimpaired aged animals. Morphological analysis also revealed that the mean cross-sectional area of cholinergic neurons was significantly larger in the aged animals. At caudal levels, the increase in average cell size was at least partly due to a disproportionate loss of small to medium size neurons. At rostral levels of the medial septal nucleus, however, where there was minimal cell loss, a clear hypertrophy of cholinergic neurons was evident. Interestingly, the cell hypertrophy observed at these rostral levels was present only in brains from the behaviorally impaired aged monkeys. These findings represent the first morphological demonstration of alterations in cholinergic neurons in the aged nonhuman primate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transformative Learning: First-Year MSW Students' Reactions to, and Experiences in, Gerontological Field Placements

We present findings from interviews with 17 first-year MSWs assigned to gerontological placements undertaken before beginning—and again as they neared completion—of practicum. All respondents, even those most positive and negative at beginning of placement, report a reduction in stereotypes, improved appreciation of older adults’ capacities and strengths, and increased skills in working with this population. All but one respondent reports increased likelihood of pursuing a position working with older adults as a result of exposure through field placement. Specific factors reported by students to influence their decision as well as implications for social work education are discussed.
A magnetically polarized He-Ne laser

Abstract The performance of an internal mirror He-Ne laser that has a fraction of its capillary immersed in a strong transverse magnetic field will be described. The field is produced by permanent magnets which are built into the laser's housing. The laser produces a light output which has less than 0.1% of its power in the modes polarized orthogonal to the magnetic field. The attainment of such a high degree of polarization requires that the magnetic field be oriented relative to naturally occuring anisotropies of the laser cavity. Misalignment not only lowers the degree of polarization, but also decreases the laser's output.
General Asymptotic Bayesian Theory of Quickest Change Detection

The optimal detection procedure for detecting changes in independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sequences in a Bayesian setting was derived by Shiryaev in the 1960s. However, the analysis of the performance of this procedure in terms of the average detection delay and false alarm probability has been an open problem. In this paper, we develop a general asymptotic change-point detection theory that is not limited to a restrictive i.i.d.\ assumption. In particular, we investigate the performance of the Shiryaev procedure for general discrete-time stochastic models in the asymptotic setting, where the false alarm probability approaches zero. We show that the Shiryaev procedure is asymptotically optimal in the general non-i.i.d.\ case under mild conditions. We also show that the two popular non-Bayesian detection procedures, namely the Page and the Shiryaev--Roberts--Pollak procedures, are generally not optimal (even asymptotically) under the Bayesian criterion. The results of this study are shown t...
The importance of obtaining ankle-brachial indexes in older adults: The other vital sign

As the aging population increases, so does the need to identify specific health problems associated with that age group and to develop and implement strategies to manage those problems efficiently. Peripheral arterial disease, a known threat to older adults' health and independence, often leads to decreased functional ability and potential limb loss. Nurses are in a unique position to screen older adults for the disease and to implement strategies to manage the problem. An overview of arterial physiology will be presented along with identification of risk factors, how to obtain ankle-brachial indexes and interpret the results, and treatment options for mild, moderate, and severe disease. Identifying the disease in its early stages and minimizing the effects will help keep older adults living independently and improve their quality of life.
A Novel Additive Manufacturing File Format for Printed Electronics

Additive Manufacturing (AM) based Printed Electronics (PE) is an emerging technique where electronic components and interconnects are printed directly on substrates using a layered technique. The direct printing of the electronic components allows large scale and ultra-thin components to be printed on a wide variety of substrates including glass, silicon and plastic. These attributes make AM based Printed Electronics an invaluable manufacturing technique in the area of electronic sensors and sensor networks where thin, flexible and rugged form factors are very important. However, currently this technology is a labor intensive and manual process with the machine operator using his experience and judgment to slice the CAD file of the part to create 2D layers at different levels. This manual process increases the overall production time as well as the cost of the product and also results in inconsistent quality of parts.A major challenge faced by existing AM based Printed Electronics users for automating this process is the lack of a standard input file format that can be used by different PE machines for producing the components in layers. To leverage the capabilities of both AM and PE processes, a new file format based on the Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) technique is proposed in this research paper. This file format data will not only include CAD data in the form of CSG primitives and Boolean representation but will also include manufacturing information related to the AM based PE process. The manufacturing information embedded within this new format will include data about the location of the different electronic components such as interconnects, resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, memory and substrate, and the materials required for the different components part. Different circuit board components will be represented as primitives or a combination of primitives obtained using CSG technique. In addition to the new file format, a slicing algorithm will also be developed which can be used to create the layers automatically using user inputs. The proposed file format and the slicing algorithm will be explained with the help of a case study.© 2013 ASME
Micrometer-scale oxygen delivery rearranges cells and prevents necrosis in tumor tissue in vitro

Oxygen availability plays a critical role in cancer progression and is correlated with poor prognosis. Despite this connection, the independent effects of oxygen gradients on tumor tissues have not been measured. To address this, we developed an oxygen delivery device that uses microelectrodes to generate oxygen directly underneath three-dimensional tumor cylindroids composed of colon carcinoma cells. The extent of cell death was measured using fluorescence staining. Supplying oxygen for 60 h eliminated the necrotic region typically found in the center of cylindroids despite the continued presence of other nutrient gradients. A mathematical model of cylindroid growth showed that the rate of cell death was more sensitive to oxygen than the growth rate. After oxygenation, a ring of dead cells was observed at the outside edge of cylindroids, and dead cells were observed moving outward from cylindroid centers. This movement suggests that dead cells were pushed by viable cells migrating in response to oxygen gradients, a mechanism that may connect transient oxygen gradients to metastasis formation. These measurements show that oxygen gradients are a primary factor governing cell viability and rearrange cells in tumors.
Glutamate Provides a Key Structural Contact Between Reticulon-4 (Nogo-66) and Phosphocholine

Human reticulon 4 (RTN-4) has been identified as the neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo). This protein contains a span of 66 amino acids (Nogo-66) flanked by two membrane helices at the C-terminus. We previously determined the NMR structure of Nogo-66 in a native-like environment and defined the regions of Nogo-66 expected to be membrane embedded. We hypothesize that aromatic groups and a negative charge hyperconserved among RTNs (Glu26) drive the remarkably strong association of Nogo-66 with a phosphocholine surface. Glu26 is an isolated charge with no counterion provided by nearby protein groups. We modeled the docking of dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) with Nogo-66 and found that a lipid choline group could form a stable salt bridge with Glu26 and serve as a membrane anchor point. To test the role of the Glu26 anion in binding choline, we mutated this residue to alanine and assessed the structural consequences, the association with lipid and the affinity for the Nogo receptor. In an aqueous environment, Nogo-66 Glu26Ala is more helical than WT and binds the Nogo receptor with higher affinity. Thus, we can conclude that in the absence of a neutralizing positive charge provided by lipid, the glutamate anion is destabilizing to the Nogo-66 fold. Although the Nogo-66 Glu26Ala free energy of transfer from water into lipid is similar to that of WT, NMR data reveal a dramatic loss of tertiary structure for the mutant in DPC micelles. These data show that Glu26 has a key role in defining the structure of Nogo-66 on a phosphocholine surface. This article is part of a special issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
Indagaciones sobre alteridad e identidad: Puntos de contacto y puntos de partida en los estudios coloniales

Implicit Understandings. Observing, reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters Between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era. Edicion de STUART SCHWARTZ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xv, 637. Coded Encounters. Writing, Gender, and Ethnicity in Colonial Latin America. Edicion de FRANCISCO JAVIER CEVALLOS‐CANDAU, JEFFREY A. COLE, NINA M. SCOTT, and NICOMEDES SUAREZ‐ARAUZ. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Pp. 298. Literatura fundacional americana: El Espejo de paciencia. Por JUANA GOERGEN. Madrid: Editorial Pliegos, 1993. Pp. 142. Cartas de relacion. Por HERNAN CORTES. Edicion de ANGEL DELGADO GOMEZ. Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1993. Pp. 687. Vitier, Cintio. 1970. Lo cubano en la poesia. La Habana: Instituto del Libro.
The Ocular Circulation

Abstract This presentation describes the unique anatomy and physiology of the vascular beds that serve the eye. The needs for an unobstructed light path from the cornea to the retina and a relatively fixed corneal curvature and distance between refractive structures pose significant challenges for the vasculature to provide nutrients and remove metabolic waste. To meet these needs, the ocular vascular beds are confined to the periphery of the posterior two thirds of the eye and a surrogate circulation provides a continuous flow of aqueous humor to nourish the avascular cornea, lens and vitreous compartment. The production of aqueous humor (and its ease of egress from the eye) also generates the intraocular pressure (IOP), which maintains the shape of the eye. However, the IOP also exerts a compressing force on the ocular blood vessels that is higher than elsewhere in the body. This is particularly true for the intraocular veins, which must have a pressure higher than IOP to remain patent, and so the IOP i...
Cyberspace as a medium for terrorists

Abstract Given that terrorists are quickly acquiring technical skills that increase the utility of cyberspace to an effective distributed organizational network and the likelihood of potential attacks on U.S. critical infrastructure and defense systems, we consider the value of cyberspace to terrorists. To this end, it is necessary to address the following questions pertinent to the attributes of cyberspace to examine why and how terrorists may utilize cyberspace to advance their goals: (1) What is cyberterrorism? (2) Is cyberterrorism warfare? (3) Why would terrorists use cyberspace? (4) What do we know or anticipate that terrorists want to do in cyberspace? (5) How do we deal with terrorists in cyberspace? We conclude with an assessment of the cyberterrorism threat facing the U.S. today and recommendations that address increasing technical capabilities and security measures for intelligence gathering, digital control and supervisory control and data acquisition (DC/SCADA) systems, and emergency response systems.
Intrinsic electrostatic effects in nanostructured ceramics

Using empirical potentials, we have found that electrostatic dipoles can be created at grain boundaries formed from non-polar surfaces of fluorite-structured materials. In particular, the {Sigma}5(310)/[001] symmetric tilt grain boundary reconstructs to break the symmetry in the atomic structure at the boundary, forming the dipole. This dipole results in an abrupt change in electrostatic potential across the boundary. In multilayered ceramics composed of stacks of grain boundaries, the change in electrostatic potential at the boundary results in profound electrostatic effects within the crystalline layers, the nature of which depends on the electrostatic boundary conditions. For open-circuit boundary conditions, layers with either high or low electrostatic potential are formed. By contrast, for short-circuit boundary conditions, electric fields can be created within each layer, the strength of which then depends on the thickness of the layers. These electrostatic effects may have important consequences for the behavior of defects and dopants within these materials and offer the possibility of interesting technological applications.
Distortions in Two Sector Dynamic Models with Incomplete Specialization

We extend the Jones (1971) analysis of the effects of distortions in static 2x2 trade models to the case of a two sector dynamic general equilibrium model of a small open economy with capital accumulation. In contrast to the short run results, the direction of impact of factor market distortions on steady state values do not depend on the value and physical intensity ranking of the sectors. However, the value and physical intensity rankings play an important role in the dynamics in the neighborhood of the steady state. Differences between value and physical intensity rankings of the sectors, which gave rise to paradoxes in the static model, are shown to lead to local indeterminacy or instability in the dynamic model.
Discrete-time scale invariant systems: Relation to long-range dependence and farima models

A discrete-time version of linear scale-invariant systems was provided by Zhao and Rao. This formulation, called a DLSI system, was derived using a continuous dilation operator in discrete-time as a direct analog of the continuous-time linear scale-invariant system formulation of Wornell. While simulations had shown that DLSI systems were capable of generating self-similar data such as those found in network traffic, answers to questions regarding their relationship to other models had not been found. This paper investigates such relationships. It derives results establishing parameter ranges for DLSI systems that give rise to long-range dependent outputs for white noise inputs. Furthermore, it shows that the basic DLSI system is expressible as a special fractional ARIMA model. Finally, the DLSI model is applied to scene classification in variable bit rate (VBR) MPEG video to provide a preliminary indication of potential application.
Genetics of apolipoprotein H (β2-glycoprotein I) and anionic phospholipid binding:

Apolipoprotein H (apoH; also known as β2-glycoprotein I), is an essential cofactor for the binding of certain antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) to anionic phospholipid. The gene coding for apoH is ...
The Role Of Standards In The Emerging Optical Digital Data Disk Storage Systems Market

The Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology at the National Bureau of Standards is pleased to cooperate with the International Society for Optical Engineering and to join with the other distinguished organizations in cosponsoring this conference on applications of optical digital data disk storage systems.
Mass transport properties of Co(polyether)polyurethane membranes I: Preparation and characterization

A series of polyurethane copolymers containing polyethylene glycol 600, 1000, or 1540 was synthesized, purified by reprecipitation, and cast into clear, tough, flexible membranes using the solution method. The weight average molecular weight of each polymer was estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The ability of the various polymers to absorb water was measured and increased with the increasing molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. The ability of the copolymer membranes to hold a pH gradient decreased with increasing polyethylene glycol molecular weight.
Arginine residues in the C-terminus of HIV-1 Vpr are important for nuclear localization and cell cycle arrest.

Abstract HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) is predominantly localized to the nucleus and plays an important role for viral preintegration complex import into the nucleus. In this study, we investigated the influence on subcellular localization of Arg residues in the C-terminus of Vpr. Consistent with previous studies, about 90% of the cells manifested diffuse nuclear staining in the Vpr-expressed cells. Besides diffuse nuclear staining, punctate perinuclear staining, and punctate cytoplasmic staining were also observed in the immunofluorescence studies. Deletion of the Ser-Arg-Ile-Gly residues (amino acids 79–82; SRIG) had no effect on the Vpr localization. However, deletion of the Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg residues (amino acids 85–88; RQRR) resulted in a smooth perinuclear staining pattern. Substitution of five Arg residues with Asn (amino acids 80, 85, 87, 88, and 90; R → N5) resulted in a diffuse cytoplasmic staining. Subcellular fractionation analyses support the immunofluorescence staining results. These findings indicate that the C-terminal Arg residues of HIV-1 Vpr play an important role for Vpr nuclear localization. All the Vpr mutants were appropriately expressed, exhibited no significant defect on the protein stability, and were incorporated efficiently into virus-like particles. Both SRIG and R → N5 mutants lost their cell cycle arrest activities and the RQRR deletion only exhibited a low level of cell arrest activity. Therefore, the Arg residues in the HIV-1 Vpr C-terminus are important for Vpr nuclear localization and cell cycle arrest , but had no effect on protein stability or Vpr incorporation into virus-like particles.
Collision-induced absorption in a highly symmetric molecule - SF6

The far-infrared absorption spectra of gaseous (298 K) and liquid (273 K, 233 K) SF6 obtained by Rosenberg and Birnbaum [1] are analysed in terms of recent theoretical developments. Analysis of the band shape in the gas and liquid phases indicates that hexadecapole-induced absorption accounts only for the low frequency portion of the collision-induced band. The major part of the absorption can be attributed to a much shorter range mechanism such as anisotropic overlap. The resulting induced dipole which varies very rapidly with intermolecular separation and is consistent with a (7–28) interaction energy gives a good description of the liquid spectra. Collision-induced absorption and depolarized light scattering in SF6 are compared. From a decomposition of the collision-induced gaseous spectrum, the value of the hexadecapolar energy, Φ2/σ9, is 2·7 × 10-24 J (0·20 K) which yields a value of the hexadecapole moment, Φ, of 18 × 10-60 C m4 for σ = 0·468 nm.
A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of Pleurothallis sensu lato based upon nuclear and plastid sequences

Morphological studies of Pleurothallis sensu lato by Luer and by Szlachetko have led them to propose several segregate genera, including Acronia, Ancipitia, Colombiana, Elongatia, Lindleyalis, Lalexia (for P. quadrifida), Mirandopsis, Rhynchopera, Talpinaria, and Zosterophyllanthos, leaving a much smaller group of species in Pleurothallis sensu stricto. In contrast, in molecular phylogenetic analyses by Pridgeon et al., species in the proposed taxa Ancipitia, Colombiana, Mirandopsis, Pleurothallis, Lindleyalis, Rhynchopera, and Talpinaria formed a clade, indicating Pleurothallis should be defined more broadly; however, the analyses included only 15 species in total from these groups. The current investigation includes several species from each of the proposed segregate genera (excluding Mirandopsis) as well as from each of the groups within Pleurothallis sensu stricto (Antenniferae, Longiracemosae, and Macrophyllae-Racemosae), for a total of ~143 ingroup species. Nuclear ITS and plastid matK markers have been sequenced for the majority of the species, and sequencing of 3’ ycf1 and trnL-F is underway. Preliminary analyses indicate that the species sampled from the taxa Acronia, Ancipitia, Colombiana, Lindleyalis, Lalexia, Pleurothallis, Rhynchopera, and Talpinaria do form a well-supported clade, as anticipated from the results of Pridgeon et al. However, from the proposed genus Elongatia, only the species Elongatia excelsa, E. macrophylla, E. restrepioides, and E. sijmii are included in the clade. Internally, there are well-supported distinct clades for species in the groups Ancipitia/Colombiana, Lalexia, Lindleyalis, Loddigesia, P. section MacrophyllaeFasciculatae (excluding Mesoamerican species in the P. excavata-group), and Rhynchopera. Pleurothallis section Pleurothallis subsection Acroniae is not monophyletic, its members distributed among three clades.
Recreation demand estimation and valuation in spatially connected systems

Abstract Recreation demand models frequently are used to explain outdoor recreation behavior and to estimate willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality at recreation sites. Among the most commonly used recreation demand models are site choice models based on the multinomial logit framework, which account for the spatial relationships between each recreator's home and multiple alternative destinations thereby capturing the substitution possibilities among recreation sites. However, standard applications of this framework typically do not account for the possibility of spatial connections among the sites via movements of the target species, such as fish in connected water bodies in recreational angling applications or terrestrial species in hunting or wildlife viewing applications. In this paper we examine aspects of environmental valuation and natural resource dynamics that generally are addressed separately. Specifically, we show that in such spatially connected systems, a “reduced form” application of the standard site choice modeling approach, using proxy measures of environmental quality rather than direct measures of species abundances, can produce biased estimates of willingness to pay for environmental improvements. Furthermore, we show that under some conditions poorly targeted environmental improvements in spatially connected systems can lead to welfare decreases. In such systems a structural model of recreator site choices and species sorting behavior and population dynamics may be required to fully account for the spatial linkages among sites and the feedback effects between recreators and the target species.
AQP0-LTR of the CatFr mouse alters water permeability and calcium regulation of wild type AQP0

Abstract Aquaporin 0 (AQP0) is the major intrinsic protein of the lens and its water permeability can be modulated by changes in pH and Ca2+. The Cataract Fraser (CatFr) mouse accumulates an aberrant AQP0 (AQP0-LTR) in sub-cellular compartments resulting in a congenital cataract. We investigated the interference of AQP0-LTR with normal function of AQP0 in three systems. First, we created a transgenic mouse expressing AQP0 and AQP0-LTR in the lens. Expression of AQP0 did not prevent the congenital cataract but improved the size and transparency of the lens. Second, we measured water permeability of AQP0 co-expressed with AQP0-LTR in Xenopus oocytes. A low expression level of AQP0-LTR decreased the water permeability of AQP0, and a high expression level eliminated its calcium regulation. Third, we studied trafficking of AQP0 and AQP0-LTR in transfected lens epithelial cells. At low expression level, AQP0-LTR migrated with AQP0 toward the cell membrane, but at high expression level, it accumulated in sub-cellular compartments. The deleterious effect of AQP0-LTR on lens development may be explained by lowering water permeability and abolishing calcium regulation of AQP0. This study provides the first evidence that calcium regulation of AQP0 water permeability may be crucial for maintaining normal lens homeostasis and development.
Colinearity and its exceptions in orthologous adh regions of maize and sorghum

Orthologous adh regions of the sorghum and maize genomes were sequenced and analyzed. Nine known or candidate genes, including adh1, were found in a 225-kilobase (kb) maize sequence. In a 78-kb space of sorghum, the nine homologues of the maize genes were identified in a colinear order, plus five additional genes. The major fraction of DNA in maize, occupying 166 kb (74%), is represented by 22 long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. About 6% of the sequence belongs to 33 miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), remnants of DNA transposons, 4 simple sequence repeats, and low-copy-number DNAs of unknown origin. In contrast, no LTR retroelements were detected in the orthologous sorghum region. The unconserved sorghum DNA is composed of 20 putative MITEs, transposon-like elements, 5 simple sequence repeats, and low-copy-number DNAs of unknown origin. No MITEs were discovered in the 166 kb of DNA occupied by the maize LTR retrotransposons. In both species, MITEs were found in the space between genes and inside introns, indicating specific insertion and/or retention for these elements. Two adjacent sorghum genes, including one gene missing in maize, had colinear homologues on Arabidopsis chromosome IV, suggesting two rearrangements in the sorghum and three in the maize genome in comparison to a four-gene region of Arabidopsis. Hence, multiple small rearrangements may be present even in largely colinear genomic regions. These studies revealed a much higher degree of diversity at a microstructural level than predicted by genetic mapping studies for closely related grass species, as well as for comparisons of monocots and dicots.
The retail pornography industry and the organization of vice

This article examines the retail pornography industry, with emphasis placed on illicit activities conducted by retail operations. The article examines the overlap between retail pornography operations and other forms of vice (prostitution, drug distribution, gambling). The findings are from data gathered in an observational study of 26 retail operations in the Philadelphia area. Allegations that the pornography industry creates a foundation for other vice activities are examined.
Drosophila TIM binds importin α1, and acts as an adapter to transport PER to the nucleus

Regulated nuclear entry of clock proteins is a conserved feature of eukaryotic circadian clocks and serves to separate the phase of mRNA activation from mRNA repression in the molecular feedback loop. In Drosophila, nuclear entry of the clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM), is tightly controlled, and impairments of this process produce profound behavioral phenotypes. We report here that nuclear entry of PER-TIM in clock cells, and consequently behavioral rhythms, require a specific member of a classic nuclear import pathway, Importin α1 (IMPα1). In addition to IMPα1, rhythmic behavior and nuclear expression of PER-TIM require a specific nuclear pore protein, Nup153, and Ran-GTPase. IMPα1 can also drive rapid and efficient nuclear expression of TIM and PER in cultured cells, although the effect on PER is mediated by TIM. Mapping of interaction domains between IMPα1 and TIM/PER suggests that TIM is the primary cargo for the importin machinery. This is supported by attenuated interaction of IMPα1 with TIM carrying a mutation previously shown to prevent nuclear entry of TIM and PER. TIM is detected at the nuclear envelope, and computational modeling suggests that it contains HEAT-ARM repeats typically found in karyopherins, consistent with its role as a co-transporter for PER. These findings suggest that although PER is the major timekeeper of the clock, TIM is the primary target of nuclear import mechanisms. Thus, the circadian clock uses specific components of the importin pathway with a novel twist in that TIM serves a karyopherin-like role for PER.
Discussion of: Statistical and Regulatory Issues with the Application of Propensity Score Analysis to Nonrandomized Medical Device Clinical Studies

As indicated by Dr. Yue, nonrandomized studies are more common in medical device studies than in drug and biological product studies. Informative analyses of such registries compared to prior histo...
Endotoxin priming of neutrophils requires endocytosis and NADPH oxidase-dependent endosomal reactive oxygen species

NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2)-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)) microbicidal function. Nox2 also plays a role in intracellular signaling, but the site of oxidase assembly is unknown. It has been proposed to occur on secondary granules. We previously demonstrated that intracellular NADPH oxidase-derived ROS production is required for endotoxin priming. We hypothesized that endotoxin drives Nox2 assembly on endosomes. Endotoxin induced ROS generation within an endosomal compartment as quantified by flow cytometry (dihydrorhodamine 123 and Oxyburst Green). Inhibition of endocytosis by the dynamin-II inhibitor Dynasore blocked endocytosis of dextran, intracellular generation of ROS, and priming of PMN by endotoxin. Confocal microscopy demonstrated a ROS-containing endosomal compartment that co-labeled with gp91(phox), p40(phox), p67(phox), and Rab5, but not with the secondary granule marker CD66b. To further characterize this compartment, PMNs were fractionated by nitrogen cavitation and differential centrifugation, followed by free flow electrophoresis. Specific subfractions made superoxide in the presence of NADPH by cell-free assay (cytochrome c). Subfraction content of membrane and cytosolic subunits of Nox2 correlated with ROS production. Following priming, there was a shift in the light membrane subfractions where ROS production was highest. CD66b was not mobilized from the secondary granule compartment. These data demonstrate a novel, nonphagosomal intracellular site for Nox2 assembly. This compartment is endocytic in origin and is required for PMN priming by endotoxin.
A study of a dice problem

Abstract Dice are well-studied objects in combinatorial studies. In this paper, we study the following problem about dice: Given m dice, each of which has n faces, how many arrangements of those dice are there such that the sum of their outcomes equals to p ? We will give a computer solution as well as a combinatorial analysis of this problem. After studying the relationship between this dice problem and multinomial coefficient, we will further generalize this dice problem to its extreme and provide corresponding solutions.
Transverse deflection and dissipation of small plasma beams and clouds in magnetized media

Propagation of a quasi-neutral plasma beam or cloud across a magnetic field is considered for the case where the transverse dimension of the beam or cloud is sufficiently small compared to ion gyroradii. This situation commonly arises for active experiments in near-earth space. Two mechanisms are presented for transverse deflection of a beam or cloud in the -v0 x B0 direction where v0 is the velocity relative to the ambient medium. In the first, asymmetric escape of ions from an electrically polarized beam or cloud causes transverse deflection by means of a rocket effect. The transverse deflection distance is estimated to be a few times the initial transverse dimension of the beam or cloud. Dissipation occurs within a few times the thermal ion transverse crossing time. In the second mechanism, asymmetric charging results from localized accumulation of incident ions from the ambient medium. This excess positive charge distorts electric equipotentials and drives electron Hall currents that maintain an asymmetric compressed magnetic field region. The asymmetry of the magnetic stress contributes to transverse deflection with the same sign as the rocket effect. The asymmetric magnetic field also focuses incident ions to yield the localized charge accumulation. These ideas are qualitatively consistent with observations of the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers artificial comet releases.
Distributed feedback D-fiber dye laser

A method for producing a distributed feedback D fiber dye laser is presented. Existing fiber dye lasers are produced by placing a tapered single mode fiber into a dye solution. The evanescent field of a doubled YAG laser beam traveling in the fiber is used to pump the dye into fluorescence. Optical feedback and lasing action are achieved using external mirrors or a resonant fiber ring. In our scheme a segment of D fiber is etched to within a few microns of the fiber core. The etched fiber is placed in a solution of R6G dye. The etching is controlled using an in situ monitoring technique we have developed. An argon ion laser beam is focused into the fiber. Because of the small core size of the D fiber we use, there is sufficient energy in the evanescent field to cause the dye to be fluorescent. Diffraction gratings are produced generated by a holographic technique. We create diffraction gratings with periods of less than .3 (mu) using this technique. A miniature fiber dye laser could provide a compact source for short laser pulses for use in spectroscopy and communications.
Renal Effects of Anti-angiogenesis Therapy : Update for the Internist

Angiogenesis has become an innovative target in cancer therapy. Agents that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the most potent promoters of angiogenesis, and its receptor have significant implications for clinical practice. Bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib and other anti-VEGF drugs are frequently complicated by mild proteinuria and hypertension. Other unique renal effects, such as high-grade proteinuria and acute kidney injury, have been described. The most common histopathologic kidney lesion is thrombotic microangiopathy, with other glomerular lesions and interstitial nephritis occurring less frequently. The mechanism for anti-VEGF therapy-induced hypertension is not well understood; however, nitric oxide pathway inhibition, rarefaction, and oxidative stress may be important in its pathogenesis. Glomerular injury may develop from loss of VEGF effect on maintaining the filtration barrier. Adverse effects of anti-VEGF class of drugs are manageable but require close attention and follow-up. Understanding the fundamentals of anti-VEGF drugs' mechanism of action and their clinical implications is crucial when caring for patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy.
Changes in pectin methylesterification and accumulation of methanol during production of diced tomatoes

Abstract The degree of methylesterification (DM) of the pectins in tomatoes affects the firmness of diced products and the consistency of juices. We examined the changes in DM that occur during commercial production of diced tomatoes packed in tomato juice. Ripe processing tomatoes contained low amounts of free methanol (
Hesperetin, a potential therapy for carcinoid cancer

Abstract Background The investigators' laboratory has demonstrated that the Notch1 signaling pathway acts as a tumor suppressor in carcinoid tumors. The aim of this study was to examine hesperetin, a flavonoid, as a potential Notch1 activator and carcinoid tumor suppressor. Methods A high-throughput drug screen revealed hesperetin as a Notch1 activator. Human gastrointestinal carcinoid (BON) cell growth after hesperetin treatment was assessed with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Western blots were used to measure neuroendocrine tumor markers, human achaete-scute complex-like 1, and chromogranin A. Notch1 expression was measured using western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results Hesperetin induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner and reduced achaete-scute complex-like 1 and chromogranin A expression, with a concomitant rise in Notch1 levels. It also induced Notch1 messenger ribonucleic acid, indicating regulation at the transcriptional level. Conclusion Hesperetin induces Notch1 expression in carcinoid cells, subsequently suppressing tumor cell proliferation and bioactive hormone production. This provides evidence for further study into hesperetin as a potential treatment for carcinoid cancer.
Three-dimensional potential flows from functions of a 3D complex variable

Potential, or ideal, flow velocities can be found from the gradient of an harmonic function. An ordinary complex valued analytic function can be written as the sum of two real valued functions, both of which are harmonic. Thus, 2D complex valued functions serve as a source of functions that describe two-dimensional potential flows. However, this use of complex variables has been limited to two-dimensions. Recently, a new system of three-dimensional complex variables has been developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. As a step towards application of this theory to the analysis of 3D potential flow, several functions of a three-dimensional complex variable has been investigated. The results for two such functions, the 3D exponential and 3D logarithm, are presented in this paper. Potential flows found from these functions are investigated. Important characteristics of these flows fields are noted.
The surface waters component of the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP): an overview

The U.S. EPA is developing a new monitoring program, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), to monitor and assess the ecological health of major ecosystems, including surface waters, forests, near-coastal waters, wetlands, agricultural lands, arid lands, and the Great Lakes, in an integrated, systematic manner. The program is designed to operate at regional and national scales, for decades, and to evaluate the extent and condition of entire ecological resources. EMAP has a common sampling framework for all resource types. The frame consists of a systematic grid of about 12,500 points in the conterminous United States that can be subdivided into subgrids of varying densities. A subset of 3,200 40 km2 hexagons will be selected for field sampling of surface water resources. A four-year resampling cycle will allow approximately 800 lakes and 800 stream sites to be evaluated annually. Ecological assessments for surface waters will address three environmental values of concern: biotic integrity, fishability, and trophic state. The focus will be on biological assemblages, including fish, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, birds and diatoms, as response indicators of ecological condition.
A Field Demonstration of the Simulation Optimization Approach for Remediation System Design

While significant progress has been made in the theoretical development of the simulation/optimization (S/O) approach for ground water remediation design, its application to large, field-scale problems has remained limited. To demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the S/O approach under real field conditions, an optimization demonstration project was conducted at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, involving the design of a pump-and-treat system for the containment and cleanup of a large trichloroethylene (TCE) plume. The optimization techniques used in this study are based on evolutionary algorithms coupled with a response function approach for greater computational efficiency. The S/O analysis was performed parallel to a conventional trial-and-error analysis based on simulation alone. The results of this study demonstrate that not only would it be possible to remove more TCE mass under the same amount of pumping assumed in the trial-and-error design, but also substantial cost savings could be achieved by reducing the number of wells needed and adapting dynamic pumping. In spite of the large model size of more than 500,000 nodes and a long planning horizon of 30 years, the optimization modeling was carried out successfully on desktop PCs. This field demonstration project clearly illustrates the potential benefits of applying optimization techniques in remediation system design.
Ion-implanted n+ contacts for Ka band GaAs Gunn-effect diodes

Shallow (<1 μm) n-type doping profiles with peak carrier concentrations of ≃ 8 × 1017 cm−3 have been formed by sulphur-ion implantation into vapour-phase GaAs epitaxial layers for improved Gunn-effect-diode contacts. Continuous wave output powers in excess of 250 mW were measured at 35 GHz, with the implanted n+ profile biased either as an electron cathode or anode contact.
UNIVERSALITY IN DIFFUSION OF CLASSICAL ADATOMS ON SURFACES

We describe results obtained from a novel microscopic theory of diffusion of classical adatoms on surfaces.
Evidence for multilocus genetic control of preferential fertilisation in maize.

Genetic segregation was studied in more than 1900 seedlings of an F2 between the maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines T232 and CM37. Significant segregation distortion was observed at 11 of 17 segregating allozyme loci and at a single morphological marker locus distributed on 7 of the 10 chromosomes in the genome. Deviations from genotypic class expectations were small for most loci, and averaged 7·7 per cent. Percent transmission of the allele contributed by T232 varied from 47·7 per cent to 53·3 per cent. The allele donated by T232 was significantly under-represented for loci on chromosomes 1 and 8, whereas the allele contributed by CM37 was deficient for nine of the ten segregating loci on chromosomes 2, 3, and 6. In all cases, the parental origin of the deficient allele was consistent for markers on a chromosome. Evidence is presented that suggests the aberrant ratios arose from linkage of the markers with genetic factors affecting prezygotic transmission, and that a minimum of 5 such factors were operative, one on each of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8. In contrast to the multi-locus and multi-chromosomal distorted segregation observed in the F2, all loci in backcross progenies fit Mendelian expectations. It is suggested that this discrepancy reflects variable environmental selection pressures on genes that influence aspects of gamete competition.
Heterometallic Fluoroalkoxides of Barium and Copper(I). Syntheses and Structures of [(Me3NO)2Ba2Cu4(TFTB)8] and [(THF)2Ba2Cu2(HFTB)6]

Reaction of HORF and in situ synthesized [Ba(ORF)2] (from Ba[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 and HORF) with CuMes yields, in THF, [(THF)2Ba2Cu2(OCMe(CF3)2)6]. In the case of HORF = HOCMe2CF3, only upon addition of Me3NO is a soluble product obtained: [(Me3NO)2Ba2Cu4(OCMe2CF3)8]. [(THF)2Ba2Cu2(OCMe(CF3)2)6] has a square-planar Ba2Cu2O4 core structure with two additional alkoxides bridging the two bariums, giving the barium a tbp coordination environment. The structure of [(Me3NO)2Ba2Cu4(OCMe2CF3)8] is markedly different in that it has one more Cu−(OR) unit inserted into the Ba−(OR)−Ba unit. This gives the Ba2Cu4 core structure the shape of an octahedron and barium a square-pyramidal coordination environment. These structures are compared and contrasted with the structures of [Ba2Cu4(OCEt3)8], [(Et3PO)2Ba2Cu4(OtBu)8], and [(Me3NO)2Ba2Cu4(OtBu)8].
On the optimal pulse duration in electrical stimulation of the brain

Abstract Rats ran a runway for brain stimulation reward. From data relating running speed to current intensity at different pulse durations, we determined the strength-duration function. This function describes how much of an increase in current is required to compensate for a given decrease in pulse duration. From this function we calculated total charge (Current × Duration) as a function of duration. This quantity tends toward a constant minimum at short durations (0.1 msec or less). Short pulse durations should minimize the deleterious electrochemical effects of stimulation delivered through chronic electrodes.