cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain-Hardening of Metals

Introduction With elastic deformation, the strains are proportional to the stress, so every level of stress causes some elastic deformation. On the other hand, a definite level of stress must be applied before any plastic deformation occurs. As the stress is further increased, the amount of deformation increases, but not linearly. After plastic deformation starts, the total strain is the sum of the elastic strain (which still obeys Hooke's law) and the plastic strain. Because the elastic part of the strain is usually much less than the plastic part, it will be neglected in this chapter and the symbol e will signify the true plastic strain. The terms strain-hardening and work-hardening are used interchangeably to describe the increase of the stress level necessary to continue plastic deformation. The term flow stress is used to describe the stress necessary to continue deformation at any stage of plastic strain. Mathematical descriptions of true stress–strain curves are needed in engineering analyses that involve plastic deformation, such as prediction of energy absorption in automobile crashes, design of dies for consist stamping parts, and analysis of the stresses around cracks. Various approximations are possible. Which approximation is best depends on the material, the nature of the problem, and the need for accuracy. This chapter will consider several approximations and their applications.
Partnerships to facilitate electricity access for the remote rural communities of sub-Sahara Africa

While much of the world enjoys electricity for conveniences and necessities of daily life, a significant portion of the global population has no access to electricity. The absence of electricity creates barriers for family life as well as educational and economic opportunities. The extremely high cost of grid expansion and a lack of available fuel resources to generate electricity have been hurdles for electrification of regions such as sub-Sahara Africa. Extending the grid to meet electricity needs of a small population, especially in rural areas with low population density, is not always viable. Instead, localized electricity generation in stand-alone or mini-grid applications is a possible option. This paper will give examples of current programs for electrification and discuss barriers to rural electrification. The paper will conclude with suggestions for partnership between the government, academic institutions, industry, and NGOs to accelerate electrification in rural communities, specifically sub-Sahara Africa, while leveraging the available renewable energy technologies.
Distinct brain networks underlie cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.

Objective: To determine whether cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) derives from the same network pathology. Methods: We analyzed 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans from 40 patients with AD and 40 age-matched healthy controls from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and scanned an additional 10 patients with AD and 10 healthy controls at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research to derive an AD-related metabolic pattern (ADRP) analogous to our previously established PD cognition-related pattern (PDCP) and PD motor-related pattern (PDRP). We computed individual subject expression values for ADRP and PDCP in 89 patients with PD and correlated summary scores for cognitive functioning with network expression. We also evaluated changes in ADRP and PDCP expression in a separate group of 15 patients with PD scanned serially over a 4-year period. Results: Analysis revealed a significant AD-related metabolic topography characterized by covarying metabolic reductions in the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and parietal and temporal association regions. Expression of ADRP, but not PDCP, was elevated in both AD groups and correlated with worse cognitive summary scores. Patients with PD showed slight ADRP expression, due to topographic overlap with the network underlying PD motor-related pattern degeneration, but only their PDCP expression values increased as cognitive function and executive performance declined. Longitudinal data in PD disclosed an analogous dissociation of network expression. Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction in PD is associated with a specific brain network that is largely spatially and functionally distinct from that seen in relation to AD.
Phenotyping on EHR data using OWL and semantic web technologies

Objective: In this paper, we introduce our efforts on using semantic web technologies to execute phenotyping algorithms on Electronic Health Records (EHR) data.
Slide tracheoplasty outcomes in children with congenital pulmonary malformations

Objectives/Hypothesis Evaluate and compare surgical outcomes of slide tracheoplasty for the treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis in children with and without pulmonary malformations. Study Design Retrospective chart review at a tertiary care pediatric medical center. Methods We identified patients with tracheal stenosis who underwent slide tracheoplasty from 2001 to 2014, and a subset of these patients who were diagnosed with congenital pulmonary malformations. Hospital course and preoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Results One hundred thirty patients (18 with pulmonary malformations, 112 with normal pulmonary anatomy) were included. Pulmonary malformations included unilateral pulmonary agenesis (61%) and hypoplasia (39%). Children with pulmonary malformations had a greater median age compared to their normal lung anatomy counterparts. Preoperatively, patients with pulmonary malformations more frequently required preoperative mechanical ventilation (55.6% vs. 21.3%, P = .007), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (11% vs. 0.9%, P = .05), and tracheostomy (22.2% vs. 3.6%, P = .01). Postoperatively, patients with pulmonary malformations more frequently required mechanical ventilation >48 hours (78% vs. 37%, P =.005) and ECMO use (11% vs. 0.9%, P = .05). Pulmonary malformation patients and children with normal anatomy did not differ in terms of postoperative tracheostomy (16.7% vs. 4.4%, P > .05), dehiscence (6% vs. 0%, P > .05%), restenosis (11% vs. 6%, P > .05) or postoperative figure 8 deformity (6% vs. 3%, P > .05). Mortality, however, was significantly increased (22.2% vs. 3.6%, P = .01) in children with pulmonary malformations. Conclusions Although slide tracheoplasty can be successfully performed in patients with abnormal pulmonary anatomy, surgeons and families should anticipate a more difficult postoperative course, with possible associated prolonged mechanical ventilation, ECMO use, and higher mortality than in children with tracheal stenosis alone. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1283–1287, 2017
On the variation in the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms with time of onset

Recent observations from Immel and Mannucci (2013) have indicated that geomagnetic storms cause larger enhancements in the ionospheric plasma density and total electron content (TEC) in the American sector than anywhere else on the planet. This suggests that the presence of a UT storm onset effect is important for correctly understanding the impact, longitudinal structure, and timing of geomagnetic storms. Using the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (GITM), we conduct a modeling experiment of the August 2011 geomagnetic storm by modifying the storm arrival time (UT) in Earth's daily rotation and examining the subsequent system response. We find that the simulations reflect the recent studies indicating that the strongest enhancements of TEC are in the American and Pacific longitude sectors of storms with onsets between 1600 UT and 2400 UT. The underlying mechanisms of the strong TEC increases during storm times in these longitude sectors are also examined. Some of the resulting TEC structures may be explained by changes in the [O]/[N2] ratio (especially in the high latitudes), but it is unable to explain all of the variability in the equatorial regions. Storm time neutral winds and vertical ion motions coupled to Earth's asymmetrical geomagnetic topology appear to be driving the longitude sector variability due to UT storm onset times.
Trying not to lose: The electoral consequences of unilateral reform efforts and the social pact formation process

The existing social pact literature claims that governing parties offer social pact proposals because they anticipate they will receive an electoral benefit from social pact agreements. Yet the available data on social pacts inform us that in a substantial minority of cases social pact proposals fail to become social pact agreements. In an effort to better determine the political calculations made by governments before they propose a social pact, this article examines the effect of implementing reform legislation unilaterally, social pact proposals, social pact proposal failures and social pact agreements on the vote share of government parties in 15 Western European countries between 1981 and 2006. It is found that social pact proposals do not have any electoral consequences for governing parties, unilateral legislation and social pact proposal failures reduce the vote share of governing parties, and social pact agreements provide an electoral benefit to parties in minority governments only. These findings suggest that governing parties propose social pacts in a good faith effort to complete a social pact agreement; and that such an agreement is not a way for these parties to gain votes, but to avoid the electoral punishment associated with enacting unpopular reforms unilaterally.
Teaching metaphorical extensions of private events through rival-model observation to children with autism

The study evaluated the efficacy of observational learning using the rival-model technique in teaching three children with autism to state metaphorical statements about emotions when provided a picture, as well as to intraverbally state an appropriate emotion when provided a scenario and corresponding metaphorical emotion. The results provide a preliminary evaluation of how an observational teaching strategy may be effective in teaching children with autism to correctly tact emotions when given metaphors.
The Legacy of the School Effectiveness Research Tradition

Writing about the “legacy” of any field of research is a daunting task. This is especially the case for “school effectiveness research,” which has a complex (and sometimes controversial) history. What does “legacy” in this context mean? A legacy is something that is handed down from a previous generation or time to the current generation or time. In academic research, a legacy may be defined as that which is handed down from a preceding group of scholars, including the existing body of knowledge that is relevant and continues to be used.
Intracranial AVM: Endovascular Management and Treatment

With increasing frequency, neuroendovascular specialists are called upon to consult on and treat complex cerebral AVMs in a systematized, comprehensive, and decisive fashion, often demonstrating a sophistication and expertise in the interrelated medical and surgical management of these dynamic neurosurgical entities.
Some Recent Theories of Justice

Of the fifteen legal theorists whose work was surveyed by Arnold Brecht, only one considered justice to be of the highest value: Gustav Radbruch.1
Recovering Filter-Based Microarray Data for Pathways Analysis Using a Multipoint Alignment Strategy

The use of commercial microarrays is rapidly becoming the method of choice for profiling gene expression and assessing various disease states. Research Genetics has provided a series of biological and software tools to the research community for these analyses. The fidelity of data analysis using these tools is dependent on a series of well-defined reference control points in the array. During the course of our investigations, it became apparent that in some instances the reference control points that are required for analysis became lost in background noise. This effectively halted the analysis and the recovery of any information contained within that experiment. To recover this data and to increase analytical veracity, the simple strategy of superimposing a template of reference control points onto the experimental array was developed. The utility of this tool is established in this communication.
Psychosocial Adjustment to Seizure Disorders: Assessment and Implications for Psychotherapy

One of the main goals of psychotherapy in the clinical setting is to enable clients to improve those areas of day-to-day functioning which serve to better their overall quality of life. The psychosocial aspects of seizure disorders can have a tremendous impact on those areas of a client's life which serve as a foundation to overall psychosocial adjustment and mental health. Neuropsychologists, because of their specialized training in the area of neuroanatomy and brain functioning, are more likely to be aware of the neurological correlates of seizure disorders, However, the underlying psychosocial issues may often be less apparent and may not be adequately addressed in therapy. The present literature review summarizes the clinical usefulness of the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory (WPSI) as a measure of adjustment to seizure disorders in adults. The WPSI is used to measure functioning on a variety of psychological and social domains specific to individuals with seizure disorders (Dodrill,...
Assessing Local Attitudes and Perceptions of Non-Native Species to Inform Management of Novel Ecosystems

The formation of novel ecosystems by non-native species poses management challenges that are both socially and ecologically complex. Negative attitudes towards non-native species can complicate management in cases where non-native species provide ecosystem service benefits. Due to their intentional introduction over a century ago, non-native mangroves in Hawai’i present a unique case study. Although some have called for eradication of mangroves from Hawai’i, an active management approach may ultimately offer the greatest benefits to both the ecosystem and society by allowing mangroves to persist in locations where they provide habitat and crabbing access, while limiting their extent in other locations to protect native bird habitat and allow for beach and ocean access. We evaluated (1) attitudes and perceptions about non-native mangroves, (2) factors influencing these attitudes, and (3) support for different management approaches by surveying residents of Moloka’i, Hawai’i (n = 204). Negative attitudes towards mangroves were influenced by a lack of reliance on mangroves for benefit and a concern about threats to Moloka’i’s coast. Active management was supported by 88% of residents, while 41% supported eradication. Among the 88% in favor of active management, 24% of written in responses expressed a need for maintaining the benefits of mangroves and 67% described reducing the negative impacts, while 4% acknowledged both the benefit and harm the species has on the environment. As successful non-native species management may be dependent on local support, we emphasize that understanding human attitudes and perceptions is beneficial for non-native species managers in any location. Results from our study highlight the importance of understanding social attitudes towards non-native species management strategies from propagation to eradication. We conclude with a framework for integrating stakeholder attitudes and beliefs into novel ecosystem management.
Charge Transfer Dynamics in Aqueous Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells: Implications for Water Splitting Efficiency

Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs) utilize molecular species for light-harvesting and water oxidation in order to store solar energy as hydrogen fuel. To engineer these devices for better performance, research has centered around suppressing charge recombination at the semiconductor–sensitizer interface and developing better catalysts for water oxidation. Yet it remains quantitatively unknown how much DSPECs can benefit from these improvements. We use a simplified photoanode process to model the charge transport dynamics in DSPECs under surface reaction-limiting conditions. By combining intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and numerical simulations, we explore in detail how electron transport and recombination rates as well as the sensitizer regeneration rate affect the steady-state photocurrent and the charge carrier concentration distribution. Numerical simulations confirm that fast electron diffusion in the semiconductor, a slow interfacial charge reco...
The Epistasis Boundary: Linear vs. Nonlinear Genotype-Phenotype Relationships

Abstract Nonlinearity in the genotype-phenotype relationship can take the form of dominance, epistasis, or gene-environment interaction. The importance of nonlinearity, especially epistasis, in real complex traits is controversial. Network models in systems biology are typically highly nonlinear, yet the predictive power of linear quantitative genetic models is rarely improved by addition of nonlinear terms, and association studies detect few strong gene-gene interactions. We find that complex traits satisfying certain conditions can be well represented by a linear genetic model on an appropriate scale despite underlying biological complexity. Recent mathematical results in separability theory determine these conditions, which correspond to three biological criteria (Directional Consistency, Environmental Compensability, and Pathway Redundancy) together making up an Epistatic Boundary between systems suitable and unsuitable for linear modeling. For nonlinear traits, we introduce a classification of types of nonlinearity from a systems perspective, and use this to illustrate how upstream controlling genes, potentially more important to explaining biological function, can be intrinsically harder to detect by GWAS than their downstream controlled counterparts.
Decoding multitask DQN in the world of Minecraft

Multitask networks that can play multiple Atari games at expert level have been successfully trained using supervised learning from several single task Deep Q Networks (DQN). However, such networks are not be able to exploit the high level similarity between games or learn common representations of game states. In fact, learned representations were shown to be separable given the game. In our work, we show that with suﬃcient similarity between tasks, we can train a multitask extension of DQN (MDQN) which shares representations across tasks without loss of performance. To this end, we construct a novel set of tasks with shared characteristics in Minecraft, a complex 3D world, and are able to demonstrate meaningful representation sharing between diﬀerent related tasks. Sharing representations for similar tasks has paramount importance for transfer learning and lifelong learning. We envision results of this work as a stepping stone to novel lifelong learning approaches.
“I Can Feel That People Living Here Don’t Like Chinese Students”: Perceived Discrimination and Chinese International Student Adaptation

Chinese students have become the largest group of international students on US campuses since 2010, and currently one out of every three international students in the USA holds a Chinese passport (Institute of International Education, 2017). Their arrival has greatly contributed to campus cultural diversity and local area economy (Breuning, 2007; Smith & Khawaja, 2011). Despite the significant increase in Chinese student enrollment, their adaptation issues, especially their experiences of discrimination, have received limited attention from researchers and mental health professionals. Drawing on survey data collected with 330 Chinese freshmen and in-depth interviews with 48 Chinese students who enrolled at a large Midwestern university, this chapter investigates Chinese undergraduates’ perceived stereotypes and discrimination and how their experiences influenced their psychosocial adaptation in the USA. Findings suggest that although many Chinese students perceived the host institute as accepting and inclusive, it is noteworthy that a significant portion of our students reported discrimination from domestic students, university faculty and staff, and local residents. Student victims of discrimination expressed feelings of anger, frustration, and helplessness. Surprisingly, some Chinese students blamed their experiences of being discriminated on “inappropriate behaviors” (such as flaunting luxuries) of the Chinese student population; some of them even felt “shameful” when talking about how domestic students perceived Chinese students’ behaviors. We will examine the effects of perceived discrimination on Chinese student adaptation and how their interpretations of discrimination are affected by attributions such as self-blame and sense of shame. Implications for institutional support and campus counseling services will also be discussed.
Techno-Economic Analysis for Manufacturing Cross-Laminated Timber

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a bio-based building material that enables rapid construction and buildings with low embodied energy. Despite its comparative maturity in European markets, relatively little information regarding process design and economics for the manufacture of cross-laminated timber is available in the literature. Two techno-economic analyses were conducted to quantify the mill-gate cost of cross-laminated timber. The cross-laminated timber manufacturing process was described, and costs were analyzed for two facility scales. Cross-laminated timber produced at the large-scale facility using lumber priced at an average value for the northwest United States has a minimum selling price of $536/m3. Sensitivity analyses were used to define the impact of plant size, asset utilization, lumber price, plant capital cost, material waste, and other variables on minimum selling price. The cost of cross laminated timber rises quickly when a facility is not fully utilized. The second-ranking cost controlling variable is lumber price, while energy prices have minimal influence. The price of cross laminated timber can be optimized by locating a facility near low-cost lumber. The lowest-price region analyzed was the southeast United States using Southern Pine, which reduced the cost of cross laminated timber to $518/m3.
Residual SYNTAX Score After Advanced Hybrid Robotic Totally Endoscopic Coronary Revascularization

Abstract Background Advanced hybrid coronary revascularization (AHCR) combines multi-vessel robotic beating-heart totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass with percutaneous coronary intervention. The aim of this study was to quantify the remaining coronary artery disease after AHCR using residual SYNTAX score. Methods From July 2013 to September 2017, patients who had postoperative angiogram after AHCR were reviewed. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: Group 1, complete or near-complete revascularization (nCR group; residual SYNTAX score=or 8). Results Among 308 patients who underwent totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass, 57 patients received AHCR and 51 patients had postoperative angiograms that allowed calculations of residual SYNTAX score. Mean baseline and residual SYNTAX scores were 33.1±11.0 and 4.6±6.5 respectively. There were 44 patients (86 %) in the nCR group, and of these, 16 patients (31 %) achieved true complete revascularization (residual SYNTAX score=0). Overall graft patency was 96.2 %. There were no differences in preoperative characteristics or postoperative outcomes between the two groups. Two-year survival rate and freedom from major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization) were significantly higher in the nCR group compared to the IR group. Conclusions Advanced hybrid coronary revascularization at our institution was safely performed with excellent early outcomes, graft patency, and high achievement of complete or near-complete revascularization. Residual SYNTAX score might predict long-term ischemic events after hybrid coronary revascularization.
Primary Care Physicians’ Experiences With and Strategies for Managing Electronic Messages

Importance The increasing use of electronic communications has enhanced access to physicians for patients and clinical staff. Primary care physicians (PCPs) have anecdotally identified electronic inbox management as a new source of work-related stress. Objectives To describe PCPs’ experiences managing their electronic inboxes and to characterize the array of management strategies developed by individual physicians and practice groups. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study was conducted in 8 medical centers of a large group practice with more than 4 million patients in diverse settings and a mature electronic health record. The group encourages patients to use portal secure messaging to enhance access to their physicians and the care experience. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 internists and family medicine physicians identified via snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted July through November 2018. Data analysis was conducted between November 2018 and April 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Audio recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify major themes and subthemes. Results The 24 participants (12 women [50.0%]; mean [SD] age, 45.5 [6.5] years), including 9 department chiefs and 15 PCPs, had a mean (SD) of 16.8 (7.8) years since medical school graduation. Participants described substantial changes in medical practice due to electronic communication, including perceived patient expectations to receive rapid responses to portal secure messages. They described portal secure messaging as useful for building relationships with patients, but also reported that electronic message management has created new stressors, including erosion of work-life boundaries and anxiety associated with unlimited inbox volume. Individual PCPs used a diverse array of strategies, including multitasking during and outside work and delegating to medical assistants. Chiefs described group-level strategies, including reserving clinic time for inbox management, coverage systems for vacation and sick days, physician-to-physician training, and interdisciplinary teams to share messaging work. Conclusions and Relevance Individual physicians and local practice groups have developed a wide array of strategies for electronic inbox management. The volume of electronic messages and PCPs’ perceptions that patients expect rapid responses have created new stressors in primary care practice. Medical groups and health systems can support PCPs by facilitating knowledge transfer among physicians about inbox management strategies and further developing team structures for inbox coverage.
Treasure Hunting as an American Subculture: the Thrill of the Chase

In 2010 an elderly millionaire named Forrest Fenn published his memoir (The Thrill of the Chase) along with a poem describing nine clues to the location of a treasure chest worth millions hidden in the Rocky Mountains. This analysis explored the Fenn treasure hunt as an analog for extraordinary goal pursuits that can consume an individual over time. This chase commitment gradient was conceptualized to occur in phases within the context of liminal theory. The opportunity was taken as well to generate an estimate of the size of the Fenn Chase community at this time. About a third of the national respondents (N = 1178) to a nondescript “mystery” survey claimed awareness with a smaller number self-identified as community members. These survey findings estimated that up to two million adult Americans are involved at some level in the Chase, with an estimated (433,013) constituting competitive searchers with advanced knowledge. A second sample of seasoned members (N = 249) was generated from Chase blogs. The average chaser was shown to be normative in personality, mood regulation, and childhood development. While hypomania was not evident for the average Chaser, those mood attributes enhanced the appeal of the chase as manifested in higher commitments, satisfaction, knowledge, and addiction risk. Over 80% of the blog sample held Fenn and his Chase in high regard, and about 10% described their involvement as a possible addiction. The chase represents an interesting subcultural phenomenon that warrants attention in the social sciences.
A new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) infecting stratum spongiosum of the imperiled sicklefin redhorse, Moxostoma sp. (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) from the Little Tennessee River, North Carolina, USA

The sicklefin redhorse, Moxostoma sp. (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae), is an innominate imperiled catostomid endemic to the Hiwassee and Little Tennessee river basins, which has been restricted to a few tributaries of these systems by impoundments. During collections to propagate sicklefin redhorse for reintroduction, a myxozoan, described herein, was observed infecting sicklefin redhorse in the Little Tennessee River Basin, North Carolina. Myxobolus naylori Ksepka et Bullard sp. n. infects the stratum spongiosum covering the scales of sicklefin redhorse. Myxospores of the new species differ from all congeners by the combination of having a mucous envelope, intercapsular process, and sutural markings as well as lacking an iodinophilic vacuole in the sporoplasm. A phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA gene recovered the new species in a polytomy with Myxobolus marumotoi Li et Sato, 2014 and a clade comprised of species of Myxobolus Butschli, 1882; Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933, and Dicauda Hoffman et Walker, 1973. Histological sections of infected sicklefin redhorse skin revealed myxospores within a plasmodium in the stratum spongiosum dorsal to scales, encapsulated in collagen fibres, and associated with focal erosion of scales directly beneath the plasmodium; in some instances, the scale was perforated by the plasmodium. The specificity of the new species to sicklefin redhorse may make it a useful biological tag to differentiate sicklefin redhorse from morphologically similar species. The new species is the first parasite reported from sicklefin redhorse, a species of concern to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. No species of Myxobolus has been reported from species of Moxostoma in the Southeast United States. As it was observed that Myxobolus minutus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou, Alberson, Woodyard, Mischker, Greenway, Wise et Pote, 2016 is a primary junior homonym of Myxobolus minutus Nemeczek, 1911, we propose the replacement name Myxobolus diminutus (Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou, Alberson, Woodyard, Mischker, Greenway, Wise et Pote, 2016).
Differential morphological profile neural network for maneuverability hazard detection in unmanned aerial system imagery

Within computer vision, deep neural networks (DNNs) have gained tremendous popularity in recent years due to their ability to extract and classify visual features. As this technology has become more widespread, some of the shortcomings of the DNNs have become apparent. Recently, researchers have found that DNNs prefer to learn texture from visual signals rather than shape and have observed that more shape extraction correlates to better DNN performance. DNN have been applied to a vast number of problems, with excellent results in many of them, including object detection. The combination of DNN feature extractors with regression and region proposal techniques, like the Faster Region-Proposal Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN) and Single Shot Detector (SSD), have yielded promising results. Meanwhile, from the field of digital image processing, grayscale morphology extracts shape information using morphological operations. The Differential Morphological Profile (DMP) performs morphological opening and closings with varied structuring element sizes and computes the absolute difference between the resulting steps. The DMP provides a mechanism to improve shape extraction within DNN, and increase model robustness. To that end, a DMP-based neural network, DMPNet, has been created to assist DNN with extracting shape information by adding layers that perform DMP prior to the first convolutional layer. We use the DMPNet as a feature extractor for Faster R-CNN and SSD, and apply it to Maneuverability Hazard Detection in unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery. The benefits of this approach include better explainability, lower training times, and models more tuned to shape information.
CB 1 antagonism increases excitatory synaptogenesis in a cortical spheroid model of fetal brain development

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a complex role in the development of neural circuitry during fetal brain development. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) controls synaptic strength at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and thus contributes to the balance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling. Imbalances in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory synapses have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dysregulated central nervous system development including autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. The role of CB1 in human brain development has been difficult to study but advances in induced pluripotent stem cell technology have allowed us to model the fetal brain environment. Cortical spheroids resemble the cortex of the dorsal telencephalon during mid-fetal gestation and possess functional synapses, spontaneous activity, an astrocyte population, and pseudo-laminar organization. We first characterized the ECS using STORM microscopy and observed synaptic localization of components similar to that which is observed in the fetal brain. Next, using the CB1-selective antagonist SR141716A, we observed an increase in excitatory, and to a lesser extent, inhibitory synaptogenesis as measured by confocal image analysis. Further, CB1 antagonism increased the variability of spontaneous activity within developing neural networks, as measured by microelectrode array. Overall, we have established that cortical spheroids express ECS components and are thus a useful model for exploring endocannabinoid mediation of childhood neuropsychiatric disease.
Recent Advances in Nanotribology of Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently attracted considerable attention in tribology owing to their unique physico-chemical properties and promising lubrication performance when used in a wide range of material pairs. The aim of this review article is to summarize recent advances in our knowledge related to the lubrication mechanisms of neat ILs, with a particular focus on nanoscale studies dealing with the behavior of ILs in the boundary lubrication regime. We first discuss the current state-of-the-art concerning the normal pressure-dependent lubrication mechanism of ILs and then focus on the dynamic behavior of ILs upon nanoconfinment. Finally, we summarize recent research efforts aiming to control the tribological response of ILs by changing the surface charge density, evaluate the effects of impurities on the lubricity of ILs, and shed light on the IL tribochemistry at small length scales. While the field of IL-mediated lubrication has made significant progress, several open questions still remain, including the effects of temperature, impurities, and surface roughness on the friction response and dynamic behaviors of nanoconfined ILs. Additionally, a mechanistic understanding of the tribochemical reactivity of ILs is still lacking. To harness the full potential of ILs for tribological applications, significant work is still required to establish links between the IL structure, lubrication mechanism(s), and performance. These advancements will be instrumental for the predictive design, development, and implementation of ILs with enhanced tribological properties in next-generation lubricants for a variety of applications across several sectors, including manufacturing and transportation.
دراسة اقتصادية لکفاءة ومحددات الاستثمار الزراعي في مصر

: تمثلت مشکلة الدراسة في ضآلة حجم الاستثمارات الموجهة للقطاع الزراعي والتي أصبحت لا تتناسب مع أهمية هذا القطاع , في حين تمثلت أهداف الدراسة في التعرف علي ملامح السياسة الاستثمارية القومية والزراعية وکذا تقييم الأداء الاستثماري في القطاع الزراعي. وتبين من الدراسة تزايد الناتج المحلي الإجمالي خلال فترة الدراسة (2000-2017) بمقدار سنوي معنوي إحصائيا عند مستوي 0,01 بمقدار 117,07 مليار جنيه , و أن الناتج الزراعي تزايد أيضا بمقدار معنوي إحصائيا عند مستوي 0,01 بلغ 18,75 مليار جنيه , وکانت الزيادة في الناتج الزراعي أکبر من الزيادة في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي حيث مثلت الزيادة في الناتج المحلي الزراعي نحو 18% من الزيادة في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي .کما أتضح أن الاستثمارات القومية تتزايد بمقدار معنوي إحصائيا عند مستوي 0,01 بلغ نحو 22,2 مليار جنيه في حين أن الاستثمارات الزراعية تتزايد أيضا بمقدار معنوي إحصائيا عند مستوي 0,01 بلغ 0,491 مليار جنيه , کذلک أتضح أن الاستثمارات الزراعية تمثل نحو 4,54% من الاستثمارات القومية بالرغم من أن الناتج المحلي الزراعي يمثل نحو 15,1% من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي – الأمر الذي يشير إلي أن الاستثمارات الموجهة للقطاع الزراعي لا تتمشي مع مساهمة القطاع الزراعي في الناتج المحلي , کما اتضح أن العمالة القومية أخذت اتجاها عاما متزايدا ومعنوي إحصائيا قدر بنحو 0,752 مليون عامل تمثل نحو 3,13% من متوسط العمالة الکلية ,أما بالنسبة للعمالة الزراعية فقد تزايدت بمقدار سنوي معنوي إحصائيا قدر بنحو 0,070 مليون عامل تمثل نحو 1,474% من متوسط حجم العمالة الزراعية خلال نفس الفترة . وهذا يوضح أن الزيادة في العمالة بالقطاعات الغير زراعية أکبر من الزيادة في العمالة الزراعية أي أن قطاع الزراعة أصبح طاردا للعمالة . کما تم قياس مدي کفاءة أداء الاستثمار في المقتصد القومي وکذلک في القطاع الزراعي للاستفادة منها في التعرف علي البنية الاستثمارية الزراعية وکيفية توجيه الاستثمارات لدفع التنمية في القطاع الزراعي – ودلک من خلال تناول بعض المؤشرات الاقتصادية مثل معدل الاستثمار القومي والزراعي ، والعائد علي الاستثمار القومي والزراعي، ومعامل التکثيف الرأسمالي بالقطاع الزراعي, ومضاعف الاستثمار علي المستوي القومي وقطاع الزراعة، ومعامل التوطن. وتوصلت الدراسة لبعض التوصيات التي تفيد واضعي السياسة الاقتصادية الزراعية في هذا المجال.
Time-Space Compression: Historical Geographies

1. Introduction: Folding Time and Space 2. Theorizing Time-Space Compression 3. Early Modern Time-Space Compression 4. Late Modern Time-Space Compression 5. Postmodern Time-Space Compression 6. Concluding Thoughts
Two-Dimensional Noise Images

Noise in an image can be defined as the unwanted part of that image. The noise may be random in some way, as is the pepper-and-salt appearance on a television screen when the station goes off the air, or it may be systematic, as with the ghost seen when an echo of the wanted signal arrives with a time delay after reflection from a hill. When the television image responds independently to sparks in a faulty thermostat in the nearby refrigerator or to a faulty ignition system on a passing motorcycle, the noise exhibits both random and systematic features. In other cases, the wanted signal may be random; thermal microwave or infrared radiation used for mapping the ground is of this nature. As a result, one person’s noise may be another person’s signal and vice versa. Very often it does not matter much what the character of the noise is, only its magnitude is needed, an attitude that is reflected in the term signal-to-noise ratio. As the examples show, the noise in an image need not be independent of, but can be closely connected with, the wanted signal itself. In the latter case if the signal is removed, the noise will change. When the noise is independent, it may be studied on its own in the absence of any wanted signal.
Desembalando las bibliotecas de la Cuba postsoviética

A partir de las renombradas “Palabras a los intelectuales” (1961), pronunciadas por Fidel Castro en la Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti y la creacion de una red de Bibliotecas estatales, la biblioteca en Cuba se transformo en una esfera cultural saturada de ambiguedad ideologica. En este contexto, la representacion de la biblioteca en la literatura y el cine de la epoca pos-sovietica re-escenifica inconclusos debates entre la libertad de expresion y el contrato social. Este analisis demuestra que la reciente produccion cultural cubana revigoriza la biblioteca como espacio de negociacion ideologica en una epoca de expectativas precarias y reactiva conversaciones culturales sobre la clase social y la democratizacion, la propiedad cultural individual o colectiva, y el ideal revolucionario de la inmersion ciudadana en la vida cultural.
More than a set of teeth: assessing and enhancing dental students' perceptions of older adults.

Abstract Dental professionals play a key role in maintaining the well-being of older adults by identifying problems that disturb systemic health. A 3-part instrument was used to assess dental students' knowledge of aging, comfort with patient diversity and patient care strategies (Years 1-4; N= 321). Collaborative education and services were developed by the Schools of Dental Medicine and Social Work. Results indicate that dental students' knowledge ofaging was low (Palmore's FAQ 1 Range = 58%-64%), comfort with geriatric issues improved after the first year of intervention, and strategies for patient care changed with experience. Group differences suggest the importance of utilizing educational “turning points” as teachable moments.
Concurrent generation of nitric oxide and superoxide damages surfactant protein A.

The conditions under which nitric oxide (.NO) may modulate or promote lung injury have not been identified. We hypothesized that .NO-induced injury results from peroxynitrite, formed by the reaction of .NO with superoxide. The simultaneous generation of .NO and superoxide by 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, 0.1-2 mM) resulted in oxidation of dihydrorhodamine, a marker of peroxynitrite production, and a dose-dependent decrease in the ability of SP-A to enhance lipid aggregation. Western blot analysis of SIN-1 exposed SP-A samples, overlaid with a polyclonal antibody against nitrotyrosine, were consistent with nitration of SP-A tyrosine residues. Superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml), L-cysteine (5 mM), xanthine oxidase (10 mU/ml) and xanthine (500 microM), or urate (100 microM) prevented the SIN-1-induced dihydrorhodamine oxidation and injury to SP-A. .NO alone, generated by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine plus 100 microM L-cysteine, or superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, generated by pterin and xanthine oxidase in the absence of iron, did not damage SP-A or oxidize dihydrorhodamine. We concluded that peroxynitrite, but not .NO or superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, in concentrations likely to be encountered in vivo, caused nitrotyrosine formation and decreased the ability of SP-A to aggregate lipids.
Wages Differences Between Temporary and Permanent Immigrants

Temporary “guestworker” programs are often assumed to have less impact on native-born workers than permanent immigration. However, there are theoretical reasons to expect temporary immigrants to accept lower wages and thus for temporary migration to have a greater adverse impact on receiving country wages. This article develops these theoretical insights and tests for differences in wages paid to temporary and permanent undocumented Mexican immigrants. Survey data from Mexico shows that temporary immigrants earned wages about 12% lower than permanent immigrants. Controlling for human and social capital, a 7.4% difference in wages remains. Among married immigrants, temporary immigrants earn 9.6% lower wages with these same controls.
Modeling Inhibitory Plasticity in the Electrosensory System of Mormyrid Electric Fish

Mathematical analyses and computer simulations are used to study the adaptation induced by plasticity at inhibitory synapses in a cerebellum-like structure, the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of mormyrid electric fish. Single-cell model results are compared with results obtained at the system level in vivo. The model of system level adaptation uses detailed temporal learning rules of plasticity at excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto Purkinje-like neurons. Synaptic plasticity in this system depends on the time difference between pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Adaptation is measured by the ability of the system to cancel a reafferent electrosensory signal by generating a negative image of the predicted signal. The effects of plasticity are tested for the relative temporal correlation between the inhibitory input and the sensory input, the gain of the sensory signal, and the presence of shunting inhibition. The model suggests that the presence of plasticity at inhibitory synapses improves the function of the system if the inhibitory inputs are temporally correlated with a predictable electrosensory signal. The functional improvements include an increased range of adaptability and a higher rate of system level adaptation. However, the presence of shunting inhibition has little effect on the dynamics of the model. The model quantifies the rate of system level adaptation and the accuracy of the negative image. We find that adaptation proceeds at a rate comparable to results obtained from experiments in vivo if the inhibitory input is correlated with electrosensory input. The mathematical analysis and computer simulations support the hypothesis that inhibitory synapses in the molecular layer of the ELL change their efficacy in response to the timing of pre- and postsynaptic spikes. Predictions include the rate of adaptation to sensory stimuli, the range of stimulus amplitudes for which adaptation is possible, the stability of stored negative images, and the timing relations of a temporal learning rule governing the inhibitory synapses. These results may be generalized to other adaptive systems in which plasticity at inhibitory synapses obeys similar learning rules.
Becoming an Ethical Helping Professional: Cultural and Philosophical Foundations

Acknowledgments. About the Authors. About the Contributors. Preface. Section One: The Foundation. One. Counseling Ethics and the Big Picture. Two. Philosophical and Culture: Roots and Prisms. Three. Ethics Codes, Codes of Conduct, Employer Policies, and the Law. Four. Professional Identity Development: Values and Definitions. Section Two: The Day to Day Challenges Common to All. Five. The Helping Relationship: From Beginning to End. Six. Confidentiality and Trust. Seven. Boundaries, Roles, and Limits. Eight. Assessment, Evaluation, Testing: Peering Through the Right Lenses. Nine. Competence, Accountability, and Research: How We Know What We Should Know. Section Three: Specific Specialties and Professional Identities. Ten. Counseling in the Schools, (By John Sommers-Flanagan, Nancy Bodenhorn, and Rita Sommers-Flanagan). Eleven. Psychotherapy, Mental Health Counseling, and Career Counseling. Twelve. More Specialties: Families, Couples, Rehabilitation, Addictions, Pastoral. Thirteen. Teaching, Mentoring, Supervision. Epilogue. References. Appendix A: Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Author Index. Subject Index. About the DVD.
Ischemic Colitis Caused by Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation

Intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP) has been shown to prolong life in critically ill cardiac patients. However, complications including distal emboli, balloon rupture, bleeding, limb loss, and bowel ischemia continue to be associated with them. We present a case of a 56-year-old male who suffered bowel ischemia as a result of a malpositioned IABP. While the benefit of such devices in critically ill patients is not disputed, patients as well as clinicians should be aware of the potential side effects and patients undergoing IABP placement should be monitored for complications.
Fatty Acid Activation by a Lipophilic Bacterium

Cell-free extracts of Nocardia asteroides activated saturated fatty acids from octanoate to octadecanoate, plus docosanoate; maximal activation occurred with dodecanoate. No activation of short-chain fatty acids was observed. The activating enzyme, characterized as an acyl-coenzyme A (Co A) synthetase (acid: Co A ligase [adenosine monophosphate]; EC 6.2.1.3), was localized in the cytoplasm of the cells and had absolute requirements for Co A, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and Mg(2+). Kinetic data suggested that N. asteroides possessed at least two synthetases: one specific for short-chain fatty acids, and the other specific for medium- and long-chain fatty acids.