cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Confucianism: Construction of Confucian Pacifism and Confucian Autocracy in Chinese History

This chapter examines and deconstructs a well-known institution in China: Confucianism. China is often presumed to be different from Europe: While the Western world was simultaneously cursed by a Hobbesian state of war and blessed by a deeply ingrained tradition of constitutionalism, the East was supposed to be endowed with peace but burdened with autocracy. Confucianism, a political philosophy that emphasizes benevolence, is often taken to prescribe pacifism in China’s external relations and paternalism in China’s state-society relations. Yet, Confucianism is not unlike other world philosophical thoughts in that it contains both elements that support peace and those that justify war and components that champion freedom and those that defend autocracy. This chapter traces Confucianism’s evolution from its birth in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770–221 BCE) to its construction in the Imperial era (221 BCE to 1911 CE). It shows that China’s history had roughly equal parts of pacifism and aggression, and limited government and imperial despotism. Confucianism has continued to be reconstructed to this day to support the official line of “peaceful rise” in international relations and a one-party dictatorship in state-society relations. Nevertheless, this deep historical analysis suggests that both the past and the present have suppressed alternatives truer to the Confucian legacy.
The ‘big house’ in a small town: The economic and social impacts of a correctional facility on its host community

As a result of the dramatic increase in the prison population, correctional institutions have become the fastest growing public space in the United States (Zukin, 1995). Criminal justice practitioners and scholars continue to debate the utility of sentencing policies that have produced the demand for new prisons. Perhaps, though, the most unexpected result is the extent to which new correctional institutions are perceived as a means of reviving economically failing communities. As traditional “smokestack chasing” strategies of economic development have become less promising, community leaders are turning to new strategies. One strategy that appears to hold promise is the recruitment of new correctional facilities. Particularly in rural communities that have suffered staggering losses in agriculture, mining, and other natural resource industries, prisons are rapidly becoming a popular alternative to more traditional means of economic development. Today, it is not uncommon for announcements of plans to cons...
Use of Ultrasound to Assess Hemodynamics in Acutely Ill Patients

Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and preventive measures can likely decrease the severity of the injury and improve patient outcomes. Current hemodynamic monitoring variables, including blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, temperature, and oxygenation status, have been used to identify patients at high risk for AKI. Despite the widespread use of such variables, their ability to accurately and timely detect high-risk patients has been questioned. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop and validate tools that can measure new and more kidney-specific hemodynamic and laboratory variables, potentially assisting with AKI risk stratification, implementing appropriate and timely preventive measures, and hopefully improved outcomes. The new ultrasonography techniques provide novel insights into kidney hemodynamics and potential management and/or therapeutic targets. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, Doppler flow patterns of hepatic veins (HV), portal vein (PV), and intra- kidney veins (iKV), and ultrasound elastography are among approaches that may provide such information, particularly related to vascular changes in acute kidney injury, venous volume excess or congestion, and fluid tolerance. This review summarizes the current state of these techniques and their relevance to kidney hemodynamic management.
Identifying organ dysfunction trajectory-based subphenotypes in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

COVID-19-associated respiratory failure offers the unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the differential host response to a uniform pathogenic insult. Understanding whether there are distinct subphenotypes of severe COVID-19 may offer insight into its pathophysiology. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is an objective and comprehensive measurement that measures dysfunction severity of six organ systems, i.e., cardiovascular, central nervous system, coagulation, liver, renal, and respiration. Our aim was to identify and characterize distinct subphenotypes of COVID-19 critical illness defined by the post-intubation trajectory of SOFA score. Intubated COVID-19 patients at two hospitals in New York city were leveraged as development and validation cohorts. Patients were grouped into mild, intermediate, and severe strata by their baseline post-intubation SOFA. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was performed within each stratum to detect subphenotypes based on similarities amongst SOFA score trajectories evaluated by Dynamic Time Warping. Distinct worsening and recovering subphenotypes were identified within each stratum, which had distinct 7-day post-intubation SOFA progression trends. Patients in the worsening suphenotypes had a higher mortality than those in the recovering subphenotypes within each stratum (mild stratum, 29.7% vs. 10.3%, p = 0.033; intermediate stratum, 29.3% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.002; severe stratum, 53.7% vs. 22.2%, p < 0.001). Pathophysiologic biomarkers associated with progression were distinct at each stratum, including findings suggestive of inflammation in low baseline severity of illness versus hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in higher baseline severity of illness. The findings suggest that there are clear worsening and recovering subphenotypes of COVID-19 respiratory failure after intubation, which are more predictive of outcomes than baseline severity of illness. Distinct progression biomarkers at differential baseline severity of illness suggests a heterogeneous pathobiology in the progression of COVID-19 respiratory failure.
A New Conception of Childhood and the Psychoanalytic Gesture in Clarice Lispector

This article examines the emerging centrality of the child’s experience as manifested in selected stories from Clarice Lispector's The Foreign Legion and Covert Joy. The publication of both these works overlapped with an emerging psychological and psychoanalytical discourse in Brazilian mass media in the mid-twentieth century, during which a new conception of childhood was arising. In addition to this, Clarice's own articles and columns on the topic demonstrate her affinity with the new paradigm, in particular her questioning of the mother-son hierarchy. Ultimately, this work aims for an interimplication of psychoanalysis and literature, frightening off the demons of interdisciplinary approaches.
Introduction to Section IV

In the following several articles, different examples of plasticity within the spinal cord will be presented. In most cases, what will be described are changes that follow various types of nerve injury. Although the observations are not questioned, and the evidence of plasticity is impressive, several questions must be asked: What is the relevance of such plastic changes to the animal? Must the resultant changes be beneficial or do they merely indicate that changes occur in the presence of relatively significant injury? Does plasticity include all examples in which central nervous system connections are altered? What are the general principles of nervous system function that can be learned from an analysis of the modifiability of nervous system connections? For example, does the process of plasticity that is observed in the dorsal horn recapitulate developmental process?
Images and Circles of Life: Motherhood, Ancestors and Spirits

Wairimu Tabitha Gethaiga Bowman was a pioneer. She was a Gikuyu woman who got access to formal education early, made the most of it, and traveled to a foreign land. However, like many immigrants, Wairimu also suffered from being caught between several worlds. She was never really able to build a career in her new world. In the end, her American children thrived, but her Kenyan children did not. She died young, estranged from her African birthplace. Indeed, Wairimu represents the changing role of women in both the societies she inhabited. Her daughter, Warigia returned to Kenya to build a family, and reconnect with her motherâ€™s family. She attempted to finish some of the work started by her mother, and has tried to memorialize her motherâ€™s life through her work. Methodologically, this is a memoir. It is based on reflections, memories, interviews with relatives, and some reference to Kenyan historical sources.
From propositional satisfiability to satisfiability modulo theories

In this paper we present a review of SAT-based approaches for building scalable and efficient decision procedures for quantifier-free first-order logic formulas in one or more decidable theories, known as Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problems. As applied to different system verification problems, SMT problems comprise of different theories including fragments of elementary theory of numbers, the theory of arrays, the theory of list structures, etc. In this paper we focus on different DPLL-style satisfiability procedures for decidable fragments of the theory of integers. Leveraging the advances made in SAT solvers in the past decade, we introduce several SAT-based SMT solving methods that in many applications have outperformed classical decision methods. Aside from the classical method of translating the SMT formula to a purely Boolean problem, in recent methods, a SAT solver is utilized to serve as the “glue” that ties together the different theory atoms and forms the basis for reasoning and learning within and across them. Several methods have been developed to provide a combination framework for implications to flow through the theory solvers and to possibly activate other theory atoms based on the current assignments. Similarly, conflict-based learning is also extended to enable the creation of learned clauses comprising of the combination of theory atoms. Additional methods unique to one or more types of theory atoms have also been proposed that learn more expressive constraints and significantly increase the pruning power of these combination schemes. We will describe several combination strategies and their impact on scalability and performance of the overall solver in different settings and applications.
Regulated expression of a highly conserved regulatory gene cluster is necessary for controlling photosynthesis gene expression in response to anaerobiosis in Rhodobacter capsulatus.

We utilized primer extension analysis to demonstrate that the divergently transcribed regB and senC-regA-hvrA transcripts contain stable 5′ ends 43 nucleotides apart within the regB-senC intergenic region. DNA sequence analysis indicates that this region contains two divergent promoters with overlapping ς70 type −35 and −10 promoter recognition sequences. In vivo analysis of expression patterns of regB::lacZ and senC-regA-hvrA::lacZ reporter gene fusions demonstrates that the regB and senC-regA-hvrA transcripts are both negatively regulated by the phosphorylated form of the global response regulator RegA. DNase I protection assays with a constitutively active variant of RegA indicate that RegA binds between regB and senC overlapping −10 and −35 promoter recognition sequences. Two mutations were also isolated in a regB-deficient background that increased expression of the senC-regA-hvrA operon 10- and 5-fold, respectively. As a consequence of increased RegA expression, these mutants exhibited elevated aerobic and anaerobic photosynthesis (puf) gene expression, even in the absence of the sensor kinase RegB. These results indicate that autoregulation by RegA is a factor contributing to the maintenance of an optimal low level of RegA expression that allows responsiveness to activation by phosphorylation.
Novel absorption detection techniques for capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as one of the most versatile separation methods. However, efficient separation is not sufficient unless coupled to adequate detection. The narrow inner diameter (I.D.) of the capillary column raises a big challenge to detection methods. For UV-vis absorption detection, the concentration sensitivity is only at the {mu}M level. Most commercial CE instruments are equipped with incoherent UV-vis lamps. Low-brightness, instability and inefficient coupling of the light source with the capillary limit the further improvement of UV-vis absorption detection in CE. The goals of this research have been to show the utility of laser-based absorption detection. The approaches involve: on-column double-beam laser absorption detection and its application to the detection of small ions and proteins, and absorption detection with the bubble-shaped flow cell.
Longitudinal evaluation of 100% fruit juice consumption on BMI status in 2-5-year-old children.

SummaryBackground Obesity in childhood is related to multiple lifestyle factors. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juice and weight status over time among pre-school children. Methods We used linear and logistic multivariable regression to evaluate body mass index (BMI) z-score and overweight/obese status as a function of 100% fruit juice intake for 8950 children examined at ages 2, 4 and 5 years as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort, a representative sample of the United States. Results Cross-sectional analysis at ages 4 and 5 years showed no difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between consistent juice drinkers and inconsistent/non-drinkers. Longitudinal analysis found that children who drank 100% juice consistently at age 2 years had greater increases in BMI z-score by age 4 years than infrequent/non-drinkers (P < 0.0001), a difference driven by lesser increases in height z-score (P = 0.0003) and slightly greater increases in weight z-score (P = 0.0550) among consistent juice drinkers over the 2 to 4 year time period. Additionally, consistent juice drinkers at age 2 had higher odds of becoming overweight by age 4 (adjusted odds ratio 1.30; CI 1.06–1.60). These differences in growth parameters were not noted between ages 4 and 5 years. Conclusions Drinking 100% fruit juice regularly at age 2 is associated with higher odds of becoming overweight between 2 and 4 years. Paediatricians and parents can discourage excessive fruit juice consumption as part of a larger effort to avoid unhealthy gain in BMI in young children.
Reconstruction of the Female Breast after Mastectomy

Reconstruction of the female breast after mastectomy has been carried out for many years. The early cases were done shortly after the World War I, when plastic surgery in the United States had a major surge of growth. Over the years, the procedures that were used for reconstructing the breast were complicated. Normally, a number of surgical operations were necessary. The patient had to be returned to the hospital frequently, and the time to complete the surgery was long. Many reconstructions took as long as a year or a year and a half. The total length of time was increased by minor or major complications. It could well be said that by the time the reconstruction was completed, the surgeon was tired of the patient and patient was tired of the surgeon. Because of this, few reconstructions were carried out. However, the literature shows individual cases in which plastic surgeons were indeed innovative in carrying out a suitable manner of reconstruction. One of the major defects, however, in reconstructing the breast was the scars created in other areas as flaps and tube pedicles were formed and moved into position.
Theory and Computation of Hydrodynamic Stability

The study of hydrodynamic stability is fundamental to many subjects, ranging from geophysics and meteorology through to engineering design. This treatise covers both classical and modern aspects of the subject, systematically developing it from the simplest physical problems, then progressing chapter by chapter to the most complex, considering linear and nonlinear situations, and analysing temporal and spatial stability. The authors examine each problem both analytically and numerically: many chapters end with an appendix outlining relevant numerical techniques. All relevant fluid flows are treated, including those where the fluid may be compressible, or those from geophysics, or those that require salient geometries for description. Details of initial-value problems are explored equally with those of stability. As a result, the early transient period as well as the asymptotic fate for perturbations for a flow can be assessed. The text is enriched with many exercises, copious illustrations and an extensive bibliography and the result is a book that can be used with courses on hydrodynamic stability or as an authoritative reference for researchers.
How to do the right thing when the right things conflict

Over the past decade, the ethics of clinical trials and other research involving participants with neuropsychiatric conditions has generated considerable discussion and debate, as well as garnering...
Arousal, monotony, and accidents in line driving

LACK OF ALERTNESS IN MONOTONOUS WORK SITUATIONS MAY RESULT FROM LOWERED AROUSAL INDUCED BY RESTRICTED AND REPETITIVE STIMULATION. LINE DRIVING IS HELD TO BE MONOTONOUS IN THIS SENSE, HENSE, LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A DRIVER'S RESISTANCE TO MONOTONY SHOULD PREDICT HIS ACCIDENT RECORD. A HIGHLY REPETITIVE, 42-MIN. PACED TASK WAS PERFORMED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS BY 20 TRUCK DRIVERS. SELF-REPORTS ON MONOTONY SUSCEPTIBILITY, INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES, AND PEER RATINGS WERE OBTAINED. SUPERVISORY RATINGS, TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS, AND OBJECTIVE SUPERVISORY RATINGS, TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS, AND OBJECTIVE DRIVING MEASURES WERE OBTAINED. SUPERVISORY RATINGS, TRAFFIC CONVICTIONS, AND OBJECTIVE DRIVING MEASURES WERE CRITERIA IN ADDITION TO ACCIDENT RECORDS. ACCIDENTS OF ONE TYPE WERE PREDICTED BY TASK ERRORS. OTHER RELATIONS IN THE CORRELATION MATRIX ARE DISCUSSED AND A TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS ADVANCED CONCERNING THE RELATIONS AMONG AROUSAL, ACCIDENTS, AND DRIVER BEHAVIOR. /HSL/
STATER NV: E-SERVICING STRATEGIES

After 2 years of on-line experiments, Tom van Vianen, CEO, felt certain it was time to fully implement STATER NV's new ‘e-servicing’ concept with a cohesive strategy. Established in 1997 in The Netherlands and headquartered in Amersfoort, STATER had 27 business clients and serviced over 80 different mortgage portfolios of more than 450,000 mainly residential loans in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Their mortgage service operations and information systems were considered state-of-the-art in 2002, but they were moving business on-line while simultaneously increasing the types of services provided and expanding operations into Spain, France, and Italy — within the next five years. In a land known for taming the forces of the sea, Tom faced what seemed like a sea of ‘e-uncertainty.’ What exact roles should STATER play in an on-line loan market? How should they position themselves to lead in those roles? The E-Servicing Steering Committee looked to Tom to direct them, and he knew he needed a clear vision for the next Steering Committee meeting in 2 months, in May 2002.
Treatment of schizophrenia. II. A proposed rating scale of design and outcome for use in literature surveys.

Abstract A design-relevance scale is proposed for assessing the degree of confidence with which the findings of a particular treatment outcome study can be applied to the treatment of schizophrenia. Ratings are based on the reported design, execution, and analyses of results. Preliminary tests reveal that the scale may have sufficient discriminating ability to be a useful instrument.
The certification of a nominal 20 μmol/mol H2S/N2 standard reference material using two independent methods

To support federal, state and local regulations on the amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released into the atmosphere, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has certified standard reference material (SRM) 2731 Hydrogen Sulfide in Nitrogen (nominal amount-of-substance fraction 20 μmol/mol H2S). Since it was first produced and certified in 1989, NIST has certified four separate lots of this SRM. In each case, the value assignment of the lot concentration was accomplished by comparison to a permeation tube-generated calibration curve. For the certification of the new lot, two independent methods were used to value-assign the concentration. In addition to the permeation tube method, a second method involving the dynamic dilution of a high-concentration gravimetrically prepared primary standard mixture containing H2S/N2 was also used. Agreement between the two methods was 0.10% and the total uncertainty assigned to the lot concentration was 1.35% (relative).
Thermodynamics and properties of nanophases

A large volume of today's research deals with nanophases of various types. The materials engineer, chemist, or physicist, however, when dealing with applications of nanophases is often unaware of the effect of the small size on structure and properties. The smallest nanophases reach the limit of phase definitions by approaching atomic dimensions. There, the required homogeneity of a phase is lost and undue property fluctuations destroy the usefulness of thermodynamic functions. In fact, it was not expected that a definite nanophase would exist below the size of a microphase. An effort is made in this review to identify macrophases, microphases, and nanophases. It is shown that nanophases should contain no bulk matter as defined by macrophases and also found in microphases. The structure and properties of nanophases, thus, must be different from macrophases and microphases. These changes may include different crystal and amorphous structures, and phase transitions of higher or of lower temperature. The phase properties are changing continuously when going from one surface to the opposite one. The discussion makes use of results from structure determination, calorimetry, molecular motion evaluations, and molecular dynamics simulations.
An Outbreak of Serratia marcescens Bacteremia Traced to Contamination of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Solution

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous outbreaks of Serratia marcescens (SM) have been associated with contaminated medical equipment, IV fluids and inadequate hand hygiene. In March 2005, the New Jersey Department of Health was notified of a cluster of SM bloodstream infections (BSIs). We investigated to determine the source of the outbreak and implement control measures. METHODS: We defined cases as SM BSI with onset date after January 2005. Medical records of cases were reviewed to identify risk factors for SM BSI. Medical equipment, medications, IV solutions, tap water and the hands of health care workers were tested for the presence of SM. SM isolates recovered from patients and environmental sampling were submitted to CDC for analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: Five cases, with range of illness onset from March 2-10, 2005 were identified. Of these, three were men. Median age was 75 years (range: 17-79). All case-patients were admitted for cardiovascular surgery (CS) and had received IV magnesium sulfate (MS) less than 48 hours before sepsis onset. SM was isolated from a bag of MS solution administered to one patient and from an unopened MS solution bag; both bags were supplied premixed from the same company and had identical lot numbers. SM isolates from the five patients and the two bags of MS had identical PFGE patterns. After the use of premixed MS solutions from the implicated company was discontinued, no further SM BSIs were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Contaminated MS solutions caused this outbreak of SM BSI among CS patients. This led to a multi-state investigation of similar outbreaks and eventual recall of a nationally distributed product. Infection control professionals should consider exposure to intrinsically contaminated parenteral solutions in unusual clusters of hospitalized patients who develop BSI.
The role of fractional crystallization, magma recharge, and magma mixing in the differentiation of the Small Hasandag volcano, Central Anatolia, Turkey

Abstract During the last 7 Ma, eruptions of the Small Hasandag composite volcano in Central Anatolia, Turkey, have produced calc-alkaline lavas ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite. Published research on this volcano suggests that crystal fractionation and magma mixing are the two important processes controlling the differentiation of the Small Hasandag magmas. The shortcomings of previous studies are that neither the intensive variables (P, T, fO2) nor the constraints under which the presumed parental magmas evolved have been quantitatively evaluated. In this study, we have used the MELTS algorithm of Ghiorso and Sack (1995) to determine the initial system parameters in terms of temperature (T), pressure (P), oxygen fugacity (fO2), and water content (wt.% H2O) and then evaluated the consequences of magma differentiation under closed system fractional crystallization, magma recharge, and magma mixing conditions separately. In order to determine the initial system parameters, we carried out approximately 100 isobaric fractional crystallization simulations of the parental basaltic andesite magma (Mg#68) in the pressure range of 1 bar to 10,000 bars, an fO2 range of QFM + 1 to QFM + 3 and at water contents from 0 to 4 wt.%. The best agreement between the computed melt compositions and the natural rocks was achieved at P = 1000 bars, fO2 = QFM + 1, and 2 wt.% water. Computations with parental basaltic andesite at these initial system conditions and under isobaric fractional crystallization generated melt compositions from basaltic andesite to dacite that are very similar to observed lava compositions. Compositions more evolved than dacites, however, cannot be produced by closed system fractional crystallization alone. This is because rhyolites generated by closed system fractional crystallization have total alkali (Na2O + K2O) values lower than those of the Small Hasandag rhyolites. Furthermore, natural rock compositions in the silica range of 62–65 wt.% show discrete cycles of sudden increase and decrease in the MgO content in the range of 0.5–1 wt.%, suggesting magma replenishment. This study shows that fractional crystallization and magma recharge in the composition range of basaltic andesite to dacite, followed by isobaric–isenthalpic mixing of dacite with the most differentiated rhyolite (Mg#46) generate melt compositions that most closely resemble the entire compositional range of the Small Hasandag lavas, including the rhyolites. The agreement between the liquid line of descent defined by the natural lavas and MELTS calculations, and the agreement between the observed mineralogy of the rocks and the calculated order of crystallization support this conclusion.
Development, adaptation, and implementation of a cardiovascular health program for Alaska native women.

Southcentral Foundation’s Traditions of the Heart program is an innovative cardiovascular disease prevention program for women designed to build on the strengths of the Alaska Native culture as a way to support and encourage positive lifestyle behaviors that focus on healthy eating, active living, stress management, and tobacco cessation. After conducting assessments of existing intervention programs and formative data collection, we adapted two existing programs, Native Nutrition Circles and A New Leaf . . . Choices for Healthy Living, to develop the Traditions of the Heart program. We implemented and evaluated a pilot intervention study to determine the program’s acceptance among Alaska Native women. We used the evaluation results to further refine our study protocol. This article describes the adaptation of these programs to the cultural needs and strengths of Alaska Native women and the results of the formative evaluation used to improve the program design. The complete pilot study outcomes will be published separately.
Is temsirolimus more safe and effective than interferon alpha for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Is temsirolimus more safe and effective than interferon α for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma?
Family and Religious Antecedents of Civic Involvement In Middle Class African American Late Adolescents.

We examined family and religious/spiritual antecedents and correlates of current and intended civic involvement in 76 middle class African American late adolescents (M=18.43 years) who had been followed longitudinally for 3 years. Adolescents' spirituality/religiosity and mothers' current involvement influenced the overall ratings and more specifically, current church and community (but not political) involvement, as assessed on a 14-item measure expanded from Youniss et al. (1997). In addition, greater family income, earlier spirituality, and less receptivity to mothers in observed dyadic interactions led to more community involvement in late adolescence. Intended civic involvement was predicted by greater spirituality and mothers' (and in exploratory analyses, fathers') observed positive communication (but not mothers' warmth and prosocial behavior) in dyadic interactions 3 years earlier; the effect of middle adolescents' spirituality on late adolescents' ratings of future civic involvement was fully mediated by adolescents' current spirituality/religiosity.
Thermospray high performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of some fusarium mycotoxins

Thermospray high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (TSP HPLC/MS) was used to analyze five Fusarium mycotoxins in porcine plasma and urine. Four cytotoxic trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), T2 tetraol, and the fungal estrogen zearalenone (F-2 toxin) were analyzed. The thermospray mass spectrum contained molecular weight information with few, if any, fragment signals. Detection limits ranging from 1 to 10 ng of mycotoxin injected onto the HPLC column were obtained using selected ion monitoring (SIM) HPLC/MS. Neither the plasma nor the urine matrix interfered with TSP HPLC/MS analysis of these mycotoxins and no sample derivatization was necessary for the analysis. The TSP HPLC/MS technique appears to be ideal for very sensitive analysis of mycotoxins in biological samples.
On the difference between the average values of Br² in the Atlantic and Pacific hemispheres

Recent work on reversals of the earth's magnetic field [Clement, 1991; Constable, 1992; Laj et al., 1991; Runcorn, 1992] and work on low rates of change of the radial magnetic field, Br, in the Pacific hemisphere (see Jacobs [1994] page 8, for a summary) suggest that the statistics of Br differ between the Pacific and Atlantic hemispheres. The question of statistical invariance of the magnetic field is interesting in its own right [Courtillot et al, 1992], and we study this hypothesis by investigating the statistical significance of the difference between the average value of Br² in the Atlantic and Pacific hemispheres at three different radii. The differences between the average value of Br² in the Atlantic hemisphere and the average value of Br² in the Pacific hemisphere at all three radii are incompatibly large with two statistical models of Br. The differences are incompatibly large at two of three radii when a third statistical model is used. The results suggest that further work on the statistical properties of Br is warranted and provide another test for normality of spherical harmonic coefficients.
Components of creativity, verbal conditioning, and risk taking.

Summary.-Three srudies were conducted to elucidate the nature of creativity, as defined by scores on a personality questionnaire. In Study I (N = 231) a cluster analysis suggested two important components for highly creative Ss: a bipolar cluster of personal vs impersonal competence, and an adventurousness cluster. In Study I1 (N = 160) it was predicted and found that Ss who were personally competent would respond more on a verbal conditioning task if E preceded the conditioning with a friendly (socially enhanced) interaction, while impersonally treated but competent Ss conditioned better in a skill than in a chance condition. In Study I11 (N = 62) adventurous Ss took more risks in two different classroom investigations. Additional findings are presented which suggest errors in previous conceptualizations of creativity.
Conservation science: Trade-in to trade-up

Nature reserves and protected areas enjoy sacred status in conservation — which translates into a 'do not touch' attitude. But selling off some of the less worthy of them would pay conservation dividends.
A novel voltage sag generator for low voltage ride-through testing of grid-connected PV system

The capability of Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) is required in China's standards as more and more photovoltaic (PV) generation system in large scale are connected to the grid. Voltage sag generator (VSG) is the device for LVRT testing. A novel design of VSG for LVRT testing of PV system is proposed in this paper, by which the grid voltage sags to 90%∼0% (10% per degree) can be simulated with good performance. With the SVG, an entire model for LVRT test of PV system is built on real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The results of simulation verify the correction of LVRT platform and the feasibility of VSG design. This paper helps for the research of PV system' LVRT and the production of real VSG device for LVRT testing.
Sobrevivir La Nostalgia En Los Márgenes: La Bohemia De Sergio Boris

Through a study of La Bohemia (1998) by Argentinian play-wright Sergio Boris, the author demonstrates how marginalized entities create a community based on shared absences (lack of family, sight, and wealth). Following Svetlana Boym's theory, this community is established through a reflexive nostalgia. However, when the tense and hostile environment outside the community pushes its members toward disidentification with their peers, devastation is imminent. The participants' subversive behavior generated by the egocentrism of the original unifying nostalgia ultimately destroys the community in a violent and fatal act.
Socially Mediated Changes in Lever-Responding of Rhesus Monkeys

Can the reactions to noxious stimulation of one animal serve as an adequate stimulus to motivate learning by another animal? Research on this topic is meager. In a study by Child (1938) evidence was presented for the development of a "taboo" in rhesus monkeys involving the inhibition of a foodgetting response. Two platforms were available: one contained high preference banana, and the other low preference carrot. Whenever one member of a group of three animals climbed on the platform containing the banana, the remaining Ss were punished. By this means it was possible to establish a persistent inhibition of responses to this platform. A related phenomenon has recently been demonstrated by Church (1959) who showed that the fear responses of one albino rat can serve as an adequate conditioned stimulus for producing fear in another rat. This study also demonstrated that "prior to any emotional conditioning rats showed a depression of bar-pressing during the pain responses of another animal but this depression rapidly adapted." The present study was designed to replicate and extend Child's findings by investigating the effects of shock administered to a partner on S's responses on an instrumental task. A secondary purpose was to assess the effects of the experimental conditions on the food-getting dominance relations of the participants.
Assessing the toxicity of sodium chloride to the glochidia of freshwater mussels: Implications for salinization of surface waters

Chloride concentrations in surface waters have increased significantly, a rise attributed to road salt use. In Canada, this may be a concern for endangered freshwater mussels, many with ranges limited to southern Ontario, Canada's most road-dense region. The acute toxicity of NaCl was determined for glochidia, the mussel's larval stage. The 24h EC50s of four (including two Canadian endangered) species ranged from 113-1430 mg Cl L⁻¹ (reconstituted water, 100 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹). To determine how mussels would respond to a chloride pulse, natural river water (hardness 278-322 mg CaCO₃ L⁻¹) was augmented with salt. Lampsilis fasciola glochidia were significantly less sensitive to salt in natural water (EC50s 1265-1559 mg Cl L⁻¹) than in reconstituted water (EC50 285 mg L⁻¹). Chloride data from mussel habitats revealed chloride reaches levels acutely toxic to glochidia (1300 mg L⁻¹). The increased salinization of freshwater could negatively impact freshwater mussels, including numerous species at risk.
Is experience necessary in cue measurement? The case of auditing tasks*

. This study investigates whether, in some audit tasks, less experience is required for superior cue measurement than for other components of those tasks and, thus, the overall tasks. Hypotheses are developed based on a consideration of the knowledge needed to perform cue measurement and of how and when that knowledge is acquired. An experiment examined the effects of experience and cue measurement on assessments of control risk and analytical risk. Results indicate that, as predicted, there are experience-related differences in global analytical risk assessments, but those differences are not attributable to differential knowledge about cue measurement. Resume. La question sur laquelle se penche l'auteure est de savoir si, dans certaines tâches de verification, l'experience necessaire a une mesure superieure de certains indicateurs est moins grande que celle que necessitent d'autres aspects de ces tâches et, par consequent, l'ensemble des tâches de verification. Ses hypotheses se fondent sur la determination des connaissances necessaires pour proceder a la mesure des indicateurs ainsi que du mode et du moment d'acquisition de ces connaissances. Dans le cadre d'une experimentation, elle analyse les effets de l'experience et de la mesure des indicateurs sur l'evaluation du risque de non-controle et du risque analytique. Les resultats obtenus revelent que, conformement aux previsions, il existe des differences liees a l'experience dans l'analyse globale du risque analytique, mais que ces differences ne sont pas attribuables aux connaissances marginales relatives a la mesure des indicateurs.
Rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia in two African–American female patients: an under-recognized and continued problem

Rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia is a known adverse effect of patients administered rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome who have concomitant glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. This phenomenon has been described in multiple case reports but has been limited to male patients. We present the first case series illustrating this adverse effect in two female patients where morbidity and mortality associated with rasburicase-induced methemoglobinemia were evident. Screening protocols at the reporting institutions were lacking. The prevalence of G6PD may be underestimated based on the epidemiology of sample subjects in previous studies of rasburicase. We argue that both male and female patients should be suspected of G6PD in this setting; however, more data on prevalence and cost-effectiveness are needed on screening protocols for G6PD.
Exotic states in long-range spin glasses

We consider Ising spin glasses onZd with couplingsJxy=cy−xZxy, where thecy's are nonrandom real coefficients and theZxy's are independent, identically distributed random variables withE[Zxy]=0 andE[Zxy2]=1. We prove that if ∑y|cy|=∞ while ∑y|cy|2=∞, then (with probability one) there are uncountably many (infinite volume) ground states\(\tilde \sigma \), each of which has the following property: forany temperatureT<∞, there is a Gibbs state supported entirely on (infinite volume) spin configurations which differ from\(\tilde \sigma \) only atfinitely many sites. This and related results are examples of the bizarre effects that can occur in disordered systems with coupling-dependent boundary conditions.
Lattice dynamics and reduced thermal conductivity of filled skutterudites

The great reduction in thermal conductivity of skutterudites upon filling the ``void'' sites with rare-earth (RE) ions is key to their favorable thermoelectric properties but remains to be understood. Using lattice dynamic models based on first-principles calculations, we address the most popular microscopic mechanism, reduction via rattling ions. The model withstands inelastic neutron scattering and specific-heat measurements, and refutes hypotheses of an anharmonic RE potential and of two distinct localized RE vibrations of disparate frequencies. It does indicate a strong hybridization between bare La vibrations and certain Sb-like phonon branches, suggesting anharmonicscattering by harmonic RE motions as an important mechanism for suppression of heat conductivity.
Centrifuging Pour Resins

Twenty-five dentures were processed from pour resins without centrifugation and ten dentures were processed with the use of a centrifuge. The complete upper dentures were measured to determine the differences in linear dimensional change and vertical occlusal relationships. Those processed without centrifugation of the resin showed less porosity and a greater loss of vertical dimension in the molars than in the anterior teeth. Dentures processed with the centrifuge showed less loss of vertical dimension and less linear dimensional shrinkage.
Continuous blood gas monitoring using an in-dwelling optode method: clinical evaluation of the Neotrend sensor using a luer stub adaptor to access the umbilical artery catheter.

Continuous Blood Gas Monitoring Using an In-Dwelling Optode Method: Clinical Evaluation of the Neotrend Sensor Using a Luer Stub Adaptor to Access the Umbilical Artery Catheter
Syntheses of [11C] and [3H] LY274601, a serotonin1A receptor agonist

LY274601, R-(+)-8-thiomethyl-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, a serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor full agonist with high affinity (Ki: 0.6nM) and selectivity, was labeled with 11 C for imaging 5-HT 1A receptor sites in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). [ 11 C]LY274601 was synthesized by S-methylation of the normethyl precursor unmasked via hydrolysis of the butyrate thioester of LY274601. The methylation reaction with [ 11 C]iodomethane proceeded quickly and efficiently in DMF at 40°C, yielding the radiotracer in an average overall radiochemical yield of 35.7±9.8%, The synthesis time including HPLC purification and formulation for injection was approximately 30 min. The specific activity was 630±78mCi/μmol at the end of synthesis (E.O.S.). This labeling procedure was also employed in the preparation of [ 3 H]LY274601, R-(+)-8-[ 3 H]methylthio-2-(di-n-propyl-amino)tetralin, from [ 3 H]iodomethane.
Oxidation kinetics of high strength low alloy steels at elevated temperatures

Abstract High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are candidate Rockbolt materials for use as underground roof supports at Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. Oxidation kinetics of International Rollforms Split Set Friction Rock Stabilizers (SS46), and Swellex Mn24 steels have been determined by temperature modulated thermogravimetry at temperatures ranging between 600 and 900 °C in pure oxygen atmosphere for 100 hr. The imposed sinusoidal temperature modulations (±5 °C for a period of 1 cycle per 200 s) on the isothermal temperature did not have any noticeable effect on the weight gain characteristics during oxidation. Weight gain data on the steels indicate two distinct regions with different oxidation profiles, where a definite change in rates of oxidation is observed: a first oxidation regime where the steels followed a rate law y = kt0.40–0.63 (changing index of rate law depending upon steel and temperature) and a second stage oxidation regime that follows the parabolic law. The results of characterization of the oxide films using SEM/EDAX, X-ray diffraction and Synchrotron white beam X-ray microdiffraction are presented. The oxidation data of the steels presented here is expected to be useful for characterizing those steels for use in underground rock bolt system and as roof support for the DOE proposed Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time thermogravimetric studies of this kind have been done on these steels.
Redesign of a WW domain peptide for selective recognition of single-stranded DNA.

A β-sheet miniprotein based on the FBP11 WW1 domain sequence has been redesigned for the molecular recognition of ssDNA. A previous report showed that a β-hairpin peptide dimer, (WKWK)2, binds ssDNA with low micromolar affinity but with little selectivity over duplex DNA. This report extends those studies to a three-stranded β-sheet miniprotein designed to mimic the OB-fold. The new peptide binds ssDNA with low micromolar affinity and shows about 10-fold selectivity for ssDNA over duplex DNA. The redesigned peptide no longer binds its native ligand, the polyproline helix, confirming that the peptide has been redesigned for the function of binding ssDNA. Structural studies provide evidence that this peptide consists of a well-structured β-hairpin made of strands 2 and 3 with a less structured first strand that provides affinity for ssDNA but does not improve the stability of the full peptide. These studies provide insight into protein−DNA interactions as well as a novel example of protein redesign.
A possible role for copper-mediated oxidation of thiols in the regulation of the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from isolated hypothalamic granules

A role for copper in the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) from hypothalamic neurons has been previously proposed. To elucidate further the mechanism of action of copper, we addressed two questions: (a) what is the active form of copper that interacts with the LHRH granule (ionic or chelated)? and (b) is copper-stimulated LHRH release a result of an interaction of copper with thiol groups and, if so, does it require oxygen? Granules were isolated from hypothalami of adult male rats and were then incubated at 37 degrees C for 3-5 min in a buffered medium. When granules were incubated with various copper complexes, CuATP stimulated LHRH release by 45 +/- 4% (mean +/- SE), copper tartrate by 44 +/- 4%, CuBSA by 27 +/- 7%, and copper histidine by 16 +/- 6%. Neither CuEDTA nor CuCl2 stimulated LHRH release. CuATP-stimulated LHRH release from granules incubated under N2 was 50% of that incubated under air. Furthermore, the CuATP-stimulated release of LHRH was completely inhibited by dithiothreitol or glutathione (10(-3) M each), partially (40-50%) by iodoacetate or 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and not at all by oxidized dithiothreitol. Thus, chelated copper, rather than ionic copper, is the active form of the metal, and the action of copper involves an oxidation reaction and granule thiol groups. The precise mechanism of action of copper, however, has yet to be elucidated. We propose that copper may affect LHRH release as follows: copper, bound to an intracellular chelator (protein, peptide, or amino acid), oxidizes thiols of the LHRH granule, leading to a change in granule-membrane permeability and hence to LHRH release.