cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Life and a Natural Order

OUR PROBLEM IS, whether political life is in some way guided by nature, and if so, in what way; or more particularly, whether nature is characterized by an order that affects the shape of political life. The question is suggested by the practice of the political philosophers, who have generally thought it necessary to make their doctrines reflect the order of nature, or consist with nature irrespective of order. At the same time, the difference between natural philosophy and political philosophy has long been honored in the great literature: whatever might be the inner continuity between the Republic and the Timaeus, or between Aristotle's PolUtics and his Physics, the massive differences between the books on political life and the books on nature stand out, as they do also in the books of later ages. There is, indeed, some tendency for those differences to, be made less in recent times, and for the books on political life increasingly to resemble the books on nature. That tendency has developed concomitantly with the belief in the simplicity oif nature, as will be explained, or in the essentially unordered, homogeneous and unitary character of the natural whole; and in the simple, direct domestication of man in that whole. The relation of political life and nature proper thus appears in some respects to be remote, in other respects intimate, but is in every respect obscure. Our purpose is to clarify the relation as well as we can.
The biology of the Northeastern Pacific Turridae. V. Demersal development, synchronous settlement and other aspects of the larval biology of Oenopota levidensis

Summary The larval development and metamorphosis of a turrid gastropod is described for the first time. This snail, Oenopota levidensis, is typical of the boreal genus Oenopota, which has over 150 described species. Development to a veliger occurs within a lenticular capsule in about 50 days. The capsules hatch to release veligers which swim for less than a week. The remainder of their planktotrophic larval period is spent demersally. Demersal veligers assumed one of two characteristic postures; they remain on the bottom with the velum either extended laterally or folded over the shell. These demersal veligers continue development and metamorphose after another 25 days. The majority of the veligers in the 55 cultures examined metamorphosed and settled within a 96-h period, even though their oviposition occurred over a 47-day period. Potential selective forces leading to this synchronous settlement are proposed.
Luminescence study of cerium-doped La2Hf2O7: Effects due to trivalent and tetravalent cerium and oxygen vacancies

Abstract X-ray excited emission spectra, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, optical reflectivity spectra, and pulsed X-ray and optical excited luminescence decay measurements are reported for cerium-doped La 2 Hf 2 O 7 powders prepared by solid state synthesis. A broad luminescence associated with oxygen vacancies is observed in the region 350–750 nm with a peak around 460 nm. The photoluminescence spectra and the number of oxygen vacancies vary for samples annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres and with the temperature of the synthesis process. Increasing the cerium concentration reduces the oxygen-vacancy-related emission due to the presence of Ce 4+ . First principles calculations predict that Ce 4+ can substitute in Hf sites; this is confirmed from the optical reflectivity spectrum of cerium-doped La 2 Hf 2 O 7 . Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra characteristic of Ce 4+ charge transfer transitions and possibly Ce 3+ are also observed. Although trivalent cerium may be present, no emission observed from cerium-doped La 2 Hf 2 O 7 can be attributed to Ce 3+ in La sites.
Enhancing performance optimization of multicore chips and multichip nodes with data structure metrics

Program performance optimization is usually based solely on measurements of execution behavior of code segments using hardware performance counters. However, memory access patterns are critical performance limiting factors for today's multicore chips where performance is highly memory bound. Therefore diagnoses and selection of optimizations based only on measurements of the execution behavior of code segments are incomplete because they do not incorporate knowledge of memory access patterns and behaviors. This paper presents a low-overhead tool (MACPO) that captures memory traces and computes metrics for the memory access behavior of source-level (C, C++, Fortran) data structures. It also presents a complete process for integrating code segment-based and memory access pattern measurements and analyses for performance optimization specifically targeting multicore chips and multichip nodes of clusters. MACPO explicitly targets the measurement and metrics important to performance optimization for multicore chips. MACPO uses more realistic cache models for computation of latency metrics than those used by previous tools. Evaluation of the effectiveness of adding memory access behavior characteristics of data structures to performance optimization was done on subsets of the ASCI, NAS and Rodina parallel benchmarks and one application program from a domain not represented in these benchmarks. Adding memory behavior characteristics enabled easier diagnoses of bottlenecks and more accurate selection of appropriate optimizations than with only code centric behavior measurements. The performance gains ranged from a few percent to 38 percent.
The effect of cerebral ischaemia, resulting in loss of EEG, on the acquisition of conditioned reflexes in goats.

Summary Twenty sec after the pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning situation, goats were subjected to a 1.5-min period of acute cerebral ischaemia which resulted in a temporary abolition of both cortical and sub-cortical EEG activity. The CS consisted of a 4-sec auditory click stimulus and the US was an electric shock to the metacarpal region of the left foreleg which occurred during the last 0.5 sec of the CS. This training procedure was carried out once each day. Animals subjected to the above routine acquired both leg flexion and cardiac conditioned responses in a manner not significantly different from a control group in which the same procedure was followed, except that cerebral ischaemia was omitted. It was also shown that cerebral ischaemia was not in itself an aversive procedure. It was concluded that ‘consolidation’ of the learning had occurred in our experimental subjects less than 65 sec after each learning trial and the results are discussed in relation to some current concepts of the mechanisms of recent memory.
Perianal Paget’s disease

Abstract Perianal Paget's disease is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma of the anal margin. Because of its rarity, delay in diagnosis is common and requires a high index of suspicion. Although its etiology has never been definitively determined, it now appears that 2 types of perianal Paget's disease exist. Primary perianal Paget's disease likely represents intra-epithelial neoplasm from an apocrine source, whereas secondary disease may represent "pagetoid" spread from an anorectal malignancy. Diagnosis of the 2 types of disease can be established from distinct immunohistochemical stain patterns. Wide local excision remains the treatment of choice for primary disease, with or without local invasion. Although local recurrence is high, re-excision can still be curative. Treatment of secondary disease is less clear, though aggressive therapy appears indicated for curative intent. Although adjuvant therapy is desirable, experience is still very limited.
EVIDENCE FOR CYTOPLASMIC REPLICATION OF POLIOVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID.

Abstract Poliovirus-infected HeLa cells were fractionated into nuclear and cytoplasmic components, and the amount of infectious RNA extractable from each was determined. When guanidine was employed to prevent replication of viral RNA, crude preparations of nuclei contaminated with plasma membranes contained significant amounts of infectious RNA. But nuclei purified by sedimentation from dense sucrose solutions contained very little infectious RNA, although cytoplasmic fractions exhibited large quantities of infectious RNA. Furthermore, crude nuclear preparations contained very little infectious RNA several hours after cells were infected with proflavine-containing poliovirus and then exposed to light to inactivate uneclipsed, intact poliovirus which remained on plasma membrane receptors. It appears that most infecting virus or its infectious RNA migrates to sites in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus in preparation for replication. When guanidine was not employed to prevent virus replication, or when it was removed following a long period of virus penetration, newly synthesized infectious RNA was again found mainly in the cytoplasmic fraction. When HeLa cells were treated with actinomycin, then infected with poliovirus, nearly all newly synthesized RNA (Pa32-labeled) appeared in the cytoplasm, and had base ratios identical to virus RNA. Less than 1% of the total RNA synthesized under these conditions appeared in purified nuclei, and this small amount of nuclear RNA did not have base ratios similar to poliovirus RNA. Finally, the new RNA polymerase which appears after poliovirus infection was not present in significant amounts in purified nuclei but was found almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic fraction. Since neither infectious RNA, nor RNA having virus base ratios, nor virus RNA polymerase, accumulates in the nucleus of infected cells prior to or during poliovirus replication, both the poliovirus RNA genome and its protein capsid are probably produced in the cytoplasm, but nuclear synthesis and very rapid migration to the cytoplasm cannot be rigorously excluded.
Static spin correlations in alternant quantum cell models

Static-spin-correlation functions 4〈${s}_{\mathrm{pz}}$${s}_{\mathrm{qz}}$〉 are evaluated via diagrammatic valence-bond theory for exact states of finite Hubbard, Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP), and related quantum cell models. Several properties of 〈${s}_{\mathrm{pz}}$${s}_{\mathrm{qz}}$〉 that are independent of intersite potentials ${V}_{\mathrm{pp}\mathcal{'}}$ in the Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation for half-filled alternant systems are shown to be sensitive to correlations in the ground state of N\ensuremath{\le}12 Hubbard and PPP chains. Accurate N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} extrapolations are found for near neighbors. The correct ground-state charge density 〈${n}_{p}$〉=1 is a property of half-filled alternant systems and thus not a test of HF or other one-electron approximations. Spin correlations in PPP models with standard molecular parameters and long-range Coulomb interactions are approximately given by on-site interactions of U\ensuremath{\simeq}2\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert} in Hubbard models, although the general semiempirical PPP approach to conjugated molecules is preferable for wide-band systems.
Monitoring printing fidelity with image correlation measurements on the CD SEM

A promising use for image and waveform correlation measurements now possible on modern CDSEMs is to monitor pattern fidelity in printing for multiple structural dimensions. This work explores some ofthese possibilities specifically for image correlation. Two different CDSEM-based pattern recognition engines and off-line image correlation with several image enhancement techniques are examined. The printing fidelity of an unassisted cross as a function of stepper focus and dose is studied because the variations of the structural details demonstrate many of the issues of concern in lithography today. Strategies for extracting the most information with the least beam writing are also explored. In some examples the pattern recognition score is directly interpretable in terms ofprinting fidelity. With additional calibration overhead associated with a particular lithography process, scores can be interpreted in terms ofprinting variables such as defocus and dose. The conflict in goals for using image correlation for navigation versus monitoring pattern fidelity is also discussed.
Massive sulfide metallogenesis at a late Mesozoic sediment-covered spreading axis: Evidence from the Franciscan complex and contemporary analogues

The Island Mountain deposit, an anomalous massive sulfide in the Central belt of the Franciscan subduction complex, northern California Coast Ranges, formed during hydrothermal activity in a sediment-dominated paleo-sea-floor environment. Although the base of the massive sulfide is juxtaposed against a 500-m-wide melange band, its gradational upper contact within a coherent sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone indicates that hydrothermal activity was concurrent with turbidite deposition. Accumulations of sulfide breccia and clastic sulfide were produced by mass wasting of the sulfide mound prior to burial by turbidites. The bulk composition of sulfide samples (pyrrhotite rich; high Cu, As, and Au contents; radiogenic Pb isotope ratios) is consistent with a hydrothermal system dominated by fluid-sediment interaction. On the basis of a comparison with possible contemporary tectonic analogues at the southern Gorda Ridge and the Chile margin triple junction, we propose that massive sulfide mineralization in the Central belt of the Franciscan complex resulted from hydrothermal activity at a late Mesozoic sediment-covered ridge axis prior to collision with the North American plate.
The Effective Range of Nuclear Forces. Effect of the Potential Shape

Corrections to the theory of the effective range, which take account of the shape of the neutron-proton potential, are discussed. The following quantities are calculated for a Yukawa, exponential, and square well potential: (a) various triplet ranges compatible with the value obtained for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{t}(0,\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ from the latest experiments, (1.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.035)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. (b) The singlet effective range ${r}_{0s}$ from neutron-proton scattering cross sections at energies up to 6 Mev. (c) ${r}_{0s}$ from neutron absorption cross sections by hydrogen. (d) Photoelectric and photomagnetic disintegration cross sections for the deuteron for various $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays.It is shown that a comparison of the values obtained for ${r}_{0s}$ from (b) and (c) could, with a slight increase in experimental accuracy, give an estimate of the potential shape. Present, very tentative, indications are for a short-tailed potential and a value for ${r}_{0s}$ of about (2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm.
A comparison of mandibular gland volatiles from ants of the bull horn acacia, Acacia collinsii

Abstract GC–MS analyses of dichloromethane extracts of the mandibular glands from three obligate symbiotic Psuedomyrmex ant species of Acacia collinsii from Costa Rica: Pseudomyrmex flavicornis (synonym Pseudomyrmex belti ), Psuedomyrmex spinicola , and Psuedomyrmex nigrocincta , showed distinct differences in the 16 ketones, 15 alcohols, 2 aldehydes and 2 carboxylic acids that were identified. Different compounds were the major component from each species: P. flavicornis , 3-octanone; P. spinicola , 4-methyl-3-heptanone; and P. nigrocincta , 3-methyl-2-hexanol. The secretion of P. flavicornis contained 10 compounds not found in the other species, including the two terpene alcohols, citronellol and geraniol. The secretions of P. spinicola and P. nigrocincta had 12 compounds in common, that were not found in P. flavicornis ' secretion. The similarity of the mandibular gland secretion of P. spinicola and P. nigrocincta may indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to P. flavicornis . The components from the mandibular gland of Crematogaster rochai , another ant associated with this acacia, are 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 6-methyl-3-octanol and 3-nonanone.
A patient with diabetes insipidus, anterior hypopituitarism and pituitary stalk thickening

Pituitary stalk thickening may occur as a result of diverse causes, including neoplastic, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and may lead to central diabetes insipidus, anterior hypopituitarism and local mass effect. This report discusses the case of a patient with pituitary stalk thickening associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and highlights pertinent diagnostic and management issues.
X-Ray Spectrography--Two Theta Values for EDDT:

Two theta values for EDDT have been calculated and tabulated for wavelengths between 0.701 A and 8.735 A in the first through fourth orders.
Within-person covariation of agentic and communal perceptions: Implications for interpersonal theory and assessment

Interpersonal theory identifies agency and communion as uncorrelated (orthogonal) dimensions, largely evidenced by research examining between-person analyses of single-occasion measures. However, longitudinal studies of interpersonal behavior demonstrated the within-person association of agency and communion is not orthogonal for many individuals, and between-person differences in these associations relate to adjustment. We applied a similar approach to investigate the association of interpersonal perceptions. 184 university students completed a 7-day event-contingent study of their interpersonal experiences. Using multilevel regression models, we demonstrated that agentic and communal perceptions were positively associated, and the strength of this within-person association was moderated by between-person scores of dependency and narcissism. We discuss the benefits of incorporating within-person interpersonal associations (termed interpersonal covariation) into interpersonal theory and assessment.
Geologic History of a Basin Depicted by Computer Mapping: ABSTRACT

Reconstructions of detailed geologic histories of basins have become an increasingly important part of the exploration process. However, a history that includes numerous stratigraphic horizons and several periods of orogeny and erosion usually involves handling such a great volume of data that use of a computer becomes necessary. A complete depiction of the geological history of a basin must include the geometric relationships between the various horizons (onlap, offlap, truncation, etc), the depths and thicknesses of the formations, and the effects of orogeny and erosion throughout the basin. Most computer mapping programs generate interpolated grids that are used for drawing contour maps. These grids and maps can show configurations of horizons at various stages of basin development, and can also show pre-erosional and pre-orogenic forms. The procedures are: (1) Interpret major geologic events. (2) Capture data at each selected control point (elevations of each mappable horizon and unconformity, estimates of loss in thickness due to erosion, estimate tectonic tilts and structures). (3) Construct grids (prepare data, construct grids of present stratigraphy, construct grids of pre-erosional forms). The resultant grids are used to depict present structure, paleostructure, map isopach units, and draw stratigraphic cross sections. End_of_Article - Last_Page 587------------
Modeling the effects of electrolyte diffusion and paste conductivity on lead/acid battery performance

Abstract Two physical mechanisms normally prevent the positive active material in a lead/acid battery from reacting. One of these mechanisms is the change in pl when conductive active material is converted to nonconductive lead sulfate. The other mechanism is electrolyte diffusion. This paper presents a model that combines the effect of both these mechanisms on the discharge capacity of a lead/acid battery for constant current discharge. The model characterizes the electrolyte diffusion in a cell with two equations. A finite difference equation characterizes the diffusion process between the plates, and a McLaurin series approximate the electrolyte diffusion inside the positive plate. The electrolyte stored inside the plate, before the discharge begins, also contributes to the cell's capacity and is included in the model. The critical volume fraction characterizes the conductivity of the positive active material. A sharp decrease in conductivity occurs when the amount of active material, that has reacted in a plate, reaches this fraction. A computer program combines these diffusion and conductivity models into one comprehensive model. The simulated data from this model are compared with experimental data previously reported [1].
The CHIP28 water channel visualized in ice by electron crystallography

Electron crystallography of frozen-hydrated two-dimensional crystals of deglycosylated human erythrocyte CHIP28 reveals an aqueous vestibule in each monomer leading to the water-selective channel that is enclosed by multiple transmembrane α-helices.
Complying with voluntary codes of conduct: Corporate strategies for the Valdez Principles

The Valdez Principles is the latest of a series of voluntary codes of conduct that have been enunciated by various advocacy groups to guide the behavior of business enterprises. These principles provide guidelines on corporate conduct towards the environment and present a corporation with critical choices. This study suggests alternative strategies that firms may adopt to cope with this new code. Experience with the Sullivan and MacBride Principles is analyzed to serve as the basis to predict corporate response to the Valdez Principles.
Phase-sensitivity of Gymnotus carapo to low-amplitude electrical stimuli

Undisturbed specimens of Gymnotus carapo discharge their electric organs at a rate of approximately 50 Hz, with a standard deviation of 3 Hz; stimuli of several sensory modalities (touch, vibration, light, electric fields) are capable of eliciting transient increases in discharge frequency rising to a maximum near 30 Hz above resting frequency and returning exponentially over several seconds. Such frequency transients may be evoked by sudden increases or decreases in the electrical resistance of the environment caused by shunting recording electrodes on either end of the fish. Threshold responses are seen to resistance changes of 10 to 20 ohms, which create changes of approximately 50 μV/cm in the amplitude of the electric discharge measured along the length of the fish. Gymnotus proves remarkably sensitive to electrical stimuli occuring in phase with the discharge train of its own electric organs, with a threshold near 50 μV/cm; out-of-phase stimuli ten times this amplitude fail to elicit frequency transients. Responses are also seen to small changes in latency between stimulus and discharge trains within the time span of an individual organ discharge. Phase-sensitivity is apparently a consequence of the sigmoid stimulus/response curve common to most receptors; a large “activating” pulse, normally generated by the electric organs, raises electroreceptor activity into the receptor's dynamic range, after which a relatively small stimulus is capable of causing a significant change in output. Such a mechanism probably serves as a peripheral filter, eliminating low-level interference from other electric fish. The frequency transients themselves are interpreted as arousal responses, momentarily increasing the fish's sensory resolution in the face of potential hazards or prey.
History of target making activities at ORNL from 1957 to 1996

Abstract A history of the target-making activities at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1957 to the present is detailed. The history includes the impetus for initiating such an activity at ORNL as well as a summary of the target-making activities in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and thus far, in the 1990s. Some of the major accomplishments of the ORNL Target Program will be described.
Transmission of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus between patients with cystic fibrosis.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus is an emerging pathogen world-wide, causing necrotizing lung infections in otherwise healthy individuals. We describe 2 episodes of patient-to-patient transmission of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing S aureus , resulting in acute, life-threatening pulmonary complications in patients with cystic fibrosis. Appropriate infection control measures may be warranted to prevent similar episodes.
Onset of chaos in differential delay equations

Abstract In the present paper we study the onset of chaos in the differential delay equation x dot (t)=−x(t) + bx(t−2)/(1 + x 10 (t−2)), b>0 . We develop a new numerical technique and apply it to study the global behavior of the flow on the attractor. Using this technique, we find unstable periodic orbits, connections between different periodic orbits, transverse homoclinic orbits, and try to explain the underlying reason for chaos.
Isomap and Nonparametric Models of Image Deformation

Isomap is an exemplar of a set of data driven non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques that have shown promise for the analysis of images and video. These methods parameterize each image as coordinates on a low-dimensional manifold, but, unlike PCA, the low dimensional parameters do not have an explicit meaning, and are not natural projection operators between the high and low-dimensional spaces. For the important special case of image sets of an unknown object undergoing an unknown deformation, we show that Isomap gives a valuable pre-processing step to find an ordering of the images in terms of their deformation. Using the continuity of deformation implied in the Isomap ordering allows more accurate solutions for a thin-plate spline deformation from a specific image to all others. This defines a mapping between the Isomap coordinates and a specific deformation, which is extensible to give projection functions between the image space and the Isomap space. Applications of this technique are shown for cardiac MRI images undergoing chest cavity deformation due to patient breathing.
Learning control units for invariant recognition

Abstract A control unit is a group of synapses that are consistent with each other in terms of transformation parameters. We showed previously that these high-order interactions led to very fast dynamic link matching (DLM) for self-organization of mappings between two patterns, as needed in invariant recognition and many other visual tasks. We present here a model to learn from examples control units and the connection between them, by generalized Hebbian plasticity. Examples for learning are consistent mappings formed, for instance, by conventional DLM. Simulation results for 1D patterns showed that the learned results resemble those designed by hand, and thus were very encouraging.
Experimental Studies of Light-Induced Charge Transfer and Charge Redistribution in (X2-Bipyridine)ReI(CO)3Cl Complexes

Stark emission spectroscopy, transient DC photoconductivity (TDCP), and ground-state dipole moment measurements have been used to evaluate charge transfer (CT) within various (X2-bipyridine)ReI(CO)3Cl complexes following 3MLCT excited-state formation. The Stark technique reports on vector differences between ground-state (μg) and excited-state (μe) dipole moments, while TDCP, when combined with independently obtained μg information, reports on scalar differences. For systems featuring collinear, same-signed ground- and excited-state dipole moments, the scalar and vector differences are equivalent. However, for the low symmetry systems studied here, they are distinctly different. The vector difference yields the effective adiabatic one-electron-transfer distance (R12), while the combined vector and scalar data yield information about dipole rotation upon ground-state/excited-state interconversion. For the systems examined, charge transfer distances are substantially smaller than geometric electron-donor/el...
Regenerative Medicine: Past and Present

Novel therapies resulting from regenerative medicine and tissue engineering technology may offer new hope for patients with injuries, end-stage organ failure, degenerative disorders and many other clinical issues. Currently, patients suffering from diseased and injured organs are treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a shortage of donor organs that is worsening yearly as the population ages and new cases of organ failure increase. Scientists in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are now applying the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that can restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. In addition, the stem cell field is a rapidly advancing part of regenerative medicine, and new discoveries in this field create new options for this type of therapy. For example, new types of stem cells, such as amniotic fluid and placental stem cells, that can circumvent the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cells have been discovered. The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer and the creation of induced pluripotent cells provide still other potential sources of stem cells for cell-based tissue engineering applications. While stem cells are still in the research phase, some therapies arising from tissue engineering endeavors that make use of autologous, adult cells have already entered the clinical setting, indicating that regenerative medicine holds much promise for the future.
The Leopard-Skin Chief: An Examination of Political Power Among the Nuer1

In this paper the decision-making processes which surround the Nuer's leopard-skin chief are examined. While E. E. Evans-Pritchard views the leopard-skin chief as a powerless, religious official, this paper presents the thesis that he builds and leads a political coalition—and that coalition is the basis for his power.
Geometrostasis and torsion in covariant superstrings

Abstract We give a geometric argument to understand the relative strength of the metric and torsion terms that constitute the covariant actions for freely propagating superstrings. We show the relative strength is precisely that for which the torsion flattens the underlying superspace manifold, i.e. for which geometrostasis occurs, thereby yielding trivially integrable systems on the world-sheet, in complete analogy with conventional two-dimensional σ-models. We fully discuss free heterotic superstrings, and give partial results for N = 2 superstrings.
Cation Binding Induced Changes in15N CSA in a Membrane-Bound Polypeptide

Cation binding to the monovalent cation selective channel, gramicidin A, is shown to induce changes in the dipolar and chemical shift observables from uniformly aligned samples. While these changes could be the result of structural or dynamic changes, they are shown to be primarily induced by through-bond polarizability effects when cations are solvated by the carbonyl oxygens of the peptide backbone. Upon cation binding partial charges are changed throughout the peptide plane, inducing large changes in the 13C1 chemical shifts, smaller changes in the 15N chemical shifts, and even smaller effects for the 15N-13C1 and 15N-2H dipolar interactions. These conclusions are substantiated by characterizing the 15N chemical shift tensors in the presence and absence of cations in fast-frozen lipid bilayer preparations of gramicidin A.
Inhibition of the Shwartzman phenomenon by local application of bromobenzene and other solvents.

SummaryComplete inhibition of the Shwartzman phenomenon was produced by a single application of bromobenzene to the surface of prepared skin areas at any time during the 20 hours after the intradermal injection of bacterial toxin. Similar results were obtained with other benzene derivatives, and, less constantly, with chloroform and methyl salicylate.Areas of rabbit skin which were prepared by the intradermal injection of meningococcal toxin showed no increase in permeability to Evans Blue dye, when the dye was injected intravenously.A single application of bromobenzene to the surface of normal rabbit skin resulted in the prompt appearance of intravenously injected Evans Blue dye in the painted area. In contrast, little or no dye appeared in painted areas which had previously been injected with meningococcal toxin. Similar results were obtained when skin was painted with other benzene derivatives, chloroform and methyl salicylate.The possible bearing of these observations on the problem of the mechanism o...
A computer-aided engineering system for feature-based design of box-type sheet metal parts

Abstract This paper explores the applications of feature-based representation and design in the area of design for manufacturing to incorporate the tooling and process considerations into the early stages of design. The goal of this research is to apply the concepts of feature-based design and to develop an interactive design tool that can be used to alert the designers to potential production problems, defects and failures, and to provide them with information that can be used to explore alternative design, evaluate trade-offs, and arrive at optimal designs for the given process conditions. This paper illustrates the development of a computer-aided engineering (CAE) system that was constructed using these concepts and applied to designing box-type sheet metal parts.
Eocene rhyncholite from California

The first rhyncholite (calcified portion of a cephalopod mandible) from rocks of any age in the circum-Pacific belt is described as Rhyncolites sp. The specimen is smaller (4.4 mm long) than most known species of the genus but is morphologically similar to species of comparable age recorded from England, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Egypt. It was recovered from the middle Eocene Ardath Shale of southern California near San Diego.
Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects on the product distributions of photolyses of dibenzyl ketone adsorbed on zeolites

Abstract The photolysis of dibenzyl ketone adsorbed on faujasite zeolites results in product distributions that depend on the cation density and cation type, and, in two cases, were significantly modified by magnetic effects.
Low-energy antiphase boundaries, degenerate superstructures, and phase stability in frustrated fcc Ising model and Ag-Au alloys

An Ising model exhibits zero-energy antiphase boundaries (APBs) and frustration on close-packed face-centered cubic (fcc) and triangular lattices. The frustration results in degenerate structures and chains of long-period superstructures forming a quasicontinuous ground-state ``hull'' in the formation energy versus composition $(c)$ diagram. In alloys, a nonzero but small APB energy yields a $c$-dependent reduction in this degeneracy that affects the phase diagram topology and range of the two-phase coexistence. Using density functional theory combined with cluster expansions (CEs), we study Ag-Au alloys as a prototype and find the effective cluster interactions (dominated by nearest-neighbor pairs), predict energetics of millions of structures, and construct the temperature versus $c$ phase diagrams. We then compare the CE interactions for Ag-Au with those calculated directly from a supercell approach, and visualize the electronic origins of pair and multibody interactions, highlighting the physical nature of the chemical interactions implicit in the CE methods. We discuss generality of the results for close-packed alloys.
Lumping of mixtures with many parallel N-th order reactions

Abstract Methods of exact and approximate lumping for mixtures in which many parallel first order irreversible reactions occur are discussed. The exact lumping requires complete specification of the distribution of species and their rate constants. When analytical difficulties prevent access to such information, an upper and lower bound on the behaviour of the lump may be obtained from knowledge of the initial reaction rate of the lump. The uncertainty about the behaviour of the lump due to lack of complete information (difference between the bounds) can be reduced by either addition of information, or division of the species into different lumps. Various applications are discussed and it is shown that a recycled stream may have to be lumped with a different rate expression than the non-recycled stream.
Scaling and root debridement in pregnant women did not result in fewer preterm births.

Cochrane Central, ISI Web of Science, Medline and reference lists of studies; hand searches in key journals. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in any language that included pregnant women with periodontitis or gingivitis comparing scaling and root planing versus no treatment or prophylaxis. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was the rate of preterm births. Odds ratios were calculated using 2×2 tables and heterogeneity assessed using χ2 and I2 tests. Data were synthesised using the fixed effects or random effects models depending on the level of statistical heterogeneity. Studies reporting no events in either arms were excluded. High and low quality studies were synthesised separately. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot. Eleven trials (6558 patients) were included, five were considered to be at low, and the rest at high or medium, risk of bias (4,718 patients). Meta-analysis found no difference in preterm birth rate using the random effects model (odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 1.06) or using the fixed effects model (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.10). Analysing only the higher quality studies, the lack of difference between interventions was even clearer (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.40). There was evidence of publication bias. Scaling and root debridement in pregnant women with periodontitis or gingivitis does not result in fewer preterm births.
Hyperglycemia exacerbates muscle protein catabolism in burn-injured patients.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess if hyperglycemia influences energy expenditure or the extent of muscle protein catabolism in severely burned adults. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Burn intensive care unit at a university hospital. Patients: Adults with burns on ≥40% of their body surface area. Interventions: Simultaneous measurement of indirect calorimetry and leg net balance of phenylalanine (as an index of muscle protein catabolism). Patients were stratified by plasma glucose values at the time of metabolic measurements (i.e., normal, glucose at ≤130 mg/dL; mild hyperglycemia, glucose at 130-200 mg/dL; severe hyperglycemia, glucose at >200 mg/dL). Measurements and Main Results: Normal (n = 9; plasma glucose, 109 ± 13 mg/dL [mean ± SD]), mildly hyperglycemic (n = 131 plasma glucose, 156 ± 17 mg/dL), and severely hyperglycemic subjects (n = 7, glucose 231 ± 32 mg/dL) were similar in age, body weight, extent of burn area, and daily caloric intake. Severe hyperglycemia was associated with significantly higher arterial concentrations of phenylalanine (normal, 0.079 ± 0.027 μmol/L; severe hyperglycemia, 0.116 ± 0.028; p <.05) and a significantly greater net efflux of phenylalanine from the leg (normal, -0.067 ± 0.072 μmol.min -1 .100 mL -1 leg volume; severe hyperglycemia, -0.151 ± 0.080 μmol.min -1 .100 mL -1 leg volume; p <.05). Resting energy expenditure and respiratory quotient were similar between patient groups. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate an association between hyperglycemia and an increased rate of muscle protein catabolism in severely burned patients. This suggests a possible link between resistance of muscle to the action of insulin for both glucose clearance and muscle protein catabolism.
Low-frequency Raman study of glass-like properties of mixed crystals with the fluorite structure

Abstract The low-frequency, low-temperature Raman spectra of fluorite crystals doped with large amounts of LaF 3 show a broad distribution of two-level systems (TLS) displaying A 1g symmetry. We find that the intensity due to TLS in these glassy mixed crystals does not scale with the Boson peak scattering intensity. Instead, the results are consistent with a model where the TLS number density is controlled by the law of mass action with the ‘effective’ temperature determined by the frozen in lattice disorder.
547 HOMOGENEITY OF PHOSPHATE AND REDOX POTENTIALS IN THE SIMPLE LIVER ACINUS

The microcirculatory or Rappaport model of the simple liver acinus is consistent with existing O2 concentration gradients which decrease from Zone 1 (arteriolar) to Zone 3 (venous), and which might impose gradients on oxidative energy metabolism. To test directly whether the intra-acinar O2 gradient manifests itself in corresponding gradients of phosphate and/or redox potential, quantitative histochemical methods and enzyme cycling were used together with oil well techniques and fluorometry to measure ATP, ADP, Pi, αglycerol-P (α GP) , and dihydroxy acetone-P (DHAP) in samples of acinar Zones 1 and 3 from normal and ischemic liver of ether anesthetized rats. Results are means ± SEM, mmol/kg dry weight. In the control state (Table), the parameters measured were the same in both Zones 1 and 3. During 30-150 seconds of ischemia, the phosphate potential (ATP/ADPxPi) fell and redox potential (αGP/DHAP) rose as expected. However, at no time did a difference develop between Zones 1 and 3. The data imply that, physiologically, O2 does not become a limiting factor for energy metabolism of the venous portion of the liver acinus. Zonal analysis is a sensitive means to test models of hepatic function. Supported by NIH grant #s 5P30AM19525-04 and AA03517-03.
Minimum-sensing current control of three-phase PFC converters

A nonlinear average current control method using only dc-rail current for three-phase power-factor-corrected (PFC) converters was introduced recently. This paper discusses the effects of dead-time, sector synchronization, input voltage harmonic distortion and sensing delay on its control performance. A dead-time compensation scheme without additional sensing requirement that is suitable to the nonlinear average current control is presented. Based on the analysis of the current control performance considering effects of different factors, design guidelines are provided for practical implementation of the control method. Measurement and simulation results are included to support the conclusions.
Dopamine D1-Class Receptors Selectively Modulate a Slowly Inactivating Potassium Current in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons

The dopamine (DA) innervation of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulates cognitive activity in a complex manner. Alterations of DA function, particularly via the DA D1 receptor class (D1R), are implicated in both schizophrenia and drug addiction, yet the precise roles of DA in modulating mPFC excitability remain unclear. We focused on DA modulation of voltage-gated K(+) current (VGKC) in acutely dissociated rat mPFC pyramidal neurons. We defined three components of the whole-cell VGKC according to biophysical and pharmacological properties. The A-type current (I(A)), with rapid activation and inactivation kinetics, was completely inactivated by prolonged holding of the membrane potential at -40 mV and was sensitive to the K(+) channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) but not tetraethylammonium (TEA) or dendrotoxin (DTX). The slowly inactivating K(+) current (I(D)), with rapid activation but relatively slow inactivation, was the major contributor to VGKC and was completely inactivated at -40 mV and sensitive to TEA and DTX but less so to 4-AP. The very slowly inactivating K(+) current (I(K)) was elicited by command steps to more depolarized potentials from a prolonged holding potential of -40 mV and was sensitive to all three blockers. Stimulation of DA D2 receptors failed to alter any component of whole-cell VGKC. Stimulation of DA D1Rs selectively suppressed I(D), an effect mimicked by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, the active cAMP analog Sp-cAMP, and the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) with either PKI or Rp-cAMP abolished D1R modulation. Thus, the DA D1R/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway mediates modulation of I(D) by DA in rat mPFC pyramidal neurons.
Template-based authoring of educational artifacts

The Walden's Paths project is developing tools for leveraging student learning with the incredible amount of educational material on the Web. Specialized templates based on established educational frameworks, learning theories, or activities aid path authors in creating pedagogically sound paths by guiding them in collecting and structuring the information included in the path. We describe a template based on the Inquiry-Based Learning educational framework and an implementation that provides support in applying the template to the path authoring process.
Steps towards modeling nutrient export in coastal Californian streams with a Mediterranean climate

Abstract Along the southern California coast, near Santa Barbara, California, we are measuring nutrient export from specific land uses and developing relationships to predict nutrient export at a watershed scale. The area is characterized by a Mediterranean-like climate and short steep catchments producing flashy runoff. Land uses include chaparral, avocado orchards, greenhouse agriculture, open-field nurseries, and residential and commercial development. Sampling sites are located on defined drainages or storm drains that collect runoff from relatively homogeneous areas representing each land use. Stream water samples are taken once a week during the rainy season, every two weeks during the dry season and every 1–4 h during storms; samples are analyzed for nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. We determine discharge from measurements of stage derived from pressure transducers at all sampling sites. This information is then converted to flux at a high temporal resolution. Several parameters are presented in an initial effort to build relationships for simulating nutrient export based on land use, precipitation and antecedent soil moisture conditions. The objective is to create robust relationships, using parameters in a simple and cost efficient manner, which can be extended to other coastal watersheds with similar land uses and climate. The effort focuses on nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). The relationship of volume-weighted mean nutrient concentration and runoff/rainfall ratios shows promise as a means of predicting nutrient export in flashy streams experiencing a Mediterranean climate.
Examining What Caregivers Do During Respite Time to Make Respite More Effective

Research on respite services for caregivers has been extensive over the past 25 years; however, findings regarding the effectiveness for improving their well-being have shown only moderate or mixed support. Missing from this research has been an examination of what caregivers do during their respite time. We studied 52 family caregivers who used adult day services and examined the consistency between their desired and actual respite activities and its relation to well-being outcomes. We concluded that (a) caregivers pursued a wide range of respite activities; (b) 46% were only somewhat or not very satisfied with how they spent their time; (c) those who were inconsistent in their desired versus actual respite activities and also dissatisfied with their use of time were more depressed, more negative in dimensions of burden, and less satisfied with caregiving; and (d) facilitators should be used to work individually with caregivers to identify activities and goals for respite time that are most likely to improve their well-being.