cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer.

Abstract Background Estrogens play a pivotal role in the development of breast cancer. Endocrine therapy based on estrogen blockade is a well-established treatment in hormone-dependent breast cancer. Tamoxifen citrate has long been considered the "gold standard" due to its relative safety and efficacy. Aromatase inhibitors are anti-estrogen agents that target specifically the aromatase enzyme, which is the final step in the estrogen production. The first use of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer was associated with adverse effects such as rash, drowsiness, and adrenal-gland suppression. Newer third-generation agents are emerging as potential alternatives to tamoxifen, associating clinical efficacy with a more favorable safety profile. Objectives The aim of this article is to review the mechanisms of actions pharmacology, adverse effects, and clinical applications of the aromatase inhibitors available in the United States. Methods The terms breast cancer or neoplasia, aromatase, aromatase inhibitors, third-generation, endocrine therapy , and antiestrogens were used to search MEDLINE for English-language studies published between 1966 and April 2004. A parallel search was performed at the corresponding Web site of each of the aromatase inhibitors available in the United States. Identified publications relevant to the article objectives were selected. Results Anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane are the 3 commercially available aromatase inhibitors approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. They have been used in several clinical scenarios, including advanced and early disease and chemoprevention, and in the neoadjuvant setting. There is evidence that aromatase inhibitors are more effective and tolerable than tamoxifen in advanced breast cancer and in the neoadjuvant setting. Based on the results of a large, randomized trial, their use in early disease and in chemoprevention is also promising. Aromatase inhibitors appear safe; however, the long-term safety profile is still unknown, especially concerning bone metabolism. Conclusion Third-generation aromatase inhibitors are a new treatment modality in estrogen and/or progesterone-receptor positive breast cancer. Although they are replacing the "classic" antiestrogen agents used in metastatic breast cancer, their benefit in early disease and as chemopreventive agents is not completely clear. Ongoing clinical studies should become available within the next few years and will provide additional recommendations for their use in patients with breast cancer.
Living with a spouse with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the meaning of wives’ experiences

Aim. To describe and understand the meaning of the experience of living with a spouse who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Background. Living with a spouse with a chronic illness may have a profound effect on women’s lives since society expects families, and especially women, to care for the chronically ill. The family member providing care and support is usually the wife. Design. This study investigated the wife’s experience of living with a husband’s chronic illness. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was used to describe and understand the experience of women living with a spouse who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to determine the meaning this experience has for their lives. Methods. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten women whose husbands had mild to severe obstructive lung disease. Thematic analysis was based on interpretive methods. Data were collected in 1997. Results. The findings are presented as two clusters, living with everyday illness and surviving the illness. Everyday illness includes monitoring, regulating activity, integrating illness effects, and managing technologies. Surviving the illness includes riding the roller coaster, keep on going, garnering support and finding explanations. Conclusions. The spouse’s illness had a major influence on these women’s lives, and the effects are very complex and interwoven with one another. Relevance to clinical practice. Health professionals can have a major role in assisting women to both live with the everyday illness and to survive its effects. Women were eager to tell their stories. Health professionals can help women deal with the experience by forming support groups and by asking the ‘How can I help?’ question more often and then actively listening to expressed concerns. Supporting women in their monitoring and regulating role is especially critical.
Procedures in complex systems: the airline cockpit

In complex human-machine systems, successful operations depend on an elaborate set of procedures which are specified by the operational management of the organization. These procedures indicate to the human operator (in this case the pilot) the manner in which operational management intends to have various tasks done. The intent is to provide guidance to the pilots and to ensure a safe, logical, efficient, and predictable (standardized) means of carrying out the objectives of the job. However, procedures can become a hodge-podge. Inconsistent or illogical procedures may lead to noncompliance by operators. Based on a field study with three major airlines, the authors propose a model for procedure development called the "Four P's": philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices. Using this model as a framework, the authors discuss the intricate issue of designing flight-deck procedures, and propose a conceptual approach for designing any set of procedures. The various factors, both external and internal to the cockpit, that must be considered for procedure design are presented. In particular, the paper addresses the development of procedures for automated cockpits-a decade-long, and highly controversial issue in commercial aviation. Although this paper is based on airline operations, we assume that the principles discussed here are also applicable to other high-risk supervisory control systems, such as space flight, manufacturing process control, nuclear power production, and military operations.
Infinite Predictor Subspace Models for Multitask Learning

Given several related learning tasks, we propose a nonparametric Bayesian model that captures task relatedness by assuming that the task parameters (i.e., predictors) share a latent subspace. More specifically, the intrinsic dimensionality of the task subspace is not assumed to be known a priori. We use an infinite latent feature model to automatically infer this number (depending on and limited by only the number of tasks). Furthermore, our approach is applicable when the underlying task parameter subspace is inherently sparse, drawing parallels with ‘1 regularization and LASSO-style models. We also propose an augmented model which can make use of (labeled, and additionally unlabeled if available) inputs to assist learning this subspace, leading to further improvements in the performance. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of both the proposed approaches, especially when the number of examples per task is small. Finally, we discuss an extension of the proposed framework where a nonparametric mixture of linear subspaces can be used to learn a nonlinear manifold over the task parameters, and also deal with the issue of negative transfer from unrelated tasks.
Deviations from protocol in a complex Trauma environment: Errors or innovations?

Protocol standardizations are important for consistent and safe practices. However, complex clinical environments are highly dynamic in nature and often require clinicians, confronted with non-standard situations, to adjust and deviate from standard protocol. Some of these deviations are errors which can result in harmful outcomes. On the other hand, some of the deviations can be innovations, which are dynamic adjustments to the protocols made by people to adapt the current operational conditions and achieve high accuracy and efficiency. However, there is very little known about the underlying cognitive processes that are related to errors and innovations. In this study we investigate the extent to which deviations are classified as errors or innovations, as a function of expertise in a Trauma setting. Field observations were conducted in a Level 1 Trauma unit. A total of 10 Trauma cases were observed and collected data was analyzed using measures that included customized activity-error-innovation ontology, timestamps and expertise of the team members. The results show that expertise of the caregivers and criticality of a patient's condition in critical care environment influence the number and type of deviations from standard protocol. Experts' deviations were a combination of errors and innovations; whereas the novices' deviations were mostly errors. This research suggests that a novel approach must be taken into consideration for the design of protocols (including standards) and compliance measurements in complex clinical environments.
RFID Systems and Security and Privacy Implications

The Auto-ID Center is developing low-cost radio frequency identification (RFID) based systems with the initial application as next generation bar-codes. We describe RFID technology, summarize our approach and our research, and most importantly, describe the research opportunities in RFID for experts in cryptography and information security. The common theme in low-cost RFID systems is that computation resources are very limited, and all aspects of the RFID system are connected to each other. Understanding these connections and the resulting design trade-offs is an important prerequisite to effectively answering the challenges of security and privacy in low-cost RFID systems.
Molecular approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

We have used autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) as a setting to develop the genetic therapy of cancer in hematopoietic neoplasms based on the use of the bone marrow as a conduit through which to introduce regulatory molecules into the patient. This has involved three developmental phases: 1) learning how to develop genetic modification techniques; 2) learning how to develop in vivo selection techniques for the genetically modified cells; and 3) developing molecular vectors for modification of hematopoietic cells for therapy of cancer. These programs will be summarized in terms of their progress at the conference.
Touching the Taboo in Sacred Space: Reading Sherley Anne Williams's Dessa Rose as a ‘Catalyst for a Sexual Discourse of Resistance’ in the Black Church

Sex-talk is often differentiated or eradicated from God-talk within the Black church in America; as a result, many pertinent issues like androcentrism, heterosexism, homophobia, and violence against women continue to flourish because of the lack of dialogue regarding sexuality. Because of this womanist theologians like Kelly Brown Douglas have convincingly argued that people of African descent must engage in a ‘sexual discourse of resistance’, particularly the Black church in America, if true wholeness is to be achieved. This paper will explore themes present with Sherley Anne Williams's novel, Dessa Rose, which may be useful as catalysts for such a discourse.
Pathology of the Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas

The liver is the largest solid visceral organ in the body and the most important “chemical factory,” with functions that cannot be replaced by any artificial means. Functions of the liver can essentially be divided into three major groups: synthetic, metabolic, and exocrine. The liver is the key organ in the metabolism of nutrients (glycogens, proteins, fats) and of exogenous chemical materials (drugs, toxins). It has enormous compensatory capacity and regenerative ability. Damage to the liver may not be detected until the late stage, and it is practically impossible for the anatomic pathologist to state exactly how much of the liver parenchyma must be destroyed before liver failure occurs. Massive destruction of the liver parenchyma or severe disorganization of its normal architecture may ultimately lead to hepatic failure. In fulminant liver failure, liver transplantation is by far the only rescue.
Physics of 0++ and 2++ Mesons

These lectures present an introduction to the study of scalar and tensor mesons, with an emphasis on an introduction to the phenomenology of spectroscopy. Specifically I examine why one uses Breit-Wigner resonance functions to characterize the parameters of the particles, and how the simple function must be modified, sometimes dramatically, in order to understand and interpret the experimental results. I apply this to the lowest mass tensors, where the situation is well understood, then to the scalars, showing that the quark model can account for the observed scattering in both cases. I then study some recent results leading to the conclusion that non quark model states clearly exist.
An integrative review of sport-based youth development literature

Sport is frequently regarded as an effectual mechanism for promoting positive youth development (PYD). However, this connection is not inherent, and depends upon a variety of programmatic and conte...
High order compact scheme for dirichlet boundary points

In this paper, we introduce a new high order scheme for boundary points when calculating the derivative of smooth functions by Compact Scheme. The primitive function reconstruction method of ENO schemes is applied to obtain the conservative form of the Compact Scheme. Equations for approximating the derivatives around the boundary points 1 and N are determined for the Dirichlet boundary conditions. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of this new scheme, and a comparison to the lower-order boundary scheme shows its advantages.
On the statistics of intensity scintillations for a two-component irregularity power law spectrum

We have recently extended the phase screen power law theory of ionospheric scintillation to include for the case where the refractive index irregularities follow a two-component inverse power law spectrum [paper to be submitted to Radio Sci, 2015]. A specific normalization was invoked to exploit the self-similar properties of the problem and achieve a universal scaling, such that different combinations of perturbation strength, propagation distance, and frequency produce the same results. Using this model, numerical quadrature was employed to obtain essentially exact solutions of the fourth moment equation governing the intensity variations resulting from propagation through two-dimensional field-aligned ionospheric irregularities. New asymptotic results for the strong scatter regime were developed and validated.
A 16-year experience in minimally invasive aortic valve replacement: context for the changing management of aortic valve disease.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with aortic valve disease who had minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (AVR) through u...
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF MARBLE AFTER HIGH TEMPERATURES SUBJECTED TO IMPACT LOADING

Impact mechanical performance experiments are carried out for marble after different high temperatures under dynamic loading by using split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) equipment.The stress-strain curves of specimens under impact loading are obtained.The temperature effects on the longitudinal wave velocity,as well as the peak stress,peak strain and elastic modulus of marble under impact loading are analyzed.It is demonstrated that the longitudinal wave velocity declines linearly with the increase of temperature.When the temperature is below 800 ℃,it does not remarkably affect the peak stress.When the temperature is above 800 ℃,the peak stress decreases obviously with temperature increasing.Meanwhile,the peak strain increases slightly with temperature increasing when the temperature is below 600 ℃,but the peak strain increases linearly with temperature increasing when the temperature is above 600 ℃.The elastic modulus under different impact velocities present the same change rule with temperature variation,decreasing approximately linearly with temperature increasing.The experiment results can be analyzed from the aspect of the changes in microstructural characteristics of marble after different temperatures.
You Can't Lose What you Ain't Never Had: A Reply to Marquis on Abortion

Critique de l'argument contre l'avortement developpe par D. Marquis dans son article intitule «Why abortion is immoral» (in «Journal of philosophy», 86, 4, 1989, pp. 183-202). Adoptant la forme d'une inference a la meilleure explication, et s'appyant sur la notion de mal moral, l'argument de Marquis semble surmonter les critiques d'A. Cudd, P. MacInerney et A. Norcross. Revenant sur l'idee de perte morale et perte neutre, l'A. montre que l'argument souffre neanmoins d'une equivoque concernant la perte de l'avenir (le foetus) et la perte de quelque chose que l'on possede deja (le sang ou l'uterus de la femme)
The Long-Range Cruise Missile

From long-range bombers to land-based ICBMs to ballistic missiles launched from nuclear submarines, the strategic arms race has progressed in three channels; now, an entirely new type of weapons system could, if deployed, open up a fourth channel.
APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN OF ACYL-ACP DESATURASES WITH ALTERED FATTY ACID CHAIN-LENGTH AND DOUBLE BOND POSITIONAL SPECIFICITIES

The chain-lengths and double bond positions of monounsaturated fatty acids strongly influence their physical properties as well as their industrial and nutritional uses. Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases are the primary determinants of the monounsaturated fatty acid composition of seed oils. The goal of our research is to understand how these enzymes recognize the chain-lengths of substrates and position the placement of double bonds in fatty acids. This information will provide the basis for the rational design of acyl-ACP desaturases that are capable of producing new types of monounsaturated oils in transgenic crops. Outlined below are methods that we are currently using to characterize the substrate and regio-specificities of acyl-ACP desaturases.
Characterizing tissue optical properties using confocal and low- coherence imaging

The signal from a confocal measurement as the focal volume is scanned down into a tissue yields an exponential decay versus depth (z_focus), signal = rho exp(-mu z_focus), where rho [dimensionless] is the local reflectivity and mu [1/cm] is an attenuation coefficient. A simple theory for how rho and mu depend on the optical properties of scattering (mu_s) and anisotropy (g) is presented. Experimental measurements on 5 tissue types from mice (white and gray matter of brain, skin, liver, muscle) as well as 0.1-um-dia. polystyrene microspheres are presented. The tissues have similar mu_s values (about 500 [1/cm]) but variable g values (0.8-0.99). Anisotropy appears to be the primary mechanism of contrast for confocal measurements such as reflectance-mode confocal scanning laser microscopy (rCLSM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). While fluorescence imaging depends on fluorophores, and absorption imaging depends on chromophores, the results of this study suggest that contrast of confocal imaging of biological tissues depends primarily on anisotropy.
Association of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency With Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Speech Surgery

Importance Patients with cleft palate and other causes of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) suffer adverse effects on social interactions and communication. Measurement of these patient-reported o...
Credit Indices and Their Tranches

The chapter introduces the modeling of collateralized debt obligations and their tranches. Tranching a basket of credit-risky instruments makes the trading and pricing of credit correlation possible. Once it is learnt how to strip correlation from tranched products, one can price it and then trade it. These issues are discussed in the chapter within the context of credit default, but the techniques themselves are very general and buying and selling correlation is routinely applied to create equity and FX-based structured products as well. The chapter also focuses on default correlation and discusses the issues using the credit names included in the iTraxx or, alternatively, in CDX indices, and in more recent credit indices such as ABX and LCDX.
Radiation Therapy to Sites of Metastatic Disease as Part of Consolidation in High-Risk Neuroblastoma: Can Long-term Control Be Achieved?

Purpose As part of consolidative therapy in high-risk neuroblastoma, modern protocols recommend radiation therapy (RT) both to the primary site and to sites of metastatic disease that persist after induction chemotherapy. Although there are abundant data showing excellent local control (LC) with 21 Gy directed at the primary site, there are few data describing the feasibility and efficacy of RT directed at metastatic sites of disease as part of consolidation. Methods and Materials All patients with neuroblastoma who received RT to metastatic sites of disease as a part of consolidative therapy at a single institution between 2000 and 2015 were reviewed. Among 159 patients, 244 metastases were irradiated. Results The median follow-up period among surviving patients was 7.4 years. Over 85% of the irradiated metastases were treated with 21 Gy (range, 10.5-36 Gy). Tumor recurrence occurred in 43 of 244 irradiated metastases (18%). The 5-year LC rate of treated metastatic sites was 81%. Metastatic sites that cleared with induction chemotherapy had improved LC compared with sites with persistent uptake on metaiodobenzylguanidine scans (LC rate, 92% vs 67%; P Conclusions Response to chemotherapy is an important prognostic factor for LC at irradiated metastatic sites in neuroblastoma. Overall, consolidative RT appears to be an effective modality of LC. Long-term disease control can be achieved with such an approach.
Pegylated interferon alpha 2a for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection.

Introduction: Treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have advanced rapidly in the last decade. Pegylated interferon alpha 2a (PEG-IFN alpha 2a) alone, in combination with ribavirin and wi...
Cytochrome aa3 Oxygen Reductase Utilizes the Tunnel Observed in the Crystal Structures To Deliver O2 for Catalysis.

Cytochrome aa3 is the terminal respiratory enzyme of all eukaryotes and many bacteria and archaea, reducing O2 to water and harnessing the free energy from the reaction to generate the transmembrane electrochemical potential. The diffusion of O2 to the heme-copper catalytic site, which is buried deep inside the enzyme, is the initiation step of the reaction chemistry. Our previous molecular dynamics (MD) study with cytochrome ba3, a homologous enzyme of cytochrome aa3 in Thermus thermophilus, demonstrated that O2 diffuses from the lipid bilayer to its reduction site through a 25 A long tunnel inferred by Xe binding sites detected by X-ray crystallography [Mahinthichaichan, P., Gennis, R., and Tajkhorshid, E. (2016) Biochemistry 55, 1265–1278]. Although a similar tunnel is observed in cytochrome aa3, this putative pathway appears partially occluded between the entrances and the reduction site. Also, the experimentally determined second-order rate constant for O2 delivery in cytochrome aa3 (∼108 M–1 s–1) is...
Lymph Node Imaging of Pediatric Renal and Suprarenal Malignancies.

Pediatric renal and suprarenal cancers are relatively rare malignancies, but are not without significant consequence to both the patient and caretakers. These tumors are often found incidentally and present as large abdominal masses. Standard of care management involves surgical excision of the mass, but contemporary treatment guidelines advocate for use of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy for advanced stage disease, such as those cases with lymph node involvement (LNI). However, LNI detection is based primarily on surgical pathology and performing extended lymph node dissection can add significant morbidity to a surgical case. In this review, we focus on the use and performance of imaging modalities to detect LNI in Wilms’ tumor (WT), neuroblastoma, and pediatric renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We report on how imaging impacts management of these cases and the clinical implications of LNI. A literature search was conducted for studies published on imaging-based detection of LNI in pediatric renal and suprarenal cancers. Further review focused on surgical and medical management of those cases with suspected LNI. Current imaging protocols assisting in diagnosis and staging of pediatric renal and suprarenal cancers are generally limited to abdominal ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging, mainly computed tomography (CT). Recent research has investigated the role of more advance modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), in the management of these malignancies. Special consideration must be made for pediatric patients who are more vulnerable to ionizing radiation and have characteristic imaging features different from adult controls. Management of pediatric renal and suprarenal cancers is influenced by LNI, but the rarity of these conditions has limited the volume of clinical research regarding imaging-based staging. As such, standardized criteria for LNI on imaging are lacking. Nevertheless, advanced imaging modalities are being investigated and potentially represent more accurate and safer options.
Data-Driven Reinforcement Learning Design for Multi-agent Systems with Unknown Disturbances

In this paper, we develop a new data-driven reinforcement learning method to solve the multi-agent consensus control problem with unknown disturbances. Due to the existence of disturbances, the transmitted information between each pair of the agents becomes unreliable, which makes that the data- driven reinforcement learning based control becomes difficult. Therefore, we solve the problem by developing an appropriate performance index for each agent to convert the robust consensus problem to an auxiliary optimal control problem. The equivalence of the transformation is proved to show that the solution of the auxiliary optimal control system can asymptotically stabilize the original robust system and synchronize all the agents at the same time. Neural network techniques are applied to implement the proposed method. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the theoretical analysis and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Energy transfer between lasers in low-gas-fill-density hohlraums

We investigate cross-beam energy transfer (CBET), where power is transferred from one laser beam to another via a shared ion acoustic wave in hohlraums with low-gas-fill density as a tool for late-time symmetry control for long-pulse (greater than $10\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ns}$) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and laboratory astrophysics experiments. We show that the radiation drive symmetry can be controlled and accurately predicted during the foot of the pulse (until the rise to peak power), which is important for mitigating areal density variations in the compressed fuel in ICF implosions. We also show that the effective inner-beam drive after CBET is much greater than observed in previous high-gas-filled-hohlraum experiments, which is thought to be a result of less inverse bremsstrahlung absorption of the incident laser light and reduced (by more than 10 times) stimulated Raman scattering (and Langmuir wave heating). With the inferred level of inner-beam drive after transfer, we estimate that more than $1.25$ times larger plastic capsules could be fielded in this platform with sufficient laser-beam propagation to the waist of the hohlraum. We also estimate that a full-scale plastic capsule, $1100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in capsule radius, would require $\ensuremath{\sim}1--2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$ of $1\ensuremath{\omega}$ wavelength separation between the outer and inner beams to achieve a symmetric implosion in this platform.
Determining Series Resistance for Equivalent Circuit Models of a PV Module

Literature describes various methods for determining a series resistance for a photovoltaic device from measured IV curves. We investigate use of these techniques to estimate the series resistance parameter for a single diode equivalent circuit model. With simulated IV curves we demonstrate that the series resistance values obtained by these techniques differ systematically from the known series resistance parameter values used to generate the curves, indicating that these methods are not suitable for determining the series resistance parameter for the single diode model equation. We present an alternative method to determine the series resistance parameter jointly with the other parameters for the single diode model equation, and demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of this technique in the presence of measurement errors.
Elevated admission serum calcium phosphate product as an independent risk factor for acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients.

ABSTRACTBackground: Increased serum calcium-phosphate product (CaP) can result in acute kidney injury (AKI) due to tubular and interstitial calcium phosphate deposits. CaP of > 55 mg2/dL2 is also associated with systemic calcification. However, the risk of AKI development among hospitalized patients with different admission calcium-phosphate product levels remains unclear.Methods: All adult hospitalized patients who had both admission serum calcium and phosphate levels available from 2009 through 2013 were enrolled. Admission CaP was categorized based on its distribution into six groups (<22, 22- < 27, 27- < 32, 32- < 37, 37- < 42 and ≥42 mg2/dL2). The odds ratio (OR) of in-hospital mortality by admission CaP, using the CaP category of < 22 mg2/dL2 as the reference group, was obtained by logistic regression analysis.Results: After excluding patients with end-stage renal disease, without serum creatinine measurement, and those who presented with AKI at the time of admission, a total of 9,864 patients were ...
Surface-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation and Intermolecular C-C Bond Formation at Peripheral Alkyl Units on Cu(100) and Au(111)

Abstract Hydrocarbon reactivity at surfaces has long been a topic of high interest for heterogeneous catalysis and is now gaining new importance for the development of surface nanostructures. To expand these structural libraries, molecules with larger functional groups are used on surfaces; these applications require the system to go to higher temperatures, necessitating studies of the reactivity and reaction pathways for alkyl type groups. We have designed and synthesized a prototypical molecule, 1,3,5-tris-(3,5-diethylphenyl)benzene (TDEPB), to examine reactivity on Cu(100) and Au(111) surfaces using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We report the dehydrogenation of ethyl groups in TDEPB at 450 K on Cu(100) and at 500 K on Au(111). For a structurally similar triphenylbenzene (TPB) molecule without the ethyl groups, dehydrogenation was only observed on the Cu(100) surface at 450 K. Desorption of TPB was observed from Au(111) at 500 K. For Au(111), it was thus the presence and reactivity of the ethyl groups that prevented complete desorption of the molecule. The reaction pathway for the ethyl groups was found to be different on Au(111) vs Cu(100), as two distinct steps were observed on Au(111). First, a dehydrogenation occurred at 500 K, followed by a structural change of the adsorbate at 550 K. The post-dehydrogenation structures on the two surfaces differ in the loss of the 750 cm−1 HREELS feature on the Au(111) while not on Cu(100) and in other spectral changes for TDEPB on Cu(100) at 650 K that were not observed for TDEPB on Au(111) or for TPB on either surface. These results demonstrate reaction pathways that may be encountered with alkyl-functionalized molecular building blocks on surfaces at elevated temperatures.
Tied Together: Adolescent Friendship Networks, Immigrant Status, and Health Outcomes

This study examines the social integration of adolescent immigrants by directly analyzing the composition of their friendship networks. Using statistical network analysis, I first consider whether adolescents are more likely to befriend peers who share their immigrant generation status in a large, diverse sample of 7th through 12th graders from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 67,586). Next, I test whether having a higher proportion of same-generation friends can protect immigrant youth from experiencing negative health outcomes and adopting risky behaviors. Results indicate that adolescents are more likely to form friendships with peers who share their immigrant generation status and that this tendency is particularly strong for first-generation immigrants. Furthermore, immigrant youth with greater proportions of same-generation friends are less likely to report several negative health behaviors and outcomes. My findings suggest that same-generation friendships can serve as a protective mechanism for immigrant youth, which may help explain the existence of an immigrant health paradox.
From the Tricontinental to the Global South: race, radicalism, and transnational solidarity

The Tricontinental Conference, held in Havana in January 1966, was a seminal moment for the world’s radical Left. Assembling delegates from 82 countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, it linked...
A synthetic chemist's guide to electroanalytical tools for studying reaction mechanisms

Monitoring reactive intermediates can provide vital information in the study of synthetic reaction mechanisms, enabling the design of new catalysts and methods. Many synthetic transformations are centred on the alteration of oxidation states, but these redox processes frequently pass through intermediates with short life-times, making their study challenging. A variety of electroanalytical tools can be utilised to investigate these redox-active intermediates: from voltammetry to in situ spectroelectrochemistry and scanning electrochemical microscopy. This perspective provides an overview of these tools, with examples of both electrochemically-initiated processes and monitoring redox-active intermediates formed chemically in solution. The article is designed to introduce synthetic organic and organometallic chemists to electroanalytical techniques and their use in probing key mechanistic questions.
How do I structure logistic processes in preparation for outsourcing of cellular therapy manufacturing

As cell and gene therapies (CGT) assume center stage in early-phase clinical trials for several acute and chronic diseases, there is heightened interest in the standardization and automation of manufacturing processes in preparation for commercialization. Toward this goal, a hybrid and oftentimes geographically separated model comprising regional cell procurement and infusion facilities and a centralized cell manufacturing unit is gaining traction in the field. Although CGT processing facilities in academic institutions are not involved directly in the manufacturing of these therapies, they must be prepared to collaborate with commercial or contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) and be ready to address several supply-chain challenges that have emerged for autologous and allogeneic CGT. Academic center cell-processing facilities must handle many events up- and downstream of manufacturing such as donor screening, cell collection, product labeling, cryopreservation, transportation, and thaw infusion. These events merit closer evaluation in the context of multifacility manufacturing since standard procedures have yet to be established. Based on our institutional experience, we summarize logistical challenges encountered in the handling and distribution of CGT products in early phase studies, specifically those involving CMO (outsourced) manufacturing. We also make recommendations to standardize processes unique to the CGT supply chain, emphasizing the need to maintain needle-to-needle traceability from product collection to infusion. These guidelines will inform the development of more complex supply-chain models for larger-scale cell and gene therapeutics.
When do mastery and performance goals facilitate academic achievement

Abstract The most surprising and controversial finding in achievement goal research is that performance goals predict academic achievement more reliably than do mastery goals. This paper reviews and tests multiple explanations for those effects. Each assumes that either goal can facilitate achievement under particular learning conditions. The challenge framework posits that performance goals facilitate achievement only on simple tasks, and that mastery goals do so on challenging tasks. The depth of learning framework posits that performance goals facilitate achievement only when assignments assess superficial topic knowledge, and that mastery goals do so when assignments assess deeper knowledge. The learning agenda framework posits that performance goals facilitate achievement only if task demands are clear, and that mastery goals can do so if students’ interests match the core topics assessed on assignments. In a test of these frameworks, university students from numerous courses reported their achievement goals and study strategies for an upcoming exam. Exams served as the measure of academic achievement and were also coded for features relevant to each framework’s hypothesized moderator variable. Analyses supported only the learning agenda framework. Discussion suggests additional ways to test each framework and considers implications for teachers and goal theorists.
Global quantitative analyses of river discharge variability and hydrograph shape with respect to climate types

Abstract Discharge variability is a key control on hydrological behavior in rivers, such as the frequency and magnitude of floods. A better understanding of discharge variability and how that variability is linked to global climate has implications for flood prediction, risk analyses, and mitigation strategies. Furthermore, river discharge variability is a key control on river morphodynamics, and thus on river facies and architecture. Here we present a review of quantitative methods in river discharge variability analyses and utilize a global daily discharge database of 575 gauging stations from the Global Runoff Data Centre to analyze global discharge variability patterns and compare those patterns to hydroclimate conditions. Our approach differs from previous attempts to link river discharge patterns to climate in that we define hydroclimate types that combine the Koppen-Geiger climate types with precipitation variability. We develop new quantitative criteria and use a combination of multiple discharge variability criteria to compare hydrograph shapes to hydroclimate types. These analyses show that river discharge patterns fall into four statistically different and predictable groups as characterized by flood magnitude, hydrograph shape, and inter-annual variability in discharge. These four hydrological groups are: (1) persistent hydrology rivers, (2) single storm controlled variable discharge rivers, (3) rivers with seasonal hydrology, and (4) extreme and erratic hydrology rivers.
М. Л. Уральский. Горький и евреи: по дневникам, переписке и воспоминаниям современников / Предисл. С. Гардзонио, Е. Шуган. СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. 582 с.: ил.; М. Л. Уральский. Бунин и евреи: по дневникам, переписке и воспоминаниям современников / Предисл. С. Гардзонио. СПб.: Алетейя, 2018. 448 с.: ил.

The two books by Mark Uralsky discussed in this review bring together vast amounts of information about the relationships that two leading Russian writers of their day had with Jewish figures. The topic ‘Bunin and the Jews’ is the less expected, since Bunin had very little connection with Jews before the Revolution. However, afterward — first in Odessa and then in France — he was in regular contact with a number of figures who offered him support in various ways, while he in turn provided protection to several Jews during World War II. The general outlines of Gorky’s extensive interest in Judaism and in Jewish writers are better known, but here too Uralsky makes accessible materials that were either widely scattered or not previously published. Both books suffer somewhat from a seeming haste in their preparation, resulting in minor errors and some structural awkwardness, but these factors do not seriously detract from their value.
A Control Theoretic Look at Granger Causality: Extending Topology Reconstruction to Networks With Direct Feedthroughs

Reconstructing the causal structure of a network of dynamic systems from observational data is an important problem in many areas of science. One of the earliest and most prominent approaches to this problem is Granger causality. It has been shown that in a network with linear dynamics and strictly causal transfer functions, Granger causality consistently reconstructs the underlying graph of the network. On the other hand, techniques that allow for the presence of direct feedthroughs usually assume there are no feedback loops in the dynamics of the network. In this article, we develop an extension of Granger causality that provides theoretical guarantees for the reconstruction of a network topology even in the presence of direct feedthroughs and feedback loops. The only required assumption is a relatively mild condition of well-posedness named recursiveness, where at least one strictly causal transfer function needs to be present in every feedback loop. The technique is compared with other state-of-the-art methods on a benchmark example specifically designed to include several dynamic configurations that are challenging to reconstruct.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mus81-Mms4 prevents accelerated senescence in telomerase-deficient cells

Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in human cells is a conserved process that is often activated in telomerase-deficient human cancers. This process exploits components of the recombination machinery to extend telomere ends, thus allowing for increased proliferative potential. Human MUS81 (Mus81 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the catalytic subunit of structure-selective endonucleases involved in recombination and has been implicated in the ALT mechanism. However, it is unclear whether MUS81 activity at the telomere is specific to ALT cells or if it is required for more general aspects of telomere stability. In this study, we use S. cerevisiae to evaluate the contribution of the conserved Mus81-Mms4 endonuclease in telomerase-deficient yeast cells that maintain their telomeres by mechanisms akin to human ALT. Similar to human cells, we find that yeast Mus81 readily localizes to telomeres and its activity is important for viability after initial loss of telomerase. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that yeast Mus81 is not required for the survival of cells undergoing recombination-mediated telomere lengthening, i.e. for ALT itself. Rather we infer from genetic analysis that Mus81-Mms4 facilitates telomere replication during times of telomere instability. Furthermore, combining mus81 mutants with mutants of a yeast telomere replication factor, Rrm3, reveals that the two proteins function in parallel to promote normal growth during times of telomere stress. Combined with previous reports, our data can be interpreted in a consistent model in which both yeast and human MUS81-dependent nucleases participate in the recovery of stalled replication forks within telomeric DNA. Furthermore, this process becomes crucial under conditions of additional replication stress, such as telomere replication in telomerase-deficient cells.
Partial Tibial Nonunion due to Entrapment of Anterior Tibial Artery: A Case Report.

Introduction Arterial injury/entrapment is an uncommon sequelae of long bone fractures, particularly in closed injuries. The proximity of the anterior tibial artery to the distal tibia poses a risk of entrapment with a fracture at this level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a partial nonunion due to entrapment of the anterior tibial artery in a healed tibia fracture in a pediatric patient. Case report We describe a case of a 16-year-old male who presented with leg pain 2 years after a left distal third oblique tibia fracture. The fracture was initially treated non-operatively with excellent alignment. He did well for many months and returned to playing football with some vague persistent discomfort in his leg. Two years after the original injury, he was hit while playing football and started experiencing increasing left leg pain. The subsequent evaluation and findings are outlined here. Conclusion This is an original case report of an adolescent patient with a partial tibial nonunion requiring surgical intervention. Possible entrapment of neurovascular structures should be considered when managing these patients following injury.
Introducing Critical Race Media Literacy in an Undergraduate Education Course about Technology and Arts-Based Inquiry.

Critical race media literacy refers to the ability to 1) recognize negative stereotypical portrayals of historically oppressed groups in media, 2) question media producers’ intentions, and 3) produce media content that does not perpetuate stereotypes. Critical race media literacy can be taught in many college classes, but an undergraduate education course that utilizes a multimodal approach to teach students about the various ways learning occurs in the digital age is an excellent opportunity to develop this skill in undergraduates. This article provides specific examples of teaching techniques used in an undergraduate course about technological media and arts-based inquiry.
31257 A Case Study of Needs Assessment Practices Using I-Corp Customer Discovery Protocols Alongside REDCap Surveys for CTSA Activities.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: The results from this study will improve needs assessment practices. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The discovery phase in project development is necessary to better understand the needs and requirements of the intended market. This paper compares the outcomes of two virtual data collection methodologies, NSF I-Corps Customer Discovery interviews and REDCap surveys, for a needs assessment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Directors and Academic Administrators across the Consortium were asked about the types of skills needed to assess clinical research professional competencies and the need for a competency-based self-assessment tool (CBST). Parallel methods were used to extract qualitative and quantitative data. The first approach was to conduct interviews using I-Corps customer discovery guidelines, and data was collected using Innovation Within software. Targeted requests were sent via cold email outreach to 102 individuals within 63 CTSA hubs. The second approach involved the use of the NJ ACTS Training and Education Offering Inventory REDCap Survey which was distributed via LISTSERV to 63 CTSA hubs. Response rates and user insights from each method were compared. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Twenty-one of 63 CTSA hubs responded to the survey (response rate: 33%) while 18 of 63 hubs participated in an interview (response rate: 28%). Twenty-two individuals out of 102 were interviewed (response rate: 21%). Fifty-nine percent of interviewees and 62% of survey respondents indicated a clear need for a CBST; types of responses varied. Forty user insights were obtained from ten interviews. Two insights were gained in the survey from the eight who were prompted to fill out the free-text response. Both survey participants and interviewees indicated that communication and team science soft skills were the most important competencies. Regarding hard skills, interviewees preferred written skills while survey participants favored ‘scientific design and concept’ skills. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Results suggest the use of a survey or an interview for a needs assessment is dependent on several factors: need for insights, burden of time, desire to obtain quantitative vs. qualitative data, and question format. The interview was more effective than the survey in addressing the key question and obtaining insights from the intended market.