cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithium Extraction from Seawater through Pulsed Electrochemical Intercalation

Summary It is highly attractive to develop efficient methods to directly extract Li from seawater to secure the supply of Li. However, high concentration of Na in the seawater poses a great challenge in Li extraction. Here, we developed pulsed-rest and pulse-rest-reverse pulse-rest electrochemical intercalation methods with TiO2-coated FePO4 electrodes for Li extraction. The method can lower the intercalation overpotential and successfully boost the Li selectivity. Moreover, the pulse-rest-reverse pulse-rest method can also promote electrode crystal structure stability during the co-intercalation of Li and Na and prolong the lifetime of the electrode. We demonstrated 10 cycles of successful and stable Li extraction with 1:1 of Li to Na recovery from authentic seawater, which is equivalent to the selectivity of ∼1.8 × 104. Also, with lake water of higher initial Li/Na ratio of 1.6 × 10−3, we achieved Li extraction with more than 50:1 of Li to Na recovery.
Reconnaissance Study on Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products to Managed Turf Soils and Associated Oxide Nanoparticles

AbstractThe use of greywater or treated wastewater for the irrigation of public greenspaces and athletic fields is becoming a management strategy in water conservation. Water may contain pharmaceut...
The Need for Additional Safeguards against Racist Police Practices: A Call for Change to Massachusetts & Illinois Wiretapping Laws

Police misconduct is still prevalent throughout the United States. Unfortunately for members of minority communities, this misconduct often comes in the form of racially discriminatory police practices. In many cases, such practices are deeply rooted in the police department’s culture. It is imperative that all citizens are equipped with every possible safeguard from such abuse at the hands of the police. In Massachusetts and Illinois, however, wiretapping and eavesdropping laws prevent people from employing one such safeguard that has proven to help change unconstitutional police practices. The safeguard that those laws criminalize is the ability to surreptitiously record on-duty police. This Note recommends that state legislatures in Massachusetts and Illinois create exceptions to their wiretapping and eavesdropping laws so as to allow surreptitious recording of on-duty police officers.
Some Problems Associated with the Measurement of Electric Membrane Potentials

To determine absolute electrical potentials across biological membranes precisely and reliably is very difficult. In many cases one may at best obtain approximative values based on assumptions which cannot be tested rigorously. From the foregoing, on the other hand, it is clear that some at least approximative information about electrical potential is extremely important for the study of membrane functions. Hence considerable efforts have been made to improve the technique in order to keep unavoidable errors small enough not do endanger major conclusions drawn concerning the system under investigation. The best way to obtain fairly trustworthy results at the present time may be to apply more than one independent method, so that the values of both may confirm each other. In the following the most important methods presently available to estimate membrane potentials are listed according to the underlying principle. Special emphasis is given to those methods applicable to single cells and subcellular organelles and vesicles. For more information, see the review by Rottenberg (1975).
Manometric features of eosinophilic esophagitis in esophageal pressure topography

Background Although most of the patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have mucosal and structural changes that could potentially explain their symptoms, it is unclear whether EoE is associated with abnormal esophageal motor function. The aims of this study were to evaluate the esophageal pressure topography (EPT) findings in EoE and to compare them with controls and patients with gastro-esophageal disease (GERD). Methods Esophageal pressure topography studies in 48 EoE patients, 48 GERD patients, and 50 controls were compared. The esophageal contractile pattern was described for ten 5-mL swallows for each subject and each swallow was secondarily characterized based on the bolus pressurization pattern: absent, pan-esophageal pressurization, or compartmentalized distal pressurization. Key Results Thirty-seven percent of EoE patients were classified as having abnormal esophageal motility. The most frequent diagnoses were of weak peristalsis and frequent failed peristalsis. Although motility disorders were more frequent in EoE patients than in controls, the prevalence and type were similar to those observed in GERD patients (P = 0.61, chi-square test). Pan-esophageal pressurization was present in 17% of EoE and 2% of GERD patients while compartmentalized pressurization was present in 19% of EoE and 10% of GERD patients. These patterns were not seen in control subjects. Conclusions & Inferences The prevalence of abnormal esophageal motility in EoE was approximately 37% and was similar in frequency and type to motor patterns observed in GERD. Eosinophilic esophagitis patients were more likely to have abnormal bolus pressurization patterns during swallowing and we hypothesize that this may be a manifestation of reduced esophageal compliance.
Abstract W P205: Potential Hematological Biomarkers of Stroke in Cancer Patients

Introduction: Cancer patients can develop hypercoagulability, leading to stroke. The pathophysiology of cancer-mediated hypercoagulability, however, is poorly understood and biomarkers associated with stroke in cancer patients are uncertain. Methods: We performed a pilot cross-sectional study at a tertiary-care cancer center to evaluate potential hematological biomarkers of stroke in cancer patients. From October 2013 through May 2014, we prospectively identified 15 inpatients with active systemic cancer and acute ischemic stroke and 15 inpatients with active systemic cancer and no stroke. Using collected plasma, we compared six potential biomarkers of stroke, selected in advance based on expert opinion and prior data, which included markers of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complex and D-dimer), platelet function (P-selectin), and endothelial activation state (sICAM-1, vICAM-1, and thrombomodulin). We used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare biomarker levels between groups. Results: Each group comprised 14 patients with solid cancer and one patient with hematological cancer. All patients in the cancer and stroke group had stage 4 disease, while only 60% of the cancer and no stroke group had stage 4 disease. Age and demographics were similar between groups. Median levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex, D-dimer, P-selectin, sICAM-1, and vICAM-1 were significantly increased in cancer patients with stroke, but thrombomodulin was not (Table). Our results were substantially unchanged in a sensitivity analysis limited to patients with only stage 4 cancer. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that thrombin-antithrombin complex, D-dimer, P-selectin, sICAM-1, and vICAM-1 could serve as the focus of future prospective studies to elucidate the potential predictive, diagnostic, or etiologic role of hematological biomarkers for stroke in the cancer population. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Natriuretic Peptide Testing for Predicting Adverse Events Following Heart Failure Hospitalization

Concentrations of both B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) are useful for diagnostic evaluation of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), providing important information regarding presence and severity of heart failure. In addition, levels of both BNP and NT-proBNP are strongly prognostic for adverse outcomes in this setting. While values for BNP and NT-proBNP at hospital admission predict impending risk for adverse outcome, their measurement following HF treatment provides incremental prognostic information, even more accurately identifying patients at highest risk for death or rehospitalization in the short term. Thus, changes in BNP or NT-proBNP following treatment should be considered an important part of the pre-discharge decision making for patients hospitalized with ADHF.
Spin dynamics of YH 2 and YD 2

The properties of cross relaxation between dipolar and rotating-frame Zeeman nuclear-spin subsystems in the metal hydride ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2}$ and deuteride ${\mathrm{YD}}_{2}$ are examined using pulsed NMR spin-locking measurements in single resonance experiments on the $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ spin system. A thermodynamic model is presented to describe the spin dynamics. Observed equilibrium values of the $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ magnetization are described in terms of the magnetic heat capacities of the subsystems and provide a measure of the second moment of the nonresonant spins. Measured cross-relaxation spectra are described in terms of proton dipolar fluctuations; a comparison with numerically calculated spectra is presented. Additional insight into the strength and spectral width of the cross relaxation is provided by comparing the isotopes ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{YD}}_{2}$. The calculated spectra decay exponentially with the $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ rotating-frame angular frequency, with characteristic widths of 38.6 \ensuremath{\mu}s for ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2}$ and 1.003 ms for ${\mathrm{YD}}_{2}$. In addition to the quasiequilibrium cross-relaxation processes, large transient oscillations in Zeeman-dipolar order are observed and discussed. Finally, results from spin-echo measurements indicate that transverse decay processes are describable by the same fluctuation spectrum used in the description of cross relaxation.
Acute Intramural Hematoma of the Aorta Complicated by Spinal Cord Ischemia

We present an unusual case of spinal cord ischemia from an acute type B intramural hematoma that was successfully treated with blood pressure elevation and drainage of cerebral spinal fluid. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12199 (J Card Surg 2013;28:742–744)
Genetic diversity of penicillin G-resistant Neisseria meningitidis from Spain.

Abstract Genotypic and phenotypic diversity among 16 penicillin G-resistant (Penr) isolates of Neisseria meningitidis recovered from human blood or cerebrospinal fluid in Spain was compared with that among 12 penicillin-susceptible (Pens) isolates by the use of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, serotyping, auxotroph testing in chemically defined media, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Thirteen distinctive multilocus enzyme genotypes (electrophoretic types [ETs] ) were identified among the 28 isolates. There was slightly less genetic diversity among the eight ETs of Penr isolates (H = 0.385) than among the eight ETs of Pens isolates (H = 0.431). Cluster analysis demonstrated two distinctive complexes of ETs and one ET that was not closely related to either complex. The possibility of a singular clonal origin of penicillin G-resistant isolates was excluded by the observations that resistance occurred in isolates of each of the two distantly related complexes of ETs, that three of the four ETs represented by multiple isolates included both susceptible and resistant strains, and that serotypes and growth requirements were not associated with the resistance phenotype. The 28 isolates showed a relatively homogeneous pattern of four PBPs, with apparently reduced penicillin G binding by PBP 3 of the Penr isolates.
p53 Effects Both the Duration of G2/M Arrest and the Fate of Temozolomide-treated Human Glioblastoma Cells

Temozolomide (TMZ) is a DNA-methylating agent that has recently been introduced into Phase II and III trials for the treatment of gliomas. TMZ produces O6-methylguanine in DNA, which mispairs with thymine during the next cycle of DNA replication. Subsequent futile cycles of DNA mismatch repair can lead to a p53-associated apoptotic cell death, although this mechanism has been described mostly in hematopoietic neoplasms. We studied the action of TMZ in gliomas and the role p53 might play by using U87 glioma cells that were either p53-wild-type or p53-deficient (by virtue of expression of the viral oncoprotein E6). LN-Z308 cells, in which p53 gene is deleted, were also used. p53-proficient U87 MG cells underwent a prolonged, p53- and p21(Waf1/Cip1)-associated G2-M arrest beginning 2 days after TMZ treatment. Although very few of these cells underwent apoptosis, most underwent senescence over a 10-day period. p53-deficient (E6-transfected U87 and LN-Z308) cells similarly underwent G2-M arrest in response to TMZ, but this arrest was accompanied by only minor changes in p53 or p21(Waf1/Cip1) and was reversed within 7 days of TMZ treatment in association with the appearance of cells with either 8n or subG1 DNA content. These results suggest that glioma cells respond to TMZ by undergoing G2-M arrest. p53 is not necessary for this G2-M arrest to occur but is important in the duration of G2-M arrest and in the ultimate fate of TMZ-treated cells. Therefore, the integrity of the G2-M cell cycle checkpoint may be important in the cytotoxicity of TMZ in glioma cells.
Hispanic Students in High School and College: Two Views of a Continuing Challenge

Personas Mexicanas: Chicano High Schoolers in a Changing Los Angeles. James Diego Vigil. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997. 160 pp. The Struggle of Latino/Latina University Students: In Search of a liberating Education. Felix M. Padilla. New York Routledge, 1997. 245 pp.
Verbal responding under a fixed-interval schedule: effects of D-amphetamine

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of d-amphetamine (5–30 mg) on rate and distribution of verbal responding which was maintained under a fixed-interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement. Hired volunteer subjects simultaneously wrote and spoke narrative monologues; points were delivered under a multiple 5 min fixed-interval 1 min time out schedule for closure of a voice operated relay (VOR). Under placebo control conditions, most subjects paused for 2–4 minutes following the 1 min time out then spoke and wrote during later portions of the interval. d-Amphetamine increased both the number of words written and seconds if VOR closure in a dose-related manner. In subjects who showed typical FI response patterning, the drug generally decreased the length of early interval pausing and increased low control amounts of verbal responding which occurred early in the interval proportionately more than higher amounts of verbal responding seen during later portions of the interval. These drug effects on response patterning were generally similar to those see in infrahuman species responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement.
Natural resources and government responsiveness

Pogge (2008) and Wenar (2008) have recently argued that we are responsible for the persistence of the so-called "resource curse". But their analyses are limited in important ways. I trace these limitations to their undue focus on the ways in which the international rules governing resource transactions undermine government accountabil- ity. To overcome the shortcomings of Pogge's and Wenar's analyses, I propose a normative framework organized around the social value of government responsiveness and dis- cuss the implications of adopting this framework for future normative assessment of the resource curse and our relationships to it. Social scientists often claim that countries with an abundance of exportable point-source natural resources (e.g., oil, natural gas, copper) are more likely to be governed by au- thoritarian regimes (Ross, 2001; Wantchekon, 2002) and suffer economic dysfunction (Auty, 2001; Sachs and Warner, 1995). This so-called "resource curse" is a moral disaster. Many of the afflicted countries contain a significant percentage of the global poor. 1 These countries are often riven by civil conflict, and their residents are harried and left destitute by corrupt leaders who prioritize personal aggrandizement over providing their citizens with basic public goods, such as law enforcement or public infrastructure. Thomas Pogge (2008) and Leif Wenar (2008) have recently argued that we — the citizens of developed democracies and our government officials — are partly responsible for this disaster. Pogge's and Wenar's normative analyses are organized around the social value of government accountability. In supporting an international rule that permits dictators to conclude legally valid resource transactions, we promote unaccountable
Status of Observational Models Used in Design and Control of Products and Processes

This article is part of a collection entitled “Models for Safety, Quality, and Competitiveness of the Food Processing Sector,” published in Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. It has been peer-reviewed and was written as a follow-up of a pre-IFT workshop, partially funded by the USDA NRI grant 2005-35503-16208. ABSTRACT: Modeling techniques can play a vital role in developing and characterizing food products and processes. Physical, chemical, and biological changes that take place during food and bioproduct processing are very complex and experimental investigation may not always be possible due to time, cost, effort, and skills needed. In some cases even experiments are not feasible to conduct. Often it is difficult to visualize the complex behavior of a data set. In addition, modeling is a must for process design, optimization, and control. With the rapid development of computer technology over the past few years, more and more food scientists have begun to use computer-aided modeling techniques. Observation-based modeling methods can be very useful where time and resources do not allow complete physics-based understanding of the process. This review discusses the state of selected observation-based modeling techniques in the context of industrial food processing.
Somatic karyotype, heterochromatin distribution, and nature of chromosome differentiation in common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell

Heterochromatin distribution and structural differentiation of somatic chromosomes of five common wheat cultivars — Chinese Spring, Wichita, Cheyenne, Timstein, and Hope — were studied by an acetocarmine/N-banding technique. Detailed morphological observations on acetocarmine stained somatic chromosomes of Chinese Spring were made on all A genome chromosomes (except 1A), all B genome chromosomes, and chromosomes 1D, 2D, and 7D. N-banding patterns of chromosomes 2A, 3A, 5A, 6A, 1D, 2D, and 7D were described for the first time. Substitution lines of 21 individual chromosomes each of Cheyenne, Timstein, and Hope in Chinese Spring were analyzed by N-banding. A high frequency of N-band polymorphism was observed, especially for most of the B genome chromosomes. Chromosomes 3A, 5A, 2D, and 7D showed a constant banding pattern. Three cases of doubtful substitutions, Hope 2A, 2B, and Timstein 7A, and several cases of incomplete and chromosomally modified substitutions were observed. The reduced level of chromosome pairing that is often observed in intercultivar hybrids of wheat may be due to heterochromatic differentiation, genic and structural heterozygosity, or hybrid dysgenesis.
Nutritional strategies of Latino farmworker families with preschool children: identifying leverage points for obesity prevention.

Obesity and overweight are significant problems for children in the US, particularly for Hispanic children. This paper focuses on the children in families of immigrant Hispanic farmworkers, as farm work is the portal though which many immigrants come to the US. This paper (1) describes a model of the nutritional strategies of child feeding in farmworker families; and (2) uses this model to identify leverage points for efforts to improve the nutritional status of these children. In-depth interviews were conducted in Spanish with 33 mothers of 2–5 year old children in farmworker families recruited in North Carolina in 2010–2011. The purposive sample was balanced by farmworker status (migrant or seasonal), child age, and child gender. Interviews were transcribed and translated. Multiple coders and a team approach to analysis were used. Nutritional strategies centered on domains of procuring food, using food, and maintaining food security. The content of these domains reflected environmental factors (e.g., rural isolation, shared housing), contextual factors (e.g., beliefs about appropriate food, parenting style), and available resources (e.g., income, government programs). Environmental isolation and limited access to resources decrease the amount and diversity of household food supplies. Parental actions (parental sacrifices, reduced dietary variety) attempt to buffer children. Use of government food sources is valuable for eligible families. Leverage points are suggested that would change nutritional strategy components and lower the risk of overweight and obesity. Further prospective research is needed to verify the nutritional strategy identified and to test the ability of leverage points to prevent childhood obesity in this vulnerable population.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSOS IN PREMATURES WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS

Non-invasive evaluation of significant left to right shunting through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is difficult in premature infants with respiratory distress. Sixteen infants (gestation 26-36 weeks; weight 780-1800 grains) were evaluated by serial echocardiography. Group I- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) alone (5). Group II- RDS and PDA (6). Group III- PDA alone (4). One additional baby was asymptomatic. Group I- left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) and left atrial (LAD) dimensions were within normal limits. As the RDS resolved, the dimensions remained unchanged. Group II- LVED and LAD were enlarged in 4. Dimensions in 2 treated by ductal ligation reverted to normal whereas in 2 treated medically they remained enlarged. Group III- 2 had congestive heart failure. The LVED and LAD remained enlarged in one treated medically and returned to normal in one treated surgically. Thus, volume overload of the left heart due to a patent ductus arteriosus can be detected echocardioqraphically in premature infants with respiratory distress. Furthermore, the early return of the LVED and LAD to normal after ligation of the ductus contrasts dramatically with persistent overload of the left heart in patients treated medically. In all groups anemia further increased LVED and LAD.
ESTABLISHING MORE TRUTH IN TRUE WINDS

Abstract Techniques are presented for the computation and quality control of true winds from vessels at sea. Correct computation of true winds and quality-control methods are demonstrated for complete data. Additional methods are presented for estimating true winds from incomplete data. Recommendations are made for both existing data and future applications. Quality control of automated weather station (AWS) data at the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Surface Meteorological Data Center reveals that only 20% of studied vessels report all parameters necessary to compute a true wind. Required parameters include the ship’s heading, course over the ground (COG), speed over the ground, wind vane zero reference, and wind speed and direction relative to the vessel. If any parameter is omitted or incorrect averaging is applied, AWS true wind data display systematic errors. Quantitative examples of several problems are shown in comparisons between collocated winds from research vessels and the NASA scatterometer...
Improved Technics for the Near Infrared Study of Water Binding by Globular Proteins and Intact Tissues

Improved technics have been developed for near infrared studies of water binding to globular proteins and in intact cells or tissues. These include the construction of a cylindrical absorption cell which is of variable path length and which can be re-opened for sample dehydration or re-closed for subsequent scans. A matrix composed of copolymers of methacrylic acid and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, along with agarose, is utilized in order to hold globular or nongelling proteins in the form of uniform, transparent films when water is removed. Corrections have been made for the scattering of light by the samples by means of a particular opal material, in conjunction with a spectrophotometer with a high intensity source. Results which have been obtained with serum albumin and with intact tissues are presented. The spectra appear to provide sufficient resolution and accuracy for analytical studies, and for the detection of differences between bulk and protein bound forms of water. As far as we are aware, spectra with water difference curves through the near infrared, of intact tissues, with comparable resolution have not previously been published.
Energy dependence and dose response of Gafchromic EBT2 film over a wide range of photon, electron, and proton beam energies

Purpose: Since the Gafchromic film EBT has been recently replaced by the newer model EBT2, its characterization, especially energy dependence, has become critically important. The energy dependence of the dose response of Gafchromic EBT2 film is evaluated for a broad range of energies from different radiation sources used in radiation therapy. Methods: The beams used for this study comprised of kilovoltage x rays (75, 125, and 250 kVp), C 137 s gamma (662 KeV), C 60 o gamma (1.17–1.33 MeV), megavoltage x rays (6 and 18 MV), electron beams (6 and 20 MeV), and protonbeams (100 and 250 MeV). The film’s response to each of the above energies was measured over the dose range of 0.4–10 Gy, which corresponds to optical densities ranging from 0.05 to 0.74 for the film reader used. Results: The energy dependence of EBT2 was found to be relatively small within measurement uncertainties ( 1 σ = ± 4.5 % ) for all energies and modalities. Conclusion: For relative and absolute dosimetry of radiation therapybeams, the weak energy dependence of the EBT2 makes it most suitable for clinical use compared to other films.
Detect smart intruders in sensor networks by creating network dynamics

Intruder detection is an important application in wireless sensor networks. This paper focuses on detecting smart intruders whose purpose is to cross the monitored area and who can calculate the minimum exposure path with the location information sensors. A mixture deployment of mobile and static sensors are proposed in this paper. The central idea is that mobile sensors move smartly to dynamically change the topology and minimum exposure path of whole network. Thus, even the smart intruders can be detected with a high probability. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve a high detection probability with small energy consumption of mobile sensors.
Gene Transcription in Trichomonas vaginalis

Since the cloning of the first gene from the flagellated, parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis in 1990, at least a partial sequence has been obtained from over 100 genes. Molecular and biochemical analyses using these genes have enhanced our understanding of metabolism, organelle biogenesis, drug susceptibility, phylogeny and basic properties of transcription in trichomonads. Here, David Liston and Patricia Johnson discuss the available data on the regulation of transcription of protein-coding genes in T. vaginalis.
The General and the Politician: Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and American Politics. By John W. Malsberger. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. 265 pp.

The General and the Politician: Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and American Politics. By John W. Malsberger. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014. 265 pp. Most studies of Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon have presented a decidedly negative view of their relationship. These works have limited their treatment primarily to Eisenhower's attempt to "dump" Nixon as his running mate in 1952, his suggestion that Nixon "chart his own course" in 1956, and his response to a reporter who asked for one idea that Nixon had contributed to his administration: "If you give me a week, I might think of one." By focusing on these incidents, and on Nixon's often petty responses to them, historians have been able to conclude that the relationship between these men was strained, if not openly hostile. In his important book, The General and the Politician, John W. Malsberger, professor of history at Muhlenberg College, presents a far more complicated partnership. According to Malsberger, two main factors were responsible for the relationship's complexity. First, the Republican Party was badly divided. Eisenhower's "Modern Republican" policies were vehemently opposed by conservatives. Nixon, however, had credibility with the Old Guard. This was why he had been chosen as Eisenhower's running mate. Eisenhower's use of Nixon as a bridge between the party's wings, however, often put the vice president in difficult situations. Second, the two men had very different values. Eisenhower was motivated by a sense of duty. He pursued the policies he did out of a sincere belief that they were for the good of both his party and the country. Nixon, on the other hand, was motivated almost exclusively by personal ambition. This made it impossible for the men to fully understand one another. Despite these differences, Malsberger argues, "Both men came to learn, sometimes unhappily, that their goals could best be achieved by working together as a team.... Both men understood that their respective goals could be achieved only if the GOP was transformed into a modern, centrist party that had broad appeal" (p. xv). This realization led to a partnership that outlasted Eisenhower's presidency. The long-term success of this partnership, he maintains, has been misinterpreted by historians. Malsberger rejects the traditional notion that Eisenhower was a "captive hero" outmaneuvered by "Tricky Dick," but he is unwilling to place himself in the Eisenhower revisionist camp, which, he claims, characterizes Eisenhower as a "cunning Machiavellian politician" who "victimized a loyal obedient Dick Nixon" (p. …
Integration of the Two-Dimensional Power Spectral Density into Specifications for the X-ray Domain -- Problems and Opportunities

An implementation of the two-dimensional statistical scattering theory for the prediction of scattering from x-ray mirrors is presented with a graphical user interface. This development has clarified several problems which are of interest to synchrotrons.
Some properties of refractories based on clinkers with various concentrations of calcium oxide

We have studied the properties of the refractories prepared from periclase-lime clinkers with a CaO concentration of 2 to 60%. It is established that as the concentration of CaO is increased, the rate also increased at 1500–1650°C; the degree of dissolution of the refractories in slag is reduced; and in connection with this, their wear resistance is also lowered when tested under conditions simulating, in a first approximation, normal production conditions.
Review of the Bangladesh Female Secondary School Stipend Project Using a Social Exclusion Framework

The Female Secondary School Stipend Project in Bangladesh was established to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary schools, thereby delaying marriage and childbearing. This analysis examined the existing data using the social exclusion framework to clarify the primary exclusionary factors that have kept girls from education: harassment, poverty, and the primacy of marriage and childbirth and explored the extent to which the project has diminished such barriers. While causality is difficult to establish, data suggest that the stipend programme has contributed to the rise in enrollment of girls in secondary schools. Questions remain as to the impact of the stipend programme on delaying marriage, empowerment of girls and women, and enhancing employment opportunities. A thorough assessment of the impact is required. The case study suggests that, if the programme design had focused on the quality and content of education and the broader economic and social context, more opportunities would have been created for social and economic participation of girls.
The Expression Domain of Two Related Homeobox Genes Defines a Compartment in the Chicken Inner Ear That May Be Involved in Semicircular Canal Formation

Abstract Homeobox-containing genes encode a class of proteins that control patterning in developing systems, in some cases by acting as selector genes that define compartment identity. In an effort to demonstrate a similar role for such genes during ear development in the chicken, we present a detailed expression study of two related homeobox-containing genes, SOHo-1 and GH6, using in situ hybridization. At otocyst stages the two genes define a broad lateral domain of expression, which may represent a developmental compartment. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions of SOHo-1 expression at these and later stages revealed that the lateral domain becomes progressively restricted to the three semicircular canals. Thus, SOHo-1 and GH6 are among a small group of markers for a specific structural component of the inner ear. The gene expression domain initially includes the sensory regions of the semicircular canals, known as the cristae ampullaris, but none of the other four sensory organs which were recognizable by BMP4 expression during early morphogenesis (stages 19–24). Significantly, two of the sensory organs (the superior and posterior cristae) were found at the limits, or boundaries, of the SOHo-1/GH6 expression domain, suggesting that compartment boundaries may be involved in specifying sensory organ location as well as identity. Maintained expression at the boundaries may aid in specifying the location of canal outgrowth. These concepts are presented as a formal model which emphasizes that patterning information could be provided at the boundaries of gene expression domains in the inner ear.
Dispersion trading: Empirical evidence from U.S. options markets

Abstract This paper develops empirical evidence on the viability of a form of volatility trading known as “dispersion trading.” The results shed light on the efficiency with which U.S. options markets price volatility. Using end-of-day implied volatilities extracted from equity option prices for the stocks that comprise the SP suggesting that potential dispersion trades can run in either direction.
Accuracy of statistical methods in TRANSFUSION: a review of articles from July/August 1992 through June 1993.

BACKGROUND: Statistical errors have been noted in a large percentage of articles appearing in medical journals. Their incidence in a blood banking journal, however, has not been studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Original articles appearing in the journal TRANSFUSION from July 1992 through June 1993 were analyzed for correctness of statistical methods. Each article was reviewed by both a transfusion medicine physician and a statistician. RESULTS: There were 122 original articles, of which 59 contained statistical methods and were reviewed. Of these, 23 (39%) contained an error in the statistical description of their data, 47 (80%) failed to describe clearly the statistical tests performed, and 44 (75%) involved an incorrect statistical test or contained an error in test calculation or interpretation. As a result of these errors, 13 (22%) of the 55 articles analyzed reported conclusions not supported by the data. CONCLUSION: Misuse of statistical methodology may not be uncommon in transfusion medicine research, and it would be prudent to give more attention to statistical methodology in such research
Coinfection of E. coli with phages G4 and φX174: Origin of dimeric replicative form species

Abstract The origin of the dimeric species of replicative form (RF) DNA has been investigated by coinfecting E. coli with phages φX174 and G4. The RF DNA from the coinfection was examined by electron microscopy before and after treatment with the EcoRl restriction endonuclease which makes one double-strand scission per monomer length in G4-RF and none in φX174-RF. Recombinant dimer molecules were identified by the unique products resulting from digestion. Circular, catenated, and figure-8 dimers were indicated to be formed both by recombination and replication. Analysis of the tail lengths of a forms derived from homozygous and heterozygous figure-8s demonstrates that branch migration is restricted by the nonhomologous regions of the G4 and φX174 genomes. No bias was detected in figure-8s with respect to the polarity of the strand that is of dimer length.
Expansion of linear combinations of slater-type orbitals in eigenfunctions of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator

Several classes of functions related to the Gaussian have been used with success as basis sets for the representation of atomic and molecular orbitals. We have compared the representation of a hydrogen 1s orbital by a sum of Gaussian lobe functions with its expansion in eigenfunctions of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator. The lobe functions are shown to achieve better expectation values of the energy, with fewer terms. The lobe functions have the further computational advantage of not containing high powers of the radius. It is concluded that the lobe functions are a superior basis set for use in calculations of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules.
Blockade of adrenergic responses by halogenated phenyl-2-halogenoethyl amines

Abstract The action of halogenated phenyl 2-halogenoethylamines on adrenergic α-receptor sites of the rat vas deferens was studied. The effect of halogen (Br) substituents in the phenyl nucleus resulted in the following differences in activity: para > meta - para > meta > ortho. All compounds possessed a short duration of action; recovery from adrenergic blockade was complete within 120 min. Exposure of tissues to phenoxybenzamine, after complete recovery from adrenergic blockade by the test compounds, did not alter the magnitude of initial blockade but sharply reduced the duration of action of phenoxybenzamine. These results are discussed in terms of a model which proposes at least 2 sites of action for 2-halogenoethylamines at the adrenergic α-receptors of the rat vas deferens.
Some partially fluorinated cyclic and acyclic compounds of sulphur (II) and (IV) and partially fluorinated cyclic compounds of phosphorus (III) and (V)

Abstract Sulfinyl fluoride and N-(F-isoprophyl)iminosulfur difluoride form the compounds, O SN(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N (CH 3 ) and i-C 3 F 7 N SN(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 N (CH 3 with symdimethylethylenediamine (1). In contrast, CF 3 C(O)NSF 2 and (R f ) 2 SF 2 (R f = CF 3 , i-C 3 F 7 form only acyclic compounds, CF 3 C(O)N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )C(O)CF 3 and R f SN(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )SR f with (1). With PF 3 , PF 5 and OPF 3 , cyclic compounds N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )P F, N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )P F 3 , and N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )P -(O)F result. When the latter two compounds are reacted further with LiNC(CF 3 ) 2 , N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )PF 2 NC(CF 3 ) 2 and N(CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )P (O)NC(CF 3 ) 2 ) form.
SU‐GG‐T‐454: Localization Accuracy of Cone‐Beam CT Guided Radiosurgery as Investigated Utilizing a Geometric Phantom

Purpose: While the advantage of imaging guidance with cone beam CT(CBCT) guided radiosurgery is obvious, the localization accuracy of CBCT guided radiosurgery still remains a concern. This study utilized a geometric phantom with known target positions to investigate the accuracy of CBCT based localization, and to compare its accuracy with conventional frame‐based localization. Method and Materials: Geometric phantom with various target shapes at known positions was scanned with a localizer (Brainlab AG, Germany) attached. Each target was then localized in the treatment room with a target positioning frame. The same target was then localized by using CBCT. The CBCT localized target position was compared with the frame localized position, and also with the known position of the geometric phantom. Results: The differences of target position between CBCT and frame based localization were listed in Table 1 for targets with various shapes. The mean and standard deviations were 0.8 ± 0.5 mm in AP, 0.3 ± 0.5 mm in IS, 0.8 ± 0.5 mm in RL directions. The differences between CBCT localized target and geometric phantom positions were listed in Table 2 with an average of −0.3 ± 0.5 mm in AP, 0.3 ± 0.5 mm in IS, 0.9 ± 0.6 mm in RL directions. Conclusion:CBCT can provide comparable localization accuracy as conventional SRS localization frames. Rigorous quality assurance tests are required to maintain its accuracy.
Tidally Phased Emergence Events in a Strongly Tidal Estuary

Acoustic backscatter from an active sonar system over a range of six frequencies between 265 kHz and 3 MHz in the tidally dominated Damariscotta River estuary, Maine, United States, revealed that the major emergence event of the night commenced on the first tidal deceleration after dark (3.5-4 h after local slack), irrespective of flow direction. Emergence traps identified the mysid shrimp, Neomysis americana, as the dominant migrator. Water-column-integrated, acoustically estimated biovolume at our 10-m deep study location increased by a factor of about 6 during these large events, entirely dominating the holoplanktonic contribution and likely being a major component in benthic-pelagic coupling. Application of the same algorithm used to locate this nighttime emergence revealed a parallel but considerably smaller daytime emergence event near the same phase of the tide. Daytime trap samples failed to recover the organisms responsible, but transmissometry rejected the alternative hypothesis that we observed resuspension events. We suspect, but have yet only weak evidence, that animals emerging in daylight are copepods rather than mysids.
Hippocampal sclerosis dementia differs from hippocampal sclerosis in frontal lobe degeneration.

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is characterized by selective neuronal loss and gliosis in CA1 and the subiculum and has been associated with several disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin immunoreactive inclusions (FTLD-U), vascular dementia and some tauopathies. In some cases, HS is not associated with other degenerative pathologies. Such cases are sometimes referred to as HS dementia (HSD). Differences between HSD and HS in the setting of FTLD-U have not been systematically investigated. To this end, eight cases of HSD and ten cases of HS associated with FTLD-U were studied with Nissl and periodic acid-Schiff stains to assess neuronal loss and corpora amylacea, respectively. Sections were immunostained with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein, HLA-DR and synaptophysin and immunoreactivity was measured with image analysis in CA1 and the subiculum of each case. Additionally, sections were immunostained with antibodies to 4-R tau to determine the presence of argyrophilic grains. HSD was different from HS associated with FTLD-U. Specifically, it was more common in the elderly, and it was associated with more marked neuronal and synaptic loss and with greater reactive gliosis. Corpora amylacea tended to be more frequent in HSD than in FTLD-U, but there was no difference in frequency of argyrophilic grains.
Atomic-scale X-ray structural analysis of self-assembled monolayers on silicon

Two related self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 4-bromostyrene (BrSty) and 4-bromophenylacetylene (BPA), are photochemically grown from solution on to the monohydride-terminated Si(111) surface. The atomic-scale structures of the resulting SAMs are examined by X-ray standing waves (XSW), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), X-ray fluorescence, atomic-force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT). The coverage is 0.5 ML. The results show that in each case the molecule covalently bonds to a single Si T1 site and stands up-right with a slight molecular tilt of 17 ◦ that leaves the Br terminal end over a neighboring T4 site. The Br height is 8.5 ˚ (BrSty) and 8.6 ˚ (BPA) above the top surface Si atom. The combined XSW and XRR results rule-out two alternative bonding models predicted by DFT that have the root of the molecule bonded to two neighboring top Si surface atoms. Based on the XSW 111 and 333 coherent fractions, the BPA/Si(111) has a reduced vertical Br distribution width in comparison to BrSty. This greater rigidity in the molecular structure is correlated to a C=C bond at the root.
Electrophysiological effect of varied rate and extent of acute in vivo left ventricular load increase.

STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether the rate, the magnitude, or both, of increased left ventricular wall stress in vivo has consistent and prominent effects on repolarisation, afterdepolarisations, or arrhythmogenicity. DESIGN Ten anaesthetised dogs underwent transient proximal aortic occlusion. Wall stress was estimated from pressure-volume data obtained by volume catheter, normalised to preocclusion values, and correlated with simultaneously determined changes in monophasic action potential duration (MAPd). Data were obtained during both fast (greater than 50% rise in wall stress within two beats) and slow occlusions, as well as during innervated and denervated conditions. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL Adult mongrel dogs (20-25 kg) were used. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Two- to threefold increases in wall stress resulted in less than 5 ms shortening in MAPd and there was little correlation between wall stress and MAPd shortening. The strongest relation between normalised wall stress (EWSnorm) and MAPd was observed under denervated conditions during rapid aortic occlusion (delta MAPd = -2.5 x EWSnorm +2.1, r2 = 0.44, p less than 0.001). Afterdepolarisations were observed in fewer than 10% of occlusions and were not related to the magnitude or rate of loading change. Ventricular ectopy occurred more frequently during rapid than slow occlusions (87% v 56%, p = 0.01), but was unrelated to the level of wall stress increase or the presence of afterdepolarisations. CONCLUSIONS Marked acute increases in left ventricular loading in vivo minimally alter repolarisation, and rarely lead to afterdepolarisations. The speed rather than magnitude of load change appears more important in the development of ventricular ectopy. These findings suggest that load induced ventricular ectopy is due to stretch induced automaticity rather than triggered activity or re-entry.
Interaction of cytochrome c with liposomes: Covalent labeling of externally bound protein by the fluorescent probe, azidonaphthalenedisulfonic acid, enclosed in the inner aqueous compartment of unilamellar vesicles

Abstract The photoreactive fluorescent probe, 3-azidonaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (ANDS) was encapsulated in the inner aqueous compartment of small unilamellar liposomes, prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) ± 20 mol% dihexadecylphosphate (DHP). After adding cytochrome c externally to a suspension of these vesicles, the probe was activated by ultraviolet irradiation, and the protein was separated from the lipids. When negatively charged (egg PC/DHP) vesicles at low ionic strength were used, which form an electrostatic complex with cytochrome c, the protein was labeled by ANDS. This process depended on irradiation time, and was inhibited by increasing the ionic strength of the medium. Labeling was not observed with isolelectric (egg PC) vesicles. These observations suggest that electrostatic binding of cytochrome c to the bilayer is accompanied by intramembrane penetration to such a depth that the protein can communicate with the inner membrane-water interface.
A numerical method for elastic-plastic torsion by variational inequality

Abstract The paper is concerned with a numerical procedure to solve the elastic-plastic torsion of a bar using the variational inequality concept. The finite element method with SOR (successive over relaxation) technique is employed to solve the variational inequality as a constrained minimuzation problem. Circular, square, L-shaped cross sections, and square cross section with a slit are considered as numerical examples. Von Mises yield criteria is employed.