cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic stress analysis of light ion fusion target development facility reaction chambers

Preliminary structural analysis and design is presented for the reaction chamber of a preconceptual light ion beam target development facility (TDF). The chamber consists of a capped, reinforced cylindrical shell submerged in a water shield. Axisymmetric response is determined for blast waves generated by target ignition. From the analysis, design curves are developed for dynamic displacements and flexural stresses of the shell wall. It is shown that the added mass effect of the water can substantially reduce the response and that a practical design is possible for a range of geometric parameters and materials.
The Duty to Care: Democratic Equality and Responsibility for End-of-Life Health Care

All forms of egalitarianism have important implications for health care. In her classic essay, “What is the Point of Equality?” Elizabeth Anderson sketches a version of egalitarianism that she calls “democratic equality” (Anderson 1999). I argue that Anderson’s theory of democratic equality, when suitably modified, is more plausible than her luck egalitarian critics have claimed and that it has important implications for health care generally and end-of-life care in particular. Anderson’s Democratic equality is able to account for some of the main insights of luck egalitarianism while avoiding its counter-intuitive implications. In addition, democratic equality can explain the role of responsibility in health care while providing a justification of universal health care regardless of prior choices made by those needing health care. In this respect, democratic equality justifies a duty on the part of society to provide care for citizens throughout their lives while setting limits on the scope of the duty. At the same time democratic equality justifies a duty to care for one’s own health.
Applications of the Maximum Modulus Principle

We return to the maximum principle in a systematic way, and give several ways to apply it, in various contexts.
Toward Conceptual Competence in Psychiatric Diagnosis: An Ecological Model for Critiques of the DSM

Dissatisfaction with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), once an exception within mainstream clinical literature, has become a new kind of norm in recent decades. Critiques of the DSM, now in its fifth edition, have been put forward by psychiatrists, psychologists, and other scholars from across the sciences and humanities, as well as by service users, families, and diverse stakeholder groups. In order to understand the multiple levels on which the DSM-5 has been critiqued, we apply an ecological systems model and attempt to synthesize a range of perspectives. A researcher or clinician should be equipped to consider potential effects of the diagnosis on a client or patient, technical issues in the testing of the diagnostic construct, major institutional players that have stakes in the definition of the disorder and its codification in the manual, broader social and political concerns about the use of particular diagnoses to disadvantage certain groups, and contemporary debates concerning the relationship between the brain and an individual’s experiences, thoughts, and behaviors. The ecological approach presented here offers a framework for teaching and developing such “conceptual competence” in psychiatric diagnosis. We also consider the ways in which an ecological model might be applied to future diagnostic paradigms.
Seeking a secure base: Gangs as attachment figures:

Street gangs are problematic throughout the world. Youth involved with street gangs are at a higher risk for winding up seriously physically injured, dead, or incarcerated. The purpose of this qual...
Analgesic Effect of Intrathecal Ketamine in the Rat

To evaluate the direct analgesic effect of ketamine on the spinal cord, rats with chronically implanted catheters in their spinal subarachnoid space were injected intrathecally with the drug. At doses which did not cause gross motor block, ketamine (135–405 μg) produced a small but statistically significant increase in the tail flick latency. Intrathecal pretreatment with saline, naloxone or phentolamine had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal ketamine. In contrast, intrathecal methysergide had no effect on the control tail flick latency, but produced a total reversal of the elevated threshold associated with intrathecal ketamine. This suggests involvement of the spinal serotonergic system in the weak antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered ketamine in the rat. However, even at these doses used a mild local anesthetic effect cannot be ruled out.
Introduction to the Design and Simulation of Reflectionless Filters

One novel approach to improving filter performance is to use so-called reflectionless filters which have recently been proposed. In this paper we demonstrate how to design, simulate and manufacture a reference reflectionless low-pass filter with the corner frequency of188 MHz. We have found very good agreement between measurements, simulations, and published data, which validates our implementation of the design procedure. We have also designed a comparable diplexer so that we can examine the relative advantages and disadvantages of the reflectionless filters vs. diplexers. Measurements, simulations and published data, all agree very well in this case as well. This agreement extends into multi-GHz range, far into the filter stopband, which illustrates the high quality of the modeling tools used. The reflectionless filter has been verified to provide low return loss for all ports in the stopband which enables cascading. It also has a much simpler bill-of-materials and uses only three unique components, whereas the diplexer uses 32 unique components. On the other hand, the diplexer exhibits steeper initial fall-off after the 3-dB corner frequency and somewhat improved attenuation in the stopband.
Loss modulus measurement of a viscoelastic polymer at acoustic and ultrasonic frequencies using vibrothermography

Abstract This paper describes a method to calculate the loss modulus of a viscoelastic polymer material at high frequencies based on vibrothermography. The polymer material is coated on the surface of a metallic substrate and resonant mechanical vibrations are generated in the substrate. The vibrating polymer coating undergoes hysteretic heating because of its viscoelastic nature. By measuring the surface temperature of the polymer coating and by solving the heat transfer equation, the heat intensity dissipated at the polymer is estimated. The loss modulus is then calculated from the estimated heat intensity and the measured dynamic vibrational strain on the coating surface. The measurement method is demonstrated with two different polymer materials at several frequencies in the range of 12–30 kHz and these values are compared with results from dynamic mechanical analysis experiments.
Recent technical progress in sample preparation and liquid-phase separation-mass spectrometry for proteomic analysis of mass-limited samples

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has enabled the identification and quantification of thousands of proteins from complex proteomes in a single experiment. However, its performance for mass-limited proteome samples (e.g., single cells and tissue samples from laser capture microdissection) is still not satisfying. The development of novel proteomic methodologies with better overall sensitivity is vital. During the last several years, substantial technical progress has been achieved for the preparation and liquid-phase separation-MS characterization of mass-limited proteome samples. In this review, we summarize recent technological progress of sample preparation, liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS and MS instrumentation for bottom-up proteomics of trace biological samples, highlight some exciting applications of the novel techniques for single-cell proteomics, and provide a very brief perspective about the field at the end.
‘Learning Is Not a Spectator Sport’: Oral History Archives and Simulation in the Sport History Classroom

Sport historians have called for more use of oral history in research, writing, preservation, and community engagement projects. Applying oral history sources to sport history pedagogy by focusing ...
A Practical Guide to using Mediation and Moderation Analyses in Accounting Research

Mediation and moderation analyses are increasingly being used in accounting research. In this manuscript, we explain mediation and moderation analyses in plain-English, and demonstrate how to use an efficient tool to help build your theory, provide inferential tests of indirect (mediated) effects, and interpret your results. Briefly, mediation is an expansion of the relation between an independent variable (X) and a dependent variable (Y); it seeks to explain how or why X influences Y, i.e., the mechanism underlying the basic hypothesized relationship. An independent variable can affect the dependent variable directly (as in most models), indirectly through mediators, or both. Moderation is a conditional analysis (equivalent to an interaction in regression analysis); it seeks to understand when X influences Y or for whom the relationship exists or varies in strength or sign. Moderated mediation is when the mediated relationship between X and Y is conditioned by variable W. Many theories in accounting research can be conceptualized as mediated, moderated or moderated-mediation models to investigate both simple and complex hypothesized relationships as they seek to understand how and when X influences Y. Analyses using these models capture the dependent nature of an entire set of relationships rather than attempting to make piecemeal inferences from a series of univariate regressions that may not be as revealing and may even yield misleading inferences. Tools such as the PROCESS macro (Hayes 2020) facilitate examination of a set of conditional relationships, reduce the number of inferential tests that are relied on, and use bootstrapping for inferential tests of moderated mediation that do not rely on distributional assumptions. We provide two examples from published research to illustrate these concepts and analysis using the PROCESS macro.
The Full Theory

The objective of this chapter is to extend the analysis of subjunctive conditionals in such a way as to incorporate both quantifiers and conditionals with non-indicative antecedents and consequents. This is a matter of combining Analysis VII of Chapter IV with the treatment of quantification discussed in Chapter V, and then making the whole thing recursive in order to handle non-indicative antecedents and consequents. We will begin by constructing an artificial language within which to express our conditionals, and then our analysis will take the form of a formal semantics for this language.
Stress, Strain, and Role Adaptation: Conceptual Issues

Despite the enormous technological progress of the past century, a high degree of stress accompanies modern urban life. Whether the stresses have intensified or diminished since the rise of industrial society is a moot point, but, clearly enough, there is a large gap between technological potentials for improving the human condition, and the social reality of widespread stress, pain, and deprivation. The manifest stresses are quite concrete and diverse: competitive work, family conflict, economic difficulties, physical illness, and daily frustrations that are minor but frequently cumulate to produce severe stress. Some of these stresses are quite evident and disruptive; others are almost imperceptible at first, and their impact is felt only after a delay. But all of these stresses can and often do affect the central activities and relationships of daily life.
Teaching E-business with enterprise Javabeans

E-business is a hot new topic being taught today in Computer Science departments. E-business is a broad subject that includes e-commerce, but covers more than just the selling of goods. E-business can be a difficult course to teach, in that both business and technological topics must be discussed. Business departments also teach e-business courses. The Computer Science courses focus on programming skills, while Business courses focus more on management issues. It is important for Computer Science professors to know what to teach in a Computer Science e-business course. A Computer Science e-business course should teach students how to build an e-business with the technologies that exists.To teach students how to implement an e-business, the professors must be knowledgeable about the tools they can use to do so. This tutorial will demonstrate one way to teach e-business with a popular technology called Enterprise JavaBeans(EJB). EJBs are distributed components that encapsulate business logic. Developing custom components with EJBs provides a network of configurable business objects. These business objects are simple to create and implement; in addition, they provide a scalable, portable and reliable infrastructure for any business. EJBs are part of a middleware container system. This middleware allows for highly configurable objects. Good business practice means being able to adapt to changes. As the users requirements change, the business resources need to adapt. EJBs allow business to evolve as the environment and the requirements change.This tutorial will present information on how to implement EJBs for a class project. Discussion will begin with the selection of tools such as web servers, databases and hardware components. After this the foundation of Enterprise JavaBeans will be covered including entity beans and session beans. Deployment issues will be presented next, and last will be testing practices. Participants may wish to work in teams for the programming portion of this tutorial.
Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO(2) generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO(2) inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.
Laboratory simulated hydrothermal alteration of sedimentary organic matter from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

High temperature alteration of sedimentary organic matter associated with marine hydrothermal systems involves complex physical and chemical processes that are not easily measured in most natural systems. Many of these processes can be evaluated indirectly by examining the geochemistry of the hydrothermal system in the laboratory. In this investigation, an experimental organic geochemical approach to studying pyrolysis of sedimentary organic matter is applied to the hydrothermal system in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. A general survey of hydrothermal oils and extractable organic matter (bitumen) in hydrothermally altered sediments identified several homologous series of alkanones associated with a high temperature hydrothermal origin. The alkanones range in carbon number from C11 to C30 with no carbon number preference. Alkan-2-ones are in highest concentrations, with lower amounts of 3-, 4-, 5- (and higher) homologs. The alkanones appear to be pyrolysis products synthesized under extreme hydrothermal conditions. Hydrous pyrolysis and confinement pyrolysis experiments were performed to simulate thermally enhanced diagenetic and catagenetic changes in the immature sedimentary organic matter. The extent of alteration was measured by monitoring the n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, steroid and triterpenoid biomarkers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanones. The results were compared to bitumen extracts from sediments which have been naturally altered by a sill intrusion and accompanied hydrothermal fluid flow. These pyrolysis experiments duplicated many of the organic matter transformations observed in the natural system. Full hopane and sterane maturation occurred after 48 hr in experiments at 330 deg C with low water/rock mass ratios (0.29). A variety of radical and ionic reactions are responsible for the organic compound conversions which occur under extreme hydrothermal conditions. Short duration pyrolysis experiments revealed that a portion of the hydrocarbons generated from kerogen was observed to go through alkene intermediates, and the rate of alkene isomerization was influenced by the ionic strength and catalytic mineral phases. Confinement of the organic pyrolysate to the bulk sediment accelerated the rates of the biomarker epimerization reactions, suggesting that these reactions are influenced strongly by the association of the inorganic matrix, and that the relative rates of some ionic and radical reactions can be influenced by the water/rock ratio during the pyrolysis experiments.
Glimpses of a Tiny RNA World

Naturally tiny regulatory RNAs of about 22 nucleotides were first identified from Caenorhabditis elegans genetics. Artificially induced RNAs of this size are also an intermediate in RNA interference, and both such RNAs use a common biochemical processing pathway. Now three groups have shown that there is an entire world of tiny RNAs that had almost escaped detection until now. These tiny RNAs are likely to regulate the translation of other mRNAs during development and, like the intermediates in RNAi, may be subject to amplification and systemic spread.
Regulation of microsomal enzymes by phospholipids. I. The effect of phospholipases and phospholipids on glucose 6-phosphatase.

Abstract Incubation of bovine liver microsomes with partially purified phospholipase A from Naja naja venom inactivates the phosphohydrolase activities of glucose 6-phosphatase, but there is no quantitative correlation between hydrolysis of phospholipids and loss of enzyme activity. Furthermore, addition of EDTA to an incubating mixture of microsomes and phospholipase A completely stops hydrolysis of phospholipids, but does not halt the decline of glucose 6-phosphatase activity. These results indicate that hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase A does not per se inactivate glucose 6-phosphatase. Instead, hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase A produces an unstable form of the enzyme. The phospholipase A-treated form of glucose 6-phosphatase can be stabilized by asolectin and albumin, and at pH 5.75 by glucose-6-P or PPi. In contrast to its effects on phosphohydrolase activities, conditions of phospholipase A treatment which lead to a 50 to 60% loss of these activities activate slightly the phosphotransferase. It was found, however, that the phospholipase A treatment led to a pH-dependent instability of phosphotransferase which could be separated from the instability of phosphohydrolase activities. Phospholipids, in the form of asolectin, inhibit the phospholydrolase activities of untreated microsomes whereas they activate after phospholipase A treatment. Albumin, which has no effect on the untreated enzyme, is a more effective activating agent of phospholipase A-treated glucose 6-phosphatase than asolectin. Asolectin activates, but albumin inhibits, the phosphotransferase activity of phospholipase A-treated microsomes. Since either albumin or asolectin can increase the phosphohydrolase activity of phospholipase A-treated microsomes to levels greater than those of untreated ones, their activating action cannot result from reversal of phospholipase A effects. Phospholipase C treatment inactivates both the phosphohydrolase and phosphotransferase activities of glucose 6-phosphatase. This action does not seem to result from phospholipase C-induced instability of the enzyme. However, inactivation cannot be interpreted as indicating a phospholipid requirement for the enzyme since albumin, in addition to asolectin, activates phospholipase C-treated glucose 6-phosphatase, and the combined action of phospholipase C plus asolectin increases phosphotransferase activity to 50% greater than that of untreated microsomes.
Gait parameters associated with balance in healthy 2- to 4-year-old children

The use of validated measurements of gait and balance are crucial to establish baseline function and assess effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Gait in children changes with motor development requiring frequent observations to effectively track progress. Standardized baseline spatiotemporal measurements and a greater understanding of the relationship between gait and balance would provide important feedback to clinicians regarding the effectiveness of rehabilitation and guide treatment modifications. 84 subjects (2.0-4.9 years) walked along the GAITRite(®), a walkway that records spatiotemporal parameters. The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) was administered to assess balance. Comparison of spatiotemporal parameter means between age groups showed trends associated with motor development similar to the ones described in the literature such as decreased cadence and increased step/stride length with increasing age. However, no significant differences in normalized spatiotemporal parameters were found between age groups. Age, leg length, cadence, step/stride length, step/stance time, and single/double support time showed significant correlation with balance scores. When the parameters were grouped into spatial, temporal, and age-related components using principal components analysis and included in a multiple regression model, they significantly predicted 51% of the balance score variance. Age-related components most strongly predicted balance outcomes. We suggest that balance can potentially be evaluated by assessment of spatial, temporal, and age-related characteristics of gait such as step length, cadence, and leg length. This suggests the possibility of developing new gait measurement technology that could provide functional assessment and track improvements during rehabilitation regimens. If the same model can be applied to monitor treatment efficacy in children with gait abnormalities remains to be addressed.
Annular Pancreas in an Adult

A case of chronic duodenal obstruction due to an annular pancreas in a man aged 49 years is presented. At laparotomy the obstruction was bypassed by an antecolic gastro-jejunostomy. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of annular pancreas presenting in adult life are discussed.
The fine structure of the arteriovenous anastomosis and its nerve supply in the human nasal respiratory mucosa

The fine structure of the arteriovenous anastomosis was investigated in the normal human nasal mucosa. The tissues were fixed in 2% osmic acid solution, embedded in Epon and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions. It was found that the endothelial basement membrane of the arterial segment of the anastomosis was discontinuous. The anastomosing artery possessed subendothelial cushions of longitudinal smooth musculature which expanded into a thick uniform layer before the artery joined the vein. The fine morphology of these muscle cells did not show epitheloid modification. An elastic membrane of a peculiar structure separated the subendothelial musculature from that of the tunica media. The membrane was continuous with the internal elastic membrane of the proximal artery and with the adventitial elastic mesh of the vein. The anastomosis was supplied by a non-myelinated periarterial nerve plexus which contained cholinergic and adrenergic axons characterized by agranular and fine granular vesicles respectively. The wall of the vein was devoid of musculature and nerves. It mainly consisted of elastic meshes interspersed with bundles of collagen fibers and occasional fibrocytes. It was suggested that the musculature of the tunica media of the artery was controlled by the cholinergic and adrenergic nerves of the autonomic system, and by the sensory nerves in the form of axons reflexes. The subendothelial musculature was controlled by agents carried in blood and was not influenced by the adventitial nerves.
Effects of polypeptide-phospholipid interactions on bilayer reorganizations Raman spectroscopic study of the binding of polymyxin B to dimyristoylphosphatidic acid and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine dispersions

Abstract The interactions of the antibiotic polymixin B, a polycationic cyclic polypeptide containing a branched acyl side chain, with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA) bilayers were investigated by Raman spectroscopy for a wide range of lipid/polypeptide mole fractions. Temperature profiles, constructed from peak height intensity ratios derived from the lipid methylene C-H stretching and acyl chain C-C stretching mode regions, reflected changes originating from lateral chain packing effects and intrachain trans / gauche rotamer formation, respectively. For DMPC/polymyxin B bilayers the temperature dependent curves indicate a broadening of the gel-liquid crystalline phase transition accompanied by an approx. 3 C deg. increase in the phase transition temperature from 22.8°C for the pure bilayer to 26°C for the polypeptide complex. For a 10:1 lipid/polypeptide mole ratio the temperature profile derived from the C-C mode spectral parameters displays a second order/disorder transition, at approx. 35.5°C, associated with the melting behavior of approximately three bilayer lipids immobilized by the antibiotic's charged cyclic headgroup and hydrophobic side chain. For the 10:1 mole ratio DMPA/polypeptide liposomes, the temperature profiles indicate three order/disorder transitions at 46, 36 and 24°C. Pure DMPA bilayers display a sharp lamellar-micellar phase transition at 51°C.
Sir John Howard Clapham and the Empirical Reaction in Economic History

When Clapham began to teach economic history at Leeds in 1902 Schmoller had just finished his Foundations of Political Economy, and the first edition of Sombart's Modern Capitalism had just appeared. In the early editions of J. A. Hobson's Evolution of Modern Capitalism many aspects of the Marxian interpretation of history were effectively expressed and afforded a clear measure of the stimulus that economic history was to receive from this general approach. But these influences were not the dominant factor in Clapham's thought at the beginning of his career or at any later period. His interests in history came from Lord Acton and from Alfred Marshall. Marshall was anxious to draw him into the field of economic history, “he was eager to get historical work done.” Clapham says in the Inaugural Lecture, “… he pointed out to me tracts of economic history which needed someone's work. Then he pointed at me and said—‘Thou art the man.’ I hesitated then, for Acton's power was on me, as I hope it still is. But Marshall has prevailed.”
A pore-hindered diffusion and reaction model can help explain the importance of pore size distribution in enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass.

Until now, most efforts to improve monosaccharide production from biomass through pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have used empirical optimization rather than employing a rational design process guided by a theory-based modeling framework. For such an approach to be successful a modeling framework that captures the key mechanisms governing the relationship between pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis must be developed. In this study, we propose a pore-hindered diffusion and kinetic model for enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. When compared to data available in the literature, this model accurately predicts the well-known dependence of initial cellulose hydrolysis rates on surface area available to a cellulase-size molecule. Modeling results suggest that, for particles smaller than 5 × 10−3 cm, a key rate-limiting step is the exposure of previously unexposed cellulose occurring after cellulose on the surface has hydrolyzed, rather than binding or diffusion. However, for larger particles, according to the model, diffusion plays a more significant role. Therefore, the proposed model can be used to design experiments that produce results that are either affected or unaffected by diffusion. Finally, by using pore size distribution data to predict the biomass fraction that is accessible to degradation, this model can be used to predict cellulose hydrolysis with time using only pore size distribution and initial composition data
Formation of quasicrystals

Abstract It has recently been discovered that “quasicrystalline” intermetallic phases can form which have point group symmetries not allowed in periodic crystals; icosahedral, with six five-fold axes and decagonal, with one 10-fold axis. These phases have long-range orientational order, but they must have translational quasiperiodicity. They usually form at alloy compositions close to those of intermetallic compounds which have crystal structures containing icosahedral groups of atoms. The quasicrystal phases nucleate preferentially in supercooled melts, thus replacing the equilibrium phases.
Über Untersuchungen im System Kupfer/Mangan/Sauerstoff

Die thermischen Zersetzungsprodukte gemeinsam gefallter Carbonate und Oxalate sowie gemeinsam eingedampfter Nitrate des Kupfers und Mangans wurden chemisch und rontgenographisch untersucht. Gemische aus Kupfer(I)-bzw. Kupfer(II)-oxid sowie Kupfer einerseits und Mangan(II)-, Mangan(III)- und Mangan(IV)-oxid andererseits wurden im Sauerstoff- und Stickstoffstrom sowie im Hochvakuum umgesetzt und ihre Reaktionsprodukte chemisch und rontgenographisch untersucht. Das Doppeloxid CuMnO2 wurde erstmalig rein dargestellt.
Management of abdominal compartment syndrome after transurethral resection of the prostate

Acute abdominal compartment syndrome is most commonly associated with blunt abdominal trauma, although it has been seen after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, liver transplantation, pancreatitis, and massive volume resuscitation. Acute abdominal compartment syndrome develops once the intra-abdominal pressure increases to 20-25 mmHg and is characterized by an increase in airway pressures, inadequate ventilation and oxygenation, altered renal function, and hemodynamic instability. This case report details the development of acute abdominal compartment syndrome during transurethral resection of the prostate with extra- and intraperitoneal bladder rupture under general anesthesia. The first signs of acute abdominal compartment syndrome in this patient were high peak airway pressures and difficulty delivering tidal volumes. Management of the compartment syndrome included re-intubation, emergent exploratory laparotomy, and drainage of irrigation fluid. Difficulty with ventilation should alert the anesthesiologist to consider abdominal compartment syndrome high in the list of differential diagnoses during any endoscopic bladder or bowel case.
Impact of a Program to Facilitate Mother-Infant Communication in High-Risk Families of High-Risk Infants.

This article presents follow-up results of the Mother-Infant Communication Project (MICP), a program designed to facilitate caregivers' uses of communicative interaction strategies with their infan...
Reply to Infante, Krolick and Wall

Infante, Krolick and Wall have raised a valid point that IFN-γ might influence MG development by its immune effects on antigen-presenting cells and/or muscle cells rather than simply influencing the antigen presenting cell (APC) function of B cells. We agree with their opinion. In our review, we did not emphasize the contribution of IFN-γ via its effects on muscle cells because there is no direct evidence that IFN-γ can precipitate the disease by its action on muscle cells to cause acute and chronic weakness. Future studies in IFN-γ transgenic (e-IFN-γ-tg) mice1xMyasthenia gravis-like syndrome induced by expression of interferon γ at the neuromuscular junction. Gu, D. et al. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 181: 547–557Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (117)See all References1 on an immunocompromised genetic background would help our understanding of the direct effects of IFN-γ on muscle cells leading to MG-like symptoms.
Inotropic response of the neonatal canine myocardium to dopamine.

Summary: The inotropic responsiveness of the developing myocardium to dopamine and isoproterenol was evaluated using isolated, perfused ventricles and atrial strips from puppies ages 15 hr to 33 days. Responses were compared to those in adult animals. The maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt increased from 12 ± 5 (mean ± SEM) at 0–7 days (n = 6) to 100 ± 40 at 21–33 days (n = 3) of postnatal age. At 7–14 days (n = 4) and 15–20 days (n = 5) of age the maximum percentage of increase of left ventricular dF/dt was 28 ± 10 and 39 ± 17, respectively. Puppy ventricle responded to isoproterenol at all ages equally (maximum percentage increase of left ventricular dF/dt = 46 ± 13). Atrial muscle strips from puppies, ages 15 hr to 35 days (n = 22), and adult dogs (n = 19) demonstrated equal responsiveness to dopamine as well as to isoproterenol. The maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt was 117 ± 18 with dopamine. Maximum percentage of increase of dF/dt with dopamine after propranolol (10–7 M) was 52 ± 18. Haloperidol (l.10–7–2.10–6 M) did not alter responsiveness of atria to dopamine. Speculation: This study demonstrates that isolated puppy ventricle becomes increasingly responsive to the inotropic effect of dopamine with increasing age. The data suggest that the major inotropic effect of dopamine in puppy ventricle is mediated through release of norepinephrine and is consistent with previous reports of decreased levels of releasable norepinephrine in ventricular myocardium but adequate stores of norepinephrine in atrial muscle of immature animals.
CHEMICAL COMMINUTION OF COAL

Chemical comminution is an effective means for size reduction and beneficiation of coal. Sodium hydroxide and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) show synergism in chemical comminution of Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal. This system is effective at low alkali concentrations with low consumption of NaOH. Much of the NaOH consumed is for neutralization of acidity of the coal. The IPA serves only as a reaction medium and could be recovered nearly quantitatively for recycling. The system lends itself to application in preparation of coal-water mixtures and coal-alcohol slurry fuels.
Short time-constant thermal self-defocusing of laser beams

Time constants as low as 20 μs have been observed when the beam of a helium-neon laser is focused on a small spot on a thin dye sample and the thermal self-defocusing effects observed. The short time constant arises mainly from the small spot size, but to some extent from axial heat flow to the cell ends. The analysis takes into account the axial heat flow, the variation of spot size within the cell, and diffraction defocusing. Agreement between analysis and experiment is good except for cases of the smallest spot sizes, in which case convective turbulence was observed.
Analysis of arsenic range distributions in silicon

MeV4He ion backscattering and differential sheet resistivity measurements were made on As implants into silicon at room temperature. Analysis of backscattering measurements yields the projected rangeR p and projected standard deviation ΔR p . Over the energy range of 50 to 250 keV, the values ofR p are found to agree well with LSS theoretical predictions; however, values of ΔR p are systematically higher than theoretical calculations. Backscattering and differential sheet resistivity measurements on samples annealed at 950°C are in general agreement and indicate diffusional broadening of the profile.
A disulfide linkage in a CCCH zinc finger motif of an Arabidopsis CPSF30 ortholog

The Arabidopsis ortholog of the 30 kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation factor (AtCPSF30) is an RNA binding endonuclease, and the endonuclease activity is inhibited by reducing agents. Here, we report the presence of a disulfide linkage in the endonuclease motif based on comparative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of reduced and non-reduced but carbamidomethylated protein. This analysis reveals that this disulfide bond involves a CCCH zinc finger motif, one that is associated with the endonuclease activity of AtCPSF30. This finding raises the possibility that redox regulation of AtCPSF30 may occur through oxidation and reduction of the disulfide linkage.
Cyclic AMP regulates processing of neuropeptide precursor in bag cell neurons of Aplysia.

The stimulation of a prolonged afterdischarge of action potentials in the bag cell neurons ofAplysia is accompanied by an elevation of cAMP levels in these cells. Such a discharge causes the release of egg-laying hormone (ELH) and several other neuroactive peptides, which are derived from a 32-kDa protein prohormone. We have examined the relationship between the elevation of cAMP levels and the processing of the 32-kDa ELH prohormone. The ELH prohormone was radiolabeled in bag cell clusters by incubation of abdominal ganglia in [3H]leucine and identified on SDS-PAGE by its specific localization to bag cell neurons and its immunoreactivity with antisera to ELH. After labeling the prohormone, further incorporation of [3H]leucine was blocked using either the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin or an excess of unlabeled leucine. The stimulation of an afterdischarge, or treatment of cells with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin or a membrane permeant cAMP analog, resulted in the loss of radiolabeled 32-kDa ELH prohormone relative to that in control clusters. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), which prevents discharges and stimulation-evoked secretion in the bag cell neurons, forskolin also caused the depletion of labeled ELH prohormone, suggesting that secretionper se is not likely to be required for this effect. The decrease in intensity of the 32-kDa band was accompanied by an increase in a 29-kDa band within the somata. Occasionally, an increase in a group of faint bands with approximateM r of 26-kDa was observed. Comparative peptide mapping indicated that the 29-kDa protein is likely to be derived from the 32-kDa ELH prohormone. Our findings suggest that elevations of cAMP accelerate and possibly alter the pattern of, processing of the 32-kDa ELH prohormone.
Impedances of membrane systems with metal and/or ionic contacts

Abstract Two active interface liquid, semi-solid and glassy systems include ion conductors and mixed electron/ion conductors. Their impedance spectra have been studied since about 1965 and the results complement the slightly better documented spectra of ionic solids. A systematic survey of ion exchanger types, and mixed conductor types is presented. The kinds of cells use ion contacts, electronic contacts or one of each, and the impedance spectra show characteristics of the symmetry of asymmetry of the contacts. Equivalent effects in voltage step and voltage can experiments produce an interesting correlation with impedances. The common impedance features; bulk geometric, surface kinetic, finite Warburg with dc resistance, and finite Warburg with pure dc capacitance are analysed for these mainly unsupported systems. Impedances are then related to electrochemical characteristics, especially described by coupled ion (Nernst-Planck) or coupled ion/electron hopping in the films or membranes and the contact arrangement. Apparent interfacial ion kinetic sources and their effects are described together with single interface impedance measurements to isolate kinetic processes at one interface, that would otherwise be coupled with processes at the second interface of normal two-sided films and membranes.
Officer deliver “State of the Section” address

On 1 July 2002, officers of the AGU Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism (GP) Section and the GP Section Executive Committee began a new 2-year term. The officers, listed here, take this opportunity to address the GP membership about the state of the section and where it is headed.
Functional properties of the chordotonal organ in the antennal flagellum of a hermit crab

Abstract 1. 1. Responses from the flagellar chordotonal organ (FCO) are analogous to responses from the vertebrate lateral and the FCO is thus considered to be a portion of the crustacean acoustic receiving system. 2. 2. A temperature-dependent background discharges is modulated by water-borne vibrations. Vibrational stimuli applied directly to the flagellum produce synchronous compound spikes up to 200 c/s and asynchronous responses to 1000 c/s. 3. 3. The possibility that the FCO can be used for the detection of water currents, body displacements, texture and near-field acoustic stimuli including passive echolocation is discussed.
Biases with the Regression Line Percentile Method and the Fallacy of a Single Standard Weight

Abstract The regression line percentile (RLP) method for computing standard weight (Ws ) equations produces third-quartile estimates that tend to be biased downward for long fish as a result of extrapolation acting in concert with systematic variation in the distribution of length–weight relationships among fish populations. Parameter mismatch in the development and use of Ws equations (i.e., third quartile for development of Ws equations and use of mean relative weight Wr for application and testing) induces artifactual biases when testing equations and leads to the appearance of reduced fish condition when applied to longer fish. Consistent interpretation of mean Wr against a single standard (e.g., third quartile, median, or any other) is not usually possible due to nonconstant variation in the distributions of mean Wr among species and among length-classes for a given species. I recommend that future computations of Ws use quadratic equations for all three quartiles to enable consistent and more inform...
Pt-functionalized graphene/Si heterostructure for hydrogen sensing

In this work, H2 sensing by graphene/Si Schottky diode with Pt functionalization has been demonstrated. Both p-and n-Si/graphene Schottky devices showed conductivity change in presence of H2 molecules in ambient conditions at room temperature. Successful detection of 10 ppm H2 in air has been demonstrated. Performance enhancement compared to the Pt-functionalized just graphene based sensor is validated by the response obtained from both device types fabricated on the same chip. Seven fold increase in sensitivity in H2 sensing has been obtained for graphene/Si devices compared to the simple graphene sensor in ambient condition.
The development of a specialized public speaking competency scale: Test of reliability

This essay presents a reliable public speaking competency instrument as an alternative to existing speech competency evaluation forms. Specifically, the study tests a specialized instrument that facilitates a quick response from evaluators. This instrument is more precise in helping evaluators improve confidence and make a quicker judgment concerning students’ performances.
Rearrangement of the bacterial chromosome: forbidden inversions

The order of genes in the chromosome of enteric bacteria has been evolutionarily conserved despite the existence of mechanisms for rearrangement. Homologous chromosomal sequences in the same orientation recombine to form deletions or duplications. When homologous sequences in inverse orientation recombine, one expects to form an inversion of the intervening chromosomal segment. This expectation was tested by placing pairs of homologous sequences in inverse order at various points in the chromosome. Sequences at many pairs of sites (permissive) do recombine to generate the expected inversion, while the same sequences placed at other pairs of sites (nonpermissive) do not form an inversion. For the one nonpermissive interval tested, the missing inversion type can be constructed by an alternative transductional method; strains with this inversion are viable. Thus mechanistic limitations must prevent sequences at particular sites from undergoing the recombination event required to form an inversion.
Four succulent families and 40 million years of evolution and adaptation to xeric environments: What can stem and leaf anatomical characters tell us about their phylogeny?

Four families of the eleven or so families of Caryophyllales have been particularly successful at adapting to xeric environments: (1) ice plants (Aizoaceae), (2) cacti (Cactaceae), (3) "Old World cacti" (Didiereaceae); and (4) portulacs (Portulacaceae). Ice plants adapted to the harsh conditions of the deserts of southern Africa; many evolved leaf succulence to an extreme degree, some went underground, others lost the ability to make normal wood, and all had to adapt their reproductive strategies in pollination or seed dispersal. Cacti adapted to deserts of South, Central, and North America by losing their leaves over time and evolving various types of succulent stems. Cacti also adapted by greatly reducing the presence of vessels in their wood, evolving a novel tracheid type termed wide-band tracheids, and evolving CAM and C 4 metabolisms. Plants of Didiereaceae adapted to the harsh Madagascan environment by evolving both stem and leaf succulence and the columnar stem form, but these plants maintained their normal, non-anomalous woody growth. Members of Portulacaceae evolved in many different xeric areas of southern Africa, but all evolved leaf succulence and limited stem succulence, much the same as found in Aizoaceae. Each family evolved varying strategies for living in water-stressed environments. Common themes among these distantly related plants are leaf and/or stem succulence, and anatomical and physiological adaptations.
Rat carnitine palmitoyltransferase Iβ mRNA splicing isoforms

Abstract Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) catalyzes the rate-determining step in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. The enzyme has two cognate structural genes (α and β) that are differentially expressed in tissues. We show multiple mature mRNAs in rat heart derived from alternative splicing of CPT-Iβ transcripts. Two novel messages are deleted for regions of the previously described mRNA that encode membrane-spanning and regulatory domains, suggesting that the cognate isozymes will exhibit unique kinetic characteristics.