cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxygen administration in the care of neonates: a double-edged sword.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of oxygen in neonates in the past, present and future. DATA SOURCES The data are mainly from Pubmed with relevant published articles from the 1940s to the present with some information gathered from web searches. STUDY SELECTION Studies evaluating the use of oxygen in premature and term infants through history with original milestone articles included. RESULTS There are still many unknowns about the proper use of oxygen in preterm and term infants but many studies suggest that both liberal use (resulting in a blood oxygen saturation of greater than 94%) as well as restrictive use (resulting in a blood oxygen saturation of less than 80% - 85%) are detrimental and have long term consequences on the infant. CONCLUSIONS Definitive studies evaluating the appropriate concentration and duration of supplemental oxygen are ongoing and will help in the management of term and preterm infants requiring oxygen.
Solving the starting problem: device drivers as self-describing artifacts

Run-time conflicts can affect even the most rigorously tested software systems. A reliance on execution-based testing makes it prohibitively costly to test every possible interaction among potentially thousands of programs with complex configurations. In order to reduce configuration problems, detect developer errors, and reduce developer effort, we have created a new first class operating system abstraction, the application abstraction, which enables both online and offline reasoning about programs and their configuration requirements.We have implemented a subset of the application abstraction for device drivers in the Singularity operating system. Programmers use the application abstraction by placing declarative statements about hardware and communication requirements within their code. Our design enables Singularity to learn the input/output and interprocess communication requirements of drivers without executing driver code. By reasoning about this information within the domain of Singularity's strong software isolation architecture, the installer can execute a subset the system's resource management algorithm at install time to verify that a new driver will not conflict with existing software. This abstract representation also allows the system to run the full algorithm at driver start time to ensure that there are never resource conflicts between executing drivers, and that drivers never use undeclared resources.
Teaching psychiatric interview techniques to family doctors

Recent studies indicate that family doctors fail to detect a substantial proportion of minor psychiatric disorders, and there is considerable variation between doctors in their ability to make accurate assessments. Previous research had indicated that such ability was correlated with certain interviewing techniques and variables relating to the doctors’ personality. The present research measured the interview techniques of 12 trainee family doctors who made inaccurate assessments of their patients’ degree of psychiatric disorder, and then offered them 4 sessions each of teaching based on acquisition of a simple model and videotaped feedback in an attempt to modify their interview techniques. The interview techniques were then measured again 1–4 months later. The reliability of the ratings of interview techniques is given, together with details about those medical behaviours which were capable of modification, and those which persisted unchanged.
A JUVENILE SPECIMEN OF THE SAUROPOD DINOSAUR ALAMOSAURUS SANJUANENSIS FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS

Abstract A juvenile specimen of the titanosaurid sauropod Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, recovered from just below the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary horizon in Big Bend National Park, Texas, is from an individual less than half the size of adult specimens referred to this species. The disarticulated skeleton was preserved in deposits of a shallow flood-plain pond and includes elements not previously described, allowing for an improved diagnosis for this species. The elongate opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae have non-bifid posteriorly deflected neural spines with deep postspinal fossae. The dorsal vertebrae have wide spatulate neural spines with strong prespinal laminae, and lack hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. Alamosaurus sanjuanensis exhibits a unique morphology of the ischium, evident even in this juvenile specimen. Comparison with other titanosaurid species suggests that A. sanjuanensis is most closely related to an unnamed titanosaur from Peiropolis, Brazil and Neuquensaurus australis from Argentina.
Open grafting of raw surfaces of the hand.

There is increasing evidence that the environmental temperature and humidity about a skin graft may influence its survival. There is also evidence that adhesion between a skin graft and a clean granulating surface occurs almost the moment that the graft is applied. This has led to a decrease in the use of dressings for compressing and immobilizing skin grafts applied to granulating surfaces. The temperature of the graft approximates more closely the normal temperature of the skin, and the wound is kept dryer by evaporation. Limited motion of underlying parts such as the fingers or the abdominal or chest walls will not cause displacement of the adherent grafts. The grafts will move with the underlying tissues.
Fourth-year clinical scenarios at Harvard School of Dental Medicine

T he following scenarios were developed as part of an eight-week, fourth-year predoctoral course at Harvard School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) named “Advanced Dentistry RotationCore,” taught by Dr. Franson Tom. As the course title implies, students actively participated in weekly seminars on advanced dentistry topics. The seminars required prior preparation of student OSCEs (Objective Structured Clinical Examinations), so that discussion could be student-driven about either first-hand clinical experiences or equivalent published situations.
Multinational Corporations: The Problems and the Prospects

This article presents a review of the book “Multinational Corporations: The Problems and the Prospects,” by Nasrollah S. Fatemi and Gail V. Williams.
Mintel Global New Products Database (GNPD)

The column reviews subscription databases of possible interest to the readers of this journal, with a primary focus on business-related databases. If you are interested in doing a review, please co...
Evolution Predictability, Lamarck, Altshuller, Darwin and Chaos☆

Abstract Predicting the future at the system level can be accomplished using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving's (TRIZ's) Laws of System Evolution. The problem is that TRIZ's theory of evolution is founded upon Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of biology evolution, which after being proved inaccurate, was replaced by Darwin's theory of evolution. In this article we will claim that it is also possible to explain TRIZ observations using Darwin's theory, and that doing so will open the door for further development, and improved accuracy of the laws using Chaos mathematics.
Competitive Interactions upon Secondary Contact Drive Elevational Divergence in Tropical Birds

Tropical mountains harbor exceptionally high biodiversity, which is in part due to the marked elevational stratification of tropical biotas. However, the factors that influence the evolution of elevational distributions remain uncertain. I used a database of sister species of tropical montane birds from 41 families and three regions-the Neotropics, the Himalayas, and New Guinea-to test whether patterns of elevational divergence were consistent with (1) a stochastic process, (2) ecological sorting of elevational divergence that occurred in allopatry, or (3) elevational divergence driven by competitive interactions upon secondary contact. The stochastic and ecological sorting hypotheses predict that increased elevational divergence in sympatric sister species is explained by their greater evolutionary age, whereas the competitive interactions hypothesis predicts that elevational divergence is explained by geographical overlap. I found that genetic distances were unrelated to elevational divergence and that allopatric sister species occupied similar elevational distributions regardless of genetic distance in each region. Instead, sympatry was the only significant predictor of elevational divergence; regardless of evolutionary age, sympatric sister species had greater elevational divergence than allopatric sister species in each region, as predicted by the competitive interactions hypothesis. Importantly, this pattern occurred in all three geographic regions, which suggests that competition-driven elevational divergence upon secondary contact is a general process of community assembly in tropical montane avifaunas.
A Bayesian Framework for Early Risk Prediction in Traumatic Brain Injury

Early detection of risk is critical in determining the course of treatment in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Computed tomography (CT) acquired at admission has shown latent prognostic value in prior studies; however, no robust clinical risk predictions have been achieved based on the imaging data in large-scale TBI analysis. The major challenge lies in the lack of consistent and complete medical records for patients, and an inherent bias associated with the limited number of patients samples with high-risk outcomes in available TBI datasets. Herein, we propose a Bayesian framework with mutual information-based forward feature selection to handle this type of data. Using multi-atlas segmentation, 154 image-based features (capturing intensity, volume and texture) were computed over 22 ROIs in 1791 CT scans. These features were combined with 14 clinical parameters and converted into risk likelihood scores using Bayes modeling. We explore the prediction power of the image features versus the clinical measures for various risk outcomes. The imaging data alone were more predictive of outcomes than the clinical data (including Marshall CT classification) for discharge disposition with an area under the curve of 0.81 vs. 0.67, but less predictive than clinical data for discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score with an area under the curve of 0.65 vs. 0.85. However, in both cases, combining imaging and clinical data increased the combined area under the curve with 0.86 for discharge disposition and 0.88 for discharge GCS score. In conclusion, CT data have meaningful prognostic value for TBI patients beyond what is captured in clinical measures and the Marshall CT classification.
A safety evaluation of ivacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ivacaftor is indicated for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) mediated by 10 mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene that causes gating or partial function abnormalities. In placebo-controlled and open-label studies, ivacaftor-treated subjects showed improved pulmonary function, nutrition and quality of life measures. This article reviews ivacaftor safety.Areas covered: Safety findings in ivacaftor clinical trials, and reported subsequently, were accessed by a PubMed search using key words “VX-770” or “ivacaftor”. Additional information was accessed via Google Search. Transaminitis was noted in ivacaftor and combination lumacaftor-ivacaftor trials. Ivacaftor was associated with cataracts in juvenile rat pups in pre-clinical studies; non-congenital cataracts have been found in children taking ivacaftor. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate; CYP3A inhibitors and inducers should be avoided during its administration. Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite may i...
Neural Correlates of Eating Behavior in Autism: A Pilot Study

Date Presented 4/16/2015 Unusual eating behavior is highly prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); it is unclear whether sensory aspects underlie these behaviors. Findings from this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with adolescents aged 11 to 17 yr with ASD will inform the types of behavioral strategies that may be effective in interventions for eating behavior in ASD.
0.9% Sodium chloride injection with and without heparin for maintaining peripheral indwelling intermittent-infusion devices in infants

The use of 0.9% sodium chloride injection with and without heparin sodium for maintaining peripheral indwelling intermittent-infusion devices (PIIIDs) in infants was studied. In this double-blind study, children up to one year of age who had a 24-gauge PIIID through which a continuous i.v. infusion was no longer running were randomly assigned to have their PIIID capped with 0.9% sodium chloride injection with or without heparin sodium 10 units/mL. PIIIDs were capped every eight hours if no medications were administered; otherwise, they were capped after each dose of an i.v. drug. The heparin group had 26 patients with 28 evaluable PIIIDs, and the 0.9% sodium chloride injection group had 32 patients with 46 evaluable PIIIDs. The two groups did not differ significantly in variables assessing the duration of PIIID use, reasons for removal of PIIIDs, mean number of cappings, irritant potential of administered drugs, or severity of medication-related irritation. There was no significant difference between 0.9% sodium chloride injection with and without heparin sodium 10 units/mL in maintaining 24-gauge PIIIDs in children younger than one year.
Analysis and Treatment about Pipe Blockage of Ash-conveying System during the Period of Adjustment and Test in Power Plant

The pipe blockage occurs during the debugging and operating period of dense phase pneumatic ash-conveying system in 3×300 MW units of the power plant of Lanzhou aluminum plant.The causes are analyzed,and the preventive counter-measures and solutions proposed accordingly,providing guidance to the operators for judging reasons and adopting effective measurements.
One case of children infection of Penicillium marneffei

Objective To guide the clinical diagnosis of Penicillium marneffei(PM) and provide the basis for clinical treatment.Methods The patient′s blood was collected for ordinary blood culture,fungal culture,25 and 35 ℃ culture of Sabouraud plate and Columbia blood agar plate,staining and microscopic examination.Blood and bone marrow smear were also stained for microscopic examination.Results PM could be detected by culture and staining examination,mentioned above.Conclusion Various detection methods should be performed for the early diagnosis and treatment of PM infection.
A reappraisal of ventricular fibrillation threshold testing

To test the hypothesis that ventricular fibrillation (VF) threshold testing is a probability function, 12 open-chest dogs were studied. The VF thresholds were tested by scanning the T wave with either the single premature stimulus method or with the train stimulus method. The dose-response curve method was used to determine the probability of inducing VF with different strengths of premature stimulation. Conventional methods and up-down methods were also used to test the VF threshold. The results showed that the VF threshold is a probability function. The conventional method VF threshold for the single premature stimulus and for the train stimulus methods corresponded to the current strength associated with a 23.4 +/- 13.2 and a 33.2 +/- 19.5% probability of VF (P < 0.05), respectively. In comparison, the triplicate VF threshold determined by the up-down algorithm method resulted in values that were not significantly different from a 50% probability of inducing VF, with a good correlation (r = 0.90, P < 0.001 for single and r = 0.89, P = 0.003 for the train stimulus method). We conclude that: 1) The VF threshold is a probability function, and 2) the triplicate VF threshold determined by the up-down algorithm method is the best alternative to the dose-response curve method in estimating 50% probability of inducing VF.
Protein Primary Structure of the Vaccinia Virion at Increased Resolution

Here we examine the protein covalent structure of the vaccinia virus virion. Within two virion preparations, >88% of the theoretical vaccinia virus-encoded proteome was detected with high confidence, including the first detection of products from 27 open reading frames (ORFs) previously designated "predicted," "uncharacterized," "inferred," or "hypothetical" polypeptides containing as few as 39 amino acids (aa) and six proteins whose detection required nontryptic proteolysis. We also detected the expression of four short ORFs, each of which was located within an ORF ("ORF-within-ORF"), including one not previously recognized or known to be expressed. Using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS), between 58 and 74 proteins were determined to be packaged. A total of 63 host proteins were also identified as candidates for packaging. Evidence is provided that some portion of virion proteins are "nicked" via a combination of endoproteolysis and concerted exoproteolysis in a manner, and at sites, independent of virus origin or laboratory procedures. The size of the characterized virion phosphoproteome was doubled from 189 (J. Matson, W. Chou, T. Ngo, and P. D. Gershon, Virology 452-453:310-323, 2014, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.01.012) to 396 confident, unique phosphorylation sites, 268 of which were within the packaged proteome. This included the unambiguous identification of phosphorylation "hot spots" within virion proteins. Using isotopically enriched ATP, 23 sites of intravirion kinase phosphorylation were detected within nine virion proteins, all at sites already partially occupied within the virion preparations. The clear phosphorylation of proteins RAP94 and RP19 was consistent with the roles of these proteins in intravirion early gene transcription. In a blind search for protein modifications, cysteine glutathionylation and O-linked glycosylation featured prominently. We provide evidence for the phosphoglycosylation of vaccinia virus proteins. Importance Poxviruses are among the most complex and irregular virions, about whose internal structure little is known. To better understand poxvirus virion structure, imaging should be supplemented with other tools. Here, we provide a deep study of the covalent structure of the vaccinia virus virion using the various tools of contemporary mass spectrometry.
In search of frameworks for productive comparison of cities in world history

ABSTRACTIn 2013, The Oxford Handbook of Cities in World History, edited by Peter Clark, was published. Its 44 chapters (a total of 882 pages) aim to develop a framework for understanding urban history comparatively and over long spans of time. The authors of the four chronological chapters on Chinese cities attempt to achieve the following goals: to examine the diversity of Chinese cities over time, to analyze the characteristics of Chinese urban development in general, and to illuminate how changing Chinese cities and urban networks reflect and influence world trends. This essay discusses how the Oxford Handbook can serve as a guide and resource for meaningful urban comparisons and also highlights some of its limitations. It compares the Oxford Handbook to a similar volume, The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, published in 2014. The essay encourages scholars of Chinese cities to consider widening the scope of their comparisons and contribute to scholarship on the development of urban sys...
Inositol depletion induced by acute treatment of the bipolar disorder drug valproate increases levels of phytosphingosine

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness affecting ∼1% of the world population. Valproate (VPA) and lithium, widely used for the treatment of BD, are not universally effective. These drugs have been shown to cause inositol depletion, but translating this observation to a specific therapeutic mechanism has been difficult, hampering the development of more effective therapies. We have shown previously in yeast that chronic VPA treatment induces the unfolded protein response due to increasing ceramide levels. To gain insight into the mechanisms activated during acute VPA treatment, we performed a genome-wide expression study in yeast treated with VPA for 30 min. We observed increased mRNA and protein levels of RSB1, which encodes an exporter of long chain bases dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS), and further saw that VPA increased sensitivity of an rsb1Δ mutant to PHS, suggesting that VPA increases long chain base levels. Consistent with this, PHS levels were elevated in wild type and, to a greater extent, in rsb1Δ cells. Expression of ORM genes (negative regulators of PHS synthesis) and of fatty acid elongase genes FEN1 and SUR4 were decreased, and expression of YOR1 (exporter of PHS-1P) and DPL1 (lyase that degrades DHS-1P and PHS-1P) was increased. These effects were more pronounced in medium lacking inositol, and were mirrored by inositol starvation of an ino1Δ mutant. These findings provide a metabolic explanation as to how VPA-mediated inositol depletion causes increased synthesis of PHS and further support the therapeutic relevance of inositol depletion as a bipolar disorder treatment.
Multiple Mechanisms of Propofol Inhibition of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nachbac: A 19F NMR Investigation

Voltage-gated sodium channels are important molecular targets for anesthetics. The intravenous general anesthetic propofol was found to inhibit NaChBac, a prokaryotic sodium channel from Bacillus halodurans, but little is known about where propofol binds and how propofol binding inhibits the function of this channel. Here, we used 19F-NMR saturation transfer difference (STD) spectroscopy to quantify propofol interactions with NaChBac and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms by propofol. 19F probes were introduced, one at a time, by tagging 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-bromo acetone to site-directed single cysteine mutations that had been computationally predicted to be involved in propofol binding. Quantitative 19F-NMR STD between the 19F probes and 4-fluoropropofol, a fluorinated propofol analog show that propofol binds with different affinities to the sites in different regions of NaChBac. The order of fluoropropofol binding strength, reflected in the cross relaxation rate constant (σ), from the strongest to the weakest, is as follows: the channel activation gate at the cytoplasmic end of the pore, the voltage sensing domain near the gating charge-carrying residues, the ion selectivity filter at the end of the P1 loop, the S4-S5 linker, and the central cavity of the pore. No STD was detectable in the extracellular interface of channel. The finding of multiple binding sites is consistent with the previous observations with the volatile anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane. Our results suggest that propofol inhibits NaChBac through multiple sites with distinct mechanisms. As a channel blocker, propofol interferes with the activation gate and selectivity filter and obstructs conductance by binding to the inner pore. As an inhibitory modulator, propofol binding interrupts charge movement in the voltage-sensing domain and restricts the pivot motion of the S4-S5 linker. The study provides a molecular basis for the understanding of propofol inhibitory action on voltage-gated sodium channels. This research was supported by grants from the NIH.
Evaluating the Quality of Rural Intensive Case Management Services using Administrative Data: an Exploratory Study

Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) for people with severe mental illness is an effective approach that is increasingly implemented in rural areas. Low-cost methods of evaluating fidelity to program models are needed to assure services are delivered as intended. In 2007, the Veterans Health Administration implemented an ACT-like Mental Health Intensive Case Management (ACT/ICM) program for SMI veterans in rural areas. This study demonstrates the use of administrative data, reflecting patient characteristics and intensity of service delivery, to characterize services delivered by these programs, to compare them to general mental health programs at the same VA medical centers, and to each other. A total of 298,509 veterans received mental health services at VA medical centers that also operated a rural ACT/ICM program in FY 2012. Altogether 854 (0.29%) received ACT/ICM services for 1 year or more (long term participants) and 259 (.09%) received them for less than 1 year (new entrants). Logistic regression showed ACT/ICM patients were distinguished by diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression; larger numbers of psychiatric or substance abuse visits; and use of 3 or more classes of psychotropic medication. The model had a high c statistic of 0.91. Propensity scores allowed clear identification of programs most and least conforming to the profile of a “typical” rural ACT/ICM program. Low cost administrative data can be used to identify programs successfully conforming to an empirically derived rural model of ACT/ICM. Further validation of this approach is needed.
Comparing Delivery Approaches to Teaching Abnormal Psychology: Investigating Student Perceptions and Learning Outcomes:

This study compares the academic performance and perceptions of 114 undergraduate students enrolled in an abnormal psychology course. Specifically, this study focuses on whether face-to-face (F2F) ...
System-Size Dependence of Electrolyte Activity Coefficients in Molecular Simulations.

A systematic study of the dependence of electrolyte activity coefficients on simulation system size has been undertaken. Using implicit-solvent simulations for which calculations with low statistical uncertainty are feasible, it was found that the chemical potential for a NaCl model depends strongly on simulation system size at concentrations up to about 0.3 mol/L; system-size effects at higher concentrations are much smaller. Similar trends were confirmed in systems with an explicit solvent. System-size effects on the chemical potential, when uncorrected, can lead to systematic errors in the activity coefficient greater than 10%. The rigorous method to correct for such system-size effects is to perform multiple simulations at each concentration and extrapolate to infinite system size. Unfortunately, this becomes impractical for explicit-solvent simulations at low concentrations, because of computational limitations that lead to large statistical uncertainties in the results. Somewhat counterintuitively, ...
Poldip2 is an oxygen-sensitive protein that controls PDH and αKGDH lipoylation and activation to support metabolic adaptation in hypoxia and cancer.

Although the addition of the prosthetic group lipoate is essential to the activity of critical mitochondrial catabolic enzymes, its regulation is unknown. Here, we show that lipoylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKDH) complexes is a dynamically regulated process that is inhibited under hypoxia and in cancer cells to restrain mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, we found that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein of unknown function, controls the lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunits by a mechanism that involves regulation of the caseinolytic peptidase (Clp)-protease complex and degradation of the lipoate-activating enzyme Ac-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1 (ACSM1). ACSM1 is required for the utilization of lipoic acid derived from a salvage pathway, an unacknowledged lipoylation mechanism. In Poldip2-deficient cells, reduced lipoylation represses mitochondrial function and induces the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by loss of substrate inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs). HIF-1α–mediated retrograde signaling results in a metabolic reprogramming that resembles hypoxic and cancer cell adaptation. Indeed, we observe that Poldip2 expression is down-regulated by hypoxia in a variety of cell types and basally repressed in triple-negative cancer cells, leading to inhibition of lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH complexes and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing mitochondrial lipoylation by forced expression of Poldip2 increases respiration and reduces the growth rate of cancer cells. Our work unveils a regulatory mechanism of catabolic enzymes required for metabolic plasticity and highlights the role of Poldip2 as key during hypoxia and cancer cell metabolic adaptation.
The 22-Modifier in Reimbursement for Orthopedic Procedures: Hip Arthroplasty and Obesity Are Worth the Effort

Abstract Background Orthopedic surgeons utilize the 22-modifier when billing for complex procedures under the American Medical Association's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) for reasons such as excessive blood loss, anatomic abnormality, and morbid obesity, cases that would ideally be reimbursed at a higher rate to compensate for additional physician work and time. We investigated how the 22-modifier affects physician reimbursement in knee and hip arthroplasty. Methods We queried hospital billing data from 2009 to 2016, identifying all cases performed at our urban tertiary care orthopedic center for knee arthroplasty (CPT codes 27438, 27447, 27487, and 27488) and hip arthroplasty (CPT codes 27130, 27132, 27134, 27236). We extracted patient insurance status and reimbursement data to compare the average reimbursement between cases with and without the 22-modifier. Results We analyzed data from 2605 procedures performed by 10 providers. There were 136 cases with 22-modifiers. For knee arthroplasty (n = 1323), the 22-modifier did not significantly increase reimbursement after adjusting for insurer, provider, and fiscal year (4.2% dollars higher on average, P = .159). For hip arthroplasty (n = 1282), cases with a 22-modifier had significantly higher reimbursement than those without the 22-modifier (6.2% dollars more, P = .049). For hip arthroplasty cases with a 22-modifier, those noting morbid obesity were reimbursed 29% higher than those cases with other etiology. Conclusions The effect of the 22-modifier on reimbursement amount is differential between knee and hip arthroplasty. Hip arthroplasty procedures coded as 22-modifier are reimbursed more than those without the 22-modifier. Providers should consider these potential returns when considering submitting a 22-modifier.
Low-salt diet adherence in African Americans with hypertension.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To identify health and physiological measures, depressive symptoms and locus of control (LOC) in adherence to a low salt (1,500 mg sodium), diet in African American (AA) adults with hypertension (HTN). BACKGROUND Adherence determinants to self-management behaviours among AA adults with HTN is essential in prevention of outcomes such as stroke. A low-salt diet is one key factor in the successful management of HTN. DESIGN A cross-sectional correlational design. METHODS Systolic blood pressure, co-morbidities, serum creatinine, potassium, education, depression, LOC and social support were examined in relationship to self-reported adherence to a low-salt diet in a sample of AA adults (N = 77) aged 55-84. Demographic and physiologic data were collected in addition to diet adherence on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Standardised tools included Multidimensional Health LOC scale and the Patient Health Question-9 Depression Instrument. RESULTS Lower adherence to a low-salt diet was more prevalent in females (n = 27; 73%). A moderate negative correlation (r = -0.294; p < 0.01) was found with low-salt diet adherence in the PHQ-9 (r = -0.294; p < 0.01). Both multiple regression, models significantly influenced adherence to low salt diet, with both models explaining 24% of the variance; internal LOC (F = 2.599 [8, 68]; p = 0.02) and external LOC (F = 2.667 [8, 68]; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION Increasing awareness of factors affecting adherence to a low-salt diet is important for clinicians for effective management of HTN in AA adults. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses are encouraged to adopt a comprehensive assessment of those with HTN to identify psychosocial needs, in particular depressive symptoms, as a potential secondary prevention measure.
Peer Tutoring in Academic Settings

In the early years of the nineteenth century, before public education existed, Joseph Lancaster founded a school for working-class children in London (Kaestle, 1973; Lancaster, 1803). Lancaster’s belief that basic education would discipline and morally shape working-class children, together with his dislike for corporal punishment, attracted some financial supporters and hundreds of children. Faced with severe economic constraints, Lancaster devised a system of peer-mediated instruction which had immediate and dramatic international impact upon educational practice (Charconnet, 1975; Kaestle, 1975; Reigert, 1916/1969).
Round Table and Two Informal Presentations

To chair this final session, I now introduce my old friend Theodore Melnechuk, of the University of California San Diego. Ted is a poet and composer who for 25 years has also worked as an interdisciplinary networker and scholar in neuroscience. I don’t know anybody who is so knowledgeable in so many subfields of neuroscience without himself having been involved in the research. I’m happy to turn the panel over the Ted.
Electronic studies of KH(2)PO(4)

The results of electrocaloric studies of the electrical equation of state of K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ in the temperature region within 1 K of the ferroelectric transition are reported. Chief emphasis is given to determination of the spontaneous polarization. A discontinuous polarization jump of 1.87 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.09 \ensuremath{\mu}C/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is found at ${T}_{c}$. Several tests of the validity of the phenomenological theory of ferroelectricity, including a noncalorimetric determination of the heat capacity, are made. It is shown that the phenomenological theory provides a good and consistent description of the thermodynamic behavior of K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. No major discrepancies which might be linked to behavior near a phase transition are found. Any possible discrepancies are minor and confined to the temperature region ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}Tl0.1$ K. It is shown that a term proportional to ${P}^{8}$ dominates the saturation behavior. Evidence is presented that a portion of the calorimetric anomaly near ${T}_{c}$ is not directly related to the temperature dependence of the polarization.
Coherent optical spectroscopy and manipulation of single quantum dots

Publisher Summary This chapter starts with an overview of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Excitons and biexcitons, their importance to the optical response of single QDs, are briefly discussed. A simple model used to successfully explain many experiments in various QD systems is discussed. Semiconductor QDs represent the simplest nanostructures where the 3D quantum confinement imposed on the electron and hole motion leads to strongly modified electronic and optical properties. The most remarkable feature that makes QDs so desirable for future generations of optical, electronic and quantum logic devices is their fully quantized atomic-like energy structure (although they normally contain 103–106 atoms). This chapter reviews and discusses physics of QDs based on various optical spectroscopy experiments performed at the single QD level. The discussion is focused on a particular model gallium arsenide (GaAS) QD system, in which the experimental efforts of the authors reside..Coherent preparation and manipulation of QD states are among the core elements for devices utilizing quantum phase, such as quantum computers based on optically driven QDs. Experiments show that the single QD exciton and biexciton states can be coherently manipulated in a similar way to atoms.
Uncertainty, post-traumatic stress, and quality of life in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer survivors.

e16027Background: More than 74,000 people are diagnosed with bladder cancer every year in the US, and approximately 75% of them have non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Having a NMIBC with ...
Pedestrians receptivity in autonomous vehicles: Exploring a video-based assessment:

Pedestrian receptivity toward autonomous vehicles (AVs) usually depends on the extent to which they receive indication of the vehicle’s intended action. Previous studies have typically used overt subjective measures (trust measures, ratings, etc.) and few objective measures (walking speed, waiting time, etc.) to identify external features that can improve pedestrians’ receptivity toward AVs. The current study aims to evaluate pedestrians’ behavioral measures of receptivity based on their body (head and foot) movements as they experience an AV in a virtual traffic environment. Videos of pedestrians at a virtual crosswalk, interacting with an AV that was equipped with an external feature indicating different operator statuses were coded. The operator statuses used in this study included: no driver, attentive driver, and distracted driver. The external features used were: no feature, upraised hand, stop sign, walking silhouette, walk in text, music, and a verbal message. Pedestrian body movements were derive...
Remediation of Selenium in Water: A Review

Abstract Selenium has emerged as a contaminant of concern, which has natural and anthropogenic sources. Treatment of aqueous selenium levels to achieve stringent regulatory water limits in the range of from 5 to 50 μg Se/L poses a challenge. Two anionic forms of inorganic selenium are Se(IV) (selenite) and Se(VI) (selenate) which are the dissolved species of Se most commonly present in water sources. Se(IV) is present under reducing conditions while Se(VI) dominates in oxidizing environments. This chapter summarizes the chemical treatment methods for removing selenium from water, which include adsorption and reduction processes. Examples are given for adsorbing Se(IV) and Se(VI) onto solid surfaces of double hydroxides, activated alumina, chitosan, peanut shells, and biopolymers. Reduction techniques to remove Se(IV) and Se(VI) in water involve the application of zero-valent iron, iron(II) sulfide, and oxides of Fe(II) and Fe(III). Photocatalytic approaches can also be applied to reduce Se(IV) and Se(VI) to obtain removal of selenium from water.
Breastfeeding Persistence at 6 Months: Trends and Disparities from 2008 to 2015.

Objective To assess trends and disparities in breastfeeding by maternal characteristics (race and ethnicity, age at delivery, obesity, parity, and level of education) and the relative importance among these for breastfeeding at 6 months. Study design This retrospective birth cohort study included 195 861 live singleton children born at 32-42 weeks of gestation from 2008 to 2015 within a single integrated healthcare system. All children had healthcare coverage during the first year of life. Maternal characteristics and breastfeeding status at 6 months of age were extracted from electronic medical records. Trends over time of any breastfeeding ≥6 months were evaluated for the 5 maternal characteristics. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate breastfeeding rate differences associated with each of the 5 characteristics. The relative importance among them associated with breastfeeding ≥6 months was assessed by comparing model quasi-likelihood information criteria. Results Rates of breastfeeding ≥6 months significantly increased overall and among groups defined by the maternal characteristics. However, there was little improvement over time in closing disparities associated with maternal race and ethnicity, age at delivery, prepregnancy obesity status, and level of education. Education level contributed to the greatest disparity in breastfeeding ≥6 months. Maternal age was the second factor, followed by prepregnancy obesity and maternal race and ethnicity. Conclusions Breastfeeding outreach programs focusing on women with less than a college education, women
National cancer expenditure analysis in the United States Medicare population, 2013.

6647Background: Cancer is the second leading killer in the United States, but there is no comprehensive analysis evaluating total cancer costs by cancer and treatment modality. Methods: Data from t...
Holographic See-Through Displays

See-through displays, including head-up displays (HUD) and augmented reality (AR) displays, allow the viewer to see both the natural world and a projected image thanks to a combiner element. To offer larger field of view (FOV) and an increased eye box, holographic combiners have been used in the past. Most recently, a new type of combiner has been developed using waveguide and edge-lit holograms. The waveguide is used to recirculate the light several times while it propagates inside the material by total internal reflection (TIR). The edge-lit holograms are used to inject, redirect, and extract the image inside the waveguide. Holograms are particularly well suited for see-through applications since they are light, thin, and can be applied on curve substrate without inducing distortion.
Comparison of Skin Cancer Knowledge, Attitude, and Protective Behavior in African American Students in East and West Coasts

Purpose and Background: African Americans, in comparison to other ethnic groups, are often diagnosed with melanoma at advanced stages, resulting in low survival rates. One of the strongest risk factors for all types of skin cancer is exposure to UV radiation from the sun. UV ray intensity is associated with latitude; lower latitudes have stronger UV rays than higher latitudes. This study examines and compares the knowledge, attitude, and protective behavior toward skin cancer among United States African American college students who live in two different latitudes, Maryland and southern California. Methods: We surveyed 360 African American students from two major universities in southern California and Maryland. Students were asked to fill out questionnaires that assessed their knowledge, attitude, and protective behavior regarding sun exposure. Results: More African American students from Maryland knew the direct link between UV/sun radiation exposure and the occurrence of skin cancer (p = 0.02), while those from California were significantly more knowledgeable about skin cancer risk factors such as sunbathing without sunscreen (p ? 0.001). Although students from Maryland were more concerned that exposure to the sun may give them skin cancer (p = 0.003) and more worried about the possibility of skin cancer (p < 0.001), they were less likely to engage in sun protection behaviors such as using sunscreen (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Based on this study, efforts to increase sun protective behaviors through education regarding skin cancer risk factors in Maryland are warranted.
Court Curbing in the State House: Why State Legislators Attack Their Courts

AbstractLegislative proposals that attack or curb state supreme courts are often introduced in state legislatures. However, the causes of state court curbing legislation have not been systematicall...
Combined Plant and Control Design for a Flash Boiling Cooling System

Flash boiling is a phase change cooling mechanism with the potential to meet stringent transient thermal management performance specifications across a range of applications. However, the dynamics of flash boiling are extremely fast and nonlinear and therefore create challenges in modeling and controlling a novel cooling system based on flash boiling. More specifically, the system is not only underactuated, but without the ability to measure vapor transport, sensing is limited too. Therefore, in this work we propose the use of combined plant and control design, or co-design, optimization to design both key process parameters and an optimal open loop control signal for this batch process. We use first principles to derive a nonlinear dynamic model of the system that captures both the pressure dynamics and vapor mass transport dynamics of the two-phase mixture created during the flash boiling process. We then formulate and solve a nonlinear co-design optimization problem and demonstrate efficacy of the proposed approach through simulation results.
Effects of a Self-Compassion Break Induction on Self-Reported Stress, Self-Compassion, and Depressed Mood:

IntroductionThe objective of the study was to determine whether practicing a self-compassion induction would reduce self-reported stress, depressed mood, and increase self-compassion in a randomize...
Multicomponent Quantum Chemistry: Integrating Electronic and Nuclear Quantum Effects via the Nuclear–Electronic Orbital Method

In multicomponent quantum chemistry, more than one type of particle is treated quantum mechanically with either density functional theory or wave function based methods. In particular, the nuclear-...
Administrative and Organizational Support for Substantive Teacher Talk: Lessons from Early-Career Teachers in Two Midwestern Districts

External accountability pressures force school leaders to examine how they support effective teacher practice. Providing collaborative work time to evaluate student performance and plan for future ...
Biliary excretion of gadobenate dimeglumine causing degradation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).

To assess the effect of gadobenate dimeglumine on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and determine an appropriate time frame for performing MRCP sequences. 2D MRCP sequences obtained after intravenous administration of gadobenate dimeglumine or gadobutrol over 14 months were reviewed retrospectively in randomized order by five abdominal radiologists, using a 3-point scale to rate biliary and pancreatic duct clarity (1 = no-, 2 = limited-, 3 = good visualization). Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed and mean scores were compared for both agents. For gadobenate dimeglumine exams, time delays between arterial phase and MRCP acquisition times were analyzed concerning duct clarity. For gadobutrol, only exams with delays ≥ 15 min were included. 134 exams (107 gadobenate dimeglumine, 27 gadobutrol) were included. Moderate reliability for pancreatic duct visualization and excellent reliability for visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts and upper and lower extrahepatic bile ducts were noted. No difference in mean scores was noted for pancreatic duct visualization (p = 0.66). Bile duct segment scores were lower with gadobenate dimeglumine (mean: 2.1–2.6) compared with gadobutrol (mean: 2.8–2.9) (p ≤ 0.006). For gadobenate dimeglumine, visualization scores varied depending on the delay between the arterial phase and MRCP acquisition (p ≤ 0.047). Good visualization for all bile duct segments was noted with delays of 7.2–9.4 min (95% confidence interval; mean 8.3 min). Bile duct clarity degraded on MRCP images with an increasing delay following gadobenate dimeglumine injection. 2D MRCP, thus, should be performed within 7.2 min after obtaining the arterial phase sequence to ensure good visualization of the entire biliary system.