cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the electromotor system in the spinal cord of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus.

The spinal electromotor nucleus was studied by electron microscopy in normal eels and in eels after high spinal section. Electromotor neurons are surrounded by small myelinated fibres that degenerate after spinal section. These fibres form electrotonic synapses (characterized by gap junctions) on somata and dendrites of the electromotor neurons. Some terminals synapse with two cell processes and form a pathway for electrotonic coupling of the two postsynaptic elements. Direct dendrodendritic electrotonic synapses also occur. Within the cord electromotor axons have short internodes (ĨOμm). In rostral regions electromotor axons are smaller in diameter, have shorter internodes and are more thinly myelinated than in caudal regions. In rostral regions preterminal axons are smaller in diameter than in caudal regions. Axons of the bulbospinal (electromotor) tract are slightly larger in caudal regions. All these differences are in the right direction to explain the physiological observation that the synchronous neural volley leading to organ discharge is subject to a greater delay in transmission through the electromotor nucleus in rostral regions of the cord. This delay plays an essential role in synchronizing the discharge in widely separated regions of the organ. The very slow conduction in preterminal fibres that is indicated from physiological experiments could arise if these fibres were to have very short internode lengths similar to those observed in the electromotor axons.
A rational approach to traumatic aortic rupture

Twenty-four patients with deceleration trauma and widened mediastinums have been studied for aortic laceration. Eight had lacerations. Analysis of the chest films demonstrates that the findings of aortic laceration are those of mediastinal bleeding and are nonspecific. While deceleration trauma appears to be causative, a widened mediastinum with such trauma is not diagnostic of aortic laceration. Upright films often cannot be obtained and are not necessary. Serial chest films are contraindicated. Aortography is the definitive technique and should be performed if clinical suspicion of aortic laceration exists.Laceration of the thoracic aorta caused by rapid decleration injury is a surgical emergency. Less than 20% of these patients reach the emergency room alive and, of these, 90% will exsanguinate within four weeks, 25% within 24 hours.1 Therefore prompt diagnosis and surgery are imperative. The chest film findings of aortic laceration are nonspecific since any mediastinal bleeding can give the same radio...
Diffusion of chemically reactive species in a porous medium

Solutions for a class of nonlinear second-order differential equations, arising in diffusion of chemically reactive species of a Newtonian fluid immersed in a porous medium over an impervious stretching sheet, are obtained. Using the Schauder theory, existence and uniqueness results are established. Moreover, the exact analytical solutions (for some special cases) are obtained and are used to validate the numerical solutions. The results obtained for the diffusion characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study of the effects of reaction rate on the transfer of chemically reactive species.
Iridium and Rhodium Complexes Containing Fluorinated Phenyl Ligands and Their Transformation to η2-Benzyne Complexes, Including the Parent Benzyne Complex IrCp*(PMe3)(C6H4)

Treatment of IrCp*(CO)2 (1) with C6F5I in benzene under reflux gives the oxidative addition product IrCp*(C6F5)(CO)I (2). Treatment of 2 with PMe3 gives IrCp*(C6F5)(PMe3)I (3), which, on treatment with AgO3SCF3 in the presence of traces of water, affords the cationic complex [IrCp*(C6F5)(PMe3)(OH2)]O3SCF3 (4). Treatment of 4 with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (Proton Sponge) affords the hydride complex IrCp*(C6F5)(PMe3)H (5), which reacts with n-BuLi to give the tetrafluorobenzyne complex IrCp*(η2-C6F4)(PMe3) (6) in high yield. Similarly, treatment of RhCp*(CO)2 (7) with C6F5I in toluene at 80 °C affords a pentafluorophenyl complex of rhodium, RhCp*(C6F5)(CO)I (8). Treatment of 8 with PMe3 at room temperature affords RhCp*(C6F5)(PMe3)I (9), which reacts with NaBH4 to give RhCp*(C6F5)(PMe3)H (10). Treatment of 10 with n-BuLi gives the rhodium tetrafluorobenzyne complex RhCp*(η2-C6F4)(PMe3) (11) in high yield. Treatment of IrCp*(CO)2 with 1-fluoro-2-iodobenzene in toluene under reflux gives the oxidativ...
Bulky Substitutions in the Thumb Domain of ASIC1a Restrict Proton-Gating

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are trimeric proton-gated cation selective ion channels expressed in the nervous system. Each monomer consists of two transmembrane helices with short cytoplasmic tails and a large extracellular region organized in distinct domains named the thumb, finger, knuckle, β-ball, and palm. In this report we investigated the contribution to mouse ASIC1a activation and desensitization of three pairs of acidic residues, Glu238-Asp345, Asp237-Asp349 and Glu219-Asp407. Residues in each pair are located in close proximity and together form an acidic cluster at the interface between the thumb and β-ball domains. We examined the reactivity toward methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents of channels carrying individual Cys substitutions at these positions. MTSET-modification of D345C channels shifted the pH of half-maximal activation (pH50) from 6.23±0.06 to 4.48±0.08, and increased the desensitization rate. A similar effect was observed with other positively-charged MTS reagents such as MTSMT, MTSPT and MTSEA, as well as with MTSES, a negatively-charged reagent. Moreover, Lys substitution at position 345 shifted pH50 toward more acidic values. Remarkably, Lys substitution at positions 219, 237 or 238 did not significantly change the pH50, suggesting that acid residues at these positions do not substantially contribute to proton activation. Our results indicate that the introduction of a bulky moiety at position 345 restricts conformational movements required for proton-gating, suggesting that the thumb-β-ball interface undergoes dynamic rearrangements during activation.
FROM PIXELS TO TRUE XML STRUCTURES IN DIGITAL DOCUMENT IMAGES

XML has been widely used as metadata for image retrieval. As a standard, it makes it easier to index and retrieve information across different platforms. However, how to automatically convert an image into XML format remains a challenge. In this paper, a system for generating structured document in XML from digitally captured document images is presented. The system is aimed at providing an easy to use tool for average users without requiring depth of knowledge in the document processing areas. Further, a XML/XSL generator is developed to accurately represent a document in a XML structure, yet in a representation that reflects its original layout.
1019 EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION AND RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA (RLF) - LACK OF CAUSE AND EFFECT

Exchange transfusion (ET) in preterm infants decreases Hb-O2 affinity and theoretically might enhance the development of RLF. We followed 62 infants ≥ 1500 gm. with repeated fundoscopic examinations by indirect ophthalmoscopy. They were divided into 2 groups: Group I consisted of 22 infants ≥ 1000 gm. of whom 14 were exchanged, and Group II consisted of 40 infants 1001-1500 gm. of whom 16 were exchanged. In Group I (mean O2 therapy 1118 hrs.), there was no difference in incidence of proliferative RLF between exchanged (79%) and non-exchanged infants (88%) (p > .9). In Group II, those infants with ≥ 120 hrs. exposure to O2 therapy (n=20) showed no significant difference in incidence of RLF between exchanged (0%) and non-exchanged infants (22%) (p > .45). In Group II, those infants with > 120 hrs. O2 therapy (n=20) showed no significant difference in incidence of RLF between exchanged and non-exchanged infants. In infants 120 hrs. O2 therapy (n=22) there was no significant difference in incidence of RLF in exchanged (73%) and non-exchanged infants (88%) (p > .85), nor was there a significant difference in infants ≥ 29 wks. gestation exposed to > 120 hrs. O2 therapy (n=19) between exchanged (92%) and non-exchanged (72%) infants (p > .45). These data indicate that the occurrence of RLF is unrelated to ET when infants are matched for birth weight, gestational age, and duration of O2 therapy.
The NOAA Fisheries Alaska Native Traditional Environmental Knowledge Database

Anthropologists working in natural resource management agencies have particularly important and interesting roles to play in raising awareness of long-standing relationships between local communities and natural resources, and in promoting means of reflecting this relationship while avoiding potentially harmful outcomes of careless incorporation of traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) in resource management. While there are many different approaches to initiating TEK awareness and incorporation at agencies, one obvious place to start is by compiling existing resources and making them available to scientists and managers in an accessible format. Projects that accomplish this might include an annotated bibliography, a library, or a TEK database, along with guides that assist the unfamiliar but interested user in finding and interpreting relevant materials. Databases or other types of compilations formed from existing materials do not require time-consuming and expensive original research. They can be p...
The Impact of Life-Stage on Asian American Females' Ethnic Media Use, Ethnic Identification, and Attitudes Toward Ads

Significant buying power positions Asian Americans as an attractive market for advertisers. However, little is known about this group with respect to advertising responses and even less with respect to in-group differences. In this exploratory study, life-stage is identified as one of the potential factors that may differentially influence important advertising relevant variables for student and working Asian American females. The results of an experiment indicate differences between the two groups in terms of their ethnic media use, ethnic identification, and advertising evaluations.
A Necessary and Natural Sequel: Technical Editing:

A technical writer who wants to become a supervisor or manager needs to know technical editing. A technical editor is an accomplished technical writer whose language skills are augmented by a thoro...
Toward Useful Type-Free Theories. I

There is a distinction between semantical paradoxes on the one hand and logical or mathematical paradoxes on the other, going back to Ramsey [1925]. Those falling under the first heading have to do with such notions as truth, assertion (or proposition), definition, etc., while those falling under the second have to do with membership, class, relation, function (and derivative notions such as cardinal and ordinal number), etc. There are a number of compelling reasons for maintaining this separation but, as we shall see, there are also many close parallels from the logical point of view.The initial solutions to the paradoxes on each side—namely Russell's theory of types for mathematics and Tarski's hierarchy of language levels for semantics— were early recognized to be excessively restrictive. The first really workable solution to the mathematical paradoxes was provided by Zermelo's theory of sets, subsequently improved by Fraenkel. The informal argument that the paradoxes are blocked in ZF is that its axioms are true in the cumulative hierarchy of sets where (i) unlike the theory of types, a set may have members of various (ordinal) levels, but (ii) as in the theory of types, the level of a set is greater than that of each of its members. Thus in ZF there is no set of all sets, nor any Russell set {x∣x∉x} (which would be universal since ∀x(x∉x) holds in ZF). Nor is there a set of all ordinal numbers (and so the Burali-Forti paradox is blocked).
An accommodative intraocular lens

Accommodation in the youthful, phakic human eye is accomplished by contraction of the ciliary body and subsequent release of the resting tension in the zonular fibers by which the crystalline lens ...
Current-voltage characteristics of type-II superconductors

Abstract For a wide range of samples and conditions the I-V characteristic of type-II superconductors fits the expression V ∞ (I-Ip)2 (I-αIp)−1. The initial non-linearity is attributed to the fact that the fluxons do not move with uniform velocity.
Mental workload during brain-computer interface training.

It is not well understood how people perceive the difficulty of performing brain–computer interface (BCI) tasks, which specific aspects of mental workload contribute the most, and whether there is a difference in perceived workload between participants who are able-bodied and disabled. This study evaluated mental workload using the NASA Task Load Index (TLX), a multi-dimensional rating procedure with six subscales: Mental Demands, Physical Demands, Temporal Demands, Performance, Effort, and Frustration. Able-bodied and motor disabled participants completed the survey after performing EEG-based BCI Fitts' law target acquisition and phrase spelling tasks. The NASA-TLX scores were similar for able-bodied and disabled participants. For example, overall workload scores (range 0–100) for 1D horizontal tasks were 48.5 (SD = 17.7) and 46.6 (SD 10.3), respectively. The TLX can be used to inform the design of BCIs that will have greater usability by evaluating subjective workload between BCI tasks, participant grou...
Anomalous pulmonary vein to the posterior segment of the right upper lobe.

© 2013 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Published by Elsevier Inc contrast. Reconstructed CT axial (Fig 1A) and coronal images (Fig 1B) demonstrate the APV originating in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe (RUL), traveling posterior to the bronchus intermedius and terminating in the posterior aspect of the left atrium (Fig 1, arrow). Operative view of the posterior hilum demonstrates the course of APV posterior to the bronchus (Fig 2). The pattern of venous drainage of the lung is fairly uniform and has a low incidence of anatomic aberrancy. An independent right posterior segmental vein to the RUL has been observed in 2% to 6% of CT review series [1,2]. Attention to aberrant pulmonary vascular anatomy in preoperative imaging can reduce operative time and blood loss and can help to select the best approach to achieve a complete and safe resection.
Discussing preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: What do resident physicians and their hospitalized patients think was decided?

Abstract Objective To explore the ways in which seriously ill hospitalized patients, their family members and physicians interpret the discussion of the patient's preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods Resident physicians, their patients, and family members were interviewed following a discussion regarding preferences for CPR. We sought the participants’ perceptions of the resulting decision, examined how often these interpretations differed, and explored the communicative factors underlying discrepancies when they occurred. Results Fifty-six interviews with 28 matched dyads were completed. In six dyads (21%), the participants reported differing results of the discussion. Two patients had orders to limit their care based on the physician's interpretation of their discussion. Another two patients who did not want resuscitation lacked a DNR order. Two patients did not recall having the conversation. These discrepancies could be attributed to the physician misconstruing the patient's wishes, interference of a family member, and fluctuating preferences. Conclusions Discrepant interpretations of a DNR discussion occur with a concerning frequency between resident physicians and their hospitalized patients. Practice implications Educational efforts should focus on training physicians to clarify the language used in these discussions, remain vigilant about discerning the patient's preferences, and be aware that these preferences may be contextually fluid.
A Type System for Object Initialization In the Java Bytecode Language (summary)

In the standard Java implementation, a Java language program is compiled to Java bytecode and this bytecode is then interpreted by the Java Virtual Machine. Since bytecode may be written by hand, or corrupted during network transmission, the Java Virtual Machine contains a bytecode verifier that performs a number of consistency checks before code is interpreted. As one-step towards a formal specification of the verifier, we describe a precise specification of a subset of the bytecode language dealing with object creation and initialization.
Working on the Train Gang: Alientation, Liminality and Communitas in the UK Preserved Railway Sector

The article initially draws upon the notion of non‐alienated labour to explain the motivations of volunteers who offer their time and expertise freely to the running of steam and diesel locomotives within UK preserved railways. It suggests that in this instance the concept is flawed in that volunteers operate outside the cash nexus. In drawing upon the anthropological concepts of liminality and communitas it aims to develop the notion of non‐alienated labour by adding a subjective dimension. It argues that volunteers working on preserved railways are modern‐day pilgrims through their moving in and out of different identities as they seek solace in the certainty of operating and working in complex and highly satisfying workplaces.
β-Adrenergic Receptors, Glucagon Receptors, and Their Relationship to Adenylate Cyclase in Rat Liver during Aging

The β-adrenergic and glucagon receptor-binding capacities in rat livers from 6–27 months of age were measured to investigate the mechanism of a previously observed rise in β- adrenergic stimulated adenylate cyclase with increasing age. There was no concomitant increase in gjucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase. In the present study neither glucagon-binding capacity nor glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase changed with age. In contrast, the β-adrenergic receptor capacity, measured in the same membranes by [125I]iodopindolol binding, increased nearly 3-fold from 6.6 ± 0.6 fmol/mg at 6 months to 19.1 ± 3.3 fmol/mg at 18–19 months. The increase was directly proportional to the maximum isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in livers of rats up to 19 months of age. By 24–27 months the binding capacity had increased to 24.9 ± 3.3 fmol/mg, but there was no further increase in adenylate cyclase activity. Thus, there appeared to be a β-receptor-adenylate cyclase uncoupling in livers from the senescent...
Measuring the W-t-b interaction at the ILC

The large top quark mass suggests that the top plays a pivotal role in electroweak symmetry-breaking dynamics and, as a result, may have modified couplings to electroweak bosons. Hadron colliders can provide measurements of these couplings at the $\ensuremath{\sim}10%$ level, and one of the early expected triumphs of the International Linear Collider (ILC) is to reduce these uncertainties to the percent level. In this article, we propose the first direct measurement of the standard model $W\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}b$ coupling at the ILC, from measurements of $t\overline{t}$-like signals below the $t\overline{t}$ production threshold. We estimate that the ILC with $100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can measure a combination of the coupling and top width to high precision, and when combined with a direct measurement of the top width from the above-threshold scan, results in a model-independent measurement of the $W\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}b$ interaction of the order of $\ensuremath{\sim}3%$.
Exploring the different approaches to taxing PPP and PFI vehicles

The focus of public–private partnerships (PPPs) and private finance initiatives (PFIs) remains, as it has from their inception in 1992, firmly on the provision and maintenance of public sector property assets such as schools, hospitals, social housing and civil engineering projects including ‘Design, Build, Finance and Operate’ roads. Many of the techniques used in financing PPP and PFI transactions are common to real estate projects. It is likely therefore that the tax issues and consequent solutions developed for PPP and PFI transactions will have increasing relevance to the property investment industry, particularly as the principles of PFI become more common in the private sector. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different approaches to taxing PPP and PFI project vehicles and provide an update on the latest developments in their taxation. This is a topic which has been brought into focus by the high tax rate suffered by early PFI projects which are now reaching maturity and the consequent effect this has on shareholder returns. In response, the industry has, in partnership with the Inland Revenue, sought greater certainty over the tax treatment of PPP and PFI projects. Changes to key parts of PFI contracts and the way in which services are delivered can result in a much lower effective rate of tax for PPP and PFI projects. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Growth, food consumption and mortality of Heliothis zea larvae on foliage of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum and the cultivated tomato, L. esculentum

Larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were fed foliage of the resistant wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (PI 134417) and susceptible L. esculentum (cultivar “Walter”), either with the glandular trichomes removed or with the trichomes intact. Response variables measured included larval mortality, larval weight, consumption rate (CR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested material (ECI). Resistant foliage was found to contain factors in both the trichomes and leaf lamellae which increased larval mortality, reduced larval weight, reduced CR, and, except in second instars, reduced ECI. Susceptible foliage also contained trichome-based factors which increased larval mortality and decreased weight, as well as CR of second instars and ECI of fifth instars. Implications of these findings for breeding resistant tomato cultivars are discussed. Resume La croissance, consommation de nourriture, et mortalite des larves de Heliothis zea du feuillage de la tomate sauvage Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum et la tomate cultivee L. esculentum La tomate sauvage, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (PI 134417) est fortement resistant a Heliothis zea. Les etudes prealables ont indiques que la resistance est associee avec la presence de 2-tridecanone dans les extremites des poils glandulaires de la tomate sauvage, et que les facteurs dans la lamelle des feuilles sont peut-etre impliques. A determiner la presence des facteurs lamellaires et a caracteriser de plus les facteurs de resistance dans les extremites des poils glandulaires aussi, nous nourrissions les larves du feuillage resistant de PI 134417 et du feuillage susceptible L. esculentum (lignee “Walter”) les deux avec les extremites des poils glandulaires enleves ou avec les extremites des poils glandulaires intacts. Nous mesurions la mortalite des larves, les poids des larves, la taux de consommation relative et l'efficacite de conversion de matiere mange. On se trouvait le feuillage resistant a contenir les facteurs, tous deux dans le feuillage lamellaire et dans les extremites des poils glandulaires, qui causaient l'augmentation de mortalite, les poids plus basses, la taux de consommation relative plus basse, et, hormis dans le cas des larves en phase deuxieme, l'efficacite de conversion reduite. Le feuillage susceptible contenait aussi les facteurs dans les extremites des poils glandulaires qui augmentaient la mortalite, diminuaient les poids et la taux de consommation relative des larves en phase deuxieme, et diminuaient l'efficacite de conversion des larves en phase cinquieme. Cettes conclusions indiquent la presence des facteurs de resistance en outre de 2-tridecanone et peuvent fournir les indices a l'identite de ces facteurs.
Performance of Longitudinally Fractured Horizontal Wells in High-Permeability Anisotropic Formations

This work studies the combined behavior of (1) horizontal wells, and (2) high-permeability fracturing. Fractured vertical wells in high-permeability formations always yield finite conductivity fractures which in turn can reduce the benefits of the stimulation. It has been proposed recently that a fracture along a horizontal well poses far smaller pressure drops than those of the fracture intersecting a vertical well. This work uses numerical simulation to corroborate the recently presented semi-analytical solutions for the problem of a longitudinally fractured horizontal well in a homogeneous, isotropic formation. Additionally, this paper addresses the effects of vertical and horizontal anisotropy in the pressure and production performance of such well and compares it to the performance of a fractured vertical well. Finally, the paper presents a set of transformations that allows for a proper well test analysis of the longitudinally fractured well in an anisotropic formation.
Open Source Interactive Map of Albania Cultural Heritage

ICTs represent strategic resources for Cultural Heritage (CH) projects. Anyway, several conditions put the success of promotion projects at risk, especially if carried out at the local level. Firstly, local scale amplifies the weight of budget constraints on the priorities of public administrations, compelled to allocate funds to the physical conservation of heritage rather than to software and training. Secondly, proprietary SW, often sophisticated and complex in procedures, fails to integrate precious unformalized knowledge from local stakeholders and communities, particularly in the field of cultural tourism. Finally, a changing demand for cultural tourism, with potential visitors frequently searching for information directly on the Web before moving, requires a higher interactivity in tools and systems. The paper illustrates the work carried out at the Construction Technologies Institute for delivering procedures and SW specifically designed to simplify the publication of geo-referenced information and reduce the need for specialized skills and equipments. The described results were achieved along different research programs focusing on the Albanian CH with a learning-by-doing approach.
Autobiographical memory for shame or guilt provoking events: association with psychological symptoms

The diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specify that a qualifying traumatic stressor must incite extreme peritraumatic fear, horror, or helplessness. However, research suggests that events inciting guilt or shame may be associated with PTSD. We devised a web-based survey in which non-clinical participants identified an event associated with shame or guilt and completed questionnaire measures of shame, guilt, PTSD, and depression. In addition, we assessed characteristics of memory for the event, including visual perspective and the centrality of the memory to the participant's autobiographical narrative (CES). Shame predicted depression and PTSD symptoms. There was no association between guilt and psychological symptoms after controlling statistically for the effects of shame. CES predicted the severity of depression and PTSD symptoms. In addition, CES mediated the moderating effect of visual perspective on the relationship between emotional intensity and PTSD symptoms. Our results suggest shame is capable of eliciting the intrusive and distressing memories characteristic of PTSD. Furthermore, our results suggest aversive emotional events are associated with psychological distress when memory for those events becomes central to one's identity and autobiographical narrative.
Effects on atmospheric diffusion of meteorological processes in coastal zones

Meteorological processes in coastal zones differ from those inland because of the surface discontinuity between land and water. The differences in temperature between the two surfaces give rise to sea or lake breeze circulations, which can transport pollutants in nongradient directions and recirculate them over source areas. The step change in surface characteristics at the land-water interface also causes the formation of internal boundary layers that have different transport velocities and diffusion rates than those of the unmodified air upwind or above the boundary. These features require a more extensive measurement program and more versatile diffusion models than are needed for inland sites.
Detection of low-molecular-weight polypeptides on nitrocellulose with monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract An immunoblotting method to detect low-molecular-weight peptides with monoclonal antibodies that normally fail to demonstrate immunoreactivity using conventional blotting techniques is described. Detection of neurophysin, insulin, calcitonin, vasopressin, and β-endorphin electroblotted on nitrocellulose membranes was optimized after introducing four modifications into the conventional procedure. These include renaturing the gels after sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, electroblotting the renatured gels in basic transfer buffer, fixing and/or heating the blots, and using avidin/alkaline phosphatase conjugates for antigen/antibody detection. This technique likely enables the denatured peptides to regain their native conformation and, therefore, restores antigenicity and recognition by highly structural specific monoclonal antibodies. Although the most dramatic improvement with this technique is with monoclonal antibodies, a modest improvement in sensitivity can be obtained when immunoblots are probed with polyclonal antibodies. The high resolution of this system will be useful in probing blots of partial proteolytic digests of proteins with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Climatic implications of alternating clay and carbonate formation in semiarid soils of South-Central Montana

Evidence for climatic change is found in petrographic thin sections from soils formed on glaciofluvial deposits of Rock Creek and the lower Clarks Fork, Montana. These soils, presently in a semiarid climate, range from late Pliocene to Holocene in age, and have undergone periodic fluctuations in soil moisture caused by climatic changes. In the lower parts of soil B horizons, accretion of illuvial layers of clay (argillans) occurs mainly during wet (glacial) climatic periods, whereas carbonate precipitates mainly during dry (interglacial) climatic periods. Thin-section studies of the argillan and carbonate layers show that: (1) post-Pinedale soils that have formed only in the present interglacial climate contain areas of secondary carbonate unrelated to argillans, (2) soils formed on outwash of successively older glaciations contain proportionately more alternating layers of argillans and carbonate, and (3) the maximum number and sequence of layers in a soil correspond to the number of local cycles of glacial-outwash deposition and subsequent stream incision that followed the beginning of soil formation. These cycles are inferred to correspond to local glacial-interglacial fluctuations. The correspondence between the microscopic record and the glacial-outwash record for Rock Creek suggests that some of the climatic changes seen in the marine oxygen-isotope record did not strongly affect the study area.
18.4: Invited Paper: Development of Eyewear Display Systems: A Long Journey

This paper reviews the development of technology for eyewear-based wearable displays, including the microdisplay, viewing optics, electronics and frame systems, that are necessary for the commercialization of consumer products, and ultimately for the complete integration of the system within eyewear. The eyewear display industry has its origins in projects funded by DARPA, starting in 1990. Today, several technologies have proved viable including LCOS, transmissive LCD, and oLED. In addition to the microdisplay itself, the development of viewing optics that can be incorporated in eyewear has been essential, and several teams have developed optics that will be reviewed here. Supporting electronics must also be incorporated in eyewear, and this is made possible today by the high degree of integration in systems on a chip. Today's technologies allow our industry to satisfy a number of “design rules” for eyewear displays that will be discussed. Additionally, wireless connectivity now provides access to almost unlimited information from the cloud. The final step in the commercialization of this technology is the creation of compelling consumer applications, and the companies that provide this final step will lead an expansion of the consumer electronics industry.
Improved Statistical Methods Enable Greater Sensitivity in Rhythm Detection for Genome-Wide Data

Robust methods for identifying patterns of expression in genome-wide data are important for generating hypotheses regarding gene function. To this end, several analytic methods have been developed for detecting periodic patterns. We improve one such method, JTK_CYCLE, by explicitly calculating the null distribution such that it accounts for multiple hypothesis testing and by including non-sinusoidal reference waveforms. We term this method empirical JTK_CYCLE with asymmetry search, and we compare its performance to JTK_CYCLE with Bonferroni and Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis testing correction, as well as to five other methods: cyclohedron test, address reduction, stable persistence, ANOVA, and F24. We find that ANOVA, F24, and JTK_CYCLE consistently outperform the other three methods when data are limited and noisy; empirical JTK_CYCLE with asymmetry search gives the greatest sensitivity while controlling for the false discovery rate. Our analysis also provides insight into experimental design and we find that, for a fixed number of samples, better sensitivity and specificity are achieved with higher numbers of replicates than with higher sampling density. Application of the methods to detecting circadian rhythms in a metadataset of microarrays that quantify time-dependent gene expression in whole heads of Drosophila melanogaster reveals annotations that are enriched among genes with highly asymmetric waveforms. These include a wide range of oxidation reduction and metabolic genes, as well as genes with transcripts that have multiple splice forms.
Metabolism of a physiological amount of all-trans-retinol in the vitamin A-deficient rat.

Because only retinol and not all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) can satisfy all of the functions of vitamin A, we have investigated the retinol metabolites in tissues of vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats responding to a radioactive dose of [20-3H]all-trans-retinol. As expected, atRA is the major vitamin A metabolite present in the target tissues of VAD rats given a physiological dose (1 μg) of [20-3H]all-trans-retinol (atROL). Both atROL and atRA were detected by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the radioactivity extracted from the liver, kidney, small intestine, lung, spleen, bone, skin, or testis of these animals. Novel retinol metabolites were observed in the aqueous extracts from the testis, lung, and skin. However, these metabolites were detected in very small amounts and were not characterized further. Importantly, neither 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), 9-cis-retinol (9cROL), nor 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA) was present in detectable amounts. The amounts of atRA varied in each tissue, ranging from 0.29 ± 0.05 fmol of RA/g of tissue in the femurs to 12.9 ± 4.3 fmol of RA/g of tissue in the kidneys. The absence of 9cRA in vivo was not due to degradation of this retinoid during the extraction procedure or HPLC analysis of the extracted radioactivity. As atROL completely fulfills all of the physiological roles of vitamin A, and 9cRA is not detected in any of the tissues analyzed, these results suggest that 9cRA may have no physiological relevance in the rat.
Expressive Writing Moderates the Relation Between Intrusive Thoughts and Depressive Symptoms

The author investigated whether expressive writing enhances emotional adaptation to a stressful event (graduate entrance exams) by reducing event-related intrusive thoughts or by desensitizing people to such thoughts. Participants in the experimental group, who were instructed to write their deepest thoughts and feelings about the exam, exhibited a significant decline in depressive symptoms from 1 month (Time 1) to 3 days (Time 2) before the exam. Participants in the control group, who wrote about a trivial topic, maintained a relatively high level of depressive symptoms over this same period. Expressive writing did not affect the frequency of intrusive thoughts, but it moderated the impact of intrusive thoughts on depressive symptoms. Specifically, intrusive thoughts at Time 1 were positively related to depressive symptoms at Time 2 in the control group and were unrelated to symptoms in the expressive writing group.
Echelle efficiencies: theory and experiment.

The effect of one echelle spectrograph design factor, orientation of the incident light bundle, is examined. Comparison of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of echelle grating efficiencies are given for R2 echelles used in three possible configurations: alpha greater than beta, alpha smaller than beta, and the quasi-Littrow mode. The throughput-resolution products for these various cases are also compared.
Densitometric measurement of renal echogenicity in infants and naked eye evaluation: a comparison.

The sonograms of 115 infants with normal renal function ranging in age from 1 to 120 days used to determine renal parenchymal echogenicity by densitometry. The measured values were contrasted with the evaluations of 4 independent examiners who rated renal echogenicity as “less than”, “equal to” or “greater than” that of the liver. The results revealed that naked eye evaluation does not permit a clear distincition between the categories of echogenicity and also that the assessments of the individual examiners differed considerably. Contrary to the previously held view the present findings indicate that the initially increased renal parenchymal echogenicity in neonates has developed into the normal hypoechoic condition after 1 month. One should take these findings into account when evaluating renal sonograms of infants, especially if no densitometric data are available.
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Admission Tool: A Colorful Approach

This article discusses the development, implementation, and utilization of our institution's Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Color-Coded Admission Status Tool. Rather than the historical method of identifying a maximum number of staffed beds, a tool was developed to color code the PICU's admission status. Previous methods had been ineffective and led to confusion between the PICU leadership team and the administration. The tool includes the previously missing components of staffing and acuity, which are essential in determining admission capability. The PICU tool has three colored levels: green indicates open for admissions; yellow, admission alert resulting from available beds or because staffing is not equal to the projected patient numbers or required acuity; and red, admissions on hold because only one trauma or arrest bed is available or staffing is not equal to the projected acuity. Yellow and red designations require specific actions and the medical director's approval. The tool has been highly successful and significantly impacted nursing with the inclusion of the essential component of nurse staffing necessary in determining bed availability.
FOREARM VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN THE UPPER AND LOWER QUINTILES OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN ADOLESCENT BOYS: The Muscatine Study

FOREARM VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN THE UPPER AND LOWER QUINTILES OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN ADOLESCENT BOYS: The Muscatine Study
Latitudinal Variation of Aerosol Sizes Inferred from Titan's Shadow

Abstract We measured the location, size, and shape of Titan's shadow in five images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995. We inferred the altitude of Titan's optical limb at wavelengths of 337–954 nm to an accuracy of 15 km. At each wavelength, altitudes are constant north of −5° and also constant but lower south of −50° latitude, with a linear transition region inbetween. The amplitude of the variation of altitude with latitude increases from close to zero at wavelength 337 nm to 130 km at 954 nm. We conclude that Titan's aerosols are larger (0.3 μm mean radius) at northern latitudes where we probe the detached haze layer than at southern latitudes (0.1 μm south of −50°) where we probe the main haze layer below. The geometric cross section of aerosols at probed altitudes (∼300 km) does not show a significant latitudinal variation. The wavelength dependence of the size of Titan's shadow is not consistent with a spherical shape of aerosols, but gives evidence of their fractal nature.
Antidepressant Effects of the Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Antagonist Scopolamine: A Review

The muscarinic cholinergic receptor system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, with physiological evidence indicating this system is overactive or hyperresponsive in depression and with genetic evidence showing that variation in genes coding for receptors within this system are associated with higher risk for depression. In studies aimed at assessing whether a reduction in muscarinic cholinergic receptor function would improve depressive symptoms, the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine manifested antidepressant effects that were robust and rapid relative to conventional pharmacotherapies. Here, we review the data from a series of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving subjects with unipolar or bipolar depression treated with parenteral doses of scopolamine. The onset and duration of the antidepressant response are considered in light of scopolamine's pharmacokinetic properties and an emerging literature that characterizes scopolamine's effects on neurobiological systems beyond the cholinergic system that appear relevant to the neurobiology of mood disorders. Scopolamine infused at 4.0 μg/kg intravenously produced robust antidepressant effects versus placebo, which were evident within 3 days after the initial infusion. Placebo-adjusted remission rates were 56% and 45% for the initial and subsequent replication studies, respectively. While effective in male and female subjects, the change in depression ratings was greater in female subjects. Clinical improvement persisted more than 2 weeks following the final infusion. The timing and persistence of the antidepressant response to scopolamine suggest a mechanism beyond that of direct muscarinic cholinergic antagonism. These temporal relationships suggest that scopolamine-induced changes in gene expression and synaptic plasticity may confer the therapeutic mechanism.
Laminar Flow Air: A Comparison of Operating Room Air Purity in Rooms Equipped with Laminar Flow Air Versus No Laminar Flow Air

ISSUE: Until 2003 CDC recommended Laminar Air flow in the Operating Rooms where Joint Replacement surgeries were performed. In 2003 this recommendation was eliminated. However, at our hospital knee replacements are continuing to be performed in laminar air flow rooms only. Our Ortho surgeons expressed interest if the clean air rooms actually are an advantage over non laminar flow rooms. There was no data available on air purity colony counts obtained in the operating rooms. A brief project was performed to compare operating room air contamination in rooms equipped with laminar flow versus rooms not equipped with laminar flow.
Randomized controlled trial of topical hemostasis pad use for achieving vascular hemostasis following percutaneous coronary intervention.

Objectives: We conducted a randomized trial to determine the efficacy of two topical hemostasis pads in promoting vascular hemostasis following PCI, and to assess the appropriate level of anticoagulation for sheath removal. Background: Pads coated with procoagulant materials are widely marketed and used to augment vascular hemostasis following PCI, yet clinical effectiveness and safety data are lacking. Methods: 184 patients who underwent PCI using the femoral approach were randomized to one of four methods of sheath removal: (1) at ACT < 250 using the Chito-Seal™ pad; (2) at ACT < 250 using the Clo-Sur PAD™; (3) at ACT < 250 using manual compression alone; (4) at ACT < 170 using manual compression alone. Results: Time to hemostasis was significantly shorter in the hemostasis pad groups compared to the conventional compression groups (16.2 ± 4.9, 16.0 ± 5.3, 19.3 ± 7.8, and 18.3 ± 5.7 min, respectively, P = 0.027), however overall bed rest times following intervention were not reduced by use of either hemostasis pad. The incidence of major or minor bleeding complications did not differ among groups. Irrespective of hemostasis pad use, removal of sheaths at higher ACT levels allowed shorter time to ambulation following PCI without an increase in bleeding events. Conclusions: The hemostasis pads tested shortened time to hemostasis compared to standard manual compression, although the absolute reduction in time to hemostasis was relatively small and did not translate into a reduction in overall bed rest time. Independent of hemostasis pad use, removal of arterial sheaths at higher than conventional activated clotting times was safe and resulted in significant reductions in time to ambulation. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bounded families for the on-line t-relaxed coloring

We introduce a new generalization of the on-line coloring game. We define the concept of bounded family for on-line t-relaxed colorings. This extends the concept of on-line competitive coloring algorithms to t-relaxed colorings. We characterize the trees T for which the family of T-free graphs is bounded and show that the corresponding bounding function is linear.
Practice effects and the use of alternate forms in serial neuropsychological testing

Accurate understanding of practice characteristics, performance stability, and error on neuropsychological tests is essential to both valid clinical assessment and maximization of signal detection for clinical trials of cognitive enhancing drugs. We examined practice effects in 28 healthy adults. As part of a larger study using donepezil and simulating a Phase I trial, participants were randomized into: placebo, no-treatment and donepezil. Donepezil results are presented elsewhere. Neuropsychological tests were administered in a fixed order for 6 weeks, with alternate forms available for most tests. Despite alternate forms, ANOVAs revealed significant improvements for the pooled control group (placebo and no-treatment) on all tests except Letter Number Sequencing and Trails B. Learning occurred principally in the first three to four sessions. PASAT and Stroop interference showed the greatest learning. Thus, serial assessment with alternate forms may attenuate retest effects on some tests, but continued learning occurs on novel tests or those in which an advantageous test-taking strategy can be identified. Alternate forms and baseline practice sessions may help control early, rapid improvements in clinical trials.