cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting host kinases for the treatment of herpes keratitis

Purpose Herpes keratitis (HK) is a common cause of blindness in the developed world. A large number of HK cases are refractory to antiviral agents and ultimately result in permanent corneal damage. The purpose of this study is to identify new therapeutic targets against HSV and to assess their antiviral potential in tissue culture experiments, as well as in more sophisticated models of HK. Specifically, we focused on the involvement of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and its downstream target Chk2 in facilitating productive HSV infection in corneal epithelium. Methods We used human corneal epithelial cell lines – hTCEpi and HCE – as in vitro models of corneal HSV infection, and also developed an ex vivo model of acute corneal epithelial infection, where explanted human and rabbit corneoscleral buttons were infected and maintained in organ culture. We are currently utilizing an in vivo mouse model of ocular herpes to further validate our findings. Small molecule inhibitors of ATM (KU-55933, wortmannin, caffeine) and Chk2 (Chk2 inhibitor II), as well as RNAi against ATM and Chk2, were used to inhibit these two kinases. We used plaque assays and qPCR to assess the infectious particle production, genome replication, and transcriptional activity of HSV in corneal epithelium. Results Small molecule or RNAi-mediated inhibition of ATM or Chk2 greatly suppressed the replication and transcription of the viral genome, as well as the infectious particle production. This was observed in the tissue culture models and, importantly, in organotypically explanted human and rabbit corneas. Results of the animal studies will also be presented. Conclusion This study identifies two host kinases – ATM and Chk2 – as potential novel therapeutic targets against herpes keratitis.
Reduction Potentials of SO3•-, SO5•-, and S4O6•3- Radicals in Aqueous Solution

Reduction potentials of the SO3•-, SO5•-, and S4O6•3- radicals in aqueous solutions are measured by pulse radiolysis at 294 K. These radicals are produced by reaction of •OH or N3• radicals with su...
Isolation of Desulfuromonas acetoxidans cytochrome c-551.5 from the mixed culture 'Chloropseudomonas ethylica'.

Abstract The mixed culture ‘ Chloropseudomonas ethylica ’ strain 2K has been grown on a medium which enhanced the yield of cytochrome c -551.5 from Desulfuromonas acetoxidans . The cytochrome was purified to homogeneity and an isoelectric point of 8.40 was determined. A determination of the amide content indicated that the cytochrome contains two more amides than previously reported.
Manifolds and control of chaotic systems

Abstract Because of the erratic oscillations in chaotic systems, it is often desirable to control them to a steady state. When a controller is added it creates a new dynamical system whose properties are influenced by the underlying chaotic system. Increasing the amount of control has a dramatic effect on the manifolds and the basin for the desired stable steady state. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of the unique properties of chaotic systems when developing new controller designs to yield optimum performance.
Generating steep, shear-free gradients of small molecules for cell culture

We present the fabrication, characterization and cell culture results of a microfluidic device for generating steep gradient interfaces of small molecules (<1 kDa) across cell culture with no convective shear stresses applied to the cells. We use a novel streamline of two fluids to generate stable and uniform gradient interfaces/boundaries by confronting one fluid with the other. We separate a gradient generation channel and a cell culture channel by a polyester membrane so that viscous shear stress by the bottom channel flow does not convectively disturb the chemical environment of cultured cells seeded on the membrane in the top channel. Using two-component dyes to characterize the steepness of the diffusional interface, we demonstrate 50 μm wide steps for about 400 Da molecules. Using BCECF, a 689 Da pH-sensitive diffusible dye which is actively taken up by living cells, we demonstrate gradient boundaries narrower than five cell diameters in HeLa culture. We also demonstrate steep gradients of pH across cells in the same device. This work should be of interest to researchers attempting to generate gradients of small, rapidly diffusing molecules for studies in cellular differentiation and signaling.
Mobile Decentralized Search and Retrieval Using SMS and HTTP

Events over the past year have demonstrated the utility of mobile devices for coordinating mass gatherings and organizing protests in support of social change. However, governments have countered by censoring or disabling centralized search services and social networking sites. This paper describes a decentralized search and retrieval system, named iTrust, that provides resistance against the vulnerabilities of centralized services. It describes the iTrust with SMS interface and the iTrust SMS-HTTP bridge, which enable any SMS-capable mobile phone to communicate with and obtain information from HTTP nodes in the iTrust network. It also describes the iTrust over SMS protocol, which enables mobile phones to communicate directly with each other and share information in a peer-to-peer fashion bypassing the Internet. The paper also describes the Android user interface, which builds on the basic SMS capabilities of mobile phones and offers a user-friendly way of accessing the iTrust with SMS or iTrust over SMS implementation. Finally, the paper presents a performance evaluation of the iTrust search and retrieval system.
Implications of Small-Scale Flow Features to Modeling Dispersion over Complex Terrain.

Abstract Small-scale, topographically forced wind systems often have a strong influence on flow over complex terrain. A problem is that these systems are very difficult to measure, because of their limited spatial and temporal extent. They can be important, however, in the atmospheric transport of hazardous materials. For example, a nocturnal exit jet-a narrow stream of cold air-which flowed from Eldorado Canyon at the interface between the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado plains near the Rocky Flats Plant (RFP), swept over RFP for about 3 h in the middle of the night of 45 February 1991. It extended in depth from a few tens of meters to approximately 800 m above the ground. Because the jet was so narrow (2 km wide), it was poorly sampled by the meteorological surface mesonet, but it did prove to have an effect on the dispersion of tracer material released from RFP, producing a secondary peak in measured concentration to the southeast of RFP. The existence and behavior of the jet was documented by Enviro...
Temperament and childhood group care adjustment: A cross-cultural comparison

Abstract The context of childhood group care is important for adjustment because it can provide a good or a poor fit with individual temperament dimensions. This research investigated “ideals” for temperament dimensions, actual temperament scores, and temperament-adjustment relationships in two cultural contexts: Israel and American early childhood group care. American (22) and Israeli (18) caregivers first provided descriptions of their ideal for a young child's temperament and then provided temperament and adjustment descriptions for each of six children actually in their care (132 and 108, respectively). The two groups of caregivers held different ideals for children's temperament and also judged actual children differently. The relationship of temperament to adjustment differed between the groups. The usefulness of the “fit” concept in understanding adjustment is suggested and the potential of contextual manipulations for extending good fit to a wider range of children is explored.
A new level of regulation in transcription elongation

Abstract Transcription elongation is surprisingly complex. An elongating polymerase can slide back and forth along its template, altering the structure and activity of the elongation complex as it does so. In addition, a single polymerase molecule can transcribe at different rates, spontaneously switching from slow to fast and vice versa. Elongation rate, elongation factors and covalent modification all affect the tendency of the polymerase to pause or terminate at regulatory sequences. A recent study adds a novel twist to this tale of gene regulation at the level of transcriptional elongation by suggesting that RNA polymerase is allosterically controlled by nucleotide triphosphates.
Implementing VuFind as an alternative to Voyager's WebVoyage interface: One library's experience

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of what is involved in implementing the VuFind discovery tool.Design/methodology/approach – The paper documents Western Michigan University's experience with VuFind thus far, in several stages: planning; pre‐alpha testing; alpha testing; and beta testing.Findings – The implementation process took longer than the authors originally expected. Users' input was not consistent and demanded software customization. WMU began with a relatively loose project management approach, but later reinforced the project with a specific scope statement and prioritized items within the scope to arrive at a beta‐testable version of VuFind.Practical implications – The benefits of using open source software include low barrier and cost to entry, highly customizable code, and unlimited instances (libraries may run as many copies of as many components as needed, on as many pieces of hardware as they have, for as many purposes as they wish). One significant cost is in ...
Peroxy radical observations using chemical ionization mass spectrometry during TOPSE

[1] Peroxy radicals (HO2 + RO2) were measured by chemical conversion-chemical ionization mass spectroscopy in the TOPSE (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox) campaign that took place February through May 2000. Instrumentation for these measurements was deployed on the NCAR/NSF C-130 aircraft that flew at latitudes from 40 to 85°N, and altitudes from the surface to 7.5 km over the North American continent. The measurements demonstrate the evolution of photochemical activity as time progresses through the study period due to increases in free radical source rates. The increase in average peroxy radical concentration moves northward as the maximum solar elevation and length of sunlit days increase. HOxROx (HO2 + RO2) concentrations are distributed lognormally with means of 11.5 and 7.8 pptv for the middle-latitude band (MLB) and high-latitude band (HLB), respectively. The observations agree well on average with steady state derived concentrations; measurement-model concentration ratios are 1.04 (MLB) and 0.94 (HLB). Concentrations within a given latitude band and altitude region sometimes appear to increase with NOx concentrations, but this correlation nearly disappears at low and moderate NOx levels when the data are parsed by radical production rate; lower radical levels are observed at the highest NOx levels measured (near 1 ppbv). These data are compared with results from other recent observations utilizing a variety of platforms.
Structural Density and Criminal Victimization

* * * This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structural density and rates of robbery and assault victimization. A theoretical framework linking defensible-space theory with an opportunity model of predatory criminal victimization suggests that structural density has a positive relationship with victimization, independent of victim characteristics. This perspective is compared to recent empirical and theoretical works that argue that denisty has either no relationship or an inverse relationship to crime. Hypotheses are tested with National Crime Survey victimization data for the years 1973 to 1978. The results support the major hypothesis and s h that structural density is positively related to rates of robbery and assault victimization, controlling for age, race, and sex of victim, and for extent of urbanization. Surprisingly, the positive relationship between structural density and victimization is stronger in rural areas than in urban areas.
PL2 Subepithelial bullous diseases – dermatoimmunological and molecular basis

Significant advances have recently taken place in our understanding of inherited and acquired subepithelia bullous diseases. Inherited disorders are collectively termed epidermolysis bullosa and include simplex, junctional and dystrophic categories. Elucidation of the structure and function of the basement membrane underlying stratified squamous epithelial tissues has provided a foundation of knowledge, which has permitted application to clinical diseases. Advances in our understanding of the physiological basis for mucosal cohesion and molecular diagnosis of inherited diseases have resulted in the elucidation of DNA mutations, which correlate with the molecular pathology. Current preclinical efforts in this field are largely directed at development of a specific and effective molecular therapy and several approaches will be discussed. The molecular etiology of the development of squamous cell carcinoma in a subset of dystrophic EB patients has also been recently elucidated and will be discussed. Acquired subepithelial bullous disorders are becoming better understood as well, through the development of several preclinical animal models, including models for bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Autoantibodies in each of these diseases appear to require complement and other local immune components, in contrast to pemphigus antibodies, which appear to be pathogenic themselves. In particular, bullous pemphigoid blister formation shows reliance on metaloproteinase expressed by immune cells, suggesting new targets for molecular therapy.
Effect of phytochemical intervention on dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-induced DNA adduct formation

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) has been found to be the most potent carcinogen of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Primary sources for DBP in the environment are combustion of wood and coal burning, gasoline and diesel exhaust, and tires. Given the likelihood of environmental exposure to DBP and strong experimental evidence of its potency, it is likely to contribute to lung cancer development. Intervention with compounds of natural origin ("phytochemicals") is considered an effective means to prevent cancer development and favorably modulate the underlying mechanisms, including DNA adduct formation. In this study, several agents have been identified that inhibit environmental carcinogen-induced DNA adduct formation using a cell-free microsomal system. Of the ten agents tested, resveratrol (648 ± 26 adducts/10(9) nucleotides), oltipraz (1007 ± 348 adducts/10(9) nucleotides), delphinidin (1252 ± 142 adducts/10(9) nucleotides), tanshinone I (1981 ± 213 adducts/10(9) nucleotides), tanshinone IIA (2606 ± 478 adducts/10(9) nucleotides) and diindoylmethane (3643 ± 469 adducts/10(9) nucleotides) were the most effective compared to vehicle treatment (14,062 ± 1097 adducts/10(9) nucleotides). DBP is metabolized by phase I metabolizing enzymes CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1. DBP-induced DNA adducts can be inhibited by several mechanisms. We found that all the test agents inhibited DNA adducts by inhibiting one or more of these enzymes. Oltipraz inhibited DNA adducts entirely by inhibiting the CYP450s, while resveratrol and delphinidin inhibited DNA adducts by also interacting directly with the carcinogenic metabolite, anti-dibenzo(a,l)pyrene-11,12-dihydrodiol-13,14-epoxide.
Date rapists: Differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation

Deviant sexual behavior has often been portrayed as the consequence of the frustration of legitimate sexual outlets. This study of date rapists reveals that these men, as a result of a hypersexual socialization process, are sexually very active, successful, and aspiring. These exaggerated aspiration levels are seen as responsible for instituting a high degree of sexual frustration. This acute relative deprivation, it is hypothesized, is a significant process responsible for precipitating these rape episodes.
Limiting behavior for several interacting populations

Abstract This article is concerned with the system [xdot] = x(a−bx−Σni=1 ciyi),[ydot]i= αi> yi(x−βi),i=1,…,n>, where a, b, ci, αi, βi are positive constants. The system is a model for n predators competing for 1 prey. The behavior as t→+∞ is studied, for all solutions satisfying initial conditions x(0)&0, y i (0)&0, i=1,…,n . Essentially, the sizes of the parameters βi, relative to a/b, determine the limiting situation.
Abstract 509: Novel role of MeCP2 in response to EGFR targeted therapy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC One of the targets towards the development of new agents to combat cancer is the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). A therapeutic antibody to EGFR, cetuximab, is seen to be effective in combination with cisplatin or radiation. However, only one out of four patients treated benefit from this therapy. It is therefore important to identify patients who can gain from this treatment. We hypothesize that through phosphoproteome analysis, we can identify alterations in novel signal transduction molecule(s) induced by cetuximab treatment in sensitive cell lines or TMA that will predict response to treatment. Phosphoproteomic changes upon cetuximab treatment in UMSCC-1 (cetuximab-responsive) and UMSCC-74B (cetuximab-non-responsive) cell lines using nonporous silica reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (NPS-RP-HPLC) were assessed. To confirm the results of phosphoproteomics data, three proteins that were seen to be affected in the sensitive cell line were investigated by immunoprecipitating total proteins followed by immunoblotting with phospho-specific antibodies. We found pharmacodynamic changes in 12 novel proteins upon cetuximab treatment in UMSCC-1 cell line. By Immunoblotting, we confirmed that these three proteins (methyl-CpG binding proteins) are indeed phosphorylated at serine, threonine and tyrosine sites. Cetuximab treatment in UMSCC-1, induced phosphorylation of NCoR1 and MeCP2 (which cause transcriptional repression) and decreased phosphorylation of MBD2 (which causes transcriptional activation), thus confirming the phosphoproteomic data. In contrast, the phosphoproteomics data in UMSCC-74B indicated either no effect or an opposing effect to that seen in the sensitive cells. These data suggest that we have a powerful strategy to identify novel phosphoproteins that are affected by EGFR inhibition and thus, novel biomarkers of response to cetuximab. These and additional biomarkers that we hope to discover will undergo rigorous in vitro and in vivo testing before employing them on TMA from xenografts. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 509.
La reanimación cardiopulmonar en sala de partos del recién nacido muy prematuro está asociada con resultados adversos a corto y a largo plazo

Objetivo Evaluar los resultados a corto y largo plazo de la reanimacion cardiopulmonar en sala de partos (RCP-SP) en neonatos 1.250 g o menos. Metodos En una cohorte de neonatos con y sin RCP-SP con peso de 1.250 g o inferior nacidos entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2003, comparamos las tasas de mortalidad, hemorragia intracraneana severa (HIC-S), leucomalacia periventricular (LPV) y las variables combinadas (VC) adversas a corto plazo; a los 18 meses de edad posconcepcional (EPC) comparamos los indices del desarrollo mental (IDM) y psicomotor (IDP) segun la escala de Bayley-II. Resultados En 397 ninos, los 53 (13 %) que habian recibido RCP-SP tuvieron mayor riesgo de mortalidad, HIC-S, LPV y VC adversas. A los 18 meses de edad posconcepcional la puntuacion de IDM e IDP fue mas baja en el grupo con RCP-SP (67,7 ± 18,3 frente a 81,3 ± 17,7; p = 0,006) y (74,4 ± 19,9 frente a 85,1 ± 17,2; p = 0,027), respectivamente. Conclusion La RCP-SP en recien nacidos de 1.250 g o menos esta asociada con mayor mortalidad y con peores tasas de morbilidad, en el corto plazo y en el seguimiento a largo plazo.
I—Sally Haslanger WHAT GOOD ARE OUR INTUITIONS?

In debates over the existence and nature of social kinds such as ‘race’ and ‘gender’, philosophers often rely heavily on our intuitions about the nature of the kind. Following this strategy, philosophers often reject social constructionist analyses, suggesting that they change rather than capture the meaning of the kind terms. However, given that social constructionists are often trying to debunk our ordinary (and ideology-ridden?) understandings of social kinds, it is not surprising that their analyses are counterintuitive. This article argues that externalist insights from the critique of the analytic/synthetic distinction can be extended to justify social constructionist analyses.
CD1 Antigen Presentation and Autoreactivity in the Pregnant Human Uterus.

Problem CD11cHI human decidual macrophages express several isoforms of CD1 molecules. Their expression pattern and function required investigation. Method of Study CD11cHI macrophages were isolated from decidua. Expression of CD1 isoforms and their ability to present lipid antigens to T cells was studied. Results CD1a, CD1c, and CD1d were all expressed on CD11cHI dMϕ, a pattern differing from those previously observed. Exposure of peripheral monocytes and dendritic cells to lipid isolates from decidua led to increased surface CD1a levels only. The CD1a and CD1c on dMϕ were able to present the appropriate lipid antigens to lipid antigen-specific T cells. Finally, autoreactivity of decidual T cells to CD1a was observed. Conclusion The unique pattern of expression of CD1 isoforms on CD11cHI dMϕ is consistent with organ-specific roles of CD1 in human T-cell responses. dMϕ are able to present lipid antigens to both peripheral and decidual T cells and are major antigen-presenting cells in human decidua.
Police and the Production of Hate Crimes: Continuity and Change in One Jurisdiction

Several recent studies have explored the characteristics of hate crimes reported to and verified by the police and the social construction of bias motivation. This article expands on those studies by identifying continuities and trends in the production of hate crimes in one jurisdiction, Baltimore County, Maryland. It explores the effects of changes in departmental policies and in county demographics on the increased number and stable distribution of types of bias in reported hate crimes from 1987 through 1996, and it probes ambiguities that continue to affect hate crime statistics in Baltimore County. Because the same issues are likely to be found in the hate crime statistics produced in other jurisdictions and the aggregate hate crime data produced by the FBI, this case study should be instructive for police policy makers in other jurisdictions.
Children's evaluation of sources of information about traits

Children’s assessment of the value of different sources of information about psychological traits was investigated among 6- to 7-year-olds and 10- to 11-year-olds across 5 studies (N 330). Older children were more likely than younger children to reject self-report as a source of information about the highly evaluative traits smart and honest, but no such age-related difference was seen for the less evaluative comparison traits outgoing and nervous. A similar pattern of age-related differences was seen when children were asked to identify which of 4 sources of information—self-report, teacher report, peer report, or direct observation—would be most useful for obtaining information about the evaluative and comparison traits. The age-related increase in skepticism about self-report as a source of information for evaluative traits was associated with an increased appreciation of the role that social desirability plays in self-presentational processes.
Taming the Unstructured: Creating Structured Content from Partially Labeled Schematic Text Sequences

Numerous data sources such as classified ads in online newspapers, electronic product catalogs and postal addresses are rife with unstructured text content. Typically such content is characterized by attribute value sequences having a common schema. In addition each sequence is unstructured free text without any separators between the attribute values. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have been used for creating structured content from such text sequences by identifying and extracting attribute values occurring in them. Extant approaches to creating “structured content from text sequences” based on HMMs use either completely labeled or completely unlabeled training data. The HMMs resulting from these two dominant approaches present contrasting trade offs w.r.t. labeling effort and recall/precision of the extracted attribute values. In this paper we propose a HMM based algorithm that uses partially labeled training data for creating structured content from text sequences. By exploiting the observation that partially labeled sequences give rise to independent subsequences we compose the HMMs corresponding to these subsequences to create structured content from the complete sequence. An interesting aspect of our approach is that it gives rise to a family of HMMs spanning the trade off spectrum. We present experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our algorithm on real-life data sets and demonstrate that it is indeed possible to bootstrap structured content creation from schematic text data sources using HMMs that require limited labeling effort and do so without compromising on the recall/precision performance metrics.
Associations among pain intensity, sensory characteristics, affective qualities, and activity limitations in patients with chronic pain: A momentary, within-person perspective

Abstract The purpose of this article is to explore the multidimensionality of the pain experience for patients with chronic pain by using a within-person, longitudinal approach. An Ecological Momentary Assessment design with a patient electronic diary was used to collect random momentary pain assessments several times a day for 2 weeks. We examined the within-person relationships between pain intensity, sensory characteristics, affective qualities, and activities limited by pain. All 3 dimensions (sensory, affective, and activities) were significantly related to pain intensity in a monotonic, but nonlinear, manner. These results expand our understanding of the pain experience by showing that changes of pain over time are associated with changes in sensory symptoms, affective distress, and activity limitations. Perspective Although the relationships between pain dimensions have been examined between people, the results have been interpreted as within-persons. This article confirms that pain intensity is significantly related to sensory characteristics of pain, affective qualities of pain, and activity limitations due to pain within a person.
Simultaneous estimates of cloud and rainfall parameters in the atmospheric vertical column above the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program southern Great Plains site

[1] A novel remote sensing approach to simultaneously retrieve cloud liquid water paths (LWP) and ice water paths (IWP) and mean rainfall rate in a vertical atmospheric column was applied for stratiform-like precipitation events observed during the warm period of 2007 at the southern Great Plains site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program. The retrieval method is based on multifrequency radar measurements at W, Ka, and S bands and raindrop size distribution estimates from a ground-based impact disdrometer. The radar measurements also provide a robust separation of the liquid, mixed, and ice hydrometeor layers. Characteristic values of LWP are about 300–400 g m−2, although values up to 1000 g m−2 and higher are not uncommon. There is on average insignificant correlation between cloud LWP and rainfall rates. IWP, which represents the precipitating cloud part of the atmospheric column that is observed above the freezing level, usually significantly exceeds cloud LWP in the liquid hydrometeor layer and can reach values of approximately 104 g m−2 and even higher. On average, mean rainfall in the liquid layer, Rm, increases with an increase in ice mass observed above the melting layer, although a corresponding mean correlation coefficient between Rm and IWP is only 0.32. There is noticeable variability in IWP-Rm relations between individual events. Storm dynamics is likely to influence the correlation between cloud and rainfall parameters as inferred from simultaneous columnar retrievals. Initial estimates indicate that IWP and rainfall are stronger related for events which exhibit lower vertical variability of wind.
A New Role for the Renin-angiotensin System in the Development of the Ureteric Bud and Renal Collecting System

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in kidney development. Mutations in the genes encoding components of the RAS or pharmacological inhibition of RAS in mice or humans cause a spectrum of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The observed defects include renal vascular abnormalities, abnormal glomerulogenesis, renal papillary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, aberrant ureteric bud (UB) budding, duplicated collecting system and renal tubular dysgenesis. Little is known about the potential role of Ang II and its receptors in the morphogenesis of the UB and renal collecting system. This review emphasizes a novel role for the RAS in the development of the UB, collecting ducts and renal medulla. We observe that UB and surrounding stroma express angiotensinogen and Ang II AT1 receptors (AT1R) in vivo. Ang II stimulates UB cell branching in collagen gel cultures in vitro and induces UB morphogenesis in intact whole embryonic metanephroi grown ex vivo. In contrast, treatment of metanephroi with the AT1R antagonist candesartan inhibits UB branching. In addition, Ang II induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in UB cells. Furthermore, Ang II-stimulated UB morphogenesis is abrogated by inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. In summary: 1) Ang II, acting via the AT1R, stimulates UB branching; 2) This process depends on tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR. Together, these data indicate that cooperation of AT1R and EGFR signaling performs essential functions during renal collecting system development via control of UB branching morphogenesis.
Grey-box mechanism design in peer-to-peer cooperative networking

We have presented the need and our position on human-centric mechanism design. In the design, we identified situations where human intervention impact social welfare, and incorporated the design framework for peer-to-peer grey-box systems.
Perceived public stigma and stigmatization in explaining lifetime illicit drug use among emerging adults

Illicit drug use is often associated with adverse health and legal consequences, as well as stigma, or social disapproval. Stigma may be enacted as a preventive measure against drug use; however, r...
Erratum to: Dynamic life cycle assessment: framework and application to an institutional building

Fig. 3 Comparison of results from static and DLCA models, using the TRACI method. Results are normalized to the total static LCA results for each category. Static LCA results were calculated as the total of the initial construction and projection of the initial year’s operating energy consumption for the 75-year life of the building. DLCA results are classified into four categories: original construction materials; prerenovation operations (operating energy consumption through 2008); renovation and addition materials; and post-renovation operations (operating energy consumption 2009 through end of lifetime). GW global warming potential, AC acidification potential, CA human health cancer effects, NC human health noncancer effects, RE human health respiratory effects, EU eutrophication, OD ozone depletion potential, ET ecotoxicity, PO photochemical smog, NREU nonrenewable energy use The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s11367-012-0528-2.
Production of hydrogen via an Iron/Iron oxide looping cycle: Thermodynamic modeling and experimental validation

An incremental thermodynamic equilibrium model has been developed for the chemical reactions driving a clean, hydrogen producing iron/iron oxide looping cycle. The model approximates a well-mixed reactor with continuous reactant gas flow through a stationary solid matrix, where the gas residence time is long compared to time constants associated with chemical kinetics and species transport. The model, which computes the theoretical limit for steam-to-hydrogen conversion, has been experimentally validated for the oxidation reaction using an externally heated, 21 mm inner diameter, tubular fluidized bed reactor. Experiments were carried out at 660 and 960 � C with steam flow rates ranging from 0.9 to 3.5 g/min. For small flow rates, i.e., for long residence times, the experimentally observed cumulative steam-to-hydrogen conversion approaches the theoretically predicted conversion. At a 960
Anisotropic elasticity of composite molecular networks formed from non-gaussian chains

The theory of composite networks by Berry, Scanlan, and Watson was generalized so as to include the case in which the elasticity of the chains is described by non-Gaussian statistics. For this purpose, existing theories of non-Gaussian networks had to be critically reviewed and a new simple treatment is presented here. This new treatment yields substantially the same results as that obtained from the more complex theory of Wang and Guth. Results obtained from the simple three-chain model for the network, as described by Treloar, were also shown to be in satisfactory agreement with both the new treatment and that of Wang and Guth. The generalized theory of composite networks predicts anisotropic elastic behavior; the tensile force at a given strain should be generally higher for elongation in the direction parallel to orientation than in the direction perpendicular to it. However, depending upon details pertaining to the preparation of the networks (ratio of first and second stage crosslinks and elongation at which the latter are introduced), the tensile force required for elongation in the direction perpendicular to orientation may be higher. It appears that the isotropic elastic behavior, predicted by previous theories of composite networks, is merely a consequence of the use of the Gaussian approximation.
Laboratory Identification of Inherited Hemoglobinopathies in Children

The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and the precise differentiation of hemoglobin variants are important to pro vide early comprehensive medical care to prevent some serious complica tions, assess prognosis, and offer genetic counseling. Laboratory approaches to screen for and confirm inherited hemoglobinopathies in children are presented. Methods include routine screening procedures as well as techniques available in research laboratories, with emphasis on readily available pro cedures. Since microcytic hypochromic anemia is the most common type of anemia in children under two years, attention is given to the differentiation of thalassemia trait from iron deficiency. The step-by-step work-up is also described for differentiating β-thalassemia from α-thalassemia.
A fundamental performance limit of optimized 3.3-V sub-quarter-micrometer fully overlapped LDD MOSFET's

The direct experimental quantification of the relationship between gate-to-drain capacitance (C/sub gd/) and hot-electron reliability (HER) for fully overlapped LDD (FOLD) n-channel MOSFETs (NFETs) is reported. To broaden the applicability and achieve a wide range of FOLD finger lengths, the results are based on devices built using each of three different fabrication techniques. The experimentally observed tradeoff is compared to theoretical calculations to investigate its general and fundamental nature. It is shown that a peak in performance occurs at L/sub eff/ approximately=0.20 mu m for reliable 3.3-V NFETs with T/sub ox/=10 nm. Below 0.20 mu m, performance decreases due to the addition of the large FOLD fingers required to maintain adequate HER. This peak in performance can be shifted to L/sub eff/ approximately=0.15 mu m by introducing FOLD fingers only at the drain end of NFETs. For channel lengths greater than 0.25 mu m, the performances of 3.3-V FOLD NFETs and scaled 2.5-V single-diffusion NFETs are nearly equal. However, 2.5-V single-diffusion NFETs begin to offer a significant performance advantage over 3.3-V FOLD NFETs as channel lengths are reduced below 0.25 mu m. >
Use of After Action Reports (AARs) to Promote Organizational and Systems Learning in Emergency Preparedness

Many public health and healthcare organizations use formal knowledge management practices to identify and disseminate the experiences gained over time. The "lessons-learned" approach is one such example of knowledge management practice applied to the wider concept of organizational learning. In the field of emergency preparedness, the lessons-learned approach stands on the assumption that learning from experience improves practice and minimizes avoidable deaths and negative economic and social consequences of disasters. In this project, we performed a structured review of AARs to analyze how lessons learned from the response to real-incidents may be used to maximize knowledge management and quality improvement practices such as the design of public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) exercises. We chose as a source of data the "Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS.gov)" system, a joined program of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security DHS and FEMA that serves as the national, online repository of lessons learned, best practices, and innovative ideas. We identified recurring
Seeking common ground in nuclear complexity

On a molecular scale, the nucleus is a big place. And, due to the enormous mass of DNA, RNA, and protein concentrated there, the nucleus is far denser than the cytoplasm. So the question of how various nuclear factors move about and efficiently find their sites of action has long been a subject of
Movement Along Faults in Central Inyo Mountains, Eastern California: ABSTRACT

A large anticline and syncline located near the mouth of Mazourka Canyon and formed during the early Mesozoic are broken by several faults of Tertiary age. These faults are almost parallel with the scarp formed at the time of the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake. Reconstruction of folds indicates that the best-exposed fault is normal and that vertical movement east of Kearsarge has exceeded 10,000 ft. Little End_Page 567------------------------------ if any strike-slip movement has taken place on this or closely associated faults. End_of_Article - Last_Page 568------------
The Origins of Secular Public Education: The New York School Controversy, 1840-1842

As the title suggests, this article explores the historical origins of secular public education, with a particular focus on the controversy surrounding the Catholic petitions for school funding in nineteenth-century New York City. The article first examines the development of Protestant nonsectarian common schools in the northeast, then turns to the New York controversy in detail, and finally explores that controversy's legacy in state constitutions and the Supreme Court. It is particularly concerned with two ideas generated in New York: (1) Bishop John Hughes' objection to nonsectarianism as the 'sectarianism of infidelity'; and (2) New York Secretary of State John Spencer's proposed policy of 'absolute non-intervention' in school religion. The article traces these ideas through the 1960s school prayer decisions, where they appear as Justice Stewart's objections to 'the religion of secularism,' and the general contention that disestablishment requires only that the government not favor one religion over another. In the process, it examines the conceptual problems that arise when we try to enforce religious neutrality by exclusion, rather than inclusion. Ultimately, the article concludes that the Court chose exclusive neutrality, not because it best served the constitutional mandate, but because it forwarded a social policy - begun with the common schools - that treats public schools as nationalizing institutions. Thus, I contend that the Court has chosen to promote cultural assimilation over authentic freedom of conscience.
Novel Management of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome with Rituximab and Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Context: Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), or Hirata's disease, is a rare hypoglycemic disorder characterized by spontaneous hypoglycemia without evidence of exogenous insulin administration, a high serum concentration of total immunoreactive insulin, and the presence of insulin autoantibodies in high titer. The majority of cases occur in the Asian population, and treatment is generally successful with watchful waiting or steroids. Case Description: We report the case of a 71-year-old Caucasian man with severe hypoglycemia due to IAS that was refractory to a prolonged course of high-dose steroids. Type 1 diabetes prevention trials using rituximab have shown selective suppression of insulin autoantibodies, which are the pathogenic antibodies in IAS, and therefore we provided this therapy. Treatment with two doses of rituximab and daily use of a continuous glucose monitor resulted in disease remission. Conclusion: We present the first case where potentially life-threatening hypoglycemia due to IAS was succ...
Predictable Heating and Positive MRI Contrast from a Mesoporous Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticle.

Iron oxide nanoparticles have great potential as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer and other diseases; however, biological aggregation severely limits their function in vivo. Aggregates can cause poor biodistribution, reduced heating capability, and can confound their visualization and quantification by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Herein, we demonstrate that the incorporation of a functionalized mesoporous silica shell can prevent aggregation and enable the practical use of high-heating, high-contrast iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Unmodified and mesoporous silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized in biologically relevant environments including phosphate buffered saline, simulated body fluid, whole mouse blood, lymph node carcinoma of prostate (LNCaP) cells, and after direct injection into LNCaP prostate cancer tumors in nude mice. Once coated, iron oxide nanoparticles maintained colloidal stability along with high heating and relaxivity behaviors (SARFe = ...
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal symptom severity

Background Early adverse life events (EALs) are associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Exposure to EALs as assessed by the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire is associated with greater disease prevalence, but ACE has not been studied in gastrointestinal disorders. Study aims were to: (i) Estimate the prevalence of EALs in the IBS patients using the ACE questionnaire; (ii) Determine correlations between ACE and Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETI-SR) scores to confirm its validity in IBS; and (iii) Correlate ACE scores with IBS symptom severity. Methods A total of 148 IBS (73% women, mean age = 31 years) and 154 HCs (59% women, mean age = 30 years) completed the ACE and ETI-SR between June 2010 and April 2015. These surveys measured EALs before age 18 in the domains of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and general trauma. IBS and abdominal pain severity was measured by a 20-point scale (0 = none, 20 = worst symptoms). Key Results The ACE score increased the odds of having IBS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–3.48, p = 0.008). Household mental illness (p < 0.001), emotional abuse (p = 0.004), and incarcerated household member (p = 0.019) were significant predictors of IBS. Adverse childhood experiences and ETI-SR scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). ACE, but not ETI-SR, modestly correlated with IBS severity (r = 0.17, p = 0.036) and abdominal pain (r = 0.20, p = 0.015). Conclusions & Inferences The ACE questionnaire is a useful instrument to measure EALs in IBS based on its use in large studies, its ability to measure prevalence across different EAL domains, and its correlation with symptom severity.
Taxonomy and Hybridization in the Cardini Group of Drosophila

Recent studies on the taxonomy of the Drosophilidae have shown that in many cases species groups thought to be represented by one or a few species actually consist of many species, often so similar morphologically that they are readily and repeatedly confused. One such group, that to which Drosophilia cardini belongs, is of special interest, not only because it contains at least two species showing striking and clear-cut polymorphism in the abdominal banding pattern (a situation unusual for Drosophila ), but also because at least two members of the group may occasionally reproduce by diploid parthenogenesis (Stalker, 1951 and unpublished). It is the purpose of this paper to describe two new North American members of the group, as well as to report some experimental hybridizations which have been carried out.
Raphael, Azariah and Jesus of Nazareth: Tobit's Significance for Early Christology

This article demonstrates that the apocryphal text of Tobit sheds important light on notions of deliverance that were emerging in Second Temple Judaism. Raphael, the angel-deliverer of Tobit, depicts a stage in the development of angelic mediation that stands apart from angelic deliverers in previous Jewish texts, and can be significantly associated with early Christianity's view of Jesus. Here, for the first time, is a heavenly being who appears as a nondescript Israelite and brings news of hope, healing and demonic liberation to suffering Israelites of little account. Raphael offers a precedent for Christian accounts that the historical Jesus was a preexistent savior who lived as a simple Israelite.
Application of an Accuracy Enhancing Post-Processing Method to Aeroacoustic Simulations

A recently developed post-processing technique for discontinuous Galerkin is designed to increase the formal order of accuracy of a simulation from p + 1 to 2p + 1. This work applies such a technique to the solution of an aeroacoustic problem in order to evaluate the post-processor’s performance, and to uncover any additional constraints that must be imposed on the simulation in order to achieve the post-processor’s design accuracy. Also, this study focuses on the performance of the post-processor on coarse grids that are typical of practical simulation, rather than on the asymptotic behavior of the post-processor. It has been found that in order to construct a high-order result from a DG solution, initial and boundary conditions must be implemented to a greater fidelity than would otherwise be required to obtain the design accuracy from the DG method. It was also observed that the post-processing technique did produce a new solution that converged at the expected rate of 2p + 1. Moreover, the post-processed solution is considerably smoother allowing the extraction of highly accurate derivative information. However, under some conditions, the high rate of convergence is obtained by degrading the accuracy of coarse grid solutions.