cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solar energy conversion and storage by photoswitchable organic materials in solution, liquid, solid, and changing phases

This review illustrates various structural design principles for molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage materials based on photoswitches that operate under different conditions, e.g. solution state, neat liquid, and solid, or result in a solid–liquid phase transition during their photo-isomerization. The structural modifications of MOST compounds enable the formation of each phase, which also influences the important performance metrics of the photoactive energy materials: the energy storage density per molecule or gravimetric energy density. Other major optical and thermal properties are also modulated by the molecular designs and affect the energy storage period, efficiency of the system, and device structures that accommodate the solar energy storage in each form of the MOST compounds. The introduction of different strategies that enable the large density heat storage under specific phase conditions will help to facilitate the further development of efficient MOST systems that will be readily integrated to device-scale applications with a transformative impact on the renewable energy markets.
Porous Ionic Liquid Derived Materials for CO 2 Emissions Mitigation

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate alternative porous IL-grafted materials for CO2 capture and reuse. ILs are known for their affinity and selectivity towards CO2, however, their liquid nature restrains the scope of applications. The effort to gather IL features within porous materials has therefore widened their functionalities. Since the choice of support is essential to achieve the adequate porosity, the chapter is organized according to the nature of support, namely organic, inorganic and hybrid or crystalline frameworks materials. The discussion is mainly based on organic supports since the desired functionality with modulated properties can be introduced into the porous materials by using PIL-based materials. In addition, in all sections, the methodologies and support trends are highlighted to facilitate the development of future tailored materials.
Motivating Adolescents to Participate in Literacy Intervention: A Case Example From Telepractice

Purpose: Motivation declines as children reach adolescence. Poor motivation inhibits participation and engagement in language-based interventions. The purpose of this tutorial is to demonstrate how...
Indirect Discourse Proof: Achieving Efficient Fair Off-Line E-cash

Cryptography has been instrumental in reducing the involvement of over-head third parties in protocols. For example; a digital signature scheme assures a recipient that a judge who is not present at message transmission will nevertheless approve the validity of the signature. Similarly, in off-line electronic cash the bank (which is off-line during a purchase) is assured that if a user double spends he will be traced.
Chicken and Xenopus mannose 6-phosphate receptors fail to bind insulin-like growth factor II

The recent demonstration that a single mammalian receptor protein binds both mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) with high affinity has suggested a multifunctional physiological role for this receptor, possibly including signal transduction. In order to better understand the functions of this receptor, we have investigated the properties of Man-6-P receptors from non-mammalian species. Receptors were affinity-purified from Triton X-100 extracts of total membranes from Xenopus and chicken liver as well as rat placenta using pentamannosyl 6-phosphate-Sepharose. The Man-6-P receptor was adsorbed to the pentamannosyl 6-phosphate-Sepharose and specifically eluted by Man-6-P in all three species, as evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining. When the purified receptors from these three species were cross-linked to 125I-IGF-II with disuccinimidyl suberate, only receptors isolated from rat membranes were affinity-labeled. To further evaluate the properties of these Man-6-P receptors, binding of 125I-rat-IGF-II and 125I-chicken Tyr-Gly-Thr-Ala-IGF-II to purified receptors from Xenopus, chicken, and rat was evaluated by polyethylene glycol precipitation. Only the rat Man-6-P receptor exhibited detectable binding of 125I-IGF-II. These data suggest that the emergence of a high affinity IGF-II binding site on the Man-6-P receptor occurred in evolution after the divergence of mammals from other vertebrates. Thus, the biological actions of IGF-II in chickens and frogs appear to be initiated by the type I IGF receptor.
Cyclic AMP-dependent and -independent regulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc) in rat ovarian granulosa cells and corpora lutea. cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence of rat P-450scc.

Abstract We report the isolating and sequencing of three cDNA clones encoding rat P-450scc, the nucleotide and protein sequences of which are highly homologous to those of bovine and human P-450scc, especially in the putative heme and steroid binding domains. We document that different molecular mechanisms regulate P-450scc in granulosa cells of preovulatory (PO) follicles prior to and after luteinization. Luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin (LH/hCG) and cAMP are obligatory to induce P-450scc mRNA in PO granulosa cells in vivo and in vitro. Once P-450scc mRNA is induced as a consequence of the LH/hCG surge it is constitutively maintained by luteinized cells in vivo (0-4 days) and in vitro (0-9 days) in the absence of gonadotropins, is susceptible to modulation by prolactin and is no longer regulated by cAMP. Exposure to elevated concentrations of hCG in vivo for 5-7 h was required for PO granulosa cells to undergo a functional transition establishing the stable luteal cell phenotype. Transient exposure of PO + hCG (7 h) follicles in vitro to the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml) or the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml), for 1-5 h prior to culturing the granulosa cells failed to disrupt the induction of P-450scc mRNA, progesterone biosynthesis, and appearance of the luteal cell morphology. Inhibitors of protein kinase A (Rp-cAMPS; 1-500 microM and N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H8); 1-200 microM) added directly to the luteinized cell cultures also failed to alter P-450scc mRNA in these cells, although the cells contain in vivo amounts of mRNA for RII beta, RI alpha, and C alpha, the primary subunits of protein kinase A found in the rat ovary. These data suggest that expression of the P-450scc gene in rat ovarian follicular cells is regulated in a sequential manner by cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent mechanisms associated with granulosa cells and luteal cells, respectively.
Using saturation detection to shorten the training duration for Gaussian ANNs

Gaussian networks utilizing gradient descent are often characterized as being slow to learn. This precludes their application in real time adaptation and control of dynamic systems undergoing parameter variation. For Gaussian networks, the slow convergence may in part be due to the continued adaptation of network parameters that have reached their final value before the completion of the training process. Hence, these parameters are said to be saturated and incapable of further learning. A training algorithm that enhances the performance of gradient descent by detecting saturation and terminating parameter adaptation is developed. Initial results indicate that the algorithm reduces training times without degrading the quality of the input-output mapping.
Recognition of human activities

Computer Vision is the estimation of the three dimensional shape and other properties of objects based on their two dimensional (projection) images through the use of computers and cameras. It had its beginning in the early 1960s. At the time, it was thought to be an easy problem with a solution probably possible over a summer. However, the basic problem has proved to be far more difficult. Over the span of the last 50 years, computer vision has matured from a research topic in the early 1960s to a mature field of research and application. Today, computer vision, image processing, and pattern recognition are addressing many societal and technological problems.
An analysis of periodic tracers for subsurface characterization

[1] This paper investigates the feasibility of periodic tracers (i.e., tracers injected in a periodic waveform) for subsurface characterization using numerical simulations. From a theoretical point of view, periodic tracers offer many advantages over conventional pulse or continuous tracers. For example, periodic tracers are more sensitive to various transport and reaction processes and are less susceptible to corruption by environmental noise. With the recent advances in computer-controlled injection technologies, time is now ripe for investigating the feasibility of these tracers for laboratory and field tracer tests. A series of numerical sensitivity analyses are performed in this study for assessing the sensitivity of these signals for various transport and reaction phenomena in the subsurface. Sensitivity coefficients are calculated and compared for conventional and periodic tracers for various transport phenomena. An inverse modeling case study is performed to evaluate the potential of periodic tracers for detecting the location and concentration of biological active zones. The results indicate that periodic tracers have the potential to perform significantly better than conventional tracers.
Computer-aided pediatric anesthesia and emergencies medications dosing

Summary form only given. Based on the answers to four questions concerning age, weight, prematurity (yes/no), and hematocrit (optional), a program is discussed which will calculate intubation equipment size, ventilation parameters, fluid requirements, estimated blood volume, and acceptable blood loss, as well as individualized doses of anesthesia medications, emergency medications, and intravenous infusions. The results are displayed on the monitor screen, and a printout is generated. The program is designed to be used on any computer running MS-DOS with at least 256 K memory, one disk drive, and any printer. >
Transidioma and Asylum: Gumperz's Legacy in Intercultural Institutional Talk

Using ethnographic evidence from asylum hearings in various European countries, this article discusses John Gumperz's legacy in the study of late-modern communication. Asylum hearings to determine refugee status are one of the most complex adjudication procedures currently performed by Western nation-states. Every year thousands of displaced people seek the protection of various European states by filing asylum claims, which are examined by national commissions. This article explores how Gumperz's focus on code-switching and crosstalk in multilingual communities has prepared the ground for the study of the transidioma, that is, the ensemble of asymmetrical technopolitical discourse strategies deployed over a multilingual, mixed-media interactional field—such as is found in asylum hearings.
Driver performance while texting: even a little is too much.

Objective: To examine the impact of text messaging and other in-car behaviors on driving performance under simple and naturalistic road conditions in a driving simulator. Methods: Data from 28 healthy individuals (12 female) are presented. Participant age ranged from 18 to 28 (mean = 21.0). Average driving experience was 3.8 years (SD = 2.5). Participants completed a baseline loop condition in which they drove normally through a realistic virtual environment. Next, participants drove an identical loop, and at 3 specified points during this drive, participants were required to (1) complete a radio-tuning task; (2) type and send a text message containing “Drexel University”; and (3) type and send “I am driving to the store.” Driving performance and task duration was compared between conditions. Results: Across all tasks, both lane management, F(1,27) = 11.1, P = .002, and velocity, F(1,27) = 10.3, P = .003, varied significantly more while task-engaged. Average lane deviation was significantly greater during...
A sensitive assay method of acetyl CoA synthetase

Abstract A simple radiochemical method is described for the assay of acetyl-CoA synthetase utilizing C14-labeled acetate. Enzyme activity is followed by the measurement of direct incorporation of C14-labeled acetate into acetyl CoA. Separation of the C14-labeled reactant from its reaction product is achieved by rapid chromatography of the reaction mixture on Gelman chromatography media.
Antireflection coating prepared by plasma polymerization of perfluorobutene-2

Plasma-polymerized coatings of perfluorobutene-2 were found to be effective single-layer antireflection coatings for polymethylmethacrylate. In the range of 400-700 nm, light transmittance of these lenses, when coated on both sides with perfluorobutene-2, was about 4% higher than with uncoated lenses. Also, the transmittance curve of the coated lenses was essentially flat from 400 nm to 700 nm.
Atypical presentations of aural tuberculosis

Around the world today, infectious diseases are still the most common cause of morbidity and mortality, and mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infections are the leading cause of death.’ In the United States, the incidence of TB has shown an 18% increase since 1985.’ The problem is further compounded by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. As many as a third of the cases surveyed in New York City in 1991 were resistant to at least one drugs.’ Different racial groups show varying susceptibility to the disease. As compared with the white population of the United States, the overall risk of tuberculosis is 4.3 times greater for Hispanics, 4.7 times greater for American Indians and Alaskan Natives, 6.4 times greater for non-Hispanic blacks, and 11.2 times larger for Asian and Pacific Islanders.3 Fortunately for otolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons, TB infections of the head and neck, except for scrofula, are still infrequenL4 Nevertheless, a review of the Englishlanguage literature between 1985 and 1990 showed 93 new case reports of aural tuberculosis.4 In contrast, Skolnik et al5 found only 101 cases of aural tuberculosis reported in the world English language literature between 1953 and 1985. In their own hospital, investigators at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary could find only 4 cases of aural tuberculosis between 1962 and 1984, out of 6,310 cases of chronic otitis media.5 It is possible, of course, that tuberculosis otitis media is an underdiagnosed condition, considering the lack of constitutional symptoms and the fact that the symptoms and signs are often indistinguishable from those of nontuberculous
A dual-band simultaneous receiving mixer with independent and linear gain control

A dual-band mixer that can receive multiple band signals simultaneously is reported. Using dual local oscillator (LO) signals simultaneously, the mixer achieves independent gain control through relative power control of the signals. Linear conversion gain control is also achieved through dual LO signal input with total LO power control. The new topology using two MOSFETs is adopted without the need for an additional LO power combiner. Test measurement results confirm that the mixer achieves independent and linear conversion gain control in dual-band simultaneous receiving. The new mixer has higher conversion gain than that of the previously reported single MOSFET mixer in the dual-band receiving.
A neuroendocrine dysfunction, not testicular mutant ataxin-3 cleavage fragment or aggregate, causes cell death in testes of transgenic mice.

A neuroendocrine dysfunction, not testicular mutant ataxin-3 cleavage fragment or aggregate, causes cell death in testes of transgenic mice
Degenerate Bose System. V. Linear Response Function

A microscopic theory of the linear response function is developed for the degenerate Bose system. Considerable simplification of the calculational prescription is achieved by the use of a tensor notation applied to the two-dimensional space spanned by $i\ensuremath{\tau}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\tau}$, where $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is a time variable and $\ensuremath{\beta}={(\ensuremath{\kappa}T)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The sharp lines observed experimentally for liquid helium ii are shown to occur as $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function singularities in the theory. Part of the broadening of these lines is also calculated. It is shown that (the inelastic part of) the structure factor $S(\mathrm{q})$ may become large as $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ for nonzero temperatures, a property which is due to the divergence of the momentum distribution $〈n(\mathrm{p})〉$ as ${p}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ when $p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$. Present experiments are consistent with this possibility. The calculations performed suggest that the double-quasiparticle model presented in the preceding paper of this series most likely results in a single experimental excitation spectrum, as has been observed for liquid helium ii.
Anencephalic Newborns: A Source of Transplantable Organs?

A severe shortage of transplantable organs exists for in fants and children with life-threatening cardiac, renal, and hepatic disease. Newborns with anencephaly, a uni formly fatal neurological lesion, have been successfully used as sources of hearts and kidneys for transplanta tion. Both the number of anencephalic births each year as well as evidence that most of the organs from anence phalics are morphologically and functionally normal suggest that anencephalics could significantly contrib ute to the number of available infant organs. In addition, many parents of anencephalics have actively sought op portunities to donate their newborn's organs to achieve some good from an otherwise tragic pregnancy. In the United States, it is illegal to use anencephalics as organ sources until they are brain dead. One program recently employed intensive life support to sustain anencephal ics after birth until they became brain dead, but the program was terminated when only 2 of the 12 anence phalics enrolled eventuall...
Cognitive interference in prism adaptation.

Visual and proprioceptive adaptation to optical displacement were found to decrease with increasing difficulty of mental arithmetic performed during hall exposure. The graded nature of such cognitive interference is consistent with the idea that limited-capacity central control processes are required to coordinate the discordant visual system with other sensorimotor systems. When central processing capacity is diverted to other tasks, the frequency of coordinated activity involving the discordant visual system is reduced, there are fewer occasions for the discordance to pose a problem, and there is less need for adaptive recalibration in any sensorimotor system.
Amine basicity (pKb) controls the analyte binding energy on single walled carbon nanotube electronic sensor arrays.

A wide range of analytes adsorb irreversibly to the surfaces of single walled carbon nanotube electronic networks typically used as sensors or thin-film transistors, although to date, the mechanism is not understood. Using thionyl chloride as a model electron-withdrawing adsorbate, we show that reversible adsorption sites can be created on the nanotube array via noncovalent functionalization with amine-terminated molecules of pKa < 8.8. A nanotube network comprising single, largely unbundled nanotubes, near the electronic percolation threshold is required for the effective conversion to a reversibly binding array. By examining 11 types of amine-containing molecules, we show that analyte adsorption is largely affected by the basicity (pKb) of surface groups. The binding energy of the analyte is apparently reduced by its adsorption on the surface chemical groups instead of directly on the SWNT array itself. This mediated adsorption mechanism is supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and molecul...
Quantum cascade laser master-oscillator power-amplifier with 1.5 W output power at 300 K.

We report quantum cascade laser (QCL) master-oscillator power-amplifiers (MOPAs) at 300 K reaching output power of 1.5 W for tapered devices and 0.9 W for untapered devices. The devices display single-longitudinal-mode emission at λ = 7.26 µm and single-transverse-mode emission at TM00. The maximum amplification factor is 12 dB for the tapered devices.
Cost savings with interventions to reduce aerosolized bronchodilator use in mechanically ventilated patients.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this evaluation is to describe the cost savings associated with multimodal interventions aimed at reducing aerosolized bronchodilator use in mechanically ventilated patients without adversely affecting costs associated with length of stay (LOS). Materials and methods Subjects were included in the analysis if they were aged more than 18 years, on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit, and received aerosolized bronchodilators. Patients were excluded if they had reversible airway disease, an indication needing bronchodilator therapy. Patient data were obtained using the University Health System Consortium Clinical Data Base/Resource Manager (Chicago, IL) to compare outcomes during two 6-month periods separated by a 4-month intervention phase aimed to reduce bronchodilator use. Results There were no significant differences in age, sex, and LOS (observed and expected) between the preintervention and postintervention phases. Based on whole acquisition costs, the total cost of bronchodilators dispensed to the adult intensive care units over the 6-month postintervention phase was reduced by $56 960 compared with the 6-month preintervention phase ($120 562 vs $63 602, respectively). Conclusions Multimodal efforts to restrict aerosolized bronchodilator therapy in mechanically ventilated patients were successful and led to sustained reductions in use that was associated with substantial reductions in cost, without affecting LOS.
Have solitons been observed in CsNiF3? (invited)

The lowest order spin wave theory for CsNiF3 is presented and compared with neutron scattering experiments and the predictions based on the dilute soliton gas model. We conclude that further experiments and theoretical development are necessary to distinguish the soliton contribution to the central peak intensity from the scattering by pairs of spin waves.
A utility of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) across the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders

Background Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been performed as a novel endoscopic procedure to treat achalasia with favorable outcome. The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of POEM in our initial series and to assess the safety and efficacy of POEM in a variety of esophageal motility-related clinical problems.
Constrained optimization of the performance indices of arbitrary array antennas

The solution to the optimization of performance indices of array antennas such as directive gain, efficiency index, and signal-to-noise ratio, do not provide information regarding the sidelobe region of the radiation pattern. It is shown that, with proper constraints on the sidelobes, a given performance index can be optimized to give a radiation pattern with desired sidelobe levels. As most of the performance indices of an array antenna can be expressed as a ratio of two Hermitian quadratic forms, an eigenvalue method is used for the constrained optimization. This method gives explicit expressions for the excitation vector and constrained values of the performance indices. An iterative technique is used to ensure that the specified field values occur at the sidelobe peak positions. The element excitations obtained by this technique for maximum gain and uniform sidelobe level are similar to these obtained by the Dolph-Chebyshev technique.
β-Adrenergic receptor desensitization stimulates glucose uptake in C6 rat glioma cells

Abstract When C6 glioma cells were stimulated by β -adrenergic ligands, [3H]-deoxyglucose uptake by the cells decreased in the first 30 min, followed by its acceleration. The stimulation of deoxyglucose uptake was attributable to desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase system. When the cells were treated with quinacrine or tetracaine, phospholipase inhibitors, the stimulation of deoxyglucose uptake by isoproterenol was diminished without changing the basal rate. On the other hand, when C6 glioma cells were treated with melittin or phorbol ester, phospholipase A2 activators, the deoxyglucose uptake increases even in the absence of isoproterenol. Since these compounds inhibit or enhance phospholipase A2 as well as the desensitization of β -adrenergic receptors ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1341–1345, 1980) , these results suggest that turnovers of phospholipids in the vicinity of β -adrenergic receptors modify the glucose uptake of C6 glioma cells.
Niacin requirement and inability of tryptophan to act as a precursor of NAD+ in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Two separate experiments were conducted, firstly to determine the niacin requirement of channel catfish, and secondly to evaluate the efficacy of dietary tryptophan as a niacin precursor. In Experiment 1, purified diets containing graded levels of supplemental nicotinic acid (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 mg per kg diet) were fed to channel catfish fingerlings for 12 weeks. The dietary niacin requirement for rapidly growing channel catfish was estimated to be 7.4 mg per kg diet. Fish that were fed diets without added niacin demonstrated poor growth, low feed intake, anaemia, lethargy, and mortality when stressed. Liver NAD concentrations increased linearly (r = 0.98) with increasing niacin supplementation in the diet, and did not plateau. In Experiment 2, 10 diets with different supplemental niacin and tryptophan combinations were formulated (niacin:tryptophan), 0:0, 5:0, 10:0, 15:0, 0:250, 0:500, 0:750, 5:250, 10:500 and 15:750 mg per kg diet, and fed to channel catfish fingerlings for 9 weeks. The addition of excess tryptophan in niacin-deficient diets did not significantly (P < 0.05) improve growth rates, feed efficiencies, haematocrits or liver NAD concentrations in channel catfish. Tryptophan is an inefficient precursor of dietary niacin for channel catfish.
Dissemination of generalized water resources models in the United States

ABSTRACT Federal water agencies and other entities in the United States have invested extensive effort during the past three decades to develop generalized computer models for simulating water resources systems. A great deal of expertise, time, and expense was required to develop these models but they are now available to the professional water management community worldwide at nominal cost. With recent advances in computer technology, most people working in the water resources field have access to desktop computers providing all the hardware capabilities needed to execute the powerful array of available software. Many of these software packages are widely used by public agencies and private firms throughout the United States and in other countries. This paper highlights the availability and role of generalized computer modeling packages and outlines the institutional setting within which the models are disseminated throughout the water management community.
The axially stressed LIM reaction rail subjected to a moving load

Abstract A recently developed high speed test track for the Linear Induction Motor (LIM) Vehicle at Pueblo, Colorado consists of a welded railroad track supplemented by a continuous reaction rail. Due to constrained thermal expansions, high axial compressive forces may occur in this rail. Since the reaction rail is a relatively slender plate, high axial forces may affect its lateral stability and dynamic characteristics. In this paper the stability of the reaction rail due to axial compressive force is studied first. Following this, the effect of axial forces upon the critical velocity of a moving lateral load is studied. Included in the analysis are representations of the rail, both as an isotropic and orthotropic entity. The moving lateral load applied to the rail is assumed to be a concentrated force, acting first at the top of the reaction rail, and then at two arbitrary points.
Multicolor “DiOlistic” Labeling of the Nervous System Using Lipophilic Dye Combinations

Abstract We describe a technique for rapid labeling of a large number of cells in the nervous system with many different colors. By delivering lipophilic dye-coated particles to neuronal preparations with a "gene gun," individual neurons and glia whose membranes are contacted by the particles are quickly labeled. Using particles that are each coated with different combinations of various lipophilic dyes, many cells within a complex neuronal network can be simultaneously labeled with a wide variety of colors. This approach is most effective in living material but also labels previously fixed material. In living material, labeled neurons continue to show normal synaptic responses and undergo dendritic remodeling. This technique is thus useful for studying structural plasticity of neuronal circuits in living preparations. In addition, the Golgi-like labeling of neurons with many different colors provides a novel way to study neuronal connectivity.
Locking-free finite elements for the Reissner-Mindlin plate

Two new families of Reissner-Mindlin triangular finite elements are analyzed. One family, generalizing an element proposed by Zienkiewicz and Lefebvre, approximates (for k > 1) the transverse displacement by continuous piecewise polynomials of degree k + 1, the rotation by continuous piecewise polynomials of degree k + 1 plus bubble functions of degree k + 3, and projects the shear stress into the space of discontinuous piecewise polynomials of degree k. The second family is similar to the first, but uses degree k rather than degree k + 1 continuous piecewise polynomials to approximate the rotation. We prove that for 2 < s < k + 1, the L 2 errors in the derivatives of the transverse displacement are bounded by Ch s and the L 2 errors in the rotation and its derivatives are bounded by Ch s min(1, ht -1 ) and Ch s-1 min(1, ht -1 ), respectively, for the first family, and by Ch s and Ch s-1 , respectively, for the second family (with C independent of the mesh size h and plate thickness t). These estimates are of optimal order for the second family, and so it is locking-free. For the first family, while the estimates for the derivatives of the transverse displacement are of optimal order, there is a deterioration of order h in the approximation of the rotation and its derivatives for t small, demonstrating locking of order h -1 . Numerical experiments using the lowest order elements of each family are presented to show their performance and the sharpness of the estimates. Additional experiments show the negative effects of eliminating the projection of the shear stress.
Identification of Unknown Chloride Salts Using a Combination of Qualitative Analysis and Titration with Silver Nitrate: A General Chemistry Laboratory

General chemistry students often have difficulty writing balanced equations and performing stoichiometry calculations for precipitation reactions, in part because of difficulty understanding the symbolic notation used to represent chemical reactions. We have developed a problem-based experiment to improve student learning of these concepts, and student surveys indicate this goal was achieved. Furthermore, this experiment requires students to integrate results from several different experiments and emphasizes critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. Students identify unknown chloride salts by (1) using a precipitation reaction to determine if the cation is a group 1 or group 2 metal, (2) performing a titration with silver nitrate to determine the formula mass of the salt, and (3) confirming the identity of the salt using a flame test. Students enjoyed the lab, and over 75% of the unknowns were correctly identified.
Coulter counter-based evaluation of sperm volume to assess sperm viability of bull semen and application to X/Y sperm sorting

The Coulter Counter Hypo-Osmotic Swelling test (CC-HOS) was developed to provide insight into the membrane integrity (relative volume shift Vr) of sperm necessary for fertilization, and to identify the optimum buffer needed for the X/Y chromosome sorting process. Using the CC-HOS test on neat bovine semen, the mean relative volume shift Vr for July and August was 1.20 and 1.14, respectively, whereas mean Vr values ranged from 1.32 to 1.41 during September to November. There was an inverse relationship between Vr magnitude and environmental temperature; we inferred that this enhanced sperm viability during autumn relative to summer. A method was developed to measure the dynamics of volume change of sperm in the buffer (pH 6.5) used for the X/Y chromosome sorting process. When exposed to the buffer (4 mM K+, 153 mM Na+, 140 mM Cl(-)), sperm from Bull C had a mean modal volume of 22.8+/-0.2 fL during a 0-300 s time interval, which did not significantly vary from sperm volumes (21.88+/-0.66 fL for Bull A and 22.46+/-0.38 fL for Bull B) noted in isotonic Isoton II solution. However, when exposed to lower ionic concentrations (2 mM K+, 62 mM Na+, 47 mM Cl-), the mean volume of Bull C sperm increased to 29.2+/-1.5 fL and exhibited slower rates toward stabilized volumes relative to higher ionic concentration buffers. Utilization of volume swelling measurements for measuring the impact of ion concentrations in X/Y chromosome sorting process buffers illustrated the importance of its application for emerging sperm-based biotechnologies.
On Parameters of Increasing Dimensions

In statistical analyses the complexity of a chosen model is often related to the size of available data. One important question is whether the asymptotic distribution of the parameter estimates normally derived by taking the sample size to infinity for a fixed number of parameters would remain valid if the number of parameters in the model actually increases with the sample size. A number of authors have addressed this question for the linear models. The component-wise asymptotic normality of the parameter estimate remains valid if the dimension of the parameter space grows more slowly than some root of the sample size. In this paper, we consider M-estimators of general parametric models. Our results apply to not only linear regression but also other estimation problems such as multivariate location and generalized linear models. Examples are given to illustrate the applications in different settings.
Developmental differences in children’s context-dependent word learning

Abstract In this study, 2.5-, 3-, and 4-year-olds (N = 108) participated in a novel noun generalization task in which background context was manipulated. During the learning phase of each trial, children were presented with exemplars in one or multiple background contexts. At the test, children were asked to generalize to a novel exemplar in either the same or a different context. The 2.5-year-olds’ performance was supported by matching contexts; otherwise, children in this age group demonstrated context dependent generalization. The 3-year-olds’ performance was also supported by matching contexts; however, children in this age group were aided by training in multiple contexts as well. Finally, the 4-year-olds demonstrated high performance in all conditions. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between word learning and memory processes; both general memory development and memory developments specific to word learning (e.g., retention of linguistic labels) are likely to support word learning and generalization.
Is Cisplatin a Human Carcinogen

Traditionally, cisplatin has not been regarded among chemotherapeutic drugs as a carcinogenic risk to humans because it is not a classical alkylating agent. A review of recently published experimental data indicates that cisplatin is mutagenic, clastogenic, capable of inducing cell transformation, able to act as an initiator in classical mouse skin initiation/promotion experiments, and carcinogenic in laboratory animals. Notably, it causes myeloid leukemia in BD IX rats. These observations demonstrate that cisplatin should be considered a potent carcinogen in experimental settings. A review of the literature identified 65 instances of subsequent cancer in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy for an initial malignancy. The majority of second cancers were acute nonlymphocytic leukemias or myelodysplasia. In only one instance was cisplatin the sole antineoplastic drug given to patients. The routine use of cisplatin in conjunction with other known or suspected human carcinogens makes it impossible to use these anecdotal reports as a basis for assessing cisplatin's carcinogenicity in humans. Two quantitative epidemiologic studies have addressed this question: One suggested that the combination of cisplatin and doxorubicin is leukemogenic in humans, while the other implicated etoposide rather than cisplatin as the leukemogen. Formal epidemiologic studies of appropriate cohorts of cisplatin-treated patients are needed to resolve the question of its carcinogenicity in humans.
CYTOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION IN GAILLARDIA PULCHELLA

THE BLANKET FLOWER, a widespread composite of the southern United States, is morphologically and cytologically variable. No detailed studies of this species have been made, other than the taxonomic treatments by Rydberg (1915) and Biddulph (1944). Gaillardia pulchella has had a long and confused taxonomic history. It has been split into several distinct species by some workers (Rydberg, 1915; Nelson, 1926) and confused with the related Gaillardia aristata by others. METHODS.Eighteen collections of seed of Gaillardia pulchella (table 1) from different parts of the species range were grown in a standard habitat at the Indiana University experimental garden. Chromosome counts of these races were determined from microsporocyte and root-tip preparations. Morphological characters of these wild races and their artificially produced hybrids are given in fig. 1 and 2. Reciprocal hybrids between races were produced by bagging heads before the flowers opened, then transferring pollen to the fresh stigmas daily until all flowers had been pollinated. In the following discussion of hybrids, the formulae refer to both reciprocals. Mature embryos were cultured in order to facilitate germination. Embryos were limited in number, and the abnormal germination of some decreased their chances of survival under greenhouse conditions. No morphological differences were found in reciprocals, and the frequency of crossing in either direction was the same. In culturing embryos, Tottingham's modification of Knop's solution (Miller, 1938) was used in half the normal concentrotion with 1 per cent agar added. Achenes were sterilized in sodium hypoclorite (commercial Chlorox 1 part: distilled water 7 parts) for 1 hr., dissected, and embryos were planted vertically in 2.5 cc. of mineral agar in shell vials. Cotyledons began growth in two or three days, and seedlings were transplanted to 3-in. pots approximately four weeks later. When large enough, hybrids were transplanted to the garden. Hybrids which reached maturity grew much more vigorously and bloomed more profusely than either parent. They were morphologically intermediate in most respects, and 9 selected hybrids are evaluated in fig. 2. No character found in one parent clearly dominated the contrasting character in -the other parent. All hybrids were as tall or taller than
Non-mendelian mutation affecting ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase structure and activity

Chlamydomonas reinhardii, a haploid unicellular green alga, is the only organism in which the non-mendelian (uniparental) genes thought to reside in chloroplast DNA have been observed to re combine. Thus, genetic mapping by recombination analysis is possible, and a single linkage group with a large number of markers has been characterized1,2. Although circumstantial evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that this uniparental linkage group is located in the chloroplast,1,2 there is no direct evidence associating any of the known markers with chloroplast DNA. As the gene for the large subunit (LS) of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RubPCase) has been located on the physical map of C. reinhardii chloroplast DNA,3,4 a genetic marker in this same gene would help to prove the relationship between the uniparental linkage group and chloroplast DNA. We have now succeeded in isolating a mutation in a C. reinhardii gene which controls the structure and function of the LS of RubPCase. This new genetic marker will serve as the first reference point in our efforts to correlate the physical and genetic maps for the chloroplast genome. At the same time, the fact that we have obtained this mutant should encourage further attempts to produce genetic modifications of this key photosynthetic enzyme with the goal of improving plant productivity5.
Entitlement and empathy in personal narrative

My review of the past thirty years of narrative scholarship returns to the work of Harvey Sacks and Erving Goffman, situated in Dell Hymes’ ethnography of communication, to examine where their interactive model for understanding narrative has taken us. Although in some disciplines, narrative research is used as empirical evidence of how people interpret their experiences, Sacks’ work points more to the ways that personal narrative destabilizes the relationship between narrative and experience. Current work focuses on narrative at its limits, including the study of fragmented, rather than coherent, selves; multiply voiced, rather than monologic, points of view; and compromised, rather than easily empathetic, relations of understanding. This work builds on, rather than departs from, research on narrative thirty years ago. In this essay, I suggest a connection between early research on entitlement and contemporary research on the ethics of narrative, and I focus in particular on the problem of empathy.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor–Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Adolescents: A Review

ABSTRACT Objective To review the existing literature on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)–induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents. Method A literature review of SSRI-induced adverse effects in adolescents focusing on sexual dysfunction was done. Nonsexual SSRI-induced adverse effects were compared in adult and pediatric populations. Information regarding SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction was extracted from pediatric SSRI clinical trials, clinical reviews, treatment guidelines, case reports, and MedWatch reports. Results Although the incidences of nonsexual SSRI-induced adverse effects seemed to be similar for both adult and pediatric populations, only one male of 1,346 pediatric subjects receiving an SSRI reported sexual dysfunction. Approximately one third of the clinical reviews and treatment guidelines reviewed raised some concern about SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. In 11 years, only eight MedWatch reports regarding SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents have been filed. Only one letter to the editor describing impaired sexual functioning in three of five adolescents on SSRIs could be found. Conclusions Information on SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents is lacking. Researchers and clinicians may be failing to ask adolescents about sex and sexual functioning in the context of SSRI treatment.
A cytotoxic deoxocucurbitacin from Desfontainia spinosa

Abstract A new cytotoxic triterpene, 11-deoxocucurbitacin I was isolated from Desfontainia spinosa. The structure of this compound was elucidated by extensive analysis of the high field 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra and field desorption mass spectrometry. This is the first example of a cucurbitacin lacking an 11-keto functionality.
A note on systems of simultaneous linear difference equations with constant coefficients

General solutions of systems of simultaneous linear difference equations with constant coefficients are developed and specific solution methods are discussed. A matric form of difference equations is demonstrated. A theorem on the separation of variables is proved as are two theorems on the possible paths of a system. A brief statement on the underlying mathematical theory is included.
Tie and Network Correlates of Individual Performance in Knowledge-Intensive Work

We argue that individual performance in knowledge-intensive work is associated with properties of both networks and ties. Relationships crossing organizational boundaries, physical barriers, or hie...
Gynecological Infections and Sexual Practices of Massachusetts Lesbian and Bisexual Women

Objective: The assumption that self-identified lesbians are at low risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and other gynecological infections may be premised upon infrequent screening, ignorance of lesbian sexual practices, and the discomfort that lesbians may feel concerning the disclosure of their sexual identity and behavior. We hypothesize that transmission between women may occur, and actual risk may depend upon the sexual behaviors as well as the number and gender of partners. Methods: In 1994, the Family Planning Council of Western Massachusetts developed a Lesbian Health Needs Assessment Survey. The Fenway Community Health Center (FCHC) supplemented the survey with a one-page STD questionnaire aimed at evaluating STD testing, diagnoses, and sexual practices among self-identified lesbian and bisexual women. Circulated only in eastern Massachusetts, 421 of the 1523 surveys, including the one-page STD supplement, that were distributed were returned. The prevalence of specific STDs among women with and without recent male sexual partners was compared and analyzed in relation to self-reported sexual behavior. Results: Among lesbians who denied having prior male sexual partners, the following gynecological infections were reported: trichomoniasis, anogenital warts, and abnormal Pap smears. The most commonly reported sexual practices were digital–vaginal penetration, oral–oral, oral–genital, and genital–genital contact. Conclusions: Probable woman-to-woman transmission of STDs and vaginitis was frequently reported. Although the true incidence of specific infections among lesbians is unknown, routine screening should be offered to sexually active lesbians.
Cellular and molecular targets of protein S-glutathiolation.

Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species play a major role in both normal and pathophysiologic cellular processes. Although many cellular constituents can be damaged by oxidant exposure, cystei...
On the equivalent effectiveness of covert behavioral and psychodynamic psychotherapy

Using an innovative approach, it is shown that behavioral and psychodynamic methods of psychotherapy are generally equally effective with all syndromes. This is because virtually all patients are imaginary and are thus best treated with variants of Franzini's method of covert therapy. It is shown that covert behavioral therapy is in general neither more nor less effective than covert psychodynamic therapy. A modest proposal for future work is offered.