cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Note on Non-Locality and Ostrogradski's Construction

We consider the Hamiltonian treatment of non-local theories and Ostrogradski’s formalism. This has recently also been discussed by Woodard (hep-th/0006207) and by Gomis, Kamimura and Llosa (hep-th/0006235). In our approach we recast the second class constraints into rst class constraints and invoke the boundary Poisson bracket.
Does Recent Victimization Impact Confidence in the Criminal Justice System

AbstractThis study assesses whether recent victimization influences one’s confidence in the criminal justice system. Specifically, the study tests whether the predictors of confidence in major types of actors in the justice system are different for victims and nonvictims. British Crime Survey (BCS) data are analyzed using a series of structural equation models with multiple group methods. Overall, the findings support the idea that there is little difference between victims and nonvictims in how views of legal actors predict overall confidence. Additionally, prosecutors are slightly more influential on system confidence, regardless of victimization experience. Policy implications and future research directions are discussed.
Structure and function in galactosyltransferase. Sequence locations of alpha-lactalbumin binding site, thiol groups, and disulfide bond.

Abstract The region(s) of bovine galactosyltransferase that interacts with the lactose synthase regulatory protein alpha-lactalbumin was investigated using trace 3H acetylation to probe the effects of alpha-lactalbumin on the reactivities of the individual amino groups of galactosyltransferase. In the presence of Mn2+, alpha-lactalbumin was found to reduce the reactivities of lysines 93 and 181 and to increase the reactivities of one or more of lysines 230, 237, and 241. The addition of N-acetylglucosamine (20 mM), which enhances complex formation between the two proteins, did not significantly alter the pattern of perturbation. These results indicate that the NH2-terminal region of the catalytic domain of galactosyltransferase, and possibly part of the proline-rich "stem" region, is affected by the association with alpha-lactalbumin and is therefore implicated in the binding of acceptor substrates. In a separate study only cysteines 176, 266, and 342 of galactosyltransferase were found to react with [3H]iodoacetic acid under denaturing conditions. From their lack of reactivity it is deduced that the remaining two cysteines, residues 134 and 247, are joined in a disulfide linkage. From these results and those of a previous study of UDP-galactose binding (Yadav, S., and Brew, K. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14163-14169) it appears that the soluble form of galactosyltransferase is composed of two domains, the NH2-terminal 150 residues containing the Cys134-Cys247 disulfide bond, which functions in alpha-lactalbumin and acceptor binding, and the COOH-terminal region, which is involved in UDP-galactose binding.
Finite-Sample Adjustments for Homogeneity and Symmetry Tests in Systems of Demand Equations: A Monte Carlo Evaluation

This paper gives simulation results comparing the finite-sample performance of three commonly used homogeneity and symmetry asymptotic tests, and some size-corrected tests that can be used when the sample size is small. The results suggest that such finite-sample corrections can be effective in bringing the empirical sizes of the tests closer to their nominal levels. They also suggest that the likelihood ratio test is, in general, more reliable than the Wald and Lagrange multiplier tests. Finally, it is shown that size-corrections of homogeneity tests tend to introduce reductions in power, which can be very large when bootstrap corrections are used. An application to a well known data set is also presented.
Exploring the Relationship Between Depression and Erectile Dysfunction in Aging Men

Normal sexual function is a biopsychosocial process; sexual dysfunction almost always has organic and psychological components and requires multidisciplinary, goal-directed evaluation and treatment. Factors such as aging, declining testosterone levels, medical illness, certain medications. and comorbid depressive illness can contribute to sexual dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction is one of the more common male sexual dysfunctions encountered in the clinical setting. Comorbidity between erectile dysfunction and depressive illness is high, but the causal relationship is unclear. The psychosocial distress that often accompanies erectile dysfunction might stimulate the development of depressive illness, or, as some data suggest, depression might cause erectile dysfunction. This article reviews the literature on the relationship between depression and erectile dysfunction, as well as the design of a new study that may provide some answers, and concludes that erectile dysfunction is a common, treatable condition that may cause or be the result of depression. Recent data suggest that sildenafil is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in men with comorbid depression. Erectile dysfunction should be considered a multifactorial condition that may require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment, especially when depression is present.
Chapter 5 Molecular pharmacology of NMDA receptors: modulatory role of NR2 subunits

Publisher Summary N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ion-channel receptors in which NR2 subunits are large polypeptides, and they are 50–70% homologous to each other and only 15–20% identical to NR1. The NR1 subunit can form functional NMDA receptors when expressed in oocytes. The native NMDA receptors are heterooligomers composed of combinations of NR1 and NR2 subunits. Recent studies have shown that the inclusion of different NR2 subunits in heteromeric NMDA receptors can markedly alter the functional and pharmacological properties of the receptors. Some of these differences are strikingly similar to those seen in the studies of native NMDA receptors in different brain regions or during various stages of development. Receptors containing the NR2C subunit are less sensitive to blockade by Mg 2+ and MK-801 than are receptors containing NR2A or NR2B subunits. Differences in sensitivity to glycine and glutamate-site antagonists have also been reported for receptors containing different NR2 subunits. The consequences of a difference in sensitivity to glycine of native receptors are not known, but if the concentration of glycine in the synapse is not saturating, changes in the concentration of glycine could selectively alter the activity or the activation threshold of some subtypes of NMDA receptors. The inclusion of NR2A in native NMDA receptors is probably responsible for the delayed development of receptors with a low affinity for ifenprodil.
A dumbbell-shaped, double-hairpin structure of DNA: a thermodynamic investigation.

The authors report the first calorimetric and spectroscopic investigation on a member of a new class of nucleic acid secondary structures in which both ends of a duplex core are closely by single-stranded loops. Such structures can be formed intramolecularly from appropriately designed base sequences. They have synthesized a 24-mer sequence, and they present calorimetric, spectroscopic, and electrophoretic evidence that it adopts a dumbbell-shaped, double-hairpin structure. Their data allow them to reach the following conclusions: (1) the phosphodiester gap in the center of the core duplex of the dumbbell does not reduce the transition enthalpy relative to that measured for the corresponding octameric duplex d(GGAATTCC)/sub 2/; (2) incorporation of a 5'-phosphate group into the gap decreases the thermal stability of the dumbbell relative to its unphosphorylated sequence; (3) the thymine residues in the loop behave both electrostatically and enthalpically like denatured single strands. Published nuclear magnetic resonance studies reveal partial stacking of thymine residues in the loops of linear hairpin structures; (4) when both ends of the nicked octameric core duplex are constrained by loops of only four thymine residues, the dumbbell structure may adopt conformations in which the 5' and 3' ends at the nick are twisted relative tomore » the helical axis and therefore are not in phase. Such conformations would account for the observed resistance of the double-hairpin structure of ligation, since the 3'OH and 5'P would no longer be collinear.« less
Embryotoxicity in rats and rabbits from cutaneous application of amide-type solvents and substituted ureas.

Abstract Six amide-type solvents [formamide (F); N-methylformamide (MMF); N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); N,N-di(n-butyl)formamide (DBF); N-methylacetamide (MMAC); N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)] and four substituted ureas [1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea (TMU); 1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea (TMTU); ethylenethiourea (ETU); and tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazine-4-thione (TDOT)] were applied to the skin of pregnant rats during the period of fetal organogenesis. In addition, TMU, MMF, DMF, and DMAC were applied to the skin of pregnant rabbits during the period of fetal organogenesis. All test chemicals were applied as liquids except ETU, TMTU, and TDOT, which were solids dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The following parameters of toxicity were determined: (1) maternal approximate lethal dose by skin application, (2) maternal body weight during the exposure period, (3) embryomortality, (4) fetal weight, and (5) teratogenicity. Marked teratogenic effects were demonstrated with ETU; moderate with MMF; and slight with TMU, F, DMAC, and MMAC. Marked embryomortality was found with MMF and TMU; moderate with DMAC, TMTU, and TDOT; and slight with F, DBF, MMAC, and DMF. In rats, six skin applications of MMF, each amounting to 1 6 of the single daily dose, applied during an 8-hr period were more toxic to the mother and embryo than a single daily dose. Mixing TMU with mineral oil increased maternal TMU toxicity when applied to the skin of rats. The skin approximate lethal dose for TMU, MMF, DMF, and DMAC was lower for pregnant rabbits than for pregnant rats.
All trapezoids are Ramsey

Abstract A trapezoid is a quadrilateral which may be inscribed into a circle and such that two of its sides are parellel. We show that for an arbitrary trapezoid T and integer r there is an n such that any r -coloring of R n contains a monochromatic copy of T .
Sample preparation — the key to SEM studies of failed concrete

Abstract The proper selections of a representative specimen and the sample preparation technique to be used for a scanning electron microscope (SEM) study require a knowledge of the investigated material and the skill of an experienced scientist. Based on comparative SEM studies of concrete samples prepared as either traditional or ‘modem’ fluorescent epoxy-impregnated thin sections, as-polished or epoxy-impregnated surfaces, or as simply sawn unpolished and fractured surfaces, the sawn unpolished and the fractured surfaces proved to be the best for many SEM investigations. The sawn surfaces can disclose those cracking patterns and fine crystal formations that are usually destroyed by polishing and that cannot be seen on thin sections. Further, concrete components soluble in the preparation media can be removed by the preparation procedures, and impregnation materials can introduce elements that are not original components of the studied material, possibly leading to false diagnosis of the damage mechanism.
Structural Characterization of RNA Polymerase II Complexes Arrested by a Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer in the Transcribed Strand of Template DNA

We have characterized the properties of immunopurified transcription complexes arrested at a specifically located cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) using enzymatic probes and an in vitro transcription system with purified RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and initiation factors. To help understand how RNAP II distinguishes between a natural impediment and a lesion in the DNA to initiate a repair event, we have compared the conformation of RNAP II complexes arrested at a CPD with complexes arrested at a naturally occurring elongation impediment. The footprint of RNAP II arrested at a CPD, using exonuclease III and T4 DNA polymerase's 3′→5′ exonuclease, covers ∼35 base pairs and is asymmetrically located around the dimer. A similar footprint is observed when RNAP II is arrested at the human histone H3.3 arrest site. Addition of elongation factor SII to RNAP II arrested at a CPD produced shortened transcripts of discrete lengths up to 25 nucleotides shorter than those seen without SII. After addition of photolyase and exposure to visible light, some of the transcripts could be reelongated beyond the dimer, suggesting that SII-mediated transcript cleavage accompanied significant RNAP II backup, thereby providing access of the repair enzyme to the arresting CPD.
Importance of liver biopsy findings in immunosuppression management: Biopsy monitoring and working criteria for patients with operational tolerance

Obstacles to morbidity-free long-term survival after liver transplantation (LT) include complications of immunosuppression (IS), recurrence of the original disease and malignancies, and unexplained chronic hepatitis and graft fibrosis. Many programs attempt to minimize chronic exposure to IS by reducing dosages and stopping steroids. A few programs have successfully weaned a highly select group of recipients from all IS without apparent adverse consequences, but long-term follow-up is limited. Patients subjected to adjustments in IS are usually followed by serial liver chemistry tests, which are relatively insensitive methods for detecting allograft damage. Protocol biopsy has largely been abandoned for hepatitis C virus-negative recipients, at least in part because of the inability to integrate routine histopathological findings into a rational clinical management algorithm. Recognizing a need to more precisely categorize and determine the clinical significance of findings in long-term biopsy samples, the Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology has reviewed the literature, pooled the experience of its members, and proposed working definitions for biopsy changes that (1) are conducive to lowering IS and are compatible with operational tolerance (OT) and (2) raise concern for closer follow-up and perhaps increased IS during or after IS weaning. The establishment of guidelines should help us to standardize analyses of the effects of various treatments and/or weaning protocols and more rigorously categorize patients who are assumed to show OT. Long-term follow-up using standardized criteria will help us to determine the consequences of lowering IS and to define and determine the incidence and robustness of OT in liver allografts. Liver Transpl 18:1154-1170, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
The Effect of Political Events on United States Direct Foreign Investment: A Pooled Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis

This paper examines the effect of political events on the manufacturing direct foreign investment (MDFI) decisions of U.S. multinational corporations. The relationship between political events (and nonpolitical factors) and MDFI is investigated through regression analysis of pooled time-series (21 years) and cross-sectional (24 countries) data and through various tests of the homogeneity of the relationship across groups of countries. The study finds that the relationship between political events in MDFI is different for less developed countries as opposed to developed countries. For the less developed countries, both inter-nation and intra-nation conflict and cooperation affect MDFI. In contrast, U.S. MDFI in developed countries appears to be affected only by inter-nation conflict and cooperation.
Results following gamma knife radiosurgical anterior capsulotomies for obsessive compulsive disorder.

Background Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), in its severe form, can cause tremendous disability for affected patients. Objective To evaluate the results following bilateral radiosurgical anterior capsulotomy for severe medically refractory OCD. Methods We performed gamma knife anterior capsulotomy (GKAC) on 3 patients with extreme, medically intractable OCD. According to our protocol, all patients were evaluated by at least 2 psychiatrists who recommended surgery. The patient had to request the procedure, and had to have severe OCD according to the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). Patient ages were 37, 55, and 40 years, and pre-radiosurgery YBOCS scores were 34/40, 39/40, and 39/40. Bilateral lesions were created with 2 4-mm isocenters to create an oval volume in the ventral internal capsule at the putaminal midpoint. A maximum dose of 140 or 150 Gy was used. Results There was no morbidity after the procedure, and all patients returned immediately to baseline function. All patients noted significant functional improvements, and reduction in OCD behavior. Follow-up was at 55, 42, and 28 months. The first patient reduced her YBOCS score from 34 to 24. One patient with compulsive skin picking and an open wound had later healing of the chronic wound and a reduction in the YBOCS score from 39 to 8. At 28 months, the third patient is living and working independently, and her YBOCS score is 18. Conclusion Within a strict protocol, gamma knife radiosurgery provided improvement of OCD behavior with no adverse effects. This technique should be evaluated further in patients with severe and disabling behavioral disorders.
Population trends and feeding preferences of flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) in collard-wild mustard mixtures

Abstract Population densities of flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze) were lower per unit collard plant in polycultures composed either of non-host plants (field bean, vetch and barley) or of additional host plants (wild mustard) than in collard monocultures. Flea beetles exhibited decreased movement patterns in the non-host polycultures, but similar movement activity in the monoculture and collard-wild mustard polyculture. Differences in flea beetle abundance between collard monoculture and collard-wild mustard polycultures disappeared when flowers were artificially removed from wild mustard. Significantly fewer flea beetles occurred in collard rows immediately adjacent to wild mustard borders, but their numbers tended to increase further away from the border. Collard plants sprayed with wild mustard extracts, and especially with allylisothiocyanate emulsions, proved to be more attractive to flea beetles than collard plants sprayed with water. Flower extracts seemed to exert greater attraction than leaf extracts. Understanding of these spatial and temporal interactions (apparently chemically mediated) could lead to development of effective trap cropping systems for flea beetle control in crucifer crops.
Free to Fantasize: The Impact of Psychoanalytically Informed Psychotherapy on the Fantasy Life of Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse

ABSTRACT One legacy of childhood sexual abuse is the adult survivor's deep alienation from his/her own fantasy life which is accompanied by a profound distrust of the imaginings of others, including the therapist's. This article explores the nature of the survivor's fantasy life; it elucidates recurrent themes and explicates the patient's attitude towards fantasy. Further, it suggests ways in which psychoanalytically informed psychotherapy can liberate the survivor's capacity to engage freely in fantasy, perhaps for the first time.
Anisotropic thermopower in single crystals of the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7.

The thermopower in single crystals of Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has quite different behavior in the in-plane (${S}_{\mathrm{ab}}$) and out-of-plane (${S}_{c}$) directions. ${S}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ is positive and shows a characteristic peak above ${T}_{c}$ while ${S}_{c}$ (also positive) increases strongly with temperature with a dependence which may be fitted to ${T}^{1.65}$ or $AT+B{T}^{2}$. We discuss the role of phonon drag and band filling in affecting the sign of the in-plane thermopower.
The primary properties

: Science is concerned not just with objects but also with their various aspects, such as their colors, temperatures, sizes, and shapes. These aspects, or properties, are generally thought to be of at least two kinds: primary properties, such as shape, size, and motion and secondary ones, such as temperature and color. However, there is little agreement on just what the difference is between these two kinds of properties. An argument has recently been put forth that assumes the two kinds of properties differ only in that the secondary ones are dependent on the conditions under which they are observed. This paper suggests, however, that since the primary properties depend on conditions, too, any argument based on this assumption is flawed. There are two main traditional accounts of the distinction. The first account of the distinction—the ideas of primary qualities resemble the properties that cause these ideas, whereas those of the secondary ones do not resemble them—relies on what to many is an implausible assumption, that some of our ideas resemble features of the world and we can speak intelligibly about such resemblances. This paper suggests that we cannot, and hence we have no more reason to believe that the ideas of the primary qualities resemble aspects of the world than we do that those of the secondary qualities do so. The second traditional account—primary properties are those a body has, however small it might be, whereas secondary properties are a consequence just of relations between bodies—fares better than the other two accounts. However, the notion of force posed a serious problem for this second basis for the distinction, one that has, astonishingly, hardly found its way into the philosophical literature.
Validation of the wind erosion stochastic simulator (WESS) and the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) for single events

Abstract The wind erosion stochastic simulator (WESS) is a single event wind erosion model that is the core of the wind erosion submodel of the environmental policy integrated climate (EPIC) erosion model. WESS uses inputs of soil texture, erodible particle diameter, soil roughness, soil water content, crop residue, and 10 min average wind speeds to predict the erosion at several user-selected distances within a given field. The revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) makes annual or period estimates of wind erosion based on a single event wind erosion model that includes factors for wind and rainfall, soil roughness, the erodible fraction of soil, crusting, and surface residues. In this study, we compared estimates of wind erosion at multiple points in a field for 24 events at Big Spring, Texas with the predictions of WESS and compared estimates of maximum sediment transport capacity (Qmax), critical field length at which Qmax is attained ( S ), and soil loss (SL) calculated from field measured data collected at six locations and 41 events with the predictions of RWEQ. Compared to observed estimates of erosion for the 24 events, WESS under-predicted 9 events, accurately predicted 8 events, and over-predicted 7 events. In general, RWEQ underestimated Qmax and SL and overestimated S .
Density, habitat, and the mating system of the Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri).

The hypothesis that intense predation, variable food availability, and increased social interactions in high density populations have been important factors promoting the evolution of polygynous and promiscuous mating systems in certain Calidridine sandpipers (Holmes and Pitelka, 1966) is examined in breeding populations of the Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri) in subarctic Alaska. Western Sandpipers breed in a habitat consisting of a complex mosaic of wet low-lying marshes and relatively well-drained, heath-covered tundra. They defend small territories and nest on the latter, while some feeding also occurs there. Most foods however are obtained off territory in the wet marshes and along the shores of lakes, rivers and sloughs. Densities in the nesting areas ranged from 132–196 pairs/40 ha at the base of a low range of hills to 200–300/40 ha on hummocks surrounded completely by marsh. These densities, the highest reported for a Calidridine sandpiper, are relatively constant from year to year. The mating system of the Western Sandpiper is monogamous, both sexes incubate and care for young. Correlated with a strong single pair-bond and stable populations is a strong tendency to return to the same site. Of sandpipers marked, an average of 57.6% of males and 48.8% of females returned in succeeding years, frequently to the same territory or its immediate vicinity. Of the pairs returning to the study area in subsequent years, 61.5% reunited. The restriction of nesting activities to heath tundra is considered to be a result of the protection it provides for nests. With the separation of nesting and feeding areas and with relatively abundant food sources that are not significantly affected by weather, a large nesting area is not required, allowing high densities of Western Sandpipers to occupy the patches of heath-covered tundra. In this ecological context, the high intensity of social interactions has not resulted in the evolution of a nonmonogamous mating system. Indeed, the increased protection afforded offspring by the presence of both parents is probably the most important selective force promoting the evolution of the monogamous mating pattern in Western Sandpipers.
Spectral properties and source regions of dayside electron acceleration events

[1] Eleven years of DMSP particle data (1984–1994) were used to investigate electron acceleration events on the dayside. Specifically, the characteristic energy (spectral flux peak), total energy flux, and probability of observing acceleration events were studied as a function of the type of dayside precipitation region (cusp, mantle, etc.). Most dayside electron acceleration events are latitudinally smaller than the events found premidnight, so it is usually possible to identify the type of precipitation which surrounds dayside events. All dayside regions contain embedded electron acceleration events, with such instances most common in the dayside boundary plasma sheet (BPS) and least common in the mantle and polar rain. Electron acceleration events in the cusp are not particularly rare, but the acceleration involved is quite mild. This is consistent with findings that large nightside potentials do not form in regions with a large ambient electron population. On the basis of the fraction of spectra which are accelerated (number of accelerated spectra divided by the total number of spectra measured), the dayside regions can be ordered as follows, with the acceleration probability in parenthesis: mantle prenoon (2.4%), mantle postnoon (3.0%), cusp (4.2%), open low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) (5.0%), closed LLBL prenoon (6.0%), closed LLBL postnoon (7.2%), BPS prenoon (8.2%), and finally BPS postnoon (8.6%). The total precipitating energy flux from electron acceleration has the same order; thus more dayside auroral luminosity is associated with the BPS than with any other region. When these regions are ordered by the spectral flux peak in acceleration events, the order changes, as follows: cusp (201 eV), open LLBL (234 eV), closed LLBL prenoon (390 eV), mantle prenoon (414 eV), closed LLBL postnoon (459 eV), mantle prenoon (463 eV), BPS prenoon (572 eV), and BPS postnoon (725 eV). The afternoon hot spot is found to have a relatively symmetric partner, a morningside “warm spot,” centered near 0830 MLT. Both the afternoon hot spot and the morning warm spot span the convection reversal boundary, since they include both BPS and LLBL precipitation, with the former region showing the most intense activity (both the highest number of events and the largest electron acceleration energies).
Pitfalls in the estimation of p-aminophenol and p-chloraniline as products of drug liver metabolism

Abstract Oxidative metabolism of aniline, p -anisidine and p -chloro- N -methylaniline by rat liver fractions is studied by colorimetric estimation of the products of this oxidative metabolism, p -aminophenol (PAP) or p -chloraniline (PCA). This study showed how much PAP or PCA exhibits chemical and/or metabolic instability under reaction conditions commonly used for drug metabolism studies. The method for direct estimation of the disappearance of a substrate is recommended for the studies of aniline metabolism in vitro .
Anti-Ischaemic Therapy during the Follow-Up Phase of Acute Coronary Syndromes

Various pharmacological strategies are currently being sought to enhance the efficacy of thrombolysis after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Apart from the use of new thrombolytic agents, novel anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs, attention has recently been focused on agents such as the calcium channel blockers (calcium antagonists) traditionally used (prior to the thrombolytic era) for secondary prevention after an AMI. In this context, although calcium channel blockers have not been definitively proven to have any benefit with regard to all-cause mortality or subsequent infarctions, diltiazem has been shown to reduce cardiac mortality, recurrent nonfatal infarction and myocardial ischaemia after non-Q-wave AMI. These benefits have been linked to the drug’s effect of lowering heart rate.
Histone acetylation rescues contextual fear conditioning in nNOS KO mice and accelerates extinction of cued fear conditioning in wild type mice

Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure is an essential molecular mechanism that contributes to the formation of synaptic plasticity and long-term memory (LTM). An important regulatory process of chromatin structure is acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) increases acetylation of histone proteins and facilitate learning and memory. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway has a role in synaptic plasticity, LTM and regulation of histone acetylation. We have previously shown that NO signaling pathway is required for contextual fear conditioning. The present study investigated the effects of systemic administration of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) on fear conditioning in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. The effect of single administration of NaB on total H3 and H4 histone acetylation in hippocampus and amygdala was also investigated. A single administration of NaB prior to fear conditioning (a) rescued contextual fear conditioning of nNOS KO mice and (b) had long-term (weeks) facilitatory effect on the extinction of cued fear memory of WT mice. The facilitatory effect of NaB on extinction of cued fear memory of WT mice was confirmed in a study whereupon NaB was administered during extinction. Results suggest that (a) the rescue of contextual fear conditioning in nNOS KO mice is associated with NaB-induced increase in H3 histone acetylation and (b) the accelerated extinction of cued fear memory in WT mice is associated with NaB-induced increase in H4 histone acetylation. Hence, a single administration of HDAC inhibitor may rescue NO-dependent cognitive deficits and afford a long-term accelerating effect on extinction of fear memory of WT mice.
Primary structure of theParamecium tetraurelia small-subunit rRNA coding region: Phylogenetic relationships within the caliophora

We have sequenced the coding region for the small-subunit rRNA gene fromParamecium tetraurelia. Similarity comparisons between smallsubunit rRNAs from representative of the Metazoa, the Plantae, the Fungi and four other members of the Ciliophora were used to construct phylogenetic trees. In these phylogenies the Ciliophora diverged from the eukaryotic line of descent as a loose phylogenetic grouping during a radiative period that gave rise to the Fungi, the Plantae and the Metazoa.
Chlorophyll content of seston in a regulated Rocky Mountain river, Idaho, USA

The chlorophyll content of seston at four sites in a regulated mid-order Rocky Mountain river, Henry's Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, USA, was examined. Spectrometry was used to determine the amount of chlorophyll a, b, c and in seston and potential organic matter sources including macrophytes, algae, plankton, and terrestial plant litter. The amount of chlorophyll in seston varied among size fractions, sites, and seasons. Coarse seston (6–1 mm) contained the most chlorophyll a (2.3 mg g−1 ashfree dry mass [AFDM]) followed by ultra fine seston (53–0.3 µm; 1.9 mg g−1 AFDM), very coarse seston (> 6 mm, 1.8 mg g−1 AFDM), very fine seston (250–53 µm; 1.3 mg g−1 AFDM), and fine seston (1–0.25 mm; 0.7 mg g−1 AFDM). Chlorophyll content of coarse seston was similar at all sites reflecting a common source, aquatic macrophyte debris. Chlorophyll content of coarse and fine seston were highest in fall reflecting the importance of phenology of aquatic plants on sestonic pigment levels. Very fine seston from below a reservoir contained more chlorophyll than seston from downstream and tributary sites suggesting a reservoir source. Terrestial plant litter was chlorophyll depleted compared to autochthonous materials and seston. Most seston was autochthonously-derived from a variety of macrophyte, algal, and planktonic sources. The chlorophyll content of Henry's Fork seston was higher than that reported for similar rivers. Island Park Dam moderates river temperature and flow, enhances autotrophy, and accounts for the consistently high sestonic chlorophyll levels.
Chromatography of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease on carboxymethylcellulose columns.

Abstract A convenient method for the chromatographic separation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease on carboxymethylcellulose in an airless, thermostated, constant-flow column is described. The marked effects of temperature on the elution pattern are discussed.
Physiological Transport Forces Govern Drug Distribution for Stent-Based Delivery

Background The first compounds considered for stent-based delivery, such as heparin, were chosen on the basis of promising tissue culture and animal experiments, and yet they have failed to stop restenosis clinically. More recent compounds, such as paclitaxel, are of a different sort, being hydrophobic in nature, and their effects after local release seem far more profound. This dichotomy raises the question of whether drugs that have an effect when released from a stent do so because of differences in biology or differences in physicochemical properties and targeting. Methods and Results We applied continuum pharmacokinetics to examine the effects of transport forces and device geometry on the distribution of stent-delivered hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. We found that stent-based delivery invariably leads to large concentration gradients, with drug concentrations ranging from nil to several times the mean tissue concentration over a few micrometers. Concentration variations were a function of the Pe...
Irregularity excitation associated with charged dust cloud boundary layers

[1] Irregularity generation associated with dust cloud expansion through a background plasma along a magnetic field is investigated. Because of the dust charging process, a boundary layer is produced, separating the dusty plasma generated and the background plasma. It is observed that under appropriate conditions, localized plasma irregularities may be generated in this boundary layer. Theoretical and computational models are used to study the evolution of relevant plasma instabilities thought to play a dominant role in irregularity production. An electron flow develops along the boundary layer of the dust cloud, and plasma irregularities are generated in response to this flow. Several aspects of the cloud's structure (thickness of the boundary layer, average particle size and density, collisional processes, and cloud expansion speed) and the ambient plasma are varied to determine the effect of these quantities on the resulting irregularities. The relevance of these results to past experimental observations in space and the laboratory for applications to the expansion of naturally or artificially created dust clouds is discussed.
The solubility product of silver p-diethylaminobenzylidenerhodanate

Abstract The solubility product constant of silver p -diethylaminobenzylidenerhodanate at 20° in 20 per cent ethyl alcohol solution of ionic strength 0.05 is [Ag + ][R - ] = 8.10 -19 .
Determination of Gap Surface Temperature Distribution in Axial Piston Machines

The paper presents a new method for determination of gap surface temperature distribution in axial piston machine. A special thermal model has been developed to consider the energy dissipation in the lubricating gap, the heat convection of the fluid and the heat conduction through the rotating group assuming constant case and port temperatures. The energy dissipation in the gap is calculated using gap flow model considering non-isothermal flow, surface deformation and micro motion of parts. The calculated surface temperatures are further used as boundary parameters for the 3D non-isothermal gap flow model. The developed thermal model has been implemented in a new module of the CASPAR simulation software. The program CASPAR has been developed in the research group of the authors (Wieczorek and Ivantysynova 2002, Huang and Ivantysynova 2003). The model will be explained and simulation results will be discussed and compared with measurements. A special single piston test pump has been designed and implemented on a special test rig allowing to measure surface temperature distribution, dynamic pressure field in the gap between piston and cylinder and leakage. The paper will present a comparison of calculated and measured surface temperature fields.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A self-organizing map with homeostatic synaptic scaling

Hebbian learning has been a staple of neural-network models for many years. It is well known that the most straight-forward implementations of this popular learning rule lead to unconstrained weight growth. A newly discovered property of cortical neurons is that they try to maintain a preset average firing rate [G.G. Turrigiano, S.B. Nelson, Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5 (2004) 97-107]. We use this property to control the Hebbian learning process in a self-organizing map network. In this article, the practicality of this type of learning rule is expanded by deriving a scaling equation for the learning rates for various network architectures.
Preliminary Characterization of Light Harvesting in E. coli DNA Photolyase

E. coli DNA photolyase is a monomeric light-harvesting enzyme that utilizes a methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) antenna cofactor to harvest light energy for the repair of thymine dimers in DNA. For this purpose, the enzyme evolved to bind the cofactor and red-shift its absorption maximum by 25 nm. Using the crystal structure as a guide, we mutated each protein residue that contacts the cofactor in an effort to identify the interactions responsible for this selective stabilization of the cofactor's excited state. Hydrogen bonding, packing, and electrostatic interactions were examined. Remarkably, a single residue, Glu109, appears to play an important, if not exclusive, role in inducing the observed red-shift. Thus, this protein, the simplest light-harvesting system known, appears to have evolved a remarkably simple mechanism to tune the photophysical properties of the antenna cofactor appropriately for biological function.
Fructan Synthesis in Wheat Leaf Blades

Summary Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants were grown in controlled environment chambers with a 12 h day/12 h night cycle. Freshly excised leaves synthesized no fructan, whereas fructan synthesis was induced by several hours of illumination following excision. At the end of the first and second photoperiods, sucrose: sucrose fructosyl transferase (SST) activity and fructan content increased over the level observed at the end of the previous dark period. New products, seen as radioactive oligosaccharides after labeling with 14 C-CO 2 , included predominantly tri- and tetrasaccharides. The trisaccharide extracted from leaves excised for 44 h, was 95 % 1-kestose s(2→1) linkage while the tetrasaccharides contained both a s(2→1) linkage and a branched structure. Partially purified SST from excised wheat leaves catalyzed in vitro synthesis of radioactive trisaccharide from 14 C-labeled sucrose.
Influence of Thyroid Activity upon Renal Function

SOME theoretical considerations led us to wonder whether the renal function and the amount of functioning renal tissue might not owe their relationship to body surface to an association with the basal metabolic rate. That the functional activity of the kidneys should vary with the basal metabolic rate just as do many other physiological processes, is almost without question, for the nitrogen and water metabolism with which renal activity is intimately concerned are both dependent in large measure on the basal metabolism. However, it is the full possible functional capacity of the organ and not the fluctuations in the level of its functional activity with which we are concerned here. In the normal organism, there always seems to be maintained a wide margin of safety between this ordinary level of functional activity and the total function of which an organ or tissue system is capable. In many conditions in which the usual level of functional activity is increased while the basal metabolism remains normal, ...
Nearest neighbor methods applied to dune field organization: The Coral Pink Sand Dunes, Kane County, Utah, USA

Dune fields have recently come to be recognized as self-organizing systems that can be seen progressing from states of disorganization or randomness to uniformity. Dune systems can be highly sensitive to changes in factors, such as climate and sediment transport, that determine system state. Changes in climate and sediment state can take time to work their way through a dune system; this, in turn, leads to spatial heterogeneity in dune field organization. Using the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah as a model, this study tests nearest neighbor analysis adapted as a method to objectively identify and characterize differences in two dimensional dune patterns within a dune field and to identify changes in dune patterns over time. Reducing transverse and barchanoid dunes from linear to three-point features in planar space emphasizes the clustering that occurs when dune lengths and wavelengths are more disorganized or random. This clustering may be in response to a system perturbation, such as an influx of sediment, and is reflected in lower nearest neighbor index (R) values. As the system adjusts to the perturbation and moves towards steady state, dune length and spacing increase through migration and coalescing of smaller dunes; the resulting higher R values reflect this move towards greater uniformity in dune pattern. With the organizational states of dune systems recording feedback to changes in extrinsic climate and sediment factors, nearest neighbor analysis provides a proxy measure of system stability.
Do Patriotic Ties Limit Global Justice Duties

Some theorists who accept the existence of global justice duties to alleviate the condition of distant needy strangers hold that these duties are significantly constrained by special ties to fellow countrymen. The “patriotic priority thesis” holds that morality requires the members of each nation-state to give priority to helping needy fellow compatriots over more needy distant strangers. Three arguments for constraint and patriotic priority are examined in this essay: an argument from fair play, one from coercion, another from coercion and autonomy. Under scrutiny, none of these arguments qualifies as successf
A Bounding Surface Theory for Cyclic Thermoplasticity

A nonisothermal, rate and time independent generalization of nonlinear kinematic hardening theory for cyclic plasticity is introduced. The model includes decomposition of backstress and of isotropic hardening between the yield surface radius and the backstress amplitude. A purely temperature dependent component of yield surface radius is assumed in addition to an isotropic hardening component. Issues of thermoplastic material stability and temperature history independence are clearly distinguished and addressed via implications of temperature rate terms. Correlations are reported for OFHC copper subjected to thermomechanical cyclic loading.
Senile reticular pigmentary degeneration.

Of 104 consecutive patients with senile reticular pigmentary degeneration (207 eyes), 85 patients (82%) were more than 60 years old (mean age, 69.2 ± 8.54 years). Forty-nine (47%) were men and 55 (53%) were women. Peripheral visual fields were not characteristically constricted. Although most eyes tested had visual acuities of 20/50 or better, 69 eyes (33%) had visual acuities of 20/100 or worse. A total of 136 eyes (66%) had senile macular degeneration at the time senile reticular pigmentary degeneration was first diagnosed, whereas only 43 control eyes (21%) from the same referral population also had senile macular degeneration (P Senile reticular pigmentary degeneration on routine ophthalmoscopy should alert the clinician to the possibility of co-existing macular degenerative disease.
Process transparency for sustainable building delivery

The construction and operation of buildings account for more than one-third of all material and energy flows worldwide. Therefore, a greater market share of buildings that reduce the associated negative impacts is essential to address global issues, including energy and water shortages and the climate crisis. Proven strategies and technologies exist today for more sustainable buildings, but a need to improve their implementation remains. The processes for planning, designing, building and operating, or ‘delivering’, these projects are complex and often unfamiliar to the stakeholders (e.g. owners, designers and constructors) whose collaboration is essential to implementing sustainable solutions. In other industries, process transparency helps facilitate complex, unfamiliar processes by making their status, goals and rules visible to all stakeholders. The objective of this research was to examine whether increased process transparency can reduce costs for sustainable buildings. The delivery processes of two...
Modeling of adaptive-optics-based free-space communications systems

We introduce a wave-optics based simulation code written to model a complete free space laser communications link, including a detailed model of an adaptive optics compensation system. We present the results obtained by this model, where the phase of a communications laser beam is corrected, after it propagates through a turbulent atmosphere. The phase of the received laser beam is measured using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, and the correction method utilizes a MEMS mirror. Strehl improvement and amount of power coupled to the receiving fiber results for both 1 km horizontal and 28 km slant paths will be presented.
The Effect of Education on Adult Mortality and Health: Evidence from Britain

There is a strong, positive, and well-documented correlation between education and health outcomes. In this paper, we attempt to understand to what extent this relationship is causal. Our approach exploits two changes to British compulsory schooling laws that generated sharp across-cohort differences in educational attainment. Using regression discontinuity methods, we find the reforms did not affect health although the reforms impacted educational attainment and wages. Our results suggest caution as to the likely health returns to educational interventions focused on increasing educational attainment among those at risk of dropping out of high school, a target of recent health policy efforts.
THE VASCULARITY OF THE LIVER. XI. THE MOTOR REACTION IN THE PORTAL RADICLES OF THE LIVER

1. By using adrenaline during the perfusion of the portal system of the liver it has been shown that the radicles of this vein possess motor activity. 2. Stimulation of the distal end of the hepatic plexus during the perfusion, as well as in an animal possessing a normal portal circulation, has proved that this motor mechanism is innervated by the aforesaid plexus. 3. It has also been established that the portal mechanism is distinct from the one located in the terminals of the hepatic artery, and that it embraces not only the distributing tubules, but also extensive areas of the central or collecting channels.