cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dominant insectivorous polyphagous predators in winter wheat: High colonization power, spatial dispersion patterns, and probable importance of the soil surface spiders (Araneae)

Spiders inhabiting the soil surface of a winter wheat field were examined using pitfall traps near Zurich, central Europe. The soil surface spider community was dominated by two species of wolf spiders Pardosa agrestis (Westring) and Pardosa palustris (L.) (Lycosidae) and three species of sheet-web weavers Erigone atra (Blackwall), Erigone dentipalpis (Wider) and Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) (Linyphiidae). The identity and average number of spiders collected in the traps over time between field border and center were compared revealing that the number of wolf spiders on the border did not differ significantly from the center. However, the sheet-web weavers expressed a consistent trend of slightly greater numbers in the field's center compared to the border. Computation of the dispersion index (after Morisita) indicates aggregated patterns throughout the field for both Lycosidae and Linyphiidae caught in the pitfall traps. The combined number of spider individuals showed an overall increase as the season progressed. Over 12000 spiders were collected from the 2 ha winter wheat field by means of 45 (7 cm diam.) pitfall traps in less than 3 months, whereby this high number is providing additional evidence for previous work reported in the literature of winter wheat field colonization by large numbers of spiders. The capacity of soil surface spiders to build up these high numbers, potentially consuming field crop insect pests at elevated rates suggests that they may play a significant role as natural control agents. The effectiveness of these spiders as natural enemies may be limited only by their apparently low feeding frequency reflecting a low rate of metabolism.
Theoretical And Practical Aspects Of Cryogenic-Multiplex Spectroscopy

Refrigeration of the optics of a spectroradiometer equipped with a low background detector can greatly improve the radiometric sensitivity of the radiometer when observing optically thin or other weak sources. The well known advantages of multiplex spectroscopy, for example by use of a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) of the Michelson type, in general still apply. Because of the nature of the sianals from the FTS, the existing data base for low background detectors has however only limited applicability in predicting the performance in an FTS for low background conditions. A discussion of the various noise and error sources that affect performance and some practical solutions minimizing their effect (applicable to a Michelson Interferometer operating at a useful resolution and scan rates) will be presented. Results obtained with a number of cryogenic Michelson interferometers in a variety of applications will also be presented.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and Characterization of mAMSA-hypersensitive Mutants CYTOTOXICITY OF Top2 COVALENT COMPLEXES CONTAINING DNA SINGLE STRAND BREAKS

Topoisomerase II (Top2) is the primary target for active anti-cancer agents. We developed an efficient approach for identifying hypersensitive Top2 mutants and isolated a panel of mutants in yeast Top2 conferring hypersensitivity to the intercalator N-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl]methanesulphonanilide (mAMSA). Some mutants conferred hypersensitivity to etoposide as well as mAMSA, whereas other mutants exhibited hypersensitivity only to mAMSA. Two mutants in Top2, changing Pro473 to Leu and Gly737 to Val, conferred extraordinary hypersensitivity to mAMSA and were chosen for further characterization. The mutant proteins were purified, and their biochemical activities were assessed. Both mutants encode enzymes that are hypersensitive to inhibition by mAMSA and other intercalating agents and exhibited elevated levels of mAMSA-induced Top2:DNA covalent complexes. While Gly737 → Val Top2p generated elevated levels of Top2-mediated double strand breaks in vitro, the Pro473 → Leu mutant protein showed only a modest increase in Top2-mediated double strand breaks but much higher levels of Top2-mediated single strand breaks. In addition, the Pro473 → Leu mutant protein also generated high levels of mAMSA-stabilized covalent complexes in the absence of ATP. We tested the role of single strand cleavage in cell killing with alleles of Top2 that could generate single strand breaks, but not double strand breaks. Expression in yeast of a Pro473 → Leu mutant that could only generate single strand breaks conferred hypersensitivity to mAMSA. These results indicate that generation of single strand breaks by Top2-targeting agents can be an important component of cell killing by Top2-targeting drugs.
Developmental changes in molecular forms of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin in the anterior pituitary gland of humans

In extracts of anterior pituitary tissue obtained at autopsy of fetal, infant, and adult humans, five molecular forms of immunoreactive ACTH (ACTHi) were detected that had apparent molecular weights of approximately 4044, 30-34, 24-28, 16-18, and 4.5 kilodaltons (K). The relative proportion of each molecular form of ACTHi was similar in tissues that were extracted at the time of autopsy and in tissues that were stored frozen (-20 degrees C) for up to 2 years prior to extraction. We found that 40-44K ACTHi comprised a significantly greater proportion of total ACTHi in fetuses (12.3+/-3.5%) than in adults (3.8+/-0.8%); intermediate amounts of this form of ACTHi (8.0+/-4.1%) were found in tissues obtained from infants. On the other hand, the proportion of 4.5 K ACTHi in fetal pituitaries (67 %) was less than that in those of adults (84 %). The ratio of 40-44/30-34K ACTHi was significantly greater (P<0.001) in fetuses (1.46+/-0.12) and infants (1.31+/-0.07) than in adults (0.52+/-0.07). The ontogenetic differences in molecular forms of pituitary ACTHi are thought to reflect alterations in the processing of proopiomelanocortin as a function of human development.
Late Atokan Brachiopod Biostratigraphy, Bird Spring Group, Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada: ABSTRACT

Pennsylvanian rocks at Arrow Canyon have been proposed as a stratotype for the base and top of the Pennsylvanian System and for the "Atokan" Series. Fusulinaceans and conodonts document an essentially continuous biostratigraphic succession, and detailed petrographic descriptions have been published. Systematic descriptions and local ranges for the extensive and biostratigraphically significant brachiopod fauna are, as yet, unpublished. This report on brachiopods from the Zone of Fusulinella is part of an ongoing investigation of the Arrow Canyon invertebrate fauna being conducted at the University of Illinois. Materials under study include about 1,000 weathered-free specimens, and silicified material etched from about 500 pounds of matrix. Twenty-eight taxa have been iden ified, most notably a new species of Brasilioproductus Mendes, a genus previously known only from the Amazon basin. Ranges of Spiriferellina ceres, Antiquatonia hermosana, Neochonetes dominus, Cleiothyridina milleri, and Rhipidomella elyensis are here extended into the late "Atokan." Composita trinuclea, characteristically Mississippian, also occurs. Biostratigraphic correlation with both the southern Rocky Mountain region and Ohio is strong. Midcontinental correlations are less firm, probably because Atokan rocks in that area are poorly fossiliferous. End_of_Article - Last_Page 489------------
Adventures on the C3H5O potential energy surface: OH+propyne, OH+allene and related reactions

We mapped out the stationary points and the corresponding conformational space on the C3H5O potential energy surface relevant for the OH + allene and OH + propyne reactions systematically and automatically using the KinBot software at the UCCSD(T)-F12b/cc-pVQZ-F12//M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. We used RRKM-based 1-D master equations to calculate pressure- and temperature-dependent, channel-specific phenomenological rate coefficients for the bimolecular reactions propyne + OH and allene + OH, and for the unimolecular decomposition of the CH3CCHOH, CH3C(OH)CH, CH2CCH2OH, CH2C(OH)CH2 primary adducts, and also for the related acetonyl, propionyl, 2-methylvinoxy, and 3-oxo-1-propyl radicals. The major channel of the bimolecular reactions at high temperatures is the formation propargyl + H2O, which makes the title reactions important players in soot formation at high temperatures. However, below ~1000 K the chemistry is more complex, involving the competition of stabilization, isomerization and dissociation processes. We found that the OH addition to the central carbon of allene has a particularly interesting and complex pressure dependence, caused by the low-lying exit channel to form ketene + CH3 bimolecular products. In this study, we compared our results to a wide range of experimental data and assessed possible uncertainties arising from certain aspects of the theoretical framework.
Integration of Information Literacy Components into a Large First-Year Lecture-Based Chemistry Course

A first-year chemistry course is ideal for introducing students to finding and using scholarly information early in their academic careers. A four-pronged approach (lectures, homework problems, videos, and model solutions) was used to incorporate library research skills into a large lecture-based course. Pre- and post-course surveying demonstrated this to be effective and scalable way to teach these life-long skills, requiring minimal additional effort and time on the part of the lecturer.
Emerging electronic library services and the idea of location independence

IN THE LAST DECADE, many academic libraries have installed online public access catalogs (OPACS). Recently, many of them have begun to provide users with dial-up access and access across various networks, including the Internet. As these connections have multiplied, the combination of electronic library services and connections across high-speed telecommunications networks have begun to transform both the use of library resources and the way in which users and librarians perceive the library. This paper focuses on means and issues associated with the development of what Kibbey and Evans have termed “location independence” (Kibbey and Evans, 1989, p. 16), and it suggests how remote access to library resources may prove of special benefit to scholars in the humanities and other areas of scholarship highly reliant on library services.
First aid using hypnosis: a clinical note.

Abstract Hypnotic suggestions which focused on an automobile accident victim's breathing were used successfully to restore his breathing following stoppage and to relax his hands to permit removal of his seatbelt. Whether the victim was actually in a hypnotic state, whether breathing would have resumed without suggestions, whether his hands actually did relax, and implications for hypnosis as a tool in first aid are considered.
Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Clues to host involvement in human carcinogenesis.

Background. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm of uncertain biologic behavior. It rarely occurs as the primary disease and exists most often in association with high grade, invasive tumors. The unfavorable prognosis ascribed to CIS may not be due to tumor-related factors but to low host resistance or to host-tumor relationships established for previous or coincident invasive cancers. The scant available evidence indicates that a large proportion of patients with primary CIS have a low frequency of muscle invasion and death from disease. Methods. Of 2000 patients with bladder neoplasms in our pathology files and tumor registry, 102 had CIS confirmed on histologic review. There were 29 cases of primary CIS and 73 cases of secondary CIS. These cases were compared, with an emphasis on patient outcome. Results. The data indicate that primary and secondary CIS are histologically identical lesions whose effect on patients is related mainly to the presence of multifocal disease, often associated with previous or coincident invasive cancers. Progression or death from disease is unusual among patients presenting with primary CIS but common among individuals with CIS associated with other bladder cancers. Conclusion. The authors suggest that the appearance of urothelial CIS identifies patients with at least localized resistance to the development of invasive bladder cancer. The degree of patient resistance to carcinogenic events leading to bladder carcinoma is manifested by the type, grade, and stage of their initial neoplasms.
New daily persistent headache: controversy in the diagnostic criteria.

New daily–persistent headache is a relatively uncommon type of chronic daily headache. The critical features of the original description and the subsequent Silberstein-Lipton description was the onset: daily headache starts abruptly without a background of frequent or worsening headache. In 2004, the International Headache Society classification committee excluded an abundance of migrainous features. The exclusion of patients with too many migrainous features from the International Headache Society classification was contentious from the onset and is a source of consternation for many headache experts. Many contend that the sudden onset of a daily headache raises the same issue of what turned on the headache, irrespective of the headache features. Switch-related questions about predisposing factors or precipitating events are equally valid regardless of how many migrainous features the patient has. The differential diagnosis, treatment response, or prognoses do not vary by the number of migrainous features. The current International Headache Society definition excludes more than half of patients with new onset of daily headache. This exclusion due to migrainous features could have adverse scientific, diagnostic, and treatment consequences.
OVERGRAZING IN PASTORAL AREAS

UMMARY The tragedy of the commons concept as popularized by Garrett Hardin places the blame for desertification and overgrazing in pastoral areas upon the land tenure system. Common ownership of pastureland is seen as the major culprit. Examination of ethnographic literature does not reveal a close relationship between common ownership of pastures and resource depletion. Where large numbers of people share a pasture with low but highly variable yields, common ownership is the most desirable form of land tenure. There are many situations where common pastures have been properly managed. Examples from Switzerland, Peru and Africa are presented. These examples illustrate the basic characteristics of a properly managed common grazing system. Collective ownership of land can under these circumstances facilitate livestock development rather than impede it. RESUME La tragedie des terres communales - concept popularise par Garret Hardin - situe la responsabilite de la desertification et du surpaturage dans les zones pastorales au niveau du systeme de propriete de la terre. La propriete commune des paturages est consideree comme la cause majeure. Un examen de la litterature ethnographique ne confirme pas une relation evidente entre cette propriete commune et un epuisement des ressources. Aux endroits ou un grand nombre de gens partagent un paturage dont les rendements sont bas mais tres variables, cette propriete commune apparait comme la meilleure forme d'utilisation de la terre. Il y a d'ailleurs de nombreux cas ou ces paturages communs ont ete correctement organises; des exemples de Suisse, du Perou et d'Afrique sont decrits. Ils montrent les caracteristiques fondamentales d'un systeme bien organise de paturage collectif: dans ces conditions, un usage collectif de la terre peut faciliter la croissance du cheptel plutot que l'empecher. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das von Garrett Hardin verbreitete Konzept der Tragodie der Gemeinschaftsweiden macht die Bodeneigentumsverhaltnisse fur Verwustung und Uberweidung von Weidegebieten verantwortlich. Gemeinschaftliches Eigentum an Weideland wird als Hauptursache dafur angesehen. Das Studium ethnographischer Literatur last dagegen keine enge Beziehung zwischen gemeinschaftlichem Eigentum und Zerstorung von naturlichen Resourcen erkennen. Dort, wo eine grose Zahl von Menschen sich ein Weidegebiet mit niedrigen, aber sehr stark variierenden Ertragen miteinander teilt, ist gemeinschaftliches Eigentum die bestgeeigneteste Bodeneigentumsform. Es gibt viele Gemeinschaftsweiden, die gut gefuhrt werden. Es werden Beispiele dafur aus der Schweiz, aus Peru und Afrika vorgestellt. Diese Beispiele zeigen die grundlegenden Merkmale eines gut gefuhrten gemeinschaftlichen Weidennutzungssystems auf. Gemeinschaftliches Bodeneigentum kann unter diesen Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Viehhaltung eher erleichtern als erschweren.
Film Cooling From a Single Row of Holes Oriented in Spanwise/Normal Planes

Experimental results are presented that describe the development and structure of flow downstream of a single row of film-cooling holes inclined at 30 deg from the test surface in spanwise/normal planes. With this configuration, holes are spaced 6d apart in the spanwise direction in a single row. Results are presented for a ratio of injectant density to free-stream density near 1.0, and injection blowing ratios from 0.5 to 1.5. Compared to results measured downstream of simple angle (streamwise) oriented holes, spanwise-averaged adiabatic effectiveness values are significantly higher for the same spanwise hole spacing, normalized streamwise location x/d, and blowing ratio m when m = 1.0 and 1.5 for x/d < 80. The injectant from the spanwise/normal holes is also less likely to lift off of the test surface than injectant from simple angle holes. This is because lateral components of momentum keep higher concentrations of injectant in closer proximity to the surface. As a result, local adiabatic effectiveness values show significantly greater spanwise variations and higher local maxima at locations immediately downstream of the holes. Spanwise-averaged iso-energetic Stanton number ratios range between 1.07 and 1.26, which are significantly higher than values measured downstream of two other injection configurations (one of more » which is simple angle, streamwise holes) when compared at the same x/d and blowing ratio. « less
An example-based motion synthesis technique for locomotion and object manipulation

We synthesize natural-looking locomotion, reaching and grasping for a virtual character in order to accomplish a wide range of movement and manipulation tasks in real time. Our virtual characters can move while avoiding obstacles, as well as manipulate arbitrarily shaped objects, regardless of height, location or placement in a virtual environment. Our characters can touch, reach and grasp objects while maintaining a high quality appearance. We demonstrate a system that combines these skills in an interactive setting suitable for interactive games and simulations.
In-channel transient storage and associated nutrient retention: Evidence from experimental manipulations

We examined the effect of in-channel flow obstructions such as vegetation and coarse woody debris (CWD) on transient storage and nutrient uptake by using experimental channel manipulations. Transient storage and nutrient uptake were measured under existing conditions in a vegetated agricultural stream and a shaded blackwater stream, and measurements were repeated after removal of vegetation and CWD. Removal of vegetation and CWD decreased transient storage area (As) by 61% and 43% in the agricultural and blackwater streams, respectively, and decreased the portion of median travel time owing to transient storage (Fmed) by 45% and 56%, respectively. Flow baffles were then added to create in-channel transient storage in both streams. Baffles increased As 227% and 119% for the agricultural and blackwater streams, respectively, and increased Fmed 309% and 132%, respectively. Ammonium and PO4 uptake for the blackwater stream, determined by using nutrient addition experiments and expressed as the mass transfer coefficient (Vf), decreased after CWD removal by 88% and 38%, respectively. Ammonium Vf in the blackwater stream increased 143-fold after baffles were installed, and PO 4 Vf increased from 21.7 to 53 mm min 21 . Nutrient uptake rates were not calculated for the agricultural stream because sediment disturbance inadvertently altered the sediment-water column nutrient equilibrium. Results from both streams demonstrate that in-channel transient storage, rather than hyporheic storage, can be a substantial portion of overall transient storage in streams. In-channel transient storage influenced nutrient uptake in a blackwater stream, although these results could not be corroborated with data from the agricultural stream. Eutrophication of riverine and estuarine water caused by anthropogenic nutrient loads is a nationally recognized threat to water quality (Howarth et al. 2002). Management of this problem requires knowledge of the biogeochemical processes that modify nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) within river networks. Up to 70% of the nitrogen load of a watershed can be removed during passage through a stream network (Seitzinger et al. 2002). Headwater streams are an especially important location of nutrient uptake in a river network and attenuate inorganic nutrient loads delivered downstream (Alexander et al. 2000; Peterson et al. 2001). Better understanding of the processes governing the transformation of nutrients along a river continuum requires knowledge of how physical features of stream channels influence hydrology and biologic processes. Coupling the biology and geomorphology of riverine ecosystems requires addressing two critical issues: (1) how physical stream features influence the temporary retention of solutes (transient storage), and (2) how 1
Recursive neural filters and dynamical range transformers

A recursive neural filter employs a recursive neural network to process a measurement process to estimate a signal process. This paper reviews and presents new results on recursive neural filters through introducing those based on a multilayer perceptron with output feedbacks and proposing dynamical range reducers and extenders for applications where the range of the measurement or signal process expands in time or is too large for the recurrent neural network to handle for the filtering resolution required. As opposed to the conventional analytic approach to deriving filter equations, recursive neural filters are synthesized from exemplary realizations of the signal and measurement processes, which are obtained by either computer simulations or actual experiments. No assumptions such as linear dynamics, Gaussian distribution, additive noise, and Markov property are required. A properly trained recursive neural filter with a proper architecture carries the most "informative" statistics in its dynamical state and approximates the optimal performance to any accuracy. The recursive neural filter is a massively parallel algorithm ideal for real-time implementation. Dynamical range reducers and extenders proposed are preprocessors and postprocessors of a recurrent neural network that, respectively, reduce the range of the exogenous input and extend that of the output of the recurrent neural network. While a dynamical range reducer reduces the exogenous input range by subtracting an estimate of the exogenous input from it, a dynamical range extender extends the output range by adding an estimate of the output to it. Three types of dynamical range reducer by estimate subtraction and five types of dynamical range extender by estimate addition are provided, which have different levels of effectiveness and computational costs. Selection from the different types for an application is determined by the tradeoff between the effectiveness and computational cost. Two types of dynamical range extender by estimate addition use an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to generate the added estimate. They can be viewed as methods of using a recursive neural filter only to make up the nonlinear part ignored by the EKF.
Assessing the similarity of surface linguistic features related to epilepsy across pediatric hospitals

Objective The constant progress in computational linguistic methods provides amazing opportunities for discovering information in clinical text and enables the clinical scientist to explore novel approaches to care. However, these new approaches need evaluation. We describe an automated system to compare descriptions of epilepsy patients at three different organizations: Cincinnati Children's Hospital, the Children's Hospital Colorado, and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. To our knowledge, there have been no similar previous studies. Materials and methods In this work, a support vector machine (SVM)-based natural language processing (NLP) algorithm is trained to classify epilepsy progress notes as belonging to a patient with a specific type of epilepsy from a particular hospital. The same SVM is then used to classify notes from another hospital. Our null hypothesis is that an NLP algorithm cannot be trained using epilepsy-specific notes from one hospital and subsequently used to classify notes from another hospital better than a random baseline classifier. The hypothesis is tested using epilepsy progress notes from the three hospitals. Results We are able to reject the null hypothesis at the 95% level. It is also found that classification was improved by including notes from a second hospital in the SVM training sample. Discussion and conclusion With a reasonably uniform epilepsy vocabulary and an NLP-based algorithm able to use this uniformity to classify epilepsy progress notes across different hospitals, we can pursue automated comparisons of patient conditions, treatments, and diagnoses across different healthcare settings.
Smart read/write for MPI-IO

We present a case for automating the selection of MPI-IO performance optimizations, with an ultimate goal to relieve the application programmer from these details, thereby improving their productivity. Programmers productivity has always been overlooked as compared to the performance optimizations in high performance computing community. In this paper we present RFSA, a Reduced Function Set Abstraction based on an existing parallel programming interface (MPI-IO) for I/O. MPI-IO provides high performance I/O function calls to the scientists/engineers writing parallel programs; who are required to use the most appropriate optimization of a specific function, hence limits the programmer productivity. Therefore, we propose a set of reduced functions with an automatic selection algorithm to decide what specific MPI-IO function to use. We implement a selection algorithm for I/O functions like read, write, etc. RFSA replaces 6 different flavors of read and write functions by one read and write function. By running different parallel I/O benchmarks on both medium-scale clusters and NERSC supercomputers, we show that RFSA functions impose minimal performance penalties.
Cross talk in wavelength-multiplexed holographic memories

The cross talk between wavelength-multiplexed holograms is analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is calculated for a recording schedule that places the center of each image at the null (in wavelength space) of the adjacent hologram. An asymptotic closed-form expression for the minimum SNR is derived in a general reflection geometry. The reflection geometry with counterpropagating signal and reference beams is shown to have the best SNR.
The Pulaski Site

The Pulaski Site was discovered in 1993 by the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit during the first field season of the System-wide Archaeological Inventory Program (SAIP). In that year it was decided that the Submerged Cultural Resources Unit would concentrate on those shallow-water reef areas that represented high-risk zones to shipping and were therefore likely to contain numerous wrecks. Three high-risk zones were identified and targeted to be surveyed: South Loggerhead Reef, the reefs sputh of Bird Key Harbor, and Pulaski Reef.
Application of a Cross-Shore Profile Evolution Model to Barred Beaches

Abstract A cross-shore profile evolution model, Uniform Beach Sediment Transport-Time-Averaged Cross-Shore (UNIBEST-TC), is used in the present study. The model was developed at WL/Delft hydraulic laboratory in the Netherlands and comprises a conglomerate of submodels representing identified processes of cross-shore sediment transport. Validation of UNIBEST-TC was carried out using the collected field data at the Egmond site in the Netherlands and at the Duck site in the US. The model is capable of predicting wave height and wave direction for both sites (Egmond site and Duck site). The prediction of long-shore current is reasonable for the Egmond site, but it is unsatisfactory for the Duck site. The difference between the measured and the predicted values for long-shore current and cross-shore current is partly due to the difference between the measured values, which are at a certain depth, and the predicted values that are depth-averaged velocity. Beside that, the turbulence in the breaker zone leads to...
Transfusion Induced Bone Marrow Transplant Rejection Due to Minor Histocompatibility Antigens

Traditionally, alloimmunization to transfused blood products has focused exclusively on recipient antibodies recognizing donor alloantigens present on the cell surface. Accordingly, the immunologic sequelae of alloimmunization have been antibody mediated effects (ie, hemolytic transfusion reactions, platelet refractoriness, anti-HLA and anti-HNA effects, etc). However, in addition to the above sequelae, there is also a correlation between the number of antecedent transfusions in humans and the rate of bone marrow transplant (BMT) rejection-under reduced intensity conditioning with HLA-matched or HLA-identical marrow. Bone marrow transplant of this nature is the only existing cure for a series of nonmalignant hematologic diseases (eg, sickle cell disease, thalassemias, etc); however, rejection remains a clinical problem. It has been hypothesized that transfusion induces subsequent BMT rejection through immunization. Studies in animal models have observed the same effect and have demonstrated that transfusion-induced BMT rejection can occur in response to alloimmunization. However, unlike traditional antibody responses, sensitization in this case results in cellular immune effects, involving populations such as T cell or natural killer cells. In this case, rejection occurs in the absence of alloantibodies and would not be detected by existing immune-hematologic methods. We review human and animal studies in light of the hypothesis that, for distinct clinical populations, enhanced rejection of BMT may be an unappreciated adverse consequence of transfusion, which current blood bank methodologies are unable to detect.
Immunoreconstitution by Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in Adenosine Deaminase-deficient Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

A B S T RA C T Transplantation of histocompatible allogeneic peripheral blood leukocytes resulted in successful reconstitution of an adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient, severe combined immune-deficient patient. Erythrocyte transfusions before the transplant were associated with a rise of serum immunoglobulin concentration to normal without improvement in T cell function. The patient received 5 x 107 peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes/kg obtained from the histocompatible father by leukopheresis. 3 wk after the transplant the lymphocyte count, proportion of E rosetting lymphocytes, and the ADA content of the patient's mononuclear leukocytes became normal while the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenic responses improved and became normal 52 d after the transplant. Antibody response to diphtheria immunization and response to naturally acquired herpes simplex infection were normal while isohemagglutinins progressively increased. Immunization with a neoantigen, bacteriophage OX 174, resulted in a small but definite antibody response but no amplification of the response after secondary immunization. A positive reaction to a skin test for Candida albicans developed. Erythrocyte deoxy ATP (dATP) concentration decreased during the course of erythrocyte transfusions. 9 mo after the transplant, the erythrocyte dATP was elevated to twice pretransfusion levels while mononuclear leukocyte dATP varied from normal to elevated during the first 4 mo of the posttransplant
The Effect of Context on Responses to Racially-ambiguous Faces: Changes in Perception and Evaluation

Reactions to individuals who possess features associated with multiple racial groups may be particularly susceptible to external contextual influences, leading to meaningfully different racial perceptions and judgments in different situations. In the present study, we found that an extrinsic race-label cue not only changed evaluative associations activated by a racially ambiguous face, but also changed quickly occurring neural responses sensitive to racial perception. Behaviorally, prototypical Black faces and racially ambiguous faces labeled as Black activated more negative implicit associations than prototypical White faces and racially ambiguous faces labeled as White. Neurally, prototypical faces and racially ambiguous faces cued with the same race elicited similar responses. Specifically, prototypical Black and racially ambiguous faces labeled as Black elicited larger P200s but smaller N200s than prototypical White and racially ambiguous faces labeled as White. These results show that racial perception can be changed by an external cue and this, in turn, influences subsequent evaluative reactions.
The effects of controversy, concurrence seeking, and individualistic learning on achievement and attitude change

The effects of cooperative-controversy, cooperative-concurrence seeking, and individualistic learning were compared on motivation, achievement, and attitudes toward the science subject being studied. Eighty-four fifth-grade students were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for sex and reading ability. In all three conditions students studied whether wolves should or should not be a protected species. The results indicate that cooperative-controversy resulted in the highest achievement, greatest motivation to learn more about wolves, more positive attitudes toward the wolf, and more positive attitudes toward controversy.
Quantifying capacity loss due to solid-electrolyte-interphase layer formation on silicon negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract Charge lost per unit surface area of a silicon electrode due to the formation of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer during initial lithiation was quantified, and the species that constitute this layer were identified. Coin cells made with Si thin-film electrodes were subjected to a combination of galvanostatic and potentiostatic lithiation and delithiation cycles to accurately measure the capacity lost to SEI layer formation. While the planar geometry of amorphous thin films allows accurate calculation of surface area, creation of additional surface by cracking was prevented by minimizing the thickness of the Si film. The cycled electrodes were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the composition of the SEI layer. The charge lost due to SEI formation measured from coin cell experiments was found to be in good agreement with the first-cycle capacity loss during the initial lithiation of a Si(100) crystal with planar geometry. The methodology presented in this work is expected to provide a useful practical tool for battery-material developers in estimating the expected capacity loss due to first cycle SEI layer formation and in choosing an appropriate particle size distribution that balances mechanical integrity and the first cycle capacity loss in large volume expansion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.
The Subsequent Pregnancy after Stillbirth: Anticipatory Parenthood in the Face of Uncertainty

Interviews were conducted with fifteen couples who had experienced a previous neonatal death and a subsequent successful pregnancy. Discussions focused on the stresses that were unique to the subsequent pregnancy, and parental adaptation to them. Results show that parents experienced markedly increased anxiety that was difficult for them to manage. Parental coping involved vigilant exploration of possible negative outcomes, and a withdrawal from outward signs of investment in the pregnancy. This did not appear to impair adaptation to parenthood, however, although anxiety regarding the child's health continued for several months after delivery. Implications of these findings for clinicians are discussed.
Colors, Functions, Realizers, and Roles

You may speak of a chain, or if you please, a net. An analogy is of little aid. Each cause brings about future events. Without each the future would not be the same. Each is proximate in the sense it is essential. But that is not what we mean by the word. Nor on the other hand do we mean sole cause. There is no such thing. — Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R. Co., 248 N.Y. 339, 351-52, 162 N.E. 99, 103 (1928) (Andrews, J., dissenting).
δ/ω-Plectoxin-Pt1a: An Excitatory Spider Toxin with Actions on both Ca2+ and Na+ Channels

The venom of spider Plectreurys tristis contains a variety of peptide toxins that selectively target neuronal ion channels. O-palmitoylation of a threonine or serine residue, along with a characteristic and highly constrained disulfide bond structure, are hallmarks of a family of toxins found in this venom. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new toxin, δ/ω-plectoxin-Pt1a, from this spider venom. It is a 40 amino acid peptide containing an O-palmitoylated Ser-39. Analysis of δ/ω-plectoxin-Pt1a cDNA reveals a small precursor containing a secretion signal sequence, a 14 amino acid N-terminal propeptide, and a C-terminal amidation signal. The biological activity of δ/ω-plectoxin-Pt1a is also unique. It preferentially blocks a subset of Ca2+ channels that is apparently not required for neurotransmitter release; decreases threshold for Na+ channel activation; and slows Na+ channel inactivation. As δ/ω-plectoxin-Pt1a enhances synaptic transmission by prolonging presynaptic release of neurotransmitter, its effects on Na+ and Ca2+ channels may act synergistically to sustain the terminal excitability.
Protection against Bacteremic Pneumococcal Infection by Antibody to Pneumolysin

Pneumolysin is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This study examined the hypothesis that human antibody to pneumolysin provides protection against pneumococcal infection. At the time of hospital admission, patients with nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia had higher levels of serum anti-pneumolysin IgG than did patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia or uninfected control subjects. IgG levels rose significantly during convalescence in patients with bacteremic pneumonia, reaching levels observed in nonbacteremic patients. Purified human anti-pneumolysin IgG protected mice against intraperitoneal challenge with S. pneumoniae types 1 or 4 in a dose-related fashion; mice that received anti-pneumolysin IgG had a greater likelihood of surviving challenge and had negative blood cultures. Pneumolysin damages epithelial cells and inhibits phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. One hypothesis that might explain the study results is that, early in infection, IgG to pneumolysin blocks these effects in the alveoli, thereby protecting the host against bacteremic pneumococcal disease.
Electron Oscillations with a Triple-Grid Tube

An arrangement is described for producing ultra-short waves with a triple-grid tube. The data show that a type'89 triple-grid tube is a most satisfactory oscillator at a wavelength of about one and one-half meters. Experimental and theoretical considerations show that the oscillation produced by the triple-grid tube is of the well-known Barkhausen-Kurz and Gill-Morrell type.
Some Aspects of Chemical Kinetics in Chapman-Jouguet Detonation: Induction Length Analysis

Theine uenceofcomplex chemicalkineticson theinductionlength inChapman‐ Jouguetdetonationwasstudied, with emphases on hydrogen chemistry and applications in pulse detonation engines (PDEs). Problems studied include the role of branching‐ termination reactions on the overall reaction rate, the reduction of the detailed hydrogen oxidation mechanism to simpler ones without compromising comprehensiveness of description, the coupled ine uence of chemical reactivity and the upstream speed of sound on ignition, and the use of hydrogen as a potential ignition enhancer. Results show that the presence of the pressure-sensitive and temperature-insensitive three-body termination reactions can signie cantly prolong the ignition delay, that an operation map for PDE operation can be constructed based on the crossover temperature so that operation regimes with excessively long ignition delays can be avoided, and that while the extent of chemistry reduction for the hydrogen/air PDE system depends on the degree of parametric comprehensiveness required, a two-step reduced mechanism appears to be adequatefornear-stoichiometricdescriptions.Furthermore,itisdemonstratedthatthebenee tofthefasthydrogen chemistryismoderatedbyhydrogen’ shighspeedofsound,whichreducesthedetonationMachnumberandthereby the postshock temperature.
Leadership and Strategy: A Comparison of the Outcomes and Institutional Designs of the Alameda Corridor and Alameda Corridor East Projects

This research examines and compares the development of two large-scale projects in Southern California, the Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority (ACTA) and the Alameda Corridor East (ACE), sharing a number of features for useful paired comparison: Similar political institutions at the regional and local levels, the same ports, the same private sector railroad parties, a similar regional purpose.This paper uses a specific model of strategy to consider a set of outcomes designated the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) as a framework that can be applied across different projects and regions. The TBL framework tests the strategy model for explanatory power, for the criteria needed for large scale projects to move forward. This model makes explicit the strategic components of each project that advance a triple bottom line as three distinct outcomes: Increased freight velocity (efficiency), improved air quality and reduced traffic congestion (environment), community protection and safety (equity).
Cyclosporine A Prior to Primary PCI in STEMI Patients: The Coup de Grâce to Post-Conditioning?∗

One major predictor of morbidity and mortality after a myocardial infarction is infarct size (IS). Early revascularization, with the aim of re-establishing coronary flow, is indeed the best available treatment, provided that it is implemented early enough after coronary artery occlusion. However, in
The Sovereign and its Shadow: Constituent Assembly and Indigenous Movement in Ecuador

A crucial development in current Latin American politics is the growing involvement of indigenous movements in democracies grappling with the challenges of regime consolidation. This article examines how Ecuador's indigenous movement consecrated new rights and national constitutive principles in the 1997–8 constitutional assembly. It argues that the indigenous movement defined the legitimacy and purpose of the assembly through an ideological struggle with other political actors, in turn shaping the context and content of constitutional reforms in Ecuador. The article concludes that softening the boundary between ‘cultural politics’ and ‘institutional politics’ is necessary in order to understand the impact of social movements in Latin America.
Environmental implications of nanoparticle aging in the processing and fate of copper-based nanomaterials.

Copper nanomaterials are being used in a large number of commercial products because these materials exhibit unique optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Metallic copper nanoparticles, which often have a thin surface oxide layer, can age in the ambient environment and become even more oxidized over time. These aged nanoparticles will then have different properties compared to the original nanoparticles. In this study, we have characterized three different types of copper-based nanoparticle (NP) samples designated as Cu(new) NPs, Cu(aged) NPs, and CuO NPs that differ in the level of oxidation. The solution phase behavior of these three copper-based nanoparticle samples is investigated as a function of pH and in the presence and absence of two common, complexing organic acids, citric and oxalic acid. The behavior of these three copper-based NP types shows interesting differences. In particular, Cu(aged) NPs exhibit unique chemistry including oxide phases that form and surface adsorption properties. ...
Physicochemical and thermal properties for a series of 1-alkyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids.

Physicochemical properties and long-term thermal stabilities are reported for a series of 1-alkyl-4-methyl-1,2,4-triazolium [NTf2] ionic liquids, and a Walden plot analysis was conducted in order to determine the ionicity of these materials. In general, viscosities were found to increase with increasing alkyl chain length while densities and molar conductivities were found to decrease. The 1,2,4-triazolium ionic liquids were classified as “good” ionic liquids after analysis of the Walden plot; however, they did not perform as well as the standard imidazolium ionic liquid [bmim][NTf2]. Thermal properties from DSC and TGA experiments were also completed. 1,2,4-Triazolium ionic liquids with an alkyl chain length of octyl (C8) or less exhibited a single Tg transition below −70 °C; however, the decyl (C10) and dodecyl (C12) systems exhibited a Tm value. No correlation between Tonset or Td5% and alkyl chain length was observed during short-term, temperature-ramped TGA experiments. However, long-term, isothermal...
Relationship between pheromone-trap catches and sunset temperatures during the spring flight to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) infestations in walnuts

Relationship between codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), pheromone trap catch, sunset temperature, walnut development, and number of subsequently infested walnuts was investigated in several California walnut orchards during 1982 through 1984. A significant relationship between trap catches and numbers of infested nuts was observed during individual years, but no significant relationship between any of the factors was detected when orchard data from different years were analyzed together.
Fawkescoin a cryptocurrency without public-key cryptography

We present, Fawkescoin, a simple cryptocurrency using no public-key cryptography. Our proposal utilizes the distributed consensus mechanism of Bitcoin but for transactions replaces Bitcoin’s ECDSA signatures with hash-based Guy Fawkes signatures. While this introduces a number of complexities, it demonstrates that a distributed cryptocurrency is in fact possible with only symmetric cryptographic operations with no dramatic loss of efficiency overall and several efficiency gains.
The superimposed effects of chronic phrenicotomy and cervical spinal cord hemisection on glial cytoarchitecture in the rat phrenic nucleus.

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of chronic phrenicotomy on spinal hemisection-induced morphological plasticity occurring in the phrenic nucleus. Young adult rats were divided into a hemisection-alone and two hemisection-plus-phrenicotomy (HPP) groups. HPP animals received a left phrenicotomy two or four weeks prior to sacrificing; whereas hemisection-alone animals did not. All animals received a left C2 spinal hemisection 24 hours prior to death. Quantitative morphometric analysis of the phrenic nucleus showed significant reductions in phrenic dendritic size and the number of dendrodendritic appositions in HPP (two week) animals and in the length of dendrodendritic appositions in HPP (four week) animals. Significant increases in microglial area fraction in HPP (two week) animals and in astroglia area fraction in HPP (four week) animals were also detected. The results suggest that the alterations in the spinal hemisection-induced dendrodendritic apposition formation is most likely...