cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shadow prices and substitution in trade distorted economies

Abstract This paper derives simple and operational shadow pricing rules in a three-sector, three-factor general equilibrium model incorporating nontraded goods. Under the Little-Mirrlees method, if a single simple and empirically plausible condition is satisfied, the accounting ratio for land will exceed unity and those for capital and labor will lie below unity. If this condition is not satisfied or cannot be verified, it is still possible to fix some accounting ratios above or below unity just from knowledge of the signs of substitution patterns in consumption and factor intensity patterns in production. Guidelines are also derived for setting the shadow prices of nontraded goods or quota restricted imports. It is shown that the alternative, domestic price method generally yields less useful guidelines than the Little-Mirrlees method.
Comparative in-vitro activity of the new fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against Gram-positive cocci

The in-vitro activities of the new fluoroquinolone trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) and ciprofloxacin were determined against 225 Gram-positive cocci. Trovafloxacin was 4-32 fold more active than ciprofloxacin against staphylococci and streptococci and also showed greater activity against enterococci including vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis that were highly resistant to aminoglycosides and/or produced beta-lactamase. Trovafloxacin was also bactericidal at 3 mg/L against enterococci except for isolates for which the MICs were > or = 2 mg/L.
Phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by an endogenous tyrosine-specific protein kinase.

Abstract Postsynaptic membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo californica, rich in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, were shown to contain an endogenous tyrosine protein kinase. This endogenous kinase phosphorylated three major proteins with molecular masses corresponding to 50 kDa, 60 kDa, and 65 kDa. The phosphorylation of these three proteins occurred exclusively on tyrosine residues under the experimental conditions used and was abolished by 0.1% Nonidet P-40 and stimulated by Mn2+. The 50-kDa, and 60-kDa, and 65-kDa phosphoproteins were demonstrated to be the beta, gamma, and delta subunits, respectively, of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by purification of the phosphorylated receptor using affinity chromatography. The endogenous tyrosine kinase specifically phosphorylated the beta, gamma, and delta subunits rapidly to a final stoichiometry of approximately equal to 0.5 mol of phosphate per mol of sub-unit. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of the phosphorylated beta, gamma, and delta subunits, after limit proteolysis with trypsin or thermolysin, indicated that each subunit was phosphorylated on a single site. Locations are proposed for the amino acid residues phosphorylated on the receptor by the tyrosine-specific protein kinase and by two other protein kinases (cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C) which phosphorylate the receptor.
Interstitial Fluid Pressure: II. Pressure-Volume Curves of Interstitial Space

Pressure-volume curves of the interstitial fluid spaces were estimated using four different methods. Interstitial fluid pressure was measured from implanted perforated capsules while interstitial fluid volume was varied (a) by perfusing the isolated hind limb of the dog with several types of fluid and at different perfusion pressures, (b) by elevating the venous pressure so that fluid would transude into the interstitial compartment, (c) by infusing large quantities of Tyrode's solution into the whole animal, and (d) by intravenous infusion of concentrated dextran solution. In all these studies, the compliance of the interstitial fluid system was found to be very low when the interstitial fluid pressure was negative but very high when the pressure rose slightly above atmospheric pressure. A physical model of the interstitial spaces was also constructed. Pressure-volume curves recorded from this model demonstrated a pattern of compliance changes similar to that shown by the interstitial pressure-volume curves recorded from dogs. These experiments give further support to the concept that the interstitial fluid pressure is normally negative but becomes positive as edema fluid accumulates.
Appropriation of funds for anti‐ballistic missile defense: a dynamic model

Purpose – The results of the November 2004 US elections suggest that the initial missile defense capabilities fielded in 2004 will be developed and expanded during the next 4 years. This process will require a significant amount of money, and therefore, the problem of optimal allocation of funds becomes relevant.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the author presents a theoretical dynamic model for appropriation of funds for developing and deploying defensive systems and maintaining/modernizing offensive systems such as the country's security to be optimized. The offensive systems are regarded as state variables, and the defensive systems as control variables. The criterion of performance consists in the minimization of the number of incoming missiles which cannot be destroyed by the defensive systems. The optimal solutions are calculated by using the Pontryaguine principle.Findings – One observes that depending on the impact of the development of missile defense systems on the modernization of o...
A polynomial algorithm for the parity path problem on perfectly orientable graphs

Abstract The parity path problem is to test if a graph contains an even (odd) chordless path between two prescribed vertices. A graph is called perfectly orientable if there exists an orientation of its edges such that the resulting digraph has no obstructions: an obstruction is a chordless path ( a , b , c , d ) having →ab and ←cd . We present a polynomial algorithm for the parity path problem on perfectly orientable graphs.
Industrial roles in the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) project

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) represents a major step toward realizing the benefits of magnetic fusion energy. Four international parties, the European Communities, Japan, the Russian Federation and the United States are collaborating on the design of ITER and the development of the relevant technology. Because the long range goal is to construct a demonstration reactor, and ultimately to develop fusion power on a commercial basis, there is worldwide emphasis on enhancing industrial involvement throughout the Engineering Design Activities (EDA).
The Solar Abundance of Silver.

Low noise, high resolution spectral scans have been obtained for the resonance lines of silver λ3280.7 and λ3382.9, observed at the centre of the solar disk. A double pass-monochromator is used in conjunction with the Snow telescope at Mount Wilson; the transparency of the sky is monitored during the observations in order to achieve required accuracy. The data are analyzed by the method of spectral synthesis wherein we employ a model atmosphere resembling Elste's (1968) model and checked by limb-darkening observations. The present kinematical model adopts a macroturbulent velocity of 2.2 km s−1 and no microturbulence. With this model line profiles can be reproduced without invoking implausibly large collisional damping constants. The silver abundance turns out to be {Ag}=log[N(Ag)/N(H)]+12;=0.85, a factor of four under the value found from the Type I carbonaceous chondrites.
EFFECT OF ESSENCE ENHANCEMENT AND STORAGE ON THE FLAVOR OF FROZEN CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE

Brix frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) were prepared using a commercially prepared 65° Brix Valencia frozen concentrated orange juice as a base product and essences produced by three different Florida commercial citrus processors. The essences differed in odor and flavor characteristics and chemical composition. Essence was added to twelve of the packs on the basis of total aldehydes. Each of the three essences was added to obtain levels of 5, 15, 30 and 45 mg/l of total essence aldehydes in the reconstituted juices. The 13th pack contained no essence and was used as a control. All packs had coldpressed Valencia orange oil added to a level of 0.019% v/v in the reconstituted products. The packs were stored at −22.2°C. Flavor evaluations were made by twelve experienced taste panelists after storage periods of 1.5, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 30 months. Results indicate that essences produced by different recovery systems are distinct and differ in their chemical composition and strength. In some cases there is an optimum level of essence that can be added to a juice to improve its flavor, and higher levels can lower its flavor quality. Storage at −22.2°C had no effect on the flavor of products containing essence as a flavor enhancement material.
Monomer diffusion into polymer domains in sickle hemoglobin

The gelation of sickle hemoglobin includes the formation of spherulitic arrays of polymers, known as polymer domains, which are an intrinsic result of the polymer formation mechanism. We have observed the diffusion of monomers into domains as they form, which substantially increases the total concentration of hemoglobin within the domain. The maximum total concentration attained is comparable with the pellet concentration of 0.5–0.55 g/cm3 obtained in sedimentation experiments. The half time for this process is approximately 50 s for domains of 25 microns radius, and is approximately independent of temperature. The shape of the diffusion progress curves as well as the deduced diffusion constants, and their weak temperature dependence are consistent with a simple model of hemoglobin monomer diffusion into the domain.
Vibrational analyses of N-substituted aziridines-I Carbonylbis(1-aziridine)

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of carbonylbis(l-aziridine), (CH2CH2N)2C0, and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea have been recorded. A complete assignment of the fundamental vibrational frequencies of carbonylbis(l-aziridine) has been made and a partial normal coordinate analysis was carried out to substantiate the assignment for the skeletal vibrations. Considerable mixing of several of the low frequency modes was found from the calculated potential energy distribution. The C2v symmetry assumed for the molecule was compatible with the observed spectra. The barrier to internal rotation about the C(O)-N bonds was calculated to be approximately 9 kcal mole based on the observed far-infrared frequency near 100 cm−1. The spectra of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea were recorded and a partial normal coordinate calculation was carried out to aid in the assignments for the skeletal vibrations of carbonylbis(1-aziridine).
Optical performance monitoring for reconfigurable optical networks

Optical performance monitoring might play a crucial role in enabling self-managed and reconfigurable high-performance optical networks. We will explore key motivating networking issues as well as potential monitoring techniques.
Evolution of Public Issues in Wildlife Management: How Social Networks and Issue Framing Change Through Time

We examined the evolution of four public wildlife management issues using theories from collective action, social networks, and social constructionism to understand key roles and perspectives among stakeholders engaged in collective actions related to wildlife management policies. We conducted semi-structured telephone interviews with 50 key stakeholders in four communities in New York State that experienced collective stakeholder interactions in the contexts of waterfowl hunting or wildlife trapping. Our results revealed that collective action coordinators and brokers, representing local/in-state regional organizations, were not initially involved in the disputes but became involved over time. These individuals reframed the public issue from original concerns over personal safety, private property rights, and spatial proximity to include concerns about humaneness of wildlife harvest activities and regulations. Stakeholder engagement strategies for managing the impacts from these initial interactions shou...
Histopathological and postoperative behavioral comparison of rodent oral tongue resection: fiber-enabled CO2 laser versus electrocautery.

Objective. To compare operative time and hemostasis of fiber-enabled CO2 laser (FECL) energy to that of the elec- trocautery (EC) technique for oral tongue resection, to compare return to oral intake and preoperative weight after FECL and EC resection, and to compare histologic changes in adjacent tissue after FECL and EC resection. Study Design. Prospective animal study. Setting. Research laboratory. Subjects and Methods. The CO2 laser fiber and the Bovie cautery were each used to resect the anterior tongue in 15 adult rats. Fixative perfusion and killing were performed on postoperative day 0 (n = 10), 3 (n = 10), or 7 (n = 10). Body weight, food intake, and water intake were recorded daily for 3- and 7-day survival rats. After preparation for his- tologic analysis, the tongue tissue was graded with a muco- sal wound-healing scale (MWHS). Results. A higher incidence of intraoperative bleeding and shorter operative times were noted in the EC group. No statistically significant difference in postoperative food or water intake between the EC and FECL groups was noted. The FECL group returned to baseline weight by postopera- tive day 6. MWHS scores were lower in the EC group by postoperative day 3 and lower in the FECL group by post- operative day 7. Conclusions. Both EC and FECL are effective for resection of the tongue in rats. EC has the advantage of shorter opera- tive time and lower MWHS scores by postoperative day 3; FECL has the advantages of less intraoperative bleeding, faster return to baseline body weight, and lower MWHS score by postoperative day 7.
On Chinese appositive relative clauses

There is currently no consensus in the literature with the respect to the semantic status of relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese. Some authors (Zhang 2001; Del Gobbo 2003, 2004, 2005) claim that relative clauses in Mandarin Chinese can only be interpreted as restrictives; others (see Lin 2003) instead maintain that relative clauses in this language can be both restrictive and appositive. In this paper, I claim that Chinese relative clauses modifying proper names and pronouns can indeed be appositive, but they are still crucially different from appositive relative clauses in English. Following Cinque’s (2006a, 2008a) distinction between “integrated appositive relative clauses” and “non-integrated” ones, I claim that Chinese appositive relatives belong to the class of the “integrated” ones. I furthermore propose that the typological difference between the “integrated” appositives and the “non-integrated” ones is due to the absence versus presence of the relative pronoun. Adopting Cinque’s (2006a, 2008a) theory of relativization, I propose a structure for Chinese relative clauses whereby c-command of the internal head of the relative is disallowed. This explains why the internal head of the Chinese relative clause can never be generated as a relative pronoun and, more generally, why overt relative pronouns are unavailable in prenominal relative clauses cross-linguistically. Last, the theory here outlined makes the strong empirical prediction that no prenominal relative clause can be appositive in the canonical sense.
SYMPATHY, DIFFERENCE, AND EDUCATION: SOCIAL UNITY IN THE WORK OF ADAM SMITH

In this article, I examine Adam Smith's theory of the ways individuals in society bridge social and biological difference. In doing so, I emphasize the divisive effects of gender, race, and class to see if Smith's account of social unity can overcome such fractious forces. My discussion uses the metaphor of “proximity” to mean both physical and psychological distance between moral actors and spectators. I suggest that education – both formal and informal in means – can assist moral judgment by helping agents minimize the effects of proximity, and, ultimately, learn commonality where difference may otherwise seem overwhelming. This article uses the methods of the history of philosophy in order to examine an issue within contemporary discourse. While I seek to offer an authentic reading of Smith representative of his eighteenth-century perspective, I do so with an eye towards determining the extent to which Smith anticipated central issues in modern multiculturalism.
Diagnostic spatial frequencies and human efficiency for discriminating actions

Humans extract visual information from the world through spatial frequency (SF) channels that are sensitive to different scales of light-dark fluctuations across visual space. Using two methods, we measured human SF tuning for discriminating videos of human actions (walking, running, skipping and jumping). The first, more traditional, approach measured signal-to-noise ratio (s/n) thresholds for videos filtered by one of six Gaussian band-pass filters ranging from 4 to 128 cycles/image. The second approach used SF “bubbles”, Willenbockel et al. (Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 36(1), 122–135, 2010), which randomly filters the entire SF domain on each trial and uses reverse correlation to estimate SF tuning. Results from both methods were consistent and revealed a diagnostic SF band centered between 12-16 cycles/image (about 1-1.25 cycles/body width). Efficiency on this task was estimated by comparing s/n thresholds for humans to an ideal observer, and was estimated to be quite low (>.04%) for both experiments.
Direct estimation of multidimensional perceptual distributions: assessing hue and form.

The procedures developed to assess the perceptual and decisional processes associated with detection in multidimensional space all require specialized statistical skills and analysis programs. The present article describes a regression model, designed to assess dimensional interactions, that is both computationally simpler and more accessible than those procedures. The paper validates the regression model by comparing the perceptual space associated with the detection of hue and form mapped by the regression model with that mapped by Kadlec and Townsend’s (1992a, 1992b) macro- and microanalyses. The results of both analyses showed that hue strongly influences the perception of form but that form only weakly influences the perception of hue. The parallel results of the two analyses suggest that the regression model is a valid alternative to multidimensional signal detection theory analysis.
Circumscriptive theories: A logic-based framework for knowledge representation

The use of circumscription for formalizing commonsense knowledge and reasoning requires that a circumscription policy be selected for each particular application: we should specify which predicates are circumscribed, which predicates and functions are allowed to vary, and what priorities between the circumscribed predicates are established. The circumscription policy is usually described either informally or using suitable metamathematical notation. In this paper we propose a simple and general formalism which permits describing circumscription policies by axioms, included in the knowledge base along with the axioms describing the objects of reasoning. The new formalism is illustrated by recasting some of the familiar applications of circumscription in its terms.
Political Intolerance in the USSR The Distribution and Etiology of Mass Opinion

Political tolerance is a democratic value that has often been studied by those interested in the relationship between mass public opinion and democracy. Yet most research efforts have been mounted in relatively democratic regimes. Little is known about political tolerance in relatively totalitarian regimes. The authors' purpose in this article is to explore intolerance within the mass public of the Soviet Union. Focusing on two surveys of public opinion conducted in the USSR in 1990, the authors demonstrate that political intolerance is fairly widespread in the Soviet Union. Moreover, the objects of intolerance are focused, not dispersed pluralistically. Many of the predictors of intolerance found useful in the West (e.g., perceptions of threat, closed-mindedness) are also good predictors in the Soviet Union. Level of education plays an especially interesting role, contributing to support for more general democratic values, but not directly to political tolerance. The authors conclude this article by spec...
Adaptive Formation Control for Rovers Traveling over Unknown Terrains

A novel adaptive formation-control strategy for a group of rovers navigating over unknown terrain is presented. A leader‐follower formation control architecture is employed. Direct adaptive control laws and a formation speed adaptation strategy are developed that 1) bring the rovers into a prescribed formation from arbitrary in-plane locations and 2) enable the group to navigate over unknown and changing terrain, while staying in formation in the presence of actuator saturation. On-line estimates of generic friction parameters account for terrain surface variations. The leader specifies a reference motion for the entire fleet, including both straight-line and turning maneuvers. In saturation events, the formation speed is reduced based on the maximum sustainable speed of the slowest saturated rover using internal fleet communication, allowing the formation error to stay bounded and small. A formal proof for asymptotic stability of the formation system under nonsaturated conditions is given. A simulation example is presented that demonstrates formation initialization, formation-keeping, and formationswitching in both actuator saturation and nonsaturation circumstances. Nomenclature cn = follower’s adaptive controller feedback gain E nj = follower’s tracking-error state vector en = follower’s tracking-error vector e nj = follower’s scalar tracking-error in inertial directions Fn = rover’s control force magnitude F max n = rover’s actuator saturation limit fn = rover’s control force per unit mass g = acceleration due to gravity kn = follower’s adaptive controller feedback gain k P, k I = leader’s PI-controller feedback gains L = formation size mn = rover’s mass N = number of rovers in the fleet nn = unit vector normal to rover’s path pn = follower’s parameter-estimation gain Qn = follower’s separation distance (Euclidian or arc) QnS, Q nN = follower’s scalar separations along leader’s path-frame axes qn = follower’s separation vector from the leader q nX , qnY = follower’s scalar separations in inertial directions rn = rover’s inertial position vector sn = unit vector tangent to rover’s path (rover’s heading vector) t = time un = rover’s control-force unit vector Vn = aggregate Lyapunov function V nj = directional Lyapunov function
Kerr nonlinearity in silicon beyond 2.35μm

We present measurements of χ(3) in silicon in the 2.35 to 2.75μm interval, showing Kerr coefficients close to 1×10−18 m2/W. The results clearly identify silicon as a promising platform for nonlinear processes in the mid-infrared.
Video scene decomposition with the motion picture parser

A motion picture can be modeled as a composition of many scenes where each scene is comprised of multiple shots. Thus, a conventional movie is a sequential aggregation of a large number of disparate image sequences. Within each image sequence or shot, there is consistency in image content and dynamics. This consistency in dynamics can be used in identifying scene changes for video segment decomposition and for techniques to improve data compression. We have developed an algorithm to use these dynamics for scene change detection and the decomposition of video streams into constituent logical shots. The algorithm uses intraframe image complexity and identifies scene transitions by considering short-term temporal dynam- ics. The algorithm has shown to be effective for detecting both abrupt scene changes (cuts) as well as smooth scene changes (fades and dissolves). This algorithm is used in an application we have developed called the Motion Picture Parser (MPP). The MPP automates the process of tagging segments of motion-JPEG- compressed movies. Segments are also tagged for subsequent semantic content-based retrieval in units of shots and scenes. The MPP application consists of a graphical user interface with various editing controls.
Implementation of AFR controller in an event-driven real-time language

The control of emissions has been addressed in the past to comply with environmental regulations. In particular air-to-fuel ratio control is key to reach the allowed pollution levels. The aim of this work is to present an alternative approach which allows for more flexibility to account for the type of signals and requirements of automotive applications, specifically, handling of time and event triggered tasks. An air-fuel ratio nonlinear controller is developed for an automobile engine. The controller is then implemented using the event-driven real-time programming language xGiotto on the OSEK platform provided by WindRiver. Special attention is given to show the advantage that can be gained from using an event driven paradigm for implementing automotive controllers.
Optical nonlinearities of plasmons in single gold nanorods

We measure third-order optical nonlinearities of plasmons in single chemically-synthesized gold nanorods using a novel interferometric scattering technique. We observe ultrafast, coherent material nonlinearities that are enhanced by localization of light in the rods.
Homelessness in the United States: Policy considerations

Over the past 15 years, the general public, media, scholars, and policy makers have all become concerned about homelessness as a widespread social problem. The amount of money the federal government spends on housing and the number of scholarly publications on homelessness have grown dramatically during this period. The general public is not only well informed about homelessness but has indicated a willingness to pay higher taxes to help homeless people obtain housing. Three discernible groups active in the debate—politicians, housing advocates, and social scientists—often use different study methods, adhere to different estimates on the prevalence of homelessness, and hold divergent beliefs about the causes of homelessness. While the debate about numbers and prospective solutions continues, the duration of the problem defies emergency relief measures. Short-term measures are likely to be counterproductive if they are funded at the expense of long-term solutions. Attention to the wide array of housing problems and cooperation among state and local governments and community groups is essential if efforts to end homelessness are to succeed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Discovering Dynamic Developer Relationships from Software Version Histories by Time Series Segmentation

Time series analysis is a promising approach to discover temporal patterns from time stamped, numeric data. A novel approach to apply time series analysis to discern temporal information from software version repositories is proposed. Version logs containing numeric as well as non-numeric data are represented as an item-set time series. A dynamic programming based algorithm to optimally segment an item-set time series is presented. The algorithm automatically produces a compacted item-set time series that can be analyzed to discern temporal patterns. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by applying to the Mozilla data set to study the change frequency and developer activity profiles. The experimental results show that the segmentation algorithm produces segments that capture meaningful information and is superior to the information content obtaining by arbitrarily segmenting time period into regular time intervals.
Impact of acquisition geometry and patient habitus on lesion detectability in whole body FDG-PET: a channelized hotelling observer study

Although 3D "septaless" imaging has been shown to have advantages over 2D imaging under many conditions, it is not routinely used in the clinic in whole-body (WB) FDG-PET studies partly due to contradictory reports comparing 3D to 2D. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the acquisition mode (2D vs 3D) on lesion detectability in WB FDG-PET studies for different lesion and patient sizes. Forty eight bed positions were acquired in thirty six patients, each in both 2D and 3D mode, 1-4 hours post-injection (740 MBq). Three spheres (1 cm, 1.3 cm and 1.6 cm diameter) containing FDG were also, imaged separately in air, at ten different locations corresponding to possible lesion sites in the 48 bed positions, also each in both 2D and 3D (480 tat-gets per condition). Each bed position was acquired for 7 min in 2D and 6 min in 3D and corrected for randoms. Sphere sinograms,were attenuated using the exact 2D or 3D attenuation map of the patient, after scaling 2D and 3D sinograms with identical factors to ensure marginal detectability. The resulting volumes were corrected for scatter and reconstructed using ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) in 2D and Fourier rebinning (FORE)+OSEM in 3D. Next, 2D and 3D acquisition modes were compared on the basis of performance of a three-channel Hotelling observer (CHO) which incorporated internal noise in detecting the presence of a sphere of unknown size on an anatomic background. 3D imaging yielded better lesion detectability than 2D (p 34) as 3D performance significantly deteriorated in large patients (P<0.05). Finally, 2D and 3D yielded similar results for different lesion sizes.
Intelligent Alarm System for Anesthesia (IASA)

The purpose of monitoring patients during anesthesia is to provide early detection of any deterioration of the patient that may arise, thus allowing the clinician to prevent any ill effects from occuring to the patient. In the United States of America, most operating rooms are equipped with arrays of non-integrated individual monitors which have high number of non-specific and false alarms, and can be annoying and distracting to clinicians. These monitors work by being set at a limit around a variable and if conditions arise outside the limits of this set variable an alarm will be sounded to notify the clinicians.
A scaleable event infrastructure for peer to peer grids

In this paper we propose a peer-to-peer (P2P) grid comprising resources such as relatively static clients, high-end resources and a dynamic collection of multiple P2P subsystems. We investigate the architecture of the messaging and event service that will support such a hybrid environment. We designed a distributed publish-subscribe system NaradaBrokering for XML specified messages. NaradaBrokering interpolates between centralized systems like JMS (Java Message Service) and P2P environments. Here we investigate and present our strategy for the integration of JXTA into NaradaBrokering. The resultant system naturally scales with multiple Peer Groups linked by NaradaBrokering.
Cooperativity and Selectivity in Conversation

Conversing with others is a mundane, daily activity of nearly all humans, yet it is an extraordinary feat of social collaboration that depends on cooperation, social learning, and collective coordination across an array of caring relationships. This article briefly considers the cooperative and selective nature of language and something of its contributions to the structural, social, and developmental character of human action and cognition. In doing so, it introduces 3 other articles that form a special section of this issue that is a continuation of an earlier special issue (Fowler & Hodges, 2015). The evidence reviewed here points to the possibility that the integrated, synergistic, cooperative character of language may prove to be a particular strength of ecological approaches to cognition and action rather than a liability.
Feedback stabilization of semiconductor laser arrays with complex coupling coefficients

In this paper, we show that a coupled diode-injection laser stripe array system with complex coupling coefficients can be stabilized around the lowest order supermode using a feedback-control law and verify the system performance by numerical simulations. The symmetry of the array can be exploited to obtain a feedback-control law of a particularly simple form. >
Solute drag as an upper bound to high-temperature strength

There are some natural limits to the strength that may be obtained in materials by any alloy development efforts whatsoever, and similarly there are limits to the temperature at which a material may be used as a structural element. Two obvious limits are, respectively, the theoretical strength (or lattice strength) and the melting temperature. This paper proposes that there is an additional limit, which combines strength and temperature criteria (and in addition the strain-rate). It is based on the famous natural creep law (1), which is observed to hole in practice only in some special cases, but appears well suited to describe general limiting behavior.
Climate and land cover effects on the temperature of Puget Sound streams

We apply an integrated hydrology-stream temperature modeling system, DHSVM-RBM, to examine the response of the temperature of the major streams draining to Puget Sound to land cover and climate change. We first show that the model construct is able to reconstruct observed historic streamflow and stream temperature variations at a range of time scales. We then explore the relative effect of projected future climate and land cover change, including riparian vegetation, on streamflow and stream temperature. Streamflow in summer is likely to decrease as the climate warms especially in snowmelt-dominated and transient river basins despite increased streamflow in their lower reaches associated with urbanization. Changes in streamflow also result from changes in land cover, and changes in stream shading result from changes in riparian vegetation, both of which influence stream temperature. However, we find that the effect of riparian vegetation changes on stream temperature is much greater than land cover change over the entire basin especially during summer low flow periods. Furthermore, while future projected precipitation change will have relatively modest effects on stream temperature, projected future air temperature increases will result in substantial increases in stream temperature especially in summer. These summer stream temperature increases will be associated both with increasing air temperature, and projected decreases in low flows. We find that restoration of riparian vegetation could mitigate much of the projected summer stream temperature increases. We also explore the contribution of riverine thermal loadings to the heat balance of Puget Sound, and find that the riverine contribution is greatest in winter, when streams account for up to 1/8 of total thermal inputs (averaged from December through February), with larger effects in some sub-basins. We project that the riverine impact on thermal inputs to Puget Sound will become greater with both urbanization and climate change in winter but become smaller in summer due to climate change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytic theory for the switch from Bloch to Néel domain wall in nanowires with perpendicular anisotropy

Rectangular nanowires may have domain walls nucleated and moved through them to realize many devices. It has been shown that at a particular width and thickness of a nanowire with perpendicular anisotropy, there is a switch from the domain wall being of Bloch-type to it being of N\'eel-type. This critical shape can be found through micromagnetics simulations, but here we present an analytic calculation for the energies of both wall types involving approximations for the demagnetizing energy density. The approximations implemented include a one-dimensional model of the magnetization and a simplified initial magnetization configuration whereby the demagnetizing energy density is solved through an iterative process. The expressions developed are long, but have the advantage that by simply inputting material parameters for the magnetic material, the critical shape can be found using a calculator in a matter of seconds. We compare our results to those found using micromagnetics and those found experimentally and the agreement is good.
Setting use conditions for reliability modeling

Use conditions (UCs) are necessary inputs for knowledge-based qualification reliability modeling calculations, and are implied by standard-based qualification stress conditions. We describe a method for setting CPU UCs. A sampled distribution of field data is analyzed, accounting for the reliability model Weibull shape factor. That is combined with other information to determine a reference value for modeling, with appropriate conservatism. We present application to notebook PCs for both silicon and thermo-mechanical CPU wearout mechanisms.
Using Pinterest in the Management Classroom

This paper discusses the potential value of using the social bookmarking site Pinterest in management courses. The general features and uses of Pinterest are described as well as how they can be applied in the management classroom. Pinterest offers a medium to facilitate student discovery and sharing of class relevant visual content. I discuss the use of Pinterest in my own training methods class with a class Pinterest board acting as a place for students to share class-relevant links to videos and online content based on assigned topics. I discuss other potential applications in management classes. I also discuss the logistics of implementation of a class Pinterest board and potential challenges of use.
Enhancement of myotrophic and androgenic responses by aqueous suspension of steroids.

SummaryAn aqueous microcrystalline suspension of testosterone was 3 times more effective in stimulating the growth of the temporal muscles and 9-16 times more effective on the accessory sex organs than an olive oil solution of testosterone and as effective as a sesame oil solution of testosterone propionate. An aqueous microcrystalline suspension of androstanediol-3 a, 17 a was slightly more effective on the temporal muscle and less effective on the accessory sex organs than a similar suspension of testosterone.
Effects of carbon on the electrical and optical properties of InN, GaN, and AlN

Carbon is a common impurity in the group-III nitrides, often unintentionally incorporated during growth. Nevertheless, the properties of carbon impurities in the nitrides are still not fully understood. We investigate the impact of carbon impurities on the electrical and optical properties of GaN, AlN, and InN using density functional calculations based on a hybrid functional. We examine the stability of substitutional and interstitial configurations as a function of the Fermi-level position and chemical potentials. In all nitrides studied here, C${}_{\mathrm{N}}$ acts as a deep acceptor and gives rise to deep, broad photoluminescence bands. Carbon on the cation site acts as a shallow donor in InN and GaN, but behaves as a $DX$ center in AlN. A split interstitial is the most stable configuration for the C impurity in InN, where it acts as a double donor and likely contributes to $n$-type conductivity.
The Microbiome of Human Decomposition: Studying microbial communities involved at every stage of cadaver decomposition is leading to a more precise understanding of the overall process

Deep in the primordial forest of eastern Texas, we watch our team of undergraduate and graduate students taking swab samples from a pair of human cadavers that we placed at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensics Science (STAFS) facility of Sam Houston State University (SHSU) in Huntsville. Our highly choreographed sampling regime, which focuses on bacterial communities, includes swabbing seven body sites on each cadaver, collecting nearby soil samples, tabulating temperatures, and collecting cadaver-associated flies. We do this daily until the bodies begin to dry out, then sample every other day for another month, then once weekly for yet another month, then once per month for 6 months until only dry bones remain. We continue taking soil samples for approximately one year longer.
Introduction to Neyman and Pearson (1933) On the Problem of the Most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses

Hypothesis testing throughout the 19th century was sporadic and was (1) based on large sample approximations to the distributions of test statistics that were (2) chosen on intuitive grounds.
Use of computers in the newborn intensive care unit.

The increasingly important role that computers play in the care of critically ill infants is examined, recent and possible future applications are discussed, and continued critical evaluation of the use of computers is encouraged.
Evaluating inter-campus plan consistency using a knowledge based planning model.

Abstract Background and purpose We investigate whether knowledge based planning (KBP) can identify systematic variations in intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans between multiple campuses of a single institution. Material and methods A KBP model was constructed from 58 prior main campus (MC) esophagus IMRT radiotherapy plans and then applied to 172 previous patient plans across MC and 4 regional sites (RS). The KBP model predicts DVH bands for each organ at risk which were compared to the previously planned DVHs for that patient. Results RS1's plans were the least similar to the model with less heart and stomach sparing, and more variation in liver dose, compared to MC. RS2 produced plans most similar to those expected from the model. RS3 plans displayed more variability from the model prediction but overall, the DVHs were no worse than those of MC. RS4 did not present any statistically significant results due to the small sample size ( n =11). Conclusions KBP can retrospectively highlight subtle differences in planning practices, even between campuses of the same institution. This information can be used to identify areas needing increased consistency in planning output and subsequently improve consistency and quality of care.
Population coherence and environmental impacts across spatial scales: a case study of Chinook salmon

A central problem in understanding how species respond to global change is in parsing the effects of local drivers of population dynamics from regional and global drivers that are shared among populations. Management and conservation efforts that typically focus on a particular population would benefit greatly from being able to separate the effects of environmental processes at local, regional, and global scales. One way of addressing this challenge is to integrate data across multiple populations and use multivariate time series approaches to estimate shared and independent components of dynamics among neighboring populations. Here, we use a data set of 15 populations of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) covering a broad geographical range in the eastern North Pacific Ocean to show how Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) can be used to estimate temporal coherence in population dynamics and to detect environmental drivers across spatial scales. Our results show that productivity dynamics of Chinook salmon populations strongly covary at the regional scale, but to a lesser degree at larger spatial scales. The timing of river ice break-up in spring was identified as an important driver of regional productivity dynamics. In addition, broad-scale variability in population productivity was linked to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, a dominant pattern of sea surface height variability. These broad-scale patterns in productivity dynamics may be associated with recent regime shifts in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. However, our results also demonstrate that populations within regions do not always respond consistently to the same environmental drivers, thus suggesting location-specific impacts. Overall, this study illustrates the use of DFA for quantifying the spatial and temporal complexity of multiple population responses to environmental change, thereby providing insights to processes that affect populations across large geographic areas, but that might be filtered by local habitat conditions.
The Estimated Verbal GCS Subscore in Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Is it Really Better?

Abstract The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) has limited utility in intubated patients due to the inability to assign verbal subscores. The verbal subscore can be derived from the eye and motor subscores using a mathematical model, but the advantage of this method and its use in outcome prognostication in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients remains unknown. We compared the validated “Core+CT”-IMPACT-model performance in 251 intubated TBI patients prospectively enrolled in the longitudinal OPTIMISM study between November 2009 and May 2015 when substituting the original motor GCS (mGCS) with the total estimated GCS (teGCS; with estimated verbal subscore). We hypothesized that model performance would improve with teGCS. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were assessed at 3 and 12 months by trained interviewers. In the complete case analysis, there was no statistically or clinically significant difference in the discrimination (C-statistic) at either time-point using the mGCS versus the teGCS (3 months: 0.893 vs. ...
Patterns of Visitation in Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) Reveal a Role for Males in Population Regulation

Spacing behavior appears to play a role in population regulation of microtine rodents. We used information gathered from livetrapping at nests and the periphery of home ranges of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) to continue our examination of the role of spacing behavior in population regulation. Resident and nonresident adult males captured at the outskirts of home ranges were reproductive rather than nonreproductive and did not differ in body weight. Although the majority of adult females were reproductive, the pattern was more pronounced for residents. The presence of adult males in a resident group deterred visits by nonresident males. By excluding nonresident males from the home range, resident males appeared to influence the reproductive condition of their daughters; if females became reproductive while living at home, they did so at an earlier age when living in groups where resident males were absent than where resident males were present. From these results we suggest that adult males play a role in setting breeding density in natural populations of prairie voles.
The atmosphere of Titan: An analysis of the Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements

The equatorial atmosphere of Titan was probed by means of two coherently related radio signals transmitted from Voyager 1 at 13.0 and 3.6 cm wavelengths during the November 12, 1980 occultation of the spacecraft by the Saturn satellite. An analysis of the differential dispersive frequency measurements did not reveal any ionization layers in the upper atmosphere of Titan. The gas refractivity data, which extend from the surface to about 200 km altitude, were interpreted in two different ways. In the first, it is assumed that N2 makes up virtually all of the atmosphere, with small amounts of CH4 and other hydrocarbons present. In the second interpretation of the refractivity data, it is assumed that the 3.5 km altitude level corresponds to the bottom of a CH4 cloud layer and that N2 and CH4 were perfectly mixed below this level.