cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiencies in Merger Analysis

The supposed ubiquity of potential efficiencies is understood to justify permitting most horizontal mergers despite their tendency to raise prices. Yet efficiencies are said to be rarely decisive in actual merger decision-making. Moreover, the economic analysis of merger efficiencies lags far behind that of anticompetitive effects. This article addresses this analytical gap, drawing attention to the merger specificity of both efficiencies and anticompetitive effects, the teachings of neglected literature such as that on the theory of the firm, and the relevance of vertical efficiencies to horizontal mergers. The analysis is applied to economies of scale, economies of scope, and the sharing of assets between competitors. In addition, a focus on the long-run effects of merger policy shifts the debate on consumer versus total welfare (and regarding pass-through), alters the relevance of entry, and draws attention to endogenous asymmetries across firms and differences in the degree of competition across sectors of the economy. Finally, efficiencies are situated in a merger assessment framework, emphasizing how basic prescriptions of decision analysis conflict with official protocols for merger decision-making.
Extreme atomic-scale surface roughening: Amino acids on Ag on Au(111)

A clear description of how surface morphology is affected by the bonding of biomolecules with metal surfaces is critical to identify due to the potential applications in microelectronics, medical devices, and biosensors. Amino acids (AAs) on bare Au(111) were previously observed to trap Au adatoms, eventually leading to the formation of one atom high metal islands. To better understand the role of surface identity, L-isoleucine on Au(111) modified with a Ag thin film was investigated at ambient conditions with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy. The mere presence of an Ag monolayer drastically changed the amino acid/surface interactions despite the chemical similarity of Au and Ag. The adsorption of the AAs on the Ag monolayer drastically altered the surface and caused significant surface roughening distinct from 2D growth which had previously existed only on top of the surface. This roughening occurred layer-by-layer and was not restricted to the first layer of the surface as seen with sulfur containing molecules. Notably, this study demonstrates surface roughening that is occurring under extremely mild conditions highlighting the ability of Ag thin films to markedly alter surface chemistry in concert with biomolecules.
Quantitative tool characterization of 193nm scatterfield microscope

Evaluation of uncertainties is a critical element in quantitative nano-scale measurements using optical microscopy techniques. Instrument characterization underlies the quantitative evaluation of measurements of deep sub-wavelength features. The scatterfield microscopy technique, which articulates the illumination at the sample plane, is an efficient method for angle- and polarization-resolved microscope characterization to enable the uncertainty evaluations. The tool characterization results are used for the Fourier space normalization of electromagnetic simulation to permit comparisons with experimental imaging data. For this purpose the NIST 193 nm scatterfield microscope operating with an ArF Excimer laser was characterized. The illumination and collection optics were scanned angularly, utilizing a small aperture at the conjugate back focal plane of the objective lens so that the optics train was characterized with respect to angularly discrete cones of the illumination beam. Each cone beam can be approximated as a plane wave by using Kohler configuration, simplifying the analysis of the scattered light induced by the discrete illumination beam at the sample plane. Under this approximation, the illumination and entire tool function sets were measured at sample and imaging CCD planes, respectively, producing the collection tool function set numerically. We report tool imperfection effects upon these tool functions, specifically, comparing to the optical simulations of the designed optical paths varied with misalignments and aberrations that lead to changes in the tool functions. Through these comparisons, we investigate the relationship between the microscope tool imperfection factors to the deviations in the illumination as well as in the collected scattered light.
Mutability, medium, and character

Looking specifically at the genre ofadaptive narrative, this article explores thefuture of literature created for and withcomputer technology, focusing primarily on thetrope of mutability as it is played out withnew media. Some of the questions askedare: What can the medium of a work ofliterature, that is its material aspect, tellus about the text? About character? What canit possibly matter if narrative is recounted onpapyrus, retold on parchment and rag, and thenremediated in pixels? Isn't it the messagecarried by the medium we are most concernedwith, stable or unstable throughout the processof inscription, reinscription, encoding anddecoding, translation and remediation? Thispaper speculates about possibilities ratherthan attempts to answer these questions, butthe structuring and mean-making componentsconsidered here stand as examples of some wemay want to think about when developing futuretheories about literature – and all types ofwriting – generated by and for electronicenvironments.
SI Plus: A Program Description and an Analysis of Student Feedback.

To enhance the establishment of study behaviors, the traditional model of Supplemental Instruction was complemented with study strategies presented within a World Civilizations classroom to all the enrolled students. Organization of the program, delivery of the study strategies, and student reactions are discussed. During the six semester study from Fall 2004 to Spring 2007, results of student satisfaction surveys conducted at the completion of the semester indicated high satisfaction ratings regarding the enhanced SI model, not only for the course itself but also for the students’ ability to apply their newly learned study stills in other classes. In the past 30 years, there has been a shift in emphasis from teaching to student learning. Incorporating student learning outcomes into higher education necessitates that specific learning strategies be taught so that students can be successful in the new environment (McGuire, 2006). This is in conjunction with student surveys that report a desire to learn more about improving their study skills. In surveying 98-120 first-year college students, Noel-Levitz (2009) reported that 74.8% of the students “would like to receive some instruction in the most effective ways to take college exams,” and 57.3% reported that they “would like to receive some help in improving study habits” (p. 12). More specifically, 41.4% indicated they “would like to receive tutoring in one or more courses” (p. 12). Colleges and universities responded by establishing academic support systems with student involvement as a key component. Opportunities abound for student involvement, including but not limited to peer tutoring, study groups, study tables, workshops, and Supplemental Instruction (SI). This study examines the effectiveness of merging two well-established systems— SI and course attached tutors— into one “value added” service. During a period of several semesters, this project focused on incorporating academic support into a history class by presenting tips for college study skills to students along with Supplemental Instruction. For more information contact: Courtney J. Jarrett | Ball State University | Learning Center North Quad 323 | Muncie, IN 47306 |cjjarrett@bsu.edu 34 | TLAR, Volume 14, Number 2
Bukusu (Kenya) Folktales

This article explores gender depictions in Bukusu folktales compiled in From our Mothers’ Hearths: Bukusu Folktales and Proverbs (2005). The folktales portray males as courageous and possessing inordinate power, even over death. In contrast, females are confined to the domestic sphere; they can be malicious and are often indecisive as well as subordinate and dependent on menfolk. Women take leadership roles in the absence of males. Since documented folktales reinforce a gender hierarchy, narrators, consciously or not, perpetuate negative female imagery and invisibility. Folktales depicting women's agency highlight the ambivalent contradiction of women's social role.
Meta-Regression and Benefit Transfer: Data Space, Model Space, and the Quest for Optimal Scope

Meta-functional Benefit Transfer, while conceptually attractive, is often plagued by the paucity of available source studies and related small sample problems. A broadening of scope of the Meta-Regression Model by adding data from related, yet different contexts or activities may circumvent these issues, but may not necessarily enhance the efficiency of transfer functions if the different contexts do not share policy-relevant parameters. We illustrate how different combinations of contexts can be interpreted as data spaces which can then be explored for the most promising transfer function using Bayesian Model Search techniques. Our results indicate that for some scope-augmented data spaces model-averaged benefit predictions can be more efficient than those flowing from the baseline context and data.
The Effect of Children's Gender on Living Arrangements and Child Support

Historically in the United States, a child's gender has affected the level of education he or she is likely to receive, the occupation he or she will choose, and the wages he or she will be paid (e.g., Francine D. Blau 1998). A growing body of research examines how child gender may be associated with differential treatment by parents from birth, which could contribute to differences by gender in these adult market outcomes.1 One strand of this literature has found associations between child gender and parents' marriage formation and dissolution, with implications for the living arrangements of children. Fathers are more likely to be present in the home if a child is male; the presence of sons decreases the probability of divorce; and a nonmarital birth is more likely followed by marriage if the child
Self-paced and irregular methods of subjective estimation of pain

Sixteen Ss estimated the pain produced by isometric muscle contraction maintained to exhaustion. Two loads (25% and 40%), two scales (5- and 10-point), and two scaling methods (self-paced and irregular) were used. Pain levels were reported earlier with the 40% load (p <.01), with the self-paced method (p <.01), and with the 5-point scale (p <.01). Both the 10-point scale and the irregular reporting method produced longer response times at the terminal intensities (p <. 01).
A study examining depression in restless legs syndrome.

Abstract Background Distress is known to occur in RLS subjects consequent to symptoms. However, studies regarding prevalence of depression in RLS are scarce. This study was conducted to find out prevalence of depression in RLS patients and to explore possible underlying factors. Method 112 consecutive RLS subjects presenting to sleep-clinic were included in this study. History regarding RLS, depression and sleep-disturbances was sought. Depression and insomnia were diagnosed using DSM-IV-TR criteria. Subjects were specifically asked whether they had depressive episodes in past one year. Severity of RLS and insomnia was measured using Hindi versions of IRLS and ISI, respectively. Family history of depression and RLS was also asked. Results One year prevalence of depression was 41.8%. MDD was reported by 33% and dysthymia by 8.8%. Both the groups were comparable with respects to demographic and clinical features, viz., age, gender, duration, severity and family history of RLS. Duration, number of episodes and severity of insomnia were comparable between groups, so was the family history of depression. In 37.8% of the subjects with MDD, depressive symptoms preceded RLS while in 51.4% of them, they followed onset of RLS. Total duration of RLS symptoms did not correlate with total duration of depression ( r 2 = 0.07; P = 0.64). Conclusion Clinical depression is seen in more than a third of RLS patients. Depression is not affected by clinical picture of RLS and it is not consequent to sleep disturbance. Perhaps, it is a co-morbid condition.
Clinical, histopathologic, and immunophenotypic features of lymphomatoid papulosis with CD8 predominance in 14 pediatric patients

Background Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a cyclic papulonodular eruption that is clinically benign and histologically malignant. Association with hematologic neoplasias has been reported in 5% to 20% of all cases. Objective We sought to review the clinical and histopathologic features of LyP in pediatric patients. Methods We searched for the records of all patients with a clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of LyP seen at our clinic from January 1991 through April 2008. The cases of pediatric patients (aged Results Of 123 patients with LyP identified, 14 (11%) were in the pediatric age group. Most were male (64%); mean age of onset was 12 years. Type A LyP was identified in 12 patients, one patient had type B, and none had type C (type not determined in one case). Ten cases showed CD8 predominance by immunohistochemistry. T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen staining was positive in 3 cases of CD8 + LyP type A and the one case of LyP type B. Lesional T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies were negative in 9 of 10 patients with LyP type A. The average follow-up time was 5.5 years. Lesions improved with treatment in most cases, and none of the cases were associated with hematologic malignancies. Limitations This was a retrospective review. Conclusions Among our pediatric patients, we noted a predominance of CD8 + LyP, which does not seem to have an aggressive course. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to evaluate prognostic differences between CD4 + and CD8 + LyP and their biological significance.
Effect of a mandatory research requirement on categorical resident academic productivity in a university-based general surgery residency.

Background Our general surgery residency (46 residents, graduating 6 categoricals per year) offers the opportunity for 2 categorical residents at the end of their second year to choose a 2-year research track. Academic productivity for the remaining categorical residents was dependent on personal interest and time investment. To increase academic productivity within the residency, a mandatory research requirement was implemented in July 2010. We sought to examine the effect of this annual individual requirement. Methods The research requirement consisted of several components: a curriculum of monthly research meetings and lectures, assigned faculty to act as research mentors, an online repository of research projects and ideas, statistical support, and a faculty member appointed Director of Research. In July 2010, the requirement was applied to all categorical postgraduate year 1-3 residents and expanded to postgraduate year 1-4 in 2011. The research requirement culminated in an annual research day at the end of the academic year. We compared the number of abstract presentations in local, national, and international meetings between the first 2 years of the research program and the 2 years before it. We also compared the total number of publications between the 2 periods, acknowledging that any differences at this point do not necessarily reflect an effect of the research requirement. Results From July 2008 to June 2010 (Period A), there were 18 podium and poster presentations in local, national, and international meetings, and 30 publications in peer-reviewed journals, whereas between July 2010 and June 2012 (Period B), there were 58 presentations and 32 publications. In Period A 9 of 60 (15%) categorical residents had a podium or poster presentation in comparison with Period B when 23 of 58 (40%) categorical residents had a podium or poster presentation (p Conclusion The institution of a mandatory research requirement resulted in a 3-fold increase in scientific presentations in our surgical residency. We believe that the mandatory nature of the program is a key component to its success. We expect to see an increase in the number of publications as a result of this research requirement in the next several years.
Towards In-Flight Detection and Accommodation of Faults in Aircraft Engines

To effectively accommodate safety-critical faults in-flight it is necessary to rapidly detect them and to have a means to accommodate the fault. We present results on model-based fault detection using sensor residuals from an extended Kalman filter with an embedded real-time engine model to characterize un-faulted behavior over the flight envelope. Thereafter, we present an approach for online fault accommodation via optimal changes in a set of suitable adjustments in the existing FADEC control logic. These optimal adjustments are obtained through off-line optimization for recovery of stall margins and thrust, then interpolated online for the existing flight conditions. We present results of the fault detection & accommodation applied to a high-bypass commercial aircraft engine over the flight envelope.
A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System.

Abstract A relatively simple numerical model of the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere is set up and applied. The dependent variable is the average annual sea level temperature in 10° latitude belts. This is expressed basically as a function of the solar constant, the planetary albedo, the transparency of the atmosphere to infrared radiation, and the turbulent exchange coefficients for the atmosphere and the oceans. The major conclusions of the analysis are that removing the arctic ice cap would increase annual average polar temperatures by no more than 7C, that a decrease of the solar constant by 2–5% might be sufficient to initiate another ice age, and that man's increasing industrial activities may eventually lead to a global climate much warmer than today.
Hypoxic brain injury with motor apraxia following an anaphylactic reaction to hymenoptera venom

Hypoxic brain injury can be a complication following several well known situations or disorders. The neurological and neuropsychological characteristics of patients who suffer hypoxic brain injury ...
Bile duct injuries 12 years after the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy–associated bile duct injury continues to be an important clinical problem with significant long-term health implications for affected patients. Recent reports suggest that the incidence of this problem may have passed its peak, but the injury rate is still increased compared with the open cholecystectomy era. In addition, there appears to be a subset of patients who present with severe bile duct injury that may include injury to the bile duct bifurcation, the isolated right sectoral duct, and those that occur in conjunction with hepatic arterial ligation. A panel of hepatobiliary surgeons experienced in the management of these difficult surgical problems was convened at the annual meeting of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association in Dallas, Texas, to address these unique problems and to suggest methods for injury prevention and management. This report outlines comments made by this panel.
A truly titanic figure in science

I almost had this month's column finished when I got the news; then I knew I had to write a different one. The news was that Dan Koshland, one of the truly titanic figures in American science in the past fifty years, had died of a massive stroke at age 87 on Monday, 23 July.
Structural and Process Features in Three Types of Child Care for Children from High and Low Income Families.

We use observations from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and, Youth Development (SECCYD) to compare structural and process characteristics of child care centers, family child care homes (nonrelative care in a home setting) and care by relatives for 2-, 3- and 4.5-year-old children. Type of care differences in structural and caregiver characteristics were consistent across ages: centers had higher child-to-adult ratios and bigger groups; centers had caregivers with better education, more training in early childhood, and less traditional beliefs about child rearing. Children in centers experienced more cognitive stimulation, less frequent language interactions with adults, less frequent negative interactions with adults, and less television viewing than did those in other types of care. In centers and family child care homes compared to relative settings, children engaged in more positive and negative interactions with peers and spent more time in transition and unoccupied. Curvilinear associations were found between structural features of care and family income, particularly for caregiver education and training. In contrast, process measures of caregiving rose monotonically with family income. Children from high-income families experienced more sensitive care, more cognitive stimulation, and fewer negative interactions with adults than did those from low-income families. We interpret the findings by linking the structural features and caregiver training to the cognitive and social processes observed in different types of care. Future research designed to understand the influences of child care on children's behavior might benefit from using this more nuanced description of child care experiences.
Selective staining by 4′, 6-diamidine-2-phenylindole of nanogram quantities of DNA in the presence of RNA on gels

4', 6-Diamidine-2-phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI) forms fluorescent complexes with double-stranded (ds) DNA but not with ds RNA as shown by fluorescence titration. The widely used dye ethidium bromide (EB) forms fluorescent complexes with both types of nucleic acids. Also, in contrast to EB, DAPI forms much weaker fluorescent complexes with single-stranded DNA than with ds DNA. These observations were utilized to develop staining procedures for the selective visualization of ds DNA on gels. The use of DAPI in addition to EB for staining makes possible the localization of ds DNA and other species of nucleic acids on a single gel.
Comparison of Clinician Ratings to Self Reports of Withdrawal during Clonidine Detoxification of Opiate Addicts

Opiate withdrawal symptom ratings by trained clinicians were compared to self-reports of withdrawal discomfort during an outpatient, blinded, randomized clinical trial of clonidine detoxification for methadone maintained subjects. The randomized comparison group of subjects were detoxified using a slow tapering of methadone over 1 month. For all 39 subjects in this study the observer and self-ratings were substantially correlated (r = .75), but moderate levels of disagreement also occurred and the observer ratings were often lower. The difference in actual withdrawal scores and amount of shared variance between the observer and self-ratings were used as indices of disagreement for each individual subject. We found that detoxification failures had significantly less interrater agreement than the successes and that subjects who reported more distress than the observers noted were more likely to fail at detoxification. Subjects being detoxified using clonidine were more likely to fail at detoxification. Subjects being detoxified using clonidine were more likely to demonstrate this association between failure and disagreement on self versus observed withdrawal than were the methadone group. We concluded that self-reports are as important as observer ratings in assessing treatment efficacy and in the clinical use of clonidine for outpatient detoxification.
Shallow Discourse Structure for Action Item Detection

We investigated automatic action item detection from transcripts of multi-party meetings. Unlike previous work (Gruenstein et al., 2005), we use a new hierarchical annotation scheme based on the roles utterances play in the action item assignment process, and propose an approach to automatic detection that promises improved classification accuracy while enabling the extraction of useful information for summarization and reporting.
Radicular Temperatures Associated with Thermoplasticized Gutta-Percha

Thermoplasticized gutta-percha has been used to obturate root canals. The continuous wave of condensation technique uses the System B Heat Source with the choice of different-sized pluggers. The purpose of this study was to measure the temperatures within the root canal and on the root surface at different radicular levels while using the System B Heat Source. Fine, Fine-Medium, and Medium pluggers were evaluated at temperature settings of 200 degrees C, 250 degrees C, and 300 degrees C. The Obtura II gutta-percha delivery system following the manufacturer's instructions and ultrasonically thermoplasticized gutta-percha were used for comparative purposes. The highest mean temperature change on the internal root surface was 74.19 degrees C with the system B at the 6 mm level (6 mm coronal to working length) when the Fine-Medium plugger was set at 300 degrees C. The lowest mean temperature change on the internal root surface was 2.09 degrees C at the 0 mm level (at working length) when the F plugger was set at 200 degrees C. With the Obtura II, the lowest mean internal temperature change was 5.22 degrees C at the 0 mm level, whereas the highest mean internal temperature change was 26.63 degrees C at the 6 mm level. With ultrasonic lateral compaction the lowest mean internal temperature change was 5.01 degrees C at the 0 mm level, whereas the highest mean internal temperature change was 28.95 degrees C at the 6 mm level. At no time did the System B, the Obtura II, or ultrasonic delivery of warm gutta-percha exceed an increase of 10 degrees C at any thermocouple level on the external root surface.
Factors Related to Physically Active Leisure among College Students

The purpose of this study was to provide additional information about the complex relation of social cognitive constructs, gender, and active leisure among university students. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the hypothesized relations in a sample of 874 undergraduate students. Peer and family support had a moderate direct effect on self-efficacy while self-efficacy had a large direct effect on active leisure. A moderation effect was demonstrated. Peer support was more influential on male respondents' beliefs that they could be active and males reported higher active leisure participation when compared to females. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of influence on active leisure among this university population.
3D-DIASemb: a computer-assisted system for reconstructing and motion analyzing in 4D every cell and nucleus in a developing embryo.

Abstract A computer-assisted three-dimensional (3D) system, 3D-DIASemb, has been developed that allows reconstruction and motion analysis of cells and nuclei in a developing embryo. In the system, 75 optical sections through a live embryo are collected in the z axis by using differential interference contrast microscopy. Optical sections for one reconstruction are collected in a 2.5-s period, and this process is repeated every 5 s. The outer perimeter and nuclear perimeter of each cell in the embryo are outlined in each optical section, converted into β-spline models, and then used to construct 3D faceted images of the surface and nucleus of every cell in the developing embryo. Because all individual components of the embryo (i.e., each cell surface and each nuclear surface) are individually reconstructed, 3D-DIASemb allows isolation and analysis of (1) all or select nuclei in the absence of cell surfaces, (2) any single cell lineage, and (3) any single nuclear lineage through embryogenesis. Because all reconstructions represent mathematical models, 3D-DIASemb computes over 100 motility and dynamic morphology parameters for every cell, nucleus, or group of cells in the developing embryo at time intervals as short as 5 s. Finally, 3D-DIASemb reconstructs and motion analyzes cytoplasmic flow through the generation and analysis of “vector flow plots.” To demonstrate the unique capabilities of this new technology, a Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is reconstructed and motion analyzed through the 28-cell stage. Although 3D-DIASemb was developed by using the C. elegans embryo as the experimental model, it can be applied to other embryonic systems. 3D-DIASemb therefore provides a new method for reconstructing and motion analyzing in 4D every cell and nucleus in a live, developing embryo, and should provide a powerful tool for assessing the effects of drugs, environmental perturbations, and mutations on the cellular and nuclear dynamics accompanying embryogenesis.
Glu300 of Rat Carboxypeptidase E Is Essential for Enzymatic Activity but Not Substrate Binding or Routing to the Regulated Secretory Pathway

Several recently discovered members of the carboxypeptidase E (CPE) gene family lack critical active site residues that are conserved in other family members. For example, three CPE-like proteins contain a Tyr in place of Glu300 (equivalent to Glu270 of carboxypeptidase A and B). To investigate the importance of this position, Glu300 of rat CPE was converted into Gln, Lys, or Tyr, and the proteins expressed in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus system. All three mutants were secreted from the cells, but the media showed no enzyme activity above background levels. Wild-type CPE and the Gln300 point mutant bound to a p-aminobenzoyl-Arg-Sepharose affinity resin, and this binding was competed by an active site-directed inhibitor, guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid. The affinity purified mutant CPE protein showed no detectable enzyme activity (<0.004% of wild-type CPE) toward dansyl-Phe-Ala-Arg. Expression of the Gln300 and Lys300 mutant CPE proteins in the NIT3 mouse pancreatic beta-cell line showed that these mutants are routed into secretory vesicles and secreted via the regulated pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that Glu300 of CPE is essential for enzyme activity, but not required for substrate binding or for routing into the regulated secretory pathway.
Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus in pregnant women: failure to associate with Coxsackie B1-6, mumps, or respiratory syncytial virus infections.

DIABETES MELLITUS appears to be, at least in part, a hereditable disease. The pattern of inheritance and the role of environmental factors have not been precisely defined?. '-' Recent reports suggest that Coxsackie B virus infection may be associated with the development of diabetes. 3-6 Other reports indicate that diabetes mellitus may occur following mumps infections. 7-" To study the possible role of virus iufectionsl we examined sera from 50 pregnant women with diabetes and 50 matched control subjects to determine if, in this population, there was any evidence of increased neutralizing ant ibody against Coxsackie B4 or increased complement-fixation ant ibody for Coxackie B1-6, mumps, or respiratory syncytial viruses.
Sleep panic attacks: an association with childhood anxiety and adult psychopathology.

Abstract The authors examine whether the presence of sleep panic attacks identifies a subgroup of panic disorder patients. Subjects (n = 95) were consecutive patients with panic disorder participating in the MGH longitudinal study of panic disorder. Patients were evaluated with structured interviews to establish adult anxiety and affective disorders, and the presence of childhood anxiety disorders. Patients were queried whether they had ever experienced at least one panic attack during sleep. Patients with a history of sleep panic had significantly higher rates of comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (p
Pollination Biology of Potentilla recta (Sulfur Cinquefoil) and Its Cooccurring Native Congener Potentilla gracilis in Northeastern Oregon

Pollination biology of the invasive plant sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta L.) and it's native cooccurring congener slender cinquefoil (P. gracilis Dougl. ex. Hook.) was studied from 2002–2004, at four sites in northeastern Oregon, USA The native cinquefoil flowered first for five weeks, followed by the invasive for five weeks, with two weeks overlap in mid-June. Invasive flowers attracted 74 species and 543 individuals; the native attracted 93 species and 619 individuals. The most important pollinators for the invasive, in order of importance, were: Apis mellifera, Ceratina nanula, Halictus tripartitus, Lasioglossum sisymbrii, and Bombus rufocinctus; for the native: C. nanula, Trichodes ornatus, H. ligatus, L. sisymbrii, and L. olympiae. The invasive produced higher numbers of seeds per plant, having greater mass per unit vegetation. Mean seed size was lower for the invasive when pollinators were allowed access to flowers, but seed size increased linearly with more complete exclusion of pollinators; the native showed no such response to pollinator exclusion. Compared to the native, nearly twice as many seeds germinated for sulfur cinquefoil (35.0% versus 19.5%), with seeds germinating over a longer period of time. Results are discussed as they relate to the invasiveness of sulfur cinquefoil relative to the native.
The second-order conditioning of fear in rats

The phenomenon of second-order conditioning (SOC) in rats was investigated, using the conditioned suppression technique. A between groups noncontingent stimulus presentation control procedure was employed. Significant SOC was obtained providing additional evidence for the reality of the SOC phenomenon.
Proximal femoral allograft: prognostic indicators.

Between 1972 and 1999, the Orthopedic Oncology Service treated 150 patients with resection and allograft transplantation of the proximal femur. Of the group, 121 patients had malignant tumors of the proximal femur and 29 had benign disorders. Four types of allografts were used: osteoarticular (46 patients), allograft-prosthesis (73), intercalary (20), and allograft-arthrodesis (5). Only 16% of the patients died of disease and 3% required amputation. The overall success rate for the series was 77% with the best results for the allograft prosthetic (82%) and intercalary procedures (87%). Graft infection (15 patients), allograft fracture (26 patients), and local recurrence (11 patients) most markedly affected outcome. With the exception of deaths of disease, no significant outcome difference occurred between the patients with malignant and benign disorders. In conclusion, allograft implantation especially for aggressive or malignant tumors of the proximal femur appears to be a competent system for therapy.
Management of ground water contaminated by aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquifer supplying Ames, Iowa

A digital model and field monitoring data were used to evaluate alternatives for handling a coal tar residues dump and the resulting pollution of the unconsolidated buried channel aquifer supplying Ames, Iowa. Wastes from a coal gasification plant were deposited in a pit from 1910 to the late 1920s. Several city wells were abandoned and some are currently threatened because of tastes and odours from the chemicals. A variety of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, mostly aromatic, have been identified in contaminated well water. A number of management practices were considered, but none of the alternatives, used alone offered a practical solution to the problem. It was recommended that the 2 localised coal tar residue sources be excavated and a pumping trough barrier with protective pumping well be constructed.
MODULATION OF T CELL MORPHOLOGY AND INDUCTION OF HOMOTYPIC ADHESION BY A PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR

T cells are spherical in culture and during travel through the bloodstream. They depart from this shape as part of the adhesion cascade by which they penetrate endothelium, interact with the extracellular matrix, and migrate through tissues. The mechanisms by which shape changes and altered adhesive properties are regulated are largely uncharacterized; however, they involve modulation of protein phosphorylation on tyrosine. Here, an inhibitor (MDHC) of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) caused a shift in the morphology of a human T cell line from spherical to spread. This involved cytoskeletal components and was preceded by altered tyrosyl-phosphorylation and accompanied by an increased capacity for homotypic adhesion involving LFA-1 and CD2. Examples exist demonstrating prevention of morphological alteration or cell adhesion by PTK inhibitors, and thus MDHC differed from these other inhibitors. This suggests differential sites of action for PTK inhibitors and perhaps that MDHC accessed different steps in the adhesion cascade.
Lithomorphic stresses and cleavage of loess

Abstract Lateral stresses existing in soil deposits are important clues to recent stress history because they tend to remain “locked in” following adjustments in the overburden load: Thus a high lateral stress is partly retained following a reduction in vertical stress, as by glacial melting or erosion. Conversely, during loess deposition a low lateral stress should be retained if the soil structure is preserved under increasing vertical stress. This has not previously been verified in the field because of the difficulty of measuring lateral stresses in situ in an hydrocollapsible material. Tests were conducted at two sites in Missouri river valley loess using the K o Stepped Blade, which uses data extrapolation to give stress on a zero thickness blade. In basal loess where the moisture content was at or above the liquid limit, K o = 1.0 ± 0.02 . In the upper to middle loess zone K o is as low as 0.2 to 0.4, lower than the values of 0.4 to 0.5 that would be expected if the soil were normally consolidated. Near the ground surface, lateral stresses are higher so K o > 1 , attributed to post-depositional weathering and the presence of smectite clay minerals. The vertical sequence of lateral stress from high to low to high again should contribute a tension-induced cleavage if lateral confinement is removed by excavation or erosion. This stress condition is most pronounced in loess close to its source, where the potential tension zone was found to extend to a depth of about 7 m compared to 4 m at the other site. Loess cleavage appears to result from stress relief and is not a unique directional property of this material.
Central cardiovascular effects of phentolamine in chloralose-anesthetized cats

Phentolamine (50, 100 and 200 microng/min for 30 min) perfused through the cerebroven system of chloralose-anesthetized cats produced dose-related reductions in tricular blood pressure. Evidence is presented which suggests that this hypotensive activity was due to an interaction at central nervous system sites and was not attributable to escape of the compound from the brain. Centrally administered phentolamine was more effective in lowering blood pressure than the i.v. infusion of phentolamine at a dose (25 microng/kg/min for 30 min) which markedly antagonized peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors. In addition, central phentolamine induced bradycardia in contrast to the tachycardia which accompanied i.v. administration. By limiting the perfusion of phentolamine to selected portions of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces a major site of action responsible for the hypotensive activity was located outside the ventricles in an area accessible from the subarachnoid spaces. A second, less important site, anterior to the midbrain adjacent to the ventricular system apparently contributed to the hypotension. Phentolamine, introduced centrally, also impaired reflexogenic bradycardia elicited by pressor doses of norepinephrine. Both the sympathetic withdrawal and the vagal activation which account for this reflex seemed to be antagonized by phentolamine.
A comparison of substorms occurring during magnetic storms with those occurring during quiet times

[1] It has been suggested that there may be a fundamental difference between substorms that occur during magnetic storms and those that occur at other times. Baumjohann et al. [1996] presented evidence that there is no obvious change in lobe field in “quiet time” substorms but that “storm time” substorms exhibit the classic pattern of storage and release of lobe field energy. This result led them to speculate that the former are caused by current sheet disruption, while the latter are caused by reconnection of lobe flux. In this paper we examine their hypothesis with a much larger data set using definitions of the two types of substorms similar to theirs, as well as additional more restrictive definitions of these classes of events. Our results show that the only differences between the various classes are the absolute value of the lobe field and the size of the changes. When the data are normalized to unit field amplitude, we find that the percent change during storm time and non-storm time substorms is nearly the same. The above conclusions are demonstrated with superposed epoch analysis of lobe field (Bt and Bz) for four classes of substorms: active times (Dst −25 nT), and quiet time substorms (no evidence of storm in Dst). Epoch zero for the analysis was taken as the main substorm onset (Pi2 onset closest to sharp break in AL index). Our results suggest that there is no qualitative distinction between the various classes of substorms, and so they are all likely to be caused by the same mechanism.
Photon assisted tunneling from aluminum into silicon dioxide

Abstract Using argon and krypton lasers the photon assisted tunneling of electrons from aluminum into the SiO2 conduction band was observed for the first time. The data are found to be in excellent agreement with a simple model assuming an AlSiO2 barrier height of 3.15 eV and an electron effective mass in the SiO2 band-gap of 0.5m. The results are consistent with the conclusion that the classical image force barrier lowering does not contribute to tunneling. The technique is promising for the study of interface phenomena.
VITAMIN B12‐BINDER AND OTHER ALGAL INHIBITORS1

Euglena gracilis Klebs, Poterioochromonas malhamensis (Pringsheim) Peterfi, Monochrysis lutheri Droop, Isochrysis galbana Parke and Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin are known to release into the medium a substance which binds free vitamin B12. The binder, apparently a glycoprotein, makes vitamin B12 unavailable and inhibits growth of vitamin B12-requiring microorganisms. Culture filtrates of selected marine diatoms, chrysophytes, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates and green algae contained the binder, indicating that binder release was not restricted to any algal group. However the three prokaryotic bluegreens tested do not produce B12-binder. Production is also independent of the nutritional requirements of the donor, being produced by autotrophs and auxotrophs. The binders produced by these marine species have similar properties: they are heat labile; inhibition is not species-specific; it is competitive, being reversed by adding B12. Production increases with density of the culture and is not restricted to stationary or scenescent cells. The marine species tested produced much less B12 than the freshwater Euglena and Poterioochromonas; the inhibition is reversed by 20–50 ng · 1−1 of B12 for marine species which reach moderate densities and by 150–300 ng · 1−1 B12 for the densely growing species. Consequently the binder may affect the growth of B12-requiring species only in environments like the open ocean poor in B12. By contrast, the marine algae produce other inhibitors which are often heat stable and very inhibitory. These inhibitors, being species-specific and less labile, may be more important in affecting the succession of algal species in natural waters.
The “Illegal alien” as a category of analysis: A methodological intervention

“Illegal alien,” as a category of analysis, should be understood primarily as a discursive formation, yet the emergence and spread of the category in public debate cannot be explained by its discursive qualities. Failing to see this has analytical consequences: it results in a constant sidetracking of the question of why illegality itself came to be a central issue, and in a reification of the category. This paper is intended as a methodological intervention aimed at solving these issues. The first part illustrates the absence of a strict legalistic basis for the category, and reviews key works that fail to incorporate this into their conceptual design. The second part, contrasts two periods of time in U.S. political debate – the mid-2000s when the category was dominant, and the 1930s when the category, albeit pushed by elites, failed to become central- suggesting the need for a discursive analysis that goes beyond discourse. Keywords: Illegal immigration; illegal alien; discourse analysis; methodology; discursive formations
FTIR reflectance of selected minerals and their mixtures: implications for ground temperature-sensor monitoring on Mars surface environment (NASA/MSL-Rover Environmental Monitoring Station).

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) is one of NASA/MSL's instruments, which has been designed for measuring ambient pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, UV radiation, and air and ground temperature (GT). The GT-sensor is dedicated to measure the real temperature of the Martian surface, integrating the IR energy coming from the ground. The existing IR spectral data of Martian dust, rocks and sediments allow for comparing the Martian spectra with the spectra of different terrestrial minerals and lithologies, and those of their alteration and weathering products. The FTIR reflectance of a set of selected astrobiologically significant minerals (including oxides, oxi/hydroxides, sulfates, chlorides, opal and clays) and basalt (as the main and most widespread volcanic Martian rock) was measured, considering different mixing amounts, and covering the specific working wavelength range of the REMS' GT-sensor. The results obtained show important percentage increases or decreases of reflectance in the entire wavelength range (e.g. basalt–hematitevs. basalt–magnetite) and specific variations limited to some spectral bands (e.g. basalt–smectite vs. basalt–jasper). The basalt reflectance percentage increases or decreases, even up to 100%, depending on the mixing of the different minerals. This unequivocally confirms the need for considering the chemical–mineralogical assemblages (and their textures) for any investigation and interpretation of Mars surface environment. Some complementary applications of this research on our planet, either in relation to the specific performances and characteristics of the GT-sensor autonomous recalibration system, or those oriented to carrying out similar studies on different types of terrestrial environmental settings, are also described.