cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-energy radiation and polymers: A review of commercial processes and emerging applications

Abstract Ionizing radiation has been found to be widely applicable in modifying the structure and properties of polymers, and can be used to tailor the performance of either bulk materials or surfaces. Fifty years of research in polymer radiation chemistry has led to numerous applications of commercial and economic importance, and work remains active in the application of radiation to practical uses involving polymeric materials. This paper provides a survey of radiation-processing methods of industrial interest, ranging from technologies already commercially well established, through innovations in the active R&D stage which show exceptional promise for future commercial use. Radiation-processing technologies are discussed under the following categories: cross-linking of plastics and rubbers, curing of coatings and inks, heat-shrink products, fiber–matrix composites, chain-scission for processing control, surface modification, grafting, hydrogels, sterilization, natural product enhancement, plastics recycling, ceramic precursors, electronic property materials, ion-track membranes and lithography for microdevice production. In addition to new technological innovations utilizing conventional gamma and e-beam sources, a number of promising new applications make use of novel radiation types which include ion beams (heavy ions, light ions, highly focused microscopic beams and high-intensity pulses), soft X-rays which are focused, coherent X-rays (from a synchrotron) and e-beams which undergo scattering to generate patterns.
Improved Natural Gas Transmission Modeling for Network Analysis Using a Quartic P/Z Framework in Pseudoreduced Form

AbstractIn natural gas transmission network analysis, the general gas pipeline equation and its common design variations (Weymouth, Panhandle A, Panhandle B, IGT/AGA) typically assume an average compressibility factor Zav across pipeline sections. In this work, it is shown that errors in the selected Zav value result in design specification errors biased toward pipe sections further downstream of the network. These errors are especially pronounced in large pressure change systems and can have significant cost implications given standardized pipeline sizing. Consequently, a new natural gas transmission model is developed towards improved natural gas pipeline network analysis. The new model is based on quartic characterization of the P/Z integral term in pseudoreduced form. The pseudoreduced framework serves to preserve the simplicity level of prevailing design equations while improving the accuracy in the handling of the P/Z integral computation by up to 100% with improved design specifications and cost-sa...
Recoverable neuristor propagation on superconductive tunnel junction strip lines

Abstract Superconductive tunnel junction strip transmission lines, both those utilizing normal electron tunneling and those utilizing Josephson tunneling, can support recoverable neuristor pulse propagation. Detailed analysis of the normal electron line, including studies with a lumped circuit analog, gives the pulse amplitude, velocity and bias threshold for neuristor propagation and indicates instability for some values of bias current. Experiments on tin-tin oxide-lead normal electron lines agree with the analysis, showing pulse amplitudes of 0.2–0.5 mV, propagation velocities of about 1.5×109 cm/sec and stability only over a narrow range of bias current values. A crude analysis predicts similar behavior for the Josephson junction line. Experiments on a single tin/aluminum-oxide-lead Josephson junction line show only partial, qualitative agreement with this analysis; the observed behavior also bears some resemblance to the predictions of previously reported approximate theories. Considerations of fabrication technology and power dissipation indicate that superconductive tunnel junction strip lines are perhaps the first practical neuristor realization for use in large systems.
Experimental estimation of fluorescence power efficiencies of several atoms in three turbulent flames used in atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry

Abstract An experimental system for the measurement of approximate atomic fluorescence power efficiencies of atoms in turbulent flames used in atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry is described. An expression is derived for the power efficiency as a function of instrumental parameters. Experimentally measured power efficiencies for eleven elements in fuel-rich oxyhydrogen, fuel-rich oxyacetylene, and fuel-rich hydrogen/argon/entrained air flames are given. The power efficiencies vary considerably from one spectral line to another, but as a result of the entrainment of ambient air into the turbulent flames, the values obtained in different flames are approximately equal. It is also shown that fluorescence radiation should rarely produce a significant error in atomic absorption spectrometry.
Children with Multi-Trauma Histories: Special Considerations for Care and Implications for Treatment Selection

The complex symptom profiles of young children with histories of trauma exposure underscore the importance of matching individual child characteristics and symptom needs with existing evidence-based treatment protocols. Children (N = 134) between the ages of 2–12 and their caregivers were administered the Child Behavioral Checklist, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children, and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children-Alternate Version at baseline and end of treatment. ANCOVA analyses examined the relationships between the number of different types of trauma exposures, child gender, placement status, child age, type of treatment received, and end of treatment symptom scores. Child age at the start of treatment was found to influence externalizing and total problem scores at the end of treatment when baseline scale scores were held constant. Older children were found to have significantly higher levels of externalizing and total problem scores at the end of treatment compared to younger children in the sample. Significant improvements were found between baseline and termination outcome scores regardless of treatment type, however, results suggest that differences in severity of symptoms may vary by treatment type. Study findings suggest that latency age children and their caregivers may have differing trauma-related treatment needs compared to younger children and may benefit from an adjusted focus in treatment. The matching of individual child characteristics and need can help maximize emotional and behavioral outcomes and the addition of a cognitive-based treatment modality may be indicated for some children.
Dynamics of Battery Tabs Under Ultrasonic Welding

Ultrasonic metal welding for battery tabs must be performed with 100% reliability in battery pack manufacturing as the failure of a single weld essentially results in a battery that is inoperative or cannot deliver the required power due to the electrical short caused by the failed weld. In ultrasonic metal welding processes, high-frequency ultrasonic energy is used to generate an oscillating shear force (sonotrode force) at the interface between a sonotrode and few metal sheets to produce solid-state bonds between the sheets clamped under a normal force. These forces, which influence the power needed to produce the weld and the weld quality, strongly depend on the mechanical and structural properties of the weld parts and fixtures in addition to various welding process parameters such as weld frequencies and amplitudes. In this work, the effect of structural vibration of the battery tab on the required sonotrode force during ultrasonic welding is studied by applying a longitudinal vibration model for the battery tab. It is found that the sonotrode force is greatly influenced by the kinetic properties, quantified by the equivalent mass and equivalent stiffness, of the battery tab and cell pouch interface. This study provides a fundamental understanding of battery tab dynamics during ultrasonic welding and its effects on weld quality, and thus provides useful guidelines for design and welding of battery tabs from tab dynamics point of view.Copyright © 2013 by ASME and General Motors
Gut microbial flora, prebiotics, and probiotics in IBD: their current usage and utility.

Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract, whose major forms are represented by Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Their etiology is still unclear, although several factors have been identified as major determinants for induction or relapses. Among these, the role of the “forgotten organ”, gut microbiota, has become more appreciated in recent years. The delicate symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and the host appears to be lost in IBD. In this perspective, several studies have been conducted to assess the role of prebiotics and probiotics in gut microbiota modulation. This is a minireview aimed to address in an easy format (simple questions-simple answers) some common issues about the theme. An update on the role of selected constituents of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD is presented together with the analysis of the efficacy of gut microbiota modulation by prebiotics and probiotics administration in the management of IBD.
Unions, seniority, and public choice

This paper examines the implications of granting a seniority-based system to a union whose behavior is determined by a median voter rule. It is shown that the union will negotiate a sequence of wages that will contract union employment in each period. The model then is extended to include an active role for the firm. It is shown that when the firm has the opportunity to resist unionization, the union will not allow union employment to fall below some lower bound. This lower bound is then a steady-state equilibrium.
Stray-light correction algorithm for spectrographs

In this paper, we describe an algorithm to correct a spectrograph's response for stray light. Two recursion relations are developed:?one to correct the system response when measuring broad-band calibration sources, and a second to correct the response when measuring sources of unknown radiance. The algorithm requires a detailed understanding of the effect of stray light in the spectrograph on the instrument's response. Using tunable laser sources, a dual spectrograph instrument designed to measure the up-welling radiance in the ocean was characterized for stray light. A?stray-light correction algorithm was developed, based on the results of these measurements. The instrument's response was corrected for stray light, and the effects on measured up-welling in-water radiance were evaluated.
Model predictive control of MEMS LCR

This paper illustrates the application of model predictive control for trajectory control of micro electro mechanical lateral comb resonators (MEMS LCRs). A recursive least square estimator with dynamic data weighting method is used to estimate the parameters of MEMS in real-time. Accordingly, the control law and the gains are derived to achieve high performance trajectory control. Simulation results demonstrate a close trajectory profile tracking and accurate parameter estimation performance.
Young children in early-onset Alzheimer's disease families: research gaps and emerging service needs.

Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD), defined as affecting those under age 65, afflicts between 200,000 and 500,000 people in the US. EOAD tends to be a fast-progressing and aggressive form of AD. There is a beginning body of research exploring EOAD patients’ experience and needs, as well as that of their primary family caregivers, often spouses. However, there has been very little written about the experience and needs of EOAD patients’ children, who because of the early onset, and increasing postponement of childbearing, may be latency-aged or in their early teens. This paper reviews existing and related literature in this area, and illustrates the psychosocial impact on children using the case of a 50 year-old father diagnosed with AD and his 16 year-old daughter and 11 year-old son. The need for increased research and program development to address these children’s needs is discussed.
Effect of cold acclimation on vitamin A metabolism.

SummaryHepatic vit. A levels are much higher in cold-acclimated rats than in rats maintained at 25°C. This increase in hepatic vit. A content does not stem from a sparing action induced by cold acclimation but is rather a simple corollary of increased food consumption that accompanies cold-exposure. Moreover, evidence is presented which suggests that the amount of vit. A needed for rats to live at 0-2 °C is not markedly greater than the amount needed to live at 25 °C.
Acid-base state and intermittent breathing in the torpid bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

Abstract The effects of intermittent breathing on acid-base state and blood gases were characterized in the torpid bat, Eptesicus fuscus, during steady-state torpor between body temperatures (Tb) of 5 and 37°C. Arterial blood samples were taken from indwelling catheters without disturbing the torpid state. Arterial pH (pHa) of samples taken without knowledge of ventillatory state rose by 0.15 units from 37 to 5°C with aΔpHa/ΔTb slope over this range of −0.0055 U/°C. However, at and below Tb = 20°C, Eptesicus fuscus breathes intermittently with typical apneic periods of 40–150 min and 4–12 min at 10 and 20°C, respectively. Samples taken at the end of a vetilatory bout and near the end of an apneic period at Tb = 20°C revealed cyclic changes in pH (from 7.49 ± 0.02 to 7.34 ± 0.01) PO2 (from 96.6 ± 3.4 to 30.8 ± 3.9 Torr), and PCO2 (28.2 ± 1.4 to 45.9 ± 1.5 Torr). Between 10 and 37°C, end-ventilatory pHa varied inversely with temperature with a ΔpHa/ΔT slope of −0.011 U/°C. Because intermittent breathing is common to many animals during hibernation, these results demonstrate the importance of coordinating blood sampling with ventilatory state for a reliable interpretation of acid-base regulation under these conditions.
Trapping and resonance of long shelf waves due to groups of short waves

Groups of short waves within a narrow frequency band are known to be accompanied by second-order long waves travelling at the group velocity of the predominant short waves. When the short waves are refracted by bottom topography, new long waves can be further radiated and propagated away from the topography at the shallow-water speed. Since over a long submarine ridge there can be trapped modes of long-period waves, incident groups of short waves can excite the trapped waves through a second-order mechanism. In this paper we study such excitations over a rectangular shelf which scatters the first-order short waves. By employing asymptotic methods we examine the transient excitation of the trapped long wave by both sinusoidal wave groups and wave packets. The effects of a small angular spread of the incident waves are also included.
Strongly localized photogenerated bipolarons in polydiacetylenes

Abstract Photoinduced infrared absorption and photoinduced electron spin resonance measurements on crystalline powders of polydiacetylenes are reported. The results imply long-lived, localized, charged, spinless photo-excitations. We have observed metastable photoinduced absorption from the vibrational modes (CC, CC) of the PDA backbone and an associated overlapping broad electronic transition (centered at a frequency which depends on the particular side chain). We conclude that bipolarons are created through interchain charge transfer and coexist with the intrachain singlet and triplet (neutral) excitons. Weak interchain hopping inhibits recombination and leads to metastable bipolarons (with lifetimes of order 30 minutes) at low temperatures.
Ordering of the N-Terminus of Human MDM2 by Small Molecule Inhibitors

Restoration of p53 function through the disruption of the MDM2-p53 protein complex is a promising strategy for the treatment of various types of cancer. Here, we present kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural rationale for the remarkable potency of a new class of MDM2 inhibitors, the piperidinones. While these compounds bind to the same site as previously reported for small molecule inhibitors, such as the Nutlins, data presented here demonstrate that the piperidinones also engage the N-terminal region (residues 10–16) of human MDM2, in particular, Val14 and Thr16. This portion of MDM2 is unstructured in both the apo form of the protein and in MDM2 complexes with p53 or Nutlin, but adopts a novel β-strand structure when complexed with the piperidinones. The ordering of the N-terminus upon binding of the piperidinones extends the current model of MDM2-p53 interaction and provides a new route to rational design of superior inhibitors.
SU‐FF‐J‐105: Tools for Voxel‐By‐Voxel Correlation of Radiotherapy Dose and MR Signals From Multiple Physiological/functional MRI Modalities

Purpose: The use of multiple physiological/functional MR modalities for radiation therapy is limited by the lack of tools to correlate voxel‐by‐voxel MR signal with voxel‐by‐voxel dosimetric data. Developing such tools is the purpose of this work. Method and Materials: We have developed a process and tools that enable the analysis of the data from multiple forms of MR based biological/functional imaging modalities along with the 3D dose distributions from a commercial radiation treatment planning system. Different types of images(CT and multiple MRs) are registered through commercial software (XIO CMS). A 4×4 registration matrix for the rotation and translation of coordinates is extracted from this software and used by our code written in MATLAB for interpolation of data from one coordinate system to another. The computational environment for radiotherapy research (CERR) served as the main platform for handling and visualization of data. We made additions and modifications to CERR to accomplish multiple secondary image ‐dose display and extraction of voxel‐by‐voxel registered information. This overall system of tools also has the capability of volumetric doseanalysis, such as DVHs, and a voxel‐based biological quantify, VED (Voxel uniform dose, similar to EUD except it is calculated in a voxel) can be obtained. Results: The tools are being used in our institution in retrospective voxel‐by‐voxel analyses of radiation responses using various MR modalities, including relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), Chemical shift imaging (CSI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Conclusion: In order to integrate multiple functional MR modalities into radiation therapy process (planning and outcome assessment), a necessary step is to understand the relationship between MR data and treatment responses. This requires voxel‐by‐voxel registration between multiple image datasets and voxel‐by‐voxel correlation between image data with radiationdose. The tools developed in this work serve this purpose.
A Statistical Analysis of Data from Film Badge Performance Tests

Abstract Data on tests of film badge services have been analyzed statistically to determine the probability that services may be expected to meet performance criteria developed under the auspices of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). These criteria were derived empirically on the basis of a single sample of film badge services in the United States. Ten film badge services participating in the NSF seal of approval program released their data for this analysis. The study compares the empirical criteria and statistical expectations based on newly available data. The implications of the analysis for future film badge performance criteria are also discussed.
Reduction of focal-spot size using dichromats in absorbance modulation

We experimentally verify the focusing characteristics of dichromats, a new class of circular-symmetric diffractive-optical lenses that generate, in the same focal plane, focal spots for one wavelength and ring-shaped spots with central nodes for another wavelength. Using a dichromat, we illuminate a thin photochromic layer and demonstrated point-spread-function compression of the transmitted focal spot.
Optimization of X-ray phase-contrast imaging based on in-line holography

Abstract This paper introduces a newly conceived formalism for clinical in-line phase-contrast X-ray imaging. The new formalism applies not only to ideal “thin” objects analyzed in previous studies, but also applies to the real-world tissues used in actual clinical practice. Moreover we have identified the four clinically important factors that affect phase-contrast characteristics. These factors are: (1) body part attenuation, (2) the spatial coherence of incident X-rays from an X-ray tube, (3) the polychromatic nature of the X-ray source and (4) radiation dose to patients for clinical applications. Techniques of phase image-reconstruction based on the new X-ray in-line holography theory are discussed. Numerical simulations are described which were used to validate the theory. The design parameters of an optimal clinical phase-contrast mammographic imaging system which were determined based on the new theory, and validated in the simulations, are presented. The theory, image reconstruction algorithms, and numerical simulation techniques presented in this paper can be applied widely to clinical diagnostic X-ray imaging applications.
Comparative study of Mn and Fe incorporation into GaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Wide bandgap diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) have been of interest recently due to theoretical predictions of room temperature ferromagnetism in these materials. However, the mechanism of the observed ferromagnetism of the nitrde-based DMS is still controversial, and may originate from a carrier-mediated, defect-related or nanoscale clustering mechanism. In this work, we present a comparative study of the incorporation of various transition metals and their effect on the optical, structural, and magnetic properties of GaN. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been employed to produce epitaxial films of varying thickness and manganese and iron concentrations using bis-cyclopentyldienyl (magnanese, iron) as the transition metal sources. High-resolution X-ray diffraction reveals no macroscopic secondary phases under optimized growth conditions. Magnetic hysteresis is observed at room temperature in both Ga 1-x Mn x N and Ga 1-x Fe x N, though the strength of the magnetic ordering is roughly an order of magnitude weaker in the Fe-alloyed samples. Increasing Mn concentrations significantly affects the long-range lattice ordering, and the observation of local vibrational modes (LVMs) supports the formation of nitrogen vacancies, even under optimized MOCVD growth conditions. Such vacancies form shallow donor complexes and thus contribute to self-compensation. Disorder-induced modes at 300 cm -1 and 710 cm -1 and a LVM due to vacancies at 669 cm -1 were revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The iron-doped samples also show the disorder-induced modes, but the vacancy-related mode is not observed which is attributed to Fermi level and defect formation energy considerations.
DETECTION OF NONRESILIENT BEHAVIOR IN PAVEMENTS WITH A FALLING-WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER

The use of resilient models to describe the behavior of the materials in pavement design is the current standard. However, there are periods of the year when these resilient models may not be valid. Granular materials in pavements show some resiliency at every load level and moisture content. Nonresiliency is critical, however, when the plastic deformation becomes a large portion of the overall deformation in response to a load. Detection of possible nonresiliency in a pavement during use of a falling-weight deflectometer (FWD) would alert the FWD operator to possible nonresilient behavior. Two statistical checks are proposed to test for nonresiliency using the raw data provided by the FWD. Daily testing of a very weak pavement during spring thaw provided FWD data during and after a period of known nonresilient behavior. A chi-squared test of the variance may be able to detect nonresilient behavior.
Model dependence of astrophysical lower bounds on the neutrino mass.

Astrophysical lower bounds on the neutrino mass require assumptions about the phase-space distribution in dark-matter halos. Even with perfect spherical symmetry, a collisionless dark-matter halo can have an anisotropic phase-space distribution from angular momentum conservation. An example gives much less restrictive condition on the neutrino mass, showing that bounds such as that of Tremaine and Gunn are model dependent. I conclude that current mass bounds on neutrinos derived from dwarf galaxy rotation curves are overly restrictive, so that neutrinos in the mass range of 10--100 eV remain a viable candidate for galactic dark matter.
Green Chemical Treatments for Heating and Cooling Systems

Scale, corrosion and the and biological growth in industrial water handling processes result in reduced water flow though pipes, reduced heat transfer, and pump failures. Preventative treatments for these problems are based upon chemical compounds that are most often toxic and environmentally persistent. Manufacturers continue to introduce new chemicals and treatment programs onto the market, and old products have been discontinued. Many manufacturers claim that the new chemical and treatments are more environmentally friendly and safer for the plant workers and the users. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Construction Engineering Research Laboratory has undertaken a research effort to look at these new chemical treatments. The objective of this work was to develop “green” water treatment chemicals that control biological growth, corrosion and scale while reducing or eliminating the generation of toxic substances during the manufacture, use, and disposal processes.
Desensitization to glutamate does not affect synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract The effect of multiple applications of l -glutamate, l -aspartate or d,l -homocysteate, on the responsiveness of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and granule cells to these amino acids has been studied in the in vitro slice preparation. Responses to l -glutamate and to l -aspartate, but not to d,l -homocysteate or to the endogenous neurotransmitter, ‘desensitized’ and ‘cross-desensitized’. The results suggest the existence of functionally different receptors for excitatory amino acids.
Experimental evaluation of heat transfer on a 1030:1 area ratio rocket nozzle

A 1030:1 carbon steel, heat-sink nozzle was tested. The test conditions included a nominal chamber pressure of 2413 kN/sq m and a mixture ratio range of 2.78 to 5.49. The propellants were gaseous oxygen and gaseous hydrogen. Outer wall temperature measurements were used to calculate the inner wall temperature and the heat flux and heat rate to the nozzle at specified axial locations. The experimental heat fluxes were compared to those predicted by the Two-Dimensional Kinetics (TDK) computer model analysis program. When laminar boundary layer flow was assumed in the analysis, the predicted values were within 15 percent of the experimental values for the area ratios of 20 to 975. However, when turbulent boundary layer conditions were assumed, the predicted values were approximately 120 percent higher than the experimental values. A study was performed to determine if the conditions within the nozzle could sustain a laminar boundary layer. Using the flow properties predicted by TDK, the momentum-thickness Reynolds number was calculated, and the point of transition to turbulent flow was predicted. The predicted transition point was within 0.5 inches of the nozzle throat. Calculations of the acceleration parameter were then made to determine if the flow conditions could produce relaminarization of the boundary layer. It was determined that if the boundary layer flow was inclined to transition to turbulent, the acceleration conditions within the nozzle would tend to suppress turbulence and keep the flow laminar-like.
Autonomous Function of Synaptotagmin 1 in Triggering Synchronous Release Independent of Asynchronous Release

Ca(2+) triggers neurotransmitter release in at least two principal modes, synchronous and asynchronous release. Synaptotagmin 1 functions as a Ca(2+) sensor for synchronous release, but its role in asynchronous release remains unclear. We now show that in cultured cortical neurons stimulated at low frequency ( or Hz), deletion of synaptotagmin 1 also alters only synchronous, not asynchronous, release during the stimulus train, but dramatically enhances "delayed asynchronous release" following the stimulus train. Thus synaptotagmin 1 functions as an autonomous Ca(2+) sensor independent of asynchronous release during isolated action potentials and action potential trains, but restricts asynchronous release induced by residual Ca(2+) after action potential trains. We propose that synaptotagmin 1 occupies release "slots" at the active zone, possibly in a Ca(2+)-independent complex with SNARE proteins that are freed when action potential-induced Ca(2+) influx activates synaptotagmin 1.
Histochemistry and ultrastructure of the heart in experimental cobalt cardiomyopathy in the dog.

Abstract Experimental cobalt cardiomyopathy was studied in dogs given cobalt twice weekly through a chronic indwelling iv catheter. The dogs became dyspneic and lethargic and had exercise intolerance. Cardiac failure developed in some animals. The hearts in these dogs were pale and flabby with dilatation of the atria. All had scattered myocardial degeneration characterized by diffuse cytoplasmic vacuolation, loss of cross striations, and interstitial edema. No inflammation was seen. Histochemical reactions for succinic dehydrogenase and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) diaphorase were done on frozen heart muscle. There was no differences in activity of reduced DPN diaphorase when muscle from control dogs was compared to muscle from treated dogs. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase was decreased in cardiac muscle taken from dogs in the two cobalt-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, the mitochondria were extremely swollen with loss of cristae. Electron-dense particles were seen in some damaged mitochondria. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T system contained numerous dilated vesicles in cells with mitochondrial and myofibrillar damage. Loss of cross striations and Z-band thickening were present in degenerating myofibers. Lipid droplets of varying sizes, some containing dense osmiophilic particles at the periphery, were observed in the myocytes.
A single-session group self-hypnosis smoking cessation treatment: a brief communication.

Abstract This study was designed to assess the efficacy of a manual-based, single-session group self-hypnosis intervention. At 3 months follow-up, 25.92% of the total number of participants (14 male, 13 females) reported continuous abstinence, and at 6 months, 18.52% of the participants reported continuous abstinence. Reported social support and motivation to quit were both associated with successful outcome. Comparison of the current data with other findings reported by the American Lung Association (Davis, Faust, & Ordentlich, 1984) suggests that treatment effects may not be solely attributable to the use of a maintenance manual, education, and attention. Limitations of the research associated with issues of experimental control, generalizability of the findings, and outcome measures are discussed.
Rheogoniometric viscosity measurements of whole human blood at minimal shear rates down to 0.0009 sec −1

Messungen menschlichen Gesamtblutvolumens bei sehr niedrigen Schubzeiten bis 0,0009 sec−1 (modifizierter Weissenberg-Rheogoniometer). Es wird gefunden, dass das Blut kein Newton'sches Verhalten und bei diesen niedrigen Schubzeitableitungen eine Fliessspannung aufweist.
Coordinate regulation of histone mRNA metabolism and DNA replication: cyclin A/cdk1 is involved in inactivation of histone mRNA metabolism and DNA replication at the end of S phase.

S phase is characterized by the replication of DNA and assembly of chromatin. This requires the synthesis of large amounts of histone proteins to package the newly replicated DNA. Histone mRNAs are the only mRNAs that do not have polyA tails, ending instead in a conserved stemloop sequence. The stemloop binding protein (SLBP) that binds the 3′ end of histone mRNA is cell cycle regulated and SLBP is required in all steps of histone mRNA metabolism. Activation of cyclin E/cdk2 prior to entry into S-phase is critical for initiation of DNA replication and histone mRNA accumulation. At the end of S phase SLBP is rapidly degraded as a result of phosphorylation of SLBP by cyclin A/cdk1 and CK2 effectively shutting off histone mRNA biosynthesis. E2F1, which is required for expression of many S-phase genes, is regulated in parallel with SLBP and its degradation also requires a cyclin binding site, suggesting that it may also be regulated by the same pathway. It is likely that activation of cyclin A/cdk1 helps inhibit both DNA replication and histone mRNA accumulation, marking the end of S phase and entry into G2-phase.
Dry etch chemistries for TiO2 thin films

Abstract Several different plasma chemistries were investigated for dry etching of TiO 2 thin films. Fluorine-based discharges produced the fastest etch rates (∼2000 A min −1 ) and selectivities >1 for Si over TiO 2 . Chlorine-based discharges also showed a chemical enhancement over pure Ar sputtering and had selectivities 2 for a range of plasma conditions. Methane–hydrogen discharges produced very slow etch rates, below those obtained with Ar sputtering. The etched surface morphologies of TiO 2 were excellent in all three types of plasma chemistry. Small concentrations (2 at.%) of chlorine- or fluorine-containing residues were identified on the TiO 2 surface after Cl 2 /Ar or SF 6 /Ar etching, but these residues were water soluble.
Is apatite U–Th zonation information necessary for accurate interpretation of apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronometry data?

Abstract New U, Th and Ce concentration maps were acquired by LA-ICPMS for 70 apatites from 18 cratonic basement samples from the Canadian shield to characterize the nature and variability in apatite U–Th zonation. All apatites are zoned in effective U concentration (eU), with 80% exhibiting modest zoning that varies from a factor of ∼1.2 to ∼2.4. Zonation patterns include those with a general eU decrease from core to rim (∼25%), a core to rim eU increase (∼35%), and patchy or irregularly shaped eU distributions (∼40%). Most samples consist of individual apatites with markedly different and opposing eU profiles. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images were obtained for 258 apatites in 25 samples. Comparison of eU and CL patterns reveals no consistent relationships, suggesting that CL is not a reliable proxy for apatite eU zonation. We explore the implications of eU zonation for the interpretation of apatite (U–Th)/He (AHe) data by comparing the age predictions for representative and endmember apatite eU profiles with those for unzoned apatites. We focus on thermal histories that should magnify eU zonation effects, including slow monotonic cooling, extended He partial retention zone (HePRZ) residence, and protracted reheating and cooling. Application of incorrect α-ejection correction ( F T ) factors, different He concentration gradients, and variable intracrystalline retentivity due to heterogeneous radiation damage may cause the AHe dates for zoned and unzoned apatites to differ. In our dataset, the magnitude of the F T effect is By simulating zoned apatite suites from representative and endmember samples we find that eU zoning adds modest age dispersion to most samples. The commonly opposing eU profiles for individual apatites in most samples have different effects on the predicted age, and partially cancel each other out to reduce the predicted age difference at the sample level. Higher predicted age differences between zoned and unzoned samples generally correlate with greater sample scatter. The age deviations generally fall within the ∼15% uncertainty range that we commonly apply for sample AHe dates. Except in unusual circumstances, it appears unlikely that the unzoned apatite assumption will lead to misinterpretation of AHe datasets, thus precluding the need to routinely acquire apatite eU zonation information as part of AHe dating studies.
Head-to-head polymers: 33. Bromination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide)

Abstract Cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) in a 0.5% solution of a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and 1,2-dibromoethane or tetrahydrofuran was quantitatively brominated with elemental bromine at 0°C under careful exclusion of oxygen to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide). Partially brominated PB has a structure of random or block sequences of butadiene units in the polymer depending on the bromination solvent but shows no stereospecificity in the CHBrCHBr-dyads. Partially brominated PB with block structure showed a microphase-separated morphology over a wide range of composition. Microphase separation is less pronounced for the more random structure of butadiene units. I.r and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy of the partially brominated PB was used to follow the progress of the bromination.
Acoustic detection of migrating gray, humpback, and blue whales in the coastal, northeast Pacific

Many large cetaceans of suborder Mysticeti make long annual migrations along the California coast. A bottom-mounted hydrophone was deployed in shallow water off the coast of central California and recorded during November 2012 to September 2013. The recording was used to determine the presence of blue whales, humpback whales, and gray whales. Gray whale calls were further analyzed and the number of calls per day and per hour were calculated. It was found that gray whales make their migratory M3 calls at a higher rate than previously observed. There were also more M3 calls recorded at night than during the day. This work will be continued to study the patterns and interactions between species and compared with shore-based survey data.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN CATS

The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to find some criterion for the level of activity of the adrenal cortex similar to the tests now in use for other endocrine glands, such as blood sugar level for the islands of Langerhans, basal metabolism for the thyroid, or calcium and phosphorous values for the parathyroid. Changes in the blood chemistry of animals suffering from adrenal insufficiency have been reported by many investigators using cats (1) (2) (3) (4) (5), dogs (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11), and rats (12) (13). The variety of constituents studied and the variable results obtained led us to check a number of the more striking results. A composite picture proved to have a good critical value in the determination of adrenal insufficiency, but an increase in serum potassium and a loss of Na and Cl seem to us to have the greatest specific value.
Preparation and separation of methyl ethers of d-arabinose☆

Abstract All possible methyl ethers of methyl β- d -arabinofuranoside and methyl β- d -arabinopyranoside were prepared by partial methylation using Kuhn's method (Ag2O and MeI in N,N-dimethylformamide) and Haworth's method (Me2SO4 and 40% NaOH in water). The ratios of the methyl ethers obtained from the furanoside were found to be considerably more dependent on the method of methylation than those from the pyranoside. All of the methyl ethers of d -arabinofuranose and d -arabinopyranose are separable by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel and paper electrophoresis in borate buffer.
Software controlled mechanically reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio

The ability of a communication protocol to dynamically sense and access the spectrum has increased the efficiency of communication systems. This dynamic communication scheme also known as cognitive radio is intelligent and able to learn and adapt to new environments and wireless communication channels. Cognitive radio has various requirements and depends vastly on the type of communication standard that is available. Thus cognitive radio is divided into two main categories: Spectrum interweave and spectrum underlay. In this work we only discuss antennas for spectrum interweave cognitive radio.
Toward Blind Travel Support through Verbal Route Directions: A Path Inference Algorithm for Inferring New Route Descriptions from Existing Route Descriptions

The work presented in this article continues our investigation of such assisted navigation solutions where the main emphasis is placed not on sensor sets or sensor fusion algorithms but on the ability of the travelers to interpret and contextualize verbal route directions en route. This work contributes to our investigation of the research hypothesis that we have formulated and partially validated in our previous studies: if a route is verbally described in sufficient and appropriate amount of detail, independent VI travelers can use their O&M and problem solving skills to successfully follow the route without any wearable sensors or sensors embedded in the environment. In this investigation, we temporarily put aside the issue of how VI and blind travelers successfully interpret route directions en route and tackle the question of how those route directions can be created, generated, and maintained by online communities. In particular, we focus on the automation of path inference and present an algorithm that may be used as part of the background computation of VGI sites to find new paths in the previous route directions written by online community members, generate new route descriptions from them, and post them for subsequent community editing.
Communication: Problems of interaction between professionals and clients

In this paper, we examine the concept of communication between the professional and clients from two points of view: (1) the purpose of communication and (2) status characteristics of the clients and professionals. When these two factors are related to each other, communication patterns emerge which may enable us to ascertain the reasons individuals come to seek help and the way they behave. It may also be possible to detect the reasons behind possible communication breakdowns between professionals and clients. A number of studies, illustrative of communication problems, are detailed.
Integrating Evidence for Excellence in the Care of Women and Newborns: The Evidence‐Based FellowS Program

Poster Presentation Professional Issues Poster Presentation Though the importance of evidence‐based practice (EBP) is readily acknowledged and ascribed to, studies show that a small percentage of nurses are incorporating research findings into practice. This presentation describes a pragmatic model implemented in a Magnet hospital, the EBP FellowS (Sharing Science) program, to facilitate the integration of evidence into practice. The EBP FellowS program is a 12‐week offering of didactic and project development, with an additional 8 to 12 weeks of mentoring. Participants are selected based on a proposed question that has potential to improve patient care through the translation of evidence into practice. FellowS participate in didactic offerings, workshops, and coaching sessions that take them from question formulation through an evidence review and subsequent project development, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination. For this presentation, the aforementioned process will be illustrated by an EBP project undertaken by a team from the mother–baby unit. Proposed Change Based on evidence that nonseparation leads to improved attachment between mother and infant, emotional stability, protection against infection, and increased breastfeeding rates, this team is seeking to promote mother–infant attachment by allowing mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours per day. This would, hopefully, decrease or eliminate the need for a newborn nursery. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation To implement this evidence‐based project, the mother–baby team will establish a nonseparation model of care by educating the staff through staff meetings and group sessions. Questionnaires and surveys will be distributed to mothers to gather their perceptions of rooming‐in. The nurses in the mother–baby unit also will receive surveys to determine reasons for separation of the mother and infant. Admission pamphlets will explain the nonseparation model before the mother/infant stay in the unit. Upon completion of this EBP performance improvement project, expected findings indicate an increase in patient satisfaction and comfort with infant care. The anticipated completion date of this study is October 2012. Implications for Nursing Practice The EBP FellowS program is a model that can be replicated in a wide variety of healthcare settings. More specifically, the EBP study to promote mother–infant attachment serves as an example of how evidence can be used to positively improve practice in the mother–baby unit.
Learned helplessness in epilepsy: A contribution toward the prediction of depression levels in a clinical setting

This paper studies depression in epilepsy and the value of learned helplessness theory as an explanatory model. In a pre-post design, 77 adult inpatients from an acute epilepsy clinic were examined. The treatment goal was to improve antiepileptic drug therapy. Newly developed questionnaires were used to look at epilepsy-specific control-beliefs and preattributions. Depression was measured with the German depression scale D-S′ by von Zerssen. Additional data were gathered from the medical files and by direct patient questioning. Data were analyzed by bivariate methods and multiple stepwise regression analyses. As a result of cross-sectional analyses, helplessness measures correlated with depression. Subjects' mean depression scores were slightly higher than the norm. However, analyses of the pre-post relations cast doubt on the expected etiologic influence of control and attribution variables. T2-depression was better predicted by the result of antiepileptic treatment and by T1-depression. Thus, the findings only partially uphold helplessness theory as the explanation for depression in epilepsy. On the whole, they are seen as compatible with coping concepts that stress feedback processes between disease-specific Stressors, individual appraisal of these Stressors, and emotions.
Binding sites and endocytosis of heparin and polylysine are changed when the two molecules are given as a complex to Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract This paper characterizes the complex formed in vitro between polylysine and heparin in the presence of heparin excess, and investigates the interaction of this complex with the surface of Chinese hamster ovary cells. It examines the kinetics of surface binding and cellular uptake of the complex and shows that both processes can be distinguished from those of free heparin and free polylysine. The view that these three ligands bind to different surface sites is further supported by the fact that their interaction with cell is influenced differently by cell detachment with trypsin, detachment with EGTA or exposure to acid pH. Membrane transport of the complex is a saturable process suggestive of receptor-mediated endocytosis. It is, however, less effective than would be expected on the basis of the binding kinetics. Only 40% of the complex bound at 0°C is internalized during a 2 h reincubation period at 37°C, suggesting some degree of uncoupling between binding and endocytosis. These data confirm prior results obtained with methotrexate-polylysine conjugates. We had shown that the addition of heparin to a medium containing a methotrexate-polylysine conjugate leads unexpectedly to a marked cellular uptake of drug conjugate, which is capable of killing cells that are otherwise resistant to free methotrexate (Shen, W.-C. and Ryser, H.J.-P. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7589–7593). The polylysine · heparin complex is therefore of interest as a potential carrier for intracellular drug delivery through endocytosis.