cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 Infections Associated with Pasteurized Milk

In October 1995, an outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 infections occurred in the Upper Valley of Vermont and New Hampshire. Ten patients were identified, median age 9 years (range, 6 months-44 years). Three patients were hospitalized; 1 underwent an appendectomy. Consumption of bottled pasteurized milk from a local dairy was associated with illness (matched odds ratio undefined; lower 95% confidence interval, 1.9). No deficiencies in pasteurization procedures or equipment were detected. Y. enterocolitica O:8 was isolated from 1 raw-milk sample and from a fecal sample from 1 dairy pig. The route of contamination was not determined; this outbreak likely resulted from postpasteurization contamination of milk. Dairy pigs were the most likely source of contamination. Milk bottles were likely contaminated by rinsing with untreated well water prior to filling or by other environmental routes. Educating dairy owners about Y. enterocolitica and postpasteurization contamination is necessary to prevent further outbreaks.
Instabilities in magnetically insulated ion diodes

Summary form only given, as follows. Magnetically insulated ion diodes are being developed to drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF). To achieve this goal, very high beam intensities are required. Thus reducing the ion beam divergence is of considerable importance. Three dimensional particle-in-cell simulations have demonstrated that instability induced fluctuations cause significant ion beam divergence. These simulations exhibit a fast growing mode early in time, which has been identified as the diocotron instability. The divergence generated by this mode is modest due to the relatively high frequency (>1 GHz). Later a low-frequency low phase-velocity instability develops. This instability couples effectively to the ions and can generate unacceptably large ion divergences, since the frequency is approximately the reciprocal of the ion transit time. A review of the linear stability theory of magnetically insulated ion diodes, indicates that the results depend rather sensitively on the details of the diode equilibrium model and the completeness of the stability analysis. We present new results based on a realistic family of ion diode equilibrium models using a fully relativistic electromagnetic stability analyses, which includes electron and ion perturbations both parallel and perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. This family of equilibria allows us to study the transition from the early diocotron growth to the low frequency ion mode.
Vector S-parameter measurements of the superconducting vortex flow transistor

Vector S-parameter measurements of the superconducting vortex flow transistor (VFT) are presented. The measurements were obtained for frequencies up to 100 MHz on VFTs that had a calculated transmit-time cutoff frequency of 5 GHz. An equivalent circuit model that includes calculations of the VFT transresistance, input inductance, and feedthrough capacitance is derived from these measurements. The measurements are limited to an upper frequency of 100 MHz due to crosstalk in the low-impedance system. >
A region-based segmentation method for multichannel image data

Abstract Segmentation has become a widely used tool in modern image analysis. Typical methods are highly nonlinear and often ad hoc, and none so far have proved accessible to detailed statistical analysis even by asymptotic approximations. Can such methods be any good? This article describes a segmentation procedure for multichannel image data and attempts to develop an understanding of its statistical performance characteristics in terms of nonparametric regression. The procedure is based on a recursive merging algorithm defined via a nested sequence of discretizations of the image domain. A cross-validation rule with a near-neighbor block replacement strategy is proposed for selecting the final segmentation model. Idealized numerical simulation experiments are used to evaluate the rate of convergence of the mean square error of estimation and also to study the efficiency of the cross-validation technique. Interestingly, the results show that the rate of convergence tends to decrease as the degree of smo...
Synthesis and characterization of 1,2,3,4 tetrahydroquinoline intercalated into MoS2 in search of cleaner fuels

Two different morphologies of MoS2 (short and long sheets) were utilized to elucidate the intercalation mechanism of 1,2,3,4 tetrahydroquinoline (THQ). MoS2 (short sheets) and molybdenite (MB) (long sheets) were exfoliated and restacked in the presence of THQ. The x-ray diffraction patterns of both samples show a new reflection in the 001 plane, which implies a lowering of symmetry and corresponds to an expansion of the layers by approximately 12.3 A. In the MoS2-THQ sample, 80% of the MoS2 was intercalated and 20% remained stacked. In the MB-THQ sample, 30% of MB was intercalated while 70% remained stacked. X-ray absorption structure (XAS) studies showed changes in atomic geometry and coordination. The x-ray absorption near-edge spectra showed shifts in the geometry of the intercalated MoS2 and MB sample compared to the unintercalated samples. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies showed lower coordination numbers compared to the untreated samples. Infrared spectroscopy characterization of these same samples suggests intercalation and partial dehydrogenation of the THQ.
Nonlinear program based optimization of boost and buck-boost converter designs

The facility of an Augmented Lagrangian (ALAG) multiplier based nonlinear programming technique is demonstrated for minimum- weight design optimizations of boost and buck-boost power converters. Certain important features of ALAG are presented in the framework of a comprehensive design example for buck-boost power converter design optimization. The study provides refreshing design insight of power converters and presents such information as weight and loss profiles of various semiconductor components and magnetics as a function of the switching frequency.
Precipitation of submicron charged particles in human lung airways

Precipitation of charged particles in a tube by their own space charge is investigated theoretically, when the number density of the particles is large enough so that the potential is a smooth function given by Poisson’s equation, and when the number density is small so that only the image force is important. These two approaches have been applied to the data given by Weibel for the human lung, to determine the deposition probabibilities at different generations for submicron particles when the particle density is 1×105 particles/cm3. The results indicate that the electrostatic dispersion can only lead to a small effect on the lung deposition, the predominant effect is due to the image force exerted on the particles.
Annular lichen planus: a case series of 20 patients

Abstract Background Annular lichen planus (ALP) is a long-recognized clinical variant of lichen planus, but is often considered uncommon in occurrence. The typical distribution and presentation of this variant have not been well described. Objective We sought to better define the sites affected and clinical characteristics of the annular variant of lichen planus, along with the age and race of patients affected with this disorder. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 20 patients given a diagnosis of ALP during an 18-year period. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in all but 3 cases of classic ALP that presented on the glans penis. Results Patients ranged in age from 24 to 76 years. There were 18 men and 2 women; 15 were Caucasian and 5 were African American. Sites of involvement in order of decreasing frequency included: axilla (35%); penis (25%); extremities (25%); groin (including the inguinal creases and scrotum) (20%); back (15%); buttocks (10%); flanks (5%); neck (5%); and eyelids (5%). None of the patients had oral mucosal, vulval, scalp, or nail lesions. A total of 18 patients had purely annular lesions, whereas 2 of the 20 had a few purple polygonal papules in the vicinity of the annular forms. Some eruptions were macular, whereas the majority had a slightly raised edge with central clearing. In all, 6 patients had solitary lesions whereas only 4 had 10 or greater lesions. None exhibited a linear Koebnerized response or generalized lesions. Most patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions ALP commonly involves the male genitalia but also has a predilection for intertriginous areas such as the axilla and groin folds. Eruptions typically consist of a few lesions localized to one or a few sites. Distal aspects of the extremities, and less commonly the trunk, may also be involved. ALP is a subtype of lichen planus that may be more common than is reflected in the literature.
Studies on phagocytosis of unopsonized rabbit erythrocytes by human monocytes

Abstract Monolayers of freshly isolated human monocytes are known to ingest particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway. The ingestion of rabbit erythrocytes, E R , by human monocytes in serum-free medium was studied. The process is Mg 2+ -dependent and optimum phagocytic activity was obtained at ~20 m M MgCl 2 . Preincubation of mononuclear leukocytes increased the number of monocytes ingesting E R by at least twofold and this involved de novo protein synthesis, as evidenced by inhibition with cycloheximide. However, preincubation of the mononuclear leukocytes for longer periods (>4 hr) caused a decrease in the percentage of ingesting monocytes. No inhibition of ingestion of E R was observed by cobra venom factor (CVF) or F(ab′) 2 rabbit anti-human C3 or F(ab′) 2 murine monoclonal anti-human Bb, known to inhibit C3 convertase activity. The ingestion was also not inhibited by (a) rabbit anti-human CR1, (b) OKM1 or anti-MO1, two monoclonal anti-CR3 antibodies, (c) goat anti-human IgG F c receptor, or (d) mannan, a competitive inhibitor of ligand uptake by the mannosyl-fucosyl receptor (MFR). In contrast, ingestion was inhibited by glucan particles of yeast.
Schisandrene, a Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignan from Schisandra chinensis: Structure−Antioxidant Activity Relationships of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans⊥

Phytochemical investigation of the fruits of Schisandra chinensis led to the isolation of 13 lignans including schisandrene (13), a new lignan based on a dibenzocyclooctadiene backbone with an exocyclic double bond. Its structure and absolute configuration were established using NMR, MS, and CD data. Antioxidant activity of the lignans was evaluated using a DCFH-DA cellular-based assay. The structure-activity relationships of the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans showed that the exocyclic methylene functionality was essential for antioxidant activity, with the benzoyloxy group probably enhancing such effects.
A deformation lemma for a Moser-Trudinger type functional

Abstract We consider the functional I ( λ , u ) = 1 2 ∫ Ω | ∇ u | 2 - λ log 1 | Ω | ∫ Ω e u , u ∈ H 0 1 ( Ω ) . When λ = 8 π N (N any positive integer), I ( λ , · ) admits unbounded Palais–Smale sequences. To overcome this lack of compactness, we propose a new deformation lemma.
Correlations among Stanford Achievement Test Scores, Intelligence, and Age by Level of Intelligence in Grades 3 and 6.

Magnitudes of correlations of achievement and IQ within levels of intelligence and between ages for elementary school children show that these factors must be considered in research and in evaluations.
HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Beliefs, and At-Risk Behaviors in the Chinese American Community

ABSTRACT Examination of epidemiological patterns suggests that the number of AIDS cases among Asian-Americans and Pacific Islanders is increasing at a significant rate, in this paper the authors report the results of an AIDS needs assessment study conducted in a Chinese American community of a major U.S. metropolitan region. Seven hundred and nine Chinese American respondents completed questionnaires assessing differences in HTV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes between English-speaking and Chinese-speaking groups. There were negligible differences between groups regarding their knowledge of HIV transmission. However, the Chinese-speaking respondents did not perceive HTV/AIDS as a serious health concern in their community, whereas their English-speaking counterparts did acknowledge the threat of this disease. Study results suggest the need for HIV/AIDS education and prevention material that is culturally specific and will facilitate communication within the Chinese American community.
Singapore: The Legacy Of Lee Kuan Yew

The Social setting from Raffles to self-rule, 1819-1959 the quest for stability and prosperity, 1959-1989 politics and government in a dominant party system from the Founders to the Successors a dependent but dynamic economy defense and foreign policy prospects for stability and change.
Replication Past the γ-Radiation-Induced Guanine-Thymine Cross-Link G[8,5-Me]T by Human and Yeast DNA Polymerase η.

𝛾-Radiation-induced intrastrand guanine-thymine cross-link, G[8,5-Me]T, hinders replication in vitro and is mutagenic in mammalian cells. Herein we report in vitro translesion synthesis of G[8,5-Me]T by human and yeast DNA polymerase 𝜂 (hPol 𝜂 and yPol 𝜂). dAMP misincorporation opposite the cross-linked G by yPol 𝜂 was preferred over correct incorporation of dCMP, but further extension was 100-fold less efficient for G∗:A compared to G∗:C. For hPol 𝜂, both incorporation and extension were more efficient with the correct nucleotides. To evaluate translesion synthesis in the presence of all four dNTPs, we have developed a plasmid-based DNA sequencing assay, which showed that yPol 𝜂 was more error-prone. Mutational frequencies of yPol 𝜂 and hPol 𝜂 were 36% and 14%, respectively. Targeted G→T was the dominant mutation by both DNA polymerases. But yPol 𝜂 induced targeted G→T in 23% frequency relative to 4% by hPol 𝜂. For yPol 𝜂, targeted G→T and G→C constituted 83% of the mutations. By contrast, with hPol 𝜂, semi-targeted mutations (7.2%), that is, mutations at bases near the lesion, occurred at equal frequency as the targeted mutations (6.9%). The kind of mutations detected with hPol 𝜂 showed significant similarities with the mutational spectrum of G[8,5-Me]T in human embryonic kidney cells.
Pressure forcing and dispersion analysis for discontinuous Galerkin approximations to oceanic fluid flows

This paper is part of an effort to examine the application of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods to the numerical modeling of the general circulation of the ocean. One step performed here is to develop an integral weak formulation of the lateral pressure forcing that is suitable for usage with a DG method and with a generalized vertical coordinate that includes level, terrain-fitted, isopycnic, and hybrid coordinates as examples. This formulation is then tested, in special cases, with analyses of dispersion relations and numerical stability and with some computational experiments. These results suggest that the advantages of DG methods may significantly outweigh their disadvantages, in the settings tested here. This paper also outlines some other issues that need to be addressed in future work.
Fumigation with Propylene Dichloride Mixture Agains Pyrausta Nubilalis Hubn.

Propylene dichloride mixture used at the rate of two pounds to one hundred cubic feet of space gave a complete kill of European Corn Borer naturally established in sections of cornstalk. The shortest time for positive treatment was found to be twenty-four hours at temperatures from sixty degrees to seventy-eight degrees Fahrenheit, although many borers were killed in an eighteen-hour exposure. This information indicates the possibility of developing a method for treatment of materials (particularly truck-crop produce) prior to movement from infested to non-infested areas.
What About Us? The Anglo-Caribbean Democratic Experience

Abstract This article contributes to the sparse literature on democratic regimes in the Caribbean by examining the emergence and persistence of Anglo-Caribbean democracies. British colonialism, not socio-economic modernisation, explains the origins of the democratic institutions of Anglo-Caribbean states. British colonial heritage, however, fails to explain why these democracies have persisted, in contrast to the experience of other former British colonies and many Latin American and non-Anglo Caribbean states. We identify two key variables that we believe account for democratic sustainability. These are size and a political culture of patronage politics that integrates the different socio-economic and ethnic strata of Caribbean society into the political process. Size and patronage politics are conceptualised as interactive variables because the relatively small geographic size and population of Anglo-Caribbean states allow for a high degree of personalisation of politics and reinforces common political ...
Depolarization induced change in the enzymatic radio iodination of a protein on the internal surface of the squid giant axon membrane

Abstract 1. 1. An enzymatic iodination procedure was used to probe for accessible proteins in the outer and inner membrane surfaces of the squid giant axon. 2. 2. The iodinated proteins obtained from the external surface, reflecting the Schwann cell surfaces and basal laminae, had a wide distribution of molecular weights, with a dominance at > 200,000 daltons. 3. 3. Internal membrane iodination by intracellular perfusion of the axon with the enzymatic mixture yielded two major peaks of activity; at 68,000 and 12,000 daltons. 4. 4. The dominant 12,000 dalton peak was selectively reduced in iodination by potassium depolarization of the axon.
Topological algebraic structure on Souslin and Aronszajn lines

Abstract Z. Feng and R.W. Heath proved that any separable linearly ordered space (LOTS) which is a cancellative topological semigroup must be metrizable. In this note, we show that the same holds more generally for CCC LOTS by proving that no Souslin line admits a continuous cancellative binary operation. We also show that no Lindelof Aronszajn line admits such an operation.
Systematic discovery of ectopic pregnancy serum biomarkers using 3-D protein profiling coupled with label-free quantitation.

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) and normal intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) serum proteomes were quantitatively compared to systematically identify candidate biomarkers. A 3-D biomarker discovery strategy consisting of abundant protein immunodepletion, SDS gels, LC−MS/MS, and label-free quantitation of MS signal intensities identified 70 candidate biomarkers with differences between groups greater than 2.5-fold. Further statistical analyses of peptide quantities were used to select the most promising 12 biomarkers for further study, which included known EP biomarkers, novel EP biomarkers (ADAM12 and ISM2), and five specific isoforms of the pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein family. Technical replicates showed good reproducibility and protein intensities from the label-free discovery analysis compared favorably with reported abundance levels of several known reference serum proteins over at least 3 orders of magnitude. Similarly, relative abundances of candidate biomarkers from the label-free discovery analysis wer...
Eight-year serologic evaluation of Edmonston live measles vaccine.

An 8 year follow-up study of recipients of Edmonstons measles vaccines has revealed that the pattern of persistence of circulating HI antibody has been similar in those who were immune prior to vaccine administration and in those who were susceptible at that time. Possibilities for lifelong immunity following administration of live measles vaccine are discussed.
Mechanism and Function of the Eukaryotic Ring-Shaped Chaperonin TRiC/CCT

Protein folding in the cell is critically dependent on the assistance of molecular chaperones. The chaperonin of eukaryotic cells, TRiC, is a 1 MDa ring-shaped complex that folds many essential cellular proteins. TRiC is hetero-oligomeric and uses ATP binding and hydrolysis to open and close a built-in lid over the central cavity. Notably, TRiC has the ability to fold some eukaryotic proteins, such as actin, that cannot be folded by any other chaperone. Thus understanding TRiC mechanism is an integral first step to deciphering the role of this chaperonin in cellular folding and potentially ameliorating human misfolding disorders. Recent insights into the structural and mechanistic basis of the conformational cycle of TRiC will be discussed, as well as their implications for polypeptide-mediated folding.
Bomb-produced radiocarbon in the shell of the chambered nautilus: rate of growth and age at maturity

Abstract The temporal pattern of bomb-produced radiocarbon in the oceans provides a chronometer to estimate the rate of growth of marine organisms. Radiocarbon measurements by tandem accelerator mass spectrometry of samples from the septa and shell wall of a mature specimen of Nautilus macromphalus reveal progressively increasing values in more recently formed shell material. This pattern is similar to that recorded in a banded coral from surface waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. However, the pre-bomb values of Δ 14 C are lower in the nautilus than in the coral. This offset is probably due to the difference in the respective habitat depths of the two animals. Taking this difference into account, we have used the temporal pattern of Δ 14 C in the coral as a point of reference to help interpret the pattern of Δ 14 C in the nautilus. According to our calculations, the age of the specimen of N. macromphalus is 10–12 years and the timing of septal formation ranges from ⩾ 80 to 240 days/septum.
The Mother That Won’t Reflect Back: Situating Psychoanalysis and the Japanese Mother in No-No Boy

There is a humorous saying: 'Love is homesickness'; and whenever a man dreams of a place or a country and says to himself, still in the dream, 'this place is familiar to me, I have been there before,' we may interpret the place as being his mother's genitals or her body. -Freud, "The Uncanny"
Ecological resilience and resilient cities

The urban realm is changing rapidly and becoming increasingly interconnected across continents, and across contrasting types of land covers, while at the same time facing new environmental threats and experiencing new demographic and social pressures. The urban component of the global ecosystem can be made more sustainable by incorporating the ecological understanding of resilience into the discourse. Sustainability is seen as a social, normative goal, which can be promoted using the mechanisms of ecological resilience. Ecological resilience differs from engineering resilience. Ecological resilience emphasizes the capacity of a site to adjust to external shocks and changes in controlling interactions, while engineering resilience emphasizes its ability to return to a state that existed before perturbation. Ecological resilience is particularly appropriate to urban systems, given the extent and open-ended nature of the changes and challenges they face. Adaptive processes are explored as contributions to th...
Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Direct Chromophore Interactions in the Leu/Gln105 Spectral Tuning Switch of Proteorhodopsins

Proteorhodopsins are an extensive family of photoactive membrane proteins found in proteobacteria distributed throughout the world's oceans which are often classified as green- or blue-absorbing (GPR and BPR, respectively) on the basis of their visible absorption maxima. GPR and BPR have significantly different properties including photocycle lifetimes and wavelength dependence on pH. Previous studies revealed that these different properties are correlated with a single residue, Leu105 in GPR and Gln105 in BPR, although the molecular basis for the different properties of GPR and BPR has not yet been elucidated. We have studied the unexcited states of GPR and BPR using resonance Raman spectroscopy which enhances almost exclusively chromophore vibrations. We find that both spectra are remarkably similar, indicating that the retinylidene structure of GPR and BPR are almost identical. However, the frequency of a band assigned to the retinal C13-methyl-rock vibration is shifted from 1006 cm (-1) in GPR to 1012 cm (-1) in BPR. A similar shift is observed in the GPR mutant L105Q indicating Leu and Gln residues interact differently with the retinal C13-methyl group. The environment of the Schiff base of GPR and BPR differ as indicated by differences in the H/D induced down-shift of the Schiff base vibration. Residues located in transmembrane helices (D-G) do not contribute to the observed differences in the protein-chromophore interaction between BPR and GPR based on the Raman spectra of chimeras. These results support a model whereby the substitution of the hydrophilic Gln105 in BPR with the smaller hydrophobic Leu105 in GPR directly alters the environment of both the retinal C13 group and the Schiff base.
Control of ribosome content, gamete formation and amino acid uptake in wild-type and arg-1 Chalamydomonas reinhardti

Abstract NH4+ represses degradation of ribosomes, gamete formation, and arginine uptake in wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardti. None of these factors is repressed by NH4+ in the arginine-requiring mutant of C. reinhardti, arg-1. The inability of NH4+ to exert control in arg-1 can be explained in terms of multiple mutational sites.
STUDIES ON MEASLES : II. SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY IN MONKEYS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED.

The symptomatology of the reaction induced in monkeys by inoculation with material containing the virus of measles is described. The symptoms and course of this reaction closely parallel those of human measles. The microscopic pathology of the lesions of the skin and buccal mucous membrane of monkeys experimentally infected with the virus of measles is also described. These lesions are essentially identical with the corresponding lesions of measles in man.
Evaluation of Berberine Chloride as a New Antibacterial Agent Against Gram-Positive Bacteria for Medical Textiles

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is reported to possess excellent antibacterial properties. Berberine is found in the roots of Coptis chinensis and the stems of phellodendron. In the current study, the efficacy of berberine chloride as a new antibacterial agent on textile substrates against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis was investigated. In particular, the relationship between bacterial inhibition and the concentration of berberine chloride needed to exhibit effective bacterial action was studied. Results showed berberine chloride to be an effective antibacterial agent at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.2% in the solution. On textile substrates such as 100% polyester, 100% nylon and 50% cotton-50% polyester blend, there was a 62-76% reduction in bacterial counts. The effectiveness of antibacterial action was retained after laundering and exposure to light.
Comparing demand-side and supply-side housing policies: sub-market and spatial perspectives

Abstract This paper analyses the relative merits of demand‐side and supply‐side strategies for attacking the housing problems faced by low‐income renters. The analysis is distinctive in that it takes seriously the emerging consensus among international housing scholars about the centrality of housing quality sub‐market dynamics and spatial considerations. Received theory about the nature of housing sub‐markets and their adjustments to policy interventions is used to critique previous evaluations of supply‐and demand‐side approaches and to provide fresh insights into their ability to achieve a wide variety of programmatic goals. Numerous dimensions of spatial considerations—externalities, area‐wide abandonment and revitalisation, local reinvestment psychology, racial and economic integration and freedom of household locational choice—are applied to a further consideration of these two strategies, again using several alternative goals. Finally, the paper argues for the importance of context‐driven housing p...
Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of small-fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect is able to oviposit into and damage ripe and ripening fruit, making it unmarketable. Because this is a new pest in the United States, it is necessary to identify registered insecticides to manage this insect effectively in conventional and organic production systems. RESULTS: The present laboratory bioassays and field trials identified a number of insecticides representing various modes of action that are effective in controlling D. suzukii. Products that performed well in the laboratory bioassay also performed well in the field, indicating that screening of new chemistries in the laboratory is a worthy exercise. Field application of pyrethoids, organophosphates or spinosyns provided 5–14 days of residual control of D. suzukii. The efficacy of the neonicotinoids as adulticides was not satisfactory compared with the other contact-mode-of-action chemistries. Based on the zero tolerance by the small-fruit industry and the individual effects mentioned above, neonicotinoids are not currently recommended for D. suzukii management. CONCLUSIONS: There are effective insecticides registered for controlling D. suzukii infestations in susceptible small-fruit crops. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnostic Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Facts and Fallacies

In this paper we have attempted to define the relationships between clinical medicine and diagnostic or, as it is more frequently termed, clinical biochemistry. We have indicated first, the role that general biochemistry has played in elucidating mechanisms of disease and in providing the clinician with procedures that aid him in the diagnosis of disease and in the care of the patient. We have illustrated this role by reviewing very briefly some of the recent contributions such as the expanded diagnostic use of serum enzymes; the correlation of subcellular structure in human tissues with function at enzymatic levels; the investigation of enzyme variants; the metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in pheochromocytoma; the metabolism of tryptophan in malignant carcinoid; and enzyme defects in hereditary disease. We noted the reservations with which the clinician frequently views the specific results that he obtains from the diagnostic biochemistry laboratory and have attempted to analyze the bases for these reservations. In this connection we considered the phenomenon of interlaboratory variability, the nature of the random and the constant errors that may exist within a laboratory, and the measures that the clinical biochemist may take to counteract these errors. We have tried to indicate the steps the clinician may take in a fuller and more knowledgeable utilization of the data from the diagnostic biochemistry laboratory. These involve a recognition of the efforts and advances that are being made in increasing precision and accuracy within the laboratory and the role that the clinician himself can play in contributing to this precision and accuracy. The phenomenon of intraindividual and interindividual variability of biochemical parameters, and the significance of this phenomenon in diagnosis, are also worthy of the clinicians attention. Finally, the clinician should abjure the concept that a seeming discrepancy between his formulation and laboratory results usually means a laboratory error. Thoughtful review, in cooperation with the biochemist, of such discrepancies are of value both for clinical medicine and clinical biochemistry.
A Unifying Definition for the Human Resource Development Profession.

The human resource development field has long been struggling to develop an identity as a profession, especially in terms of its applied and interdisciplinary nature. One of the more debated issues in the field has been the need for a unifying definition that would not only provide a focus for the development of the profession but would also set limits on the boundaries of the field. This article presents a justification for a unifying definition, a history of the existing definitions of HRD, and several common themes or patterns found in these definitions and other literature in the field. The author proposes a unifying definition that would provide a vision for the profession and identifies several “next steps” that the field should consider in its quest for professional recognition and growth.
Antibody from Patients with Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Inhibits Primary Strains of HIV Type 1 in the Presence of Natural-Killer Effector Cells

The partial control of viremia during acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is accompanied by an HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and an absent or infrequent neutralizing antibody response. The control of HIV-1 viremia has thus been attributed primarily, if not exclusively, to CTL activity. In this study, the role of antibody in controlling viremia was investigated by measuring the ability of plasma or immunoglobulin G from acutely infected patients to inhibit primary strains of HIV-1 in the presence of natural-killer (NK) effector cells. Antibody that inhibits virus when combined with effector cells was present in the majority of patients within days or weeks after onset of symptoms of acute infection. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effector cell-mediated antiviral antibody response was inversely associated with plasma viremia level, and both autologous and heterologous HIV-1 strains were inhibited. Finally, antibody from acutely infected patients likely reduced HIV-1 yield in vitro both by mediating effector cell lysis of target cells expressing HIV-1 glycoproteins and by augmenting the release of β-chemokines from NK cells. HIV-1-specific antibody may be an important contributor to the early control of HIV viremia.
Electron microscopic observations on the slime mold Physarum polycephalum with specific reference to fibrillar structures

Microplasmodia, motile plasmodia, and spherules of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum were studied by electron microscopy to further localize and characterize fibrillar structures possibly pertaining to cytoplasmic streaming and related kinetic phenomena. Fibrils consisting of filaments approximately 55 A in diameter are found in or subjacent to the hyaline, organelle-free cortical cytoplasm. They occasionally make contact with the plasma membrane of free surfaces but are more closely associated with the plasma membrane of “invaginations” that divide the nodules of microplasmodia into networks of lobules and strands, and the channel walls of motile plasmodia into compartments that communicate with the central channel. If contractile, the fibrils are so positioned in circular and longitudinal arrays as to bring about changes in diameter and length associated with cytoplasmic streaming and motility. All plasmodia are encapsulated in a fibrillar network. Its possible role in providing restoring forces during streaming and motility is suggested by morphological similarities between it and the internal fibrils.
Wavelength Retuning in Optical Waveband Switching Networks

To address the challenge of the node-size (i.e., number of ports in the switching fabric) increase faced by the wavelength routed networks (WRNs), waveband switching (WBS) is introduced to group multiple wavelengths together as a band or fiber and switch them using a single port whenever possible. In WBS networks with dynamic traffic, one important goal is to minimize the traffic blocking probability, which can be caused by two factors: shortage of wavelengths and limited number of switching ports. In this work, for the first time, we study wavelength retuning in WBS networks, which was used in WRNs to reduce the traffic blocking caused by the wavelength shortage. We analyze the unique features of wavelength retuning in WBS networks as well as the various cases of port consumption due to wavelength retuning. Two strategies, namely, Inter-band retuning and Intra-band retuning are introduced to reduce the blocking caused by both the wavelength continuity constraint and the port shortage. We also propose a new wavelength retuning scheme, namely port-aware wavelength retuning (PAWR), which seeks a compromise between these two strategies and takes the advantage of both. Our simulations show that the proposed schemes can effectively reduce the blocking probability in WBS networks by as much as 20%.
Radiating Characteristics of High Temperature Exhaust Plumes from a Subsonic Axisymmetric Nozzle

Infrared (IR) camera measurements were obtained of exhaust plumes exiting from a subsonic nozzle designed for a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 1.6. Measurements were obtained with the plume having a NPR of 1.6, a fixed nozzle inlet temperature (Tin) of 865 K, and a fixed mass flow rate ( m& ) of 1.4 kg/s. The plume had a core of high radiation intensity (I) near the nozzle exit which experienced a linear decay in the plume I for nearly all operating conditions. Following the core, the plume I decayed exponentially due to viscous mixing of the plume with the surrounding air. The I from plumes with a NPR of 1.6 but varying Tin and m& varied greatly in magnitude, but had comparable non-dimensionalized profiles. Plumes with a fixed m& exhibited a temperature (T) dependence of 5.1 which is due to the nonlinear dependence of I on Tin as well as the dependence of the plume Tin on the equivalence ratio (Φ). For a fixed m& , non-dimensionalized I profiles were similar regardless of the Tin. The plume I for a fixed Tin had the highest peak intensity (Imax) for the smallest m& and the smallest Imax for the highest m& . This is attributed to changes in the static T for the different m& due to isentropic expansion through the nozzle. Nondimensional scaling of the I shows that the plumes with the smallest m& decay the most quickly.
Causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, resuscitation management, and functional outcome in dogs and cats surviving cardiopulmonary arrest

Objective: To describe the functional outcome of canine and feline survivors of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and the clinical characteristics surrounding their resuscitation. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Client-owned dogs (15) and cats (3) with CPA. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: Eighteen animals were identified to have survived to discharge following CPA. Cardiopulmonary arrest was associated with anesthesia with or without pre-existing disease in 10 animals, cardiovascular collapse in 5 animals, and chronic disease with an imposed stress in 3 animals. All CPAs were witnessed in the hospital. The most common initial rhythm at CPA was asystole (72%). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved in less than 15 minutes from the onset of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in all animals. No animals had a recurrence of CPA after the initial CPA. Animals were of a wide range of ages (0.5–16 years) and breeds. Two animals were neurologically abnormal at discharge, one of which was normal at 2 months following CPA. Conclusions: A good functional recovery after CPCR was documented in the small number of CPA survivors presented in this study. This may be due to the reversible nature of their inciting cause of CPA, early detections of CPA (‘witnessed’), and/or the animal's underlying normal health status.
Effects of Deposition Parameters on Crystallization of Pecvd Amorphous Silicon Films

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit a-Si:H thin films (∼ 1000 A) at various temperatures below 300°C on Coming 7059 glass substrates using a silane-based plasma. These films were used as precursor materials to produce solid phase crystallized polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) by conventional furnace annealing at 600°C in N2 ambient. The precursor a-Si and final poly-Si films were examined using spectroscopic ellipsometry and transmission electron microscopy. Precursor film deposition temperatures were found to affect the void density in the a-Si film and grain size in the resulting poly-Si film with lower deposition temperatures leading to higher void density in the a-Si film and larger grain size in the poly-Si film.
Aqueous dispersion of monodisperse magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals through phase transfer

A facile method was developed for completely transferring high quality monodisperse iron oxide nanocrystals from organic solvents to water. The as-prepared aqueous dispersions of iron oxide nanocrystals were extremely stable and could be functionalized for bioconjugation with biomolecules. These iron oxide nanocrystals showed negligible cytotoxicity to human breast cancer cells (SK-BR-3) and human dermal fibroblast cells. This method is general and versatile for many organic solvent-synthesized nanoparticles, including fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals.
Attending Rounds: A Patient with Drug-Resistant Hypertension

Drug-resistant hypertension is present in about one in eight patients with high BP. It can be a frustrating and expensive condition to pursue from an office-based perspective. In this review, utilizing the American Heart Association scientific statement on drug-resistant hypertension as a guide, a case of drug-resistant hypertension is presented and walked through exactly as encountered by the author. Woven into the discussion is a combination of insights from the literature on this topic, blended with the experience of the author. This is not intended as an exhaustive review of each step in the evaluation and management process but, rather, as an overview incorporating a few carefully chosen references and, hopefully, a logical and useful approach to a common clinical challenge.
Non-distorting post-acquisition line-frequency filter for evoked potentials

Two types of waveforms were chosen to be filtered. The first was actual visual evoked potentials contaminated with 60-Hz pickup. The second was a set of simulated waveforms consisting of a sum-of-Gaussians evoked potential with varying amounts of added 60-Hz noise. Both consisted of 128 samples with a sampling frequency of 250 Hz. For digital notch filtering, an FIR filter kernel was constructed with a length of 1024 and a Blackman window. Filtering was accomplished by convolution. A series of notch widths was used. With the simulated data the FIR filter did not perform as well as the subtractive filter, especially for large contaminations. Neither distorted the waveforms, but the FIR filter left significant contamination. With real data, however both filters performed similarly when a suitable notch width was chosen for the FIR filter. The results can be explained by the fact that the line-frequency contamination in real data is not of constant amplitude, phase, or even frequency. >
Mathematical modeling of INS error dynamics for integration/debiasing

The goal of this work is two-fold: (1) arrive at an elegant scheme to study the effect of device bias on the position solution of a general Inertial Navigation System (INS) system; and (2) develop a simple integration method to robustly debias and efficiently estimate true position using potentially biased INS outputs and all other available external measurements. A characteristic set of possible bias trajectories is generated via a novel backward-forward solution approach. These trajectories are continuous functions and are forced to reliably reflect the effects of nominal platform trajectory. They are ultimately utilized to determine the maximum time beyond which approximation of such time-varying bias trajectories with simple piecewise polynomial curves is unrealistic. The times are then used to arrive at an estimation technique that best uses potentially biased INS outputs along with other non-inertial navigation measurements, such as SLAM-based and map-matching-based estimates, to yield minimum mean-squared error unbiased estimates of the time-varying location of the platform as well as simultaneously debias the INS solution. Theoretical arguments and real-data results are provided to reveal the potential of the approach. An Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) with on-board sonars and an INS suite is the platform for this work.
Integration of Proteomic-Based Tools for Improved Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury

Background: Given the mounting evidence in favor of early pharmacologic and catheter-based interventions for patients across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, discovering novel diagnostically sensitive and specific biomarkers that provide biochemical proof of early or reversible myocardial injury could have a substantial positive impact on patient care. Content: To address unmet needs in disease biomarkers, investigators have turned to proteomics approaches. We describe advances in proteomics discovery technologies based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry that facilitate the unbiased analysis of low-abundance blood proteins. We detail the development of emerging techniques to enhance the biomarker verification process, such as accurate inclusion mass screening, stable isotope dilution–multiple reaction monitoring–mass spectrometry (SID-MRM-MS), and stable isotope standards with capture by antipeptide antibodies, which combines the advantages of specific immunoaffinity enrichment of a target peptide with the structural specificity and quantitative capabilities of SID-MRM-MS. We highlight new assays incorporating these techniques for troponin I, a representative low-abundance cardiac biomarker, and interleukin-33, an emerging novel marker of myocardial stress for which no existing ELISA exists. We demonstrate that troponin I and interleukin-33 peptides have a linear, dynamic range spanning 4 orders of magnitude and limits of detection of approximately 0.5 μg/L back-calculated to the protein concentration. Conclusions: There remain important unmet diagnostic and prognostic needs in cardiology. Advances in technology may allow proteomics to play a vital role in the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers to help fill those needs.
Thermal Analysis of Drum Type Radioactive Material (RAM) Packaging Arrays in Storage

Drum type packages are routinely used to transport radioactive material (RAM) in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complex. These packages are designed to meet the federal regulations described in 10 CFR 71. In recent years, there has been a greater need to use these packagings to store the excess fissile material, especially plutonium for long term storage. While the design requirements for safe transportation of these packagings are well defined, the requirements for safe long term storage are not well established. Since the RAM contents in the packagings produce decay heat, it is important that they are stored carefully to prevent overheating of the containment vessel (CV) seals to prevent any leakage and the impact limiter to maintain the package structural integrity. This paper analyzes different storage arrays for a typical 9977 packaging for thermal considerations and makes recommendations for their safe storage under normal operating conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The freezing point depression of mammalian tissues in relation to the question of osmotic activity of cell fluid.

The freezing point depression of freshly excised frozen tissues, pulverized in a hydraulic press or in a mortar, is greater than that of plasma. Even at 0°C. the freezing point depression of such homogenates increases significantly with time. Dilution data indicate that such freezing point data are valid. The presence of intact cells has been shown in smears of tissues pulverized in a mortar, but not in smears of those crushed in a hydraulic press. The osmolarity of various diluent solutions affects the calculated osmotic activity of tissue homogenates presumably because of delayed diffusion between the diluent and cell fluid. With a hypertonic NaCl diluent, spuriously low values of tissue osmotic activity are found from calculations assuming instantaneous mixing between homogenates and diluents. The limitations of data from cryoscopic experiments and from tissue-swelling experiments are discussed in relation to the basic question of whether or not cell fluid is isotonic to extracellular fluid.