cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal desorption studies of CO and H2 from the CuNi alloy

Abstract The desorption order and activation energies of CO and H 2 from a (110) oriented CuNi single crystal have been studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy. The surface composition of the alloy can be varied by annealing (after sputtering treatment which reduces the surface Cu concentration) in a temperature range where the surface composition is controlled by bulk diffusion. The surface composition is determined by the relative line intensities of the Auger M 1 M 4,5 M 4,5 Cu and Ni transitions at ∼-100 eV electron energy, and therefore represents an average concentration measurement within the electron escape length (approximately the first couple of atomic layers). The CO desorption spectra are mainly interpreted in terms of the ensemble effect, which relates the heat of chemisorption to the number and the species of the surface atoms in contact with the CO molecule. The CO desorption kinetics is first order. Pour desorption states are resolved, two of which are readily identified as desorption from a pure Cu or pure Ni ensemble (i.e., pure Cu or pure Ni binding site). The pure Ni binding state activation energy decreases linearly with increasing surface Cu concentration, indicating that a ligand (long range) effect is also present in the bonding. The H 2 desorption kinetics is second order. Two binding states are resolved, and both of them are shown to have a pure Ni origin. The activation energy of the high temperature bonding state remains constant with changing surface composition.
The clinical significance of persistently normal ALT in chronic hepatitis B infection.

Background/Aims Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) disease is caused by both necroinflammation and active viral replication. The role of ALT levels as a predictor of liver injury has recently been questioned. The aim of the study was to determine whether normal ALT is associated with liver injury in a cohort of HBV patients undergoing liver biopsy. Methods This is a retrospective review of chronic HBV patients divided into 3 groups; (1) persistently normal ALT (PNALT); (2) ALT 1–1.5X ULN and (3) ALT>1.5X ULN. Multiple clinical, biochemical, virological variables were evaluated. Results One hundred and ninety-two patients met the inclusion criteria, 59 with PNALT, 26 with ALT 1–1.5X ULN, and 107 with ALT>1.5X ULN. Increasing age, higher ALT, higher grade of inflammation on biopsy, and HBeAg positivity predicted fibrosis. 18% of patients with PNALT had stage 2+ fibrosis and 34% had grade 2 or 3 inflammation. Overall 37% of patients with PNALT had significant fibrosis or inflammation. Subgroup analysis showed the majority with fibrosis belonged to the high normal ALT group and that only a minority who were young and immune tolerant had significant findings on biopsy. Conclusions There is significant fibrosis and inflammation in 37% of patients with PNALT and a liver biopsy should be considered in patients older than 40 with high normal ALT.
Novel rolltruded films: 4. Gas separation characteristics of rolltruded isotactic polypropylene

Abstract The gas separation characteristics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) thin films produced via the rolltrusion solid-state processing technique have been studied in order to establish some principles underlying permeation/separation behaviour in relation to membrane texture. Ideal and actual separation factors have been determined for various processing temperatures and draw ratios to assess the impact of the unique triaxial morphology produced during rolltrusion. Previously, we have shown that this unique morphological texture can improve the gas permeability of iPP by reducing the diffusive pathway tortuosity and by increasing the microvoid content in the polymer. In this study we show that the separation factors generally improve in iPP as a result of rolltrusion processing. However, the actual separation factors for a mixture of CO 2 and N 2 are less than the ideal values for all processing conditions studied, although this difference decreases with increasing draw ratio and decreasing processing temperature. This discrepancy between the actual and ideal separation factors is attributed to a depression in the permeability of CO 2 in the mixture compared to the pure gas because of the presence of N 2 .
The inelastic neutron scattering spectra of α-3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-2H-triazole: Experiment and DFT calculations

Abstract The inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectrum of α-3-amino-5-nitro-1,2,4-triazole is presented through 1200 cm −1 . A comparison of the INS spectrum with an isolated molecule B3LYP/6-311G** calculation reveals generally good frequency and intensity agreement with two notable differences in intensity. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to determine whether the intermolecular hydrogen bonding is the origin of these differences between the B3LYP/6-311G** and INS spectrum.
Hypercarbia-induced changes in cerebral blood volume in the cat: a 1H MRI and intravascular contrast agent study.

Cerebral blood volume changes with arterial carbon dioxide were monitored by proton T1-weighted MR images following administration of the intravascular contrast agent Gd-DTPA labeled with human serum albumin. Without MR contrast, no significant image intensity changes were observed with PaCO2. Following contrast, regional brain image intensities increased significantly over control (0% inspired CO2) in cortical gray, white, and basal ganglia regions with increasing PaCO2 and returned to control intensities upon return to 0% inspired CO2. Imaging of through-plane and in-plane phantoms was performed to assess flow effects. Signal losses of 2 and 6% (relative to no flow) were observed for bulk velocities of 5 mm/s at TE values of 15 ms. An intravascular contrast agent may be useful for MRI monitoring of local cerebral blood volume changes during cerebral perturbations. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
A model for the conservation of interactive electroacoustic repertoire: analysis, reconstruction, and performance in the face of technological obsolescence

This paper presents a three-stage model (analysis, reconstruction and performance) for the conservation of interactive electroacoustic works for which the original technology is now obsolete or otherwise unavailable. The first stage, analysis, is a detailed documentation of the electronic processes and effects required for each work in a format that is independent of any specific device or system. The analysis provides a blueprint for future realisations using available technology. The second stage, reconstruction, provides a working performance resource, as well as a test case for the validity of the analysis. Reconstructed systems are then tested and refined through the third stage, performance. With repeated performances, compositions gain wider exposure and may be evaluated by listeners on their musical merits. To date, the author has analysed, reconstructed and performed several works for clarinet and interactive electronics. Each performance has informed the continued development of the newly reconstructed system, and has in some cases led to corrections to the underlying analysis. As a classically trained clarinettist and computer musician, the author's approach to the conservation of electroacoustic repertoire comes from a desire to find performable works and to keep them viable and accessible for as long as possible. Four works for clarinet and interactive electronics (by Musgrave, Pennycook, Kramer, and Lippe) are presented as test cases for this model.
Intake and in-cylinder flowfield modelling of a four-valve diesel engine:

AbstractA three-dimensional unsteady turbulent compressible Navier-Stokes solver, KIVA3V, was utilized in the present study to investigate the intake and in-cylinder flowfield of a four-valve direct injection compression ignition engine. Successful modelling of internal combustion engine configurations is highly dependent upon the generation of a quality grid with the correct boundary conditions. The preprocessor of the KIVA3V computer code, K3PREP, was improved, and a complete grid for a four-valve/cylinder single-cylinder caterpillar diesel test engine, CAT3401, was generated. The complete grid consisted of four moving valves, two intake ports, two exhaust ports, and the port runners. Predicted global in-cylinder flow quantities were compared against experimental data. It was found that the intake process was well modelled by KIVA3V with this complete grid. It was also found that important complex flow structures are developed during the intake stroke. While many of these structures decay during the com...
The effect of Nafion® sulfonate surface concentration on cationic polyacrylamide adsorption

Abstract Perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes (PFSIs) were cast from Nafion® propanol–water solutions of varying equivalent weights (950, 1100, and 1200 Da) and all annealed at 100 °C under vacuum. Sulfonate group surface concentration on the various membranes and its effect on the adsorption of a cationic polyacrylamide were investigated utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The cationic polyacrylamide is employed in the microelectronics industry for electroless printed circuit fabrication and may be used to pattern electrodes directly onto the PFSI surfaces for fuel cell miniaturization. Sulfonate surface concentration was found to be well correlated to the sulfonate bulk concentration obtained from the known equivalent weights of the Nafion® solutions. Adsorbed cationic polyacrylamide surface coverage was found to be independent of the immersion time in the adsorbate solution. A wide variation in adsorbate coverage (from 0 to 60% of the surface) occurred over a comparatively small variation in the sulfonate repeat unit surface concentration (from 0 to 20% of the total Nafion® repeat units). Adsorbate coverage goes through a maximum as the sulfonate concentration increases and is consistent with a random, enthalpy-driven adsorption process. Greater sulfonate concentration and lower associated adsorbate coverage was detected on cast membranes than previously found with commercially prepared membranes.
A practical improvement, enhancing the large-scale synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: a third-generation approach.

A significant improvement to the Penn one-gram synthesis of (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved. Specifically, reduction of the steric bulk of the C(11) hydroxyl protecting group permits formation of the requisite AB Wittig salt at the expense of the undesired intramolecular cyclization upon treatment with PPh3 at ambient pressure.
A RISC approach to robotics

This article describes a framework that combines simple hardware traditionally used in manufacturing with sensor-based planning and design algorithms from robotics. For repetitive assembly, the authors argue that this combination can reduce start-up and maintenance costs, increase throughput, and greatly reduce the set-up and changeover times for new products. The proposed hardware bears a close resemblance to existing "hard" automation; what is new is the application of computational methods for robust design and control of these systems, and more extensive use of (simple) sensors. Clearly this enhances the capabilities of the hardware. A less-obvious benefit is that software capability is also enhanced--algorithms for fine-motion, grasp planning and some sensing algorithms which would be intractable on a general-purpose robot work in real-time when applied to simple hardware. To describe this approach the authors chose the acronym RISC--Reduced Intricacy in Sensing and Control-by analogy with computer architecture. Analogously, the authors propose to use simple hardware elements that are coordinated by software to perform complex tasks. >
SU-F-19A-06: Experimental Investigation of the Energy Dependence of TLD Sensitivity in Low-Energy Photon Beams

Purpose: To measure the energy dependence of TLD sensitivity in lowenergy photon beams with equivalent mono-energetic energy matching those of 103Pd, 125I and 131Cs brachytherapy sources. Methods: A Pantek DXT 300 x-ray unit (Precision X-ray, Branford, CT), with stable digital voltage control down to 20 kV, was used to establish three lowenergy photon beams with narrow energy spread and equivalent monoenergetic energies matching those of 103Pd, 125I and 131Cs brachytherapy sources. The low-energy x-ray beams and a reference 6 MV photon beam were calibrated according to the AAPM TG-61 and TG-51 protocols, respectively, using a parallel-plate low-energy chamber and a Farmer cylindrical chamber with NIST traceable calibration factors. The dose response of model TLD-100 micro-cubes (1×1×1 mm3) in each beam was measured for five different batches of TLDs (each contained approximately 100 TLDs) that have different histories of irradiation and usage. Relative absorbed dose sensitivity was determined as the quotient of the slope of dose response for a beam-of-interest to that of the reference beam. Results: Equivalent mono-energetic photon energies of the low-energy beams established for 103Pd, 125I and 131Cs sources were 20.5, 27.5, and 30.1 keV, respectively. Each beam exhibited narrow spectral spread with energyhomogeneity index close to 90%. The relative absorbed-dose sensitivity was found to vary between different batches of TLD with maximum differences of up to 8%. The mean and standard deviation determined from the five TLD batches was 1.453 ± 0.026, 1.541 ± 0.035 and 1.529 ± 0.051 for the simulated 103P, 125I and 131Cs beams, respectively. Conclusion: Our measured relative absorbed-dose sensitivities are greater than the historically measured value of 1.41. We find that the relative absorbed-dose sensitivity of TLD in the 103P beam is approximately 5% lower than that of 125I and 131Cs beams. Comparison of our results with other studies will be presented.
A laboratory investigation of aggressive behavior in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

Although the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is noted for its docility and its nonaggressiveness toward littermates and human Es (Thiessen, 1968), it has been purported that the animal will attack viciously conspecifics of Utters other than its own. The present paper reports the results of a preliminary laboratory investigation of such intraspecific aggression. The authors have reported in another paper1 that gerbils both recognize and prefer their own litter environments to others. Would a “familiar” vs an “unfamiliar” discriminative response also occur in the case of aggression; i.e., would gerbils attack nonlittermates more frequently than littermates? Some instances of interspecific aggression (toward albino rats and mice) are also reported.
Femtosecond Spectroscopic Investigation of the Carrier Lifetimes in Digenite Quantum Dots and Discrimination of the Electron and Hole Dynamics via Ultrafast Interfacial Electron Transfer

For the CuxS system there exists several known solid phases such as Cu2S (chalcocite), Cu1.8S (digenite), Cu1.96S (djurleite), and CuS (covellite). All of these phases have been identified as p-type semiconducting materials due to copper vacancies within the lattice, which is responsible for their usefulness as optoelectronic materials. The different CuxS phases show reportedly low band gap energies of g1.2 eV for the bulk, which makes them potentially ideal for application purposes of photoinduced voltaics or catalysis where activation through visible light is desired. In this study, we report on the femtosecond carrier dynamics of digenite copper sulfide quantum dots. Digenite quantum dots were prepared by a single source precursor type process and the optical transitions and dynamic properties of the photoinduced charge carriers in these novel nanomaterials characterized by femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. It is found that the larger quantum dots have longer excited-state lifetimes, which implies a strong surface-induced effect on the relaxation dynamics. In addition, the dynamics of the electron was differentiated from that of the hole by employing the technique of rapid (<100 fs) electron trapping at adsorbed organic electron acceptors such as benzoquinone.
Incremental parallelization using navigational programming: a case study

We show how a series of transformations can be applied to incrementally parallelize sequential programs. Our navigational programming (NavP) methodology is based on the principle of self-migrating computations and is truly incremental, in that each step represents a functioning program and every intermediate program is an improvement over its predecessor. The transformations are mechanical and straightforward to apply. We illustrate our methodology in the context of matrix multiplication. Our final stage is similar to the classical Gentleman's algorithm. The NavP methodology is conducive to new ways of thinking that lead to ease of programming and high performance.
Control of Boundary-Layer Separation for Lifting Surfaces

The lack of understanding of most of the relevant physical mechanisms when applying flow control limits the prospects of successfully transitioning flow-control technologies into real flight vehicles. Successful control of boundary-layer separation for lifting surfaces promises major performance gains especially when large laminar runs are desired in order to minimize the skin-friction drag. We systematically explore the fundamental mechanisms of the interaction of separation and transition that are relevant for effective and efficient flow control applications. Toward this end, we are employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for investigating active flow control for a NACA 643-618 airfoil at a chord Reynolds number ReC=64,200 and various angles-of-attack. CFD results are compared to wind/water tunnel experiments carried out at the University of Arizona. For simulations of the entire wing section we are using a high-order-accurate finite volume code based on the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. For very highly resolved DNS which focus exclusively on the separated region on the suction side of the wing, we are employing a higher-orderaccurate compact finite difference code based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in vorticityvelocity formulation. These simulations are set up to fully resolve the flow field and enable us to reveal some of the intricate physical mechanisms associated with unsteady separation and transition, flow instabilities, and active flow control.
Blood-lipid and lactation-stage factors affecting serum vitamin E concentrations and vitamin E cholesterol ratios in dairy cattle

The distribution of cholesterol and vitamin E among the various lipoprotein density fractions in bovine blood was measured. The percentage of total plasma vitamin E and cholesterol in the various lipoprotein fractions was very-low-density lipoprotein, 2% and 2%, respectively; low-density lipoprotein, 17% and 22%, respectively; and high-density lipoprotein, 77% and 72%, respectively. Only 3% of plasma vitamin E was not associated with the lipoproteins. Vitamin E cholesterol ratios were not significantly different among lipoprotein fractions (P = 0.3). These results indicate that vitamin E and cholesterol are distributed in equal proportions among lipoprotein fractions. Moreover, the results suggest that variation in the proportions of lipoproteins in the different density fractions would not affect the overall vitamin E cholesterol ratio of plasma. The results further imply that the total plasma vitamin E cholesterol ratio is a valid relative estimator of the vitamin E concentration per lipoprotein particle, regardless of the density distribution of particles. Total serum vitamin E and cholesterol concentrations and their ratio were then determined in commercial diary cattle in various phases of the lactation cycle. There was a significant lactation-stage effect on the serum concentration of each analyte, as well as on their ratio. However, the magnitude of the effect was much less for the ratio than for either vitamin E or cholesterol alone. These results imply that lactation stage affects serum vitamin E concen- trations by influencing both the concentration of lipoprotein particles and the concentration of vitamin E within individual particles. Vitamin E is not water soluble and therefore needs a carrier system for transport in the aqueous medium of blood. Unlike retinol and several lipid hormones, no specific carrier protein exists for vitamin E trans- port. Rather, vitamin E is transported in blood as a component of the general plasma lipoprotein sys- tem. 2,3,5,8,21-23,31 The total concentration of vitamin E in plasma, therefore, is determined by the concentra- tion of lipoprotein particles as well as by the concen- tration of vitamin E within each particle. The concen- tration of lipoproteins in blood plasma is a function of the overall dynamics of lipid metabolism and ap- pears to have little direct relationship to vitamin E metabolism or nutritional status. The concentration of vitamin E within plasma lipoprotein particles, on the other hand, seems to be influenced by vitamin E in- take. 3,8,21 Therefore, the assessment of vitamin E nur- iture by determination of blood plasma or serum total vitamin E concentration is complicated by the possi- bility that observed variations could occur due to changes in lipoprotein concentration rather than changes in vitamin E status. To improve the assess-
Insulin Resistance Selectively Alters Cell‐Surface Glucose Transporters but not their Total Protein Expression in Equine Skeletal Muscle

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) has been widely recognized in humans, and more recently in horses, but its underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. The translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface is the limiting step for glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues. Although the downstream signaling pathways regulating GLUT translocation are not well defined, AS160 recently has emerged as a potential key component. In addition, the role of GLUT12, one of the most recently identified insulin-sensitive GLUTs, during IR is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesized that cell-surface GLUT will be decreased in muscle by an AS160-dependent pathway in horses with IR. Animals: Insulin-sensitive (IS) or IR mares (n = 5/group). Methods: Muscle biopsies were performed in mares classified as IS or IR based on results of an insulin-modified frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test. By an exofacial bis-mannose photolabeled method, we specifically quantified active cell-surface GLUT4 and GLUT12 transporters. Total GLUT4 and GLUT12 and AS160 protein expression were measured by Western blots. Results: IR decreased basal cell-surface GLUT4 expression (P= .027), but not GLUT12, by an AS160-independent pathway, without affecting total GLUT4 and GLUT12 content. Cell-surface GLUT4 was not further enhanced by insulin stimulation in either group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: IR induced defects in the skeletal muscle glucose transport pathway by decreasing active cell-surface GLUT4.
An efficient and decentralized location lookup service in wireless ad hoc networks

Location lookup services are necessary for location-based routing in wireless ad hoc network. In this paper, we present a location lookup service whose design goals include having high success rates on location discovery, keeping low demands on network resources, and robustness to dynamic change; in network topology. Evaluated by simulating mobile wireless networks, the performance of this location lookup service exhibits high success rates, low demands on network bandwidth consumption and on storage space, and robustness to dynamic changes in network topology.
Las mujeres y el cambio político en México

Al acercarse el nuevo milenio, y en visperas de la carrera por la presidencia mas observada y analizada en la historia de Mexico, las mujeres preparan estrategias para colocarse en lugares clave desde donde puedan dar una direccion a la incipiente transformacion politica de su pais.Este articulo hace una evaluacion de las diferentes formas de participacion y activismo politico de las mujeres en Mexico en los anos recientes, y trata de vislumbrar lo que depara el futuro para las mujeres en la vida politica de Mexico. Ya que una parte importante de este analisis documenta el surgimiento de las mujeres como actores politicos, este articulo intenta contribuir a la creciente literatura sobre el proceso de democratizacion de Mexico.
Frontiers of brain mapping of speech prosody

A key issue for the study of language and the brain in the twenty-first century is the delineation of the neural substrate underlying the perception and production of prosody in relation to linguistic and affective components of the speech signal. The notion of speech prosody dates back to MonradKrohn’s (1947) case study of a woman who was unable to produce the phonemic tone contrasts in her native Norwegian dialect even though she retained considerable musical ability. Because of its multiple functions (e.g., linguistic, attitudinal, affective) and its multiple phonetic cues (e.g., pitch, duration, loudness), the neural substrate of speech prosody remains elusive and controversial to the present day (Baum & Pell, in press). During the second half of the twentieth century, two major, competing lines of investigation have emerged concerning hemispheric specialization for speech prosody. One emphasizes task-dependent or domain-specific effects (e.g., Van Lancker, 1980; Ross & Mesulam, 1979), and the other cuedependent effects that cut across task domains (e.g., Robin, Tranel, & Damasio, 1990; Ivry & Robertson, 1998). In speech perception, for example, task-specific hypotheses assume that unique, neural mechanisms are recruited for the speech domain, whereas cue-dependent hypotheses claim that speech processing is subserved by neurobiological mechanisms specialized for particular aspects of the acoustic signal, irrespective of communicative or linguistic relevance. Evidence for or against these hypotheses has been drawn primarily from neurologically impaired populations with unilateral lesions to the left (LH) or right hemisphere (RH) as well as from studies using dichotic listening procedures or the Wada technique. Within the past decade, empirical evidence has also begun to appear from functional neuroimaging studies.
Are Adults Better Behaved Than Children? Age, Experience, and the Endowment Effect.

We find that large increases in age do not reduce the endowment effect, supporting the hypothesis that people have reference-dependent preferences which are not changed by repeated experience getting and giving up goods.
A Chi-square test for fault-detection in Kalman filters

A test for real-time detection of soft failures in navigation systems using Kalman filters has been proposed by Kerr. The test is based on the overlap between the confidence regions associated with two estimates, one obtained from a Kalman filter using on-line measurements, and the other based solely on a priori information. An alternate computational technique is presented which is based on constructing a chi-square test statistic from the difference between the two estimates and comparing it to a precomputed threshold. The chi-square test avoids the iterative computations required by the two-ellipsoid method for dimensions of two and higher.
Reliable computation by networks in the presence of noise

Lower bounds on the depth of Boolean networks that can compute reliably in the presence of randomly occurring failures are proved. A bound is also given on the reliability that error-tolerant networks can achieve: this bound implies a limit strictly smaller than 1/2 on the failure probability per gate that can be tolerated. The results improve upon recently published bounds of N. Pippenger (ibid., vol.IT-34, p.194-7, 1988) on the depth of error-tolerant formulas and extend the bounds to the case of reliable computation by networks. >
A Multilayer Framework Supporting Autonomous Run-Time Partial Reconfiguration

A multilayer run-time reconfiguration architecture (MRRA) is developed for autonomous run-time partial reconfiguration of field-programmable gate-array (FPGA) devices. MRRA operations are partitioned into logic, translation, and reconfiguration layers along with a standardized set of application programming interfaces (APIs). At each level, resource details are encapsulated and managed for efficiency and portability during operation. In particular, FPGA configurations can be manipulated at runtime using on-chip resources. A corresponding logic control flow is developed for a prototype MRRA system on a Xilinx Virtex II Pro platform. The Virtex II Pro on-chip PowerPC core and block RAM are employed to manage control operations while multiple physical interfaces establish and supplement autonomous reconfiguration capabilities. Evaluations of these prototypes on a number of benchmark and hashing algorithm case studies indicate the enhanced resource utilization and run time performance of the developed approaches.
Determining the optimal parameters in a distant radar NDE technique for debonding detection of GFRP-concrete systems

In the distant detection of debonding in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-retrofitted concrete systems using radar NDE techniques, revealing the presence of debonding in reconstructed images is essential to the success of the techniques. An optimization scheme based on mathematical morphology is proposed for determining the optimal measurement and processing parameters in a distant radar NDE technique for debonding detection. Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and backprojection algorithms are applied in the technique. Measurement (incident frequency and angle) and processing (frequency bandwidth and angular range) parameters are defined in this work. Performance of the optimization scheme is validated by laboratory ISAR measurements on GFRP-retrofitted concrete cylinders using radar signals in 8 18 GHz. From the results it is shown that better detection can be achieved by optimized measurements and processing.
Embedded Controllers for Solving Complex Industry Applications

Complex industry automation as well as complex compute nodes like high-end servers require an infrastructure for maintenance and control. An off-the-shelf embedded controller is usually the first choice for such purposes. This approach is challenged for complex applications by the fact that a large amount of distributed industry standard interfaces has to be controlled and realtime responses have to be provided. In our paper we show a concept solving the above challenges. Our solution is based on an embedded PowerPC 440* controller that allows for flexible attachment and control of hundreds of industry standard interfaces like digital I/O, I2C, JTAG, RS232/422 etc. The solution further allows a redundant implementation of controllers for fail save applications. This approach was implemented first in a set of IBM servers and can be generalized to other application areas like compute clusters or industry automation. We describe the challenges in complex applications for system control, show our solutions on a system level and finally describe how a concrete SoC chip is realized in PowerPC* CoreConnect* technology.
Characterization of trace elements in PM2.5 aerosols in the vicinity of highways in northeast New Jersey in the U.S. east coast

To characterize the spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric concentrations of trace elements in particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) derived from vehicle emissions, aerosol sampling was conducted near the heavily trafficked New Jersey Turnpike (NJTPK) at East Rutherford, New Jersey in the U.S. east coast from September 2007 to September 2008. Aerosol samples were collected by Partisol–FRM Model 2000 air samplers at three sites within 150 m away from the NJTPK and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Concentrations of 13 trace elements (i.e., aluminum, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, antimony, scandium, vanadium and zinc) varied as a function of distance away from NJTPK within 150 m. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb along the three sites decreased significantly away from the highway. In contrast, the concentrations of Mn, Sb, and Sc showed significantly positive correlations with distance. There were not clear concentration trends for Co, Ni, V and Zn with distance. Most trace elements showed slightly higher concentrations in spring and summer, except for Ni that was more enriched in the fall and winter. All measured trace elements showed higher concentrations on weekdays than on weekends, indicating high impact of traffic emissions on air pollution. In both summer and winter, most trace elements were enriched in daytime aerosols, and this trend was stronger in the winter. Meteorological conditions, mainly wind speed and wind direction, were found to affect the spatial and temporal concentration variations of trace elements in the ambient air at this location.
Preservice Teachers Developing Coherent Inquiry Investigations in Elementary Astronomy

For students to attain deep understanding of scientific practices, they will need to have opportunities to participate in sustained engagement in doing science. Such opportunities begin with elementary teachers implementing coherent and well-sequenced inquiry-based investigations in their classrooms. This study explored how preservice teachers (N = 30) planned inquiry-based investigations for elementary students. The preservice teachers spent the first 5 weeks of their methods course participating in astronomy investigations and then pair-taught astronomy investigations once a week for 5 weeks to elementary students in afterschool programs. We analyzed lesson plans, teaching reflections, and pre/post astronomy content assessments. One-third of the pairs developed coherent science inquiry investigations across all of their lessons. Their reflections suggest that preservice teachers who developed coherent inquiry investigations held normative ideas about scientific inquiry and were more likely to reflect on sense-making practices than preservice teachers who did not plan for coherent science inquiry investigations in their lessons. Preservice teachers’ postinstruction astronomy content knowledge was positively correlated with an increased number of lessons spent on coherent science inquiry investigations. Based on our findings, we recommend engaging preservice teachers in coherent science inquiry investigations in a single domain followed by opportunities to plan and teach elementary children in that domain.
Mercury in US coal: observations using the COALQUAL and ICR data

The COALQUAL data set lists the mercury content of samples collected from the in-ground US coal resource, whereas the ICR data set lists the mercury content of samples collected from coal shipments delivered to US electric utilities. After selection and adjustment of records, the COALQUAL data average 0.17 µg Hg/g dry coal or 5.8 kg Hg/PJ, whereas the ICR data average 0.10 µg Hg/g dry coal or 3.5 kg Hg/PJ. Because sample frequency does not correspond to the in-ground or produced tonnage, these values are not accurate estimates of the mercury content of either in-ground or delivered US coal. Commercial US coal contains less mercury than previously estimated, and its mercury content has declined during the 1990s. Selective mining and more extensive coal washing may accelerate the current trend towards lower mercury content in coal burned at US electric utilities.
Sparse Signal Recovery Using Markov Random Fields

Compressive Sensing (CS) combines sampling and compression into a single sub-Nyquist linear measurement process for sparse and compressible signals. In this paper, we extend the theory of CS to include signals that are concisely represented in terms of a graphical model. In particular, we use Markov Random Fields (MRFs) to represent sparse signals whose nonzero coefficients are clustered. Our new model-based recovery algorithm, dubbed Lattice Matching Pursuit (LaMP), stably recovers MRF-modeled signals using many fewer measurements and computations than the current state-of-the-art algorithms.
Integrating Genomic Data to Predict Transcription Factor Binding

Transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in gene promoter regions are often predicted by using position specific scoring matrices (PSSMs), which summarize sequence patterns of experimentally determined TF binding sites. Although PSSMs are more reliable than simple consensus string matching in predicting a true binding site, they generally result in high numbers of false positive hits. This study attempts to reduce the number of false positive matches and generate new predictions by integrating various types of genomic data by two methods: a Bayesian allocation procedure, and support vector machine classification. Several methods will be explored to strengthen the prediction of a true TFBS in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome: binding site degeneracy, binding site conservation, phylogenetic profiling, TF binding site clustering, gene expression profiles, GO functional annotation, and k-mer counts in promoter regions. Binding site degeneracy (or redundancy) refers to the number of times a particular transcription factor's binding motif is discovered in the upstream region of a gene. Phylogenetic conservation takes into account the number of orthologous upstream regions in other genomes that contain a particular binding site. Phylogenetic profiling refers to the presence or absence of a gene across a large set of genomes. Binding site clusters are statistically significant clusters of TF binding sites detected by the algorithm ClusterBuster. Gene expression takes into account the idea that when the gene expression profiles of a transcription factor and a potential target gene are correlated, then it is more likely that the gene is a genuine target. Also, genes with highly correlated expression profiles are often regulated by the same TF(s). The GO annotation data takes advantage of the idea that common transcription targets often have related function. Finally, the distribution of the counts of all k-mers of length 4, 5, and 6 in gene's promoter region were examined as means to predict TF binding. In each case the data are compared to known true positives taken from ChIP-chip data, Transfac, and the Saccharomyces Genome Database. First, degeneracy, conservation, expression, and binding site clusters were examined independently and in combination via Bayesian allocation. Then, binding sites were predicted with a support vector machine (SVM) using all methods alone and in combination. The SVM works best when all genomic data are combined, but can also identify which methods contribute the most to accurate classification. On average, a support vector machine can classify binding sites with high sensitivity and an accuracy of almost 80%.
The Emergence of the CDU in Occupied Germany

The German Christian Democratic Union had its origin in the period of the most severe national disaster in modern German history. Its appearance coincided with the end of the proud German Reich with whose development its predecessor, the Zentrum, had for so long been identified. From twelve years of totalitarian rule culminating in total defeat, Germany emerged a shrunken, devastated and divided mockery of her former self, devoid of domestic government, occupied by foreign troops, her population in large part uprooted and demoralized. The tasks of economic, social and political reconstruction appeared staggering, the final intention of the victorious powers severe yet ill-defined. When with the avowed aim of promoting German democracy the Allies began licensing political parties, the Christian parties which began to emerge, along with Communists, Socialists and Liberals, varied greatly in character and party name in the different regional centers. It soon became clear that the Christian parties were not mere re-foundings of the Zentrum under another name. They were often made up of a complex variety of groups with extremely varied backgrounds in terms of their pre-Hitler party affiliations.
New dimensions in serology

Immunization of heterologous species with cancer cells or extracts to analyze the resulting antisera for cancer-specific antibodies inaugurated the search for human tumor antigens that could be used in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Technologies for generating monoclonal antibodies revolutionized the discovery process for cell surface and intracellular antigens of human cancer cells, beginning a new era in the clinical application of antibodies. The capacity of the immune system to recognize human cancer antigens was further substantiated with the development of autologous typing−an approach in which tumor cells, lymphocytes, antibody, and control cells are all derived from the same patient, thus eliminating the contribution of alloreactivity in the observed results. This development has led to a growing list of antibody-recognized antigens that are immunogenic in the host of origin, including mutational, overexpressed, viral, and cancer-testis (CT) antigens. Antigens in the latter category, including NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A3, have been extensively studied and shown to spontaneously elicit antibody responses in a proportion of patients that correlate with T-cell immunity. With the sequencing of the human genome and rapid and effective protein expression systems, it is now possible to envisage screening the human proteome with the human antibody repertoire, a process we refer to as seromic analysis. To this end, human protein arrays including a subset of antigens identified in the Cancer Immunome: SEREX Database were constructed, in collaboration with ProCognia, using their novel method for attaching proteins to the glass surface. Sera previously shown by ELISA to have reactivity to selected antigens were analyzed for reactivity to the same antigens using the arrays to evaluate their sensitivity and specificity. This technology has provided us with the analytic tools necessary to identify antigens with immunogenicity in cancer patients, as well as to expand the analysis to more antigens in larger cohorts of cancer patients. Preliminary results from array-based serological analyses of NSCLC patients identified a variety of novel antigens that may have utility as targets for cancer vaccine development. These data could also contribute to the elucidation of biomarker signatures for NSCLC based on seroreactivity, and help to define immune responses that can be correlated with clinical benefit for the cancer patient. This abstract was published in Cancer Immunity, a Cancer Research Institute journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research.
Experience, effectuation, and something good does the use of effectuation lead to positive outcomes?

The theory of effectuation is ascending in entrepreneurship education. Hundreds of articles have been written on the topic. Many textbooks mention the theory, and one college level textbook teaches entrepreneurship entirely from an effectual perspective. Given its acceptance, the natural assumption is that effectuation is somehow 'good.' That is, there is some unique benefit that an entrepreneur gains from using effectuation. This dissertation examines the concept of effectuation, and its value to entrepreneurship. It seeks to determine if entrepreneurs who use effectual logic outperform entrepreneurs who don't. Four hundred and fifty entrepreneurs across three states are surveyed to determine if and how much they effectuate, their business's performance, and their satisfaction with their business's performance, as well as their lives overall. Findings indicate that entrepreneurs with more experience adopt the effectual idea of seeking out pre-commitments before starting a new venture. Findings also indicate that the entrepreneur's perception of his business's financial performance is positively related to his or her inclination to experiment, be flexible, and to evaluate business opportunities by considering how much he or she can afford to lose.
Electrophysiologic Studies in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Motor Neuron Diseases

The identification and characterization of motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, can be much enhanced by electrodiagnostic testing. Combinations of needle electromyography, nerve conduction studies, and other techniques can not only confirm the diagnosis or identify the presence of unsuspected disease, but can also provide clues to the rate of progression and prognosis.
Simultaneous Occurrence of Renal Adenocarcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis

AbstractAn unusual case of synchronous development of renal adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the same kidney is presented.
The Evolution of Pediatric Nurse Sedation Practice

PURPOSE: The Interventional Radiology Center team performs up to 700 invasive procedures every month. Due to various inefficiencies and system limitations, procedure room downtime between patient cases averages 65 hours per week. Subsequently, the department experiences delayed case starts, reduced capacity, delayed inpatient discharge, patient and staff dissatisfaction, and significant financial cost. The purpose of this project is to achieve a 15% short term and 50% long term reduction in room downtime. Additional areas of focus include patient delays, patient volumes, staff satisfaction, and financial cost.
Axial Breakthrough in Athens: Religious Topography and Transformation

Axial Age theory posits that there should be major transformations in Greece (as elsewhere) in the middle of the first millennium BCE. One could point to the creation of the world’s first democracy in Athens in the years around 508. Equally important, and not unrelated to the democracy, was a re-conceptualizing of the role of religion and worship in society, for which Athens provides especially striking archeological evidence. The physical setting for religious expression changed markedly around the end of the sixth century, especially at Athens. The Agora was filled with cults, temples, and shrines of gods and heroes, laid out along with the establishment of the democracy and adapted to the changing political and social needs of the community. Conversely, the Acropolis, which had been strictly the domain of the goddess Athena, takes on a more civic character in the late sixth century with a radical change in the nature of votives dedicated to her. Thus, in the Greek version of axial breakthrough, religion is not set aside or diluted, but put in the service of a new political order.
CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The chemokine receptor CCR5 has garnered significant attention in recent years as a target to treat HIV infection largely due to the approval and success of the drug Maraviroc. The side effects and inefficiencies with other first generation agents led to failed clinical trials, prompting the development of newer CCR5 antagonists.Areas covered: This review aims to survey the current status of ‘next generation’ CCR5 antagonists in the preclinical pipeline with an emphasis on emerging agents for the treatment of HIV infection. These efforts have culminated in the identification of advanced second-generation agents to reach the clinic and the dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc as the most advanced currently in phase II clinical studies.Expert opinion: The clinical success of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection has rested largely on studies of Maraviroc and a second-generation dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc. Although research efforts identified several promising pre...
Other voices: authors’ literary-academic presence and publication in the discursive world system

Academic publication is an international phenomenon, annually involving thousands of scholars, publishers, and institutions worldwide. Despite global authorship, influential publications operate pr...