cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Synthesis of Contemporary Planning Theories

Since the erosion of confidence in the rational model of planning, sharp divergence between different planning theories has been observed. This paper provides a synthetic framework of planning theories in which the nature of diversity in planning is elucidated. It is argued theoretically that planning requires three different dimensions of knowledge — technical, intersubjective, and critico ethical. The theoretical analysis is followed by some reflections on current practice in planning that support the main theoretical argument. In conclusion, the paper suggests the complementariness of different planning theories and proposes reformulation of the epistemological basis of planning.
Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty for Reversal of a Perineal Urethrostomy in a Goat Wether

Objective— To describe the use of buccal mucosa as a urethral graft for reversal of perineal urethrostomy (PU) in a castrated male goat. Study Design— Clinical case report. Sample Population— One client-owned castrated male goat. Results— An 8-month-old Pygmy cross wether was admitted for urolithiasis and PU stricture. After repeated unsuccessful attempts at urethrostomy reversal and urethral reconstruction, a buccal mucosal graft was used for urethroplasty. Buccal mucosa proved to be an excellent graft for urethral repair. Normal urination has occurred through the reconstructed region for at least 24 months. Conclusions— Buccal mucosa worked well as a graft for urethroplasty and PU reversal. Clinical Relevance— Grafting with buccal mucosa may also prove useful in other urethral repair techniques in small ruminants.
The Davy Crater Chain: Implications for tidal disruption in the Earth-Moon System and elsewhere

Linear crater chains on Ganymede and Callisto apparently provide an impact record of tidally disrupted bodies, like Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, at Jupiter. We propose that the Davy crater chain on the Earth's Moon records a similar tidal disruption event in the Earth-Moon system. Most lunar crater chains result from either volcanism or secondary impacts, but the Davy chain differs in setting and appearance from these crater chains and instead shows morphologic similarities to the Jovian crater chains. While the Davy chain is much smaller than the Jovian crater chains, tidal disruption models indicate that this smaller size is consistent with the Earth's lower mass. The disruption models also indicate that most Earth-crossing comets and asteroids are moving too fast for fragment dispersion before impact to produce the observed crater chain length. Thus, the Davy and Jovian crater chains apparently result from bodies with different orbital characteristics. In addition, the limited dispersion of high velocity fragments at the Moon suggests that crater chains may not form for all disruption events or on all planetary satellites. Based on modeled fragment dispersions elsewhere in the solar system, we suggest that similar crater chains may be present on Iapetus, and possibly on Titan, Titania or Oberon.
Resolving isomeric peptide mixtures: a combined HPLC/ion mobility-TOFMS analysis of a 4000-component combinatorial library.

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation approach has been combined with ion mobility/time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry in order to characterize a combinatorial peptide library designed to contain 4000 peptides of the general form NH2-Xxx-Xxx-Xxx-CO2H, NH2-Ala-Xxx-Xxx-Xxx-CO2H, NH2-Ser-Ala-Xxx-Xxx-Xxx-CO2H and NH2-Leu-Ser-Ala-Xxx-Xxx-Xxx-CO2H (where Xxx represents a randomization over 10 different amino acids: Ala, Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, Leu, Lys, Phe, Ser, and Val). Addition of the gas-phase mobility separation between the HPLC separation and TOF measurement dimensions makes it possible to resolve many peptide isomers that have identical retention times (and masses).
Development and validation of the Theoretical Orientation Scale for Clinicians: reflecting solution-focused principles.

This article describes the development and validation of the 40-item Theoretical Orientation Scale for Clinicians (TOSCSF), an instrument designed to (a) operationalize attitudes towards the principles of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), and (b) assess clinicians' endorsement of this therapeutic approach. Participants (N = 284) were members of the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) who responded (63%) to a mail questionnaire containing the TOSCSF. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .82) and validity of scores on the TOSCSF are examined in light of the detection of an acquiescent response pattern in 40 respondents. A subsequent threefactor structure derived from a principal components analysis (accounting for 28% of the variance) suggests modest, but positive, support for the construct validity of the TOSCSF. Recommendations for further refinement of the instrument are discussed.
Interdisciplinary Links in Oceanic Spreading Center Systems: Mantle to Microbe: Integrated Studies at Oceanic Spreading Centers; Portland, Oregon, 25–26 March 2008, Mid-Atlantic Ridge ∼35°–37.5°N Implementation Plan Workshop, Portland, Oregon, 27–28 March 2008

Ridge 2000 (R2K) is an interdisciplinary research program sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that conducts integrated studies on Earth's oceanic spreading centers and hydrothermal vent communities. R2K's scientific community gathered in Oregon for two meetings to discuss recent research results and to consider future coordinated studies.
Enzyme treated milk in the dietary management of patients with peptic ulcer

1. Milk fulfills the requirements of an ideal food for the ulcer patient. In many instances, however, ordinary pasteurized milk is not well tolerated and modified milks must be substituted. 2. A recently introduced enzyme treated milk, Enzylac, possesses the same nutritive value and mineral content as ordinary pasteurized milk. It, however, has the advantage over the latter in that it causes a higher combined and a lower free acidity, and in that softer smaller and more friable curds result from its ingestion than follow the intake of ordinary pasteurized milk. The friable curds of Enzylac are expelled more easily from the stomach than the tougher curds of ordinary milk. 3. Enzyme treated milk is well tolerated by some patients who have an intolerance to ordinary milk. 4. Because of its chemical and physical properties, enzyme treated milk appears superior to ordinary milk in the detary regimen of peptic ulcer patients.
Influence of Diurnal Blood Pressure Variations on Target Organ Abnormalities in Adolescents With Mild Essential Hypertension

As hypertensive target-organ damage has been associated with diminished diurnal blood pressure (BP) variation in adults, we compared diurnal BP patterns of hypertensive adolescents with left ventricular hypertrophy with normotensive and hypertensive adolescents with normal left ventricular mass. In addition, the frequency of microalbuminuria (Malb), hyperfiltration, and reduced renal functional reserve (RFR) was evaluated in adolescents with normal BP and untreated borderline and mild essential hypertension. Thirty-three normotensive (NT) adolescents, 14.5+/-2.1 years (mean +/- SD), and 29 untreated borderline and mildly hypertensive (HT) adolescents, 14.6+/-2.4 years, wore the SpaceLabs 90207 ambulatory BP monitor for 24 h. Left ventricular mass was measured by M-mode echocardiography and then indexed (LVMI) to the cube of height. Creatinine clearance (Clcr) and urine Malb was measured on 24 h collection and RFR by change in creatinine clearance after an oral protein load. Diurnal BP change was expressed as the absolute and percent day-night BP fall and cusum derived plot height (CPH) and circadian alteration magnitude (CDCAM). Groups were compared using analysis of covariance with adjustments for race, gender, and body mass index. All NT and 19 HT subjects (HT-1) had normal LVMI at 22.2+/-5.3 and 25.8+/-3.8 g/m3, respectively. Ten HT (HT-2) had increased LVMI of 36.9+/-5.2 g/m3. No significant difference was found for absolute or percent day-night BP fall or CDCAM between groups. Nocturnal systolic BP was correlated most closely with LVMI (r = 0.41, p = .001). Clcr, Malb, and RFR did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, adolescents with borderline and mild essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy have similar levels of diurnal BP fall, urine Malb excretion, and RFR compared to normotensive and hypertensive adolescents with normal left ventricular mass.
Temporal and Regional Regulation of Gene Expression by Calcium-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase Activity during Fear Memory

Background The Ca2+-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs), AC1 and AC8, are key components of long-term memory processing. AC1 and AC8 double knockout mice (Adcy1−/−Adcy8−/−; DKO) display impaired fear memory processing; the mechanism of this impairment is largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We hypothesize that the Ca2+-stimulated ACs modulate long-lasting transcriptional changes essential for fear memory consolidation and maintenance. Here, we report a genome-wide study of gene expression changes associated with conditioned fear (CF) memory in wild-type and DKO mice to identify AC-dependent gene regulatory changes that occur in the amygdala and hippocampus at baseline and different time points after CF learning. We observed an overall decrease in transcriptional changes in DKO mice across all time points, but most strikingly, at periods when memory consolidation and retention should be occurring. Further, we identified a shared set of transcription factor binding sites in genes upregulated in wild-type mice that were associated with downregulated genes in DKO mice. To prove the temporal and regional importance of AC activity on different stages of memory processing, the tetracycline-off system was used to produce mice with forebrain-specific inducible expression of AC8 on a DKO background. CF behavioral results reveal that adult restoration of AC8 activity in the forebrain is sufficient for intact learning, while cessation of this expression at any time point across learning causes memory deficits. Conclusions/Significance Overall, these studies demonstrate that the Ca2+-stimulated ACs contribute to the formation and maintenance of fear memory by a network of long-term transcriptional changes.
Failure Mechanisms and Deployment Accuracy of Elastic-Memory Composites

Elastic-memory composites (EMCs) is a class of polymeric composites that can be folded into a very compact shape and later deployed to the original shape upon reheating. They have significant potential in developing large deployable structures greater than 10 m in size that can be stowed in a small launch vehicle and deployed in space to predetermined levels of precision. Generally, the composite is folded by heating it above the glass transition temperature of the resin. The primary deformation mode that allows EMCs to achieve significantly higher effective strains than traditional composites is microbuckling of the compressed fibers. The magnitude of this microbuckling dictates whether the laminate behaves elastically or if the laminate exhibits material failure such as fiber breakage, or fiber kinking. This paper explores the micromechanics of both types of fiber-deformation modes associated with the bending of such soft-resin composites. An analysis method is developed and correlated with experimental...
The RNA of human coronavirus OC-43.

A homogeneous RNA complex with a sedimentation coefficient of 70 S and an apparent molecular weight of approximately 6.1 × 106 was released from purified 32P-labeled, mouse-brain-derived OC-43 virus after treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 15 min at 23°. The complex was highly susceptible to heat, releasing 4 S RNA fragments at 37° and breaking down to fragments of 4–70 S at 60°; it was also degraded by centrifugation through dimethyl sulfoxide gradients. Unlike tobacco mosaic virus or Rous sarcoma virus RNA, OC-43 RNA prepared by extraction with phenol-SDS or phenol-chloroform degraded into a range of fragments with coefficients of 15–55 S; 4 S RNA was also present as a minor component. This suggests that (a) extensive nicking of a large RNA molecule has occurred during viral growth, due to ribonucleases which are inactivated during phenol extractions; (b) heterogeneity for OC-43 RNA is not due to internal ribonuclease activity and fragments are held together by noncovalent linkages much weaker than those present in the 70 S retroviral RNA complex, or by small proteins; or, most probably, (c) a combination of extensive nicking and weak noncovalent linkages results in the heterogeneous denaturation products.
Complicated migraine and cerebral angiography: a report of an unusual adverse reaction.

SYNOPSIS Adverse reactions have been previously reported when cerebral angiography is performed on patients with complicated migraine. We report a case of complicated migraine in which cerebral angiography produced come and prolonged suppression of EEG rhythms. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Structural Characterization of the SARS-Coronavirus Spike S Fusion Protein Core

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses mediates viral entry into host cells. It is a type 1 viral fusion protein that characteristically contains two heptad repeat regions, denoted HR-N and HR-C, that form coiled-coil structures within the ectodomain of the protein. Previous studies have shown that the two heptad repeat regions can undergo a conformational change from their native state to a 6-helix bundle (trimer of dimers), which mediates fusion of viral and host cell membranes. Here we describe the biophysical analysis of the two predicted heptad repeat regions within the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein. Our results show that in isolation the HR-N region forms a stable α-helical coiled coil that associates in a tetrameric state. The HR-C region in isolation formed a weakly stable trimeric coiled coil. When mixed together, the two peptide regions (HR-N and HR-C) associated to form a very stable α-helical 6-stranded structure (trimer of heterodimers). Systematic peptide mapping showed that the site of interaction between the HR-N and HR-C regions is between residues 916–950 of HR-N and residues 1151–1185 of HR-C. Additionally, interchain disulfide bridge experiments showed that the relative orientation of the HR-N and HR-C helices in the complex was antiparallel. Overall, the structure of the hetero-stranded complex is consistent with the structures observed for other type 1 viral fusion proteins in their fusion-competent state.
Cardiorespiratory effects produced by application ofl-glutamic and kainic acid to the ventral surface of the cat hindbrain

The purpose of our study was to determine the cardiorespiratory effects of exciting cell bodies at the rostral (area M), intermediate (area S), and caudal (area L) chemosensitive sites on the ventral surface of the medulla. To do this, L-glutamic and kainic acid were applied bilaterally to each chemosensitive site while monitoring tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (f), mean arterial pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Application of solutions (5 microliter) of L-glutamic acid ranging from 62.5 to 2000 mM to the intermediate area produced concentration-dependent increases in VT (from 2.0 +/- 0.6 ml to 14 +/- 1.1 ml) and BP (from 2.0 +/- 1.7 mm Hg to 39 +/- 5.3 mm Hg). No significant changes in f and HR were noted. Similar effects were observed with application of kainic acid. Application of L-glutamic acid to the caudal area produced hypotension (-24 +/- 5.4 mm Hg) with no accompanying changes in VT and f. No responses were observed after application of L-glutamic acid to the rostral area. These data suggest that activation of cell bodies on the intermediate area produces simultaneous stimulatory effects on BP and VT, whereas activation of cell bodies at the caudal area produces selective depressant effects on BP.
The thermal emission spectrum of Io and a determination of the heat flux from its hot spots

Observations of thermal emission from Io in the near infrared made during an eclipse were combined with unpublished 8- to 13-micron intermediate band photometry and a 16- to 22-micron spectrum to specify Io's emission spectrum from 2.2 to 22 microns. Models were calculated having 'hot spots' at several different temperatures superposed on a surface, the major part of which is assumed to be at the solar equilibrium temperature. It was possible to fit the entire composite spectrum with this model. It is argued that the total emission from the hot spots can be equated to the nonsolar energy input into Io. The disk-averaged heat radiated by the hot spots is found to be 180 + or 60 microwatts/sq cm = 43 + or - 14 microcalories/sq cm-sec. A possible bimodal temperature distribution of the hot spots is discussed.
Improving LC-MS sensitivity through increases in chromatographic performance: comparisons of UPLC-ES/MS/MS to HPLC-ES/MS/MS

Recent technological advances have made available reverse phase chromatographic media with a 1.7 microm particle size along with a liquid handling system that can operate such columns at much higher pressures. This technology, termed ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), offers significant theoretical advantages in resolution, speed, and sensitivity for analytical determinations, particularly when coupled with mass spectrometers capable of high-speed acquisitions. This paper explores the differences in LC-MS performance by conducting a side-by-side comparison of UPLC for several methods previously optimized for HPLC-based separation and quantification of multiple analytes with maximum throughput. In general, UPLC produced significant improvements in method sensitivity, speed, and resolution. Sensitivity increases with UPLC, which were found to be analyte-dependent, were as large as 10-fold and improvements in method speed were as large as 5-fold under conditions of comparable peak separations. Improvements in chromatographic resolution with UPLC were apparent from generally narrower peak widths and from a separation of diastereomers not possible using HPLC. Overall, the improvements in LC-MS method sensitivity, speed, and resolution provided by UPLC show that further advances can be made in analytical methodology to add significant value to hypothesis-driven research.
Minnesota Foreign Language Teachers' Perceptions of Their Pre-Professional Preparation

US Department of Education report A Nation at Risk (1983) and the reports of the Holmes Group (1986) and the Carnegie Foundation (1986), an advisory committee formed by the Minnesota Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (MCTFL) commissioned a study of the pre-professional educational experiences of MCTFL members.1 The study, carried out during the academic year 1986-87, was jointly funded by MCTFL and the College of Education, University of Minnesota.2 The instrument designed for the study was a questionnaire consisting of six sections (see appendix).3 The first, a "demographic" section, addressed respondent characteristics (major, where teaching currently, number of years taught, levels taught, number of language teachers in district, highest degree attained, state in which pre-professional preparation occurred). The remainder solicited respondent perceptions concerning specific areas of preprofessional preparation: 1) general or liberal arts background; 2) major; 3) general preservice professional preparation; 4) preparation to teach a second language; and 5) student teaching. In Part A of each section, participants were asked, based on their own perceptions, to indicate: 1) their gain in knowledge or understanding; 2) the adequacy of preparation; and 3) the usefulness of the preparation. In Part B of each section, participants were also asked to respond to three open-ended questions: 1) "Which of the above areas would you like to see changed or strengthened?" 2) "Where should additions be made?" and 3) "What should be removed?"
The American Dental Dream

The American Dental Dream—the cultural desire for straight, white teeth—is difficult, if not impossible, for poor and working-class people to achieve. Using ethnographic fiction, autoethnography, poetry, and qualitative interviewing, I brush away the taken-for-granted assumptions about teeth. I explore the personal, relational, and structural consequences of this cultural desire, and show how social class writes itself on our bodies. I write these culture-centered teeth tales to show how one might cope with their teeth.
Thermal Infrared Imagery Use in Urban Energy Surveys

The recent emphasis on energy conservation has resulted in an increase in urban surveys utilizing infrared scanning systems to obtain surrogates of roof temperatures. The imagery obtained can be used to estimate about five levels of heat loss provided proper safeguards are observed. The paper shows attainable goals and sets reasonable specifications that may be applied to aerial thermal energy surveys. Results from this type survey are shown for residential areas and for a major educational complex.
Using peptide nucleic acids as gene-expression modifiers to reduce β-amyloid levels

The deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is an early and critical aspect of Alzheimer’s disease. Aβ is formed by the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Studies of familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease indicate that elevated secretion of Aβ, particularly Aβ(1–42), is likely to be an etiologic agent in the disease. Aβ(1–42) is known to cause fibril formation and at elevated levels increases aggregation, which can lead to neuronal death. It has, therefore, been hypothesized that if the levels of Aβ, particularly Aβ(1–42), could be reduced that onset of Alzheimer’s disease could be slowed or possibly prevented. We, therefore, propose using PNAs targeted to APP to decrease plasma and brain levels of Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42). This research project is designed to expand upon the discovery in our laboratory that systemic administration of antisense or antigene treatments utilizing peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) can be used to target and shut down proteins. Antisense strategies are methods of specifically targeting a particular protein by inhibiting translation by complementary binding to mRNA, while antigene methods inhibit transcription by complementary binding to DNA. For experiments involving antisense strategies, there are several advantages to using PNAs as opposed to the traditional oligonucleotide approaches. We initially preformed our studies in rats and identified a PNA sequence that was able to significantly reduce the levels of Aβ(1–41) in rat brain compared to vehicle control rats. We have switched to mice so that we can prepare to perform our experiments in a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. We have, however, run into several technical difficulties with using mice compared to rats. In spite of this, we have identified one PNA sequence that specifically lowers mouse brain Aβ(1–40) Aβ(1–42) by 37% and 47%, respectively.
Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of chloro-N-methylprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester iron(II), a species related to the intermediate in the formation of N-alkylprotoporphyrins from the cytochrome P-450 prosthetic group

N-alkylporphyrins are formed when certain agents such as 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine or ethylene interact with cytochrome P-450 in rats. It is likely that the iron protoporphyrin complex in cytochrome P-450 is first alkylated and then demetallated to form the free base N-alkylprotoporphyrins that are observed. An iron complex of N-methylprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester, chloro-N-methylprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester iron(II), shows the following properties: a double Soret band (λmax = 435 nm, with a shoulder at 390 nm) relatively facile reduction (E12 for Fe(III)/Fe(II) of 0.385 V vs Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile) and facile demetallation by acid or good nucleophiles such as thiophenol. A knowledge of such properties should be useful in determining the mechanism of formation of N-alkylprotoporphyrins in vivo.
Biphasic effect of tricyclic antidepressants on the release of norepinephrine from the adrenergic nerves of the rabbit heart

The release of norepinephrine (NE) from the right atrium of the rabbit heart was used as a model to investigate biphasic effects due to tricyclic antidepressants, similar to those clinically observed in the treatment of depression and known as “therapeutic window”. Strips of the atrium were loaded with3H-NE, and then superfused by Krebs solution. The basal release and the electrical stimulation evoked release of3H-NE were measured in the presence and absence of four clinically used tricyclic antidepressants: imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine and nortriptyline. In addition, guanethidine, an adrenergic neuron blocker, was also studied. At lower concentrations (0.5–10 µM) tricyclic antidepressants increased, whereas higher concentrations (50–100 µM), inhibited the evoked release of NE. This inhibition was not prevented by the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, excluding the possibility of alpha2 adrenoceptormediated inhibition of NE release. In higher concentrations the tricyclic antidepressants increased the basal release of NE in a Ca-independent way. Secondary amine derivatives were more potent inhibitors of the evoked release, and enhance the resting basal release of NE to a greater extent than the tertiary ones. Similarly, guanethidine (1–50 µM) also decreased the evoked release and increased the basal release of NE in a concentration dependent manner. Yohimbine failed to counteract the inhibition caused by guanethidine and the increment of the basal release was Ca-independent. It is concluded that the effect of tricyclic antidepressants in potentiating the release of NE is masked by their adrenergic neuron blocking properties, i.e. they inhibit the release of NE. Our findings are consistent with paradoxical clinical observations that some tricyclic antidepressants have therapeutic value only in lower plasma concentrations and they become ineffective at higher concentrations.
Challenges for utilization of the new synchrotron facilities

Abstract Third-generation synchrotron radiation facilities, optimized for high spectral brightness and partial coherence at ray wavelengths, provide new scientific and technical opportunities and many challenges. The challenges are briefly reviewed.
The length and viscosity dependence of end-to-end collision rates in single-stranded DNA.

Intramolecular dynamics play an essential role in the folding and function of biomolecules and, increasingly, in the operation of many biomimetic technologies. Thus motivated we have employed both experiment and simulation to characterize the end-to-end collision dynamics of unstructured, single-stranded DNAs ranging from 6 to 26 bases. We find that, because of the size and flexibility of the optical reporters employed experimentally, end-to-end collision dynamics exhibit little length dependence at length scales <11 bases. For longer constructs, however, the end-to-end collision rate exhibits a power-law relationship to polymer length with an exponent of −3.49 ± 0.13. This represents a significantly stronger length dependence than observed experimentally for unstructured polypeptides or predicted by polymer scaling arguments. Simulations indicate, however, that the larger exponent stems from electrostatic effects that become important over the rather short length scale of these highly charged polymers. Finally, we have found that the end-to-end collision rate also depends linearly on solvent viscosity, with an experimentally significant, nonzero intercept (the extrapolated rate at zero viscosity) that is independent of chain length—an observation that sheds new light on the origins of the “internal friction” observed in the dynamics of many polymer systems.
Pricing of service in clouds: optimal response and strategic interactions

Cloud providers and consumers encounter a variety of pricing models devised to disincentivize the occurrence of high or unpredictable demands (especially simultaneously from multiple consumers) and incentivize certain kinds of behavior (e.g., predictable resource procurement, adhering to requested resource demands, etc.). Examples of such arrangements may have a cloud in the role of (i) a consumer (e.g., a data center procuring power from an electric utility based on tiered [10] or peak-based [5] pricing (we elaborate on both of these momentarily), or network bandwidth from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) based on a high percentile of bandwidth usage [1]), (ii) a provider (e.g., IT customers procuring virtual machines (VMs) or storage from a cloud provider such as Amazon EC2 [3, 2]), or (iii) both (e.g., a Content Distribution Network (CDN) provider such as Akamai renting rack space from another data center and paying the data center rather than an electric utility for provisioned power [9]). Table 1 presents some such situations.
Effectiveness of recent fiber-interaction diffusion models for orientation and the part stiffness predictions in injection molded short-fiber reinforced composites

Two fiber interaction models for predicting the fiber orientation and resulting stiffness of a short-fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite are investigated, the isotropic rotary diffusion of Folgar and Tucker (1984) [1] and the anisotropic rotary diffusion of Phelps and Tucker (2009) [6]. This study employs several fiber orientation tensor closure approximations for both diffusion models and results are compared to those from the numerically exact spherical harmonic approach. Results are presented for variations in the fiber orientation and the processed part stiffness. A significant difference was observed between the stiffness predicted by both rotary diffusion models. It is worth noting that not all closures behave the same between the diffusion models, thus encouraging further studies to refine and validate the new fiber interaction models and solution approaches. A study of the predicted flexural modulus is presented, and results suggest that flexural modulus experiments may aid in further refining the fiber interaction models.
An efficient procedure for assignment of the proton, carbon and nitrogen resonances in 13C/15N labeled nucleic acids

An efficient method is presented for the assignment of the proton, carbon, and nitrogen resonances in the NMR spectra of isotopically labeled nucleic acids. The assignment strategy starts by identifying all protons and carbons belonging to the same sugar ring through application of a set of 2D or 3D heteronuclear HCCH NMR experiments. Next the individual sugar rings are connected to their corresponding bases through intra-residue 1 H-1H nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) observed in a 3D (1H, 13C, 1H) NOESY-HMQC experiment. Sequential NOE connectivities observed in this experiment are then used to assign each residue in the nucleotide sequence. The imino protons and nitrogens, and the cytidine amino protons and nitrogens, are assigned by 2D (15N, 1H) HMQC and 3D (1H, 15N, 1 H) NOESY-HMQC experiments in H2O. This assignment procedure is illustrated on the 99% 13C/15N labeled RNA duplex r(GGCGCUUGCGUC)2. The application of these multi-dimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance experiments enormously simplifies the resonance assignment of nucleic acids and allows assignment of many more protons, carbons and nitrogens than was possible using standard techniques on unlabeled molecules. Since a larger percentage of the protons can now be assigned by these experiments, much more NMR structural information can be obtained which will significantly extend the size limit for solution structure determinations of RNAs.
Spatial Distributions and Interstellar Reaction Processes

Methyl formate presents a challenge for the conventional chemical mechanisms assumed to guide interstellar organic chemistry. Previous studies of potential formation pathways for methyl formate in interstellar clouds ruled out gas-phase chemistry as a major production route, and more recent chemical kinetics models indicate that it may form efficiently from radical–radical chemistry on ice surfaces. Yet, recent chemical imaging studies of methyl formate and molecules potentially related to its formation suggest that it may form through previously unexplored gas-phase chemistry. Motivated by these findings, two new gas-phase ion-molecule formation routes are proposed and characterized using electronic structure theory with conformational specificity. The proposed reactions, acid-catalyzed Fisher esterification and methyl cation transfer, both produce the less stable trans-conformational isomer of protonated methyl formate in relatively high abundance under the kinetically controlled conditions relevant to ...
The Effect of Constant and Variable Eccentricity on the Spacer Performance During Primary Well Cementing

Spacers are the intermediate fluids in the primary cementing process, preceded by the mud and followed by the cement. They help in mud removal, keep mud and cement separated and prepare the annulus walls for a good cement bond. The focus of this study is to analyze the spacer performance in keeping mud and cement separated in the vertical and horizontal well sections with eccentricity. Several combinations of eccentricity variation and displacement rates are simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool to analyze the temporal and spatial fluid volume fraction distributions in the annulus and validated against multi-fluid displacement experiments. A 50 ft vertical section with annular gap of 1.5″ and casing standoff from 5% to 100% and a horizontal section with variable eccentricity are studied. For initial conditions the annulus is modeled as filled with mud and subsequently swept by one annular volume of spacer and cement each respectively. Mud and cement are treated as Herschel Bulkley fluids and spacer as a Newtonian fluid.Qualitative results from simulations are shown in the form of volume fraction contour plots at different sections of the annulus and quantitative results in the form of temporal and spatial volume fraction of each fluid at specific planes in the entire annulus. For a vertical annular section with constant eccentricity, some unswept mud is observed on the narrow side and eventually becomes trapped after the eccentricity is increased above a threshold value. It is also observed that increasing displacement rate helps in displacing some of this trapped mud. After a threshold eccentricity value, the trapped mud cannot be displaced and the spacer and cement follow the path of least resistance and flow occurs mainly on the wider side of the annulus. For a horizontal section with variable eccentricity (maximum at the mid distance between centralizers), the flow is observed to move towards wider side around the center and then returning to the other side (narrow part) after passing through middle section. Some trapped mud is also observed in the vicinity of the middle section due to local maximum eccentricity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effects of sediment aggregate size on DRM intensity: a new theory

Abstract Previously, the acquisition of depositional remanent magnetism (DRM) in redeposition experiments has been described as a balance between the alignment of magnetic moments by the imposed magnetic field and the misaligning effects of Brownian motion, an approach that ignores interactions between sediment particles. Inter-particle attractions due to electrostatic or van der Waals forces, or biologically mediated flocculation, lead to the formation of aggregates, which prevent the settling of individual grains. We propose a new model in which we examine the angular momentum balance on a clay–magnetite aggregate, which can be tens of micrometers in diameter, as opposed to an individual grain of single-domain magnetite, which is usually less than 1 μm in diameter. Viscous drag becomes important for these large aggregates and larger magnetic fields are necessary to bring their moments into alignment. We model the acquisition of DRM by assuming a log-normal size distribution of flocs, all of which have the same magnetic moment. The under-saturation of magnetic intensity in laboratory DRM experiments is explained by the larger viscous drag encountered by the larger aggregates which prevents perfect alignment with the applied magnetic field.
Persistent neurogenesis in the teleost retina: evidence for regulation by the growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis

Based on results from previous studies (J. Comp. Neurol. 394 (1998) 386, 395), it was hypothesized that the persistent neurogenesis in the retina of teleost fish is modulated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which, in turn, is regulated by growth hormone (GH). Two approaches were undertaken to test this hypothesis. First, a variety of techniques were used to determine if IGF-I and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) are expressed in the retina. Second, GH was injected into animals to stimulate IGF-I synthesis in target tissues, and IGF-I expression and cell proliferation in the retina was quantitatively assayed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, screening a retinal cDNA library and Northern analysis showed that genes encoding IGF-I and IGF-IR are expressed in the retina of goldfish. In situ hybridization showed that IGF-IR is expressed by retinal progenitors and all differentiated retinal neurons. Intraperitoneal injections of GH elevate IGF-I mRNA levels in the liver, brain and retina and produce a dose-dependent change in the proliferation of stem cells and progenitors in the retina. These data indicate that the principal components of the IGF-I signaling cascade are present in the retinas of teleosts, and we suggest these elements mediate the persistent, growth-associated neurogenesis in this tissue.
Recognition of and Allocation Among Multiple Sources of PAH in Urban Sediments

Abstract The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban sediments around the U.S. is well established. The toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic characteristics attributed to this class of hydrocarbons typically warrant their close monitoring, removal (e.g., dredging), or isolation (e.g., capping) in order to protect or revitalize the local urban environments. The high costs and other liabilities associated with any remedial action of urban sediments, combined with the common occurrence of multiple potentially responsible parties (PRPs) with properties bordering urban waterways, is a recipe for legal wrangling among PRPs. Environmental forensic investigations, conducted appropriately, provide the insight necessary to defensibly identify both historic and/or current, point and non-point sources of PAH to an urban water body's sediments. The results from such investigations are sufficiently robust to support technical allocation strategies for determining responsibility among PRPs involved in ...
Inherited thrombocytopenias: an approach to diagnosis and management

Summary Inherited thrombocytopenias vary in their presentation, associated features, and molecular etiologies. An accurate diagnosis is important to provide appropriate therapy as well as counseling for the individual and their family members. As the genetic basis of more disorders is understood, it will be possible to diagnose a greater fraction of patients as well as learn more about the process of megakaryopoiesis and platelet production.
Transition temperatures for the tetragonal-orthorhombic phase transition in the 123 superconductor

Transition temperatures for the reversible orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in the 123 superconductor have been measured using dynamic X-ray diffraction. Results are reported for heating cooling rates up to 180/sup 0/C/min and in oxygen partial pressures from 3.2 to 21 kPa and are consistent with a rapid second-order (order-disorder) transition. In air and at cooling rates /le/ 12/sup 0/C/min, the transition is perfectly reversible with no detectable hysteresis. At higher heating or cooling rates and at lower oxygen pressures the transition has a definite hysteresis and a measurable dependence on time.
Abstract C85: FOXM1-dependent gene expression program controls cancer stem cell and metastasis properties of breast cancer cells

The transcription factor FOXM1 coordinates expression of late cell cycle-related genes. Elevated expression of FOXM1 in breast cancer correlates with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and, as we have previously shown, is associated with resistance to endocrine treatment via 14-3-3ζ protein signaling (Bergamaschi A. et al. Breast Cancer Research 2011, 13:R7). To better understand the role that FOXM1 plays in endocrine resistance and aggressiveness, we analyzed its genome-wide DNA binding and effects on gene expression. We mapped genome-wide FOXM1 binding events, by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), in breast cancer cell lines after estrogen or tamoxifen treatments. We also investigated the relationship between FOXM1, estrogen receptor-α and MAPK chromatin binding events by clustering analysis of Chip-seq data and identified specific clusters of colocalized binding events as identifiers for different functional gene classes. Clusters enriched in colocalized factor binding sites were associated with genes involved in maintenance of stem cell properties and genes involved in invasion and metastasis (Rho-GTPases). Binding profiles were also integrated with expression data from FOXM1 knockdown experiments, to reveal specific FOXM1 transcriptional networks. Cell studies showed the relevance of FOXM1 in breast cancer endocrine resistance and development of metastasis. We modulated the levels of FOXM1 and some newly discovered FOXM1 regulated genes in MCF7 cells and assessed their roles in hormone resistance and breast cancer aggressiveness by several functional studies. Increased expression levels of FOXM1 were associated with an increase in the cancer stem cell population. Moreover, FOXM1 overexpressing cell lines exhibited invadopodia which correlated with an increased invasion potential. The use of a specific and selective FOXM1 inhibitor proved to be especially effective in restoring endocrine sensitivity and in decreasing breast cancer aggressiveness. Collectively, our findings define FOXM1 as a master regulator of Rho-GTPase and stem cell marker expression. Dysregulation of the FOXM1 pathway promotes breast cancer progression and therefore makes FOXM1 a relevant therapeutic target to be considered for reducing invasiveness and enhancing response to endocrine and other therapies. Citation Format: Anna Bergamaschi, Zeynep Madak-Erdogan, Hailing Lu, Benita S. Katzenellenbogen. FOXM1-dependent gene expression program controls cancer stem cell and metastasis properties of breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C85.
Behavioral reflexes in Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans with large skin grafts

Large pieces of skin completely encircling the abdomen in tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans were removed, rotated through 180° and replaced. During metamorphosis animals of both species developed fore- and hindlimb reflex behavior in response to stimulation of the body and graft. These responses remained consistently normal throughout the experimental period and did not become maladaptive as was found to occur in a related species, Rana pipiens. The cutaneous receptive fields were mapped electrophysiologically in control and skin-grafted Rana catesbeiana frogs and in one skin-grafted Rana clamitans. The sizes and shapes of the receptive fields were similar to those previously reported for Rana pipiens. Unlike the receptive fields in Rana pipiens and Rana clamitans, the receptive fields examined in Rana catesbeiana readily overlapped the borders of the skin graft, innervating both normal and grafted skin. Reasons for prolonged normal behavior and cutaneous receptive field overlap in skin-grafted Rana catesbeiana are discussed.
Microbial life in the unsaturated subsurface under conditions of extremely low recharge: an extreme environment

Deep unsaturated sediments with very low levels of sediment- associated nutrients and extremely low levels of vertical movement of moisture (i.e., recharge) were studied as a model extreme environment to better understand microbial survival over geologic time periods and the resulting spatial distribution of viable microorganisms. Chloride mass balance measurements indicate that the study site has received an average annual recharge of 15 micrometers since the last Pleistocene flood approximately 13,000 years ago. Viable biomass as determined by measurement of phospholipid fatty acid in 75 g samples was approximately 104 cells/g sediment. However, highly sensitive microbial activity assays failed to detect microbial activity in > 60% of 10 g samples. Microbial activity was not detected in 29% of replicate 10 g samples in the presence of nutrients for 244 days, indicating that viable microorganisms are spatially discontinuous. In separate experiments, microbial activity was not detected in 0.1 g or 1 g samples but was encountered in 37% of the 10 g samples and in 75% of the 100 g samples. These results indicate that viable microorganisms exist in `hotspots' separated by extensive regions of excluding conditions. In addition, the results suggest that if extremely low nutrient flux conditions exist at target extraterrestrial locations, successful recovery of viable microorganisms may require acquisition of many, or large, samples.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of unipotent matrices

Abstract A matrix A of finite degree f over a field F is said to be unipotent if A−If is nilpotent; the matrix is said to be projectively unipotent if some multiple is unipotent. If χ(F) > 0 then A is unipotent if and only if A is an element of χ(F)-power order of GL(f, F). A new proof of Kolchin's theorem stating that the identity group of degree 1 is the only irreducible linear group of unipotent matrices over F is given. If f > 2 then a nilpotent subgroup G of GL(f, F) for which the (f−1)-st term of the descending central series contains an element the order of which is divisible by χ(F) consists entirely of projectively unipotent matrices and ʒ f−1 (G) consists of transvections. Conversely every transvection is obtainable in this way, using the conjugates of the triangular subgroup with only 1 in the diagonal. A unipotent matrix is characterized as a matrix which is contained in some nilpotent linear group which is generated by transvections. The case f = 2 also is cleared up.
Exact Enumeration of 1342-Avoiding Permutations

Solving the first nonmonotonic, longer-than-three instance of a classic enumeration problem, we obtain the generating functionH(x) of all 1342-avoiding permutations of lengthnas well as anexactformula for their numberSn(1342). While achieving this, we bijectively prove that the number of indecomposable 1342-avoiding permutations of lengthnequals that of labeled plane trees of a certain type onnvertices recently enumerated by Cori, Jacquard, and Schaeffer, which is in turn known to be equal to the number of rooted bicubic maps enumerated by Tutte (Can. J. Math.33(1963), 249?271). Moreover,H(x) turns out to be algebraic, proving the first nonmonotonic, longer-than-three instance of a conjecture of Noonan and Zeilberger (Adv. Appl. Math.17(1996), 381?407). We also prove thatSn(1342)converges to 8, so in particular, limn?∞(Sn(1342)/Sn(1234))=0.
Laterality of champion athletes.

Laterality questionnaire responses of 144 nationally known male champion athletes and 160 university upper-classmen were compared. For each of 19 significant handedness and footedness items (in a list of 150) the percentage of “right” (R) responses of champions was less than that of students whose interest in athletics was assumed to be nominal. Difference between mean Index of Dominance score of champion is (+.420) and that of students (+.477) was not significant.