cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge about HIV in a Community Sample of Urban African Americans in the South.

Purpose: Race and HIV are intertwined in complex ways. African Americans, particularly those residing in the southern United States, are at great risk for contracting and subsequently transmitting HIV. Research on the extent to which members of this population understand the risks associated with engaging in specific behaviors is limited. This paper examines HIV knowledge among at-risk adult African American men and women and the factors associated with levels of HIV knowledge. Methods: Based on a conceptual model derived from Social Disorganization Theory and Syndemics Theory, interviews were conducted between 2009 and 2011. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with 1,864 respondents from 80 strategically-chosen census block groups in Atlanta, Georgia. An innovative approach to assessing amount of HIV knowledge was implemented, to derive better estimates of the extent of knowledge. Results: Overall, HIV knowledge was low (average=43.5% correct answers). Seven factors were identified as contributing uniquely to having higher levels of knowledge about HIV transmission: (1) younger age, (2) being educated beyond the high school level, (3) being gay, lesbian or bisexual, (4) experiencing sexual abuse during childhood and/or adolescence, (5) drinking alcohol less frequently, (6) knowing a larger number of HIV-infected persons and (7) knowing anyone currently living with “full blown” AIDS. Conclusion: HIV educational and intervention programs targeting at-risk African American adults need to develop effective ways of bolstering a solid understanding of how HIV is/not transmitted. In particular, efforts need to be targeted toward older adults, those with lower levels of educational attainment and persons who are not acquainted with anyone who is HIV-infected.
Differential declines in Alaskan boreal forest vitality related to climate and competition

Rapid warming and changes in water availability at high latitudes alter resource abundance, tree competition, and disturbance regimes. While these changes are expected to disrupt the functioning of boreal forests, their ultimate implications for forest composition are uncertain. In particular, recent site-level studies of the Alaskan boreal forest have reported both increases and decreases in productivity over the past few decades. Here, we test the idea that variations in Alaskan forest growth and mortality rates are contingent on species composition. Using forest inventory measurements and climate data from plots located throughout interior and south-central Alaska, we show significant growth and mortality responses associated with competition, midsummer vapor pressure deficit, and increased growing season length. The governing climate and competition processes differed substantially across species. Surprisingly, the most dramatic climate response occurred in the drought tolerant angiosperm species, trembling aspen, and linked high midsummer vapor pressure deficits to decreased growth and increased insect-related mortality. Given that species composition in the Alaskan and western Canadian boreal forests is projected to shift toward early-successional angiosperm species due to fire regime, these results underscore the potential for a reduction in boreal productivity stemming from increases in midsummer evaporative demand.
Analysis of large-scale ocean current turbine blades using Fluid–Structure Interaction and blade element momentum theory

ABSTRACTWe have developed a Fluid–Structure Interaction (FSI) procedure to investigate large-scale ocean current turbine blades by combining blade element momentum theory and finite element method. FSI procedure included changes in inflow velocity, lift coefficient and drag coefficient of blade elements. Geometric non-linearity was also considered. Three case studies were investigated to visualise effects of FSI to predict blade deflection and turbine's performance. It was observed that at an inflow velocity of 5 m/s, the flap-wise tip deflection decreased by 10% due to inclusion of FSI. This decrease was mostly due to change in lift and drag coefficients. Power coefficients were also calculated for both rigid and deformed blades. It was observed that power coefficient decreased by 2% due to blade deflection. For validation, a comparison of pressure coefficients along the chord length was made with published literature and a good correlation was observed.
Solute Transport in the Bone Lacunar-Canalicular System (LCS)

Solute transport in the lacunar-canalicular system (LCS) plays important roles in osteocyte metabolism and cell-cell signaling. This review will summarize recent studies that establish pericellular matrix (PCM), discovered inside the LCS, as a crucial regulator of solute transport in bone. Utilizing confocal imaging and mathematical modeling, recent studies successfully quantified molecular diffusion and convection in the LCS as well as the size-dependent sieving effects of the PCM, leading to the quantification of the effective PCM fiber spacing (10 to 17 nm) in murine adult bones. Perlecan/HSPG2, a large linear proteoglycan, was identified to be an essential PCM component. The PCM-filled LCS is bone’s chromatographic column, where fluid/solute transport to and from the osteocytes is regulated. The chemical composition, deposition rate, and turnover rate of the osteocyte PCM should be further defined to better understand osteocyte physiology and bone metabolism.
Training for treatment of alcoholism in women

Research findings on women alcoholics are reviewed, implications for social work practice discussed, and a new training model for alcoholism treatment proposed
Field-theoretic simulations: An emerging tool for probing soft material assembly

It is curious that first-principles quantum simulations for establishing the electronic structure and bonding patterns of molecules and materials are conducted using fields, yet the standard theoretical approach to understanding their thermal behavior, phase transitions, and self-assembly on larger length- and time scales relies on classical force fields acting on particle degrees of freedom. This article discusses how equilibrium models of classical particle assemblies can be exactly reframed as statistical field theories, and how these theories can be numerically simulated. Today, such field-theoretic simulations have emerged as a highly efficient way to study phase transitions and self-assembly behavior in broad classes of soft materials, including block polymers, polyelectrolyte complexes, and polymeric emulsions.
Sex-specific genetic predictors of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) and tau have been evaluated as endophenotypes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetic studies. Although there are sex differences in AD risk, sex differences have not been evaluated in genetic studies of AD endophenotypes. We performed sex-stratified and sex interaction genetic analyses of CSF biomarkers to identify sex-specific associations. Data came from a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CSF Aβ42 and tau (1527 males, 1509 females). We evaluated sex interactions at previous loci, performed sex-stratified GWAS to identify sex-specific associations, and evaluated sex interactions at sex-specific GWAS loci. We then evaluated sex-specific associations between prefrontal cortex (PFC) gene expression at relevant loci and autopsy measures of plaques and tangles using data from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. In Aβ42, we observed sex interactions at one previous and one novel locus: rs316341 within SERPINB1 (p = 0.04) and rs13115400 near LINC00290 (p = 0.002). These loci showed stronger associations among females (β = − 0.03, p = 4.25 × 10−8; β = 0.03, p = 3.97 × 10−8) than males (β = − 0.02, p = 0.009; β = 0.01, p = 0.20). Higher levels of expression of SERPINB1, SERPINB6, and SERPINB9 in PFC was associated with higher levels of amyloidosis among females (corrected p values 0.38). In total tau, we observed a sex interaction at a previous locus, rs1393060 proximal to GMNC (p = 0.004), driven by a stronger association among females (β = 0.05, p = 4.57 × 10−10) compared to males (β = 0.02, p = 0.03). There was also a sex-specific association between rs1393060 and tangle density at autopsy (pfemale = 0.047; pmale = 0.96), and higher levels of expression of two genes within this locus were associated with lower tangle density among females (OSTN p = 0.006; CLDN16 p = 0.002) but not males (p ≥ 0.32). Results suggest a female-specific role for SERPINB1 in amyloidosis and for OSTN and CLDN16 in tau pathology. Sex-specific genetic analyses may improve understanding of AD’s genetic architecture.
On a Nonlinear Hyperbolic Integrodifferential Equation with a Singular Kernel

We discuss local and global existence of classical solutions to a nonlinear hyperbolic Volterra equation which models the motion of a onedimensional nonlinear viscoelastic solid. In contrast to most previous studies, we allow the kernel to be singular.
Transformations in rare earth metals

The crystal structures of rare earth metals and intrarare earth alloys are described and studies of the phase transformations in these metals are surveyed. Comparison is made with similar transformations in other alloy systems. Knowledge of the thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanisms of transformations in the rare earths is assessed and directions for future work are suggested.
The Dimensions of a Community

In Chap. 2, the point was emphasized that realism is passe in community-based planning. As a result, a community emerges from action and should not be identified with obtrusive, empirical traits. Although this claim is true, the process of conceptualizing and locating a community is complex. Human action is central but a host of issues is involved. Conceptualizing a community, for example, includes the recognition of others, criteria for inclusion, a knowledge base, and boundaries. These elements, accordingly, must be determined through participation, since a uniform reality is difficult to justify in the absence of realism (Campbell and Murray, Journal of Health Psychology, 9(2):187–195, 2004). In the end, a community emerges through joint action that establishes a foundation for further decisions, or constructions. This base, however, does not necessarily represent an all-encompassing reality, with exact and objective parameters. Through human intervention the appearance is created that a community is something substantial. In the absence of an obtrusive referent, a domain of inclusion is created and reinforced. Possibilities are narrowed and behavioral expectations outlined. Over time, simply put, certain values and commitments are accepted as normative, at least until additional interpretations are considered to be valid. In this sense, a particular rendition of Communitas is operative—that is, persons are bound together by commitments instead of external features (Esposito, Communitas, 2010, pp. 6–7). Most important is that any social reality, or construction, must be confirmed by the members of a community to have any legitimacy.
Predicted Stability Conditions for Gaseous Spin-Aligned Hydrogen (H↑)

It is predicted that spin-aligned hydrogen (H↑) can probably be maintained under the following conditions: 1. $$H/T \underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{ > } 1{0^6} G/K.$$ (1) 2. Thickly 4He-coated container. 3. No species other than 4He and H↑ present.
Fatigue Increases ACL Injury Risk in Youth Athletes: Risk Assessment Study Using Drop-jump Test:

Objectives:The impact of fatigue on injury risk to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in adolescent athletes is unknown. Identifying athletes who demonstrate increased risk for injury may help de...
Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor

Almost two decades into the new millennium, it is unlikely that the use of digital technologies will slow in any significant way, particularly in the public sector. As local and regional public age...
Cocoa: synergistic cache co mpression and error co rrection in ca pacity sensitive last level caches

Voltage scaling is one of the most effective techniques to provide power savings on a chip-wide basis. However, reducing supply voltage in the presence of process variation introduces significant reliability challenges for large SRAM arrays. The rapid decrease in SRAM reliability at low voltages determines a minimum operating voltage (Vccmin). This places a floor on the power consumption of the entire processor. Therefore, processors must either stay at high voltages where the low defect densities are tolerable or work at low voltages with existing fault tolerance schemes which sacrifice a large fraction of the cache capacity for improved reliability. In the latter case, processors could obtain significant energy reduction from the aggressive voltage scaling. However, the decrease in the last-level cache (LLC) capacity may have a detrimental impact on both performance and energy consumption. In this work, we propose a novel technique to enable reliable low voltage operation and preserve capacity for LLCs. In this technique, synergistic cache compression and error correction (Cocoa), we apply compression to LLCs to harvest additional capacity to store ECC check bits. In addition, we introduce a new ECC scheme to minimize the space overhead of ECC. In particular, we employ variable strength ECC on a per-segment basis. In the common case, segments with zero or one bit failures are protected by weak ECC. Few segments with multi-bit failures are protected by strong ECC. Our evaluation for a 2MB 8-way set associative L3 cache shows that the proposed schemes can guarantee reliable cache operation beyond 400mV. Compared to a conventional cache with a Vccmin of 810mV, our schemes reduce the system energy per instruction (Core+L3+DRAM) by 54.5%. Furthermore, we achieve 0.8% higher performance even than a fault-free cache when operating at 400mV. We also demonstrate that our energy benefits remain robust across a broad range of cache sizes and supply voltages.
Career profile

Presents an interview with Zhengyou Zhang, the founding editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development.
High-Throughput Anion Exchange Membrane Characterization at NREL

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) are of high interest because they utilize lower cost catalyst and separator materials relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). AEMFCs require anion exchange membranes (AEMs) that have high alkaline chemical stability, high hydroxide ion conductivity, and adequate thermal/mechanical properties. NREL has developed protocols to allow for high throughput, parallel characterization of AEM materials. More specifically, NREL has received membranes from more than 10 partners and has tested more than 50 membranes using these approaches. In many cases these ex-situ results can be compared to fuel cell performance and durability. Technical investigations include conductivity, ion exchange capacity, mechanical performance, chemical stability, thermal properties, water uptake, and swelling. Structure-property relationships that affect membrane performance and durability will be discussed, lending insight into optimal backbone and cation strategies to employ in development of AEMs.
Decoding design agendas: an ethical design activity for middle school students

If we expect our children to be driving technology design agendas in the future, we must first help them recognize that opinions and beliefs are baked into the technologies that we create and that these opinions may serve some groups of people more than others. In this paper, we discuss an ethical design activity completed by 19 middle school-aged children. The activity encourages students to see technical systems as socio-technical systems, to engage them in stakeholder analysis, and to apply ethical design tools in order to redesign YouTube. Results indicate students are capable of transforming into critical users and ethical designers of technology. They are able to recognize the underlying design agendas for popular technologies such as YouTube, identify stakeholders who shape those design agendas, and apply an array of tools to reimagine technologies in a more inclusive manner.
Repurposing cefuroxime for treatment of COVID-19: a scoping review of in silico studies.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is a novel human Coronavirus that is responsible for about 300,000 deaths wor...
Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology

Mitochondria play a crucial role in cell life and death by regulating bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. They are able to adapt rapidly to different microenvironmental stressors by accommodating the metabolic and biosynthetic needs of the cell. Mounting evidence places mitochondrial dysfunction at the core of several diseases, notably in the context of pathologies of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. In addition, mutations in some mitochondrial proteins are bona fide cancer drivers. Better understanding of the functions of these multifaceted organelles and their components may finetune our knowledge on the molecular bases of certain diseases and suggest new therapeutic avenues.
The Effects of Reading Speed on Acoustic Voice Parameters and Self-reported Vocal Fatigue in Students.

Summary Introduction Vocal loading tasks (VLTs) help researchers gather acoustic measurements and understand how a healthy speaker adjusts their voice in response to challenges. There is a dearth of evidence measuring the impact of speaking rate in VLTs on acoustic voice parameters and vocal fatigue. Objectives In the present study, the relationships between acoustic voice parameters and self-reported vocal fatigue were examined through an experimental VLT. Methods 38 students completed a 45-minute VLT which involved the recording of three randomized reading tasks. The tasks varied by the speed in which the words were presented (slow, medium, fast) on a computer monitor. Vocal fatigue ratings were measured subjectively using a Borg scale and negative adaptations to vocal loading were measured objectively using Sound Pressure Level (SPL, in dBA), fundamental frequency (fo, in semitones), and phonation time (Dt %). Results Analysis indicated that vocal fatigue increases with time, and the slope of this relationship is affected by the speaking rate. SPL and fo increased with speaking rate and the standard deviation of SPL and fo decreased with speaking rate. On average, the male participants’ phonation time values were 7.8% lower than the female participants. The rate of increase of vocal fatigue with time during the experiment was higher in the fast speaking style compared to the slow and medium ones. Conclusion The results provide support that the novel VLT altered multiple vocal parameters to induce measurable changes in vocal fatigue.
WEE1i-ATRi combination therapy: a promising low-dose treatment for CCNE1-amplified gynecologic cancers.

CCNE1 amplification is an oncogenic driver for many gynecologic cancers and is associated with poor patient outcomes. In this issue, Xu et al.1 identify a combination therapy that is responsive to high CCNE1-copy number ovarian and endometrial cancers using PDX models.
Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology

Human beings, like other organisms, are the products of evolution. Like other organisms, we exhibit traits that are the product of natural selection. Our psychological capacities are evolved traits as much as are our gait and posture. This much few would dispute. Evolutionary psychology goes further than this, claiming that our psychological traits -- including a wide variety of traits, from mate preference and jealousy to language and reason -- can be understood as specific adaptations to ancestral Pleistocene conditions. In Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology, Robert Richardson takes a critical look at evolutionary psychology by subjecting its ambitious and controversial claims to the same sorts of methodological and evidential constraints that are broadly accepted within evolutionary biology. The claims of evolutionary psychology may pass muster as psychology; but what are their evolutionary credentials? Richardson considers three ways adaptive hypotheses can be evaluated, using examples from the biological literature to illustrate what sorts of evidence and methodology would be necessary to establish specific evolutionary and adaptive explanations of human psychological traits. He shows that existing explanations within evolutionary psychology fall woefully short of accepted biological standards. The theories offered by evolutionary psychologists may identify traits that are, or were, beneficial to humans. But gauged by biological standards, there is inadequate evidence: evolutionary psychologists are largely silent on the evolutionary evidence relevant to assessing their claims, including such matters as variation in ancestral populations, heritability, and the advantage offered to our ancestors. As evolutionary claims they are unsubstantiated. Evolutionary psychology, Richardson concludes, may offer a program of research, but it lacks the kind of evidence that is generally expected within evolutionary biology. It is speculation rather than sound science -- and we should treat its claims with skepticism.
Laser Materials Processing

Theory of laser operation propagation of laser light considerations for real-world laser beams laser-material interactions safety cutting welding heat treatment laser weld overlay excimers.
Epidemiological studies of taste function: Discussion and perspectives

Efforts to quantify the public health impact of chemosensation present significant challenges, including a strong need for testing methods suitable for field assessment. This discussion highlights several promising approaches to the population-based study of taste function; it also identifies key principles that should be considered when adapting laboratory-based taste tests for field use.
New Improved Adaptive Control Algorithm for Time-Varying Systems

This paper outlines a new approach to improve the performance of existing time-varying adaptive control systems. By adding a second estimator to estimate the closed-loop parameters of an adaptive control system and then using these estimates, with a properly deviced scheme, we revise the original estimates which are obtained by the first estimator. The resulting revised estimates are then used to replace the original estimates to compute the control law. Simulation results show that, compared with the performance of existing adaptive control algorithm, there is significant improvement of performance when the new algorithm is used to control the same time-varying processes.
Combating Obesity through the Built Environment: Is There a Clear Path to Success?:

This article focuses on how an often-overlooked portion of PPACA, "Community Transformation Grants," might close the evidence gap in the relationship between obesity and the built environment and provide a pathway to effectively address this medically and economically costly epidemic.
The Ring Current, Geomagnetic Storms and the Auora

During the main phase of geomagnetic storms, an additional magnetic field (DR) is superposed on the normal field of the earth. The DR field is nearly uniform over the earth, and is along the direction of the dipole axis of the earth. It is ascribed to the growth of a ring current flowing in the region of the Van Allen belts. This hypothesis is borne out by magnionic theory (namely that of the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields), and by satellite observations of enhanced population of the Van Allen belts.
Expanding the conceptual range of health self-regulation research: A commentary

Abstract In contrast to models that endeavor to link human motives to important adjustive outcomes in a largely idealized, lock-step fashion, the theory and research presented in this special issue afford the reader an opportunity to consider the advantages of various “deep structural” conceptions of health self-regulation. I discuss how the present elaborated volitional models can help potentially overcome the “problem of psycho-semanticism”, i.e., the faulty doctrine that mental contents or propositional attitudes cause behavior simply be virtue of what they represent. I also suggest several routes by which self-regulated health-promotion efforts can become derailed, including the inherent fuzziness of many health goals, conflict within the individual's system of goals, and conflicts between the goals of the would-be self-regulator and those of significant others.
How marketing scholars might help address issues in resource-based theory

Kozlenkova et al. (Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 2013) show that resource-based theory has had important implications for marketing. This paper suggests that marketing might have important implications for resource-based theory.
STIMulating Calcium Entry at ER-Plasma Membrane Junctions

Store-operated calcium (SOC) entry is essential for maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions and generating the sustained calcium signals crucial for gene expression, secretion, cell motility, and cell proliferation. To understand the molecular mechanism of how receptor-evoked ER calcium store depletion induces calcium entry through SOC channels at the plasma membrane, we screened a small interference RNA (siRNA) library targeting the human signaling proteome and identified several regulators of SOC entry including STIM1 and STIM2. We found that STIM1 initiates SOC signaling by sensing calcium levels in the ER using its luminal EF-hand motif. Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach, we showed that STIM1 rapidly forms oligomers after calcium store depletion. We further demonstrated that STIM1 subsequently translocates to ER-plasma membrane junctions using confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. Moreover, we showed that STIM1 translocation to ER-plasma membrane junctions requires a C-terminal polybasic motif. We further conducted human siRNA screens for regulators of basal calcium homeostasis and identified STIM2 as a feedback regulator that stabilizes basal cytosolic calcium levels. We showed that STIM2, like STIM1, senses ER calcium levels by its EF-hand motif, translocates to ER-plasma membrane junctions, and activates Orai1 calcium channels. In contrast to STIM1, STIM2 is activated in response to smaller reductions in ER calcium levels. Our data support two conclusions: 1) STIM2 functions independently of STIM1 for basal ER calcium levels or weak receptor stimuli and 2) STIM2 acts synergistically with STIM1 when calcium stores are depleted by strong receptor stimuli. We are further investigating the plasma membrane targeting mechanism of STIM1/STIM2 and are characterizing other regulators of SOC entry that we have identified in the siRNA screens.
USE of OXYRASETM ENZYME IN ENRICHMENTS to ENHANCE the RECOVERY of ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 FROM CULTURE MEDIA and GROUND BEEF1

OxyraseTM membrane fraction was tested as an additive to nonselective BHI enrichment broth (0.1 unit/ml) to observe effects on growth of three strains of pathogenic Escherichia coli, including O157.H7 serotypes, and one nonpathogenic strain in culture broth and autoclaved ground beef systems. OxyraseTM enhanced the growth of all three pathogenic strains (inoculated at <1 cell/ml) in the broth system by shortening the lag phase period by 2–3 h. Growth of the nonpathogenic E. coli strain tested was suppressed by the presence of OxyraseTM during the initial 4 h of incubation at 37C in both broth and autoclaved ground beef systems. Stimulatory effects of the enzyme added at 0.1 unit/ml were not observed in autoclaved meat systems when E. coli strains were inoculated at 1–100 cells/g of meat during 24 h of incubation at 37C. BHI broth alone and used as a nonselective enrichment for autoclaved and fresh ground beef was evaluated to observe the effect of OxyraseTM on the oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of each system after 0, 4 and 18 h of incubation at 37C. OxyraseTM slightly lowered Eh after 4 and 18 h in BHI broth and fresh ground beef (in BHI). However, no Eh-decreasing effects were seen at this time in systems containing autoclaved ground beef which may explain the lack of a stimulatory effect of OxyraseTM on growth of E. coli in autoclaved ground beef.
Guanine metabolism in carbon-limited Euglena gracilis.

SYNOPSIS. Guanine-8-3H is not a specific label for nucleic acids in Euglena gracilis (strain SM-L1, streptomycin-bleached), but is incorporated into all biochemical fractions. Autoradiographic results show that guanine is metabolized in, both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of these Eugelna, but nuclear metabolism of guanine occurs only at a very low level in carbon-limited cells. Further, carbon-limited Euglena incorporate less total guanine than do control Euglena in a comparable time period. However, the majority of label incorporated into the nucleic acid fraction of the carbon-limited cells is incorporated into RNA.
Structure and strategy in encoding simplified graphs.

Tversky and Schiano (1989) found a systematic bias toward the 45-deg line in memory for the slopes of identical lines when embedded in graphs, but not in maps, suggesting the use of a cognitive reference frame specifically for encoding meaningful graphs. The present experiments explore this issue further using the linear configurations alone as stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that perception and immediate memory for the slope of a test line within orthogonal 'axes' are predictable from purely structural considerations. In Experiments 3 and 4, subjects were instructed to use a diagonal-reference strategy in viewing the stimuli, which were described as 'graphs' only in Experiment 3. Results for both studies showed the diagonal bias previously found only for graphs. This pattern provides converging evidence for the diagonal as a cognitive reference frame in encoding linear graphs, and demonstrates that even in highly simplified displays, strategic factors can produce encoding biases not predictable solely from stimulus structure alone.
Single-Mode, Nonlinear Mix Experiments at High Mach Number using Nova

Nonlinear growth of an unstable density interface from single-mode initial perturbations at high Mach number was studied using the Nova laser. A variety of initially nonlinear perturbations were used, having amplitude-to-wavelength ratios of a0/λ = 0.11, 0.22, and 0.43. The measured mix width data from these experiments were nondimensionalized and exhibit self-similar growth.
Hydrothermal synthesis of lithium iron phosphate

Abstract LiFePO 4 is a potential cathode candidate for the next generation of secondary lithium batteries. The LiFePO 4 was synthesized by a hydrothermal process. Phase-pure material was obtained and the critical synthesis parameters were determined. Iron disorder onto the lithium sites can be eliminated by using temperatures in excess of 175 °C; above this temperature the crystalline unit cell was essentially identical to that of the high temperature material, with a volume of 291.3 ± 0.2 A 3 . The use of a soluble reductant, such as sugar or ascorbic acid, was found to minimize the oxidation of the iron to ferric. The electronic conductivity was enhanced by the deposition of carbon from the sugar, or by the addition of carbon nanotubes to the hydrothermal reactor. The electrochemical behavior of this material showed more than 90% lithium removal on charge and complete capacity retention over 50 cycles.
Fe migration, magnetic order, and the suppression of superconductivity in Y1-zCazSr2Cu2.5Fe0.5O6+x

Abstract The dependence of the structural, magnetic, and superconductive properties of Y 1- z Ca z Sr 2 Cu 2.5 Fe 0.5 O 6+ x (0.08⩽ z ⩽0.12) on the annealing conditions has been investigated. Materials were initially prepared by conventional solid-state techniques at 1040°C with slow cooling to room temperature in O 2 (method [O]). They were then reduced at 800°C in N 2 (method [N]), and reoxidized at 400°C with slow cooling to room temperature in O 2 (method [NO]). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, iodometric titration, magnetic susceptibility, and 57 Fe Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy. Samples treated by method [O] are superconductive with a maximum transition temperature T c ≈21 K and Meissner fraction V f ≈20%. The method [NO] treatment modifies the Fe distribution relative to the [O] treatment and results in materials that are magnetically ordered at temperature T N ≈22 K; however, modification of the Fe distribution is different from that observed in Y 1- z Ca z Ba 2 Cu 2- y Fe y O 6+ x . In the latter material, [N] treatments give, in addition to migration of Fe to the Cu(2)O 2 sheets, Fe clusters in threefold trigonal sites in the Cu(1)O x plane; these clusters are converted upon oxidation to clusters in which Fe is five-fold coordinated. In Y 1- z Ca z Sr 2 Cu 2.5 Fe 0.5 O 6+ x , [N] treatments give a smaller amount of clustering; Fe is randomly distributed in three-fold and four-fold oxygen coordinated sites in the Cu(1)O x plane and some migration to the Cu(2)O 2 sheets also occurs. We present a model based on relative Fe-site stabilities to interpret the data.
Central acetabular osteophyte (saber tooth sign), one of the earliest signs of osteoarthritis of the hip joint

Femoro-acetabular hip impingement is a recently recognized condition that leads to premature hip arthritis and possible need for joint replacement. Early treatment of this condition may delay the progression of the hip joint to osteoarthritis. Success of impingement surgery depends on the presence and severity of existing hip arthritis. Currently, Tonnis grade is used to assess the severity of early arthritis in the hip joint. We present a radiological sign, the “Saber tooth” sign, which may be visible on plain radiograph of the hip joint and in computer tomography of the hip joint even prior to the loss of joint space and the onset of hip arthritis.
Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Activities of Fenugreek, Green Tea, Black Tea, Grape Seed, Ginger, Rosemary, Gotu Kola, and Ginkgo Extracts, Vitamin E, and tert-Butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.
Reviewing the United Nations Charter

The special provision in Article 109, paragraph 3, on review of the United Nations Charter resulted from the concern of many states that the five great powers, working in harness, would excessively dominate the organization. Most of the conference members at San Francisco resented the implication of permanent inferiority reflected in the great powers' special voting position in the Security Council. Although they feared that the Charter permitted too wide an application of the veto power, they nevertheless accepted it as necessary within limits.
Growth behavior of (C2H5)2GaCl and AsH3 based GaAs: low reactor pressure and temperatures

Abstract Alternative metalorganic precursors can often yield improvements in the purity or changes in the growth behavior of the epitaxial layer. Diethyl gallium chloride ((C 2 H 5 ) 2 GaCl or DEGaCl) belongs to this class of source molecules and has been used in the selective area growth of GaAs. Selectively grown submicron and quantum-sized structures, as well as the atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs, have been demonstrated using the DEGaCl growth chemistry. This paper presents the growth characteristics of DEGaCl over a wide range of conventional growth conditions. The growth behavior and the impurity incorporation at both low growth temperatures (400–800°C) and low reaction pressures (10–78 Torr) have been investigated. The GaAs growth rate appears to be relatively independent of temperature at high reactor pressures and temperatures. The growth efficiency was, however, reduced from that found with (CH 3 ) 3 Ga within the same reactor. Carbon and silicon were the major impurities in the epitaxial GaAs. The carbon concentration increases with decreasing growth temperature. The silicon depth profiles, obtained from low growth temperature samples, indicate an apparent surface segregation of Si during the growth. The Si concentration increases towards the sample surface eventually reaching a plateau, after which uniform doping is observed. The magnitude of the Si concentration within this plateau region increases with decreasing growth temperature. Electrical measurements indicate that the Si in these samples is either electrically inactive or highly compensated by the carbon acceptors.
The Psychometric Characteristics of the Henderson Environmental Learning Process Scale

The Henderson Environmental Learning Process Scale (HELPS) was designed to assess environmental process variables in the home that are relevant to intellectual development and academic achievement of young children. Previous factor-analytic studies of the HLPS have identified both five- and six-factor solutions but have not reported on the reliability of their results. The present authors investigated the psychometric characteristics of the HELPS in a sample of 385 parents of school-aged children. The results of a factor analysis provided a conceptually meaningful six-factor solution. However, the internal consistency reliabilities of scores on three of the six factors were unacceptably low. Obtained internal consistency reliabilities for scores on the six subscales ranged from 0.35 to 0.80. Although scores on there of the factors have low internal consistency reliabilities, the HELPS may prove to be a useful instrument with some modification and further testing.
The effect of time of test on muricide, irritability, and open-field activity in the rat

Muricide, handling characteristics, and open-field activity were tested in either the light portion of a light-dark cycle or the dark portion of a reversed light-dark cycle in male Long-Evans hooded rats. Neither mouse killing nor irritability to handling were found to be related to time of test. There was slightly greater horizontal activity in dark-tested rats, who showed little evidence for habituation of exploratory behavior. Light-tested rats showed evidence for habituation of horizontal activity in the open field, along with enhanced rearing in the apparatus.
Comparison of collection methods for determination of forage nutritive status

Abstract Forage samples were collected from pastures amended with one of five biosolids (municipal sludges) and fertilizer treatments (year one) or eleven treatments in year two. Forage samples were collected six times during each year, once every 28 d, beginning in mid‐June. Two methods of forage collection were compared, the cage method and the transect method. The transect method involved collecting samples at different areas of a pasture to more closely mimic what the animals appeared to consume. In year one, forage samples obtained using the cage method were collected from permanent cages (approximately 2 m diameter) randomly placed, but then fixed in position in each pasture. In year two, the cages were randomly moved to new spots following each sampling and mowing. During year one, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentrations differed (P<0.05) by collection method several times, with microelement concentrations from cage samples routinely being higher than from transect samples. Differences...
Corrosion and corrosion protection of RE-Fe-B magnets

The corrosion behavior of Nd-Fe-B magnets varies depending on the alloy composition, surface condition, and corrosion environment and temperature. The kinetics of corrosion of Nd-Fe-B magnets in deionized water at room temperature are usually a gradual weight decrease, while those in an autolcave environment are generally a two-step weight change: first, an incubation step; second, linear weight loss. The corrosion products in deionized water are mainly Fe (OH)2, while those in an autoclave are mainly Nd(OH)3. Magnets surface treated with H2CrO4, HF, H3PO4, or their combinations exhibit a significant improvement in corrosion resistance compared with untreated magnets. The mechanism of corrosion protection for Nd-Fe-B magnets by surface treatment with H2CrO4 is believed to be (a) removal of the nucleation site for corrosion by chromic acid etch, and (b) formation of a protective film on the surface by chromate conversion. The combination of surface treatment and alloying with elements such as Dy will further improve the corrosion resistance of the magnet.
The Kansas Court of Industrial Relations, Its Spokesmen, Its Record

I. The spokesmen and their books: Allen, Huggins, Bowers, 705. — II. The cases before the court, the stated principles, the decisions, 711. — III. The opposition, especially that from the labor unions, 722.— IV. The obstacles to success in Kansas, and the difficulties to be surmounted in any such undertaking, 726.— V. Conclusions, 730.
Design and conduct of clinical trials in osteoarthritis.

Clinical features of osteoarthritis (OA) require that general recommendations for the design and conduct of clinical trials be modified in order to apply these concepts to clinical trials in OA. A format has been devised for design of clinical trials in OA. In order to assess the applicability of this format, it has been compared to a published clinical trial: chondroprotec-tive agents versus standard treatment of OA of the knee.The published study appeared reliably designed and conducted in a manner that provided an answer to most of the questions posed. The study appears to form a sound basis for additional studies.
Optimum environments for the transport of fresh fruits and vegetables

Resume Chaque produit et chaque microorganisme pathogene responsable de la deterioration ont une reaction specifique et habituellement differente a chacun des facteurs du milieu de transport. Le maintien d'une temperature optimale pour un produit donne est le facteur qui a le plus d'influence sur les pertes et sur la preservation de la qualite. L'incidence biologique de la temperature, de l'humidite relative, de teneurs modifiees d'oxygene et de dioxyde de carbone, de l'ethylene et d'autres facteurs doit etre comprise parfaitement par ceux qui sont charges de la conception et de l'utilisation des conteneurs routiers. Le temps pendant lequel de nombreux fruits et legumes frais sont transportes peut constituer la plus grande partie de leur duree de vie totale apres recolte. Le milieu de transport determine donc largement le temps de sejour en magasin de detail ou le temps de la commercialisation qui restent pour ces produits, bon nombre des pertes susceptibles de se produire, et la qualite generale du produit offert au consommateur.
Women Elders’ Life Stories of the Omaha Tribe: Macy, Nebraska, 2004–2005

The author portrays this slim volume not as oral history but as life stories of three women elders on the Omaha Indian Reservation. Certainly, it is not oral history, but you might also have troubl...
Experimental investigation of the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of n-propyl radicals with molecular oxygen from 297 to 635 K

The kinetics and mechanism of the n-C3H7+O2 reaction were studied from 297 to 635 K to gain new knowledge of the change in mechanisms of R+O2 reactions as a function of temperature. Studies were conducted using a heated tubular reactoor coupled to a photoionization mass spectrometer. n-C3H7 and C3H6 concentrations were monitored in real-time experiments initiated by laser photolysis of the free-radical precursor. Overall rate constants were measured as a function of gas density (He or N2) from 1.2–12×1016 molec cm−3 at four temperatures: 297, 400, 550 and 635 K. The dependencies of the rate constants on pressure and temperature, up to 550K were those expected of the addition reaction n-C3H7+O2→C3H7O2 near the high pressure limit. The fraction of the n-C3H7+O2 reaction that proceeds by an alternate reactive route which produces C3H6+HO2 was determined at 297 K ( 0.00 ± 0.00 0.05 ) and at 550 K (0.14±0.05). At 635 K the R ⇌ RO2 equilibrium was observed together with a delayed production of C3H6. The ultimate fractional yield of C3H6 could not be observed at this temperature. It is estimated to be over 0.8. The results are discussed in terms of both an uncoupled parallel-path reaction mechanism leading to the two possible sets of reaction products and a coupled mechanism that proceeds via a common C3H7O2 adduct.
Large-Scale Cellular-Resolution Gene Profiling in Human Neocortex Reveals Species-Specific Molecular Signatures

Although there have been major advances in elucidating the functional biology of the human brain, relatively little is known of its cellular and molecular organization. Here we report a large-scale characterization of the expression of ∼1,000 genes important for neural functions by in situ hybridization at a cellular resolution in visual and temporal cortices of adult human brains. These data reveal diverse gene expression patterns and remarkable conservation of each individual gene's expression among individuals (95%), cortical areas (84%), and between human and mouse (79%). A small but substantial number of genes (21%) exhibited species-differential expression. Distinct molecular signatures, comprised of genes both common between species and unique to each, were identified for each major cortical cell type. The data suggest that gene expression profile changes may contribute to differential cortical function across species, and in particular, a shift from corticosubcortical to more predominant corticocortical communications in the human brain.
Investigation of the Role of Glypican 3 in Liver Regeneration and Hepatocyte Proliferation

Glypicans are heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. While six members of the glypican family are known in mammals, our study focused on glypican 3 (GPC3). Loss-of-function mutations of GPC3 result in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, an X-linked disorder characterized by pre- and postnatal liver and other organ overgrowth. GPC3 is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma; however, its role in normal liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation is unknown. Here we investigated the role of GPC3 in hepatocyte proliferation. GPC3 mRNA and protein levels begin to increase 2 days after hepatectomy with peak expression levels by day 5. In hepatocyte cultures, GPC3 reaches a plateau when hepatocyte proliferation decreases. In vitro studies using Morpholino oligonucleotides showed that blocking GPC3 expression promoted hepatocyte growth. Yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that GPC3 interacts with CD81, a member of the tetraspanin family that is reported to be involved in hepatitis C virus infection and cell proliferation. We found that CD81 levels also increased 2 days after partial hepatectomy and toward the end of regeneration. Immunofluorescence showed that CD81 and GPC3 colocalize by 2 and 6 days after hepatectomy. Co-immunoprecipitation validated the interaction of GPC3 and CD81. Our results indicate that GPC3 may be a negative regulator of liver regeneration and hepatocyte proliferation, and that this regulation may involve CD81.