cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General properties of systems with linear couplings between bosons and other dynamic variables

A variety of physical systems, as for example, Jahn-Teller crystals, the coupled phonon-pseudospin model of the ferroelectric KDP (K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$), one-dimensional conductors, and the Dicke model of super-radiance, are characterized by linear couplings between bosons (e.g., phonons) and other dynamic variables (e.g., electrons). Using a general Hamiltonian we explore various properties of such systems. We find that there are exact relations connecting the phonon static correlation functions to those of the electrons. A similar set of relations is also derived for their relaxation functions. The dynamics is then studied employing a relaxation-function formalism.
Scalable P2P search

Although the traditional client-server model first established the Web's backbone, it tends to underuse the Internet's bandwidth and intensify the burden that dedicated servers face as their load increases.' Peer-to-peer computing relies on individual computers' computing power and storage capacity to better utilize bandwidth and distribute this load in a self-organizing manner. In P2P, nodes (or peers) act as both clients and servers, form an application-level network, and route messages (such as requests to locate a resource). The design of these routing protocols is of paramount importance to a P2P application's efficiency: naive approaches - such as Gnutella's flood routing, for example - can add traffic. P2P systems that exhibit the "small world" property - in which most peers have few links to other peers, but a few of them have many - are robust to random attacks, but can be highly vulnerable to targeted ones. P2P computing also has the potential to enhance reliability and fault tolerance because it doesn't rely on dedicated servers.' Each peer maintains a local directory with entries to the resources it manages. It can also cache other peers' directory entries. Important applications of P2P technologies include distributed directory systems, new e-commerce models, and Web service discovery, all of which require efficient resource-location mechanisms.
My reviewers: participatory design & crowd-sourced usability processes

This paper explores the benefits and consequences of employing crowd-sourced development and usability processes during the early stages of a software-development project. Our context is My Reviewers, a suite of web-based tools designed to facilitate document markup, team projects, peer review, e-portfolio review, and writing-program assessment. Since 2009, WPAs (Writing Program Administrators) at USF (University of South Florida) have been collaborating with instructors at USF as well as with WPAs and instructors at other colleges and universities to develop My Reviewers.To illustrate our development and usability processes and to highlight the benefits of working with diverse institutions, we provide a case study of a USF and University of Pennsylvania collaboration to develop e-portfolio tools. We conclude by noting ways our usability processes have matured along with the tool, including adoption of more traditional SCRUM methods and Microsoft Team Foundation Server.
Optimal Fusion Configuration Following C2 Corpectomy

The upper cervical spine is a common location for metastatic tumors, which often necessitate surgical intervention to prevent neurological compromise [1]. Removal of the tumor often requires partial or complete resection of cervical vertebrae and therefore causes substantial mechanical instability in the cervical region [2]. Structural integrity is restored by fusion of the base of the skull to C5 using various spinal hardware, including cages and posterior screw-rod constructs. Due to the proximity of the spinal cord and vertebral arteries, these procedures have high associated morbidity and mortality, and the biomechanical necessity of more risky procedures, e.g., additional cages replacing the lateral masses of C2, in order to achieve sufficient rigidity has not been evaluated. Thus, the goal of this study is to determine the optimal fusion configuration following C2 corpectomy that maximized segmental rigidity while minimizing risk to the patient.© 2009 ASME
Occupational therapy interventions to promote driving and community mobility for older adults with low vision: a systematic review.

A systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve or maintain the driving performance and community mobility of older adults with low vision. The results of this review identified a limited number of articles—eight—that met the inclusion criteria. Identified intervention strategies included the use of bioptics or prisms, multidisciplinary vision rehabilitation for community mobility, driving simulator training, driver education programs, and orientation and mobility training. Evidence is insufficient for the effectiveness of these interventions in improving or maintaining the driving performance or community mobility of older adults with low vision. Key study limitations included heterogeneity of sample characteristics (age, type of vision impairment), lack of standardization of interventions (device type, time, intensity duration), and lack of standardized assessments to measure driving and community mobility. This evidence-based review is informative for discussion of practice, education, and research implications
The Chopart dislocation: results of a frequently underestimated lesion. A clinical study

During a 7-year period (between July 1987 and June 1994) 19 patients were treated for Chopart dislocation. Seventeen patients were examined clinically 48 months following trauma. We found 1 excellent, 6 good, 6 mediocre, and 4 poor results. Only 4 patients were able to achieve their pre-accident level of work and no patients could return to sports at the same level. In our patients, Chopart dislocation had a negative social consequence both at the work place and in recreational activities. In long-term follow-up, the Chopart dislocation was the most debilitating injury even for polytrauma patients.
Temperature dependence of excited-state relaxation processes of Pr3+ in Pr-doped and Pr, Gd-doped CsCdBr3

Abstract The temperature dependence and mechanisms for relaxation of the 1 D 2 and 3 P 1 states of Pr 3+ in symmetrical Pr–Pr and Pr–Gd pairs in 0.12% Pr:CsCdBr 3 and 0.025% Pr:1.5% Gd:CsCdBr 3 , respectively, are presented. Both single-ion and pair relaxation mechanisms are considered. The temperature dependences of the energy-transfer processes in Pr–Pr pairs are all well-explained in terms of resonance considerations for the donor and acceptor zero-phonon crystal-field transitions.
Aerodynamic design of a variable-bend vehicle

Variable-bend maneuvering vehicles provide a unique type of control for a variety of supersonic and hypersonic missions. Unfortunately, the large hinge moments often associated with these vehicles have prevented their application. A procedure is presented for the efficient design of a variable-bend geometry vehicle given a set of system constraints. In particular, the selection of vehicle parameters to produce minimum hinge moments for trimmed flight is examined in detail. 20 refs., 19 figs., 1 tab.
The censoring of Galileo’s Sunspot Letters and the first phase of his trial

Abstract Galileo’s Sunspot Letters , published in 1613, underwent extensive censorship before publication. It seems likely that the Roman Inquisition had charge of the pre-publication review of Galileo’s work, rather than the usual organ, the Master of the Sacred Palace. A study of that process demonstrates that the issue to which the censors objected was Galileo’s use of the bible, not his allegiance to Copernicus. In the course of the first phase of Galileo’s trial, orchestrated by one of the most powerful Cardinal Inquisitors, two propositions allegedly drawn from the book were judged either “formally heretical” or “at least erroneous in the faith.” These judgments might have come not from the published book but from the Inquisition’s censorship of its drafts. They supported Galileo’s silencing in 1616.
Trade-offs in high-speed serial link ICs

Serial IOs are widely used to expand the system bandwidth in communication systems. This paper provides an overview of serial IO design trade-offs with regard to power, cost, and performance. Circuit techniques are discussed to achieve low jitter and high bandwidth.
Mean Size at Age: An Evaluation of Sampling Strategies with Simulated Red Grouper Data

Abstract The influence of sampling protocol on estimation of mean lengths at age was evaluated by computer simulation of a population of red grouper Epinephelus morio. Variation in length at age was simulated with platoons of different lengths within each year-class. Mean length of each platoon was assigned with the normal distribution and mean size at age from a previous growth study. Natural mortality was assumed to be 0.2. Simulated samples were obtained at random or with length stratification from either the population or its fishery. Fishing mortality was assumed to be a function of either fish age or fish length. Estimates of mean length at age contrasted with known true mean lengths indicated that reliable estimates of mean size at age requires random sampling of lengths within ages. Stratification of samples by length biases the estimates of mean length at age. Similarly, samples drawn from size-selective gears or fisheries yield biased estimates of mean length at age. Growth models fitted to such...
Experimental induction of melanotic tumors in syrian golden hamsters by transplacental and topical application of ethylnitrosourea.

Pregnant Syrian golden hamsters were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) solution a few hours pre-parturition. Offspring either received no further treatment or from 6 weeks of age, bi-weekly application of ENU solution in acetone for 20 consecutive weeks. Progeny from non, transplacentally treated mothers were also treated topically. Among all treated groups, 8.6% of the animals developed pigmented skin tumors, most of these animals having received the combined treatment. This group also showed a significantly decreased latency period in females compared to males. One of the skin tumors, which was histologically and clinically benign, was transplanted several times and subsequently exhibited malignant features.
A controlled study on the use of parenteral and oral antihistamines in preventing penicillin reactions.

M UCH has been written about penicillin allergy. Even by 1948, Brown1 found well over 300 articles to review on this subject, and numerous publications have appeared since then. A perusal of the early case reports reveals that more than fifty different types of alleged penicillin reactions have been described, although all these are not allergic in type. As to the incidence of reactions, statistics may be found indicating reaction rates varying from less than 1 per cent? to 53 per cent,3 with all graclations between. These comments are made not to compound the confusion but, rather, to emphasize how difficult it is to reach valid conclusions in this field. No doubt a major factor at the root of the difficulty is that there is no reliable, objective test for proving the diagnosis of all types of penicillin allergy. It is true that patch testing is a relatively reliable procedure in the occasional cases of penicillin contact dermatitis which are still encountered, and positive scratch or intracutaneous tests usually are obtained in the rare cases of anaphylactic type penicillin hypersensitivity. However, there has evolved a rather strong consensus, with which we are in agreement, that skin testing is not generally reliable in evaluating the vast majority of penicillin reactions. Thus, the diagnosis of penicillin allergy usually must be based on clinical judgment, and it is not surprising, therefore, that the st,atistics of various investigators are not entirely comparable. In addition to various sources of error, there are a number of factors inherent in the data themselves which account in part for variations in the
The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in History and Literature

In South Africa’s Eastern Cape frontier zone, a millenarian movement known as the Xhosa Cattle-Killing (1856–1857) devastated local populations and stunned observers. How could the messages of its prophetess, Nongqawuse, and the exhortations of her uncle, Mhlakaza, lead to the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of cattle, to the death of tens of thousands of people, and to the subjugation of the Xhosa? Historians and authors of literary works have attempted to answer this question, and their explanations have followed the contours of South African history through three general phases. The first (1857–1947) characterized the movement as a failed revolt against British expansion and a necessary step in social and religious Darwinism. The second period (1948–1988) saw the continuation of these interpretations, and, with National Party rule and the rise of the Black Consciousness Movement, an increasingly radical group of historians brought about politicized and alternative interpretations embedded in Xhosa oral history. The third phase (1989–) began with the publication of Jeff Peires’The Dead Will Arise, which renewed interest in the history and has inspired a new wave of historical critique.
Schumpeterian growth, chaos, and the formation of dissipative structures

This paper reformulates several basic ideas introduced by Joseph Schumpeter to examine the correlation between productivity growth and technological change in order to explore why American productivity growth has been sluggish for the past two decades. Convetional growth theory maintains that a primary cause of low productivity growth is inadequate capital formation, which in turn is caused by low private domestic saving. This paper borrows concepts from cybernetics, formal information theory, and chaotic dynamic systems to describe the Schumpeterian process through which innovative “new combinations” of capital goods generate wealth, productivity increases, and income growth, and which in turn cause increased savings. It describes the process through which such fundamental technological changes are diffused by entrepreneurs throughout the economy, and concludes that the fundamental causes of America's relatively weak productivity growth are to be found in policies or practices that inhibit innovation and entrepreneurship.
TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline) exhibits anxiolytic-like activity in a marble-burying assay in mice.

Abstract Numerous studies have suggested that the central α 2 -adrenergic receptor system may exert an important role in some types of human anxiety. The anxiolytic-like activity and potential side effect-like activities of the novel and purported α 2 -adrenergic compound TDIQ (5,6,7,8-1,3-dioxolo[4,5- g ]isoquinoline) were compared to those of the anxiolytic drugs diazepam and buspirone, and the nonselective α 2 -adrenergic agent clonidine. Anxiolytic-like behavior was assessed in an object (marble)-burying assay, a selective test for the evaluation of known anxiolytics and identification of putative antianxiety compounds, that used mice housed either alone or in groups (5/cage). The rodents' antianxiety-like effect was defined as dose-related increases in the number of marbles that remained uncovered in their bedding material without concomitant disruption of their motor activities. Rotarod and inclined screen procedures were employed as potential indicators of side effects. An additional test monitored the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of mice after the intravenous (IV) administration of doses of TDIQ. The reference compounds inhibited marble-burying behavior in a dose-related manner and produced various degrees of impairment in the side effect tests. TDIQ also inhibited object burying and displayed a wide separation between doses that produced anxiolytic-like activity and doses that produced some, if any, disruption of coordinated movement and/or motor activity. Moreover, the IV administration of TDIQ, up to 10 mg/kg, produced negligible effects on the HR and BP of mice. TDIQ could be a lead candidate for a new type of structural compound in the treatment of certain forms of anxiety.
Effects of calcium, lanthanum, and temperature on the fluidity of spin-labeled human platelets

Previous platelet studies have shown that calcium plays important roles in stimulus-secretion coupling, aggregation, and other membrane-associated functions. In addition, lanthanum induces platelet aggregation and the platelet release reaction and also influences platelet responsiveness to various stimuli. The spin-label results presented here suggest that one mechanism through which calcium and lanthanum mediate their effects on platelet functions may be by decreasing the lipid fluidity of the surface membrane. The structure of platelet membrane lipids was examined with the spin-label method. Washed human platelets were labeled with the 5-, 12- and 16-nitroxide stearic acid spin probes. Order parameters which measure the fluidity of the lipid environment of the incorporated probe may be calculated from the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of 5-nitroxide stearate [I(12,3)]-labeled cells. Evidence is presented which indicates that these spectra principally reflect properties of the platelet surface membrane lipids. The membrane fluidity increased with temperature for the range 17 to 37 °C. Either calcium or lanthanum additions to intact cells increased the rigidity of the platelet membranes at 37 °C, although the La3+ effect was larger and occurred at lower concentrations than that of Ca2+. For example, addition of 1mm La3+ or 4mm Ca2+ increased the order parameter of I(12,3)-labeled platelets by 4.3±1.7% or 2.1±0.5%. Preliminary studies conducted on purified platelet plasma membranes labeled with I(12,3) indicated that 1mm LaCl3 or 4mm CaCl2 additions similarly decreased the lipid fluidity at 37 °C. The above cation-induced effects on the fluidity of whole platelets were reversed by the use of the divalent cation-chelating agent ethylene glycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). Lastly, lanthanum (0.2–1mm) caused rapid aggregation of platelets which were suspended in a 50-mm Tris buffer pH 7.4 that did not contain adenosine.
Application of swarm techniques to requirements tracing

We posit that swarm intelligence can be applied to effectively address requirements engineering problems. Specifically, this paper demonstrates the applicability of swarm intelligence to the requirements tracing problem using two techniques: a simple swarm algorithm and a pheromone swarm algorithm. The techniques have been validated using two real-world datasets from two problem domains. The simple swarm technique generated requirements traceability matrices between textual requirements artifacts (high-level requirements traced to low-level requirements, for example). When compared with a baseline information retrieval tracing method, the swarm algorithms showed mixed results. The swarms achieved statistically significantly results on one of the secondary measurements for one dataset compared with the baseline method, lending support for continued investigation into swarms for tracing.
Acculturation, microculture and banking: an analysis of Hispanic consumers in the USA

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that having a bank account is an important precursor to participating in the US financial mainstream. However, about 24 percent of Hispanic households in the USA are unbanked. This study seeks to examine whether the use of banks among Hispanic consumers can be explained by acculturation and microcultural factors. Design/methodology/approach – The model proposes that having a checking or savings account is a function of acculturation, microculture, and demographics. Acculturation is measured in terms of length of time in the USA; plans to remain in the USA temporarily versus permanently; Spanish language use; and citizenship status. Microculture is measured by country of origin. Data used for this analysis were collected in a survey sponsored by a start‐up financial institution interested in targeting the Hispanic market. These data were collected in 2004 during telephone interviews with 1,000 Hispanic renters in major markets across the USA. Findings – More acculturated Hispanic consumers are more likely to have a bank account, regardless of income, and level of education. In addition, the propensity to have a bank account varies by country of origin. Practical implications – Marketers and policymakers should target less acculturated immigrants who view themselves as temporary US residents, and those who use Spanish primarily for communicating outside the home. Marketers should emphasize the safety and soundness of the US banking system and should accommodate needs for international funds transfers. Originality/value – The findings can help financial service providers and public policy makers to target a growing market segment.
The relationship between specific gravity and percentage dry matter in potato tubers

Specific gravity and percentage dry matter were determined for 1269 potato samples taken over a period of six years. The correlation coefficient between these properties over the whole material was 0.912 and the regression equation was: % dry matter = −217.2 + 221.2 (specific gravity). When the material was broken down into smaller, logically defined groups, such as a single cultivar, regression lines often deviated from this general line, although in most cases the correlation coefficients were still quite high. This means that the quantitative relationship between specific gravity and dry matter content was not sufficiently stable to serve as a general measure of prediction under all conditions. It seems probable that various production areas of the United States will have to develop the line which is best suited to their conditions, and that some cultivars may require separate lines.
Electronic properties of α-quartz under pressure

The electronic structure of \ensuremath{\alpha}-quartz is investigated within the local-density formalism using recently developed soft pseudopotentials. We present results for the band structure, density of states, and charge density of \ensuremath{\alpha}-quartz at ambient pressure and near the crystalline-to-amorphous transition. The results at ambient pressure compare well with experiment, and are generally consistent with earlier theoretical analysis. Pressure is found to induce a strong interaction between the Si-O bonding and O 2p lone-pair valence states. The gap between the corresponding bands vanishes in the region of the transition to the glass phase. The fundamental band gap increases, instead, with increasing pressure. Trends in the pressure dependence of the electronic structure are discussed in connection with the distortion of the oxygen sublattice towards an ideal close-packed configuration.
Evolution of Mediterranean sea surface temperatures 3.5–1.5 Ma: Regional and hemispheric influences

Abstract We present a composite time series of Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) and marine biomarker accumulation for the time span from 3.5 to 1.525 Ma, based on alkenone unsaturation and concentration from hemipelagic sediments outcropping in southern Italy and Sicily. Paleotemperature data define three regimes: a late Pliocene climate on average 4 – 5 ° C warmer than modern, a latest Pliocene to early Pleistocene onset of 41 kyr cycles, and a major increase in the range of glacial–interglacial temperature change at ∼ 1.84 Ma that shortly precedes the former definition of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the Crotone sequence. Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) cycles are dominated by precession, with a ∼ 1.5 ° C range. Obliquity-related rhythms influence SST significantly shortly after ∼ 2.8 Ma (equivalent to MIS G10) and dominate after ∼ 2.51 Ma (equivalent to MIS 100). However, little, if any, long-term cooling occurred on an interglacial basis until after ∼ 1.85 Ma . Alkenone concentrations provide a good proxy for the accumulation of marine organic matter, and primarily reflect regional hydrology. Organic sedimentation, including the formation of layers highly enriched in organic matter (“sapropels”) was paced throughout by precessional variations despite changes in both average regional temperature, and the shift in temperature variance to the 41 kyr obliquity cycle in the latest Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Our reconstruction therefore highlights the intermingling of both hemispheric-wide changes in temperature and regional variations in the hydrological cycle that combined to force major evolutionary changes in the fauna and flora of northern Africa and the southern Mediterranean in late Pliocene to mid-Pleistocene time.
Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan with toll-like receptor 2, but not platelet activating factor receptor, promotes TNFα release from human conjunctival epithelial cells

Abstract Rationale Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteria are found in large colony counts on the skin of 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis and could play a role in the pathophysiology of atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). SA peptidoglycan (SA-PGN) can be recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Platelet Activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) expressed on epithelial cells resulting in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of TLR2 and PAFR in SA-PGN mediated release of TNFα from human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCE). Methods Primary HCE cultures were obtained by enzymatic digestion of cadaveric conjunctival tissues. TLR2 protein and mRNA expression by conjunctival epithelial cells (± IFNγ) were confirmed by flow cytometry and Northern blot analysis respectively. HCE were pre-incubated with/without TLR2 blocking antibody (A-TLR2) and/or PAFR antagonist (WEB2086) followed by stimulation with/without S. aureus PGN for 24 hrs. Supernates were harvested for TNFα ELISA. Results HCE expressed TLR2 protein and mRNA, following stimulation with IFNγ. SA-PGN stimulated TNFα release from HCE (1504.45 ± 340.15 vs. 700.64 ± 126.36 pg/106 cells for SA-PGN vs. unstimulated HCE respectively, p Conclusions SA-PGN mediated TNFα release from HCE via TLR2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of AKC and thus represent a target for treatment of this chronic ocular inflammatory disease.
Langmuir probe measurement of electron temperature in a supersonic jet extracted from an inductively coupled plasma

Abstract Electron temperature ( T e ), electron density ( n e ) and floating potential ( V f ) were measured with a single Langmuir probe inside the supersonic jet used for inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Electron temperature was in the range 7000–15000 K, and n c was of the order of 10 13 cm −3 . T e increased when nebulized water was introduced into the plasma. The addition of easily ionized concomitant elements (K or Cs) caused a substantial decrease in T e . Electron density was not greatly affected by the presence of either nebulized water or concomitant elements. The trends of T e and n e as plasma operating conditions were changed indicated that T e was strongly affected by a secondary discharge between the plasma and the sampling orifice, whereas n e was not. Floating potential was in the range +2 to +5 volts and varied with plasma conditions in essentially the same way as did previous measurements with a floating probe.
Carbon-oxygen cleavage in the acid hydrolysis of androsterone sulfate☆☆☆

Abstract Whereas all prior studies of the cleavage of any 5α-steroid 3-sulfate to the alcohol had given only the one which would result from the rupture of the sulfur-oxygen bond, the hydrolysis of androsterone sulfate with boiling hydrochloric acid gave in addition to androsterone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 2α-hydroxy-5α-androstan17-one and 2β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one. The two rearrangement products were identified by partial syntheses. The 5α-androsten-17-one which accompanied these hydrolysis products of androsterone sulfate was shown by infrared spectroscopy to be a 4 : 1 mixture of the Δ 2 and Δ 3 -olefin which could be freed of the latter by formation of the dibromide or the bromohydrin, and subsequent treatment with zinc.
Atropine potentiates neurogenic vasodilatation of the feline infraorbital artery: possible mechanisms.

Abstract After treatment with guanethidine to inactivate sympathetic nerves, the feline infraorbital artery (IOA) relaxes in response to activation of periarterial nerves in vitro. This response was 60–65% greater in magnitude and 50% longer in duration in the presence of atropine, thus revealing a significant non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) dilator response which is potentiated by blockade of muscarinic receptors. Nerve-mediated dilations and the potentiating effect of atropine were endothelial cell-independent. In the presence of atropine the resting membrane potential (− 51 ± 2 mV) of infraorbital vascular smooth muscle cells was not changed by activation of nerves, nor by exogenously applied vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Electrical stimulation caused release of VIP from this artery, but atropine did not measurably enhance the degree of release of VIP. Therefore, although presynaptic, muscarinic inhibition of release of a NANC transmitter probably occurs in the IOA, either VIP is not the transmitter involved in this response or the changes in release of VIP are too slight to be detected by the in vitro techniques employed in this study.
An automated testing machine for monitoring the evolution of fiber breaks

A cooperative agreement between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Textile Research Institute/Princeton (TRI/Princeton) has resulted in the development of an automated tensile testing machine for determining the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) as determined by the single fiber fragmentation (SFF) test. The imaging capability of this new machine permits the archiving of data for additional analyses as new data reduction methods are developed and provides a framework for the sharing of fragmentation data among researchers. To keep pace with the changing directions of composite micromechanics research, the new machine was extended to obtaining archival data on fiber fragmentation in 2D multifiber arrays by utilizing a new fiber placement device that allows for the precise placement of these arrays within the dogbone specimen.
TOWARD A POST‐POSITIVIST POLICY ANALYSIS

Book reviewed in this article Paul Diesing, Science and Ideology in the Policy Sciences Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings, Ethics, The Social Sciences, and Policy Analysis Frank Fischer, Polities, Values, and Public Policy: The Problem of Methodology
Electoral reform and the 1996 election

The rationale for Japan's electoral reforms was to create party-centered, policy-driven, and money-saving campaigns but have these goals been achieved? Cheol Hee Park examines what changes electoral reform brought to campaigns in the 1996 election, the first election held under the new system. He argues that although the dynamics of interaction among players are changing, and might change dramatically in the future, there does not seem to be any evidence that the basic structure of pre-election campaigning or mobilizing will change. Park is a Ph.D. candidate at Columbia University and spent two years at IIPS as a visiting research fellow.
Quasar evolution and the growth of black holes

A 'minimalist' model of AGN evolution is analyzed that links the measured luminosity function to an elementary description of black hole accretion. The observed luminosity function of bright AGN is extrapolated and simple prescriptions for the growth and luminosity of black holes are introduced to infer quasar birth rates, mean fueling rates, and relict black hole distribution functions. It is deduced that the mean accretion rate scales as (M exp -1./5)(t exp -6.7) and that, for the most conservative model used, the number of relict black holes per decade declines only as M exp -0.4 for black hole masses between 3 x 10 exp 7 and 3 x 10 exp 9 solar masses. If all sufficiently massive galaxies pass through a quasar phase with asymptotic black hole mass a monotonic function of the galaxy mass, then it is possible to compare the space density of galaxies with estimated central masses to that of distant quasars.
Substitution and addition reactions of NF4BF4 with aromatic compounds

Abstract Benzene, toluene, and nitrobenzene interact rapidly with NF 4 BF 4 in anhydrous HF to give, almost exclusively, fluorine substituted aromatic derivatives. Up to four hydrogens can be replaced in a rapid reaction, before a much slower addition reaction takes over. The direction of the substitution in C 6 H 6 , C 6 H 5 CH 3 and C 6 H 5 NO 2 and the lack of side chain fluorination in C 6 H 5 CH 3 support an electrophillic substituion mechanism. These rapid substitution reactions are followed by much slower fluorine addition reactions to give the corresponding cyclo-hexadienes and -hexenes. These addition reactions were also studied separately using tetra-, penta- and hexa- fluorobenzene as the starting materials. In these addition reactions, almost no hydrogen substitution occured. The addition of the first pair of fluorines always gave 1,4-cyclohexadienes in which CF 2 group was adjacent to hydrogen on the ring. The addition of the second pair of fluorines resulted in the formation of cyclohexenes. These reactions occured in high yield and offer a controlled, high yield path to dienes. All products were characterized spectroscopically and by comparison to literature data.
Genome-wide RNAi screen discovers functional coupling of alternative splicing and cell cycle control to apoptosis regulation

Alternative splicing (AS) is widely recognized as a major source for biological diversity and regulation. The contribution of AS to eukaryotic development and complexity is likely even greater than previously recognized, as a recent report demonstrates that >90% of human genes are alternatively spliced.1 The regulation of AS is under the control of cis-elements residing in mRNA sequences and a large repertoire of RNA binding proteins (RNABPs).2 AS regulation is further integrated with signal transduction and cell-specific cues that control RNABP dynamics and function.3 While many assays have revealed mechanisms for individual AS regulatory events, global understanding of AS regulation is still at an early phase.3 Specifically, systematic identification of AS regulators, particularly those upstream of RNABPs, has been difficult via hypothesis-driven studies. Therefore, even in some of the best studied examples of AS it is unclear how AS is connected to other biological processes to carry out complex cellular functions.
Exceptional trivalent cayley graphs for dihedral groups

If n is divisible by at least three distinct primes, the dihedral group Dn can be generated by three nonredundant, involuntary elements. We study the Cayley graphs resulting from such a presentation of Dn for several families of n and for all admissible n < 120. All these graphs are trivalent, bipartite, Hamiltonian, of girth 6, and are regular representations of their groups. For each n, the isomorphism classes are determined and the graphs are described by a simple code.
Enhanced replication of damaged SV40 DNA in carcinogen-treated monkey cells.

Treatment of mammalian cells with certain chemical or physical carcinogens prior to infection with ultraviolet-irradiated virus results in enhanced survival or reactivation of the damaged virus. To investigate the molecular basis of this enhanced reactivation (ER), we have examined Simian virus 40 DNA replication in carcinogen-treated cells. We find that treatment of monkey kidney cells with N-acetoxy-2-acetylamino-fluorene or UV radiation 24 h prior to infection with ultraviolet-irradiated Simian virus 40 leads to enhancement of viral DNA replication measured at 36 h after infection by [3H]thymidine incorporation or hybridization. The enhancement of DNA replication is observed when cells are treated from 1 to 60 h before infection or 1 to 16 h after infection. The fact that enhancement is observed also when cells are treated after infection rules out the possibility that enhancement occurs at the level of adsorption or penetration of the virus. Measurements of the time course of viral DNA replication indicate that pretreatment of cells does not alter the time of onset of viral DNA replication. We conclude from these studies that ER of Simian virus 40 occurs at the level of viral DNA replication.
Electrical defect density modeling for different technology nodes, process complexity, and critical areas

Electrical defect density is simply a model or measurement of the number of electrical defects per unit area, which is a summation of yield loss from several sources, broadly classified into random and systematic failures. Random failure is typically from in-line defects (from equipment, process); systematic failure is from process marginality, parametric failure or design sensitivity. Assuming that after some amount of time systematic issues are mostly worked out, yield is then essentially defect limited, as is the case for most mature fabs/mature products running today. In this scenario, electrical defects density should hold to a predictable pattern dependent on minimum line width, process complexity and layout density (critical area). Understanding these relationships will greatly increase our ability to predict (defect limited) yield for new products at new technologies. The calculation of a critical area parameter, Ac, will be used in place of the area in electrical defect density calculations to obtain a critical area compensated DD that should be independent of device/design structure related effects. In addition, use of the critical area probability of fail curves will be used to estimate yield loss in-line and drive future defect improvements.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An energy-based localization theory. I: Basic framework

Abstract The basic framework for an energy-based theory of localization is developed through the analysis of dynamic simple shearing motion of a thermo-viscoplastic solid. The key role of the kinetic energy of the deforming body as far as the characterization of shear band initiation is concerned has been illustrated by Shawki [1988, 1992, 1994a, 1994b]. In Shawki's work, a modified linear stability analysis takes full account of the time dependence of the dynamic simple shear homogeneous solution consistent with constant boundary velocities and adiabatic boundary conditions. The linear stability analysis indicates that the onset of localization is tied to positive rates of change of the kinetic energy of absolute perturbations. Subsequently, Shawki, Sherif , and Cherukuri [1992] illustrated that the fundamental role of the kinetic energy extends far beyond the initiation of shear localization. In this article, we present the general, energy-based framework for localization analysis in which the total kinetic energy serves as a single parameter for the characterization of the full localization history. A characteristic evolution profile of the kinetic energy is shown to correspond to a localizing deformation. The various stages of localization are redefined in view of the foregoing evolution profile. Furthermore, we present a convergence analysis for the finite difference algorithm which benefits significantly from the current characterization of shear localization. We also illustrate that numerical schemes may converge to incorrect late time solutions due to the insufficiency of the classical von Neumann stability constraints.
Effect of Backpulsing and Continuous Surface Cleaning on High-Shear Rotary Membrane System Permeate Flux Performance for Naval Shipboard Wastewaters

AbstractA laboratory investigation evaluated the effect of backpulsing (BP) and continuous surface cleaning (CSC) on high-shear rotary membrane system (HSR-MS) flux performance while treating three surrogate naval shipboard wastewaters (i.e., bilgewater, blackwater, and thermal destruction quench water) while also seeking to better understand the HSR-MS permeate flux-rotation-diameter (J-ω-D) relationship. J increased with ω, BP, and CSC. BP and CSC provided the most benefit at lower ω. Incorporating BP and CSC improved the inner area J. A volumetric flow rate analysis conveyed the importance of disc diameter—the outer membrane area produced the majority of the total flow. Collectively, the results indicate that BP and CSC enhanced the standard HSR-MS flux performance at low ω by replacing the loss of or augmenting the rotationally induced shear. This conclusion supports HSR-MS operation at lower ω, which allows the use of larger disc diameters, providing an increase in performance per disc and a reductio...
Proposal for a U.S. National Water Atlas

The U.S. National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade is proposing a National Water Atlas as a contribution to the improvement of the quality of information available for this Nation's large-scale planning and management studies. The atlas would provide hydrological maps of the United States and its principal basins and of its territories. The nationwide maps would be at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the 17 principal basins at 1:2,500,000. The principal basins will be those delineated by the Water Resources Council. Wherever feasible and appropriate, the data will be presented with a common standard period of record, preferably 1941–70, as a base. Map subjects would include station networks, radiation, precipitation, snow and ice, evaporation, atmospheric vapor fluxes, surface-water discharge, ground-water storage and discharge, chemical quality, sediment discharge, water temperatures, and soil moisture. The list of maps subjects and types of data shown within each subject are flexible and open-ended so that additional maps could be added to the atlas as information is available or as new needs arise.
MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE

![Figure][1] By any standards, strepsipterans are weird. The males' twisted wings definitely give them a distinctive look but it's their eyes that are their most distinguishing feature. In general, insects have compound eyes composed of many ommatidia. For example, the similarly sized
Site-specific modeling of corn yield in the SE coastal plain

Abstract When site-specific agriculture became technologically feasible, existing crop models made computer simulation a natural choice for predicting yield under various combinations of soil, weather, and management. However, modeling for site-specific farming may require both greater accuracy and sensitivity to more parameters than current models allow. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the DSSAT V3.5 corn model, CERES-Maize, for sensitivity to parameters important to site-specific farming. The model was unexpectedly insensitive to inputs for soil type, depth to clay, nitrogen, and plant population, suggesting areas for attention. Although it was appropriately sensitive to rainfall, indicating sensitivity to soil water content is generally correct, there are known problems with the curve number procedure that calculates runoff. The runoff routine needs improvement, and a separate routine may be needed to accommodate within-field redistribution of runoff. The model also responded to maximum air temperature, but since crop temperature varies more than air temperature, perhaps crop temperature should be calculated from air temperature and water stress. Model accuracy issues aside, accommodating spatial inputs and model runs requires enhanced interfaces. These and other suggested enhancements to the model would improve its applicability for site-specific agriculture.
A one-dimensional model of vertical gas plume migration through a heterogeneous porous medium

Abstract This work is motivated by the growing interest in injecting carbon dioxide into deep geological formations as a means of avoiding its atmospheric emissions and consequent global warming. Ideally, the injected greenhouse gas stays in the injection zone for a geologic time, eventually dissolves in the formation brine and remains trapped by mineralization. However, one of the potential problems associated with the geologic method of sequestration is that naturally present or inadvertently created conduits in the cap rock may result in a gas leakage from primary storage. Even in supercritical state, the carbon dioxide viscosity and density are lower than those of the formation brine. Buoyancy tends to drive the leaked CO2plume upward. Theoretical and experimental studies of buoyancy-driven supercritical CO2 flow, including estimation of time scales associated with plume evolution and migration, are critical for developing technology, monitoring policy, and regulations for safe carbon dioxide geologic sequestration. In this study, we obtain simple estimates of vertical plume propagation velocity taking into account the density and viscosity contrast between CO2 and brine. We describe buoyancy-driven countercurrent flow of two immiscible phases by a Buckley–Leverett type model. The model predicts that a plume of supercritical carbon dioxide in a homogeneous water-saturated porous medium does not migrate upward like a bubble in bulk water. Rather, it spreads upward until it reaches a seal or until it becomes immobile. A simple formula requiring no complex numerical calculations describes the velocity of plume propagation. This solution is a simplification of a more comprehensive theory of countercurrent plume migration [Silin, D., Patzek, T.W., Benson, S.M., 2007. A Model of Buoyancy-driven Two-phase Countercurrent Fluid Flow. Laboratory Report LBNL-62607. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA]. In a layered reservoir, the simplified solution predicts a slower plume front propagation relative to a homogeneous formation with the same harmonic mean permeability. In contrast, the model yields much higher plume propagation estimates in a high-permeability conduit like a vertical fracture.
Comparison of methods to determine the anthropogenic CO2 invasion into the Atlantic Ocean

A comparison of different methods for estimating the anthropogenic CO 2 burden in the Atlantic Ocean is performed using referenced, high quality total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) data. The dataset is from two cruises through the center of the basin between 62°N and 43°S in 1991 and 1993. The specific anthropogenic input is determined utilizing empirical procedures as described in Gruber et al. (1996) and Chen and Millero (1979) to correct for remineralization and to estimate preanthropogenic endmembers. These estimates are compared with output of the Princeton ocean biogeochemical model and the NCAR ocean model. The results show that the specific inventories of anthropogenic carbon agree to within 20% but with different storage and uptake patterns. The empirical estimates differ because of assumptions about mixing and winter outcrop endmembers. The same remineralization quotients (Redfield ratios) were used for each method. Varying these constants within the range of literature values causes changes in specific inventories of similar magnitude as the differences observed with different methodologies. Comparison of anthropogenic CO 2 uptake and chlorofluorocarbon ages suggests that the anthropogenic CO 2 penetration in the North Atlantic is too shallow following the procedure according to Gruber et al. (1996), and too deep using those of Chen and Millero (1979). The results support these previous observations in that the uptake of CO 2 in the North Atlantic is disproportionate to its surface area. This is caused by a combination of deep water formation and deep winter mixed layers. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00027.x