cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breakout Session: Negotiating Publishing Contracts. Presented by Ana Enriquez, Copyright Specialist, University of Michigan Library Copyright Office.

A summary of Ana Enriquez’ presentation, “Negotiating Publication Contracts” is provided. Negotiation tips, tricky contract clauses, and resources for help were part of Ana’s interactive breakout session.
Impact of flat radomes on amplitude-only direction finding performance

We investigate the impact of placing a thin flat radome in front of an amplitude-only direction finding (AODF) antenna system. The considered system consists of two identical Ka-band, air-filled horn antennas squinted off boresight by 30° for direction finding (DF) error within ±0.82 °/dB over a field-of-view (FoV) from −20° to +20°. Computational results with various radome materials, thicknesses, and placements indicate that it is possible to maintain excellent DF performance if radome is properly designed and located.
Maintaining the status quo: Diglossia and the case of Arabic language policy in Ceuta

Arabic is considered one of the defining cases of diglossia ( Ferguson, 1959 ; Sayahi, 2014 ). Despite previous scholars’ critiques that the construct of diglossia perpetuates linguistic and societal inequalities, few studies have examined how this seminal construct has been enacted in language policy ( Woolard & Schieffelin, 1994 ; Pennycook, 1994 ; Harris, 1981 ). This paper addresses this gap by examining language policy in context through an intertextual analysis of language policy documents including the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and several reports on their fulfillment of the charter’s requirements. Using Irvine and Gal’s (2000) framework of three semiotic processes of ideology, the texts demonstrate the use of the notion of diglossia as a tool of iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure used to naturalize current linguistic inequalities. Consequently, diglossic descriptions are taken up in policy documents in service of a particular language ideology that justifies suppression of minority languages such as is the case of Arabic in Ceuta.
Chronic Pain and the Chronic Pain Syndrome: The Usefulness of Manipulation and Behavioral Interventions

The chronic pain syndrome is a difficult entity to treat. Recognition of its incurability and the need to encourage and facilitate a return to unrestricted physical activity (including employment) initiate the process of rehabilitation. Manipulation may be helpful in restoring normal motion patterns. Partnering early with other health care specialists, including the rehabilitation (behavioral) psychologist, in an integrated process of treatment is a must.
The Number of Real Roots of a Cubic Equation.

equals, for example, the number of normals to the parabola y = x through a given point in the plane (Bains and Thoo (2007)), as well as the number of equilibrium solutions of dx/dt = x + bx + cx+ d. Now, one way to find the number of real roots of (1) is to solve the equation. Certainly, (1) can be solved by hand easily if d = 0. If d 6= 0, the equation can still be solved by hand using Cardan’s (or Cardano’s) cubic formula (Fine (1961); Gellert et al. (1975)), but not easily in general. Of course, using computer software or a graphing calculator can make light work of solving (1) altogether. However, there is a certain satisfaction in being able to tell the number of real roots of (1) without first solving the equation. It turns out that this is easy to do. The key is the discriminant. Every intermediate algebra student learns the quadratic formula, deriving it by completing the square. And with the quadratic formula in hand, it is apparent that the number of real roots of the quadratic equation x+bx+c =
Daily foraging routines in food-caching mountain chickadees are associated with variation in environmental harshness

Small birds overwintering in cold climates must meet the daily challenge of accumulating sufficient energy reserves throughout the day to ensure overnight survival. Theoretical work suggests that risk of starvation is a major force shaping optimal daily foraging routines. Animals are predicted to adjust how they distribute their daily foraging activity in relation to environmental harshness, which largely determines the risk of starvation. Here, we used radiofrequency identification (RFID)-enabled bird feeders to test whether mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli – small, resident, food-caching birds – exhibited different daily foraging routines in harsher (higher elevation) versus milder (lower elevation) environments in the Sierra Nevada. In addition, we assessed foraging routines between four different periods of the nonbreeding season ranging from autumn (milder conditions) to winter and early spring (harsher conditions) and to late spring (milder conditions). We also tested whether individual variation in spatial cognition associated with food caching, which represents a more reliable food source that can be expected to lower risk of starvation, is associated with differences in daily foraging routines. Chickadees from both elevations distributed their daily foraging efforts differently throughout the nonbreeding season, consistent with theoretical predictions for milder and harsher conditions. Differences between chickadees from high and low elevations were especially pronounced during harsher winter periods, with chickadees from high elevations showing a bimodal daily routine, while low-elevation birds showed an inverted U-shaped daily routine, with most foraging during the middle of the day. Finally, significant differences in daily routines were associated with variation in spatial learning and memory performance. Overall, our study shows that daily foraging routines are consistent with risk of starvation under different degrees of environmental harshness, whether across nonbreeding seasons or between elevations, and that perception of harshness may be associated with cognitive abilities.
A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 13 (AKAP13) Augments Progesterone Signaling in Uterine Fibroid Cells

Context Uterine leiomyomata (fibroids) are prevalent sex hormone‒dependent tumors with an altered response to mechanical stress. Ulipristal acetate, a selective progesterone receptor (PR) modulator, significantly reduces fibroid size in patients. However, PR signaling in fibroids and its relationship to mechanical signaling are incompletely understood. Objective Our prior studies revealed that A-kinase anchoring protein 13 (AKAP13) was overexpressed in fibroids and contributed to altered mechanotransduction in fibroids. Because AKAP13 augmented nuclear receptor signaling in other tissues, we sought to determine whether AKAP13 might influence PR signaling in fibroids. Methods and results Fibroid samples from patients treated with ulipristal acetate or placebo were examined for AKAP13 expression by using immunohistochemistry. In immortalized uterine fibroid cell lines and COS-7 cells, we observed that AKAP13 increased ligand-dependent PR activation of luciferase reporters and endogenous progesterone-responsive genes for PR-B but not PR-A. Inhibition of ERK reduced activation of PR-dependent signaling by AKAP13, but inhibition of p38 MAPK had no effect. In addition, glutathione S-transferase‒binding assays revealed that AKAP13 was bound to PR-B through its carboxyl terminus. Conclusion These data suggest an intersection of mechanical signaling and PR signaling involving AKAP13 through ERK. Further elucidation of the integration of mechanical and hormonal signaling pathways in fibroids may provide insight into fibroid development and suggest new therapeutic strategies for treatment.
Python-based in situ analysis and visualization

This work focuses on enabling the use of Python-based methods for the purpose of performing in situ analysis and visualization. This approach facilitates access to and use of a rapidly growing collection of Python-based, third-party libraries for analysis and visualization, as well as lowering the barrier to entry for user-written Python analysis codes. Beginning with a simulation code that is instrumented to use the SENSEI in situ interface, we present how to couple it with a Python-based data consumer, which may be run in situ, and in parallel at the same concurrency as the simulation. We present two examples that demonstrate the new capability. One is an analysis of the reaction rate in a proxy simulation of a chemical reaction on a 2D substrate, while the other is a coupling of an AMR simulation to Yt, a parallel visualization and analysis library written in Python. In the examples, both the simulation and Python in situ method run in parallel on a large-scale HPC platform.
The Rents of the Dead: Growth and Entropy in African Cities

This article considers recent literature on contemporary urbanization in Africa that is united in its ‘post-normative’ orientation toward its subject, firmly discarding the ‘expectations’ of modernization that so deeply shaped twentieth-century research on African cities. Best typified by the work of urban anthropologists such as Abdoumaliq Simone, this scholarship instead focuses on the ‘vernacularization’ of urban structures and strategies in Africa. While such work has developed a host of new insights into the idiosyncratic nature of African urbanization, it has largely eschewed any comparative analysis of enduring economic strategies that lie at the heart of the massive growth of African cities. By focusing on the longer-term historical role of such processes – namely urban rents and urban price regulations - this article suggests that a more comparative framework can be generated for the study of urban Africa that still accounts for and partially explains the otherwise seemingly hyper-local and idiosyncratic forms of urban livelihoods and strategies. It also briefly reflects on notable trends in the five years since its original publication in 2013. KEYWORDS: URBAN HISTORY, URBANIZATION, CONSUMPTION, RENT, PRICE CONTROLS
A phosphorylation-deficient mutant of retinoid X receptor α at Thr 167 alters fasting response and energy metabolism in mice

Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) has a conserved phosphorylation motif at threonine 162 (humans) and threonine 167 (mice) within the DNA-binding domain. Here we have generated RXRα knock-in mice (RxrαT167A) bearing a single mutation of Thr 167 to alanine and examined the roles of Thr 167 in the regulation of energy metabolism within adipose, muscle, and liver tissues. RxrαT167A mice exhibited down-regulation of metabolic pathways converting glucose to fatty acids, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the white adipose tissue (WAT) and ATP citrate lyase in the muscle. They also reduced gene expression for genes related to fatty acid catabolism and triglyceride synthesis in WAT and controlled heat factors such as adrenergic receptor β1 in muscles. In contrast, hepatic gluconeogenic pathways and synthetic pathways related to fatty acids remained unaffected by this mutation. Expression of multiple genes that were affected by the Thr 167 mutation in adipose tissue exhibited clear response to LG100268, a synthetic RXR agonist. Thus, the altered gene expression in mutant mice adipose appeared to be a direct effect of RXRα Thr 167 mutation and by some secondary effect of the mutation. Blood glucose levels remained normal in RxrαT167A during feeding, as observed with RXRα wild-type mice. However, RxrαT167A mice exhibited an attenuated decrease of blood glucose levels that occurred after fasting. This attenuation correlated with a concomitant down-regulation of lipid metabolism in WAT and was associated with RXRα phosphorylation at Thr 167. Thus, Thr 167 enabled RXRα to coordinate these three organs for regulation of energy metabolism and maintenance of glucose homeostasis.
Why Justice Is Not Enough: Mercy, Love-Caritas, and the Common Good

In the Western tradition of political thought at least since Plato and Aristotle wrote in ancient Athens, there has been a tendency to equate the notions of justice and common good. In Aristotle’s words, “the political good is justice,” which is “the common advantage” (Politics III.12). Few would take issue with the analogous but not identical claim that Augustine of Hippo would make centuries later, that where there is no true, common theory and practice of justice or right there can be no real res publica, no common-weal or community of shared goods and hence no genuine, lasting peace (see City of God IV.4 and XIX). Yet one may still wonder whether justice suffices for fully human common goods to subsist and for the persons, families, and other societies sharing in these common goods to flourish. Is attention to the truth of justice and its implications enough? If not, what other important sources and aspects of the common good should be understood, stressed, and supported?
From Simulation to Runtime Verification and Back: Connecting Single-Run Verification Techniques

Modern safety-critical systems, such as aircraft and spacecraft, crucially depend on rigorous verification, from design time to runtime. Simulation is a highly-developed, time-honored design-time verification technique, whereas runtime verification is a much younger outgrowth from modern complex systems that both enable embedding analysis on-board and require mission-time verification, e.g., for flight certification. While the attributes of simulation are well-defined, the vocabulary of runtime verification is still being formed; both are active research areas needed to ensure safety and security. This invited paper explores the connections and differences between simulation and runtime verification and poses open research questions regarding how each might be used to advance past bottlenecks in the other. We unify their vocabulary, list their commonalities and contrasts, and examine how their artifacts may be connected to push the state of the art ofwhat we can (safely) fly.
Text and Graphics Analysis in Engineering Drawings

The meaning of an engineering drawing is expressed through text and graphics and the relations between them. Chapter 1 provided a detailed summary of the major approaches to their segmentation, and here we describe our own contributions on some specific applications. The goal is the fully automatic segmentation of text and graphics in an engineering drawing image, as well as its interpretation; that is, characters represented as pixels must be interpreted as to which specific character they represent. Of course, this is made difficult in that most engineering drawings use a variety of fonts, sizes, and orientations for characters—indeed, some are even hand-written. In addition, character segmentation is generally only part of a larger process: for example, dimension set analysis. Since the names and numbers extracted by the system are quite significant for manufacturing purposes, say in a reverse engineering application, then more likely than not, hypotheses put forward by the image analysis system will need to be corroborated by a human.
Signaling Class: An Experiment Examining Social Class Perceptions from Names Used in Correspondence Audit Studies

Field and survey experiments examining racial discrimination and inequality commonly use names to signal race and ethnicity. However, little work has been done to understand how individuals interpret these signals. Despite strong concerns that racialized names simultaneously signal social class, no work has scientifically examined the social class signaling power of names used in previous research. In this article, I conduct a survey experiment to test individual perceptions of social class from names. Respondents are presented with a series of first and last names and asked to state the social class category they associate with each name. In total, 7,936 respondents provide their social class perceptions on 600 different combinations of first and last names. I find that black and Hispanic names are much more likely to be perceived as lower or working class than white names, which are overwhelmingly perceived as middle or upper class. These perceptions are independent of the effect of population-based socioeconomic naming patterns. Overall, this research suggests that scholars must not assume that population patterns in naming are indicative of individual perceptions of names. Instead, scholars should pretest names ethnicity before conducting a field or survey experiment to increase internal validity.
Association between Clostridioides difficile infection and multidrug-resistant organism colonization or infection among hospitalized adults: A case-control study.

Using an ambidirectional case-control study, we found that the odds of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) were 3.38 (P = .01) times higher for patients with multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) colonization compared to those without. MDRO colonization or infection 1-12 months before CDI testing significantly increased risk of positive CDI diagnosis (odds ratio 4.71, P = .02 and odds ratio = 5.03, P = .05, respectively) independent of antibiotic use, age, and comorbidity status. MDRO colonization and infection are associated with CDI, most significantly if they precede CDI.
BCG protects against COVID-19? A word of caution

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by type 2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), puts all of us to the test. Epidemiologic observations could critically aid the development of protective measures to combat this devastating viral outbreak. A recent publication, linked nation based universal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination to potential protection against morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2, and received much attention in public media, even before its peer review. We wished to validate the findings by examining the association between daily rates of COVID-19 case fatality (i.e. Death Per Case) /Days of the endemic [dpc/d]) and the presence of universal BCG vaccination before 1980, or the year of the establishment of universal vaccination. There was no significant association in either analysis. In this work we emphasize caution amidst the publication surge on COVID-19, and highlight the political/economical-, arbitrary selection-, and fear/anxiety related biases, which may obscure scientific rigor. It is underscored that physical (social) distancing (i.e. quarantine) and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are the only epidemiologic measures (Iceland being a great example, where universal BCG vaccination policy was never in place), which consistently associate with successful counteraction of morbidity and mortality during the pandemic.
μCache: a mutable cache for SMR translation layer

Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR) may be combined with conventional (re-writable) recording on the same drive; in host-managed drives shipping today this capability is used to provide a small number of re-writable zones, typically totaling a few tens of GB. Although these re-writable zones are widely used by SMR-aware applications, the literature to date has ignored them and focused on fully-shingled devices. We describe μCache, an SMR translation layer (STL) using re-writable (mutable) zones to take advantage of both workload spatial and temporal locality to reduce the garbage collection overhead resulted from out-of-place writes. In μCache the volume LBA space is divided into fixed -sized buckets and, on write access, the corresponding bucket is copied (promoted) to the re-writable zones, allowing subsequent writes to the same bucket be served in - place resulting in fewer garbage collection cycles. We evaluate μCache in simulation against real-world traces and show that with appropriate parameters it is able to hold the entire write working set of most workloads in re-writable storage, virtually eliminating garbage collection overhead. We also emulate μCache by replaying its translated traces against actual drive and show that 1) it outperforms its examined counterpart, an E-region based translation approach on average by 2x and up to 5.1x, and 2) it incurs additional latency only for a small fraction of write operations, (up to 10%) when compared with conventional non-shingled disks.
Prison and Jail Civil Rights/Conditions Cases: Longitudinal Statistics

The Tables show longitudinal statistics about case filings, features, and outcomes, for jail/prison civil rights and conditions cases and for the entire federal civil docket, grouped by case category. List of tables: Table A: Incarcerated Population and Prison/Jail Civil Rights Filings, FY1970–FY2020 Table B: Pro Se Litigation in U.S. District Courts by Case Type, Cases Terminated Fiscal Years 1996–2020 Table C: Outcomes in Prisoner Civil Rights Cases in Federal District Court, Fiscal Years 1988–2020 Table D: Outcomes in Federal District Court Cases by Case Type, Fiscal Year 2020 Table E: Prisoner Civil Rights Litigated Victories, FY 2012 Table F: Incidence of Court Orders, Local Jails and State Prisons, 1983–2006 Table G: Change in Prisoner Civil Rights Filings in U.S. District Court and Filing Rates, by State, Fiscal Years 1995 vs. 2012, 2012 vs. 2018, and 1995 vs. 2018 Table H: Days to Disposition, District Court Cases by Fiscal Year of Filing, 1988–2020 Detailed data notes follow. Tables and data notes accompany Slamming the Courthouse Door: 25 Years of Evidence for Repealing the Prison Litigation Reform Act, Prison Policy Initiative (April 26, 2021), at https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/PLRA_25.html; Tables A-E and G-H update Schlanger, "Trends in Prisoner Litigation, As the PLRA Enters Adulthood," 5 U.C. Irvine L. Rev. 153 (2015). Replication code and resulting datasets are posted at http://incarcerationlaw.com/documents/Data-Update-Data-and-Replication-Code/DataUpdate.
Estrogen Receptor-α Suppresses Liver Carcinogenesis and Establishes Sex-Specific Gene Expression

Estrogen protects females from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To determine whether this protection is mediated by classic estrogen receptors, we tested HCC susceptibility in estrogen receptor-deficient mice. In contrast to a previous study, we found that diethylnitrosamine induces hepatocarcinogenesis to a significantly greater extent when females lack Esr1, which encodes Estrogen Receptor-α. Relative to wild-type littermates, Esr1 knockout females developed 9-fold more tumors. Deficiency of Esr2, which encodes Estrogen Receptor-β, did not affect liver carcinogenesis in females. Using microarrays and QPCR to examine estrogen receptor effects on hepatic gene expression patterns, we found that germline Esr1 deficiency resulted in the masculinization of gene expression in the female liver. Six of the most dysregulated genes have previously been implicated in HCC. In contrast, Esr1 deletion specifically in hepatocytes of Esr1 conditional null female mice (in which Cre was expressed from the albumin promoter) resulted in the maintenance of female-specific liver gene expression. Wild-type adult females lacking ovarian estrogen due to ovariectomy, which is known to make females susceptible to HCC, also maintained female-specific expression in the liver of females. These studies indicate that Esr1 mediates liver cancer risk, and its control of sex-specific liver gene expression involves cells other than hepatocytes.
Large eddy simulation/thickened flame model simulations of a lean partially premixed gas turbine model combustor

Large-eddy simulation with the thickened flame model (LES/TFM) is conducted to simulate a three-dimensional dual swirl partially premixed methane/air gas turbine model combustor. Finite-rate chemis...
Are the Characters in a Death Penalty Brief Like the Characters in a Movie

In legal storytelling and narrative persuasion - just as in popular cultural storytelling - characterization, character development, and correct casting choices are profoundly important. In popular storytelling, depiction of character draws readers or viewers into a narrative, facilitating empathy and understanding, and informing the audience’s response to the story. Narrative theorists have argued that perspective, which is intrinsically tied to characterization, is “arguably the most important single decision” in some modern storytelling forms, especially the novel. Indeed, theorists have observed that the primary subject of the modern novel is consciousness and that “the center . . . of all great literature is character.” Character is no less important in legal storytelling. Effective characterization, character development, and correct casting choices are often essential to crafting persuasive briefs.
A Backward Projection Algorithm Which Corrects for Object Motion in a Scanning Acoustical Imaging System

Motion correction in acoustical imaging is commonly performed in the spatial frequency domain by a filtering process to remove the degradation due to the motion. Construction of the motioncorrection filter is difficult and often unrealizable for complicated nonlinear object motion.
Epidemiology of panic disorder in African-Americans

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the prevalence and clinical characteristics of panic disorder among African-Americans and whites in a community study. METHOD: A total of 4,287 African-American and 12,142 white subjects were interviewed at five sites as part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Panic disorder and other diagnoses were made using the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule and DSM-III criteria. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of panic disorder was 1.2% among African-Americans and 1.4% among whites, a nonsignificant difference. Comparisons between African-Americans and whites on age at onset, years with panic disorder, and suicide attempts revealed no significant differences. Rates of individual panic symptoms in African-American and white subjects with panic disorder were similar, although African-Americans reported a higher mean number of symptoms during their worst episode. Among subjects with comorbid panic disorder, African-Americans and whites had similar rates of major depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, somatization disorder, and schizophrenia. Patterns of treatment seeking among African-American and white panic subjects were similar, with the exception that African-Americans were significantly less likely to seek help from a mental health professional in private practice. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these findings, the authors conclude that panic disorder in the community is similar among African-Americans and whites with respect to lifetime prevalence, age at onset, years of disorder, symptom distribution, suicide attempts, and comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Differences in the diagnosis and treatment of panic disorder by race are not due to differences in the prevalence or nature of the disorder. Language: en
Introduction to Gerontology

Abstract This article presents an example of a “hybrid” course in Introduction to Gerontology which combines distance education with some aspects of a traditional on-campus course. After a brief discussion of distance education in gerontology, the underlying principles, objectives, components, implementation and outcomes of the hybrid course are described.
Online Analysis of Functional MRI Datasets on Parallel Platforms

We describe a new capability for analyzing and visualizing brain activity while a subject is performing a cognitive or perceptual task in a magnetic resonance scanner. This online capability integrates geographically distributed hardware (scanner, parallel computer, visualization platform) via commodity networking. We describe how we parallelized the existing analysis software and present results for the three main classes of parallel platforms. Finally we discuss some of the new possibilities this online capability presents for scientific studies and clinical intervention.
More Guidance Please: Proving Prejudicial Error under the APA

In response to widespread brownand black-outs, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act in 2005. Under this Act, the Department of Energy must conduct a nationwide study of congestion in transmission lines every three years. Because the results of these studies may affect rights traditionally reserved to the states, DOE must prepare each study in consultation with affected states. In California Wilderness Coalition v. U.S. Department of Energy, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that DOE failed to consult with affected states and applied a broad test to find an error that violated the harmless error doctrine. The dissent would have applied a more technical test thus concluded that a harmless error occurred. This Comment explores various harmless error tests and suggests that litigation on this issue would be more predictable if the Supreme Court were to provide additional guidance for substantive and
Preparation and characterization of mitochondria and submitochondrial particles of rat liver and liver-derived tissues.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses techniques for the preparation and characterization of mitochondrial and submitochondrial fractions from liver and liver-derived tissues. The chapter represents the most detailed account of preparative procedures available for mitochondria and submitochondrial particles of rat liver. The chapter initially summarizes several methods for isolating rat liver mitochondria. Some of these methods yield type-1 mitochondria (partially purified but intact), and some yield type-2 mitochondria (highly purified). The two most common tests used to determine the quality of mitochondrial and submitochondrial preparations involve an examination of their respiratory characteristics in a small chamber equipped with an oxygen electrode, and an examination of their structural and morphological features under the electron microscope. The chapter presents flow diagrams that include many of the methods to obtain an overall view of a given procedure. The methodology involved in preparing mitochondria for evaluation in the electron microscope is summarized here, together with a few statements about what each step involves and why it is carried out.
Persistent Patterns in Stock Returns, Stock Volumes, and Accounting Data in the U.S. Capital Markets

Benford’s Law gives the expected frequencies of the digits in tabulated data. The expected frequencies show a large bias toward the low digits. An analysis of the Center for Research in Security Pr...
Adjuvant adriamycin and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-platinum) in primary osteosarcoma

Twelve consecutive patients with osteosarcoma who were without evidence of metastases were treated with Adriamycin and cis-platinum in an adjuvant fashion. The primary lesion was in the distal femur in five patients, proximal tibia in three, and one each in the proximal femur, proximal humerus, sacrum, and a previously irradiated orbit. Surgery consisted of amputation in eight, limb-salvage procedures in two, and regional resections in the patients with orbital and sacral lesions. Postoperatively, Adriamycin at 30 mg/m2/d, for three days alternated every three weeks with cis-platinum, 100 mg/m2, once daily or 60 mg/m2/d, for two days i.v. drip with forced i.v. fluid diuresis. Adriamycin was given to a total dose of 540 mg/m2. Ten of 12 patients remain continually disease-free with a median time on study of 23+ months (range 12+–41+ months). Local recurrences, without evidence of metastatic disease, occurred in the patient with the orbital lesion and the patient who underwent the regional resection for the lesion of the proximal humerus at 20 and 17 months from diagnosis, respectively. Nine patients are off all chemotherapy from 6+ to 33+ months (median 22+ months). Administration of cis-platinum was limited to eight courses because of renal and ototoxicity. Despite appreciable toxicity, this chemotherapeutic regimen appears to be a highly effective adjuvant in the management of primary nonmetastatic osteosarcoma.
Circulation sensitivity to tropopause height

Abstract The possibility that the tropopause could be lower during an ice-age cooling leads to an examination of the general sensitivity of global circulations to the tropopause height by altering a constant stratospheric temperature Ts in calculations with a dry, global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. In general, lowering the tropopause by increasing the stratospheric temperature causes the jet stream to move to lower latitudes and the eddies to become smaller. Near the standard state with Ts = 200 K, the jets relocate themselves equatorward by 2° in latitude for every 5 K increase in the stratospheric temperature. A double-jet system, with centers at 30° and 60° latitude, occurs when the equatorial tropopause drops to 500 mb (for Ts = 250 K), with the high-latitude component extending throughout the stratosphere. The eddy momentum flux mainly traverses poleward across the standard jet at 40°, in keeping with the predominantly equatorward pr...
A Study of the Passage of Weed Seeds Through the Digestive Tract of the Chicken

Abstract POULTRYMEN have expressed their belief that weed seeds have been transported from one part of their farm to another by the fowl. People using poultry manure as a fertilizer have expressed the opinion that the manure contained weed seeds. It is a common observation that vegetation does grow rank in areas where poultry has ranged or where its manure has been spread. All of these factors would lead one to believe that the seeds were consumed and were voided by the fowl, unaffected by the passage through the digestive system. Some seeds might be affected. In some plants it is possible that the viability of the seeds, as determined by germination tests, might be increased by passage through the digestive tract of some birds. In some birds it is known that seeds do pass through the digestive tract because they can be seen in the droppings. In the review of…
Strategies for treating possible tumor extension: some theoretical considerations

When there is a small possibility of cancer having extended to a region some distance from the main bulk of disease, it may be unclear whether to include that region in the target volume and, if so, what dose should be delivered to it. We have constructed a theoretical model that includes dose and volume relationships for both diseased and normal tissue. With this model one can calculate the change in tumor control probability (TCP) when varying doses are delivered to the regions of known and suspected disease. Values of TCP as a function of dose to the region of suspected disease have been calculated for a wide range of the variables on which the model depends. We conclude that the strategy of treating the region of suspected disease to about 70% of the dose delivered to the region of known disease is almost always better than not treating it at all, or treating both regions to a uniform but reduced dose designed to keep the probability of complication the same. The gain in TCP could be from 5 to 15% for situations of clinical interest.
Creep and microstructure in powder metallurgy 15 vol.% SiCp–2009 Al composite

The creep behavior and microstructure of powder metallurgy (PM) 15 vol.% silicon particulate-reinforced 2009 aluminum alloy (SiCp–2009 Al composite) and its matrix PM 2009 Al were investigated over six orders of magnitude of strain rate and at temperatures in the range 618–678 K. The results show that the creep behavior of PM 15% SiCp–2009 Al composite resembles that of PM 2009 Al with regard to (a) the variations in both the apparent stress exponent and the apparent activation energy for creep due to applied stress, (b) the value of the true stress exponent, (c) the value of the true activation energy for creep, (d) the interpretation of creep in terms of a threshold stress, and (e) the temperature dependence of threshold stress. This resemblance implies that deformation in the matrix governs deformation in the composite. Analysis of the creep data in terms of creep rate against an effective stress shows that the creep behaviors of the composite and unreinforced alloy are consistent with the operation of viscous glide creep at low stresses. A comparison between the creep data of the composite and those of the unreinforced matrix revealed that the composite exhibited more creep-resistant characteristics than its matrix over the entire range of applied stresses.
KWIRE: a multiple-technology, user-reconfigurable wiring tool for VLSI

In a VLSI design environment where a range of chip technologies are available and concurrent chip designs are commonplace, it is not feasible to build a wiring program for each technology. Additionally, a chip's design methodology may demand specific abilities from a wiring program. KWlRE was developed to meet the needs of a multiple-technology, multiple-methodology VLSI design community. It has been used on a range of chips, from small designs to custom microprocessors. Modeling the users' designs and design rules in geometric terms allows KWIRE to handle such a diversity of chip designs. This paper describes the KWIRE system and router.
Importance of the first day death rate in infant mortality

Summary. The conventional partition of infant mortality into neonatal and postneonatal deaths, with the 28th day postpartum as the dividing line, has lost much of its epidemiological rationale in countries with low infant death rates. Infant deaths are concentrated increasingly at the start of the neonatal period: one out of three infant deaths in the United States occurs during the first 24 hours. Circumstances of early neonatal deaths differ considerably from those of later neonatal deaths. Failure to monitor separately early and late neonatal mortality can compromise the recognition of distinct epidemiological patterns. Racial disparities in the US tend to be larger for first day deaths than for any other infant deaths. Total US infant mortality declined rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s but first day deaths rose at a steady pace. Surveillance of infant mortality, whether on the national or the community level, should encompass first day, first month and first year death rates.
Fuzzy-measure justification of some grey-tone image experimental data

Theoretical results given in the letter agree with experimental data, indicating that an average observer distinguishes about 20 grey levels from a typical black and white image. A criterion based on fuzzy measures is presented. These results have important implications in medical and other applications requiring artifact minimisation.
The value of family investigations in newly detected Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in children

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) was diagnosed by nerve conduction velocity and histology of the sural nerve in two boys aged 3 and 6 years with clinical signs of a severe neuromuscular disease. DNA analysis revealed the typical duplication on chromosome 17p 11.2 (2.7 kb allele) for CMT 1A. Although none of their family members reported symptoms of neuromuscular disease, the nerve conduction velocity was reduced in three members (father and two aunts). They were homozygous for the 2.7 kb allele and were assumed to carry three copies of this allele. The very differing clinical picture from one generation to the next in patients with identical neurophysiological and genetic results is discussed.
Elastic differential cross sections for small-angle scattering of 25-, 50-, and 100-keV protons by helium atoms

The first measurements of elastic differential cross sections have been carried out for 25-, 50-, and 100-keV protons scattered through very small angles by helium atoms. The University of Missouri\char22{}Rolla energy-loss spectrometer provided the required high angular resolution and also separated the elastically scattered ions from the inelastically scattered ions. The data are compared to our Born, Glauber, and classical calculations as well as a four-state calculation. All of the measured elastic differential cross sections are more sharply peaked than theory for the smallest scattering angles. At the larger scattering angles all of the measured elastic differential cross sections are below the theoretical calculations. However, if the classical calculation is interpreted as a total differential scattering cross section, it compares well with our estimate of the sum of the elastic, charge-transfer, and inelastic differential cross sections.
The length of the intestine of calves and its bearing on the absorption of the nutrients from the chyme.

Summary The small intestine of the living calf is about seven times the body length, or about one-third the post-mortem length. Variations in the ratio between body length and length of intestine depend more on individuality than upon the age of the calf. Although the progress of the chyme through this region is comparatively rapid, the increased length in ruminants allows for proper absorption of the nutrients if thoroughly comminuted in the rumen. The large intestine does not show as great a difference in length between the living and post-mortem stages as does the small intestine.
An experimental study of geographic variation in avian growth and development

Reciprocal transplant and “common garden” experiments were done to distinguish the genetic and environmental components of geographic variation in growth, development and morphological characters of Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from California, USA and Manitoba, Canada. Most of the variation in growth and development could be attributed to differences in nesting phenology and local environmental conditions. Differences in morphological characters typical of birds in the two wild populations could be induced by transplanting young between localities. All differences between populations disappeared in the F1 offspring from captive breeding crosses, reared in a common environment. These results suggest that population-level variation in growth, development and morphology of Mallards in the wild is environmentally induced.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors counteract diabetes- and hypoxia-induced retinal vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression

We hypothesize that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation is an important mechanism in the oxidative stress-related development of diabetic retinopathy. In the experiments reported here, we evaluated if: a) PARP activation is present in the retina in short-term diabetes; and b) PARP inhibitors, 3-aminobenzamide and 1,5-isoquinolinediol, counteract diabetes- and hypoxia-induced retinal VEGF formation. In vivo studies were performed in control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with/without 3-aminobenzamide or 1,5-isoquinolinediol (30 and 3 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneally, for 2 weeks after 2 weeks of diabetes). In vitro studies were performed in human retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to normoxia or hypoxia with/without 3-aminobenzamide and 1,5-isoquinolinediol at 200 and 2 micro M. Retinal immunostaining for poly(ADP-ribose) was increased and NAD concentration reduced in diabetic rats, and both variables were corrected by PARP inhibitors. Retinal VEGF protein (ELISA, immunohistochemistry), but not mRNA (ribonuclease protection assay) abundance, was increased in diabetic rats, and this increase was corrected by both 3-aminobenzamide and 1,5-isoquinolinediol. PARP inhibitors did not affect retinal glucose, sorbitol pathway intermediates or lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Hypoxia caused a several-fold increase in both VEGF-mRNA and protein in retinal pigment epithelial cells. VEGF mRNA overexpression was only slighly blunted by PARP inhibitors whereas VEGF protein was corrected. In conclusion, PARP is involved in diabetes- and hypoxia-induced VEGF production at post-transcriptional level, downstream from the sorbitol pathway activation and oxidative stress. The results justify studies of PARP inhibitors in models of retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy.
Corticospinal Motor Neurons in the Adult Rat: Degeneration after Intracortical Axotomy and Protection by Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)

Little is known about the neurotrophic factors that may regulate maintenance, growth, and/or repair of corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) in the developing or the adult mammal. We have developed an adult rat in vivo model of CSMN injury involving (i) bilateral prelabeling of CSMN with a cervical spinal cord injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), (ii) unilateral axotomy close to the cell bodies by an intracortical lesion between cell layer V and the corpus callosum, and (iii) implantation of a continuous infusion device in the cortical parenchyma near the lesion. Two weeks later, coronal sections of the cortex are immunostained for CTB, and CTB-stained neurons are counted over defined section areas and compared to those on the contralateral (nonlesioned, noninfused) side. CTB-stainable neurons were 30-40% of the control side when the lesion was about 200 μm from the deeper face of the cell layer, and survival increased with increasing lesion depths. The model can be used to assess protective effects of potential CSMN trophic factors. The low survival achieved with the more superficial lesions (200 and 300 μm) was markedly improved by continuous infusion of ciliary neurotrophic factor at 0.1 to 1.0 μg/day.
Wavelet-packet-based multiple access communication

We explore the role that the wavelet packet transform can play in increasing multiple access communication throughput via waveform design and receiver design. Wavelet packets offer a flexible framework which allows us to select and refine signature waveforms at intermediate time-frequency levels leading to the development of efficient methods for near optimal receiver implementation. The optimal receiver will jointly demodulate all of the received waveforms and has a complexity which is exponential in the number of users, while a suboptimal version will attempt to do the same with a greatly reduced computational complexity. We believe that our wavelet packet recursive joint detection system described in this paper offers a good alternative approach to existing comparable methods. Specifically, our preliminary analysis and simulation results indicate the potential for a marked computational improvement over the optimal detector and additional flexibility and efficiency over other proposed joint detection schemes for multiple access communication.
The Group Control Catastrophe

This study elaborates a surprising finding by Heckathorn (1990). His simulation of group-mediated social control models a situation in which an agent outside a group tries to obtain compliance by group members through the administration of sanctions. In general, group compliance increases as the agent's monitoring efficacy increases. The surprising finding is that under certain conditions group compliance collapses to zero for intermediate values of the monitoring efficacy. In this study I show this is part of a catastrophe, a bifurcation into two equilibria for intermediate values of the monitoring efficacy. Whether the group exists at a high-compliance or low-compliance equilibrium depends on the occurrence of simultaneous non-payoff-maximizing cooperation or defection. Cooperation pushes the group to the high-compliance equilibrium; defection knocks it to the low-compliance equilibrium. The catastrophe is robust: it exists for a range of parameter values and for different production functions for the p...