cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Visual Engagement for Trauma Recovery

Applications ranging from human emotion understanding to e-health are exploring methods to effectively understand user behavior from self-reported questionnaires. However, little is understood about non-invasive techniques that involve face-based deep-learning models to predict engagement. Current research in visual engagement poses two key questions: 1) how much time do we need to analyze facial behavior for accurate engagement prediction? and 2) which deep learning approach provides the most accurate predictions? In this paper we compare RNN, GRU and LSTM using different length segments of AUs. Our experiments show no significant difference in prediction accuracy when using anywhere between 15 and 90 seconds of data. Moreover, the results reveal that simpler models of recurrent networks are statistically significantly better suited for capturing engagement from AUs.
Fundamentals of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

Physical systems identified by permanently stable and reversible behavior are rare. Unstable phenomena result from inherent fluctuations of the respective state variables. Near a global equilibrium, the fluctuations do not disturb the equilibrium; the trend toward equilibrium is distinguished by asymptotically vanishing dissipative contributions. In contrast, nonequilibrium states can amplify the fluctuations, and any local disturbances can even move the whole system into an unstable or metastable state. Kinetic and statistical models often require more detailed information than is available to describe nonequilibrium systems. Therefore, it may be advantageous to have a phenomenological approach with thermodynamic principles to describe natural processes. Such an approach is the formalism used in nonequilibrium thermodynamics to investigate physical, chemical, and biological systems with irreversible processes. In the formalism, the Gibbs equation is a key relation since it combines the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The Gibbs relation, combined with the general balance equations based on the local thermodynamic equilibrium, determines the rate of entropy production. Onsager developed the basic equations of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory, and Casimir, Meixner, and Prigogine refined and developed the theory further. This chapter outlines the principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for systems not far from a global equilibrium. In this region, the transport and rate equations are expressed in linear forms, and the Onsager reciprocal relations are valid. Therefore, sometimes this region is called the linear or Onsager region and the formulations are based on linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory. In this region, instead of thermodynamic potentials and entropy, a new property called entropy production appears.
Homeomorphisms between Cantor sets

By a Cantor set we mean a compact metrizable space in which every point is a limit point, and which is totally disconnected, in the sense that the only connected subsets are formed by single points. (The prototype is the “middle-third” Cantor set in R. See Problem set 10). In the following section we shall show that if C 1 and C 2 are Cantor sets in R 2, then every homeomorphism h: C 1↔C 2 can be extended to give a homeomorphism R 2↔R 2. This is a very strong homogeneity property of R 2. More generally, a topological space [X, O] is homogeneous if for every two points P, Q of X there is a homeomorphism X↔X, P↦ Q. (This means that every trivial homeomorphism of the type h: {P}↔{Q} can be extended.)
AN APPROACH TO MEASURING LEACHING OF NITRATE FROM FREELY DRAINED IRRIGATED FIELDS

ABSTRACT The approach to measuring nitrate leaching losses is based on a comparison of the behavior of nitrogen and chloride in the soil-plant-water system. The essential data required to calculate the annual rate of nitrate leached are (1) the chloride added in excess of removal in harvested crops and (2) the nitrate to chloride ratio in the drainage or percolating waters that have moved below the root zone. The approach assumes that relatively uniform surface management has been imposed for a period of 5 to 10 years and that sufficient leaching has occurred during this period to leach nitrate and chloride from the root zone. Discussions of sampling problems, time-depth relationships and analytical procedures are presented to put the approach into perspective and to present some of its limitations. Data from a 4-year field trial are presented to illustrate the type of data obtained using the approach.
Direct Exchange between d Electrons

The empirical data necessary to determine all the parameters in the exchange interaction between a pair of orbitally degenerate ions do not exist for any system. Given this paucity, we have resorted to using the best available theoretical estimates of the two-center exchange integrals for $d$ electrons which have been calculated for particular cases of cobalt atoms and ions. With these data we have quantitatively substantiated the recent assertions made about the importance of anisotropic and higher-degree isotropic-exchange interactions. We demonstrate that a bilinear scalar spin hamiltonian is totally inadequate to describe exchange interactions in systems containing orbitally degenerate ions. The higher-degree isotropic terms considerably alter the positions of the centers of gravity of the energy levels of exchange-coupled pairs. We estimate that the exchange interaction accounts for 25% of the discrepancy between the spin-orbit coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ required to explain the magnon spectra of cobalt in KCo${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ and the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for free cobalt ions. For orbitally degenerate ions in magnetically inequivalent sites, it is shown that antisymmetric exchange is as large as the symmetric terms.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids by Alkylation of α-tert-Butanesulfinamide Auxiliary-Bound Enolates

A new chiral auxiliary for the diastereoselective alkylation of amino ester enolates that takes advantage of chiral information stored on the enolate side of the amino ester substrate has been developed. Chiral α-sulfinamido esters were alkylated under basic conditions in good yields (up to 90%) and good to high diastereoselectivities (generally >6:1) to provide unnatural mono- and α,α-disubstituted amino acid derivatives. This auxiliary allowed for the ready conversion of ester functionality without the need for esoteric reagents. Furthermore, the auxiliary is easily removed to provide enantiopure amino acids. Computational studies revealed that a chelated transition state governs electrophile addition from the convex face of a transient bicyclic intermediate. This method allows ready access to enantioenriched natural and unnatural amino acids.
Bone-Inspired Microarchitectured Materials with Enhanced Fatigue Life

Microarchitectured materials achieve superior mechanical properties through geometry rather than composition 1-4. Although lightweight, high-porosity microarchitectured materials can have high stiffness and strength, stress concentrations within the microstructure can cause flaw intolerance under cyclic loading 5,6, limiting fatigue life. However, it is not known how microarchitecture contributes to fatigue life. Naturally occurring materials can display exceptional mechanical performance and are useful models for the design of microarchitectured materials 7,8. Cancellous bone is a naturally occurring microarchitectured material that often survives decades of habitual cyclic loading without failure. Here we show that resistance to fatigue failure in cancellous bone is sensitive to the proportion of material oriented transverse to applied loads – a 30% increase in density caused by thickening transversely oriented struts increases fatigue life by 10-100 times. This finding is surprising in that transversely oriented struts have negligible effects on axial stiffness, strength and energy absorption. The effects of transversely oriented material on fatigue life are also present in synthetic lattice microstructures. In both cancellous bone and synthetic microarchitectures, the fatigue life can be predicted using the applied cyclic stress after adjustment for apparent stiffness and the proportion of the microstructure oriented transverse to applied loading. In the design of microarchitectured materials, stiffness, strength and energy absorption is often enhanced by aligning the microstructure in a preferred direction. Our findings show that introduction of such anisotropy, by reducing the amount of material oriented transverse to loading, comes at the cost of reduced fatigue life. Fatigue failure of durable devices and components generates substantial economic costs associated with repair and replacement. As advancements in additive manufacturing expand the use of microarchitectured materials to reusable devices including aerospace applications, it is increasingly necessary to balance the need for fatigue life with those of strength and density.
On the gaussian elimination method for inverting sparse matrices

Es wird die Berechnung einer dunn besetzten faktorisirten Form fur die Inverse einer dunn besetzten Matrix beschrieben. Die Matrix wird zunachst durch Permutationen in eine obere Dreiecks-Block-matrix uberfuhrt, sodann wird eine Variante der bekannten Gaus-Elimination angewandt. Neue von Null verschiedene Elemente konnen nur in den Diagonalblocks entstehen; fur diese Diagonal-blocks lassen sich Methoden zur Beschrankung der Entstehung neuer von Null verschiedener Elemente leicht anwenden, da ihre Dimension i. a. klein gegenuber der Dimension der gesamten Matrix ist.
The relationship between models of student laptop computer use and teacher instructional behavior

This study investigated the relationship between four models of student laptop computer use and three components of teacher instructional behavior: planning, implementation of instruction, and evaluation of instruction. The four models of use: full access, dispersed, class set, and mixed, represented the numerous ways teachers in public and private schools and school districts nationwide implemented student use of laptop computers. Teacher planning behavior was investigated with regard to time, frequency, complexity, difficulty, the need for revision, and use of technological resources and materials. Implementation of instruction was examined with regard to student grouping, instructional strategies, instructional content/subject matter, teacher and student roles, assignments and learning tasks, and instructional activities. The evaluation of instruction component was examined with regard to assessment tasks, grading, and assessment of homework. Using a researcher-designed questionnaire, data was gathered in a single-stage cross-sectional survey from 356 teachers working in 74 public and private schools nationwide. Results indicated models of student laptop computer use had differential effects on teacher instructional behaviors. On average, teachers found planning to be more arduous, but more collegial, especially in the mixed model. The full access and mixed models were more likely to advance a constructivist approach to teacher instructional behaviors with regard to implementation and evaluation of instruction. Results from this study had implications for future research. The effects of student laptop computer use on the full access and mixed models of use should be given further study with regard to the implementation and evaluation of instruction.
Measuring Flap Oxygen Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Oximetry.

Objectives/hypothesis To determine if electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry is a viable technology to aid in flap monitoring. Study design Prospective cohort. Methods This was a cohort study assessing accuracy and speed of EPR oximetry in detecting ischemia of a saphenous artery-based flap in a rat model, using transcutaneous oximetry as a control. Measurements were obtained under both resting and ischemic conditions for nine Sprague Dawley rats (18 flaps), for 3 postoperative days following flap elevation. Results The mean partial pressure of oxygen prior to tourniquet application was 66.9 ± 8.9 mm Hg with EPR oximetry and 64.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg with transcutaneous oximetry (P = .45). Mean partial pressures of oxygen during tourniquet application were 8.9 ± 3.2 mm Hg and 8.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg for EPR oximetry and transcutaneous oximetry, respectively (P = .48), and 67.2 ± 6.9 mm Hg and 65.3 ± 6.1 mm Hg after tourniquet release for EPR oximetry and transcutaneous oximetry, respectively (P = .44). The mean ischemia detection time of EPR oximetry was 49 ± 21 seconds. Conclusions Offering timely, accurate, and noninvasive tissue oxygen measurements, EPR oximetry is a promising adjunct in flap monitoring. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 129:E415-E419, 2019.
A Bernstein type inequality for sums of selections from three dimensional arrays

Abstract We consider the three dimensional array A = { a i , j , k } 1 ≤ i , j , k ≤ n , with a i , j , k ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , and the two random statistics T 1 ≔ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n a i , j , σ ( i ) and T 2 ≔ ∑ i = 1 n a i , σ ( i ) , π ( i ) , where σ and π are chosen independently from the set of permutations of { 1 , 2 , … , n } . These can be viewed as natural three dimensional generalizations of the statistic T 3 = ∑ i = 1 n a i , σ ( i ) , considered by Hoeffding (1951). Here we give Bernstein type concentration inequalities for T 1 and T 2 by extending the argument for concentration of T 3 by Chatterjee (2005).
Peer-to-Peer Energy Arbitrage in Prosumer-based Smart Residential Distribution System

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy arbitrage has emerged as a next-generation energy management system and extended the benefits of traditional prosumers (producer+buyer) into the distribution system. It allows the prosumers to participate in energy trading among themselves beside the utility grid to maximize energy utilization. However, it is challenging for the prosumers to make the optimal decision in trading with limited information at the same time in a secured platform. This paper proposes a distributed P2P energy arbitrage model for prosumer-based smart residential distribution systems using dual decomposition distributed optimization approach. The proposed system provides a privacy-preserving environment for the prosumers to participate in the trading in a distributed manner through a multi-agent system developed in Java Agent Development (JADE) framework. The prosumers share only partial information to settle the trade. The result shows that the algorithm converges very fast and facilitates easy implementation. The economic benefits of the prosumers are analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Containing Xenobiotic Metabolizing CYP Enzymes and Their Potential Roles in Extrahepatic Cells Via Cell-Cell Interactions.

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes is known to metabolize the majority of xenobiotics. Hepatocytes, powerhouses of CYP enzymes, are where most drugs are metabolized into non-toxic metabolites. Additional tissues/cells such as gut, kidneys, lungs, blood, and brain cells express selective CYP enzymes. Extrahepatic CYP enzymes, especially in kidneys, also metabolize drugs into excretable forms. However, extrahepatic cells express a much lower level of CYPs than hepatocytes. It is possible that the liver secretes CYP enzymes, which circulate via plasma and are eventually delivered to extrahepatic cells (e.g., brain cells). CYP circulation likely occurs via extracellular vesicles (EVs), which carry important biomolecules for delivery to distant cells. Recent studies have revealed an abundance of several CYPs in plasma EVs and other cell-derived EVs, and have demonstrated the role of CYP-containing EVs in xenobiotic-induced toxicity via cell–cell interactions. Thus, it is important to study the mechanism for packaging CYP into EVs, their circulation via plasma, and their role in extrahepatic cells. Future studies could help to find novel EV biomarkers and help to utilize EVs in novel interventions via CYP-containing EV drug delivery. This review mainly covers the abundance of CYPs in plasma EVs and EVs derived from CYP-expressing cells, as well as the potential role of EV CYPs in cell–cell communication and their application with respect to novel biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
Le volume annuel de cas est un facteur de risque pour la réadmission non programmée après 30 jours suivant l’ostéosynthèse des fractures de l’acetabulum

Abstract Background Surgical fixation of acetabular fractures is technically challenging, and quality of reduction directly correlates to patient outcomes. Considering the difficulty of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF), increased case volumes may improve patient outcomes. No studies have investigated case volume as a risk factor for readmission after acetabular fracture ORIF. The present study sought to answer the question of whether annual case volume is a risk factor for 30-day unplanned readmission after acetabular fracture ORIF, if there is an identifiable threshold number of cases most predictive of a readmission, and if differences exist between reasons for readmission between high and low-volume centers. Hypothesis Institutions with a lower annual case volume will have a higher incidence of 30-day unplanned readmissions. Materials and methods The National Readmissions Database (NRD) was queried for acetabular fractures that underwent ORIF during 2016. Comorbid conditions were summed, and annual hospital case volume was identified. A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was generated and the Youden index identified threshold case volume most predictive of a 30-day readmission. A multivariable logistic regression was performed with 30-day readmission as the dependent variable and case volume below the threshold an independent variable. Results A total of 3407 cases were included with a median age of 43. The 30-day readmission for this cohort was 6.5% (220/3407). ROC curve analysis identified 22 annual cases as the threshold value most predictive of 30-day readmission. Multivariable logistic regression identified age (odds-ratio [OR] = 1.01, p = 0.005), number of comorbidities (OR = 1.35, p Discussion Annual case volume is a statistically significant predictor of 30-day readmission after acetabular fracture ORIF. Performing ≤ 22 acetabular ORIFs places patients at greater risk for a readmission. Patients at low-volume centers may be predisposed to readmission, and it is paramount to optimize patients prior to discharge, and have appropriate surgeon and hospital resources to treat these complex injuries. Level of evidence III, Cross-sectional study.
Single blood pressure chart for children up to 13 years to improve the recognition of hypertension based on existing normative data

Objective To produce a single ‘growth-chart-style’ blood pressure (BP) chart with clear diagnostic thresholds to assist paediatricians to make prompt and accurate diagnoses of hypertension. Design The well-established but complex published data on normal BP ranges in prepubertal children were identified and analysed to determine if it was possible to produce a single, user-friendly, colour-coded chart, showing diagnostic hypertension thresholds for systolic and diastolic BP without losing clinically important information. Results There were sufficient published normative childhood BP data available to define systolic and diastolic BP centiles from term onwards but only sufficient to determine systolic BP centiles from 28 weeks of gestation to term. Up to 13 years of age, it was possible to combine boys’ and girls’ data without loss of precision and to define the threshold between stage 1 and stage 2 (severe) hypertension as the 95th centile +12 mm Hg. This allowed the production of single colour-coded charts for systolic and diastolic BP and to advise on making simple adjustments for the impact of stature on individual children’s results. Conclusions A simplified, integrated BP chart with colour-coded diagnostic thresholds was produced to assist the prompt diagnosis of hypertension in prepubertal children. This information could be included into a Paediatric Early Warning System score.
Detain and deport: the chaotic U.S. immigration enforcement regime: by Nancy Hiemstra, Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2019, 182 pp., £77.88, $99.95 (hardback), £23.34, $29.95 (paperback), ISBN: 9-780-8203-5464-4 hardback, ISBN: 9-780-8203-5463-7 paperback

Rooted in ethnographic research on transitory people in Ecuador and the United States, Detain and Deport renders the intricate and chaotic nature of national border crossing. Seeking to ‘illuminate...
Biomarkers for immunotherapy for treatment of glioblastoma

Immunotherapy is a promising new therapeutic field that has demonstrated significant benefits in many solid-tumor malignancies, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. However, only a subset of these patients responds to treatment. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis of 14.6 months and few treatment advancements over the last 10 years. There are many clinical trials testing immune therapies in GBM, but patient responses in these studies have been highly variable and a definitive benefit has yet to be identified. Biomarkers are used to quantify normal physiology and physiological response to therapies. When extensively characterized and vigorously validated, they have the potential to delineate responders from non-responders for patients treated with immunotherapy in malignancies outside of the central nervous system (CNS) as well as GBM. Due to the challenges of current modalities of radiographic diagnosis and disease monitoring, identification of new predictive and prognostic biomarkers to gauge response to immune therapy for patients with GBM will be critical in the precise treatment of this highly heterogenous disease. This review will explore the current and future strategies for the identification of potential biomarkers in the field of immunotherapy for GBM, as well as highlight major challenges of adapting immune therapy for CNS malignancies.
Climbing the Corporate Ladder: Using the Ladder as an Organizational Metaphor

For decades, the metaphor of climbing a corporate ladder was used to infer starting one’s career at the bottom and taking steps toward the top. The climb was expected to be progressive, challenging, and rewarding. The anticipation was that once at the top, the employee would have reached his or her summit where they could be proud of their accomplishments, including status, money, and title. The climb was different for different people, as some moved up the rungs faster than others and some even skipped a rung or two at a time. Over time, though, this metaphor may have taken on new meaning to different generations and different genders. This chapter will examine the role of the corporate ladder throughout recent generations, as well as the ascent for men versus women. This chapter will also compare the corporate ladder to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. And, this chapter will evaluate scripture with regard to climbing the ladder in pursuit of selfish aggrandizement as opposed to obedience to God in pursuit of eternity.
Robust Following with Hidden Information in Travel Partners

Pedestrians often travel with one another [9]. Travel partners share destinations or temporary subgoals. Such information is often communicated on-the-fly, when observations are received and local direction decisions are needed. At decision points, e.g. intersections, we observe that there is often a leader (or more) in a group who actively decides where to go, and the follower(s), without explicit communication, can adapt their motions quickly to catch up [10]. In robotics, human-following is achieved by performing online subgoal inference, for the robot to adapt the motion while maintaining desired group shapes [5], such as side-by-side walking. This capability has been realized by applying maximum-likelihood subgoal estimates upon the robot path planning problem [8, 10]. While assertively following towards the most likely subgoal has shown success in relatively simple environments, such strategy can lead to bad states under false inference, e.g. poor visibility to other route options or blocking group member path options, yielding poor performance under inference delay.
Quantifying tradeoffs between electricity generation and fish populations via population habitat duration curves

Abstract Water resources management and the interaction between society and the environment are an integral part of the energy-water nexus. Thermal pollution from thermoelectric power plants poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems, particularly in regards to optimal water temperature regimes for sustaining fish populations. To quantify and address the tradeoffs in power plant electricity generation and associated thermal pollution (from cooling water discharges) on aquatic populations, population habitat duration curves (PHDCs) were generated. The Shawnee Fossil Plant on the Ohio River - and specific fish populations - were assessed with regard to water temperature dynamics. Following the concept of thermal performance curves, Electric Power Research Institute biological data were used to demonstrate the relationship between temperature and fish population. Using those biological data and temperature duration curves, PHDCs were generated, which can be used as ecological models in decision-making frameworks and economic analyses. The tradeoff in loss of electricity generation and gain of ecosystem value (via fish populations) is presented for a 1.1 °C change in thermal pollution. PHDCs demonstrate the quantification of water temperature as a resource, and the economic tradeoffs between thermoelectric power plants and aquatic ecosystem sustainability.
Federalism in Health Care: Costs and Benefits Revisited

Given that a comparison of the separate health care benefits received by individuals cannot ground a measure of equality or fairness, because of health differences among individuals, the provision of health care by separate states or substates of the federal system makes the standard of equality even more difficult to assess. Federalism in health care benefits would at least make potential individual benefits directly comparable, ensuring or at least providing a basis for ensuring equality and fairness.
To Kill a Lawyer-Hero: Atticus Finch in the Law School Classroom

This article addresses the well-known lawyer character from Harper Lee’s novel and subsequent film, To Kill a Mockingbird. For years, legal scholars have rhapsodized about Atticus Finch as the ultimate “lawyer-hero” and role model for aspiring attorneys, with little dissent. When Lee’s literary executor published an early draft version of the novel entitled Go Set a Watchman in 2015, many readers were shocked to encounter an Atticus Finch who was an apologist for segregation and the leader of a White Citizens Council chapter. This article reflects on evolving views of Finch as lawyer-hero, examining how he plays in the contemporary law school classroom. This article argues that, regardless of Go Set a Watchman, law professors should be teaching Atticus Finch critically given the unacknowledged white privilege embedded in To Kill a Mockingbird. Yet how can we critique Finch and still nurture students’ interest in and admiration of social justice lawyering, embodied for some in the mythic lawyer-hero? This article proposes techniques to dismantle the heroic construct surrounding Atticus Finch, shifting the focus from fictional images of the socially-engaged lawyer to students’ own professional aspirations.
High-Al-content heterostructures and devices

Abstract Ultra-wide-bandgap aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) possesses several material properties that make it attractive for use in a variety of applications. This chapter focuses on power switching and radio-frequency (RF) devices based on Al-rich AlGaN heterostructures. The relevant figures of merit for both power switching and RF devices are discussed as motivation for the use of AlGaN heterostructures in such applications. The key physical parameters impacting these figures of merit include critical electric field, channel mobility, channel carrier density, and carrier saturation velocity, and the factors influencing these and the trade-offs between them are discussed. Surveys of both power switching and RF devices are given and their performance is described including in special operating regimes such as at high temperatures. Challenges to be overcome, such as the formation of low-resistivity Ohmic contacts, are presented. Finally, an overview of processing-related challenges, especially related to surfaces and interfaces, concludes the chapter.
FastShare: Scalable Secret Sharing by Leveraging Locality

Shamir's secret sharing scheme is widely used in many cryptographic protocols such as secure multi-party computation. It allows a secret to be distributed to $n$ parties such that any $t$ parties learn no information about the secret, whereas any $t+1$ parties can recover the secret. However, the worst-case recovery guarantees come at the price of $O(n^{2})$ computation cost. This quadratic cost limits its scalability to applications involving only a small number of participants. This paper presents a framework, called FastShare, for designing secret sharing schemes that ensures worst-case security guarantees at a lower computation cost by relaxing the recovery constraint from worst-case to average-case in a statistical sense. In particular, FastShare considers the setup where each party takes part in the recovery process with some probability $\rho$ , independently of others. The core idea of FastShare is to construct a ‘signal’ using the secret and random masks by inserting zeros at judiciously chosen locations, and take its finite field fast Fourier transform (FFT) to generate the shares. We present a scheme designed using FastShare where the judicious zero placement ensures that the shares form a codeword of a locally recoverable code. The locality property along with the FFT allows us to recover the secret with $O(n\log n)$ computational complexity, from a ‘random’ subset of shares of large enough size. We analyze its security and recovery thresholds, and characterize a trade-off between $\rho$ and the probability of successfully recovering the secret. Further, we carry out numerical simulations to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed scheme for a wide range of values of $n$ .
Capable of Development: A Look at the UN Disability Convention and its Application to the 'Third World'

This paper reviews the language of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its origins in Western liberal philosophy, which prioritizes the individual over the collective. It then turns to how the Convention is applied to non-Western countries, which might operate from a more collectivist framework. Focusing specifically on the United Republic of Tanzania, it aims to highlight the inherent conflict between the individualist language of the Convention and the more community-centered orientation of Tanzanian society, and show that this conflict - in application - is merely a hidden way in which Western colonialism still persists.
Telemedicine in paediatric emergency care: A systematic review.

Introduction The impact of telemedicine on the access and quality of paediatric emergency care remains largely unexplored because most studies to date are focused on adult emergency care. We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine if telemedicine is effective in improving quality of paediatric emergency care with regards to access, process measures of care, appropriate disposition, patient-centred outcomes and cost-related outcomes. Methods We developed a systematic review protocol in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review) guidelines. We included studies that evaluated the impact of synchronous and asynchronous forms of telemedicine on patient outcomes and process measures in the paediatric emergency care setting. Inclusion criteria were study setting, study design, intervention type, age, outcome measures, publication year and language. Results Overall, 1.9% (28/1434) studies met study inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies revealed that telemedicine increased accuracy of patient assessment in the pre-clinical setting, improved time-to disposition, guided referring emergency department (ED) physicians in performing appropriate life-saving procedures and led to cost savings when compared to regular care. Studies focused on telepsychiatry demonstrated decreased length of stay (LOS), transfer rates and improved patient satisfaction scores. Discussion Our comprehensive review revealed that telemedicine enhances paediatric emergency care, enhances therapeutic decision-making and improves diagnostic accuracy, and reduces costs. Specifically, telemedicine has its most significant impact on LOS, access to specialized care, cost savings and patient satisfaction. However, there was a relative lack of randomized control trials, and more studies are needed to substantiate its impact on morbidity and mortality.
Parametric Airfoil Design and Sensitivity Analysis for Turbulent Boundary-Layer Trailing-Edge Noise Reduction

This paper presents the investigation of airfoil turbulent boundary-layer trailing-edge noise reduction using a parametric airfoil design. The airfoil design tool performs a parametric design start...
Unbound Close Stellar Encounters in the Solar Neighborhood.

We present a catalog of unbound stellar pairs, within 100 pc of the Sun, that are undergoing close, hyperbolic, encounters. The data are drawn from the GAIA EDR3 catalogue, and the limiting factors are errors in the radial distance and unknown velocities along the line of sight. Such stellar pairs have been suggested (Hansen & Zuckerman 2021) to be possible events associated with the migration of technological civilisations between stars. As such, this sample may represent a finite set of targets for a SETI search based on this hypothesis. Our catalog contains a total of 132 close passage events, featuring stars from across the entire main sequence, with 16 pairs featuring at least one main sequence star of spectral type between K1 and F3. Many of these stars are also in binaries, so that we isolate eight single stars as the most likely candidates to search for an ongoing migration event -- HD 87978, HD 92577, HD 50669, HD 44006, HD 80790, LSPM J2126+5338, LSPM J0646+1829 and HD 192486. Amongst host stars of known planets, the stars GJ 433 and HR 858 are the best candidates.
Covariation of the Magnitude of the CNV & P300 as a Function of the Subject's Task

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the relationship between the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and P300. An opportunity to analyze jointly these two components of the human cortical evoked response was provided by an early experiment that was designed to assess the effects of cognitive complexity on the amplitude of P300. The Ss in that experiment were instructed to predict the outcomes of a series of Bornoulli trials. In each experimental trial, a warning click was followed after 1400 msec by a flash of light illuminating either the letter A or the letter B, the letter defining the outcome of the trial. S had to predict the trial's outcome prior to the presentation of the warning click. From one experimental series to another, the rule that determined the sequence of outcomes was varied, thereby varying the degree to which Ss could utilize information from preceding trials in developing their predictions. By varying S's task, it is possible to manipulate the distribution over the scalp of both the CNV and the P300 as well as the overall amplitude of these two components. Within each task, the magnitude of the components, though not their scalp distribution, is modulated by conditions under which the S is performing the task.
RESPONSE OF THE SEATED HUMAN CADAVER TO ACCELERATION AND JERK WITH AND WITHOUT SEAT CUSIONS.

Human cadavers were subjected to seat-to-head accelerations to a maximum acceleration and jerk (rate of change of acceleration) of 18 g and 2600 g/sec, respectively, with six different types of seat cushions. Strain gages were cemented to the vertebral column and accelerometers were attached to bone at several levels of the body. The object of the experiments was to observe the effects of varying magnitude of acceleration, jerk, and seat cushions on the strain and acceleration response of the cadaver. Results indicate that dynamic load factor (ratio of peak to mean response) increases with jerk at low jerk levels to a maximum and thereafter remains relatively independent of jerk; increases with mean or terminal acceleration in the range of these tests; and increases for all types of cushions used in these tests. Strains measured on the body of vertebrae, particularly in the lumbar region, correspond closely to body accelerations, but strains measured on the rear of vertebrae were not related to body accel...
Arthroscopic Correction of a Supracondylar Malunion in a Child

Malunions are a well-recognized complication of pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures. Results of corrective osteotomies vary, and complication rates have been reported to be as high as 40%. Considering the high rate of complications for malunion correction, we investigated the feasibility of arthroscopy. We present a technique for arthroscopic supracondylar osteotomy and percutaneous pinning. There are many advantages of an arthroscopic approach to malunion correction, including extension-type deformity correction, safe access to the anterior humerus, and minimal dissection and scarring; any intracapsular contracture can be addressed as well. Elbow arthroscopy appears to be a viable option in the pediatric orthopaedic surgeon's armamentarium.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity in Concrete Using Direct and Indirect Transmission

This research investigated the relationship between velocities of ultrasonic stress waves transmitted along direct and indirect paths. Tests were conducted on plain concrete slabs of dimensions 1000 x 1500 mm, with thickness of 250 mm. Direct ultrasonic wave transmission tests were conducted between top and bottom surfaces of the slabs and indirect tests were conducted along the slab surface. A test procedure, used to determine indirect wave velocities, was refined by defining the number and spacing of transducers. Comparisons were made between direct and indirect wave velocity measurements using statistical analysis. The statistical analysis revealed that direct and indirect wave velocities could be used interchangeably to evaluate properties of the concrete. The minimum number of test points required for a reliable estimate of indirect wave velocity was studied, and recommendations are provided.
Landscape nutrition: Seeing the forest instead of the trees

[ Within a homogenous stand of Mopane trees, elephants are able to select the patches of trees with the highest nutrient loads. Although their sense of smell is likely to enable them to do this, the mechanism behind this ability is still unclear. Image provided by Yolanda Pretorius. ] Pretorius, Y., de Boer, W.F., van der Waal, C., de Knegt, H.J., Grant, R.C., Knox, N.M., Kohi, E.M., Mwakiwa, E., Page, B.R., Peel, M.J.S., Skidmore, A.K., Slotow, R., van Wieren, S.E. & Prins, H.H.T. (2011) Soil nutrient status determines how elephant utilize trees and shape environments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 875–883. Recent theories suggest that herbivores forage across many scales and that foraging decisions are driven by the distribution of nitrogen. However, experimental tests of these predictions across large landscapes are rare and difficult. Pretorius et al. (2011) present an elegant experimental design to test how patch size, local nutrient density and total nutrient load are detected by foraging African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Colophospermum mopane shrub veld in South Africa. This experiment should serve as a model for investigations of how herbivores detect and respond to high nutrient patches of different size; it also raises questions for further research, such as the fate of high nutrient patches as elephants disperse nutrients from them in urine, faecal material and carcasses deposited elsewhere in the landscape.
Creativity and ‘expanding noetics’ in world Englishes

The title of Professor Yamuna Kachru's paper, ‘Culture, Style, and Discourse: Expanding Noetics of English’ (1992a) immediately raises an intriguing aspect of the spread and functions of world Englishes. The code, with all its potential variations in forms, may well serve as a window into and a means of approaching the ‘cultures, styles, and discourses’ of groups and people who are outside our own first-hand and comfortable experiences. Excerpts from some culturally relevant texts, including some cited by Kachru, may serve to explicate and further substantiate this approach.
Bem Mais que os Bits da Computação Desplugada

Aos alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Computacao e fundamental que possuam elevada formacao tecnica em computacao. Por outro lado, tambem e importante que esses alunos estejam a vontade com o universo do ensino e o contato com os aprendizes, pois atuarao na formacaao de estudantes capazes de utilizar, compreender ou mesmo criar tecnologias para os computadores. Este trabalho relata a experiencia que estudantes desse curso tiveram com a “Computacao Desplugada” em uma escola publica. Essa experiencia foi bem aceita pela escola e seus alunos, bem como para os licenciandos, que puderam vivenciar a rotina da escola e o ambiente da sala de aula.
Purification and properties of clostridiopeptidase B (Clostripain).

Abstract The proteolytic enzyme, clostridiopeptidase B (clostripain), from Clostridium histolyticum culture filtrates has been purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, immunodiffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis. The enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000 from sedimentation equilibrium studies. Optical rotatory dispersion studies suggest a low α-helical content. Clostridiopeptidase B exhibits proteolytic as well as amidase-esterase properties. The specificity is confined primarily to arginine residues, although hydrolysis proceeds to a minor degree in most lysine-containing substrates.
The Role of Grid Computing Technologies in Cloud Computing

The fields of Grid, Utility and Cloud Computing have a set of common objectives in harnessing shared resources to optimally meet a great variety of demands cost-effectively and in a timely manner Since Grid Computing started its technological journey about a decade earlier than Cloud Computing, the Cloud can benefit from the technologies and experience of the Grid in building an infrastructure for distributed computing. Our comparison of Grid and Cloud starts with their basic characteristics and interaction models with clients, resource consumers and providers. Then the similarities and differences in architectural layers and key usage patterns are examined. This is followed by an in depth look at the technologies and best practices that have applicability from Grid to Cloud computing, including scheduling, service orientation, security, data management, monitoring, interoperability, simulation and autonomic support. Finally, we offer insights on how these techniques will help solve the current challenges faced by Cloud computing.
Making the Grade: A Self-Worth Perspective on Motivation and School Reform

Part I. The Future and its Discontents: Prospects for building the future The failure to learn: A motivational analysis A moral tale Part II. Motives as Emotions: Need achievement The model: B = M x P x I Analysis and critique Further educational implications Part III. Motives as thoughts: Cognitions versus emotions Analysis and critique Educational implications Conclusions Part IV. Self-Worth and the Fear of Failure: Self-worth theory of achievement motivation An arsenal of excuses Motivated cognitions and coping Conclusions Part V. Achievement Anxiety: A brief history Integration Reducing anxiety Conclusions Part VI. The Competitive Learning Game: The structure of learning Scarcity of rewards Competition and minorities Conclusions Part VII. Motivational Equity and the Will to Learn: The problem Solutions Global gambit Conclusions Part VIII. Strategic Thinking and the Will to Learn: What is thinking? The evidence Strategic problems Problem discovery The transfer of knowledge Analysis and conclusions Part IX. An Immodest Proposal: Serious games Playing school Schools and jobs Prospects and conclusions Part X. Obstacles to Change: The myths of competition If not competition, then what? Conclusions Appendices References Index.
Radioterapia de los epiteliomas de la piel

El uso de rayos X y radium o radon en el tratamiento de los epiteliomas de la piel, es influenciado por la accesiblidad del tumor a la irradiacion, por su radiosensibilidad en contraste con la radiorresistencia del lecho del tumor, y finalmente, por la dosis y tecnica de radioterapia, como ha sido discutido en las paginas anteriores.
Aquaporin-4 Expression in Cultured Astrocytes after Fluid Percussion Injury

The development of cytotoxic brain edema resulting in increased intracranial pressure is a major cause of death occurring in the early phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Such edema predominantly develops as a consequence of astrocyte swelling. We recently documented that fluid percussion injury (FPI) to cultured astrocytes causes cell swelling. Since aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been strongly implicated in the development of brain edema/astrocyte swelling in various neurological conditions, this study examined the effect of in vitro trauma on AQP4 protein expression in cultured astrocytes. Exposure of astrocytes to FPI resulted in a significant upregulation of AQP4 protein in the plasma membrane due to neosynthesis, as cycloheximide blocked the trauma-induced AQP4 upregulation. Silencing the aqp4 gene by siRNA resulted in a significant reduction in trauma-induced astrocyte swelling, indicating a critical role of AQP4 in this process. We recently documented that oxidative/nitrative stress (ONS), the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), contribute to trauma-induced astrocyte swelling in culture. We now show that inhibition of these factors reduces the upregulation of AQP4 following trauma. Since TBI has been shown to activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as well as the Na(+),K(+),Cl(-) co-transporter (NKCC), both of which are implicated in brain edema/astrocyte swelling in other conditions, we also examined the effect of BAY 11-7082 and bumetanide, inhibitors of NF-κB and NKCC, respectively, and found that these agents also significantly inhibited the trauma-induced AQP4 upregulation. Our findings show that in vitro trauma upregulates AQP4, and that ONS, MAPKs, mPT, NF-κB, and NKCC are involved in its upregulation.
Metabolism of 3-chlorobenzoic acid by a pseudomonad

Abstract A Pseudomonas species which utilized 3-chlorobenzoic acid as a carbon source converted this compound to 3-hydroxybenzoic and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids. The products were identified by thin-layer and gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. The bacterium was unable to utilize nitro- or other chloro-substituted benzoic acids as carbon sources for growth.