cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of humidity on hydroxyl and ozone production by nanosecond discharges

Abstract The interplay of humidity and non-equilibrium, transient plasma was studied via ignition experiments in a C2H4–air mixture, concentration measurements in humid air, and detailed simulations. Hydroxyl (OH) and ozone (O3) produced via non-equilibrium plasma were characterized in a flowing H2O–air mixture at atmospheric pressure with varying the levels of humidity using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and UV absorption, respectively. The OH, which was created in the discharge streamers, peaked at a concentration of ∼5 × 1014/cm3 and then decayed below 1 × 1014/cm3 after ∼100 µs. O3, which is long lived, peaked at a concentration of 1.4 × 1015/cm3. An increase in humidity from X H 2 O ≈ 0.2% to 1% resulted in a monotonic increase in the concentration of OH and a 67% decrease in that of O3. Zero-dimensional Boltzmann modeling of non-equilibrium plasma discharges in humid air showed qualitative agreement with these results and points to the decrease in O concentration (with increasing humidity) as the reason for the decreased O3 concentration. In spite the dramatic decline in X O 3 with increased humidity, there was no strong commensurate effect on ignition and flame propagation in C2H4–air mixtures: Peak pressure rise rate was at its maximum value at X H 2 O = 1% but was only 25% less at X H 2 O = 5%.
Effect of adrenal cortex extract on blood cells of the embryonic chick.

Summary1. The blood picture of 14, 15 and 16 day White Leghorn chick embryos injected into the allantois with aqueous adrenal cortex extract, shows no significant change in the number of lymphocytes but a market absolute polymorph leukocytosis, 24 hours after injection. The erythrocytes are not affected by the extract.2. Large individual variation in the lymphocyte count and greater difficulty involved in their identification may have obscured the effect of the hormonal preparation on the lymphocyte count.3. ACE treatment induced a tendency (not statistically significant) toward weight loss in the 14 day embryos, a significant decrease in the hatchability rate, and an apparent defective feather development. However the blood picture and weight in comparison with the controls was normal after hatching.
An Empirical Validation of Achievement Goals: A 2x2 Framework Study within the Context of Saudi University Learning

The achievement goal framework has undergone a number of evolutio ns over the past three decades. The2￻× 2 model of achievement goals[1,2] in particular, has been researched extensively, with a recent articulation and revision of measurements that emphasize four different goal types. The focus of our study, similarly, involves a validation in structures of achievement goals, taking into cons ideration the importance of the
Peptide synthesis with benzisoxazolium salts—III

Abstract The general features and limitations of 2-ethylbenzisoxazolium fluoroborate as a peptide coupling reagent are described. Strategies for effecting improvements through benzo substitution led to the preparation and study of the 5-nitro, 7-hydroxy, 5-nitro-7-hydroxy, and 4,6-dihydroxy-2-ethylbenzisoxazolium cations. The general properties of these and of several related systems are outlined.
The Control of the Pear Leaf Blister Mite with Endosulfan

Single applications of endosulfan at dosages of 0.25 and 0.5 lb. of active ingredient per 100 gal. of spray were evaluated for the control of the pear leaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyri (Pagenstecher), on young pear trees. Phostex® (a mixture of his (dialkyloxyphosphinothioyl) disulfides (alkyl ratio 75% ethyl, 25% isopropyl)) lime sulfur with oil, and binapacryl were also included in the trials. The treatments were applied at various times after harvest until the delayed dormant period. Based on blistered fruit and leaf cluster counts, endosulfan as well as lime sulfur with oil provided extremely effective control, irrespective of the time of application. The effectiveness of Phostex and hinapacryl was limited to that period in which the fall migration of the mites from the leaf blisters has been completed. Applications of lime sulfur and oil made in September and October caused severe leaf burn and subsequent defoliation. None of the other materials included in the trials and any apparent form of phytotoxicity.
The dinosaur tracksite of Loulle (early Kimmeridgian; Jura, France) ☆

Abstract More than 1500 sauropod and theropod tracks have been discovered and excavated on the floor of a disused 3800 m 2 quarry, near the village of Loulle (French Jura). These levels correspond to a tidal-flat environment, from intertidal to supratidal zone, dated from the earliest Kimmeridgian (∼157 M.a.). Eighteen sauropod trackways have been recognized, ranging from 3.8 m to 51.5 m in length. These trackways do not correspond to a unique herd passage, because trackways are diversely oriented, most of them are crossing others and prints are more or less deeply marked, depending of different stages of substratum competence. According to the trackway gauges, the three types (narrow-, medium and wide-gauge) are represented. Some trackways could be referred to the ichnogenus Brontopodus Farlow et al., 1989, and others to Parabrontopodus Lockley et al., 1994a. Based on footprint size, the body-sizes of these 18 sauropod trackways range from tiny (Pes Length 75 cm), showing a regular continuum of sizes. Several biometrical ratios classically used in sauropod ichnology appear to be closely related to size (e.g., the smallest individuals apparently moved faster than the largest; large individuals are all narrow-gauge while small individuals are all wide-gauge; large specimens are characterized by a high heteropody ratio when the smallest show a low heteropody ratio). Associated with these sauropod trackways, four theropod trackways have also been recorded. Three small to medium-sized theropod are referred to the ichnogenus Carmelopodus Lockley et al., 1998a, while a large individual (PL = 77 cm) is tentatively referred to Megalosauripus Lessertisseur, 1955.
Investigation on the disoperation and the prevention of cockroach in Lianyungang city

Objective To understand the roach disoperation and the occurrence and development of its resistance in Lianyungang. Methods The sticky trap method was used to investigate the cockroach disoperation with the sweet bread bait,the sensitive layer was applied to examine its resistance. Results All captured cockroaches were Blattella germanica,they could live all year round in Lianyungang,and the peak of activity period was from April to October,the highest peak in April for 8. 6 pieces per one paste-paper. The density of the cockroach in catering and hospitals was higher than other areas,with 6. 6 pieces and 4. 1 pieces per one paste-paper respectively. The resistance coefficient to propoxur,beta-cypermethrin and acephate was 1. 8,38. 2 and 6. 0 respectively. Conclusion The Blattella germanica are the priority species groups with high proportion nymphs in Lianyungang. The Blattella germanica can live all year round with high peaks between April to October. The catering and hospitals are the key areas for prevention and treatment. The Blattella germanica is middle resistance to propoxur,beta-cypermethrin and acephate,and they are quite sensitive to propoxur.
Monitoring of teaching environment in schools of Zhongshan city during 2011- 2012

Objective To monitor the teaching environment in schools of Zhongshan city which could provide evidence for students health promotion. Methods During the year of 2011 to 2012,200 schools in Zhongshan were seleceted through random sampling. Comprehensive appraisement of schools teaching environment was conducted. Results Qualification rate of daylight factor,window indoor ground ratio,average and the number of lighting lamp≥9 was 44. 42%,98. 64%,99. 92% and 56. 29%,respectively. Eligibility of general lighting perpendicular to the blackboard,blackboard illumination,the number of blackboard lamp≥2,distance from front row to the blackboard,distance from back row to the blackboard,average area classroom per student and concentrations of carbon dioxide was 58. 84%,90. 78%,30. 25%,65. 07%,84. 91%,82. 92% and 99. 92%. Conclusion The classroom lighting and illumination qualified rate is low. It is urgent to create a good visual environment in school.
Does the brain listen to the gut

Transplanting gut bacteria from one mouse strain to another can override genetics and change behavior.
Pathobiology of neutrophil–epithelial interactions

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestines. Although these processes usually occur without significant damage to surrounding host tissues, dysregulated/excessive PMN transmigration and resultant bystander-tissue damage are characteristic of numerous mucosal inflammatory disorders. Mechanisms controlling PMN extravasation have been well characterized, but the molecular details regarding regulation of PMN migration across mucosal epithelia are poorly understood. Given that PMN migration across mucosal epithelia is strongly correlated with disease symptoms in many inflammatory mucosal disorders, enhanced understanding of the mechanisms regulating PMN transepithelial migration should provide insights into clinically relevant tissue-targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating PMN-mediated bystander-tissue damage. This review will highlight current understanding of the molecular interactions between PMNs and mucosal epithelia and the associated functional consequences.
What Changes Has Mathematics Made to the Darwinian Theory

Mathematics has played a key role in validating the Darwinian theory of evolution by natural selection. Perhaps most importantly it shows that the variation needed for evolution by natural selection is conserved under the Mendelian evolutionary system. It then quantifies the rate at which favorable new genetic types are incorporated into a population by natural selection. Analyses at the whole genome level (the current active area of genetical research) are possible only by the use of mathematics, particularly the use of matrix theory. Finally, it is only by a mathematical analysis, using stochastic process theory, that the effects of random changes in gene frequencies, unavoidable because of the finite size of any population, can be assessed.
Effect of human milk as a treatment for dry eye syndrome in a mouse model.

Purpose Dry eye syndrome (DES) affects millions of people worldwide. Homeopathic remedies to treat a wide variety of ocular diseases have previously been documented in the literature, but little systematic work has been performed to validate the remedies' efficacy using accepted laboratory models of disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of human milk and nopal cactus (prickly pear), two widely used homeopathic remedies, as agents to reduce pathological markers of DES. Methods The previously described benzalkonium chloride (BAK) dry eye mouse model was used to study the efficacy of human milk and nopal cactus (prickly pear). BAK (0.2%) was applied to the mouse ocular surface twice daily to induce dry eye pathology. Fluorescein staining was used to verify that the animals had characteristic signs of DES. After induction of DES, the animals were treated with human milk (whole and fat-reduced), nopal, nopal extract derivatives, or cyclosporine four times daily for 7 days. Punctate staining and preservation of corneal epithelial thickness, measured histologically at the end of treatment, were used as indices of therapeutic efficacy. Results Treatment with BAK reduced the mean corneal epithelial thickness from 36.77±0.64 μm in the control mice to 21.29±3.2 μm. Reduction in corneal epithelial thickness was largely prevented by administration of whole milk (33.2±2.5 μm) or fat-reduced milk (36.1±1.58 μm), outcomes that were similar to treatment with cyclosporine (38.52±2.47 μm), a standard in current dry eye therapy. In contrast, crude or filtered nopal extracts were ineffective at preventing BAK-induced loss of corneal epithelial thickness (24.76±1.78 μm and 27.99±2.75 μm, respectively), as were solvents used in the extraction of nopal materials (26.53±1.46 μm for ethyl acetate, 21.59±5.87 μm for methanol). Epithelial damage, as reflected in the punctate scores, decreased over 4 days of treatment with whole and fat-reduced milk but continued to increase in eyes treated with nopal-derived materials. Conclusions Whole and fat-reduced human milk showed promising effects in the prevention of BAK-induced loss of corneal epithelial thickness and epithelial damage in this mouse model. Further studies are required to determine whether human milk may be safely used to treat dry eye in patients.
Imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spine in a high volume level 1 trauma center: are reformatted images of the spine essential for screening in blunt trauma?

Reformatted CTs of the thoracic and lumbar spine (CT T/L) from CTs of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT body) may be performed for screening the thoracolumbar spine in patients sustaining blunt trauma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a difference in the rate of detection of spinal fractures on CTs of the body compared to the reformatted T/L spine. A secondary endpoint was to evaluate whether cases dictated by trainees improved fracture detection rate. We reviewed the records of 250 consecutive blunt trauma patients that received CTs of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis (CT body) with concurrent CT T/L reformats. Each report was reviewed to determine if there was a thoracolumbar fracture and whether a trainee had been involved in interpreting the CT body. If a fracture was identified on either report, then the number, type, and location of each fracture was documented. Sixty-nine fractures, from a total of 38 patients, were identified on either the CT of the body or the CT T/L. Sensitivity for CT body interpretations was 94 % (95 % CI: 86–98 %) compared to a 97 % (95 % CI: 89–100 %) sensitivity for the CT T/L (p > 0.5). Although the sensitivity was 97 % (95 % CI: 88–100 %) when a trainee was involved in interpreting the body CT, there was no statistically significant improvement. The results suggest that with careful scrutiny most spine fractures can be diagnosed on body CT images without the addition of spine reformats. The most commonly missed finding is an isolated non-displaced transverse process fracture, which does not require surgical intervention and does not alter clinical management. The results suggest that thin section reformats do not need to be routinely ordered in screening blunt trauma patients, unless a bony abnormality is identified on the thicker section body CT images.
Neuromemristive Systems: A Circuit Design Perspective

Neuromemristive systems (NMSs) are brain inspired, adaptive computer architectures based on emerging resistive memory technology (memristors). NMSs adopt a mixed-signal design approach with closely coupled memory and processing, resulting in high area and energy efficiencies. Existing work suggests that NMSs could even supplant conventional architectures in niche application domains. However, given the infancy of the field, there are still a number open design questions, particularly in the area of circuit realization, that must be explored in order for the research to move forward. This chapter reviews a number of theoretical and practical concepts related to NMS circuit design, with particular focus on neuron, synapse, and plasticity circuits.
Bacteria as a Particle Source in Wafer Processing Equipment

Contamination control in integrated circuit wafer processing has become a major concern within the last two to three years. The surface particle counters and liquid particle counters have identified many particle sources within wafer processing equipment. One of these sources which is often overlooked is bacteria from the deionized water which is utilized in various etch, clean, rinser/dryers, scrubbers, and positive photoresist develop systems. Bacteria as live or dead microorganisms or as fragments of these microorganisms are a particle source and are a source of low level metals contamination.Bacteria in equipment is overlooked by many integrated circuit manufacturers and was not addressed by equipment manufacturers until recently. In many cases, integrated circuit manufacturers monitor only final rinse tanks or quick dumps for bacteria level and do not sample the bacteria level from all sources of equipment. By testing for bacteria level at every source of water that comes in contact with the waters, ...
Understanding the ecological role of solar ultraviolet radiation in the life (and death) of terrestrial plants

One of the over-arching goals of ecology is to understand how abiotic and biotic environmental factors influence the performance (evolutionary fitness), distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. This article gives an historical overview of research aimed at understanding the ecological role of solar ultraviolet radiation in the life (and death) of terrestrial plants.
Exercise Guidelines for Children and Adolescence

After completing of this chapter, you should have an understanding of the following: • How to approach exercise with children and adolescents. • Children’s unique exercise capacity characteristics. • Cardiorespiratory considerations in exercise with children. • Guidelines for resistance training with children and the progression of resistance training with age.
Self-presentation mediates the relationship between Self-criticism and emotional response to Instagram feedback

Abstract Instagram, a social networking site (SNS) with an emphasis on photo-sharing, is popular among young adults. Past research revealed positive and negative consequences from SNS use. We investigated how individuals emotionally respond to imagined positive and negative Instagram feedback depending on personality and self-presentation on Instagram, using a sample of Instagram users 18–30. The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire measured personality; the Self-Presentation on Facebook Questionnaire (adapted for Instagram) measured self-presentation on Instagram; positive and negative Instagram feedback scenarios were created to simulate situations experienced on Instagram; positive and negative affect clusters measured emotional reaction to the Instagram scenarios. False self-presentation mediated the relationship between Self-criticism and affective response to negative Instagram scenarios, highlighting the negative impact of intent to deceive on social media. Additionally, individuals scoring high in the maladaptive personality measures, Dependency and Self-criticism, responded with negative affect to the negative Instagram scenarios. Participants scoring high in Dependency and Efficacy (adaptive personality) responded with positive affect to the positive Instagram scenarios. We discussed the implications of the findings within the context of the two polarities model of personality and past research.
Physics of Saturated-Unsaturated Subsurface Flow

Shallow ground-water systems that communicate with the atmosphere are of great interest in the fields of hydrogeology, soil physics, and geotechnical engineering. Under certain circumstances, such multiphase systems can be approximated as saturated-unsaturated complexes in which the prime focus is the water. In general, saturated-unsaturated porous media are characterized by transient fluid motion in conjunction with deformation and desaturation phenomena. This paper identifies, to the extent of present knowledge, the observable physical parameters that characterize saturated-unsaturated systems, and places the parameters in mutual cause-effect relationships. The adequacy of the conceptual framework for studying field problems is examined.
Saucerization Versus Complete Resection of a Symptomatic Discoid Lateral Meniscus at Short- and Long-term Follow-up: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To evaluate the surgical outcomes of symptomatic discoid menisci after total meniscectomy, saucerization, and suture repair of tears of a discoid meniscus at short- and long-term follow-up. Methods A systematic review was conducted using the Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Short- and long-term follow-up were defined as an average follow-up of 4 years, respectively. Pooled quantitative synthesis was performed on studies that reported results of total meniscectomy and saucerization in the same study. A systematic review was performed on studies that reported data on saucerization, total meniscectomy, and/or repair. Results A total of 19 studies for the short term and 22 for the long term were identified that met inclusion criteria for qualitative review. Of these, 4 short-term and 5 long-term studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. No significant differences in Ikeuchi scores are seen in the short-term studies between saucerization and total meniscectomy; however, the long-term studies did find a statistical difference favoring saucerization ( P Conclusions Long-term data demonstrate significantly improved patient reported outcomes in favor of saucerization over total meniscectomy. Suture repair of tears of a lateral discoid meniscus does not demonstrate improved outcomes over partial meniscectomy without repair. Considering the cost of repair and lack of demonstrated improvement, based on the limited available data, we do not recommend repair of the abnormal anatomy in a torn lateral discoid meniscus. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Physics Based Path Planning for Autonomous Tracked Vehicle in Challenging Terrain

This paper describes a novel physics-based path planning architecture for autonomous navigation of tracked vehicles in rough terrain conditions. Unlike conventional path planning applications for smooth and structured environments, factors such as slip, slope of the terrain, robot actuator limitations, and dynamics of robot terrain interactions must be considered for rough terrain applications. The proposed path planning method consists of a hybrid planner/simulator, which takes into account all of the above factors by simulating the closed loop motion of the robot with a low-level controller on a realistic terrain model inside a physics engine. Once a feasible path to the goal is obtained, the same low-level closed loop controller is then used to execute the proposed path on the actual robot. The proposed architecture uses the D* Lite algorithm working on a 2D grid representation of the terrain as the high-level planner, Bullet as the physics engine and a hybrid automaton as the low-level closed loop controller. The proposed method is validated both in simulation and through experiments. Inferences based on the results from simulations and experiments show that the proposed planner is more effective in providing an optimal feasible path as compared to existing methodologies, demonstrating clear advantages for rough, unstructured terrain planning. Based on the results, possible improvements to the method are proposed for future work.
Generalization of Behavior Change

There is little question that behavioral changes have been effected across diverse populations and settings as a result of token reinforcement. Establishing an effective method of behavior change leaves unanswered a major question, namely, to what extent are the changes maintained once the token economy is terminated and the client leaves the setting in which the program was in effect? This is a major question and applies to any area where behavior change is a goal. For example, in education, the question is to what extent do the behaviors developed in school (e.g., reading, composing, logical and creative thinking) remain after the contingencies of school (e.g., grades) are withdrawn and an individual is placed in nonschool settings. In psychotherapy, rehabilitation, and treatment in general the question of maintenance of behavior and extension of behavior to extratreatment settings is obviously important.
Gravity vs Pseudo-Gravity: A Comparison Based on Magnetic and Gravity Gradient Measurements

Pseudo-gravity is a gravity-like accel-eration implied by constant magnetization of material on the basis of Poisson’s relationship. Pseudo-gravity anomalies from magnetic surveys, or pseudo-magnetic anomalies from observed (or computed) gravitational gradients can be used to enhance geologic interpretations of subsurface structures, such as their depth determination. We review the theory and fundamental assumptions behind Poisson’s relationship. Then, using magnetic and gravity gradient measurements in the Parkfield, California, area, we demonstrate the validity of this relationship, as well as the non-validity of the assumptions in cases where the gravitational gradient and magnetic data do not correlate.
Preparing medical students for a filmless environment: instruction on the preparation of electronic case presentations from PACS.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives As the use of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) expands and radiology departments become increasingly filmless, it will become increasingly necessary to teach physicians how to use PACS and download diagnostic images. The authors developed an instruction method in which medical students enrolled in a radiology clerkship were taught how to use the PACS, download digital images, and incorporate them into an electronic case presentation. The feasibility and potential benefits of this instructional method were studied prospectively. Materials and Methods Between June and October 1999, all 36 medical students enrolled in Harvard Medical School' core radiology clerkship at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, were required to give an electronic radiology case presentation with images downloaded from the departmental PACS. They were taught how to download images, edit them, and then import them into PowerPoint software. They were also given access to the hospital information system to obtain pertinent clinical information. At the formal presentations, the images were displayed with a liquid crystal display (LCD) projector. The students were surveyed on the 1st and last days of the clerkship regarding their learning experiences. Results Before the radiology clerkship, 81% of the students had never given an electronic presentation with computer and LCD projector, 83% had no PACS experience, and 56% had no PowerPoint experience. All students learned to prepare and deliver electronic presentations of radiologic cases downloaded from PACS. Their presentations were informative, innovative, and entertaining, and the images were well displayed. The students praised the instruction highly and thought their new skills would serve them well. Conclusion Teaching medical students how to prepare and deliver electronic presentations of radiologic cases downloaded from PACS proved to be very feasible and well appreciated by the students.
Case 43: A Simple Cystoscopy with Biopsy

A 73-year-old female (65 kg and 5 ft 10 in.) is scheduled for a cystoscopy. Her past history is unremarkable except for chronic interstitial cystitis. The patient has had numerous anesthetics for the above complaint. The family history is negative for anesthesia-related complications. The patient is taking no medication at present and is classified as an ASA 1. She requests an epidural anesthetic, and as there are no contraindications, an epidural is placed in L3–L4 interspace. Lidocaine 2% (15 mL) produces a good block, and the operation proceeds uneventfully. She does not want any sedation, so you don’t give her any. As per the surgeon, she does not receive any antibiotic. Thirty-five minutes from the start of the surgery and while you are talking to her about her grandchildren, she suddenly says: “Doctor, I don’t feel too good.” You note that the ECG shows a sudden onset of ventricular tachycardia and the Dynamap alarms, indicating no blood pressure reading. The oxygen saturation has dropped from 100 to 76% over 1–2-min period. She has been receiving 2 L oxygen via a nasal cannula. You have given her no medication except for the lidocaine in the epidural space. The patient is now unconscious and, although you do not know what happened, you quickly place a face mask with 100% oxygen and assist her respiration.
Electron–Molecule Collisions in Low-Temperature Plasmas: The Role of Theory

This chapter discusses the contribution that theoretical methods can make to a knowledge of electron-molecule collision behavior, and thereby to an understanding of low-temperature plasmas. Its aim is to survey both the relevant problems and the methods that have been developed to treat those problems. Without delving deeply into the workings of any specific method, we will try to convey both the capabilities and the limitations of present theoretical approaches, and to point out directions for future progress. If one hopes to develop detailed, predictive models of plasmas, microscopic information such as electron-molecule collision probabilities clearly is needed. But why obtain that information from theory? The short answer is that experimental data are often absent and-given the difficulty of the measurements and the paucity of research groups conducting them-in many cases are likely to remain so indefinitely. A longer answer would add that, as both theoretical methods and computer hardware improve, theory is, at least in some areas, becoming competitive with experiment in terms of accuracy and time to solution. To set the stage for the subsequent discussion, let us briefly recall some features of the electron-molecule collision problem as it arises in low-temperature, nonequilibrium plasmas. Most salient is that the electron kinetic energies are low, with the energy distribution often peaking at a few e V Thus electrons in the higher-energy tail of the distribution may be responsible for important inelastic processes, such as electronic excitation and ionization of molecules, whose thresholds often lie above 10 e V, but very little of the plasma chemistry will be driven by truly high-energy electrons-that is, electrons whose energies greatly exceed the average kinetic energies of molecular valence electrons. This simple fact has profound consequences for both theory and experiment, because in both instances it is far more difficult to work with low-energy electrons. In the case of theory, many simplifying approximations that can be applied at high energy are excluded, and it becomes necessary to employ a many-body approach that treats the projectile electron and the electrons belonging to the molecule on an equal footing, with a proper accounting being made for the indistinguishability of electrons. As we will see later, the low-energy electron-molecule collision problem is far from hopeless; certain simplifications can usually be made without seriously impairing accuracy. What remains to be solved, however, is still formidable-a version of Schrodinger's equation for the motion of several (perhaps several dozen) electrons. As this is a second-order partial differential equation with three spatial degrees of freedom per electron, direct integration is completely out of the question. The goal of theory, then, is to develop practical methods of approximation that allow one to extract reliable collision information.
Large area cropland extent mapping with Landsat data and a generalized classifier.

Abstract Accurate and up-to-date cropland maps play an important role in the study of food security. Traditional mapping of croplands using medium resolution (10–100 m) remote sensing imagery involving a “one-time, one-place” approach requires significant computing and labor resources. Although high mapping accuracies can be achieved using this approach, it is tedious and expensive to collect reference information to train the classifiers at each location and to apply over large areas, such as a continent. Moreover, large area cropland mapping presents additional challenges including a wide range of agricultural management practices, climatic conditions, and crop types. To overcome these challenges, here we report on a generalized image classifier to map cropland extent, which builds a classification model using training data from one location and time period, applied to other times and locations without the need for additional training data. The study was demonstrated across eight agro-ecological zones (AEZs) in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa using Landsat data acquired between 2009 and 2011. To reduce between-scene variability associated with image availability and cloud cover, input data were reduced to salient temporal statistics derived from enhanced vegetation index (EVI) combined with topographic variables. The generalized classifier was then tested across three levels of generalization: 1. individual - where training data were extracted from and applied to the same Landsat footprint; 2. AEZ where training data were extracted from a set of Landsat footprints within an AEZ and applied to any other Landsat footprint in the same AEZ; and 3. regional where training data were extracted from a set of Landsat footprints in the whole study area and applied to any other Landsat footprint inside the study area. Results showed that the generalized classifier is successful in identifying and mapping croplands with comparable success across all three levels of generalization with minimal cost: average loss in accuracy (as measured by overall accuracy) from the individual level (average overall accuracy of 80 ± 5%) to regional level (average overall accuracy of 74 ± 10%) is between 2 and 10% depending on the location. Results also show that generalization is not sensitive to the choice of the classification algorithm – the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model performs equally well compared to many popular machine learning algorithms found in the literature. This work suggests the generalization/signature extension framework has a great potential for rapid identification and mapping of croplands with reasonable accuracies over large areas using only easily computed vegetation indices with very little user input and ground information requirement.
Process Optimization of Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junction Arrays for Last-Level Cache beyond 7 nm Node

This paper demonstrates systematic process optimization of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ) by hardware, unit-process, and material stack design. TMR of 200% at RA 5 Ohm•µm2, H SAF ~ 8 kOe, and 10-time tunability of Hc were achieved at the film level. After patterning, 10−6 write error rate was reached at 0.4 pJ, V BD was as high as 1600 mV at 20 ns pulse width, and excellent device stability against 400°C BEOL baking was demonstrated. The device performance along with the process capability to make MTJ array at 88 nm pitch provides opportunities for LLC applications.
Thermodynamic examination of pH and magnesium effect on U6 RNA internal loop.

U6 RNA contains a 1 × 2-nt internal loop that folds and unfold during spliceosomal assembly and activation. The 1 × 2 loop consists of a C67•A79 base pair that forms an additional hydrogen bond upon protonation, C67•A+ 79, and uracil (U80) that coordinates the catalytically essential magnesium ions. We designed a series of RNA and DNA constructs with a 1 × 2 loop sequence contained in the ISL, and its modifications, to measure the thermodynamic effects of protonation and magnesium binding using UV-visible thermal denaturation experiments. We show that the wild-type RNA construct gains 0.43 kcal/mol in 1 M KCl upon lowering the pH from 7.5 to 5.5; the presence of magnesium ions increases its stability by 2.17 kcal/mol at pH 7.5 over 1 M KCl. Modifications of the helix closing base pairs from C-G to U•G causes a loss in protonation-dependent stability and a decrease in stability in the presence of magnesium ions, especially in the C68U construct. A79G single-nucleotide bulge loop construct showed the largest gain in stability in the presence of magnesium ions. The DNA wild-type construct shows a smaller effect on stability upon lowering the pH and in the presence of magnesium ions, highlighting differences in RNA and DNA structures. A U6 RNA 1 × 2 loop sequence is rare in the databases examined.
Effect of Hepcidin on Hypoxia-Induced Erythropoietin Production

Abstract 3219 The anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the major etiology of the anemia observed in in chronically ill patients. ACD typically manifests itself as a hypoproliferative anemia accompanied by a low serum iron concentration despite adequate reticuloendothelial iron stores. In ACD, a slight shortening of red cell survival creates a demand for a small increase in red cell production by the bone marrow. The marrow cannot respond adequately to this demand due to impaired erythropoiesis and impaired mobilization of reticuloendothelial system iron stores. Increased production of the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin has been proposed as the primary factor resulting in ACD. Hepcidin has also been reported to decrease erythroid colony formation in vitro under conditions of restrictive Epo concentration. A blunted erythropoietin (Epo) response to anemia is a characteristic feature of ACD. If hepcidin is the major factor responsible for ACD, then it should also contribute to the impaired Epo production observed in this syndrome. The effect of hepcidin on hypoxia-induced Epo production was evaluated in HepG2 cells exposed to 5% oxygen for 24 hr. 24 hr exposure to hepcidin during hypoxia at the concentrations studied (up to 100 ng/mL) had no adverse effect on HepG2 cell viability compared to controls as evaluated by cell number and Trypan blue exclusion or on cellular synthetic function as measured by alpha fetoprotein. Epo production (whether measured by Western blot or by ELISA) was increased by hypoxia; however, this increase was blunted by the addition of hepcidin to the incubation medium. Impairment of hypoxia-induced Epo production by hepcidin showed a dose-response relationship. The addition of iron-replete transferrin to the incubation mixture did not significantly alter hepcidin effects, suggesting that these effects do not primarily reflect changes in iron availability. In order to evaluate mechanisms by which hepcidin might decrease Epo production, effects of hepcidin 0–100 ng/mL on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein expression were evaluated in HepG2 cells (HIF expression was normalized to actin expression). The increment in HIF-1α caused by hypoxia was decreased by hepcidin in a dose-dependent manner. The ratio of Epo to HIF was not altered by hepcidin, suggesting that hepcidin effects on HIF may be the mechanism of its effects on Epo production. In conclusion, hepcidin appears to blunt the increment in Epo production induced by hypoxia in vitro. This mechanism does not appear to be reversible by exposure to increased quantities of transferrin-bound iron. This finding is consistent with a role for hepcidin in the impaired Epo production of ACD independent of its effects on iron flux. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Supporting Perception of Weight through Motion-induced Sensory Conflicts in Robot Teleoperation

In this paper, we design and evaluate a novel form of visually-simulated haptic feedback cue for communicating weight in robot teleoperation. We propose that a visuo-proprioceptive cue results from inconsistencies created between the user’s visual and proprioceptive senses when the robot’s movement differs from the movement of the user’s input. In a user study where participants teleoperate a six-DoF robot arm, we demonstrate the feasibility of using such a cue for communicating weight in four telemanipulation tasks to enhance user experience and task performance. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interaction paradigms; • Computer systems organization → Robotics. ACM Reference Format: Pragathi Praveena, Daniel Rakita, Bilge Mutlu, and Michael Gleicher. 2020. Supporting Perception of Weight through Motion-induced Sensory Conflicts in Robot Teleoperation. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20), March 23–26, 2020, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319502.3374841
Playing favourites: Israel and Judah in the marriage metaphor of Jeremiah 3:

The depiction of Yhwh’s marriage to Rebellious Israel and Treacherous Judah in Jeremiah 3 has resisted interpretation in terms that cohere with the text’s surroundings or our wider historical and t...
The Impact of Service Referral and Engagement on Juvenile Recidivism

Most recent FBI crime statistics indicate that 508,863 youth under the age of 18 were arrested by law enforcement agencies in the U.S.. Youth who have been arrested at least once are more likely to...
The EGS Collab Project: An intermediate-scale field test to address enhanced geothermal system challenges

Three components are typically needed to extract geothermal energy from the subsurface: 1. hot rock, 2. a heat transfer fluid, and 3. flow pathways contacting the fluid and the rock. These naturally occur in many locations resulting in hydrothermal systems, however there are enormous regions containing hot rock that do not naturally have adequate fluid, and/or appropriate fluid permeability to allow hot fluid extraction. Some type of engineering or enhancement of these systems would be required to extract the energy. These enormous regions provide the possibility of long-term extraction of significant quantities of energy. Enhanced (or engineered) Geothermal Systems (EGS) are engineered reservoirs created to extract economical amounts of heat from low permeability and/or porosity geothermal resources. There are technological challenges that must be addressed in order to extract the heat. These include proper stimulation, effective monitoring, reservoir control, and reservoir sustainability. The US DOE Geothermal Technologies Office and geothermal agencies from other countries have supported field tests over a range of scales and conditions. A current US field project, the EGS Collab Project, is working nearly a mile deep in crystalline rock at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) to study rock stimulation under EGS stress conditions. We are creating intermediate-scale (tens of meters) test beds via hydraulic stimulation and are circulating chilled water to model the injection of cooler water into a hot rock which would occur in an EGS, gathering high resolution data to constrain and validate thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) modeling approaches. These validated approaches would then be used in the DOE’s flagship EGS field laboratory, Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) underway in Milford, Utah and in commercial EGS. In the EGS Collab project, numerous stimulations have been performed, characterized, and simulated and long-term flow tests have been completed.
A Jamming Latency Game with Incomplete Information on Network Parameters

We consider the communication between a source (user) and a destination in the presence of a jammer with latency as the user’s communication utility and two-sided incomplete information on network parameters. We study an impact of such incomplete information on equilibrium resource assignment strategies of the user and the jammer. The equilibrium strategies are found as a fixed point of the superposition of the best response strategies, and numerically illustrated. Uniqueness of equilibrium is proven.
Grit Does Not Predict Burnout among First-Year Internal Medicine Residents.

OBJECTIVES Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, has been associated with the avoidance of burnout among residents in a number of specialties. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between grit and burnout among first-year Internal Medicine residents. METHODS During the 2018-2019 academic year, the authors recruited 75 first-year Internal Medicine residents within a large academic program to complete the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS) at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was the association between baseline Grit-S and MBI-GS scores within the domains of emotional exhaustion (EE) or cynicism (CYN) over time using linear mixed models. Secondary outcomes included the association between grit and high burnout at 6 or 12 months, grit and persistently high burnout, and the association of baseline high burnout with later high scores at 6 and 12 months using logistic regression models and trends in grit over time using repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 53 of 75 (71%) first-year residents completed the Grit-S and MBI-GS at baseline and at least one other time point. There was no association between grit and EE (P = 0.44) or CYN (P = 0.61) burnout domain scores. High baseline EE and high baseline CYN significantly increased the odds of later high burnout scores within each domain (EE odds ratio 9.66, 95% confidence interval 1.16-80.83; CYN odds ratio 13.37, 95% confidence interval 1.52-117.75). Grit scores and professional efficacy scores remained stable throughout the year (P = 0.15 and 0.46, respectively), while EE and CYN significantly increased (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this single-center study, grit was not associated with burnout among first-year Internal Medicine residents; however, our findings highlight the value of baseline burnout scores in helping to identify first-year residents who may be at higher risk of later burnout.
More on Mohr: his final Asheville, North Carolina days

German-born Charles Mohr (1824–1901) spent most of his adult life working as a pharmacist in Mobile, Alabama. In addition, he contributed multiple scientific and popular articles on the botany of the Southeastern United States. Suffering from many physical ailments, he sought treatment in thermal baths and cool climates, including Asheville, North Carolina. There he was able to work with botanists at the newly established Biltmore Herbarium. In early 1900, he and his family moved to Asheville, where he completed reading the proof of his magnum opus, Plant Life of Alabama. He died in Asheville 17 July 1901—two weeks before his book was published—and is buried there.
Diffeomorphic Alignment of Along-Tract Diffusion Profiles from Tractography

Along-tract diffusion measure profiles from white matter fiber tracts have been widely analyzed in population studies of neurodevelopment and disease. An implicit assumption in performing inter-subject comparisons is a one-to-one correspondence of the profiles across subjects. Further, the profiles may also exhibit noise and spatial variability due to misregistration, tractography algorithms, interpolation methods, or inter-subject differences in the population. We present an approach to minimize the variability in the shape of along-tract diffusion profiles by performing diffeomorphic alignment across the tracts as well as across the population. The method represents the tract profiles as configuration functions and defines an objective function to align configurations by minimizing over both global and local warping functions. Following alignment, we show decrease in variability using the measures of coefficient of variability and intraclass correlation coefficients. We also introduce a new measure of inter-tract correlation, obtained by correlation of diffusion profiles between a pair of tracts of interest. We demonstrate our methods in a population of healthy individuals as well as show reliability analysis in subjects scanned twice.
Conway's conjecture for monotone thrackles

A drawing of a graph in the plane is called a thrackle if every pair of edges meet precisely once, either at a common vertex or at a proper crossing. According to Conway's conjecture, every thrackle has at most as many edges as vertices. We prove this conjecture for x-monotone thrackles, that is, in the case when every edge meets every vertical line in at most one point.