cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala: A Syncretic, Expressive, and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead

The cult of the dead, centered on Todos Santos, the All Saints Day-All Souls Day celebration, is one of the most important aspects of Mesoamerican Indian and mestizo religion. Focusing on rural Tlaxcala, in Mexico, Hugo Nutini presents a thorough description and analysis of the cult in its syncretic, structural, and expressive dimensions and describes its development from the original confrontation of pre-Hispanic polytheism and Spanish Catholicism, through colonial times, until the disintegration of the system of folk religions that is even now occurring.The discussion of the expressive component of the cult of the dead is a crucial contribution of the study. Professor Nutini shows that symbolism can be an adjunct to expressive studies, but not an end in itself. In addition, he postulates a theory that may serve as a model for studies of the combination and reconciliation of religious beliefs in other contexts. Emphasizing folk theology, teleology, and eschatology, rather than the mechanical and administrative components more frequently studied in works on Mesoamerican Indian and mestizo religions, he concludes that the local system is monolatrous, rather than monotheistic.Originally published in 1988.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Adjunctive antipsychotic use in bipolar patients: an open 6-month prospective study following an acute episode.

Abstract Background : We examined the use of adjunctive antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar patients. Methods : A total of 88 bipolar type I patients (DSM-IV diagnosis) were included. The patterns of adjunctive antipsychotic use in the first 6 months after an index episode were examined. Results : A total of 34 patients (39%) received at least one antipsychotic during the follow-up period. At time 0, 23 subjects (26%) were on antipsychotics; at 3 months, 10 subjects (11%); and at the end of the 6 month period, 11 subjects (12%). Prolonged use of antipsychotics (more than 15 weeks) was found in eight patients (9%). No significant differences were found in demographic characteristics or baseline clinical variables between the patients who received or did not receive antipsychotics, except that the use of adjunct antipsychotics in the 6-month period was significantly more common after an index manic than depressive episode (68 versus 17%, respectively, P =0.001; Fisher’s exact test). Limitations : This report presents a secondary analysis of follow-up data from a prospective study, and therefore the hypotheses here examined were not originally part of the primary hypotheses that led to the design of the study. A larger sample size could eventually reveal small differences among the patient sub-groups not presently found. Conclusions : The use of adjunctive antipsychotics among bipolar patients was less extensive than previously reported, and mostly related to an index manic episode. Our findings suggest that in samples of carefully diagnosed bipolar type I patients the group that may need continued antipsychotic treatment is relatively small.
An Increase in Hypothalamic Capacity to Synthesize Prostaglandin E2 Precedes the First Preovulatory Surge of Gonadotropins

Earlier evidence has indicated that prostaglandin (PG) E2 is involved in the physiological mechanism of hypothalamic LHRH release. It is also known that the first preovulatory surge of LH is preceded by an increase in LHRH secretion. The present experiments were performed to determine the ability of the hypothalamus to produce PGE2 before the first gonadotropin surge at puberty. Homogenates of medial basal hypothalami from animals in different phases of puberty were incubated with [14C]arachidonic acid of a high specific activity. The PGs produced were extracted by absorption on octadecylsilyl silica columns, individualized by high pressure liquid chromatography, and detected by measuring the radioactivity in the column effluent. Five PGs were identified: 6-keto-PGF1α, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin (PGI2); thromboxane (TX) B2, the stable metabolite of TXA2; PGF2α; PGE2; and PGD2. At all phases of puberty, PGD2 was the predominant PG produced from arachidonic acid. The relative amounts of PGs produ...
E-Sketch: Gathering large-scale energy consumption data based on consumption patterns

To reduce peak demand, many utility companies are transitioning from fixed rate pricing plans to real-time pricing plans. To apply real-time pricing plans, it is crucial to collect accurate real-time power consumption readings from individual homes. Thus, utility companies are increasing the installation of smart meters in individual homes. Smart meters can record energy related data (e.g., power consumption) every second. However, power consumption data with high time granularity needs huge data storage space and generates significant communication overhead for utility companies to gather all the data for the pricing plans. In this paper, we present E-Sketch, a middleware for utility companies to gather data from smart meters with much less storage and communication overhead. E-Sketch utilizes adaptive sampling to compress power consumption changes in time domain. Then frequency compression is applied to further compress the sampled data. We conducted extensive system evaluations with 30 homes' second-level power consumption data for more than 2 months. Results indicate i) our design can reduce data storage space significantly by 90% with more than 99% accuracy of second-level power consumption on average for a single home, and ii) our design can achieve even more than 99.8% accuracy on average for aggregated power consumption of 30 homes.
Behavioral biology of marine mammal deterrents: A review and prospectus

Marine mammal depredation of fisheries is a concern from a scientific, management, and conservation perspective. This conflict has prompted the development of non-lethal deterrents, a management technique that uses aversive stimuli to elicit avoidance. Animals are expected to be sensitive to cues of danger to avoid sources of mortality. Deterrents capitalize on behavioral mechanisms such as threat detection, assessment and learning. A deterrent must create enough risk, or cost, that it overcomes the heightened foraging benefits of depredation. Theoretically, effective deterrence relies on altering the relative costs and benefits to the individual depredator by creating a perceived risk associated with human resources. Here we discuss the underlying behavioral basis of how deterrents generate avoidance. We review deterrents applied to marine mammals to mitigate conflict with fisheries and suggest that fear conditioning could be useful in this context. This is discussed in the context of some potential management concerns of application of non-lethal deterrents in the wild.
Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions 13. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Decarboxylation of Acetic Acid Derivatives at 100−260 °C under 275 bar

The rates and pathways of decarboxylation of acetic acid derivatives, RCO2H, and their Na+ salts, RCO2Na, which possess electron-withdrawing groups (R = CCl3−, CF3−, HOC(O)CH2−, NH2C(O)CH2−, CF3CH2−, NCCH2−, CH3C(O)−) were determined in H2O at 100−260 °C and a pressure of 275 bar. Simple conversion to RH + CO2 occurs in most cases, except that H2O appears to be a required reactant for the anions. Real-time FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the rate of formation of CO2 in flow reactors constructed of 316 stainless steel (SS) and of titanium. With a few exceptions, the rate of decarboxylation is similar within the 95% confidence interval in 316 SS and Ti and the difference is smaller than that caused by R. Therefore, while wall effects/catalysis may exist in some cases, it plays a lesser role in the relative rates than the substituent R. The acid form of the keto derivatives decarboxylates more rapidly than the anionic form, whereas the reverse is true for the nonketo derivatives. In keeping with the ...
Population Based Comparative Effectiveness of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate and Laser Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Purpose: As the American population ages, benign prostatic hyperplasia and its associated lower urinary tract symptoms have become increasingly important causes of chronic morbidity. We assessed the comparative effectiveness of 2 common forms of surgical therapy, transurethral prostate resection and laser therapy, for benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: Using patient level discharge data and revisit files from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality we evaluated a cohort of patients who underwent transurethral prostate resection or laser therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia in 2005 in California. Short-term outcomes, including in hospital complications, length of stay, 30-day rehospitalization, 30-day repeat surgery and 30-day emergency room visits, were compared between the therapies by regression analysis. Long-term re-treatment, defined as the absence of secondary procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia or complications of therapy, was assessed by survival analysis. Analy...
The action of radiation on dry desoxyribonucleic acid.

Abstract Dry DNA has been irradiated by 3.9 MeV deuterons and 2 MeV electrons. After irrradiation the DNA is soluble in water but forms a gel if place in a NaCl solution. It dissolves if placed in water. The gel is produced if the irradiation is carried out at 90°K. The units which participate in the gelation have “molecular weights” around 2·10 5 and are appreciably less than 40 A in thickness.
The increase in ferrioxamine B reduction potential with increasing acidity of the medium

Abstract Ferrioxamine B (FO) electrochemistry was studied by cyclic voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode and by differential pulse polarography. There is a large increase in the reduction potential for FO as the pH is decreased from 9.0 to 3.5. Cyclic voltammetry shows a reversible one-electron reduction at −0.71 V vs. Ag/AgCl in borate buffer at pH 9.0. However, the electrode process becomes irreversible below pH 7 and the reduction potential shifts to −0.42 V vs. Ag/AgCl in chloroacetate buffer at pH 3.5. A second reduction wave is observed at more positive potentials when the ratio of desferrioxamine : iron (III) is 0.5. Solution magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate little or no antiferromagnetic coupling between iron(III) centers in the latter 1 : 2 complex.
Association of elective repeat cesarean delivery and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

Seventy-one cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn have been reviewed in an attempt to identify possibly preventable causes. Three groups of infants were identified. The first group consisted of 36 infants with evidence of perinatal asphyxia. The second group was made up of 23 infants who exhibited a variety of associated factors including pneumonia, septic shock, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A third group included 12 infants delivered by elective repeat cesarean section. Infants in the third group did not have evidence of perinatal asphyxia, meconium aspiration, or infection. Chest roentgenograms revealed amniotic fluid aspiration in seven cases, retained lung fluid in three cases, and normal findings in two cases. All 12 infants in the third group developed respiratory distress which eventually progressed to respiratory failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. These data suggest that infants of elective repeat cesarean deliveries are at risk for developing persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and constitute a group of patients with a potentially preventable course of events.
Internal Conversion Electrons Following Coulomb Excitation of Highly Deformed Nuclei

The internal conversion electrons emitted following Coulomb excitation of Eu/sup 153/, Dy/sup 161/, Dy/sup 163/, Ho/sup 165/, Tm/sup Lu/sup 175/, and Ta/ sup 181 were measured. The relative intensities of the decay transitions from the first two rotational states of these isotopes were compared with the predictions of the rotational model of Bohr and Mottelson. In general, there was good agreement betwen the experiment and theory. However, the results for the Dy isotopes indicated some disagreement which was outside the experimental unceatainty. For Eu/sup 153/, Dy/sup 163/, and Lu/sup 175/ transitions involving intrinsic states were observed in addition to the rotational transitions. The reduced E2 transition probabilities for these intrinsic transitions were appreciably larger than single-panticle estimates. The first rotational state in Lu/sup 176/ was observed with a natural Lu target. The data indicated that this transition was predominantly Ml. (auth)
Will Americans Support The Individual Mandate

An individual mandate is an important feature of many recent plans to achieve universal health insurance coverage in the United States, without radically changing the way most Americans get health care and coverage. Using national public opinion data, we find that on its own, an individual mandate does not have broad support across partisan and sociodemographic groups. Policymakers who choose to pursue an individual mandate for policy reasons may expand the base of supporters by incorporating it into a “shared-responsibility” plan that includes requirements for employers, government, and insurers.
Premeditated aggression: clinical assessment and cognitive psychophysiology

Aggressive behavior has traditionally been classified into two distinct subtypes: an affective, impulsive aggressive display or a planned, predatory aggressive act. While a number of investigations have examined the clinical and physiological correlates in impulsive aggressive individuals, very little research has been conducted on those individuals engaging in predominantly premeditated aggressive acts. The present study compared a group of premeditated aggressive psychiatric outpatients with a group of normal, non-aggressive control subjects on personality, neuropsychological and cognitive psychophysiological measures. Consistent with previous work, premeditated aggressors did not differ significantly from controls on most measures of neuropsychological and psychophysiological function. Premeditated aggressors did show significant personality pathology scoring higher on measures of impulsivity, verbal and physical aggression, anger, hostility, psychoticism and neuroticism. Overall, these results suggest a distinctive personality style that is associated with aggressive behavior. With respect to this and previous work, it is suggested that the physiological aspects of behavioral control play a key role in the type of aggressive behavior displayed.
Definitions and patterns of CAM use by the lay public.

Summary Introduction CAM is a socially constructed concept, and the literature on CAM definitions and patterns of use illustrates problems centering on the conceptualization and operationalization of “CAM.” This renders it hard for researchers to truly understand CAM use patterns by the public. We use pilot data to explore lay conceptions of “CAM,” and methodological approaches to capturing CAM usage. Methods Our pilot data come from surveys and journals of undergraduates, yielding direct and indirect measures of levels and patterns of CAM use. Results and conclusions The free listing method is a way to methodologically get around cultural bias and other problems conceptualizing CAM. Our pilot data suggest the public may have trouble conceptualizing CAM, and that survey construction does affect the richness of data on CAM use. Asking respondents direct measures of CAM modalities through surveys yielded the richest data.
Vocal learning in White-crowned Sparrows: sensitive phase and song dialects

In a laboratory song tutoring experiment, eight male White-crowned Sparrows learned their natal song dialect, presented to them at 10 to 50 days of age, in preference to an alien dialect, presented to them from 51 to 90 days of age; two males learned the alien dialect, one developed a hybrid song, and one a simple song lacking structural detail (Fig. 3). Three other males developed aberrant songs (Fig. 5). Excepting these three aberrant songs, the song patterns of the males were similar to, though not close copies of, the tutor songs. The songs of all males remained consistent through two photoperiodically induced breeding ‘seasons’ (November–January and April–May; Fig. 4). During these ‘season’, females were induced to sing by administration of testosterone. Six females sang during the first season, eight sang during the scond season, with five singing in both seasons. Unlike those of the males, the song patterns of all females (with the exception of F9), were not similar to the tutor models. The songs of those five females that sang during both seasons remained consistent through both seasons (Fig. 6). We conclude that because the sensitive phase for song learning generally coincides with natal philopatry, White-crowned Sparrows are predisposed to learn their natal dialect which they retain through life. This result may be an important factor in the maintenance of populations structured by geographic systems of dialects.
Dry period length in US Jerseys: characterization and effects on performance.

The objectives of this research were to characterize dry period lengths for US Jerseys, determine the effects of days dry (DD) on subsequent lactation actual milk, fat, and protein yields, fat and protein percentages, somatic cell score (SCS), and days open (DO), and to determine the dry period length that maximizes yield across lactations. Field data, collected through the Dairy Herd Improvement Association, on US Jersey cows first calving between January 1997 and November 2004 were used. Characterization of DD included a frequency distribution of dry period lengths as well as factors affecting US Jersey DD. Of the factors considered in this research, the primary ones affecting dry period length were DO, milk yield, and SCS. Cows with longer DO, lower milk yield, and higher SCS received longer dry periods. The model for analyses included herd-year of calving, year-state-month of calving, parity of calving, previous lactation record, age at calving, and DD as a categorical variable; records were preadjusted for cow effects. A total of 123,032 records from 73,797 cows in 808 herds were used for estimation of DD effects on subsequent lactation actual milk yield. Jersey milk, fat, and protein yields in the subsequent lactation were maximized with 61 to 65 DD. Dry periods of 30 d or fewer resulted in large reductions in subsequent lactation production. A short dry period was beneficial for fat and protein percentages in the subsequent lactation. Short dry periods also resulted in fewer DO in the subsequent lactation; however, this was entirely due to the lower milk yield associated with shortened dry periods. The biggest difference between Jerseys and Holsteins was a much larger detrimental effect on SCS in Jerseys for dry periods of 30 d or less. Jersey SCS increased 10%, relative to the overall mean, for dry periods of 20 d or less and 4.6% for DD between 21 and 30 d. Dry periods of 45 to 70 d maximized yields across adjacent lactations. A dry period length, after first lactation, of 45 to 70 d also maximized actual milk yield across lactations 1, 2, and 3. The final recommendation to Jersey producers is to avoid dry periods of 70 d) should also be avoided because these are even more costly to total yield than dry periods <30 d.
Structure of the plasmapause from ISEE 1 low-energy ion and plasma wave observations

Low-energy ion pitch angle distributions are compared with plasma density profiles in the near-earth magnetosphere using ISEE 1 observations. The classical plasmapause determined by the sharp density gradient is not always observed in the dayside region, whereas there almost always exists the ion pitch angle distribution transition from cold, isotropic to warm, bidirectional, field-aligned distributions. In the nightside region the plasmapause density gradient is typically found, and it normally coincides with the ion pitch angle distribution transition. The sunward motion of the plasma is found in the outer part of the 'plasmaspheric' plasma in the dusk bulge region.
Assessing the impact of maternal–child health service utilisation on contraceptive use in India

Abstract Background In India, integration of various services in reproductive and child health programmes has become the strategy to make them more effective. However, there is a dearth of empirical research on the effect of maternal and child health (MCH) care on contraceptive use, particularly in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, which are priority areas for programmes because of the high level of fertility and mortality in these states. To fill these gaps, we test the hypothesis of whether continuum of MCH service utilisation increases contraceptive use. Methods We use data from the District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) carried out in all 596 districts of India during 2007–2008. The sample for the present analysis is 293 161 currently married women of age 15–44 years from EAG states. We adopt the propensity score matching (PSM) method to assess the impact of MCH service utilisation on contraceptive use. Findings Only 16% (17 376 of 109 293) of women have received all three critical services (antenatal care, institutional delivery, and postnatal care); among these, only 27% (4749 of 17 376) of women are using modern contraceptive methods. PSM results reveal that utilisation of all these MCH services has led to increased use of any modern contraceptive method by 4% (p=0·006), from 31% to 35%, and has led to increased modern method use by 6% (p=0·006), from 21% to 27%. However, the effect of any MCH service use on contraceptive use is quite low (2%; p=0·005). We also find appreciable effects of preceding MCH services on the successive MCH service. Interpretation The lower levels of service utilisation in EAG states weaken the continuum approach. Therefore, there are synergies across services with low intensity. Higher rates of MCH service utilisation can help to increase contraceptive use in EAG states. However, integration of services needs to be stronger at each level of service. Funding None.
Nonuniform coordinate scaling requirements in density-functional theory

For the purpose of improving upon present approximate functionals, nonuniform coordinate scaling is introduced into density-functional theory, where ${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{x}}$(x,y,z)=\ensuremath{\lambda}n(\ensuremath{\lambda}x,y,z) is an example of a nonuniformly scaled electron density. Inequalities are derived for the exact noninteracting kinetic energy ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$[n]. For example, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{x}}$]\ensuremath{\le}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{x}}$[n]+${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{y}}$[n]+${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$ $^{\mathit{z}}]$, where ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{x}}$,${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{y}}$, and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{z}}$ are the x,y, and z components of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$. Surprisingly, the gradient expansion through fourth order violates the inequalities. We also observe that the Thomas-Fermi approximation for ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$,${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{TF}}$, and the local-density approximation for the exchange-correlation energy, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{\mathrm{LDA}}$, do not distinguish between nonuniform scaling along different coordinates. That is, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{TF}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{x}}$]=${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{TF}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{y}}$] and ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{\mathrm{LDA}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{x}}$]=${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}^{\mathrm{LDA}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{y}}$]. In contrast, for the true noninteracting kinetic energy it is proved that ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{x}}$]\ensuremath{\ne}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$[${\mathit{n}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\mathit{y}}$] for a general density without special symmetry, and corresponding inequalities are conjectured to apply as well to the exact ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$. Moreover, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}^{\mathrm{TF}}$ incorrectly gives the same value for its x, y, and z components.
The relationship between aerobic activity and cognitive performance under stress.

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between regular aerobic activity and cognitive performance under stress when personality and inherent aptitude were statistically controlled. Aerobically conditioned subjects have been shown to mediate the physiological response to stress under physical challenge. Would aerobically conditioned subjects also respond more efficiently to psychological stress under cognitive challenge? Forty volunteers completed a battery of personality and aptitude measures and then completed two cognitive tasks (written tests of logic), one under a condition of no stress, the other while being verbally pressured by a test monitor. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured during and after each cognitive task. Contrary to the experimental hypothesis, aerobic activity was related to inferior cognitive performance and to elevated blood pressure under stress. Inherent cognitive aptitude and personality traits emerged as far more important correlates of cognitive performance under ...
On proton CT reconstruction using MVCT-converted virtual proton projections

Purpose: To describe a novel methodology of converting megavoltage x-ray projections into virtual proton projections that are otherwise missing due to the proton range limit. These converted virtual proton projections can be used in the reconstruction of proton computed tomography (pCT). Methods: Relations exist between proton projections and multispectral megavoltage x-ray projections for human tissue. Based on these relations, these tissues can be categorized into: (a) adipose tissue; (b) nonadipose soft tissues; and (c) bone. These three tissue categories can be visibly identified on a regular megavoltage x-ray computed tomography (MVCT) image. With an MVCT image and its projection data available, the x-ray projections through heterogeneous anatomy can be converted to the corresponding proton projections using predetermined calibration curves for individual materials, aided by a coarse segmentation on the x-ray CT image. To show the feasibility of this approach, mathematical simulations were carried out. The converted proton projections, plotted on a proton sinogram, were compared to the simulated ground truth. Proton stopping power images were reconstructed using either the virtual proton projections only or a blend of physically available proton projections and virtual proton projections that make up for those missing due to the range limit. These images were comparedmore » to a reference image reconstructed from theoretically calculated proton projections. Results: The converted virtual projections had an uncertainty of {+-}0.8% compared to the calculated ground truth. Proton stopping power images reconstructed using a blend of converted virtual projections (48%) and physically available projections (52%) had an uncertainty of {+-}0.86% compared with that reconstructed from theoretically calculated projections. Reconstruction solely from converted virtual proton projections had an uncertainty of {+-}1.1% compared with that reconstructed from theoretical projections. If these images are used for treatment planning, the average proton range uncertainty is estimated to be less than 1.5% for an imaging dose in the milligray range. Conclusions: The proposed method can be used to convert x-ray projections into virtual proton projections. The converted proton projections can be blended with existing proton projections or can be used solely for pCT reconstruction, addressing the range limit problem of pCT using current therapeutic proton machines.« less
Cancer, chemotherapy, and cor pulmonale.

The development and dissemination of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) for the treatment of end-stage heart failure have been one of the major developments in heart failure over the past decade, and the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) database,
Convergence rates of large deviations probabilities for point estimators

Abstract The convergence rates of large deviations probabilities are determined for a class of estimators of a real parameter. We also give a simple upper bound for probabilities of large deviations when the latter are measured in terms of the Chernoff function.
Optimization with partial differential equations in dieudonné-rashevsky form and conjugate problems

usual boundary conditions, and constraints u~U(t, z)~Em, where the control space U = U(t, z) is a given subset of Era. Here z =(z 1 . . . . . : ) are state variables and u =(u 1 .. . . , u m) control variables. As stated by P. K. RASHEVSKY [6], very general partial differential equations and systems can be written locally in the form (2). For instance, second order partial differential equations such as z~,+z~s= 1 u) can be immediately written in the form f ( t , s, z 1, zlt, z~,
Beyond Revealed Religions: Saba, the Creatures, and the Political Animal

Interpretations of Saba's images of animals have usually concentrated on a few poems in which both the literary and the cultural allusions are rather obvious. In spite of the surfeit of animal motifs unfolding throughout the Canzoniere, poems such as "A mia moglie," the terse laude of Lina's animal metamorphoses reminiscent of a Franciscan view, and "La capra," with the image of the all too discussed "goat with
HSulf-1 modulates HGF-mediated tumor cell invasion and signaling in head and neck squamous carcinoma.

Recently, we cloned a novel sulfatase domain-containing downregulated gene, HSulf-1, which modulates heparin-binding growth factor signaling in ovarian cancer. Based on the pilot data showing the loss of HSulf-1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCCHN), we sought to employ SCCHN as a model to define the role of HSulf-1 in the molecular regulation of tumorigenecity. Three SCCHN lines (012SCC, WMMSCC, and 015SCC) had no detectable HSulf-1 mRNA. Clonal lines of HSulf-1-expressing 012SCC attenuated the activation of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mediated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and both ERK/MAPK and Akt signaling mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Consistent with this downregulation, phosphorylation of HGF receptor, c-Met, which is frequently overexpressed in SCCHN, was also attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. HGF markedly enhanced the motility and migration of vector-transfected cells in a transwell invasion chamber. However, HGF-mediated motility and invasion was attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. In addition, transfected cells displayed significant growth inhibition concomitant with a decrease in mitogenecity, as measured by thymidine incorporation and increased sensitivity to staurosporine- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that HSulf-1 normally functions as a negative regulator in cell growth and loss of HSulf-1 in SCCHN potentiates growth factor signaling, enhances motility, invasiveness and inhibits stress-induced apoptosis, with a resulting increase in tumorigenecity.
HybridOS: runtime support for reconfigurable accelerators

We present HybridOS, a set of operating system extensions for supporting fine-grained reconfigurable accelerators integrated with general-purpose computing platforms. HybridOS specifically targets the application integration, data movement and communication overheads for a CPU/accelerator model when running a commodity operating system. HybridOS provides a simple API for applications and a well-defined hardware interface for reconfigurable accelerators. The goal is to reduce the difficulty in mapping applications into a CPU/accelerator model compared to an unrestrained FPGA platform while achieving whole-application speedups. HybridOS is integrated into a full Linux distribution running on the embedded processor of an FPGA. Application-specific accelerators are implemented in the reconfigurable fabric of the FPGA that are allocated to user applications running on Linux. We have developed and evaluated four methods for accessing the data buffers required by hardware-accelerated applications using our prototype. The results of our work show the feasibility of our system for a case study, JPEG encoding with two accelerators, and an evaluation of HybridOS for varying data movement requirements that can be used as a guide for future applications developers
Pathology of the Breast Associated With HIV/AIDS

Breast pathology that is characteristic of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has not been addressed in the literature. HIV may directly and indirectly affect the glandular, mesenchymal, and intramammary lymphoid tissue in seropositive patients. Likely infections in this setting include tuberculous mastitis and pyogenic abscesses that may lead to fatal septicemia. Benign stromal changes include gynecomastia, adipose tissue deposition as part of the fat maldistribution syndrome, and pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. Breast carcinoma in HIV-infected patients occurs at a relatively early age, with increased bilateral disease, unusual histology, and early metastatic spread with a poor outcome. However, the link between breast cancer and HIV remains controversial. Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may also be localized to the breast in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This article reviews benign and malignant breast diseases that are likely to be encountered in patients with HIV/AIDS.
Irradiation and storage influence on bioactive components and quality of early and late season 'Rio Red' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.)

Abstract Irradiation as an alternative quarantine treatment has been under consideration by the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation. This study was conducted on early and late season ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit to investigate the effects of harvest date, storage, and low dose irradiation on functional constituents, and quality. Fruit was treated with 0, 70, 200, 400 and 700 Gy and then stored under simulated storage conditions by subjecting the fruit to 10 °C for 4 weeks followed by 1 week at 20 °C with 90–95% relative humidity. Flavanones (naringin and narirutin), terpenoids (limonin 17-β- d -glycopyranoside, β-carotene and lycopene) and quality (ascorbic acid content, soluble solids (%), titratable acidity) were evaluated immediately following irradiation treatment and storage. Results demonstrated that the response of fruit to irradiation depended on harvest time. Lower doses (at or below 200 Gy) of irradiation coupled with 35 days of storage were useful in enhancing health promoting compounds in early season grapefruit. Higher doses of irradiation (400 and 700 Gy) and 35 days of storage had detrimental effects on quality of early season grapefruit, however, no significant effect was observed on the quality of the late season fruit.
Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.

Abstract OBJECTIVES The study sought to determine the utility of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in predicting cardiac events in the year after testing. BACKGROUND Increasingly, DSE has been applied to risk stratification of patients. METHODS Medical records of 1,183 consecutive patients who underwent DSE were reviewed. The cardiac events that occurred during the 12 months after DSE were tabulated: myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Patient exclusions included organ transplant receipt or evaluation, recent PTCA, noncardiac death, and lack of follow-up. A positive stress echocardiogram (SE) was defined as new or worsened wall-motion abnormalities (WMAs) consistent with ischemia during DSE. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis identified variables that best predicted future cardiac events. RESULTS The average age was 68 ± 12 years, with 338 women and 220 men. The overall cardiac event rate was 34% if SE was positive, and 10% if it was negative. The event rates for MI and death were 10% and 8%, respectively, if SE was positive, and 3% and 3%, respectively, if SE was negative. If an ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) and a positive SE were present, the overall event rate was 42%, versus a 7% rate when ECG and SE were negative for ischemia. Rest WMA was the most useful variable in predicting future cardiac events using CART: 25% of patients with and 6% without a rest WMA had an event. Other important variables were a dobutamine EF CONCLUSIONS A positive SE provides useful prognostic information that is enhanced by also considering rest-wall motion, stress ECG response, and dobutamine EF.
Racial differences in restaurant tipping: A labour process perspective

Considering the increasing proportion of US workers who depend on gratuities for a substantial amount of their income, it is not surprising that a growing body of literature across a variety of disciplines examines the phenomenon of tipping. Only recently, however, have scholars begun to study variation in tipping behaviours across social groups. The bulk of this research focuses on tipping disparities between white and black restaurant patrons in the USA. Two dominant explanations for such disparities have been posited: one locates the source of race-based tipping disparities in the discriminatory behaviour of restaurant servers; the other framework argues that disparities emerge as a result of African-Americans' lack of familiarity with societal norms for tipping. In this paper, we outline and critique the above frameworks and offer an alternative yet complementary framework that explains race-based tipping differentials in terms of server/customer interactions within the broader labour process of resta...
Conflict and Cohesion: A Review of the Literature

The paper reviews the theoretical formulations and the empirical tests of the proposition that external conflict increases internal cohesion. Literature from sociology, anthropology, psychology, and political science is discussed. Though it is often assumed to be true and is easily illustrated, the empirical studies suggest that there are a number of intervening variables and that the hypothesis is not uniformly true. While hardly adequate, these empirical studies provide a subtler specification of the hypothesis, knowledge of which can lead researchers to structure their studies differently. Examples of this are provided and other areas of application are also discussed.
Intestinal zonulin: open sesame!

The paracellular route is the dominant pathway for passive solute flow across the intestinal epithelial barrier, and its permeability depends on the regulation of intercellular tight junctions (TJs), also known as the zonula occludens. As a barrier between apical and basolateral compartments, TJs selectively control the passive diffusion of ions and small water soluble solutes from the intestinal lumen to the bloodstream through the paracellular pathway, thereby counterregulating any gradients generated by transcellular pathways.1 Variations in transepithelial conductance can usually be attributed to changes in the permeability of the paracellular pathway as the resistance of the plasma membrane of the cell is relatively high.2 The TJ represents the major barrier within this paracellular pathway and the electrical resistance of the intestinal mucosa seems to depend on the number of transmembrane protein strands and their complexity within the TJ, as observed by freeze fracture electron microscopy. A century ago, TJs were conceptualised as a secreted extracellular cement forming an absolute and unregulated barrier within the paracellular space.3Biological studies of the past several decades have shown that TJs are dynamic structures subjected to structural changes that dictate their functional status under a variety of developmental,4-6physiological,7-10 and pathological circumstances.11-13 To meet the many diverse physiological challenges to which the epithelial and endothelial barriers are subjected, TJs must be capable of rapid and coordinated responses. This requires the presence of a complex regulatory system that orchestrates the state of assembly of the TJ multiprotein network. While our knowledge on TJ ultrastructure and intracellular signalling events have significantly progressed during the past decade, relatively little is known about their pathophysiological regulation secondary to extracellular stimuli. Therefore, the intimate pathogenic mechanisms of diseases in which intestinal permeability is affected and the utility of TJ modulation for drug delivery …
Properties of somatosensory evoked cortical potentials in alert, chronic cats.

Somatosensory evoked cortical potentials in alert, chronic cats were studied (i) to determine the relative responsiveness of primary somatosensory and late, nonspecific evoked potentials to stimulus intensity and (ii) to observe the long-term effects on late responses of ablating the somatosensory cortex. Screw electrodes were first implanted in the skull bilaterally over the primary somatosensory area and along the marginal and suprasylvian gyri. Recordings revealed two positive-negative late responses, designated P1-N1 and P2-N2, at the nonspecific sites. Primary and P1-N1 responses proved to be about equally sensitive to stimulus intensity and considerably more sensitive than P2-N2 responses in a stimulus range of 0.3 to 9 mA. In two succeeding operations, spaced a few weeks apart, left and right somatosensory areas were ablated. Postablation records showed that each nonspecific electrode that registered prelesion responses also displayed postlesion responses. In several animals, P1-N1 amplitude was enhanced above prelesion levels after both unilateral and bilateral ablations, whereas P2-N2 was consistently diminished after bilateral ablations. There thus appear to be two distinguishable late potentials along the marginal and suprasylvian gyri in awake, alert cats, differentiable by their sensitivity to stimulus intensity and to lesions of the primary somatosensory area.
Consistency issues for numerical methods for variance control, with applications to optimization in finance

The paper is concerned with numerical algorithms for the optimal control of diffusion-type processes when the noise variance also depends on the control. This problem is of increasing importance in applications, particularly in financial mathematics. We discuss the construction of numerical algorithms guaranteed to converge to the true minimum as the discretization level decreases and with acceptable numerical properties. The algorithms are based on the popular Markov chain approximation method. The basic criterion the algorithms must satisfy is a weak "local consistency" condition, which is essential for convergence to the true optimal cost function. This condition is often hard to satisfy by simple algorithms (with essentially only local transitions) when the variance is also controlled. Numerical "noise" can be introduced by the more convenient approximations. This question of "numerical noise" (also called "numerical viscosity") is dealt with in detail, and methods for eliminating or greatly reducing it are discussed.
SELF-STABILIZING PROTOCOL FOR MUTUAL EXCLUSION AMONG NEIGHBORING NODES IN A TREE STRUCTURED DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

The serial model for self-stabilizing distributed algorithms assumes that the reading of the states of the neighbors and the updating of its own state are grouped together into one atomic operation (indivisible execution step) the model also assumes that each node can simultaneously see the current states of all its neighbors and that only one node executes an atomic step at a time. Because of the popularity of the serial model and the relative ease of its use in designing and proving correctness for new self-stabilizing algorithms, a large number of such algorithms have appeared in the literature. This serial model makes stronger assumptions about the run time environment than those normally provided by a real time message passing distributed system. On the other hand designing and proving correctness for self-stabilizing algorithms in a distributed model are relatively difficult. Thus, in order to make use of the self-stabilizing algorithms designed for a serial model, it is necessary to design lower le...
Constructing competitive and cooperative agent behavior using coevolution

In nature, multiple agents in teams collaborate and compete with one another at the same time. Replicating such agent interactions in games can make for realistic opponent teams. Yet cooperation and competition have mostly been studied separately so far. This paper focuses on simultaneous cooperative and competitive coevolution in a complex predator-prey domain. Multi-Agent ESP [23] architecture is first used to evolve neural networks to control predator and prey agents, but such a naive combination of otherwise successful architectures turns out not to sustain an arms race. An extended architecture consisting of multiple cooperating neural networks within each agent is therefore introduced. This architecture successfully results in hierarchical cooperation and competition in teams of prey and predators: In sustained coevolution, high-level pursuit-evasion behaviors emerge. In this manner, coevolution of neural networks is shown to scale up to an arms race of multiple competing and cooperating agents, more closely modeling coevolution of complex behavior in nature.
Incompetency training: Theory, practice, and remedies

“Incompetency training” includes formal and informal instruction that consciously (purposively) or unconsciously imparts knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior (including procedures) that are useless, inaccurate, misleading, and/or will lower performance outcomes of the trainee versus no training or training using alternative training methods. “Imparts” in the definition refers to exposing a trainee to incompetency training; such exposure is not a guarantee that such training increases the trainee’s incompetence. This editorial is to stimulate research interest among scholars in incompetency training theory, evidence, and the efficacy of remedies. The editorial offers an early workbench model of incompetency theory. The theory includes the proposition that executives and associates in firms, academia, and government organizations consciously as well as unknowingly offer incompetency training in some contexts. A second proposition: increasing trainees’ vigilance and ability to recognize exposure to incompetency-training may help trainees to decrease the effectiveness (impact) of incompetency training—advancing incompetency training theory and practice-knowledge may be necessary conditions for remedying negative outcomes that follow from trainees receiving such training. Available evidence supports the first proposition and, to a limited extent, the second proposition.