cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Primary Care Depression Outcomes at Six Months: Validation of DOC-6 ©

Background The goal of this study was to develop and validate an assessment tool for adult primary care patients diagnosed with depression to determine predictive probability of clinical outcomes at 6 months. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 3096 adult patients enrolled in collaborative care management (CCM) for depression. Patients enrolled on or before December 31, 2013, served as the training set (n = 2525), whereas those enrolled after that date served as the preliminary validation set (n = 571). Results Six variables (2 demographic and 4 clinical) were statistically significant in determining clinical outcomes. Using the validation data set, the remission classifier produced the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve with a c-statistic or area under the curve (AUC) of 0.62 with predicted probabilities than ranged from 14.5% to 79.1%, with a median of 50.6%. The persistent depressive symptoms (PDS) classifier produced an ROC curve with a c-statistic or AUC of 0.67 and predicted probabilities that ranged from 5.5% to 73.1%, with a median of 23.5%. Conclusions We were able to identify readily available variables and then validated these in the prediction of depression remission and PDS at 6 months. The DOC-6 tool may be used to predict which patients may be at risk for worse outcomes.
Decorated Core-Shell Architectures: Influence of the Dimensional Properties on Hybrid Resonances

Emerging nanoplasmonics utilizing asymmetric core-shell architectures present opportunities to precisely control the plasmon position and signal amplification within a single particle. In particular, asymmetric gold nanorods, assembled into a “matryoshka” structure (gold nanorod core, silica spacer shell, and outer gold shell) have the unique ability to enhance and precisely manipulate the plasmonic signature when compared to single gold nanorods via the generation of hybridized plasmonic modes. Currently, the fundamental understanding of the impact of the gold nanorod matryoshka dimensional parameters on the subsequent resonance behavior is incomplete. In this work, we elucidate the structural-hybridized resonance relationship of gold nanorod nanomatryoshka designs by experimentally varying the key geometrical properties; including silica spacer thickness, gold nanorod core size, and gold shell thickness/continuity.
Template-based fabrication of nanoporous metals

Nanoporous metallic foams with high surface area and novel functional behavior are positioned to stimulate new multifunctional and metamaterial applications. However, there are fundamental challenges in achieving uniform nanopores and tailorable morphology. Emerging templating methods offer a wide range of applicable metallic species while enhancing control of pore morphology, uniformity, and interconnectivity. Here, a critical review of nanoporous metal fabrication is presented, with focus on templating methods utilizing nanoporous polymeric templates. Metals are introduced into percolative nanochannels of sacrificial templates by deposition, and subsequent removal of templates yields ordered nanoporous metals. We introduce approaches for preparing nanoporous templates, including utilizing block copolymer self-assembly that yields periodic gyroid networks. While metallization of templates by electrodeposition has been demonstrated, electroless deposition permits uniform deposition by many metallic species and infiltration of narrow pores. Examples of nanoporous metals with uniform pore sizes below 50 nm fabricated by templating methods are examined.
The Cambridge Introduction to Gabriel Garciá Márquez: Love in the Time of Cholera (1985)

Six years had passed between the publication of The Autumn of the Patriarch and Chronicle of a Death Foretold . The new book, brief as it was, sold in its millions around the world and convinced the critics that Garcia Marquez was back with a vengeance and capable, literarily speaking, of almost anything. In December 1982 the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature to the Colombian was probably the most popular decision made by the Swedish Academy in the second half of the twentieth century. In his acceptance speech in Stockholm, he pleaded for greater sympathy for the Latin American continent from which he came and which, by now, he felt entitled to represent. He spoke of a region still unknown and neglected, a region which was indeed magical but not in an irrational way, a region consistently subjected to the travesty of being judged by the standards of Europe in terms of culture and politics when Europe, which had many unhappy ghosts walking its corridors and skeletons rattling its closets, had taken a thousand years to achieve what it expected Latin America to have achieved in two hundred. ‘Allow us to live out our own Middle Ages,’ he declared, ‘so that our peoples, despite all their misfortunes, may have a second chance upon the earth’.
Kinetics of β→δ Solid-Solid Phase Transition of HMX

In order to calculate the kinetic parameters from DSC data, we have used the generally accepted methods of Bershtein [13]. We have calculated the rate constants for 4 temperatures and the activation energy based on the shift in the transition temperature, {beta} {yields} {delta} for HMX. The values of E{sub a} from this work is 402 kJ/mol compared to previous results by Brill [9] of 204 kJ/mol. Brill and associates measured the phase transition of HMX using FTIR, sodium chloride plates and silicon oil. Given the differences in technique between FTIR and DSC the results found in this work are reasonable. In this investigation a large sample set (16) proved to be statistically valid for the determinations of k. Linear regressions were performed, observed and good fits were obtained, for each temperature. The enthalpy determination of {Delta}H{sub o}, for the {beta} {yields} {delta} phase transition was reproducible with in 3 parts in 100 over the range of this experiment. Thus, the data derived from this experiment k, E{sub a}, and {Delta}H{sub o} are valid parameters for the solid-solid phase transition. Obtaining pure {beta} phase HMX was very important for this investigation. Related to the phase change is the particle sizemore » distribution and is presented in Figure 3. Compared to previous work on HMX, this study utilized very pure {beta} phase material. In addition, the particle size was controlled more rigorously at about 160 {micro}m, giving a more consistent result for {alpha}. Thus, these kinetic results should have less scatter than results with less control of HMX purity and particle size. The kinetic basis of the polymorphic conversion is due to the cohesive forces in the HMX crystal lattice [21]. The energy required to bring about change from chair to chair-chair conformation has been reported by Brill [21] as ring torsion and is essentially a normal mode of the molecule that requires about 4 kJ mol{sup -1}. For the purpose of this investigation the energy of activation found in this work relates to the disruption of the intermolecular interactions with in the crystal lattice of {beta} phase HMX and is much larger (100X) than that of simple conformational changes. The evidence of a straightforward one step mechanism is not supported by this research. Solid-solid phase transition kinetics is very complexed. There are many factors that contribute to an overall reaction mechanism. The initial assumptions that were chosen to allow simple manipulation of the HMX phase transition data prove to be too limiting. The rate constant by definition should in fact be constant, however, our data reflects it is not (refer to k vs time plot in Appendix 2). The assumption of a first order, simple single step reaction is a good starting point for the study of HMX phase transition kinetics, but further analysis should be done with other reaction orders and multiple step mechanisms. Understanding the kinetics of {beta} phase HMX will clearly help the custodian understand the limitations of storage and use of this compound.« less
MODELLING NON-PRICE COMPETITION AND MARKET SHARE

Abstract Profit maximization is often criticized as being unrealistic yet economic theory has few models of the firm that do not depend on profit maximization. In this paper a model of the firm using market share as the maximand is developed. The model is developed both with and without a profit constraint. The model is in the context of a Cournot-Nash equilibrium. If there is no profit constraint, advertising will be used to the point of becoming ineffectual but a profit constraint will serve to reduce advertising. Maximizing market share evidently does not provide an economic basis for allocation of resources to replace that of profit maximization.
Do worksite stress management programs attract the employees who need them and are they effective

Employees who planned to attend a worksite stress management program (volunteers), those who planned not to attend (nonvolunteers), and those who had participated in worksite stress management training were assessed on the variables of work stressors, perceived stress, and organizational spontaneity (extrarole) behavior. Twelve hundred hospital employees were randomly selected from seven VA hospitals that had been offering a stress management program for at least 5 years. Participants received questionnaire packets in the mail and 461 (38%) of the employees responded. The results showed that volunteers reported significantly more perceived stress than the nonvolunteers. However, volunteers did not report greater frequency or intensity of work stressors. Also, respondents who had participated in past stress training reported less perceived stress than volunteers and significantly more organizational spontaneity behavior than respondents who had not participated in past stress training. These findings suggest that employees who plan to attend stress training have the greatest need and that the stress intervention reduces perceived stress levels and, possibly, affects work behavior.
On the Uniformization of Parabolic Manifolds

The concept of an open parabolic Riemann surface is classical. It is well-known that there are many different but equivalent characterizations, each of which can be generalized in some way to complex manifolds of higher dimension. However, as is to be expected, these generalized concepts are in general not equivalent. In this article parabolicity is defined via the existence of an (unbounded) exhaustion satisfying the homogeneous complex Monge-Ampere equation which, in the case of Riemann surfaces is simply the Laplace equation. There are several reasons for choosing this as the definition of parabolic manifolds. First of all it includes affine algebraic manifolds and with this definition, the classical value distribution theory over ℂn can be extended to parabolic manifolds in such a way that the defect relation is still intrinsic (cf. section 1 below). Secondly, this definition is indeed quite intrinsic as it is possible to obtain (under appropriate assumptions on the regularity of the exhaustion function) uniformization theorems for parabolic manifolds. Thirdly, by allowing bounded exhaustions (so that the manifolds under consideration are no longer parabolic but rather, Kobayashi hyperbolic), it is discovered that the Monge-Ampere condition is intrinsically related to the condition of certain complex curves being geodesics(or extremal disc) of the Kobayashi metric (cf. sections 4 and 5).
Evolution of anisotropy in direct numerical simulations of MHD turbulence in a strong magnetic field on elongated periodic domains

Time development (from top to bottom) of vortical structures (in red) in background of low vorticity (blue) in planar cross-sections of turbulence subjected to magnetic field on an elongated domain of aspect ratio 8, at $16384\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{2048}^{2}$ grid resolution.
On “Genuine” and “Illegitimate” Refugees: New Boundaries Drawn by Discriminatory Legislation and Practice in the Field of Humanitarian Reception in Germany

A high number of legal changes accompanied the increase of people seeking asylum in Germany throughout the 18th legislative period from 2013–2017. These changes have transformed the field of humanitarian reception in Germany, especially along the axes of citizenship, integration performance and deviation from administrative and legal rules. Half of the legal measures from this period have led to differential rights for different groups of asylum seekers according to one of these three axes. The axis of citizenship has also structured the development of administrative procedures referred to as “integrated refugee management” which was established to speed up asylum seeking processes, classifying persons applying for a humanitarian residence visa in Germany into four clusters. This categorization, too, led to different entitlements regarding the admittance to state-financed German courses and integration measures focussed on education and the labour market. In this article I employ the notion of differential inclusion (Mezzadra & Neilson, 2012) to analyse these legal and administrative changes. I show that they have reshaped the substructures impacting the lives of those categorized as “genuine” and “illegitimate” refugees and thus redrawn the boundaries and created hierarchies among those seeking humanitarian protection in Germany.
Nonlinear Oscillations Induced by Follower Forces in Prestressed Clamped Rods Subjected to Drag

Author(s): Fatehiboroujeni, Soheil; Gopinath, Arvind; Goyal, Sachin | Abstract: Elastic-driven slender filaments subjected to compressive follower forces provide a synthetic way to mimic the oscillatory beating of biological flagella and cilia. Here, we use a continuum model to study the dynamical, nonlinear buckling instabilities that arise due to the action of nonconservative follower forces on a prestressed slender rod clamped at both ends and allowed to move in a fluid. Stable oscillatory responses are observed as a result of the interplay between the structural elastic instability of the inextensible slender rod, geometric constraints that control the onset of instability, energy pumped into the system by the active follower forces, and motion-driven fluid dissipation. Initial buckling instabilities are initiated by the effect of the follower forces and inertia; fluid drag subsequently allows for the active energy pumped into the system to be dissipated away and results in self-limiting amplitudes. By integrating the equations of equilibrium and compatibility conditions with linear constitutive laws, we compute the critical follower forces for the onset of oscillations, emergent frequencies of these solutions, and the postcritical nonlinear rod shapes for two forms of the drag force, namely linear Stokes drag and quadratic Morrison drag. For a rod with fixed inertia and drag parameters, the minimum (critical) force required to initiate stable oscillations depends on the initial slack and weakly on the nature of the drag force. Emergent frequencies and the amplitudes postonset are determined by the extent of prestress as well as the nature of the fluid drag. Far from onset, for large follower forces, the frequency of the oscillations can be predicted by evoking a power balance between the energy input by the active forces and the dissipation due to fluid drag.
Performance, Long-term Management, and Coding for Percutaneous Dilational Tracheostomy.

Percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy (PDT) has become increasingly popular and has gained widespread acceptance. The modern PDT procedure has also evolved to whereby it can be safely performed by surgeons and nonsurgeons in the ICU. Moreover, bedside PDT has proven clinical outcomes and can save hospital resources. As such, PDT done in the ICU is now a widely performed procedure, often being the tracheostomy procedure of choice. Today, many pulmonologists and intensivists who can use bedside PDT do not perform this procedure; it is conceivable this practice may expand, especially among pulmonologists and intensivists. Although numerous indications exist for tracheostomy, the focus of this article is limited to bedside PDT for prolonged mechanical ventilation, which is the most common indication for this procedure. We describe the logistics and operations needed for programs to incorporate PDT into routine ICU care.
Deep State Encryption for Sequential Logic Circuits

Logic encryption has been proposed as a potential solution to the hardware IP piracy problem. Naive logic encryption methods were shown to be susceptible to Boolean satisfiability (SAT) based attacks. In addition, the recently proposed Sequential SAT attack is able to decrypt many encrypted sequential logic circuits. This paper introduces a new logic encryption scheme that encrypts a sequential circuit on the occurrence of a chosen deep state. Two novel techniques to select a suitable deep state from the gate-level netlist of the design have been introduced. The attack resiliency of the proposed encryption technique against the sequential SAT attack is demonstrated using several standard benchmark circuits.
Mutational profiling in myelofibrosis: implications for management.

Mutational profiling, usually by targeted next-generation sequencing, is increasingly performed on patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated myelofibrosis (MF), whether primary (PMF) or post-polycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia (post-PV/ET MF). “Driver” mutations in JAK2, MPL and indels in CALR underlie the vast majority of cases of PMF and post-ET MF; the remainder (≈ 10%) lack identifiable driver mutations, but other clonal markers are usually detectable. Nearly all patients with post-PV MF carry activating JAK2 mutations. In both PMF and post-ET MF, type 1/-like CALR mutations confer a favorable prognosis. Since both type 1/-like and type 2/-like CALR mutations have essentially the same functional consequence, this is a subject of intense research. Additional, “non-driver” mutations, mostly affecting genes encoding epigenetic modifiers or spliceosome components, e.g., ASXL1, EZH2, TET2, DNMT3A, SRSF2 and U2AF1, are frequently found; some of these are associated with inferior survival and have been incorporated into prognostic models. Some mutations, e.g., IDH1/2, are relatively infrequent in chronic phase but are substantially more common in blast phase, and are now therapeutically targetable. While mutational information does not currently influence choice of drug therapy in chronic-phase MF, the presence of a “high molecular risk” genotype is now routinely taken into account for transplant decision-making.
Less Safe in the Ivory Tower: Campus Sexual Assault Policy in the Trump Administration

ABSTRACTSince the late 20th century, the federal government has regulated colleges’ and universities’ handling of campus sexual and gender-based violence (CSGBV). Although the arc of history has be...
Genetic Coding Algorithms for Engineering Membrane Proteins

A solution to the problem of relating the physico-chemical properties of the amino acids to their codon sequences has been achieved by treating the genetic code as a system of linear equations and applying the numerical method, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). For example, hydropathy and molar volume, which are important determinants of protein structure and function, can be quantitatively related to the nucleotide sequence. The 20 hydropathy values of the amino acid residues were remapped to 12 nucleotide-determined values which, in turn, were used to predict structural aspects of the photosynthetic reaction center protein, without DNA → protein translation. These algorithms establish a theoretical basis for manipulating the properties of ensembles of proteins at the DNA level, which is important for engineering and analyzing combinatorial cassette libraries, and for designing reduced information content (RIC) proteins.
A Very English Revolution: The Impacts of Co-Residence at the University of Oxford.

This paper examines the impacts of co-residence (admitting women to men’s colleges and men to women’s colleges) at the University of Oxford beginning in the 1970s. Co-residence increased the repres...
Ocular manifestations of mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis.

A 13-year-old girl presented with a 5-day history of fever and cough followed by new-onset oral ulcers and conjunctival injection. Clinical examination revealed bilateral 360-degree subconjunctival hemorrhages, which later evolved to corneal epithelial defects, pseudo-membrane formation, and extensive oral mucosal ulceration. Mycoplasma pneumoniae serum IgG and IgM were positive. Treatment with topical prednisolone acetate, moxifloxacin, preservative-free artificial tears, and erythromycin ointment was initiated. A self-retaining amniotic membrane was placed. The ocular and oral lesions resolved within 2 weeks of treatment, and the patient's vision returned to baseline. Mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis is a newly defined entity that mainly affects children and has a favorable prognosis with early detection and treatment.
Organizational empowerment: a study of community-based welfare organizations for North Korean youth refugees in South Korea

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the welfare organizations that serve North Korean youth refugees utilized an approach that incorporates principles and methods of organizational empowerment. Utilizing the empowerment approach as the major theoretical framework, this study conducted a multiple case study. Three community-based welfare organizations in South Korea were selected for the study. This study highlights both external and internal contexts. External contexts include: the past history of organizations, community context, and the resource level. Internal contexts include workers’ participation in decision-making, shared power, culturally competent practice, and leaders’ orientation. The findings of this study identified leaders’ orientation and external funding mechanism as the most important factors for organizational empowerment. The findings provide implications for social work practice and research on the importance of (1) empowering leadership as the key factor for organizational empowerment and (2) the vital role of community-based welfare organizations to represent the diverse needs of North Korean refugee communities.
Chronic presence of blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies impairs cognitive function in mice

High titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies in brain cause anti-NMDAR1 encephalitis that displays psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia and/or other psychiatric disorders in addition to neurological symptoms. Low titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies are reported in the blood of a subset of the general human population and psychiatric patients. Since ~0.1-0.2% of blood circulating antibodies cross the blood-brain barriers and antibodies can persist for months and years in human blood, it is important to investigate whether chronic presence of these blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies may impair human cognitive functions and contribute to the development of psychiatric symptoms. Here, we generated mice carrying low titers of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies in blood against a single antigenic epitope of mouse NMDAR1. Mice carrying the anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies are healthy and display no differences in locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and contextual memory compared to controls. Chronic presence of the blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies, however, is sufficient to impair T-maze spontaneous alternation in the integrity of blood-brain barriers across all 3 independent mouse cohorts, indicating a robust cognitive deficit in spatial working memory and/or novelty detection. Our studies implicate that chronic presence of low titers of blood circulating anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies may impair cognitive functions in both the general healthy human population and psychiatric patients.
Graph Convolutional Network-Based Topology Embedded Deep Reinforcement Learning for Voltage Stability Control

Topology changes happen frequently in power systems and can impose significant challenges to traditional controllers of power systems. Recent studies revealed the strength of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based approaches in power system preventive and corrective control. But topological variations are difficult to capture using classical fully connected neural network (FCN) model and has not been explicitly modeled in previous work. Hence, we develop a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) based DRL framework to tackle topology changes in power system voltage stability control design. The GCN model helps the DRL agent to better capture topology changes and spatial correlations in nodal features. Our GCN based approach is evaluated using the IEEE-39 bus system and it outperforms the FCN-based DRL scheme in terms of training convergence and control performance considering grid topology changes.
The Curriculum of the Carceral State

This Essay scrutinizes the canons of substantive criminal law, with a particular focus on the curricular canon. By curricular canon, I mean the conceptual model used to teach the subject of criminal law, including the cases, narratives, and ideas that are presented to students. Since the middle of the twentieth century, American law schools have offered (and often required) a course in criminal law in which homicide is the paradigm crime and legality is a core organizing principle. The curricular canon depicts criminal law as a necessary and race-neutral response to grave injuries, and it also depicts criminal law as capable of self-restraint through various internal limiting principles. This model does not correspond closely to actual legal practices, and it never did; it was designed to model what criminal law could become. Though this curricular model was developed by men who wanted to improve and constrain the criminal law, instead it probably contributed to the vast expansion of criminal interventions in the second half of the twentieth century. The Essay reveals the pro-carceral implications of the prevailing canon, and it offers the outline of a different model that could alter American attitudes toward criminal law.
Environmental Influences on Diel Calling Behavior in Baleen Whales

Abstract : Baleen whales rely on acoustic communication to maintain contact with conspecifics for the purposes of social interactions, breeding, and possibly coordinated feeding activities. Passive acoustic monitoring takes advantage of this communication to detect whale presence. Unlike odontocetes that use echolocation to forage, calling in baleen whales is by no means obligatory; therefore, the absence of call detections does not always imply an absence of whales. To effectively apply passive acoustic monitoring to research and mitigation problems, we require a much better understanding of the social and environmental factors that influence variability in the calling behavior of baleen whales. One of the most prevalent observations in passive acoustic recordings over scales of days to months is diel calling behavior (i.e., higher calling rates by day versus night or vice versa; Stafford et al. 2005, Wiggins et al. 2005, Baumgartner and Fratantoni 2008). Increased calling activity during particular times of the day is frequently hypothesized to be caused by diel vertical migration of prey, but few studies have directly studied this relationship because it is difficult to continuously observe acoustic behavior and environmental conditions (e.g., prey migration) in areas occupied by whales over time scales of days to weeks.
Characterization of the gene encoding a folate-binding protein expressed in human placenta. Identification of promoter activity in a G-rich SP1 site linked with the tandemly repeated GGAAG motif for the ets encoded GA-binding protein.

Abstract The gene encoding a folate-binding protein (FBP) expressed in human placenta has been cloned by screening a genomic library with the KB cell FBP complementary DNA. This gene, contained in a 10-kilobase EcoRI fragment of this genomic clone, has 5 exons, 4 introns, the AATAA polyadenylation signal in the 3'-untranslated region, and a 5'-flanking sequence which contains the promoter elements, all of which span approximately 5 kilobases. Transcription initiation was mapped by RNase protection to a site 73 base pairs downstream from a G-rich sequence linked to a tandemly repeated GGAAG sequence which is a motif that the ets oncogene encoded GA-binding protein (GABP) transcription factor binds. Gel-shift and supershift mobility assays indicate that the G-rich sequence and the ets motif bind specifically to SP1 and GABP, respectively. These cis regulatory elements in tandem drive expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in transiently transfected mouse 3T3 cells. The location of these elements upstream of transcription initiation in this gene, which lacks an appropriately located TATA box promoter, indicates that this SP1-GA binding region most probably regulates expression of this placental FBP. The gene encoding this placental FBP has been assigned the FBP/PL-1 gene because it is a member of a multigene family that includes a gene encoding a FBP expressed in both KB cells and placenta and its unprocessed pseudogene.
Wegener's granulomatosis diagnosed by testicular biopsy

Urogenital involvement, other than the kidneys, is extremely rare in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and occurs in less than 1% of the cases. When encountered it is confined to prostate, bladder, urethra, cervix, and vagina. Granulomatous infiltration of the testis from WG has not been cited in the medical literature. We report a case of WG in a Hispanic male who presented with sensorineural hearing loss and hemoptysis. He had a pulmonary lesion and a painless right testicular mass, which was found to have necrotizing granulomas on excisional biopsy. This may be the first reported case of WG diagnosed by testicular biopsy as testicular involvement is rare in WG. We believe that the actual incidence of testicular involvement in WG may be higher as genital examination may be ignored during routine physical examinations.
Theories of Systems of Cities

Abstract Economic theories of systems of cities explain why production and consumption activities are concentrated in a number of urban areas of different sizes and industrial composition rather than uniformly distributed in space. These theories have been successively influenced by four paradigms: (i) conventional urban economics emphasizing the tension between economies due to the spatial concentration of activity and diseconomies arising from that concentration; (ii) the theory of industrial organization as it relates to inter-industry linkages and to product differentiation; (iii) the New Economic Geography which ignores land markets but emphasizes trade among cities, fixed agricultural hinterlands and the endogenous emergence of geography; (iv) the theory of endogenous economic growth. Among the issues examined are specialization versus diversification of cities in systems of cities, how city systems contribute to increasing returns in national and the global economies, the factors that determine skill distribution and income disparity between cities, the impacts of income disparity on welfare, whether population growth should cause economic activity to become more or less concentrated in urban areas, and how resources should be allocated efficiently in a system of cities. Related to the last issue, we consider models where cities are organized by local planners or developers as well as cities that self-organize by atomistic actions. A conclusion of the theoretical study of city systems is that markets fail in efficiently allocating resources across cities when certain intercity interactions are present and that a role for central planning may be necessary.
Heavy ion beam probe measurements of radial potential profiles in the modified Penning discharge

A heavy ion beam probe was used to examine the radial potential profile of a plasma in the modified Penning discharge. The plasma has strong (approximately kV) electrostatic potentials near the anode ring which can be a large fraction of the injected ion beam energy. A primary (singly ionized) thallium ion beam is injected through the plasma in the midplane of a double Penning anode ring. After passage through the plasma, primary and secondary (doubly ionized) ions are detected with either a set of flat probes or an electrostatic energy analyzer. A calculation of the primary orbit through the plasma is performed to obtain an approximation to the measured primary beam trajectory. As the real radial potential profile is unknown, an adjustable model is used in the computer program. The adjustable potential profile is varied until the best agreement between measured and calculated trajectories is obtained. Secondary orbits are also predicted using the best fitting adjustable profile. The calculations indicate that secondary beams originating at more than one point in the plasma can be simultaneously observed at the electrostatic analyzer with certain primary beam initial conditions.
Java programming: from the beginning

Assuming no prior programming experience, the book provides coverage of basic concepts in computer science as a springboard for more advanced discussion.
Evaluation of a Statewide Science Inservice and Outreach Program: Teacher and Student Outcomes

The Alabama Science in Motion (ASIM) Program is a statewide program that was established in 1994, as a practical method of addressing the problems Alabama science teachers must overcome in order to teach secondary science. Science is a discipline that is rooted in experimentation and inquiry. In order to incorporate these elements into the science classroom, students must be actively engaged in laboratory activities. The problem is many science teachers lack the equipment, preparation time, and motivation to run an effective science laboratory program. ASIM is a statewide program that services 11 inservice districts across the state. Each site is provided two fully equipped vans, one in chemistry and the other in either physics or biology, with each van driven by certified master teachers. Each van contains over $100,000 worth of technology and equipment. ASIM provides inservice training to teachers during the summer and also brings the equipment into the classrooms for the students to use.
Darwin on the Treatment of Animals: His Thoughts Then and His Influence Now

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution has seriously challenged traditional religious views on the origins of life, as well as on our human-animal similarities. Darwin is often referenced in literature on animal ethics with regard to his contention that the difference between humans and other animals is one of degree rather than of kind. This paper posits that Darwin’s writings and theory make more positive contributions to the contemporary debate on animal ethics than for which he has previously been given credit. This paper addresses important aspects of Darwin’s theory for understanding our relationship with other animals and the implications for their subsequent treatment. First, this paper considers themes in Darwin’s original writings regarding relationships among different species; second, enhancements to his theory in support of these themes; and third, recommendations for how these themes can and should inform our moral reasoning and successive treatment of other animals.
Carbon-13 nmr spectra of vitamin B6 compounds

Abstract The aqueous solution equilibria and solute structure of vitamin B 6 compounds and several model compounds have been investigated using 13 C-nmr spectroscopy. The unsubstituted α-carbon of these compounds is a very good probe for data which permits assignment of the ionization steps to indicidual groups. While the ionizations of the pyridinium and phenolic groups take place simultaneously in 3-hydroxypyridine, they take place in well-separated steps in pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP), and pyridoxal phosphate. It has been established that the ionization with a p K a value of 3.7 is predominantly phenolic in origin in PM and PMP. A zwitterionic structure consistent with the earlier spectroscopic investigations is proposed for the vitamin B 6 compounds in neutral aqueous solution.
Correlation of Compressive and Shear Stress with Spalling of Plasma‐Sprayed Ceramic Materials

Ceramics on metal substrates for potential use as high temperature seals or other applications are exposed to forces originating from differences in thermal expansion between the ceramic and the metal substrate. This report develops a relationship between the difference in expansion of the ceramic and the substrate, defines conditions under which shear between the ceramic and the substrate occurs, and those under which bending forces are produced in the ceramic. The off-axis effect of compression forces resulting from high temperature plastic flow of the ceramic producing buckling of the ceramic is developed. Shear is associated with the edge or boundary stresses on the component while bending is associated with the distortion of an interior region. Both modes are significant in predicting life of the ceramic. Previously announced in STAR as N83-27016
A descriptive analysis of same-sex relationship violence for a diverse sample.

This study contributed to the data about same-sex relationship violence with a large sample (n = 499) of ethnically diverse gay men, lesbians, and bisexual and transgendered people. Physical violence was reported in 9% of current and 32% of past relationships. One percent of participants had experienced forced sex in their current relationship. Nine percent reported this experience in past relationships. Emotional abuse was reported by 83% of the participants. Women reported higher frequencies than men for physical abuse, coercion, shame, threats, and use of children for control. Across types of abuse, ethnic differences emerged regarding physical abuse and coercion. Differences across age groups were found regarding coercion, shame, and use of children as tools. Higher income was correlated with increased threats, stalking, sexual, physical, and financial abuses. Preliminary patterns of same-sex relationship abuses were examined for bisexual and transgendered people.
Understanding social welfare service patterns using sequential analysis

Classical exploratory data analysis methods in statistics and many of the earlier KDD methods tend to focus only on basic data types, (interval or categorical data) as the unit of analysis. However, some information cannot be interpreted unless the data is treated as a unit. For example, viewing the data as sequences of sets can reveal useful information that could not be extracted in any other way. Analyzing suitable databases from such a perspective can assist many social scientists in their work.
Implementation of the epsilon psilon dataflow processor

Based on an operation-level, static dataflow model of computation, the processor uses a directly addressed matching store rather than a traditional associative matching store. The design is implemented with off-the-shelf ICs on a single circuit board. Sustained performance comparable to that of commercial minisupercomputers is demonstrated. Two variations of the processor architecture are constructed, with the second building extensively on the experience gained from the first. The second prototype is studied in great detail, and the resulting insights lead to the development of a new architecture, epsilon psilon-2. The architectures and specific implementations involved in this progression are described. The knowledge gained in the physical construction and the performance assessment of each are presented along with the resulting architectural modifications. >
The fetal heart rate patterns preceding death in utero

Abstract 1. 1. The fetal heart rate pattern during the death of a 25 week fetus has been determined from a fetal ECG tracing continuously recorded with an intrauterine electrode throughout labor. 2. 2. “Pathologic” bradycardia of a characteristic and readily indentifiable pattern appeared many hours before death. 3. 3. Fetal ECG S-T segment changes appeared to be of little clinical value for the early detection of fetal distress. 4. 4. Fetal cardiac irregularity associated with short periods of bradycardia appeared to be related to manipulation of the umbilical cord. 5. 5. Profound and prolonged bradycardia accompanied by fetal cardiac irregularity appeared just prior to fetal death. 6. 6. The fetal heart rate may return to “normal” for long periods even after profound and prolonged bradycardia and hence may be found “normal” even a few minutes before fetal death. 7. 7. It is important to distinguish between the fetal heart rate pattern which is a graph of the instantaneous fetal heart rate changes plotted against time and changes in the individual fetal ECG complexes such as S-T segment depression, T wave changes, etc.
Osteopontin: a key cytokine in cell‐mediated and granulomatous inflammation

Osteopontin (Opn) is a secreted adhesive, glycosylated phosphoprotein that contains the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) cell-binding sequence that is found in many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (for a review of Opn see References Denhardt & Guo 1993; Patarca et al. 1993; Rittling & Denhardt 1999). Since its initial description in 1979 as a secreted protein associated with malignant transformation, Opn has been independently discovered by investigators from diverse scientific disciplines, and has been associated with a remarkable range of pathologic responses. Opn is an important bone matrix protein, where it is thought to mediate adhesion of osteoclasts to resorbing bone. However, studies from the past decade have identified an alternative role for Opn as a key cytokine regulating tissue repair and inflammation. Recent work by our laboratory and that of others has underlined the importance of Opn as a pivotal cytokine in the cellular immune response. Despite this Opn is not well known to the immunologist. In this review we will focus on studies that pertain to the role of Opn in cell-mediated and granulomatous inflammation.
Entropy, independent sets and antichains: A new approach to Dedekind's problem

For n-regular, N-vertex bipartite graphs with bipartition A U B, a precise bound is given for the sum over independent sets I of the quantity μ |I ∩ A| λ |I ∩ B| , (In other language, this is bounding the partition function for certain instances of the hard-core model.) This result is then extended to graded partially ordered sets, which in particular provides a simple proof of a well-known bound for Dedekind's Problem given by Kleitman and Markowsky in 1975.
A nickel complex of a conjugated bis-dithiocarbazate Schiff base for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen.

We report a nickel complex containing a conjugated bis-dithiocarbazate ligand that is an active catalyst for the reduction of protons into hydrogen gas. Light-driven hydrogen generation is observed from a system containing this molecular nickel catalyst coupled with a fluorescein photosensitizer and triethylamine sacrificial donor. The photocatalytic system is stable for over 70 hours, achieving 3300 turnovers with respect to catalyst. The complex is also an active electrocatalyst for proton reduction with catalysis occurring at −1.7 V vs. Fc+/Fc. The nickel bis-dithiocarbazate complex represents a highly active and stable catalyst for hydrogen generation.
The spin Hamiltonian for Cr2+ in CdS

Abstract Previously undetected ΔM =±1, ±2 transitions in the EPR spectrum of Cr 2+ in CdS are reported which allow a complete analysis of the S =2 spin Hamiltonian. The implication of these results to recent spinlattice relaxation measurements are discussed.
Spatial resolution of x-ray tomosynthesis in relation to computed tomography for coronal/sagittal images of the knee

We consider in this report, a tomosynthesis (TS) system utilizing a recently developed Selenium flat panel detector (Shimadzu Safire II) capable of acquiring 30 pulsed frames per second (fps) with precise geometric registration to a moving gantry. The reconstructed TS resolution achieved with this system is reported in relation to the resolution obtained with modern volumetric computed tomography (vCT) systems. Computed tomography resolution is assessed using a sphere phantom. To describe the resolution of coronal/sagittal re-formatted planes, we average the transverse and axial response to express typical vCT performance as 1.00 mm (FWHM PlSF) and 0.83 cycles/mm (10% MTF). Tomosynthesis response is assessed using a wire phantom. To describe the resolution of the coronal/sagittal TS images, we use the FWHM of the LSF and the frequency at 20% of the peak spatial frequency response to express typical TS performance as 2.41 mm (FWHM LSF) and 2.62 cycles/mm (20% Peak). Cadaver images confirm that the TS resolution is about 3 times better than that for vCT systems. On the other hand, the TS slice sensitivity of 3 mm is about 3 times larger than vCT resolution (FWHM LSF).
Labyrinth Seal Leakage Resistance and Visualization Experiments in a Novel, Variable-Configuration Facility

The present experimental investigation is concerned with measuring and understanding the variation of leakage resistance of stepped labyrinth seals over a wide range of geometries. Important details of the novel test facility design and operation are discussed. It was observed that several of the geometrical dimensions are often coupled in a complicated way, which produces a significant and unexpected variation in leakage resistance for a slight change in geometry. Both flow visualization and leakage resistance data were taken and analyzed in an integrated fashion. The result was an improved understanding of the mainstream path and turbulence resulting from the cavity geometry. Each of the three values of radial clearance considered here resulted in a generally different relationship between cavity configuration and leakage resistance. Presented at the 47th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania May 4–7, 1992
Innovation and weak labour disposability: some theoretical and empirical evidence

This paper envisages theoretically and empirically the weak labour disposability and the ability of labour to innovate in a poor-capital, surplus-labour economy. Therefore, a production function where the marginal product can become zero or even negative has been derived and estimated using data from Suden over the period 1968–88, with quarterly interpolation. Thus, unlike neoclassical specifications of endogenous growth theory, labour withdrawal may have minimal effect on output. The results indicate the presence of weak disposability of labour. The existence of a discernibly low capital–saving technical relationship between labour and capital has been verified using cointegration techniques.
Effects of annealing and gas treatment on the morphology of platinum cluster size on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by scanning tunneling microscopy

We have used STM to examine the effects of annealing time in the presence of different gaseous species (Ar, H2 and N2) on the morphological transformation of vacuum-vapor deposited Pt clusters on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). This study shows that the morphological transformation of the Pt clusters on HOPG is a function of both gaseous species and annealing time. Without annealing, the as-deposited platinum consists of an aggregation of smaller clusters. These clusters become more uniform and spherical after annealing for 4 h in the presence of Ar and H2. Further annealing shows a morphological transformation from spherical to elongated shape. Small amounts of hydrocarbon impurities in Ar or hydrogen might possibly explain the shape transformation of the Pt clusters. However, the morphological transformation of the Pt clusters is totally different when the sample is annealed in low sticking coefficient gas, n2, suggesting adsorbed gases (hydrocarbon or hydrogen) have profound effects on the shape transformation. These results indicate that pretreatment conditions are important factors in the shape transformation, which may have significant influence on catalytic activity and selectivity.