cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatic neoplasia: selected clinical aspects.

Benign liver tumors are relatively uncommon and even when large enough to be symptomatic they usually remain undiagnosed prior to exploratory laparotomy. Hemangiomas constitute the majority of benign hepatic neoplasms and are 9 times as frequent in females as in males. Most are asymptomatic but abdominal swelling a mass or symptoms due to compression of adjacent organs may occur and abdominal hemorrhage is reported in 4.5% of patients. Hepatic hemangioma may produce a large arteriovenous communication serious enough to cause heart failure. Recently an increased frequency of liver tumors mostly adenomas has been noted in women taking oral contraceptives (OCs); the cause has been attributed to estrogens. The exact incidence is unknown but believed to be low. It is most common in women in their late 20s who have been on OCs for 7 years or more. The tumor occasionally completely regresses on withdrawal of the OCs. The tumor may be discovered incidentally at laparotomy or may manifest inself by pain a palpable mass or catastrophic hemoperitoneum. Hepatic adenoma is usually a solitary lesion and infrequently degenerates into malignancy. Differential diagnosis includes chronic gall bladder disease and peptic ulcer. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is apparently much less frequently related to OC use and is less likely to bleed seriously than adenoma. Hepatic chemistry is usually normal in adenoma and FNH but slight increases in serum bilirubin serum alkaline phosphatase and serum transaminase may occur. Primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatoma) is mostly a disease of males and in the US and Western Europe seldom develops before age 40. Fibrolamellar carcinoma which characteristically develops in adolescents and young adults occurs with equal sex incidence. Doubt has been expressed about its relationship to OCs. In the US about 75% of primary hepatocellular carcinomas are associated with cirrhosis and about 5% of cirrhosis cases develop primary liver cancer. Clinical manifestations of hepatoma have been divided into 5 groups: frank cancer (62.7%) acute abdominal cancer (8%) febrile cancer (8%) occult cancer (16%) and metastatic cancer (5%). Detection of large amounts of alpha fetoprotein has proven useful in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma but values may be negative in OC users. It has been estimated that 1/3 to 1/2 of all malignant tumors eventually metastasize to the liver.
Differential Assessment of the ABET “a-k” Program Outcomes Based on Learning Domains

In this paper each of the eleven EC 2000 “a-k” program outcomes are investigated in terms of Bloom’s three domains of learning. It is found that most of the published work in engineering assessment is focused on outcomes related to the cognitive domain. Some difficulties in assessing the outcomes involving the professional skills, which tend to fall in the affective domain, are addressed. Since some outcomes fall in a single domain and others encompass multiple domains, there is a need to use different, and possibly multiple, types of assessment techniques for each outcome. Specific methods for developing assessable performance criteria for these outcomes are described. The result is a clearer picture of assessment needs and methods related to each outcome, and an understanding of remaining work in this area.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
CONVERGENT SYNTHESIS OF SULFATED BIVALENT GLYCOPEPTIDES AS SELECTIN LIGANDS

Abstract Non-natural bivalent N-linked glycopeptides, designed to probe selectin recognition, were synthesized by HBTU-promoted coupling of a sulfated lactoside derivative to aspartic acid residues.
A dissipation model for staggered grid Lagrangian hydrodynamics

Abstract Viscosity terms are explicitly added to the Lagrangian staggered grid hydrodynamic equations for calculating shock wave problems. The explicit viscosity terms are commonly termed artificial viscosity. All shocks are irreversible so a dissipation model is necessary to capture the entropy created by a shock. In this work, viscosity models are derived via analytic solutions to one-dimensional shock problems for materials having linear and non-linear relationships between particle velocity and shock velocity. The dissipation model includes linear, quadratic, and cubic viscosity terms. The linear viscosity term is used to damp spurious oscillations, whereas, the quadratic and cubic viscosities are used to capture the pressure difference between a shock wave and an acoustic wave. The quadratic and cubic viscosity coefficients are material dependent and are calculated using fits to experimental data. The details of the viscosity model are discussed and numerical tests are presented.
Universal service in the networked environment : The education rate (E-rate) debate

Service universel aux Etats-Unis, dans le domaine des telecommunications: acces moins couteux pour les ecoles et les bibliotheques (de meme que l'acces est moins couteux dans les zones rurales, insulaires...)
Response to psychological stress in patients with essential hypertension.

Abstract Thirty-six women, 14 with essential hypertension and 22 normal controls, were observed in two psychodramatic stress situations. Both blood pressure and heart rate as well as psychological response to stress differed for the two groups. Ratings based upon descriptions by observers and upon typescripts of psychodrama behavior showed that the hypertensive women had poorer emotional and behavioral control, were less flexible and adaptive in the stress situations, and lacked appropriate assertiveness. These findings are consistent with those reported in studies of prehypertensive subjects and with hypotheses regarding the behavioral correlates of hypertension which have emerged from psychiatric interviews. They suggest that prehypertensive as well as hypertensive subjects perceive stress more readily and handle it less well. Thus, they are more vulnerable to repetitive rises in blood pressure which may lead ultimately to essential hypertension.
Selecting international modes of entry and expansion

Selecting a mode for entering or expanding in a foreign market is a crucial strategic decision for an international firm. This article identifies and compares the most influential factors that affect the international modes of entry and expansion decisions of US and Japanese firms. Using mail surveys, this is one of the first studies on this subject to collect data from top executives in both Japan and the USA. Findings reveal that the Japanese are particularly sensitive to external risk and other target market factors. For Americans, company factors, such as international experience, appear to be most important when selecting modes of entry. Joint ventures may be more appropriate for internationally‐experienced firms, than for inexperienced companies.
Reduction of nitrate to ammonia by zero-valent iron

Abstract The reduction of nitrate to ammonia occurs with nearly complete conversion at room temperature and pressure under aerobic conditions in the presence of iron and either HCl or a pH buffer. A 50.0 mL solution of 12.5 millimolar nitrate is rapidly reduced to ammonia when exposed to 4.00 g of 325 mesh iron at pH 5.0, 0.05 M sodium acetate/acetic acid. The pseudo-first order rate constant was 0.053 min −1 , Under conditions of pH 6.0 buffer, (i.e. 0.1 M 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid adjusted to pH 6.0) and pH 7.0 buffer (0.1 M 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid adjusted to pH 7.0), the rate constants were 0.0408 min −1 and 0.0143 mint, respectively. In unbuffered solutions there was no loss in nitrate and no production of ammonia. A more concentrated nitrate solution (100 mL of 1.0 M sodium nitrate) was also reduced to ammonia in the presence of 2.5 M HCl with the slow addition of 50.0 g of 325 mesh iron.
Infectious complications among individuals with clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): a cohort study of newly diagnosed cases compared to controls

Although the risk of progression from monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been well characterized, it is unknown whether other common complications associated with CLL, such as increased risk of infection, occurs in individuals with MBL. We used the Mayo CLL database to identify cohorts of individuals with newly diagnosed MBL (n=154) or newly diagnosed CLL (n=174) who resided within 50 miles of Mayo Clinic. A cohort of 689 adult patients seen for a general medical examination who resided within 50 miles of Mayo clinic and who enrolled in a case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was used as a comparison cohort. Hospitalization with infection was more common among individuals with MBL (25/154; 16.2%), and CLL (32/174; 18.4%) than controls (18/689; 2.6%). On pooled multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis of all 1017 patients (controls, MBL and CLL), male sex (hazards ratio (HR)=2.3; P=0.002), major co-morbid health problems (HR=1.7, P=0.04), the presence of CLL (HR=3.2, P<0.001), treatment for progressive CLL (HR=2.4, P=0.001) and the presence of MBL (HR=3.0, P=0.001) were independently associated with risk of hospitalization for infection. These results suggest the risk of serious infection in clinical MBL is substantially greater than the risk of progression requiring treatment.
Distant context effects in language production: a reply to Motley et al.

Motley, Baars, and Camden (1981), continuing earlier work, report on several experiments that are interpreted as evidence for output editing in language production, editing that is sensitive to lexical, phonological, semantic, and syntactic factors. Their results can be accounted for equally well if context affects the formation, rather than the output, of the subjects' responses. Similar distant context effects on utterance formation have also been observed in naturally occurring speech errors.
Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Cancer in Relation to Childhood Physical Activity

Purpose The only consistently reported risk factors for testicular germ-cell tumors (TGCTs) are cryptorchism, prior history of TGCT and family history of TGCT. The obesity pandemic and development of a more sedentary lifestyle have been implicated as important etiological factors in many cancers. Specifically, increased levels of physical activity have been shown to be protective against various malignancies. We examined the effect of childhood physical activity on TGCT risk. Methods The U.S. Servicemen's Testicular Tumor Environmental and Endocrine Determinants (STEED) case-control study enrolled participants and their mothers between April 2002 and January 2005. Hours of sports or vigorous physical activity per week were ascertained for three time periods; 1st–5 th grades, 6th–8th grades and 9th–12th grades. Son and mother-reports were analyzed separately and included 539 control son-mother pairs and 499 case son-mother pairs. Odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were produced using unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for the matching variables of age, race and year of serum collection. Results The analysis of the sons’ responses found no relationship between childhood physical activity and TGCT whilst the mothers’ analysis found an inverse association. When the mothers’ data were stratified by histologic group, the protective effect was solely and consistently associated with development of nonseminoma. Conclusion In summary, the data reported by mothers suggest that increased physical activity decreases the risk of TGCT (nonseminoma), although the data reported by sons do not substantiate this protective effect. Future studies of childhood physical activity should seek to validate responses further using recorded information sources such as school records.
Demographics and Diversity of Asian American College Students

The author provides an overview of the Asian American population, its immigration patterns and trends, current demographics, and higher educational statistics and explains why student affairs professionals need to address the diversity of Asian American students if they are to be better served and supported.
Microstrain in laser‐crystallized silicon islands on fused silica

Residual strain in cw laser‐crystallized silicon thin films has been measured with high spatial resolution (∼5 μm) by Raman spectroscopy. Thin films of polycrystalline silicon were defined into moated islands and patterned stripes on fused silica substrates and encapsulated with silicon nitride. Raman scattering was used to measure local strain at various points in and near crystallized islands, and the results reveal that the silicon film is under tension. The observations indicate that a major component of the stress in the film arises from pinning of the silicon at the silicon‐fused silica interface at the solidification temperature followed by differential thermal contraction.
Bovine Brucellosis Programs: An Economic/Epidemiologic Analysis

This report analyzes the economic and epidemiologic impact of eight alternative bovine brucellosis programs in terms of their costs and benefits to society, consumers, producers and related agricultural industries. BRUSIM, a systems simulation model, was developed to measure the impact of various program components upon selected epidemiologic parameters and for determining associated costs and physical losses of brucellosis control/eradication programs for 1976 through 2005. The United States was delineated into 16 regions based upon such factors as prevalence, producer characteristics and cattle population. TECHSIM, an econometric model, was used for determining the total and net benefits accruing to society, consumers, producers, and related industries as a result of changes in beef and milk losses from alternative programs compared to a base program. The discounted values and associated program costs were used for determining benefit/cost ratios and related economic decision criteria. Cette etude analyse le choc economique et epidemiologique de huit programmes alternatifs de la brucellose pour bovine en termes de leurs couts et avantages pour la societe, les consommateurs, les producteurs et les industries agricoles reliees. BRUSIM, un modele de simulation de systeme, a ete developpe pour mesurer le choc de divers composants d' un programme sur les parametres epidemiologiques choisis et pour determiner les couts associes et les pertes physiques des programmes de controle ou d' eradication de la brucellose de l' annee 1976 a travers 2005. Les Etats-Unis ont ete divises en 16 regions dependant des facteurs tels que la prevalance, les caracteristiques de producteur et la population de betail. TECHSIM, un modele econometrique, a ete utilise pour determiner les benefices totals et nets que retirent la societe, les consommateurs, les producteurs, et les industries reliees a cause des changements dans les pertes de rendement de viande et de lait du aux programmes alternatifs en comparaison avec le programme de base. Les valeurs escomptees et les couts associes des programmes ont ete utilises pour determiner les rapports couts-benefices et les criteres de decisions economiques relies.
The structure of reactive sites on platinum metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons

The reactive sites, on platinum metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons and related reactions, are proposed to be the most coordinatively unsaturated exposed metal atoms. To simplify the discussion, the surface atoms are divided into three groups with one, two, or three units of coordinative unsaturation (corresponding to the number of monodentate ligands which may become attached) and are symbolized by /sup 1/M, /sup 2/M, and /sup 3/M. When exposed to hydrogen the first structures formed are /sup 2/MH/sub 2/ and /sup 3/MH/sub 2/ which are transformed, in part, to /sup 2/MH and /sup 3/MH by diffusion of hydrogen from the edge to other surface sites or to the interior of the crystallite. The proportions of /sup 3/M and /sup 3/MH present during a reaction are a function of the metal and the conditions of preparation and use. These structures bear a formal relationship to the structure of the complexes ClRh(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 2/(1) and HRhCO(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 2/(2) which are formed through the dissociation of ClRh(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 3/ and HRh(CO)(PPh/sub 3/)/sub 3/, respectively. The catalytic functions of both 1 and 2 appear to involve the same kinds of elementary processes, but the presence of the hydrido group in 2more » leads to recognizably different phenomena (kinetics, stereochemistry, deuterium exchange reactions). Accordingly, the characteristics of hydrogenations catalyzed by platinum metals may be rationalized by considering the elementary processes which may occur at each category of site.« less
Multifactorial contributions to the etiology of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system of fetal hamsters.

Experiments were performed to learn whether males or females of various hamster strains or crosses played a role in the etiology of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis (SHN) disease. Disease incidence in fetal hamsters was highly variable in 1,185 observed litters of one hamster strain over a 1-year period. There was no evidence of Gaussian distribution of incidence among the 177 affected litters to suggest that SHN is a directly transmissible, highly contagious disease. The 177 litters were sired by 39 of 51 males used to breed the 1,185 females; each male sired a total of from 8 to 48 litters. In sequential litter progeny of males that did sire SHN litters, affected litters did not occur at any one period or with any consistent pattern within the males' breeding use. However, direct contact among bred females influenced incidence. Various hamster strains and crosses were examined for susceptibility to SHN disease. In counterpart breedings offspring from the Simonsen, the Lakeview PD4, the Lakeview MHA, and the Lakeview LVG strains all developed SHN, but the Engle strain did not. Among crosses, those involving a Simonsen dam but not those involving an Engle dam were affected with the disease, regardless of the strain of male used. The fact that only certain strains or crosses were free of the disease suggests that genetic factors played an important role in susceptibility.
Dimensional Structure of the Wais-R: A Simultaneous Multi-Sample Analysis

A two-step procedure was used to evaluate the dimensional structure of the WAIS-R. The first step involved the assessment of the goodness-of-fit of various one, two, and three factor models of the WAIS-R, by using confirmatory factor analytic procedures, for a sample of Anglo adults (n = 200). A three-common-factor solution provided the best fit for the Anglo sample data: Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractability. Using the just cited model, the second step employed a simultaneous multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis and evaluated the equality of factor solutions for the Anglo sample and an additional sample of Mexican-American adults (n =200). The factor solutions were found to be invariant across the two samples. Implications for the assessment of abilities underlying performance on the WAIS-R are discussed.
Putnam, Merritt, and the discovery of Dilantin.

In the first part of this essay, the "common wisdom" about Putnam and Merritt's contributions to the treatment of epilepsy was summarized (Rowland, 1982). Based on the history that has been presented here, how true are these "wisdoms"? Putnam and Merritt did devise "a simple and reliable method to test drugs of anticonvulsant effect" and they did show "that anticonvulsant effects in cats accurately predicted effects in humans," but others before them had done these same things. Dilantin, contrary to common wisdom, was not the first anticonvulsant drug to be tested in animals before it was given to human subjects; at least a year before, Cobb and his co-workers had done the same thing using vital dyes. However, Dilantin did represent the first time an anticonvulsant tested in animals was subsequently studied in a large series of patients. Nor were Putnam and Merritt the first to show that "anticonvulsant and sedative effects of drugs could be separated." Potassium borotartrate, ketogenic diet, ketone bodies, and vital dyes were anticonvulsive without necessarily being sedative. However, Putnam and Merritt were probably the first to make so explicit a statement to this effect. It may well have been this particular statement--and the fact that it was so well heard by other researchers--that represented their greatest achievement. In Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions, the great step forward may not be so much the accumulation of evidence that the existing paradigm is not a feasible one, but rather the use of this evidence to form a new model or paradigm which is then accepted by normal science in such a fashion that the results prove to be productive. This, it would seem, is what Putnam and Merritt did. From it came their own major discovery, Dilantin, which, in Rowland's words, remains "a mainstay of treatment" for epilepsy up to the present time, and which "opened the way to the development of other anticonvulsant drugs."
“Too much too young”: race, descriptive representation, and heterogeneous policy responses in the case of teenage childbearing

Teenage childbearing has long been a discomforting discourse in the USA. Despite the increasing efforts in finding out what policies work to reduce teen birth rates, the literature lacks a sufficie...
How to get more value from your file system directory cache

Applications frequently request file system operations that traverse the file system directory tree, such as opening a file or reading a file's metadata. As a result, caching file system directory structure and metadata in memory is an important performance optimization for an OS kernel.This paper identifies several design principles that can substantially improve hit rate and reduce hit cost transparently to applications and file systems. Specifically, our directory cache design can look up a directory in a constant number of hash table operations, separates finding paths from permission checking, memoizes the results of access control checks, uses signatures to accelerate lookup, and reduces miss rates through caching directory completeness. This design can meet a range of idiosyncratic requirements imposed by POSIX, Linux Security Modules, namespaces, and mount aliases. These optimizations are a significant net improvement for real-world applications, such as improving the throughput of the Dovecot IMAP server by up to 12% and the updatedb utility by up to 29%.
Stereophonic Recording And Reconstruction Methods To Generate Real And Virtual Images

Multi-channel stereophonic systems that can create images of acoustic sources are introduced. The systems are analyzed in conjunction with optical holographic recording and reconstruction methods. The diffraction problem from the multi-channel system, generation of the primary image and the conjugate image are dis-cussed.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The New-Generation Smart Substation Protective Equipment Testing Technology Research

The new-generation smart substation, which is included in the index of annually key construction project of The STATE GRID Corporation of China, featuring deep integration of primary and secondary equipment, although still in the pilot construction phase, symbolizes the future and trend of the development of smart substation.In this paper, a complete scheme of test technology and method on dynamic simulation, single device function test, abnormal SV test is presented based on the integration, on-site and substation-wide characteristics of the equipment and the unique feature of construction and commission phase of new-generation smart substation as well as the previous experience of test and operation on both smart and traditional substation.This paper concentrates on the examination method that tests the impact of abnormal SV to the protection device, enumerating all possible conditions of abnormal sampling data and corresponding test manner and methods. At last, a detailed test result on protection device from a new-generation substation that is in its final stage of commissioning is presented .
Rank-one characterization of joint spectral radius of finite matrix family

Abstract In this paper we study the joint/generalized spectral radius of a finite set of matrices in terms of its rank-one approximation by singular value decomposition. In the first part of the paper, we show that any finite set of matrices with at most one element’s rank being greater than one satisfies the finiteness property under the framework of (invariant) extremal norm. Formula for the computation of joint/generalized spectral radius for this class of matrix family is derived. Based on that, in the second part, we further study the joint/generalized spectral radius of finite sets of general matrices through constructing rank-one approximations in terms of singular value decomposition, and some new characterizations of joint/generalized spectral radius are obtained. Several benchmark examples from applications as well as corresponding numerical computations are provided to illustrate the approach.
The frictional behaviour of graphite

Abstract Experiments are reported which show that packets of graphite planes roll up on rubbing the material to form small roller bearings. Electron microscope studies of a natural graphite flake demonstrated that these rollers are formed only about a stylus path over the flake; they are not observed in undeformed regions. A mechanism for graphite lubrication is suggested which involves a surface orientation of crystallites and the subsequent formation of the rollers responsible for the low friction coefficients under normal conditions.
Plan to mitigate infrastructure development released

Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell released a new strategy on 10 April 2014 to advance landscape-scale, science-based management of America's public lands and wildlife. The strategy will implement mitigation policies and practices at the Department of the Interior that can encourage infrastructure development while protecting natural and cultural resources.
Technical Note: Simple formulations and solutions of the dual-phase diffusive transport for biogeochemical modeling

Abstract. Representation of gaseous diffusion in variably saturated near-surface soils is becoming more common in land biogeochemical models, yet the formulations and numerical solution algorithms applied vary widely. We present three different but equivalent formulations of the dual-phase (gaseous and aqueous) tracer diffusion transport problem that is relevant to a wide class of volatile tracers in land biogeochemical models. Of these three formulations (i.e., the gas-primary, aqueous-primary, and bulk-tracer-based formulations), we contend that the gas-primary formulation is the most convenient for modeling tracer dynamics in biogeochemical models. We then provide finite volume approximation to the gas-primary equation and evaluate its accuracy against three analytical models: one for steady-state soil CO2 dynamics, one for steady-state soil CH4 dynamics, and one for transient tracer diffusion from a constant point source into two different sequentially aligned medias. All evaluations demonstrated good accuracy of the numerical approximation. We expect our result will standardize an efficient mechanistic numerical method for solving relatively simple, multi-phase, one-dimensional diffusion problems in land models.
Increased permeability across the blood-nerve barrier of albumin glycated in vitro and in vivo from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy

Abstract The blood-nerve transfer of human plasma albumin glycated with D-glucose was investigated by measuring the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PS) of the blood-nerve barrier to radioiodinated albumin in normal adult rat sciatic nerve. Human albumin (ALB) from normal individuals, freshly isolated by CM-Affi-Gel Blue affinity chromatography, was glycated in vitro for 1, 3, 10, 19, and 30 weeks. Glycated ALB (gALB) was separated from the nonglycated form by boronate-affinity chromatography. The efficiency of this separation was assessed by chromatography of ALB glycated with [14C]glucose and by rechromatography of isolated ALB and gALB after radioiodination. The gALB was also shown to have a higher molecular weight and be completely separated from ALB after SDS/pore gradient electrophoresis in a Tris borate/EDTA buffer. After 1 week of glycation, the gALB PS was 2.2-fold greater than the ALB PS (0.724 +/- 0.063 x 10(-6) vs. 0.328 +/- 0.053 x 10(-6) ml.g-1.s-1; mean +/- SD; P less than 0.0001) and it increased with the time of glycation reaching a maximum value of 16.2-fold greater at 30 weeks (4.656 +/- 1.117 x 10(-6) vs. 0.288 +/- 0.042 x 10(-6) ml.g-1.s-1; mean +/- SD; P less than 0.0001). No change was observed in the residual endoneurial plasma volume. In addition, the PS of gALB isolated from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy was significantly increased (P less than 0.0001) compared to the PS for ALB isolated from the same patients. It is hypothesized that the increased permeability of gALB and presumably other glycated serum components across the blood-nerve barrier, as well as the observed quantitative increase in ALB, IgG, and IgM in sural nerve biopsies from patients with diabetic polyneuropathy contribute to the development of diabetic polyneuropathy over a prolonged period of time by mechanisms that might involve osmotic changes in the nerve microenvironment, direct toxic effects of glycated macromolecules on cells within the endoneurium, or nerve damage by classical immunological mechanisms due to trapping of glycated immunoglobulins within nerve.
Hispanic Nonprofit Organizations in the State of California

This article presents an initial assessment of the numbers and functions of nonprofit organizations within the California Hispanic community, whose population will soon constitute one-third of the state total. The changing social and political realities accompanying rapid population growth have stimulated a notable expansion in numbers and kinds of nonprofit groups. Changing realities have also motivated key organizations to replace older, piecemeal approaches to community problems with regional and strategic ones.
Slow Growth and Urban Sprawl Support for a New Regional Agenda

Proponents of more regional cooperation in U.S. metropolitan areas have suggested that increas- ing concern about the effects of unregulated growth creates the possibility of building a regional coalition around combating sprawl. Analysis of public opinion data from New York and Los Angeles suggest a more complicated picture. Suburbanites who are experiencing "city-like" problems in their communities seem increasingly receptive to slow-growth policies. However, residents of the central city in these areas are much less supportive of controls on growth—a problem for the goal of regional coalition building. Furthermore, even among suburbanites, sup- port is not uniform: African-Americans, lower income residents, and those with stronger ties to the city are all less supportive of slow-growth measures. For those interested in the future of American cities, popular opposition to urban sprawl is increasingly seen as a key issue in the attempt to build a regional coalition in support of policies that will strengthen center cities. Many have seen the increasing attention paid to "smart growth" in state and local elections and to "livability issues" in the presidential campaign as evi- dence of increasing supportfor a regional approach t urban problems. Fur - thermore, the recent spate of antisprawl and growth control initiatives appearing on state and local ballots around the country has been seen as a demonstration of the power of this new political issue to unite regions around
Emergence & Metacontingency: Points of Contact and Departure

The behavioral contingency and the metacontingency describe pheThe behavioral contingency and the metacontingency describe phenomena at different levels of analysis, the former at the individual level, the latter at the group level. The relationship between these levels is similar to the relationship between the physiological and the psychological levels of analysis. Simply stated, behavior is not simply the sum of physiological activity, but is rather more than or qualitatively different from physiological activity. We believe this emergent relationship may be crucial to distinguishing phenomena at different levels of analyses. The term ‘emergence’ is used in several ways within behavior analysis. Some uses suggest that novel behavior or more complex behavior is emergent upon simpler behavior. The term is also used to suggest that molar patterns of behavior emerge from molecular contingencies of reinforcement. For others, the term is reserved for describing connections between levels of analysis. Our aim in this paper is to contribute to an understanding of the phenomenon of emergence in the interdisciplinary interaction between behavior analysis and sociology. In presenting this analysis, we examine the utility of an interdisciplinary concept of metacontingency and discuss the points of contact and departures between behavior analysis and cultural analysis throughout this process.
Relationship among circulating leukocytes, platelets, and microvascular responses during induction of chronic colitis

Abstract The mechanisms by which microvascular alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) have not been clearly delineated. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the inflammatory events, microvascular alterations, and blood cell changes that occur in a mouse model of IBD. In this model, CD4 + T-lymphocytes obtained from interleukin-10-deficient mice were injected intraperitoneally into lymphopenic, recombinase-activating gene-1 deficient (RAG −/− ) mice. Two groups of control mice were also included: RAG −/− mice and C57BL/6 mice that were injected with phosphate-buffered saline but did not receive the T-cells. Four weeks later, the RAG −/− mice that had received the T-cell transfer showed significant signs of colonic inflammation, but without significant decreases in either body weight or mean arterial blood pressure. T-cell transfer increased the volume % of circulating platelets, while decreasing the number of circulating red blood cells. Additionally, the T-cell transfer tended to increase the circulating numbers of both lymphocytes and neutrophils when compared to unmanipulated RAG −/− mice. First-order colonic arterioles and venules tended to dilate in the colitic mice; however, the dilation was considerably more substantial with higher numbers of circulating leukocytes. The possibility that circulating inflammatory cells initiate the microvascular alterations in colitis warrants further investigation.
The Poorly Coping COPD Patient: A Psychotherapeutic Perspective

An etiology of maladaptive coping in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is proposed and a model for psychotherapeutic intervention with poorly coping COPD patients is presented. Failure in mourning, manifested by a lack of shift in patient's expectations and goals leads to: 1) difficulty in accepting illness related feelings of loss; 2) chronic anxiety; 3) attribution of responsibility for feelings and behavior to external factors; and 4) poor compliance with medical regime. Recommendations for establishing a therapeutic alliance with the poorly coping patient are discussed. Psychotherapeutic intervention aims at: 1) facilitating acceptance of losses and restructuring of life goals; 2) interrupting the cycle of alienation and social withdrawal; and 3) increasing patient's control over affective arousal and respiratory functioning. Utilization of supportive individual psychotherapy, family or marital therapy, and specific behavioral techniques is discussed. Family or marital therapy is seen as the treat...
Mathematics anxiety and stereotype threat: shared mechanisms, negative consequences and promising interventions

The above quote, taken from a 10 year old girl’s journal, illustrates a common experience in the classroom: anxiety. Most students want to perform well in academic settings, but for many, including the student quoted above, feelings of anxiety can negatively impact their performance. In today’s education system, students (and teachers) are constantly being evaluated. Students are often bombarded with assessments: weekly assessments, unit tests, federally mandated high stakes testing, and even practice tests for the high stakes tests. But what happens when these measures don’t accurately capture a students’ knowledge or skill? The above quote begs this question: would this student have performed differently on the high stakes test that she described if she had not felt ‘‘wiggly’’ or sick to her stomach? The effects of anxiety are not limited to physical symptoms, such as those described above. Indeed, anxiety can impact student performance on in-class assessments and standardised tests as well as decisions regarding which career paths to pursue (e.g., Hembree, 1990). In the present review, we summarise psychological and neuroscience research highlighting, specifically, the negative effects of anxiety on mathematics performance. We also talk about a related negative performance
Effect of monensin on secretion of basement membrane collagen by cultured rabbit corneal endothelial cells in comparison with rabbit tendon fibroblasts.

Monensin, a monovalent ionophore, affects differently the secretion of basement membrane collagen and interstitial procollagen. At 1 × 10−8 M, monensin inhibited only slightly the secretion of procollagen synthesized by tendon cells while secretion of basement membrane collagen synthesized by endothelial cells was inhibited by 43% after 2 hours of labelling. At higher concentration (1 × 10−5 M), the secretion of type I procollagen by tendon cells was inhibited after two h (36%) or 24 h (24%) of labelling. The pattern of basement membrane collagen secretion varied from inhibition to stimulation depending on the labelling time. No changes in the phenotypic expression of collagen were observed in either the monensin-treated tendon cultures or endothelial cells. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed differential responses of cells to monensin: tendon cells appeared spindle-shaped or rounded-up, in contrast to the enlarged shape displayed by endothelial cells.
Delay optimization considering power saving in dynamic CMOS circuits

Performance variation is one of the primary concerns in nanometer-scale dynamic CMOS circuits. This performance variation is worse in circuits with multiple timing paths such as those used in microprocessors. In this paper, a Process Variation-aware Transistor (PVT) sizing algorithm is proposed, which is capable of significantly reducing worst-case delay, delay uncertainty, and delay sensitivity to process variations in dynamic CMOS circuits. The proposed algorithm is based on identifying the significance of all timing paths in the design, increasing the sizes of transistors that appear in most number of paths to reduce delays of most paths. In parallel, it minimizes the channel load by reducing the size of transistors in the interacting paths, which will lead to a power saving. Additional advantages in this algorithm include its simplicity, accuracy, independent of the transistor order, and initial sizing factors. Using 90 nm CMOS process, the proposed algorithm has demonstrated an average improvement in worst-case delay by 36.9%, delay uncertainty by 44.1%, delay sensitivity by 19.8%, and power-delay-product by 35.3% when compared to their initial performances.
The energy dependence of the chemical properties of cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract The addition of ATP to intact mitochondria induces a high- to low-spin state transition in a heme of oxidized cytochrome oxidase. This transition is dependent on the phosphate potential with one-half effect requiring a phosphate potential approximately 2 × 10 3 m −1 . The data are consistent with a phosphate potential dependent equilibrium between two oxidized forms of cytochrome oxidase (one oxidase per ATP). The addition of ATP to mitochondria decreases the rate of reaction of cyanide with oxidized cytochrome oxidase by at least 10 3 and modifies both affinity and spectral change induced by adding cyanide to reduced cytochrome oxidase.
WEAK ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MEASURES OF HEALTH AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN GREEN-RUMPED PARROTLETS (FORPUS PASSERINUS) IN VENEZUELA

Abstract The relationship between health and demography in the Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus) was examined, using hematological measurements as indicators of health. Variation in adult hematology with gender, age, time during nesting cycle, and breeding status were examined. Only gender and time during nesting cycle showed significant effects on hematology. Females had higher white-blood-cell counts and immunoglobulin-G (IgG) levels than males. Hematocrit was lower during egg laying than at other stages for females, whereas white-blood-cell counts and IgG and alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2m) levels were higher. In males, IgG and α2m levels were higher during egg laying. We expected that hematological indicators of health would predict reproductive success. Some relationships were identified (α2m was negatively related to number of fledglings in males and females, female lymphocytes were negatively related to number of eggs, and basophils were negatively related to number of fledglings) at P < 0.05....
Adjuvant radiotherapy and concomitant 5-fluorouracil by protracted venous infusion for resected pancreatic cancer

Abstract Purpose: To assess the toxicity and clinical benefit from adjuvant chemoradiotherapy consisting of protracted venous infusion 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and concomitant radiotherapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Methods and Materials: Between 1994 and 1999, 52 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The tumor bed and regional nodes received a dose of 45 Gy in fractions of 1.8 Gy followed by boost to the tumor bed if the surgical margins were involved (total dose, 54 Gy). The patients also received concomitant 5-FU by protracted venous infusion (200–250 mg/m 2 /day, 7 days/week) during the entire radiotherapy course. Results: Fifty-two patients (30 men, 22 women) were enrolled and treated on this protocol. The median age was 63 years (range, 38–78 years), and the median Karnofsky Performance Status was 80 (range, 70–100). Thirty-five percent had involved surgical margins and 59% had involved lymph nodes. All patients completed therapy, and there were no Grade IV/V toxicities observed. With median follow-up of 24 months (range, 3–52 months) for surviving patients, the median survival is 32 months, and 2-year and 3-year survivals are 62%, and 39%, respectively. Conclusion: Radiotherapy with concomitant 5-FU by protracted venous infusion as adjuvant treatment for resected pancreatic cancer is well tolerated. This approach allows for greater dose intensity with reduced toxicity. The median survival of this cohort of patients compares favorably with our earlier experience and other published series.
Subfemtosecond pulse generation by rotational molecular modulation

We extend a recent suggestion for the generation of subfemtosecond pulses by molecular modulation [Phys.??Rev.??Lett.??81, 2894 (1998)] to the rotational spectrum of molecular hydrogen H2. When a rotational transition |a??|b? is strongly driven ?ab=0.5 the generation and phase-slip lengths are of the same order and the Raman spectrum has approximately Bessel function sideband amplitudes. Numerical simulation predicts that this spectrum (generated in a 14-cm-long cell at 1-atm pressure of H2) will compress into a train of pulses with 94-fs pulse separation and a pulse length of 0.5??fs.
Are plasma depletions in Saturn's ionosphere a signature of time‐dependent water input?

[1] Recent radio occultation measurements by the Cassini spacecraft reveal the presence of numerous “ionospheric holes”, or plasma depletions, in Saturn's upper atmosphere that cannot be explained with standard photochemical theory. The holes are remarkably similar in size and shape to artificially-created depletions first observed in the terrestrial ionosphere during the 1970s. At Earth, such vertical structures are typically caused by the enhanced loss of electrons and ions resulting from the introduction of spacecraft exhaust products (e.g., H2O) into the atmosphere. Using a new model of Saturn's upper atmosphere, we show that a time-variable influx of water into Saturn's ionosphere could explain the observed plasma depletions. The required influxes present a target to assess for the possible sources and consequences of water processes throughout the Saturnian system.
Preparation of 1,4:5,8‐Dimethano‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐Octahydro‐9,10‐Dimethoxyanthracenium Hexachloroantimonate (4+SbCl6−): A Highly Robust Radical‐Cation Salt

1,4:5,8-Dimethano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a,9a,10a-octahydroanthracene-9,10-dione 1,4:5,8-Dimethanododecahydroanthracene-9,10-dione 1,4:5,8-Dimethano-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydranthracene-9,10-diol 1,4:5,8-Dimethano-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-anthracene p-Benzoquinone Cyclopentadiene Antimony pentachloride Keywords: octahydroanthracenes; preparation; safety; waste disposal; cation-radical salt; conductivity; magnetism; catalysts; hexachlorantimonate; notes
Interpretation of Mercury Concentrations in Eight Headwater Lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, (Nova Scotia, Canada) by Use of a Geographic Information System and Statistical Techniques

The concentration of mercury in eight headwater lakes in Kejimkujik National Park correlated positively with total organic carbon, total nitrogens, aluminum, iron and sodium andnegatively with pH and alkalinity (Gran). Annual average mercuryyield of the lakes correlated positively with basin area to lakesurface area ratio, and watershed areas underlain by granite bedrock and glacial deposits and negatively with greywacke bedrock. Principal component analysis indicated that first threecomponents account for 80% of the total variance in the data.The components were related to physiography and geology of the watershed, hardness of water, and atmospheric washouts of longrange transported acidic pollutants and dust particles. Mercuryin the lake waters was associated with the physiography and geology of the watershed. Total organic carbon, aluminum and iron were good predictors of mercury concentration in the lakewaters as were the basin area to lake surface area ratio, and basin areas underlain by granite bedrock, and Halifax slate forthe lake mercury yield. The results showed that transport of mercury from the watershed is a major source of mercury in thestudy lakes.
Analysis of Flexible Pavements Reinforced with Geogrids

Effectiveness of glass fiber grids as a reinforcement of the asphalt layer in a flexible pavement system was investigated. The study involved both laboratory experimental work and computer analysis of pavement sections. Twenty flexible pavement sections (with and without glass fiber grids) were constructed and tested in the laboratory as a part of the experimental study. The laboratory-scale pavement sections were instrumented with pressure cells, displacement gages, and strain gages. Test sections were subjected to 1,000,000 load applications at a frequency of 1.2 Hz. Static loading tests were conducted at intervals of 100,000 load applications. In thirteen experiments, glass fiber grids were used as reinforcement in the asphalt layer. Several computer analyses of flexible pavement sections were performed by using the finite element method (FEM). The laboratory data were compared with results obtained from the computer analyses. Results from this study show that glass fiber grids can be used to improve the performance of flexible pavement systems. It was also observed that the inclusion of glass fiber grid in the asphalt layer provided resistance to crack propagation. Overall, the flexible pavement sections reinforced with glass fiber grids showed better performance under laboratory test conditions.