cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transduction of satellite cells after prenatal intramuscular administration of lentiviral vectors.

Background We have previously reported long-term expression of lacZ in myocytes after in utero intramuscular injection of Mokola and Ebola pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. In further experiments, we have noted that these vectors also transduce small cells at the periphery of the muscle fibers that have the morphology of satellite cells, or muscle stem cells. In this study we performed experiments to further define the morphology and function of these cells. Methods Balb/c mice at 14–15 days gestation were injected intramuscularly with Ebola or Mokola pseudotyped lentiviral vectors carrying CMV-lacZ. Animals were harvested at various time points, muscles were stained with X-gal, and processed for electron microscopy (EM) and immunofluorescence. To determine whether transduced satellite cells were functionally capable of regenerating injured muscles, animals were injected with notexin in the same area 8 weeks after the in utero injection of viral vector. Results Transmission EM of transduced cells confirmed the ultrastructural appearance of satellite cells. Double immunofluorescence for β-galactosidase and satellite cell markers demonstrated co-localization of these markers in transduced cells. In the notexin-injured animals, small blue cells were seen at the areas of regeneration that co-localized β-galactosidase with markers of regenerating satellite cells. Central nucleated blue fibers were seen at late time points, indicating regenerated muscle fibers arising from a transduced satellite cell. Conclusions This study demonstrates transduction of muscle satellite cells following prenatal viral vector mediated gene transfer. These findings may have important implications for gene therapy strategies directed toward muscular dystrophy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Ka-band MMIC phased array antenna

The NASA/CIT Jet Propulsion Laboratory deep-space network will utilize Ka-band communication systems (32-GHz downlink, 34-GHz uplink) for deep-space missions in the mid-1990s. For the spaceborne segment, a small Ka-band planar phased array with approximately 25 elements can be used to feed a 4-m dual-reflector system. The beam scanning capability of the phased-array allows the narrow beam ( approximately 0.2 degrees ) of the large reflector to perform fine beam pointing toward Earth. A 32-GHz transmitting phased array is currently under development utilizing MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) devices. As a first step, a linear array composed of six subarrays of microstrip radiators, six modules of power amplifiers, and phase shifters has been fabricated and tested. The results indicate that this MMIC phased array has adequate beam scanning capability. >
BioOptimizer: a Bayesian scoring function approach to motif discovery

Motivation: Transcription factors (TFs) bind directly to short segments on the genome, often within hundreds to thousands of base pairs upstream of gene transcription start sites, to regulate gene expression. The experimental determination of TFs binding sites is expensive and time-consuming. Many motif-finding programs have been developed, but no program is clearly superior in all situations. Practitioners often find it difficult to judge which of the motifs predicted by these algorithms are more likely to be biologically relevant. Results: We derive a comprehensive scoring function based on a full Bayesian model that can handle unknown site abundance, unknown motif width and two-block motifs with variable-length gaps. An algorithm called BioOptimizer is proposed to optimize this scoring function so as to reduce noise in the motif signal found by any motif-finding program. The accuracy of BioOptimizer, which can be used in conjunction with several existing programs, is shown to be superior to using any of these motif-finding programs alone when evaluated by both simulation studies and application to sets of co-regulated genes in bacteria. In addition, this scoring function formulation enables us to compare objectively different predicted motifs and select the optimal ones, effectively combining the strengths of existing programs. Availability: BioOptimizer is available for download at www.fas.harvard.edu/~junliu/BioOptimizer/
Dynamic analysis of planar manipulation tasks

The author presents two algorithms that construct a set of initial configurations from which a given action will reliably accomplish a planar manipulation task. The first algorithm applies energy arguments to construct a conservative set of successful initial configurations, while the second algorithm performs numerical integration to construct a set that is much less conservative. The algorithms may be applied to a variety of tasks, including pushing, placing-by-dropping, and force-controlled assembly tasks. Both algorithms consider the task geometry and mechanics, and allow uncertainty in every task parameter except for the object shapes. Experimental results which demonstrate the validity of the algorithms output for two example manipulation tasks are presented. >
Kinetics and mechanism of the beta- to alpha-CuAlCl(4) phase transition: a time-resolved (63)Cu MAS NMR and powder X-ray diffraction study.

The β and α phases of CuAlCl4 have been characterized by solid-state 27Al and 63Cu magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The very short spin−lattice relaxation times of the copper spins, and the sensitivity of the I = 3/2 63Cu nucleus to the small differences in the local structure of Cu in the two phases, allowed 63Cu spectra to be acquired in very short time periods (1 min), in which the β and α phases were clearly resolved. This time resolution was exploited to follow the phase transition from the pseudohexagonal close-packed β-CuAlCl4 into the pseudocubic close-packed α-CuAlCl4, which occurs above 100 °C. In situ time-resolved 63Cu MAS NMR and synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were used to measure the kinetics of this phase transition as a function of temperature. The transformation was shown to be a first-order phase transition involving no intermediate phases with an activation energy of 138 kJ/mol. The kinetic data obey a first-order Avrami−Erofe'ev rate law. A one-dimensional gr...
Pattern Formation During Nanowear of Gold Films

The effects of water on the wear resistance of 3 μm thick sputtered gold film on silicon substrate using contact AFM and a scanning nanoindenter were investigated. In performing wear tests on gold samples in the presence of water, a significant increase in depth of the wear area was observed compared to the same tests performed in the ambient atmosphere (∼55% humidity). These results were obtained using Hysitron Triboindenter on areas of 10×10 μm2 and an Atomic Force Microscope on areas of 1×1 μm2. Nanowear tests were preformed using silicon nitride cantilevers on the AFM and diamond Berkovich or blunt conical tips on the Hysitron. Normal loads used were 2000 μN and 10 μN, respectively. Tests performed in the ambient atmosphere resulted in a slightly reduced surface roughness, while a much higher wear rate was observed in the wear tests performed in water. Additionally, gold surface ripples formed under certain scanning conditions, in water for the Hysitron Triboindenter and in ambient atmosphere for the AFM. Nanoscale stick slip is being investigated as a possible explanation to the rippling phenomenon, and single scan line tests provide valuable information about the mechanisms and progression of the nanoscale wear.
Quality Control Mechanism for Endoscopic Procedures

This chapter highlights areas that quality control can be effectively used for endoscopic units to improve the quality of endoscopic procedures. Examples are given throughout this chapter to illustrate practical application of theoretical ideas. As few individuals running endoscopy units have formal training in the scientific techniques of quality control, several tools are explained in this chapter that can be used for quality control programs. Quality control in a bronchoscopy suite is a very complex process. The most important step is that the leadership of the unit realizes the necessity of such a program. Initially, it requires champions of quality that can identify areas of concern and foster the support to collect the appropriate data to be analyzed. Quality control programs require strategies of approach to problems, which must be standardized to allow for a long-term program that will successfully guide the bronchoscopy suite to an effective, efficient, safe, and financially strong unit.
Structure and spin-glass properties of Cd/sub 0.5/Mn/sub 0.5/S diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots

Cd/sub 0.5/Mn/sub 0.5/S diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum dots (QDs) of crystallite size ranging from 24 /spl Aring/ to the bulk have been chemically synthesized using an aqueous solution precipitation method and thermal annealing. Subsequent characterization indicates that the "as prepared" material is of the cubic zinc blende structure which evolves with increasing size to the bulk hexagonal wurtzite structure. Magnetic properties of the DMS QDs have been measured with a SQUID magnetometer. A transition from a paramagnetic to a spin-glass (SG) state at a critical temperature T/sub f/ has been observed. Size dependence measurements on T/sub f/ indicate a minimum size for SG formation. Relaxation in isothermal remanent magnetization has also been measured and shows a power law decay.
Does Reliance on an Insider Provide Penalty Protection

Penalties are always important in tax practice, but they are particular prominent now. For example, (i) penalties are central to the government's current campaign against tax shelters, (ii) the National Taxpayer Advocate has identified excessive assertion of the Code Sec. 6662 accuracy-related penalty in the IRS's Automated Underreporter Program as one of the most serious problems encountered by taxpayers and (iii) the Taxpayer Advocate intends to recommend that the joint Committee on Taxation review the Internal Revenue Code's penalty structure with the goal of "bringing sanity back."
Anisotropic Constitutive Expressions

We are concerned with the problem of determining the general form of the tensor-valued polynomial expression $$ {T_{{i_1}}} \ldots {i_n} = {\Phi _{{i_{1 \ldots {i_n}}}}}\left( {{B_{{i_{1 \ldots {i_p},}}}}{C_{{i_{1 \ldots {i_{q, \ldots }}}}}}} \right) $$ (1.1) which is invariant under a group of transformations {A} = {A1, A2,…}.
Functionalization of Hafnium Oxamidide Complexes Prepared from CO-Induced N2 Cleavage

Functionalization of the nitrogen atoms in the hafnocene oxamidide complexes [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Hf]2(N2C2O2) and [(η5-C5Me4H)2Hf]2(N2C2O2), prepared from CO-induced N2 bond cleavage, was explored by cycloaddition and by formal 1,2-addition chemistry. The ansa-hafnocene variant, [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Hf]2(N2C2O2), undergoes facile cycloaddition with heterocumulenes such as tBuNCO and CO2 to form new N−C and Hf−O bonds. Both products were crystallographically characterized, and the latter reaction demonstrates that an organic ligand can be synthesized from three abundant and often inert small molecules: N2, CO, and CO2. Treatment of [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Hf]2(N2C2O2) with I2 yielded the monomeric iodohafnocene isocyanate, Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H3-3-tBu)Hf(I)(NCO), demonstrating that C−C bond formation is reversible. Alkylation of the oxamidide ligand in [(η5-C5Me4H)2Hf]2(N2C2O2) was explored due to the high symmetry of the complex. A host of sequential 1,2-addition reactions wit...
daf-12 regulates developmental age and the dauer alternative in Caenorhabditis elegans

From egg through adult, C. elegans has six life stages including an option for dauer formation and diapause at larval stage L3 in adverse environments. Somatic cells throughout the organism make consistent choices and advance in unison, suggesting a mechanism of coordinate regulation at these stage transitions. Earlier studies showed that daf-12, which encodes a nuclear receptor (W. Yeh, 1991, Doctoral Thesis. University of Missouri-Columbia), regulates dauer formation; epistasis experiments placed daf-12 near the end of the dauer signaling pathway. Here we describe novel daf-12 alleles that reveal a general role in advancing L3 stage programs. In these mutants, somatic cells repeat L2-specific cellular programs of division and migration at the L3 stage; epistasis experiments place daf-12 between lin-14 and lin-28 within the heterochronic pathway. We propose daf-12 and other heterochronic genes provide cellular memories of chronological stage for selecting stage-appropriate developmental programs. Endocrine factors could coordinate these stage transitions and specify developmental alternatives.
Low-loss Z-type hexaferrite (Ba3Co2Fe24O41) for GHz antenna applications

Abstract We report a low magnetic loss Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) hexaferrite for use in gigahertz (GHz) antennas. Acid-etching was very effective in removal of unwanted Y-type hexaferrite (Ba2Co2Fe12O22) from calcined Co2Z powder. It is found that the calcined and acid etched (AE) Co2Z hexaferrite shows a low magnetic loss tangent (tan δμ) of 0.012 and 0.037 at 1 and 2 GHz, respectively. These low tan δμ are attributed to removal of Y-type hexaferrite, which possesses a lower anisotropy field (Hk) than W-type hexaferrite (BaCo2Fe16O27). The figure of merit (FOM) of the AE Co2Z hexaferrite is 141.7 and 48.7 at 1 and 2 GHz, respectively. These FOM are much higher than the FOM of previously reported low-loss magnetic materials. Therefore, the AE Co2Z hexaferrite can be a good candidate for GHz antenna application in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band.
Development of a Database Management Platform of Oil-Gas Multiphase Transportation Pipeline

The database of oil-gas multiphase transportation pipeline is established in this paper by using SQL Server 2005 and Visual C#.NET software,and the database management platform is developed,which will realize multiple purposes such as input,modification,deletion,inquiry of pipeline data,calculation and amendment for temperature and pressure.On the base of the data from project pipeline and experimental loop devices in this project,the database management platform amends those models that has existed,and applies the amended model to the scene.A new method of inquiry and interpolation is proposed,which is an effective way to solve the pressure drop prediction for multiphase transportation pipeline.At the same time,the database can be applied to engineering design and construction and to the research on the drop calculation methods of any multiphase transportation pipeline.
Hydrogeomorphic influences on salt marsh sediment accumulation and accretion in two estuaries of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic coast

Abstract Salt marshes in two contrasting estuaries of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic coast, Barnegat Bay and Delaware Bay, were investigated to identify relationships between rates of sedimentation and marsh estuarine geomorphic setting. Barnegat Bay is a microtidal lagoon estuary with back-barrier and mainland coastal marshes, whereas Delaware Bay is a micro-mesotidal coastal plain estuary with sediment-rich estuarine marshes. Salt marshes of both estuaries are dominated by Spartina alterniflora . An analysis was performed to characterize marsh hypsometry and tidal flooding characteristics, and a coring study was conducted to measure rates of mineral sediment accumulation, organic matter accumulation, and vertical accretion using 137 Cs and 210 Pb chronology at nine sites in both estuaries. Mineral sediment and organic matter accumulation rates were significantly higher in Delaware Bay marshes (sediment mean and 1σ: 2.57 ± 2.03 kg m − 2 year − 1 ; organic: 0.65 ± 0.26 kg m − 2 year − 1 ) than in Barnegat Bay (sediment: 0.31 ± 0.27 kg m − 2 year − 1 ; organic: 0.29 ± 0.08 kg m − 2 year − 1 ), as were rates of accretion (Delaware Bay: 0.79 ± 0.06 cm year − 1 ; Barnegat Bay: 0.28 ± 0.06 cm year − 1 ). Regression analysis indicated that marsh accretion rates were positively correlated with rates of sediment and organic accumulation, but the upper limit of accretion was governed by sediment accumulation. Tidal flooding frequency and duration did not correlate with marsh accumulation or accretion rates in either estuary, suggesting that hydroperiod is subordinate to sediment availability in governing rates on 50–100 year time scales. If true, natural and (or) human influences on suspended-sediment production and transport in these estuaries has potential to impact marsh accretionary status and stability, independent of sea-level rise.
A language-based approach to addressing reliability in composite-Web services

With Web services, distributed applications can be encapsulated as self-contained, discoverable software components that can be integrated to create other applications. BPEL allows for the composition of existing Web services to create new higher-function Web services. We identified that the techniques currently applied at development time are not sufficient for ensuring the reliability of composite Web services In this paper, we present a language-based approach to transparently adapting BPEL processes to improve reliability. This approach addresses reliability at the Business process layer (i.e the language layer) using a code generator, which weaves fault-tolerant code to the original code and an external proxy. The generated code uses standard BPEL constructs, and therefore, does not require any changes to the BPEL engine.
Positive Behavior Supports and Multicultural Concerns

This article discussses Positive Behavior Support (PBS) strategies with P-12 students with disabilities who hail from various cultures.Â The effectiveness of PBS strategies is well documented in the professional literature (Mesibov et. al., 2002;Bondy and Frost, 2001; TIncani, 2004; Nelson et. al., 2001; Torgensen et al.,1997).Â However, there is a paucity of research documenting effective strategies with students from diverse cultures.
Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale: Devices and Technique

Transcatheter closure of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) reduces the risk of recurrent cryptogenic stroke compared with medical therapy. PFO closure is a prophylactic procedure, and will not provide the patient with symptomatic improvement, except in cases of hypoxemia due to right-to-left shunt or possibly migraine headaches. Therefore, appropriate patient selection is critical, and procedural safety is paramount. Herein, we review key characteristics of the devices currently available for transcatheter PFO closure within the United States, and highlight key technical aspects of the PFO closure procedure that will maximize procedural success.
A Simulated Case of Acute Salicylate Toxicity From an Intentional Overdose

Introduction Salicylate poisoning is a serious toxicologic problem with a complex pathophysiology that requires prompt diagnosis and action for a favorable outcome. A simulated experience in the ev...
Who is Interested in Carpooling and Why: The Importance of Individual Characteristics, Role Preferences and Carpool Markets:

Carpooling is an informal form of commuter ride-sharing that can mitigate traffic congestion and parking demand. While ride-sharing and carpool formation require both a driver and at least one pass...
Reduced solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from GOME-2 during Amazon drought caused by dataset artifacts.

Recently, Yang et al. () reported a decrease in solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) during 2015/2016 El Nino event albeit the increase in enhanced vegetation index (EVI). They interpreted the reduced SIF as a signal of reduced ecosystem photosynthesis. However, we argue that the reduced SIF during 2015/2016 is caused by a decreasing trend of SIF due to sensor degradation and the satellite overpass time is critical for drought impact assessment.
Dietary Flavanols: A Review of Select Effects on Vascular Function, Blood Pressure, and Exercise Performance

ABSTRACTAn individual's diet affects numerous physiological functions and can play an important role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that dietary flavanols can be an important modulator of vascular risk. Diets and plant extracts rich in flavanols have been reported to lower blood pressure, especially in prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals. Flavanols may act in part through signaling pathways that affect vascular function, nitric oxide availability, and the release of endothelial-derived relaxing and constricting factors. During exercise, flavanols have been reported to modulate metabolism and respiration (e.g., maximal oxygen uptake, O2 cost of exercise, and energy expenditure), and reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in increased skeletal muscle efficiency and endurance capacity. Flavanol-induced reductions in blood pressure during exercise may decrease the work of the heart. Collectively, these effects suggest that fla...
Strong lowering of ionization energy of metallic clusters by organic ligands without changing shell filling.

Alkali atoms have unusually low ionization energies because their electronic structures have an excess electron beyond that of a filled electronic shell. Quantum states in metallic clusters are grouped into shells similar to those in atoms, and clusters with an excess electron beyond a closed electronic may also exhibit alkali character. This approach based on shell-filling is the way alkali species are formed as explained by the periodic table. We demonstrate that the ionization energy of metallic clusters with both filled and unfilled electronic shells can be substantially lowered by attaching ligands. The ligands form charge transfer complexes where the electronic spectrum is lifted via crystal field like effect. We demonstrate that the effect works for the weakly bound ligand, N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (EP = C6H11NO), and that the effect leads to a dramatic lowering of the ionization energy independent of the shell occupancy of the cluster.
Etiology of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The most convincing and consistent data indicate that genetic etiologic factors are most important in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These factors may be mediated by a single major gene. Environmental studies remain heavily confounded. The last decade has seen considerable useful research on the causes of ADHD. Future investigations are promising.
ENERGY COUPLING TO LACTOSE TRANSPORT IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract Data from several laboratories support the hypothesis that energy coupling to lactose transport in Escherichia coli involves an inhibition of exit, having no effect on entry. Evidence for this view comes primarily from two sources. First, the metabolic inhibitors azide and dinitrophenol have relatively little effect on entry while completely abolishing active accumulation. tinder these conditions entry and exit of substrates such as thiomethylgalactoside is possible as shown by counterflow experiments. The second type of support for the hypothesis comes from the study of mutants which are unable to accumulate but do not have reduced carrier activity. While entry rate is normal (or increased) exit from the mutants is abnormally rapid accounting for the inability of such cells to accumulate. The defect in the mutants is in y gene which codes for the membrane transport protein for lactose transport.
Empirical virtual machine models for performance guarantees

Existing Virtual Machine (VM) management systems rely on host resource utilization metrics to allocate and schedule VMs. Many management systems only consolidate and migrate VMs based on hosts' CPU utilizations. However, the performance of delay-sensitive workloads, such as web services and online transaction processing, can be severely degraded by contention on numerous of the hosts' components. Current VM management systems typically use threshold based rules to decide when to migrate VMs, rather than using application-level performance. This means that they cannot easily provide application-level service level objective (SLO) guarantees. Providing SLO guarantees is even more difficult when considering that today's enterprise applications often consist of multiple VM tiers. In this paper we show how the performance of a multi-tiered VM application can be empirically captured, modeled and scaled. This allows our management system to guarantee application-level performance, despite variable host utilization and VM workload levels. Additionally, it can predict the performance of an application at host utilization levels that have not been previously observed. This is achieved by performing regression analysis on the previously observed values and scaling the applications performance model. This allows the performance of a VM to be predicted before it is migrated to or from a new host. We have found that by dynamically, rather than statically, allocating resources, average response time can be improved by 30%. Additionally, we found that resource allocations can be reduced by 20%, with no degradation in response time.
A Platooning Strategy for Automated Vehicles in the Presence of Speed Limit Fluctuations

Platooning is expected to enhance the efficiency of operating automated vehicles. The positive impacts of platooning on travel time reliability, congestion, emissions, and energy consumption have b...
Chondrosarcoma: biology, genetics, and epigenetics

Chondrosarcomas constitute a heterogeneous group of primary bone cancers characterized by hyaline cartilaginous neoplastic tissue. They are the second most common primary bone malignancy. The vast majority of chondrosarcomas are conventional chondrosarcomas, and most conventional chondrosarcomas are low- to intermediate-grade tumors (grade 1 or 2) which have indolent clinical behavior and low metastatic potential. Recurrence augurs a poor prognosis, as conventional chondrosarcomas are both radiation and chemotherapy resistant. Recent discoveries in the biology, genetics, and epigenetics of conventional chondrosarcomas have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathobiology of these tumors and offer insight into potential therapeutic targets.
ENSEMBLE APPROACHES IN PROMOTING WOMEN’S HEART HEALTH: PIONEERING AND PRAGMATIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF DR. GOPIKRISHNA VADLAMUDI

Each year, a large proportion of US women, approximately 2.5 million, are hospitalized for diseases of the heart, which also claims the lives of 500,000 women annually; half these deaths are due to heart diseases related to deficient circulation. This problem also arises on a global scale. Despite the huge nature of this problem and its adverse repercussions on the national public health, there is only limited information about preventive strategies, diagnostic testing, responses to medical and surgical therapies, and other aspects of cardiovascular illness in women. This lack of information is compounded by the less frequent participation of women in research studies and clinical trials; the difference has been due in part to the exclusion of women of childbearing age and in part to the exclusion of elderly women because of their frequent coexisting illnesses and their non-inclusion in clinical studies. Also, immigrant populations are often excluded from these clinical studies due to multiple barriers in communication, including cultural and language barrier due to polylinguism.
Stranger Harassment and PTSD Symptoms: Roles of Self-Blame, Shame, Fear, Feminine Norms, and Feminism

Stranger harassment is a prevalent experience for many women but is often trivialized as a social problem (Kearl 2014; Vera-Gray 2016). As a result, there is a lack of knowledge related to understanding women’s lived experiences of stranger harassment. Our study attends to this gap in the literature by examining the relation between experiences of stranger/street harassment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity among 367 young adult U.S. women. We also examined novel explanatory (i.e., self-blame, shame, and fear of rape), risk (adherence to traditional feminine norms of sweet and nice and sexual fidelity), and resiliency (feminist identification) factors in predicting PTSD symptom severity via a moderated mediation model. We found that stranger harassment was both directly and indirectly related to PTSD symptom severity via more self-blame, greater shame, and more fear of rape along three dimensions—taking rape precautions, fear of men, and safety concerns. In addition, we found a significant conditional indirect effect, in which the indirect effect of stranger harassment on PTSD symptom severity via shame was stronger among women with higher levels of sexual fidelity. Furthermore, the conditional indirect effect of stranger harassment on PTSD symptom severity via self-blame was contingent on feminist identification such that these relations were stronger among women with lower levels of feminist identification. Our results underscore the potential negative impact of stranger harassment experiences on women’s mental health and the importance of targeting self-blame, shame, fear, gender-related norms, and feminist attitudes in intervention strategies.
The Duplicity of Equality: An Analysis of Academic Placement in a Racially Diverse School and a Black Community.

Background/ContextFor more than four decades, researchers have shown that African American students are overrepresented in lower-track classes, while their White peers tend to be in advanced course...
Managing Sexual Joking in Manufacturing Organizations: Harassment or Humor?

Although humor is a relatively common communication interaction, it has multiple functions. This article examines the discourse about sexual harassment and humor using the tension-centered approach...
Mobility and its discontents: Seeing beyond international space and progressive time:

Why do international space and progressive time continue to be taken as the given foundations for the conditions under which mobility can be governed? Despite a long-standing critique of prevailing...
Uncovering Sociological Effect Heterogeneity using Machine Learning

Individuals do not respond uniformly to treatments, events, or interventions. Sociologists routinely partition samples into subgroups to explore how the effects of treatments vary by covariates like race, gender, and socioeconomic status. In so doing, analysts determine the key subpopulations based on theoretical priors. Datadriven discoveries are also routine, yet the analyses by which sociologists typically go about them are problematic and seldom move us beyond our expectations, and biases, to explore new meaningful subgroups. Emerging machine learning methods allow researchers to explore sources of variation that they may not have previously considered, or envisaged. In this paper, we use causal trees to recursively partition the sample and uncover sources of treatment effect heterogeneity. We use honest estimation, splitting the sample into a training sample to grow the tree and an estimation sample to estimate leaf-specific effects. Assessing a central topic in the social inequality literature, college effects on wages, we compare what we learn from conventional approaches for exploring variation in effects to causal trees. Given our use of observational data, we use leaf-specific matching and sensitivity analyses to address confounding and offer interpretations of effects based on observed and unobserved heterogeneity. We encourage researchers to follow similar practices in their work on variation in sociological effects.
Adaptive Impedance-Based Stabilization of Multi-Bus DC Power Distribution Systems Using Positive Feed-Forward and Resonance-Enhanced Voltage Controller

In this work an adaptive stabilization control scheme is proposed for multi-bus DC power distribution systems. Multibus DC systems are generally formed by several intermediate converters that interconnect the upstream source and downstream load converters. Therefore, in such systems, the stability of multiple buses is of concern due to the interactions among the tightly-regulated interconnected converters. Based on the operating conditions, either the source-or load-side buses could be unstable or prone to instability. In this work, the stability of each bus will be analyzed using the measured respective bus impedance. In the proposed control scheme, an intermediate converter utilizes both adaptive positive feed-forward and resonance-enhanced voltage control strategies, which can stabilize the source-and load-side buses respectively. Therefore, this converter, using the measured bus impedances, is capable of detecting which of the two buses is more prone to instability and activating the relevant stabilizing controller. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
CDeep3M-Preview: Online segmentation using the deep neural network model zoo

Sharing deep neural networks and testing the performance of trained networks typically involves a major initial commitment towards one algorithm, before knowing how the network will perform on a different dataset. Here we release a free online tool, CDeep3M-Preview, that allows end-users to rapidly test the performance of any of the pre-trained neural network models hosted on the CIL-CDeep3M modelzoo. This feature makes part of a set of complementary strategies we employ to facilitate sharing, increase reproducibility and enable quicker insights into biology. Namely we: (1) provide CDeep3M deep learning image segmentation software through cloud applications (Colab and AWS) and containerized installations (Docker and Singularity) (2) co-hosting trained deep neural networks with the relevant microscopy images and (3) providing a CDeep3M-Preview feature, enabling quick tests of trained networks on user provided test data or any of the publicly hosted large datasets. The CDeep3M-modelzoo and the cellimagelibrary.org are open for contributions of both, trained models as well as image datasets by the community and all services are free of charge.
Ferromagnetism in Linear Chains

Recent years have seen an intense interest on the part of inorganic chemists in magneto-structural correlations in transition-metal salts, particularly cluster systems. This is evidenced by the large fraction of papers in journals like Inorganic Chemistry which deal in one way or another with magnetic interactions between metal ions. A similar interest has been displayed by the solid-state physics community in low-dimensional magnetic materials. Scanning the papers presented at the International Conference on Magnetism in Munich, September 1979 (J. Magn. Magn. Mater., volumes 15–18) verifies this. Thus, the synthesis and analysis of low-dimensional magnetic systems is an area of strong, common interest to both physicists and chemists. The combination of spin dimensionality, spatial dimensionality, and spin quantum number leads to a large magnetic “zoo” for which theoretical models and physical realizations must be found.
CHAPTER 11 – World Models

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of WORLD models. Every physical quantity growing in a finite space must eventually exhibit one of three basic behavior modes—a smooth transition to a steady state, oscillation around an equilibrium position, or overshoot and decline. The WORLD 3 model has been designed to investigate which of these behavior modes is most likely to characterize the evolution of population and capital on this finite earth and to identify the policies that would increase the probability of an orderly transition to global equilibrium. In forming the model, emphasis is placed on the interrelationship between the major variables. The world society is considered to be a closed system, so that feedback relationships can be found between many variables. The advent of the WORLD models has stimulated other models with wide scope.
Engaging online students by activating ecological knowledge

The current COVID-19 pandemic has forced the global higher education community to rapidly adapt to partially or fully online course offerings. For field- or laboratory-based courses in ecological curricula, this presents unique challenges. Fortunately, a diverse set of active learning techniques exists, and these techniques translate well to online settings. However, limited guidance and resources exist for developing, implementing, and evaluating active learning assignments that fulfill specific objectives of ecology-focused courses. To address these informational gaps, we (a) identify broad learning objectives across a variety of ecology-focused courses, (b) provide examples, based on our collective online teaching experience, of active learning activities that are relevant to the identified ecological learning objectives, and (c) provide guidelines for successful implementation of active learning assignments in online courses. Using The Wildlife Society's list of online higher education ecology-focused courses as a guide, we obtained syllabi from 45 ecology-focused courses, comprising a total of 321 course-specific learning objectives. We classified all course-specific learning objectives into at least one of five categories: (a) Identification, (b) Application of Concepts/Hypotheses/Theories, (c) Management of Natural Resources, (d) Development of Professional Skills, or (e) Evaluation of Concepts/Practices. We then provided two examples of active learning activities for each of the five categories, along with guidance on their implementation in online settings. We suggest that, when based on sound pedagogy, active learning techniques can enhance the online student's experience by activating ecological knowledge.
Demography and the emergence of universal patterns in urban systems.

Urban areas exist in a wide variety of population sizes, from small towns to huge megacities. No proposed form for the statistical distribution of city sizes has received more attention than Zipf’s law, a Pareto distribution with power law exponent equal to one. However, this distribution is typically violated by empirical evidence for small and large cities. Moreover, no theory presently exists to derive city size distributions from fundamental demographic choices while also explaining consistent variations. Here we develop a comprehensive framework based on demography to show how the structure of migration flows between cities, together with the differential magnitude of their vital rates, determine a variety of city size distributions. This approach provides a powerful mathematical methodology for deriving Zipf’s law as well as other size distributions under specific conditions, and to resolve puzzles associated with their deviations in terms of concepts of choice, symmetry, information, and selection. According to Zipf’s law, the population size of a city is inversely proportional to its size rank in any urban system. The authors show how demography explains this law as a time average of balanced migration between cities and how deviations express information about people’s net preferences.
Challenges in Oncologic Preparedness: A Retrospective Review of Incident Surgical Cancers During Pacific Partnership Missions, 2008-2016.

Introduction For over 30 years, the USNS Mercy hospital ship has provided surgical care on multiple humanitarian aid and disaster relief missions. During these missions, surgical support varies according to host nation needs, and the operative treatment of cancer patients remains controversial. We report the number of incidentally discovered surgical oncologic cases treated aboard the USNS Mercy on four missions and discuss challenges regarding oncologic care on these missions. Materials and methods Between 2008 and 2016, operative cases and surgical pathology results from four multinational humanitarian missions were analyzed according to organ system, patient's geographic location, and diagnosis. Primary outcomes were total number and proportion of malignant cases, analyzed yearly and over all four missions. Secondary outcomes were malignant diagnoses by organ system and host nation health capacities (based on indicators from the WHO). Results A total of 2,767 operations were performed during 18 port visits in 8 countries in Southeast Asia. In total, 1,193 pathology specimens (surgical biopsies, fine needle aspirations, etc.) were obtained. Overall malignancy rate across all organ systems was 9%. Yearly malignancy rates ranged from 2% to 13%. The highest malignancy rates were found in thyroid (33%), breast (20%), and parotid and salivary gland cases (19%). All host nations had operational strategies for cancer in place (n = 8, 100%), but few had national infrastructures to treat noncommunicable diseases (n = 2, 25%). Conclusions Despite current policies to screen out cancer patients on USNS Mercy missions, 9% of surgical biopsies were malignant. Cancer management during these missions presents a unique challenge because of limited resources for surgery, chemoradiotherapy, and follow-up care. Contingency plans must be considered to provide completion of care for these patients whose cancers are discovered incidentally. Furthermore, an understanding of host nation capabilities in relation to medical and surgical care is crucial to providing treatment in resource-limited areas.
The Vitamin D Activator, CYP27B1, is a Novel Muscle Biomarker of ALS Disease Progression (P1.4-002)

Objective: To validate CYP27B1 as a novel muscle biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Background: Pathological changes in skeletal muscle, including the neuromuscular junction, occur at the earliest stages of ALS and progress in parallel with clinical disease. Molecular changes that underlie skeletal muscle pathology in ALS may therefore serve as biomarkers that can assist with diagnosis and/or monitoring of disease progression. We previously performed RNA sequencing on muscle biopsies from ALS patients and identified an elevation of the vitamin D activator, CYP27B1. Design/Methods: RNA was extracted from muscle biopsy samples from patients with definite or probable ALS (n = 29), myopathy (n = 8), neuropathy (n = 12), or no neuromuscular disease (n = 10) and assessed by qPCR for CYP27B1. For some of the biopsies, CYP27B1 protein expression was assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. To evaluate disease progression, muscle samples from the SOD1G93A ALS mouse were collected at different ages and assayed for CYP27B1 expression. Results: CYP27B1mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in human ALS muscle samples versus control and myopathy samples. Neuropathy-associated samples also had increased levels, but to a lesser extent than the ALS group. In the SOD1G93A mouse, mRNA and protein levels were similarly elevated and showed progressive increases with clinical progression, beginning in the pre-symptomatic stage up to end-stage. Immunohistochemistry showed intense CYP27B1 staining of atrophied muscle fibers in both human and mouse ALS muscle. Conclusions: These data validate CYP27B1 as a muscle biomarker in ALS and indicate its potential as a marker of ALS disease progression. These findings also suggest a perturbation of vitamin D signaling in the denervated myofiber. Further characterization of this pathway may provide insight into underlying molecular processes linked to muscle denervation. Disclosure: Dr. Si has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kwan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kazamel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion. Dr. Anderson has nothing to disclose. Dr. King has nothing to disclose.
A high speed fitting program for rotational spectroscopy

Abstract The advent of chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy has dramatically increased the acquisition rate of high-resolution data. However, this data is only useful when it can be translated into molecule-specific information, and ultimately chemical knowledge. To adapt to this high data rate regime, new data analysis tools, which do not result in commensurate increases in time, are needed. Several methods, both computational and experimental, have been developed to simplify and automate the assignment of microwave spectra, and such tools can also make microwave spectroscopy far more approachable and usable for non-experts. Computationally efficient spectral assignment is a particularly promising avenue to enable rapid and nearly exhaustive spectral identification. Towards this end, we have recently developed an efficient, high-speed program for the prediction and fitting of rotational spectra. This program is built on a simple framework that is applicable to a wide variety of molecules. We present this program, discuss its performance, and demonstrate its use in fitting broadband spectra at centimeter wavelengths.
State Failure and Successful Leadership in Medieval India

State failure has been an enduring topic in the history of political thought. This article will revisit modern debates on the characteristics of state failure and the factors conducive to successfu...
Density Fluctuations Yield Distinct Growth and Fitness Effects in Single Bacteria

Single-cells grow by increasing their biomass and size. Here, we report that while mass and size accumulation rates of single Escherichia coli cells are exponential, their density fluctuates during growth. As such, the rates of mass and size accumulation of a single-cell are generally not the same, but rather cells differentiate into increasing one rate with respect to the other. This differentiation yields a previously unknown density homeostasis mechanism, which we support mathematically. Further, growth differentiation challenges ongoing efforts to predict single-cell reproduction rates (or fitness-levels), through the accumulation rates of size or mass. In contrast, we observe that density fluctuations can predict fitness, with only high fitness individuals existing in the high density fluctuation regime. We detail our imaging approach and the invisible microfluidic arrays that critically enabled increased precision and throughput. Biochemical production, infections, and natural communities start from few, growing, cells, thus, underscoring the significance of density-fluctuations when considering non-genetic variability.
Substance Use Disorder and Correctional Health: Social Justice Course Development.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how well a Faculty First-Year Seminar incorporated criminal justice health (CJH) and substance use disorder (SUD) content. Students completed a survey duri...
The Nyāyabindu in Tangut Translation

This paper studies the Tangut translation of Dharmakīrti’s Nyāyabindu. The Tangut translation of the treatise from the Tibetan text provides opportunities for us to pursue two objectives: it is a source that allows us to probe into the history of the rise of Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism in the Tangut State; it also enables us to make sense of the Tangut Buddhist language used to translate Tibetan Buddhist doctrinal and philosophical texts. The paper argues that the Tangut translation was based on the Tibetan version, either translated or revised in the late eleventh century by Rngog lo tsā ba Blo ldan shes rab (ca. 1059–1109). The translation embodies an effort by the Tibetans to introduce a monastic curriculum of presumably Gsang phu ne’u thog monastery in the Tangut State around the twelfth century. A part of the paper is a textual-critical study of the Tangut translation and the Tibetan original, which reveals certain connections between the Tangut and Tibetan Buddhist scholastic languages.