cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Pollination Ovule Development in Dendrobium Orchids: Iii. Fine Structure of Meiotic Prophase I

SUMMARYSome of the ultrastructural modifications which occur during meiotic prophase I in three hybrids of Dendrobium orchids have been examined by electron microscopy. In early prophase I the enlarged nucleus has no annulate pores in its envelope. The onset of nuclear break down is evidenced by the reappearance of pore-like discontinuities in a small region of the envelope. During this stage the chromosomes exhibit synaptinemal complexes. Continued nuclear envelope destruction occurs as the number of pores increases with new pores being formed in regions of the envelope adjacent to those pores already present. Initially, the cytoplasmic organelles are distributed throughout the megasporocyte. Subsequently they are concentrated in the perinuclear cytoplasm and with the progressive break down of the nucleus all the membrane-bound organelles of the megasporocyte are degenerated. It is proposed that marked decrease in all cytoplasmic components during prophase I accounts for the increase in numbers of phragm...
YOUNG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN, THE STREET CODE, AND VIOLENCE: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT A growing body of research has used the street code thesis to examine how young Black males in disadvantaged social environments normalize the use of violence. However, research on the street code has rarely examined whether it is useful for understanding violence among young African American women living in distressed community contexts. Drawing from the experiences of 24 Chicago-area, African American young women, this paper examines their involvement in personal violence while living in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Our findings highlight the young women's use of the street code script to establish violent identities and earn respect among their peers.
Effects of parathyroid hormone on H+ and NH+4 excretion in toad urinary bladder.

The urinary bladder ofBufo marinus excretes H+ and NH 4 + , and the H+ excretion is increased after the animal is placed in metabolic acidosis. The present study was done to determine if parathyroid hormone could stimulate the bladder to increase the excretion of H+ and/or NH 4 + . Parathyroid hormone added to the serosal solution in a final concentration of 10 μg/ml was found to increase H+ excretion by 50% above the control hemibladders, while there was no effect on NH 4 + excretion. Parathyroid hormone had no effect on H+ excretion when added to the mucosal solution. We also performed experiments utilizing theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP which mimicked those of the parathyroid hormone experiments. A dose-response analysis was performed and the results indicate that 1 μg/ml of parathyroid hormone was the minimal effective dose. These results suggest that parathyroid hormone can stimulate H+ excretion in the toad urinary bladder and this effect seems to be mediated by cyclic AMP. In addition, it was found that parathyroid hormone has no effect on NH 4 + excretion.
Guglielmino's self-directed learning readiness scale: A validation study

The attributes of self-direction in learning are becoming increasingly important as the need for lifelong learning grows in strength. Educators are challenged to assist in the development of self-directed learning skills and to encourage learners to more freely use self-direction in their learning activities. Unfortunately, there are few validated procedures for identifying the self-directed learners. Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale is one of the few instruments identified in the literature for the purpose of measuring self-direction in learning. Even though the scale has been widely used, additional validation is needed. This study was designed to use a multitrait-multimethod procedure for determining the validity of the SDLRS. The sample included 136 college students from two different colleges: 63 black students, 70 white students and 3 students of other nationalities (other than USA). Thirty-seven specific hypotheses were tested. Findings concerning selected hypotheses are discussed. Three general conclusions concerning the validity of the SDLRS are as follows: (1) The findings are supportive of the validity of the SDLRS; (2) Significant differences were noted in faculty ratings according to racial composition and student scores on the SDLRS; (3) Significant associations exist between the SDLRS scores and variables such as age, educational level and ARS (agreement response set).
Evaporation-studies at Baton Rouge, Louisiana

A record of hydrological data for the City Park drainage-area, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (0.808 square mile) has been kept since April 1934. This area is composed of city area with roofs, lawns, sidewalks, and paved streets, as well as a considerable area of golf-course and an artificial lake which has an area of 64 acres. The precipitation is measured by seven standard United States Weather Bureau rain-cans and one weighing-type recording gage. The discharge over the lake spillway is determined by gage-heights from a Stevens type water-stage recorder and a rating curve which was determined by current-meter measurements. Evaporation-data were essential for a clear understanding of the losses from the lake and accordingly a United States Weather Bureau Class-A type land-pan was installed. Later a United States Geological Survey floating-type pan was placed in the lake. This pan was originally made of galvanized iron but, due to severe pitting, was replaced by a copper pan of the same type.
PRODUCTION OF GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR BY THE HUMAN PLACENTA AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. |[utrif]| 398

The human placenta is capable of producing a variety of hematopoietic growth factors in vitro. It is not clear, however, whether the placenta produces these factors in vivo, or if so whether such production has a physiologic role in fetal hematopoietic development. To assess this, we obtained human placentas between 10 weeks gestation and term and studied production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in several ways. First, we sought to determine whether the onset of production of G-CSF mRNA in the placenta immediately precedes the appearance of neutrophil development in the fetus. From studying 26 abortuses, neutrophils first appeared at 14 weeks gestation. Placental G-CSF mRNA was not detected, however, in placentas of this gestation. In fact, placental G-CSF was not detected in any normal (non-infected) placentas from 10 weeks through term. We next assessed the effect of gestational age on the capacity of placentas to generate G-CSF, when stimulated in vitro by Interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α). Cubes of placenta, obtained at various gestations, were incubated overnight in tissue culture media. Relatively small quantities of G-CSF were liberated into the culture media (226±14 pg G-CSF/mL, mean±SD) from placentas of 17-34 weeks gestation (n=6), and this did not increase when IL-1 α was included (232±15 pg/mL). Placenta from term gestations (n=5), however liberated 1,168±419 pg G-CSF/mL into the culture media to which IL-1 α was not included, and 24,878±6319 in those in which it was not. Next, we assessed the rate of G-CSF production by placentas, by perfusing two normal, term placental cotyledons, using a membrane-oxygenator system, and quantifying G-CSF, at intervals, in the perfusate. In both, production of G-CSF peaked at >25 pg G-CSF/mL placental tissue/hr, and continued for 48 hrs. Thus, 1) we found no evidence that placental production of G-CSF is involved in regulating fetal granulocytopoiesis, 2) healthy placentas produce little or no G-CSF in vivo, 3) the placenta at term has a far greater capacity to produce G-CSF, when stimulated, than does the placenta before term, and 4), although the placenta at term does not normally produce G-CSF, it has the capacity of generating very large quantities of G-CSF continuously over at least two days.
Mechanism of Esterase Action: Nature of the Reactive Serine Residue in Enzymes inhibited by Organo-Phosphorus Compounds

Mechanism of Esterase Action: Nature of the Reactive Serine Residue in Enzymes inhibited by Organo-Phosphorus Compounds
Alternative Trim Analysis Formulations for Vehicles with Redundant Multi-Axis Control Surfaces

Conventional trim optimization problem formulations can produce poor results for vehicles with redundant multi-axis control surfaces. Trimming these vehicles requires solving the nonlinear equations of motion for their roots or equilibrium points. The hybrid wing–body vehicle has many redundant elevons and tends to result in an underdetermined system. As a consequence, there may be an infinite number of deflection combinations that satisfy the same moments. Challenges associated with using conventional trim optimizations with this type of vehicle are demonstrated, followed by two alternative approaches to relieve these problems. Control allocation techniques are integrated into the conventional approach to reduce the number of variables and attempt to make the problem more convex. A reformulation of the trim optimization from root seeking to drag minimization was also explored. These alternative methods were judged on how often they converged, trimmed drag and thrust, and commanded deflections.
Plant architecture affects periodical cicada oviposition behavior on native and non‐native hosts

Variation in plant quality provides a basis for oviposition site selection for a variety of insects. Of the plant traits that infl uence plant–insect interactions, plant architecture has received little attention despite its putative role in modulating oviposition behavior. In a common garden comprised of native and non-native plant species, we assessed how host plant architecture and identity infl uenced the oviposition behavior of 17-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada ). On each host, we quantifi ed the availability of branches suitable for oviposition and compared those measures with the branches used by ovipositing cicadas. Using this approach, we determined how the structural attributes of plants (i.e. branch diameter, length and incline) aff ected oviposition site selection. We then related cicada oviposition preferences to off spring performance by quantifying egg hatching success. On each host species, cicadas selectively used broader and longer branches for oviposition, suggesting that branch architecture provides a basis for oviposition behavior irrespective of plant identity. Broader and longer branches were more abundant on native than on non-native hosts in our study, contributing to greater oviposition loads among the native species. Egg hatching success was similar among native and nonnative hosts. However, it is possible that the use of native plants for oviposition could enhance off spring output because native hosts generally contained more viable eggs per egg nest and more egg nests per plant. While previous accounts of cicada oviposition preferences have focused on diff erences in oviposition loads among hosts, our evaluation of within-host branch selection by ovipositing cicadas helps to clarify oviposition preferences at a higher resolution and demonstrates that plant architecture provides an important basis for oviposition behavior. Furthermore, because branch structure can diff er substantially among host species, our results suggest that periodical cicadas may be sensitive to the changes in plant composition that often result from non-native plant invasions.
Understanding What’s Good for Us

The ancient question of what a good life consists in is currently the focus of intense debate. There are two aspects to this debate: the first concerns how the concept of a good life is to be understood; the second concerns what kinds of life fall within the extension of this concept. In this paper, I will attend only to the first, conceptual aspect and not to the second, substantive aspect. More precisely, I will address the preliminary, underlying question of how to understand what it is in general for something to be good for someone, from which an understanding of the more particular concept of a good life may be derived.
Identification of constitutively activating mutation of the luteinising hormone receptor in a family with male limited gonadotrophin independent precocious puberty (testotoxicosis)

A family of male limited gonadotrophin independent precocious puberty was examined for activating mutation of the LH receptor. A transition of A to G in nucleotide 1733 of the human LH receptor gene was identified in all affected males and in an unaffected carrier female. The mutation was shown by identifying a new restriction site created by the mutation. This mutation appears to be a common feature of the disorder, as it has been reported previously in unrelated families. Therefore, the presence of this new restriction site can serve as a diagnostic tool in males at risk before the onset of symptoms, as well as identifying carrier females.
Exciton-mediated hydrosilylation on photoluminescent nanocrystalline silicon.

A novel white light-promoted reaction using photoluminescent nanocrystalline silicon enables the hydrosilylation of alkenes and alkynes, providing stabilization of the porous silicon without significant loss of the photoemissive qualities of the material. Photopatterning and lithographic fabrication of isolated porous silicon structures are made possible. Experiments and observations are presented which indicate that the light promoted hydrosilylation reaction is unique to photoluminescent silicon, and does not function on nonemissive material. Hydrosilylation using a reactive center generated from a surface-localized exciton is proposed based upon experimental evidence, explaining the photoluminescence requirement. Indirect excitons formed by light absorption mediate the formation of localized electrophilic surface states which are attacked by incoming alkene or alkyne nucleophiles. Supra-band gap charge carriers have sufficient energy to react with nucleophilic alkenes and alkynes, thereupon causing Si−...
High aspect ratio meso-scale parts enabled by wire micro-EDM

Micro-electro discharge machining (EDM) is a subtractive meso-scale machining process. The Agie Excellence 2F wire micro EDM is capable of machining with a 25 micron diameter wire electrode and positioning the work piece to within ±1.5 microns. The over-burn gap can be controlled to within 3 microns to obtain a minimum feature radius of about 16 microns while achieving submicron surface finish and an imperceptible recast layer. For example, meso-scale gears that require vertical sidewalls and contour tolerances to within 3 microns can be wire EDMed into a variety of conductive materials. Material instabilities can affect the dimensional precision of machined meso-scale parts by material relaxation during the machining process. A study is done to investigate the machining performance of the wire micro EDM process by machining a high aspect ratio meso-scale part into a variety of metals (e.g. 304L stainless steel, Nitronic 60 Austentic Stainless, Beryllium Copper, and Titanium). Machining performance parameters such as, profile tolerance, perpendicularity, and repeatability are compared for the different materials. Pertinent inspection methods desirable for meso-scale quality assurance tasks are also evaluated. Sandia National Laboratories is developing meso-scale electro-mechanical components and has an interest in the assembly implications of piece parts fabricated by various meso-scale manufacturing processes. Although the wire EDM process is typically used to fabricate 2½ dimensional features, these features can be machined into a 3 dimensional part having other features such as hubs and chamfers to facilitate assembly.
Complementary and Alternative Therapy (CAM) in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

CAM is any therapeutic intervention that exists outside traditional allopathic medicine. The utilization in the US population is increasing up to 4 out of 10 patients in some surveys. Given this increasing prevalence, it is essential that clinicians have the resources to advise their patients in the utilizations, benefits, and potential harms of these alternative therapies. Recent literature was reviewed in regard to traditional Chinese medicine [TCM], acupuncture, homeopathy, and herbal therapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis limited to randomized controlled trials. Several complementary treatment studies demonstrated statistically significant benefits to patients' quality of life and symptom scoring without providing duration of effect. Alternative therapy studies have revealed mixed results in regard to efficacy. Although the adverse effect profile is low, additional studies will be required to further promote integration into the standard of care for the routine treatment of allergic rhinitis.
A novel method for detection and characterization of ochere suppressors in Escherichia coli

We have found a new method for specifically detecting the occurrence of ochre (UAA) suppression in Escherichia coli. It is based on a procedure we used several years ago to distinguish trpA missense mutants from nonsense mutants, and relies on the generally low efficiency of suppression that seems to be characteristic of ochre suppressors in E. coli. Suppressed ochre mutants are distinguishable from trpA revertants by their inability to grow on glucose minimal medium containing a low concentration (1.5 μm/ml) of indole and a high concentration (50 μg/ml) of 5-methyl-DL-tryptophan (Ind-5MT). The procedure provides a specific and rapid means for detection of UAA derived from missense codons and has also been exploited to obtain different classes of ochre suppressors derived from the amber suppressor supDam and from a glycine tRNA missense suppressor. The Ind-5MT phenotype seems to depend in some way on the location of the ochre codon within the trpA messenger RNA. The method can be put to many uses and should be generally applicable to all low-efficiency nonsense suppressors, including those specific for UAG and UGA.
Internet-oriented visualization with audio presentation of speech signals

Visualization of speech signals, including the capability to visualize the waveforms while simultaneously hearing the speech, is among the essential requirements in speech processing research. In tasks related to labeling of speech signals, visualization activities may have to be performed by multiple users upon a centralized collection of speech data. When speech labeling activities involve perceptual issues, the human factors issues including functionality tradeoffs are particularly important, since the user's burden (tiredness, annoyance) can affect the perceptual responses. We developed VideVox (pronounced 'Veedeh-Vox'), a speech visualization facility, in which the visualization activities may be performed by a large number of users in geographically, dialectically and linguistically diverse locations. Developed in Java, and capable of operating both as an Internet Java applet and a Java application, VideVox is platform independent. Using the client-server architecture paradigm, it allows distributed visualization work. The Internet orientation makes VideVox a promising direction for speech signal visualization in speech labeling activities that require a large number of users in multiple locations. In the paper, we describe our approach, VideVox features, modes of audio data exploration and audio-synchronous animation for speech visualization, operations related to identification of perceptual events, and the human factors issues related to perception-oriented visualizations of speech.
Epistemology of the Closet

Nesta versao condensada de seu livro homonimo, Sedgwick esboca uma reflexao sobre o "armario" como um dispositivo de regulacao da vida de gays e lesbicas que concerne, tambem, aos heterossexuais e seus privilegios de visibilidade e hegemonia de valores. A pesquisadora norte-americana afirma que "o armario", ou o "segredo aberto", marcou a vida gay/lesbica no ultimo seculo e nao deixou de faze-lo mesmo apos o marco de Stonewall em 1969. Sedgwick argumenta ainda que esse regime, com suas regras contraditorias e limitantes sobre privacidade e revelacoes, publico e privado, conhecimento e ignorância, serviu para dar forma ao modo como muitas questoes de valores e epistemologia foram concebidas e abordadas na moderna sociedade ocidental como um todo.
Microtubule and actin-dependent movement of the formin cdc12p in fission yeast.

Although a number of gene products involved in cytokinesis have been identified, still little is known about how these proteins are localized to the proper site and assembled into a ring structure. How is the plane of cell division is positioned in the cell? Schizosaccharomyces pombe are simple rod-shaped eukaryotic cells that divide by medial fission using a medial contractile ring. S. pombe cdc12p encodes a member of the formin gene family, proteins with conserved roles in cytokinesis and actin organization. cdc12p is required specifically for the formation of the medial ring and is located in this ring during mitosis. Time-lapse microscopy of cells expressing GFP-cdc12p protein fusions reveals that during interphase, S. pombe cdc12p is present in a discrete, motile cytoplasmic particle that moves using both actin and microtubules. At the onset of mitosis, the spot moves to the future site of cell division and spreads out into a ring. These studies demonstrate that a cytokinesis factor may travel on both microtubule and actin networks to the site of contractile ring assembly. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for how the mitotic spindle positions the cell division plane in animal cells.
Inductance of A-C magnets from simple models

The inductance of an a-c magnet is a function of its coil as well as its magnetic structure. Hence, if the total equivalent permeance of the magnetic field is known, the inductance can be obtained from the equation $L = N^{2} p_{eq} (10^{-8}) \eqno {\hbox{(1)}}$ where L = inductance, henrys N = series turns in the coil peq = equivalent permeance, lines/ampere Because computing the permeance of even very simple fields is at best a laborious process, the permeance is generally most easily obtained from experimental tests on models. This paper describes a method in which the field of an a-c magnet is divided into a particular set of hypothetical components which can be simulated electrically with simple models. The permeance of each component field is obtained from a model which suits the component field, and the several permeances so obtained are superimposed to yield the permeance of the original field.
Commissioning of RHIC deuteron-gold collisions

Deuteron and gold beams have been accelerated to a collision energy of /spl radic/s = 200 GeV/u in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), providing the first asymmetric-species collisions of this complex. Necessary changes for this mode of operation include new ramping software and asymmetric crossing angle geometries. This paper reviews machine performance, problems encountered and their solutions, and accomplishments during the 16 weeks of ramp-up and operations.
WILDLIFE USE OF DOUGLAS-FIR DWARF MISTLETOE WITCHES' BROOMS IN THE SOUTHWEST

We evaluated wildlife use of witches' brooms associated with infection by Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) in 6 mixed-conifer study areas in Arizona and 2 areas in New Mexico. We climbed 153 infected Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and examined 706 witches' brooms for evidence of wildlife use. Even though we observed evidence of use by birds, most wildlife use was by small mammals, particularly red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Red squirrels used witches' brooms for nesting, foraging, caching, and as latrines. Witches' brooms classi- fied as Type II or III brooms, located close to the main bole with large platforms, and 5-10 m above the ground were the most frequently used by red squirrels.
Silver Surfer: A system to compare isometric and elastic board interfaces for locomotion in VR

In this poster, we present the design and the implementation of a surfboard travel interface inspired by the “Silver Surfer” cartoons and movies. The board interface works in either tilt mode or balance mode, creating an interesting comparison of isometric and elastic devices for rate control and position control travel in virtual environments. We also demonstrate the setup of a complete virtual reality system aimed to evaluate the usability of this travel interface in a future study.
Hybrid acquisition schemes for direct sequence CDMA systems

The acquisition of chip timing in direct sequence code division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) systems must occur before the demodulation of incoming messages can begin. Recent work has shown that the problem of acquisition may be the dominant factor limiting the capacity of DS/CDMA systems and networks. Passive matched filters and parallel search schemes have been shown to be able to acquire signals rapidly, but they do so at the cost of high or prohibitive complexity. In contrast, straight serial search schemes have lower complexity but acquire the signal much more slowly. In this paper, we present several hybrid active correlation schemes that provide flexibility in the trade-off between acquisition speed and complexity. These techniques test several phases concurrently, and either decide that a particular phase is correct, in which case the decision is verified by a binary hypothesis test, or it is decided that none of the phases are correct, in which case another group of phases is tested. Several fixed sample size (FSS) tests are considered, as well as a test based on a new M-ary sequential hypothesis test called the MSPRT. It is found that the MSPRT provides the best performance. >
Cosmic Confusions: Not Supporting versus Supporting Not-

Bayesian probabilistic explication of inductive inference conflates neutrality of supporting evidence for some hypothesis H (“not supporting H”) with disfavoring evidence (“supporting not-H”). This expressive inadequacy leads to spurious results that are artifacts of a poor choice of inductive logic. I illustrate how such artifacts have arisen in simple inductive inferences in cosmology. In the inductive disjunctive fallacy, neutral support for many possibilities is spuriously converted into strong support for their disjunction. The Bayesian “doomsday argument” is shown to rely entirely on a similar artifact.
Development of a calibration reference device for use with test standard ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2-2007 (RP-1466)

Theoretical and experimental work has been conducted to develop a calibration reference device that could be used in test facilities that conform to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 2007. After exploring alternative concepts, including electrostatic precipitators, cyclones, and wire mesh screens, a three-stage parallel flow inertial impactor using round orifices as flow nozzles was selected. Small-scale versions were fabricated and tested for flow rate versus pressure drop and particle capture efficiency versus size. The full-scale prototype was fabricated from aluminum and stainless steel and tested in a wind tunnel configured according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 2007. Oleic acid and potassium chloride aerosols were introduced, and the upstream and downstream particle concentrations were measured with optical particle counters with the channels as required in the standard. Results show a pressure drop of 950 Pa (3.8 in. water) at 0.944 m3/s (2000 cfm) rather than the 750 Pa (3.0 in. water) used in the design....
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) induces signal transduction and gene expression in human hepatocytes, but not in lymphocytes or monocytes

This study compared the ability of IFN-α and IFN-λ to induce signal transduction and gene expression in primary human hepatocytes, PBLs, and monocytes. IFN-α drug products are widely used to treat chronic HCV infection; however, IFN-α therapy often induces hematologic toxicities as a result of the broad expression of IFNARs on many cell types, including most leukocytes. rIFN-λ1 is currently being tested as a potential alternative to IFN-α for treating chronic HCV. Although IFN-λ has been shown to be active on hepatoma cell lines, such as HepG2 and Huh-7, its ability to induce responses in primary human hepatocytes or leukocytes has not been examined. We found that IFN-λ induces activation of Jak/STAT signaling in mouse and human hepatocytes, and the ability of IFN-λ to induce STAT activation correlates with induction of numerous ISGs. Although the magnitude of ISG expression induced by IFN-λ in hepatocytes was generally lower than that induced by IFN-α, the repertoire of regulated genes was quite similar. Our findings demonstrate that although IFN-α and IFN-λ signal through distinct receptors, they induce expression of a common set of ISGs in hepatocytes. However, unlike IFN-α, IFN-λ did not induce STAT activation or ISG expression by purified lymphocytes or monocytes. This important functional difference may provide a clinical advantage for IFN-λ as a treatment for chronic HCV infection, as it is less likely to induce the leukopenias that are often associated with IFN-α therapy.
Mallard Harvest Distributions in the Mississippi and Central Flyways

Abstract The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most harvested duck in North America. A topic of debate among hunters, especially those in Arkansas, USA, is whether wintering distributions of mallards have changed in recent years. We examined distributions of mallards in the Mississippi (MF) and Central Flyways during hunting seasons 1980–2003 to determine if and why harvest distributions changed. We used Geographic Information Systems to analyze spatial distributions of band recoveries and harvest estimated using data from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Parts Collection Survey. Mean latitudes of band recoveries and harvest estimates showed no significant trends across the study period. Despite slight increases in band recoveries and harvest on the peripheries of kernel density estimates, most harvest occurred in eastern Arkansas and northwestern Mississippi, USA, in all years. We found no evidence for changes in the harvest distributions of mallards. We believe that the late 1990s were year...
Math Boxes: A Pen-Based User Interface for Writing Difficult Mathematical Expressions

We present math boxes, a novel pen-based user interface for simplifying the task of hand writing difficult mathematical expressions. Visible bounding boxes around certain subexpressions are automatically generated as the system detects specific relationships including superscripts, subscripts, and fractions. Subexpressions contained in a box can then be extended by adding new terms directly into its given bounds. Upon accepting new characters, box boundaries are dynamically resized and neighboring terms are translated to make room for the larger box. Feedback on structural recognition is given via the boxes themselves. We also provide feedback on character recognition by morphing the user's individual characters into a cleaner version stored in our ink database. To evaluate the usefulness of our proposed method, we conducted a user study in which participants write a variety of equations ranging in complexity from a simple polynomial to the more difficult expected value of the logistic distribution. The math boxes interface is compared against the commonly used offset typeset (small) method, where recognized expressions are typeset in a system font near the user's unmodified ink. In our initial study, we find that the fluidness of the offset method is preferred for simple expressions but as difficulty increases, our math boxes method is overwhelmingly preferred.
Cost Efficient Methods to Improve Performance of Broadcast Scan

This paper presents techniques to improve compressions by improving fault coverage that can be achieved by broadcast scan. Due to reconvergent gates that artificially occur in broadcast scan, broadcast scan fault coverage is often much lower than standard serial scan fault coverage. The proposed scan chain reordering technique improves broadcast scan fault coverage by minimizing the number of reconvergent gates and hence no or very small number of test patterns are required to be applied by standard serial scan to detect faults undetected by broadcast scan. This increases the overall compression ratio. To eliminate or minimize increase in routing overhead, the distance that each scan cell can be relocated by the scan chain reordering procedure is limited. Test points are inserted to further reduce correlation among outputs of scancells. The proposed scan chain reordering technique improved broadcast scan fault converge by up to 8.5%. Large fault coverage improvement was achieved by the proposed method, especially for circuits that suffer low broadcast scan fault coverage. Broadcast scan fault coverage for the largest two industrial designs was even higher than standard serial scan fault coverage.
As we do write: hyper-terms for hypertext

Coined in the mid-1960’s by Ted Nelson, the term hypertext conjoins hyper and text. Hyper, used as a prefix, derives from the Greek hyper, originally meaning over, or above, but whose meaning typically implies excess or exaggeration. A synonymous prefix is super [43]. There is also the independent meaning of hyper used as a noun to mean, “a person who promotes or publicizes events, people, etc., esp. one who uses flamboyant or questionable methods; promoter; publicist” [43]. Text has the original meaning of words woven together [43], and so combined with hyper, hypertext implies both a super text, a text that, due to interlinking, is greater than the original texts, and a super weaving of words, creating new texts from old.
Morphometric Methods in Veterinary Pathology: A Review:

The stereological procedures available for estimating volume, surface area and number of the structural components of cells and tissue are reviewed. The applications of stereology to the study of liver, mammary gland, lung and placenta are discussed with particular emphasis on the aspects of interest to veterinary pathologists. Stereology provides the cell biologist and the pathologist with a powerful tool for describing biological structure in quantitative terms at various levels of organization from the organ to the organelle.
Systems Engineering Theory: Addressing Complexity and Uncertainty in Space System Architecting

What is the best architecture for National Security Space? Rather than looking only to military needs, this paper suggests considering maturing military technologies that can then reshape the commercial space sector to break out of the high-cost, high-complexity spiral with mass produced, low cost, high reliability busses and components. The low cost and high reliability can then become game-changing benefits for National Security Space. The prime candidate for an architecture to achieve these ends is fractionated spacecraft. A market simulation is presented which shows the power of fractionation to increase production volume and reduce cost.
Awareness and working memory in strategy adaptivity

To further the understanding of the mechanisms of strategy choice, in three experiments, we investigate the role of explicit awareness and working memory in strategy adaptivity. Experiment 1 provided correlational evidence that individual differences in strategy adaptivity to changing base rates are related to individual differences in awareness of those changes but appear not to be related to individual differences in working memory capacity. Experiment 2 replicated the role of awareness, and the results suggest that awareness at the time of the base-rate change, rather than afterwards, is related to increased strategy adaptivity. Experiment 3 measured working memory capacity using a different procedure and manipulated working memory load with a dual-task procedure; again, no apparent role of working memory capacity in strategy adaptivity was found. This juxtaposition of findings presents a challenge for existing models of strategy choice.
Comparisons of Success and Retention in a General Chemistry Course before and after the Adoption of a Mathematics Prerequisite.

This study of the relationships between mathematical ability and success and retention in a general chemistry course was conducted at an open-enrollment university whose mission is to provide a quality education to a culturally and economically diverse student body. We studied the correlation between the demonstrated level of mathematical ability and success in chemistry and the correlation between the demonstrated level of mathematical ability and retention in chemistry. After the chemistry department implemented a mathematics prerequisite for the chemistry course, data were examined to compare success and retention prior to and after the adoption of the prerequisite. Analysis showed that success and retention in chemistry increased after the adoption of the mathematics prerequisite.
Total and Differential Sputter Yields Of Boron Nitride Measured by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Weight Loss (PREPRINT)

We present results of differential sputter yield measurements of HBC and HBR grades of boron nitride due to bombardment by xenon ions. Total sputter yield measurements are made using a weight loss approach. Differential sputter yield measurements (of condensable components) are made using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The QCM measurement allows full angular resolution, i.e. differential sputtering yield measurements are measured as a function of both polar angle and azimuthal angle. Measured profiles are presented for 100, 250, 350 and 500 eV Xe+ bombardment at 0o, 15o, 30o and 45o angles of incidence. We fit the measured profiles with Modified Zhang expressions using two free parameters: the total sputter yield, Y, and characteristic energy E*. Sputtering of HBC versus HBR grades of BN is compared, as is results of sputter measurements from the weight loss versus QCM approaches. Finally, effects of sample moisture absorption are considered.
Fishing drives declines in fish parasite diversity and has variable effects on parasite abundance

Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of parasites, relatively few studies have assessed their response to anthropogenic environmental change. Heuristic models have predicted both increases and decreases in parasite abundance in response to human disturbance, with empirical support for both. However, most studies focus on one or a few selected parasite species. Here, we assess the abundance of parasites of seven species of coral reef fishes collected from three fished and three unfished islands of the Line Islands archipelago in the central equatorial Pacific. Because we chose fish hosts that spanned different trophic levels, taxonomic groups, and body sizes, we were able to compare parasite responses across a broad cross section of the total parasite community in the presence and absence of fishing, a major human impact on marine ecosystems. We found that overall parasite species richness was substantially depressed on fished islands, but that the response of parasite abundance varied among parasite taxa: directly transmitted parasites were significantly more abundant on fished than on unfished islands, while the reverse was true for trophically transmitted parasites. This probably arises because trophically transmitted parasites require multiple host species, some of which are the top predators most sensitive to fishing impacts. The increase in directly transmitted parasites appeared to be due to fishing-driven compensatory increases in the abundance of their hosts. Together, these results provide support for the predictions of both heuristic models, and indicate that the direction of fishing's impact on parasite abundance is mediated by parasite traits, notably parasite transmission strategies.
Is integrative science necessary to improve nursing practice

This article explores integrative science as a perspective for overcoming intellectual barriers between nurses' valuing of the holistic person and the science and technology that drives advances in health care. Several meanings of integrative science are reflected in health science literature. One use of integrative science refers to comprehensive and unifying theories (or viewpoints) that draw together interrelated aspects of a field. Another use of integrative science pertains to efforts to formulate models that accommodate the special dualities that exist in studying humans. Integrative science as a perspective addresses overcoming intellectual separation of knowledge relevant to understanding of persons or populations by an open-ended sharing and juxtaposing of knowledge relevant to solving that problem. For nursing, integrative science may pose a threat to nursing knowledge. Failure to thrive, a nutritional and psychosocial phenomenon, is presented as an example of a topic manifesting the need for an integrative science perspective.
Glucagon and choleragen stimulation of glycogenolysis in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells: Lack of involvement of the glucocorticoids

The influence of glucagon, choleragen, and the adrenal glucocorticoids on glycogenolysis in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells has been studied. Both glucagon and choleragen caused a twofold to threefold stimulation of glucose production from endogenous reserves of glycogen. The effect of glucagon on glucose production was noted at the earliest time point examined and the stimulation of glucose production was preceded by an elevation of cyclic AMP. Choleragen did not produce a significant stimulation of glucose production until 45 minutes after addition of the agent. Choleragen effects on glucose production were preceded by an elevation of cyclic AMP, but in contrast with glucagon, choleragen did not significantly elevate cyclic AMP until 30 minutes after addition to the culture. One ng of choleragen per ml of medium was sufficient to produce an effect on glucose production. Glucagon- or choleragen-treated cultures mobilized glycogen more rapidly than did untreated cultures incubated in glucose-free medium. In addition, both agents produced a stong inhibition of lactate production. Thus, the stimulation of glucose production by these agents was partially due to increased glycogen mobilization and partially due to redirection of carbon units from glycolysis. That glucose production in the hepatocytes is regulated in part by a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism is strongly supported by the observation that both agents elevate cyclic AMP and cause an increase in glucose production and inhibition of lactate production. The possibility that the glucocorticoids participated in the regulation of glycogenolysis either in a direct or indirect (permissive) fashion was assessed. It was found that when the direct effect of the glucocorticoids on glycogenesis was taken into account, the glucocorticoids had no direct effects on glycogenolysis, nor did they alter the stimulation of glycogenolysis by glucagon or choleragen.
Wide-band nulling performance versus number of pattern constraints for an array antenna

The problem of wide-band pattern hulling for an array antenna is addressed, in particular the relation between the number of constraints imposed and the sidelobe suppression achieved. The two constraint methods considered are multiple nulling over a narrow angular sector and hulling of the pattern and its derivatives at a single point. To first order the sidelobe cancellation is shown to be independent of the actual pattern type and is determined by only two parameters: the number of null constraints M and the number of sidelobes v to be cancelled. The latter parameter directly translates into a desired hulling bandwidth \Delta f . A numerical solution to the problem is offered in the form of curves, from which the number of nulls required to suppress a jammer over a given bandwidth can be conveniently estimated. This number is indicative of how many degrees of freedom a conventional adaptive antenna system must allocate to attain a specific hulling performance.
Real-Time FPGA Processing for High-Speed Optical Frequency Domain Imaging

We present a novel algorithm for reconstructing interferograms acquired in optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI). The algorithm was developed specifically for processing in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and featured the use of a finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter implementation of B-spline interpolation for efficiently re-sampling k-space. When implemented in FPGAs, the algorithm allowed for real-time processing of interferograms acquired with a high-speed OFDI system at 54 kHz and a sampling rate of 100 MS/s.
Isoforms of RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Independently Control Nucleic Acid Sensor MDA5-Driven Autoimmunity and Multi-organ Development

Mutations in ADAR, which encodes the ADAR1 RNA-editing enzyme, cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), a severe autoimmune disease associated with an aberrant type I interferon response. How ADAR1 prevents autoimmunity remains incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that ADAR1 is a specific and essential negative regulator of the MDA5-MAVS RNA sensing pathway. Moreover, we uncovered a MDA5-MAVS-independent function for ADAR1 in the development of multiple organs. We showed that the p150 isoform of ADAR1 uniquely regulated the MDA5 pathway, whereas both the p150 and p110 isoforms contributed to development. Abrupt deletion of ADAR1 in adult mice revealed that both of these functions were required throughout life. Our findings delineate genetically separable roles for both ADAR1 isoforms in vivo, with implications for the human diseases caused by ADAR mutations.
Exile in Sweden (1944–1945)

August’s enforced stay in Sweden was to last ten months. It was a difficult period, and a few times he came close to despair as he visualized his life without Marie after the war. But mostly he adapted to the circumstances with his usual vigor. He helped and comforted his two daughters, wrote his famous paper on active transport by cell membranes (the Croonian Lecture), finished a paper for Marie and a study on bud development in trees, lectured in Stockholm and Lund, and attended the celebrations in Stockholm when Hevesy was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Reversing established sepsis in rats with human vasoactive hormone adrenomedullin and its binding protein.

We recently demonstrated that early administration of rat adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive peptide, in combination with its binding protein (human AMBP-1) produces various beneficial effects in sepsis. Human AM is a 52-amino acid peptide, but rat AM differs from human AM, having only 50 amino acid residues, with two amino acid deletions and six substitutions. It remains unknown whether a combination of human AM and human AMBP-1 (AM/AMBP-1) is also beneficial in sepsis and, if so, whether human AM/AMBP-1 reverses established sepsis in rats. To test the effects of human AM/AMBP-1, we induced sepsis in male adult rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 10 h after CLP (i.e., severe sepsis), human AM (12–48 µg/kg body weight) was administered in combination with human AMBP-1 (40–160 µg/kg body weight). Vehicle-treated animals received a nonspecific human plasma protein (albumin). Blood and intestinal samples were collected at 20 h for various measurements. In additional groups of septic animals, the gangrenous cecum was surgically excised at 20 h after CLP The 10-day survival was recorded. Our results showed that tissue injury, as evidenced by increased levels of transaminases and lactate, was present at 20 h after CLP Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were significantly elevated. Gut barrier dysfunction, manifested by increased mucosal permeability to hydrophilic macromolecules and increased bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, also occurred at 20 h after CLP Administration of human AM/AMBP-1 in established sepsis markedly attenuated tissue injury, reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, ameliorated intestinal-barrier dysfunction, and improved the survival rate from 47% to 67%–80%. Thus, human AM/AMBP-1 can be further developed as a safe and effective therapy for patients with established sepsis.