cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KETONES SUPPRESS BRAIN GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION

The brain is dependent on glucose as a primary energy substrate, but is capable of utilizing ketones such as β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and acetoacetate (AcAc), as occurs with fasting, prolonged starvation or chronic feeding of a high fat/low carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet). In this study, the local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose consumption (CMRglu; μM/min/100g) was calculated in the cortex and cerebellum of control and ketotic rats using Patlak analysis. Rats were imaged on a rodent PET scanner and MRI was performed on a 7-Tesla Bruker scanner for registration with the PET images. Plasma glucose and βHB concentrations were measured and 90-minute dynamic PET scans were started simultaneously with bolus injection of 2-Deoxy-2[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose (FDG).The blood radioactivity concentration was automatically sampled from the tail vein for 3 min following injection and manual periodic blood samples were taken. The calculated local CMRGlu decreased with increasing plasma BHB concentration in the cerebellum (CMRGlu = -4.07*[BHB] + 61.4, r² = 0.3) and in the frontal cortex (CMRGlu = - 3.93*[BHB] + 42.7, r² = 0.5). These data indicate that, under conditions of ketosis, glucose consumption is decreased in the cortex and cerebellum by about 10% per each mM of plasma ketone bodies.
Regulation of Protein Metabolism in Muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 Efficiency of Protein Synthesis: Translational Control 1.1 Role of Insulin in the Regulation of Translation Initiation 1.2 Interactive Roles of Insulin and Amino Acids in the Regulation of Translation Initiation 1.3 Interactive Roles of Insulin and Other Hormones in the Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle 2 Capacity for Protein Synthesis: Ribosomal Biogenesis 2.1 Role of Insulin in the Regulation of rRNA Gene Transcription 2.2 Role of Insulin in the Regulation of Synthesis of Ribosomal Proteins 3 Protein Degradation 3.1 The Lyosomal System 3.2 Calcium Activated Proteinases 3.3 The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System 4 Future Perspectives
Diguanylate cyclase NicD‐based signalling mechanism of nutrient‐induced dispersion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Summary Dispersion enables the transition from the biofilm to the planktonic growth state in response to various cues. While several Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins, including BdlA and the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases DipA, RbdA, and NbdA, have been shown to be required for dispersion to occur, little is known about dispersion cue sensing and the signalling translating these cues into the modulation c-di-GMP levels to enable dispersion. Using glutamate-induced dispersion as a model, we report that dispersion-inducing nutrient cues are sensed via an outside-in signalling mechanism by the diguanylate cyclase NicD belonging to a family of seven transmembrane (7TM) receptors. NicD directly interacts with BdlA and the phosphodiesterase DipA, with NicD, BdlA, and DipA being part of the same pathway required for dispersion. Glutamate sensing by NicD results in NicD dephosphorylation and increased cyclase activity. Active NicD contributes to the non-processive proteolysis and activation of BdlA via phosphorylation and temporarily elevated c-di-GMP levels. BdlA, in turn, activates DipA, resulting in the overall reduction of c-di-GMP levels. Our results provide a basis for understanding the signalling mechanism based on NicD to induce biofilm dispersion that may be applicable to various biofilm-forming species and may have implications for the control of biofilm-related infections.
Complex host genetic susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infections

Understanding of the host genetic susceptibility to carriage of, and infections, due to Staphylococcus aureus, a nosocomial pathogen, is still in its nascent stages. Mouse models show variable susceptibility to S. aureus infections across mouse strains and disease models with roles for signaling pathways involving Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6), interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13), chemokines [CXC ligand (CXCL)-1 and CXCL-2], and T helper (Th)1/Th2 responses. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for carriage in humans identified SNPs in IL4, DEFB1, CRP, and VDR for persistent nasal carriage. NR3C1 haplotypes may either enhance risk or provide protection from colonization. GWASs for all S. aureus diseases have suggested roles for DAPK3, a kinase, and XRN1, a nuclease, while CDON could have a role in complicated bacteremia. More studies are needed to identify host susceptibility genes along with confirmation from functional assays.
Direct measurement of the low temperature spin state transitions in La1−xSrxCoO3 (0.05 < x < 0.3)

Sr-doped LaCoO3 has a complex magnetic phase diagram, which is believed to be directly correlated to changes in the crystal structure and ordering of the Co3+ spin states. In this work, we study the low temperature Co3+-ion spin state transitions in Sr-doped LaCoO3 around the critical doping concentration where a metal to insulator transition has been observed using electron energy-loss spectroscopy of the O K-edge combined with the Co L-edge fine structure. We measure the local spin state of the Co3+-ions and we demonstrate that the Co3+ spin-state transition only occurs in La0.95Sr0.05CoO3 single-crystal materials in the temperature range accessible by LN2 in-situ cooling, while no structural symmetry change is observed. The presence of this low-temperature spin-state transition in La1−xSrxCoO3 (x < 0.17) has been proposed as the origin of the percolative magnetic ordering in doped LaCoO3.
The Northridge earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction

The Northridge earthquake was followed by a 35% increase in the number of admissions for myocardial infarction to coronary care units. Our observation suggest that onset of myocardial infarction is related to certain triggers, and stressful events may be one of them.
Adjustment and Poverty Evidence: A Response to Weeks

The paper responds to a comment by John Weeks on an earlier article by the authors. He maintains that the macroeconomic index used in that article was ‘invalid for its purpose’, and that the survey evidence of poverty change was inconsistent with national accounts data. The authors maintain that although the macroeconomic policy index has its limitations, it succeeds in capturing the changes in macropolicy during the periods. Using the data that Weeks himself provides, the authors also show that the national accounts estimates are in fact consistent with the survey evidence in all countries but one. The central proposition of the original paper therefore stands: poverty declined in countries where macroeconomic policies improved, and increased where they worsened. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkaline and carbonate intrusives in the vicinity of Bancroft, Ontario

The alkaline intrusives of the Bancroft Area lie along the contact between the “Laurentian” granites and the Grenville marble. Alkaline rocks pass in sweeping arcs about two predominantly granitic areas. The principal alkaline intrusives fall into two quite distinct groups: A series of saturated or nearly saturated rocks ranging in composition from syenite through shonkinlte to perknite; an undersatturated group including urtite, ijolite, foyaite, and jacupirangite. Three sill-like bands of marble lie within the alkaline complex. These marble bands are in the main indistinguishable from the Grenville marble immediately south of the complex.
Dislocations in gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 ): III: nature of prismatic loops and helical dislocations

Thin garnet films suitable for magnetic bubble devices can be made by depositing the film material onto nonmagnetic garnets such as Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG). The performance of these devices is influenced by the dislocation content of the films. This, in turn, depends on the dislocation content of the substrate. Dislocations in the substrate can be detected by means of the birefringence they induce, or from the etch pits formed where they meet the sample surface. Most of the dislocations revealed by these techniques have been climb loops around inclusions and helical dislocations. This paper describes an optical method for determining the sign of the stresses at inclusions and nature of loops and helical dislocations. The method has shown that iridium inclusions are compressed by the matrix and that the loops and helices in GGG are extrinsic: they grow either by the emission of vacancies or the absorption of interstial atoms.
Title Changes and Variations in Other Components of Serials

A random sample of OCLC serials bibliographic records was analyzed to find out if frequency of title changes varies significantly with variations in issuing source, country of publication, language, frequency, regularity, and subject content of serials. Serials published by governmental bodies had a higher rate of title changes than serials published by nongovernmental bodies. Serials published in the United States had the highest rate of change; those issued in two to three languages were changed less frequently than those issued in one language or more than three. Semimonthly, monthly, and bimonthly serials were changed more frequently than serials with other frequencies of publication. Normalized serials were changed more often than regular or completely irregular serials. Serials in the fields of science and technology had a higher rate of title change than serials published in other fields.
The use and misuse of critical Gedankenexperimente

Three uses of critical thought experiments outlined in the paper are related to general questions of evaluation. A proposal offered by Karl Popper concerning the so-called “apologetic” use ofGedankenexperimente is critically assessed. Specifically, his methodological principle that one should not use a second theory in order to defend a first theory against a critical thought experiment is discussed with reference to the photon-boxGedankenexperiment (Einstein-Bohr debates) and the Maxwell-demon paradox. It is argued that the rescuing of one theory from conceptual anomaly by appealing to another need not constitute a misuse of a critical thought experiment.
A methodology for developing dependable information systems

Abstract This paper presents a mthodology for deciding what controls should be included in a computer based information system (IS). While the paper takes the perspective of the manager responsible for effective resource allocation and who is supported by the IS, the approach it provides is intended for use by the software engineer responsible for system development. The issue of IS controls is most often addressed in documents containing checklists of controls intended to be used for after-the-fact information system audits. The methodology presented here looks at the problem from the front-end of the system development process. It takes into account auditor concerns as well as the cost of including controls in an IS. The approach consists of a quantitative model which facilitates analysis of cost-benefit tradeoffs and methods which can be used to obtain information required by the model. It employs a variety of well-known techniques which have not previously been applied in this context. The major contribution of the paper is that it brings different techniques together into a coherent and feasible methodology which addresses the problem in its entirety.
SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS DUE TO ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE. REPORT OF A CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.

Abstract A case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathia is described. The patient has remained asymptomatic for three months after treatment with penicillin. The identifying characteristics of this organism are described, and a review of the literature concerning this problem is presented.
Lessons from Combination Therapy in Veterans Affairs Studies

A subset of 102 patients of an original cohort of 1292 with stage 1 to 2 hypertension was characterized by having failed to achieve goal blood pressure (< 90 mm Hg diastolic) after treatment with two single antihypertensive drugs. These patients were given a combination of the two drugs on which they had failed to achieve blood pressure goal when they were administered as single-drug therapy. The drugs were hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, captopril, diltiazem-SR, clonidine, and prazosin. We examined the responses in each of the drug combination categories by the order that the drugs were administered, by estimated total response rates for the combinations, and by age and race. The order of drug administration did have an effect for some of the drug pairs. This was of two types: 1) different results for each member of the pair, but the same combination result; and 2) different end result of the combination. An example of the first type is that prazosin had only a 6% response rate in patients who had failed on diltiazem, while diltiazem had a 22% response rate in patients who had failed on prazosin. Nevertheless, the combinations yielded the same total responses (86% and 84%) regardless of order. An example of the second type is that captopril-diltiazem was less effective in total response than diltiazem-captopril (88% v 97%). Differences were seen in the response to combinations in the race and age groups. There were ordering differences of type similar to those described above. We conclude that combination drug therapy is highly effective even when the individual components have failed and that some differences in response by order of drug administration may occur.
Power quality disturbances within DC data centers

As data center energy consumption continues to increase, various options are being considered that could improve the efficiency of existing and future data centers. One way is to operate the facility on a DC distribution system. This can eliminate intermediate DC/AC and AC/DC power stages, thereby improving the efficiency of the entire data center power delivery system. While the benefits of a DC data center have been clearly proven through demonstrations and analysis, it is of paramount importance to analyze issues that will impact its practical implementation. Power quality is one such issue whose importance cannot be dismissed due to its direct connection to datacenter reliability and uptime. This paper discusses the various power quality disturbances that can occur in DC data centers, their impact on system performance, and design considerations that must be taken into account for mitigating such disturbances.
Providing preschool foundations for later reading comprehension: The importance of and ideas for targeting inferencing in storybook-sharing interventions

A significant gap in emerging literacy intervention with preschoolers relates to a skill that is crucial to later reading comprehension–the ability to engage in inferencing. This article presents a theoretical rationale for fostering inferential language during book sharing with preschool children, and provides research-based ideas for how this can be best accomplished. It is suggested that, at the preschool level, children can be supported in their ability to make inferences about stories read aloud to them by having adults ask both literal and inferential questions that, first and foremost, relate to the causal structure of stories. Additionally, questions focused on informational and evaluative inferences serve to further enhance story comprehension. A rubric for connecting such questions to the elements of story grammar is offered, and a specific example from a published preschool level storybook is provided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hsp70 Chaperone Ligands Control Domain Association via an Allosteric Mechanism Mediated by the Interdomain Linker

Hsp70 chaperones assist in protein folding, disaggregation, and membrane translocation by binding to substrate proteins with an ATP-regulated affinity that relies on allosteric coupling between ATP-binding and substrate-binding domains. We have studied single- and two-domain versions of the E. coli Hsp70, DnaK, to explore the mechanism of interdomain communication. We show that the interdomain linker controls ATPase activity by binding to a hydrophobic cleft between subdomains IA and IIA. Furthermore, the domains of DnaK dock only when ATP binds and behave independently when ADP is bound. Major conformational changes in both domains accompany ATP-induced docking: of particular importance, some regions of the substrate-binding domain are stabilized, while those near the substrate-binding site become destabilized. Thus, the energy of ATP binding is used to form a stable interface between the nucleotide- and substrate-binding domains, which results in destabilization of regions of the latter domain and consequent weaker substrate binding.
Power staple fixation in trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis

Abstract Twenty-seven trapeziometacarpal arthrodeses were performed in 26 patients for basilar thumb joint arthritis utilizing power staple fixation. Short arm thumb spica cast immobilization was maintained for an average of 8 weeks, followed by part-time splintage for 6–12 weeks. Twenty patients were available for evaluation an average of 19 months after the operation. All of the patients were satisfied with the procedure. Thirteen had complete relief of pain, four had mild pain, and three had moderate pain after surgery. The two nonunions that occurred were in patients that refused postoperative casting and both had complete pain relief. There were no fixation-related complications in the remaining 18 patients that were casted postoperatively, and all developed a solid fusion. Power staple fixation in trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis has a 90% union rate with no long-term fixation related complications.
A review of the carcinogenicities of nickel, chromium and arsenic compounds in man and animals.

Abstract Increased incidences of cancers of the respiratory tract have been reported among (a) workers in nickel refineries; (b) industrial workers who have been engaged in production of chromates or in processing of chrome pigments; and (c) workers who have had diverse occupational exposures to arsenic compounds (metallurgical, chemical and agricultural workers). Human subjects who have developed clinical manifestations of arsenicalism as a result of environmental, occupational or iatrogenic exposures have been reported to have increased incidences of cancers of the skin and possibly of internal organs. Certain nickel and chromium compounds (e.g., nickel subsulfide and calcium chromate) that have been administered to rodents by parenteral or respiratory routes have induced cancers at the sites of deposition. Experimental induction of cancers in animals has not been reported as a consequence of administration of arsenic compounds.
Continuation techniques for a penalty approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations

Continuation techniques are used to solve a penalty finite element approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Sufficient conditions are given for convergence of the Euler-Newton continuation method in a Reynolds parameter to an isolated solution of the finite element problem. Numerical results are presented for the ‘driven cavity’ problem. The approach is extended to arc length continuation to treat problems with singular points on the continuation path.
Status of the endogenous avian leukosis virus in resistant cells from a producing line

Abstract Production of endogenous Rous associated virus type 0 (RAV-0) by line 100 cells susceptible or resistant to RAV-0 was compared by assay on susceptible group-specific (gs) antigen negative line 15 cells. Leukosis virus subgroup E susceptible cells released much more virus into culture fluids than resistant cells. However, no significant differences in virus titers were observed when line 100 cells were cocultivated with line 15 cells.
Likeness, Comfort, and Tolerance: Examining African American Adolescents’ Sense of School Belonging

This study investigated sense of school belonging in a sample of 13 African American high school students. Findings suggest that students felt a stronger sense of connection to their school community when they perceived fewer differences between themselves and others in the school body. In addition, student responses revealed that feelings of comfort and tolerance were essential to personal descriptions of belongingness. Although, likeness and comfort were important when students discussed school belongingness, the same was not true of factors related to academic performance. Limitations of the study and directions for future work are addressed.
Ethics and Culture in Mental Health Care

This article examines the complex relationship between culture, values, and ethics in mental health care. Cultural competence is a practical, concrete demonstration of the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence (doing good), nonmaleficence (not doing harm), and justice (treating people fairly)—the cornerstones of modern ethical codes for the health professions. Five clinical cases are presented to illustrate the range of ethical issues faced by mental health clinicians working in a multicultural environment, including issues of therapeutic boundaries, diagnosis, treatment choice, confidentiality and informed consent, and the just distribution of limited health care resources.
Molecular dissection of angiotensin II-activated human LOX-1 promoter.

Objective— LOX-1, a receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. Its expression is upregulated by pro-atherogenic stimuli, such as angiotensin II (Ang II). In this study, we explored LOX-1 transcriptional promoter activation in response to Ang II in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Methods and Results— We constructed full-length and deletion LOX-1 promoter mutants and examined their activation in response to Ang II in HCAECs. The Ang II (1 μmol/L for 24 hours) markedly induced LOX-1 promoter activity beyond the basal level, and a 116-bp fragment (between nt −2247 and −2131) was necessary for this induction. Within this 116-bp promoter fragment, there is a potential binding motif for transcription factor NF-κB. By EMSA, we observed the activation of NF-κB by Ang II. The critical role of NF-κB in Ang II–induced LOX-1 promoter activation was confirmed by mutagenesis assay, and further confirmed by blocking NF-κB activation with the NF-κB inhibitor ...
Diet and body composition of preterm infants

There have been few systematic studies of the effects of energy and protein intake on the body composition of preterm infants. Analysis of published studies suggests a roughly inverse relation between energy stored per gram of weight gain (a measure of the fatness of new tissues) and the ratio of protein to energy in the preterm infant's diet. At least within a certain range of energy and protein intakes, a higher protein diet promotes leaner body composition. Studies of the effects of varying the dietary ratio of carbohydrate to fat in preterm infants have shown reduced rates of carbon dioxide production with high-fat diets, fed by either the parenteral or enteral route. The little information available suggests no clear effect of varying the carbohydrate-to-fat ratio on body composition. The mineral content of the body can be influenced by diet. Insufficient intakes of calcium and phosphorus reduce the bone mineral content and thus the whole-body content of these minerals.
Experiments on the Acceleration and Transport of Multi-Kiloampere Ion Beams

The Pulselac C accelerator is being constructed to study the properties of spacecharge-neutralized ion beams and to demonstrate the feasibility of controlling high ion fluxes. A gas-injection plasma gun has been developed which can supply over 50 A/cm2 of N+ or other intermediate mass ions. This source supplies ion flux for the magnetically insulated extraction gap. The source and extractor produce a 100 kV, 5 kA annular ion beam which propagates into a diagnostic region. Diagnostics, including a Thompson parabola mass spectrometer, a magnetic spectrometer, magnetically insulated detectors, and biased charge collectors, have proven the purity and uniformity of the beam and have given preliminary information on its propagation characteristics. Further experiments on the injector will include focusing using a toroidal lens and studies of beam aiming from the extractor gap. Two inductive post-acceleration stages, presently under construction, will increase the beam energy by 500 keV.
Posttranscriptional regulation of the expression of CAD gene during differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells by induction with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP

We have studied the regulation of expression of the carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II-aspartate transcarbamylase-dihydroorotase gene in F9 teratocarcinoma cells during their differentiation into parietal endoderm cells by induction with a combination of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Steady-state levels of CAD mRNA decreased by 7-fold in F9 cells following 120 h of retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP induction as compared to levels in uninduced cells. Conversely, no apparent changes were found in the steady-state levels of beta-actin mRNA between induced and uninduced cells. Despite a 7-fold decrease in the steady-state levels of CAD mRNA, its rate of transcription remained the same between induced and uninduced cells, indicating a role for posttranscriptional mechanisms for its down regulation during retinoic acid- and dibutyryl cyclic AMP-induced differentiation of F9 cells. The cellular growth rate of F9 cells as determined by [3H]thymidine uptake and parallel cell counting decreased markedly during their induction with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Taken together, it is apparent that the expression of the CAD gene is cell-growth-dependent and its regulation in this system is at the posttranscriptional level.
Determination of the Boundary Layer Airflow from a Single Doppler Radar

Abstract In the warm season the optically clear boundary layer often contains scatterers that can be detected by sensitive radars to distances of 50–100 km. Inhomogeneities in the field of reflectivity lead to echo patterns that have some persistence over periods as long as 5–10 minutes. These echo patterns translate with the local wind and can, for example, be easily followed by eye on PPI playback loops reviewing 15–20 minutes of data. In this paper a technique is discussed that determines the wind field by objectively identifying and tracking local echo. patterns. The technique, called TREC (Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation), involves the cross-correlation of the echo features measured at two times a few minutes apart. The translation of a local feature during the measurement interval then determines the local wind. Use of this technique in the clear boundary layer means that problems associated with noisy data (reflectivities just above the minimum detectable signal) and ground clutter will be com...
Finite elements for post-buckling analysis. II—Application to composite plate assemblies

In a companion paper the authors presented a convenient formulation for the stability analysis of structures using the finite element method. The main assumptions are linear elasticity, a linear fundamental path and the existence of distinct critical loads. The formulation developed is known as the W-formulation, where the energy is written in terms of a sliding set of incremental coordinates measured with respect to the fundamental path. In the present paper a number of applications of finite elements for post-buckling analysis on composite plate assemblies are presented. Thin-walled composite plates, I-beams, angle sections, and a specially designed box-beam with flanges (unicolumn) are studied in post-buckling when axially loaded. The results are in good agreement with previous studies. Moreover, a parametric study involving critical buckling load and geometry is presented for the case of the unicolumn.
Rheological modeling of viscoelastic passive dampers

An efficient method of modeling the rheological behavior of viscoelastic dampers is discussed and illustrated. The method uses the standard mechanical model composed of linear springs and dashpots, which leads to a Prony series representation of the corresponding material function in the time domain. The computational procedure used is simple and straightforward and allows the linear viscoelastic material functions to be readily determined from experimental data in the time or frequency domain. Some existing models including the fractional derivative model and modified power-law are reviewed and compared with the standard mechanical model. It is found the generalized Maxwell and generalized Voigt model accurately describe the broadband rheological behavior of viscoelastic dampers commonly used in structural and vibration control. While a cumbersome nonlinear fitting technique is required for other models, a simple collocation or least-squares method can be used to fit the standard mechanical model to experimental data. The remarkable computational efficiency associated with the exponential basis functions of the Prony series greatly facilitates fitting of the model and interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. A numerical example on a viscoelastic fluid damper demonstrates the advantages of the use of the standard mechanical model over other existing models. Details of the computational procedures for fitting and inter-conversion are discussed and illustrated.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biogenic sediment regimes in the Neogene equatorial Pacific, IODP Site U1338: Burial, production, and diatom community

Abstract The equatorial Pacific experienced significant changes in productivity and microfossil assemblage since 16 million years ago (Ma). We compiled a record of those changes from IODP Site U1338 using a reconnaissance of diatom assemblages and high-resolution XRF-scan chemical profiles (1–2 kyr spacing). Productivity and CaCO3 dissolution intervals are defined by sediment component ratios, in particular opal/clay opal/BaSO4 and CaCO3/BaSO4 or CaCO3/clay. There are large abrupt changes in export production in the Miocene, especially compared to the Pleistocene and Pliocene and average levels of export production are higher throughout the Miocene compared to the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Using diatom assemblages and bulk sediment composition, the U1338 sediment record is divided into several distinct deposition regimes: (1) a Middle Miocene Regime > 13.2 Ma marked by low diatom numbers and a few short-lived productivity intervals, (2) a Carbonate Crash Regime distinguished by an older substage (13.2–10.2 Ma) with relatively high abundances of productivity-related diatoms and common productivity-related depositional intervals interspersed with CaCO3 dissolution intervals and a younger Carbonate Crash substage (10.2–8.0 Ma) with weaker brief productivity intervals, high CaCO3 dissolution, and moderately high numbers of upwelling diatom species, (3) the Biogenic Bloom Regime (8.0–4.5 Ma) marked by extended periods of high opal and CaCO3 deposition with a maximum between 7.0 and 6.4 Ma, and (4) a Pliocene–Modern Regime (4.5–0 Ma) with lower productivity and high cyclic CaCO3 dissolution. Changes in production and dissolution result from reorganizations of nutrient supply to the equatorial Pacific, not by higher wind-driven upwelling. We propose that nutrients were more accessible in the Miocene because of a combination of factors including higher organic matter degradation in the upper water column and deep-intermediate nutrient pathways that efficiently recycled nutrients to upwelling zones. Closure of the Central American Seaway was likely a prime cause of the Biogenic Bloom.
Teaching medical students about communicating with patients with major mental illness.

Persons with major mental illness often have chronic diseases and poor physical health. Therefore, all practicing physicians should learn about communicating effectively with these patients. Few efforts to teach medical students communication skills have specifically targeted patients with major mental illness. Indeed, most of the limited literature on this topic is decades old, predating significant scientific advances in cognitive neuroscience and psychiatric therapeutics and changes in social policies regarding major mental illness. To gather preliminary insight into training needs, we interviewed 13 final-year students from 2 Boston medical schools. Students' observations coalesced around 4 themes: fears and anxieties about interacting with persons with major mental illness; residents “protecting” students from patients with major mental illness; lack of clinical maturity; and barriers to learning during psychiatry rotations. Educational researchers must explore ways to better prepare young physicians to communicate effectively with patients with major mental illness.
Swelling and gas release in UO2 and comparisons with FASTGRASS and OGRES code predictions

Abstract The results of experiments on the swelling of UO2 under known pressure driving forces are reviewed. High-pressure argon was entrapped during sintering which then caused swelling when the ambient pressure was reduced. The swelling strains rates before interconnection could be expressed as V = AF n exp(−Q/RT) , where A is a structural constant, F is the net pressure driving force for swelling, n ≈ 1.5, and Q = 200 kJ/mol. The results are consistent with models for the growth of pores controlled by diffusion of atoms along grain boundaries from pore surfaces. For the conditions investigated, pore interconnection begins at ~ 91% TD and is associated with a decrease in strain rates and concurrent gas release. Interconnection occurs first along grain edges and corners. Pores maintain equilibrium shape prior to interconnection, but are not able to do so after interconnection. Resintering and densification follows gas release. Under conditions of rapid microstructural change during sintering where pores are coalescing and “pinching-off”, the subsequent swelling rates show considerable scatter. For more stable structures, the swelling rates also become more reproducible for the same conditions. The relevant portions of the FASTGRASS and OGRES codes were benchmarked against the experimental results along with a mathematical model for diffusive pore growth. Both codes required adjustments using measured parameters to approximate the data. Since the codes are based on diffusive pore growth models, they describe the almost linear dependence of swelling rates on pressure at the low pressures investigated, but are not expected to do so at higher pressures, where deformation mechanisms may control. The relaxation time approach in FASTGRASS appears to be inappropriate for large swelling transients. The codes do not describe resintering accurately.
Banktop responses to Quaternary fluctuations in sea level recorded in periplatform sediments

Periplatform sediment from a 12-m core recovered from Northwest Providence Channel, Bahamas, contains a geochemical and paleontological record of sea-surface temperatures, ice volumes, and the response of banktops to highstands of sea level. A comparison of these data suggests that fluctuations of carbonate mineralogy in periplatform sediments result from fluctuations of sea level and from patterns of banktop sedimentation. Highstands of sea level that flood carbonate platforms are recorded in periplatfonn sediments as abrupt increases of exported Sr-rich aragonite derived from banktop orgiuiisms superposed on a background of Sr-poor aragonite (pteropods) and calcite (foraminifera and coccoliths) derived from planktonic sources. The pulses of banktop sediment coincide with increases of water temperature determined from foraminiferal assemblages and with decreases in ratios of oxygen isotopes, indicating decreased ice volume and rising sea level. Following these abrupt changes is a more gradual decline in bank-derived sediment, although paleotemperatures from foraminiferal assemblages and oxygen isotopic data clearly show that warm conditions and a highstand of sea level persist. We suggest that this decrease of offbank transport is part of autocyclic sedimentation patterns of shallow-water carbonate environments. Offbank transport is restricted as reefs, sand shoals, and islands reach sea level. Also, green algal production may decline because progradation of tidal flats decreases lagoon area, and the hydrologic and ecologic conditions change as lagoons are filled.
Inception criteria for droplet entrainment in two-phase concurrent film flow

Inception criteria for droplet entrainment in concurrent gas-liquid film flow were developed from simple physical models. For film Reynolds number ≳ 160, an entrainment model based on the shearing off of roll-wave crests was used. At lower film Reynolds numbers, a wave undercutting mechanism was introduced. Experimentally observed abrupt changes in the critical gas velocity corresponding to the onset of entrainment at a certain film Reynolds number have been explained by the shift in the entrainment mechanisms. An agreement of the present inception criteria with various experimental data is shown to be satisfactory, and significant improvements over the existing empirical correlations have been made.
Optimal stopping rules for multinomial observations

Many times sampling from a known or an unknown population results in observations that are integers and there is a payoff which depends on the observations. Thus, the experimenter is tempted to continue sampling in the hope of increasing his payoff. On the other hand, usually each observation costs a fixed amount and thus the experimenter also is reluctant to continue sampling because each additional sample increases the total sampling cost. The problem is to determine a place to stop making observations such that thenet payoff is a maximum. This paper considers stopping rules which will maximize the net payoff to the experimenter when the observations come from a multinomial population.
Absence of the structural phase transition in ammonia borane dispersed in mesoporous silica: evidence of novel thermodynamic properties

The occurrence of the structural phase transition of NH3BH3 dispersed in mesoporous silica was studied by anelastic spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Both measurements indicate that the structural phase transition is suppressed in the sample in which ammonia borane covers only the internal surface of the scaffold. Such a drastic change in the main features of this compound indicates that novel thermodynamic properties can be obtained by means of the fine dispersion of NH3BH3 at a monolayer level. This work was produced with the support of the US Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences Division. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.
How should we view the results of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial-1 (MSLT-1)?

Prior to the release of the initial findings of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial-1 (MSLT-1), SLN biopsy had already been generally embraced by the worldwide surgical community as a valuable staging tool and as a minimally invasive way to accurately identify patients with clinically occult regional lymph node metastases. The application of regional lymph node dissection only for patients with positive SLNs–termed “selective lymphadenectomy”–effectively minimizes the development of clinical nodal disease and spares node-negative patients the morbidity of a formal lymph node dissection. This management strategy has been promoted as a rational alternative to the two prior popularized approaches of elective lymph node dissection (ELND) or nodal observation. At the same time, a relatively vocal minority argued that a survival advantage from SLN biopsy should be demonstrated before the routine use of this procedure was endorsed.
Evolution of acid phosphatase-1 in the genus drosophila. Immunological studies

The enzyme acid phosphatase-1 was partially purified from 10 Drosophila species. Four antisera were produced and the ten enzymes were reacted against each serum. The method used to quantitate the reactions involved the electrophoretic separation of antigen-antibody complexes from uncomplexed enzyme, followed by densitometry of the free enzyme. Immunological distances were used to obtain correlation coefficients for all pairwise combinations of the 10 species. From these correlation coefficients, a dendrogram was constructed which is very similar to one diagramming the presumed phylogenetic relationships of the ten species. In addition, the data indicate acid phosphatase-1 has evolved at different rates in different lineages within the genus. A preliminary estimate of the unit evolutionary period for this enzyme is 3.25 million years. The method of determining immunological distances which was used in this study is compared to the method of microcomplement fixation in theDiscussion.
Packet-loss robust scalable speech coding using the discrete wavelet transform

This paper presents a new scalable speech codec for IP networks using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The scalable narrowband speech coding scheme based on the internet low bitrate codec (iLBC) was previously presented and achieved speech quality equivalent to G.718 for narrowband signals. Whereas the performance of the core layer was satisfactory, the higher speech quality by the addition of the enhancement layer which employed the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) was desired. We propose the utilization of the DWT instead of the MDCT to encode the core-layer coding error in the enhancement layer. The experimental simulation results show that the DWT is a promising technique to use for encoding highly non-stationary signals such as the coding error.
Energy conserving Galerkin approximations for 2-D hydrodynamic and MHD Bénard convection

Abstract The upper bound on the minimum number of modes for a qualitatively correct Galerkin approximation to the two-dimensionl Benard convection is discussed. For that case and the ext case, selection rules are introduced insuring that the approximation satisfies the same energy balance conditions as the exact solution. These rules together with the proof of boundedness of the Galerkin approximation help establish bounds on the amplitudes of the modes. Finally, results of some mathematical (numerical) experiments carried out in this context are discussed.
Premarital Sexual Pathways and Relationship Development

Fifty-four dating couples were interviewed in an investigation of the interrelationship of premarital sexual intimacy and relationship development. Using a cluster analytic procedure, the couples were divided into sexual pathway groups based on the developmental progression of their sexual involvement over four points in time (first date, casually dating, considering becoming a couple, and the `couple' stage of dating). The cluster analysis resulted in four pathway types: (a) `rapid-involvement' couples, (b) `gradual-involvement' couples, (c) `delayed-involvement' couples, and (d) `low-involvement' couples. Comparisons between individuals who followed the different sexual pathways on selected relationship dimensions revealed that couples reportedly experienced significant increases in conflict as they approached orgasmically-oriented sexual activity.
Small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Red Rectangle

Following our initial discovery of blue luminescence in the spectrum of the Red Rectangle (RR) and its identification as fluorescence by small three- to four-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, we report on the spatial correlation between the blue luminescence and the 3.3 ?m emission, commonly attributed to small, neutral PAH molecules, and on the newly derived UV/optical attenuation curve for the central source of the RR, HD 44179. Both results provide strong additional evidence for the presence of small PAH molecules with masses of less than 250 amu in the RR, which supports the attribution of the blue luminescence to fluorescence by the same molecules. We contrast the excellent spatial correlation of the two former emissions with the distinctly different spatial distribution of the extended red emission and of the dust-scattered light within the RR. The UV/optical attenuation curve of the central star is unlike any interstellar extinction curve and is interpreted as resulting from circumstellar opacity alone. Major contributions to this opacity are absorptions in broad bands in the mid-UV, contributing to the electronic excitation of the luminescing PAH molecules, and a sharp ionization discontinuity near 7.5 eV in the far-UV, which places a sharp upper limit on the masses of the PAH molecules that are responsible for this absorption. The strength of the far-UV absorption leads to an abundance of PAH molecules of 10-5 relative to hydrogen in the RR. Such small PAHs are perhaps unique to the environment in the RR, where they are shielded from harsh radiation by the dense circumstellar disk.
What are they doing? : Collective activity classification using spatio-temporal relationship among people

In this paper we present a new framework for pedestrian action categorization. Our method enables the classification of actions whose semantic can be only analyzed by looking at the collective behavior of pedestrians in the scene. Examples of these actions are waiting by a street intersection versus standing in a queue. To that end, we exploit the spatial distribution of pedestrians in the scene as well as their pose and motion for achieving robust action classification. Our proposed solution employs extended Kalman filtering for tracking of detected pedestrians in 2D 1/2 scene coordinates as well as camera parameter and horizon estimation for tracker filtering and stabilization. We present a local spatio-temporal descriptor effective in capturing the spatial distribution of pedestrians over time as well as their pose. This descriptor captures pedestrian activity while requiring no high level scene understanding. Our work is tested against highly challenging real world pedestrian video sequences captured by low resolution hand held cameras. Experimental results on a 5-class action dataset indicate that our solution: i) is effective in classifying collective pedestrian activities; ii) is tolerant to challenging real world conditions such as variation in illumination, scale, viewpoint as well as partial occlusion and background motion; iii) outperforms state-of-the art action classification techniques.
Occurrence of van Hove singularities in YBa2Cu4O8 and YBa2Cu3O6.9

Abstract We report seeing a saddle point in the energy band, known as a van Hove singularity. We measure an exact position of the singularity in both YBa 2 Cu 4 O 8 (Y124) and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.9 (Y123). In Y123 the van Hove singularity is at binding energy of less then 10 meV, closer ot E F , than in Y124, which has a singularity at 19 meV. The singularity has and extended character along the Γ-Y direction. Another clearly resolved band exhibits a saddle point singularity at binding energy of 115 meV. Similar singularities are observed in the vicinity of the X point, extended along the Γ-X direction. In order to study these features the energy resolution of the system was improved to better than 10 me V.
The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil

The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil. Rebecca J. Scott, Seymour Drescher, Hebe Maria Mattos de Castro, George Reid Andrews and Robert M. Levine (contributors). Durham: Duke University Press, 1988. 173 pp. $14.95 (paper). ISBN 0–8233–0888–6.
A Note on Ranking the International Business Journals

(2000) examined the relative quality of 30 international business (IB) journals. The article's objectives were to present an objective analysis of journal quality for tenure and promotion decisions, to guide researchers considering submission options, and to provide the academic community with an enhanced understanding of IB publication outlets. Using citation analyses and a survey questionnaire, journal rankings were developed. As designed, the study was carefully executed and provides a comprehensive list of journals that publish IB research. Within the IB research acad-