cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Goalbox Placements and Extinction: A Test of an Incentive Model

Theios and Brelsford (1964) proposed an explanation of the observation that resistance to extinction following continuous reward is a decreasing function of the number of reinforcements. According to them, resiscance to extinction (Re) can be conceptualized as a function of number of training trials minus some function of appetitive rewards at the goal, Re =. ( f ) ( H) - (K) . Habit suength (H) is assumed to be an increasing function of the number of training trials. Incentive motivation (K) increases as a joint function of the number of rewards at the goal and the magnitude of reward. The H factor is assumed to asymptote before the K factor. The inverse relationship between the number of rewards at the goal and resistance to extinction depends upon the strength of anticipated reinforcement (T,), the mechanism underlying the development of K. While the theory has been used to explain extinction using continuous reinforcement and more recently partial reinforcement training (Boyer, et at., 1978), its generality to latent extinction situations is largely undetermined. Typically, the latent extinction effect is demonstrated by training two groups of subjects to some behavioral criterion and then placing one of the groups in the goalbox without reinforcement. This placed group is subsequently less resistant to extinction than control subjects. If another group were included in a latent extinction experiment and if subjects of this group were not only placed in the goalbox prior to extinction but also allowed access to reinforcement, the model predicts that these subjects would display reduced resiscance to extinction. Specifically, at the onset of extinction trials, the control and experimental groups would have equal amounts of H, but the experimental group would have greater K and thus be less resistant to extinction. Consequently, this experiment was designed to test such a prediction.
A synergetics approach to image processing in cellular neural networks

The nonlinear array dynamics of the simplest Cellular Neural Network (CNN) will be shown to exhibit the basic phenomena of "synergetics". Synergetics has been used to explain the emergence of large scale organization in many systems of physics, chemistry, and biology. Here, it is suggested that the computation performed by these systems could be emulated in a natural way on the CNN to perform useful image processing tasks. Namely, the physical phenomena can be interpreted in terms of linear spatial filtering and morphological constraints. The classical CNN "averaging" template will be interpreted in this light and, informed by the synergetics interpretation, improved for a particular example.
Estimating gluconeogenesis with [U-13C]glucose: molecular condensation requires a molecular approach.

Recently three equations for estimating gluconeogenesis in vivo have been proposed, two by J. A. Tayek and J. Katz [Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Endocrinol. Metab. 33): E709–E717, 1996, and Am. J. Physiol....
Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation and Bioethical Discourse

As the chapters in this volume demonstrate, like other nascent medical technologies ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) raises no earth-shatteringly new moral questions. Rather, it poses old moral questions in new ways, thus shedding light not only on our old answers but also on our old methods of reaching them. My task here is to point out the ways in which OTC forces us to embrace important changes of emphasis in bioethics discourse around reproduction, changes that were already burgeoning and are now being reinforced by the unequivocal demands of this particular technology. All but the last of these is specifically tied to discussions that have preoccupied philosophical and religious feminism; the last, as a logical consequence of the first four, connects indirectly.
An Image Processing Scheme for Measurement of Specular Weld Pool Surface

The authors used a low power laser to project a dot-matrix pattern onto the specular weld pool surface. The reflection of the laser was intercepted by an imaging plane. While the reflection of the laser travels without reducing much of the intensity, the intensity of the arc radiation decays with the distance rapidly and clear laser reflected image forms on imaging plane viewing by a filter-fitted camera. To compute the weld pool surface, this paper proposes an image processing scheme to extract the reflection points from the image and then match the reflection points with their projection points. The establishment of the correspondence provides the data needed to reconstruct the weld pool surface based on the reflection law.
Micromechanics-based interfacial stress analysis and fracture in electronic packaging assemblies with heterogeneous underfill

The flip-chip assembly, which is composed of three main components, i.e. chip with C4 interconnects, underfill and substrate, undergoes thermal loading during the curing process and its operational life. This analysis is focused on delamination of the underfill from the passivation layer of a chip due to thermal loading by using a simple model involving a finite bi-material strip. The underfill is modeled as a composite material consisting of the polymer matrix and silica particles. The interfacial stresses are determined here for several particle arrangements, while the interfacial fracture is studied using a J-integral method. The interfacial stress analysis and the J-integral method give the same trends.
Relative Intensities of Microwave Absorption Lines

A method is described for measuring the relative intensities of microwave absorption lines up to 80 mc. apart to within a few percent, using a Stark‐modulated resonant cavity absorption cell of novel design. Barriers to internal rotation in CH3CHO and CH3CH2F have been obtained by measuring the relative intensities of torsional satellites. The resulting barrier heights are: 1103±60 cal for CH3CHO, 3310±210 cal. for CH3CH2F, in good agreement with the values 1162±30 cal for CH3CHO, and 3306±100 cal for CH3CH2F obtained from splitting measurements by Kilb, Lin, and Wilson, and by Herschbach, respectively.Correction factors are given for errors in intensity and splitting measurements due to small doublet splittings.
Physical barriers to carotenoid bioaccessibility. Ultrastructure survey of chromoplast and cell wall morphology in nine carotenoid-containing fruits and vegetables

BACKGROUND: The ultrastructural characterisation of cellular components is a key element in revealing the bases for differences in nutrient bioaccessibility among fruits and vegetables and their derived products. Together, cell walls and chromoplasts constitute the two major physical barriers to carotenoid release from the food matrix (structure) during digestion. In general, larger cells with thinner cell walls are most likely to fail under mechanical pressure. In relation to chromoplasts, the substructures plastoglobuli, crystals and membranes give decreasing rates of carotenoid solubilisation when exposed to digestive forces. RESULTS: This paper describes cell wall and chromoplast structures in nine carotenoid-storing raw fruits and vegetables. Watermelon and melon cells were shown to have the largest cells concomitant with thin, non-fibrous cell walls, while carrot, hypodermal grapefruit and sweet potato cells were smallest with fibrous or dense cell walls. Mango fruit showed the highest proportion of globules to other substructures. Carrot, papaya and tomato contained many crystalline structures. Finally, watermelon, mango and butternut squash developed a high proportion of membranous structures. CONCLUSION: A more precise description of the physical characteristics of foods that stand as barriers to bioaccessibility can help in understanding which are more or less inhibitory for particular foods. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Nonlinear drift-kinetic equation in the presence of a circularly polarized wave

Equations of the single particle motion and nonlinear kinetic equation for plasma in the presence of a circularly polarized wave of arbitrary frequency in the drift approximation are presented. The nonstationarity and inhomogeneity of the plasma-wave system are taken into account. The time dependent part of the ponderomotive force is discussed.
Spectral Theory for Photon Transport in Dense Vegetation Media: Caseology for the Canopy Equation

In this paper, the spectral theory for the transport of photons in dense vegetation structure is developed. The one‐dimensional, one‐angle, time‐independent canopy equation, which models the passive response of green canopies to incident sun‐light, is analyzed with spectral methods borrowed from conventional transport theory. The nonrotational invariance characteristic of canopy architectures precludes the use of Legendre polynomials to expand the scattering kernel. Nevertheless, it is shown that Case's method can be applied with proper modification to area canopy equations with a finite rank kernel. “Caseology” is developed to characterize the complete spectrum (discrete and continuous) as well as to determine the eigenfunctions. Orthogonality and full‐range completeness are shown to be inherent properties of the full set of modes. The spectral theory was used to derive the two integral equations that form the backbone of the Fn method. Caseology provides a natural bridge between numerical computation an...
Impact of scar burden by single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging on patient outcomes following cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Aims Ischaemic heart disease negatively impacts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), yet the impact of infarct scar burden on clinical outcomes and its interaction with mechanical dyssynchrony have not been well described. Methods and results We studied 620 NYHA classes III–IV heart failure patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≤ 35% and QRS duration ≥120 ms referred for CRT. Included were 190 ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) CRT recipients with scar burden quantified by rest–redistribution Tl201 myocardial perfusion imaging using a 17-segment (0 = normal to 4 = absence of uptake) summed rest score (SRS). Non-ICM (NICM) CRT recipients ( n = 380) and 50 patients referred for CRT with unsuccessful LV lead implant comprised the comparison groups. Echocardiographic dyssynchrony analysis was performed in a subgroup of 150 patients. Follow-up left ventricular EF (LVEF) and volumes were examined at 7 ± 3 months in 143 patients. The outcome of death, cardiac transplant, or mechanical circulatory support was assessed in all. Over 2.1 ± 1.6 years, ICM patients had significantly worse survival and less LVEF improvement than NICM patients ( P < 0.01). Ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients with low scar burden (SRS < 27) had favourable survival and LVEF improvement, similar to NICM patients. A high scar burden (SRS ≥ 27) was associated with reduced survival and lack of LV functional improvement ( P ≤ 0.01), similar to those with unsuccessful LV lead implant, whereas baseline dyssynchrony was not predictive of outcome in these patients. Conclusion Extensive scar burden in ICM patients unfavourably affected clinical and LV functional outcomes after CRT, regardless of baseline dyssynchrony measures. Patients with ICM and lower scar burden had significantly better outcomes, similar to NICM patients.
Tetrazine Phototriggers: Probes for Peptide Dynamics†

Ultrafast photochemical triggers hold the promise of providing information on the dynamics of peptide and protein folding.[1] Prior to photolysis, bonding to the trigger constrains the peptide to have a narrow structure distribution. Photochemical triggering releases the constraints, permitting the molecule to evolve to a different equilibrium distribution. The structure evolution, even when ultrafast, can be followed by infrared probe or two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Fast phototriggering can thus reveal early kinetic events in protein dynamics by providing a means to explore the free energy landscape of folding and misfolding. Several phototriggers have been developed for this purpose,[1,2] but there remain significant challenges. For example, disulfide bonds in peptides can be used as a phototriggers. Deep UV light severs the disulfide bond and releases the structural constraints; such experiments have been carried out in short helical peptides,[1a,b] cyclic peptides,[1d] and β hairpins.[1c] Although disulfide photolysis offers the capability of initiating ultrafast structure equilibration, limitations preclude broad generality of this technique. Homolytic S–S bond scission reveals two reactive radicals that can undergo geminate recombination, as well as reactions with protein sidechains. Moreover, the UV excitation required to dissociate the disulfide bond also excites the peptide backbone. Another example is azobenzene which undergoes fast, reversible photoisomerization. When designed into a peptide a light pulse can be used to cause the system to reversibly shift between significantly different equilibrium configurations.[3]
A two-phase screening procedure for simulation experiments

Analysts examining complex simulation models often conduct screening experiments to identify the most important factors. Controlled sequential bifurcation (CSB) is a screening procedure, developed specifically for simulation experiments, that uses a sequence of hypothesis tests to classify the factors as either important or unimportant. CSB controls the probability of type I error for each factor, and the power at each bifurcation step, under heterogeneous variance conditions. CSB does, however, require the user to correctly state the directions of the effects prior to running the experiments. Experience indicates that this can be problematic with complex simulations. We propose a hybrid two-phase approach, FF-CSB, to relax this requirement. Phase 1 uses an efficient fractional factorial experiment to estimate the signs and magnitudes of the effects. Phase 2 uses these results in controlled sequential bifurcation. We describe this procedure and provide an empirical evaluation of its performance.
“MORE THAN ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE”: FRIEDRICH ENGELS IN INDUSTRIAL MANCHESTER

IN HIS BOOK Marxism and the City, Ira Katznelson, while lamenting the disappearance of spatial elements within Marxist thought, points to Friedrich Engels’s The Condition of the Working Class in England as an ur-text that is able to provide “positive specification of the mechanisms linking base and superstructure” (56). As a corrective to the narrowly “scientific” strain of Marxism that privileged “structure” over “agency,” Katznelson views Engels’s early text on the industrial city of Manchester as the bearer of a double message: “Writing at the precise branching moment of the emergence of the modern industrial city, [Engels] connected the development of this new urban form to the epochal changes of the industrial revolution; he showed how changes in organization of city space affected social relationships within and between classes; and he tied this social geography to the suffering and coming to consciousness of the new proletariat” (144). In this critical exchange between “base” and “superstructure,” where Marxism becomes a tool for reading the city, and the city a space for revising Marxist method, class consciousness gets redefined as “urban consciousness,”1 thus supplanting the site of praxis from the arena of production to the psycho-social experience of space.
Posttraumatic Pseudolipoma (Fat Necrosis) Mimicking Atypical Lipoma or Liposarcoma on MRI

We report a case of a 53 year old female who presented with a painless mass over her left greater trochanter. Evaluation with MRI and ultimately biopsy led to a diagnosis of fat necrosis. If this diagnosis had been considered with greater confidence, a conservative approach could have been taken and biopsy avoided. In patients with lesions demonstrating classic locations and imaging features of fat necrosis, observation without biopsy is appropriate.
Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data

The wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae) are a group of primarily New World insectivorous birds, the monophyly of which has long been recognized, but whose intergeneric relationships are essentially unknown. In order to test the monophyly of the group, and to attempt to resolve relationships among genera within it, sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the fourth intron of the nuclear beta-fibrinogen gene were obtained from nearly all genera of wrens, from their relatives as suggested by traditional taxonomy and DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, and from additional passerines. Maximum likelihood analysis of the two data sets yielded maximal congruence between independently derived estimates of relationship, outperforming a variety of weighted parsimony methods. Hierarchical likelihood ratio tests indicated that the two gene regions differed significantly in every estimated parameter of sequence evolution, and combined analysis of the two data sets was accomplished using a heterogeneous-model Bayesian approach. Independent and simultaneous analyses of both data sets supported monophyly of the wrens (excluding one recently added member, the monotypic genus Donacobius) and a sister-group relationship between wrens and the gnatcatchers (Polioptila). Additionally, strong support was found for paraphyly of the genus Thryothorus, and for a sister-group relationship between the genera Cistothorus and Troglodytes. Analyses of these data failed to resolve basal relationships within wrens, possibly due to ambiguity in rooting with a distant, species-poor outgroup. Analysis of the combined data for wrens alone yielded results which were largely congruent with relationships inferred using the complete data set, with the benefit of stronger support for relationships within the group. However, alternative rootings of this ingroup tree were weakly supported by nucleotide substitution data. Insertion-deletion events suggest that the genus Salpinctes may be sister to all other wrens.
A NEW SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN FINCH (DREPANIDINI: LOXIOIDES) FROM MAKAUWAHI CAVE, KAUA'I

Abstract A new species of Hawaiian finch is described from two fossil maxillae recovered from Holocene lacustrine sediments in Makauwahi Cave, island of Kaua‘i. The new species is assigned to Loxioides on the basis of characters defined in a previous study of drepanidine phylogeny. The maxilla of the new species resembles that of L. bailleui (the only other member of the genus) in its distinctly foreshortened shape, but differs in size and several qualitative characters. The species was sympatric with Loxioides cf. bailleui during the Holocene on Kaua‘i. Like L. bailleui, it may have been a resource specialist feeding mainly on leguminous pods. The radio-carbon chronology of the Makauwahi site indicates that the species became extinct in the late Holocene and, more tentatively, that it may have survived well beyond the time when humans first discovered and colonized Kaua‘i. Una Nueva Especie de Pinzon de Hawaii (Drepanidini: Loxioides) de la Cueva Makauwahi, Kaua‘i
Adherence to Competing Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening Over 3 Years

Objectives:We have shown that, in a randomized trial comparing adherence to different colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies, participants assigned to either fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or given a choice between FOBT and colonoscopy had significantly higher adherence than those assigned
Radiological Tele-immersion

It is important to make patient-specific data quickly available and usable to many specialists at different geographical sites. A tele-immersive radiological system has been developed for remote consultation, surgical preplanning, postoperative evaluation, and education. Tele-immersive devices include personal augmented reality immersive system, configurable wall, physician’s personal virtual reality display, ImmersaDesk, volume rendering, cluster-based visualization of large-scale volumetric data, tele-immersive collaboration, and system implementation.
Germinal epithelium in X-rayed testes of rats.

Testes of rats have been exposed to graded doses of X-ray (determined physically and biologically) and studied over periods of time ranging from one day to six months. Doses up to ten erythema have been given at one time. The extent of degeneration produced in the seminiferous epithelium depends roughly upon amount of radiation. However, the degree of degeneration for a given dosage after a given number of days is not constant. Actively dividing cells, spermatocytes and then spermatogonia are the most easily injured. Spermatozoa disappear for a short period of time about ten days after exposure. Their absence marks the time required for conversion of spermatogonia into spermatocytes, these to spermatids, and the latter to spermatogonia.Doses exceeding 3 erythema cause aspermatogenesis with degeneration of all seminiferous epithelium excepting so called “Sertoli” cells. In all experiments with exposure up to seven and one half erythema these cells have persisted. Doses of eight erythema and over have resul...
Study of the Reaction K + n-->K + N *0 at 12 GeV/c

We have studied the reaction ${K}^{+}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{N}^{*0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ at 12 GeV/c using data obtained in an exposure of the deuterium-filled SLAC 82-in. bubble chamber to an rf-separated ${K}^{+}$ beam. The $M(p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ spectrum exhibits a very large enhancement below 1.8 GeV which we identify as primarily a diffractive effect. A partial-wave analysis of this enhancement shows that the data can be interpreted in terms of ${P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${D}_{\frac{3}{2}}$, and ${F}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ contributions. The ${P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ contribution which dominates at very low momentum transfers appears to peak around 1.25 GeV. If this state is associated with the Roper resonance, a mechanism which produces a downward mass shift of about 200 MeV for the diffractively produced $p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay mode is implied.
WAS AGRICULTURE IMPOSSIBLE DURING THE PLEISTOCENE BUT MANDATORY DURING THE HOLOCENE? A CLIMATE CHANGE HYPOTHESIS

Several independent trajectories of subsistence intensijcation, often leading to agriculture, began during the Holocene. No plant-rich intensijcations are known from the Pleistocene, even from the late Pleistocene when human populations were otherwise quite sophisticated. Recent data from ice and ocean-core climate proxies show that last glacial climates were extremely hostile to agriculture-dry, low in atmospheric CO,, and extremely variable on quite short time scales. We hypothesize that agriculture was impossible under last-glacial conditions. The quite abruptfinal amelioration of the climate was followed immediately by the beginnings of plant-intensive resource-use strategies in some areas, although the turn to plants was much later elsewhere. Almost all trajectories of subsistence intensijcation in the Holocene are progressive, and eventually agriculture became the dominant strategy in all but marginal environments. We hypothesize that, in the Holocene, agriculture was, in the long run, compulsory. We use a mathematical analysis to argue that the rate-limiting process for intensijcation trajectories must generally be the rate of innovation of subsistence technology or subsistence-related social organization. At the observed rates of innovation, population growth will always be rapid enough to sustain a high level of population pressure. Several processes appear to retard rates of cultural evolution below the maxima we observe in the most favorable cases.
An Improved Gasometric Apparatus for Estimation of Amino Nitrogen

The first apparatus for the quantitative determination of amino nitrogen was devised by Sachsse and Kormann.1 It consisted essentially of a cylinder for deaminizing the aliphatic amine and a buret for purifying and measuring the nitrogen. Mallet2 described minor modifications in the form of the apparatus. Brown and Millar3 proposed an elaborate set-up for carrying out the amino nitrogen determination. Van Slyke4 devised an apparatus giving satisfactory accuracy yet requiring only relatively simple manipulations. Klein5 described an all glass deamination chamber to replace the bottle and tubes first used by Van Slyke. Later, Van Slyke6 not only made use of this feature but also added a motor shaking mechanism which, together with the gas buret and Hempel pipet, was mounted in the form familiar today to the many users of his amino nitrogen apparatus. A little later Van Slyke7 devised his micro apparatus which, except for size, is similar to the larger form. Kupelwieser and Singer8 and Koch9 modified the dea...
Seasonal Comparison of Weight, Energy Reserve, and Nitrogen Changes in Queens of the Baldfaced Hornet (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Queens of Dolichovespula maculata (L.) were collected before the hibernation period in the fall, before and shortly after nest initiation in the spring, and after colonies had produced more than two worker broods. Fresh and dry weights were determined for all queens, and a seasonal comparison of the energy reserves of lipids, sugar, and glycogen was performed on the thoracic and abdominal tagmata. Total nitrogen also was quantified to estimate protein changes by season. The results show that during hibernation, 70.1% (101.8 mg) of the lipid reserves, 79.4% (26.0 mg) of the sugar reserves, and 84.8% (6.9 mg) of the glycogen reserves were used. Furthermore, lipid use accounted for 35% of the dry-weight loss, sugar use 12%, and glycogen use 6%. Total thoracic nitrogen remained constant throughout the year, whereas abdominal nitrogen was the same in the fall and spring queens but increased in the summer queens. The results of this study suggest that most queens that survive the winter and successfully initiate nests have similar quantities of energy reserves. The implications of solitary foraging behavior are discussed.
Causes and treatment of menopausal bleeding.

Efforts to establish the cause of the climacteric bleeding must be made by complete physical examination, smear, biopsy and curettage. Five to 17 per cent of such patients have pelvic malignancies and are treated accordingly. For the remainder curettage is adequate to relieve the symptom in some but the majority are best treated by vaginal hysterectomy.
Experiences with using Data Cleaning Technology for Bing Services.

Over the past few years, our Data Management, Exploration and Mining (DMX) group at Microsoft Research has worked closely with the Bing team to address challenging data cleaning and approximate matching problems. In this article we describe some of the key Big Data challenges in the context of these Bing services primarily focusing on two key services: Bing Maps and Bing Shopping. We describe ideas that proved crucial in helping meet the quality, performance and scalability goals demanded by these services. We also briefly reflect on the lessons learned and comment on opportunities for future work in data cleaning technology for Big Data.
Education for health promotion and disease prevention: convince them, don't confuse them

Promotion of health and prevention of disease have become some of the most emphasized issues of the 1990s. The government, health professionals, and private organizations have made the primary prevention of disease a priority. Quality education is a major intervention by which prevention is realized. However, superior quality educational offerings entail significant pre-preparation via the development of clear and realistic teaching/learning plans, faculty knowledge of educational psychology, metacognition and cognitive processing, understanding of cultural diversity, incorporation of adult learning principles, the use of varied teaching/learning strategies, and astute application of program evaluation skills. Educators, like nurses, physicians, and allied health professionals, must work with people to mutually decipher their healthcare needs and plan educational experiences that learners can merge with their own life experiences and ethnocultural perspectives. In addition, educators should use health education materials that match learners' literacy levels. Most importantly, such programs must be thoughtfully evaluated in light of the achievable goals that were outlined during preplanning stages. Without outcomes assessment as part of health promotion/disease prevention education programs, health educators are less likely to produce interventions that learners value and from which they truly benefit. Optimally, education programs about health promotion/disease prevention should generate long-term critical thinking processes that produce positive health choices, behavioral change, and healthy life styles.
Insect Cells for Insect Virus Production

Publisher Summary As more and more insects become resistant to chemical insecticides and as the pressures for a cleaner environment become greater, the demands for improved methods of controlling insect pests by biological means or through the combination of methods known as integrated pest management constantly increase. Cell culture systems, when perfected, would have several advantages for the production of viruses. It was obvious from the beginning of insect cell culture that for virus production, continuous insect cell lines would be required. Several insect cell lines are not substrate dependent and, therefore, can be grown in suspension systems. Although no insect cell lines have been shown to be substrate dependent, many will grow well in monolayers attached to either glass or plastic substrates. It is in the production of high virus yields that the most research is needed and where the benefits will be the greatest.
TCT-235 Poor R-wave Progression on Admission Electrocardiograms Predicts Left Anterior Descending Culprit in Patients with non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Poor R-wave progression (PRWP) on electrocardiograms has been reported to be associated with old myocardial infarction (MI) due to an occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. However, PRWP can be observed in patients presenting with acute MI who do not have history of MI. We
Sustained Effectiveness of the Mental Health Environment of Care Checklist to Decrease Inpatient Suicide.

Objective:The Mental Health Environment of Care Checklist (MHEOCC) has been reported to be effective in decreasing suicide on inpatient mental health units. The authors sought to examine whether the effect of the MHEOCC was sustained.Methods:Root cause analysis reports from all Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals were reviewed to obtain a count of suicides occurring on mental health units from 2000 to 2015. The number of mental health admissions and bed-days of care were obtained for the same period.Results:The rate of suicide prior to the implementation of the MHEOCC was 4.2 per 100,000 admissions or 2.72 per million bed-days of care. The rate after implementation was .74 per 100,000 admissions or .69 per million bed-days of care. There was no loss of effect in the seven years after implementation.Conclusions:The MHEOCC was associated with a sustained reduction in suicides occurring on inpatient mental health units.
An analysis of geomagnetic response functions prior to the Tohoku, Japan earthquake

Geomagnetic records from 20 Japanese observatories have been used to yield time series of response function (RF) components for 20 years at periods of between 2.5 and 60 min. Six observatories showed anomalous variations lasting 3–5 years in the short period part of the above range of periods prior to the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The variations could have been intermediate-term precursors. We made a detailed analysis of how noise affects the results using coherence criteria, visual control, and the remote-reference technique. We clarified the conditions that make response functions dependent on geomagnetic activity. For 19 observatories we constructed the tensor of the anomalous magnetic field with Kakioka as the base site. An anomaly in electrical conductivity striking WNW–ESE has been identified beneath the Boso Peninsula near Tokyo in the conditions of strong noise. We sought to corroborate the reality of the anomaly by visual control and processing of nighttime records with minimum noise. We advanced idea that precursors can be monitored using the DC noise field in the presence of a shallow conductivity anomaly. We provided a tectonic interpretation of the obtained RF anomalies. The Boso conductivity anomaly is interpreted as being due to a graben-shaped structure of the sediments and possibly to a deeper plate-tectonics structure, that is, the Sagami Trough. We examine similarities and differences between the Boso anomaly and the Avacha anomaly in Kamchatka, and provided recommendations for further study of the Boso anomaly and for using the Avacha anomaly to monitor EM precursors in Kamchatka.
Global Health and Emergency Care: Defining Clinical Research Priorities

Objectives Despite recent strides in the development of global emergency medicine (EM), the field continues to lag in applying a scientific approach to identifying critical knowledge gaps and advancing evidence-based solutions to clinical and public health problems seen in emergency departments (EDs) worldwide. Here, progress on the global EM research agenda created at the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine Global Health and Emergency Care Consensus Conference is evaluated and critical areas for future development in emergency care research internationally are identified. Methods A retrospective review of all studies compiled in the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) database from 2013 through 2015 was conducted. Articles were categorized and analyzed using descriptive quantitative measures and structured data matrices. The Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Clinical Research Working Group at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2016 Annual Meeting then further conceptualized and defined global EM research priorities utilizing consensus-based decision making. Results Research trends in global EM research published between 2013 and 2015 show a predominance of observational studies relative to interventional or descriptive studies, with the majority of research conducted in the inpatient setting in comparison to the ED or prehospital setting. Studies on communicable diseases and injury were the most prevalent, with a relative dearth of research on chronic noncommunicable diseases. The Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Clinical Research Working Group identified conceptual frameworks to define high-impact research priorities, including the traditional approach of using global burden of disease to define priorities and the impact of EM on individual clinical care and public health opportunities. EM research is also described through a population lens approach, including gender, pediatrics, and migrant and refugee health. Conclusions Despite recent strides in global EM research and a proliferation of scholarly output in the field, further work is required to advocate for and inform research priorities in global EM. The priorities outlined in this paper aim to guide future research in the field, with the goal of advancing the development of EM worldwide.
ERISA: Reformulating the Federal Common Law for Plan Interpretation

In order to develop the federal common law of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), courts must consider the history, foundations, and policies of ERISA. However, federal courts have yet to conduct this process. This failure is explained by either the fundamental nature of the American adversary system leading to the undermining of congressional intent, or the failure of the incompetent federal judiciary to follow legislative intent. Conclusively, the lack of developing federal common law has resulted in ERISA law that is hostile to participants and the policies that Congress intended ERISA to foster. Although seldom following the proper principles for the development of the federal common law of the ERISA, the federal judiciary has developed a plan interpretive rule fostering the policies of ERISA. The interpretive rule uses a lay understanding principle, allows extrinsic evidence to determine that understanding as well as resolve ambiguities, and employs a default principle of construing the plan in favor of participants. Unfortunately, this interpretive rule is used only by some circuits, and only if the plan denies the plan administrator plan interpretive discretion. Once the judiciary and participants’ bar understand the foundations for this minor success, however, they can apply the proper plan interpretive rule to all ERISA plans and, hopefully, develop all the proper ERISA rules for the benefits-due lawsuit.
Acute Confusional Migraine Response to IV Valproate

The case of a 12-year-old girl with an attack of acute confusional migraine (ACM) that responded rapidly to intravenous valproic acid is reported from Meir Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
The Use of Music as a Pedagogical Tool in Higher Education Sociology Courses: Faculty Member Perspectives and Potential Barriers

i Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two Review of Literature 10 Chapter Three Methodology 35 Chapter Four Findings 56 Chapter Five Discussion 87 Chapter Six Conclusion 107 References 123 Appendices A: Recruitment Email I 129 B: Recruitment Email II 130 C: Recruitment Telephone Script I 131 D: Recruitment Telephone Script II 132 vi E: Informed Consent Document 133 F: Interview Guide I 135 G: Interview Guide II 139 H: Codebook 143 I: Figure of Potential Barriers to Inform Future Research 145 J: Human Subjects Approval 146
Conservation in gene encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Rv2660 and a high predicted population coverage of H56 multistage vaccine in South Africa

H56/AERAS-456+IC31 (H56), composed of two early secretion proteins, Ag85B and ESAT-6, and a latency associated protein, Rv2660, and the IC31 Intercell adjuvant, is a new fusion subunit vaccine candidate designed to induce immunity against both new infection and reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection. Efficacy of subunit vaccines may be affected by the diversity of vaccine antigens among clinical strains and the extent of recognition by the diverse HLA molecules in the recipient population. Although a previous study showed the conservative nature of Ag85B- and ESAT-6-encoding genes, genetic diversity of Rv2660c that encodes RV2660 is largely unknown. The population coverage of H56 as a whole yet remains to be assessed. The present study was conducted to address these important knowledge gaps. DNA sequence analysis of Rv2660c found no variation among 83 of the 84 investigated clinical strains belonging to four genetic lineages. H56 was predicted to have as high as 99.6% population coverage in the South Africa population using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) Population Coverage Tool. Further comparison of H56 population coverage between South African Blacks and Caucasians based on the phenotypic frequencies of binding MHC Class I and Class II supertype alleles found that all of the nine MHC-I and six of eight MHC-II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertype alleles analyzed were significantly differentially expressed between the two subpopulations. This finding suggests the presence of race-specific functional binding motifs of MHC-I and MHC-II HLA alleles, which, in turn, highlights the importance of including diverse populations in vaccine clinical evaluation. In conclusion, H56 vaccine is predicted to have a promising population coverage in South Africa; this study demonstrates the utility of integrating comparative genomics and bioinformatics in bridging animal and clinical studies of novel TB vaccines.
Prematurity and perinatal adversity effects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to social evaluative threat in adulthood.

This study examined the long-term effects of prematurity and perinatal adversity on individual differences in stress-related reactivity and regulation of the HPA axis. A prospective sample of 155 infants born preterm and healthy (n = 20), medical illness (n = 48), neurological illness (n = 26), and small for gestational age (n = 24) and full-term (n = 37) were recruited between 1985 and 1989. At age 23 years, multiple saliva samples were collected before and after participation in the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol. Results reveal that at age 23 years, infants born premature with neurological complications showed higher cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat compared to either their full-term, small for gestation age, medically ill, or healthy preterm peers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories that propose effects of early adversity on biological sensitivities and susceptibilities, which translate experience into developmental outcomes related to poor health and risk for disease.
Using feature vector representations to identify similar projects in app inventor

In trying to understand the big picture of how users learn to program in App Inventor, we want to be able to represent projects in a way suitable for large scale learning analytics. Here I present different representations of projects that could potentially be used to identify App Inventor projects that have structural similarities to each other, e.g., projects created by users following tutorials. I compare the different representations based solely on how accurately they predict the correct tutorial from a labeled data set. The results suggest that we use both blocks and components from a project, apply TF-IDF to the counts of each feature, and measure distance or similarity in terms of a generalized Jaccard distance. This work lays the foundation for being able to find clusters of similar projects to distinguish original from unoriginal projects and to be able to filter out similar projects when trying to determine a user's skill level.
Acute Hip Abduction Fatigue on Lumbopelvic-Hip Complex Stability in Softball Players.

During an overhead throw, the gluteal muscle group stabilizes the lumbopelvic-hip complex (LPHC), leading to efficient energy transfer from the lower to upper extremity. It has been shown that LPHC instability can lead to throwing pathomechanics. The single leg squat has become a common assessment for LPHC stability, and could be used to determine the effects of fatigue on throwing athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an acute abduction fatigue protocol on the LPHC of collegiate softball players via the single leg squat assessment of the leg ipsilateral to the throwing arm. Eighteen National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I softball players volunteered (20.5±1.9 years; 169.4±10.0 cm; 72.9±11.5 kg). Each participant performed a single leg squat on the leg ipsilateral to the throwing arm prior to and post side-lying hip abduction fatigue. LPHC and lower extremity kinematics were examined to determine potential effects of fatigue on LPHC stability. There were no significant main effects or interactions of LPHC or lower extremity kinematics during the single leg squat assessments across the fatigue protocol. Based on the current study, an acute bout of fatigue to the hip abductors does not affect LPHC stability in single leg squat execution.
A Critique of Cracraft's Classification of Birds

-A recently proposed "phylogenetic" classification of birds (Cracraft 1981b) is not constructed according to cladistic principles and contains little information to support most of the taxa proposed in it. That which is presented is frequently misleading or erroneous. The nomenclature used is inconsistent and ungrammatical. In failing to provide synapomorphies to cluster taxa, in using data that are not presented in a primitive-derived sequence, in citing differences as evidence of nonrelationship, and using convergence to refute phylogenetic hypotheses, Cracraft commits the very methodological transgressions for which he has long criticized other systematists. Received 4 January 1982, accepted 24 April
An acoustic study of vowel intrusion in Turkish onset clusters

Studies in Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein, 1993) have established that what sounds like insertion of a segment can be a side effect of gestural timing relations. Based on acoustic evidence from a production experiment with six Turkish speakers, I argue that such gestural timing produces non-lexical vowels in complex onsets in Turkish—previously described as harmonizing epenthetic vowels (Clements & Sezer, 1982, inter alia). Non-lexical vowels occurred in 88.3% of tokens, and usually resembled [ɯ], failing to undergo vowel harmony. Non-lexical vowels are shorter than underlying vowels, and their F1 and F2 values are more affected by the following vowel, suggesting they are more subject to vowel-to-vowel coarticulation. These results support the hypothesis that the inserted acoustic vowels are targetless, created by timing relations between gestures, with the implication that Turkish phonology does not categorically ban complex onsets.
Intergenerational Caregivers of Parents With End-Stage Heart Failure.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to longitudinally explore the experiences of young adult, adult, and older adult intergenerational caregivers caring for a parent with end-stage heart failure (HF). Design: This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected during a longitudinal study that sought to determine the palliative care needs of individuals with end-stage HF and their family caregivers. Methods: Longitudinal interviews from 23 young adult, adult, and older adult children who were caring for a parent with end-stage HF were selected for thematic analysis. Researchers individually analyzed the interviews and then, as a group, came to a consensus about themes. Findings: Five major themes were identified: caregiver resources, role management, caregiver-parent relationships, filial responsibility, and personal benefits and challenges Conclusions: These intergenerational caregivers struggled to balance their busy lives and caregiving roles. However, most felt supported by other family members or external resources. Longitudinal findings support a need for improved employer-based support for intergenerational caregivers and special attention to young carers in research and practice. Recognition of and advocacy for intergenerational caregivers providing care for a chronically ill parent is needed.
Do Detainees Plead Guilty Faster? A Survival Analysis of Pretrial Detention and the Timing of Guilty Pleas:

Although numerous quantitative studies have linked pretrial detention to increased conviction rates, the precise mechanisms linking these decisions remain unclear. Qualitative studies shed light on...