cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The soldier lawyer: aspects of a normal career in deviant circumstances

This article illustrates the problems of lawyers in maintaining their ethical and legal responsibilities when such maintenance is difficult or impossible, a situation which will be defined as “normally deviant” within the armed forces. This analysis centers upon several distinct issues: (1) Professional and ethical conflict in the application of legal advice, (2) The construction of legal “normality” in situations which are chronically “deviant,” (3) “Normal law” in deviant situations versus “deviant law” in normal situations, and (4) The personal conflicts Army lawyers must resolve in order to maintain their professional status which is both soldierly and legal in character. The conclusions suggest that the Army lawyer is “deviantly normal” within usual Army channels and “normally deviant” in the professional restrictions his/her role imposes upon the definition and application of Army social control. The conclusions also suggest that the organizational and professional conflicts inherent with such a fin...
Cloud Classification Before Luke Howard

Abstract A brief outline of the history of cloud painting prior to the first cloud classification schemes of Luke Howard and Lamarck is presented. It is shown that European painters had accurately represented most of the different cloud forms between about 1425 and 1675.
Space Shuttle−A personal view

The history of the Space Shuttle is reviewed and its principal features and uses are summarized. A personal viewpoint is adopted through several anaswers to the question: ’’What experiments would I do as a Space Shuttle passenger–user?’’
An MOS integrated circuit for digital filtering and level detection

An LSI circuit for digital signal processing has been designed and manufactured in 5 V n-channel MOS technology. Its main functions are to implement digital filters of the cascaded biquadratic form and to perform level detection operations. The frequency response of the filter is controlled by coefficients supplied from an external memory. The device, known by the acronym FAD (filter and detect), operates from a single-phase clock and can process up to 64000 samples/s at the maximum permissible clock rate of 2048 kbit/s. Although FAD was designed for one particular requirement, it has sufficient flexibility for use in a variety of application.
Nanosecond Structural Visualization of the Reproducibility of Polarization Switching in Ferroelectrics

As the polarization of a ferroelectric thin film reverses in response to an applied electric field, concomitant structural changes can be visualized using time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction. We report the details of this visualization approach and discuss the structural signature of polarization switching measured by time-resolved x-ray diffraction.
Factorial Validity of the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale-School Form

The construct validity of the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale-School Form was examined, primarily through use of factor analysis. The subjects in this study were 384 children ages 5-18 who were either receiving special education services as seriously emotionally disturbed (SED; n = 171) or receiving no special education services (non-SED; n = 213). Parents and/or teachers rated each student on the Devereux Behavior Rating Scale-School Form. Item-level factor analyses were conducted for both the 5-12 age version of the scale and the 13-18 age version. These analyses were originally conducted separately by the SED sample and the non-SED sample. Because of differences in these factor structures, the final analyses were conducted with the SED and non-SED samples combined but with the effects of group placement partialed out. These analyses did not replicate the four Devereux subscales. For both age groups, a three-factor solution was found to best represent the data. Items did group together by original subsca...
Cation Uptake and Allocation by Red Pine Seedlings under Cation-Nutrient Stress in a Column Growth Experiment

Plant nutrient uptake is affected by environmental stress, but how plants respond to cation-nutrient stress is poorly understood. We assessed the impact of varying degrees of cation-nutrient stress on cation uptake in an experimental plant-mineral system. Column experiments, with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings growing in sand/mineral mixtures, were conducted for up to 9 months. The Ca and K were supplied from both minerals and nutrient solutions with varying Ca and K concentrations. Cation nutrient stress had little impact on carbon allocation after 9 months of plant growth and K was the limiting nutrient for biomass production. Measurement of Ca/Sr and K/Rb ratios allowed independent estimation of dissolution incongruency and discrimination against Sr and Rb during cation uptake processes. The fraction of K in biomass from biotite increased with decreasing K supply from nutrient solutions. The mineral anorthite was consistently the major source of Ca, regardless of nutrient treatment. Red pine seedlings exploited more mineral K in response to more severe K deficiency. This did not occur for Ca since Ca was not limiting plant growth. Plant discrimination factors must be carefully considered to accurately identify nutrient sources using cation tracers.
Light particle emission in O 16 -induced reactions at 140, 215, and 310 MeV

Double differential cross sections have been measured for energetic $p$, $d$, $t$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles emitted in $^{16}\mathrm{O}$-induced reactions on targets of A1, Zr, and Au at incident energies of 140, 215, and 310 MeV. The energy and angular distributions are well described by isotropic emission from a moving thermal source. The extracted temperature and velocity parameters are found to vary systematically with the incident energy per nucleon above the Coulomb barrier. The observed trends cannot be explained by compound nucleus emission but instead suggest emission from a source which consists of comparable contributions from target and projectile. Alternatively, the proton energy spectra are compared with a precompound model and with a simple knockout model. The $d$, $t$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle cross sections are also described in terms of a generalized coalescence relation which takes into account Coulomb repulsion from the target nucleus.
Optimal sensor layout for shape estimation from strain sensors

A procedure is developed for mapping strain sensor readings into displacements. Optimal sensor layouts are determined by examining predicted mode shapes from synthesized strain data. The singular values of the transformation matrix bound the error in the inferred displacements. Issues of spatial aliasing as well as sensor spacing are also addressed. The methodology was validated by comparing both static and dynamic shape estimations with experiments.
piggyBac Insertional Mutagenesis Screen Identifies a Role for Nuclear RHOA in Human ES Cell Differentiation

The mechanisms regulating human embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and differentiation are not well defined in part due to the lack of tools for forward genetic analysis. We present a piggyBac transposon gain of function screen in human ES cells that identifies DENND2C, which genetically cooperates with NANOG to maintain self-renewal in the presence of retinoic acid. We show that DENND2C negatively regulates RHOA activity, which cooperates with NANOG to block differentiation. It has been recently shown that RHOA exists in the nucleus and is activated by DNA damage; however, its nuclear function remains unknown. We discovered that RHOA associates with DNA and that DENND2C affects nuclear RHOA localization, activity, and DNA association. Our study illustrates the power of piggyBac as a cost-effective, efficient, and easy to use tool for forward genetic screens in human ES cells and provides insight into the role of RHOA in the nucleus.
In silico design of peptidic inhibitors targeting estrogen receptor alpha dimer interface.

Human estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), which acts as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target for breast cancers, is activated by agonist ligands and co-activator proteins. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) act as antagonists in specific tissues and tamoxifen, a SERM, has served as a drug for decades for ERα-positive breast cancers. However, the ligand-selective and tissue-specific response of ERα biological activity and the resistance to tamoxifen treatment in advanced stages of ERα-positive breast cancers underscores the need to find a ligand-independent inhibitor for ERα. Here we present a ligand-independent approach of inhibiting ERα transactivation targeting its dimerization—a key process of ERα biological activity. Using in silico techniques, we first elucidated the hydrogen bond interactions involved in dimerization and identified three interfacial sequence motifs, where sequence I (DKITD) and sequence II (QQQHQRLAQ) of one monomer form hydrogen bonding with sequence II and sequence I of the second monomer, respectively, and sequence III (LSHIRHMSNK) hydrogen bonds with the same from the second monomer. Studying the structural stability and the binding affinity of the peptides derived from these sequence motifs, we found that an extended and ARG mutated version (LQQQHQQLAQ) of sequence II can act as a suitable template for designing peptidic inhibitors. It provides additional structural stability and interacts more strongly with ERα dimer interface groove formed by helices 9 and 10/11 and prevent ERα dimerization. Our result provides a novel therapeutic designing pipeline for ligand-independent inhibition of ERα.
Locally-prepared ready-to-use therapeutic food for children with severe acute malnutrition: A controlled trial

Objective To compare the efficacy of locally-prepared readyto-use therapeutic food (LRUTF) and locally-prepared F100 diet in promoting weight-gain in children with severe acute malnutrition during rehabilitation phase in hospital.
Impact of the Clinton credit availability program on commercial banks (policy paper)

This article investigates how President Clinton's program for increasing credit availability to small and medium-sized businesses affected bank stocks. The pattern of results observed is consistent with the hypothesis that the program promised to redistribute wealth through the federal safety net and not just to eliminate burdensome regulations.
Sensitivity of the skin to changes in rate of intermittent mechanical stimuli.

Abstract : The procedure used on the skin of the fingertip was to measure difference-limens (DLs) for the rate of intermittent mechanical pulses at pulse repetition rates of 1 to 320 cps. The general method was the same as that used on the eye and the ear. In four experiments, three different kinds of electrically actuated mechanical stimulators were used: a modified loud speaker motor, a magnetic phonograph cutting head, and a miniature vibration generator.
Vibrational–translational energy exchange models for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method

The model which controls the distribution of energy among the different molecular modes is a crucial component of accurate simulation of nonequilibrium rarefied flows. Two new models for the direct simulation Monte Carlo method that govern energy redistribution between the translational and vibrational modes are presented here. The first model is a modified form of the phenomenological Borgnakke–Larsen model. The probability of inelastic collision is evaluated using the relative velocity of collision. The second energy exchange model considered in this study is the multiple quantum-step transition model. The process of vibrational relaxation occurs through transitions between the different energy levels, allowing jumps of more than one level. Probabilities of activation and deactivation which depend on the relative velocity are used here. The new models are compared with existing schemes for several conditions. Significant differences are found for the vibrational energy distribution function computed in a hypersonic bow-shock wave.
CAM-idling in Hoya carnosa (Asclepiadaceae)

In the leaf sueculent Asclepial Hoya carnosa (L.) R. Br., CAM photosynthesis occurred under well-watered conditions, as characterized by diurnal gas exchange and changes in titratable acidity. Following 10–12 days of severe water stress, the plants shifted from CAM to a modified CAM-idling mode of metabolism. CAM-idling was characterized by complete or almost complete stomatal closure accompanied by CAM-like diurnal changes in titratable acidity. H. carnosa plants maintained this CAM-idling mode of photosynthesis for at least 8 weeks. Upon reirrigation, the plants returned to the original CAM mode within 1 week. These results suggested that CAM-idling is a reversible, intermediate form of sustained metabolism which enables plant survival under conditions of extended drought.
Initial clinical experience with frameless radiosurgery for patients with intracranial metastases

Purpose: To review the initial clinical experience with frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for treating intracranial metastatic disease. Methods and Materials: Sixty-four patients received frameless SRS for intracranial metastatic disease. Minimum follow-up was 6 months with none lost to follow-up. Patients had a median of 2 metastases and a maximum of 4. The median number of isocenters was 2 with median arcs of 10 and median dose of 17.5 Gy. Thirteen patients were treated for progressive/recurrent disease after surgical resection or whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Fifty-one patients were treated with frameless SRS as an an adjunct to initial treatment. Of the total treated, 17 were treated with SRS alone, 20 were treated with WBRT plus SRS, 16 were treated with surgical resection plus SRS, and the remaining 11 were treated with surgical resection plus WBRT plus SRS. Results: With a median actuarial follow-up period of 8.2 months, ultimate local control was 88%. The median time to progression was 8.1 months. The median overall survival was 8.7 months. Of the 17 patients treated with SRS alone, 86% had ultimate local control with mean overall survival of 7.1 months. Of the 13 patients who received surgical resection plus SRS without WBRT as primary treatment, there was 85% ultimate local control with an overall survival of 10.3 months. Three patients treated with initial surgery alone had recurrence treated with SRS 2–3 months after resection. All these patients obtained local control and median survival was >10 months. Of the 13 patients who received WBRT followed by SRS as boost treatment, 92% had local control and mean overall survival was 7.3 months. Of 7 patients who received SRS after recurrence after WBRT, 100% had local control with median survival of 8.2 months. For 8 patients who received surgery followed by WBRT and SRS, local control was 50%; however, ultimate intracranial control was achieved in 7 of 8 patients with repeat SRS and surgical resection. The overall survival in this group of patients was 14.7 months. No patient had a serious (Grade 3 or higher) complication requiring intervention. Conclusions: Frameless optically guided radiosurgery is less invasive, can be performed as a standard radiotherapy-based simulation procedure, and maintains submillimetric accuracy. Our initial results with frameless SRS for metastatic disease suggest survival times and local control (88%) eqiuvalent to frame-based methodologies. Practical noninvasive delivery makes treatment and potential retreatment to avoid WBRT more feasible.
High temperature in situ neutron powder diffraction of oxides

Neutron powder diffraction (NPD) is a powerful tool for the characterization of oxides. Unlike X-ray diffraction where scattering occurs from the electron cloud, neutrons interact with the atomic nucleus enabling direct characterization of the oxygen sublattice. This reveals critical information related to the location, number, and mobility of oxygen anion vacancies and interstitials in hypo- and hyper-stoichiometric oxides. This review examines the growing use of in situ NPD to characterize materials for oxygen anion transport and oxygen storage in fuel cells, ion transport membranes, and as catalysts and catalyst supports. Typical measurement temperatures range between room temperature and 1200 °C, under vacuum or in controlled gas atmospheres from pure oxygen to dilute hydrogen.
Seasonal variation in leaf exudate flavonoids of Isocoma acradenia (Asteraceae)

The four major flavonoid aglycones (apigenin, luteolin 7-methyl ether, kaempferol 3-methyl ether, quercetin 3,3'dimethyl ether) in the external leaf resin of Isocoma acradenia were examined monthly over a one year period. Ten plants in one population were sampled repeatedly; each month 10 leaves per plant were collected (i.e. one leaf each from the tenth node of ten stems). Flavonoids were examined using reverse phase HPLC in acetonitrile and water. No qualitative variation was found among the four flavonoids. Analysis of variance of integrated peak areas revealed significant seasonal variation in relative per cent composition among apigenin, luteolin 7-methyl ether and quercetin 3,3'-dimethyl ether. Kaempferol 3-methyl ether did not vary significantly. The flavonoid aglycone composition showed no clear relationship with the amount of exudate.
Hemangiopericytoma of the tongue in a 12-year-old child : ultrastructural and cytogenetic observations

We report a case of hemangiopericytoma arising from the tongue of a 12-year-old child. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells revealed discontinuous basal lamina, intermediate-type intercellular junctions, subplasmalemmal thickenings, and smooth muscle-type cytoplasmic filaments. In addition, occasional oligocilia and test tube-like inclusions were observed. Karyotypic analysis of the tumor cells revealed two balanced translocations that have not been reported previously in pediatric solid tumors: one involved chromosomes 1 and 3, t(1;3)(p22;q21), and the other involved chromosomes 7 and 12, t(7;12)(p22;q13). This is the first report of cytogenetic aberrations in a pediatric hemangiopericytoma. Correlation with genetic findings in adult hemangiopericytomas suggests that the chromosome 12q13 rearrangement might be of particular importance.
Rudimentary pedal grasping in mice and implications for terminal branch arboreal quadrupedalism

We use an outbred laboratory mouse strain (ICR/CD-1, Charles River Laboratories, Inc.) to model a type of preprimate locomotion associated with rudimentary pedal grasping. Ten male mice were assigned to either control or climbing groups (n = 5 per group). Climbing mice lived within a specialized terrarium that included ∼7.5 m of thin branches (5 and 10 cm long) with a thickness of 3.3 mm, arranged in a reticulated canopy. Food, water, and a nest site were placed among the branches. To discourage mice from palmigrade or digitigrade locomotion, the floor of the terrarium was flooded with a few centimeters of water. Climbing mice were placed in this setting upon weaning and reared for 3 months until they were mature in size. Litter, and age-matched controls were also maintained for comparison with climbers. Climbing mice quickly acclimated to the requirements of the fine-branch model using the foot and tail for grasping and balance. At maturity, climbing and control mice exhibited minor, but significant, morphological plasticity. For climbers, this includes a greater angle of the femoral neck, larger patellar groove index, relatively shorter talar neck length, and more circular talar head aspect ratio (P < 0.10). Climbers also exhibit increased curvature of the distal third metacarpal, decreased talar head angle, and relatively longer caudal vertebrae transverse processes (P < 0.05). These results in a small-bodied eutherian mammal suggest that facultative hallucial opposability and coordinated tail use enable a kind of grasping active arboreal quadrupedality relevant to the latest stages of pre-euarchontan evolution. In light of these data, we hypothesize that a unique advantage of mouse-sized mammals is that they exhibit a highly flexible body plan allowing them to engage in a diverse array of anatomical positions without requiring specific limb morphologies.
The sales introspection technique: principles and application

This paper introduces a training technique that is designed to improve salespersons’ selling skills through introspection and discovery of success drivers and inhibitors. We present the technique and the theoretical foundations that support it. We also discuss how the technique may be implemented and provide a case example to demonstrate the application of the training mechanism.
Management and Outcome of Ipsilateral Recurrence Following Breast Conservation

This article reviews many aspects of the management of in-breast recurrence of breast cancer. Topics such as method of detection, prognostic significance, and the current standard of care are covered. In addition, new concepts in partial breast re-irradiation and re-operative sentinel node biopsy are discussed with relation to breast conservation for IBTR. Finally, special subgroups are addressed such as the elderly and the BRCA1 and 2 mutation carriers.
Log your CRUD: design principles for software logging mechanisms

According to a 2011 survey in healthcare, the most commonly reported breaches of protected health information involved employees snooping into medical records of friends and relatives. Logging mechanisms can provide a means for forensic analysis of user activity in software systems by proving that a user performed certain actions in the system. However, logging mechanisms often inconsistently capture user interactions with sensitive data, creating gaps in traces of user activity. Explicit design principles and systematic testing of logging mechanisms within the software development lifecycle may help strengthen the overall security of software. The objective of this research is to observe the current state of logging mechanisms by performing an exploratory case study in which we systematically evaluate logging mechanisms by supplementing the expected results of existing functional black-box test cases to include log output. We perform an exploratory case study of four open-source electronic health record (EHR) logging mechanisms: OpenEMR, OSCAR, Tolven eCHR, and WorldVistA. We supplement the expected results of 30 United States government-sanctioned test cases to include log output to track access of sensitive data. We then execute the test cases on each EHR system. Six of the 30 (20%) test cases failed on all four EHR systems because user interactions with sensitive data are not logged. We find that viewing protected data is often not logged by default, allowing unauthorized views of data to go undetected. Based on our results, we propose a set of principles that developers should consider when developing logging mechanisms to ensure the ability to capture adequate traces of user activity.
A Case of Epilepsy and Psychosis in the Seventeenth Century

A seventeenth-century painter left an account of his seizures, trances and visions; in 1923 Freud commented on this "demonological neurosis" without discussing the seizures. Attention is drawn to the concurrence of epilepsy and psychosis in this early autobiographical source.
Field work: A view from the third world

Andre Beteille and T. N. Madan, eds. Encounter and Experience. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii, 1975. viii + 225 pp. Bibliography. $8.00.
Deviant or Normal? Female Bodybuilders' Accounts of Social Reactions

In response to calls for more inclusive and nuanced studies of deviance, Heckert and Heckert (2002) developed a typology that incorporates both normative and reactive definitions. Their model accounts for negative deviance, positive deviance, deviance admiration, and deviant conformity (rate-busting). Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with ten amateur female bodybuilders at a university in the United States, we apply the typology to explain their perceptions of social reactions from a variety of audiences. Female bodybuilders' accounts of others' reactions to their increasingly muscular bodies, extreme dieting practices, and intense workout routines provide intriguing empirical examples of all four deviance types. Findings reflect the complexity of a deviance–conformity continuum and support the call for studies that go beyond negative social response and countercultural behavior or appearance.
Psychological, economic, and social mediators of the education-health relationship in older adults.

Objective: Mediators in the relationship of education to health were examined to further explicate education as a resource. Methods: Income, life satisfaction, services, and social support were ass...
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Three-Dimensional Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Applications As Thermal Sensors

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of vertical assembly of 3-D single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) thermal sensors. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) were deposited utilizing dielectrophoretic (DEP) assembly technique with a 98.7% yield. The scanning electron micrograph images revealed that by adjusting the height of the 3-D microelectrodes and the overlap between them allows control over bundle size, number of bundles, and effective length of the sensing elements. The two-terminal resistance of the 3-D devices was reduced by 20% on average from their initial values after the thermal annealing process. The 3-D SWNT thermal sensors were next characterized and a higher temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) was measured compared to the previously reported DEP aligned CNT-based thermal sensors. The TCR of the single-electrode thermal sensor ranged from -0.157%/°C to -0.232%/°C, whereas the TCR of the multielectrode sensor varied from -0.327%/°C to -0.778%/°C measured during the heating cycle. The thermal sensitivities of these 3-D devices were also measured during cooling where the obtained TCR was close to the values obtained during the heating cycle.
Non-radiative decay processes in isolated SO2 molecules excited within the first allowed absorption band (2500–3200 Å)

Abstract New and previously published SO 2 fluorescence emission data related to non-radiative decay processes are considered in light of the recent observations of Brus and McDonald. All the present data are consistent with the previous conclusion of Mettee that non-radiative processes in SO 2 singlet photochemistry are unimportant. It appears that any small inefficiency in the emission of light quanta for SO 2 excited at short wavelengths (2650 A) is largely due to the population of a second very short-lived state which is quenched effectively even at pressures down to 1 μ. The very low efficiency of quanta production which we observed at long wavelengths (3020 A) appears to have its origin not only in the second easily quenched state, but more importantly, in the diffusional loss of the long-lived singlet which for these conditions has a 20-fold greated lifetime than was expected previously.
Validity of Birth Certificate Data for the Outcome of the Previous Pregnancy, Georgia, 1980–1995

The author evaluated the validity of four historically based variables collected on Georgia birth certificates: outcome of preceding pregnancy, history of delivery of a low- ( 4,000 g) birth-weight infant, and death of the baby resulting from the preceding pregnancy. Data were derived from birth and fetal death certificates that were linked for the first and second deliveries of 231,075 women in Georgia from 1980 through 1995. Deaths that occurred during the infant's first year of life were also linked to the birth certificate. For all but the survival variable, the outcome of the first birth as reported on the certificate for the second birth was compared with the outcome recorded on the certificate for the first birth, which was assumed to be correct. Except for ascertainment of death of the firstborn infant, sensitivities for the history of poor outcomes were low. Furthermore, sensitivities were higher when an extremely adverse outcome occurred in the first pregnancy or an adverse outcome recurred. The only high sensitivity was for past infant death (85.4%). These results suggest caution when using these variables to identify high-risk subsets for further research or control for confounding.
The Value of Symbolic Computation

Standard generative linguistic theory, which uses discrete symbolic models of cognition, has some strengths and weaknesses. It is strong on providing a network of outposts that make scientific travel in the jungles of natural language feasible. It is weak in that it currently depends on the elaborate and unformalized use of intuition to develop critical supporting assumptions about each data point. In this regard, it is not in a position to characterize natural language systems in the lawful terms that ecological psychologists strive for. Connectionist learning models offer some help: They define lawful relations between linguistic environments and language systems. But our understanding of them is currently weak, especially when it comes to natural language syntax. Fortunately, symbolic linguistic analysis can help connectionism if the two meet via dynamical systems theory. I discuss a case in point: Insights from linguistic explorations of natural language syntax appear to have identified information st...
State of Postmortem Genetic Testing Known as the Cardiac Channel Molecular Autopsy in the Forensic Evaluation of Unexplained Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young

Background: Thousands of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults die sudden and unexpectedly each year in the United States. A significant proportion are autopsy negative and are classified as autopsy negative sudden unexplained death (SUD) after the first year of life and as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) if prior to their first birthday. Postmortem genetic testing known as the cardiac channel molecular autopsy is capable of identifying the subset of channelopathic SUD/SIDS. Methods: Review of the literature and analysis of the state of such postmortem genetic testing in the evaluation of SUD/SIDS. Results: Although still confined to anecdotal reports, relatively small case series of coroner/medical examiner-referred cases of SUD/SIDS, and one population-based cohort of SIDS, it is estimated that approximately 25–35% of autopsy-negative SUD and approximately 10% of SIDS may stem from mutations in either long QT syndrome (LQTS)- or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)-susceptibility genes. Discussion: Whether the cardiac channel molecular autopsy should become the standard of care in the postmortem evaluation of autopsy negative SUD or SIDS will require further scrutiny. Cost effectiveness analyses of a more intense postmortem focus on the decedent compared to the current battery of tests recommended for the deceased SUD victim's first degree relatives should be performed. Conclusion: If deemed justified to upgrade such postmortem genetic testing from “investigational” to clinically indicated, uniform “standard operating procedures” to ensure that tissue is acquired and archived in a manner that is “DNA friendly” and insurance coverage that extends beyond one's final breath will be needed.
Minireview: A Skeleton in Serotonin’s Closet?

The serotonin molecule plays a multifunctional role in mammalian homeostasis serving as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, a gut-derived mediator of peristalsis, and a circulating hormone that regulates appetite, cardiovascular function, and hemostasis. Recent evidence from the clinic and the bench highlight an unexpected target for serotonin action, the skeleton. Clinically, two classes of drugs, the second generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which modulate central and peripheral serotonin signaling, have been shown to alter bone remodeling although the mechanism is not clear. In contrast, genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated a bimodal control system whereby gut-derived serotonin under the control of the Wnt/Lrp/β-catenin system acts systemically to suppress bone formation, whereas CNS serotonin activated by leptin modulates sympathetic outflow to the skeleton. In this brief review, we will summarize recent findings linking serotonin to the skeleton and discuss future directions for this new but challenging aspect of this multidimensional molecule.
People types: Personality classification in Japanese women's magazines

Cet article met en evidence la facon dont les magazines feminins japonais actuels utilisent la nouvelle identite de consommateur des micro-masses . Les classifications, les tableaux de caracteres et de traits de personnalite, de meme que le recours a l'astrologie chinoise ou occidentale, aboutissent dans ces magazines a des propositions de typologies dans lesquels le lectorat cherche a se reconnaitre. Passivite a l'egard des medias ou reconnaissance du besoin de reformulation des roles sociaux ?
MAINTAINING MOMENTUM: AN OVERVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA'S PROGRESS TOWARD DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION

South Africa's first all-race elections in April 1994 marked the beginning of the country's democratic consolidation efforts. Consolidation involves the polity's acceptance of democratic processes, the establishment of the rule of law, institutional reform, the emergence of civil and political society, and economic progress. Although there has been substantial progress toward these requirements, deep political divisions and assuring economic growth and redistribution are among the major challenges facing South Africa. This article reviews South Africa's transition to democracy and assesses the country's progress toward democratic consolidation.
Molecular characterization of novel sulfotransferases from the tick, Ixodes scapularis

Background: Ixodes scapularis, commonly known as the blacklegged or deer tick, is the main vector of Lyme disease in the United States. Recent progress in transcriptome research has uncovered hundreds of different proteins expressed in the salivary glands of hard ticks, the majority of which have no known function, and include many novel protein families. We recently identified transcripts coding for two putative cytosolic sulfotransferases in these ticks which recognized phenolic monoamines as their substrates. In this current study, we characterize the genetic expression of these two cytosolic sulfotransferases throughout the tick life cycle as well as the enzymatic properties of the corresponding recombinant proteins. Interestingly, the resultant recombinant proteins showed sulfotransferase activity against both neurotransmitters dopamine and octopamine. Results: The two sulfotransferase genes were coded as Ixosc SULT 1 & 2 and corresponding proteins were referred as Ixosc Sult 1 and 2. Using gene-specific primers, the sulfotransferase transcripts were detected throughout the blacklegged tick life cycle, including eggs, larvae, nymphs, adult salivary glands and adult midgut. Notably, the mRNA and protein levels were altered upon feeding during both the larval and nymphal life stages. Quantitative PCR results confirm that Ixosc SULT1 was statistically increased upon blood feeding while Ixosc SULT 2 was decreased. This altered expression led us to further characterize the function of these proteins in the Ixodid tick. The sulfotransferase genes were cloned and expressed in a bacterial expression system, and purified recombinant proteins Ixosc Sult 1(R) and 2(R) showed sulfotransferase activity against neurotransmitters dopamine and octopamine as well as the common sulfotransferase substrate p-nitrophenol. Thus, dopamine- or octopaminesulfonation may be involved in altering the biological signal for salivary secretion in I. scapularis. Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest that a function of Ixosc Sult 1 and Sult 2 in Ixodid tick salivary glands may include inactivation of the salivation signal via sulfonation of dopamine or octopamine.
Azathioprine-induced warfarin resistance.

Patients requiring azathioprine for immunosuppression may also be treated with the oral vitamin K antagonist warfarin for the prevention or treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Warfarin therapy requires careful monitoring and adjustment to prevent both recurrent thrombosis and bleeding. Drug interactions with warfarin are numerous and well documented.1,2 Specifically, there is a growing number of case reports in the literature documenting azathioprine’s inhibition of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.3-9 We present a case and literature review and provide recommendations on management of this clinically significant drug interaction.
Children and Adolescents with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Report Quality of Life Similar to Healthy Peers

Objective. The study aims to evaluate and compare self-reported and parent proxy-reported quality of life (QOL) in pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and determine relationships with residual disease. Design. QOL was prospectively evaluated in children/adolescents with repaired TOF and parents' proxy report using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core and Cardiac Module scales. The scores were compared with published self and parent proxy-reported normative data for children considered healthy, chronically ill, and with congenital heart disease. Recent clinical data were reviewed for correlations between QOL and residual disease severity. Results. Twenty child–parent pairs were assessed at median age of 10.9 years (range 8.4–18.7 years). Self-report was higher than parent proxy report. Compared with peers, self-reported QOL was higher than for chronically ill children (overall QOL 85 vs. 77, P= 0.007) and similar to healthy children (85 vs. 83, P= 0.44), while proxy report by parent was similar to parents of chronically ill children (overall QOL 77 vs. 74, P= 0.035). Despite moderate pulmonary regurgitation (mean 35%) and right ventricular dilation (mean 114 mL/m2), 76% had a New York Heart Association class of 1, normal B-natriuretic peptide (24 pg/mL), reasonable exercise tolerance VO2 max% predicted (mean 77%), and preserved right ventricular ejection fraction (mean 58%, range 44–80%). Overall QOL positively correlated with child's VO2 max% predicted, when reported by child (r = 0.47, P < 0.05) and parent proxy (r = 0.63, P < 0.05). Conclusions. QOL in children/adolescents with repaired TOF is not proportional to the severity of their residual disease. Self-reported QOL appears similar to healthy peers while parent proxy reported lower QOL. For both children and parents, QOL positively correlated with the child's exercise capacity. Therefore, comprehensive follow-up should include cardiac rehabilitation and psychosocial evaluation to ensure an active lifestyle, improve health perception, and prevent later acquired heart disease.
In-flight observations of long-term single event effect (SEE) performance on X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE) solid-state recorders (SSRs) [SRAM]

We present multi-year single event upset (SEU) flight data on solid state recorder (SSR) memories for the X-ray Timing Explorer (XTE) NASA mission. Actual SEU rates are compared to the predicted rates, based on ground test data and environment models.
Beyond Freedom of Movement Boys Play in a Tween Virtual World

Few studies have examined gender and game play from the perspective of boys' participation. In this article we investigate boys' play in a tween-centric virtual world called Whyville.net, which had 1.5 million registered players at the time of study. Drawing primarily upon logfile data, we developed participation profiles and case studies of three boy players who ranged in engagement from casual to core players. In the case studies of boy players and their everyday activities in Whyville, we found that initial routines were remarkably similar but over time more nuanced differences emerged in players' identity and boundary play. Furthermore, Whyville provided the boys with relatively low consequence opportunities to experiment with different masculine identities. In comparing our findings with other work, we found that while virtual worlds offer space for the expression of boys' culture, they are qualitatively distinct from other gaming environments and thus need to be studied on their own terms.
Electrooxidation of Cobalt(II) β-Brominated-Pyrrole Tetraphenylporphyrins in CH2Cl2 under an N2 or a CO Atmosphere

The electrochemical behavior of (TPPBrx)Co (TPPBrx = the dianion of β-brominated-pyrrole tetraphenylporphyrin and x = 0−8) is reported under an N2 or a CO atmosphere in dichloromethane containing tetra-n-butylammonium hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte. Each investigated compound undergoes three reversible one-electron oxidations within the potential window of the solvent, and this results in the ultimate formation of a cobalt(III) dication as the final three-electron-oxidation product under both an N2 and a CO atmosphere. The initial one-electron abstraction from (TPPBrx)Co involves the central metal ion for derivatives with x ≤ 5 and the conjugated porphyrin π ring system for derivatives with six, seven, or eight Br groups. Thin-layer infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements were performed during the first oxidation of (TPPBrx)Co in dichloromethane and indicate that in situ generated [(TPPBrx)Co]+ forms mono- and bis(carbon monoxide) adducts for complexes with zero to five Br groups but t...
Mass and Charge Transport in Cyclic Carbonates: Implications for Improved Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes

The compensated Arrhenius formalism (CAF) is applied to conductivity and diffusion data for a family of cyclic carbonates composed of octylene carbonate, decylene carbonate, undecylene carbonate, and dodecylene carbonate. The strong intermolecular interactions in these liquids lead to diffusion activation energies that are higher than those for typical aprotic solvents. The conductivity results show that activation energies are similar between TbaTf and LiTf cyclic carbonate electrolytes. However, the conductivities of the TbaTf solutions are higher than those for the LiTf solutions, and this is attributed to the greater number of charge carriers in the TbaTf electrolytes. These CAF results are then used to give a possible explanation of why the ionic conductivity in lithium ion battery electrolytes is often optimized by mixing a cyclic carbonate with a lower viscosity liquid.
Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression and Phosphorylation in Dopamine Transporter-Deficient Mice.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporters (DATs) regulate dopamine (DA) neurotransmission at the biosynthesis and reuptake steps, respectively. Dysfunction or loss of these proteins occurs in impaired locomotor or addictive behavior, but little is known about the influence of DAT expression on TH function. Differences in TH phosphorylation, DA tissue content, l-DOPA biosynthesis, and DA turnover exist between the somatodendritic and terminal field compartments of nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways. We examined whether differential DAT expression affects these compartmental differences in DA regulation by comparing TH expression and phosphorylation at ser31 and ser40. In heterozygous DAT knockout (KO) (+/−) mice, DA tissue content and DA turnover were unchanged relative to wild-type mice, despite a 40% reduction in DAT protein expression. In DAT KO (−/−) mice, DA turnover increased in all DA compartments, but DA tissue content decreased (90–96%) only in terminal fields. TH protein expressio...
Reparative operations for interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect

From January, 1975, through September, 1982, 24 infants underwent primary or staged repair of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Seven patients had IAA type A and 17 patients had type B. Eleven of the patients, median age 5 days, underwent staged operations and 13 infants, median age 6 days, underwent primary repair. Palliation was by tube graft interposition (six), subclavian-aortic anastomosis (three), left carotid-aortic anastomosis (one), or end-to-side aortic anastomosis (one) combined with pulmonary artery banding (eight) or early VSD closure. With palliation, there were three (27%) early deaths among the eleven patients and one (13%) late death among the eight remaining. Delayed repair at 5 days to 14 months (median 7 months) in seven patients incurred three (43%) early and no late deaths. Primary repair in 13 patients consisted of VSD closure combined with graft interposition (12) or end-to-side aortic anastomosis (one), with three (23%) early and no late deaths. Nine of 14 survivors had hemodynamic evaluation by catheterization 1 to 3 years following repair. None had a significant residual VSD or pressure gradients between the ascending and thoracic aorta. Six had subaortic stenosis, two mild (gradient 50 mm Hg), necessitating operation. Results of operations in neonates with IAA continue to improve. Essential in management is an awareness that subaortic stenosis and hypocalcemia may be accompaniments of this anomaly. Based on these data, we prefer primary repair for IAA with VSD.
Public-private partnerships, programs target infectious diseases in RI.

Though morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases continues to decline in the United States, the recent epidemic of Ebola in West Africa highlights the ongoing importance of maintaining strong public health programs to address infectious diseases in the United States. Though epidemics may be infrequent, they consume considerable amounts of public resources and maintaining a strong public health approach to respond to these outbreaks is critical. In times of declining funding for public health programs, alternative strategies are needed to maintain the readiness of our health systems to respond to these crises. Dedicated public health treatment programs are increasingly transitioning into public-private partnership models in which community providers become the key care providers guided by public health programs. Targeted financial support addresses those aspects of control efforts not fundable through the existing public and private insurance systems. Both the increasing complexity of the system of care and the increasing emphasis on accountability in medical under the provisions of the Affordable Care Act, create a clear need to examine and monitor outcomes across the system of care. This issue highlights a number of programs in Rhode Island that address important issues in infectious diseases with implications for public health, including this public-private partnership model.
Regulatory Pathway for Physician-Sponsored Studies Evaluating Endovascular Aortic Repair

Physician-sponsored studies (sponsor-investigator studies) have provided a unique mechanism for advancing the management of complex aortic anatomies. These studies capture data on a relatively broad population with treatment involving cutting edge devices and techniques. Information from these studies can be used to refine patient selection, device designs, operative techniques, risk mitigation strategies, and clinical study endpoints that can be incorporated into manufacturer-sponsored studies. In the US, the Investigational Device Exemptions (IDE) regulations apply to clinical investigations of medical devices. An approved IDE allows for a device to be used for an investigation without complying with many requirements of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act that apply to devices in commercial distribution, for example, needing an approved premarket approval (PMA) application or following the Quality System (QS) Regulation (i.e., with the exception of the design control requirements). This chapter provides an overview of the applicability of the IDE regulations to physician-sponsored studies, and provides insights on the processes for IDE preparation, application, and conduct, based on experience with this type of endovascular graft IDE. The intent of this chapter is to: (1) explain when an IDE is needed; (2) assist in the preparation and submission of an IDE application; and (3) clarify the responsibilities of IDE sponsors-investigators. The intent of this chapter is not to provide regulatory guidance, but rather, to identify lessons learned and helpful tools from successfully implemented physician-sponsored IDEs.