cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized phase II trial of cixutumumab alone or with cetuximab for refractory recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Cixutumumab (CIX) and cetuximab (CET) monoclonal antibodies block ligand-binding to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) respectively. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of CIX alone or combined with CET in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) patients. Methods In this open-label phase II trial, 91 R/M HNSCC patients who progressed within 90 days of platinum-based chemotherapy, were randomized to CIX 10 mg/kg alone or with CET 500 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. Patients were stratified by prior CET use. The primary endpoint was median progression-free survival (PFS). Exploratory biomarker assessments included relevant markers on archival tumor and serial cytokine/angiogenic-factor profiles in blood. Results Forty-seven patients were treated with CIX monotherapy and 44 with combination. The median PFS was 1.9 and 2.0 months and clinical benefit rate (complete or partial responses and stable disease) was 5.9% and 15.3%, respectively. There was no exacerbation of CET toxicity by concurrent CIX exposure. Higher tumor expression of IGF-1 was associated with improved PFS in the CIX + CET arm while increased p-EGFR expression correlated with shorter PFS in patients receiving single agent CIX. Higher serum baseline levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 correlated with improved PFS and overall survival (OS) in the CIX arm. Neither regimen resulted in improved PFS or OS compared to historical data with CET alone. Conclusion The results of this study do not support the use of cixutumumab alone or with cetuximab in unselected patients with R/M HNSCC.
Development and Verification of an RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Assay for the Detection of Gene Fusions in Tumors

We assessed the performance characteristics of an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) assay designed to detect gene fusions in 571 genes to help manage patients with cancer. Polyadenylated RNA was converted to cDNA, which was then used to prepare next-generation sequencing libraries that were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument and analyzed with an in-house developed bioinformatic pipeline. The assay identified 38 of 41 gene fusions detected by another method, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization or RT-PCR, for a sensitivity of 93%. No false-positive gene fusions were identified in 15 normal tissue specimens and 10 tumor specimens that were negative for fusions by RNA sequencing or Mate Pair NGS (100% specificity). The assay also identified 22 fusions in 17 tumor specimens that had not been detected by other methods. Eighteen of the 22 fusions had not previously been described. Good intra-assay and interassay reproducibility was observed with complete concordance for the presence or absence of gene fusions in replicates. The analytical sensitivity of the assay was tested by diluting RNA isolated from gene fusion–positive cases with fusion-negative RNA. Gene fusions were generally detectable down to 12.5% dilutions for most fusions and as little as 3% for some fusions. This assay can help identify fusions in patients with cancer; these patients may in turn benefit from both US Food and Drug Administration–approved and investigational targeted therapies.
The Art and Science of Monopolar Electrosurgery

The most polished application of an energy source is an art form with the stroke of the monopolar electrode, not unlike that of the most renowned artist. Yes, our canvas is perhaps more dynamic as are our outcomes. For the artist confined to the constraints of a canvas, the beauty of the end result is in the eye of the beholder. For the surgical artist, the only real-time beholder may only be the surgeon but subsequent quality measures (observed by by-standing “beholders”) might include less pain, less bleeding, early discharge, shorter operating times, uneventful recovery, and likely lower costs, or alternatively, the need for transfusion, morbidity, and perhaps even mortality. The traditional artist employs a variety of mechanical strokes and paints to initiate visual change on the canvas. In a similar fashion, the electrosurgical artist also employs varying techniques and tools to initiate visual change on a tissue canvas. The traditional artists and the electrosurgical artist anticipate the effect of minor modifications of technique. It is a tribute to the ease of use of basic monopolar electrosurgery that application has been so successful with a very limited understanding of the underlying biophysics by the end-using surgeon. Indeed, surgical application has been accomplished traditionally by intuitive learning (“see one, do one, teach one”). However, a basic understanding is a prerequisite to an improved art form. Furthermore, technical challenges with increasingly complex biophysical contortions of instrumentation mandate a better understanding of elementary biophysics (as outlined in the two previous chapters).
Quantification of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Computational Models of Complex Systems

For complex engineering systems, testing-based assessment is increasingly sought to be replaced by simulations using detailed computational models. This is due to a lack of experimental data and/or resources to conduct these experiments at the system level. Components, which are part of the system, are usually cheaper to build and test relative to the system itself. The availability of component data coupled with the lack of system data and the complexity of the system being model leads to a need to build models in a building-block or hierarchical manner. This approach takes advantage of data at the component level by guiding the development of each component model. These models are then coupled to form the system model. Quantification of uncertainty in a system response is required to establish the confidence in representing the actual system behavior. To be accurate, this quantification needs to include both aleatoric uncertainty (due to natural variability) and epistemic uncertainty (due to lack of or incomplete knowledge). This paper proposes a framework based on Bayes networks that uses the available data at multiple levels of complexity (i.e. components, subsystem, etc) and allows quantification and propagation of both types of uncertainty in a system model prediction. A method to incorporate epistemic uncertainty given in terms of intervals on a model parameter is presented and a numerical example demonstrating the approach is shown.
The Search for the Male-Determining Gene

Publisher Summary Several traits, including hairy ears, have been attributed to genes on the human Y chromosome, but sex determination was not included among them. The sex-determining action of the Y chromosome is limited to the development of the testis. Male differentiation is because of the action of testicular hormones and their metabolites. In the presence of the Y, the gonad becomes a testis: the testis secretes testosterone, which governs timely differentiation of the epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, and anti-Mullerian hormone, which blocks development of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Dihydrotestosterone, the 5α-reductase metabolite of testosterone, and a potent androgen, induces differentiation of the external genitalia. In the mutational absence of androgen or of the androgen receptor, the embryo develops the female phenotype, despite presence of the Y chromosome and of the testes. Male-specific antigens have been identified by the methods of transplantation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and serology.
Child Neurology: Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome: Dramatic visual recovery after delayed riboflavin therapy.

Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome (BVVL) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease with fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature. It is characterized by pontobulbar palsy and sensorineural hearing loss.1 The age at onset varies from infancy to early adulthood, commonly presenting with cranial nerve VII–XII palsies and deafness. Other findings include gait ataxia, limb weakness, optic atrophy, epilepsy, and respiratory compromise.1 The genetic etiology of BVVL has recently been linked to mutations affecting the riboflavin transporter genes SLC52A2 and SLC52A3 , which code for human riboflavin transporters RFVT2 and RFVT3, respectively.2 Consequentially, several studies have reported improved clinical outcomes with riboflavin supplementation in patients confirmed to have mutations in the SLC52A2 and SLC52A3 genes.3–7 In this report, we describe a case of BVVL in a 6-year-old girl with dramatic visual recovery and neurologic improvement after delayed initiation of riboflavin supplementation. Consent was obtained from the child's parents.
Failure Modeling of a Propulsion Subsystem: Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Approaches to Anomaly Detection

In this work, the sensor data related to a diesel engine system and specifically its turbocharger subsystem were analyzed. An incident where the turbocharger seized was recorded by dozens of standa...
Beyond bulk: a review of single cell transcriptomics methodologies and applications

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a promising approach to study the transcriptomes of individual cells in the brain and the central nervous system (CNS). This technology acts as a bridge between neuroscience, computational biology, and systems biology, enabling an unbiased and novel understanding of the cellular composition of the brain and CNS. Gene expression at the single cell resolution is often noisy, sparse, and high-dimensional, creating challenges for computational analysis of such data. In this review, we overview fundamental sample preparation and data analysis processes of scRNA-seq and provide a comparative perspective for analyzing and visualizing these data.
NATO Members' Organizational Path Towards Conducting Offensive Cyber Operations: A Framework for Analysis

NATO member states are starting to talk more openly about the incentives and opportunities to conduct offensive cyber operations for military purposes. This growing interest in ‘offensive cyber’ is most clearly expressed in the creation of cyber commands, branches or services within the armed forces. Little research, however, has analyzed these organizational developments. This article provides a conceptual framework to facilitate empirical analysis across military cyber organizations (MCOs). The framework distinguishes between five stages of organizational development: i) seed, ii) startup, iii) growth, iv) expansion, and v) maturity. Our empirical analysis reveals that a significant number of NATO members started to carefully consider establishing MCOs from 2008 onwards, and some states had already started significant organizational efforts in the 1990s. However, I also reveal that the MCOs of most NATO members are still at the early stages of organizational development, and even those at the growth stage still have limited budgets to address the different workforce, capability, strategic and other requirements.
High-Performance InGaAs-on-Silicon Technology Platform For Logic and RF Applications

An InGaAs-on-Si MOSFET technology platform using a CMOS-compatible fabrication flow is demonstrated. Several channel heterostructure designs are explored, with the use of thin InP barrier layers resulting in significant enhancement of mobility. MOSFETs with f t /f max of ~350/350 GHz are demonstrated. Within the same technology platform, logic FinFET devices are also demonstrated, with record-high on-currents of 350 µA/µm. The use of S/D spacers to mitigate the parasitic bipolar effect is also explored, leading to significant reduction of off-state leakage currents. Finally, 3D sequential integration of InGaAs MOSFETs on SOI CMOS wafers is reported, showing no degradation of CMOS performance post top-level fabrication. The results indicate the strong potential for integrated InGaAs FETs towards high-performance logic and mixed-signal applications.
Lost in the New Deal Realignment: GI Joe

Military service in World War II produced a generation of Democrats. This finding results from an examination of Gallup polls (1945–1953) that probed both party identification and wartime service. The 1944 election afforded soldiers an opportunity to vote for their commander in chief, and they did so by a large margin for Franklin D. Roosevelt—a Democrat. A vote under these circumstances is bound to leave lifelong marks on a cohort in its impressionable years, which was the life stage of many World War II soldiers. Further tests rule out the possibility that the Democratic tendency of soldiers was simply the result of their youthful age, lower socioeconomic status, urban background, union membership, race, or Southern region—all of which predict partisanship. Neither did the return to civilian life erode the Democratic edge of veterans. GI Joe is an unsung hero of what is widely known as the New Deal realignment.
On strongly rigid hyperfluctuating random measures

In contrast to previous belief, we provide examples of stationary ergodic random measures that are both hyperfluctuating and strongly rigid. Therefore, we study hyperplane intersection processes (HIPs) that are formed by the vertices of Poisson hyperplane tessellations. These HIPs are known to be hyperfluctuating, that is, the variance of the number of points in a bounded observation window grows faster than the size of the window. Here we show that the HIPs exhibit a particularly strong rigidity property. For any bounded Borel set $B$, an exponentially small (bounded) stopping set suffices to reconstruct the position of all points in $B$ and, in fact, all hyperplanes intersecting $B$. Therefore, also the random measures supported by the hyperplane intersections of arbitrary (but fixed) dimension, are hyperfluctuating. Our examples aid the search for relations between correlations, density fluctuations, and rigidity properties.
Interpretation of Radiological Examination

An orderly approach should be taken to interpreting radiological studies to ensure that any significant pathology is detected. The following is suggested, particularly for neophytes: 1. Examine the “four corners of the film” (i.e., costodiaphragmatic angles, supra- and infradiaphragmatic spaces bilaterally). Special attention should be given to the lung bases and hip regions, and in particular to gas shadows that may project below the iliopectineal line. These may simply represent air in the bowel of individuals with a pendulous abdomen, or air in a herniated bowel (e.g., inguinal hernia, which can be discovered by observing air projecting below the iliopectineal line, usually on one side). 2. Evaluate the bony structures (lower thoracic and lumbosacral spine, lower ribs, iliac bones, and proximal femora). Relevant or unsuspected pathology of the spine may be the cause of the patient’s symptoms. Occasionally, one may observe destructive lesions of the bony skeleton which will reinforce a preliminary diagnosis of abdominal or extraabdominal malignancy (e.g., a patient with hepatomegaly or some abdominal mass with signs of bony metastasis). 3. Examine the flanks, paying special attention to the fat-muscle interfaces, and look for possible extraluminal air collections. 4. Examine the organs of the alimentary tract, starting with the hollow viscera, a) Focus on the esophagogastric region and then study the stomach, the duodenum, and the small and large bowel sequentially. Rule out intraluminal masses (e.g., cancer of the stomach revealed by an abnormal segment of the stomach where air has been replaced by a mass). Pay attention to the air-containing bowel and evaluate the distribution of air as well as the caliber and contours of the bowel. Occasionally, different forms of colitis or even cancer of the colon can be diagnosed by observing an alteration in the bowel contour. Then, look for the presence of air in the wall of the bowel and extraluminally.
Esophageal Atresia With or Without Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital anomaly resulting from abnormal embryonic development of the foregut. It is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies and genetic syndromes, most commonly congenital heart disease. Prior to the advent of surgical repair in 1941, EA was a universally fatal diagnosis. Current management strategies have now improved survival of EA to over 90%. This chapter reviews the diagnostic workup, associated comorbidities, operative considerations, and common postoperative complications related to esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula.
Exploring Correlates of Preschool-Aged Children's Locomotor Skills: Individual and Parent Demographics and Home Environment.

We examined individual and parental demographics and home environment factors associated with locomotor skills in predominantly Hispanic preschool-aged children. We used questionnaires to survey pa...
ID1 and ID3 are Negative Regulators of TGFβ2-Induced Ocular Hypertension and Compromised Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility in Mice.

Purpose In POAG, elevated IOP remains the major risk factor in irreversible vision loss. Increased TGFβ2 expression in POAG aqueous humor and in the trabecular meshwork (TM) amplifies extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and reduces ECM turnover in the TM, leading to a decreased aqueous humor (AH) outflow facility and increased IOP. Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins (ID1 and ID3) inhibit TGFβ2-induced fibronectin and PAI-1 production in TM cells. We examined the effects of ID1 and ID3 gene expression on TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension and decreased AH outflow facility in living mouse eyes. Methods IOP and AH outflow facility changes were determined using a mouse model of Ad5-hTGFβ2C226S/C288S-induced ocular hypertension. The physiological function of ID1 and ID3 genes were evaluated using Ad5 viral vectors to enhance or knockdown ID1/ID3 gene expression in the TM of BALB/cJ mice. IOP was measured in conscious mice using a Tonolab impact tonometer. AH outflow facilities were determined by constant flow infusion in live mice. Results Over-expressing ID1 and ID3 significantly blocked TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension (P < 0.0001). Although AH outflow facility was significantly decreased in TGFβ2-transduced eyes (P < 0.04), normal outflow facility was preserved in eyes injected concurrently with ID1 or ID3 along with TGFβ2. Knockdown of ID1 or ID3 expression exacerbated TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension. Conclusions Increased expression of ID1 and ID3 suppressed both TGFβ2-elevated IOP and decreased AH outflow facility. ID1 and/or ID3 proteins thus may show promise as future candidates as IOP-lowering targets in POAG.
Recipient Vessels: Tibia Reconstruction

The free fibula is an effective option for reconstructing large and segmental defects of the tibia. This chapter describes the use of the vascularized free fibula flap and potential recipient vessels. Applied anatomy and surgical exposure are discussed.
Watching the bacterial RNA polymerase transcription reaction by time-dependent soak-trigger-freeze X-ray crystallography

Abstract RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the central enzyme of gene expression, which transcribes DNA to RNA. All cellular organisms synthesize RNA with highly conserved multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNAPs, except mitochondrial RNA transcription, which is carried out by a single-subunit RNAP. Over 60 years of extensive research has elucidated the structures and functions of cellular RNAPs. In this review, we introduce a brief structural feature of bacterial RNAP, the most well characterized model enzyme, and a novel experimental approach known as “Time-dependent soak-trigger-freeze X-ray crystallography” which can be used to observe the RNA synthesis reaction at atomic resolution in real time. This principle methodology can be used for elucidating fundamental mechanisms of cellular RNAP transcription.
A Unified View of Halogen Bonding, Hydrogen Bonding and Other σ-Hole Interactions

The term “σ-hole” refers to a region of diminished electronic density along the extension of a covalent single bond to a hydrogen or an atom of Groups IV—VII. This region often has a positive electrostatic potential through which the atom can interact attractively with a negative site (such as a lone pair of a Lewis base, π electrons or an anion) to form a noncovalent complex. Hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding are the most prominent examples of such σ-hole interactions, although they have long been known experimentally for Groups IV—VI as well (but without the σ-hole label). σ-Holes result from the anisotropic charge distributions of covalently-bonded atoms. It follows from the Hellmann-Feynman theorem that σ-hole interactions can be understood and described as Coulombic, which includes polarization and dispersion. In the context of noncovalent interactions, charge transfer is simply a mathematical formulation of polarization.
Space observations of chemically peculiar and related normal stars

Progress in the spectroscopic study of CP stars and related sharp-lined normal stars from the IUE is briefly reviewed as a preamble to a discussion of the potential for research with the Hubble Space Telescope. The substantial gains in spectral resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and photometric accuracy that will be realized with the High Resolution Spectrograph on the HST will dramatically increase our ability to disentangle the complex ultraviolet spectra of these stars and to carry out accurate quantitative analyses.
Diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. New approach.

Abstract The concept of diagnosing prostatic carcinoma by means of a small probe placed on the index finger of the examining urologist, at the time of rectal examination, after administering a radio pharmaceutical agent, is discussed. A preliminary clinical study in which 23 patients with and without prostatic carcinoma were evaluated with a semiconductor detector after the intravenous injection of Gallium-67 is described. The results suggest that normal men and women have similar Gallium uptake in the anterior rectal wall. This uptake is significantly less than that of men with benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma of the prostate. No difference, however, was noted between those men with prostatic carcinoma and those with benign prostatic enlargement.
LATERAL LOADING OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS IN STIFF CLAY

A full-sized drilled shaft, or drilled pier, was constructed in the field in a stratum of stiff clay. The foundation was instrumented so that bending moment could be measured at various depths. A series of lateral loads, both short-term static and cyclic, were applied to the foundation and families of bending moment curves, along with the boundary conditions at the groundline, were obtained. These data were analyzed and sets of curves were developed showing soil resistance p as a function of deflection y for various depths. Rational concepts concerning the behavior of soil around a laterally loaded deep foundation were employed, along with some empirical expressions, and equations are presented for the development of p-y curves for stiff clay, both for short-term static loading and for cyclic loading. The expressions were tested against available experiments and were found to yield satisfactory results.
Transition Without Transformation: Legal Reform in the Democratization and Development Process

Modernization relies on law as the means of transformation. Democratization and development strategies of the last 20 years, such as the Washington consensus and its successor: good governance and institution building, have embraced the instrumentalization of law in order to create democratic societies and market economies. In these great processes of transformation, from regime changes in Eastern Europe to state building across Central Asia, the process of lawmaking rests upon premises that have a tendency to perpetuate transition without transforming the relationship of the individual to power. This alienizing feature of transition is reflected in lawmaking practices. In this paper, I argue that a wider participation in the lawmaking process enhances the legitimacy of the democratic regime, and it helps to fill the gap between the law in the book and the law in action. I rest my thesis on the premise that the reformation of laws, and therefore the system, is characterized by a dichotomy between the legality and the legitimacy of the lawmaking process. I analyze and expose two different and contradictory patterns that are inherent in lawmaking processes in countries in transition. On the one hand, a rule of law society presupposes clear, transparent and predictable rules, a certain formalism associated with modern states and societies. On the other hand, the flexible nature of transition demands solutions outside the legal framework. I use dichotomies such as legality and legitimacy, expertise and wider participation to analyze the contents of lawmaking practices as well as the role of international actors and elites in the democratization and development process. Juxtaposing transformation with participation, this paper elucidates the practices of modern lawmaking in societies in transition.
Stress Generation and Adolescent Depression: Contribution of Interpersonal Stress Responses

This research examined the proposal that ineffective responses to common interpersonal problems disrupt youths’ relationships, which, in turn, contributes to depression during adolescence. Youth (86 girls, 81 boys; M age = 12.41, SD = 1.19) and their primary female caregivers participated in a three-wave longitudinal study. Youth completed a measure assessing interpersonal stress responses; youth and caregivers completed semi-structured interviews assessing youths’ life stress and psychopathology. Consistent with the hypothesized model, ineffective stress responses (low levels of effortful engagement, high levels of involuntary engagement and disengagement) predicted the generation of subsequent interpersonal stress, which partially accounted for the association between stress responses and depression over time. Moreover, results revealed that self-generated interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal stress, predicted depression, and that this explanatory model was specific to the prediction of depression but not anxiety. This research builds on interpersonal stress generation models of depression, and highlights the importance of implementing depression-focused intervention programs that promote effective stress responses and adaptive interpersonal relationships during adolescence.
Revisiting Coos Bay, Oregon: A re-examination of funginite–huminite relationships in Eocene subbituminous coals

Coal petrography has advanced significantly since Reinhardt Theissen and James Schopf pioneered the use of thin sections to examine coals from Coos Bay Oregon, and to many coal petrographers the nomenclature used in that study is irrelevant. The Schopf (1947) study was a ground-breaking examination of maceral relationships that need to be part of the working vocabulary of modern petrographers. To support this, a re-examination of the Coos Bay thin section collection was undertaken, using modern nomenclature for low-rank coals under reflected light. This particular collection was chosen in part because of the abundance of fungal material reported by Schopf. Fungal material in coal and its association with huminite/vitrinite macerals provides important information about the decompositional history of the coal and allows coal dominated by oxic processes to be differentiated from coal dominated by anoxic processes. In the Coos Bay samples, predominantly oxic intervals contain well-preserved fungi, including spores, sclerotia, and hyphae, while anoxic intervals contain no fungi.
Reciprocal functional interaction of adjacent myocardial segments during regional ischemia: an intraventricular loading phenomenon affecting apparent regional contractile function in the intact heart.

The mechanism of the increase in function in myocardial segments adjacent to those subjected to regional ischemia is not known. To investigate the hypothesis that changes in regional loading are an important causative factor of this phenomenon, 17 dogs were instrumented with segmental shortening sonomicrometers in the left anterior descending and circumflex artery distributions, circumflex coronary flow probes and cuff occluders, as well as circumflex coronary pressure catheters. Additionally, the animals had aortic pressure catheters and ventricular pressure micromanometers. This animal model allowed modulation of regional inotropic state with regional ischemia or isoproterenol administration. With circumflex coronary bed ischemia, segmental shortening in the circumflex distribution decreased from 11.9 to 6.3% (p = 0.001) whereas left anterior descending regional shortening increased from 11.6 to 13.4% (p These data suggest that reciprocal functional interaction between adjacent myocardial segments is a result of changes in regional afterload for the most part, with changes in local preload and timing of ejection also contributing to the observed effect.
Cloning and Characterization of an Ovine Intracellular Seven Transmembrane Receptor for Progesterone that Mediates Calcium Mobilization

Classically, progesterone has been thought to act only through the well-known genomic pathway involving hormone binding to nuclear receptors (nPR) and subsequent modulation of gene expression. However, there is increasing evidence for rapid, nongenomic effects of progesterone in a variety of tissues in mammals, and it seems likely that a membrane PR (mPR) is causing these events. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize an ovine mPR distinct from the nPR. A cDNA clone was isolated from ovine genomic DNA by PCR. The ovine mPR is a 350-amino acid protein that, based on computer hydrophobicity analysis, possesses seven transmembrane domains and is distinct from the nPR. Message for the ovine mPR was detected in hypothalamus, pituitary, uterus, ovary, and corpus luteum by RT-PCR. In CHO cells that overexpressed a mPR-green fluorescent protein fusion protein, the ovine mPR was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and not the plasma membrane. Specific binding of 3H-progesterone to membrane fractions was demonstrated in CHO cells that expressed the ovine mPR but not in nontransfected cells. Furthermore, progesterone and 17 alpha-hydroxy-progesterone stimulated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in CHO cells that expressed ovine mPR in Ca2+-free medium (P < 0.05) but not in CHO cells transfected with empty vector. This rise in intracellular Ca2+ is believed to be from the endoplasmic reticulum as intracellular Ca2+ mobilization is absent when mPR transfected cells are first treated with thapsigargin to deplete Ca2+ stores from the endoplasmic reticulum. Isolation, identification, tissue distribution, cellular localization, steroid binding, and a functional response for a unique intracellular mPR in the sheep are presented.
Carbonyl Sulfide in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp): Evidence for an Extended Source in Hale–Bopp

Carbonyl sulfide was detected in Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) using high dispersion infrared spectroscopy at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Six lines (P10, P11, P12, P14, P15, and P17) of the ν3fundamental band near 4.85 μm were detected on UT April 16.0, April 30.0, and May 1.2, 1997, and two additional lines (P18 and P22) were detected on April 30.0. Water was detected directly through emission lines of its ν1–ν2hot band on UT April 16.0, April 30.0, and May 1.2, with a rotational temperature of 93 ± 16 K on May 1.2. Adopting a rotational temperature of 100 K for OCS, our derived production rates are (3.80 ± 0.67) and (1.77 ± 0.85) × 1028molecules s−1on April 16.0 and May 1.2, respectively. The measured production rates imply mixing ratios (QOCS/QH2O) of (4.58 ± 0.77) and (2.76 ± 1.34) × 10−3on April 16.0 and May 1.2, respectively. Comparison of spatial profiles for OCS, H2O, and the dust continuum derived from spectra taken less than 1 h apart suggests that on April 16.0 a significant amount of OCS (∼70% of the total) was released as an extended source. On April 30.0 and May 1.2 the quality of the data prevent a firm conclusion regarding an extended source contribution. If the nature of the OCS source did not change between April 16.0 and May 1.2, the weighted mean mixing ratio is (4.13 ± 0.77) × 10−3. We searched for lines P1 through P8 of the ν3band of OCS in Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) on UT March 24.5, 1996. Our upper limit (3σ) for the OCS production rate in Hyakutake is 1.0 × 1027molecules s−1(QOCS/QH2O< 5.3 × 10−3).
Some non-reciprocal coaxial devices at 2 Gc/s

Various methods are described by which the usual TEM coaxial-line mode can be distorted to produce a region of circular polarization in which the non-reciprocal properties of ferrites can be exhibited. Three basic designs of isolator are given:(a) A coaxial-line construction with stub arms. Simple theory is given for this, as well as performance details. Information is given on models of two differing line sizes, together with a method of broad-banding the isolator.(b) An isolator in which the line is split and crossed in such a manner as to produce time and space quadrature of the r.f. fields. Performance figures of a practical model using printed-circuit techniques are given.(c) An isolator construction using a half-dielectric-filled coaxial line. The method of taper calculation and construction is described, and performance figures for the isolator are given.Gyrators and circulators have also been constructed:(d) A 90° gyrator using a partially dielectric-filled coaxial wave-guide. The method of mode transformation is described, together with results for a practical model. The performance of a 4-port circulator using this gyrator is predicted.(e) A compact triplate 3-port circulator is described. Attention is given to the important parameters, and the dependence of performance upon them is discussed.
Effects of short-term overfeeding on hunger, satiety, and energy intake in thin and reduced-obese individuals.

Background Certain individuals appear to be resistant to weight gain in an obesigenic environment, yet the mechanisms for this adaptation are unclear. These individuals may sense positive energy balance more appropriately than those individuals prone to weight gain. Research methods and procedures Thirteen thin (7 women, 6 men) and 9 reduced-obese (5 women, 4 men) individuals were studied. Measures of intake were obtained using visual analog scales before and after each meal during eucaloric feeding and during three days of 50% overfeeding. Ad libitum energy intake was measured post-overfeeding. Results Overfeeding resulted in a significant reduction in pre-meal hunger in the thin (68±6 to 41±6 mm, p<0.0001) compared to the reduced-obese individuals (63±7 to 65±7 mm, p=0.67). There was a significantly greater increase (p=0.0016) in post-meal satiety scores during overfeeding in the thin (65±4 to 88±4 mm, p<0.0001) compared to the reduced-obese individuals (72±5 to 80±5 mm, p=0.04). Thin women had a 30% reduction in daily energy intake (1831±47 to 1273±79 kcal/day, p=0.005) after overfeeding while no difference was seen in the thin men or reduced-obese group. Discussion Thin individuals appear to sense positive energy balance more appropriately with changes in measures of intake than reduced-obese individuals. These findings are especially true in thin women.
The development of ordinal numerical competence in young children.

Two experiments assessed ordinal numerical knowledge in 2- and 3-year-old children and investigated the relationship between ordinal and verbal numerical knowledge. Children were trained on a 1 vs 2 comparison and then tested with novel numerosities. Stimuli consisted of two trays, each containing a different number of boxes. In Experiment 1, box size was held constant. In Experiment 2, box size was varied such that cumulative surface area was unrelated to number. Results show children as young as 2 years of age make purely numerical discriminations and represent ordinal relations between numerosities as large as 6. Children who lacked any verbal numerical knowledge could not make ordinal judgments. However, once children possessed minimal verbal numerical competence, further knowledge was entirely unrelated to ordinal competence. Number may become a salient dimension as children begin to learn to count. An analog magnitude representation of number may underlie success on the ordinal task.
Twelve-electron tetranuclear tungsten alkoxide clusters are not tetrahedral. Preparation, structure and bonding in W4(O)(OPri)10 and W4(O)(Cl)(OPri)9. Comparisons with the bonding in carbonyl clusters

Abstract Addition of H2O (0.5 equiv) to a hexane/PriOH solution of W4(OPri)12 yields W4(O)(OPri)10 (II) which reacts further with NH4Cl to give W4(O)(Cl)(OPri)9 (I). The NMR data for I and II are indicative of common structural features and the molecular structure of I has been determined in the solid state by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. At −146°C: a = 41.172(18), b = 9.185(2), c = 22.718(8) A, β = 97.15(2)°, Z = 4 and dcalc = 2.113 g cm−3. A WCl(OPri) moiety caps a basal W3(μ-O)(μ-OPri)2(OPri)6 moiety. The local WO4 geometry for the tungsten atoms in the basal plane is square planar. Of particular note are the short WW distances involving the capping WCl(OPri) moiety (ca 2.45 A) relative to those WW distances in the basal plane (ca 2.90 A). The bonding in compounds I and II, modelled as W4(O)(Cl)(OH)9 and W4(O)(OH)10, respectively, has been investigated by MO calculations employing the method of Fenske and Hall. The combination of the d4-WCl(OH) fragment with the d8-W3(O)(OH)8 fragment yields multiple MM bond character between the capping tungsten atom and the three WW atoms in the basal plane. Interesting analogies are seen between carbonyl and alkoxide clusters based on the isolobal principle d3-W(OR)3 ↔ d9-Co(CO)3 ↔ d9-Os(CO)3− and d4-WX2 ↔ d10-PtL2. Specific comments are made with respect to the bonding in M4(OR)12 (M = Mo, W), M4(CO)12 (M = Co, Rh, Ir) (I, II) and Os3Pt(H)2(CO)(PR3).
Electric field-induced spectra: Contour analysis of the 3860 Å band of acrolein

Abstract The theoretical line shape of electric field-induced spectral (EFS) line is developed in the form of a series in a finite difference operator whose width is dependent on the electric field strength. This formulation is shown to reproduce the exact shape accurately, and it allows rapid computer generation of EFS line shapes. In turn a method of computer generation of the contour of the EFS due to a large number of overlapping rotational transitions is developed. Application of contour analysis to the 3860 A origin band of the first π ∗ ← n singlet transition of acrolein has yielded the a-component of the excited state electric moment (μa′ = 1.75 ± 0.2 D), an improved value of the excited state rotational constant ( B ′= 0.1422 ± 0.0005 cm −1 ) and the line width of a single rotational line (half-width at half-height = 1.0 ± 0.1 cm−1).
Effects of gamma irradiated, cooked soy‐, beef‐, and soy/meat‐based diets in rats

There is increased demand for microbiologically safe foods. Ionizing energy (referred to as radiation pasteurization or irradiation) is effective in reducing the level of pathogenic organisms such as Salmonella, Trichinae, and Campylobacter which affect the health each year of many people. The irradiation of phytate (IP6), known to bind essential minerals in beef, soy, and soy‐extended beef, at an absorbed dosage of less than 4 kilogray (kGy) caused no difference (P > 0.05) in the level of IP3–6 compared with non‐irradiated samples. In a 3‐wk study, 84 weanling rats (12 groups, 7 per group) consumed diets containing irradiated and non‐irradiated soy, beef, and a soy‐beef combination fed at 20% of the diet. There were no differences in liver and tibia mineral concentrations. Moreover, there was no measurable effect on body weight, feed efficiency, survival of experimental animals, nor on any of the 4 blood or 7 biochemical parameters measured. In addition, the phytate:zinc and the [phytate × calcium]:zinc ...
Attitude and perceptual change in teachers

Abstract This chapter describes the evolution of one researcher's work on the process of attitude and perceptual change among teachers. Extensive work with staff development projects led to the development of a theoretical model of teacher change, with implications for educational improvement efforts. Finally, several questions related to the process of teacher change and stemming from the model are discussed.
Central and parallel projections of polytopes

Abstract Using the technique of Gale diagrams we give a characterization of point sets in ( k - 1)-dimensional Eucliidean space that are obtained by projection of the vertex set of a convex k -polytope of given combinatorial type. This result is also a first step in finding an intrinsic geometric criterion to detect incorrect plane diagrams of 3-dimensional polyhedra.
Toward Liberating Interdependence: Exploring an Intercultural Pedagogy.

Abstract This article proposes a postcolonial intercultural pedagogy, one that can create Liberating Interdependence among communities and across boundaries. First, the author examines conflicting ways that the Exodus is told in different communities: as a story of the God of the oppressed and as a story about an unjust God. Second, after analyzing the conflicting explanations of the same story, she critically reviews the ethnocentrism latent in many liberation pedagogies, ones based on multiculturality. Then she proposes an intercultural pedagogy to bring communities at odds with traditional interpretations of the God of the Exodus to a same forum that creates Liberating Interdependence.
Response of Growth-Selected Japanese Quail Lines to Tannin Levels in Grain Sorghum Diets with Suboptimal Protein

Abstract Growth of selected lines of Japanese quail fed grain sorghum diets was evaluated. Suboptimal protein levels (23 and 25%) were used in conjunction with two varieties of sorghum differing in tannin content (.02 vs. 6.06%). Chicks of three related lines of quail differing in growth rates and mature body sizes were fed the diets from 0 to 28 days of age. Growth was significantly reduced (14 and 6%) by substitution of high tannin sorghum for low tannin sorghum in the 23 and 25% protein diets, respectively. No line × diet interaction was observed.
Constraints on the cosmic rays in the Small Magellanic Cloud.

We show that recent $\gamma$-ray observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud with EGRET rule out a universal cosmic ray flux only at energies below $\approx 10$ GeV, while the observed diffuse X-ray and $\gamma$-ray background radiations have already ruled out, by more than three orders of magnitude, a universal extragalactic cosmic ray flux identical to that observed in the local solar neighborhood at energies below $10^6$ GeV.
Real-time optimal control of plug-in hybrid vehicles with trip preview

The global optimal solutions of energy management of hybrid electric vehicles depend on future driving conditions. This paper investigates a potential real-time methodology to integrate long-horizon preview information for plugin hybrid vehicles. Equivalent Fuel Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is deployed as an instantaneous real-time minimization strategy with parameters adjusted by estimated future driving conditions and obtained either from Dynamic Programming (DP) or from a global ECMS. The preview information is decomposed into future road terrain stored as invehicle 3D maps and future velocity estimated from streaming or historic traffic data. We show that with estimated future information, substantial reduction in fuel use, up to 13% is possible compared with a rule-based control strategy without any preview. Further improvement of fuel consumption on the order of 1% could be achieved with exact future information.
Simple approach for modeling photorefractive materials

We present an RC-model approach for understanding and analysis of holographic storage in photorefractive materials. In this model the resistor, capacitor and the current source are completely defined based on material parameters and light intensities. The model has good accuracy for the practical applications. It can also be used to understand and improve the properties of photorefractive materials for holographic recording. One interesting application of the model is the qualitative analysis of two-center recording. We also discuss this application in detail.
A Single Amino Acid Residue Defines the Difference in Ovalicin Sensitivity between Type I and II Methionine Aminopeptidases

TNP-470, the first anti-angiogenic small molecule to enter clinical trials, targets methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2), a metalloprotease that cleaves the N-terminal methionine of proteins. Previously, biochemical binding, in vivo yeast studies, and structural studies of human methionine aminopeptidase-2 bound to TNP-470 and its analogs fumagillin and ovalicin revealed that these compounds exhibit specificity for MetAP-2 over its family member MetAP-1. To further elucidate the nature of this specificity, we developed a yeast-based screen for human MetAP-2 mutations that confer ovalicin resistance. Of the three resistant alleles, A362T appeared in the majority of clones and was found to be the most resistant to the ovalicin class of inhibitors. Alignment of human MetAP-2 with human MetAP-1, which is naturally ovalicin-resistant, revealed that the analogous residue in MetAP-1 is also a threonine. Mutation of this residue to alanine resulted in an ovalicin-sensitive MetAP-1 allele, demonstrating that an alanine at this position is critical for inhibition by ovalicin. These results provide a molecular explanation for the specificity exhibited by this class of anti-angiogenic agents for MetAP-2 over MetAP-1 and may prove useful in the development of additional MetAP-2-specific therapeutic agents.
Frontier Missionary Life

Most of the people to whom the missionaries of the American Home Missionary Society ministered in the South were leading the rugged lives of frontiersmen, and frontier life is never easy. The missionaries themselves, though usually far above the average frontiersman in educational achievements, were not exempt from the hardships and privations of the frontier. Indeed the very nature of their tasks often made them feel the harshness of their environment even more keenly than did the average settler. In the maze of theological problems, interdenominational conflicts, slavery agitation, and the routine duties of a missionary, one easily loses sight of the fact that the principals involved in all these enterprises were self-sacrificing men of high ambition. Frequently they were men with families, from the more thickly settled North. The purpose of this essay is to call attention to the human side of the missionary enterprise, the suffering entailed by the lack of material possessions, by the lack of books, by sickness, and sometimes by physical violence at the hands of fellow-men. The hardships to which the missionaries were subjected changed progressively with the shifting Southern frontiers.
Are Percutaneous Biopsy Rates a Reasonable Quality Measure in Breast Cancer Management

Background Utilization of percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) has been proposed as a quality measure of breast cancer care. We evaluated rates and reasons for failure of patients undergoing PNB as the initial diagnostic procedure for evaluation of breast pathology.
The Impact of Experiential Groups on Master Students' Counselor and Personal Development: A Qualitative Investigation

The qualitative inquiry describes the personal experiences of 15 master's level counselors-in-training who participated in an experiential personal growth group as an adjunct to their group counseling course. This study explored how counselors-in-training make meaning of their personal growth group experiences as well as how they perceive the experience of being members of this specific group. In an effort to bridge experiential training and counselor practice, implications for educating counselors-in-training are provided based on the clinical and academic experiences reported by the students. Additionally, we discuss directions for future research.