cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voice and video transmissions with global data parameter control for the IEEE 802.11e enhance distributed channel access

Best-effort data control and admission control are vital to guarantee quality of service for real-time (voice and video) transmissions in the IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs. In this paper, we propose and study a global data parameter control scheme integrated with a measurement-based admission control scheme for the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access. In the proposed global data control scheme, the access point dynamically controls best-effort data parameters of stations globally based on traffic condition. Such a global/centralized data parameter control mechanism provides the best fairness for data transmissions among stations. In the proposed centrally-assisted distributed admission control scheme for voice and video transmissions, stations listen to available budgets from the access point to make decisions on acceptance or rejection of a voice or video stream. Such a scheme provides good differentiation among different access categories and provides good fairness among real-time streams within the same access category. The proposed mechanisms are evaluated via extensive simulations. Studies show that, with the proposed global data control scheme and the admission control scheme, quality of service can be greatly improved while maintaining a good utilization.
PULSATING X-RAY SOURCES.

IT has been natural to suggest that the several pulsating X-ray sources1–5 with periods ∼ 1 s are associated with matter at high densities and in particular with white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. But pulsars are primarily radio sources and no radio pulsations have been observed from these objects. Further, the timing of the pulses does not appear to have the essential constancy of that of the pulsars. This suggests that rotation is not the most likely explanation of the pulsations. But neutron stars have periods of oscillation which are too short, and it is difficult to explain the short period X-ray sources in terms of oscillating white dwarfs. Here I suggest that these X-ray sources are stars with central densities intermediate to those of neutron stars and white dwarfs.
Cholesterol: from heart attacks to Alzheimer's disease.

The accumulation and aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain are important contributing factors to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, blocking the generation of Aβ is a potentially important treatment strategy. Recent work on the metabolism of Aβ has identified several cellular proteins and proteases that collectively promote or prevent the generation of Aβ. In addition, accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence suggests a role for cholesterol in modulating the cellular processing of Aβ with the potential to affect AD.
Knowledge-based 3D analysis from 2D medical images

An anatomical knowledge-based system for image analysis that interprets CT/MR (computed tomography/magnetic resonance) images of the human chest cavity is reported. The approach utilizes a low-level image analysis system with the ability to analyze the data in bottom-up (or data-driven) and top-down (or model-driven) modes to improve the high-level recognition process. Several image segmentation algorithms, including K-means clustering, pyramid-based region extraction, and rule-based merging, are used for obtaining the segmented regions. To obtain a reasonable number of well-segmented regions that have a good correlation with the anatomy, a priori knowledge in the form of masks is used to guide the segmentation process. Segmentation of the brain is also considered. >
Comparative utilization of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder and other psychiatric disorders among U.S. Veterans Health Administration patients with dual diagnoses

Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and another co-occurring psychiatric disorder are a vulnerable population with high symptom severity. Such patients may benefit from a full arsenal of treatment options including pharmacotherapy. Receipt of AUD pharmacotherapy is generally very low despite recommendations that it be made available to every patient with AUD, including those with co-occurring disorders. Little is known about pharmacotherapy rates for AUD compared to other psychiatric disorders among patients with dual diagnoses. This study compared rates of pharmacotherapy for AUD to those for non-substance use psychiatric disorders and tobacco use disorder among patients with dual diagnoses in the U.S. Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. VA data were used to identify patients with AUD and another psychiatric disorder in fiscal year 2012, and to estimate the proportion receiving pharmacotherapy for AUD and for each comorbid condition. Among subsets of patients with AUD and co-occurring schizophrenic, bipolar, posttraumatic stress or major depressive disorder, receipt of medications for AUD ranged from 7% to 11%, whereas receipt of medications for the comorbid disorder ranged from 69% to 82%. Among patients with AUD and co-occurring tobacco use disorder, 6% received medication for their AUD and 34% for their tobacco use disorder. Among patients with dual diagnoses, rates of pharmacotherapy for AUD were far lower than those for the comorbid disorders and contrary to evidence that medications for AUD are effective. Additional system-wide implementation efforts to identify and address patient- and provider-level barriers are needed to increase AUD pharmacotherapy in this high-need population.
Modeling Ethical Business Culture: Development of the Ethical Business Culture Survey and Its Use to Validate the CEBC Model of Ethical Business Culture

This article reports the results of research to develop a survey instrument and its use to validate an ethical business culture construct (CEBC Model). The reported three-stage quantitative study builds on our previous qualitative work, aimed at identifying dimensions of ethical business cultures. The research resulted in a parsimonious construct, covering five dimensions of ethical business cultures, and a ten-question instrument, measuring this construct. In this article, we report results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and convergent construct validity testing, discuss the potential applications of the construct and instrument in assessment and development of ethical business cultures, and provide recommendations for industry practitioners and for further research.
Processing of Piezocomposites by Fused Deposition Technique

Piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites were made by a fused deposition (FD) technique, which is a solid-freeform fabrication (or layered manufacturing) technique where three-dimensional (3-D) objects are built layer by layer from a computer-aided design (CAD) file on a computer-controlled fixtureless platform. Indirect and direct FD methods were used to fabricate lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/polymer composites. For the indirect method, a CAD file for the negative image of the final part was created. A polymer mold was made via FD using a thermoplastic filament, and composite formation was completed via a lost mold technique. In the direct FD method, a thermoplastic polymeric filament that was filled with 50–55 vol% of PZT powder was used to form a positive image of the desired structure. Three-dimensional honeycomb (“3-D honeycomb”) composites and “ladder” composites with 3-3 connectivity, which were formed via the FD technique, showed excellent electromechanical properties for transducer applications. In addition, the FD technique showed the ability to form composites with controlled phase periodicity, various volume fractions, and a variety of microstructures and macrostructures that are not possible with traditional composite-forming techniques.
The Effect of the Rates of Different Organic Fertilizers on Restoring Aggregate Stability and Productivity of Eroded Soils

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to find out the effect of incorporation of various organic matter sources such as tobacco waste (TB), tea waste (TE) and bio-solid (BS) on the restoration of aggregate stability (AS) and productivity of eroded soil. The organic matter sources were incorporated into three different levels of the studied eroded soil. A bulk surface (0–20 cm depth) soil sample was taken from Samsun, in the north of Turkey. Some properties of the soil were determined as follows; fine in texture, moderate in organic matter content, moderate in pH and free of alkaline problem. The soil samples were treated with the organic materials at four different levels including the control treatments and each treatment was replicated three times in a randomized factorial block design. The soil samples were incubated for 4 weeks. After the incubation period, tomato plants were grown in all pots. The organic matter treatment increased the AS and productivity of the eroded soil significantly. E...
Multifrequency tympanometry in chinchillas.

Multifrequency tympanometry (MFT), using probe frequencies ranging from 226-2000 Hz, was performed on normal chinchillas to obtain normative data against which to compare results from animals with middle ear pathology. A series of validating experiments was conducted to determine the effects of anatomical alterations of the middle ear on MFT. These included artificially extending the ear canal, opening the bulla, injecting saline into the middle ear, and disrupting the ossicular chain. The results indicate that MFT characteristics of chinchilla ears are qualitatively similar to those observed in normal humans and patients with middle ear disease, and MFT provides information that is not available from the 226-Hz tympanogram.
Socio-Computational Frameworks, Tools and Algorithms for Supporting Transparent Authorship in Social Media Knowledge Markets

This chapter presents a summary of the themes, topics, methods and case studies presented at the Kredible.net workshop on Reputation, Trust and Authority, held at Stanford University in 2013. The workshop brought together scholars from a variety of disciplines to explore how—amidst the Internet’s enormous volume of content and relationships—certain topics, concepts and individuals rise to prominence, develop strong reputations, gain followers and establish credibility and trust. The projects presented in this paper explore the emergence of social roles, the creation of value, and the perception of credibility and trustworthiness in online information. They combine social science insights into the structure and nature of online interaction with advances in computational science, data visualization, graph analysis and natural language processing. The methods and results presented in this paper offer innovative statistical strategies, models, and methodologies for navigating the large and complex data sets produced by online content.
Post-Transcriptional Control of Type-1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor mRNA

In this chapter we will describe the identification of a sequence in the 3’UTR of the type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) mRNA that mediates the cyclic nucleotide regulation of mRNA stability. This will be followed by a discussion of the isolation and characterization of a novel RNA-binding protein that interacts with the PAI-1 cyclic nucleotide responsive sequence.
Large-scale solvent driven actuation of polyelectrolyte multilayers based on modulation of dynamic secondary interactions.

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), assembled from weak polyelectrolytes, have often been proposed for use as smart or responsive materials. However, such response to chemical stimuli has been limited to aqueous environments with variations in ionic strength or pH. In this work, a large in magnitude and reversible transition in both the swelling/shrinking and the viscoelastic behavior of branched polyethylenimine/poly(acrylic acid) multilayers was realized in response to exposure with various polar organic solvents (e.g., ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetrahydrofuran). The swelling of the PEM decreases with an addition of organic content in the organic solvent/water mixture, and the film contracts without dissolution in pure organic solvent. This large response is due to both the change in dielectric constant of the medium surrounding the film as well as an increase in hydrophobic interactions within the film. The deswelling and shrinking behavior in organic solvent significantly enhances its elasticit...
Methyl Parathion Resistance in a Laboratory Strain of the Bollworm

Studies were conducted to determine methyl parathion resistance capabilities of a laboratory population of Heliothis zea (Boddie). Ten cycles of selection with methyl parathion were conducted in the 11 successive generations of bollworms reared in the laboratory from April 1966 to June 1967. Results indicated that the response of the bollworm to methyl parathion had progressed through vigor tolerance, periods of increases in LD50 and decreases in slope of the ld-p line, to a period showing a sharp increase toward homogeneity and a marked shift of the ld-p line to the right. The final population showed an approximate 8- to 10-fold level of resistance to methyl parathion.
Pilot Study of a Sleep Health Promotion Program for College Students.

Abstract Objectives We conducted a pilot study of a sleep health promotion program for college students. The aims of the study were to (1) determine the feasibility of the program and (2) explore changes in sleep knowledge and sleep diary parameters. Design Open trial of a sleep health promotion program for college students. Setting A small liberal arts university in southwestern Pennsylvania. Participants University students (primarily female). Intervention Active intervention components included individualized e-mail feedback based on each participant's baseline sleep diary and an in-person, group format presentation on sleep health. Measurements Participants completed online questionnaires and sleep diaries before and after the health promotion intervention. Online questionnaires focused on sleep knowledge and attitudes toward sleep, as well as Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System sleep and psychosocial assessments. Results Of participants who completed some aspects of the study, 89% completed at least one intervention component (in-person lecture and/or sleep diary). Participants reported significant improvement in sleep knowledge and changes in sleep diary parameters (decreased sleep onset latency and time spent in bed, resulting in greater sleep efficiency). Sleep duration also increased by 30 minutes among short sleepers who obtained Conclusions Preliminary evaluation of a brief program to promote sleep health suggests that it is feasible and acceptable to implement, and that it can favorably alter sleep knowledge and behaviors reported on the sleep diary in college students. Controlled trials are warranted.
Control and elimination of lead poisoning in manufacturing industry of storage battery

Objective To explore the possibility of control and elimination of lead poisoning in manufacturing industry of storage battery.Method The correlative analysis and curve fitting methods were used to analyze the preventive and control measures on lead poisoning,the air concentration of lead in workplace and the incidence of lead poisoning in lead workers etc.in battery factory that built since 1951 in Zibo.Result The retrospective analysis on the data from 1951 to 2005 showed that before the preventive measures were taken,the average lead concentration in workplace was 13.53 mg/m3;after taking preventive measures during the end 1970s,the average air concentrations were decreased to 1.00 mg/m3 and 0.5 mg/m3 during 1970s and 1980s respectively,after 1992,the average concentration further decreased to 0.3 mg/m3.As the result of these progress,the incidence rates of lead poisoning were decreased from 38.27% to 2.00% and 1.00% respectively,and no lead poisoning case occurred at all after 1992.Additionally,the average onset length of service was obviously prolonged from 4.2 years to 6.8 years.The results showed as well,that there was a close log positive correlation between air lead concentration and the prevalence of lead poisoning r=0.748 8,F=40.837 1(P=0.000 0).Conclusion It is definite,that the preventive or control measures on lead poisoning established during 50 years is suitable and effective,and the lead poisoning is controled or eliminated.
Ovid: a software-defined distributed systems framework

We present Ovid, a framework for building evolvable large-scale distributed systems that run in the cloud. Ovid constructs and deploys distributed systems as a collection of simple components, creating systems suited for containerization in the cloud. Ovid supports evolution of systems through transformations, which are automated refinements. Examples of transformations include replication, batching, sharding, and encryption. Ovid transformations guarantee that an evolving system still implements the same specification. Moreover, systems built with transformations can be combined with other systems to implement more complex infrastructure services. The result of this framework is a software-defined distributed system, in which a logically centralized controller specifies the components, their interactions, and their transformations.
Physiology of RGS10 in Neurons and Immune Cells

Regulator of G protein signaling-10 (RGS10), a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Gαi3, Gαq, and Gαz, belongs to the D/R12 subfamily based on the homology within the RGS domain and is one of the smallest RGS proteins, outside the RGS box. Although RGS10 lacks the flanking domains or motifs, RGS10 can be targeted to membrane by palmitoylation which markedly increases its net GAP activity. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A phosphorylates RGS10 on serine 168 (Ser(168)) which promotes translocation of RGS10 from the cytosol to nucleus. In addition to its GAP function, RGS10 modulates adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity as well as the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Although the roles of various RGS proteins have been well addressed in previous reviews, the function and mechanism of RGS10 in particular has not been reviewed in-depth. Moreover, recent arrays of studies implicate a role for RGS10 in immune and neuronal cells. RGS10 has been localized to various cell compartments including the cytoplasm and nucleus. In this chapter, we will review its role in neurons and immune cells.
New Frontiers for Ethical Considerations: Artificial Intelligence, Cyberspace, and Virtual Reality

Artificial intelligence (AI), cyberspace (CP), and virtual reality (VR) are all exciting technological frontiers offering novel environments with unlimited possibilities. The AI environment works with the possibilities of understanding and extending knowledge to create intelligent agents perhaps with a human-value base, intended to help solve human problems; the CP environment investigates the reality of the assumed presence of objects and peers: You know they are there but you do not know where or who “really” is out there; and the VR environment simulates the reality of “other worlds” through modeling and creating better tools for understanding the complexities of our world, thus moving humanity closer to the good life.
Direct oral anticoagulants in hypercoagulable states

Direct oral anticoagulants have been shown safe and effective in the treatment of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombi. Their role in the treatment of patients with hypercoagulability is uncertain. We designed a retrospective exploratory analysis of all patients with definite heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) that were treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban from September 2011 through November 2015. Patients were reviewed for several clinico-pathologic features, including efficacy and safety. 23 patients were identified (12 patients with HIT and 11 patients with APS). Sixteen patients (70 %) were treated with apixaban and seven patients (30 %) were treated with rivaroxaban over a median follow up of 7 months (range 2–39). Zero patients developed recurrent thrombi. Two patients being treated for HIT developed major bleeding leading to discontinuation of all anticoagulation. Therefore, apixaban and rivaroxaban appear safe and effective for treatment of patients with HIT and APS in this small retrospective cohort and should be considered on an individual basis for patients who refuse, fail or are intolerant of warfarin. There were no sources of funding.
Humanizing the Core: English Language Learners and Culturally Sustaining Young Adult Literature

Contemporary “humanizing” English Language Arts (ELA) classroom pedagogies emphasize teacher mindfulness of the lived experiences of diverse learners and how those experiences are represented in culturally and linguistically complex ELA instruction (de la Piedra, J Adolesc Adult Lit 53(7):575–584, 2010; del Carmen Salazar, Rev Res Educ 37(1):121–148, 2013; Lucas et al., J Teach Educ 59(4):361–373, 2008; Paris, Language across difference: Ethnicity, communication, and youth identities in changing urban schools. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011; Souto-Manning, Engl Educ 42(3):248–262, 2010). This chapter describes the potential of young adult literature (YAL) for engaging English language learners (ELLs) and their peers in issues of class, culture, language, and race/ethnicity. Through a series of additive instructional frames this chapter explores generative possibilities of consciously leveraging the lived experiences of diverse learners in humanizing ways.
The imaging appearance of crayons

A crayon fragment was determined to be the source of a foreign body inflammatory process in the masticator space of a 15-month-old boy. The appearance of the crayon on CT and MR imaging was unexpected, leading to a further analysis of the imaging features of crayons. To investigate and characterize the imaging appearance of crayons at CT and MRI. The authors obtained CT and MR images of 22 crayons from three manufacturers and three non-pigmented crayons cast by the authors. CT attenuation of the crayons and diameter of the MRI susceptibility signal dropout were plotted versus brand and color. All crayons demonstrated a longitudinal central hypo-attenuating tract. Crayon attenuation varied by brand and color. All of the crayons demonstrated a signal void on T1 and T2 imaging and signal dropout on susceptibility-weighted imaging, the diameter of which varied by brand and color. Understanding the imaging appearance of crayons could help in the correct identification of a crayon as a foreign body on imaging studies, even when it is located in unusual places.
Trauma and homelessness in youth: Psychopathology and intervention

Youth runaway behavior and homelessness (RHY) in the U.S. is increasingly common, with prevalence estimated at 1-1.7 million youth. RHY have multiple, overlapping problems often including poor physical and mental health, frequent street victimization, and histories of physical and sexual abuse. Further, current street victimization interacts with childhood abuse to produce complex, unique presentations of traumatic symptoms and related disorders in runaway and homeless youth. This review paper explores (1) the role of childhood trauma in the genesis of runaway and homeless behavior, and (2) how childhood trauma interacts with street victimization to create vulnerability to psychopathology. In response to the trauma needs of RHY, we conducted a systematic review of the state of the current literature on trauma-informed interventions for RHY. We conclude that the field currently lacks empirically validated trauma interventions in RHY. However, theoretically plausible frameworks do exist and could be the basis for future research and intervention development.
Composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficient, reduced elastic modulus and hardness in γ-, γ′- and β-phases in the Ni-Al system

Abstract A combinatorial approach using diffusion couples and advanced characterization was carried out to investigate the composition-dependent interdiffusion and mechanical properties of γ-Ni(Al) solid solution, γ′-Ni3Al and β-NiAl. The diffusion couples between pure Ni and Ni52Al48 were annealed at temperatures of 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1200 °C for 96 h, 48 h and 24 h, respectively. The γ-Ni(Al), γ′-Ni3Al and β-NiAl have developed in the diffusion zone. The β-NiAl transformed to martensite above room temperature when Al is less than 37 at.%. The composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficients for all phases corresponded closely to previous research. A systematic composition-dependent elastic modulus and hardness for γ-Ni(Al), γ′-Ni3Al and β-NiAl phases were obtained by nanoindentation. Variation of elastic modulus and hardness in the γ-Ni(Al) solid solution is influenced by solid solution strengthening and hardening due to precipitation of γ′-Ni3Al while cooling. The evolution of elastic modulus and hardness in the β-NiAl phase exhibited a minimum value of elastic modulus and hardness near the phase boundary between martensite and austenite. Lattice softening associated with martensitic transformation was recognized to lower the value of elastic modulus and hardness.
Prospective Parents' Knowledge About Parenting and Their Anticipated Child‐Rearing Decisions

Objective To examine whether the theory of planned behavior can be used to understand intentions for child-rearing practices. Background Parenting intentions are formed before becoming a parent, but it is less clear what nonparents' intentions are and how subjective norms, attitudes, and perceived control predict their intentions. Method Nonparent emerging adults (N = 353, Mage = 19.6 years, 72% female) were asked about their intentions to (a) breastfeed or support a partner in breastfeeding, (b) circumcise a male infant, (c) co-sleep, and (4) put their infant in nonparental daytime care. They were also asked what proportion of American parents they thought engaged in each and why they would or would not engage in each practice. Results Most intended to breastfeed and to circumcise their male infants, but not to co-sleep or to put their infant in nonparental daytime care. Participants' inaccurate knowledge about actual parents' behavior (i.e., subjective norms) and the factors that they thought might affect their own future behavior (i.e., attitudes toward and perceived control) were associated with their intentions for the child-rearing practices. Conclusion This study replicated prior research on breastfeeding intentions and extended the viability of the theory of planned behavior to understand prospective parents' intentions for other child-rearing practices. Implications Practitioners should consider discussing the norms surrounding child-rearing behaviors during health- and development-focused courses in secondary or postsecondary school and with expecting couples.
Dostoevsky: Better Space-Time Trade-Offs for LSM-Tree Based Key-Value Stores via Adaptive Removal of Superfluous Merging

In this paper, we show that all mainstream LSM-tree based key-value stores in the literature and in industry are suboptimal with respect to how they trade off among the I/O costs of updates, point lookups, range lookups, as well as the cost of storage, measured as space-amplification. The reason is that they perform expensive merge operations in order to (1) bound the number of runs that a lookup has to probe, and to (2) remove obsolete entries to reclaim space. However, most of these merge operations reduce point lookup cost, long range lookup cost, and space-amplification by a negligible amount. To address this problem, we expand the LSM-tree design space with Lazy Leveling, a new design that prohibits merge operations at all levels of LSM-tree but the largest. We show that Lazy Leveling improves the worst-case cost complexity of updates while maintaining the same bounds on point lookup cost, long range lookup cost, and space-amplification. To be able to navigate between Lazy Leveling and other designs, we make the LSM-tree design space fluid by introducing Fluid LSM-tree, a generalization of LSM-tree that can be parameterized to assume all existing LSM-tree designs. We show how to fluidly transition from Lazy Leveling to (1) designs that are more optimized for updates by merging less at the largest level, and (2) designs that are more optimized for small range lookups by merging more at all other levels. We put everything together to design Dostoevsky, a key-value store that navigates the entire Fluid LSM-tree design space based on the application workload and hardware to maximize throughput using a novel closed-form performance model. We implemented Dostoevsky on top of RocksDB, and we show that it strictly dominates state-of-the-art LSM-tree based key-value stores in terms of performance and space-amplification.
Discrepancies in sleep diary and actigraphy assessments in adults with fibromyalgia: Associations with opioid dose and age

Sleep diary and actigraphy assessments of insomnia symptoms in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) are often discrepant. We examined whether opioid dose and age interact in predicting magnitude or direction of discrepancies. Participants (N = 199, M = 51.5 years, SD = 11.7) with FM and insomnia completed 14 days of diaries and actigraphy. Multiple regressions determined whether average opioid dose and its interaction with age predicted magnitude or direction of diary/actigraphy discrepancies in sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO) and sleep efficiency (SE), controlling for sex, use of sleep medication, evening pain and total sleep time. Higher opioid dose predicted greater magnitude of discrepancy in SOL and SE. Opioid dose interacted with age to predict direction but not magnitude of discrepancy in SOL and SE. Specifically, higher opioid use was associated with better subjective (shorter SOL, higher SE) than objective reports of sleep among younger adults, and longer subjective than objectively measured SOL among older adults. Opioid dose did not predict magnitude or direction of WASO discrepancies. In FM, a higher opioid dose increases diary/actigraphy SOL and SE discrepancies, and direction of discrepancies may depend on age. We speculate that increased opioid use combined with age-related factors, such as slow wave sleep disruption, increased awakenings and/or cognitive decline, may impact perceived sleep.
Metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer - the Cleveland Clinic experience.

e17546Background: 20-year survival in patients with thyroid cancer is more than 90%, however, this number decreases by half in those with distant metastasis. Our study elucidates the predilection o...
On the Non-uniqueness of Solutions to the Perfect Phylogeny Mixture Problem

Tumors exhibit extensive intra-tumor heterogeneity, the presence of groups of cellular populations with distinct sets of somatic mutations. This heterogeneity is the result of an evolutionary process, described by a phylogenetic tree. The problem of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree T given bulk sequencing data from a tumor is more complicated than the classic phylogeny inference problem. Rather than observing the leaves of T directly, we are given mutation frequencies that are the result of mixtures of the leaves of T. The majority of current tumor phylogeny inference methods employ the perfect phylogeny evolutionary model. In this work, we show that the underlying Perfect Phylogeny Mixture combinatorial problem typically has multiple solutions. We provide a polynomial-time computable upper bound on the number of solutions. We use simulations to identify factors that contribute to and counteract non-uniqueness of solutions. In addition, we study the sampling performance of current methods, identifying significant biases.
The Tale of IL-12 and IL-23: A Paradigm Shift.

Interleukin-12 was considered to be the driving force behind pathological conditions associated with several autoimmune disease models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen-induced arthritis, as well as models of ocular inflammation ([1][1]–[4][2]). However, the
Outcomes of left renal vein stenting in patients with nutcracker syndrome.

Abstract Background Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a rare condition that can be manifested with hematuria, flank pain, pelvic varicosities, or chronic pelvic congestion related to left renal vein (LRV) compression. Open surgery, specifically LRV transposition, has been the mainstay of treatment, but in the past few years, LRV stenting has emerged as a less invasive alternative without sufficient evidence to support it. This study aimed to assess outcomes of renal vein stenting in the treatment of NCS. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients with NCS who underwent LRV stenting between 2010 and 2018 was performed. End points were perioperative adverse outcomes, symptom relief, and stent patency. Symptom resolution was classified as complete, partial, and none on the basis of the interpretation of medical records on clinical follow-up. Standard descriptive statistics and survival analysis were used. Results Eighteen patients (17 female; mean age, 38.1 ± 16.9 years) diagnosed with NCS and treated with LRV stenting were identified. Five of these had a prior LRV transposition that had failed within a mean of 7.0 ± 4.9 months, manifested by symptom recurrence (or no improvement) along with imaging evidence of persistently severe renal vein stenosis. Twelve patients had coexisting pelvic congestion syndrome treated with gonadal vein embolization. The most frequent sign and symptom were hematuria (10/18 patients) and flank pain (15/18 patients), respectively. All patients received self-expanding stents (mean diameter, 12.8 ± 1.6 mm), the smaller ones typically placed in the previously transposed LRVs. No perioperative complications occurred. Nine patients were discharged on the same day; the remaining patients stayed longer for pain control (mean hospital stay, 1.0 ± 1.3 days). At an average follow-up of 41.4 ± 26.6 months, 13 (72.2%) patients had symptoms resolved or improved (9 complete, 4 partial). Three of the five patients whose symptoms remained unchanged had previous LRV transposition surgery, and two of these three patients eventually required renal autotransplantation. Six of 10 patients who presented with hematuria had it resolved. Three patients underwent a stent reintervention at 5.8 months, 16.8 months, and 51.7 months because of symptom recurrence or stent restenosis. The two early ones required balloon venoplasty and the third one restenting. Two-year primary and primary assisted patency was 85.2% and 100%, respectively. No stent migration occurred. Conclusions Endovascular treatment with renal vein stenting is safe, providing encouraging results with good midterm patency rates and symptom relief. Minimally invasive approaches may have a potential role in the treatment of NCS. Larger series and longer follow-up are needed to better assess the comparative performance against LRV transposition.
Temporalis muscle flap

The temporalis muscle flap is a versatile and reliable myofascial regional flap that can be used for reconstruction of many craniofacial defects due to its close vicinity to the orbit, oral cavity, and anterior and lateral skull base. Its main utility in head and neck reconstruction is for patients with multiple comorbidities who are high risk for free tissue transfer, due to its ease of harvest, reliable vascular supply, adequate bulk, and minimal donor site morbidity. The main focus of this article is to review the key surgical anatomy and technique for raising a temporalis muscle flap, with particular attention to the frontal branch of the facial nerve and vascular supply from the deep temporal arteries. Strategies to avoid potential complications and improve cosmetic outcome are also discussed.
The Art of Identifying Deception

The art of identifying deception is not something new, and it has been utilized in many contexts. Over the past fifty years, numerous researchers have attempted to identify and interpret both verbal and nonverbal communications to help individuals make better judgments regarding business associates, clients, acquaintances, intimates, witnesses, and suspects in criminal cases. Identifying deception is an art rather than a science because research has only been able to find weak associations between interpersonal communications and deception. Most researchers agree that recognizing deception is difficult, but individual skills can be improved with proper training and practice. Effective training seeks to develop and improve a person’s abilities to observe, listen, and interpret deception. Practicing these skills can improve one’s ability to notice subtle expressions, gestures, and body movements that contradict verbal statements (Fig. 2.1).
Time to Block: Early Regional Anesthesia Improves Pain Control in Geriatric Hip Fractures.

BACKGROUND Fascia iliaca nerve blocks (FIBs) anesthetize the thigh and provide opioid-sparing analgesia for geriatric patients with hip fracture awaiting a surgical procedure. FIBs are recommended for preoperative pain management; yet, block administration is often delayed for hours after admission, and delays in pain management lead to worse outcomes. Our objective was to determine whether opioid consumption and pain following a hip fracture are affected by the time to block (TTB). We also examined length of stay and opioid-related adverse events. METHODS This prospective cohort study included patients who were ≥60 years of age, presented with a hip fracture, and received a preoperative FIB from March 2017 to December 2017. Individualized care timelines, including the date and time of admission, block placement, and surgical procedure, were created to evaluate the effect that TTB and time to surgery (TTS) had on outcomes. Patterns among TTB, TTS, and morphine milligram equivalents (MME) were investigated using the Spearman rho correlation. For descriptive purposes, we divided patients into 2 groups based on the median TTB. Multivariable regression for preoperative MME and length of stay was performed to assess the effect of TTB. RESULTS There were 107 patients, with a mean age of 83.3 years, who received a preoperative FIB. The median TTB was 8.5 hours. Seventy-two percent of preoperative MME consumption occurred before block placement (pre-block MME). A longer TTB was most strongly correlated with pre-block MME (rho = 0.54; p < 0.001), and TTS was not correlated. Patients with a faster TTB consumed fewer opioids preoperatively (12.0 compared with 33.1 MME; p = 0.015), had lower visual analog scale scores for pain on postoperative day 1 (2.8 compared with 3.5 points; p = 0.046), and were discharged earlier (4.0 compared with 5.5 days; p = 0.039). There were no differences in preoperative pain scores, postoperative opioid consumption, delirium, or opioid-related adverse events. Multivariate regression showed that every hour of delay in TTB was associated with a 2.8% increase in preoperative MME and a 1.0% increase in the length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Faster TTB in geriatric patients with hip fracture may reduce opioid use, pain, and length of stay. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
New Constraints on the Timing and History of Breccia Dikes in the Western San Juan Mountains, Southwestern Colorado

Abstract In the western San Juan Mountains, clastic (breccia) dikes crop out in Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks. The dikes are tabular to bifurcating masses up to several meters thick and are exposed on northwest or northeast trends for up to several kilometers. They are matrix- to clast-supported with angular to rounded pebble- to boulder-sized fragments that in most dikes are dominated by Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks. U-Pb analyses (n = 3) reveal a range of zircon ages in all samples with several containing high proportions of 1820 to 1390 Ma zircons. The majority of Proterozoic zircons are interpreted as direct contributions from basement rocks during breccia dike formation and emplacement. Field relations and U-Pb zircon analyses reveal that breccia dikes formed in intervals from 66 to 30 Ma (Ouray) and 27 to 12 Ma (Stony Mountain); some dikes are closely allied with mineralization. The dikes formed at depths over 500 meters where Proterozoic basement was fragmented, entrained, and transported to higher structural levels along with pieces of Paleozoic to Cenozoic rocks. A close spatial relationship exists between breccia dikes and latest Mesozoic to Cenozoic plutons. This is best exemplified near Ouray where clastic dikes share similar trends with ∼65 Ma granodiorite dikes, and there is a clear transition from intrusive rocks to altered-brecciated plutons, and finally to breccia dikes. The preponderance of evidence supports breccia dike formation via degassing and explosive release of CO2-charged volatiles on deep fractures related to emplacement of 70 to 4 Ma plutons or mantle melts. In addition to breccia dikes, several post-80 Ma events in the region involved explosive release of volatile-charged magmas: 29-27 Ma calderas, ∼25 Ma diatremes, and ∼24 Ma breccia pipes. Causal factors for production of these gas-charged magmas remain poorly understood, but partial melting or assimilation of altered and metasomatized lithospheric mantle could have played a role.
Reflectivity, Reactivity, and Reinventing: Themes from the Pedagogical Literature on LGBTQ-Parent Families in the Classroom and Communities

This chapter explores social science research that examines the integration of content about LGBTQ-parent families in pedagogy and curriculum. The purpose of this chapter is to inform educators and scholars working in university settings on ways to integrate LGBTQ-parent family topics into their instruction. We identified 25 articles published between 1990 and 2018 that focused on LGBTQ-parent family topics within a variety of disciplines and curricula. Three major themes emerged from a content analysis of this literature: reflectivity, reactivity, and reinventing. In this chapter, we discuss how the process of active reflectivity promotes perspective-taking and the analysis of power, oppression, and privilege in multiple contexts. We posit that the process of reactivity challenges both instructors and students to assess how their own reactions to course content and the life experiences of diverse groups might influence their understanding and ability to learn and have empathy. We also discuss ways of “reinventing” oneself and course content in order to provide a critical social justice frame that sensitizes students to power, oppressive acts, and privilege. Utilizing an integrative theoretical framework that employs a foundation of cultural humility and social action, this chapter builds on the current research, identifies themes within that research, employs strategies for building LGBTQ-parent families into educational arenas, and considers next steps for research and practice.
An Exercise on Human Values, Ethics, and Political Economy

One of the most salient features of the 21st century is the rising concern about economic inequality in many countries around the world to the point that it is assessed as “the defining challenge of our time.” Inequality has been observed with concern by multilateral organizations, politicians and religious leaders. One popular idea (or proposal) to reduce economic inequality is to have governments tax the rich and subsidize the poor. Many support this idea while many others oppose it, reflecting two divergent economic and philosophical arguments on income/wealth inequality itself and the use of tax policy for income/wealth redistribution. The present paper is an exercise designed to help business students to integrate ethics with critical thinking in the context of discussing “the defining challenge of our time” and a moral obligation to work for a just distribution of income and wealth. The primary objective of this exercise is to enhance self-awareness of each student regarding such fundamental questions as Why do I believe what I believe? Do I believe such a common dictum as “All men [and women] are equal”? Our ideas spring from ideologies, and economics (which is the foundation of business education at universities) has always been partly a vehicle for the ruling ideology of each period as well as partly a method of scientific investigation. Through this exercise, each student is expected to evaluate himself/herself critically and find what kind of ideology he/she currently believes in and why he/she believes what he/she believes.
Disaster Risk Reduction in Cities: Towards a New Normal

This chapter introduces some of the key issues facing scholars and practitioners of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in urban areas, which are now home to over half of the global population. After a brief introduction, the chapter defines cities as socio-technical systems distinguished not only by their large populations but by containing a diversity and concentration of institutional structures, cultures, and industries. There is much variety among cities as well as within them, with wide ranges on many factors, including size, governance type and quality, and wealth. The next section explores the risks that exist in cities. The authors argue that many of the aspects of risks are the results of human decisions. This includes decisions that increase potential exposure to hazards and people’s vulnerabilities to them, such as land use policies, natural resource management, building regulations, and the provision of social services. The result of such decisions often leaves poor and marginalized people more exposed and more vulnerable to the wide spectrum of hazards that impact cities. These hazards generally fall into three categories: natural hazards (e.g., earthquakes and floods), human-caused yet unintentional hazards (e.g., transportation accidents and industrial accidents), and intentional human-caused hazards (e.g., war and terrorism). But the line between these types are often unclear, as neglect, negligence, corruption, poor planning, and lax enforcement raise questions of human culpability in the production of disasters triggered by seemingly natural hazards. The next section discusses potential solutions for addressing urban risks. The authors warn, however, that the interaction of hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities in every city is unique, which means that there is no single ‘formula’ for successful urban DRR. With this caveat in mind, the authors raise exciting paths forward for DRR based on complexity approaches, climate change adaptation, governance, technology, and a focus on equity.
Blink to Get In: Biometric Authentication for Mobile Devices using EEG Signals

Biometric authentication is becoming popular in a varied range of applications because of its unique specificity for an individual user. In this context, electro-encephalogram (EEG) signals from a user is an interesting candidate for authentication. In this work, we specifically focus on the EEG signal corresponding to the human eye-blink to create an authentication system that could be used to distinguish between multiple users accurately and efficiently while also being burden-less and convenient to the users. We use a dataset of eye-blink related EEG signals, collected from 20 users, to study our solution. Our results show that blink signals can be used for accurately distinguishing between different users and hence can be used for authentication.
Jonathan Patrick Dowling in memoriam

Jonathan P. Dowling, who died in June, was a pioneer in quantum optics and one of the founders of the US government’s research programme in quantum information.
Heat- and Solvent-Set Repair Tissues

For decades, precoated heat- and solvent-set tissues have been the preferred method for mending certain types of library and archival materials due to their translucency and ability to be used with...
Microscopic and Macroscopic Characterization of Grain Boundary Energy and Strength in Silicon Carbide via Machine-Learning Techniques.

Predicting the properties of grain boundaries poses a challenge because of the complex relationships between structural and chemical attributes both at the atomic and continuum scales. Grain bounda...