cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Value of Myocardial Damage in Patients With Sarcoidosis: Is Cardiac Magnetic Resonance What We Need?

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown pathogenesis that can affect virtually any organ system. Cardiac involvement results in significant morbidity and mortality, with some studies reporting that cardiac involvement accounts for up to 25% of all deaths from sarcoidosis in the United States and more than half of all deaths in Japan.1–3 Many deaths seem to be arrhythmic in nature and are potentially preventable. For example, recent studies4,5 in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator show high rates of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharges (≈10%–15% per year for primary prevention patients), which are more than double that reported in large randomized trials of heart failure patients.6 See Article by Hulten et al Unfortunately, the diagnosis of cardiac involvement is difficult because the extent of disease is often limited and focal in nature. Necropsy studies have shown that patients with CS frequently have lesions that are small and patchy, leaving much of the myocardium uninvolved.1,7,8 Hence, although a positive endomyocardial biopsy is confirmatory, a negative biopsy cannot exclude CS because the false-negative rate may be as high as 80%.9 Guidelines such as those from the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare (JMH)10 and, more recently, from the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS),11 have been published for the diagnosis of CS. Unfortunately, the recommendations rely heavily on expert opinion because the level of evidence is low. A particular limitation of the guidelines is that the diagnosis of CS requires the histological confirmation of sarcoidosis—either in the heart or outside the heart. Hence, in the absence of a positive myocardial biopsy, the guidelines do not provide a pathway to diagnose sarcoidosis confined to the heart. This is important because there is growing evidence that isolated CS …
Economics and Ecology

Whole classes of animals are mysteriously declining in population and possibly headed to extinction. Take frogs, for example. The Global Amphibian Assessment found in 2004 that, due to mass die-offs and loss of habitat, about a third of all species of frogs, toads and salamanders could soon disappear. That the problem could be worldwide, affecting these creatures in Canada and Madagascar, is particularly disturbing. Recent evidence points to an outbreak of skin fungus as an important factor, itself possibly linked to global climate change, but researchers admit the problem—if it is one problem and not a combination of many problems—is still only dimly understood.
DETECTION OF HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION IN SINGLE VENTRICLE PHYSIOLOGY: INSIGHTS FROM THE PEDIATRIC HEART NETWORK FONTAN CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY PUBLIC USE DATASET

Introduction: Patients with single ventricle physiology frequently demonstrate decreased exercise tolerance after the Fontan operation. The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of diastolic function to exercise function in these patients. Methods: Core-lab echocardiograms and
Lexical integrity and suspended affixation in two types of denominal predicates in Korean

Central to the debate on the demarcation of morphology and syntax is the position staked out by the Lexicalist Hypothesis, which holds that morphology and syntax are distinct systems which interface with each other in a particular way. Proponents of the Lexicalist Hypothesis point to a suite of diagnostics collectively known as lexical integrity tests (Bresnan and Mchombo 1995) as evidence pointing to the fundamental difference between morphology and syntax. The tests revolve around the apparent failure of principles of phrasal syntax at the threshold of words. If morphology and syntax constitute a unified rule system, as assumed in current approaches such as Distributed Morphology, such failure is not predicted. It is surprising therefore that lexical integrity has not played a significant role in arguments for Distributed Morphology (Lieber and Scalise 2007). The purpose of this paper is to introduce two types of denominal predicates in Korean, which are distinguished by the fact that lexical integrity is observed in one but not the other type. I explore how the behaviors of the two classes of denominal predicates can be modeled using the theoretical and empirical machinery of current DM, in particular, the distinction between roots and words. While this is a welcome result, it turns out that DM predicts that more languages should behave like Korean in allowing massive violations of lexical integrity. I provide an analysis of the differences between languages like Korean that allow selective access of word-internal structure by syntactic principles and languages like English where such access is prohibited by focusing on the mechanics of Vocabulary Insertion and complex head formation. The paper concludes with the implications of the analysis of the two types of predicates in Korean for both lexicalist and DM architectures of morphology and syntax interaction. This article is part of the special collection: Suspended Affixation
Interaction of Cocaine Analogue RTI82 With the Dopamine Transporter

Abstract One of the major targets for cocaine in the central nervous system is the dopamine transporter (DAT), which clears dopamine from the extraneuronal space. Cocaine binds to DAT and inhibits reuptake, causing transmitter overflow and stimulation of downstream pathways that lead to euphoria and addiction. No pharmacological treatment for cocaine abuse currently exists, due in part to our dearth of knowledge regarding transporter structure and inhibitor binding mechanisms. To elucidate how cocaine interacts with DAT we utilized a synergistic approach involving irreversible labeling with the cocaine analogue 3β-(p-chlorophenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic acid, 4′-azido-3′-iodophenylethyl ester (RTI82), computational modeling of ligand poses, and ligand protection analyses. Our results directly demonstrate RTI82 binding in a site and orientation that is consistent with many biochemical findings, and indicate specific mechanisms of transport inhibition. These findings have major relevance for the molecular basis of cocaine actions, and the approaches developed will be useful for examination of structurally and mechanistically distinct categories of uptake blockers.
Transitional Instability, Psychological Health, and Sexual Risk Taking Among College Students

This study examined the effects of transitional instability on college students’ (n = 402) psychological distress and sexual risk taking at two different time points over one year. Tested through structural equation models, the data revealed transitional instability had significant positive effects on psychological distress and sexual risk taking and an indirect effect on increased psychological distress through self-doubt. Utility of these findings for developing programs that promote health and safety on college campuses are discussed.
“I’ve a Grand Memory for Forgetting”: The Neural Basis of Memory & Forgetting

> “I’ve a grand memory for forgetting.” > > —Robert Louis Stevenson In last month’s column, we defined “learning” and described the basic functional elements of the nervous system used in learning. The ability to learn is a critical survival skill. Although neuroscience cannot explain all aspects of learning and memory, many basic processes are understood. Among them is synaptic plasticity, the focus of this column. Synaptic plasticity underlies our ability to remember and forget – by either strengthening or weakening synapses. Synaptic plasticity involves two components: long-term potentiation (LTP), important for strengthening memory, and long-term depression (LTD), which weakens memory and leads to forgetting. Long-term potentiation is “a long-lasting increase in the efficacy of transmission at excitatory synapses,” whereas LTD is a long-lasting decrease in efficacy (Blaustein et al., 2012). LTP occurs where there is an increase in activity at a synapse: LTD occurs when there is lessened activity. Memory involves changes in …
Multilevel Associations Between School-Wide Social–Emotional Learning Approach and Student Engagement Across Elementary, Middle, and High Schools

The concurrent associations between students' perceptions of cognitive–behavioral and emotional engagement in schools and three factors aligning with the major aims of the school-wide social–emotio...
Biotin and pantothenic acid oversupplementation to conditional SLC5A6 KO mice prevents the development of intestinal mucosal abnormalities and growth defects

Intestinal absorption of the water-soluble vitamins biotin and pantothenic acid is carrier mediated and involves the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT; product of the SLC5A6 gene). We...
Defects on TiO2—Key Pathways to Important Surface Processes

Defects govern most of the applications of TiO2 in the fields of catalysis, photocatalysis and photoelectronics. In this chapter we present a general introduction to defects in solids. We then present surface science studies of point defects in TiO2 and their influence on the chemistry and photochemistry behavior of TiO2. The principles illustrated for TiO2 apply also to other oxide-semiconductors and insulators.
Zinc deficiency and brain development in the rat

Effects of prenatal and postnatal zinc deficiency on the composition of the brain and on subsequent adult behavior were studied. Deficiency throughout the latter third of pregnancy resulted in decreased body and brain size without affecting total brain DNA, RNA, or protein. Adult males that had been subjected to intrauterine zinc deficiency displayed impaired shock avoidance. Zinc deficiency from birth until 21 days of age resulted in impaired growth, decreased brain size, diminished brain DNA, RNA and protein. Cerebellar lipid concentration was also diminished. Such male animals displayed impaired maze acquisition as adults.—Sandstead, H. H., G. J. Fosmire, J. M. McKenzie and E. S. Halas. Zinc deficiency and brain development in the rat. Federation Proc. 34: 86–88, 1975.
Ethnoracial Disparities in Medicare Annual Wellness Visit Utilization: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Database.

INTRODUCTION In 2011, Medicare began offering annual preventive care visits (annual wellness visit; AWV) to beneficiaries at no charge. Providing free preventive care supports primary and secondary prevention of chronic disease and may reduce ethnoracial disparities in health outcomes. OBJECTIVES To estimate AWV utilization trends by ethnoracial group in a nationally representative sample of the Medicare population. RESEARCH DESIGN We estimated the probability of AWV utilization using probit regression models with beneficiary-reported ethnoracial group as the primary predictor and demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and factors related to access and utilization of health care as covariates. SUBJECTS In total, 14,687 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 years or older who participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey 2011-2013. MEASURES AWV utilization was identified using procedure codes. RESULTS Overall AWV utilization increased from 8.1% (2011) to 13.4% (2013). In 2011, utilization was highest in non-Hispanic white (8.5%) and lowest in non-Hispanic black (4.5%) beneficiaries. Utilization increased the most in non-Hispanic black beneficiaries, to 15.4% in 2013. Significant differences in AWV utilization by non-Hispanic black and Hispanic/Latino beneficiaries were found in unadjusted models, but did not persist after controlling for income and education. Having a usual (nonemergent) place of care and a nonrural residence were strong predictors of utilization. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of the AWV has increased modestly since its introduction, but remains low. Utilization varies by ethnoracial group, with disparities largely explained by differences in income and education. Further efforts are needed to evaluate AWV utilization and effectiveness, especially among low socioeconomic status ethnoracial minorities.
Neural-Inspired Anomaly Detection

Anomaly detection is an important problem in various fields of complex systems research including image processing, data analysis, physical security and cybersecurity. In image processing, it is used for removing noise while preserving image quality, and in data analysis, physical security and cybersecurity, it is used to find interesting data points, objects or events in a vast sea of information. Anomaly detection will continue to be an important problem in domains intersecting with “Big Data”. In this paper we provide a novel algorithm for anomaly detection that uses phase-coded spiking neurons as basic computational elements.
Hallmarks of cardiac regeneration

Despite substantial advances, bona fide regeneration of the damaged human heart is still an unmet ambition. By extracting our current knowledge from developmental biology, animal models of heart regeneration, and clinical observations, we propose five hallmarks of cardiac regeneration and suggest a holistic approach to reconstituting human heart function.
Predictors of Success in a Graduate Nurse Practitioner Program

Background: Prior research studies on the predictors of success in nurse practitioner programs have not focused on students in rural areas.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors that influence student success in a rural nurse practitioner program in the Southeastern United States.Methods: Admission data from family nurse practitioner students at a rural university were obtained from a secured drive and transcribed into an Excel spreadsheet. Bivariate analysis using independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables was conducted to determine group differences between successful and unsuccessful students by demographic and education factors.Results: A total of 84 students were enrolled in the family nurse practitioner program, including 70 (83.3%) females and 14 (16.7%) males. Student demographics included 15 (17.9%) African American, 67 (79.8%) Caucasian, one (1.2%) American Indian or Alaska Native, and one (1.2%) Asian, with 67 (80%) residing in the local rural Pee Dee Region. Of the 84 students, 49 (58.3%) successfully completed the program and 35 (41.6%) were unsuccessful and either withdrew or were dismissed. African American students had decreased rates of program enrollment and completion compared to Caucasian students, with only 3 (20%) of the 15 enrolled students successfully completing the program.Conclusions: Identification and examination of sociodemographic and education factors influencing student success in southeastern rural nurse practitioner programs may improve overall program completion rates, facilitate program success for minority students, and increase the diversity of the nurse practitioner workforce. Keywords: academic success, nursing students, school admission criteria, nurse practitioner DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v18i2.536
THE KEEPING QUALITY OF PASTEURIZED MILK AS INFLUENCED BY THE GROWTH OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA AND THE ADDITION OF AUREOMYCIN

In studies of the keeping quality of pasteurized milk, it was found that past records from milk plants showing good bacterial counts of finished products, afforded a rather reliable indication that...
Using Calcined Waste Eggshells to Remove Sulfate in Nonpotable Concrete Mixing Water

AbstractThe experimental and theoretical potential of using calcined waste eggshells (CWEs) to remove sulfate from sulfate-laden concrete mixing water was investigated in this work. Waste eggshells...
Metal Oxide Nanoarrays for Chemical Sensing: A Review of Fabrication Methods, Sensing Modes, and Their Inter-correlations

In recent years, engineered nanostructure assemblies such as nanowire arrays have attracted much research attention due to their unique chemical and functional characteristics collectively. The engineered nano-assemblies usually carry the characteristics distinct from bulk as a result of a size effect in their comprised elemental building blocks. The nanoscale size induced high surface-to-volume ratio is a fundamental attribute responsible for various chemical and physical properties required in various technologically important applications such as catalysts and sensors. This review article surveys the latest progress in engineered metal oxide nanostructure arrays, i.e., nanoarrays, for advanced chemical sensors’ design and application. It starts with an overview of gaseous chemical sensors followed by surveys of various fabrication methods and routes for metal oxide nanoarrays. Different sensing modes and corresponding applications have been highlighted in the mixed gaseous chemical sensing, which provides new approaches and perspectives to meet the challenges of selective gas sensing, such as the cross-sensitivity and inter-correlation of multiple sensing signals.
Cryo-EM structures of remodeler-nucleosome intermediates suggest allosteric control through the nucleosome

The SNF2h remodeler slides nucleosomes most efficiently as a dimer, yet how the two protomers avoid a tug-of-war is unclear. Furthermore, SNF2h couples histone octamer deformation to nucleosome sliding, but the underlying structural basis remains unknown. Here we present cryo-EM structures of SNF2h-nucleosome complexes with ADP-BeFx that capture two potential reaction intermediates. In one structure, histone residues near the dyad and in the H2A-H2B acidic patch, distal to the active SNF2h protomer, appear disordered. The disordered acidic patch is expected to inhibit the second SNF2h protomer, while disorder near the dyad is expected to promote DNA translocation. The other structure doesn't show octamer deformation, but surprisingly shows a 2 bp translocation. FRET studies indicate that ADP-BeFx predisposes SNF2h-nucleosome complexes for an elemental translocation step. We propose a model for allosteric control through the nucleosome, where one SNF2h protomer promotes asymmetric octamer deformation to inhibit the second protomer, while stimulating directional DNA translocation.
Partial Spline Models for the Estimation of the Three Dimensional Atmospheric Temperature Distribution from Satellite Radiance Data and Tropopause Height Information

ABSTRACT A mathematical method, based on partial spline models, is developed for including specified discontinuities in otherwise smooth two and three dimensional objectve analyses. The method is appropriate for including tropopause height information in two and three dimensional temperature analyses, in conjunction with a physical variational method recently proposed by O'Sullivan and Wahba for analysis of satellite radiance data. To illustrate the nature of the discontinuities that may be included, a prototype two dimensional analysis based on simulated radiosonde and tropopause height data is shown. The method may also be appropriate for other geophysical problems, such as, modelling the ocean thermocline, fronts, etc. This research supported by NASA Contract NAG5–316 and NSF Grant ATM-8410373
Atrial fibrillation and stroke: the view from cardiology.

More than 90% of all systemic emboli, including cerebral emboli, originate as intracardiac thrombi. The cardiovascular disorders that predispose to intracardiac thrombi are valvular heart disease. prosthetic heart valves, myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation (AF) (1).
Influence of fluorescent dyes for dyeing of regenerated cellulose fabric

This study attempted to dye regenerated cellulose fiber fabric with fluorescent dyes in different conditions (dyeing time, temperature, pH, concentration, etc.) and investigated their effects on co...
Key Roles of MiT Transcription Factors in Innate Immunity and Inflammation

Microphthalmia/TFE (MiT) transcription factors (TFs), such as transcription factor EB (TFEB) and transcription factor E3 (TFE3), are emerging as key regulators of innate immunity and inflammation. Rapid progress in the field requires a focused update on the latest advances. Recent studies show that TFEB and TFE3 function in innate immune cells to regulate antibacterial and antiviral responses downstream of phagocytosis, interferon (IFN)-γ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and adenosine receptors. Moreover, overexpression of TFEB or TFE3 can drive inflammation in vivo, such as in atherosclerosis, while in other scenarios they can perform anti-inflammatory functions. MiT factors may constitute potential therapeutic targets for a broad range of diseases; however, to harness their therapeutic potential, sophisticated ways to manipulate MiT factor activity safely and effectively must be developed.
Recognition of Two Additional Pine-Feeding Neodiprion Species (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in the Eastern United States

Abstract.— DNA sequence studies revealed two additional species of Neodiprion in eastern United States, and morphological studies support their recognition. One, which is sympatric with and morphologically similar to Neodiprion abbotii (Leach) in southeastern United States, is recognized as Neodiprion fabricii (Leach), revised status. The larvae feed on Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Miller. The other, described as Neodiprion knereri Linnen and Smith, n. sp., on Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex Englem.) in Florida, is close to Neodiprion virginiana Rohwer.
Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy: A Short Review of Applications Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), also called magnetization response spectroscopy (MRS), is a versatile measurement tool derived from magnetic particle imaging (MPI). It can be interpreted as a...
Open Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Is Associated with Higher Mortality Among Nonobese Patients and Higher Risk of Deep Wound Infections Among Obese Patients.

Background Prevalence of obesity in the United States is increasing. The impact of obesity on outcomes after endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is largely unknown. The purpose of this analysis was to compare the postoperative outcomes between obese and nonobese patients after these operations. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database from years 2013–2015 was analyzed. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were compared between obese and nonobese patient groups. Then obese and nonobese patients were divided into 2 groups each, based on the type of surgery (endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) versus. open AAA repair), and the outcomes were compared. Then multivariant analysis was used to compare impact of operative modality on outcomes for obese and nonobese patients. Results A total of 6,859 patients (men 80%, women 20%) underwent surgical procedures for AAA during this time period. Among these patients, 2,218 (32.3%) had body mass index (BMI) ≥30, and 4,641 (67.7%) had BMI 80 years old, women, nonwhites, and smokers. Obese patients had lower mortality and higher risk of deep wound infections after surgery (P Conclusions Nonobese patients have high mortality after open AAA repair, and obese patients have higher incidence of deep wound infections after open AAA repair. For patients deemed appropriate anatomic candidates, EVAR should be preferred for nonobese patients to improve mortality and for obese patients to reduce the incidence of deep wound infections.
Utility of Immunohistochemistry for MUC4 and GATA3 to Aid in the Distinction of Pleural Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma From Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma.

Context.— Distinguishing pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma from pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma is challenging because of overlapping histology, immunophenotype, and clinical features. Reliable immunohistochemical markers to aid in this distinction would be very valuable. Recent studies have proposed that MUC4 expression is common in sarcomatoid carcinoma but not in sarcomatoid mesothelioma, with the converse pattern reported for GATA3. Objective.— To further explore the utility of MUC4 and GATA3 in distinguishing pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma from sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Design.— Well-characterized cases of sarcomatoid carcinoma (n = 32) and sarcomatoid mesothelioma (n = 64) were included. Diagnoses were confirmed by thoracic pathologists with incorporation of immunophenotype, clinical, and radiographic features. Whole-tissue sections were stained for GATA3 and MUC4. Results.— Patients with sarcomatoid carcinoma and sarcomatoid mesothelioma had similar mean age and male predominance. GATA3 was positive in 63 of 64 sarcomatoid mesotheliomas (98%; 42 diffuse, 16 patchy, 5 focal), and 15 of 32 sarcomatoid carcinomas (47%; 3 diffuse, 8 patchy, 4 focal). MUC4 was positive in 2 of 64 sarcomatoid mesotheliomas (3%; 1 patchy, 1 focal), and in 12 of 32 sarcomatoid carcinomas (38%; 5 diffuse, 6 patchy, 1 focal). Conclusions.— Diffuse GATA3 expression favors sarcomatoid mesothelioma over sarcomatoid carcinoma, which rarely shows diffuse expression (sensitivity and specificity of diffuse staining 66% and 94%, respectively). Focal and patchy GATA3 expression is observed in both tumor types, and therefore is not helpful in this distinction. Sensitivity of MUC4 for sarcomatoid carcinoma was low in our cohort, positive in only 38% with frequent patchy staining, but it was quite specific.
The Role of the Patient-Centered Medical Home in Treating Depression

This review discusses the role of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) in treating depression, focusing on findings from primary care-based studies and their implications for the PCMH. Pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and collaborative care are evidence-based treatments for depression that can be delivered in primary care and extended to diverse populations. Recent research aligns with the core components of the PCMH model. The core components of the PCMH are critical elements of depression treatment. Comprehensive care within the PCMH addresses medical and behavioral health concerns, including depression. Psychiatric and psychological care must be flexibly delivered so services remain accessible yet patient-centered. To ensure the quality and safety of treatment, depression symptoms must be consistently monitored. Coordination within and occasionally outside of the PCMH is needed to ensure patients receive the appropriate level of care. More research is needed to empirically evaluate depression treatment within the PCMH.
Review of younggiftedandfat: an autoethnography of size, sexuality, and privilege: by, Sharell D. Luckett, New York, NY, Routledge, 2017, 194 pp., $44.95 (paper), ISBN 9781138038325

In her critical autoethnography, Younggiftedandfat: An autoethnography of size, sexuality, and privilege, Dr. Sharell Luckett (2017) examines what it means to be transweight and uses interdisciplin...
The environmental footprint of data centers in the United States

Much of the world's data are stored, managed, and distributed by data centers. Data centers require a tremendous amount of energy to operate, accounting for around 1.8% of electricity use in the United States. Large amounts of water are also required to operate data centers, both directly for liquid cooling and indirectly to produce electricity. For the first time, we calculate spatially-detailed carbon and water footprints of data centers operating within the United States, which is home to around one-quarter of all data center servers globally. Our bottom-up approach reveals one-fifth of data center servers direct water footprint comes from moderately to highly water stressed watersheds, while nearly half of servers are fully or partially powered by power plants located within water stressed regions. Approximately 0.5% of total US greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to data centers. We investigate tradeoffs and synergies between data center's water and energy utilization by strategically locating data centers in areas of the country that will minimize one or more environmental footprints. Our study quantifies the environmental implications behind our data creation and storage and shows a path to decrease the environmental footprint of our increasing digital footprint.
From pipeline to practice: Utilizing tracking mechanisms for longitudinal evaluation of physician recruitment across the health workforce continuum.

Abstract Purpose Area Health Education Centers work with community partners to prepare a diverse, primary care workforce particularly among rural and underserved communities. We set out to assess our impact on the physician workforce across a multitude of short-term, intermediate, and long-term benchmarks Method We used a comprehensive evaluation scaffolding to assess benchmarks of success across the workforce pipeline including short-term (i.e. pre-medical intent to pursue a health career or medical students’ intent to practice in primary care), intermediate (college matriculation and primary care residency match rates) and longterm measures (licensure and medical practice location of program participants). Results We identified significant findings in each part of the AHEC program continuum. Among our alumni, we found a significant increase in the pre-medical learner’s intent to pursue a health care career. Among medical students, we found a significant increase in intent to practice in primary care, rural areas, and medically underserved communities and a high rate of primary care residency match (compared to peers). Approximately one-third of licensed physicians are now practicing medicine serve in an underserved community Conclusions Our findings confirm the value of longitudinal evaluation on confirming that participation in an AHEC supported program strengthen the physician workforce development.
Adding radiation to induction chemotherapy does not improve survival of patients with operable clinical N2 non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Radiotherapy is commonly used in induction regimens for patients with non–small cell lung cancer with operable mediastinal nodal disease, although evidence has not shown a benefit over induction chemotherapy alone. We compared outcomes between induction chemotherapy and induction chemoradiation using the National Cancer Data Base. Methods Induction radiation use and survival of patients who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy after induction chemotherapy for clinical T1-3N2M0 non–small cell lung cancer in the National Cancer Data Base from 2003 to 2006 were assessed using logistic regression, general linear regression, Kaplan–Meier, and Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results Of 1362 patients who met study criteria, 834 (61%) underwent induction chemoradiation and 528 (39%) underwent induction chemotherapy. Lobectomy was performed in 82% of patients (n = 1111), and pneumonectomy was performed in 18% of patients (n = 251). Pneumonectomy was performed more often after induction chemoradiation than after induction chemotherapy (20% vs 16%, P = .04). Downstaging from N2 to N0/N1 was more common with induction chemoradiation compared with induction chemotherapy (58% vs 46%, P P = .41). In multivariable analysis, the addition of radiation to induction chemotherapy also was not associated with a survival benefit (hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.18; P = .73). Conclusions Induction chemoradiation is used in the majority of patients with non–small cell lung cancer with N2 disease who undergo induction therapy before surgical resection, but it is not associated with improved survival compared with induction chemotherapy.
In- and out-of-plane band structure effects in two-dimensional photonic crystals

Most previous studies of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals have focused almost exclusively on the propagation of light within the array plane. In the present work, we have studied experimentally the propagation along directions that lie both inside and outside the array plane. These results provide information relevant to all applications envisioned for such 2D photonic crystals, including optical waveguiding and the inhibition of spontaneous emission, because in all practical situations the propagating light is not strictly confined to the array plane. This work was possible because of the availability of relatively large nanochannel-glass-based photonic crystals, with volumes greater than several cubic millimeters and submicrometer periodicities. Our initial experiments have examined the propagation of light through relatively low index-contrast photonic crystals, consisting of triangular arrays of glass cylinders within a matrix composed of a different glass. By sandwiching these photonic crystals between suitable glass prisms, we have gained access to precisely defined out-of-plane propagation directions.
The iPLA2γ is identified as the membrane potential sensitive phospholipase in liver mitochondria

Previous reports from our lab identified a mitochondrial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity that is activated when the mitochondrial membrane potential is decreased. This activity was demonstrated to influence occurrence of the permeability transition. Originally, this activity was ascribed to the iPLA2β protein. Recently, both iPLA2β and iPLA2γ knock out mice have been generated. It has been shown by others that the iPLA2γ plays a significant role in progression of the permeability transition. In this paper, using the iPLA2β and iPLA2γ knock out mice we show that the membrane potential sensitive activity is the iPLA2γ.
Symposium on Corporate Elections

This paper contains the edited transcripts of the Symposium on Corporate Elections held at Harvard Law School in October 2003. The symposium brought together SEC officials, CEOs, directors, institutional investors, money managers, shareholder activists, lawyers, judges, academics, and others to discuss the subject from a wide range of perspectives. The symposium included the following six sessions:1. The Basic Pros and Cons of Shareholder Access.Martin Lipton and Steven Rosenblum, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, Lucian Bebchuk, Harvard Law School2. The Board/Management Perspective.Richard Breeden, Richard C. Breeden & Co. John Castellani, The Business Roundtable James Rogers, Cinergy Inc. Ralph Whitworth, Apria Healthcare Group3. The Perspective of Institutional Investors.Orin Kramer, Kramer Spellman Robert Pozen, Harvard Law School Michael Price, MFP Investors Sarah Teslik, Council for Institutional Investors4. The Perspective of Shareholder Activists and Advisers.Jaime Heard, Institutional Shareholder Services Robert Monks, Lens Governance Advisors Damon Silvers, AFL-CIO John Wilcox, Georgeson Shareholders5. Legal Problems in Designing a Shareholder Access Rule.John Coffee, Columbia Law School Joseph Grundfest, Stanford Law School Robert Todd Lang, Weil, Gotshal & Manges Charles Nathan, Latham & Watkins Leo Strine, Delaware Chancery Court6. Concluding Remarks.Robert Clark, Harvard Law School Floyd Norris, The New York Times Harvey Goldschmid, U.S. Securities and Exchange CommissionEach session started with opening presentations by the panelists, followed by a discussion among the panelists and between the panelists and other participants in the symposium.
Physician report cards and rankings yield long-lasting hand hygiene compliance exceeding 90%.

Hand hygiene is an effective, low-cost intervention that prevents the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Despite mandatory education and reminders, compliance by physicians in our hospital remained stubbornly low. Our objective was to study whether surveillance by our unit coordinator (secretary) paired with regular feedback to chiefs of service would increase physician hand hygiene compliance in the ICU. The ICU unit coordinator was trained to observe and measure hand hygiene compliance. Data were collected on hand hygiene compliance at room entry and exit for 9 months. Percentage compliance for each medical and surgical subspecialty was reported to chiefs of service at the end of each month. Comparative rankings by service were widely distributed throughout the physician organization and the medical center. The hand hygiene compliance rate among physicians increased from 65.1 % to 91.6 % during the study period (p 90 % in every month. Physician hand hygiene compliance increased as a consequence of the surveillance conducted by a full-time ICU team member, leading to a highly significant increase in the number of observations. In turn, this allowed for specific comparative monthly feedback to individual chiefs of service. Over the next 2 years after the study ended, these gains were sustained, suggesting an enduring culture change in physician behavior.
Astrometric Detection of Earth-Like Planets with OSI

The Orbiting Stellar Interferometer (OSI) is a space-based astrometric interferometer designed primarily for wide-angle astrometry. OSI is potentially capable of achieving astrometric accuracies of ∼ l μas in narrow angle (1°) astrometry. This paper discusses the implications for astrometric planet detection, specifically the detection of Earth-like planets around nearby stars. OSI has the potential to detect a limited number of planetary systems with Earths, if a number of technical problems are solved.
Ultrasonic Shear Wave Measurements of Known Residual Stress in Aluminum

Ultrasonic shear wave time-of-flight measurements were made at a nominal frequency of 4 MHz on a shrink-fit disk sample of 2024 aluminum alloy. The stress state of the sample was produced by shrink-fitting a plug and ring to produce a calculated 130 MP a region of uniform compression in the plug, and a concomitant nonuniform tension and compression in the ring. Time-of-flight measurement scans across sample diameters were made using a piezoelectric shear transducer with a viscous couplant, and repeated using a contactless electromagnetic acoustic transducer. The ultrasonic results were then compared with elasticity theory, assuming the acoustoelastic relationship between sound velocity and material strain.
Revisiting Midterm Loss: Referendum Theory and State Data

The phenomenon of midterm loss—the drop in the midterm congressional vote for the president's party from its level 2 years prior—is more than a century old and counting. Some see this as a predicta...
The T-cell receptor mediating restrictive recognition of antigen

Abstract Four facts characterize restrictive recognition of antigen. First, in large measure, allele-specific determinants on R are recognized when R is functioning either as a restricting element (R L ) or as an allo-target (or even xeno-target) (R F ). Second, there is a high frequency of virgin antigen-responsive t cells with alloreactivity, i.e. anti-R F . Third, there is a strict relationship between the class of effector function and the class of R L recognized (restrictive recognition of antigen, X F ) but a relaxed relationship between class of effector function and class of R F recognized (alloreactivity). Fourth, the effector T cell functions anti-R L -dependently when X F is the target (restrictive recognition of antigen) and anti-R L -independently when R F is the target (alloreactivity). From these facts are derived the following conclusions. The T cell uses a dual recognitive, single receptor (Model I, Figure 1). A single germ-line v T locus specifying anti-allele-specific recognition of species R encodes both the anti-R and the anti-X combining sites. A "learning" process (occurring in the thymus) is required to establish the restriction specificity (anti-R L ) as well as the effector function/class of R L relationship. The repertoire is derived by somatic mutation of all germ-line V T genes specifying anti-R F (Model IA, Table 3 and Figure 9). Given Model IA (Table 3 and Figure 9), we can account further for the existence of an extensive polymorphism of R and minimal polygeneism, for the high frequency of crossreactivity between anti-X F and R F , and for the physiology and genetics of cell-cell communication in immune responsiveness.
Dronedarone for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: approval and efficacy

Dronedarone, a new Class III antiarrhythmic agent, has now been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Approval came in March 2009 due to the positive results of the ATHENA trial showing significant reductions in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization with dronedarone use. A post hoc analysis of the ATHENA data also suggested a decrease in stroke risk with this agent. However, due to safety concerns in the heart failure population in the earlier ANDROMEDA trial, dronedarone is not recommended for patients with an ejection fraction 35% and no recent decompensated heart failure, dronedarone should be considered earlier than amiodarone in the treatment algorithm.
What's your choice?: learning the mixed multi-nomial

Computing a ranking over choices using consumer data gathered from a heterogenous population has become an indispensable module for any modern consumer information system, e.g. Yelp, Netflix, Amazon and app-stores like Google play. In such applications, a ranking or recommendation algorithm needs to extract meaningful information from noisy data accurately and in a scalable manner. A principled approach to resolve this challenge requires a model that connects observations to recommendation decisions and a tractable inference algorithm utilizing this model. To that end, we abstract the preference data generated by consumers as noisy, partial realizations of their innate preferences, i.e. orderings or permutations over choices. Inspired by the seminal works of Samuelson (cf. axiom of revealed preferences) and that of McFadden (cf. discrete choice models for transportation), we model the population's innate preferences as a mixture of the so called Multi-nomial Logit (MMNL) model. Under this model, the recommendation problem boils down to (a) learning the MMNL model from population data, (b) finding am MNL component within the mixture that closely represents the revealed preferences of the consumer at hand, and (c) recommending other choices to her/him that are ranked high according to thus found component. In this work, we address the problem of learning MMNL model from partial preferences. We identify fundamental limitations of any algorithm to learn such a model as well as provide conditions under which, a simple, data-driven (non-parametric) algorithm learns the model effectively. The proposed algorithm has a pleasant similarity to the standard collaborative filtering for scalar (or star) ratings, but in the domain of permutations. This work advances the state-of-art in the domain of learning distribution over permutations (cf. [2]) as well as in the context of learning mixture distributions (cf. [4]).
Neonatal bleeding in transgenic mice expressing urokinase-type plasminogen activator

Spontaneous intestinal and intra-abdominal bleeding was observed in a high percentage of newborn transgenic mice carrying the murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene linked to the albumin enhancer/promoter. These hemorrhagic events were directly related to transgene expression in the liver and the development of high plasma uPA levels. Two lines were established from surviving founder mice that displayed multigenerational transmission of the bleeding phenotype. Fatal hemorrhaging developed between 3 and 84 hr after birth in about half of the transgenic offspring of these lines; transgenic pups that did not bleed nevertheless passed the phenotype to their young. The phenotypic variability could not be explained by differences in transgene expression. All transgenic neonates were severely hypofibrinogenemic and displayed loss of clotting function that extended beyond the risk period for bleeding. These mice provide a means of studying the pathophysiology of plasminogen hyperactivation and evaluating therapeutic protocols designed to prevent bleeding.
Electron spin and paramagnetic resonance in KH2PO4 and its isomorphs

Abstract This paper reviews magnetic resonance of radicals and paramagnetic ions in KH2PO4-type crystals up to 1985. In two sections, dedicated to each category of impurities, their site, symmetry and static particularities are summarized. Then the application of spin resonance to monitor fast ferroelectric domain polarization reversal is exposed. Finally, in the last section, slow local re-orientations of certain magnetic defects as well as information on intrinsic soft-mode dynamics from a static defect are described.
Thickness uniformity and pinhole density analysis of thin carbon foils using incident keV ions

Abstract The detection and characterization of thickness defects (nonuniformities and pinholes) in thin carbon foils is important in applications such as space-based particle analyzers. In this study we present a method of quantifying pinhole locations and sizes using scatter distributions of low energy ions which transit the foils. This technique, which we call transmitted ion mapping (TIM), is particularly suitable for analysis of ultrathin (⩽1 μg/cm2) foils in which thickness defects cannot be detected using optical microscopy due to foil transparency. Additionally, the foils are exposed to ion doses of less than 106 ions/cm2, so the method is nondestructive to the foils. As an illustration of this method, thickness nonuniformities and pinholes are examined in 0.2 and 0.5 μg/cm2 foils using incident 5 keV Ar+, Ne+, He+, and H+ ions.
Wafer Fusion for Surface-Normal Optoelectronic Device Applications

This paper discusses the issues connected with the application of fusion bonding technology for surface-normal optoelectronic devices (III-V semiconductors). The InP/GaAs fusion bonding technology employed in the development of long-wavelength vertical-cavity lasers is described.
Dynamic stiffness formulation and free vibration analysis of a spinning composite beam

Abstract The dynamic stiffness matrix of a spinning composite beam is developed and then used to investigate its free vibration characteristics. Of particular interest in this study is the inclusion of the bending–torsion coupling effect that arises from the ply orientation and stacking sequence in laminated fibrous composites. The theory is particularly intended for thin-walled composite beams and does not include the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the governing differential equations, which are solved for harmonic oscillation. Exact expressions for the bending displacement, bending rotation, twist, bending moment, shear force and torque at any cross-section of the beam, are also obtained in explicit analytical form. The dynamic stiffness matrix, which relates the amplitudes of loads to those of responses at the end of the spinning beam in free vibration is then derived by imposing the boundary conditions. This enables natural frequency calculation of a spinning composite beam at various spinning speeds to be made by applying the Wittrick–Williams algorithm to the resulting dynamic stiffness matrix. The spinning speed at which the fundamental natural frequency tends to zero is the critical speed, which is established for a composite shaft that has been taken from the literature as an example. The results are discussed and some are compared with published ones. The paper concludes with some remarks.
Collaborative Methods: A Comparison of Subfield Styles

Collaborative research partnerships between academic anthropologists and host or descendant communities are becoming more popular in anthropology. The reviewed books demonstrate there are different understandings of what collaboration means for professional identities and expertise across subfields. Therefore, such partnerships are unlikely to promote cross-subfield integration. Nevertheless, while their collaborative styles diverge, the reviewed authors are motivated by a shared interpretation of disciplinary responsibilities and opportunities that emerges from anthropology's longstanding commitment to fieldwork and also reflects post-World War II historical transformations. Their shared interpretation raises challenging questions for the discipline at large about professional practices like evaluation.