cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of cerebrospinal fluid tumor cells and its clinical relevance in leptomeningeal metastasis of breast cancer.

Circulating tumor cells are commonly observed in the peripheral blood of advanced breast cancer patients. We tested the feasibility of tumor cell detection in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and studied its clinical relevance in leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) of breast cancer. CSF samples were collected from 38 metastatic breast cancer patients known or suspected to have LM. Control CSF samples were collected from 14 individuals without solid tumor malignancy. We used a modified CellSearch™ assay and an alternative EPCAM-based method involving immunomagnetic enrichment followed by flow cytometry (IE/FC) to enumerate CSF tumor cells (CSFTCs). CSFTCs were assayed at time of LM diagnosis and over the course of LM-directed therapy. We analyzed a total of 102 CSF samples with modified CellSearch™. The CSFTC counts were strongly correlated with the corresponding IE/FC results (Pearson’s r = 0.94). Twenty-eight out of 30 samples in which malignant cells were identified by CSF cytology were CSFTC-positive by modified CellSearch™. Baseline CSFTC levels from 21 patients eventually diagnosed with LM were significantly higher than the controls (p = 0.0202), whereas 13 patients deemed not to have LM showed CSFTC results indistinguishable from the controls. In patients with serial samples, it was possible to monitor CSFTC levels as a potential biomarker of treatment response. CSFTC detection using a modified CellSearch™ assay demonstrated high sensitivity in detecting malignant cells in CSF and may be a promising method for diagnosing LM and monitoring LM during treatment.
Positive indirect effect of aquatic insects on terrestrial prey is not offset by increased predator density

1. Changes in one prey species' density can indirectly affect the abundance of another prey species if a shared predator eats both species. Sometimes, indirect effects occur when prey straddle habitats, including when riparian predator populations grow in response to emergent aquatic insects and increase predation on terrestrial prey. However, predators may largely switch to aquatic insects or become satiated, reducing predation on terrestrial prey. 2. To determine the net indirect effect of aquatic insects on terrestrial arthropods via generalist spider predators, a field experiment was conducted mimicking midge influx and a wolf spider numerical response inside enclosures near an Icelandic lake. Lab mesocosms were also used to assess per capita rates of spider predation u nder differing levels of midge abundance. 3. Midges always decreased sentinel prey predation, but this effect increased with predator density. When midges were absent, predation increased 30% at a high spider density, but predation was equal between spider treatments when midges were present. In situ arthropods showed no effect of midge or spider treatments, although non-significant abundance patterns were observed congruent with sentinel prey results. 4. In lab mesocosms, prey survivorship increased ≥50% where midges were present and rapidly saturated; the addition of 5, 20, 50, and 100 midges equivalently reduced spider predation, supporting predator distraction rather than satiation as the root cause. 5. The present results demonstrate a strong positive indirect effect of midges and broadly support the concept that predator responses to alternative prey are a major influence on the magnitude and direction of predator-mediated indirect effects.
Nearest Neighbor Methods: Overview with Examples

This article discusses nearest neighbor (NN) methods for the analysis of spatial point patterns and the analysis of field experiments. The distance from a point to its NN, or quantities derived from that distance, can be used to test whether the observed locations are a realization of a specific spatial point process. Edge effects, caused by recording data only within a bounded study area, can be important. When locations are marked (e.g.,by the species of plant), NN methods provide information on the relationship between the marks. NN methods for field experiments can be used to model local spatial variability. Keywords: event-to-event distance; point-to-event distance; spatial process; field experiments
Formulation of Quantum Mechanics Based on the Quasi-Probability Distribution Induced on Phase Space

A formulation of quantum mechanics is postulated which is based solely on a quasi-probability function on the classical phase space. It is then shown that this formulation is equivalent to the standard formulation, and that the quasiprobability function is exactly analogous to the density matrix of Dirac and von Neumann. The theory of measurement in this formulation is investigated, and the following remarkable results are derived. As is well known, the correspondence between classical functions of both the position and conjugate momentum and quantum mechanical operators is ambiguous because of noncommutativity. It is shown that the solution of this correspondence problem is completely equivalent to the solution of the eigenvalue problem. This result enables one to give a constructive method to compute eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. (auth)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder characteristics: II. Clinical correlates of irritable mood

Background This study describes the relationship of irritable mood (IRR) with affective disorders in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Freedom Station wall design using hydrodynamic modelling

The paper outlines selected outputs from an ongoing Marshall Space Flight Center/US Army Corps of Engineers parametric study of the effects of meteoroid/space debris impacts on Space Station Freedom module wall protection structures. The advantages and limitations of HULL hydrocode computer simulation are discussed, and examples of meteoroid/ debris impacts on various wall structural designs are presented. Trends in the terminal effects of particle sizes, velocities, shapes, and impact angles upon structural design parameters (wall and bumper thickness and spacing) are summarized and depicted through selected simulation runs. Throughout the paper, proposed structural modifications to the baseline module protection structure will be examined which are capable of mitigating damage from particle impacts.
Lattice thermal conductivity of superlattice structures

We give a quantitative inelastic phonon Boltzmann equation theory of thermal transport in quantum well superlattices due to anharmonic three phonon processes. The thermal conductivity is calculated as a function of the mass ratio of the constituent atoms and of the superlattice period. We show that there is a competition between the flattening of dispersions that inhibits heat flow and reduced umklapp scattering that enhances it. Both effects must be included consistently for a quantitative treatment. We apply this theory to realistic models of $\mathrm{Si}∕\mathrm{Ge}$ based structures.
Stochastic fractional differential equations: Modeling, method and analysis

Abstract By introducing a concept of dynamic process operating under multi-time scales in sciences and engineering, a mathematical model described by a system of multi-time scale stochastic differential equations is formulated. The classical Picard–Lindelof successive approximations scheme is applied to the model validation problem, namely, existence and uniqueness of solution process. Naturally, this leads to the problem of finding closed form solutions of both linear and nonlinear multi-time scale stochastic differential equations of Ito–Doob type. Finally, to illustrate the scope of ideas and presented results, multi-time scale stochastic models for ecological and epidemiological processes in population dynamic are outlined.
Purification of major abundance class of poly(A+)-RNA from rat ventral prostate.

Poly(A+)-RNA from rat ventral prostate was isolated using oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. 45% of the total poly(A+)-RNA was a single peak at 10S as demonstrated by centrifugation in a 5–20% sucrose gradient containing 1% SDS. By using complementary DNA probes, it was shown that the 10S RNA contained the major abundance class of poly(A+)-RNA. Denaturing agarose-gel analysis revealed 2 major bands in the 10S poly(A+)-RNA preparation approx. 600 NT and 500 NT (NT = nucleotides) long, resp. Double-stranded 32P-DNAs complementary to light side and heavy side of the 10S poly(A+)-RNA peak were synthesized and isolated using reverse transcriptase and hydroxyapatite (HAP) chromatography. Approx. 40% of the first strand of the cDNAs were converted to double-stranded structures with a Tm of 88°C. HAP purified double-stranded material was 92% resistant to S1 nuclease. The DNA-DNA reannealing profile of double stranded 32P-cDNA enriched for the 500 NT band gave a Cot12of ~7 × 10−4moles × sec × 1−1 indicating a complexity for this enriched synthetic gene of 500–600 nucleotide pairs (NTP).
Total synthesis and biological evaluation of transvalencin Z.

The emerging global epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis has created an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic approaches for disease treatment. Transvalencin Z (1) is a natural product from Nocardia transvalensis with relatively potent and selective antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, making it an attractive target for structure–activity and mechanism of action studies. The total synthesis of the four possible diastereomers of transvalencin Z was completed (1a–d), and the absolute configurations were defined using chemical synthesis, HPLC retention times, and optical rotation measurements. Surprisingly, none of the transvalencin Z diastereomers exhibited any inhibitory activity against a panel of microbial pathogens, including several species of mycobacteria.
Thermal Recovery Processes and Hydrogen Sulfide Formation

Thermal recovery processes are well established enhanced oil recovery techniques and are widely applied for recovering heavy oil, heavy oil sands, and shale oil. During thermal recovery the formation of hydrogen sulfide, H 2 S, including the H 2 S induced reduction of sulfate to H 2 S has to be taken into account in the reservoirs. The mechanisms of H 2 S formation are not well understood. Therefore a great variety of experiments was performed, mainly to investigate the formation of H 2 S in the presence of crude oil under variation of the temperature (250-320°C) and the reaction time. Thus, the reactivity of crude oil in the presence and in the absence of H 2 S, as well as in the presence and in the absence of ammonium sulfate, or sodium sulfate, was examined. An attempt is made to explain the chemical pathways leading to the formation of H 2 S during thermal recovery methods. The improved knowledge about the H 2 S-formation during thermal recovery of fossil fuels can contribute to find solutions for its prevention and must therefore be seen from the environmental standpoint of view
Multiset graph partitioning

Local optimality conditions are given for a quadratic programming formulation of the multiset graph partitioning problem. These conditions are related to the structure of the graph and properties of the weights.
Hypermetabolic State in the 7-Month-Old Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer'S Disease and the Effect of Lipoic Acid: A 13C-NMR Study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by age-dependent biochemical, metabolic, and physiologic changes. These age-dependent changes ultimately converge to impair cognitive functions. This study was carried out to examine the metabolic changes by probing glucose and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism in a 7-month-old triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). The effect of lipoic acid, an insulin-mimetic agent, was also investigated to examine its ability in modulating age-dependent metabolic changes. Seven-month-old 3xTg-AD mice were given intravenous infusion of [1-(13)C]glucose followed by an ex vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the concentrations of (13)C-labeled isotopomers of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, gamma aminobutyric acid, and N-acetylaspartate. An intravenous infusion of [1-(13)C]glucose+[1,2-(13)C]acetate was given for different periods of time to distinguish neuronal and astrocytic metabolism. Enrichments of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate were calculated after quantifying the total ((12)C+(13)C) concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. A hypermetabolic state was clearly evident in 7-month-old 3xTg-AD mice in contrast to the hypometabolic state reported earlier in 13-month-old mice. Hypermetabolism was evidenced by prominent increase of (13)C labeling and enrichment in the 3xTg-AD mice. Lipoic acid feeding to the hypermetabolic 3xTg-AD mice brought the metabolic parameters to the levels of nonTg mice.
TRSHOOT: a model-based troubleshooter

Parity checking is a common error detection scheme used in electronic circuits. We describe a model-based approach to building a system, TRSHOOT, that troubleshoots parity errors in a circuit. Given the appropriate structural and behavioral descriptions of a circuit and the symptoms of its failure, the system generates a list of plausible candidates responsible for the failure by applying suitable general principles. The candidate generation process comprises of three sub-processes: indictment, exoneration and extended exoneration. All these processes are discussed in some detail. A high level strategy is shown to provide useful guide to the troubleshooting process.
Characterization of Fatigue Behavior in Quasi-Isotropic Laminate of Ceramic Composite

Fatigue damage mechanisms in a quasi-isotropic laminate, [0/ 2 45/90]s of silicon carbide fiber reinforced calcium-alumino-silicate glass ceramic composite was investigated. Several tests were conducted at different maximum stress levels which intro duced varying degree of initial matrix cracking in 90°, 45° and 0° plies. The initial damage and change in modulus was monitored during the fatigue cycling. Specimens with a considerable amount of initial cracking in 0° plies failed in less than 700 cycles, and others did not fail over one million cycles. The results of this study confirmed the findings of the previous studies regarding the existence of fatigue limit in ceramic composites. The fatigue limit did not correspond to the proportional limit of the static test as reported in the previous studies, however, it corresponded to the initial damage or static loading condition where 0° plies were largely intact.
Fear of success in males and females in sex-linked occupations

Two experiments were reported which examined “fear of success” imagery in men and women in response to three sex-linked occupations. The occupations were engineer, child psychologist, and nurse. Both experiments found clear differences for perceived male dominance. It was also found that engineer and child psychologist did not differ in terms of perceived status, while nurse was significantly lower than the other two occupations. With regard to fear of success imagery the results of both studies indicated an interaction effect for sex of subject and occupations. Males exhibited the most fear of success imagery to the nurse cue, while females exhibited the most to the engineer cue. It was concluded that male dominance of occupations was an important factor in relation to fear of success imagery.
Spatial navigation of media streams

Interactive multimedia walkthrough applications are useful tools for visualizing complex areas. These environments permit navigation through a virtual space based on intuitive actions like "go forward" or "go left". The space is generally constructed using computer graphics models and enhanced with video, still images, and sound. While video is usually incorporated into these models, it is played as taken, and generally as a dependent media, i.e. the navigation controls do not control the video even if the video is a "real" walkthrough of the virtual space. Integrating the real-world media and the computer graphics model by registering both within a common virtual reality framework would allow navigation in the computer graphics model to control video of the corresponding location in the real world and vice versa. This would cause the computer graphics model to be regenerated based on the camera position in the real world video. Additionally, by registering into the common framework, new media data of any type can be added into the presentation. This paper presents a multimedia data structure capable of supporting these operations. A prototypical mobile video capture device is discussed that can record the required video media and process it for inclusion in the framework described.
Rational Design of Organotin Polyesters

Large dielectric constant and band gap are essential for insulating materials used in applications such as capacitors, transistors and photovoltaics. Of the most common polymers utilized for these applications, polyvinyldiene fluoride (PVDF) offers a good balance between dielectric constant, >10, and band gap, 6 eV, but suffers from being a ferroelectric material. Herein, we investigate a series of aliphatic organotin polymers, p[DMT(CH2)n], to increase the dipolar and ionic part of the dielectric constant while maintaining a large band gap. We model these polymers by performing first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), to predict their structures, electronic and total dielectric constants and energy band gaps. The modeling and experimental values show strong correlation, in which the polymers exhibit both high dielectric constant, ≥5.3, and large band gap, ≥4.7 eV with one polymer displaying a dielectric constant of 6.6 and band gap of 6.7 eV. From our work, we can identify ...
Yield Response of Corn Stands to Stalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Injury Imposed During Early Development

In a 3-yr study, visual injury and grain yield were evaluated for two fullseason corn ( Zea mays L.) hybrids infested by stalk borer larvae, Papaipema nebris (Guenee), at leaf stages 1 through 7. Individual plants were assigned a rating based upon a six-class scale, and the average rating per plot was determined; 80% of the total number of injured plants within each plot were classified as injured within 1 wk after infestation. A significant linear relationship between leaf stage and injury rating was detected in all years of the study, with injury rating declining at an average rate of 0.332 ± 0.033 points per leaf stage. In all years, infested plots yielded significantly less grain than uninfested control plots. Average yields of Pioneer hybrids 3541 and 3377 were reduced by 24.8 and 18.9%, respectively, when compared with uninfested control plots. In 2 of 3 yr, yield losses declined linearly as plants were attacked later in development. However, in a drought-stressed year, leaf stage was independent of plot yield even though injury ratings for each leaf stage were very similar to those recorded during years with normal rainfall. Linear models, which regressed injury rating on yield, were developed and compared for each year and hybrid combination.
Epicardial Interventions in Electrophysiology

The utility of the pericardial space in the electrophysiology laboratory for mapping and ablation was not appreciated by cardiac electrophysiologists until percutaneous access to the epicardial space for catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was first described by Sosa and colleagues in patients with Chagasic cardiomyopathy in 1997.1 Long regarded as an area accessed only if procedural complications developed, the epicardial space has now become the new frontier in expanding the role of cardiac catheter ablation and therapeutics.2,3 For many years patients with arrhythmias (which could not be ablated endocardially) were treated with an open surgical approach, reminiscent of the first bypass tract surgical resection in a Wolff-Parkinson-White patient in 1969.4,5 The focus of this article is to review the development of epicardial interventions in electrophysiology in the past decade and a half and to provide an update on the current status and future prospects in this field. The anatomy of the epicardial space is discussed initially, because this provides a basis for a review of the relevant imaging aspects. The technique of accessing the space, initially developed for drainage of pericardial effusions by pericardiocentesis and subsequently modified for accessing a normal pericardial space, will also be outlined. We will also discuss mapping and ablation of arrhythmias from the epicardial surface of the heart. The majority of epicardial clinical studies have involved ventricular arrhythmias, with only small series or case reports for supraventricular arrhythmias. The most recent European Heart Rhythm Association/ Heart Rhythm Society consensus document reported that the epicardial space was accessed in 17% of VT ablation procedures, based on a survey of VT tertiary referral centers.6 A recent multicenter study from tertiary referral centers found an overall epicardial access rate of 19% for patients undergoing VT ablation procedures.7 This …
Effect of inlet conditions on scalar statistics in pipe mixing

Recent experimental validation of theoretical and numerical predictions regarding scalar variance decay in a pipe have revealed that the traditional plug-flow reactor picture of pipe flow omits key physical mechanisms. In particular, the far-field decay exhibits a power law rather than exponential decay. These observations are examined by performing a set of experiments where the manner in which the scalar constituents are introduced into the pipe is varied. Significant differences are noted in the behavior of the variance decay until the very far field is reached, where an invariant power-law form emerges.
Managerial Efficiency, Managerial Succession and Organizational Performance

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to create a measure of managerial efficiency in an attempt to reassess the conflicting theories concerning the impact of organizational performance on manager succession, and the counter-theories concerning the impact of manager succession on organizational performance. The analysis uses data for 147 college basketball teams from 1984 to 1991. The results indicate that winning, not efficiency, is the key criterion used in determining managerial retention. Yet when managers of losing teams are dismissed the teams tend to do even worse. If, however, the efficiency of the new manager is greater than that of the former, the disruptive effect of succession is minimized. Because administrators appear to focus on winning, not efficiency, they will often select new managers who are less efficient than departed managers. These results are unique to this literature and indicate promise for the use of DEA in analyses of the internal efficiencies of organizations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of the glass transition temperature of polymers: A model based on the principle of corresponding states

The application of corresponding state principles to describe the properties of polymers is implicit in many of the fundamental studies of polymeric behavior. The seminal works of Prigogine, Hildebrand, Eyring, Flory, Gibbs, and DiMarzio in which multidimensional lattice representations and refined statistical mechanical approaches have been used are the basis for much of today's understanding of the thermodynamic behavior of polymers and their solutions. In this work the lattice energy of a polymer is defined in terms of reduced molecular parameters, and it is assumed that all polymers with the same functional form for their lattice energies will be in corresponding states. A reduced second order transition temperature is defined relative to a characteristic temperature T* = sϵ*/2kv* c, where the molecular parameters refer to the properties of the repeating segments of the polymer chain. Equations are derived that express the effects of molecular weight, plasticization, degree of crosslinking, and copolymerization on the second order (i.e., glass) transition temperature. In their limits, the equations are shown to reduce in form to equations derivable from free volume theory. They are also used to analyze successfully a variety of glass transition temperature data available in the literature on homogeneous uncrosslinked and crosslinked polymers, plasticized polymers, and random copolymers.
Effect of Ahemeral Light:Dark Cycles on Egg Production in Early Photostimulated Brown-Egg Pullets

Abstract A laying trial was conducted to determine the effect of an ahemeral lighting program on early photostimulated brown-egg pullets (DeKalb Sex-Sal). All birds received 24 h of light/day (24L:0D) to 3 days of age followed by 8 h of light (8L:16D) to 8 wk of age. From 8 to 16 wk the birds received 10 h of light daily At 16 wk, the control group (CON) received 11 h of light and 13 h of darkness (11L:13D) followed by a weekly 1-h increase in photoperiod to 14L:10D at 19 wk, which was maintained for the duration of the trial (59 wk of age). Birds on the ahemeral (AHM) schedule were exposed to a 26-h schedule of 11L: 15D at 16 wk with a weekly 1-h increase in the photoperiod to 14L: 12D at 19 wk. The AHM schedule (14L:12D) was maintained from Weeks 19 to 30 at which time birds were returned to a 24-h cycle of 14L:10D and kept on this schedule for the remainder of the trial. Egg weight was significantly increased by the AHM treatment for 27 to 30 wk; however, there was no cumulative (Weeks 19 to 59) effect on egg weight. Percentages of eggs per hen per day (%HDP) were significantly reduced by the AHM treatment for the periods 23 to 26 wk and 31 to 34 wk. This reduction caused a significant cumulative effect on %HDP (68.9 for CON versus 66.2 for AHM). Feed conversion (grams of feed per gram of egg) was increased on the AHM treatment for Weeks 23 to 26 and 31 to 34, as well as for the cumulative period [CON = 3.0±.08 (SD) versus, AHM = 3.1±.08]. It is suggested that the abrupt change from the AHM to the hemeral schedule at 30 wk reduced the gonadotropic stimulus.
P1-375: Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid pathology in Down syndrome cataract

Lee E. Goldstein, Robert D. Moir, Roberto Pineda, Juliet A. Moncaster, Mark A. Burton, Joy Ghosh, Stephanie Soscia, Anca Mocofanescu, John I. Clark, Richard M. Robb, Rudolph E. Tanzi, David G. Hunter, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Eye and Ear/ Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Contact e-mail: lgold@bu.edu
Action Understanding in the Superior Temporal Sulcus Region

The posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) region plays an important role in the perception of social acts, although its full role has not been completely clarified. This functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment examined activity in the STS region as participants viewed actions that were congruent or incongruent with intentions established by a previous emotional context. Participants viewed an actress express either a positive or a negative emotion toward one of two objects and then subsequently pick up one of them. If the object that was picked up had received positive regard, or if the object that was not picked up had received negative regard, the action was congruent; otherwise, the action was incongruent. Activity in the right posterior STS region was sensitive to the congruency between the action and the actress's emotional expression (i.e., STS activity was greater on incongruent than on congruent trials). These findings suggest that the posterior STS represents not only biological motion, but also how another person's motion is related to his or her intentions.
Dating the growth of oceanic crust at a slow-spreading ridge.

Nineteen uranium-lead zircon ages of lower crustal gabbros from Atlantis Bank, Southwest Indian Ridge, constrain the growth and construction of oceanic crust at this slow-spreading midocean ridge. Approximately 75% of the gabbros accreted within error of the predicted seafloor magnetic age, whereas ∼25% are significantly older. These anomalously old samples suggest either spatially varying stochastic intrusion at the ridge axis or, more likely, crystallization of older gabbros at depths of ∼5 to 18 kilometers below the base of crust in the cold, axial lithosphere, which were uplifted and intruded by shallow-level magmas during the creation of Atlantis Bank.
Receptor clustering on a cell surface. III. theory of receptor cross-linking by multivalent ligands: description by ligand states

Abstract The interaction of multivalent ligand with cell surface receptors is the first step in triggering a number of biological responses. Here I present and analyze a mathematical model for the binding of a multivalent ligand, containing v identical reactive sites, to monovalent or multivalent cell surface receptors. The initial binding of such ligands to a cell is followed by further reactions on the surface which cross-link receptors and lead to the formation of ligand-receptor clusters. In the presence of monovalent haptens, I consider the possibility that clustering can be competitively inhibited. By introducing the concept of an effective valence for the ligand, which is the number of reactive groups that can simultaneously bind to surface receptors, one can take into account steric hindrance and the inability of some ligand determinants to participate in cross-linking reactions because they are oriented incorrectly. When the ligand's effective valence is greater than two, a number of different criteria can be used to measure receptor clustering: (1) the fraction of receptor sites occupied by multiply bound ligand, (2) the concentration of cross-links holding distinct receptors together, and (3) the concentration of cell surface aggregates. The dependence of these three aggregation measures on ligand and monovalent hapten concentration is studied. A number of theorems are proven about the general shape and characteristics of cross-linking curves. For ligands which can simultaneously bind more than two cell surface receptors the cross-linking curve is not symmetric, although as in the case of bivalent ligands, the curve generated using criteria (1) or (2) has a single maximum. Throughout the analysis intramolecular reactions and ring formation are ignored. A criterion is developed which indicates that the theory can break down at high degrees of cross-linking for receptors which have two or more combining sites. In such cases intramolecular reactions need to be considered. As an application, the theory is used to interpret previously published experiments on the release of histamine by basophils.
The Physiological Behavior of Iron in the Calf

Summary Results of ferrokinetics studies and tissue distribution investigations as a function of time after Fe-59 administration in 21 calves indicate radiochemical procedures to be a sensitive measure of integrity of erythropoietic tissue. They further demonstrate feasible measurements of physiological mechanisms of iron metabolism that should provide means for dietary requirement estimations and basic data essential for understanding the nature and pathogenesis of prevalent anemias among farm animals.
Synthesis and Properties of Some Mesomorphic Vinyl Compounds and Their Saturated Analogs

Abstract The synthesis of a number of mesomorphic vinyl compounds and of their saturated analogs is described. The unsaturated compounds are mostly Schiff bases with styryl, acrylic and methacrylic groups. The mesomorphic properties are studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing microscropy. The presence of the double bond does not seem to influence the mesomorphic properties of the compounds in a consistent, predictable way. Literature data for mesomorphic compounds containing vinyl groups and their saturated analogs are also reviewed and discussed in terms of structure-property relationships.
Novel Optical Properties and Emerging Applications of Metal Nanostructures

This paper provides a brief overview of recent research activities concerning metal nanomaterials, including their synthesis, structure, surface plasmon absorption, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), electron dynamics, emerging applications, and the historical context by which to view these subjects. We emphasize coinage metals, particularly silver and gold. Silver and gold nanostructures exhibit fascinating optical properties due to their strong optical absorption in the visible as a result of the collective oscillation of conduction band electrons, known as the surface plasmon. This is the origin of many interesting physical phenomena and related applications such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and SERS useful in chemical and biomedical detection and analysis. SERS offers high sensitivity and molecular specificity that are attractive for sensing and imaging applications. Electron dynamics in metal nanostructures have been studied using ultrafast laser techniques to gain fundamental insight in...
Charge stripping effects from highly charged iodine ions formed from Coulomb explosion of CH3I clusters

Abstract Iodine ions of high charge states are observed upon irradiation of methyl iodide clusters with an intense femtosecond laser pulse. All signals from multicharged ions exhibit a peak splitting in the time-of-flight mass spectra, indicating their origin from a Coulomb explosion process. These main peaks are accompanied by smaller peaks attributed to field ionization of highly charged species in the ion optics of the TOF mass spectrometer. It is shown that highly charged atomic ions formed from Coulomb explosion, upon interaction with electric field close to the mesh, can lose another electron leading to the formation of even higher charged species. The observation of this charge stripping process is evidence for the formation of highly excited ions in the course of the Coulomb explosion process, providing new insights into the mechanisms of femtosecond ionization involving multi-electron loss.
Local adaptation in stabilized vision.

Abstract The increment threshold for a small stimulus superimposed upon adapting spots of various diameters was measured under scotopic conditions in the peripheral retina. Confirming Westheimer (1965) , it was found that adapting spots of about 1° diameter raise the threshold more than either larger or smaller spots. This experiment was repeated using a stabilized-image technique to avoid movements of the adapting field over the retina. The reduction of threshold with increase of the adapting spot diameter above 1° was found to be more pronounced with stabilization than without. Hence, Westheimer's phenomenon cannot be explained by eye movements and temporal excitability changes, and must be attributed to physiological interactions within the visual system.
Interpreting rights and duties after mass violence

In our age of human rights, there has been an increased focus not only on the rights of people and collectives harmed through mass atrocities and other injustices, but also on the duty to redress this harm. Building on Passini’s (2011) call for an integration of rights and duties through responsibility, I argue that movements in this direction are already underway. This integration follows, for example, from growing recognition of the complexity in victim and perpetrator roles. Another way in which integration of rights and duties in the aftermath of mass violence has occurred is through alternative meanings of ingroup victimization drawn by victim groups throughout the world. Specifically, based on a sense of inclusive victim consciousness, some have expressed and advocated perceived responsibility to ensure rights for other victim groups as well. This phenomenon is an example of the moral inclusion and focus on responsibility that Passini (2011) argues is necessary in our age of human rights. Examples o...
Embolization of spinal tumors

Abstract Superselective spinal angiography combined with advances in microguidewire and microcatheter technology has greatly improved our ability to treat vascular lesions affecting the spine and spinal cord. It also has changed the approach to treatment of both intramedullary and paraspinal neoplasms. The ability to perform superselective angiography combined with modern subtraction imaging has rendered both diagnostic spinal angiography and embolization of spinal and spinal cord tumors safe and effective.
Suppression of Self-Injurious Behaviour: Determining the Least Restrictive Alternative.

In keeping with recent ethical and legal guidelines regarding the use of aversive treatment procedures, a number of alternatives for the treatment of self-injury have been suggested. The present study provides an example of the determination of the least restrictive but most effective treatment with a case of self-injury. Employing a combination of multiple baseline and reversal designs, the effects of DRO, overcorrection, lemon juice, and aromatic ammonia on the rate of self-poking in a profoundly retarded child were examined. DRO and overcorrection were both ineffective. Although lemon juice suppressed and stabilised the rate of poking, aromatic ammonia produced greater suppression. Implications for the testing of treatments for SIB are discussed.
A Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Scheme for the Regional Ocean Modeling System

Abstract A three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) scheme has been developed within the framework of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). This ROMS3DVAR enables the capability of predicting meso- to small-scale variations with temporal scales from hours to days in coastal oceans. To cope with particular difficulties that result from complex coastlines and bottom topography, unbalanced flows, and sparse observations, ROMS3DVAR includes novel strategies. These strategies include the implementation of three-dimensional anisotropic and inhomogeneous error correlations based on a Kronecker product, application of particular weak dynamic constraints, and implementation of efficient and reliable algorithms for minimizing the cost function. The formulation of ROMS3DVAR is presented here, and its implementation off the West Coast is currently under way.
The Rise of the Street Middleman/Woman in a Declining Drug Market

Performing special services for others, when compensation is either explicit or implicit, is an integral part of the social organization of drug subcultures. One instrumental activity in this milieu is the service performed by the middleman or woman in obtaining illegal drugs for others. A street middleman/woman involved in drug transactions in Bushwick, Brooklyn is a person who specializes in procuring drugs for those people who cannot or do not want to purchase drugs directly from a dealer because of their unfamiliarity with the dealer and/or the fear of being arrested. They are monetarily compensated for this service by the customer. At times they also receive discounts from street drug dealers on purchases for their customers which increases their monetary compensation.
Kinetic limitations on incorporation of Zn in Cd1 − xZnxTe

Abstract Experimental data that indicate Cd can be favored over Zn incorporation in Cd 1 − x Zn x Te growth by MOCVD, and that a threshold fraction of diethylzinc in the gas phase must be present to incorporate any zinc into the film, are described. Changing from diethylzinc to dimethylzinc pushed the threshold toward a higher fraction of diethylzinc. Other data indicated that the Cd and Zn precursors compete for the same adsorption sites on the growing film. A proposed model based on reaction kinetic limitations helped explain the data.
Induction of migrainelike headaches by the serotonin agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine

In a study of serotonin (5-HT) function in patients with eating disorders and healthy control subjects, severe headaches with features of common migraine occurred unexpectedly in 28 of 52 subjects (54%) 8 to 12 hours after receiving a single oral dose of the 5-HT receptor agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), 0.5 mg/kg. None of the same subjects developed similar late-occurring headaches after placebo or the 5-HT precursor, L-tryptophan, 100 mg/kg given intravenously. The frequency of these migrainelike headaches was not significantly different between patients with bulimia or anorexia nervosa and control subjects, but incidence of headaches was significantly greater in subjects with a personal or family history of migraine, with almost all predisposed individuals (18 of 20, 90%) developing severe symptoms. Headache ratings were also significantly correlated (rho = 0.70; p < 0.0001) with peak concentrations of m-CPP in plasma. These observations indicate that m-CPP may provide a novel probe for studies of the pathophysiology of migraine headaches. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 43, 605–609; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.83
30 cm Engineering Model thruster design and qualification tests

Development of a 30-cm mercury electron bombardment Engineering Model ion thruster has successfully brought the thruster from the status of a laboratory experimental device to a point approaching flight readiness. This paper describes the development progress of the Engineering Model (EM) thruster in four areas: (1) design features and fabrication approaches, (2) performance verification and thruster to thruster variations, (3) structural integrity, and (4) interface definition. The design of major subassemblies, including the cathode-isolator-vaporizer (CIV), main isolator-vaporizer (MIV), neutralizer isolator-vaporizer (NIV), ion optical system, and discharge chamber/outer housing is discussed along with experimental results.
Measurement of intermolecular energy transfer using picosecond light pulses

Abstract A method for studying ultrafast intermolecular electronic energy transfer between organic molecules with picosecond light pulses has been developed. This technique is applied to rhodamine 6G dissolved in glycerol.
31 BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF PREMATURES WITH NEONATAL HYPOCALCEMIA

The behavioral development and possible sequelae of “early” neonatal hypocalcemia (HC, occurring in the first 3 days of life) have not been examined. From a prospective study of Vitamin D supplementation, 6 well AGA prematures (gestation 32 to 37 wks. who were hypocalcemic at 48 hours of age (SS-20 ionized Ca<3.5 mg/dl) were pair matched (gestation and Apgar) with 6 normocalcemic (NC) infants. Infants were examined for amount of tremors on day 1,2,3, with Brazelton Behavioral Assessment (BBA) at 40 weeks post conception and Gesell Developmental Exam. (GDE) at 3 and 6 months. All exams. were blind to Ca levels. There were no differences between HC and NC groups in degree of tremors during the 1st. 3 days. In the BBA, the HC infants were less responsive to the ball than NC infants, 3.8±0.3 (mean±SEM) vs. 4.7±0.1 (Wilcoxon Rank, p<0.05); the HC infants were less responsive to the voice than NC infants, 4.3±0.1 vs 5.3±0.1 (p<0.05), and less responsive to voice and face than NC, 4.5±0.1 vs. 5.6±0.2 (p<0.05). The HC group also needed more consoling than NC infants, 6.6±0.3 vs 7.6±0.3 (p<0.05) and were more excitable than NC infants, 6.4±0.4 vs 5.8±0.3 (p<0.05). The GDE at 3 months was lower for the HC infants (90±3) compared to NC (99±1), p<0.05. At 6 months there was no difference between the 2 groups, 112±1 vs 111±1. Early neonatal hypocalcemia is associated with less responsiveness and more excitability in the neonate, with possible effects at 3 months.
Work surface: Hexavalent plutonium vs. pH

A surface representing the work needed to oxidize trivalent plutonium to the hexavalent state can be described in terms of the pH and the equilibrium fraction of hexavalent plutonium in the solution. The surface has a trough. Its depth and locus depend on the pH and the fraction of the Pu(VI).
Architecture and performance of an instrumented RF system that utilizes the GNSS satellite network

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the space segment of the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the GNSS signals may be measured via instrumented ground stations to provide improved positional information for aircraft landing. This paper presents an instrumented RF system to demonstrate these properties. In particular, a landing system will be studied in this paper. By definition, the Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) provides local GPS error corrections to aircraft from a ground-based station. The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) is one implementation of GBAS that is being developed to meet the needs of very low-visibility instrument approaches. There are concerns of the possibility that a LAAS ground station might inadvertently transmit a signal in space (SIS) that includes Hazardous Misleading Information (HMI). The current method of detecting HMI relies heavily on statistical inference to determine the integrity of the transmitted error corrections. This paper presents a method of closing the loop of the LAAS transmission to deterministically reduce the probability of transmitting HMI.
High yield acyl anion transfer reactions: nucleophilic acylation of aldehydes

Abstract Aldehydes may be acylated to give R'CH(ON)C(O)R in good yield by the RLi/CO in situ procedure at very low temperatures. Examples are given of ketone acylations which demonstrate the advantages of 1:1 RLi/substrate stoichiometry and the use of lower (−135°C) temperature.
Ethnicity, Self-Concept, and School Belonging: Effects on School Engagement.

This study examined the relationship of self-concept, school belonging, school engagement to school performance of Caucasian- and African-American students. The main purpose is to assess the ethnicity-based differences in these psycho-social constructs and to explore their differential relationship to school achievement in high-school students from different ethnic background. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire in three school divisions in the Southwest region of Virginia of the United States. The results showed significant ethnicity-based difference in self-concept and in school engagement, but no significant difference in school belonging. The achievement differences were also significant, Caucasian students being higher on self-reported grades. In the regression model, self-concept was not a significant predictor of school outcomes, while school belonging had a significant relationship to school achievement for African-American students. Both self-concept and school engagement were significant for Caucasian students. The findings of the study provide better understanding of the relationship of these variables to school achievement and point to some policy-relevant implications.
Baryon Mass Spectrum

It is assumed that the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-baryon interactions are universal and the $K$-baryon interactions account for the large mass differences between baryons. If further all baryon spins are \textonehalf{} and $K$ spin is zero, ($\ensuremath{\Sigma}, \ensuremath{\Lambda}$) parity is even, the ($\ensuremath{\Sigma}, \ensuremath{\Lambda}$) mass difference can be neglected, and the present baryon spectrum and its isotopic spin assignments are correct, then to all orders in the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-baryon coupling constant and to the second order in the $K$-baryon coupling constants, one can obtain the essential feature of the observed mass spectrum. The magnitudes of the $K$-coupling constants that yield this mass spectrum are crudely estimated.
Palliative Surgery in the Do-Not-Resuscitate Patient: Ethics and Practical Suggestions for Management

Palliative care in the United States has made tremendous strides in the last decade. One of the most perplexing issues arises when a palliative care patient presents to the operating room with an already existing do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. This article describes the most common conflicting issues that may arise and provides guidance to surgeons, anesthesiologists, patients, and their primary physicians to reach satisfactory resolution and optimal care. Anesthesia departments should appoint a liaison to surgical and perioperative nursing departments to provide education and create an atmosphere conducive to discussions with palliative care patients about goals of care, including DNR status.