cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Societal trust and open innovation

Abstract While open innovation provides a new paradigm to sustain a firm’s competitive advantage, opening up to external knowledge also entails substantial risks of appropriation and opportunism. Building on this “open paradox” framework, this study investigates whether societal trust—a key aspect of informal cultural norms—serves as an effective mechanism in improving relational governance among partners, thereby leading to better collaborative outcomes. Using a novel panel data on co-owned patents across 29 countries, we show that firms in high trust countries are able to produce a higher level of joint output (i.e., co-owned patents). This effect is more pronounced when perceived opportunism is higher (i.e., firms in high-tech industries, or in countries with less disclosure transparency), and when formal contracts are less enforceable (i.e., in countries with relatively weak legal systems). We further show that open innovation is the channel through which societal trust promotes innovative efficiency. Overall, our study establishes societal trust as a key factor in influencing the efficiency of open innovation.
Fracture Mechanical Properties of Damaged and Hydrothermally Altered Rocks, Dixie Valley‐Stillwater Fault Zone, Nevada, USA

An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2019) American Geophysical Union. Callahan, O. A., Eichhubl, P., Olson, J. E., & Davatzes, N. C. (2019). Fracture Mechanical Properties of Damaged and Hydrothermally Altered Rocks, Dixie Valley‐Stillwater Fault Zone, Nevada, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124(4), 4069-4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jb016708
Neurosteroid Actions in Memory and Neurologic/Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Memory dysfunction is a symptomatic feature of many neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the basic underlying mechanisms of memory and altered states of circuitry function associated with disorders of memory remain a vast unexplored territory. The initial discovery of endogenous neurosteroids triggered a quest to elucidate their role as neuromodulators in normal and diseased brain function. In this review, based on the perspective of our own research, the advances leading to the discovery of positive and negative neurosteroid allosteric modulators of GABA type-A (GABAA), NMDA, and non-NMDA type glutamate receptors are brought together in a historical and conceptual framework. We extend the analysis toward a state-of-the art view of how neurosteroid modulation of neural circuitry function may affect memory and memory deficits. By aggregating the results from multiple laboratories using both animal models for disease and human clinical research on neuropsychiatric and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, elements of a circuitry level view begins to emerge. Lastly, the effects of both endogenously active and exogenously administered neurosteroids on neural networks across the life span of women and men point to a possible underlying pharmacological connectome by which these neuromodulators might act to modulate memory across diverse altered states of mind.
Photochemistry in a Crystalline Cage. Control of the Type-B Bicyclic Reaction Course: Mechanistic and Exploratory Organic Photochemistry1,2

Our current theories on crystal lattice control of organic photochemistry were subjected to studies of type-B rearrangement of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ones. A first finding was that the solid state photochemistry differed dramatically from that in solution. One of our past observations in this bicyclic photochemistry in solution was that the six-membered ring, type B, zwitterion was a ubiquitous intermediate. This intermediate invariably underwent a preferential migration of an aryl group to carbon-2 relative to carbon-4 with formation of a 2,3-disubstituted phenol, a result deriving from electronic effects. In contrast, the crystal lattice photochemistry revealed a regioselectivity depending on the surrounding lattice rather than electronics. Perhaps an even more dramatic difference was an observation of the dependence of reactant stereochemistry. Thus, in solution, for 6,6-disubstituted bicyclics with two different groups at C-6, a common zwitterion is formed and the same photoproduct is formed indepen...
No One Has Any Time

New technology can spark innovations in both assignment design and classroom structure; however, training faculty, staff, and students on new technology can be a struggle given everyone's busy schedule. A Tech Talk delivers technology instruction through short, targeted drop-in sessions. The series is the result of a collaboration between the Digital Liberal Arts Center, where I serve as the Instructional Technologist, and the Language Learning Center at Grinnell College. The Language Learning Center Director and I present weekly on new and/or relatively easy to use tools already available on campus that can be integrated into current or future courses.. Each Talk is short and informal, open to all on campus including students. We build in time for participants to try using the tool and to brainstorm how they can use it in class. We also provide examples from implementation from campus or other learning experiences.
Commentary:Deja vu All Over Again: What Will It Take To Solve Big Instructional Problems.

(2000). Commentary: Deja Vu All Over Again: What Will it Take to Solve Big Instructional Problems. School Psychology Review: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 575-576.
A Phase I Study of Alpelisib in Combination with Trastuzumab and LJM716 in Patients with PIK3CA-Mutated HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer

Purpose: Activating mutations in PIK3CA promote resistance to HER2-targeted therapy in breast cancer; however, inhibition of PI3K alone leads to escape via feedback upregulation of HER3. Combined inhibition of HER2, HER3, and PI3K overcomes this mechanism preclinically. Patients and Methods: This phase I study investigated the MTD of alpelisib given in combination with trastuzumab and LJM716 (a HER3-targeted antibody) in patients with PIK3CA-mutant HER2-positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) using the continual reassessment method. Secondary analyses included efficacy and exploratory correlative studies. Results: Ten patients were treated initially with daily alpelisib (arm A). Grade ≥3 adverse events seen in ≥2 patients included diarrhea (n = 6), hypokalemia (n = 3), abnormal liver enzymes (n = 3), hyperglycemia (n = 2), mucositis (n = 2), and elevated lipase (n = 2). The MTD of alpelisib in arm A was 250 mg daily. This prompted the opening of arm B in which 11 patients received intermittently dosed alpelisib. Grade ≥3 adverse events seen in ≥2 patients included diarrhea (n = 5), hypokalemia (n = 3), and hypomagnesemia (n = 2). The MTD of alpelisib in arm B was 350 mg given 4 days on, 3 days off. Among 17 patients assessed, 1 had a partial response, 14 had stable disease, and 2 had disease progression at best response. Five patients had stable disease for >30 weeks. mRNA profiling of pre- and on-treatment tissue demonstrated PIK3CA target engagement by alpelisib via induction of downstream signaling and feedback pathways. Conclusions: Combination treatment with alpelisib, trastuzumab, and LJM716 was limited by gastrointestinal toxicity. Further efforts are warranted to target the PI3K pathway in HER2+ MBC.
“I Really Want to Do Something”: How Civic Education Activities Promote Thinking Toward Civic Purpose Among Early Adolescents:

Research has shown that youth and their communities benefit from civics education, with its aim to prepare citizens for democracy. However, civics education for adolescents in the United States is ...
Patient Outcomes and Satisfaction After Mohs Micrographic Surgery in Patients With Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer.

BACKGROUND Quality in medicine is increasingly being measured through patient-reported outcome measures. Given the rising incidence and costs for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) treatment, it is imperative to define quality measures specific to dermatologic surgery. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) together with patient and tumor factors to better define their use in developing treatment strategies and quality measures. METHODS AND MATERIALS A prospective study was conducted among 226 patients undergoing MMS for treatment of NMSC. Patient demographics, quality of life, functional status, satisfaction, and prognostic factors were gathered. Postoperative outcomes were measured at 1 month and included patient-reported problems and provider-reported complications. Relationships between patient factors and outcomes were evaluated through statistical analysis. RESULTS Average patient satisfaction in the domain of general satisfaction of the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 was 4.34 of 5. General patient satisfaction did not differ across age, final defect size, sex, or prognostic scores. At 1-month postoperatively, 97 percent of patients expressed willingness to undergo future MMS if indicated. CONCLUSION Patients are generally satisfied with MMS for treatment of NMSC. Specific patient factors that may affect satisfaction include smoking status and anticoagulation use.
Results from Using Automatic Speech Recognition in Cleft Speech Therapy with Children

Most children with cleft are required to undertake speech therapy after undergoing surgery to repair their craniofacial defect. However, the untrained ear of a parent can lead to incorrect practice resulting in the development of compensatory structures. Even worse, the boring nature of the cleft speech therapy often causes children to abandon home exercises and therapy altogether. We have developed a simple recognition system capable of detecting impairments on the phoneme level with high accuracy. We embed this into a game environment and provide it to a cleft palate specialist team for pilot testing with children 2 to 5 years of age being evaluated for speech therapy. The system consistently detected cleft speech in high-pressure consonants in 3 out of our 5 sentences. Doctors agreed that this would improve the quality of therapy outside of the office. Children enjoyed the game overall, but grew bored due to the delays of phrase-based speech recognition.
Plurality of protein conformations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase monomers probed by high pressure electrophoresis.

Abstract We used hydrostatic pressure in the range of 1 to 2 kbar, coupled with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to investigate the properties of monomers of dimeric ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. At temperatures below -5 degrees C or pressures above 1.5 kbar, only a diffuse band with low electrophoretic mobility was observed, which is assigned to a denatured monomer. In gels run at 1.0 kbar and temperatures above 0 degree C, both the wild type and a mutant in which a positively charged Lys at the dimer interface is replaced by a negatively charged glutamic acid displayed several discrete bands with retardation coefficients larger than that of the dimer. Cross-linking due to oxidation of cysteines was not the reason for the multiplicity of bands, which in addition were independent on the length of the electrophoretic run in the range of 1-3 h. Binding of 1,1'-bis(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid to the pressure dissociated monomers stabilized the unfolded conformations. We propose that the dissociated monomers adopt various expanded conformations, which, under the experimental conditions, are stabilized to the extent necessary to be considered as distinct chemical species. Gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography analysis of bands eluted from nonstained gels run at 1 kbar (15 degrees C) and 1.5 kbar (-5 degrees C), respectively, was performed. In both cases the dimeric structure was fully recovered, along with the spectroscopic properties and catalytic activity characteristic of the native dimer, indicating that the unresolved unfolded conformers that appear at -5 degrees C, as well as the set of discrete conformers obtained at 15 degrees C, are able to reconstitute a single active conformation on reassociation.
Algorithmic and combinatorial analysis of trapping sets in structured LDPC codes

Several combinatorial properties of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, such as minimum distance, diameter, stopping number, girth and cycle-length distribution of the corresponding Tanner graph, are known to influence their performance under iterative decoding. Recently, a new class of combinatorial configurations, termed trapping sets, was shown to be of significant importance in determining the properties of LDPC codes in the error-floor region. Very little is known both about the existence/parameters of trapping sets in structured LDPC codes and about possible techniques for reducing their negative influence on the code's performance. In this paper, we address both these problems from an algorithmic and combinatorial perspective. We first provide a numerical study of the trapping phenomena for the Margulis code, which exhibits a fairly high error-floor. Based on this analysis, conducted for two different implementations of iterative belief propagation, we propose a novel decoding process, termed averaged decoding. Averaged decoding provides for a significant reduction in the number of incorrectly decoded frames in the error-floor region of the Margulis code. Furthermore, based on the results of the algorithmic approach, we suggest a novel combinatorial characterizations of trapping sets in the class of LDPC codes based on finite geometries. Projective geometry LDPC codes are suspected to have extremely low error-floors, which is a property that we may attribute to the non-existence of certain small trapping sets in the code graph.
Observation of acoustical memory in LiNbO3.

A new physical effect is reported. In single crystals of lithium niobate ($\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{b}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}$), we have observed an acoustical memory effect. An acoustical tone burst is stored inside the crystal and reemitted at a later time. This memory signal is related to the acousto-electrical properties of the ferroelectric medium. Futhermore, it is shown to be sensitive to both temperature and frequency.
Essence of Negotiation: Understanding Appeasement and “The Great Munich Stereotype”

The relative merits of rational choice and behavioral approaches to the study of negotiation continue to be hotly debated. This article tests qualitative postdictions (assertions or deductions about something in the past) from these paradigms as well as the alternative approach of new institutional theory against the extensive record of negotiation process, contractual form, and contract implementation from the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. I find the incomplete relational form of the peace treaty to be consistent with the behavioral and new institutional concepts and find that only behavioral theory can explain how unilateral German moves unraveled the treaty during the 1930s. But the historical record further reveals that the close fit between the behavioral paradigm and these events is more than coincidence. I also discuss the role of conference participants, particularly John Maynard Keynes and Walter Lippmann, in establishing the basis for modern behavioral science. The behavioral paradigm emerged from efforts to understand and fix serious policy mistakes such as those made in the peace negotiations. The study of human error was intended to serve as the basis for broad-based organizational solutions. Finally, I discuss the impact of “the Munich stereotype” on such recent events as the planning for the American invasion and reconstruction of Iraq; such examples suggest continued imperfections in the system of organized intelligence that has actually evolved in the United States.
Characterization of donor chimerism, alloreactive host T cells and memory cell development in thymi from mice resistant to neonatal transplantation tolerance.

Certain B10 background mouse strains are resistant to tolerance induction after neonatal inoculation of class I/II MHC-disparate F1 hybrid cells. Despite initial thymic deletion of alloreactive cells, the majority (95%) of these mice reacquire the capacity to reject donor allografts. These current studies examined thymi of adult B10.S (H-2S/H-2E-) mice that neonatally received (B10.S x B10.A)F1 cells, before and after rejection or acceptance of B10.A (H-2k/d/H-2E+) skin grafts. Alloreactive thymic V beta 11+ and V beta 5+ T cells were often reduced in the injected recipients preceding allograft challenge. In some mice a single B10.A skin graft generated an increase in these T cell populations concurrent with allograft rejection. Injected mice that accepted B10.A skin grafts (i.e., tolerant) or that rejected two sequential B10.A grafts often had a reduction of these T cells. Thymic memory cells (CD44high+) were present before transplant in injected mice and reduced in the tolerant mice. Donor chimeric cells were identified in the majority of injected mice before transplant and diminished after B10.A graft application. A greater proportion of chimeric cells coexpressed CD11b or B220 in the tolerant mice. Thus, neonatally injected B10.S mice resistant to tolerance induction reacquire immunocompetent thymic T cells bearing characteristics of memory T cells that could mediate graft rejection. Finally, the initial presentation of chimeric cells (e.g., macrophages) that may efficiently present class I Ags through H-2E likely increases the possibility of adult tolerance.
Taurine in Pediatric Nutrition: Review and Update

Taurine was long considered an end product of the metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cyst(e)ine. Its only clearly recognized biochemical role had been as a substrate in the conjugation of bile acids. Taurine is found free in millimolar concentrations in animal tissues, particularly those that are excitable, rich in membranes, and generate oxidants. Various lines of evidence suggest one major nutritional role as protecting cell membranes by attenuating toxic substances and/or by acting as an osmoregulator. The totality of evidence suggests that taurine is nonessential in the rodent, it is an essential amino acid in the cat, and it is conditionally essential in man and monkey. Absence from the diet of a conditionally essential nutrient does not produce immediate deficiency disease but, in the long term, can cause problems. Taurine is now added to many infant formulas as a measure of prudence to provide improved nourishment with the same margin of safety for its newly identified physiologic functions as that found in human milk. Such supplementation can be justified by the finding of improved fat absorption in preterm infants and in children with cystic fibrosis, as well as by salutary effects on auditory brainstem-evoked responses in preterm infants. Experimental findings in animal models and in human cell models provide further justification for taurine supplementation of infant formulas.
Gingival mass as the primary manifestation of multiple myeloma: report of two cases.

Two cases of multiple myeloma with primary manifestations in the oral cavity are reported, both presernting as a mandibular gingival/alveolar mass with hypermobility of the adjacent teeth. Roentgenographic examination demonstrated concomitant “punched-out” osteolytic jawbone lesions. After biopsy of the gingival mass was performed, multiple myeloma was subsequently diagnosed in both cases. Systemic bone scanning revealed multiple osteolytic bone lesions involving the skull and various skeletal bones. Hematologic screening showed a monoclonal gammopathy in both cases. A bone marrow biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Awareness of the maxillofacial manifestations of multiple myeloma is important for early detection of the disease, especially in patients with initial oral involvement.
Interaction of surfactant lamellar phase and a strictly alternating comb-graft amphiphilic polymer based on PEG

We study the effect of hydrophobically modified polymers (hm-polymers) on the phase behavior and membrane elastic properties of the lyotropic lamellar (Lα) phase of the nonionic surfactant penta(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether (C12E5). The hm-polymer is a model comb-graft polymer with monodisperse PEG blocks (loops) of 6, 12, or 35 kg/mol connecting C18 stearylamide hydrophobes. The polymer is of interest because both its loops and hydrophobes are biocompatible. The membrane properties are extracted from the small-angle neutron scattering data based on the model of Nallet et al. The monophasic Lα region exists over a narrower membrane volume fraction range but to a higher polymer concentration for hmPEGs with larger PEG spacers. The rigidity of the membranes increases by 40% with decreasing PEG spacer size from 12 to 6 kg/mol or increasing polymer concentration. For hmPEG polymers with 2−3 loops, the effect of finite chain lengths plays a role on the phase behavior and membrane properties.
Regulation of mandibular growth and morphogenesis.

The development of the vertebrate face is a dynamic process that starts with the formation of facial processes/prominences. Facial processes are small buds made up of mesenchymal masses enclosed by an epithelial layer that surround the primitive mouth. The 2 maxillary processes, the 2 lateral nasal processes, and the frontonasal processes form the upper jaw. The lower jaw is formed by the 2 mandibular processes. Although the question of the embryonic origin of facial structures has received considerable attention, the mechanisms that control differential growth of the facial processes and patterning of skeletal tissues within these structures have been difficult to study and still are not well-understood. This has been partially due to the lack of readily identifiable morphologically discrete regions in the developing face that regulate patterning of the face. Nonetheless, in recent years there has been significant progress in the understanding of the signaling network controlling the patterning and devel...
An evaluation of help mechanisms in natural language information retrieval systems

The field of natural language processing (NLP) demonstrates rapid changes in the design of information retrieval systems and human‐computer interaction. While natural language is being looked on as the most effective tool for information retrieval in a contemporary information environment, the systems using it are only beginning to emerge. This study attempts to evaluate the current state of NLP IR systems from the user’s point of view: what techniques are used by these systems to guide their users through the search process? The analysis focused on the structure and components of the systems’ help mechanisms. Results of the study demonstrated that systems which claimed to be using natural language searching in fact used a wide range of information retrieval techniques from real natural language processing to Boolean searching. As a result, the user assistance mechanisms of these systems also varied. While pseudo‐NLP systems would suit a more traditional method of instruction, real NLP systems primarily u...
Morphine-Induced Fetal Malformations II: Influence of Histamine and Diphenhydramine

The results of this investigation indicate that teratogenic effects of high subcutaneous doses of morphine sulfate administered on Day 8 or 9 of gestation in CF-1 mice are not augmented by histamine dihydrochloride or decreased by diphenhydramine. On the contrary, histamine caused a decrease in the incidence of exencephaly and cryptorchid testes and diphenhydramine caused an enhancement of the teratogenic response when both of these agents were used in combination with morphine sulfate.
LC/MS/MS in drug development: targeting the brain.

Success of drug development generally relies on selecting one or two most drug-like molecules from a large number of new chemical entities (NCEs) generated by combinatorial chemistry and subsequently filtered using in silico predictions. Drug-like properties include reliable bioactivity, favorable physical-chemical properties, and acceptable drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) profiles to enable “good” efficacy, availability, persistence, safety, and practicality in human (1). The use of highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assays during early in vitro and in vivo testing facilitates selection and advancement of one or two “best” compounds. Characterization of central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics (PK), despite typically being performed during secondary or tertiary screening, is critical for the successful development of drugs targeting the CNS (e.g., anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anesthetics, antibacterials, and anticancer agents). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) represent the main anatomical and biochemical (structural or functional) barriers between the peripheral circulation and the CNS. Thus, a key issue during early stage CNS-targeted drug development is lead compound penetrability of the BBB and/or BCSFB. This review will provide an overview of the application of LC/MS/MS in the nonclinical development of CNS drugs.
Standardized ketosis in man following medium chain triglyceride ingestion

Abstract Ingestion of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) results in a quantitatively reproducible increase of acetone concentrations in end-expiratory air as measured by gas chromatography. Acetone concentrations rise rapidly, reach a maximum several hours after ingestion of MCT and gradually return to base-line values. Under standardized conditions, ingestion of increasing amounts of MCT results in increasing acetone concentrations. Repeated tests in the same subject are reproducible within narrow limits. The acetone response is quantitatively suppressed by the administration of increasing amounts of sucrose. Maximal acetone concentrations increase with prolongation of fasting before ingestion of MCT. Three insulin-dependent diabetics had an acetone response in the MCT test 2 1 2 times greater than the mean response of 4 normal subjects. The acetone response of a thiazide-induced diabetic was normal. Interpretation of the results of MCT tests in normal subjects is that the magnitude of ketosis in man is the result of carbohydrate deficiency relative to the amount of fat entering the liver. The MCT test is a means of measuring the tendency of a subject to develop ketosis in response to a standardized fat load and may be useful for the classification of diabetes mellitus.
Fusarium wilt of cotton: Management strategies

Cotton is a globally important crop used for both its natural fiber and seed. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, is a major disease of cotton capable of causing significant economic loss. The fungus persists in soil as chlamydospores and in association with the roots of susceptible, resistant and non-cotton hosts as well as in seed. Management of Fusarium wilt is difficult and most successfully achieved through the use of resistant cultivars and pathogen-free cotton seed. Once inoculum has been introduced into the field, strategies such as soil solarization and fumigation are applied to manage inoculum levels. While experimentally successful, these techniques are of limited use in a commercial setting. Management of Fusarium wilt will continue to rely upon the development of new resistant cultivars. Additionally, understanding the mechanism of seed colonization and developing high throughput seed treatment and testing protocols will allow the industry to effectively avoid the introduction of inoculum.
Daten zum chronischen Schmerzmittelgebrauch

Es werden Daten zum Einnahmeverhalten von chronischen Schmerzmittelkonsumenten vorgestellt. Datenbasis ist eine Fall-Kontroll-Studie (1984–1986) uber den Zusammenhang von chronischem Schmerzmittelgebrauch und terminalem Nierenversagen in Berlin (West). In diesem Rahmen wurden von uber 1000 Probanden die lebenslangen Schmerzmitteleinnahmen retrospektiv erfasst. Insgesamt wurden 285 chronische Schmerzmitteleinnehmer (185 Fallund 100 Kontrollprobanden) ermittelt. Daraus errechnet sich ein relative odd von 2.44 (95% CI: 1.77–3.39). Chronischer Gebrauch wurde definiert als Einnahme von mindestens 15 Zahleinheiten pro Monat mindestens ein Jahr lang. 90% der chronischen Einnehmer bevorzugten Kombinationspraparate, uberwiegend mit dem psychotropen Zusatz Coffein. Die Bevorzugung von Schmerzmittelkombinationen mit Coffein deutet auf ein hohes Abhangigkeitsrisiko hin.
Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices and ECMO in the Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

The successful treatment of acute decompensated heart failure continues to evolve with an increasing utilization of nondurable mechanical support devices. Indications for acute support have broadened to include their use as a bridge to recovery or decision (for durable ventricular assist devices [VADs] or heart transplant). Available devices have improved in terms of effectiveness, ease of insertion, and reduction in complications. The commonly used devices (intra-aortic balloon pump, TandemHeart, Impella, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit), together with their mechanisms of action, are reviewed. Current considerations for support, specific to each device, are examined and future directions and indications for percutaneous VADs are explored.
Analysis of the nonthermal emission signal present in a molybdenum particle-laden plasma-spray plume

In-flight measurement of the surface temperature of plasma-sprayed particles is important for the correlation of particle characteristics to coating structure and properties. However, the use of optical pyrometry for particle surface temperature measurement has inherent uncertainties due to nonthermal emission signals in the plasma/particle plume. This nonthermal signal is especially bothersome near the torch exit and in regions of the plume where there are few particles. This work presents measurements of the nonthermal signals present when making temperature measurements of plasma-sprayed molybdenum particles. Changes in the nonthermal emission signals were found to be caused by particle vapor, the spectral plasma loading effect, and particle reflection of plasma light. Care must be taken to avoid particle temperature errors due to these effects.
Nicotine Percentage Replacement Among Smokeless Tobacco Users with Nicotine Patch

To obtain preliminary evidence on the safety and efficacy of high dose nicotine patch therapy among smokeless tobacco (ST) users who consume > or =3 cans of ST per week, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 42 ST users randomized to nicotine patch doses of 21, 42, and 63 mg/day or placebo. Serum nicotine concentrations were measured during ad libitum ST use and nicotine replacement therapy, and percentages of nicotine replacement were calculated. We observed substantial inter-subject variability in nicotine concentrations with ad lib ST use. The mean percentage replacement of ad lib ST use serum nicotine concentrations approximated 100% with the 42 mg/day patch dose (mean+/-S.D., 98.4%+/-45%). Dosing with the 21 mg/day nicotine patch was associated with mean "under-replacement" (53.2%+/-17.1%), and the 63 mg/day nicotine was associated with mean "over-replacement" (159.2%+/-121.9%). We observed symptoms of nausea consistent with nicotine toxicity in two subjects in the 63 mg/day group while no subjects in the 42 mg/day reported these symptoms. We conclude that the use of 42 mg/day nicotine patch therapy is safe and should be considered as initial therapy in the clinical setting among ST users who use > or =3 cans/week.
Teachers' Accuracy in Self-Reporting about Instructional Practices Using a Focused Self-Report Inventory.

AbstractTeacher self-reports, although a costeffective and flexible procedure for monitoring classroom instruction, yield what have generally been considered unreliable or "inaccurate" results. Focused teacher self-reports specify the subject matter, the class group, and the time frame for retrospective reporting. This study examined the accuracy of focused teacher self-reports compared with observer and student reports. Nine secondary English teachers and their students in one class reported on four to six weeks of instruction, and trained observers completed one or two weeks of detailed observation reports during the reporting period. Teacher accuracy, as determined by percentage of agreement and kappa coefficients for teachers and observers and for teachers and students, was high, suggesting that focused teacher self-reports can gather reliable data on instructional practices. Also, consistently higher agreement for the second teacher-observer reporting period suggests that teacher selfreporting accura...
Planned Structural Change in Two-Year Colleges with Turbulent Contexts.

The relationships among context, structure, and performance of two‐year colleges are explored in this article. The rationale for the ideas proposed is that the problems generated by rapidly changing environmental forces impinge on a college's internal structure and help shape the responses made by administrators. A model is proposed and a scheme explained for administrators to make intelligent modifications in policies, forms, and decision‐making methods. An abbreviated set of instruments is provided for measuring four key dimensions of structure: specialization, formaliza‐tion, standardization, and centralization. The purpose of the model and the set of instruments is to provide practitioners with tools to apply in adapting structure to maintain high level outcomes in turbulent times.
Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics

Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias occur quite commonly and are now evaluated more often because of technological advances in the field of electrophysiology. Arrhythmias that involve the sinus node, namely, the syndrome of inappropriate sinus tachycardia and sinus node reentry, are rare. Because of their origin in the sinus node, the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in these patients can present a diagnostic challenge to the clinician and in fact may elude recognition as an abnormal heart rhythm. Presented in this review are the clinical characteristics of these arrhythmias, as well as the mechanisms of action. Pharmacotherapy may be therapeutic in certain patients in preventing recurrences; however, radio-frequency catheter ablation offers a lifelong curative effect for these patients.
SERUM LONG CHAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (LC-PUFA) ARE ADEQUATE IN FULL TERM BREASTFED INFANTS IN SPITE OF LOW MILK LC-PUFA AFTER > 3 MONTHS LACTATION. ▴ 1852

The LC-PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n6) are essential for development of brain and retinal function as well as growth, respectively. These LC-PUFA decrease in human milk after 3 months of lactation (JPGN 18:353, 1994; FASEB J 10,1996 in press). To assess if this decrease is due to depletion of maternal LC-PUFA and whether it affects LCPUFA in the infant, we have quantified maternal milk and serum (source of milk LC-PUFA) and infant serum DHA and AA at 6 and 12 months after delivery in 5 mother-infant pairs. The data show: 1. Milk DHA and AA are 60 and 25% lower, respectively, at 6 and 12 months than at one month of lactation(0.20±0.02 and 0.54±0.06, respectively). 2. Serum DHA and AA are similar in mothers and infants, suggesting that the full term infant ≥ 6 months is able to synthesize these LC-PUFA and is not dependent on their supply through mother's milk. The data suggest that supplementation of formulas for full term infants with LC-PUFA might not be required. (Support: NIH grant NICHD 15631.) Table
Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza infection: the Mayo Clinic experience.

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical course and outcome of adults hospitalized with the 2009 H1N1 influenza infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, we reviewed the electronic medical records of patients with H1N1 influenza infection treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, from May 1, 2009, through December 31, 2009. RESULTS We identified 1053 patients with H1N1 influenza infection; this study consists of 66 hospitalized adults (6%). Patients' mean ± SD age was 46.9±17.8 years. The 3 most common comorbidities were hypertension in 31 patients (47%), obesity in 29 (44%), and diabetes mellitus in 21 (32%). The most common symptoms were cough in 58 patients (88%), fever or chills in 55 (83%), and dyspnea in 47 (71%). Twenty-nine patients (44%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Dyspnea and thrombocytopenia were more common in the ICU patients. The hospital, 28-day, and 90-day mortality rates were 8% (5/66), 11% (7/66), and 14% (9/66), respectively. Among the 29 ICU patients, 23 (79%) received mechanical ventilation, and 16 (55%) developed acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Rescue therapy for refractory respiratory failure was provided for 6 patients (21%). Of the 29 ICU patients, 10 (34%) required vasopressor support, and 4 (14%) required acute renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSION Hospitalized adults with H1N1 influenza infection are relatively young, and a significant number require treatment in the ICU. Among the patients who require ICU admission, most develop acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome and require mechanical ventilator support.
Comment on “An unconfined groundwater model of the Death Valley Regional Flow System and a comparison to its confined predecessor” by R.W.H. Carroll, G.M. Pohll and R.L. Hershey [Journal of Hydrology 373/3-4, pp. 316-328]

Summary Carroll et al. (2009) state that the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) model, which is based on MODFLOW, is “conceptually inaccurate in that it models an unconfined aquifer as a confined system and does not simulate unconfined drawdown in transient pumping simulations.” Carroll et al. (2009) claim that “more realistic estimates of water availability” can be produced by a SURFACT-based model of the DVRFS that simulates unconfined groundwater flow and limits withdrawals from wells to avoid excessive drawdown. Differences in results from the original MODFLOW-based model and the SURFACT-based model stem primarily from application by Carroll et al. (2009) of head limits that can also be applied using the existing MODLOW model and not from any substantial difference in the accuracy with which the unconfined aquifer is represented in the two models. In a hypothetical 50-year predictive simulation presented by Carroll et al. (2009) , large differences between the models are shown when simulating pumping from the lower clastic confining unit, where the transmissivity is nearly two orders of magnitude less than in an alluvial aquifer. Yet even for this extreme example, drawdowns and pumping rates from the MODFLOW and SURFACT models are similar when the head-limit capabilities of the MODFLOW MNW Package are applied. These similarities persist despite possible discrepancies between assigned hydraulic properties. The resulting comparison between the MODFLOW and SURFACT models of the DVRFS suggests that approximating the unconfined system in the DVRFS as a constant-saturated-thickness system (called a “confined system” by Carroll et al., 2009 ) performs very well.
Global epiproteomic signatures distinguish embryonic stem cells from differentiated cells.

Complex organisms contain a variety of distinct cell types but only a single genome. Therefore, cellular identity must be specified by the developmentally regulated expression of a subset of genes from an otherwise static genome. In mammals, genomic DNA is modified by cytosine methylation, resulting in a pattern that is distinctive for each cell type (the epigenome). Because nucleosomal histones are subject to a wide variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs), we reasoned that an analogous “epiproteome” might exist that could also be correlated with cellular identity. Here, we show that the quantitative evaluation of nucleosome PTMs yields epiproteomic signatures that are useful for the investigation of stem cell differentiation, chromatin function, cellular identity, and epigenetic responses to pharmacologic agents. We have developed a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based method for the quantitative evaluation of the steady-state levels of PTMs and histone variants in preparations of native intact nucleosomes. We show that epiproteomic responses to the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A trigger changes in histone methylation as well as acetylation, and that the epiproteomic responses differ between mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). ESCs subjected to retinoic acid-induced differentiation contain reconfigured nucleosomes that include increased content of the histone variant macroH2A and other changes. Furthermore, ESCs can be distinguished from embryonal carcinoma cells and MEFs based purely on their epiproteomic signatures. These results indicate that epiproteomic nucleosomal signatures are useful for the investigation of stem cell identity and differentiation, nuclear reprogramming, epigenetic regulation, chromatin dynamics, and assays for compounds with epigenetic activities. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Rigidity percolation in glassy structures

Abstract We review the new concept of rigidity percolation and show that if local flexible units are joined together to form a network, the composite consists of floppy and rigid regions. When the rigid regions percolate, the whole network becomes rigid and resists attempts at elastic deformation. These ideas are applied to network glasses. It is shown that in the floppy region there exist low-frequency modes that should show up in inelastic neutron scattering.
Hematopoietic effects of benzene inhalation assessed by long-term bone marrow culture.

The strong and long-lasting hematotoxic effect after benzene exposure in vivo (300 ppm, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks) was assessed in mice with bone marrow cells grown in long-term bone marrow...
EVOLUTION OF ALTRIUSM IN OPTIONAL AND COMPULSORY GAMES

In "optional" variants of the iterated prisoner's dilemma, players may choose whether or not to participate. Members of evolving populations playing optional variants of the iterated prisoner's dilemma by following inherited strategies tend to cooperate more than do members of populations playing the standard, "compulsory" version. This result is due to dynamical properties of the evolving systems: the populations playing the compulsory game can become stuck in states of low cooperation that last many generations, while the optional games provide routes out of such states to states of high cooperation. Computational simulations of the evolution of populations playing these games support these analytic results and illustrate the interactions between the genetic representation of strategies and the composition of populations in which those strategies are deployed.
Experimental models of virus‐induced demyelination of the central nervous system

One of the arguments in favor of a viral pathogenesis for multiple sclerosis is the existence of several experimental and natural animal models of virus-induced primary demyelination. This review deals comprehensively with such models. Well-known examples of demyelinating viral infections in their natural host are JHM, Theiler, visna, and canine distemper encephalomyelitides. Recent reports of experimental murine infections with pathogens such as vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura, herpes simplex, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Semliki Forest viruses are also discussed. The thrust of the review is to include viral models suspected of producing primary demyelination on an immunopathological basis.
Special Issue: Narratives as Teaching Tools to Promote School Readiness

Stories are powerful teaching tools because they can be used to introduce novel concepts as well as new morals, emotions, and social situations. Thus, narratives (or stories) are ideal instructiona...
Introduction to the Special Issue: Modalities of Body Engagement in Mathematical Activity and Learning

How is the active human body—through gesture production, manipulation of tools, mobility in the local environment, and interaction with others—involved in mathematical thinking and learning? This s...
Building secure business applications at Microsoft

Like many global enterprises, Microsoft depends on internally developed and third-party line-of-business (LOB) applications to run its daily business activities. Nearly 4000 LOB applications are in service at Microsoft including a significant number of applications that contain business-sensitive data, customer data, or confidential employee data. In 2001 the Microsoft IT organization wanted to make sure that the company's security risk was appropriately managed. The Security Development Life cycle for IT (SDL-IT) was created within Microsoft IT to keep track of, assess, and address potential security and privacy vulnerabilities found in LOB applications. A specialist team called the Application Consulting and Engineering (ACE) Team was formed to manage the program, providing support and oversight ensuring that application development teams adhere to the SDL-IT process. This paper contains descriptions of the processes and standards that make up the SDL-IT process and discusses best practices that might be useful to other organizations wishing to create and enforce a security and privacy processes for LOB applications. While this paper describes Microsoft ITs own security and privacy process the authors recognize that every organization is unique and believe that the technology agnostic SDL-IT process and methodologies described can be implemented in other enterprises.
Using Parents in Behavior Management.

Parents can make strong allies in a home-based behavioral management program if procedures are properly explained and demonstrated.
SU‐E‐T‐504: Usefulness of CT‐MR Fusion in Radiotherapy Planning for Prostate Cancer Patient with Bilateral Hip Replacements

Purpose: Target localization of prostate for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) in patients with bilateral hip replacements is difficult due to artifacts in Computed Tomography (CT) images generated from the prostheses high Z materials. In this study, Magnetic Resonance (MR) images fused with CT images are tested as a solution. Methods: CT images of 2.5 mm slice thickness were acquired on a GE Lightspeed scanner with a flat-topped couch for a prostate cancer patient with bilateral hip replacements. T2 weighted images of 5 mm separation were acquired on a MR Scanner. After the MR-CT registration on a radiotherapy treatment planning system (Eclipse, Varian), the target volumes were defined by the radiation oncologists on MR images and then transferred to CT images for planning and dose calculation. The CT Hounsfield Units (HU) was reassigned to zero (as water) for artifacts. The Varian flat panel treatment couch was modeled for dose calculation accuracy with heterogeneity correction. A Volume Matrix Arc Therapy (VMAT) and a seven-field IMRT plans were generated, each avoiding any beam transversing the prostheses; the two plans were compared. The superior VMAT plan was used for treating the patient. In-vivo dosimetry was performed using MOSFET (Best Canada) placed in a surgical tube inserted into the patient rectum during therapy. The measured dose was compared with planned dose for MOSFET location. Results: The registration of MR-CT images and the agreement of target volumes were confirmed by three physicians. VMAT plan was deemed superior to IMRT based on dose to critical nearby structures and overall conformality of target dosing. In-vivo measured dose compared with calculated dose was -4.5% which was likely due to attenuation of the surgical tube surrounding MOSFET. Conclusion: When artifacts are present on planning CT due to bilateral hip prostheses, MR-CT image fusion is a feasible solution for target delineation.