cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing of tensor and levator veli palatini force application determines eustachian tube resistance patterns during the forced-response test.

Abstract Objectives The forced-response test (FRT) is used to assess eustachian tube (ET) function in patients with middle ear disease (otitis media). This test often documents a dynamic pattern of luminal dilation and constriction during swallowing which can be quantified as a function relating active tubal resistance with time. The goal of this study is to use a generalized finite element model (FEM) to test the hypothesis that the relative timing of muscle force application by the tensor veli palatini muscle (mTVP) and levator veli palatini muscle (mLVP) on the ET determines the form of active resistance functions. Methods Seven resistance waveforms were obtained during the FRT in five adult subjects. A 2D FEM of the ET was constructed from an adult histological specimen and viscoelastic tissue mechanical properties were specified based on measurements obtained in each subject. Least-squared regression routines were used to vary the timing and magnitude of mTVP and mLVP force applications to the ET in order to match the active resistance functions recorded during the FRT. Results Variation of muscle force timing and magnitude in the FEM simulations reproduced the seven active resistance waveforms with high fidelity. Early application of mTVP force in combination with mLVP force produced a waveform characterized by an initial dilation (low resistances) followed by lumen constriction (higher resistances), while delayed mTVP force application caused an initial lumen constriction followed by dilation. Conclusions These results indicate that the active resistance waveforms observed during the FRT reflect differences in the temporal pattern of mLVP and mTVP force application to the ET and emphasize that, like the mTVP, the mLVP functionally interacts with the ET. Results also indicate that in normal adults contraction of the mLVP promotes lumen constriction and that the initial lumen constriction is highly sensitive to the relative delay timing of mTVP and mLVP force application.
Significance, Effect Sizes, Stepwise Methods, and Other Issues: Strong Arguments Move the Field

The author asserts that editors should publicly declare their expectations and expose the rationales for editorial policies to public scrutiny. He argues that editorial policies ought to require ef...
Stabilization of methionine-enkephalin in human and rat blood.

Abstract Methods of preventing the degradation of 3 H-methionine-enkephalin ( 3 H-ME) in human blood both at 37°C and under conditions of immediate cooling were examined. We found that, contrary to previous suggestions, use of aprotinin (with or without immediate 3ooling) was ineffective in preventing the degradation of 3 H-ME in blood. Thus, previous reports on the circulating levels of ME which relied on such procedures to stabilize the ME may have reported artifactually low values. However, we found that citric acid effectively prevents 3 H-ME breakdown in both human and rat blood. Thus, we propose the use of citric acid, mixed with blood immediately upon collection, as an effective method for the stabilization of ME in blood.
Nutrient composition of raw and cooked Bison bison

Abstract Longissimus muscle from 30 bison were lyophilized and analyzed for various nutrients including moisture, protein, fat, cholesterol, gross energy, minerals, and fatty acids. In addition nine shoulder roasts and three round steaks were also collected. The relative amounts of nutrients to total calories make bison a highly nutrient-dense food, similar to domesticated meats such as beef, pork, and chicken. The lean tissue was low in fat (
Eogenetic karst from the perspective of an equivalent porous medium

The porosity of young limestones experiencing meteoric diagenesis in the vicinity of their deposition (eogenetic karst) is mainly a double porosity consisting of touching-vug channels and preferred passageways lacing through a matrix of interparticle porosity. In contrast, the porosity of limestones experiencing subaerial erosion following burial diagenesis and uplift (telogenetic karst) is mainly a double porosity consisting of conduits within a network of fractures. The stark contrast between these two kinds of karst is illustrated by their position on a graph showing the hydraulic characteristics of an equivalent porous medium consisting of straight, cylindrical tubes (n-D space, where n is porosity,D is the diameter of the tubes, and logn is plotted against logD). Studies of the hydrology of small carbonate islands show that large-scale, horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K) increases by orders of magnitude during the evolution of eogenetic karst. Earlier petrologic studies have shown there is little if any change in the total porosity of the limestone during eogenetic diagenesis. The limestone of eogenetic karst, therefore, tracks horizontally inn-D space. In contrast, the path from initial sedimentary material to telogenetic karst comprises a descent on the graph with reduction ofn during burial diagenesis, then a sideways shift with increasingD due to opening of fractures during uplift and exposure, and finally an increase inD andn during development of the conduits along the fractures. Eogenetic caves are mainly limited to boundaries between geologic units and hydrologic zones: stream caves at the contact between carbonates and underlying impermeable rocks (and collapse-origin caves derived therefrom); vertical caves along platform-margin fractures; epikarst; phreatic pockets (banana holes) along the water table; and flank margin caves that form as mixing chambers at the coastal freshwater-saltwater “interface”. In contrast, the caverns of telogenetic karst are part of a system of interconnected conduits that drain an entire region. The eogenetic caves of small carbonate islands are, for the most part, not significantly involved in the drainage of the island.
Lead adsorption at the calcite-water interface: Synchrotron X-ray standing wave and X-ray reflectivity studies

Abstract By combining synchrotron X-ray standing wave (XSW) measurements with synchrotron X-ray reflectivity measurements, we have determined: (1) the precise three-dimensional location within the calcite unit cell of submonolayer Pb ions adsorbed at the calcite (104) surface from dilute aqueous solutions, and (2) the precise one-dimensional location of these unit cells relative to the calcite surface. Our XSW measurements, using three separate calcite Bragg reflections for triangulation, show that most adsorbed Pb ions occupy Ca sites in the calcite lattice with an ordered coverage of 0.05 equivalent monolayers, while the remaining Pb ions are disordered with a coverage of 0.03 equivalent monolayers. Our X-ray reflectivity measurements show that the ordered Pb ions occur primarily (>70%) in the surface atomic layer of calcite. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the topography of the calcite (104) surface under conditions similar to the X-ray experiments. The quantitative morphological information obtained by AFM was used to develop realistic models of the calcite surface. The calculated X-ray reflectivities for these model surfaces were compared with the measured X-ray reflectivities. The new combined X-ray method that we have developed can be used to determine the atomic-scale structure of other metals adsorbed at mineral-water interfaces. Such high-resolution structural determinations are essential before detailed conceptual and theoretical models can be further developed to understand and predict the behavior of dissolved metals in mineral-water systems.
Six polymorphisms on estrogen receptor 1 gene in Japanese, American and German populations

Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) plays an important role in various estrogen-related diseases, the incidences of which are significantly lower in the Japanese population than in Western populations. We hypothesize that polymorphisms in exon 1 of the ESR1 gene are associated with a lower incidence of estrogen-related diseases in the Japanese population. The genetic distributions of six different ESR1 gene polymorphisms were investigated among 200 Japanese, 200 Americans and 112 Germans using a novel sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (SSP) technique and direct DNA sequencing. The frequencies of variant genotypes on codons 10 and 87 located on exon 1 were significantly lower in the Japanese population than other populations. The polymorphism on codon 87 was not detected in the Japanese population, although other populations showed the homozygous and heterozygous variant genotype on this codon. Other loci, intron 1, and codons 243 and 594 were not different among these populations. This is the first report to demonstrate the polymorphisms at codons 10 and 87 of ESR1 are significantly low for the Japanese population. Thus, inherited alterations in ESR1 polymorphisms may be associated with changes of estrogen effects and, thereby, may possibly explain inter-population differences in incidences of estrogen-mediated diseases.
Stationarity, isotropy and sphericity in ℓp

Let X n,−∞ 0, and fixed p>0 put Rn=(¦X1¦p+...+¦Xn¦p)1/p and assume P(Rn=0)=0. If for each n, the random point (X1/Rn,..., Xn/Rn) is uniformly distributed on the unit n-dimensional ℝp-sphere, then the random variables X 1,..., X d have a joint density of the form $$\mathop \smallint \limits_0^\infty y^{{d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d p}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} p}} (2\Gamma ({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 {p + 1)p}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p + 1)p}}^{1/p} )^{ - d} \exp \left( { - \frac{y}{p}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^d {|x_i |p} } \right)dG(y),$$ for some distribution G on (0, ∞), for every d>0. This property is called sphericity.
Hospitalization Charges, Costs, and Income for Firearm-Related Injuries at a University Trauma Center

Objective. —To quantify the actual cost of inpatient medical care for firearm-related injuries at a university trauma center. Design. —Retrospective case series of all hospital admissions for firearm-related injuries for the 3 years 1990 through 1992. Total inpatient financial data were examined by means of a recently instituted cost-accounting methodology. Setting. —Level I trauma center at a university hospital that provides trauma care and tertiary care to 3.7 million residents of 23 counties. Patients. —A total of 787 consecutive patients were admitted to the hospital with firearm-related injuries. Information from the trauma registry and hospital finance records were linked for 750 (95%) of these patients. Main Outcome Measures. —Total inpatient hospital charges, costs, revenues, and net income according to payer source. Results. —Men aged 15 to 44 years accounted for 77% of patients with firearm-related injuries. The overall mean and median hospital charges per admission were $52 271 and $28 033, respectively, whereas the overall mean and median hospital costs per admission were $13 794 and $7964, respectively. The net income per patient ranged from an average loss of $6980 for eacn patient having no insurance to an average profit of $28 557 for each patient with a health maintenance organization contract. The losses sustained on nonsponsored and Medicaid patients were more than offset by net income from patients having private health insurance, Medicare, or other insurance coverage such that there was an average profit of $5809 per admission for a firearm-related injury. Conclusions. —Treatment of firearm-related injuries produces net income for this university trauma center by virtue of the cost shifting built into its pricing structure. If data from this institution are extrapolated to the nation, then the actual cost of providing medical care for firearm-related injuries in the United States in 1995 is projected to be $4.0 billion. The majority of this cost will be paid indirectly by private health insurance. (JAMA. 1995;273:1768-1773)
Asymptotic efficiency of the sum of squared ranks test for discrete distributions

Asymptotic (Pitman) efficiencies of the sum of squared ranks test relative to the best test are presented when the underlying distributions are Poisson. binomial, uniform discrete, and negative binomial when the average scores and midrank methods for resolving ties are used. These results are then compared to efficiencies of other nonparametric tests for these specific discrete distributions.
Effects of a newly invasive parasite on the burrowing mud shrimp, a widespread ecosystem engineer

The burrowing mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis is an important ecosystem engineer in Pacific bays and estuaries from Alaska to Baja California. Recently, mud shrimp populations throughout this range have declined precipitously. This decline has followed invasion by a bopyrid isopod, Orthione griffenis, which parasitizes and removes hemolymph from the shrimp's gill cham- bers. However, a causal link between this invasive parasite and the decline of its host has yet to be demonstrated. I used observed allometric relationships between the parasite and its host, spatial pat- terns of parasite prevalence across host demographics, and simulation modeling to explore potential mechanisms leading to this causal link. Results here, considered with other work, suggest that this parasite may hamper host reproduction by increasing metabolic demands. First, shrimp are more likely to become infected with increasing exposure to parasite-laden water, which varies both with the proportion of time that tides cover individual shrimp burrows and with each shrimp's size-specific pumping rate of water through its burrow. Second, parasites impose a metabolic burden on their host that is proportional to parasite size, which itself increases with time since infection. Third, increasing metabolic costs in turn reduce reproductive capacity, potentially through feminization of male hosts. Fourth, increased metabolic costs of infection are most detrimental when feeding time is limited, which occurs in higher intertidal areas. These conclusions should be taken as testable hypotheses that, if examined, will elucidate this host-parasite interaction and clarify if this new invasive parasite is capable of reducing and eliminating this important ecosystem engineer.
The Impact of Market Segmentation on African American Frequency, Centrality, and Status in Television Advertising

Market segmentation made communication with the advertising audience dependent upon the audience segment. African Americans were the first racial minority group identified as having economic viability as a target market that could be reached through advertising content and placement. A content analysis of 358 prime-time television advertisements for African American and general audiences revealed that African Americans are still playing a subordinate role, even in advertising targeted to them. Market segmentation has increased the breadth, but not necessarily the depth of African American advertising depictions.
ARCHIVAL OBSERVATIONS OF ACTIVE ASTEROID 313P/GIBBS

We present prediscovery observations of active asteroid 313P/(2014 S4) Gibbs taken in 2003 and 2004. Sloan Digital Sky Survey observations from 2003 establish that, after 133P/Elst‐Pizarro and 238P/Read, 313P is only the third main-belt active asteroid to show mass loss in different orbits. This repetitive activity is consistent with mass loss driven by the sublimation of ice. A Finson-Probstein model is used to analyze the morphology of the object, showing that the activity was continuous but declining steadily over two months of observation in 2003. Ejected dust particles are dominated by relatively large sizes with radii from ! 25 to ! 600 ! m. We estimate from photometry the dust mass loss rate to be 10.2kg s ! 1 . In contrast, Subaru telescope observations from 2004 show no evidence for mass loss and suggest a bare nucleus. The color, nucleus size, and the mass loss rates of 313P measured in 2003 are consistent with published values obtained from data taken in 2014. However, the effective cross-section was larger than in 2014 by a factor of ! 2, indicating a decline in the activity between orbits. A new orbital solution gives a 5" upper limit to the transverse non-gravitational parameter q � A 1 2.45 10 2 8 AU day ! 2 .
Using place rules and affect to understand environmental fit: A theoretical exploration

This article describes a multimethod intrinsic case study of environmental fit—as conceptualized by Lawton—in an adult day facility through assessing the relationship between competence and interpr...
In vivo methylmercury exposure induced long-lasting epileptiform activity in layer II/III neurons in cortical slices from the rat

Prenatal and postnatal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure has been shown to increase neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. To determine if early postnatal MeHg exposure causes a similar effect, we examined changes in field potentials in layer II/III neurons in cortical slices of rat following in vivo MeHg treatment. Rats received 0 (0.9% NaCl), 0.75 mg/kg/day or 1.5mg/kg/day MeHg subcutaneously for 15 or 30 days beginning on postnatal day 5, after which cortical slices were prepared for field potential recordings. In slices from rats treated with vehicle, single pulse stimulation of layer IV of cortical slices induced a typical field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) with a single spike. This type of fEPSPs was also seen in slices from rats with 15 day treatment with 0.75 mg/kg/day or 1.5mg/kg/day MeHg. However, 30-day treatment with either MeHg dose resulted in fEPSPs with multiple spikes (epileptiform activity) in 40% of animals examined. This epileptiform activity remained observable in 50-60% animals in which MeHg exposure had been terminated for 30 days. However, slices from control animals still showed fEPSPs with single spike. Thus, these data suggest that postnatal MeHg exposure in vivo altered neuronal excitability and induced a long-lasting hyperexcitability in cortical neurons.
Abstract 2213: The normal breast study: Understanding the normal tissue adjacent to breast cancers. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) signatures

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Significance: Breast Cancers (BC) evolve and acquire adaptive changes while in active communication with the surrounding host normal tissue. Understanding how host tissue interacts with cancers during breast cancer progression could lead to novel biomarkers or targeted therapies. Innovation: We hypothesized that novel molecular subtypes of microenvironment (ME) can be identified and have prognostic value. Stromal signatures are poorly understood and the independent prognostic value of stroma and/or ME response has not been widely studied. Approach: We used gene expression data 1) to identify molecular subtypes of microenvironment, 2) to study the distribution and prevalence of microenvironment subtypes in an ethnically diverse group of BC cases and 3) to test the value of ME in predicting breast cancer progression. In 2009, our team initiated the UNC NORMAL BREAST STUDY (NBS), a unique epidemiologic study of normal tissue from ethnically diverse patients at UNC Hospitals. The NBS has recruited over 200 patients undergoing breast surgery at UNC Hospitals, including cosmetic surgeries, excisional diagnostic breast biopsies, lumpectomies and mastectomies. All participants donate snap frozen and paraffin-embedded normal breast tissue. For all patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer, the gross distance between the tumor and the normal breast tissue specimen is measured. In addition all study participants are asked to submit a blood sample and complete a telephone interview regarding demographics and environmental exposures. Medical record abstraction is performed to obtain treatment data and anthropometry. Each sample is carefully analyzed for histopathology and whole genome gene expression data is collected. Results: Among the breast cancer patients profiled in our initial studies, unsupervised clustering resulted in two groups of patients, one of which showed expression features suggestive of an activated mesenchyme. We then generated an EMT signature using cell line models and observed that this signature is enriched in one cluster or subgroup of these patients. In the approximately 40% of patients where the EMT signature is enriched, survival was decreased, and survival was significantly decreased among patients with ER positive disease. Conclusion: The NBS allows a unique opportunity to make an impact in discovering novel biology of human breast cancer microenvironment. The information gained from this translational study will establish whether microenvironment subtypes are associated with recurrence risk and will elucidate how variation in host biology contributes to BC disparities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2213. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2213
Detection of estrus and quality of semen produced by rams with deviated penises

Abstract Nine rams had their penises deviated and three others were vasectomized. Six additional intact rams served as controls. Three of the penis-deviated rams were raddled and placed in small flocks of ewes where they proved to be satisfactory detectors of estrus. Vasectomized and penis-deviated rams each were exposed to an estrous ewe for 5 minutes. The number of mounts (mean ± SE) for vasectomized rams was 4.8 ± .5 and for penis-deviated rams was 4.3 ± .5 (P>.05). When the rams had become experienced there were very few failures to mount at least once during the 5-minute period in any of the groups. Semen collection was facilitated in penis-deviated rams. There were no significant differences (P>.05) between penis-deviated and control rams with respect to volume of the ejaculate, or motility, concentration or presence of abnormal spermatozoa. Rams with deviated penises could be useful for detecting estrus and supplying spermatozoa for experimental study or use in artificial insemination.
Kinetics of Aerobic Oxidation of Ascorbic Acid

Abstract The pH‐log rate profile of the rate of disappearance of ascorbic acid from an aqueous solution under aerobic conditions was determined at 67° in a pH range of 3.52 to 7.22, ionic strength 0.4. The profile shows a maximum near pKa 1 of ascorbic acid. The aerobic rate shows buffer catalysis in the pH range studied. Since ascorbic acid oxidation is readily catalyzed by metal ions, the oxidation was also followed in the presence of disodium ethylenediamine‐tetraacetate. The results duplicated those obtained by following the aerobic oxidations of ascorbic acid in the absence of a chelating agent. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from the Arrhenius plots.
Leaf conductance as a function of photosynthetic photon flux density and absolute humidity difference from leaf to air.

For an entire season of stomatal activity, leaf or needle conductance was observed on four species, each in a different genus: Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa [Hook.] Nutt.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). Conductance in the natural environment was described for all species by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and absolute humidity difference from leaf to air (DAH), as follows: Conductance = b1 (√PPFD/√DAH) + b2 (√PPFD/DAH) + b3 (√PPFD/DAH2). The only data not fitting this relationship were conifer data collected after freezing nights or aspen data collected during a short period in August when water stress occurred. In both cases, leaf conductance was reduced. It is proposed that PPFD and DAH are primary factors controlling stomatal function for plants growing in their native range; secondary factors, such as temperature and water stress, affect conductance intermittently, except when plants are growing outside their normal environmental conditions.
Commentary on “Understanding Addictive Vulnerability”

(2003). Commentary on “Understanding Addictive Vulnerability”. Neuropsychoanalysis: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 21-29.
Performance of thermally sprayed Si/mullite/BSAS environmental barrier coatings exposed to thermal cycling in water vapor environment

The ongoing development of environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) offers the prospect to implement the full potential of silicon-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) for high temperature structural applications, more specifically the hot zones of gas turbine engines. The current state-of-the-art EBC system comprises a Si bond coat, a mullite (Al6Si2O13) interlayer and a barium–strontium aluminosilicate (BSAS) (Ba1 − xSrxAl2Si2O8; 0 < x < 1) crack-resistant and water vapor attack resistant top coat. In this study, fully crystalline air plasma sprayed Si/mullite/BSAS-celsian EBCs were engineered under controlled conditions on SiC substrates. The influence of water vapor corrosion on the structural and mechanical properties of a Si/Mullite/BSAS EBC architecture was assessed by furnace thermal cycle testing (i.e.; 50 and 100 cycles, 2 h/cycles at 1300 °C in water vapor atmosphere). The elastic modulus values of the as-sprayed BSAS top coat (~ 75 ± 6 GPa as determined via indentation) did not exhibit major changes after thermal exposure (~ 78 ± 8 GPa). In addition, the BSAS layer exhibited crack healing at high temperatures, the density of cracks decreasing from 15 cracks/cm in the as-sprayed state to 2 cracks/cm after thermal cycling. These characteristics of the BSAS top coat were related to its glass-ceramic nature, the phase/chemical stabilities of the BSAS-celsian at high temperatures and the engineered deposition conditions at which it was deposited. The overall performance at high-temperature of this functionally graded EBC architecture is discussed and correlated to its microstructural characteristics.
Nature and Characteristics of a Voltage-Biased Varistor and its Embedded Transistor

An unorthodox approach for producing simple and yet practical transistors based on ceramic platforms is discussed in this paper. To achieve this, we modify the original nonlinear current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics of a varistor by superimposing a biasing voltage ( Vb ). This leads to the formation of a hybrid device consisting of a biased varistor and transistor. The studies were done under two experimental conditions; first, when the ratio between the drain current ( Id ) and the bias current ( Ib ) is of the order of $10^{3}$ or more, and second when it is less than $10^{2}$ . The transistors embedded in the hybrid device exhibit the typical attributes of a conventional transistor. The transistors are analogous to the well-established bipolar junction transistors and yet different because they are based on different physical principles. These transistors can meet the requirements of many general purpose applications and can also function satisfactorily as low-pass filters. The specialized applications could be under hazardous conditions such as at high temperatures, in radiation-filled environments such as outer space, and possibly in bio systems. The biased varistor assumes the property of mutual conductance like a transistor as well as becomes a good signal amplifier.
Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia.

tance, impaired drug clearance, and mild coagulopathy. Targeted interventions are required to effectively manage these side effects. Hypothermia does not decrease myocardial contractility or induce hypotension if hypovolemia is corrected, and preliminary evidence suggests that it can be safely used in patients with cardiac shock. Cardiac output will decrease due to hypothermiainduced bradycardia, but given that metabolic rate also decreases the balance between supply and demand, is usually maintained or improved. In contrast to deep hypothermia (<30°C), moderate hypothermia does not induce arrhythmias; indeed, the evidence suggests that arrhythmias can be prevented and/or more easily treated under hypothermic conditions. Conclusions: Therapeutic hypothermia is a highly promising treatment, but the potential side effects need to be properly managed particularly if prolonged treatment periods are required. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, awareness of physiological changes associated with cooling, and prevention of potential side effects are all key factors for its effective clinical usage. (Crit Care Med 2009; 37[Suppl.]:S186 –S202)
Dioxolane and dioxane acetal derivatives of D-allose: Condensation of 3-O-benzyl-D-allose with acetaldehyde

Abstract Condensation of 3-O-benzyl- D -allose with acetaldehyde forms a complex mixture from which potentially useful mono- and di-O-ethylidene derivatives were isolated and identified. Compounds isolated and identified after conversion of unsubstituted hydroxyl groups into the corresponding acetates included 1,2-di-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-4,6-O-ethylidene-β- D -allopyranose; 5,6-di-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-(R)-ethylidene-α- D -allofuranose; and two 3-O-benzyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-ethylidene-α- D -allofuranoses, both having the R configuration in the 1,2-O-ethylidene ring. Furanose and pyranose conformations were determined by n.m.r. analysis, and the location and configuration of each acetal ring was established. The benzyl ether group in the furanose derivatives was removed by catalytic hydrogenation with subsequent formation of 3-O-acetyl analogs.
DEG/ENaC channels: a touchy superfamily that watches its salt.

Summary To the surprise of many, studies of molecular mechanisms of touch transduction and analyses of epithelial Na 1 transport have converged to define a new class of ion channel subunits. Based on the names of the first two identified subfamilies, the Caenorhabditis elegans degenerins and the vertebrate epithelial amiloridesensitive Na 1 channel, this ion channel class is called the DEG/ENaC superfamily. Members of the DEG/ENaC superfamily have been found in nematodes, flies, snails, and vertebrates. Family members share common topology, such that they span the membrane twice and have intracellular N- and C-termini; a large extracellular loop includes a conserved cysteine-rich region. DEG/ENaC channels have been implicated a broad spectrum of cellular functions, including mechanosensation, proprioception, pain sensation, gametogenesis, and epithelial Na 1 transport. These channels exhibit diverse gating properties, ranging from near constitutive opening to rapid inactivation. We discuss working understanding of DEG/ENaC functions, channel properties, structure/activity correlations and possible evolutionary relationship to other channel classes. BioEssays 21:568‐578, 1999. r 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic oscillatory shear properties of potentially melt processable high acrylonitrile terpolymers

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) terpolymers consisting of acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate (AN/MA) systems with added amounts of a termonomer (acid based) were synthesized in an effort to generate melt spinnable carbon fiber precursors. The complex viscosity was measured as a function of time in the temperature range of 200–220 °C, and was found to be dependent on both, the amount, as well as the nature of the termonomer. For the different acid termonomers studied, the cyclization/crosslinking reactions occurring during stabilization as evidenced by the increase in viscosity over time of the PAN system ranged in the order, itaconic acid>acrylamide>methyl acrylic acid>acrylic acid (IA>AM>MAA>AA). Dynamic shear experiments indicated that an AN/MA system containing 3 mol% IA seemed well suited for melt spinning and stabilization. A chemorheological correlation was used to describe the viscosity variation in the PAN system as a function of IA content, temperature and time.
Selective down-regulation of D1 dopamine mediated rotational behavior in supersensitive mice

The effects of continuous exposure to selective D1 and D2 agonists on rotational behavior were examined in mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the corpus striatum. Continuously exposing mice to the D1 agonist SKF 38393 produced an initial rotational behavioral response which decreased dramatically within 4 hours. At the time these rotations ceased, the mice were totally unresponsive to an acute challenge injection of SKF 38393 but responded normally to an acute injection of the D2 agonist quinpirole. Mice chronically implanted with quinpirole also showed marked rotational behavior, but in contrast to the results with SKF 38393, essentially no diminution of these rotations was seen during a one week period of exposure. The results suggest that there are different mechanisms involved in the long term regulation of D1 and D2 dopamine systems in supersensitive animals.
Transient Absorption Probe of Intermolecular Triplet Excimer of Naphthalene in Fluid Solutions: Identification of the Species Based on Comparison to the Intramolecular Triplet Excimers of Covalently-Linked Dimers

We report here the observation of the laser-induced transient absorption spectrum of intermolecular triplet excimers of naphthalene in fluid solution. This assignment is confirmed by comparison to ...
Mixed venous and arterial pH: A comparison during hemorrhagic shock and hypothermia

Under normal conditions a linear relationship exists between venous and arterial pH values. However, with severe metabolic and hemodynamic stress this correlation has not been established. To evaluate this relationship, nine dogs were subjected to 60 minutes of hemorrhagic shock at a mean arterial pressure of 30 mm Hg and were then resuscitated. Seven dogs were rendered hypothermic by surface cooling. Serial arterial and mixed venous samples for blood gas analysis were obtained from the femoral artery, superior vena cava (SVC), right atrium (RA), and pulmonary artery (PA). There were no statistical differences between mixed venous pH values obtained from SVC, RA, and PA during any study time. The differences between arterial and mixed venous pH (AVpH) had a significant linear relationship (r > 0.90, P
Thoracoabdominal incisions and resection of upper retroperitoneal sarcomas.

Background and Objectives There is a widespread impression among surgeons that a thoracoabdominal incision carries a substantially higher risk of morbidity and possible mortality over abdominal incisions. We decided therefore to critically review our experience of the last 4 years with these incisions. Methods This is a retrospective review of all cases of retroperitoneal sarcomas of upper abdominal quadrants in the period May 1995 through February 1999. There were 33 consecutive patients and 34 thoracoabdominal incisions (1 patient had a second operation for recurrence). Their mean age was 54 years, with 13 >60 and 7 >70 years. Results Eighteen patients were extubated immediately at the end of the procedure and the rest within 24 h. In the majority of instances (32 of 34 or 94%), the patients left the intensive care unit within 48 h. The most common postoperative complication was atelectasis (7 of 34, 21%). There was no postoperative death. The retroperitoneal tumor was resected in all 34 cases (100%). Conclusions The thoracoabdominal incision for upper quadrant retroperitoneal sarcomas is tolerated well by the patients with a morbidity similar to that observed after routine abdominal incisions. It allows complete resection of the tumor in most (all in this series) cases. J. Surg. Oncol. 1999;72:150–155. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An In-Depth Study Of Fluoroscopic Spot Film Systems

In this paper, we will report on a detailed study of fluoroscopic spot film systems and the methodology we have developed for achieving optimal clinical image quality at minimum patient exposure. In addition to those quantities that affect the image quality in routine radiography, the spot film image is dependent upon the gain and resolution ability of the image intensifier, the functioning of the automatic exposure timing system, and the imaging optics of the spot film camera. Hence, a detailed examination of these systems in new equipment, and an on-going program to monitor both the quality of the images produced and the condition of the imaging system components is required. We will report on the procedure we have developed for the complete examination of spot film imaging equipment and the means for assuring their optimal performance. Clinical films made on a series image intensifiers will be compared to the physical imaging properties and patient dose rates of these systems. A simple method for the daily check of spot film image quality will be presented. The wide variation in the imaging ability of new spot film systems will also be discussed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Community by Design

Findings and speculations about the effects of physical design on social behavior in planned residential settings have accumulated without the benefit of any explicit theoretical models (Newman, 1972, 1973; Cooper, Day, and Levine, 1972; Cooper, 1975). Recent research about urban neighborhoods has included the formulation and estimation of models of community attachment, but these models do not incorporate any physical design features (Kasarda and Janowitz, 1974; Hunter, 1975). I attempt here to connect these two areas of research by developing and estimating a model of community attachment that includes the effects of physical design. The sites for the research are federally assisted, moderate income housing developments. Both physical and social features of the sites prove to have significant effects on the level of community attachment in these settings.
Natural mentoring under the microscope: an investigation of mentoring relationships and latino adolescents' academic performance

The current study examined the role of natural mentoring relationships in the academic performance of urban, diverse, Latino high school students. Participants reported up to three mentors in their lives, and they were asked about their mentors' demographic characteristics and the characteristics of their mentoring relationships. The presence of a mentor was associated with fewer absences, higher educational expectations, and greater expectancies for success and sense of school belonging. Further, the number of reported mentors predicted fewer absences, higher educational expectations and a greater sense of school belonging. Mentors' educational level, frequency of contact, relationship duration, and total form of support provided by mentors were related to participants' academic outcomes. Mentor type also made a difference in youth's academic outcomes. Implications for future mentoring research and programs are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Institutionalising science‐based practices in children's services

Over the past 30 years, researchers have documented effective, theory‐based programmes and practices that improve the health and well‐being of children. In order to produce measurable improvements in public health, such practices must be institutionalised; however, there are a number of barriers to translating what we know from science to what we do in practice. In the present article, we discuss a number of those barriers, including: cultural differences between those who espouse a public health, prevention science approach versus those who espouse a strengths‐building, health promotion approach; practical difficulties in documenting the evidence base for existing or newly developed programmes and practices; and inflexibility of standardised programmes and resulting insensitivity to local contexts. We discuss common ground between prevention and promotion perspectives and highlight emerging methods that facilitate the adoption of science‐based practice into community‐based services.
Esterolytic Activities of Pediococcus Species

Abstract Six different strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus and two of Pediococcus acidilactici were examined for intracellular esterolytic enzyme activity. All strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus possessed esterase activity, which was highest in Pediococcus pentosaceus NCDO 559 with α-naphthyl acetate as substrate. However, no esterolytic activity was found in either strain of Pediococcus acidilactici tested. Esterolytic enzymes in crude cell-free extracts were separated using PAGE and identified by histochemical staining. Substrate specificity toward various α- and β -naphthyl esters of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids was determined. All strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus exhibited active band(s) of esterase on gels and were most active toward α-naphthyl acetate. No active esterase band was detected in either strain of Pediococcus acidilactici .
Exploring Regional Variation in Spatial Language Using Spatially Stratified Web-Sampled Route Direction Documents

Abstract:Spatial language, such as route directions, can be analyzed to shed light on how humans communicate and conceptualize spatial knowledge. This article details a computational linguistic approach using route directions to study regional variations in spatial language. We developed a web-sourcing approach to collect human-generated route direction documents on a geographical scale. Specifically, we built the Spatially strAtified Route Direction (SARD) Corpus through automated scraping, classifying, and georeferencing of route directions. Based on semantic categories of cardinal and relative direction terms, the analysis of the SARD Corpus reveals significant differences and patterns on both national (United States, United Kingdom, and Australia) and regional (contiguous U.S. states) levels. Combining computational linguistics and georeferencing approaches offers the potential for extending classic spatial linguistic studies.
Specific heat of stainless steel below T = 1 K

Abstract The specific heat of 304 stainless steel has been measured in the temperature range 70–600 mK. A Schottky anomaly has been found and the data can be represented by C(T) = (465T + 0.56T−2) μJ g−1 K−1. This large specific heat can lead to long thermal relaxation times in low temperature apparatus, especially below 100 mK.
Heart Physiology From Cell to Circulation, 4th ed.

Lionel H. Opie, MD 640 pp. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. $99.00. ISBN 0-7817-4278-1 Many excellent basic cardiovascular science and clinical cardiology texts are available to help the academic or practicing cardiologist keep abreast of the rapid developments in these areas. Few, however, combine a lucid and up-to-date description of new and established findings in laboratory research with an informed discussion of their clinical relevance to the pathophysiology and treatment of cardiac disease. This new edition of Dr Opie’s highly regarded book does this extremely well, as indicated in the …
Treating our societal scotoma: the case for investing in geriatrics, our nation's future, and our patients.

Because the U.S. population is rapidly aging and longevity is increasing, this commentary argues that expanding geriatric medicine training is necessary to optimize outcomes for older adults. The a...
Integration of rapid DNA hybridization and capillary zone electrophoresis using bidirectional isotachophoresis

We present a method for rapid, sequence-specific detection of multiple DNA fragments by integrating isotachophoresis (ITP) based DNA hybridization and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using bidirectional ITP. Our method leverages the high preconcentration ability of ITP to accelerate slow, second-order DNA hybridization kinetics, and the high resolving power of CZE to separate and identify reaction products. We demonstrate the speed and sensitivity of our assay by detecting 5 pM, 39 nt ssDNA target within 3 min, using a molecular beacon probe. We also demonstrate the feasibility of our assay for multiplexed detection of multiple-length ssDNA targets by simultaneously detecting 39 and 90 nt ssDNA targets.
Seedling Recruitment and Establishment of Lupinus perennis in a Mixed-Management Landscape

ABSTRACT: Ecological disturbances structure plant communities. In areas where reintroducing natural disturbances is unfeasible, land managers use artificial disturbances, such as fire and mowing, to simulate natural disturbances. However, prescribed fire and mowing can promote or inhibit seedling survival in plant populations. Lupinus perennis (the wild blue lupine) is a potentially threatened species commonly subjected to rotations of burning and mowing treatments to restore habitat for endangered butterflies (e.g., Karner blue, Lycaeides melissa sameulis). While L. perennis adults respond favorably to these management techniques, it is unknown how these variable management programs affect natural seedling recruitment and establishment. We quantified natural L. perennis seedling survival in seven managed remnant oak savannas in Northwest Ohio in 2007 and 2008. To evaluate the roles of management history and environmental factors on recruitment, we obtained burning and mowing management records for each s...
Highly efficient one-pot synthesis of hetero-sequenced shape-persistent macrocycles through orthogonal dynamic covalent chemistry (ODCC)

A series of hetero-sequenced shape-persistent macrocycles with different shape, size, and backbone (functional group) symmetry have been synthesized through one-pot orthogonal dynamic covalent chemistry (ODCC) in good to excellent yields from readily accessible starting materials.
Relative role of dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the development of the Indian Ocean dipole: An OGCM diagnosis

[1] The relative role of oceanic dynamics and surface heat fluxes in the initiation and development of the Indian Ocean dipole was investigated by analyzing results from an oceanic general circulation model. The model was forced by observed surface wind stress and heat flux fields for 1958–1997. The results show that it was capable of reproducing observed dipole events over the tropical Indian Ocean. The diagnosis of the mixed-layer heat budget indicates that the SST anomaly (SSTA) in the east pole is primarily induced by anomalous surface latent heat flux and vertical temperature advection, whereas in the west pole it is mainly caused by meridional and vertical temperature advection anomalies. In both regions shortwave radiation anomalies tend to damp the SSTA. The ocean Rossby waves are essential in linking the anomalous wind and SST off Sumatra and subsurface temperature variations in southwest Indian Ocean.
Depression is associated with prolonged and complicated recovery following colorectal surgery.

There are little data regarding the impact of depression on outcomes after gastrointestinal surgery. We hypothesize that depression would be associated with prolonged hospital stay and changes in discharge disposition for patients undergoing colon and rectal surgery. We identified 292,191 patients undergoing colon and rectal surgery using the 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. We used multivariate regression to evaluate the effect of depression on length of stay and discharge disposition. A preoperative diagnosis of depression was present in 20,039 (6.9%) patients. Mean length of stay for those with depression (10.4 days, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.04–10.76) was significantly longer than for patients without depression (9.64 days, 95% CI 9.48–9.81). After adjusting for cofounders, depression still predicted an increase in length of stay. Additionally, depressed patients were less likely to resume normal function at discharge, as 40% required either home health or time in a skilled facility following discharge from the acute care hospital. Among patients undergoing colorectal surgery, depression is associated with a significantly prolonged hospital stay and higher likelihood of requiring skilled nursing assistance after discharge. Further research into the mechanism underlying these differences and potential treatment strategies among depressed patients is warranted.