cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wood-reinforced composites by stereolithography with the stress whitening behavior

Abstract In this study, poplar wood flour at various concentrations (1–10 wt%) is incorporated into a methacrylate-based resin via solution blending to fabricate wood-reinforced composites using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) along with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis shows the presence of a small amount of residual monomer in the printed samples. For the printed composites, the glass transition temperature (Tg) from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) decreases as more wood flour is incorporated, which indicates an increase in free volume occupied by polymer chains. The tensile strength is improved up to 17.3% from 21.1 MPa (no wood flour) to 24.7 MPa (1.0 wt% wood flour). The highest Young’s modulus reaches 323.8 MPa (2.0 wt% wood flour), which is 1.9-fold of that of the sample without wood flour. Moreover, the composites show “stress whitening” with the addition of wood flour during the uniaxial drawing. Morphology analysis of the tested samples show that the formation of microcraze and microvoids likely causing the stress whitening. This is the first study that demonstrates wood flour can be utilized in SLA 3D printed wood plastic composites (WPC) which can reinforce the printed products with a modest loading amount.
To Reverse Item Orientation or Not to Reverse Item Orientation, That Is the Question.

To investigate the effect of using negatively oriented items, we wrote semantic reversals of the items in the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the General Belongingness Scale...
Consistency as a Means to Comparability: Theory and Evidence

This paper studies financial statement consistency — the purported means to comparability — from an information perspective. We model consistency as firms’ required propensity to apply common accou...
Regulation of Cyclotron Radiopharmaceutical Production and Distribution: An Agreement State Perspective

This paper discusses state regulation of radiation, radioactive materials, and particularly the production of radiochemicals, radiopharmaceuticals and other products with accelerators. The experience that the Texas Bureau of Radiation Control (the Agency) has had recently with two cyclotrons at large medical institutions may benefit others as they initiate such projects.
Correlation of Transcriptional Repression by p21SNFTwith Changes in DNA·NF-AT Complex Interactions

Abstract p21SNFT (21-kDa small nuclear factor isolated from T cells) is a novel human protein of the basic leucine zipper family. The overexpression of p21SNFTleads to the significant and specific repression of transcription from the interleukin-2 promoter as well as from several essential activator protein 1 (AP-1)-driven composite promoter elements. One example is the distal nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT)/AP-1 element where the AP-1 (Fos/Jun) basic leucine zipper heterodimer interacts with members of the NF-AT family. p21SNFT has been shown to replace Fos in dimerization with Jun on a consensus AP-1 binding site (12-O-tetradecanolyphorbol-13-acetate response element (TRE)) and to interact with Jun and NF-AT at the distal NF-AT/AP-1 enhancer element. A detailed biochemical analysis presented here compares interactions involving p21SNFT with those involving Fos. The results demonstrate that a p21SNFT/Jun dimer binds a TRE similarly to AP-1 and like AP-1 binds cooperatively with NF-AT at the NF-AT/AP-1 composite element. However, Fos interacts significantly more efficiently than p21SNFT with Jun and NF-AT, and the replacement of Fos by p21SNFT in the trimolecular complex drastically alters protein-DNA contacts. The data suggest that p21SNFT may repress transcriptional activity by inducing a unique conformation in the transcription factor complex.
Activation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity on induction of HL-60 leukemia cell differentiation

A 27-fold increase in 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activity, an enzyme associated with the antiproliferative actions of interferon (IFN), was observed after treatment of HL-60 human leukemia cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), an inducer of granulocytic differentiation of the cells. Enzyme activity was elevated after 24 h of exposure to DMSO, was maximal at 48 hours, and declined thereafter. A comparable increase was observed after treatment with 1 U of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) per ml or 8 U of beta interferon (IFN-beta) per ml. Elevated levels of expression of other IFN-inducible genes, including type I histocompatibility antigen (HLA-B) mRNA and 2',5'-oligoadenylate phosphodiesterase activity, were also observed with DMSO treatment. DMSO-treated HL-60 cells had an increased amount of a 1.8-kilobase mRNA for oligoadenylate [oligo(A)] synthetase when compared with that of control cells; both DMSO- and IFN-treated HL-60 cells also expressed 1.6-, 3.4-, and 4.3-kilobase mRNA. The increase in both oligo(A) synthetase activity and mRNA levels was inhibited by polyclonal antiserum to human IFN-alpha; however, no IFN-alpha mRNA could be detected in the cells. Antiserum to IFN-beta or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) had no effect on oligo(A) synthetase expression or activity nor was there any detectable IFN-beta 1 or IFN-beta 2 mRNA in the cells. The anti-IFN-alpha serum did not block the elevation of HLA-B mRNA in DMSO-treated cells. These observations suggest that the increased expression of oligo(A) synthetase in DMSO-treated cells may be mediated by the release of an IFN-alpha-like factor; however, the levels of any IFN-alpha mRNA produced in the cells were extremely low.
A new syringe pump apparatus for the retrieval and temporal analysis of helium in groundwaters and geothermal fluids

[1] We present details of a newly designed syringe pump apparatus for the retrieval and temporal analysis of helium (SPARTAH). The device is composed of a commercially available syringe pump connected to coils of Cu tubing, which interface the syringe and the groundwater or geothermal wellhead. Through test deployments at geothermal wells in Iceland and California, we show that well fluids are drawn smoothly, accurately, and continuously into the Cu tubing and can be time-stamped through user-determined operating parameters. In the laboratory, the tubing is sectioned to reveal helium (He) characteristics of the fluids at times and for durations of interest. The device is capable of prolonged deployments, up to 6 months or more, with minimal maintenance. It can be used to produce detailed time series records of He, or any other geochemical parameter, in groundwaters and geothermal fluids. SPARTAH has application in monitoring projects assessing the relationship between external transient events (e.g., earthquakes) and geochemical signals in aqueous fluids.
Chemical composition of sediments subducting at the Izu‐Bonin trench

[1] In this characterization brief, report here comprehensive major and trace element analyses of over 45 sediment samples from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149, located seaward of the Izu-Bonin trench. The combination of these core analyses with a complete set of geochemical logging data enables us to calculate the bulk composition of the sedimentary column subducting at the Izu trench with high accuracy (uncertainties ≤13%). Izu sediment has lower concentrations than global subducting sediment for most elements, due to ∼50% dilution by biogenic material (∼45% opal and ∼10% carbonate), but is relatively enriched in Ba, Pb, and rare earth elements (REE), except Ce, due to nonterrigenous inputs. Sediments subducting into the Izu and Mariana trenches differ compositionally due to ocean island–sourced volcaniclastics in Marianas sediments, enriching them in Nb, Ta, Ti, and LREE, and continentally derived eolian material in Izu sediments, enriching them in Cs, Rb, Th, and U. These differences predict along-strike variations in sediment input that should be manifested in the composition of volcanic output from the Honshu-Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc systems. Such variations are observed as an increase in Th/La in both sediments and arc volcanics from the Marianas in the south to Honshu in the north.
The Spacewatch Outer Solar System Survey

We present our results from a wide area search for the brightest and rarest members of the Transneptunian and Centaur/Scattered-Disk asteroid populations. Our data encompasses 1483.8 square degrees of sky taken with the Spacewatch 0.9 meter telescope on Kitt Peak between September of 1995 and September of 1999. We found five new Transneptunian asteroids, three new Centaurs, and two new Scattered Disk Objects. These objects are among the larger members of the population and their relative brightness will make them ideal candidates for physical observations.
The treatment of dysmenorrhea with testosterone propionate

Abstract The subject of dysmenorrhea has engaged the attention of numerous investigators and an extensive literature has accumulated on the subject. The etiology of this distressing condition, however, is still obscure and its treatment still unsatisfactory. Reviews of the various hormonal theories of the cause of dysmenorrhea have recently been published by several authors. 1–4 Briefly, there are three current theories as regards the etiology of dysmenorrhea: (a) Deficiency in progesterone, permitting of the unopposed action of estrogenic hormone upon the uterine muscle; (b) excessive estrogen production resulting in hypermotility of the uterine musculature; and (c) excessive progesterone activity. 5 None of these theories is, however, adequately supported by controlled experimental studies. The present communication deals with the treatment of dysmenorrhea with male hormone (testosterone propionate). The rationale for this form of therapy is based on the observation that testosterone counteracts certain of the physiologic effects of the estrogens in animals and human beings.
INDIVIDUAL VERSUS GROUP THERAPY

This article reviews literature relating to client differences in response to individual and group therapy. Although available research slightly favors group therapy over individual therapy, few attempts to compare the two approaches have been made. Past literature appears to indivate that client characteristics outweigh treatment factors as direct determinants of outcomes; however, most studies fail to simultaneously examine those two kinds of predictors. The few studies which do examine these two kinds of predictors. The few studies which do examine both predictors show a selective bias in which type of client is exposed to which form of therapy. They also indicate that clients differ in response to various treatments. However, client differences have yet to be demonstrated with respect to individual and group therapy. The review concludes with implications of client-treatment interactions for the research and practce of alcoholism therapy.
Association of Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide with Respiratory Symptoms and Pulmonary Function in Children

The effect of indoor nitrogen dioxide on the cumulative incidence of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function level was studied in a cohort of 1,567 white children aged 7-11 years examined in six US cities from 1983 through 1988. Week-long measurements of nitrogen dioxide were obtained at three indoor locations over 2 consecutive weeks in both the winter and the summer months. The household annual average nitrogen dioxide concentration was modeled as a continuous variable and as four ordered categories. Multiple logistic regression analysis of symptom reports from a questionnaire administered after indoor monitoring showed that a 15-ppb increase in the household annual nitrogen dioxide mean was associated with an increased cumulative incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (95% Cl) 1.1-1.7). The response variable indicated the report of one or more of the following symptoms: attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze, chronic wheeze, chronic cough, chronic phlegm, or bronchitis. Girls showed a stronger association (OR = 1.7, 95% Cl 1.3-2.2) than did boys (OR = 1.2, 95% Cl 0.9-1.5). An analysis of pulmonary function measurements showed no consistent effect of nitrogen dioxide. These results are consistent with earlier reports based on categorical indicators of household nitrogen dioxide sources and provide a more specific association with nitrogen dioxide as measured in children's homes.
Noninvasive quantification of jeopardized myocardial mass in dogs using 2-dimensional echocardiography and thallium-201 tomography.

Abstract The evaluation of jeopardized myocardial mass is important in defining the effect of interventions during myocardial infarction. To quantitate the in vivo mass at risk, 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) and thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed in 10 closed-chest dogs after circumflex coronary artery occlusion. The 2-D images were manually digitized to compute left ventricular (LV) mass using a modified Simpson's rule algorithm. This measure of LV mass correlated well with the actual LV mass (r = 0.97). Perfused myocardial mass was estimated from thallium SPECT images 4 hours after occlusion using a region-growing algorithm. After the dogs were killed, the jeopardized mass was outlined using a dual perfusion staining technique using triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Evans blue dye. The actual perfused mass was well estimated by the thallium images (r = 0.96). The noninvasively determined mass at risk was calculated as: 2-D mass — thallium SPECT mass, and correlated well with the pathologically determined mass at risk (r = 0.91). Thus, the jeopardized mass may be determined noninvasively by using 2-D echo and thallium-201 tomography. This approach may provide further information regarding the effect of intervention therapy on jeopardized myocardium.
Polarisation dispersion compensated AWG demultiplexer fabricated in single shallow etching step

An InP based arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) demultiplexer monolithically integrated with a novel slab polarisation compensator has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The compensator effectively eliminates the polarisation dispersion of 5.1 nm without introducing any additional processing steps.
On the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide

Abstract The kinetics of the photo-reduction of CO 2 in non-aqueous solutions containing tetraalkyl ammonium cations has been examined with special reference to the effects of surface decoration of p-CdTe with metals, organic complexes and crown ethers. The electrode surface was scanned by SEM, XPS and particularly by FTIR spectroscopy. The principle product throughout was CO, though small amounts of formate and methanol were observed. Catalysts, except for the crown ethers, produce an anodic shift in the i p -V curves which is in the region of 100–200mV, equivalent to ≈ 10 times increases in the rate constant. The efficiency of the conversion of light to CO is ≈ = 5%. Crown ethers adsorb on the surface in a lying down position and behave in a pseudoLangmuirian way. The 18-crown-6 ether in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium cations produces the greatest catalysis, a 410 mV shift, equivalent to about 10 3 times increase in the rate constant. The photoelectrochemical kinetic parameters are consistent with a rate determining step, CO 2 − + H + + e − + hv → CO + OH − . The catalytic effect of the NR + 4 ions is interpreted in terms of forgoing electrochemical reactions, NR 4 + + e − = NR 4 . and NR 4 . + CO 2 = NR 4 + + CO 2 − which take place on different sites from that of the photoelectrochemical reactions. The catalytic shifts are correlated with changes in bonding between intermediate radicals and the catalyst atoms as in electrochemical catalysis.
A semi-analytical evaluation of diffusion coefficients of reactor lattices using the Monte Carlo method

Abstract Although defined for the general case, the calculation method for diffusion coefficients of reactor lattices given by Benoist has until now been evaluated only for the one-dimensional case of circular cylindrical systems of few concentric zones which may consist of vacuum. In this paper we give an evaluation for diffusion coefficients of systems whose material constants depend on two dimensions. Based on the general formalism of Benoist we reduce the fundamental expression analytically and estimate the residual multiple integrals by Monte Carlo methods. As examples we compute diffusion coefficients of a 5-zone one-dimensional case with two air gaps and of 7-rod cluster elements in the Lucens reactor. Since a few hundred histories give sufficient accuracy, the calculation time on a computer for one diffusion coefficient is small.
Muscle activation and movement patterns during prone hip extension exercise in women

Abstract Context: The consistency of muscle activation order during prone hip extension has been debated. Objective: To investigate whether women use a consistent and distinguishable muscle activation order when extending the hip while prone and to explore the effects of verbal cues on muscle activation and movement. Design: Single-session, repeated-measures design. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eleven healthy women (age = 27.7 ± 6.2 years [range, 22–37 years]). Intervention(s): We tested the participants under 3 conditions: no cues, cues to contract the gluteal muscles, and cues to contract the hamstrings muscles. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured hip and knee angle and electromyographic data from the gluteus maximus, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings while participants performed prone hip extension from 30° of hip flexion to neutral. Results: When not given cues, participants used the consistent and distinguishable muscle activation order of medial hamstrin...
Skew-symmetric invariant theory

This chapter presents two skew-symmetric analogs of the straightening formula and defines the notion of a skew-invariant form and state-skew analogs of the first and second fundamental theorems of the invariant theory. It is assumed that the noncommutative polynomial ring is P over an arbitrary field k, where 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n . In the ring P , the ideal J is assumed to be generated by all elements ( x i ∥ u j ) ( x k ∥ u e ) + ( x k ∥ u e ) ( x i ∥ u j )) and ( x i ∥ u j ) 2 = 0 . The quotient ring PJ is denoted S (x i , u j and is called the ring of skew products ( x i ∥ u j ). This is the skew-straightening formula.
Neuropeptide Gene Families in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegansa

Neuropeptides have diverse roles in the function and development of the nervous system. With the completion of the sequencing of the C. elegans genome, rapid identification of nematode neuropeptide genes is possible. To date, 41 C. elegans neuropeptide genes have been identified. Of these genes, 20 genes, named flp (FMRFamide-like peptide) genes, encode FMRFamide-related proteins (FaRPs). Deletion of one of the flp genes, flp-1, results in several behavioral defects, suggesting that at least one flp gene is not functionally redundant with other flp genes. Twenty-one genes, named neuropeptide-like protein (nlp) genes, encode peptides distinct from the FaRP family. The predicted nlp-1 and nlp-2 neuropeptides have modest similarity to buccalin and myomodulin, respectively. Cellular expression patterns and genetic analysis of flp and nlp genes suggest that neuropeptides in nematodes also have widespread and varied roles in nervous system function.
Defibrillation Coil Reversal: A Rare Cause of Abnormal Noise and Inappropriate Shocks

We report a rare case of inadvertent reversal of the defibrillator shock coils during generator change which then resulted in both intermittent, recurrent "noise" on both the rate sensing and the shock electrogram leads and multiple inappropriate shocks.
Spatial differences in persistent organochlorine pollutant concentrations between the Bering and Chukchi Seas (1993).

Abstract During August-September 1993, a joint Russian-United States expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas took place. Surface water samples were collected from 21 sites and separated into dissolved (duplicates) and suspended solids; 19 sediment and 6 air samples were also collected. These samples were analysed for 19 organochlorine pesticides, 11 chlorobenzenes and 113 PCB congeners. The report provides data on selected compounds which occured in ⩾75% of the water samples. Highest water concentrations were observed for HCH in open waters north and south of the Bering Strait, both regions being similar (α-HCH; 2.2 ng/L and lindane: 0.35 ng/L). Air levels observed were also constant (α-HCH; 0.041 ng/m 3 , lindane: 0.0093 ng/m 3 ). Suspended solids and air particulares contributed little to the concentrations in their respective media, an observation common to all analytes except for the PCBs and the DDT residues. The ∑PCB concentrations in water were higher in the Bering Sea area compared to the Chukchi Sea (1.0 vrs 0.67 ng/L) and lower for air (0.46 vrs 0.23 ng/m 3 ). ∑DDT in water was higher in the Bering Sea than in the Chukchi Sea (0.23 vrs 0.15 ng/L) while in sediments and air, the Bering Sea concentrations were lower (0.95 vrs 1.6 ng/g and 36 vrs 56 pg/m 3 , respectively). Other organochlorine compounds for which data are presented include: pp′-DDE, pp′-DDT, dieldrin, HCB, 3 chlorobenzenes and 3 PCB congeners. Fluxes of all these chemicals through the Berin Strait are estimated; they ranged from 57 t/a (α-HCH) through 26 t/a (for ∑PCBs) to 0.2 t/a (pp′-DDE, dieldrin and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene). Fugacity ratios for the HCHs and PCBs indicate the α-HCH is degassing in both the Bering and Chukchi Seas and that the γ-isomer is degassing in the Bering Sea and is close to equilibrium (weakly absorbing) in the Chuchi Sea; the ∑PCBs are strongly absorbing in both areas.
Analysis of the Membrane Topology of Transmembrane Segments in the C-terminal Hydrophobic Domain of the Yeast Vacuolar ATPase Subunit a (Vph1p) by Chemical Modification

The integral V0 domain of the vacuolar (H+)-ATPases (V-ATPases) provides the pathway by which protons are transported across the membrane. Subunit a is a 100-kDa integral subunit of V0 that plays an essential role in proton translocation. To better define the membrane topology of subunit a, unique cysteine residues were introduced into a Cys-less form of the yeast subunit a (Vph1p) and the accessibility of these cysteine residues to modification by the membrane permeant reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and the membrane impermeant reagent polyethyleneglycol maleimide (PEG-mal) in the presence and absence of the protein denaturant SDS was assessed. Thirty Vph1p mutants containing unique cysteine residues were constructed and analyzed. Cysteines introduced between residues 670 and 710 and between 807 and 840 were modified by PEG-mal in the absence of SDS, indicating a cytoplasmic orientation. Cysteines introduced between residues 602 and 620 and between residues 744 and 761 were modified by NEM but not PEG-mal in the absence of SDS, suggesting a lumenal orientation. Finally, cysteines introduced at residues 638, 645, 648, 723, 726, 734, and at nine positions between residue 766 and 804 were modified by NEM and PEG-mal only in the presence of SDS, consistent with their presence within the membrane or at a protein-protein interface. The results support an eight transmembrane helix (TM) model of subunit a in which the C terminus is located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and provide information on the location of hydrophilic loops separating TM6, 7, and 8.
Neurons Derived from a Human Teratocarcinoma Cell Line Establish Molecular and Structural Polarity Following Transplantation into the Rodent Brain

Studies of neurons grafted into the brains of experimental animals have been limited by the lack of suitably homogeneous populations of neurons for transplantation. Here we describe the transplantation and survival of pure, postmitotic human neurons (NT2N cells) into the rat brain. NT2N cells were derived from a human teratocarcinoma line (NTera2/clone D1 or NT2 cells) in vitro by retinoic acid treatment. Approximately 5-10 x 10(4) NT2N cells (including previously frozen aliquots of NT2N cells) were injected into the neocortex, subjacent white matter, or hippocampus of adult (N = 51) or neonatal (N = 17) Sprague-Dawley rats. Cyclosporine (7-10 mg/kg) was administered daily to 13 adult rats for up to 12 weeks post-transplant prior to sacrifice. Untreated rats survived for up to 21 weeks post-transplant. Injection sites were serially sectioned and NT2N grafts were analyzed immunohistochemically using antibodies to diverse neuronal and glial proteins to assess the lineage of the grafted cells and their ability to establish molecular and structural polarity. NT2N cells transplanted into untreated adult and neonatal rat brains were committed exclusively to the neuronal phenotype and survived for as long as 8 weeks, although most were rejected after 4 weeks. However, cyclosporine prolonged survival of the NT2N grafts for up to 12 weeks. Further, grafted NT2N cells exhibited an asymmetric geometry (with long axons and simplified dendrites), as well as molecular polarity (with highly phosphorylated neurofilament proteins segregated in axons and microtubule associated protein 2 confined to perikarya and dendrites) by 4 weeks post-transplant. However, the grafted neurons did not become fully mature as evidenced by their failure to express the most highly phosphorylated heavy neurofilament proteins. Finally, previously frozen NT2N cells survived in the rat brain, and none of the grafts formed neoplasms. We conclude from these studies that transplanted NT2N cells represent a highly advantageous model system for studies of the developmental biology of neurons.
John E. Cairnes on the Effects of the Australian Gold Discoveries, 1851–73: An Early Application of the Methodology of Positive Economics

Introduction John E. Cairnes (1823–75) is considered to be the last important economist of the British Classical tradition, a close follower of John Stuart Mill and “the most eminent of the English Economists of this period who undertook to mend the structure [of J. S. Mill].” Cairnes was most highly regarded by his contemporaries; indeed Mill expressed his admiration for him in the preface to the sixth edition of his Principles , calling him “one of the most scientific of living political economists.” Cairnes is best remembered today for his contributions to the methodology of economic science and for the theory of noncompeting groups. In addition, his popular writings on slavery and on the effects of the Californian and Australian gold discoveries gave him an audience far wider than the ranks of political economists. The present chapter will examine Cairnes' writings on the effects of the gold discoveries as a case study of the methodology of positive economics – that the test of a good theory lies in its ability to predict rather than the realism of its assumptions. The chapter will be based mainly on Cairnes' principal published work on the gold discoveries – his “Essays Towards a Solution of the Gold Question (1858–60).” As well, however, we will examine some of his other writings – his articles in the Economist and the Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , his unpublished Manuscripts on Gold, and his unpublished “Lectures on Money” given at Galway 1864/65.
Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and nitric oxide synthase-2 following cerebral trauma

Traumatic injury to the brain initiates multiple interrelated processes that involve parenchymal, vascular, and infiltrating inflammatory cells. Nitric oxide (NO) and chemokines have been implicated as regulators of the central nervous system injury response. Following a cryogenic lesion of the cerebral cortex in mice, mRNA for NO synthase (NOS)-2 was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ipsilaterally 12 h after injury and persisted for 2 weeks. While mRNA was also detected contralaterally, the time course of expression was shorter (1 week). By immunohistochemistry, NOS-2 protein was initially detected ipsilaterally 12 h after injury in infiltrating inflammatory cells. Astroglial cells expressed NOS-2 from 24 to 72 h after injury. The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) mRNA peaked at 6 h on the lesion side, remained for 24 h and then declined by 48 h. On the unlesioned side, MCP-1 mRNA was expressed to a much lesser extent and had declined by 24 h. The up-regulation of MCP-1 was relatively specific as a closely related mRNA encoding IP-10 was not significantly increased. These findings implicate a role for NOS-2 and MCP-1 as potential regulators of cellular events following cryogenic cerebral trauma.
Dieldrin and chlordane residue in agriculture fields

L o n g l i v e d o r g a n o c h l o r i n e i n s e c t i c i d e s w e r e p r o h i b i t e d from a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e i n e a r l y 1 9 7 0 ’ s i n t h e a d v a n c e d n a t i o n s . But t h e s e p e s t i c i d e s a r e d e t e c t e d e v e n n o w i n f i e l d s o i l s (Martijn e t a l . 1 9 9 3 ) a n d f o o d s t u f f s ( Y o s h i d a e t a l . 1 9 9 2 ; M c D o u g a l l e t a l . 1995). T h e b r e a k d o w n s o f o r g a n o c h l o r i n e i n s e c t i c i d e s i n s o i l w e r e o f t e n e x p l a i n e d b y f o u r c o m p o n e n t s m o d e l ( E d w a r d s 1 9 6 6 ) , a n d t h e f o u r t h h a l f l i v e s a r e i m p o r t a n t t o l o n g t e r m p e r s i s t e n c e s . Longt e r m r e s i d u e s u r v e y w a s n o t r e p o r t e d o n o r g a n o c h l o r i n e i n s e c t i c i d e s i n J a p a n e x c e p t f o r N a k a m u r a ( 1 9 9 0 ) .
CMV retinitis treatment

The two drugs known to be useful in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis are ganciclovir and foscarnet--usually they are given intravenously. Intravitreal ganciclovir seems to be even more effective. A pump system to deliver the drug into the vitreous is being developed.
Market efficiency and cointegration of spot exchange rates during periods of economic turmoil: Another look at European and Asian currency crises

Abstract This study extends the study of foreign exchange market efficiency. It employs several verification testing procedures, rather than using only standard Johansen tests, to re-examine if cointegration among different spot exchange rates is actually present during the 1992–1993 European currency crisis and during the 1997–1998 Asian currency crisis. In contrast to the findings in prior studies, the test results collectively cast strong doubts on the presence of cointegration. Therefore, a cointegration test may not be an appropriate technique to detect and reveal market inefficiency if it in fact transpires during these two crises. Further, this study strongly corroborates empirical evidence that the reliance on Johansen tests can result in spurious findings of cointegration and thus incorrect inferences about efficiency.
Toxicity of five alkyl-aryl phosphate ester chemicals to four species of freshwater fish

The toxicities of five phosphate ester compounds — Fyrquel GT, Kronitex 200, Phosflex 31P, Pydraul 50E and Santicizer 148—were evaluated in acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and in 90-d partial life-cycle tests with fathead minnows. Nominal exposure concentrations were 0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L in the partial life-cycle tests with Fyrquel GT, Kronitex 200, Phosflex 31P and Pydraul 50E, and 0, 0.05, 0.09, 0.19, 0.38 and 0.75 mg/L in the test with Santicizer 148. The 96-h LC50 values for rainbow trout, fathead minnows, channel catfish and bluegills exposed to the five phosphate esters ranged from less than 0.3 to greater than 72 mg/L. The LC50 values may be directly related to the percentage of triphenyl phosphate contained in each of the compounds. The phosphate esters generally showed similar chronic toxicities to fathead minnows, and adverse toxic effects occurred at nominal exposure concentrations of 0.38 to 1.0 mg/L. Comparison of available environmental concentration data for phosphate esters with the effect concentrations obtained for fish in the present study indicated that phosphate ester compounds may not now pose a threat to fish populations.
Design and prototype development of a computer vision-based lumber production planning system

Abstract A computer vision-based lumber production planning system (CVLPPS) is described. Computer axial tomography (CT or CAT) images of hardwood logs are analyzed for identification and classification of internal log defects. Individual CT image slices are analyzed for detection of 2D defects which are correlated across CT image slices in order to establish 3D support and identify true 3D defects. CVLPPS is capable of 3D reconstruction and rendering of the log and its internal defects from the individual CT image slices. It is also capable of simulation and rendering of key machining operations such as sawing and veneering on the 3D reconstructions of the logs. From the 3D reconstruction of the log and knowledge of its internal defects, CVLPPS can formulate sawing strategies to optimize the yield and grade of the resulting lumber. A prototype CVLPPS was developed and tested on CT images of hardwood logs from White Ash, Hard Maple, Red Oak and Black Walnut. Experimental results showed that CVLPPS could identify and localize a large majority of the internal log defects and thereby result in a 23–63% gain in value yield recovery when compared to a lumber processing strategy that did not use internal log structure information. Issues pertaining to the deployment of CVLPPS in a real-time lumber production environment are discussed. It is shown that the various components of CVLPPS are amenable to parallel and distributed computing, thus making a real-time implementation of CVLPPS practically feasible. CVLPPS could also be used as a decision aid for lumber production planning and an interactive training tool for novice sawyers and machinists.
On the inverse diffraction problem

Abstract It is proved that for a convex reflecting scatterer the support function is uniquely determined by the scattering amplitude (in particular, by the backscattering amplitude). The support function determines the position, orientation and the shape of the scatterer uniquely. Stability of the solution is discussed.
Pathophysiology of sepsis-triggered takotsubo syndrome

The comprehensive article by Y-Hassan et al, published ahead of print in the June 2014 issue of Acute Cardiac Care (1), about patients with sepsis-triggered (ST) takotsubo syndrome (TTS), which I i...
Novel Equipment for the Study of the Compaction of Fine Powders

This paper describes a highly specialized system for studies of time-dependent compaction of nano-size and other fine-size powders under a variety of atmospheres and at temperatures ranging from 77 to 1000 K. The system incorporates a 10 000 kg screw-driven press with a piston–cylinder type of die and can produce cylindrical powder compacts, 3mm in diameter and of various thicknesses, utilizing pressures up to 3 GPa. The system is computer-controlled and permits measurements of the sample volume with an uncertainty of 0.07 mm3 and, after appropriate calibration, can determine the rate and degree of densification of the compacting powder as pressure is applied. To illustrate its capabilities, the system was used to study the densification of several powders, including nano-size γ-Al2O3, submicrometer 95%α-Si3N4, RbBr, and KC1. The results obtained on RbBr and KC1, used for calibration and testing of the equipment, are in good agreement with previously published data for these materials.
Value Elicitation in Laboratory Markets: Discussion and Applicability to Contingent Valuation

In discussing the preceding three papers, my assignment was to add the perspective of someone who uses contingent valuation methods. My view is that contingent valuation (CV) is one tool for economic analysis that offers unique opportunities to clarify the preferences of the public for environmental economic, policy, and management tradeoffs. I look to the lab for two reasons: (i) the lab offers opportunities to examine the assumptions and techniques of CV, and (ii) the lab offers an alternative approach to conducting CV. My intention is to stimulate thinking on the scope of the lab's value for CV research and to stimulate use of the
Mechanism of Magnetic Relaxation Switching Sensing

Magnetic relaxation switching (MRSw) assays that employ target-induced aggregation (or disaggregation) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can be used to detect a wide range of biomolecules. The precise working mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood, often leading to confounding interpretation. We herein present a systematic and comprehensive characterization of MRSw sensing. By using different types of MNPs with varying physical properties, we analyzed the nature and transverse relaxation modes for MRSw detection. The study found that clustered MNPs are universally in a diffusion-limited fractal state (dimension of ∼2.4). Importantly, a new model for transverse relaxation was constructed that accurately recapitulates observed MRSw phenomena and predicts the MRSw detection sensitivities and dynamic ranges.
Radiative capture to 4He

Abstract Particle capture calculations to 4 He have been performed within the framework of the continuum shell model with full correction for target recoil and with non-central forces. Differential cross section and polarization results are presented for both neutron and proton capture. The calculations include E1, E2 and M2 contributions. The calculated ratio of total cross sections, σ(γ, p)/σ(γ, n) is close to one above E p = 4 MeV. Possible corrections to this ratio are discussed. The calculated E2 strength is very broad and structureless. The maximum E2 strength is near 63 A − 1 3 MeV excitation. Of this E2 strength virtually all is 1 D 2 .
Simulation of Metals Transport and Toxicity at a Mine-Impacted Watershed: California Gulch, Colorado

The transport and toxicity of metals at the California Gulch, Colorado mine-impacted watershed were simulated with a spatially distributed watershed model. Using a database of observations for the period 1984-2004, hydrology, sediment transport, and metals transport were simulated for a June 2003 calibration event and a September 2003 validation event. Simulated flow volumes were within approximately 10% of observed conditions. Observed ranges of total suspended solids, cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations were also successfully simulated. The model was then used to simulate the potential impacts of a 1-in-100-year rainfall event. Driven by large flows and corresponding soil and sediment erosion for the 1-in-100-year event, estimated solids and metals export from the watershed is 10,000 metric tons for solids, 215 kg for Cu, 520 kg for Cu, and 15,300 kg for Zn. As expressed by the cumulative criterion unit (CCU) index, metals concentrations far exceed toxic effects thresholds, suggesting a high probability of toxic effects downstream of the gulch. More detailed Zn source analyses suggest that much of the Zn exported from the gulch originates from slag piles adjacent to the lower gulch floodplain and an old mining site located near the head of the lower gulch.
Electrical “Life-Cycle-Safety: The view from the design

This paper will examine issues of plant safety from the standpoint of design engineers. The authors analyze the steps necessary to minimize electrical hazards in industrial processing facilities. Special attention is given to electrical safety conditions for operators and maintenance personnel. The perspectives of design engineering are to bring the reader an analysis of the hazards of electricity from initial design, through construction, operation, and maintenance of the facility and show how these hazards can be minimized when considered early on.
Spatial and temporal variation in the Argentine ant edge effect: Implications for the mechanism of edge limitation

Abstract One consequence of human land-use is the exposure of native communities to invasive human commensal species along edges. Argentine ants ( Linepithema humile ) invade a variety of habitats in California with consequent dramatic declines in native ants. In coastal southern California, USA Argentine ants appear to be an edge effect in small habitat fragments [Suarez, A.V., Bolger, D.T., Case, T.J., 1998. Effects of fragmentation and invasion on native ant communities in coastal southern California. Ecology 79, 2041–2056]. They invade fragments from the urban edge, but only penetrate coastal sage scrub (CSS) habitat to a distance of approximately 200 m. Using pitfall sampling in edge ( 600 m from the edge) habitat I tested whether there is also an Argentine ant edge effect in the largest blocks of habitat in the landscape and investigated patterns of spatial and temporal variation in native and Argentine ants. Argentine ants were common in coastal sage scrub habitat within 250 m of urban edges, but rare in interior areas. Correspondingly, native ants were significantly less abundant and diverse in edge areas as compared to interior. Over the period 1997–2000 Argentine ants did not become more abundant in interior habitat suggesting it will remain a refuge for native ants. Argentine ant abundance in edge plots varied greatly among years and sites. Annual variation in abundance was positively related to annual rainfall. Increased soil moisture near edges due to urban runoff has often been suggested as the mechanism that allows the invasion of edge but not interior habitat. This hypothesis predicts that edge habitat downslope of the urban edge should support invasions of higher abundance and greater spatial penetration than habitat upslope. However, I found that edge slope did not predict the extent of invasion, whereas, soil type did. Coarse, well-drained soils supported an Argentine ant invasion of lower abundance and lesser spatial penetration than soils that should retain more moisture. These patterns of spatial and annual variation are more consistent with a biotic flow mechanism where ants move from urban habitat into CSS sites that are temporarily favorable, rather than an abiotic flow where urban runoff causes a physical change to CSS habitat near edges. This invasion affects a substantial area of habitat, however, the inability of Argentine ants to invade interior habitat suggests that refugia for native ants will persist if large unfragmented blocks of habitat are maintained.
Spared access to idiomatic and literal meanings: A single-case approach

The current study examines how patients with aphasia access the meanings of idioms during spoken sentence comprehension. In our experiment, we had 4 subjects whose native language is German: 2 left-hemisphere damaged patients (Wernicke's and global aphasia); 1 right-hemisphere damaged patient; and 1 age-matched healthy speaker. Ambiguous two-element German noun compounds carrying an idiomatic as well as a literal meaning served as target words. While listening to contextually biasing sentences containing the target words, the subjects performed a lexical decision task at the offset of each compound. All the subjects, including the aphasic patients, accessed the compounds' literal and idiomatic meanings simultaneously despite the existence of contextually biasing sentences. The data are discussed by taking account of the findings of recent studies of lexical semantic processing in aphasia.
Mitigating Write Disturbance in Super-Dense Phase Change Memories

Constructing a highly scalable and dense main memory subsystem with large access bandwidth has become a major challenge for modern computing systems. Traditional memory technologies, like DRAM and NAND Flash, suffer from either poor scalability or limited access bandwidth. Recent studies have identified emerging Phase Change Memory (PCM) as one of the most promising low power main memory technology candidates, because of its short read latency and good scalability. However, PCM still faces serious write disturbance problem below 20nm technology. Write disturbance leads to more cell programming errors, and thus degrades write reliability. Simple solutions, such as allocating large inter-cell space and adopting strong error correction code (ECC), either reduce memory density or incur large performance overhead. In this paper, we propose DIN, a Data encoding based Insulation technique, to mitigate write disturbance in highly dense PCMs. DIN improves memory density by eliminating inter-cell thermal band along a word line. The non-negligible disturbance errors, are then minimized by disturbance-aware data encoding, based on how PCM cells are programmed at device level. Our experimental results show that DIN gains write disturbance resistance in high density PCM chips while achieving comparable performance for a wide range of applications.
Eating disorder in a hemodialysis patient: case report.

Renal replacement therapy may encourage eating disorders in some patients. Hemodialysis requires patients to attend dialysis sessions three times per week, during which time they are weighed pre- and posttreatment, so the importance of limiting “fluid weight” gains to prevent fluid overload and elevated blood pressure are constantly reinforced by the dialysis team. Patients must also follow rigorous therapeutic dietary modifications to prevent the buildup of urea and harmful waste products between treatments. This is a case report of a 30-year-old man receiving renal replacement therapy who had anorexia nervosa of the bulimic subtype.
Low-density isochoric (p, V, T) measurements on (nitrogen + methane)

Abstract Isochoric (p, V, T) measurements have been made on three mixtures of nitrogen and methane (0.29N2 + 0.71CH4), (0.50N2 + 0.50CH4), and (0.68N2 + 0.32CH4) at densities of 1 to 6 mol·dm−3. The three isochores for each mixture cover a temperature range from approximately 150 to 320 K up to a maximum pressure of 16 MPa. Comparisons with other experimental results and with values calculated from an extended corresponding-states model are discussed.
Analog link design

In some applications signals originate in analog form and are to be delivered to a remote destination as analog signals. In such cases, it is sometimes more economical or technically feasible to transmit these signals in their original analog form than to convert to a digital format, particularly when the signal bandwidth and/or dynamic range is large enough to stress the capabilities of current digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital converters. This paper discusses analog signal transmission at optical wavelengths in the context of free space links. The technology of optical modulators, amplifiers, and receivers is discussed and an example of an analog crosslink design is given.
Apparent dose-dependent absorption of chlorothiazide in dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral dose on the absorption of chlorothiazide in the dog. Chlorothiazide was quantitatively excreted in the urine after administration of 50-mg and 250-mg intravenous doses. In contrast, the urinary recovery of chlorothiazide after oral administration showed appreciable interanimal variation and decreased from 70.4% to 26.7% on the average as the oral dose was increased from 125 mg to 750 mg. Oral administration of a single 15-mg dose of propantheline bromide (a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying and intestinal motility) at--1 hr increased the absorption of a 250 mg oral dose of chlorothiazide in three out of four dogs. These results suggest that chlorothiazide absorption is dose dependent and apparently site specific.