cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: What Is Its Role?

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) remedies vary greatly in safety and effectiveness. Then why is their use increasing at a time when evidence for the effectiveness of "orthodox" treatments is greater than ever before? Dazzled by technology, physicians dismiss "nonspecific" treatment effects as mere "placebo" and ignore the effects of caring. Over half of patients with anxiety or depression consult CAM practitioners in any given year. The popularity of CAM attests to its responsiveness to patients' search for more than procedurally oriented care. It reflects biomedicine's failure to give patients the time they need to tell their story and to explain the nature of problems they face, and its failure to provide sufficient information to allow patients their choice among therapeutic alternatives. Effective CAM practices should be incorporated into care, whether treatments are provided by biomedical or CAM practitioners.
Distribution, elimination, and test for carcinogenicity of 2,6‐dinitrotoluene after intraperitoneal and oral administration to strain a mice

After intraperitoneal (ip) and oral (po) administration of 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (2,6‐DNT), the distribution, elimination, and lung tumor response were determined in strain A mice. In a 30‐wk bioassay and at total ip doses of 600, 1500, or 3000 mg/kg, or total po doses of 1200, 3000, or 6000 mg/kg, 2,6‐DNT did not produce an increase in lung adenomas when compared to vehicle‐treated controls. The urine was the major route of elimination of both ip and po administered 3 H‐labeled 2,6‐DNT, with 87.6, 55.2, and 49.1% of ip doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, excreted within 4 h. The corresponding amounts excreted after po administration were 33.6, 25.2, and 24.3%, which increased to 53.7, 53.5, and 48.6% after 8 h. The distribution of 2,6‐DNT in various tissues (blood, liver, kidneys, lungs, small and large intestine) showed no evidence for preferential uptake or retention at any of the ip or po doses. Terminal half‐lives of radioactive material in the liver were 1.11, 0.95, and 1.16 h after ip doses o...
International operations management research

Abstract This paper profiles the literature on international operations management (IOM) from 28 leading operations management, international business, and management journals over the years 1986–1997. Trends in the frequency of IOM articles published and in topical coverage are identified based on research appearing in the journal set reviewed. A framework is developed and presented for classifying the IOM research literature by topical area and scope. Based on the articles reviewed, IOM research is found to focus most on industrialized countries and regions. There is need for empirical studies that span a wider range of countries in order to glean broader insights and to develop generalized theories of international operations management. A number of issues are identified for possible future research. The IOM literature from the journal set is reviewed and the comprehensive set of bibliographic references included provides both academicians and practitioners with a useful source of information to draw from. As identified, much of the work in international operations management seems motivated by a desire to provide firms with an economic benefit. While this is undoubtedly worthwhile, the objective of IOM research could be broadened to encompass social and economic goals of non-profit organizations as well as international agencies such as the United Nations.
Interfaces in organic semiconductor devices

The importance of interfacial properties in organic light emitting devices is well recognized. The mismatch between a strong metallic lattice and a weak Van-der-Waals organic solid at the metal/organic interface can result in an interfacial structure which is uniquely different from those commonly found in metal/inorganic semiconductors. We will discuss the relations between energy level alignment, interface charge transfer, dipole layer formation, and the ultimate consequences of these effects on the device characteristics and performance. The discussion will mainly be based on measurements using surface/interface analytical techniques including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and inverse photoemission spectroscopy.
Shear fracture in sandstone under plane-strain compression

Abstract Experiments on Berea sandstone at 5 MPa confinement were conducted to investigate shear banding under plane-strain compression. Locations of acoustic emission showed propagation of a shear band during post-peak response. The eventual failure surface consisted of two distinct regions called primary and kinked fractures, with evidence of a process zone at the termination of the primary fracture. Features identified using thin-section microscopy suggested that the primary fracture was formed in shear while the kinks displayed mixed-mode qualities. A linear analysis of a closed crack demonstrated that part of the post-peak response could be explained as shear-crack growth, with Berea sandstone having a mode II fracture toughness of 3 MPa√m.
The life-testing of small thermionic valves

The paper discusses the basis of a life specification for thermionic valves, similar to those in force for electric lamps, and indicates the assistance which a life-test equipmentand data afford in preparing such specifications. The general characteristics of thermionic valves are then described, in relation to the problems involved in designing such an installation. Solutions of these problems are then discussed more fully, and a large installation for testing the life of valves is described. Typical examples of the results obtained are given.
Pitx3-deficient aphakia mice display unique behavioral responses to psychostimulant and antipsychotic drugs

The dorsal (A9) and ventral striatum (A10) of the midbrain mediate many of the effects of psychoactive drugs that alter emotion, cognition, and motor activity within the contexts of therapy or abuse. Although transgenic and knockout technologies have enabled development of genetic models to dissect contributions of specific dopamine (DA) receptor subtypes to psychoactive drug effects, few models exist that can distinguish contributions of A9 versus A10 circuits. Pitx3 is a transcription factor enriched in DA neurons. Aphakia (ak) mice deficient in Pitx3 show selective loss of nigrostriatal DA, while other DA pathways are relatively spared, and therefore could be a useful tool for investigating the role of this subclass of DA projections. We investigated the effects of stimulants amphetamine, apomorphine, and MK-801 and the antipsychotic drug haloperidol on behavior in ak mice. Whereas wild-type mice showed the characteristic locomotor hyperactivity in response to amphetamine (5 mg/kg) and apomorphine (4 mg/kg), these drugs caused a paradoxical suppression of locomotor hyperactivity in ak mice. MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) induced hyperactivity was maintained in both wt and ak mice. Additionally, mutant but not wild-type mice were insensitive to the cataleptic effects of haloperidol (1 mg/kg). These studies indicate that the nigrostriatal DA circuit plays a critical role in maintaining normal responsiveness to psychotropic drugs that either stimulate or block DA neurotransmission. We propose that ak mice may represent a valuable genetic model not only to study Parkinson's disease, but also to dissect the pathophysiologic and pharmacotherapuetic mechanisms of other DA-mediated disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug abuse and schizophrenia.
Incorporation of waste materials into portland cement clinker synthesized from natural raw materials

For every ton of portland cement that is manufactured, approximately half a ton of carbon dioxide is released from calcining limestone. One method of reducing the carbon dioxide from portland cement production is to reduce or eliminate the use of limestone through replacement with calcium oxide-bearing waste materials. In this study, portland cement clinker was synthesized using minimal limestone content and maximal waste material content, specifically fly ash and blast furnace slag. The synthetic cements were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and isothermal calorimetry. Results show that portland cement clinker can be successfully synthesized from a maximam of 27.5% fly ash and 35% slag. The synthetic cements possessed early-age hydration behavior similar to a commercial Type I/II portland cement. However, the presence of sulfur impurities contained in waste materials significantly affected phase formation in portland cement clinker.
Comparative hypolipidemic effects of lovastatin and simvastatin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

We have compared the effects of lovastatin and simvastatin on plasma lipoproteins, fibrinogen and urinary mevalonic acid excretion in twenty-three patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. After a baseline period patients were randomly assigned to receive lovastatin or simvastatin at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg twice daily, for a period of 2 months each, and then, after a 4-week wash-out period, all patients received the alternate drug for a similar period of therapy. Both drugs were well-tolerated and no patients were withdrawn due to side effects. Lipid values returned to baseline after discontinuation of therapy and no carry-over effect was observed. Treatment with lovastatin resulted in decreases in LDL cholesterol concentrations from 274 mg/dl at baseline to 211, 192 and 178 mg/dl, respectively, on doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/day. Treatment with simvastatin reduced concentrations of LDL cholesterol to 194, 168 and 156 mg/dl, respectively, on doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/day. Concentrations of HDL cholesterol increased on both drugs, but no dose response relationship was apparent. Both drugs reduced the 24-h urinary excretion of mevalonic acid, an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis, but the magnitude of decrease was similar with lovastatin and simvastatin. Small, but statistically non-significant decreases in fibrinogen occurred with both drugs. Patients who showed the greatest hypolipidemic effect during treatment with lovastatin also showed an excellent therapeutic response to simvastatin and vice versa. We conclude that, on a milligram per milligram basis, simvastatin is twice as potent as lovastatin in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia and that with both drugs, reductions in LDL cholesterol concentrations are accompanied by decreases in the urinary excretion of mevalonic acid.
CO2 sensitivity of the complexity of phrenic neurograms in the piglet during early maturation

In this paper, we investigate the influence of hypercapnia on the dynamics of the phrenic neurogram in the piglet in two different age groups: 3–7 days (n = 11) and 10–16 days (n = 9). The phrenic neurogram was recorded from 17 piglets (3–16 days old) during control (40% O2 with 3–5% end-tidal CO2), mild hypercapnia (40% O2 with 7% CO2) and severe hypercapnia (40% O2 with 15% CO2) and analyzed using the approximate entropy (ApEn) method. The mean values of the approximate entropy (complexity) of phrenic neurograms during the first 7 days of the postnatal age were 1.56 ± 0.1 (standard deviation) during normal breathing, 1.51 ± 0.1 during mild hypercapnia and 1.37 ± 0.08 during severe hypercapnia. These values for the 10–16 days age group were 1.51 ± 0.1 during control, 1.49 ± 0.11 during mild hypercapnia and 1.38 ± 0.05 during severe hypercapnia. The mean values of phrenic neurogram durations during the first 7 days of the postnatal age were 0.82 ± 0.03 (standard deviation) s during normal breathing, 0.85 ± 0.007 s during mild hypercapnia and 0.65 ± 0.05 s during severe hypercapnia. These values for the 10–16 days age group were 0.97 ± 0.09 s during control, 1.10 ± 0.05 during mild hypercapnia and 0.78 ± 0.05 s during severe hypercapnia. Our results show that the complexity values of the phrenic neurogram were significantly decreased when the CO2 concentration was shifted from control or mild to severe hypercapnia (p < 0.05) for both the 3–7 days old and the 10–16 days old groups. In addition, the duration of the phrenic neurogram decreased when the concentration was shifted from control or mild to severe hypercapnia (p < 0.05). But no significant changes in the duration of the phrenic neurogram were observed between control and mild hypercapnia concentration. These results suggest that severe hypercapnia can be characterized with a significant decrease of the complexity values and durations of the phrenic neurogram during inspiration during early maturation.
MARGINAL FIDELITY OF CROWNS FABRICATED FROM SIX PROPRIETARY PROVISIONAL MATERIALS

Abstract Statement of problem. The most important requirement for an interim crown is suitable marginal adaptation. Purpose. This in vitro study compared vertical discrepancies of margins for complete crowns made with six provisional materials (Provipont, Protemp Garant, Unifast LC, Triad VLC, Splintline, and Jet). Material and Methods. A direct technique was used to fabricate 60 provisional complete crowns on prepared molars with a polyvinyl siloxane impression and a vacuum-formed polypropylene sheet as matrices. A measuring microscope was used to measure vertical marginal discrepancies at ×100. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results. Significant differences were found between resinous materials tested ( p = 0.0002) and multiple comparisons tests indicated no significant difference between Splintline and Protemp Garant; Provipont, Unifast LC, and Triad VLC; and Unifast LC, Triad, and Jet provisional materials. Conclusions. This study indicated that provisional crowns fabricated with Splintline and Protemp Garant interim restorative materials recorded the least marginal discrepancies. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:482-5.)
Noninvasive Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Heart and Great Vessels by ECG-Gated Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A New Diagnostic Modality

We have developed a new method of computer image processing that allows true three-dimensional (3-D) images of the heart and great vessels to be reconstructed from standard ECG-gated two-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) images. Contiguous 5-mm thick MR images of the thorax from the level of the cardiac apex to the aortic arch were obtained in 4 normal volunteers and 3 patients with congenital heart disease: 1 with pseudotruncus arteriosus and 1 with a ventricular septal defect, each with Eisenmenger's complex, and 1 with aortic coarctation. Each image could be obtained at up to seven different intervals throughout the cardiac cycle with ECG gating. The scanning procedure is noninvasive and requires no contrast material. Using standard software, images from each interval in the cardiac cycle were edited to isolate pertinent cardiac and great vessel structures. High-resolution 3-D reconstructions were formed for each interval by stacking the edited images. Sequential projection of 3-D reconstructions from each interval yields four-dimensional (includes time) cine views. Both 3-D and cine views can be obtained from any axis or divided in any plane to allow accurate, noninvasive assessment of cardiac and great vessel anatomy, chamber volumes, and regional and global wall motion. Noninvasive 3-D reconstruction of the heart and great vessels provides accurate anatomical data not available from standard cardiac catheterization or other noninvasive diagnostic procedures, and aids in the preoperative planning of the procedure to correct complex congenital malformations.
Is the Chief Value of Milk for Feeding Poultry Due to the Presence of a New Vitamin

Abstract Early in the history of vitamins the question whether or not vitamin B consisted of only a single nutritive factor was a matter of serious consideration among nutrition investigators. Mitchell1 in 1919 discussed the situation in respect to vitamin B and pointed out certain inconsistencies which indicated the possibility that this vitamin was composed of more than one factor. In the past few years the results of a large body of research, recently reviewed by Sherman2, have shown that vitamin B is a complex of at least two factors, one of which prevents polyneuritis or beri-beri and the other of which is perhaps more distinctly growth-promoting and prevents pellagra. Recently these factors have been designated vitamin B and vitamin G re-respectively. Other results (3, 4, 5) have been obtained which indicate a third factor in the vitamin B complex. Furthermore some recent research work conducted at this laboratory also indicates . . .
Influence of sleep stages on esophago-upper esophageal sphincter contractile reflex and secondary esophageal peristalsis.

Background & Aims: Airways are most vulnerable to aspiration during sleep. Esophago-upper esophageal sphincter (UES) contractile reflex (EUCR) and secondary peristalsis (2P) have been proposed to protect the airway by reflexively contracting the UES and clearing the esophagus of refluxate, respectively. Our aim was to study EUCR and 2P elicitation in "awake" state, stage II, slow-wave (stage III/IV), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were studied in the supine position using concurrent UES and esophageal manometry and polysomnography. Threshold volume (Tvol) to trigger EUCR and 2P and changes in sleep stages were recorded during injection of 2.7 mL/min water into the proximal esophagus after sleep stages were confirmed. Results: UES pressure progressively declined with deeper stages of sleep. Tvol for EUCR and 2P elicitation was not significantly different between the stage II and "awake" state (EUCR: 4.0 ± 1.8 mL vs 6.1 ± 3.6 mL stage II; 2P: 5.8 ± 2.2 mL vs 8.0 ± 4.0 mL stage II). Tvol for EUCR and 2P elicitation during REM sleep were significantly lower than during the stage II and "awake" state (REM EUCR: 2.2 ± 1.1 mL; 2P: 3.5 ± 1.2 mL). Arousal and cough preempted development of EUCR and 2P during slow-wave sleep. Conclusions: (1) EUCR/2P can be elicited in stage II and REM but is preempted by arousal in slow-wave sleep. (2) Tvol for EUCR/2P elicitation is significantly lower in REM, compared with the stage II and "awake" state, suggesting a heightened sensitivity of these reflexes during REM sleep. (3) Although UES pressure progressively declines with deeper stages of sleep, it can still reflexively contract during REM sleep, despite generalized hypotonia.
O-GlcNAc modification prevents peptide-dependent acceleration of α-synuclein aggregation.

Aberrant protein folding and aggregation are implicated in numerous diseases and represent a key challenge to biological and chemical investigations aimed at eventual therapies. One class is neurodegenerative diseases associated with the aggregation of the protein a-synuclein (a-syn), including dementia with Lewy bodies, Lewy body variant Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease (PD). [1] A pathological hallmark of all of these “synucleinopathies” is the presence of proteinaceous, intracellular deposits called Lewy bodies (LBs), of which the major component is a-syn. PD is the most prevalent of the synucleinopathies, affecting 1 % of the population over 65 and 4 to 5 % of those over 85. [2] It is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease resulting from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, accompanied by significant accumulation of aggregated a-syn. [3] a-Syn is a 140 amino-acid protein that is prevalent in presynaptic neurons of the central nervous system. Its sequence is comprised of three domains: an N-terminal repeat domain, the central non-ab component (NAC) required for aggregation, and the C-terminal acidic domain. Native a-syn populates at least three conformations. In the cytosol, the protein is most probably a combination of a helically folded tetramer and unfolded monomer, [4, 5] while adopting an extended a-helical conformation when associated with cellular membranes. [6] In contrast, in diseased cells, a-syn consists of bsheet-rich, high-molecular-weight aggregates. [7] This disease state closely resembles the oligomers and fibrils that are readily formed by a-syn in vitro. Importantly, a range of oligomers, fibrils, and aggregates are highly toxic to cells and model organisms, biochemically supporting their role in disease. [8] Additionally, a variety of point mutations, duplications, and triplications in the a-syn gene result in familial and early-onset forms of PD. [9–13]
Reporting Atrocities: A Comparison of the Zong and the Trial of Captain John Kimber

The trial of Captain John Kimber has received almost no scholarly attention despite a substantial newspaper record. Instead, scholars have focused on the slave ship Zong as the most evocative symbol of abolitionist discourse. This article examines the newspaper record of both events in order to understand their impact on the slave-trade debate in the late eighteenth century. The wealth of material on Kimber's trial makes it equally important to abolitionist discourse. Moreover, newspaper accounts of Kimber's arrest, trial, and the aftermath reveal the rich dialogue between proslavery and abolitionist writers as each sought to claim the idea of ‘humanity’.
SPOTTED FEVER : I. INTRANUCLEAR RICKETTSIAE IN SPOTTED FEVER STUDIED IN TISSUE CULTURE.

Spotted fever infection has been studied in tissue cultures grown at 32 degrees C. The behavior of spotted fever Rickettsiaeis compared and contrasted with that of typhus Rickettsiae under similar conditions. The spotted fever organisms multiply extensively in the nuclei of cells where they form spherical clusters of various sizes. These structures are compared and contrasted with intranuclear inclusion bodies.
Advances in the Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Acid Mine Waters

The last decade has witnessed a plethora of research related to the hydrogeochemistry and microbiology of acid mine waters and associated tailings and waste-rock waters. Numerous books, reviews, technical papers, and proceedings have been published that examine the complex bio-geochemical process of sulfide mineral oxidation, develop and apply geochemical models to site characterization, and characterize the microbial ecology of these environments. This review summarizes many of these recent works, and provides references for those investigating this field. Comparisons of measured versus calculated Eh and measured versus calculated pH for water samples from several field sites demonstrate the reliability of some current geochemical models for aqueous speciation and mass balances. Geochemical models are not, however, used to predict accurately time-dependent processes but to improve our understanding of these systems and to constrain possible processes that contribute to actual or potential water quality i...
On dynamics of streams

During the past year, which is the first of the Committee's existence, primary consideration has been given to following up a number of proposals which originated largely at a meeting of several members of the Committee in Washington on the occasion of the thirteenth annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. For the most part, the work has centered about assembling information which might eventually assist in correlating and therby accelerating the research conducted by various agencies interested in the dynamics of streams. Briefly, the following basic activities have been given attention: (a) A tentative list has been assembled of societies, committees, and other organizations whose functions and activities overlap those of this Committee; (b) in view of the important place relative to the Committee's work held by hydraulic laboratories equipped for experimental work on open-channel flow-phenomena, sedimentation, erosion, etc., a separate list [from (a)] was prepared of these institutions; (c) a third list, supplementing the aforementioned, was compiled of individuals of note who are engaged in work which is of interest to the Committee; (d) steps have been taken toward compiling a bibliography of outstanding papers in all languages dealing with scientific investigations on the dynamics of streams; and (e) the Committee has fostered the preparation of eight of the papers presented at this year's annual meeting of the Section of Hydrology.
c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase 1/2 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as Interdependent and Reciprocal Causation in Diabetic Embryopathy

Embryos exposed to high glucose exhibit aberrant maturational and cytoarchitectural cellular changes, implicating cellular organelle stress in diabetic embryopathy. c-Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) activation is a causal event in maternal diabetes–induced neural tube defects (NTD). However, the relationship between JNK1/2 activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in diabetic embryopathy has never been explored. We found that maternal diabetes significantly increased ER stress markers and induced swollen/enlarged ER lumens in embryonic neuroepithelial cells during neurulation. Deletion of either jnk1 or jnk2 gene diminished hyperglycemia-increased ER stress markers and ER chaperone gene expression. In embryos cultured under high-glucose conditions (20 mmol/L), the use of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER chemical chaperone, diminished ER stress markers and abolished the activation of JNK1/2 and its downstream transcription factors, caspase 3 and caspase 8, and Sox1 neural progenitor apoptosis. Consequently, both 1 and 2 mmol/L 4-PBA significantly ameliorated high glucose–induced NTD. We conclude that hyperglycemia induces ER stress, which is responsible for the proapoptotic JNK1/2 pathway activation, apoptosis, and NTD induction. Suppressing JNK1/2 activation by either jnk1 or jnk2 gene deletion prevents ER stress. Thus, our study reveals a reciprocal causation of ER stress and JNK1/2 in mediating the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes.
Masquerader Detection Using OCLEP: One-Class Classification Using Length Statistics of Emerging Patterns

We introduce a new method for masquerader detection that only uses a user?s own data for training, called Oneclass Classification using Length statistics of Emerging Patterns (OCLEP). Emerging patterns (EPs) are patterns whose support increases from one dataset/class to another with a big ratio, and have been very useful in earlier studies. OCLEP classifies a case T as self or masquerader by using the average length of EPs obtained by contrasting T against sets of samples of a user?s normal data. It is based on the observation that one needs long EPs to differentiate instances from a common class, but needs short EPs to differentiate instances from different classes. OCLEP has two novel features: for training it uses EPs mined from just the self class; for classification it uses the length statistics instead of the EPs themselves. Experiments show that OCLEP can achieve very good accuracy while keeping the false positive rate low, it achieves slightly better area-under-ROC-curve than SVM, and it can achieve good results when other approaches can not. OCLEP requires little effort in choosing parameters; the SVM requires significant tuning and it is hard to reach the theoretical optimal result. These features imply that OCLEP is a good complementary component for a robust masquerader detection system, even though its average performance in false positive rate is not as good as SVM?s.
Intracoronary stenting using slotted tubular stents without intravascular ultrasound and anticoagulation

Intravascular ultrasound guidance has been suggested as a prerequisite before managing patients receiving slotted tubular stents without anticoagulation. The purpose of this prospective observational study was to determine if patients receiving this stent can be similarly managed following angiographic guided stent deployment without intravascular ultrasound assistance. A total of 137 patients receiving slotted tubular stents were selected to receive a protocol of aspirin 325 mg and ticlopidine 250 mg for 30 days following the satisfaction of certain angiographic criteria. These criteria were: adequate coverage of intimal dissections, absence of residual filling defects, and normal (TIMI III) flow in the stented vessel at the end of the procedure. The stenting procedure was planned in 68% of patients and unplanned in 32% of patients. During the 30 day clinical follow period there were no stent thrombosis events, no Q-wave myocardial infarctions, and no deaths. Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction occurred in 3 patients (2.2%), hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion in 3 patients (2.2%), and 1 patient (0.7%) developed a pseudo-aneurysm of the cannulated femoral artery. These data indicate that patients receiving slotted tubular stents with optimal angiographic results can be safely managed with the combination of aspirin and ticlopidine without anticoagulation or the need for intravascular ultrasound guidance.
ASSOCIATION OF MORAXELLA OVIS WITH KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS IN MULE DEER AND MOOSE IN WYOMING

Six cases of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and moose (Alces alces) in Wyoming (USA) were investigated during fall and winter of 1995 and 1996. Excessive lacrimation, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal opacity were observed in mule deer. Moose had severe mucopurulent conjunctivitis, keratitis, and corneal ulceration. Hemolytic, non-piliated Moraxella ovis was isolated from two mule deer and two moose. We attempted to reproduce IKC in three mule deer fawns using an isolate of M. ovis from a clinically affected mule deer. These fawns did not develop clinical signs of infection and the bacterium was not reisolated from inoculated deer. Inoculated deer may not have developed clinical signs because deer were not exposed to ultraviolet light or mechanical insult before inoculation. In addition, the isolate used for inoculation may have lost virulence factors through passage, or M. ovis may not have been the primary pathogen responsible for clinical dise...
A large quantity of novel human antisense transcripts detected by LongSAGE

Motivation: Taking advantage of the high sensitivity and specificity of LongSAGE tag for transcript detection and genome mapping, we analyzed the 632 813 unique human LongSAGE tags deposited in public databases to identify novel human antisense transcripts. Results: Our study identified 45 321 tags that match the antisense strand of 9804 known mRNA sequences, 6606 of which contain antisense ESTs and 3198 are mapped only by SAGE tags. Quantitative analysis showed that the detected antisense transcripts are present at levels lower than their counterpart sense transcripts. Experimental results confirmed the presence of antisense transcripts detected by the antisense tags. We also constructed an antisense tag database that can be used to identify the antisense SAGE tags originated from the antisense strand of known mRNA sequences included in the RefSeq database. Conclusions: Our study highlights the benefits of exploring SAGE data for comprehensive identification of human antisense transcripts and demonstrates the prevalence of antisense transcripts in the human genome. Contact: swang1@northwestern.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
The Yamada-Watanabe-Engelbert theorem for general stochastic equations and inequalities

A general version of the Yamada-Watanabe and Engelbert results relating existence and uniqueness of strong and weak solutions for stochastic equations is given. The results apply to a wide variety of stochastic equations including classical stochastic differential equations, stochastic partial differential equations, and equations involving multiple time transformations.
Relationships between alterations in glutathione metabolism and the disposition of inorganic mercury in rats: effects of biliary ligation and chemically induced modulation of glutathione status.

Influences of biliary ligation and systemic depletion of glutathione (GSH) or modulation of GSH status on the disposition of a low, non-nephrotoxic i.v. dose of inorganic mercury were evaluated in rats in the present study. Renal and hepatic disposition, and the urinary and fecal excretion, of inorganic mercury were assessed 24 h after the injection of a 0.5-micromol/kg dose of mercuric chloride in control rats and rats pretreated with acivicin (two 10-mg/kg i.p. doses in 2 ml/kg normal saline, 90 min apart, 60 min before mercuric chloride), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO; 2 mmol/kg i.v. in 4 ml/kg normal saline, 2 h before mercuric chloride) or diethylmaleate (DEM; 3.37 mmol/kg i.p. in 2 ml/kg corn oil, 2 h before mercuric chloride) that either underwent or did not undergo acute biliary ligation prior to the injection of mercury. Among the groups that did not undergo biliary ligation, the pretreatments used to alter GSH status systemically had varying effects on the disposition of inorganic mercury in the kidneys, liver, and blood. Biliary ligation caused the net renal accumulation of mercury to decrease under all pretreatment conditions. By contrast, biliary ligation caused significant increases in the hepatic burden of mercury in all pretreatment groups except in theacivicin-pretreated group. Blood levels of mercury also increased as a result of biliary ligation, regardless of the type of pretreatment used. The present findings indicate that biliary ligation combined with methods used to modulate GSH status systemically have additive effects with respect to causing reductions in the net renal accumulation of mercury. Additionally, the findings indicate that at least some fraction of the renal accumulation of inorganic mercury is linked mechanistically to the hepato-biliary system.
The Effects of Various Methods of Teaching About Freedom of Speech on Attitudes About Free Speech Issues.

(1970). THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS METHODS OF TEACHING ABOUT FREEDOM OF SPEECH ON ATTITUDES ABOUT FREE SPEECH ISSUES. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 44-51.
Sliding mode in constrained source tracking with non-holonomic vehicles

This paper presents a source tracking approach for non-holonomic vehicles, where the search area of the vehicles is confined within a pre-defined or detectable boundary. Sliding mode optimization is used in the source seeking scheme. The paper utilizes sliding mode vehicle motion control to address the boundary constraints. Model predictive control is also incorporated, and it greatly reduces the oscillation in vehicle trajectories resulting from vehicle dynamics with finite switching frequency.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of imatinib after administration to nonhuman primates

Purpose Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, imatinib) is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is currently approved for treatment of CML and GIST and is being evaluated for treatment of malignant gliomas and other solid tumors. We used a nonhuman primate model that is highly predictive of CNS drug penetration in humans to study the pharmacokinetics of imatinib in plasma and CSF after i.v. and p.o. administration. Experimental Design Imatinib, 15 mg/kg i.v. over 30 min (n=3) or 30 mg/kg p.o. (n=3), was administered to nonhuman primates. Imatinib was measured in serial samples of plasma and CSF using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using model-independent methods. Results Peak plasma imatinib concentrations ranged from 6.4 to 9.5 μM after i.v. dosing and 0.8 to 2.8 μM after p.o. dosing. The mean ± SD plasma AUC was 2480 ± 1340 μM·min and 1191 ± 146 μM·min after i.v. and p.o. dosing, respectively. The terminal half-life was 529 ± 167 min after i.v. dosing and 266 ± 88 min after p.o. dosing. Following i.v. dosing the VDss was 5.9 ± 2.8 L/kg and the ClTB was 12 ± 5 ml/min/kg. The mean peak CSF concentration was 0.25 ± 0.07 μM after i.v. dosing and 0.07 ± 0.04 μM after p.o. dosing. The mean CSF:plasma AUC ratio was 5 ± 2%. Conclusions There is limited penetration of imatinib into the CSF of nonhuman primates. Thus, consideration must be given to development of appropriate strategies for prevention and treatment CNS relapses in patients treated with imatinib. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P59–P59; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.223
The Value Drivers of Internet Stocks: A Business Models Approach

This paper contributes to the literature on non-financial stock valuations, focusing on the internet, in three ways. First, it highlights the importance of distinguishing the business models employed by internet firms in the determination of their value-drivers. While prior literature has found earnings to be unpriced (or even negatively priced) for internet firms in general, ISP/infrastructure and portal-based firms are shown here to have positive and significantly priced earnings. Second, it develops a simple conceptual framework which is used to create a more comprehensive set of non-financial value drivers and empirically tests a number of these (e.g., the percentage of the internet audience reached and the number of pageviews and the addition of previously unexamined data on the number of advertisements shown to those audience members and their responses to them). Finally, it constructs a larger sample of firms over a longer time horizon than examined previously. This enables a more detailed examination of changes in the pricing of financial and non-financial variables during both the recent boom (through February 2000) and bust (since) periods in the market for internet stocks. Results indicate that, since the crash, earnings for the full sample and most of the individual business models are positively priced. Furthermore, reach and other activity measures continue to have explanatory power despite the increasing value-relevance of earnings.
A cascadable InGaAsP-InP optoelectronic smart pixel with low switching energy

We demonstrate for the first time a 1.3-/spl mu/m wavelength optoelectronic InGaAsP-InP smart pixel switching circuit using monolithically integrated p-i-n photodiodes and heterojunction bipolar transistors, along with surface-mounted folded-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The circuit functions as a cascadable optical switch with an on/off ratio of 6, and a maximum optical input/output differential gain of 6. At a bit rate of 100 Mb/s, a record low switching energy of 30 fJ was observed while maintaining circuit gain and cascadability. This switching energy is the lowest reported to date for an optoelectronic smart pixel. >
Choanal Atresia and Congenital Pharyngeal Stenosis

From 1980 to 1992, 8 patients with choanal atresia were treated in our facility. The female to male ratio was 5:3. One patient, a girl, had unilateral osseous obstruction with membranous closure of the opposite naris while the other 7 had bilateral osseous obstruction. Seven of the 8 had other congenital anomalies, CHARGE association (2 cases), Apert's syndrome (1 case), meningocele and banded fingers (1 case), omphalocele (1 case), subdural hematoma (1 case), and nasal fistula (1 case). Of the 7 patients who underwent endonasal surgical repair, 3 (40%) experienced reclosure. The remaining one patient, whose obstruction was of the bilateral osseous type, was successfully operated on via a transpalatal approach. Surgical correction is particularly difficult in those with craniofacial abnormalities, e.g. Apert's syndrome and maxillary hypoplasia. We treated 5 congenital pharyneal stenosis cases (CPS). Our CPS cases were divided into Types 1, 2 and 3, the latter being a new type not previously reported on. We consider Type 3 to be the result of fetal tissue remnants. We performed uvula splitting surgery in 4 cases and obtained good results in 3.
Real Problems, Virtual Solutions: Engaging Students Online

In this article, the author explains how she used online blogs with more than 263 students over a period of four semesters in an introductory social problems course. She describes how she uses blogs to enhance student participation, engagement, and skill building. Finally, she provides an overview of students’ qualitative assessments of the blog assignments, highlighting the drawbacks and limitations of integrating technology and, in particular, blogs as a course writing requirement.
THE HERMENEUTICS OF INTER-FAITH RELATIONS: RETRIEVING MODERATION AND PLURALISM AS UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES IN QUR'ANIC EXEGESES

This article discusses the exegeses of two Qur’anic verses: Qur’an 2:143, which describes righteous Muslims as constituting a “middle/moderate community” (umma wasat) and Qur’an 5:66, which similarly describes righteous Jews and Christians as constituting a “balanced/moderate community” (umma muqtasida). Taken together, these verses clearly suggest that it is subscription to some common standard of righteousness and ethical conduct that determines the salvific nature of a religious community and not the denominational label it chooses to wear. Such a perspective offers the possibility of formulating universal principles of ethical and moral conduct, which may contribute to the formation of a genuinely pluralist global society today. Through a close study of Qur’anic exegeses of these verses from the late first/seventh century to modern times, I retrieve some of the most prevalent Muslim understandings of “moderation” through time and dwell on their contemporary implications.
THE IMPOSSIBILITY AND THE NECESSITY OF QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH

There are probably a number of reasons why the medical community pays surprisingly little systematic attention to quality of life, either in research or in clinical care. Possibly our society's fascination with high technology and the rescue of endangered lives has encouraged the medical profession to focus on acute care, where their interventions can bring dramatic results. And perhaps because such high-tech acute care requires great knowledge and skill, medical educators have not devoted as much time to educating students and residents about the more mundane matters of medicine. Another reason, on which I will focus here, is the fact that scientific research into quality of life is particularly difficult, methodologically. It does not lend itself easily to the crisp, clean answers for which we strive in basic science. It is "soft," inexact, not "hard." In this article I hope to explain why such research is indeed fraught with hazard. The scientists are attempting a task that is, in a profound philosophical sense, impossible. They have no direct access to the data they most need, and every method of validating their results is fundamentally flawed. Nevertheless, I will also suggest how we can fruitfully undertake such research and, equally important, why we must.
Fiber design: from optical mode to index profile

Fibers with tailored mode profile may benefit special applications, for example, large mode size and low nonlinearity can improve the performance of dense wavelength-division-multiplexed systems. We demonstrate that it is possible to derive the index profile from the desired modal characteristics. The procedure may expedite the development of special fibers.
THE TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

Therapy of coccidioidomycosis continues to evolve. For primary pulmonary disease, antifungal therapy is frequently not required while prolonged courses of antifungals are generally needed for those in whom extrathoracic disseminated has occurred. Intravenous amphotericin B should be reserved for those with severe disease. Oral triazole antifungals have had a great impact on the management of coccidioidomycosis. Both fluconazole and itraconazole at 400 mg daily have been effective for various forms of coccidioidomycosis, including meningitis, although relapse after therapy is discontinued is a problem. Individuals with suppressed cellular immunity are at increased risk for symptomatic coccidioidomycosis and they include those with HIV infection, those on immunosuppressive medications, and those who have received a solid organ transplant. Pregnant women and African-American men have been identified as two other groups who are at an increased risk for symptomatic and severe infection.
Peripheral Nerve Injury of the Upper Extremity

Abstract The recognition of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is important as it can be associated with significant morbidity if not properly diagnosed and treated. PNI occur in sporting activities, war, civilian trauma, and as a complication of surgery. Awareness of the prevalence of peripheral nerve injury is essential if it is to be appropriately included in the differential diagnosis. This chapter reviews injury to the upper extremity nerves with special attention paid to areas of vulnerability, typical sensory and motor deficit patterns, and specific treatment issues.
Identifying patterns in informal sources of security information

Computer users have access to computer security information from many different sources, but few people receive explicit computer security training. Despite this lack of formal education, users regularly make many important security decisions, such as “Should I click on this potentially shady link?” or “Should I enter my password into this form?” For these decisions, much knowledge comes from incidental and informal learning. To better understand differences in the security-related information available to users for such learning, we compared three informal sources of computer security information: news articles, web pages containing computer security advice, and stories about the experiences of friends and family. Using a Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model, we found that security information from peers usually focuses on who conducts attacks, information containing expertise focuses instead on how attacks are conducted, and information from the news focuses on the consequences of attacks. These differences may prevent users from understanding the persistence and frequency of seemingly mundane threats (viruses, phishing), or from associating protective measures with the generalized threats the users are concerned about (hackers). Our findings highlight the potential for sources of informal security education to create patterns in user knowledge that affect their ability to make good security decisions.
Consumer Engagement in Health Care: The Use of Lower Cost Sharing

This paper presents findings from the 2008 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey, focusing on public opinion regarding variation in cost sharing as it relates to consumer engagement in health care. Overall, 58 percent of individuals support lower cost sharing for patients who are actively participating in a program to maintain or improve their health; 40 percent support lower cost sharing for patients who use treatments that have been scientifically proven to be effective for their medical condition; 34 percent support lower cost sharing for patients who choose to see high-performing health care providers; 47 percent support lower cost sharing for patients who choose less invasive procedures to treat their medical conditions; and 58 percent support lower cost sharing for patients who carefully follow their treatment regimens. Between 13 and 25 percent disagreed with the use of lower cost sharing, while 28-40 percent neither supported nor opposed it. The paper also examines how the support for lower cost sharing related to patient engagement varies by health status and behaviors, demographics, and work status variables. Employers and insurers are going to continue experimenting with various ways in which they can use features of their benefits plan to increasingly engage workers and their families in their health care in order to manage health care costs more effectively. They will find that some things work while others do not. The support for consumer engagement initiatives will vary across employees and may ultimately affect the success of specific programs.
Utilization of the finite difference method in the earth construction

Through the distortion analysis of the earth construction depends on the cliff and kiln,obtains depends on the cliff kiln cave dwelling the displacement distortion characteristic for the kiln room around the soil body distortion,through depends on the cliff kiln computation using the elastoplasticity finite difference numerical method to a three row semicircular arch,the confirmation elastoplasticity finite difference numerical method in the cave dwelling structure analysis feasibility and the validity.