cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sociocultural perspective on teacher response: Is there a student in the room?

Abstract This article explores the implications of a sociocultural perspective on learning for the study of teacher response. From such a perspective, knowledge is seen neither as something that can be handed down ready made, nor something that can be constructed by individuals on their own. Rather, it is viewed as being socially constructed in interactive processes, and in school, intimately wedded to the activities in which teachers and students engage. Both students and teachers are seen as contributing to the interaction and thus, to the social process of knowledge construction. Yet in the literature on teacher response, the pervasive focus has been on what teachers say and do. Less attention has been paid to the students' perspective and role in the process — to how they react to, and what sense they make of, their teachers' comments. Lack of attention to the student's perspective limits the conclusions that can be drawn from research on teacher response. Three of the articles in the present issue are reviewed in light of this limitation.
Adaptive software cache management for distributed shared memory architectures

An adaptive cache coherence mechanism exploits semantic information about the expected or observed access behavior of particular data objects. We contend that, in distributed shared memory systems, adaptive cache coherence mechanisms will outperform static cache coherence mechanisms. We have examined the sharing and synchronization behavior of a variety of shared memory parallel programs. We have found that the access patterns of a large percentage of shared data objects fall in a small number of categories for which efficient software coherence mechanisms exist. In addition, we have performed a simulation study that provides two examples of how an adaptive caching mechanism can take advantage of semantic information.
BioMusic in the Classroom: Interdisciplinary Elementary Science and Music Curriculum Development

Policymakers and industry leaders are calling for a 21st century education that is more interdisciplinary in nature, including the ability to solve problems and think creatively (PTCS, 2004). Traditional teaching practices that present subjects as separate and distinct disciplines do not encourage students to make connections between subjects in school and in the inherently interdisciplinary nature of their daily lives. It is important for educators to help students link multiple subjects with the world outside the classroom (Katz & McGinnis, 1999), encouraging reform that implements a multidisciplinary approach and real world applications. Boix Mansilla, Miller, and Gardner (2000) describe interdisciplinary learning as integrating concepts from two or more disciplines to establish an understanding that moves beyond the scope of one discipline. It follows that rich inquiry is often achieved by taking multiple perspectives and multiple approaches to examining a science topic (AAAS, 2006).
Capacity Results for Block-Stationary Gaussian Fading Channels

We consider a peak-power-limited single-antenna block-stationary Gaussian fading channel where neither the transmitter nor the receiver knows the channel state information, but both know the channel statistics. We compute the asymptotic channel capacity in the high SNR regime. A fundamental interplay between the codeword length, communication rate, and decoding error probability is revealed. We also derive an expression for the capacity per unit energy.
Global diversity of dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies (Megaloptera; Insecta) and spongillaflies, nevrorthids, and osmylids (Neuroptera; Insecta) in freshwater

The insect orders Megaloptera and Neuroptera are closely related members of the superorder Neuropterida, a relict lineage of holometabolous insects that also includes the Raphidoptera. Megaloptera, composed of the families Sialidae and Corydalidae (including subfamilies Chauliodinae and Corydalinae), has fully aquatic larvae that occur in a wide variety of lotic and lentic habitats, including temporary streams. In total, 2 of 17 families of Neuroptera have aquatic larvae: Nevrorthidae live in the benthos of fast-flowing streams and Sisyridae reside on freshwater sponges. A third family of Neuroptera, Osmylidae, contains some water-dependent species that reside under leaves and rocks along the margins of waterbodies. We recognize 328 extant, described species of Megaloptera (composed of 116 species of Chauliodinae, 131 species of Corydalinae, and 81 species of Sialidae) and 73 species of aquatic Neuroptera (composed of 12 species of Nevrorthidae and 61 species of Sisyridae). Additionally, we estimate that 45 species of Osmylidae are water-dependent, although the ecology of this group is poorly understood. Chauliodinae and Corydalidae are both found in the New World, the Oriental region, and South Africa, but are absent from Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, tropical Africa, and boreal regions. Chauliodinae is quite speciose in Australia, whereas Corydalinae is absent. Sialidae is most speciose in temperate regions, and is absent from tropical Africa and portions of the Oriental region. Sisyridae and Osmylidae are nearly cosmopolitan, but the relict family Nevrorthidae is limited to Japan, the Mediterranean, and Australia. The discovery of many new species in recent years, particularly among Corydalidae in the Neotropics and China, suggests that our knowledge of aquatic neuropterid diversity is far from complete.
Vaginal reconstruction for ambiguous genitalia and congenital absence of the vagina: A 27-year experience

Background/Purpose: Gender assignment to a neonate with ambiguous genitalia is crucial. Patients with an absent vagina require the construction of an artificial vagina. In an effort to improve care, the authors have categorized their experience with this group of children. Methods: Since 1974, we cared for 114 patients with anomalies of the genitalia. There were 53 genotypic girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 16 genotypic boys with testicular feminization syndrome (TFS), 13 with mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), 9 with Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, and 4 true hermaphrodites. The remaining 19 had other genital abnormalities. Results: After 1980, patients with CAH underwent clitoral recession and vaginoplasty. All patients with TFS were raised as girls and underwent orchidectomy. Eleven of the MGD patients were given a female sex assignment and underwent gonadectomy. Twenty-eight patients underwent intestinal vaginoplasty including 8 of the TFS patients, 9 with Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, 8 patients with cloacal anomalies, 2 patients for rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 of the MGD patients. Conclusions: (1) This review emphasizes the range of diagnoses the surgeon must be prepared to address in patients with ambiguous genitalia. (2) Colovaginoplasty is an excellent procedure for replacement of a completely absent vagina. (3) Continued evaluation of this group will delineate appropriate timing and choice of procedure.
A multifunction integrated circuit for automotive sensors

The implementation and use of a unique and very versatile CMOS integrated circuit which converts changes in physical parameters such as capacitance or resistance into a pulse width modulated digital signal is described. The circuit has an additional output which can be used to indicate when a predetermined set-point has been reached. The circuit, in combination with resistive or capacitive sensors, can be used to provide digital inputs to microprocessors and other digital control and diagnostic systems. Several applications are described and the integrated circuit is discussed. The multifunction analog/digital integrated circuit interface chip along with appropriate sensors offers unique sensor systems which could be reliable, accurate and inexpensive.
String calculation of fayet-iliopoulos D-terms in arbitrary supersymmetric compactifications☆

We calculate the Fayet-Iliopoulos D-terms generated at one loop for the heterotic string in any background which preserves four-dimensional space-time supersymmetry and maintains (2,0) world-sheet superconformal invariance. Although our calculation is performed in the full string theory, the result can be evaluated entirely in terms of properties of the massless spectrum. Furthermore it agrees with the result of a computation in the four-dimensional effective field theory using a stringy regularization. We also check our general result through a more explicit calculation in an orbifold background.
Lethal means restriction for suicide prevention: beliefs and behaviors of emergency department providers

BACKGROUND: We sought to examine the beliefs and behaviors of emergency department (ED) providers related to preventing suicide by reducing suicidal patients' access to lethal methods (means restriction) and identify characteristics associated with asking patients about firearm access. METHODS: Physicians and nurses at eight EDs completed a confidential, voluntary survey. RESULTS: The response rate was 79% (n = 631); 57% of respondents were females and 49% were nurses. Less than half believed, "most" or "all" suicides are preventable. More nurses (67%) than physicians (44%) thought "most" or "all" firearm suicide decedents would have died by another method had a firearm been unavailable (P Language: en
Physical Educators' Judgments About Inclusion: A New Instrument for Preservice Teachers.

The purpose was to develop an instrument for use in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs that would yield valid evidence of the judgments of PETE preservice teachers toward the inclusion of students with disabilities into general physical education classes. Both the conceptualization that judgments represent the cognitive expressions of attitudes (Ajzen, 2001; Sherif & Hovland, 1961) and focus group discussions were used to create the Physical Educators' Judgments About Inclusion (PEJI) instrument. Following content validation procedures, we administered PEJI to 272 PETE preservice teachers. Subsequent principal component analysis to generate construct validity evidence indicated 15 items should be retained; they collectively explained 53% of the variance using a three-component model. Dimensions of the PEJI pertained to judgments about inclusion, acceptance, and perceived training needs. Alpha coefficients for the three subscales ranged from .64 to .88.
Toeplitz operators on the Bergman space of the unit ball

We prove that if an operator A is a finite sum of finite products of Toeplitz operators on the Bergman space of the unit ball B , then A is compact if and only if its Berezin transform vanishes at the boundary. For n = 1 the result was obtained by Axler and Zheng in 1997. n
Critical Appraisal and Review of Management Strategies for Severe Fibrosis During Penile Implant Surgery

Abstract Introduction Penile corporal fibrosis represents a challenging clinical scenario for surgeons placing penile prostheses (PP). Because of its rarity, a small number of series with limited follow-up have reported outcomes in this cohort. Aim The aim of this study was to perform a critical appraisal of the corporal excavation technique, discuss its relevance to contemporary practice, and review alternative surgical methods and outcomes. Methods A critical review was performed of the 2006 article by Montague and Angermeier, "Corporeal excavation: new technique for penile prosthesis implantation in men with severe corporeal fibrosis." Notable inclusions and omissions were described, with emphasis placed on methodology and outcomes. A PubMed search from 1990 to June 2015 was then performed to review and summarize the literature on managing corporal fibrosis during PP surgery. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures used were the major contributions and limitations of the 2006 article describing outcomes of the corporal excavation technique. Results Corporal excavation is a relevant surgical technique for managing severe corporal fibrosis. Compared with alternatives, excavation achieves successful placement of PP without need for grafting and with few complications. The article was limited by several notable omissions including relevant patient demographic and disease characteristics, patient selection, and minimal descriptions of complications and outcomes. Alternative techniques include use of specialized dilators, counter incisions, reconstruction with graft placement, minimal scar tissue excision, and endoscopic resection. Because of limited data, no specific algorithm for managing corporal fibrosis can be prescribed. Conclusions Corporal fibrosis is a challenging clinical scenario and requires surgical experience and specialized techniques to manage appropriately. Corporal excavation represents one of several viable techniques, which may be chosen based on surgeon's preference and clinical factors. Trost Landon, Patil Mukul, and Kramer Andrew. Critical appraisal and review of management strategies for severe fibrosis during penile implant surgery. J Sex Med 2015;12(suppl 7):439–447.
219. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Golimumab in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results Through 5 Years of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Atul Deodhar, Jurgen Braun, Robert Inman, Desiree van der Heijde, Yiying Zhou and Ben Hsu Department of Rheumatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, Department of Rheumatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, Department of Biostatistics, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, Department of Immunology, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
Embracing the Cognitive Dissonance Between Expected Utility Theory and Prospect Theory

Initially noted with Allais' paradox in 1953 and further supported by Kahneman and Tversky in 1979, violations of expected utility theory and the associated biases individuals exhibit gave birth to a new paradigm of decision under uncertainty. These findings provided impetus to declare expected utility theory irrelevant. However, when investigating the violations of expected utility theory, we uncover deficiencies in the translation of the observed fourfold of risk pattern to a twofold value function. We recreate the Allais paradox and prospect theory question set with updated amounts and percentages, offering the survey online to willing global participants. We find subjective wealth to be the major determinant of risk-aversion and parity thereof between domestic United States and international responses. We also find location of residence to be a major influence on risk-aversion. Assuming the reflection effect of prospect theory, we are able to construct a fourfold utility function demonstrating both prospect theory and expected utility theory are quite relevant.
Initiation of bilateral responses in a kinesthetic reaction time task.

Two experiments are presented in which different mechanisms controlling each limb in a bilateral arm response to a unilateral kinesthetic stimulus are postulated to occur. In Experiment 1, the limb serving as the stimulus are postulated to occur. In Experiment 1, the limb serving as the stimulus limb was described as operating with relative invariance by using a tightly coupled input-output reflexive pathway, whereas the nonstimulus limb appeared to be controlled by higher-order processing thought to be more susceptible to influences such as hemispheric specialization and stimulus expectancy. The differential control model was further tested in Experiment 2 by retaining the interhemispheric pathway of the unilateral kinesthetic stimulus but experimentally uncoupling the reflex mechanism from the stimulus side. Analyses of bilateral EMG premotor latencies under these conditions revealed that each response side can be controlled at separate levels-i.e., by a reflexive type mechanism or by higher-order processing when one of the response limbs is also the stimulus limb, both sides reflect behavior that is best described by an information processing type of voluntary control.
The Genetic Algorithm

The essence of machine learning is the search for the best solution to our problem: to find a classifier which classifies as correctly as possible not only the training examples, but also future examples. Chapter 1 explained the principle of one of the most popular AI-based search techniques, the so-called hill-climbing, and showed how it can be used in classifier induction.
Studies on the permeability of rat liver lysosomes to carbohydrates.

1. The latency of nitrocatechol sulphatase activity was measured in rat liver lysosomes before and after preincubation in 0.25m solutions of 25 different carbohydrates. 2. Preincubation in disaccharides, hexitols, gluconate, glucuronate or lactate gave little or no rise in ;free' sulphatase activity, indicating that these compounds do not easily penetrate the lysosomal membrane, but incubation in monosaccharides or the lower glycitols caused a progressive loss of latency. 3. Rates of increase in ;free' activity were taken as an indication of rates of solute penetration into lysosomes and were correlated with the structure and molecular weight of each sugar. 4. Additional evidence for non-penetration of maltose was obtained by demonstrating that the latency of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase is independent of substrate concentration employed. 5. The results are discussed in the light of published data on the latency of lysosomal enzymes.
Carbon dioxide cleavage across a tungsten-alkylidyne bearing a trianionic pincer-type ligand.

The cleavage of carbon dioxide by the tungsten alkylidyne [CF3-ONO]WCCtBu(THF)2 (1) {where CF3-ONO = (MeC6H3[C-(CF3)2O])2N3−}, is reported. Splitting of CO2 yields the tungsten oxo ketene complex [CF3-ONO]W(O){(CH3)3CCCO} (6). The proposed pathway occurs through initial cycloaddition of WC and CO bonds to generate a heterometallacyclobutene, which then rearranges to yield WO and CC bonds. Complex 6 was characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, and single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Repeated measures latent class analysis of daily smoking in three smoking cessation studies

Abstract Background Person-centered approaches to the study of behavior change, such as repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA), can be used to identify patterns of change and link these to later behavior change outcomes. Methods Daily smoking status data from three smoking cessation studies (N = 287, N = 334, and N = 403) were submitted to RMLCA to identify latent classes of smokers based on patterns of abstinence across the first 27 days of a quit attempt. Three-month biochemically verified abstinence rates were compared among latent classes with particular patterns of smoking across days. Pharmacotherapy variables and baseline individual differences were added as covariates of latent class membership. Results Results of separate and pooled analyses supported a five-class solution that replicated across studies. Latent classes included a large class that achieved immediate stable abstinence, a smaller class of cessation failures, and three classes with partial abstinence that increased, decreased, or remained stable over time. Three-month point-prevalence abstinence rates varied among the latent classes, with 38–55% abstinent among early quitters, 3–20% abstinent among those who smoked intermittently throughout the first 27 days, and fewer than 5% abstinent in the classes marked by little or delayed change in smoking. High-dose nicotine patch and bupropion promoted membership in abstinent classes. Demographics, nicotine dependence, and craving were related to latent class in multiple studies and pooled analyses. Conclusions We identified five patterns of smoking behavior in the first weeks of a smoking cessation attempt. These patterns are robust across multiple studies and are related to later point-prevalence abstinence rates.
Dimensional Changes of Nb3Sn, Nb3Al and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Conductors During Heat Treatment and Their Implication for Coil Design

This work has measured the dimensional changes of Nb3Sn, Nb3Al and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 conductor, and other coil materials during heat treatment to determine the strains associated with these changes. The question is: can a conductor be damaged due to thermal expansion and contraction differences of the coil components during the heat treatment thermal cycle? Two conclusions regarding coil fabrication can be drawn from the dilatometry results. One is that Nb3Sn and Nb3A1 conductors produced by an internal-tin process and by a jelly-roll process, respectively, are placed in tension on heating since they initially contract and then expand at a lower rate than the coil form material (i.e. Al-bronze or stainless steel). Both of these conductors have a contraction near 200–250°C which is due to relaxation of the Nb or Nb-Al filaments. Also, the post-heat-treatment contraction of these conductors is greater the larger the Cu and bronze fraction. A bronze-processed Nb3Sn conductor does not have the contraction at 200–250°C. The second conclusion is that the conductor is not placed in compression on cooling from the reaction temperature (650–800°C) to room temperature if the coil components (i.e. cable and end pieces) are unconstrained, since the Al-bronze pole piece contracts more than the cable. This should also be the case for conductor wound on a stainless steel coil form. The opposite seems to be the case for powder-in-tube Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 conductor. It expands continuously on heating without the contraction seen in internal-tin processed Nb3Sn and jelly-roll processed Nb3A1 conductor at 200–250°C. No residual stress develops in this conductor since the filaments have no tensile strength and are not bonded to the silver matrix. However, on cooling from above the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 melting-processing temperature the conductor behaves like a composite. The Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 powder has now sintered or fused forming a rigid filament that has bonded to the Ag matrix. This decreases the contraction on cooling suggesting that the thermal expansion coefficient of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 is less than that of Ag.
Mesa: a geo-replicated online data warehouse for Google's advertising system

Mesa is a highly scalable analytic data warehousing system that stores critical measurement data related to Google's Internet advertising business. Mesa is designed to satisfy a complex and challenging set of user and systems requirements, including near real-time data ingestion and retrieval, as well as high availability, reliability, fault tolerance, and scalability for large data and query volumes. Specifically, Mesa handles petabytes of data, processes millions of row updates per second, and serves billions of queries that fetch trillions of rows per day. Mesa is geo-replicated across multiple datacenters and provides consistent and repeatable query answers at low latency, even when an entire datacenter fails. This paper presents the Mesa system and reports the performance and scale that it achieves.
Microstructural and microglial changes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in mice.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue, with recently increased awareness of the potential long-term sequelae of repetitive injury. Although TBI is common, objective diagnostic tools with sound neurobiological predictors of outcome are lacking. Indeed, such tools could help to identify those at risk for more severe outcomes after repetitive injury and improve understanding of biological underpinnings to provide important mechanistic insights. We tested the hypothesis that acute and subacute pathological injury, including the microgliosis that results from repeated mild closed head injury (rmCHI), is reflected in susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-tensor imaging microstructural abnormalities. Using a combination of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, stereology, and quantitative PCR, we studied the pathophysiology of male mice that sustained seven consecutive mild traumatic brain injuries over 9 days in acute (24 hr) and subacute (1 week) time periods. rmCHI induced focal cortical microhemorrhages and impaired axial diffusivity at 1 week postinjury. These microstructural abnormalities were associated with a significant increase in microglia. Notably, microgliosis was accompanied by a change in inflammatory microenvironment defined by robust spatiotemporal alterations in tumor necrosis factor-α receptor mRNA. Together these data contribute novel insight into the fundamental biological processes associated with repeated mild brain injury concomitant with subacute imaging abnormalities in a clinically relevant animal model of repeated mild TBI. These findings suggest new diagnostic techniques that can be used as biomarkers to guide the use of future protective or reparative interventions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporating prior information into semidefinite relaxation of quadratic optimization problems

This paper focuses on equalization as a representative of the large class of communications receiver problems that can all be cast as the optimization of a quadratic objective function subject to quadratic constraints (QCQP problems). It is well known that approximate solutions to QCQP problems can be obtained efficiently through a relaxation technique which results in a linear program subject to a semidefinite constraint. This paper extends the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) approach to incorporate prior probabilities on the bits. With this extension, the SDR approach may used in the setting of turbo equalization and in other forms of iterative receiver processing. In this paper, the soft-in soft-out SDR-based equalizer is compared to an optimal maximum a posteriori probability based equalizer implemented via the BCJR algorithm.
Student developed computer science educational tools as software engineering course projects

In a one semester course on software engineering for upper level computer science students, students typically learn the fundamental software processes spanning the software development lifecycle --- from requirements specification through architectural design, implementation, testing, and evolution, along with the software tools that support the development activities. Courses in software engineering often incorporate semester long team projects, where students collaborate on a software development project. Thus, in addition to developing the technical skills associated with software development, the software engineering course is a common place where computer science students develop their skills in teamwork and collaboration, as well as in communications. The nature and type of projects in such courses varies. Some integrate projects where students develop software for "real clients" such as on campus departments, or local non-profits, while others have been increasing exposure to open source development with students contributing to existing open source projects. In our software engineering course, we have recently introduced course projects where teams of students specify, design, and implement software that assists computer science students in learning fundamental computer science topics. In this paper, we present our experience with such CS learning tool projects, including a discussion of the impact on student outcomes in a senior-level course on software engineering. We compare this experience to our prior use of "real projects for real clients" in this same course. We find that students who participate in the CS learning tool projects perceive an increase in learning progress on fundamental principles, theories, and factual knowledge, as compared to their peers in course sections with "real projects for real clients," with an equivalent effect on teamwork and collaboration skills. Most surprisingly, the students who develop CS learning tools report a significantly higher level of progress on industrial relevant skill development as compared to the students who develop so called "real projects for real clients."
Minnesota field population of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) shows incomplete resistance to Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 and Cry3Bb1

In the United States of America, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is commonly managed with transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) expressing insecticidal proteins from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Colonies of this pest have been selected in the laboratory on each commercially available transformation event and several resistant field populations have also been identified; some field populations are also resistant. In this study, progeny of a western corn rootworm population collected from a Minnesota corn field planted to SmartStax® corn were evaluated for resistance to corn hybrids expressing Cry3Bb1 (event MON88017) or Cry34/35Ab1 (event DAS-59122-7) and to the individual constituent proteins in diet-overlay bioassays. Results from these assays suggest that this population is resistant to Cry3Bb1 and is incompletely resistant to Cry34/35Ab1. In diet toxicity assays, larvae of the Minnesota (MN) population had resistance ratios of 4.71 and >13.22 for Cry34/35Ab1 and Cry3Bb1 proteins, respectively, compared with the control colonies. In all on-plant assays, the relative survival of the MN population on the DAS-59122-7 and MON88017 hybrids was significantly greater than the control colonies. Larvae of the MN population had inhibited development when reared on DAS-59122-7 compared with larvae reared on the non-Bt hybrid, indicating resistance was incomplete. Overall, these results document resistance to Cry3Bb1 and an incomplete resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 in a population of WCR from a SmartStax® performance problem field.
“A New Vocation before Me”: Frederick Douglass's Post-Civil War Lyceum Career

This article examines the oratorical strategies adopted by Frederick Douglass in the late 1860s and early 1870s when he joined the ranks of professional lyceum speakers. Douglass's speaking shifted...
A hierarchical Bayesian model to incorporate uncertainty into methods for diversity partitioning.

Recently there have been major theoretical advances in the quantification and partitioning of diversity within and among communities, regions, and ecosystems. However, applying those advances to real data remains a challenge. Ecologists often end up describing their samples rather than estimating the diversity components of an underlying study system, and existing approaches do not easily provide statistical frameworks for testing ecological questions. Here we offer one avenue to do all of the above using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. We estimate posterior distributions of the underlying "true" relative abundances of each species within each unit sampled. These posterior estimates of relative abundance can then be used with existing formulae to estimate and partition diversity. The result is a posterior distribution of diversity metrics describing our knowledge (or beliefs) about the study system. This approach intuitively leads to statistical inferences addressing biologically motivated hypotheses via Bayesian model comparison. Using simulations, we demonstrate that our approach does as well or better at approximating the "true" diversity of a community relative to naive or ad-hoc bias-corrected estimates. Moreover, model comparison correctly distinguishes between alternative hypotheses about the distribution of diversity within and among samples. Finally, we use an empirical ecological dataset to illustrate how the approach can be used to address questions about the makeup and diversities of assemblages at local and regional scales.
Management of Orthopedic Emergencies

Initial management of injuries includes safely gaining control of the animal and assessing and treating systemic shock. If hemorrhage is life threatening, it must be controlled. If the limb is nonfunctional it should be stabilized. Any open orthopedic injury should be treated by cleaning the tissues, protecting the exposed tissues, and administering systemic antibiotics. A commercial splint is available (Equine Regular Leg Saver Splint, Kimzey Welding Works, Woodland, CA) that can immobilize and relieve weightbearing for cases of phalangeal fracture, flexor tendon rupture, fetlock breakdown, and lower joint luxations/subluxations. Hock and carpal luxation and radius fracture in foals can be stabilized by wooden or metal splint incorporation in a bandage. Tibial fractures can be stabilized with a modified Thomas splint. Injuries that expose a joint or infectious arthritis require emergency diagnosis of joint involvement, and subsequent joint lavage, intra-articular antibiotics, and systemic antibiotics. For further treatment of septic arthritis, the cases can be referred to a hospital for joint drainage. The appropriate emergency treatment of these injuries is often the determining factor in whether the injury remains in a condition that can be successfully repaired.
Pilot Surveys for Adaptive Informative Sampling

Adaptive sampling has been shown to be an effective method for modeling environmental fields, such as algae concentrations in the ocean. In adaptive sampling, a robot adapts its sampling trajectory based on data that it is collecting. This data is often aggregated into models, using techniques such as Gaussian Process (G P) regression. The (hyper-)parameters for these models need to be manually set or, ideally, estimated from data. For GP regression, hyperparameters are typically estimated using prior data. This paper addresses the case where initial hyperparameters need to be estimated, but no prior data is available. Without prior data or accurately pre-defined hyperparameters, adaptive sampling techniques may fail, because there is no good model to base path planning decisions on. One method of gathering data is to perform a pilot survey. This survey needs to select informative samples for initiating the model, but without having a model to determine where best to sample. In this work, we evaluate four pilot surveys, which use a softmax function on the distance between waypoints and previously sampled data for waypoint selection. Simulation results show that pilot surveys that maximize waypoint spread over randomization lead to more stable estimation of GP hyperparameters, and create accurate models more quickly.
Lung lobe torsion in dogs: 52 cases (2005-2017).

Objective To report outcomes and risk factors for mortality in dogs that underwent surgical management of lung lobe torsion. Study design Retrospective case series from 5 veterinary teaching hospitals (2005-2017). Animals Fifty dogs with 52 instances of lung lobe torsion. Methods Data collected from medical records included signalment, clinical findings, results of clinicopathologic testing and diagnostic imaging, surgical treatment, lung lobe affected, intraoperative and postoperative complications, histopathologic and microbiologic findings, and outcome. Follow-up was obtained from medical records and telephone contact with primary care veterinarians. Results Fifty-two instances of lung lobe torsion were identified in 50 dogs, with a median follow-up of 453 days (range, 0-3075). Forty-six (92%) dogs survived to discharge. Dogs with concurrent torsion of the right cranial and middle lung lobes were less likely to survive (2/4) than those with torsion of the left cranial lung lobe (22/22). No other risk factors for mortality prior to hospital discharge were identified. Overall median survival time after hospital discharge was 1369 days. Four dogs had >1 episode of lung lobe torsion. Conclusion The percentage of dogs surviving to discharge after surgical treatment of lung lobe torsion was higher than previously reported. The short- and long-term prognosis was excellent with surgical treatment of lung lobe torsion. Clinical significance Surgery should be recommended when lung lobe torsion is suspected because of the high survival to discharge rate and excellent long-term prognosis.
An Approach to Structural Analysis Using Moore-Shannon Network Reliability

We develop a formalism for addressing many common questions about network structure. The formalism is based on Shannon-Moore network reliability and on the Birnbaum definition of importance in terms of reliability. The computational methods we suggest based on this formalism are designed to answer specific questions about how network structure affects particular aspects of the dynamics, and can be applied to a wide variety of dynamical systems on interaction networks. The formalism and methods bring well-understood analytical techniques from statistical physics and computer science to bear on current issues in network science. We introduce the concepts that underpin the formalism, explore methods of applying these concepts, and demonstrate applications to problems such as edge ranking and graph reduction.
Clonal plasma cells in AL amyloidosis are dependent on pro survival BCL-2 family proteins and sensitive to BH3 mimetics

Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the production of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains by clonal populations of plasma cells. These abnormal light chains misfold and accumulate as amyloid fibrils in healthy tissues causing devastating multi-organ dysfunction that is rapidly fatal. Current treatment regimens, which include proteasome inhibitors, alkylating agents, and immunomodulatory agents, were developed for the treatment of the more common plasma cell disease, multiple myeloma, and have limited efficacy in AL amyloidosis as demonstrated by the median survival of 2-3 years. The recent development of novel small-molecule inhibitors of the major pro-survival proteins from the apoptosis-regulating BCL-2 family has created an opportunity to therapeutically target abnormal cell populations, yet identifying the extent of these dependencies and how to target them clinically has thus far been challenging. Using bone marrow-derived plasma cells from 45 patients with AL amyloidosis, we find that clonal plasma cells are highly primed to undergo apoptosis and exhibit strong dependencies on pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins. Specifically, we find that clonal plasma cells in a majority of patients are highly dependent on the pro-survival protein MCL-1 and undergo apoptosis when treated with an MCL-1 inhibitor as a single agent. In addition, BCL-2 inhibition sensitizes clonal plasma cells to several current standard of care therapies. Our results suggest that BH3 mimetics, when deployed rationally, may be highly effective therapies for AL amyloidosis.
UNIT 19.3 Animal Models for Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan of worldwide distribution. This unit describes murine models of acute T. gondii infection, toxoplasmic encephalitis, and Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. T. gondii infection in SCID mice allows the study of T cell–independent mechanisms of defense. The uracil auxotroph strain cps1-1 and temperature-sensitive mutant strains of T. gondii allow studies of immunization and adoptive transfer. In vivo study of parasite host-interaction is possible with the use of parasites that express fluorescent proteins and model antigens, plus the use of transgenic mice that express the appropriate T cell receptor and fluorescently labeled leukocytes. Parasites that express bioluminescent markers make it possible to study the dynamics of infection in real time using bioluminescence imaging. Support protocols present methodology for evaluation of progression of infection and immune response to the parasite, the maintenance of T. gondii tissue cysts and tachyzoites, as well as preparation of T. gondii lysate antigens. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 96:19.3.1-19.3.23. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: parasite; T cell; cytokine; brain; eye
Impact of Ammonia Pretreatment Conditions on the Cellulose III Allomorph Ultrastructure and Its Enzymatic Digestibility

Plant biomasses enriched in crystalline cellulose allomorphs, such as native cellulose I (CI), can be structurally altered using anhydrous liquid ammonia to form an enzymatically less recalcitrant ...
Mathematics of Stable Models

In Chap. 5 we saw how properties of stable models expressed by Theorem on Facts, Theorem on Irrelevant Formulas, and Theorem on Constraints can be used sometimes to calculate the stable models of a program without referring to the definition of a stable model directly. This chapter discusses other useful properties of stable models.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Positive Non-cardia Gastric Adenocarcinoma Is Low and Decreasing in a US Population.

Helicobacter pylori infection is an established causal factor for non-cardia gastric cancer. H. pylori negative gastric cancer prevalence among US patients is unclear. This retrospective cohort study examined H. pylori prevalence among consecutive patients with incident non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma at the Houston VA Hospital (11/2007–10/2018). H. pylori positivity was defined by H. pylori on histopathology, positive antibody serology, stool antigen, or urea breath testing. We examined for trends in H. pylori negative gastric cancer based on year of diagnosis. Associations between histopathologic and cancer-related outcomes with H. pylori positivity were determined using regression models. Of 91 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, most were men (N = 87, 95.6%), black (N = 47, 51.6%), with mean age at diagnosis of 68.0 years (SD 10.8). In addition to gastric cancer biopsy histopathology, 74 patients (81.3%) had ≥ 1 testing for H. pylori, including antibody serology (n = 34), non-cancer gastric biopsy histopathology (n = 63), or stool antigen (n = 1). The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 38.5% and 45.9% among patients with ≥ 2 H. pylori tests. The proportions of H. pylori positive gastric cancer decreased from 50.0% (2007–2010) to 43.4% (2011–2014) and 29.3% (2015–2018) (p = 0.096). Active/acute gastritis (adjOR 3.74), atrophic gastritis (adjOR 15.30), and gastric intestinal metaplasia (adjOR 3.65) were associated with H. pylori positive gastric cancer. The prevalence of H. pylori infection among patients with non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma is relatively low (38.5–45.9%) and decreasing over time. This finding suggests there may be other important causal factors apart from H. pylori for gastric adenocarcinoma.
Increasing Trauma-Informed Awareness and Practice in Higher Education.

Background Traumatic experiences across the lifespan can affect an individual's physical, social, and emotional health and cognitive development. There has been an increased focus on trauma-informed initiatives in various public and health care sectors, but these initiatives are lacking in higher education. Method A pre-post survey design was used in a trauma-informed professional development session. The survey evaluated educator's knowledge and perceptions of trauma-informed care (TIC) and trauma-informed educational strategies (TIES). Select interviews were then conducted to further analyze knowledge and perception related to TIC and TIES. Results The results demonstrated an increase in knowledge of TIC and TIES, as well as an improved ability to support students. P values were statistically significant at Conclusion The integration of a trauma-informed professional development session for all educators is the first step in the integration of TIC in higher education and a transition to a trauma-sensitive culture.
Unbiased analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals CD4 T cell response to RSV matrix protein

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of respiratory tract illness especially in young infants that develop severe disease requiring hospitalization, and accounting for 74,000-126,000 admissions in the United States (Rezaee et al., 2017; Resch, 2017). Observations of neonatal and infant T cells suggest that they may express different immune markers compared to T-cells from older children. Flow cytometry analysis of cellular responses using "conventional" anti-viral markers (IL2, IFN-γ, TNF, IL10 and IL4) upon RSV-peptide stimulation detected an overall low RSV response in peripheral blood. Therefore we sought an unbiased approach to identify RSV-specific immune markers using RNA-sequencing upon stimulation of infant PBMCs with overlapping peptides representing RSV antigens. To understand the cellular response using transcriptional signatures, transcription factors and cell-type specific signatures were used to investigate breadth of response across peptides. Unexpected from the ICS data, M peptide induced a response equivalent to the F-peptide and was characterized by activation of GATA2, 3, STAT3 and IRF1. This along with upregulation of several unconventional T cell signatures was only observed upon M-peptide stimulation. Moreover, signatures of natural RSV infections were identified from the data available in the public domain to investigate similarities between transcriptional signatures from PBMCs and upon peptide stimulation. This analysis also suggested activation of T cell response upon M-peptide stimulation. Hence, based on transcriptional response, markers were chosen to validate the role of M-peptide in activation of T cells. Indeed, CD4+CXCL9+ cells were identified upon M-peptide stimulation by flow cytometry. Future work using additional markers identified in this study could reveal additional unconventional T cells responding to RSV infections in infants. In conclusion, T cell responses to RSV in infants may not follow the canonical Th1/Th2 patterns of effector responses but include additional functions that may be unique to the neonatal period and correlate with clinical outcomes.
ACAS Xu: Integrated Collision Avoidance and Detect and Avoid Capability for UAS

ACAS Xu provides both a collision avoidance (CA) and detect and avoid (DAA) capability for UAS. The CA decision logic is based on Markov decision process models of the CA problem to generate both horizontal and vertical maneuver guidance to avoid collisions. DAA logic uses a rollout approach to anticipate collision risk at longer timelines to support pilot interaction and communication with air traffic controllers. System optimization and evaluation is performed using fast-time Monte-Carlo simulation environments. Compared to benchmark systems, ACAS Xu provides a significant safety benefit and alerting reduction. The algorithm specification document for ACAS Xu is slated for final approval and release in 2020.
Interpretation challenges of novel dual-class missense and splice-impacting variant in POLR3A-related late-onset hereditary spastic ataxia.

Background RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-related disorders are autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorders caused by variants in POLR3A or POLR3B. Recently, a novel phenotype of adult-onset spastic ataxia was identified in individuals with the c.1909+22G>A POLR3A variant in compound heterozygosity. Methods Whole-exome sequencing was performed in the proband and parents. Variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RNA sequencing was performed to evaluate splicing implications. Results A 42-year-old female was evaluated for unexplained neurological findings with a slow progressive decline in gait and walking speed since adolescence. WES revealed a novel missense variant (c.3593A>C, p.Lys1198Arg) in exon 27 of POLR3A in compound heterozygosity with the c.1909+22G>A variant. Summary of previously reported clinical features from individuals with pathogenic biallelic alterations in POLR3A and adult-onset phenotype is consistent with our findings. RNA analysis revealed c.3593A>G drives the production of four RNA transcript products each with different functional impacts. Conclusion The novel dual-class c.3593A>C variant in POLR3A causes an amino acid substitution and complex disruption of splicing. Our report supports the need to investigate variants near splice junctions for proper interpretation. Current interpretation guidelines need to address best practices for inclusion of predicted or measured transcriptional disruption pending functional activity or reliable transcript abundance estimates.