cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Similarity between Sets of Overlapping Clusters

The typical task of unsupervised learning is to organize data, for example into clusters, typically disjoint clusters (eg. the \math{K}-means algorithm). One would expect (for example) a clustering of books into topics to present overlapping clusters. The situation is even more so in social networks, a source of ever increasing data. Finding the groups or communities in social networks based on interactions between individuals (a measure of similarity) is an unsupervised learning task; and, groups overlap -- an individual can be a chess player and a violin player, in which case he would interact with members of both these groups. The problem we address is not that of finding the overlapping clusters, but of \emph{comparing} two sets of overlapping clusters. Such a task is the basis for comparing two different clusterings, which is important for comparing algorithms with each other or with a ground truth. From the social network point of view, we are particularly interested in quantifying social group evolution -- how much the social group structure of a social network changed -- by comparing the set of groups at consecutive time intervals. There is significant prior work on comparing sets of disjoint clusters (partitions). When overlap is allowed, the problem becomes considerably more complex owing to the possibility of degeneracies, which we illustrate through examples. We describe three novel definitions of the distance between collections of potentially overlapping sets, and present algorithms for computing those distances. We test our algorithms on diverse data sets: collections composed from social groups in Twitter, Blogosphere and Enron Email data.
Identification of the novel calcium mediated cellular events in the pathogenesis of hypoxia‐induced proximal tubular injury

Summary: Acute renal failure (ARF) is a clinical syndrome that is frequently present in hospitalized patients and is associated with high mortality. the duration of the clinical course of ARF correlates with a mortality that remains high despite the availability of dialysis treatment. the virtual complete recovery of renal function in those patients who survive ARF, as well as the minimal renal histological abnormalities, suggest that there are reversible components in the pathophysiology of ARF. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of ARF is therefore needed to allow interventions that would prevent the need for haemodialysis and improve survival. A role of cytoplasmic free calcium [Ca2+]i in hypoxia-induced proximal tubule damage has been proposed. to further investigate the role of [Ca2+]i, in mediating hypoxic proximal tubular injury, a video imaging technique has been developed in which [Ca2+]i can be measured simultaneously with propidium iodide (PI) staining of nuclei as an index of hypoxia-induced membrane damage. Hypoxia in rat proximal tubules is associated with a significant rise in [Ca2+]i, which precedes evidence of membrane damage as assessed by PI staining. This rise in [Ca2+]i activates calpain, a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease and constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the Ca2+ dependent form of NOS. Inhibition of calpain with mechanistically and chemically dissimilar inhibitors provides marked cytoprotection against hypoxic and ionomycin induced proximal tubular injury. Similarly, inhibition of NOS with L-NAME, acidosis, tetra hydrobiopterin depletion and low extracellular calcium is associated with marked cytoprotection against hypoxic cellular injury. These observations are consistent with the early rise in [Ca2+]i initiating hypoxic injury by activating NOS and calpain.
Biologically inspired technologies using artificial muscles

One of the newest fields of biomimetics is the electroactive polymers (EAP) that are also known as artificial muscles. To take advantage of these materials, efforts are made worldwide to establish a strong infrastructure addressing the need for comprehensive analytical modeling of their response mechanism and develop effective processing and characterization techniques. The field is still in its emerging state and robust materials are still not readily available however in recent years significant progress has been made and commercial products have already started to appear. This paper covers the current state of- the-art and challenges to making artificial muscles and their potential biomimetic applications.
Family Process as Mediator of Biology X Environment Interaction

SUMMARY The present study used Baron and Kenny's (1986) mediated moderation model to explore a potential mediator-parenting behaviors-of an interaction between biological risk and adoptive parent psychopathology which has been shown to significantly predict adolescent problem behaviors in a sample of adult adoptees (Mage = 25; n = 133). The outcomes of interest were retrospective reports on adoptee adolescent nonaggressive conduct disordered behaviors and aggressive/oppositional behaviors. Predictors were biological risk in the birth parents of the adoptees, psychopathology in the adoptive parents, and retrospectively reported parenting behaviors of the adoptive parents. The mediated moderation model was not supported due to the nonsignificance of the biological risk X adoptive parent psychopathology interaction term. However, support for an independence model was supported in that biological risk interacted with maternal warmth and overprotection to predict adolescent adoptee behavior. Greater maternal w...
Building Collaborative Environments For Successful Middle Level School Restructuring

Administrators, teachers, parents, and community members can be involved in collaborative efforts in many ways. Whether the collaboration is direct involvement in decision making or participation as an influencer, leadership plays an important role in its success. Principals, by valuing and recognizing the contributions of each teacher, staff member, student, and parent, give high visibility to the collaborative process.
Loss of medullary dendritic cells in the thymus after cyclosporine and irradiation.

Abstract Cyclosporine (CsA) induces a paradoxical graft-vs-host-like disease (GVHD) in syngeneic rat chimeras, providing the rat has a thymus and receives mediastinal irradiation. Here we evaluate the effect of CsA and irradiation on the relative abundance of thymic dendritic cells (DC). DC were identified with an immunoperoxidase stain for ED1 and were quantified by computerized planimetry. Normal young rats have scattered DC in the cortex and numerous DC in the medulla with a concentration at the cortico-medullary junction. Short-term CsA induces a marked loss of medullary DC (798 ± 126 cells/mm to 88 ± 103, P
Coquille flora (Louisiana): an ethnobotanical reconstruction.

Investigations and findings of a floristic study at Coquille, an archaeological site in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, are reported. In contrast with the surrounding marsh and swamp, there is a distinctive diversity in the vegetation at the site. Most of the plants are native species that have been reported as ethnobotahically important to the southeastern Indians. It is postulated that if the plant community present at Coquille today were present in prehistory, this area was rich in botanical species potentially useful for foods, medicines, and other material resources.
Reported mediation as a function of degree of learning

The effects of 10 practice trials beyond a criterion of two perfect trials on reported mediation was investigated in an AB, EC, AC paired—associate learning task. Significantly more“direct” responses were reported after the 10 additional trials than after the two perfect trials. Significantly more explicit mediation was reported for facilitation pairs and there was no evidence for “unconscious mediation”.
The human function compunction: teleological explanation in adults.

Abstract Research has found that children possess a broad bias in favor of teleological – or purpose-based – explanations of natural phenomena. The current two experiments explored whether adults implicitly possess a similar bias. In Study 1, undergraduates judged a series of statements as “good” (i.e., correct) or “bad” (i.e., incorrect) explanations for why different phenomena occur. Judgments occurred in one of three conditions: fast speeded, moderately speeded, or unspeeded. Participants in speeded conditions judged significantly more scientifically unwarranted teleological explanations as correct (e.g., “the sun radiates heat because warmth nurtures life”), but were not more error-prone on control items (e.g., unwarranted physical explanations such as “hills form because floodwater freezes”). Study 2 extended these findings by examining the relationship between different aspects of adults’ “promiscuous teleology” and other variables such as scientific knowledge, religious beliefs, and inhibitory control. Implications of these findings for scientific literacy are discussed.
Yokuts Structure and Newman’s Grammar

Newman’s long-awaited Yokuts grammar is1 a major addition to American Indian linguistics. More than that, it is a model contribution to descriptive linguistic method and data. It is written clearly and to the point, in a manner that is aesthetically elegant as well as scientifically satisfactory. It is sufficiently detailed, more so than is usual among American Indian grammars, to enable the reader to become familiar with the language and to construct correctly his own statements about the language.2 Phonology and morphology are treated fully; syntax is only briefly touched upon, as is customary in grammars of American Indian languages. The meanings of classes of morphemes and the translation of utterances are more careful and sensitive than is usually the case; cf. at random the meaning of the aorist suffix in § 18:2, or of the non-directive gerundial -taw in § 19:9. Although it is perhaps not the custom for linguists to study carefully the grammars of languages not related to their work, this is one of the few grammars which students and workers in linguistics should read with close attention to the method of handling descriptive and comparative data.
The effects of increasing outdoor play time on physical activity in Latino preschool children

Objective. A randomized controlled pilot study to test the hypothesis that increasing preschool children's outdoor free play time increases their daily physical activity levels. Methods. Physical a...
Moral distress: levels, coping and preferred interventions in critical care and transitional care nurses

Aims and objectives To examine the level and frequency of moral distress in staff nurses working in two types of units in an acute care hospital and to gather information for future interventions addressing moral distress. Background In 2008, the American Association of Critical Care Nurses published a Position Statement on Moral Distress. Nurses working in units where critically ill patients are admitted may encounter distressing situations. Moral distress is the painful feelings and/or psychological disequilibrium that may occur when taking care of patients. Design An exploratory, descriptive design study was used to identify the type and frequency of moral distress experienced by nurses. The setting was an acute care hospital in which the subjects were sampled from two groups of nurses based on their unit assignment. Methods A descriptive, questionnaire study was used. Nurses completed the 38-item moral distress scale, a coping questionnaire, and indicated their preferred methods for institutional support in managing distressing situations. A convenience sample of staff nurses was approached to complete the moral distress questionnaire. Results Overall, the nurses reported low levels of moral distress. Situations creating the highest levels of moral distress were those related to futile care. A significance between group differences was found in the physician practice dimension. Specific resources were identified to help guide future interventions to recognise and manage moral distress. Conclusion Nurses reported lower levels and frequency of moral distress in these units but their open-ended responses appeared to indicate moral distress. Nurses identified specific resources that they would find helpful to alleviate moral distress. Relevance to clinical practice There are numerous studies that identify the situations and the impact of moral distress, but not many studies explore treatments and interventions for moral distress. This study attempted to identify nurse preferences for lessening the impact of moral distress.
Zinc and nickel removal in limestone based treatment of acid mine drainage: The relative role of adsorption and co-precipitation

Abstract Mining influenced water may contain high metal and sulfate loads, and have low pH (acid mine drainage). Removal of these metals prior to environmental discharge is critical to maintain ecosystem vitality. Limestone based passive treatment systems are commonly used for pH neutralization. The same conditions that lead to pH neutralization may also remove a substantial amount of metals from solution, but the connection between treatment conditions and metal removal are not well understood. In this study, zinc and nickel removals are quantified in batch reactor simulated limestone treatment of acid mine drainage. The resulting solid phase is characterized with a sequential extraction procedure, and the removals are interpreted using surface complexation and surface precipitation models. Zinc and nickel removals are closely linked to the initial iron concentration in the mine water, but are also affected by pH, alkalinity, calcium and sulfate concentrations. The surface complexation model was based on literature descriptions of hydrous ferric oxide. In order to obtain a sufficient fit to the data, the surface site density was increased to an unrealistically high value. Uptake data was also fit to an existing surface precipitation model. The values used are similar to those found in previous studies. Both models indicate that adsorption is not the dominant removal process in the treatment system. Using adsorption only models will generally underpredict metal removals within limestone based treatment systems.
Normal Interstage Growth After the Norwood Operation Associated With Interstage Home Monitoring

After stage 1 palliation (S1P) with a Norwood operation, infants commonly experience growth failure during the initial interstage period. Growth failure during this high-risk period is associated with worse outcomes. This study evaluated the growth patterns of patients enrolled in the authors’ interstage home-monitoring program (HMP), which uses a multidisciplinary team approach to nutrition management. From 2000 to 2009, 148 infants were enrolled in the HMP after S1P. Families recorded daily weights during the interstage period and alerted the interstage monitoring team about protocol violations of nutritional goals. Interstage monitoring and inpatient data from the S1P hospitalization were reviewed to identify risk factors for poor growth. Growth outcomes were compared with published norms from the Centers for Disease Control. Interstage survival for patients in the HMP was 98 % (145/148). Growth velocity during the interstage period was 26 ± 8 g/day. The weight-for-age z-scores decreased from birth to discharge after S1P (−0.4 ± 0.9 to −1.3 ± 0.9; p < 0.001) but then increased during the interstage period to the time of S2P (−0.9 ± 1; p < 0.001). The factors associated with improved growth during the interstage period included male gender, greater birth weight, full oral feeding at S1P discharge, and a later birth era. After S1P, infants enrolled in an HMP experienced normal growth velocity during the interstage period. Daily observation of oxygen saturation, weight change, and enteral intake together with implementation of a multidisciplinary feeding protocol is associated with excellent interstage growth and survival.
Kif11 Dependent Cell Cycle Progression in Radial Glial Cells is Required for Proper Neurogenesis in the Zebrafish Neural Tube

Abstract Radial glia serve as the resident neural stem cells in the embryonic vertebrate nervous system, and their proliferation must be tightly regulated to generate the correct number of neuronal and glial cell progeny in the neural tube. During a forward genetic screen, we recently identified a zebrafish mutant in the kif11 loci that displayed a significant increase in radial glial cell bodies at the ventricular zone of the spinal cord. Kif11, also known as Eg5, is a kinesin-related, plus-end directed motor protein responsible for stabilizing and separating the bipolar mitotic spindle. We show here that Gfap+ radial glial cells express kif11 in the ventricular zone and floor plate. Loss of Kif11 by mutation or pharmacological inhibition with S-trityl- l -cysteine (STLC) results in monoastral spindle formation in radial glial cells, which is characteristic of mitotic arrest. We show that M-phase radial glia accumulate over time at the ventricular zone in kif11 mutants and STLC treated embryos. Mathematical modeling of the radial glial accumulation in kif11 mutants not only confirmed an ~226× delay in mitotic exit (likely a mitotic arrest), but also predicted two modes of increased cell death. These modeling predictions were supported by an increase in the apoptosis marker, anti-activated Caspase-3, which was also found to be inversely proportional to a decrease in cell proliferation. In addition, treatment with STLC at different stages of neural development uncovered two critical periods that most significantly require Kif11 function for stem cell progression through mitosis. We also show that loss of Kif11 function causes specific reductions in oligodendroglia and secondary interneurons and motorneurons, suggesting these later born populations require proper radial glia division. Despite these alterations to cell cycle dynamics, survival, and neurogenesis, we document unchanged cell densities within the neural tube in kif11 mutants, suggesting that a mechanism of compensatory regulation may exist to maintain overall proportions in the neural tube. We propose a model in which Kif11 normally functions during mitotic spindle formation to facilitate the progression of radial glia through mitosis, which leads to the maturation of progeny into specific secondary neuronal and glial lineages in the developing neural tube.
Modeling the Motion of Slurry Nanoparticles During Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) has emerged as a commonly used method for achieving global surface planarization of micro-/nano-scale systems during fabrication. During CMP, the wafer to be polished is pressed against a rotating polymeric pad that is flooded with slurry. The motion of the wafer surface against the asperities of the pad and the abrasive nanoscale particles in the slurry causes the surface of the wafer to be polished to an atomically smooth level. Past studies have shown that the wear distribution is a function of the distribution of slurry particles in the wafer/pad interface, and thus it is desirable to model the migration of particles in order to predict the wear of the wafer surface. The current study involves the creation and simulation of a mathematical model which predicts the paths of slurry particles in a Lagrangian reference frame. The model predicts the effects of the various forces on each particle to determine its motion. The model also accounts for interparticle collisions and wafer/particle and pad/particle collisions. It is expected that the particle motion that is predicted from this model will allow for a more accurate correlation of the wafer surface wear distribution.© 2005 ASME
Accuracy of percutaneous lung biopsy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Background. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is fulminant and often fatal in immunosuppressed patients. Percutaneous biopsy may select patients who could benefit from surgical resection. Objective. We sought to determine the accuracy of percutaneous biopsy for pediatric invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Materials and methods. We retrospectively reviewed 28 imaging-guided percutaneous biopsies of the lungs of 24 children with suspected pulmonary aspergillosis. Twenty-two were being treated for malignancy and two for congenital immunodeficiency; 15 had received bone-marrow transplants. The accuracy of the percutaneous lung biopsy was determined by subsequent surgical resection, autopsy, or clinical course. Results. Histopathological studies showed ten biopsy specimens with septate hyphae, indicating a mold, and seven with Aspergillus flavus colonies in culture. The remaining 18 biopsies revealed no fungi. No patient had progressive aspergillosis after negative biopsy. Invasive pulmonary mold was detected by percutaneous biopsy with 100 % (10/10) sensitivity and 100 % (18/18) specificity. Percutaneous biopsy results influenced the surgical decision in 86 % (24 of 28) of the cases. Bleeding complicated the biopsy in 46 % (13/28) and hastened one death. Conclusion. Percutaneous biopsy of the lung is an accurate technique for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and correctly determines which immunosuppressed pediatric patients would benefit from therapeutic pulmonary resection.
Understory light levels in mature hardwood stands after partial oversotry removal

Abstract Understory light levels have significant effects on the type and amount of advance regeneration in natural hardwood stands. This study was initiated to look at the effects of partial overstory removal on understory light levels and to develop regression equations to predict understory light levels from stand characteristics and felling levels. Understory light levels were measured in five types of relatively mature, unmanaged, bottomland hardwood stands in southeastern Louisiana. Study plots were selected within each stand type to encompass a broad range of initial basal areas. Each stand type was then subjected to six levels of overstory removal. Percent basal area removed, and percent crown cover, had higher correlations with relative understory light levels than eight other stand characteristics, accounting for 71% of the variation in relative understory light level across all stand types. Regression equations presented provide a means by which relative understory light levels can be replicated even when initial stand basal areas very among treatment plots. This has important implications for further study of natural hardwood regeneration by encouragement of advance regeneration.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair using an aortoiliac stent-graft combined with femoral-femoral bypass

The purpose of this article is to describe the technique of endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) combined with surgical bypass. Eleven patients (eight men, three women; mean age, 64.6 years) underwent stent-graft repair of AAA using a nonbifurcated Z-stent covered with polyester or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fabric delivered through a 14F to 20F delivery catheter under fluoroscopic control. The stent-graft was used to bridge the infrarenal aorta and common iliac artery. After embolization of the contralateral common iliac artery using a self-expanding vascular occluder (SEVO), a femoral-femoral bypass was surgically created using a reinforced PTFE graft. Immediate and complete thrombosis of the aneurysm occurred in 7 of 11 patients (74%) after stent-graft, SEVO placement, and surgical bypass. Four patients required secondary interventions to repair endoleaks at the proximal anastomosis (n = 2) or leaks at the site of SEVO deployment (n = 3). One patient required only a nontapered aortic stent-graft and did not require a femoral-femoral bypass. After all endovascular procedures, no patients had back-bleeding into the aneurysm, device migration, microembolization, limb ischemia, or neurological sequelae (mean follow-up, 140 days; range, 50 to 200). All 11 patients had complete thrombosis of the aneurysm at follow-up. A nonbifurcated stent-graft can be used successfully in treating infrarenal AAAs in combination with a surgical femoral-femoral bypass.
Tectonic evolution of ridge-axis discontinuities by the meeting, linking, or self-decapitation of neighboring ridge segments

Recent deep-tow, Sea Beam, and SeaMARC II studies indicate that ridge axis discontinuities along the East Pacific Rise evolve in several different ways. Where magmatic pulses along the spreading center happen to meet head-on, a low point or “saddle point” occurs along the axial depth profile of the spreading center. Where the magmatic pulses misalign, overlapping spreading centers develop and two distinct evolutionary paths are possible. One spreading center tip may cut through to and link with the adjacent en echelon ridge, chopping off the opposing ridge tip, as proposed by Macdonald and Fox (1983). In addition, either spreading center may cut inside or outside of itself, repeatedly decapitating its own ridge tip. Crack-propagation studies show that the crack-propagation force, G , drops significantly when the ratio of crack overlap to crack offset ( L / W ) exceeds 3. Applying this relation to spreading centers, we suggest that propagation of the individual spreading center tips may stall when L / W is greater than 3. If linkage has not yet occurred, then the next magmatic pulse that propagates along the ridge may be deflected away from the path of the existing ridge tip, decapitating the ridge tip in a process we call self-decapitation. Subsequent magmatic pulses may be deflected or “derailed” from the existing path of the ridge because freezing of the axial magma chamber near ridge-axis discontinuities creates a core of coherent, unfaulted gabbroic rock along the spreading axis which is strong relative to the intensely faulted lithosphere on either side of the frozen magma chamber. In addition, the local stress field rotates near the discontinuity so that subsequent magma pulses and associated cracking fronts will tend to deflect away from the preexisting path of the ridge. For propagating rifts, which represent first-order changes in plate-boundary geometry, L / W remains <1.5 so that G is maintained near its maximum value and episodes of continued propagation in the same direction are enhanced.
The solubility of hydrogen in molten aluminum alloys

The solubility of hydrogen in molten aluminum alloys containing copper, lithium, magnesium, and silicon has been calculated from the solubility of hydrogen in pure metals and binary metal-metal interaction parameters. For the aluminum-copper binary system, where experimental data exist, the agreement between calculated and experimental values is excellent. The solubility of hydrogen in liquid silicon was calculated from the solubility data in aluminum-silicon alloys.
Cryogenic burns from intentional use of aerosol spray in children: An emerging phenomenon

Burns secondary to exposure to extremely low temperature mediums (cryogenic burns) are extremely uncommon. These injuries are almost universally associated with occupational exposure of adults to agents known to represent a hazard, such as liquid nitrogen or pressurised ammonia [1–3]. In recent years, however, three cases of cryogenic skin burns have been reported in children and adolescents after spraying with a commercially available aerosol can from a short distance [4,5]. Camp et al. reported on two teenager girls who used an aerosol can of deodorant to achieve an ‘‘anaesthetic effect’’, resulting in burns to their forearms and ankle [4]. Lacour et al. described an 8-year-old boy who sprayed his forearm with a toilet air freshener ‘‘for fun’’ [5]. Although all these injuries resulted from inappropriate use of commercially available aerosol propellants, these cases represent an isolated and sporadic phenomenon, where the mechanism of injury does not reflect a common pattern. We report on seven patients that were recently treated at our hospital for the management of cryogenic burns from use of aerosol spray can. In all of our patients, the common mechanism of injury involved using an aerosol propellant in an attempt to produce superficial skin lesions well known as ‘‘frosties’’. This is a popular activity amongst pre-adolescents and adolescents in South Australia. Accepted 21 August 2009
A Critical Pathway for Patients With Acute Chest Pain and Low Risk for Short-Term Adverse Cardiac Events: Role of Outpatient Stress Testing

Study objective We evaluate the safety and feasibility of a critical care pathway protocol in which patients with acute chest pain who are low risk for coronary artery disease and short-term adverse cardiac outcomes receive outpatient stress testing within 72 hours of an emergency department (ED) visit. Methods We performed an observational study of an ED-based chest pain critical pathway in an urban, community hospital in 979 consecutive patients. Patients enrolled in the protocol were observed in the ED before receiving 72-hour outpatient stress testing. The pathway was primarily analyzed for rates of death or myocardial infarction in the 6 months after ED discharge and outpatient stress testing. Secondary outcome measures included need for coronary intervention at initial stress testing and within 6 months after discharge, subsequent ED visits for chest pain, and subsequent hospitalization. Results Of 871 stress-tested patients aged 40 years or older, who had low risk for coronary artery disease and short-term adverse cardiac events, and had 6-month follow-up, 18 (2%) required coronary intervention, 1 (0.1%) had a myocardial infarction within 1 month, 2 (0.2%) had a myocardial infarction within 6 months, 6 (0.7%) had normal stress test results after discharge but required cardiac catheterization within 6 months, and 5 (0.6%) returned to the ED within 6 months for ongoing chest pain. Hospital admission rates decreased significantly from 31.2% to 26.1% after initiation of the protocol (P Conclusion For patients with chest pain and low risk for short-term cardiac events, outpatient stress testing is feasible, safe, and associated with decreased hospital admission rates. With an evidence-based protocol, physicians efficiently identify patients at low risk for clinically significant coronary artery disease and short-term adverse cardiac outcomes.
Reaction mechanisms of aqueous monoethanolamine with carbon dioxide: a combined quantum chemical and molecular dynamics study

Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) has been extensively studied as a solvent for CO2 capture, yet the underlying reaction mechanisms are still not fully understood. Combined ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to revisit and identify key elementary reactions and intermediates in 25–30 wt% aqueous MEA with CO2, by explicitly taking into account the structural and dynamic effects. Using static quantum chemical calculations, we also analyzed in more detail the fundamental interactions involved in the MEA–CO2 reaction. We find that both the CO2 capture by MEA and solvent regeneration follow a zwitterion-mediated two-step mechanism; from the zwitterionic intermediate, the relative probability between deprotonation (carbamate formation) and CO2 removal (MEA regeneration) tends to be determined largely by the interaction between the zwitterion and neighboring H2O molecules. In addition, our calculations clearly demonstrate that proton transfer in the MEA–CO2–H2O solution primarily occurs through H-bonded water bridges, and thus the availability and arrangement of H2O molecules also directly impacts the protonation and/or deprotonation of MEA and its derivatives. This improved understanding should contribute to developing more comprehensive kinetic models for use in modeling and optimizing the CO2 capture process. Moreover, this work highlights the importance of a detailed atomic-level description of the solution structure and dynamics in order to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying the reaction of CO2 with aqueous amines.
Phenotypic plasticity of T cell progenitors upon exposure to Notch ligands

Despite many efforts, the nature of thymic immigrants that give rise to T cells has remained obscure, especially since it became known that extrathymic lineage-negative, Sca-1–positive, c-kit high progenitor cells differ from intrathymic early T cell progenitors (ETPs) by functional potential and dependence on Notch signaling. After our observation that intrathymic T cell precursors expressing a human CD25 reporter under control of pre-TCRα regulatory elements almost exclusively have the ETP phenotype, we have analyzed the phenotypic changes of reporter-expressing common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells in the bone marrow when cultured on Delta-like 1–expressing stromal cells. We note that these quickly adopt the phenotype of double negative (DN)2 thymocytes with little display of the ETP phenotype. Our data suggest that common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells could be responsible for the rapid reconstitution of thymus function after bone marrow transplantation since CLP cells in the blood have the capacity to rapidly enter the thymus and become DN2 thymocytes.
Improved inversion of geopotential field anomalies for lithospheric investigations

Instabilities and the large matrices which are common to inversions of regional magnetic and gravity anomalies often complicate the use of efficient least‐squares matrix procedures. Inversion stability profoundly affects anomaly analysis, and hence it must be considered in any application. Wildly varying or unstable solutions are the products of errors in the anomaly observations and the integrated effects of observation spacing, source spacing, elevation differences between sources and observations, geographic coordinate attributes, geomagnetic field attitudes, and other factors which influence the conditioning of inversion. Solution instabilities caused by ill‐posed parameters can be efficiently minimized by ridge regression with a damping factor large enough to stabilize the inversion, but small enough to produce an analytically useful solution. An effective choice for the damping factor is facilitated by plotting damping factors against residuals between observed and modeled anomalies and by then comp...
Associations of HLA-A, B, DR antigens with primary disease in cardiac allograft recipients.

Abstract The hypothesis has been put forward that the immune system participates in the development of atherosclerosis, dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, perhaps as a form of organ-specific autoimmunity. 1,2 The presence of abnormalities of cellular immunity in these conditions is unresolved at present. Investigations over the past 3 decades have demonstrated that a number of systemic and organ-specific diseases are manifestations of autoimmunity, and some are associated with specific major histocompatibility antigens (HLA). HLA cell surface antigens can be divided into 2 major classes. The HLA A, B and C loci encompass the serologic-defined class I antigens while HLA D/DR, DQ, DP region loci make up the class II antigens. Class I gene products generally serve as recognition antigens for cytotoxic T cells whereas class II gene products function in a regulatory capacity. We report on the association of HLA antigens A, B and DR with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and myocarditis in a series of patients who have undergone orthotopic cardiac transplantation.
Positive peritoneal cytology in corpus carcinoma. Report of a fatal outcome.

Summary: A 64-year-old patient underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in October, 1978 for a Stage IA, grade 2 papillary adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Peritoneal washings contained numerous malignant cells, although the tumor invaded the myometrium only superficially. Two weeks after operation, 12 mCi of P32 were instilled into the peritoneal cavity. In May, 1979, laparotomy was performed for clinical obstruction of the small intestine and revealed diffuse peritoneal, omental, and hepatic metastases. Radiation changes involved the terminal ileum, ascending and sigmoid colon; an ileorectal fistula was also identified. The factors that might cause malignant cells to be present in the peritoneal cavity and the ideal treatment of such patients have yet to be determined. The risk of intraperitoneal P32 might outweigh its benefits.
Development of a Typology of Dual-Earner Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents

Using a national sample of 267 couples, the authors identify distinct profiles of dual-earner couples in the sandwiched generation (i.e., those caring for children and aging parents) using cluster analysis and then assess the relationship between these profiles and work—family conflict. The profiles are defined by characteristics of couples' child care demands (age and number of children), parent care demands (hours spent as caregiver each week), and work-role demands (hours worked per week). Three distinct profiles of sandwiched couples emerge: a high child care demands group, a high parent care demands group, and a high work demands group. The authors find differences in work-to-family conflict across the three groups but not differences in family-to-work conflict. Implications for work life practitioners and human resource managers are discussed.
3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid decreases NMDA receptor mRNA

Expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor gene during long-term administration of competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists was studied in rat brain using antisense cRNA transcribed from reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-generated rat NMDA receptor cDNA. Unlike non-competitive antagonists, 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) markedly decreased NMDA receptor mRNA steady-state concentrations in frontal cortex and hippocampus. Our results are consistent with a regulation of the NMDA receptor at the level of gene expression.
Second-hand smoke and human lung cancer

Since the early 1980s, there has been growing concern about potential health consequences of exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). Despite SHS being established as a risk factor for lung cancer development, the estimated risk has remained small yet somehow debatable. Human exposure to SHS is complicated because of temporal variabilities in source, composition, and concentration of SHS. The temporality of exposure to SHS is important for human lung carcinogenesis with a latency of many years. To explore the causal effect of SHS in lung carcinogenesis, exposure assessments should estimate chronic exposure to SHS on an individual basis. However, conventional exposure assessment for SHS relies on one-off or short-term measurements of SHS indices. A more reliable approach would be to use biological markers that are specific for SHS exposure and pertinent to lung cancer. This approach requires an understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which SHS could contribute to lung carcinogenesis. This Review is a synopsis of research on SHS and lung cancer, with special focus on hypothetical modes of action of SHS for carcinogenesis, including genotoxic and epigenetic effects.
An Immunohistochemical Panel for Reliable Differentiation of Salivary Duct Carcinoma and Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

Salivary duct carcinoma is a highly aggressive salivary gland malignancy that may be misdiagnosed as high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. We utilized tissue microarrays with 78 examples of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 47 salivary duct carcinomas to evaluate the utility of an immunohistochemical panel consisting of androgen receptor, Her2/neu, p63, and cytokeratin 5/6 in distinguishing these entities. Among all cases in the cohorts, androgen receptor was highly specific for salivary duct carcinoma, while cytokeratin 5/6 and p63 were specific for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. While the rate of unequivocal Her2/neu overexpression among the salivary duct carcinomas was low (8.9 %), discrimination of salivary duct carcinoma was enhanced when this marker was used in combination with androgen receptor due to profound sensitivity. The immunohistochemical panel was particularly efficacious at distinguishing the problematic subset of high-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas from salivary duct carcinoma. Utilization of this set of immunohistochemical markers allows reliable differentiation of salivary duct and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, a distinction with important prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Diagnosis of posterior dislocation of the shoulder with use of Velpeau axillary and angle-up roentgenographic views.

Although a number of roentgenographic signs, visible on various views, may partially or completely confirm the diagnosis of posterior dislocations of the shoulder, this diagnosis is often missed. The two new views described are technically easy to obtain, and each clearly demonstrates a posterior dislocations of the shoulder.
Multivariate generalizations of jonckheere's test for ordered alternatives

In many dose-response studies, each of several independent groups of animals is treated with a different dose of a substance. Many response variables are then measured on each animal. The distributions of the response variables may be nonnormal, and Jonckheere's (1954) test for ordered alternatives in the one-way layout is sometimes used to test whether the level of a single variable increases with increasing dose. In some applications, however, it is important to consider a set of response variables simultaneously. For instance, an increase in each of certain enzymes in the blood serum may suggest liver damage. To test whether these enzyme levels increase with increasing dose, it may be preferable to consider these enzymes as a group, rather than individually. I propose two multivariate generalizations of Jonckheere's univariate test. Each multivariate test statistic is a function of coordinate-wise Jonckheere statistics—one a sum, the other a quadratic form. The sum statistic can be used to test the alt...
How Late Can First Births Be Postponed? Some Illustrative Population-level Calculations

I shift, stretch, and transform the observed cohort age-schedule of first birth for Danish women born in 1963 to see how late the mean age at first birth could plausibly shift. Constraints of two kinds are placed on the ultimate distribution of first births. First, no more than one-third of first births can occur after age 35. This constraint allows postponement without radical changes in childlessness or parity distribution. Second, I preserve some variability in the age at first birth by keeping the standard deviation of first birth above 4 years, the minimum value observed for Denmark during the baby boom years. Under these constraints, I find that mean ages at first birth of at least 33 years are plausible. This would represent a further increase of about 4 years in the mean age at first birth seen in recent periods. I conclude that the depressed levels of fertility seen due to postponement could continue for decades before limits are reached.
Noninvasive Determination of Ligament Strain with Deformable Image Registration

Ligament function and propensity for injury are directly related to regional stresses and strains. However, noninvasive techniques for measurement of strain are currently limited. This study validated the use of Hyperelastic Warping, a deformable image registration technique, for noninvasive strain measurement in the human medial collateral ligament using direct comparisons with optical measurements. Hyperelastic Warping determines the deformation map that aligns consecutive images of a deforming material, allowing calculation of strain. Diffeomorphic deformations are ensured by representing the deformable image as a hyperelastic material. Ten cadaveric knees were subjected to six loading scenarios each. Tissue deformation was documented with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and video-based experimental measurements. MRI datasets were analyzed using Hyperelastic Warping, representing the medial collateral ligament (MCL) with a hexahedral finite element (FE) model projected to a manually segmented ligament surface. The material behavior was transversely isotropic hyperelastic. Warping predictions of fiber stretch were strongly correlated with experimentally measured strains (R (2) = 0.81). Both sets of measurements were in agreement with previous ex vivo studies. Warping predictions of fiber stretch were insensitive to bulk:shear modulus ratio, fiber stiffness, and shear modulus in the range of +2.5SD to -1.0SD. Correlations degraded when the shear modulus was decreased to 2.5SD below the mean (R (2) = 0.56), and when an isotropic constitutive model was substituted for the transversely isotropic model (R (2) = 0.65). MCL strains in the transitional region near the joint line, where the material behavior and material symmetry are more complex, showed the most sensitivity to changes in shear modulus. These results demonstrate that Hyperelastic Warping requires the use of a constitutive model that reflects the material symmetry, but not subject-specific material properties for accurate strain predictions for this application. Hyperelastic Warping represents a powerful technique for noninvasive strain measurement of musculoskeletal tissues and has many advantages over other image-based strain measurement techniques.
Luteolysis Induced by Prostaglandin F2α Before and After Hysterectomy in Heifers

In a Latin Square design, each of 6 heifers was given (im) 5, 10 and 15 mg PGF20 during diestrus during three consecutive estrous cycles. Then the uterus and cervix were removed. Thirty to 45 days after surgery, each hysterectomized heifer was given 30 mg PGF3 � to induce estrus before the same experimental doses of PGF20 were resumed at 15-day intervals beginning 10 to 12 days after this induced estrus. Ten and 15 mg PGF20 were luteolytic in 10 of 12 heifers before and after hysterectomy. While 5 mg PGF3 � was not luteolyticin intactheifers,it caused luteolysis in three of four heifers after hysterectomy. Thus, the uterus is not required for luteolysis induced by exogenous PGF20 in heifers. To the contrary, the uterus may interfere with luteolysis induced by PGF20. Serum (jugular) progesterone changes were similarforthe first 6 h after 5, 10 or 15 mg PGF20 in heifers before and after hysterectomy, whether or not PGF2 � was luteolytic. After the first 6 h, progesterone remained elevated at about 60 percent of pretreatment values in heifers which did not exhibit estrous behavior, while progesterone declined to less than 1 ng/ml within 36 h in heifers which exhibited estrus. Following the initial rapid decline in progesterone, serum LH doubled within 3 h after administration of PGF20 and LH remained elevated until 6 h in all heifers; it returned to pretreatment values within 12 to 24 h when heifers exhibited no estrus, but it remained elevated when PGF20 was luteolytic. Serum estradiol increased within 18 h when PGF20 was luteolytic, and estrus began at 78 ± 5 h in these heifers. There was no rise in serum estradiol when heifers failed to exhibit estrus after PGF2 �. Thus, beginning within 18 h, elevated estrogen secretion may participate in the Iuteolysis begun by exogenous PGF2 �. Serum testosterone was unaffected by PGF20 injections before or after hysterectomy.
A new avenue for high efficiency solar cells: interaction of hot electrons with plasmons (Presentation Recording)

Hot electrons rapidly dissipate their extra free energy, typically into heat. This is the origin of the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit of the single junction solar cells. An even faster mechanism of electron-plasmon scattering is available in metals. We demonstrate by detailed simulations, that an ultra-thin solar cell with a composite metamaterial/plasmonic collector could yield efficiency exceeding the Shockley-Quasar limit. The composite collector has a double function: firstly, it is designed to participate in efficiently trapping light, and secondly, it is a plasmonic resonator tuned to absorb the energy of hot electrons, thus protecting them from phonon losses.