cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family conflict shapes how adolescents take risks when their family is affected

Numerous studies have established that the social context greatly affects adolescent risk taking. However, it remains unexplored whether adolescents' decision-making behaviors change when they take risks that affect other individuals such as a parent. In the current study, we sought to investigate how the social context influences risky decisions when adolescents' behavior affects their family using a formalized risk-taking model. Sixty-three early adolescents (Mage = 13.3 years; 51% female) played a risk-taking task twice, once during which they could make risky choices that only affected themselves and another during which their risky choices only affected their parent. Results showed that adolescents reporting high family conflict made more risky decisions when taking risks for their parent compared to themselves, whereas adolescents reporting low family conflict made fewer risky decisions when taking risks for their parent compared to themselves. These findings are the first to show that adolescents change their decision-making behaviors when their risks affect their family and have important implications for current theories of adolescent risk taking.
Dave Donaldson: Winner of the 2017 Clark Medal

The 2017 John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association was awarded to Dave Donaldson for his path-breaking contributions in international trade. Donaldson’s work sheds light on some of the central questions of international economics, ranging from the economic and welfare implications of market integration within a country to testing the core empirical predictions of models of international trade based on comparative advantage. In these areas, empirical work faces the challenge of taking into account the broader equilibrium implications of changes in policies or economic conditions—that is, the possibility that bilateral relations between two regions or countries will affect others via trade diversion or their effects on equilibrium prices. Donaldson’s work has managed to address these challenges by combining careful theory with detailed and creative empirical work. Indeed, this research strategy has turned Dave into a leader in the revival of empirical work in international trade.
Applied Chaos Level Test for Validation of Signal Conditions Underlying Optimal Performance of Voice Classification Methods.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to introduce a chaos level test to evaluate linear and nonlinear voice type classification method performances under varying signal chaos conditions without sub...
Monitoring molecular nonadiabatic dynamics with femtosecond X-ray diffraction

Ultrafast time-resolved X-ray scattering, made possible by free-electron laser sources, provides a wealth of information about electronic and nuclear dynamical processes in molecules. The technique provides stroboscopic snapshots of the time-dependent electronic charge density traditionally used in structure determination and reflects the interplay of elastic and inelastic processes, nonadiabatic dynamics, and electronic populations and coherences. The various contributions to ultrafast off-resonant diffraction from populations and coherences of molecules in crystals, in the gas phase, or from single molecules are surveyed for core-resonant and off-resonant diffraction. Single-molecule [Formula: see text] scaling and two-molecule [Formula: see text] scaling contributions, where N is the number of active molecules, are compared. Simulations are presented for the excited-state nonadiabatic dynamics of the electron harpooning at the avoided crossing in NaF. We show how a class of multiple diffraction signals from a single molecule can reveal charge-density fluctuations through multidimensional correlation functions of the charge density.
Our Good and Faithful Servant: James Moore Wayne and Georgia Unionism

Since the Civil War, historians have tried to understand why eleven southern states seceded from the Union to form a new nation, the Confederate States of America. What compelled the South to favor disunion over union? While enduring stereotypes perpetuated by the Myth of the Lost Cause cast most southerners of the antebellum era as ardent secessionists, not all southerners favored disunion. In addition, not all states were enthusiastic about the prospects of leaving one Union only to join another. Secession and disunion have helped shape the identity of the imagined South, but many Georgians opposed secession. This dissertation examines the life of U.S. Supreme Court Justice James Moore Wayne (1790-1867), a staunch Unionist from Savannah, Georgia. Wayne remained on the U.S. Supreme Court during the American Civil War, and this study explores why he remained loyal to the Union when his home state joined the Confederacy. Examining the nature of Wayne’s Unionism opens many avenues of inquiry into the nature of Georgia’s attitudes toward union and disunion in the antebellum era. By exploring the political, economic and social dimensions of Georgia Unionism and long opposition to secession, this work will add to the growing list of studies of southern Unionists. INDEX WORDS: James Moore Wayne, Unionism, Disunion, Secession, American South, Savannah, Georgia, Supreme Court of the United States, Civil War, Antebellum Georgia “OUR GOOD AND FAITHFUL SERVANT”: JAMES MOORE WAYNE AND GEORGIA UNIONISM
Neuroimaging for patients with nonacute headaches.

Neuroimaging is not usually warranted in patients with migraine and a normal neurologic examination, but physicians need to able to identify the red flags in patients who may have a more serious underlying cause for their headaches. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Icosahedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyriboviruses

Deoxyriboviruses having an apparent icosahedral symmetry and replicating in the cytoplasm have been titled “icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses” (ICDVs) (Kelly and Robertson, 1973; McAuslan and Armentrout, 1974). Members of this group are widely distributed in nature in a variety of hosts and include iridescent viruses from insects, lymphocystis virus from fish, amphibian viruses, African swine fever virus, and cauliflower mosaic and related viruses from plants (Granoff, 1969; Stoltz, 1971; Plowright, 1972; Kelly and Robertson, 1973). In this chapter we have chosen to retain the term “icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus,” but because of the diversity of properties of these viruses this term is inadequate for classification and nomenclature pur poses. We might compare this term to grouping papovaviruses, adenoviruses, and herpesviruses under the heading of “icosahedral nuclear deoxyriboviruses.” Our usage of this term merely defines those viruses that have or may have icosahedral symmetry, appear to replicate in the cytoplasm, and contain DNA. It does not imply any taxonomic relationships and includes viruses from plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The designation “ICDV” is useful in distinguishing these viruses from the morphologically distinct and structurally complex poxviruses, which also replicate in the cytoplasm (Moss, 1974).
Ayúdame! Who can help me? The help-seeking decisions of battered undocumented Latinas

This study considers the relationship between immigration status and the help-seeking behavior of Latinas victimized by intimate partner violence (IPV). In particular, comparisons were made within ...
Operational experience with and performance of the ATLAS Pixel Detector at the Large Hadron Collider

Abstract The operational experience and requirements to ensure optimum data quality and data taking efficiency with the 4-layer ATLAS Pixel Detector are discussed. The detector has undergone significant hardware and software upgrades to meet the challenges imposed by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is exceeding expectations for instantaneous luminosity by more than a factor of two (to more than 2 × 1 0 34 cm−2 s−1). Emphasizing radiation damage effects, the key status and performance metrics are described.
Talking About Proportion: Fraction labels impact numerical interference in non-symbolic proportional reasoning

Across two experiments, we investigated how verbal labels impact the way young children attend to proportional information, well before the introduction of formal fraction education. Five- to seven-year-old children were introduced to equivalent non-symbolic proportions labeled in one of three ways: (a) a single, categorical label for multiple fractions (both 3/4 and 6/8 referred to as "blick"), (b) labels that focused on the numerator [e.g., 3/4 labeled as "three blicks" (Experiment 1) or "three-fourths" (Experiment 2)], or (c) labels that had a complete part-whole structure ("three-out-of-four"). Children then completed measures of non-symbolic proportional reasoning that pitted whole-number information against proportional information for novel proportions. Across both experiments, children who heard the categorical labels were more likely to match non-symbolic displays based on proportion than children in any of the other conditions, who demonstrated higher levels of numerical interference. These findings suggest that fraction labels have the potential to shape children's attention to proportional information even in the context of non-symbolic part-whole displays and for children who are not familiar with formal fraction symbols. We discuss these findings in terms of children's developing understanding of proportional reasoning and its implications for fraction education.
Behavioral evidence for contextual olfactory-mediated avoidance of the ubiquitous phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea by Drosophila suzukii

Herbivorous insects may benefit from avoiding the smell produced by phytopathogens infecting plant host tissue if the infected tissue reduces insect fitness. However, in many cases the same species of phytopathogen can also infect host plant tissues that do not directly affect herbivore fitness. Thus, insects may benefit from differentiating between pathogen odors emanating from food and nonfood tissues. This is based on the hypothesis that unnecessarily staying attentive to pathogen odor from nonfood tissue may incur opportunity costs associated with not responding to other important survival functions. In this study adults of Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, an invasive larval frugivore, showed reduced attraction to the odor of raspberry fruit, a food tissue, when infected with Botrytis cinerea Pers., a ubiquitous phytopathogen, in favor of odors of uninfected raspberry fruit. Moreover, D. suzukii oviposited fewer eggs on infected raspberry fruit relative to uninfected raspberry fruit. Larval survival and adult size after eclosion were significantly reduced when reared on B. cinerea-infected raspberry relative to uninfected fruit. Interestingly, when the behavioral choice experiment was repeated using Botrytis-infected vs. -uninfected strawberry leaves, a nonfood tissue, in combination with fresh raspberry fruit, odor from B. cinerea-infected leaves did not reduce D. suzukii attraction to raspberries relative to raspberries with uninfected leaves. These behavioral results illustrate the important role context can play in odor-mediated interactions between insects, plants and microbes. We discuss implications of our findings for developing a repellent that can be useful for the management of D. suzukii.
Beyond the Migrant “Problem”: Visualizing Global Migration:

An area that has received comparatively little attention, in both postcolonial digital humanities and its overlap with studies of media and migration, is how geo-spatial data visualizations contrib...
Loss of a Cardiolipin Synthase in Helicobacter pylori G27 Blocks Flagellum Assembly.

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori uses a cluster of polar, sheathed flagella for motility, which it requires for colonization of the gastric epithelium in humans. As part of a study to identify factors that contribute to localization of the flagella to the cell pole, we disrupted a gene encoding a cardiolipin synthase (clsC) in H. pylori strains G27 and B128. Flagellum biosynthesis was abolished in the H. pylori G27 clsC mutant but not in the B128 clsC mutant. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that flagellar genes encoding proteins needed early in flagellum assembly were expressed at wild-type levels in the G27 clsC mutant. Examination of the G27 clsC mutant by cryo-electron tomography indicated the mutant assembled nascent flagella that contained the MS ring, C ring, flagellar protein export apparatus, and proximal rod. Motile variants of the G27 clsC mutant were isolated after allelic exchange mutagenesis using genomic DNA from the B128 clsC mutant as the donor. Genome resequencing of seven motile G27 clsC recipients revealed that each isolate contained the flgI (encodes the P-ring protein) allele from B128. Replacing the flgI allele in the G27 clsC mutant with the B128 flgI allele rescued flagellum biosynthesis. We postulate that H. pylori G27 FlgI fails to form the P ring when cardiolipin levels in the cell envelope are low, which blocks flagellum assembly at this point. In contrast, H. pylori B128 FlgI can form the P ring when cardiolipin levels are low and allows for the biosynthesis of mature flagella. IMPORTANCEH. pylori colonizes the epithelial layer of the human stomach, where it can cause a variety of diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. To colonize the stomach, H. pylori must penetrate the viscous mucous layer lining the stomach, which it accomplishes using its flagella. The significance of our research is identifying factors that affect the biosynthesis and assembly of the H. pylori flagellum, which will contribute to our understanding of motility in H. pylori, as well as other bacterial pathogens that use their flagella for host colonization.
Flow boiling in microchannel with synthetic jet in cross-flow

Abstract Flow boiling heat transfer in a microchannel with a micro synthetic jet powered by liquid/vapor phase change was studied. The synthetic jet had no moving parts and used the motion of the interfacial layer between vapor and liquid to propel liquid. Bubbles were generated on a micro heater in a chamber, 3.5 mm in radius and 220 µm tall, which was connected to the microchannel through a 300 µm nozzle opening. Periodic growth and collapse of bubbles in the chamber powered the synthetic jet. Using high-speed photography and a microscope, the sequence of bubble growth and collapse in the chamber, bubble nucleation in the microchannel, and their interaction with the synthetic jet were captured and analyzed. The jet velocity was estimated using image processing and its momentum coefficient was used to characterize the strength of the synthetic jet. The results showed that the synthetic jet enhanced nucleate flow boiling heat transfer in the microchannel by up to 20%. dry-out spots formed over the heated surface for high heat fluxes were mitigated by the synthetic jet as it assisted rewetting the surface and maintaining the integrity of the thin liquid film adjacent to the heated surface.
Immunobiology of bone marrow transplantation: studies using scid mice.

Natural killer (NK) cells are believed to be an effector cell capable of mediating bone marrow allograft rejection in lethally irradiated recipients. However, despite a large body of experimental evidence that suggests that NK cells can mediate specific marrow allograft rejection, the nature of the proposed target antigen present on the marrow stem cell and the mechanism by which NK cells can detect disparities has remained an enigma. NK cells are believed to recognize hematopoietic histocompatability (Hh-1 or Hh) antigens present on incompatible stem cells. Hh antigens are expressed in a noncodominant manner in which homozygosity at the MHC (H-2 in the mouse) is a prerequisite for the expression of Hh antigens (Bennett 1972). In other words, H-2 homozygous marrow grafts are resisted and H-2 heterozygous grafts proliferate. Hh antigens have proven to be elusive to isolate and characterize. However, through the analysis of the rejection patterns using recombinant mouse strains they have been shown to be distinct from class I MHC genes, and are encoded for by genes between the S and D locus of H-2 (Rembecki et al. 1988).
Planar arrangement of permanent magnets in design of a magneto-solid damper by finite element method:

This article studies the energy dissipation mechanism of a proposed magneto-solid damper using a three-dimensional finite element model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The energy dissipa...
Energy-efficient stateful logic with magnetic domain walls

Magnetic domain-wall devices, modulated by the spin-transfer torque or the spin-orbit torque effect, can implement logical operations in a manner that is inherently compact and cascadable. Using circuit simulations with micromagnetics-validated compact models, we evaluate the device requirements for domain-wall logic that has low latency, outperforms scaled CMOS logic in energy efficiency, and remains robust to process variations. We further show how the inherent non-volatility of these devices can be leveraged to construct stateful logic circuits that save energy and area relative to their CMOS counterparts and propose novel logic architectures that exploit the unique advantages of domain-wall devices.
CFD with Evolutionary Optimization for Stormwater Basin Retrofits

AbstractStormwater basins, which are subject to highly unsteady flows and loads, function as clarifiers for particulate matter (PM) and PM-bound constituents. Quasi-steady flow hydrodynamics in wat...
Three-Phase LCC-LCC Compensated 50-kW Wireless Charging System with Non-Zero Interphase Coupling

In this paper, an LCC-LCC compensated 50 kW 3phase (3φ) wireless charging system with nonzero interphase mutual inductance is demonstrated. The 3φ-LCC compensation is designed considering a nonzero mutual-inductance among the phase-coils to meet resonance criteria, balance voltages and currents of the resonant tank components, achieve desired voltage gain, and ensure the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation. An experimental prototype of the 3φ-LCC-LCC compensation circuit is built for a 50 kW bipolar coil-based 3φ wireless charging system. The prototype system was tested at rated 50 kW power for evaluating the efficiency, ZVS operation, electric and magnetic field emissions, and thermal characteristics. The experimental results show 94.3% dc-to-dc efficiency and only 4.4 μT rms magnetic field emission at the rated 50 kW output power.
Presuit Lawyer Information Duties Relevant to Civil Litigation

Presuit Lawyer Information Duties Relevant to Civil Litigation Emeritus Professor Jeffrey A. Parness Northern Illinois University College of Law 105 Marquette University Law Review ___ (forthcoming 2022) In both federal and state courts in the United States, there are significant civil procedure, professional responsibility, and substantive laws addressing presuit lawyer duties on creating, preserving, producing, and protecting information relevant to later civil litigation. These laws speak to lawyer conduct both in personally handling information and in overseeing the information acts of others. To date, the challenges these laws pose to lawyers have not been well examined, or even largely perceived. And, to date, lawyers have been left unaccountable for their personal violations of these duties. This article is the first to survey presuit lawyer information duties. It reviews more general laws that sometimes distinguish between certain types of information (as between esi and nonesi); vary between states; differ in federal and state settings; and, appear in several sources simultaneously (including statutes, court rules, and precedents). It also reviews some very special laws that are applicable to very particular information (like x-rays) or to limited types of lawsuits (like medical malpractice). The challenges posed by these laws are magnified when later civil litigation might involve several possible forums, with multistate lawyer or lawyer-related conduct. The article utilizes the 2001 federal circuit decision in Silvestri v. GMC, a prominent ruling on the federal procedural common law duty to preserve information, to explore presuit lawyer information duties. The paper suggests possible new written laws and common law precedents to serve better the goal of "just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding," as well as to guide civil lawyers on their obligations and civil judges on their enforcement powers. In particular, the article urges that lawyers (and their law firms), rather than or together with their clients, be held more personally accountable for presuit information duty violations, not unlike the accountability demanded of lawyers for their presuit pleading violations and for some of their presuit discovery violations. The article encourages greater employment of professional responsibility mechanisms when presuit lawyer information duties are breached, with use prompted by more disciplinary referrals by judges and lawyers that are expressly referenced in civil procedure discovery laws, as in some civil procedure pleading and motion practice laws. Finally, the article demonstrates the opportunities for substantive law claims on behalf of those harmed by presuit lawyer information failures, including claims in spoliation and/or malpractice.
THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF THE APPEARANCE OF NONDURABLE CONSUMER GOODS AND THEIR PACKAGING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Publisher Summary Vision has primacy in our sensory world such that information to our brains mediated by the visual sense comes to have a particularly powerful impact on, for example, consumers’ experience of nondurables. In a retail frame, this means that visual information and processes play a key role in the impact of nondurable products and packages on the consumer at the point of purchase. Moreover, the nature of typical food and convenience store layouts, and how consumers are caused to move through and shop them, elevates the impact of visuals by dictating to consumers the physical spaces they must cross, the paths they must follow, and the spaces they must occupy to browse product categories and consider brands for purchase. This chapter reviews the literature on product and package appearance, looking specifically at the effects of the main visual elements that comprise appearance—color, shape, and size. Research into these effects has received spotty attention at best, though it is generally understood that appearance is a strong mediator of attention, consideration, and choice. A primary reason for this lack of attention may be because these visual elements and appearance in general are both hard to conceptualize in concrete terms and to test in empirical terms. A primary reason for both these inabilities is that these visual elements are strongly interacting, both with each other and their environment, making them hard to think about, because they are so hard to isolate, and their effects hard to test, because there are so many confounds to account for experimentally. This chapter discusses those many important aspects of the effects of product and package appearance, which forms a rich field for future visual researchers. Given that much research interest was being retarded by the fact that many marketing researchers simply do not know how to approach experimental visual problems, it proposes a visual research methodology that may have general application to many visual problems.
Differential Emotions Theory

Differential emotions theory draws from a rich intellectual heritage and claims kinship with the classical works of Duchenne, Darwin, Spencer, Kierkegaard, Wundt, James, Cannon, McDougall, Dumas, Dewey, Freud, Rado, and Woodworth and with the more contemporary works of Jacobson, Sinnott, Mowrer, Gellhorn, Harlow, Bowlby, Simonov, Ekman, Holt, and Singer and many others. All of these scientists, representing several different disciplines and points of view, have in common a belief in the central importance of the emotions in motivation, social communication, cognition, and action. However, the contemporary writer most directly responsible for the ideological foundations of the theory presented here is Silvan Tomkins, whose brilliant two-volume work—Affect, Imagery, Consciousness—will be cited frequently throughout this volume.
Approximating weighted Max-SAT problems by compensating for relaxations

We introduce a new approach to approximating weighted Max-SAT problems that is based on simplifying a given instance, and then tightening the approximation. First, we relax its structure until it is tractable for exact algorithms. Second, we compensate for the relaxation by introducing auxiliary weights. More specifically, we relax equivalence constraints from a given Max-SAT problem, which we compensate for by recovering a weaker notion of equivalence. We provide a simple algorithm for finding these approximations, that is based on iterating over relaxed constraints, compensating for them one-by-one. We show that the resulting Max-SAT instances have certain interesting properties, both theoretical and empirical.
New Developments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer exists in several forms. Differentiated thyroid cancers include those with papillary and follicular histologies. These tumors exist along a spectrum of differentiation, and their incidence continues to climb. A number of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers now exist. These include molecular diagnostics and more advanced strategies for risk stratification. Medullary cancer arises from the parafollicular cells and not the follicular cells. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment differs from those of differentiated thyroid tumors. Genetic testing and newer adjuvant therapies have changed the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. This review will focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, workup, and treatment of both differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers, focusing specifically on newer developments in the field.
CXCL12-Producing Vascular Endothelial Niches Control Acute T Cell Leukemia Maintenance

The role of the microenvironment in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), or any acute leukemia, is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that T-ALL cells are in direct, stable contact with CXCL12-producing bone marrow stroma. Cxcl12 deletion from vascular endothelial, but not perivascular, cells impeded tumor growth, suggesting a vascular niche for T-ALL. Moreover, genetic targeting of Cxcr4 in murine T-ALL after disease onset led to rapid, sustained disease remission, and CXCR4 antagonism suppressed human T-ALL in primary xenografts. Loss of CXCR4 targeted key T-ALL regulators, including the MYC pathway, and decreased leukemia initiating cell activity in vivo. Our data identify a T-ALL niche and suggest targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling as a powerful therapeutic approach for T-ALL.
Robotic paediatric urology.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Robot assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) is slowly gaining acceptance in the field of paediatric urology. Accumulating data on safety and efficacy when performing paediatric robotic urologic procedures has led paediatric urologists to gradually embrace increasingly more complex reconstructive surgeries. Indeed, the unique and delicate movements generated by the robotic system make this technology ideal for children who often require reconstructive procedures. We critically review the current role of RALS in paediatric urology and to analyse the published data, with a special emphasis on the most common applications. We also propose a structured plan to expedite training and the surgical ‘learning curve’. OBJECTIVES • To critically review the current role of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) in paediatric urology and to analyse the published data, with a special emphasis on the most common applications. • One of the greatest benefits of RALS has been the ability to truly spread the application of minimally invasive surgery to paediatric surgical patients. The unique attributes of the robotic interface make this technology ideal for children with congenital anomalies, who often require reconstructive procedures. • We also propose a structured plan to expedite training and the surgical ‘learning curve’. PATIENTS AND METHODS • Currently, almost all urological surgical procedures in children have been performed with the assistance of the robotic interface. • The most commonly performed procedures include pyeloplasty, nephrectomy/hemi-nephrectomy and surgery for vesico-ureteric reflux. • Initial series of bladder augmentation and appendicovesicostomy are available. RESULTS • Initial results with RALS are encouraging and have shown safety similar to open procedures, and outcomes at least equivalent to standard laparoscopy. • Accumulating data have consistently shown that postoperative analgesia requirements and overall hospital stay are decreased. • However, operative durations are significantly longer than their open counterparts, but this is decreasing as experience accumulates. CONCLUSIONS • RALS is already part of paediatric urological surgery. • Larger single-institution case series and comparative studies with the open approach and multi-institutional meta-analyses will help to identify the benefits of RALS in paediatric urology.
Rotor modulation of helicopter antenna characteristics

The effect of rotor-blade rotation on a communication link between a helicopter and a satellite or a helicopter and a ground station could be severe depending on the type of antenna and the frequency of operation. For a transmitting or receiving antenna in close proximity to the rotor blades, the rotation itself may create harmonics that are dependent on the angular frequency of the rotor as well as the number of blades. This Doppler effect may impose severe limitations on the communication channel. In addition, rotor-blade rotation may alter other antenna characteristics including input impedance and polarization of the radiated field. This paper investigates the effect of rotor-blade rotation on the radiation characteristics of a 14-ft. high-frequency (HF) antenna mounted on a scaled helicopter model. Specifically, a quasi-stationary approach suggested by Van Bladel (1976) is used in conjunction with a full-wave method of moments code (NEC) to examine rotor modulation on the gain patterns and input impedance of this HF (2-12 MHz) antenna in the presence of a rotating rotor. The objective is to quantify the maximum modulation/variation of the gain and input impedance as a function of rotor orientation.
Defective cell cohesivity expressed late in the development of a Dictyostelium discoideum mutant

Abstract Mutant JC-5, derived from strain FR-17 which is itself a mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum , exhibits late in development a temperature-sensitive morphogenetic defect associated with the loss of EDTA-resistant cell cohesivity. At the permissive temperature (22°C) the morphogenetic sequence followed by JC-5 is in quality and timing like that of the parent strain. At the restrictive temperature (27°C) the mutant initially forms normal aggregates but starting at 11–12 hr these rapidly disperse to a smooth lawn of dissociated cells which nevertheless complete their differentiation into spores and stalk cells on schedule. Aggregates shifted from 22 to 27°C at 11 hr disperse promptly and completely, and those shifted even as late as 13–14 hr regress markedly. Aggregates shifted from 27 to 22°C at 11 hr continue normal morphogenesis uninterrupted and those shifted 1–2 hr later after significant dispersion has occurred can be rescued. These events observed on solid substratum are precisely correlated with the maintenance, loss, or recovery of EDTA-resistant cohesivity assayed in shaken suspension. Past the critical 11-hr stage (but not before) mutant cells can be made to lose cohesivity even at the permissive temperature by exposure to cycloheximide and, having lost it at the restrictive temperature, can regain cohesivity at the permissive temperature only in the absence of the inhibitor. In contrast, cycloheximide leaves the cohesivity of the parent strain unaffected at any stage. Ghosts derived from cohesive cells exhibit normal cohesivity when assayed at the permissive or restrictive temperature. Ghosts derived from noncohesive cells are noncohesive at either temperature. These results indicate that the defect lies in the inability of mutant cells late in development at the restrictive temperature to maintain or mobilize a critical level of a plasma membrane-associated moiety required for cohesion. If present, however, it can function at either temperature. Expression or repair of the cohesive defect was not accompanied by significant changes in the levels of contact site-A glycoprotein, assayed by electrophoretic mobility and labeling with [ 14 C]acetate, or of carbohydrate binding protein (“discoidin”), assayed by hemagglutinating activity. Correlative changes were observed in several proteins capable of binding with 125 I-labeled wheat germ agglutinin or concanavalin A but there is no indication as yet that any of them bears a causative relation to the defect.
Ultrathin self-assembled polymer films on solid surfaces 4. Electrochemical analysis of film microstructure on gold electrodes

Abstract Bound monolayer films of alkyldisulfide-grafted polyacrylates on gold electrodes were studied via electrochemical cyclic voltammetric methods. Ferricyanide, ruthenium hexamine, and alkyl viologen redox probes in aqueous electrolyte were used to reveal the response of coated ultrathin films on electrodes to different probe molecules, film defects, and surface coverages. Surface microstructure of these films assembled on gold electrodes probed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) produced electron-transfer blocking efficiencies very dependent upon the redox probe utilized. Current—voltage profiles using ferricyanide indicated efficient blocking of the electrochemistry mediated by aqueous redox probes while films probed with ruthenium hexamine exhibited a leakier structure. Poor redox blocking efficiencies were observed on these same coated electrodes using methyl and alkyl viologen redox probes, exhibiting a current spike corresponding to surface adsorption of reduced viologen species, indicating incomplete electrode surface coverage by the polymer monolayer films. Morphological changes in coated films upon exposure to organic solvent at various temperatures were also examined using CV analysis. Despite structural defects resulting from relatively loose-packed polymer film architecture, ellipsometric and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that a molecular or microscopic rearrangement of film components, rather than partial removal of coated films, is responsible for the observed changes in barrier properties.
Implications of absolute age and season of death data compiled for Recent Gemma gemma

Absolute age and season of death data, obtained by observation of daily growth increments in shell cross-sections, are compiled for Recent Gemma gemma (Eulamellibranchia: Veneridae) collected from four different assemblages. When absolute age and size-frequency data are compared for the same assemblage, the resulting histograms are quite different. Part of this difference is attributed to the fact that there is no definitive, linear correlation between shell length and absolute age. The value of absolute age determinations made by counting and observing external growth increments is questioned. It is found that by observing the shell's exterior it is easy to confuse sickness or spawning patterns with winter growth patterns. Such confusion results in assigning anomalously high absolute ages for individual shells. Also, the amount of time represented by external individual riblets varies geographically. Collected Gemma are found to have died at various times of the year, but primarily in autumn. This variability in season of death indicates that the assemblages are the result of natural rather than catastrophic mortality.
The volumetric determination of bismuth as bismuth-hydrogen iodide-oxin

A critical study has been made ofR. Berg andO. Wurm's method for the determination of bismuth as HBiJ4 oxin. The indirect method in which the excess of iodide is back titrated is recommended particularly in the determination of very small amounts of bismuth. Low results are obtained when the chloride concentration is greater than about 0,1N in the final mixture.
Second law analysis of fuel consumption in furnaces

Abstract Fuel utilization in a furnace is controlled by the theoretical temperature of fuel combustion TH, given by the relation T H = T c (l − r) . Here, Tc is the theoretical adiabatic flame temperature and r is the fraction of flue gases energy utilized in the furnace. TH is the temperature of the so-called “high temperature reservoir”. Furnace thermal efficiency, and the availability of the fuel chemical energy, are functions of TH. The notion of thermal efficiency is employed in minimizing fuel consumption. Using certain assumptions, the problem of heating in a batch furnace has been posed as a variational problem to be solved here. The solution shows that a constant rate of fuel supply can produce an optimal heating schedule. The thermodunamic minimum fuel consumption Eo is determined by the equation Eo = λ(√B + √D)2 In [ (T H − t i ) (T H − t f ) ]. Here, B is the rate of fuel consumption in a furnace without charge, D is the theoretical rate of heat absorption per batch if the furnace temperature is TH, λ is the batch time constant, and ti and tf are the mean initial and final batch temperatures. The comparison between the actual and the minimum thermodynamic fuel consumption in an operating furnace indicates how efficiency fuel is being utilized. Estimating Eo for various types of furnaces allows a selection of norms for fuel expenditure and economical heating techniques. The fuel consumed in heating a steel rod under constant furnace temperature is compared to the thermodynamic minimum fuel consumption. Energy overexpenditures running as high as 200% result from non-optimal process performance.
Special doctor's docket. Lethal injection: policy considerations for medicine

Michael Morales was convicted of brutally raping and killing 17-year-old Terri Winchell in 1981. For his crimes, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection using the State of California’s protocol. Morales challenged the use of lethal injection in federal court. He claimed the process was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th Amendment of the US Constitution. Specifically, he claimed that it was possible that the State’s sedation process may not result in his
Biosphere-Albedo Feedback and Climate Modeling

Abstract It is suggested that vegetational modification of the earth’s surface albedo, a process which occurs during a change in global climate, could produce a significant albedo-climate coupling or feedback mechanism. Employing the ice age of 18 000 years ago as a comparative climate, it is estimated that such a long-term biosphere-albedo feedback might roughly double the sensitivity of the global climate to factors which produce climatic change.
Numerical simulation of superoscillations of a Triton-bearing drop in microgravity

Large-amplitude nonlinear oscillations of an axially symmetric water drop of volume 7.33 cm3, initial aspect ratio 3.4, with surfactant Triton X-100 of 1.4×10−4 g ml−1 (1 CMC), in microgravity are compared with predictions of the boundary-integral method. The small shear viscosity of the bulk phase, as well as the surface dilatational viscosity and surface shear viscosity are considered. When a very specific set of material properties is assumed, numerical simulations of the drop oscillations are in good agreement with the experimental results of drop oscillations measured in space during the second United States Microgravity Laboratory, USML-2. The obtained surface viscosities are in rough agreement with literature values.
Morphological and physiological properties of parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing γ-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Evidence for the existence of different populations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the substantia nigra comes partially from anatomical studies, which have shown there to be little if any overlap between the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin and calretinin in individual neurons, suggesting that these may represent neuronal subtypes with distinct electrophysiological and/or anatomical properties. We obtained whole-cell recordings from neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in rat brain slices and labeled them with biocytin, followed by immunocytochemical staining for parvalbumin and calretinin. In other cases, neurons were retrogradely labeled from the thalamus or tectum and immunocytochemically identified to determine their projection sites. Intracellularly stained neurons were found to have a variety of somatic sizes and shapes. Reconstructions revealed that all parvalbumin- and calretinin-positive neurons issued at least one axon collateral, which ramified within the substantia nigra pars reticulata and/or pars compacta. Local collaterals were of medium caliber and branched modestly, expressing many long, smooth segments that then issued numerous en passant or terminal boutons, consistent with previous in vivo studies. There were no clear differences in the electrophysiological or morphological properties of neurons expressing parvalbumin or calretinin. Retrograde tracing experiments revealed that both parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing neurons project nonpreferentially to the thalamus or tectum. In sum, the parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata cannot be differentiated on the basis of their electrophysiological properties, morphological properties, or target nuclei, and both parvalbumin- and calretinin-containing projection neurons issue local axon collaterals that arborize within the substantia nigra.
Phonon dispersion, phonon specific heat, and Debye temperature of high-temperature superconductors.

A simple model representing the low-frequency acoustical and optical modes of the high-temperature superconductors (HTSC's) leads to a surprisingly realistic representation of the low-temperature specific heats ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{v}}$(T) and the corresponding Debye temperatures FTHETA(T) of the HTSC's. The model allows us to relate the characteristics and peculiarities of ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{v}}$(T) and FTHETA(T) directly to various features of the low-frequency phonon dispersion, and it is found that ${\mathit{c}}_{\mathit{v}}$ and FTHETA can exhibit rather well the identifiable features of phonon anomalies. For instance, a surprising result is that optic Einstein-like modes at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{E}}$=2 THz (h${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{E}}$/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$=96 K) in our model begin to have an effect at 6 K. This behavior has potentially important consequences for the procedure of separating the phonon contribution from the measured specific heat, in order to obtain the nonphonon specific-heat contributions. Another consequence of the occurrence of these Einstein modes is the presence of low-frequency phonons with large wave vectors, which means that umklapp scattering can begin to play a role at temperatures lower than usually assumed. This, in turn, may require a modification of the customary qualitative picture of the low-temperature electrical and thermal conductivities.
On the Neural Correlates of Visual Perception

Neurological findings suggest that the human striate cortex (V1) is an indispensable component of a neural substratum subserving static achromatic form perception in its own right and not simply as a central distributor of retinally derived information to extrastriate visual areas. This view is further supported by physiological evidence in primates that the finest-grained conjoined representation of spatial detail and retinotopic localization that underlies phenomenal visual experience for local brightness discriminations is selectively represented at cortical levels by the activity of certain neurons in V1. However, at first glance, support for these ideas would appear to be undermined by incontrovertible neurological evidence (visual hemineglect and the simultanagnosias) and recent psychophysical results on 'crowding' that confirm that activation of neurons in V1 may, at times, be insufficient to generate a percept. Moreover, a recent proposal suggests that neural correlates of visual awareness must project directly to those in executive space, thus automatically excluding V1 from a related perceptual space because V1 lacks such direct projections. Both sets of concerns are, however, resolved within the context of adaptive resonance theories. Recursive loops, linking the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through successive cortical visual areas to the temporal lobe by means of a series of ascending and descending pathways, provide a neuronal substratum at each level within a modular framework for mutually consistent descriptions of sensory data. At steady state, such networks obviate the necessity that neural correlates of visual experience project directly to those in executive space because a neural phenomenal perceptual space subserving form vision is continuously updated by information from an object recognition space equivalent to that destined to reach executive space. Within this framework, activity in V1 may engender percepts that accompany figure-ground segregations only when dynamic incongruities are resolved both within and between ascending and descending streams. Synchronous neuronal activity on a short timescale within and across cortical areas, proposed and sometimes observed as perceptual correlates, may also serve as a marker that a steady state has been achieved, which, in turn, may be a requirement for the longer time constants that accompany the emergence and stability of perceptual states compared to the faster dynamics of adapting networks and the still faster dynamics of individual action potentials. Finally, the same consensus of neuronal activity across ascending and descending pathways linking multiple cortical areas that in anatomic sequence subserve phenomenal visual experiences and object recognition may underlie the normal unity of conscious experience.
Sensitivity studies of modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor postulated accidents

Abstract The results of various accident scenario simulations for the two major modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) variants (prismatic and pebble bed cores) are presented. Sensitivity studies can help to quantify the uncertainty ranges of the predicted outcomes for variations in some of the more crucial system parameters, as well as for occurrences of equipment and/or operator failures or errors. In addition, sensitivity studies can guide further efforts in improving the design and determining where more (or less) R&D is appropriate. Both of the modular HTGR designs studied – the 400-MW(t) pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR, pebble) and the 600-MW(t) gas-turbine modular helium reactor (GT-MHR, prismatic) – show excellent accident prevention and mitigation capabilities because of their inherent passive safety features. The large thermal margins between operating and “potential damage” temperatures, along with the typically very slow accident response times (approximate days to reach peak temperatures), tend to reduce concerns about uncertainties in the simulation models, the initiating events, and the equipment and operator responses.