cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of Rhombohedral Sulphur

The allotropic form of sulphur first discovered by Engel1 has been variously termed Engel's sulphur, Sɛ, Sρ, Sϕ, trigonal sulphur, and rhombohedral sulphur. The molecule was shown to be hexameric by Aten2. Friedel3 found the crystals were hexagonal prisms terminated by a flat rhombohedron. Although these crystals are largely converted to a mixture of plastic and orthorhombic sulphur an hour or so after they have been exposed to air or X-rays, Frondel and Whitfield4 were able to determine the hexagonal lattice constants, show that the symmetry axis was three-fold, and demonstrate the absence of vertical planes of symmetry; the lattice constants, combined with the observed density1, give 18 sulphur atoms per unit cell. The quality of their photographs was such that they were unable to determine whether the lattice mode was hexagonal or rhombohedral. Their X-ray study, however, combined with the morphological observations, established the point group as C 3i–&3bar; and Donnay5 later pointed out that on purely morphological grounds the lattice is rhombohedral and that the space group is thus probably C 3i 2–R&3bar; (No. 148).
Loss of ascl1a prevents secretory cell differentiation within the zebrafish intestinal epithelium resulting in a loss of distal intestinal motility

The vertebrate intestinal epithelium is renewed continuously from stem cells at the base of the crypt in mammals or base of the fold in fish over the life of the organism. As stem cells divide, newly formed epithelial cells make an initial choice between a secretory or enterocyte fate. This choice has previously been demonstrated to involve Notch signaling as well as Atonal and Her transcription factors in both embryogenesis and adults. Here, we demonstrate that in contrast to the atoh1 in mammals, ascl1a is responsible for formation of secretory cells in zebrafish. ascl1a−/− embryos lack all intestinal epithelial secretory cells and instead differentiate into enterocytes. ascl1a−/− embryos also fail to induce intestinal epithelial expression of deltaD suggesting that ascl1a plays a role in initiation of Notch signaling. Inhibition of Notch signaling increases the number of ascl1a and deltaD expressing intestinal epithelial cells as well as the number of developing secretory cells during two specific time periods: between 30 and 34 hpf and again between 64 and 74 hpf. Loss of enteroendocrine products results in loss of anterograde motility in ascl1a−/− embryos. 5HT produced by enterochromaffin cells is critical in motility and secretion within the intestine. We find that addition of exogenous 5HT to ascl1a−/− embryos at near physiological levels (measured by differential pulse voltammetry) induce anterograde motility at similar levels to wild type velocity, distance, and frequency. Removal or doubling the concentration of 5HT in WT embryos does not significantly affect anterograde motility, suggesting that the loss of additional enteroendocrine products in ascl1a−/− embryos also contributes to intestinal motility. Thus, zebrafish intestinal epithelial cells appear to have a common secretory progenitor from which all subtypes form. Loss of enteroendocrine cells reveals the critical need for enteroendocrine products in maintenance of normal intestinal motility.
Nightside ionosphere of Mars: Radar soundings by the Mars Express spacecraft

[1] We present results of a survey of the nightside ionosphere of Mars as observed by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. The occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is studied as a function of solar zenith angle (SZA), magnetic field magnitude, and magnetic field inclination. It is shown that at locations with weak crustal magnetic fields the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere decreases with increasing SZA up to about 125°, suggesting that plasma transport from the dayside plays a crucial role in its formation. However, at locations with strong crustal magnetic fields, the dependence on SZA is no longer apparent and the inclination of magnetic field becomes a crucial parameter: the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is more than 4 times larger at locations with nearly vertical magnetic fields as compared to the locations with nearly horizontal magnetic fields. This indicates that impact ionization by precipitating electrons is the main ionization source at these locations. Observed peak electron densities are less than 2 × 104 cm−3 in the vast majority of cases. Lower estimates of altitudes of peak electron densities are mostly between 100 and 150 km.
Optimum classification in subband coding of images

This paper investigates the classification technique, applied to subband coding of images, as a way of exploiting the non-stationary nature of image subbands. An algorithm for maximizing the classification gain, is presented. Each subband is optimally classified and the classification map is sent as side information. After optimum rate allocation, the classes are encoded using arithmetic and trellis coded quantization (ACTCQ) system. We compare this approach with other approaches for classification proposed in the literature. We propose a method for reducing the side rate which exploits the dependence between subbands as well as the within band dependence. >
Restrictive compression techniques to increase level 1 cache capacity

Increasing cache latencies limit L1 cache sizes. In this paper we investigate restrictive compression techniques for level 1 data cache, to avoid an increase in the cache access latency. The basic technique - all words narrow (AWN) - compresses a cache block only if all the words in the cache block are of narrow size. We extend the AWN technique to store a few upper half-words (AHS) in a cache block to accommodate a small number of normal-sized words in the cache block. Further, we make the AHS technique adaptive, where the additional half-words space is adaptively allocated to the various cache blocks. We also propose techniques to reduce the increase in the tag space that is inevitable with compression techniques. Overall, the techniques in this paper increase the average L1 data cache capacity (in terms of the average number of valid cache blocks per cycle) by about 50%, compared to the conventional cache, with no or minimal impact on the cache access time. In addition, the techniques have the potential of reducing the average L1 data cache miss rate by about 23%.
A system for the specification and analysis of key management protocols

Describes a formal specification language and verification technique for analyzing key management protocols. A prototype verification tool that can be used to apply this technique is introduced. A protocol intended for use in the management of resource sharing, is formally specified and verified, and it is shown how the use of the considered techniques led to the discovery of a flaw that could be exploited by an intruder to convince a user of the system that he has obtained a service when he actually has not. >
Active Power Management of Electric Power System Using Emerging Power Electronics Technology

Operation of today's very large scale and interconnected electric power systems depends critically on the devices that facilitate management of power flow on the grid. These devices can be based on passive components such as capacitor and inductor, or rely on the solid state power electronics technology to achieve much faster control bandwidth. Widely known as FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) devices, these power electronics controllers can regulate voltage and improve stability, hence increasing power flow capability, or they can be used to directly control the power flow, or they can be used to separate regional grid from each other to reduce the interactions between these grids. More advanced applications include the incorporation of energy storage to shape the peak power requirement and to smooth the power output of large wind farms. While the benefit of an actively managed power grid is well understood, widespread use of power electronics controllers in electric power grid is still limited. The main reason behind this is the higher cost and perceived lower reliability. In this paper, the authors will discuss emerging power electronics controllers that are under development at Semiconductor Power Electronics Center of NC State University, and explain how these developments will facilitate wider and broader applications.
Linear Dimensionality Reduction for Margin-Based Classification: High-Dimensional Data and Sensor Networks

Low-dimensional statistics of measurements play an important role in detection problems, including those encountered in sensor networks. In this work, we focus on learning low-dimensional linear statistics of high-dimensional measurement data along with decision rules defined in the low-dimensional space in the case when the probability density of the measurements and class labels is not given, but a training set of samples from this distribution is given. We pose a joint optimization problem for linear dimensionality reduction and margin-based classification, and develop a coordinate descent algorithm on the Stiefel manifold for its solution. Although the coordinate descent is not guaranteed to find the globally optimal solution, crucially, its alternating structure enables us to extend it for sensor networks with a message-passing approach requiring little communication. Linear dimensionality reduction prevents overfitting when learning from finite training data. In the sensor network setting, dimensionality reduction not only prevents overfitting, but also reduces power consumption due to communication. The learned reduced-dimensional space and decision rule is shown to be consistent and its Rademacher complexity is characterized. Experimental results are presented for a variety of datasets, including those from existing sensor networks, demonstrating the potential of our methodology in comparison with other dimensionality reduction approaches.
Maternal depletion of NLRP5 blocks early embryogenesis in rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

BACKGROUND Genetic defects in the oocyte can lead to female infertility due to failures in early embryogenesis. NLRP5 (NLR family, Pyrin domain containing 5) is a maternal effect factor required for early embryo development beyond the 2-cell stage in mice. The NLRP5 gene is conserved in mammals. Applying RNA interference (RNAi) technique in the macaque oocyte, we studied the in vitro effect of NLRP5 in preimplantation embryo development in rhesus macaques. METHODS Macaque MII oocytes were collected and subjected to NLRP5 long double-stranded (ds) RNA microinjection, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro embryo culture. NLRP5 mRNA and protein expression were examined, and the progress of preimplantation embryo development was monitored until the blastocyst stage. RESULT While 46.7 and 41.4% of embryos derived from uninjected and EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein) dsRNA-injected oocytes (control) reached the blastocyst stage within 10 days of culture, respectively, only 7.0% of the NLRP5 knockdown embryos developed to term. The majority of NLRP5 knockdown embryos were arrested between the 8-cell and the 16-cell stages. CONCLUSIONS The work provides the first evidence that long dsRNA-mediated RNAi can be applied to specific gene silencing in rhesus macaque oocytes, and demonstrates that maternal NLRP5 plays an important role in preimplantation embryogenesis in non-human primates.
Fat-free mass and gender influences the rapid-phase excess postexercise oxygen consumption

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender dimorphism and body composition on post- exercise oxygen consumption during the rapid recovery phase. We compared the rapid-phase excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in men and women matched for age (32.1 years), physical activity status, and maximal oxygen con- sumption (44.7 mLkg -1 min -1 ), but not for body mass or fat-free mass (FFM). All subjects exercised for 1 h at 50% of their peak capacity. Although there were differences between genders in the magnitude of the absolute oxygen consump- tion and EPOC during the rapid phase of recovery, there were no differences found when EPOC was corrected for FFM. We conclude that the gender differences in the absolute O2 consumption and EPOC are related to the size of the FFM.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS OF THE APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES PRIMARILY IN THE UNITED STATES

An obvious need for an update and comprehensive study prompted this investigation of the complex environmental costs resulting from the nation’s dependence on pesticides. Included in this assessment of an estimated $12 billion in environmental and societal damages are analysis of pesticide impacts on public health; livestock and livestock product losses; increased control expenses resulting from pesticide-related destruction of natural enemies and from the development of pesticide resistance in pests; crop pollination problems and honeybee losses; crop and crop product losses; bird, fish, and other wildlife losses; and governmental expenditures to reduce the environmental and social costs of the recommended application of pesticides. The major economic and environmental losses due to the application of pesticides in the USA were: public health, $1.1 billion year-1; pesticide resistance in pests, $1.5 billion; crop losses caused by pesticides, $1.1 billion; bird losses due to pesticides, $2.2 billion; and ground water contamination, $2.0 billion.
Liberalizing Restrictions on Political Activities of State Employees: Perceptions of High-Level State Executives

Examination of state executives' perceptions of state Hatch Acts from a 1988 survey indicates that about two-fifths of those that responded think their present political activity level would increase if existing restrictions on political involvement were relaxed. Those respondents professed a slightly higher inclination for increased political participation than those in a 1977 study. Executives who are female, young, black, newcomers, and affiliated with social service agencies demonstrate the greatest potential for political activism stemming from liberalized state Hatch Acts. Debate continues over the question of whether state executives will act on these predilections and convert perceptions into behavior.
The origin of sedimenting detrital matter in a coastal system

Total sedimentation and the fraction due to copepod fecal pellets were measured during the growth season (March-October 1989) in the southern Kattegat, Denmark. In this period the sedimentation of detritus made up 52 g C m -2 , equal to 82% of the sedimenting matter from the euphotic zone, but fecal pellets (11 g C m -2 ) constituted only a minor fraction. The remaining detrital matter was produced by other heterotrophs than copepods. Published data on heterotrophic biomass and grazing obtained during the investigation in the Kattegat are reviewed in order to relate the sedimentation to processes in the pelagic system. Copepod defecation nearly equaled the sedimentation of fecal pellets, indicating that retention of this matter in the pelagic system was insignificant. A considerable fraction (10-24%) of the carbon flow processed by heterotrophic pico-, nano-, and microplankton was converted to detritus that was lost from the mixed system by sedimentation. The microbial food web is thus not an exclusively regenerating system.
Age-related patterns of DHEAS among Turkana males of northern Kenya

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) has been widely associated with aging, but little is known about age-related decline of DHEAS in non-western populations. To determine the age-related pattern of DHEAS and its relationship to nutritional status in a subsistence population, we sampled Turkana nomads from northern Kenya. Subjects were 108 nomadic and 90 settled Turkana males, estimated ages 20 to 80+. Measures included blood DHEAS, height, weight, skinfolds, and waist circumference. Overall nomads exhibited less adiposity (5.7 ± 1.8% versus 9.0 ± 3.3% body fat) and higher blood DHEAS levels (5.2 ± 3.3 µM versus 4.1 ± 3.1 µM; p = 0.03). Age pattern of DHEAS was curvilinear, peaking in the 30s and 40s. General linear models (GLM) showed that blood DHEAS levels among men over 70 years of age were significantly lower than those in their 30s and 40s. Controlled for age, blood DHEAS was not related to adiposity. These results suggest that DHEAS levels were higher in those individuals who were calorie restri...
Two Distinct Emotional Experiences in Romantic Relationships: Effects of Perceptions Regarding Approach of Intimacy and Avoidance of Conflict

This study examined how perceived position and velocity regarding approach and avoidance in romantic relationships relate to affective experiences. The authors hypothesized that perceived progress toward intimacy would predict positive affect and that perceived movement toward conflict would predict anxious affect. Ninety-two romantic couples recorded perceived levels of, and perceived changes in, both intimacy and conflict twice daily throughout 10 consecutive days using electronic palm-top devices. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that perceived increase in intimacy related to positive affect above and beyond perceptions of intimacy, conflict, and changes in conflict, for both male and female partners. Perceived increase in conflict related to anxious affect above and beyond perceptions of conflict, intimacy, and changes in intimacy, but only among male partners. Findings support a dual-process view of these feelings in romantic relationships and suggest that increases in positive feelings in close rela...
Moderate GLUT4 Overexpression Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Fasting Triglyceridemia in High-Fat Diet–Fed Transgenic Mice

The GLUT4 facilitative glucose transporter mediates insulin-dependent glucose uptake. We tested the hypothesis that moderate overexpression of human GLUT4 in mice, under the regulation of the human GLUT4 promoter, can prevent the hyperinsulinemia that results from obesity. Transgenic mice engineered to express the human GLUT4 gene and promoter (hGLUT4 TG) and their nontransgenic counterparts (NT) were fed either a control diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 10 weeks. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance scores revealed that hGLUT4 TG mice fed an HFD remained highly insulin sensitive. The presence of the GLUT4 transgene did not completely prevent the metabolic adaptations to HFD. For example, HFD resulted in loss of dynamic regulation of the expression of several metabolic genes in the livers of fasted and refed NT and hGLUT4 TG mice. The hGLUT4 TG mice fed a CD showed no feeding-dependent regulation of SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA expression in the transition from the fasted to the fed state. Similarly, HFD altered the response of SREBP-1c and FAS mRNA expression to feeding in both strains. These changes in hepatic gene expression were accompanied by increased nuclear phospho-CREB in refed mice. Taken together, a moderate increase in expression of GLUT4 is a good target for treatment of insulin resistance.
Biomedical engineering: University of Pennsylvania-from research laboratory to a leader in educational institutions for bioengineering

The evolution of the Electromedical Laboratory of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania into a biomedical engineering department is summarized. Administrative and educational details for the period when the author served as head and chair (1952-1973) are related. >
Mapping Binary Functions to a Practical Adiabatic Quantum Computer

Efficiently mapping binary functions to adiabatic quantum computers is an important problem because the resulting circuits can be used as oracles in Grover's algorithm. This paper presents a method for mapping binary functions to a two-dimensional grid of qubits with nearest neighbor interactions which is used in a prototype from D-Wave Systems. This is done by writing the binary function in a special form. This allows the binary function to be implemented by converting each gate into a 3-local Hamiltonian. These 3-local Hamiltonians are then converted into two-local Hamiltonians which are mapped to the grid of qubits.
Accuracy of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score during the First 3 Hours of Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke: Comparison of Noncontrast CT, CT Angiography Source Images, and CT Perfusion

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is a reliable method of delineating the extent of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. Our aim was to retrospectively compare the accuracy of ASPECTS on noncontrast CT, CT angiography (CTA) source images, and CT perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume (CBV) during the first 3 hours of middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First-time patients with MCA stroke who presented RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients satisfied the criteria with DWI performed at a mean of 50.3 hours (range, 22–125 hours) post-CT imaging. Of 280 ASPECTS regions, 100 were infarcted on DWI. The accuracy of noncontrast CT, CTA source images, and CT perfusion CBV for detecting regional infarct was 80.0%, 84.3%, and 96.8%, respectively (P CONCLUSION: In a retrospective cohort of MCA infarcts imaged
Cell attachment and penetration by influenza virus.

Abstract Attachment and penetration of influenza virus into clone 1-5C-4 cells were quantitatively determined by the immunofluorescent cell-counting assay. Aided by centrifugal force, more than 95% of virus inocula of five representative influenza virus strains (A0/PR8, A1/Ann Arbor, A2/Japan, B/Lee, B/Great Lakes) were attached to cells at a linear rate within 10 min, in contrast to approximately 35% after stationary incubation at 35 C for 2 h. By the former procedure, a proportionality between the number of infected cells and volume of inoculum was revealed which was not evident when stationary incubation was employed. Maximal binding of virus to cells occurred at 0.2 M NaCl. The salt requirement, added to evidence of pH dependence and temperature independence, indicated that the initial virus-cell union involved electrostatic forces. Virus penetration into cells, measured by the insensitivity of virus-cell complexes to antiviral serum, was linear and complete within 15 min at 35 C for all five virus strains tested. Maximal virus penetration occurred at 0.1 to 0.2 M NaCl; the process was pH- and temperature-dependent. Both virus attachment and penetration processes were partially inhibited in the presence of diethylaminoethyl-dextran.
The voltage across wide pH range immobilized pH gradient gels and its modulation through the addition of carrier ampholytes

In pH 4–10 immobilized pH gradient (IPG) electrophoresis, one observes (a) partial failure of the sample to enter the gel; (b) which halt protein migration; (c) absence of defined transient state band patterns; (d) lateral zone spreading and distorted zone profiles; (d) uneven voltage profiles with a distinct voltage maximum; (f) difficulty in measuring pH profiles with the contact electrode. These problems are remedied through the addition of 0.1 to 1 % carrier ampholytes (CA) to the IPG gel. Problems (a) to (c) disappear in IPG tube gels. IPG in presence of CAs (ICAPG) of pI-range 3.5–9.5 or 6–8 yields a pH gradient, a protein pattern and a pH gradient stability essentially the same as that in IPG gels of the same pH-range 4–10. ICAPG is insensitive to ionic strength of the sample up to 0.1 M. Gel swelling and water exudation increase in ICAPG which make ICAPG in tube gels inapplicable when CA concentrations exceed 0.1 %.
Superconductors in Thermometry

Various properties of superconductors show monotonic temperature dependences, so that in principle they may be used as thermometric parameters. Other properties can be utilized in devices which find convenient application in thermometry. Of the many possible examples, we will examine several which have found some actual use either as thermometers or detectors in thermometry.
D-Cycloserine: An Evolving Role in Learning and Neuroplasticity in Schizophrenia

As a partial agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, D-cycloserine (DCS) has been viewed as lacking potency to fully test the NMDA receptor hypofunction theory of schizophrenia. However, findings of full agonist activity at a subset of NMDA receptors that may have particular relevance to schizophrenia, plus a growing body of evidence demonstrating enhancement of learning and neuroplasticity in animal models, suggest novel therapeutic strategies with DCS in schizophrenia. Preliminary studies with once-weekly administration have supported this potential new role for DCS in schizophrenia by demonstrating benefit for negative symptoms, memory consolidation, and facilitation of cognitive behavioral therapy for delusions.
Induction of Myocarditis and Valvulitis in Lewis Rats by Different Epitopes of Cardiac Myosin and Its Implications in Rheumatic Carditis

Immune responses against cardiac myosin and group A streptococcal M protein have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Although cardiac myosin is known to produce myocarditis in susceptible animals, it has never been investigated for its role in production of valvular heart disease, the most serious sequelae of group A streptococcal infection in acute rheumatic fever. In our study, cardiac myosin induced valvulitis in the Lewis rat, and epitopes responsible for production of valvulitis were located in the rod region. Human and rat cardiac myosins induced severe myocarditis in the Lewis rats as expected. A purified S2 fragment (amino acid sequences 842 to 1295) produced the most severe myocarditis as well as valvulitis. Different regions of light meromyosin produced valvulitis (residues 1685 to 1936) or myocarditis (residues 1529 to 1611). Because streptococcal M proteins produced valvular heart disease in Lewis rats and have been linked to anti-cardiac myosin responses, we reacted myosin-sensitized lymphocytes isolated from the hearts of Lewis rats with peptides of streptococcal M5 protein in tritiated thymidine assays. Infiltrating lymphocytes responded most strongly to peptides within the B repeat region of streptococcal M protein. These data show direct evidence that immune responses against cardiac myosin lead to valvular heart disease and the infiltration of the heart by streptococcal M protein reactive T lymphocytes.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Chemotherapy in an Orthodox Jewish Patient

Objective.Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for cardiopulmonary support offers survival possibilities to patients who otherwise would succumb to cardiac failure. Often referred to as “a bridge to recovery,” involving a ventricular assist device or cardiac transplantation, this technology only affords temporary cardiopulmonary support. Physicians may have concerns about initiating VA-ECMO in patients who, in the absence of recovery or transfer to longer-term therapies, might assert religious or cultural objections to the terminal discontinuation of lifesustainingtherapy(LST).WepresentanovelcaseofVA-ECMO
Using mice to treat (wo)men: mining genetic changes in patient xenografts to attack breast cancer.

In this issue of Cell Reports , Li et al. show that the analysis of genetic changes in patient-derived xenografts can reveal crucial details of tumor evolution, such as the emergence of functional estrogen receptor mutations in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
Six sigma: building a bridge between product design and manufacturing

Discusses the pursuit of variation reduction through elimination of waste, rework and scrap, non-value-added effort, elimination of defects, increased consistency and stability, and movement of processes on target.
Electrostatic Mode Coupling of Beat-Excited Electron Plasma Waves

The process of beat excitation of electron plasma waves in a plasma containing a density ripple is studied theoretically, experimentally, and computationally. A simple theoretical model has been developed which, for modest experimental parameters, predicts a new beat wave saturation mechanism. This mechanism involves the excitation of a spectrum of secondary electrostatic modes which divert pump energy from the beat wave and can lead to saturation of the beat wave at an amplitude well below that expected for relativistic detuning. Experiments designed to study the coupled mode spectrum were performed. The measured properties of the electrostatic spectrum are in reasonable agreement with the theory. To bridge the gap between the idealized model and the experiment, computer simulations were performed for a variety of parameters. The results of the simulations are in excellent agreement with the theory at early times prior to the onset of purely kinetic effects. For later times the simulations exhibit qualitative behavior which is consistent with the experimental measurements. Under certain conditions the model predicts the thermal quenching of the mode coupling saturation mechanism. These predictions are also verified in the simulations.
Does the strength of evidence support recommending acupuncture to relieve cancer-related fatigue?

Cancer-related fatigue (fatigue) is reported as the most distressing and persistent symptom experienced by breast cancer patients during and after adjuvant treatment (1,2) and by patients with mixed diagnoses at the end of life (3).
Plume Characterization of the NEXT Thruster Under Extended Throttle Conditions

Plume characteristics of the NEXT thruster have been examined for a substantial number of high thrust to power, low specific impulse operating points that go beyond the standard throttle table. Angular flux profiles were measured in plume near-field and mid-field using two planar probe types. Charge ratios were determined in the mid-field using an E×B probe, with limited axial scans of J ++ and J + to determine distance dependence and aid charge ratio corrections for charge exchange effects. Thrust loss factors due to charge ratio have been calculated for the various operating points, including an extensive series where propellant utilization was varied. The data show good consistency with respect to previous results for the standard throttle table.
A neo-Aristotelian account of education, justice, and the human good

This article sketches the contours of a neo-Aristotelian account of education, justice, and the human good, organized around a sequence of three increasingly distinctive features of the Aristotelia...
Induction of Macroconidium Formation in Fusarium Moniliforme

Many non-macroconidial Fusarium isolates were recovered from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) plants with symptoms of the decline-and-replant disease. When grown on commonly used and recommended media, many of these isolates produced microconidia in chains on subulate phialides and on the basis of this characteristic were tentatively identified as F. moniliforme. Nineteen nonmacronidial isolates were randomly selected for this study. All produced microconidia in chains on water agar, potato dextrose agar, acid potato dextrose agar, corn meal agar, modified cornmeal agar and autoclaved cereal grains. Seventeen nonmacroconidial isolates produced abundant microconidia and some macroconidia on corn meal agar. Within 14 da, all 19 isolates formed an abundance of both spore forms on sterilized cereal grains.
Assessing Creativity: Creating a Rubric to Effectively Evaluate Mediated Digital Portfolios

Objectively assessing student creative work in the fields associated with mass media can be problematic. Communicating expectations to students, as well as providing them with a clear yet flexible ...
Assessing Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security Worldwide

The combination of a warming Earth and an increasing population will likely strain the world's food systems in the coming decades. Experts involved with the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) focus on quantifying the changes through time. AgMIP, a program begun in 2010, involves about 800 climate scientists, economists, nutritionists, information technology specialists, and crop and livestock experts. In mid-September 2015, the Aspen Global Change Institute convened an AgMIP workshop to draft plans and protocols for assessing global- and regional-scale modeling of crops, livestock, economics, and nutrition across major agricultural regions worldwide. The goal of this Coordinated Global and Regional Integrated Assessments (CGRA) project is to characterize climate effects on large- and small-scale farming systems.
Cost, energy and emissions assessment of organic polymer light-emitting device architectures

Abstract Proponents for sustainable alternative lighting and display options advocate for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), particularly polymer-based organic light-emitting diodes (P-OLEDs), because of their potential for low-cost fabrication, more versatile device formats and lower power consumption compared to traditional options. Here, an economic, energy and CO 2 emissions assessment is carried out for four different laboratory-scale, blue-emitting P-OLED device architectures: bottom-emitting conventional; bottom-emitting inverted; top-emitting conventional; and top-emitting inverted. Additionally, comparisons with a standard, commercial-scale, blue inorganic light-emitting diode (LED) device architecture are made. The various P-OLED device architectures are investigated due to their potential to increase operational lifetime (inverted) and light out-coupling efficiency (top-emitting). The following metrics are used in this assessment: device cost per area; yearly operating cost; optical power cost; CO 2 emissions from device production; and yearly operating CO 2 emissions. We show that the top-emitting inverted device architecture significantly reduces the device cost per area, yearly operating cost, optical power cost and CO 2 emissions for the P-OLED devices, due to elimination of indium tin oxide and its comparatively high luminous efficacy and longer lifetime. In addition, the top-emitting inverted P-OLED device architecture performs competitively at the laboratory scale with commercial-scale inorganic LEDs for all metrics. However, if top-emitting P-OLEDs are to be manufactured on a large scale, the luminous efficacy assumed for laboratory-scale devices needs to remain constant throughout development to remain competitive.
How Working Memory Mediates the Relationship Between Incivility and Performance

Incivility in the workplace is a costly problem for managers. Incivility has been found to have serious negative implications when it is experienced directly and even when it is simply witnessed. T...
On-line EEG Denoising and Cleaning Using Correlated Sparse Signal Recovery and Active Learning

We have developed two new methods that use sparse recovery and active learning techniques for near real-time artifact identification and removal in electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. The first algorithm, called Correlated Sparse Signal Recovery addresses the problem of structured sparse signal recovery when statistical rather than exact properties describing the structure of the signal are appropriate, as in the elimination of eye movement artifacts; such tasks cannot be done efficiently using structured models that assume a common sparsity profile of fixed groups of components. Our algorithm learns structured sparse coefficients in a Bayesian paradigm. Using it, we have successfully identified and subtracted eye movement (structured) artifacts in real EEG recordings resulting in minimal data loss. Our method outperforms Independent Component Analysis and standard sparse recovery algorithms by preserving both spectral and complexity properties of the denoised EEG. Our second method uses a new active selection algorithm that we call Output-based Active Selection (OAS). When applied to the task of detection of EEG epochs containing other non-structured artifacts from an ensemble of detectors, OAS boosts accuracy of the ensemble from 91 to 97.5% with only 10% active labels. Our methods can also be applied to real-time artifact removal in magnetoencephalography and blood pressure signals.
Outcomes of second line treatment in patients with advanced and metastatic biliary cancers.

420Background: Advanced biliary cancers respond poorly to chemotherapy and have a dismal survival. Currently gemcitabine-cisplatin (GC) is the standard of care for patients with advanced disease. The efficacy of second line treatment options is not well-defined. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes of patients undergoing second line treatment for advanced biliary cancers at Mayo Clinic. Methods: After obtaining approval from the institutional board review (IRB), we identified 42 patients with advanced and metastatic biliary cancers that progressed after first line (GC) and received second line treatment from 2007-2014. All patients had adequate follow up data. JMP software was used for statistical analysis. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used for survival analysis, and multivariate cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the prognostic effect of pertinent clinical variables. All tests were two sided and a P value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The median age at di...
Occupational therapy, physical therapy and speech-language pathology in the neonatal intensive care unit: Patterns of therapy usage in a level IV NICU.

Abstract Objectives 1) To describe the use of occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT) and speech-language pathology (SLP) services in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 2) to describe predictors of early therapy usage, and 3) to test the hypothesis that more NICU-based therapy will relate to better neurobehavioral outcomes. Methods Seventy-nine infants born ≤32 weeks gestation had therapy interventions, as standard of care, tracked across NICU hospitalization. Infants received neurobehavioral testing prior to NICU discharge. Results All (100%) received OT and PT, and 41 (51%) received SLP. The average age at initiation of OT, PT, and SLP was 30.4 ± 1.4, 30.3 ± 1.4, and 35.9 ± 2.3 weeks postmenstrual age, respectively. Infants received therapy an average of 1.8 ± .4, 1.8 ± .4 and 1.1 ± .5 times per week for OT, PT and SLP, respectively. There were 56 different therapeutic interventions performed. There was overlap in the interventions provided by different NICU therapists; however, interventions unique to each discipline were identified. More therapy was not related to better neurobehavioral outcomes, but rather more frequent therapy could be attributed to more complex medical conditions (p Conclusion Early therapy services in the NICU can start early in gestation and continue routinely until NICU discharge in order to optimize outcomes. These findings can aid our understanding of how neonatal therapy services are implemented in a level IV NICU.
Stress and Response to Treatment: Insights From a Pilot Study Using a 4-week Contemplative Self-Healing Meditation Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress in Breast Cancer:

Along with symptoms of anxiety and depression, many breast cancer survivors experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that may worsen in the setting of other stressful life events. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate whether a 4-week version of our Contemplative Self-Healing program would have different effects in reducing PTSD symptoms between breast cancer survivors with or without chronic stress at baseline. PTSD symptoms were measured using the Impact of Events scale (IES). A linear mixed model analysis was used to evaluate within patients changes in IES score. Results showed that breast cancer patients who were experiencing chronic stress reported greater improvement in IES score than those without chronic stress. Our preliminary findings shed light on the need to evaluate life stressors in breast cancer patients. Evaluating chronic stress may be essential in predicting which cancer patients may benefit most from a psychological intervention.
CMA-676: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Results

Investigators in Europe and North America have been involved in clinical trials of a new agent for the treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), gemtuzumab ozogamicin (CMA-676, Mylotarg™). Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is a conjugate of a monoclonal antibody and a potent cytotoxin. It has completed phase II trials and has been approved in the USA for the treatment of patients > 60 years old with AML in first relapse who are not considered candidates for conventional chemotherapy.
Race and Women's Identity Development: Distinguishing Between Feminism and Womanism Among Black and White Women

Black and White women may experience feminist identity development differently, and the womanist (Ossana, Helms, & Leonard, 1992) and feminist (Downing & Roush, 1985) identity development models may differ in their ability to capture those experiences. Black (n = 29) and White (n = 94) female college students completed a questionnaire that included feminist identity, womanist identity, and self-esteem scales. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis that Black women would agree more strongly with the womanist model, whereas White women would agree more strongly with the feminist model. In addition, the womanist model better differentiated between stages of identity development than did the feminist model for Black women. Results also partially supported the hypothesis that race would moderate the relationships between the womanist and feminist identity models and self-esteem.
Increased Glucose Uptake and Superoxide Anion Production after Priming or Activation of Hepatic Phagocytes: A Potential Source of Liver Damage

Although the cellular heterogeneity of the liver has been recognized for many years, the potential physiologic and pathophysiologic importance of the various sinusoidal cells has only been appreciated during the last several years (Brouwer, et al, 1988; Anthony and Summerfield, 1988). It is now known that the nonparenchymal cells of the liver perform a variety of important functions that are interrelated with one another and with the normal functioning of the hepatocytes. Due to an improved understanding of the influence of infection and inflammatory conditions on the reticuloendothelial elements, interest is now focused on the functional activities of the Kupffer and hepatic endothelial cells, and their role in immunomodulation. Furthermore, details of the intercellular communication among the various types of liver cells have also attracted much attention (Kuiper et al, 1988). Similarly, information concerning the phagocytosis of microorganisms and bactericidal action of mononuclear phagocytes, as well as the adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelial surface and their subsequent sequestration in various tissues, have also expanded (Harlan, 1985).
Intelligent Learning by Doing Tools for Technical and Dialectical Knowledge

New members entering productive organizations require considerable training. Computer tools can support such training by providing an opportunity to learn while engaging in authentic activities and receiving appropriate coaching. We describe two tools that incorporate this approach. Sherlock, an existing computer coach, is an effective environment for learning how to troubleshoot complex electronic devices. A newer research effort focuses on tools for supporting knowledge-building argumentation and scientific theory evaluation in post-elementary school science education. Both tools offer users opportunities for reflecting on their own performance and support individual as well as collaborative learning.
Racial Differences in Perceptions of Psoriasis Therapies: Implications for Racial Disparities in Psoriasis Treatment

In the United States, black patients are less likely than white patients to receive biologic treatment for their psoriasis. We conducted a qualitative free-listing study to identify patient-generated factors that may explain this apparent racial disparity in psoriasis treatment by comparing the perceptions of biologics and other psoriasis therapies between white and black adults with psoriasis. Participants included 68 white and black adults with moderate to severe psoriasis who had and had not received biologic treatment. Each participant was asked to list words in response to verbal probes querying five psoriasis treatments: self-injectable biologics, infliximab, methotrexate, apremilast, and phototherapy. Salience scores indicating the relative importance of each word were calculated, and salient words were compared across each race/treatment group. Participants who had experience with biologics generally associated positive words with self-injectable biologics. Among biologic-naive participants, "apprehension," "side effects," and "immune suppression" were most salient. "Unfamiliar" and "dislike needles" were salient only among black participants who were biologic naive. Participants were generally unfamiliar with the other psoriasis therapies except phototherapy. Unfamiliarity with biologics, particularly among black, biologic-naive patients, may partly explain the existing racial disparity in biologic treatment for psoriasis and might stem from lack of exposure to or poor understanding of biologics.
Fronto-striatal relationships in primate ontogeny.

A comparative investigation on the development of fields in the brain cortical frontal area and in the caudate nucleus was performed in pre- and postnatal life of the monkey and the man. Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics and quantitative methods were applied. Volumes of fields 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 47, complex of fields 44+45+56 and the caudate nucleus were measured, the size of neuronal bodies was determined. A definite connection in the development of the caudate nucleus and the fields of the frontal area was stated. The development of these formations was found to proceed unevenly: to a definite period, the development of the caudate nucleus dominates (in Macacus ontogenesis--up to a half--one year of life, in human ontogenesis--up to 2-4 years of life). Then the development of the caudate nucleus becomes slower comparing that of the frontal fields.
Systematic Review of Hearing Loss Genes in the African American Population.

OBJECTIVE Literature review of the genetic etiology of hearing loss (HL) in the African American (AA) population. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EBSCO, and CINAHL were accessed from 1966 to 2018. REVIEW METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed. Search terms included permutations of "hearing loss," "African American," "black," and "genetic"; "African American" was then cross-referenced against documented HL genes. AA subjects included in multiethnic cohorts of genetic HL testing were identified by searching the key terms "hearing loss" and "ethnic cohort" and "genetic." The Q-Genie tool was used in the quality assessment of included studies. An allele frequency meta-analysis of pathogenic GJB2 variants in the AA population was performed and stratified by hearing status. RESULTS Four hundred seventeen articles were reviewed, and 26 met our inclusion criteria. Ten studies were included in the GJB2 meta-analysis. In the general AA population, pathogenic GJB2 variants are rare, including the 35delG allele, which displayed a carrier frequency of 0.05%. Pathogenic variants were discovered in seven nonsyndromic HL genes (GJB2, MYO3A, TECTA, STRC, OTOF, MYH14, TMC1), eight syndromic HL genes, and one mitochondrial HL gene. Recent comprehensive genetic testing using custom genetic HL testing platforms has yielded only a 26% molecular diagnosis rate for HL etiologies in the AA population. CONCLUSIONS Investigators should be encouraged to provide an ethnic breakdown of results. Sparse literature and poor diagnosis rates indicate that genes involved in HL in the AA population have yet to be identified. Future explorative investigations using next-generation sequencing technologies, such as whole-exome sequencing, into the AA population are warranted.
Principles of Dynamic Heterogeneous Catalysis: Surface Resonance and Turnover Frequency Response

Acceleration of the catalytic transformation of molecules via heterogeneous materials occurs through design of active binding sites to optimally balance the requirements of all steps in a catalytic...