cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multisubcellular Compartment Model of AMPA Receptor Trafficking for Neuromodulation of Hebbian Synaptic Plasticity

Neuromodulation can profoundly impact the gain and polarity of postsynaptic changes in Hebbian synaptic plasticity. An emerging pattern observed in multiple central synapses is a pull-push type of control in which activation of receptors coupled to the G-protein Gs promote long-term potentiation (LTP) at the expense of long-term depression (LTD), whereas receptors coupled to Gq promote LTD at the expense of LTP. Notably, coactivation of both Gs- and Gq-coupled receptors enhances the gain of both LTP and LTD. To account for these observations, we propose a simple kinetic model in which AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are trafficked between multiple subcompartments in and around the postsynaptic spine. In the model AMPARs in the postsynaptic density compartment (PSD) are the primary contributors to synaptic conductance. During LTP induction, AMPARs are trafficked to the PSD primarily from a relatively small perisynaptic (peri-PSD) compartment. Gs-coupled receptors promote LTP by replenishing peri-PSD through increased AMPAR exocytosis from a pool of endocytic AMPAR. During LTD induction AMPARs are trafficked in the reverse direction, from the PSD to the peri-PSD compartment, and Gq-coupled receptors promote LTD by clearing the peri-PSD compartment through increased AMPAR endocytosis. We claim that the model not only captures essential features of the pull-push neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity, but it is also consistent with other actions of neuromodulators observed in slice experiments and is compatible with the current understanding of AMPAR trafficking.
“Not a new pattern”: Black farmers’ perspectives on barriers to participating in federal farm programs

Although there are more opportunities and re­vamped avenues for socially disadvantaged farmers to participate in federal agricultural program since Pigford v. Glickman, the first Black farmer class action lawsuit against USDA and subsequent billion dollar settlement, there is not a lot of scholarly research on Black farmers’ perspectives and experiences in accessing and using these programs today. Using data from nine focus groups in Mississippi with 89 Black farmers, we find that Black farmers and ranchers identify several barriers to program participation, namely communication about programs and problems with the application and approval process, including a lack of standardization and transparency. Inter­woven throughout the discussions of barriers were conversations about racial and gender discrimina­tion, with producers soundly in agreement that the former persists, and the latter is an issue. This research informs our understandings of Black farmers’ experiences of how racial hierarchies and networks continue to shape their ability to access and participate in federal farm programs; policy recommendations are provided.
Wendepunkts and Canards (Turning Points and Delayed Bifurcations)

We will soon realize that linear differential equations with turning points (Wendepunkts, in German) can feature complicated behavior. One of the best collections of illustrative examples (with sketches of the limiting solutions) is contained in the first chapter of a Dutch thesis, Hemker [202] , which aimed to provide methods to solve such two-point singularly perturbed problems numerically.
Chapter 26. Reverse Transcription and Its Inhibitors

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates studies that focus on reverse transcription and its inhibitors. Reverse transcription is the name given to the process of complementary transcription from a polyribonucleotide strand into a polydeoxynucleotide. Analysis of the assay conditions in vitro generally employed for reverse transcriptase determination reveals a variety of standard substrates and of interacting substances, which influence observed rates of catalysis or measured inhibitor/activator effects. Only a few of the drugs, reported as reverse transcription inhibitors, have so far been found to block production of new progeny virions of oncorna virus. These include streptovaricins, cactinomycins, anthracyclines, and rifamycins. Observations of progeny production blockade strengthen the hypothesis that RNA→DNA synthesis is a “sine qua non” of oncorna virus reproduction, but do not assure it because these agents might affect some other polynucleotide transcriptions to some degree as well. Chemicals blocking the reverse transcription process serve not only as probes into its significance, but also as drugs with the power to prevent selected types of in vivo virus-induced cancer, virus replication, and antibody production in animal model studies. More selective and specific drugs, which act as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, need to be developed and a variety of structure classes of compounds so far studied have provided important leads.
Alleles at the PRH1 locus coding for the human salivary-acidic proline-rich proteins Pa, Db, and PIF

We cloned and sequenced the entire exon and intron structures of Db and Pa genetic determinants at the PRH1 locus. Their derived amino acid sequences and that previously determined for the PIF protein completely explain the electrophoretic phenotypes of the acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) Pa, Db, and PIF. Thus, the Cys substitution near Arg 106 in the Pa protein sterically interferes with proteolytic cutting at Arg 106 and accounts for the single-banded phenotype. In contrast, the Db and PIF proteins are proteolytically cut at Arg 106 and show a double-banded phenotype. The Db protein has an extra 21-amino acid repeat that accounts for its larger size compared with the equal sized Pa monomer and PIF proteins. Several amino acid substitutions account for the charge and mobility differences of the Pa, Db, and PIF proteins in isoelectric-focusing gels. These DNA/protein correlations, as well as the extremely similar genomic-DNA sequences that differ by less than 1%, establish that Pa, Db, and PIF are alleles at the PRH1 locus. On the basis of the DNA sequences, we conclude that Db and Pa alleles diverged more recently from a common precursor than did the PIF allele from its precursor.
The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on Void Growth: A Molecular Dynamics Study

In ductile materials, fracture involves void nucleation, growth and coalescence. The objective of this research is to understand how crystallographic orientation influences void growth in uniaxial tensile deformation of aluminum. We used molecular dynamics to simulate void growth in a spherical void embedded cubic specimen with periodic boundary conditions under remote uniaxial tension. The simulation results reveal how crystallographic orientation affects the yield stress and void growth corresponding to dislocation nucleation from the void surface and resulting in shear loops in perfect FCC lattice. Varying dislocation patterns/shear loops occur according to the specimens different orientations, thereby affirming the effect of crystallographic orientation. Consequently, atomistic simulations of this type can indeed inform continuum void growth models for application in multiscale models.
An evaluation of hearing-aid array processing

Among the array-processing techniques that have been proposed for hearing aids are classical delay-and-sum beamforming, superdirective arrays, and adaptive arrays. In order to directly compare the effectiveness of the different processing strategies, a 10-cm long linear array was built using five uniformly-spaced omnidirectional microphones. This array was used to acquire speech and noise signals for array placements in a representative room. The processing comparison indicates that a superdirective array is an effective processing strategy, and that the performance of adaptive arrays may not justify the additional system complexity.
Developing and Applying an Information Literacy Rubric to Student Annotated Bibliographies

Objective – This study demonstrates one method of developing and applying rubrics to student writing in order to gather evidence of how students utilize information literacy skills in the context of an authentic assessment activity. The process of creating a rubric, training scorers to use the rubric, collecting annotated bibliographies, applying the rubric to student work, and the results of the rubric assessment are described. Implications for information literacy instruction are also discussed. Methods – The focus of this study was the English 102 (ENG 102) course, a required research-based writing course that partners the instructors with the university librarians for information literacy instruction. The author developed an information literacy rubric to assess student evaluation of information resources in the ENG 102 annotated bibliography assignment and trained three other librarians how to apply the rubric to student work. The rubric assessed the extent to which students critically applied the evaluative criteria Currency, Relevance, Accuracy, Authority, and Purpose to the information sources in their annotations. At the end of the semester, the author collected up to three de-identified annotated bibliographies from each of the 58 sections of ENG 102. The rubric was applied to up to five annotations in each bibliography, resulting in a total examination of 773 annotations (some sections turned in fewer than 3 samples, and some bibliographies had fewer than 5 annotations). Results – The results of the study showed that students struggle with critically evaluating information resources, a finding that supports the existing information literacy assessment literature. The overwhelming majority of annotations consisted of summative information with little evidence that students used any evaluative criteria when they selected an information source. Of the five criteria examined, Relevance to the student’s research topic and Authority were the most commonly used methods of resource evaluation, while Currency, Accuracy, and Purpose were criteria least-often used. The low average scores on the rubric assessment indicate that students are not adequately learning how to apply this set of information literacy skills. Conclusions – The library instruction sessions for ENG 102 need to move beyond the skills of choosing and narrowing a topic, selecting keywords, and searching in a library database. Students also need more targeted instruction on higher-order skills, particularly how to critically evaluate and question the sources they find. The results of this assessment are being used to refocus the learning outcomes of ENG 102 library sessions so that instruction can better meet student needs. The results are also being used to make the case for further collaboration between ENG 102 and the university library.
Psychosocial interventions addressing the needs of Black women diagnosed with breast cancer: a review of the current landscape.

Background Poorer health outcomes and lower survival rates have been well documented among African American/Black (Black) women diagnosed with breast cancer. Black women are 41% more likely to die from breast cancer than White women despite a lower incidence rate. Apart from pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions are recommended by the Institute of Medicine as standard medical care for breast cancer patients at all phases of treatment. The current review is the first attempt to systematically evaluate the literature on the influence of psychosocial interventions for Black women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods This systematic review aimed to adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. A comprehensive computerized literature search of CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted to obtain relevant studies. Results Interventions demonstrated improved mood, decreased distress, increased ability to cope with intrusive thoughts and cancer-related stress, personal growth, and improved social well-being. However, aspects unique to this population require additional scientific inquiry. Over 80% of empirical interventions focused on Black women diagnosed with breast cancer have been concentrated on the posttreatment phase. There is a paucity of work at the time of diagnosis and during treatment. Conclusions To address gaps in the scientific literature, more work is needed to better understand how psychosocial interventions can improve the health trajectory for Black women diagnosed with breast cancer particularly in the areas of seeking help and support, identifying culturally acceptable methods for engaging support networks, and identifying best practices for enhancing coping skills. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase gene expression in human B-precursor ALL and T-lineage ALL cells

Background Expression of folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) gene is two- to three-fold higher in B-precursor ALL (Bp- ALL) than in T-lineage ALL (T-ALL) and correlates with intracellular accumulation of methotrexate (MTX) polyglutamates and lymphoblast sensitivity to MTX. In this report, we investigated the molecular regulatory mechanisms directing FPGS gene expression in Bp-ALL and T-ALL cells.
Spinal disc hydration status during simulated stooped posture

Stooped work has been shown to be associated with the development of low back disorders, particularly those that affect the spinal intervertebral discs. Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of physical factors on disc health, little research has focused on the effect of prolonged stooped work on disc hydration- a critical component of disc health. The purpose of this study is to explore the connection between stooped work and low back pain through controlled mechanical loading and quantitative analysis of disc hydration during in vitro simulated stooped and erect loading conditions of porcine discs. The results showed that stooped postures exhibit significantly decreased overall water content relative to erect postures. Since as disc hydration forms the foundation for overall disc health and proper function, these results have implications for the injury mechanisms associated with stooped work.
Chromatic number, independence ratio, and crossing number

Given a drawing of a graph G, two crossings are said to be dependent if they are incident with the same vertex. A set of crossings is independent if no two are dependent. We conjecture that if G is a graph that has a drawing all of whose crossings are independent, then the chromatic number of G is at most 5. We show that this conjecture is true if the crossing number of G is at most three. We also show that if all crossings are independent, then the chromatic number of G is at most 6, and the independence ratio of G is at least 3/16.
Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Soil Water and Cotton Yield

The Texas Southern High Plains is a major cotton (L.) producing area wherea monoculture of conventionally tilled continuous cotton is thought to be causing a downward trend in yields. A factorial experiment with split plot design evaluated the main and interactive effects of (i) cotton-wheat (L.)-fallow rotation vs. continuous cotton, (ii) no tillage vs. conventional tillage, and (iii) furrow diking vs. no diking on cotton yield and soil water. Effects were determined for both dryland and irrigated production. Of the main factors considered, the cotton-wheat rotation had the greatest positive effect on yield and also on soil water variables. Rotation increased dryland and irrigated lint yields 12.6 and 12.8%, respectively. No tillage significantly increased yields (6.9 and 5.5% for dryland and irrigated, respectively) and enhanced seasonal soil water status. Yield increase due to diking was not statistically significant (> 0.05) under continuous cotton production or when wheat was rotated with cotton. The greatest cotton lint yield and soil water increases were obtained when no tillage was combined with the cotton wheat rotation (20–25% increases). Percent yield increase was directly associated with improved soil water relations resulting from the cropping and tillage treatments.
Electrical properties of detrusor smooth muscles from the pig and human urinary bladder.

The electrophysiological properties of detrusor smooth muscles have been studied almost exclusively in small mammals and the relevance of the information to the human bladder has been questioned. In the present study, electrical properties of detrusor smooth muscles of the pig and human were investigated using intracellular recording techniques. Bladder smooth muscles of the pig and human exhibited nifedipine (10 μM)-sensitive spontaneous action potentials, and their frequency was highly sensitive to membrane polarization. During bursts of action potentials, each action potential was followed by a fast after-hyperpolarization (fast AHP). Charybdotoxin (CTX, 50 nM) increased the amplitude and duration of action potentials but failed to inhibit the fast AHPs, while apamin (0.1 μM) blocked the fast AHPs and induced action potential complexes, which were followed by slow AHPs. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP, 1 mM) suppressed the slow AHP and increased action potential frequency. In the human bladder, transmural stimuli initiated inhibitory junction potential-like hyperpolarizations, which were followed by action potential discharges. The hyperpolarizations were blocked by atropine (1 μM) and by apamin (0.1 μM) but not by CTX (50 nM). In the pig bladder, transmural stimuli evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs), which triggered action potentials. After desensitizing P2x receptors with α,β methylene-ATP (10 μM), nerve-evoked responses were similar to those of human bladder. These results indicate that detrusor smooth muscles of the pig share many features of electrical properties with those of the human. In addition to large conductance (BK) and small conductance (SK) Ca2+-activated K+ channels, voltage-dependent K+ (VK) channels may play an important role in the regulation of electrical activity of detrusor smooth muscles. British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 140, 146–158. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705319
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Family Income on Child and Adolescent Bullying

Abstract Utilizing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother and Child Samples, I investigate the relationship between bullying behavior and family income. I test the hypothesis that the relationship between bullying and socioeconomic status is curvilinear, with children from low and high-income families engaging in higher levels of bullying than those from middle- income families. Further, within the proposed U-shaped relationship between bullying and family income, I examine whether children from low-income families bully more than those from high income families. As expected, there is a curvilinear relationship between bullying and income. While low-income youth are at greatest risk for engaging in bullying, those youth at the upper end of the income gradient also have a higher propensity for participating in bullying behavior, compared to their more moderate-income counterparts. Although levels of bullying behavior decrease over time at both the lower and upper ends of the income grad...
Digital Mastery: The Skills Needed for Effective Virtual Leadership

With support from the research literature, this paper argues that to lead effectively in a virtual environment, the leaders of virtual teams need relationship building, technical, and leadership skills, as well as the ability to defuse the frustrations of virtual team members. Relationship building skills include the ability to establish trust, embrace diversity, skill in fostering a team spirit, and motivating team members. Technical skills include the ability to use video conferencing software, instant messaging, e-mail, virtual worlds, avatars, and communication skills. Leadership skills needed by leaders in virtual environments include emotional intelligence, the ability to create an open and supportive environment, and to lead by example.
Dyskeratosis congenita: Radiologic features

Three males with the X-linked disorder dyskeratosis congenita are described. Each suffered femoral fractures after minimal trauma with poor healing. Long bones showed coarse trabecular patterns of the metaphyses and small lucency areas in the of the metaphyses and small lucency areas in the diaphyses. Two of the males were retarded brothers who additionally showed intracranial calcifications.
Thermochemical properties of dibenzyloxy disulfides

Abstract The in situ thermal behavior of dialkoxy disulfides ( OSSO ) has been previously explored, however their neat thermal stability has yet to be examined. We synthesized a library of ten dibenzyloxy disulfide derivatives with various para-substituents. Each derivative was analyzed by TGA and DSC to discern molecular fragmentation. A correlation of the pattern of fragmentation to Swain and Lupton's R-value was observed. Also, DSC analysis revealed that when the para-substituent was a phenyl (i.e. bis(p-phenylbenzyloxy) disulfide), and successive runs were performed, the thermogram showed the presence of the fragmentation, and upon 1H NMR analysis its corresponding alcohol and aldehyde were observed.
The Relationship of Creativity and Intelligence in Irish Adolescents.

Summary. Kogan and Wallach have argued that the separate subtests of the Minnesota Tests of Creative Thinking probably share no more variance in common with each other than that which they also share with general intelligence. Madaus found only partial support for this hypothesis with an American high school sample. This study tests the hypothesis using a sample of Irish public grammar school pupils; the results of this study are virtually the same as those found by Madaus. Two possible explanations for this similarity of findings across cultures are offered.
Pioglitazone treatment for 7 days failed to correct the defect in glucose transport and glucose transporter translocation in obese Zucker rat (fa/fa) skeletal muscle plasma membranes

Insulin resistance in the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat is associated with decreased insulin stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle, due primarily to a failure of insulin to stimulate GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane from an intracellular pool (1). The thiazolidinedione analog Pioglitazone (PIO) has been shown to improve glucose tolerance in this and other animal models of insulin resistance. The current study was designed to determine whether 7 days of Pioglitazone treatment (20 mg/kg/day by gavage) would improve glucose transport and/or glucose transporter translocation and intrinsic activity in plasma membranes prepared from hindlimb skeletal muscle of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. Basal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in these animals were unchanged by Pioglitazone, while basal plasma triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (NEFA) were reduced by Pioglitazone treatment (501 +/- 88 vs 161 +/- 13 mg/dl, P < 0.0001) and (678 +/- 95 vs 467 +/- 75 microM, P < 0.05) respectively. Pioglitazone had no effect on basal or insulin stimulated glucose influx (Vmax or Km) into plasma membrane vesicles determined under equilibrium exchange conditions compared to controls. Plasma membrane glucose transporter number (R0) (measured by cytochalasin B binding) under basal or insulin stimulated conditions was unchange by Pioglitazone and R0 failed to increase following insulin stimulation in either group. Glucose transporter turnover number (Vmax/R0) increased 2-fold with insulin stimulation compared to basal in both control and Pioglitazone groups, similar to turnover numbers observed in normal rats. These data confirm that impaired glucose transporter translocation in muscle of the Zucker rat is a major factor contributing to its insulin resistance. We conclude that the improved glucose tolerance observed in fa/fa rats following Pioglitazone treatment is not due to an improvement in basal or insulin stimulated skeletal muscle plasma membrane glucose transport or glucose transporter translocation and that Pioglitazone treatment does not affect transporter intrinsic activity.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPRESSIVITY IN DRAWING

Summary. To trace the development of expressivity in children's drawings, 128 children, 16 each at the mean ages of 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20 were asked to create a series of drawings depicting expressive qualities (e.g., happy, sad) in both trees and lines. Drawings were first scored in terms of the accuracy of both expression and representation (trees, lines). Successful expressive drawings were then scored in terms of strategy utilised: literal representation (e.g., crying face for sad), abstract expression (e.g., drooping lines for sad), and content expression (e.g., a barren tree for sad). Finally, drawings scored as abstract expression were rated as to the types of abstract contrasts used (e.g., angle/curve, big/little, upward/downward). The results document a developmental trend from an initial ability to produce abstract expression based, in part, on amodal similarities (e.g., big for loud) toward the production of more complex multi-dimensional types of abstract expression, and increasing integration of representational ability and expressive ability in the form of content expression.
Immunohistochemical localization of GABAA receptors in the mammalian crista ampullaris

Abstract The distribution of GABA A receptor-like immunoreactivity in the hamster, rat, and mouse crista ampullaris was determined by use of a monoclonal antibody to the β2 and β3 subunits of the GABA A receptor. In the crista ampullaris, punctate staining was seen associated with the calyces surrounding vestibular type I hair cells. Afferent nerve fibers approaching the hair cell layer were often observed to be immunoreactive. Hair cells, supporting cells, and cells in the transitional and dark cell regions were not immunoreactive. The distribution of staining of calyces appeared to be relatively uniform in all regions (crest and slope) of the crista. In addition, cell bodies located in the vestibular ganglion were immunoreactive. The association of GABA A receptor-like immunoreactivity with the afferent nerve calyx and cell body of the vestibular ganglion cells suggests that GABA may act to modify afferent nerve transmission at the calyceal afferent nerve ending.
P3.382 Post-Neonatal Pediatric Circumcision in the United States, 2010

Background Male circumcision can protect against sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and urinary tract infections. The procedure is easier to perform during the neonatal period ( Methods We analysed MarketScan data, a database of billing claims from commercial health plans. We used circumcision procedural codes to identify all circumcisions in 2010, including neonatal circumcisions of males born to women enrolled in the health plans, and circumcisions of males aged 1–18 years. We assessed reasons for circumcision using diagnostic codes, and stratified the number of circumcisions and associated diagnosis by age. We estimated the neonatal circumcision rate. Results Overall, 120,994 circumcisions were performed in 2010, with 113,740 (94%) in neonates and 7,254 (6.0%) in post-neonates. Among post-neonatal circumcisions, 67% were performed for boys Conclusion Most post-neonatal circumcisions were performed among males
Toward a best adiabatic potential

The concept of a best adiabatic potential is discussed. It is emphasized that it should be best for a number of states, not just for a single state. One particular figure of merit is introduced and applied to a simple model.
Morbidity and readmission after open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures are associated with preoperative patient characteristics.

Ankle fractures are common and can be associated with severe morbidity. Risk factors for short-term adverse events and readmission after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures have not been fully characterized. The purpose of our study was to determine patient rates and risk factors for (1) any adverse event; (2) severe adverse events; (3) infectious complications; and (4) readmission after ORIF of ankle fractures. Patients who underwent ORIF for ankle fracture from 2005 to 2012 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP®) database using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Patients with missing perioperative data were excluded from this study. Patient characteristics were tested for association with any adverse event, severe adverse events, infectious complications, and readmission using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Of the 4412 patients identified, 5% had an adverse event. Any adverse event was associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–3.1; p = 0.001), age ≥ 60 years (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.22–3.2; p = 0.006), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification ≥ 3 (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.2–2.37; p = 0.002), bimalleolar fracture (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.08–2.37; p = 0.020), hypertension (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.04–2.09; p = 0.031), and dependent functional status (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02–2.14; p = 0.040) on multivariate analysis. Severe adverse events occurred in 3.56% and were associated with ASA classification ≥ 3 (OR, 2.01; p = 0.001), pulmonary disease (OR, 1.9; p = 0.004), dependent functional status (OR, 1.8; p = 0.005), and hypertension (OR, 1.65; p = 0.021). Infectious complications occurred in 1.75% and were associated with IDDM (OR, 3.51; p < 0.001), dependent functional status (OR, 2.4; p = 0.002), age ≥ 60 years (OR, 2.28; p = 0.028), and bimalleolar fracture (OR, 2.19; p = 0.030). Readmission occurred in 3.17% and was associated with ASA classification ≥ 3 (OR, 2.01; p = 0.017). IDDM was associated with an increased rate of adverse events after ankle fracture ORIF, whereas noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was not. IDDM management deserves future study, particularly with respect to glycemic control, a potential confounder that could not be assessed with the ACS-NSQIP registry. Increased ASA class was associated with readmission, and future prospective investigations should evaluate the effectiveness of increasing the discharge threshold, discharging to extended-care facilities, and/or home nursing evaluations in this at-risk population. Level III, prognostic study.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Halothane-induced Cerebral Microvascular Dilation

BACKGROUND The causes of volatile anesthetic-induced cerebral vasodilation include direct effects on smooth muscle and indirect effects via changes in metabolic rate and release of mediators from vascular endothelium and brain parenchyma. The role of nitric oxide and the relative importance of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS, respectively) are unclear. METHODS Rat brain slices were superfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Hippocampal arteriolar diameters were measured using computerized videomicrometry. Vessels were preconstricted with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha; halothane group) or pretreated with 7-nitroindazole sodium (7-NINA, specific nNOS inhibitor, 7-NINA + halothane group) or N-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME; nonselective NOS inhibitor, L-NAME + halothane group) and subsequently given PGF2alpha to achieve the same total preconstriction as in the halothane group. Increasing concentrations of halothane were administered and vasodilation was calculated as a percentage of preconstriction. RESULTS Halothane caused significant, dose-dependent dilation of hippocampal microvessels (halothane group). Inhibition of nNOS by 7-NINA or nNOS + eNOS by L-NAME similarly attenuated halothane-induced dilation at 0.6, 1.6, and 2.6% halothane. The dilation (mean +/- SEM) at 1.6% halothane was 104 +/- 10%, 65 +/- 6%, and 51 +/- 9% in the halothane, 7-NINA + halothane and L-NAME + halothane groups, respectively. The specificity of 7-NINA was confirmed by showing that acetylcholine-induced dilation was not inhibited by 7-NINA but was converted to constriction by L-NAME. CONCLUSIONS At clinically relevant concentrations, halothane potently dilates intracerebral arterioles. This dilation is mediated, in part, by neuronally derived nitric oxide. Endothelial NOS does not play a major role in halothane-induced dilation of hippocampal microvessels.
Experimental techniques for the measurement of radiative and total heat transfer in gas fluidized beds: A review

Abstract In a number of chemical and metallurgical applications, gas fluidized beds are used at high temperatures. Under such operating conditions, a significant portion of the total thermal energy is transferred in the radiative mode. Several efforts have been made from time to time to experimentally establish the contribution of radiative heat transfer in relation to the total heat transfer by employing different experimental techniques. These efforts have been categorized in two general classes and are briefly described in this review. Relative merits and demerits of these methods are discussed, and a critical appraisal of the different alternatives is given. The dependence of radiative heat transfer on different operating and system parameters is examined, and a comparative presentation is given of the results obtained by different investigators. Specific needs for future research work are pointed out.
Taxonomic axes of epidemiologic study designs : a refutationist perspective

Overlap among the axes of study design used for classifying epidemiologic research creates a taxonomic problem, the complexity of which may be illustrated by Venn diagrams. The diagrams also suggest a solution: to rank axes according to their bearing on study validity. This is consistent with the refutationist criterion for distinguishing strong from weak science--the potential to refute alternative explanations. In epidemiology, this means refuting confounding, reverse-causation bias, selection or allocation bias, and misclassification bias. Using susceptibility to bias as a criterion for ranking axes, a simple taxonomy emerges that is compatible with widespread usage of terminology.
Atypical malignant hyperthermia with persistent hyperkalemia during renal transplantation

A 35-year-old 110 kg male developed marked hyperkalemia, hyponatraemia, hypercapnia and hyperthermia during livingrelated renal transplantation under anaesthesia with oxygennitrous oxide, isoflurane and muscle relaxation with atracurium. This is the first report of successfully treated malignant hyperthermia triggered by isoflurane during renal transplantation with early appearance and persistent (to 12 hours after surgery) electrolyte abnormalities.
Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in children

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is rare in children. It is usually confined to the dorsal epidural space. Ventral spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is rarer, with only two previous reports. The authors present three children, two with dorsal and one with ventral spinal epidural hematoma, and review the literature. No etiology of the hematoma was found in the authors' patients and there was no history of trauma. A review of 24 patients of children younger than 18 years of age reported in the literature and the authors' three patients revealed that the cervicothoracic region was the most common site of SSEH, the mode of onset was frequently subacute, and there was no male preponderance as has been reported in adults. We found that the initial symptoms were often nonspecific, leading to a delay in diagnosis, especially in younger children. Follow-up data revealed that 15 of the 27 patients recovered completely, 11 had residual neurologic deficits, and one patient died. Irritability and neck pain with restricted movements of the cervical spine in an afebrile child may be early signs of SSEH and often precede onset of neurologic deficits by several hours to days. These signs should alert the clinician to consider spinal epidural hematoma and the need for urgent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine for early diagnosis and treatment to minimize morbidity.
Effects of serum and insulin-like growth factors on human neuroblastoma cell growth

Abstract Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are mitogenic polypeptides expressed in both developing and adult tissues. To examine the effects of IGFs on neuronal growth, we used SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model of nervous system development. In the current study, we found that either IGF-I (0.1 to 10 nM), insulin (0.1 to 5 μg/ml) or calf serum (0.1 to 3%) increased SH-SY5Y proliferation over a 3 day period in a dose dependent manner. In each case, treatment with anti-IGF-I receptor antibodies blocked cell proliferation. IGF-II mRNA levels correlated with SH-SY5Y cell density; subconfluent cells expressed high levels of IGF-II mRNA while low levels of IGF-II mRNA were present in confluent cells. Similarly, serum deprivation increased IGF-I receptor mRNA by 4-fold. Collectively, these results support the concept that an IGF/IGF-I receptor system at least partially mediates SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and suggests the importance of IGFs in regulating neuronal growth.
The turnover of estrogen receptor α by the selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) fulvestrant is a saturable process that is not required for antagonist efficacy

It has become apparent of late that even in tamoxifen and/or aromatase resistant breast cancers, ERα remains a bona fide therapeutic target. Not surprisingly, therefore, there has been considerable interest in developing Selective ER Degraders (SERDs), compounds that target the receptor for degradation. Currently, ICI 182,780 (ICI, fulvestrant) is the only SERD approved for the treatment of breast cancer. However, the poor pharmaceutical properties of this injectable drug and its lack of superiority over second line aromatase inhibitors in late stage breast cancer have negatively impacted its clinical use. These findings have provided the impetus to develop second generation, orally bioavailable SERDs with which quantitative turnover of ERα in tumors can be achieved. Interestingly however, the contribution of SERD activity to fulvestrant efficacy is unclear, making it difficult to define the characteristics desired of the next generation of ER antagonists. It is of significance therefore, that we have determined that the antagonist activity of ICI and its ability to induce ERα degradation are not coupled processes. Specifically, our results indicate that it is the ability of ICI to interact with ERα and to (a) competitively displace estradiol and (b) induce a conformational change in ER incompatible with transcriptional activation that are likely to be the most important pharmacological characteristics of this drug. Collectively, these data argue for a renewed emphasis on the development of high affinity, orally bioavailable pure antagonists and suggest that SERD activity though proven effective may not be required for ERα antagonism in breast cancer.
Evaluation and management of upper extremity neuropathies in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease☆

The evaluation and treatment of five patients with upper extremity neuropathies secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were reviewed with emphasis on age at onset of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and upper extremity deformities, clinical findings, signs of associated nerve compression, and outcome of surgical treatment. The onset of the disease generally occurred in the first or second decade of life. The onset of upper extremity symptoms lagged behind by an average of 8 years. All patients had intrinsic minus hands with decreased sensibility. Three of five patients had clinical or electrophysiologic evidence of associated nerve compression syndromes. Treatment with standard tendon transfers, nerve compression releases, soft tissue releases, and joint fusions resulted in subjectively improved function in three of four patients undergoing reconstruction. Release of six compression neuropathies in one patient provided excellent pain relief, but the underlying neuropathy progressed. Pessimism regarding reconstructive surgery in the patient with upper extremity neuropathies secondary to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is unwarranted.
DISENTANGLING THE MEANING OF MULTISOURCE PERFORMANCE RATING SOURCE AND DIMENSION FACTORS

We extend multisource performance rating (MSPR) construct validity research by examining the pattern of relationships between factor analytically derived MSPR rating source and performance dimension factors and externally measured constructs (e.g., assessment center dimensions, personality constructs, and intelligence). The pattern of relationships among MSPR dimensions and external constructs provides modest construct validity evidence for the MSPR dimensions. In addition, MSPR source factors were differentially correlated with externally measured constructs, suggesting that MSPR source effects represent substantively meaningful source specific variance, as opposed to bias. These findings are discussed in the context of managerial skill diagnosis and the efficacy of collecting performance data from multiple sources.
Developments In Moire Interferometry

Recent progress in high-sensitivity moire interferometry is reviewed. Interference patterns reveal full-field contour maps of in-plane displacements. Sensitivity corresponds to moire with 1200 lines/mm (30,480 //in.) for most examples, but approaches the theoretical limit of X/2 displacement per fringe in one demonstration. Techniques for producing cross-line phase gratings on specimens are described, as well as use of real and virtual reference gratings. Carrier patterns and optical filtering are used to cancel initial or no-load patterns. Diverse applications are illustrated.
De Finetti's Theorem on Exchangeable Variables

(1976). De Finetti's Theorem on Exchangeable Variables. The American Statistician: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 188-189.
The rate of thermal expansion of a thin metallic slab of arbitrary shape

In a previous paper the rate of thermal expansion of a long, slender insulating bar has been worked out. Our present aim is to extend that work to the thermal expansion rate of not only a long metallic bar, but to further generalize it to a thin metallic slab of arbitrary shape. Assuming that the thickness of the slab is small compared to the linear dimension of its area we again take advantage of the two distinct, disparate timescales to turn the familiar problem of thermal expansion into a time-dependent problem of the rate of the expansion. Based on the previously established finite physical momentum of an acoustic phonon when translational invariance is broken, we show that the combined pressure of the phonons and the free electrons due to their outward momenta would suffer a Doppler reduction as the specimen expands upon heating. This Doppler reduction gives rise to damping of the expanding motion, thus yielding as a first result the time of thermal expansion of a long slender metal bar. The generalization to the important case of a thin metallic slab of any shape is then worked out in detail before a concluding section containing a long physical discussion and summary.
Anomalous thermal confinement in ohmically heated tokamaks

A model is proposed for explaining the behaviour of the gross energy confinement time in ohmically heated tokamak plasmas. The analysis takes into account the effect of the anomalous thermal conductivity due to small scale turbulence and the effect of the macroscopic MHD behaviour which provides some constraints on the temperature profile. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity associated with the dissipative trapped-electron mode can account for Neo-Alcator scaling and the thermal conductivity associated with the ion temperature gradient mode can account for the saturation of the energy confinement time with density. Comparisons with experimental results show reasonable agreement.
Statistical analysis of performance degradation of lead—acid battery under simulated electric vehicle operations

Abstract Controlled laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of selected electric-vehicle application factors on the performance and life of lead
Breath Testing for Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Maximizing Test Accuracy

The diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has increased considerably owing to a growing recognition of its association with common bowel symptoms including chronic diarrhea, bloating, abdominal distention, and the irritable bowel syndrome. Ideally, an accurate and objective diagnosis of SIBO should be established before initiating antibiotic treatment. Unfortunately, no perfect test exists for the diagnosis of SIBO. The current gold standard, small-bowel aspiration and quantitative culture, is limited by its high cost, invasive nature, lack of standardization, sampling error, and need for dedicated infrastructure. Although not without shortcomings, hydrogen breath testing provides the simplest noninvasive and widely available diagnostic modality for suspected SIBO. Carbohydrates such as lactulose and glucose are the most widely used substrates in hydrogen breath testing, with glucose arguably providing greater testing accuracy. Lactose, fructose, and sorbitol should not be used as substrates in the assessment of suspected SIBO. The measurement of methane in addition to hydrogen can increase the sensitivity of breath testing for SIBO. Diagnostic accuracy of hydrogen breath testing in SIBO can be maximized by careful patient selection for testing, proper test preparation, and standardization of test performance as well as test interpretation.
Minow's Social‐Relations Approach to Difference: Unanswering the Unasked

The most frequent comment made by the medical interns, residents, and students who inspected me following recent surgery concerned the short length of the incision. "Wow, how did you get away with that," said one. "We generally expect to see a longer scar," said another. "You're lucky." I finally asked the doctor who had performed the surgery whether the incision was in fact shorter than usual or whether perhaps these remarks reflected simply what doctors are trained to say to reassure their patients. She chuckled slightly as she held up her petite hands. "The truth is," she said, "I don't need as large an opening as some do. During the surgery," she went on to remark, "the chief resident complained that the opening I made was not large enough for him to help do the job." My still groggy mind flashed back to an interview I had had a few years back as a member of the University Committee on Women Faculty with the chairman of the Department of Surgery, who had most likely overlooked the particular advantage of small hands when he explained the absence of women in his department by their unsuitability for this rigorous medical specialty.'
2-Substituted 4,5-Dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic Acids Are Novel Inhibitors of Metallo-β-lactamases

Bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics caused by class B metallo-β-lactamases (MBL), especially for certain hospital-acquired, Gram-negative pathogens, poses a significant threat to public health. We report several 2-substituted 4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acids to be novel MBL inhibitors. Structure activity relationship (SAR) and molecular modeling studies were performed and implications for further inhibitor design are discussed.
Ultra-efficient nano-photonic devices using hybrid material systems for optical communication and sensing

We investigated ultra-efficient nano-photonic modulators based on silicon photonic crystal slot waveguides infiltrated with electro-optic polymers. The integration of Si 3 N 4 guided mode resonance grating with plasmonic-active nanotubes are also demonstrated for surface enhanced Raman scattering.
AXIOMATIZING SIMPLE BINARY MATROIDS BY THEIR CLOSED CIRCUITS

Abstract It is shown that a simple binary matroid is already uniquely determined by its family of closed circuits.
Experimental Alimentary Azotemia Comparative Effects of Red Cells and Plasma

ConclusionsAlimentary azotemia results from blood absorption from the intestinal tract. The important blood elements in this regard are the red cells and particularly their contained hemoglobin. The protein fraction rather than the iron content is the active portion of the hemoglobin.