cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical bonding structure of low dielectric constant Si:O:C:H films characterized by solid-state NMR

Organosilicon films (Si:O:C:H) have the potential to replace SiO 2 as a lower dielectric constant microelectronic interconnection layer. The structure of Si:O:C:H films was characterized by 1 H, 1 3 C, and 2 9 Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and also by X-ray photoelectron and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. Spin-coated hydrogen silsesquioxane, methyl silsesquioxane, and surface-modified nanoporous silica films were observed to be more homogeneous in structure than films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The CVD films were deposited from N 2 O mixed with either tetramethylsilane, a mixture of tetramethylsilane and silane, trimethylsilane, or methylsilane. The various gas mixtures altered the degree of oxidation and hydrogenation in the resulting films, confirming that the composition of Si:O:C:H can be readily adjusted by CVD. Of all the characterization methods, the 2 9 Si NMR was most readily able to distinguish differences between the Si:O:C:H films, resolving up to twelve distinct bonding environments. These same bonding configurations are also found in bulk organosilicate glasses. In all films studied, 1 3 C NMR reveals that methyl is the primary bonding configuration for carbon and no sp 2 -bonded carbon was detected.
A utility-theory analysis of automobile speed under uncertainty of enforcement

Highway automobile speed and uncertain enforcement of the speed limit are introduced into a standard household utility model having time and income constraints. Due to uncertainty, expected utility is maximized to obtain the optimal speed (in excess of the speed limit). The optimal amounts of all other commodities and travel are also obtained. The key feature of the model is the risk attitude of the driver and the effect on optimal speed of such attitude. A related feature is the effect of risk attitude on the amount of speed self-insurance. An important finding is that the risk avert (seeking, neutral) driver charges himself an insurance premium that is larger than (smaller than, equal to) what is actuarially sufficient. The relationship between speed, risk attitude, and efficient cost of automobile travel is developed and implications are explored. A parametric analysis is conducted to establish the effect on optimal speed (and other variables) of changes in such policy instruments as the price of gasoline, the probability of being caught exceeding the speed limit, the unit speed fine, and the speed limit. Policy implications of the theoretical results are part of the conclusions.
Clinical syndrome resembling tropical sprue in lifelong residents of temperate zone.

Two lifelong residents of the Philadelphia area, with malabsorption of an unclassified type suggestive of tropical sprue, are described. They manifested steatorrhea, a sprue pattern on X-ray examination of the small bowel, compatible small-bowel biopsy findings and bacterial cultures showing coliform growth in the upper small intestine. Other causes of malabsorption were excluded by exhaustive testing. The 1 patient, so tested, manifestedd-xylose malabsorption, while the other showed malabsorption of vitamin B12. Both patients presented with features clearly different from those of celiac sprue or the blind loop syndrome in its widest interpretation. While the evidence is not entirely conclusive, the data suggest that these patients suffered from a malabsorptive syndrome bearing close resemblance to the syndrome of tropical sprue, and that “tropical sprue” may be encountered, though rarely, in lifelong residents of the United States.
Heuristically Deciding Between Normal and Skew Normal Distributions for Describing the Data on a Response Variable and an Explanatory Variable

Normal and skew normal distributions of a response variable Y for a given value x of an explanatory variable X are considered when the means of the distributions are linear functions of x. Deciding between these distributions for describing data is possible with the shape parameter of the skew normal distribution. The shape parameter can be either positive or negative. When the shape parameter is zero, a skew-normal distribution becomes a normal distribution. Larger magnitude of the shape parameter provides a better recognition of the distribution for describing the data. It is therefore important to estimate the shape parameter of the skew normal distribution along with the location and dispersion parameters. A linear approximation of the ratio of the standard normal density and distribution functions in the presence of the shape parameter of skew normal distribution is used for this purpose. A heuristic method is proposed to determine the sign and estimate the magnitude of shape parameter, and to estima...
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Avoid Powerlessness

Summary.-The development of a self-report measure of the motive to avoid powerlessness is described. The reliability coefficient (KR-20) obtained for the final form of the 36-item, true-false scale was .86 for a sample of 251 college students. A number of social-science writers have been concerned with such notions as alienation, anomia, normlessness, and powerlessness, and several paper-andpencil scales have been proposed to measure one or another of these interrelated constructs (e.g., Neal & Seeman, 1962; Rotter, 1966). To the present authors' knowledge, however, no one has attempted to investigate powerlessness from a motivational standpoint, i.e., as a fear variable or avoidance motive. Fear of powerlessness seems to be an obvious personological variable and one that is rather relevant to our fear-ridden times. Hence, the authors felt that it might be worthwhile to attempt to develop a self-report measure of the construct. METHOD The authors wrote 40 true-false statements for the initial form of the inventory. The rationale for item-construction was to think of situations or events about which one might reasonably worry about the possibility of having little or no control over what happens to oneself. The scale was administered to 265 students enrolled in psychology courses at Middle Tennessee State University during the 1971-72 academic year, and a reliability coefficient (KR-20) of .88 was obtained. It appeared, however, that several items needed to be rewritten to make their meaning clearer and that four items should be dropped due to their evidencing low correlations (r < .30) with total score. The final form of the 36item instrument, along with a 28-item measure of social-power motivation (Good & Good, 1972), was administered to 251 students during the 1972-73 academic year. RESULTS~
Identification of a Rat Oltipraz-inducible UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A7) with Activity Towards Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol *

Previous work has shown that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oltipraz both induce an unidentified rat liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase with activity toward benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-diol, the proximate carcinogenic form of benzo(a)pyrene. Here we report the isolation of a benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol transferase-encoding cDNA, LC14, from an adult rat hepatocyte-derived cell line (RALA255-10G LCS-3). The predicted amino acid sequence of LC14 is nearly identical (5 differences out of 531 residues) to that deduced from UGT1A7, recently cloned at the genomic DNA level (Emi, Y., Ikushiro, S., and Kyanagi, T. (1995) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 117, 392-399). Northern analysis of RNA from female F344 rat liver and LCS-3 cells revealed over a 40-fold and 4.4-fold enhancement by oltipraz treatment, respectively. Benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-diol glucuronidating activity was detected (0.4 nmol/10(6) cells/16 h) in AHH-1 cells transfected with the LC14 expression vector, pMF6-LC14-3. The LC14-encoded transferase exhibited even higher activity toward certain benzo(a)pyrene phenols, including the major 3- and 9-phenol metabolites (4.1 and 2.8 nmol/10(6) cells/16 h, respectively). The Km of the enzyme for (-)-trans benzo(a)pyrene-7, 8-diol and 3-OH-BP was 15.5 and 12.3 microM, respectively. Northern analyses of total RNA revealed expression of LC14 or LC14-like RNA in all extrahepatic tissues tested. Marked inducibility by oltipraz was observed only in liver and (to a lesser extent) intestine. The results suggest that induction of UGT1A7 may explain the increased glucuronidating activities toward benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol and other metabolites that occur following treatment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-type inducing agents and oltipraz. UGT1A7 appears to represent an important cellular chemoprotective enzyme which mediates conjugation and elimination of toxic benzo(a)pyrene metabolites.
An examination of consumer heterogeneity in a stochastic model of consumer purchase dynamics with explanatory variables

Abstract A stochastic model of brand choice and purchase incidence is proposed that relates marketing variables, including advertising exposures, to brand performance measures such as market share, penetration and depth of repeat purchase dynamics over time. The approach considers various aspects of consumer heterogeneity including individual differences in brand loyalty levels, advertising exposures, and purchase rates for a population of consumers. A major focus of this study is on the evaluation of the impact of consumer heterogeneity in alternative models on the basis of single-source scanner panel data for an actual market situation. In particular, we demonstrate the critical importance of considering heterogeneity over a consumer population as a means of enhancing descriptive and predictive model fit as well as for allowing the analysis of advertising media schedules.
Scientific instrumentation in igy satellites

Possibilities for experimental instrumentation in connection with the International Geophysical Year satellites are discussed. A number of experiments appear to satisfy the acceptance criteria for inclusion in the first group of satellites. Certain others may qualify for later satellites if slight relaxations on weight and configuration are permitted.
Translocation within the acceptor helix of a major tRNA identity determinant.

The genetic code is defined by the specific aminoacylations of tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Although the synthetases are widely conserved through evolution, aminoacylation of a given tRNA is often system specific—a synthetase from one source will not acylate its cognate tRNA from another. This system specificity is due commonly to variations in the sequence of a critical tRNA identity element. In bacteria and the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, an acceptor stem G3:U70 base pair marks a tRNA for aminoacylation with alanine. In contrast, Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) mitochondrial (mt) tRNAAla has a G2:U71 but not a G3:U70 pair. Here we show that this translocated G:U and the adjacent G3:C70 are major determinants for recognition by Dm mt alanyl-tRNA synthetase (AlaRS). Additionally, G:U at the 3:70 position serves as an anti-determinant for Dm mt AlaRS. Consequently, the mitochondrial enzyme cannot charge cytoplasmic tRNAAla. All insect mitochondrial AlaRSs appear to have split apart recognition of mitochondrial from cytoplasmic tRNAAla by translocation of G:U. This split may be essential for preventing introduction of ambiguous states into the genetic code.
Dysregulation of brain reward systems in eating disorders: neurochemical information from animal models of binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa

Food intake is mediated, in part, through brain pathways for motivation and reinforcement. Dysregulation of these pathways may underlay some of the behaviors exhibited by patients with eating disorders. Research using animal models of eating disorders has greatly contributed to the detailed study of potential brain mechanisms that many underlie the causes or consequences of aberrant eating behaviors. This review focuses on neurochemical evidence of reward-related brain dysfunctions obtained through animal models of binge eating, bulimia nervosa, or anorexia nervosa. The findings suggest that alterations in dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACh) and opioid systems in reward-related brain areas occur in response to binge eating of palatable foods. Moreover, animal models of bulimia nervosa suggest that while bingeing on palatable food releases DA, purging attenuates the release of ACh that might otherwise signal satiety. Animal models of anorexia nervosa suggest that restricted access to food enhances the reinforcing effects of DA when the animal does eat. The activity-based anorexia model suggests alterations in mesolimbic DA and serotonin occur as a result of restricted eating coupled with excessive wheel running. These findings with animal models complement data obtained through neuroimaging and pharmacotherapy studies of clinical populations. Information on the neurochemical consequences of the behaviors associated with these eating disorders will be useful in understanding these complex disorders and may inform future therapeutic approaches, as discussed here. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control of Food Intake'.
Cast Stone Formulation for Nuclear Waste Immobilization at Higher Sodium Concentrations

Low activity radioactive waste at U.S. Department of Energy sites can be immobilized for permanent disposal using cementitious waste forms. This study evaluated waste forms produced with simulated wastes at concentrations up to twice that of currently operating processes. The simulated materials were evaluated for their fresh properties, which determine processability, and cured properties, which determine waste form performance. The results show potential for greatly reducing the volume of material. Fresh properties were sufficient to allow for processing via current practices. Cured properties such as compressive strength meet disposal requirements. Leachability indices provide an indication of expected long-term performance.
Use of GTP to distinguish calcium transporting ATPase activity from other calcium dependent nucleotide phosphatases in human placental basal plasma membrane

Abstract In many cells other than the erythrocyte, the relationship between ATP dependent calcium transport and calcium dependent ATP hydrolysis is complex. The characteristics of ATP hydrolysis often differ from those of calcium transport. Demonstration of a specific transport ATPase is complicated by heterogeneity and high background activity in the presence of magnesium. In basal plasma membrane of human placental syncytiotrophoblast, the addition of 5 mM GTP greatly reduces the background release of 32Pi from 0.1 mM [γ,32P]-ATP. The addition of GTP permits measurement of high affinity calcium dependent ATPase under conditions which support calcium uptake. GTP does not affect the velocity of calcium uptake, and in its presence the calcium and magnesium concentration dependence of calcium uptake and calcium dependent ATPase are similar.
All that I am, I owe to my mother

Each year on Mother's Day we are reminded that Abraham Lincoln may have once said “All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my mother.” Though the quote is likely fictitious, it is nonetheless true that, as mammals, much of what we are we may indeed owe to our mothers. This is because the phenotype of all organisms, their growth and development, health, behavior, and sometimes even their sex and social status, are affected by the phenotype (or genotype) and experiences of their parents, especially their mothers.
Talk, Tools, and Tensions: Observing Biological Talk over Time.

The goal of this study is to explore new tools for analyzing scientific sense‐making in out‐of‐school settings. Although such measures are now common in science classroom research, dialogically based methodological approaches are relatively new to informal learning research. Such out‐of‐classroom settings have more recently become a breeding ground for new design approaches for tracking scientific talk and ideas within complex data‐sets. The research reported here seeks to understand the language people do use to make sense of the life sciences over time. Another goal of this study is to track biological themes over time, using a new analytical scheme—the Tool for Observing Biological Talk Over Time. Our analyses are linked to and informed by tensions between particularistic and holistic data collection and analysis, qualitative and quantitative representations, and everyday and formal science discourse. These tensions and our analyses are linked to larger theoretical frameworks and to the recursive inter...
Science, Expertise and Profession in the Post–Normal Discipline

Historical binaries constrain Turner’s narrative, American Sociology: From Pre-Disciplinary to Post-Normal. The identification of mid-20th century American sociology as a gold standard for judging predisciplinary and post-normal sociology paints the epistemological challenges of the 1960s and 1970s in an unnecessarily negative light. The conflation of feminization with feminism reduces the contributions of Sociologists for Women in Society and collapses them into a narrative about a generational struggle between men. The focus on the elite-mass dynamics of academic labor markets misses the vibrancy of the broader disciplinary project of contemporary sociology. The prospects for 21st century sociology are more positive than Turner imagines. Rather than a scientific failure with a damaged brand, 21st century sociology offers a more reflexive and culturally nuanced form of sociology appropriate for the deeply unequal, global and mediatized social world we inhabit.
Structural changes induced upon charging Ge clusters

The geometries and electronic structures of neutral and charged ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathrm{n}}$ clusters (n\ensuremath{\leqslant}10) are investigated using Langevin molecular dynamics coupled to a simulated annealing procedure. These calculations utilize quantum forces derived from ab initio pseudopotentials constructed within the local-density approximation, and are performed in real space using the higher-order finite difference method. The energy gaps, binding and fragmentation energies, and electron affinities are calculated, and good agreement is obtained with experimental data. Upon charging the clusters negatively, it is observed that the ground-state structure may significantly change in comparison to the neutral case. This observation explains the substantial difference in the photoemission spectra of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ clusters.
DFT studies of the conformational/structural dependencies of geminal 1H,1H scalar coupling 2J(H,H′) in substituted methanes

A study is presented of the structural dependencies for scalar, interproton J-coupling across two bonds in a series of substituted methanes. The coupled perturbed, density functional theory method with a B3PW91 functional and aug-cc-pVTZ-J basis sets is used to examine coupling between geminal protons 2J(H,H′) in methane and a series of substituted compounds CH3X (X = CH3, CH2CH3, CH2, CH, and NH2) as functions of the dihedral angle φ measured about the C1X2 bonds. All four contributions are obtained but all conformational effects are dominated by the Fermi contact term. Simple linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)-molecular orbital (MO) sum-over-states methods are used to examine the relationships of the coupling constants with dihedral angles as well as internal HCH and HC1X2 angles. This study explores some novel aspects of geminal HH coupling including an analysis of the asymmetry in the conformational dependencies arising from non-next-nearest neighbor interactions. For each of the substituted methanes, explicit trigonometric/exponential expressions are given and these accurately reproduce the 2J(H,H′) structural dependencies with standard deviations usually less than 0.03 Hz. The molecular structures for representative bicyclic molecules were fully optimized, and DFT results for 2J(H,H′) reproduce all the trends in the experimental data. A discussion is given on the applicability of the equations for HH coupling in the substituted methanes to coupling in the bicyclic molecules. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of near-field interference of phase-modulated spectroscopy for detection of absorbers: theoretical prediction of phase shift with respect to the location of the absorber by using a probabilistic-numerical technique, the B-W-K method

When multiple light sources are used, with specifically selected initial phase and/or modulated ACamplitude modulated for each source, the overall light intensity and the phase may be focused to a singleplane, a line, or even a point. This enables a more sensitive detection of heterogeneity in a system.6 Forexample, in a homogeneous system, two sources with the same AC amplitude and different initial phases, 0and ic radians, may create a phase jump of it radians and a null intensity in the center plane of the twosources. In the presence of a heterogeneity, the in- and anti- intensity compensation loses its balance andthe null plane becomes distorted. Therefore, a controlled combination of initial phases and AC amplitudes,in addition to the proper geometrical placement of sources, can scan a localized heterogeneity analogousscanning to radar scanning.In this paper, basic principles of in- and anti-phased array in the localization of a heterogeneity in ascattering continuum are discussed. Various geometric configuration of multi-source placements, initialphase, and sinusoidal AC amplitude modulation are introduced. Phase and light intensity profiles in theplane of interest were computed analytically for a homogeneous scattering medium. Changes in the phaseand the AC intensity with respect to the position of absorbers were also simulated by using a probabilisticnumerical solution, the B-W-K technique.1' 17
Synthese der ersten linearen (o‐Phenylen)naphthaline; eine neue Klasse benzoider Arene

Synthese des biphenylenobiphenylene et de naphto bis-cyclobutabiphenylene et de leurs derives trimethylsilyles
Degree of coherence in curvilinear coordinates and its application to scattering.

In the traditional treatment of the spectral degree of coherence, the Cartesian coordinate system is deployed to describe the electromagnetic field. In the description of the far field scattered from random media, however, the spherical polar coordinates system is more suitably used due to the field’s outgoing spherical form. We hence derive the expression for the spectral degree of coherence in the spherical polar coordinates system. An example of one polychromatic plane wave scattered by a collection of identical particles is given.
Howells in Caricature

The Kirks discussion sketches of William Dean Howells that appeared in the little magazine "Satire" under the classification of "Sacrificial Somebodies." The cartoons reveal the affectionate regard in which the Howells was held by the press in the days before the first World War.
Confirmation of the structure of lipid A derived from the lipopolysaccharide of Rhodobacter sphaeroides by a combination of MALDI, LSIMS, and tandem mass spectrometry

The chemical structure of nontoxic diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides was confirmed using a combination of LSIMS (on a two-sector mass spectrometer) and MALDI (on time-of-flight and ion trap mass spectrometers) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion modes. Accurate molecular weight measurement accompanied by the analysis of fragment ion masses yielded the composition of fatty acyl groups. Tandem experiments (collisionally induced dissociation of both quasimolecular and oxonium ions) were also performed, revealing the precise location and nature of the fatty acyl groups on the disaccharide backbone.
The retirement behavior of workers covered by union and nonunion pension plans

Previous authors have noted that there are significant differences between the provisions of union and nonunion pension plans. I present evidence that sheds light on two hypotheses. The first (Parsons, 1983) posits that union pensions should encourage earlier retirement because productivity falls as workers age, but union rules prohibit firms from lowering wages. The second (Freeman, 1985) argues that union pension plans reflect the preferences of older, more senior workers. I find some support for both hypotheses.
Banach ideals of operators with applications

Abstract We present some results concerning the general theory of Banach ideals of operators and give several applications to Banach space theory. We give, in Section 3, new proofs of several recent results, as well as new operator characterizations of the L p -spaces of Lindenstrauss and Pelczynski. In Section 4 we prove that the space of absolutely summing operators from E to F is reflexive if both E and F are reflexive and E has the approximation property. Section 5 concerns Hilbert spaces. In particular, we compute the relative projection constant of Hilbert spaces in L p (μ)-spaces.
Intelligent Sensor Placement for Hot Server Detection in Data Centers

Recent studies have shown that a significant portion of the total energy consumption of many data centers is caused by the inefficient operation of their cooling systems. Without effective thermal monitoring with accurate location information, the cooling systems often use unnecessarily low temperature set points to overcool the entire room, resulting in excessive energy consumption. Sensor network technology has recently been adopted for data-center thermal monitoring because of its nonintrusive nature for the already complex data center facilities and robustness to instantaneous CPU or disk activities. However, existing solutions place sensors in a simplistic way without considering the thermal dynamics in data centers, resulting in unnecessarily degraded hot server detection probability. In this paper, we first formulate the problems of sensor placement for hot server detection in a data center as constrained optimization problems in two different scenarios. We then propose a novel placement scheme based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to take various factors, such as cooling systems and server layout, as inputs to analyze the thermal conditions of the data center. Based on the CFD analysis in various server overheating scenarios, we apply data fusion and advanced optimization techniques to find a near-optimal sensor placement solution, such that the probability of detecting hot servers is significantly improved. Our empirical results in a real server room demonstrate the detection performance of our placement solution. Extensive simulation results in a large-scale data center with 32 racks also show that the proposed solution outperforms several commonly used placement solutions in terms of detection probability.
IMPACT OF PRIMARY GLEASON GRADE ON RISK STRATIFICATION FOR GLEASON SCORE 7 PROSTATE CANCERS

Purpose To evaluate the primary Gleason grade (GG) in Gleason score (GS) 7 prostate cancers for risk of non-organ-confined disease with the goal of optimizing radiotherapy treatment option counseling. Methods One thousand three hundred thirty-three patients with pathologic GS7 were identified in the Duke Prostate Center research database. Clinical factors including age, race, clinical stage, prostate-specific antigen at diagnosis, and pathologic stage were obtained. Data were stratified by prostate-specific antigen and clinical stage at diagnosis into adapted D'Amico risk groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed evaluating for association of primary GG with pathologic outcome. Results Nine hundred seventy-nine patients had primary GG3 and 354 had GG4. On univariate analyses, GG4 was associated with an increased risk of non-organ-confined disease. On multivariate analysis, GG4 was independently associated with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) but not extracapsular extension. Patients with otherwise low-risk disease and primary GG3 had a very low risk of SVI (4%). Conclusions Primary GG4 in GS7 cancers is associated with increased risk of SVI compared with primary GG3. Otherwise low-risk patients with GS 3+4 have a very low risk of SVI and may be candidates for prostate-only radiotherapy modalities.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Hyphomycete Insect Pathogenic Fungi for Control of Brown Citrus Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Single- and multiple-dose bioassays and field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy). Single-dose bioassays demonstrated that brown citrus aphid is susceptible to several isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin. Overt mycosis ranged from 23.1% ( M. anisopliae ARSEF 759) to 78.0% ( B. bassiana SARC 6000). In multiple-dose bioassays, good dose–-response was obtained with 3 B. bassiana isolates. The 6-d LD50 values for these isolates ranged from 119 to 995 conidia per square millimeter. There was a strong correlation (slopes >1.30) between rapid rise in mortality and dosage increase for all 3 isolates. Replicated field trials of the B. bassiana (strain GHA)-based mycoinsecticide Mycotrol ES provided relatively rapid kill at the application rates. The 5-d Abbott percentage efficacies of Mycotrol ES were, respectively, 79.8 and 94.4% at the half and full rates (2.5 × 1013 and 5 × 1013 conidia per hectare). Proportions of overt mycosis ranged from 0.67 at the half rate to 0.80 at the full rate. Mycotrol ES could be an important component of integrated brown citrus aphid management in the future.
Correlative controls of senescence and plant death in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Like most monocarpic plants, longevity of Arabidopsis thaliana plants is controlled by the reproductive structures; however, they appear to work differently from most dicots studied. Neither male- and female-sterility mutations (ms1-1 and bell1, respectively) nor surgical removal of the stems with inflorescences (bolts) at various stages significantly increased the longevity of individual rosette leaves, yet the mutants and treated plants lived 20-50 d longer, measured by the death of the last rosette and or the last cauline leaf. A series of growth mutations (clv2-4, clv3-2, det3, vam1 enh, and dark green) also increased plant longevity by 20-30 d but did not delay the overall development of the plants. The mutations prolonged plant life through the production of new leaves and stems with inflorescences (bolts) rather than by extending leaf longevity. In growing stems, the newly-formed leaves may induce senescence in the older leaves; however, removal of the younger leaves did not significantly increase the life of the older leaves on the compressed stems of Arabidopsis. Since plants that produce more bolts also live longer, the reproductive load (dry weight) of the bolts did not seem to drive leaf or whole plant senescence here. The developing reproductive structures caused the death of the plant by preventing regeneration of leaves and bolts, which are green and presumably photosynthetic. They also exerted a correlative control (repression) on the development of additional reproductive structures.
The Social Stratification of Older Adults’ Preparations for End-of-Life Health Care

I use data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (n = 4,971) to evaluate the extent to which socioeconomic status affects three health-related (living will, durable power of attorney for health care, and discussions) and one financial (will) component of end-of-life planning. Net worth is positively associated with all four types of planning, after demographic, health, and psychological characteristics are controlled. Low rates of health-related planning among persons with low or negative assets are largely accounted for by the fact that they are less likely to execute a will, an action that triggers health-related preparations. Rates of health-related planning alone are higher among recently hospitalized persons, whereas financial planning only is more commonly done by homeowners and those with richer assets. The results suggest that economically advantaged persons engage in end-of-life planning as a two-pronged strategy entailing financial and health-related preparations. Implications for health policy, practice, and theory are discussed.
RNA polymerase I holoenzyme-promoter interactions

In plants and animals, RNA polymerase I (pol I) can be purified in a form that is self-sufficient for accurate rRNA gene promoter-dependent transcription and that has biochemical properties suggestive of a single complex, or holoenzyme. In this study, we examined the promoter binding properties of a highly purified Brassica pol I holoenzyme activity. DNase I footprinting revealed protection of the core promoter region from ;230 to 120, in good agreement with the boundaries of the minimal promoter defined by deletion analyses (233 to 16). Using conventional polyacrylamide electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), protein-DNA complexes were mostly excluded from the gel. However, agarose EMSA revealed promoter-specific binding activity that co-purified with promoter-dependent transcription activity. Titration, time-course, and competition experiments revealed the formation or dissociation of a single protein-DNA complex. This protein-DNA complex could be labeled by incorporation of radioactive ribonucleotides into RNA in the presence of a-amanitin, suggesting that the polymerase I enzyme is part of the complex. Collectively, these results suggest that transcriptionally competent pol I holoenzymes can associate with rRNA gene promoters in a single DNA binding event.
Biomass production from the U.S. forest and agriculture sectors in support of a renewable electricity standard

Abstract Production of renewable energy from biomass has been promoted as means to improve greenhouse gas balance in energy production, improve energy security, and provide jobs and income. However, uncertainties remain as to how the agriculture and forest sectors might jointly respond to increased demand for bioelectricity feedstocks and the potential environmental consequences of increased biomass production. We use an economic model to examine how the agriculture and forest sectors might combine to respond to increased demands for bioelectricity under simulated future national-level renewable electricity standards. Both sectors are projected to contribute biomass, although energy crops, like switchgrass, produced on agriculture land are projected to be the primary feedstocks. At the highest targets for bioelectricity production, we project increased conversion of forest to agriculture land in support of agriculture biomass production. Although land conversion takes place in response to renewable electricity mandates, we project only minor increases in forest and agriculture emissions. Similarly, crop prices were projected to generally be stable in the face of increased bioelectricity demand and displacement of traditional agriculture crops.
Kinetics of molecular transport across a liposome bilayer

Abstract Transport of the organic molecule malachite green, across a bilayer of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol liposome in aqueous solution, has been observed using a new method, namely second harmonic generation (SHG). Following the rapid mixing of liposome and malachite green solutions, a decay of the SHG signal in time is observed as the malachite green bound to the outer liposome surface crosses to the inner liposome surface. The effect of liquid-crystalline versus gel liposome structures on the transport across the bilayer is reported also.
Discrete optimization via simulation using gaussian markov random fields

We construct a discrete optimization via simulation (DOvS) procedure using discrete Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs). Gaussian random fields (GRFs) are used in DOvS to balance exploration and exploitation. They enable computation of the expected improvement (EI) due to running the simulation to evaluate a feasible point of the optimization problem. Existing methods use GRFs with a continuous domain, which leads to dense covariance matrices, and therefore can be ill-suited for large-scale problems due to slow and ill-conditioned numerical computations. The use of GMRFs leads to sparse precision matrices, on which several sparse matrix techniques can be applied. To allocate the simulation effort throughout the procedure, we introduce a new EI criterion that incorporates the uncertainty in stochastic simulation by treating the value at the current optimal point as a random variable.
Needed data expenditure for an ambiguous decision problem

Abstract The amount worth spending to collect and analyze data depends on the uses of the data. We consider the determination of the optimal expenditure in some simple situations when only some aspects of the data use are known. In particular, we consider uses where an action is taken if a statistic exceeds a threshold τ, which is unknown at the time of data planning and collection (though its value will not depend on the value of the statistic). We analyze the sensitivity of the optimal expenditure to the a priori uncertainty in τ. For many decision problems, the optimal expenditure decreases with increasing uncertainty about τ, but we identify some uses for which the optimal expenditure increases with increasing uncertainty about τ. We also study the effects of other forms of ambiguity. Uncertainty about whether the data will be used typically decreases the optimal expenditure, as does uncertainty about the preferences represented in the decision making.
Justice as Integrity: Objectivity and Social Meaning in Legal Theory:

While Dworkin views law as the embodiment of moral principles, the sources of those principles that he identifies do not supply the justification of force he ascribes to them. In this article I propose that judges interpret justice from what I call the social forms of society. I call this method justice as integrity and propose it as the foundation of law as integrity. By showing how social meanings are necessarily part of our understanding of social and natural phenomena, I hope to show that Dworkin’s political theory, and hence his legal theory, are tenable only upon a constructivist foundation of justice closer to Michael Walzer’s than his own. While this methodology better explains the moral foundations of law, I reject the metaphysical implications that both he and Dworkin ascribe to it. Constructivism does not imply ethical relativism nor does it provide any moral or epistemological barriers to criticism of social practice in one’s own society or elsewhere. I hope to make Dworkin’s constitutional th...
Electronic conductivity of alkyne-capped ruthenium nanoparticles

Ruthenium nanoparticles (2.12 ± 0.72 nm in diameter) were stabilized by the self-assembly of alkyne molecules (from 1-hexyne to 1-hexadecyne) onto the Ru surface by virtue of the formation of Ru–vinylidene interfacial linkages. Infrared measurements depicted three vibrational bands at 2050 cm−1, 1980 cm−1 and 1950 cm−1, which were ascribed to the vibrational stretches of the terminal triple bonds that were bound onto the nanoparticle surface. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that there were about 65 to 96 alkyne ligands per nanoparticle (depending on the ligand chainlength), corresponding to a molecular footprint of 20 to 15 A2. This suggests that the ligands likely adopted a head-on configuration on the nanoparticle surface, consistent with a vinylidene bonding linkage due to interfacial tautomeric rearrangements. With this conjugated interfacial bonding interaction, electronic conductivity measurements of the corresponding nanoparticle solid films showed that the nanoparticles all exhibited linear current–potential curves within the potential range of −0.8 V to +0.8 V at varied temperatures (200 to 300 K). The ohmic characters were partly ascribed to the spilling of core electrons into the organic capping layer that facilitated interparticle charge transfer. Furthermore, based on the temperature dependence of the nanoparticle electronic conductivity, the activation energy for interparticle charge transfer was estimated to be in the range of 70 to 90 meV and significantly, the coupling coefficient (β) was found to be 0.31 A−1 for nanoparticles stabilized by short-chain alkynes (1-hexyne, 1-octyne, and 1-decyne), and 1.44 A−1 for those with long alkynes such as 1-dodecyne, 1-tetradecyne, and 1-hexadecyne. This may be accounted for by the relative contributions of the conjugated metal–ligand interfacial bonding interactions versus the saturated aliphatic backbones of the alkyne ligands to the control of interparticle charge transfer.
Process Modeling for Titanium Aluminide Matrix Composites

Consolidation of continuous fiber-reinforced titanium aluminide matrix composites (TMC) by the foil/fiber/foil method has traditionally taken an empirical approach utilizing processing cycles derived by simple trial and error. In an effort to reduce the empirical nature of producing TMC, a simple but effective analytical approach is employed. This approach analyzes the effect of fiber and foil geometries on consolidation parameters by combining a physical constitutive creep model with computational methods of interpreting raw materials characterization data. Examples of SCS-6/super a2(Ti-25Al-10Nb-3Mo-lV) and Saphikon/γ-TiAl composites consolidation are discussed by comparing the model predictions with equivalent validation specimen microstructures.
Die molekularen Grundlagen der eukaryotischen Transkription (Nobel‐Vortrag)

Ich bin zutiefst dankbar fur die grose Ehre, die mir das Nobel- Komitee fur Chemie und die Koniglich-Schwedische Akademie der Wissenschaften gewahrt. Es ist eine Ehre, die ich mit meinen Mitarbeitern teile, und es ist auch eine Anerkennung fur all diejenigen, die uber ein Vierteljahrhundert hinweg zur Erforschung der Transkription beigetragen haben.
New spectroscopic methods for environmental measurement and monitoring

The ability to monitor a broad range of chemical species in the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere is a key technology for addressing global environmental issues. This report surveys several high sensitivity spectroscopic techniques for this purpose, including Frequency-Modulation-Enhanced Remote Sensing, Intra Cavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy, Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy.
An 8-b 20-Msample/s pipelined A/D converter in 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS with 7.8 ENOB

This paper presents an 8-b 20-Msample/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) designed in 0.5-mum CMOS technology. On first silicon this converter achieved 7.8 effective-number-of-bits (ENOB), a peak differential-non-linearity (DNL) of -0.36LSB and integral-non-linearity (INL) of 0.35LSB
Real-Time Tsunami Forecasting: Challenges and Solutions

A new method for real-time tsunami forecasting will provide NOAA’s Tsunami Warning Centers with forecast guidance tools during an actual tsunami event. PMEL has developed the methodology of combining real-time data from tsunameters with numerical model estimates to provide site- and event-specific forecasts for tsunamis in real time. An overview of the technique and testing of this methodology is presented.
Active vision in passive locomotion: real‐world free viewing in infants and adults

Visual exploration in infants and adults has been studied using two very different paradigms: free viewing of flat screen displays in desk-mounted eye-tracking studies and real-world visual guidance of action in head-mounted eye-tracking studies. To test whether classic findings from screen-based studies generalize to real-world visual exploration and to compare natural visual exploration in infants and adults, we tested observers in a new paradigm that combines critical aspects of both previous techniques: free viewing during real-world visual exploration. Mothers and their 9-month-old infants wore head-mounted eye trackers while mothers carried their infants in a forward-facing infant carrier through a series of indoor hallways. Demands for visual guidance of action were minimal in mothers and absent for infants, so both engaged in free viewing while moving through the environment. Similar to screen-based studies, during free viewing in the real world low-level saliency was related to gaze direction. In contrast to screen-based studies, only infants - not adults - were biased to look at people, participants of both ages did not show a classic center bias, and mothers and infants did not display high levels of inter-observer consistency. Results indicate that several aspects of visual exploration of a flat screen display do not generalize to visual exploration in the real world.
The Flesh and the Word: Stories and Other Gifts of the Animals in Chipewyan Cosmology

Although subject to criticism, scholars generally acknowledge the validity of Marcel Mauss's assertion that the gift exchange is central to the origins of human society. However, commentary overlooks the fact that for a good many North American Indians, and for others known in the ethnographic record, society involves other-than human persons—especially animal persons. Focusing on the gift of stories, this article argues that for the Northern Athapaskan-speaking Chipewyan, animals are not just a part of society; they provide the fundamental gifts upon which life is based. The most portentous example of their generosity—sacrificially presenting themselves to be killed by hunters—is paradigmatic for the selflessness in which humans should give to other humans. Furthermore, it is the circulation of power (inkonze) found in the animals'flesh, along with the inkonze embedded in such things as the words and actions of curers and storytellers—who are inspired by dreams that are given as gifts from the animals—that makes human life possible. Not only society, but reality itself is, in important measure, based upon the giving, receiving, and the returning of gifts of power
Phenomenology and Philosophy in Japan

Phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy have been well received in the academic world and by intellectuals, since the introduction of Husserl’s Logische Untersuchungen. Beginning with the Meiji Restoration, Japan quickly absorbed not only science and technology from the West, but also the economic system, the social structure, the legal and political organization, as well as art, literature, and philosophy. And it was thus natural that the introduction of phenomenology and phenomenological philosophy would be similarly appreciated.
Technology Integration With Teacher Candidates in a Summer-Camp Setting

AbstractMany districts have implemented one-to-one technology initiatives, where students have access to computers or tablets for use in and out of school. Teachers participating in these initiatives may lack knowledge about ways to integrate technology into classroom practices (Pilgrim and Bledsoe, 2012); therefore, teacher preparation programs must prepare teachers for work in technology-rich environments (U.S. Department of Education, 2010). In order to model technology integration, teacher educators at a small university in Texas implemented a one-to-one iPad initiative in a summer-camp setting. Preservice teachers worked with middle school students for 1 week during the summer camp setting, engaging the participants in research and technology applications. The purpose of this article is to share preservice teachers’ responses to the iPad initiative, student-centered interaction with the summer-camp participants, and technology integration, in an effort to prepare teachers for the 21st-century classroom.