cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Part Two: Against the Motion. Fenestrated Endografts Should not be Restricted to a Small Number of Specialized Centers

The value of fenestrated-branched stent-grafts (FBSG) in the management of complex aortic aneurysms has been clearly demonstrated from data derived from several centers of excellence. Reducedmorbidity andmortality aswell as shorter length of hospital stay has been demonstrated to be associated with FBSG compared to traditional open surgery for patients with complex aortic aneurysms. FBGS have an even greater benefit in patients considered to be at high-risk for open repair. Fenestrated-branched technology was first introduced in 1996 with larger series reported in 2001. Recent reports have proven FBSG to be safe, effective, and durable with excellent long-term results. Reinterventions that were performed were mostly for stenoses of branch stents and type 1 and 3 endoleaks. Cook Medical Inc (Bloomington, IN) has been a leading manufacturer in this area for several years with the company reportingmore than 4000 implantations of FBSG worldwide and recently acquiring FDA approval for its pararenal device in the United States and CE approval for its thoracoabdominal device (T-fenestrated) in Europe. Recently, however, fenestrated-branched technology has rapidly evolved and become more widespread with 2 more FBSG devices under investigation or marketed outside of the U.S. and FBSG for thoracoabdominal and aortic arch aneurysms being approved as investigational devices. Despite these recent advancements, this technology which was introduced more than 15 years ago and which has been used to treat more than 4000 patients worldwide, not counting the countless patients treated with surgeonmodified FBSG or FBSG from other companies, continues to be restricted to only a few centers of excellence. The intent of this paper is to argue in favor of a wider distribution of FBSG to vascular centers and to demonstrate how any effort to restrict this kind of technology would only compromise patient care.
Clinical Applications of Functional MR Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging for neurosurgical planning has become the standard of care in centers where it is available. Although paradigms to measure eloquent cortices are not yet standardized, simple tasks elicit reliable maps for planning neurosurgical procedures. A patient-specific paradigm design will refine the usability of fMR imaging for prognostication and recovery of function. Certain pathologic conditions and technical issues limit the interpretation of fMR imaging maps in clinical use and should be considered carefully. However, fMR imaging for neurosurgical planning continues to provide insights into how the brain works and how it responds to pathologic insults.
Choosing among tests of emotional intelligence: What is the evidence?

This article provides a comprehensive review of research regarding five types of validity for each of four major tests used to measure emotional intelligence (EI). It culls and synthesizes information scattered among a host of articles in academic journals, technical reports, chapters, and books, as well as unpublished papers and manuscripts. It enables human resource development professionals and researchers to determine the absolute and incremental value they are likely to derive by using any one of the tests to assess and develop emotional intelligence among managers and employees.
Cloning of cDNA for phytochrome from etiolated Cucurbita and coordinate photoregulation of the abundance of two distinct phytochrome transcripts.

We have isolated several cDNA clones for phytochrome from a dicot, Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Black Beauty (zucchini), and have used them to study the regulation of Cucurbita phytochrome mRNA levels. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNA isolated from etiolated Cucurbita hypocotyl hooks and enriched for phytochrome mRNA by size fractionation. This library was screened with a 32P-labeled fragment isolated from an Avena phytochrome cDNA clone. Several putative phytochrome clones were isolated and mapped by restriction endonuclease analysis. On the basis of this analysis there is no evidence for the expression of multiple phytochrome genes in Cucurbita. Recent sequence analysis has confirmed that the largest of these clones, pFMD1 (∼3.6 kb), does indeed encode phytochrome and that it contains the entire amino acid coding sequence for Cucurbita phytochrome (33). RNA blot analysis has revealed that two polyadenylated phytochrome transcripts (∼5.6 kb and ∼4.2 kb) are present in both cotyledons and hypocotyl hooks of Cucurbita. In etiolated Cucurbita seedlings given a saturating pulse of red light, the abundance of both transcripts coordinately declines to 50–60% of the dark levels within 3 h and reaccumulates to dark levels within 24 h. Reversal of induction of this response by a far-red light pulse immediately following red light treatment is not observed, which is in contrast to the far-red reversibility of the red light promoted decrease in phytochrome mRNA abundance observed in Avena (6). Etiolated seedlings transferred to continuous white light also show a coordinate decrease in the levels of the two RNAs to ∼40% of the dark levels within 3 h. The magnitude of the light-induced decline in phytochrome mRNA abundance in Cucurbita is substantially less than the decrease previously reported for Avena (6).
Real Time Conformational Changes in the Retinal Phosphodiesterase γ Subunit Monitored by Resonance Energy Transfer

Abstract The γ subunit of the retinal cGMP phosphodiesterase (γPDE) acts as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE) catalytic activity and mediates enzyme regulation by the α subunit of the GTP-binding protein transducin (αT). In order to characterize conformational changes in the 87-amino acid γPDE subunit that may accompany the activation of the holoenzyme, γPDE was labeled with the fluorescent probes 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein and eosin-5-isothiocyanate for use in resonance energy transfer measurements. 5-Iodoacetamidofluorescein specifically labeled a cysteine residue at position 68 and served as a resonance energy transfer donor. The site of modification of eosin-5-isothiocyanate, which served as the resonance energy transfer acceptor, was determined to be within the first seven residues of the amino terminus of γPDE. Energy transfer between the labeled sites on free, unbound γPDE indicated that they were separated by a distance of 63 A, consistent with a random conformation. Upon binding the catalytic αβ subunits of the PDE, the distance between the two probes on γPDE increased to 77 A. Binding of the labeled γPDE by αT·;guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate did not affect the distance between the probes under conditions where the PDE was activated. These data are consistent with the view that the binding of activated αT to γPDE, which is essential for the stimulation of PDE activity, does not impart significant alterations in the tertiary structure of the γPDE molecule. They also support a model for PDE activation that places active αT in a complex with the holoenzyme.
Performance of Fuzzy ART neural network and hierarchical clustering for part-machine grouping based on operation sequences

The problem context for this study is one of identifying families of parts having a similar sequence of operations. This is a prerequisite for the implementation of cellular manufacturing, group technology, just-in-time manufacturing systems and for streamlining material flows in general. Given this problem context, this study develops an experimental procedure to compare the performance of a fuzzy ART neural network, a relatively recent neural network method, with the performance of traditional hierarchical clustering methods. For large, industry-type data sets, the fuzzy ART network, with the modifications proposed here, is capable of performance levels equal or superior to those of the widely used hierarchical clustering methods. However, like other ART networks, Fuzzy ART also results in category proliferation problems, an aspect that continues to require attention for ART networks. However, low execution times and superior solution quality make fuzzy ART a useful addition to the set of tools and techniques now available for group technology and design of cellular manufacturing systems.
Inhibition of testosterone synthesis in the canine testis in vitro

Testicular 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (17 beta-HOR) is one of the several enzymes necessary for the synthesis of testosterone, but is not required for either glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid synthesis. Since specific inhibition of the testicular enzyme has potential contraceptive and experimental uses, the inhibitory effect of twenty steroids on 17 beta-HOR activity was examined in microsomal preparations of canine testes. Six steroids inhibited testosterone formation, but only 4-estrene-3,17-dione (KI = 2.4 microM) and 5-androstene-3,17-dione (KI = 6.8 microM) had significant inhibitory activity. The data suggest the following molecular characteristics necessary for competitive inhibition of 17 beta-HOR activity: (a) requirement for 17-keto group, (b) relative requirement for 3-keto group, (c) decreased inhibition with unsaturation in position 5-6, and (d) marked loss of inhibitory activity with 6 beta-, 11 beta- or 19- hydroxylation, and A-ring aromatization.
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION FOR CRASHWORTHY AIRCRAFT SEAT DESIGN

A three-dimensional mathematical model of an aircraft seat, occupant, and restraint system has been developed for use in the analysis of light aircraft crashworthiness. The occupant model consists of 12 rigid mass segments whose dimensions and inertial properties have been determined from studies of human body anthropometry and kinematics and from measurements of a production anthropomorphic test dummy. Because of the significant role played by the seat in overall system crashworthiness, a detailed finite-element model of the seat structure is included. The input data are structured so that any aircraft seat can be modeled by providing only nodal coordinates, element cross-sectional dimensions, and material properties. Plastic behavior is simulated by plastic hinges at the beam ends. Comparisons of model predictions with measured data for a dynamic test of an energy-absorbing seat are included.
A Human Kidney cDNA Which Induces a Cell Surface Protein Epitope Recognized by a Monoclonal Antibody against Galactosylceramide

Antibodies against the myelin glycolipid galactosylceramide are widely used to study the distribution and function of this molecule. However, anti-galactosylceramide antibodies are not monospecific and have been shown to recognize epitopes carried not only by other glycolipids, but also by proteins. Using expression cloning we have identified a human kidney cDNA which induces a cell-surface protein recognized by the anti-galactosylceramide monoclonal antibody R-mab. These findings further support the idea that cross-reactive proteins may mediate some of the biological effects of the anti galactosylceramide antibodies.
A FUZZY GIS MODELING APPROACH FOR URBAN LAND EVALUATION

Abstract Present analytical functions and conventional cartographic modeling techniques in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are based on Boolean logic, which implicitly assumes that objects in a spatial database and their attributes can be uniquely defined. The inherent constraint of the classical set theory does not allow for partial set membership conditions and imprecise information in GIS. The inadequacy of the Boolean logic for the representation and manipulation of spatial data is a major obstacle toward realistic GIS modeling. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of Zadeh's fuzzy set theory in GIS modeling for urban land evaluation. The results indicate that incorporating fuzzy set theory into GIS modeling can provide more details about the gradual transition of urban land value than the traditional cartographic modeling approach. Fuzzy GIS modeling can also reduce the information loss by obtaining membership grade for each individual land parcel. The membership function allows identification of the extent to which a particular area belongs to a valuation class based on given criteria.
Effect of copper, cadmium, and zinc on percent spore germination of the cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea) and the sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis)

The purpose of this report is to assess the relative toxicities of Cu, Cd, and Zn based on percent spore germination in two fern taxa, Osmunda cinnamomea L. and Onoclea sensibilis L.
Xenotransplantation of developing kidneys.

The number of kidney transplants performed per year is limited by the availability of donor organs. One novel solution to this shortage envisions “growing” new kidneys in situ via xenotransplantati...
The trauma triage rule: a new, resource-based approach to the prehospital identification of major trauma victims.

Study objective: To develop a new trauma decision rule. Design: Retrospective clinical review. Setting: Level 1 trauma center. Type of participants: 1,004 injured adults. Measurements and main results: A new trauma decision rule was derived from 1,004 injured adult patients using a new operational definition of major trauma. The rule, termed the Trauma Triage Rule, defines a major trauma victim as any injured adult patient whose systolic blood pressure is less than 85 mm Hg; whose motor component of the Glasgow Coma Score is less than 5; or who has sustained penetrating trauma of the head, neck, or trunk. Using the operational definition of major trauma, the rule had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 92% when tested on the 1,004-patient cohort. Conclusion: The Trauma Triage Rule may significantly reduce overtriage while only minimally increasing undertriage. This approach must be validated prospectively before it can be used in the prehospital setting.
Electrophoresis of dumbbell-like colloidal particles

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the dynamics of dumbbell-like colloidal particles moving by electrophoresis is presented. The dumbbell consists of two rigid spheres of arbitrary radii connected by an infinitesimally thin, rigid rod. Each sphere has a uniform but arbitrary zeta potential and is surrounded by a thin electrical double layer, as defined in the Helmholtz limit. The analysis utilizes the linearity of the governing electrokinetic equations to reduce the problem to subproblems for which the solutions already exist or are easily derived. Translational and angular velocities of the nonuniformly charged dumbbell are obtained by utilizing rigid-body mechanics, solutions for the electrophoresis of two freely suspended spheres and solutions for the components of the grand resistance matrix for two spheres translating and rotating with arbitrary velocities. The results, which depend linearly on the zeta potentials of the spheres, are presented in the form of four dimensionless functions, two to describe the translation, one to describe the rotation and one to locate the ”center“ of the dumbbell. These four functions depend only on the spheres' radii and the distance between the centers of the spheres. Sample calculations are presented to illustrate features of the electrophoretic motion of doublets that could be formed by heterocoagulation or bridging mechanisms. Estimates of angular velocities indicate that only modest fields might be required to align a suspension of doublets, even when the suspension undergoes shear flow.
Osteosarcoma arising in Paget's disease of the mandible

Although osteosarcoma is a well-known complication of Paget's disease of bone, it uncommonly develops in the jaw bones. We present an osteosarcoma arising in Paget's disease of the mandible with unique features of a normal serum alkaline phosphatase level, and histologic features of telangiectatic change in the osteosarcoma and association with cemento-osseous dysplasia. Sixteen reported cases of osteosarcoma arising in Paget's disease of the jaw bones (OPJ) are also reviewed and compared to osteosarcoma arising in Paget's disease occurring in the entire skeleton (OPS) and osteosarcoma arising de novo in the jaw bones (OJ). Females are more commonly involved in OPJ in contrast to a male predominance in OPS and OJ. OPJ also has a distinctively higher percentage involving blacks compared to OPS. The prognosis of OPJ is poor, with 69% of patients dying within two years after diagnosis. Early recognition, early and aggressive treatment are important to improve the prognosis and are hence emphasized.
ZIP8 expression in human proximal tubule cells, human urothelial cells transformed by Cd+2 and As+3 and in specimens of normal human urothelium and urothelial cancer

Background ZIP8 functions endogenously as a Zn+2/HCO3- symporter that can also bring cadmium (Cd+2) into the cell. It has also been proposed that ZIP8 participates in Cd-induced testicular necrosis and renal disease. In this study real-time PCR, western analysis, immunostaining and fluorescent localization were used to define the expression of ZIP8 in human kidney, cultured human proximal tubule (HPT) cells, normal and malignant human urothelium and Cd+2 and arsenite (As+3) transformed urothelial cells.
Late Holocene vegetational change in central Madagascar.

A sediment core from Lake Kavitaha, central Madagascar, provides a stratigraphic record of changes in pollen spectra and charcoal influx in the late Holocene. The earliest pollen spectra distantly resemble the modern pollen rain of a vegetational mosaic in northern Madagascar, although results of principal component analysis suggest no close modern analog. At about 1300 yr B.P., a marked rise in charcoal is followed by a decline in pollen of woody taxa, culminating in a change to grass-dominated pollen spectra within about 4 centuries. Pollen of woody taxa decline below 15% of total terrestrial pollen and spores beginning about 600 yr B. P. The influx of charcoal from graminoid sources remains high until recent centuries. The late Holocene changes in vegetation and fire ecology at the site were approximately contemporaneous with the latest 14?C dates for the extinct megafauna and the earliest dates for human occupation.
Chemistry at catalytic surfaces: The SO2 oxidation on noble metals

Abstract The high temperature solid electrolyte cell air, M¦ ZrO 2 (8% Y 2 O 3 )¦M , air-SO2SO3, where M is Pt, Ag, or Au, was used to monitor the oxygen activity on Pt, Ag, or Au catalyst films exposed to mixtures of O2, SO2, and SO3 at temperatures above 400 °C and 1 atm total pressure. One electrode functioned simultaneously as both electrode and catalyst. The opencircuit EMF of the cell reflected the oxygen activity on the working catalyst and simultaneously the steady-state chemical kinetics were observed. For Pt it was found that the surface oxygen activity generally does not equal the gas phase PO2, but is determined by PSO2 or the P SO 3 P SO 2 ratio, depending on the temperature and gas phase composition. These observations suggest that the rate-limiting step in the SO2 oxidation on Pt is not generally the reaction between chemisorbed oxygen and gaseous SO2, except at high temperatures and very low Pso2, but rather the desorption of a chemisorbed phase of SO3 or the adsorption of oxygen, depending upon the temperature, PSO2, PSO3, and PO2. The results with Au and Ag films show that chemisorbed SO3 is also formed on these metals exposed to SO2, O2 mixtures. The values of surface oxygen activity compared to those obtained for Pt, provide an explanation for the weakly catalytic and noncatalytic properties of Au and Ag, respectively, for the SO2 oxidation.
Evidence for the release of serotonin by relaxing nerves in molluscan muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of serotonin was confirmed in the pedal ganglion and anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis. Levels were 22·1 ± 2·5 and 0·66 ± 0·13 μg/g wet weight respectively. 2. 2. Repetitive stimulation with brief pulses, applied directly to the muscle lead to potentiation and increased relaxation rates of subsequent contractions. Contraction tension in response to brief repetitive stimuli or acetylcholine was potentiated and the potentiation persisted for up to an hour. 3. 3. Since prolonged repetitive stimulation applied to the ABRM, which probably releases the relaxing transmitter, leads to changes in muscle properties similar to those produced by added serotonin, it is concluded that serotonin is probably the transmitter responsible for relaxation of catch in Mytilus.
"High Tech" Exploration Without High Cost

An example of inversion modelling and interpretation which can be done on a personal computer, and three examples of significant seismic data improvement achieved by simple application of oft-overlooked basic procedures, are presented. Acoustic impedance traces containing only those frequencies recorded in the field can be easily generated from zero-phase seismic data. Forward modelling of these traces using a personal computer can determine lithology and porosity. A short case history of modelling a Miocene reef is presented. Shallow anamolies of limited areal extent can sometimes distort raypaths to the degree that desired reflections are not received. Designing field setups to avoid such a problem is common on land. An example of successful application of this technique offshore is presented. Another problem more common onshore than offshore is statics. An example of a marine statics problem is presented. Finally, the most neglected process of all, display, has been addressed. I intend to show, that contrary to the beliefs of many, this is not a totally subjective topic.
An epidemiological profile and trend analysis of wound flora in burned children: 7 years' experience.

Abstract A retrospective chart review was conducted of 5418 culture and sensitivity reports from 93 paediatric burn patients to determine profiles of wound flora and invasive organisms, trend analysis and patterns of antibiotic resistance. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was the predominant burn wound pathogenic isolate and the predominant invasive organism for burns A significant association was demonstrated between increasing burn size and an increasing incidence of Gram-negative and invasive organisms. Silver sulphadiazine remains a very effective topical agent for the control of bacterial and fungal growth in burn wounds after 10 years of intensive use in this burn unit. Pseudomonad isolates were routinely multi-drug resistant. Pseudomonad isolates from wounds treated topically with a silver sulphadiazine-cerium nitrate mixture were frequently resistant to aminoglycosides, colistin and carbenicillin. It is concluded from this review that severe restrictions on antibiotic usage within burn units, and strict internal environmental control within burn units may help to decrease the incidence of nosocomial resistant strains and cross infection. Regular monitoring of burn wound flora, and the protocol for wound care used in treating these patients have been effective in preventing septic episodes and death due to sepsis.
Race, ethnicity and pain

The current paper provides a brief overview of research on the effects of race and ethnicity on pain. More specifically, the article reviews the utility of the concepts of race and ethnicity for pain research, suggests operational definitions of race and ethnicity, reviews the literature on the effects of race and ethnicity on laboratory and clinical pain, and provides suggestions for future research.
A NEW EMPIRICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE TRANSIENT SHEAR STRESS GROWTH IN SEMI‐SOLID FOODS1

A family of models has been developed which has the ability to simulate transient shear stress growth in foods. The models can be written as follows: Three relaxation terms (seven parameters) are necessary to stimulate transient shear stress growth for stick butter, tub margarine and peanut butter at shear rates of 10 s−1 and 100 s−1. At small times the model tends to: which simulates the stress growth part of the curve. At long times the models tend to the power-law. The series of relaxation terms allows for the introduction of several time scales in the relaxation behavior of each food.
Frequency-Domain Coexistence Beacon for the Coexistence of White Space Applications

For the protection of incumbent users such as digital television (DTV), white space applications running on locally unused TV spectrum should be able to detect incumbent users at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Recent studies show that at a low SNR under high noise uncertainty, pilot detection performs better than other spectrum sensing methods such as energy detection and feature detection. The motivation of this paper is to adopt a DTV pilot detection scheme to detect white space applications. We propose assigning a frequency-domain coexistence beacon (FCB) at the same location of the DTV pilot as the pilot of white space applications. Over the FCB, every white space application transmits its coexistence beacon frames, and other white space applications detect the frames using the DTV detector just as it does DTV signals. The narrow bandwidth of the FCB contributes to better SNR than that of energy detection. The analysis of the proposed method shows that the increase in the SNR contributes to improving the coexistence of white space applications by increasing the average probability of detection. Although the reduced bandwidth to transmit user traffic causes degradation in the data rate, the proposed method can achieve higher utilization of total white space channels with less interference and more accommodation of newly-joining white space applications. In addition, the proposed method enables us to simply adopt the DTV pilot detector for detecting white space applications, allowing implementation of the proposed method at a low cost with less hardware complexity.
Calculation of electrical resistivity produced by dislocations in various metals

An elementary discussion is presented of how the atomic disorder near a dislocation line can produce enough large-angle scattering to account for the measured values of electrical resistivity in metals. The anisotropy of conduction electron scattering over the Fermi surface is deduced from analysis of the model. The values of specific dislocation resistivity calculated in different metals generally agree well with measured values. There is some comment on the broad trend of resistivity values in different metals produced by dislocations, which is similar to the trend of phonon-produced resistivity. A critique of certain other theoretical models is also presented.
The Journal of Retailing 2006–2011: A Nostalgic Retrospective

Abstract This article concludes our five years at the helm of the Journal of Retailing. In it, we make a few announcements, review some highlights of our tenure as JR co-editors, provide some insights into the review process, offer some bits of advice for authors, and recount our vision for the Journal.
Initiation of flight muscle apoptosis and wing casting in the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta

Abstract Newly-mated Solenopsis invicta flight queens cast (shed) their wings within 24 h. An examination of their flight muscle cells reveals numerous apoptotic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling positive) nuclei. By contrast, flight muscle cells of mature alate virgin (MAV) females removed 24 h earlier from a managed laboratory colony exhibit neither wing casting nor the presence of apoptotic nuclei. Using MAV-females, the initiation of flight muscle apoptosis and wing casting is compared with artificial mating using seminal fluid with sperm, seminal fluid with no sperm, saline as a negative control, the mating flight as simulated in the laboratory, elevated CO2 exposure, application of methoprene (a juvenile hormone analogue), or injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone. Numerous apoptotic nuclei are revealed in the flight muscle cells of mated dealate females 24 h after a natural mating flight but not in MAV-females controls. Only artificial mating of MAV-females reveals a similar pattern of apoptotic nuclei flight muscle 24 h after insemination. None of the other factors tested induces flight muscle cell apoptosis in MAV-females. Methoprene dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone, at a concentration of 0.44 ng per μL per ant, stimulates 90% of MAV-females to shed their wings within 24 h, as opposed to 10% or less wing shedding for the methyl ethyl ketone control and all other treatments.
Trophic magnification of PCBs and Its relationship to the octanol-water partition coefficient

We investigated polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccumulation relative to octanol−water partition coefficient (KOW) and organism trophic position (TP) at the Lake Hartwell Superfund site (South Carolina). We measured PCBs (127 congeners) and stable isotopes (δ15N) in sediment, organic matter, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish. TP, as calculated from δ15N, was significantly, positively related to PCB concentrations, and food web trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged from 1.5−6.6 among congeners. TMFs of individual congeners increased strongly with log KOW, as did the predictive power (r2) of individual TP-PCB regression models used to calculate TMFs. We developed log KOW-TMF models for eight food webs with vastly different environments (freshwater, marine, arctic, temperate) and species composition (cold- vs warmblooded consumers). The effect of KOW on congener TMFs varied strongly across food webs (model slopes 0.0−15.0) because the range of TMFs among studies was also highly...
The dirty dozen: Tough treasury problems and how to solve them

Due to recent recessions, many companies have downsized or outsourced critical functions. Treasury and Finance have suffered, as entire departments were eliminated. What's worse, companies have grown lax about optimizing cash use while retaining adequate controls. The author presents a dirty dozen of the toughest problems companies are wrestling with—and shows you how to handle them. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integration of fossil and renewable energy technologies to mitigate carbon dioxide

Abstract This paper analyzes several integrations of photovoltaics (PV) and integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies to reduce carbon dioxide. In one of these integrations, liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels are produced by reacting the carbon dioxide from the IGCC plant with hydrogen produced from PV electrolysis of water. This system appears to be cost competitive with a hydrogen economy alternative for future estimates of system performance and costs.
Implications of the Optical Model for the S -Matrix Approach to High-Energy pp Scattering

The optical model is shown to indicate that the high-energy large-momentum-transfer $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic scattering amplitude obeys the Mandelstam representation and that the corresponding absorptive parts and double spectral functions are highly oscillatory.
Therapy of Disseminated Melanoma by Liposome-Activated Macrophages

The uncontrolled growth of metastases is a major cause of death from melanoma. Metastases arise from the nonrandom spread of specialized malignant cells that preexist within a primary neoplasm. Macrophages are activated to become tumoricidal by interaction with phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) containing immunomodulators recognize and destroy neoplastic cells in vitro and in vivo while leaving nonneoplastic cells unharmed. The mechanism(s) by which macrophages discriminate between tumorigenic and normal cells is independent of tumor cell characteristics such as immunogenicity, metastatic potential, and sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs. Moreover, macrophage destruction of tumor cells apparently is not associated with the development of tumor cell resistance. Intravenously administered liposomes are cleared from the circulation by phagocytic cells. The administration of such liposomes has been shown to activate macrophages in situ and to bring about eradication of cancer metastases in several experimental tumor systems and in dogs with spontaneous osteogenic sarcoma. Macrophage destruction of metastases in vivo is significant, provided that the tumor burden at the start of treatment is minimal. For this reason, we have been investigating various methods to achieve maximal cytoreduction in metastases by modalities such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy prior to systemic activation of macrophages. Macrophage-directed therapy has been studied in several human protocols, yielding important biological information about the safe use of liposome-encapsulated macrophage activators in cancer patients.
Pediatricians' role in supporting parents as they care for infants and young children.

Primary care pediatric health care clinicians can integrate basic principles and strategies of the field of infant mental health within the time constraints of their current practice, while advocating for additional resources to support the expansion of the preventive potential afforded by new scientific advances in this field. Infant mental health is a relatively young field with the potential to reduce human suffering and health care costs associated with early-onset developmental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. This will depend not only on primary care pediatric diagnostic acumen, but also on related investments in health care preventive screenings and interventions, training and infrastructure, as well as community supports. The health and development of infants, young children, and families emerge from the interactions of a wide range of factors—including health, education, and economic policy, as well as attributes of local communities and the larger physical environment—and impact economics and security at national and global levels.
Reexamining gender differences in same-gender friendships: a close look at two kinds of data

The present paper examines the widely accepted claim that women's and men's friendships can be characterized dichotomously as “expressive” vs. “instrumental,” or alternatively, as “communal” vs. “agentic.” After addressing questions about the empirical support for this claim, we present analyses based on two different kinds of data. Subjects providing these data were predominantly, although possibly not exclusively, Caucasian U.S. citizens. Study One analyzed the purposes of interaction endorsed by women and men in reports of actual meetings with same-sex friends. Women and men did not differ in the purposes reported, as both indicated meeting most often just to talk, less often to work on a task, and least often to deal with a relationship issue pertinent to the friendship. Study Two analyzed responses to a form assessing various aspects of the strength and quality of subjects' same-gender friendships. Although women and men differed on a number of variables, the differences did not form an expressive vs. instrumental dichotomy. We discuss an altered perspective on the differences and similarities in women's and men's friendships suggested by these results.
EXPERIMENTAL AND DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY STUDY ON THz SPECTRA OF 4-NT AND 2, 6-DNT

Terahertz (THz) spectra of two TNT-related compounds (4-NT and 2, 6-DNT) are investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, 1.5-20 THz) and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS, 0.2-2.5 THz). Density functional theory (DFT) is applied to calculate THz spectra of these two compounds. Transmission, diffuse reflection, and calculated spectra are in good agreement. The measured THz resonance lines from the transmission and diffuse reflectance spectra are assigned based on the DFT simulation. The observed THz signatures imply that THz spectrum has potential for standoff detection of explosives and related compounds (ERCs) in the THz range.
A Novel α-2,6-Sialyltransferase: Transfer of Sialic Acid to Fucosyl and Sialyl Trisaccharides

The substrate specificity and enzymatic sialylation ability of the bacterium α-2,6-sialyltransferase were examined. The enzyme assay displayed a remarkable ability to catalyze sialyl transfer to type-II oligosaccharides possessing fucoside or sialoside at the 2 or 3 position of the terminal galactoside. Enzymatic syntheses were performed in order to confirm the structure of unusual assay products found when using Neu5Ac β2,3Galβ1,4Glc and Fuc α1,2Galβ1,4Glc as the sialyl acceptors. Both sialylation reactions (10 μmol scales) were run using 83 munits of enzyme, were complete in 2 h, and afforded the sialoside analogues Neu5Ac α2,6(Fuc α1,2) Galβ1,4Glc (88%) and Neu5Ac α2,6(Neu5Ac β2,3) Galβ1,4Glc (92%).
A More Neutral Liberal Education: Why Not Only Liberals, But Religious Conservatives Should Endorse Comparative Religious Education in Public Schools

If we value religious tolerance and autonomy, we must breach the silence about religion in public schools, and add a comparative religious education to the compulsory curriculum at the high school level. This education would expose students to a variety of religious beliefs in a fair manner by allowing religious denominations themselves to participate in deciding how their beliefs are presented to students. The major obstacle to the implementation of such an education is the objection of religious conservatives and fundamentalists that it would violate neutrality. Not only is a comparative religious education able to survive the criticisms that religious conservatives routinely make against a liberal education, but the inclusion of such an education is the only way to make a liberal education truly neutral. This education would provide the recognition of the importance of religion in general and of conservative religions in particular that religious conservatives complain is lacking from the status quo compulsory curriculum in public schools.
An Asilomar for nanotech

Although numerous statements on ethics in nanotechnology have been published, they exist as seemingly disparate, stand-alone works. Inspired by a process that the field of genetic engineering went through in the 1970s, Chris Toumey suggests one way in which some clarity could be brought to the topic.
Low information nash equilibria for oligopolistic markets

Abstract This paper deals with an infinite horizon n firm oligopoly in which firms are assumed to have incomplete information about one another's actions and profit functions. An equilibrium concept is defined that is similar to the Nash non-cooperative equilibrium, but is suitable for the information assumptions of the model. The equilibrium uses a type of bounded rationality which makes firms' computations relatively easy. This is due to an implicit assumption that computation is costly and a Bayesian approach is prohibitively costly. This low information Nash equilibrium is proved to exist, and, in addition, an adaptive expectations decision process is described which, if followed by all firms, leads to the low information Nash equilibrium.
Strain in coherent-wave SiGe/Si superlattices

Abstract We report measurements of the Raman spectra of Si 1−x Ge x /Si (0.4≤x≤0.6 and x=1) wavy superlattices characterized by the presence of a coherent undulated alloy-layer structure. The strain induced shifts of the alloy Si–Si, Si–Ge and Ge–Ge mode frequencies in the wavy superlattices from the corresponding unstrained bulk mode frequencies are compared with those found in Si1−xGex/Si planar superlattices. Overall, the Si–Ge and Ge–Ge mode frequencies as a function of x are found to be reduced with respect to those in the planar superlattices, indicating a reduction of average strain in the wavy superlattices compared with the built-in strain in the planar superlattices. For the Si–Si mode, the mode frequency surprisingly behaves the opposite way. We propose that a compositional fluctuation in the alloy layer of the wavy superlattices, caused by the outward diffusion of Ge into the Si layer during growth, can explain this inconsistency in the experimental results.
From Symptoms to Faults: Temporal Reasoning Methods

Complex systems composed of many components can operate in an inappropriate way. Information about the system is obtained in time, gradually. The assessment of casualties in such situation has challenged many researchers. The present paper provides a new compact methodology for diagnostics of faults form measurements: Space of measurements is divided into symptoms. Each symptom is able to admit some faults as possible and exclude some as impossible. This concept is based on fuzzy logic approach and provides an efficient alternative to usual probabilistic oriented methodologies. These relations between symptoms and faults are stated in the mapping table as logical rules. The diagnosis information is gathered online and aggregated on the side of symptoms or on the side of faults. This paper provides and compares a set of different methods for transformation of measured information into truth rates for each fault.
End-to-end estimation of the available bandwidth variation range

The available bandwidth (avail-bw) of a network path is an important performance metric and its end-to-end estimation has recently received significant attention. Previous work focused on the estimation of the average avail-bw, ignoring the significant variability of this metric in different time scales. In this paper, we show how to estimate a given percentile of the avail-bw distribution at a user-specified time scale. If two estimated percentiles cover the bulk of the distribution (say 10% to 90%), the user can obtain a practical estimate for the avail-bw variation range. We present two estimation techniques. The first is iterative and non-parametric, meaning that it is more appropriate for very short time scales (typically less than 100ms), or in bottlenecks with limited flow multiplexing (where the avail-bw distribution may be non-Gaussian). The second technique is parametric, because it assumes that the avail-bw follows the Gaussian distribution, and it can produce an estimate faster because it is not iterative. The two techniques have been implemented in a measurement tool called Pathvar. Pathvar can track the avail-bw variation range within 10-20%, even under non-stationary conditions. Finally, we identify four factors that play a crucial role in the variation range of the avail-bw: traffic load, number of competing flows, rate of competing flows, and of course the measurement time scale.
Sustained competitive advantage with inter-organizational information systems

The sustainability of competitive advantage from an inter-organizational information system (IOIS) is considered. It is noted that sustainability has two aspects: retaining the competitive edge itself, or, failing that, retaining market share gained before competitors offset the edge. It is argued that in some cases an IOIS that promises to be profitable in the short run can turn out to provide only temporary advantage, and in the long term, can actually worsen a firm's position either by making it easier for buyers to switch suppliers or by promoting a price war. >
Fatty acid ethyl esters and HepG2 cells: intracellular synthesis and release from the cells.

Abstract Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), esterification products of fatty acid and ethanol, have been implicated as mediators of ethanol-induced organ damage. To understand the molecular and cellular events in FAEE synthesis and secretion, we developed a system in which HepG2 cells synthesize and release FAEE into the culture medium upon incubation with ethanol. The synthesis of FAEE was observed within 5 min of the addition of ethanol, with a plateau for FAEE synthesis after 2 h of incubation. It was also observed that FAEE are synthesized by both a microsomal FAEE synthase, which preferentially uses fatty acyl-CoA as a substrate, and a cytosolic FAEE synthase, which accepts both unesterified fatty acid and fatty acyl-CoA as substrates with a slight preference for fatty acyl-CoA. Although the kinetics of cellular FAEE synthesis await further characterization, the intracellular fatty acid substrate appears to be derived principally from glycerolipids and other esters. FAEE were released into the culture medium by a mechanism independent of the vesicular transport pathway. Lipoprotein particles and albumin were found to be carriers of FAEE after FAEE secretion from the cell.—Kabakibi, A., C. R. Morse, and M. Laposata. Fatty acid ethyl esters and HepG2 cells: intracellular synthesis and release from the cells.
Business Students' Justifications of Exceptionally High Salaries Is it OK to Make $2 Million a Year?

A sample of 164 business students rated the fairness and appropriateness of 14 justifications for someone receiving a salary of $2 million a year. The occupation (marketing executive, movie star) and the gender of the person being rated were manipulated. Also manipulated was the response condition: whether one responded as if they were the $2 million salary recipient or whether the recipient was someone else. The results show that certain types of factors (e.g., inputs such as hard work, talent, and performance) are seen as better justifications than other factors (e.g., external factors such as positive benefits to society or difficulty of the job). There were very few gender differences in justifications, but the different occupations were related to different justifications. Also, people felt the salary was fairer and more justified when they were perceived as receiving the money than when it was someone else. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical issues related to student per...
Hierarchical WK-Recursive Topologies for Multicomputer Systems

We present two Hierarchical networks that use the WKR network as a basic module. The new net works retain the recursive structure of the WKR net work, at the same time have reduced diameter. Various properties of the new networks are discussed and are compared with those of other hierarchical networks.
Birth cohort differences in features of antisocial alcoholism among men and women.

Background: This study examines the relations between birth cohort, gender, and family history of alcohol problcms on alcohol dependence, and on the endorsement of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms relatcd to antisocial behavior. Methods: Mcn (n = 1365) and women (n = 625) were recruited from the community, hospitals, and othcr treatment sites and were given a structured diagnostic interview. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression. Results: Agc of first rcgular alcohol use was lower in more recent birth cohorts for both men and women, with those born in the most reccnt cohort reporting earliest regular use. The decline across cohort was more dramatic in women than in men. For those participants with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence, being born in a more reccnt cohort was associated with increased risk of dependence onset before age 25. Among those participants with onset of alcohol dependence before age 25 (nmrn = 400; nwomen = 51), being born in a morc recent cohort was associated with increased risk of fights while drinking, police involvement, and drunk driving trouble as well as with increased risk for a diagnosis of abuse or dependence on another drug. Conclusions: These results suggest that the prevalence of antisocial alcoholism may be increasing for both men and women. These data exemplify how societal change may affect expression of underlying vulnerability for traits thought to be genetically influenced.