cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GLOSS: A semantic model of programming languages

GLOSS is a machine and language for modeling the semantics of programming languages. GLOSS is not intended to be a tool for mathematical proofs. Instead it is intended to provide an easily read graphical notation in which programming language structures and transformations (operators) can be specified. Johnston's Contour Model [Jl] has a similar intention, but GLOSS has a more flexible structure. Because the human eye can perceive a graphical notation more readily than a mathematical or programmatical notation, GLOSS and Johnston's Contour Model are more elucidating than the Vienna Definition Language [L1].GLOSS has seven primitive objects: integer objects, bit string objects, character string objects, reference objects, vector objects, record objects, and constructor objects. Integers, bit strings, character strings, and references have their usual meanings. A vector is an ordered set of objects indexed from zero. A record is an unordered set of two tuples, each of whose first component is an identifier (character string) and whose second component is an object. The identifier is used to select its associated object. All of the above objects have a type such as integer, bit string, etc. and a value which is the object itself. A constructor object permits the formation of a new type of object.
Sufentanil and succinylcholine for rapid-sequence anesthetic induction and tracheal intubation: Hemodynamic and hormonal responses

Rapid-sequence induction and tracheal intubation are used in the management of patients at risk of aspiration. Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at additional risk of adverse hemodynamic responses to intubation. The hemodynamic and hormonal responses to intubation with sufentanil, 7 micrograms/kg, and succinylcholine, 1.5 mg/kg, were studied in patients with CAD and good left ventricular function (ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.4) who were undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Tracheal intubation occurred 60 seconds after administration of sufentanil and succinylcholine. Heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, pulmonary artery occlusion and central venous pressures, and cardiac outputs were measured at various time intervals before and after induction of anesthesia. Systemic vascular resistance and cardiac index were calculated. Arterial blood samples were drawn before and after anesthetic induction for the determination of catecholamine concentrations in serum. Rapid-sequence administration of sufentanil and succinylcholine resulted in a moderate decrease (24%) in mean arterial pressure from 95 to 72 mm Hg, and the mean arterial pressure remained less than the control value at 1, 3, and 5 minutes after intubation. Systemic vascular resistance also decreased (23%) after administration of sufentanil and returned to control values 5 minutes after intubation. There were no changes in cardiac index until 5 minutes after intubation, at which time it decreased (18%) from 2.8 to 2.3 L/min/m2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Coincidence summing and non-linearity studies with a two-crystal scintillation gamma spectrometer

Abstract A two-crystal 4 π NaI(Tl) scintillation gamma spectrometer has been used for studying coincidence summing effects with special reference to the energy calibration in the region 0.5 to 4 MeV of coincidence sum peaks of cascade gammas. From observed deviations of the sum peak positions from those expected according to calibrations with single photopeaks, the nonlinear response of NaI(Tl) has been investigated. The pulse height per unit energy as a function of energy appears to approach a constant value with increasing energy up to 4 MeV. A slight shift in single photopeak position when ollimation is introduced was observed at most gamma energies with a single crystal spectrometer. Possible reasons for the apparent non-linearity are discussed.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of a MATα2-DNA complex

Abstract Crystals have been obtained of the DNA-binding domain of the yeast MATα2 repressor bound to a 21 base-pair DNA site. The crystals are grown from polyethylene glycol and CaCl2 and form in space group P21with a = 60.1 A, b = 39.4 A, c = 68.7 A and β = 98 ∘. They diffract to 2.9 A resolution and contain one protein-DNA complex in the crystallographic asymmetric unit.
Structure of dichloroethanolaminecopper(II) and dibromoethanolaminecopper(II)

CuCl2(NH2CH2CH2OH) is monoclinic, space group C2/c, witha+11.092(2),b+10.012(2),c+6.401(1) A, β=121.71(1)°, andV=604.8(2)A3 withZ+4. The structure was refined to a final value ofR+0.27 for 518 unique observed reflections with |F|>3σ. The ethanolamine and halide ions coordinate to the copper(II) ion forming a pseudoplanar four-coordinate monomeric CuCl2L2 complex (L2+bidentate ligand). The copper ion also interacts with the halides of neighboring complexes through the formation of semi-coordinate Cu-Cl linkages (2.926(1) A) between oligomers. The copper thus attains a 4+2 elongated octahedral coordination geometry. In this space group, the ligand is statisticallydisordered The Cu-Cl distance is 2.267(1)A while the Cu-N/O distances are 2.025(2)A. The dibromide structure is isomorphous with the dichloride structure, with space group C2/c, anda+11.285(2),b+10.218(2),c+6.715(1) A, β=121.65(1)°, andV=659.2(2)A3.
Model for the regulation of nitrate assimilation

NITRATE assimilation is one of the two major biological processes by which inorganic nitrogen is converted to ammonia and thence to organic nitrogen. Photosynthetic organisms, with the possible exception of some blue-green algae and plants that have a symbiotic association with rogen-fixing bacteria, derive most of their nitrogen from nitrate1. The rate-controlling and regulated step in the process of nitrate assimilation seems to be the conversion of nitrate to nitrite, catalysed by the enzyme nitrate reductase2. There is a good correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the yield of grain protein in several cereal crops3–5. Nitrate arising from chemical fertilisers and industrial wastes is also a major factor contributing to the growth of algae and other microorganisms, leading to the eutrophication of lakes and streams. Thus, the control of nitrate assimilation can be important from the standpoint of both agricultural productivity and water resource management.
Cardiopulmonary bypass transiently inhibits intraventricular vortex ring formation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Objective Transmitral blood flow during early left ventricular (LV) filling produces an intraventricular rotational body of fluid known as a “vortex ring” that enhances the hydraulic efficiency of early LV filling. The authors tested the hypothesis that exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) attenuates intraventricular vortex formation time (VFT) in patients with normal preoperative LV systolic and diastolic function undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Design A prospective, observational study. Participants Ten men (65 ± 4 years, 91 ± 11 kg, and 175 ± 8 cm) with a normal preoperative LV ejection fraction (58% ± 6%) scheduled for elective CABG surgery were studied after institutional review board approval. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Anesthesia was induced with etomidate, fentanyl, and rocuronium and maintained with isoflurane. Myocardial protection during CPB consisted of antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia administered at 15-minute intervals, systemic and topical hypothermia, and warm continuous antegrade cardioplegia before aortic cross-clamp removal. The peak early LV filling and atrial systole blood flow velocities (E and A, respectively) and corresponding velocity-time integrals (VTI-E and VTI-A, respectively) were obtained with pulse-wave Doppler echocardiography and used to determine E/A and atrial filling fraction (β, VTI-A/[VTI-E + VTI-A]), respectively. Mitral valve diameter (D) was calculated as the average of minor and major axis lengths obtained in the midesophageal bicommissural and long-axis transesophageal echocardiographic imaging planes, respectively. VFT was calculated 30 minutes before and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after CPB as 4 × (1 - β) × stroke volume (SV)/ π D 3 , where SV is the stroke volume measured using thermodilution. All patients separated from CPB in sinus rhythm without pacing or vasoactive drug support. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics were similar before compared with all times after CPB. CPB significantly ( p p > 0.05 v baseline) was noted 60 minutes after CPB. A reduction in E/A (1.26 ± 0.22 to 0.96 ± 0.27) and an increase in β (0.33 ± 0.04 to 0.41 ± 0.07) occurred 15 minutes after CPB. E/A and β also recovered gradually toward control values after CPB (1.25 ± 0.22 and 0.36 ± 0.04, respectively, 60 minutes after CPB; p > 0.05 v. baseline). Conclusions The results indicated that CPB transiently attenuate VFT in patients with normal preoperative LV systolic and diastolic function undergoing CABG surgery. These data suggest that CPB adversely affects diastolic transmitral flow efficiency by reducing intraventricular vortex ring formation in vivo.
Engineering Approaches Toward Deconstructing and Controlling the Stem Cell Environment

Stem cell-based therapeutics have become a vital component in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The microenvironment within which stem cells reside, i.e., the niche, plays a crucial role in regulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, current biological techniques lack the means to recapitulate the complexity of this microenvironment. Nano- and microengineered materials offer innovative methods to (1) deconstruct the stem cell niche to understand the effects of individual elements; (2) construct complex tissue-like structures resembling the niche to better predict and control cellular processes; and (3) transplant stem cells or activate endogenous stem cell populations for regeneration of aged or diseased tissues. In this article, we highlight some of the latest advances in this field and discuss future applications and directions of the use of nano- and microtechnologies for stem cell engineering.
Model reduction for indoor-air behavior in control design for energy-efficient buildings

We present two methods for generating reduced-order models for the indoor-air environment in control design for energy efficient buildings. In one method, projection-based H 2 -optimal interpolatory model reduction techniques are employed on a high-dimensional state-space model resulting from finite element discretization of convection-diffusion equations. In the second approach, we obtain reduced-models directly from input and output measurements using a data-driven model reduction approach. In both cases, we produce reduced-order models that accurately represent the input-output behavior of the full-order system.
Contribution of computed tomography to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

While computed tomography provides an excellent non-invasive evaluation of the pancreas, its utilization should be restricted to selected clinical problems in patients with suspected pancreatic malignancy. Computed tomography is the preferred initial examination in the nonjaundiced patient because of its high specificity and sensitivity and its capacity for providing valuable staging information. Furthermore, computed tomographically guided percutaneous biopsy will establish a pathologic diagnosis in 85% of patients, thereby avoiding exploratory surgery in the majority of patients. Alternatively, this examination has far less utility in the patient with jaundice since alternative noninvasive and/or invasive radiologic tests provide comparable accuracy and greater functional flexibility. In this group of patients, computed tomography plays only a limited role in defining the incurability of some malignant tumors.
Prosthetic valve visualization by cine-computed tomography: a case report.

The use of cine-computed tomography scanning is described in evaluating cardiac function in a patient with a bileaflet mitral valve prosthesis (St. Jude medical valve) and in a second patient with both mitral and aortic bileaflet prostheses. Both biventricular and prosthesis function were assessed successfuly.
I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde, by Rudolph P. Byrd, Johnnetta Betsch Cole, and Beverly Guy-Sheftall

Rudolph P. Byrd, Johnnetta Betsch Cole, and Beverly Guy-Sheftall, eds., I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), xv+280 pp. $27...
Thermochemistry of inorganic sulfur compounds VI. Standard molar enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K and the high-temperature thermodynamic properties of NaLiSO4; implications of the results for (0.5Na2SO4 + 0.5Li2SO4) (I)☆

Abstract Solution calorimetry has yielded ΔtHmo = −(2.53±0.05) kJ·mol−1 for the reaction: 1 2 Na 2 SO 4 (cr, V) + 1 2 Li 2 SO 4 (cr, α) = NaLiSO 4 (cr) at 298.15 K. The standard molar enthalpy of formation is ΔfHmo(NaLiSO4, cr, 298.15 K) = −(1414.31 ± 0.88) kJ·mol−1. Drop calorimetry (350 to 1150 K) has been used to determine enthalpy increments relative to 298.15 K of NaLiSO4 and the heat capacity to 1200 K has been deduced from these results. The temperature of the α-to-β transition, (792 ± 2) K, and the melting temperature, (888 ± 2) K, of NaLiSO4 have been determined by d.s.c. At these temperatures, the drop-calorimetric results yield the molar quantities for the transitions: ΔtrsHmo = (20.71 ± 0.40) kJ·mol−1, ΔtrsSmo = (26.15 ± 0.51) J·K−1·mol−1, ΔfusHmo = (4.08 ± 0.30) kJ·mol−1, and ΔfusSmo = (4.59 ± 0.34) J·K−1·mol−1. Our value for the enthalpy of transition agrees with the only published result. For the mixing reaction at 1160 K: 1 2 Na 2 SO 4 (l)+ 1 2 Li 2 SO 4 (l) = NaLiSO 4 (l) , we deduce ΔmixHmo = −(2.62 ± 0.24) kJ·mol−1, ΔmixSmo = (5.2 ± 3.1) J·K−1·mol−1, and ΔmixGmo = −(8.65 ± 3.60) kJ·mol−1. The molar enthalpy of mixing agrees reasonably well with published results, and the excess molar entropy is close to zero.
Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy in Multiply Scattering Media with Dyes Exhibiting Multiexponential Decay Kinetics

To investigate fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy in tissue-like scattering, measurements of phase modulation as a function of modulation frequency were made using two fluorescent dyes exhibiting single exponential decay kinetics in a 2% intralipid solution. To experimentally simulate fluorescence multiexponential decay kinetics, we varied the concentration ratios of the two dyes, 3,3-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide and indocynanine green (ICG), which exhibit distinctly different lifetimes of 1.33 and 0.57 ns, respectively. The experimental results were then compared with values predicted using the optical diffusion equation incorporating 1) biexponential decay, 2) average of the biexponential decay, as well as 3) stretched exponential decay kinetic models to describe kinetics owing to independent and quenched relaxation of the two dyes. Our results show that while all kinetic models could describe phase-modulation data in nonscattering solution, when incorporated into the diffusion equation, the kinetic parameters failed to likewise predict phase-modulation data in scattering solutions. We attribute the results to the insensitivity of phase-modulation measurements in nonscattering solutions and the inaccuracy of the derived kinetic parameters. Our results suggest the high sensitivity of phase-modulation measurements in scattering solutions may provide greater opportunities for fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy.
Recent developments for the design of moment end-plate connections

Abstract Moment end-plate connections are used in the United States primarily in pre-engineered, industrial buildings. Their use in multi-story, moment-resistant frame construction is becoming more common because of advancements in design methods and fabrication techniques. This paper reviews past literature and design methods for both flush and extended end-plate configurations, including column side limit states. Recommended design procedures, which are based on recent analytical and experimental research in the United States, are then presented. Design procedures for two flush end-plate configurations (two and four bolts at the tension flange) are based on the yield-line method, but include tension bolt force predictions. Procedures for two extended configurations (four and eight bolts at the tension flange) are the result of finite element studies. Bolt force predictions are also included in these procedures. Methods to evaluate the three column side limit states (web yielding, web buckling and flange bending) at moment end-plate connections are also presented.
Training back-propagation neural networks to define and detect DNA-binding sites

Abstract A three layered back-propagation neural network was trained to recognize E. coli promoters of the 17 base spacing class. To this end, the network was presented with 39 promoter sequences and derivatives of those sequences as positive inputs; 60% A + T random sequences and sequences containing 2 promoter-down point mutations were used as negative inputs. The entire promoter sequence of 58 bases, approximately -50 to +8, was entered as input. The network was asked to associate an output of 1.0 with promoter sequence input and 0.0 with non-promoter input. Generally, after 100,000 input cycles, the network was virtually perfect in classifying the training set. A trained network was about 80% effective in recognizing 'new' promoters which were not in the training set, with a false positive rate below 0.1%. Network searches on pBR322 and on the lambda genome were also performed. Overall the results were somewhat better than the best rule-based procedures. The trained network can be analyzed both for its choice of base and relative weighting, positive and negative, at each position of the sequence. This method, which requires only appropriate input/output training pairs, can be used to define and search for any DNA regulatory sequence for which there are sufficient exemplars.
Examining Novice Teachers’ Socialization Into Unions

Guided by New Structuralism theory, this work examines the context of novice teacher socialization as it relates to their attitudes regarding teacher unionism. Using survey data gathered from novic...
On the Gaussian watermarking game

Watermarking models a copyright protection mechanism where an original source sequence or "covertext" is modified before distribution to the public in order to embed some extra information. The embedding should be transparent (i.e., the modified data sequence or "stegotext" should be similar to the covertext) and robust (i.e., the extra information should be recoverable even if the stegotext is modified further, possibly by a malicious "attacker"). We compute the coding capacity of the watermarking game for a Gaussian covertext and squared-error distortions. Both the public version of the game (covertext known to neither attacker nor decoder) and the private version of the game (covertext unknown to attacker but known to decoder) are treated. While the capacity of the former cannot, of course, exceed the capacity of the latter, we show that the two are, in fact, identical. These capacities depend critically on whether the distortion constraints are required to be met in expectation or with probability one. In the former case, the coding capacity is zero, whereas in the latter it coincides with the value of related zero-sum dynamic mutual information games of complete and perfect information. We also compute the capacity when the attacker is restricted to additive attacks. This capacity turns out to be strictly larger than the watermarking capacity, thus demonstrating that additive attacks are suboptimal. In fact, under the additive attack restriction, capacity turns out to coincide with the capacity of Costa's (1983) model for "writing on dirty paper," thus demonstrating that in Costa's model, the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian "noise" is the most malevolent power-limited "noise". Additionally, Costa's observation that in the presence of i.i.d. Gaussian "noise," an i.i.d. Gaussian "dirt" process that is noncausally known to the transmitter (but not receiver) does not reduce capacity, is extended to general ergodic "dirt" and to stationary (but not necessarily white) Gaussian "noise".
Evolutionary genetics of Carpodacus mexicanus, a recently colonized host of a bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum

We present molecular data documenting how introduction to the eastern United States and an epizootic involving a bacterial pathogen has affected the genetic diversity of house finches, a cardueline songbird. Population bottlenecks during introduction can cause loss of genetic variation and may negatively affect a population's ability to adapt to novel stressors such as disease. Although a genome-wide survey using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers suggests little loss of genetic diversity in introduced populations, an epizootic of bacterial Mycoplasma has nonetheless caused dramatic declines in the eastern US population. Sequence analysis of a candidate gene for pathogen resistance in the Major Histocompatibity Complex (MHC) in pre- and post-epizootic population samples reveals allele frequency shifts since introduction of the pathogen, but similar shifts are also observed in control populations not exposed to the bacteria, and in a neutral non-coding locus. Expression studies using a novel subtractive hybridization approach indicate decreased expression of the class II MHC locus upon exposure to Mycoplasma, a pattern also seen in MHC class I loci in mice infected with cytomegalovirus and consistent with manipulation of the finch immune system by Mycoplasma. These results will be further expanded using experimental studies as well as examination of evolution of the pathogen genome itself.
Parenting an Adolescent with Chronic Pain: An Investigation of How a Taxonomy of Adolescent Functioning Relates to Parent Distress

Objective Cluster analyses allow health professionals to classify adolescents with chronic pain into subgroups, which might allow efficient tailoring of treatment. Given the nature of family relationships when a child has chronic pain, we aimed to evaluate whether an adolescent-disability-derived cluster formula would appropriately classify their parents via parenting stress, anxiety, and depression. Methods A patient-report data-derived cluster formula sorted 204 parents of adolescents with chronic pain into 4 groups. Parents completed measures of distress, anxiety, and depression. Results The 4-group solution generally sorted parents accurately, with parents of the least disabled adolescents functioning well and parents of the most disabled adolescents reporting clinically significant levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions Findings suggest the patientderived 4-group cluster solution might be an efficient method of distinguishing subgroups of parents with varying levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, which can be used to guide family-oriented treatment efforts.
Problem Solving With a Internet Database ‘The Hit-List’

University Continuing Education, San Jose State University, has built a database using MSQL software. The database is used by the non-technical staff to enter their day to day computer related problems. This database, named “The Hit-List”, resides on the department’s Intranet and is checked regularly by the technical staff. Tasks to troubleshoot and resolve problems are assigned to different technicians according to their skill level. The database was designed using W3Msql interface, and is not dependent on any particular browser. The strength of the database is that it can be worked on from anywhere over the internet... The database also helps the Director of Technology to manage and supervise the technical support staff. It can be determined that if a technician closes more tasks on the “hit-list,” he/ she is consequently providing better service to the users. This helps to quantify staff evaluations, and can result in better biannual reviews and promotions. It also helps the Director to find out which technician is weak in resolving problems, and who needs to improve his/ her skills in order to help the customers more efficiently. In conclusion, the database is very cost effective, and can meet the demands of the modern day web technology era. It is a fast, reliable and a very effective way of keeping in contact with our daily technical issues. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Marc Graham whose good will, enthusiasm and dedication helped design the database.
Nanoplasmonic-Particle-Enhanced Optical Molecular Sensing

Metallic nanoparticles have a strong localized plasmon resonance that is influenced by the physical properties of the nanoparticles and their immediate ambient environment. Electromagnetic field and plasmon energy can also be manipulated by engineering nanoparticle plasmonic structures to concentrate and transport the electromagnetic energy, as well as by transferring the plasmon energy. If coupled with chemical and biological molecules on the surfaces, nanoplasmonic particles and related structures can be used to detect and measure static and dynamic molecular interactions in intro and in vivo. The nanoplasmonic particle molecular sensor is an emerging research tool to help in answering questions of sophisticated genetic processing and cellular signaling mechanisms, as well as early diagnostic imaging of human diseases. The optical molecular sensing enhanced by plasmonic nanoparticles is discussed in the aspects of fundamental theories, nanofabrication, optical spectroscopy, and imaging. Many biomedical applications are also reviewed.
On acoustic research and its clinical application.

Recent acoustic research employing improved instrumentation and rigorous analysis has led to a rather detailed understanding of the normal and pathological middle-ear function, and to a new diagnostic methodology. This methodology complements the audiometry.
A new transthyretin variant (Ser23Asn) associated with familial amyloidosis in a Portuguese patient.

The detection and characterization of a new transthyretin (ATTR) variant, Ser2 sn, associated with car-diomyopathy in a Portuguese patient with familial amyloidosis is described Isoelectric focusing (IEF) of serum from the propositus demonstrated heterozygosity for the presence of wild type and variant ATTR. A combination of mass spec-trometric (MS) analyses, including electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ESI MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) performed on the serum-derived TTR were used to identify and locate the amino acid replacement in the variant protein. Genetic mutation analysis by DNA sequencing and allele-specific PCR confirmed this finding.
Toward a Poststructural Rhetorical Critical Praxis: Foucault, Limit Work, and Jenninger's Kristallnacht Address

Abstract :This essay indicates how the implicit normative framework in the texts of Michel Foucault can lead to a poststructural rhetorical praxis that is neither relativistic nor unrealistically utopian. In relation to the Enlightenment project broadly conceived, Foucault's work in this area shows both similarities to and differences from Kant and Habermas. Some normative standards are precluded within Foucault's system, but others are implied and can be articulated. There is a concept of limit work in Foucault, and the essay concludes by explaining this concept and applying it to Philipp Jenninger's Kristallnacht address.
High-Resolution Foraminiferal, Isotopic, and Trace Element Records from Holocene Estuarine Deposits of San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract A 3.5-m gravity core (DJ6-93SF-6) from San Francisco Bay reveals a complex paleoclimatic history of the region over the last 3870 cal YBP. A polynomial equation based on 11 AMS 14C ages provides an excellent age model for the core, and environmental proxies for water temperature and salinity are derived from various foraminiferal abundances, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and Mg/Ca ratios. Two foraminiferal associations were identified by Q-mode cluster analysis: a colder-water Elphidium excavatum association and the warmer-water Ammonia beccarii–Elphidium gunteri association. The E. excavatum association dominates the core for all but about 600 years out of the last four millennia. At 3870 cal YBP, water temperatures were warm (13.9°C) and freshwater inflow was reduced compared with today. From 3590 to 2860 cal YBP, temperatures dropped 0.5°C and the climate remained dry. This was followed by a period of pronounced lower δ13C values, indicating that conditions became considerably wetter from...
THE PHOTOSENSITIVE RETINAL PIGMENT SYSTEM OF GEKKO GEKKO.

Retinal extracts of Gekko gekko were found to contain two retinene1 photopigments, one with maximum absorption at about 521 mµ, the second with a maximum in the region of 478 mµ. These pigments were assayed by the method of partial bleaching and their spectral characteristics studied by examining their difference spectra. The 478 mµ pigment was present in the extracts as 8 per cent of the total photopigment concentration. The two pigment systems were shown to be biochemically independent and to have different properties. Unlike the 521 mµ pigment, for example, the 478 mµ pigment was found to resist the action of NH2OH and, within the cells, to be unaffected by sucrose solutions. These solutions destroyed or altered the 521 system so that extracts of sucrose-treated retinae were found to contain significantly less 521 photopigment. In digitonin solution the 521 pigment was unaffected by sucrose treatment. Both pigments were extracted from separated, washed outer segments and so are considered to be visual pigments. This dual system accounts for the spectral sensitivity of this gecko as determined by Denton. A search was made, but no evidence was secured for the presence of a photopigment absorbing at longer wavelengths. Electoretinographic data suggest, however, that an elevated sensitivity at longer wavelengths occurs in some geckos so that a continued search is justified for a third photopigment.
INFLUENCE OF BARRIERS TO MOVEMENT ON WITHIN-WATERSHED GENETIC VARIATION OF COASTAL CUTTHROAT TROUT

Because human land use activities often result in increased fragmentation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, a better understanding of the effects of fragmentation on the genetic heterogeneity of animal populations may be useful for effective management. We used eight microsatellites to examine the genetic structure of coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) in Camp Creek, an isolated headwater stream in western Oregon. Our objectives were to determine if coastal cutthroat trout were genetically struc- tured within streams and to assess the effects of natural and anthropogenic barriers on coastal cutthroat trout genetic variation. Fish sampling occurred at 10 locations, and allele frequencies differed significantly among all sampling sections. Dispersal barriers strongly influenced coastal cutthroat trout genetic structure and were associated with reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation. Results indicate that Camp Creek coastal cutthroat trout exist as many small, partially independent populations that are strongly affected by genetic drift. In headwater streams, barriers to movement can result in genetic and demographic isolation leading to reduced coastal cutthroat trout genetic diversity, and potentially compromising long-term population persistence. When habitat fragmentation eliminates gene flow among small populations, similar results may occur in other species.
Regional differences in the pituitary distribution of luteinizing hormone in the gonadectomized and proestrous female rat.

Previous data have shown that regional differences in the presence of anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) generally correlate with the comparable disparities in distribution of gonadotropes throughout the gland. In female rats, the differences are apparent over the estrous cycle, but are more prominent during the hours preceding the proestrus surge of LH. The current experiments examined (1) if such regional disparities are present throughout the surge window, (2) if differences are mirrored by release of LH in vitro and (3) if the appearance of regional differences is altered in ovariectomized females. Results showed that a comparative elevation in the rostral portion of the pituitary during the pre-surge period diminishes and finally disappears concurrent with the rise in circulating LH. This increase in rostral LH concentrations is reflected in this region by a comparable effect in vitro on stimulated LH secretion from pituitary fragments, although the effect is somewhat diminished by referencing release against tissue concentrations of LH present in a contralateral rostral fragment. Ovariectomies conducted at 1500 h on proestrus, at a time when a significant regional difference has faded, resulted in a prompt increase in LH across all areas of the pituitary, and the emergence of a marked augmentation in rostral concentrations over the ensuing 72 h. The effect was not seen when ovariectomies were performed on estrus. These data show that, while a regional disparity in anterior pituitary LH is present as circulating concentrations of estradiol rise prior to the LH surge, the removal of this steroid feedback at a time when LH synthesis is normally amplified accentuates the difference between the rostral region and other areas of the pituitary.
A neuron signature based spike feature extraction algorithm for on-chip implementation

A spike derivative based feature extraction algorithm is reported in this paper. The theoretical framework includes neuronal geometry signatures and noise shaping. Through evaluating neuronal geometry signatures with compartment model, we obtain improved differentiation among similar spikes by emphasizing high frequency signal spectrum. Through studying the noise properties, we find the total noise reduces by taking the derivative of spikes, which is the simplest frequency shaping filter boosting the high frequency signal spectrum. In addition, a preliminary hardware implementation to extract spike features has been realized using an integrated microchip interfaced with a personal computer.
Performance Analysis of 3-D Direction Estimation Based on Head-Related Transfer Function

We analyze the performance of a sensor system based on the head-related transfer function (HRTF) modeling of human hearing, in finding the direction of a source in 3-D space. Thus, this system has only two sensors with a few nearby reflectors. First, we present a parametric measurement model that incorporates the diffractions associated with the head shape and the multipath reflections related to the external ear (pinna). Then, we compute the asymptotic Cramer-Rao bound on the 3-D direction estimate for a stochastic source signal of unknown parametrized spectrum. We provide a few numerical examples to illustrate our analytical results.
Pyruvate formate-lyase-activating enzyme: strictly anaerobic isolation yields active enzyme containing a [3Fe-4S](+) cluster.

Abstract Pyruvate formate-lyase-activating enzyme (PFL-AE) from Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) catalyzes the stereospecific abstraction of a hydrogen atom from Gly734 of pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) in a reaction that is strictly dependent on the cosubstrate S -adenosyl- l -methionine (AdoMet). Although PFL-AE is an iron-dependent enzyme, isolation of the enzyme with its metal center intact has proven difficult due to the oxygen sensitivity and lability of the metal center. We report here the first isolation of PFL-AE under nondenaturing, strictly anaerobic conditions. Iron and sulfide analysis as well as UV–visible, EPR, and resonance Raman data support the presence of a [3Fe–4S] + cluster in the purified enzyme. The isolated native enzyme, but not apo-enzyme, exhibits a high specific activity (31 U/mg) in the absence of added iron, indicating that the native cluster is necessary and sufficient for enzymatic activity.
X-ray beam/biomaterial thermal interactions in third-generation synchrotron sources

Third-generation synchrotron sources generate strong X-­ray beams. The beam's interaction with biomaterials gives rise to concerns related to thermal damage and radiation damage. Of the two issues, the thermal interaction is conducive to rigorous analysis from first principles, although this has not been performed to date in a comprehensive manner. In this study, the interaction of the X-ray beam emanating from a third-generation synchrotron with a typical frozen biocrystal is theoretically studied, focusing specifically on the resulting unsteady (time-dependent) and steady heat-transfer phenomena. A unique regime map is developed to explain and to identify, on the basis of Fourier and Biot numbers as governing parameters, the applicable mathematical models that predict the subsequent thermal behavior. Depending on the values of these parameters, some simplified but realistic `generic' solutions are generated that are suitable for that particular domain of applicability. Classical heat-transfer theory was used to describe the third-generation X-ray beam and biomaterial thermal interaction. Besides the generalized approach presented, numerous illustrative cases were solved and the resulting temperature levels are explicitly presented. Overall, the resulting thermal behavior of the system, i.e. peak and local temperature distribution, during both early transient development and for sustained long-time steady-state conditions, depends on a number of factors including the amount of energy absorbed, convective heat-transfer film coefficient and gas temperature, the sample size and shape, and the thermophysical properties of the sample and cooling gas. Results of the analysis revealed the strong influence that convection has on the transient and final steady-state temperature of the sample and the impact of internal heat conduction. The characteristic timescales of the important and dominant thermal processes with respect to the two types of thermal models are clearly identified.
Effects of natural enemies and host plants in wild and orchard habitats on obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larval survival

Observations suggest that the summer generation of a native, tortricid leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) is scarce in undisturbed, wild habitats but often abundant in managed apple orchards. We conducted experiments to determine whether these differences are attributable to differential impact of natural enemies in these two habitats and/or differences in host plant suitability. Laboratory-raised C. rosaceana larvae were implanted in dogwood (Cornus spp.) dominated wild habitats and in apple orchards to investigate habitat effects on natural enemy inflicted larval mortality. The proportion of released larvae that established feeding sites on apple trees and dogwood plants were similar. Parasitism and predation were similar in both habitats, suggesting that resources required by natural enemies were not different in these two habitats. Relative rates of parasitism by some parasitoid species differed on dogwood and apple plants when both plant species occurred in wild habitats. There was evidence that some parasitoid species were differentially abundant between the two habitats. To test whether development time or pupal weight was affected by the food source, F1 generations of larvae collected in both habitats were fed with apple and dogwood in the laboratory. Initiation of pupation occurred 3 days later if larvae consumed dogwood compared to apple; however, the food source did not affect pupal weight. These results suggest that there are opportunities to enhance conservation biological control of C. rosaceana in apple orchards.
Adaptive sampling for optimization under uncertainty

The problems of interest are where the objective function must be evaluated using sampling techniques. The sampled function values are used to build an approximation to the response surface over the product space of uncertainties and design variables. This approximation is successively used in the integration over the space of uncertainties and in the optimization (minimization) over the space of design variables. A surrogate-based trust region method is used to determine a succession of design points for optimization
Non-Gaussian covariance of the matter power spectrum in the effective field theory of large scale structure

We compute the non-Gaussian contribution to the covariance of the matter power spectrum at one-loop order in standard perturbation theory (SPT), using the framework of the effective field theory (EFT) of large scale structure (LSS). The complete one-loop contributions are evaluated for the first time, including the leading EFT corrections that involve seven independent operators, of which four appear in the power spectrum and bispectrum. We compare the non-Gaussian part of the one-loop covariance computed with both SPT and EFT of LSS to two separate simulations. In one simulation, we find that the one-loop prediction from SPT reproduces the simulation well to ${k}_{i}+{k}_{j}\ensuremath{\sim}0.25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{h}/\mathrm{Mpc}$, while in the other simulation we find a substantial improvement of EFT of LSS (with one free parameter) over SPT, more than doubling the range of $k$ where the theory accurately reproduces the simulation. The disagreement between these two simulations points to unaccounted for systematics, highlighting the need for improved numerical and analytic understanding of the covariance.
Two-Dimensional Magnetic Recording With a Novel Write Precompensation Scheme for 2-D Nonlinear Transition Shift

This paper proposes a novel write precompensation scheme that adjusts the current magnitude, not the timing, to mitigate the serious 2-D nonlinear transition shift (NLTS) during the shingled writing process in a two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) system. This scheme calculates the needed optimum write field for the current transition being written by subtracting the demagnetizing field produced by the previous written bits from a fixed write field and determines the optimum writing current based on the minimum mean-squared-error criterion between the needed field and the available fields within an established field library. Such a write precompensation scheme is tested with a micromagnetic writer and exchange coupled composite media, and readback with a rotated reader array combined with a read channel. Simulation indicates that the proposed write precompensation technique can decrease bit error rate compared with the case without write precompensation and approach the performance of a system with negligible NLTS. Correspondingly, the maximum user areal density is increased from 3.2 to 4.1 Tbits/in $^{\mathrm {\mathbf {2}}}$ for a TDMR system with 8 nm Voronoi grains due to the proposed write precompensation.
Algorithmic game theory and econometrics

The traditional econometrics approach for inferring properties of strategic interactions that are not fully observable in the data, heavily relies on the assumption that the observed strategic behavior has settled at an equilibrium. This assumption is not robust in complex economic environments such as online markets where players are typically unaware of all the parameters of the game in which they are participating, but rather only learn their utility after taking an action. Behavioral models from online learning theory have recently emerged as an attractive alternative to the equilibrium assumption and have been extensively analyzed from a theoretical standpoint in the algorithmic game theory literature over the past decade. In this letter we survey two recent works, [Nekipelov et al. 2015, Hoy et al. 2015], in which we take a learning agent approach to econometrics, i.e. infer properties of the game, such as private valuations or efficiency of observed allocation, by only assuming that the observed repeated behavior is the outcome of a no-regret learning algorithm, rather than a static equilibrium. In both works we apply our methods to datasets from Microsoft's sponsored search auction system.
Robust model predictive control for non-linear systems with input and state constraints via feedback linearization

Robust predictive control of non-linear systems under state estimation errors and input and state constraints is a challenging problem, and solutions to it have generally involved solving computationally hard non-linear optimizations. Feedback linearization has reduced the computational burden, but has not yet been solved for robust model predictive control under estimation errors and constraints. In this paper, we solve this problem of robust control of a non-linear system under bounded state estimation errors and input and state constraints using feedback linearization. We do so by developing robust constraints on the feedback linearized system such that the non-linear system respects its constraints. These constraints are computed at run-time using online reachability, and are linear in the optimization variables, resulting in a Quadratic Program with linear constraints. We also provide robust feasibility, recursive feasibility and stability results for our control algorithm. We evaluate our approach on two systems to show its applicability and performance.
Interactions Involving Lewis Acidic Aluminum Sites in Oxide-Supported Perrhenate Catalysts

In oxide-supported perrhenate catalysts, isolated Re(VII) becomes anchored to the support at surface hydroxyl sites. However, oxides that also possess Lewis acidity offer the possibility of additional bonding interactions with perrhenate, which may account for their enhanced activity, for example, in olefin metathesis. Evidence for such interactions was sought by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Re L1- and L3-edges, in combination with DFT modeling. Only perrhenate grafted onto silica using an anhydrous method shows a simple ≡SiOReO3 structure, with three equivalent Re═O multiple bonds. Silica-supported perrhenate prepared by aqueous impregnation is not grafted, but interacts only weakly with the silica support as a tetrahedral ReO4– ion. On silica–alumina and γ-alumina, the anchored perrhenates also interact with adjacent Lewis acid sites. In particular, a terminal oxo ligand interacts with a coordinatively unsaturated Al atom, creating a well-defined Re–Al EXAFS path. In addition, an oxygen atom fro...
Behavioral response of California red scale crawlers (Homoptera: Diaspididae) to solutions behind artificial membranes

California red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), crawlers responded to various solutions behind artificial membranes by secreting wax threads that form the scale cover. This response was used to evaluate gustatory stimuli responsible for crawler settling. CRS crawlers responded positively to a wide range of sucrose concentrations (3-50%) but did not respond to glucose, fructose, maltose, or starch. Amino acid, vitamin, and mineral mixtures from published aphid diets elicited no response or a weak response. An aphid diet was slightly more acceptable than sucrose alone in one experiment, but not in another. Crawlers responded positively to sucrose and amino acid mixtures over a wide range of pH (2.8-11.2); the response was highest near neutral pH, and significant inhibition was seen at pH 2.8.