cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer-based filament feedstock for additive manufacturing

Abstract Fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF), which is based on polymer melting and extrusion, offers a unique manufacturing method to fabricate objects with complex geometries due to easy process for polymer deformation through melting and solidification and layer-by-layer additive manufacturing. Because of these advantages, FDM has attracted considerable attention over the past decades in a variety of fields including electronics, biomechanical engineering, and sustainable materials. As the demand for functional materials increases, polymer composites with diverse reinforcements such as carbon nanomaterials, metals, biomaterials, and ceramics have been tailored as feedstocks for FDM. Fabrication and printing with polymeric composite filaments require understandings of the physical and chemical properties as well as thermal-rheology behavior of polymer systems, which are crucial to advancing AM development. Herein, we first provide the working mechanism of FDM, the criteria for selecting polymers, and methods for manufacturing polymer and polymer composite filaments. After that, the physical and mechanical properties and printing conditions of the pure polymer filaments, multi-material/structure filaments, and various applications using polymer composite filaments are discussed and summarized. Finally, we share some of our perspectives for the future advance of polymer-based filament for FDM.
The longitudinal development of second language writers’ metacognitive genre awareness

Abstract Recently, scholars have begun to adopt metacognition theory as a lens for understanding how learners’ genre awareness develops over time. However, many of such studies have tended to focus on contexts involving applied linguistics training programs or English for Academic Purposes rather than professional contexts where writers are learning non-academic genres. Adopting a longitudinal case study design, the researcher investigated this issue by following six L2 English students as they learned to write a professional legal genre called the office memorandum as a part of their legal education program. Using metacognition theory as a lens, the researcher examined the focal students’ emerging metacognitive genre awareness, the domains in which they developed that awareness, and finally, how that awareness differed among individual students. Findings show that despite receiving the same classroom input, the students’ acquisition of genre knowledge was non-linear, with some learners’ developmental trajectories differing substantially both in terms of their reported awareness of the genre (i.e., metacognitive knowledge) and how they reported using that awareness when writing (i.e., metacognitive regulation). These findings are discussed in relation to future research and classroom pedagogy.
An1.33T4Al8Si2 (An = Ce, Th, U, Np; T = Ni, Co): Actinide Intermetallics with Disordered Gd1+xFe4Si10-y Structure Type Grown from Metal Flux.

An1.33T4Al8Si2 (An = Ce, Th, U, Np; T = Ni, Co) were synthesized in metal flux reactions carried out in aluminum/gallium melts. In previous work, U1.33T4Al8Si2 (T = Co, Ni) analogues were formed by arc-melting U:T:Si and reacting this mixture in Al/Ga flux. However, in the current work, all compounds were synthesized by using AnO2 reactants, taking advantage of the ability of the aluminum in the flux to act as both solvent and reducing agent. While reactions with T = Co yielded hexagonal Gd1.33Fe4Si10-type quaternary phases for all An, reactions with T = Ni produced these compounds only with An = U and Np. For reactions with An = Ce and Th, the reactions led instead to the formation of AnNi3-xSixAl4-yGay phases, with the tetragonal KCu3S4 structure type. Attempts to synthesize plutonium analogues Pu1.33T4Al8Si2 were also unsuccessful, producing the previously reported PuCoGa5 and Pu2Ni5Si6 instead. Magnetic data collected on the neptunium analogues Np1.33T4Al8Si2 (T = Ni, Co) show antiferromagnetic coupling at low temperatures and indicate a tetravalent state for the Np ions.
Support for a career in science.

I am so very honored to receive the Women in Cell Biology Sandra K. Masur Senior Leadership Award from the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB), particularly because many of the previous awarde...
Cell Lineages and Stem Cells in the Embryonic Kidney

Developmental biology seeks to define the genetics and biochemistry of cell growth and differentiation and the three-dimensional patterning of a complex organism. Principles of development are a context for understanding both disease progression and regeneration. Stem cells are the subject of this, so logically, one would want to discuss the embryonic kidney with respect to pluripotent renal stem cells and how they differentiate to form an adult kidney. Unfortunately, no such renal embryonic stem (ES) cells have been conclusively identified. The kidney develops from a region of the embryo, over a relatively long window of time, while undergoing a sequential anterior to posterior transition that reflects in part the evolutionary history of the organ. At what stage are cells fated to become kidney cells, and when are they restricted in their developmental potential? To address these issues, it is necessary to review the early morphogenesis of the urogenital system.
Laser treatment of vascular lesions in children: biologic/laser interactions

Laser treatment of vascular lesions in children involves the interaction of laser and the biology of lesions treated. Extensive experience in treating hemangiomas and vascular malformations has displayed potent laser effects mediating the growth patterns of these lesions.
Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure among Working-Class Immigrants in the United States (review)

Smith reviews Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure among Working-Class Immigrants in the United States by Randy D. McBee
Analytical explanation of different RF characteristics exhibited with common-emitter and common-base bipolar transistors [SiGe HBT example]

For the first time, the differences of RF characteristics exhibited by bipolar transistors between common-emitter and common-base configurations, under different stability conditions, are analytically elucidated. The analyses are verified with measured results from SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors. These analyses markedly advocate that different configurations should be used at different amplification frequencies in order to maximize the RF performance potential of bipolar transistors.
The Experience of Respite

Abstract Interviews were conducted with 228 African American and white caregivers seeking respite care. The two groups were compared in terms of their own functioning, that of their relative and their needs for assistance at the time of their requests for respite. After six months of use, a comparison of the effects of the program on the two groups was made. The findings indicate that although patients were comparable at the time of application, white caregivers were more anxious, depressed, felt less competent, and experienced less gain that the African-American group. Needs for assistance and the effects of the program on the two groups also varied.
The geology of multi-ring impact basins : the moon and other planets

Preface 1. The multi-ring basin problem 2. From crater to basin 3. The 'archetype' basin: Orientale 4. An ancient basin: Nectaris 5. A modified basin: Crisium 6. A transitional basin: Serenitatis 7. The largest basin: Imbrium 8. Geological processes in the formation of lunar basins 9. Multi-ring basins on the terrestrial planets 10. Multi-ring basins and planetary evolution References.
SOURCES AS CANONS: THE QUESTION OF CANONICAL COHERENCE

“Canonical coherence” is necessary for reading, hearing and interpreting any text. It is not only something for which a theological interpreter of Scripture should aim, but also something that every interpreter of Scripture assumes. Irenaeus recognized that sources function as canons authorizing diverse readings. This essay assumes the truth of his Source and reads it against other sources by which biblical scholars and theologians interpret Scripture. It uses Hebrews 4: 14-16 to examine the “Source” found in Gnostic, anti-Platonic and Apocalyptic orderings of the Bible.
Bmk1/Erk5 is required for cell proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation in a variety of cell types by binding to a prototype transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. Ligation of this receptor by EGF activates Erk1 and Erk2, members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, through a Ras-dependent signal transduction pathway. Despite our detailed understanding of these events, the exact mechanism by which EGF causes cells to proliferate is unclear. Big MAP kinase (Bmk1), also known as Erk5, is a member of the MAP kinase family that is activated in cells in response to oxidative stress, hyperosmolarity and treatment with serum. Here we show that EGF is a potent activator of Bmk1. In contrast to Erk1/2, EGF-mediated activation of Bmk1 occurs independently of Ras and requires the MAP-kinase kinase Mek5. Expression of a dominant-negative form of Bmk1 blocks EGF-induced cell proliferation and prevents cells from entering the S phase of the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that Bmk1 is part of a distinct MAP-kinase signalling pathway that is required for EGF-induced cell proliferation and progression through the cell cycle.
Why Explanatoriness Is Evidentially Relevant

William Roche and Elliott Sober argue that explanatoriness is evidentially irrelevant. This conclusion is surprising since it conflicts with a plausible assumption—the fact that a hypothesis best explains a given set of data is evidence that the hypothesis is true. We argue that Roche and Sober's screening-off argument fails to account for a key aspect of evidential strength: the weight of a body of evidence. The weight of a body of evidence affects the resiliency of probabilities in the light of new evidence. Thus, Roche and Sober are mistaken. Explanatoriness is evidentially relevant.
Materials processing by simple shear

Abstract It is shown that simple shear can be considered a “near ideal” deformation method for structure and texture formation in metal-working. Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is a special industrial process employed to realize this method. In comparison with traditional metal-working operations, this process has a number of advantages; the most important is that extra-large, strictly uniform and unidirectional deformations can be produced under relatively low pressure and load for massive products. The unusual effects that are observed in both the structure and physical-mechanical properties of various metals and alloys suggest many new applications of the simple shear method in materials synthesis and processing.
Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons boiling up to 218° in a low-temperature coal tar☆

Abstract 52 Aromatic hydrocarbons boiling up to 218° were identified in a low-temperature bituminous coal tar by means of gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry, 27 of these for the first time. Quantitative determinations were made on 43 compounds boiling up to 200°. It was shown that alkylbenzenes with equal numbers of carbon atoms in their alkyl groups exhibit a linear relationship between log relative retention and normal boiling point, and that the C8, C9, C10, C11, and C12 alkylbenzenes lie on five parallel lines whose separation from each other is related to the logarithm of the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Examples of the accuracy and utility of these novel correlations are presented.
Gene Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis

Following the cloning of the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene, in vitro studies rapidly established the feasibility of gene therapy for this disease. Unlike ex vivo approaches that have been utilized for other genetic diseases such as adenosine deaminase deficiency, gene therapy for CF will likely require direct in vivo delivery of gene transfer vectors to the airways of patients with CF. Hence, major research efforts have been directed at the development of efficient gene transfer vectors that are safe for use in human subjects. Several vectors have now emerged from the laboratory for evaluation in clinical safety and efficacy trials in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer has been utilized for initial clinical safety and efficacy trials in the United States, while liposome-mediated gene transfer has been chosen for initial clinical safety and efficacy trials in the United Kingdom. The rationale and laboratory studies are reviewed leading to initial clinical safety and efficacy trials. Also reviewed are the currently available vectors for potential use in clinical studies, their advantages and disadvantages, and the promises and pitfalls of current gene therapy efforts for CF in the United States focusing on adenovirus vectors in current clinical trials.
Harmonic waves in elastic sandwich plates

Motions of a sandwich plate with symmetric facings are studied in the framework of the three-dimensional equations of elasticity. Both the core and facings are assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic. Harmonic wave solutions, which satisfy traction-free face conditions and continuity conditions of tractions and displacements at the interfaces, are obtained for four cases: symmetric plane strain solutions for extensional motion, antisymmetric plane strain solutions for flexural motion, and solutions for the symmetric and antisymmetric SH-waves. The dispersion relation for each of these cases is obtained and computed. In order to exhibit the effect of the ratios of facing to core thicknesses, elastic stiffnesses and densities, on the dynamic behavior of sandwich plates, dispersion curves are computed and compared for plates with “thick, light, and soft” facings as well as for plates with “thin, heavy, and stiff” facings. Asymptotic expressions of dispersion relations for extensional, flexural, and symmetric SH-waves are obtained in explicit form, as the frequencies and wave numbers approach zero. The thickness vibrations in sandwich plates are studied in detail. The resonance frequencies and modal functions of the thickness-shear and thickness-stretch motions are obtained. Simple algebraic formulas for predicting the lowest thickness-shear and the lowest thickness-stretch frequencies are deduced. The orthogonality of the thickness modal functions is established.
Cloning Streptomyces genes for antibiotic production

Abstract The cloning and recombination of the genes of Streptomyces bacteria offer a method of increasing antibiotic yields and generating new antibiotics. Novel vectors, both plasmids and phages, have been developed for use with Streptomyces . This article describes some of these vectors and relevant cloning and screening techniques.
Preparation of the optical isomers of arginine, histidine and S-benzylcysteine by asymmetric enzymatic hydrolysis of their acetyl derivatives.

Abstract 1. 1. Acetyl- dl -arginine, acetyl- dl -histidine, and acetyl-S-benzyl- dl -cysteine in 0.1 M solution at pH 7.2 were asymmetrically hydrolyzed by arginase- and histidase-free hog kidney acylase I to the free l -amino acids, and the acetyl- d -amino acids. 2. 2. l -Arginine · HCl, isolated through the benzilidine derivative, was obtained in 95% yield ([α]D = +22.8 °), l -histidine was obtained in 81% yield ([α]D = −38.5 °), and S-benzyl- l -cysteine in 76% yield ([α]D= +25.5 °). 3. 3. S-Benzyl- d -cysteine was prepared by acid hydrolysis of the acetyl derivative in 86% yield ([α]D = −26.0 °). The deproteinized digests containing acetyl- d -arginine and acetyl- d -histidine, were treated with rattlesnake venom l -amino acid oxidase to remove traces of the l -enantiomorphs. The venom was removed, the acetyl derivatives were refluxed with HCl, and the free d -amino acids were isolated. The yield of d -arginine · HCl was 91% ([α]D = −23.0 °), and of d -histidine, 62%, ([α]D = +38.8 °). 4. 4. The optical purity of the l - and d -enantiomorphs of S-benzyl-cysteine, and of d -histidine, and of d -arginine (tested with E. coli 7020 decarboxylase) was found to be greater than 99.9%. 5. 5. Acetylanhydro- dl -nitroarginine was prepared and converted in alkali to acetyl- dl -nitroarginine. The susceptibility of the latter to acylase I was very much less than that of acetyl- dl -arginine. l -Nitroarginine was readily oxidized by rattlesnake l -amino acid oxidase. 6. 6. A method of testing d -alanine for optical purity by means of Bothrops jararaca venom l -amino acid oxidase, is described. The d -alanine previously prepared in this laboratory has now been shown to contain less than 0.1% of the enantiomorph.
Individual differences in working memory: introduction to the special section.

This special section includes a set of 5 articles that examine the nature of inter- and intraindividual differences in working memory, using working memory span tasks as the main research tools. These span tasks are different from traditional short-term memory spans (e.g., digit or word span) in that they require participants to maintain some target memory items (e.g., words) while simultaneously performing some other tasks (e.g., reading sentences). In this introduction, a brief discussion of these working memory span tasks and their characteristics is provided first. This is followed by an overview of 2 major theoretical issues that are addressed by the subsequent articles--(a) the factors influencing the inter- and intraindividual differences in working memory performance and (b) the domain generality versus domain specificity of working memory--and also of some important issues that must be kept in mind when readers try to evaluate the claims regarding these 2 theoretical issues.
Clinical experience in hypospadias: results of tubularized incised plate in 496 patients.

Objectives To review the tubularized incised plate, a recently popularized technique, and provide outcomes. Methods From January 2000 to December 2006, 496 patients underwent the tubularized incised plate technique for hypospadias at our clinic. The patient age range was 6 months to 14 years. The postoperative follow-up time was 2 years (range 6 months to 3 years). The patients underwent the technique as described by Snodgrass, with some small technical modifications. The patients were hospitalized for 10 days postoperatively, with a urethral stent in place. Results Of the 496 patients, 48 experienced 53 complications. The most frequent complication was meatal stenosis (n = 27, 5%), followed by urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 25, 5%). Dehiscence was noted in 1 patient (0% of 496 patients and 2% of the 48 patients with complications). Initially, the fistula occurrence rate was 11% and 4% for all 496 and the 48 patients with complications, respectively, which had decreased to 3% and 8% in the most recent 3 years. During the study period, some technical modifications have applied, with a resulting decrease in the complication rates. Complications occurred in 48 patients (9%), of whom 25 required surgical repair (5% of 496 patients). Conclusions The tubularized incised plate technique is a surgical method that can be applied to most hypospadias anomalies. Increasing clinical experience and minor additions to the technique have enhanced our success with this method.
Response to the Ponzo illusion as a reflection of hypnotic susceptibility.

Abstract A ample of 106 Ss wm examined in terms of hypnotizability and mceptibility to the Pornzo illusion. Significant differences were found among low-, medium-, and high-hypnotizability male Ss in P o w aueoeptibility when intergroup comparisons were made, although the nature of mch differences did not appear when correlational procedures were d. These reeults and the presence of non-hear trends in the data are discussed with reference to the possible inappropriateness of using corrdationsl procedures when evaluating personality concomitanta of hypnoti5abilityJ and with reference to the possible importance of sex differencea in such studies.
The Effect of Jamming on Monopulse Accuracy

An expression is applied for the probability density function (pdf) of the monopulse ratio when skin echoes from a passive target are contaminated by interference from a jammer. The analysis is valid for arbitrary signal-to-jam ratio and arbitrary locations of the target and jammer in the beam. For an on-axis skin target and a stand-off jammer at an off-axis location, the "pulling" effect of the jammer and the accuracy of the angle estimate are compared with the approximations currently employed in radar performance analysis. The pdf of the monopulse ratio for large and for small signal-to-jam ratios is presented, showing that the pdf is bimodal at small signal-to-jam ratio.
New species and records of cave shrimps from the Yucatan Peninsula (Decapoda: Agostocarididae and Hippolytidae)

ABSTRACT The second known agostocaridid shrimp, Agostocaris bozanici, is described from a cenote on Cozumel Island. The new species is characterized by having a dorsally unarmed rostrum, and 5 pairs of lateral, and 5 pairs of posterior spines on the telson. A new genus and species of hippolytid, Yagerocaris cozumel, is described from a different cenote and an anchialine cave on Cozumel. The genus is characterized primarily by the possession of a very strong pterygostomian spine on the carapace, subequal second pereiopods in which the carpi have 5 articles, a single arthrobranch of maxilliped 3, and a rectangular posterior lobe on the telson. Both shrimps are true anchialines, having been taken from marine-salinity water in cenotes well away from the coast, and both have reduced eyes. The hippolytid shrimps Somersiella sterreri Hart and Manning (previously known only from Bermuda) and Janicea antiguensis (Chace) (previously recorded from Antigua, Bermuda, and the Bahamas) are recorded from a cave on Cozumel Island. While these latter 2 species show some differences from the original descriptions, it is felt to be premature to place them in new taxa.
Genetic Analysis of Receptor-Gαq Coupling Selectivity

Many different G protein-linked receptors are preferentially coupled to G proteins of the Gq/11family. To elucidate the molecular basis underlying this selectivity, different Gq/11-coupled receptors (m3 muscarinic, V1a vasopressin, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor) were coexpressed (in COS-7 cells) with mutant αs subunits in which residues present at the C terminus of αs were replaced with the corresponding αq/11 residues. Remarkably, whereas none of the receptors was able to interact with wild type αs to a significant extent, all three receptors gained the ability to productively couple to a mutant αs subunit containing a single Glu → Asn point mutation at position −3. Moreover, the m3 muscarinic and the V1a vasopressin receptors but not the GRP receptor also gained the ability to interact with a mutant αs subunit containing a single Gln → Glu point mutation at position −5, indicating that the αq/11 residues present in these mutant G protein constructs play key roles in determining the selectivity of receptor recognition. To identify the site(s) on Gq/11-coupled receptors that can functionally interact with the C terminus of αq/11subunits, we next analyzed the ability of a series of hybrid m2/m3 muscarinic receptors to interact with a mutant αs subunit (sq5) in which the last five amino acids of αs were replaced with the corresponding αq/11 sequence. Similar to the wild type m2 and m3 muscarinic receptors, none of the investigated hybrid receptors was able to efficiently interact with wild type αs. Interestingly, however, three mutant m2 receptors in which different segments of the second and third intracellular loops were replaced with the corresponding m3 receptor sequences were identified, which, in contrast to the Gi/o-coupled wild type m2 receptor, gained the ability to efficiently activate the sq5 subunit. This observation suggests that multiple intracellular receptor domains form a binding pocket for the C terminus of G protein αq/11subunits.
Preparing for the Real Web Generation

Some have called the current generation of college students the Web generation. They are wrong! The pace of technology change continues to quicken. The effects of globalization and social networking have not yet had their full impact. At best, the present students represent a transitional group. The tools we use define us, and the media revolution is changing so fast that in a decade we will be dealing with college-age students as different from today's college students as current college students are different from their teachers. How can faculty prepare themselves to teach the current transitional generation and also begin to understand the true Web generation that will arrive on campus in another decade?
A bound on the multiplication efficiency of iteration

@(xi,x1,...,xi-d+1), define the multiplication efficiency measure E to be p1/M, where p is the order of convergence, and M is the number of multiplications or divisions (except by 2) needed to compute
Synthesis of a furano abietane cyano enone—A new scaffold for biological exploration

Abstract A six step synthesis of furano abietane cyano enone 12 is described, in which the key step is a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Heck reaction of bromo 3-phenoxyacrylate 17, prepared from enone phenol 13 in high yield.
Overnight and Daytime Stock-Return Dynamites on the London Stock Exchange: The Impacts of “Big Bang” and the 1987 Stock-Market Crash

We explore the time series properties of stock returns on the London Stock Exchange around the 1986 market restructuring (Big Bang) and the 1987 stock-market crash using a modified generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model. Using this general dynamic model, which allows (a) intradaily returns to have different impacts and persistence on stock-return volatility, (b) return effects on volatility to be asymmetric, and (c) intradaily returns to follow conditional distributions with different fourth moments, we uncover important changes in return dynamics and conditional fourth moments following Big Bang and the 1987 crash not reported before.
Comorbidity in the interpretation of dexamethasone suppression test results in children: A review and report

Abstract The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered as part of the initial clinical assessment to 83 children and adolescents who were consecutively referred for outpatient evaluation. All diagnoses were made clinically by a child psychiatrist according to DSM-III criteria. A weight-corrected dose of dexamethasone of 17 μg/kg was used. DSM-III diagnoses were made independent of DST results. Patients were stratified into four main diagnostic groups: major depressive disorder (MDD) ( N = 27); attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) ( N = 22); major depressive disorder plus attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ( MDD + ADDH ) ( N = 29); and psychiatric controls (PC) ( N = 5). Rates of dexamethasone nonsuppression were found to be similarly elevated in children with MDD (29.6%), ADDH (22.7%), and MDD + ADDH (37.9%). All 5 psychiatric control patients had a normal postdexamethasone suppression (0%). A similar pattern of results emerged in a reexamination of the literature on available studies of DST in juveniles which revealed that children with major affective disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADDH), and anxiety disorders had comparable DST results that were significantly higher than the 5.6% rate found in normal controls. These findings provide further support for similarities in DST results between ADDH and MDD in outpatients. Although these results suggest a lack of specificity of the DST as a laboratory aid for the diagnosis of juvenile affective disorders, they are also consistent with findings indicating that the DST may be an index of clinical severity and other findings suggesting a possible association between ADDH and MDD. Despite its limitations, the DST may provide potentially useful clinical and research information regarding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and in alerting clinicians to the presence of serious psychiatric disorders. The findings also stress the relevance of assessing comorbidity in interpreting DST results.
Modeling of Biodynamic Feedthrough in Backhoe Operation

An advanced backhoe user interface has been developed which uses coordinated control with haptic feedback. Results indicate that the coordinated control provides more intuitive operation that is easy to learn, and the haptic feedback also relays meaningful information back to the user in the form of force signals from digging forces and system limitations. However, results show that the current system has significant problems with biodynamic feedthrough, where the motion of the controlled device excites motion of the operator, resulting in undesirable forces applied to the input device and control performance degradation. This unwanted input is difficult to decouple from the intentional operator input in experiments. This research presents an investigation on the effects of biodynamic feedthrough on this particular backhoe control system, using system identification to empirically define models to represent each component. These models are used for a preliminary simulation study on potential methods for biodynamic feedthrough compensation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Biopsy specimen findings in patients with previous lower extremity cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract Background: No previous study has examined the immune and inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of lower extremity cellulitis after saphenous venectomy for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the histopathologic, immunologic, and inflammatory findings in skin biopsy specimens from saphenous venectomy limbs of patients with previous bouts of cellulitis. Methods : Biopsy specimens were obtained from five patients with previous episodes of cellulitis. Specimens of the contralateral lower extremity of each patient were obtained for controlled comparisons. Results: Histopathologic findings did not provide evidence that could account for the tendency for cellulitis to develop. Moreover, the distribution of CD1a, HLA-DR, intercellular adhesion molecule–1, and lymphocyte function–associated antigen type 1 were similar in specimens from the postvenectomy and contralateral legs. No tumor necrosis factor–α expression was found in specimens from the lower extremities. Conclusion: The mechanisms responsible for the production of this disorder do not involve the mediators studied. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:246-9.)
Limonoid biosynthesis in the stem of Citrus limon

Abstract Using radioactive tracer techniques, the phloem region of Citrus limon stems was shown to be the site of limonoid biosynthesis from acetate. The cortex and inner core regions were found incapable of biosynthesizing limonoids from acetate. However, all the regions were capable of biosynthesizing other limonoids starting from nomilin.
Calorimetry of silicate melts at 1773 K: measurement of enthalpies of fusion and of mixing in the systems diopside-anorthite-albite and anorthite-forsterite

Transposed-temperature-drop calorimetry, using a Setaram HT 1500 calorimeter, was used to study directly the melting at 1773 K of mixtures of crystalline albite, anorthite, and diopside and of anorthite and forsterite. The enthalpy of albite at 1000–1773 K, starting with both crystalline and glassy samples, was also measured. The results confirm previously measured enthalpies of fusion of albite, diopside and anorthite (Stebbins et al. 1982, 1983; Richet and Bottinga 1984,1986). The new results use thermochemical cycles which completely avoid the glassy state by transforming crystals directly to melts. The enthalpy of fusion of forsterite is estimated to be 89±12 kJ/mol at 1773 K and 114±20 kJ/mol at its melting point of 2163 K. The data allow semiquantitative evaluation of heats of mixing in the molten silicates. Along the Ab-An join, enthalpies of mixing in the liquid at 773 K are the same or somewhat more negative than those in the glass at 986 K, whereas along Ab-Di and An-Di, enthalpies of mixing in the liquid are distinctly more positive than in the glass. These differences correlate with excess heat capacities in the liquids suggested by Stebbins et al. (1984).
Fungal Infections in Phagocytic Defects

Delineating the infection susceptibility of primary immunodeficiencies allows insight into host immunity. Filamentous mold infections are seen most frequently in chronic granulomatous disease, a neutrophil disorder characterized by impaired superoxide production. Mucocutaneous candidiasis occurs in disorders of impaired interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 signaling, such as seen in autosomal dominant hyper-IgE (Job’s) syndrome and in disorders with autoantibodies to these cytokines. The endemic dimorphic fungi are in part controlled by disorders of the IL-12/interferon (IFN)-γ pathway, such as IFN-γ receptor and STAT1 defects. Understanding the pathways involved in these primary immunodeficiency disorders will also provide insight into these infections in secondary immunodeficiencies and allow guidance for novel therapies.
Local and Global Dynamics of Unentangled Polyethylene Melts by 13C NMR

13C NMR T 1 , NOE, and T 1ρ were measured for two unentangled polyethylene melts (C 44 H 90 and M w = 2150 g/mol) at 5, 25, and 75 MHz 13 C Larmor frequency from the melting points up to 260 °C. The data were fit with a model composed of a fast segmental relaxation and a long time tail described by Rouse modes. The fitting parameters are consistent with MD computer simulations on similar systems and independent experiments such as viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient measurements. Polyethylene is an unusual polymer in that it has a very pronounced long time tail in the C-H vector correlation function. This long time tail makes this experiment a sensitive tool with which to characterize the global dynamics of polyethylene melts. Rouse modes, with corrections suggested from MD simulation, were found to be an adequate description of the global dynamics in this molecular weight range. The activation energy for the conformational dynamics was found to be 4 kcal/mol, which is significantly less than the flow activation energy. Therefore, in contrast to some other well-studied examples, conformational transitions are not the fundamental motions for flow in polyethylene. MD computer simulations of C 44 H 90 [Smith et al. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5897] using an explicit atom model closely reproduce the experimental data.
Rehabilitation of warmwater stream ecosystems following channel incision

Abstract Presented is a case study of two streams (watershed size, 12 and 14 km 2 ) damaged by channel straightening and incision. One stream was stabilized using a metal sheet piling weir and dormant willow post planting, while the other was treated with a stone weir, stone toe bank protection and willow sprout planting. Fishes and their physical habitats were monitored for 1–2 years before construction and two to three years afterward. Willow planting was not successful, so canopy, bank vegetation, and woody debris density were unchanged. Pool habitat area increased from less than 5% to more than 30% of the total aquatic area. Fish species richness and diversity were unchanged, but species composition shifted away from patterns typical of shallow, sandy runs toward pool-dwelling types, becoming more similar to a nearby lightly-degraded reference site. Median lengths of selected centrarchids increased following rehabilitation. Physical and biological response were more persistent for the stream treated with the stone weir and bank toe protection, possibly because the stone toe produced a more uniform longitudinal distribution of cover and pool habitats than the single weir.
México's demographic transition: Public policy and spatial process

A logistic growth equation is used to model Mexico's epidemiological and fertility transitions, creating variables used to model the spatial diffusion of demographic change across the states. Consistent with the goals of the Lazaro Cardenas administration, the epidemiological transition unfolded uniformly across the states, accessible to rich and poor alike, but the urban-oriented family planning programs introduced by Luis Echeverria have favored elites, have diffused selectively, and have ensured that the burdens of the population explosion have borne down most heavily on the poor and the remote.
Changes in calcium kinetics associated with menarche

To evaluate the consequences of puberty on calcium (Ca) metabolism, we measured Ca kinetic parameters in 43 healthy girls 1-60 months post menarche. There was a close relationship between the logarithmic transform of the number of months post menarche and the bone Ca deposition rate (Vo +) (r = -0.90, P < 0.001). Using multiple regression analysis with the logarithmic transforms of chronological age and months post menarche as independent parameters, we found that the number of months post menarche was more significantly correlated with Vo + (t = -7.4, P < 0.0001) than with chronological age (t = -3.1, P = 0.003). A longitudinal study of 17 girls demonstrated a peak Vo + approximately 8 months before menarche, with a decrease in Vo + after menarche. These studies indicate that the peak time for bone Ca deposition is in the premenarcheal and perimenarcheal time period. The close correlation between Vo + and months post menarche demonstrates the importance of puberty in consideration of bone Ca metabolism i...
When Zebras Run with Horses: The Diagnostic Dilemma of Acute Aortic Dissection Complicated by Myocardial Infarction

In this issue of the Journal, Pinney and Wasserman describe the case of a patient who survives acute aortic dissection complicated by occlusion of the left main coronary ostium and anterior myocardial infarction (MI), due in part to the fortuitous presence of an anomalous left circumflex artery. The case illustrates the challenges of diagnosing aortic dissection, even in the current era of accurate and rapid aortic imaging, in individuals with concurrent acute MI. These comments are focused in this comment on two key aspects of the case: (1) How commonly do acute aortic dissections lead to myocardial ischemia and MI? and (2) When should clinicians consider ruling out acute aortic dissection in the setting of acute MI?
An elective clinical teaching program for first-year medical students.

Abstract A 4-week elective course for first-year medical students which integrated the basic sciences with the clinical principles employed in medical and surgical management of severely burned patients is described. The course was specifically designed to stimulate the utilization of basic science knowledge in clinical diagnosis and management. Both objective and subjective evaluation of student accomplishment strongly suggested that this educational approach may be advantageous for student introduction to physical diagnosis and clinical problem solving. Direct testing indicated that problem solving of clinical complications was comparable to the performance levels of junior surgical residents and practicing surgeons.
Hydrofuran ring-fused calix[4]pyrrole: synthesis and ion-binding studies

A hydrofuran-fused calix[4]pyrrole (2) was synthesised from the condensation of pyrrole with acetone (0.75 equiv.) and hydroxyacetone (0.25 equiv.) in the presence of 1.0 equiv. of methanesulphonic acid. In analogy to what was seen with normal calix[4]pyrrole (1), 1H NMR spectroscopic and isothermal titration calorimetry analyses served to confirm that compound 2 can act as an effective receptor for anions, such as the halides and benzoate. In addition, compound 2 was found to solubilise CsF in chloroform more effectively than calix[4]pyrrole 1, a finding attributed to participation of the oxygen atom of 2 in the caesium cation complexation process.
Rat C6 glioma cells contain type I as well as type II corticosteroid receptors.

Abstract Rat brain cytosol contains Type I corticosteroid receptors. Unlike Type II (glucocorticoid) receptors, Type I receptors have high affinity for the endogenous corticosteroids — aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and corticosterone — and much lower affinities for synthetic glucocorticoids. In the present study, we report that Type I corticosteroid receptors are present in C6 glioma cells. Type I receptors were identified in C6 cell cytosol and whole cells by the binding of [ 3 H]aldosterone. The specific glucocorticoid RU 26988 was used to block Type II receptors. Measured in whole C6 cells, Type I receptors had a density of 2.1 ± 1.1fmol/10 6 cells and a dissociation constant (K d ) for [ 3 H]aldosterone of 0.41 ± 0.06nM . The density of Type I receptors was only 2% of the density of Type II corticosteroid receptors ( 96 ± 7fmol/10 6 cells ), measured in whole C6 cells by [ 3 H]triamcinolone binding. The steroid specificity of glial cytosolic Type I receptors (deoxycorticosterone > corticosterone > aldosterone > dexamethasone > triamcinolone > RU 26988) was identical to the steroid specificity of Type I receptors in rat brain cytosol. The potency of deoxycorticosterone was somewhat reduced when measured in whole cells. The steroid specificity of the Type I receptor differed markedly from that of the Type II (glucocorticoid) receptor (triamcinolone > dexamethasone > RU 26988 > corticosterone > deoxycorticosterone > aldosterone). Since Type I receptors in the kidney mediate effects of aldosterone upon renal transport of sodium and potassium, it is proposed that glial Type I corticosteroid receptors may be involved in the relation of glial ion transport. The C6 glioma cells line will be useful for studying the function of Type I receptors.
Tensile creep behavior of glassy carbon

The tensile creep behavior of glassy carbon has been investigated over the stress range 500–18,000 lb/in2 and the temperature range 2500–2900°C for two grades of Japanese glassy carbon, GC-20 and GC-30. Similar behavior was found for both grades. For GC-30, the reduction in cross-sectional area was nearly the constant-volume value; for GC-20 it was a little smaller. The creep rate, which decreased monotonically with elongation at constant load and temperature, could be represented by the empirical expression ϵ = Aσnexp (−ΔH/RT) where A is a function of the material and the strain. Using a stress-change technique combined with graphical analysis, it was found that n ⋍ 1 + Bσ, B = 3.7 × 10−4 in2/lb; a similar temperature-change technique gave ΔH = 350 ± 45 kcal/mole in the stress range 6000–16,000 lb/in2. A least 25 per cent of the creep elongation was recoverable at temperature when the stress was reduced nearly to zero. These results are compared with those on other carbons and graphites, and some possible deformation mechanisms are discussed.
Enrichment ratio of poorly crystallized iron mobilized with clay/silt-sized particles released via interrill erosion

Abstract Soils under no-tillage (NT) and a moldboard plow tillage system (MT) were exposed to a field rainfall simulation to determine the soil poorly crystalline iron release during interrill erosion. Clay/silt-sized particles were captured in an overland flow produced by a rainfall simulation in the field. Two different soils (Calloway silt and Maury silt loam) were exposed to different kinetic energy wettings to evaluate the temporal clay/silt sized release, the variation of the enrichment ratio for poorly crystalline iron (ERFe) and the total poorly crystalline iron delivered (TID). The clay/silt sized particles release was continuous and independent of soil texture. In both soils the ERFe decreased over the time, but showing unexpected flushes. These extreme values appeared at different time, thus indicating that they were conditioned for the aggregate's rupture. However, no correlation was found with the flushes of clay/silt sized particles. The ERFe data suggested the presence of Fe(ox) easy-to-release in the soil surface, which does not depend on the wetting energy used for the aggregate breakdown. The variations in ERFe were due to a soil characteristic affected for submergence. Under intensive tillage (MT) in both soils, the high kinetic energy wetting determined the highest TID. A low TID value was observed with low kinetic energy wetting, which provide evidence of a continuous mobilization of poorly crystallized iron from these soils. This occurred because a flow transports process and a labile source of Fe(ox). Because the cover surface was not sufficient to stop the clay/silt sized particles and the iron(ox) mobilization it would be preferable to combine NT with contouring as a better solution.
Genome-wide scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in the Johns Hopkins hereditary prostate cancer families†

BACKGROUND Although the subject of intensive study, the genetic influences responsible for familial clustering of prostate cancer remain largely unidentified. Genome-wide scans for linkage in prostate cancer families can be used to systematically search for genes capable of affecting risk for the disease. METHODS All available family members from 188 families, each having at least three first-degree relatives affected with prostate cancer, were genotyped at 406 markers distributed across the genome at average intervals of less than 10 cM. Genotype data was analyzed using primarily a non-parametric, multipoint approach, although parametric analyses were performed as well. RESULTS The strongest evidence for linkage was observed at D4S1615, at 4q21 (LOD of 2.8, P = 0.0002). Two other regions had LOD scores over 2.0: at 9q34 (marker D9S1826, LOD = 2.17, P = 0.0008) and at 2q23 (marker D2S151, LOD = 2.03, P = 0.001). An additional 12 regions had LOD scores over 1.0, including markers at 1q24-25 and 7q22 having scores >1.6. Stratifying the linkage results by age of diagnosis indicated that the linkages to chromosomes 2 and 4 were strongest in families with early and late ages of diagnosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate several new loci as harboring prostate cancer susceptibility genes, and provide confirmatory evidence of linkage at several loci identified previously in other genome-wide scans, including the three regions (4q21, 9q34, and 2q23) with strongest evidence for prostate cancer linkage. These data also emphasize the need to combine linkage data from large numbers of prostate cancer families in efforts to effectively address the extensive heterogeneity that characterizes genetic aspects of this disease. Prostate 57: 320–325, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impact of Network Dynamics on Tardiness of Data in Sensor Networks

Impact of random delays and losses in sensor networks manifests in the form of tardiness of data used for processing at the sink nodes. The age of data used by the end application can impact the accuracy of the end results, and may produce detrimental consequences for many real-time sensing applications. This paper uses a tardiness measure for quantitatively capturing the lateness of the data due to network dynamics, and presents an analytical model relating the network delay, network packet loss rate, packet reordering, and sampling rate to the tardiness. We extend this model to provide aggregate weighted tardiness of data at fusion nodes. The tardiness model is validated using simulation results. We also investigate the tradeoffs between energy consumption and tardiness when desired tardiness is achieved by adjusting sampling rate and transmission power of the sensors nodes. Other potential applications of proposed tardiness measure includes determination of the active/sleep period of MAC layer to meet application goals, and comparison of routing protocols based on their impact on tardiness, and hence the application in real-time sensor networks.