cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Extemporaneous Newscast: The Lasting Impact of Walter Cronkite's Local Television News Experiment

Abstract Walter Cronkite was an accidental television pioneer. All he wanted to do was cover the Korean War for CBS radio, but circumstances pushed him into television news and kept him there. Regardless of how he got there, Cronkite's first instincts on how to connect with the viewer on live television provided a great training ground for his coverage of major breaking news stories later in his career and became accepted as the proper approach for reporters at live news events. Cronkite sensed that television was a more intimate medium than radio and he needed to keep eye contact with the viewer. So he avoided using a formal script in his Washington, D.C., local newscasts. Instead, he immersed himself in the news and presented the top stories extemporaneously, with few notes. The delayed development of television news in Washington, D. C. especially for CBS, provided Cronkite the opportunity to forge ahead with an approach that would have been quashed in a more advanced television market. This project ex...
Commissioning the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a 192-beam, 1.8-Megajoule, 500-Terawatt, ultraviolet laser system. NIF will be the world’s highest energy laser system for the study of matter at extreme energy densities and inertial confinement fusion. This talk will discuss NIF’s laser system commissioning and performance*
Immunoglobulin G Subclasses in Human Colostrum and Milk

IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD class of immunoglobulins are found in human colostrum and milk1-3. Although IgA comprises about 90% of human milk immunoglobulins (mean level 32 g/1), IgG levels as high as 1 g/1 in colostrum and 50 mg/1 in milk are found. Very little information is available regarding the distribution of IgG subclasses in human colostrum and milk. Determination of IgG subclass concentrations in human colostrum and milk may be important because they have different biological functions.
Integer Linear Programming for Coreference Resolution

In this chapter, we introduce Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and review some of its best performing applications to coreference resolution in the literature. We develop some intuitions for how to pose ILPs based on learned models and to how expert knowledge can be encoded as constraints that the learned models must then respect. We describe some of the difficulties encountered during both the development of an ILP and its deployment as well as how to deal with them. Finally, we see how ILP can create an environment in which independently learned models share knowledge for their mutual benefit.Most of the top results on coreference resolution over the last few years were achieved using an ILP formulation, and we provide a snapshot of these results. Conceptually, and from an engineering perspective, the ILP formulation is very simple and it provides system designers with a lot of flexibility in incorporating knowledge. Indeed, this is where we believe future research should focus.
Heat flux and seasonal thermal performance of an extensive green roof

Abstract Green roofs influence the overall energy balance of buildings. In this study, the thermal properties of a green roof are determined using field data gathered from an extensive 0.56 ha green roof in Syracuse, NY. Sensors installed at five stations across the roof measure temperature at four depths within the roof layers. Data have been gathered from September 2013 to September 2015. Heat fluxes range from −5.76 W m −2 to 9.46 W m −2 . Negative (downward) heat flux is found during summer and early fall, and positive (upward) heat flux dominates during the heating season. Solar radiation can heat the upper layers of the roof significantly above ambient air temperatures during the summer. Accumulated snow acts as an insulator during the winter months. Thermal resistance, R, is determined during a two-week period with significant snow accumulation, during which time heat flow through the roof reached a quasi-steady state. Thermal resistance for the overall roof is found to average 3.1 m 2 K W −1 . The largest individual thermal resistance is from the extruded polystyrene insulation layer (R = 2.6 m 2 K W −1 ). Overall, the green roof dampens the extreme responses often observed on urban roofs. Vegetation and substrate layers may be used in addition to insulation, but are not recommended in lieu of insulation for a Central New York climate.
Nonlinear Thermal Reduced-Order Modeling for Hypersonic Vehicles

A set of reduced-order models are considered to determine the variation of the material thermal capacity and thermal conductivity with respect to temperature for a representative hypersonic vehicle...
Neural signatures of experience-based improvements in deterministic decision-making

Feedback about our choices is a crucial part of how we gather information and learn from our environment. It provides key information about decision experiences that can be used to optimize future choices. However, our understanding of the processes through which feedback translates into improved decision-making is lacking. Using neuroimaging (fMRI) and cognitive models of decision-making and learning, we examined the influence of feedback on multiple aspects of decision processes across learning. Subjects learned correct choices to a set of 50 word pairs across eight repetitions of a concurrent discrimination task. Behavioral measures were then analyzed with both a drift-diffusion model and a reinforcement learning model. Parameter values from each were then used as fMRI regressors to identify regions whose activity fluctuates with specific cognitive processes described by the models. The patterns of intersecting neural effects across models support two main inferences about the influence of feedback on decision-making. First, frontal, anterior insular, fusiform, and caudate nucleus regions behave like performance monitors, reflecting errors in performance predictions that signal the need for changes in control over decision-making. Second, temporoparietal, supplementary motor, and putamen regions behave like mnemonic storage sites, reflecting differences in learned item values that inform optimal decision choices. As information about optimal choices is accrued, these neural systems dynamically adjust, likely shifting the burden of decision processing from controlled performance monitoring to bottom-up, stimulus-driven choice selection. Collectively, the results provide a detailed perspective on the fundamental ability to use past experiences to improve future decisions.
The Earnest Pastor's Heated Term: Robert J. Williams's Pastorate at "Mother" Bethel, 1916-1920

members of the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church congregation sat in their pews impatiently awaiting the arrival of their pastor. The Reverend Robert J. Williams was late on account of another meeting concerning the repayment of a financial loan. As the church members waited, they began to discuss several of Williams’s shortcomings. Some claimed, according to a Philadelphia Tribune reporter present, that they had lent him money and had not been repaid; several women, whom Williams had allegedly tried to remove from the church, had something to say about his immorality; and another man asked how much the pastor had received for obtaining a liquor license in Chester. When Williams finally arrived, he opened the meeting with his usual prayer and song. After these, he started employing his “steamroller methods” – for which he was renowned – making various rulings against his opponents and denying all allegations made against him. But the pastor found that he had lost his support within the congregation. The consensus of the meeting, the reporter believed, was that Williams should attend a revival somewhere to be converted to Christianity. Thus ended a pastorate that had appeared four years earlier to be one of the brightest in the Philadelphia Episcopal district. Williams’s downfall resulted from turbulent conflict between the pastor and the longtime members of the congregation at “Mother” Bethel, in Philadelphia. This conflict occurred at a time when the
Forced convection heat and mass transfer from a slender particle

Abstract We utilize slender body theory along with a reciprocal theorem to predict the convective enhancement in heat and mass transfer from an axisymmetric particle in a Stokes flow that approaches a uniform stream at large distances. The particle can be oriented at an arbitrary angle to the flow. The Peclet number, Pe , based on the particle length is considered to be O ( 1 ) , in which case the effect of convection is not small on this scale. Specifically, we calculate the ratio Nu ( Pe ) / Nu ( 0 ) through O ( 1 / ln ( 1 / ∊ ) ) , where Nu is the Nusselt number (i.e., the normalized heat flux from the particle) and ∊ is the (small) ratio of the characteristic thickness to length of the particle. At fixed Pe , the maximum value of Nu occurs for a body whose axis of symmetry is perpendicular to the imposed flow; the minimum value occurs when the axis of symmetry is aligned with the flow.
EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) in a growth restricted fetus with tracheal atresia

Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of pathologies leading to poor lung development and difficulty oxygenating the newborn after delivery. While previously uniformly fatal, the ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedure has provided a method to treat these patients and provide an airway to potentiate survival. We present a patient diagnosed prenatally with CHAOS secondary to tracheal atresia complicated by severe intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) who was successfully delivered via an EXIT procedure at 33-weeks. Multidisciplinary care and planning is paramount.
Correlation of PROMIS Physical Function Upper Extremity Computer Adaptive Test with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder assessment form and Simple Shoulder Test in patients with shoulder arthritis

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Informative System Physical Function Upper Extremity Computer Adaptive Test (PROMIS PFUE CAT) measurement tool against the already validated American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder assessment form and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) in patients with shoulder arthritis. Methods Fifty-two patients with the primary diagnosis of shoulder arthritis were asked to fill out the ASES, SST, and PROMIS PFUE CAT. The time for completion of each survey was measured to determine responder burden, and correlation between the 3 instruments was defined as excellent (>0.7), strong-moderate (0.61-0.7), moderate (0.31-0.6), and poor (0.2-0.3). Results The PROMIS PFUE CAT showed a strong-moderate correlation with the SST (r = 0.64; P Conclusion In patients with shoulder arthritis, The PROMIS PFUE CAT demonstrated strong-moderate correlation with the SST and moderate correlation with the ASES. The time savings of the PROMIS PFUE CAT were small compared with the ASES and SST but demonstrate that moving forward, using the PROMIS PFUE CAT would not place any additional burden on the patient filling out the survey. These findings indicate that the PROMIS PFUE CAT is an appropriate measurement tool for patients with shoulder arthritis.
Social Determinants of Health Associated with HBV Testing and Access to Care among Foreign-born Persons Residing in the United States: 2009 - 2012.

Objectives To describe how select Social Determinants of Health (SDH) are associated with the burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among foreign-born persons residing in the United States. Methods Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010 Risk Factor Survey data to investigate the independent relationship between SDH and HBV testing and access to care. Results HBV infected persons with insurance were more likely to see a physician than those without. Respondents worried about money to pay rent or mortgage were more likely to report HBV infection than individuals who reported they never worry. Compared to English speakers, Spanish-speakers were less likely to report HBV infection, Vietnamese-speakers were more likely to see a physician for HBV infection, and Khmer-speakers were less likely to be tested. Conclusions Health insurance coverage, worries about paying rent, and language of interview all differentially affect HBV testing and linkages to care among foreign-born persons. Multi-sectorial stakeholder collaborative efforts should integrate resources to provide culturally sensitive health promotion campaigns which may improve HBV related outcomes.
Understanding the Gates: The Journalistic Field in a Time of Mediatization

This chapter lays out the conceptual framework that guides the book, beginning with a brief overview of Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, which is broken into two sections. The first focuses on “elements of practice,” or what Bourdieu referred to as capital, habitus, and doxa. The second section summarizes the structure of the journalistic field, with subsections on field formation and professionalization, inter-field relations, and field transformation. The focus then shifts to providing an overview of mediatization as a theoretical perspective before introducing the concepts of “networked habitus,” “media meta-capital,” and “mediatized superstructure.” The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of emergent field dynamics like gatewatching and gatecrashing, which are driven by networked publics’ collaborative efforts to fulfill the function of a “fifth estate.”
Endemic food-borne botulism: clinical experience, 1973-1986 at Alaska Native Medical Center.

Clinical features are described for 35 cases of endemic food-borne botulism managed at a single medical center over 14 years. Important diagnostic findings included dryness of mucous membranes (90%), weakness (84%), and abnormal pupillary reaction (79%). Sensory examination was normal. Dizziness, dyspnea, and weakness of the extremities were significantly more common in patients requiring assisted ventilation. Transitory neurological deterioration occurred in 38% of patients despite the early administration of trivalent (ABE) equine antitoxin. The short course of respiratory failure suggests that toxin effect is unusually ephemeral with a mean intubation interval of only 8.6 days. Rapid recovery of strength without relapsing respiratory failure followed extubation. Tracheostomy was associated with a high complication rate and was abandoned. Extremely thick, tenacious sputum probably contributed to the high nosocomial pneumonia rate. Empirical antibiotic use to eliminate persistent C. botulinum was associated with unacceptably high nosocomial infection rates (p less than .01). Unexpected significant elevations of blood leukocyte and neutrophil band forms were noted.
Signal Decomposition of Conductivity Sensor Measurements on the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania

Surface water conductivity measurements were used to evaluate the combined contribution of anions in western Pennsylvania from brines discharged by sources such as oil and gas wastewater treatment, coal-fired power plants, and coal mining activities. Conductivity sensor data were collected in the Allegheny River during a US Environmental Protection Agency and US Fish and Wildlife study that included seven sites covering 256 river km during the fall of 2012. Intermittent discharges, such as oil and gas wastewater, and continuous sources contributing to the conductivity were quantified using constrained and adaptive decomposition of time-series (CADETS) frequency analysis. CADETS was able to quantify the intermittent or short-term component of conductivity at sites where the intermittent fraction was 1 to 22% of the total conductivity. The demonstrated efficacy of the CADETS method for surface water quality analysis suggests it could be widely used to evaluate other water sensor data in rivers with both continuous and intermittent source impacts.
Interactive design of periodic yarn-level cloth patterns

We describe an interactive design tool for authoring, simulating, and adjusting yarn-level patterns for knitted and woven cloth. To achieve interactive performance for notoriously slow yarn-level simulations, we propose two acceleration schemes: (a) yarn-level periodic boundary conditions that enable the restricted simulation of only small periodic patches, thereby exploiting the spatial repetition of many cloth patterns in cardinal directions, and (b) a highly parallel GPU solver for efficient yarn-level simulation of the small patch. Our system supports interactive pattern editing and simulation, and runtime modification of parameters. To adjust the amount of material used (yarn take-up) we support "on the fly" modification of (a) local yarn rest-length adjustments for pattern specific edits, e.g., to tighten slip stitches, and (b) global yarn length by way of a novel yarn-radius similarity transformation. We demonstrate the tool's ability to support interactive modeling, by novice users, of a wide variety of yarn-level knit and woven patterns. Finally, to validate our approach, we compare dozens of generated patterns against reference images of actual woven or knitted cloth samples, and we release this corpus of digital patterns and simulated models as a public dataset to support future comparisons.
Poor compliance despite equal access: Military experience with screening breast MRI in high risk women.

Abstract Background Using the military as a model for an equal-access, no-cost healthcare system, we sought to (1) describe screening breast MRI compliance rates and (2) identify patient-perceived barriers to screening. Methods In this retrospective cohort study of a prospectively maintained database at a tertiary level center, we compared compliance among women at ≥20% risk of developing breast cancer (Tyrer-Cuzick) and conducted structured phone interviews with women at ≥30% risk. Results From 2015 to 2016, 1,052 women met criteria for screening MRI. Of these, only 251 (24%) underwent MRI screening. Compliance among women with a 20–24%, 25–29%, 30–39%, and ≥40% risk was 16%, 24%, 37%, and 51%, respectively (p Conclusions Even in an equal-access system, there is poor compliance in patients who are at high risk for developing breast cancer. Patients cited time/inconvenience and questions regarding screening as key barriers to screening.
A characterization of professional media and its links to research

The publishing industry is a vast system whose elements form a metaphorical ecosystem with knowledge flowing through connections between heterogeneous elements. In this paper we seek a more robust understanding of different types of literature, and whether and how they support one another in the diffusion of knowledge. We analyze a corpus comprising professional electronic media in US dentistry and its relation to the peer reviewed journal literature. Our corpus includes full text from magazines, news sites and blogs that provide information to clinicians. We find links to research are made through several mechanisms: articles describing new clinical guidelines, referencing, summaries of recently published journal articles and crossover authoring. There is little to no apparent time lag in the diffusion of information from research literature to professional media.
Synthesis and Defect Characterization of Phase-Pure Zr-MOFs Based on Meso-tetracarboxyphenylporphyrin.

The reaction of zirconium salts with meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) in the presence of different modulators results in the formation of a diverse set of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), each displaying distinct crystalline topologies. However, the synthesis of phase-pure crystalline frameworks remains challenging due to the concurrent formation of different polymorphs. The acidity and concentration of the modulator greatly influence the outcome of the MOF synthesis. By systematically varying these two parameters, selective framework formation can be achieved. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of modulator on the synthesis of zirconium-based TCPP MOFs. With the help of powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, modulator candidates and the optimal synthetic conditions yielding phase-pure PCN-222, PCN-223, and MOF-525 were identified. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and N2 gas sorption measurements were performed on select...
Getting from Skeptical Judgment to Skeptical Action: A Field Study of Auditor Behavior

Professional skepticism is clearly an important and timely topic in the practice and regulation of auditing. In this paper, we apply Bandura’s self-efficacy construct within Social Cognitive Theory to auditor efficacy and skeptical action in an audit context. This study uses a multiple-interview design to explore the exercise of professional skepticism by experienced auditors. An auditor can be skeptical about the facts and circumstances of a client but may not always manifest that skeptical judgment as skeptical action. We adopt a social constructivist approach applied through a self-efficacy model for auditing to better understand auditors’ experience when considering skeptical action. Our evidence suggests that efficacy expectations associated with skeptical actions are increased by the presence of three primary factors: (1) the support/collectivism within the audit team (consensus), (2) the preparation/homework of the auditor (cognizance), and (3) the quality of the relationship with the client counterpart (consonance). These three themes are further illustrated by specific actions that can be taken by an auditor. The study contributes to our understanding of how auditors make decisions that influence skeptical actions during the course of the audit, the resources and strategies employed to do so, and the motivations that underlie skeptical actions.
Why Benefiting from Discrimination is Not Seen as Discrimination

Discrimination continues to plague organizational life, creating inequities that harm workforce diversity, employee commitment, and organizational performance. While existing research has debated t...
Community voice in cross-sector alignment: concepts and strategies from a scoping review of the health collaboration literature

Health care access is an important driver of population health, and factors beyond health care also drive health outcomes. Recognizing the importance of the social determinants of health (SDOH), different actors in the health care, public health, and social service sectors are increasingly collaborating to improve health outcomes in communities. To support such collaboration, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation developed a cross-sector alignment theory of change. According to the cross-sector alignment theory of change, community voice is critical for helping collaboratives address community health needs. Yet research on health collaboratives offers mixed guidance on how community voice should be understood and which community voice strategies are most effective. This study addresses a gap in the literature with a systematic scoping review of research on health-oriented cross-sector collaboration and community voice. By scanning key academic journals, searching three academic databases, and obtaining documents from across our professional networks, we identified 36 documents that address community voice in health collaboratives. The review reveals several conceptions of community voice and a range of community voice strategies. We find that community voice strategies fall on a spectrum between two broad types of approaches: active and passive. These vary not only in the level of power shared between communities and collaborators, but also in the level of involvement required from the community, and this in turn has important implications for community collaboration strategies. We also find that while most strategies are discussed in the context of short-term collaboration, many also lend themselves to adoption in the context of sustainable collaboration and, ultimately, cross-sector alignment. This review provides a characterization and conceptualization of community voice in health-oriented collaborations that provides a new theoretical basis for future research. Passive and active community voice strategies can be studied in more detail for their expected impact on health outcomes and disparities. Increased attention to active community voice and the resources it requires can help practitioners achieve improved health outcomes and researchers understand the pathways to health improvement through collaboration.
Small molecule modulation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor inhibits multiple amyloid beta-induced tau pathologies

Longitudinal preclinical and clinical studies suggest that Aβ drives neurite and synapse degeneration through an array of tau-dependent and independent mechanisms. The intracellular signaling networks regulated by the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) substantially overlap with those linked to Aβ and to tau. Here we examine the hypothesis that modulation of p75NTR will suppress the generation of multiple potentially pathogenic tau species and related signaling to protect dendritic spines and processes from Aβ-induced injury. In neurons exposed to oligomeric Aβ in vitro and APP mutant mouse models, modulation of p75NTR signaling using the small-molecule LM11A-31 was found to inhibit Aβ-associated degeneration of neurites and spines; and tau phosphorylation, cleavage, oligomerization and missorting. In line with these effects on tau, LM11A-31 inhibited excess activation of Fyn kinase and its targets, tau and NMDA-NR2B, and decreased Rho kinase signaling changes and downstream aberrant cofilin phosphorylation. In vitro studies with pseudohyperphosphorylated tau and constitutively active RhoA revealed that LM11A-31 likely acts principally upstream of tau phosphorylation, and has effects preventing spine loss both up and downstream of RhoA activation. These findings support the hypothesis that modulation of p75NTR signaling inhibits a broad spectrum of Aβ-triggered, tau-related molecular pathology thereby contributing to synaptic resilience.
The Role of Neighborhood Social Cohesion in the Association between Seeing People Walk and Leisure-Time Walking among Latino adults

Few studies have investigated the association between seeing people walk and leisure-time walking, and the role of neighborhood social cohesion among Latinos/Latinx. We examined the association bet...
Descriptive and Injunctive Incivility Norms in Political Campaigns: Differences Across Behavior Type, Candidate Gender, and Candidate Party Position:

Despite evidence that a majority of people in the United States say that they want more civil politics, candidates still use incivility strategically during campaigns. Distinguishing between descri...
COVID-19 and Women-Led Businesses around the World

Abstract The impacts of crises are never gender-neutral, and the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception. Using a brand-new dataset covering 24 countries, we document that women-led businesses are subject to a higher likelihood of closure and a longer closure duration than men-led businesses during the pandemic. Women business leaders are also more pessimistic about the future than men business leaders. The disadvantages suffered by women-led businesses widen in high gender inequality economies and developing economies. Our results further indicate that finance and labor factors are likely to be the major contributors to these disadvantages. We suggest that COVID-19′s policy response should not be gender-neutral.
Small-Cell Carcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma usually arises from the main or proximal lobar bronchi and is located centrally in vast majority of patients who present with hilar or mediastinal mass.
The curtailment paradox in the transition to high solar power systems

Summary Rising penetrations of variable renewable energy (VRE) in power systems are expected to increase the curtailment of these resources because of oversupply and operational constraints. We evaluate the effect on curtailment from various flexibility approaches, including storage, thermal generator flexibility, operating reserve eligibility rules, transmission constraints, and temporal resolution, by using a highly resolved realistic system. Results reveal two aspects of a curtailment paradox as the system evolves to higher solar penetration levels. First, thermal generator parameters, especially in restricting minimum operating levels and ramp rates, affect VRE curtailment more in mid-PV penetration levels (∼25%–40%) but much less at lower (∼20%) or higher (∼45%) PV penetration levels. Second, although allowing VRE and storage to provide operating reserve results in significant operating costs and curtailment benefits, the price suppression effect from these resources reduces incentives for PV to provide operating reserves with curtailed energy.
P39 Using Food Challenges and Cooking Videos in a College Nutrition Course to Improve Students' Self-Efficacy and Eating Habits

Background Theory-based nutrition education programs utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) have been effective in changing behavior. SCT consists of several core constructs including self-efficacy, outcome-expectations, goal setting, self-regulation and social support. Interventions using a blend of goal setting and self-monitoring have been shown to be effective in changing dietary behaviors of college students. Objective Evaluation of adding weekly food challenges (initiating goal setting and self-monitoring) and cooking videos in a college nutrition course on student behaviors and self-efficacy in cooking and eating healthy food. Study Design, Setting and Participants A pre- and post-intervention model was used. College students (n = 141) registered in a Human Nutrition course participated in weekly food challenges to translate nutrition knowledge into behavior change. A guided goal setting strategy was used to implement the food challenges. Each challenge (major goal) was coupled with 10-15 minor goals based on the topic of the week. Students independently selected 2 of the minor goal options to implement, and wrote a reflection about their experiences. To encourage home cooking, minor cooking goals and cooking videos that focused on food preparation skills were included with each challenge. A cooking challenge encouraged students to practice their cooking skills. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Data from pre- and post-intervention surveys was used to assess changes in cooking attitudes, cooking and eating behaviors, and cooking self-efficacy. Data was evaluated using descriptive statistics and paired sample t tests. Results Analyses showed significant increases in fruit consumption (P Conclusion A goal setting strategy coupled with online cooking videos is an effective and cost efficient intervention for increasing cooking self-efficacy and the consumption of fruits and vegetables of college students.
Action graphs, rooted planar forests, and self-convolutions of the Catalan numbers

We show that families of action graphs, with initial graphs which are linear of varying length, give rise to self-convolutions of the Catalan sequence. We also give a comparison with planar rooted forests with a fixed number of trees.
Performance Comparison and Demonstration of 3-L Voltage Source Inverters Using 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs for 2.3 kV High Speed Induction Motor Drive Applications

Medium voltage direct-drive high-speed motor results in better efficiency and reduces the compressor system’s footprint in the oil and gas industry. This paper investigates the employment and the performance evaluation of the recently developed 3.3 kV SiC MOSFET power modules for a 2.3 kV three-phase high-speed motor drive application. Performance of the three popular three-level (3-L) converter topology, namely NPC, ANPC, and T-type, enabled by the 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs and diodes is evaluated and compared with a 3.3 kV IGBT-based 2.3 kV drive system. At 10 kHz switching frequency, the test results show that the 3.3 kV SiC MOSFET-based 3-L NPC inverter has superior performance to the other 3-L converters at the motor frequency of 300 Hz. The 3.3 kV SiC MOSFET-based drive system is shown to have a significant improvement in reliability, power density, and efficiency in comparison to the 3.3 kV IGBT-based drive system. The 3.3 kV MOSFET module is demonstrated successfully using the heat run test in the 3-L inverter pole at 10 kHz switching frequency in the laboratory.
Prospective evaluation of the hemorrhoid energy treatment for the management of bleeding internal hemorrhoids.

Prospective evaluation of the hemorrhoid energy treatment for the management of bleeding internal hemorrhoids
Economic Sizing and Dispatch of Central Energy Plant Equipment at the Navy Medical Center, San Diego.

ABSTRACT The Navy operates a central energy plant providing cooling, heating, and electric power to their hospital in San Diego. With aging equipment, uncertain loads, and volatile energy prices, the Navy was facing critical issues regarding replacement equipment sizing and dispatch of all equipment at their facility. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory developed a spreadsheet model to determine the economic optimum size of new turbine generators and absorption chillers, and the economic dispatch of the entire central energy plant. This article describes the analytical approach taken for the study, with an emphasis on the optimization problems and strategies. Specific results for the Navy hospital are also presented.
Height of the Mixed Layer in the Stably Stratified Planetary Boundary Layer

Publisher Summary Modeling of the stable boundary layer is difficult because usually, a transition from turbulent to laminar flow takes place with increasing height, and steady state is usually not reached in the laminar region but may be approached in the turbulent region. This chapter discusses the formulation of a steady-state stable boundary layer, which, in reality, may occur only after a very long time, possibly during the polar night in the arctic. Under most gravitationally stable conditions in the atmosphere, there is always a good likelihood of a turbulent or mixing layer occurring near the surface. With increasing stability, the length scale of the vertical motion becomes independent of the height above the surface, but proportional to the so-called Obukhov length, and under these conditions, the mean velocity and temperature profiles become linear. The chapter presents two most significant results for the stable boundary layer: (1) the dimensionless boundary layer height varies in inverse proportion to the square-root of the stability parameter and (2) the calculated forms of the stability dependent functions in the geostrophic drag relations are in fair agreement with their empirical estimates from the Wangara data.
Pathobiology of small invasive breast cancers without metastases (T1a/b, N0, M0): National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) protocol B-21.

BACKGROUND. Uncertainties continue to exist concerning the outcomes and management of small (T1a/b N0 M0) invasive breast cancers. METHODS. A central pathology review was performed of 638 such lesions from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) clinical trial B-21. RESULTS. Univariate analysis revealed a high risk for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence with tumors exhibiting a ductal carcinoma in situ component or poor nuclear grade. The converse (protective effect) was found with tumors arising in radial scars, those of tubular histologic type, and those with moderate/marked tumor stroma. The correlations were generally similar for disease-free survival. However, only nuclear grade was found to be independently significant for both of these outcomes. Only lymphatic tumor extension was univariately and multivariately significant for overall survival. CONCLUSIONS. The long-term results of follow-up (median, 11.2 years) from the current trial continue to support the need for local breast irradiation and adjuvant therapy in the management of patients with these small cancers. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
At the Critical Stage: A Report on the State of Murakami Haruki Studies

Since the start of his career over 30 years ago, Murakami Haruki (b. 1949) has been a controversial figure in the world of Japanese literature. Writing in an undecorated plainstyle that gives little in the way of cultural specificity, and on themes that could apply to persons from almost any land, Murakami’s work is deemed mukokuseki – without nationality – by critics. Many in and out of Japan expect that Murakami will be awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in the near future. If this happens, he will join Kawabata Yasunari and Ōe Kenzaburō as the third Nobel laureate in literature from Japan. For all this, the global nature of his writing and his popularity ensures that he will remain a controversial figure. This essay looks at some of the more prominent themes and discussions that have taken place about Murakami in the past thirty years, with special emphasis placed on recent critical work.
Automating Path Analysis for Building Casual Models from Data

TR 93-38: Paul R. Cohen, Adam Carlson, Lisa Ballesteros, Robert St. Amant Automating Path Analysis for Building Causal Models from Data Path analysis is a generalization of multiple linear regression that builds models with causal interpretations. It is an exploratory or discovery procedure for finding causal structure in correlational data. Recently, we have applied statistical methods such as path analysis to the problem of building models of AI programs, which are generally complex and poorly understood. For example, we built by hand a path-analytic causal model of the behavior of the Phoenix planner. Path analysis has a huge search space, however. If one measures *SEE HARDCOPY parameters of a system, then one can build *SEE HARDCOPY causal models relating these parameters. For this reason, we have developed an algorithm that heuristically searches the space of causal models. This paper describes path analysis and the algorithm, and presents preliminary empirical results, including what we believe is the first example of a causal model of an AI system induced from performance data by another AI system.
Analysis of phylogenomic datasets reveals conflict, concordance, and gene duplications with examples from animals and plants

The use of transcriptomic and genomic datasets for phylogenetic reconstruction has become increasingly common as researchers attempt to resolve recalcitrant nodes with increasing amounts of data. The large size and complexity of these datasets introduce significant phylogenetic noise and conflict into subsequent analyses. The sources of conflict may include hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, or horizontal gene transfer, and may vary across the phylogeny. For phylogenetic analysis, this noise and conflict has been accommodated in one of several ways: by binning gene regions into subsets to isolate consistent phylogenetic signal; by using gene-tree methods for reconstruction, where conflict is presumed to be explained by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS); or through concatenation, where noise is presumed to be the dominant source of conflict. The results provided herein emphasize that analysis of individual homologous gene regions can greatly improve our understanding of the underlying conflict within these datasets. Here we examined two published transcriptomic datasets, the angiosperm group Caryophyllales and the aculeate Hymenoptera, for the presence of conflict, concordance, and gene duplications in individual homologs across the phylogeny. We found significant conflict throughout the phylogeny in both datasets and in particular along the backbone. While some nodes in each phylogeny showed patterns of conflict similar to what might be expected with ILS alone, the backbone nodes also exhibited low levels of phylogenetic signal. In addition, certain nodes, especially in the Caryophyllales, had highly elevated levels of strongly supported conflict that cannot be explained by ILS alone. This study demonstrates that phylogenetic signal is highly variable in phylogenomic data sampled across related species and poses challenges when conducting species tree analyses on large genomic and transcriptomic datasets. Further insight into the conflict and processes underlying these complex datasets is necessary to improve and develop adequate models for sequence analysis and downstream applications. To aid this effort, we developed the open source software phyparts ( https://bitbucket.org/blackrim/phyparts ), which calculates unique, conflicting, and concordant bipartitions, maps gene duplications, and outputs summary statistics such as internode certainy (ICA) scores and node-specific counts of gene duplications.
Diagnostic and therapeutic quandaries in a patient with a germ cell tumor.

this patient, who had all three of these features, is remarkable. Furthermore, this case highlights several important points about GCTs. ● First, patients with GCT require life-long follow up. For patients with GCT who achieve a complete remission, relapse beyond 2 years is considered rare but will occur in 2% to 3% of patients. Late-relapse tumors are chemosensitive but, unlike early relapsed disease, are rarely cured with chemotherapy alone and surgery should be considered the definitive treatment for patients with late relapse. 2 Therefore, life-long follow-up is necessary. ● After chemotherapy for GCT, patients may continue to have residual radiographic abnormalities. For patients with NSGCT treated with first-line chemotherapy, these abnormalities may represent teratoma (45%), necrosis (45%), or residual germ cell cancer (10%). We therefore advocate the resection of residual radiographic abnormalities, if feasible. ● There is an association between GCT and sarcoid, which may lead to diagnostic confusion in some patients. 3-7 Histologic confirmation with either biopsy or excisional biopsy is needed to establish this diagnosis in light of the patient’s history of NSGCT. The causal relationship between testicular cancer and sarcoid-like granulomas remains unclear. ● Patients with b-hCG levels greater than 50,000 mIU/mL at presentation will usually experience a plateau after an initial rapid descent of b-hCG. It is common to have elevated levels 1 month
Effect of Natural Organic Substances on the Surface and Adsorptive Properties of Environmental Black Carbon (Char): Pseudo Pore Blockage by Model Lipid Components and Its Implications for N2-Probed Surface Properties of Natural Sorbents

Black carbon (BC; char and soot) particles emitted to the environment typically are formed with high microporosity and surface area, properties that are responsible for their presumed important role in adsorption of anthropogenic organic compounds in soils and sediments. An issue that has received little direct attention is the possibility that naturally occurring organic matter attenuates the surface activity of BC. We found that simulated “aging” of prepared wood char particles in a soil−water suspension leads to a strong decline in char total surface area (TSA) by N2 adsorption at 77 K with BET analysis and a more modest decline in affinity for dissolved benzene. To help determine the underlying cause, we measured the effects of adsorbed natural lipids or lipid fractions of humic substances, modeled by triglycerides of a commercial vegetable oil. With increasing lipid loading (up to 40% by char weight) from aqueous mixtures, N2 TSA was strongly suppressed (up to 100-fold), while CO2 cumulative surface ...
Temporal evolution of the γ(fcc)/γ′(L12) interfacial width in binary Ni–Al alloys

The temporal evolution of γ′(L12 structure) precipitates is studied in Ni–12.5 at.% Al and Ni–13.4 at.% Al alloys, aged at 823 and 873 K, utilizing three-dimensional atom-probe tomography. The values of the interfacial widths, δ(t)s, between the γ(face-centered cubic) and γ′ phases are calculated utilizing proximity histograms. It is demonstrated that δ(t) decreases continuously with increasing aging time for both Ni–Al alloys: that is, the δ(t)s decrease with increasing mean precipitate radius, 〈 R ( t ) 〉 . The ratio δ ( t ) 〈 R ( t ) 〉 decreases, to first order, as 〈 R ( t ) 〉 - 1 .
The contribution of cortical and cancellous bone to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements in the female proximal femur

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most common method for determining bone mineral density (BMD) in the proximal femur. However, there remain questions concerning the contribution of cortical and cancellous bone to this technology in the proximal femur. The purpose of this investigation was to identify structural and compositional characteristics of human bone in the proximal femur that significantly influence DXA BMD measurements. Twenty-four femora were obtained at autopsy from Caucasian females ranging in age from 17 to 92 years (mean ± SD, 61 ± 25 years). DXA scans were performed on each specimen with a Hologic QDR-2000 densitometer. Direct measurements were determined from proximal femoral sections for cancellous bone (volume fraction, ash fraction, cancellous cross-sectional area and percent cancellous cross-sectional area), cortical bone (thickness, ash fraction, porosity, cortical cross-sectional area and percent cortical cross-sectional area) and anteroposterior thickness. These parameters were compared with the associated DXA measurements by means of simple and multiple regressions. Cancellous volume fraction was the best predictor of variability of DXA measurements for both the neck and trochanter, with an R 2 of 0.87 and 0.76, respectively (p<0.0001). There was only a minor influence of cortical factors such as thickness (neck and trochanter R 2= 0.51 and 0.42, respectively, p<0.001) and trochanteric cross-sectional area (R 2= 0.21, p<0.05). Although the accuracy for determining specific components of the proximal femur was low, the DXA BMD measurement was a strong predictor of cancellous bone factors, but not cortical bone factors that have been shown to change significantly with age.
Non-linear numerical study of the single-fiber fragmentation test. Part II: A parametric study

Abstract A three phase, non-linear finite element analysis is applied to investigate the stress transfer phenomenon in the single-fiber fragmentation test of a model composite. The effect of fiber properties, interphase properties and thickness on the stress distribution in the vicinity of a fiber break is evaluated. The stress fields for various fiber/matrix interface debonding conditions and the effect of frictional stress transfer is investigated. The experimental determination of the interphase shear stress is discussed.
Sensitivity to corticosterone-induced cleft palate is not associated with H-2.

The frequency of cleft palate (CP) and corticosterone levels in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid were determined in pregnant C57BL/10 (H-2b) and congenic B10.A (H-2a) mice after the ip injection of repository ACTH, corticosterone acetate, or desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on the 11th through 14th day of gestation. It was found that ACTH (a) induces CP in B10.A but not C57BL/10 mice, (b) induces CP in B10.A mice at about the same frequency noted when diluent alone is injected, and (c) produces an elevation in maternal plasma corticosterone levels 1.5- to 2.0-fold lower and amniotic fluid levels 3- to 5-fold lower than those found after the injection of 5 mg corticosterone acetate, a dose which induces a comparable frequency of CP in B10.A mice. The injection of 5 mg corticosterone acetate produced CP frequencies in C57BL/10 and B10.A mice of 4.9 and 3.3%, respectively, and increasing the dose to 9.2 mg resulted in significant increases in CP to 23.8 and 24.7%, respectively. DOCA at two dose levels induced CP in B10.A fetuses at about the frequency noted when diluent alone has been given. These findings show that susceptibility to corticosterone induced CP is not associated with the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse, H-2, as is the case with glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisone, dexamethasone), and they raise the possibility that factors other than or in addition to corticosterone may be involved in spontaneous or ACTH- or stress-induced CP.