cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of forage and protein source on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Holstein and crossbred beef steers.

Fifty-eight Holstein and 58 crossbred beef steers were individually fed one of four isonitrogenous diets to evaluate the effects of forage source (corn silage and alfalfa haylage) and protein source (soybean meal and fish meal) on feedlot performance. Phase 1 diets (up to 354 kg of BW) were 40% forage and 60% concentrates and were fed for 70 to 136 d (depending on diet and breed group). Phase 2 diets (354 kg of BW until slaughter) were 20% forage and 80% concentrates and were fed for 127 to 150 d (depending on diet and breed group). Slaughter end points were .6 cm of 12th rib fat for Holsteins and 1.0 cm of rib fat for crossbreds using real-time ultrasonic estimates. The steers were fed for a maximum of 330 d each year. Forage source was a significant component of variation for most growth, efficiency, and carcass traits. Holstein and crossbred steers fed alfalfa haylage had significantly lower average daily gain, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, and empty body fat and required more days on feed to reach slaughter end points, but had higher total feed energy intake available for production. Steers fed corn silage diets had significantly greater energetic efficiency (P less than .05) than those fed alfalfa haylage, due to increased use of ME to produce fat in the carcass. Protein type did not influence gain, feed or energetic efficiency, energy intake, or most carcass traits. A significant protein system x forage source interaction among the four diets was detected for crossbred steers fed corn silage and fish meal, for which there was significantly greater feed conversion with lower energy intake above maintenance, possibly due to better fiber digestion and(or) amino acid flow to the lower tract. Alfalfa haylage plus soybean meal diets decreased (P less than .05) the percentage of Holsteins grading USDA Choice or higher. These results indicate that corn silage, because of greater energy concentration, was a more desirable forage in feedlot diets composed of less than or equal to 40% forage and that protein type (soybean meal and fish meal) in growing diets is not an important factor in feedlot performance or carcass traits of Holstein or crossbred steers that are fed these diets.
The Nature and Occurrence of Clathrate Hydrates

Clathrate hydrates are crystalline compounds in which an expanded ice lattice forms cages that contain gas molecules. There are two principal gas hydrate structures. Structure I, with a 12 A cubic unit cell, contains 46 water molecules and 8 cages of two types, giving an ideal formula (for CH4) of CH4·5-3/4H2O. The actual formula contains somewhat more water as the cages are not completely filled. Examples of gases that form Structure I hydrates are, ethane, N2, O2, Ar, Xe, CH3CI, H2S. Structure II, with a 17 A cubic unit cell, contains 136 water molecules, and 8 large cages and 16 small cages. This gives an ideal formula of, for example, CHCl3 17H2O. Other molecules that form a Structure II hydrate include propane, ethyl chloride, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran. The conditions of pressure and temperature for hydrate formation are discussed. The statistical-mechanical treatment of hydrate stabilities shows that the cages are not completely occupied; thus the clathrate hydrates are non-stoichiometric compounds.
Low Maternal Weight Gain in the Second or Third Trimester Increases the Risk for Intrauterine Growth Retardation

Low maternal weight gain during pregnancy has been suggested as a cause of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, pregnancy weight gain and fetal growth vary greatly throughout pregnancy. We examined the relationship between maternal weight gain in individual trimesters to the risk of IUGR in 10,696 women enrolled in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP) and the Child Health and Development Study (CHDS). Low weight gain was defined as <-0.1 kg/wk for the first trimester and <0.3 kg/wk for the second and third trimester. IUGR was defined as a birth weight <2500 g in full-term infants. Low weight gain in the first trimester was not associated with an increased risk of IUGR. After controlling for confounding factors (maternal height, body mass index, parity, race, toxemia, diabetes), low weight gain in the second trimester was associated with a relative risk of IUGR of 1.8 (1.3-2.6) in the NCPP cohort and 2.6 (1.6-4.1) in the CHDS cohort. Similarly, low weight gain in the third trimester was associated with a relative risk of IUGR of 1.7 (1.3-2.3) in the NCPP cohort and 2.5 (1.7-3.8) in the CHDS cohort. After correcting for weight gain in other trimesters, this increased risk remained. Increased risk of IUGR was observed with low second and third trimester weight gain across the spectrum of maternal body mass index. The risk of low weight gain in the second or third trimester was significantly lower in teenagers and significantly greater in overweight women and women aged 35 y or older. Low weight gain in either the second or third trimester was associated with a significantly greater risk of intrauterine growth retardation in two distinct cohorts. We conclude that increased awareness of maternal weight gain in mid and late pregnancy is critical to identifying infants at risk for IUGR.
Institution Building and Decentralization in Formerly Socialist Countries: The Cases of Poland, Hungary, and East Germany

The author aims at a comparative analysis of the institutional transformation, particularly in the central, regional, and local dimensions, of formerly socialist countries by looking at Hungary, Po...
A Model for Statewide Evaluation of a Universal Positive Behavior Support Initiative

Several statewide evaluations of Tier 1/Universal Level Positive Behavior Support (PBS) implementation efforts have been conducted, adhering to the evaluation template developed by Horner, Sugai, and Lewis-Palmer in 2005. Building on these examples, Florida’s Positive Behavior Support Project developed a comprehensive evaluation system that sought to answer critical questions about building a scalable and sustainable PBS system at the state level that also provides data for decision making at the school and district levels. This article describes Florida’s evaluation system as a model driven by 12 questions, including topics of implementation fidelity as both a dependent and independent variable, and expanding traditional questions of statewide evaluations to include consumer satisfaction, team processes, barriers and facilitators to implementation, and attrition. The data indicated that implementing Tier 1/Universal Level PBS with fidelity was associated with improved student outcomes. Additional finding...
Effect of sulfhydryl reagents on the infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus

The infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was moderately affected by iodoacetic acid and drastically affected by N-ethylmaleimide; the antiviral effect of these sulfhydryl reagents was enhanced somewhat by the reducing agent, 2-mercaptoethanol. Reducing and/or alkylating reagents did not affect VSV hemagglutination and the impermeable sulfhydryl reagent, dextran-maleimide, did not significantly influence VSV infectivity. These data indicate that glycoprotein spikes are not the major sites for the antiviral activity of sulfhydryl reagents. [14C]Iodoacetic acid was able to penetrate the virion membrane to bind covalently to the free sulfhydryl groups of all five virion proteins, particularly the reduced disulfides of the L protein. The RNA polymerase activity of intact VSV was inhibited by iodoacetic acid and to a greater extent by N-ethylmaleimide, which probably accounts for the loss of viral infectivity caused by the permeable sulfhydryl reagents.
Enduring advantages of early cochlear implantation for spoken language development

Purpose In this article, the authors sought to determine whether the precise age of implantation (AOI) remains an important predictor of spoken language outcomes in later childhood for those who received a cochlear implant (CI) between 12 and 38 months of age. Relative advantages of receiving a bilateral CI after age 4.5 years, better pre-CI-aided hearing, and longer CI experience were also examined. Method Sixty children participated in a prospective longitudinal study of outcomes at 4.5 and 10.5 years of age. Twenty-nine children received a sequential second CI. Test scores were compared with normative samples of hearing age mates, and predictors of outcomes were identified. Results Standard scores on language tests at 10.5 years of age remained significantly correlated with age of first cochlear implantation. Scores were not associated with receipt of a second, sequentially acquired CI. Significantly higher scores were achieved for vocabulary as compared with overall language, a finding not evident whe...
Sex differences in listening comprehension

In order to examine the effect of sex of the speaker on listening comprehension in a public speaking situation, 60 male and 60 female subjects viewed either a male or female speaker presenting a talk on either a masculine (chess), feminine (interior decorating), or neutral (snow skiiing) topic. The results supported the hypotheses that when a male speaks he is listened to more carefully than a female speaker, even when she makes the identical presentation. No differences were found when the topic was biased towards one sex; males were still recalled better than females. The above relationships were also true for male and female subjects; both recalled information more accurately from male speakers than from female ones. Rating of informativeness of the presentation showed no difference for sex of the speaker; but effectiveness ratings of the speaker indicated that while both male and female subjects rated male speakers equally effective, the same was not true for the female speakers. Male subjects rated the female speakers significantly more effective than they did male speakers, whereas female subjects rated male and female speakers equally effective.
Tailoring radiation damage in ZnO by surface modification

Abstract Heavy-ion irradiation of (0 0 0 1) ZnO crystals results in unusual damage buildup, including an additional (intermediate) peak in damage-depth profiles measured by ion channeling, the formation of near-surface nanocavities, and stoichiometric imbalance. All these effects are thought to be associated with the influence of the sample surface on dynamic annealing processes. Here, by using ion channeling and transmission electron microscopy, we find that placing an ~7 nm thick AlO(OH) layer on the (0 0 0 1) ZnO surface results in (i) suppression of cavity formation, (ii) a reduced intermediate defect peak intensity, and (iii) a decreased level of disorder extending up to ~100 nm from the ZnO surface for room-temperature bombardment with 500 keV Xe ions. Our results demonstrate the potential to control radiation damage in ZnO by surface manipulation.
Global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of a dynamic agroecosystem model under different irrigation treatments

a b s t r a c t Savings in consumptive use through limited or deficit irrigation in agriculture has become an increas- ingly viable source of additional water for places with high population growth such as the Colorado Front Range, USA. Crop models provide a mechanism to evaluate various management methods without per- forming costly and time-consuming experiments, e.g., field studies investigating irrigation scheduling and timing effects on crop growth. Few studies have focused on CERES-Maize crop model parameteriza- tion with respect to water-stressed conditions, and the model has previously been shown to overestimate evapotranspiration (ET) for limited irrigation treatments (stress during vegetative stage). It is therefore desirable to quantify the effects of CERES-Maize input parameters on model output responses typically used for calibration and/or important in limited irrigation management, including vegetative growth, crop yield, and ET. A sensitivity analysis (SA) utilizing the Morris one-at-a-time screening and Sobol' variance-based methods was performed on CERES-Maize v4.5 input parameters affecting water balance and crop growth including soil hydraulic properties, phenological growth properties, and radiation use efficiency. CERES-Maize output responses of interest for the SA included anthesis date, maturity date, leaf number per stem, maximum leaf area index, yield, and cumulative ET. The SA study utilized five years of multi-replicate field management data (both full and limited irrigation treatments) for each combination of random input parameters. Results comparing the Morris mean and the Sobol' total sensitivity index showed very high correlation between the two, indicating that in this study the computationally cheaper Morris method could have been used as an effective indicator of input parameter sensitivity. For the full irrigation treatment, CERES-Maize output responses were mostly sensitive to crop cultivar parameters. For the limited irrigation treatment, CERES-Maize leaf area index, yield, and ET output responses were highly influenced by soil lower limit and drained upper limit input parameters, which define water hold- ing capacity. There was also a greater amount of interaction between input parameters for the limited irrigation treatment than for full irrigation. An uncertainty analysis was also conducted using model out- puts from the Sobol' SA method. In some cases, cumulative ET had higher values for limited irrigation than for full irrigation, further indicating the need to evaluate model processes governing ET under water stress. A new methodology for systematic calibration of CERES-Maize, based on the Morris and Sobol' sensitivity indices for the two irrigation treatments, is proposed for future model evaluation as sensitiv- ity differences between treatments indicates that existing CERES-Maize calibration procedures (typically based on non-stressed crops) may need to be reconsidered in cases of water stress. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Computational complexity in space-based optical systems

Future space based imaging systems require increasingly large aperture sizes to keep pace with the demand for higher spatial resolution for both Earth and Space sciences missions. The cost and weight becomes increasingly prohibitive for telescopes and instruments with apertures greater than 1 meter. A number of solutions are possible and are under investigation; these include: deployable segmented aperture systems, sparse aperture systems, interferometric imaging system, computational deconvolution and super- resolution techniques. The commonality of these techniques lies in increased reliance on sophisticated computational and information theoretic techniques. We give an overview of the complex optical and image processing techniques required for such systems to become operational.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Is radiation therapy in conjunction with mastectomy indicated for the treatment of operable breast cancer

(1987). Is Radiation Therapy in Conjunction with Mastectomy Indicated for the Treatment of Operable Breast Cancer? Cancer Investigation: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 243-261.
THE APPLICATION OF A DYNAMIC FORECASTING MODEL WITH INVENTORY CONTROL PROPERTIES

This article summarizes the application of a forecasting model. Forecasts are made of monthly sales of products which do not change in style on an annual basis. The model is an exponential smoothing model. Adjustments of the parameters of the model are made whenever the average forecast error over the previous four periods is too large to be explained solely by unassignable causes. The efficiency gained in using the model is measured by the ratio of the standard deviation of the forecast errors to the standard deviation of sales. If this ratio is less than one, then the safety stock level that is carried for a given product can be reduced if sales are forecasted with the model and the standard deviation of the forecast errors is used to determine the safety stock level. The net effect is the reduction in the cost of carrying safety stocks. The results of the proposed model are also compared to a similar set of results generated from a basic, exponential model.
Propagation of hepatitis C virus infection: Elucidating targets for therapeutic intervention

The hepatitis C virus affects 2–3% of the world's population. The inability to efficiently propagate the virus in cell-culture greatly impaired the study of the viral life cycle. Recent advances have facilitated extensive study of viral entry, translation, proteolysis, and replication that will foster intelligent drug design for this infection, a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide.
Mitigating Highway Runoff Constituents via a Wetland

During rainfall/snowfall runoff events, constituents are conveyed from highway surfaces, which may degrade receiving water quality. Utilization of a natural wetland to mitigate storm water constituents from a portion of a 30,000-average-daily-traffic highway was studied. The runoff area consisted of two innermost lanes of a four-lane highway draining to a median drain via a vegetated median; a conduit conveyed this runoff into the wetland. Distributed runoff from the outermost lane along the wetland flowed across a vegetated highway embankment into the length of the wetland. During 57 rainfall-runoff events, in situ data collection included rainfall volume and frequency, conduit flow rate, and temperature, conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. During each event, sequential samples were obtained and analyzed for metals, total suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand from the wetland inlet and outlet. Flow-proportioned composite samples of sheetflow from the highway pavement edge were analyzed along w...
Tachykinin-Expressing Neurons Control Male-Specific Aggressive Arousal in Drosophila

Males of most species are more aggressive than females, but the neural mechanisms underlying this dimorphism are not clear. Here, we identify a neuron and a gene that control the higher level of aggression characteristic of Drosophila melanogaster males. Males, but not females, contain a small cluster of FruM(+) neurons that express the neuropeptide tachykinin (Tk). Activation and silencing of these neurons increased and decreased, respectively, intermale aggression without affecting male-female courtship behavior. Mutations in both Tk and a candidate receptor, Takr86C, suppressed the effect of neuronal activation, whereas overexpression of Tk potentiated it. Tk neuron activation overcame reduced aggressiveness caused by eliminating a variety of sensory or contextual cues, suggesting that it promotes aggressive arousal or motivation. Tachykinin/Substance P has been implicated in aggression in mammals, including humans. Thus, the higher aggressiveness of Drosophila males reflects the sexually dimorphic expression of a neuropeptide that controls agonistic behaviors across phylogeny.
FBG array demodulation based on optical wavelet filtering

This paper proposes a measurement system of vibration acceleration with wavelength division multiplexing and continuous wave tunable frequency. The optical wavelet filter is designed to improve imbalanced and nonlinear optical signal efficiently. So the optical wavelength coded absolutely is completed. Using the electrically-programmable space modulator can filter and select frequency quickly. Besides, the signals of variation voltage produced by the computers' filtering and selecting frequency spectrum signals implement the wavelet transform. At the same time, voltage signals are controlled by the computer's filtering and selecting frequency spectrum signals. In the experiment, according to the frequency spectrum characteristics of the measuring signals, the Morlet wavelet is regarded as the mother one. The center wavelength of the wavelet function variation is controlled by computers. What's more, selecting the wavelet transform parameter values appropriately can control the transmission spectrum of wavelet bandwidth. Then the use of optical wavelet filters can achieve a center wavelength of FBG demodulation. Above all, this modulation method has more advantages such as simple structure, high scanning frequency, high resolution and good linearity over the common scanning filter.
Location of ecdysteroid 22-O-acyltransferase in the larvae of Heliothis virescens

Larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, are resistant to high levels of ingested 20-hydroxyecdysone which could cause potential inhibition to the development of many other lepidopteran species. This resistance is attributed to the ability of the larvae to metabolize this molting hormone to its 22-acyl ester forms. When tobacco budworm larvae were fed large quantities of 20-hydroxyecdyone, the hormonal metabolites were found in gut and fat body tissues. When incubated with 20-hydroxyecdysone gut tissue converted 20-hydroxyecdysone into its 22-acyl ester metabolites. Lumen site of the midgut was found to be the major location of this bio-transformation. In contrast, fat body tissue failed to convert 20-hydroxyecdysone to 22-acyl ester metabolites in vitro. After the oral injection of 3H-ecdysone, the major metabolites formed were ecdysone 22-acyl esters whereas the majority of 3H-ecdysone was transformed to polar metabolites after it was injected into the hemocoel of the larvae. Similar distributions of ecdysteroid 22-O-acyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity in subcellular fractions demonstrates the co-localization of these enzymes in plasma membrane of the gut epithelial cells. These results suggest that gut brush border membrane is the major site of ecdysteroid 22-acyl ester formation in H. virescens larvae.
Flows of nonlinear fluids through porous media

The conventional cylindrical tube model of porous media is shown to be inapplicable to flows of nonlinear fluids. A more precise geometric description of the converging-diverging pore geometry appears to enable accurate pressure drop-flow rate descriptions but requires further development. (32 refs.)
Prevalence and correlates of former injection drug use among young noninjecting heroin users in Chicago.

Noninjecting heroin users (NIHU) that were 16–30 years old were street recruited in Chicago between 2002 and 2005 to examine factors associated with having ever injected. Participants completed computerized self-administered interviews and provided specimens for HIV and hepatitis serotesting. Of 689 NIHU, 51.2% were non-Hispanic Black, 64.4% were male, and the median age was 25 years. Former injection was reported by 17.9%; of those, 66.7% injected <10 times. Multivariable analysis identified individual and social factors that place young NIHU at increased risk of injection. Targeted interventions are necessary to prevent transitions to injection and reduce transmission of HIV and viral hepatitis infections. The study's limitations are noted.
Design for an on-line computerized system for MMPI interpretation

The development of an on-line MMPI interpretative program is outlined. Profiles interpreted by this program are first examined to determine whether a standard or locally known profile type fits. If so, an appropriate narrative report is printed. If there is no match with a known profile type, statements from several scale-by-scale interpretative sources are organized into a logical report. Methods have been developed to eliminate duplication and contradiction from different sources of information. Examples of output from this program are presented and advantages of the program are discussed.
Prevalence of Moderate and Severe Renal Insufficiency in Older Persons With Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease, Ischemic Stroke, or Congestive Heart Failure in an Academic Nursing Home

Objective To determine the prevalence of moderate and severe renal insufficiency in older persons in an academic nursing home. Design The prevalence of an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) determined by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 was investigated in older persons in an academic nursing home with either hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), ischemic stroke, or congestive heart failure (CHF). Setting An academic nursing home. Participants Two hundred and two persons (104 women and 98 men), mean age 73 years (range 50 to 98 years) residing in an academic nursing home. Measurements Prevalence of a GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Results A GFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 was present in 60 (42%) of 143 persons with hypertension, in 30 (48%) of 62 persons with diabetes mellitus, in 28 (52%) of 52 persons with CAD, in 13 (50%) of 26 persons with PAD, in 10 (44%) of 23 persons with ischemic stroke, and in 15 (63%) of 24 persons with CHF. Conclusion Older persons with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CAD, PAD, ischemic stroke, or CHF have a high prevalence of moderate or severe renal insufficiency and should be treated optimally to reduce the increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in this high-risk population.
Personal Construct Theory and the Transformation of Identity in Alcoholics Anonymous

The dominant theoretical approach to alcoholism research presumes linear, causal relationships between individual cognitions and behavioral outcomes. This approach has largely failed to account for the recovery some alcoholics achieve in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) because AA emphasizes the transformation of identity, framed in terms of relationships rather than cognitions and behaviors. George Kelly’s personal construct theory (PCT) provides a ready means of theorizing that transformation by explaining how AA helps alcoholics resolve four identity-relevant dialectics. The basic postulate of PCT addresses changes in stigma: normal vs. deviant identity. The construction corollary illustrates changes in perspective: subjective vs. objective view of identity. The individuality corollary informs changes in affiliation: unique vs. common identity. And the organization corollary illuminates changes in stability: fluctuating vs. permanent identity. As an alternative to causal approaches focusing on cognition and behavior, PCT should facilitate further research into alcoholism as a disorder of identity transformation.
Gauss integration applied to a Green's function formulation for cylindrical fiber composites

Abstract The stress in an elastic two phase material is formulated in terms of eigenstrains and Green's functions leading to a singular integral equation. The singularity is dealt with by a subtraction technique and contour integrations, one of which corresponds to the Eshelby solution. The remaining non-singular integration is evaluated numerically using a Gauss rule. The calculated local stresses are within 1% of the analytical solution for an isolated inclusion problem. Also, the effective properties as a function of volume fraction are in good agreement with Christensen's analytical result. The method is then used to study rectangular versus square packing. The volume averaged stiffness for rectangular packing may be either higher or lower than that for square packing, depending on the loading direction. The stress concentration factor is shown to increase with fiber volume fraction. The stress concentration factor also increases at a decreasing rate as the fiber to matrix stiffness ratio is increased. All changes examined that an increase in the stiffness, whether by increased fiber volume fraction, increased fiber stiffness or an alternate packing arrangement, also increase the fiber stress concentration factor.
A Flexible Chelate Leads to Phototriggered Isomerization in an Osmium Sulfoxide Complex

We report the preparation and spectroscopic properties of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine, pySO is 2-(propane-2-sulfinylmethyl)pyridine, and pySOCF3 is 2-[(trifluoroethylsulfinyl)methyl]pyridine. The charge-transfer absorption spectra of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ are 378 and 367 nm, respectively. Charge-transfer excitation of [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ shows substantial changes in the UV/Vis spectrum with a shift in the lowest energy absorption maximum from 367 to 415 nm, which is consistent with phototriggered SO isomerization. Irradiation of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ shows no evidence of isomerization. Cyclic voltammograms of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ feature reversible one-electron couples that are ascribed to Os3+/2+ reduction potentials (E°′) at 1.01 V (vs Ag/AgCl; = 0.1 V/s; CH3CN; 0.1 M TBAPF6) and 1.17 V, respectively. Femtosecond to nanosecond transient absorption spectra for [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ are reported. For [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, fits of data obtained at 370 nm yield lifetimes of 0.20 (±0.02) and 19.7 (±8) ps, whereas for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ lifetimes of 0.47 (±0.2) and 12.7 (±11) ps are obtained at 378 nm. These lifetimes are ascribed to the formation of a 3MLCT state and solvent reorganization, respectively. Excited state lifetimes of 331(±4) and 348 (±25) ns are found for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, respectively. The time constant for isomerization is 213 μs for [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+. Transient absorption spectra reveal an excited state sulfoxide to Os3+ transition. The electrochemical and spectroscopic data can be combined to yield electronic state diagrams for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+.
Identification of formation of initial native structure in onconase from an unfolded state.

In the oxidative folding of onconase, the stabilization of intermediates early in the folding process gives rise to efficient formation of its biologically active form. To identify the residues responsible for the initial formation of structured intermediates, the transition from an ensemble of unstructured three-disulfide species, 3SU, to a single structured three-disulfide intermediate species, des-[30–75] or 3SF, at pH 8.0 and 25 °C was examined. This transition was first monitored by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy at pH 8.0 and 25 °C, showing that it occurs with the formation of secondary structure, presumably because of native interactions. The time dependence of formation of nativelike structure was then followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy after we had arrested the transition at different times by lowering the pH to 3 and then acquiring 1H–15N heteronuclear single-quantum coherence spectra at pH 3 and 16 °C to identify amide hydrogens that become part of nativelike structure....
Public health in the time of bioterrorism.

On Thursday, October 4, 2001, just 24 days after the tragic events of September 11, the Florida Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed the first case of inhalational anthrax in the United States in more than 25 years. Recognition of this unexpected case is attributed to the alertness of local infectious disease physician Larry Bush, who promptly notified Jean Malecki, director, Palm Beach County Health Department (1,2). By Saturday, October 6, a team of federal, state, and local public health and local law enforcement investigators identified intentional Bacillus anthracis spore contamination at the patient’s workplace. These events marked the beginning of the first U.S. outbreak of bioterrorism-related anthrax and (for many of us in clinical medicine, public health, and law enforcement) ushered in the transition from tabletop bioterrorism exercises to real-world investigation and response.
Graphene visualizes the first water adlayers on mica at ambient conditions.

The dynamic nature of the first water adlayers on solid surfaces at room temperature has made the direct detection of their microscopic structure challenging. We used graphene as an atomically flat coating for atomic force microscopy to determine the structure of the water adlayers on mica at room temperature as a function of relative humidity. Water adlayers grew epitaxially on the mica substrate in a layer-by-layer fashion. Submonolayers form atomically flat, faceted islands of height 0.37 ± 0.02 nanometers, in agreement with the height of a monolayer of ice. The second adlayers, observed at higher relative humidity, also appear icelike, and thicker layers appear liquidlike. Our results also indicate nanometer-scale surface defects serve as nucleation centers for the formation of both the first and the second adlayers.
Adaptive NbN/Ag coatings for high temperature tribological applications

article i nfo Nanocomposite films that consist of niobium nitride with silver nanoinclusions were created using unbal- anced magnetron sputtering to investigate their potential as adaptive, friction reducing coatings. The coatings were tribotested against a Si3N4 counterface in the 25 to 1000 °C temperature range. The coatings displayed coefficients of friction in the 0.15 to 0.30 range at T>700 °C. Post-wear testing structural and chemical char- acterization revealed that, in the low to mid-temperature range, silver migrated to the surface to reduce friction. At higher temperatures, oxygen, silver and the transition metal reacted to form lubricious binary metal oxide phases (silver niobate) in addition to pure silver. In situ Raman spectroscopy measurements were taken during heating and wear testing at 750 °C to identify the evolution of phases in the coatings surface and in the wear track. The analysis of the in situ Raman spectroscopy data revealed the various stages of formation of these binary metal oxides. The coatings were subsequently doped with MoS2 to investigate the effect of the introduction of a low temperature lubricant. The addition of MoS2 did not appreciably reduce the room temperature coefficient of friction, likely due to the miscibility of this compound with the transition metal nitride. However, the coefficient of friction was significantly reduced at high temperatures because of the synergistic lubricious effect of silver niobates and molybdates.
The effects of TIMP-1 and -2 on canine chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional agarose culture system.

Abstract Objective : To investigate the effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and -2 on chondrocytes cultured with or without interleukin (IL)-1β. Design : Canine articular chondrocytes were cultured in three-dimensional (3-D) agarose constructs. Cells were distributed into each of the two groups, those without IL-1β and those with IL-1β added to the liquid media. Each group was subdivided into three groups, based on the presence of TIMP-1 or -2. IL-1β and TIMPs were added to liquid media bathing the 3-D constructs beginning on day 3. The liquid media and the 3-D constructs were collected on days 9, 15, and 24, and analyzed histologically, biochemically, and immunohistochemically. Results : Addition of TIMP-1 or -2 resulted in decreases in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 concentrations of 37 and 41%, and MMP-1 immunoreactivity of 32 and 36%, respectively, compared with the IL-1β group, on day 9. Chondrocytes in groups without IL-1β maintained viability and produced abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). Chondrocytes in IL-1β groups appeared less viable and produced less ECM compared with those without IL-1β. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in 3-D constructs (GAG/weight) were significantly ( P Conclusions : The addition of TIMP was not detrimental to chondrocytes, as used in this study. Despite evidence of decreased MMP levels, TIMPs did not prevent IL-1β-associated changes in cellular or ECM characteristics. Further study is necessary before clinically relevant conclusions can be drawn regarding the use of TIMPs in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Diffusion and reaction in a stagnant boundary layer about a carbon particle, part 7: Transient behavior and effect of water vapor

The dynamics of carbon combustion is studied. It is shwon that the carbon particle will not ignite if the furnace temperature is below a certain critical value. In addition, carbon particles display thermal instabilities which can be delayed or eliminated by increasing the water vapor concentration and/or the furnance temperature.
Exact age determination in laboratory and field-caught Drosophila

Abstract A method to prepare and count daily growth layers in internal thoracic muscle attachments is described. Growth layers have been observed in five species in the laboratory and in five field-caught species—including Drosophila melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura. The growth layers do not vary with the genetic make up of individuals within a species, and are comparable between individuals of different species. However, a daily temperature cycle is required for the production of strong layers in laboratory stocks.
Experiences with a Women's Organization Experiences with a Women's Organization in Rural Costa Rica

As a student having my first field experience, I was at times frustrated, overwhelmed, gratified and excited. Though my training had provided me with a sound theoretical backing and practical knowledge of the community and my problem area, it couldn't have begun to address the gamut of emotions and challenges I would encounter. The experience of fieldwork, especially your first fieldwork, is on many levels the same in traditional or applied research; yet there are also definite differences of focus and technique.
On the coupling of interfacial and diffusional impedances. II

Summary The earlier reported 1 coupling between diffusional and interfacial impedances has been shown to apply also to passivating electrode reactions, as well as to mass transport by plane diffusion and homogeneous chemical reactions. Explicit expressions for the faradaic admittance and impedance and corresponding graphical representations are given for redox processes with series or parallel homogeneous chemical reactions as well as for passivating processes with or without series homogeneous chemical reactions.
Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in embryos and larvae of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Abstract This study evaluates the TCDD toxicity in embryos and larvae of the fathead minnow based on body burden. For the fish embryos, the LOAEL with mild lesions was at a tissue dose of 40 pg TCDD/g. The LD 50 was 25,710 pg TCDD/g. Embryos exhibited gross lesions such as multifocal hemorrhages, edema, and lower jaw malformation. For the one-month-old larvae, the NOAEL was at 3,590 pg TCDD/g. The LD 50 was 70,915 pg TCDD/g. Wasting-type syndrome was observed at a tissue dose of 20,000 pg TCDD/g, and 100% mortality at 163,000 pg TCDD/g.
10Be in bauxite and commercial aluminum

Abstract Five different samples of commercial aluminum have 10Be concentrations that range from a low of 40 × 106 to a high of 100 × 106 (atom 10Be)/(g Al). The beryllium-10 is probably produced in the atmosphere and introduced into aluminum ore deposits in varying amounts by rainwater during ore genesis. One modern ore, a bauxite from Haiti, contains ~ 6 × 109 atom 10Be/(g sample) or 5.7 × 1010 atom 10Be/(g Al). Geologically older, allocthonous bauxite from Arkansas contains considerably less 10Be; this observation suggests that 10Be can be used to constrain the age of the deposit. The presence of 10Be in commercial aluminum makes it inadvisable to add modern Al to small samples in which very low levels of 10Be are to be determined.
Organizational performance effects of ERP systems usage: The impact of post-implementation changes

This paper examines the long-term financial performance effects of ERP system changes/revisions for firms that have previously reported ERP adoptions. The study is motivated by the mixed results of recent studies examining the financial effects of ERP systems and by studies which demonstrate that ERP implementations are modular in nature and thus may yield organizational performance gains or losses as a result of discrete changes that might be initiated after the initial system implementation. This study empirically examines the extent to which discrete changes to ERP systems over a post-implementation time-frame impact on firms' ability to deliver long-run financial performance. It further examines whether the timing and nature of system transformation during the post-implementation period presents a significant moderating condition of ERP performance outcomes. We specifically consider the ERP-adopting firms previously examined by Nicolaou [Nicolaou, A.I. 2004a. Firm performance effects in relation to the implementation and use of enterprise resource planning systems. Journal of Information Systems 18 (Fall): 79–105] and track them for changes/revisions in the form of enhancements, upgrades, abandonments and switches during the post-implementation period. Two research hypotheses are developed in the study which posit that both the nature and the timing of system implementation changes represent significant conditions for ERP post-implementation success. From the original sample of 247 firms used in Nicolaou [Nicolaou, A.I. 2004a. Firm performance effects in relation to the implementation and use of enterprise resource planning systems. Journal of Information Systems 18 (Fall): 79–105], a total of 83 firms were identified to report 182 discrete changes during their ERP system post-implementation period. The results suggest that, in general, subsequent changes in ERP systems often help resolve or surface implementation issues that affect subsequent use of and success from the use of such systems. Specific findings indicate that ERP-adopting firms, which initiate early enhancements in the form of either add-ons or upgrades, may enjoy superior differential financial performance in comparison to other ERP-adopting firms' differential performance. Late enhancements and both early and late abandonments lead to apparent differential performance deterioration for the ERP-adopting firms. These findings support the theoretical propositions developed in the study The study's findings provide an important contribution to the ERP systems success literature and present important insights for future research in this area.
SU‐FF‐J‐167: MRI‐To‐CT Deformable Registration for Treatment Planning of Breast Irradiation

Purpose: Breast MRI provides enhanced tissue differentiation and physiological information that greatly improves the delineation of targets for breast cancerradiotherapy.MRI needs to be registered with CT as the CT provides the electron density information for dose calculation and alignment in IGRT. We are developing a technique to deformably register MRI to CT, allowing for the transfer of the MRI‐defined structures to the CT for dose calculation, and the dose distribution from CT to MRI for outcome analysis. Method and Materials: An MRI data series was acquired, using a breast coil on a large bore 3T scanner (Verio, Siemens), with prone patient position using multiple sequences including T1, T1 fat saturation (FS), T2, T2FS, and T1FS with contrast. A CT was taken shortly after MRI acquisition. The multi‐form MRIs were rigidly registered to the CT. Anisotropic (edge preserving) noise filtering is applied to the images. A deformable image registration program developed using ITK then registers the MRIs individually to the CT using B‐Spline with Mattes mutual information as a metric and LBFGSB as the optimizer. MRI‐defined structures were overlaid on the CT for treatment planning, and the dose distribution transferred from CT to MRIs for analysis of radiation response based on multi‐form MRIs, using the deformation field obtained. Results: Multi‐form MRIs for prone breast were successfully registered to CT as gauged by high mutual information. Registration amongst the MRI modalities showed negligible deformation between them. T1FS registered best with the CT. Consequently its deformation field was used to deform the other MRIs. This improved the agreement between these MRIs and the CT over their individual registration. The deformation field was used for dose overlay on multi‐form MRIs.Conclusion: The deformable image registration tool developed successfully registers multi‐form MRIs to CT for treatment planning of prone breast radiotherapy.
SU‐D‐108‐04: An Expeditious Method of Constructing Low‐Cost, Durable, CT‐and US‐Compatible Gynecological Training Phantoms for Instruction of Medical Residents in High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Clinical Practice

Purpose: During gynecological (GYN) brachytherapy (BT), suturing the cervix and inserting the applicator into the uterine canal are highly skill dependent tasks. Medical residents often have to practice these techniques in the operating room; this can be sub‐optimal for the patient. We present a fast and low‐cost method of building realistic, gelatin based GYN phantoms which can be used to train physicians new to GYN BT.METHODSThe phantoms include a rectal cavity large enough to accommodate a standard transrectal US probe, a vaginal cavity, a uterus, a cervix, and a cervical canal, all embedded in a gelatin matrix. The uterus and cervix were coated with latex to create a suturing surface and to provide US contrast. The inner gelatine surface of the rectal cavity was hardened to make it resilient to probe insertions. The gelatine uterus was softened to give it more anatomically correct tactile properties. Construction times and materials costs were recorded for each phantom. Results: Active participation build time is 8 hours; however, due to the time necessary for curing between construction steps, the total build time is approximately 3 days. Re‐usable parts allows for a reduction in time for subsequent phantoms (10 hours total, with an active participation time of 4 hours). Anatomical structures were easily distinguishable in CT and US. The cervix was sutured by a practicing brachytherapist who judged it as effective and realistic. Conclusion: A method and recipe for quickly constructing low cost, durable US‐and CT‐compatible GYN BT practice phantoms was developed. These phantoms will be integrated into the training of our medical residents during their GYN brachytherapy rotation.
Use of a Job Club to Increase Self‐Efficacy: A Case Study of Return to Work

The purpose of this research was to link self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977, 1982) with job club methodology (Azrin, Flores, & Kaplan, 1975) by presenting a case study that measured changes in self-efficacy as a result of welfare recipients' participation in a job club. The job club enhanced each of the 4 sources of job search self-efficacy expectations postulated by Bandura and resulted in return to work for all participants. Implications for counselors are suggested between the results shown and the current efforts to reduce welfare dependency.