cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergence of coherent structures and large-scale flows in motile suspensions

The emergence of coherent structures, large-scale flows and correlated dynamics in suspensions of motile particles such as swimming micro-organisms or artificial microswimmers is studied using direct particle simulations. A detailed model is proposed for a slender rod-like particle that propels itself in a viscous fluid by exerting a prescribed tangential stress on its surface, and a method is devised for the efficient calculation of hydrodynamic interactions in large-scale suspensions of such particles using slender-body theory and a smooth particle-mesh Ewald algorithm. Simulations are performed with periodic boundary conditions for various system sizes and suspension volume fractions, and demonstrate a transition to large-scale correlated motions in suspensions of rear-actuated swimmers, or Pushers, above a critical volume fraction or system size. This transition, which is not observed in suspensions of head-actuated swimmers, or Pullers, is seen most clearly in particle velocity and passive tracer statistics. These observations are consistent with predictions from our previous mean-field kinetic theory, one of which states that instabilities will arise in uniform isotropic suspensions of Pushers when the product of the linear system size with the suspension volume fraction exceeds a given threshold. We also find that the collective dynamics of Pushers result in giant number fluctuations, local alignment of swimmers and strongly mixing flows. Suspensions of Pullers, which evince no large-scale dynamics, nonetheless display interesting deviations from the random isotropic state.
Depressive Symptoms and Functional Transitions Over Time in Older Persons

Objective The authors determined the association between clinically significant depressive symptoms, often referred to as depression, and subsequent transitions between no disability, mild disability, severe disability, and death. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting General community in greater New Haven, Connecticut, from March 23, 1998, to December 31, 2008. Participants Seven hundred fifty-four persons, age 70 years or older. Measurements Monthly assessments of disability in essential activities of daily living and assessments of depressive symptoms every 18 months using a short-form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale for up to 129 months. Results Depressed participants were more likely than those who were nondepressed to transition from a state of no disability to mild (HR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.25–1.85) and severe disability (HR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.22–2.01), and from a state of mild disability to severe disability (HR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.06–1.65), and were less likely to transition from a state of mild disability to no disability (HR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57–0.85) and from a state of severe disability to no disability (HR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31–0.79). Conclusions Depressive symptoms are associated with transitions into and out of disabled states and with increased likelihood of transitioning from mild to severe disability. More broadly, our findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between depressive symptoms and disability. Future work is needed to evaluate the likely reciprocal relationship between depression and functional transitions in older persons.
Safety and efficacy of ambrisentan for the treatment of portopulmonary hypertension.

Background Ambrisentan is a selective endothelin-receptor antagonist that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. We describe hemodynamic responses and clinical outcomes of patients with portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) treated with ambrisentan. Methods In this observational study, we prospectively identified and followed consecutive adult patients with POPH who received monotherapy with ambrisentan ≤ 10 mg daily from January 2007 until December 2009. Liver enzymes were assessed monthly. Pulmonary hemodynamic responses were assessed using echocardiograms and right-sided heart catheterizations. Results We identified 13 patients (seven men) with POPH and began monotherapy with ambrisentan. The median age was 57 (interquartile range [IQR], 52-60). Patients were followed for a median of 613 days (IQR, 385-1,011). The median model for end-stage liver disease score was 10 (IQR, 8.5-15); eight patients had Child-Turcotte-Pugh A classification. Median time on ambrisentan therapy was 390 days (IQR, 363-611). Two patients died, one of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and one of septic shock following pneumonia. The mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from a baseline median of 58 mm Hg (IQR, 37-63) to 41 mm Hg (IQR, 27-48) ( P = .004). The pulmonary vascular resistance median was reduced from 445 dynes/s/cm 5 (IQR, 329-834) to 174 dynes/s/cm 5 (IQR, 121-361) ( P = .008). There was no difference in the longitudinal analysis of liver function tests (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and international normalized ratio) after 12 months of therapy. One patient underwent successful liver transplantation and normalized pulmonary hemodynamic responses after transplantation. Conclusions In this small cohort of patients with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension in the setting of POPH, we have shown that ambrisentan monotherapy can significantly improve pulmonary hemodynamic responses without adverse effect on hepatic function.
Objective indications for early tracheostomy after blunt head trauma

Abstract Background Early tracheostomy has been shown to be beneficial after trauma; however, there are few objective data to identify early in the recovery period which patients will ultimately require tracheostomy after blunt head trauma. Methods The charts of all patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit intubated at a level 1 urban trauma center, over a 5-year period with a primary admission diagnosis of blunt head trauma were retrospectively reviewed. Results Sixty-four patients met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into two groups: those extubated and those that required tracheostomy. By day 3 the Glasgow Coma Scores for the two groups were significantly different and on day 4 the Simplified Acute Physiology (SAPS) Scores were significantly different. Conclusions Calculating objective scores such as GCS and SAPS can aid in identifying those patients who will ultimately require a tracheostomy for prolonged airway protection after blunt head trauma with high positive predictive value.
Company, Country, Connections Counterfactual Origins Increase Organizational Commitment, Patriotism, and Social Investment

Four studies examined the relationship between counterfactual origins--thoughts about how the beginning of organizations, countries, and social connections might have turned out differently--and increased feelings of commitment to those institutions and connections. Study 1 found that counterfactually reflecting on the origins of one's country increases patriotism. Study 2 extended this finding to organizational commitment and examined the mediating role of poignancy. Study 3 found that counterfactual reflection boosts organizational commitment even beyond the effects of other commitment-enhancing appeals and that perceptions of fate mediate the positive effect of counterfactual origins on commitment. Finally, Study 4 temporally separated the counterfactual manipulation from a behavioral measure of commitment and found that counterfactual reflection predicted whether participants e-mailed social contacts 2 weeks later. The robust relationship between counterfactual origins and commitment was found across a wide range of companies and countries, with undergraduates and M.B.A. students, and for attitudes and behaviors.
Physiological characteristics of lipid-rich fat and lipid-poor thin morphotypes of individual Calanus finmarchicus C5 copepodites in nearshore Gulf of Maine

Calanus finmarchicusC5 copepodites may be found in a range of body morphologies from small, lipid-poor (‘‘thin’’) individuals to larger, lipid-rich (‘‘fat’’) individuals, which are often differentiated by depth. In order to assess the physiological status of these animals, C5s collected from nearshore Gulf of Maine were visually sorted by these criteria and assayed for activity of four enzymes characteristic of different physiological processes: citrate synthase (CS, Krebs cycle); glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, protein catabolism); hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD, fatty acid catabolism); and laminarinase (digestive enzyme), as well as protein content. The lipid content of a smaller subset of animals was determined by image analysis of the lipid storage sac. Visual differences among copepods were reflected in their physiological characteristics. Thin C5s had less protein and lipid, and higher citrate synthase and laminarinase activity, than fat C5s. There was no difference in GDH or HOAD activity between the two groups. However, in both groups HOAD was negatively correlated with laminarinase activity, indicating that digestive activity is inversely related to capacity for b-oxidation of lipids. In contrast, C. finmarchicusC5s collected from 200 m in the Gulf of Maine as well as those raised in tanks had lower CS and laminarinase activity than the nearshore C5s, whereas HOAD activity was comparable with that of the fat nearshore C5s. These results suggest that metabolic responses are being induced in C5s advected into nearshore waters.
Power adaptation for BPSK signaling with average and peak power constraints in Rayleigh fading channels

We consider power adaptation strategies for binary phase-shift keying signals in Rayleigh fading channels under the assumption that channel state information is provided at both the transmitter and the receiver. We first derive a closed-form expression for the optimal power adaptation that minimizes average bit-error rate (BER) subject to average and peak transmission power constraints. Then, we analyze the average BER for channel inversion power adaptation with the same constraints. Our results show that the performance difference between the optimal power adaptation and the channel inversion becomes negligibly small as available average transmission power increases and/or peak-to-average power ratio decreases. We also find that an optimal peak-to-average power ratio exists that minimizes the average BER in the channel inversion scheme.
Virtues, Evidence, and Ad Hominem Arguments

Argumentation theorists are beginning to think of ad hominem arguments as generally legitimate. Virtue argumentation theorists argue that a character trait approach to argument appraisal can explain why ad hominems would are legitimate, when they are legitimate. But I argue that we do not need to appeal to virtue argumentation theory to explain the legitimacy of ad hominem arguments; a more straightforward evidentialist approach to argument appraisal is also committed to their legitimacy. I also argue that virtue argumentation theory faces some important problems, and that whereas the virtue-theoretic approach in epistemology is (arguably) well-motivated, that motivation does not carry over to virtue argumentation theory.
Structural Analysis of a Direct Heated Tubular Solar Receiver for Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle

Closed-loop super-critical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycles are being evaluated in combination with concentrating solar power to provide higher thermal-to-electric conversion efficiencies relative to conventional steam Rankine cycles. However, high temperatures (650–700°C) and pressures (20–25 MPa) are required in the solar receiver. In this study, an extensive material review was performed along with a tube size optimization following the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and B31.1 and B313.3 codes respectively. Subsequently, a thermal-structural model was developed using ANSYS Fluent and Structural to design and analyze the tubular receiver that could provide the heat input for a ∼2 MWth plant. The receiver will be required to provide an outlet temperature of 650°C (at 25 MPa) or 700°C (at 20 MPa). The induced thermal stresses were applied using a temperature gradient throughout the tube while a constant pressure load was applied on the inner wall. The resulting stresses have been validated analytically using constant surface temperatures. The cyclic loading analysis was performed using the Larson-Miller creep model in nCode Design Life to define the structural integrity of the receiver over the desired lifetime of ∼10,000 cycles. The results have shown that the stresses induced by the thermal and pressure load can be withstood by the tubes selected. The creep-fatigue analysis displayed the damage accumulation due to the cycling and the permanent deformation of the tubes. Nonetheless, they are able to support the required lifetime. As a result, a complete model to verify the structural integrity and thermal performance of a high temperature and pressure receiver has been developed. This work will serve as reference for future design and evaluation of future direct and indirect tubular receivers.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Recent Advances in the Management of Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome: An Integrative Review of the Literature

Short bowel syndrome is the most prevalent cause of pediatric intestinal failure. Recent advances in nutritional and surgical management of these patients have lead to an overall improvement in mortality. We review the short- and long-term management strategies, as well as the potential complications in short bowel syndrome patients.
Interacting Hobo Transposons in an Inbred Strain and Interaction Regulation in Hybrids of Drosophila Melanogaster

A transposable hobo element in the Notch locus of the Uc-1 X chromosome, which does not interfere with the normal expression of the locus, interacts with other hobo elements in the same X chromosome to produce Notch mutations. Almost all of these mutations are associated with deficiencies, inversions or other rearrangements, and hobo elements are present at each of the breakpoints. The Uc-1 X chromosome produces the Notch mutations at a rate of 4-8% in both sexes of flies in a strain that has been inbred for 96 generations. At least two-thirds of the mutations are produced in clusters suggesting that they have originated in mitotic (premeiotic) germ cells of the Uc-1 inbred strain. The interaction of hobo elements in the Uc-1 X chromosome can be repressed by at least two different mechanisms. One found in three inbred strains not related to the Uc-1 strain involves a maternal effect that is not attributable to the actions or products of hobo elements. Repression by this mechanism is manifested by a clear reciprocal cross effect so that the production of Notch mutations is repressed in the daughters of Uc-1 males, but not in the daughters of Uc-1 females. The other mechanism apparently requires genetic factors and/or hobo elements in a particular strain of Oregon-R; complete repression is present in both types of hybrids between Uc-1 and this strain.
A histochemical investigation of the mechanism of aldehyde fuchsin staining of pancreatic B-cell granules

The reaction mechanism by which Aldehyde Fuchsin selectively stains pancreatic B-cell granules is unknown. The participation of either insulin or proinsulin in the reaction is debatable; the stain may be bound by other components of the B-cell granule or its membrane. Sections of pancreas were stained with a variety of basic stains and specific histochemical reagents with and without appropriate blocking agents. No evidence for strong tissue anions associated with the B-cell granule could be found. Aldehyde Fuchsin staining was not abolished by lowering the pH below the point at which all known tissue anions should be protonated. There was no evidence that the Aldehyde Fuchsin staining solution itself generates reactive groups in the tissue. The results of this investigation support a non-ionic, possibly covalent mechanism for Aldehyde Fuchsin staining of pancreatic B-cell granules.
Role of Information Technology in Environmental Preservation in Urban Areas

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between IT (Information Technology) and environmental preservation in the Tokyo metropolitan area. In recent years, the amount of waste has increased mainly in urban areas of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) member countries. It is said that IT can realize economic growth without inflation. It is also considered to reduce uncertainties or risks, resulting in economic efficiency and benefits.The collected data show changes in the economic structure of the Tokyo metropolitan area; the share of service-oriented industries, such as business services and information processing, has increased in the past 20 years. It is clear that the role of IT has become more important than ever. Since the adoption of the PPP (Pollutant Payment Principle) policy, all members of the community, such as firms, households and government, have started using IT for the reduction of the amount of waste disposed. It is considered that IT plays an important role in reducing the amount of waste disposed. This study examines the relationship between the amount of municipal waste disposed and IT, using an econometric approach.The following conclusions were reached:(1) Economic activities and increase in the number of residents lead to an increase in the amount of waste disposed.(2) IT is effective in reducing the amount of waste disposed.
Membrane transport ofp-nitrophenyl-α-galactoside by the melibiose carrier ofEscherichia coli

p-Nitrophenyl-α-galactoside (α-pNPG) was found to be a substrate for the melibiose transport system ofEscherichia coli. This sugar enters induced cells via the carrier and is split by α-galactosidase to galactose andp-nitrophenol. In mutant cells lacking the α-galactosidase [3H]-α-pNPG accumulated to concentrations 15 times higher than the external medium. The transport of α-pNPG is inhibited by both Na+ and Li+. Na+ (10mm) reduced the Km for α-pNPG from 0.45 to 0.18mm and reduced theVmax from 6.7 nmoles/min/mg dry wt to a value of 3.0.
Structural implications of AB2s. Are novel D segments involved with anti-idiotypic specificity?

For these studies it is clear that within an antigenic system, syngeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies are restricted in their use of germline gene segments. They differ considerably from either allogeneic Ab2s recognizing public idiotopes or syngeneic Ab2s recognizing private idiotopes which are structurally heterogeneous. The D segments of Ab2s in a variety of systems are novel in structure and cannot easily be explained by previously described germline D segments. D-D fusion contributes to the generation of the third hypervariable region in these antibodies. It is not completely clear whether or not this mechanism plays a more important role in generating Ab2s than it does in generating other antibodies. Finally, somatic mutation does occur in anti-idiotypic antibodies. It is unlikely that the idiotypic network, per se, is strictly germline encoded. On the contrary, somatic events (i.e. mutation, junctional diversity, etc.) are probably important in the generation of anti-idiotypic antibodies.
Surface Characterization by Medium Energy Particle Scattering

At the atomic scale, it is quite difficult to devise truly non-destructive measurement procedures because to do so requires a probe which gives specific quantitative, chemical or structural information without breaking chemical bonds. Ion beam analytical techniques using MeV beams are well known and versatile tools for characterizing surfaces and are generally considered to be nondestructive to most inorganic materials, although the electrical properties of the sample are usually altered. In this article, we discuss recently developed scattering techniques using time-of-flight particle detection that work well with ions whose energies are at least an order of magnitude lower than those required for conventional analyses. This reduction in the ion beam energy makes possible novel measurements such as the characterization of thin films on polymer substrates as well as enhanced capabilities such as improved depth resolution and increased sensitivity for trace element detection.
The Painful Eye: External and Anterior Segment Causes

When a patient presents to a medical practitioner with a painful eye, the initial history is extremely valuable in determining the cause of the complaint. The patient should be questioned specifically about the onset and duration of symptoms; description of the pain; exacerbating and mitigating factors; associated pruritis, discharge, or photophobia; and any previous occurrences. It is important to inquire about the patient‘s past medical history, past ocular history (including surgeries, trauma, contact lens wear, and family history of glaucoma), systemic and ocular medications, and allergies. A careful examination of the patient‘s skin, face, eyelids, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, and anterior chamber should be performed. In this article, the authors describe a variety of external diseases and anterior segment causes of a painful eye, many of which can be diagnosed from the initial history. The article works systematically, beginning externally with the eyelids and conjunctiva and progressing internally toward the cornea and anterior chamber.
CNV after LASIK

The risk of developing lacquer cracks in highly myopic patients corrected by LASIK, though uncommon, must be kept in mind. This is true especially in highly myopic patients with myopic retinopathy in whom LASIK could be used to correct residual defects after posterior chamber or phakic intraocular lens implantation [1].
Forschungsdesign des Projektes FUTURE IS FEMALE

Zur Einfuhrung in den empirischen Teil der Studie wird im Folgenden das methodische Design des Projektes FUTURE IS FEMALE© skizziert, das als Forschungsprojekt der Angewandten Sozialforschung den empirischen Rahmen der Azsfuhrungen darstellt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird neben der Beschreibung des Projekttragers und der Projektziele ein spezifisches Augenmerk auf die einzelnen methodischen Phasen der Projektimplementierung in den 20 am Projekt teilnehmenden KMU gerichtet.
Storytelling at Its Best: Using the StartUp Podcast in the Classroom

This article discusses the virtues of using podcasts in the classroom by focusing on the pedagogical merits of one podcast: StartUp. The StartUp podcast provides a compelling first-person account o...
Keeping up to date??incareer training in the USA

The increased complexity of technical problems and the depth of training necessary to undertake them have posed difficult educational challenges for the engineer. Approaches at present adopted in America include industrial education for the young graduate, advanced study for the practising engineer and courses to provide competent technical managers. Close liaison between the universities and industry is, however, essential to the smooth running and success of these projects.
Differentially coherent quadrature-quadrature phase shift keying (Q/sup 2/PSK)

The quadrature-quadrature phase shift keying (Q/sup 2/PSK) signaling scheme uses the vertices of a hypercube of dimension four. A generalized Q/sup 2/PSK signaling format for differentially coherent detection at the receiver is considered. Performance in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is analyzed. The symbol error rate is found to be approximately twice the symbol error rate in a quaternary DPSK system operating at the same E/sub b//N/sub b/. However, the bandwidth efficiency of differential Q/sup 2/PSK is substantially higher than that of quaternary DPSK. >
Thermal Degradation of Aminosilicone Carbamates

The major thermal degradation pathway seen with 1,5-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane/triethylene glycol (GAP-1/TEG) is the formation of a urea-containing compound. Degradation is increased at higher temperatures, longer reaction times, higher CO2 concentrations (in the form of carbamate loading), and low water levels. A judicious choice of operating conditions can significantly decrease urea byproduct formation. Reducing the desorption temperature from 140 to 100 °C and adding 5 wt % water to the 60:40 mixture of GAP-1/TEG resulted in a 500-fold reduction in amine loss after 4 days in a CO2-rich environment. After 56 days of continuous heating under the same conditions, ∼87% original GAP-1 was retained at 100 °C compared to only ∼20% at 140 °C. The urea byproduct appears to be the only major degradation pathway under these conditions, with 100% of the mass balance accounted for by the urea and amine components.
Carers’ experiences accessing information on supports and services: Learning the social care “dance”:

Cities across England will see a growing number of informal carers as the population ages, many of whom do not begin this role equipped with the knowledge they need to access social care services a...
The XENON1T Dark Matter Search Experiment

The worldwide race towards direct dark matter detection in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) has been dramatically accelerated by the remarkable progress and evolution of liquid xenon time projection chambers (LXeTPCs). With a realistic discovery potential, Xenon100 has already reached a sensitivity of 7 × 10−45 cm2, and continues to accrue data at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy towards its ultimate sensitivity reach at the σ SI ∼ 2 × 10−45 cm2 level for the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section. To fully explore the favoured parameter space for WIMP dark matter in search of a first robust and statistically significant discovery, or to confirm any hint of a signal from Xenon100, the next phase of the Xenon program will be a detector at the ton scale – Xenon1T. The Xenon1T detector, based on 2.2 ton of LXe viewed by low radioactivity photomultiplier tubes and housed in a water Cherenkov muon veto at LNGS, is presented. With an experimental aim of probing WIMP interaction cross-sections above of order σ SI ∼ 2 × 10−47 cm2 within 2 years of operation, Xenon1T will provide the sensitivity to probe a particularly favourable region of electroweak physics on a timescale compatible with complementary ground and satellite based indirect searches and with accelerator dark matter searches at the LHC. Indeed, for a σ SI ∼ 10−45 cm2 and 100 GeV/c2 WIMP mass, Xenon1T could detect of order 100 events in this exposure, providing statistics for placing significant constraints on the WIMP mass.
Near-field radiative heat transfer in graphene plasmonic nanodisk dimers

Near-field thermal radiation mediated by surface plasmons in parallel graphene nanodisk dimers is studied using a semianalytical model under the electrostatic approximation. The radiative heat transfer between two disks as a function of the distance between them in coaxial and coplanar configurations is first considered. Three regimes are identified and their extents determined using nondimensional analysis. When the edge-to-edge separation is smaller than the disk diameter, near-field coupling and surface plasmon hybridization lead to an enhancement of the radiative heat transfer by up to four orders of magnitude compared to the Planck blackbody limit. A mismatch in the disk diameters affects the plasmonic mode hybridization and can either diminish or enhance the near-field radiation. Destructive interference between eigenmodes that emerge when the relative orientation between disks is varied can induce a twofold reduction in the radiative heat transfer. In all configurations, the radiative heat transfer properties can be controlled by tuning the disk size/orientation, the substrate optical properties, and graphene's doping concentration and electron mobility.
Protecting COTS Binaries from Disclosure-guided Code Reuse Attacks

Code diversification, combined with execute-only memory, provides an effective defense against just-in-time code reuse attacks. However, existing techniques for combining code diversification and hardware-assisted memory protections typically require compiler support, as well as the deployment or modification of a hypervisor. These requirements often cannot be met, either because source code is not available, or because the required hardware features may not be available on the target system. In this paper we present SECRET, a software hardening technique tailored to legacy and closed-source software that provides equivalent protection to execute-only memory without relying on hardware features or recompilation. This is achieved using two novel techniques, code space isolation and code pointer remapping, which prevent read accesses to the executable memory of the protected code. Furthermore, SECRET thwarts code pointer harvesting attacks on ELF files by remapping existing code pointers to use random values. SECRET has been implemented on 32-bit Linux systems. Our evaluation shows that it introduces just 2% additional runtime overhead on top of a state-of-the-art CFI implementation, bringing the total average overhead to about 16%. In addition, it achieves better protection coverage compared to compiler-based techniques, as it can handle low-level machine code such as inline assembly or extra code introduced by the linker and loader.
Investors’ perception of CEO overconfidence: evidence from the cost of equity capital

Prior literature documents that CEO overconfidence plays an important role in corporate financial reporting and accounting decisions. However, an unexplored issue is how investors perceive the risks associated with CEO overconfidence. This study examines the effect of CEO overconfidence on the cost of equity capital. We find that the association between CEO overconfidence and the cost of equity is nonlinear: a moderate level of CEO overconfidence results in the lowest cost of equity capital after controlling for other known determinants of the cost of equity. We also find an inverted nonlinear relation between CEO overconfidence and equity issuance, which corroborates our main conclusion of the nonlinear effect of CEO overconfidence on the cost of equity. Our results are robust to alternative overconfidence measures, cost of equity measures, and change analysis.
Too Many Words, Too Little Support: Vocabulary Instruction in Online Earth Science Courses

As online coursework become more popular, students with disabilities that need vocabulary support for reading comprehension will be among the increase in cyber school students. Researchers have some evidence that certain types of vocabulary support strategies are more efficacious for students with disabilities. The purpose of this article is determining if what was known about strategies for supporting vocabulary was being applied to online learning coursework. A content analysis of types of vocabulary and types of support strategies was performed on science courses from three online course vendors. The results of this study indicate a need for online course vendors to pay more explicit attention to the types of words supported and the strategies they use to do so and for those who support online learners (teachers, parents) to be more proactive about vocabulary support deficiencies that are likely to be present in the courses.
Proton Beam Therapy for Bronchogenic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: Dosimetry, Toxicities, and Outcomes

Abstract Purpose: Bronchogenicadenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy particularly challenging to irradiate, largely owing to anatomic location and associated toxicities. Proton beam therapy (PBT) can reduce doses to nearby organs at risk, but only one case report has been published detailing PBT for this neoplasm. Patients and Methods: This study was an institutional review board–approved retrospective chart review of all patients at one institution with bronchogenic ACC treated with PBT. Toxicities were assessed per Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Results: Five patients, median age 67 years (range = 40-97 years), were all symptomatic before PBT. Two patients were debulked before PBT, which was delivered at a median 66.6 Gy (RBE) (range, 57.5-80 Gy (RBE)). Two patients received concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. Symptoms improved in all patients. Acute toxicities included the following: grade 1 fatigue (n = 3), grade 1 dermatitis (n = 2), grade 1 esophagitis (n ...
Surface chemistry in polymer microfluidic systems

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the properties of polymers that are critical to their application in microfluidics. These properties include hydrophobicity, electroosmotic flow mobility, surface charged groups, and nonspecific adsorption. When choosing a polymer material for use in microfluidic systems, it is important to consider both fabrication issues as well as application needs. For fabrication, properties of the bulk polymer related to its machinability are important which include glass transition melt temperature, crystallinity, and UV absorption. Polymer microchannel surface chemistry can be defined by two fundamental parameters that are critical for their application in microfluidics: the total surface charge density, and the types of surface-bound chemical moieties. Fabrication of microchannel involves the use of thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. In thermoplastics, plastic can be subjected to thermo-mechanical treatment at high temperatures and reformed into new stable structures. In thermosets and elastomers the shape remains stable upon heating up to the point of decomposition. With thermosets there is a high degree of crosslinking, while with elastomers there is a low degree of crosslinking making these materials soft and deformable. It is anticipated that the use of polymer substrates in microfluidic systems can progress rapidly as the surface chemistry of various polymers and stable methods for surface modification of polymer microchannels become available.
Return of Erections and Urinary Continence Following Nerve Sparing Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

We evaluated recovery of erections and urinary continence following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy in a series of 784 consecutive patients with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer. Nerve sparing radical prostatectomy was performed in men deemed appropriate candidates. Recovery of erections sufficient for intercourse and urinary continence were analyzed controlling for patient age, pathological tumor stage and the performance of unilateral or bilateral nerve sparing surgery in men followed for a minimum of 18 months. Erections were regained in 149 of 236 preoperatively potent men (63%) treated with bilateral and 24 of 59 (41%) treated with unilateral nerve sparing surgery. Recovery of erections correlated with patient age and pathological tumor stage in patients treated with bilateral nerve sparing surgery. Continence was regained in 409 of 435 patients (94%) and did not correlate with patient age, tumor stage or nerve sparing surgery. Anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy can be performed with favorable results in preserving potency and urinary continence. Better results are achieved in younger men with organ confined cancer.
Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Today, physical activity is seen as a behavior that generally has beneficial effects on exercise capacity and many of the physiologic processes involved in the development of, as well as, primary prevention of coronary artery disease. Current public health recommendations state that all people over 2 years of age should accumulate 30 min of moderate-intensity endurance-type physical activity on most (preferably all) days of the week (1). Additionally, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends that at least two sessions each week incorporate resistance or strength training involving the major muscle groups (2). For the past 25 years, exercise has also been recommended for patients with heart disease.
Basic Behavioral Procedures in Closed Institutions

Continuing professional interest in the use of behavior change strategies with juvenile and adult offenders is amply documented by the literature reviews that have appeared during the past decade (Braukmann & Fixsen, 1975; Braukmann, Fixsen, Phillips, & Wolf, 1975; Burchard & Harig, 1976; Burchard & Lane, 1982; Davidson & Seidman, 1974; Geller, Johnson, Hemlin, & Kennedy, 1977; Johnson, 1977; Kennedy, 1976; Milan & Long, 1980; Milan & McKee, 1974; Musante, 1975; Nietzel, 1979; Sandford & Bateup, 1973; Stumphaiizer, 1981). Most of these reviews have examined behavioral applications in both closed institutions and community-based settings. The reviewers have provided general descriptions of behavioral programs in the areas of crime and delinquency, the characteristics of the behaviors that have been targeted in those programs, and the legal and ethical issues inherent in providing services and conducting research in closed institutions.
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Form DD.

(1985). Kuder Occupational Interest Survey, Form DD. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 217-219.
Mix and Match: An Investigation into Whether Episodic Future Thinking Cues Need to Match Discounting Delays in Order to Be Effective

Episodic future thinking (EFT), or prospectively imagining yourself in the future, has been developed into an intervention tool to reduce delay discounting (DD), or the preference for smaller immediate over larger future rewards, and to make healthier choices that promote long-term health rather than short-term enjoyment. Most EFT interventions use EFT cues whose future events match the time delays of the DD task, which may limit the utility of EFT. The current study (N = 160, Mage = 35.25, 47.5% female) used a 2 × 2 factorial design with type of episodic thinking (matched, unmatched) and temporal perspective (EFT, episodic recent thinking (ERT)) as between-subject factors to investigate whether there were differences in DD for groups that had EFT cues matched to the time delays of the DD task in comparison to cues with unmatched temporal delays. The results showed EFT reduced DD compared to ERT controls, and no differences emerged between matched and unmatched EFT groups. Our findings suggest that either the process of generating EFT cues or the use of any positive and vivid future event, regardless of whether it is matched to the DD task, can reduce DD.
Japanese revisionists’ meddling backfires

The Japanese government is taking off the gloves with academics who research, write, and talk about sordid or awkward aspects of Japan’s twentieth-century history. This campaign ranges from harassm...
Early surgical intervention among patients with acute central cord syndrome is not associated with higher mortality and morbidity.

Background: Conflicting reports exist regarding mortality and morbidity of early surgical decompression in the setting of acute central cord syndrome (ACS) in multisystem trauma despite evidence of improved neurological outcomes. Consequently, optimal decompression timing in ACS in multisystem trauma patients remains controversial. This study aims to determine the association between early surgery for acute traumatic central cord and all-cause mortality among multisystem trauma patients in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) using propensity score matching. Methods: We used the NTDB (years 2011–2014) to perform a retrospective cohort study, which included patients >18 years, with ACS (identified using ICD-9 coding). Collected patient data included demographics, surgery timing (≤24 hours, >24 hours), injury mechanism, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), injury severity score (ISS), serious adverse events (SAE). Logistic regression and propensity matching were used to investigate the relationship between surgery timing and subsequent inpatient mortality. Results: We identified 2,379 traumatic ACS patients. This group was 79.3% male with an average age of 56.3±15.2. They had an average ISS of 19.5±9.0 and mortality rate of 3.0% (n=72). A total of 731 (30.7%) patients underwent surgery for ACS within 24 hours. Univariate analysis did not show a significantly higher mortality rate in the early versus late surgery groups (3.8% vs . 2.7%, P=0.127). In unadjusted models, early surgery was not predictive of death or SAE + death in full (P=0.129, P=0.140) or matched samples (P=0.137, P=0.280). In models adjusted for age, ISS, and CCI, early surgery was predictive of death and SAE + death using the full sample (P=0.013, P=0.027), but not when using the propensity matched sample (P=0.107, P=0.255). Conclusions: Early surgical intervention does not appear to be associated with increased mortality among ACS patients unlike previously suggested. We theorize that survival noted within the NTDB is confounded by factors including existing comorbidities and multisystem trauma, rather than surgical timing. Delaying definitive surgical care may predispose patients to worsened greater neurological morbidity.
Inter-modal Laser Based RF Output Stabilization Using Forced SILPLL Technique

Low phase noise oscillator is very important for communication and high-resolution imaging system. A small size synthesizer realization using inter-modal output of multi-mode semiconductor laser is proposed and tested in this paper. It uses the forced technique self-injection locking, self-phase locking combination to stabilize the related inter-modal output. The realized phase noise is -98 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset at X-band operation which shows 68 dB improvement comparing with inter-modal free running output.
Backcalculation of Airfield Pavement Layer Moduli Under HWD Testing

This study focused on evaluating airfield pavement in-situ condition using backcalculated layer moduli from Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) testing. Field testing was conducted using HWD devices at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Two backcalculation methods based on traditional multi-layer linear elastic (MLE) method and dynamic finite element model (FEM) were used in the analysis, respectively. It was found that the backcalculated moduli were slightly different between MLE and FEM methods. However, significant discrepancies were observed for the backcalculated moduli as compared to the laboratory measured moduli. The study findings indicate that the backcalculated moduli need be adjusted for further use in pavement structural analysis.
Hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with thermal treatment for reducing counts of B. coagulans in skim milk concentrate

Abstract We report the development of hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with thermal treatment for reducing counts of B. coagulans (ATCC 12245) in skim milk concentrate (SMC, 35 ± 1% total solids). The process was evaluated in terms of analysis of cavitation parameters, characterization of the increase in the fluid temperature, and microbial inactivation. Inoculated SMC (4.67 ± 0.18 log) was treated by cavitation (rotor speed of 3600 RPM and fluid flow rate of 100 L h−1), thermal treatment (75–85 °C for 14–106 s), or a combined cavitation-thermal treatment, using the aforementioned conditions. A 3.5 log CFU mL−1 reduction was obtained by the combined cavitation-thermal treatment, while thermal treatment alone yielded a 2.77 log CFU mL−1 reduction. Contrary, individual cavitation did not produce a significant reduction. The values of decimal reduction time at 75 °C (D75) were lower when cavitation was followed by thermal treatment (375 ± 62 s) than the values obtained for thermal treatment (470 ± 66 s). The outcomes of this study present opportunities for reducing the counts of B. coagulans in skim milk concentrate by the combined effect of hydrodynamic cavitation and thermal treatment.
Penetrating Keratoplasty and Macular Surgery

Pars plana vitrectomy surgery requires adequate visualization of the posterior pole. In cases of retinal disease with significant corneal opacification, a combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy operation is oftentimes required. The most common indication is ocular trauma. However other severe pathologies may warrant this combined procedure including endophthalmitis, recurrent retinal detachment with corneal decompensation, complicated cataract surgery, and uveitis. Eyes requiring this procedure typically have a more limited visual prognosis due to the combined anterior and posterior segment pathology. Without surgery, these eyes may be inoperable resulting in no light perception vision or phthisis bulbi formation. The primary endpoint of combined surgery is oftentimes ocular salvage and stability, rather than significant visual improvement. In the long term, visual improvement occurs in approximately 15–20% of eyes, but stability can be seen in 50–70%. Common postoperative occurrences are corneal graft failure (~58%), recurrent retinal detachment (~33%), and phthisis and hypotony (~35%), among others. Additional surgery is often necessary to maintain ocular stability. Overall, combined penetrating keratoplasty and pars plana vitrectomy is a useful surgical technique to salvage eyes with anterior and posterior pathology that otherwise have limited options and poor visual prognoses.
Closed-Loop Region of Interest Enabling High Spatial and Temporal Resolutions in Object Detection and Tracking via Wireless Camera

The trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution remains a fundamental challenge in machine vision. A captured image often contains a significant amount of redundant information, and only a small region of interest (ROI) is necessary for object detection and tracking. In this paper, we first systematically characterize the effects of ROI on camera capturing, data transmission, and image processing. We then present the closed-loop ROI algorithm capable of high spatial and temporal resolution as well as wide scanning field of view (FOV) in single and multi-object detection and tracking via real-time wireless video streaming. With the feedback from real-time object tracking, the wireless camera is able to capture and transmit only the ROI which in turn enhances both the spatial and temporal resolution in object tracking. In addition, the proposed approach can still maintain a large FOV by processing regions outside of the ROI at lower spatial and temporal resolutions. When applied to a high spatial resolution wireless stream (5 MegaPixels), the closed-loop ROI algorithm improves the temporal resolution by up to $10\times $ (from 2.4FPS to 22.5FPS). Specifically, camera processing is improved by up to $4.7\times $ , data transmission is improved by up to $160\times $ , and PC processing is improved by up to $2.5\times $ . In a person tracking experiment, the closed-loop ROI algorithm enables a wide-angle camera to outperform both a normal wide-angle camera–which suffers from poor temporal resolution and motion blur–and a pan & tilt camera–which cannot automatically refresh tracking after the tracking is lost.
Thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms: update in pathophysiology.

Purpose of review This review summarizes high-impact research in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) from the last 18 months, with a particular focus on basic science findings. Recent findings A pseudo-hypoxia state with stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFα exists that is central to cell growth, cell renewal, inflammation, and thrombotic potential in MPN hematopoietic cells. Summary HIFα and inflammatory pathways are new therapeutic targets in MPN, with the potential to ameliorate thrombotic risk and perhaps eradicate mutant progenitor cells.
A Genetic Algorithm with Dynamic Population Size

This paper introduces a modified version of a simple genetic algorithm (SGA) in which the size of the population changes according to a model inspired from mathematical biology. The primary purpose of this research described is to use the growth of the population to vary the selective pressure through the scaling of the fitness function. The experimental results presented in the paper are used to demonstrate the behavior of the proposed algorithms in comparison with a SGA using fixed size population.