cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co60 γ‐ray induced copolymerization of ethylene in the presence of other monomers

The experimental approach was used to determine if copolymerization of ethylene with various monomers occurs in a radiation field, and to investigate some of the properties of the resulting polymers. In the copolymer systems, the reaction products were free of homopolymer except for the systems with vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile. Ethylene gas can react with a variety of monomeric materials to form copolymers at low temperatures and moderate pressures. Unsaturated monomers, such as propylene and the butenes, which do not readily horaopolymerize in a radiation field, or by a free radical mechanism can be copolymerized with ethylene by gamma radiation. Data on solubilities, density, crystalline melting poirt, molecular weight, total polymer formed, and total conversion for the ethylene copolymers are tabulated. (P.C.H.)
Kinetics of absorption of volatile fatty acids from the ceca of domestic turkeys

Abstract 1. 1. Turkeys were fed either a basal (B) or a high fiber (HF) diet and the influence of diet on (a) volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and pH of cecal contents, and (b) the rate of absorption of VFA from ligated cecal and small intestinal segments in situ in anaesthetized birds, was determined. 2. 2. Cecal pH was slightly higher on the B diet than on the HF diet. No correlation was found between diet and the concentration of acetic and propionic acids, but butyric acid was slightly higher on the HF diet. 3. 3. On the basis of both weight and serosal surface area of the gut segments, propionic and butyric acids were absorbed at about the same rate in the ceca as in the small intestine and acetic acid appeared to be absorbed faster by the ceca. 4. 4. The observed kinetics were consistent with passive transport of VFA.
Differential mechanisms of tumor progression in clones from a single heterogeneous human melanoma

We used vertical growth phase (VGP) human VMM5 melanoma cells to ask whether the tumor microenvironment could induce matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in vivo, and whether this induction correlated with metastasis. We isolated two clones from parental VMM5 cells: a low MMP-1 producing clone (C4) and high producing clone (C9). When these clones were injected orthotopically (intradermally) into nude mice, both were equally tumorigenic and produced equivalent and abundant amounts of MMP-1. However, the tumors from the C4 clones displayed different growth kinetics and distinct profiles of gene expression from the C9 population. The C4 tumors, which had low MMP-1 levels in vitro, appeared to rely on growth factors and cytokines in the microenvironment to increase MMP-1 expression in vivo, while MMP-1 levels remained constant in the C9 tumors. C9 cells, but not C4 cells, grew as spheres in culture and expressed higher levels of JARID 1B, a marker associated with melanoma initiating cells. We conclude that VMM5 melanoma cells exhibit striking intra-tumor heterogeneity, and that the tumorigenicity of these clones is driven by different molecular pathways. Our data suggest that there are multiple mechanisms for melanoma progression within a tumor, which may require different therapeutic strategies.
Utilizing networked paper printers for radiological images

The challenge in providing picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) in the modern managed care environment is to justify its cost, while still providing the required services. The only solution which achieves the economic goal is the elimination of film and its associated costs in favor of PACS. Recognizing that some hardcopy will always be desired, an acceptable inexpensive paper print alternative is required. Our initial networked paper printed solution has replaced all film use in nuclear medicine while still providing economical color and monochrome paper output when required. Extensions of this print architecture for ultrasound, CT and MR are planned for the near future.
Uncoupling of changes in skeletal muscle β-adrenergic receptor density and aerobic capacity during the aging process

The results of the present study indicate that the density of the β-adrenergic receptors in the skeletal muscle does not decline with age, despite declines in oxidative capacity both in the skeletal muscle and whole body oxygen consumption. When young rats and old rats of equal body weight trained daily at the same duration and speed for 6 months on the treadmill, skeletal muscle of young and old rats reached the same aerobic capacity. The young demonstrated a significant rise in Bmax of the β receptors, while the old rats did not change their density of receptors. When both young and old rats had the contractile activity of their skeletal muscle raised to the same level through chronic tonic electrical stimulation, the aerobic capacity and β receptor density rose to the same levels in the skeletal muscle. Thus, the contraction-dependent pathway in the senescent muscle appears to function normally given a maximal chronic stimulus via electrical stimulation. These data indicate that the relationship between oxidative capacity, β-adrenergic receptor properties, exercise training, and aging does not appear to be readily explicable by a single unifying mechanism, but probably resides in the interaction of age with a differential responsiveness of the β-adrenergic and/or contraction dependent pathway for stimulation of aerobic capacity in the aging skeletal muscle.
Advances in metabolic control analysis

A methodology for characterizing metabolic systems using the response, control, and elasticity coefficients has emerged since the early 1970s. This methodology, termed metabolic control analysis, aims to characterize the sensitivity of metabolic responses with respect to changes in enzyme activities or parameters without the use of full mathematical models. It takes advantage of several relationships among the coefficients at the steady state. These relationships facilitate the experimental determination of the coefficients and serve as a consistency test when the coefficients are determined independently. Both the theoretical and experimental aspects of this analysis are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent developments and issues commonly discussed in the literature.
The 1985 Ohio S&L Crisis: An Examination of S&L Stockholder Wealth Effects

This paper examines the savings and loan (S&L) equity market reaction to the 1985 Ohio S&L Crisis. In contrast to the expectation of negative abnormal returns associated with contagion, the authors find, during the crisis period, significant positive abnormal returns that are larger for a portfolio of less solvent S&Ls, and a significant decline in systematic risk. The results are consistent with an insurance subsidy hypothesis whereby news of the FSLIC's inadequacy in conjunction with the crisis signaled greater future reluctance by regulators to close large federally-insured S&Ls.
Rotationally Induced Transitions in Atomic Collisions

Excitation effects due to rotational motion of the internuclear line during an atomic collision are considered in the two-state approximation. These effects are governed by a pair of first-order differential equations which couple adiabatic levels of different angular momentum (e.g., $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ to $\ensuremath{\pi}$ transitions), which actually do cross. The equations are cast in such a form that the solution for rotational excitation may be expressed in terms of the well-known Landau-Zener solution. It is found, however, that application of these results to a real collision suffers from defects which are worse for the case of rotational excitation than for ordinary Landau-Zenner transitions. The coupled differential equations are then solved numerically to document the shortcomings of the Landau-Zener approach to a real collision and to present cross-section results which are free from these defects.
On the law of Regular Minimality: Reply to Ennis

Abstract Ennis's critique touches on issues important for psychophysics, but the points he makes against the hypothesis that Regular Minimality is a basic property of sensory discrimination are not tenable. (1) Stimulus variability means that one and the same apparent stimulus value (as measured by experimenter) is a probabilistic mixture of true stimulus values. The notion of a true stimulus value is a logical necessity: variability and distribution presuppose the values that vary and are distributed (even if these values are represented by processes or sets rather than real numbers). Regular Minimality is formulated for true stimulus values. That a mixture of probabilities satisfying Regular Minimality does not satisfy this principle (unless it also satisfies Constant Self-Similarity) is an immediate consequence of my 2003 analysis. Stimulus variability can be controlled or estimated: the cases when observed violations of Regular Minimality can be accounted for by stimulus variability corroborate rather than falsify this principle. In this respect stimulus variability is no different from fatigue, perceptual learning, and other factors creating mixtures of discrimination probabilities in an experiment. (2) Could it be that well-behaved Thurstonian-type models are true models of discrimination but their parameters are so adjusted that the violations of Regular Minimality they lead to (due to my 2003 theorems) are too small to be detected experimentally? This is possible, but this amounts to admitting that Regular Minimality is a law after all, albeit only approximate: nothing in the logic of the Thurstonian-type representations per se prevents them from violating Regular Minimality grossly rather than slightly. Moreover, even very small violations predicted by a given class of Thurstonian-type models can be tested in specially designed experiments (perhaps under additional, independently testable assumptions). The results of one such experiment, in which observers were asked to alternately adjust to each other the values of stimuli in two observation areas, indicate that violations of Regular Minimality, if any, are far below limits of plausible interpretability.
Extracting Both Peptide Sequence and Glycan Structural Information by 157 nm Photodissociation of N-Linked Glycopeptides

The 157 nm photodissociation of N-linked glycopeptides was investigated in MALDI tandem time-of-flight (TOF) and linear ion trap mass spectrometers. Singly charged glycopeptides yielded abundant peptide and glycan fragments. The peptide fragments included a series of x-, y-, v-, and w- ions with the glycan remaining intact. These provide information about the peptide sequence and the glycosylation site. In addition to glycosidic fragments, abundant cross-ring glycan fragments that are not observed in low-energy CID were detected. These fragments provide insight into the glycan sequence and linkages. Doubly charged glycopeptides generated by nanospray in the linear ion trap mass spectrometer also yielded peptide and glycan fragments. However, the former were dominated by low-energy fragments such as b- and y- type ions while glycan was primarily cleaved at glycosidic bonds.
Naturalistic Explanations of Apodictic Moral Claims: Brentano’s Ethical Intuitionism and Nietzsche’s Naturalism

In this article (1) I extract from Brentano’s works (three) formal arguments against “genealogical explanations” of ethical claims. Such explanation can also be designated as “naturalism” (not his appellation); (2) I counter these arguments, by showing how genealogical explanations of even apodictic moral claims are logically possible (albeit only if certain unlikely, stringent conditions are met); (3) I show how Nietzsche’s ethics meets these stringent conditions, but evolutionary ethics does not. My more general thesis is that naturalism and intuitionism in ethics need not be mutually incompatible.
Geometric area measurements of circular apertures for radiometry at NIST

NIST has established a geometric aperture-area measurement facility for circular apertures. The instrument consists of an interferometrically controlled XY translation stage for high-accuracy positioning and a video microscope for detection of the edge of the aperture. Least-squares fitting of the edge points located along the aperture's inner circumference to the equation of a circle is used to determine the geometric area. In this paper we describe the measurement method, based on the work started and described by Fowler et al (1998 Metrologia 35 497–500). Analysis and estimation of various contributions to the overall measurement uncertainty, including the effects of diffraction and partial coherence of light on the edge location, are also discussed.
Identification of hydroxylated metabolites of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and metabolic pathway in whole poplar plants.

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be metabolized to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) as reported in a number of animal studies. However, there are few studies on OH-PCBs in vivo in whole plants. In order to explore the formation of OH-PCBs in whole plants in detail, poplars ( Populus deltoides × nigra , DN34) were exposed to 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (CB77) in hydroponic solution. Poplars are widely used in phytoremediation applications and the complete genome has been sequenced. In this research, a HPLC-MS method was developed to directly determine the hydroxylated metabolites of CB77 (OH-CB77s), avoiding the experimental errors introduced by derivatization pretreatments required by gas chromatography-based methods. Three potential hydroxylated metabolites of CB77, including 6-hydroxy-3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (6OH-CB77), 5-hydroxy-3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (5OH-CB77) and 4′-hydroxy-3,3′,4,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (4′OH-CB79), were determined in poplar tissues. The major product, 6OH-CB77, was detected in the roots, bottom bark, bottom wood, middle bark and middle wood for the whole poplar plants, but the minor product, 5OH-CB77, was detected only in the poplar roots. The concentration of 6OH-CB77 was about 10 times greater than that of 5OH-CB77 in the roots. However, the major mammalian metabolite, 4′OH-CB79 was not detected in any of the samples. The results suggest that the hydroxylated metabolic pathway of CB77 is via an epoxide intermediate in poplar.
Structure, crystallization and morphology of poly (aryl ether ketone ketone)

Abstract The structure, crystallization and morphology of poly (aryl ether ketone ketone)s (PEKKs) prepared from diphenyl ether (DPE), terephthalic acid (T) and isophthalic acid (I) and having different T/I ratios have been investigated. As prepared, these copolymers can be thought of as consisting of ‘phthalate diads’ containing -DPE-T-DPE-T-(TT) and/or -DPE-T-DPE-I-(TI). Melt-crystallized PEKKs (all T/I ratios) form a structure similar to that observed in other poly(aryl ether ketone)s (form 1; a = 0.769 nm, b = 0.606 nm and fibre axis c = 1.016 nm). However, depending on composition, both TT and TI crystals were observed. All PEKK materials grow in the form of spherulites having negative birefringence. The incorporation of isophthaloyl moieties is observed to increase the chain flexibility and decrease the rate of crystallization. The equilibrium melting temperatures of various PEKKs were estimated using the Hoffman-Weeks approach, and showed a linear correlation with the meta isomer content. In contrast to other poly(aryl ether ketone)s, a form 2 crystalline modification ( a = 0.393 nm, b = 0.575 nm and c = 1.016 nm) can be induced either by exposure to solvents or by cold crystallization. The two crystalline modifications differ from each other in the placement of the chains and, consequently, the interchain interactions.
Fertility in bitches artificially inseminated with extended, chilled semen

Abstract Sixteen bitches were artificially inseminated with either fresh, 24 h-chilled or 48 hchilled extended semen over 38 estrous cycles. A commercial system for extending, chilling and transporting semen commonly used in the equine industry was used. Pregnancy rates and litter sizes of the bitches inseminated with extended, chilled semen (19/20, 95%; litter size = 7.1) were not significantly different from those observed in bitches inseminated with fresh semen (17/18, 94%; litter size = 7.2; P ≥ 0.89). These results show that a commercial system for extending, chilling and transporting equine semen is an attractive and efficient method of shipping canine extended chilled semen.
Bring the NLACE model online using XSEDE and HUBzero

In this paper, we describe a "gateway as a service" approach to help researchers bring their applications online quickly and make them available for the broad user community. This approach builds on the HUBzero technology and leverages the XSEDE HPC resources. It enables individual scientists and small research groups to quickly develop, deploy, and share their applications online without having to learn web programming and the XSEDE system level software stacks. The cost of such approach for a small team would be significantly lower than building a science gateway from scratch and sustaining it in the long run. The applicability of this approach was demonstrated via an XSEDE Extended Collaborative Support Service (ECSS) project we have recently completed for developing a biomechanical imaging (BMI) gateway. Our team consists of ECSS staff from Purdue University and biomechanical imaging researchers from Boston University and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In the ECSS work, we were able to quickly develop an online tool for composing and executing NLACE model simulations on Gordon and visualizing the model output interactively using ParaView. The online tool runs on DiaGrid Hub (powered by HUBzero) with comprehensive support for job and workflow submission, tickets, content management, discussion forum, wiki, project, group, documentation, rating, citation, and usage tracking.
Identification and evaluation of priorities in the business process of a risk or safety organization

Abstract Agencies are increasingly following principles and guidelines for the coordination of risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication in large-scale programs. In particular, there is a challenge to comply with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) memorandum “Updated Principles for Risk Analysis” among other guidelines. This paper demonstrates a systemic approach to achieve compliance of a risk program with administrative and organizational principles and guidelines for risk analysis. The paper suggests three canonical questions as the mission of such a program: (i) what sources of risks are to be managed by the program, (ii) how should multiple risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication activities be administered and coordinated, and what should be the basis for resource allocation to these activities, and (iii) how will the performance of the program be monitored and evaluated. The paper demonstrates a re-prioritization of policy initiatives of the program based on emergent and future conditions. The approach is useful to agencies implementing risk or safety organizational guidelines such as those of the OMB, the US Government Accountability Office, the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Department of Defense, and others. This paper will be of interest to risk managers; agencies; and risk and safety analysts engaged in the conception, implementation, and evaluation of risk or safety programs.
Squeezing flows of polymeric liquids

An experimental study has been done on the flow of viscoelastic liquids squeezed between two flat parallel plates. In fast squeezes under a constant load, the plates did not come together as rapidly as predicted by inelastic fluid theory. Our experimental data suggest that this device is not generally useful as a viscometer.
Podocyte proliferation and differentiation in glomerular disease: role of cell-cycle regulatory proteins

Injury to the podocyte underlies many forms of glomerular disease. In contrast to mesangial and endothelial cells, podocytes do not typically proliferate. Moreover, the lack of proliferation is thought to underlie the development of glomerulosclerosis. Studies have recently shown that the lack of podocyte proliferation is due to an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which arrest the cell cycle. Current work is aimed at further delineating the mechanisms regulating podocyte proliferation.
Mediastinal vascular malformation presenting with stroke

The mediastinum is an uncommon location for vascular malformations. We describe an unusual case of a young patient with a large, extensive mediastinal vascular malformation and draining vein to the left atrium who presented with recurrent ischaemic episodes.
Long-term survival and development of dissociated parasympathetic neurons in culture.

Abstract Ciliary ganglion neurons from chick embryo were grown in cell culture following enzymatic and mechanical dissociation. The culture conditions necessary for long-term ( > 21day) survival of the isolated neurons were investigated. Neurons could be cultured with and without non-neural cells by adjusting the culture substrate. Chick embryo extract was found to be essential in the growth medium, and the inclusion of horse serum had an additional beneficial effect. Also, non-neural cells increased the survival of these neurons in culture. Thus, there appear to be several factors involved in the survival of these neurons in culture. Assay of choline acetyltransferase activity revealed a 100-fold increase in activity over the first two weeks in vitro, and the developmental pattern of the enzyme activity was initially similar to that seen in vivo. The cultured neurons also retained many of the electrophysiological properties of ganglionic neurons in vivo. These included normal resting transmembrane potential, action potential amplitude and an afterpotential. The passive membrane properties of the cultured neurons (membrane resistance, capacitance and time constant) differed somewhat from those of neurons in ganglia. These results suggest that if proper culture conditions are provided, these parasympathetic neurons adapt well to cell culture and develop many of the properties of normal ciliary ganglion neurons in vivo.
Effectiveness of gases in desulphurization of coal

Abstract The effect of air, steam and hydrogen on the desulphurization of 10 U.S. high-volatile bituminous coals was investigated. Air treatment was most effective at 450 °C where an average of 38% total sulphur, comprising 51% of the inorganic sulphur and 20% of the organic sulphur, was removed. With steam at 600 °C, 61% of the total sulphur, 87% of inorganic and 25% of organic was lost. Hydrogen was not effective below 850 °C, but at 900 °C 86% of the total sulphur was dispelled, i.e. 94% of the inorganic and 76% of the organic sulphur. Without oxidative pretreatment the sulphur was much more difficult to remove; after oxidative pretreatment at 300 °C for 10 min followed by treatment with hydrogen at 900 °C, as much sulphur was removed in 4 min as in 60 min without the pretreatment. With raw coal, heating under nitrogen ‘cooked-in’ or fixed some of the sulphur making it more difficult to remove with hydrogen; whereas following oxidative pretreatment, heating for up to 1 h did not lessen the reduction of sulphur with hydrogen. For temperature-swelling coals with large quantities of organic sulphur, heating at 300 °C in air followed by reduction with hydrogen at 900 °C appears to permit rapid discharge (3–10 min) of the organic as well as the inorganic sulphur, to produce a smokeless product with a CV (per unit of product) similar to the fuel value of the untreated coal.
A Front-Tracking Method for Dendritic Solidification

We present a front-tracking method to simulate time dependent two-dimensional dendritic solidification of pure substances. The method is based on a finite difference approximation of the heat equation and explicit tracking of the liquid?solid interface. Discontinuities in material properties between solid and liquid phases as well as topology changes and interfacial anisotropies are easily handled. The accuracy of the method is verified through comparison with exact solutions to a two-dimensional Stefan problem. Convergence under grid refinement is demonstrated for dendritic solidification problems. Experimentally observed complex dendritic structures such as liquid trapping, tip-splitting, side branching, and coarsening are reproduced. We also show that a small increase in the liquid to solid volumetric heat capacity ratio markedly increases the solid growth rate and interface instability.
Specific molecular targeting of renal injury in obstructive nephropathy

Progression of most renal disease involves tubulointerstitial injury, characterized by tubular atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β1 is central in this process. As reported by Moon et al. , molecular targeting of the transforming growth factor-β1 signaling pathway can markedly suppress renal injury resulting from unilateral ureteral obstruction, an established model of obstructive nephropathy. Specific kinase inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents to slow or attenuate progressive renal fibrosis.
The Use of Source Apportionment for Air Quality Management and Health Assessments

Receptor modeling is the application of data analysis methods to elicit information on the sources of air pollutants. Typically, it employs methods of solving the mixture resolution problem using chemical composition data for airborne particulate matter (PM) samples. In such cases, the outcome is the identification of the pollution source types and estimates of the contribution of each source type to the observed concentrations. Receptor modeling also involves efforts to identify the locations of the sources through the use of local meteorology or ensembles of air parcel back trajectories. Compositional data were collected in a number of monitoring programs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency deployed a network of urban airborne PM samplers to provide PM2.5 composition data for urban centers across the United States. In addition, advanced monitoring methods were deployed at “supersites.” These data show the differences in composition in different part of the country and were also used to identify an...
Participatory culture gets schooled: reflections on a digital literacies course

This paper is a course description of a Digital Literacies class offered to both undergraduate and graduate students at an American university. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to describe the pedagogical bones of this course, drawing upon theories of learning in a participatory culture, including a discussion of how, and where, the course fell short; and (2) to reflect upon the process of teaching this course while trying to involve students in substantial and meaningful ways, even though the author, as professor, retained the final say on grading. The author highlights specific course activities where students had significant input. Although this is not a report of a data-driven research project, students’ voices and thoughts play a significant role in this paper as they provided feedback on the implementation of this course.
Two-dimensional sheet based on C–H···N hydrogen bonds within an organic cocrystal: a crystallographic, spectroscopic and theoretical study

The cocrystal containing 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (4,4′-BPE) has been realised (TCNB)·(4,4′-BPE) 1. Compound 1 produces a two-dimensional sheet based on two different types of C–H···N hydrogen bonds. Each molecule within the cocrystal functions as both a donor and an acceptor of hydrogen bonds. Weak hydrogen bonds such as these, acting as the driving force to produce a polymeric assembly, are not investigated as frequently as stronger and more traditional O–H···O and O–H···N hydrogen bonds within multicomponent cocrystals. The existence of the different types of C–H···N hydrogen bonds was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as well as infrared spectroscopy. The overall interaction energies for both types of hydrogen bonds were determined by computational calculations at various levels of theory.
Double-stranded RNA regulation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts.

Abstract The double-stranded RNA molecule polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) has been found in some studies to have a mitogenic effect on fibroblast proliferation while other studies found poly IC to have an inhibitory effect on proliferation. In this study, we investigated whether a stabilized form of poly IC complexed with poly- l -lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly ICLC) had a bidirectional effect on DNA synthesis in fibroblasts from four different cell lines and determined factors that potentially influence this bidirectional effect. In medium containing fetal bovine serum, poly ICLC slightly increased the levels of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in growing fibroblasts in three of the four fibroblast cell lines tested, while poly ICLC increased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in confluent, quiescent fibroblasts in two of four cell lines. Poly ICLC did not induce DNA synthesis in subconfluent, quiescent or in confluent, quiescent fibroblasts under serum-free conditions. Poly ICLC significantly suppressed serum-induced [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation by quiescent fibroblasts in all cell lines. We conclude that the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of poly ICLC on DNA synthesis are influenced by both the cell line and the presence of serum components in the culture medium but not by population density.
A Raman Spectroscopic Investigation of Heteropolymolybdate Species in Aqueous Solution

Raman spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the pH-dependent decomposition of 12-molybdophosphoric acid, H3(PMo12O40), and 12-molybdosilicic acid, H4(SiMo12O40), in aqueous solution. The decomposition schemes involving several smaller polymeric molybdate species, proposed from indirect techniques such as electrochemistry, are confirmed. Identification of the species present in solution is made by comparison of the Raman spectra to the spectra of known species, except in the case of (PMo11O39)7−, for which the spectrum is reported for the first time.
Alzheimer's Disease Genetics: From the Bench to the Clinic

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with a strong genetic component. Several genes have been associated with AD risk for nearly 20 years. However, it was not until the recent technological advances that allow for the analysis of millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects that we have been able to advance our understanding of the genetic complexity of AD susceptibility. Genome-wide association studies and whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have revealed more than 20 loci associated with AD risk. These studies have provided insights into the molecular pathways that are altered in AD pathogenesis, which have, in turn, provided insight into novel therapeutic targets.
Optimal generation investment planning: Pt. 1: network equivalents

The requirements of a network equivalent to be used in new planning tools are very different from those used in traditional equivalencing procedures. For example, in the classical Ward equivalent, each generator in the external system is broken up into fractions. For newer long-term investment applications that take into account such things as greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations and generator availability, it is computationally impractical to model fractions of generators located at many buses. To overcome this limitation, a modified- Ward equivalencing scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme is applied to the entire Eastern Interconnection (EI) to obtain several backbone equivalents and these equivalents are tested for accuracy under a range of operating conditions. In a companion paper, the application of an equivalent developed by this procedure is used to perform optimal generation investment planning.
VASECTOMY WITH TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE

A retrospective study was made of 200 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. Half of these patients received bilateral vasectomies. The vasectomized patients had a 5-percent incidence of epididymitis as compared with a 2-percent incidence in the nonvasectomized patients. Vasectomy failed to provide adequate protection against postoperative epididymitis and cannot be recommended as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy.
Information Behaviors and Problem Chain Recognition Effect: Applying Situational Theory of Problem Solving in Organ Donation Issues

Identification of active subpopulations who are motivated to talk about, seek out, and select information about organ donation-related issues can improve health communicators' efficacy in increasing awareness of the shortage of organ and health donors. Using the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS), we segmented the general population into more meaningful subgroups (e.g., active, aware publics about an organ donation issue) and examined whether segmented public profiles could predict their likelihood of active information giving, taking, and selecting about donor shortage. We also tested whether those publics that are more active about the organ donation issue would recognize and be interested in other organ donation issues (e.g., shortage of bone marrow donors). Findings based on two survey data sets (N = 316 and N = 347) suggested that perceptual and motivation variables could predict the likelihood of information behaviors and further donation-related behavioral intentions. In addition, we fou...
A numerical and experimental study of batch sedimentation and viscous resuspension

A suspension of non-neutrally buoyant, large, nearly monodisperse spheres is studied both in batch sedimentation and in shear between concentric rotating cylinders. We apply a continuum constitutive equation based on the diffusive flux model augmented with buoyancy terms derived by Acrivos and coworkers and discretize the resulting equation set with the finite element method. We simulate batch sedimentation using this method and obtain a reasonable match with experiment. Next used two-dimensional NMR imaging to measure the evolution of solid fraction profiles in the same suspension undergoing flow between rotating concentric cylinders with two different initial conditions. Here, both gravity-induced and shear-induced particle migration are significant. Under these conditions, we have found that simulating the correct initial condition is critical to matching the experimental results. When this is done, the model results compare well with the experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Preliminary Bacteriological Study of Refrigerated Channel Catfish Sperm

.— This study was designed to simulate conditions encountered routinely during refrigerated storage of channel catfish sperm. Sperm samples were stored at 4 C in non-sterile and sterile Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). Non-sterile HBSS was prepared with distilled water stored for 2 wk in a plastic carboy prior to use. Observations were made on the frequency and abundance of bacteria in samples, and on changes in sperm motility and quality. Sperm samples stored in non-sterile HBSS had a complete loss of motility within 72 h. Samples maintained in sterile HBSS showed an initial decrease in motility between 48 and 72 h, and a complete loss of motility within 10 d. Quality of the sperm in each buffer decreased as motility decreased; morphologic changes and reduced motility of sperm were coincident with increased bacterial numbers. Bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar and Pseudomonas F agar (PFA) by spread-plating 10–μL aliquots from each sample onto bacteriologic media and incubating for 5 d. The dominant bacteria observed were members of the genus Pseudomonas, representing 67% of the total bacteria identified. The dominant pseudomonad (Pseudomonas sp.) cultured from sperm samples stored in sterile buffer produced caseinase, lecithinase, and was β-hemolytic, whereas the dominant bacteria (P. putida) cultured from samples stored in the non-sterile buffers did not. Highly motile pseudomonads, present in two samples stored in sterile buffer, colonized below the surface of the PFA media at 4 C. The attributes of the bacterial contaminants that likely contributed to the decrease in sperm quality were production of extracellular enzymes, consumption of oxygen, and a high level of motility. Potential sources of degradative bacteria were commensal flora of channel catfish and the water used in preparing the storage buffer.
On the area of intersection between two closed 2-D objects

Abstract The problem of extrema of the area of intersection between two 2-D closed objects is a subject of interest in industrial cloth manufacturing, toxic material storage in a work environment, large scale pesticide spraying in farms, and wildfire control in forests. The problem asks for the maximum and minimum of the area of intersection when a point on the boundary of one of the objects ( axis point ) rides on the boundary of the other with a fixed orientation to the edge on which it is riding ( riding edge ). The objects considered are: a convex polygon of size n and a circle, two convex polygons of sizes n and m , and two simple polygons of sizes n and m . An O ( n 2 ) time algorithm to locate the axis point on the boundary corresponding to the minimum of the area of intersection for the first case is presented. It is shown that for the case of the maximum area, the axis point can be located only using a numerical algorithm with a preset accuracy, except for some special cases. O ( n ( n + m )) time algorithms to locate the axis point corresponding to the extrema of the area of intersection of two convex polygons are presented. O ( n 2 m ) algorithms are established for the extrema of the area of intersection of two simple polygons.
Broad-spectrum aptamer inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase closely mimic natural substrates

A detailed understanding of how aptamers recognize biological binding partners is of considerable importance in the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics. For antiviral nucleic acid aptamers, current models predict a correlation between broad-spectrum inhibition of viral proteins and suppression of emerging viral resistance, but there is little understanding of how aptamer structures contribute to recognition specificity. We previously established that two independent single-stranded DNA aptamers, R1T and RT1t49(−5), are potent inhibitors of reverse transcriptases (RTs) from diverse branches of the primate lentiviral family, including HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV(cpz). In contrast, class 1 RNA pseudoknots, such as aptamer T1.1, are specific for RTs from only a few viral clades. Here, we map the binding interfaces of complexes formed between RT and aptamers R1T, RT1t49(−5) and T1.1, using mass spectrometry-based protein footprinting of RT and hydroxyl radical footprinting of the aptamers. These complementary methods reveal that the broad-spectrum aptamers make contacts throughout the primer-template binding cleft of RT. The double-stranded stems of these aptamers closely mimic natural substrates near the RNase H domain, while their binding within the polymerase domain significantly differs from RT substrates. These results inform our perspective on how sustained, broad-spectrum inhibition of RT can be achieved by aptamers.
Scholarship Reconsidered: Past, Present, and Future

THIS ISSUE OF ABOUT CAMPUS celebrates a milestone: 20 years of engaging conversation on student learning in the college environment. Likewise, another landmark publication is approaching a milestone worth celebrating. The year 2015 will mark the 25th anniversary of Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate by Ernest Boyer. Written by Boyer and his team at the Carnegie Foundation with then Senior Fellow Eugene Rice, Scholarship Reconsidered argued for coherence in the academy for the common good and sought to shift the paradigm of scholarship to value community, service, and teaching, in addition to original research. This enduring and seminal work in higher education has sold more than 35,000 copies since Jossey-Bass took over its publication in 1997 and has been cited over 6,675 times, according to Google Scholar. Rarely does such a work achieve these heights in both sales and citations. Beyond statistics, the ideas put forth by Scholarship Reconsidered remain at the forefront of conversations surrounding higher education reform in the United States. Its 25th anniversary provides an opportunity to explore, refl ect upon, and critique Boyer’s views and their impact on the academy, including their usefulness for future generations of higher education practitioners, policymakers, scholars, and graduate students. The Academy in the 1980s
Performance analysis of ATM switches under a multi mode traffic model

We present a new performance analysis method for input and output queueing switches, driven by imbalanced traffic processes, using a correlated G/G/1 queueing model. We construct a correlated G/G/1 queueing system to characterize the queueing behavior of the underlying switch. For this system, "messages" correspond to input traffic "modes". We derive the cell delay distribution and the cell blocking probability for the switch architectures under consideration. We also state stability conditions for the message processes served by the switches under consideration. For cell arrival processes which are deterministic within each mode, the analysis is exact.
Letter to the Editor---On Upper Bounds for the Number of Iterations in Solving Linear Programs

Comments on a note by T. L. Saaty “A Conjecture Concerning the Smallest Bound on the Iterations in Linear Programming,” Opns. Res., 11, 151--153 1963.
Spinal and vagal influences on the responses of rat solitary nucleus neurons to stimulation of uterus, cervix and vagina

Neurons in the rat solitary nucleus (NTS) respond to mechanical stimulation of the uterine horn, cervix and vagina [7]. The present study examined how these responses were affected by bilateral vagotomy and/or T10-T12 spinal transection for 12 single NTS neurons recorded in 12 rats anesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide. Spinal transections eliminated all responses. Vagotomies eliminated responses only to uterine horn stimulation and either reduced the excitatory or enhanced the inhibitory responses to cervix and vaginal stimuli. These results suggest that NTS neuronal responses to cervix and vaginal stimulation depend upon input from the spinal dorsal horn and are facilitated by vagal input, whereas responses to uterine horn stimulation may require both spinal and vagal input.
Protection of distributed generation (DG) interconnection

To mitigate the effects of the climate change by reducing the emission of CO² carbon dioxide and the use of fossil fuel generation, Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind power and Distributed Generation (DG) have been developed during the last decade. With the penetration of DG plants and the increase of two-way power flows at sub-transmission and distribution level, the need of adapting the network's stability and control principles has significantly increased. This has resulted into the progressive development of adequate grid codes setting some acceptable operational bandwidth for wind generators with regard to fault levels, power quality and supply stability. Penetration of DG and RES will continue for the next decades by also impacting the design and the operation of distribution and transmission systems, creating new challenges for protection engineers and system operators (no dispatchable or controllable generation). They introduce a fault current source that requires changes in the protection philosophy of distribution/transmission feeders and at the same time implementation of protection functions for the DG interconnection. The functionality of the DG interconnection protective IED can be divided in three main categories: ▪ Protection of the system from the impact of the distributed generator when a fault occurs on the distribution feeder ▪ Protection of the generator against system faults and unsynchronised auto-reclosure. ▪ Protection of the interconnection transformer when a fault occurs in it or on the secondary side After discussing the requirements for protection and protection related to the interconnection of distributed generators to the distribution and transmission systems, the paper describes the functionality of multifunctional relays that can be used to perform such functions. The paper analyzes the requirements for DG interconnection protection as defined in the IEEE standard P-1547 [1] and practices in different countries.
An orthogonal space-time coded CPM system with fast decoding for two transmit antennas

Trellis-coded space-time (TC-ST) coding for continuous-phase modulation (TC-ST-CPM) was recently proposed by Zhang and Fitz. In this paper, we propose an orthogonal space-time coding for CPM (OST-CPM) systems and two transmit antennas. In the proposed OST-CPM, signals from two transmit antennas at any time t are orthogonal while both of them have continuous phases. Similar to Alamouti's OST coding for phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) systems, the newly proposed OST-CPM has a fast decoding algorithm.
Phenology and flowering periodicity of neotropical dry forest species: evidence from herbarium collections.

To examine the potential contribution of herbarium material to the description and analysis of tropical tree phenology, flowering times and geographical distribution were graphed for 1673 flowering collections from 18 species native to Neotropical dry forests and phenological differences between species were analysed. These include the timing and duration of flowering as well as morphological differences such as flowering on leafless twigs vs flowering on shoots bearing old or new foliage. Species-specific flowering periods of herbarium collections are similar to those observed in phenological field studies, but are often longer because of the larger geographical and temporal sampling range. Conspecific collections of different geographical origin show distinct differences in flowering periodicity, which are correlated with differences in the timing and intensity of the dry season. Interspecific differences in the timing of phenology relative to the dry season indicate differences in the control of phenology by seasonal drought. Herbaria thus represent a large potential source of phenological information which can either supplement and extend phenological field studies or provide phenological information for dry forest species not studied in the field but well represented in herbarium collections.
Physical layer components, architectures and trends for agile photonic layer mesh networking

This presentation will review the devices and architectures of multi-degree optical mesh networks and discuss the emerging trends for further enhancing the flexibility and functionality of photonic transport systems.
Dynamic Tensile Characterization of a 4330-V Steel with Kolsky Bar Techniques

Dynamic tensile experimental techniques of high-strength alloys using a Kolsky tension bar implemented with pulse shaping and advanced analytical and diagnostic techniques have been developed. The issues that include minimizing abnormal stress peak, determining strain in specimen gage section, evaluating uniform deformation, as well as developing pulse shaping for constant strain rate and stress equilibrium have been addressed in this study to ensure valid experimental conditions and obtainment of reliable high-rate tensile stress–strain response of alloys with a Kolsky tension bar. The techniques were applied to characterize the tensile stress–strain response of a 4330-V steel at two high strain rates. Comparing these high-rate results with quasi-static data, the strain rate effect on the tensile stress–strain response of the 4330-V steel was determined. The 4330-V steel exhibits slight work-hardening behavior in tension and the tensile flow stress is significantly sensitive to strain rate.