cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Analysis of the Ubiquitination Kinetics of Multiple Degrons to Identify an Ideal Targeting Sequence for a Proteasome Reporter

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the primary pathway responsible for the recognition and degradation of misfolded, damaged, or tightly regulated proteins. The conjugation of a polyubiquitin chain, or polyubiquitination, to a target protein requires an increasingly diverse cascade of enzymes culminating with the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Protein recognition by an E3 ligase occurs through a specific sequence of amino acids, termed a degradation sequence or degron. Recently, degrons have been incorporated into novel reporters to monitor proteasome activity; however only a limited few degrons have successfully been incorporated into such reporters. The goal of this work was to evaluate the ubiquitination kinetics of a small library of portable degrons that could eventually be incorporated into novel single cell reporters to assess proteasome activity. After an intensive literary search, eight degrons were identified from proteins recognized by a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases and incorporated into a four component degron-based substrate to comparatively calculate ubiquitination kinetics. The mechanism of placement of multiple ubiquitins on the different degron-based substrates was assessed by comparing the data to computational models incorporating first order reaction kinetics using either multi-monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination of the degron-based substrates. A subset of three degrons was further characterized to determine the importance of the location and proximity of the ubiquitination site lysine with respect to the degron. Ultimately, this work identified three candidate portable degrons that exhibit a higher rate of ubiquitination compared to peptidase-dependent degradation, a desired trait for a proteasomal targeting motif.
Predicting Negative Outcomes of Sexuality Using the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory

Abstract The purpose of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI) and its relations with sexual behaviors and their outcomes. Data were collected from 390 young adults. Results indicated high levels of internal consistency for the CSBI (a = .87) and acceptable levels of construct and criterion-related validity. Forward stepwise logistic regression analyses suggest that the CSBI was capable of predicting negative outcomes and unprotected. The CSBI appears to hold great potential for use in sexual health programs focusing on young adults.
Chirality And Hierarchy In Cellular Structures

A comprehensive analytical and numerical study on the elastic response of a series of novel 2D cellular structures including chiral, anti-chiral, and hierarchical honeycombs with square, and hexagonal unit cells are performed. The elastic properties of the cellular lattices are obtained through the energy method. The method leads to closed-form relations for the elastic response of the structures under general 2D state of stress. The work provides insight into the effect of structural organization (chirality and hierarchy) in regulating the mechanical behavior of materials, and new opportunities for developing low-weight cellular structures. Keywords: chirality, structural hierarchy, honeycombs, cellular structures.
Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals. VII. Disposition of sulfathiazole in tissue, urine, and plasma of swine following intravenous administration

The tissue, urine, and plasma concentrations of sulfathiazole were determined at various times following intravenous administration to 15 swine. The average plasma and urine data were found to fit a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model-with a biological half-life of 2.6 hr and a total apparent volume of distribution of 0.625 liter/ kg body weight. The second compartment was found to be “shallow”;that is, the apparent volume of the second compartment was only 23% of the central compartment. Sulfathiazole was eliminated by excretion of unchanged drug into urine (48%) and formation of an acetyl metabolite (19%). Twelve of the swine appeared to be divided into six “rapid” and six “slow” acetylators. The data obtained from seven tissue sites paralleled the plasma concentration and confirmed that tissue residues of sulfathiazole can be calculated from plasma and/or urine concentrations of the drug.
The phosphorylation of membranal proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum during development.

The pattern of membranal phosphoproteins in Dictyostelium discoideum changes during development (D. S. Coffman, B. H. Leichtling, and H. V. Rickenberg, 1981, J. Supramol. Struct. Cell. Biochem. 15, 369–385). Phosphorylation of six membranal proteins occurred concomitantly with their synthesis. Cyclic AMP stimulated the precocious synthesis of a phosphoprotein, of molecular weight 80,000, which corresponds to contact sites A. Phosphoserine was the only phosphorylated amino acid found in the five phosphoproteins examined. In at least two phosphoproteins, that corresponding to contact sites A and a phosphoprotein of molecular weight 64,000, the phosphate moiety did not turn over.
Comparison of the I-E Scale and a Specific Locus of Control Measure in Predicting Risk-Taking Behavior under Novel Task Conditions

The predictive efficiency of the I-E scale and a specific locus of control measure were compared in a study of the risk-taking behavior of 160 subjects who participated in a novel task. Contrary to Rotter's (1975) predictions, the I-E scale did not demonstrate greater efficiency than the specific locus of control measure in predicting behavior on this novel task.
Examining Local Coastal Zone Management Capacity in U.S. Pacific Coastal Counties

The coastal zone has critical natural, commercial, recreational, ecological, industrial, and esthetic values for current and future generations. Thus, there are increasing pressures from population growth and coastal land development. Local coastal land use planning plays an important role in implementing the U.S. Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) by establishing goals and performance policies for addressing critical coastal issues. This study extends the CZMA Performance Measurement System from the national level to the local land use level by measuring coastal zone land use plan quality and political context in fifty-three Pacific coastal counties. Plan quality is measured using an evaluation protocol defined by five components and sixty-eight indicators. The results indicate a reasonable correspondence between national goals and local coastal zone land use planning goals, but a slight gap might exist between the national/state versus local levels in the overall effectiveness of coastal zone management...
Bottom-up tissue engineering

Recapitulating the elegant structures formed during development is an extreme synthetic and biological challenge. Great progress has been made in developing materials to support transplanted cells, yet the complexity of tissues is far beyond that found in even the most advanced scaffolds. Self-assembly is a motif used in development and a route for the production of complex materials. Self-assembly of peptides, proteins and other molecules at the nanoscale is promising, but in addition, intriguing ideas are emerging for self-assembly of micron-scale structures. In this brief review, very recent advances in the assembly of micron-scale cell aggregates and microgels will be described and discussed.
Continuing worldwide increase in tropospheric methane, 1978 to 1987.

The average worldwide tropospheric mixing ratio of methane has increased by 11 percent from 1.52 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in January 1978 to 1.684 ppmv in September 1987, for an increment of 0.016 + or - 0.001 ppmv per year. Within the limits of the present measurements, the global tropospheric mixing ratio for methane over the past decade is consistent either with a linear growth rate of 0.016 + or - 0.001 ppmv per year or with a slight lessening of the rate of growth over the past 5 years. No indications were found of an effect of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation-El Chichon events of 1982-83 on total global methane, although severe reductions were reported in the Pacific Northwest during that time period.The growth in tropospheric methane may have increased the water concentration in the stratosphere by as much as 28 percent since the 1940s and 45 percent over the past two centuries and thus could have increased the mass of precipitable water available for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.
Encryption and Secure Computer Networks

There is increasing growth in the number of computer networks in use and in the kinds of distributed computing applications available on these networks This increase, together with concern about privacy, security, and integrity of information exchange, has created considerable interest in the use of encryptlon to protect information in the networks This survey is directed at the reader who ts knowledgeable about varmus network designs and who now wishes to consider incorporating encryption methods into these designs. It is also directed at developers of encryption algorithms who wish to understand the characteristics of such algorithms useful in network applications. Key management, network encryption protocols, digital signatures, and the utility of conventionalor public-key encryptlon methods are each discussed. A case study of how encryption was integrated into an actual network, the Arpanet, illustrates many issues present m the design of a network encryption facdity.
Sedimentation behavior of serum lactic dehydrogenase.

SummaryLactic dehydrogenase from serum of an apparently health}7 individual, sera from two patients with myelogenous leukemia, and lysed erythrocytes behaved as an essentially monodisperse compound, sedimenting at a rate which is in good agreement with that reported for the crystalline enzyme obtained from other sources. It will be necessary to employ other methods to determine conclusively whether serum LDH activity is attributable to one or more components.
Transcription Activation by Escherichia coli Rob at Class II Promoters: Protein–Protein Interactions between Rob's N-Terminal Domain and the σ70 Subunit of RNA Polymerase

Bacterial transcription activators regulate transcription by making essential protein-protein interactions with RNA polymerase, for example, with region 4 of the σ(70) subunit (σ(70) R4). Rob, SoxS, and MarA comprise a closely related subset of members of the AraC/XylS family of transcription factors that activate transcription of both class I and class II promoters. Recently, we showed that interactions between SoxS and σ(70) R4 occlude the binding of σ(70) R4 to the -35 promoter element of class II promoters. Although Rob shares many similarities with SoxS, it contains a C-terminal domain (CTD) that the other paralogs do not. Thus, a goal of this study was to determine whether Rob makes protein-protein interactions with σ(70) R4 at class II promoters and, if so, whether the interactions occlude the binding of σ(70) R4 to the -35 hexamer despite the presence of the CTD. We found that although Rob makes fewer interactions with σ(70) R4 than SoxS, the two proteins make the same, unusual, position-dependent interactions. Importantly, we found that Rob occludes σ(70) R4 from binding the -35 hexamer, just as does SoxS. Thus, the CTD does not substantially alter the way Rob interacts with σ(70) R4 at class II promoters. Moreover, in contrast to inferences drawn from the co-crystal structure of Rob bound to robbox DNA, which showed that only one of Rob's dual helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA binding motifs binds a recognition element of the promoter's robbox, we determined that the two HTH motifs each bind a recognition element in vivo.
The association of fixed and dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction.

Abstract Twelve patients were investigated echocardiographically and angiographically and were shown to have severe fixed obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract. Eight had valvular stenosis, and four had discrete subvalvular membranes. Two of the patients had additional dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. This was recognized preoperatively by echocardiography because of abnormal systolic motion of the mitral leaflet. At the time of definitive surgery for relief of the fixed obstruction, the additional dynamic obstruction was identified and treated, since persistent residual obstruction may lead to death in the immediate postoperative period or to long-term symptoms. The dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction is probably a result of the hypertrophy produced by the fixed obstruction.
CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT HUMANS FED CELLULOSE OR HEMICELLULOSE SUPPLEMENTS

The object of the study was to determine the effect of graded levels of two types of dietary. fiber on calcium and magnesium utilization by adolescent boys and girls. The 21-day study was divided into a l-day introductory nitrogen depletion period, a 2-day adjustment period and three 6-day randomly arranged experimental periods. During the three experimental periods, the eleven adolescent boys and girls and one young adult woman received a basal diet plus 10g or 20g of cellulose or 10 or 20g of hemicellulose supplements. The subjects were divided into two groups of six subjects each. Calcium and magnesium contents of food, feces, urine and blood serum were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistically significant changes in urinary mineral loss and increases in serum values were demonstrated. While receiving the basal diet alone or plus log cellulose, 20g cellulose, or no fiber, log hemicellulose or 20g hemicellulose, mean urinary calcium excretions (mg/subject/day) were 75.14, 83.14, 76.33, 70.48, 66.64 and 87.58, respectively. During the pre-study and while receiving the basal diet alone, 10g cellulose, 20g cellulose or during the pre-study, no fiber, 10g hemicellulose and 20g hemicellulose supplement, mean magnesium serum values (mcg/subject/dl) were 2.045, 1.938, 1.906, 1.940, 1.995, 1.976, 1.879 and 1.922, respectively.
An experimenter's perspective on validating codes and models with experiments having shock-accelerated fluid interfaces

In describing several science experiments used to validate applications of codes at Los Alamos National Laboratory, we offer an experimenter's perspective on this process within the context of the US Stockpile Stewardship Program. The validation experiments we describe validate particular models and algorithms that may be used in weapons codes. Code validation at Los Alamos National Laboratory has changed with the cessation of underground nuclear weapons testing (UGT). The US is now committed to stewardship of the nuclear weapons stockpile without full-scale testing, so small-scale experiments validate code modules that are candidate improvements to weapons codes. An essential module of a weapons code is fluid dynamics. This article discusses several experiments designed to validate the capability of a fluid simulation code - called a hydrocode - to calculate the complex flow of a fluid interface accelerated by a shock wave.
THEORY OF THIN LAYER PHOTOACOUSTIC CELLS FOR DETERMINATION OF VOLUME CHANGES IN SOLUTION

The wave equation for the photoacoustic effect generated by heat deposition and molecular volume change is solved for a one-dimensional geometry for the case of excitation of a single molecular electronic state that decays to the ground state exponentially in time. The solution for a uniformly illuminated, infinite layer of fluid in contact with two infinite fluid or solid half-spaces, corresponding to a recently developed experimental geometry for generation of the photoacoustic effect is given. The solutions show the effects of finite decay of the excited state and of reflections at the interfaces.
Issues and problems in Alzheimer's disease registry development

The case registry is a system for recording, storing, and updating standardized information about all individuals who acquire a particular disease or class of disorders from a specified date onwards. It may contain personal, familial, social, clinical, and genetic information. To be most informative, cases should be culled from a precisely defined geographical or administrative area.Registries produce cumulative, chronologically oriented records about people for epidemiologic and other research as well as statistics for health services planning.The historical development of case registers for cancer, congenital defects, psychiatric conditions, and other disorders has illustrated the diverse, often multipurpose functions that they may serve. Registries are, or can be, populationbased sampling frames for both retrospective and longitudinal studies, and statistical databases.Creating a registry involves addressing six common problems and issues: 1) defining objectives; 2) determining scope of coverage of pop...
Insulin Resistance in Women’s Health: Why It Matters and How to Identify It

Purpose of reviewTo examine the significance of insulin resistance in women's health and review methods for diagnosing it.Recent findingsClinical phenotypes in conjunction with standard clinical biochemical assays, that is, the metabolic syndrome, remain the key method to diagnose insulin resistance
The Behavior Problems Inventory: Reliability and Factor Validity in Institutionalized Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Background The aim of this study was to reevaluate the reliability (internal consistency, inter-rater and re-test) and the factor structure of the Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) with adults with intellectual disabilities who resided in a state-run developmental centre. Methods BPI-01 was administered to informants who had known participants for a minimum of 6 months. For study 1, data were collected in two samples: 100 residents who were selected based on the challenging behaviour targeted in their behaviour treatment plan and 325 randomly selected residents. Results The internal consistencies of the BPI-01 subscales were in the good to excellent range. Overall, the inter-rater and test–re-test reliability of the subscales and items were adequate with relatively lower reliability found for the Stereotypy subscale and items. For study 2, the data of the 425 participants from study 1 were used in a confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated that three a priori BPI-01 subscales (Self-Injurious Behavior, Stereotyped Behavior and Aggression/Destruction) were a reasonable fit. Conclusions The current study provides additional support to the reliability and factor structure of the BPI-01 in adults with intellectual disabilities.
Individual differences in magnitude estimation of loudness

Twenty-two male and female subjects, aged 15 to 31 years, participated in two sessions, 11 weeks apart, of magnitude estimations of loudness. Stable individual differences in the exponent of the psychophysical power law, ψ=kϕn, were shown. The correlation between subjects’ exponents of the first and second sessions was +.59. The generality of these findings and the origin of the individual differences were discussed.
NMR studies and rotational isomerism in fluoroacetones I. Trifluoroacetones

Abstract The compounds 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone,1,1,1,3-tetrafluoroacetone,1,1,1-trifluoro-3-chloroacetone, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-bromoacetone, 1,1,1-trifluoro-3,3-dibromoacetone, 1-fluoro-l-chloroacetone, 1-fluoro-3-chloroacetone, and 3-fluorobutan-2-one were prepared and solvent effects on their NMR parameters, as well as those of pentafluoroacetone, were investigated. The NMR parameters discussed are the proton and fluorine chemical shifts and the 2 J HF , 3 J HH , 3 J HF , 4 J HF , and 4JFF, where available. It was found that the proton chemical shift and the 2JHF and 4JHF give the most valuable structural information, at least qualitatively. Fluorine chemical shifts, because of the importance of the paramagnetic term in their shift Hamiltonian, failed to give easily understood correlations with conformation. A variable temperature study of the proton chemical shifts of all but the first of the compounds listed above was carried out to ascertain the relative populations of the stable conformers of these molecules and to obtain the chemical shifts of the isolated conformers along with the thermodynamic parameters of the interconversion. From the obtained populations, the 4JHF of the isolated conformers were obtained.
Angiogenins: a new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity

Although angiogenins have been implicated in tumor-associated angiogenesis, their normal physiologic function remains unclear. We show that a previously uncharacterized angiogenin, Ang4, is produced by mouse Paneth cells, is secreted into the gut lumen and has bactericidal activity against intestinal microbes. Ang4 expression is induced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a predominant member of the gut microflora, revealing a mechanism whereby intestinal commensal bacteria influence gut microbial ecology and shape innate immunity. Furthermore, mouse Ang1 and human angiogenin, circulating proteins induced during inflammation, exhibit microbicidal activity against systemic bacterial and fungal pathogens, suggesting that they contribute to systemic responses to infection. These results establish angiogenins as a family of endogenous antimicrobial proteins.
Single particle aerodynamic relaxation time analyzer

An instrument employing a laser Doppler velocimeter and a microphone to measure the phase lag of the motion of aerosol particulates relative to the motion of the fluid medium within an acoustic field is described. The relaxation times and aerodynamic diameters of the particles or droplets are determined in real time from the measured values of phase lag; thus, the size analysis is independent of the electrostatic charges and refractive indices of the particulates. The instrument is suitable for analyzing the aerodynamic size spectrum of atmospheric particulate pollutants with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 μm.
My families and other animals

Reflections of Eden: My Life with the Orangutans of Borneo. ByBirute M. F. Galdikas. Little, Brown/Gollancz: 1995. Pp. 408. $24.95, £16.99.
Assessing Delayed Effects of a Multi-Site System Intervention for Homeless Persons with Serious Mental Illness

ACCESS demonstration sites were followed for an additional two years beyond the scheduled four-year evaluation to assess whether any delayed effects had occurred in system and project integration. For system integration, findings indicate that there was a sharp increase between Wave 3 (1998) and Wave 4 (2000), but experimental and comparison sites had identical trends. For project integration, experimental sites at Wave 4 sustained the high level of integration achieved at Wave 3, but the comparison sites achieved the same level as the experimental sites at Wave 4, through an abrupt increase in their scores. The absence of delayed effects is likely due to diffusion of the interventions to comparison sites both in the latter stages of the demonstration and immediately afterwards. Further, aggressive lobbying on the part of ACCESS program managers to generate local and state support to sustain their services following the termination of federal funding, had an integrating effect thereby creating linkages among comparison site agencies. Implications of these findings for policy and further research are highlighted.
Fast, comprehensive online two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography through the use of high temperature ultra-fast gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Abstract A new approach to high speed, comprehensive online dual gradient elution 2DLC (LC × LC) based on the use of ultra-fast, high temperature gradient elution reversed phase chromatography is described. Entirely conventional gradient elution instrumentation and columns are assembled in a system which develops a total peak capacity of about 900 in 25 min; this is equivalent to roughly one peak/2 s. Each second dimension gradient is done in a cycle time of 21 s and the peak retention times measured for a set of twenty six indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) derivatives are reproducible to 0.2 s. Each peak eluting from the first dimension column is sampled at least twice across its width, as the corresponding peaks on the second dimension column appear in two or three consecutive second dimension chromatograms, clearly indicating that there is little loss in the resolution gained in the first dimension separation. Application to the separation of the low molecular weight components of wild-type and mutant maize seedlings indicates the presence of about 100 peaks on a timescale of 25 min. Compelling illustrations of the analytical potential of fast, high temperature 2DLC are evident in the clear presence of nine distinct peaks in a single second dimension chromatogram from a single quite narrow first dimension peak, and the great power of 2DLC to solve the “analytic dynamic range” problem inherent in the measurement of small peaks that are neighbors to a gigantic peak.
Why do people hate spyware

Few people or corporations believe spyware is beneficial to the computing experience, but this issue has not been well studied [6]. This assertion is based on the trade press and countless Internet sites providing numerous articles and stories that mention slow Internet connections [5], slow computer processing [3], or privacy concerns [1], among many other reasons. To examine the reasons for this concern beyond anecdotes, a survey was conducted to empirically identify the rhetoric and the reasoning behind users' disgust of spyware.
The spectra of helium-like ions in laser-produced plasmas☆

Abstract We calculate intensities of lines arising from the n = 2 and n = 3 levels of highly-charged, helium-like ions in very dense plasmas. We determine the importance of recombination and cascading, and of radiation trapping, on certain line-intensity ratios, and we illustrate the relevance of these calculations to laser-plasma diagnostics. Finally, we outline the pitfalls inherent, at very high densities, in some other techniques commonly used to interpret plasma spectra.
Comparison between the polarized Fourier-transform infrared spectra of aged porous silicon and amorphous silicon dioxide films on Si (100) surface

Abstract The s- and p-polarized Fourier transform infrared spectra were measured for an aged porous silicon (PS) film on Si (100) surface. The asymmetric stretching and symmetric stretching modes as well as the bending or rocking mode of the Si–O–Si group are studied. The deconvoluted spectra in Si–O–Si asymmetric stretching frequency region at different polarization directions show two pairs of vibrational modes, and can be assigned to the longitudinal-optic (LO) and transverse-optic (TO) pair of the corresponding vibrational modes. The smaller LO–TO pair splitting, the broader bandwidth, and the lower polarization ratio of the PS vibration bands as compared with those observed in an a-SiO 2 film on Si wafer, suggest a less ordered SiO 2 structure and a shorter range of coulombic interaction in PS.
Recurring Diffuse Annular Erythematous Plaques in a Newborn

A newborn female infant presented with an asymptomatic eruption that first began on her fifth day of life. The lesions developed over a 24-hour period, lasted for approximately 3 to 6 weeks before spontaneously resolving, and recurred several days later. When the patient was treated with prednisone by her primary physician for an upper respiratory tract infection, her lesions quickly cleared, only to recur a few days after stopping treatment with the medication. The infant was otherwise healthy with normal growth and development, and no household contacts were experiencing any eruptions or pruritus. Skin examination revealed discrete, annular, erythematous plaques with raised borders and central clearing on the infant’s chest, arms, and neck (Figure, A). At follow-up, it was found that the previous lesions had resolved completely without scarring or residual hyperpigmentation, and new lesions of variable size had developed on her scalp, neck, arms, vulva, and trunk (Figure, B). Results of a complete blood cell count with differential, peripheral smear, complete metabolic panel, and assays for C-reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, anti–double-stranded DNA antibody, anti-SSA, and anti-SSB autoantibodies were all normal. A punch biopsy was performed of a representative lesion of her left medial arm (Figure, C and D).
Understanding syndromic hotspots - a visual analytics approach

When analyzing syndromic surveillance data, health care officials look for areas with unusually high cases of syndromes. Unfortunately, many outbreaks are difficult to detect because their signal is obscured by the statistical noise. Consequently, many detection algorithms have a high false positive rate. While many false alerts can be easily filtered by trained epidemiologists, others require health officials to drill down into the data, analyzing specific segments of the population and historical trends over time and space. Furthermore, the ability to accurately recognize meaningful patterns in the data becomes more challenging as these data sources increase in volume and complexity. To facilitate more accurate and efficient event detection, we have created a visual analytics tool that provides analysts with linked geo-spatiotemporal and statistical analytic views. We model syndromic hotspots by applying a kernel density estimation on the population sample. When an analyst selects a syndromic hotspot, temporal statistical graphs of the hotspot are created. Similarly, regions in the statistical plots may be selected to generate geospatial features specific to the current time period. Demographic filtering can then be combined to determine if certain populations are more affected than others. These tools allow analysts to perform real-time hypothesis testing and evaluation.
Genetic Counseling for Pediatricians Dealing With Newborns

We have assessed the frequency of hereditary disorders identified in the first 5 days of life among 12,000 newborn infants. There were no affected relatives in 84% of the families with infants with genetic disorders. This indicates that the pediatrician usually must evaluate and counsel for affected infants in the absence of a history of affected relatives. This experience underscores the necessity of recognizing in the affected infant alone those conditions that are due to single mutant genes, multifactorial inheritance and chromosome abnormalities. Among these infants the most commonly recognized hereditary disorders were congenital malformations. Those due to multifactorial inheritance occurred in 0.5% of infants, the most common being neural tube defects, cardiac anomalies, hip dislocation, cleft lip and palate and club foot. 0.4% of newborns had malformations due to single mutant genes. 0.1% had chromosome abnormalities recognizable by physical examination. In this study only 2 infants had recognizable metabolic disorders, both the adrenogenital syndrome. Programs studying each newborn for unsuspected metabolic and chromosome abnormalities showed an additional 10 affected infants (0.1%). Our experience has shown it is equally important to provide counseling for parents with an abnormal child for which no genetic cause is evident.
A study of the workspace of five-bar closed loop manipulator

Abstract A systematic procedure is developed to identify the manipulation boundary and to characterize the workspace of a five-bar manipulator. This is done by partitioning the joint coordinates into a dependent and independent set. The expression for the coordinates of the wrist in terms of joint coordinates is derived. By using the Implicit Function Theorem, it is shown that the jacobian of these coordinates with respect to independent joint coordinates vanishes at the boundary. Explicit form of the condition for vanishing jacobian is derived for five-bar manipulators. These conditions are used to identify the workspace. Sub-region of workspace where four, two, and no solution exists are identified.
Abstract 3260: Primary cilia are lost early in prostate cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Prostate cancer is the most prominently diagnosed cancer in men, aside from non-melanoma skin cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in men in the U.S. Little is known about the role of primary cilia in prostate cancer progression, so our goal is to elucidate this role. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles present on many mammalian cell types and help the cell sense the extracellular environment. Various signaling pathways important in development involve primary cilia, such as the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wingless/Int (Wnt) pathways, and these pathways are known to be misregulated in prostate cancer. Dysfunction of primary cilia is the cause of numerous ciliopathies, such as polycystic kidney disease and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and has been linked to cancers, like basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. We hypothesize that primary cilia suppress prostate tumorigenesis, and cilia loss promotes prostate cancer by altering cell signaling pathways like Hh and canonical Wnt. To test this hypothesis, we looked in human prostate cancers at cilia, Hh and canonical Wnt signaling. Human prostate tissue from prostate cancer patients was stained for ciliary proteins (acetylated and gamma tubulin). The expressions of these proteins were analyzed using confocal microscopy and compared between adjacent normal, hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), malignant and perineural invasion areas of each patient's tissue. As a control, normal prostate tissue from bladder cancer patients who underwent prostatectomies as part of treatment was used. A marked decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells in cancer and PIN was observed compared to normal prostate tissue. Higher grade cancer (Gleason sum α7) also had fewer cilia than lower grade (Gleason sum = 6). We are currently investigating Hh and canonical Wnt signaling activity in serial sections of the tissue used to analyze primary cilia. The expressions of Beta-Catenin, a protein used to measure canonical Wnt signaling activity, and Gli1, a transcription factor used as a readout of Hh activity, are being analyzed based on expression levels and localization within the cell, and correlated to primary cilia data. Thus far, our results suggest a role of primary cilia in promoting prostate cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3260. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3260
Phonological Processing and the Role of Strategy in Silent Reading: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

To examine the contribution of phonological processing in silent reading, 51 native English speakers made decisions about targets presented either in word pairs or in sentences. The target words were homophonically (plain-plane), orthographically (plane-place), or semantically (plane-jet) related. N200 was enhanced only to homophonic targets, suggesting the use of phonological information in silent reading. Memory load did not affect the N200 amplitude. N400 was enhanced to all semantically incongruent words and was larger in the word pair condition. Reaction times were influenced by both experimental condition and target relationships; homophonic stimuli elicited the fastest RTs in the word pair condition and the slowest RTs in the sentence condition, suggesting the use of different strategies. Thus, ERP components and behavioral responses registered different aspects of language processing.
Psychologists' Experiences of Grief after Client Suicide: A Qualitative Study

Six clinical psychologists were interviewed regarding their experiences with client suicide. Interviewee's responses offered the following insights: (a) all their experiences met the criteria for prolonged grief; (b) the respective work settings significantly influenced the clinician's recovery process; and (c) male clinicians (in contrast to female respondents) reported no personal impact from the client's suicide. Finally and surprisingly, all participating psychologists did not question their clinical skills after the suicide, citing rather their understanding of the client's choice to suicide being outside of their control. Implications for clinical training, practice, and research are addressed.
Multiple Cranial Nerve Deficits After Ethylene Glycol Poisoning

We report the cases of two patients who developed cranial nerve palsies after drinking ethylene glycol. A 33-year-old man developed multiple cranial nerve deficits nine days after the ingestion of ethylene glycol in a suicide attempt. Clinical findings included profound bilateral cranial nerve VII palsies and severe dysfunction of cranial nerves IX and X. The neuropathy occurred despite treatment with hemodialysis. The dysphagia completely cleared within two weeks, but at six months a severe bilateral cranial nerve VII dysfunction persisted. A 22-year-old man undergoing hemodialysis for ethylene glycol-induced renal failure developed bilateral cranial nerve VII dysfunction 14 days after ingestion. At a three-month follow-up, the patient demonstrated only moderate functional recovery. The etiology of the cranial nerve deficits is unknown but may be related to oxalate crystal deposition or ethylene glycol-induced pyridoxine dysfunction.
Chimeric Drift in Allophenic Mice

Summary The composition of the immune system of 33 allophenic mice of four different types [C57BL/6 ↔ DBA/l, C57BL/6 ↔ (CBA×CBA/H-T6), C57BL/6 ↔ (A×SJL), DBA/1 ↔ (CBA×CBA/H-T6)] was studied. It was found that the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells changed significantly during a two-month interval in 11/33 or 33% of the mice studied. This phenomenon has been termed chimeric drift. The animals were sacrificed between 9 and 16 months of age, and the parental composition of the peripheral white blood cells, spleen white blood cells, and thymocytes was determined on the day of sacrifice. It was found that the peripheral white blood cell and spleen white blood cell compositions showed a high degree of correlation. However 8/33 or 24% of the mice studied showed discordance of the spleen and thymocyte cell populations. Seven of the 8 mice which showed spleen-thymocyte discordance, had also shown evidence of chimeric drift earlier in their lives. We suggest that this is evidence that chimeric drift may have an immunological basis.
Dynamic finite element analysis of laminated beams with delamination cracks using contact-impact conditions

A new finite element modeling technique is presented to investigate the static and dynamic behavior of laminated composite beams with partial delamination. In this study, a recently developed rectangular beam element is used. The element has lateral and axial displacements as degrees of freedom, but not rotation. For simplicity, linear shape functions are used for the beam element. As a result, the element has six degrees of freedom, four of which are the axial nodal displacements at the corner points and the other two are the lateral displacments at the ends. In addition, contact-impact conditions are applied to the finite element modeling to avoid overlapping of the upper and lower portions of a delaminated section. The numerical study shows that, depending on existence of an embedded delamination crack and its size, the response is different for a beam with a crack and subjected to a short impulse load. Hence, the present modeling technique may be used for detection of an embedded delamination crack.
Atomic collision processes in solids and gases at ultrarelativistic energies

Abstract At ultrarelativistic energies, we encounter unusual phenomena which control electron capture and loss and which contribute to the stopping power of ions. Electron capture becomes dominated by capture from electron–positron pairs, projectile-ionization cross-sections saturate as the “maximum” impact parameter exceeds the Thomas–Fermi radius of a neutral target atom and the stopping power is reduced when the wavelength of the target electron with respect to the moving ion approaches nuclear size.
Production of nitrous oxide in the auroral D and E regions

A study of nitrous oxide formation mechanisms indicates that N2O concentrations greater than 10 to the 9th per cu cm could be produced in IBC III aurora or by lower-level activity lasting for many hours, and, in favorable conditions, the N2O concentration could exceed the local nitric oxide density. An upper limit on the globally averaged N2O production rate from auroral activity is estimated at 2 x 10 to the 27th per second.
Nitrogen-15 partitioning within a three generation tiller sequence of the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium : response to selective defoliation

Nitrogen partitioning among three generations of tillers within the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens was investigated in a controlled environment as a potential mechanism of herbivory tolerance. Nitrogen-15 was transported from the labelled primary tiller generation to both shoots and roots of nondefoliated secondary and tertiary tiller generations within 24 h. Partial defoliation increased shoot nitrogen concentration of secondary and tertiary generation tillers by 110 and 120%, respectively, 24 h following defoliation. Shoot nitrogen concentration was preferentially increased by partial defoliation of tertiary generation tillers throughout the 120 h experimental period, but diminished to concentrations comparable to nondefoliated tillers within shoots of the secondary generation at 72 h. In contrast to nitrogen concentration, the total amount of nitrogen imported by secondary and tertiary generation tillers decreased 62 and 73%, respectively, 24 h following partial defoliation and did not attain values comparable to respective nondefoliated tillers. Consequently, preferential nitrogen concentration occurred in response to partial tiller defoliation without an increase in total nitrogen import based on the reduction in the total nitrogen requirement per tiller generation associated with defoliation. Estimates of both the total amount of nitrogen import and nitrogen concentration are necessary to accurately interpret the dynamics of intertiller nitrogen allocation.
THE POLITICS OF RELIGION IN AMERICA Issues for Investigation

This article seeks (1) to bring some coherence to a growing, but rather disparate, volume of “religion and politics” research, and (2) to chart some directions for future research. Given the vast nature of the field of inquiry, the focus of the discussion is limited specifically to behavioral studies of the role of religion in American political life.
Quantifying the effectiveness of load balance algorithms

Load balance is critical for performance in large parallel applications. An imbalance on today's fastest supercomputers can force hundreds of thousands of cores to idle, and on future exascale machines this cost will increase by over a factor of a thousand. Improving load balance requires a detailed understanding of the amount of computational load per process and an application's simulated domain, but no existing metrics sufficiently account for both factors. Current load balance mechanisms are often integrated into applications and make implicit assumptions about the load. Some strategies place the burden of providing accurate load information, including the decision on when to balance, on the application. Existing application-independent mechanisms simply measure the application load without any knowledge of application elements, which limits them to identifying imbalance without correcting it.Our novel load model couples abstract application information with scalable measurements to derive accurate and actionable load metrics. Using these metrics, we develop a cost model for correcting load imbalance. Our model enables comparisons of the effectiveness of load balancing algorithms in any specific imbalance scenario. Our model correctly selects the algorithm that achieves the lowest runtime in up to 96% of the cases, and can achieve a 19% gain over selecting a single balancing algorithm for all cases.
Metabolism of bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine or 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine to carcinogenic aromatic amines in the dog and rat.

A series of bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from benzidine, 3-3′-dimethylbenzidine or 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine were studied in the dog and rat. The dyes, which are commercially useful in the textile and leather industries, possess potential for metabolism to the carcinogenic aromatic amines, benzidine, 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine via metabolic reduction of the azo bonds. Dyes were administered orally and the urine analyzed for benzidine, 3,3′-dimethyl- or 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine using a specific gas chromatographic assay. The identity of the chromatographic peaks was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dogs treated acutely (100 mg/kg) with benzidine derived dyes excreted substantial quantities of benzidine (166–1675 μg) in urine (0–48 hr). No benzidine was detected in urine prior to treatment. Benzidine present in dog urine following dye administration exceeded by at least ninefold the benzidine present as impurity in the administered dyes and was comparable to that excreted in urine when pure benzidine was fed (100 mg/kg). Rats chronically dosed (100 mg/kg/day) with benzidine-based dyes excreted N-acetylbenzidine (3–54 μg/day) and traces of benzidine in urine. Bisazobiphenyl dyes derived from 3,3′-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine were metabolized to 3,3′-dimethyl- and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, respectively, in both the dog and rat. The N-acetyl derivatives of 3,3′-dimethyl- and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine were identified in urine from rats treated with dyes derived from 3,3′-dimethyl- and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, respectively. Results from this study indicate that the metabolic conversion of bisazobiphenyl dyes, derived from benzidine and 3,3′-dimethyl- and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, to carcinogenic aromatic amines is a general phenomenon and therefore with few exceptions should be anticipated for each member of this class of chemicals.
Ventricular arrhythmias in rapid pacing induced heart failure with and without prior myocardial infarction

Abstract Investigations of arrhythmias in heart failure are hampered by a lack of good animal models. This study assesses the usefulness of dogs with chronic rapid pacing induced heart failure for studying arrhythmias both with and without prior myocardial infarction. Group I animals received ventricular pacemakers and electrodes for extrastimulus testing. Group II animals were similarly instrumented, and also underwent coronary ligation/reperfusion. After surgical recovery, both groups were paced (250 beats/min) and studied biweekly for arrhythmia inducibility. In addition to clinical signs of failure, changes in left ventricular dimensions/function were monitored using M-mode echocardiography (Grouop I) or ultrasonisc dimensiobn crystals (Group II). In Group I (noninfarcted), four of six dogs became inducible following variable periods of rapid pacing, and an additional animal died suddenly without demonstrating prior inducibility. Ventricular effective refractory periods shortened from 158 ± 12 ms to 137 ± 15 ms ( P