cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pesantren, Madrasa and the Future of Islamic Education in Indonesia

This article delineates the development of pesantren and madrasa as a very significant part of Islamic education in Indonesia. In doing so, I explore three points related to the development. Firstly, there is an ancient tradition of accommodation in Indonesian Islamic education world. This is seen in the foundation myths that traditional pesantren use to understand their role in society. Secondly, there is a desire to modernize and to meet the modern needs of both students and society while maintaining firm roots in traditional Islamic education. It must be an on-going ‘evolutionary’ process. Thirdly, pesantren people have rejected the sharia state, the khilafa, the use of violence, and narrow understandings of what the nation should be. They have worked hard to distance themselves from others that seek to cloak themselves in their legitimacy. Therefore, I would argue that the pesantren and other forms of Islamic education will contribute to the future of Indonesia as a plural, peaceful and democratic society.
La tutela precontractual en la Ley 19.496: Su configuración, alcance y eventual convergencia con aquella propia de la contratación civil

El presente trabajo aborda la confi guracion de la tutela precontractual en la Ley 19.496 con el proposito de establecer los supuestos de hecho que la activan e identifi car los medios de tutela de que dispone el consumidor, asi como las particularidades de estos ultimos respecto de los previstos para supuestos similares en la contratacion civil, explorando la eventual convergencia de tutelas y delimitando el ambito de aplicacion de dicha Ley en la fase de formacion del contrato.
Evaluation of breast screening strategies in a high risk breast and ovarian cancer clinic.

Abstract Recent data suggest that BRCA mutation carriers younger than 40 may not benefit from mammography in addition to MRI. Our objective was to evaluate screening modalities utilized in a high-risk population. Clinicopathologic data were abstracted for patients followed in a high risk clinic from 2007 to 2017. Descriptive statistics were calculated and associations between categorical variables were evaluated using chi-square tests. 631 women comprised the study population; 496 patients had no known mutation (79%), 128 (20%) had a BRCA mutation, and 7 patients had other deleterious mutations. BRCA mutation carriers were more likely to have cancers diagnosed after mammogram callbacks (p = 0.0046) and biopsies (p = 0.0026) compared to non-BRCA mutation carriers. BRCA mutation carriers were also more likely to have cancers diagnosed after biopsies following screening MRI (p = 0.045). 13 BRCA patients were diagnosed with cancer (average age 51). Of the cancers diagnosed after abnormal MRI, 3 were DCIS; all 3 patients had a normal mammogram 4–6 months prior. In those found after abnormal mammogram (n = 6), follow up MRI was performed in 4 cases; all demonstrated the lesion. Three patients were diagnosed younger than 40, 1 on mammogram and 2 on MRI. The patient diagnosed on mammogram had no prior MRI and the lesion was seen on follow-up MRI. Interval screening MRI identified DCIS in BRCA patients with a previous normal mammogram and cancers diagnosed on mammogram were all identified on follow-up MRI. These findings support further evaluation of MRI alone until age 40 in BRCA mutation carriers.
Molecular and biochemical characterization of MUC17

2624 The study of mucins as membrane localized glycoproteins that present a restricted pattern of expression in the human body is better defining normal tissues from their malignant counterparts. Mucin 17 (MUC17) is a large, membrane-anchored glycoprotein displayed primarily in the gastrointestinal tract where it likely serves a role in protection from this extra-cellular environment. We have found that MUC17 is aberrantly expressed in pancreatic tumor cells and tumor cell lines. No expression of MUC17 is detected in normal pancreas or in benign pancreatitis. It is therefore hypothesized that MUC17 is associated with pancreatic cancer, and its expression pattern may be a valuable marker for the diagnosis of this lethal disease. Understanding the biochemical and molecular events that lead to an altered MUC17 expression is highly warranted. The membrane-tethered mucin family members are synthesized as distinct forms including; membrane-bound, secreted, and deleted of the large mucin central domain. MUC17 is herein shown to give rise to two alternatively spliced mRNAs that code specifically for membrane-bound and secreted forms of the protein. The identification of both transcripts was shown in AsPC-1 (pancreatic adenocarcinoma) and Ls174T (colonic adenocarcinoma) cells lines which highly express MUC17. Evolutionary pressures are reported to have maintained clusters of related mucin genes at specific chromosomal loci including: 11p15.5 (secreted, gel forming - MUC2, -5AC, -5B, -6), 3q29 (soluble, non-gel forming MUC4, MUC20) and those under study at 7q22 (membrane-bound MUC3A/B, -12, -17) Radiation hybridization mapping has revealed that three GI track specific mucins (MUC3, MUC12, and MUC17) are clustered on the short arm of chromosome 7 within close proximity of each other. It stands to reason that some nature of co-regulatory control exists for these mucins and an altered expression of the clustered genes has implications in the diseased state. Therefore, expression of MUC17 was knocked-down in AsPC-1 and Ls174T cell lines. Clones were tested for MUC3, MUC12, and MUC17 expression alongside their parental cell lines to investigate phenotypic changes induced by the absence of MUC17 in the 7q22 cluster. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses using rabbit polyclonal antibody generated against MUC17 confirmed MUC17 in pancreatic cancer cell lines, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and colonic adenocarcinoma tissue sections. In conclusion, our new results provide the evidences for the existence of an alternative MUC17 transcript (which codes for a secreted form of the protein) and further show that MUC17 is aberrantly expressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma where its exact implication will be determined in the near future.
Islamicate Goods in Gothic Halls: The Afterlives of Palma De Mallorca’s Islamic Past

Following the conquest of Islamic Majorca in 1229, the Christian settler-colonizers embraced a purist identity that rejected the island’s Islamic past. This new identity found its expression in the gothic style. Palma’s towering gothic monuments embodied an ideological attempt at cultural erasure that has shaped Mallorquin identity to the present day. However, through the interstices of collective memory and material evidence, Islam and the Islamicate lingered beyond the singular point of the conquest through the continuity of local artistic production, the arrival of new Muslim artisans, imports of Islamicate objects, and the survival of monuments. The result was a hierarchical aesthetic system with two axes: the superimposed monumental, public, and official Gothic; and portable and less durable Islamicate objects that circulated in the gothic halls.
Real-time virtual infection prevention and control assessments in skilled nursing homes, New York, March 2020-A pilot project.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a pilot project infection prevention and control (IPC) assessment conducted in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in New York State (NYS) during a pivotal 2-week period when the region became the nation's epicenter for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). DESIGN: A telephone and video assessment of IPC measures in SNFs at high risk or experiencing COVID-19 activity. PARTICIPANTS: SNFs in 14 New York counties, including New York City. INTERVENTION: A 3-component remote IPC assessment: (1) screening tool; (2) telephone IPC checklist; and (3) COVID-19 video IPC assessment (ie, "COVIDeo"). RESULTS: In total, 92 SNFs completed the IPC screening tool and checklist: 52 (57%) were conducted as part COVID-19 investigations, and 40 (43%) were proactive prevention-based assessments. Among the 40 proactive assessments, 14 (35%) identified suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases. COVIDeo was performed in 26 (28%) of 92 assessments and provided observations that other tools would have missed: personal protective equipment (PPE) that was not easily accessible, redundant, or improperly donned, doffed, or stored and specific challenges implementing IPC in specialty populations. The IPC assessments took â¼1 hour each and reached an estimated 4 times as many SNFs as on-site visits in a similar time frame. CONCLUSIONS: Remote IPC assessments by telephone and video were timely and feasible methods of assessing the extent to which IPC interventions had been implemented in a vulnerable setting and to disseminate real-time recommendations. Remote assessments are now being implemented across New York State and in various healthcare facility types. Similar methods have been adapted nationally by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Pediatric Intracranial Hypertension: A Spotlight on Imaging, the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial, and COVID-19 Associated Cases

Primary intracranial hypertension (PIH) is characterized by clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure, papilledema, elevated opening pressure, and absence of mass lesion, hydrocephalus, or meningeal enhancement on neuroimaging. Visual changes are a common presenting feature and if untreated there is risk of irreversible vision loss. There have been recent proposed changes to the criteria for PIH along with studies looking at the differences in imaging characteristics between adult and pediatric PIH. The presence of transverse sinus stenosis alone was highly sensitive and specific for pediatric PIH. The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial was an adult, multicenter study that examined the use of acetazolamide and weight loss on the course of PIH. The study confirmed many previously held beliefs including the most common presenting symptom in PIH is headache. Most patients present with bilateral papilledema with 58.2% of patients having symmetric Frisen scale grading and within one grade in 92.8%. Although diplopia is a common reported symptom, very few have evidence of cranial nerve palsy. Male gender, high-grade papilledema, and decreased visual acuity at presentation are risk factors for treatment failure. Acetazolamide use is associated with mild metabolic acidosis. During acetazolamide treatment, monitoring for hypokalemia or aplastic anemia is not recommended. Monitoring transaminases in the titration phase of treatment should be considered due to a case of transaminitis and pancreatitis with elevated lipase. Newer case reports have also seen associations of secondary intracranial hypertension with concurrent COVID-19 infection and MIS-C.
Graphene on glassy carbon microelectrodes demonstrate long-term structural and functional stability in neurophysiological recording and stimulation.

Objective: There is a growing interest in the use of carbon and its allotropes in neural probes because of their inertness, long-term electrical and electrochemical stability, and versatility. We introduce a new microelectrode material system consisting of an ultra-thin monoatomic layer of graphene (Gr) mechanically supported by a thicker layer of glassy carbon (GC). Approach: Due to its high electrical conductivity and high double-layer capacitance, Gr has impressive electrical and electrochemical properties, two key properties that are useful for neural recording and stimulation applications. However, Gr exhibits lack of stiffness in transverse direction and hence almost non-existent out-of-plane rigidity. On the other hand, GC which consists of 3D microstructures of graphene fragments has exceptional chemical inertness, good electrical properties, high electrochemical stability, and fast surface kinetics. This makes GC an ideal candidate for addressing Gr's lack of out-of-plane rigidity by providing matching sturdier and robust mechanical backing. Combining the strengths of these two materials, we introduce a new neural probe that consists of ~1 nm thick layer of patterned Gr microelectrodes supported by another layer of 3-5 μm thick patterned GC. Main Results: The fabrication technology for the new Gr on GC (graphene on glassy carbon) microelectrodes and the accompanying pattern transfer technology is presented along with report on bond between these Gr and GC through FTIR, surface morphology through SEM, topography through AFM, and microstructure imaging through STEM. A long-term (18-weeks) in vivo study assessed the quality of these microelectrodes for neural signal recording and stimulation. The probes were demonstrated to be functionally and structurally stable over the 18-week period with minimal glial response – the longest reported so far for graphene-based microelectrodes. Significance: The Gr on GC microelectrodes presented here offers a compelling case for expanding the potentials of graphene-based technology in the broad areas of neural probes.
Machine Learning Prediction of Length of Stay in Adult Spinal Deformity Patients Undergoing Posterior Spine Fusion Surgery.

(1) Background: Length of stay (LOS) is a commonly reported metric used to assess surgical success, patient outcomes, and economic impact. The focus of this study is to use a variety of machine learning algorithms to reliably predict whether a patient undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgery treatment for Adult Spine Deformity (ASD) will experience a prolonged LOS. (2) Methods: Patients undergoing treatment for ASD with posterior spinal fusion surgery were selected from the American College of Surgeon’s NSQIP dataset. Prolonged LOS was defined as a LOS greater than or equal to 9 days. Data was analyzed with the Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, XGBoost, and Gradient Boosting functions in Python with the Sci-Kit learn package. Prediction accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. (3) Results: 1281 posterior patients were analyzed. The five algorithms had prediction accuracies between 68% and 83% for posterior cases (AUC: 0.566–0.821). Multivariable regression indicated that increased Work Relative Value Units (RVU), elevated American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and longer operating times were linked to longer LOS. (4) Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms can predict if patients will experience an increased LOS following ASD surgery. Therefore, medical resources can be more appropriately allocated towards patients who are at risk of prolonged LOS.
Understanding Numbers in Elementary School Mathematics

This is a textbook for pre-service elementary school teachers and for current teachers who are taking professional development courses. By emphasizing the precision of mathematics, the exposition achieves a logical and coherent account of school mathematics at the appropriate level for the readership. Wu provides a comprehensive treatment of all the standard topics about numbers in the school mathematics curriculum: whole numbers, fractions, and rational numbers. Assuming no previous knowledge of mathematics, the presentation develops the basic facts about numbers from the beginning and thoroughly covers the subject matter for grades K through 7. Every single assertion is established in the context of elementary school mathematics in a manner that is completely consistent with the basic requirements of mathematics. While it is a textbook for pre-service elementary teachers, it is also a reference book that school teachers can refer to for explanations of well-known but hitherto unexplained facts. For example, the sometimes-puzzling concepts of percent, ratio, and rate are each given a treatment that is down to earth and devoid of mysticism. The fact that a negative times a negative is a positive is explained in a leisurely and comprehensible fashion.
Optimal Control Strategies for Imaging Using Formation Flying Spacecraft

Abstract We delineate on the optimal control strategies for the uv-plane coverage and the associated combinatorial optimization problems. The results are represented in the context of the separated spacecraft optical interferometry ST3 mission.
Promoting Equality after Genocide

The value of equality has little currency after genocide and ethnic cleansing. Restoring that value is no easy feat. Paramount, though not singular, in this struggle for equality is the role of the law. A State establishes its common legal rights and duties through its legal institutions, which define the values and character of the nation. Legal institutions mediate these values and norms and through legal pronouncements provide a template for future civic engagement and social interaction. Equality and antidiscrimination jurisprudence is particularly important during the delicate period of transition after genocide, because it grounds within society the normative shift in principles underlying the cultural understanding of equality. Specifically, this Article addresses the question: what can equality mean in a postgenocidal environment that rests on ethnic inequality or domination? An analysis of the antidiscrimination jurisprudence of the quasi-national legal institutions established under the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (GFAP) provides the forum for this exploration. A review of the Constitutional Court’s and the Human Rights Chamber’s antidiscrimination jurisprudence reveals that each court has taken a formal approach to equality. This Article argues that a formal approach to equality is not appropriate in the context of Bosnia or other countries recovering from ethnic strife. Only a substantive approach to equality, which addresses historical inequality, will stimulate a jurisprudence that can help to heal the long-term effects of genocide. A robust development of substantive antidiscrimination jurisprudence, consciously developed to overcome the continuation of institutionalized social conflict, will ultimately fulfill equality’s promise as mandated by the GFAP. Reflecting on the Bosnian experience, certain legal principles concerning equality and antidiscrimination are revealed that should be applied to countries recovering from mass atrocities based upon ethnic identity in today’s world. The international community is actively engaged in rebuilding the legal systems of countries with deep ethnic divides including Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, and Sudan. Like in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), nationally ingrained inequality exists and must be defeated in all postconflict communities in order to create an environment where different nations can exist under one State banner.
A Muslim Shaman of Afghan Turkestan

During field work in 1968 in the town of K in northern Afghanistan (cf. Centlivres 1971) the authors attended a therapeutic seance performed by a baxsi2 or shaman with the aid of a qobuz or horsehair fiddle. Both the baxsi as a healer and his qobuz have long been observed among the Kazakh and Kirghiz, but their presence in Afghanistan was, to the best of our knowledge, first reported by Slobin (1969). This paper will therefore deal primarily with the performance, role, and status of the baxsi in Afghan Turkestan.
Nucleotide Levels Do Not Critically Determine Survival of Maize Root Tips Acclimated to a Low-Oxygen Environment

We tested the hypothesis that ATP levels and energy charge determine the resistance of maize (Zea mays) root tips to anoxia. We focused on root tips of whole maize seedlings that had been acclimated to low O2 by exposure to an atmosphere of 3% (v/v) O2 in N2. Acclimated anoxic root tips characteristically have higher ATP levels and energy charge and survive longer under anoxia than nonacclimated tips. We poisoned intact, acclimated root tips with either fluoride or mannose, causing decreases in ATP and energy charge to values similar to or, in most cases, below those found in nonacclimated anoxic tips. With the exception of the highest fluoride concentration used, the poisoned, acclimated tips remained much more tolerant of anoxia than nonacclimated root tips. We conclude that high ATP and energy charge are not components critical for the survival of acclimated root tips during anoxia. The reduced nucleotide status in poisoned, acclimated root tips had little effect on cytoplasmic pH regulation during anoxia. This result indicates that in anoxic, acclimated root tips either cytoplasmic pH regulation is not dominated by ATP-dependent processes or these processes can continue in vivo largely independently of any changes in ATP levels in the physiological range. The role of glycolytic flux in survival under anoxia is discussed.
Analysis of the trajectory of osteoarthritis development in a mouse model by serial near-infrared fluorescence imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activities.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disorder that causes long-term disability and is associated with joint injury, aging, and obesity (1). OA is characterized by joint cartilage destruction and is accompanied by chondrocyte cell death and osteophyte formation. Currently, OA research lacks optimal detection and monitoring methods for assessing in vivo OA progression, making it difficult to efficiently evaluate treatment option efficacy in preclinical models (2–4). One key feature of OA joint destruction is the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that cleave cartilage matrix proteins (5, 6). However, the exact pattern of in vivo MMP induction is still unknown. For example, while MMP2 and MMP13 proteins were detected in synovial fluid from OA patients (7), MMP3 expression was shown to be downregulated in late stage OA human femoral cartilage compared to controls (8). Furthermore, a mild injury-induced OA mouse model caused by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) (9), demonstrated increased MMP3 and MMP13 mRNA expression in OA knees compared to sham controls, but did not exhibit a consistent change over time (10, 11). It is also likely that MMP protein expression and activity differ from mRNA expression at different stages of OA development, as MMP inhibitors (TIMPs) are also induced in OA (11). As many of these MMPs have overlapping functions, the dynamics of the net MMP activity that shapes the landscape of matrix degradation throughout early and later OA stages is still not clear. It is challenging to assess MMP activity over the course of disease development in vivo in OA research. While mouse strains are often used in preclinical studies to examine genetic determinants of OA, synovial fluid extraction from mice requires animal sacrifice (4). Furthermore, synovial fluid analysis does not directly reflect MMP activities within all joint tissues, which is important as OA is increasingly recognized as a whole joint disease (12, 13). However, this is an important area of investigation as a change in overall MMP activity may sensitively reflect metabolic changes in the OA joint prior to gross structural damage. Environmentally-sensitive imaging probes combined with near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) technology can non-invasively reflect the real-time metabolic, enzymatic, and physiological tissue states. Using a synthetic enzyme-specific substrate conjugated with a fluorescence module that fluoresces upon enzymatic activation, NIRF imaging may be able to detect the net catabolic activity of enzymes activated under OA conditions. In this study, we used an MMP-activatable NIRF probe to examine the trajectory of MMP activity in the knee joint of the DMM mouse model (9). We found that joint NIRF signals steadily increased starting from early OA development to the end time point of our investigation, suggesting that NIRF can be used as a sensitive and minimally invasive measure for real-time joint degeneration in an in vivo OA mouse model.
Working Long Hours and Career Wage Growth

This study establishes empirically a positive relationship between hours worked per week and growth in hourly wages. A four-wave panel survey of men and women who registered to take the Graduate Management Admission Test between June 1990 and March 1991 is used to show that this relationship is especially strong for young professional workers, but it is also present in a more wide-ranging dataset like the 1979 cohort of the NLSY. I nd the relationship to be nonlinear: in the GMAT Registrant Survey, for workers who put in 48 or more hours per week annual wage growth increases by 2 percent per 10 extra hours worked per week. The average eect is zero when hours are less than 47. The positive eect of hours on wage growth can be accounted for both by a learning-by-doing model with heterogeneous preferences for leisure, and by a model of promotions that combines higher per hour productivity in upper levels of the job ladder with worker heterogeneity. Using data on promotions and training, I provide evidence in support of the job-ladder model.
Epidermal growth factor. Characteristics of specific binding in membranes from liver, placenta, and other target tissues.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor, a 6,400-dalton polypeptide from the mouse submaxillary gland, binds specifically to cells and membranes derived from a variety of human, rat, mouse, and bovine tissues. Liver, placenta, skin, cornea, and cultured chondrocytes, Hela cells, and Chang liver cells bind large amounts of epidermal growth factor, whereas fat cells, resting and lectin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, mouse thymocytes, cultured rat hepatoma cells, and mammary cells from virgin and pregnant mice bind little or no epidermal growth factor. The binding site for epidermal growth factor is distinct from receptors for other anabolic peptides such as insulin, nerve growth factor, and growth hormone. The binding of epidermal growth factor is rapid and reversible. The rate constant of association is approximately 10 6 mole −1 sec −1 , the rate constant of dissociation is about 6 × 10 −4 sec −1 , and the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant is about 10 −9 m . Trypsin at low concentrations (50–200 μg/ml) destroys the receptor site for epidermal growth factor. The binding of epidermal growth factor by membranes is not accompanied by appreciable degradation of the peptide present in the medium or of that bound to the membranes. Use can be made of the high affinity and specificity of membranes for epidermal growth factor to measure by a competitive binding assay as little as 200 pg of EGF per ml (3 × 10 −11 m ).
Mechanical response of a living human epidermal keratinocyte sheet as measured in a composite diaphragm inflation experiment.

Sheets of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were reconstituted in vitro on tensed but highly compli- ant, freestanding polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes, 5.0 mm in diameter and 10 µm thick. NHEK-PDMS composite diaphragm (CD) specimens were then subjected to cyclical axisymmetric inflation tests to investigate epithelial sheet rheology under conditions of physiologically severe deformations (∼50% nominal polar biaxial strains). Because the compliance of the specially formulated PDMS membrane was greater than that of the attached cell layer, the finite load-deformation behavior (mechanical response) of the living NHEK sheet was inferred from differences between the mechanical behavior of the CD specimen and the response of the underlying PDMS membrane measured prior to cell culture. In these composite diaphragm inflation (CDI) experiments, interconnected NHEKs exhibited rheological behaviors that were suggestive of a viscoelastic- plastic stress response. Remarkably, specimens returned to quiescent culture following a sequence of inflation tests recovered at least 80% of their original ability to store elastic strain energy, evidence of biological adaptation and recovery or restitu- tio ad integrum. Unlike methodologies that assay the morphological or biochemical response of cultured cells to an applied mechanostimulus, CDI experiments can be used to probe the load-bearing functions of desmosomes and adherens junctions within a living epithelial sheet, as well as to assess the rheological behaviors of the intermediate filament and microfilament networks that these cell-cell junctions serve to interconnect.
Completing the Constitution: The Fourteenth Amendment and Constitutional Rights

Although the Fourteenth Amendment has been the vehicle for a number of transformations in the protection of rights, there has been no consensus on what it means. The amendment is sometimes held to have revolutionized the Constitution, in effect replacing the traditional federal system with a more national system. It is also argued that the amendment essentially reaffirmed theprewar Constitution. The truth appears to lie with neither side: the drafters of the amendment attempted to "complete the Constitution, " neither to reform it radically, nor to reaffirm it simply. In doing so, they unwittingly followed in the tracks of the original "father of the Constitution, " James Madison, who believed the original Constitution to be defective in important ways. Proper attention to the context and the structure of the text of the amendment reveals just how the amendment was to "complete the Constitution. " So examined, the amendment reveals itself to be a precisely stated, clearly drafted text, containing a number of new constitutional principles. Properly understood the amendment affords constitutional protection for rights already possessed in some sense, but therefore unprotected in the old Constitution.
Conformational states of chymotrypsin at high pH: temperature effects on catalysis and binding.

Abstract Studies on the effects of temperature on the chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of specific and nonspecific substrates reveal markedly nonlinear Arrhenius and van't Hoff plots. The investigations include the δ- and α-forms of the enzyme at pH 7.8–9.6 and 0–40 °C. Rigorous error-analysis of the data by computer indicates that these nonlinear responses are not artifactual. By determining the effects of temperature and pH on the relative rates of the acylation and deacylation processes, little or no evidence is found for the nonlinear plots being caused by a change in rate-limiting step as these parameters vary. Model calculations also show that van't Hoff plots that are concave downward, as frequently observed here, cannot be produced by a mechanism involving a change in rate-limiting step. A variety of extra-kinetic data support the view that conformation changes in the enzyme are the most likely explanation. Detailed comparisons of activation parameters calculated for each enzyme-substrate interaction show clearly that changes in enthalpy values are compensated for by changes in entropy. Relative to the α-enzyme, δ-chymotrypsin maintains an active-site conformation more favorable for catalysis over a wider temperature range. Different activation parameters dominate the catalytic process with specific substrates, as compared to nonspecific ones. At high pH the binding process is no longer dominated by apolar interactions even with specific substrates, and the enzyme tends to lose its specificity. Overall, the data indicate that the selectivity and, by inference, the structural integrity of the active site decrease as one proceeds from low to high temperature, from neutral to alkaline pH, from δ- to α-chymotrypsin, or from specific to nonspecific amino acid sidechain groups. These studies also have implications for conclusions drawn from data collected at temperatures other than 37 °C.
Residue cover in wheat systems following dry pea and lentil in the Palouse region of Idaho

Abstract Crop management practices are needed that increase crop residue groundcover and reduce soil erosion after winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) planting in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington. Trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 at the University of Idaho Kambitsch Research Farm near Genesee, Idaho, using farm scale equipment to evaluate dry pea ( Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum ) and lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) residue production and groundcover across cultivars and tillage intensity. After harvest, legume plot areas were prepared for winter wheat seeding using four main plot tillage systems designed to give progressive levels of tillage intensity: no-till (NT), Ripper–Shooter™ (RS), RS plus one cultivation, and RS plus two cultivations. In 1997, the two dry pea cultivars produced significantly greater residue than the lentil cultivars. In 1998, ‘Pro 2100’ dry pea had significantly higher residue production than ‘Columbian’ pea and ‘Crimson’ lentil cultivars. In 1997, initial residue cover was highest with NT, averaging 74% groundcover across legume cultivars. After winter wheat seeding, residue cover declined for all tillage treatments, but was still highest at 40% residue cover under NT. In 1998, residue cover was lower for all tillage treatments across all cultivars than in 1997, but NT still had the highest initial residue cover. Wheat yield was not affected by tillage or previous crop treatments in either year. This study showed that NT and reduced tillage systems can maintain previous crop residue on the surface for soil conservation and subsequent crop yields.
Structure of the Coiled-Coil Dimerization Motif of Sir4 and Its Interaction with Sir3

The yeast silent information regulators Sir2, Sir3, and Sir4 physically interact with one another to establish a transcriptionally silent state by forming repressive chromatin structures. The Sir4 protein contains binding sites for both Sir2 and Sir3, and these protein-protein interactions are required for gene silencing. Here, we report the X-ray structure of the coiled-coil dimerization motif within the C-terminus of Sir4 and show that it forms a stable 1:1 complex with a dimeric fragment of Sir3 (residues 464-978). We have identified a cluster of residues on the surface of the Sir4 coiled coil required for specific interactions with Sir3. The histone deacetylase Sir2 can also bind to this complex, forming a ternary complex with the truncated Sir3 and Sir4 proteins. The dual interactions of Sir4 with Sir3 and Sir2 suggest a physical basis for recruiting Sir3 to chromatin by virtue of its interactions with Sir4 and with deacetylated histones in chromatin.
Facile radiosynthesis of new carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging

Abstract The androgen receptor (AR) is an attractive target for the treatment and molecular imaging of prostate cancer. New carbon-11-labeled propanamide derivatives were first designed and synthesized as selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) radioligands for prostate cancer imaging using the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). The target tracers, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([11C]8a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([11C]8e), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide ([11C]8c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-[11C]methoxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide ([11C]8g), were prepared by O-[11C]methylation of their corresponding precursors, (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9a), (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9b), (S)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methylpropanamide (9c) and (S)-2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide (9d), with [11C]CH3OTf under basic conditions and isolated by a simplified C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in 55 ± 5% (n = 5) radiochemical yields based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The overall synthesis time from EOB was 23 min, the radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 277.5 ± 92.5 GBq/μmol (n = 5).
A small signal dc-to-high-frequency nonquasistatic model for the four-terminal MOSFET valid in all regions of operation

This paper presents a four-terminal small-signal dc-to-high-frequency model, valid in weak, moderate, and strong inversion regimes, for the intrinsic part of the long-channel MOS transistor. A charge-sheet approximation is used. Basic MOSFET equations are separated into parts corresponding to dc and ac small-signal components. The former are used to evaluate the drain current under dc conditions; the latter, describing the "transmission-line" behavior of the MOSFET, are solved to arrive at a complete set of admittance parameters. Based on different approximations of these parameters, various models are presented, each of different upper frequency limit of validity. For each model parameter, a single continuous expression is used which is valid in all regions of operation (weak inversion, moderate inversion, strong inversion; nonsaturation and saturation). The frequency range of validity of these models and the inadequacies of the quasistatic models at high frequencies are discussed. It is shown that at low frequencies the high-frequency model reduces to a quasistatic model which is widely verified by experimental results; at high frequencies the model agrees with available measurements.
Separation of brain dolichol kinase from endogenous activating factors: evidence that phospholipid enhances the interaction between enzyme and dolichol.

: Porcine brain dolichol kinase activity is effectively solubilized by extracting salt-washed microsomes with 1% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS). When the detergent-solubilized activity is chromatographed on Sepharose CL-6B, a low amount of dolichol kinase activity is recovered in the void volume, and a dolichol kinase activator (DKA) is eluted (Ve/Vo= 1.9-2.2) with the bulk of the membrane phospholipids. Although only ˜20% of the activity applied to the Sepharose CL-6B column is detected in the column fractions, virtually all of the original activity is restored when the Vo fraction is recombined with DKA. Endogenous DKA, isolated from brain microsomes, is heat-stable, is extractable with CHCl3/CH3OH (2:1), and has the chemical and chromatographic properties of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Moreover, ˜50% of the stimulatory activity is lost when the PC present in the DKA fraction is degraded by purified phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens. Also consistent with a phospholipid co-factor requirement, the dolichol kinase activity recovered in the partially phospholipid-depleted fraction (Vo) is markedly stimulated by various molecular species of exogenous purified PC or PE, but not by phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, or sphingomyelin. A comparison of defined molecular species shows that PCs containing oleoyl or linoleoyl groups in the 1 and 2 positions are the most stimulatory, suggesting that the fatty acyl moieties are involved in the enzyme-phospholipid interaction. Kinetic analyses indicate that PC enhances the interaction between dolichol kinase and dolichol, the lipophilic substrate, but does not alter the apparent Km for CTP. These results demonstrate that brain dolichol kinase has a strict phospholipid co-factor requirement, raising the possibility that the phospholipid composition of the rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in the regulation of dolichol phosphorylation in nervous tissue.
Traitement endovasculaire d'une dissection aortique de type B après tentative de cathétérisme veineux central

Une femme de 41 ans, aux antecedents de mastectomie pour cancer du sein avait eu une tentative de pose d'un site pour chimiotherapie par introducteur 8-F dans la veine sous-claviere. Elle avait une douleur dorsale haute severe irradiant a l'epaule gauche. Un scanner et une angiographie montraient le catheter dans l'artere sous-claviere gauche et une dissection aortique de type B. Un stentgraft thoracique etait employee pour traiter la dissection aortique. Lors du retrait du catheter, un stent couvert etait deploye pour fermer la ponction arterielle et un stent expansible par ballonnet etait largue sur une dissection sous-claviere persistante. Ce cas illustre un exemple de la faisabilite d'un traitement endovasculaire pour traiter des complications iatrogenes serieuses sur acces.
Whey-based polyether polyols as modifiers of phenol-formaldehyde resins

Abstract The disposal of whey permeate (deproteinized whey/lactose) from the cheese industry represents a serious economic and environmental problem in the United States. The feasibility of replacing part of the phenol and formaldehyde in phenol—formaldehyde thermosetting resins by lactose/lactose derivatives in the resin formulation has been explored. Results indicate that polyols derived from lactose might be incorporated in the resin formulation without substantially affecting the wet shear strength of southern pine plywood bonded with these whey modified resins. It appears that up to 50% substitution of phenol (by weight) by the modifier in the formulation can be accomplished before significant loss of the wet-strength is observed. The modifier could also serve to reduce the amount of formaldehyde in the formulation.
Activated platelets of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria express cellular prion protein

Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane glycoprotein that contains a putative membrane-spanning section. Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) lack GPI proteins on the surface of somatically mutated hematopoietic stem cell and its progeny. Platelet expression of PrPc was studied in 8 PNH patients. Resting PNH (CD55−) platelets were devoid of surface PrPc, but activation of platelets resulted in the surface expression of PrPc. Expressed PrPc was detected by 2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the N-terminal part of the molecule but not by mAb 6H4, which binds at the C-terminus beyond the membrane-spanning section. However, 6H4 detected PrPc on Western blots of PNH platelets, demonstrating that the lack of 6H4 binding was not caused by PrPc truncation. Our results indicate that in the absence of GPI anchor, PrPc can be expressed intracellularly and up-regulated on the platelet membrane, likely in a transmembrane form with the C-terminal part of the molecule inserted into the cytoplasm.
Trust in health information sources differs between young/middle and oldest old.

Abstract Purpose. Examine differences in trust of health information sources between the oldest old and young/middle old. Design. Cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling. Setting. Eleven retirement communities. Subjects. Older adults ≥65 years (N = 353). Measures. Self-rated trust in health information sources. Analysis. Mann-Whitney U-test or Fisher exact test to compare trust between age groups; multinomial ordered logistic regression analyses to model trust in Internet information sources. Results. The overall survey response rate was 26.6%. Differences in trust were identified between oldest old (n = 108) and young/middle old (n = 245) for pharmacist (p < .05), Internet (p < .001), television (p < .05), radio (p < .001), and newspaper (p < .05) sources. In the oldest old, we found associations between levels of trust in Internet sources and frequency of Internet use (β = 4.13, p < .001). Conclusion. Understanding where differences in trust arise can inform the design of resources to support ...
Mechanisms for incompatible-element enrichment on the Moon deduced from the lunar basaltic meteorite Northwest Africa 032

Abstract The lunar meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 032 is a low-Ti basalt that has incompatible-element abundances and Th/Sm ratios characteristic of the involvement of late stage magma ocean crystallization products (urKREEP) in its petrogenesis. This sample is very fine-grained and contains terrestrial weather products. A progressive leaching procedure was therefore developed and applied to magnetic separates and whole rock fractions to obtain Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd ages. Although many of the leachates, as well as the unleached mineral and whole rock fractions contain terrestrial alteration products, selected residue fractions yield concordant Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd ages. Rubidium–Sr isotopic analyses yield an age of 2947 ± 16 Ma with an initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of 0.700057 ± 17. These characteristics indicate NWA 032 is derived from a source region with an 87 Rb/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.044 ± 0.001. This value is higher than all but those determined for KREEP basalts, and suggests that NWA 032 is derived from a source region that has higher incompatible-element abundances than other low-Ti basalts. Samarium–neodymium isotopic analysis yield a concordant age of 2931 ± 92 Ma and an initial e Nd of +9.71 ± 0.74 corresponding to a source region with 147 Sm/ 144 Nd ratio of 0.246 ± 0.004. The initial Nd isotopic composition stands in contrast to the initial Sr isotopic composition by requiring NWA 032 to be derived from a source with lower incompatible-element abundances than most low-Ti basalts. The source of NWA 032 is therefore unlike those of other lunar basalts. Modeling of magma ocean cumulate formation demonstrates that unlike other low-Ti basalt source regions the NWA 032 source is a mixture of olivine, pigeonite, and clinopyroxene bearing cumulates and only a small amount of urKREEP. Furthermore, unlike other mare basalt sources, the NWA 032 source does not contain appreciable quantities of plagioclase. Partial melting models demonstrate that the incompatible-element characteristics of the NWA 032 result from formation by smaller degrees of partial melting than other mare basalts. Thus, the incompatible-element geochemical signature that is observed in NWA 032 appears to reflect the combined effects of generation from an unusual plagioclase-free incompatible-element-depleted source region by very small degrees of partial melting. This study demonstrates that both the presence of urKREEP in the source region and small degrees of partial melting generate magmas with similar, but not identical, incompatible-element characteristics. In addition, it underscores the fact that there is significantly more geochemical diversity on the Moon than is represented by samples collected by the American and Soviet lunar missions.
Choosing a Wound Dressing Based on Common Wound Characteristics

Significance: Chronic wounds are a major healthcare burden.The practitioner should have an appropriate understanding of both the etiology of the wound as well as the optimal type of dressings to use. Fundamental wound characteristics may be used to guide the practitioner's choice of dressings. The identification of optimal dressings to use for a particular wound type is an important element in facilitating wound healing. Recent Advances: Researchers have sought to design wound dressings that aim to optimize each stage in the healing process. In addition, dressings have been designed to target and kill infection-causing bacteria, with the incorporation of antimicrobial agents. Critical Issues: Chronic wounds are frequently dynamic in presentation, and the numerous wound dressings available make dressing selection challenging for the practitioner. Choosing the correct dressing decreases time to healing, provides cost-effective care, and improves patient quality of life. Future Directions: Research into the mechanisms of wound healing has enhanced our ability to heal chronic wounds at a faster rate through the use of moisture-retentive dressings. Newer dressings are incorporating the use of nanotechnology by incorporating miniature electrical sensors into the dressing. These dressings are engineered to detect changes in a wound environment and alert the patient or practitioner by altering the color of the dressing or sending a message to a smartphone. Additional investigations are underway that incorporate biologic material such as stem cells into dressings.