cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of anaphylactic reactions to paclitaxel and docetaxel reported to the FDA, with a focus on the role of premedication

Purpose: Anaphylactic reactions (ARs) have been frequently reported with taxanes. The authors' purpose was to summarize published case reports and describe ARs from taxanes reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with a focus on use of package insert-specified prophylactic premedications (PPMs). Methods: The authors searched PubMed for the relevant literature. The authors obtained cases of ARs reported to the FDA through 31 December 2009 using the drug names and preferred terms for ARs. The authors used χ² and Student's t-tests to compare ARs from paclitaxel and docetaxel. The authors compared mortality based on presence/absence of PPMs. For signal detection, the authors calculated empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) values. Results: There was one docetaxel and eight paclitaxel case report articles describing ARs. The authors found 290 and 683 FDA reports of ARs from docetaxel and paclitaxel, respectively. More docetaxel cases were associated with mortality (54 vs 29%, p < 0.001). When PPMs w...
On Causality in Social Science

The challenge to the principle of causality in other disciplines has been taken over by some sociologists, who have criticized its utility for sociological inquiry and who suggest in some instances that the term should be dropped from the sociological lexicon. The critiques are grounded in four somewhat overlapping perspectives: the positivist, the statistical, the inter-actionist, and the conceptualist. A formulation of what constitutes causality is presented, which takes account of these critiques and which also attempts to preserve continuity with past definitions. The basic elements are ontological status, productivity, conditionality, uniformity, and asymmetry. The importance of this subject, why the notion should be retained by sociologists, and the difference that this formulation makes are discussed.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure and risk of vaginal infections during pregnancy: an observational study

Objective To investigate the risk for preterm birth associated with vaginal infections in pregnancies after a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), compared with women with no prior LEEP. Design Multicentre retrospective cohort study. Setting USA. Population Women with LEEP between 1996 and 2006 were compared with two unexposed groups who had cervical biopsy or Pap test, without any other cervical procedure, in the same calendar year. Methods The first pregnancy progressing beyond 20 weeks of gestation in women with prior LEEP was compared with pregnancy in women without LEEP. Stratified analysis according to the presence or the absence of vaginal infection during pregnancy was used to investigate whether the risk for preterm birth differed according to the presence or the absence of infection. The interaction between LEEP and vaginal infection was investigated using multivariable logistic regression with interaction terms, as well as the Mantel–Haenszel test for homogeneity. Main outcome measures Spontaneous preterm birth (<37 and <34 weeks of gestation). Results Of 1727 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 34.4% (n = 598) underwent LEEP prior to an index pregnancy. There was no increased risk for vaginal infections among women with LEEP compared with women without LEEP. Chlamydia infection and LEEP demonstrated significant interaction, suggesting that the presence of chlamydia infection in women with a history of LEEP augments the risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP. Conclusions Vaginal infections during pregnancy in women with a history of LEEP may be associated with an increased risk for preterm birth, compared with women with no history of LEEP.
VA Mental Health Services Utilization in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans in the First Year of Receiving New Mental Health Diagnoses

Little is known about mental health services utilization among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans receiving care at Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities. Of 49,425 veterans with newly diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), only 9.5% attended 9 or more VA mental health sessions in 15 weeks or less in the first year of diagnosis. In addition, engagement in 9 or more VA treatment sessions for PTSD within 15 weeks varied by predisposing variables (age and gender), enabling variables (clinic of first mental health diagnosis and distance from VA facility), and need (type and complexity of mental health diagnoses). Thus, only a minority of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with new PTSD diagnoses received a recommended number and intensity of VA mental health treatment sessions within the first year of diagnosis.
Reusable binary-paired partitioned neural networks for text-independent speaker identification

A neural network algorithm for speaker identification with large groups of speakers is described. This technique is derived from a technique in which an N-way speaker identification task is partitioned into N*(N-1)/2 two-way classification tasks. Each two-way classification task is performed using a small neural network which is a two-way, or pair-wise, network. The decisions of these two-way networks are then combined to make the N-way speaker identification decision (Rudasi and Zahorian, 1991 and 1992). Although very accurate, this method has the drawback of requiring a very large number of pair-wise networks. In the new approach, two-way neural network classifiers, each of which is trained only to separate two speakers, are also used to separate other pairs of speakers. This method is able to greatly reduce the number of pair-wise classifiers required for making an N-way classification decision, especially when the number of speakers is very large. For 100 speakers extracted from the TIMIT database, the number of pair-wise classifiers can be reduced by approximately a factor of 5, with only minor degradation in performance when 3 seconds or more of speech is used for identification. Using all 630 speakers from the TIMIT database, this method can be used to obtain over 99.7% accuracy. With the telephone version of the same database, an accuracy of 40.2% can be obtained.
The Schrödinger Cat Family in Attractive Bose Gases

We show that the ground state of an attractive Bose gas in a double well evolves from a coherent state to a Schrodinger Cat like state as the tunneling barrier is decreased. The latter exhibits super-fragmentation similar to the ground state of a spin-1 Bose gas with antiferromagnetic interactions. We also show that the fragmented condensates of attractive and repulsive Bose gases in double wells lead to very different interference patterns.
A mental makeover for the graduate student

If you are a graduate student struggling with feelings of inadequacy, lack of motivation, or just plain stress, please know that you are not alone. You may feel incapable, but you are very capable of these things: You can act confident with your faculty while cultivating real confidence. You can deal with your advisor in a professional manner, asserting yourself while being respectful and open to criticism. You can give yourself permission to take breaks and reward yourself for getting work done. You are a uniquely talented, bright person who can survive graduate school. Getting a higher degree is an important career goal, but it is just one of your life goals. Your success is not defined as what degree you obtain or how long it takes you to obtain it. You should not feel guilty for taking breaks, staying fit, having friends, or having a hobby. These activities will help give the mental healthiness and confidence you need to succeed at graduate school as well as at life.
Foundering Democracy: Felony Disenfranchisement in the American Tradition of Vote Suppression

Felony disenfranchisement is best understood as a means of vote suppression. Quite apart from its significance as a form of criminal stigma, disenfranchisement is most properly characterized as one of the ways in which the American voting system reserves political participation for a privileged social and intellectual class. Thus understood, felony disenfranchisement reveals the theoretical underpinnings of an exclusionary version of American democracy in which more or less widespread disenfranchisement is an acceptable or necessary political tactic. Felony disenfranchisement should not be characterized as a sanction for criminal conduct: It fits none of the usual justifications for punishment. Most commentators agree that felony disenfranchisement as a collateral sanction for criminal conduct stigmatizes alike a disparate collection of individuals convicted of crimes carrying a penalty of one year or more - everything from drug possession to murder - and extends, in many instances, long after former felons have completed their sentences. Justifications for refusing the vote to felons, and to former felons who are no longer incarcerated, are surprisingly weak and clearly related to larger issues of democratic participation. Accordingly, it is under the framework of democratic participation that the most persuasive justifications of disenfranchisement might be found. Under the framework of democratic participation, the disenfranchisement debate implicates competing theories of democracy, each of which has profound consequences for the constitution of the American polity. I contend that there are currently three models for the right to vote in American society: (1) a membership model premised upon popular participation in the democratic process as an expression of citizenship; (2) a deliberative model in which popular participation is conditioned upon the duty to be an informed and reflective citizen; and (3) an elite model entrenching political office in a political class that competes for votes among the electoral masses. The continuing vitality of these three models at the level of political debate and constitutional doctrine unsettles the dominant history of the franchise as one of progress from an exclusionary to an inclusionary extension of the mandate, and requires us to acknowledge felony disenfranchisement as part of a larger process of voter exclusion and suppression.
Children with Disabilities in Early Care in Ghana

This study examined the experiences of teachers who teach 4- to 8-year-old children with special needs in Ghanaian public school classrooms. Also examined were the management strategies put in place to assist the children in dealing with their unique situations. A team of five researchers interviewed 68 teachers who teach children with special needs. Results indicate that a majority of the teachers support inclusion of children with special needs in their classrooms but were concerned about the lack of appropriate resources for proper instruction. In addition, participants indicated that about 60% of children with special needs did not want to participate in group work. The most challenging issues for the teachers involve difficulty getting some of the children to follow basic instructions and also getting parents to participate in the education of their children with special needs. This study recommends parent-teacher associations advocating for the participation of parents in schools in Ghana. The study additionally recommends employing special education teachers, nurses, and social workers to assist teachers in Ghanaian classrooms.
Concentration-Dependent Ordering of Lithiated Amorphous TiO2

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations on the disorder–order transition of highly lithiated amorphous TiO2. Our simulations suggest the presence of a threshold Li concentration ab...
Case Report: Recurrent Salmonella Typhi Chest Wall Abscess Associated with a Pituitary Macroadenoma

An unusual manifestation of a Salmonella typhi infection is presented in a patient with a growth hormone producing tumor. Growth hormone may effect cell mediated immunity and predispose to localized or disseminated intracellular infections.
Biological Treatment Approaches for Degenerative Disk Disease: A Literature Review of In Vivo Animal and Clinical Data

Study Design Literature review. Objective Degenerative disk disease (DDD) has a negative impact on quality of life and is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. There has been a growing interest in the biological repair of DDD by both researchers and clinicians alike. To generate an overview of the recent progress in reparative strategies for the treatment of DDD highlighting their promises and limitations, a comprehensive review of the current literature was performed elucidating data from in vivo animal and clinical studies. Methods Articles and abstracts available in electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar as of December 2014 were reviewed. Additionally, data from unpublished, ongoing clinical trials was retrieved from clinicaltrials.gov and available abstracts from research forums. Data was extracted from the most recent in vivo animal or clinical studies involving any of the following: (1) treatment with biomolecules, cells, or tissue-engineered constructs and (2) annulus fibrosus repair. Results Seventy-five articles met the inclusion criteria for review. Among these, 17 studies involved humans; 37, small quadrupeds; and 21, large quadrupeds. Findings from all treatments employed demonstrated improvement either in regenerative capacity or in pain attenuation, with the exception of one clinical study. Conclusion Published clinical studies on cell therapy have reported encouraging results in the treatment of DDD and resultant back pain. We expect new data to emerge in the near future as treatments for DDD continue to evolve in parallel to our greater understanding of disk health and pathology.
A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid in plant leaves

Abstract Delta-aminolevulinic (δ-ALA) acid is an important intermediate for tetrapyrroles biosynthesis and it has recently received great attention in plant physiology and human toxicology. However, the colorimetric method which is the most common method for determination of δ-ALA is time consuming and is not specific. In this study, a method for determination of δ-ALA in plant tissues was developed based on the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of the pyrrole formed from the reaction of δ-ALA with ethyl acetoacetate via Knorr condensation. The δ-ALA in the HCl extract was reacted with ethyl acetoacetate to form a pyrrole. Then, the pyrrole compound was extracted using ethyl acetate and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The dried sample was derivatized to its TMS ester and analyzed using GC–MS. The concentration of δ-ALA in citrus leaves incubated with levulinic acid was also determined by the conventional colorimetric method. The linear range was 10–200 ppm in the full scan mode and 0.1–20 ppm in the selected ion monitoring (SIM). The limit of detection was 6 ppm in the full scan and 0.05 ppm in SIM mode, representing a four-fold increase in sensitivity compared to the colorimetric method. The GC–MS method developed in this study is simple, accurate, sensitive, and could also be used to measure δ-ALA in other biological samples.
Prevalence and predictors of syphilis and herpes simplex type 2 virus(HSV-2) infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Jiangsu province

Objective:To analyze the prevalence and predictors of syphilis and herpes simplex type 2 virus(HSV-2) infections among HIV-infected men who have sex with men(MSM) in Jiangsu province.Methods:MSM were convened with Cluster sampling and investigated with follow-up questionnaire survey.We reviewed the case reports of their questionnaire information in Nanjing and Zhenjiang city from March to June,2012.Blood samples were collected to detect syphilis and HSV-2 infections.Results:Total of 264 HIV-infected MSM enrolled in the interview and blood sampling.The prevalence of syphilis and HSV-2 infections was 13.64%(36/264) and 28.03%(74/264),respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that active syphilis infection was associated with having more than 3 sex partners in the latest 6 months and HSV-2 infection.The HSV-2 infection was associated with age 35 years old,locality census register,recent syphilis infection and accepting condom issue service.Conclusion:The HIV-infected MSM in Jiangsu province had high infection rates of syphilis and HSV-2.It is necessary to further strengthen and implement and explore new intervention and testing methods.
Relationship between adult snoring and oropharyngeal stenosis scoring

Objective To explore the snoring status of adult people in the Guangzhou area and to explore the relationship between the shape of the oropharynx and snoring.Methods 354 persons aged from 20 to 87 years were investigated. 329 persons without other obstructions and tonsil operations and 42 people with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) were observed.The oropharynx was classified into type I,II,III and IV based on the structure-induced stenosis: the tonsil,uvula, lateral pharyngeal band,soft palate and root of the tongue.Results 39.8% of persons were habitual snorers;male and female snorers had similar pharyngeal types and had approximately the same proportion.With an increase of age,patients younger than 60 years showed an increase of snoring,the worse the oropharyngeal stenosis (type Ⅲ,Ⅳ) was,the more the possibility of snoring.No close relationship was found between OSAHS status and pharyngeal stenosis.Conclusion Oropharyngeal stenosis is one of the factors for OSAHS.Oropharyngeal typing can benefit the screening of habitual snorers and OSAHS-oriented people but can not define OSAHS,and it should be combined with polysomnography(PSG) to examine OSAHS.
The arthroscopic treatment of subacromial impingement.

In order to effectively employ arthroscopic techniques for a subacromial decompression, a thorough understanding of the impingement syndrome and its clinical manifestations is necessary. The authors’ preliminary experience with the arthroscopic subacromial decompression suggests excellent results with early return to competitive athletics.
Centrosomal components immunologically related to tektins from ciliary and flagellar microtubules

Centrosomes are critical for the nucleation and organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during both interphase and cell division. Using antibodies raised against sea urchin sperm flagellar microtubule proteins, we characterize here the presence and behavior of certain components associated with centrosomes of the surf clam Spisula solidissima and cultured mammalian cells. A Sarkosyl detergent-resistant fraction of axonemal microtubules was isolated from sea urchin sperm flagella and used to produce monoclonal antibodies, 16 of which were specific- or cross-specific for the major polypeptides associated with this microtubule fraction: tektins A, B and C, acetylated alpha-tubulin, and 77 and 83 kDa polypeptides. By 2-D isoelectric focussing/SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the tektins separate into several polypeptide spots. Identical spots were recognized by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against a given tektin, indicating that the different polypeptide spots are isoforms or modified versions of the same protein. Four independently derived monoclonal anti-tektins were found to stain centrosomes of S. solidissima oocytes and CHO and HeLa cells, by immunofluorescence microscopy. In particular, the centrosome staining of one monoclonal antibody specific for tektin B (tekB3) was cell-cycle-dependent for CHO cells, i.e. staining was observed only from early prometaphase until late anaphase. By immuno-electron microscopy tekB3 specifically labeled material surrounding the centrosome, whereas a polyclonal anti-tektin B recognized centrioles as well as the centrosomal material throughout the cell cycle. Finally, by immunoblot analysis tekB3 stained polypeptides of 48-50 kDa in isolated spindles and centrosomes from CHO cells.
Notes on the Geographical Distribution and Host Preferences in the Order Siphonaptera: Part 3. Hystrichopsyllidae

All of the presently known species of the siphonapteran family Hystrichopsyllidae are listed and their principal hosts and geographic distribution are discussed. The author and date of description are also included for each taxon.
WE-AB-202-08: Feasibility of Single-Inhalation/Single-Energy Xenon CT for High-Resolution Imaging of Regional Lung Ventilation in Humans

Purpose: To demonstrate the efficacy of a novel functional lung imaging method that utilizes single-inhalation, single-energy xenon CT (Xe-CT) lung ventilation scans, and to compare it against the current clinical standard, ventilation single-photon emission CT (V-SPECT). Methods: In an IRB-approved clinical study, 14 patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy received two successive single inhalation, single energy (80keV) CT images of the entire lung using 100% oxygen and a 70%/30% xenon-oxygen mixture. A subset of ten patients also received concurrent SPECT ventilation scans. Anatomic reproducibility between the two scans was achieved using a custom video biofeedback apparatus. The CT images were registered to each other by deformable registration, and a calculated difference image served as surrogate xenon ventilation map. Both lungs were partitioned into twelve sectors, and a sector-wise correlation was performed between the xenon and V-SPECT scans. A linear regression model was developed with forced expiratory volume (FEV) as a predictor and the coefficient of variation (CoV) as the outcome. Results: The ventilation comparison for five of the patients had either moderate to strong Pearson correlation coefficients (0.47 to 0.69, p<0.05). Of these, four also had moderate to strong Spearman correlation coefficients (0.46 to 0.80, p<0.03). The patients with the strongest correlation had clear regional ventilation deficits. The patient comparisons with the weakest correlations had more homogeneous ventilation distributions, and those patients also had diminished lung function as assessed by spirometry. Analysis of the relationship between CoV and FEV yielded a non-significant trend toward negative correlation (Pearson coefficient −0.60, p<0.15). Conclusion: Significant correlations were found between the Xe-CT and V-SPECT ventilation imagery. The results from this small cohort of patients indicate that single inhalation, single energy Xe-CT has the potential to quantify regional lung ventilation volumetrically with high resolution using widely accessible radiologic equipment. Bill Loo and Peter Maxim are founders of TibaRay, Inc. Bill Loo is also a board member. Bill Loo and Peter Maxim have received research grants from Varian Medical Systems, Inc. and RaySearch Laboratory
Electrostatic Fluid Accelerator under High-Speed Free Air Stream

The electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) generates ionic wind with a simple structure that barely obstructs the free air stream or produce excessive noise. This paper presents the velocity characteristics of an EFA under a high speed free air stream to simulate an EFA-powered propulsor. The results show that when the EFA generates identical velocity to the free air stream, the EFA contributes 25% of the resultant velocity. When the EFA is replaced by a rotary fan that generates identical velocity to the free air stream, the fan contributes only 13.4% of the resultant velocity. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Testing Two Competing Arguments for CSR

Despite considerable concern in the management literature over the performance effects of undertaking CSR, we have to date gained little insight on this issue due to conflicting findings. We attemp...
Dilution reveals how viral lysis and grazing shape microbial communities

Grazing by protists and viral infection are the main known sources of marine bacterial mortality, and both processes shape the structure and ecology of microbial communities. We diluted planktonic microbial communities to determine how decreasing the encounter rate between bacteria, grazers, and viruses affects community structure. In experimental treatments, sea water was diluted 10-fold in water from which protists and bacteria had been removed (0.2 mu m filtered), or from which protists bacteria and viruses had been removed (0.02 mu m filtered). In both dilution treatments, bacterial and protistan communities generally recovered within 3 d to near their original abundances, but viruses did not. The microbial community structure of bacteria in both diluted treatments was significantly different from untreated control communities, after 3 d, and significantly different between the 0.2 mu m and 0.02 mu m dilution treatments after 6 d. Diluted treatments were dominated by operational taxonomic units that are normally rare in near-surface seawater, including some normally more abundant in the deep water at this location such as SAR324 and SAR406, while abundant surface taxa including SAR11 did not increase in abundance after dilution. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that microbes face a tradeoff between fast growth and resistance to predation and infection, and that microbes that are normally most abundant in the California coastal surface waters (such as SAR11 and Actinobacteria) are both more grazer resistant and slower growing than potentially opportunistic organisms that are rare in surface water but capable of fast net growth when grazers or viruses are removed.
The Role of Power and Incentives in Inducing Fake Reviews in the Tourism Industry

As online reviews have become increasingly prevalent in recent years and their influence on consumers’ purchasing decisions has grown exponentially, some companies have begun to ask people to write...
Response to Dr. Moya’s Comments to Article by Thoene M et al., Nutrients 2016, 8, 451

This reply is a supplementary addition to our previous article entitled “Comparison of a Powdered, Acidified Liquid, and Non-Acidified Liquid Human Milk Fortifier on Clinical Outcomes in Premature Infants” as published in Nutrients in July 2016. It provides a response to a comment made by Dr. Fernando Moya to this original article, so the purpose of this is to compare and contrast various perspectives between researchers conducting nutrition research in the preterm infant population. It specifically focuses on human milk fortification and subsequent outcomes.
Nurse-patient relationship: "Sometimes all you need… is to take the hand of the person…"

Introduction: Watson established the humanized care as a research phenomenon. It remains an ethical responsibility of nurses in the context of a transpersonal relationship that enhance the harmony and individuals integrity. Humanized care now faces a dilemma for a coexistence of diverse institutional, biomedical, administrative-economist and humanist axiological models. Objective: To know the perception of care, according to lived experience of three retired nurses, through authentic stories. Methodology: A qualitative, phenomenological study describes the experiences through authentic stories of three retired nurses obtained by in-depth interviews. Homogeneous sample selection criteria: nurses belonging to 3 generations removed extensive experience in closed care, participation in training students. Results: four categories were found concatenated with each other , which reconfigure the essence of care, emphasizing the integral character of the people and harmonizing the relational dimension with the technical-scientific dimension. Nurse as a caregiver; person as being of care; essence of care and vocational training. Conclusion: Knowing the perception of retired nurses, regarding care is a contribution for reflection. It is necessary to aim for humanized care, as an ethical duty of nurses. The intervention of various institutional axiological models weakens the possibility of guiding care towards humanization. There is a risk of fragmenting people, leaving aside individualized, warmth care, generated through a transpersonal relationship.
The Little Engine that Could: Psychological Empowerment and Citizenship Behavior

The unfolding intricacies and uncertainties of the Affordable Care Act, nursing shortages in some areas, increasing costs, and decreasing funding are putting pressure on hospitals and other health...
Accessing Alternative Ethical Maps of In(ter)depenent Living in Global Disability Documentary

This chapter involves an analysis of some representational methods operating within international in(ter)dependent disability films – specifically within the genre of disability documentary. In(ter)dependent disability films, when contextualised by Q&As, talks, and/or lectures within public settings such as festivals and/or community screenings, allow for a crucial collective alternative approach to imagining ways of being disabled emerging in the twenty-first century. This opportunity to reimagine the value as well as the alternative modes of living in which disabled people engage provides opportunities for further raising public awareness about inclusion (i.e. the necessity and even value of the sharing of public space with disabled people long cloistered in homes and institutions). Additionally, global disability cinema now provides viewers with an alternative ethical map of living interdependently with each other.
Variable-fidelity aerodynamic analysis of lift fan type aircraft

Abstract In this paper, an efficient aerodynamic analysis framework is developed for the conceptual design of lift-fan type aircraft. The lift-fan type aircraft includes and uses a rotor in the body or wing for vertical takeoff and landing, and flies differently from a rotorcraft in cruise/forward flight. Since the lift-fan type aircraft can fly like a fixed wing vehicle during cruise past the transition flight phase, it is possible to overcome the range and velocity limits of conventional rotorcraft. To investigate a wide range of design options during the conceptual design, rapid analyses of various design candidates are significant as high-fidelity analysis may be too expensive. A cost-efficient, lift-fan aircraft aerodynamic analysis (LFAAA) method is developed which consists of a linear potential flow solver with viscous correction, the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT), a Power Induced Effects (PIE) module and momentum drag correction. The greatest advantage of the LFAAA method is low computational cost with considerable solution accuracy as long as the flow conditions are in relatively linear regions, by which the individual component analysis method is derived. Wind-tunnel data of various geometries including an isolated propeller of a UAV, Lockheed Martin innovative control effector (ICE), and YAV-8B Harrier II aircraft are used to validate each component of the LFAAA method, respectively. For the validation of the LFAAA method for comprehensive analysis, a complete geometry of NASA's 1/8 scale model of fan-in-wing (FIW) aircraft is solved and the computation results are validated with the existing wind-tunnel data and unsteady RANS computations. Results predicted by the LFAAA method show good agreements with high-fidelity URANS and wind-tunnel data over the linear flow regimes where no flow separation is observed.
Environmental filtering by pH and soil nutrients drives community assembly in fungi at fine spatial scales

Whether niche processes, like environmental filtering, or neutral processes, like dispersal limitation, are the primary forces driving community assembly is a central question in ecology. Here, we use a natural experimental system of isolated tree "islands" to test whether environment or geography primarily structures fungal community composition at fine spatial scales. This system consists of isolated pairs of two distantly related, congeneric pine trees established at varying distances from each other and the forest edge, allowing us to disentangle the effects of geographic distance vs. host and edaphic environment on associated fungal communities. We identified fungal community composition with Illumina sequencing of ITS amplicons, measured all relevant environmental parameters for each tree-including tree age, size and soil chemistry-and calculated geographic distances from each tree to all others and to the nearest forest edge. We applied generalized dissimilarity modelling to test whether total and ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities were primarily structured by geographic or environmental filtering. Our results provide strong evidence that as in many other organisms, niche and neutral processes both contribute significantly to turnover in community composition in fungi, but environmental filtering plays the dominant role in structuring both free-living and symbiotic fungal communities at fine spatial scales. In our study system, we found pH and organic matter primarily drive environmental filtering in total soil fungal communities and that pH and cation exchange capacity-and, surprisingly, not host species-were the largest factors affecting EMF community composition. These findings support an emerging paradigm that pH may play a central role in the assembly of all soil-mediated systems.
From the Devil to the impostor: theological contributions to the idea of imposture

The philosophical allegation of imposture levelled by the Radical Enlightenment at Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad – the three founders of the monotheistic religions – has a complex theological history....
Off the Straight and Narrow

So far we have only considered one-dimensional motion—motion along a straight line. In general, the celestial objects—the moon, the planets, comets, stars, and so on—move along curved paths—curvilinear motion. We must generalize.
Paper Beats Rock, but does Digital Beat Paper? An Investigation of Information Delivery in the Accounting Classroom

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of the method of delivery in the classroom has on students in the accounting classroom. Specifically, this study explores whether providing students with information digitally or hardcopy influences students' performance and perceptions. We surveyed students enrolled in an Introductory Managerial Accounting and Intermediate Accounting courses. We find that at the Introductory Accounting level, hardcopy material is associated with higher student performance. However, there is no difference in student performance at the Intermediate level. The results of this study can help accounting faculty improve their student performance and keep printing costs low by strategically selecting accounting courses to provide hardcopy materials. Furthermore, this requires little effort on the part of the faculty.
Bacteriochlorophyll a Franck−Condon Factors for the S0 → S1(Qy) Transition

Pseudovibronic satellite hole-burning spectroscopy of bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) in two glasses at 5 K was used to determine the Franck−Condon (FC) factors for 56 one-quantum (0 → 1) vibrationa...
The Effect of Increased Collaboration Among the Library Media Specialist and School Personnel on Perceptions of the Roles and Responsibilities of the Library Media Specialist

This study measured and explored changes in perceptions of the roles and responsibilities of the library media specialist when the level of collaboration increased. Seven library media specialists targeted four members of their educational communities with whom to increase collaborative activities. Before and after the collaboration began, the library media specialists, the teachers with whom they chose to collaborate, other members from the same educational community, and a control group that did not participate in increased collaboration were given a roles and responsibilities rank-order form. This form was used to measure changes in perceptions regarding the importance of the three roles and selected responsibilities related to the three roles before and after the collaborative experience. The library media specialists and the targeted teachers also kept reflection logs to record factors that enhanced collaboration, factors that inhibited collaboration, and any changes in their teaching style as a result of the collaborative experience. Results indicate that the participating library media specialists themselves experienced the most change. Role identification remains a problem as library media specialists seek to become teaching partners with classroom teachers yet still must keep the library media center aligned with school and district goals and move toward making it an information center that provides information resources for all members of the educational community in an effective, efficient and timely manner. Major enhancers to increased collaboration included flexible scheduling of the library, sharing ideas and resources, partnership in teaching, and student achievement. Major inhibitors included time, wanting to keep things the way they were, and lack of resources. Changes in teaching practice included working with another professional instead of in isolation, integrating many resources into the lesson to provide for the learning needs of all students, the incorporation of technology into the lesson, and an awareness of the roles of both library media specialists and teachers.
A Gut Commensal-Produced Metabolite Mediates Colonization Resistance to Salmonella Infection.

Summary The intestinal microbiota provides colonization resistance against pathogens, limiting pathogen expansion and transmission. These microbiota-mediated mechanisms were previously identified by observing loss of colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment or dietary changes, which severely disrupt microbiota communities. We identify a microbiota-mediated mechanism of colonization resistance against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) by comparing high-complexity commensal communities with different levels of colonization resistance. Using inbred mouse strains with different infection dynamics and S. Typhimurium intestinal burdens, we demonstrate that Bacteroides species mediate colonization resistance against S. Typhimurium by producing the short-chain fatty acid propionate. Propionate directly inhibits pathogen growth in vitro by disrupting intracellular pH homeostasis, and chemically increasing intestinal propionate levels protects mice from S. Typhimurium. In addition, administering susceptible mice Bacteroides, but not a propionate-production mutant, confers resistance to S. Typhimurium. This work provides mechanistic understanding into the role of individualized microbial communities in host-to-host variability of pathogen transmission.
A Commitment to HIV Diagnostic Accuracy – a comment on “Towards more accurate HIV testing in sub‐Saharan Africa: a multi‐site evaluation of HIV RDTs and risk factors for false positives” and “HIV misdiagnosis in sub‐Saharan Africa: a performance of diagnostic algorithms at six testing sites”

As part of the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is committed to the provision of high-quality services and ensuring testing accuracy. Two recently published papers focusing on HIV testing and misdiagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa by Kosack et al. report on evaluations of HIV rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and found lower than expected specificity and sensitivity on some tests when used in certain geographic locations. The magnitude of PEPFAR's global HIV response has been possible due to the extensive use of RDTs, which have made HIV diagnosis accessible all over the world. We take the opportunity to address concerns raised about the potential implications that these findings could have on real-world HIV testing accuracy. PEPFAR supported countries adhere to the normative guidance by World Health Organization (WHO) supporting algorithms which require sequential positive tests for diagnostic accuracy. An analysis of Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) RDT site-specific data applied to PEPFAR in-country protocols demonstrate a variation in the diagnostic accuracy of the testing algorithms, but with a very small population-level effect. The data demonstrate, with the use of these algorithms, that the RDT outcomes found in the study by Kosack et al. would be largely mitigated and would not be expected to have a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy and overall programming in most countries. Avoiding any misdiagnosis is a priority for PEPFAR, and it remains vital to gain a deeper understanding of the causes and the extent of diagnostic errors and any misclassification. Extensive quality control mechanisms and continued research are essential. With a focus on epidemic control and ensuring diagnostic accuracy, PEPFAR recommends that all countries use WHO pre-qualified RDTs within the recommended strategies and algorithms for HIV testing. We also support validation of HIV testing algorithms using in-country specimens to determine optimal performance, and the reverification testing of all people diagnosed with HIV prior to starting treatment as an essential quality assurance measure.
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone-assisted synthesis of size-tunable polymer spheres at elevated temperature and their conversion to nitrogen-containing carbon spheres.

Abstract Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized polymer spheres synthesized at elevated temperature by Stӧber-like method are carbonized to obtain carbon spheres. Their size is tunable in the range from 875 nm to 60 nm by adjusting the amount of PVP during synthesis at elevated temperature. These spheres are obtained by using resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursors, ethylene diamine (EDA) as nitrogen source and basic catalyst, and PVP as stabilizer and an additional source of nitrogen dopant. A synergistic effect is shown between (i) elevated temperature that facilitates the formation of a large number of small polymeric nuclei and (ii) varying amount of PVP that controls the growth of formed nuclei by hindering polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde. The elevated temperature synthesis not only produces monodispersed carbon spheres but also eliminates the need for hydrothermal treatment that generally requires high-pressure autoclave vessel. The nitrogen content increases from 3.0 wt% to 5.0% with increasing PVP amount. Besides nitrogen originating from ethylene diamine, an additional amount of doped nitrogen in carbon spheres is supplied by PVP during its decomposition. The resulting carbon spheres were subjected to the post-synthesis CO2 activation in order to improve their structural properties. The surface area of activated carbon spheres increased almost twice from (516 m2/g−581 m2/g) to (1010 m2/g−1060 m2/g). A significant enhancement of microporosity as well as presence of nitrogen species in activated carbon spheres resulted in high CO2 uptake at ambient temperatures. The tunable size, high microporosity, nitrogen doping and cost-effective synthesis make these carbon spheres attractive for a variety of uses ranging from adsorption, catalysis, electrode materials to biomedical applications.
Affordance Compatibility Effect for Word Learning in Virtual Reality

Rich sensorimotor interaction facilitates language learning and is presumed to ground conceptual representations. Yet empirical support for early stages of embodied word learning is currently lacking. Finding evidence that sensorimotor interaction shapes learned linguistic representations would provide crucial support for embodied language theories. We developed a gamified word learning experiment in virtual reality in which participants learned the names of six novel objects by grasping and manipulating objects with either their left or right hand. Participants then completed a word-color match task in which they were tested on the same six words and objects. Participants were faster to respond to stimuli in the match task when the response hand was compatible with the hand used to interact with the named object, an effect we refer to as affordance compatibility. In two follow up experiments, we found that merely observing virtual hands interact with the objects was sufficient to acquire a smaller affordance compatibility effect, and we found that the compatibility effect was driven primarily by responses with a compatible hand and not by responses in a compatible spatial location. Our results support theoretical views of language which ground word representations in sensorimotor experiences, and they suggest promising future routes to explore the sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition through immersive virtual experiments.
A case of marantic endocarditis with systemic emboli in a patient with metastatic soft tissue sarcoma

Clinical manifestations of cancer can be categorized as resulting from direct tissue injury from the primary tumor, distant metastatic spread, or aberrant biological activity, also known as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin which typically present with direct tissue injury, exerting their harmful potential by compression and mass effect. We describe a rare case of an occult retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma presenting with marantic endocarditis. To date, there is a paucity of available medical literature relating sarcoma to marantic endocarditis.
Response to Comment on Braffett et al. Association of Insulin Dose, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes During 30 Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care 2019;42:657-664.

Snaith et al. (1) suggest that the relationship between insulin dose and adverse cardiometabolic profile might be mediated by insulin resistance and cite data linking clamp-derived measurement of insulin resistance and coronary artery calcification (2). We do not have any direct assessment of insulin resistance in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study; however, the association among weight gain, insulin resistance, and adverse …
Gartner’s duct cysts: a review of surgical management and a new technique using fluorescein dye

Gartner’s duct cysts (GDC) are benign lesions that may become symptomatic, leading to surgical intervention. There is no standard surgical technique for management of GDC. This article provides a comprehensive review of surgical the management of GDC. We also present a new technique using fluorescein dye to help delineate GDC walls and facilitate complete cyst excision. We conducted a PubMed search for English-language articles without a defined time range. The search combined subject headings, title, abstract, and text words relating to Gartner duct cysts. Articles describing surgical management of GDC were included. Exclusion criteria included inadequate diagnosis of GDC, infected cysts, nonsurgical management, or article unavailable for interlibrary loan. A novel approach using intra-cyst fluorescein dye injection is described. Two hundred sixty-seven articles were identified via PubMed, and 34 articles were included in the review based on eligibility criteria. Concomitant genitourinary malformations occurred in 19 of the 92 surgically managed patients. Surgical techniques included cyst excision (50 patients), tetracycline injection following aspiration (15), marsupialization (14), unroofing/partial excision (9), and puncture/evacuation (4). Recurrences occurred in 4, 1, 0, 0, and 1 patient, respectively. One patient underwent uncomplicated fluorescein dye-assisted cyst excision with no recurrence 30 months post-procedure. The low incidence of GDCs necessitating surgical intervention has resulted in a lack of standard surgical technique, especially in patients with concurrent genitourinary malformations. Utilizing fluorescein dye provides a surgical method that can help confirm the absence of urologic involvement as well as facilitate precise excision of GDC.