cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Fractal Prefactor on the Optical Properties of Fractal Soot Aggregates

The effects of prefactor on the optical properties of numerically generated fractal soot aggregates were investigated using the numerically exact generalized multi-sphere Mie-solution method (GMM) and the approximate Rayleigh-Debye-Gans (RDG) theory. The numerically generated fractal aggregates consist of 50 to 400 primary particles of 30 nm in diameter. The considered incident laser wavelength is 266 nm. Attention is paid to the effect of prefactor on the vertical-vertical differential scattering cross section, since such quantity has often been used to infer the fractal dimension and prefactor based on the RDG formulation. The fractal prefactor affects the optical properties of the numerically generated soot aggregates through its influence on the compactness of the structure. Using GMM to calculate the optical properties of the numerically generated aggregates results in a lower aggregate absorption cross section, but a higher total scattering cross section with increasing the prefactor. The difference between the RDG results and those of GMM is primarily caused by multiple scattering and such effect is found significant, especially for the higher value of prefactor considered. The fractal dimension derived from the GMM non-dimensional differential scattering cross section agrees well with the morphological value in the case of the lower prefactor of 1.3 considered; however, the derived fractal dimension is much higher than the morphological value for fractal soot aggregates with a prefactor of 2.3. The light scattering derived prefactor is in general lower than the morphological value, especially when the morphological prefactor is higher.Copyright © 2009 by National Research Council Canada
Treatment of pediatric urolithiasis between 1984 and 1994.

AbstractPurpose: We report our experience with the management of pediatric urolithiasis during a 10-year period. Our aim was to assess the impact of new technology in the treatment of pediatric urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients up to age 18 years in whom urolithiasis was treated from 1984 to 1994. In 37 cases 24-hour urine collections were available for metabolic evaluation.Results: A total of 100 pediatric patients was treated for urolithiasis. Mean followup was 36 months. A total of 79 patients underwent 115 procedures for symptomatic urolithiasis and 21 were treated nonoperatively. In 42 patients structural anomalies of the urinary tract required additional management. Metabolic abnormalities in 48 patients included hypercalciuria in 19, defined as greater than 4 mg./kg./24 hours calcium by 24-hour urine collection. Only 24 of the 100 patients had no identifiable predisposing factors. Procedures included shock wave lithotripsy in 42 cases, baske...
Fixing ideas: how research is constrained by mandated formalism

The puzzle: why do so many economists in principle acknowledge the importance of creative destruction, and yet in practice give so little attention to creative destruction in what they teach and what they research? The answer lies, in part, in the difficulty of obtaining what is viewed as ‘hard’ evidence in support of some of the central claims. For example, one such claim is that new products contribute more to consumer well-being than price competition on old products. The only kind of evidence accepted by much of the profession is the testing of econometric hypotheses generated from formal models. The sort of evidence found in persuasive sources such as DeLong's ‘Cornucopia’ consists of historical examples and raw time series. I argue that in the short run, a more pluralistic methodology would be better, and that in the long run, we should seek to understand which methods work best under which circumstances.
Weak Antiferromagnetic Coupling via a Superexchange Interaction between Mn(II)–Mn(II) Ions: A QM/MM Study of the Active Site of Human Cytosolic X-Propyl Aminopeptidase P

We investigate the dinuclear manganese, Mn(II)–Mn(II), active site of human cytosolic X-propyl aminopeptidase (XPNPEP1) by employing the QM/MM method. The optimized structure supports two manganese atoms at the active site and excludes the possibility of a single Mn(II) atom or another combination of divalent metal ions, Ca(II), Fe(II), an Mg(II). A broken-symmetry solution verifies an antiferromagnetically coupled state between the Mn(II)–Mn(II) pair, which is the ground state. From the energy difference between the high spin state (HS) and the broken-symmetry state (BS), we estimate the exchange coupling constant, J, to be 5.15 cm–1. Also, we observe multiple bridges (p orbitals) from the solvent and two carboxylates linking to the Mn(II)–Mn(II), which leads to the weakly antiferromagnetic interaction of d5–d5 electrons through superexchange coupling.
Characterizing pore volume, sizes, and connectivity in pervious concretes for permeability prediction

Abstract Methods of characterizing the pore structure features in a cement-based material with open pore structure, called pervious concrete, and the use of these pore structure features in permeability prediction is the focus of this paper. Porosity of several pervious concrete mixtures is determined using volumetric and area fraction methods whereas stereology and mathematical morphology based methods are used to extract the characteristic pore sizes. The characteristic pore sizes determined using several methods relate well to each other. A Weibull probability distribution function is found to adequately model the pore size distribution in pervious concretes. The values of porosity and the morphologically determined pore sizes, along with the pore phase connectivity represented using an electrical conductivity ratio, are used in a Katz–Thompson type relationship to predict the permeability of pervious concretes. It is shown in this paper that maximization of water transport behavior of pervious concretes is best achieved by increasing the pore connectivity factor.
Assessing the impact of human genome annotation choice on RNA-seq expression estimates

Genome annotation is a crucial component of RNA-seq data analysis. Much effort has been devoted to producing an accurate and rational annotation of the human genome. An annotated genome provides a comprehensive catalogue of genomic functional elements. Currently, at least six human genome annotations are publicly available, including AceView Genes, Ensembl Genes, H-InvDB Genes, RefSeq Genes, UCSC Known Genes, and Vega Genes. Characteristics of these annotations differ because of variations in annotation strategies and information sources. When performing RNA-seq data analysis, researchers need to choose a genome annotation. However, the effect of genome annotation choice on downstream RNA-seq expression estimates is still unclear. This study (1) investigates the effect of different genome annotations on RNA-seq quantification and (2) provides guidelines for choosing a genome annotation based on research focus. We define the complexity of human genome annotations in terms of the number of genes, isoforms, and exons. This definition facilitates an investigation of potential relationships between complexity and variations in RNA-seq quantification. We apply several evaluation metrics to demonstrate the impact of genome annotation choice on RNA-seq expression estimates. In the mapping stage, the least complex genome annotation, RefSeq Genes, appears to have the highest percentage of uniquely mapped short sequence reads. In the quantification stage, RefSeq Genes results in the most stable expression estimates in terms of the average coefficient of variation over all genes. Stable expression estimates in the quantification stage translate to accurate statistics for detecting differentially expressed genes. We observe that RefSeq Genes produces the most accurate fold-change measures with respect to a ground truth of RT-qPCR gene expression estimates. Based on the observed variations in the mapping, quantification, and differential expression calling stages, we demonstrate that the selection of human genome annotation results in different gene expression estimates. When conducting research that emphasizes reproducible and robust gene expression estimates, a less complex genome annotation may be preferred. However, simpler genome annotations may limit opportunities for identifying or characterizing novel transcriptional or regulatory mechanisms. When conducting research that aims to be more exploratory, a more complex genome annotation may be preferred.
Analysis of confocal microscopy under ultrashort light-pulse illumination: reply to comment

The importance and physical meaning of the terms neglected in the amplitude point-spread function in J. Opt. Soc. Am. A10, 240 ( 1993) are discussed.
Region-specific involvement of AMPA/Kainate receptors in Fos protein expression induced by cocaine-conditioned cues.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of the AMPA/Kainate receptor antagonist, NBQX, on cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior and concomitant changes in Fos protein expression. After cocaine self-administration training, rats underwent 24 days of abstinence during which they were exposed daily either to the self-administration environment with response-contingent cues previously paired with cocaine infusions available (Extinction group) or to an alternate environment (No Extinction group). Subsequently, rats were tested for cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., operant responses without cocaine reinforcement) elicited by the cocaine-associated cues after pretreatment with either vehicle or NBQX (10 mg/kg, IP). NBQX markedly attenuated cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle pretreatment in the No Extinction group and also decreased cue-elicited Fos protein expression in a region-specific manner in the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices, basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens core, and dorsal caudate-putamen, suggesting involvement of AMPA glutamate systems in specific subregions of the neuronal circuitry activated by cocaine cues.
Transcriptional Activation of Placental Growth Factor by the Forkhead/Winged Helix Transcription Factor FoxD1

Abstract Stromal-epithelial interactions play an important role in renal organogenesis [1]. Expression of the forkhead/winged helix transcription factor FoxD1 (BF-2) is restricted to stromal cells in the embryonic renal cortex, but it mediates its effects on the adjacent ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme, which fail to grow and differentiate in BF-2 null mice [2]. BF-2 is therefore likely to regulate transcription of factors secreted by stromal cells that modulate the differentiation of neighboring epithelial cells. Here, we used cells with inducible expression of BF-2, combined with microarray analysis, to identify Placental Growth Factor (PlGF), a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) family member previously implicated in angiogenesis, as a downstream target of BF-2. BF-2 binds to a conserved HNF3β site in the PlGF promoter and activates transcription. PlGF is precisely coexpressed with BF-2, both temporally and spatially, within the developing renal stroma, and it is completely absent in BF-2 null kidney stroma. Addition of PlGF to in vitro kidney organ cultures stimulates branching of the ureteric bud. Our observations indicate that PlGF is a direct and physiologically relevant transcriptional target of BF-2. The contribution of PlGF toward stromal signals that regulate epithelial differentiation suggests novel functions for a growth factor previously implicated in reactive angiogenesis.
Induction of apoptosis in lymphoid cells by thiol-mediated oxidative stress

In previous studies, oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or hydroperoxy fatty acids were shown to induce apoptosis in the CEM human T cell line as demonstrated by the cleavage of cellular DNA into a ∼ 180-base pair “ladder”. Oxidant-induced DNA fragmentation was detectable within 3 h and inhibitable by various antioxidants. In the present study, apoptosis is shown to also be induced by the addition of low doses (0.1–3 mM) of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), reduced glutathione (GSH) or cysteine. By contrast, higher concentrations (≥10 mM) of the same thiols displayed a paradoxical lack of toxicity. Thiol-induced apoptosis was completely prevented by the addition of BAPTA-AM, an intracellular calcium chelator, or by simultaneous treatment with 5 mM pyruvate which forms a thiazolidine complex with sulfhydryl compounds. Catalase or glutathione peroxidase, but not Superoxide dismutase, protected the cells from thiol-induced apoptosis demonstrating a role for H2O2. The ability of thiol compounds to either evoke or prevent oxidative stress implies a unique role for these agents in the control of apoptosis in lymphoid cells.
Mechanisms that control antigen receptor variable region gene assembly

The somatic assembly of antigen receptor genes--known as V(D)J recombination--is a highly regulated process at several different levels. V(D)J rearrangement is limited to stages of early B and T cell development by the lymphoid specific expression of recombinase activity. A common recombinase is apparently responsible for the rearrangement of all antigen receptor loci. Thus, the tissue specific and ordered rearrangement of each antigen receptor locus must depend on controlling their 'accessibility' to the recombinase. Here, we outline recent work that has contributed to the current understanding of mechanisms that control V(D)J rearrangement.
Electron detachment energies of aqueous and cluster halide anions from electron propagator calculations with the polarizable continuum model

To calibrate computational studies of photoelectron spectra of dissolved anions, the vertical electron detachment energies (VEDEs) of the fluoride and chloride anions in isolation and in the presence of six coordinated water molecules have been calculated with and without the polarizable continuum model (PCM) of solvation in water. Large shifts in VEDEs and important changes in coordination geometries about the chloride anion occur with the use of the PCM. Cluster and PCM calculations confirm previous, qualitative conclusions on Dyson orbitals corresponding to the lowest VEDEs of aqueous halide anions. For the fluoride case, Dyson orbitals for the lowest VEDEs are spread over water molecules, not the anion, but for the chloride case, the Dyson orbitals for the lowest VEDEs are localized on the anion. The partial third-order (P3) and P3+ approximations of electron propagator theory provide a reliable means to calculating VEDEs with polarized atomic basis sets. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent monitoring of proteins during sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting

Fluorescent labeling of proteins was found to be a very sensitive and reliable alternative to conventional methods for monitoring proteins on Western blots. Proteins were labeled with 2-methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone (MDPF) before SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis and subsequent electro-blotting the fluorescent-labeled proteins were visible upon ultraviolet illumination of the nitrocellulose membranes, and could be photographed to yield an accurate record of the blots before subsequent serological analysis. The sensitivity for detecting MDPF-labeled proteins on nitrocellulose was 100-200 ng, 50 to 100 fold less sensitive than on gels. Fluorescent-labeled TMV and MStpV capsid proteins that were blotted onto nitrocellulose still reacted in serological tests and were detected when present in quantities as low as 100 pg. Fluorescent labeling allows accurate photographic records of the SDS-gel, blot and probed blot using only one sample, and no subsequent staining steps are required.
Microcompression of single-crystal magnesium

Single-crystal magnesium micropillars are fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The micropillars are loaded in compression along the [0 0 0 1] c-axis. The stress–strain curves from these microcompression experiments reveal significant strain hardening, and post-mortem microscopy reveals traces of pyramidal slip on the deformed specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens are excised from the micropillars using FIB, and TEM analysis confirms the presence of pyramidal dislocations as well as 〈c〉 dislocations. No twinning is observed.
Deregulation of Cdc2 kinase induces caspase-3 activation and apoptosis

Progression of the cell cycle and control of apoptosis are tightly linked processes. It has been reported that manifestation of apoptosis requires cdc2 kinase activity yet the mechanism(s) of which is largely unclear. In an attempt to study the role of human MDM2 (HDM2) in interphase and mitosis, we employed the Xenopus cell-free system to study HDM2 protein stability. Interestingly, HDM2 is specifically cleaved in Xenopus mitotic extracts but not in the interphase extracts. We demonstrate that HDM2 cleavage is dependent on caspase-3 and that activation of cdc2 kinase results in caspase-3 activation in the Xenopus cell-free system. Furthermore, expression of cdc2 kinase in mammalian cells leads to activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. Taken together, these data indicate that deregulation of cdc2 kinase activity can trigger apoptotic machinery that leads to caspase-3 activation and apoptosis.
Notch Signaling Alters Sensory or Neuronal Cell Fate Specification of Inner Ear Stem Cells

Multipotent progenitor cells in the otic placode give rise to the specialized cell types of the inner ear, including neurons, supporting cells, and hair cells. The mechanisms governing acquisition of specific fates by the cells that form the cochleovestibular organs remain poorly characterized. Here we show that whereas blocking Notch signaling with a γ-secretase inhibitor increased the conversion of inner ear stem cells to hair cells by a mechanism that involved the upregulation of bHLH transcription factor, Math1 (mouse Atoh1), differentiation to a neuronal lineage was increased by expression of the Notch intracellular domain. The shift to a neuronal lineage could be attributed in part to continued cell proliferation in cells that did not undergo sensory cell differentiation due to the high Notch signaling, but also involved upregulation of Ngn1. The Notch intracellular domain influenced Ngn1 indirectly by upregulation of Sox2, a transcription factor expressed in many neural progenitor cells, and directly by an interaction with an RBP-J binding site in the Ngn1 promoter/enhancer. The induction of Ngn1 was blocked partially by mutation of the RBP-J site and nearly completely when the mutation was combined with inhibition of Sox2 expression. Thus, Notch signaling had a significant role in the fate specification of neurons and hair cells from inner ear stem cells, and decisions about cell fate were mediated in part by a differential effect of combinatorial signaling by Notch and Sox2 on the expression of bHLH transcription factors.
Elastic constants of a monocrystalline nickel-base superalloy

The interest in using a monocrystalline superalloy for turbine blades makes it imperative to understand the elastic response of the monocrystalline superalloy under external stress. While the elastic response in the direction of loading is well known for monocrystals, the transverse response under longitudinal loading is not well characterized. The present work presents an experimental measurement and an analytical treatment for characterizing the transverse elastic response under longitudinal loading. The work indicates that the transverse elastic response, in general, is sinusoidal. The in-plane transverse direction, therefore, affects the elastic deformation in the transverse direction under unit longitudinal load, and a proper choice of the in-plane crystallographic direction minimizes the in-plane transverse strain. By fitting the experimental data to an analytical equation, the elastic constants can be obtained from a cylindrical monocrystal of arbitrary axial orientation.
Management of Proximal Humeral Fractures

The understanding of early controlled range of motion adapted to the stability of the fracture is crucial in postfracture shoulder therapy. The diagnosis and management of proximal humeral fractures have been reviewed. In addition, the aspects of therapy and the pertinent rehabilitation protocols are outlined. Although this article outlines standard treatment approaches, the specific therapy should be individualized to the patient's goals and abilities, and continuous communication between all persons involved in the patient's care is essential for achieving the best possible outcome.
Predicting Compositional Two-Phase Flow Behavior in Pipelines

A computational algorithm for predicting pressure and temperature profiles for compositional two-phase flow in pipelines has been developed. The algorithm is based on the coupling of the momentum and energy balance equations and the phase behavior of the flowing fluids. Mass transfer between the gas and the liquid phases is treated rigorously through flash calculations, making the algorithm capable of handling retrograde condensation. Temperatures can be predicted by applying the enthalpy balance equation iteratively. However, it was found that the explicit Coutler and Bardon analytical solution of the temperature profile yields nearly identical results for horizontal and near horizontal flow.
What You See Is What You Get: 30 Years of the HIV Epidemic

The John E. Fryer, MD Award, an annual award given by the American Psychiatric Association and sponsored by the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists (AGLP), honors an individual whose work has contributed to the mental health of sexual minorities. Dr. Fryer was the psychiatrist who appeared in a Nixon mask and fright wig as “Dr. H Anonymous” at a 1972 American Psychiatric Association presentation (Scasta, 2003; Barber, 2008) to talk about how the listing of homosexuality as a mental illness affected him and other gay psychiatrists. The talk was one factor in moving the organization to take homosexuality out of psychiatry's diagnostic manual the following year (Bayer, 1981). The Fryer Award was endowed through a generous grant from the Gill Foundation, a bequest from the estate of psychiatrist and longtime AGLP member Frank Rundle, and contributions from AGLP members. The first award in 2006 was given to Barbara Gittings and Franklin Kameny in New York City; other previous recipients include Freedo...
Bovine serum sialic acid: age-related changes in type and content.

Abstract 1. 1. The sialic acid content of newborn calf serum (4.8 μmol/ml) is approx. 3-fold higher than that of mature animals (1.4 μmol/ml) and decreases to 2.4 μmol/ml at 20 days of age. Colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves have similar levels of sialic acid from birth to 14 days of age. 2. 2. The high level of sialic acid in newborn calf serum is due predominantly to N-acetylneuraminic acid, since this sialic acid accounts for 93% of the total and since 3. 3. Comparison of day 0 and day 20 serum by gel filtration and by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrates that the increase in sialic acid is associated with increased production and/or sialylation of components with MW of 45–60 kDa. 4. 4. A high percentage (64%) of the sialic acid in newborn calf serum is detected with the lipid-linked sialic acid assay, relative to 20 day old (25%) or mature (18%) animals. 5. 5. This indicates that the glycoproteins of newborn calf serum are more efficiently extracted under the conditions of this assay than glycoproteins of mature serum.
On the mechanism of estrogen receptor replenishment: recycling, resynthesis and/or processing.

Estrogen receptor replenishment has been extensively studied after a single injection of estradiol-17β in the rat. Most studies indicate that replenishment, under these conditions, is due both to recycling and to resynthesis of receptor. In the case of short-acting estrogens, total replenishment occurs in the absence of protein synthesis and loss of nuclear receptor closely corresponds to an increase in cytoplasmic receptor. After estradiol-17β injection, there is a loss of nuclear receptor without a corresponding increase in cytoplasmic receptor, leading to a loss in total receptor content or `processing'. Since little processing occurs with the active, short-acting estrogen, we propose that processing is not essential for estrogen action. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that processing may be due to a reversible inactivation of the steroid binding capacity of the receptor. We discuss a model in which there are two routes for replenishment: a simple equilibrium scheme where no processing occurs and a second route where the receptor is processed to a form with low affinity for estrogen which must be reactivated before binding can occur.
Phospholipase A2 in hemocytes of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

On the hypothesis that prostaglandins and other eicosanoids mediate nodulation responses to bacterial infections in insects, we describe an intracellular phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in homogenates prepared from hemocytes collected from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. PLA2 hydrolyzes fatty acids from the sn-2 position of phospholipids. Some PLA2s are thought to be the first and rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. The hemocyte PLA2 activity was sensitive to hemocyte homogenate protein concentration (up to 250 μg protein/reaction), pH (optimal activity at pH 8.0), and the presence of a Ca2+ chelator. Like PLA2s from mammalian sources, the hemocyte PLA2 was inhibited by the phospholipid analog oleyoxyethyl phosphorylcholine. Whereas most intracellular PLA2s require Ca2+ for catalytic activity, some PLA2s, including the hemocyte enzyme, are Ca2+-independent. The hemocyte PLA2 exhibited a preference for arachidonyl-associated substrate over palmitoyl-associated substrate. These findings show that M. sexta hemocytes express a PLA2 that shows a marked preference for hydrolyzing arachidonic acid from phospholipids. The biological significance of this enzyme relates to cellular immune responses to bacterial infections. The hemocyte PLA2 may be the first biochemical step in synthesis of the eicosanoids that mediate cellular immunity in insects. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonadiabatic variational calculations on dipositronium using explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions

Nonadiabatic variational calculations are described for dipositronium (${\mathit{e}}^{+}$,${\mathit{e}}^{+}$,${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$,${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) using explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions with angular momentum zero. An improved rigorous upper bound for the ${\mathit{A}}_{1}$ ground-state energy for dipositronium is achieved (-0.515 976 7 a.u.) leading to a corresponding bound for the binding energy, \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{0}$g0.435 eV, which is greater than previous estimates by 0.024 eV. This improved energy is obtained by exploiting the full permutational symmetry of the Hamiltonian including charge-reversal symmetry which was ignored in recent calculations. The first excited ${\mathit{A}}_{1}$ state, and the lowest ${\mathit{B}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{A}}_{2}$ states of dipositronium are found to be unbound while the ${\mathit{B}}_{2}$ and E states appear to be metastable. For comparison, by the same method, the $^{2}$S ground-state energy of the lithium atom is found to be -7.476 716 1 a.u., which lies 0.001 343 a.u. above the accepted true energy. Expectation values for individual terms of the Hamiltonian along with moments of interparticle distances 〈${\mathit{r}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}$〉, 〈${\mathit{r}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2}$〉, and 〈\ensuremath{\delta}(${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}$)〉 are also reported.
Hydrogen fluoride: a critical comparison of theoretical and experimental results

Abstract The hydrogen fluoride molecule has been extensively studied by generations of experimentalists and theoreticians, resulting in an extensive body of information available for critical comparisons. Both theoretical and experimental approaches to the study of matter have undergone tremendous advances in the past few decades, enabling predictions and measurements of unprecedented accuracy. Nonetheless, ten-electron diatomic molecules, such as HF, still present challenges for electronic structure methods as they are applied to an ever-expanding list of observables. The excellent agreement between theory and experiment for the large number of ground and low-lying excited-state properties of HF, which are described in the present work, reinforces the belief that at the current state of development ab initio methods provide a tool of great power and generality for the study of small molecules. For the notable exceptions where theory and experiment still differ, including notoriously difficult examples such as the second hyperpolarizability for the HF ground state and the 19 F isotropic hyperfine splitting in HF + , confidence in the robustness of the theoretical methods suggests a call for renewed experimental work.
Simulation evaluation of display/FLIR concepts for low-altitude, terrain-following helicopter operations

A piloted simulation of three head-down display (HDD) concepts with flight-director guidance superimposed on forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery was performed to evaluate the task of low-level, terrain-following (TF), manual helicopter flight. The three display concepts were examined for the purpose of finding ways by which aircraft flight-attitude and command symbols and FLIR imagery could be integrated onto one instrument. In all cases, the FLIR imagery was centered on the flight-path vector of the aircraft. The three displays were then characterized by having: (1) pitch attitude conformal to the FLIR imagery; (2) pitch attitude conformal to the FLIR imagery, but with an increase in the scaling; and (3) pitch attitude nonconformal to the FLIR imagery with the same pitch scaling as in (2). The simulation was conducted on the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at Ames Research Center, using NASA and Air Force test pilots. The pilots indicated that the nonconformal pitch attitude and FLIR display was the preferred way to display information because of the absence of pitch-attitude information on displays (1) and (2) during some portions of the operational flight envelope.
Endovascular repair of a giant arteriovenous fistula: a case study.

Arterial-venous (AV) fistulas are the result of communication between the high-pressure arterial system and the low-pressure venous system leading to anatomic changes (remodeling of the involved vessels) and changes in the patient’s hemodynamic state.1 Development and progression of AV fistulas that involve the large arteries result in hemodynamic changes in the form of high-output heart failure as a consequence of blood moving from the high-resistance arterial system to the low-resistance, highcapacity venous system.1-3 The extent of these changes is dependent on the size of the fistula, the vessels involved, the blood volume they contain, their location proximity to the heart, and pre-existing cardiac disease.1-3 Spontaneous resolution of AV fistulas are unlikely—less than 3% of AV fistulas heal spontaneously—therefore, intervention is usually required.4 Surgical intervention includes ligation of all arterial branches feeding into the fistula, surgical placement of a graft to exclude and bypass the AV fistula, or the less invasive approach of coiling the fistula to encourage thrombosis. Endovascular repair (repair from inside the lumen of the vessel, with the use of a graft wrapped around a catheter, visualization through fluoroscopy) of peripheral arterial aneurysms, psuedoaneurysms, and AV fistulas has become feasible as a natural extension of the endovascular technique.5 There is some evidence that use of endovascular grafts to repair abdominal aortic aneurysms may be associated with lower morbidity and mortality, shorter hospitalizations, and reduced costs.5,6 A limited number of reports address the techniques of coil embolization (intentional placement of small metal devices to aid in thrombosis of a vessel) of AV fistulas, and endovascular repair of AV fistulas.6 Giant AV fistulas are rare. This article presents a case study involving endovascular repair of a giant AV fistula with the use of coil embolization and an endovascular graft. Etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for AV fistulas also are discussed. AV fistulas are abnormal passages between an artery and a vein, and they may be congenital, traumatic, or arthesclerotic in nature. AV fistulas can result in increased cardiac output, increased heart rate—possibly leading to increased cardiac
Predicting the Strategic Identity Management of Gender and Race

Two questionnaire studies examined when people strategically claim (i.e., use positive distinctiveness) or downplay (i.e., use social recategorization) socially devalued identities (gender for women in science in Study 1; race for Black medical students in Study 2). The results of both studies indicated that perceiving one's group to be devalued was related to reported use of both strategies, and identification with the devalued group was related to less social recategorization use and greater positive distinctiveness use. Only the Study 2 results demonstrated that identification with an alternate, socially valued identity (i.e., medical professional) was positively related to social recategorization use. Additional measures included in Study 2 indicated that general impression management concerns were related to the use of both strategies, and that positive distinctiveness use was related to less depression and more positive medical career attitudes. These findings contribute to understanding how differe...
The Effects of Supervisory Styles on Patrol Officer Behavior

Do patrol sergeants' supervisory styles influence patrol officer behavior? This question is addressed by examining data collected for the Project on Policing Neighborhoods, a systematic observation...
Constrained analogs of methionine: asymmetric synthesis of χ-angle restricted methionine derivatives through [3.1.0]-γ-lactone cyclopropane ring opening

Abstract Regiospecific and stereoselective ring opening of a [3.1.0]-γ-lactone intermediate by sulfur-containing nucleophiles has been developed. The reaction product was confirmed by NMR techniques and chemical equilibrium processes. Using this approach, all four possible diastereomers of χ-angle restricted methionine surrogates have been synthesized by electrophilic azidation and reduction to the amino group. These constrained analogs can be used in the preparation of peptidomimetics of sequences containing methionine in the C-terminal position.
Fe-N-C Oxygen Reduction Fuel Cell Catalyst Derived from Carbendazim: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity

New non-PGM catalysts from the family of Fe-N-C pyrolyzed materials are reported. They are synthesized using a templating silica powder with iron nitrate and carbendazim (CBDZ) precursors (sacrificial support method). The synthesis involves high temperature pyrolysis, followed by etching of the sacrificial support (silica) and obtaining a “self-supported” open frame morphology catalyst. Both the temperature of heat treatment and Fe to CBDZ ratio play a crucial role in the final catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Prepared materials have extremely high durability in RDE tests, ending up with more than 94% of initial activity (by E1/2 value) after 10 000 cycles in an oxygen atmosphere, which is the result we report for the first time. Evaluation of these new M-N-C catalysts in a single membrane electrode assembly (MEA) has shown an exceptionally high open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1 V and the world's second best performance with no IR correction. MEA tests have shown high current density of 700 mA cm-2 at 0.6 V and 120 mA cm-2 at 0.8 V. In-depth structure-to-property correlation presents an evidence that Fe-Nx centers are the active sites playing a key role in oxygen reduction reaction.
The Anesthetic Management of a Child with Chronic Hypotension for Renal Transplantation

The anesthetic management of renal transplant recipients requires the maintenance of an adequate perfusion pressure to ensure viability of the donated kidney. A common finding among patients with end-stage renal disease is chronic hypertension. We report a case involving a 2-year-old child with an age-adjusted blood pressure below normal, undergoing transplantation of an adult cadaveric kidney, during which high-dose vasopressor medications were used to sustain the child's blood pressure at above-normal levels to help ensure perfusion of the adult allograft.
Analysis and update of the human solute carrier (SLC) gene superfamily

The solute-carrier gene (SLC) superfamily encodes membrane-bound transporters. The SLC superfamily comprises 55 gene families having at least 362 putatively functional protein-coding genes. The gene products include passive transporters, symporters and antiporters, located in all cellular and organelle membranes, except, perhaps, the nuclear membrane. Transport substrates include amino acids and oligopeptides, glucose and other sugars, inorganic cations and anions (H+, HCO3-, Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, SO42-, C2O42-, OH-,CO32-), bile salts, carboxylate and other organic anions, acetyl coenzyme A, essential metals, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, vitamins, fatty acids and lipids, nucleosides, ammonium, choline, thyroid hormone and urea. Contrary to gene nomenclature commonly assigned on the basis of evolutionary divergence http://www.genenames.org/, the SLC gene superfamily has been named based largely on transporter function by proteins having multiple transmembrane domains. Whereas all the transporters exist for endogenous substrates, it is likely that drugs, non-essential metals and many other environmental toxicants are able to 'hitch-hike' on one or another of these transporters, thereby enabling these moieties to enter (or leave) the cell. Understanding and characterising the functions of these transporters is relevant to medicine, genetics, developmental biology, pharmacology and cancer chemotherapy.
Using Life History Plots to Visualize Criminal Careers

Developmental criminology suggests that the elements of one's criminal career (such as specialization or frequency) are best captured through an understanding of their dynamic properties. To that end, this article introduces the Life History Plot: a graphic approach to understanding the important events that take place in an individual's criminal and personal history. Each plot provides a visualization of the individual's criminal history as well as marriage, children, employment, military service, time in custody, foster care, psychiatric history, and serious accidents. Life History Plots were created for a selection of chronic sexual offenders drawn from the Massachusetts Treatment Center Database. This article details the methods used to create the plots and encourages further exploration of data visualization techniques in criminology. Life History Plots make an important contribution to the field by allowing multiple aspects of an individual's life to be instantly observed in a single graphic. This is a valuable tool that provides a visual summary of an individual's life. Its utility for both research and clinical work is discussed. Language: en
Risk factors for recurrence following radical cystectomy for pathologic node negative bladder cancer.

Background and Objectives To evaluate for risk factors associated with bladder cancer recurrence in patients with pathologically negative lymph nodes. Methods A retrospective review of 405 patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer between 1996 and 2008 was performed. Patients with node-positive disease and <6 months of follow up were excluded. Clinical and pathological characteristics including stage, lymphadenectomy type (standard vs. extended), number of nodes removed, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), presence of carcinoma in situ, and site of recurrence were evaluated. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate 5-year recurrence-free survival stratified by lymph node yield. Results Two hundred sixty patients met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 80 (30.8%) patients recurred within 5 years. Univariate analysis identified LVI, PNI, extravesical disease, positive margins, and lymph node yield <14 to be significant predictors of disease recurrence. On multivariate analysis LVI, PNI, and node yield <14 retained significance (P = 0.01, 0.037, 0.038, respectively). There was no difference in 5-year recurrence free survival when stratified by node yield using the Kaplan–Meier method (P = 0.138). Conclusions We identified LVI, PNI, and lymph node yield <14 as three independent risk factors for bladder cancer recurrence in patients with node-negative bladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:334–337. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Predicting Cheddar Cheese Yield in an Individual Plant: Van Slyke Revisited

Abstract Using aggregate daily data from two commercial Cheddar plants, individual plant-specific yield prediction formulas are derived. Statistical results show that the estimated formulas explain yield in the two plants more accurately than does the Van Slyke formula although prediction results are mixed. The formulas provide a new tool to be used along with the Van Slyke formula for monitoring a plant's performance and offer information that may be helpful in management decisions, but they do not replace the Van Slyke formula as the appropriate standard for comparing yield across plants.
Patterns of gastro-intestinal parasites and commensals as an index of population and ecosystem health: the case of sympatric western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal

The exponential decline of great apes over the past 50 years has resulted in an urgent need for data to inform population viability assessment and conservation strategies. Health monitoring of remaining ape populations is an important component of this process. In support of this effort, we examined endoparasitic and commensal prevalence and richness as proxies of population health for western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and sympatric guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal, a site dominated by woodland-savanna at the northwestern extent of chimpanzees’ geographic range. The small population size and extreme environmental pressures experienced by Fongoli chimpanzees make them particularly sensitive to the potential impact of pathogens. One hundred thirtytwo chimpanzee and seventeen baboon fecal samples were processed using sodium nitrate floatation and fecal sedimentation to isolate helminth eggs, larvae, and protozoal cysts. Six nematodes (Physaloptera sp., Ascaris sp., Stronglyloides fuelleborni, Trichuris sp., an unidentified hookworm, and an unidentified larvated nematode), one cestode (Bertiella sp.), and five protozoans (Iodamoeba buetschlii, Entamoeba coli, Troglodytella abrassarti, Troglocorys cava, and an unidentified ciliate) were detected in chimpanzee fecal samples. Four nematodes (Necator sp., S. fuelleborni, Trichuris sp., and an unidentified hookworm sp.), two trematodes (Shistosoma mansoni and an unidentified fluke), and six protozoans (Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, E. coli, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli, T. abrassarti ,a ndT. cava )w ere detected in baboon fecal samples. The low prevalence of pathogenic parasite species and high prevalence of symbiotic protozoa in Fongoli chimpanzees are indicative of good overall population health. However, the high prevalence of pathogenic parasites in baboons, who may serve as transport hosts, highlight the need for ongoing pathogen surveillance of the Fongoli chimpanzee population and point to the need for further research into the epidemiology and cross-species transmission ecology of zoonotic pathogens at this site. Am. J. Primatol. 73:173–179, 2011. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Random Utility Theory for Social Choice

Random utility theory models an agent's preferences on alternatives by drawing a real-valued score on each alternative (typically independently) from a parameterized distribution, and then ranking the alternatives according to scores. A special case that has received significant attention is the Plackett-Luce model, for which fast inference methods for maximum likelihood estimators are available. This paper develops conditions on general random utility models that enable fast inference within a Bayesian framework through MC-EM, providing concave log-likelihood functions and bounded sets of global maxima solutions. Results on both real-world and simulated data provide support for the scalability of the approach and capability for model selection among general random utility models including Plackett-Luce.
Chance Happenings in Life and Psychotherapy

This paper will focus on chance happenings and man's struggles to make sense of those random events that occur in everyday life. There is a readiness to deny chance happenings as powerful mediators in our life course and to transfer the guidance of the world to divine providence, to anthropomorphize fate, to search for blame, and to create conspiratorial theories out of natural disasters. Emphasis will be placed on understanding chance happenings from an exploration of coincidences, experiences perceived beyond coincidences, scientific predictors of causality, and developmental perspectives, as well as the individual's psychological strategies for coping with a fateful event, an acute traumatic moment in which there is sudden awareness of a perceived threat of injury and to life itself. The role of chance and environmental happenings in psychotherapy will be discussed with clinical vignettes.
Religion and Human Agency in Ancient Maya History: Tales from the Hieroglyphic Stairway

Originally presented as the twelfth McDonald Lecture, the following seeks to contribute to the field of cognitive archaeology by exploring how both process and agency contributed to the creation of enduring symbols in a Classic Maya kingdom. Through the examination of material remains from excavated contexts at the site of Copan, Honduras, it is proposed that the religious ideology of its rulers can be shown to have undergone four transformations. These can be framed as local responses to larger, regional processes, wherein human agency was critical in adapting to changing historical and economic circumstances. The proposed transformations were: 1) the establishment of a new charter; 2) the deification of the most powerful royal ancestor; 3) a retreat to shared religious values and social ideals; 4) an attempt to create a transcendent ideology.
The Benefits of Sharing Clinical Information

Abstract See related article, p 264. [Teich JM: The benefits of sharing clinical information. Ann Emerg Med February 1998;31:274-276.]
The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in a college sample.

This study was conducted to estimate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire section of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a college sample using DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse as the criterion standard. This alcohol screening test was developed for the 10 country AMETHYST project. In this young adult sample the instrument exhibited a sensitivity of 84 and specificity of. 71 when utilizing the recommended cut-off score of 11. The 10-item questionnaire section of the AUDIT appears to have important advantages over other alcohol screening instruments such as the CAGE and the MAST.