cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kondo resonance in a single-molecule transistor

When an individual molecule1, nanocrystal2,3,4, nanotube5,6 or lithographically defined quantum dot7 is attached to metallic electrodes via tunnel barriers, electron transport is dominated by single-electron charging and energy-level quantization8. As the coupling to the electrodes increases, higher-order tunnelling and correlated electron motion give rise to new phenomena9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, including the Kondo resonance10,11,12,13,14,15,16. To date, all of the studies of Kondo phenomena in quantum dots have been performed on systems where precise control over the spin degrees of freedom is difficult. Molecules incorporating transition-metal atoms provide powerful new systems in this regard, because the spin and orbital degrees of freedom can be controlled through well-defined chemistry20,21. Here we report the observation of the Kondo effect in single-molecule transistors, where an individual divanadium molecule20 serves as a spin impurity. We find that the Kondo resonance can be tuned reversibly using the gate voltage to alter the charge and spin state of the molecule. The resonance persists at temperatures up to 30 K and when the energy separation between the molecular state and the Fermi level of the metal exceeds 100 meV.
Older and bigger: Do larger, more established international firms use standardized advertising more than their younger, smaller counterparts?

After four decades of heated debate by academicians and practitioners, the issue of standardization and localization of international advertising campaigns is still unresolved. This research examines advertising practices of American and non‐American subsidiaries of international companies in Finland and Sweden. The authors attempt to determine the extent of linkages between the use of creative approaches (standardized versus localized) and the firms' products, sales volume and length of business. Large firms are contrasted with small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs). While the study demonstrates correlations in some areas, it offers suggestions for future investigation of this important topic.
Does Intraarticular Inflammation Predict Biomechanical Cartilage Properties

Background Intact cartilage in the lateral compartment is an important requirement for medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Progression of cartilage degeneration in the lateral compartment is a common failure mode of medial UKA. Little is known about factors that influence the mechanical properties of lateral compartment cartilage.
Casein micelles: structure, properties and enzymatic coagulation

Abstract The enzymatic hydrolysis of κ-casein by chymosin causes the spherical protein agglomerates, known as casein micelles, to coagulate. This forms the basis of the cheese-making process. The literature shows the enzymatic coagulation of casein micelles to be dependent on the concentration of the micelles in the milk, and on the temperature, pH and ionic strength at which the hydrolysis occurs and coagulation is initiated. These factors, in turn, affect the physical and chemical interactions that occur when micelles containing substantial amounts of hydrolyzed casein approach each other. It is necessary to understand the effects of micelle size, chemical and physical structure and the electrostatic, hydrophobic and steric forces acting between micelles if realistic explanations of the coagulation process are to be developed. This paper reviews the developments in the literature that contribute to such an understanding. The literature suggests that prediction of coagulation should be possible once the forces that impact micelle coagulation are understood.
Forging ahead--embracing the "reconciliation" option for reform.

The course of health care reform in 2009 resembled the silent movie series “The Perils of Pauline,” in which each episode began with a threat to the heroine's life but ended with her salvation. Despite repeated near-death experiences, reform legislation passed both houses of Congress. After so many obstacles had been surmounted, the remaining task of reconciling the House and Senate bills seemed doable. Then, a political earthquake hit. Republican Scott Brown won the Massachusetts senatorial seat that had been held for 47 years by the late Senator Edward M. Kennedy, thwarting the capacity of the remaining 57 Democrats and . . .
Combination therapy with irinotecan and protein kinase C inhibitors in malignant glioma

The topoisomerase-I inhibitor irinotecan (CPT-11) is currently used in Phase I/II trials for the treatment of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors such as high-dose tamoxifen and hypericin also have been used in the treatment of malignant gliomas. The current study examined the role of PKC inhibitors as chemosensitizers for CPT-11 and their proposed mechanism of action. Two glioma cell lines (A-172 and U-87) and one primary glioma cell culture (LA-567) were used. Proliferation ( 3 H-thymidine) and cytotoxicity (methylthiotetrazole) studies were performed using CH-11 (0-100 μM) alone, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy camptothecin (SN-38) (0-1000 nM) alone or in the presence of a PKC inhibitor, tamoxifen (10 μM), hypericin (10 μM), calphositin C (400 nM), or staurosporine (10 nM). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) assay was used to determine apoptosis as the mechanism of cytotoxicity; alterations in bcl-2 and bax expression were determined using Western blot analysis. Conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 by glioma cells was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Increasing CPT-11 and SN-38 concentrations induced cytotoxic morphologic changes, decreased proliferation, and increased cytotoxicity on all glioma cell lines tested. These changes were increased in the presence of a PKC inhibitor. The mechanism of the cytotoxicity was determined to be apoptosis by the TUNEL assay. The combination of a PKC inhibitor with CPT-11 or SN-38 led to decreased expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2, and increased expression of the proapoptotic protein bax. HPLC analysis demonstrated conversion of CPT-11 to SN-38 by glioma cells. A combination of CPT-11 or SN-38 with a PKC inhibitor was found to lead to a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in malignant glioma cells. The induction of apoptosis was secondary to a decrease in bcl-2 and an increase in bax expression. Glioma cells are capable of converting CPT-11 to SN-38 by intrinsic tumor carboxylesterases.
Analysis of header loss from pod stripper combines in green peas

Abstract The development of the pod stripper combine has provided a viable method of efficient once-over harvesting for several vegetables. Although the pod stripper header has increased throughput by reducing material other than peas (MOP) intake, the resulting increase in productivity does have disadvantages. Previous studies on the performance characteristics of pod stripper combines in green peas and lima beans indicate that field losses are high, averaging over 10% and 20% of yield, respectively for all the combines manufactured in the USA. Results for both crops revealed that over 75% of the field loss occurs at the header of the pod stripper combine. Using dimensional analysis, an expression for header loss from pod stripper combines in any crop is developed. Experiments with green peas were used to verify the analysis procedure, using a conventional pod stripper combine, field experiments were conducted in which header loss was measured over a wide range of field and operating conditions. Results indicate that header loss can be minimized at a combination of forward speed and picking reel speed of 2·2 km/h and 205 rev/min, respectively. Furthermore, a control system which matched picking reel speed to ground speed would not significantly reduce header loss over the range of forward speeds evaluated in green peas.
Some recent advances in glasses and glass-ceramics

Abstract Glass is a very old material with many uses, although it's commonly prized for what it may contain, or what may be seen through it. With the establishment within the last century of laboratories concerned with glass research and development, many new kinds of glass, with new uses, or new methods for production of glass articles, have appeared. Nine which are familiar to many people are listed in this survey. Three of these relate to inventions of new compositions, and six to new processes for forming glass into a usable product. This article discusses some newer developments in glasses, as an indication of directions of some current or recent research. They include durable low temperature glasses, durable far infra-red transmitting glasses, full-colour photosensitive glasses, glass microlens arrays, precision direct molding, specialized glass-ceramics for dental restorations, for film or paper, or for tough materials. Finally, I make some brave predictions about future directions of research and development in that fascinating materials, glass.
An evaluation of the quasi-linear viscoelastic properties of the healing medial collateral ligament in a goat model.

The viscoelastic properties of the healing medial collateral ligament (MCL) at 12 weeks after isolated injury were investigated in a goat model. The stress–strain relationships, static and cyclic stress-relaxation behaviors of the healing MCL up to 5% strain were determined experimentally using a femur–MCL–tibia complex. These experimental data were used in combination with the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) theory of Fung (1972) to characterize the reduced relaxation function, G(t) (described by constants C, τ1, and τ2) and the elastic response, σe(e) (described by constants A and B) of this tissue. It was found that the percentage of stress relaxation for the healing MCLs was significantly greater than those for sham-operated controls (49.0 ± 12.1% vs. 26.5 ± 8.1%, respectively; p<0.05). The product of constants A × B, i.e. the initial slope of the stress–strain curves, was found to be significantly lower for healing MCLs compared to those for sham-operated controls (32.9 ± 15.8 MPa vs. 118.8 ± 48.3 MPa; p<0.05). The dimensionless constant C, i.e. the magnitude of the viscous response, was nearly three times greater for healing MCLs, while constant τ1 was found to be similar between the two groups (0.80 ± 0.43 s vs. 0.89 ± 0.52 s, respectively). Constant τ2 for the healing MCL was significantly less than the controls (1269 ± 38 s vs. 1845 ± 431 s; p<0.05) indicating that the stress relaxation reached a plateau earlier. These constants of the QLV theory used to describe the healing MCL were validated for the strain level utilized in this experiment (≅4.5%) by predicting the peak stresses during a cyclic stress-relaxation experiment. The theoretically determined values closely matched the experimentally measured values. Thus, this study demonstrates that the QLV theory could be successfully used to describe the viscoelastic behavior of the MCL during the early phases of healing.
Thermal Conductivity of Soft Vulcanized Natural Rubber, Selected Values

Abstract : The published literature on the thermal conductivity of natural rubber was assembled and the results critically evaluated. Best values of thermal conductivity as a function of temperature were selected. These are presented in both graphical and tabular form; the tables cover the range 80 to 380K. An attempt was made to consult all work that could significantly affect the choice of best values. Published papers were located with the aid of Chemical Abstracts, Physics Abstracts, the Thermophysical Properties Retrieval Guide, and some other general sources. In addition, relevant references in the papers themselves were followed up until a substantially 'closed system' had been generated, as shown by the fact that no new references were being turned up.
Normal parenchymal enhancement patterns in women undergoing MR screening of the breast

To characterize the kinetic and morphological presentation of normal breast tissue on DCE-MRI in a large cohort of asymptomatic women, and to relate these characteristics to breast tissue density. 335 consecutive breast MR examinations in 229 asymptomatic women undergoing high-risk screening evaluations based on recommendations from the American Cancer Society including strong family history and genetic predisposition were selected for IRB-approved review (average age 49.2 ± 10.5 years). Breast tissue density was assessed on precontrast T2-weighted images. Parenchymal enhancement pattern (PEP) was qualitatively classified as minimal, homogeneous, heterogeneous or nodular. Quantitative analysis of parenchymal enhancement kinetics (PEK) was performed, including calculation of initial and peak enhancement percentages (E 1 , E peak ), the time to peak enhancement (T peak ) and the signal enhancement ratio (SER). 41.8% of examinations were classified as minimal, 13.7% homogeneous, 23.9% heterogeneous and 21.2% nodular PEP. Women with heterogeneously or extremely dense breasts exhibited a higher proportion of nodular PEP (44.2% (27/61)) and significantly higher E 1 , and E peak (p < 0.003) compared with those with less dense breasts. Qualitative and quantitative parenchymal enhancement characteristics vary by breast tissue density. In future work, the association between image-derived MR features of the normal breast and breast cancer risk should be explored.
Correlations of nonylphenol-ethoxylates and nonylphenol with biomarkers of reproductive function in carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Cuyahoga River.

Abstract Various chemical and biological measures were determined in carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) sampled from seven sites along the Cuyahoga River, Ohio; from the relatively pristine headwaters to the lower portion heavily polluted from various industrial, urban and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Levels of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs; NP1EO, NP2EO) and total NPEs (NP plus the NPEs) in fish increased in a downstream direction, with maximal values observed below the discharge of the Akron WWTP. In female fish there were no significant differences between sites in GSI or levels of vitellogenin (VTG) and 17β-estradiol (E2). However, differences were observed between sites using measures of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and the ratio E2/11-KT. In male fish the highest levels of VTG were observed downstream of the Akron WWTP and a significant correlation ( r = 85%) between levels of NP and VTG was demonstrated. No site differences were observed in the measures of GSI, E2, 11-KT or the E2/11-KT ratio in male fish. These data suggest that endocrine active chemicals, such as, NP and NPEs are impacting fish downstream of the Akron WWTP; however, further work is warranted to separate linkages to other possible chemical factors in the water.
Formation of cavities in GaAs and InGaAs

Abstract The ion implantation of He is examined as a means to form thermally stable cavities in GaAs. Room-temperature implantation of 2–10 × 10 16 He/cm 2 at 40 or 50 keV forms bubbles, but subsequent annealing at 250°C or above leads to exfoliation of the implanted surface layer. The exfoliation appears related to the agglomeration of bubbles on dislocations at the back of the layer; evidence suggests these may be misfit dislocations formed to relieve compressive stress in the implanted layer. Implantation of He at 150°C produces similar results, whereas the He diffuses out of GaAs without forming cavities during implantation at 300°C. However, implantations of immobile Ar followed by He at 400°C produce extended defects with bubbles in the implanted layer; the He can be degassed by subsequent annealing at 400°C to produce 1.5–3.5 nm cavities that are stable at this temperature. The same treatment applied to an In 0.10 Ga 0.90 As/GaAs heterostructure produces larger cavities preferentially located on dislocations at the interface, with only slight reduction in strain of the epitaxial layer. The microstructures of both GaAs and the heterostructure clearly demonstrate an attractive interaction between bubbles or cavities and dislocations.
Lipoxygenase-1 Inhibition with a Series of Half-Product Analogs

Abstract A new series of sulfur-containing competitive inhibitors for lipoxygenase-1 from soybeans has been synthesized and characterized. The compounds resemble the ω-half of the product of catalysis, and can, therefore, be thought of as half-product analogs. A series of inhibitors differing in the length of the ω-terminal aliphatic substituent was assembled. Lipoxygenase-1 inhibition at pH 9 was greatest for (E)-4-thia-2-undecenal, the compound bearing the n -C 7 H 15 substituent. Longer or shorter aliphatic substituents provided less effective inhibitors. This optimal fit of the inhibitory compounds reflecting the known substrate specificity of the enzyme along with the competitive inhibition kinetics displayed by these substances implicated an active site interaction. The relatively uncomplicated features of the compounds made it possible to explore synthetically for other aspects of the structure favorable for an inhibitory effect. Compounds containing functional groups other than the aldehyde at the 1-position were all less effective inhibitors. In addition to the optimal hydrophobic substituent, an electron-rich region in the molecule was also critical to the inhibitory effect. α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes were about 10 times more effective inhibitors than the saturated analogs. The 4-thia substituent was not absolutely required for inhibition, but electron density at this position was important. γ,δ-Unsaturation replaced the sulfur in this capacity with little effect on the inhibition constant. The electron-rich aldehydes showed no tendency to form hydrates in aqueous solution or Schiff base adducts with the enzyme. Physical evidence for a protein–ligand interaction was sought in a series of 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments. There was clear evidence for a specific interaction between the compounds and the enzyme in these measurements.
Universal service and the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The fact after the act

Abstract Three goals of the 1996 Telecommunications Act are competition, efficiency, and explicit mechanisms to further universal service. The new universal service policies violate these goals. I review the policies (support for highcost and rural areas, low-income subscribers, and educational and medical institutions, and the funding mechanism) and detect the influence of various interest groups and the regulators' desire to protect their policies from public scrutiny. The new policies will require $4–12 billion per year to fund and create inefficiency of $1.2–4.0 billion per year from revenue taxation. A more efficient tax scheme would increase total surplus.
Early indicators of autism spectrum disorders in the second year of life.

Three groups of 18 children were selected for this study, one group with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), one group with developmental delays in which ASD was ruled out (DD), and one group with typical development (TD), from a pool of 3026 children who were screened with the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS DP, Wetherby & Prizant, 2002) Infant-Toddler Checklist under 24 months of age. The CSBS DP Behavior Sample was videotaped on selected children as a second-level evaluation during the second year of life. The Infant-Toddler Checklist had a sensitivity and specificity of 88.9% for this sample of children. Significant group differences were found on the Infant-Toddler Checklist and the Behavior Sample, however, these differences did not distinguish children with ASD and DD with high accuracy. The videotapes of the Behavior Sample were reanalyzed to identify red flags of ASD. Nine red flags differentiated children in the ASD group from both the DD and TD groups and four red flags differentiated children in the ASD Group from the TD group but not the DD group. These 13 red flags were found to discriminate the three groups with a correct classification rate of 94.4%.
Interleukin-1β inhibits glucokinase activity in clonal HIT-T15 β-cells

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In the present study we have investigated the effects of IL-1β on glucose metabolism in clonal HIT-T15 β cells. In the short-term (1 h), 25 U ml IL-1β significantly increased the rates of insulin release and glucose utilisation, but not glucose oxidation. In contrast, after 48 h, IL-1β inhibited insulin release and glucose utilisation and oxidation. By assaying enzymes (hexokinase, glucokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphatase) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP) associated with the regulation of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, we conclude that the inhibitory effects of IL-1β may be due to impaired glucokinase activity.
Clinical pharmacology of flumethiazide, a diuretic agent.

The list of diuretic agents grows longer. It is of some interest to correlate chemical structure with pharmacodynamic action. It is of even greater interest to find practically identical pharmacologic effects in a compound which has been modified by shifting one of its halogen radicals. The latter is the case with the compound under consideration, flumethiazide.* This compound differs from chlorothiazide only in the presence of a trifluoromethyl group instead of a chloride group (Fig. 1). This suggests that its diuretic capabilities reside in the basic heterocyclic ring rather than in the halogen radical. Investigation of this drug in the laboratory animal revealed it to have certain natriuretic and diuretic properties.’
A Restricted Subset Selection Rule for Selecting at Least One of the t Best Normal Populations in Terms of Their Means When Their Common Variance is Known, Case II

Consider k( ⩾ 2) normal populations with unknown means μ1, …, μk, and a common known variance σ2. Let μ[1] ⩽ ⋅⋅⋅ ⩽ μ[k] denote the ordered μi.The populations associated with the t(1 ⩽ t ⩽ k − 1) largest means are called the t best populations. Hsu and Panchapakesan (2004) proposed and investigated a procedure RHPfor selecting a non empty subset of the k populations whose size is at most m(1 ⩽ m ⩽ k − t) so that at least one of the t best populations is included in the selected subset with a minimum guaranteed probability P* whenever μ[k − t + 1] − μ[k − t] ⩾ δ*, where P* and δ* are specified in advance of the experiment. This probability requirement is known as the indifference-zone probability requirement. In the present article, we investigate the same procedure RHP for the same goal as before but when k − t < m ⩽ k − 1 so that at least one of the t best populations is included in the selected subset with a minimum guaranteed probability P* whatever be the configuration of the unknown μi. The probabilit...
Neutrino bounds on astrophysical sources and new physics

Ultrahigh energy cosmic neutrinos are incisive probes of both astrophysical sources and new TeV-scale physics. Such neutrinos would create extensive air showers deep in the atmosphere. The absence of such showers implies upper limits on incoming neutrino fluxes and cross sections. Combining the exposures of the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array, the largest existing ground array, with the exposure of the Fly's Eye fluorescence detector integrated over all its operating epochs, we derive 95% confidence level bounds that substantially improve existing limits. We begin with model-independent bounds on astrophysical fluxes, assuming standard model cross sections, and model-independent bounds on new physics cross sections, assuming a conservative cosmogenic flux. We then derive model-dependent constraints on new components of neutrino flux for several assumed power spectra, and we update bounds on the fundamental Planck scale ${M}_{D}$ in extra dimension scenarios from black hole production. For large numbers of extra dimensions, we find ${M}_{D}g2.0 (1.1)\mathrm{TeV}$ for ${M}_{\mathrm{BH}}^{\mathrm{min}}{=M}_{D}{(5M}_{D}),$ comparable to or exceeding the most stringent constraints to date.
A crustal suture and lineament in North Africa

Abstract A possible suture between an old craton in West Africa and the Arabian—Nubian shield is marked by a persistent zone of Phanerozoic weakness. This zone extends between the Nile and Niger deltas and passes through the Qattara embayment, along the Bahariya fault, through the Kufra basin, between the Tibesti and Jabal al Uwaynat massifs, through the Bahr el Ghazal and Lake Chad areas, and along the Benoue trough.
Back injuries in the young athlete

Back pain in children and young athletes is very different from back pain in adults. Macrotrauma must be carefully evaluated and managed, even in the absence of definitive radiographic findings. Microtrauma must be suspected in at-risk athletes. These athletes require persistent diagnostic evaluation and may require SPECT bone scan to uncover a posterior element stress reaction. Atraumatic back pain requires the elimination of neoplastic, infectious, rheumatologic, or congenital causes.
Incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing minimally invasive versus median sternotomy valve surgery.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and hospital length of stay. Our objective was to determine whether a minimally invasive approach to isolated valve surgery reduced the incidence of postoperative AF. Methods Patients without a history of arrhythmia, who underwent isolated aortic or mitral valve surgery between January 2005 and August 2011, were included. The incidence of postoperative AF in those who underwent a minimally invasive approach was compared with that of patients undergoing median sternotomy surgery. Resource utilization was approximated on the basis of intensive care unit and total hospital lengths of stay. Results A total of 571 patients were identified (413 minimally invasive and 158 median sternotomy). No significant differences in baseline characteristics existed between groups. The incidence of postoperative AF (25% vs 37%; P = .002), use of intraoperative blood products (52% vs 83%; P P = .008) were significantly less in the minimally invasive group. The intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were 45 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 28-66 hours) versus 53 hours (IQR, 45-91 hours) ( P P P Conclusions A minimally invasive approach for isolated valve surgery reduces postoperative AF and resource use when compared with median sternotomy.
Identifying ground fault location in High Resistance Grounded systems for Adjustable Speed Drive at low speed

One of the more difficult problems to solve in industrial plant is to locate and eliminate a ground fault in High Resistance Ground (HRG) system. This is because ground fault conditions in these systems do not draw enough current to reliably trigger fault current sensors in the drive. For an Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD) drive operated in a HRG system, a load side ground fault generates very low fundemental grounded current (&#60;1A) to the system at low speed. This adds the complexity for ground fault detections. This paper developed an approach to identify the ground fault for ASD drive operating under this condition. The voltage-second of the voltage are recorded and their peak value is used to predict ground fault. Analysis, simulation and experimental result are all presented in this paper to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Enzymic and Acid Hydrolysis of Sucrose as Influenced by Freezing

SUMMARY —Sucrose hydrolysis catalyzed by invertase was studied over the temperature range 12 to −22°C in solutions of various concentrations. Freezing resulted in a marked decrease in invertase activity. Factors considered as having a possible role in the inhibition of invertase by freezing were: (1) the presence of ice crystals, (2) the increased concentration of solutes resulting from ice formation, and (3) a temperature effect in excess of that predicted from the Arrhenius equation (secondary temperature effect). It was shown that ice crystals formed at the rate used in this study had no effect on invertase activity, and that the decrease in invertase activity at sub-zero temperatures was quantitatively accounted for by the concentration effect and the secondary temperature effect. High levels of sucrose and buffer (ionic strength) were found to inhibit invertase activity. Sucrose hydrolysis catalyzed by acid (HCI) was studied over the temperature range 12 to –16.5°C, and an Arrhenius plot of the data was linear between 12 and -7°C. Once the solution was frozen (below –6.8°C), the effect of temperature on the reaction rate constant no longer obeyed the Arrhenius equation, and the reaction rate constant was found to exhibit a maximum between –8.5 and –16.5°C. The rate of sucrose hydrolysis catalyzed by acid was influenced by cooling and conventional freezing in a manner quite different from that observed with invertase-catalyzed hydrolysis.
Logical Form and the Vernacular

Vernacularism is the view that logical forms are fundamentally assigned to natural language expressions, and are only derivatively assigned to anything else, e.g., propositions, mental representations, expressions of symbolic logic, etc. In this paper, we argue that Vernacularism is not as plausible as it first appears because of non-sentential speech. More specifically, there are argument-premises, meant by speakers of non-sentences, for which no natural language paraphrase is readily available in the language used by the speaker and the hearer. The speaker can intend this proposition and the hearer can recover it (and its logical form). Since they cannot, by hypothesis, be doing this by using a sentence of their shared language, the proposition-meant has its logical form non-derivatively, which falsifies Vernacularism. We conclude the paper with a brief review of the debate on incomplete definite descriptions in which Vernacularism is assumed as a suppressed premise.
Organ Wars: The Battle for Body Parts

Transplantation surgeries contribute to conceptions of the body as a collection of replaceable parts and of the self as distinct from all but its neural locus. There remains substantial cultural resistance to these conceptions, which leads the medical community to attempt to link the surgeries to social values that are sufficiently powerful to minimize the sense of a disjuncture between traditional concepts of personhood and those consistent with transplantation. The controversy over how to increase the supply of transplantable organs reveals two diametrically opposed sets of values invoked by advocates of transplantation: altruism and individual rights. The article analyzes these as the ideological equivalents of immunosuppressant drugs, designed to inhibit cultural rejection of transplantation and its view of the body.
Cord blood netrin-1 and -4 concentrations in term pregnancies with normal, restricted and increased fetal growth

AbstractObjective: To determine levels of the possible angioregulatory molecules netrin-1 and -4, in intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR), large for gestational age (LGA) (both groups characterized by altered angiogenic mechanisms) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) pregnancies.Methods: Cord blood (UC) netrin-1 and -4 concentrations were measured in 30 IUGR, 30 LGA and 20 AGA infants and their mothers (MS).Results: Netrin-1 and -4 concentrations did not differ in all groups. UC netrin-4 increased with gestational age (b = 0.075, 95% CI 0.029–0.121, p = 0.002). In the IUGR group, MS netrin-4 decreased as birth-weight centiles increased [b = −0.058, 95% CI −0.112 to −0.004, p = 0.036]. In the LGA group, MS netrin-1 decreased with advanced gestational age [b = −0.063, 95% CI −0.105 to −0.022, p = 0.004]. In all cases, MS netrin-1 positively correlated with MS netrin-4 (r = 0.299, p = 0.007), while UC netrin-1 negatively correlated with UC netrin-4 (r = −0.239, p = 0.033).Conclusions: Increased UC net...
Acute management of the patient with spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injuries are not as common as many other types of injuries. The victims are often young, the injury debilitating, and the effects devastating and incalculable. The acute management of patients with spinal cord injury can significantly affect the patient's eventual neurologic and functional outcome and ultimately their quality of life. Early interventions are aimed at reestablishing physiologic homeostasis, lessening the amount of secondary injury, and preserving neurologic function.
Ranking authors in digital libraries

Searching for people with expertise on a particular topic also known as expert search is a common task in digital libraries. Most models for this task use only documents as evidence for expertise while ranking people. In digital libraries, other sources of evidence are available such as a document's association with venues and citation links with other documents. We propose graph-based models that accommodate multiple sources of evidence in a PageRank-like algorithm for ranking experts. Our studies on two publicly-available datasets indicate that our model despite being general enough to be directly useful for ranking other types of objects performs on par with probabilistic models commonly used for expert ranking.
Effects of CDS and Drying Temperature Levels on the Flowability Behavior of DDGS

Due to increasing demand for alternative fuels and theneed to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the growth of bioethanol production has been rising. One of the problems facing this industry is transportation of the coproduct dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) over long distances, because caking and agglomeration between particles can lead to bulk flow problems. In this study, DDGS was prepared by combining condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and distillers wet grains (DWG) and then oven drying to achieve 8% (db) moisture content. The effects of drying temperature (100, 200, and 300°C) and CDS (10, 15, and 20%wb ) level on the resulting flowability behavior of the DDGS particles were investigated. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences (α = 0.05, 95% confidence level) due to drying temperature and CDS main effects and significant interaction effects between CDS level and drying temperature for many of the flow parameters. Surface regression analysis of the ratio of total flow ind...
MAP reconstruction for Fourier rebinned TOF-PET data

Time-of-flight (TOF) information improves the signal-to-noise ratio in positron emission tomography (PET). The computation cost in processing TOF-PET sinograms is substantially higher than for nonTOF data because the data in each line of response is divided among multiple TOF bins. This additional cost has motivated research into methods for rebinning TOF data into lower dimensional representations that exploit redundancies inherent in TOF data. We have previously developed approximate Fourier methods that rebin TOF data into either three-dimensional (3D) nonTOF or 2D nonTOF formats. We refer to these methods respectively as FORET-3D and FORET-2D. Here we describe maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimators for use with FORET rebinned data. We first derive approximate expressions for the variance of the rebinned data. We then use these results to rescale the data so that the variance and mean are approximately equal allowing us to use the Poisson likelihood model for MAP reconstruction. MAP reconstruction from these rebinned data uses a system matrix in which the detector response model accounts for the effects of rebinning. Using these methods we compare the performance of FORET-2D and 3D with TOF and nonTOF reconstructions using phantom and clinical data. Our phantom results show a small loss in contrast recovery at matched noise levels using FORET compared to reconstruction from the original TOF data. Clinical examples show FORET images that are qualitatively similar to those obtained from the original TOF-PET data but with a small increase in variance at matched resolution. Reconstruction time is reduced by a factor of 5 and 30 using FORET3D+MAP and FORET2D+MAP respectively compared to 3D TOF MAP, which makes these methods attractive for clinical applications.
Diagnostic dilemmas in pediatric/adolescent dermatology: Scaly scalp

Scaly scalp is a common problem in the pediatric and adolescent population. The possible causes range from the commonly seen tinea capitis and seborrheic dermatitis to rare systemic diseases such as dermatomyositis and Letterer-Siwe disease. In all cases a thorough history and physical examination are important first steps to successful diagnosis and treatment.
Highly conductive Cu2-xS nanoparticle films through room-temperature processing and an order of magnitude enhancement of conductivity via electrophoretic deposition.

A facile room-temperature method for assembling colloidal copper sulfide (Cu2–xS) nanoparticles into highly electrically conducting films is presented. Ammonium sulfide is utilized for connecting the nanoparticles via ligand removal, which transforms the as-deposited insulating films into highly conducting films. Electronic properties of the treated films are characterized with a combination of Hall effect measurements, field-effect transistor measurements, temperature-dependent conductivity measurements, and capacitance–voltage measurements, revealing their highly doped p-type semiconducting nature. The spin-cast nanoparticle films have carrier concentration of ∼1019 cm–3, Hall mobilities of ∼3 to 4 cm2 V–1 s–1, and electrical conductivities of ∼5 to 6 S·cm–1. Our films have hole mobilities that are 1–4 orders of magnitude higher than hole mobilities previously reported for heat-treated nanoparticle films of HgTe, InSb, PbS, PbTe, and PbSe. We show that electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a method for na...
Long-term use of narcotic/antidepressant medication in the management of phantom limb pain

The successful management of 5 consecutive patients with intractable phantom limb pain is described. The main therapy is a combination of a narcotic and antidepressant. Medication remained effective during the average observation time of 22 months. There were no signs of habituation or addiction. We conclude that narcotics can be safely and successfully utilized for long-term management of phantom limb pain.
Lake levels and sedimentary environments during deposition of the Trego Hot Springs and Wono tephras in the Lake Lahontan basin, Nevada, USA

Abstract The Wono and Trego Hot Springs (THS) tephras are widespread in the Lahontan basin and have been identified in a variety of sedimentary environments at different elevations. Davis (1983) reported lake level to be at about 1256 m when the THS tephra was deposited, an interpretation questioned by Benson et al. (1997) who interpreted lake level to be ≤ 1177 m at that time. This is a significant difference in lake size with important implications for interpreting the climate that prevailed at that time. Based on new interpretations of depositional settings of the THS bed at multiple sites, the larger lake size is correct. Additional sites containing the Wono tephra indicate that it was deposited when lake level was at about 1217 m in the western subbasins and at about 1205 m in the Carson Sink. Sedimentary features associated with progressively deeper paleowater depths follow a predictable pattern that is modulated by proximity to sediment sources and local slope. Fine to coarse sands with wave-formed features are commonly associated with relatively shallow water. Silty clay or clay dominates in paleowater depths > 25 m, with thin laminae of sand and ostracods at sites located adjacent to or downslope from steep mountain fronts.
Personal Value of Alcohol Use as a Predictor of Intention To Decrease Post-College Alcohol Use.

This study examines the utility of a new measure of personal value of alcohol use in predicting intentions to reduce post-college alcohol use. This measure is intended to distinguish college students who drink due to situational norms versus intrinsic commitment to alcohol use. As expected, alcohol consumption quantity/frequency and frequency of consuming five or more drinks per occasion were unrelated to intention to reduce alcohol use after college. When these alcohol consumption measures were controlled using partial correlation, the personal value of alcohol measure was significantly and negatively related to intention to reduce alcohol use. Conversely, when personal value of alcohol use was controlled in partial correlations, the relationship between alcohol consumption variables and intention to reduce alcohol use after college became positive, though only at marginally significant levels. Implications are discussed.
Ethanol‐Induced Suppression of Cell‐Mediated Immunity in the Mouse

Among its many effects on multiple organ systems, ethanol abuse also elicits potent immunomodulatory effects as well. Increased susceptibility to disease as well as increased severity in infection is well documented in alcoholics and may be related to an altered immune response. A mouse model has been developed in which C57BI/6 mice are fed a nutritionally adequate liquid diet in which ethanol provides 27% of total calories (3.75% ethanol) in order to examine the effects of short-term, low dose ethanol administration on cell mediated immunity. All mice were evaluated for percentage of plasma ethanol, impaired motor skills and impaired delayed type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes. Animals fed the ethanol diet for 5, 10, or 15 days evidenced plasma ethanol concentrations between 0.13% and 0.23% as well as significantly impaired motor skills. Mice maintained on the ethanol diet 8 days prior to erythrocyte sensitization and on the 6 days between sensitization and challenge demonstrated a significant reduction of 58% in footpad swelling. Moreover, mice fed ethanol for only the 6 days between erythrocyte sensitization and challenge also demonstrated a significant decrease of 35% in this delayed type immune response. However, animals administered ethanol prior to sensitization and then switched to control diet between sensitization and challenge evidenced a normal cell-mediated immune response to the sheep erythrocytes. Thus, it appears that the critical time of low dose ethanol-induced immunosuppression is between immunogen sensitization and challenge.
The Impact of Sport Management Students’ Perceptions of Study Abroad Programs on Their Intentions to Study Abroad

The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of sport management study abroad programs through the application of social cognitive career theory. Two studies were conducted. The focus of Study 1 (n = 19) was to qualitatively assess the factors that facilitate (i.e., supports) or impede (i.e., barriers) intentions to study abroad. Study 2 (n = 71) incorporated the results from Study 1, providing a quantitative aspect to the research. The results of the observed path analysis yielded strong support for the model: supports and barriers were associated with study abroad self-efficacy, which was, in turn, positively associated with interest in such activities. Finally, interest was strongly associated with choice goals. Implications for sport management education are discussed.
Dectin-2 is a pattern recognition receptor for fungi that couples with the Fc receptor γ chain to induce innate immune responses

Antigen presenting cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which upon ligation transduce intracellular signals that can induce innate immune responses. Because some C-type lectin-like receptors (e.g. dectin-1 and DCSIGN) were shown to act as PRR for particular microbes, we considered a similar role for dectin-2. Binding assays using soluble dectin-2 receptors showed the extracellular domain to bind preferentially to hyphal (rather than yeast/conidial) components of Candida albicans, Microsporum audouinii, and Trichophyton rubrum. Selective binding for hyphae was also observed using RAW macrophages expressing dectin-2, the ligation of which by hyphae or cross-linking with dectin-2-specific antibody led to protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Because dectin-2 lacks an intracellular signaling motif, we searched for a signal adaptor that permits it to transduce intracellular signals. First, we found that the Fc receptor γ (FcRγ) chain can bind to dectin-2. Second, ligation of dectin-2 on RAW cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FcRγ, activation of NF-κB, internalization of a surrogate ligand, and up-regulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Finally, these dectin-2-induced events were blocked by PP2, an inhibitor of Src kinases that are mediators for FcRγ chain-dependent signaling. We conclude that dectin-2 is a PRR for fungi that employs signaling through FcRγ to induce innate immune responses.
Secondary deformation due to axial shearing of a cylinder of non-circular cross-section

Abstract It is well know that axially shearing a non-circular cylinder of a non-linearly elastic solid produces secondary deformation (cf. Fosdick and Kao [9]). Thus far, the problem has been studied using the driving force as a perturbation parameter, keeping the domain fixed, which leads to the appearance of the secondary deformation at fourth order. Here, we perturb the domain, holding the driving force fixed, and find that the secondary deformation shows up at first order.
Locating Sources of Surf Zone Pollution: A Mass Budget Analysis of Fecal Indicator Bacteria at Huntington Beach, California

The surf zone is the unique environment where ocean meets land and a place of critical ecological, economic, and recreational importance. In the United States, this natural resource is increasingly off-limits to the public due to elevated concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria and other contaminants, the sources of which are often unknown. In this paper, we describe an approach for calculating mass budgets of pollutants in the surf zone from shoreline monitoring data. The analysis reveals that fecal indicator bacteria pollution in the surf zone at several contiguous beaches in Orange County, California, originates from well-defined locations along the shore, including the tidal outlets of the Santa Ana River and Talbert Marsh. Fecal pollution flows into the ocean from the Santa Ana River and Talbert Marsh outlets during ebb tides and from there is transported parallel to the shoreline by wave-driven surf zone currents and/or offshore tidal currents, frequently contaminating >5 km of the surf zone. The methodology developed here for locating and quantifying sources of surf zone pollution should be applicable to a wide array of contaminants and coastal settings.
High-Resolution Solid-State 13C NMR Studies of Chemisorbed Organometallics. Chemisorptive Formation of Cation-like and Alkylidene Organotantalum Complexes on High Surface Area Inorganic Oxides

13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the surface chemistry of the organotantalum hydrocarbyl/alkylidene complexes, Cp‘Ta(13CH3)4 (1*), Cp2Ta(13CH3)3 (2*), Cp2Ta(13CH2)(13CH3) (3*), and Ta(13CHtBu)(13CH2tBu)3 (4*) [Cp‘ = η5-(CH3)5C5, Cp = η5-C5H5] supported on partially dehydroxylated silica (PDS), dehydroxylated silica (DS), or dehydroxylated γ-alumina (DA). Mono-Cp tantalum hydrocarbyl 1* undergoes chemisorption to form Cp‘Ta(13CH3)3O-Si μ-oxo species on silica, and “cation-like” Cp‘Ta(13CH3)3+ and Cp‘Ta(13CH3)3O-Al μ-oxo species on DA, via pathways analogous to those established for organo-group 4 and actinide complexes. When supported on DA, bis-Cp tantalum hydrocarbyl 2* follows the same chemisorption mode as 1*. However, when 2* is chemisorbed on PDS and DS, a “cation-like” Cp2Ta(13CH3)2+ species is the major adsorbate product. On PDS, bis-Cp tantalum alkylidene complex 3* is converted predominantly to a stable “cation-like” Cp2Ta(13CH3)2+ species, presumably via electrophilic ...