cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Unavoidable Intervention of Educational Research: A Framework for Reconsidering Researcher-Practitioner Cooperation

As a framework for stimulating further, empirical investigation, I describe three different forms of direct researcher practitioner cooperation: data-extraction agreements, clinical partnerships, and co-learning agreements. Each form reflects different social arrangements, inquiry and reporting strategies, and operating assumptions, and each form also has different implications for supporting educational research and reform. Distinctions between these three forms illustrate some of the unavoidable ways in which educational research projects are social interventions in the lives of project participants. This prospect raises questions about how researchers and practitioners could be better prepared to design them as such.
Research Note: In Vivo Utilization of Lysine and Arginine in Young Chicks Fed Monensin

Abstract Three chick growth assays were conducted to investigate the effects of monensin on lysine and arginine utilization in crossbred chicks (New Hampshire × Columbian). Chicks were fed either a low lysine corn-sesame meal diet containing graded increments of crystalline lysine·HCl (Assay 1) or an arginine-deficient casein-dextrose diet (Assay 2) supplemented with graded levels of L-arginine·HCl in the presence or absence of supplemental monensin (121 mg/kg). Based upon analysis by slope-ratio methodology (i.e., gain regressed on supplemental amino acid intake), the efficiency of L-lysine or L-arginine utilization was found to be the same in both monensin-fed and control chicks. In Assay 3, effects of monensin on the lysine-arginine antagonism were studied. Chicks were fed an arginine-deficient casein-dextrose diet supplemented with 1 or 2% L-lysine·acetate in the presence or absence of supplemental monensin. Growth performance was depressed by feeding both levels of supplemental L-lysine·acetate. Monensin had no effect on the magnitude of the growth depression caused by supplemental lysine. These results support the view that neither lysine nor arginine utilization is impaired by feeding monensin.
Psychopathy-related differences in selective attention are captured by an early event-related potential.

According to the response modulation model, the poorly regulated behavior of psychopathic individuals reflects a problem reallocating attention to process peripheral information while engaged in goal-directed behavior (Patterson & Newman, 1993). We evaluated this tenet using male prisoners and an early event-related potential component (P140) to index attentional processing. In all task conditions, participants viewed and categorized letter stimuli that could also be used to predict electric shocks. Instructions focused attention either on the threat-relevant dimension of the letters or an alternative, threat-irrelevant dimension. Offenders with high scores on Hare’s (2003) Psychopathy Checklist-Revised displayed a larger P140 under alternative versus threat conditions. Beyond demonstrating psychopathy-related differences in early attention, these findings suggest that psychopathic individuals find it easier to ignore threat-related distractors when they are peripheral versus central to their goal-directed behavior.
The Formation and Motion of Small Polarons

In this paper I shall endeavor to qualitatively discuss some essential aspects of the theory of the formation and motion of small polarons. This theory has been developed with the view of applying it to materials which are often classified as low-mobility insulators. T i cally, the mobilities involved are substantially less than 1 cm2 /V-sec.In these circumstances electrical transport is, for the most part, discussed in terms of phonon-assisted hops (tunneling events) rather than in terms of scattering events. Specific situations to which the theory has been applied2 d include ththe motion of holes in the ionic crystals MnO1, NbO2, 2,3 and UO2,4 and the motion of electrons in the molecular crystals orthorhombic sulfur5 (S8) and realgar (AS4S4).6 In addition, the theory may also be applied to noncrystalline systems such as the vanadate glasses. However, the following discussion will be concerned solely with the generic features of the theory of small polarons and not with the detailed application to specific systems.
Sustainability of Information Technology Therapy on Micro-enterprise Development

The use of information technology in micro- enterprises has been shown to bring about improvements in accessing new markets, in achieving administrative efficiencies, increased productivity and competitiveness. To benefit from IT, micro-enterprises require specialized intervention and support. At the same time these micro-enterprises require skill sets that can translate their unique needs to IT solutions. This paper provides an IT Therapy approach to addressing micro-enterprise needs through IT. Following an action research approach to investigating micro-enterprises, this paper provides insights into how IT can bring about sustained improvements in micro-enterprises. The contribution of this paper is in guidelines of how IT can bring about development in micro-enterprises. This has implications for IT interventions to support micro- enterprises to achieve broader goals of sustainable development.
Reproductive Tract Calculi, Their Induction, Age Incidence, Composition and Biological Effects in Balb/c Crgl Mice Injected as Newborns with Estradiol-17β

Preputial and vaginal stone formation and a variety of other severe effects on the reproductive tract were observed in 5- and 1 0-month-old Balb/c mice after injection of 50 �g estradiol-1 713/day for the first 5 days of life. Weight and frequency of stones in females increased with age and urine pH. Urine pH and weight of stones increased but frequency of stones decreased with age in males. Vaginal calculi contained more calcium, but their elemental composition was otherwise similar to preputial stones. Crystalline structure varied with age and sex and the shift from apatite to struvite coincided with the presence of inflammation in both sexes. A syndrome of infertility, severe genital infection, testicular atrophy and necrosis, seminal vesicle and prostatic atrophy, formation of epididymal cysts and senile epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia was also present in males. Stone deposition was not dependent on the presence of urine stasis. Female mice injected with testosterone as newborns developed small concretions in the vaginal fornix in 37% of animals by 10 months of age. Similar urinary and reproductive tract abnormalities are induced by perinatal estrogen in female humans and rodents. Our studies show that there are also major reproductive and urinary effects of perinatal estradiol in male rodents. Male humans should be closely monitored for similar sequelae after early life exposure to estradiol.
Canine cardiac rhabdomyoma.

A well-circumscribed, expansile, and nonencapsulated cardiac rhabdomyoma composed of tightly arranged, large, variably sized, ovoid to irregular, swollen myocytes with deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm and varying degrees of cytoplasmic vacuolation was detected in an eight- to nine-month-old female beagle dog in a routine toxicology study. By histochemistry, the neoplasm was periodic acid-Schiff positive. By immunohistochemistry (IHC), neoplastic cells were positive for desmin and myoglobin and negative for vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Spontaneous lesions in the heart of young beagle dogs are rare in drug safety studies. On the basis of histopathology, histochemistry, and IHC findings, a diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyoma was made. Cardiac rhabdomyoma is one of the most frequently occuring primary tumors of the heart and, by far, the most common neoplasm in human infants and children. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the canine cardiac rhabdomyoma.
Towards a Philosophy of Instruction

What is the nature of instructional design? Is instructional design merely the practical application of learning theories to learning situations? What elements form the building blocks of instructional design theory and research? What assumptions about the nature of people and society are behind theories, principles, and practice? These questions occur in the context of international discussions about foundation issues in instructional design, partly as a result of new perspectives and approaches, and partly in association with doubts and musings at the beginning of a new millennium. In this paper I argue that there is an identifiable landscape (context, perspectives, sets of issues, methods, and values) associated with instructional design. Key features of that landscape include assumptions about the nature of being a person and living in society. Finally, I argue that without some identifiable instructional landscape that there is little possibility for progress in educational research.
Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy: Associations With Cardiovascular Risk

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) use is increasing, primarily in men with symptomatic hypogonadism. There are many benefits associated with TRT use, including improved sexual function, improved bone mineral density, and increased free fat mass and strength. As TRT use increases, its role on cardiovascular health must be explored. While previous evidence identified no adverse cardiovascular risks associated with TRT use, more recent studies suggest that there may be an associated risk, especially in elderly men and younger men with cardiac disease. Care must be taken with TRT use in these groups of men by careful monitoring for cardiac dysfunction. While testosterone therapy has many benefits and may generally be well tolerated, those prescribing the therapy must be cognizant of the potential adverse cardiovascular risks and advise men on the potential risks versus benefits.
Supervisory fuzzy control design for a magnetic suspension system

In this article, a supervisory fuzzy logic based controller is applied to a magnetic suspension system. The control architecture consists of two loops; a pole placement controller is utilized in the internal loop, and a supervisory fuzzy controller with a proportional-derivative structure is embedded in the outer loop to enhance the transient response of the system. This control design is compared in simulation studies with a classical pole placement controller on an example magnetic suspension system. >
Effects of humidity on light-induced stomatal opening: evidence for hydraulic coupling among stomata

A mechanism for co-ordinating behaviour of stomata within an areole during patchy stomatal conductance has recently been proposed. This mechanism depends on hydraulic interactions among stomata that are mediated by transpiration-induced changes in epidermal turgor. One testable prediction that arises from this proposed mechanism is that the strength of hydraulic coupling among stomata should be proportional to evaporative demand and, therefore, inversely proportional to humidity. When a leaf is illuminated following a period of darkness, there is typically a period of time, termed the Spannungsphase, during which guard cell osmotic and turgor pressure are increasing, but the pore remains closed. If hydraulic coupling is proportional to evaporative demand, then variation among stomata in the duration of the Spannungsphase should be lower for leaves at low humidity than for leaves at high humidity. A similar prediction emerged from a computer model based on the proposed hydraulic mechanisms. These predictions were tested by measuring individual stomatal apertures on intact transpiring leaves at low and high humidity and on vacuum-infiltrated leaf pieces (to eliminate transpiration) as PFD was increased to high values from either darkness or a low value. Results showed that the range of Spannungsphasen among stomata was reduced at low humidity compared to high humidities. Experiments that began at low PFD, rather than at darkness, showed no delay in stomatal opening. These results are discussed in the context of the proposed hydraulic coupling mechanism.
Evaluation of a shared pharmacogenomics curriculum for pharmacy students

Aim: This national dissemination study evaluated pharmacy students’ self-reported overall ability, self-efficacy and attitudes toward applying pharmacogenomics and perceptions of Pharmacogenomics Education Program, a shared pharmacogenomics curriculum. Patients & methods: Following a series of train-the-trainer programs for pharmacy faculty, pre- (n = 2674) and post-training surveys (n = 2542) were administered to Doctor of Pharmacy students (n = 43 pharmacy schools). Results: Students reported increased (pre- vs post-training) overall ability to educate patients about pharmacogenomics (17 vs 63%; p < 0.0001) and pharmacogenomic testing (11 vs 60%; p < 0.0001) and increased self-efficacy for identifying therapeutic areas for which pharmacogenomic testing is required (20 vs 75%; p < 0.0001). Most (92%) agreed that students at other schools would benefit from receiving the same, or similar, pharmacogenomics education. Conclusion: A shared curriculum is an effective approach for broadscale curricular dissemi...
FIELD COMPARISON OF REMOVAL AND MODIFIED DOUBLE-OBSERVER MODELING FOR ESTIMATING DETECTABILITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BIRDS

Abstract For point-count data to reliably index bird abundance or density, estimates must be corrected for variation in detection probabilities across species, observers, and environmental conditions. Removal and double-observer modeling are two recently developed statistical techniques for estimating detection probabilities and bird abundance. We collected point-count data in north-central Indiana and used a Huggins closed-capture model in MARK to directly compare those two methods. We found that when detection probabilities were relatively high for individual observers, the two methods yielded similar estimates of density for nearly all 17 species modeled. However, when true detection probabilities for observers were relatively low, removal estimates of detectability and density were biased high and low, respectively, perhaps because of the effect of low-detection probability on the removal estimator or smaller sample sizes associated with less-skilled observers. In general, we consider removal modeling...
Schwannoma including epithelial elements mimicking pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland on fine-needle cytology: The first case report.

Although most salivary gland tumors can be diagnosed accurately on fine-needle aspiration, cytological evaluation of spindle cell lesions, including schwannomas, still poses a challenge. In salivary gland aspirates, the most important mimickers of schwannomas are the common pleomorphic adenomas/mixed tumors since these may yield abundant spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells and only scant epithelial cells. Therefore, in spindle cell-rich aspirates from the head and neck, diligent search for epithelial cells is recommended. Their presence traditionally favors pleomorphic adenoma and argues against a schwannoma. Herein, however, we report, for the first time, a schwannoma with epithelial elements (glandular schwannoma) in the submandibular gland, demonstrating that the presence of epithelial cells in a spindle cell-rich aspirate may not always exclude a schwannoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:395–398. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of gefitinib- and CI-1040-mediated changes in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in HuCCT-1 human cholangiocarcinoma by serial fine needle aspiration

One specific limitation to the clinical development of targeted cancer therapeutics is the lack of well-validated pharmacodynamic markers. Such tools might conceivably provide a framework within which to better evaluate the selection of specific molecules as therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the practical application of this hypothesis in clinical development remains elusive. In this study, we present a minimally invasive pharmacodynamic assay for monitoring therapy-mediated changes in the activity of target signaling pathways by using fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples and quantitative ELISA methods. To this end, we used the HuCCT-1 cholangiocarcinoma cell line treated with gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa), a selective blocker of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and CI-1040, a selective inhibitor of the mitogen extracellular regulated kinase [mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2]. HuCCT-1 cells were resistant to gefitinib and CI-1040 alone but susceptible to the combination of these drugs in vitro and in vivo . This effect was associated with a greater inhibition of ERK1/2 activation, a downstream mediator in the EGFR–mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase pathway. Using this model, we sought to assess whether FNA-obtained tumor biopsies could be used to measure signaling pathway activation. Cellular extracts prepared from FNA samples yielded adequately cellular, high-quality samples to assess therapy-mediated changes in EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by Western blotting and quantitative ELISA assays. Treatment with gefitinib alone effectively inhibited EGFR activation but failed to block ERK1/2 phosphorylation and tumor growth. Blocking was achieved by the addition of CI-1040 to the treatment regimen. These results show that the combination of serial FNA sampling with highly sensitive quantitative ELISA assays permits assessment of therapy-mediated changes in signaling pathways, which correlate well with antitumor effects. This assay is simple to implement and broadly applicable to diverse tumor types in clinical studies with cancer patients and may be useful in the development of targeted anticancer agents. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(7):1895–903]
Computer Tomography Analysis of Fastrac Composite Thrust Chamber Assemblies

Computed tomography (CT) inspection has been integrated into the production process for NASA's Fastrac composite thrust chamber assemblies (TCAs). CT has been proven to be uniquely qualified to detect the known critical flaw for these nozzles, liner cracks that are adjacent to debonds between the liner and overwrap. CT is also being used as a process monitoring tool through analysis of low density indications in the nozzle overwraps. 3d reconstruction of CT images to produce models of flawed areas is being used to give program engineers better insight into the location and nature of nozzle flaws.
Anonymity in Social Media: Effects of Content Controversiality and Social Endorsement on Sharing Behavior

The amount of information shared via social media is rapidly increasing amid growing concerns over online privacy. This study investigates the effect of controversiality and social endorsement of media content on sharing behavior when choosing between sharing publicly or anonymously. Anonymous sharing is found to be a popular choice (59% of shares), especially for controversial content which is 3.2x more likely to be shard anonymously. Social endorsement was not found to affect sharing behavior, except for sports-related content. Implications for social media interface design are discussed.
Failure of the Red Imported Fire Ant to Reduce Entomophagous Insect and Spider Abundance in a Cotton Agroecosystem

Large numbers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, were unable to pauperize the predator arthropod fauna of a cotton field in east Texas. None of the 47 taxa sampled was significantly reduced as a result of S. invicta predation. Because of its predatory habits on boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman and Heliothis spp., and its failure to simplify the predator fauna, S. invicta must be considered an important predator in cotton agroecosystems where it is abundant. The evidence suggests that S. invicta is a fairly specialized predator though probably a polyphagous scavenger.
Quasi-Equilibrium Nucleation and Growth of Diamond and Cubic Boron-Nitride

Material growth is an inherently non-equilibrium process. However, thermodynamic considerations often provide important insight into material growth, the structure of grown materials, and process control parameters. In essence, thermodynamic considerations are important when activated processes are either slow or fast on the time scale of the growth. Activated kinetic processes are important when their time scale is the same as that of growth. Realistic ab-initio calculations of material structure and dynamics can provide a microscopic understanding of both thermodynamics and the kinetics of material growth. The primary focus of this article is a recently proposed defect-assisted multiple-regrowth stabilization of cubic phases. in this theory the incorporation of vacancies at the growth face changes the relative binding energy of cubic versus hexagonal phases so that diamond and cubic boron nitride can nucleate and grow. This theory predicts that diamond nucleation and growth is enhanced under electron rich or positive ion conditions. Experimental results on growth of both diamond and cubic boron nitride that motivate and support theoretical predictions are described. Cubic boron-nitride grows under off-stoichiometric conditions. The nucleation rate of diamond is increased by many orders of magnitude when a flux of electrons impinges upon the surface. Raman line broadening and ESR measurements indicate the presence of significant concentrations of point defects. Predictions and experimental evidence for both n and p type doping will be discussed. Ab-initio calculations of key kinetic processes and thermodynamic quantities for diamond and boron nitride growth are described.
Effect of repeated discriminations on the identifiability of the enantiomers of carvone.

Repeated testing of the ability to discriminate between d- and 1-carvone indicated that: (1) discriminal ability does not deteriorate with repeated exposure; (2) there is no more effect from the exposure to the d- than to the 1-form; and, (3) Ss differ reliably in their ability to discriminate the d- and I-enantiomers.
The impact of insurance coverage types on access to and utilization of health services for U.S. children with autism

Objective:The study examined the association of insurance type with access to and utilization of essential health services among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Methods:Multivariate logistic regressions were used to illustrate the relationship between the indicators of health services utilization and insurance coverage types among U.S. children with ASD (N=2,041). Analyses used secondary data from the 2011–2012 National Survey of Children’s Health.Results:Privately insured children with ASD were significantly less likely than their publicly insured counterparts to receive therapy (OR=.49). The odds of having any out-of-pocket medical expenses for families with private insurance were 11.0 times greater than for families with public insurance.Conclusions:The findings reflect current gaps between public and private insurance coverage in the health system for access to and utilization of health services for children with ASD. Special attention should be directed to private insurance plans, where ...
Application of Spiral CT with Three-dimensional Reconstruction in Preoperative Evaluation of Congenital Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of 64 slice spiral CT in congenital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Methods Twenty-nine newborns with congenital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula diagnosed by surgery,clinical results and esophageal imaging underwent 64slice spiral CT. Post-processing techniques included multi-planar reconstruction( MPR),minimum intensity projection( MinIP) and Raysum. Imaging findings were compared with surgical observations. Results According to Gross tumor classification,type I was found in 2 cases and type Ⅲ in 27. Three-dimensional reconstruction of CT images clearly showed the morphology and location of upper esophageal atresia and the anatomical tree of trachea and bronchia. The opening of fistula and the distance between two blind ends of esophagus were showed in 24 cases,but fistula opening could not be identified clearly in 3 cases.Conclusion Multi-slice spiral CT is highly valuable for the preoperative evaluation of congenital esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. It can be used to reveal the distance between the two blind ends of esophagus and the location of fistula opening,and to provide reliable imaging resources for surgical decision making.
The effect of cattle breed and muscle type on discoloration and various biochemical parameters in fresh beef.

The levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), hypoxanthine (Hx), xanthine (X) and the extent of lipid (TBA) and pigment oxidation (%MetMb) were determined in longissimus and gluteus medius muscles during storage at 4 degrees C. Muscles were obtained from Holstein and crossbred beef steers. Holstein beef displayed higher values for %MetMb, NAD and TBA and lower values for GSSG and Hx than crossbred beef (P less than .05). These two breed groups did not differ (P greater than .05) in X and NPSH. During storage, GSSG, Hx, X, %MetMb, GSSG/NPSH ratio and TBA value all increased, whereas NAD and NPSH decreased. Compared to the longissimus, the gluteus medius had greater %MetMb, TBA value, GSSG/NPSH ratio and Hx but lower (P less than .05) NAD and NPSH. Differences between Holstein and crossbred animals and between gluteus medius and longissimus muscles in meat color stability may be dependent on inherent metabolic differences.
RapidUpdate: peer-assisted distribution of security content

We describe RapidUpdate, a peer-assisted system tailored to the specific needs of distributing security content. Its unique features include being able to distribute small files while still offloading a vast majority of the distribution bandwidth, using central planning in order to maximize efficiency and meet distribution deadlines, and allowing peers to participate fully in the system even if behind a firewall or NAT device. We first describe the protocol and server scheduling algorithms, then utilize a full implementation of the RapidUpdate client and topology server to show the system meets its goals. As security software vendors face the burden of rapidly increasing content distribution load, we believe that this peerassisted system has the potential to lower cost while increasing quality of service.
Association of intraoperative blood pressure instability with adverse outcomes after liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND Blood pressure derangements are common in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and are potentially associated with adverse outcomes if they are sustained. While this concept is often believed to be true, few have rigorously demonstrated the validity of this claim, especially in likely vulnerable OLT patients. METHODS We retrospectively investigated 827 patients who underwent OLT to determine the magnitude of these hemodynamic associations with adverse outcomes. The median value of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the fractional change in the median MAP between subsequent epochs (FCM) were calculated for every 5-minute epoch intraoperatively. Epochs were classified according to prespecified ranges of MAP and fractional changes in MAP (lability) between epochs. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to model associations of risk factors and epochs of intraoperative blood pressure (BP) instability with primary (30-day mortality and/or graft failure) and secondary adverse outcomes. RESULTS Primary adverse outcomes occurred in 10.9% and 12.2% of patients for 30-day mortality and 30-day graft failure, respectively. Independent hemodynamic predictors for 30-day mortality and graft failure included sustained periods of MAP 25%. All of these values were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Although severe intraoperative hypotension and BP lability during OLT are often observed in current practice as consequences of major surgical manipulations and patient vulnerability, these are likely not benign conditions based on this retrospective analysis. Prospective trials are warranted to investigate the possibility that interventions tailored to avoidance of hypotension and BP lability may improve outcomes.
Kinematic hardening in creep of Zircaloy

Abstract Results of biaxial creep tests with stress changes on Zircaloy-2 tube samples are presented. A Hollomon-type viscoplastic strain hardening model is extended by the Armstrong-Frederic nonlinear kinematic hardening law, resulting in a mixed (i.e. isotropic and kinematic) strain hardening model. The creep tests with stress changes and similar tests published in the literature are simulated by the models. It is shown that introduction of the kinematic strain hardening in the viscoplastic strain hardening model is sufficient to describe the creep transients following stress drops, stress reversals and stress removals.
Interaction of Lewis Acids with Transition Metal Complexes

Previous work has shown that metal complexes in the presence of Lewis acids may lead to: (i) simple addition of the Lewis acid to unshared electron pairs of coordinated ligands (3), (ii) Lewis acid addition to unshared electron pairs of a metal (2, 4) and (iii) more complex reactions (1). This report covers some of our recent experiments designed to explore (i) — simple ligand basicity.
Turning the Tables on Assimilation: Oglala Lakotas and the Pine Ridge Day Schools, 1889–1920s

This essay examines cultural contestation between Anglo assimilationists and Oglala Lakotas in the federal Indian day schools of South Dakota's Pine Ridge Reservation. It argues that Oglalas adeptly subverted the academic, manual, and moral goals of these institutions, transforming them from agents of cultural destruction into agents of Oglala persistence.
Life priorities in the HIV-positive Asians: a text-mining analysis in young vs. old generation

HIV/AIDS is one of the most urgent and challenging public health issues, especially since it is now considered a chronic disease. In this project, we used text mining techniques to extract meaningful words and word patterns from 45 transcribed in-depth interviews of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) conducted in Taipei, Beijing, Shanghai, and San Francisco from 2006 to 2013. Text mining analysis can predict whether an emerging field will become a long-lasting source of academic interest or whether it is simply a passing source of interest that will soon disappear. The data were analyzed by age group (45 and older vs. 44 and younger). The highest ranking fragments in the order of frequency were: "care", "daughter", "disease", "family", "HIV", "hospital", "husband", "medicines", "money", "people", "son", "tell/disclosure", "thought", "want", and "years". Participants in the 44-year-old and younger group were focused mainly on disease disclosure, their families, and their financial condition. In older PLWHA, social supports were one of the main concerns. In this study, we learned that different age groups perceive the disease differently. Therefore, when designing intervention, researchers should consider to tailor an intervention to a specific population and to help PLWHA achieve a better quality of life. Promoting self-management can be an effective strategy for every encounter with HIV-positive individuals.
Determination of Binding Selectivities by Electrospray lonization Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used for the measurement of binding selectivities of four model hosts, 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, and 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane, for both alkali and transition metal ions. Based on the intensities of the metal complexes observed in the mass spectra, the relative binding selectivities can be directly estimated. Results are compared to theoretical selectivities obtained by solving simultaneous equilibria equations that define the competing complexation reactions in solution. Good agreement is found in most cases, thus allowing rapid determination of binding selectivities of hosts in a variety of solvents.
Functional Reconstitution of V-ATPase Proteolipid Ring into a Planar Lipid Membrane

In this work, we show the first purification and functional characterization of the proteolipid ring (c-ring) complex of the membrane-bound Vo sector of the eukaryotic vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using techniques of membrane biochemistry, structural biology, and single-molecule electrophysiology. Our work was motivated by, and builds on, a large body of literature spanning more than three decades that suggested that Vo, besides its proton pumping function in holo V-ATPase, has other, so-called “non-canonical” functions in essential processes, such as membrane fusion and neurotransmitter release. However, direct evidence that Vo, and specifically, its core proteolipid ring (c-ring) complex, possesses the required properties to fulfill these non-canonical functions is still lacking. Our results presented here show that the c-ring forms a large-conductance transmembrane pore, which inserted into planar lipid bilayers with a preferred orientation. Moreover, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, we demonstrate that the purified c-ring forms dimers through an interaction mediated by the cytoplasmic loops of the c subunits. Taken together, these findings provide the first direct attestation in support of the proposed non-canonical functions of the V-ATPase Vo sector.1 This work was supported by NIH grants R01 GM058600 (to S.W.) and R01 GM088403 (to L.M.). 1. Couoh-Cardel, S.; Hsueh, Y. C.; Wilkens, S.; Movileanu, L., Yeast V-ATPase Proteolipid Ring Acts as a Large-conductance Transmembrane Protein Pore. Scientific reports 2016, 6, 24774.
Goodness of Fit in Item Factor Analysis: Effect of the Number of Response Alternatives

The power of the chi-square test statistic used in structural equation modeling decreases as the absolute value of excess kurtosis of the observed data increases. Excess kurtosis is more likely the smaller the number of item response categories. As a result, fit is likely to improve as the number of item response categories decreases, regardless of the true underlying factor structure or χ2-based fit index used to examine model fit. Equivalently, given a target value of approximate fit (e.g., root mean square error of approximation ≤ .05) a model with more factors is needed to reach it as the number of categories increases. This is true regardless of whether the data are treated as continuous (common factor analysis) or as discrete (ordinal factor analysis). We recommend using a large number of response alternatives (≥ 5) to increase the power to detect incorrect substantive models.
Extending the volume and processing area of atmospheric pressure plasma jets

Atmospheric pressure plasmas have certain advantage in materials synthesis and processing that are not available with other approaches including low-pressure plasmas. In particular, the breadth of reactions afforded by non-equilibrium, low temperature plasmas is unique; plasmas produced in full density air allows one to extend the application space to systems and materials that are not vacuum compatible. Non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure plasma jet devices are well-suited for such applications given their relatively simple design and modest power requirements. However, their size tends to limit their utility to small scale processes and treatments. In this work, we describe approaches to extend the volume of non-equilibrium, atmospheric pressure plasma jets and thus, surface area that can be treated. In particular, we consider geometric and gas flow solutions to increase volume. We use high-speed cameras, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), current and voltage measurements, and simulations to characterize the results and understand the potential for and/or limitations to scale-up. This work is supported by the Naval Research Laboratory base program.
The LDMX Experiment

The thermal-relic mechanism for the production of dark-matter in the early universe, combined with the precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background and the lack of observation of dark matter at the LHC, motivates the search for dark matter in the mass range between 1 MeV and 1 GeV. We describe the concept for the Light Dark Matter Experiment (LDMX), which could carry out such a search using the missing-momentum technique. The experiment would utilize a unique high-rate, low-current electron beam with an energy between 4 GeV and 10 GeV, and would have sensitivity to the thermal-relic hypothesis over a wide range of masses below 1 GeV.
"I Could Feel Your Heart": The Transformative and Collaborative Power of Heartfelt Thinking in Archaeology

As anthropologists we know that the heart is considered a source of strength in many cultures. Yet in Western society and the culture of science, the heart is generally feminized and, as a consequence, devalued. Guided by feminist and Indigenous theory, I have established an archaeological practice that foregrounds heartfelt thinking as part of community-based heritage work. Importantly, I strive to train the next generation of archaeology professionals to recognize the role of the heart in promoting an effective multivocal research perspective. There are many challenges to such an approach, not least of which is the perception that inclusive and reflexive practice is a sign of weakness. This chapter reviews personal challenges I have experienced in operationalizing an epistemology of the heart. I explore why it is imperative to overcome these problems to reinvent the discipline of archaeology.
Colonization, Infection, and the Accessory Genome of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative pathogen that has a large accessory genome of plasmids and chromosomal gene loci. This accessory genome divides K. pneumoniae strains into opportunistic, hypervirulent, and multidrug-resistant groups and separates K. pneumoniae from two closely related species, Klebsiella variicola and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. Some strains of K. pneumoniae act as opportunistic pathogens, infecting critically ill and immunocompromised patients. These K. pneumoniae are a common cause of health-care associated infections including pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and bloodstream infections. K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae are often clinically indistinguishable from opportunistic K. pneumoniae. Other strains of K. pneumoniae are hypervirulent, infecting healthy people in community settings and causing severe infections including pyogenic liver abscess, endophthalmitis, and meningitis. A third group of K. pneumoniae encode carbapenemases, making them highly antibiotic-resistant. These strains act as opportunists but are exceedingly difficult to treat. All of these groups of K. pneumoniae and related species can colonize the gastrointestinal tract, and the accessory genome may determine if a colonizing strain remains asymptomatic or progresses to cause disease. This review will explore the associations between colonization and infection with opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant, and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains and the role of the accessory genome in distinguishing these groups and related species. As K. pneumoniae infections become progressively more difficult to treat in the face of antibiotic resistance and hypervirulent strains, an increased understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these bacteria is vital.
The G.I. Bill: A Case Study in Behavioral Economics

In pursuit of public welfare, the federal government supports a range of programs designed to encourage desirable behavior. Though for centuries lawmakers have strived to account for irrational actors and ultimately produce effective policy, behavioral economics has only entered the discussion recently as a means to accomplish these ends. The G.I. Bill provides a unique opportunity to examine behavioral economic principles as they relate to a long-standing, well-developed program. Introduced in 1944, the G.I. Bill provides tuition assistance and other educational benefits to support US military veterans pursuing a postsecondary credential. Benefit usage rates remain high and relatively stable in the decades since the legislation’s enactment, suggesting that educational incentives may serve as powerful motivators for veterans continuing their education. However, low college completion rates amongst veterans that choose to use G.I. Bill benefits limit the program’s true effectiveness. This case illustrates both the benefits and the limitations of applying behavioral economics concepts in policy design, particularly as demands on the G.I. Bill program continue to evolve.
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Modulates Ca2+- Dependent Vasoconstriction

Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a central role in muscle contraction in that they regulate events that result in excitation-contraction coupling. Signaling at the plasma membrane of arteries and veins — either by receptor stimulation or depolarization — leads to a decrease in the approximately 10,000 fold electrochemical gradient for Ca2+, chiefly by increasing the permeability to extracellular Ca2+ and by mobilizing intracellular stores of Ca2+. Voltage changes that accompany production of vascular tone lead to activation of Ca2+ channels (Nelson et al., 1988). Vasoconstrictor agonists cause receptor mediated stimulation of G-proteins, which in turn leads to activation of phospholipase C and the generation of two key intracellular messengers — inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) (Berridge, 1993). DAG promotes the activation of protein kinase C to a highly Ca2+ -sensitive form leading to phosphorylation of a number of intracellular targets including K+ and Ca2+ ion channels involved in the production of smooth muscle tone (Bonev and Nelson, 1993; Fish et al., 1988).
Community Building in Online Writing Centers

Being without power for over eight hours (and counting), I am acutely aware of the impact of technology upon my life. Aside from my general apprehensions about the loss of heat, the upcoming cold shower, and the possibility that my food may spoil, I miss my computer the most. Composing by hand is a task too unfamiliar to describe; yet, I find comfort in its possibilities. When all else fails, I can still write. With the simple tools of pen, paper, and sunlight, I settle down to record my thoughts. I know that writing by hand will endure because while computers provide one method for composition, they do not replace the practical process of handwriting.
Prosocial family therapy: A manualized preventive intervention for juvenile offenders

Abstract This manual for Prosocial Family Therapy (PFT) describes a practical method of multisystemic care for juvenile offenders based on our theories about risk and protection factors and therapy process. The PFT team integrates specific parent training techniques and nonspecific family therapy strategies in meetings scheduled with decreasing frequency over a 3-month intervention and 2-year follow-up period. The PFT manual blends scientific and clinical concerns via checks on manual adherence, treatment integrity, and internal validity. PFT can be used by MA-level therapists in community or residential settings run by courts, schools, or mental-health agencies. Our short-term intervention goal is rapid, lasting reduction of youths' community, home, and coping problems (e.g., police arrest, curfew violation, substance abuse, and suicide attempts). Our long-term prevention goal includes fewer crimes and bad life outcomes (e.g., school dropout, teen parenthood, welfare dependence) and more family-wide prosocial coping—helping self without harming others. We discuss why family preservation is not our ultimate goal and why acceptance of reality is a prerequisite for behavior change.
Tortuosity Effects in Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes.

Intrinsic material microstructure features, such as pores or void spaces, grains, and defects can affect local lithium-ion concentration profiles and transport properties in solid ion conductors. T...
An Introduction to Police Militarization

This chapter describes the history and use of SWAT teams, the use of DHS grant money, and the Pentagon’s 1033 Program to allow police departments (PDs) across the country to acquire military-grade equipment and weaponry in a practice otherwise known as police militarization. In this chapter, the history of police militarization is reviewed, along with significant events such as the “War on Drugs” and “War on Terror” that have shaped law enforcement operations in the United States. The research was intended to obtain a better grasp of the perceptions of police militarization among key stakeholders to include Congress, police executives, and police officers and how these perceptions may perhaps shape future policy and practice.
Spear phishing in a barrel: Insights from a targeted phishing campaign

Executives in many industries have fallen prey to socially engineered attacks known as spear phishing. Using highly targeted emails, social engineers trick victims into performing unintended action...
Logic‐Based Delivery of Site‐Specifically Modified Proteins from Environmentally Responsive Hydrogel Biomaterials

The controlled presentation of proteins from and within materials remains of significant interest for many bioengineering applications. Though "smart" platforms offer control over protein release in response to a single external cue, no strategy has been developed to trigger delivery in response to user-specified combinations of environmental inputs, nor to independently control the release of multiple species from a homogenous material. Here, a modular semisynthetic scheme is introduced to govern the release of site-specifically modified proteins from hydrogels following Boolean logic. A sortase-mediated transpeptidation reaction is used to generate recombinant proteins C-terminally tethered to gels through environmentally sensitive degradable linkers. By varying the connectivity of multiple stimuli-labile moieties within these customizable linkers, YES/OR/AND control of protein release is exhaustively demonstrated in response to one and two-input combinations involving enzyme, reductant, and light. Tethering of multiple proteins each through a different stimuli-sensitive linker permits their independent and sequential release from a common material. It is expected that these methodologies will enable new opportunities in tissue engineering and therapeutic delivery.
Signaling pathways for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding in lung epithelial cells

The EGFR is implicated in airway remodeling in asthma and is a therapeutic target in lung cancer. We reported that LPA decreases cell surface EGFR binding within15 min in the normal airway epitheli...
In the shoes of George Zimmerman: the impact of promotion of mistrust, subcultural diversity and fear of crime on expected personal reactions

In February 2012, George Zimmerman, a Hispanic man, shot and killed Trayvon Martin, an African-American teen, after encountering Martin walking in a hoodie in the rain in his neighborhood. A media frenzy followed, focusing on the racial differences between the two and the possible injustice of the incident. A key legal and public question was whether Zimmerman was acting in self-defense or based on racial stereotypes. Based in the fear of crime and racial socialization literature, this study examines the impacts of racial socialization, fear of crime, and subcultural diversity on university students’ expected reactions to an incident very similar to the Zimmerman–Martin encounter. We find that the race of the person encountered is not a significant predictor of how these university students expected to respond. In addition, while fear of crime and subcultural diversity also fail to reach significance, promotion of mistrust of other races is related in this sample to willingness to pull a gun and shoot one. Given the policy and public significance of behavioral reactions to crime, we call for much more research before making conclusions about the impact of racial differences and mistrust on how people might react in potentially threatening situations.