cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community-Based Participatory Research: The College As the Focal Community

This article describes one small BSW program's engagement in community-based participatory research (CBPR) in which the college community was the focus of the social change effort and social work undergraduates were the research partners. Over a 3-year period students engaged college community stakeholders, collected data, and presented findings on student alcohol use and abuse to promote discussion and inclusion of harm reduction strategies in the college response to this issue. The project resulted in an ongoing dialogue among the student researchers and administration regarding revisions to the campus alcohol policy. Written from the perspectives of a student researcher and faculty mentor, an overview of CBPR as a research method is presented, associated challenges discussed, a case study using the method summarized, and suggestions for implementing this pedagogy are presented. CBPR conceptualized this way offers opportunities for students to engage more fully with research concepts while promoting soc...
Income inequality and vulnerability to flood hazard in brazil

Objective Income inequality scholars suggest that extreme income inequality leads to spatial segregation, political power concentrated in the high-income (elite) class, and thus, uneven public resource access. This work argues that income inequality may also predict higher levels of vulnerability of urban municipalities to climate-related hazards. Method Using factor analysis and multilevel regression models, this research tests whether income inequality is a predictor of vulnerability to flood hazards. Results The analysis shows that income inequality significantly predicts higher levels of a key component of vulnerability in urban Brazilian municipalities. Conclusion By providing empirical evidence for the theorized linkages between income inequality, spatial segregation, and uneven public resource access, this work bolsters the claims of income inequality scholars who suggest high levels of income inequality have negative social consequences. Additionally, this work is relevant to climate change vulnerability scholars as it underscores the importance of considering income inequality as part of urban climate change vulnerability assessments.
Strategies to Reduce the GI Risks of Antiplatelet Therapy

Low-dose aspirin and other antiplatelet agents are widely used for the management of cardiovascular disease. Due to their action on cyclooxygenase, aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with upper gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, including ulcers and bleeding. Although the risk with low-dose aspirin alone is less than that with NSAIDs, given its widespread use, aspirin-related toxicity has become a substantial health care issue. Factors associated with an increased risk of aspirin-related upper GI complications are still being elucidated but most importantly include a prior history of ulcer or GI bleeding, aspirin dose, and concomitant use with an NSAID, anticoagulant, or additional antiplatelet drug. Various strategies are available to minimize the risk of developing upper GI side effects in patients taking aspirin. Gastroprotective agents that seem effective are prostaglandin analogues and proton pump inhibitors. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori also seems to reduce the risk of ulcers. Substitution by other antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel alone does not seem to provide a safer alternative to low-dose aspirin for patients at high risk for GI side effects.
Cookies vs. Clams: The Clash of Tracking Technologies and Their Implications for Online Privacy

Battles between technologies have been a driving force in the evolution of the Internet. The clash of two competing tracking technologies for online behavioral advertising is the focus of this paper. The two sides of the battle are exemplified in the form of two paradigms – cookies vs. clams – that obtained their labels in reference to a particular set of actors and technology, enabling targeted advertising. On one side, ISPs deployed deep packet inspection technologies to spy on their subscribers’ Internet traffic; on the other side, platform and website operators used cookie-based technologies to follow their users across the Internet. While advertisers embraced behavioral targeting as the future of advertising, users were concerned about the implications of persuasive tracking on their privacy. Two empirical case studies – NebuAd’s DPI platform and Facebook’s Beacon program – substantiate the two paradigms and illustrate the controversial debate on targeted advertising and users’ privacy. Users’ expected confidentiality of communication clashed with targeted advertising practices and led eventually to the defeat of the clams paradigm. Comparing the two cases from a technological, economic, and institutional perspective, the paper argues that both paradigms were equally privacy invasive. Thus, it rejects the generally held view that privacy issues can explain the outcome of the battle. This research is part of a larger effort at Syracuse University to understand the implications of deep packet inspection on Internet Governance across different applications. Within this project, this paper provides a closer look at how DPI compares with other technologies for the purpose of tracking and user profiling.
Brittney’s Boutique: Tailoring a budget for function as well as fashion

This case is designed for use in an introductory managerial accounting course. The case provides you with the opportunity to extend and apply managerial accounting knowledge in the practical, real-world setting of managing the start-up of Brittney’s Boutique, a student’s entrepreneurial efforts in the retail fashion merchandising business. The case is intended to challenge you to: (1) use managerial accounting knowledge to prepare statements, analyses, and budgets; (2) recognize and understand the needs and challenges in starting a business; (3) apply Excel knowledge, skills and abilities; and (4) analyze and combine managerial accounting information to make judgments, conclusions and recommendations.
Erythropoietin: Endogenous Protection of Ischemic Brain

The human brain requires uninterrupted delivery of blood-borne oxygen and nutrients to sustain its function. Focal ischemia, particularly, ischemic stroke, and global ischemia imposed by cardiac arrest disrupt the brain's fuel supply. The resultant ATP depletion initiates a complex injury cascade encompassing intracellular Ca2+ overload, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxido-nitrosative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and inflammation, culminating in neuronal and astroglial necrosis and apoptosis, neurocognitive deficits, and even death. Unfortunately, brain ischemia has proven refractory to pharmacological intervention. Many promising treatments afforded brain protection in animal models of focal and global ischemia, but failed to improve survival and neurocognitive recovery of stroke and cardiac arrest patients in randomized clinical trials. The culprits are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits transferral of medications to the brain parenchyma, and the sheer complexity of the injury cascade, which presents a daunting array of targets unlikely to respond to monotherapies. Erythropoietin is a powerful neuroprotectant capable of interrupting multiple aspects of the brain injury cascade. Preclinical research demonstrates erythropoietin's ability to suppress glutamate excitotoxicity and intracellular Ca2+ overload, dampen oxidative stress and inflammation, interrupt the apoptotic cascade, and preserve BBB integrity. However, the erythropoietin dosages required to traverse the BBB and achieve therapeutically effective concentrations in the brain parenchyma impose untoward side effects. Recent discoveries that hypoxia induces erythropoietin production within the brain and that neurons, astroglia, and cerebrovascular endothelium harbor membrane erythropoietin receptors, raise the exciting prospect of harnessing endogenous erythropoietin to protect the brain from the ravages of ischemia-reperfusion.
Effects of Nozzle Geometry on the Fluid Dynamics of Thin Liquid Films Flowing down Vertical Strings in the Rayleigh-Plateau Regime.

Thin-liquid films flowing down vertical strings undergo instability, creating wavy film profiles and traveling beads. Previous studies assumed that the liquid film thickness and velocity profiles within the healing length from a nozzle were specified by the Nusselt solution, independent of the nozzle geometry. As a result, the influence of the nozzle diameter on the flow characteristics, such as the liquid bead size, spacing, and traveling speed, was largely overlooked. We report an experimental and numerical simulation study on liquid-film flows in the Rayleigh–Plateau regime while systematically varying the nozzle diameter from 0.5 to 3.2 mm at different mass flow rates (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 g/s). We find that the nozzle diameter does have a strong influence on the flow regime and the flow characteristics. We identify the thickness of a nearly flat portion of a liquid film that precedes the onset of instability, which we term the preinstability thickness, as a critical flow parameter that governs ...
Treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux using a sleep positioning device: A prospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptoms are often resistant to management and cause significant quality of life impairment to patients with this disease. This study assesses the utility of a sleep-positioning device (SPD) in treating LPR. Design Single center prospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary medical center Participants 27 adult patients with diagnosed laryngopharyngeal reflux. Intervention An SPD consisting of a two-component wedge-shaped base pillow and a lateral positioning body pillow (Medcline, Amenity Health Inc.) was given to patients with a diagnosis of LPR. Subjects slept using the device for at least 6 h per night for 28 consecutive nights. Main outcomes Primary outcomes were Nocturnal Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptom Severity and Impact Questionnaire (N-GSSIQ) and the Reflux Symptoms Index (RSI) survey instrument. Each was collected at baseline, after 14, and after 28 days of SPD use. Results 27 patients (19 female and 8 male; age 57.1 ± 12.8, BMI 29.0 ± 8.1) were recruited. At baseline mean N-GSSIQ was 50.1 ± 22.4 and mean RSI of 29.6 ± 7.7. Repeated measure analysis showed that subjects' total N-GSSIQ scores decreased by an average of 19.1 (p = 0.0004) points by two weeks and 26.5 points by 4 weeks (p Conclusions In patients with LPR, SPD treatment significantly improves self-reported symptoms of nocturnal reflux as well as symptoms specific to LPR. These results support the therapeutic efficacy of a SPD for patients with LPR.
Why Curtiss-Wright is Wrong: The Myth of Extraconstitutional Foreign Affairs Power

In United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Co., the Supreme Court asserted that federal power in foreign affairs arises extraconstitutionally: that is, it derives not from a grant of power to the federal government in the Constitution, but as "inherently inseparable from the conception of nationality." Specifically, the Court argued that "external sovereignty" -- meaning foreign affairs power -- passed from Britain to the Union at the time of independence; it was never held by the states, and, thus, existed outside the constitutional structure of delegated powers. While commentators have criticized this theory as inconsistent with state sovereignty, they have not been able to make an airtight case against it because the concept of state sovereignty is itself so heavily disputed. This article approaches Curtiss-Wright from a different perspective: it does not seek to defend state sovereignty, to reject inherent federal powers in all areas, or to resolve the relationship between the states and the union at the time of independence. Rather, it asks a specific constitutional question: what was the understanding at the time the Constitution was drafted as to the source of foreign affairs powers. Once the question is framed in this manner, the article argues that Curtiss-Wright can be conclusively rejected. The text of the Constitution, the drafters' descriptions of it, the practice under the articles of confederation, and the discussions during the ratification debates all show that in 1787-89 everyone thought of foreign affairs powers as delegated powers. This does not, of course, show that there were no inherent federal powers, nor resolve larger questions about state and federal sovereignty, but it does show that Curtiss-Wright's narrow historical claim -- that the Constitution presupposes inherent federal power in foreign affairs -- is incorrect. Thus, this article seeks to refute Curtiss-Wright, even in the eyes of one who believes that the states were never fully sovereign, that the national government exercised inherent foreign affairs power after independence, and that after ratification of the Constitution the federal government continued to exercise some inherent powers.
Comparative Effectiveness Research in Urologic Cancers

Controversies abound in urologic cancers. While some work in comparative effectiveness research has been performed, most controversies remain unresolved. In this chapter, we examine the three most common urologic malignancies: Prostate cancer, kidney cancer, and bladder cancer. We will review progress made in comparative effectiveness research for each cancer and outline important topics where future research is needed.
Cell type-specific interchromosomal interactions as a mechanism for transcriptional diversity

The eukaryotic genome is partitioned into topologically associated domains (TADs) that assemble into compartments of shared chromatin valance. This architecture is influenced by the physical constraints imposed by the DNA polymer, which restricts DNA interactions predominantly to genomic segments from the same chromosome. Here, we report a dramatic divergence from this pattern of nuclear organization that occurs during the differentiation and specification of mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In situ HiC on FAC-sorted OSNs shows that olfactory receptor (OR) genes from numerous chromosomes make frequent, extensive, and highly specific interchromosomal contacts that strengthen with differentiation. Moreover, in terminally differentiated OSNs, >30 intergenic enhancers generate a multi-chromosomal hub that associates only with the single active OR from a pool of ~1400 genes. Our data reveal that interchromosomal interactions can form with remarkable stereotypy between like neurons, generating a regulatory landscape for stochastic, monogenic, and monoallelic gene expression.
Differentiating between Attachment and Dependency in Theory and Practice

Attachment theory perceives some human bonds as social ones, formed to serve the instinctive tendency to maintain proximity to others. Attachment behavior, therefore, does not connote immature depe...
Edwin Hubble, an Infinite Universe, and the Classification of Galaxies

The Great Debate was inconclusive. It failed to resolve a basic dispute critical to understanding the universe: Were we alone in the Milky Way as the only galaxy in the universe or did others exist? Was, for example, M31, the Andromeda Nebula, something distinct from the Milky Way, perhaps a separate galaxy existing on its own, or was it simply part of ours? To conclude that Andromeda was a unique galaxy also had broader implications, suggesting that perhaps other galaxies, in the millions if not billions or more, existed that were distinct from the Milky Way. Additionally, perhaps many of the other phenomena observed in the sky, too, might be separate from the Milky Way? But how to resolve this debate?
Do N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists have disproportionately greater effects on brain swelling than on ischemic damage in focal cerebral infarction?

Using a frozen section technique, we have assessed the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate(NMDA) antagonist upon brain swelling caused by ischemic brain edema in a rat model of focal cerebral infarction. Although pretreatment with the competitive NMDA antagonist, D-CPPene or the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, CNS 1102 reduced both the volumes of infarction and ischemic edema in the cerebral hemisphere, mean reduction in brain edema was proportionately similar to decrease in infarct volume in the same animals (correlation coefficienct, r = 0.82, p < 0.001). There was, therefore, no evidence of disproportionately greater effects with NMDA antagonist upon brain edema.
Minimally invasive transtracheal cardiac plexus block for sympathetic neuromodulation

Background Bilateral thoracoscopic stellectomy has antiarrhythmic effects, but the procedure is invasive with associated morbidity. Sympathetic nerves from both stellate ganglia form the deep cardiac plexus (CP) in the aortopulmonary window, anterior to the trachea. Objective The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a novel and minimally invasive transtracheal approach to block the CP in porcine models. Methods In 12 Yorkshire pigs, right (RSG) and left (LSG) stellate ganglia were electrically stimulated and sympathetic baseline response recorded (hemodynamic parameters and T-wave pattern). Aortopulmonary window was accessed transtracheally with endobronchial ultrasound guidance, and local stimulation of CP confirmed the location. Injection of 1% lidocaine (n = 10) or saline solution (n = 2) was performed, and RSG and LSG responses were re-evaluated and compared with baseline. Results Transtracheal lidocaine injection into the CP successfully blocked bilateral sympathetic induced changes (%) in T-wave amplitude (282.8% ± 152.2% vs 20.1% ± 16.5%; P Conclusion Minimally invasive transtracheal injection of lidocaine into the CP blocked the sympathetic response of either RSG and LSG. Transtracheal assessment of CP may allow for minimally invasive and selective ablation of cardiac innervation, extending the cardiac sympathectomy denervation benefits to those not suitable for surgery.
The 5S-5M-5C schematic: transforming primary care inputs to outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries.

### Summary box High-quality primary healthcare (PHC) is the most effective way to deliver person-centred, promotive, preventive and curative services to meet the majority of a population’s health needs.1 PHC is critical to improving population health, making health systems more equitable and resilient and promoting global health security. Furthermore, PHC is instrumental to achieving quality universal health coverage (UHC) and meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. However, as the global community marks the 40th anniversary of the Alma Ata Declaration in 2018,2 a significant gap remains between the original Declaration’s aspirational vision and the current reality of PHC throughout the world. PHC remains a neglected area of investment in most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), with limited prioritisation in public sector spending, poor integration with other sectors and alarming deficiencies in the quality of primary care (PC) clinical services delivered.3 Visits in PC are short, diagnoses frequently incorrect and treatments often unnecessary or harmful.4 Community priorities around healthcare needs are often not elicited within PHC and feedback from patients and communities is rarely sought. To support PHC strengthening and improvement …
Learner Self-Efficacy in K-12 Online Environments

In this chapter, we examine learner self-efficacy broadly in K-12 face-to-face classrooms, learner efficacy in K-12 online learning, and then specifically issues related to self-efficacy based on the demographic characteristics of the learners. We do this with the understanding that self-efficacy beliefs are context specific [Hodges, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 20(3–4), 7–25, 2008]. From there, we review the literature on the learners’ level of preparation and how self-efficacy can be improved in online contexts.
A Comparison of Point and Complete Electrode Models in a Finite Difference Model of Invasive Electrode Measurements

Invasive electrophysiological measurement of brain activity is commonly employed during epilepsy surgery to provide final validation of required resection regions. These data are critical to clinical decision making, but manual expert analysis of these data can be complicated by the need to relate individual electrode measurements to specific brain regions. To improve analysis of these data with source analysis, accurate bioelectric models are needed. Given the proximity of the measurement locations to the generating cortical sources, modeling of electrodetissue interactions is particularly important for invasive measurements. Here, we evaluate the effect of a finite difference complete electrode model on the accuracy of leadfield computations for invasive electrocorticography. Our results show that in the vicinity of electrode locations, use of the simpler point electrode model produces large topographic and magnitude differences that will likely impact the accuracy of computed source localizations.
Orbital Cellular Epithelioid Hemangioma.

Purpose To report a case of orbital cellular epithelioid hemangioma (EH) in which FOSB and CAMTA1 immunostains were used to detect a cytogenetic rearrangement as an adjunctive tool in diagnosis. Methods Case report. Results A patient with a history of prior ligation of a presumed orbital varix presented with recurrent proptosis. Imaging revealed a highly vascular right orbital mass. Microscopic examination revealed a circumscribed neoplasm composed of plump epithelioid endothelial cells with copious mildly eosinophilic cytoplasm and relatively uniform vesicular nuclei. To aid in diagnosis, immunostains for FOSB and CAMTA1 were performed to detect corresponding cytogenetic rearrangements. The presence of multifocal nuclear positivity for FOSB, indicating FOSB genetic rearrangement, and negativity for CAMTA1 were considered reassuring features against a diagnosis of a malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE), supporting a diagnosis of benign cellular EH. Conclusions This case report demonstrates that the use of immunohistochemical stains to detect cytogenetic rearrangements may aid in the distinction between benign EH and malignant EHE. It also reminds providers of the clinical and histopathologic features of this lesion, which occurs rarely in the orbit, and helps clarify the evolving nomenclature surrounding epithelioid hemangioma.
ClusCross: a new topology for silicon interposer-based network-on-chip

The increasing number of cores challenges the scalability of chip multiprocessors. Recent studies proposed the idea of disintegration by partitioning a large chip into multiple smaller chips and using silicon interposer-based integration (2.5D) to connect these smaller chips. This method can improve yield, but as the number of small chips increases, the chip-to-chip communication becomes a performance bottleneck. This paper proposes a new network topology, ClusCross, to improve network performance for multicore interconnection networks on silicon interposer-based systems. The key idea is to treat each small chip as a cluster and use cross-cluster long links to increase bisection width and decrease average hop count without increasing the number of ports in the routers. Synthetic traffic patterns and real applications are simulated on a cycle-accurate simulator. Network latency reduction and saturation throughput improvement are demonstrated as compared to previously proposed topologies. Two versions of the ClusCross topology are evaluated. One version of ClusCross has a 10% average latency reduction for coherence traffic as compared to the state-of-the-art network-on-interposer topology, the misaligned ButterDonut. The other version of ClusCross has a 7% and a 10% reduction in power consumption as compared to the FoldedTorus and the ButterDonut topologies, respectively.
Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations: Protocol for a Linear Three-Phase Study (Project Empower)

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is approximately twice as prevalent among transgender and gender diverse individuals (those whose current gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth) than among cisgender individuals (those whose gender aligns with their sex assigned at birth). However, most existing scales measuring IPV are not validated among transgender and gender diverse populations and do not consider the unique forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse individuals. Objective: This paper describes the protocol for Project Empower, a study that seeks to develop and validate a new scale to measure IPV as experienced by transgender and gender diverse adults. A new scale is necessary to improve the accuracy of IPV measurement among transgender and gender diverse populations and may inform the current tools used to screen and link to services for transgender and gender diverse people who experience or perpetrate IPV. Methods: The proposed new scale will be developed by a linear three-phase process. In Phase I, we will recruit a maximum of 110 transgender and gender diverse participants to participate in in-depth interviews and focus groups. Phase I will collect qualitative data on the experiences of IPV among transgender and gender individuals. After generating scale items from the qualitative data in Phase I, Phase II will conduct up to 10 cognitive interviews to examine understanding of scale items and refine wording. Phase III will then conduct a survey with an online recruited sample of 700 transgender and gender diverse individuals to validate the scale using factor analysis and examine the prevalence, antecedents, and linked health outcomes of IPV. This study will generate the first comprehensive IPV scale including trans-specific IPV tactics that has undergone robust mixed-methods validation for use in transgender and gender diverse populations, regardless of sex assigned at birth. Results: Project Empower launched in August 2019, with Phases I and II expected to be complete by late 2020. Phase III (survey of 700 transgender individuals) is expected to be launched in January 2021. Conclusions: A scale that more accurately captures the forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse people not only has the potential to lead to more accurate measurements of prevalence but also can identify unique forms of violence that may form the basis of IPV prevention interventions. Additionally, identifying the forms of IPV experienced by transgender and gender diverse people has the potential to lead to the refinement of clinical screening tools used to identify and refer those who experience and perpetrate violence in clinical settings.
Severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without atopic disease

Abstract Background Data from the 2009 influenza pandemic suggested asthma might protect from severe disease in hospitalized patients. Asthma does not appear to increase risk for hospitalization or mortality with COVID-19. Objective This study was undertaken to see if atopy actually protected those hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods Retrospective chart review on all patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 over 2 months at a major adult and pediatric tertiary referral center hospital. Charts were evaluated for history of atopic disease, as were the need for ICU admission, requirement for supplemental oxygen and/or intubation, and in hospital mortality. Results No significant differences in outcomes for patients (n = 275) based on atopic disease were noted: ICU admission, 43% versus 44.7% (atopic versus no atopic disease, respectively; p = 0.84); supplemental oxygen use, 79.1% versus 73.6% (p = 0.36); intubation rate, 35.8% versus 36.5% (p = 0.92); and mortality rate, 13.4% versus 20.7% (p = 0.19). More patients with atopic disease had COPD listed as a diagnosis in their chart (38.8% versus 17.3%, p 0.2). Conclusion Severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients does not differ based on atopic status. However, adjusting for presence of COPD led to a suggestion of possible reduced severity in patients with atopy but not asthma.
Bundling residential rooftop photovoltaics with energy efficiency upgrades: does it really pay off?

Using data from a survey of solar adopters in the USA, the present paper examines the effect of adding insulation on electricity bill savings. We identify whether solar adopters added insulation to their house close to the time of rooftop photovoltaics (PV) installation as a bundling strategy, and examine whether such decisions are correlated with higher electricity bill savings. We find that only 7% of solar adopters in the sample ended up bundling their PV installation with additional insulation. About 58% of solar adopters in the sample have not added insulation at all. The evidence in the present study suggests that solar adopters who choose the bundling strategy have larger, older houses, located in counties with higher electricity prices than those adopters who did not add insulation at all. Results show that while all solar adopters who choose the bundling strategy have a higher average dollar amount of savings, only those with high initial bills end up with a higher percentage of savings. The results of the present study provide some insights into the energy decision-making of households and provide some input for policies focused on combining renewable energy with efficiency standards.
Thompson Sampling with a Mixture Prior.

We study Thompson sampling (TS) in online decision-making problems where the uncertain environment is sampled from a mixture distribution. This is relevant to multi-task settings, where a learning agent is faced with different classes of problems. We incorporate this structure in a natural way by initializing TS with a mixture prior -- dubbed MixTS -- and develop a novel, general technique for analyzing the regret of TS with such priors. We apply this technique to derive Bayes regret bounds for MixTS in both linear bandits and tabular Markov decision processes (MDPs). Our regret bounds reflect the structure of the problem and depend on the number of components and confidence width of each component of the prior. Finally, we demonstrate the empirical effectiveness of MixTS in both synthetic and real-world experiments.
The Effect of Meteorological, Pollution, and Geographic Exposures on Death by Suicide: A Scoping Review

Suicide is a significant public health concern worldwide and in the United States. Despite the far-reaching impact of suicide, risk factors are still not well understood and efforts to accurately assess risk have fallen short. Current research has highlighted how potentially modifiable environmental exposures (i.e., meteorological, pollution, and geographic exposures) can affect suicide risk. A scoping review was conducted to evaluate the strength of the historical and current literature on the environment’s effect on suicide and suicide risk. Three databases (i.e., Medline, Embase, and PsychInfo) were reviewed to identify relevant studies and two authors independently reviewed studies considering pre-determined inclusion criteria. A total of 46 meteorological studies were included as well as 23 pollution studies and 12 geographic studies. Descriptive statistics, including counts, percentages, review of studies’ sample size (minimum, maximum, median, and interquartile range), were calculated using Excel and SAS 9.4. Overall, strong evidence supports that exposure to sunlight, temperature, air pollution, pesticides, and high altitude increases suicide risk, although effect sizes range from very small to small.
Marijuana and thromboembolic events in geriatric trauma patients: The cannabinoids clots correlation!

Abstract Background Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can alter the coagulation cascade resulting in hypercoagulability. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of THC use on thromboembolic complications (TEC) in geriatric trauma patients (GTP). Methods This is a 2017 analysis of the TQIP database including all GTP (age ≥65 years). Patients were stratified based on THC use. Propensity score matching (1:2 ratio) was performed. Results A total of 2,835 patients were matched (THC+: 945 and THC-: 1,890). Mean age was 70 ± 6 years, 94% sustained blunt injuries, and median ISS was 22[12–27]. Sixty-two percent of patients received thromboprophylaxis, with median time to initiation of 27 h from admission. Overall, the rate of TEC was 2.1% and mortality was 6.0%. THC + patients had significantly higher rates of TEC compared to THC- patients (3.0% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.01). Rates of DVT (2.2% vs 0.6%, p Conclusion THC exposure increases the risk of TEC in GTP. Incorporation of THC use into risk assessment protocols merits serious consideration in GTP.
Species variation in contractile response of excised mammalian uterine tissues

1 N A P R E v I o u s report from this laboratory,l several drugs were evaluated as to their effect on smooth muscle strips excised from pregnant uteri of human beings and rhesus monkeys. The results obtained were analogous, a finding not too surprising when one considers the phylogenetic and anatomic similarities in these two primates. The observation of consistent results in these two species was encouraging since it suggested the possibility of using the monkey as a substitute for the human in studies pertaining to myometrial contractility thus, obviating the technical, moral, and legal implications one assumes when experimenting with the human animal. However, subhuman primate tissues are not readily available in all laboratories. The present study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of using a more readily available laboratory animal as a substitute for the human in in vitro studies. For this purpose, uterine tissues isolated from the pregnant sheep, dog, rabbit, and mouse were
ROLE OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN THE HEMOLYSIS OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES BY TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE.

Hemolysis bytyphus rickettsiae wasfirst reported byClarke andFox(1948), whofound that homogenates ofyolksacsinfected withthese organisms brought about aslowlysis ofsheep and rabbit erythrocytes at37C.Snyder etal.(1954) laterdescribed a faster spectrophotometric methodformeasurement ofhemolysis bytyphus rickettsiae, andshowed that thehemolytic activityofdifferent preparations oftyphus rickettsiae, bothcrude andpurified, paralleled their toxicity formice. Theyalsofoundthathemolysis by typhus rickettsiae required thepresence ofglutamate andMgandwasprevented bysuchmetabolic inhibitors ascyanide andfluoride. Morerecent workhasshownthathemolysis carried outinthepresence ofglutamate, asoriginally described, isinhibited byDNP,2andthat frequently ATP canserve apartial substitute forglutamate. Theamountofhemolysis isloweredwhenglutamate isreplaced byATP,but suchhemolysis asdoes occur isnolonger inhibited bycyanide orDNP.Itwasalso noted thatrickettsiae subjected tocertain procedures thatlead toareversible loss ofrespiratory activity (aswell astoloss oftoxicity andinfectivity) could no longer hemolyze inthepresence ofglutamate, but could dosointhepresence ofATP.These results suggested that ATPmaybeinvolved insomeessential capacity inthehemolytic reaction; fully viable rickettsiae being abletoformtheir own ATPinthepresence ofglutamate, those that had lost theability tooxidize glutamate needing an 1Thisworkwassupported byaresearch grant (E-167C7) fromtheDivision ofResearch Grants, National Institutes ofHealth, U.S.Public Health Service. 2Thefollowing abbreviations areused:ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP,adenosine diphosphate; UTP,uridine triphosphate; CTP,cytidine triphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; DPN, diphosphopyridine nucleotide; CoA,coenzymeA; GSH, glutathione, reducedform; DNP,dinitrophenol. external source ofATP.Additional variations of this phenomenon, that cannot beexplained solely intermsofthis hypothesis, havebeenfoundin theresponse ofdifferent types ofrickettsial preparations toaddedATP. Thehemolytic reaction hastherefore been studied withrespect totheability ofvarious preparations ofrickettsiae toproduce hemolysis inthe presence ofthefollowing substrates: (1)glutamate,whichcanserve asasource ofinternally generated ATP;(2)externally addedATP,usually withKCN added also toprevent generation ofATP;and(3)glutamate andATPtogether. Withregard totherelative amountofhemolysis produced underthese three conditions, therickettsiae fell intofourcategories: (A)undamaged,
The Formation of Collagen α Chains in the Absence of Proline Hydroxylation

Abstract The collagen synthesized by minced feet of 7- to 10-day-old chick embryos labeled with radioactive proline remained adsorbed to carboxymethyl cellulose columns under the usual conditions for eluting collagen α and β components. In contrast, the collagen synthesized by 16- to 19-day-old lathyritic minces gave the expected α1 and α2 components under these chromatographic conditions. Such older, lathyritic minces were therefore used to examine the nature of the protocollagen that was synthesized when the hydroxylation of collagen prolyl residues was inhibited by α,α'-dipyridyl. Unlike the identically prepared collagen, such protocollagen samples failed to give appreciable α components under the usual chromatographic conditions, but remained adsorbed to the column. Inclusion of 4 m urea in the chromatographic buffers, however, caused appearance of an elution profile from protocollagen samples identical in position and number of peaks with that given by collagen. These collagen peaks could be shown to be α components by disc electrophoresis. Two of the peaks from protocollagen were shown by gel filtration to be the same in size as the corresponding two peaks from collagen. These protocollagen species were, therefore, the size of α chains. The elution position of these two peaks, as well as the effect of injecting β-aminopropionitrile or d-penicillamine into the embryos prior to preparing the minces, suggested that they represented, respectively, the α1 chain in which the e-amino group of a lysine residue had been deaminated to yield an aldehyde (α1ald), and the α1 chain in which the lysine residue was still intact (α1lys). Both peaks gave predominantly the original peak on rechromatography, except that much of the radioactivity remained adsorbed to the column, until eluted by a high concentration of salt. In the case of the α1lys peak, addition of some of the original mince extract to the sample, prior to rechromatography, decreased this adsorption and enabled the original peak to reappear.
Sample Surveys: Cognitive Aspects of Survey Design

Cognitive aspects of survey design refer to a research orientation that began in the early 1980s to integrate methods, techniques, and insights from the cognitive sciences into the continuing effort to render data from sample surveys of human populations more valid and reliable, and to understand systematically the threats to such reliability and validity. It was also intended to offer to cognitive scientists, especially cognitive psychologists, opportunities to use large-scale surveys to generalize and further test the results of their laboratory experiments.
Can linguistics contribute to the study of verbal behavior

A number of publications during the last decade reveal a growing interest in linguistics and psycholinguistics among some radical behaviorists, who have proposed a direct rapprochement between a formal analysis of language and a functional account. It is argued that whereas function has to do with the circumstances under which verbal behavior is emitted, structure has to do with its "internal organization," the ways in which sentences or parts thereof are presumably interrelated. These are said to be different dimensions of verbal behavior; together they should lead toward a coherent psychology of language. But psychologists bent on incorporating techniques from linguistics should be aware of its underlying assumptions, lest their work be deflected in essentially unproductive directions. The line between rapprochement and subservience is thin indeed, as the extant literature shows. This paper traces the development of mainstream contemporary psycholinguistics and examines the linguist's assumptions about the subject matter in the light of a behavioral analysis. The possibility of an effective reconciliation seems to be a long way off.
Improved frame erasure concealment for CELP-based coders

This paper describes new techniques for concealing frame erasures for CELP-based speech coders. Two main approaches were followed: interpolative, where both past and future information are used to reconstruct the missing data, and repetition-based, where no future information is required. Key features of the repetition-based approach include improved muting, pitch delay jittering, and LPC bandwidth expansion. The interpolative approach can be employed in voice over IP scenarios at no extra cost in terms of delay. Applied to the ITU-T G.729 ACELP 8 kb/s speech coding standard, both interpolation- and repetition-based techniques outperform standard concealment in informal listening tests.
Decoupling capacitor calculations for CMOS circuits

CMOS circuits on printed circuit boards with continuous power planes require decoupling capacitors to keep power supply within specification, provide signal integrity and reduce EMC/EMI radiated noise. Capacitor values and quantities are calculated using time and frequency domain techniques.
A Comparison Of Beam Filtration For Exposure Reduction In Radiographic Imaging

ABSTRACT Three commercially available heavy element filters as well as more conventional filters of aluminum and copper were evaluated to determine their relative merit for the reduction of patient exposure in radiographic imaging. Specifically the filters were evaluated to determine reduction in x-ray tube exposure output and changes in beam quality, degree of entrance exposure reduction provided, associated increase in x-ray tube loading, and alteration of image contrast. The results indicate that a modest increase in aluminum filtration, above that which is required to provide the minimum beam quality requirements as specified by the Federal Performance Standard, will yield entrance exposure reductions of approximately 25 percent with x- ray tube load increases of from 5 to 10 percent. Further reduction in entrance exposure, on the order of 40 to 60 percent with associated x- ray tube load increases of less than 40 percent, may be achieved above 75 kilovolts by use of a composite filter of aluminum and copper, and two of the commercial filters. The third commercial filter, although providing significantly reduced entrance exposure, requires an unacceptable increase in x-ray tube load to obtain satisfactory image optical density. No significant changes in image quality were observed in images of either anatomical phantoms or a quantitative test object for any of the filters investigated.
On the relationships between the fixed-f1, fixed-f2, and fixed-ratio phase derivatives of the 2f1–f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission

For primary frequency ratios, f2/f1, in the range 1.1–1.3, the fixed-f1 (“f2-sweep”) phase derivative of the 2f1–f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) is larger than the fixed-f2 (“f1-sweep”) one. It has been proposed by some researchers that part or all of the difference between these delays may be attributed to the so-called cochlear filter “build-up” or response time in the DPOAE generation region around the f2 tonotopic site. The analysis of an approximate theoretical expression for the DPOAE signal [Talmadge et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1517–1543 (1998)] shows that the contributions to the phase derivatives associated with the cochlear filter response is small. It is also shown that the difference between the phase derivatives can be qualitatively accounted for by assuming the approximate scale invariance of cochlear mechanics. The effects of DPOAE fine structure on the phase derivative are also explored, and it is found that the interpretation of the phase derivative in terms of the...
Heterogeneity of Gleason grade in multifocal adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

BACKGROUND The Gleason grading system uniquely combines data from different areas of carcinoma in the same prostate specimen. Prostatic adenocarcinoma often is multifocal, and different Gleason grades may be present in different foci. The current study was undertaken to compare the Gleason grades of individual adenocarcinoma foci in a given specimen with the overall Gleason grades (primary and secondary) of that specimen. METHODS Data were obtained from 115 consecutive radical prostatectomy specimens via whole-mount processing and complete sectioning. Diagrams were constructed by tracing the outline of each whole-mount section, and tumor maps subsequently were generated. The largest focus was considered the index tumor. Each prostatectomy specimen was assigned primary and secondary Gleason grades, and each tumor focus was assigned its own primary and secondary Gleason grades. Tumor volume was measured using the grid method. RESULTS Two or more adenocarcinoma foci were present in 87% of all specimens (2 foci, n = 20; 3 foci, n = 33; 4 foci, n = 17; 5 foci, n = 13; > 5 foci, n = 17). Specimens (n = 15) containing a single tumor were excluded from further analysis. Among the remaining specimens (n = 100), all tumor foci had Gleason grades that were the same as the corresponding overall Gleason grades in only 9 cases (9%). The Gleason score (i.e., the sum of the primary and secondary grades) of the index tumor was correlated with the overall Gleason score in 68% of specimens. The primary grade of the index tumor was the same as the overall primary grade in 97 specimens, whereas the secondary grade of the index tumor was the same as the overall secondary grade in only 68 specimens. The primary and secondary grades of the index tumor, compared with the overall Gleason primary and secondary grades, were reversed in 17 specimens. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study demonstrated the histologic heterogeneity of multifocal prostate malignancies. Although the Gleason grading system was used to determine an overall score for prostate carcinoma within a specimen, the scores of individual tumors, including index tumors, often did not agree with this overall score. These findings may have implications with respect to future biomarker and tissue array studies. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Difficulty of follow-up and posttreatment functioning among depressed patients.

Evaluations of treatment outcome may obtain positively biased findings by failing to reassess patients who are difficult to follow and who may also be functioning more poorly than those who are successfully followed. We consider whether difficulty of follow-up is related to pre- and posttreatment functioning by reassessing 95% of a sample of 424 depressed patients after a 12-month interval. In contrast to earlier findings with other patient populations (e.g., alcoholic patients), there was no strong or consistent tendency for depressed patients who were more difficult to follow to be functioning more poorly after treatment. Moreover, poor functioning at treatment intake was not predictive of later difficulty of follow-up. However, patients who were younger, single, and of lower occupational level were somewhat more difficult to follow.
STABILIZATION OF CALCIUM SENSITIVE PLANT PROTEINS BY κ‐CARRAGEENAN

The stabilizing effect of κ-carrageenan on 0.15% solutions of coconut, glandless cottonseed, peanut and soy protein isolates was investigated at neutral pH ranges. Addition of 0.01 M calcium decreased protein stability by 75–88% in carrageenan-free solutions and only by 30% in solutions containing 0.2g carrageenan per g protein. The order of mixing carrageenan, Ca++, and protein solutions adversely affected stability only when carrageenan was added last. Electron microscopy of stable fractions revealed the presence of many 100—500A protein globules, both complexed with κ-carragecnan and free in solution. Protein stabilization appeared to be related to the formation of double helix junction zones by κ-carrageenan.