cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction of the “State Nobility” in Eastern Europe: Past Patterns and New Practices

Throughout the history of mankind, the way nobilities tend to reproduce themselves by passing wealth and status along family lines has been an issue of conflict between those who have capital to pass on and those who have none, over the history of mankind. Revolutions offer rare opportunities to radically change the relationship and overthrow what some revolutionary thinkers have called reactionary classes. When this happens, the chain of reproduction is broken, often leading to a situation where the best capital one can possibly trade with is having no capital whatsoever. Not having economic or cultural capital may then be a necessary, if not sufficient, condition not only for access to power, but may also become critical in physical survival at a time when Cultural Revolution sweeps over a country. This is, however, a rare occurrence. Soon, the newly established nobility needs to legitimize itself once more, through means other than brute force.
Three-dimensional display techniques in radiation therapy treatment planning

Good radiation treatment planning requires that the target volume be treated with a high and uniform dose of radiation while irradiating normal tissue as little as possible. Even if the merits of a given treatment plan are judged only on the appearance of isodose lines in one or a few planes it can sometimes be difficult for the experienced radiation oncologist to select the best of several alternative plans. If consideration is given to the entire spatial distribution of dose, however, the problem becomes far more difficult because of the enormous amount of data that must be evaluated. We believe that the lack of suitable methods to display these data has greatly contributed to the slow incorporation of 3D considerations into routine radiation treatment planning. In the past few years there have been great advances in both the theory of how to produce effective 3D displays and in the display hardware itself. In this paper we survey some of the methods used at the University of North Carolina, and show specific examples of how these displays can be used in radiation therapy treatment planning.
The right to suicide

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la permissibilite morale du suicide est limitee par notre devoir envers autrui. Repondant aux dix objections que lui a oppose M. Battin, l'A. montre que les droits d'autrui ne surpassent pas le droit de l'individu au suicide, des lors que celui-ci a rempli ses devoirs envers autrui avant de se suicider
When supplier’s availability affects the replenishment lead time—An extension of the supply-interruption problem

Abstract This paper presents an exact treatment of a continuous-review inventory system with compound Poisson demand, Erlang-distributed lead times and random supply interruptions. In contrast with the existing models in the literature, we take into account the supplier’s availability in characterizing the lead time of a replenishment order. Assuming that the supplier’s availability can be described by a continuous-time homogeneous Markov chain with two states ( on and off ) and that stockouts are lost, we derive the stationary distribution of the inventory level (stock-on-hand) under an ( s , Q )-type control policy. This probability distribution is then used to formulate an exact expression for the long-run average cost per unit time of operating the inventory system. Some numerical results are also provided.
Theory of bosons in two-leg ladders with large magnetic fields

We calculate the ground state of a Bose gas trapped on a two-leg ladder where Raman-induced hopping mimics the effect of a large magnetic field. In the mean-field limit, where there are large numbers of particles per site, this maps onto a uniformly frustrated two-leg ladder classical spin model. The net particle current always vanishes in the ground state, but generically there is a finite ``chiral current,'' corresponding to equal and opposite flow on the two legs. We vary the strength of the hopping across the rungs of the ladder and the interaction between the bosons. We find the following three phases. (1) A ``saturated chiral current phase'' (SCCP), where the density is uniform and the chiral current is simply related to the strength of the magnetic field. In this state the only broken symmetry is the U(1) condensate phase. (2) A ``biased ladder phase'' (BLP), where the density is higher on one leg than the other. The fluid velocity is higher on the lower density leg, so the net current is zero. In addition to the U(1) condensate phase, this has a broken ${Z}_{2}$ reflection symmetry. (3) A ``modulated density phase'' (MDP), where the atomic density is modulated along the ladder. In addition to the U(1) condensate phase, this has a second broken U(1) symmetry corresponding to translations of the density wave. We further study the fluctuations of the condensate in the BLP, finding a roton-maxon-like excitation spectrum. Decreasing the hopping along the rungs softens the spectrum. As the energy of the ``roton'' reaches to zero, the BLP becomes unstable. We describe the experimental signatures of these phases, including the response to changing the frequency of the Raman transition.
Chloride conductance contributes to period determination of a neuronal circadian pacemaker.

The isolated eye ofBulla gouldiana, a marine mollusc, is a circadian pacemaker. Previous studies have shown that membrane potential changes of neurons at the base of theBulla retina play a critical role in the expression of the circadian rhythm and that the free-running period can be modified by chronic alteration of the resting membrane potential. We now report that treatments which inhibit Cl− conductance shorten the free-running period. Substitution of Cl− with the anions SO42−, isethionate and glutamate significantly shorten the period of the ocular rhythm in vitro. Furthermore, addition of the Cl− channel blocker 9-anthracene-carboxylic acid (9-AC) is also effective at shortening the period of the circadian rhythm. These data suggest that a Cl− conductance participates in determining the free-running period of the circadian pacemaker cells. This is the first report of Cl− conductance involvement in a circadian system and the effect is remarkable in that few treatments are known which reliably shorten the period of circadian clocks.
Recent applications of mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology

Abstract This review encompasses applications of mass spectrometry reported during the years 1989, 1990 and 1991 for the analysis of cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and their metabolites in physiological specimens.
Early Relief of Chest Pain by Ethyl Chloride Spray in Acute Coronary Thrombosis Case Report

Within a few minutes after its onset, intense pain of acute myocardial infarction was abolished by briefly spraying the precordium with ethyl chloride. Prompt relief of pain did not prevent tissue necrosis, but may have ameliorated the clinical course. We infer that the stimulus for pain in acute infarction is of extremely short duration but gives rise to a secondary, self-sustaining pain cycle which may be terminated by altering the flow of nerve impulses from the skin. The case also illustrates the increased susceptibility to digitalis which develops some days after myocardial infarction.
Monte carlo methods in quantum many-body problems

Abstract A review is given of recent progress in the numerical simulation of quantum many-body systems by Monte Carlo methods. The basic idea of Monte Carlo quadrature and its use in variational estimates of the energy of extensive quantum systems is recapitulated. Techniques necessary to treat problems in neutron and nuclear matter are discussed. The basis of another algorithm, the Green function Monte Carlo method which was proved capable of integrating the Schrodinger equation for as many as two hundred particles, is sketched. Calculations carried out with this technique show somewhat different results as compared with variational methods with simple product trial functions. Prospects for future treatment of problems of interest in nuclear physics are discussed.
Deep Keck Adaptive Optics Searches for Extrasolar Planets in the Dust of Eridani and Vega

A significant population of nearby stars have strong far-infrared excesses, now known to be due to circumstellar dust in regions analogous to the Kuiper Belt of our solar system, although orders of magnitude more dense. Recent submillimeter and millimeter imaging of these systems resolves the circumstellar dust and reveals complex structures, often in the form of rings with azimuthal nonaxisymmetric variations. This structure might well be due to the presence of embedded brown dwarfs or planets. We have carried out deep adaptive optics imaging of two nearby stars with such asymmetric dust: Eri and Vega. Ten and seven candidate companions were seen in and near the dust rings of Eri and Vega, respectively, but second-epoch proper motion measurements indicate that all are background objects. Around these two stars we can thus exclude planetary companions at spatial scales comparable to the radius of the dust structures to a level of MK = 24, corresponding to 5 Jupiter masses, for Eri, and MK = 19-21, corresponding to 6-8 Jupiter masses, for Vega.
Pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides. VI. Synthesis of 1,3 and 7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2.3-d] pyrimidines via silylated intermediates

The ribosylation of several silylated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines by the Wittenberg procedure has produced 1,3 and 7-ribosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives in high yield. Structure assignments have been made on the basis of the ultraviolet spectra of model compounds and further confirmed by chemical conversion to derivatives of established structure. A convenient ribosylation procedure utilizing silver oxide, a halosugar, and a silylated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivative in acetonitrile has been described.
Copolymerization of the Leuchs anhydrides of the eighteen amino acids common to protein.

Simultaneous copolymerization of Leuchs anhydrides of 18 amino acids common to protein, discussing nutritional significance
DISTRIBUTION OF FORMS OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE WITHIN THE DEVELOPING RAT KIDNEY.

Abstract Total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity has been measured in dissected portions of the nephron of fetal and adult rat kidneys. The proportion of heart and muscle subunits has been determined by means of the differential inhibition of the two forms by excess pyruvate. The undifferentiated mesenchyme and the glomeruli both have a relatively low total activity and contain principally muscle subunits. Cortical tubules have a higher activity and contain chiefly heart subunits. In the adult kidney, the medulla contains approximately equal numbers of heart and muscle subunits while the LDH of the papilla is almost entirely of the muscle type. Glomeruli of fetal kidneys have essentially the same total LDH activity and proportion of heart and muscle subunits as they do in the adult kidney. In the differentiation of the nephron, the cortical tubule, once it is formed and recognizable, has the same high total LDH activity and the same high proportion of heart subunits as the corresponding structure of the adult kidney. In the whole kidney during development there is a large increase in both total LDH activity and fraction of heart form. This change is a reflection of the increasing relative mass of cortical tubules as development proceeds.
Indian–African Encounters: Polyculturalism and African Therapeutics in Natal, South Africa, 1886–1950s∗

This article explores Indian–African encounters in the province of Natal, South Africa through the lens of African therapeutics. By examining the historical antecedents of African therapeutics in this area, I demonstrate that what is considered ‘African’ or ‘indigenous’ knowledge is rather an amalgam of many cultural and political influences. Such polyculturalism resulted from the encounters of working-class Indian and African communities, as well as the rise of Indian healers and shop owners of African medicine, leading to the appropriation of each other's ailments, remedies and healers. These encounters combined with the pressure of biomedical scrutiny to help define and shape what is today considered ‘traditional’ African therapeutics.
Transdermal Delivery of Heparin by Skin Electroporation

Therapeutic uses of compounds produced by biotechnology are presently limited by the lack of noninvasive methods for continuous administration of biologically-active macromolecules. Transdermal delivery would be an attractive solution, except macromolecules have not previously been delivered clinically across human skin at therapeutic rates. To increase transport of a highly-charged macromolecule (heparin), high-voltage pulses believed to cause electroporation were applied to skin. Using this approach, transdermal heparin transport across human skin in vitro occurred at therapeutic rates (100-500 micrograms/cm2h), reported to be sufficient for systemic anticoagulation. In contrast, fluxes caused by low-voltage iontophoresis having the same time-averaged current were an order of magnitude lower. Heparin transported across the skin was biologically active, but with only one eighth the anticoagulant activity of heparin in the donor compartment due to preferential transport of small (less active) heparin molecules. Flux, activity, and transport number data together suggest that high-voltage pulsing creates transient changes in skin microstructure which do not occur during iontophoresis. Safety issues are discussed.
trans,anti,trans-Tetra(spirotetrahydrofuranyl)cyclohexane-1,2-dione. Stereocontrolled Synthesis and Definition of Its Susceptibility to Photoisomerization.

The title α-diketone (18) has been synthesized in stereocontrolled fashion. The ability to introduce the four contiguous spirocyclic ether oxygens in extended trans fashion rests on the ability of the Normant reagent (ClMgCH2CH2CH2OMgCl) to engage in chelation control during 1,2-addition to an α-oxy substituted cyclohexanone. The successful pathway is dependent on the ability of osmium tetraoxide to add (slowly) across the double bond of the cyclohexene precursor. The highly substituted 1,2-cyclohexanedione is quite sensitive to light and rearranges by means of an interesting photoisomerization process to a laterally fused pyran system. A likely mechanistic pathway for this intramolecular isomerization is presented.
Two open states or two different Na channels in skeletal muscle fibers: Markov models of the decay of Na currents in frog skeletal muscle

The rate of sodium current decay at −140 mV was studied as a function of the duration and amplitude of the activating voltage pulse. These sodium current decays or tails of current showed a biexponential decline in amplitude which depended upon the duration of the activating pulse. At 12°C, the two exponential components of the Na tail currents exhibited time constants of 72 and 534 μs. As the duration of an activating pulse was lengthened, the relative amplitude of the slow component of the decay increased compared to the fast component, without any changes in the fast and slow time constants. This slowing of the decay of current as a function of the duration of the activating pulse is found only in fibers with inactivation intact. A number of Markov models were tested for their ability to predict the biexponential decays found in muscle fibers with inactivation intact and removed. A homogeneous population of channels having only a single open state fails to predict the behavior. A homogeneous population of channels having two open states predicts the behavior. The behavior can also be predicted by two different types of single open-state sodium channels, with one ensemble of channels carrying a minority of the current and exhibiting a much slower closing rate. If a homogeneous population of channels is present, the simulations show that the observed changes in decay rates are driven by inactivation.
Binding of the peroxisomal targeting sequence SKL is specified by a low-affinity site in castor bean glyoxysomal membranes. A domain next to the SKL binds to a high-affinity site.

The carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequence serine-lysine-leucine (SKL) is the consensus peroxisomal targeting sequence 1 (PTS1) and is sufficient to direct a polypeptide to peroxisomes in vivo in plants, animals, and yeasts. However, there are two sites on alkali-stripped glyoxysomal membranes from castor bean (Ricinus communis) endosperm that bind the peptide YHKHLKPLQSKL (SKLp), the sequence of the last 12 amino acids of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (N.E. Wolins, R.P. Donaldson [1994] J Biol Chem 289: 1149–1153). It was hypothesized that one of these sites interacts with information other than the PTS1. To explore the sequence requirements for each SKLp binding site, we tested the peptides YHKHLKPLQSKG and YHKHLKPLQS and found that they bound to the high-affinity site, but not to the low-affinity site. When the high-affinity site was blocked with YHKHLKPLQSKG, SKLp bound to the low-affinity site with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 8.5 [mu]M. In an attempt to disrupt high-affinity binding, two of the upstream, positively charged residues were replaced with negatively charged residues to make the peptide YHKETEPLQSKL. YHKETEPLQSKL did not bind to either site on the glyoxysomal membranes. These results indicate that the PTS1 binds to the low-affinity site and that the adjacent, positively charged domain binds to the high-affinity site.
Current options for management of biliary atresia

It is encouraging that we are improving the technical aspects of treatment modalities for biliary atresia. However, it is clear that more needs to be done to best develop new treatment plans while applying the modalities we have (porto-enterostomy or liver transplantation or both) in a way that will afford the best survival and quality-of-life. This review article will discuss a number of points that are vital to improving care and illustrates the need to further scrutinize treatment decisions.
Characterization of some volatile components of muskmelon fruit

Abstract Muskmelon fruit oil obtained by vacuum steam distillation at 60–70° was shown to contain n -octanol, n -nonanol, 2-nonenal, 2-nonenol, n -octyl acetate, n -octyl butyrate, β-ionone, methyl palmitate, methyl palmitoleate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl palmitoleate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate. The identities of compounds were confirmed by direct comparison of their mass spectra and GLC retention data with those of authentic samples. Other compounds tentatively identified on the basis of mass spectral data were nonadienol, nonenol, octyl hexanoate and butyl palmitoleate. The nonadienol was associated with the muskmelon-like aroma.
OrigamiBot-I: A thread-actuated origami robot for manipulation and locomotion

This paper presents OrigamiBot-I, a thread- actuated origami robot, to demonstrate a physical application of an origami design for robotic manipulation and locomotion. The selected design can generate twisting and bending motions by pulling, pushing, or torsional force applied to the origami structure. Thread-based actuation also enables various shapes and motions by using different numbers of threads and routing them through different paths. The kinematics for each twisting and bending motions based on estimated parameters is derived. To evaluate potential use of origami for real-world applications and identify structural weaknesses, preliminary stiffness and durability testing was conducted. For physical demonstrations of robotic manipulation and locomotion, OrigamiBot-I was equipped with four independently-routed threads, where each thread is controlled by a geared DC motor. The robot suc- cessfully demonstrated its simple manipulation and locomotion capabilities.
1306 LOCALIZATION OF UMBILICAL VASCULAR CATHETERS BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

In critically ill neonates, umbilical arterial (UAC) and umbilical venous (UVC) catheters are frequently necessary. Catheter position is usually verified by roentgenography (R) which generates ionizing radiation and requires deleterious patient manipulation. We employed 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) to localize UAC and UVC catheters in 55 neonates (birth weights .65 - 5.3 kg) and compared the findings to R. Position of the UAC was determined directing the beam posteromedially towards the spine from the left cardiac border visualizing the thoracic and abdominal descending aorta in the long axis, localizing the UAC tip in 1 of 6 aortic-subdivided areas. UVC's (N=15) were localized from the subcostal view in relation to internal cardiac chambers and verified with contrast 2-DE. Position of UAC by 2-DE compared well (N=50,r=.90) with R. In localizing UVC's, R was indeterminate and erroneous in 9/15 patients; 2-DE was correct in each case. In neonates requiring indwelling umbilical vascular catheters, localization of the catheter tip should be done by 2-DE rather than R since 2-DE: 1) is accurate, rapid and delivers no ionizing radiation, 2) relates catheter position to cardiovascular structures, 3) allows confirmation by contrast 2-DE, 4) does not require patient manipulation and 5) may allow identification of catheter-related thrombus formation.
Two New Species of Eimeria from the Common Newt, Notopthalmus viridescens*

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of Eimeria, E. megaresidua and E. longaspora, are described from the common American newt, Notopthalmus viridescens. The hosts were from the vicinity of Douglas Lake in Northern Michigan. Observations of timeof sporulation of the oocyst relative to host defecation and possible significance of the seasonal distribution of the parasites are discussed.
Merging structural motifs of functionalized amino acids and α-aminoamides results in novel anticonvulsant compounds with significant effects on slow and fast inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels and in the treatment of neuropathic pain

We recently reported that merging key structural pharmacophores of the anticonvulsant drugs lacosamide (a functionalized amino acid) with safinamide (an α-aminoamide) resulted in novel compounds with anticonvulsant activities superior to that of either drug alone. Here, we examined the effects of six such chimeric compounds on Na(+)-channel function in central nervous system catecholaminergic (CAD) cells. Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrated that these compounds affected Na(+) channel fast and slow inactivation processes. Detailed electrophysiological characterization of two of these chimeric compounds that contained either an oxymethylene ((R)-7) or a chemical bond ((R)-11) between the two aromatic rings showed comparable effects on slow inactivation, use-dependence of block, development of slow inactivation, and recovery of Na(+) channels from inactivation. Both compounds were equally effective at inducing slow inactivation; (R)-7 shifted the fast inactivation curve in the hyperpolarizing direction greater than (R)-11, suggesting that in the presence of (R)-7, a larger fraction of the channels are in an inactivated state. None of the chimeric compounds affected veratridine- or KCl-induced glutamate release in neonatal cortical neurons. There was modest inhibition of KCl-induced calcium influx in cortical neurons. Finally, a single intraperitoneal administration of (R)-7, but not (R)-11, completely reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in a tibial-nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. The strong effects of (R)-7 on slow and fast inactivation of Na(+) channels may contribute to its efficacy and provide a promising novel therapy for neuropathic pain, in addition to its antiepileptic potential.
Synchrotron Light and Its Uses

It has been known for a century that charged particles radiate when accelerated and that relativistic electrons in the energy range between 100 MeV and several GeV and constrained to travel in circular orbits emit concentrated, intense beams with broad continuous spectra that can cover the electromagnetic spectrum from infrared through hard X-rays. Recently the possible applications of this radiation have been appreciated and electron synchrotrons and electron storage rings are now being used in many centers for studies of the properties of matter in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Clinical Comparison and Evaluation of Specific Xylocaine Hydrochloride and Procaine Hydrochloride Solutions in Mandibular Block Anesthesia

C2H5 In 1937, Erdtman and Lofgren showed that a series of acetanilid derivatives displayed local anesthetic faculties. In the course of continued investigation of substances possessing local anesthetic properties, Lofgren and Lundquist in 1943 synthesized omega diethylamino-2.6dimethylacetanilid called Xylocaine or lidocaine, and indicated that this compound might be of clinical importance.3 Structurally Xylocaine is:
Spin-density excitations in the accumulation layer of ZnO: nonlocal response theory

Abstract We present calculations of spin-density excitations (SDE) in the accumulation layer of ZnO, based on a formalism we used earlier to study charge-density excitations (CDE), or plasmons, in the same system. The dispersion relation for the SDE lies below the single-particle continuum at small wavevectors, while the CDE appears above the continuum. Greater insight into the nature of the CDE is obtained by examining the appropriate induced charge density at long wavelengths. The dispersion relations of the spin-density and charge-density modes are very similar to those observed in recent light scattering experiments carried out on GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells.
Optimal Operation of Semi-Batch Processes with a Single Reaction

In a large number of industrial semi-batch reactor applications, a single reaction takes place in the reactor and the operational objective is to compute the optimal feed rate of reactants and the optimal batch temperature that optimizes an objective function at the end of a fixed batch time. In this work, it is shown that the optimal operating policy can be split into several time intervals. Analytical expressions for the optimal input are developed for each interval. Parametric uncertainty is handled by implementing this strategy in closed-loop. This methodology is illustrated via simulation of two semi-batch reactor applications.
Outcomes After Definitive Radiation Treatment of Metastatic Sites in Patients With Stage IV Neuroblastoma

Purpose/Objective(s): In patients (pts) with high-risk metastatic neuroblastoma (NB), the benefit of radiation therapy (RT) to metastatic sites (MS) as part of primary treatment has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study was to characterize the distribution of MS, pattern of RT for MS, and evaluate patterns of recurrence and outcomes in this patient population. Materials/Methods: The records of all pts diagnosed with stage IV NB (International NB Staging System) between 8/2000 and 1/2010 at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta were reviewed. Exclusion criteria included: bone-marrow-only MS, total body irradiation, or no imaging follow-up. A total of 37 pts met eligibility. Image-defined MS involvement was documented at the following time points: pre-induction (preI) chemotherapy (CTX), post-induction (postI) CTX, and post-transplant/pre-RT (preRT). MS involvement was further classified into 4 categories based on location: appendicular skeleton, axial skeleton, calvarium, and soft tissue. The median follow-up period for pts without relapse was 61 months (range, 9-113 months). Actuarial rates were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method from start of induction CTX. Time-to-event rates were compared using the log-rank test. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 3.7 years (range, 0.7-20.7). Extent of resection was gross total, subtotal, and biopsy only in 26 pts (70%), 9 pts (24%), and 2 pts (5%), respectively. Five-year (yr) overall survival (OS) for all pts was 67%. All pts received RT to their primary site and regional lymph nodes. The 5-yr local control rate of the primary site was 94%. Thirteen pts (35%) received upfront RT to one MS category: 2 pts (appendicular), 4 pts (axial), 3 pts (calvarium), and 4 pts (soft tissue). The median RT dose to MS was 21.6 Gy (range, 21.0-30.6) at 1.8 Gy/ fraction. Among these pts (n Z 13), infield recurrence occurred in 4 pts (31%), and out-of-field recurrence occurred in 5 pts (38%). There was no difference in 5-yr OS between pts who were treated with or without RT to a MS (73% vs 63%, pZ NS). For pts who had positive MS after induction CTX vs those without, there was no difference in 5-yr OS (64% vs 68%, p Z NS) or 5-yr MS control (56% vs 69%, p Z NS). Of the 78 preI CTX involved MS locations, 71% became negative on postI CTX imaging. Of the 70 negative MS locations on preI CTX imaging, only 3% became positive on postI CTX imaging. Ten pts had preRT imaging, and of the 11 postI CTX positive MS locations, 3 became negative on preRT imaging. Conclusions: Treatment of MS with RT as part of definitive therapy in stage IV NB was not associated with improved OS or MS control. Infield recurrences after RT to MS are substantial, and RT dose may need to be evaluated. The presence of residual MS after induction CTX did not predict poorer survival. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of RT to MS in the definitive setting. Author Disclosure: S. Kandula: None. R.S. Prabhu: None. H. Katzenstein: None. M. Qayed: None. N. Esiashvili: None.
Reduced gluconeogenesis in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats.

The effect of a usually lethal dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 125 μg/kg) was studied on the conversion of14C-alanine into14C-glucose in male Sprague-Dawley rats by established procedures (determination of plasma alanine and blood glucose by enzymatic assays and isolation of14C-alanine and14C-glucose from whole blood by column chromatography). TCDD-treated rats converted significantly (p < 0.05) less14C-alanine into14C-glucose than did their pair-fed or ad libitum-fed counterparts, indicating reduced gluconeogenesis as a result of TCDD treatment. This finding suggests that reduced gluconeogenesis in TCDD-treated rats contributed to the progressively developing, severe hypoglycemia observed in these animals. Corticosterone, a key hormone in gluconeogenesis, provides partial protection from TCDD-induced toxicity in hypophysectomized rats. Therefore, the conversion of14C-alanine into14C-glucose was also determined in hypophysectomized rats dosed with TCDD (125 μg/kg) and given corticosterone (25 μg/ ml in drinking water). These rats also converted significantly (p <0.05) less14C-alanine into14C-glucose than did their pair-fed counterparts. However, in contrast to non-hypophysectomized TCDD-treated rats, these rats maintained marginal normoglycemia even at 64 days after dosing with TCDD, which suggests that the partial protective effect of corticosterone in hypophysectomized, TCDD-treated rats is unrelated to its effect on gluconeogenesis. The protection provided by corticosterone supplementation in TCDD toxicity is more likely due to reduced peripheral utilization of glucose enabling the animals to maintain marginal normoglycemia.
Strategies for finding superconductivity in conducting polymers

Abstract By combining experimental information and some very general aspects of the current theory of highly correlated systems, we develop a set of strategies for searching for high temperature superconductors in highly correlated solids, with particular reference to the conducting polymers.
On the asymptotic distribution of an isotonic window estimator for the generalized failure rate function

Barlow and van Zwet (1969, 1970, 1971) have proposed the isotonic window estimators for the generalized failure rate function and established some asymptotic properties. In this paper, we provide a proof, together with a set of sufficient conditions, of the asymptotic normality of an isotonic window estimator.
Modeling and simulation of co-current moving bed gasification reactors — Part II. A detailed gasifier model

Abstract A detailed modeling program was developed for the simulation of co-current moving bed (down-draft) reactors fed carbonaceous materials. The model development consisted of formulating a non-isothermal particle model and applying the principles of thermodynamics, transport processes, hydrodynamics of solid and gas flows, and the mass and energy balances. The completed gasifier modeling program was used to simulate the reactor performance and to evolve the design criterion, specifically the dimension of the gasification zone. The gasifier model was validated using literature data. The dependence of reactor performance on operating variables (such as feedstock moisture contents, particle sizes, reactor insulation, input air temperatures and gasifier loads) has been studied with poplar wood chips as a feedstock. An increasing moisture content causes the feedstock conversion efficiency to decrease because of lower oxidation temperatures. Smaller particle size (not less than 0·5 cm), reactor insulation, and high input air temperature were all proven beneficial to gasifier operation. An increase of reactor load, causing a reduced residence time, resulted in declined efficiencies. However, the reactor can meet the demand variation by varying the air input rates. As for the design of the reactor dimension, a length of 100 cm below the primary air inlet is recommended for various gasifier operating and feedstock conditions.
A new semiconductor device-the gate-controlled photodiode: device concept and experimental results

The gate-controlled photodiode (GCPD) is a photodetector whose external quantum efficiency can be modulated by an applied gate voltage. In its linear region, the GCPD is a multiplier of the incident light intensity and gate voltage. Its potential applications include optical matrix multiplication, matrix inversion, etc. This device has been demonstrated experimentally in Si substrate. A 10-ns response time and a nonlinearity of less than 3% with a 30 dB range of light intensity and within a 23 dB range of gate voltage have been obtained. >
Analyzing text and social network data with probabilistic models

Exploring and understanding large text and social network data sets is of increasing interest across multiple fields, in computer science, social science, history, medicine, and more. This talk will present an overview of recent work using probabilistic latent variable models to analyze such data. Latent variable models have a long tradition in data analysis and typically hypothesize the existence of simple unobserved phenomena to explain relatively complex observed data. In the past decade there has been substantial work on extending the scope of these approaches from relatively small simple data sets to much more complex text and network data. We will discuss the basic concepts behind these developments, reviewing key ideas, recent advances, and open issues. In addition we will highlight common ideas that lie beneath the surface of different approaches including links (for example) to work in matrix factorization. The concluding part of the talk will focus more specifically on recent work with temporal social networks, specifically data in the form of time-stamped events between nodes (such as emails exchanged among individuals over time).
Genome-Wide Patterns of Codon Bias are Shaped by Natural Selection in the Purple Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Codon usage bias has been documented in a wide diversity of species, but the relative contributions of mutational bias and various forms of natural selection remain unclear. Here, we describe for the first time genome-wide patterns of codon bias at 4623 genes in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Preferred codons were identified at 18 amino acids that exclusively used G or C at third positions, which contrasted with the strong AT bias of the genome (overall GC content is 36.9%). The GC content of third positions and coding regions exhibited significant correlations with the magnitude of codon bias. In contrast, the GC content of introns and flanking regions was indistinguishable from the genome-wide background, which suggested a limited contribution of mutational bias to synonymous codon usage. Five distinct clusters of genes were identified that had significantly different synonymous codon usage patterns. A significant correlation was observed between codon bias and mRNA expression supporting translational selection, but this relationship was driven by only one highly biased cluster that represented only 8.6% of all genes. In all five clusters preferred codons were evolutionarily conserved to a similar degree despite differences in their synonymous codon usage distributions and magnitude of codon bias. The third positions of preferred codons in two codon usage groups also paired significantly more often in stems than in loops of mRNA secondary structure predictions, which suggested that codon bias might also affect mRNA stability. Our results suggest that mutational bias has played a minor role in determining codon bias in S. purpuratus and that preferred codon usage may be heterogeneous across different genes and subject to different forms of natural selection.
Graphic file compression on a Macintosh

AutoDoubler, Compact Pro, DiskDoubler, Stufflt Deluxe, and Stufflt SpaceSaver compression applications for the Macintosh were tested for size of compressed files, and time to compress and expand. EPS, TIFF, PICT and Photoshop native format file types were used, in 1-bit, 8-bit greyscale, 8-bit colour (indexed), 24-bit colour (red, blue, green (RGB)), and 32-bit colour (cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK)) modes. JPEG compression is illustrated by comparing an uncompressed image with three images compressed at different rates.
A Review of Evidence on Practices for Teaching Young Children to Use Assistive Technology Devices

Published articles about assistive technology (AT) from 1980 through 2004 were reviewed to identify those that focused on infants and young children. A total of 104 articles about AT with infants and toddlers were identified, and of these, 23 reported practices for teaching switch activation (12), computer use (6), power mobility skills (4), or augmentative and alternative communication (1). A majority of the subjects were children with physical or multiple disabilities. Studies used group, single-subject, and case study reports. Only one study used random assignment to conditions. Across all devices, the primary teaching strategy was opportunity to access and use the device, either independently or with teacher or peer facilitation. For the most part, children learned to use the targeted device and gained competence in device use through practice.
Adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first introduced into the USA in the New York City area in 1999. Since its introduction, WNV has steadily increased both its host and geographical ranges. Outbreaks of the closely related flavivirus, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the USA periodically, but levels of activity and host range are more restricted than those of WNV. Understanding the selective pressures that drive arbovirus adaptation and evolution in their disparate mosquito and avian hosts is crucial to predicting their ability to persist and re-emerge. Here, we evaluated the in vivo phenotypes of mosquito cell-adapted WNV and SLEV. Results indicated that in vitro adaptations did not translate to in vivo adaptations for either virus, yet SLEV displayed attenuated growth in both mosquitoes and chickens, while WNV generally did not. In vitro growth analyses also indicated that WNV adaptations could be generalized to cell cultures derived from other mosquito species, while SLEV could not. Analysis of genetic diversity for passaged SLEV revealed a highly homogeneous population that differed significantly from previous results of high levels of diversity in WNV. We hypothesize that this difference in genetic diversity is directly related to the viruses' success in new and changing environments in the laboratory and that differences in a viruses' ability to produce and maintain heterogeneous populations in nature may in some instances explain the variable levels of success seen among arboviruses.
Total testosterone and DHEAS levels as predictors of androgen-secreting neoplasms: A populational study

Androgen excess affects between 2% and 10% of women. While the majority of these patients suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome, a few present with an androgen-secreting neoplasm. An elevated circu...
Visual discrimination learning of random figure problems by rhesus monkeys

In a two-choice discrimination learning paradigm, a U-shaped function was found between trials to criterion and the number of sides comprising the random figure discriminanda. These data are consistent with results from human Ss and suggest similar information processing capabilities in the two species. Changing the orientation of the stimulus figures after the discrimination had been learned only partially disrupted subsequent discrimination performance. Any single difference in selected form attributes between the two figures comprising a problem was not a good predictor of learning speed, suggesting that monkeys use a combination of such factors.
Neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients

Initial syphilis infection results in CNS invasion by the spirochete Treponema pallidum in approximately 25–30% of cases. Spontaneous CNS clearance can occur, and most patients do not develop neurosyphilis. However, neurosyphilis may be more commonly diagnosed in patients who are co-infected with HIV. There is currently no highly sensitive and specific laboratory test for neurosyphilis, so diagnosis must be made on the basis of clinical suspicion and interpretation of the patient’s epidemiologic profile, medical history, physical (including neurologic) examination and laboratory test results. This review aims to provide a summary of the salient epidemiologic and clinical features of neurosyphilis, as well as important points in its diagnosis, treatment and management.
On generalized balanced realizations

The class of analytic time-varying linear systems is considered. Different balanced realizations of such systems are defined, and their existence and properties are analyzed. The results are then used to derive reduced order approximations (also for unstable systems). A method is suggested to determine the order of a "good" approximation.
Meniscal Repair Outcomes at Greater Than Five Years: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

Meniscal tears are the most commonly treated knee injury1,2. The meniscus is vital to normal function and longevity of the knee, as meniscal loss causes increased contact pressures and articular cartilage degeneration3-8. Meniscal repair techniques have evolved substantially in the last few decades, with open techniques replaced by arthroscopic techniques. Arthroscopic techniques have evolved as well and include inside-out, outside-in, and all-inside repairs. All-inside repair devices continue to evolve, with numerous devices currently available. Inside-out and all-inside repairs are most commonly used today. Although numerous studies have reported one to two-year outcomes of meniscal repair, reports of outcomes at greater than five years are limited9. The failure rate of meniscal repair increases from early to long-term follow-up10. Numerous authors have reported failures at greater than two years postoperatively10-19, yet most published studies focus on short-term outcomes9. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to better define the rate of clinical failure after meniscal repair at greater than five years postoperatively. We hypothesized that the overall successful results noted at short-term follow-up would be maintained at longer-term follow-up. Utilizing pooled data and meta-analysis with a random-effects model, we determined the effect of repair type, medial or lateral location, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) status on the failure rate as indicated by the currently available literature.
Round-robin selection with adaptable-size frame in a combined input-crosspoint buffered switch

As an alternative to input-buffered switches, combined input-crosspoint buffered switches relax arbitration timing and provide high-performance switching for packet switches with high-speed ports. It has been shown that these switches, with one-cell crosspoint buffer and round-robin (RR) arbitration at input and output ports, provide 100% throughput under uniform traffic. However, under admissible traffic patterns with nonuniform distributions, only weight-based selection schemes are reported to provide high throughput. We propose an RR based arbitration scheme for a combined input-crosspoint buffered packet switch that provides nearly 100% throughput for several admissible traffic patterns, including uniform and unbalanced traffic, using one-cell crosspoint buffers. The presented scheme uses adaptable-size frames, so that the frame size adapts to the traffic pattern.
Dietary and Manure Management Practices on Equine Farms in Two New Jersey Watersheds

Abstract Equine farms are increasing in number in Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states. These farms may influence environmental quality owing to manure collection, storage, spreading, and disposal practices. A manure management survey was mailed to 700 New Jersey equine farms during the winter of 2009-2010 (these farms were located in two watersheds). Two hundred forty-two surveys were returned; 10% were training or performance farms, whereas the remainder (90%) were breeding, boarding, or pleasure farms. There were differences between the two watersheds in turnout time, pasture acreage, use of drag harrows, and income. Respondents answered questions about diet and environmental management on farms. Seventy-eight percent had bunk management plans. Forty-seven percent disposed of waste feed in a manure pile, 35% left it on fields or paddocks, and 18% put it in a dumpster. Twenty-six percent engage a professional for feeding advice (21% veterinarians, 2% extension, 3% nutrition consultants). Most respondents did not have a regular feed management plan. Sixty-two percent of all farms spread manure on-farm. Of those who spread, 29% have >8.09 hectares (20 acres) for spreading. Ninety-six percent of respondents stored manure >100 ft from water or wetlands. Comparison of cross-tabulations indicates a strong relationship ( P
Penile metastases originating from a pancreatic primary tumor: a case report

Penile metastases are exceedingly rare. When they occur, they typically arise from a primary tumor in the genitourinary system. Here, we report a case of biopsy-proven penile metastasis originating from a primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A 67-year-old man presented with a 5-month history of progressive penile pain and difficulty urinating. Several penile corporeal nodules and plaques were present and a biopsy of a lesion was consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a 6.3-cm infiltrative mass of the pancreatic body. Fine needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pathology specimens from the pancreatic mass and penile nodule were cytologically identical. The patient was offered palliative radiation to the penis for pain control. External beam radiation was carried out successfully to this challenging location with the use of a custom setup. Following radiation therapy, the patient reported a 70–80 % decrease in pain and nearly all of the clinically evident penile disease had cleared. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of penile metastases originating from a pancreatic adenocarcinoma reported in the USA and the second case ever reported worldwide.