cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydride Formation Process for the Powder Metallurgical Recycle of Zircaloy from Used Nuclear Fuel

A Zircaloy recycle process is being investigated based on the underlying principle that Zr reacts with H2 to form ZrH2, which is the same reaction that produces performance limiting ZrH2 formations in reactor cladding. However, in the proposed application, hydride formation is an enabling phenomenon that will embrittle and crumble Zircaloy as a precursor for milling and dehydration to form Zircaloy metal powder. Hydride formation experiments were performed to quantify the primary process variables of time and temperature. These experiments were performed by hydriding nuclear grade Zircaloy-4 tubes under flowing gas (Ar-5 pct H2) for various times and temperatures. The results were used to create a correlation for the formation of zirconium hydride as a function of time and temperature. Further, it was observed that it was much more effective to hydride the Zircaloy-4 tubes at temperatures below the α-β-δ eutectoid temperature of 818 K (545 °C), presumably related to the high hydrogen solubility of β-Zr. Samples treated below this temperature readily crumbled during the hydride formation reaction and were subsequently easily ground to powder, making this the ideal temperature range for the proposed recycle method. Hydrogen pickup was faster above 818 K (545 °C), but the samples were generally tougher.
Inventing the Election: Civic Participation and Presidential Candidates’ Websites

Abstract In this article I propose a three-part schema for analyzing and categorizing the civic participatory potential of three presidential candidates’ websites. Focusing my analysis on the sites of Barack Obama, John McCain, and Mitt Romney, I examine how the rhetorical and technological features of the sites’ interfaces promote robust, moderate, or superficial participatory invention, interaction, and dialogue. My research highlights the ways in which the design of websites may enable users to become more active agents in political campaigns and in the election process. In addition, the three-part schema I propose provides what I hope will be a useful analytic lens for writing instructors to use when seeking to engage students with civic rhetorical analysis.
The interplay of theory and experiment in the study of phenylnitrene.

The intra- and intermolecular chemistry of phenylnitrene (PhN), its singlet−triplet energy separation, and its electronic spectra are interpreted with the aid of ab initio molecular orbital theory. The key to understanding singlet PhN is the recognition that this species has an open-shell electronic structure, in contrast to the related species, phenylcarbene, which has a closed-shell electronic structure. The thermodynamics of nitrenes, benzazirines, dehydroazepines, aminyl radicals, and their hydrocarbon analogues are also discussed.
Cognitive and Affective Outcomes of an Intensive Student Team Learning Experience

Three student team learning methods, Student Teams-Achievement Divisions (STAD), Teams-Games-Tournament (TGT), and Jigsaw, have been found to have positive effects on such student outcomes as achievement, race relations, mutual concern, and self-esteem. These techniques involve students working in small teams to master academic materials. However, the three methods have always been evaluated one at a time, for only small parts of the school day. This study evaluated use of all three methods together, covering most of students’ instructional day, to discover whether student team learning methods can be used to replace traditional methods. Fourth- and fifth-grade students were assigned to experimental or control treatments for a semester. Results indicated that the intensive use of student team learning methods was feasible and produced positive outcomes on student friendships, liking of school, self-esteem, and language and reading achievement.
Fog droplet distribution functions for lidar

The interpretation of lidar data on fog has been limited by two obstacles: approximations in the form of the Mie scattering cross sections for water droplets, and droplet size distribution functions whose relationship to the experiment has not been clear. This paper develops a method for generating distribution functions from experimental data. These functions are then used with newly available Mie cross sections to obtain backscattering and extinction coefficients for singly scattered ruby laser pulses in fog. The results show what experimental lidar accuracies are needed to uniquely determine fog droplet size distribution.
The sustainability spectrum and the sciences of sustainability

Understanding sustainability requires integrating multiple perspectives and investigative methods to explain multidimensional concepts. However, the traditional approach to research and education is organized along disciplinary lines that tend to exclude awareness of contributions in one field that may inform problems in another. This presents a serious obstacle to advancing an understanding of sustainability, which is focused on the interactions between industrial and ecological systems, rather than examining each system independently. This paper offers a broad description of different perspectives with regard to sustainability including security, reliability, resilience and renewal, and briefly describes the emerging sciences essential to understanding sustainability: ecological economics, industrial ecology, ecosystem health, and sustainable decision making, policy and design. In the latter, the challenges have yet to find an academic locus. Nonetheless, it is in this area that knowledge of sustainability science must be applied and it is consequently most proximate to business leaders, policy makers and designers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Intermodal matching by human neonates.

Normal human adults judge two identical objects to have the same shape even when they are perceived through different modalities, such as touch and vision. The ontogenesis of man's capacity to recognise such intermodal matches has long been debated. One hypothesis is that humans begin life with independent sense modalities and that simultaneous tactual and visual exploration of shapes is needed to learn to correlate the separate tactual and visual sense impressions of them1–3. A second hypothesis is that the detection of shape invariants across different modalities is a fundamental characteristic of man's perceptual–cognitive system, available without the need for learned correlations4–7. Recent research has shown that 6–12-month-old infants can recognise certain tactual–visual matches8–11. However, such data cannot help resolve the classic theoretical debate. Infants of this age repeatedly reach out and touch objects they see, and such simultaneous bimodal exploration presumably offers ample opportunity for learning to correlate tactual and visual sense impressions. The experiments reported here show that humans can recognise intermodal matches without the benefit of months of experience in simultaneous tactual–visual exploration. We demonstrate that 29-day-old infants can recognise which of two visually perceived shapes matches one they previously explored tactually, thus supporting the second hypothesis listed above.
Fertile Waters for Aging Research

The quest to slow aging has come far, and what used to be the domain of science fiction writers and snake oil salesmen may soon become science fact. Innovative new approaches, such as the use of the very short-lived African killifish (Harel et al.), are bridging the translational gap and bring the promise of healthy longevity to fruition.
Kuru-plaques in a case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Numerous periodic-acid-Schiff positive plaques occurred in the cerebellum of a patient diagnosed as having Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Microscopic and submicroscopic structures of the plaques were identical with those described in Kuru. This is an additional link between these two neurological diseases in which the clinical, histopathological, and virological features are in many respects similar.
The effects of social status on food-associated calling behaviour in captive cotton-top tamarins.

Abstract We examined the effects of social environment on food-asociated calling of cotton-top tamarins,Saguinus oedipus , in two experiments. In experiment 1, we compared the food-associated calling behaviour of six juvenile tamarins living in their natal groups with their calling behaviour 9 months after being removed from family groups and paired. In experiment 2, we studied food-associated calling behaviour of nine cotton-top tamarins immediately before and after removal from their natal groups and pairing. The tamarins underwent three separate developmental processes in their calling behaviour. Animals removed from their natal groups showed an immediate reduction in vocalizations other than food-associated calls (C and D chirps). The development of precise adult forms of C and D chirps was more gradual and was a function of time since removal from their natal group rather than time since pairing. Finally, the postremoval tamarins persisted in applying C chirps to nonfood objects and showed no correlation between C-chirp rate and food preference, which is typical of immature tamarins. We conclude that social status plays an important role in the development of adult forms and usage of food-associated calls.
Design improvements and operating experience with 10-Kc network analyzers

IN 1946, the authors disclosed a new design for an a-c network analyzer1 operating at 10,000 cycles. The pilot-model analyzer reported at that time was used extensively during the next 2 years upon small sample systems for testing its performance.
Identification of myo-Inositol-3-phosphate Synthase Isoforms CHARACTERIZATION, EXPRESSION, AND PUTATIVE ROLE OF A 16-kDa γc ISOFORM

myo-Inositol is an important constituent of membrane phospholipids and is a precursor for the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. It is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate by myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (IP synthase), a homotrimer composed of a 68-kDa polypeptide in most mammalian tissues. It is a putative target for mood-stabilizing drugs such as lithium and valproate. Here, we show that the rat gene (Isyna1) encoding this enzyme generates a number of alternatively spliced transcripts in addition to the fully spliced form that encodes the 68-kDa subunit (the α isoform). Specifically, we identify a small 16-kDa subunit (the γc isoform) derived by an intron retention mechanism and provide evidence for its existence in rat tissues. The γc isoform is highly conserved in mammals, but it lacks the catalytic domain while retaining the NAD+ binding domain. Both α and γc isoforms are predominantly expressed in many rat tissues and display apparent stoichiometry in purified enzyme preparations. An IP synthase polyclonal antibody not only detects the α and γc isoforms but also several other isoforms in pancreas, intestine, and testis suggesting that the holoenzyme is composed of unique subunits in various tissues. Interestingly, the α isoform is not expressed in the intestine. IP synthase activity assays using purified α and γc isoforms indicate that the latter negatively modulates α isoform activity, possibly by competing for NAD+ molecules. Our findings have important ramifications for understanding the mood stabilization process and suggest that inositol biosynthesis is a highly regulated and dynamic process.
Efficiency in the Generation of Hierarchical Feature Detectors in Neural Nets

Biologically in the primary visual area in the brain there is a full set of elementary feature detectors at every location in the retinal field. These detectors are akin to the two dimensional edge and bar detectors commonly used in computer vision. We present in this paper biological simulation details of how these particular detectors most probably might be neurobiologically constructed and organized into a topologically ordered output plane. Then we point out the pitfall of over-representation of information that can occur in naive self-organizing neural network models for vision and present. how our properly constructed network overcomes this problem. This paper is intended to give some productive guidelines for constructing self-organizing networks whose cells have locally receptive fields.
Morality in an Age of Contingency

Let me begin this essay with a note of caution or perhaps an 'all clear' sign: it will not be a jeremiad. I will not lament a process of ongoing fragmentation, of the loss of all values in our time, of the disappearance of community or trust or commitment or the social significance of character formation. Such jeremiads are so common in current debates about values and morality that they constitute a rhetorical genre of their own both in the social sciences and in cultural criticism. They can be found in conservative as well as in progressive versions. The mere fact of their being a genre of their own can already sensitize us to the schematizations and narrative restrictions imposed by this genre. When the American historian Thomas Bender searched American historiography to locate the exact date of the triumph of individualism and materialism over the ideals of Puritan community life, he discovered that such a claim has been made for practically all points in time since 1650. Desperately he asked: 'How many times can community collapse in America?' (1978: 46). Similarly, we should ask ourselves when the time before the alleged contemporary fragmentation of society is said to have been and whether we really do justice to contemporary changes if we constantly force them into the framework of loss and decline. In the first part of this essay I exemplify the problem I have with these pessimistic diagnoses by analysing one of the most influential sociological contributions to this genre in the past few years. In the second part, I sketch an alternative to this type of interpretation before developing a few thoughts in the concluding section about the problem areas for successful value-transmission today. The 'influential diagnosis' I have in mind is Richard Sennett's book The Corrosion of Character, published in 1998. Its title is a clear sign that it belongs to the genre of diagnoses of decline. The author intends to describe a process of corrosion, namely of decay, decomposition, disintegration. What is it that according to Sennett is undergoing such a decomposition today? It is the human character of human beings a phenomenon he defines in terms of the permanent structure of a personality in its emotional and other dimensions. Human character, he writes, 'is expressed by loyalty and mutual commitment, or through the pursuit of long-term goals, or by the practice of delayed gratifications for the sake of a future end' (1998: 10). The formation of characters is said to be fundamentally threatened today by an epochal change in capitalism, for which Sennett uses the term 'flexibilization' (1998: 10):
Magnetic structure and spin waves in the Kagomé jarosite compound KFe 3 (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6

We present a detailed study of the magnetic structure and spin waves in the Fe jarosite compound $\mathrm{K}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{2}{(\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H})}_{6}$ for the most general Hamiltonian involving one- and two-spin interactions which are allowed by symmetry. We compare the calculated spin-wave spectrum with the recent neutron scattering data of Matan et al. for various model Hamiltonians which include, in addition to isotropic Heisenberg exchange interactions between nearest $({J}_{1})$ and next-nearest $({J}_{2})$ neighbors, single-ion anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interactions. We concluded that DM interactions are the dominant anisotropic interaction, which not only fits all the splittings in the spin-wave spectrum but also reproduces the small canting of the spins out of the Kagom\'e plane. A brief discussion of how representation theory restricts the allowed magnetic structure is also given.
Two-dimensional periodic waves in shallow water. Part 2. Asymmetric waves

We demonstrate experimentally the existence of a family of gravity-induced finiteamplitude water waves that propagate practically without change of form in shallow water of uniform depth. The surface patterns of these waves are genuinely two-dimensional, and periodic. The basic template of a wave is hexagonal, but it need not be symmetric about the direction of propagation, as required in our previous studies (e.g. Hammack et al. 1989). Like the symmetric waves in earlier studies, the asymmetric waves studied here are easy to generate, they seem to be stable to perturbations, and their amplitudes need not be small. The Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation is known to describe approximately the evolution of waves in shallow water, and an eight-parameter family of exact solutions of this equation ought to describe almost all spatially periodic waves of permanent form. We present an algorithm to obtain the eight parameters from wave-gauge measurements. The resulting KP solutions are observed to describe the measured waves with reasonable accuracy, even outside the putative range of validity of the KP model.
Vitamin E Inadequacy in Humans: Causes and Consequences

It is estimated that >90% of Americans do not consume sufficient dietary vitamin E, as α-tocopherol, to meet estimated average requirements. What are the adverse consequences of inadequate dietary α-tocopherol intakes? This review discusses health aspects where inadequate vitamin E status is detrimental and additional vitamin E has reversed the symptoms. In general, plasma α-tocopherol concentrations <12 μmol/L are associated with increased infection, anemia, stunting of growth, and poor outcomes during pregnancy for both the infant and the mother. When low dietary amounts of α-tocopherol are consumed, tissue α-tocopherol needs exceed amounts available, leading to increased damage to target tissues. Seemingly, adequacy of human vitamin E status cannot be assessed from circulating α-tocopherol concentrations, but inadequacy can be determined from “low” values. Circulating α-tocopherol concentrations are very difficult to interpret because, as a person ages, plasma lipid concentrations also increase and these elevations in lipids increase the plasma carriers for α-tocopherol, leading to higher circulating α-tocopherol concentrations. However, abnormal lipoprotein metabolism does not necessarily increase α-tocopherol delivery to tissues. Additional biomarkers of inadequate vitamin E status are needed. Urinary excretion of the vitamin E metabolite α-carboxy-ethyl-hydroxychromanol may fulfill this biomarker role, but it has not been widely studied with regard to vitamin E status in humans or with regard to health benefits. This review evaluated the information available on the adverse consequences of inadequate α-tocopherol status and provides suggestions for avenues for research.
Cuds and Snipes: Labor at Chicago's Auditorium Building, 1887–1889

Historians are more likely to examine monumental buildings as finished products than as processes of construction. Chicago's Auditorium Building was monumentality itself: upon completion in 1890 it was the largest edifice in the United States, and an exceptionally elegant one. Though often discussed as a work of art, an urban icon, and a measure of regional accomplishment, it has yet to be considered as a nexus of social relations. For monument appraisal tends to overlook the role of labor – including its relations with capital – that is not only inherent to the construction process, but that in this instance also affected Chicago's future. It was precisely the Auditorium's monumentality that prompted local trade unions to develop new tactics that yielded unprecedented results.
Is vegetation in equilibrium with climate? How to interpret late-Quaternary pollen data

Current methods for estimating past climatic patterns from pollen data require that the vegetation be in dynamic equilibrium with the climate. Because climate varies continuously on all time scales, judgement about equilibrium conditions must be made separately for each frequency band (i.e. time scale) of climatic change. For equilibrium conditions to exist between vegetation and climatic changes at a particular time scale, the climatic response time of the vegetation must be small compared to the time scale of climatic variation to which it is responding. The time required for vegetation to respond completely to climatic forcing at a time scale of 104 yr is still unknown, but records of the vegetational response to climatic events of 500to 1000-yr duration provide evidence for relatively short response times. Independent estimates for the possible patterns and timing of late-Quaternary climate changes suggest that much of the vegetational evidence previously interpreted as resulting from disequilibrium conditions can instead be interpreted as resulting from the individualistic response of plant taxa to the different regional patterns of temperature and precipitation change. The differences among taxa in their response to climate can lead a) to rates and direction of plantpopulation movements that differ among taxa and b) to fossil assemblages that differ from any modern assemblage. An example of late-Holocene vegetational change in southern Quebec illustrates how separate changes in summer and winter climates may explain the simultaneous expansion of spruce (Picea) populations southward and beech (Fagus) populations northward.
A role for microtubules in the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured glial cells.

—Cultured C-6 glial cells were utilized to evaluate the effect of the antimicrotubular drug, Colcemid, on 3-hydroxy-3-melhylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and cholesterol synthesis in cultured C-6 glial cells. The data indicate that Colcemid causes a marked inhibition of cholesterol synthesis (from [14C]acetate or 3H2O) in these cells. A concentration of 0.5 μM led to a 50% lower rate of synthesis after 2 h and an 80–85% lower rate after 12 h or longer. That the effect of Colcemid is mediated at the level of HMG-CoA reductase was shown by defining closely coordinate temporal and quantitative changes in the activity of this enzyme under identical conditions. No comparable change in cell growth or in total protein synthesis accompanied the effect of Colcemid. The drug did lead to a decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis (from [3H]thymidine) but this effect was preceded by the decrease in the rate of cholesterol synthesis. Marked changes in glial cell shape were induced by exposure to Colcemid, and the temporal and quantitative aspects of these changes appeared to closely parallel the effects on reductase activily and cholesterol synthesis. The dala suggest that microtubules are involved in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis in mammalian cells and that there are important interrelations between microtubules, glial differentiation and cholesterol synthesis.
Antennas of revolution with anisotropic surface impedance

The problem of antennas of revolution with anisotropic surface impedance boundary conditions (IBC) is solved by the method of moments using the simplest basis function, pulse function, and Galerkin's matching procedure. An electric field integral equation (EFIE) is used with different segmentations for the integral and the derivative regions. This method can also be applied to isotropic and conducting IBC. As an example, the electric current distribution and input admittance for a spherical antenna are given.
How do natural killer T cells help B cells

CD1d-restricted natural killer (NKT) cells are important contributors to antigen-specific antibody responses. There is, therefore, considerable interest in the design and implementation of strategies to appropriately activate NKT cells and boost vaccine-induced protective antibody responses. In order to achieve these goals, investigators are examining the mechanisms by which NKT cells enhance antibody responses. Although information is limited, it is now appreciated that both cognate and noncognate interactions between CD1d-expressing B cells and NKT cells drive enhanced antibody responses. NKT cells may provide B-cell help in the form of direct receptor-mediated interactions as well as by secretion of soluble effectors, including cytokines. In this article, we review the evidence in support of these mechanisms and discuss how they likely take place in the context of interactions of NKT cells with other cell types, such as dendritic cells and helper T cells. We also discuss the evidence that NKT cells affect discrete differentiation events in the multistep process by which a naive B cell experiences antigen and develops into a memory B cell or an antibody-secreting plasma cell. Since most information on NKT cells and humoral immunity has been derived from murine studies, we discuss what is known about human NKT cells and humoral immunity. We offer thoughts on whether the findings in murine systems will translate to humans.
Interval estimation for misclassification rate parameters in a complementary Poisson model

We investigate three interval estimators for binomial misclassification rates in a complementary Poisson model where the data are possibly misclassified: a Wald-based interval, a score-based interval, and an interval based on the profile log-likelihood statistic. We investigate the coverage and average width properties of these intervals via a simulation study. For small Poisson counts and small misclassification rates, the intervals can perform poorly in terms of coverage. The profile log-likelihood confidence interval (CI) is often proved to outperform the other intervals with good coverage and width properties. Lastly, we apply the CIs to a real data set involving traffic accident data that contain misclassified counts.
THE BLOCKED MARK PROBLEM (1931–54)

GERMANY, THE FIRST of the European nations to introduce foreign exchange controls more than twenty years ago, is now in the forefront in abolishing them. Her comparatively strong balance-of-payments position has allowed her in recent years to make rapid progress not only in liberalizing the imports of goods and services but also in removing, step by step, restrictions in the capital sector.' This is indeed a remarkable development. The decisive step in the financial reintegration of Germany with the outside world was the conclusion in 1953 of the Agreement on German External Debts, which provided for the resumption of interest and amortization payments on Germany's contractual foreign prewar debt, as well as on all of her foreign public postwar debts.2 The agreement, however, did not provide for the unblocking of foreign-owned mark balances and investments, nor did it make provision for the resumption of the transfer of earnings on such investments. This area was left to the discretion of the German foreign exchange authorities. After the agreement had become effective in September, 1953, Germany lost no time in courageously attacking this thorny problem, presumably with the final goal of unfreezing, if she could afford it, all foreign-owned funds. The present article deals with these blocked funds, which, in the terminology here used, will cover not only "blocked marks"-i.e. foreign-owned balances with German banks-but also "blocked investments," such as direct investments, real estate holdings, portfolio investments in securities, and other foreign-owned assets of a
User-centeredness, situatedness, and designing the media of computer documentation

User-centeredness has become a concept of much interest in a number of fields. Systems engineering, architecture, usability research and computer documentation, to name a few, are all areas of study which have, to one degree or another, adopted the terminology of user-centered philosophy in order to come to grips with the problem of how to design for users' needs.While there is much positive to be said about applying user-centered concepts to any discipline that wishes to pursue it, there is also a danger that the concept and philosophy of user-centered design could become, at best, empty rhetoric, and, at worst, fuel for lip service that could serve to undermine the humanitarian goals of a user-centered ethic.One concept which has already suffered a similar fate is that of “problem-solving.” Problem-solving has become, essentially, a hollow term when used by certain disciplines or institutions. For example, it is commonplace to hear representatives of business and industry refer to the need for 'good problem-solvers' in the world of business.One answer to this call has been the adoption of the terminology of problem-solving by the business curricula of many college and university business schools. At least one critic of current business school curricula has mentioned that theories of problem-solving have been diluted by the time they reach students (1). My own experience in teaching business writing at two universities has shown similar characteristics. Many of the business majors want to refer to themselves as “good problem-solvers” in their job application letters, but when asked to elaborate on or give an example of this, they often have simplified or inaccurate ideas of what should constitute an understanding of rich and powerful strategies.Certainly, the research and theory-building of Simon and Newell (2), or G. Polya (3) is applicable to the academic and workplace settings of business, but somehow the terminology of the theory lost its relevance during the translation.My purpose in this article is to discuss how user-centered computer documentation can avoid a similar fate. At present I fear our direction is veering in the direction of such a fate, and that one step toward correcting our course is to develop a clear theoretical understanding of what user-centeredness means to documentation. This means that although there may be a tacit theory which underlies current applications, it is important to make the theory visible, and thereby illuminate the gaps that may exist.In addition, my focus will also be upon the contribution that user-centered theory can bring to our understanding of how to design for the different media of computer documentation. As we all know, online and hypermedia documentation is becoming a central charge of our profession, and user-centered theory can go a long way in helping us understand the similarities and differences among the different media.
Coordinating cytoskeletal tracks to polarize cellular movements

For many years after the discovery of actin filaments and microtubules, it was widely assumed that their polymerization, organization, and functions were largely distinct. However, in recent years it has become increasingly apparent that coordinated interactions between microtubules and filamentous actin are involved in many polarized processes, including cell shape, mitotic spindle orientation, motility, growth cone guidance, and wound healing. In the past few years, significant strides have been made in unraveling the intricacies that govern these intertwined cytoskeletal rearrangements.
Lethality of firearm-related injuries in the United States population

Abstract Study objective: To characterize differences in the lethality of firearm-related injuries in selected demographic subgroups using national representative data on fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries. We also characterize the lethality of firearm-related injuries by intent of injury and anatomic location of the gunshot wound. Methods: We analyzed case-fatality rates (CFRs) of firearm-related injuries in the United States by using death data from the National Vital Statistics System and data on nonfatal injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. National estimates of crude and age-adjusted CFRs are presented by sex, race/ethnicity, age, intent, and primary body part affected. Results: Each year during the study period (July 1992 through December 1995), an estimated 132,687 persons sustained gunshot wounds that resulted in death or treatment in an ED. The overall age-adjusted CFR among persons who sustained firearm-related injuries was 31.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.7 to 35.6). The age-adjusted CFR for persons who were alive when they arrived for treatment in an ED (11.3%; 95% CI 9.4 to 13.2) was about one third as large as the overall CFR. The age-adjusted CFR varied by sex, race/ethnicity, and age, but these differences depended on intent of injury. For assaultive injuries, the age-adjusted CFR was 1.4 times higher for females (28.7%) than males (20.6%). For intentionally self-inflicted injuries, the age-adjusted CFR was 1.1 higher for males (77.7%) than females (69.1%). For assaults, the age-adjusted CFR was 1.5 times higher for whites (29.5%) than blacks (19.2%). For assaultive and intentionally self-inflicted injuries among persons 15 years and older, the age-specific CFR increased with age. Persons shot in the head (age-adjusted CFR, 61.0%) were 3.3 times as likely to die as those shot in other body parts (age-adjusted CFR, 18.7%). Conclusion: The lethality of firearm-related injuries was influenced strongly by the intent of injury and body part affected. The high lethality of firearm-related injuries relative to other major causes of injury emphasizes the need to continue prevention efforts and efforts to improve access to care and treatment (including emergency medical and acute care services) to reduce the number and increase survivability of firearm-related injuries. [Beaman V, Annest JL, Mercy JA, Kresnow M, Pollock DA. Lethality of firearm-related injuries in the United States population. Ann Emerg Med. March 2000;35:258-266.]
A real time digital test bed for a smart grid using RTDS

The microgrid concept is not a new one; however, implementing it and integrating it to a legacy grid is a challenge that engineers are thriving to solve. This challenge is due to many reasons including economic and technology [4]. The survivability of such a system in terms of its reliability and robustness to faults are key points to explore in the microgrid. The FREEDMources. A Green Hub was designed to represent the salient features of the FREEDM system. This hub will be used for developing and demonstrating techniques for seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes of operation; fault detection method and fast isolation techniques, and voltage and frequency stability [4]. This 12kV Green Hub loop was modeled in MATLAB/Simumink and in a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).
Hydrologic modeling as a development tool for HGM functional assessment models

The hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to wetland classification and functional assessment was developed to facilitate the rapid assessment of wetland functions and support implementation of the 404 regulatory program in the U.S. This paper describes development of a functional assessment model for the hydrologic regime function of depressional wetlands on the Tennessee Highland Rim. Model output is a functional capacity index that ranges from 0 to 1 and indicates the level of alteration to the wetland hydrologic regime relative to the unaltered condition. The model initially includes four variables, each corresponding to an alteration type common in the study area. One variable reflects alterations to wetland morphology that increase or decrease storage capacity. Two variables reflect alterations to the wetland watershed that result in increased surface runoff. The remaining variable reflects changes in evapotranspiration losses resulting from timber harvesting. Model variable sensitivity and interaction are examined by simulating 47 years of hydrology for a single depressional wetland site. Based on the simulation of hypothetical alterations representing the range of conditions anticipated in the reference domain, three important variable interactions were identified and one variable eliminated from consideration. Several forms of the aggregation equation relating a functional capacity index to three model variables were tested by comparison to index values based on an independent quantitative measure that was simulated with a hydrologic model. Initial model forms, similar in form to many existing models, are improved by the addition of interaction terms and modification of variable weighting. This study demonstrates the utility of hydrologic modeling as a development tool for HGM functional assessment models. Even when limited field measurements are available for a rigorous calibration and validation, hydrologie modeling provides valuable insight into model variable sensitivity and interaction.
Evaporation from Nonvegetated Surfaces: Surface Aridity Methods and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing

The use of remotely sensed near-surface soil moisture for the estimation of evaporation is investigated. Two widely used parameterizations of evaporation, the so-called a and b methods, which use near-surface soil moisture to reduce some measure of potential evaporation, are studied. The near-surface soil moisture is provided by a set of L- and S-band microwave radiometers, which were mounted 13 m above the surface. It is shown that soil moisture measured with a passive microwave sensor in combination with the b method yields reliable estimates of evaporation, whereas the a method is not as robust.
Do Lung Cancer Eligibility Criteria Align with Risk among Blacks and Hispanics

Background Black patients have higher lung cancer risk despite lower pack years of smoking. We assessed lung cancer risk by race, ethnicity, and sex among a nationally representative population eligible for lung cancer screening based on Medicare criteria.
The State of Water and Its Impact on Pharmaceutical Systems: Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Amorphous Solids

Physicochemical properties relevant to aqueous pharmaceutical formulations such as drug solubility and stability have clearly been a focal point of research for many decades. As a result, pharmaceutical scientists have access to a large body of knowledge that provides a framework for understanding the properties of drugs in aqueous solution, such as the kinetics and mechanisms of their degradation, solubility as influenced by ionizable substituents and various solution equilibria, etc. However, most drug products are manufactured, stored, and most frequently administered as solid formulations (e.g., tablets, capsules, suppositories, polymer implants, transdermal patches) rather than as aqueous solutions or suspensions. For these nonaqueous systems, the state of current understanding of the equilibria and kinetics that govern performance is less advanced. Recently, interest in various nonaqueous delivery systems has been increasing because, as drug potency has received greater emphasis during the selection of new drug candidates, the lead compounds emerging from these selection processes tend to be more lipophilic and less water soluble. Consequently, a variety of amorphous or lipid-based delivery systems such as self-emulsifying or self-microemulsifying lipid dispersions often administered in soft gelatin capsule form for oral delivery are now being considered for commercialization. Similarly, various types of colloidal or nanoparticle formulations (e.g., nanosuspensions, solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, polymeric micelles) in which the drug is suspended as a nano-sized particle or incorporated into a lipid particle have become increasingly attractive as possible vehicles for enhancing the bioavailability of orally administered drugs having poor water solubility, controlling drug release, enabling intravenous injection of nearly insoluble compounds, reducing side effects after intravenous administration, and in some cases providing enhanced permeability and retention in tumor tissue for the treatment of cancer.
Suicide Behaviors in Bipolar Disorder: A Review and Update for the Clinician

Suicide behaviors (ideation, attempts, and completions) are unfortunately common in patients with bipolar disorder. It is estimated that 25 to 50% attempt suicide at least once during their lifetime, and 6% to 19% complete suicide. Risk factors include a family history of suicide, previous suicide attempts, younger age of onset, comorbid psychiatric illnesses, and psychological constructs like hopelessness. Pharmacologic treatment may impact suicidal behaviors, either increasing vulnerability or resilience. Clinicians need to be particularly sensitive to their patient's thoughts and beliefs about death, particularly during stressful times of life or when in a depressive/mixed episode of bipolar disorder.
Principles of Planetary Climate: Radiative transfer in temperature-stratified atmospheres

OVERVIEW Our objective in this chapter is to treat the computation of a planet's energy loss by infrared emission in sufficient detail that the energy loss can be quantitatively linked to the actual concentration of specific greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Unlike the simple model of the greenhouse effect described in the preceding chapter, the infrared radiation in a real atmosphere does not all come from a single level; rather, a bit of emission is contributed from each level (each having its own temperature), and a bit of this is absorbed at each intervening level of the atmosphere. The radiation comes out in all directions, and the rate of emission and absorption is strongly dependent on frequency. Dealing with all these complexities may seem daunting, but in fact it can all be boiled down to a conceptually simple set of equations which suffice for a vast range of problems in planetary climate. It was shown in Chapter 3 that there is almost invariably an order of magnitude separation in wavelengths between the shortwave spectrum at which a planet receives stellar radiation and the longwave (generally infrared) spectrum at which energy is radiated to space. This is true throughout the Solar System, for cold bodies like Titan and hot bodies like Venus, as well as for bodies like Earth that are habitable for creatures like ourselves. The separation calls for distinct sets of approximations in dealing with the two kinds of radiation.
The Abyss of Managed Care

Modern American health care affords every hospital patient the inalienable right to emergency treatment, although this same system has yet to create any parallel infrastructure beyond the clinical delivery of such care. While today’s emergency department physicians across the nation have access to cutting-edge, integrated technology-based tools designed to improve patient outcomes by combining advances in medicine with evidence-based clinical guidelines, the science of overseeing managed care patients often appears to be light years removed from the era in which it was born. As a result, American health care has become a system of fundamental brilliance that finds itself limited by gross inefficiencies, a combination that has led to a symbolic, if not actual, nationwide revolution.At their core, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the amendments set forth in the 2010 Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act address the concept of patient access, one of health care’s greatest challenges in recent years. Notwithstanding the 961 regulatory pages known as the Affordable Care Act, or “Obamacare,” the relationship between the patient and the entity responsible for covering the cost of care has received surprisingly less attention in comparison.In California, the recent decision in Children’s Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California has been seen by many as the culmination, and by some as the resolution, of conflict between providers and payers within the managed care system. This article focuses on events preceding the Children’s Hospital Central California decision, how the managed care system of private payers has evolved over the past 40 years, and the challenges faced by payers and providers simply trying to coexist.
The Supreme Court Ruling That Blocked Providers From Seeking Higher Medicaid Payments Also Undercut The Entire Program

In Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Center, Inc ., the US Supreme Court revisited the question of whether Medicaid providers may seek relief in federal courts when states fail to pay “sufficient” Med...
Four-Pion Decay of the f 0 Meson

The reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}^{0}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$ has been observed at 5 GeV/c with $\ensuremath{\sigma}=11.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ \ensuremath{\mu}b ($1.20l{m}_{4\ensuremath{\pi}}l1.32$, $|t|l0.2$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$).
Influences of character-based coping style on psychological health

This study explores the moderating effects of early adult character style on correlations between social relationships in adolescence and midlife psychological health. Participants were drawn from the ongoing longitudinal studies at the Institute of Human Development. Individuals who beat the odds of an adverse environment and those who failed to capitalize on beneficial environments were identified and compared at age 30 on the California Psychological Inventory, the Meredith-Millsap Component Scores, and the Thematic Apperception Test. Social relatedness and personal independence were characteristics at age 30 of all subjects who went on to develop good psychological health by age 50. Social relatedness was more associated with overcoming a difficult environment, while self-assurance was more associated with capitalizing on a good one.
MPI/Open-MP hybridization of higher order WENO scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

With the contemporary emerging transition for the past two decades in high performance computing (HPC) towards clusters of nodes, it is possible to obtain an efficiently scalable CFD code by hybridization of Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Open Multi-Processing (Open-MP). The parallelization of an incompressible higher order DNS solver using Navier-Stokes equations utilizing WENO (weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) scheme is presented in this paper. Initially, a time dependent two dimensional diffusion equation was parallelized by MPI in an effort to explore the concepts. Subsequently, the procedure is extended with several advanced MPI routines for the parallelization of higher order finite-difference schemes. The parallelized code is subsequently examined on a benchmark problem for incompressible flows – lid driven cavity. The results of the developed code were compared and validated with the serial model. The overall objective is to achieve the best performance of the incompressible Navier-Stokes solver by carefully implementing, profiling and optimizing both MPI communications and Open-MP parallelization. The results demonstrate that, incorporating Open-MP parallelization technique contributes a slight advantage in performance relative to pure MPI implementation. MPI processes are limited by the number of communicators and grid size of the simulation. However, fine grain parallelization is possible by incorporating Open-MP threads in certain segments of the code.