cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Yale Geriatric Care Program: A Model of Care To Prevent Functional Decline in Hospitalized Elderly Patients

Objective: To describe the structure and implementation of the Yale Geriatric Care Program, an innovative, nursing-centered model for developing geriatric nursing expertise throughout an acute-care hospital. Design: Descriptive study of an intervention in a prospective cohort of patients. Setting: University teaching hospital. Patients: Two hundred forty four patients aged 70 years and older on four non-intensive care intervention units during the study period (July 9, 1990 to July 31, 1991). Intervention: The Geriatric Care Program involved an integrated model of primary nurses, specially trained unit-based geriatric resource nurses, gerontological nurse specialists, and geriatric physicians. The intervention included surveillance and identification of frail older patients, unit-based geriatric educational programs for all nurses, special education and support for the geriatric resource nurses, and twice-weekly rounds of the Geriatric Care Team. Results: The Geriatric Care Program has been successfully implemented on four units. The interventions ranged from general clarification of goals in 226 (92%) to specific recommendations for management of immobility in 100 (41%), bladder/bowel problems in 99 (41%), pressure ulcer treatment or prevention in 61 (25%), confusion evaluation or management in 62 (25%), and adjustment of medications in 43 (18%). Overall, 68% of the specific recommendations were documented to have been implemented. Barriers to implementation of the program have included initial difficulties with recruitment and retainment of geriatric resource nurses (due to high nursing turnover and the increased time commitment required), breakdown in communication and carryover of recommendations between nursing shifts, and obstacles to communication between the nursing and medical staff. Conclusions: An innovative model of care, in which geriatric nursing was integrated as part of standard nursing care on selected medical and surgical units, has been designed and implemented. Evaluation of the effectiveness and costs of this intervention are currently underway.
ECG Features that suggest a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia as the cause for syncope

Abstract Syncope is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in many conditions associated with structural heart disease as well as inherited heart disease. The ECG in patients with syncope should be examined carefully for signs of structural heart disease, such as myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy; signs of conduction system disease, such as bundle branch block or atrioventricular block; and signs of primary electrical disease. Important forms of cardiomyopathy accompanied by ECG changes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD/C). Common ECG findings in HCM include left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage, repolarization abnormalities, QRS widening, pseudoinfarction patterns, and slurred QRS upstroke mimicking delta waves. Classical ECG findings of ARVD/C include T-wave inversions and epsilon waves in the right precordial leads (V 1 –V 3 ). Important forms of primary electrical disease which may result in syncope include Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, long QT syndrome, and Brugada syndrome, which is characterized by coved ST-segments in the right precordial leads, associated with a history of syncope, ventricular arrhythmia, or sudden cardiac death in probands or family member. There are three Brugada ECG patterns; however, only type I (spontaneous or induced) is considered diagnostic. Recently, studies have suggested that patients with J-point elevation or early repolarization pattern on ECG are at elevated risk of SCD. The clinical significance of finding early repolarization in a patient with syncope is unknown and should be a subject of future research.
Women's Movements and Political Fields: A Comparison of Two Indian Cities

This paper reconceptualizes the political environment within which a social movement organization operates by offering the concept of political fields, arguing that the actions, rhetoric, and effectiveness of organizations are best understood within the context of the fields within which they are situated. By examining the issue of violence against women in two different fields within the same country, India, it suggests that the structure of the field and an organization's position within it 1) shape the discourse and practice of SMOs; 2) mediate the effects of organization type (politically affiliated or autonomous); and 3) determine whether or not organizations within the same movement (and field) converge or differentiate. The data for this paper comes from fieldwork conducted between 1990 and 1994, as well as newspaper accounts, and movement archives.
The human calvaria

Dear Editor:We thank the authors for their interest in our recent paperoutlining the human calvaria [1]. As they note and as titled,our paper did not focus onthe skull base. The authors discussthe clival canal of the basiocciput, a variable structure of theskullbase.Wewouldaddthatinanearlierstudy,weevaluatedhuman clival canals, and histologically, these were all filledwith venous structures without notochord remnants [2].References
Vascular actions of ‘caged’ phenylephrine analogs depend on the structure and site of attachment of the 2-nitrobenzyl group

Abstract In the experiments presented in this article, the effects of four caged analogs of the α1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine (PE) on the properties of small (100–200 μm outer diameter), isolated rat mesenteric arteries were compared. The four caged PE analogs contained either an insubstituted (analogs I and II) or an α-carboxy substituted (analogs III and IV) 2-nitrobenzyl group attached to the phenolic oxygen atom (O-linked; analogs II and IV) or to the amino group (N-linked; analogs I and III) of PE. The structure of each caged PE analog was confirmed by UV, IR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. For physiological experiments, photolysis of the caged PE analogs was accomplished with a Hi-Tech Scientific flashlamp, and vascular smooth muscle contraction was measured with a computer-based image analysis system. In some experiments, the fura-2 ratiometric technique was used to examine the effects of the caged PE analogs on intracellular Ca2+ levels. At concentration ≤10−6 M, none of the four analogs displayed measurable intrinsic vasoconstricting activity, that is, vasoconstrictions we only observed following light flashes, consistent with the release of free PE. At concentrations ≥10−5 M, however, both O-linked compou (analogs II and IV) and the α-carboxy substituted N-linked caged PE (analog III) produced vasoconstriction prior to photolysis. In contrast, no intrinsic vasoconstricting activity was evident with the unsubstituted N-linked caged PE (analog 1) at concentrations up to 300 μM (the highest concentration tested). At concentrations ≥ 10 μM, the O-linked unsubstituted caged PE (analog II) also had intrinsic vasdilating activity and markedly attenuated vasoconstrictions and increases in intracellular Ca2+ produced by high KCl. Similar effects were observed with the N-linked caged PE analogs (I and III) at ≥ 100 μM, whereas no measurable relaxations were seen with the α-carboxy O-linked caged PE analog (IV) at concentrations up to 300 μM (the highest concentration tested). Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that the N-linked unsubstituted caged PE analog (I) can be used reliably at concentrations up to 100 μM and is, therefore, the analog of choice for physiological studies of α1-receptor-mediated events.
Geostatistical analysis of the effects of stage and roughness on reach-scale spatial patterns of velocity and turbulence intensity

Although previous research has documented well-organized interactions between the turbulent flow field and an irregular boundary, the spatial variability of turbulent flow characteristics at the reach-scale remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present detailed field measurements of three-dimensional flow velocities and turbulence intensities in a high-gradient, cobble-bed riffle from three discharges; additional data on sediment grain size and bed topography were used to characterize boundary roughness. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure velocities along five cross-sections within a 6 in long reach of the North Fork Cache La Poudre River; vertical profiles were also measured along the channel thalweg. We adopted a spatially explicit stochastic hydraulic approach and focused not on coherent flow structures per se but rather time-averaged, reach-scale variability and spatial pattern. Scaling velocities and turbulence intensities by the reach-averaged friction velocity U. accounted for changes in flow depth and enabled comparisons among the three discharges. We quantified the effects of stage and roughness by assessing differences among probability distributions of hydraulic quantities and by examining geostatistical metrics of spatial variability. We computed semivariograms for streamwise and transverse directions and fit parametric models to summarize the spatial structure of each variable at each discharge. Cross-correlograms were also used to describe the local and lagged effects of boundary roughness on flow characteristics. Although the probability distributions yielded some insight, incorporating spatial information revealed important elements of stage-dependent flow structure. The development of secondary currents and flow convergence at higher stages were clearly documented in maps and semivariograms. In general, the spatial structure of the flow field became smoother and more continuous as stage increased and the effects of boundary roughness diminished. Although roughness elements do influence velocities and turbulence intensities, our data suggest that the flow primarily responds to the gross morphology of the channel and that flow depth is the primary control on flow structure. The geostatistical framework proved useful, and our results indicate that a complete stochastic description must also be explicitly spatial. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
Pavlovian conditioning of morphine-induced alterations of immune status: evidence for opioid receptor involvement

Prior work in our laboratory has shown that morphine's immunomodulatory effects can become conditioned to environmental stimuli that predict drug administration. These immune alterations include conditioned changes in natural killer cell activity, interleukin-2 production, and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The present study examined the involvement of opioid receptor activity in the establishment and expression of conditioned morphine-induced alterations of immune status. During the training phase of the experiment, Lewis rats received two conditioning sessions during which a subcutaneous injection of 15 mg/kg morphine sulfate was paired with exposure to a distinctive environment. On the test day, animals were re-exposed to the distinctive environment alone prior to sacrifice. Saline or naltrexone (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) was administered during either the training or the test session. Administration of naltrexone prior to training antagonized the development of all of the conditioned alterations of immune status including changes in the mitogenic responsiveness of splenocytes, suppression of natural killer cell activity, and interleukin-2 production by splenocytes. Naltrexone administration prior to testing also was effective in antagonizing the expression of a subset of morphine-induced conditioned alterations in immune status. Taken together, these studies indicate that opioid receptor activity is involved in the establishment of conditioned morphine-induced immune alterations, as well as in the expression of a subset of these conditioned alterations of immune status.
Studies on fluoride-preactivated rabbit liver adenylyl cyclase

Rabbit liver adenylyl (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) cyclase was stimulated by preincubation with F- and Mg2+ and the stimulation persisted despite extensive washing and/or detergent solubilization. Optimum preactivation conditions were found to be 4 mM NaF and 2 mM MgCl2; higher or lower concentrations produced submaximum stimulation regardless of preincub ation time. In addition to an enhanced catalytic acticity, the activated enzyme also exhibited different responses to Ca2+ and Cu2+ when compared to the basal enzyme. ATP caused a time-dependent inhibition that could be partially prevented or reversed by F-, but was not completely reversed by washing. This inhibition was not observed when 5'-adenosine(beta, gamma-imide) triphosphate blocks inhibition by ATP. The results support, but do not prove, the proposed molecular basis of F- activation which entails a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.
Proinflammatory and Immunoregulatory Functions of Interleukin-12

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine composed of two chains, a heavy chain or p40, and a light chain or p35, forming a disulfite-linked heterodimer, or p70. IL-12 was originally discovered as a product of human B lymphoblastoid cell lines; however, the most important physiological producers of IL-12 in vitro are phagocytic cells and antigen-presenting cells rather than B cells. The major target cells of IL-12 action are natural killer and T cells, on which IL-12 induce: (1) production of cytokine, particularly interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); (2) proliferation, in synergy with other mitogenic or costimulatory signals; (3) enhancement of cytotoxic activity. In addition, IL-12 has been described to have stimulatory effects on hematopoietic precursor cells and on B lymphocytes. In vivo, IL-12 is produced very early during infections or immune response, and exerts important proinflammatory functions and enhancement of innate resistance by activating natural killer cells and, through IFN-gamma induction, phagocytic cells. The IL-12 produced during this inflammatory phase, both by direct action and, indirectly, by determining the composition of the cytokine milieu at the site of the murine response, induces differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells while inhibiting the generation of Th2 cells. Thus, because of its double function of a proinflammatory cytokine and an immunoregulatory factor, IL-12 plays a key role in the resistance to infections, particularly those mediated by bacteria or intracellular parasites, against which phagocytic cell activation and Th1-mediated responses are particularly effective. However, because of the same activities, IL-12 also plays a role in pathological situations, such as septic shock, tissue damage during inflammation and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
Transdermal administration of nicotine

The physiological response to nicotine topically applied to the skin was measured in an adult male volunteer. Nicotine base (9 mg) was applied in a 30% aqueous solution to intact skin on the underside of the forearm. Salivary nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 12 h after application of the nicotine. Within 30 min a significant level of nicotine was detected in the saliva (50 ng/ml), pulse had risen by 15 beats/min and systolic blood pressure had risen 10 mmHg. Nicotine levels remained elevated for 2 h and were comparable to levels of nicotine produced by cigarette smoking. Because previous research has shown nicotine to suppress smoking behavior, it may be fruitful to examine transdermal administration of nicotine as a smoking reduction and cessation aid.
Dry Versus Liquid Smoke Curing of Turkeys

Abstract Large type Broad Breasted White turkey hens were used in a comparison of liquid smoke and dry smoke curing. Liquid smoke curing resulted in an increase in finished raw carcass weight compared to the fresh carcass weight. Dry smoked carcasses weighed less than the fresh carcass. There was no difference in percentage cooking loss between treatments. A taste panel found no significant differences in smoke flavor concentration in either white or dark meat nor a preference of treatment.
Non-medical prescription sedative use among adult Latina mothers and daughters.

Abstract This study examines correlates of non-medical prescription sedative, tranquilizer, and hypnotics use (hereafter NPSU) among a non-clinical, community-based sample of adult Latina mother-daughter dyads. Participants were 316 Latina mothers and daughters enrolled in a study of intergenerational transmission of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in South Florida. Interviewers administered a questionnaire containing study variables such as age, education, time in the U.S., Spanish language proficiency, health insurance status, wellness behaviors, perceived health condition, alcohol use, NPSU, and other drug use. Correlates of NPSU across mothers and daughters were determined using a dyadic model analysis. Daughters’ health status, age, wellness, and illicit drug use were associated with mothers’ NPSU. Mothers who reported being uninsured, having higher levels of education, and indicating poorer health statuses reported more NPSU. Daughters’ wellness behaviors, age, illicit drug use, and insurance...
A cognitive information processing and information theory approach to diagram clarity: a synthesis and experimental investigation

Abstract Diagrams are unquestionably powerful tools. A multitude of studies investigate the relative usefulness of different types of diagrams (e.g. Larkin and Simon, 1987 ; Vessey and Galletta, 1991 ; Vessey and Conger, 1994 ; Jones and Schkade, 1995 ). However, analysis and research directed at empirically identifying and synthesizing basic components of diagram clarity, are rare. This study integrates isolated findings related to diagram clarity and experimentally investigates their application. The research utilized comes primarily from the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) and Information Theory (IT) streams. Accordingly, the approach here is termed CIPIT. The set of CIPIT rules presented here represent a foundational framework for basic diagram clarity. The utility of the CIPIT rules are investigated experimentally via applying the CIPIT rules to one type of diagramming technique, the Data Flow Diagram (DFD). The experiment is carried out to investigate the clarity of a CIPIT-based DFD relative to a non-CIPIT DFD. Diagram clarity is measured objectively in terms of both speed of comprehension and the amount of comprehension. A questionnaire using likert-scale items is used to capture users' attitudes about the two diagrams. The results indicate a strong significant effect (increased clarity) for the CIPIT-based DFD.
Current Approaches in the Medical Treatment of Oesophageal Reflux

Gastro-oesophageal reflux and its complications are, a common clinical management problem. Medical treatment revolves around the use of physical and mechanical methods to prevent reflux, dieting and drug restriction, acid reduction, mechanical foam barriers, and drugs to increase lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and improve acid clearance. It is recommended that patients elevate (he head of their bed at night, eliminate alcohol and smoking, and avoid foods known to decrease LES pressure or irritate the oesophageal mucosa. Antacids are effective in the control of reflux symptoms in most patients with mild to moderate reflux oesophagitis. ‘Gaviscon’ is also effective but no belter than antacids. The histamine H2 receptor blocker, cimetidine, alleviates symptoms and may also improve endoscopic and histological oesophagitis. Cimetidine and drugs which augment sphincter pressure (bethanechol, metoclopramide, domperidone and prostaglandins) may be helpful in treating patients with severe reflux oesophagitis.
An Evaluation of Curriculum-Based Measurement of Mathematics Word Problem—Solving Measures for Monitoring Third-Grade Students' Mathematics Competence:

The purpose of this study was to examine the tenability of a curriculum-based mathematical word problem-solving (WPS) measure as a progress-monitoring tool to index students' rate of growth or slop...
Specification tests in hedonic models

Specification testing can be an effective method for addressing the considerable econometric problems present in hedonic models. In this article, we suggest the use of three different Hausman-type specification tests—tests for the hedonic price equation, each preference equation, and a system of equations—as a way of isolating the sources of misspecification in a hedonic model. Using a national data sample as an example, we illustrate the use of these tests to guide model specification in a simultaneous setting.
Synthesis, characterization, and self-assembled nanofibers of carbohydrate-functionalized mono- and di(2,2':6',2''-terpyridinyl)arenes.

Self-assembly of novel linear and branched carbohydrate-functionalized mono- and di(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridinyl)arenes afforded access to a series of twisted self-organized nanofibers.
Modular architecture for smart pixel switching networks

Multistage interconnection networks based on the perfect shuffle topology are often suggested as candidates for large scale multiprocessor and broadband communication networks. The perfect shuffle interconnection requires global communication links that extend across the entire system and have a large number of wire crossovers. These constraints prohibit a scalable electronic implementation both within a VLSI chip and at the MCM or board levels. This paper presents the architecture of a scalable optoelectronic hardware module for building multistage interconnection networks. To achieve a scalable implementation, the design uses free-space optical interconnects for global communication links and electronic VLSI technology for local communication links and switching elements (e.g., smart pixel approach). Our approach is to engineer a network with the desired functionality, cost, and performance characteristics using generic hardware modules. In this paper, various applications are examined and their implementation using the proposed method is described.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hurricane-induced landslide activity on an alluvial fan along Meadow Run, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia (eastern USA)

Although intense rainfall and localized flooding occurred as Hurricane Isabel tracked inland northwestardly across the Blue Ridge Mountains of central Virginia on September 18–19, 2003, few landslides occurred. However, the hurricane reactivated a dormant landslide along a bluff of an incised alluvial fan along Meadow Run on the western flanks of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Subsequent monitoring showed retrogressive movement involving several landslide blocks for the next several months. Using dendrochronology, aerial photography, and stream discharge records revealed periods of landslide activity. The annual variation of growth rings on trees within the landslide suggested previous slope instability in 1937, 1972, 1993, 1997, and 1999, which correlated with periods of local flood events. The avulsive and migrating nature of Meadow Run, combined with strong erosional force potential during flood stages, indicates that landslides are common along the bluff-channel bank interface, locally posing landslide hazards to relatively few structures within this farming region.
Managing the Lifecycle of Electronically Stored Information

In December 2006, amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure took effect that changed the way companies must handle electronic documents, records, and messages-collectively defined as electronically stored information, or ESI. Any ESI that could become evidence in a federal case, such as interstate lawsuits, compliance regulations (e.g., Sarbanes-Oxley, HIPAA, and OSHA), EEOC and other employment issues, immigration cases, and actions by the Internal Revenue Service, are included. Actually, it is difficult to think of any business document that might not be covered. This article discusses the amended rules, how failure to manage ESI properly can lead to catastrophic results, and how to manage the lifecycle of ESI.
The role of air and water residuals for steam electric power generation

The decade of the sixties saw increasing concern over the progressive deterioration in environmental quality, and in the early seventies major federal legislation established air and water pollution control strategies. At the time these laws were enacted, information on the costs and benefits of pollution control programs was limited. Today, nearly two decades after the first expressions of concern, there remain few neoclassical models of productions that explicitly incorporate residuals as by-products of production activities. ’ Most of the available information on the costs of pollution control policies is based on engineering cost analyses of model plants. As a rule these studies estimate costs by considering the increments to production costs associated with adding specific types of capital equipment to reduce emissions to specified levels. They often do not consider the full menu of responses possible in meeting a given emission standard. Equally important, they are relevant only for the model plant which formed the basis for the cost calculations. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a neoclassical analysis of the role of a variety of residuals that generally comprise the major air and water emissions of steam generating electric plants. Our analysis distinguishes plants by vintage of equipment and treats generating capital as a quasi-fixed factor. Thus the results provide a description of the features of the ex post production technology. It should, of course, be acknowledged that a neoclassical production model is an approximate summary of the engineering features of the underlying technology. The value of the approach to describing production activities ultimately depends on its ability to authentically describe the features of that technology. Recent experimental evidence by Kopp and Smith [25] suggests that neoclassical cost models which ignore constraints on industrial effluents may provide seriously misleading descriptions of the features of the underlying production processes. Steam electric generating
G3 and G2 thermochemistry of sulfur fluoride neutrals and anions

Abstract Gaussian-3 (G3) and Gaussian-2 (G2) calculations were performed to obtain total energies, enthalpies, and Gibbs free energies for neutral and anionic SF n , for n =1–6. Electron affinities and bond enthalpies were derived from these results. The electron affinities agree well with experimental results. Calculated first dissociation bond strengths agree with experimental results except for SF 5 , where a discrepancy was known to exist. G3(MP2) and G2(MP2) total energies are also presented for the SF n and SF n − . Results from more economical density functional theory are compared to the G3 ones and found to agree within 0.4 eV, except for EA(SF 6 ).
Religious identity and response to serious illness: a report on heart patients.

Abstract This paper reports on aspects of the role of religion in providing support and meaning for 324 men recovering from a life-threatening crisis, a heart attack. Over the course of a year following the crisis event, no significant changes were indicated in level of religiosity, in pattern of attendance at religious services, or in secular orientations to life and the illness experience. The men reported little contact with clergy and few plans for such contact in the future. The data reveal that, on the whole, conceptions of the etiology of the disease were strongly secular in orientation. A general implication is that this crisis experience did not fundamentally alter religious or secular attitudes among Catholic, Protestant and Jewish patients, nor did it lead to change in degree of reliance on the religious institution and its agents.
In vitro and in vivo measurements of gamma-radiated, frozen, glycerolized RBCs.

Background Transfusion-associated GVHD results from the presence of viable lymphocytes in transfused allogeneic blood components. Viable immunocompetent lymphocytes have been detected in RBCs that were frozen with glycerol and washed before transfusion. Study design and methods The study reported here assessed the effect of irradiation on human RBCs frozen with 40-percent (wt/vol) glycerol and stored at -80 degrees C. In vitro and in vivo testing was done on human RBCs that were frozen with 40-percent (wt/vol) glycerol at -80 degrees C, with some units exposed to 2500 cGy of gamma radiation and others not irradiated, and that, after thawing and washing, were stored in a sodium chloride-glucose solution at 4 degrees C for 3 days before autologous transfusion. Results The glycerol-frozen RBCs treated with 2500 cGy before deglycerolization had a mean freeze-thaw-wash recovery of 87 percent and a mean 24-hour posttransfusion survival of 86 percent after storage for 3 days at 4 degrees C in a 0.9-percent NaCl and 0.2-percent glucose solution. For the nonirradiated units, the mean freeze-thaw-wash recovery was 85 percent and the mean 24-hour posttransfusion survival was 83 percent. Conclusion These data show similar, acceptable results for RBCs frozen with 40-percent (wt/vol) glycerol at -80 degrees C and treated in the frozen state with 2500 cGy of gamma radiation and for RBCs that were not irradiated, all of which were washed and then stored in a sodium chloride-glucose solution for 3 days before autologous transfusion.
Residential Drug Abuse Treatment for Probationers: Use of Node-Link Mapping to Enhance Participation and Progress

Abstract Node-link mapping, a graphic representation tool, was used to enhance substance-abuse treatment in a 4-month residential criminal justice program. Twelve communities of 30 to 35 probationers (“residents”) were randomly assigned to either mapping-enhanced or standard counseling. During group sessions, counselors and residents in the mapping communities collaborated to develop node-link maps representing critical issues. Counselors in standard communities used their own methods. Treatment motivation (i.e., desire for help) was assessed at intake and was used to categorize residents into three levels. Treatment involvement was measured at the middle and at the end of the program. Residents, as well as their counselors, rated those in mapping communities as participating more in group sessions than those in standard communities. Mapping residents also reported better personal progress toward treatment goals, more positive affective responses to treatment, and greater treatment engagement. Residents with higher motivation at intake had higher treatment involvement scores regardless of type of counseling received.
Variations on the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

Let V be a unitary space and let A,B,P,Q be linear on V. A. Abian recently posed the question: what are necessary and sufficient conditions that (Aʋ,u)(Bu,ʋ) ⩽ (Pu,u)(Qʋ,ʋ) holds for all u, v in V? The principal result of this paper describes these conditions.
Spectroscopic studies of some zinc meso-tetraaryl porphyrins

Abstract A series of zinc meso-tetraaryl porphyrins (aryl = phenyl, 1′- and2′-naphthyl, 9′-phenanthryl, and 1′-pyrenyl) has been synthesized and characterised by nmr spectroscopy. The bulky aryl groups are unable to lie coplanar with the porphyrin nucleus and restricted rotation around the CC connecting bond causes atropisomerism. Photophysical properties of the porphyrins are modulated somewhat by the nature of the aryl group, for excitation directly into the porphyrin nucleus, and although singlet energy transfer occurs from the appended aryl hydrocarbon to the porphyrin it is incomplete for 9′-phenanthryl and 1′-pyrenyl derivatives.
Molecular cobalt electrocatalyst for proton reduction at low overpotential.

Linear trimetallic CoIII/CoII/CoIII cobalt complexes with bridging acyl–alkoxy ligands are electrocatalysts for the reduction of tosic acid in acetonitrile. The –OCMe2CH2COMe complex appears to operate homogeneously, and at a modest onset overpotential of 175 mV. A turnover frequency of ca. 80 s−1 was observed at an overpotential of 300 mV.
Linking communication motives to loneliness in the lives of older adults: An empirical test of interpersonal needs and gratifications

Utilizing the interpersonal needs and gratifications perspective as the framework for this investigation, two studies investigated the link between interpersonal communication motives and the development of loneliness in the lives of older adults. Results suggest that (a) the interpersonal communication motives are a viable construct to be studied within this target population, (b) a significant relationship does exist between interpersonal communication motives (escape, pleasure, relaxation, cntrol, affection, and inclusion) and feelings of loneliness, and (c) communication is a significant factor in the development of loneliness within the lives of older adults. Implications of these results are discussed, and suggestions for future research are proposed.
Robot: A case of the wrong name for the right technology

Abstract The fact that people in general are reluctant to change is well documented. This paper presents a case of cross-cultural technology transfer where employee resistance to the new technology was due to a conceptual difference between what they perceived that a robot was, and what a robot actually is.
Incidence angle reducer for holgraphic optical elements used to improve laser detection systems

How special reflective devices reduce the angle of incidence of a laser beam irradiating a surface with the ability to decrease the incidence angle over a wide range of angles is described. To optimize the diffraction efficiency of a focusing holographic optical element (HOE), spread of the angle of incidence of an incoming laser beam about a preferred angle should be small. There is a constraint with thick HOEs in which a Bragg effect condition must be satisfied to achieve high diffraction efficiency. Angle reduction and applications of military interest are discussed. Ways to couple a reflection angle reducer component and an HOE to a photographic or TV camera are suggested.
The importance of Messel for interpreting Eocene Holarctic mammalian faunas

The middle Eocene Messel fauna includes 34 genera and 46 species of mammals, most of which have close relatives or analogues in other Eocene faunas. Unlike most other Eocene fossil assemblages, however, the Messel mammal assemblage consists of an extraordinary number of nearly complete, articulated skeletons, often exquisitely preserved and sometimes revealing details of soft anatomy and stomach contents as well as osteology. Consequently, Messel fossils provide a wealth of anatomical and ecomorphological data that inform our understanding of the functional anatomy, behaviour and phylogenetic relationships of these animals and of related Eocene mammals from other faunas. Several examples are highlighted here, including the metatherians Amphiperatherium and “Peradectes,” the pantolestan Buxolestes, the pholidotamorphs Eomanis and Eurotamandua, the possible stem macroscelidean Macrocranion, the leptictidan Leptictidium, the bats Hassianycteris and Archaeonycteris, the apatothere Heterohyus, and the artiodactyls Messelobunodon and Aumelasia. All of these Messel taxa have enhanced our knowledge of mammals from various North American and Asian faunas.
An fMRI Study of Audiovisual Speech Perception Reveals Multisensory Interactions in Auditory Cortex

Research on the neural basis of speech-reading implicates a network of auditory language regions involving inferior frontal cortex, premotor cortex and sites along superior temporal cortex. In audiovisual speech studies, neural activity is consistently reported in posterior superior temporal Sulcus (pSTS) and this site has been implicated in multimodal integration. Traditionally, multisensory interactions are considered high-level processing that engages heteromodal association cortices (such as STS). Recent work, however, challenges this notion and suggests that multisensory interactions may occur in low-level unimodal sensory cortices. While previous audiovisual speech studies demonstrate that high-level multisensory interactions occur in pSTS, what remains unclear is how early in the processing hierarchy these multisensory interactions may occur. The goal of the present fMRI experiment is to investigate how visual speech can influence activity in auditory cortex above and beyond its response to auditory speech. In an audiovisual speech experiment, subjects were presented with auditory speech with and without congruent visual input. Holding the auditory stimulus constant across the experiment, we investigated how the addition of visual speech influences activity in auditory cortex. We demonstrate that congruent visual speech increases the activity in auditory cortex.
TU-B-204B-05: Quantitative Evaluation and Optimization of an Algorithm for Non-Rigidly Registering Serial CT Images to the Planning CT during Prostate-Cancer Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To identify the optimal parameters for a non‐rigid registration algorithm and to assess its accuracy for deformably registering serial prostate cancerCTimages acquired during radiation therapy. Such registrations are needed to map organ segmentations from the planning CT onto daily replanning CTs and for cumulative dose reconstruction. Method and Material:Data sets were provided by the Netherlands Cancer Institute and consisted of multislice CTimages of 17 prostate cancer patients each scanned 10–12 times during radiation therapy. One physician contoured bladder, rectum, and prostate on all images. The small‐deformation, inverse‐consistent linear‐elastic (SICLE) registration algorithm (TMI 20: 568, 2001) was used to estimate the deformation vector field (DVF) that simultaneously matched CT intensity (intensity matching, IM) and the three segmented regions (contour matching, or CM). IM was used to find DVFs mapping the first image (source) to each of the other subsequent images (target images) for all patients. IM + CM and CM was assessed for a pair of images for each of 10 patients. Endpoints included comparing deformed source contours to manually drawn target contours via the Dice similarity Index (DSI) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient (CC). CC and difference images (deformed source‐target) were used to quantify IM accuracy. Results: IM+CM vs. IM increased mean DSI from 0.78 to 0.95, 0.84 to 0.92, and 0.77 to 0.90 for rectum, prostate, and bladder, respectively, with CC improvements of 14%, 9%, 12%. Compared to CM, IM+CM produced better soft‐tissue registration outside contoured regions, with minimal IM loss relative to IM alone. Conclusion: IM registrations failed to produce acceptable registrations in about 1/3 of the cases, with accurate rectal deformation proving to be especially challenging. Simultaneously contour and intensity matching gave the best overall registration accuracy. Supported by Grant P01 CA 116602.
Reliability of uncertain flexible laminated skewed plates under random compressions

A geometrically nonlinear stochastic thin-plate finite element is formulated to study the reliability of fiberreinforced laminated plates with structural uncertainties under random in-plane loads. The structural uncertainties considered include modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thickness, fiber orientation of individual lamina, and geometric imperfection of the plate. The deterministic formulation for a 48-degree-of-f reedom (DOF) skewed quadrilateral laminated thin-plate element is based on tensorial mathematics and classical laminate theory. The stochastic element formulation is accomplished by including the effect of structural uncertainties and random in-plane loads. The stochastic solution procedure is developed base on the mean-centered secondorder perturbation technique together with the Newton-Raphson iterative method. The Hill-Tsai failure criterion for unidirectional lamina and a displacement criterion for the plate are used to set up the limit state functions. First-order reliability methods are adopted to derive the safety index. To demonstrate the applicability of the present developments, a series of fracture and postbuckling analyses of thin plates with structural uncertainties under random in-plane loads are performed. The results quantify the effects of these uncertain parameters on the reliability of the example laminated plates under in-plane loads. The results also show the capability of the current method in analyzing and designing the laminated structures with uncertain parameters subjected to random loads.
Lorentz microscopy in melt-spun R-Fe-B alloys

Abstract The magnetic domain structure of R-Fe-B alloys has been examined in several alloys from the less anisotropic Y-Fe-B to the most anisotropic Tb-Fe-B. In samples with larger grains the domain walls are observed to be pinned at grain boundaries. When the size of the grains is very fine, some very large domains are observed to coexist together with the much finer single domains. These large interaction domains are formed because of strong interactions between spins of adjacent domains.
Square form factorization

We present a detailed analysis of SQUFOF, Daniel Shanks' Square Form Factorization algorithm. We give the average time and space requirements for SQUFOF. We analyze the effect of multipliers, either used for a single factorization or when racing the algorithm in parallel.
The relationship between Bezoutian matrix and Newton's matrix of divided differences

Let x1, . . . , xn be real numbers, P (x) = pn(x− x1) · · · (x − xn), and Q(x) be a polynomial of order less than or equal to n. Denote by ∆(Q) the matrix of generalized divided differences of Q(x) with nodes x1, . . . , xn and by B(P,Q) the Bezoutian matrix of P and Q. A relationship between the corresponding principal minors of the matrices B(P,Q) and ∆(Q) counted from the right lower corner is established. It implies that if the principal minors of the matrix of divided differences of a function g(x) are positive or have alternating signs then the roots of the Newton’s interpolation polynomial of g are real and separated by the nodes of interpolation.
The use of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-d-glycopyranosyl iodides in α-glycoside synthesis

Abstract 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-α- d -gluco- and -α- d -galactopyranosyl iodides react rapidly in acetonitrile and other solvents with limited excesses of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and cyclohexanol in the presence of 2,6-lutidine. The products obtained from the lower alcohols, contain a high proportion of α glycoside. The highest ratios of α- to β-anomer are obtained at low concentrations of alcohol. The high rates, stereoselectivity, and lack of side-reactions observed suggest that the alcoholysis of glycosyl iodides should be tested as a route to oligosaccharide synthesis.
Development of Soil Taxonomy in the United States of America

Soil Taxonomy was developed primarily for the practical purpose of supporting the National Cooperative Soil Survey Program in the United States. The previous system of classification was limited in its usefulness and could not be applied consistently by a large cadre of soil scientists with diverse levels of skill and experience. The first edition of Soil Taxonomy, published in 1975, was developed under the leadership of Dr. Guy Smith over a period of about 25 years. The magnitude and complexity of the information favored the use of a hierarchical system presented as a key for consistent application. Operational definitions were used to identify taxonomic limits and diagnostic horizons and features, so that each taxon conveyed the same meaning to every user. The application of Soil Taxonomy had several important impacts on the soil survey program in the United States. The emphasis on objective, measurable diagnostic horizons and features to define classes made all competent soil scientists, regardless of experience and rank, equally capable of accurately and consistently classifying soils. The use of quantitative class differentia improved the quantity and quality of the field data collection. The property ranges of soil series and their geographic distribution have generally been narrowed over time, thus, allowing more precise interpretations to be made. Soil Taxonomy has benefited the soil correlation process by grouping the nearly 22 000 series currently established in the United States in ways that allow us to efficiently compare and differentiate competing soil series and coordinates their use among survey areas. After publication in 1975, Soil Taxonomy was further refined through the work of nine international committees and many individuals. This work culminated in the publication of the second edition in 1999 and, most recently, the 9th edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy in 2003. Today, two international committees are considering revisions to the moisture and temperature regimes and improvements to the classification of anthropogenic soils.
Linearbeschleuniger für die Krebstherapie

Mit Elektronen-Linearbeschleunigern verfugen Strahlentherapeuten heute uber ein vielseitiges und machtiges System zur Krebstherapie. Die Gerate sind standardisiert und lassen sich auf einfache Weise fur spezielle Therapietechniken verandern.
7241 Endoscopic therapy in chronic pancreatitis through the minor papilla in non-divisum patients.

INTRODUCTION: A subset of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) have symptoms related to obstruction of the main pancreatic duct (MPD). Endoscopic decompression via stricture dilation or stone removal may alleviate symptoms. In patients with distal MPD obstruction and proximal dilation (Cremer IV), access to the MPD via the major papilla may be impossible. We describe 5 such cases in which endoscopic therapy was accomplished following access to the MPD through the minor papilla. METHODS:We reviewed 5 patients with CP undergoing ERCP for evaluation of recurrent pancreatitis (3) or chronic unremitting pain (2). There were 4 males, mean age 54yrs (range 34-81yrs). The etiology was ETOH in 4/5. On CT all had parenchymal calcifications, 4 had CBD dilation, 2 had PD dilation and 1 had PD calculi. RESULTS: After failed access to the MPD via the major papilla due to obstructing distal stricture (4) or stone (1), successful access to the Santorini's duct through the minor papilla revealed dilation of the MPD (5-20mm). Additionally 2 patients had free floating MPD stones. Endoscopic therapy included minor papilla sphincterotomy in 4, minor papilla push dilation (10fr) in 1, MPD stone extraction in 1 and minor papilla stent in 4. In addition 3 required biliary sphincterotomy and biliary stents. Excellent MPD drainage was observed in all patients. 4 had immediate complete symptom relief while 1 had partial relief. Repeat ERCP with minor papilla dilation and temporary stenting was performed in 2. In long term follow-up, surgery was performed in 2 (pylorus-preserving Whipple-1, Beger procedure-1) and recommended to a 3rd. The 2 remaining patients had durable symptom relief (1yr and 1.5yrs). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CP and distal MPD obstruction, endoscopic therapy can be applied accessing the MPD through the minor papilla. As with endoscopic therapy for CP via the major papilla, short term pain relief can be expected and durable relief is seen in a subset.
Construction of a pseudo-binary phase diagram for multi-component Ni-base superalloys

Abstract A novel method for the representation of multi-component thermodynamics through a pseudo-binary system without any major assumption is presented. Pseudobinary phase diagrams have been constructed for three representative Ni-base superalloys. Expressions for the Gibbs energy of the different phases as a function of the pseudo-binary composition and temperature have been derived. The information derived from the pseudo-binary phase diagrams and Gibbs energy of the various phases represented through pseudo-binary compositions is applied to (a) solidification calculations for determination of dendrite arm spacing using cellular automata model and (b) phase field calculations.