cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls and best practices in measurements of the electrochemical surface area of platinum-based nanostructured electro-catalysts

Abstract Platinum-based nanoparticles are the most active and stable catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Objective evaluation of the specific activity of Pt-based electro-catalysts requires a rigorous measurement of their electrochemical surface area (ECSA), which provides the link between measured currents and per-site turnover. Most common implementations of existing voltammetry methods for evaluating the ECSA often lead to overrated performance levels for Pt-based electro-catalysts and even inflated relative performance compared to pure Pt. We illustrate these uncertainties by evaluating the ECSA and ORR rates of a Pt-monolayer (ML) electro-catalyst of the form AuxCu100−x@Au2ML@PtML and comparing these to commercial Pt nanoparticles. We develop and discuss some reasonable practices that could be employed to address these problems in order to assess the activity of Pt-alloy nano-catalysts more rigorously. Our objective was to move us closer toward establishing more uniform and rigorous protocols in measuring and reporting the ORR rates on Pt alloys.
Multiplexed fiber optic pressure and vibration sensors for hydroelectric dam monitoring

The area of embedded sensors for performance and health monitoring of critical structures such as dams represents a logical extension of earlier efforts in applications of fiber optic sensors. We have been most fortunate in having a 7.5+ MW hydroelectric dam beginning construction on the Winooski River here in Vermont. Based on our work in embedding sensors into the Stafford Building, the idea of embedding sensors into the concrete superstructure of a hydroelectric dam seemed most noteworthy. We are modifying photoelastic (or polarization) based fiber optic pressure sensors while allowing the multiplexing of up to 10 sensors onto each of separate multimode fibers. The modifications entail varying the physical packaging of the sensor's components for better meshing with the dam's rebar-concrete configuration. The individual sensors will be interrogated via optical frequency domain (chirped) techniques to provide a total of 50 discrete pressure readings along the dam's 15 m (high) by 160 m (long) surface. A number (probably 12, chosen because of materials costs) of fewmode and multimode embedded fiber optic vibration sensors are also being developed for embedding in the immediate area surrounding the hydroelectric turbines. We will then be able to determine the dam structure's frequency response as the turbines are subjected to varying electrical and water loads. By relying on our prior experience with using embedded sensors for communications and sensing, we will attempt to also analyze the multiplexed upstream- surface embedded fibers to determine if we can also use those fibers to perform vibration studies. The results and/or plans for this project will also be presented.
Las Pirámides de Arena: De lo absoluto a lo relativo en arquitectura

Resumen es: ?Cuanto dura la arquitectura? Siguiendo el argumento de Boltzmann –que lo unico infinito es el cambio y que cada objeto tiende inevitablemente a la deg...
Safety and serologic response to a Haemonchus contortus vaccine in alpacas.

Abstract Haemonchosis in camelids remains a challenging disease to treat, and prevention has become increasingly problematic due to widespread anthelmintic resistance. Barbervax®is an adjuvanted vaccine containing natural H-11, H-gal-GP antigens obtained from Haemonchus contortus adults via a proprietary process and solubilized in Quil A. This vaccine is approved for use in Australia, after demonstrating its safety and efficacy in sheep and goats. There are no published studies evaluating Barbervax in other ruminants/pseudoruminants such as camelids which can be parasitized with H. contortus. The vaccine utilizes a mixture of the parasite gut mucosal membrane enzymes including H-gal-GP and H11, involved in digesting a blood meal from the host. This study monitored the safety profile of the Barbervax® vaccine in a group of adolescent alpacas. Although designed into the original study of vaccine efficacy, the experimental infection with viable H. contortus third stage larvae could not be completed due to lack of detectable significant variation of infection following experimental challenge. Twelve alpacas (158 + 15 days) were randomized to vaccination with Barbervax® or no treatment. Three doses of Barbervax® were administered at 3 week intervals and investigators involved in animal monitoring and sample collection were blinded to the groupings. Clinical pathologic parameters were evaluated 7 days before vaccination, and 1 and 2 months post-vaccination. Daily clinical observations were made and specific observations regarding the injection site and rectal temperatures were monitored in each alpaca twice daily for 1 week following vaccination. Fecal egg counts, packed cell volume, and total protein were monitored following challenge with 1500 H. contortus larvae on days 42, 46, and 50. An increase in rectal temperature for a duration of 2 days (range 2–4 days) was observed post-vaccination. Vaccinated alpacas were lethargic for 2-3 days following vaccination; however, they maintained an appetite and no visible or palpable injection site reactions were observed. Following the first vaccination, all animals maintained normal clinical pathologic parameters throughout the study period. The vaccinated animals did develop titers to the H. contortus antigen as measured by ELISA. In conclusion, the Barbervax® vaccine demonstrated safety in this small group of young, healthy alpacas, but additional studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine under field conditions in protecting alpacas against infection with H. contortus.
Case 57: What Is Wrong with This Picture?

You are sent to investigate an increased incidence of difficult endotracheal intubations in a mission hospital in Africa. On the first morning you are there, you observe an anesthesiologist giving a general anesthetic to a patient for an elective cesarean section. A rapid sequence induction with etomidate and succinylcholine is followed by the insertion of a Macintosh blade #3 inserted into the mouth using the left hand. What follows then is contra to everything you have ever seen before. The anesthesiologist, instead of placing the endotracheal tube (ETT) to the right of the blade and into the trachea, places his right hand over the left hand and guides the ETT successfully into the trachea. You are amazed, but after careful inspection of the blade, you understand the reason for this unorthodox way of placing the ETT in the trachea.
Teachers' rankings of children's executive functions: Validating a methodology for school-based data collection.

Abstract We developed a novel, vignette-based ranking procedure to simultaneously collect teacher-reported executive function (EF) data for all students in a classroom. This ranking measure is an improvement over existing Likert-type rating scales because it can be completed more quickly and with comparatively little effort by teachers. Data for this validation study were drawn from a large, school-based study of third, fourth, and fifth graders (N = 813 from 33 classrooms in eight schools) in which ranking data and direct assessments of EF were collected. Using a subsample of students for whom teachers’ ratings of EF and school records data were also collected (N = 311), we demonstrated that teachers’ rankings of EF showed high convergent validity with teachers’ ratings of EF and that both teacher-reported measures showed similar convergent validity with direct assessments of EF and similar predictive validity with respect to students’ scores on standardized English/language arts and math achievement tests. Using data from the larger sample (N = 813), we conducted a simulation study demonstrating that the impact of missing data on the association between the rankings and the direct assessments of EF is minimal. Based on these results, the ranking procedure is a methodological innovation that enables the collection of relatively high-quality teacher-reported EF data for all students in a classroom quickly and with minimal burden on teachers. This vignette-based assessment method could be adapted to other domains of non-academic skills. We discuss varied uses of the ranking method for researchers and practitioners.
De Lingua Latina X: A new critical text and English translation with prolegomena and commentary

1. Preface 2. Prolegomena 3. A Scholar's Scholar 4. The Varronian Revolution in Linguistics 5. Linguistic Theory and Practice in LL X 6. F, Etc 7. Editors and Editions 8. Sigla et Notae 9. De Lingua Latina X: Latin Text and English Translation 10. De Lingua Latina X: Commentary 11. Indices Verborum 12. I: Index Nominum 13. II: Index Verborum Graecorum 14. III: Index Exemplorum 15. IV: Index Verborum Propriorum 16. Bibliography of Works Cited
An Expert System for Genetic Counseling

DV-Anwendungen im Bereich der Klinischen Genetik und der Genetischen Epidemiologie beschranken sich bisher auf Datenmanagement in Datenbanksystemen und Wahrscheinlichkeits-/ Risikoberechnungen mittels analytischer Auswertungsprogramme. Der Einsatz von Methoden aus dem Bereich der Kunstlichen Intelligenz wurde kaum erprobt, obwohl sich die Struktur genetischer Daten und deren Zusammenhange (z.B. Familienstammbaume und Mendelsche Gesetze) in einer Wissensbank mit Fakten, Objekten und Regeln darstellen lasst. Wir arbeiten zur Zeit an der Entwicklung eines “Human Genetics Expert System Shell”, das eine Entwicklungsumgebung zur Implementation von Expertensystemen im Bereich der Humangenetik vorgibt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt den Prototyp eines Expertensystems zur genetischen Familienberatung.
Predictive Factors for Progression of Mitral Regurgitation in Asymptomatic Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse

Risk factors predicting progression from low grade to severe mitral regurgitation (MR), which is a guideline criterion for surgical intervention, remain unknown. We hypothesized that abnormalities of cardiac structure and function may predict progression in MR severity. We followed 82 asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) patients (65 ± 12 years, 51% men) with mild or moderate MR (36 mild, 46 moderate, mean LVEF: 62%), without significant co-morbidities. We examined clinical findings and 13 echo measurements. The primary end point was progression to severe MR. In a mean follow-up period of 4.5 ± 2.7 years, mortality and heart failure development were similar for mild and moderate MR. No mild MR patient progressed to severe, but 23 moderate MR patients (50.0%) progressed to severe with 9 patients (39.1%) who underwent surgery. No clinical variables were predictive for progression. Only mean mitral annulus diameter (apical 4 and 2 chamber) was predictive for progression to severe MR (hazards ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.26, p = 0.01). A cut-off annulus diameter of 39.6 mm had a good accuracy (area under the curve 0.78, sensitivity 100%, and specificity 63.8%) for progression to severe. In conclusion, over a 4.5-year period, 50% of asymptomatic MVP patients with moderate MR, but none with mild, progressed to severe MR. Only mitral annular dimension predicted progression of moderate to severe MR, and values >39.6 mm predicted progression accurately. Mitral annulus diameter may be of value in identifying asymptomatic MVP patients at risk of developing severe MR.
An improved method for obtaining rotational accelerations from instrumented headforms

The following compares the effect of differentiation methods used to acquire angular acceleration from three types of un-helmeted headform impact tests. The differentiation methods considered were the commonly used 5-point stencil method and a total variation regularization method. Both methods were used to obtain angular acceleration by differentiating angular velocity measured by three angular rate sensors (gyroscopes), and a reference angular acceleration signal was obtained from an array of nine linear accelerometers (that do not require differentiation to obtain angular acceleration). For each impact, three injury criteria that use angular acceleration as an input were calculated from the three angular acceleration signals. The effect of the differentiation methods were considered by comparing the criteria values obtained from gyroscope data to those obtained from the reference signal. Agreement with reference values was observed to be greater for the TV method when a user-defined tuning parameter was optimized for the impact test and cutoff frequency of each condition, particularly at higher cutoff frequencies. In this case, mean absolute error of the five-point stencil ranged from 1.0 (the same) to 11.4 times larger than that associated with the TV method. When a constant tuning parameter value was used across all impacts and cutoff frequencies considered in this study, the TV method still provided a significant improvement over the 5-point stencil method, achieving mean absolute errors as low as one-tenth that observed for the five-point stencil method.
Towards automatic classification of pathological epileptic tissue with interictal high frequency oscillations

High frequency oscillations (HFOs) recorded by intracranial electrodes have generated excitement for their potential to help localize epileptic tissue for surgical resection (Frauscher et al., 2017). However, previous research has shown that the number of HFOs per minute (i.e. the HFO 99rate99) is not stable over the duration of intracranial recordings. The rate of HFOs increases during periods of slow-wave sleep (von Ellenrieder et al., 2017), and HFOs that are predictive of epileptic tissue may occur in oscillatory patterns (Motoi et al., 2018). We sought to further understand how between-seizure (i.e. 99interictal99) HFO dynamics predict the seizure onset zone (SOZ). Using long-term intracranial EEG from 16 subjects, we fit Poisson and Negative Binomial mixture models that describe HFO dynamics and include the ability to switch between two discrete brain states. Oscillatory dynamics of HFO occurrences were found to be predictive of SOZ and were more consistently predictive than HFO rate. Using concurrent scalp-EEG in two patients, we show that the model-found brain states corresponded to (1) non-REM (NREM) sleep and (2) awake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This work suggests that unsupervised approaches for classification of epileptic tissue without sleep-staging can be developed using mixture modeling of HFO dynamics.
Electric Field Evaluation and Optimization of the Shielding Electrodes for ±535 kV DC Circuit Breaker

The ±535 kV DC circuit breaker is adopted by Zhangbei HVDC grid project. The rational design of insulation structure for the ± 535 kV DC circuit breaker is the key to system security. In this paper, the insulation design requirements of one ± 535 kV hybrid DC circuit breaker and the preliminary designs of insulation structure were described. The 1:1 3-D simplified FEM model of the whole DC circuit breaker was built, and then the fine model of the main power supply transformer was established with the sub-model method. The surface electric field evaluation and optimization was proposed, which was verified through the tests. The results show that after optimization, the maximum electric field strength on surface of the shielding electrodes for the DC circuit breaker decreased from 20.8 kV/cm to 17.8 kV/cm, lower than the critical value. The research result was used in the design of the DC circuit breaker for Zhangbei HVDC grid project.
“You can Talk in Espagñol!”: An Ethnographic case Study of an African-American Emergent Bilingual and Biliterate Identity

This ethnographic case study explores the dynamic and fluid development of one African-American student’s bilingual/biliterate identity through her enrollment in a Spanish-English Dual Language Edu...
Liquid Biopsies in a Veteran Patient Population With Advanced Prostate and Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinomas: A New Paradigm and Unique Challenge in Personalized Medicine.

Introduction Liquid biopsy in solid tumors is a major milestone in the field of precision oncology by analyzing circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood and genomic alterations. DNA damage repair gene (DDR) mutations have been reported in 25 to 40% of prostatic cancers and > 50% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Tp53 mutation has been found to be associated with a poor prognosis and increased germline mutations. We herein present a quality assurance study for the utility of liquid biopsies with frequency of DDR, Tp53, and androgen receptor (AR) mutations and the clinical impact in advanced lung and prostate cancers in the veteran patient population; these quality assurance observations are the study endpoints. Methods We reviewed documentation from advanced cancer biomarker tests on liquid biopsies performed at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veteran Affairs Medical Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from May 2019 to April 15, 2020. Results Mutations were detected in 29 of 31 (93.5%) liquid biopsies, hence, 29 liquid biopsies had sufficient ctDNA for analysis. Notable mutations were found in 23 cases (79.3%), irrespective of the cancer type showed. Of 21 prostate cancers biopsies 4 (19.0%) biomarker test directed the targeted therapy to driver mutations of the AR gene. Gene mutations from the DDR gene family were detected in 8 of 23 (34.7%) advanced prostate and lung cancer liquid biopsies, and in 6 of 21 (28.5%) prostate cancer cases indicating poor outcome and possible resistance to the current therapy. Irrespective of the cancer type, 15 of 23 (65.2%) patients harbored Tp53 mutations, which is much more frequent than is documented in the literature. Of 31 patients, 15 (48.4%) were Vietnam era veterans with the potential of Agent Orange exposure and, 20 of 31 (64.5%) had a smoking history. Seven (46.6%) of the Vietnam era veterans with potential exposure to Agent Orange were positive for Tp53 mutations irrespective of the cancer type. Conclusion The minimally invasive liquid biopsy shows a great promise as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in the personalized clinical management of advanced prostate and NSCLC in veteran patient population with unique demographic characteristics. Difference in frequency of the genetic mutations (DDR, TP53, AR) in this cohort provides valuable information for disease progression, lack of response, mechanism of resistance to the implemented therapy and clinical decision making. Precision oncology can be further tailored for this cohort by focusing on DNA repair genes and Tp53 mutations in future for personalized targeted therapy.
Hierarchical quark and lepton masses with sequential U(1) gauge symmetry

Abstract Instead of right-handed neutrino singlets, the standard model is extended to include lepton triplets ( Σ + , Σ 0 , Σ − ) . Each quark and lepton family may now transform under an anomaly-free U ( 1 ) X gauge symmetry, known already for many years. A new sequential application is presented, using just the one Higgs doublet of the standard model, together with two U ( 1 ) X Higgs singlets. The resulting structure has hierarchical quark and lepton masses, as well as a viable seesaw neutrino mass matrix.
Factors related to selection of fish scales for growth studies of yellow perch, Perca flavescens

Factors Rellated to Selection of Fish Scates for Growth Studies of Yellow Perch m Perca Flavercens، للحصول على النص الكامل يرجى زيارة مكتبة الحسين بن طلال في جامعة اليرموك او زيارة موقعها الالكتروني
Case 31. Primary cutaneous unilateral non-cytotoxic γδ T-cell lymphoma slowly progressing into tumors

Primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma (PCGD-TCL) is characterized by the expression of cytotoxic markers and shares clinical features with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic T-cell lymphoma. γδ-Positive cases with panniculitis-like presentation should be called as PCGD-TCL with panniculitis-like presentation and not as subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with γδ expression. Those cases were shown to originate almost exceptionally from TCR-Vδ2 γδ T cells comprising the separate category. PCGD-TCL has a predilection for extremities and frequently ulcerates. Frequently, in clinical practice, the absence of β-F1 expression is considered to be an equivalent of γδ positivity. However, there is a small cohort of “TCR silent” cases with a lack of both markers. Therefore, TCRγ staining is still necessary. The absence of cytotoxic markers characterizes cases of MF with γδ expression. In the recent study, CCR4 expression was found to be useful in differential diagnosis of MF which are CCR4 positive from PCGD-TCL which are CCR4 negative. Clinically and prognostically, γδ-positive MF has no difference with classic counterparts. The cases with EBV+ CD56+ TCRγ+ presents a matter of active debate is that an extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma with aberrant TCRγ expression or is that a case of EBV+ CD56+ primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma.
Improved Prediction of Cognitive Outcomes via Globally Aligned Imaging Biomarker Enrichments Over Progressions

Objective: Longitudinal neuroimaging data have been widely used to predict clinical scores for automatic diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in recent years. However, incomplete temporal neuroimaging records of the patients pose a major challenge to use these data for accurately diagnosing AD. In this paper, we propose a novel method to learn an enriched representation for imaging biomarkers, which simultaneously captures the information conveyed by both the baseline neuroimaging records of all the participants in a studied cohort and the progressive variations of the available follow-up records of every individual participant. Methods: Taking into account that different participants usually take different numbers of medical records at different time points, we develop a robust learning objective that minimizes the summations of a number of not-squared $\ell _2$ -norm distances, which, though, is difficult to efficiently solve in general. Thus we derive a new efficient iterative algorithm with rigorously proved convergence. Results: We have conducted extensive experiments using the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Clear performance gains have been achieved when we predict different cognitive scores using the enriched biomarker representations learned by our new method. We further observe that the top selected biomarkers by our proposed method are in perfect accordance with the known knowledge in existing clinical AD studies. Conclusion: All these promising experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our new method. Significance: We anticipate that our new method is of interest to biomedical engineering communities beyond AD research and have open-sourced the code of our method online. 1 1 The code package of this paper have been made publicly available online at https://github.com/lyujian/Improved-Prediction-of-Cognitive-Outcomes
Advancing the management of upper extremity musculoskeletal conditions: Insights from the field of implementation science.

Abstract Introduction The development of effective interventions in hand and upper extremity rehabilitation is critically important; yet even the most promising interventions may not successfully be implemented in practice. Occupational and physical therapists who provide specialized hand and upper extremity rehabilitation services (“hand therapists”) can face extensive, multi-level barriers when attempting to use research findings in real-world settings, widening the long-standing research-to-practice gap. Concepts from the field of implementation science can be leveraged to address this gap and expedite the application of research discoveries that can maximize treatment outcomes of the musculoskeletal upper extremity client. As the intersection of hand and upper extremity rehabilitation and implementation science draws growing attention, there is a great need for researchers and clinicians to infuse implementation science into the hand and upper extremity rehabilitation research and practice contexts. Purpose The purpose of this article is to define implementation science and synthesize several studies from the hand and upper extremity rehabilitation field that have examined the effect of implementation strategies (eg, chart audit and feedback techniques; implementation teams) on implementation outcomes (eg, acceptability, fidelity). We also present recommendations for how (1) hand and upper extremity rehabilitation researchers can design studies to examine both patient outcomes and implementation outcomes relative to interventions for the musculoskeletal upper extremity and (2) hand and upper extremity rehabilitation specialists and administrators can develop implementation teams to facilitate the use of evidence in practice. Conclusion Collaboration between researchers and clinicians has great potential to advance the entirety of the hand and upper extremity rehabilitation profession, especially when such collaborations are guided by the implementation science field.
Antimalarial Activity of 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Derivatives.

Abstract Malaria remains one of the deadliest diseases on the planet, infecting an estimated 229 million individuals in 2019 with more than 400,000 associated deaths, primarily in young children and pregnant women. 1 Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasite infection of the liver and blood, with P. falciparum accounting for the vast majority of deaths. 2 The complexity of the Plasmodium life cycle3 coupled with mounting resistance to current treatments4 underscores the need for new treatment options. As a part of this discovery effort, we recently identified a number of active compounds in a high-throughput screen designed to identify molecules that arrest the growth of P. falciparum in co-culture with human erythrocytes. 5 One compound displaying notable activity was compound 1, a 2,6-dibenzylidenecyclohexanone shown in.Fig 1
Mode Choice Modeling for Educational Trips in a Medium-Sized City: Case Study of Abbottabad City, Pakistan

Abstract The lack of transportation planning in cities of developing countries is causing significant problems due to rapid urbanization and exponential population growth. For transportation planni...
Implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems over GF(2$^{\mbox{\small n}}$) in Optimal Normal Basis on a Reconfigurable Computer

Reconfigurable Computers are general-purpose high-end computers based on a hybrid architecture and close system-level integration of traditional microprocessors and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). In this paper, we present an application of reconfigurable computers to developing a low-latency implementation of Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems, an emerging class of public key cryptosystems used in secure Internet protocols, such as IPSec. An issue of partitioning the description between C and VHDL, and the associated trade-offs are studied in detail. End-to-end speed-ups in the range of 895 to 1300 compared to the pure microprocessor execution time are demonstrated.
Hydrolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) on Smelting Grade Alumina

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is present in aluminum smelter off-gas at low ppm concentrations. The primary source of COS is the 2–3 wt% sulfur contained in carbon-based anodes. COS is directly evolved from anode oxidation during aluminum electrolysis. Upon evolution, COS is further oxidized to SO2, while a minor fraction of evolved sulfur is emitted in the form of COS. Very little, if any, of the evolved COS is captured by the dry scrubbing systems.
miR-133a ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in diabetes: possibly by restoring β-adrenergic receptor function and expression (1078.6)

Inhibition of microRNA (miR)-133a causes cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, the beneficial effects of miR-133a in cardiac dysfunction remain to be examined. Furthermore, impaired contractil...
Design and initial operation of the Madison Symmetric Torus

A detailed description is given of the design of the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) which is a versatile, reversed-field pinch (RFP) that began operation in June 1988. MST is designed to operate anywhere in the region from tokamak to RFP. Initial operation has been as an RFP and has more than met design expectations. The device has consistently produced 500-kA, 34-ms discharges. >
Managing and Mining Multimedia Data, Animations and Annotations

Several advances have been made on managing multimedia data stores. We now have products for multimedia data management. This article provides an overview of managing multimedia databases and describes techniques for managing multimedia animations and annotations as well as mining multimedia data. Keywords: data mining; mulitimedia databases; animations; images; multimedia database; management system
The cellular basis of adjuvant arthritis. I. Enhancement of cell-mediated passive transfer by concanavalin A and by immunosuppressive pretreatment of the recipient.

Abstract Two reliable systems for the cell-mediated passive transfer of adjuvant arthritis have been developed. Donor rats were sensitized with Mycobacterium butyricum in mineral oil. In the first system, intravenous injection of adjuvant-sensitized donor lymph node or spleen cells into adultthymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow cell-reconstituted syngeneic rats induced arthritis in the recipients. In the second system, adjuvant-sensitized donor lymph node or spleen cells were cultured in vitro with concanavalin A; these cells induced arthritis in normal recipients as well as in thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow cell-reconstituted recipients. The passively transferred disease in both systems resembled classical adjuvant-induced arthritis clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Neither irradiated, adjuvant-sensitized donor cells nor cells from donors not injected with complete adjuvant could passively transfer arthritis.
Effect of upper airway negative pressure on inspiratory drive during sleep

To determine the effect of upper airway (UA) negative pressure and collapse during inspiration on regulation of breathing, we studied four unanesthetized female dogs during wakefulness and sleep wh...
Scattering-free edge states between heterogeneous photonic topological insulators

We propose a set of three compatible photonic structures emulating quantum topologically insulating phases corresponding to Hall, spin-Hall, and valley-Hall effects. It is shown that an interface between any two of these photonic topological insulators supports scattering-free edge states. Spin and valley degrees of freedom characterizing such topologically protected edge waves determine their unique pathways through complex photonic circuits comprised of multiple heterogeneous interfaces.
Ion-dependent Viscosity of Holothurian Body Wall and its Implications for the Functional Morphology of Echinoderms

Dermis from the holothurian Thyone inermis was subjected to constant load and its rate of plastic deformation (creep) was used to calculate tissue viscosity. During these tests the material was bathed in distilled water, sea water, or solutions of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts in various combinations. Distilled water caused a threefold increase in viscosity which was reversed by sea water. Sodium and potassium decreased viscosity, while calcium and magnesium in combination with sodium increased it. Ionic cross-links shielded by monovalent ions but facilitated by divalent cations are proposed to explain this behaviour, and the relationship between this and other anomalies of echinoderm connective tissue physiology is discussed.
Protein Metabolism in Cultured Plant Tissues

Rates of protein synthesis in normal callus tissues (either tight or loose morphological form), in crown gall callus tissues and in cultured pith cells were measured for both the lower surface cells (those in contact with the original growth medium) and upper surface cells (those never in contact with the growth medium until labeling). Cells of both surfaces of loose and crown gall callus and the upper-surface cells of tight callus had similar rates of protein synthesis, 29–31 mg of protein synthesized × (g protein)−1× h−1. The lower surface cells of tight callus had a 35% lower rate of synthesis, 20 mg × g−1× h−1. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that rates of protein degradation for all tissues were the same, 21–23 mg protein × (g protein)−1× h−1. Thus, there probably was no accumulation of protein in the lower surface cells of tight callus tissue, but the other tissues had rates of accumulation equaling 10 mg × (g protein)−1× h−1. Autoradiography and electron-microscopic examination of cells in tight callus labeled with 3H-leucine show that: (a) the lower-surface cells were more degenerate than cells within the callus or on the upper surface; and (b) the first few cell layers nearest the medium were preferentially labeled. Pulse-chase experiments were also used to quantitate the nonprecursor pool (defined as that tritium in the soluble amino acid pool that does not equilibrate with protein during a pulse-chase experiment). The nonprecursor pool increased linearly with time at the same rate as incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein. Furthermore, the nonprecursor pool copurified with leucine and was probably either D- or L-leucine.
Combination therapy prevents amyloid-dependent and -independent structural changes

Neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are recapitulated in transgenic mice expressing familial AD-causing mutations, but ectopic transgene overexpression makes it difficult to relate these abnormalities to disease pathogenesis. Alternatively, the APP/PS-1 double knock-in (DKI) mouse produces mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS-1) with normal levels and regulatory controls. Here, we investigated effects of amyloid on brain structure and neuroplasticity by vaccinating DKI mice with amyloid-β starting at 8 months of age. At 14 months, vaccination blocked cerebral amyloid deposition and its attendant microglial activation. Neuropil abnormalities were pronounced only within plaques, and included circumscribed loss and dysmorphology of axons, dendrites, terminals and spines. Blockade of amyloid deposition restored neuropil integrity. Amyloid removal did not rescue reductions in the hippocampal neural progenitor and neuroblast populations, but adding 1 month of voluntary exercise to amyloid-β vaccination markedly stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis. These results identify amyloid-dependent and -independent structural changes in the DKI mouse model of AD. Combining exercise with amyloid-directed immunotherapy produces greater restoration of brain structure and neuroplasticity than is achieved with either maneuver alone.
Nanodiamond Coating for Field Emission Filaments

Nanodiamond is very important for autoemission applications because it allows investigators to reduce electric field for electron emission current generation. Moreover, we can also consider nanodiamonds as “bricks” for new method of diamond coating growth. In this paper we describe the formation and investigation of nanodiamond-based coating on Mo needles. Manipulation of nanodiamond particles with high electric fields allows us to prepare systems of isolated diamond quantum dots on a conductive surface. Localization of an isolated single-crystalline diamond particle ∼5 nm in size on the «tip of a needle» presents an unique opportunity for studies of correlations between the structural and emission properties of individual diamond nanoparticles. Combinations of TEM observations, field emission measurements, and repeated diamond depositions on the same emitter provided a direct comparison of the effects of various amounts of nanodiamond particles on the emission properties of a coated metal field emitter. By utilizing Z-contrast and EELS technique we investigated distribution of nitrogen impurity inside individual nanoparticle and aging effect (increasing of s p 2 fraction on the surface of nanodiamond with time).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Enzyme-mediated Crosslinking of Wool. Part II: Keratin and Transglutaminase

Keratin hydrolysates (KH) and their lyophilized powders (KP) were applied with transglutaminase (amine γ-glutamyltransferase EC 2.3.2.13; TG) to fine jersey wool fabric bleached by peroxycarboximidic acid in the first step of the ARS process. The full ARS process involving treatment with proteolytic enzyme (Esperase 8.0L™) after pretreatment by bleaching can result in up to 18% fabric strength loss in fine-gage jersey knits, yet the ARS process has met with industry acceptance. To alleviate strength loss we applied solutions of KH and KP in combination with TG as a transferase enzyme to catalyze transamidation reactions involving keratin as KH and KP and keratinaceous wool fabric in order to provide crosslinking between and among these keratin constituents. Treatments of KH from 100% to 10% owb with TG showed that shrinkage could be controlled; application of 6% owf KP and 2% owf TG controlled shrinkage to 4.89%. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the keratin material coated the fibers to fill the ...
Contact law effects on wave propagation in particulate materials using distinct element modeling

Abstract The microstructural wave propagation behavior of a granular medium is modeled using the distinct element method. This technique simulates the discrete behavior of the medium by assuming that the motion of each particle may be modeled using Newtonian rigid-body mechanics with particular force-deformation and force-deformation rate contact laws. The present work provides a comparison of the effects of various contact laws on the wave propagational behaviors including wave attenuation and dispersion characteristics. Specific cases which have been studied include linear, non-linear and non-linear hysteretic force-deformation contact laws along with velocity proportional damping. Numerical results are compared with experimental data from dynamic photoelastic and strain gage experiments. Since velocity-dependent contact damping is not a reasonable model for dry cohesionless granular media, it was desired to determine if a non-linear hysteretic contact law could be used to replace the velocity damping. Results indicate that such a non-linear law does provide a damping mechanism which can predict experimental attenuation data, and that the dispersion characteristics are modeled more accurately with this hysteretic model.
Ethical Decision Making in Neurosurgery: A Case Study

Neurosurgical patients often challenge their caregivers with moral issues that arise during their care. As the population ages, end-of-life decision making and flexible planning need to be stressed so patients can be included in their care decisions and better communicate with the healthcare team. This case study illustrates how one team of nurses used an ethical decision-making model and a caring perspective to help a patient successfully navigate a complex healthcare system as they advocated for her increased involvement in her care.
Allergies and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Literature

There is an increasing prevalence of anxiety disorders and allergic conditions in children and adolescents, with previous research showing that these illnesses are often comorbid. Knowledge of the association between anxiety and allergies in children and adolescents is important because these comorbid disorders may negatively impact functioning and development. This research is necessary for identification of at risk children and to develop intervention and prevention programs. A review of studies examining comorbid anxiety and allergies in children and adolescents demonstrated a consistent association between these disorders despite differences in methodology. Several methodological limitations are presented, followed by a discussion of theories which may explain the association between these conditions. Implications of this work and suggestions for future research are provided.
Trust Me, I'm an Expert: Trust, Homophily and Expertise in MMOs

Trust is a ubiquitous phenomenon in social networks and people trust one another for a variety of reasons. In this paper we study the problem of trust in massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) with respect to homophily and expertise. We prose a topology of homophily in MMOs based on the literature on homophily and domain knowledge of MMOs. Our results show that while there is some mapping between homophily in MMOs and the theories of homophily in the offline world, the mapping is not complete. Only ascribed homophily and value homophily is observed in the trust network, while other types of homophilies are conspicuously absent. We observed that the trust network exhibits many properties which are not observed in most other social networks. Based on our observations we propose a generative model for trust networks in MMOs.
Negligible excretion of unchanged ketoprofen, naproxen, and probenecid in urine

On the average, 0.6% of a dose of ketoprofen or naproxen or 1.2% of a dose of probenecid was found in the urine of normal male volunteers assayed immediately after its collection. Between ∼60 and 85% of the dose of these drugs can be excreted in the urine as conjugates, which rapidly hydrolyze at body temperature, at room temperature, and even during frozen storage, thereby regenerating the parent drug. Since urine collections involved sample retention in the bladder at 37° for collection intervals as long as 2–3 hr, the given percentages excreted unchanged probably are overestimates. It is possible that no unchanged ketoprofen, naproxen, or probenecid is excreted in urine. This study contrasts with previous reports of up to 50% of a dose of ketoprofen and 15–17% of doses of naproxen and probenecid being excreted in urine as the parent compound. Those reports probably reflect primarily the duration of frozen sample storage between collection and assay along with the urine collection schedules employed, the speed of the clinical procedures, and the analytical procedures used. Attention should be given to potential conjugate hydrolysis whenever the pharmacokinetics of carboxylic acids are studied.
Social Traps and Temporal Traps

A distinction is drawn between social traps-a noncorrespondence between individual and group outcomes -and temporal traps-a noncorrespondence between short-run and long-run outcomes to an individual. Most real-world social dilemmas involve both kinds of oppositions. An experiment is reported in which the two types of traps are separated Groups performed a resource maintainance task more poorly than did individuals, highlighting the importance of the purely social trap; but individuals failed to perform optimally, indicating that the temporal trap is also important.
Gastrointestinal surgery: A specialty without borders

Gastrointestinal surgery is the most common subspecialty practiced by general surgeons in the United States, comprising about 80 percent of a general surgeon’s practice. We suspect the same is true in all parts of the world. The type of gastrointestinal surgery done, of course, varies from country to country, mainly because the gastrointestinal diseases treated vary among countries. Esophageal and gastric cancers are more common in Japan, cholangitis is more common in China, hydatid cysts are more common in Turkey, andChagas’ disease ismore common inBrazil than in the United States, but we believe that general surgeons in all of these countries do more gastrointestinal surgery than they do other types of general surgery. The need for expertise in gastrointestinal surgery crosses national borders and occurs in every country. The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract recognized this need at the time our journal, the JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY, was founded six and one-half years ago. This particular title was chosen, rather than the title, “American Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,” because the Society wished to serve gastrointestinal surgeons throughout the world, not just American surgeons. We are particularly pleased, therefore, that the International Society of Digestive Surgery (ISDS) has chosen our Journal as its official journal, as of January2003.Papers fromthebiannualmeetingof the ISDS appear in the Journal for the first time in this issue. These papers were selected by the ISDS as the outstanding papers submitted by young surgeons to be considered for theGrassi Prize at the 2002meeting of the Society. The Grassi Prize is the highest honor
Inhibition of N-methyl-l-aspartate activated ion current by desmethylimipramine

Abstract The tricyclic antidepressant desmethylimipramine (DMI) interacts with the NMDA receptor/ionophore complex; however, the site of the interaction has not been clearly established. Although evidence from receptor binding assays suggests that DMI interacts with the Zn2+ binding site, other binding studies and electrophysiological studies suggest otherwise. Using the whole-cell patch clamp technique to record from cultured hippocampal neurons, we report that recovery of NMDA-activated current from block by DMI is time-dependent and this time-dependent component was not observed following preexporure of neurons to Zn2+. These observations favor the hypothesis that DMI interacts at a binding site within the NMSA receptor/complex channel pore and not at the Zn2+ binding site.
Note: Asymptotic regulation for distributed parameter systems via zero dynamics inverse design

SUMMARY In this paper, we introduce a new approach, zero dynamics inverse (ZDI) design, for designing a feedback compensation scheme achieving asymptotic regulation for a linear or nonlinear distributed parameter system in the case when the value w(t) at time t of the signal w to be tracked or rejected is a measured variable. Following the nonequilibrium formulation of output regulation, we formulate the problem of asymptotic regulation by requiring zero steady-state error together with ultimate boundedness of the state of the system and the controller(s), with a bound determined by bounds on the norms of the initial data and w. Because a controller solving this problem depends only on a bound on the norm of w not on the particular choice of w, this formulation is in sharp contrast to both exact tracking, asymptotic tracking or dynamic inversion of a completely known trajectory and to output regulation with a known exosystem. The ZDI design consists of the interconnection, via a memoryless filter, of a stabilizing feedback compensator and a cascade controller, designed in a simple, universal way from the zero dynamics of the closed-loop feedback system. This design philosophy is illustrated with a problem of asymptotic regulation for a boundary controlled viscous Burgers' equation, for which we prove that the ZDI is input-to-state stable. In infinite dimensions, however, input-to-state stable compactness arguments are supplanted by smoothing arguments to accommodate crucial technical details, including the global existence, uniqueness, and regularity of solutions to the interconnected systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of catalyst on the thermal degradation of a polycyanurate thermosetting system

The thermal degradation of a polycyanurate thermosetting material was examined by monitoring glass temperature and weight loss at various temperatures ranging from 180 to 220°C. The effect of the cocatalysts, nonylphenol and copper naphthenate, which are generally used to facilitate curing, were also studied. A decrease in T g is observed with increasing time at elevated temperatures in the systems containing copper naphthenate, with the onset of degradation occurring sooner with higher concentrations of the copper compound. No change in T g occurred at long times in systems containing only nonylphenol. Weight loss studies were used to calculate an apparent activation energy of degradation. It was found to be approximately 50 kcal/mol.