cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Stereotyping in a University Population

Abstract Replications of the Katz and Braly (1933) study of racial stereotypes from 1951, 1967, 1971, 1982, and 1993 reveal significant changes in how white university students stereotype blacks. The 1993 replication was conducted at a large, mid-western university. Review of the top five black stereotypes from 1932 through 1993 suggests a trend towards stereotypes that are more threatening to whites. Supplementing this overview are results from a more extensive 1992 survey examining racial attitudes among 918 undergraduates at the same large, mid-western university. White students are most likely to adhere to negative stereotypes of blacks while black students are most likely to adhere to positive stereotypes of blacks. Controlling other relevant factors, members of Greek organizations (fraternities and sororities) register significantly higher stereotyping scores than non-members. In addition, multivariate analysis indicates a strong, inverse relationship between school year and stereotype adherence, as...
Somatomedin carrier proteins

Abstract The somatomedins, such as the insulin-like growth factors I and II, somatomedins A and C, and multiplication-stimulating activity, are small, growth hormone dependent polypeptides which are the assumed mediators of growth hormone action on extraskeletal tissues. The somatomedins are unique among polypeptide hormones in that they exist in serum as two high molecular weight complexes of approximately 150000 and 60000 molecular weight. Little, if any, free hormone is present in plasma or serum. These circulating complexes appear to represent the reservoir for these hormones since none is stored in any other tissue and the circulating concentration (approx. 1 μg/ml) exceeds the biologically active concentration of the free hormone by many fold. Many recent investigations regarding the subunit composition of the two serum carrier protein complexes and their effect on the biological activity of the somatomedins have revealed an elaborate system of intense physiological control ultimately aimed at delivering somatomedin to its specific receptor on the surface of the target cell.
Gamma-Gamma collider based on compton backscattering

Abstract We discuss the principles and issue for γγ colliders based on Compton backscattering of high-power laser beams of TeV electron beams in future e+e− linear colliders.
Decreasing Self-Injurious Behavior in a Student with Autism and Tourette Syndrome through Positive Attention and Extinction

This case study was conducted with a student diagnosed with autism and Tourette syndrome who displayed severe self-injurious behavior (SIB). We conducted a functional behavioral assessment which indicated that SIB was maintained by multiple functions using an ABAC design to determine the effect of positive social attention and extinction. Results show a considerable decrease in SIB incidents, particularly when session duration was reduced from 10 minutes to 5 minutes during the second intervention phase. Thus, the combination of contingent social attention formulated from the functional assessment and extinction was successful in bringing about significant decreases in SIB. This combination holds great promise as a nonintrusive positive strategy for SIB.
Protein kinase activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates beta-adrenergic receptor endocytosis.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K) is a unique enzyme characterized by both lipid and protein kinase activities. Here, we demonstrate a requirement for the protein kinase activity of PI(3)K in agonist-dependent β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) internalization. Using PI(3)K mutants with either protein or lipid phosphorylation activity, we identify the cytoskeletal protein non-muscle tropomyosin as a substrate of PI(3)K, which is phosphorylated in a wortmannin-sensitive manner on residue Ser 61. A constitutively dephosphorylated (S61A) tropomyosin mutant blocks agonist-dependent βAR internalization, whereas a tropomyosin mutant that mimics constitutive phosphorylation (S61D) compliments the PI(3)K mutant, with only lipid phosphorylation activity reversing the defective βAR internalization. Notably, knocking down endogenous tropomyosin expression using siRNAs that target different regions of tropomyosin resulted in complete inhibition of βAR endocytosis, showing that non-muscle tropomyosin is essential for agonist-mediated receptor internalization. These studies demonstrate a previously unknown role for the protein phosphorylation activity of PI(3)K in βAR internalization and identify non-muscle tropomyosin as a cellular substrate for protein kinase activity of PI(3)K.
Electrocardiogram Differentiation of Benign Early Repolarization Versus Acute Myocardial Infarction by Emergency Physicians and Cardiologists

Objectives: ST-segment elevation (STE) related to benign early repolarization (BER), a common normal variant, can be difficult to distinguish from acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The authors compared the electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretations of these two entities by emergency physicians (EPs) and cardiologists. Methods: Twenty-five cases (13 BER, 12 AMI) of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain were identified. Criteria for BER required four of the following: 1) widespread STE (precordial greater than limb leads), 2) J-point elevation, 3) concavity of initial up-sloping portion of ST segment, 4) notching or irregular contour of J point, and 5) prominent, concordant T waves. Additional BER criteria were 1) stable ECG pattern, 2) negative cardiac injury markers, and 3) normal cardiac stress test or angiography. AMI criteria were 1) regional STE, 2) positive cardiac injury markers, and 3) identification of culprit coronary artery by angiography in less than eight hours of presentation. The 25 ECGs were distributed to 12 EPs and 12 cardiologists (four in academic medicine, four in community practice, and four in community academics [health maintenance organization] in each physician group). The physicians were informed of the patients’ age, gender, and race, and they then interpreted the ECGs as BER or AMI. Undercalls (AMI misdiagnosed as BER) and overcalls (BER misdiagnosed as AMI) were calculated for each physician group. Results: Cardiologists correctly interpreted 90% of ECGs, and EPs correctly interpreted 81% of ECGs. The proportion of undercalls (missed AMI/total AMI) was 2.8% for cardiologists (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.09% to 5.5%) compared with 9.7% for EPs (95% CI = 4.8% to 14.6%) (p = 0.02). The proportion of overcalls (missed BER/total BER) was 17.3% for cardiologists (95% CI = 11.4% to 23.3%) versus 27.6% for EPs (95% CI = 20.6% to 34.6%) (p = 0.03). The mean number of years in practice was 19.8 for cardiologists (95% CI = 19 to 20.5) and 11 years for EPs (95% CI = 10.5 to 12.0) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although correct interpretation was high in both groups, cardiologists, who had significantly more years of practice, had fewer misinterpretations than EPs in distinguishing BER from AMI electrocardiographically. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:961‐967 a 2006 by the Society for Academic Emergency
DT-diaphorase activity and the cytotoxicity of quinones in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cells

A permanent mouse fibroblast cell line derived from C3H mouse embryos, C3H/10T1/2 C18, was used to study the cytotoxicity of some model quinones under conditions in which DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) activity was induced or inhibited. Sudan III [1-[[4-(phenylazo)phenyl]azo]-2-naphthalenol] and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), but not butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), induced DT-diaphorase in a concentration-dependent manner. Induction of DT-diaphorase activity was dependent upon new RNA and protein synthesis, as shown by experiments employing actinomycin D and cycloheximide respectively. Induction of DT-diaphorase by Sudan III or MCA was associated with protection against the cytotoxicity of quinones as measured by a colony survival assay. When control and induced cells were also exposed to dicoumarol, a specific and potent inhibitor of DT-diaphorase, the cytotoxicity of the quinones in both control and induced cells was enhanced markedly. The results support the hypothesis that DT-diaphorase competes with one-electron quinone-reducing enzymes (such as cytochrome P-450 reductase) which generate auto-oxidizable semiquinones and forms more stable hydroquinones as an initial step in the detoxification of quinones in 10T1/2 cells.
Graph edge colorings and their chemical applications

A general method is outlined to enumerate the edge-colorings of graphs under group action. The symmetry group of the graph acting on the vertices induces permutation of the edges. The edge-colorings are enumerated using the edge-permutation group. A number of chemical applications especially to multiple quantum NMR spectroscopy, statistical mechanics, enumeration of unsaturated isomers, etc. are considered.
The Practice of Pastoral Care: Revisiting the Generalist

In a day of reliance on specialists, how can generalist practitioners like clergy be confident of the value of their contributions? The theoretical validity and practical implications of such religious resources as meaning, mystery, providence, values, grace, and community are discussed. Although various psychological schools of thought have also confirmed the importance of these dynamics, the clergy can validate them from within the discipline of religion itself. Thus, ministers as general practitioners in the community can work with self-confidence in cooperation with other mental health workers.
An Explanation for the Existence of Supercooled Water at the Top of Cold Clouds

Abstract Aircraft measurements in many cold cloud systems have found a narrow layer of supercooled water to exist at the cloud top, even at temperatures colder than −30°C. We show in this paper that the imbalance between the condensate supply rate and the bulk ice crystal mass growth rate at a wide range of temperatures and updraft speeds is sufficient to produce this liquid layer near cloud top because of the unique property that the ice crystals located there are small. Calculations are also presented to determine the minimum magnitude and maximum depth of a sustained updraft required to produce supercooled water near cloud top from an initially ice saturated cloud containing a population of ice crystals. Potential sources of the updraft circulations required to produce the liquid layer near cloud top are discussed. Finally, we consider the impact of the liquid layer on both cloud microstructure and precipitation processes.
The use of linguistic and non-linguistic strategies in kindergarteners' interpretations of ‘more’ and ‘less’*

Kindergarteners, grouped according to number conservation ability, were asked to explain their choices of more and less in a series of parallel tasks requiring comparative judgements of continuous quantities. Errors on less tasks, as well as correct choices of more, were often determined by the non-linguistic strategy of choosing the greater amount. Non-conservers were more likely than conservers or transitional conservers to rely on this strategy. Furthermore, mature semantic knowledge of more was found to precede the development of a similar understanding of less. Non-conservers were less likely than conservers or transitionals to have a mature understanding of either term.
Mechanisms in the potentiation and inhibition of pharmacological actions of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine by glycofurol

Abstract When used as a solvent, glycofurol increased the sleeping and paralysis times of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine. These effects were correlated with increases in rates of absorption, decreases in volumes of distribution, decreases in average total body clearances and with in vitro inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism. In contrast, when glycofurol was administered in repeated doses (1 ml/kg, i.p., twice a day for 4 days), it decreased the sleeping and paralysis times of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine, probably as the result of their increased hepatic metabolism. Repeated doses of glycofurol also increased significantly cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b 5 , NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and activities of ethylmorphine N -demethylase and benzopyrene hydroxylase, in liver microsomes.
Mechanical sublayer model for elastic-plastic analyses

Strain-hardening behavior for plane stress problems is modeled by a panel with n layers, the first (n - 1) layers are elastic-perfectly-plastic under Mises-Hencky condition, each with different yield stress, and the n-th layer is elastic. Equivalent incremental stress-strain relations for the panel can be obtained. The resulting uniaxial stress-strain curve contains n segments. Those segments in the plastic range are not straight lines.
Recent advances in the study of fast ionically conducting glasses using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques

Abstract Recently, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques have been applied to ionically conducting glasses with the hopes of providing better insights into the microscopic processes involved. The temperature dependent hopping of mobile cations and anions in glass result in temperature dependent effects to be seen in the NMR spectra of these “Fast Ion Conducting” glasses. We have critically reviewed progress in this field to date by examining both the theoretical background of the area and by summarizing a large number of experimental studies. One of the ubiquitous observations when examining these fast ion conducting glasses using NMR, is that the ionic motion induced spin lattice relaxation rate, 1 T 1 , exhibits a temperature dependence much less than that of the ionic conductivity. This discrepancy has been a source of much confusion in this area. We believe we provide a much needed resolution to this problem by noting that most NMR measurements are made in the MHz frequency range and for nearly all glasses this frequency range falls in a region where the ionic conductivity shows a frequency dependence and hence a temperature dependence less than that exhibited by the d.c. or frequency independent conductivity. We show that all the controversy surrounding the smaller 1 T 1 relaxation rate activation energies can therefore be eliminated by examining the full temperature and frequency dependencies of the ionic conductivity.
Configuration dependence in calculations for pion inelastic scattering near N=28

A recent publication presented angular distributions for 180-MeV pion inelastic scattering for several N)similarreverse arrowto)28 nuclei. Proton E2 matrix elements extracted from those data for certain states were systematically larger than those inferred from ..gamma.. decay. A possible explanation for these anomalies is discussed.
Energy partitioning in multiply ionizing collisions of C6+ ions with Ne

Abstract The 10 MeV (0.83 MeV/u) C6+ +Ne collision system is studied in order to illustrate the partitioning of the energy loss of the projectile in multiply ionizing collisions. The n-body classical trajectory Monte Carlo method is employed to determine (i) stopping powers, (ii) total cross sections as a function of recoil ion charge state and (iii) differential cross sections as a function of the angle and energy of the ionized electrons for different recoil ion charge states. The ionized-electron spectra are found to be more sharply peaked near zero electron energy for low recoil ion charge states than for high. Also, ionized electrons associated with low recoil ion charge states are found to be scattered to larger angles than those associated with high charge states. The angular distributions of the recoil ions are also presented and are found to be broadly peaked about 90°. The calculated total cross sections, the energy loss as a function of the recoil ion charge state and the stopping powers, are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
The density of liquid lead from the melting

Abstract The density of liquid lead was determined, by using the Archimedean principle, from its melting point to its normal boiling point. It can be expressed by the equation: D(g/cm 3 )=10·678 − 13·174 × 10 −4 (T − 600·6°) where T is in °K. The density of liquid lead is 10·678 g/cm3 at its melting point (600·6°K), and 8·803 g/cm3 at its boiling point (2024°K).
Abelson kinase regulates epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila.

Activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) contributes to the development of leukemia, but the complex roles of Abl in normal development are not fully understood. Drosophila Abl links neural axon guidance receptors to the cytoskeleton. Here we report a novel role for Drosophila Abl in epithelial cells, where it is critical for morphogenesis. Embryos completely lacking both maternal and zygotic Abl die with defects in several morphogenetic processes requiring cell shape changes and cell migration. We describe the cellular defects that underlie these problems, focusing on dorsal closure as an example. Further, we show that the Abl target Enabled (Ena), a modulator of actin dynamics, is involved with Abl in morphogenesis. We find that Ena localizes to adherens junctions of most epithelial cells, and that it genetically interacts with the adherens junction protein Armadillo (Arm) during morphogenesis. The defects of abl mutants are strongly enhanced by heterozygosity for shotgun, which encodes DE-cadherin. Finally, loss of Abl reduces Arm and α-catenin accumulation in adherens junctions, while having little or no effect on other components of the cytoskeleton or cell polarity machinery. We discuss possible models for Abl function during epithelial morphogenesis in light of these data.
Molecular Interferometric Imaging Biosensor

We present molecular interferometric imaging (MI2) as a new sensing technique for direct detection of biomolecules that is easier and more sensitive than surface plasmon resonance and scalable to hundreds of assays per chip.
On the fluctuations of sums of independent random variables.

If X(1), X(2),... are independent random variables with zero expectation and finite variances, the cumulative sums S(n) are, on the average, of the order of magnitude S(n), where S(n) (2) = E(S(n) (2)). The occasional maxima of the ratios S(n)/S(n) are surprisingly large and the problem is to estimate the extent of their probable fluctuations.Specifically, let S(n) (*) = (S(n) - b(n))/a(n), where {a(n)} and {b(n)}, two numerical sequences. For any interval I, denote by p(I) the probability that the event S(n) (*) epsilon I occurs for infinitely many n. Under mild conditions on {a(n)} and {b(n)}, it is shown that p(I) equals 0 or 1 according as a certain series converges or diverges. To obtain the upper limit of S(n)/a(n), one has to set b(n) = +/- epsilon a(n), but finer results are obtained with smaller b(n). No assumptions concerning the under-lying distributions are made; the criteria explain structurally which features of {X(n)} affect the fluctuations, but for concrete results something about P{S(n)>a(n)} must be known. For example, a complete solution is possible when the X(n) are normal, replacing the classical law of the iterated logarithm. Further concrete estimates may be obtained by combining the new criteria with some recently developed limit theorems.
Elastic instabilities for strain-stiffening rubber-like spherical and cylindrical thin shells under inflation

Abstract This paper is concerned with investigation of the effects of strain-stiffening on the classical limit point instability that is well-known to occur in the inflation of internally pressurized rubber-like spherical thin shells (balloons) and circular cylindrical thin tubes composed of incompressible isotropic non-linearly elastic materials. For a variety of specific strain-energy densities that give rise to strain-stiffening in the stress-stretch response, the inflation pressure versus stretch relations are given explicitly and the non-monotonic character of the inflation curves is examined. While such results are known for constitutive models that exhibit a gradual stiffening (e.g. exponential and power-law models), our primary focus is on materials that undergo severe strain-stiffening in the stress-stretch response. In particular, we consider two phenomenological constitutive models that reflect limiting chain extensibility at the molecular level. It is shown that for materials with sufficiently low extensibility no limit point instability occurs and so stable inflation is then predicted for such materials. Potential applications of the results to the biomechanics of soft tissues are indicated.
Inner circle: people centered email client

We present an automatic people-centered organization of the email message store, where all the information is organized by the association with the message sender or recipients. By using a zoomable list control, we can show most frequent contacts on the top level, and still scale to a large number of contacts overall. Messages exchanged with a person or any ad-hoc defined group are displayed as a continuous conversation. Individual nuggets sent in email, such as attachments and links, are extracted from messages and put into their own window. Organizing nuggets into people-oriented shared spaces supports email-based collaboration. The proposed email client enhancements tested very well in a preliminary user study.
Learning To Tax:. The Political Economy of the Opium Trade in Iran, 1921-1941

Rational-choice theories of the state have been used in attempts to explain how variations in policy result from differences in constraints. But these theories give little attention to how the state comes to know what the constraints are. This article provides a dramatic example of the process of discovering economic and political constraints by examining Iran's policies toward the opium trade during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1921–1941).
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of rat skin collagenase. Comparative studies and in vivo measurement of the enzyme.

Abstract The solid-phase antibody method has been employed to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of collagenase in rat skin. The solid-phase radioimmunoassay, in which approximately 1.0 μg of functionally monospecific anticollagenase antibody globulin is bound to polypropylene tubes, determines 0.3–20 ng of enzyme. This assay permits the measurement of collagenase either in crude tissue extracts of rat skin, which contain no detectable enzyme activity, or in enzymatically active preparations obtained from tissue culture medium. The immunoassay is at least 1000 times more sensitive than the enzymatic assay. The similarities between rat skin and rat uterus collagenases, as well as collagenases from a variety of other animal sources, were evaluated by assessing their relative binding capabilities in the solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Rat uterus collagenase was found to be identical in its cross-reactivity with rat skin collagenase in the immunoassay indicating that these rat collagenases are structurally closely related. Of particular interest was the observation that the cross-reactivity between the collagenase from mouse skin and the rat skin collagenase was one of complete immunologic identity although this was not the case for the skin collagenase from another rodent, the guinea pig. This indicates that the solid-phase radioimmunoassay can be used to measure collagenase levels in mouse skin and perhaps other mouse tissues as well. Collagenases from phylogenetically more distant species cross-react much less strongly, syggesting the existence of fewer similarities to the rat enzymes. Quantitative determination of collagenase in rat skin using the solid-phase radioimmunoassay indicates that the enzyme content reaches a maximum during the first 24 h after birth and by one week of age has declined to a level found in the mature animal.
The Discriminating Beta: Prices and Capacity with Correlated Demands

Uniform customer-class pricing can do much of the work of congestion-based or time-of-day pricing in communication or wireless networks. A monopolist exploits differences in the stochastic characteristics of demands. If demands are correlated and the firm faces a capacity constraint, then it can set prices to reduce the variability of aggregate demand, thereby reducing the probability of excess demand and the associated service quality deterioration. Demands that covary negatively with aggregate demand are valuable to the firm in much the same way that securities that covary negatively with the market are valuable in a stock portfolio. Customer classes that exhibit low covariance with aggregate demand realize lower optimal prices. Optimal capacity is also affected by these covariances. As long as demands are not perfectly positively correlated, expected costs of joint production are less than expected costs of serving demands separately.
Retention of social recognition after hibernation in Belding's ground squirrels.

The retention of social memory during long periods of separation, such as hibernation or migration, has not been well documented, despite evidence for long-term social relationships in migrating species or in long-lived sedentary species. We investigated the ability of captive Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi, to remember previously familiar individuals as well as littermates after 9 months of isolation. Before hibernation, young ground squirrels discriminated between odours of familiar and unfamiliar individuals, as shown by greater investigation of a novel individual's odour. The following spring, these yearlings did not respond differentially to odours of previously familiar and unfamiliar individuals, suggesting that memory for familiar conspecifics was lost during hibernation. In contrast, both female and male yearlings continued to discriminate between odours of littermates and previously familiar nonlittermates. Thus, recognition of close kin was maintained during prolonged social isolation, but recognition of familiar, unrelated individuals was not. If re-establishment of familiarity is not costly or if adults rarely interact with the same individuals in successive years, then selection may not favour retention of individual memories of particular conspecifics over the winter. Even though males rarely encounter kin after dispersal, yearling males did recognize their siblings, suggesting that the relative costs of maintaining kin-recognition abilities year-round may be low. Possible mechanisms underlying the formation and maintenance of individual and kin recognition are discussed.
Evaluating causality for occupational cancers: the example of firefighters

Background The evaluation of causality in cancers associated with firefighting presents problems common to other applications of occupational epidemiology in adjudication of individual claims for workers' compensation. A trend in Canada to establish legislated presumptions for compensation of firefighters created an opportunity to re-evaluate the literature applying medicolegal standards of certainty. Objective To evaluate causality in selected cancer categories for firefighters using the criteria applied in tort litigation and workers' compensation, which is based on the weight of evidence and which is required to take into account individual factors. Methods The epidemiological literature on cancer risk among firefighters was reviewed based on the weight of evidence rather than scientific certainty. Generalizable frameworks were formulated to define recurrent issues in assessing the evidence from epidemiological studies. The evidence for latency and for a threshold effect with duration of employment was also examined in order to provide practical guidelines. Results Presumption is justified for the following cancers: bladder, kidney, testicular and brain, and lung cancer among non-smokers. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia and myeloma (each as a class) not only present particular problems in assessment but also merit an assumption of presumption. Four analytical frameworks describe the problems in analysis encountered. Discussion The preponderance of evidence supports the presumption of causation for certain cancer, mostly rare. These frameworks are applicable to other problems of adjudication that rest on interpretation of epidemiological data. The named cancers, taking into account the special assessment issues described by each framework, are supported by sufficient evidence to conclude that a presumption is warranted but not necessarily sufficient evidence to accept as proof by a scientific standard.
Industry track: a rule engine for location based content syndication

Location-based services (LBS) play an increasing role in mobile systems and applications. In this paper we focus on LBS in a multi-provider network. Using multiple providers reduces dependencies, increases geographic and functional coverage, and allows distribution, load balancing, and fail-over. However, the framework must ensure substitutability of services. We describe the use of a rule engine to dynamically determine a near-optimal provider for each request. The choice is based on performance, reliability, geographic coverage, as well as more intangible considerations. Overall performance, coverage, and distribution can thus be increased at the framework-level.
The effect of community leadership and media on public behavior

Christine H. Rossell Political Science Department Boston University Boston, Massachusetts T his paper describes a study of ten northern and southern school districts and the effect that community leadership and the news media have on protest and white flight associated with court ordered school desegregation. The effect of school desegregation on white flight from the public schools is a topic that has been embroiled in controversy since Coleman's now infamous paper, "Recent Trends in School Integration," presented at the American Educational Research Association meeting in April 1975. That paper concluded that "extremely strong reactions of individual whites in moving their children out of large districts engaged in massive and rapid desegregation suggests that in the long run the policies that have been pursued will defeat the purpose of increasing overall contact among the races in schools. This contrasted markedly in both findings and tone with other studies on the subject that indicated there was little or no white flight associated with school desegregation.2
Exchange Rate Devaluation and Reshuffling of Global Jobs

Current debates presume that devaluation of one country’s currency may transfer the production of imported intermediate goods to the devaluating country. This paper argues that in a global production network involving more than two countries in the production of fragments, this presumption may not hold. With a simple Ricardian model of fragmentation, this paper shows that the production of fragments can be transferred only if countries have close comparative advantage. Using data from the World Input Output Database, our model is found to be empirically supported.
Fermi-Pasta-Ulam β lattice: Peierls equation and anomalous heat conductivity

The Peierls equation is considered for the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam $\ensuremath{\beta}$ lattice. Explicit form of the linearized collision operator is obtained. Using this form the decay rate of the normal-mode energy as a function of wave vector k is estimated to be proportional to ${k}^{5/3}.$ This leads to the ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}3/5}$ long-time behavior of the current correlation function, and, therefore, to the divergent coefficient of heat conductivity. These results are in good agreement with the results of recent computer simulations. Compared to the results obtained through the mode coupling theory our estimations give the same k dependence of the decay rate but a different temperature dependence. Using our estimations we argue that adding a harmonic on-site potential to the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam $\ensuremath{\beta}$ lattice may lead to finite heat conductivity in this model.
Greater effort boosts the affective taste properties of food

Actions can create preferences, increasing the value ascribed to commodities acquired at greater cost. This behavioural finding has been observed in a variety of species; however, the causal factors underlying the phenomenon are relatively unknown. We sought to develop a behavioural platform to examine the relationship between effort and reinforcer value in mice trained under demanding or lenient schedules of reinforcement to obtain food. In the initial experiment, expenditure of effort enhanced the value of the associated food via relatively lasting changes in its hedonic attributes, promoting an acquired preference for these reinforcers when tested outside of the training environment. Moreover, otherwise neutral cues associated with those reinforcers during training similarly acquired greater reinforcing value, as assessed under conditioned reinforcement. In a separate experiment, expenditure of effort was also capable of enhancing the value of less-preferred low-caloric reinforcers. Analysis of licking microstructure revealed the basis for this increased valuation was, in part, due to increased palatability of the associated reinforcer. This change in the hedonic taste properties of the food can not only serve as a basis for preference, but also guide decision-making and foraging behaviour by coordinating a potentially adaptive repertoire of incentive motivation, goal-directed action and consumption.
A Comparison of Upper-Extremity Reaction Forces between the Yurchenko Vault and Floor Exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine reaction forces transmitted to the upper extremities of high-level gymnasts during the round-off phase of the Yurchenko vault. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare reaction forces during the Yurchenko vault to reaction forces observed in a tumbling pass during the floor exercise. Ten high-level, female gymnasts volunteered to participate. Conditions of the independent variable were the Yurchenko vault and floor exercise; dependent variables were peak vertical and peak anterior-posterior reaction forces. Each participant performed three trials of both conditions with the trail hand contacting a force platform. Vertical and anterior-posterior reaction forces, normalized to body weight, were greater (p < 0.05) during the round-off phase of the Yurchenko vault (2.38) than during the floor exercise round-off (2.15). Vertical reaction forces during the round-off phase of the Yurchenko vault and floor exercise round-off are similar to reaction forces transmitted to upper extremities during other gymnastic skills and ground reaction forces transmitted to lower extremities while running and walking at various speeds. Results of this study reveal a need for further research considering methods aimed at reducing reaction forces transmitted to the upper extremities during the Yurchenko vault and floor exercise. Key Points Despite high difficulty and increased risk, a dearth of information exists concerning reaction forces transmitted to upper-extremities of high-level gymnasts performing the Yurchenko vault. Reaction forces experienced by high-level gymnasts performing the Yurchenko vault are relatively high; aforementioned forces are comparable to forces transmitted to lower-extremities during various activities and may be responsible for upper-extremity injury. Reaction forces observed during this study will serve as a baseline in the evaluation of methods purporting to reduce forces transmitted to upper-extremities during the Yurchenko vault.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as an indicator of liver function and prognosis in noncholestatic cirrhotics

Background & Aims: The liver plays a central role in production and degradation of lipoproteins. Declining lipoprotein cholesterol may reflect deteriorating liver function. Methods: We reviewed the records of 248 veterans with noncholestatic cirrhosis followed in our clinics or referred for liver transplantation between January 1, 1997 and October 31, 2002 (analysis period) and confirmed our findings prospectively in 165 noncholestatic cirrhotic veterans newly referred for liver transplantation between November 1, 2002 and May 1, 2004 (validation period). Results: In the analysis group, albumin, bilirubin, INR, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score correlated strongly with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, weakly but significantly with total cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), and poorly with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). Transplant-free mortality at 90, 180, and 365 days was 17/201 (8.5%), 19/173 (11.0%), and 38/119 (31.9%), respectively. Death at all 3 time points was associated with significantly lower initial levels of HDL, VLDL, and total cholesterol, but not LDL cholesterol. Of the lipoproteins, HDL was the best predictor of survival at 180 and 365 days (concordance statistics .86±.05 and .78±.05, respectively). By multivariate logistic regression, HDL cholesterol and MELD score were independent predictors of survival at 6 and 12 months. By Cox regression, HDL cholesterol below 30 mg/dL was associated with 3.4-fold increase in the hazard ratio for cirrhotic death. In the validation period, HDL cholesterol was confirmed to be significantly associated with death or transplantation at 6 or 12 months. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol in noncholestatic cirrhotic patients is a liver function test and an indicator of prognosis.
The national superconducting cyclotron laboratory at michigan state university

Abstract The National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University is the premier intermediate-energy heavy-ion research facility on the North American continent. Funded by the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) and by Michigan State University, the NSCL serves a large national and international user community. Research done at the NSCL is primarily devoted to basic experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, accelerator physics, associated instrumenta- tion R&D (research and development), and applications to meet specific so- cietal needs. In addition, about 5–10% of the beam time is allocated to support cross-disciplinary research, including atomic physics, condensed matter physics, space science, wear analysis, and medical applications of nuclear and accelerator physics tech- nology.
Microfluidic tools for biological sample preparation

Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are developing means to collect and identify fluid-based biological pathogens in the forms of proteins, viruses, and bacteria. To support detection instruments, we are developing a flexible fluidic sample preparation unit. The overall goal of this Microfluidic Module is to input a fluid sample, containing background particulates and potentially target compounds, and deliver a processed sample for detection. We are developing techniques for sample purification, mixing, and filtration that would be useful to many applications including immunologic and nucleic acid assays. Sample preparation functions are accomplished with acoustic radiation pressure, dielectrophoresis, and solid phase extraction. We are integrating these technologies into packaged systems with pumps and valves to control fluid flow and investigating small-scale detection methods.
What is the Evidence to Support Acetabular Dysplasia as a Cause of Osteoarthritis

The term "acetabular dysplasia" suggests a smaller than normal acetabulum or one that is abnormally vertical. Acetabular dysplasia has been linked to the development of hip osteoarthritis over the last 90 years in 3 ways. First, it has been linked through the concept that biomechanical forces can cause osteoarthritis. A smaller than normal acetabulum will result in a smaller than normal contact surface between the femoral head and the acetabulum. This will generate increased pressure per unit of area, which will precipitate articular cartilage failure when the pressure reaches a critical point. Osteoarthritis will ensue in response to this cartilage failure. A more vertical than normal acetabulum will be associated with increased shear. When that shear reaches a critical level, articular cartilage will fail, leading that to osteoarthritis. This critical level, for a small or a steep acetabulum, may differ between individuals, based on their biology and their life styles. Second, it has been linked by multiple empirical studies. One of these is Wiberg's 1939 thesis entitled "Studies on Dysplastic Acetabula and Congenital Subluxation of the Hip Joint with Special reference to the Complication of Osteoarthritis." It is among the most quoted and most powerful works in the Orthopaedic literature connecting a disease entity with an antecedent. Third, the linkage is reenforced by an absence of glaring exceptions to the hypothesis that acetabular dysplasia causes osteoarthritis. Orthopaedic surgeons just do not report on dysplastic hips in the arthritis-free elderly. The inability of the Orthopaedic community to identify even 1 elderly, arthritis-free individual with significant hip dysplasia should not carry weight in establishing the concept that acetabular dysplasia causes osteoarthritis. However, the longer this case report goes unpublished, the more certain orthopaedic surgeons will be that the 2 are linked.
PLEASING AND INTERESTING VISUAL COMPLEXITY: SUPPORT FOR BERLYNE

Berlyne has stated that there are two kinds of exploratory behavior, specific and diversive, and has cited data relating to “pleasingness” and “interestingness” of complex visual patterns in support of his position. In order to test Berlyne's views, 28 Ss rank ordered nine polygons, of varying degrees of complexity, in terms of “pleasingness” and “interestingness.” Highly complex polygons were found to be more interesting, in support of Berlyne. No significant differences emerged for the “pleasingness” category. Birth order data showed a nonsignificant tendency for first borns to choose less complex polygons as more pleasing than higher complexity shapes.
Identification of congestive heart failure via respiratory variation of inferior vena cava diameter.

Introduction: Rapid diagnosis of volume overload in patients with suspected congestive heart failure (CHF) is necessary for the timely administration of therapeutic agents. We sought to use the measurement of respiratory variation of inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter as a diagnostic tool for identification of CHF in patients presenting with acute dyspnea. Methods: The IVC was measured sonographically during a complete respiratory cycle of 46 patients meeting study criteria. Percentage of respiratory variation of IVC diameter was compared to the diagnosis of CHF or alternative diagnosis. Results: Respiratory variation of IVC was smaller in patients with CHF (9.6%) than without CHF (46%) and showed good diagnostic accuracy with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.96. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed optimum cutoff of 15% variation or less of IVC diameter with 92% sensitivity and 84% specificity for the diagnosis of CHF. Conclusion: Inferior vena cava ultrasound is a rapid, reliable means for identification of CHF in the acutely dyspneic patient.
Behavioral Intentions and Information-Seeking Behavior: A Comparison of Nonbranded versus Branded Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Advertisements

A recent trend in DTC advertising has been the increasing presence of nonbranded, or help-seeking, ads. These ads make no mention of a branded medication, using only the pharmaceutical manufacturer as an identifier. Though these ads have been around since the inception of DTC, no direct comparison to the branded counterpart has been conducted in the literature. An online survey panel was used to examine the effects of these two DTC ad types, branded and nonbranded, on behavioral intentions. Whether these self-reported measures of intent correlated to a predefined information-seeking behavior was also analyzed. Results showed that subjects who either viewed the nonbranded ad or had a high level of disease state involvement had more positive behavioral intentions. Overall, intent did not correlate to the predefined behavior. However, those with higher behavioral intentions performed the behavior significantly more. Non-branded ads induced greater behavioral intentions, which could lead to more physician discussions and increased information-seeking behavior. Given DTC's goal of increasing physician interaction, these results suggest non-branded ads can be a viable and very productive part of the marketing mix.
Diversity of Reporter Expression Patterns in Transgenic Mouse Lines Targeting Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons

Transgenic mice, including lines targeting corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF or CRH), have been extensively employed to study stress neurobiology. These powerful tools are poised to revolutionize our understanding of the localization and connectivity of CRH-expressing neurons, and the crucial roles of CRH in normal and pathological conditions. Accurate interpretation of studies using cell type-specific transgenic mice vitally depends on congruence between expression of the endogenous peptide and reporter. If reporter expression does not faithfully reproduce native gene expression, then effects of manipulating unintentionally targeted cells may be misattributed. Here, we studied CRH and reporter expression patterns in 3 adult transgenic mice: Crh-IRES-Cre;Ai14 (tdTomato mouse), Crfp3.0CreGFP, and Crh-GFP BAC. We employed the CRH antiserum generated by Vale after validating its specificity using CRH-null mice. We focused the analyses on stress-salient regions, including hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and hippocampus. Expression patterns of endogenous CRH were consistent among wild-type and transgenic mice. In tdTomato mice, most CRH-expressing neurons coexpressed the reporter, yet the reporter identified a few non-CRH-expressing pyramidal-like cells in hippocampal CA1 and CA3. In Crfp3.0CreGFP mice, coexpression of CRH and the reporter was found in central amygdala and, less commonly, in other evaluated regions. In Crh-GFP BAC mice, the large majority of neurons expressed either CRH or reporter, with little overlap. These data highlight significant diversity in concordant expression of reporter and endogenous CRH among 3 available transgenic mice. These findings should be instrumental in interpreting important scientific findings emerging from the use of these potent neurobiological tools.
New directions in federal laboratory partnerships with industry

United States federal laboratories are facing substantial changes in their political, technical, and budgetary environments. Industrial partnering is widely seen as an important strategy for managing these changes and seeking new roles. This study examines new and interesting approaches to industrial partnering being used by selected federal laboratories. Interviews were conducted with senior staff and managers at eight federal laboratories belonging to three federal departments: Energy, Defense, and Commerce. New approaches were identified and analyzed, and the potential for their broader application was assessed. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.