cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sociological Bases of Party Competition: The Case of Massachusetts

THE PURPOSE of this study is to examine the ecological bases of party competition.' For over a decade there has been a continuing controversy among social scientists over the nature of the relationship between various forms of ecological structure and the structure of electoral competition between the two major political parties in the United States. The cumulative results of the major studies done in this area are unfortunately not only inconclusive but contradictory.2
Cytostatic inhibition of cancer cell growth by lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside

Our previous study demonstrated that lignan metabolites enterolactone and enterodiol inhibited colonic cancer cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the dietary lignans are naturally present as glycoside precursors, such as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which have not been evaluated yet. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary SDG might have a different effect than its metabolites in human colonic SW480 cancer cells. Treatment with SDG at 0 to 40 μmol/L for up to 48 hours resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell numbers, which was comparable to enterolactone. The inhibition of cell growth by SDG did not appear to be mediated by cytotoxicity, but by a cytostatic mechanism associated with an increase of cyclin A expression. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that SDG in the media was much more stable than enterolactone (95% of SDG survival vs 57% of enterolactone after 48-hour treatment). When the cells were treated with either enterolactone or SDG at 40 μmol/L for 48 hours, the intracellular levels of enterolactone, as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/electron spray ionization, were about 8.3 × 10(-8) nmol per cell; but intracellular SDG or potential metabolites were undetectable. Taken together, SDG demonstrated similar effects on cell growth, cytotoxicity, and cell cycle arrest when compared with its metabolite enterolactone. However, the reliable stability and undetectable intracellular SDG in treated cells may suggest that metabolism of SDG, if exposed directly to the colonic cells, could be different from the known degradation by microorganisms in human gut.
Dietary studies of children: the Bogalusa Heart Study experience.

Abstract For more than 20 years the Bogalusa Heart Study has been collecting data on children's dietary intakes in a biracial community. The macronutrient contribution of children's diets is similar to that in diets of adolescents: 13% of energy from protein, 49% from carbohydrate, and 38% from fat. As children get older, mean intakes of vitamins and minerals per 1,000 kcal decrease. Ten-year-old children in 1987-1988 were 3 lb heavier than 10-year-olds in 1973-1974. Yet total energy intakes remained virtually the same from 1973 to 1988. The composition of macronutrients shifted over the 15-year period, with an increase in the percentage of energy from protein and carbohydrate and a decrease in the percentage of energy from total fat, particularly saturated fat. Dietary cholesterol intake also decreased as a result of a decrease in egg consumption. Although the diets of children changed positively from 1973 to 1988, more than 75% of children consumed more total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than the recommended amounts. School meals had a major impact on the diets of children. School breakfast and lunch, together, contributed approximately 50% of the day's total intake of energy, protein, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and sodium. About 40% of daily total fat intake came from school breakfast and lunch. The diets of children in the Bogalusa study are similar to those reported in national studies of children. What might be different, however, are the types of foods consumed and their contribution to intakes of specific nutrients. An understanding of the diet and nutrition habits of children is critical to the planning of intervention strategies that will assist us in meeting our dietary goals for Healthy People 2000. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:1127-1133 .
Communicating structures for modeling large-scale systems

Communicating Structures is a system abstraction that helps to model large scale distributed systems, whose performance mostly depends on how well the data and messages traffic is organized. The whole variety of "traffic sensitive" communicating systems can be modeled using just a small number of basic primitives which are common for all such systems. The system components are represented simply as nodes. Each node has memory that may contain items. Nets are sets of links that connect the nodes. The items are generated at some nodes and move from node to node along links, with some delay. The item traffic models the message and data traffic in systems. Using uniform, systematic composition of the basic primitives, Communicating Structures are able to approximate the properties and behavior of a broad spectrum of large scale communicating systems. Communicating Structures Library (CSL) is a core environment for the simulation of large communicating systems. CSL has been used to analyze the architecture of multiprocessor systems, global enterprise intranets, distributed mission critical applications, and the World-Wide Web.
Atopic cataracts versus steroid cataracts

A case of cataract development in a patient with atopic dermatitis is presented. Malpractice litigation was brought about because the patient alleged that he had steroid cataracts, which resulted from his having received systemic corticosteroids. Data are presented to show that atopic cataracts and steroid cataracts can be similar in appearance and cannot be distinguished from one another in many cases. All patients receiving chronic corticosteroids should have an ophthalmologic examination early in the course of treatment and periodically thereafter.
Global Analysis of Photosynthesis Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

Photosynthesis is a crucial biological process that depends on the interplay of many components. This work analyzed the gene targets for 4 transcription factors: FnrL, PrrA, CrpK and MppG (RSP_2888), which are known or predicted to control photosynthesis in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified 52 operons under direct control of FnrL, illustrating its regulatory role in photosynthesis, iron homeostasis, nitrogen metabolism and regulation of sRNA synthesis. Using global gene expression analysis combined with ChIP-seq, we mapped the regulons of PrrA, CrpK and MppG. PrrA regulates ∼34 operons encoding mainly photosynthesis and electron transport functions, while CrpK, a previously uncharacterized Crp-family protein, regulates genes involved in photosynthesis and maintenance of iron homeostasis. Furthermore, CrpK and FnrL share similar DNA binding determinants, possibly explaining our observation of the ability of CrpK to partially compensate for the growth defects of a ΔFnrL mutant. We show that the Rrf2 family protein, MppG, plays an important role in photopigment biosynthesis, as part of an incoherent feed-forward loop with PrrA. Our results reveal a previously unrealized, high degree of combinatorial regulation of photosynthetic genes and significant cross-talk between their transcriptional regulators, while illustrating previously unidentified links between photosynthesis and the maintenance of iron homeostasis.
An infrastructure for extending applications' user experiences across multiple personal devices

Users increasingly interact with a heterogeneous collection of computing devices. The applications that users employ on those devices, however, still largely provide user experiences that assume the use of a single computer. This failure is due in part to the difficulty of creating user experiences that span multiple devices, particularly the need to manage identifying, connecting to, and communicating with other devices. In this paper we present an infrastructure based on instant messaging that simplifies adding that additional functionality to applications. Our infrastructure elevates device ownership to a first class property, allowing developers to provide functionality that spans personal devices without writing code to manage users' devices or establish connections among them. It also provides simple mechanisms for applications to send information, events, or commands between a user's devices. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our infrastructure by presenting a set of sample applications built with it and a user study demonstrating that developers new to the infrastructure can implement all of the cross-device functionality for three applications in, on average, less than two and a half hours.
Confirmation and Disconfirmation in Nurse/Physician Communication.

This research used a confirmation/disconfirmation framework to analyze communication in nurse‐physician dyads in an attempt to better understand the quality of these inter‐professional relationships. Nurses and physicians were found to be primarily confirming (87%) in their interactions. No differences were found in confirmation proportions between nurses and physicians nor between men and womem. The implications of these findings and the limitations of the laboratory setting are discussed.
Mouse matriptase-2: identification, characterization and comparative mRNA expression analysis with mouse hepsin in adult and embryonic tissues.

We report the identification and characterization of mouse matriptase-2 (m-matriptase-2), an 811-amino-acid protein composed of an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, a membranespanning domain, two CUB (complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 1) domains, three LDLR (low-densitylipoprotein receptor class A) domains and a C-terminal serineprotease domain. All m-matriptase-2 protein domain boundaries corresponded with intron/exon junctions of the encoding gene, which spans approx. 29 kb and comprises 18 exons. Matriptase-2 is highly conserved in human, mouse and rat, with the rat matriptase-2 gene (r-maltriptase-2 )p redicted to encode transmembrane and soluble isoforms. Western-blot analysis indicated that m-matriptase-2 migrates close to its theoretical molecularmassof91 kDa,andimmunofluorescenceanalysiswas consistent with the proposed surface membrane localization of this protein. Reverse-transcription PCR and in-situ-hybridization analysis indicated that m-matriptase-2 expression overlaps with the distribution of mouse hepsin (m-hepsin, a cell-surface serine protease identified in hepatoma cells) in adult tissues and during embryonic development. In adult tissues both are expressed at highest levels in liver, kidney and uterus. During embryogenesis m-matriptase-2 expression peaked between days 12.5 and 15.5. m-hepsin expression was biphasic, with peaks at day 7.5 to 8.5 and again between days 12.5 and 15.5. In situ hybridization of embryonic tissues indicated abundant expression of both mmatriptase-2 and m-hepsin in the developing liver and at lower levels in developing pharyngo‐tympanic tubes. While m-hepsin wa sd etected in the residual embryonic yolk sac and with lower intensity in lung, heart, gastrointestinal tract, developing kidney tubules and epithelium of the oral cavity, m-matriptase-2 was absent in these tissues, but strongly expressed within the nasal cavity by olfactory epithelial cells. Mechanistic insight into the potential role of this new transmembrane serine protease is provided by its novel expression profile in embryonic and adult mouse.
The texture of traumatic attachment: presence and ghostly absence in transgenerational transmission

Work on the transgenerational transmission of trauma refers to unspoken stories across generations, but the actual mode of transmission has remained somewhat mysterious. Utilizing examples from her own life, the author illustrates how attachment patterns are a primary mode of transmission of trauma. When trauma revisits a person transgenerationally through dysregulated and disrupted attachment patterns, it is within the child's empathic attunement and search for a parental bond that the mode of transmission can be found. This will become the texture of traumatic attachment: how it feels to this child to feel connected to the parent.
Incremental and localized update of convex decomposition used for form feature recognition

Abstract Alternating sum of volumes with partitioning (ASVP) decomposition is a volumetric representation of a part obtained from its boundary representation, organizing the faces of the part in an outside-in hierarchy. A form feature decomposition (FFD) which can serve as a central feature representation for various applications is obtained from ASVP decomposition. In a typical design procedure, part designs are analysed for a given application context and redesign suggestions are made; design changes are then propagated from one context to another through the FFD. Thus, incremental update capability is crucial to support design refinement. FFD incremental update can be achieved by incrementally updating the corresponding ASVP decomposition. This paper describes how ASVP incremental update is achieved by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the decomposition. ASVP incremental update seeks to determine the new decomposition tree of a part, after its boundary representation is slightly changed, without computing it from scratch. Based on local face alteration and extremality considerations, we look for active components that only need to be updated. For a connected delta volume, defined as the volumetric difference between the old and new parts, active components are localized in a subtree of the decomposition tree, called active subtree. Then, the new decomposition is obtained by updating only the active subtree in the old decomposition using localized ASVP decomposition operations. The algorithms described in this paper have been implemented and integrated within the form feature recognition system based on ASVP decomposition.
Microsatellite and sequence-tagged site markers diagnostic for the rice bacterial leaf blight resistance gene xa-5

Microsatellite and sequence-tagged site (STS) markers tightly linked to the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance gene xa-5 were identified in this study. A survey was conducted to find molecular markers that detected polymorphisms between the resistant (IRBB5) and susceptible (‘IR24’) nearly isogenic lines for xa-5, and between Chinsurah Boro II (CBII), an alternative source of xa-5, and a widely planted variety (‘IR64’) that lacks xa-5. Two F2 populations, from the crosses ‘IR24’×IRBB5 and CBII×‘IR64’, were used to estimate linkage based on marker genotype and reaction to disease inoculation with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Two RFLP clones, RZ390 and RG556, were found to co-segregate with xa-5 and were converted into STS markers. A microsatellite marker, RM390, was developed based on a simple sequence repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of the cDNA probe, RZ390, and found to co-segregate with resistance. Two other microsatellites, RM122 and RM13, were located 0.4 cM and 14.1 cM away from xa-5. A germplasm survey of diverse lines containing BLB resistance genes using automated fluorescent detection indicated the range of allelic diversity for each of the microsatellite loci linked to xa-5 and confirmed their usefulness in following genes through the narrow crosses typical of a breeding program. The limited number of alleles observed at the microsatellite loci linked to the resistance gene in 35 xa-5-containing accessions suggested either a single ancestral origin or a few independent origins of the xa-5 gene. PCR-based markers, like the ones developed in this study, are economical and easy to use, and have applicability in efforts to pyramid the recessive xa-5 gene with other BLB resistance genes.
Oszillationen des Hall-Koeffizienten bei Schichtengittern

Using Kubo's Theory an expression for the Hall coefficient is derived for electrons in a strong magnetic field and in a weak crystal field. It is shown that scattering only by a lattice can lead to oscillations of the Hallcoefficient.
Saturable kinetics of intravenous chlorothiazide in the rhesus monkey

A range of bolus doses of 14 C-chlorothiazide and unlabeled drug (6.7–30 mg/kg) were administered to each of three unanesthetized rhesus monkeys with and without concurrent probenecid dosing. Plasma up to 4 h and urine up to 24 h were sampled frequently. Apparent terminal plasma half-lives ranged from 18 to 25 min in the absence of probenecid. No apparent trend was noted for the volume of distribution of the central compartment calculated from estimated plasma concentrations at time zero. For chlorothiazide studies, an average of 92% of the dose was recovered in urine by 24 hr. Plasma and urinary clearances at low doses were 20 to 50% higher than those found with higher doses. These dose-dependent clearances for chlorothiazide were found at doses parallel to the most often prescribed clinical doses in humans on a g chlorothiazide per kg body weight basis. Clearances in the presence of probenecid decreased two-to four-fold over those seen without probenecid. Incremental renal clearances of chlorothiazide in the studies with and without probenecid were also evaluated. Curvilinear segments characteristic of dose-dependent kinetics were demonstrated in graphs of urinary excretion rate versus plasma concentrations. Values of Michaelis-Menten constants Vmaxand Kmwere calculated for renal excretion of chlorothiazide by active transport after intravenous doses in all three monkeys. The contribution of glomerular filtration to chlorothiazide renal clearance was found to be negligible. Values of the constant KI(the concentration of the probenecid competitive inhibitor of chlorothiazide, which doubles the apparent Kmvalue of chlorothiazide) were calculated using the previously calculated Vmaxand Kmvalues.
Non-Born-Oppenheimer trajectories with self-consistent decay of mixing

A semiclassical trajectory method, called the self-consistent decay of mixing (SCDM) method, is presented for the treatment of electronically nonadiabatic dynamics. The SCDM method is a modification of the semiclassical Ehrenfest (SE) method (also called the semiclassical time-dependent self-consistent-field method) that solves the problem of unphysical mixed final states by including decay-of-mixing terms in the equations for the evolution of the electronic state populations. These terms generate a force, called the decoherent force (or dephasing force), that drives the electronic component of each trajectory toward a pure state. Results for several mixed quantum–classical methods, in particular the SCDM, SE, and natural-decay-of-mixing methods and several trajectory surface hopping methods, are compared to the results of accurate quantum mechanical calculations for 12 cases involving five different fully dimensional triatomic model systems. The SCDM method is found to be the most accurate of the methods tested. The method should be useful for the simulation of photochemical reactions.
Lagrangian estimate of global stratosphere‐troposphere mass exchange

[1] Seasonal variations of the mass flux between the stratosphere and troposphere are investigated using a Lagrangian framework. Monthly three-dimensional trajectories are calculated for 1996 and 1997 from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office assimilated data. Mass exchange shows nearly the same annual variations as previous Eulerian studies: (1) the northern net downward flux across the extratropical tropopause shows a primary maximum in late spring and early summer and secondary in winter, which is consistent with observational measurements, (2) the southern net downward flux has a peak only in winter, and (3) the extratropical and tropical air exchange across the upper boundary of the middleworld exhibits a pronounced annual variation with a wintertime maximum and summertime minimum. The occurrence of the largest downward flux over the western edges of the Pacific and Atlantic and near the Mediterranean suggests that tropopause folding and baroclinic disturbances in midlatitude storm tracks are the primary agent for the intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere. Tropical upward transport occurs in association with the monsoon anticyclones, and the greatest diabatic injection into the tropical stratosphere takes place over the summer hemisphere subtropics according to the seasonal variation of the Hadley circulation. Comparison of the Lagrangian flux estimate across the 100-hPa surface with the estimate by the downward control mechanism using the residual mean meridional circulation shows reasonable correspondence.
Formation of solid tumors by a single multinucleated cancer cell

BACKGROUND: Large multinucleated cells (MNCs) commonly exist in tumorigenic cancer cell lines that are used widely in research. However, the contributions of MNCs to tumorigenesis are unknown. METHODS: In this study, MNCs were characterized in the murine fibrosarcoma cell line UV-2237 in vitro and in vivo at the single-cell level. RESULTS: The authors observed that MNCs originated from a rare subpopulation of mononuclear cells and were positive for a senescent marker, β-galactosidase. In addition, MNCs were responsible for the majority of clonogenic activity when cultured in hard agar; they were more resistant to chemotherapeutic agents than mononuclear cells; they could undergo asymmetric division (producing mononuclear cells) and self-renewal in vitro and in vivo; and, most important; a single MNC produced orthotopic, subcutaneous tumors (composed mainly of mononuclear cells) that gave rise to spontaneous lung metastases in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicated that the growth of MNCs may be arrested under stress and that MNCs are highly resistant to chemotherapy and can generate clonal, orthotopic, metastatic tumors. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
INTERVIEWING OLDER ADULTS MODE COMPARISON USING DATA FROM A FACE-TO-FACE SURVEY AND A TELEPHONE RESURVEY

A face-to-face survey conducted in 1984 with a sample of 1491 residents of the Detroit metropolitan area (including an oversample of older adults) and a reinterview of a random subset of these respondents by telephone were used to compare the two modes of data collection across two age levels. Except for a tendency toward a disproportionately large number of DK an- swers and a disproportionately large amount of interviewer assis- tance on the telephone, respondents 60 years of age and older did not exhibit larger mode differences than did respondents under 60. For both age groups, response distributions were rather simi- lar, suggesting little effect of mode. Likewise, response style dif- fered little by mode, while a higher proportion of missing data (i.e., "I don't know" answers) was given on the telephone. The response rate for the telephone reinterview was 90%, somewhat lower for older than younger persons. The findings support the feasibility of using the telephone for reinterviewing older adults. The survey that is conducted face-to-face and relies on an area proba- bility sample is facing increasing difficulties because of the high costs associated with this traditional interview method and its declining re-
Acute radio-sensitivity as a function of age in mice

To understand the ‘ageing’ effects of the irreparable component of radiation injury, it is essential to accumulate much base-line data on natural chronological ageing. Earlier work1 was designed to determine radiation sensitivity at different ages, using the fractionated dose method, which allows for biological repair between acute exposures. With this type of exposure, which is primarily a measure of repair from bone marrow injury, radio-resistance remains relatively stable through the first half of adult life and then deteriorates quite rapidly to the end of normal life expectancy1. The work described here was designed to investigate variations in sensitivity to single acute X-ray exposures in various age-groups of mice.
Toward a method for privacy vulnerability analysis

Users are concerned about their privacy, and many of the problems they face in managing their privacy are fundamentally HCI problems. Palen and Dorish note that privacy is a fluid process [4]. Individual differences in preferences and thresholds are often significant, and constantly evolving over time. Given a moderately complex system, it is likely impossible to accommodate everyone. Designing for privacy must therefore focus on facilitating awareness of policies, information collection, information use, and control over exposure. The challenge is identifying the processes users care about. Many non-trivial problems are caused by high-level architectural problems affecting many aspects of a system. These are hard to identify before a system is built, or fix afterwards. We present a method for analysis focusing on the discovery of privacy issues. A goal-oriented analysis [5] provides structure to the problem, and a set of design heuristics help identify and analyze potential vulnerabilities. We derive our heuristics from the FIPs [2]. We break these down; emphasizing areas we have identified as problematic [3], and augment them with parts of other guidelines [1].
Situational Variation in Problem Behavior at Home and School in Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity: a Factor Analytic Study

The present investigation assesses situational variation in problem behaviors of children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. Principal-component factors (VARIMAX rotation) were computed for die Home/School Situations Questionnaires (HSQ/SSQ). For the HSQ, tour factors (emerged, accounting for 61% of variance. For the Social three factors emerged, accounting for 68% of variance. Factors were similar to those previously derived with non-referred children. To assess discriminative power, factors were, compared (t-tests) to previous data. All factors significantly discriminated ADD/H from non-referred children. These data surest the factors add lo the utility of the HSQ/SSQ in assessing ADD/H.
Measurement of two-bond JCOH alpha coupling constants in proteins uniformly enriched with 13C.

A simple E.COSY type technique is described for measurement of two-bond JCOHα coupling constants in proteins that are uniformly enriched with13C. The method has been used to measure2JCOHα for 132 residues in the proteins calmodulin and staphylococcal nuclease having non-overlapping Hα−Cα correlations. Measured2JCOHα coupling constants fall in the 0 to −9.5 Hz range. A separate experiment, measuring the accuracy of these values, indicates a root-mean-square error of 1 Hz. Comparison of the J couplings with the dihedral back bone angles from crystallographic studies confirms a weak but statistically significant correlation between the dihedral angle ψ and the magnitude of2JCOHα, but also indicates that parameters other than ψ have a significant effect on the value of the coupling.
Turbulent liquid flow down vertical walls

Photoggraphic methods have been used to study the behavior of water flowing freely down vertical surfaces under the influence of gravity at Reynolds numbers between 200 and 30,000. The physical appearances of the liquid layers in transitional and fully turbulent flow have been noted. Layer thicknesses have been obtained from high-speed photographs and correlated with liquid Reynolds numbers, the range of experimental data thus being extended into the fully turbulent region. A simple basis of comparison with flow between parallel plates has been developed.
T cell-dendritic cell immunological synapses contain TCR-dependent CD28-CD80 clusters that recruit protein kinase C theta.

Short-lived TCR microclusters and a longer-lived protein kinase Cθ-focusing central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC) have been defined in model immunological synapses (IS). In different model systems, CD28-mediated costimulatory interactions have been detected in microclusters, the cSMAC, or segregated from the TCR forming multiple distinct foci. The relationship between TCR and costimulatory molecules in the physiological IS of T cell-dendritic cell (DC) is obscure. To study the dynamic relationship of CD28-CD80 and TCR interactions in the T cell-DC IS during Ag-specific T cell activation, we generated CD80-eCFP mice using bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic technology. In splenic DCs, endogenous CD80 and CD80-eCFP localized to plasma membrane and Golgi apparatus, and CD80-eCFP was functional in vivo. In the OT-II T cell-DC IS, multiple segregated TCR, CD80, and LFA-1 clusters were detected. In the T cell-DC synapse CD80 clusters were colocalized with CD28 and PKCθ, a characteristic of the cSMAC. Acute blockade of TCR signaling with anti-MHC Ab resulted in a rapid reduction in Ca 2+ signaling and the number and size of the CD80 clusters, a characteristic of TCR microclusters. Thus, the T cell-DC interface contains dynamic costimulatory foci that share characteristics of microclusters and cSMACs.
Deaf capital: an exploration of the relationship between stigma and value in deaf multilevel marketing participation in Urban India.

This article ethnographically examines how some deaf people in urban India have begun to orient themselves toward the future by participating in multilevel marketing businesses. In the absence of other structural possibilities for deaf future-making, deaf Indians have turned to such businesses in search of social, economic, and moral livelihood. This article analyzes participation in one particular business and asks how participating within the business both enables and disables the cultivation of specific ideas of development. Particular attention is devoted to exploring the multiple registers of the concept of “deaf development” and how such development may be cultivated through multilevel marketing businesses. This article aims to make a critical intervention in medical anthropology studies of disability by arguing that disability (or in this case deafness) can function as a source of value, therefore highlighting tensions between stigma and value.
Location estimation in CDMA systems: enhanced measurement on pilot channels

The location estimation of mobile telephones is of great current interest. One major technical challenge of CDMA cellular-based location systems has been recognized as the near-far (hearability) problem. In this paper, we propose a novel cellular-based location system, the enhanced measurement on pilots channels, to overcome this problem without affecting the capacity of the existing cellular communication systems. The basic idea is to enhance the hearability of pilots by increasing the integration time at the correlator. The limitation on the integration time is analyzed and the feasibility of the enhanced measurement system is demonstrated by a numerical example. It is shown that the location system performance is a tradeoff between the estimation accuracy, processing time, and the coverage area.
Modulation of RecA Nucleoprotein Function by the Mutagenic UmuD′C Protein Complex

The RecA, UmuC, and UmuD' proteins are essential for error-prone, replicative bypass of DNA lesions. Normally, RecA protein mediates homologous pairing of DNA. We show that purified Umu(D')2C blocks this recombination function. Biosensor measurements establish that the mutagenic complex binds to the RecA nucleoprotein filament with a stoichiometry of one Umu(D')2C complex for every two RecA monomers. Furthermore, Umu(D')2C competitively inhibits LexA repressor cleavage but not ATPase activity, implying that Umu(D')2C binds in or proximal to the helical groove of the RecA nucleoprotein filament. This binding reduces joint molecule formation and even more severely impedes DNA heteroduplex formation by RecA protein, ultimately blocking all DNA pairing activity and thereby abridging participation in recombination function. Thus, Umu(D')2C restricts the activities of the RecA nucleoprotein filament and presumably, in this manner, recruits it for mutagenic repair function. This modulation by Umu(D')2C is envisioned as a key event in the transition from a normal mode of genomic maintenance by "error-free" recombinational repair, to one of "error-prone" DNA replication.
Pathways to Single Motherhood: Sexual Intercourse, Adoption, and Donor Insemination

Exploratory quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to compare the perceptions of premotherhood preparation and the means of coping with motherhood among three groups of single mothers (those who conceived by sexual intercourse, those who adopted, and those who conceived by donor insemination) and married women who conceived by sexual intercourse. The pathway to motherhood influenced the single women's premotherhood thinking about the role of a father in their child's life in that the sexual-intercourse mothers were less likely than either of the other two groups to mention that a father's absence is hard on a child or to mention that most kids end up without fathers anyway. The only group that reported any significant distress was a subgroup of sexual-intercourse single mothers whose pregnancies were unplanned. These findings suggest that single motherhood per se is not associated with difficulties but that the adjustment to motherhood is influenced by whether the choice to become a single parent...
Perceived price sensitivity by ethnicity and smoking frequency among California Hispanic and non-Hispanic white smokers.

OBJECTIVES Little is currently known about price sensitivity across ethnic groups as well as for non-daily smokers. To address this issue, this study compared perceived price sensitivity across smoking status (daily and non-daily) and within ethnicity (Hispanic and non-Hispanic White) in a recent representative population survey of California smokers. METHODS This study employed data from the 2008 California Tobacco Survey (CTS), a large population-based random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Participants were 1,777 non-Hispanic White and 450 Hispanic respondents who had smoked at least 100 cigarettes and currently smoked daily or on some days. RESULTS Differences in perceived price sensitivity were found by ethnicity when controlling for age, gender, and cigarette consumption. Comparisons across ethnic groups indicated that Hispanic smokers, in general, have more price-sensitive perceptions than non-Hispanic White smokers. However, daily versus non-daily status had no effect on price sensitivity when controlling for cigarette quantity. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that pricing increases may be differentially influential for Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic White smokers across smoking status categories.
Shybot: friend-stranger interaction for children living with autism

This paper presents Shybot, a personal mobile robot designed to both embody and elicit reflection on shyness behaviors. Shybot is being designed to detect human presence and familiarity from face detection and proximity sensing in order to categorize people as friends or strangers to interact with. Shybot also can reflect elements of the anxious state of its human companion through LEDs and a spinning propeller. We designed this simple social interaction to open up a new direction for intervention for children living with autism. We hope that from minimal social interaction, a child with autism or social anxiety disorders could reflect on and more deeply attain understanding about personal shyness behaviors, as a first step toward helping make progress in developing greater capacity for complex social interaction.
Goalpha labels ON bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina.

By using double-label immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we studied rod and cone synaptic contacts, photoreceptor-bipolar cell convergence, and patterns of axon terminal ramification of ON bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina. An antibody to recoverin, a calcium-binding protein found in photoreceptors and other retinal neurons in various vertebrates, differentially labeled rods and cones by lightly staining rod cell bodies, axons, and synaptic pedicles and heavily staining cone cell bodies and pedicles. An antibody to G(oalpha) labeled most ON bipolar cells, with axon terminals ramified mainly in strata 6-9 and a minor band in stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Stratum 10 of the IPL was G(oalpha) negative, and previous studies showed that axon terminals of rod-dominated ON bipolar cells are monostratified in that stratum. The axonal morphology of G(oalpha)-positive cells resembled that of the cone-dominated (DBC(C)) or mixed rod and cone ON (DBC(M)) bipolar cells. The G(oalpha)-positive dendritic processes made close contact with all cone pedicles and superficial contact with some rod pedicles, consistent with the idea that G(oalpha) subunits are present in DBC(C)s and DBC(M)s. The size and density of these cells were analyzed, and their spatial distributions were determined. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize photoreceptor inputs and axon terminal morphology of a population of ON bipolar cell with the use of a G(oalpha) antibody as an immunomarker in the salamander retina.
Cellular signaling roles of TGFβ, TNFα and βAPP in brain injury responses and Alzheimer's disease

beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta APP), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) are remarkably pleiotropic neural cytokines/neurotrophic factors that orchestrate intricate injury-related cellular and molecular interactions. The links between these three factors include: their responses to injury; their interactive effects on astrocytes, microglia and neurons; their ability to induce cytoprotective responses in neurons; and their association with cytopathological alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Astrocytes and microglia each produce and respond to TGF beta and TNF alpha in characteristic ways when the brain is injured. TGF beta, TNF alpha and secreted forms of beta APP (sAPP) can protect neurons against excitotoxic, metabolic and oxidative insults and may thereby serve neuroprotective roles. On the other hand, under certain conditions TNF alpha and the fibrillogenic amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) derivative of beta APP can promote damage of neuronal and glial cells, and may play roles in neurodegenerative disorders. Studies of genetically manipulated mice in which TGF beta, TNF alpha or beta APP ligand or receptor levels are altered suggest important roles for each factor in cellular responses to brain injury and indicate that mediators of neural injury responses also have the potential to enhance amyloidogenesis and/or to interfere with neuroregeneration if expressed at abnormal levels or modified by strategic point mutations. Recent studies have elucidated signal transduction pathways of TGF beta (serine/threonine kinase cascades), TNF alpha (p55 receptor linked to a sphingomyelin-ceramide-NF kappa B pathway), and secreted forms of beta APP (sAPP; receptor guanylate cyclase-cGMP-cGMP-dependent kinase-K+ channel activation). Knowledge of these signaling pathways is revealing novel molecular targets on which to focus neuroprotective therapeutic strategies in disorders ranging from stroke to Alzheimer's disease.
Phase II Trials of Imatinib Mesylate and Docetaxel in Patients with Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Two phase II clinical trials in the aerodigestive tumors were undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of imatinib mesylate-docetaxel. We hypothesized that imatinib mesylate would inhibit platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on pericytes and increase docetaxel uptake into tumor cells for an additive antitumor effect. Baseline tumor specimens, serum, and perfusion computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained for supportive evaluation. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with 1 prior therapy and chemonaive patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were enrolled in separate trials, which administered both docetaxel (60 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks) and oral imatinib mesylate (400 mg daily). Both trials used interim analyses for efficacy and safety. Results: Twenty-two patients with NSCLC and seven patients with HNSCC were enrolled. Both trials were closed early due to lack of efficacy, significant toxicity, and a potential antagonistic effect. In the NSCLC study, the response rate was 4.5%, median progression-free survival (PFS) 7.9 weeks, and overall survival 35.6 weeks. The HNSCC trial yielded a response rate 0%, PFS 8.8 weeks, and overall survival 34.7 weeks. Baseline NSCLC tumor immunohistochemical biomarker analyses indicated that lower expression of stromal PDGFRβ correlated with a better PFS, whereas stromal PDGFRα and tumor cell PDGFRβ were associated with a worse clinical outcome when treated with imatinib mesylate-docetaxel. Conclusion: We do not recommend further investigation of this regimen in the aerodigestive tumors. Future investigations in PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be used with caution in combination with taxanes and validation of the potential predictive or prognostic biomarkers stromal PDGFRα/β, and tumor cell PDGFRβ are needed.
Reducing Warpage of Printed Circuit Boards by Using Wavy Traces

Printed circuit boards (PCB’s) often warp when subjected to temperature changes, associated with either the manufacturing process or the usage. In order to reduce the warpage, waviness was introduced in the electric traces. Model PCB’s were manufactured and tested. The elastic stiffnesses of the PCB’s were determined using a coupled experimental-analytical vibration method, whereas coefficient of thermal expansions (CTE’s) and warpage were measured by placing strain-gage instrumented specimens in an environmental chamber and varying the temperature. Unit cell finite element (FE) analyses of PCB’s with both straight and wavy traces were performed to predict thermoelastic behavior. Both experimental tests and numerical analyses conclude that the PCB’s with wavy traces warped approximately 40% to 60% less than the PCB’s with straight traces. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1756591#
Systematics of Downingia (Campanulaceae) based on Molecular Sequence Data: Implications for Floral and Chromosome Evolution

Abstract The genus Downingia (Campanulaceae) has been the subject of numerous biosystematic studies, yet little is known of the evolutionary relationships among the 13 currently recognized species. Phylogenetic analyses were undertaken in order to examine the available biosystematic data in a phylogenetic framework. The genus is of particular interest for its extensive chromosomal variation and for its distribution in relatively new, but threatened, vernal pool habitats of western North America. Parsimony analyses of molecular sequence data from the nuclear 18S–26S rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the chloroplast 3’ trnK intron indicate Downingia is monophyletic. Monotypic Porterella is sister to Downingia. Additional close relatives include Legenere and Howellia. Two main clades emerge within Downingia, neither of which have been previously recognized using morphological features. One of the two clades is homogenous in chromosome number (n = 11), and the other heterogenous, with chromoso...
A Two-Stage Bootloader to Support Multi-application Deployment and Switching in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks are built from highly resource constrained embedded systems. Supporting multiple applications on the sensor network is a desirable goal, however, these constraints make supporting multiple concurrent applications on each node difficult. Therefore, we propose a dynamic application switching approach where only a single application is active on each sensor node at a time. In this paper we present a dynamic application switching framework that can automatically reprogram the sensor node in response to application requests. We implement our framework on the TelosB platform and evaluate its performance using a 52-node sensor network testbed. The implementation of a two-stage bootloader reduces the memory requirements to only 1KiB of program memory and 8 bytes of RAM on this platform. We evaluate the implementation using two different modes of application switching; asynchronous and synchronous. Extensive performance studies indicate that dynamic application switching using our two-stage bootloader is a useful approach to support multiple applications in wireless sensor networks.
Comparison of weed control methods in Populus tree seedlings establishment

Abstract Various synthetic mulches were tested on an alluvial site in three studies to examine survival and growth of cottonwood and hybrid poplar seedlings. Blue, clear, and yellow waste plastics; black, brown, and gray/black polyethylene; and polypropylene fabric weed barrier were compared with cultivation; sod; or isoxaben + orazalin (Gallery + Surflan) or sulfometron methyl (Oust) herbicide weed control treatments. After five years, cottonwood seedling survival was moderately high (50 to 91%) for all synthetic mulch types, whereas seedling survival with cultivation and Oust treatments ranged from 60 to 76%. Seedling growth was best with Oust herbicide, slightly less for cultivation, and nearly the same for all plastics. Planting in sod or use of Gallery + Surflan is not advisable, as these treatments yielded the poorest results. Oust provided the best environmental conditions for growth. Synthetic mulches seem to be practical for use in tree establishment under environmental conditions found in the ce...
High Power Ferromagnetic Resonance, Resonance Saturation, and Spin Wave Instability in Thin Permalloy Films

The two objectives of this new work were to establish quantitative techniques for high power FMR measurements on metallic ferromagnetic films and obtain reliable data on the damping and nonlinear loss parameters that play a role in high speed switching. The main results are (1) quantitative FMR profiles as a function of input power, (2) a determination of the SW instability threshold microwave field amplitudes (hcrl) as a function of the static external field (H) over the entire FMR profile, and (3) a full analysis of the hcrit vs. H data in terms of second order Suhl theory, suitably modified for thin films. Item (3) yields the critical modes and spin wave damping parameters applicable to resonance saturation (RS). These results represent the first measurements and analysis of Suhl processes over the full FMR profile for metal films.
Characterizing the Smell of Marijuana by Odor Impact of Volatile Compounds: An Application of Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis.

Recent US legislation permitting recreational use of marijuana in certain states brings the use of marijuana odor as probable cause for search and seizure to the forefront of forensic science, once again. This study showed the use of solid-phase microextraction with multidimensional gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and simultaneous human olfaction to characterize the total aroma of marijuana. The application of odor activity analysis offers an explanation as to why high volatile chemical concentration does not equate to most potent odor impact of a certain compound. This suggests that more attention should be focused on highly odorous compounds typically present in low concentrations, such as nonanal, decanol, o-cymene, benzaldehyde, which have more potent odor impact than previously reported marijuana headspace volatiles.
A fault-tolerant turing machine

The Turing machine is the most studied universal model of computation. This thesis studies the question if there is a Turing machine that can compute reliably even when violations of its transition function occur independently of each other with some small probability. In this thesis, we prove the existence of a Turing machine that—with a polynomial overhead—can simulate any other Turing machine, even when it is subject to faults of the above type, thereby answering the question that was open for 25 years.
The Nature of Public Entrepreneurship

This paper sets out by providing a definition of public entrepreneurship, in a way that distinguishes the field from commercial or social entrepreneurship. We provide a Public Entrepreneurship fram...