cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Touring the field: the infrastructure of tourism history scholarship

The growth of tourism during the past half century, projected by the United Nations World Tourism Organisation to reach 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide by 2030, has been accompanied by an increase in related academic study groups across many disciplines. This article catalogues the various organisations, focusing more on those that emphasise the culture of tourism than its business side, although the two often overlap. Future contributions may fill in unintended omissions.
On the mechanisms of wind-slick generation

Abstract Wind slicks have been described as parallel lines on the sea surface and attributed to Langmuir circulation, an alternating series of horizontal vortices in the water. The origin of this flow pattern is obscure. Examined in detail, the slick patterns were here found to be generally irregular networks with frequent intersections, not greatly different from the patterns of dust formed on the ground by wind. Dust floating on the sea surface first formed fine networks of lines, which gradually increased in scale and assumed the properties of wind-slick patterns. Similar pattern development was observed in laboratory model experiments, where no fixed circulation in the water was found. No factor other than the tubulence in the water was found to be necessary. Turbulence within a liquid may produce many different patterns in floating material. There is a tendency for floating materials and objects to accumulate on convergences and, as a result, to develop a mean velocity different from that of the surface water. Both the observations and deductions indicate that wind-slick patterns might arise from the turbulence in the water.
Introduction to the recognition of patterns in compressed data: optical processing of data transformed by block-, transform-, and runlength-encoding, as well as vector quantization

We have recently shown that the processing of compressed and encrypted imagery can achieve computational speedup and data security by processing fewer data, which are encoded in an obscure format [5- 9]. Our previous work in compressive processing produced numerous image processing algorithms that yielded computational speedups on the order of the compression ratio. In Part 1 of this series [1], we discuss the theoretical basis for pattern recognition over compressed imagery. In this paper, we present theory in support of optical or electro-optical implementations of convolution or correlation operations over block-, transform-, and runlength-encoded imagery, as well as data encoded by vector quantization (VQ). Unlike our previous work in this area, we do not derive operations that return a compressed result. Instead, our algorithms produce a map of correlation coefficients in the image domain, using a compressed image as input. Several of our architectures could, in principle, perform in time that is at least proportional to the compression ratio. Theory is expressed in terms of image algebra, an emerging branch of mathematics that unifies linear and nonlinear mathematics in the image domain. Image algebra has been implemented on a variety of workstations and parallel processors, as well as electro-optical processors. Thus our algorithms are feasible as well as portable Analyses emphasize computational complexity and information loss.
Concepts of Time among the Ainu of the Northwest Coast of Sakhalin1

Presented here is the basic cognitive structure underlying concepts of time among the Ainu of the northwest coast of southern Sakhalin, now resettled in Hokkaido. The temporal structure is examined by analyzing the Ainu units of what we call time and the cultural meaning attached to each unit. The Ainu time consists of a series of units in binary opposition. However, this opposition is not absolute but is relative to context. This temporal structure illustrates the dyadic structure of the Ainu world view, which has been the prime object of the author's study of the Ainu culture.
The effect of delayed reinforcement on DRL performance

Stable DRL performance of four rats was studied under conditions of delayed reinforcement. A DRL 20 sec requirement remained in effect across all sessions while the delay of reinforcement following a correct response was varied from 8 sec to 28 sec in different blocks of sessions. For delays shorter than the DRL 20 sec requirement, it was found that response rate was not affected by delay of reinforcement, each S responding optimally for the schedule. However, for reinforcement delays longer than the DRL requirement, each S’s response rate decreased. This resulted in performance that was less than optimal for the schedule.
Life histories, feminism, and post‐modernist anthropology

Crane, Julia G. editor. Saba Silhouettes: Life Stories from a Caribbean Island. New York: Vantage Press. 1987. x + 515 pp. including appendix and glossary. $20.00 cloth. Fink, Deborah. Open Country Iowa: Rural Women, Tradition and Change. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1986. viii + 275 pp. including references and indices. $39.50 cloth. $14.95 paper. Jansen, Willy. Women Without Men: Gender and Marginality in an Algerian Town. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill. 1987. xviii + 303 pp. including appendix, glossary, references and index. $38.25 paper.
Immunohistochemical localization of signal transduction pathways during amelogenesis: an initial exploration.

This study was undertaken to map signal transduction pathway (STP) components uniquely associated with the four major receptor groups and their related STPs in association with the events involved in amelogenesis in the rat. Whole-head, freeze-dried sagittal sections were obtained at the level of the maxillary first molars and picked up on transparent adhesive tape. The sections were not decalcified or fixed, providing optimum conditions for immunohistochemical (IHC) localization. Antibodies to pathway components Gsa, Giα, Gqα, Sos-1, Grb-2, p125Fak, Jak2, and Vav were localized. The respective patterns of localization indicate that the G a-linked, the receptor tyrosine kinase-initiated, and the integrin receptor-initiated pathways are involved in the proliferating pre-ameloblast cells. In the differentiating and differentiated ameloblasts, the Gsa-linked cAMP pathway is involved, apparently reading a factor(s) released by the dentin matrix. The G a-linked, the receptor tyrosine kinase-initiated, the inte...
Total shoulder arthroplasty with the neer prosthesis: Long-term results

We determined the outcome of 113 total shoulder replacement arthroplasties performed with a Neer prosthesis between 1975 and 1981. The operations were performed for the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and old fractures or dislocations with traumatic arthritis. The probability of implant survival was 93% after 10 years and 87% after 15 years. Complications requiring reoperation developed in 14 shoulders. Seventy-nine patients with 89 replacements were available for follow-up a minimum of 5 years after the operation (mean 12.2 years, range 5 to 17 years). Relief from moderate or severe pain was achieved in 83% of shoulders. Active abduction improved by an average of 40 degrees to an average of 117 degrees. The amount of elevation that was regained was related to the amount of rotator cuff disease. Seventy-five glenoid components developed bone-cement radiolucencies, and 39 (44%) glenoid components had radiographic evidence of definite loosening. Glenoid loosening was associated with pain. A shift in position of the humeral component occurred in 49% of the press-fit stems and in none of the cemented stems. Humeral component loosening was not associated with pain.
An Attitude Functions Approach to Increasing Organ‐Donation Participation1

This research tests a tenet of attitude function theory–the motivational matching hypothesis–by using a functional approach to increase organ donation. Pilot studies validated experimental manipulations and persuasive messages. An experiment tested the hypothesis that persuasive messages that match an aroused function would be more effective than messages that do not match a manipulated function. Participants were exposed to situational manipulations designed to arouse or make salient value-expressive or knowledge needs, then read an organ-donation message designed to meet one of these needs. Participants’ organ-donation attitudes and behaviors were assessed. Participants presented with matching messages were most persuaded and took more action to become donors. Those who experienced stronger motivational arousal exhibited the most change.
Soluble carbohydrates in mature soybean seed after feeding d-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol, or d-pinitol to stem-leaf-pod explants of low-raffinose, low-stachyose lines

Abstract Soybean [Glycine max L. (Merrill)] embryos accumulate sucrose, raffinose and stachyose during seed development and maturation. Raffinose and stachyose in soybean feed products are not digested by monogastric animals, resulting in flatulence and fewer nutrients for growth. Three lines of soybean selected for low-raffinose and low-stachyose (LRS) or low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) concentrations in mature seed were compared to a CHECK line with normal concentrations of raffinose, stachyose and phytin. To determine if increasing the supply of free cyclitols to developing seed of these lines results in increased accumulation of galactosyl cyclitols, soybean stem-leaf-pod explants of each line were fed solutions containing 10 mM d -chiro-inositol, 10 mM myo-inositol, or 10 mM d -pinitol, or a control solution without cyclitols for 7 days. Explants were air-dried for 14 days. Soluble carbohydrates were extracted from axis, cotyledon, and seed coat tissues of mature, dry seed and analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography. Axis and cotyledons from mature seed of all modified lines had low concentrations of stachyose compared to the CHECK line when fed a control solution without cyclitols. Feeding d -chiro-inositol to explants increased fagopyritol B1 accumulation in mature seed from all lines. Feeding myo-inositol to explants increased stachyose accumulation in mature seed of LRSP1, but feeding d -pinitol to explants did not alter soluble carbohydrate composition of mature seed. These responses demonstrate that an increase in the supply of free d -chiro-inositol in maternal tissues can result in enhanced accumulation of fagopyritols in mature seed of low-raffinose and low-stachyose or low-raffinose, low-stachyose and low-phytin soybean.
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase: High Affinity Tetrahydrophthalimide Radioligand for the Inhibitor/Herbicide-Binding Site in Mouse Liver Mitochondria

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox), the last common enzyme in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, is the target of several classes of herbicides acting as inhibitors in both plants and mammals. N-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-(propargyloxy)phenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro phthalimide (a potent protox inhibitor referred to as THP) was synthesized as a candidate radioligand ([3H]-THP) by selective catalytic reduction of 3,6-dihydrophthalic anhydride (DHPA) with tritium gas followed by condensation in 45% yield with 4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(propargyloxy)aniline. Insertion of tritium at the 3 and 6 carbons of DHPA as well as the expected 4 and 5 carbons resulted in high specific activity [3H]THP (92 Ci/mmol). This radioligand undergoes rapid, specific, saturable, and reversible binding to the inhibitor/herbicide binding site of the protox component of cholate-solubilized mouse liver mitochondria with an apparent Kd of 0.41 nM and Bmax of 0.40 pmol/mg of protein. In the standard assay, mouse preparation (150 micrograms of protein) and [3H]THP (0.5 nM) are incubated in 500 microL of phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 for 15 min at 25 degrees C followed by addition of ammonium sulfate and filtration with glass fiber filters. The potencies of five nitrodiphenyl ethers and two other herbicides as inhibitors of [3H]THP binding correlate well with those for inhibition of protox activity (r2 = 0.97, n = 7), thus validating the binding assay as relevant to enzyme inhibition. It is also suitable to determine in vivo block as illustrated by an approximately 50% decrease in [3H]THP binding in liver mitochondria from mice treated ip with oxyfluorfen at 4 mg/kg. This is the first report of a binding assay for protox in mammals. The high affinity and specific activity of [3H]THP facilitate quantitation of protox and therefore research on a sensitive inhibition site for porphyrin biosynthesis.
Correlation Between Two Clinical Balance Measures in Older Adults: Functional Mobility and Sensory Organization Test

BACKGROUND Functional mobility of older adults has been shown to correlate with stance stability to various extents. This variability could be due to the difference in the way sensory information is processed in these two types of balance tests. Correlations between functional mobility and stance stability under altered sensory conditions, such as those in the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), are needed to test this possibility. The present study investigated the correlation between the performance of older adults on a newly developed Sensory-Oriented Mobility Assessment Instrument (SOMAI) and on the various sensory conditions of the SOT. METHODS Twenty-seven community-dwelling older adults (76 +/- 7 years) underwent tests of the six SOT conditions and 10 SOMAI mobility maneuvers performed under normal- and focal-vision (peripheral vision eliminated) conditions. Behavioral performance in the two SOMAI conditions and the amounts of postural sway in the six SOT conditions were ranked among the subjects. Correlations of performance rankings on these two tests were analyzed. RESULTS Performance on the two SOMAI conditions significantly correlated with that on the SOT conditions in which accurate visual, vestibular, and somatosensory inputs were all present (p < .05). Performance on the focal-vision SOMAI condition was also significantly correlated with that on the SOT condition in which somatosensory input was unreliable for orientation while visual and vestibular inputs were reliable (p < .05). There were no correlations between the SOMAI performance and performance on the no-vision or unreliable-vision SOT conditions. CONCLUSIONS The ability to use all visual, somatosensory, and vestibular inputs for balance was correlated with functional mobility. The moderate correlations between the performance on the normal-sensory SOT condition and the SOMAI conditions suggest that body systems other than balance senses also contribute to mobility performance.
The Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments

The lizards of the family Gekkonidae have been found to possess two photolabile, vitamin A1-based pigments within their visual cells. In the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko) these two pigments have spectral absorbances maximal at 521nm and 467nm. They have been detected and studied by the methods of microspectrophotometry (1, 2) and of extraction (3).
Identification of Catabolite Repression as a Physiological Regulator of Biofilm Formation by Bacillus subtilis by Use of DNA Microarrays

Biofilms are structured communities of cells that are encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix and are adherent to a surface. Many biofilms have a significant impact in medical and industrial settings. The model gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis has recently been shown to form biofilms. To gain insight into the genes involved in biofilm formation by this bacterium, we used DNA microarrays representing >99% of the annotated B. subtilis open reading frames to follow the temporal changes in gene expression that occurred as cells transitioned from a planktonic to a biofilm state. We identified 519 genes that were differentially expressed at one or more time points as cells transitioned to a biofilm. Approximately 6% of the genes of B. subtilis were differentially expressed at a time when 98% of the cells in the population were in a biofilm. These genes were involved in motility, phage-related functions, and metabolism. By comparing the genes differentially expressed during biofilm formation with those identified in other genomewide transcriptional-profiling studies, we were able to identify several transcription factors whose activities appeared to be altered during the transition from a planktonic state to a biofilm. Two of these transcription factors were Spo0A and sigma-H, which had previously been shown to affect biofilm formation by B. subtilis. A third signal that appeared to be affecting gene expression during biofilm formation was glucose depletion. Through quantitative biofilm assays and confocal scanning laser microscopy, we observed that glucose inhibited biofilm formation through the catabolite control protein CcpA.
Tilted lines as complex stimuli.

Severely retarded boys were taught to respond differentially to lines tilted at 45° and 135°. While all subjects could perform the discrimination, the aspect of the stimulus that controlled responding was shown to differ among subjects.
Land surface temperature retrieval at high spatial and temporal resolutions over the southwestern United States

[1] Land surface temperature (LST) and its diurnal variation are important when evaluating climate change, land-atmosphere energy exchange, and the global hydrological cycle. These characteristics are observable from satellites using thermal infrared measurements, but doing so at both high spatial and temporal resolutions has been difficult. Accurate temporal and spatial knowledge of LST is critical in global-scale hydrological assimilation to improve estimates of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Historically, satellite retrieval of global LST at high spatial resolutions (1 km) has relied on NOAA polar-orbiting satellites recently augmented by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data on board the Earth Observing System (EOS). Each satellite instrument in a polar orbit typically provides one to two observations per day. High temporal sampling of LST is achievable with geostationary satellites but at spatial resolutions is too coarse to distinguish different land surface types (4–5 km) and with lower accuracy. We describe an approach which employs MODIS data as a calibration source for Geostationary Environmental Satellite (GOES) data, then uses both data sets to yield half-hourly LST values, at 1 km spatial resolution, and returns LST with an accuracy better than 2°C. The approach requires good cloud clearing, atmospheric correction, and an underlying LST model to propagate values between observations. Retrieved LST against ground truth data indicate the approach is accurate to about 2°C.
Expansion of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells following SIRT1 inactivation in the adult brain

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system and can regenerate in adults. Brunet and colleagues show that inactivation of SIRT1 deacetylase increases the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors partly by shifting other neural stem cells to this fate. Using genome-wide approaches, they delineate PDGFRα as a critical target of SIRT1 in its negative effects on oligodendrocyte lineage.
Prediction of Classroom Achievement Using Intelligence and Behavioral Variables for Inner-City Children

The relative importance of academic aptitude and behavioral variables for the prediction of achievement criteria in basic skill areas was investigated for a sample comprised of 71 inner-city third ...
Tumor-derived inducible heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is an essential component of anti-tumor immunity

Tumor-derived inducible heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is an essential component of anti-tumor immunity
Polyolefin graft copolymers via living polymerization techniques: Preparation of poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐graft‐polyethylene through the combination of Pd‐mediated living olefin polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

Poly(n-butyl acrylate)-graft-branched polyethylene was successfully prepared by the combination of two living polymerization techniques. First, a branched polyethylene macromonomer with a methacrylate-functionalized end group was prepared by Pd-mediated living olefin polymerization. The macromonomer was then copolymerized with n-butyl acrylate by atom transfer radical polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography traces of the graft copolymers showed narrow molecular weight distributions indicative of a controlled reaction. At low macromonomer concentrations corresponding to low viscosities, the reactivity ratios of the macromonomer to n-butyl acrylate were similar to those for methyl methacrylate to n-butyl acrylate. However, the increased viscosity of the reaction solution resulting from increased macromonomer concentrations caused a lowering of the apparent reactivity ratio of the macromonomer to n-butyl acrylate, indicating an incompatibility between nonpolar polyethylene segments and a polar poly(n-butyl acrylate) backbone. The incompatibility was more pronounced in the solid state, exhibiting cylindrical nanoscale morphology as a result of microphase separation, as observed by atomic force microscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2736–2749, 2002
Further Results for the Joint Distribution of the Surplus Immediately Before and After Ruin Under Force of Interest

This article studies the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin under constant force of interest. A Laplace transformation technique has been used to establish an explicit expression for the joint distribution function with zero initial reserve. Numerical computation using this alternative expression is quick and easy in the case of exponential, gamma, and Pareto claim sizes. Moreover, a numerical method has been developed to efficiently approximate the joint distribution in case of nonzero initial reserve.
Aligning Food Composition Tables with Current Dietary Guidance for Consumers

Background Federal dietary guidance for consumers in the United States includes three pillars: the Dietary Guidelines for Americans; the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs); and the information on food packages (including the Nutrition Facts Label). Food composition tables (FCT) should include information that is relevant to these types of dietary guidance. Objective: To review food composition variables that are meaningful in this public health context. Description: New dietary guidance focuses on three public health concerns: (1) achieving nutrient adequacy; (2) maintaining a healthy body weight; and (3) reducing risk of chronic diseases. To evaluate nutrient adequacy, nutrients with a DRI should be included on a FCT, and the units in which the recommendations are expressed should match those on the FCT. New ways to describe diets that promote a healthy weight have been suggested with an emphasis on decreasing intakes of empty calories (e.g., solid fats and added sugars) and choosing foods with a high nutrient density and a low energy density. To reduce risk of chronic diseases, dietary variables of interest are sodium and potassium, fatty acids, and descriptors of carbohydrate quality. Some of these themes are also seen in the recent recommendations by an Institute of Medicine Committee on front of package labelling. Conclusions: These types of variables are desirable in FCTs that will be accessed by consumers, or used to evaluate consumers’ adherence with dietary guidance. Developers of FCTs should ensure that their tables align with the latest developments in consumer guidance.
A comparative study of the influence of calcitonin on plasma mineral and volume dynamics in the amphibians, Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis, and the rat

Abstract 1. 1. The predominant effect of salmon calcitonin (SCT) on frogs was hyperphosphatemic; only at 1μU/g body wt (doses, 0.5μU-20mU/g body wt) was any hypophosphatemia noted. In temporal studies, a hyperphosphatemia of high magnitude appeared at 3.5–15 min. SCT-treated rats were hypophosphatemic after a transient hyperphosphatemia. 2. 2. Only at 1 μU SCT/g body wt were R. pipiens hypocalcemic. In temporal studies, an early hypocalcemia (7.5–15 min) was followed by a hypercalcemia. possibly due to a secondary hyperparathyroidism. SCT-treated X. laevis remained normocalcemic. SCT-treated rats were typically hypocalcemic after a transient hypercalcemia. 3. 3. Plasma mineral levels and fractional volumes (PFV; percentage of whole blood representing plasma) were reciprocal; high mineral titers were associated with low PFV, and the converse. 4. 4. SCT lowered PFV in frogs and elevated it in rats. The directions of SCT-induced fluxes in PFV and plasma phosphorus were opposite to each other in both amphibians and the rat. 5. 5. The rapid SCT-induced changes in plasma mineral levels and PFV, which were reversed in the amphibian as compared to the rat, may be the consequence of transcompartmental shifts in ions and water, involving the interplay of bone cells, bone fluid, extracellular fluids, soft tissues and plasma.
Prediction of the 3D structure and dynamics of human DP G-protein coupled receptor bound to an agonist and an antagonist.

Prostanoids play important physiological roles in the cardiovascular and immune systems and in pain sensation in peripheral systems through their interactions with eight G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors are important drug targets, but development of subtype specific agonists and antagonists has been hampered by the lack of 3D structures for these receptors. We report here the 3D structure for the human DP G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) predicted by the MembStruk computational method. To validate this structure, we use the HierDock computational method to predict the binding mode for the endogenous agonist (PGD2) to DP. Based on our structure, we predicted the binding of different antagonists and optimized them. We find that PGD2 binds vertically to DP in the TM1237 region with the α chain toward the extracellular (EC) region and the ω chain toward the middle of the membrane. This structure explains the selectivity of the DP receptor and the residues involved in the predicted binding site correlate very well with available mutation experiments on DP, IP, TP, FP, and EP subtypes. We report molecular dynamics of DP in explicit lipid and water and find that the binding of the PGD2 agonist leads to correlated rotations of helices of TM3 and TM7, whereas binding of antagonist leads to no such rotations. Thus, these motions may be related to the mechanism of activation.
Effect of age on splitting tensile strength and fracture resistance of concrete

Abstract Concrete cylinders aged 1,2,3,5,7,14 and 28 days were loaded to failure in indirect tension. Similar cylinders, but with a central notch cast in the diametral plane of loading, were also loaded to fracture. The splitting tensile strength of the notched cylinders was determined, and its behavior with age was compared with that of unnotched cylinders. Apparent fracture toughness values were calculated as a function of age. It appears that strength and fracture resistance follow similar aging patterns for the concrete tested.
E–availability of financial documents for US' counties

The electronic availability (e–availability) of financial documents helps stakeholders evaluate government performance, solvency, and sustainability. This study reviews the e–availability of financial documents (EFDs) from county websites in the USA. It facilitates the development of a more transparent and accountable county government. While some baseline research exists for EFDs for cities, little is known regarding EFDs for counties. The study extends research about the types of local governments where EFDs exists and sheds light on a literature gap concerning counties. It reviews public sector incentives for EFDs, related best practices, and essential county financial documents. Using content analysis, data collected from 100 counties are reviewed to establish a baseline for county EFDs. After analysis, the paper concludes with a review of stakeholder implications and study limitations. Furthermore, it offers recommendations for future research regarding EFDs to enhance transparency and accountability while earning greater trust among county stakeholders.
Abstract 2314: Erlotinib response in lung- and glioma-derived EGFR alleles: Correlating kinase site occupancy with efficacy

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL INTRODUCTION: Mutational activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) gene features prominently in malignant glioma (MG) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, while NCSLC-derived mutants of EGFR exhibit high sensitivity to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, patients with MG-derived EGFR alleles respond poorly to TKIs. We tested MG- and NSCLC-derived alleles of EGFR to determine whether differences in occupancy within the mutant kinase domains determine response to therapy. METHODS: Human malignant glioma-derived cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant alleles of EGFR (derived from MG (EGFRvIII) or NSCLC (EGFR L858R and EGFRdel746-750)) were generated by viral transduction. Cell cycle analyses and viability assays were performed to confirm the in vitro recapitulation of the range of erlotinib's clinical efficacy in cells expressing MG- or NSCLC-specific alleles of EGFR. A novel affinity probe selective for the kinase site of EGFR was used to quantify the level of erlotinib binding in this panel of EGFR-allele expressing cell lines. Cell-signaling was analyzed through western-blotting and quantified with densitometry. RESULTS: Using the EGFR-specific affinity probe, erlotinib's kinase site occupancy was measured at clinically relevant doses. In cells expressing MG-derived EGFRvIII, significantly lower levels of kinase site occupancy were reached as compared to NSCLC-derived EGFR L858R and EGFRdel746-750. Surprisingly, these data did not correlate with levels of phospho-EGFR. Across all alleles, kinase site occupancy rather than levels of p-EGFR correlated with downstream signaling through Akt and mTOR, and with growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest. CONCLUSION: Erlotinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, achieves higher levels of kinase site occupancy in NSCLC-derived mutations of EGFR, as compared with MG-derived mutations. Kinase site occupancy correlated directly with efficacy. In contrast, levels of p-EGFR correlated poorly with efficacy for these agents. These data suggest kinase site occupancy as a potential biomarker for efficacy of EGFR inhibitors. This also raises the intriguing possibility that the reason for the differential efficacy of erlotinib in lung- and MG-derived activating mutations in EGFR is due to differences in ATP binding affinity: the lung-derived activating mutations in EGFR have lower ATP affinity as compared to the wild-type kinase, resulting in higher relative erlotinib affinity, while MG-derived activating mutations in EGFR have a higher affinity for ATP, which outcompetes erlotinib and results in poor drug affinity for the kinase site. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2314. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2314
Production of 69mZn in the oak ridge research reactor

Abstract Production of 69mZn in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor by two nuclear reactions was studied using natural abundance Ga2O3 and isotopically enriched Ga2O3 and ZnO. The fission-neutron cross section for the 69Ga(n,p)69mZn reaction was determined to be 0·496 ± 0.073 mb, and separation of the zinc products from gallium target was achieved by solvent extraction. Production of 69PmZn reaction produced an average isotopic abundance of 2·22 mCi of 69mZn per mg of zinc target.
A mechanistic investigation of waterflood diversion using foamed gels

Although gel treatments have gained acceptance for injection well profile modification, high treatment cost and potential loss of low permeability zone injectivity curbs implementation. This study investigates an in-situ generated foamed gel barrier that is well suited for long-term waterflood diversion because it provides an intermediate degree of plugging, yet requires substantially less polymer than bulk gels. Microvisual observations indicate foamed gel barriers are initially impermeable but break down when the pressure exceeds a critical value. This critical pressure that initiates breakdown varies with foam quality, permeability, and gel properties.
Two-Dimensional Singularity Solutions in the Presence of an Elliptical Hole

Expression des solutions pour une singularite bidimensionnelle dans un milieu isotrope infini perce d'un trou elliptique
Friendship under lock and key: the Soviet Central Asian border, 1918–34

This paper addresses early Soviet efforts to secure ‘under lock and key’ its over-5000-km-long Central Asian border with Iran, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. The state sought to build relations of trust and friendship between border dwellers and guards – the pogranichnye voiska – to increase security and to demonstrate the emancipatory nature of the Soviet Union. However, these goals were compromised by the region's geographic extremity, basmachi raids and existing flows of people, goods and flocks across the state border. As a result, the early state pursued a contradictory set of policies in order to discourage indiscriminate crossings and to project an image of friendship – however limited in practice – across the border. Secret police circulars and reports from the Communist Party's Central Asian bureau testify to the difficulty and contradictions of crafting friendship on the border in the Soviet Union's first two decades.
Echo phenomena and nonlinearity

Echoes as a result of resonant pulse excitation occur only in nonlinearly interactive systems. The role of nonlinear coupling with pulses is emphasized in an elementary review of two- and three-pulse spin echo formation using the vector model.
The in vivo effect of high levels of phenylalanine on lipids and RNA of the developing rabbit brain.

Summary High levels of phenylalanine were obtained in blood and brain of developing rabbits by injecting intraperitoneally 7 g phenylalanine/kg per 24 h. Metabolism of lipids and nucleic acid in brain was studied in experimental and control animals by injecting intracisternally [14C]acetate and [3H]cytidine as precursors. A significant inhibition of the incorporation of radioactive acetate into brain total lipids and specifically cerebrosides of myelin was obtained. Incorporation of [3H]cytidine into the RNA of brain subcellular fractions did not seem to be affected by high levels of phenylalanine.
The Timeline Followback Interview to Assess Children’s Exposure to Partner Violence: Reliability and Validity

This study evaluated psychometric properties of the Timeline Followback interview—Children’s Exposure to Partner Violence (TLFB-CEPV), an event history calendar interview designed to assess children’s exposure to daily patterns of intimate partner violence. Participants were men (N = 107) entering batterer’s treatment, their female partners, and a custodial child (6–16 years). The TLFB-CEPV asked about days of partner physical aggression and children’s exposure to these episodes, and was administered to partners at pretreatment, posttreatment, 6 and 12 months. At each assessment, the percentage of days of any child exposure (PAE) and of children’s direct exposure (PDE) to violence were calculated. Parents completed measures of partner aggression and social desirability; parents, teachers, and children completed measures of children’s adjustment. TLFB-CEPV scores had excellent temporal stability and strong evidence of concurrent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Interrater agreement for TLFB-CEPV scores was moderate at initial assessment, but high at subsequent follow-up interviews.
Using Warm‐Ups, Wind‐Ups, and Fillers: All of Your Class Time Is Valuable!

Class time is limited, yet language students need every bit of language practice they can get. The article describes eleven activities that can be used to fill short periods of class time that might otherwise be lost. The activities all meet five criteria: (1) they require little or no advance planning, props, or organization; (2) they are easy to explain and learn; (3) they involve the students in focused language activity; (4) they can be begun quickly, engaged in for any short length of time, and ended abruptly; and (5) they are adaptable for use in language classes at almost any level.
A method for the determination of the circulating concentration of vitamin D.

Determination des concentrations des vitamines D 2 et D 3 dans le serum et le plasma par extraction lipidique. Separation des lipides et des vitamines par chromatographie. Quantification des vitamines en injectant la fraction contenant les vitamines dans une colonne HPLC puis par absorption aux ultraviolets
An accurate, quantitative assay for collagenase activity based on the synergistic hydrolysis of collagen.

An accurate and quantitative collagenase assay has been developed which is based on the synergistic hydrolysis of soluble [ 14 CH 3 ]collagen by thermolysin and collagenase. Thermolysin itself does not hydrolyze collagen at an appreciable rate. However, when present in collagenase assays carried out at 35°C, it synergistically assists in the digestion of collagen by hydrolyzing the large collagen fragments produced by true collagenases into much smaller fragments. These smaller digestion products are much more soluble than the larger fragments produced by the primary cleavages and they remain in solution after the undigested collagen is precipitated with phosphotungstic acid. Since the assay measures the appearance of nonprecipitable 14 C, this secondary digestion by thermolysin greatly increases its sensitivity. Furthermore, the assay exhibits initial rates that are linear over a greater percentage of full hydrolysis and activities that are proportional to a wider range of collagenase concentrations than when carried out in the absence of thermolysin. In addition, it gives an accurate reading of the true collagenase activity of impure samples, since thermolysin levels out the synergistic effects of contaminating proteinases. An important feature of the assay is that it enables the calculation of a “synergistic ratio” defined as the rate observed in the presence of both thermolysin and collagenase divided by the sum of the rates obtained for each alone. This ratio reflects the degree of specificity of the collagenase and, thus, provides additional information about the enzyme.
Synthesis, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding, and pharmacological properties of 3′-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidine analogs

A series of 3'-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidine analogs (5a-j) were synthesized. The alpha4beta2( *) and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding properties and functional activity in the tail-flick, hot-plate, locomotor, and body temperature tests in mice of 5a-j were compared to those of the nAChR agonist, nicotine (1), epibatidine (4), and deschloroepibatidine (13), the partial agonist, varenicline (3), and the antagonist 2'-fluoro-3'-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidine analogs (7a-j). Unlike epibatidine and deschloroepibatidine, which are potent agonists in the tail-flick test, 5a-k show no or very low antinociceptive activity in the tail-flick or hot-plate test. However, they are potent antagonists in nicotine-induced antinociception in the tail-flick test, but weaker than the corresponding 2'-fluoro-3'-(substituted phenyl)deschloroepibatidines.
New concepts regarding the relationship of testosterone and prostate cancer.

Abraham Morgentaler Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery (Urology), Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Director, Men’s Health Boston, Brookline, MA 02445, USA Tel.: +1 617 277 5000; Fax: +1 617 277 5444; amorgent@yahoo.com; www.menshealthboston.com ‘More widespread examination of the relationship of T and PCa will allow us to discard old concepts that have been shown to be false.’
The use of Endosperm Balance Number and 2n gametes to transfer exotic germplasm in potato.

A triploid hybrid (2n=3x=36) between a colchicine-induced 4x(2EBN) Solanum brevidens (a non-tuber-bearing species) and 2x(2EBN) S. chacoense (a tuber-bearing species) was used as a vehicle for germplasm transfer to S. tuberosum Group Tuberosum. The use of 2n gametes from the triploid allowed the unique opportunity for transferring exotic germplasm from Series Etuberosa to Gp. Tuberosum material. The triploid hybrid used had a pollen stainability of less than 0.1%. Observations of microsporogenesis revealed that metaphase I pairing configurations were primarily 12 bivalents and 12 univalents with occasional trivalents. Anaphase I separations were irregular, often with lagging univalents. Meiotic observations and pollen morphology suggest that the stainable pollen produced by the hybrid was 2n=3x=36. A single pentaploid hybrid (2n=5x=60) was produced by the fertilization of a rare 2n egg from the triploid with a normal male gamete from the clone ‘Wis AG 231’ (2n=4x=48). Limited crosses to other 1, 2 and 4EBN species and cultivars were unsuccessful. The pentaploid hybrid had a more regular meiosis than the triploid and dramatically improved pollen stainability (37% stainable pollen). Stylar blocks prevented estimates of male fertility in crosses. Female fertility in 47 crosses with nine cultivars averaged 19 seeds per fruit. Although S. brevidens is non-tuber-bearing, and the triploid produced only stolons, the pentaploid hybrid tuberized well under field conditions, despite being very late. Results suggest that the tuberization response is a dosage and/or threshold effect. This approach to the incorporation of 1EBN germplasm indicates the utility of the EBN concept coupled with 2n gametes. Further, it demonstrates a means for the introgression of 1EBN species genes into Gp. Tuberosum material.
Brillouin-Scattering Dispersion in Ferroelectric Triglycine Sulfate

Dispersion has been observed in the Brillouin components of the light-scattering spectrum of triglycine sulfate. It is attributed to the Landau-Khalatnikov relaxation of fluctuations in the spontaneous polarization.
Genetics and mode of presentation of antigenic determinants: influence on immunologic responsiveness in transplantation.

Abstract The role of specialized antigen-presenting cells in the generation of alloreactions is discussed. Methods to bypass the stimulation of effector cells reactive to alloantigens and which might be used to activate suppressor T cells responsive to class I and II molecules are described. These nations are considered in the context of recent observations in cellular immunology.
Assessment of hand preference in two language-trained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): a multimethod analysis

The nonhuman primate literature concludes that monkeys and apes do not exhibit handedness preferences at the population level. This discrepancy between human and nonhuman primate findings may be due to differences in the methods of assessment of handedness, lack of reliability between various measures of handedness, and a paucity of studies involving great apes. This paper presents the results of extensive hand preference studies with two language-trained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Both naturalistic and experimental paradigms are described. In particular, various methodologic factors involved in handedness assessment, including the use of a hand preference measure previously used with human subjects were examined. Both chimpanzees exhibited a right-hand preference for fine motor tasks requiring manual dexterity.
Evaluation of some chemotherapeutics against Endamoeba histolytica in cultures with Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract Ten antibiotics and amebacidal agents have been re-studied for their “amebacidal” end points. These determinations were obtained by use of E. histolytica plus T. cruzi and were compared with the end points previously obtained by others utilizing “open” and “sealed” culture technics of E. histolytica plus organism ‘ t. ’. The end point ranges corresponded closely with those obtained with the “sealed culture” technic. The cultures of E. histolytica growing in association with T. cruzi alone provide an opportunity for study of direct amebacidal action in vitro , without the complication that associated bacterial flora has introduced in previous methods.
Monte Carlo test of the lattice cluster theory: Thermodynamic properties of binary polymer blends

The particle exchange method is used to compute the exchange chemical potential for binary mixtures of linear polymers in Monte Carlo lattice model simulations. The internal energy and the specific heat are also calculated for each thermodynamic state. Simulations are performed for nine blend compositions, with the total monomer volume fraction held fixed at φ=0.8 or φ=0.7. Both polymer species have the same polymerization indices, M=40, 50, or 100. The two species are distinguished by their van der Waals interaction strengths, e11, e12, and e22. Several ratios e22/e11 are considered, and the simulation temperatures range from almost athermal conditions to near-critical states. The parameter e12 is either computed as the geometrical average e11e22 or is assigned an independent value. Three approximate solutions to the model are compared to the simulations: Flory–Huggins theory, Guggenheim’s random mixing approximation, and the lattice cluster theory (LCT). The results confirm the higher accuracy of the LC...
The Influence of Ratchets Dimension and Shape on the Motion of Leidenfrost Droplet

The influence of ratchet aspect ratio and the shape of ratchet ridges on the motion of film boiling water droplet were investigated. Continuous rebounding behavior of the droplet was observed on micro ratchets with lower depths and round ridges. The residence time and flying time of rebounding droplets are independent of surface temperature. The terminal velocity increases but the number of rebounds decreases as the surface temperature increases in the range of 192–248°C.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Technology-supported learning innovation in cultural contexts

Many reform initiatives adopt a reductionist, proceduralized approach to cultural change, assuming that deep changes can be realized by introducing new classroom activities, textbooks, and technological tools. This article elaborates a complex system perspective of learning culture: A learning culture as a complex system involves macro-level properties (e.g., epistemological beliefs, social values, power structures) and micro-level features (e.g., technology, classroom activities). Deep changes in macro-level properties cannot be reduced to any component. This complex system perspective is applied to examining technology-supported educational change in East Asia and analyzing how teachers sustain the knowledge building innovation in different contexts. Working with the macro–micro dynamics in a learning culture requires a principle-based approach to learning innovation that specifies macro-level changes using principle-based instead of procedure-based terms and engages teachers’ deep reflection and creative engagement at both the macro- and the micro-level.