cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to apply a set of rarely reported psychometric indices that, nevertheless, are important to consider when evaluating psychological measures. All can be derived from a standardized loading matrix in a confirmatory bifactor model: omega reliability coefficients, factor determinacy, construct replicability, explained common variance, and percentage of uncontaminated correlations. We calculated these indices and extended the findings of 50 recent bifactor model estimation studies published in psychopathology, personality, and assessment journals. These bifactor derived indices (most not presented in the articles) provided a clearer and more complete picture of the psychometric properties of the assessment instruments. We reached 2 firm conclusions. First, although all measures had been tagged “multidimensional,” unit-weighted total scores overwhelmingly reflected variance due to a single latent variable. Second, unit-weighted subscale scores often have ambiguous interpret...
Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis during Inflammatory States

I nfectious and noninfectious inflammatory conditions are often associated with significant changes in systemic iron metabolism. One of the important consequences of this altered metabolic state is a decrease in plasma iron levels that is caused by reduced intestinal absorption and increased intracellular sequestration of the metal. The decrease in circulating iron can compromise erythropoiesis and ultimately lead to the development of an anemia that is usually referred to as anemia of inflammation (AI). AI is usually a mild to moderate normocytic, normochromic anemia characterized by low plasma iron concentrations in the presence of normal or elevated serum ferritin levels. It typically occurs in the setting of chronic infections and autoinflammatory states but also can accompany malignancies and chronic renal disease. Even though hypoferremia is an important factor in the development of AI, other abnormalities that are associated with inflammation, such as decreased erythropoietin production, impaired erythropoiesis, and increased erythrocyte destruction, are additional contributors to the pathogenesis of the anemia. It is also worth remembering that persistently low circulating iron levels may have adverse effects on biological processes other than erythropoiesis (eg, neurocognitive development, an issue of particular importance in infants and young children). This article will review our current understanding of the mechanisms that lead to hypoferremia in inflammatory diseases. Most of what we know about this problem is derived from studies in adult humans or from experiments in mice. It is likely that the basic pathophysiology will be very similar in infants and children, but this is an issue that deserves further investigation. We will start by summarizing the mechanisms that regulate systemic iron metabolism under normal conditions, and then describe how inflammation causes abnormalities in this process. We will conclude with a brief description of the management of inflammation-associated hypoferremia.
Increased DJ-1 expression under oxidative stress and in Alzheimer's disease brains

Mutations in the DJ-1 gene have been linked to autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease. To understand the function of DJ-1, we determined the DJ-1 expression in both zebrafish and post mortem human brains. We found that DJ-1 was expressed early during zebrafish development and throughout adulthood. Knock down (KD) of DJ-1 by injection of morpholino did not cause dramatic morphologic alterations during development, and no loss of dopaminergic neurons was observed in embryos lacking DJ-1. However, DJ-1 KD embryos were more susceptible to programmed cell death. While a slight reduction in staining for islet-1 positive neurons was observed in both DJ-1 KD and H2O2 treated embryos, the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in both KD and H2O2 treated embryos. Interestingly, DJ-1 expression was increased in brains of zebrafish under conditions of oxidative stress, indicating that DJ-1 is a part of stress-responsive machinery. Since oxidative stress is one of the major contributors to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we also examined DJ-1 expression in AD brains. Using DJ-1 specific antibodies, we failed to detect a robust staining of DJ-1 in brain tissues from control subjects. However, DJ-1 immunoreactivity was detected in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and astrocytes of AD brains. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that DJ-1 expression is not necessary during zebrafish development but can be induced in zebrafish exposed to oxidative stress and is present in human AD brains.
Dielectrophoretic manipulation of cells with spiral electrodes

Electrokinetic responses of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were studied in suspensions of conductivities 18, 56, and 160 mS/m on a microelectrode array consisting of four parallel spiral electrode elements energized with phase-quadrature signals of frequencies between 100 Hz and 100 MHz. At low frequencies cells were levitated and transported toward or away from the center of the spiral array, whereas at high frequencies cells were trapped at electrode edges. The frequencies of transition between these characteristic cell behaviors increased with increasing suspension conductivity. Levitation heights and radial velocities were determined simultaneously for individual cells as a function of the applied field magnitude and frequency. Results were compared with theoretical predictions from generalized dielectrophoresis theory applied in conjunction with cell dielectric parameters and simulated electric field distributions corrected for electrode polarization effects. It was shown that the conventional and traveling-wave dielectrophoretic force components dominated cell levitation and radial motion, respectively. Both theoretical predictions and experimental data showed that the cell radial velocity was very sensitive to the field frequency when the in-phase component of the field-induced polarization was close to zero. Applications of spiral electrode arrays, including the isolation of cells of clinical relevance, are discussed.
Population Genetic Structure of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Implications for Worldwide Colonization Patterns

Variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was assessed for >100 populations of Mediterranean fruit flies Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), collected from the New and Old World using 3 restriction enzymes, Eco RV, Mnl I, and Xba I. Previously reported variation for some populations was based on Southern blot analysis of nucleic acid extractions digested with Eco RV and Xba I. Mnl I variation for these populations and complete restriction enzyme profiles for many new populations were obtained with a polymerase chain reaction amplification-based method that revealed polymorphism in portions of the mitochondrial genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 4 and 5. Highest levels of mtDNA diversity were found in samples from sub-Saharan Africa. Lower levels of mtDNA polymorphism were found in the countries of the Mediterranean region, where the Mediterranean fruit fly has been established for >150 yr. Examination of South and Central American populations revealed a disjunct pattern of mtDNA haplotypes with relatively low intrapopulational variation, reflecting multiple introductions into the New World. Our approach provides improved resolution of possible source countries for historical infestations in the United States.
Phospholipid profile in the postmortem hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: No changes in docosahexaenoic acid species

Previous studies with postmortem brain tissues showed abnormalities not only in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but also in phospholipid metabolism in the cortex of individuals with schizophrenia and mood disorder. In this study we investigated whether there is similar abnormality in n-3 long-chain PUFAs and/or in phospholipid profile in the hippocampus of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients compared to unaffected controls. Using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), the phospholipid contents in the postmortem hippocampus from 35 individuals with schizophrenia, 34 individuals with bipolar disorder and 35 controls were evaluated. Unlike the previous findings form orbitofrontal cortex, we found no significant differences in either n-3 long-chain PUFA or total phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). However, docosapentaenoic acid (n-6, 22:5n-6)-PS and 22:5n-6-PC were significantly lower in individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder than the controls. When fatty acid contents were estimated from PS, PE and PC, 22:5n-6 was significantly lower in both patient groups compared to the controls. From these results we concluded that DHA loss associated with these psychiatric disorders may be specific to certain regions of the brain. The selective decrease in 22:5n-6 without affecting DHA contents suggests altered lipid metabolism, particularly n-6 PUFA rather than n-3 PUFA, in the hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Motor co‐ordinates in primate red nucleus: preferential relation to muscle activation versus kinematic variables.

1. Magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) neurones (n = 158) were recorded from two macaque monkeys during a tracking task using one of six single-degree-of-freedom manipulanda. This task allowed us to study discrete movements about most of the joints of the arm. Single-unit, kinematic and electromyographic (EMG) signals from ten to twenty muscles of the upper limb were collected for approximately 2 min while the monkey used a given manipulandum. Movements about different joints were studied by switching among manipulanda. 2. Cross-correlation functions were calculated between RNm discharge rate and the kinematic variables, position and velocity, and between RNm and each of the EMG signals. Statistically significant cross-correlation peaks were found in 24% of the position correlations, 22% of the velocity correlations and 32% of the EMG correlations. The highest correlations were for EMG, reaching above 0.60. The peak correlation provided an effective means of identifying neurones with strong functional relations to one or more movements and/or muscles. These could then be analysed in detail, on a trial-by-trial basis. 3. The similarity between the dynamics of EMG and velocity signals of many highly practised movements makes it difficult to determine which might be the more likely target of RNm control. Therefore, we sought exceptions to this pattern, in order to distinguish between these two possible modes of control. For example, at the end of a movement, muscles occasionally remained active as velocity approached zero. Small corrective movements were often accompanied by a disproportionately large EMG. During these periods, RNm activity usually followed the time course of one or more of the EMG signals as opposed to the velocity signal. In the majority of cases, RNm responses were bidirectional, less frequently unidirectional and rarely reciprocal. These patterns were similar to the patterns of muscle activity. They did not resemble the velocity signals unless the latter were passed through a rectifier. 4. The results support the hypothesis that the red nucleus generates motor commands in a muscle-based co-ordinate system. Covariation between RNm discharge and velocity may result indirectly from correlations between muscle activation and movement. We discuss how the cerebellar cortex might convert the distributed representation of target position, known to be present in the posterior parietal cortex, directly into dynamic, muscle-based commands in the rubro-cortico-cerebellar limb premotor network.
Transverse critical fields of small superconducting elliptical cylinders

Using the Ginzburg-Landau theory the transverse critical field of small (a«ξ0,b»ξ0) cylinders of elliptical cross section has been calculated for an arbitrary angle between the field and the axes of the ellipse. The criterion for second-order phase transitions has been found. While the equations readily reduce to the case of the circular cylinder, they do not reduce to the case of the flat film. The reasons for this are discussed.
Hegel's Critique of Liberalism: Rights in Context

In Hegel's "Critique of Liberalism," Steven B. Smith examines Hegel's critique of rights-based liberalism and its relevance to contemporary political concerns. Smith argues that Hegel reformulated classic liberalism, preserving what was of value while rendering it more attentive to the dynamics of human history and the developmental structure of the moral personality. Hegel's goal, Smith suggests, was to find a way of incorporating both the ancient emphasis on the dignity and even architectonic character of political life with the modern concern for freedom, rights, and mutual recognition. Smith's insightful analysis reveals Hegel's relevance not only to contemporary political philosophers concerned with normative issues of liberal theory but also to political scientists who have urged a revival of the state as a central concept of political inquiry.
HIDEN: Hierarchical decomposition of regulatory networks

Transcription factors regulate numerous cellular processes by controlling the rate of production of each gene. The regulatory relations are modeled using transcriptional regulatory networks. Recent studies have shown that such networks have an underlying hierarchical organization. We consider the problem of discovering the underlying hierarchy in transcriptional regulatory networks. We first transform this problem to a mixed integer programming problem. We then use existing tools to solve the resulting problem. For larger networks this strategy does not work due to rapid increase in running time and space usage. We use divide and conquer strategy for such networks. We use our method to analyze the transcriptional regulatory networks of E. coli, H. sapiens and S. cerevisiae. Our experiments demonstrate that: (i) Our method gives statistically better results than three existing state of the art methods; (ii) Our method is robust against errors in the data and (iii) Our method’s performance is not affected by the different topologies in the data.
Asthma Caused by Topical Application of Ketorolac

Abstract Background: Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in ophthalmology. Ketorolac eye drops have not been implicated previously as -a cause of NSAID-induced asthma. Study Design: A patient with severe asthma after topical application of ketorolac is described. The current ophthalmic indications for topical application of ketorolac and reported hypersensitivity reactions with systemic use of ketorolac are reviewed. Results: A 44-year-old woman with chronic asthma, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyps inadvertently was given ketorolac to be applied topically. After applying the first dose of ketorolac, an exacerbation of her asthma developed, necessitating hospital admission. Conclusions: Topical application of ketorolac is safe in the vast majority of ophthalmology patients. However, NSAID eye drops should not be prescribed for patients with aspirin or NSAID allergy or the combination of asthma and nasal polyps unless the patient is known to tolerate aspirin without trouble.
Results of a magnetic-monopole search utilizing a large-area proportional-tube array.

The results of a recent magnetic-monopole search are presented. The detector is an array of He-CH{sub 4} proportional tubes whose effective area--solid-angle product is 265 m{sup 2}sr. For a live time of 578 days, no bare monopole candidates were observed, setting an upper flux limit of 1.8{times}10{sup {minus}14} cm{sup {minus}2}sr{sup {minus}1}s{sup {minus}1} (90% C.L.) for {beta}{gt}1.1{times}10{sup {minus}4}.
An easily constructed recirculating aquarium system for research requiring many small groups of animals

Abstract A recirculating freshwater aquarium system is described. The system is adaptable to many types of research and is easily maintained. Material costs are low and the design simple, making it possible for the researcher to do all the construction.
The Cardinal Principles Report as Archeological Deposit

ABSTRACT Interpretations of the significance of the Cardinal Principles report (1918) are frequently based on a contrast with the Committee of Ten report (1893) issued 25 years earlier. For the most part, the Committee of Ten report is interpreted as attempting to preserve an elitist form of secondary education dominated by the college‐entrance function. By contrast, the Cardinal Principles report is seen as helping to usher in an era of democratic secondary education. In fact, much of the development of secondary education in the USA has been consistent with that report's recommendations. In retrospect, however, the Cardinal Principles report's recommendations for a differentiated curriculum along with the license to expand secondary school course offerings almost indefinitely may not have been so democratic after all.
Tetrahymena Histone Acetyltransferase A: A Homolog to Yeast Gcn5p Linking Histone Acetylation to Gene Activation

We report the cloning of a transcription-associated histone acetyltransferase type A(HAT A). This Tetrahymena enzyme is strikingly homologous to the yeast protein Gcn5, a putative transcriptional adaptor, and we demonstrate that recombinant Gcn5p possesses HAT activity. Both the ciliate enzyme and Gcn5p contain potential active site residues found in other acetyltransferases and a highly conserved bromodomain. The presence of this domain in nuclear A-type HATs, but not in cytoplasmic B-type HATs, suggests a mechanism whereby HAT A is directed to chromatin to facilitate transcriptional activation. These findings shed light on the biochemical function of the evolutionarily conserved Gcn5p-Ada complex, directly linking histone acetylation to gene activation, and indicate that histone acetylation is a targeted phenomenon.
Predicting timing behavior in architectural design exploration of real-time embedded systems

The degree of flexibility of a real-time system architectureindicates the capability of the system to tolerate perturbationsin timing related specifications. Flexibility is also an importantfactor in the trade-off studies between cost and performance.In this paper, we identify the need for a flexibility metricand show that the existing real-time analysis results cannot bedirectly used as such a metric. We formulate new metrics andillustrate their effectiveness in comparing the flexibility of differentsystem architectures.
Type A, marital adjustment, and life stress.

Prior research has indicated that both the Type A behavior pattern and recent life stress may increase risk for heart disease and has suggested that social (e.g., marital) support may (a) be influenced by Type A and (b) serve as a moderating influence in the stress-illness relationship. To assess relationships among these variables, both members of 101 married couples were assessed on self-reports of A-B status, life stress, and marital adjustment. Results indicated substantially lower adjustment in one of the four possible husband-wife pairings: A husband/B wife. The poor adjustment of this pairing may reflect the work (rather than home and marriage) orientedness of the A husband, a negative force in the marriage which may be contrasted with the wife's traditional commitment to the successful functioning of the home, a commitment which is sufficient to counter the Type A husband's negative effect only when the wife is a Type A herself.
Serotonin receptor expression is dynamic in the liver during the transition period in Holstein dairy cows.

Abstract Nonneuronal serotonin (5-HT) participates in glucose metabolism, but little is known regarding the actions of 5-HT in the liver during the transition period in dairy cattle. Here, we explore circulating patterns of 5-HT and characterize the hepatic 5-HT receptor and glucose transporter profiles around calving in multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 6, average lactation=4 ± 1.9). Concentrations of serum 5-HT decreased on day −3 compared with −5 and −7 precalving (167.7 ± 80 vs 1511.1 ± 602 ng/mL). 5-HT nadir was on day −1 precalving and remained low postcalving (481.4 ± 49 ng/mL). Plasma glucose concentrations decreased precalving ( P = 0.008) and were positively correlated with 5-HT during the precalving period (r = 0.55, P = 0.043). On day 1, postcalving hepatic messenger RNA expression of 5-HT 1D, 2B, 3C, 6, and 7 receptors were decreased compared with day −7 ( P 5-HT 3A and 5-HT 3B decreased on day 7. The 5-HT 2A increased on days 1 and 7 compared with −7 ( P 5-HT 1F and 5-HT 1A receptors were increased 2.5- and 3.8-fold on day 7, respectively, compared with days −7 and 1 ( P 5-HT 5A was not detected, and 5-HT 4 was detected on days −7 and 1 only. Expression of Glut-2,-5 and SGLT1 were decreased on days 1 and 7 compared with −7 ( P P
A Cloud-Based Platform for Crowdsourcing and Self-Organizing Learning

This paper explores the application of Self-Organizing Learning (SOL) to software crowdsourcing so that people can learn software design. SOL principles include communication, reflection, collaboration, community, creative tools, and amplification. Based on these principles, this project proposed a cloud-based environment to support people to learn software design based on crowdsourcing including crowdsourcing competitions.
Obesity and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially life-threatening condition arising from a wide variety of pathophysiologic mechanisms. Effective treatment requires a systematic diagnostic approach to identify all reversible mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms are relevant to those afflicted with obesity. The unique mechanisms of PH in the obese include obstructive sleep apnea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, anorexigen use, cardiomyopathy of obesity, and pulmonary thromboembolic disease. Novel mechanisms of PH in the obese include endothelial dysfunction and hyperuricemia. A wide range of effective therapies exist to mitigate the disability of PH in the obese.
Polymeric Nanowire Chemical Sensor

We have used a nonlithographic deposition process to form single polymeric nanowire chemical sensors. Oriented polyaniline nanowires, with diameters on the order of 100 nm, were deposited on gold electrodes. The devices showed a rapid and reversible resistance change upon exposure to NH3 gas at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm. The well-defined single-wire geometry allows for the characterization of the wire material and the device response. The response times of nanowire sensors with various diameters correspond to radius-dependent differences in the diffusion time of ammonia gas into the wires. The nanowire deposition process, utilizing a scanned microfabricated electrospinning source, presents a general method for interfacing polymeric nanowire devices with microfabricated structures.
Influence of far-field boundary on the calculated flowfield and performance of rotors

A experiment was conducted to demonstrate the influence of the physical location of the far-field boundary on the calculated performance and flowfield of a two-dimensional Darrieus rotor. A substantial sensitivity to the extent of the computational domain was noted and a series of calculations and comparisons with other approaches are presented to show the influence on pressure recovery and power estimates. Although the study was restricted to the case of a rotor, the sensitivity to far-field boundary will be of concern to the computation of other momentum devices. Introduction A two-dimensional Darrieus wind turbine, facing a uniform wind and spinning in the anticlockwise direction, is assumed to be placed at the center of a Cartesian domain. The computational domain is subdivided into control volumes by a series of orthogonal grid lines. The rotor-blades paths are circular in any horizontal plane. The velocity and presure field were obtained by solving steady, laminar, incompressible, NavierStokes equations using a primative variable finite-difference procedure known as SIMPLER. The influence of the spinning turbine blades was introduced as momentum source terms Sx and Sy (not known a priori) in the conservation equations. These terms are zero everywhere except at the circle described by the path of the blades. Rajagopalan and Fanucci proved this approach to be feasible in an application to inviscid flow around a two-dimensional vertical axis wind turbine in cylindrical coordinates, and further validation was obtained by Paraschivoiu et al. who compared the predictions with experiments after including dynamic stall effects. In functional notation, for a time-averaged calculation, the source terms can be written as Sx = Sx(Ci,Cd,a,Yabs,<*,R,e,c,p9B) (la) Sy = Sy(Cl9Cd9a9Yabs9u9R,0,c,p,B) (Ib) where Q and Cd are airfoil characteristics of the turbine blade, o: is the angle of attack of the blade to the relative velocity vector, Yabs is the absolute velocity of the fluid at the location (R ,6), co is the angular velocity of the rotor, c is the chord of the blade, and B is the number of blades. The dependence of Received July 6, 1987; presented as Paper 87-2284 at the AIAA 5th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Monterey, CA, Aug. 17-19, 1987; synoptic received March 21, 1989. Copyright © 1989 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Full paper available at AIAA Library, 555 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019. Price: microfiche, $4.00; hard copy, $9.00. Remittance must accompany order. *Assistant Professor, Aerospace Engineering Department. Member AIAA. tProfessor, Aerospace Engineering Department. Associate Fellow AIAA. Sx and Sy on Reynolds number is considered only implicitly through the airfoil sectional characteristics C/ and Cd. The source terms, evaluated using the procedure illustrated in Ref. 2, resolved for Cartesian directions are
The impact of the operating environment on the relative performance of various computer scheduling policies

Abstract A simulation model of the execution of tasks on a multiprogrammed computer is used to test the impact of the environment on the relative performance of several scheduling policies. The environmental factors tested include: the job mix effect of multiprogramming, the run time distribution of incoming jobs, the space capacity of the system and the occurrence of very high CPU bound jobs. The specific conclusions lead to the general statement that changes in the environment significantly affect actual performance. The relative order of performance of the different policies in general was not affected by the environment.
Successful prenatal management of hydrops, caused by congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, using serial aspirations.

Abstract Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a lung lesion that is now commonly diagnosed in utero with fetal ultrasonography. The described treatment of this lesion includes observation with treatment delivery, a single aspiration, thoraco-amniotic shunts, and fetal resection. This patient had an in utero diagnosis of a Stocker type I CCAM associated with hydrops. Fetal resection was not an option because of patient refusal. The fetus was treated with multiple serial aspirations. There was marked improvement of the anasarca, and subsequently the baby was born with-out respiratory distress. On the second day of life the CCAM began to expand, and the right lower lobe was resected. The baby's postoperative course was uneventful. CCAM with hydrops is associated with a high mortality rate. Current recommended therapy for these lesions is fetal resection or thoracoamniotic shunt. The authors' patient was treated with serial fetal thoracocenteses, with an excellent outcome. This therapy may be an alternative to fetal surgery or an adjunct to fetal surgery in selected cases.
Teaching computer science without a computer

"The Computer in Action" is a role-playing activity developed by the Computer Science Outreach program at Purdue University, in which students process instructions and data in the same way that a real computer does. Students play the roles of Keyboarder, Bus Driver, CPU (The Brains), Math Wizard, Memory Manager, Print Manager, Screen Writer and User, carrying cards with instructions, values and messages to and from the Input, Processing and Output stations. The activity is designed for students in Kindergarten through Grade 3.
Phenylalanine metabolism altered by dietary dieldrin.

CHANGES in the metabolism of phenylalanine have been related to altered homeostasis of brain enzymes and mental deficiency in mammals1. Little is known, however, about the situation in fish, and we wish to describe the chronic effects of the pesticide dieldrin on these metabolic pathways in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). According to the National Pesticide Monitoring Program2, this is one of the most prevalent pesticides in the aquatic environment, having been found in 93% of fish samples from across the United States in concentrations of 0.01 to 1.6 µg/g (p.p.m.).
Taking Control of Your Engineering Tools

Traditionally software development tools, such as compilers, linkers and build engines, were designed for use by individual engineers on dedicated desktop machines. As these tools evolved, they scaled-up by exploiting more powerful development machines. The same tools were adapted for team development to run on small, project-specific clusters by dedicating a server to process a single job at a time. While this paradigm has served us well in the past, it fails to take advantage of the positive network effects of cloud-based computing. During the past year, our team constructed a cloud based build system that enables fast and efficient builds through techniques that leverage parallel, cached, incremental, distributed, and multitenant builds. Leveraging the cloud's compute elasticity and storage capacity enabled us to reduce builds latency dramatically, building today in seconds and minutes instead of hours. But migrating existing tools to the cloud is daunting. This paper summarizes our findings in the form of six principles, on how we need to evolve engineering tools, starting with those that participate in the build automation, to simplify, take control, and move these tools to the cloud.
Present and future role of synchrotron radiation in heterojunction research

We describe the recent contributions made by synchrotron-radiation photoemission spectroscopy in the area of semiconductor-semiconductor interfaces. We discuss in particular the advances made in understanding the band lineups and the consequent band discontinuities. We also analyze the likely developments of this research in the near future, and in particular the crucial question of interface dipoles.
Sign language and “picture‐talk”;: An experiential learning approach

This essay describes a novel approach to teaching verbal communication principles to hearing‐impaired students. Small groups of students invented their own “languages,”; most of which used a visual‐gestural mode. Besides increasing student awareness of the nature and influence of language, the assignment revealed some special problems in verbal communication faced by deaf people, illustrated unique features of the communication environment they live in, and underscored the utility of this instructional method for many types of students.
Field evaluation of an engineering control for respirable crystalline silica exposures during mortar removal.

Silica dust generated by hand-held electric grinding tools used in removing mortar between bricks is difficult to control.( 1 ) In this issue of the JOEH, Collingwood and Heitbrink have in remarkab...
Inverse vaccination, the opposite of Jenner’s concept, for therapy of autoimmunity

DNA-based vaccines to induce antigen-specific inhibition of immune responses in human autoimmune diseases represent the inverse of what Jenner intended when he invented vaccination. Jenner's vaccine induced antigen-specific immunity to small pox. DNA vaccines for autoimmunity have been developed in preclinical settings, and now tested in human trials. The first two clinical trials, one in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, and the other in type 1 diabetes indicate that specific inhibition of antigen-specific antibody and T-cell responses is attainable in humans. Further development of this approach is ongoing. This new version of immunization termed 'inverse vaccination' when applied to autoimmune diseases, may allow targeted reduction of unwanted antibody and T-cell responses to autoantigens, while leaving the remainder of the immune system intact. The method of specifically reducing a pathological adaptive autoimmune response is termed inverse vaccination.
The influence of dispersion on the interactions of H2 and CO with Pd/SiO2

The influence of dispersion on the interactions of H2 and CO with PdSiO2 has been investigated. The distribution of H2 adstates changes with dispersion, due possibly to a change in the morphology of the Pd crystallites or in the coordination of adsorbed H atoms with the Pd atoms. The ratio of linearly held CO to bridge-bonded CO decreases with the dispersion, as does the ratio of Pd(100) to Pd(111) planes on the surfaces of the Pd crystallites. CO dissociation occurs preferentially from bridge sites and proceeds more readily with decreasing dispersion. Consistent with this, the turnover frequency for methanation increases with decreasing dispersion.
Women's Spirituality across the Life Span: Implications for Counseling.

Women's spirituality has unique characteristics that are often ignored within the spirituality literature. The authors review the literature on women's spirituality to reveal the major themes women have identified as relevant to their spiritual journeys across the life span. Implications for counseling and ideas for practice are included after major themes are examined.
An overview of trends in employee benefits programmes

Investigates employee benefits on offer in the USA. Acknowledges that several benefits (such as social security payments) are required by law but focuses on voluntary or discretionary benefits, which may or may not be taxable, such as child care. Explores the purpose of these benefits, particularly from the employ’s point of view, as a tool for offering incentives and increasing motivation. Provides a brief overview of the history of benefits in the USA, the benefits on offer, the cost of benefit packages to employers, and tax consequences. Notes that the traditional benefit package was based on a male worker with a non‐working spouse and two children, which has not kept pace with demographics. Describes a typical household today as a two‐income family with children, with increased life expectancy and more elderly people. Concedes that benefit packages are beginning to change, particularly in relation to elder care and child care. Terms pick and mix benefits packages as cafeteria‐style benefit plans and outlines their advantages and disadvantages. Warns that more and more benefits are likely to be taxable.
Reactions of sperm whale myoglobin with hydrogen peroxide. Effects of distal pocket mutations on the formation and stability of the ferryl intermediate.

Distal pocket mutants of sperm whale oxymyoglobin (oxy-Mb) were reacted with a 2.5-fold excess of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 37 °C. We describe a mechanism composed of three distinct steps: 1) initial oxidation of oxy- to ferryl-Mb, 2) autoreduction of the ferryl intermediate to ferric metmyoglobin (metMb), and 3) reaction of metMb with an additional HOOH molecule to regenerate the ferryl intermediate creating a pseudoperoxidase catalytic cycle. Mutation of Leu-29(B10) to Phe slows the initial oxidation reaction 3-fold but has little effect on the rate of ferryl reduction to ferric met-aquo-myoglobin. In contrast, the Val-68(E11) to Phe mutation causes a small, 60% increase in the initial oxidation reaction and a much larger 2.5-fold increase in the rate of autoreduction. Double insertion of Phe at both the B10- and E11-positions (L29F/V68F) produces a mutant with oxidation characteristics of both single mutants, slow initial oxidation, and rapid autoreduction, but an extraordinarily high affinity for O2. Replacing His-64(E7) with Gln produces 3–4-fold increases in both processes. Combining the mutation H64Q with L29F results in a myoglobin with enhanced resistance to metMb formation in the absence of antioxidant enzymes (i.e. catalase and superoxide dismutase) due to its own high pseudoperoxidase activity, which rapidly removes any HOOH produced in the initial stages of autoxidation. This double substitution occurs naturally in the myoglobin of Asian elephants, and similar multiple replacements have been used to reduce selectively the rate of nitric oxide (NO)-induced oxidation of both recombinant MbO2 and HbO2blood substitute prototypes without altering O2affinity.
Outstanding Paper Award: Making Shared Caches More Predictable on Multicore Platforms

In safety-critical cyber-physical systems, the usage of multicore platforms has been hampered by problems due to interactions across cores through shared hardware. The inability to precisely characterize such interactions can lead to worst-case execution time pessimism that is so great, the extra processing capacity of additional cores is entirely negated. In this paper, several techniques are proposed and analyzed for dealing with such interactions in the context of shared caches. These techniques are applied in a mixed-criticality scheduling framework motivated by the needs of next-generation unmanned air vehicles.
What theoretical frameworks do scholars need? What type of society do we all want?

My target article had the goal of normalizing atheism or non-belief, characterizing it as emerging out of expected and even adaptive aspects of human nature, in contrast to the historical view of a...
Child saving and the emergence of vocational psychology.

Abstract Vocational psychology emerged at the beginning of the 20th in a context of social and political change known as the “progressive era.” A popular progressive theme was “child saving,” a movement that expressed concern for the physical, educational, emotional, and social well-being of children and adolescents. Vocational guidance was one manifestation of this and served as the foundation for the emergence first of vocational psychology and later of counseling psychology. The concern for and care of youth was gradually replaced by the professionalization of psychology that over time has changed the focus and direction of vocational psychology.
27 Al and 69 Ga impurity nuclear magnetic resonance in ZnO:Al and ZnO:Ga

We report ${}^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ and ${}^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$ impurity and ${}^{67}\mathrm{Zn}$ host species NMR experiments on ZnO powders containing Al or Ga dopants in the range 0.03--3 at. %. Impurity resonance shift and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation data are analyzed to yield values of the impurity nucleus chemical shift, Knight shift, and hyperfine coupling. The electric quadrupole coupling of dilute ${}^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$ in ZnO is determined to be ${(e}^{2}{qQ/h)}_{69}=3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ MHz. The concentration dependence of the Knight shifts and relaxation rates indicate rapid development of an impurity band as the dopant concentration falls below about 0.5 at. %. At all concentrations investigated, Knight shifts and relaxation rates satisfy the Korringa relation; electron correlation and localization effects are essentially absent. The shapes of ${}^{69}\mathrm{Ga}$ spin echoes reveal that a second, more distorted gallium site is present with a relative concentration that increases with the ratio of oxygen to total metal content. Magnetic hyperfine coupling of carriers to the distorted sites is very weak and the apparent carrier density at substitutional sites decreases with the fraction of observed substitutional sites. These results imply that the distorted sites are part of a diamagnetic carrier trap involving gallium complexed with a defect. We suggest that the complex consists of two gallium ions and an oxygen interstitial, i.e. ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}^{3+}{\mathrm{O}}_{i}^{2\ensuremath{-}}.$
A.C. Conductance and phase angle anomaly in the range 100–150°K in pressure-quenched chlorinated cadmium sulfide

Abstract A chlorinated form of CdS was pressure-quenched from the 40–45 kbar region at room temperature and cooled to liquid nitrogen conditions. During the cooling and re-warming process anomalies occurred in the form of increases in conductance and accompanying changes in phase angle from capacitive or resistive to inductive. Recovered products showed a dark red color with regions of black sheen. X-ray mapping for Cd, S and C1 indicated that chlorine existed as part of a second phase such as NH4C1.
An experimental and theoretical study of gas bubble driven circulation systems

Experimental measurements are reported on the velocity fields and the turbulence parameters in a cylindrical tank, containing water, which is being agitated by a gas bubble stream, introduced axisymmetrically. The experimental measurements were compared with theoretical predictions, based on the k-e model. It was found that predictions and measurements agreed very well regarding the time-smoothed velocity fields, but the agreement was less good (but still satisfactory) regarding the turbulence characteristics of the system. The measurements have shown that the turbulence was largely isotropic in the bulk of the fluid, furthermore no significant damping of turbulence was observed near the free surface.
Geminin, an Inhibitor of DNA Replication, Is Degraded during Mitosis

We describe a novel 25 kDa protein, geminin, which inhibits DNA replication and is degraded during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Geminin has a destruction box sequence and is ubiquitinated anaphase-promoting complex (APC) in vitro. In synchronized HeLa cells, geminin is absent during G1 phase, accumulates during S, G2, and M phases, and disappears at the time of the metaphase-anaphase transition. Geminin inhibits DNA replication by preventing the incorporation of MCM complex into prereplication complex (pre-RC). We propose that geminin inhibits DNA replication during S, G2, and M phases and that geminin destruction at the metaphase-anaphase transition permits replication in the succeeding cell cycle.
SELF-ASSESSMENT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

A critical analysis is provided of self-assessment (SA) as an area of investigation. It is argued that there are numerous deficiencies in SA work pertaining to theoretical foundations, measurement, and behavioral focus. Several suggestions are made for advancing the nature and scope of SA theory and research.
Phase separation in an exactly solvable model binary solution with three-body interactions and intermolecular bonding.

A model is presented in which the bonds of a honeycomb lattice are covered by rodlike molecules of types AA and BB, molecular ends near a common site having both three-body interactions and orientation-dependent bonding between two A molecular ends and between an A and a B molecular end. Phase diagrams corresponding to the separation into AA-rich and BB-rich phases are calculated exactly. Depending on the relative strengths of the interactions, one of several qualitatively different types of phase diagrams can result, including diagrams containing phenomena such as a double critical point or two separate asymmetric closed loops. The model is essentially a limiting case of a previously considered ternary solution model, and it is equivalent to a two-component system of interacting A and B molecules on the sites of a kagome lattice.
To hope, to lose, and to hope again

Abstract The author's (Snyder, 1994b) recent theory of hope is introduced and discussed in the context of potential reactions to the loss of important goal objects. In particular, hope is defined as goal-directed thinking in which the person appraises his or her perceived capability to produce workable routes to goals (this is called pathways thinking), as well as the potential to initiate and sustain movement along the pathways (this is called agentic thinking). In this sense, hope is an acquisition type of thinking in that it reflects instances in which people perceive that they are capable of progressing toward desired objects. In contrast to the procurement properties of higher hopeful thinking, loss reflects instances in which goal-directed thinking is lessened or curtailed because the goal object (i.e., a thing, experience, or person) is unobtainable. At one level, therefore, losses are antithetical to hopeful thinking. At another level, however, losses are an inherent part of goal-directed thinking...
Mobile malware security challeges and cloud-based detection

Mobile malware has gained significant ground since the dawning of smartphones and handheld devices. TrendLabs estimated that there were 718,000 malicious and high risk Android apps in the second quarter of 2013. Mobile malware malicious infections arise through various techniques such as installing repackaged legitimate apps with malware, updating current apps that piggy back malicious variants, or even a drive-by download. The infections themselves will perform at least one or multiple of the following techniques, privilege escalation, remote control, financial charge, and information collection, etc. This paper summarizes mobile malware threats and attacks, cybercriminal motivations behind malware, existing prevention methods and their limitations, and challenges encountered when preventing malware on mobile devices. The paper further proposes a cloud-based framework for mobile malware detection. The proposed framework requires a collaboration among mobile subscribers, app stores, and IT security professionals. The cloud-based malware detection is a promising approach towards mobile security.
Treatment of canine cyclic neutropenia by lentivirus-mediated G-CSF delivery.

Cyclic neutropenia is a rare disease that occurs both in humans and gray collie dogs and is characterized by recurrent severe neutropenia leading to bacterial infections and shortened life expectancy. Daily injections of recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG-CSF) are effective in shortening the period of severe neutropenia and reducing infections. After demonstrating that rG-CSF induced elevated neutrophil production in an affected dog, cytokine administration was stopped and 109 infectious units (IUs) of a lentivirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) encoding canine G-CSF cDNA was administered intramuscularly. Serial blood cell counts showed elevated neutrophil production for longer than 17 months. Although neutrophil counts continued to cycle, the range at nadirs was from 3710 to 5300 cells/μL, well above the nadirs before lentivirus administration. After the injection of lentivirus, mean neutrophil counts ± SD were 12 460 ± 4240 cells/μL, significantly increased over both pretreatment values of 3040 ± 2540 cells/μL ( P < .0001) and neutrophil counts during G-CSF administration of 10 290 ± 4860 cells/μL( P < .007). The changes in blood counts from lentivirus injection were associated with absence of clinical signs of infection and fever. The gray collie continued to gain weight and was no longer housed in a pathogen-free environment. Genomic DNA from muscle at injection sites was positive for provirus, whereas gonad, lung, spleen, heart, liver, kidney, leukocytes, and noninjected muscle samples were all negative for provirus. Thus, intramuscular administration of lentivirus encoding G-CSF provided sustained therapeutic levels of neutrophils, suggesting this approach may be applied for long-term treatment of patients with cyclic and other neutropenias.