cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes from Southern California Reveals Community Transmission Pathways in the Early Stage of the US COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Given the higher mortality rate and widespread phenomenon of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) within the United States (US) population, understanding the mutational pattern of SARS CoV-2 has global implications for detection and therapy to prevent further escalation. Los Angeles has become an epicenter of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the US. Efforts to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 require identifying its genetic and geographic variation and understanding the drivers of these differences. For the first time, we report genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genome isolates in the Los Angeles population using targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). Samples collected at Cedars Sinai Medical Center were collected from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified and diagnosed 192 patients by our in-house qPCR assay. In this population, the highest frequency variants were in known mutations in the 5’UTR, AA193 protein, RdRp and the spike glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 transmission within the local community was tracked by integrating mutation data with patient postal codes with two predominant community spread clusters being identified. Notably, significant viral genomic diversity was identified. Less than 10% of the Los Angeles community samples resembled published mutational profiles of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from China, while >50% of the isolates shared closely similarities to those from New York State. Based on these findings we conclude SARS-CoV-2 was likely introduced into the Los Angeles community predominantly from New York State but also via multiple other independent transmission routes including but not limited to Washington State and China.
The history of Standard ML

The ML family of strict functional languages, which includes F#, OCaml, and Standard ML, evolved from the Meta Language of the LCF theorem proving system developed by Robin Milner and his research group at the University of Edinburgh in the 1970s. This paper focuses on the history of Standard ML, which plays a central role in this family of languages, as it was the first to include the complete set of features that we now associate with the name “ML” (i.e., polymorphic type inference, datatypes with pattern matching, modules, exceptions, and mutable state). Standard ML, and the ML family of languages, have had enormous influence on the world of programming language design and theory. ML is the foremost exemplar of a functional programming language with strict evaluation (call-by-value) and static typing. The use of parametric polymorphism in its type system, together with the automatic inference of such types, has influenced a wide variety of modern languages (where polymorphism is often referred to as generics). It has popularized the idea of datatypes with associated case analysis by pattern matching. The module system of Standard ML extends the notion of type-level parameterization to large-scale programming with the notion of parametric modules, or functors. Standard ML also set a precedent by being a language whose design included a formal definition with an associated metatheory of mathematical proofs (such as soundness of the type system). A formal definition was one of the explicit goals from the beginning of the project. While some previous languages had rigorous definitions, these definitions were not integral to the design process, and the formal part was limited to the language syntax and possibly dynamic semantics or static semantics, but not both. The paper covers the early history of ML, the subsequent efforts to define a standard ML language, and the development of its major features and its formal definition. We also review the impact that the language had on programming-language research.
Synchronous absolute calibration technique for in-situ calibration of the TFTR scanning millimeter wave radiometers

A synchronous signal averaging technique for calibrating the three Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) radiometers while they operate in the frequency scanning mode, between 75–220 GHz, will be presented. Improvements in accuracy and data collection efficiency will be discussed.
Clinically Isolated Demyelinating Syndrome Associated with Anti-MOG Antibody (P1.2-081)

Objective: To describe cases of clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome (CIS) in patients with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody. Background: Demyelinating disease associated with anti-MOG antibody is increasingly recognized. Some patients develop severe impairment similar to aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica. However, several reports suggest lower relapse rates in patients with anti-MOG antibody. There are no prospective studies to guide treatment decisions in patients with CIS and anti-MOG antibody. Design/Methods: Medical records and imaging of patients from the author’s practice found to have anti-MOG antibody after an initial demyelinating syndrome and prior to second relapse were reviewed. Results: Four patients meeting inclusion criteria were seen from November 2017 to October 2018. Median age was 37 years (range 17–57); sex was female in 3. Initial presentations included bilateral optic neuritis (2), longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (1), and multifocal active CNS demyelination (1). All cases were initially treated with corticosteroids and rescue plasmapheresis was used in one. None had aquaporin-4 antibodies or MRI findings fulfilling the International Panel diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. After detection of anti-MOG antibody, options including empiric immune therapy and watchful-waiting strategy were discussed. Fifty percent (2/4) declined treatment. In patients electing immune therapy, options used included rituximab (2), corticosteroids (1), and mycophenolate (1). After median follow-up of 11 months (range 4–24 months), one patient had a single clinical relapse (unilateral optic neuritis) on immune therapy with mycophenolate and was switched to rituximab. Remaining patients were relapse-free at last follow up, and none required support for ambulation or had unilateral visual acuity worse than 20/40. Conclusions: The spectrum of outcomes in patients with CIS and anti-MOG antibody varied, ranging from recurrent disease despite immune therapy to stable disease on no treatment. A prospective, multicenter study of outcomes in this patient population would be valuable to guide clinical decision making. Disclosure: Dr. Schmalstieg has nothing to disclose.
The Acute Effects of Exercise and Temperature on Regional mtDNA.

A reduced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, the ratio of mitochondrial DNA to genomic DNA (mtDNA:gDNA), has been linked with dysfunctional mitochondria. Exercise can acutely induce mtDNA damage manifested as a reduced copy number. However, the influence of a paired (exercise and temperature) intervention on regional mtDNA (MINor Arc and MAJor Arc) are unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of exercise in cold (7 °C), room temperature (20 °C), and hot (33 °C) ambient temperatures, on regional mitochondrial copy number (MINcn and MAJcn). Thirty-four participants (24.4 ± 5.1 yrs, 87.1 ± 22.1 kg, 22.3 ± 8.5 %BF, and 3.20 ± 0.59 L·min−1 VO2peak) cycled for 1 h (261.1 ± 22.1 W) in either 7 °C, 20 °C, or 33 °C ambient conditions. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from the vastus lateralis to determine mtDNA regional copy numbers via RT-qPCR. mtDNA is sensitive to the stressors of exercise post-exercise (MIN fold change, −1.50 ± 0.11; MAJ fold change, −1.70 ± 0.12) and 4-h post-exercise (MIN fold change, −0.82 ± 0.13; MAJ fold change, −1.54 ± 0.11). The MAJ Arc seems to be more sensitive to heat, showing a temperature-trend (p = 0.056) for a reduced regional copy number ratio after exercise in the heat (fold change −2.81 ± 0.11; p = 0.019). These results expand upon our current knowledge of the influence of temperature and exercise on the acute remodeling of regional mtDNA.
Scalable but wasteful: current state of replication in the cloud

Consensus protocols are at the core of strongly consistent replication deployed in cloud-based storage systems. There have been many proposals to optimize these protocols, most of which work by identifying and shifting load from bottlenecked nodes to underutilized nodes. We show that while these optimizations increase throughput, they sacrifice resource efficiency, which is paramount in a cloud setting. We propose a new metric to measure the efficiency of these protocols and show that using this metric, for example, the optimized EPaxos protocol is less efficient than the unoptimized Multi-Paxos protocol. We then demonstrate that Multi-Paxos can achieve 2$\times$ higher throughput than EPaxos in a fixed-budget resource setting that is typical of the cloud. Our work underlines the need for considering resource efficiency when optimizing consensus protocols, given that they are increasingly deployed in the cloud.
Getting Over the Originalist Fixation

New Originalism is founded on the "Fixation Thesis," the claim that the meaning of a legal text is fixed at the time of enactment. Professor Larry Solum has done the best job of articulating this thesis and explaining that it, in itself, does not have normative implications for legal theory. Using Solum as my interlocutor, I argue that the Fixation Thesis is false. Drawing from the Philosophical Hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer, I argue that the Fixation Thesis falsifies the experience of meaning as the result of hermeneutical activity. By neglecting the ontology of human understanding, legal theorists permit the New Originalist program to get off the ground with an intuitive appeal to a "fixed" meaning. Later efforts to argue on behalf of a "living constitution" wilt in the face of the desire for constraint; who can successfully argue against the comforting fantasy of judges who discern objective meaning without having to make judgments?The Fixation Thesis is aptly named. As Freud emphasized, fixations are a failure to achieve full maturity by getting stuck at a stage of development. I argue that the Fixation Thesis represents a stunted inability to move beyond a certain stage of development in legal theory, and that we are best counseled to overcome the Fixation Thesis therapeutically. The desire for certainty is a powerful motivating force in our lives, giving rise to all manner of confused self-understandings that cloak our nature and provide some measure of psychological comfort in the face of our human condition. As painful as it may be, though, it is time to wean ourselves of the Fixation Thesis in law.
Machine Virtualisation, Virtual Machines, and TPMs

This chapter provides some background to the concept of trusted virtualisation because, while virtualisation is not essential when implementing a trusted platform, the authors anticipate that it will become the dominant implementation of Trusted Computing in PCs, if nothing else. The main benefit of virtualisation for Trusted Computing is that it can provide process isolation. This is critical for security because one must be able to prevent a rogue software process from interfering with another software process. Trusted virtualisation depends on a hypervisor running as the lowest layer (most privileged layer) of software. The hypervisor can both use the TPM to protect the hypervisor, and use the TPM to help protect the platform.
Pretending and Imagination in Animals and Children

Foreword Sue Taylor Parker Preface and acknowledgements Part I. Historical, Developmental and Comparative Overviews: 1. Imaginative animals, pretending children Robert W. Mitchell 2. A history of pretense in animals and children Robert W. Mitchell 3. Pretending as representation: a developmental and comparative view Lorraine McCune and Joanne Agayoff Part II. Pretense and Imagination in Children: 4. Language in pretense in the second year: what it can tell us about 'pretending' in pretense and the 'know-how' about the mind Edy Veneziano 5. A longitudinal and cross-sectional study of the emergence of the symbolic function in children between 15 and 19 months of age: pretend play, object permanence understanding and self-recognition Pierre-Marie Baudonniere, Sylvie Margules, Soumeya Belkhenchir, Gwennaelle Carn, Florence Pepe and Veronique Warkentin 6. Caregiver-child social pretend play: what transpires? Robert D. Kavanaugh 7. Just through the looking-glass: children's understanding of pretense Angeline Lillard 8. Young children's understanding of pretense and other fictional mental states Jacqueline D. Woolley 9. Pretend play, metarepresentation and theory of mind Peter K. Smith 10. Replica toys, stories and a functional theory of mind Greta G. Fein, Lynn D. Darling and Lois A. Groth 11. Young children's animal-role pretend play Olin Eugene Myers Jr. 12. Imaginary companions and elaborate fantasy in childhood: discontinuity with nonhuman animals Marjorie Taylor and Stephanie M. Carlson Part III. Pretense and Imagination in Primates: 13. Pretending in monkeys Anne Zeller 14. Pretending primates: play and simulation in the evolution of primate societies Peter C. Reynolds 15. Representational capacities for pretense with scale models and photographs in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Sarah T. Boysen and Valerie A. Kuhlmeier 16. Pretending in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans Anne E. Russon 17. Seeing with the mind's eye: eye-covering play in orangutans and Japanese macaques Anne E. Russon, Paul L. Vasey and Carole Gauthier 18. Possible precursors of pretend play in nonpretend actions of captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) Juan Carlos Gomez and Beatriz Martin-Andrade 19. Pretending culture: social and cognitive features of pretense in apes and humans Warren P. Roberts and Mark A. Krause 20. Empathy in a bonobo Ellen J. Ingmanson 21. Pretend play in a signalling gorilla Marilyn L. Matevia, Francine G. P. Patterson and William A. Hillix Part IV. Prospects: 22. Exploring pretense in animals and children Robert W. Mitchell References Index.
Silicon nanowire-based nanoactuator

A new class of nanoactuator based on the bimetal thermal effect of chromium-coated silicon nanowire has been demonstrated. The nanoactuator is fabricated by the localized synthesis process of silicon nanowires and coating them with a 5 nm-thick layer of chromium. Actuation occurs when the supporting microheater is heated locally by resistive joule heating which causes the nanowires to deflect due to the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between chromium and silicon. Experimentally, the maximum measured deflection of a 3.66 /spl mu/m-long silicon nanowire is 1.52 /spl mu/m under a power input of 31.4 mW to the microheater.
The Ubiquitin Ligase RPM-1 and the p38 MAPK PMK-3 Regulate AMPA Receptor Trafficking

Ubiquitination occurs at synapses, yet its role remains unclear. Previous studies demonstrated that the RPM-1 ubiquitin ligase organizes presynaptic boutons at neuromuscular junctions in C. elegans motorneurons. Here we find that RPM-1 has a novel postsynaptic role in interneurons, where it regulates the trafficking of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor GLR-1 from synapses into endosomes. Mutations in rpm-1 cause the aberrant accumulation of GLR-1 in neurites. Moreover, rpm-1 mutations enhance the endosomal accumulation of GLR-1 observed in mutants for lin-10, a Mint2 ortholog that promotes GLR-1 recycling from Syntaxin-13 containing endosomes. As in motorneurons, RPM-1 negatively regulates the pmk-3/p38 MAPK pathway in interneurons by repressing the protein levels of the MAPKKK DLK-1. This regulation of PMK-3 signaling is critical for RPM-1 function with respect to GLR-1 trafficking, as pmk-3 mutations suppress both lin-10 and rpm-1 mutations. Positive or negative changes in endocytosis mimic the effects of rpm-1 or pmk-3 mutations, respectively, on GLR-1 trafficking. Specifically, RAB-5(GDP), an inactive mutant of RAB-5 that reduces endocytosis, mimics the effect of pmk-3 mutations when introduced into wild-type animals, and occludes the effect of pmk-3 mutations when introduced into pmk-3 mutants. By contrast, RAB-5(GTP), which increases endocytosis, suppresses the effect of pmk-3 mutations, mimics the effect of rpm-1 mutations, and occludes the effect of rpm-1 mutations. Our findings indicate a novel specialized role for RPM-1 and PMK-3/p38 MAPK in regulating the endosomal trafficking of AMPARs at central synapses.
Experimental study of anomalous heating and trap instabilities in a microscopic 137 Ba ion trap

A single ${}^{137}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ion has been laser cooled to the first few vibrational states of an $80\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ radius rf quadrupole trap. Initial measurements showed no anomalous heating of the vibrational phonon for observation times up to 1 ms, corresponding to a heating rate less than 3.3 phonons/ms at a 95% confidence level. Subsequently we observed the growth of large and unstable bias voltages that were correlated with exposure to the atomic beam. After loading over 250 ions over a period of 720 days the trap became unstable, with ion lifetimes $l1 \mathrm{min}.$ A possible connection between this trap instability and anomalous heating observed in quantum computation experiments is discussed. An isotopically selectively laser cooling method was used to refine ${}^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$ ions out of a naturally abundant cloud.
Pieces of eight in class groups of quadratic fields

Abstract This paper gives an elementary method to determine the number of cyclic summands with order divisible by eight in the ideal class group of a quadratic number field.
History Of The Laser Gyro

The ring laser gyro had its beginning with the observation that rotation removed the degeneracy between the clockwise and the counterclockwise traveling waves in a resonant cavity, and that the frequency difference was directly proportional to the angular rotation rate l. The measurement of rotation by the interference of electromagnetic waves in non-resonant or non-reentrant structures was recognized more than a half century earlier in 1897 by Oliver Lodge2. His research apparatus which is shown in Figure 1 consisted of mirrors at the corners of a 1 m x 6 m rectangle, light source, semi-transparent plate, and telescope, and was used in his study of the drag of the ether by rotating steel discs. In his negative comments concerning ether drag, he included the following comment. "Hence if, --, the whole apparatus, lantern, optical frame, telescope, observer and all were mounted on a turntable and caused to rotate, a reversible shift of the bands should be seen. ----The effect would be of an aberrational kind, the opposite light beams being accelerated and retarded by the motion appropriately.----My present optical apparatus mounted on a turntable revolving 4 times a minute should show something, viz.: 1/100th band shift each way. A certain amount of discomfort during the accelerative stages of any speed could hardly be avoided, and even
The quantitative interpretation of maximum in Scatchard plots

tests of co-operative behavior in ligand binding to proteins has been developed [I]. These include the slope of the Hill plot [2] ; curvature of the double reciprocal plot; curvature of the Scatchard plot [3] ; the ratio of ligand concentration necessary to produce 10% and 90% saturation [4] ; etc. In each case, the qualitative conclusion that co- operativity does or does not exist is rather easily drawn. However, a more quantitative conclusion is not easily reached. Since all methods of data treatment consider the fraction of sites bound, 7, versus a function of free ligand concentration, x, it seems reasonable that the various parameters of co-operative behavior should be related in a relatively simple fashion. 2. Diicussion The presence of a maximum in a Scatchard plot, J?/X versus p, has been recognized by several workers [ 51 as an indicator of positive co-operativity in ligand binding. The position of the maximum has been qualitatively discussed in terms of the fraction of the total number of sites participating in the co-operative phenomenon [6,7]. The exact nature of the maximum can be determined relatively simply by considering the derivative d@/x)/dy. In order for a maximum in the Scatchard plot to occur, this derivative must be zero. dG/x) / dr=;
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

A 43-year-old man had a 9-year history of congestive heart failure manifested by an enlarged heart and symptoms of shortness of breath and chest discomfort. Heart failure had been preceded by a "viral illness" and he had been a heavy alcohol user until that time. Autopsy showed congestion and edema characteristic of heart failure and cardiomegaly with biventricular dilatation. Either viral or alcoholic disease, or both, could have been the cause of the cardiac problems.
Measuring labor cost for productivity comparison

This paper presents measures of labor cost applicable when the wage and marginal product are not equal by period. The user cost of labor, an alternative to the wage, is the price of hiring the services of the worker per unit time. This user cost is dependent on the sequence of wages earned by a worker over a career, interest rates, and career length or eventual tenure. For the United States, 1963–1978, labor compensation shares based on the wage exceed those for the user cost. After 1978, the reverse obtains. The contribution of labor, and measured productivity performance is sensitive to the price of labor services.
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECTED INCREASE IN COAL USE

The effects of an expected return to the use of coal for many energy needs that are now met by oil and gas are considered. Air pollution by new coal-fired equipment is discussed, along with relatively clean ways to burn coal for electric power generation, household space heating, and district heating. It is suggested that chicken farmers be targeted for prompt conversion to coal, since three-quarters of chicken growers now heat with propane.
Deterministic Brownian motion.

The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the ambitious program of the foundation of developing statistical physics using chaos. We build a deterministic model of Brownian motion and provide a microscpoic derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation. Since the Brownian motion of a particle is the result of the competing processes of diffusion and dissipation, we create a model where both diffusion and dissipation originate from the same deterministic mechanism - the deterministic interaction of that particle with its environment. We show that standard diffusion which is the basis of the Fokker-Planck equation rests on the Central Limit Theorem, and, consequently, on the possibility of deriving it from a deterministic process with a quickly decaying correlation function. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, one of the defining properties of chaos insures this rapid decay. We carefully address the problem of deriving dissipation from the interaction of a particle with a fully deterministic nonlinear bath, that we term the booster. We show that the solution of this problem essentially rests on the linear response of a booster to an external perturbation. This raises a long-standing problem concerned with Kubo's Linear Response Theory and the strong criticism against it by van Kampen. Kubo's theory is based on a perturbation treatment of the Liouville equation, which, in turn, is expected to be totally equivalent to a first-order perturbation treatment of single trajectories. Since the boosters are chaotic, and chaos is essential to generate diffusion, the single trajectories are highly unstable and do not respond linearly to weak external perturbation. We adopt chaotic maps as boosters of a Brownian particle, and therefore address the problem of the response of a chaotic booster to an external perturbation. We notice that a fully chaotic map is characterized by an invariant measure which is a continuous function of the control parameters of the map. Consequently if the external perturbation is made to act on a control parameter of the map, we show that the booster distribution undergoes slight modifications as an effect of the weak external perturbation, thereby leading to a linear response of the mean value of the perturbed variable of the booster. This approach to linear response completely bypasses the criticism of van Kampen. The joint use of these two phenomena, diffusion and friction stemming from the interaction of the Brownian particle with the same booster, makes the microscopic derivation of a Fokker-Planck equation and Brownian motion, possible.
The human hepatocyte growth factor receptor gene: complete structural organization and promoter characterization

The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor is a tyrosine kinase transmembrane protein encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene. Here, we have isolated and characterized human genomic DNA clones containing the entire coding sequence of the HGF receptor. The gene spans approx. 120kb in length and consists of 21 exons interrupted by 20 introns. Two alternative splice sites corresponding to known mRNA transcripts are located at exon 10 and exon 14, respectively. Structural analysis of the 5'-regulatory region reveals that the c-met promoter lacks TATA or CAAT elements but has an extremely high G-C content and multiple Sp1 binding sites. By transfection of a series of chimeric reporter constructs containing a variable region of the c-met promoter and the coding region for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, we have identified two positive, and one negative regulatory elements that dictate c-met transcription in renal epithelial mIMCD-3 cells at nucleotide positions -2615 to -1621, -223 to -68, and -1621 to -1093, respectively. Moreover, deletion and mutation of the multiple Sp1 sites in the c-met promoter region markedly reduced c-met promoter activity in mIMCD-3 cells, suggesting that the Sp1 sites are essential for establishing the constitutive expression of the c-met gene. These data provide fundamental information on HGF receptor gene organization, as well as on the genomic origin of different receptor isoforms, and should facilitate further studies on the transcriptional regulation of its expression.
Large deflection analysis of beams, pipes, or poles

Abstract This paper describes an efficient algorithm for the analysis of flexible beams, pipes or poles. The algorithm has been applied to a wide variety of offshore systems in which flexible pipes or hoses are commonly used. The method can be used to study either a complete line-like flexible structure or to develop the properties of a ‘long flexible beam element’ which can be combined with other types of elements or substructures to model complex structural systems.
Cranking anharmonic gamma vibrations

Abstract Anharmonic collective vibrations that carry nonzero angular momentum along an equilibrium symmetry axis can be described by the self-consistent cranking model. This concept is illustrated for γ vibrations of a deformed nucleus using two examples: the interacting boson model (IBM) in the SU (3) limit, and the volume-conserving oscillator shell model. In both models, the cranking solutions describe a sequence of bandheads with spin projections K =2, 4, 6, … along the symmetry axis, which happen to lie along a backbending trajectory. The results for the oscillator shell model suggest that the anharmonicity of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance is quite small.
Million Dollar Maybe? The Effect of Female Presence in Movies on Box Office Returns

This study examines processes that contribute to the underrepresentation of women in film by linking the depiction of gender in film to its impact on domestic box office returns. Drawing on a sample of widely distributed movies from 2000 to 2009 (n = 974), we test whether the box office under-performance of films with an independent female presence results primarily from “downstream” public rejection or from an gendered “upstream” division of resources that provides greater studio support to movies about men. Using a series of multivariate regression analyses and controlling for genre, critical appraisal, arthouse label, being a sequel, and including a popular star, films with a female presence earn less at the box office. This effect, however, appears to be largely the consequence of movies that feature women having smaller production budgets, suggesting that the underrepresentation of women in film stems from “upstream” routines of film industry gatekeepers, not a lesser interest in stories about women in the minds of the public.
Galaxy dynamics and the mass density of the universe

Dynamical evidence accumulated over the past 20 years has convinced astronomers that luminous matter in a spiral galaxy constitutes no more than 10% of the mass of a galaxy. An additional 90% is inferred by its gravitational effect on luminous material. Here I review recent observations concerning the distribution of luminous and nonluminous matter in the Milky Way, in galaxies, and in galaxy clusters. Observations of neutral hydrogen disks, some extending in radius several times the optical disk, confirm that a massive dark halo is a major component of virtually every spiral. A recent surprise has been the discovery that stellar and gas motions in ellipticals are enormously complex. To date, only for a few spheroidal galaxies do the velocities extend far enough to probe the outer mass distribution. But the diverse kinematics of inner cores, peripheral to deducing the overall mass distribution, offer additional evidence that ellipticals have acquired gas-rich systems after initial formation. Dynamical results are consistent with a low-density universe, in which the required dark matter could be baryonic. On smallest scales of galaxies [10 kiloparsec (kpc); Ho = 50 km.sec-1.megaparsec-1] the luminous matter constitutes only 1% of the closure density. On scales greater than binary galaxies (i.e., >/=100 kpc) all systems indicate a density approximately 10% of the closure density, a density consistent with the low baryon density in the universe. If large-scale motions in the universe require a higher mass density, these motions would constitute the first dynamical evidence for nonbaryonic matter in a universe of higher density.
Crystal structure of transglutaminase 3 in complex with GMP: structural basis for nucleotide specificity.

Abstract Epidermal-type Transglutaminase 3 (TGase 3) is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme involved in the cross-linking of structural proteins required in the assembly of the cell envelope. We have recently shown that calcium-activated TGase 3, like TGase 2, can bind, hydrolyze, and is inhibited by GTP despite lacking structural homology with other GTP-binding proteins. Here we report the crystal structure determined at 2.0 A resolution of TGase 3 in complex with GMP to elucidate the structural features required for nucleotide recognition. Binding affinities for various nucleotides were found by fluorescence displacement to be as follows: guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTPγS) (0.4 μm), GTP (0.6 μm), GDP (1.0 μm), GMP (0.4 μm), and ATP (28.0 μm). Furthermore, we found that GMP binds as a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of TGase 3 transamidation activity, similar to GTPγS and GDP. A genetic algorithm similarity program (GASP) approach (virtual ligand screening) identified three compounds from the Lead Quest™ data base (Tripos Inc.) based on superimposition of GTPγS, GDP, and GMP guanine nucleotides from our crystal structures to generate the minimum align flexible fragment. These three were nucleotide analogs without a phosphate group containing the minimal binding motif for TGase 3 that includes a nucleoside recognition groove. Binding affinities were measured as follows: TP349915 (Kd = 4.1 μm), TP395289 (Kd = 38.5 μm), TP394305 (Kd = 1.0 mm). Remarkably, these compounds do not inhibit but instead activate TGase 3 transamidation by about 10-fold. These results suggest that the nucleotide binding pocket in TGase 3 may be exploited to either enhance or inhibit the enzymatic activity as required for different therapeutic approaches.
Effective therapy and the role of communication in the new college speech and hearing center

Abstract An unimpeded flow of communication is necessary for any complex undertaking. Effective therapy may be blocked by communication problems within the speech and hearing center even though the staff training, staff-client relationships, and therapy methods are competent. This has nothing to do with clerical routine, moreover, since files do not in themselves communicate. The purposes of communication must be arranged so as to meet unique needs of each setting. The roles of therapy, training, and research in the college center are not always complementary and can pose problems in effective communication. Accurate insights into how a particular setting functions are necessary prerequisites to communication. Distortions, from whatever source, affect the way staff and clients behave and thus mitigate therapy.
Combining Information From Related Regressions

We propose and illustrate an approach for combining information from several regression studies, each considering only a subset of the variables of interest. Our approach uses a combination of Bayesian hierarchical modeling and data augmentation. Hierarchical models are a flexible tool for modeling study-to-study as well as within-study variability. Data augmentation methods address fully the uncertainty resulting from missing data and provide venues for combining information in a way that preserves the meaning of the regression coefficients across studies. We discuss in detail a normal-normal model, we suggest a simple and efficient numerical implementation based on a block Gibbs sampler, and we provide explicit full conditional distributions for an arbitrary pattern of variables missing by study. We discuss an application of our model to investigating the level of chlorophyll-a in water quality management. Chlorophyll-a is one of the most important indicators of lake water quality. Scientists have developed a number and variety of forecasting models relating chlorophyll-a to nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. These models often have to rely on sparse information from multiple sources-in this case lakes. We study the relationship among chlorophyll-a and phosphorus in 12 northern temperate lakes by using data from the literature. An important covariate is nitrogen, which is reported only in some of the studies.
The role of governments in health care: implications for women's health and access to care.

The role of government quickly devolved into one of the hot button issues of the 2009–2010 health care reform debate. The intensity surrounding this issue has led us to consider how governments figure into health care delivery in advanced economy countries and to explore what effects greater government intervention might have on women’s health and health care access in the United States. Conflicting viewpoints over the benefits of a public plan reveal sharply differing understandings about health systems abroad. Even feminist policy scholars have long been conflicted about whether government is an adversary or a friend (Dahlerup, 1994). What are the main government roles in health care? How do differences in these roles affect access to care and health? How do women fare in these types of health systems? We begin with a brief discussion of health system organization and how governments figure into systems abroad. We then identify three distinctive features of women’s lives that shape their health care needs, looking to see how women fare in these regards across system types. Finally, we explore U.S. health care organization and reform proposals, discussing which promise to best serve women’s health needs.
Improved inference of mutation rates: I. An integral representation for the Luria-Delbrück distribution.

The estimation of mutation rates is ordinarily performed using results based on the Luria-Delbruck distribution. There are certain difficulties associated with the use of this distribution in practice, some of which we address in this paper (others in the companion paper, Oprea and Kepler, Theor. Popul. Biol., 2001). The distribution is difficult to compute exactly, especially for large values of the random variable. To overcome this problem, we derive an integral representation of the Luria-Delbruck distribution that can be computed easily for large culture sizes. In addition, we introduce the usual assumption of very small probability of having a large proportion of mutants only after the generating function has been computed. Thus, we obtain information on the moments for the more general case. We examine the asymptotic behavior of this system. We find a scaling or "standardization" technique that reduces the family of distributions parameterized by three parameters (mutation rate, initial cell number, and final cell number) to a single distribution with no parameters, valid so long as the product of the mutation rate and the final culture is sufficiently large. We provide a pair of techniques for computing confidence intervals for the mutation rate. In the second paper of this series, we use the distribution derived here to find approximate distributions for the case where the cell cycle time is not well-described as an exponential random variable as is implicitly assumed by Luria-Delbruck distribution.
Considerations of Connecting MANETs Through an Airborne Network

Airborne backbone networks spanning large geographical areas are starting to be deployed with high-capacity links. With the proliferation of mobile ad-hoc networks, an airborne backbone network may have visibility to many, otherwise distinct and isolated, mobile ad-hoc networks. In this scenario, the airborne backbone network can provide a high-bandwidth connection between MANETs. Due to the size and complexity of these networks, methodologies must be developed to accurately simulate and emulate the proposed networks in order to facilitate better understanding and design enabling effective deployment of this vital communication subsystem. In this paper, the impact of the dynamics in a mobile ad-hoc network and the resulting control plane activity is being investigated and a methodology for emulating MANETs during a flight test utilizing an airborne network is presented.
Heterogeneity of anti-dsDNA antibodies in their cross-reaction with ribosomal P protein.

We have investigated the possible cross-reaction of anti-dsDNA antibodies with ribosomal P peptide for several reasons. First, the antibodies frequently occur together, and secondly, they vary similarly with disease activity. Human polyclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies were affinity purified from eight patients and anti-ribosomal P antibodies from two patients with systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had high titers of anti-dsDNA as well as anti-ribosomal P antibodies. Nine of the 10 sera were totally specific in their reactivity with their cognate antigens. In only one patient did we find a subpopulation of antibodies which cross-reacted with both dsDNA and the carboxyl terminal 22 amino acid peptide. Our results indicate that anti-dsDNA antibodies are heterogeneous and usually do not cross-react with the carboxyl terminal P peptide, but on occasion (1/10) a patient will produce anti-dsDNA antibodies cross-reactive with the carboxyl terminal P peptide.
Ductile fracture in thin sheet metals: a FEM study of the Sandia fracture challenge problem based on the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman fracture model

In this paper, the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) fracture model has been implemented in a 3D nonlinear finite element framework to investigate ductile failure. The simulation consists of both model parameter calibrations and predictions based on the experimental configurations that were described in the Sandia fracture challenge in 2012. The goal is to test the robustness of the GTN model in predicting crack initiation and propagation in a ductile structural stainless steel (15-5 PH). It has been observed that the predicted load drops at crack initiation agree well with the experimental data. Both the simulation and experiments reveal that cracks always initiate in the subsurface. The observed crack path in the experiments, however, is not unique and is strongly influenced by the geometric variations in the specimen introduced in the fabrication process. The crack path is quite sensitive to the relative location of pre-existing features (notch and holes) in this challenge problem, and a very small variation can potentially lead to different path, hence affecting the ductile failure pattern significantly. Variations in the crack path are also observed in the simulation with different choices of GTN model parameters that control the void nucleation and growth behavior.
A comparison of the linked-atom least squares and PS79 systems for determining polymer structures from X-ray fibre diffraction data

Abstract When determining polymer structures using X-ray fibre diffraction, the diffraction data must be supplemented by stereochemical information. The structure obtained depends on the flexibility of structural models, the types of restraints and constraints used, the relative weighting of different terms, and the balance between the stereochemical and X-ray components. This affects not only final models, but also the important step of rejecting classes of incorrect models. We report a comparison of determinations of a structure using the two most widely used refinement systems (the linked-atom least squares and PS79 systems). Discrimination between classes of model and stereochemistry of the final structures are compared in detail. Implications for polymer structure determination using X-ray fibre diffraction are discussed.
Studies on the Chemistry of the Living Bark of the Black Locust in Relation to Its Frost Hardiness. V. Seasonal Transformations and Variations in the Carbohydrates: Starch-Sucrose Interconversions.

The seasonal variations in the carbohydrates of the perennial tissues of trees have been often investigated in the attempt to find some clue to their frost hardiness. The products of photosynthesis are stored as soluble sugars and starch in various parts of trees, reaching a maximum value just before leaf drop. When cold weather comes, the starch disappears from the more exposed tissues and often from the entire tree and is not to be found again until warm weather arrives in spring. The relationships between temperature and the form of carbohydrate present vary from species to species and also with different climates (6,16,19, 22, 30, 33). Levitt (21) has reviewed a large number of papers dealing with this subject and has attempted to correlate the carbohydrate variations with frost hardiness. The present investigation grew out of a similar attempt to assess the relationship of variations in the carbohydrate constituents of the living bark of the black locust tree (Robina pseudo-acacia L.) to the variations in frost hardiness. The variations and transformation in the carbohydrate constituents of the bark, including reducing sugars, sucrose and starch, were followed seasonally in normal trees for a year and a half. In addition, to determine whether, and to what extent, transformations and variations in the carbohydrates of the bark were independent of the normal seasonal conditions, samples were taken for analysis at various times throughout the year from sections of the bark of trees in which translocation had been intercepted by previous ringing above and below the sampling area. Such unseasonal and independent transformations were also produced and examined in logs cut from trees with the bark intact and stored at different temperatures in the laboratory.
Using NetLibrary eBooks at the reference desk

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to encourage reference librarians to utilize eBooks to their advantage at the reference desk, for point of need and collection development purposes.Design/methodology/approach – An overview of eBook utility at the reference desk and strategies for dealing with their shortcomings are provided. The collection development and collection management of eBooks are also discussed. A survey of first‐year college students provides a current projection of usage.Findings – The paper notes that eBooks are well‐utilized by patrons in academic libraries and offer several conveniences.Practical implications – Reference librarians may find this information helpful in serving their on‐ and off‐campus patrons.Originality/value – This paper outlines “talking points” for the utilization, promotion, and collection development of eBooks.
Phonologically conditioned allomorphy in the morphology of Surmiran (Rumantsch)

Alternations between allomorphs that are not directly related by phonological rule, but whose selection is governed by phonological properties of the environment, have attracted the sporadic attention of phonologists and morphologists. Such phenomena are commonly limited to rather small corners of a language's structure, however, and as a result have not been a major theoretical focus. This paper examines a set of alternations in Surmiran, a Swiss Rumantsch language, that have this character and that pervade the entire system of the language. It is shown that the alternations in question, best attested in the verbal system, are not conditioned by any coherent set of morphological properties (either straightforwardly or in the extended sense of ‘morphomes’ explored in other Romance languages by Maiden). These alternations are, however, straightforwardly aligned with the location of stress in words, and an analysis is proposed within the general framework of Optimality Theory to express this. The resulting ...
The influence of gate-feeder/mesa-edge contacting on sidegating effects in In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/ As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As heterostructure FET's

Sidegating effects in InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) were experimentally investigated. Two different configurations of gate feeder across the mesa edges are compared in In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As. HFETs. HEMTs and heterostructure insulated-gate FETs (HIGFETs) were fabricated, each with different gate-feeder configurations. HFETs with the gate air bridge over the mesa edge can maintain 99% of the drain-source (I/sub ds/) current level at sidegate voltages (V/sub sg/) extending up to -30 V, while the non-air-bridge configuration of HFETs show a 30% drop of I/sub ds/ at the same V /sub sg/. This significant discrepancy of sidegating effect is attributed to depletion region modulation at the mesa edge below the gate feeder. By lifting the gate feeder above the mesa step, sidegating is reduced, which suggests the channel/substrate trap effects are negligibly small. The role of air-bridge structures in determining the sidegating characteristics is discussed. >
Ovipositional Responses of Three Opiine Fruit Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Gall-Forming Tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract In the laboratory, we evaluated ovipositional responses of three insectary-reared opiine parasitoidsDiachasmimorpha tryoni(Cameron),Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead), andPsyttalia fletcheri(Sivilstri) to galls formed by three nontarget tephritidsEutreta xanthochaetaAldrich,Procecidochares alaniStekyskal, andPhaeogramma lortnocoibonAsquith. Individual gravid females of the three parasitoids were released onto stems of each gall fly's host plant containing single galls that contained late instar flies, and the parasitoids' oviposition responses were recorded. Although the galls formed by the three nontarget tephritids had similar color (green), shape (spheroid), and size (7–11 mm), responses of the three opiine parasitoids to the galls varied with parasitoid as well as fly species. Thirty-eight and 26% of gravidD. tryoniandD. longicaudata,respectively, probed inE. xanthochaetagalls, which resulted in 28 and 20% of the resident larvae receiving parasitoid eggs. Few (