cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanomechanical characterization of porous anodic aluminum oxide films by nanoindentation

Abstract Nanostructured thin films have gained great interests in recent years due to their significantly enhanced properties and great potential for various applications. Nanoindentation techniques are commonly used to measure nanomechanical properties of thin films and the surface layers of bulk materials. In this article, nanoindentation tests coupled with computer modeling were proposed to characterize nanostructured porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films grown on glass. A three-dimensional nanoindentation model was developed. The Young's modulus and hardness were measured by nanoindentation using a Berkowich pyramidal sharp tip indenter. The effects of the substrate and porous structure of the film on the coating measurements were investigated. The dilemma for extracting the mechanical properties of a porous structural film in nanoindentation has been pointed out, and an alternative approach of combined modeling/experimental provided a justification by considering the porous structure of the film and minimizing the influence of the substrate. Computer modeling results were validated by experimental data.
Improvements to and continuity of operational global thermal stress monitoring for coral bleaching

Mass coral bleaching results from periods of elevated sea temperature. Satellite monitoring of thermal stress has enhanced the capacity for the management of coral bleaching events worldwide. Satellite-based monitoring tools provide reef managers with cost-effective observations of temperature conditions to monitor the risk of bleaching and to target in situ observations in areas under stress. This paper describes improvements to satellite remote sensing products from NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch to enhance product coverage and to correct identified errors in the production of coral reef-specific metrics for thermal stress. In addition, threats to the operational production of the thermal stress metrics are considered and a contingency plan is described to ensure continuity of operations.
W.M. Reisman and C.P. Skinner, Fraudulent Evidence Before Public International Tribunals: The Dirty Stories of International Law

After enlisting a former student, Christina Parajon Skinner, as his co-author, Professor Michael Reisman has finally transformed his three Herch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, delivered more than ten years ago at the University of Cambridge, into this long-awaited 222-page book. The lecturer’s blunt message has not been attenuated over the years; states have shown themselves, again and again, prepared to act on the apparent notion that the ends of serving their purposes justify the means of using fraudulent evidence, or even basing a legal case entirely on lies. And so they engage in conduct which their own municipal legal systems would consider nothing less than a criminal obstruction of justice, and certainly to merit the disbarment of lawyers who engage in it. The implicit calculation seems to be that urgent objectives outweigh the harm caused to the fragile fabric of the international legal system. Such, alas, is sometimes the way of the world. All of this is illustrated in the core of the book, which is comprised of detailed considerations of unsavory features of seven important cases—each of which is given a separate chapter, from the ‘suborned witnesses’ in The Sabotage Cases in the 1930s to the ‘massive forgeries’ of the Qatar v. Bahrain case decided in 2001. It is a commonplace observation that the fact-finding mechanisms of public international courts, tribunals, and commissions are (broadly speaking) deficient,
Use of Expressed Breast Milk With the Ketogenic Diet

Breastfeeding continues to be the recommended mode of infant feeding with numerous nutritive and nonnutritive benefits to both mothers and babies. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate pr...
'Making Martial Law Easier' in the U.S

Fiscal Year 2007 legislation gave Homeland Security professionals cause to re-examine domestic employment and deployment of military forces, and more specifically, military control over law and justice enforcement - sometimes referred to as "martial law." In September 2006, Senator Leahy of Vermont warned about proposed Fiscal Year 2007 Defense Authorization Act changes to U.S. laws which would: "Fail the National Guard, which expects great things from us as much as we expect great things from them. And we fail our Constitution, neglecting the rights of the States, when we make it easier for the President to declare martial law and trample on local and state sovereignty." Some months later, after the Defense Authorization Act passed into law, the New York Times and International Herald Tribune published a February 19, 2007 article titled "Making Martial Law Easier." That article claimed that the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (JWNDAA) was: "A disturbing recent phenomenon in Washington ... that laws that strike to the heart of American democracy have been passed in the dead of night. So it was with a provision quietly tucked into the enormous defense budget bill at the Bush administration's behest that makes it easier for a president to override local control of law enforcement and declare martial law."In this article I posited that "martial law" had not been made easier, nor did the then-current state of law and policy override local control of law enforcement under ordinary circumstances. Instead, the JWNDAA had prudently advanced an evolution rather than revolution involving over a century of federal troop deployments and 200 years of legal precedent. The Insurrection Act of 1807 was one of the first and most important U.S. laws on this subject, and was followed some 71 years later by the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which further limited executive authority to conduct military law enforcement on U.S. soil. Each of those laws has evolved over time, and consistent with the times and the popular will expressed through Congress.Epilog: In 2008, these changes in the Insurrection Act of 1807 were repealed in their entirety, reverting to the previous wording of the Insurrection Act that in its original form was written to limit Presidential power as much as possible in the event of insurrection, rebellion, or lawlessness. In 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama signed National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 into law. Section 1031, clause "b", article 2 defines a 'covered person', i.e., someone possibly subject to martial law, as the following: "A person who was a part of or substantially supported al-Qaeda, the Taliban, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners, including any person who has committed a belligerent act or has directly supported such hostilities in aid of such enemy forces."
Combination nanotherapy penetrates atherosclerosis.

This editorial refers to ‘Nanotherapeutics for inhibition of atherogenesis and modulation of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques’ by D.R. Lewis et al. , pp. 283–293. Nanoparticle therapeutics are increasingly considered for applications beyond oncology. Whereas nanomedicine's indication for the treatment of cancers is clear-cut, its use for atherosclerotic and atherothrombotic complications is not trivial.1 First and foremost, atherosclerosis is a very slowly progressing inflammatory disease. Therefore, injectable nanomedicines need to exhibit significantly elevated therapeutic benefits over existing lipid-lowering therapies, which …
ASLO Membership Application 2008

Enzyme-labeled fluorescence (ELF) and bulk alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity enzyme assays were used to evaluate the phosphorus (P) status of phytoplankton communities in San Francisco and Monterey bays. Both regions exhibit spatial and temporal variability in bulk AP activity with maximum activities during the early spring and summer periods of high biological productivity. ELF analysis revealed pronounced differences in the makeup of organisms responsible for AP activity in these two environments. In Monterey Bay dinoflagellates are responsible for the bulk of the AP activity. Diatoms infrequently exhibited AP activity. Dinoflagellates that comprised only 14% of all cells counted in Monterey Bay accounted for 78% of AP-producing cells examined. The presence of AP activity in this group suggests that changes in P sources, concentrations, and bioavailability could disproportionably influence this group relative to diatoms in Monterey Bay. In San Francisco Bay, AP production, indicated by ELF, was associated primarily with bacteria attached to suspended particles, potentially used to hydrolyze organic compounds for carbon, rather than to satisfy P requirements. Our results highlight the importance of organic P as a bioavailable nutrient source in marine ecosystems and as a component of the marine P cycle.
Porosity of heavy oil sand: Laboratory measurement and bound analysis

ABSTRACTThe conventional porosity measurement is not adequate to precisely measure “as-is” porosity of heavy oil sand samples due to its irregular sample shape, pore-filling viscous fluids, and especially difficult storage without losing mass. From a practical laboratory point of view, a confined porosity measurement strategy is specifically introduced to measure the as-is porosity of heavy oil sand sample. This overall strategy primarily consists of two parts. First of all, as-is porosity is estimated by using the assumed parameters (grain density, fluid density, and fluids saturation) and measured bulk density that is calculated from the Archimedes principle, which not only keeps the sample intact, but also is advantageous for minimizing mass loss and external covers. Furthermore, by extracting the pore fluids (heavy oil, water, and possibly gas) from the original sample, the assumed indispensable parameters are precisely measured; more importantly, a group of porosity data can be calculated by applying...
Can Less Yield More? Behavioral Activation for Adolescent Depression

The report by Ritschel et al. (2016) demonstrates that Behavioral Activation (BA) has significant promise as an effective intervention for adolescent major depression. At a minimum, confirmation of this finding in controlled trials would increase the available treatments for depression in young people. BA may also be more attractive to adolescents, especially younger adolescents, than models of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) that place greater emphasis on cognitive change. A more general attraction of BA is its relative simplicity, in comparison with the CBT models used in recent major trials, all of which involved multiple skill-training modules. The theoretical basis of BA lends itself to studies of mechanisms of therapeutic change, and may also prove to be useful within a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
Pseudo-borings and predator traces; artifacts of pressure-dissolution in fossiliferous shales

Well-preserved brachiopods from two Paleozoic deposits (Ordovician Richmond Group, Indiana; Devonian Silica Formation, Ohio and Michigan) occasionally contain skeletal fragments embedded in their exterior surfaces. Cross-sections of the shells reveal that the fragments are the remains of brachiopods that cleanly pierce one or both valves of the host specimen. A sharp contact between fragment and host, a coincident film of insoluble residue, and, in some samples, a thin zone of recrystallization, all suggest that the fragments were emplaced via pressure-dissolution during post-burial sediment compaction. Diagenetically emplaced fragments may disintegrate during weathering and leave grooves (pseudo-borings) that resemble the traces of shell-boring organisms. Apparent teeth or rhyncholites found embedded in brachiopod shells may arise from pressure-dissolution between fortuitously associated particles. If pressure-dissolution artifacts, like these, are not distinguished from true biological traces, an overestimation of boring and predation intensities in paleoecological studies may result. Several simple criteria for distinguishing artifacts from traces are proposed, including regular plicate or linear shape of groove, random orientation and lack of host response. This study documents that even in exceptionally well-preserved fossil deposits, pressure-dissolution can be an important taphonomic process.
Physical Properties of Dried Na2O-SiO2 Monoliths

Dried monolithic gels of compositions XNa 2 O-(1-X)SiO 2 (with X from 0 mol% to 7 mol%) were obtained by acid catalyzed sol-gel processing using tetramethylorthosilicate and NaNO 3 . Optically clear monoliths in the range of 20 to 90 mm diameter by 3 to 20 mm thickness were routinely produced by controlling the processing schedule. Complete drying in air without cracking was achieved at 180°C from 10–14 days. The bulk density and optical properties of the gels, characterized by UV/VIS/NIR transmission, IR reflection and index of refraction, showed a compositional dependence on Na 2 O similar to melt glasses of the same Na 2 O content. However, the true density and microhardness decreased with Na 2 O content in contrast to melt glasses.
Physiological Response of Grub-infested (Diptera: Oestridae) and Grub-free Steers to Treatments of Systemic Insecticides

The effect of recommended dosages of trichlorfon, fenthion, famphur, and phosmet on physiological and nutritional indices of steers infested and not infested with Hypoderma spp. were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The parameters used as indicators of general stress were heart and respiration rate, rectal temperature, blood cholinesterase, blood urea nitrogen, serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum creatine phosphokinase and packed cell volume. Feed utilization indices included dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities. Heart rates, respiration rates, and rectal temperatures increased rapidly after treatment of grub-free steers and returned to normal within 3 h after treatment. Treatments of grub-infested steers with trichlorfon and phosmet resulted in significantly increased respiration rates, and rectal temperatures were significantly increased after exposure to trichlorfon, phosmet, and fenthion. Treatment with phosmet significantly reduced heart rates through 1 week after treatment. Blood cholinesterase levels were decreased after all treatments and blood urea nitrogen was significantly lowered after treatments with trichlorfon, famphur, and phosmet.
Phase II study of interleukin-6 in patients with smoldering relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia

We gave interleukin-6 (IL-6) to eight patients with AML in first relapse after a median remission of 20.5 weeks and one patient with AML refractory to initial induction therapy. All nine patients had 5-29% blasts in the marrow together with 30,000/microliters provided neither the marrow nor circulating blast count doubled to > 30% or > 10,000/microliters respectively. Given these data, the likelihood of a 15% response rate in patients whose disease is in smoldering relapse after a short first CR is only 27%, with 15% being the expected average CR rate following chemotherapy in these patients. Rises in platelet count unrelated to spontaneous recovery after prior chemotherapy were seen in three patients and a rise in marrow blast percent in four. Our results suggest that IL-6 might be used in stimulating platelet recovery in AML patients who remain thrombopenic without evidence of leukemia after chemotherapy, unlike our patients whose marrow had 5-29% blasts prior to starting IL-6.
Stress Analysis of Circular Frames

In My Note on “Stress Analysis of Circular Frames ” I was unable, due to lack of space, to discuss more thoroughly the reasons why the name of W. Ritz is omitted with reference to his method. The reader, interested in that subject, can find all the details in my recently published discussion and paper.
Patient Selection and Breast Imaging

Patient selection criteria for nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) are evolving as data accumulate showing acceptable locoregional recurrence rates and surgical outcomes. Currently, absolute contraindications to NSM are inflammatory breast cancer, Paget’s disease of the nipple, clinical or imaging evidence of nipple–areola complex (NAC) involvement, and a positive intraoperative frozen section of subareolar or nipple core specimen (if performed). Extensive tumor involvement of the skin is a contraindication, although NSM may be permissible in this situation with resolution of skin findings after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Other risk factors for NAC involvement (large tumor size, retroareolar location, tumor-to-nipple distance <2 cm, multicentricity, extensive intraductal component, micropapillary carcinoma, axillary nodal metastasis, HER2 positivity, ER/PR negativity, lymphovascular invasion, high tumor grade) do not preclude NSM, but can be used to inform a patient about the risk of positive subareolar margin requiring NAC excision. BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers are candidates for risk-reducing or therapeutic NSM, with low risk of short-term recurrence or de novo cancer in the NAC, although long-term data are lacking. Prior or planned postoperative breast radiation, current smoking, and obesity are risk factors for technical complications after NSM, and should be considered in determining NSM candidacy. Very large or ptotic breasts pose a technical challenge to obtaining excellent cosmetic results after NSM, and modified approaches to NSM have been reported in such patients. In a surgeon’s early experience with NSM, it is advisable to select candidates without risk factors for technical complications. MRI is more sensitive than mammogram for detecting malignant NAC involvement, but should be undertaken selectively due to a high false positive rate. Subareolar mammotome biopsy and nipple delay procedure with subareolar biopsy have been proposed for preoperative histologic assessment of the NAC margin.
Dental status as a predictor of mortality among nursing facility residents in eastern Iowa

Objective This study aimed to evaluate dental status (ie, number of teeth and presence of removable dental prostheses) as a predictor of all-cause mortality among nursing facility residents. Background Edentulism has been associated with poorer health outcomes in geriatric populations. Materials and Methods Between March 2006 and June 2008, oral health screening examinations were completed for 584 residents of 10 nursing facilities in four eastern Iowa counties. In September 2013, demographic, general and oral health information was obtained from the screening forms and linked with Iowa state death certificate data. The study outcome (time to death) was defined as the number of days between the screening examination and death. Univariate and bivariate distributions were assessed, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were generated to arrive at factors associated with time to death. Results A total of 535 residents were eligible for data analysis. Age at screening ranged from 60-103 years (mean=85.2), 70% were female, and 33% were edentulous. By September 2013, 468 (87.5%) had died, with a median time to death among these individuals of 2.0 years. The final multivariable Cox model included data from 393 (73.4%) of the residents; statistically significant relationships were observed between time to death and dental status, age, sex, cooperativeness with care providers and renal disease. Conclusions Dental status remained strongly associated with time to death even after controlling for other important demographic and health-related factors.
Use of liquid biopsy for detection of renal cell carcinoma.

521Background: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) displays characteristics of an ideal serum biomarker. We sought to develop whole-exome sequencing of ctDNA to interrogate commonly mutated genes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for early tumor detection through a single blood sample. Methods: Patients with solid renal tumors and healthy controls provided 40 mL blood from which purified plasma cell-free DNA was prepared. A multiplex bar-coded polymerase chain reaction amplification using the Fluidigm Access Array was performed to prepare sequencing libraries for the Illumina HiSeq platform. Galaxy workflow was then utilized to identify mutations within the plasma cell-free DNA samples and results were compared to buffy coat sequencing containing control DNA for each individual’s sample. The following genes were queried: VHL, PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, KDM5C, KIT, NFE2L2, MET, TP53, CDKN2A, FGFR3, PIK3CA, BRAF, and MUC4. Criteria for calling mutations included adequate frequency by overall count and percentage of reads, i...
Extracurricular involvement and psychological adjustment in the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood: The role of mastery and creative self-efficacy

A minimal amount is known regarding the mechanisms underlying the potential benefits of extracurricular activities (ECAs) for adolescents’ psychological adjustment. This preliminary cross-sectional...
Almost Optimal Social Insurance for Long-Term Care

Most people spend most of their lives in good health. Sometimes these periods are interrupted by relatively brief but severe illnesses for which medical services are effective. If the services are not effective, death follows, but if they do work, the person soon returns to normal life. In such cases, the main adverse consequence of the period of illness is its cost — in terms of medical care cost, lost income, and lost social interaction — all losses which can be, and are, to some extent, offset by conventional insurances.
Mechanics of Treatment

Charley Davidson did not belong to a motorcycle gang. He had never heard of Sturgis, South Dakota, and did not even have a tattoo, but he loved the rush of wind in his face as he rode his big motorcycle back and forth to work. He was a very careful rider and always wore his helmet, but he was always worried about the lack of courtesy automobile drivers often show around bikes. It was not discourtesy, however, that caused a pickup truck suddenly to turn in front of him. The ensuing collision with a road sign resulted in a severe, open fracture of Davidson’s leg. After an assessment in the emergency room indicated no other injuries, he was taken to the operating room, where the large soft tissue wound was cleaned and debrided, and his tibia stabilized with a monoplane external fixture. Will such a stabilization device allow this fracture to heal?
Donation After Cardiac Death Heart Transplantation in America Is Clinically Necessary and Ethically Justified

Many patients die on American transplant waiting lists because there are far fewer hearts donated after brain death than patients who would benefit from transplantation. For this reason, extended criteria donation after brain death hearts, which would otherwise be considered inferior, are routinely transplanted. Examples for extended criteria donation after brain death hearts include older donors, from further distances, with lower cardiac function, and higher risk features, such as hepatitis C. In response to the dire need for donor hearts, a small number of transplant centers in Australia and Europe have pushed the envelope further still by pioneering heart transplantation following donation after cardiac death (DCD).1 Death of DCD donors is declared on the basis of irreversible cardiac arrest rather than irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain.2 However, because of unique ethical and legal concerns that arise from the surgical techniques for DCD heart procurement, there are no clinically active DCD heart transplantation programs in America. The first human heart transplant, performed by Christiaan Barnard in 1967, was made possible by a DCD donor and a recipient who was located in an operating room adjacent to the donor.3 This seminal medical achievement was marred in ethical controversy, which led to the Harvard criteria for brain death in 1968.4 DCD heart transplantation was subsequently abandoned in favor of donation after brain death heart transplantation because DCD hearts were considered inferior out of concern for ischemic injury to the donor heart. Interest in DCD heart …
Meaningful Assessment of Robotic Surgical Style using the Wisdom of Crowds

Quantitative assessment of surgical skills is an important aspect of surgical training; however, the proposed metrics are sometimes difficult to interpret and may not capture the stylistic characteristics that define expertise. This study proposes a methodology for evaluating the surgical skill, based on metrics associated with stylistic adjectives, and evaluates the ability of this method to differentiate expertise levels. We recruited subjects from different expertise levels to perform training tasks on a surgical simulator. A lexicon of contrasting adjective pairs, based on important skills for robotic surgery, inspired by the global evaluative assessment of robotic skills tool, was developed. To validate the use of stylistic adjectives for surgical skill assessment, posture videos of the subjects performing the task, as well as videos of the task were rated by crowd-workers. Metrics associated with each adjective were found using kinematic and physiological measurements through correlation with the crowd-sourced adjective assignment ratings. To evaluate the chosen metrics’ ability in distinguishing expertise levels, two classifiers were trained and tested using these metrics. Crowd-assignment ratings for all adjectives were significantly correlated with expertise levels. The results indicate that naive Bayes classifier performs the best, with an accuracy of $$89\pm 12$$ , $$94\pm 8$$ , $$95\pm 7$$ , and $$100\pm 0\%$$ when classifying into four, three, and two levels of expertise, respectively. The proposed method is effective at mapping understandable adjectives of expertise to the stylistic movements and physiological response of trainees.
Association of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) with decreased survival in metastatic melanoma.

4Background: Membrane expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells is associated with poor survival in patients with advanced malignancies including metastatic melanoma (MM). In addition, tumor-associated PD...
WIND ENERGY/HYDROGEN PRODUCTION R&D IN HAWAII

ABSTRACT A research and development program in hydrogen production by means of wind energy has been initiated at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI). An analysis of the wind resource is presented and the wind energy development activities in Hawaii are reviewed. Discussed is the contribution that hydrogen can make toward the acceptance of more wind-generated electricity by the utility as well as hydrogen's role in providing fertilizer, chemical feedstocks, and, perhaps of greatest importance, future transportation fuels.
Phosphorylation of Ion Channels: A Fundamental Regulatory Mechanism in the Control of Nerve Cell Activity

There has been much progress in recent years in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which neurotransmitters exert their effects on excitable cells. On the one hand, studies of the structure and function of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have provided a detailed picture of a directly coupled receptor/channel system, a system in which the opening of an ion channel (and transport of ions) is dependent on the continued occupation of a closely associated receptor by the transmitter. However, there are many examples of physiological responses which outlast the initial stimulus, the occupancy of the receptor by the transmitter, by seconds, minutes, or even hours. It is difficult to explain such long-lasting effects in terms of direct receptor/channel coupling, and it seems more likely that it results from some long-lasting metabolic modification of the channel. In this case the receptor and channel may not necessarily be intimately associated in a single macromolecular complex, but may be indirectly coupled via some intracellular second messenger which is produced upon occupancy of receptor by neurotransmitter.
Accelerated change dynamics within the healthcare industry: Just a trend, or is there more to it?

Reports of mergers and corporate takeovers have featured regularly in the press for years now. Buzzwords like ‘merger waves’ and ‘megamergers’ point to developments that evidently occur repeatedly worldwide but differ greatly from sector to sector. Over the last few years, this has led to a considerable change in the competitive landscape, particularly in the healthcare industry. One of the main causes of this has been — and still is — a radical transformation of business models driven by changes in demographic conditions and rising costs in healthcare systems, most of which are state-controlled. The kind of free market forces that dominate other industries are of little meaning here. The business development and business models of the providers of medicines and health services are under great pressure to change, not only from the classic ‘customers’ (prescribing doctors, pharmacists), but also from insurers and the respective governments — through regulation and intervention in the market. This affects both classic pharmaceutical companies and healthcare service providers.
Alaskan Underground Injection Control of Solid Waste Disposal

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the Alaskan underground injection control (UIC) of solid waste disposal. Drinking water for both indigenous communities and the geographically separate petroleum development complexes in the North Slope comes from surface accumulations, primarily lakes or desalinized water. The preferred alternative to managing solid, liquid, and gas wastes on the North Slope is underground injection through Class I and Class II well disposal systems. Relic reserve pits are being excavated, pulverized, and injected. New fields are being planned and developed with ball mill grind and inject systems, using Class I and II wells to address nonhazardous wastes on site. North Slope operators have overcome the unforgiving elements to make Alaska a safer oil and gas-producing region. However, injection activities have not been without incident. UIC is critical to future development of oil fields in the sensitive Arctic and cannot be accomplished without paying close attention to injection well construction, operations, and monitoring.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonism impairs basal exercise capacity and vascular adaptation to aerobic exercise training in rats.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) inversely predicts cardiovascular (CV) mortality and CRF is impaired in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aerobic exercise training (ET) improves CRF and is associated with decreased risk of premature death in healthy and diseased populations. Understanding the mechanisms contributing to ET adaptation may identify targets for reducing CV mortality of relevance to people with T2D. The antihyperglycemic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) influences many of the same pathways as exercise and may contribute to CV adaptation to ET. We hypothesized that GLP-1 is necessary for adaptation to ET. Twelve-week-old male Wistar rats were randomized (n = 8-12/group) to receive PBS or GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin 9-39 (Ex(9-39)) via osmotic pump for 4 weeks ± ET. CRF was greater with ET (P < 0.01). Ex(9-39) treatment blunted CRF in both sedentary and ET rats (P < 0.001). Ex(9-39) attenuated acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, while this response was maintained with Ex(9-39)+ET (P = 0.04). Aortic stiffness was greater with Ex(9-39) (P = 0.057) and was made worse when Ex(9-39) was combined with ET (P = 0.004). Ex vivo aortic vasoconstriction with potassium and phenylephrine was lower with Ex(9-39) (P < 0.0001). Carotid strain improved with PBS + ET but did not change in the Ex(9-39) rats with ET (P < 0.0001). Left ventricular mitochondrial respiration was elevated with Ex(9-39) (P < 0.02). GLP-1 receptor antagonism impairs CRF with and without ET, attenuates the vascular adaptation to ET, and elevates cardiac mitochondrial respiration. These data suggest that GLP-1 is integral to the adaptive vascular response to ET.
The Political Impact of Monetary Shocks: Evidence from India's 2016 Demonetization

What are the political consequences of monetary shocks? While theories of retrospective voting suggest that voters should punish incumbents for negative economic shocks within incumbents' control, other works suggest voters' ability and willingness to do so are limited. We examine this issue by tracing the impact of the sudden demonetization of 86% of India's currency in 2016. We argue and show, using difference-in-difference and instrumental variables analyses, that the economic impact of demonetization was felt most acutely in relatively "unbanked" areas, where households and businesses lack access to the formal financial system and are most cash-dependent. Further, the BJP, the incumbent party that implemented demonetization, was penalized the least in relatively unbanked districts where people were economically hurt the most. We speculate why this might be the case. Our findings illustrate that monetary policy has important distributional consequences that shape voting.
Chronotopic identities: Narrating Made in Italy across spatiotemporal scales

Abstract The potential that narratives have to transport storytellers and audiences across time and space has made them fertile sites to study temporal and spatial effects in many disciplines. Through an analysis of a corpus of oral narratives that we collected in Northern Italy, this article extends Bakhtin's notion of literary chronotopes to empirical real-time oral narratives as they emerge in our interviews with Italian executives. In particular, we explore how brand identities are (co)constructed in interview settings through the chronotopic stances that executives take vis-a-vis their corporate world and across various spatiotemporal scales. By bridging the latest theories on the Bakthinian chronotope with a more recent multiscalar approach, this article advances theories and methods in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics.
Dramatic presence

Let us consider the presentation by computers of rich, highly interactive worlds that are inhabited by dynamic and complex characters, and shaped by aesthetically pleasing stories. We shall call this interactive drama, and we believe that it requires strong characters, aesthetic presentation, and long-term dramatic structure. This paper describes an experiment designed to help us understand how to create interactive drama. Three principal questions are addressed. One, how does it feel to be immersed in a dramatic virtual world filled with characters and story? Two, what is required of the characters actors in such a virtual world? Three, what is required of the story and its director? We present an introduction to interactive drama, summarize the Oz system designed to create and present such experiences, and describe our experiment in detail. Finally, drawing from the experiment, we suggest several hypotheses about interactive drama.
Automated Continuous Fields Prediction From Landsat Time Series: Application to Fractional Impervious Cover

The characterization of fine temporal-resolution land surface dynamics from broadband optical satellite sensors is constrained by sparse acquisitions of high-quality imagery; interscene variation in radiometric, phenological, atmospheric, and illumination conditions; and subpixel variability in heterogeneous environments. In this letter, we address these concerns by developing and testing the automatic adaptive signature generalization and regression (AASGr) algorithm. Provided a robust reference map corresponding to the date of one image, AASGr automates the prediction of continuous fields maps from imagery time series that is adaptive to the spectral and radiometric characteristics of each target image and thereby requires neither atmospheric correction nor data normalization. We tested AASGr on a 22-year Landsat time series to quantify subannual impervious fractional cover dynamics in Houston, TX—an area characterized by a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in surface cover and high frequency in land cover change. The map time series achieved high accuracy in a three-part validation procedure and reveals spatio-temporal dynamics of urban intensification and extensification at a level of detail previously elusive in discrete classifications or coarse temporal-resolution map products. The automation of continuous fields time series is enabling a new generation of land surface products capable of characterizing precise morphologies along a continuum of spatio-temporal change. While AASGr was applied here to predict subpixel impervious fractional cover from Landsat imagery, the method is generalizable to a range of imagery and applications requiring dense continuous fields time series with uncertainty estimates of geophysical and biochemical characteristics, such as leaf area index, biomass, and albedo.
Evaluating the Impact of Secure Mobile Messaging on Communication and Cancer Care Team Satisfaction in a Large Radiation Oncology Clinic

PURPOSE:Communication is crucial in any clinical environment for efficient delivery of care and ensuring patient safety. A 2016 National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators questionnaire indicat...
Two-Dimensional Kinetics of Rigid Bodies: Energy

In 1893, George Washington Ferris was the champion of U.S. technology, the engineer whose vision and relentless pursuit of his deam proved that America could top the Eiffel Tower. That magnificent structure which could carry 2,160 passengers at a time to a height equivalent to 26 story building was a significant engineering triumph in an era when most people had never seen a skyscraper. His reputation quickly grew as the press recounted his struggle to build the machine that other engineers had said could not be built.
Contemporary use of real-world data for clinical trial conduct in the United States: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE Real-world data (RWD), defined as routinely collected healthcare data, can be a potential catalyst for addressing challenges faced in clinical trials. We performed a scoping review of database-specific RWD applications within clinical trial contexts, synthesizing prominent uses and themes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Querying 3 biomedical literature databases, research articles using electronic health records, administrative claims databases, or clinical registries either within a clinical trial or in tandem with methodology related to clinical trials were included. Articles were required to use at least 1 US RWD source. All abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction was performed by 1 reviewer. Two reviewers independently verified all decisions. RESULTS Of 2020 screened articles, 89 qualified: 59 articles used electronic health records, 29 used administrative claims, and 26 used registries. Our synthesis was driven by the general life cycle of a clinical trial, culminating into 3 major themes: trial process tasks (51 articles); dissemination strategies (6); and generalizability assessments (34). Despite a diverse set of diseases studied, <10% of trials using RWD for trial process tasks evaluated medications or procedures (5/51). All articles highlighted data-related challenges, such as missing values. DISCUSSION Database-specific RWD have been occasionally leveraged for various clinical trial tasks. We observed underuse of RWD within conducted medication or procedure trials, though it is subject to the confounder of implicit report of RWD use. CONCLUSION Enhanced incorporation of RWD should be further explored for medication or procedure trials, including better understanding of how to handle related data quality issues to facilitate RWD use.
Spatial Characterization of Microbial Communities on Multi-Species Leafy Greens Grown Simultaneously in the Vegetable Production Systems on the International Space Station.

The establishment of steady-state continuous crop production during long-term deep space missions is critical for providing consistent nutritional and psychological benefits for the crew, potentially improving their health and performance. Three technology demonstrations were completed achieving simultaneous multi-species plant growth and the concurrent use of two Veggie units on the International Space Station (ISS). Microbiological characterization using molecular and culture-based methods was performed on leaves and roots from two harvests of three leafy greens, red romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. ‘Outredgeous’); mizuna mustard, (Brassica rapa var japonica); and green leaf lettuce, (Lactuca sativa cv. Waldmann’s) and associated rooting pillow components and Veggie chamber surfaces. Culture based enumeration and pathogen screening indicated the leafy greens were safe for consumption. Surface samples of the Veggie facility and plant pillows revealed low counts of bacteria and fungi and are commonly isolated on ISS. Community analysis was completed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Comparisons between pillow components, and plant tissue types from VEG-03D, E, and F revealed higher diversity in roots and rooting substrate than the leaves and wick. This work provides valuable information for food production-related research on the ISS and the impact of the plant microbiome on this unique closed environment.
Status Epilepticus Secondary to Hyperammonemia (P5.082)

OBJECTIVE: We aim to highlight hyperammonemia as an unusual cause of status epilepticus. BACKGROUND: Elevated ammonia is implicated in pathogenesis of encephalopathy related to both hepatic and non-hepatic causes. The occurrence of seizures is a poorly understood manifestation of hyperammonemia and status epilepticus is extremely rare occurrence. DESIGN/METHODS: Case series review RESULTS: Case 1 was 63 years old when he presented with hyperammonemia (peak 493 µmol/L) due to fulminant hepatic failure who developed refractory status epilepticus requiring multiple AEDs and pentobarbital coma. His EEG showed generalized/bilateral periodic epileptiform discharges (GPEDs/biPLEDs) and left>right independent electrographic seizures. His brain MRI showed restricted diffusion of the cortical gray matter on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences, predominantly involving cingulate and insular cortex while sparing peri-rolandic cortex and white matter. Case 2 was a 53 year-old female who developed bilateral facial and upper extremity twitching following hyperammonemia (peak 810 µmol/L) of non-hepatic cause, requiring ketamine in addition to phenytoin and levetirecetam. Her EEG showed myoclonic jerks and independent left>right hemispheric subclinical seizures. Head CT showed increased acute effacement of sulci. She died of cardiac arrest before advanced imaging. Case 3 was a 60 year-old post-liver transplant patient who developed hyperammonemia (peak 843 µmol/L) following a massive GI bleed. He developed refractory status epilepticus treated with multiple AEDs and pentobarbital coma. His EEG showed GPEDs later evolving into myoclonic status. Head CT showed massive cerebral edema with trans-tentorial herniation. All of these patients died within hours to days of their presentation with status epilepticus. CONCLUSION: While status epilepticus is a rare manifestation of hyperammonemia, it was associated with a poor clinical outcome in all our patients. Exact pathogenesis remains unknown, but high ammonia levels can cause increased glutamate excitotoxicity by its reduced uptake. The relationship between brain edema observed on neuroimaging and seizures needs to be established. Disclosure: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fotaria has nothing to disclose. Dr. Szabo has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer Inc. as a speaker.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD, is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children. NAFLD was first described in children in 1983 and includes a histologic spectrum of disease. NAFLD ranges from macrosteatosis, accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocyte, to steatosis with inflammation, to fibrosis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, is the term used for steatosis accompanied by inflammation and cellular injury and lies within the spectrum of NAFLD. Liver fibrosis, including cirrhosis, lies at the extreme end of NAFLD. NAFLD can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma as well as end-stage liver disease ultimately requiring liver transplantation.
OUTPUT OF PHOSPHORUS, DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON, AND FINE PARTICULATE CARBON FROM HUBBARD BROOK WATERSHEDS1

The output of phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC) was measured in two watersheds of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. One watershed had a cover of birch, beech, and maple; the other had been denuded of trees and regrowth prevented. Concentrations of DOC and dissolved plus fine particulate P changed little with changes in flow. Concentrations of FPOC, however, were strongly dependent on flow and most of the FPOC was exported during a few periods of high runoff. Deforestation caused higher runoff (by 26%), but also greatly increased erosion. Thus, DOC and FPOC output was similar in the two watersheds while the loss of large particulate phosphorus, mostly as inorganic bedload, increased 12 times in the treated watershed. With a rainwater input of 100 g P ha−1, there was an annual net gain of 87 g P in the undisturbed watershed and a net loss of 104 g P in the disturbed watershed. In view of the large amounts of phosphorus cycling in the natural forest (e.g. some 1,900 g P ha−1 in annual leaf fall alone) this ecosystem is strongly conserving phosphorus.
Bolling, Equal Protection, Due Process, and Lochnerphobia

In Brown v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court invalidated state and local school segregation laws as a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. That same day, in Bolling v. Sharpe, the Court held unconstitutional de jure segregation in Washington, D.C.'s public schools under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause. Fifty years after it was decided, Bolling remains one of the Warren Court's most controversial decisions.The controversy reflects the widespread belief that the outcome in Bolling reflected the Justices' political preferences and was not a sound interpretation of the Due Process Clause. The Bolling Court stands accused of inventing the idea that due process includes a guarantee of equal protection equivalent to that of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.A careful analysis of Bolling v. Sharpe, however, reveals some surprises. First, the almost universal portrayal of Bolling as an opinion relying on an equal protection component of the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause is incorrect. In fact, Bolling was a substantive due process opinion with roots in Lochner era cases such as Buchanan v. Warley, Meyer v. Nebraska, and Pierce v. Society of Sisters. The Court, however, chose to rely explicitly only on Buchanan because the other cases were too closely associated with Lochner.Another surprise is that the proposition that Bolling has come to stand for, that the Fifth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the Federal Government, was not simply made up by the Supreme Court, but has a basis in longstanding precedent.Finally, Bolling is an important example of the distorting effect of Lochnerphobia on Supreme Court jurisprudence. Bolling would have been a much stronger opinion had it been willing to explicitly rely on Lochner era precedents such as Meyer, and to employ a more explicitly Lochnerian view of the Due Process Clause.