cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategie komplementarne: Dlaczego używamy rąk, kiedy myślimy

A complementary strategy can be defined as any organizing activity which recruits external elements to reduce cognitive loads. Typical organizing activities include pointing, arranging the position and orientation of nearby objects, writing things down, manipulating counters, rulers or other artifacts that can encode the state of a process or simplify perception. To illustrate the idea of a complementary strategy, a simple experiment was performed in which subjects were asked to determine the dollar value of collections of coins. In the no-hands condition, subjects were not allowed to touch the coin images or to move their hands in any way. In the hands condition, they were allowed to use their hands and fingers however they liked. Significant improvements in time and number of errors were observed when S's used their hands over when they did not. To explain these facts, a brief account of some commonly observed complementary strategies is presented, and an account of their potential benefits to perception, memory and attention.
Evaluation of surface roughness and polishing techniques for new ceramic materials

Abstract The surface roughness of crown and bridge materials should be minimized to obtain optimal biocompatability. This study used scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the effect of polishing procedures on two all-ceramic crown materials (Dicor and Cerestore). The "as formed," unpolished specimens of both Dicor and Cerestore materials presented a rough surface. It was found that any attempt to polish the Cerestore coping material resulted in an extremely rough surface. Finishing of the Dicor ceramic resulted in a smoother but pitted surface. Polishing of both ceramic materials resulted in a surface that was rougher than the glazed metal ceramic controls. The smoothest finish was obtained when the glazed veneer (Cerestore) and shading porcelain (Dicor) were applied to the all-ceramic materials.
Does Every Theory Deserve a Hearing? Evolution, Intelligent Design, and the Limits of Democratic Inquiry

Ongoing hostilities between evolution and intelligent design adherents reveal deeper epistemological and ethical crises in American life. First, when adjudicating sociopolitical differences among people, how much epistemological “diversity” can be embraced before the very canons of judgment become suspect? Pragmatist notions of inquiry, warranted assertability, and pluralism can help strike a better balance. Second, the related crisis of factionalized “communities” might be addressed, along Deweyan lines, by the construction of a philosophical “total attitude” redolent of democratic ideals, more broadly conceived. This attitude could grow out of reconstructed educational methods that train imaginative and interactive habits of inquiry and communication.
Patient navigation from the paired perspectives of cancer patients and navigators: a qualitative analysis.

Objective Patient navigation for cancer care assesses and alleviates barriers to health care services. We examined paired perspectives of cancer patients and their navigators to examine the process of patient navigation. We explored the strengths, limitations, and our own lessons learned about adopting the novel methodology of multiperspective analysis.
Themes And Perceptions Of Written Sexually Harassing Messages And Their Link To Distress

This study examined how sexually harassing messages harm. Based on theories of sexual harassment and message effects, message contents and perceptions of message features were related to indices of distress. Sixty-six messages were collected and then sorted to acquire similarity data, which was then cluster analyzed to derive content themes. A separate set of participants were exposed to randomized sequences of the messages in written form to provide their perceptions of each and predict the extent to which each would activate affects and elicit psychosomatic symptoms. One-way ANOVA results across the content themes showed that the hostile/aggressive category produced the highest levels of distress. In addition, regression results showed that message perceptions accounted for significant amounts of variance in the affects and psychosomatic symptoms measures. Results are discussed in terms of advancing work on message effects through inclusion of sets of message perceptions.
Properties of a monoamine oxidase from rat liver mitochondrial outer membranes

Abstract A relatively simple and reproducible method for the purification of rat liver monoamine oxidase (MAO) is described. The purified enzyme is capable of oxidizing 0.8 μmol of benzylamine/min/mg of protein, and has the same apparent K m value for benzylamine as MAO in the mitochondrial outer membrane. As judged by cofactor content and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the minimum molecular weight is about 65,000. Both purified and membrane-bound MAOs are sensitive to pargyline, but unlike MAO in the outer membrane, the purified enzyme will not oxidize serotonin, norepinephrine, or octopamine, and is only poorly inhibited by clorgyline. Catalytically the purified enzyme resembles the MAO B isoenzyme and seems to be devoid of MAO A activity; however, comparisons between the recoveries of MAO B flavin (as estimated by pargyline binding) and total flavin indicate that catalytically inactive MAO A is also present.
PASSION FRUIT STARCH AND EFFECT ON JUICE VISCOSITY

Starches in the juices of yellow passion fruit, Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa, and purple passion fruit, P. edulis f. edulis, were isolated and characterized. Starch granule sizes for the yellow variety (7.8 μm) and purple variety (6.4 μm) were similar. Gelation temperature ranges for the yellow variety (58.5–67.0 ° c) and purple variety (58.5–66.5 ° C) were also similar. The amylose content was slightly higher in the yellow variety (8.7%) than in the purple variety (5.8%). Viscosity differences between juices of the two varieties after treatment with heat and α-amylase were attributed to differences in pH and starch content between the yellow variety (pH 2.8, 0.06% starch) and the purple variety (pH 4.2, 0.74% starch). α-amylase was effective in reducing the viscosity of passion fruit juice in which the starches are gelatinized.
Nicotinic and muscarinic agonists, phorbol esters, and agents which raise cyclic AMP levels phosphorylate distinct groups of proteins in the superior cervical ganglion.

The phosphorylation of proteins in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was investigated. Ganglia were incubated with32Pi, and the32P-labeled proteins in the ganglion were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography. Approximately 40 distinct phosphoproteins could be visualized by these methods. The most heavily labeled ganglionic protein was an acidic protein with an Mr of approximately 83,000. Tyrosine hydroxylase was identified as a doublet of two closely-migrating radioactive spots. Treatment of intact ganglia with depolarizing agents, nicotinic and muscarinic agonists, phorbol esters, and agents that increase the content of cyclic adenosine 3′∶5′-monophosphate in the ganglion stimulated the incorporation of32Pi into distinct but overlapping groups of phosphoproteins. All of these agents increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase. In contrast, only phorbol esters and muscarcinic agonists increased the phosphorylation of the 83,000 ganglionic phosphoprotein. Our data are consistent with the idea that the various classes of agonists may activate distinct protein kinases in the ganglion.
Kernel estimation of multivariate cumulative distribution function

A smooth kernel estimator is proposed for multivariate cumulative distribution functions (cdf), extending the work of Yamato [H. Yamato, Uniform convergence of an estimator of a distribution function, Bull. Math. Statist. 15 (1973), pp. 69–78.] on univariate distribution function estimation. Under assumptions of strict stationarity and geometrically strong mixing, we establish that the proposed estimator follows the same pointwise asymptotically normal distribution of the empirical cdf, while the new estimator is a smooth instead of a step function as the empirical cdf. We also show that under stronger assumptions the smooth kernel estimator has asymptotically smaller mean integrated squared error than the empirical cdf, and converges to the true cdf uniformly almost surely at a rate of (n −1/2log n). Simulated examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical properties. Using the smooth estimator, survival curves for US gross domestic product (GDP) growth are estimated conditional on the unemployment ...
Multiple internal reflections in the cochlea and their effect on DPOAE fine structure.

In recent years, evidence has accumulated in support of a two-source model of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). According to such models DPOAEs recorded in the ear canal are associated with two separate sources of cochlear origin. It is the interference between the contributions from the two sources that gives rise to the DPOAE fine structure (a pseudoperiodic change in DPOAE level or group delay with frequency). Multiple internal reflections between the base of the cochlea (oval window) and the DP tonotopic place can add additional significant components for certain stimulus conditions and thus modify the DPOAE fine structure. DPOAEs, at frequency increments between 4 and 8 Hz, were recorded at fixed f2/f1 ratios of 1.053, 1.065, 1.08, 1.11, 1.14, 1.18, 1.22, 1.26, 1.30, 1.32, 1.34, and 1.36 from four subjects. The resulting patterns of DPOAE amplitude and group delay (the negative of the slope of phase) revealed several previously unreported patterns in addition to the commonly reported...
Piezoelectric printing and probing of Lectin NanoProbeArrays for glycosylation analysis

Glycans have great potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, the major challenge for glycan biomarker identification from clinical samples is the low abundance of key glycosylated proteins. To demonstrate the potential for glycan analysis with nanoliter amounts of glycoprotein, we have developed a new technology (Lectin NanoProbeArray) based on piezoelectric liquid dispensing for non-contact printing and probing of a lectin array. Instead of flooding the glycoprotein probe on the lectin array surface, as in conventional microarray screening, a piezoelectric printer is used to dispense nanoliters of fluorescently labeled glycoprotein probe over the lectin spots on the array. As a proof-of-concept, the ability of Lectin NanoProbeArrays to precisely identify and reliably distinguish between the closely related glycoforms of fetuin is illustrated here. Sensitivity levels comparable to lectin arrays that use evanescent-field scanners was achieved along with several orders of magnitude reduction in the amount of probe required for glycosylation analysis.
Paediatric analgesia. Which drug? Which dose?

~~~ b~ intr~~enoJ,~ , Infusions, patient-co.ntrolled analgesia (PC~) and ,ePld~ral oplOlds: Local an~~~fM~lc bl?f~ . s " ofTer~r~ be~efit of fewer sl~e efTe~ts and for certam pro.eedur~s can ~rovlde c~mpl~~¢ I ~~I~ reh , 'I~ th~lmwedl~te postoperatlv~ penod. Inhaled ana.l­ geslr;s su~:as nttrous oXide ca:~.I I ~ ' adaPte,for ~~d ,Ill chIldren and provIde excellent analgesIa for short 'painful procedures. l1H~ i l ~ainfrom needl~U lreduced considerably by the use of local I ;1 I ~~~ b~ intr~~enoJ,~ , Infusions, patient-co.ntrolled analgesia (PC~) and ,ePld~ral oplOlds: Local an~~~fM~lc bl?f~ . s " ofTer~r~ be~efit of fewer sl~e efTe~ts and for certam pro.eedur~s can ~rovlde c~mpl~~¢ I ~~I~ reh , 'I~ th~lmwedl~te postoperatlv~ penod. Inhaled ana.l­ geslr;s su~:as nttrous oXide ca:~.I I ~ ' adaPte,for ~~d ,Ill chIldren and provIde excellent analgesIa
A common representation for problem-solving and language-comprehension information

Abstract Many in Artificial Intelligence have noted the common concerns of problem-solving and language-comprehension research. Both must represent large bodies of real world knowledge, and both must use such knowledge to infer new facts from old. Despite this the two subdisciplines have, with minor exceptions, kept arm's length. So, for example, many in language comprehension have adopted some form of ‘frame’ representation, while problem-solving people have tended to use predicate calculus. In this paper I will first show that this is not merely idiosyncratic behavior, but rather stems from the different issues stressed by the two areas, problem solvers being primarily concerned with deep inferences in narrow domains, while language comprehenders being more concerned with shallow inference in broader areas. I will then suggest a compromise position which will use both frames and predicate calculus, and then show how this representation has features desired by both camps.
Enantioselective synthesis of N-boc and N-fmoc protected diethyl 4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanine; agents suitable for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides containing nonhydrolyzable analogues of O-phosphotyrosine

Abstract Enantioselective convergent syntheses of N-Boc and N-Fmoc protected diethyl 4-phosphono(difluoromethyl)-L-phenylalanine are reported.
Analytic formula for quadrupole-quadrupole matrix elements

An analytic formula is reported for general matrix elements of the microscopic quadrupole-quadrupole operator in the U(3)-boson approximation. The complete infinite-dimensional basis of A-fermion wave functions is compatible with the harmonic-oscillator shell model and consists of np-nh configurations, with spurious center-of-mass excitations removed, which are symmetry adapted to the Elliott U(3) and symplectic Sp(3,R) models. The formula expresses the general ${\mathit{Q}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathit{Q}}_{2}$ matrix element with respect to this complete orthonormal basis as a Racah SU(3) U coefficient times a closed-shell matrix element. An oscillator closed-shell matrix element of ${\mathit{Q}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${\mathit{Q}}_{2}$ is a square root of a rational function of the integer quantum numbers of the U(3) basis.
A study of molybdenum catalysts in the polymerization of 2,5-didodecyl-1,4-dipropynylbenzene

The reaction of 2,5-didodecyl-1,4-dipropynylbenzene with different molybdenum sources (Mo(CO)6, norbornadiene-Mo(CO)4, cyclooctadiene-Mo(CO)4, cycloheptatriene-Mo(CO)3, (PhCCPh)3Mo(CO), (acac)2MoO2/AlEt3) was investigated in the presence of 4-chlorophenol or 2-fluorophenol. Upon heating to 105–130 °C, the formation of didodecyl-PPE resulted. The degree of polymerization of the PPE is dependent on the used phenol and to the utilized molybdenum precursor. The most active catalyst forms from (acac)2MoO2, AlEt3 and 2-fluorophenol. This catalyst combination gives high molecular weight PPEs after 6 h at 105 °C.
Effect of combination endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene therapy and sildenafil on erectile function in diabetic rats

Erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus is caused in part by disordered endothelial smooth muscle relaxation, neuropathy, and a decrease in cavernosal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of sildenafil and adenoviral gene transfer of endothelial NOS (eNOS) could enhance the erectile response in diabetic rats. Five groups of animals were utilized: (1) age-matched control rats, (2) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (60 mg/kg i.p.), (3) STZ-rats + sildenafil (2 mg/kg i.v.), (4) STZ-rats transfected with AdCMVbetagal or AdCMVeNOS, and (5) STZ-rats transfected with AdCMVeNOS +sildenafil (2 mg/kg i.v.). At 2 months after i.p. injection of STZ, groups 4 and 5 were transfected with the adenoviruses and 1-2 days after transfection, all animals underwent cavernosal nerve stimulation (CNS) to assess erectile function. Cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were assessed in the cavernosal tissue. STZ-diabetic rats had a significant decrease in erectile function as determined by the peak intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and total ICP (area under the erectile curve; AUC) after CNS when compared to control rats. STZ-diabetic rats+AdCMVeNOS had a peak ICP and AUC, which were similar to control animals. STZ-diabetic rats administered sildenafil demonstrated a significant increase in peak ICP at the 5 and 7.5 V settings, while the AUC was significantly increased at all voltage (V) settings. The increase in both ICP and AUC of STZ-diabetic rats transfected with AdCMVeNOS at all V settings was greater than STZ-diabetic rats transfected with AdCMVbetagal. STZ-diabetic rats transfected with AdCMVeNOS and administered sildenafil had a significant increase in total ICP that was greater than eNOS gene therapy alone. Cavernosal cGMP levels were significantly decreased in STZ-diabetic rats, but were increased after transfection with AdCMVeNOS to values greater than control animals. In conclusion, overexpression of eNOS and cGMP in combination with sildenafil significantly increased both the peak ICP and total ICP to CNS in the STZ-diabetic rat, which was similar to the response observed in control rats. Moreover, the total erectile response was greater in STZ-diabetic rats receiving eNOS gene therapy plus sildenafil than STZ-rats receiving sildenafil or eNOS gene therapy alone.
Getting trichy: tools and approaches to interrogating Trichomonas vaginalis in a post-genome world

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite of the urogenital tract in men and women, with a worldwide presence and significant implications for global public health. T. vaginalis research entered the age of genomics with the publication of the first genome sequence in 2007, but subsequent utilization of other 'omics' technologies and methods has been slow. Here, we review some of the tools and approaches available to interrogate T. vaginalis biology, with an emphasis on recent advances and current limitations, and draw attention to areas where further efforts are needed to examine effectively the complex and intriguing biology of the parasite.
Regularly scheduled, day-time, slow-onset 60 Hz electric and magnetic field exposure does not depress serum melatonin concentration in nonhuman primates.

Experiments conducted with laboratory rodents indicate that exposure to 60 Hz electric fields or magnetic fields can suppress nocturnal melatonin concentrations in pineal gland and blood. In three experiments employing three field-exposed and three sham-exposed nonhuman primates, each implanted with an indwelling venous cannula to allow repeated blood sampling, the authors studied the effects of either 6 kV/m and 50 {micro}T (0.5 G) or 30 kV/m and 100 {micro}T (1.0 G) on serum melatonin patterns. The fields were ramped on and off slowly, so that no transients occurred. Extensive quality control for the melatonin assay, computerized control and monitoring of field intensities, and consistent exposure protocols were used. No changes in nocturnal serum melatonin concentration resulted from 6 weeks of day-time exposure with slow field onset/offset and a highly regular exposure protocol. These results indicate that, under the conditions tested, day-time exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields in combination does not result in melatonin suppression in primates.
Development of a mammalian cell (Vero) derived candidate influenza virus vaccine

Influenza vaccine production is dependent on the availability of embryonated hen eggs for virus growth. This is an extremely cumbersome system with many disadvantages with respect to selection of virus variants and presence of adventitious viruses. We have developed an alternative cell culture system which allows rapid production of large volumes of vaccine. The World Health Organisation (WHO) approved Vero cell line was used in serum-free culture to grow a multitude of influenza strains to high titre. This system could be scaled-up to allow vaccine production with a 1200 litre fermenter volume. A purification scheme was developed which resulted in a high purity whole virus vaccine. This was demonstrated to be at least as immunogenic as a conventional egg-derived preparation in a mouse model.
Shape-based interpolation of grey-level images

The two given gray images are preprocessed, including filtering image processing, on the fault slice image binarization segmentation processing and image of the two distribution centers. Mathematical morphology is used to acquire the contour of the interpolated image. Then, the corresponding points are identified respectively in the two images through calculating the relation between the arbitrary point of contours and the focal point of the angle. If the grey value of both of the corresponding points are close to each other, linear interpolation is used to calculate the grey value of the interpolated point. But if the two corresponding points have distinct grey value, a method to calculate the interpolated point's grey value is presented. Once all point's grey value are acquired, the final interpolated image is accomplished. The experimental results show that this new method is effective.
Differential Regulation by Guanine Nucleotides of Opiate Agonist and Antagonist Receptor Interactions

: Guanine nucleotides differentiate binding of tritium-labeled agonists and antagonists to rat brain membranes. In the absence of sodium, GTP (50 μM) decreased binding of [3H]-labeled agonists by 20–60% and [3H]-labeled antagonists by 0–20%. In the presence of 100 mM-NaCl, GTP had no effect on antagonist binding, but decreased agonist binding by 60–95%. GMP was less potent than either GTP or GDP in decreasing agonist binding. GTP (50 μM) reduced high-affinity [3H]dihydromorphine sites by 52% and low-affinity sites by 55%. Without sodium, GTP reduced high-affinity [3H]-naloxone sites by 36%; in the presence of 100 mM-NaCl, GTP had no effect on either high- or low-affinity [3H]naloxone sites. GTP increased the association rate of [3H]dihydromorphine twofold and the dissociation rate by fourfold, while having no effect on association or dissociation rates of the antagonist [3H]diprenorphine. The affinities of uniabeled antagonists in inhibiting [3H]-diprenorphine binding were not affected by GTP or sodium, but the affinities of agonists were reduced 40- 120-fold, with met- and leu-enkephalin affinities reduced by the greatest degree. GTP and sodium lowered [3H]dihydromorphine binding in an additive fashion, while divalent cations, especially manganese, reversed the effects of GTP on [3H]-labeled agonist binding by stimulating membrane-bound phosphatases that hydrolyze GTP to GMP and guanosine. These results suggest that by affecting binding of agonists, but not antagonists, GTP may regulate opiate receptor interactions with their physiological effectors.
Perceptual and conceptual categorization in stimulus generalization.

Stimulus generalization was hypothesized to represent the outcome of a perceptual (for primary stimulus generalization) or conceptual (for secondary stimulus generalization) categorization process....
Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance use: A latent class analysis

Children who have exposure to child sexual abuse (CSA) are at particular risk for developing substance abuse in adolescence, but the extent to which CSA may shape patterns of adolescent substance use remains uncertain. The aim of this paper is to characterize the variations in patterns of adolescent substance use and to examine the association between CSA and qualitatively distinct patterns of adolescent substance use. Latent class analyses identified homogenous groups of adolescents with similar patterns of substance use using a sample of 1019 adolescents (mean age: 15.9 years; range: 13-18) who were selected from five publicly funded service systems. Different patterns of latent class structures were identified in boys and girls (a 4-class solution for girls and a 3-class solution for boys). CSA was associated with an increased risk of being a heavy polysubstance user in girls, even after adjustment of age, race/ethnicity, parental substance use, sibling use, peer use, psychopathology and other forms of childhood maltreatment including physical abuse and neglect. Findings indicate that female victims of CSA who are involved with public service systems are at high risk for developing multiple-substance use in adolescence.
Quantum size effects in δ-Pu (110) films

First-principles full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave (FP-LAPW) calculations have been carried out for δ-Pu (110) films up to seven layers. The layers have been studied at the non-spin-polarized-no-spin-orbit coupling (NSP-NSO), non-spin-polarized-spin-orbit coupling (NSP-SO), spin-polarized-no-spin-orbit coupling (SP-NSO), spin-polarized-spin-orbit coupling (SP-SO), antiferromagnetic-no-spin-orbit coupling (AFM-NSO), and antiferromagnetic-spin-orbit-coupling (AFM-SO) levels of theory. The ground state of δ-Pu (110) films is found to be at the AFM-SO level of theory and the surface energy is found to rapidly converge. The semi-infinite surface energy for δ-Pu (110) films is predicted to be 1.41 J/m2, while the magnetic moments show an oscillating behavior, gradually approaching the bulk value of zero with increase in the number of layers. Work functions indicate a strong quantum size effect up to and including seven layers. The work function of the seven-layer δ-Pu (110) film at the ground state is found to be 2.99 eV.
A catalogue of low-resolution IUE spectra of dwarf novae and nova-like stars

A catalogue is presented of all the low-resolution IUE spectra of dwarf novae and nova-like stars that were recorded until the end of 1987. All spectra have been reduced, and are displayed, in a homogeneous way. In addition to details about these data, to the extent available, their position in the outburst light curves is given, physical information about each system, and a comprehensive list of references for published observations in all wavelength ranges.
Ground-based experiments and theory in preparation for floating zone melting and directional solidification of cadmium telluride in space☆

Abstract The objective of this program is to apply theoretical and experimental methods to optimize the equipment and procedures for floating zone melting and Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of cadmium telluride crystals in space. Computer codes were developed for the computation of heat transfer in the furnace and thermal stress in the resulting crystal. The predictions for the temperature field are being compared with experimental measurements. It was found that if the crystal sticks to the ampoule wall, differential thermal expansion between crystal and ampoule contributes much more to the stress than does the temperature field in the crystal. Thus, one goal of solidification of cadmium telluride in space is to reduce or eliminate contact of the crystal with the ampoule wall. Another goal is to find coatings and linings which reduce sticking of the grown crystal onto the ampoule. We developed techniques for measuring the surface tension and contact angle of molten cadmium telluride vs temperature and stoichiometry. The surface tension decreased with increasing temperature and with decreasing cadmium concentration. Wetting increased in the following order: pyrolytic boron nitride, carbon-coated quartz, sandblasted quartz, HF-etched quartz, and plain quartz. Additional coatings and potential ampoule lining materials are being developed and will be tested both for wetting by the melt and for sticking by the solid. Techniques are being developed for measuring sticking. We are also developing techniques for measuring the mechanical properties of cadmium telluride and for the direct observation of defect formation and evolution vs temperature. X-ray topography will be done in real time using the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Techniques are being developed for floating zone melting of cadmium telluride in space. We have successfully float zoned 5 mm rods on Earth. Evaporation of cadmium and tellurium from the molten zone is prevented by adding excess cadmium combined with heating of the entire ampoule. Still needed is a suitable automatic method to assure that the proper zone length is achieved in larger diameter rods in space.
Ultrasimple calculation of very-low-energy momentum-transferand rotational-excitation cross sections: e- N 2 scattering

The calculation of electron-molecule cross sections at scattering energies well below 0.1 eV using conventional algorithms for solving the Schr\"odinger equation is often rendered problematic by severe numerical problems. Here we describe and implement an alternative procedure that combines known analytic properties of the body-frame electron-molecule scattering matrix, as codified in the modified effective range theory, with an analytic correction that imposes physically correct threshold laws. This approach eliminates completely the need for numerically solving the Schr\"odinger equation at energies below about 0.1 eV. Instead, one uses scattering matrices above this energy to determine parameters for an extrapolation to subthermal energies. We apply this method to the calculation of e-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ momentum-transfer and rotational excitation cross sections from threshold to 1.25 eV. The results resolve a long-standing apparent anomaly in the analysis of experimental data for very low-energy electron scattering from ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. Finally, we use linear regression to present our theoretical results in a user-friendly form.
Rapid change with depth in megabenthic structure-forming communities of the Makapu'u deep-sea coral bed

Abstract Seamounts are largely unexplored undersea mountains rising abruptly from the ocean floor, which can support an increased abundance and diversity of organisms. Deep-sea corals are important benthic structure-formers on current-swept hard substrates in these habitats. While depth is emerging as a factor structuring the fauna of seamounts on a large spatial scale, most work addressing deep-sea coral and seamount community structure has not considered the role of small-scale variation in species distributions. Video from six ROV dives over a depth range of ~320–530 m were analyzed to assess the diversity and density of benthic megafaunal invertebrates across the Makapu'u deep-sea coral bed, offshore of Oahu, Hawaii. At the same time, the physical environment along the dive track was surveyed to relate biotic patterns with abiotic variables including depth, aspect, rugosity, substrate, slope and relief to test the factors structuring community assemblages. Despite the narrow range examined, depth was found to be the strongest structuring gradient, and six unique macrobenthic communities were found, with a 93% faunal dissimilarity over the depth surveyed. Relief, rugosity and slope were also factors in the final model. Alcyonacean octocorals were the dominant macrofaunal invertebrates at all but the deepest depth zone. The commercially harvested precious coral C. secundum was the dominant species at depths 370–470 m, with a distribution that is on average deeper than similar areas. This may be artificial due to the past harvesting of this species on the shallower portion of its range. Primnoid octocorals were the most abundant octocoral family overall. This work yields new insight on the spatial ecology of seamounts, pointing out that community changes can occur over narrow depth ranges and that communities can be structured by small-scale physiography.
An analysis of learning set formation in the albino rat.

(1972). An Analysis of Learning Set Formation in the Albino Rat. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 141-147.
Programming and compiling strategies for paging systems

Designers of paging systems have tended to believe that programmers can influence system performance, but usually for the worse, rather than for the better. Their efforts to find operating system solutions to poorly styled programs may have discouraged efforts to produce paging-oriented compilers, to educate programmers in techniques to use under paging, and to open communication channels between the programmer and the paging system—all of which now promise to give increased satisfaction with paging systems.
Count rate estimation for first-count, time-binning logic

Abstract When abundance estimation is performed using a first-count, time-binning logic, a random dead-time complicates the estimation. Here, three count rate estimates are considered as estimates of the true count rate, a naive estimate, a dead-time-adjusted estimate and the maximum-likelihood estimate for the count rate. The maximum likelihood estimate is seen to be a good estimate over a broad range of time-bin length and count rate. Bias is minimal and variance estimation straightforward as long as at least 100 time bins are unoccupied.
Archeological and Historical Approaches to Complex Societies: The Islamic States of Medieval Morocco

The study of complex societies, especially those with documentary sources, provides an unparalleled opportunity for the archeologist to contribute to an understanding both of the past and of contemporary society. We argue that available documentary sources for early North African state societies can be effectively combined with anthropological insight to formulate interpretive models to derive more meaning from the archeological record. The illustration we provide comes from early Islamic North Africa. We postulate that during the Medieval period two widely different sociopolitical contexts existed, giving rise to diverse urban patterns. Most importantly, we argue that the second of these patterns represents a widespread situation that is inadequately treated in the literature.
Do the Equations of Motion Determine the Quantum Mechanical Commutation Relations

The commutator of the Hamiltonian with the operator corresponding to any physical quantity gives the operator which corresponds to the time derivative of that quantity. One can ask, hence, whether the postulate, that the quantum mechanical operators obey the classical equations of motion, uniquely determines the commutation relations. The answer is found to depend on the form of the Hamiltonian and is in the negative for a free particle and for the harmonic oscillator.
Uric acid levels predict survival in men with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Elevated uric acid levels have recently been found to be associated with slower disease progression in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and mild cognitive impairment. The aim of this study is to determine whether serum uric acid levels predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A total of 251 people with ALS enrolled in two multicenter clinical trials were included in our analysis. The main outcome measure was survival time, which was calculated as time to death, tracheostomy, or permanent assistive ventilation, with any event considered a survival endpoint. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of reaching a survival endpoint according to baseline uric acid levels after adjusting for markers of disease severity (FVC, total ALSFRS-R score, time since symptom onset, diagnostic delay, BMI, bulbar vs. spinal onset, age, and riluzole use). There was a dose-dependent survival advantage in men, but not women, with higher baseline uric acid levels (logrank test: p = 0.018 for men, p = 0.81 for women). There was a 39% reduction in risk of death during the study for men with each 1 mg/dl increase in uric acid levels (adjusted HR: 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.96, p = 0.03). This is the first study to demonstrate that serum uric acid is associated with prolonged survival in ALS, after adjusting for markers of disease severity. Similar to previous reports in Parkinson’s disease, this association was seen in male subjects only.
Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions: Evaluation of Rate Constants

A recent theory [Cukier, R. I. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 16101] that predicts the rate of a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction is developed further. In PCET, the electron and proton may transfer consecutively, electron transfer (ET) followed by proton transfer (PT), designated as ET/PT, or they may transfer concertedly, in one tunnel event, designated as ETPT. Since the proton charge is coupled to the solvent dipoles in a fashion similar to the electron−solvent coupling, the effect of solvation on the shape of the proton potential energy surface must be known in order to evaluate the PCET rate constant. We show how dielectric continuum theory can be used to obtain the proton-solvated surfaces that are dependent on whether the electron is in its initial or final state. The proton will affect the PCET rate via Franck−Condon factors between the proton surfaces for the initial and final electron states. The proton energy levels will also influence the activation energy for the PCET process. The r...
Disciplining: A question of ethics?

The importance of evaluating a discipline system from an ethical perspective is considered. Disciplinary practices in contemporary organizations are frequently characterized by managers having to choose from among alternative courses of corrective action. Since the selected alternative may have serious consequences for the individuals involved, its “rightness” or “wrongness” is of concern. The pattern of these choices reflects the overall disciplinary practice of the organization, and is an issue that warrants attention from an ethical perspective. Basic schools of thought that influence contemporary discipline practices are discussed and suggestions are made for conducting an evaluation of the ethical nature of a discipline system.
Automatic reasoning about numerical stability of rational expressions

While numerical (e.g. Fortran) code generation from computer algebra is nowadays relatively easy to do, the expressions as they are produced via computer algebra typically benefit from non-trivial reformulation for efficiency and numerical stability. To assist in automatic “expert reformulation”, we desire good automated tools to assess the stability of a particular form of an expression. In this paper, we discuss an approach to proofs of numerical stability (with respect to roundoff error) of rational expressions. The proof technique is based upon the ability to propagate properties such as sign, exact representability, or a certain kind of numerical stability, to floating point results from properties of their antecedents.The qualitative approach to numerical stability (inspired by [12]) lends itself to implementation as a backwards-chaining theorem prover. While it is not a replacement for alternative forms of stability analysis, it can sometimes discover stability and explain it straightforwardly.
Binding of cargo sorting signals to AP-1 enhances its association with ADP ribosylation factor 1–GTP

The adaptor protein AP-1 is the major coat protein involved in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles at the trans-Golgi network. The prevailing view is that AP-1 recruitment involves coincident binding to multiple low-affinity sites comprising adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 1 (Arf-1)–guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cargo sorting signals, and phosphoinositides. We now show that binding of cargo signal peptides to AP-1 induces a conformational change in its core domain that greatly enhances its interaction with Arf-1–GTP. In addition, we provide evidence for cross talk between the dileucine and tyrosine binding sites within the AP-1 core domain such that binding of a cargo signal to one site facilitates binding to the other site. The stable association of AP-1 with Arf-1–GTP, which is induced by cargo signals, would serve to provide sufficient time for adaptor polymerization and clathrin recruitment while ensuring the packaging of cargo molecules into the forming transport vesicles.
Today men with prostate cancer have larger prostates.

Objectives. To examine the relationship between prostate size and the method of cancer detection in men with organ-confined prostate cancer, and compare prostate size in men with and without cancer. Methods. Prostate volume was evaluated in 720 men who had undergone radical prostatectomy for Stage T1c or Stage T2 cancer. Men with Stage T2 cancer were divided into those treated before 1989 (when widespread prostate-specific antigen [PSA] testing began), or not. Gland volume was also examined in 265 men participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had no clinical evidence of cancer. Volumes were compared using linear regression to allow for age. Results. Prostate volume in men with Stage T1c cancer was statistically significantly larger than in men with Stage T2 cancer diagnosed in the pre-PSA era after adjusting for age (P = 0.0001), and statistically significantly larger than in men without cancer above age 47 years based on 95% confidence intervals. Prostate volumes in men with Stage T2 cancer diagnosed in the pre-PSA era and in men without cancer were not statistically significantly different. Conclusions. Prostate volume in men with PSA-detected, organ-confined cancer is larger than in men with palpable organ-confined cancer diagnosed in either the pre-PSA era or PSA era. These discrepancies may reflect a diagnostic bias due to the effect of benign prostatic hyperplasia on serum PSA that results in the selection of men with larger prostates for biopsy.
Sarcomatoid carcinoma after radiation treatment of prostatic adenocarcinoma

We report 2 patients with conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma who developed sarcomatoid carcinoma of probable prostatic origin 6 and 2.5 years after radiation treatment (seed implantation and external beam). Our cases had histologic features consistent with those cases previously reported in the literature. The tumors consisted of spindle cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei and a pattern mimicking a sarcoma. Immunohistochemical studies showed the tumors to be weakly positive for EMA, CK7, and vimentin. Ki67 staining showed positivity in more than 50% of tumor cells. The tumors also stained diffusely positive for p53 and p63. PSA and PAP were negative. Clinically, the sarcomatoid carcinomas appeared to be of prostatic origin. The pathogenesis of the tumors is still uncertain but most likely represent a radiation-induced dedifferentiation of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Evidence for the formation of a protein bound hydrodisulfide resulting from the microsomal mixed function oxidase catalyzed desulfuration of carbon disulfide.

Summary The nature of the sulfur released during the microsomal metabolism of carbon disulfide (CS2) has been examined. Following incubation with [35S]CS2, microsomes were reisolated by Sephadex phromatography and incubated with cyanide (CN−). Approximately 45% of the [35s]bound to the microsomes was released in a form which appears to be identical to thiocyanate (SCN−). Incubation of microsomes with unlabled CS2 followed by incubation with [14C] CN− also resulted in recovery of what appeared to be [14c]SCN−. On the basis of these results, it is proposed that a portion of the sulfur released in the microsomal metabolism of CS2 reacts with the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues in the microsomal proteins to form a hydrodisulfide.
Suppressor cells and immunodeficiency in (NZB × NZW)F1 hybrid mice†

Old (15–20 month) male (NZB × NZW)F1 (B/W) mice have severely impaired spleen cell reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a mitogen which stimulates mainly T lymphocytes. Spleen cells from old mice markedly suppressed the PHA response of splenocytes from young (3–4 month) B/W males. Similar suppressor activity was not present in the spleens of old mice of four nonautoimmune strains. The suppressor activity of old B/W spleen cells was mediated by a nonphagocytic, radioresistant, mononuclear leukocyte. Although this cell was eluted in the “T lymphocyte” fraction of nylon wool columns, it was not sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy-1 antiserum and complement. Suppressor activity was lost after 18 h incubation at 37 °C in tissue culture medium. Supernatants of these overnight cultures had no suppressive effect on fresh young B/W spleen cells. Old B/W spleen cells suppressed PHA reactivity more than concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide reactivity. Kinetic studies demonstrated an increasing suppression with time over 72 h of culture. This study demonstrates that the severely impaired PHA reactivity of old B/W mice is mediated, at least in part, by active suppression.
The role of network therapy in the treatment of relational disorders: Cults and folie a deux

This article discusses the successful outcome of a network intervention in a case of cult-involvement andfolie a deux. The intervention, specifically designed to help a family in which one member had become involved with an individual who claimed to be the Messiah—an involvement that entailed the exclusion and alienation of all other family members—used a team of network specialists and consisted of a pre-network planning meeting, the network meeting itself which included approximately 70 persons over four hours, and several follow-up meetings with network subgroups.
Contrast enhancement measurement using polycapillary x-ray optics at 20 to 40 keV

Polycapillary optics are shaped arrays of tiny hollow tubes through which x rays are guided by total external reflection at grazing incidence. Optics could be used prepatient, to shape the beam, or post patient, as scatter rejection grids. Significant resolution and contrast enhancement have been previously demonstrated at mammographic and lower energies for post patient optics. Measurements were performed to investigate the application of polycapillary post patient optics at higher energies. Measurement of contrast enhancement was performed using a small tapered optic. This tapered optic was designed to be placed into a multiple taper jig to create a large area device. The transmission of the taper was 71% at 20 keV and close to 30% at 40 keV. The scatter transmission of the taper, measured using a 6 cm thick polyethylene phantom, was about 1% at 40 keV. Because of the removal of scatter radiation, the measured contrast enhancement for the optic was a nearly factor of three at 40 keV.
Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis

This study was undertaken to present data from a phase 2 study in which patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with and without portal vein thrombosis underwent radioembolization with Yttrium (90Y) microspheres. Patients treated were stratified by Okuda, Child-Pugh, baseline bilirubin, tumor burden, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), presence of cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) (none, branch, and main). Clinical and biochemical data were obtained at baseline and at 4-week intervals following treatment for up to 6 months. Tumor response was obtained using computed tomography (CT). Patients were followed for survival. One hundred eight patients were treated during the study period. Thirty-seven (34%) patients had PVT, 12 (32%) of which involved the main PV. The cumulative dose for those with and without PVT was 139.7 Gy and 131.9 Gy, respectively. The partial response rate using world Health Organization (WHO) criteria was 42.2%. Using European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the response rate was 70%. Kaplan-Meier survival varied depending on location of PVT and presence of cirrhosis. The adverse event (AE) rates were highest in patients with main PVT and cirrhosis. There were no cases of radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: The use of minimally embolic 90Y glass microspheres to treat patients with HCC complicated by branch/lobar PVT may be clinically indicated and appears to have a favorable toxicity profile. Further investigation is warranted in patients with main PVT. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Exfoliation of benzene-derived graphite fibers

Abstract Utilizing the unique microstructure of benzene-derived fibers, we have achieved volume increases by factors of as much as ~ 150 upon exfoliation or more than an order of magnitude greater than previous reports with graphite fibers. Results are also reported on the characterization of the exfoliated fibers. Intercalated and exfoliated fibers were characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, Raman scattering and electrical resistance.