cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on primary atypical pneumonia. I. Localization, isolation, and cultivation of a virus in chick embryos.

By means of fluorescein-labelled antibody, the primary atypical pneumonia virus was found to multiply exclusively in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells lining the bronchioles and air sacs of developing chick embryos. When 13-day old embryos were inoculated intra-amniotically and incubated at 35°C. for 5 days or longer, over 90 per cent of the inoculated embryos became infected. Between 1954 and 1956, seven strains of PAP virus were isolated from sputums or nasopharyngeal washings in patients during the acute stage of the PAP infection. One strain of virus was isolated from the frozen lung of a patient who died at Boston in 1943. All eight recently isolated strains and the Mac strain isolated by Eaton et al. in California in 1944 were antigenically closely related if not identical. PAP virus is not related antigenically to agents of psittacosis, Q fever, adenovirus (Types 1 to 6), influenza A or B, or PVM.
Surface modified ZnO nanorod arrays for hybrid solar cell applications

Porphyrin-grafted ZnO nanowire arrays were investigated for organic/inorganic hybrid solar cell applications. Two types of porphyrin - Tetra (4-carboxyphenyle) TCPP and meso-Tetraphenylporphine (zinc-TPP) were used to modify the nanowire surfaces. The vertically aligned nanowires with porphyrin modifications were embedded in graphene-enriched poly (3-hexylthiophene) (G-P3HT) for p-n junction nanowire solar cells. Surface grafting of ZnO nanowires was found to improve the solar cell efficiency. Effects of annealing on the solar cell performance were investigated by heating the devices up to 225 °C in air. It was found that the cell performance was significantly degraded after annealing. The degradation was attributed to the polymer structural change at high temperatures as evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.
The fate of metal contaminated sediments in Foundry Cove, New York.

Abstract The distribution of heavy metal contaminated sediments in Foundry Cove, a freshwater embayment of the Hudson River, was examined twelve years after the discharging of wastes from a battery factory had ceased. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Co were measured in surficial sediments (top 5 cm) and seven detailed depth profiles. Comparison with earlier surveys showed that metal levels of surficial sediments have been considerably reduced throughout the cove. Evidence suggests that this reduction may be largely due to burial rather than transport of metals out of the cove or a redistribution (via sediment resuspension and redeposition) within the cove. This is suggested by the presence of a peak in metal concentrations at a depth of several centimetres in depositional environments, a calculation showing the loss of waterborne cadmium to be much less than the amount of cadmium lost from the surficial sediment, and the absence of increased pollution in the cleaner parts of the cove. Despite improvement, metal levels remain extremely high, including a persistent ‘hot-spot’ with levels higher than 10 000 ppm Cd.
Conformations of carnitine and acetylcarnitine and the relationship to mitochondrial transport of fatty acids.

Abstract The conformations of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by EHT and CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculations show that carnitine has two low energy conformers. One of these is an extended conformer corresponding to a charge separated species, while the other is a folded conformer having a charged onium head and carboxylate anion in close proximity forming an internal ionic bond. These results suggest that the folded conformation is responsible for the active transport of acetyl- and acyl-carnitine by enzymes which transfer acyl groups into the mitochondria for subsequent fatty acid oxidation.
Analysis of Deformation and Residual Stresses in Composites Processed on a Carbon Foam Tooling

Carbon foam is a low cost, durable, light-weight material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and it has cure process compatibility with aerospace composites. Therefore, carbon foam is being investigated as an alternative to traditional composite tooling material for aerospace applications. However, the dramatic differences in properties between traditional tooling materials and carbon foam makes it difficult to fully predict the performance of this novel material as a tooling alternative. This article is a comparative analytical study of the effects of processing of composite geometries on a carbon foam tooling vs. conventional tooling materials. Simulation is carried out on graphite-epoxy composite system using a carbon foam tooling and the stresses and the resulting deformations are predicted for three different geometric features of composites. The results show that both the lower CTE and modulus of the carbon foam tooling can contribute to a reduction of residual stresses in the part an...
Computing is a natural science

Information processes and computation continue to be found abundantly in the deep structures of many fields. Computing is not---in fact, never was---a science only of the artificial.
Intense perpendicular electric fields associated with three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause

[1] The properties of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric magnetopause current layer are investigated using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and THEMIS subsolar magnetopause crossings. The strong density gradient region on the magnetosphere side of the current layer is found to be unstable to a k⋅B = 0 lower hybrid drift instability type mode with dominant wave number kyρe ∼ 0.5. The accompanying perpendicular electric fields are intense (Ey ∼ 4vAB0 ∼ 100 mV/m) with characteristic frequencies (typically two narrowband signals) between the proton cyclotron and lower hybrid frequencies. In the observations, neither the wave amplitude nor frequency appears to be sensitive to the value of any guide magnetic field or to the degree of asymmetry in Bz/n across the magnetopause. These electric fields remain confined away from the reconnection X line and do not appear to affect the value of the reconnection rate.
The Influence of the Rate of Growth of Labour Productivity on Australian Farm Output and Net Farm Incomes

ABSTRACT Results are presented for three scenarios, analysing the effects of growth in labour productivity on Australian farm output and net farm income between 1970-71 and 1980-81. These show 2.0 and 5.0 per cent per annum increases in labour productivity to be reflected as 0.61 and 1.16 per cent per annum increases in total factor productivity, respectively, as compared to the zero change. Estimated production of major commodities and average net farm income are presented on a national basis and by farm income groups. Net farm incomes are further disaggregated by State, region and farm type.
Circulation cells in flow past a periodic wall

Abstract We present a long wavelength model in order to derive a simple formula for the amplitude at the onset of circulation cells in flow past a wavy wall. The flow takes place between a wavy wall and a plane wall and is driven by moving the plane wall. There is no amplitude restriction but the Reynolds number is small and the wavelength is long. We find recirculation cells at an amplitude of about 3 / 10 the average gap width. This is confirmed by a Stokes flow calculation which can be done for all wavelengths. At long wavelengths the circulation cells can be eliminated if, in addition to the moving wall, the flow is driven by gravity.
Magnetic and electronic structure of CoH.

Local-spin-density-approximation calculations of the magnetic and electronic properties of CoH are reported. In its ground state CoH is found to be a strong ferromagnet with a moment of approximately 1.16${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ and a magnetic energy of 10.1 mRy/f.u. The magnetic properties and their relationship to those of Co are discussed in terms of the electronic structure. The large moment in CoH is explained in terms of proton-induced hybridization of the electronic states.
Does the retrocecal position of the vermiform appendix alter the clinical course of acute appendicitis? A prospective analysis.

• Ninety-four adult patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis were prospectively studied during a 2-year period. Patients were divided into retrocecal (group 1; n = 27 [29%]) and anterior (group 2; n=67 [71%]) groups according to the position of the appendix. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in duration of symptoms, presenting signs and symptoms, and initial white blood cell count. Furthermore, retrocecal appendicitis was not associated with a higher rate of perforation or increased morbidity. We conclude that the retrocecal position of the appendix does not alter the presentation of appendicitis. ( Arch Surg. 1991;126:569-570)
Spin structure in meson spectroscopy with an effective scalar confinement of quarks

Evidence from meson spectroscopy is presented to support the view that the effective interaction between quark-antiquark pairs is a long-range scalar confining force, together with a short-range Coulomb-type vector exchange governed by the underlying quantum chromodynamics. As a result, it is prediced that the $^{3}P$-wave charmed mesons and mesons of the type ($b\overline{u}$) and ($b\overline{s}$) will be inverted multiplets. Discovery of such an effect would provide strong evidence for an effective scalar confining force. It is argued, on the basis of the systematics of the tensor force in the ordinary mesons, that there are important induced tensor forces in the $I=1$ and $I=\frac{1}{2}$ $P$-wave meson multiplets. A qualitative discussion suggests that the induced tensor forces are due to couplings of the $J=1$, $I=1$ and $I=\frac{1}{2}$ mesons to open decay channels. As a result, the ${A}_{1}$, $B$, ${Q}_{A}$, and ${Q}_{B}$ mesons appear to have substantial mixings with $(q\overline{q})(q\overline{q})$ configurations.
Convergence or Convenience? International Conservation NGOs and Development Assistance in Tanzania

Abstract International conservation NGOs and development agencies have historically operated independently of one another. Recently, their agendas have converged to consider both environmental and human needs, with an emerging focus on private sector involvement in conservation. New funding from international finance institutions has become available for NGO initiatives, and today there is little difference between the environmental strategies of international development agencies and those of the major conservation NGOs operating in Tanzania. While this is due in part to independent shifts in both sectors, NGOs may also be serving to carry out and legitimate the neoliberal policies of development institutions.
Microchannel Size Effects on Two-Phase Local Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Silicon Microchannel Heat Sinks with a Dielectric Fluid

Two-phase heat transfer in microchannels can support very high heat fluxes for use in high-performance electronics-cooling applications. However, the effects of microchannel cross-sectional dimensions on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop have not been investigated extensively. In the present work, experiments are conducted to investigate the local flow boiling heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks. The effect of channel size on the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop is studied for mass fluxes ranging from 250 to 1600 kg/m2 s. The test sections consist of parallel microchannels with nominal widths of 100, 250, 400, 700, and 1000 μm, all with a depth of 400 μm, cut into 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm silicon substrates. Twenty-five microheaters embedded in the substrate allow local control of the imposed heat flux, while twenty-five temperature microsensors integrated into the back of the substrates enable local measurements of temperature. The dielectric fluid Fluorinert FC-77 is used as the working fluid. The results of this study serve to quantify the effectiveness of microchannel heat transport while simultaneously assessing the pressure drop trade-offs.© 2007 ASME
LPS exacerbates endothelin-1 induced activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and thromboxane A2 production from Kupffer cells of the prefibrotic rat liver.

Background/Aims Thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) has been suggested to play a significant role in the development of portal hypertension in fibrosis, and Kupffer cell (KC) derived TXA 2 has been shown to mediate the hyperresponsiveness of the portal circulation to the vasoconstrictive actions of endothelin-1 (ET-1) during endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the double stresses of prefibrotic changes and endotoxemia additively activate KC to increase release of TXA 2 in response to ET-1, resulting in elevated portal resistance. Methods One week Bile duct ligation (BDL) rats and sham-operated controls were subjected to isolated liver perfusions following LPS or saline for 6h. In a separate experiment, KC were isolated from BDL or sham rats and incubated with LPS or saline for 6h before the ET-1 treatment. Results The double stresses of early fibrosis and LPS resulted in a greater sustained increase in portal pressure in response to ET-1 in BDL rats, and this increase correlated well with the much enhanced release of TXA 2 in the perfusate. Media from the cultured KC showed significantly greater TXA 2 release in response to ET-1 in BDL group than those in sham group, and LPS exacerbated this effect. Protein levels of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ), cyclooxygenase-2, and thromboxane synthase were also significantly elevated in KC from BDL rats. ET-1 produced a marked increase in cPLA 2 activation as measured by the phosphorylation of cPLA 2 in KC of both BDL and sham groups. LPS greatly exacerbated the activation of cPLA 2 . Conclusions The data suggest that the double stresses additively activate KC with an upregulation of the key enzymes in the TXA 2 biosynthesis and release increased amount of TXA 2 via the augmented activation of cPLA 2 in response to ET-1, which leads to the increased portal resistance and ultimately hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction.
Getting there from here: a roadmap for software product line adoption

Mapping the technical and business activities and steps required for successful organizational adoption.
Surface-structure-regulated cell-membrane penetration by monolayer-protected nanoparticles

Nanoscale objects are typically internalized by cells into membrane-bounded endosomes and fail to access the cytosolic cell machinery. Whereas some biomacromolecules may penetrate or fuse with cell membranes without overt membrane disruption, no synthetic material of comparable size has shown this property yet. Cationic nano-objects pass through cell membranes by generating transient holes, a process associated with cytotoxicity. Studies aimed at generating cell-penetrating nanomaterials have focused on the effect of size, shape and composition. Here, we compare membrane penetration by two nanoparticle 'isomers' with similar composition (same hydrophobic content), one coated with subnanometre striations of alternating anionic and hydrophobic groups, and the other coated with the same moieties but in a random distribution. We show that the former particles penetrate the plasma membrane without bilayer disruption, whereas the latter are mostly trapped in endosomes. Our results offer a paradigm for analysing the fundamental problem of cell-membrane-penetrating bio- and macro-molecules.
CAN (SEMI) LOCAL DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY ACCOUNT FOR THE LONDON DISPERSION FORCES

Abstract The reproduction of the interatomic potential in He 2 , Ne 2 , and Ar 2 by Kohn-Sham theory is investigated using a density functional program which can perform counterpoise corrections for both basis sets and numerical integration. None of the functionals considered accounts successfully for the dispersion interaction. The Becke exchange and the Becke-Lee-Yang-Parr (B-LYP) exchange-correlation functionals yield a purely repulsive potential after counterpoise correction. The Dirac-Slater (D-S) functional gives minima which are too deep, at internuclear distances which are too short, particularly for He 2 and Ne 2 . The experimental repulsive potential is reproduced best by D-S calculations while the B-LYP results are close to the SCF ones.
Monte Carlo simulation study of the polymerization of polyurethane block copolymers: 4. Modelling of experimental data

Abstract Three different models that use the Monte Carlo method have been developed to predict the molecular weight, composition and hard-segment length distributions of polyurethane block copolymers polymerized under varying conditions. The simplest model tries to describe natural compositional heterogeneity that arises in polyurethanes due to the nature of the polymerization even under ideal conditions. The subsequent models introduce non-idealities into the simulation that actually occur in real polymerizations, including premature phase separation of the reactants and unequal reactivities of the monomer species. In this investigation, these models are used to simulate experimental data reported by MacKnight and coworkers on polybutadiene polyurethanes. The results of the modelling strongly support the hypothesis of MacKnight and coworkers that phase separation occurred near the beginning of the polymerization. The primary effect of the phase separation is to limit the degree of polymerization (molecular weight) in each phase presumably due to stoichiometric imbalances of reactants resulting from an unequal partitioning of the reactants in the two phases. The low molecular weights, in turn, lead to a broad composition distribution. The broad molecular weight distribution results from having a different average degree of polymerization in each phase, although allophanate crosslinking may also be a contributing factor. Differences between the three models and their utility for simulating experimental data are also discussed.
Immunological and structural relationships between langur virus and other primate type-D retroviruses.

Abstract The major structural proteins of three type-D retroviruses are compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab and tube gel electrophoresis and competitive radioimmunoassays. We report here that the virion-associated polypeptides of the endogenous virus of the langur (LV) and the nongerm line-transmitted Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) of the rhesus have indistinguishable electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels. Homologous radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for the major 27,000-dalton structural protein, (p27) of LV and for the p27 of MPMV also cannot distinguish these two viruses. LV and MPMV can be differentiated, however, by using either of the RlAs developed for their 10,000- to 12,000-dalton proteins. The major structural protein of the type-D retrovirus of New World squirrel monkeys (SMRV) is more immunoreactive with the endogenous virus of the Old World langur monkey than it is with MPMV. An interspecies RIA has also been developed using antiserum to LV to precipitate 125 I-labeled MPMV p27. This assay is more effective than either of the homologous LV or MPMV RIAs for the recognition of SMRV. These studies further define the structural and immunologic relationships among the type-D retroviruses of primates.
A 1-Mb bacterial clone contig spanning the endometrial cancer deletion region at 1p32-p33.

Our laboratory previously reported a high frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 1p32-p33 in endometrial cancers. LOH at 1p32-p33 is a specific feature of one of the most aggressive forms of endometrial carcinoma, uterine papillary serous cancer (UPSC). The minimum region of allelic loss in UPSC is defined by D1S190 and D1S447, an interval corresponding to less than 1 cM. Here we describe the construction and characterization of a sequence-ready clone contig that spans the deletion region. The contig consists of 24 bacterial artificial chromosome clones and 18 P1 artificial chromosome clones and spans approximately 1050 kb. The consensus region of allelic loss between D1S190 and D1S447 represents approximately 792 kb. Eight previously described ESTs have been positioned within the contig.
Affinity-Enrichment of Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies from Graves’ Patients and Normal Individuals Provides Insight into Their Properties and Possible Origin from Natural Antibodies

We used purified recombinant TSH receptor (TSHR) antigen prepared in mammalian cells to affinity-enrich TSHR autoantibodies from Graves' patients' IgG. Autoantibody enrichment, assayed by TSH binding inhibitory activity, was 20- to 1000-fold. Thyroid-stimulating antibody activity enrichment, although more difficult to quantitate, was comparable. TSHR-autoantibody approximate affinities for the holoreceptor assessed indirectly by TSH binding inhibition were 4-27 x 10(-9) m, an underestimate because 100% TSHR autoantibody purity was not attained. Consistent with previous data for serum, highly enriched TSHR autoantibodies in three of four patients showed lambda light chain bias. However, in contrast to expectations, antigen-enriched IgG was skewed primarily toward IgG2 and IgG3, subclasses associated with polysaccharides and microorganisms, respectively. Subclass depletion studies on antigen-enriched IgG indicated that TSHR autoantibodies were predominantly IgG1 and, surprisingly, IgG4. As controls, we affinity-enriched pooled IgG from normal individuals on TSHR antigen. This enriched IgG had detectable TSH binding inhibitory activity, although with lower specific activity than, and lacking the thyroid stimulatory activity of, Graves' IgG. Moreover, these natural IgG class autoantibodies largely recognized the same conformational variation in the TSHR N-terminal region as disease-associated TSHR autoantibodies. These studies suggest that TSHR autoantibodies may arise from natural autoantibodies, possibly by class switching from cross-reacting antibodies to microorganisms.
Transient response and radiation dose estimates for breaches to a spent fuel processing facility

Abstract This paper describes the analysis of the design basis accident for Idaho National Laboratory Fuel Conditioning Facility (FCF). The facility is used to process spent metallic nuclear fuel. This analysis involves a model of the transient behavior of the FCF inert atmosphere hot cell following an earthquake initiated breach of pipes passing through the cell boundary. Such breaches allow the introduction of air and subsequent burning of pyrophoric metals. The model predicts the pressure, temperature, volumetric releases, cell heat transfer, metal fuel combustion, heat generation rates, radiological releases and other quantities. The results show that releases from the cell are minimal and satisfactory for safety. This analysis method should be useful in other facilities that have potential for damage from an earthquake and could eliminate the need to back fit facilities with earthquake proof boundaries or lessen the cost of new facilities.
WKB Asymptotic Behavior of Almost All Generalized Eigenfunctions for One-Dimensional Schrödinger Operators with Slowly Decaying Potentials

We prove the WKB asymptotic behavior of solutions of the differential equation −d2u/dx2+V(x) u=Eu for a.e. E>A where V=V1+V2, V1∈Lp(R), and V2 is bounded from above with A=lim supx→∞ V(x), while V′2(x)∈Lp(R), 1⩽p<2. These results imply that Schrodinger operators with such potentials have absolutely continuous spectrum on (A, ∞). We also establish WKB asymptotic behavior of solutions for some energy-dependent potentials.
The stromal cell–derived factor-1α/CXCR4 ligand–receptor axis is critical for progenitor survival and migration in the pancreas

The SDF-1α/CXCR4 ligand/chemokine receptor pair is required for appropriate patterning during ontogeny and stimulates the growth and differentiation of critical cell types. Here, we demonstrate SDF-1α and CXCR4 expression in fetal pancreas. We have found that SDF-1α and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed in islets, also CXCR4 is expressed in and around the proliferating duct epithelium of the regenerating pancreas of the interferon (IFN) γ–nonobese diabetic mouse. We show that SDF-1α stimulates the phosphorylation of Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Src in pancreatic duct cells. Furthermore, migration assays indicate a stimulatory effect of SDF-1α on ductal cell migration. Importantly, blocking the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis in IFNγ-nonobese diabetic mice resulted in diminished proliferation and increased apoptosis in the pancreatic ductal cells. Together, these data indicate that the SDF-1α–CXCR4 ligand receptor axis is an obligatory component in the maintenance of duct cell survival, proliferation, and migration during pancreatic regeneration.
THE EFFECT OF VITAMINS E AND C ON CHOLESTEROL ACCUMULATION AND LIFESPAN OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELLS IN VITRO

Human diploid fibroblasts (IMR-90) were serially subcultured in medium supplemented with vitamin E, vitamin C or both vitamins at concentrations of 10 and 50 μg/ml. The cells were monitored for changes in free and esterified cholesterol content with in vitro age and for in vitro mitotic capacity. Cells aged in vitamin supplemented medium exhibited an increase in cholesterol content which was similar to that of control cultures and did not display a significant change in maximum lifespan. The results indicate that cholesterol accumulation and in vitro lifespan are not altered by culturing IMR-90 in these formulations of vitamin supplemented media.
Formation and Activation by Phosphorylation of Activin Receptor Complexes

Activin is a protein growth and differentiation factor that initiates intracellular events through the activation of a complex of transmembrane protein serine kinases. Two subfamilies of receptor serine kinases, type I and type II, have been identified, and both receptor types may be required to generate a transmembrane signal. Investigation of the interaction between various activin receptors (ActRs) revealed that ActRs I and II could exist in a stable complex and that formation of that complex between transiently overexpressed molecules was not regulated by ligand. Analysis of phosphorylation suggested that activin induced phosphorylation of receptor I, probably at residues within a conserved glycine and serine-rich sequence in the juxtamembrane region referred to as the GS domain. Phosphorylation of the GS domain was dependent upon a functional ActRII. Introduction of an activin type I receptor, ALK4, into the mink lung epithelial cell line, L17, conferred activin responsiveness on those cells. Mutatio...
Responses recorded from human scalp evoked by cutaneous thermal stimulation.

Abstract When the glabrous palmar skin of the human hand was rapidly cooled, a change in the recorded electrical potential was localized at the contralateral scalp site that approximated the primary projection of the hand on the postcentral gyrus. Typical features of the evoked potential were an initial positive peak of large amplitude (25–36 μV), long peak latency (325 msec), long duration (200–325 msec) and it was graded to the intensity of the cooling. Little, if any, potential change was simultaneously recorded from the corresponding ipsilateral scalp site. While the evoked response is specific to skin cooling neither its receptor origin nor its relationship to thermal sensation has been established. We were not able to record an evoked potential of any form to rapid warming of the hand.
Genistein suppresses EGF-induced prostaglandin biosynthesis by a mechanism independent of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition☆

Abstract This study demonstrated that genistein, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked PGE 2 production in human A431 and WISH cells and murine 3T3 cells in response to epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. Blockade of growth factor-induced PGE 2 production was dose-dependent (IC 50 ≈ 7–8 μM). Genistein also abolished PGE 2 formation in response to calcium ionophores, A23187 and ionomycin, and the phorbol ester, phorbol myristate acetate. Moreover, genistein-treated A431 and WISH cells incorporated significantly less [ 3 H]arachidonic acid into membrane phospholipids than control cells. Finally, genistein decreased the specific activity of prostaglandin H 2 synthase prepared from A431 cells, WISH cells, and ram seminal vesicle. The IC 50 of genistein for inhibition of prostaglandin H 2 synthase specific activity extracted from A431 and WISH cells approximated that half-maximal inhibitory concentration in the whole cell assay. These data indicate that genistein may interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism at several key points by a mechanism(s) that is independent of its inhibitory action on receptor tyrosine protein kinases. Taken together, these results also suggest that caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions about the putative role of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction events using genistein as a pharmacological blocker.
Thrust-breakthrough of asymmetric anticlines: Observational constraints from surveys in the Brooks Range, Alaska

Abstract To gain insights into the processes governing the thrust-truncation of anticlines, we conducted a field study of the thrust-truncated folds in the remote Brooks Range of northern Alaska, where there is a transition in fold style from symmetric detachment folds to thrust-truncated asymmetric folds. In order to document the detailed geometry of the km-scale folds exposed in cliff-forming, largely inaccessible outcrops, a new surveying technique was developed that combines data from a theodolite and laser range finder. The field observations, survey profiles, and cross section reconstructions, indicate that late-stage thrust breakthrough of the anticlines within the mechanically competent Lisburne Group carbonates accommodated continued shortening when other mechanisms became unfeasible, including fold tightening, forelimb rotation, and parasitic folding in the anticline forelimbs. These results provide constraints on the processes that govern the transition from buckle folding to thrust truncation in fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.
Suture Techniques in Rhinoplasty

Suture techniques are an indispensable means to biologically sculpt the cartilage of the nose. Here the authors review their use in tip-plasty and present a 4-suture algorithm that allows for simple, complete control in sculpting the shape of all nasal tips in primary rhinoplasty. After a standard cephalic trim of the lateral crus leaving it 6 mm wide, one or more of the four suture techniques are applied. One of the newest techniques that has yielded excellent results is the hemi-transdomal suture, a variation of the conventional transdomal suture. This technique narrows the dome but also everts the lateral crus slightly to avoid concavities of the nostril rim. The 4-suture algorithm is useful in both the open and closed approaches. A more general use of sutures is described and referred to as the "universal horizontal mattress suture," which can be applied to remove all unwanted convexities or concavities and can be used not only to straighten the cartilage but also strengthen it. This suture has applications for the crooked septum, the collapsed lateral crus (external valve), and the collapsed internal valve, as well as for converting ear cartilage grafts into straighter, stronger grafts than previously thought possible.
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE CLOSURE SUCCESSFULLY TREATS LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE ASSOCIATED AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY

The increased use of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) in advanced heart failure has led to marked changes in the management of this condition. However, secondary aortic insufficiency (AI) can become a significant complication. This study reports a percutaneous, transcatheter
In response to Jackson's challenge: The comparative validity of personality scales constructed by the external (empirical) strategy and scales developed intuitively by experts, novices, and laymen☆

Abstract Fifteen graduate students in psychology and 15 individuals with no formal psychology training were each paid to construct one 20-item scale to measure Sociability, Achievement, or Dominance. These 30 scales, plus the Personality Research Form and the California Psychological Inventory, were subsequently administered to 168 college females from seven living organizations. Average peer rankings were employed as criteria in order to compare the validity of personality scales constructed by different strategies. While the validity of Intuitive scales constructed by the average nonpsychologist was lower than that of the CPI External scales, the validity of scales constructed by the average psychology student and of the most reliable scales constructed by the nonpsychologists was essentially the same as that of the External scales. Moreover, the most reliable scales constructed by psychology students and the PRF scales were of approximately equal validity, considerably higher than that of any of the CPI scales.
Structural details of a double-helix observed for DNAs containing alternating purine and pyrimidine sequences

Abstract Double-stranded DNA molecules in which purine and pyrimidine nucleotide residues alternate along each chain can assume a novel, right-handed, 8-fold helical form with an axial rise per residue of 3.03 A. The furanose rings have the standard C3-exo conformation. The bases are positioned unusually with respect to the helix axis even though they connect the two antiparallel chains through purinepyrimidine hydrogen bonds of the Watson & Crick (1953) type. The molecules assume an unprecedentedly dense packing in which each has four nearest neighbors with center-to-center distances of only 17 A. The molecular geometry also supports assignment of a structural rather than transcriptional role to satellite DNA in biological systems.
Handling fuzzy information in extended possibility-based fuzzy relational databases

Two kinds of fuzziness in attribute values of the fuzzy relational databases can be distinguished: One is that attribute values are possibility distributions, and the other is that there are resemblance relations in attribute domains. The fuzzy relational databases containing these two kinds of fuzziness simultaneously are called extended possibility-based fuzzy relational databases. In this paper, we focus on such fuzzy relational databases. We classify two kinds of fuzzy data redundancies and define their removal. On this basis, we define fuzzy relational operations in relational algebra, which, being similar to the conventional relational databases, are complete and sound. In particular, we investigate fuzzy querying strategies and give the form of fuzzy querying with SQL. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 16 element quasi-optical FET oscillator power combining array with external injection locking

The authors present analysis, design and experimental results of a 16 element planar oscillator array for quasi-optical power combining. Each element in the array consists of a single FET oscillator with an input port for injection of the locking signal and an output port which is connected to a patch radiator. The array is synchronized using a 16-way power dividing network which distributes the locking signal to the oscillating elements. The array is constructed using a two-sided microstrip configuration, with the oscillators and feed network on one side of a ground plane, and the patch radiators on the opposite side. An effective radiated power (ERP) of 28.2 W CW with an isotropic conversion gain of 9.9 dB was measured at 6 GHz. For an injected power of 10.3 dBm, a locking range of 453 MHz at a center frequency of 6.015 GHz was obtained; a bandwidth of 7.5%. Because of the simple nature of the individual oscillator elements, this approach is well suited to MMIC implementation. >
A divide-and-conquer algorithm for min-cost perfect matching in the plane

Given a set V of 2n points in the plane, the min-cost perfect matching problem is to pair up the points (into n pairs) so that the sum of the Euclidean distances between the paired points is minimized. We present an O(n/sup 3/2/log/sup 5/ n)-time algorithm for computing a min-cost perfect matching in the plane, which is an improvement over the previous best algorithm of Vaidya [1989) by nearly a factor of n. Vaidya's algorithm is an implementation of the algorithm of Edmonds (1965), which runs in n phases, and computes a matching with i edges at the end of the i-th phase. Vaidya shows that geometry can be exploited to implement a single phase in roughly O(n/sup 3/2/) time, thus obtaining an O(n/sup 5/2/log/sup 4/ n)-time algorithm. We improve upon this in two major ways. First, we develop a variant of Edmonds algorithm that uses geometric divide-and-conquer, so that in the conquer step we need only O(/spl radic/n) phases. Second, we show that a single phase can be implemented in O(n log/sup 5/ n) time.
A secure key registration system based on proactive secret-sharing scheme

We designed a secure key registration system based on the proactive secret-sharing scheme. A user can register important data such as a session key to a distributed system in a (t, n)-threshold scheme, which means that the data can be recovered if t sewers cooperate (in other words, that the data cannot be revealed unless t sewers collude). The proactive scheme provides stronger security against an active adversary. We designed the protocol to generate an implicit secret, to distribute shares of it, and to reconstruct the secret for proactive secret-sharing without a dealer. We also developed a prototype of a data archiving service framework on the Internet. To allow users to access the system via a Web browser, we implemented a system based on the PKI (public key infrastructure), where the client/server authentication is done by means of X.509 certification. We also used the publish/subscribe communication model to realize interaction between key management servers, because it is easy to implement the broadcasting channels used in the share update phase.
Mental imagery doesn't work like that

This commentary focuses on four major points: (1) “Tacit knowledge” is not a complete explanation for imagery phenomena, if it is an explanation at all. (2) Similarities and dissimilarities between imagery and perception are entirely consistent with the depictive view. (3) Knowledge about the brain is crucial for settling the debate. (4) It is not clear what sort of theory Pylyshyn advocates.
Robert K. Merton: The Celebration and Defense of Science

In Merton's early work in the sociology of science three theses are identified: (1) economic and military influence in shaping early modern science; (2) the “Puritan spur” to scientific activity; (3) the critical role of a democratic social order for the support of science. These themes are located in the contemporary economic crisis of the 1930s, the rise of Nazism and fascism, and the emerging radical and Marxist political activism of scientists in the United States and the United Kingdom. Merton's interaction with this context is critical for understanding his choice of problems and issues for the nascent sociology of science. The enunciation of the four-part normative structure of science is closely identified with the political ideals of this context. Merton's transition from an interest in problems of science in society to his postwar concern with the social and organizational structures of science and the social behavior of scientists is framed against the anticommunist and anti-Marxist thrust of immediate postwar politics in the United States. The implications of this change for the paradigms of the sociology of science are noted.
Causes of ionization in rocket exhausts

Forty-nine radar attenuation tests at ^f-band frequency were made using 1 Ib solid propellant charges in an altitude facility at ambient pressures of 280 and 140 mm Hg. Transverse attenuation was measured along the exhaust plume, using a moving microwave cart. Propellant aluminum level, solids loading level, and potassium impurity level were systematically varied. Tests were conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Results of these tests were compared with predicted attenuation levels which were based on equilibrium thermal ionization of the alkali metal during afterburning of plume and ambient air. Microwave attenuation predictions considered a lineof-sight ray traversing a series of uniform sections of the ionized plume. Agreement of predicted and measured peak attenuation levels was excellent for a wide range of propellant formulations, providing evidence as to the causes of ionization.
Relationship between ozone and temperature trends in the lower stratosphere: Latitude and seasonal dependences

A one-dimensional radiative transfer model with fixed dynamical heating is used to calculate the approximate latitude and seasonal dependences of lower stratospheric temperature changes associated with observed ozone trends. The spatial and temporal distribution of ozone profile trends in the lower stratosphere is estimated from a combination of Nimbus 7 Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) global measurements of the ozone column below 32 mbar for the period 1979-1990 and balloon ozonesonde profile trends at northern middle latitudes. The calculated temperature trends near 100 mbar compare favorably with those recently derived by Randel and Cobb (1994) using data from Channel 4 of the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) on the NOAA operational satellites, although a number of quantitative differences are found. An independent analysis reported here of 100 mbar temperatures derived from northern hemisphere radiosonde data at the Free University of Berlin (FUB) supports the validity of the satellite-derived lower stratospheric temperature trends. These results are therefore generally consistent with the hypothesis that observed lower stratospheric cooling trends are predominantly determined by reductions in radiative heating associated with stratospheric ozone depletion.
Reducing Sodium Intake in Children: A Public Health Investment

The antecedents of elevated blood pressure (BP) and its major consequences (cardiovascular disease and stroke) begin in childhood. Higher levels of BP early in life track into adulthood and are associated with subclinical target organ damage in children and adults. Diet behaviors, including the choice of high sodium containing foods, are established during childhood. On average, children, ages 2-19, consume more than 3,100 mg of sodium per day, with substantially greater sodium intakes in boys than girls. Importantly, studies show that lowering sodium intake in children lowers blood pressure. In view of this evidence, U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend a reduced sodium intake in children. Current federal nutrition standards include a step-wise reduction in the sodium levels of school meals. The ultimate goal is to help children achieve daily sodium intakes that do not exceed upper levels recommended by the Institute of Medicine and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. In summary, available data are sufficiently strong to recommend a lower sodium intake beginning in early in life as an effective and well-tolerated approach to reducing BP in children. Current efforts to weaken nutrition standards for school meals undermine an effective strategy aimed at improving the health of our children and our nation.
New developments in surface characterization techniques for the semiconductor industry

Development of diagnostic techniques in the semiconductor industry continues to be measured against requirements for increased material purity and smaller device dimension. Progressive shrinking of very-large-scale integrated circuits into the submicron regime and the emergence of quantum structures on the nanometer scale now require accurate and timely analyses of killing defects, which can be an order of magnitude smaller than minimum geometry. The approach of this article is to review new characterization technique developments which typify our search for an optimum compromise between x–y spatial resolution, depth of analysis and sensitivity of trace metals and dopants. Orders-of-magnitude improvement in detectability have been achieved using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), laser-assisted SIMS and Fourier transform photoluminescence. Defects normally elusive at the partsper-billion atomic level have been studied with sensitive spectroscopies based on positron annihilation and thermal desorption. Deconvolution of high-resolution x-ray rocking curves offers capability for in-depth strain profiling of boron implants. Applications of high-resolution electron microscopy to heteroepitaxial GaAs on Si and scanning tunneling microscopy to routine grain size measurement are also discussed. Ballistic electron microscopy holds promise as an important new tool for non-destructive probing on a nanometer scale of the electrical properties of subsurface Schottky interfaces. Statistics are presented in context of the severe sampling problem which inevitably accompanies trace element analysis and single-atom detection.
gp340 Promotes Transcytosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Genital Tract-Derived Cell Lines and Primary Endocervical Tissue

The human scavenger receptor gp340 has been identified as a binding protein for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope that is expressed on the cell surface of female genital tract epithelial cells. This interaction allows such epithelial cells to efficiently transmit infective virus to susceptible targets and maintain viral infectivity for several days. Within the context of vaginal transmission, HIV must first traverse a normally protective mucosa containing a cell barrier to reach the underlying T cells and dendritic cells, which propagate and spread the infection. The mechanism by which HIV-1 can bypass an otherwise healthy cellular barrier remains an important area of study. Here, we demonstrate that genital tract-derived cell lines and primary human endocervical tissue can support direct transcytosis of cell-free virus from the apical to basolateral surfaces. Further, this transport of virus can be blocked through the addition of antibodies or peptides that directly block the interaction of gp340 with the HIV-1 envelope, if added prior to viral pulsing on the apical side of the cell or tissue barrier. Our data support a role for the previously described heparan sulfate moieties in mediating this transcytosis but add gp340 as an important facilitator of HIV-1 transcytosis across genital tract tissue. This study demonstrates that HIV-1 actively traverses the protective barriers of the human genital tract and presents a second mechanism whereby gp340 can promote heterosexual transmission.
MANTIS: system support for multimodAl NeTworks of in-situ sensors

The MANTIS MultimodAl system for NeTworks of In-situ wireless Sensors provides a new multithreaded embedded operating system integrated with a general-purpose single-board hardware platform to enable flexible and rapid prototyping of wireless sensor networks. The key design goals of MANTIS are ease of use, i.e. a small learning curve that encourages novice programmers to rapidly prototype novel sensor networking applications in software and hardware, as well as flexibility, so that expert researchers can leverage or develop advanced software features and hardware extensions to suit the needs of advanced research in wireless sensor networks.