cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Load-controlled scheduling of traffic on high-speed metropolitan area networks

An access protocol is described that is particularly appropriate for high-speed local and metropolitan area networks. It permits efficient use of the shared transmission medium, in particular where the electrical length of the medium may be many times the duration of an average packet, as well as sharing of the medium in an almost arbitrary manner among a number of competing traffic types or user classes. Each station independently measures the traffic flow on the medium and adjusts its own transmission rate according to the measured rate. The scheduling algorithm has been tested on slotted unidirectional buses and rings. By simulation the performance of the algorithm is compared to other efficient algorithms. The algorithm can control the admitted traffic of a particular type to within 2% (of full load) of the target value. >
CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL OBSTRUCTION

Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction is a common disorder, with a reported incidence of symptoms in infants ranging from 1.2% to 30%. 12,24,27,53,82,85 The incidence of 6% is widely quoted 6,9,20,53,58,65,66 and comes from a well-designed follow-up study by Guery and Kendig 29 of 200 consecutive unselected full-term newborn infants. 27 The reported incidence of anatomic nasolacrimal obstruction in stillborn infants is higher at 73%. 13 It is believed that neonatal respiration, crying, and sucking help to rupture the membrane that frequently obstructs the system.
Multivariate imperfect repair

In this paper, we consider models of systems whose components have dependent lifelengths and are imperfectly repaired upon failure until they are scrapped. First, assuming that no more than one component can fail at a time, we study two models that describe imperfect repairs, and derive the resulting density and other probabilistic quantities of interest. We then generalize the models to cover applications in which more than one component can fail at the same time, and obtain various properties of the resulting distributions. Finally, we illustrate the theory through some examples.
Does Clinician's Knowledge of B‐Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels Translate to Improvement of Quality of Life and Less Hospitalization Days in Patients with Heart Failure?

This pilot study was conducted to determine whether clinicians' knowledge of b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in individuals with heart failure (HF) correlates with better outcomes including quality of life (QOL) and hospital length of stay (LOS) over a 90-day period. HF clinic patients were randomized into 2 groups: clinician aware (BNP group; n=50) or blinded to BNP levels (control group; n=42). BNP levels were measured at baseline using the BNP Immunoassay Kit. QOL was measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLWHF) questionnaire, and hospital LOS were measured at baseline and 90 days. There was no significant difference in BNP levels between groups. Compared with baseline scores (46.87 ± 29.63), mean QOL scores at 90 days (37.46 ± 28.67) were not significantly different for both groups. Hospital LOS was also similar for both groups (mean=3 days). BNP levels were significantly correlated with New York Heart Association classification (P=.05), ejection fraction (P=0.0001), creatinine levels (P=0.05), and overall Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire scores (P=.01). Clinician's knowledge of BNP levels is not associated with better outcomes of QOL or hospital LOS in HF patients. However, BNP levels are correlated with functional status and physiological parameters. Further research is needed to determine whether other factors influence QOL and hospital LOS of HF patients.
Specificities of the binding to rabbit serum

Abstract The binding of aromatic carboxylate ions by rabbit serum was measured. There appears to be definite specificities of the binding sites for different substances. The specificities are evident from competition experiments in which it was found that the relative effects of various competitor ions are dependent on the nature and concentration of the radiolabeled reference ion used, namely p -iodobenzoate, 5-iodoisophthalate, and benzoate.
Measurements of atmospheric gas‐phase and aqueous‐phase hydrogen peroxide concentrations in winter on the east coast of the United States

Measurements of the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in the gas-phase and in cloud water were obtained in the vicinity of the Carolina Coast of the United States between late January and early March, 1986. The gas-phase concentrations were always less than 2.4 ppbv and generally less than 1 ppbv. Vertical profiles of H 2 O 2 in the clear air around clouds and storm systems were highly variable. The concentrations of H 2 O 2 in the cloud water ranged from the detection limit of 0.3 μM to 112 μM, with the higher values generally occurring in the vicinity of lightning activity. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations in cloud water were well below those calculated to be in Henry's law equilibrium with the gas-phase concentrations of H 2 O 2 in the cloudy air. This is attributed to the rapid depletion of aqueous-phase H 2 O 2 as it oxidizes S(IV). DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00125.x
On the role of the 200-kDa neurofilament protein at the developing neuromuscular junction☆

To examine whether the 200-kDa neurofilament protein (200K NFP) is involved in mechanically stabilizing axons, we studied the developmental appearance of immunoreactivity to nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated 200K NFP at the neuromuscular junction. Polyinnervated rat muscle fibers become singly innervated during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life through the process of synapse elimination. If production or post-translational modification of the 200K NFP is actively involved in imparting mechanical stability on neuromuscular synapses, then the selective presence of this protein in only one of several axons at each developing end plate region might make that one axon selectively resistant to elimination. The remaining axons would then be eliminated. Immunoreactivity to the 200K NFP is present on Gestational Day 14 and can be seen in more than one preterminal axon in the end plate region of a muscle fiber during the period of synapse elimination. These results suggest that the 200K NFP is present and phosphorylated early in development and, although the 200K NFP may increase the mechanical stability of axons, this increased stability does not determine the final outcome of synapse elimination.
A portable array biosensor for food safety

An array biosensor developed for simultaneous analysis of multiple samples has been utilized to develop assays for toxins and pathogens in a variety of foods. The biochemical component of the multi-analyte biosensor consists of a patterned array of biological recognition elements immobilized on the surface of a planar waveguide. A fluorescence assay is performed on the patterned surface, yielding an array of fluorescent spots, the locations of which are used to identify what analyte is present. Signal transduction is accomplished by means of a diode laser for fluorescence excitation, optical filters and a CCD camera for image capture. A laptop computer controls the miniaturized fluidics system and image capture. Results for four mycotoxin competition assays in buffer and food samples are presented.
Feature list aggregation approaches for ensemble gene selection on patient response datasets

Many cancer treatments destroy healthy cells along with cancerous ones, and can leave patients fatigued and with a compromised immune system. This makes it especially important to determine whether or not a given cancer treatment will work for the patient or will just cause further harm. Recently there has been work on using gene expression profiles (DNA microarrays) to predict how a patient will respond to a cancer treatment. However, these profiles carry the problem of high dimensionality (a very large number of features (genes) per instance), thus necessitating dimension-reducing techniques such as feature (gene) selection (data preprocessing techniques from the domain of data mining to find an ideal feature set). A particularly promising subset of feature selection techniques are ensemble feature selection techniques, which perform multiple instances of feature selection and aggregate the results into a single decision. Traditionally, this is accomplished by ranking the features in each list by a metric and aggregating the ranks of each feature into a single final decision for the feature. Many forms of aggregation have been considered, both in terms of how to generate the distinct lists and how to combine the ranks from each list. However, all of these works have assumed ranks must be created perlist and then aggregated in a separate step - rather than aggregating the scores of each list directly and performing ranking only on the final list. This work compares two feature list aggregation approaches (rank-based aggregation and score-based aggregation) using the mean aggregation technique in terms of classification. We use fifteen patient response datasets along with three feature selection techniques as the basis for the ensemble feature selection, and we employ four feature subset sizes and two classifiers. Our results show that in general, the rank-based aggregation approach outperforms the score-based aggregation approach for a majority of scenarios for both classifiers. However, this is not always the case and careful consideration is required before making a decision between the two.
Ceramic—ceramic seals by microwave heating

Several conclusions may be drawn from this work. First, less energy is required to form a glass-ceramic seal by microwave heating than by conventional heating. Second, less time is required to form the seal by microwave heating, and third, the seal composition is different, and the bonding is different. The micostructure of the seal formed by microwave heating reflects extensive diffusion of the glass constitients throughout the alumina substrate; and alumina throughout the seal glassy matrix. Fourth, higher heating rates are possible with microwave heating than with conventional heating. Last, the energy is coupled differently to the reactants using microwave heating, and thus the reaction kinetics may be different, as indicated by the vastly different microstructures obtained.
A longitudinal test of Karasek's Job Strain model among office workers

Abstract Karasek'sJob Strain model was tested in a sample of 122 office workers. Two rounds ofdata were collected and used to examine the reliability of the results and the relationships between job characteristics and worker strain over time. Moderated regression analyses based on standard scores of the independent variables were conducted to examine the interaction of job control and workload, and of skill utilization and workload, on various indicators of worker strain. The results indicated that there was neither multiplicative nor adhtive effect ofjob control/skill utilization and workload on worker strain. Some of the relationships between job characteristics and worker strain were not stable over time. The cross-lagged correlation analysis showed that workload at Time 1 had some effect on one ofthe worker strain indxators at Time 2, but not the reverse.
Rapid evolution in a fraction of the Drosophila nuclear genome.

Previous observations have indicated thatDrosophila DNA contains a component that evolves so rapidly that it fails to hybridize between the DNAs of sibling species. To establish the reality of this component and study its properties, the fraction (about 20%) ofDrosophila simulans (Dsim) DNA that fails to hybridize toDrosophila melanogaster (Dmel) DNA has been isolated. The majority of the hybridizable part of this isolated fraction (based on control tests on Dsim DNA) fails to hybridize with Dmel DNA under the conditions used for the initial fractionation. Clones of this fraction do hybridize with Dmel DNA at open criterion producing duplexes with greatly reduced thermal stability, indicating that the underlying process is rapid sequence divergence rather than loss of the homologous sequences by relatively large deletions.
Group selection of service efforts and accomplishments indicators for colleges

In this study, a set of key Service Efforts and Accomplishments (SEA) indicators was determined for higher-education external reports. Personal interviews were conducted with presidents and administrators from 28 colleges to determine their preferences for and the usefulness of performance indicators. Participants’ perceptions were analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process. In addition to determining indicators, the study discovered an unexpectedly high correlation between the key indicators selected by private and public institutions.
Characterization of the acousto-optic tunable filter for the ultraviolet and visible regions and development of an acousto-optic tunable filter based rapid scanning detector for high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A novel acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has been developed for the ultraviolet and visible regions. This AOTF was fabricated from quartz and based on the collinear configuration. It can diffract white incident light into monochromatic ultraviolet or visible light (from 250 to 650 nm) at a diffraction efficiency of about 15% which is comparable with the efficiency of a 0.25-m monochromator. It has, however, much higher resolution than the monochromator. The resolution at 253.4 nm was found to be 0.82 A. The filter can also rapidly scan the wavelength of the diffracted light at the speed of sound in the crystal (i.e., microseconds). These unique properties enable the filter to be used for the successful development of the first AOTF based detector for HPLC which has combined advantages of single wavelength and diode array detectors, namely it has the same sensitivity as the former and the same speed as the latter. Particularly, this detector was able to rapidly measure absorption spectra of chloro-substituted phenols as these compounds were separated from the mixture and went through the detector, and can detect them at a detection limit of 4.0 × 10−4 AU.
Intergrid transfer operators and multilevel preconditioners for nonconforming discretizations

Abstract We discuss multilevel preconditioners of hierarchical basis and BPX type for nonconforming discretizations of second and fourth order elliptic variational problems where the underlying subspace splitting of a nonconforming fine grid space is obtained from the natural sequence of nonconforming coarse grid spaces using appropriately designed intergrid transfer operators. We present a simple convergence theory which shows the importance of controlling the energy norm growth of the iterated coarse-to-fine-grid operators. It enters both upper and lower bounds for the condition number of the preconditioned linear system, and can be checked numerically in the case of regular dyadic refinement. For the standard sets of intergrid transfer operators (prolongations based on nodal value averaging), the numerical tests with some low order nonconforming elements on uniform grids indicate boundedness of these norms, with the exception of the Morley element where the condition numbers deteriorate exponentially with the number of levels. The results complement recent work by Bramble, Pasciak and Xu, Brenner, Dorfler, and the author.
Lactose synthetase in mammary gland of the California sea lion.

Abstract Mammary gland obtained from a lactating California sea lion, Zalophus Californianus , contained all the enzymatic activities required for synthesis of UDP-galactose from glucose. Galactokinase activity was absent and activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was extremely low. Galactosyl transferase activity was present, but there was negligable activity of lactose synthetase in either mammary gland or milk from the sea lion. α-lactalbumin, determined enzymatically, was not found in sea lion mammary gland or milk which accounts for absence of lactose from the milk of this animal.
Science Signaling Podcast: 9 July 2013

This Podcast features an interview with Keqiang Ye, author of a Research Article that appears in the 9 July 2013 issue of Science Signaling . Glioblastoma is the most common form of aggressive brain cancer, and many glioblastomas contain mutations that cause overactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which promotes cell proliferation. In addition to mutations that increase EGFR signaling, some of the most aggressive glioblastomas also have mutations in the gene that encodes PTEN, the phosphatase and tensin homolog, which is a tumor suppressor that inhibits cell proliferation. In a study published in the current issue of Science Signaling , a group led by Keqiang Ye reports their discovery of a small molecule that blocks EGFR activation and inhibits the growth of glioblastoma cells, even when those cells also lack PTEN.
Fish Distribution Units: Construction of Six‐Compartment and Two‐Compartment Units

(1947). Fish Distribution Units: Construction of Six-Compartment and Two-Compartment Units. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 193-202.
On the existence of global weak solutions for Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck systems☆

Abstract This work studies the question of global existence of weak solutions to Vlasov-Poisson-Fokker-Planck equations with spatial, or momentum, dimensions greater than, or equal to, three. We define a concept of weak solutions to these equations and show (i) global existence for plasma physical models with spatial (or momentum) dimensions greater than or equal to three, and (ii) global existence in three spatial dimensions with arbitrary data for the stellar dynamical case.
High-Throughput Cervical Cancer Screening Using Intracellular Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7 mRNA Quantification by Flow Cytometry

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, based solely on the morphologic examination of exfoliated cells from the cervix, has reduced deaths due to cervical cancer by 74% in the United States during the past 40 years. During that time, the molecular mechanisms of cervical cancer have largely been elucidated. Taken together, these observations have identified a need for a high-throughput cervical cancer screening assay. We report the development of a high-throughput assay consisting of simultaneous immunophenotyping and ultrasensitive in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 messenger RNA (mRNA). This assay can be performed in less than 3 hours directly from liquid-based cervical cytology specimens. Overall, HPV fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for E6 and E7 mRNA demonstrated 83.3% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions compared with the Pap test in 231 liquid-based cytology samples from 2 cohorts. In a subset of these samples, HPV FISH demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity than Hybrid Capture (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD) for high-risk genotypes.
Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Wheat Plants Grown in Space

Growth and photosynthesis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Super Dwarf) plants grown onboard the space shuttle Discovery for 10 d were examined. Compared to ground control plants, the shoot fresh weight of space-grown seedlings decreased by 25%. Postflight measurements of the O2 evolution/photosynthetic photon flux density response curves of leaf samples revealed that the CO2-saturated photosynthetic rate at saturating light intensities in space-grown plants declined 25% relative to the rate in ground control plants. The relative quantum yield of CO2-saturated photosynthetic O2 evolution measured at limiting light intensities was not significantly affected. In space-grown plants, the light compensation point of the leaves increased by 33%, which likely was due to an increase (27%) in leaf dark-respiration rates. Related experiments with thylakoids isolated from space-grown plants showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic electron transport rate from H2O through photosystems II and I was reduced by 28%. These results demonstrate that photosynthetic functions are affected by the microgravity environment.
Stability testing of pharmaceuticals by high-sensitivity isothermal calorimetry at 25°C: cephalosporins in the solid and aqueous solution states☆

Present methodology for preliminary stability testing requires high temperatures and therefore suffers from the uncertainty of extrapolation of results to the temperature of interest. Clearly, a rapid method for estimating chemical decomposition rates at the temperature of interest would be of great utility. The recent introduction of a high-sensitivity isothermal calorimeter, the LKB 2277 thermal activity monitor (TAM), allows measurement of the rate of heat production, or thermal activity, from a sample (i.e., arising from a chemical reaction) with a sensitivity of about 104 greater than is possible with a conventional differential scanning calorimeter. Since the power is equal to the product of the reaction rate and the heat of reaction, ΔHr, the sensitivity of a calorimetric method depends on the magnitude of ΔHr. From TAM and chemical assay data on the same samples, ΔHr data were evaluated for a number of cephalosporins in aqueous solution and in various solid forms (i.e., crystalline forms and the amorphous form at selected water contents). Heats of reaction are exothermic and large in magnitude, several hundred kj/mol for the solids, yielding a sensitivity to detect decomposition rates as low as ≈ 1% year with an overnight experiment. For crystalline solids and amorphous samples of low to moderate moisture content, ΔHr is roughly independent of temperature, water content, and polymorphic form. High-moisture amorphous solids and aqueous solutions of all concentrations have a heat of reaction about a factor of 5 less than the corresponding “dry” samples. However, variations in ΔHr for a series of samples, including solutions, is less than the variation in chemical stability. Consequently, decomposition rate correlates well with thermal activity for a given compound, and TAM data are generally a valid measure of chemical stability. Exceptions to this generalization may arise when thermal activity from physical changes dominate, and if systems which undergo parallel endothermic and exothermic reactions are studied. The stability studies suggest two generalizations of particular interest. (1) The decomposition rates of amorphous cephalosporins increase with increasing water content in highly non-linear fashion, the rates increasing sharply as the water content increases beyond “intermediate” levels. (2) Stability in a series of crystalline pseudo-polymorphs is found to be quantitatively related to the heat of crystallization, and a theoretical model is proposed to interpret this observation.
Immunoblastic peripheral T‐cell lymphoma confined to bone marrow in an infant presenting with aspergillosis

A 16-month-old female infant presenting with pancytopenia and fever was found to have pulmonary aspergillosis and large-cell immunoblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of peripheral post-thymic origin isolated to bone marrow. Extensive noninvasive evaluations failed to demonstrate the disease in other extramedullary sites. The malignant cells were large and polymorphous; lacked terminal transferase; expressed surface CD-2, CD-3. CD-8, and HLA-DR antigens, and showed rearrangements of the T-cell-receptor β-chain gene. To our knowledge, this type of lymphoma in an infant has not been reported before. Furthermore, aspergillosis is a rare presenting feature in patients with lymphoproliferative disease. In our case, it may reflect an underlying immune deficiency associated with the transformation and proliferation of a suppressor T cell.
Migration of minor actinides and lanthanides in fast reactor metallic fuel

Minor actinides (MA) and lanthanides (LA) migration to the cladding in fast reactor metallic fuel is a concern because of their reaction with the cladding material. MA and LA migration test results are analyzed and reactions with the cladding are characterized. Remedies for reducing MA and LA migration and reaction with cladding are reviewed. A possible method is proposed that includes the addition of a compound forming element such as indium or thallium in fuel. These elements preferentially form stable compounds with MA and LA and should therefore reduce migration of MA and LA. As an intrinsic solution to the issue, the feasibility of the use of U–Pu–Mo alloy as fuel is studied. Unlike U–Pu–Zr, U–Pu–Mo consists of a single phase at typical fuel operation temperatures, and should have negligible fuel constituent redistribution and reduce MA and LA migration.
Three Trends in Moral and Political Philosophy

There have been three good trends in moral and political philosophy over the last fifty years or so. First, there has been a trend toward rejecting special foundations, a trend that is exemplified by the widespread adoption of the method John Rawls adopts, in which particular judgments and principles are adjusted to each other in an attempt to reach “reflective equilibrium.” Second, there have been attempts to use intuitions about particular cases in order to arrive at new and often arcane moral principles like that of double effect, as in discussions of so-called trolley problems. Third, and perhaps most important, there has been increased interaction between scientific and philosophical studies of morality, as for example in philosophical reactions to psychological accounts of moral development and evolutionary explanations of aspects of morality.
Curvilinear coordinates for mode III crack plastic zone in a work hardening solid

Abstract For a problem in antiplane strain, a curvilinear coordinate system always exists in which one of the shear stress components (expressed in that coordinate system) is equal to zero and the other component is not. In an elastic solid, the radii of curvature R F and R T of the coordinate system trajectories must satisfy, ∂(1/ R F)/∂F−∂(1/ R T)/∂T=0, where F and T stand for finger and thumb directions. In a power law work hardening solid of exponent m the relationship that must be satisfied is ∂(1/ R F)/∂F−m∂(1/ R T)/∂T+(1−m)(1/ R F)(1/ R T)=0, when the shear stress exerted across a thumb trajectory is zero. The curvilinear coordinate system has yet to be found, which satisfies this equation for the problem of the mode III crack in general yielding in a power law work hardening solid. In this paper, curvilinear coordinates trajectory equations are obtained, which are valid only in the asymptotic region near a crack tip, in the asymptotic region near the center of the crack, and in the region distant from the crack itself.
Crustacean Models for Studying Calcium Transport: The Journey from Whole Organisms to Molecular Mechanisms

The crustacean moult cycle is a convenient model system in which to study calcium (Ca) homeostasis as vectorial movement across Ca transporting epithelia (gills, gastric epithelium, cuticular hypodermis, antennal gland) which occurs in either direction at different stages of the moulting cycle. Intermoult crustaceans are in relative Ca balance. During premoult, at the same time as the cuticle decalcifies, epithelia involved in Ca storage (e.g. gastric) calcify and/or increase their intracellular Ca stores. Premoult Ca balance is typically negative as Ca is excreted. During postmoult the soft new cuticle is remineralized largely with external Ca taken up across the gills and gastric epithelium (positive Ca balance); conversely during this time internally stored Ca is remobilized. This review (1) compares the relative roles of Ca transporting epithelia in Ca balance for crustaceans from different habitats; (2) proposes up-to-date cellular models for both apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical Ca transport in both noncalcifying and calcifying epithelia; (3) compares kinetics of the Ca pump and exchanger during intermoult; (4) presents new data on specific activity of calcium adenosinetriphosphatase (Ca2+ATPase) during the moult cycle of crayfish and (5) characterizes a partial cDNA sequence for the crayfish sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ATPase and documents its expression in gill, kidney and muscle of intermoult crayfish. The physiological and molecular characterization of Ca transporters in crustaceans will provide insight into the function, regulation and molecular evolution of mechanisms common to all eukaryotic cells.
A NOTE ON THE COMPLEXITY OF AN ALGORITHM FOR TCHEBYCHEFF APPROXIMATION

Some remarks are given concerning the complexity of an exchange algorithm for Tchebycheff Approximation. We consider an “exchange” algorithm that constructs the best polynomial of uniform approximation to a continuous function defined on a closed interval or a finite point set of real numbers. The first, and still popular, class of methods for this problem have been called “exchange algorithms”. We shall consider the simplest method of this class, a blood relative of the dual simplex method of linear programming, and a special case of the cutting plane method. The the idea of the method was initiated by Remes, [1] and [2]. See also Cheney [3], for further developments. Klee and Minty [4], (1972) showed by example that the number of steps in a Simplex method can be exponential in the dimension of the problem. Since then considerable effort has been expended trying to explain the efficiency experienced in practice. Recently, probabilistic models have been assumed that yield expected values for the number of steps with low order monomial behaviour. See for example, Borgwardt [5], and Smale [6]. Alternatively, one might ask can one somehow classify the good problems from the bad ones. We believe that this may be possible for the exchange algorithm.
Distinguishing Juvenile Stages of Jonah and Atlantic Rock Crabs, Cancer Borealis and C. Irroratus (Decapoda: Cancridae)

ABSTRACT The Jonah crab Cancer borealis and the Atlantic rock crab C. irroratus occur together in waters of the continental shelf and slope of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean between southeastern Canada and southeastern Florida, U.S.A. Characters that distinguish superficially similar juveniles of these species are presented. At carapace widths less than about 20 mm, juveniles can be distinguished by: (1) edges of the anterolateral teeth and orbital margins, granular in C. irroratus, serrate in C. borealis; (2) shape of the outer orbital tooth, rounded to more or less rectangular and coalesced with adjacent anterolateral tooth in C. irroratus, but with these teeth sharply pointed and well separated in C. borealis; and (3) surface of carapace, relatively smooth in C. irroratus, but granular and setose in C. borealis. Comparative illustrations are given.
A basis for a mathematical theory of computation, preliminary report

Programs that learn to modify their own behaviors require a way of representing algorithms so that interesting properties and interesting transformations of algorithms are simply represented. Theories of computability have been based on Turing machines, recursive functions of integers and computer programs. Each of these has artificialities which make it difficult to manipulate algorithms or to prove things about them. The present paper presents a formalism based on conditional forms and recursive functions whereby the functions computable in terms of certain base functions can be simply expressed. We also describe some of the formal properties of conditional forms, and a method called recursion induction for proving facts about algorithms.
Clinical value of noninducibility by high-dose isoproterenol versus rapid atrial pacing after catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Noninducibility by High-Dose Isoproterenol. Objective: To determine the relative clinical value of noninducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) by isoproterenol (ISO) and by rapid atrial pacing (RAP) in patients with paroxysmal AF (PAF). Background: AF can be induced by RAP or ISO in >85% of patients with PAF. Methods: ISO was administered in escalating doses of 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/min in 112 patients (age = 56 ± 13 years) with PAF before radiofrequency catheter ablation. AF was inducible in 97 of 112 patients (87%) at a mean dose of 15 ± 5 μg/min. RAP induced AF in the remaining 14 of 15 patients. Antral pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (APVI) was followed by ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) as necessary to terminate AF and render AF noninducible in response to ISO. Results: AF terminated during APVI in 72 of 111 patients (65%) and after APVI plus ablation of CFAEs in 11 of 111 patients (10%). In the remaining 28 patients (25%), sinus rhythm was restored by transthoracic cardioversion. RAP was performed in the last 61 consecutive patients who were rendered noninducible by ISO. RAP initiated AF in 20 of 61 patients (33%) and atrial flutter in 6 patients (10%). No additional ablation was performed if AF was induced with RAP; however, atrial flutter was targeted. At 12 ± 5 months, 63/75 patients (84%) who were noninducible by ISO and 2 of 8 (25%) who still were reinducible by ISO were free from recurrent AF after a single ablation procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs (P = 0.001). AF recurred in 20 of 36 patients (56%) who required cardioversion for persistent AF after ablation (P < 0.001). Among the 61 patients who also underwent RAP, 12 of 20 (60%) who were, and 31 of 41 (76%) who were not inducible by RAP were free from recurrent AF (P = 0.21). The accuracy of noninducibility as a predictor of clinical outcome was 83% with ISO and 64% by RAP (P = 0.03). Conclusions: The response to isoproterenol after catheter ablation of PAF more accurately predicts clinical outcome than the response to RAP. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 13–20, January 2010)
Elucidating the temperature response of survivorship in insects

Summary 1.In ectotherms, survivorship is dependent on the environmental temperature. This dependence can take the form of survivorship declining sharply at low and high temperatures and being relatively constant at intermediate temperatures (i.e. an inverted U-shaped or ‘flat-topped’ temperature response), or with survivorship exhibiting a maximum at an intermediate temperature (i.e. a unimodal temperature response). Data show that species differ in which response they exhibit, but there is no mechanistic explanation for why such differences exist. 2.Here we use a life-history-based approach to elucidate the temperature response of cumulative (egg-to-adult) survivorship. We focus on the fact that cumulative survivorship is a composite trait, arising from the multiplicative effects of stage-specific survivorship. 3.We show that the temperature response of cumulative survivorship depends on whether or not different life-history stages/age classes respond differentially to temperature. When all stages/age classes are similarly sensitive to temperature, cumulative survivorship exhibits an inverted U-shaped response. When different stages/age classes respond differentially to temperature variation, stages/age classes that are highly sensitive to temperature exhibit monotonically increasing/decreasing or saturating temperature responses, while stages/age classes that are relatively insensitive to temperature exhibit inverted U-shaped responses. Because the effects of stage/age-specific survivorship are multiplicative, the net result is a temperature response of cumulative survivorship that is unimodal and left-skewed (if the survivorship of the most sensitive stage/age class increases with increasing temperature) or unimodal and right-skewed (if the survivorship of the most sensitive stage/age class decreases with increasing temperature). 4.Tests of these predictions with data from insects lead to important insights about how ectotherms with different life-history patterns respond to temperature variation, information that is crucial in understanding how ectotherms with complex life cycles persist in the face of climate warming.
Double-transitions in Gd-Mn and Gd-Ni glasses

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of amorphous alloys with composition Gd 72− x T x G 28 where T represents Mn and Ni and G 28 represents Ga 18 B 10 were investigated. In the Mn alloys strong fluctuations in exchange are introduced on alloying and these lead to a cross-over from the double-transition or reentrant behavior of Gd 72 G 28 to paramagnetic-spin-glass transition behavior. In the case of the Ni system, Ni does not carry a moment and so dilution effects are introduced on alloying. The phase diagram for this system indicates that double-transition behavior exists over the complete amorphous compositional range studied and we argue that changes in structural short range order on alloying are important in producing the resulting phase diagram.
CYTOGENETICS AND EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF SARCOMAS

Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are diagnostically challenging. Recognition of specific cytogenetic abnormalities in these neoplasms has significantly reduced some of the associated difficulties and has provided valuable information on histopathogenesis. Commonly, translocations involving an exchange of chromosomal material and creation of novel chimeric genes are detected. These fusion genes frequently function as aberrant transcription factors that contribute to sarcomagenesis. New studies indicate that less commonly occurring variant fusion genes are also present in some tumors, eg, Ewing's sarcoma and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The clinical consequences, if any, of these variant hybrids are not yet known. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and are useful approaches in detecting these transcripts. In addition to translocations, supernumerary ring chromosomes are often encountered in sarcomas, particularly those of intermediate or borderline malignancy. Traditional fluorescence in situ hybridization, and recently, comparative genomic hybridization have uncovered the chromosomal composition of these rings as well as some associated gene amplifications in well-differentiated liposarcoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
Effect of metal oxides addition on the preparation of Si3N4 whiskers by vaporization of amorphous Si3N4

Abstract The effect of metal oxides addition in the preparation of Si 3 N 4 whiskers by reacting amorphous Si 3 N 4 and metal oxides was investigated experimentally and thermodynamically. The compacted bodies of amorphous Si 3 N 4 and a variety of metal oxides were heated at 1490°C, 700 torr in N 2 . Of all the metal oxides, the addition of TiO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 produced a silicide and nitrides such as TiN, CrN and FeSi in the compacted bodies after heating, and produced large mass loss of the compacted bodies. α-Si 3 N 4 whiskers were formed in only the TiO 2 addition system, and a Ti impurity was included in the whiskers. Thermodynamic calculation indicated that the decrease in Si 3 N 4 amount and the increase in SiO (gas) amount with increasing temperature were pronounced with the three systems, and that TiO gas was formed in the system of TiO 2 addition. From these results, it was concluded that high affinity of metal atoms in additives with Si 3 N 4 resulted in high partial pressure of SiO gas for nucleation of Si 3 N 4 whiskers. Furthermore, it was presumed that nitridation of the transported TiO gas and the condensation of SiO gas on the resulting TiN nucleus produced Si 3 N 4 whiskers.
Device and packaging considerations for MMIC-based millimeter-wave quasi-optical amplifier arrays

Practical implementation of millimeter-wave quasi-optical amplifier arrays will require high device uniformity across the array, efficient coupling to and from each gain device, good device-to-device isolation, and efficient heat removal. This paper presents techniques that address these issues for a 44 GHz MMIC-based design. To improve device uniformity, a double selective gate recess approach is introduced which results in a demonstrated 3 - 5X improvement in uniformity when compared to Raytheon's standard production pHEMT process. For packaging, direct backside interconnect technology (DBIT) is introduced as a bondwire-free scheme for connecting each amplifier to the array. This approach significantly reduces interconnect loss by reducing interconnect inductance. Measured insertion loss at 44 GHz for the DBIt transition is 0.35 dB compared to 2.3 dB for a typical bondwire transition produced on a manufacturing automated bonding machine. By eliminating bondwires which tend to radiate at millimeter wave frequencies, the DBIT approach also significantly improves the device-to-device isolation, thereby improving the array stability. The DBIT approach would not be viable if it could not effectively dissipate heat (a typical 25 watt array generates greater than 100 watts of heat). Finite element thermal analysis results are presented which show that the DBIT approach adds a tolerable 15.5 degree(s)C temperature rise over a standard solder-based MMIC die-attach to a heatsink. Thus, the DBIT approach, along with the double selective gate recess process, provides an attractive, low-loss, bondwire-free approach for producing uniform amplifier arrays.
TorsinA immunoreactivity in inclusion bodies in trinucleotide repeat diseases.

A mutation of the DYT1 gene, which codes for torsinA, has been identified as a cause of autosomal dominantly inherited dystonia. The function of torsinA is not yet known, but it is found throughout the central nervous system and has been identified in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease. We examined cases of Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia type III, and Huntington's disease-like 2 using antibodies to torsinA, and found that ubiquitinated, intranuclear neuronal inclusions were torsinA-immunoreactive, possibly indicating a role for torsinA in protein degradation. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Maintenance of Helisoma trivolvis naturally infected with Echinostoma trivolvis in spring water at 4°C for 300 days

Helisoma trivolvis (Pennsylvania strain) snails naturally infected with Echinostoma trivolvis larvae were maintained for 10 months (300 days) at 4 degrees C in artificial spring water to determine the effects of storage on parasite survival. Three of 20 snails were alive at 10 months and when isolated in spring water at 22-24 degrees C released active cercariae. The mean number of cercariae released in 2 h from each stored snail was significantly less than that from freshly collected snails. Infectivity of cercariae from stored hosts to experimentally infected, laboratory-raised Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) snails was significantly less than that of cercariae from fresh hosts based on cyst recoveries in the Colorado strain of H. trivolvis within 24 h p.i. There was no significant difference in the redial number or the number of cercariae per redia in stored versus fresh snails. In conclusion, some reduction in cercarial emergence and decrease in cercarial infectivity to a second intermediate snail host occurred following storage of H. trivolvis naturally infected with E. trivolvis in ASW at 4 degrees C for 10 months.
Acute Onset of a Hemorrhagic Rash in an Otherwise Well-Appearing Infant

10-month-old, previously healthy girl presented withacute onset of a diffuse, hemorrhagic rash. Physicalexamination revealed multiple non-blanchable redplaques on her bilateral hands, feet, cheeks, and ears(Figure 1; and Figures 2 and 3; available at www.jpeds.com). A small red papule was present on the lower lip.Minimal edema of the hands and feet was also present, butno involvement of the conjunctiva, oropharynx, or othermucous membranes was noted (Figure 4; available at www.jpeds.com). The patient was well-appearing, playful, andafebrile, with stable vital signs.This patient had been treated 1 week prior for congestion,conjunctivitis, and otitis media with both moxiﬂoxacin andamoxicillin/clavulanate.Shehadnohistoryofvomiting,diar-rhea, melena, or hematochezia. Urine dipstick was negativefor blood and protein.Thispatient’sclinicalpresentationwasconsistentwithadi-agnosis of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI), orFinkelstein’s disease. AHEI is a benign, small vessel vasculitischaracterizedbytheacuteonsetofhemorrhagic,targetoid,orrosette-shaped lesionsthat aremost commonlyfoundontheface, ears, and extremities.
Restraining Golem and Harnessing Pygmalion in the Classroom: A Laboratory Study of Managerial Expectations and Task Design

In seeking to enhance teaching effectiveness, educators and trainers are demonstrating a growing interest in understanding positive expectations and the resulting Pygmalion effect. Unfortunately, t...
Adjuvant radiation therapy for rectal cancer

Abstract Since 1976, 104 patients with rectal cancer have been treated with a new approach of combined pre- and postoperative radiation. All patients were given 500 rad preoperative irradiation on the day of or the day before surgery. Surgery in the majority of patients was an abdominal perinea) resection. The disease was then staged pathologically according to Astler-Coller's modification of Duke's staging. Patients with early stage cancer (Stages A and B 1 ,) were followed with no further therapy. Patients with poor prognostic characteristics (Stages B 2 , C 1 , C 2 ) were given postoperative pelvic irradiation (4500 rad in 5 weeks). Twenty-nine patients were found to have Stage A or B 1 , cancer and were followed with no further therapy. Of these 29 patients, 1 patient developed recurrence and one has died of metastatic disease. The excellent survival of patients with early tumors indicates that minimizing the role of adjuvant therapy in this group has not been detrimental to their survival. Fifteen were found to have liver metastases at laparotomy and had just a colostomy and palliative therapy. Sixty patients had Stage B2 and C disease. Thirty-one received postoperative irradiation as per protocol. Twenty-nine patients did not receive postoperative irradiation for a variety of reasons. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 7 years in these patients. Of the 29 patients with Stage B 2 and C disease who should have but did not receive postoperative radiation, 10 patients (34%) have developed a recurrence in the pelvis, and 5 other patients (17%) have developed metastatic disease. Of 31 patients who received postoperative irradiation, only 2 patients (6%) developed a focal recurrence and 4 patients (13%) have developed distant metastases. Survival at 3 years was 80% for patients receiving the combined treatment, as compared to 42% for those not receiving the postoperative part of the treatment protocol.
Ferriman-Gallwey Scores, Serum Androgen and Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Levels in Hirstute Adolescent Girls

Abstract Objective To study Ferriman-Gallwey (FG) scoring in adolescents with an aim to correlate these scores with serum androgens and mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS). Design Cross sectional study. Setting Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Clinic of a university hospital. Patients Twenty-four hirsute adolescent girls age 12-19 with a FG score of 6 or greater. Interventions FG examination and collection of serum levels of MIS, total testosterone, free testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, cortisol, and androstenedione. Main Outcome Measures Correlation between FG scores in adolescents and serum androgens and MIS. Results Weak correlations were seen between FG score and FSH, free-testosterone, total testosterone, and cortisol. Increasing FG scores correlated with an increase in cortisol. As FG score increased, FSH, free-testosterone, and total testosterone decreased. There was no statistical relationship between FG score and LH, androstenedione, prolactin, and MIS. There were weak positive correlations between MIS levels and FSH, total testosterone, and androstenedione. There was no evidence for a linear relationship between MIS levels and LH, free testosterone, cortisol, prolactin, and FG score. Conclusions The utility of FG scoring in adolescents is unknown. There were no direct correlations found with MIS levels and FG score. MIS was not found to be a predictor of hirsutism. A larger study is needed to assess the clinical relevance of FG scoring and presence of underlying causes of hirsutism in adolescents.