cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The physiological response to the communication modes: reading, listening, writing, speaking, and evaluating.

Thirty male and thirty-three female college students were run in a 3 × 5 factorial design. The three classes of stimuli were personal, pleasant, and aversive words, and the five treatment conditions were Reading, Listening, Writing, Speaking and Evaluating. The stimuli (except for the Listening condition which employed a tape recorder) were presented by tachistoscopic slide projection, in successive random drawings for each treatment. The physiological measurements were taken by a Fels Dermohmeter and a Gilford Cardiotachometer. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The five modes of communication were found to be in an increasing order of GSR arousal as follows: Reading, Listening, Writing, Speaking, Evaluating. Listening and Writing have significantly more arousal than Reading at the .05 level of significance. Listening and Writing were not significantly different from each other, but Speaking was significantly greater than those two modes at the .01 level, and Evaluating was significantly greater than Speaking at the .01 level. The GSR data also showed that personal words produced more arousal than either pleasant or aversive words at the .01 level of significance. Heart rate measures failed to establish significant differences between the five modes of communication or the three categories of stimulus words. However, individual words did show significant patterns among the communication modes. Some patterns were beyond the .05 level and one was beyond the .01 level.
Diagenetic history of Eocene Wilcox sandstones, South-Central Texas

Abstract Sandstones and shales of the lower Eocene Wilcox Group extend from outcrop to depths greater than 5 km where temperatures exceed 200°C. Eight authigenic minerals have been identified. Quartz, kaolinite, calcite, ankerite and albitized plagioclase are volumetrically significant, whereas chlorite, illite, albite overgrowths and dolomite are present only in trace amounts. Quartz, kaolinite, and ankerite cements are present over the entire depth range sampled (1528 to 4446 m). Calcite cement occurs only in sandstones shallower than 3300 m. Albitized plagioclase is the predominant feldspar in samples deeper than 2600 m whereas detrital potassium feldspar has been completely dissolved out of sandstones deeper than about 3200 m. No systematic variations in the chemical composition of calcite with depth, no zoning within calcite or ankerite, and no compositional differences between pore-filling and grain-replacing calcite or ankerite were found. Calcite cements have 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios generally less than 0.708, whereas ankerite cements are significantly enriched in 87Sr. The oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate cement ranges between −9 and −14%. (PDB) for calcite and between −8 and −12%. for ankerite with no systematic variation with depth. Calculated δ18O values for authigenic quartz and kaolinite range from +22 to +31%. (SMOW) and from +14 to +17%., respectively. Volumetrically important amounts of authigenic quartz and kaolinite precipitated during early burial before calcite cementation, secondary porosity generation, or smectite to illite transformation in encasing shales. The isotopic composition of strontium in calcite cement shows most of it to be of Eocene or older marine carbonate origin. Ankerite cementation followed the generation of secondary porosity and occurred after the products of organic maturation and shale diagenesis, plagioclase albitization or potassium feldspar dissolution significantly affected the sandstone-pore water system.
Solid-state structure of thermally crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene

The solid-state structure of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) after crystallization from the melt and the glassy state was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density, and X-ray diffraction analysis. It was possible to prepare semicrystalline s-PS containing either the pure α- or the pure β-crystalline form by melt crystallizing s-PS from 280 or 330°C. The measurements confirmed the low density of both crystalline forms, which in the case of α-crystalline form was smaller and in the case of β-crystalline form was only slightly larger than the density of the glassy amorphous s-PS. An endeavor to introduce the crystalline phase in s-PS through cold crystallization at constant temperature above the glass transition resulted in a complex ordered phase. This ordered phase, depending on the crystallization temperature, contained the planar chain mesomorphic phase and the α-crystalline phase with a low degree of perfection (cold crystallization in the range 120–175°C) or a mixture of the α- and β-crystalline forms with a high degree of perfection (cold crystallization in the range 210–260°C). The combination of DSC and X-ray measurements enabled us to resolve the complex ordered structure in semicrystalline s-PS after cold crystallization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2705–2715, 2002
Surgical management of renal artery aneurysms.

Abstract Purpose This retrospective review describes the surgical management and clinical outcome for renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) in 62 consecutive patients. Methods From January 1987 through July 2003, 804 patients had operative renal artery (RA) repair involving 1206 kidneys at our center. A subgroup of 62 patients (42 women, 20 men; mean age 46 ± 18 years) received repair of 72 RAAs. Demographic data, comorbidity, and surgical technique were examined. Blood pressure and renal function response were determined. Patency of repair was evaluated by renal duplex sonography. Primary patency and patient survival were estimated by life-table methods. Tests of association were performed using χ 2 and the Student t tests. Results Seventy-two RAs were repaired for RAA with a mean diameter of 2.6 cm (range, 1.3 to 5.5 cm). Bilateral RAAs were present in 21 patients. Associated conditions included fibromuscular dysplasia, atherosclerosis, and arteritis in 54%, 35%, and 7%, respectively. Hypertension was present in 89% (mean blood pressure, 171 ± 35/95 ± 19 mm Hg; mean medications, 2.2 ± 1.2 drugs) and renal insufficiency was present in 8% (mean serum creatinine, 1.9 ± 0.6 mg/dL). RAA repair included bypass (67%), aneurysmorrhaphy (15%), or a combination (17%). One planned nephrectomy (1%) was performed for un-reconstructable disease. Branch RA reconstruction in 78% used ex vivo cold perfusion in 50%, in situ cold perfusion in 29%, and warm in situ repair in 21%. Of 9 bilateral RAA repairs, 7 (78%) were staged and 2 (22%) were simultaneous. Combined aortic reconstruction was required in 6 (10%) patients. Perioperative death occurred in 1 patient (1.6%), and significant morbidity was observed in 8 patients (12%). Hypertension was considered improved in 54%, cured in 21%, and unchanged in 25% at mean follow-up of 48 months (range, 1-156 months). Among patients with renal insufficiency, renal function was improved in 3 (60%), unchanged in 1 (20%), and declined in 1 (20%). Follow-up patency (mean, 33 months; range, 1-118 months) was determined for 64 (91%) RA reconstructions. Product-limit estimate of primary patency at 48 months was 96%. Product-limit estimate of survival was 91% at 120 months. Conclusion RAAs were repaired with low morbidity and mortality. Complex branch RAA repair using cold perfusion preservation and ex vivo techniques resulted in no unplanned nephrectomy, with an estimated primary patency of 96% at 48 months. Beneficial blood pressure response was observed in the majority of hypertensive patients. These results support selective surgical management of RAA.
Biopterin. V. De novo synthesis of dihydrobiopterin: evidence for its quinonoid structure and lack of dependence of its reduction to tetrahydrobiopterin on dihydrofolate reductase.

Samples of quinonoid-l-erythrodihydrobiopterin (q-BH2) and quinonoid-6-methyl-dihydro-pterin (q-6-MPH2) were prepared by oxidation of l-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-methylpterin (6-MPH4) and separated from D-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH2) and 6-methyl-7,8-dihydropterin (7,8-6-MPH2) as well as from the tetrahydropterins on phosphocellulose column by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The quinonoid dihydropterins were identified and quantitated by scan of their ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence emission spectra through their rearrangement to their 7,8-tautomer and also by gas chromatography of their rapidly synthesized trimethylsilyl derivative. Identification was also achieved by the enzymatic reduction of [3H]q-BH2to [3H]BH4 by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Direct proof for the enzymatic synthesis of the q-BH2 from GTP or from 2-amino-6-(5′-triphosphoribosyl)-amino-5- or -6-formamido-6-hydroxypyrimi-dine (FPyd-P3) was obtained by isolation of the compound which was identical in all respects to the q-BH2 obtained by chemical synthesis from BH4. The reduction of enzymatically synthesized q-BH2 by dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) to BH4 was not inhibited by methotrexate (MTX). When the enzymatically synthesized q-BH2 was converted to 7,8-BH2, it was reduced only by DHFR. This reduction, however, was inhibited by MTX. On the biosynthetic pathway from GTP to dihydrobiopterin, the enzyme responsible for the appearance of the quinonoid structure is the d-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate synthetase, the product of which (quinonoid d-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate) is converted to quinonoid dihydrobiopterin by l-erythro-dihydrobiopterin synthetase. Experiments in vivo established that DHFR does not participate in the reduction of dihydrobiopterin to tetra-hydrobiopterin when the former is synthesized from GTP de novo. MTX at 5 × 10−6M exerted no inhibition on the reduction of the biosynthetic dihydrobiopterin to tetrahydrobiopterin in vivo, yet completely inhibited the reduction of intraventricularly injected tritiated dihydrofolate ([3H]FH2) to tritiated tetrahydrofolate ([3H]FH4).
Macromolecule-Induced Clustering of Hard Spheres

Abstract The connectivity Ornstein–Zernike formalism, together with the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM), is employed to describe connectivity and network formation in mixtures of spheres and polymers. Results are presented for the percolation of spheres induced by both flexible coil-like and rigid rod-like linear polymers; the Percus–Yevick (PY) approximation is used throughout. Our results are compared with predictions based on the adhesive hard sphere (AHS) model, and correlations with the polymer-mediated second virial coefficient between spheres are discussed.
The Paradox of Artificial Sweeteners in Managing Obesity

The role of artificial sweeteners in the management of obesity is controversial. Observational data have suggested that nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) may promote weight gain through poorly understood mechanisms of cravings, reward phenomenon, and addictive behavior via opioid receptors. Interventional studies suggest the opposite that substitution of NNS for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) results in reduced caloric intake and modest degrees of weight loss. Whether the use of NNS provides benefit toward weight reduction in the individual patient may depend on the characteristics of their baseline diet, associated changes, or dietary compensation involved with ingestion of NNS, and the degree of compliance with a more complete weight loss program.
Eyelid cysts, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis

We report a case of multiple ectodermal defects with the principal features of eyelid apocrine hydrocystomas, hypodontia, and hypotrichosis. To the best of our knowledge this is the second such report and presents histologic features that are unique in our experience.
Expression of mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene confers methotrexate resistance in transgenic petunia plants.

Transgenic petunia plants containing an altered (Leu22→Arg22) mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene fused to the cauliflower mosiac virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoter and nopaline synthase (nos) polyadenylation site were obtained by transforming petunia leaf disks with anAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain carrying the chimeric gene. Transformants were directly selected for and rooted on medium containing 1ΜM methotrexate (MTX). The chimeric gene was present in the regenerated plants at one to three copies and produced the expected 950-nucleotide-long transcript based on Southern and Northern hybridization analyses, respectively. Leaf pieces from the regenerated transgenic plants were able to form callus when cultured on medium containing 1 ΜM MTX and were able to incorporate32P into high-molecular-weight DNA in the presence of > 100 ΜM MTX, thus demonstrating that the chimeric mouse dhfr gene was fully functional and useful as a selectable marker in plant transformation experiments. To date, this is the first report of successful expression of a vertebrate gene in transformed plant cells.
Ultrasonographic features of prostatic carcinoma

Over an 18-mo period, 93 prostate examinations were performed by a suprapubic transabdominal approach. By applying ultrasonographic tissue textural analysis, we were able to identify 16 out of 19 carcinomas. Most of these analyses showed ill-defined focal abnormalities located either in the posterior or the posterior-lateral portion of the gland. Ten of the analyses demonstrated increase echogenicity, while six demonstrated decreased echogenicity. Irregularity of the capsule was an unreliable sign in determining capsular invasion. The degree of extension appears to be better evaluated by computed tomography (CT). In conclusion, transabdominal ultrasound holds promise in the detection of prostatic carcinoma, while staging should be done by CT.
Neural generators of early cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in the awake monkey.

Abstract Controversy continues to exist regarding the generators of the initial cortical components of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). This issue was explored by detailed epidural and intracortical mapping of somatosensory evoked activity in Old World monkeys. In depth recordings, 3 complementary procedures were utilized: (1) the intracortical and subcortical distribution of SEPs was determined from approximately 4000 locations; (2) concomitant profiles of multiple unit activity (MUA) were recorded as an estimate of local action potential profiles; (3) 1-dimensional calculations of current source density (CSD) were used to outline the timing and pattern of regional transmembrane current flow. Our analysis confirms the participation of multiple cortical areas, located on either side of the central sulcus, in the generation of the initial cortical SEP components. Earliest activity, P10, was localized to area 3, followed within milliseconds by activation of areas 1, 2 (P12), and 4 (P13). In SI (Brodmann's areas 3, 1 and 2), the initial SEP components reflect the depolarization of lamina 4 stellate cells and the subsequent activation of adjacent pyramidal cells in laminae 3 and 5. The genesis of later cortical components (P20, N45) represents the composite of activity distributed across multiple cortical laminae and the interaction of overlapping excitatory and inhibitory events. These findings have direct implications for the clinical interpretation of SEP waveforms.
Medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of aggressive hypersexual behaviour in traumatic brain injury.

Sexual function is among the many areas affected by traumatic brain injury. The most common change is decreased sexual performance and satisfaction, for the brain injured person and the sexual partner. Hypersexuality, especially inappropriate sexual comments and gestures, is also a common result of traumatic brain injury. A case of hypersexuality in a severely disabled brain injured man is presented. He was successfully treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate after failure of multiple other treatment strategies. The literature is reviewed. An evaluation and treatment strategy for sexual dysfunction post traumatic brain injury is presented.
Roles of the CDC24 gene product in cellular morphogenesis during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle.

Temperature-sensitive yeast mutants defective in gene CDC24 continued to grow (i.e., increase in cell mass and cell volume) at restrictive temperature (36 degrees C) but were unable to form buds. Staining with the fluorescent dye Calcofluor showed that the mutants were also unable to form normal bud scars (the discrete chitin rings formed in the cell wall at budding sites) at 36 degrees C; instead, large amounts of chitin were deposited randomly over the surfaces of the growing unbudded cells. Labeling of cell-wall mannan with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated concanavalin A suggested that mannan incorporation was also delocalized in mutant cells grown at 36 degrees C. Although the mutants have well-defined execution points just before bud emergence, inactivation of the CDC24 gene product in budded cells led both to selective growth of mother cells rather than of buds and to delocalized chitin deposition, indicating that the CDC24 gene product functions in the normal localization of growth in budded as well as in unbudded cells. Growth of the mutant strains at temperatures less than 36 degrees C revealed allele-specific differences in behavior. Two strains produced buds of abnormal shape during growth at 33 degrees C. Moreover, these same strains displayed abnormal localization of budding sites when growth at 24 degrees C (the normal permissive temperature for the mutants); in each case, the abnormal pattern of budding sites segregated with the temperature sensitivity in crosses. Thus, the CDC24 gene product seems to be involved in selection of the budding site, formation of the chitin ring at that site, the subsequent localization of new cell wall growth to the budding site and the growing bud, and the balance between tip growth and uniform growth of the bud that leads to the normal cell shape.
Potential future dead wood dynamics in a multi-ownership region: the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA.

Abstract Dead wood is important to the processes, structural complexity, and biodiversity of forested ecosystems. Forest management may have unforeseen consequences to dead wood via the interaction of proposed activities with the legacy of past management, natural disturbance, and site productivity. We assessed the potential effects of future forest management for a 300-year period across a large (ca. 23,000 km2) forested region that contains numerous ownerships and land management strategies. To do this, we used an ecological gap model (ZELIG), a dead wood decomposition dynamics model (CWDM), live and dead wood data from a physiographic province-wide plot database, and ownership- and land-allocation-specific management prescriptions. Dead wood amounts were projected to increase over the simulation period across the region, primarily because conservation-oriented management approaches utilized on federal lands increased the volume of large logs and snags and number of large snags on federal lands. Large snags and logs decreased on forest industry lands as legacy dead wood derived from historical natural disturbance events was not replaced through management. The results of this study provide an estimate of the maximum potential amounts of dead wood in the forests of the Coastal Province of Oregon, USA, under current policies and forest management, given model assumptions. In cases where current amounts of dead wood may be lower than those present historically, conservation-oriented policies designed to maintain or increase dead wood amounts, such as the Northwest Forest Plan, may have a strong positive influence on large dead wood abundance and related biodiversity in parts of a region that are also under intensive management.
Psychological findings in early treated cases of female pseudohermaphroditism caused by virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Nine female adolescents with female pseudohermaphroditism resulting from virilizing congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia (CAH) were studied in terms of gender identity, sex-role behavior, psychological adjustment, and psychosexual development. A group of adolescents with chronic illess was used as a control. The Draw-A-Person, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, Rorschach, TAT, and a questionnaire reviewing peer and romantic activities were administered to both groups. The two groups were comparable on measures of general personality adjustment, with the CAH girls showing a trend toward greater bodily concerns. Sex-role identity for both groups was near the adolescent girl norms for both Femininity and Masculinity, with virilized CAH girls showing slightly higher Androgyny scores. Significant differences were found on gender identity as measured by greater differentiation of the drawn male figure as well as a trend toward drawing the male figure first. The CAH females also showed consistent patterns of psychosocial delay in dating and sexual relations as compared to the control group. Gender identity in this group appears to be mediated by body image. The resulting ambivalence may be evidence of feelings of incompetence, leading to resistance to social interactions and goals involving intimacy and nurturance.
On Small-Scale Hydromagnetic Flow in the Earth's Core: Motion of a Rigid Cylinder Parallel to Its Axis.

This is an attempt to understand better the dynamics of the small-scale compositionally buoyant flow in the Earth's core which may be responsible for the generation of the Earth's magnetic field by dynamo action, by determining the rise law and the flow structures of a buoyant rigid cylinder rising in a rotating electrically conducting fluid in the presence of a large-scale magnetic field. The problem is linearized by assuming small Rossby and magnetic Reynolds numbers, and the Lorentz force is assumed to be larger than the viscous and Coriolis forces. It is found that the rise speed is larger than one would expect from simple scaling arguments
Electromagnetic interference to radar receivers due to OFDM communications systems

New technology and innovations are giving rise to novel and diverse wireless systems. Unfortunately, as these systems come to fruition worldwide, the already crowded spectrum becomes even more congested due to the high-speed data links offered by systems like WiMAX and LTE. The general focus in spectrum engineering in the last couple of decades has been on reducing radar interference with communication systems. Research has explored design modifications of the radar transmitter and transmitted waveforms to be more spectrally efficient. Techniques such as power amplifier pre-distortion have been explored to minimize out-of-band emissions. However, little insight has been gained on the interoperability between radars and communication systems, specifically mitigating emissions at their receivers other than with simple analog solutions such as filtering. A full complement of solutions and a thorough investigation of the difficulties associated with interoperation must be explored to accommodate problems at both the receiver and the transmitter.
Impediments to Clinical Research in the United States

Clinical trials are essential to the evaluation of promising scientific discoveries, but they are becoming unsustainably burdensome, threatening to deprive patients and health-care providers of new therapies and new evidence to guide the use of existing treatments. Regulations are often blamed for impeding clinical research, but there are other elements of the clinical trials enterprise that also have the potential to add burdens, through either imposed requirements or incentives that do not favor clinical research (Figure 1).
Scalable simulation of complex network routing policies

Modern routing protocols for the internet implement complex policies that take more into account than just path length. However, current routing protocol simulators are limited to either working with hard-coded policies or working on small networks (1000 nodes or less). It is currently not possible to ask questions about how the routing tables will change on all of the autonomous systems (e.g., AT&T, Sprint, etc.) in the internet, given a change in the routing protocol. This paper presents a routing policy simulation framework that enables such simulations to be done on resources that are readily available to researchers, such as a small set of typical desktops. We base the policy simulation framework on the Routing Algebra Meta-Language (RAML), which is a formal framework for specifying routing policies. Our theoretical contributions include proving that the signatures and the meet operation induced by the preference operator in RAML define a semilattice and that routing policy simulation frameworks are analogous to data-flow analysis frameworks.The main problem we address is that direct implementation of routing policy simulation has scaling issues due to the O(n^2) memory requirements for routing tables. However, due to properties of routing algebras specified in RAML, we are able to segment the simulation problem into multiple runs that propagate route information for subsets of the network on each run. This strategy enables us to perform a simulation that does not exceed system memory on typical desktops and enables the 43 minute, parallel simulation of a real network topology (33k nodes) and an approximation of the common BGP protocol.
Biodegradation of the Surfactant Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate in Sewage-Contaminated Groundwater: A Comparison of Column Experiments and Field Tracer Tests

Transport and biodegradation of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in sewage-contaminated groundwater were investigated for a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations. Both laboratory column and an 80-day continuous injection tracer test field experiments were conducted. The rates of LAS biodegradation increased with increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations and indicated the preferential biodegradation of the longer alkyl chain LAS homologues (i.e., C12 and C13) and external isomers (i.e., 2- and 3-phenyl). However, for similar dissolved oxygen concentrations, mass removal rates for LAS generally were 2−3 times greater in laboratory column experiments than in the field tracer test. Under low oxygen conditions (<1 mg/L) only a fraction of the LAS mixture biodegraded in both laboratory and field experiments. Biodegradation rate constants for the continuous injection field test (0.002−0.08 day-1) were comparable to those estimated for a 3-h injection (pulsed) tracer test conducted under similar biogeochemi...
Optics study of the MMRL system

A novel IPL technique called Maskless Micro-ion-beam Reduction lithography (MMRL) is being studied for future DRAMs and microprocessors manufacturing. In addition extendible minimum feature sizes to 50 nm or less, required of next generation lithography (NLG) candidates, this MMRL system can completely eliminate the first stage of the conventional IPL system that contains the complicated beam optics design in front of the stencil mask and the mask itself. Its main components consist of a multicusp RF plasma generator, a multi-beamlet extraction system, and an accelerator column for beam reduction. The viability of this MMRL system hinges upon the successful development of these components, most importantly the proposed all-electrostatic accelerator column. This paper describes the different components of the MMRL system and its ion optics. Computational results of beam demagnification and optics optimization are also presented along with design progress of the prototype MMRL system.
An extensible modeling framework for dynamic reassignment and rerouting in cooperative airborne operations

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), increasingly vital to the success of military operations, operate in a complex and dynamic environment, sometimes in concert with manned aircraft. We present an extensible modeling framework for the solution to the dynamic resource management (DRM) problem, where airborne resources must be reassigned to time-sensitive tasks in response to changes in battlespace conditions. The DRM problem is characterized by diverse tasks with time windows, heterogeneous resources with fuel- and payload-capacity limitations, and multiple competing objectives. We propose an integer linear programing formulation for this problem, where mathematical feasibility is guaranteed. Although motivated by airborne military operations, the proposed general modeling framework is applicable to a wide array of settings, such as disaster relief operations. Additionally, land- or water-based operations may be modeled within this framework, as well as any combination of manned and unmanned vehicles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010
Advocating for the Rights of the Child Through Family–School Collaboration

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child celebrates its 25th anniversary in 2014 as the premier international human rights treaty focused on childhood rights and protections. In this article, we briefly review the 41 substantive principles embodied in the 54 Articles of the Convention and stress the need for educators, and specifically school psychologists, to work in concert with families to promote these premises through effective collaborative partnerships. Finally, we review examples of how the themes and positive ideology of the Convention can be enhanced through family–school collaboration infused into schooling practices within a multitiered service delivery framework to meet the learning and development best interests of the child.
Metal Isotope Effect on Metal‐Ligand Vibrations

Exploitation of the isotope effect using heavy metal isotopes now makes it possible to give clear-cut assignments of the metal-ligand vibrations in the IR and Raman spectra of complex compounds. The results previously obtained with this new method and their current limitations form the subject of this progress report.
Bacteriuria in delirious individuals

With interest we read the commentary by McKenzie et al about bacteriuria and delirium. Although we believe the authors are absolutely correct in arguing for the lack of benefit of antibiotic therapy in asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly patients, they may misinterpret the main impetus for antibiotic prescribing for delirious elderly patients with an abnormal urinalysis or a positive urine culture. Many, if not most, prescribers are cognizant of the lack of benefit in treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in the elderly. Based on our discussions with many colleagues who treat this patient population, their foremost concern is that of possible urosepsis with delirium as a manifestation, and not just an asymptomatic bacteriuria. Given the relative frequency with which septic elderly patients clinically present with lack of fever or leukocytosis, physicians are left with no sensitive and specific means of distinguishing early urosepsis with delirium from delirium of another etiology with accompanying irrelevant asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Political party development in divided societies: the case of Ukraine

Abstract Theoretically, we are interested in how party development progresses in newly "democratic" polities. We have selected Ukraine as our case for empirical analysis. The research reported in this article is funded by the National Science Foundation and is based on 1995 and 1997 public opinion polls. The data reveal that voting decisions can be reasonably well predicted given knowledge of each individual citizen's regional place of residence, language use and national identification. Understanding party support in divided societies, however, is not so simple as would be implied in such a straightforward socio-demographic analysis. The most salient independent effect on vote choice in Ukraine is orientation toward the Russian Question, along with the effect of language and pocketbook evaluations. Therefore, we conclude that in addition to the effects of the electoral system, the influence of an expected international confrontation (with Russia) is influencing the emerging party system in Ukraine.
Introduction: Women writing culture: another telling of the story of American anthropology

En reaction a l'ouvrage « Writing Culture : the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography » auquel une seule femme avait participe, l'A. denonce cet aspect masculin de l'anthropologie et met en avant les oeuvres feminines afin de renouveler l'anthropologie americaine. Une breve presentation des articles sur le theme de la culture ecrite par les femmes est donnee
Comments on “indicators of the impact of R&D on the economy”

These comments assert that the relationships between R&D expenditures and productivity growth are far more complex than they are ordinarily made out to be. R&D expenditures include several very different components, and only a rather small percentage of the total consists of expenditures upon basic science. One should not expect a very close association over time, or among countries, between spending upon R&D and the observed growth in economic productivity.
Effect of glycosaminoglycans and PEG on fusion of sendai virus with phosphatidylserine vesicles

Abstract The fusion of Sendai virus with phosphatidylserine vesicles was monitored by a pyrene-phosphatidylcholine fluorescence assay. A strong influence of pH and ionic strength on the extent of fusion was observed. The negatively-charged polymers (dextran sulfate, heparin and chondroitin sulfate) inhibited the ability of the viruses to fuse with the liposomes. The extent of inhibition, for a given amount (w/v) of the polymers, was the greatest for dextran sulfate followed by heparine and chondroitin sulfate. The extent of inhibition depended on the pH and ionic strength of the solution; the lower the pH of the solution, the more effective the fusion inhibition by the polymers. The molecular weight of dextran sulfate (DS) influenced the inhibition effecct, i.e., DS with higher molecular weight exhibited a stronger inhibition effect. The presence of sodium sulfate, even in excess concentration, had no inhibitory effect on fusion. On the other hand, PEG had an opposite effect on fusion compared to the negatively-charged polymers, and it decreased their inhibition effect when both were present in the same media. It is concluded that the inhibition of the fusion activity of Sendai virus results from the adherence of negatively-charged polymers to the virus surface preventing close contacts between the virus and liposome surface.
SMARTGEN: the implementation of an expert system for the generation of digital logic diagnostic tests

Test generation for digital logic can be traced back as early as 1959, to Eldred [1], although it lacked formalism at that time. Eldred presented the idea of single path sensitization. It didn't take long for the engineering community to come up with circuits, for which Eldred's approach failed to detect all detectable faults. This led to the development of the D-Algorithm for test generation, by P. Roth [2]. The D-Algorithm was based on mathematical foundations and provided a formal approach to test generation. It suggested the classical idea of test generation; namely, a simple search of the test circuit at the gate level.
A DSM-III-R Computer Tutorial for Abnormal Psychology

This article describes an interactive computer program that presents clinical vignettes to students who then determine the proper codes according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. [DSM-III] and 3rd ed., rev. [DSM-111-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1980 and 1987, respectively). Seventy-eight abnormal psychology students used the tutorial and a library exercise in a counterbalanced design. Computer tutorial students had significantly greater knowledge of the DSM-111 and specific diagnoses. In addition, students enthusiastically recommended the tutorial for future classes. This tutorial is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate classes.
The Argument from Silence

The argument from silence is a pattern of reasoning in which the failure of a known source to mention a particular fact or event is used as the ground of an inference, usually to the conclusion that the supposed fact is untrue or the supposed event did not actually happen. Such arguments are widely used in historical work, but they are also widely contested. This paper surveys some inadequate attempts to model this sort of argument, offers a new analysis using a Bayesian probabilistic framework that isolates the most problematic step in such arguments, illustrates a key problem besetting many uses of the argument, diagnoses the attraction of the argument in terms of a known human cognitive bias affecting the critical step, and suggests a standard that must be met in order for any argument from silence to have more than a very weak influence on historical reasoning.
The Dicke cycle: A ∼27-day solar oscillation

Measurements of solar EUV irradiance show, besides the ∼11-year Schwabe cycle, a series of oscillations with a ∼27-day period. They are generally explained by the passage of active regions across the solar surface resulting from the Sun's rotation, but the calculated amplitude underestimates the observed long-term variation in irradiance (Lean 1991). The variant of this model proposed here is modulation of EUV emission from the corona by rotation of the Sun's radiative zone. The response would be immediate, raising the prospect of short-term forecasting of EUV effects on space weather and on the Earth's atmospheric circulation.
CO2 hydrate composite for ocean carbon sequestration.

Rapid CO2 hydrate formation was investigated with the objective of producing a negatively buoyant CO2-seawater mixture under high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, simulating direct CO2 injection at intermediate ocean depths of 1.0-1.3 km. A coflow reactor was developed to maximize CO2 hydrate production by injecting water droplets (e.g., approximately 267 microm average diameter) from a capillary tube into liquid CO2. The droplets were injected in the mixing zone of the reactor where CO2 hydrate formed at the surface of the water droplets. The water-encased hydrate particles aggregated in the liquid CO2, producing a paste-like composite containing CO2 hydrate, liquid CO2, and water phases. This composite was extruded into ambient water from the coflow reactor as a coherent cylindrical mass, approximately 6 mm in diameter, which broke into pieces 5-10 cm long. Both modeling and experiments demonstrated that conversion from liquid CO2 to CO2 hydrate increased with water flow rate, ambient pressure, and residence time and decreased with CO2 flow rate. Increased mixing intensity, as expressed by the Reynolds number, enhanced the mass transfer and increased the conversion of liquid CO2 into CO2 hydrate. Using a plume model, we show that hydrate composite particles (for a CO2 loading of 1000 kg/s and 0.25 hydrate conversion) will dissolve and sink through a total depth of 350 m. This suggests significantly better CO2 dispersal and potentially reduced environmental impacts than would be possible by simply discharging positively buoyant liquid CO2 droplets. Further studies are needed to address hydrate conversion efficiency, scale-up criteria, sequestration longevity, and impact on the ocean biota before in-situ production of sinking CO2 hydrate composite can be applied to oceanic CO2 storage and sequestration.
Modeling Oil Flows on Seal Runners and Engine Sump Walls

Oil flow behavior within a lubrication system utilized in a turbofan engine has been studied using a two-dimensional model for a seal runner and a sump wall. A two-dimensional, axisymmetric boundary layer method is utilized to derive a model for the film on the seal runner. An integral method analysis of boundary layer equations are utilized to derive a model for the film behavior on the outer wall of the sump neglecting variations in the axial direction. Parametric studies for oil flow at the seal runner and one the sump wall have been generated for a wide range of oil film properties and ambient conditions.
Sex differences in contextual fear conditioning are associated with differential ventral hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation

Although sex differences have been reported in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, including contextual fear memories, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to such differences are not well understood. The present study examined the extent to which sex differences in contextual fear conditioning are related to differential activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), a protein kinase critically involved in memory formation. We first show that male rats exhibit more long-term retention of contextual fear conditioning than female rats. During a tone test, females spent more time freezing than males, although both sexes exhibited robust retention of auditory fear learning. Using Western blot analysis, we then show that phosphorylated ERK levels in ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus are higher in males than females, relative to same-sex controls, 60 minutes after fear conditioning. Post-conditioning increases in ERK activation were observed in the amygdala in both males and females, suggesting a selective effect of sex on hippocampal ERK activation. Together, these findings suggest that differential activation of the ERK signal transduction pathway in male and female rats, particularly in the ventral hippocampus, is associated with sex differences in contextual fear.
Dendritic depolarization efficiently attenuates low-threshold calcium spikes in thalamic relay cells.

Thalamic relay cells respond in two distinct modes, burst and tonic, that depend on a voltage-dependent, low-threshold, transient Ca2+ current ( I T), and these modes relay different forms of information to cortex. I Tactivation evokes a low-threshold spike (LTS), producing a burst of action potentials. Modulatory inputs from cortex and brainstem are known to activate metabotropic receptors on relay cell dendrites at which the T channels underlying I T may be concentrated. We thus investigated the influence of activating these receptors on the LTS, using current-clamp intracellular recording in an in vitro slice preparation of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. We found a strong correlation between LTS amplitude and the number of action potentials evoked in the burst. We then found that activation of either metabotropic glutamate or muscarinic receptors produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the sigmoid relationship between LTS amplitude and the initial holding potentialwithout affecting the maximum LTS amplitude or slope of the relationship. This hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependency of LTS amplitude is best explained by space-clamp limitations and significantly more depolarization of T channels near the dendritic location of activated receptors than at the soma. Thus, nonretinal modulatory inputs may have a stronger influence on I T and number of action potentials generated in a burst than previously imagined from somatic recording, because the EPSP amplitudes generated by these inputs at the dendritic location of most T channels are greater than after their electrotonic decay recorded at the soma.
Podocyte biology and response to injury.

The visceral glomerular epithelial cell, also called podocyte, is a terminally differentiated cell that lines the outer aspect of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). It therefore forms the final barrier to protein loss, which explains why podocyte injury is typically associated with marked
Psychiatric diagnosis in ICD-11: lessons learned (or not) from the mood disorders section in DSM-5.

Even before its publication in May 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) had been criticized by a large number of leaders in our field for a myriad of reasons: using phenotypic categories with no basis in biology (virtually the entire manual); medicalizing human conditions that should not be lumped with psychiatric pathologies (such as eliminating the bereavement criteria in diagnosing major depression); and forcing into categories what might be better conceptualized along dimensional lines (e.g. personality disorders). Others have bemoaned the missed opportunity to shift boundaries between disorders (expanding the boundaries of bipolar disorder at the expense of major depression). There is basis for all of these criticisms. Yet, finding a better diagnostic system – with greater validity, not just reliability – may prove just as difficult for the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) as it was for the authors of DSM-5. We are limited by our ignorance on two major issues: (1) the biological underpinnings and proper boundaries of psychiatric disorders; and (2) how to set the proper balance between being inclusive enough to ensure the proper treatment of suffering individuals while not overpathologizing human conditions. A few examples from the mood disorders section will be illustrative.
Response to the Institute of Medicine's Recommendations on Resident Duty Hours: The Medical Residency Program and GI Fellowship Viewpoints

In December 2008, the Institute of Medicine released a report (www.iom.edu/residenthours) on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's current duty hour regulations for medical residents. The following two articles address the report's recommendations from the perspectives of the medical residency program and GI fellowship.
Physicochemical Characterization of L-691, 121, a Potent and Selective Class III Antiarrhythmic Agent

The physicochemical properties of the novel antiarrhythmic agent L-691, 121 [methanesulfonamide, N- (1′- (2- (5-benzofirazanyl)ethyl)-3, 4-dihydro-4-oxospiro(2H-1-benzopyran-2, 4′-piperdin)6-yl), hydrochloride] have been studied, with particular emphasis on the stability, solubility, and dissolution properties of the drug. Solubility data in the pH range 0.5 to 11 show several distinct regions which are consistent with the existence of dicationic, cationic, neutral, and anionic forms of the drug. Dissolution studies were carried out using a continuous flow system which employed a conductance flow cell to monitor dissolved drug concentration. It is shown that the surface area of the drug is an important property in determining the dissolution rate. Solution stability studies indicate that the drug is prone to undergo a base-catalyzed elimination reaction which produces an N-dealkylated product. The preformulation data are used to develop intravenous and oral dosage forms suitable for clinical use.
Stolper–Samuelson Time Series: Long‐Term US Wage Adjustment

Factor prices adjust to product prices in the Stolper–Samuelson theorem of the factor proportions model. The present paper estimates adjustment in the average US wage to changes in prices of manufactures and services with yearly data from 1949 to 2006. Difference equation analysis is based directly on the comparative static factor proportions model. Factors of production are fixed capital assets and the labor force. Results have implications for theory and policy.
A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes

Abstract We describe a Paleocene–Eocene pelomedusoid turtle from tropical South America in a new fossiliferous locality, from Los Cuervos Formation, at the Calenturitas Coal Mine, Colombia. Although no further systematic precision beyond Pelomedusoides incertae sedis can be supported, the presence of an ischial scar positioned far anteriorly to the anal notch, and a strongly decorated ventral surface of the plastron, indicate that this specimen is potentially related to the bothremydid clade formed by Puentemys–Foxemys. We also demonstrate the potential organic preservation of osteocytes and blood vessels for this specimen, indicating that preservation of soft tissue such as vessels and bone cells in the fossil record is independent of bone type, fossil site, or locality; occurring in different lineages of vertebrates; and that it is even possible to occur in tropical depositional environments during a period of maximum global warming such as the Paleocene–Eocene.