cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter II – Literature Survey

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the literature survey that deals with the effects of direct foreign investment (DFI) on the level of employment demand in the United States. Several studies have approached the question of what effect DFI has on the domestic labor market by considering a range of assumptions as to the nature of the domestic production alternatives that exist for firms that invest abroad. The effect on domestic employment demand of denying the firm a direct foreign investment option will be different in different stages of the product cycle. During the late sixties, the Office of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was established for the purpose of monitoring cash outflows from U.S. parents to foreign subsidiaries. Given that a great percentage of subsidiary financing was generated overseas, it would be difficult to argue that the limited activities of OFDI constituted any real barrier to subsidiary expansion. In evaluating the results of econometric studies of MNC behavior, the crucial point for our purposes is that a positive association between foreign and domestic activity variables implies virtually nothing about what would have happened had firms been kept from investing abroad. Econometric studies that measure the statistical association between domestic and foreign activity variables may provide a basis for summarizing various potentially interesting relationships involved in the foreign investment phenomenon but contribute very little useful information on which to base judgments about the degree of substitutability of home for foreign production.
Efficient Light Trapping in the Mid-infrared Using Gold-black phosphorus Nanostructured Absorbers

We propose a gold nanostructured design for achieving enhanced absorption in black phosphorus (BP) thin films in the mid-infrared. By suitable design optimization, we are able to achieve enhancement greater than the conventional 4n2 limit.
A Market-Based Approach to Optimal Resource Allocation Control in Integrated-Services Connection-Oriented Networks

We present an approach to the admission control and resource allocation problem in connection-oriented networks that offer multiple services to users. Users' preferences are summarized by means of their utility functions, and each user is allowed to request more than one type of service. Multiple types of resources are allocated at each link along the path of a connection. We assume that the relation between Quality of Service (QoS) and resource allocation is given, and we incorporate it as a constraint into a static optimization problem. The objective of the optimization problem is to determine the amount and, required resources for each type of service to maximize the sum of the users' utilities. We prove the existence of a solution of the optimization problem, and describe a competitive market economy that implements the solution and satisfies the informational constraints imposed by the nature of the decentralized resource allocation problem. The economy consists of four different types of agents: resource providers, service providers, users, and an auctioneer that regulates the prices based on the observed aggregate excess demand. The goods that are sold are: (i) the resources at each link of the network; and (ii) services constructed from these resources and then delivered to users. We specify an iterative procedure that is used by the auctioneer to update the prices, and we show that it leads to an allocation that is arbitrarily close to a solution of the optimization problem in a finite number of iterations.
Share Issue Privatizations as Financial Means to Political and Economic Ends

This paper analyzes the use and terms of "share-issue privatizations (SIPs)" during the period 1961-1994. We present a theory of SIPs implying their terms are designed to build the political support necessary to privatize a state-owned enterprise (SOE). We then investigate the extent to which the terms of our sample SIPs deviate from terms observed in share offerings by publicly-held corporations. Our sample includes 168 SIPs made by 137 companies from 34 countries, with a total market value exceeding one-quarter trillion dollars. SIPs tend to be very large ($1.552 billion average), and typically restrict foreign ownership levels. Most SIPs explicitly favor employees and small investors in share allocations and pricing, and the degree of underpricing is related to share allocations. Furthermore, privatizing governments often retain veto power over firm decisions, though they design SIPs to establish an ownership structure that discourages state interference in ordinary business affairs. Overall, the terms of SIPs appear designed to meet both political and economic objectives.
Mandatory Versus Voluntary Disclosure in Markets with Informed and Uninformed Customers

Numerous rules mandate the disclosure of sellers' information. This article analyzes two questions regarding disclosure: (i) Why wouldn't sellers voluntarily disclose their information? and (ii) Who gains and who loses with mandatory disclosure? Previous analyses assume that all customers are knowledgeable enough to understand a seller's disclosure, and a key result is that there is no role for mandatory disclosure. Either voluntary disclosure is forthcoming, or if it is not, no one prefers mandatory disclosure. We generalize the standard model by considering the case in which not all customers understand a seller's disclosure. We show that if the fraction of customers who can understand a disclosure is too low, voluntary disclosure may not be forthcoming. If so, mandatory disclosure benefits informed customers, is neutral for uninformed customers, and harms the seller. Our results suggest that we should find mandatory disclosure in markets where product information is relatively difficult to understand. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature.

Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-V) as the preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness, in the absence of somatic symptoms (or, if present, symptoms that are only mild in severity). Patients with IAD experience persistent anxiety or fear of having or acquiring a serious illness, which adversely affects their daily life. They remain unsatisfied with their physician's reassurances to the contrary, mainly because their distress is created by the anxiety of the meaning, significance, and cause of the complaints and not necessarily due to the physical presentations. IAD remains a huge burden on both the health facility and for the managing healthcare provider. In this report, we present the case of a patient with IAD, which has been managed for the past five years with recurrent visits to the physician with no resolution of signs and symptoms. Despite extensive medical workup over this period, which repeatedly showed normal test results, the patient continued to have anxiety over his ill health and complained of recurrent mild somatic symptoms. After his most recent appointment, he got very upset and booked a flight to his home country to have a second opinion to validate his illness. Physicians are encouraged to build a therapeutic alliance with patients with IAD, rather than ordering expensive or unnecessary diagnostic tests or treatment.
La encarnación figurativa de la identidad chicana a través de sus expresiones literarias

La identidad y las representaciones simbolicas de las comunidades chicanas son plurales y diversas. Desde esta perspectiva, con argumentos solidos y una vision exhaustiva de su literatura, el autor demuestra que escritores como Carlos Morton, Estela Portillo, Gloria Anzaldua, Luis Miguel Valdez y Sandra Cisne ros, entre otros, han construido una textualidad reiterativa en la narrativa, el teatro y la poesia chicanos: "estos autores -afirma Rosler- sin importar el tiempo historico en que escriben sus obras, proyectan en ellas un subtexto que se repite: la identidad chicana se mantiene en un estado liquido de transformacion. La figura cambiante del chicano, el chicano como encarnacion de metaforas hibridas, es lo que permanece inalterable a traves del tiempo".
Office-Based Opioid Treatment with Buprenorphine (OBOT-B): Statewide Implementation of the Massachusetts Collaborative Care Model in Community Health Centers

We describe a Massachusetts Bureau of Substance Abuse Services' (BSAS) initiative to disseminate the office-based opioid treatment with buprenorphine (OBOT-B) Massachusetts Model from its development at Boston Medical Center (BMC) to its implementation at fourteen community health centers (CHCs) beginning in 2007. The Massachusetts Collaborative Care Model for the delivery of opioid agonist therapy with buprenorphine, in which nurses working with physicians play a central role in the evaluation and monitoring of patients, holds promise for the effective expansion of treatment for opioid use disorders. The training of and technical assistance for the OBOT nurses as well as a limited program assessment are described. Data spanning 6years (2007-2013) report patient demographics, prior treatment for opioid use disorders, history of overdose, housing, and employment. The expansion of OBOT to the fourteen CHCs increased the number of physicians who were "waivered" (i.e., enabling their prescribing of buprenorphine) by 375%, from 24 to 114, within 3years. During this period the annual admissions of OBOT patients to CHCs markedly increased. Dissemination of the Massachusetts Model of the Office-Based Opioid Treatment with Buprenorphine employing a collaborative care model with a central role for nursing enabled implementation of effective treatment for patients with an opioid use disorder at community health centers throughout Massachusetts while effectively engaging primary care physicians in this endeavor.
New Sandhoppers (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Gulf Coast of the United States

Three species of sand-burrowing semi-terrestrial amphipod crustaceans are newly described from sandy beaches of the North American coast of the Gulf of Mexico. They (and two related species from the open Atlantic coast of North America) are removed from the genus Talorchestia Dana 1853, and placed in a new genus, Americorchestia. Americorchestia salomani, new species, and A. heardi, new species, occur from northwestern Florida to the Mississippi Delta. They are morphological counterparts of the well-known sandhoppers from the open Atlantic coast, A. megulophthalma (Bate) and A. longicornis (Say) respectively. Americorchestia barbarae, new species, related to A. salomani, occurs on open beaches west of the Mississippi Delta. Sandhopper species of the Gulf coast are smaller, have different food resources available to them, and are exposed to different physical and biological survival factors than their counterparts from the North Atlantic coastal region.
Spin Dynamics in Superfluid 3He

An approach to spin dynamics is presented, which is based on a generalization of the Landau-Silin kinetic equation to the superfluid state. This method allows us to treat the nonlinear regime as well as the linear one.
High Oxygen Partial Pressure in Tissue Delivered by Stabilized Microbubbles

We contend (3, 24) that significant amounts of oxygen can be carried in blood inside of gas bubbles. Synthetic stabilized bubbles are in development for enhancement of ultrasonic contrast (4, 6, 9, 15, 19, 22, 23, 28, 29). These injectable bubbles are small enough to traverse capillary beds and persist much longer than simple bubbles of air (25, 26). If the stabilized bubbles are permeable, gaseous forms of O2, CO2, and N2 inside will exchange with the physically-dissolved counterparts in the blood and tissue when the bubble encounters various hydrostatic pressures and various gas partial pressures in the different parts of the circulatory system. Use of bubbles to carry O2 may be more efficient than other technologies; hyperbaric treatments depend on O2 carried in physical solution (5), and most blood substitutes require injection, into the circulation, of substantial amounts of foreign material, such as perfluorochemicals (1).
The potential of D-T and D-/sup 3/He fuel cycles in field-reversed configurations

The high beta and the divertor action of the open field lines of the field-reversed configuration (FRC) are especially attractive for high-power-density operation and for direct energy conversion. Due to its early stage of development, many problems are unsolved. A key one is particle and energy transport, where several models offer different scaling laws, ranging from the upper limit given by the loss sphere scattering model to more pessimistic laws based on anomalous lower hybrid transport. The authors have fitted the loss sphere model to the limited database available and compared the results with those of other scaling laws. They have focused on the energetic and nuclear performance of both D-T- and D-/sup 3/He-fueled plasmas in such a device. A profile averaged 0-D plasma model that includes all relevant physical processes has been used. The D-T cycle with its lower operating temperature offers an easier start-up scenario than D-/sup 3/He. The D-/sup 3/He cycle, however, offers a unique possibility for a low-neutron and low-radioactivity environment. It also provides favorable conditions for direct energy conversion of charged particles, which is ideally suited to the FRC. >
Genetic Locus of a Gene Affecting Leucine Transport in Salmonella typhimurium

By using a series of deletion mutations in the region of the tryptophan operon, it has been shown that a gene governing the transport of leucine maps on the side of the chr locus distal to the trp operon.
METABOLIC ROLE OF THE BR FACTOR IN BUTYRIBACTERIUM RETTGERI

Kline, Leo (University of California, Berkeley), L. Pine, and H. A. Barker. Metabolic role of the BR factor in Butyribacterium rettgeri. J. Bacteriol. 85:967-975. 1963.-The BR factor, which is replaceable by lipoic acid, was shown to be required for the decomposition of lactate by Butyribacterium rettgeri. Since the factor was not required for the fermentation of pyruvate or glucose by this organism, the results indicate that BR factor is essential only for some reaction involved in the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate, possibly the transport of electrons from lactate to the ultimate anaerobic electron-acceptor systems. The same products, namely, acetate, butyrate, and carbon dioxide, are formed from glucose or pyruvate in the presence or absence of BR factor and from lactate in the presence of the factor. Thus the factor is not required for the conversion of glucose or pyruvate to acetate, butyrate, or carbon dioxide. Although B. rettgeri does not require the BR factor for growth on glucose, growth of lactate-adapted cells on glucose is slow and is markedly stimulated by addition of the factor. Such cells growing on glucose do not show any ability to decompose lactate; consequently, an additional function of the BR factor, probably associated with the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, is indicated. Cells fully adapted to glucose grow rapidly on this substrate and do not respond to the factor. Lactate is formed during growth of glucose-adapted cells on glucose, although such cells cannot decompose lactate.
Contract manufacturing: solutions for the 21st century

Manufacturing companies in the twenty-first century will have a wide variety of tools and a strong background of technological innovations at their disposal. For example, faster and more powerful computers with a wider range of use are becoming prevalent in the manufacturing environment. Computer numerical control, robotics, lasers, vision systems, rapid prototyping, ASICs, fuzzy logic, neural networks, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and expert systems are only a few of the ways that computers are revolutionizing the modern manufacturing company. However, these technologies are not cheap, nor are they easily utilized and controlled. This leads to great opportunities in the area of contract manufacturing. Contract manufacturing in the context of this paper is viewed from an engineering perspective. The paper discusses some of the principles of contract manufacturing along with some examples of areas where contract manufacturing can be effective.
Inflammatory Mediators in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Background Upper airway inflammation is now recognized in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. However, the role played by eicosanoids such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins is unclear. Objective To investigate whether eicosanoids are measurable in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to determine whether differences in these inflammatory mediators emerge among children with and without sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Methods EBC was collected from 50 consecutive snoring children undergoing overnight polysomnography for suspected SDB, and from 12 nonsnoring control subjects. Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs: leukotriene C 4 [LTC 4 ]/leukotriene D 4 [LTD 4 ]/leukotriene E 4 [LTE 4 ]) EBC levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results LTB 4 levels were elevated in children with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 5/h (SDB; 97.6 ± 6.3 pg/mL) compared to children with an AHI 4 /LTD 4 /LTE 4 ) concentrations were also increased in SDB (45.1 ± 10.6 pg/mL in SDB vs 27.6 ± 8.3 pg/mL in mild SDB, and 15.7 ± 7.6 pg/mL in control subjects; p 2 concentrations were similar among the three groups. Conclusions Inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins can be readily quantified in EBC collected from the upper airway of children. Disease severity-dependent increases in leukotriene concentrations (LTB 4 and LTC 4 /LTD 4 /LTE 4 ) emerge among children and may serve as a noninvasive tool in the clinical assessment of these children.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF OBSERVED HURRICANE WAVES

Extensive field measurements of wind waves in deep and shallow waters during Hurricane Gustav (2008) in the Gulf of Mexico have been simulated by the spectral wave prediction model, SWAN. First, a parametric asymmetric hurricane wind model with three major improvements is used to generate hurricane wind fields for the wave model. The changes of water level near the coast are taken into account by using a storm surge model. Forced by the verified hurricane winds and hindcasted water levels, the wave model performs fairly well in comparison to the observed wave heights and periods in both deep and shallow waters except a few locations with complex bathymetry and landscape. In addition to the hurricane wind field that controls the accuracy of wave modeling in deep water, wave-surge interaction plays an important role in the wave growth and transformation in shallow water. Wave spectral comparisons show that the white-capping formulation of Westhuysen et al. (2007) generally outperforms the default formulation of Komen et al. (1984) in SWAN under hurricane conditions. The model result indicates that the asymmetry of hurricane winds and the hurricane translation result in the maximum wind waves occurring on the right side of the hurricane track and propagating in the direction parallel to the hurricane translation direction, consistent with field observations.
Trace element levels in pine snake hatchlings: Tissue and temporal differences

Trace element levels have seldom been examined in reptiles, although some large snakes are high on the trophic level pyramid. Lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, chromium and manganese levels were examined in skin and whole body tissue of pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) from the New Jersey Pine Barrens between 1985–1990. Depending on the element, variations in levels were primarily explained by year and tissue, and not by sex or location. There were significantly higher levels of lead, mercury, and chromium in the skin compared to the whole body tissue, suggesting that the frequent shedding of skin can act as a method of toxic metal excretion by snakes. Manganese and selenium levels were significantly higher in the body compared to the skin.
FAP-1 : a protein tyrosine phosphatase that associates with fas

Fas is a cell surface receptor that controls a poorly understood signal transduction pathway that leads to cell death by means of apoptosis. A protein tyrosine phosphatase, FAP-1, capable of interacting with the cytosolic domain of Fas, was identified. The carboxyl terminal 15 amino acids of Fas are necessary and sufficient for interaction with FAP-1. FAP-1 expression is highest in tissues and cell lines that are relatively resistant to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Gene transfer-mediated elevations in FAP-1 partially abolished Fas-induced apoptosis in a T cell line. These findings are consistent with an inhibitory effect of FAP-1 on Fas signal transduction.
Reaction synthesis processes: mechanisms and characteristics

Mechanisms of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) are described. The determination of activation energies from wave velocity measurements and temperature profile analyses is discussed. The application of these methods to the respective cases of titanium nitride and zirconium boride is provided. The utilization of the SHS method for the preparation of ceramic-ceramic and ceramic-metallic composites is described with a focus on the mechanism. The concept of “SHS diagrams” is proposed, and its utility is demonstrated with the synthesis of hafnium boride as an example. The influence of the activation energy on the establishment of SHS/non-SHS boundaries in these diagrams is described.
Levodopa-related wearing-off in Parkinson's disease : identification and management

ABSTRACTBackground: Levodopa is currently the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD); however, long-term levodopa therapy often results in motor complications, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. The initial complication is commonly wearing-off, which is the re-emergence of motor and non-motor symptoms before the next scheduled levodopa dose.Objective: The purpose of this article was to review published literature that discusses wearing-off, focusing on the role of the healthcare professional, including the primary care physician, in the effective management of wearing-off.Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE to find articles discussing wearing-off and its management using the following key words: ‘Parkinson's disease’; ‘wearing-off’; ‘levodopa’; ‘primary care’.Findings and conclusions: Current evidence indicates that a consistent delivery of levodopa should improve long-term symptomatic efficacy and may prevent or delay motor complications....
Assessing floating treatment wetlands nutrient removal performance through a first order kinetics model and statistical inference

a b s t r a c t A floating treatment wetland (FTW) is an ecological approach which seeks to reduce point and nonpoint source pollution in receiving waters. This technology has received increasing attention recently. Subsequent studies were conducted at worldwide locations; despite these efforts, reliable estimates of the FTW performance remains a significant research gap. This paper describes the development of a robust and simplified integrated FTW (i-FTW) model that includes uncertainty. The performance of FTWs was separated from other treatment processes ongoing within their respective water bodies. This approach facilitates generalization of the model and allowing parameters to adjust to each applied water body characteristic. A bootstrap method was incorporated to estimate uncertainty and generate more robust predictions of performance. Water concentration time series data were described by a first order kinetics i-FTW model that generates an FTW performance parameter: FTW apparent uptake velocity (vf). A comprehensive literature search of i-FTW studies was conducted to collect total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations data. The vf values were calculated from these studies and estimated using a bootstrap percentile method. The best estimation of median and expected range with 95% confidence interval of the vf were 0.048 (0.018–0.059) and 0.027 (0.016–0.040) m/day for TP and TN, respectively. The goodness of fit (R
Effect of Baroclinicity on Vortex Axisymmetrization.Part I：Barotropic Basic Vortex

The effect of baroclinicity on vortex axisymmetrization is examined within a two-layer dynamical model. Three basic state vortices are constructed with varying degrees of baroclinicity: (i) barotropic, (ii) weak baroclinic, and (iii) strong baroclinic. The linear and nonlinear evolution of wavenumber-2 baroclinic disturbances are examined in each of the three basic state vortices. The results show that the radial propagating speed of the vortex Rossby wave at the lower level is larger with the stronger baroclinicity, resulting in a faster linear axisymmetrization process in the stronger baroclinic vortex. It is found that the nonlinear axisymmetrization process takes the longest time in the strongest baroclinic vortex among the three different basic vortices due to the weaker kinetic energy transfer from asymmetric to symmetric circulations at the lower level. A major finding in this study is that the same initial asymmetric perturbation can have different effects on symmetric vortices depending on the initial vortex baroclinicity. In numerical weather prediction models, this implies that there exists a sensitivity of the subsequent structural and intensity change solely due to the specification of the initial vertical shear of the tropical cyclone vortex.
The Supreme Court as an Opinion Leader Court Decisions and the Mass Public

Evidence for the Supreme Court's legitimacy-conferring role is measured by examining shifts in pre- and postdecision public opinions polls. A study of 18 poll shifts since the 1930s indicates that the average pre- to postdecision poll shift is virtually zero. Under limited circumstances, however, larger poll shifts toward the Court's position do occur, especially when the Court makes liberal, activist decisions and when a time-lag variable is allowed for.
Balanced and Predictable Networked Storage

Networking bandwidth and latency have improved in recent years, prompting a wide range of workloads to move back to key value stores, databases, and other types of networked storage. However, networked storage has a well known drawback: Outlier access times create a heavy tailed distribution. Outlier accesses can take much longer than normal access times. This paper studies the effects of outliers on data processing workloads. These workloads strive for balance, i.e., all nodes are kept busy at all times. Outlier accesses can cause bubbles in the pipeline, slowing down the whole workload. For this paper, we modeled the effect of outliers in balanced map reduce systems. We found that outliers can cause 70% slowdown. We also modeled a solution: Use 5% of system resources on replication for predictability -- an old but seldom used approach to mask outliers. We found that this approach could return more than 5% in speedup.
An exploration of gifted programs

This article presents findings on an exploration of gifted programs in the state of Missouri. Over 60 percent of the state supported public school gifted programs participated in the study. The study concludes that the guidelines for gifted education in Missouri create extreme variability in the standards of the programs. Strong national policy for gifted education is needed to insure gifted children are properly served and protected by law.
Implications of Geropsychological Research for the Instruction of Older Adults.

After summarizing the findings of laboratory experimental geropsychological research pertinent to the instruction of older adults, this review focused on delineating the explicit implications of the research for adult education. Thirty-six implications were culled from the literature and categorized under ten instructional variables. In addition, the relevance of these implications for managing the functions of instruction enumerated by Gagne was demonstrated. Additional research was advocated that (1) ascer tains the impact of organizational aids on the learning of textual material; (2) explicates age functions by systematic intervention research; (3) examines tasks/situations in which older adults per form as well as or better than young adults; and (4) tests hypo theses derived from laboratory work in real-life situations.
Long‐term effects of porcine small intestine submucosa on the healing of medial collateral ligament: A functional tissue engineering study

Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was previously shown to enhance the mechanical properties of healing medial collateral ligaments (MCL), and the histomorphological appearance and collagen type V/I ratio were found to be close to those of normal MCL. We hypothesized that at a longer term, 26 weeks, SIS could guide a better organized neo-ligament formation, increasing mechanical properties and increasing collagen fibril diameters mediated by a reduction in collagen type V. A 6 mm gap injury in the right MCL was surgically created in 38 rabbits, while the contralateral intact MCL served as a sham-operated control. In half the animals, a strip of SIS was sutured onto the severed ends. In the other half, no SIS was applied. The cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined with a laser micrometer system. The femur-MCL-tibia complex was mechanically tested in uniaxial tension. Histomorphology was determined through H&E and immunofluorescent staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to determine collagen type V/I ratio. SIS-treated MCLs displayed a 28% reduction in CSA, a 33% increase in tangent modulus, and a 50% increase in tensile strength compared with the nontreated group (p < 0.05). TEM showed groups of collagen fibrils with larger diameters in the SIS-treated ligaments in comparison with uniformly small fibrils for the nontreated group. H&E staining showed more densely stained collagen fibers in the SIS-treated group aligned along the longitudinal axis with more interspersed spindle-shaped cells. Immunofluorescent staining showed less collagen type V signals, confirmed by a 5% lower ratio of collagen type V/I compared with the nontreated controls (p < 0.05). The findings extend the shorter term 12-week results, and support the potential of porcine SIS as a bioscaffold to enhance ligament healing.
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis With Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism

A case of adolescent-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis presenting with chorea and evidencing pyramidal and cerebellar dysfunction as well as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is reported. In this patient, primary ovarian failure may be due to accumulation of ceroid in the ovaries. ( J Child Neurol 1986; 1:142-144)
Relativistic models of the spin-isospin-weak quasielastic response

Abstract A relativistic formalism for many quasielastic nuclear reactions is discussed. Here relativistic effects arise from the change in nucleon Dirac spinors in the medium. This change reduces the analyzing power in ( p , p′) and the RPA enhancement of the spin longitudinal response in ( p , n ) . It also may impact the extraction of nucleon axial and strange quark currents from quasielastic neutrino scattering data.
The effect of cecal coccidiosis on the blood cells of the domestic fowl. 3. The changes in the leukocyte picture during the course of the infection.

Abstract Eimeria tenella infection causes marked changes in the leukocyte picture during the course of an infection. A lymphopenia and heterophilia were observed on the 5th day and an eosinophilia on the 10th day of the infection. No significant changes were observed in the monocytes and basophils through the course of the infection. A marked leukocytosis began on the 7th day and persisted through the recovery phase of the disease.
Hyperammonemia During Total Parenteral Nutrition in Children

Serial blood ammonia (NH3) determinations in 19 low birth weight (LBW) infants, 14 term neonates and 12 children receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have shown that 73% of patients had one or more elevated NH3 values (greater than 150 micrograms/dl). The mean blood NH3 was 220 +/- 13 micrograms/dl in LBW infants, 180 +/- 9 micrograms/dl in 10 infants, and 140 +/- 7 micrograms/dl in children. All of these values are significantly higher than normal (p less than 0.001). There was no difference in incidence or mean blood ammonia concentration between patients receiving casein hydrolysate and those receiving a crystalline amino acid solution. Only four patients were symptomatic and several infants remained fully alert despite blood NH3 concentration in excess of 400 micrograms/dl. One infant who had sustained hyperammonemia was given another amino acid source (Travasol) containing 1.2 mmol/dl of arginine; blood NH3 promptly fell to the normal range. However, six of seven additional infants had hyperammonemia while receiving Travasol (mean = 184 micrograms/dl). Hyperammonemia is common during TPN in children, often is not recognized clinically, and occurs with equal frequency in infants and older children. The high levels observed in LBW infants may be due to hepatic immaturity. Blood NH3 concentration should be monitored frequently during TPN. Persistent hyperammonemia should be treated by decreasing protein content of the infusate. The role of supplemental arginine is unclear.
Somatic Karyotype Analysis of Uvularia floridana Chapman (Liliaceae)

This, the first investigation of the somatic karyotype of Uvularia floridana, was based on 200 cells from 2 clones and has shown a stablized 2n=12 number which differs from the 2n=14 counts that characterize the other species of Uvularia. This 2n=12 number represents a derived aneuploid reduction in the genus. For U. floridana, each of the 6 pairs is readily distinguishable. Pairs 1-4 form a sub-telocentric series with decreasing size. Pair 5 is submetacentric and also the nucleolar organizing (NOR) pair. (NOR chromosomes have not been reported for the other species of the genus.) Pair 6 is the smallest and subtelocentric. The karyotype is highly asymmetrical. To the derived karyology of U. floridana can be added its derived morphology and restricted geographical distribution.
Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Generated from Aliphatic Dithiocarboxylic Acids

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were prepared by the adsorption of aliphatic dithiocarboxylic acids (ADTCAs) onto the surface of gold. These new SAMs were characterized by optical ellipsometry, co...
Investigations into the feasibility of optical-CT 3D dosimetry with minimal use of refractively matched fluids.

Purpose: In optical-CT, the use of a refractively matched polyurethane solid-tank in place of a fluid bath has the potential to greatly increase practical convenience, reduce cost, and possibly improve the efficacy of flood corrections. This work investigates the feasibility of solid-tank optical-CT imaging for 3D dosimetry through computer simulation. Methods: A matlab ray-tracing simulation platform, ScanSim, was used to model a parallel-source telecentric optical-CT imaging system through a polyurethane solid-tank containing a central cylindrical hollow into which PRESAGE radiochromic dosimeters can be placed. A small amount of fluid fills the 1–5 mm gap between the dosimeter and the walls of the tank. The use of the solid-tank reduces the required amount of fluid by approximately 97%. To characterize the efficacy of solid-tank, optical-CT scanning simulations investigated sensitivity to refractive index (RI) mismatches between dosimeter, solid-tank, and fluid, for a variety of dosimeter (RI = 1.5–1.47) and fluid (RI = 1.55–1.0) combinations. Efficacy was evaluated through the usable radius (ru ) metric, defined as the fraction of the radius of the dosimeter where measured dose is predicted to be within 2% of the ground truth entered into the simulation. Additional simulations examined the effect of increasing gap size (1–5 mm) between the dosimeter and solid-tank well. The effects of changing the lens tolerance (0.5°–5.0°) were also investigated. Results: As the RI mismatch between the dosimeter and solid-tank increased from 0 to 0.02, the usable radius decreased from 97.6% to 50.2%. The optimal fluid RI decreased nonlinearly from 1.5 to 1.34 as the mismatch increased and was up to 9% lower than the tank. Media mismatches between the dosimeter and solid-tank also exacerbate the effects of changing the gap size, with no easily quantifiable relationship with usable radius. Generally, the optimal fluid RI value increases as gap size increases and is closely matched to the dosimeter at large gap sizes (>3 mm). Increasing the telecentric lens tolerance increases the usable radius for all refractive media combinations and improves the maximum usable radius of mismatched media to that of perfectly matched media for tolerances >5.0°. The maximum usable radius can be improved up to a factor of 2 when lens tolerances are small (<1.0°). Conclusions: Dry solid-tank optical-CT imaging in a telecentric system is feasible if the dosimeter RI is a close match with the solid-tank (<0.01 difference), providing accurate dose measurements within ±2% of true dose to over 80% of the dosimeter volume. In order to achieve accurate measurements over 96% of the dosimeter volume (representing out to 2 mm from the dosimeter edge), the dosimeter-tank RI mismatch must be less than 0.005. Optimal results occur when the RI of the dosimeter and tank is the same, in which case the fluid will have the same RI. If mismatches between the tank and dosimeter RI occur, the RI of the matching fluid needs to be fine tuned to achieve the highest usable radius.
An Emerging Concept for the Medium of Space

The economic growth of Eastern states is leading to exceedingly consequential developments for their respective military and civilian space programs. The Chinese space program in particular is developing at a rapid pace, which is commensurate with China's economic growth. Accordingly, if the United States is to retain its quantitative and qualitative edges in space it must recover the dynamism with which to further its economic and technological development. In this regard, inflatable designs for space solar power (SSP) are emerging whose economic impact can power the development of American space capabilities in the twenty-first century. With these platforms the United States can rejoin the space race with immense resources.
The morphology of the skull of a young Galesaurus planiceps and related forms

This paper is based on evidence obtained from sectioned skull of Galesaurus planiceps, Owen. Width-length index of skull is 67.7; height-width index 47.6. Dental formula is: , , . Length of prevomer is 24.0 mm., that of skull 62.0 mm. Maxilla contains cavity which appears to be equivalen of sinus maxillaris of mammals. Ear structure shows large internal auditory meatus. There is no evidence that horizontal and posterior semicircular canals pass through bone. Fenestra ovalis is large. Parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital are fused. Parasphenoid consists of short body and a medial anterior process. Sella turcica lacks floor, probably due to erosion. Detached bone may be sphenethmoid. Dentary contains two canals, probably vascular. Comparisons with related forms lead to following conclusions: (1) Specimen is of young animal. (2) Dental succession of postcanines, distichical replacement of postcanines, long prevomer, short parasphenoid, incomplete osseous incasement of semicircular canals, and other characteristics label Galesaurus as primitive cynodont. (3) Reduction of parasphenoid and development of prevomer support Broom's view that Ictidosaurus is not a cynodont. (4) Prevomer as nasal septum; fusion of parasphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital; large lacrimal, splenial, and articular; and other characteristics indicate that Galesaurus is off line leading to mammals. (5) In certain respects cynodonts are more mammal-like than gorgonopsians.
Induction of Stress Granules by Interferon and Down-regulation by the Cellular RNA Adenosine Deaminase ADAR1

Measles virus (MV) deficient in C protein (Cko) expression efficiently induces both stress granules (SG) and interferon (IFNβ), whereas isogenic wild-type (WT) and V mutant (Vko) viruses do not. We therefore examined the effect of IFNβ pretreatment on SG formation, and the roles played by the IFN-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and dsRNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). SG formation in ADAR1-sufficient cells infected with WT or Vko mutant virus was enhanced by IFN treatment and was PKR-dependent. SG formation in Cko virus-infected cells was already high without IFN treatment and was not further enhanced by IFN. IFN treatment alone, in the absence of infection, induced SG formation in ADAR1-deficient but not ADAR1-sufficient cells. Type I IFN-induced enhancement in SG formation occurred by a canonical IFN signaling response dependent upon STAT1 and STAT2. These results further establish ADAR1 as a suppressor of the interferon and SG innate immune responses.
Improved thermal performance of AlGaAs/GaAs HBTS by transferring the epitaxial layers to high-thermal-conductivity substrates

The Letter reports the improved thermal performance of AlGaAs/ GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) by removal of the GaAs substrate and transferring the epitaxial layers to optimal substrates (TELOS). The thermal resistance of HBTs has been halved by transfer to diamond substrates. 3 inch-diameter (76.2 mm) epitaxial layers have been transferred, retaining a surface flatness suitable for high resolution photolithography
Creative labour and auteur authorship: reading Somers Town

When Shane Meadows' 2008 film Somers Town was released, many reviewers noted that, though no such brand or product is mentioned in it, the film is in fact an extended advertisement for Eurostar, th...
Will Cytokines Alter the Treatment of Myelodysplasic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Myelodysplasic syndrome is a frustrating disorder, which until recently lacked effective treatment. Patients usually succumb to infection, bleeding complications, or progression to acute leukemia. Recombinant cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and erythropoietin have been used to ameliorate the cytopenias associated with this disease. Small clinical trials in myelodysplastic syndrome patients, using cytokines with myeloid activity (G-CSF, GMCSF, IL-3), have shown consistent elevations in the white blood cell counts with little success in elevating hemoglobin or platelets. Erythropoietin is able to increase the hemoglobin in a small group of myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Future trials using combinations of these cytokines may lead to multilineage effects.
Limbic, hypothalamic, cortical and spinal regions are enriched in receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone: evidence from [3H]ultrofilm autoradiography and correlation with central effects of the tripeptide in rat brain.

Abstract Light microscopic autoradiographic localization of specific recognition sites for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was determined on thin sections of rat brain using the potent analogue [ 3 H](3-Me-His 2 )-TRH ([ 3 H]MeTRH). Microdensitometric analysis of the relative optical densities of TRH receptor labelling revealed the following brain regional enrichment: lateral and cortical amygdaloid nuclei > ventral dentate gyrus > n. accumbens > medial septum > piriform cortex > paraventricular thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei > preoptic area > diagonal band of Broca > lateral septum > I–IV layers of frontoparietal cortex > dorsal hippocampus > olfactory tubercle > caudate putamen; globus pallidus. In the spinal cord the apparent relative enrichment of TRH receptors was: substantia gelatinosa = central canal gray > ventral gray > dorsal gray (layers III–VII) > white matter. This heterogeneous distribution of TRH binding sites correlated well with our previous data obtained from membrane binding studies. Furthermore, the specific anatomical localization of receptors for TRH in many nuclei was consistent with those loci involved in the mediation of many physiological and behavioural actions of the peptide in rodent brain.
Osseointegrated Hearing Implant Surgery Outcomes Using a Minimal Soft Tissue Removal Technique

Objectives(1) To report on the results and complications arising from using a minimal tissue removal procedure for the placement of an osseointegrated hearing implant. (2) To comment on the advantages and disadvantages for this technique compared to current standard techniques.Study DesignCase series with chart review; 2008-2010.SettingTertiary care facility.Subjects and MethodsAll consecutive patients undergoing osseointegrated hearing implant surgery with a minimal tissue removal technique were reviewed. Technique: A small incision (1.5 cm) with little to no soft tissue (fat only) removal with good skin to periosteum fixation after placement of implant and abutment.ResultsThirty-one adults were assessed (aged 18-86, range of follow-up 3-45 months). No patients experienced hair loss, significant numbness, cosmetic defects, or intraoperative or audiologic complications. Eight patients required some combination of antibiotic ointment, steroid ointment, and/or oral antibiotic for mild erythema around the ab...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ADRENAL CORTEX, PLASMA LIPIDS, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS1

OVER 100 years ago Virchow described the development of endarteritis deformans, a term used by him for atherosclerosis, and observed the alteration of the tissue ground substance in the evolution of this condition. Research in this field has been greatly influenced by the observation that feeding cholesterol resulted in the production of severe atherosclerosis in the rabbit (Anitschkow, 1913), as well as in other animal species (Davidson, 1951). Recently there has been a revival of interest in the role of the ground substance in atherogenesis (Klemperer, 1953). Our previous work showed that prolonged administration of large doses of corticotropin or cortisone produced hypercholesteremia, elevation of other serum lipid fractions and lactescence of serum in man (Adlersberg et al., 1950; 1951). These findings have been confirmed in the rabbit (Kobernick and More, 1950; Adlersberg et al., 1951; Rich, 1951). In studies on the effect of corticotropin,
Discontinuing Dialysis in Persistent Vegetative State: The Roles of Autonomy, Community, and Professional Moral Agency

This report proposes a policy for discontinuing dialysis in persistent vegetative state (PVS) patients and attempts to address autonomy and community-based values while maintaining professional moral agency. It is recommended that the policy be adopted at a regional level (eg, the ESRD Network). The involved physicians and ethicists would communicate with the next-of-kin and surrogate decision-makers, and the local ethics committee would perform a double review of the case to assure the appropriateness of the policy to the case. Given the unique nature of PVS with its permanent loss of consciousness and autonomy, we hold that a community-based consensus can form a guideline that limits futile dialysis while respecting patient and professional moral agency. Prior consent of dialysis patients to the regional policy at a time shortly after initiating dialysis will add to its ethical impetus.