cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Diazonium Salt-Based Ionic Liquid for Solvent-Free Modification of Carbon

A novel ionic liquid that consists of p-butylbenzenediazonium ions and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amidates (Tf{sub 2}N{sup -}) has been synthesized as a task-specific ionic liquid for the solvent-free modification of carbon materials. The use of anions Tf{sub 2}N{sup =} is the key to rendering the hydrophobicity, low liquidus temperature, and ionicity to this novel molten salt. This diazonium salt has a melting point of 7.2 C and a moderate electric conductivity of 527 {micro} s/cm at 25 C. The thermal stability of this diazonium ionic liquid has been investigated by high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTGA). The compound is stable up to about 90 C in nitrogen, which is only 10 C less than its solid tetrafluoroborate counterpart. The modification of carbon materials has been carried out through both thermal and electrochemical activations of diazonium ions to generate free radical intermediates without the use of any solvent. The surface-coverage loadings of 3.38 {micro} mol/m{sup 2} and 6.07 {micro} mol/m{sup 2} for covalently attached organic functionalities have been achieved by the thermally induced functionalization and electrochemically assisted reaction, respectively.
Graph theoretical concepts for the unitary group approach to the many-electron correlation problem

The simplified unitary group formalism for electronic states introduced by Paldus was recast in a form based on a relatively small table of ''distinct rows'' of the array (or tableau) representatives of the appropriate canonical basis functions. This table can be represented effectively and compactly in the form of a two-rooted directed graph. Each member (configuration function) of the canonical basis is represented by a walk connecting the head and tail of the graph, and its canonical index (sequence number) can be determined easily and directly from information contained in the distinct row table or the graph. The calculation of the matrix representation of a quantum mechanical operator in the canonical basis can be organized in terms of various subgraphs of the distinct row graph, and in terms of certain ''loops'' contained in them. A relatively small number of basic subgraphs can be used to generate most of the information needed in the calculation. Certain problems associated with matrix elements of products of generators of the unitary group remain to be solved before an effective formalism for large-scale electronic structure calculations is obtained, but it is hoped that the concepts introduced here can provide insight which will be helpful inmore » solving these problems.« less
N-Linked Glycosylation of West Nile Virus Envelope Proteins Influences Particle Assembly and Infectivity

West Nile virus (WNV) encodes two envelope proteins, premembrane (prM) and envelope (E). While the prM protein of all WNV strains contains a single N-linked glycosylation site, not all strains contain an N-linked site in the E protein. The presence of N-linked glycosylation on flavivirus E proteins has been linked to virus production, pH sensitivity, and neuroinvasiveness. Therefore, we examined the impact of prM and E glycosylation on WNV assembly and infectivity. Similar to other flaviviruses, expression of WNV prM and E resulted in the release of subviral particles (SVPs). Removing the prM glycosylation site in a lineage I or II strain decreased SVP release, as did removal of the glycosylation site in a lineage I E protein. Addition of the E protein glycosylation site in a lineage II strain that lacked this site increased SVP production. Similar results were obtained in the context of either reporter virus particles (RVPs) or infectious lineage II WNV. RVPs or virions bearing combinations of glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of prM and E could infect mammalian, avian, and mosquito cells (BHK-21, QT6, and C6/36, respectively). Those particles lacking glycosylation on the E protein were modestly more infectious per genome copy on BHK-21 and QT6 cells, while this absence greatly enhanced the infection of C6/36 cells. Thus, glycosylation of WNV prM and E proteins can affect the efficiency of virus release and infection in a manner that is cell type and perhaps species dependent. This suggests a multifaceted role for envelope N-linked glycosylation in WNV biology and tropism.
Not in warfare alone: Conical timber lodges in the Central Rocky Mountains and Northwestern Plains

Conical timber lodges are a well known but little investigated archaeological feature of the Central Rocky Mountains and Northwestern Plains. These perishable wood structures are commonly regarded as war lodges or short-term shelters built by Plains Indian groups during the Protohistoric and Historic periods. Archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic data show that this interpretation is too narrow. Conical timber lodges served a diversity of purposes as temporary shelters, special activity sites, and domiciles.
Increased Cardiac Adenylyl Cyclase Expression Is Associated With Increased Survival After Myocardial Infarction

Background— Cardiac-directed expression of adenylyl cyclase type VI (ACVI) in mice results in structurally normal hearts with normal basal heart rate and function but increased responses to catecholamine stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that increased left ventricular (LV) ACVI content would increase mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results— Transgenic mice with cardiac-directed ACVI expression and their transgene-negative littermates (control) underwent coronary ligation, and survival, infarct size, and LV size and function were assessed 1 to 7 days after MI. Mice with increased ACVI expression had increased survival (control 41%, ACVI 74%; P=0.004). Infarct size and myocardial apoptotic rates were similar in ACVI and control mice; however, ACVI mice had less LV dilation (P<0.001) and increased ejection fractions (P<0.03). Three days after MI, studies in isolated perfused hearts showed that basal LV +dP/dt was similar, but graded dobutamine infusion was associated with a...
A maximum-likelihood approach to absolute protein quantification in mass spectrometry

Label-free absolute protein quantification refers to a process of estimating protein abundances in complex biological samples based on the data acquired from a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Most approaches to label-free quantification rely on measuring peak areas from an extracted-ion chromatogram. However, because of the differences in physicochemical properties associated with different peptide ions, observed peak areas in a single experiment are determined not only by peptide abundances, but also the intrinsic biases of analytical platforms. Therefore, accurate modeling of these biases provides an opportunity to developing new computational methods for precise absolute protein quantification. In this work, we developed a new algorithm for absolute quantification of proteins. The approach is based on the concept of peptide response rate, which characterizes the peptide-specific signal detection bias in an LC-MS experiment. We argue that peptide response rate is an intrinsic and reproducible property of peptide ions that can be reliably predicted using non-linear regression and features extracted from the sequence of the parent protein. Protein abundances are estimated using a maximum likelihood model in which the observed peak areas of peptide ions are adjusted using predicted peptide response rates. We evaluate our approach on a large LC-MS dataset as well as simulated data and provide evidence that the accuracy of absolute protein quantification is improved when peptide-specific response rates are taken into account.
Calculation of differential pulse polarographic curves for the reduction of complexes

Abstract A simple simulation is presented which allows calculation of differential pulse polarographic (DPP) curves for reversibly reduced complexes, applicable to all concentrations of ligand and to mixtures of up to four complexes. The simulation is employed to investigate the expected forms of DPP curves as a function of the values of overall formation constant (βp) and ligand concentration. For a single 1:2 complex a splitting of the DPP curve is predicted at substoichiometric ligand concentrations for log β2 values > ca. 10. These systems exhibit one peak at E° for the metal and a second broadened peak at a more negative potential. At stoichiometric ligand concentrations broad peaks are predicted which shift in potential with βp in a predictable manner above a characteristic value of βp. Assumed mixtures of two complexes at ligand concentrations substoichiometric with respect to the higher complex exhibit one or two peaks, with potentials and shapes dependent on the two βp values. A method is proposed for the determination of the first formation constant in mixtures of two complexes, based on measurement of differences in peak potentials.
Superfluidity in thin 4 He films: Comparison of onset on particular crystal facets and on disordered substrates

Superfluid flow in unsaturated4He films on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, (001) cleaved MgO, epitaxial gold on mica, polycrystalline gold, and glass has been studied by the heat transport technique. Using a criterion for onset suggested by the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory, we confirm that the locus of onset in the variablesT andp/p0 is substrate independent within experimental error, whereas the film thickness at onset varies widely with substrate. The reason for this is not understood. Several aspects of the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory are verified: On polycrystalline gold the film flow impedance decreases approaching the transition from the normal side, consistent with the dependence calculated by Ambegaokar et al. On the superfluid side of onset, power law relations are found between temperature gradient and current, in agreement with the prediction based on thermal dissociation of vortex pairs in the velocity field. The exponents are consistent with the expected variation of the renormalized superfluid density with coverage, including a Nelson-Kosterlitz jump smeared by finite-velocity effects. On MgO we obtain only an upper limit for the film coverage at onset; its consistency with the Nelson-Kosterlitz jump depends on the interpretation of neutron scattering data.
A Comparison of Six Procedures for Compatibility Testing

Six procedures for compatibility testing were compared, using red blood cells sensitized in normal saline, albumin or low-ionic strength saline (LISS) combined with either broad spectrum or anti-IgG antiglobulin testing (AGT). Despite shortened incubation times, tests employing LISS were as sensitive as those with albumin and broad spectrum AGT and more sensitive than the other four combinations. No false positive results were found. LISS technique with broad spectrum AGT appears to be suitable and superior for routine antibody detection and compatibility tests.
Mapping Orientation Differences of Terminal Functional Groups by Friction Force Microscopy

The ability to map differences in the spatial orientation of terminal chemical groups is of major significance to areas as diverse as biological recognition and boundary lubrication. This capability is demonstrated herein using a scanning force microscope to detect differences in the friction between a probe tip and organic monolayers with different terminal group orientations. As a starting point, the basis for the discrimination of the orientation differences in terminal groups is developed through considerations of surface free energy. The viability of the concept is then confirmed by the friction imaging of samples patterned with alternating domains of organic monolayers having different terminal group orientations. Opportunities presented by this new capability are briefly noted.
Mutants of bacteriophage T2 gt with altered DNA methylase activity.

Certain non-glucosylated (gt) T-even bacteriophage mutants are restricted by prophage P1 (these are designated rP1). Unrestricted mutants (uP1) have been shown earlier to contain hypermethylated DNA compared to their rP1 parent. The DNA methylating enzyme induced by rP1 and uP1 phage has been partially purified by affinity chromatography on DNA cellulose. Both rP1 and uP1 methylase methylate adenine exclusively. The uP1 methylase shows a greater thermal lability than the rP1 enzyme; both enzymic forms are stabilized against heat inactivation in the presence of substrate S-adenosylmethionine. In terms of their ability to methylate non-viral cytosine-containing DNA's, rP1 and uP1 methylase exhibit similar Km values and extents of methylation. However, the uP1 methylase shows a higher affinity (lowered Km) and greater site recognition (higher extent of methylation) than the rP1 methylase with various T-even phage (5-hydroxymethylcytosine-containing) DNA's. These results are consistent with the notion that mutation from rP1 to uP1 produces an alteration in the viral-induced DNA methylase.
Foucault's power relation work and e-government system adoption: a framework

In this paper, the author provides a framework for predicting the possible resistances to the new e-government system by analyzing the conflict between the current and the future conditions of the domain of a power relation which is the e-government system in this paper. Rationalities, knowledge, technologies, and subjects, as four domain elements, should be analyzed to find out the conflicts that could cause resistance.
A vinylacetyl isomerase from Clostridium kluyveri

Abstract Unfractionated extracts of Clostridium kluyveri are shown to convert the vinylacetyl thioester of N -acetylthioethanolamine (SE) almost quantitatively to the corresponding crotonyl derivative. Crotonyl-SE accumulates because it is not hydrated by crotonase (enoyl hydrase). When vinylacetylpantetheine is used as a substrate, crotonylpantetheine first accumulates and subsequently is converted by crotonase to β-hydroxybutyrylpantetheine. The enzyme vinylacetyl isomerase, which catalyzes the conversion of vinylacetyl thioesters to crotonyl thioesters, has been partially purified and some of its kinetic properties have been determined. The enzyme appears to be relatively specific for vinylacetyl thioesters. With a crotonase-free isomerase preparation, the conversion of vinylacetyl-SCoA to crotonyl-SCoA was observed spectrophotometrically. The isomerization reaction is relatively irreversible; with crotonyl-SE as the substrate no reaction could be detected. Vinylacetyl isomerase activity has also been observed in extracts of Clostridium tetanomorphum and sheep liver.
Retraction of cold-drawn polyethylene - Influence of lamellar thickness and density.

The role of crystal morphology in the retraction of oriented linear polyethylene was studied utilizing samples crystallized under conditions controlled to vary, separately, lamellar crystal thickness and density. Samples were oriented in a simple shear deformation to a strain of 4.0 prior to measuring retraction tendency in creep- and relaxation-type tests. Characterizations of specimens were made using wide- and small-angle x-ray techniques. The specific morphological variations were chosen to test the hypothesis that a long-range elastic restoring force can originate in conjunction with deformation of lamellar crystals and the consequent increase in lamellar crystal surface area and surface free energy. The results support this hypothesis.
Spatial and temporal dynamics in marine aggregate abundance, sinking rate and flux: Monterey Bay, central California

Abstract Seasonal profiles of marine aggregate abundance and in situ sinking rate experiments were carried out using a uniquely instrumented ROV platform in the midwater column of Monterey Bay California between 1991 and 1994. Variations of an order of magnitude in the midwater 100–500 m abundance of aggregates within the 0.5 to >5 mm size range were observed on an inter- and intra-annual basis at the study site. Maximum midwater aggregate abundances of 15–40 aggregates l -1 were common during the 1991 spring/summer upwelling season, with values of less than 5 aggregates l -1 being more typical of the non-upwelling winter months and the 1992 El Nino period. Midwater aggregate peaks represented the temporal signal of sinking aggregate material produced in the overlying waters, with no correlation observed between the vertical distribution of aggregates and the density structure, or the relative suspended particle abundence measured as c p . Additionally, significant injection of aggregate material to the midwater profiles via lateral advection was not evidenced by the combined aggregate, hydrographic, and physical flow data sets obtained simultaneously at the study site. In situ aggregate sinking rates were measured using an ROV-mounted settling chamber. Mean rates ranged from 16.3 to 25.5 m day -1 with a trend of increasing sinking rate with aggregate diameter observed. An analysis of aggregate shape showed a decrease in spherical shape with increasing aggregate diameter and sinking rate. Seasonal aggregate POC fluxes at 450 m for 1991–1992 were calculated from the in situ aggregate property data sets to compare with coincident, 450 m trap-measured POC fluxes. The calculated aggregate POC fluxes ranged from 26.3 to 481.2 mgC m -2 d -1 and were at least 1.5–2 times greater than the trap POC fluxes, with the exception of the non-upwelling winter months where values are similar. Trapping efficiency and interannual variations in aggregate sinking rates are believed to explain the differences between the aggregate and trap-based POC fluxes.
Introduction and overview of worksite studies.

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic propor-tions in all racial and ethnic groups, with about two-thirds(or 66%) of the U.S. adult population now overweight orobese (1). Among non-Hispanic blacks, the prevalence ofextreme obesity is about 2-fold that of the general popula-tion (1). This increase is likely due to environmental influ-ences that encourage consumption of high portion sizes ofenergy-dense foods, sedentary lifestyle, and limited accessto healthful foods (2,3). Interventions that modify theseinfluences are promising approaches to curtailing the obe-sity epidemic.Worksites are settings for reaching large numbers ofworking adults of varying socioeconomic levels and ethnicbackgrounds. Because studies testing interventions thatmodify the food and physical activity environments forweight control are in their infancy, formative research isuseful in helping to understand the complexities associatedwith changing such environments.This supplement to
Diagnosis and typing of systemic amyloidosis: The role of abdominal fat pad fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Introduction: Systemic amyloidosis (SA) has a broad nonspecific clinical presentation. Its diagnosis depends on identifying amyloid in tissues. Abdominal fat pad fine needle aspiration (FPFNA) has been suggested as a sensitive and specific test for diagnosing SA. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine FPFNA from 38 patients (16 women and 20 men, age range 40-88 years) during a 15-year period were reviewed. Smears and cell blocks were stained with Congo red (CR). A panel of antibodies (serum amyloid protein, serum amyloid A, albumin, transthyretin, kappa light chain and lambda light chain) was used on six cell blocks from five patients. The FNA findings were correlated with clinical and histological follow-up. Results: FPFNAs were positive, confirmed by CR in 5/39 (13%), suspicious in 1/39 (3%), negative in 28/39 (72%), and insufficient for diagnosis in 5/39 (13%) of cases. In all the positive cases, SA was confirmed within 2-16 weeks. Among the 28 negative cases, SA was diagnosed in 21, the rest were lost to follow-up. Among the insufficient cases, SA was diagnosed in four and one was lost to follow-up. Specificity was 100%, whereas sensitivity was 19%. SA typing using cell block sections was successful in three, un-interpretable in one, and negative in two cases. Conclusion: FPFNA for SA is not as good as previously reported. This may be due to different practice setting, level of experience, diagnostic technique, or absence of abdominal soft tissue involvement. A negative result of FPFNA does not exclude SA. Immune phenotyping of amyloid is possible on cell block.
Epigenetic Changes Through DNA Methylation Contribute to Uterine Stromal Cell Decidualization

Embryo-uterine interaction during early pregnancy critically depends on the coordinated expression of numerous genes at the site of implantation. The epigenetic mechanism through DNA methylation (DNM) plays a major role in the control of gene expression, although this regulatory event remains unknown in uterine implantation sites. Our analysis revealed the presence of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) in mouse endometrial cells on the receptive d 4 of pregnancy and early postattachment (d 5) phase, whereas Dnmt3a had lower abundant expression. Both Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a were coordinately expressed in decidual cells on d 6-8. 5-Methycytosine showed a similar expression pattern to that of Dnmt1. The preimplantation inhibition of DNM by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytodine was not antagonistic for embryonic attachment, although endometrial stromal cell proliferation at the site of implantation was down-regulated, indicating a disturbance with the postattachment decidualization event. Indeed, the peri- or postimplantation inhibition of DNM caused significant abrogation of decidualization, with concomitant loss of embryos. We next identified decidual genes undergoing alteration of DNM using methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting. One such gene, Chromobox homolog 4, an epigenetic regulator in the polycomb group protein family, exhibited hypomethylation in promoter DNA and increased expression with the onset of decidualization. Furthermore, inhibition of DNM resulted in enhanced expression of hypermethylated genes (Bcl3 and Slc16a3) in the decidual bed as compared with control, indicating aberration of gene expression may be associated with DNM-inhibition-induced decidual perturbation. Overall, these results suggest that uterine DNM plays a major role for successful decidualization and embryo development during early pregnancy.
“A sum of the most wonderful things”: Raum, geopolitics and the German tradition of environmental determinism, 1900–1933

In January of 1929, as the Weimar Republic neared the crisis that would shatter its fragile stability, an essay in the prestigious Deutsche Rundschau called attention to a distinctive aspect of the...
Scalable etched-pillar, AlAs-oxide defined vertical cavity lasers

Etched-pillar, bottom-emitting vertical cavity lasers have been fabricated using lateral oxidation of AlAs. The devices have threshold currents as low as 315 µA for a 4 µm × 4 µm, three quantum well active region. Using the data and a numerical model the authors extract excess optical and carrier losses and an effective surface recombination velocity for the devices. The data show that size dependent optical scattering persists as the lasers are scaled to smaller sizes, but lateral carrier leakage is suppressed, allowing for scaling of lasers to small sizes to achieve lower threshold currents.
A method for the measurement of smoke and HCl evolution from poly (vinyl chloride)

As poly(vinyl chloride) becomes more popular as a building material and electrical insulation, it becomes more important to life safety to determine its smoke and hydrogen chloride evolution characteristics during pyrolysis. The authors have devised a method of measuring the two simultaneously.
Tunable filters and time delays with coupled whispering gallery mode resonators

We demonstrate tunable optical filters fabricated from metalized lithium niobate disk resonators and discuss further applications of the resonator chains for tunable photonic delay lines.
The end-of-period IS-LM model revisited

McCaleb and Sellon (M-S)make three points about my end-of-period IS-LM modelJ First, they argue that a fiscal stimulus will have the usual effects if the end-of-period stock demand for money is assumed to be a decreasing function of the interest rate. Second, they point out that if the stock and flow components of asset demands are treated symmetrically, then the impact of a tax change is ambiguous for the beginning as well as the end-of-period analysis. Finally, they point out that the Benavie model is in disagreement with the Patinkin model since the latter does not incorporate any of the saving flow into the end-of-period stock asset demand while Benavie does. We consider these points in turn. M-S are correct in pointing out that a sufficient condition for goverfiment spending to have the conventional effects is for the end-ofperiod stock demand for money to be inversely related to the interest rate. This follows directly from the Benavie model as a special case. Unfortunately, it is only a special case for we have no assurance-nor any estimates to my knowledge-that the end-of-period demand for money is inversely related to the interest rate. Consider the effect working in the opposite direction: a ceteris paribus rise in the interest rate will decrease real wealth which will stimulate saving at the expense of consumption and hence the demand for money. Be that as it may, it is interesting to explain intuitively why a change in government spending will have the usual effects if the end-of-period demand for money is a de-
Abstract B55: Integrative genomic analysis of prostate cancer disparities between African American and Caucasian American populations

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a disease conferred by gene mutations, numerous alternations in gene expression and aberrant changes in genome composition/architecture. An area of research that continues to garner attention is PCa health disparities, wherein the African American (AA) population exhibits higher incidence and mortality rates compared to Caucasian Americans (CA). To identify the genetic predispositions and oncogenic networks associated with the observed PCa disparities, we applied a systems biology approach by integrating exon, microRNA and SNP information from PCa specimens of AA and CA patients. RNA and DNA purified from PCa (with Gleason score ≥6) and patient-matched normal prostate needle biopsies from AAs and CAs were processed and hybridized onto Affymetrix human Exon 1.0 ST, SNP 6.0 arrays or Agilent human microRNA arrays. A 4-way statistical design (10% FDR, >1.5 fold-change) was employed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs in the following comparisons: AA normal vs. CA normal, AA cancer vs. CA cancer, AA cancer vs. AA normal, and CA cancer vs. CA normal. Pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes have revealed several critical network-level rewiring of gene interactions accounting for PCa disparities between AA and CA. For example, the mis-regulated testosterone metabolism network in normal AA prostate tissues may represent a genetic predisposition factor in the AA population. Whereas, the inflammatory response (NF-?B network), activated oncogenic signaling pathways (ERK, JNK and p38), and up-regulated cancer promoting genes (RHOA and STAT1) may be associated with the higher recurrence and death rates in AA patients. Moreover, our exon and SNP profiling results have identified hundreds of genes exhibiting differential splicing patterns and/or copy number variations (CNVs) in AA and CA patients. Notably, at least 13 genes residing within the 5 oncogenic signaling pathways have been identified as exhibiting either differential splicing (in FGFR3, PDGFRA, MET, EPHA1, NF1, RASGRP2, GSK3, TSC2, ATM, RAF and RB1) or CNVs (at EPHA, PTEN and APQ between AA and CA PCa specimens. In addition, micro RNA profiling further revealed that 14 micro RNAs (e.g. miR-125b-2∗, miR-34a, miR-100, miR-99a, miR-200a) were differentially expressed in AA and CA cancer samples, potentially related to cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, cell cycle regulation in AA cancers. Taken together, our data suggest that mRNA splicing, CNVs, deregulated microRNA expression and gene-network rewiring may be critical in PCa health disparities between the AA and CA populations. These findings should advance our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa disparities, and may facilitate the development of novel strategies for PCa detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in AA population. This work was supported by NCI grant 5U01-CA-116937. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B55.
Interaction Energy Analysis of Nonclassical Antifolates with Human Dihydrofolate Reductase

The x-ray structure of the PTX:NADPH:L22F human mutant DHFR ternary complex was used as a structural template to generate structural models for the following wild type DHFR complexes: PTX:DHFR:NADPH, TMP:DHFR:NADPH, EPM:DHFR:NADPH, and TMQ:DHFR:NADPH. Each of these complexes were subsequently modeled in a 60 A cube of explicit water and minimized to a rms gradient of from 1.0-3.0·10-5 kcal·A-1. For each complex, interaction energies were calculated for the antifolate interaction with each of the following: the DHFR binding site residues, the entire DHFR protein, the solvated complex (containing DHFR, NADPH, and solvent water), water alone, and NADPH. Additionally, each antifolate was subdivided into distinct substructural regions and interaction energy calculations were performed in order to evaluate their contributions to overall antifolate interaction. Each antifolate showed its most stable interaction with the solvated complex. Substructural regions which consisted of a nitrogen containing aromatic ring system contributed most to the stability of the antifolate interactions, while the hydrocarbon aromatic rings, methoxy, and ethoxy groups showed much less stable interaction energies. Since the different substructural regions of nonclassical antifolates differ in their contributions to overall antifolate binding, those substructural regions which exhibit relatively unfavorable interaction energies may constitute important targets in the design of improved DHFR inhibitors.
RELAXATION OSCILLATOR MODEL FOR SUPERCONDUCTING BRIDGES.

Abstract Using an equivalent circuit including an intrinsic inductance we interpret measurements reported for thin film bridges in terms of a relaxation oscillation at the Josephson frequency.
Failure of the molecular core-particle coupling model in 13C+13C inelastic scattering

Abstract The single and mutual inelastic excitation of the predominantly single particle p 1 2 →s 1 2 transition in 13C has been studied at energies of 8–25 MeV in the center-of-mass system. The results are in striking disagreement with theoretical predictions made using the molecular particle-core coupling model. It is suggested that intermediate states involving different partitions of the valence nucleons among the cores play an important role in these reactions.
Viral hepatitis and exercise

Increase awareness and publicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has fostered a heightened sense of concern regarding the transmission of infectious agents during sports and athletic competition. Although the potential risk is low, there are other unanswered questions and issues regarding infectious disease and sports. Viral hepatitis is a common infection and predominantly affects the young who are most likely to lead active lives and engage in both amateur and competitive sport-related activity. This article summarizes the common forms of viral hepatitis and the associated clinical syndromes. In addition, a review of the literature addressing the effect of exercise and the various states of liver disease is presented. Finally, I will address the question regarding participation and return to physical activity following acute viral hepatitis, as well as chronic hepatitis.
Effect of thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF) of ovine, bovine, porcine and human origin on thyrotropin release in vitro and in vivo.

Peptide-like materials which release thyrotropin (TSH) from the pituitary in vivo and in vitro were obtained from the hypothalamus of the ox, sheep and pig and from human neurohypophysial tissue. Thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF) activity was measured in vitro by the isolated rat pituitary incubation method of Saffran and Schally. TSH secreted into the medium was assayed by the release of 13II from the thyroid gland of the mouse as described by McKenzie and by the uptake of 131I by the tadpole's thyroid as described by Bowers. Addition of TRF preparations to the incubation media significantly increased the release of TSH from the pituitaries. TSH release in vitro was related to the dose of TRF preparations from all 4 species. One TRF preparation was active in vitro at a dose of 10 μg. TRF activity was also measured in vivo in the rat. TRF preparations from each species increased plasma TSH levels in thyroidectomized, triiodothyronine-treated rats. These studies support the concept that the hypoth...
Molecular Survey for the Invasive Leafminer Pest Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in California Uncovers Only the Native Pest Liriomyza langei

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is a highly destructive invasive leafminer pest currently causing extensive damage to vegetable and horticultural crops around the world. Liriomyza langei Frick is a leafminer pest native to California that cannot currently be morphologically distinguished from L. huidobrensis. We used a DNA-barcoding approach, a published PCR-RFLP method, and a new multiplex PCR method to analyze 664 flies matching the morphological description of huidobrensis-langei. We found no evidence for the presence of L. huidobrensis in our extensive samples from California. In addition to the new molecular method, this work is important because it provides definitive data that the California "pea leafminer" is currently, and has probably always been, L. langei. These data will also be important in the event that the highly invasive L. huidobrensis ever becomes established.
Possible importance of relatedness in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the United States.

The fire ant was accidentally introduced from southern Brazil to Mobile, Ala., some time between 1933 and 1940 and has spread throughout the southeastern United States. The coefficient of genetic relationship of female fire ants was calculated on the assumption that only one or a few females was originally introduced and that each was mated with one to several males. The model shows that relatedness stabilizes in fewer than 10 generations and that the ultimate relatedness is more strongly affected by the number of females in the original inoculum than by the number of males mating with each female. The results are discussed in light of the potential effect of relatedness on the social biology of the fire ant in the United States.
Trends in the indications for penetrating keratoplasty, 1980-2001.

Purpose:To study the leading indications and changing trends for penetrating keratoplasty (PK) over the past 3 decades.Methods:This is a retrospective review of 696 cases of PK. The indications for PKs performed at the Duke University Eye Center during the years 1980-1981, 1990- 1991, and 2000-2001
SU-C-108-05: A Novel Technique to Evaluate 4D Dose Delivery to a Moving Tumor

Purpose: Delivering highly modulated radiation beams accurately to a moving tumor is a difficult task; it is crucial to have tools to evaluate the efficacy of treatment delivery in such cases. We are reporting a novel technique to evaluate 4D dose delivery to moving tumors. We are also presenting an evaluation of RapidArc treatment delivery using this method. 4D position dependant dose is crucial because the peripheral regions of the tumor may not get adequate dose due to moving out of the MLC aperture. In our procedure we accomplish the position dependant dose evaluation by creating the effects of tumor motion as follows: instead of moving the tumor, we simulate to move the active MLCs in the direction opposite to tumor motion by the corresponding motion amplitude calculated at the time of delivery. Methods: Ten RapidArc plans were created, delivered at a Varian Trilogy unit and corresponding log files were recorded. A simulation, written in MATLAB, reads in the dynalog files, and calculates average time per each control point delivery with respect to beam initiation. A sinusoidal respiratory motion signal with a given maximum amplitude and period was implemented to obtain the motion amplitude at the time of delivery of each control point. A modified DICOM file was created where the active MLCs were moved to simulate the effects of tumor motion. This DICOM plan was reimported to Eclipse treatment planning system, and 4D dose was recalculated. To verify the accuracy of our simulation, a sample plan with 2.5cm motion amplitude was compared with delivery. Results: Simulation agrees well with the dose measurement (3% /3mm gamma acceptance of 98%). GTV under-dosing is observed for large motion amplitudes, and small tumor volumes. Conclusion: A novel technique is developed to obtain delivered 4D dose distributions for moving tumors using machine log files.
Unusual genes at the aminoterminus of human immunoglobulin variants.

HEAVY chain disease proteins1–3 are defective immunoglobulin molecules caused by a mutation of heavy chain structural genes. Defective γ, α, and μ chains have been described in man, and a few abnormal myeloma proteins have been identified in the mouse4. In general the variants are shorter than their normal counterparts because of terminal or internal deletions. The deletions can affect either the constant (C) genes, or both the C and variable (V) genes. When the mutation affects C genes, the defect seems not to be random, as it generally involves either intact domains and/or interdomain regions3. On the other hand, V gene deletions seem not only to be random in location and size, but in some instances to have distinct features such as unusual amino acid sequences and/or the presence of carbohydrate moieties in unusual sites5. We present here studies of the aminoterminal regions of two new heavy chain disease proteins (HAR and LEA)6 and more quantitative data on certain ambiguities of a third protein (CRA) which has been partially sequenced5. Table 1 lists some physicochemical properties (details will be published elsewhere) of heavy chain disease proteins LEA, HAR and CRA.
Contrast effects as a function of delay and shifts in magnitude of water reward in thirsty rats

In a two-shift experiment, eight independent groups of thirsty rats received the following treatments after either 0- or 15-sec delay: LLL, LSL, SSS, SLS, with each letter denoting the magnitude of water reward received in Phases 1-3 of the experiment. In the delayed condition, significant positive (PCE) and negative (NCE) contrast effects were obtained following the first shift, but only a weak PCE in the second shift. In the immediate reward condition, neither a PCE nor a NCE was obtained in either shift. The present findings are discussed in terms of several theories of contrast. The need for considerably more empirical investigations of shifts in the parameters of water reward was indicated.
The determination of in vivo envelope-specific cell-mediated immune responses in equine infectious anemia virus-infected ponies

Distinct from human lentivirus infection, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses will eventually enter an inapparent carrier state in which virus replication is apparently controlled by adaptive immune responses. Although recrudescence of disease can occur after immune suppression, the actual immune correlate associated with protection has yet to be determined. Therefore, EIAV provides a model for investigating immune-mediated protective mechanisms against lentivirus infection. Here, we have developed a method to monitor EIAV-envelope specific cellular immunity in vivo. An EIA carrier horse with no clinical signs infected 7 years ago and 4 related experimental ponies infected 6 months previously were used in this study. Forty-four 20-mer peptides, representing the entire surface unit protein (gp90) of EIAV, were combined into 14 peptide pools and intradermally injected into the neck of EIAV-infected horses. An identical volume of saline alone was injected into a fifteenth site as a negative control. After 48 h, those sites with palpable infiltrations were measured prior to the collection of 2 mm and 4 mm punch biopsies. Total RNA was extracted from each 2 mm biopsy for determination of CD3 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression by real-time PCR. The 4 mm skin biopsies were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for CD3, CD20, CD25 and MAC387 (macrophage marker). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained prior to the injection and tested for in vitro reactivity against the same peptides. Histological examination showed that some of the envelope peptides elicited a lymphocytic cellular infiltration at the injection site, as evidenced by positive staining for CD3. Gp90 peptide-specific increases in CD3 and IFN-γ gene expression were also detected in the injection sites. Furthermore, differences were found between in vivo and in vitro responses to gp90 specific peptides. These results demonstrate a novel method for detecting in vivo cell-mediated immune responses to EIAV-specific peptides that is readily applicable to other host/pathogen systems.
Threshold voltage model for narrow width MOSFETs

Abstract An analytical threshold voltage model for narrow width MOSFETs is presented. The model is based on a Fourier solution of the two-dimensional Poisson's equation for the fully recessed oxide isolation scheme. Realistic boundary conditions are used, which make this formulation more accurate than charge conservation models and applicable to different oxide isolation schemes. The present model provides an analytical closed-form expression for the threshold voltage as a function of design and process parameters such as device width, oxide isolation type, ion implantation, and substrate bias. The model requires only one fitting parameter whose sensitivity to process and design parameters is investigated. The results obtained for the fully recessed oxide isolation case are compared with numerical data, and good agreement is obtained for device widths down to 0.25 μm for uniformly doped substrates and 0.4 μm for nonuniformly doped substrates. Surface potentials and electric fields are also generated from the solutions predicted by this model. The same Fourier solution technique can be used to model different isolation schemes by changing the fitting parameter. This is demonstrated with the LOCOS and fully recessed isolation schemes. The speed and accuracy of this model make it extremely useful for CAD applications.
Spatial aspects of the diffusion of technological innovations among American municipal governments

Abstract Examination of the spatial diffusion patterns of a sample of 43 technological innovations organized into four functional areas—fire fighting, traffic control, air pollution control, solid waste collection, and disposal—indicates the absence of systematic patterns of either rank-size or contagious diffusion of these innovations among municipal governments in the United States. Absence of these general patterns reflects an inadequate identification in existing theories of spatial diffusion processes of variables that enter into agency decisions to adopt new technologies and the inadequate identification of possible interactions among variables. In particular, attempts to model diffusion patterns based on neighborhood effect or on hierarchical relationships fail to take into account, it least for the classes of adopters and innovations studied here, polynuclear propagation and the role of intermediaries (e.g. professional associations, governmental agencies, suppliers) in communication patterns or the role of site-specific factors that determine the “suitability” or “worth” or an innovation to different potential adopters.
Towards a Computational Model of a Methane Producing Archaeum

Progress towards a complete model of the methanogenic archaeum Methanosarcina acetivorans is reported. We characterized size distribution of the cells using differential interference contrast microscopy, finding them to be ellipsoidal with mean length and width of 2.9 μm and 2.3 μm, respectively, when grown on methanol and 30% smaller when grown on acetate. We used the single molecule pull down (SiMPull) technique to measure average copy number of the Mcr complex and ribosomes. A kinetic model for the methanogenesis pathways based on biochemical studies and recent metabolic reconstructions for several related methanogens is presented. In this model, 26 reactions in the methanogenesis pathways are coupled to a cell mass production reaction that updates enzyme concentrations. RNA expression data (RNA-seq) measured for cell cultures grown on acetate and methanol is used to estimate relative protein production per mole of ATP consumed. The model captures the experimentally observed methane production rates for cells growing on methanol and is most sensitive to the number of methyl-coenzyme-M reductase (Mcr) and methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme-M methyltransferase (Mtr) proteins. A draft transcriptional regulation network based on known interactions is proposed which we intend to integrate with the kinetic model to allow dynamic regulation.
Information Needs and Self-Efficacy: Internet Use by Women with Breast Cancer

The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the scholarly literature on the information-seeking behavior and empowerment of women who use the Internet to research treatment options for breast cancer. The article examines the information needs women with breast cancer have regarding the Internet, and further the extent to which the Internet has satisfied those needs – from diagnosis through survivorship. We briefly discuss uses and gratifications theory, while focusing on information seeking and self-efficacy. The traditional mass communication theories of uses and gratifications and self-efficacy can be utilized as the basis for social marketing interventions or campaigns. Although the Internet offers an immediate and ubiquitous resource for women with breast cancer, issues of accessibility prevent the most vulnerable populations from experiencing the benefits of online interaction. Social marketers need to continue to explore the possibilities of utilizing the Internet to engage older, minority...
Endpoint Detection For Silicon Wafer Etching

This thesis describes the results of an investigation into the use of plane polarized light for performing in situ endpoint monitoring of oxide thickness during the etching of silicon wafers. The continuous monitoring of the oxide thickness can be accomplished by analysis of the reflection characteristics of the plane polarized light. This information then allows the etching to be terminated when the oxide thickness approaches zero, thus, providing a means to control the etching process. To accomplish on line monitoring of the oxide thickness, plane polarized light from an argon ion laser passing through a rotating half-wave plate which alternately switches the polarization from transverse electric (TE) to transverse magnetic (TM). The modulated laser light is specularly reflected from the oxide-coated silicon wafer and is sensed by a silicon photo-detector. A.C. detection techniques are employed to measure the normalized reflectance intensity which is related to the thickness of the oxide coating. Oxide thicknesses on the order of 1000 A can be measured with the device to an accuracy of about 0.4%. Oxide thicknesses less than 50 A cannot be measured with accuracy.