cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid electrolyte based sensors for the measurement of CO and hydrocarbon gases

Solid electrolyte based sensors are well-suited for use at high-temperatures and are thus promising candidates for measuring gas compositions in combustion environments. Oxygen partial pressures can be directly measured by a galvanic cell with an oxygen ion conducting electrolyte, but sensors for carbon monoxide and other reducing gases require more complicated mechanisms. These mechanisms rely on changes in the voltage, current or impedance associated with the oxidation of the reducing gas on the electrolyte surface, all of which depend on the kinetics of the electrode reactions. The electrode kinetics, and thus the magnitude and selectivity of the sensor response, depend on the electrolyte and electrode materials. In this paper, the materials used in solid electrolyte based sensors for the measurement of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon gases are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on potentiometric mixed-potential sensors, but amperometric and impedancemetric sensors are also discussed.
Minimization technique for a convex function with application to multiple regression model

This paper develops an algorithm for estimating the parameters in a general multiple regression model, The estimator coincides with the maximum likelihood estimator when the errors have a probability density function of the type f(t) = C 1 exp ( −φ(t)), where φ is a convex and symmetric function but not necessarily differentiable. Even in the special case corresponding to l 1-estimation, this algorithm is as efficient as the algorithms developed to this date.
Lightness induction in the S-cone pathway.

Abstract Lightness induction is classically regarded as a contrast phenomenon limited to pathways which process luminance information. To determine if lightness induction can also occur in the chromatic domain, this phenomenon was studied with stimuli visible only to the short wavelength sensitive (S)-cones which have post-receptoral connections limited to chromatic pathways. The lightness of an object visible only to S-cones was found to be dependent on the relative intensity of its background in a manner similar to achromatic, luminance stimuli. Less intense (dark) backgrounds made the object appear lighter, while'more intense (light) backgrounds made the same object appear darker. These results indicate a commonality among lightness induction effect in the processing of chromatic and luminance information.
Effect of hypophysectomy on fat absorption in the rat.

A metabolic study showed that hypophysectomy does not induce steatorrhea in rats on diets containing 6% and 30% fat, respectively. The data suggest that hypophysectomized animals absorb fat at least as efficiently as normal rats.
Object-based attention: Strength of object representation and attentional guidance

Two or more features belonging to a single object are identified more quickly and more accurately than are features belonging to different objects—a finding attributed to sensory enhancement of all features belonging to an attended or selected object. However, several recent studies have suggested that this “single-object advantage” may be a product of probabilistic and configural strategic prioritizations rather than of object-based perceptual enhancement per se, challenging the underlying mechanism that is thought to give rise to object-based attention. In the present article, we further explore constraints on the mechanisms of object-based selection by examining the contribution of the strength of object representations to the single-object advantage. We manipulated factors such as exposure duration (i.e., preview time) and salience of configuration (i.e., objects). Varying preview time changes the magnitude of the object-based effect, so that if there is ample time to establish an object representation (i.e., preview time of 1,000 msec), then both probability and configuration (i.e., objects) guide attentional selection. If, however, insufficient time is provided to establish a robust object-based representation, then only probabilities guide attentional selection. Interestingly, at a short preview time of 200 msec, when the two objects were sufficiently different from each other (i.e., different colors), both configuration and probability guided attention selection. These results suggest that object-based effects can be explained both in terms of strength of object representations (established at longer exposure durations and by pictorial cues) and probabilistic contingencies in the visual environment.
High-Level Expression of Cold-Tolerant Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase from a Genomic Clone with Site-Directed Mutations in Transgenic Maize

Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in the C4 photosynthetic pathway of maize. To improve the cold tolerance of the enzyme in maize, we designed two genomic sequence-based constructs in which the carboxy-terminal region of the enzyme was modified to mimic the amino acid sequence of the cold-tolerant PPDK of Flaveria brownii (Asteraceae). A large amount of PPDK was found to have accumulated in the leaves of many of the maize plants transformed with one of these constructs – that which introduced 17 amino acid substitutions without any alteration of the exon-intron structure – although there was a wide range of variation in the amount of PPDK among the separate plants. In contrast, the production was much less in maize transformed with the second construct in which a cDNA fragment for the same carboxy-terminal region was inserted. The specific activity of PPDK in the plants transformed with the gene with the amino acid substitutions was inversely correlated with the amount of enzyme in the leaves. In addition, the activity of the cold-tolerant recombinant enzyme was judged to be regulated by the PPDK regulatory protein, similar to that of the native PPDK. The cold tolerance of PPDK in crude leaf extracts was greatly improved in plants that produced a large amount of the engineered PPDK. The photosynthetic rate at 8°C increased significantly (by 23%, p<0.05), but there was no obvious effect at higher temperatures. These results support the hypothesis that PPDK is one of the limiting factors in the C4 photosynthesis of maize under cold conditions.
Neurotrophic factor regulation of developing avian oculomotor neurons: Differential effects of BDNF and GDNF

Neurotrophic factors support the development of motoneurons by several possible mechanisms. Neurotrophins may act as target-derived factors or as afferent factors derived from the central nervous system (CNS) or sensory ganglia. We tested whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4 (NT-4), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may be target-derived factors for neurons in the oculomotor (MIII) or trochlear (MIV) nucleus in chick embryos. Radio-iodinated BDNF, NT-3, NT-4, and GDNF accumulated in oculomotor neurons via retrograde axonal transport when the trophic factors were applied to the target. Systemic GDNF rescued oculomotor neurons from developmental cell death, while BDNF and NT-3 had no effect. BDNF enhanced neurite outgrowth from explants of MIII and MIV nuclei (identified by retrograde labeling in ovo with the fluorescent tracer DiI), while GDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 had no effect. The oculomotor neurons were immunoreactive for BDNF and the BDNF receptors p75(NTR) and trkB. To determine whether BDNF may be derived from its target or may act as an autocrine or paracrine factor, in situ hybridization and deprivation studies were performed. BDNF mRNA expression was detected in eye muscles, but not in CNS sources of afferent innervation to MIII, or the oculomotor complex itself. Injection of trkB fusion proteins in the eye muscle reduced BDNF immunoreactivity in the innervating motoneurons. These data indicate that BDNF trophic support for the oculomotor neurons was derived from their target.
GROUP COUNSELING IN THE SCHOOLS

Group counseling is an effective intervention when working in a school setting. In this article, the authors discuss the different kinds of groups offered in schools, types of group interventions, strategies to use in forming groups, and how to collaborate with others in the school. Because leading groups in schools is a specialized skill, the authors suggest that group leaders form collaborative relationships with others in the school, allot sufficient time for group counseling, advocate to change policies that might preclude groups in schools, and work with students and teachers to honor the time allotment dedicated to group counseling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of the observation unit in the management of thoracic trauma

Use of the observation unit in the management of 150 consecutive patients sustaining blunt or penetrating thoracic trauma, and initially presenting with stable vital signs, normal physical examination findings, and normal chest x-ray studies, was reviewed. All patients requiring admission declared themselves within six hours, with the exception of one asymptomatic patient whose repeat x-ray study was slightly delayed. Of the 150 patients, 129 (86%) were spared hospital admission, and no increased morbidity or mortality could be associated with our policy of selective hospital admission.
Dissociable roles for the dorsal and median raphé in the facilitatory effect of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation upon cocaine-induced locomotion and sensitization.

A distinct role for serotonin transmission from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively) was identified in regulating the behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute and repeated cocaine administration. Serotonin 1A (5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT)1A) receptors were stimulated by intraraphe microinjection of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (DPAT; 5 or 10 μg) and behavior, as well as extracellular neurotransmitter content in the nucleus accumbens was measured. Pretreatment of the DRN with DPAT caused a sensitization-like potentiation of acute cocaine-induced motor activity and an elevation in extracellular dopamine and glutamate. In contrast, DPAT microinjection into the MRN did not alter acute cocaine-induced motor activity or extracellular levels of dopamine or glutamate. Acutely, DPAT microinjection into either raphe nucleus reduced the basal and acute cocaine-stimulated levels of extracellular serotonin. Pretreatment with DPAT before systemic cocaine administration was continued for 5 days, and 3 weeks after the last injection, all rats were administered a cocaine challenge injection. The sensitized behavioral and neurochemical response produced by repeated cocaine in control subjects was unaffected by the intra-DRN administration of DPAT. However, in animals administered DPAT into the MRN, both the sensitized motor response and the increase in glutamate were augmented, while the sensitized serotonin response was blocked, without altering dopamine sensitization. These data show a differential role for 5-HT1A receptors in the DRN and MRN in the acute and sensitized effects of cocaine. While the DRN is involved in the acute effects of cocaine, neuroadaptations in the MRN may regulate the long-term consequences of repeated cocaine exposure.
Percutaneous Use of Fiberoptic Bronchoscope to Investigate Bronchopleurocutaneous Fistula

The fiberoptic bronchoscope was used percutaneously to visualize the track of a bronchopleurocutaneous fistula and to obtain tissue and microbiologic specimens for examination. The bronchoscopy turned out to be a very simple procedure and patient discomfort was minimal. The findings aided in the successful management of this patient.
Branching of nucleation paths in a metastable lattice gas with Metropolis dynamics

A cold, supersaturated gas on a square lattice with nearest-neighbour interaction is considered. The problem is equivalent to a metastable Ising ferromagnet with Metropolis dynamics in external magnetic field. Using the electric analogy established earlier for this problem by Shneidman (2003 J. Stat. Phys. 112 293), the inverse of the nucleation rate is expressed as an equivalent resistance of a complex electric network. Explicit expressions for the equivalent resistance of the network can be obtained from an analysis of series?parallel connections, and the nucleation rate can be evaluated with accuracy which is sufficient not only for the exponential part, but also for the prefactor. At low temperatures and non-special values of the supersaturation S the path of the lowest energy dominates. On the other hand, for 1/2S = 1, 2, ..., (with S ? 1 corresponding to instability) paths with temporal excursions towards higher energies also contribute, leading to the renormalization of peaks in the prefactor of the inverse rate even in the limit of zero temperature. Results can be used to construct a Becker?D?ring type picture which views nucleation as a random walk in a one-dimensional space of the cluster sizes. However, the 'size' cannot be characterized by any integer n, the number of particles in a cluster, but only by an n which is close to a perfect square. Other clusters are to be combined into physical 'droplets', which presumably will play the role of nuclei in the Becker?D?ring description.
Light chain plays a role in neutralizing antibody in b12 H chain knock-in mouse

Results Antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site, including PGV04 and b12, expressed higher levels of surface Ig compared to MPER targeting antibody 4E10. Correlating with the cell line data, in b12 heavy chain knock-in mice, B cells could develop robustly (this was not the case in 4E10 mice). 10-20% of b12 transgenic B cells bound to YU2 gp120 monomer and lacked expression of CD93, indicating that they matured normally and were nonanergic. Upon immunization with YU2 trimer, b12 mice exhibited strong gp120-specific IgG responses. Gp120binding cells used Vk10-96 and Vk19-93, but were skewed to usage of Jk2 and Jk4, which are normally used less frequently than Jk1 and Jk5. Cells in the gp120non binding fraction frequently expressed Vk1-135. Interestingly, the CDR1 length of Vk1-135 is 11 amino acids in length, whereas in Vk10-96 and Vk19-93 genes it is 6 amino acids, suggesting that a short CDR1 is important for gp120 binding. Several anti-gp120 hybridomas were established from LPS-stimulated B cells. However, compared to the original b12 antibody, these hybridoma cells did not show strong neutralization activity. Conclusion The antibodies targeting CD4 binding site are apparently not autoreactive, supporting the notion that this is a desirable epitope for vaccine target. B12 H chain knock in mouse data showed light chain is important for bNAb function. B12 knock in mice and recently generated b12 germline strains are suitable for vaccine study.
UTILITY OF THE BENDER VISUAL-MOTOR GESTALT TEST-SECOND EDITION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

This study examined the use of the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test-Second Edition (BGT-II) with children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Previous research has examined the relationship of ADHD and visual-motor functioning based on overall developmental scores or specific emotional indicators. Although several studies have examined the relationship of the previous edition of the BGT-II and ADHD symptoms, psychometric issues associated with the original edition limit the validity of the results. The current study examined the utility of the BGT-II in the assessment of behaviors associated with ADHD. A group of 62 subjects diagnosed with ADHD (M=11 yr., 5 mo.; 45 male, 17 female) was compared to a control group of 62 subjects randomly selected from the BGT-II standardization data (M=11 yr., 6 mo; 33 male, 29 female). Several hypotheses were made regarding how areas of deficit, e.g., self-regulation, planning, working memory, and motor control, were expected to manifest in BGT-II performance. With IQ controlled, subjects with ADHD performed more poorly on the BGT-II than subjects with no known disorders; however, the effect size was small (eta(p)=.07). Emotional indicators intended to assess symptoms of ADHD did not demonstrate diagnostic utility.
Invariant imbedding and scattering of light in a one-dimensional medium with a moving boundary

Abstract : It is shown how the invariant-imbedding technique is used for the derivation of integral equations governing the reflection and the transmission coefficients of radiation in a one-dimensional medium with a moving boundary. When formulating the source function, account is taken by the relaxation of photon emission under the assumption that during an elementary act of scattering a photon remains in a state of absorption for a certain duration of temporal capture. The Schuster problem for a moving one-dimensional medium is exactly treated. When formulating the transfer equations, the influence of the Doppler effect caused by the macroscopic differential motions is considered as a principal agency of the change of frequency on scattering.
Stimulus generalization according to palatability in lithium-chloride-induced taste aversions

Generalization of a conditional taste aversion to novel flavors was examined in the rat. Using a two-bottle choice test, the relative palatability for seven flavors was determined. Two of the moderately palatable flavors, lemon and peppermint-sucrose, were paired with an injection of lithium chloride (5 ml/kg.36 M LiC1 IP). Each of the seven flavors was then reranked in a second test for the lithium-chloride-injected animals. Results indicate that palatable flavors generalize to taste aversions less readily than do those flavors which are less palatable.
Flexible usage of space for telemedicine

Time and space have always been constrains in providing health care. Telemedicine is changing the face of health care by increasing access to health care for patients in remote and underserved areas, which in turn enables them to manage their health better. This translates to cost savings for providers. However, clinics and hospitals often find it challenging to introduce telemedicine into their organizations for many reasons, one of which is the perception that large infrastructure investments must be made at the onset. This paper presents a brief history of telemedicine, followed by several examples telemedicine health care deliver approaches used in a major U.S. health provider, and several approaches for making flexible use of clinic space to support both distance and in-person patients. We provide these examples to help health care organizations find ways to enter into telemedicine in small ways before making large scale investments. Flexible systems revolutionized the manufacturing industry; we feel that similar approaches can revolutionize telemedicine.
TCTAP C-197 Bilateral CTO from Superficial Femoral Artery to Popliteal Artery Treated by IVUS Guided Wiring, Trans-collateral Wiring, Distal Puncture at Anterior Tibial Artery and Guide Wire Rendez-vous Method

### Patient initials or identifier number S.S. ### Relevant clinical history and physical exam Case: 75 year-old-woman, Rutherford3 Chief Complaint: bilateral intermittent claudication Risk Factors: hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis Present Illness: She presented with bilateral claudication
A 28-GHz SiGe up-conversion mixer using a series-connected triplet for higher dynamic range and improved IF port return loss

This work presents a fully integrated SiGe microwave up-conversion mixer, utilizing a new circuit topology consisting of a common-base, series-connected triplet at the IF port to achieve a significant improvement in dynamic range. This circuit functions with an IF signal of 1.25 GHz, and has an input 1-dB compression point (IP/sub 1dB/) of -6.8 dBm, for an RF output at 28 GHz. The circuit operates over a frequency range from 19 to 31 GHz, with a maximum conversion gain of 1 dB. The mixer can operate over an IF range from 1 to 10 GHz, while maintaining an IF port return loss greater than 10 dB.
Coronary artery calcification and emphysema

Objective It is thought that emphysema patients are at a higher risk of coronary artery disease. The present study is one of very few that evaluated the prevalence of significant coronary artery disease in emphysema patients using coronary artery calcification measured by electron beam computed tomography. Methods A retrospective chart review evaluated 1720 consecutive patients, some of whom were self-referred. All patients had both heart and lungs imaged with electron beam computed tomography when they were seen at the Inner Imaging Center, a cardiac imaging center affiliated with the Beth Israel Hospital in New York, New York. Multiple logistic regression was performed to determine which factors were independently associated with coronary artery calcification. Results Age, sex, hypertension and smoking were the risk factors independently associated with coronary artery calcification in the population studied. The emphysema group was significantly higher on measures of smoking and hypertension compared with the control group. Comparison of scores between the two groups using different categories for coronary artery calcification scores did not show a statistically significant difference using χ 2 analysis (P=0.088). However, there was a significant difference between dichotomized coronary artery calcification scores of lower than 100 and 100 or higher in patients with and without emphysema, respectively (P=0.013). Coexisting smoking and hypertension may contribute to the higher incidence of coronary artery calcfication in emphysema patients. Symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath were not different between the emphysema and control groups. Conclusion Emphysema patients have a higher prevalence of significant coronary artery calcification, defined as a coronary artery calcification score higher than 100.
Potentiation of tamoxifen activity by verapamil in a human breast cancer cell line

Abstract The tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of tamoxifen was enhanced significantly by verapamil treatment in an estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 5 and 10 μg/mL verapamil produced a 1.8- and 2.8-fold increase, respectively, in tamoxifen activity. Unlike reversal of multi-drug resistance, the verapamil-mediated increase in tamoxifen activity was not associated with enhanced drug accumulation. Tamoxifen treatment alone or in combination with verapamil did not affect the activity of protein kinase C, an enzyme implicated in the anti-tumor activity of tamoxifen. Addition of 17β-estradiol in the cell survival assay system partially abrogated the modulatory effect of verapamil. These data suggest that potentiation of tamoxifen activity by verapamil may involve interaction of this agent with the estrogen receptor. In conclusion, potentiation of tamoxifen activity by calcium channel blockers represents a novel approach for improving the therapeutic results with tamoxifen in women with breast cancer.
Resonance Raman and surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of hypericin.

— Hypericin has been found to exhibit a variety of photodynamic effects. To correlate biological activity with molecular structure, complete physical characterization of hypericin is required. The vibrational spectrum has been determined and resonance Raman and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectra are reported. In addition, the Raman spectrum of a model compound has been studied to facilitate assignment of the vibrational modes of hypericin.
Technology, Accuracy and Scientific Thought in Field Camp: An Ethnographic Study

An ethnographic study was conducted on an undergraduate field course to observe and document lived experiences of students. This paper evaluates one of several emergent themes: that of technology d...
Synthesis and crystal structure of a three-coordinate bismuth alkoxide with bismuth-β-phenyl secondary interactions, Bi(OCPh3)3

Abstract Bi(OCPh3)3 has been prepared and isolated and its structure established by X-ray crystallography. Bi(OCPh3)3 has been found to have a three-coordinate structure, unlike its silyl analogue, due to π interactions between the Lewis acidic metal and one β-phenyl ring of each alkoxide ligand.
Prolonged cutaneous analgesia in rats induced by 3‐acetylaconitine as an additive

3-Acetylaconitine (3AA) is an “aconitine-like” plant alkaloid that has been used as an analgesic agent for the treatment of chronic pain and rheumatoid arthritis in China. Aconitine-like alkaloids appear to target the CNS for their analgesic action, although they also display local anesthetic properties. We tested whether 3AA prolonged cutaneous analgesia in rats when co-injected with lidocaine (0.5%) and epinephrine (1:200,000), a mixture commonly used in infiltration anesthesia. Inhibition of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex was evaluated quantitatively by pinpricks applied to the injected area. Co-injection of lidocaine and epinephrine with 3AA ranging within 50–125 µM elicited complete cutaneous analgesia in vivo lasting 3–12 h, and full recovery occurred after ∼5–8 days in a 3AA concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, cutaneous analgesia induced by the mixture of lidocaine and epinephrine or by 3AA alone in rats was significantly shorter. No adverse systemic effects or local toxicities were evident after injection of 3AA as an additive. Our results suggest that “aconitine-like” alkaloids could be exploited as an additive for long-lasting cutaneous analgesia. Drug Dev Res 69: 83–88, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inulin effects on bioavailability of soy isoflavones and their calcium absorption enhancing ability.

The effect of inulin on isoflavone absorption and the effect of isoflavones and synergy with inulin on calcium absorption in rats was investigated. Rats (n = 48) were divided into three groups and fed inulin (50 mg/g), isoflavone (8 mg/g) or inulin + isoflavone (50 mg/g + 8 mg/g) diets for 21 days. After a 2-h fast, rats were given 45Ca orally or intraperitoneally, together with 25 mg of calcium as calcium acetate. Blood and femurs were collected 4 days later. Sera were analyzed for isoflavones using HPLC-MS, femurs for 45Ca by β-scintillation counting, and total femoral calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Both groups fed isoflavones had similar and significantly higher weight-adjusted total femoral calcium content compared to the inulin-fed group (p < 0.0001). 45Ca absorption was significantly higher (p < 0.01) when isoflavones were added to the diet, and serum equol was significantly lower (p < 0.01) when inulin was added to the diet containing isoflavones. We conclude that isoflavones enhance ca...
The Application of High Potentials to Vacuum-Tubes

A brief progress-report is made on the results so far obtained in the development of vacuum-tubes to which the very high voltages produced by Tesla coils (greater than ${10}^{6}$ volts) can be applied. One cascade tube has been constructed which withstood repeatedly a voltage of 1,400,000 volts, and others have been used at lower voltages. This method, originally developed by Coolidge, gives promise of being suitable for voltages of several million, and eventually perhaps even higher. No effort has been made so far to use these tubes with a definite and controlled emission, since experience has shown that single-section tubes operated at several hundred kilovolts have approximately the same voltage-limitation with or without hot cathodes. The chief difficulty with very high-voltage tubes is that of preventing the uncontrollable (cold-cathode) emission which limits the voltage which can be applied. An electrodeless tube which withstood 1,000,000 volts is briefly described.
Pool fire-ventilation crossflow experiments in a simulated aircraft cabin interior

An experimental facility has been built to study pool fire dynamics and flame spread behavior in a 1/3-scale simulated aircraft interior; attention is presently given to pool fire ventilation crossflow using a 'channel' pool fire subjected to crossflow velocities that replicate postcrash conditions in a wide body aircraft. Crossflow velocity is noted to have a strong effect on visible flame geometry, tilting the flame over sharply. A reverse flow ceiling jet of hot gases was also present in all tests, however, and extended far upstream of the fire, so that despite the appearance of the visible flame, the vertical momentum of the plume was strong enough to establish the reverse flow layer and spread smoke and toxic gases upstream against a significant ventilating flow.
Some effects of progesterone and related steroids on the central nervous system

Abstract Some pregnane-type steroids, including progesterone and some of its metabolites, produce behavioral and electro-physiologic changes in experimental animals. The most marked effects are obtained with i.v. administration of progesterone metabolites of the 5β-pregnane type. These agents surpass the commonly known, short-acting barbiturates in hypnotic potency.
#72-S racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination in elderly adults

PURPOSE: Although the benefits of influenza vaccination in high-risk adults are compelling, national influenza vaccination rates are low for Black and Hispanic adults 65 years and older. We analyzed data from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to examine whether measures of access to care account for racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination rates among elderly adults in the United States. METHODS: Indicators of access to care (predisposing, enabling, environmental/system and need) that were derived from Andersen's Behavioral Model were identified in the NHIS questionnaire. The relationship of these indicators to influenza vaccination and race/ethnicity was assessed with multiple logistic regression models using the SUDAAN program. RESULTS: Significant differences in vaccination were observed between Non-Hispanic (NH) Whites (66%) and both Hispanics (50%, p < 0.001) and NH Blacks (46%, p < 0.001). For Hispanics, the crude prevalence odds ratio (POR) for being unvaccinated (1.89, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.3) declined to 1.27 (0.9,1.7), after controlling for predisposing and enabling indicators, especially age, education, marital status, language proficiency, having a regular source of care and number of doctor visits. For NH Blacks, controlling for access to care indicators changed the POR from 2.24 (1.9, 2.7) to 1.93 (1.6, 2.4). CONCLUSION: Andersen's predisposing and enabling characteristics may explain some of the racial/ethnic disparity in influenza vaccination between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elderly. To completely explain the possible reasons for the disparity in influenza vaccination among non-Hispanic blacks, other factors, such as patient attitudes and provider performance, should also be investigated.
The role of the insulin-like growth factors in the central nervous system

Increasing evidence strongly supports a role for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in central nervous system (CNS) development. IGF-I, IGF-II, the type IIGF receptor (the cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor that mediates IGF signals), and some IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs; secreted proteins that modulate IGF actions) are expressed in many regions of the CNS beginning in utero. The expression pattern of IGF system proteins during brain growth suggests highly regulated and developmentally timed IGF actions on specific neural cell populations. IGF-I expression is predominantly in neurons and, in many brain regions, peaks in a fashion temporally coincident with periods in development when neuron progenitor proliferation and/or neuritic outgrowth occurs. In contrast, IGF-II expression is confined mainly to cells of mesenchymal and neural crest origin. While expression of type I IGF receptors appears ubiquitous, that of IGFBPs is characterized by regional and developmental specificity, and often occurs coordinately with peaks of IGF expression. In vitro IGF-I has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of neuron progenitors and/or the survival of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and in some cultured neurons, to stimulate function. Transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress IGF-I in the brain exhibit postnatal brain overgrowth without anatomic abnormality (20-85% increases in weight, depending on the magnitude of expression). In contrast, Tg mice that exhibit ectopic brain expression of IGFBP-1, an inhibitor of IGF action when present in molar excess, manifest postnatal brain growth retardation, and mice with ablated IGF-I gene expression, accomplished by homologous recombination, have brains that are 60% of normal size as adults. Taken together, these in vivo studies indicate that IGF-I can influence the development of most, if not all, brain regions, and suggest that the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are especially sensitive to IGF-I actions. IGF-I's growth-promoting in vivo actions result from its capacity to increase neuron number, at least in certain populations, and from its potent stimulation of myelination. These IGF-I actions, taken together with its neuroprotective effects following CNS and peripheral nerve injury, suggest that it may be of therapeutic benefit in a wide variety of disorders affecting the nervous system.
MO‐D‐BRB‐11: Evaluation of the Accuracy of Eclipse AAA Modeling for Flatten Filter Free Beam Used for SBRT

Purpose: To evaluate the Eclipse analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) modeling of flattening filter free (FFF) megavoltage photon beams for a new Varian linear accelerator, TruebeamSTx ,TM, used for Gated SBRT. Materials and Methods: With the new Varian TruebeamSTx, Eclipse AAA was configured by using the measured dosimetric data. The TruebeamSTx can operate 6 and 10 MV photon beams free of the flattening filter (FFF). FFF photon beams are especially suitable for use of SBRT since they can operate at high dose rate (1400MU/min for 6MVFFF, 2400MU/min for 10MVFFF). Gated IMRT, RapidArc and gated RapidArc have routinely been used for SBRT, using the FFF photon beams. The accuracy of treatment plans with field sizes as small as 1×1 sq. cm are evaluated by measurement performed using films, ion chamber, and also with a Delta4 measurement system (ScandiDos). For gated treatments, measurements were done on a Respiratory Gating Platform (Standard Imaging) with motion simulating the actual patient breathing pattern. Results: The dosimetric leaf gap of the HD120MLC was adjusted to 1.7 mm with leaf transmission set to 0.015 so the calculated isodose distribution has the best fit with the measurement. The comparison between Eclipse and measured isodose distribution show an agreement of better than 95% using a gamma index of (3%/3mm). For gated RapidArc, the difference of FWHM of the measured and calculated profiles is found to be less than 0.2 mm with target size larger than 3 cm in diameter, and less than 1 mm for 1 cm diameter target size. Conclusions: The Eclipse AAA (V8.9) is found to be within 1mm accuracy for target volume as small as 1 cm in diameter. No major difference of the isodose distribution produced between the WFF and the FFF beams.
Health Literacy Among the Amish: Measuring a Complex Concept Among a Unique Population

The Amish have cultural practices that include formal education through the 8th grade. This study’s purpose was to compare the health literacy among Amish to non-Amish adults living in Ohio Appalachia to understand its potential contribution to poorer health behaviors (e.g. lower cancer screening rates). Amish (n = 143) and non-Amish (n = 154) adults completed interviews as part of a lifestyle study. The rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine (REALM) instrument (score range 0–66) was used and mean REALM scores were compared (t test) and correct pronunciation of each word was compared (Chi square test). Significance was considered at p < 0.001 because of multiple comparisons. Mean REALM scores among Amish males (53.3 ± 13.1) and females (56.2 ± 8.6) were significantly (p < 0.001) lower compared to non-Amish males (61.2 ± 9.8) and females (63.0 ± 6.2). Twelve percent of Amish participants read at or lower than a 6th grade level compared to 2.6 % of non-Amish participants. This study provides a glimpse into how culture may influence health literacy. Many Amish participants had limited or marginal health literacy. Innovative strategies that address inadequate health literacy and specific cultural characteristics are needed to improve health-related behaviors and outcomes among the Amish.
Investigating the Mechanical Effects of Adsorption of Ca2+ Ions on a Silicon Nitride Microcantilever Surface

Adsorption characteristics of calcium ions on silicon nitride surfaces have been investigated using microcantilevers. Both resonance frequency and cantilever bending undergo variation due to calcium ion adsorption. The adsorption behavior was found to fit a Langmuir isotherm. From the linearized form of the isotherm, the binding constant of adsorption, K, was found to be 116 M-1 and the stress change at maximum coverage, Δσmax, was 0.46 N m-1. The Gibbs free energy change was estimated to be −11.8 kJ mol-1. A calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, was used to check for the presence of adsorbed Ca2+ ions on the cantilever surface. Fluorescence measurements with Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated calmodulin gave confirmatory evidence of the presence of Ca2+ ions on the silicon nitride side of the cantilever surface. These results indicate that the presence of Ca2+ ions and probably other cations in the solution can cause cantilever resonance frequency shifts and bending. It is therefore critical to correct for these ...
Visualization of secondary flows in planar nozzles

Abstract : A flow visualization study in planar nozzles having rectangular inlets from circular ducts produced clear photographs of secondary flows at nozzle exits. It also provided information on the effect of the Reynolds number on these secondary flows. Air was used as the flowing fluid and the flow field was visualized with the aid of smoke. (Modified author abstract)
Association rule mining of cellular responses induced by metal and metal oxide nanoparticles

Relationships among fourteen different biological responses (including ten signaling pathway activities and four cytotoxicity effects) of murine macrophage (RAW264.7) and bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to six metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were analyzed using both statistical and data mining approaches. Both the pathway activities and cytotoxicity effects were assessed using high-throughput screening (HTS) over an exposure period of up to 24 h and concentration range of 0.39–200 mg L−1. HTS data were processed by outlier removal, normalization, and hit-identification (for significantly regulated cellular responses) to arrive at reliable multiparametric bioactivity profiles for the NPs. Association rule mining was then applied to the bioactivity profiles followed by a pruning process to remove redundant rules. The non-redundant association rules indicated that “significant regulation” of one or more cellular responses implies regulation of other (associated) cellular response types. Pairwise correlation analysis (via Pearson's χ2 test) and self-organizing map clustering of the different cellular response types indicated consistency with the identified non-redundant association rules. Furthermore, in order to explore the potential use of association rules as a tool for data-driven hypothesis generation, specific pathway activity experiments were carried out for ZnO NPs. The experimental results confirmed the association rule identified for the p53 pathway and mitochondrial superoxide levels (via MitoSox reagent) and further revealed that blocking of the transcriptional activity of p53 lowered the MitoSox signal. The present approach of using association rule mining for data-driven hypothesis generation has important implications for streamlining multi-parameter HTS assays, improving the understanding of NP toxicity mechanisms, and selection of endpoints for the development of nanomaterial structure–activity relationships.
Shedding, Witchcraft, and the Romantic Subject: Feminist Appropriation of the Witch in Sarah Kirsch’s Zaubersprüche (1973)

Against a background of the feminist appropriation of the witch taking place concurrently in second-wave American, French and West German feminism, the paper examines Sarah Kirsch’s appropriation of the witch as a subversive figure in her poetry cycle Zauberspruche (Conjurations, 1973). In subverting the traditional image of the witch, Kirsch establishes a new one: that of a feminist witch and a feminist witch-writer. The witch is both the fictive character created by Kirsch, and her own self-designation; in the latter case, writing, especially writing in the experimental fashion, is a form of witchcraft. The paper analyzes the poems using the theoretical concept of magical realism. Although magical realism is mostly associated with post-colonial studies, it proves to be an apposite mode for feminist studies as well. The magical realist modality contradicts the state-sanctioned aesthetic of socialist realism, a fact that makes Kirsch one of the subversive “GDR-Witches.”
Word familiarity as a factor in perceptual defense research.

Two groups of 13 college students selected on the basis of combined extreme scores from the 16 PFT were exposed to a list of 18 tachistoscopically presented words, 7 of which were “taboo” and 11 of which were “neutral.” The words were matched for frequency from the Thorndike-Lorge count (1944). Several variables were investigated, but only the familiarity dimension was found to be significant. Methodological implications for further research are discussed in this exploratory study.
TERMINATION OF LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA IN LEFT ATRIUM, ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT, AND ABSENCE OF CORONARY SINUS; A DEVELOPMENTAL COMPLEX.

Eight cases of termination of the left superior vena cava in the left atrium are reviewed pathologically and clinically. In three of the five patients who died, pathologic examination revealed three anomalies which, together, are considered to form a developmental complex. The anomalies are (1) termination of the left superior vena cava in the left atrium, (2) absence of the coronary sinus, and (3) an atrial septal defect lying in the postero-inferior angle of the atrial septum. In the two remaining fatal cases, the aforementioned anomalies were associated with persistent common atrioventricular canal. In this situation, the atrial septal defect of the latter malformation was confluent with the atrial septal defect of the anomalous complex described. The coexistence of three anomalies-the left superior vena cava terminating in the left atrium, absent coronary sinus, and atrial septal defect-is considered to result from a single developmental abnormality. This takes the form of failure of complete formatio...
Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory

I summarize seven general trends in the institutional analysis of organizations which I view as constructive and provide evidence of progress in the development of this perspective. I emphasize corrections in early theoretical limitations as well as improvements in the use of empirical indicators and an expansion of the types of organizations included and issues addressed by institutional theorists.
A microwave induced plasma system for the maintenance of moderate power plasmas of helium, argon, nitrogen and air

Abstract A microwave induced plasma system capable of maintaining stable plasmas of each of the gases helium, argon, nitrogen and air is presented. The system is capable of operation at powers of up to 500 W. The TM 010 cavity design is similar to that previously described in the literature with some modifications. A demountable torch facilitates centering of diffuse plasmas of helium, nitrogen and air by providing 6 flows directed tangentially within the quartz tube. This torch was not useful for argon plasmas. Toroidal argon plasmas were maintained with a threaded quartz tube arrangement. The heat generated by these plasmas was dissipated by an outer sheath of coolant air. Details of the design and preliminary characterization of each plasma system is presented.
INTRACELLULAR MICROBIAL UREASE.

THE urease reaction has been used as a diagnostic method for a number of groups of bacteria. It is particularly useful in differentiating Proteus species from enteric pathogens1,2 and has also been used to differentiate Brucella suis from B. abortus and B. melitensis3. It also has been suggested that urease activity may serve as an indicator of pathogenic potential and of drug resistance among some groups of bacteria4–6. The urease activity of bacteria can readily be determined by inoculating the organisms on to a number of bacteriological media1,2. Seneca et al.6,7 reported that urease activity was observed in cell-free extracts obtained by sonic oscillation, even in groups characterized as lacking this enzyme by sensitive culture methods. The crude extracts such as were used in those investigations may contain large amounts of compounds which readily yield alkaline products; for example, extracts from enteric bacteria have been shown to produce amines from amino-acids8. Therefore, in order to eliminate spurious results, the more specific method involving reaction of acetylbenzoyl with urea has been used to determine urease activity of cell-free preparations9.
Welcome from the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sending Society president

On behalf of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, I am delighted to welcome you to IGARSS 2013, and to express our sincere appreciation to the 2013 local team for organizing an outstanding conference. From the plenary session, which includes internationally recognized keynote speakers and celebrates the accomplishments of our members, to the technical program with contributors from more than 65 countries and the unique social events, IGARSS will once again be an outstanding international event for our community.
Sex and species differences in cell-mediated immune responses in voles

Males generally display reduced immune responses and greater susceptibility to disease than females, possibly reflecting the suppressive effects of androgens on the immune system. It is presumed that this androgenic effect on immune function is more pronounced among polygynous than monogamous species because concentrations of circulating androgens are generally higher among polygynous than monogamous males. The present study examined sex and species differences in cell-mediated immunity of two Microtus species. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed among individually housed polygynous meadow voles (M. pennsylvanicus) and monogamous prairie voles (M. ochrogaster) by examining the proliferative responses of splenocytes to the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) and the B-cell mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neither sex nor species differences were observed in response to stimulation with Con A. In contrast, meadow voles exhibited higher proliferative responses to LPS than prairie voles. Sex differences in...