cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Dynamic Shear Moduli of Carbon Black-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Subjected to Large Shear Strain Histories

Abstract Combined measurements of shear-stress relaxation and differential dynamic storage and loss shear moduli G′ and G″ following a single-step shear strain of 0.4, as well as measurements of dynamic moduli in on-off strain and stress histories, have been made on styrene-butadiene rubber (type 1502) filled with carbon black (N299) at loadings of 40, 50, 60, and 70 phr, with 10 phr Sundex 790 oil. Both cured and uncured compounds were studied at temperatures of 25.0° and −0.5°C respectively. The maximum oscillatory shear strain was 0.005, and the frequency was from 0.4 to 1.8 Hz. The storage shear modulus G′(ω, 0) measured without imposition of static strain was approximately proportional to the fourth power of the volume fraction of black. With imposition of single-step strain, the differential storage modulus G′(ω, γ; t) fell 25% to 35% but slowly recovered somewhat while the strain was maintained for 4 to 5 h. During this period, the static stress relaxed continuously. At the highest content of black...
Stability of Zr-Doped SrCeO3-d Under Wet CO/CO2 Atmospheres

The SrCeO3-based perovskite is a potential hydrogen membrane material used to incorporate the water gas shift reaction catalyst and hydrogen separation into one unit. The stability of SrCeO3 was improved using zirconium dopant. A tubular hydrogen membrane was fabricated with NiO-SrCe0.8Zr0.2O3 and SrCe0.7Zr0.2Eu0.1O3 as the substrate and membrane, respectively. The hydrogen permeation flux was stable under wet CO atmosphere.
THE AMOEBAL AND PROTOPLASMODIAL CYST PHASE OF ECHINOSTELIUM MINUTUM

Progressive stages of the encystment of myxamoebae and protoplasmodia of Echino? stelium minutum are documented using LM. The TEM and SEM studies indicate that myx? amoebal and protoplasmodial cysts of E. minutum share some characteristics: the cyst wall consists of a single layer composed of densely packed microfibrils; the surface ofthe cyst wall is convoluted into numerous folds; the cyst wall of both phases undergoes complete dissolution during excystment.
Evaluation of Surgical Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease

The diagnosis and management of peripheral vascular disease as it relates to patients undergoing other types of major surgical procedures are considered in this article.
Morphology of thermoplastic and cross-linked polyethylene cable insulation

The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The study of void population, size, and mobility will help define mechanisms of electrical failure in polyethylene cable insulation. Structural models explaining the origin of voids in terms of spherulitic domains must be expanded to include nonspherulitic morphologies. 2. Sample preparation for SEM investigations is extremely important. The actions of any etching procedure used in surface preparation must be carefully characterized. 3. Oxygen plasma etching reveals differences in strain as well as differences in aged and unaged morphology near and away from the burn hole. 4. Chlorosulfonic acid treated polyethylene can be thin sectioned to study void population by TEM.
Study of Vertical Transport through Schottky-Gated, Laterally Confined Quantum-Dot Devices

We present the conductance properties of resonant tunneling heterostructures, laterally confined by a Schottky gate so that the confinement can be varied in a continuous and controlled way. Data on dots with nominal diameters in the submicron range are reported.
Projects lead to principles: applying project-based learning to animation

If you want a child to understand fractions, teach them how to cook. It will provide them with an engaging learning experience whose context naturally serves to interest them in fractions.
An asymptotic property of model selection criteria

Probability models are estimated by use of penalized likelihood criteria related to the Akaike (1972) information criteria (AIC) and the minimum description length (MDL). The asymptotic risk of the density estimator is determined, under conditions on the penalty term, and is shown to be minimax optimal. As an application, we show that the optimal rate of convergence is achieved for the density in certain smooth nonparametric families without knowing the smooth parameters in advance.
Jurisdictional Tax Competition and the Division of Nonrenewable Resource Rents

This paper presents a model of nonrenewable resource extraction across multiple jurisdictions which engage in strategic tax competition. The model incorporates rents due to both resource scarcity and capital scarcity as well as intra-region Ricardian rents. Regions set taxes on nonrenewable resource production strategically to balance tax revenues and local benefits from investment conditional on other regions’ tax rates. A representative extraction firm then allocates production capital across regions and time to maximize the present value of profits. Generally, we find that the division of resource rent between firms and regional governments ultimately depends on the relative scarcity of natural and production capital, relative costs across space, and the value regional governments place on economic activity. This theoretical result provides policymakers with information on the determinants of optimal tax rates and motivates future empirical research on the factors influencing the division of resource rent in practice.
Charged Macromolecular Rhenium Bipyridine Catalysts with Tunable CO2 Reduction Potentials.

A series of polymeric frameworks with functional assemblies were designed to alter the catalytic activity of covalently bound ReI electrocatalysts. Norbornenyl polymers containing positively charged quaternary ammonium salts, neutral phenyl, or negatively charged trifluoroborate groups were end-labelled with a ReI fac-tricarbonyl bipyridine electrocatalyst via cross metathesis. Electrochemical studies in acetonitrile under an inert atmosphere and with saturated CO2 indicate that the quaternary ammonium polymers exhibit a significantly lower potential for CO2 reduction to CO (ca. 300 mV), while neutral polymers behave consistently with what has been reported for the free, molecular catalyst. In contrast, the trifluoroborate polymers displayed a negative shift in potential and catalytic activity was not observed. It is demonstrated that a single catalytically active complex can be installed onto a charged polymeric framework, thereby achieving environmentally tuned reduction potentials for CO2 reduction. These materials may be useful as polymer-based precursors for preparing catalytic and highly ordered structures such as thin films, porous catalytic membranes, or catalytic nanoparticles.
Plant Domestication: Wild Date Palms Illuminate a Crop's Sticky Origins.

Summary In a new study, previously unknown populations of wild date palm have been identified in remote areas of Oman. Genomic analyses indicate date palm domestication occurred in the eastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula and reveal substantial subsequent gene flow with African palm populations.
Dispelling the Myth: Training in Education or Neuroscience Decreases but Does Not Eliminate Beliefs in Neuromyths

Neuromyths are misconceptions about brain research and its application to education and learning. Previous research has shown that these myths may be quite pervasive among educators, but less is known about how these rates compare to the general public or to individuals who have more exposure to neuroscience. This study is the first to use a large sample from the United States to compare the prevalence and predictors of neuromyths among educators, the general public, and individuals with high neuroscience exposure. Neuromyth survey responses and demographics were gathered via an online survey hosted at TestMyBrain.org. We compared performance among the three groups of interest: educators (N=598), high neuroscience exposure (N=234), and the general public (N=3045) and analyzed predictors of individual differences in neuromyths performance. In an exploratory factor analysis, we found that a core group of 7 “classic” neuromyths factored together (items related to learning styles, dyslexia, the Mozart effect, the impact of sugar on attention, right-brain/left-brain learners, and using 10% of the brain). The general public endorsed the greatest number of neuromyths (M=68%), with significantly fewer endorsed by educators (M=56%), and still fewer endorsed by the high neuroscience exposure group (M=46%). The two most commonly endorsed neuromyths across all groups were related to learning styles and dyslexia. More accurate performance on neuromyths was predicted by age (being younger), education (having a graduate degree), exposure to neuroscience courses, and exposure to peer-reviewed science. These findings suggest that training in education and neuroscience can help reduce but does not eliminate belief in neuromyths. We discuss the possible underlying roots of the most prevalent neuromyths and implications for classroom practice. These empirical results can be useful for developing comprehensive training modules for educators that target general misconceptions about the brain and learning.
Case 17: Sequelae of Necrotizing Pancreatitis

A middle-aged man with history of acute alcoholic necrotizing pancreatitis was imaged because of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Importance of the ligand basis set in ab initio thermochemical calculations of transition metal species

Abstract The impact of basis set choice has been considered for a series of transition metal (TM) species. The need for higher level correlation consistent basis sets on both the metal and ligand has been investigated, and permutations in the pairings of basis set used for TM’s and basis set used for ligands can lead to effective routes to complete basis set (CBS) limit extrapolations of thermochemical energetics with little change in thermochemical predictions as compared to those resulting from the use of traditional basis set pairings, while enabling computational cost savings. Basis set superposition errors (BSSE) that can arise have also been considered.
Emerson and Self-Reliance: Individualism Amidst the Market

This chapter is a study of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s individualism, both in itself and as he addressed it to the realities of the market revolution. Throughout his long career as an essayist and lecturer, he developed a doctrine of what he called self-reliance, meant to marry inner self-knowledge and self-trust with pursuits of self-culture. Emerson was also keenly interested in the development of a market economy in America, though his thought on this subject appears to have undergone notable changes over time. Reading across the decades of his work, this chapter argues that Emerson struggled to make a home for self-reliance in American society, first condemning the market revolution as an impediment to self-culture but later finding ways in which his individualism could find imperfect but needful expression in a market society.
Determinants of bicyclist injury severities in bicycle-vehicle crashes: A random parameters approach with heterogeneity in means and variances

Abstract This paper investigates risk factors that significantly contribute to the injury severity of bicyclists in bicycle/motor-vehicle crashes while systematically accounting for unobserved heterogeneity within the crash data. Using the data from Los Angeles over a seven-year period (January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016) a random parameters multinomial logit model of bicyclist-injury severity, with heterogeneity in parameter means and variances, is estimated to explore the effects of a wide range of variables on bicyclist injury-severity outcomes. Model estimation results show that many factors potentially affect the likelihood of severe injuries in bicycle/motor-vehicle crashes including bicyclist and driver race and gender, alcohol-impaired bicyclists or drivers, older bicyclists, riding or driving on the wrong side of road, drivers’ unsafe speeding, bicyclist not wearing helmet, and so on. The findings of this research point toward the need to further study the contributing factors on the bicyclist injury severities.
A comparison of the ultrathin Orsiro Hybrid sirolimus-eluting stent with contemporary drug-eluting stents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Background Recent studies suggest the Orsiro sirolimus-eluting stent (O-SES), which has ultrathin struts with a biodegradable sirolimus-eluting polymer coating, performed better than contemporary drug-eluting stents (DES). We performed a meta-analysis to compare clinical outcomes for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of O-SES vs contemporary DES. Methods/materials PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and meeting abstracts were searched for all RCTs comparing O-SES with contemporary DES. Pooled estimates of longest available clinical outcomes at a minimum of one-year follow-up, presented as odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence intervals], were generated with random-effect models. Results We included 8 RCTs with a total of 11,176 patients (5444 O-SES and 5732 contemporary DES [3537 EES, 1295 ZES, and 1264 BP-BES) with a mean age of 65 ± 11, 74% were male, 40% underwent PCI for stable angina, and 56% for ACS. We assessed outcomes comparing O-SES vs. everolimus-eluting stents, vs. permanent-polymer DES, and vs. all DES including biodegradable-polymer DES. Orsiro performed comparably in all categories with a trend toward a reduction in myocardial infarction (0.83 [0.68, 1.02], p = 0.07) and stent thrombosis (0.75 [0.54, 1.04], p = 0.08). Conclusion Overall, the Orsiro SES had similar clinical outcomes to contemporary DES with a trend toward reduction in myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis.
Resident macrophages of pancreatic islets have a seminal role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice

Treatment of C57BL/6 or NOD mice with a monoclonal antibody to the CSF-1 receptor resulted in depletion of the resident macrophages of pancreatic islets of Langerhans that lasted for several weeks. Depletion of macrophages in C57BL/6 mice did not affect multiple parameters of islet function, including glucose response, insulin content, and transcriptional profile. In NOD mice depleted of islet-resident macrophages starting at 3 wk of age, several changes occurred: (i) the early entrance of CD4 T cells and dendritic cells into pancreatic islets was reduced, (ii) presentation of insulin epitopes by dispersed islet cells to T cells was impaired, and (iii) the development of autoimmune diabetes was significantly reduced. Treatment of NOD mice starting at 10 wk of age, when the autoimmune process has progressed, also significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes. Despite the absence of diabetes, NOD mice treated with anti-CSF-1 receptor starting at 3 or 10 wk of age still contained variably elevated leukocytic infiltrates in their islets when examined at 20-40 wk of age. Diabetes occurred in the anti-CSF-1 receptor protected mice after treatment with a blocking antibody directed against PD-1. We conclude that treatment of NOD mice with an antibody against CSF-1 receptor reduced diabetes incidence and led to the development of a regulatory pathway that controlled autoimmune progression.
New methods for estimating follow-up rates in cohort studies

The follow-up rate, a standard index of the completeness of follow-up, is important for assessing the validity of a cohort study. A common method for estimating the follow-up rate, the “Percentage Method”, defined as the fraction of all enrollees who developed the event of interest or had complete follow-up, can severely underestimate the degree of follow-up. Alternatively, the median follow-up time does not indicate the completeness of follow-up, and the reverse Kaplan-Meier based method and Clark’s Completeness Index (CCI) also have limitations. We propose a new definition for the follow-up rate, the Person-Time Follow-up Rate (PTFR), which is the observed person-time divided by total person-time assuming no dropouts. The PTFR cannot be calculated directly since the event times for dropouts are not observed. Therefore, two estimation methods are proposed: a formal person-time method (FPT) in which the expected total follow-up time is calculated using the event rate estimated from the observed data, and a simplified person-time method (SPT) that avoids estimation of the event rate by assigning full follow-up time to all events. Simulations were conducted to measure the accuracy of each method, and each method was applied to a prostate cancer recurrence study dataset. Simulation results showed that the FPT has the highest accuracy overall. In most situations, the computationally simpler SPT and CCI methods are only slightly biased. When applied to a retrospective cohort study of cancer recurrence, the FPT, CCI and SPT showed substantially greater 5-year follow-up than the Percentage Method (92%, 92% and 93% vs 68%). The Person-time methods correct a systematic error in the standard Percentage Method for calculating follow-up rates. The easy to use SPT and CCI methods can be used in tandem to obtain an accurate and tight interval for PTFR. However, the FPT is recommended when event rates and dropout rates are high.
Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations

(1997). Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 16-17.
Common garden experiments disentangle plant genetic and environmental contributions to ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure

The interactions among climate change, plant genetic variation and fungal mutualists are poorly understood, but probably important to plant survival under drought. We examined these interactions by studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities of pinyon pine seedlings (Pinus edulis) planted in a wildland ecosystem experiencing two decades of climate change-related drought. We established a common garden containing P. edulis seedlings of known maternal lineages (drought tolerant, DT; drought intolerant, DI), manipulated soil moisture and measured EMF community structure and seedling growth. Three findings emerged: EMF community composition differed at the phylum level between DT and DI seedlings, and diversity was two-fold greater in DT than in DI seedlings. EMF communities of DT seedlings did not shift with water treatment and were dominated by an ascomycete, Geopora sp. By contrast, DI seedlings shifted to basidiomycete dominance with increased moisture, demonstrating a lineage by environment interaction. DT seedlings grew larger than DI seedlings in high (28%) and low (50%) watering treatments. These results show that inherited plant traits strongly influence microbial communities, interacting with drought to affect seedling performance. These interactions and their potential feedback effects may influence the success of trees, such as P. edulis, in future climates.
The influence of academic coaching on persistence in online graduate students

Scholarly attention to academic learning centers is warranted, as they lack a consistent identity and, consequently, little is known about their effect on meaningful student outcomes. Further, such...
System-Level Analysis of 3D ICs with Thermal TSVs

3D stacking of integrated circuits (ICs) provides significant advantages in saving device footprints, improving power management, and continuing performance enhancement, particularly for many-core systems. However, the stacked structure makes the heat dissipation a challenging issue. While Thermal Through Silicon Via (TTSV) is a promising way of lowering the thermal resistance of dies, past research has either overestimated or underestimated the effects of TTSVs as a consequence of the lack of detailed 3D IC models or system-level simulations. Here, we propose a simulation flow to accurately simulate TTSV effects on 3D ICs. We adopt benchmarks from Splash-2 running on a full-system mode of the gem5 simulator, which generates all the system component activities. McPAT is used to generate the corresponding power consumption and the power traces are fed to HotSpot for thermal simulation. The temperature profiles of 2D and 3D Nehalem-like ×86 processors are compared. TTSVs are later placed close to hotspot regions to facilitate heat dissipation; the peak temperature of 3D Nehalem is reduced by 5--25% with a small area overhead of 6%. By using a detailed 3D thermal model, full-system simulation, and a validated thermal simulator, our results show accurate thermal analysis of 3D ICs.
A GPU accelerated discontinuous Galerkin incompressible flow solver

Abstract We present a GPU-accelerated version of a high-order discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The equations are discretized in time using a semi-implicit scheme with explicit treatment of the nonlinear term and implicit treatment of the split Stokes operators. The pressure system is solved with a conjugate gradient method together with a fully GPU-accelerated multigrid preconditioner which is designed to minimize memory requirements and to increase overall performance. A semi-Lagrangian subcycling advection algorithm is used to shift the computational load per timestep away from the pressure Poisson solve by allowing larger timestep sizes in exchange for an increased number of advection steps. Numerical results confirm we achieve the design order accuracy in time and space. We optimize the performance of the most time-consuming kernels by tuning the fine-grain parallelism, memory utilization, and maximizing bandwidth. To assess overall performance we present an empirically calibrated roofline performance model for a target GPU to explain the achieved efficiency. We demonstrate that, in the most cases, the kernels used in the solver are close to their empirically predicted roofline performance.
Oral Rehabilitation of Patients Sustaining Orofacial Injuries: The UPenn Initiative:

Tissue injuries in the oral and maxillofacial structures secondary to trauma, warfare, ablative cancer, and benign tumor surgery result in significant losses of speech, masticatory and swallowing functions, aesthetic deformities, and overall psychological stressors and compromise. Optimal oral rehabilitation remains a formidable challenge and an unmet clinical need due to the influence of multiple factors related to the physiologic limitations of tissue repair, the lack of site and function-specific donor tissues and constructs, and an integrated team of multidisciplinary professionals. The advancements in stem cell biology, biomaterial science, and tissue engineering technologies, particularly the 3-dimensional bioprinting technology, together with digital imaging and computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies, have paved the path for personalized/precision regenerative medicine. At the University of Pennsylvania, we have launched the initiative to integrate multidisciplinary health professionals and translational/clinical scientists in medicine, dentistry, stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine to develop a comprehensive, patient-centered approach for precision and personalized reconstruction, as well as oral rehabilitation of patients sustaining orofacial tissue injuries and defects, especially oral cancer patients.
Classifications of diabetic macular edema.

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause worldwide of vision loss from diabetic maculopathy or proliferative retinopathy. Without widely accepted classifications of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic m...
Engineered antigen-specific T cells secreting broadly neutralizing antibodies: combining innate and adaptive immune response against HIV

Background & Aim Over 36 million people worldwide live with HIV, and while antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viremia, it cannot cure infection, because of persistently infected cells that evade immunity and re-seed infection after the cessation of treatment. These patients are thus on life-long therapy, but they remain at increased risk for comorbidities. A more definitive cure based on elimination of persistent cells is thus needed. Two promising strategies to eliminate these cells include adoptive transfer of HIV-specific T cells and passive immunization with HIV-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The simultaneous use of both approaches as the basis of a single immunotherapeutic has never been explored. Methods, Results & Conclusion We modified HIV-specific T cells so they are able to express a neutralizing antibody (10-1074) directed against HIV envelope to elicit ADCC. HIV-specific T cells (HST) were expanded from healthy donors by priming T cells with antigen presenting cells expressing overlapping HIV antigens. T cells retained specificity against HIV antigens gag, pol and nef (112±67 IFNg SFC/1 × 105 cells) following transduction (28±21%) with a retroviral vector encoding the 10-1074 antibody. Transduced HIV T cells secreted 10-1074 antibodies (117±90 ng/mL) which displayed ADCC activity (10 +/-4%) and, maintained antigen-specific T cell function. Antibody secreting HIV-specific T cells displayed superior in vitro suppression of HIV replication compared to non-transduced HST (see Figure). In summary, HST can be engineered to produce antibodies mediating ADCC against HIV envelope-expressing cells. This combined innate/adaptive approach allows for synergy between the two immune arms, broadening the target range of this immunotherapy.
Der Scharfrichter des Königs

Wenn Sie die Serie angeschaut oder von ihr gehort haben oder nur einmal 30 s hangen geblieben sind, bevor Sie weitergezappt haben, oder wenn Sie vielleicht sogar uberlegen, die ganze Serie zu verfolgen, dann wissen Sie, dass es in Game of Thrones sehr viel Gewalt gibt. Da fuhrt kein Weg daran vorbei. Wenn Sie dieses Kapitel lesen, wird Ihnen ganz klar werden, wie viele einzigartige und schmerzhafte Methoden in Game of Thrones gefunden wurden, um eine Person zu toten.
Reenvisioning Second Language Teacher Education Through Translanguaging Praxis

In this chapter, we present two case studies of a pre-service and in-service teacher as they make sense of translanguaging as theory and pedagogy with particular attention to their adoption of a translanguaging stance. Specifically, we asked: What course and field experiences support PST and ISTs’ adoption of a translanguaging stance as a part of their knowledge and dispositions as TESOL educators? Our data, comprised of multimodal discussion posts, teaching artifacts, and reflective journals, reveal that through the interplay of coursework and field experiences, Elle and Katie problematize their personal language ideologies, confront resistance to translanguaging at the school, district, and state levels, and recognize the interplay between their individual convictions and the systemic barriers in schooling. At the close of our chapter, we outline the implications of this work for teacher education programs that are committed to having their students engage in translanguaging praxis. We conclude with examples and recommendations for structuring course and fieldwork to support teacher preparation and education through a translanguaging lens.
Electrochemical energy for living systems

Abstract Plastoquinone and ubiquinone play essential roles in the electron transport chains of chloroplasts and mitochondria by coupling electron transport to the transfer of protons across membranes. The energy of the resulting proton gradient is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all life. How did quinones first become involved in this process? We have detected several quinone compounds in carbonaceous meteorites that can transport protons in a liposome model system. It is possible that such compounds were available to transport protons in primitive versions of electron transport in early life.
The Discovery, Development and Demonstration of Three Caged Compounds†.

An overview of the history, mechanistic aspects, and applications is provided for p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) and benzoin photoremovable protecting groups, which release biologically important leaving groups upon photolysis with UV light. Also discussed is (7-diethylaminocoumarin-4-yl)methyl (DEACM), a photoremovable protecting group that absorbs visible light. These are followed by the α-keto amides and naphtho- and benzothiophene-2-carboxanilides as caging groups, which eliminate leaving groups via photochemically produced zwitterionic intermediates. Also covered are amino-1,4-benzoquinones, which upon exposure to green and red wavelengths of light photorearrange to an unstable photoproduct that subsequently eliminates leaving groups in aqueous media. Selected examples are given that use these photoremovable protecting (caging) groups for the light-activated release of biologically important substrates under physiological conditions in cells and tissue as practical applications in biology, biochemistry, and physiology. These caging groups have found significant applications because their photochemistry is efficient and a single coproduct is formed in addition to the photoreleased substrate.
The Immunotherapy of HIV Infection with Drugs

The history of the effort to treat HIV infection with immunotherapeutic drugs has been a frustrating one. Soon after the onset of this epidemic in 1981, there were extensive efforts to use a long list of drugs being employed in cancer immunotherapy to treat AIDS. As predicted (Hadden, 1985), these attempts failed (Hadden, 1991; Specter and Hadden, 1992). The problem, quite simply, related to the predicted inability of any drug to increase T-cell number by any mechanism other than the inhibition of HIV replication. In approaching this discussion, I recognize that this topic is not in vogue. In fact, in some recent reviews, the subject of immunotherapeutic drugs is not even mentioned (Laurence, 1995; Lederman, 1995). I take a different view (Hadden, 1991). I would contend that the efforts using some of the drugs have taught that not only are they safe but also that they can reduce the development of AIDS-defining clinical events and can often delay the predicted decline in CD4 T lymphocytes. Nevertheless, the efforts have not demonstrated a convincing mechanism of action. The problem remains to be properly phrased: What can immunotherapeutic drugs be expected to do for HIV infection? and How do we measure the effect by other than clinical endpoints?, i. e., how can we prove the mechanism of action? It will be the purpose of this chapter to review the progress of efforts to employ such drugs in HIV infection prior to the development of AIDS and to delineate prospects for better defining and improving such treatment.
The Gas to Dust Ratio in Circumstellar Envelopes

Mass loss rates for evolved stars, with both [0] > [C] and [0] < [C] can be found using observations of thermal emission in the CO rotational lines. Observations of the CO(1–0) line have been made of fifty stars using the Bell Laboratories 7-m antenna, and models of the circumstellar shell used to derive mass loss rates from these stars (Knapp and Morris 1984, submitted to Astrophysical Journal). Using these results and values of M derived from OH maser line observations, the gas-to-dust ratio in circumstellar envelopes has been examined. The grain loss rates are found using IR photometry between about two and twenty microns by M. Rowan-Robinson and S. Harris (M.N.R.A.S. 1982, 200, 197; 1983, 202, 767; 202, 797). The results show that over 4.5 decades in mass-loss rate the gas-to-dust ratio by number in circumstellar envelopes is constant and that there is no significant difference between the carbon and oxygen stars. Using simple grain models and assuming that the grains are silicates, the gas-to-dust ratio in oxygen stars is 1:158±13 by mass. This is very close to that found in the local interstellar medium, 1:147, using the same grain model.
Class V. Epsilonproteobacteria class. nov.

Ep.si.lon.pro.te.o.bac.te′ri.a. Gr. n. epsilon name of fifth letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n. Proteus ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n. Epsilonproteobacteria the class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order Campylobacterales.
Aging blow fly eggs using gene expression: a feasibility study.

Forensic entomology can aid death investigations by using predictable developmental changes to estimate the ages of flies associ- ated with a body. In developmental stages that do not increase in size however, including the egg and pupa, it can be difficult to objectively refine an age estimate beyond the limits of the stage duration. Gene transcript levels, changing throughout development, represent a potential data source useful for objectively identify smaller units of developmental time. The expression of three genes (bcd, sll, cs) was profiled throughout the maturation of blow fly eggs to determine the feasibility of predicting age, identifying significant linear trends in expression during their development. Models estimating egg age made predictions within 2 h of true age when all expression data were available, while the presence ⁄ absence of cs transcripts identified two age classes, together indicating that gene expression can be used to more precisely predict blow fly age.
Hypothalamohypophysiotropic Peptide Systems

The sections in this article are: 1 Anatomy of Hypothalamohypophysial System 1.1 Pituitary Gland 1.2 Hypophysial Portal Circulation 1.3 Hypothalamus 1.4 Anatomical Distribution of Releasing Factors in Hypothalamus 1.5 Aminergic Innervation of Hypothalamus 2 Biosynthesis, Storage, and Release of Hypothalamic Peptides 2.1 Biosynthesis of Hypothalamic Peptides 2.2 Peptide Storage 2.3 Peptide Release 3 Actions of Hypothalamic Hormones on Anterior Pituitary 3.1 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone 3.2 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 3.3 Somatostatin 3.4 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone 3.5 Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor 4 Central Nervous System Influences on Anterior Pituitary Regulation 4.1 Growth Hormone 4.2 Prolactin 4.3 Thyrotropin 4.4 Gonadotropins 4.5 Adrenocorticotropin and β-Endorphin 5 Conclusions
Wideband spectrum sensing experiments in indoor wireless channels

In this work, spectrum sensing experiments are conducted in indoor wireless channels using state-of-the-art commercial software radio transceivers. The objective is to evaluate the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing of wideband channels and determine achievable gains against the limiting effects of multipath interference, frequency-selective and correlated fading. To this end, the energy and temporal correlation metrics of narrowband signals embedded in a wideband transmit signal are examined with varying transmitter-receiver positions. It is shown that whereas the energy metric of signal carrying bands becomes indistinguishable from that of empty bands with increasing distance and in non line-of-sight conditions, the temporal correlation features of modulated active channels are retained when sensing relatively longer distances from the transmitter, even in a highly multipath environment.
Modification to the AOAC Sporicidal Activity of Disinfectants Test (Method 966.04): collaborative study

In an effort to improve AOAC Method 966.04, the Sporicidal Activity of Disinfectants Test, selected modifications to the procedure were evaluated in a collaborative study. Method 966.04 is used to generate efficacy data to support the product registration of sporicides and sterilants. The method is a carrier-based test that provides a qualitative measure of product efficacy against spores of Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes. The use of garden soil extract and the lack of standard procedures for the enumeration of spores and neutralization of the test chemicals have been considered problematic for many years. The proposed modifications were limited to the B. subtilis and hard surface carrier (porcelain penicylinder) components of the method. The study included the evaluation of a replacement for soil extract nutrient broth and an establishment of a minimum spore titer per carrier, both considered crucial for the improvement and utilization of the method. Additionally, an alternative hard surface material and a neutralization confirmation procedure were evaluated. To determine the equivalence of the proposed alternatives to the standard method, 3 medium/carrier combinations, (1) soil extract nutrient broth/porcelain carrier (current method), (2) nutrient agar amended with 5 microg/mL manganese sulfate/porcelain carrier, and (3) nutrient agar amended with 5 microg/mL manganese sulfate/stainless steel carrier were analyzed for carrier counts, HCI resistance, efficacy, quantitative efficacy, and spore wash-off. The test chemicals used in the study represent 3 chemical classes and are commercially available antimicrobial liquid products: sodium hypochlorite (bleach), glutaraldehyde, and a combination of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Four laboratories participated in the study. The results of the spore titer per carrier, HCI resistance, efficacy, and wash-off studies demonstrate that amended nutrient agar in conjunction with the porcelain is comparable to the current method, soil extract nutrient broth/porcelain. The nutrient agar method is simple, inexpensive, reproducible, and provides an ample supply of high quality spores. Due to the current use of porcelain carriers for testing C. sporogenes, it is advisable to retain the use of porcelain carriers until stainless steel can be evaluated as a replacement carrier material for Clostridium. The evaluation of stainless steel for Clostridium has been initiated by the Study Director. Study Director recommendations for First Action revisions are provided in a modified method.
Sn 119 Mössbauer-effect studies in Heusler alloys Pd 1 + z Mn Sb 1 − x Sn x —Compositional and heat-treatment effects

M\"ossbauer-effect experiments on samples of ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$Mn${\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.99}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.01}$ performed systematically as a function of heat treatment have revealed the existence of three $^{119}\mathrm{Sn}$ magnetic field sites characterized by high-, intermediate-, and low-field values. A high-field site of 210\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 kOe is identified with Sn replacing Sb in the ordered $L{2}_{1}$ structure of ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$MnSb. An intermediate-field site of about 100 kOe is identified with a defect Sn environment which probably consists of 4 Pd vacancies in the near-neighbor coordination of the regular high-field site. The identification of the intermediate-field site is suggested by a set of measurements performed as a function of Pd composition $z$ in ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{1+x}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.995}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.005}$ samples, which revealed the Sn field in the $C{1}_{b}$ structure of PdMnSb to be 100 kOe. Finally, a low-field site (\ensuremath{\sim}0 kOe) is observed on prolonged annealing ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$Mn${\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.99}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.01}$ samples. This site is shown to be formed irreversibly due to the presence of oxygen contamination and represents a defect Sn site whose structure is less certain. The $^{119}\mathrm{Sn}$ field results in PdMnSb and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{2}$MnSb hosts are compared with estimates of these fields based on the Jena-Geldart model.
Imaging of blast injuries to the lower extremities sustained in the Boston marathon bombing.

Blast injuries from the detonation of improvised explosive devices in the civilian environment are extremely rare but may occur due to terrorism. The Boston Marathon bombing on Patriot's Day in April 2013 resulted in numerous severe blast injuries, documenting that even clinicians serving non-military victims need to be aware of the spectrum of injuries that may arise from bomb explosions. They also need to be prepared to manage critically ill patients who are at immediate risk of losing their lives or limbs. The injuries had their most devastating effects on musculoskeletal structures. Prompt imaging was critical to the evaluation of these injuries; many patients required one or more surgical procedures, and rehabilitation from these injuries has proved to be prolonged and difficult. Thus, injuries such as those that occurred in the Boston Marathon bombing are particularly relevant to the fields of rheumatology, rehabilitation, orthopedics and musculoskeletal imaging. In this article, we focus on a specific, crucial aspect of the emergency response -the role of radiologic imaging in blast injuries. We use the cases to illustrate key points about types of imaging that can be used, optimal timing of imaging, expected and unexpected findings and their implications, and different radiologic techniques of importance. © 2013 American College of Rheumatology. Language: en
Shape from shading via the fusion of specular and Lambertian image components

A closed-form analytical solution to the problem of obtaining surface-normal information from the specular and Lambertian components of the image of a surface is presented. It is shown that this algebraic approach to the fusion of data is extremely sensitive to noise, and therefore two alternative approaches based on the minimization of energy functionals are provided. The first approach weights the specular and Lambertian information uniformly over the image with respect to a smoothness constraint. The second approach weights the specular and Lambertian component adaptively according to a measure of the sensitivity of the algebraically derived surface normals to noise in the measured image components. This results in a greater dependence on the smoothness constraint in the parts of the image where the surface reconstruction process is most sensitive to noise and provides a more accurate reconstruction of the surface than the uniform weighting technique. >
Everyday people: public identities in contemporary hip-hop culture

As scholars on culture have suggested elsewhere, cooption through consumption by the music culture industry has forced those who want to be part of the hip-hop subculture to go back underground. But to label all of these individuals in the underground merely ‘hip-hop’ would be as equally uninformative as labeling anyone who wears baggy blue jeans and can rhyme words together as being hip-hop. My year of field research in Chicago revealed that five major identities emerged: Professional Headz, Refugee Headz, Hip-Hop Fundamentalists, Black Headz and Tech Headz. These identities were characterized by the personal values that my participants indicated were most reaffirmed through hip-hop culture. This article contributes to the literature on hip-hop by providing an ethnographic study on how the Hip-Hop Nation defines itself, while examining some of the tensions that these identities provide within the Hip-Hop Nation. It also reinforces the view that subculture must still be experienced in the flesh and is not...
Effect of Caloric Restriction on the Induction of Hepatic Cytochrome P-450 and AH Receptor Binding in C57BL/6N and DBA/2J Mice

ABSTRACTWhile it is known that caloric restriction alters activities of certain xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs have not been determined. In this study, caloric restriction (CR) increases activities of liver cytochrome P450I A1 dependent ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase (EROD) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and cytochrome P450IIB1 dependent pentoxyresorufin-0-dealkylase (PROD) in DBA/2J or C57BL/6N mice. However, the cytosolic Ah receptor binding in both strains of mice was not increased. The hepatic cytochrome P450IA1 activity was increased by CR in DBA/2J mice (a strain lacking normal Ah receptor binding), indicating that this induction need not be mediated by the Ah receptor. The effects of CR, sex and strain on P450IA1 induction by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were also determined. Specific induction of cytochrome P450IA1 by TCDD was greater in females than in males of both strains, whereas the P450 isozymes induced in male DBA/2J mice had less ...
Evaluating a Learning Collaborative to Implement Evidence-Informed Engagement Strategies in Community-Based Services for Young Children

Given dismal attendance rates in community-based care for children and families, it is critical that evidence-informed attendance engagement strategies be implemented within community service systems. There is growing research on effective methods for training in evidence-based practices (EBPs), and one method that shows promise is the learning collaborative modeled after the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Breakthrough Series Collaborative framework. This study examines implementation outcomes of a learning collaborative based on the Breakthrough Series Collaborative that was conducted to improve attendance engagement in community-based early childhood intervention programs using evidence-informed strategies. A total of 29 providers from four programs within a large regional hospital participated. Qualitative and quantitative data collected prior, during, and at the completion of the 9-month learning collaborative as part of a process evaluation. Data were analyzed to examine the feasibility, acceptability, adoption and fidelity, and planned sustainability of strategies to facilitate attendance engagement as a result of the learning collaborative. Results indicate that: (1) using a learning collaborative implementation method with early intervention providers was feasible; (2) the method was acceptable based on perceived improvements in attendance and a significant increase in attitudes towards EBPs; (3) the method supported successful self-reported adoption and fidelity of engagement strategies; and (4) the method facilitated planned sustainability of practice changes. The learning collaborative can be a useful implementation strategy within early childhood intervention programs to promote the use of EBPs, including enhancing attendance engagement through evidence-informed strategies.
SQL/XML is making good progress

Not very long ago, we discussed the creation of a new part of SQL, XML-Related Specifications (SQL/XML), in this column [1]. At the time, we referred to the work that had been done as "infrastructure". We are pleased to be able to say that significant progress has been made, and SQL/XML [2] is now going out for the first formal stage of processing, Final Committee Draft (FCD) ballot, in ISO/IEC JTC1.In our previous column, we described the mapping of SQL 〈identifier〉s to XML Names, SQL data types to XML Schema data types, and SQL values to XML values. There have been a few small corrections and enhancements in these areas, but for the most part the descriptions in our previous column are still accurate.Thc new work that we will discuss in this column comes in three parts. The first part provides a mapping from a single table, all tables in a schema, or all tables in a catalog to an XML document. The second of these parts includes the creation of an XML data type in SQL and adds functions that create values of this new type. These functions allow a user to produce XML from existing SQL data. Finally, the "infrastructure" work that we described in our previous article included the mapping of SQL's predefined data types to XML Schema data types. This mapping has been extended to include the mapping of domains, distinct types, row types, arrays, and multisets.The FCD ballot that we mentioned began in early April. This will allow the comments contained in the ballot responses to be discussed at the Editing Meeting in September or October of this year. We expect the Editing Meeting to recommend progression to Final Draft International Status (FDIS) ballot, which suggests that an International Standard will be published by the middle of 2003.
In practice: The multimedia CD as a new approach to first-year reading programs

Buffalo State College's search for a text for its common reading ended not in the selection of a book but in the creation of a CD.The CD is now being used to spark conversations across the campus.