cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resummation of jet-veto logarithms in hadronic processes containing jets

We derive a factorization theorem for production of an arbitrary number of color-singlet particles accompanied by a fixed number of jets at the LHC. The jets are defined with the standard anti-${k}_{T}$ algorithm, and the fixed number of jets is obtained by imposing a veto on additional radiation in the final state. The formalism presented here is useful for current Higgs boson analyses using exclusive jet bins, and for other studies using a similar strategy. The derivation uses the soft-collinear effective theory and assumes that the transverse momenta of the hard jets are larger than the veto scale. We resum the large Sudakov logarithms ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{n}{log﻿}^{2n\ensuremath{-}m}({p}_{T}^{J}/{p}_{T}^{\mathrm{veto}})$ up to the next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy, and present numerical results for Higgs boson production in association with a jet at the LHC. We comment on the experimentally interesting parameter region in which we expect our factorization formula to hold.
Effect of Amorphous Silica Nanomatrix on Kinetics of Metalation of Encapsulated Porphyrin Molecules

Fabrication of functional nanomaterials can be achieved by incorporating functional molecules into a nanomatrix. Amorphous silica nanoparticles are often employed as a matrix or carrier, along with a functional component, to form silica-based nanomaterials. Physical and chemical properties of the encapsulated molecules, including reaction kinetics, may be affected by the nanomatrix. In this work, the metalation of meso-tetra (4-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium) porphyrin tetrachloride (TTMAPP) with Cu(II) was selected as a model for a kinetic study. Various sized silica nanomatrixes were synthesized for investigating the size effect of the nanomatrix on the kinetics of encapsulated molecules. The results demonstrated that the encapsulated molecules retained reactivity but the reaction rate constant greatly declined in the silica nanomatrix in comparison to free TTMAPP molecules in a bulk solution. An increase of the nanomatrix size resulted in a significant and consistent decline of the reaction rate constant. On...
Resource Extraction Contracts Under Threat of Expropriation: Theory and Evidence

We use unique data on 2,466 oil extraction agreements in 38 countries to study contracts between resource-rich countries and independent oil companies. We analyze why expropriations occur and what determines the degree of oil price exposure of host countries. With asymmetric information about a country's expropriation cost even optimal contracts feature expropriations. Near-linearity in the oil price of real-world hydrocarbon contracts also helps to explain expropriations. We show theoretically and verify empirically that oil price insurance provided by contracts is increasing in a country's cost of expropriation, and decreasing in its production expertise. The timing of actual expropriations is consistent with our model.
Vodcasts and active-learning exercises in a "flipped classroom" model of a renal pharmacotherapy module.

Objective. To implement a “flipped classroom” model for a renal pharmacotherapy topic module and assess the impact on pharmacy students’ performance and attitudes. Design. Students viewed vodcasts (video podcasts) of lectures prior to the scheduled class and then discussed interactive cases of patients with end-stage renal disease in class. A process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) activity was developed and implemented that complemented, summarized, and allowed for application of the material contained in the previously viewed lectures. Assessment. Students’ performance on the final examination significantly improved compared to performance of students the previous year who completed the same module in a traditional classroom setting. Students’ opinions of the POGIL activity and the flipped classroom instructional model were mostly positive. Conclusion. Implementing a flipped classroom model to teach a renal pharmacotherapy module resulted in improved student performance and favorable student perceptions about the instructional approach. Some of the factors that may have contributed to students’ improved scores included: student mediated contact with the course material prior to classes, benchmark and formative assessments administered during the module, and the interactive class activities.
Molecular identification of pollen donor plants on a progeny of Cambona-4 female matrix of maté (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. - Aquifoliaceae)

A progeny of Cambona-4, a female mate plant (Ilex paraguariensis) selected by its agronomical characteristics and mild flavor, was evaluated using RAPD markers in order to identify its male parents. Using RAPD markers specifics of each one of the four potential males, the paternity of 84 out of 107 offsprings was confirmed. The majority of the offsprings (83.3%) were ascribed to pollen donor A, while male plants B, C, and D represented 11.9, 4.8, and 0%, respectively. The highly desirable agronomical characteristics and product quality of Cambona-4/pollen donor A offsprings, identified by RAPD markers, lead to the planting of an orchard Cambona-4 and pollinator A to obtain bi-clonal commercial seeds.
Effects of ouabain on the function and structure of a cell line (MDCK) derived from canine kidney. I. Light microscopic observations of monolayer growth.

MDCK is a transformed cell line derived from normal dog kidney. It exhibits qualities of renal tubular epithelium and of papillary adenocarcinoma. On solid substrates, MDCK forms confluent monolayers that are studded with multicellular blisters and cordlike structures. Ouabain, at a concentration of 4×10−8 m, abolishes blister formation within 24 hr; withdrawal of the drug brings about reappearance of the blisters. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity has been demonstrated in these cells by biochemical measurement. These findings suggest that blister formation in MDCK monolayer growth is associated with active transport of solutes accompanied by water and that 4×10−8 m of ouabain interferes with these transport systems. As an additional early effect, the drug decreases the frequency of mitosis. The exposure of MDCK monolayers to ouabain for several weeks results in profound cytological alterations. A marked eosinophilic stippling of the periphery of chronically exposed cells is seen with the light microscope. After prolonged exposure to ouabain, the cell population of MDCK monolayers becomes clearly heterogeneous, with frequent giant cells and foci of small, hyperchromatic proliferating cells. The small cells may indicate the appearance of ouabain-resistant strains.
Effect of ipratropium bromide on airway mucociliary function

Airway mucociliary dysfunction leading to a depression of mucus transport has been demonstrated in patients with acute and chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and bronchial asthma; use of bronchodilators that might further impair mucociliary function, therefore, generally has been discouraged. Atropine and ipratropium bromide are cholinergic antagonists that are effective bronchodilators in various clinical settings. Atropine has been shown to block the production of respiratory secretions in response to cholinergic stimulation, but to have no effect on baseline secretions. Atropine has also been clearly demonstrated to depress ciliary beat frequency and to slow airway mucociliary clearance, whereas the short-term and long-term administration of ipratropium bromide at higher than clinically recommended doses seems to lack these effects. No satisfactory explanation has thus far been offered for this difference between the two cholinergic antagonists. Nevertheless, with respect to airway mucociliary function, ipratropium bromide appears to be preferable to atropine in the treatment of obstructive airways disease.
Why a column on research techniques

This column begins a series on topics in research methodology, statistics and data analysis techniques for the library and information sciences. The process of research is described, and a sample research question is proposed and discussed, emphasizing the importance of definitions is crafting a productive research question. A set of graphical techniques for analyzing data, called exploratory data analysis, is discussed, with special attention given to two particular examples ‐ the stem and leaf diagram and the scatterplot.
Effects of isoproterenol on active force and Ca2+ · calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase activity in porcine coronary artery

Abstract Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle following beta-adrenergic stimulation may result from reduction of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, reduction in the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2−, or both. To help resolve these possibilities, we measured the extent of activation of Ca2+ · calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase in intact porcine coronary artery strips as a functional indicator of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Both calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity and active force increased during K+ stimulation of coronary artery strips. Relaxation of K+-contracted artery strips following stimulus withdrawal was accompanied by rapid inactivation of Ca2+ · calmodulinsensitive hosphodiesterase. The temporal relationship between isoproterenol-induced relaxation and inactivation of Ca2+ · calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase was studied in both histamine- and K+-contracted tissues. Stimulation of strips with 10 μM histamine or with 44 mM K+ led to comparable increases both in active force and in calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity. Thereafter, sustained contraction elicited by histamine was accompanied by a decrease in calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity. Isoproterenol rapidly relaxed histamine-contracted strips and accelerated the decrease in phosphodiesterase activity. In contrast, sustained contraction in response to K+ was accompanied by a sustained elevation of calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity. Isoproterenol treatment of K+-contracted tissues led to relaxation that was slow and incomplete, and it had very little effect on calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity. We conclude that reduction of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration is important for rapid relaxation of the coronary artery following betaadrenergic stimulation. We cannot disallow the possibility that a decrease in the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+ is involved to some degree.
The geochemistry of sulfur in a 1. 3 km section of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust, DSDP Hole 504B

Abstract DSDP Hole 504B is the only hole in oceanic crust to penetrate through the volcanic section and into hydrothermally altered sheeted dikes. We have carried out petrologic and sulfur isotopic analyses of sulfide and sulfate minerals and whole rocks from the core in order to place constraints on the geochemistry of sulfur during hydrothermal alteration of ocean crust. The nearly 600 m-thick pillow section has lost sulfur to seawater and has net δ34S = −1.8%. due to degassing of SO2 during crystallization and subsequent low temperature interaction with seawater. Hydrothermally altered rocks in the 200 m-thick transition zone are enriched in S and 34S (4300 ppm and +3.0 ± 1.2%., respectively), whereas the more than 500 m of sheeted dikes contain 720 ppm S with δ34S = +0.6 ± 1.4%.. These data are consistent with the presence of predominantly basaltic sulfur in hydrothermal fluids deep in the crust: following precipitation of anhydrite during seawater recharge, small amounts of seawater sulfate were reduced at temperatures > 250°C through conversion of igneous pyrrhotite to secondary pyrite and minor oxidation of ferrous iron in the crust. The S- and 34S-enrichments of the transition zone are the results of seawater sulfate reduction and sulfide deposition during subsurface mixing between upwelling hot (up to 350°C) hydrothermal fluids and seawater. Seawater sulfate was probably reduced through oxidation of ferrous iron in hydrothermal fluids and in the transition zone rocks. Alteration of the upper crust resulted in loss of basaltic sulfur to seawater, fixation of minor seawater sulfur in the crust and redistribution of magmatic sulfur within the crust. This caused net increases in sulfur content and δ34S of the upper 1.8 km of the oceanic crust.
Ecosystem scale declines in elk recruitment and population growth with wolf colonization: a before-after-control-impact approach.

The reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone provided the unusual opportunity for a quasi-experimental test of the effects of wolf predation on their primary prey (elk – Cervus elaphus) in a system where top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic forces on prey population dynamics were closely and consistently monitored before and after reintroduction. Here, we examined data from 33 years for 12 elk population segments spread across southwestern Montana and northwestern Wyoming in a large scale before-after-control-impact analysis of the effects of wolves on elk recruitment and population dynamics. Recruitment, as measured by the midwinter juvenile∶female ratio, was a strong determinant of elk dynamics, and declined by 35% in elk herds colonized by wolves as annual population growth shifted from increasing to decreasing. Negative effects of population density and winter severity on recruitment, long recognized as important for elk dynamics, were detected in uncolonized elk herds and in wolf-colonized elk herds prior to wolf colonization, but not after wolf colonization. Growing season precipitation and harvest had no detectable effect on recruitment in either wolf treatment or colonization period, although harvest rates of juveniles∶females declined by 37% in wolf-colonized herds. Even if it is assumed that mortality due to predation is completely additive, liberal estimates of wolf predation rates on juvenile elk could explain no more than 52% of the total decline in juvenile∶female ratios in wolf-colonized herds, after accounting for the effects of other limiting factors. Collectively, these long-term, large-scale patterns align well with prior studies that have reported substantial decrease in elk numbers immediately after wolf recolonization, relatively weak additive effects of direct wolf predation on elk survival, and decreased reproduction and recruitment with exposure to predation risk from wolves.
Acute and delayed effects of a single-dose injection of interleukin-6 on thyroid function in healthy humans

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced in response to inflammatory and noninflammatory stress and acts as the principal regulator of the acute-phase protein response. IL-6 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and may be involved in the thyroid function abnormalities observed in nonthyroidal illness (NTI). This study examined the effects of single-dose IL-6 (3 μg/kg subcutaneously [SC]) in healthy human subjects: 19 received IL-6 and 13 received control saline injection. the dose of IL-6 was chosen on the basis of previous studies indicating that the peak IL-6 level after injection reaches concentrations observed with major stress such as abdominal surgery. Plasma levels of thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), total T4, 3,5-3′- l -triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3′-5′- l -triiodothyronine or reverse T3 (rT3), and thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) were measured over a 4-hour period and 24 hours after IL-6 injection. Plasma TSH levels were 27% lower 240 minutes after IL-6 relative to control levels (0.93 ± 0.10 v 1.28 ± 0.18 mIU/mL, P = .001), but recovered by 24 hours. Plasma FT4 was elevated at 240 minutes compared with the controls (1.16 ± 0.04 v 1.03 ± 0.03 ng/dL, P = .0002). T4 levels were also elevated at 240 minutes (7.8 ± 0.36 v 7.05 ± 0.37 μg/dL, P = .0003). TBG levels were not significantly changed at this time point. At 24 hours, T3 levels were 19% lower than the control values (87.6 ± 5.1 v 108.5 ± 5.4 ng/dL, P = .0002); plasma rT3 levels were elevated by 21% compared with control levels (30.6 ± 1.7 v 24.3 ± 1.3 ng/dL, P = .002), while FT4 levels returned to normal. The changes in T 3 rT 3 levels were reminiscent of the pattern observed in NTI that may be due to inhibition of type-1 5′-deiodinase. Cortisol levels were greatly elevated after IL-6 compared with control values; peak levels were observed 120 minutes after IL-6 injection (28.7 ± 1.6 v 9.5 ± 1.0 ng/dL, P
Future directions for children and adolescents with mental retardation

There have been fundamental changes in the way children and adolescents with mental retardation are viewed and treated. And, in the years to come, we will see significant advances in treatment and prevention efforts that will be unprecedented in the history of this field. Leading the way will be biomedical discoveries about the nature of the differing forms of mental retardation and our ability to intervene. This paper discusses some of these trends, including the impact of the mapping of the human genome and advances in functional genomics and functional proteomics on interventions for genetic disorders. Additionally, the potential roles for behavior therapists in both biomedical as well as behavioral treatments are outlined. It is argued that behavior therapists must play a central role in each of these areas in order to ensure successful implementation and dissemination.
Class, Ethnicity, and the Family in Contemporary Society

This paper attempts to demonstrate that observed variations in the family structure of the contemporary Capitalist World are determined primarily by the political and economic conditions peculiar to Capitalism, and that ethnicity has a subsidiary influence upon family structure. The paper also intends to explore the functions of the family within the Capitalist System and to examine the resulting positions and roles of women within the family types encountered.
Low-Frequency Crossover of the Fractional Power-Law Conductivity in SrRuO 3

We combine the results of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy with far-infrared transmission and reflectivity to obtain the conductivity of SrRuO{sub 3} over an unprecedented continuous range in frequency, allowing us to characterize the approach to zero frequency as a function of temperature. We show that the conductivity follows a simple phenomenological form, with an analytic structure fundamentally different from that predicted by the standard theory of metals.
Effective Transverse Electrical Permittivities of Plain Weave, Twill Weave and Satin Fabric Composites

This paper reports the analytical prediction of effective transverse electrical permittivities of plain weave, twill weave, 4-harness irregular satin, as well as 5-harness and 8-harness satin fabric composites with lossy constituents. Analytical solutions of the effective properties are presented. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effects of fiber volume fraction and fabric architecture on the composite effective transverse dielectric behavior.
Relaxor to Ferroelectric Transitions in (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3Solid Solutions

Recently, (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 solid solutions have been found to exhibit excellent dielectric and piezoelectric properties. In this study, the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1–x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–xBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 (BNT–BZT) solid solutions were investigated. Up to a solubility limit of 8% BZT, distortions to the parent cubic perovskite phase were observed in the diffraction data through splitting of the (001), (011), and (111) reflections. At low concentrations of BZT, the material behaved very much like a conventional ferroelectric, with well-saturated loops with high remanent polarization (Pr ~ 35 μC/cm2). As the BZT content increased, the dielectric behavior displayed characteristics of relaxor behavior. Polarization hysteresis data at elevated temperatures and a thermal hysteresis in the dielectric maximum were evidence for a relaxor to ferroelectric transition.
Applying simulation experience design methods to creating serious game-based adaptive training systems

The purpose of the present paper is to briefly introduce adaptive training systems, and describe the Simulation Experience Design Method. Adaptive training systems are serious games whose goal it is to engender communication opportunities for players to learn about their strengths and weaknesses, receive real-time in-game performance feedback, and share diverse solutions and strategies during, between, and after game play in order to update, or adapt, player understanding. The Simulation Experience Design Method extends HCI approaches to create engaging multiplayer learning experiences by focusing on how dynamic game content, roles, scenarios, and assessment feedback contribute to emergent culture. Preliminary evaluations of an earlier instantiation of serious game-based adaptive training systems employing this design method have been positive. The contribution of the present paper lies in describing how designers create rich systems of experiences for serious games and adaptive training systems by employing HCI principles and the Simulation Experience Design Method.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis with Two Reliability Models: A Systems Engineering Approach

Although product development specialists typically consider product costs in a specific portion of a project, they often ignore the full costs associated with the entire life cycle, which includes maintenance and disposal. One of the key aspects of systems engineering is an integrated, full life cycle orientation to product development. When one considers the value of a system using a systems engineering approach, one needs to consider both the technical characteristics of the system as well as the system cost. The financial aspect of the system is one of several key constraints in the design phase of the systems engineering process. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, used as an evaluation tool, helps identify the preferred design approach.
ACP Journal Club. Rifaximin maintained remission from hepatic encephalopathy longer than placebo in patients with cirrhosis.

Source Citation Bass NM, Mullen KD, Sanyal A, et al. Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1071-81. 20335583
Vascularized transplantation of skeletal muscle: A case report

Reconstruction of a severely injured forearm, which lacked flexor muscle function and which had a complete absence of volar sensation, was undertaken. A gracilis musculocutaneous flap was used as a free muscle transfer to replace the flexor muscle function successfully.
Competing orders and quantum criticality in doped antiferromagnets

We use a number of large-N limits to explore the competition between ground states of square lattice doped antiferromagnets which break electromagnetic $U(1),$ time-reversal, or square lattice space-group symmetries. Among the states we find are d-, ${(s}^{*}+id)\ensuremath{-},$ and ${(d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}{+id}_{\mathrm{xy}})$-wave superconductors, Wigner crystals, Wigner crystals of hole pairs, orbital antiferromagnets (or staggered-flux states), and states with spin-Peierls and bond-centered charge stripe order. In the vicinity of second-order quantum phase transitions between the states, we go beyond the large-N limit by identifying the universal quantum field theories for the critical points, and computing the finite temperature, quantum critical damping of fermion spectral functions. We identify candidate critical points for the recently observed quantum critical behavior in photoemission experiments on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}\mathrm{}\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ by Valla et al. [Science 285, 2110 (1999)]. These involve onset of a charge-density wave, or of broken time-reversal symmetry with ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}{+id}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ or ${s}^{*}+id$ pairing, in a d-wave superconductor. It is not required (although it is allowed) that the stable state in the doped cuprates be anything other than the d-wave superconductor---the other states need only be stable nearby in parameter space. At finite temperatures, fluctuations associated with these nearby states lead to the observed fermion damping in the vicinity of the nodal points in the Brillouin zone. The cases with broken time-reversal symmetry are appealing because the order parameter is not required to satisfy any special commensurability conditions. The observed absence of inelastic damping of quasiparticles with momenta $(\ensuremath{\pi},k),$ $(k,\ensuremath{\pi})$ (with $0l~kl~\ensuremath{\pi})$ also appears very naturally for the case of fluctuations to ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}{+id}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ order.
A Stochastic version of general recognition theory

Abstract General recognition theory (GRT) is a multivariate generalization of signal detection theory. Past versions of GRT were static and lacked a process interpretation. This article presents a stochastic version of GRT that models moment-by-moment fluctuations in the output of perceptual channels via a multivariate diffusion process. A decision stage then computes a linear or quadratic function of the outputs from the perceptual channels, which drives a univariate diffusion process that determines the subject's response. Conditions are established under which the stochastic and static versions of GRT make identical accuracy predictions. These equivalence relations show that traditional estimates of perceptual noise may often be corrupted by decisional influences.
Investigation of Boundary Shear Stress and Pollutant Detachment from Impervious Surface during Simulated Urban Storm Runoff

Pollutant detachment rates have been determined for four chloride salts during simulated urban storm runoff. Under rainfall and/or overland flow conditions, chloride mass flux was measured and related to boundary shear stress of the test surface. Washoff coefficients, presumed to depend only on pollutant characteristics, were computed based on the slopes of dimensionless mass flux versus dimensionless time plots. Washoff coefficients were found to vary among and between the chloride compounds studied. In general, higher overland flow rates produced lower boundary shear and lower washoff coefficients. The combination of simulated rainfall and overland flow resulted in an increased boundary shear and an increased washoff coefficient. An empirical washoff coefficient based on a load characteristic curve derived from an exponential washoff relationship was also computed from the runoff data and compared with the previous washoff coefficient. A linear correlation between these two washoff coefficients was observed. The magnitude of the latter coefficient under simulated rainfall was consistent with reported values obtained from field data.
Assessment of a synthetic anterior cervical ligament in a spinal fusion model in sheep.

Background context: The anterior cervical ligament is routinely excised during cervical interbody fusion. Loss of this ligament may predispose to instability at the fusion site. Anterior plating restores stability but leads to a risk of stress shielding. An alternative approach would be to use a less rigid fixation system that would provide anterior support while allowing micromotion that could enhance bone healing within the fusion site. Purpose: To determine whether augmentation of an interbody fusion with a synthetic ligament en- hances fusion. Study design: Prospective randomized study in a large animal model of cervical fusion. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was evidence of interbody fusion, as determined by radi- ography, computed tomography (CT), histology and biomechanical testing. Methods: Twelve skeletally mature sheep underwent single level (C2-3) anterior discectomy and interbody fusion using fresh frozen allograft. In six animals, the fusion was augmented with a braided polyethylene device rigidly fixed to C2 and C3 with screws. Sheep were euthanized 12 weeks postoperatively. Specimens were radiographed and then examined by CT. Six fusion sites (three control, three augmented) were used for nondestructive biomechanical testing to assess the stability of the fusion site. The remaining specimens were processed for undecalcified histology. Results: As determined by radiography, the augmented group had 83% solid union as compared with 67% in the control group ( p � .05). There was no difference regarding bone graft dislodgment between the two groups. The extension stiffness of the augmented group was significantly higher ( p � .05) than that of controls, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in flex- ion stiffness. There was no significant difference in bone formation in the two groups as determined by CT and histology, although there was a trend for increased endochondral ossification in the aug- mented repairs. There was no evidence of significant adverse tissue reactions to the ligament. Conclusions: Use of a synthetic ligament was associated with a moderate increase in fusion rate and a statistically significant increase in fusion site stiffness in extension. The use of an augmentation device, such as this synthetic ligament, may be beneficial in cervical fusion, especially when multi- level surgery is being contemplated.
Quasimonotone versus pseudomonotone

Under some natural hypotheses, we show that if the (Nemitsky-) operator associated with an elliptic system is pseudomonotone, then the system has to be quasimonotone. Conversely, if the system satisfies a strict quasimonotonicity condition, then an existence proof of K.-W. Zhang contains the arguments to verify the pseudomonotonicity of the operator. We present a simplified proof of this fact under more general assumptions.
Oxidative stress and sodium methyldithiocarbamate-induced modulation of the macrophage response to lipopolysaccharide in vivo

Sodium methyldithiocarbamate (SMD) is the third most abundantly used conventional pesticide in the United States, and hundreds of thousands of persons are exposed to this compound or its major breakdown product, methylisothiocyanate, at levels greater than recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency. A previous study suggests three mechanisms of action involved to some degree in the inhibition of inflammation and decreased resistance to infection caused by exposure of mice to the compound. One of these mechanisms is oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study was to confirm that this mechanism is involved in the effects of SMD on cytokine production by peritoneal macrophages and to further characterize its role in altered cytokine production. Results indicated that SMD significantly decreased the intracellular concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), suggesting oxidative stress. This was further indicated by the upregulation of genes involved in the "response to oxidative stress" as determined by microarray analysis. These effects were associated with the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of several proinflammatory cytokines. Experimental depletion of GSH with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) partially prevented the decrease in LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6 production caused by SMD and completely prevented the decrease in IL-12. In contrast, BSO plus SMD substantially enhanced the production of IL-10. These results along with results from a previous study are consistent with the hypothesis that SMD causes oxidative stress, which contributes to modulation of cytokine production. However, oxidative stress alone cannot explain the increased IL-10 production caused by SMD.
Meaning and Language

One of the central topics of concern for contemporary philosophers, both analytical and phenomenological, has been the nature of meaning. Members of both groups have intimated on more than one occasion that the domain of meaning(s) is the exclusive preserve and only battleground of philosophy. Many of these same philosophers have also suggested that the only way in which one can reach this domain is through an examination of language. What I wish to do in this paper is not so much to question these doctrines as to try to make them clear in the way in which they are held by particular philosophers. More specifically, I wish to discuss some of Heidegger’s views on meaning and language, and then, by some critical comparisons with both the “earlier” and the “later” Wittgenstein, to show the philosophical peculiarities of both men’s positions — positions which, as I shall argue, are intriguingly similar. If successful, my essay can be construed, then, roughly speaking, as a building block in the service of rapprochement. But rapprochement is only valuable as an ideal if it is in turn put in the service of philosophy. I shall conclude, therefore, not on a note of comparison but with a question which I think needs posing and for which I cannot provide an answer. My essay divides quite naturally into three sections. In the first I shall discuss Heidegger’s understanding of meaning.
A Second-Generation Genomewide Screen for Asthma-Susceptibility Alleles in a Founder Population

A genomewide screen for asthma- and atopy-susceptibility loci was conducted, using 563 markers, in 693 Hutterites who are members of a single 15-generation pedigree, nearly doubling the sample size from the authors' earlier studies. The resulting increase in power led to the identification of 23 loci in 18 chromosomal regions showing evidence for linkage that is, in general, 10-fold more significant (P<.001 vs. P<.01) than the linkages reported previously in this population. Moreover, linkages to loci in 11 chromosomal regions were identified for the first time in the Hutterites in this report, including five regions (5p, 5q, 8p, 14q, and 16q) showing evidence both of linkage, by the likelihood ratio (LR) χ2, and of disequilibrium, by the transmission/disequilibrium test. A region on chromosome 19 continues to show evidence for linkage, by both tests, in this study. Studies of 17 candidate genes provide evidence for association with variation in the IL4RA gene (16p12), the HLA class II genes (6p21), and the interferon-α gene cluster (9p22), but the lack of evidence for linkage in these regions by the LR χ2 test suggests that these are minor susceptibility loci. A polymorphism in the CD14 gene is in linkage disequilibrium with an as yet unidentified susceptibility allele in the 5q cytokine cluster, a region showing evidence for linkage among the Hutterites. Finally, 10 of the regions showing evidence for linkage in the Hutterites have shown evidence of linkage to related phenotypes in other genome screens, suggesting that these regions may contain common alleles that have relatively large effects on asthma and atopy phenotypes in diverse populations.
CT evidence for the "osseous pinch" mechanism of traumatic aortic injury.

Our prior experiments suggested that traumatic laceration of the aorta induced by rapid deceleration results from pinching of the aorta between the spine and the anterior bony complex (manubrium, clavicle, and first rib). This study examines that hypothesis with in vivo CT data.In 22 patients with angiographically and surgically proved lacerations of the proximal descending aorta, chest CT scans were obtained before (18) or after (four) surgical repair. The point of impact of the anterior bony complex with the anterior surface of the thoracic spine during compression of the thorax was predicted by simulated rotation of the first rib based on calculations made from the CT scans.In all 22 patients, the projected site of impact of the anterior bony complex with the spine corresponded to the actual injured aortic segment as determined with angiography.Our data further support the proposed "osseous pinch" mechanism of injury to explain traumatic tears of the aorta.
Nephroblastoma in a Cat: The Effects of Nephrectomy and Occlusion of the Caudal Vena Cava

Abstract— A nephroblastoma of the right kidney was observed in a young male cat. The affected kidney and a portion of the vena cava was surgically removed. After failure to establish a patent caval-portal shunt, it was found that the vertebral vein system functioned as a bypass for caval blood flow. Metastatic tumor which became apparent in the lungs and peritoneum five and eight months after ablation of the primary tumor was removed by excision biopsy. Resume—Un nephoroblastome du rein droit a ete observe chez un jeune chat mâle. Le rein malade et une partie de la vena cava ont ete enleve chirurgicalement. Apres un echec pour etablir une anastomose caval-portal permeable, on a trouve que le systeme veineux vertebral fonctionnait comme un court-circuit pour le sang de la veine cave. Une tumeur metastatique apparue dans les poumons et le peritoine 5 et 8 mois apres l'ablation de la tumeur a ete enlevee par une biopsie d'exerese. Zusammenfassung— Ein Nephroblastom der rechten Niere wurde bei einem jungen Kater fest-gestellt. Die befallene Niere und ein Teil der Vena cava wurden chirurgisch entfernt. AIs es nicht gelungen war, eine offene Cava-Porta-Verbindung herzustellen, wurde festgestellt, dass das vertebrale Venensystem als Umgehung des Cavawegs diente. Metastatische Tumoren, die in den Lungen und im Peritoneum funf und acht Monate nach der Entfernung des primaren Tumors auftraten, wurden durch Excisionbiopsie entfernt.
Depressive symptoms and severity of illness in multiple sclerosis: epidemiologic study of a large community sample.

Objective: Previous research has shown high prevalence rates of depression in multiple sclerosis patients seen in specialty clinics. The relationships among depressive symptoms and severity, duration, and course of multiple sclerosis are controversial. Method: A survey was mailed to members of the Multiple Sclerosis Association of King County (Wash.). Of the 1,374 eligible participants, 739 returned the survey, a response rate of 53.8%. Data about demographic characteristics, employment, and duration and course of multiple sclerosis were collected. Severity of multiple sclerosis was determined by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, self-report version. Severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D Scale). Analysis of covariance was used to compare mean CES-D Scale scores across categories of multiple sclerosis, and logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with clinically significant depression. Results: Clinically significant depressive symptoms (CES-D Scale score ≥16) were found in 41.8% of the subjects, and 29.1% of the subjects had moderate to severe depression (score ≥21). Subjects with advanced multiple sclerosis were much more likely to experience clinically significant depressive symptoms than subjects with minimal disease. Shorter duration of multiple sclerosis was associated with a greater likelihood of significant depressive symptoms, but the pattern of illness progression was not. Conclusions: In this large community sample, the severity of multiple sclerosis was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms than was pattern of illness. Clinicians should evaluate depression in patients with recent diagnoses of multiple sclerosis, major changes in functioning, or limited social support.
Internalized Tau Oligomers Cause Neurodegeneration by Inducing Accumulation of Pathogenic Tau in Human Neurons Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Neuronal inclusions of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau protein are a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative tauopathies, including Alzheimer9s disease (AD). The hypothesis of tau transmission in AD has emerged from histopathological studies of the spatial and temporal progression of tau pathology in postmortem patient brains. Increasing evidence in cellular and animal models supports the phenomenon of intercellular spreading of tau. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenic tau transmission remain unknown. The studies described herein investigate tau pathology propagation using human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Neurons were seeded with full-length human tau monomers and oligomers and chronic effects on neuronal viability and function were examined over time. Tau oligomer-treated neurons exhibited an increase in aggregated and phosphorylated pathological tau. These effects were associated with neurite retraction, loss of synapses, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and imbalanced neurotransmitter release. In contrast, tau monomer treatment did not produce any measureable changes. This work supports the hypothesis that tau oligomers are toxic species that can drive the spread of tau pathology and neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Several independent studies have implicated tau protein as central to Alzheimer9s disease progression and cell-to-cell pathology propagation. In this study, we investigated the ability of different tau species to propagate pathology in human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, which to date has not been shown. We demonstrated that tau oligomers, but not monomers, induce accumulation of pathological, hyperphosphorylated tau. This effect was accompanied with neurite degeneration, loss of synapses, aberrant calcium homeostasis, imbalanced neurotransmitter release, and ultimately with neuronal death. This study bridges various tau pathological phenotypes into a single and relevant induced pluripotent stem cell neuronal model of human disease that can be applied to the discovery of the mechanisms of tau-induced neurodegeneration.
Average intragranular misorientation trends in polycrystalline materials predicted by a viscoplastic self-consistent approach

Abstract This work presents estimations of average intragranular fluctuations of lattice rotation rates in polycrystalline materials, obtained by means of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model. These fluctuations give a tensorial measure of the trend of misorientation developing inside each single crystal grain representing a polycrystalline aggregate. We first report details of the algorithm implemented in the VPSC code to estimate these fluctuations, which are then validated by comparison with corresponding full-field calculations. Next, we present predictions of average intragranular fluctuations of lattice rotation rates for cubic aggregates, which are rationalized by comparison with experimental evidence on annealing textures of fcc and bcc polycrystals deformed in tension and compression, respectively, as well as with measured intragranular misorientation distributions in a Cu polycrystal deformed in tension. The orientation-dependent and micromechanically-based estimations of intragranular misorientations that can be derived from the present implementation are necessary to formulate sound sub-models for the prediction of quantitatively accurate deformation textures, grain fragmentation, and recrystallization textures using the VPSC approach.
An optimum Bid Approximation Model

A competitive bidding model is presented which enables the practitioner to approximate an optimum bid with little computational effort. Elementary calculus is used to derive a simplified mathematical expression which yields and accurate approximation of the solution to a bidding problem.
Improving Preemptive Scheduling with Application-Transparent Checkpointing in Shared Clusters

Modern data center clusters are shifting from dedicated single framework clusters to shared clusters. In such shared environments, cluster schedulers typically utilize preemption by simply killing jobs in order to achieve resource priority and fairness during peak utilization. This can cause significant resource waste and delay job response time.In this paper, we propose using suspend-resume mechanisms to mitigate the overhead of preemption in cluster scheduling. Instead of killing preempted jobs or tasks, our approach uses a system level, application-transparent checkpointing mechanism to save the progress of jobs for resumption at a later time when resources are available. To reduce the preemption overhead and improve job response times, our approach uses adaptive preemption to dynamically select appropriate preemption mechanisms (e.g., kill vs. suspend, local vs. remote restore) according to the progress of a task and its suspend-resume overhead. By leveraging fast storage technologies, such as non-volatile memory (NVM), our approach can further reduce the preemption penalty to provide better QoS and resource efficiency. We implement the proposed approach and conduct extensive experiments via Google cluster trace-driven simulations and applications on a Hadoop cluster. The results demonstrate that our approach can significantly reduce the resource and power usage and improve application performance over existing approaches. In particular, our implementation on the next generation Hadoop YARN platform achieves up to a 67% reduction in resource wastage, 30% improvement in overall job response time times and 34% reduction in energy consumption over the current YARN scheduler.
A Rapid Learning Approach to the Knowledge Modeling of Radiation Therapy Planning

The purpose of this study is to implement a rapid learning method to train the knowledge models to predict the organ-at-risk (OAR) dose sparing in radiation therapy (RT) based on an array of patient anatomical features. We also aim to establish the evaluation criteria and validation method to ensure an accurate and efficient learning process. A rapid learning approach is utilized to train the knowledge models in this study. 100 clinical cancer cases in the pelvic region were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 40 cases are low-tointermediate risk prostate cases (Type I), 20 are high-risk prostate cases with lymph node irradiation (Type II), 40 are anorectal cancer cases (Type III). Starting from a base model for type I cases, increasing number of cases with more complex planning-target-volume (PTV)-OAR anatomies (type II and type III) were continuously added into the training case pool. The studentized residual and the leverage values are calculated as evaluation criteria at each step. The efficiency and accuracy of the learning method was quantified by the learning curve. The gEUD in the bladder and rectum are compared between the model predictions and actual values for the validation cases. The Median of the Absolute value of their Differences (MAD) are calculated for the validation cases. The MAD of the predicted OAR gEUD in all three types of cases gradually decreases when increasing number of training cases are added in training. The knowledge models learned by this method reach comparable level of prediction accuracies as in batch training mode even less training cases. The rapid learning approach is able to learn knowledge models for multiple cancer types in the pelvic region with comparable accuracy to the batch training method and with improved efficiency. This approach will facilitate the implementation of the knowledge based radiation therapy planning in clinics.
Common School Finance in Colorado and Certain Inferences of National Import (Concluded)

The income of the public school fund, technically known as "the public school income fund," is apportioned semi-annually (in July and January) by the superintendent of public instruction among the counties in proportion to the school population as reported for the next preceding year.63 The general county school fund, as explained above (page 659) includes all moneys paid into the county treasury derived from: (1) the national forest reserve fund; (2) public school income fund; (3) general and special county school taxes; (4) sales of lost goods and estrays; (5) fines. This general fund is apportioned quarterly in January, April, July, and October by the county superintendent. "He may apportion the same at other times if there be sufficient money in the treasury to require it."64 This gen eral county school fund is apportioned among the districts upon the same basis (school census, 6 to 21 years65) as that upon which the income of the public school fund is apportioned among the counties.64 The general fund by apportionment disbursed to the counties in the year 1914-1915 totaled $386,293. 87 and in the year 1915-1916, $475,482.19.66