cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of the ventral parietal cortex to declarative memory

Abstract Our understanding of the role that ventral parietal cortex (VPC) plays in declarative memory processes has changed dramatically over the last two decades. The goal of this chapter is to provide a concise overview data concerning VPC involvement in episodic memory (EM), and to connect this data to several key theories of VPC function. We review evidence from five methodological domains in cognitive neuroscience: neuropsychological lesion evidence, univariate activation studies, multivoxel pattern analyses, functional connectivity studies, and brain stimulation experiments. We discuss how the body of empirical work bears on putative mnemonic functions of VPC related to attention and stimulus representation, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of related theories. Lastly, we identify several broad conceptual questions raised by recent investigations, and outline directions for future research.
An Intracellular Allosteric Modulator Binding Pocket in SK2 Ion Channels Is Shared by Multiple Chemotypes.

Summary Small conductance potassium (SK) ion channels define neuronal firing rates by conducting the after-hyperpolarization current. They are key targets in developing therapies where neuronal firing rates are dysfunctional, such as in epilepsy, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we characterize a binding pocket situated at the intracellular interface of SK2 and calmodulin, which we show to be shared by multiple small-molecule chemotypes. Crystallization of this complex revealed that riluzole (approved for ALS) and an analog of the anti-ataxic agent (4-chloro-phenyl)-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine (CyPPA) bind to and allosterically modulate via this site. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrates that riluzole, NS309, and CyPPA analogs bind at this bipartite pocket. We demonstrate, by patch-clamp electrophysiology, that both classes of ligand interact with overlapping but distinct residues within this pocket. These data define a clinically important site, laying the foundations for further studies of the mechanism of action of riluzole and related molecules.
Assessing Unmet Information Needs of Breast Cancer Survivors: Exploratory Study of Online Health Forums Using Text Classification and Retrieval.

Background: Patient education materials given to breast cancer survivors may not be a good fit for their information needs. Needs may change over time, be forgotten, or be misreported, for a variety of reasons. An automated content analysis of survivors' postings to online health forums can identify expressed information needs over a span of time and be repeated regularly at low cost. Identifying these unmet needs can guide improvements to existing education materials and the creation of new resources. Objective: The primary goals of this project are to assess the unmet information needs of breast cancer survivors from their own perspectives and to identify gaps between information needs and current education materials. Methods: This approach employs computational methods for content modeling and supervised text classification to data from online health forums to identify explicit and implicit requests for health-related information. Potential gaps between needs and education materials are identified using techniques from information retrieval. Results: We provide a new taxonomy for the classification of sentences in online health forum data. 260 postings from two online health forums were selected, yielding 4179 sentences for coding. After annotation of data and training alternative one-versus-others classifiers, a random forest-based approach achieved F1 scores from 66% (Other, dataset2) to 90% (Medical, dataset1) on the primary information types. 136 expressions of need were used to generate queries to indexed education materials. Upon examination of the best two pages retrieved for each query, 12% (17/136) of queries were found to have relevant content by all coders, and 33% (45/136) were judged to have relevant content by at least one. Conclusions: Text from online health forums can be analyzed effectively using automated methods. Our analysis confirms that breast cancer survivors have many information needs that are not covered by the written documents they typically receive, as our results suggest that at most a third of breast cancer survivors’ questions would be addressed by the materials currently provided to them.
PHLOGON: PHase-based LOGic using Oscillatory Nano-systems

In this paper we take a fresh look at Goto and von Neumann’s phase-based logic ideas, provide enhancements that can overcome major limitations of their previous implementations. We show that with injection locking serving as the central mechanism, almost any DC-powered, self-sustaining nonlinear oscillator — including electronic, spintronic, biological, optical and mechanical ones — can be used to build fundamental components — including latches and combinatorial elements in a phase logic based computing architecture. We also discuss noise immunity and potential power dissipation advantages that can be achieved under this scheme.
Fault simulation at the architectural level

We have developed a method for fault simulation at the architectural level. This requires first an architectural level fault model. We have developed one based partially on the fault model proposed by Thatte and Abraham. An experiment with this fault model was done with a shift register described at both the architectural and gate levels. The resulting architectural level fault coverage tracked the gate level fault coverage obtained using the traditional stuck-at fault model. The next step was the development of an architectural level fault simulator, and an associated simulation model of the eight bit WE® 8000 microprocessor. The model was written in C, and 2512 faults were inserted in the model. A previously written test for the microprocessor was applied, and a fault coverage of 95% was obtained.
Distribution of epicormic branches and foliage on Douglas-fir as influenced by adjacent canopy gaps

The influence of adjacent canopy gaps on spatial distribution of epicormic branches and delayed foliage (originating from dormant buds) was investigated in 65-year-old coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudots...
Lights On, or Lights Off? Hotel Guests' Response to Nonpersonal Educational Outreach Designed to Protect Nesting Sea Turtles

Light pollution from beachfront hotels has the potential to impact nesting and hatching sea turtles. Education strategies could be used to alter visitor behavior and mitigate this threat. We tested the efficacy of a sea turtle–friendly education card that encouraged visitors to “protect the night, hide the light.” Cards were placed in beachfront hotel rooms at a prominent sea turtle nesting site: Jekyll Island, Georgia. We assessed visitor responses by conducting nightly observations to determine the proportion of occupied guest rooms with beach-visible lights under 2 different scenarios (cards present or cards absent). We found that less than half of all hotel guests closed room blinds to minimize artificial light on the nesting beach, and compliance rates seemed to be lower during peak visitation times. The nonpersonal educational treatment (card) had little effect on visitors' sea turtle–friendly lighting choices and behaviors, highlighting the need for other approaches to encourage responsible tourist behavior at ecologically sensitive beach destinations.
Incorporating LGBTQ health into the curriculum: Assessment of student pharmacists' knowledge and comfort level in caring for transgender patients

Abstract Background and purpose This study aimed to measure the effects of instruction regarding transgender health in second-year student pharmacists and provide qualitative insight regarding their impressions of the educational experience. Educational activity and setting Students completed a pre- and post-survey assessing knowledge regarding transgender therapeutics, the pharmacist's role, level of comfort providing care, and impression of exposure to the topic. McNemar's test and paired t-tests compared respondent data before and after the activity. The post-survey evaluated the learning activity, with an opportunity to leave open comments that were then analyzed using content analysis. Findings Eighty-five of 107 (79.4%) students completed both surveys and were included in the analysis. Transgender therapeutics knowledge, participant understanding of pharmacist's role, comfort level, and assessment of adequateness of exposure improved significantly (p Summary The activity increased student pharmacists' knowledge regarding transgender therapeutics, the pharmacist's role, and comfort level in caring for this patient population. Respondents found the content valuable and desired more. Colleges of pharmacy should consider increasing exposure to specific patient populations, such as transgender patients, to prepare students for practice.
Antibody-mediated rejection 16 years post-cardiac transplantation: a case report of an uncommon late presentation in a middle-aged woman.

Background Very late antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in heart transplant patients (over 10 years post-transplant) is very rare. It is associated with high mortality, graft dysfunction, and fulminant coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV) and should remain in the differential for patients presenting with late graft dysfunction. Case summary A 57-year-old woman 16 years of post-heart transplant with a previously unremarkable post-transplant course including protocol driven biopsies showing no rejection and a recent unremarkable screening nuclear stress test presented to our institution with clinical heart failure. Echocardiogram revealed graft dysfunction and endomyocardial biopsy showed no signs of cellular rejection, but evidence of AMR. The patient was treated with steroid and immunotherapy with clinical improvement but suffered several infectious complications and renal dysfunction requiring haemodialysis related to her immunotherapy treatment. Despite aggressive AMR management, donor-specific antibodies and symptoms persisted and CAV progressed. Discussion This case illustrates the poor diagnostic yield of non-invasive testing for AMR, and highlights importance to clinicians of considering AMR even if the patient over 10 years post-transplant when the diagnosis is rare.
The Unified Protocol compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: 12-month follow-up from a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Objective To examine whether the Unified Protocol (UP) remains equivalent to single-disorder protocols (SDPs) in the treatment of anxiety disorders at 12-month follow-up. Method We report results from the 12-month follow-up of a recent randomized equivalence trial [1]. Data are from 179 participants (55.31% female sex, 83.24% White, average age 30.66) who met criteria for a principal anxiety disorder and were randomized to either the UP or SDP conditions. Consistent with the parent trial, the primary outcome was principal diagnosis clinician severity rating (CSR) from the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS). Secondary outcomes included anxiety, depression, and impairment. Missing data were accommodated using multiple imputation (10,000 imputed data sets) under a missing at random assumption. Equivalence between the UP and SDPs was tested using slope difference scores from latent growth models and 95% confidence interval of between-condition effect sizes. Results The results indicated that the UP and SDP conditions remained equivalent with regard to principal diagnosis clinician severity rating at 12-month follow-up. In addition, there were no significant differences between conditions on secondary outcomes at 12-month follow-up. Conclusions The UP continues to yield outcomes comparable to SDPs at 12-month follow-up, and therefore provides a single intervention that can be used to treat the most commonly occurring psychiatric disorders with durable effects.
Outcomes of mechanical support for cardiogenic shock associated with late cardiac allograft failure

Background Late graft failure (LGF) is an unresolved issue after orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). In this study, we report characteristics and outcomes of severe LGF requiring mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Methods All patients undergoing OHT from 2000 to 2018 at our center were reviewed. Patients re-admitted to the hospital for late graft failure (>3 months after initial discharge) and developing cardiogenic shock requiring MCS were identified. Outcomes and mortality were evaluated. Results Twenty-six patients were identified. Median age was 37.3 years (interquartile range: 28.2-47.6) and 69% were male. Median time from initial transplant to MCS was 2.9 years. Etiology of graft failure was rejection in 19 patients (73%), transplant coronary artery disease (tCAD) in 3 (12%), with mixed tCAD or rejection in 4 (15%).
Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism Increases Plasma Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are lipid signaling molecules formed from arachidonic acid by the action of CYP450s. EETs cause vasodilation, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and enhance insulin secretion and sensitivity in rodents. EETs are metabolized to less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) by sEH (soluble epoxide hydrolase), and 14,15-DHET has been reported to be increased in patients with primary aldosteronism, but the effects of aldosterone on EET concentrations and sEH activity are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that treatment of primary aldosteronism would alter EET concentrations in humans. We studied 9 patients with primary aldosteronism before and at least 3 months after unilateral adrenalectomy (6) or treatment with a mineralocorticoid antagonist (3). Circulating total EET concentrations increased to 18.5±12.6 from 11.9±5.9 nmol/L with treatment of primary aldosteronism (P=0.027). Among the regioisomers of EETs, 14,15-EET significantly increased after treatment, whereas 11,12-EET and 8,9 EET were unaltered. Total DHET concentrations and specific regioisomers of DHET did not change significantly. Circulating total EETs (ρ=-0.52, P=0.026), 14,15-EET (ρ=-0.56, P=0.015), and 11,12-EET (ρ=-0.48, P=0.042) correlated inversely with aldosterone. We also assessed EETs after a 12-hour aldosterone or vehicle infusion in a randomized cross-over study in healthy volunteers. Plasma EETs were similar after 12-hour aldosterone or vehicle infusion. Lastly, 3-day infusion of aldosterone in mice decreased EET concentrations in adipose and muscle and increased sEH expression as determined by molar ratio of DHETs to EETs and soluble epoxide hydrolase (Ephx2) mRNA expression in adipose tissue. These studies suggest that prolonged exposure to increased aldosterone decreases EET concentrations.
Enzymatic bypass of an N6-deoxyadenosine DNA–ethylene dibromide–peptide cross-link by translesion DNA polymerases

Unrepaired DNA–protein cross-links, due to their bulky nature, can stall replication forks and result in genome instability. Large DNA–protein cross-links can be cleaved into DNA–peptide cross-links, but the extent to which these smaller fragments disrupt normal replication is not clear. Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane) is a known carcinogen that can cross-link the repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) to the N6 position of deoxyadenosine (dA) in DNA, as well as four other positions in DNA. We investigated the effect of a 15-mer peptide from the active site of AGT, cross-linked to the N6 position of dA, on DNA replication by human translesion synthesis DNA polymerases (Pols) η, ⍳, and κ. The peptide–DNA cross-link was bypassed by the three polymerases at different rates. In steady-state kinetics, the specificity constant (kcat/Km) for incorporation of the correct nucleotide opposite to the adduct decreased by 220-fold with Pol κ, tenfold with pol η, and not at all with Pol ⍳. Pol η incorporated all four nucleotides across from the lesion, with the preference dT > dC > dA > dG, while Pol ⍳ and κ only incorporated the correct nucleotide. However, LC-MS/MS analysis of the primer-template extension product revealed error-free bypass of the cross-linked 15-mer peptide by Pol η. We conclude that a bulky 15-mer peptide cross-linked to the N6 position of dA can retard polymerization and cause miscoding but that overall fidelity is not compromised because only correct pairs are extended.
Above All Made by Themselves: The Visual Rhetoric of W. E. B. Du Bois’s Data Visualizations

In this article, I examine and contextualize a selection of award-winning data visualizations created by W. E. B. Du Bois and his team for the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris, France. I show that Du Boi...
Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe

392 www.thelancet.com Vol 382 August 3, 2013 waiting times by 52% in Athens (from 90 months to 44 months) and by 99% in Salonica (from 48 months to 2 weeks). Meanwhile, OKANA in cooperation with non-governmental organisations scaled up needle and syringe programmes by 180% to increase the meagre coverage of seven syringes per person per annum in 2010, to 45 in 2012. This scaling up of services was achieved with half the budget (8060 patients on opioid substitution treatment in 2012 with an average annual cost of €3200 per patient vs 4771 patients in 2009 with an average annual cost of €10 600 per patient). Karanikolos and colleagues’ statements on low coverage of HIV preventive measures in IDUs in Greece hold true only until 2011, when the actual outbreak occurred. Since then, OKANA’s rapid response has ensured that coverage increases sustainably, despite severe budget cuts.
Dislocation transmission across Σ3{112} incoherent twin boundary: a combined atomistic and phase-field study

Abstract Grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline materials act as impediments to dislocation motion and result in strengthening. Understanding slip transmission through GBs, specifically twin boundaries, is essential to understand the plastic deformation behavior of polycrystalline fcc materials. In this study the interaction between a glide dislocation and Σ 3 { 112 } incoherent twin boundary (ITB) in copper is investigated using a combined atomistic and mesoscale approach. The material parameters and structure of the GB in the mesoscale phase field dislocation dynamics (PFDD) model are informed from Molecular Statics (MS) simulations. The structural unit of the ITB consists of an array of three partial dislocations. The interaction between a glide dislocation impinging on each of the GB partial dislocations is investigated using both PFDD and Molecular Dynamics (MD) with two boundary conditions. Transmission planes predicted by both PFDD and MD (NVT) are in agreement, and show that not all transmission events are direct. Critical transmission stresses predicted by PFDD are in the range of 276 MPa to 1380 MPa, while MD predictions are in the range from 100 MPa to 700 MPa. The PFDD and MD predictions of slip transmission are explained using dislocation theory based on isotropic linear elasticity.
The Legal Criminal

A lex came from a fairly wealthy household. Most people with antisocial personality disorder seem to come from poorer families. Most are not murderers, but we as a society find them to be despicable. They are often alcoholic, abusive, angry, violent, irresponsible, and dishonest. They are also survivors.
Laser Photolytic Fragmentation-Fluorescence Spectrometry of Nonfluorescent Organic and Organometalllc Molecules

The use of fragmentation-fluorescence spectrometry as an analytical technique for the detection and quantification of nonfluorescent organic and organometallic compounds is described. Radiation from a photolysis laser, usually operated at 193 nm, photodissociates gaseous molecules, converting them into atomic or small molecular fragments which are intensely fluorescent. If necessary, fluorescence of fragments can be induced by a second, "probe," laser. Limits of detection and precision of one- and two-laser photofragmentation-fluorescence determinations are given. The analytically desirable characteristics of laser fragmentation-fluorescence spectroscopy are described, and future directions for development of the technique are discussed.
Incidence of pain among women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization by electrocoagulation, the spring-loaded clip, and the tubal ring

Data analyzed from five comparative studies show a relationship between the technique of tubal occlusion and pain experienced by patients both at the time of the procedure and during the recovery period. During the procedure, the spring-loaded clip is the technique least likely and the tubal ring the technique most likely to be associated with pain. During the recovery period, both the spring-loaded clip and the tubal ring are associated with higher rates of abdominal or pelvic pain than is electrocoagulation. Differences in pain that occurred during the recovery period did not persist to the early follow-up visit.
Uncertainty and Enterprise Integration - A Real Options View

Enterprise integration (EI) involves integrating business processes and data across organizations, systems, and applications and is a key spending priority for CIOs according to the consulting firm Gartner. Enterprise integration however represents an investment scenario fraught with a good deal of uncertainty on account of rapidly changing markets, technologies, and standards. EI represents a rich and dynamic market with ever-shifting boundaries, complex XML-based technology stacks, and a proliferation of standards. Complex and uncertain investment scenarios are best approached from the increasingly important real options (RO) valuation methodology. This paper develops a taxonomy of use cases of enterprise integration, assesses the uncertainty inherent in these use cases, and then develops decision-making heuristics based on the RO notion of Strategic Net Present Value (SNPV) for approaching investment decisions in EI.
1. Building Passion and Potential for Creative Learning in Higher Education

Building passion and potential for creative learning in higher education involves deliberately seeking to understand, appreciate, and teach for creativity. Recognizing the urgent need for creativity and problem solving skills, and understanding that instructors must embrace creative learning for themselves first, is central. Creativity cannot be left to chance. Developments in the field of creativity, both with regard to defining aspects of creativity and providing frameworks for integrating creative learning into higher education practices are discussed.
Users do the darndest things: true stories from the cylab usable privacy and security laboratory

How can we make security and privacy software more usable? The first step is to study our users. Ideally, we would watch them interacting with security or privacy software in situations where they face actual risk. But everyday computer users don’t sit around fiddling with security software, and subjecting users to actual security attacks raises ethical and legal concerns. Thus, it can be difficult to observe users interacting with security and privacy software in their natural habitat. At the CyLab Usable Privacy and Security Laboratory, we’ve conducted a wide variety of studies aimed at understanding how users think about security and privacy and how they interact with security and privacy software. In this talk I’ll give a behind the scenes tour of some of the techniques we’ve used to study users both in the laboratory and in the wild. I’ll discuss the trials and tribulations of designing and carrying out security and privacy user studies, and highlight some of our surprising observations. Find out what privacy-sensitive items you can actually get study participants to purchase, how you can observe users’ responses to a man-in-the-middle attack without actually conducting such an attack, why it’s hard to get people to use high tech cell phones even when you give them away, and what’s actually in that box behind the couch in my office.
A Comparison of Satellite Constellations for Continuous Global Coverage

In the past, researchers using the streets of coverage (SOC) and Walker methods for generating optimal satellite constellations have published constellations with the minimum number of total satellites for continuous global coverage. The real goal of constellation optimization, however, is to reduce the overall system cost. In some cases this will occur for the minimum total number of satellites, but other real world considerations (such as sparing strategy or launch vehicle multiple satellite manifesting) may drive the constellation selection process to other solutions. This paper presents tables of constellations, optimized for continuous global coverage (1- to 4-fold), for 5 to 100 satellites and all numbers of orbital planes. These expanded tables for the SOC and Walker methods allow the mission planner more choices in minimizing overall system cost. By simple filtering and sorting of the tables, it is shown how constellations can be selected to account for these real world considerations. A comparison is made between the constellations produced by these two methods in the light of some common real world considerations.
CsgA, an extracellular protein essential for Myxococcus xanthus development.

Abstract CsgA mutants of Myxococcus xanthus appear to be defective in producing an extracellular molecule essential for the developmental behaviors of this bacterium. The csgA gene encodes a 17.7-kilodalton polypeptide whose function and cellular location were investigated with immunological probes. Large quantities of the CsgA gene product were obtained from a lacZ-csgA translational gene fusion expressed in Escherichia coli. The chimeric 21-kilodalton protein was purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies raised against the fusion protein were used to determine the cellular location of the native CsgA protein by colloidal gold labeling and transmission electron microscopy. Between 1,100 and 2,200 extracellular molecules of CsgA per developing M. xanthus cell were detected, most of which were associated with the extracellular matrix. The anti-CsgA antibodies inhibited wild-type development unless they were first neutralized with the fusion protein. Together these results suggest that the CsgA gene product has an essential, extracellular function during development, possibly as a pheromone.
Survey of a Rodent and Tick Community in East-Central Texas

Abstract We conducted a survey of rodents and ticks in Brazos County in east-central Texas to learn more about native fauna that may be involved in enzootic transmission of pathogens that can cause tick-borne diseases in this region. Our objectives were to describe the species richness and seasonal activity of rodents, as well as to document their infestation with ticks over time. We captured 5 rodent species over the course of 19 months: Sigmodon hispidus (Hispid Cotton Rat), Reithrodontomys fulvescens (Fulvous Harvest Mouse), Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse), Peromyscus gossypinus (Cotton Mouse), and Baiomys taylori (Northern Pygmy Mouse). We observed a large increase in Hispid Cotton Rat capture success in the fall of 2013, reflecting a characteristic population boom periodically exhibited by this species. Overall tick-infestation prevalence of rodents was low (2.3%), and was comprised of juvenile ticks of 2 species—Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick) and Ixodes scapularis (Blacklegged Tick)....
High-temperature solution growth of single-crystal neptunium dioxide☆

Abstract Macroscopic 239 PuO 2 single crystals were grown from Li 2 O · 2MoO 3 solvent by a thermal gradient technique at 1270–1300 °C. Polycrystalline PuO 2 nutrient, on the floor of a tall, tightly closed platinum vessel at 1300 °C, underwent transport upwards through 7 cm of PuO 2 -saturated solution, whose upper surface was maintained at ∼ 1270 °C. Two-week runs resulted in the growth of octahedral crystals up to 2×3×3 mm in size, which formed on platinum substrates in the upper solution regions at 1270–1280 °C. The growth rate for good- quality PuO 2 was ≤ 1 mm/week, and approximates that previously reported for the isostructural compounds CeO 2 , ThO 2 , and NpO 2 from similar solvents in this temperature range. Spectrochemical, lattice parameter, and oxygen analysis data indicate that the crystals are of good purity (> 99.9%) and are near stoichiometric (PuO 1.97 ± 0.03 ).
Nonhydrostatic stress effects on failure of passivated metallic thin films due to void surface electromigration

A systematic theoretical study based on self-consistent dynamical simulations is presented of the effects of nonhydrostatic residual stress on the failure mechanisms of passivated metallic thin films due to void surface electromigration. Two modes of failure are observed to occur concurrently during void morphological evolution: electromigration-induced formation of faceted slits and stress-induced formation of fine-scale crack-like features on the void surface. Our analysis reveals a range of residual stress levels that can cause inhibition of failure due to electromigration-induced slit propagation. This stress range is shown to be wider than that predicted when the films are under purely hydrostatic tension.
A detailed geochemical investigation of post-nuclear detonation trinitite glass at high spatial resolution: Delineating anthropogenic vs. natural components

Abstract This study documents, for the first time, the combined abundances of major and trace elements at high spatial resolution for trinitite glass, which was produced during the first atomic weapon test (Trinity site; New Mexico, USA). The results indicate that the chemical composition of trinitite is largely dependent on the precursor mineral phases found in the arkosic sand at the Trinity site. The chemical compositions of trinitite were evaluated using principal component analysis, which indicates that trends may be attributed to mixing between an anthropogenic component and phases (both major and minor) within the arkosic sand. The resolvable anthropogenic component in trinitite is made up of metals including Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Nb, Pb, Ta, and Ti. Uranium in trinitite appears to have two sources: natural U-bearing phases and the tamper used in the device. The concentrations of volatile anthropogenic metals (Co, Cr, Cu, and Pb) are enriched in samples that originate from > 74 m away from ground zero. This increase may be related to a temperature-controlled fractionation, and implies that the (lower temperature) peripheral zone of a blast site is the optimal area to sample volatile metals for nuclear forensic analysis.
Evaluation and Management of Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

Congenital nasolacrimal obstruction is a common disorder in infants that results in persistent tearing and may lead to infections, such as dacryocystitis, orbital cellulitis, and bacterial conjunctivitis. The true incidence of this disorder in healthy newborns remains controversial. The most frequently quoted number of 6% comes from a study of 200 consecutive live births in the 1940s in which nasolacrimal patency was assessed by the presence or absence of discharge on compression of the lacrimal sac. Estimates from other studies, which often use different criteria for diagnosis, vary considerably from 1.2% to 30%. The incidence of the disorder is higher in children who have craniofacial disorders and Down's syndrome. This article reviews the causes and treatment of congenital nasolacrimal obstruction.
Chemical Force Microscopy: Probing Chemical Origin of Interfacial Forces and Adhesion

Intermolecular interactions between distinct chemical functionalities define a multitude of adhesion events in chemistry, biology and materials science. Modern techniques for measuring molecular level forces have allowed direct quantitative characterization of these interactions. In particular, chemical force microscopy (CFM), which uses the probe tip of a force microscope covalently modified with specific organic functional groups, provides a flexible approach for studying interactions between specific chemical functionalities. In this review, we survey the progress in CFM in recent years as it applies to adhesion of soft materials. We show how new developments in the experimental and theoretical approaches continue to build a realistic and detailed picture of adhesion interaction in condensed phases. We specifically highlight the importance of the kinetics of the unbinding processes and solvation effects in determining the strength of intermolecular interactions. We also describe some recent new directi...
Detection of lipid domains in docosahexaenoic acid-rich bilayers by acyl chain-specific FRET probes

Abstract A major problem in defining biological membrane structure is deducing the nature and even existence of lipid microdomains. Lipid microdomains have been defined operationally as heterogeneities in the behavior of fluorescent membrane probes, particularly the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-NBD-PE) and (N-lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-Rh-PE). Here we test a variety of N-NBD-PEs and N-Rh-PEs containing: (a) undefined acyl chains, (b) liquid crystalline- and gel-state acyl chains, and (c) defined acyl chains matching those of phase separated membrane lipids. The phospholipid bilayer systems employed represent a liquid crystalline/gel phase separation and a cholesterol-driven fluid/fluid phase separation; phase separation is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. We tested the hypothesis that acyl chain affinities may dictate the phase into which N-NBD-PE and N-Rh-PE FRET probes partition. While these FRET probes were largely successful at tracking liquid crystalline/gel phase separations, they were less useful in following fluid/fluid separations and appeared to preferentially partition into the liquid-disordered phase. Additionally, partition measurements indicate that the rhodamine-containing probes are substantially less hydrophobic than the analogous NBD probes. These experiments indicate that acyl chain affinities may not be sufficient to employ acyl chain-specific N-NBD-PE/N-Rh-PE FRET probes to investigate phase separations into biologically relevant fluid/fluid lipid microdomains.
Development policies in the presence of unemployment and non-traded intermediate goods

The role of non-traded intermediate goods has not been satisfactorily studied in the context of a developing economy with involuntary unemployment. In this paper we examine this phenomenon within the framework of a Harris-Todaro-type migration model. We show that the presence of the intermediate good creates a strong linkage between the rural and urban regions. Under certain reasonable assumptions on factor intensities, this linkage causes an increase in the price of the urban good to benefit the intermediate good as well, and an expansion in the urban output to drive an expansion in the production of the intermediate good. Finally, wage subsidies to urban firms increase the unemployment rate, despite the ameliorating effect of the inter-sectoral linkage.
A theory for electron transfer between an electrode and a multilevel acceptor/donor species in an electrolyte solution

Abstract A theory for heterogeneous electron transfer of multiple electrons between a metal electrode and a multilevel redox center in a polar electrolyte is developed within the context of an extended Anderson–Newns model. Analytical expressions describing the adiabatic ground state free energy curves are derived for sequential and simultaneous transfer of electrons. The dependence of the activation and reaction free energies of the process on the key parameters of the system are analyzed. It is shown that sequential and parallel mechanisms result in distinct activation patterns. An external bias is shown to have a significant effect on both the reaction and reorganization free energies, as well as the shape of the free energy curves.
A possible basis for conservatism in signal detection and probabilistic categorization tasks

It is commonly claimed that conservative placement of the criterion in signal detection is due to the form of the utility function of money, to conservatism in the estimation of prior probabilities, or to probability matching tendencies. This article shows how conservatism could be caused by a systematic misconception of the shape of the underlying distributions. An experiment is described in which subjects were asked to make posterior probability judgments after performing numerical analogues of signal detection. The posterior probability judgments were radical, i.e., high posterior probabilities were overestimated and low posterior probabilities were underestimated; if this pattern of radical probability estimation reflects the subjects’ understanding of the underlying distributions, it would account for conservative criterion placement.
Brain regions affected by impaired control modulate responses to alcohol and smoking cues.

Objective:Despite the commonly observed comorbidity of alcohol and tobacco use disorders and years of research, the mechanism underlying concurrent use of alcohol and tobacco is not yet clear. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the relationship between brain responses to alcohol and smoking cues in 45 subjects with episodic drinking and regular smoking.Method:fMRI data were collected from two studies performing an alcohol-craving task and a smoking-craving task. First, we identified brain voxels significantly activated for both substance cues and then associated the activation of these voxels with various alcohol- and nicotine-dependence measures. Significant clusters (cluster-wise p < .05) correlated with behavioral assessments were extracted, and clusters identified from both cues were compared.Results:The association tests with various dependence scores showed that the loss of behavioral control subcategory in the Alcohol Dependence Scale was significantl...
Diffusion of Palladium in Copper and Silver

The diffusion of palladium in single crystals of copper and silver has been measured by the tracer-sectioning technique. The results are ${D}_{\mathrm{Pd}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Cu}}={1.71}_{\ensuremath{-}0.21}^{+0.23}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(54370\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}300)}{\mathrm{RT}}] {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/sec,$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{Pd}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ag}}={9.57}_{\ensuremath{-}1.37}^{+1.63}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{56750\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}300)}{\mathrm{RT}}] {\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/sec.$ The difference between the activation energies for Pd diffusion and self-diffusion in copper and silver is in only qualitative agreement with the theories of Lazarus and LeClaire. Correlation factors for palladium diffusion in silver are calculated using Lidiard's theory and the data on silver diffusion in palladium-silver alloys by Nachtrieb et al. From these correlation factors and Manning's theory, it is shown that palladium atoms repel vacancies in silver. This is in disagreement with the quenching studies of Hamaguchi.
Visualization of Pool Boiling From Plain and Enhanced Structures

A visualization study of pool boiling at atmospheric pressure from plain and enhanced structures was conducted with PF 5060 as working fluid. The single layer enhanced structures were fabricated in copper and were 1 mm thick. The parameters investigated in the present study are heat flux, width of microchannels and overall structure width. A monochrome CCD camera with attached magnifying lens served as the main tool for observation of the boiling process from the structures. The nucleate boiling regime for a plain surface is usually divided into two sub-regimes: the isolated bubbles regime and the coalesced bubbles regime. For enhanced structures, the increase in geometric complexity leads to different flow regimes that may establish under different heat fluxes. This study evaluates these regimes using movies and still photographs. A comparison with the plain case is made and the differences highlighted.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
BIMMER: A Bi-layer hidden Markov model for differential methylation analysis

Methyl-CpG binding domain-based capture followed by sequencing (MBDCap-seq) is a cost-effective method for genome-wide methylation analyses especially in CpG-rich regions. In this study, we developed BIMMER, a BI-layer hidden Markov model for differential Methylation Regions (DMRs) identification BIMMER using MBDCap-seq samples derived from two different phenotypes. BIMMER models and generates a posterior probability for a 100bp bin to be a methylation site in either normal or disease samples by its first hidden layer, and then integrate these posterior probabilities in the second hidden layer to obtain the posterior probability of bin-specific differential methylation between the normal and disease samples. Based on these posterior probabilities, the decisions on the methylation and differential statuses for each bin can be calculated. Simulated results showed 94.3% area under precision-recall curve for BIMMER (BIMMER is programmed in Java and available by request).
Understanding consumer-created media synergy

Research on media synergy has traditionally been based on estimates using the media purchases made by the marketer. Assumptions are, therefore, made by the marketer about how the various media interact. This paper argues that media synergy only occurs at the consumer media consumption level, that is it is the consumer who creates the interactions and thus, any synergy, not just the media forms. Although the media forms may be available, they do not interact until the consumer creates some type of interaction. Using a nationally projectable online sample of consumer-reported media usage in the USA, based on (a) the media forms consumed, (b) the amount of time spent with each consumed media form, (c) which accessed media forms are used in what combination, and (d) the reported influence of each media form on future purchases in eight broad product categories, we developed a new view of media synergy. From that, media relationships are estimated using factor analysis. From the extracted factors, estimations ...
Biochemical investigation of two responses involved in the feeding behaviour of Acanthaster planci (L). I. Assay methods and preliminary results

Material obtained by simple biochemical fractionation of aqueous extracts of coral has been tested for its ability to induce responses normally associated with feeding on live corals in the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.) With the use of a new assay method, it has been shown that both dialysable and non-dialysable components of aqueous coral extract cause cessation of movement, settlement, and eversion of the stomach as if over a whole coral. A second response, apparently of avoidance, seen as a starfish approaches a coral prior to feeding, has also been examined; it is evoked by the dialysable fraction of coral extract.
Analysis of undulator field errors in a compact free-electron laser

Abstract The problem of undulator field errors caused by variations of magnet positions and thickness and corresponding error due to undulator-period variations are investigated. We determine the sensitivity of magnetic field and electron trajectory due to all kinds of field errors. Also, we numerically estimate the effect of field errors on the spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. The results are critical for the successful operation of the CREOL-UCF compact free-electron laser experiment under preparation.
The use of psychosocial stress scales in preterm birth research

Psychosocial stress has been identified as a potential risk factor for preterm birth. However, an association has not been found consistently, and a consensus on the extent to which stress and preterm birth are linked is still lacking. A literature search was performed with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms to detect studies of psychosocial stress and preterm birth. Studies were included in the review if psychosocial stress was measured with a standardized, validated instrument and if the outcomes included either preterm birth or low birthweight. Within the 138 studies that met inclusion criteria, 85 different instruments were used. Measures that had been designed specifically for pregnancy were used infrequently, although scales were sometimes modified for the pregnant population. The many different measures that have been used may be a factor that accounts for the inconsistent associations that have been observed.
EFFECT OF BLOOD-GROUP ON RELATION BETWEEN HLA MATCH AND OUTCOME OF CADAVER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS

In a series of 4998 cadaver kidney transplants the extent of HLA matching correlated with transplant outcome in patients with blood-groups other than O (non-O) but not in patients of blood-group O. The high survival-rate of poorly matched kidneys in O recipients was responsible for the lack of correlation between HLA matching and graft survival in these patients. Survival-rates of transplants with 4 HLA mismatches were 52 +/- 3% at one year in 222 O-to-O grafts compared with 24 +/- 5% in 65 B-to-B grafts (P less than 0.0001). In 2827 non-O patients, there was a strong correlation between HLA matching and graft survival (P less than 0.0001 at one year). One possible reason for the cancelling out of the effect of HLA mismatching in type-O recipients is that these patients waited longer on dialysis for a transplant and consequently received more blood-transfusions.
PRENATAL DETECTION OF DE NOVO INVERSION OF CHROMOSOME (2) (p13q11.2) AND POSTNATAL FOLLOW-UP

We report the first case of an apparent de novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 at the breakpoints p13q11.2 that was detected prenatally. Follow-up performed over 4 years showed phenotypic abnormalities including minor craniofacial dysmorphism, hypotonia, hearing loss, gustatory flushing syndrome, and severe developmental delays. The literature on chromosome 2 inversion is reviewed.
Formation of Planetary-Mass Objects by Protostellar Collapse and Fragmentation

Searches for very low mass objects in young star clusters have uncovered evidence for free-floating objects with inferred masses possibly as low as 5-15 Jupiter masses (MJup), similar to the masses of several extrasolar planets. We show here that the process that forms single and multiple protostars, namely, collapse and fragmentation of molecular clouds, might be able to produce self-gravitating objects with initial masses less than ~1 MJup, provided that magnetic field tension effects are important and can be represented approximately by diluting the gravitational field. If such fragments can be ejected from an unstable quadruple protostar system, prior to gaining significantly more mass, protostellar collapse might then be able to explain the formation of free-floating objects with masses below 13 MJup. These objects might then be best termed "sub-brown dwarf stars."
Cadmium-binding serum protein.

Abstract Human serum alpha-2-macroglobulin has been found to be a major cadmium-binding protein in vitro . Serum and alpha-2-macroglobulin equilibrated with cadmium at the 0.20 ppm level were chromatographed over Sephadex and agarose gels to separate and estimate the molecular weights of the proteins. Alpha-2-macroglobulin was found to fragment into reproducible fragments when chromatographed on agarose gels showing different metal-binding fractions for cadmium and endogenous zinc. The distribution of cadmium on serum protein chromatograms was correlated with alpha-2-macroglobulin chromatograms. Cadmium was bound to fractions with molecular weights as high as 800,000 daltons with an affinity greater than that observed for serum albumin.
Computer-aided design of MOS/LSI circuits

The functional complexity of MOS/LSI packages has increased exponentially during the past seven years---from a 20-bit shift register with about 130 transistors in 1964 to a one-chip calculator with over 3500 transistors in 1971. This evolution has been realized primarily because of process and engineering advancement in the state of the art. Computer-aided design and layout has played a much smaller part in this development. ... Why?