cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE ISOLATION AND VISUALIZATION OF INTESTINAL SEGMENTS FOR STUDY OF CLOSED LOOP STRANGULATION.

Summary The high mortality rate in patients with a short loop of obstructed and strangulated intestine is thought to be due to the action of poorly understood toxic substances which exude from the serosal surfaces of the dying intestine. Additional detailed pathologic-physiologic studies concerning this problem are necessary if progress is to be made in lowering the death rate. This report describes a new method that has been developed and used in experimental animals for isolating a strangulated closed loop of intestine in a plastic bag. This technique permits the continuous visualization and palpation of the exteriorized, isolated loop of intestine without fear of outside contamination, provides easy and accurate representative and serial sampling of the strangulation fluid, and adequately seals the strangulated loop from the peritoneal cavity. Dilution of the toxic fluid by the peritoneal secretions is prevented and complete control of the time and circumstance of liberation of the toxins from the isolated preparation is possible. The technique is being used effectively in a series of experiments to study the nature of the “strangulation” fluids, its physiologic and pathologic effects, and its bacterial flora.
MRI in nonischemic acquired heart disease.

Cardiac MRI applications for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with acquired heart disease are constantly expanding. This review article presents an overview of the use of cardiac MRI in nonischemic acquired heart disease. The role of MRI in nonischemic acquired heart disease continues to be influenced by perceived capabilities of echocardiography. The applications discussed in this review are: myocardial diseases including cardiomyopathies, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and myocarditis; pericardial diseases, especially constrictive pericarditis; cardiac and paracardiac masses; and valvular heart disease. Cine MR is now regarded as the preferred method for evaluation and quantification of right ventricular function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:1195–1213. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of a Tier I Screening Battery for Detecting Endocrine-Active Compounds (EACs)

One of the components of our research program is development of a mode-of-action screening battery to detect several different types of endocrine-active compounds (EACs). Our working hypothesis is that a comprehensive short-term in vivo/in vitro battery can be developed to identify endocrine toxicants using a collection of endpoints. The goals of this battery are that it be quick, cost effective, and predictive. The purpose of this battery is to identify potential EACs and to assess their potency in order to prioritize compounds for further study. Two in vivo screens (intact male and ovariectomized female rats) are being evaluated for their ability to detect several different types of endocrine activity. To validate this screen, 15 compounds with known endocrine activities are being used to evaluate a collection of different endpoints for their variability, stability over time, predictiveness, and dose dependency. These positive controls were chosen because they can modulate development, reproduction, or cancer. The advantage of an in vivo screen is that it utilizes a metabolically and physiologically intact system. The male in vivo battery will be used to assess several different types of endocrine activity, primarily by using a comprehensive hormonal battery. The female in vivo battery will be used to identify compounds which are either estrogenic/antiestrogenic or can alter the prolactin pathway. The in vitro portion of the screening battery consists of a yeast transactivation system (YTS). The YTS is being evaluated for its ability to identify compounds which are agonists or antagonists to the estrogen, androgen, or progesterone receptors. The expression of mammalian receptors in yeast allows for assessment of steroid-dependent transcriptional activators. The value of this system is that it can be used as a routine screen for compounds that interact with steroid receptors. Alterations in ligand binding to these receptors can be correlated with alterations in development via masculinization of females and/or feminization of males, decreases in reproductive success, or modulation of cancer incidence from in vivo tests. The in vivo and in vitro screens are designed to be run in parallel with built-in redundancy in order to reduce the probability of false-negative/ positive responses.
Reactive oxygen species formation during tetanic contractions in single isolated Xenopus myofibers.

Contracting skeletal muscle produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that have been shown to affect muscle function and adaptation. However, real-time measurement of ROS in contracting myofibers has ...
Fine-scale observations of artificial aurora at 777.4 nm

We present observations of artificially generated auroral emissions using the High power Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) ionospheric heating facility located in Gakona, Alaska. We operated an EMCCD imager at the HAARP facility which enabled high temporal and spatial resolution observations of the heater induced airglow emissions. The imager was equipped with a 777.4 nm narrowband filter to investigate this specific prompt emission. These observations were taken at 3 Hz frame rate using a 19 degree field of view lens, that produces spatial resolution of 100s of meters. The small-scale optical features observed will be quantified for different cycles of ionospheric heating, including on-off cycles of minutes to continuous heating for an hour. In addition to the imager at HAARP, we operated several other imagers at Poker Flat, Alaska in order to observe the artificial emissions from the side. This enabled an accurate measure of the altitude of the emissions and allowed us to follow the changes in altitude as the emissions developed in time. The imagers at Poker Flat included a 6300 nm imager with a 47 degree field of view and a 5577 nm imager with 15 degree field of view. This allowed us to image the lower energy and slower emissions, where the decay time of the emissions was observable when the heater was cycled off. The spatial scale, motion, lifetime and altitude of the emission features will be quantified for the different cycles, in order to gain insight into the strong plasma wave activity—generated by the heater—that is causing the local electron acceleration and heating.
Managing anticoagulant related coagulopathy.

There are several parenteral anticoagulants in use currently in the US. These include unfractionated heparin (UFH) commonly referred to as heparin, low-molecular weight heparins (LMWHs), synthetic pentasaccharide (fondaparinux), vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and direct thrombin inhibitors. The properties including mode of elimination, half-life, antidote and dose adjustment in renal failure of these drugs are listed in Table 1. VKA are the only orally approved anticoagulants with warfarin being the most commonly used in the United States with approximately three million users. This number of chronic warfarin users continues to increase annually as the baby boomers age and as patients over the age of 65 increase. It is estimated that approximately 26,000 major bleeding events occur annually in the United States. According to a recent study the incidence of anticoagulant associated intracerebral hemorrhage, the most feared and morbid bleeding complication, has quintupled in the US population in the 1990s [1]. The majority of this change can be explained by increasing warfarin use. A recent prospective study of 101 consecutive inpatients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Boston [2] that looked at a cohort of patients with anticoagulation-associated hemorrhage suggested that excessive anticoagulation contributed independently to increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The overall mortality at 60 days was 26% (13/50) in the excessive group compared with 10% (5/51) in the nonexcessive group (P = .03). Excessive warfarin therapy was associated with an increased 60-day mortality (P = .049), in contrast to excessive anticoagulation with UFH or LMWH alone (P = .27) or UFH or LMWH as a ‘‘bridge’’ to warfarin therapy (P = .10). Multivariate regression identified excessive anticoagulation as an independent predictor of 60-day mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 4.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39–12.49; P = .01), along with intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted HR, 6.16; 95% CI, 1.75– 21.67; P = .005) and active cancer (adjusted HR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.13–12.70; P = .03).
Protein folding funnels: the nature of the transition state ensemble.

Background: Energy landscape theory predicts that the folding funnel for a small fast-folding α -helical protein will have a transition state half-way to the native state. Estimates of the position of the transition state along an appropriate reaction coordinate can be obtained from linear free energy relationships observed for folding and unfolding rate constants as a function of denaturant concentration. The experimental results of Huang and Oas for λ repressor, Fersht and collaborators for CI2, and Gray and collaborators for cytochrome c indicate a free energy barrier midway between the folded and unfolded regions. This barrier arises from an entropic bottleneck for the folding process. Results: In keeping with the experimental results, lattice simulations based on the folding funnel description show that the transition state is not just a single conformation, but rather an ensemble of a relatively large number of configurations that can be described by specific values of one or a few order parameters (e.g. the fraction of native contacts). Analysis of this transition state or bottleneck region from our lattice simulations and from atomistic models for small α -helical proteins by Boczko and Brooks indicates a broad distribution for native contact participation in the transition state ensemble centered around 50%. Importantly, however, the lattice-simulated transition state ensemble does include some particularly hot contacts, as seen in the experiments, which have been termed by others a folding nucleus. Conclusions: Linear free energy relations provide a crude spectroscopy of the transition state, allowing us to infer the values of a reaction coordinate based on the fraction of native contacts. This bottleneck may be thought of as a collection of delocalized nuclei where different native contacts will have different degrees of participation. The agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions provides strong support for the landscape analysis.
Separability tests for high-dimensional, low sample size multivariate repeated measures data

Longitudinal imaging studies have moved to the forefront of medical research due to their ability to characterize spatio-temporal features of biological structures across the lifespan. Valid inference in longitudinal imaging requires enough flexibility of the covariance model to allow reasonable fidelity to the true pattern. On the other hand, the existence of computable estimates demands a parsimonious parameterization of the covariance structure. Separable (Kronecker product) covariance models provide one such parameterization in which the spatial and temporal covariances are modeled separately. However, evaluating the validity of this parameterization in high-dimensions remains a challenge. Here we provide a scientifically informed approach to assessing the adequacy of separable (Kronecker product) covariance models when the number of observations is large relative to the number of independent sampling units (sample size). We address both the general case, in which unstructured matrices are considered for each covariance model, and the structured case, which assumes a particular structure for each model. For the structured case, we focus on the situation where the within subject correlation is believed to decrease exponentially in time and space as is common in longitudinal imaging studies. However, the provided framework equally applies to all covariance patterns used within the more general multivariate repeated measures context. Our approach provides useful guidance for high dimension, low sample size data that preclude using standard likelihood based tests. Longitudinal medical imaging data of caudate morphology in schizophrenia illustrates the approaches appeal.
Lipodermoid in a patient with Emanuel syndrome

We report an 8-month-old boy with Emanuel syndrome who also had the clinical features of Goldenhar syndrome. At birth, he was observed to have bilateral microtia with multiple auricular pits, retrognathia, and a unilateral lipodermoid. Further testing revealed cardiac defects. The finding of a lipodermoid in Emanuel syndrome demonstrates phenotypic overlap between Goldenhar and Emanuel syndromes and suggests a role for genetic analysis in all patients with clinical features that include ear anomalies and lipodermoids. Correct identification of patients with Emanuel syndrome is important for determining whether there is risk of long-term neurodevelopmental disability, and genetic testing can determine parental carrier status to aid in family planning.
Heavy fermion behaviors in LiV2O4

Abstract Experiments of various types on the metallic transition metal oxide compound LiV 2 O 4 with the FCC normal-spinel structure are reviewed. The low-temperature T≲10 K data consistently indicate heavy fermion (HF) behaviors characteristic of those of the heaviest-mass f-electron HF compounds. A crossover is observed above ∼50 K in the magnetic susceptibility, 7 Li spin-lattice relaxation rate and neutron magnetic scattering function to a magnetic state variously described as an antiferromagnetically coupled local-moment metal or, at the opposite extreme, as an itinerant nearly ferromagnetic metal. Recent theoretical investigations to understand these properties of LiV 2 O 4 are discussed.
Lack of seasonal rhythms in central serotonergic function in boys with ADHD

This study examined seasonal variations in central 5-HT function in a relatively large sample of prepubertal boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In addition, seasonal differences in central 5-HT function among aggressive and non-aggressive children in the sample were explored. Ninety-three boys with ADHD were divided into aggressive (n=54) and nonaggressive (n=39) groups based on parental responses to interviews and ratings of behavior. Central 5-HT function was assessed by measuring the prolactin response to a single 1 mg/kg oral dose of d,l-fenfluramine. The prolactin values were derived from different children over the course of eight years, but were collapsed across years and analyzed in terms of day of the year. Cosinor analysis revealed no annual, bi-annual, 3-monthly, 2-monthly, monthly, or bi-monthly rhythms in the prolactin response in the entire sample of boys with ADHD. Moreover, there was no evidence of seasonal differences in the prolactin response between the aggressive and non-aggressive subgroups. These results indicate that seasonality-related variance is not a threat to the validity of the neurochemical procedure and does not account for the inconsistencies in the studies of central 5-HT and aggression in children with ADHD.
Thermal and catalytic decomposition of aqueous ethylene glycol mixtures by film boiling

Abstract Aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) mixtures are decomposed by film boiling at near saturation temperatures on a horizontal tube in a stagnant pool containing up to 20% (volume) water. The reactor volume is the vapor layer that blankets the tube in the film boiling regime. Chemical reactions are promoted within the vapor film by the tube temperatures while the bulk liquid is close to its bubble point temperature. Experiments are carried out on bare tubes and tubes coated with nickel and platinum catalysts to show the effects involved. Results show that chemical conversion of the hydrocarbon vapors produces primarily CO and H 2 . Product yields (flow rates) are enhanced on a catalyst, with an 80%EG/20%water mixture (volume percent) showing three to four times higher product yields compared to a bare tube. Platinum coatings showed slightly higher yields than nickel coatings. Diluting ethylene glycol with water decreases the overall chemical reactivity owing to preferential vaporization of water that enriches the film with steam. The presence of steam in the vapor film appears to reduce carbon deposition or “coking” on the tube when enrichment by steam is significant: deposits were observed for pure EG and 90%EG/10%water mixtures but not for 80%EG/20%water mixtures.
Acquired Chiari malformation secondary to hyperostosis of the skull: a case report and literature review.

Abstract Background Most cases of generalized hyperostosis of the skull are associated with Camurati-Engelmann disease, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, Worth-type endosteal hyperostosis, or sclerosteosis. Infrequently, a Chiari malformation may also be described. We present the case of a patient with acquired Chiari malformation secondary to hyperostotic skull formation whose findings did not fit into any of the 4 usual conditions. We review the literature on generalized hyperostosis of the skull and discuss the appropriate treatment based on our analysis of the literature and the patient's imaging results. Case Description A 26-year-old woman presented with headaches, vomiting, and visual loss. Imaging revealed hyperostosis of the skull and an acquired Chiari I malformation. Intracranial pressure was markedly increased. She underwent a reduction craniotomy with subtemporal decompression and had good clinical improvement. Conclusion Chiari malformation in association with hyperostosis of the skull is an unusual finding. Our patient could not be classified into any of the 4 main hyperostotic conditions. Careful attention to imaging identified the hyperostosis and deflected treatment from the standard for Chiari I malformation, suboccipital decompression, which could have proved fatal. Instead, a reduction craniotomy with subtemporal decompression relieved the source of the increased ICP and of the downward tonsilar displacement.
Health Education in Higher Education's Future

(1990). Health Education in Higher Education's Future. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 103-108.
A method to fix lipids for staining fat embolism in paraffin sections.

A method to fix lipids for staining fat embolism in paraffin sections Aims: To develop a method to preserve lipids in formalin-fixed tissues for staining in paraffin sections, and to illustrate its use in lung and brain of a fat embolism case, and in examples of fatty liver and atheroma. Methods and results: A saturated solution of linoleic acid in 70% ethylene glycol was prepared and tissues were exposed to this for 3 days at 56°C. These tissues were treated with 2% chromic acid at 4°C for 24 h followed by 24 h in 5% sodium bicarbonate, with appropriate rinsing between solutions. Paraffin sections of these tissues were stained with a lipid-soluble dye such as Oil Red O. Examples of fat embolism, fatty liver, and atheroma were shown photographically as illustrations of expected results. Conclusions: The demonstration of fat embolism with good quality tissue detail is made practical by the method, which is convenient and inexpensive. The method appears to be generally applicable to tissue lipids of various sorts, as exemplified by adipose tissue, fatty liver, and atheroma.
New ultraviolet‐curable formulations for bonding poly(vinyl chloride)‐coated fiberglass wire mesh for reinforcement applications

The advantages of the ultraviolet (UV)-curing process are numerous, including a rapid cure, conservation of energy, environmental and user friendliness, and superior finish properties such as a high gloss and chemical and scuff resistance. In addition, the UV-curing process offers flexibility suitable for sensitive substrates and complete screen stability because UV ink dries on exposure only to a UV-energy source and not to ambient UV-light sources such as sunlight or fluorescent shop lights. Industrial methods apply traditional heat setting to form mesh reinforcement structures from poly(vinyl chloride)-coated fiberglass wires. The main defects of this method are the inefficiency and inconsistency of the process plus the huge consumption of power needed to generate the necessary thermal energy to bond the wire mesh. The heating process also causes quicker degradation of the wire and shortens the lifetime of the product. The purpose of this current innovative work is to replace this defective heat-setting method with the more efficient and very advantageous method of applying UV-curable coatings for this task. The obtained results are prospective for this endeavor, covering the issues of energy conservation, the economy of the process, and the improved mechanical properties of the finished product. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A study of the properties of a prototype multiwire drift chamber spectrometer

Abstract The construction and testing of three multiwire drift chambers is discussed. The construction and testing of CAMAC-compatible readout hardware plus associated calibration and data acquisition equipment is also outlined. Spatial resolution of 120–160 μm for a single chamber, and detection efficiencies of ≳99% were obtained.
Extra-anatomic bypass for revascularization of occlusive lesions involving the branches of the aortic arch.

arteq, to the point of its cntraaacc into thc osscous canal at the C-6 level. Subclavian and vertebral endarterectomy is an alternative techniquc. It requircs a left thoracotomv and is used when associated proximal subclavian art e u stenosis occlusion is to bc addressed. Subclavian cndarterectomv is indicatcd tbr vertcbrobasilar insufficiency symptoms and lcss commonly fbr effi)rt fatigue of the ipsilateral upper cxtrcmity. To approach thc let~ subclavian artcrv thc chcst is opened through a third-interspace anterolatcral thoracotomy. As with thc innominatc lesions, the subclavian atheroma may cxtcnd into thc adjacent aorta, but this is an unusual finding. Although this technique has potentially grcatcr morbidity, with thc passage of time this procedure is proving morc durable than the cervical bypass tcchniques. It is our preferred approach cxcept in patients for whom thoracotomv introduces a prohibitivc risk. If thc subclavian arte U is uncommonly hard and calcificd on palpation, or if thc atheroma cxtcnds past the vcrtebral or into the innominatc artcrics, TEA may not be f~:asiblc. Evcn when the vessel is sof~, thc distal end point may requirc tacking suturcs. The subclavian arte U is a notably fragilc vesscl and must bc handled with grcat carc. "~6 Occlusion of the right subclavian artcry is readily approached through the neck with occasional cxtcnsion into thc upper mediastinum. This can bc accomplished bv a hockey-stick cxtcnsion ovcr thc manubrium stcrnum. Clavicular rcscction is unncccssarv and is cosmetically detbrming. Exposure is facilitatcd by ligation and division of the internal mammary and thyroccrvical arterics.
Asymmetry of the spin reorientation transition in ultrathin Fe films and wedges grown on Ag(100).

Fe(100) films and wedge-shaped overlayers were grown epitaxially onto Ag(100) and investigated in situ by means of the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect. The reversible spin reorientation transition between perpendicular and in-plane alignment at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{R}}$, which is below the Curie temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}$, is characterized for critical thicknesses ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{R}}$ along the length of a wedge. A similar asymmetry is identified within pseudogap regions in the vicinity of both ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{R}}$ and ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{R}}$ in which the remanent magnetization is small but nonvanishing.
The news media and psychological distress

The twentieth century has been marked by advances in communications technology as well as mounting psychological distress. This study explored the premise that exposure to negative news via the media contributes to anxiety and depression. Levels of news media exposure, stress levels, irrational beliefs, optimism-pessimism, anxiety, and depression were assessed (n=239) and analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Negative stress was directly related to anxiety and depression. News media exposure and anxiety were positively related at low levels of irrationality. News media exposure was predictive of trait anxiety at low levels of optimism. However, media exposure was not predictive of depression. The implications of the findings for understanding how the news media impacts stress and the cognitive factors that effect this relationship are discussed.
End Stage Renal Disease Economics and the Balance of Treatment Modalities

Periodically, research articles emerge arguing the economic benefits of peritoneal dialysis, or PD, over the traditional in-center hemo dialysis for patients suffering from End Stage Renal Disease. Resulting conclusions indentify PD as the ideal therapy to reduce Medicare expenditures for this expensive treatment. However, despite this possible economic benefit to the United States taxpayer, the number of PD patients remains relatively flat with an increasing amount of patients being prescribed in-center hemo dialysis. A simplistic view of controlling the rising costs, on a per treatment basis, associated with the treatment of this disease would be to increase the number of patients from in-center hemo dialysis to peritoneal dialysis. This paper will argue why this shift is both unlikely and unrealistic, and why the resulting potential cost savings to this segment of the Medicare program is a myth.
Behaviour of solutions of a singular diffusion equation near the extinction time

Abstract We prove that if γ>2 and 0⩽u0∈L1(R2)∩Lp(R2) for some constant p>1 is a radially symmetric function, u0≢0, and u is the unique solution of the equation u t = Δ log u, u>0 , in R 2 ×(0,T), u(x,0)=u 0 (x) in R2, which satisfies ∫ R 2 u(x,t) d x= ∫ R 2 u 0 d x−2πγt ∀0 and rur(x,t)/u(x,t)→−γ uniformly on [a,b] as r=|x|→∞ for any 0 T= ∫ R 2 u 0 d x/2πγ , then there exist unique constants α>0, β>−1/2, α=2β+1 , such that the rescaled function v(y,s)=u(y/(T−t)β,t)/(T−t)α with s=−log(T−t) will converge uniformly on every compact subset of R2 to the solution φλ,β(|y|) of the ODE (rφ′/φ)′/r+αφ+βrφ′=0 in [0,∞] with φ r (0)=0, φ(0)=1/λ for some constant λ>0 as s→∞.
Gene Transfer of Calbindin D28k cDNA via Herpes Simplex Virus Amplicon Vector Decreases Cytoplasmic Calcium Ion Response and Enhances Neuronal Survival Following Glutamatergic Challenge but Not Following Cyanide

Excitatory amino acid overstimulation of neurons can lead to a marked rise in cytoplasmic Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]) i ) and be followed by neuron death from hours to days later. If the rise in [Ca 2+ ] i is prevented, either by removing Ca 2+ from the extracellular environment or by placing Ca 2+ chelators in the cytosol of the stimulated cells, the neurotoxicity associated with excitotoxins can be ameliorated. We have recently shown that neurons infected with a herpes simplex virus amplicon vector expressing cDNA for calbindin D 28k responded to hypoglycemia with decreased [Ca 2+ ] i and increased survival relative to controls. We now report that vector-infected neurons respond to glutamatergic insults with lower [Ca 2+ ] i than controls and with increased survival. Infected neurons exposed to sodium cyanide did not respond with lower [Ca 2+ ] i than controls, nor did they demonstrate increased survival postinsult. We examine these results in light of our earlier report and in the context of the potential of vectors like this for neuronal gene therapy.
A simple technique for structured variable lookup

A simple technique for the symbol-table lookup of structured variables based on simple automata theory is presented. The technique offers a deterministic solution to a problem which is currently handled in a nondeterministic manner in PL/I and COBOL compilers.
Three-photon ionization with spin-orbit coupling

General expressions are given for the transition amplitudes from which total generalized cross sections, angular distributions and photoelectron spin polarization may be obtained. The effect of light polarization (linear or circular) is taken into account. Numerical results for selected cases of three-photon ionization of three of the alkali atoms, sodium, potassium and caesium are given and compared with available experimental data.
A contemporary analysis of Mexican stock market volatility

It is found that there has been an increase in the volatility of the Mexican stock market over the past decade. However, employment of a GARCH model in conjunction with Tsay's outlier methodology demonstrates that the increased volatility is associated with outliers, not the underlying processes of the market. The association of outlier shocks with specific events indicates that market shocks were generated mainly by domestic factors during the first half of the 1990s, while international factors were the primary culprits after 1995.
Spin-image target detection algorithm applied to low density 3D point clouds

Target detection in 3-dimensional (3D), irregular point cloud data sets is an emerging field of study among the remote sensing community. Airborne topographic light detection and ranging (i.e., Lidar) systems are capable of scanning areas with single-pass post spacings on the order 0.2 m. Unfortunately, many of the current spatial search algorithms require higher spatial resolutions on a target object in order to achieve robust detection performance with low false alarm levels. This paper explores the application of Johnson's spin-image surface matching algorithm to low density point clouds for the purpose of providing a preliminary spatial cue to a secondary sensor. In the event that this sensor is an imaging device, a method is presented for transforming 3D points into a fixed, gridded coordinate system relative to the second sensor.
Exploring Saturation of Themes and Spatial Locations in Qualitative Public Participation Geographic Information Systems Research

Use of public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) studies that collect local knowledge in a spatial format is increasing as a tool in natural resources management. Qualitative PPGIS studies have been conducted as individual interviews, as workshops, and in focus groups. As the number of qualitative PPGIS studies increases, so does the need to understand their quality. Saturation, the point when the researcher determines that the collection of additional data will provide minimal new information as it relates to a particular issue, directly reflects on the validity of the study. While the concept of saturation is well established, it is still inconsistently assessed and reported. Furthermore, how saturation applies to qualitatively collected spatial data has not been addressed. A method is presented to assess spatial saturation of qualitative PPGIS data from 19 focus groups that were conducted to investigate important places for recreation, livelihoods, and the environment in the Florida P...
A comparison of European American and Puerto Rican parents’ goals and expectations about the socialization and education of pre‐school children

This article identifies similarities and differences between Head Start parents of European American and Puerto Rican backgrounds regarding their socialization goals and expectations concerning the early educational experiences of their pre‐school children. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 60 parents (30 European American and 30 Puerto Rican) in their homes. The results show that both groups of parents valued pro‐social skills, school readiness skills, and skills related to good behaviour. Both sets of parents considered creative and physical skills to be least important. However, differences between groups were found regarding the relative importance of skills in the different developmental domains. The findings suggest that to maximize the effects of early childhood programmes and interventions it is important that educators and policy makers recognize and respond to differences in parents’ goals and expectations.
Energy-minimizing deformations of elastic sheets with bending stiffness

Necessary conditions for energy-minimizing deformations are derived for a theory of sheets in which the strain energy function depends on the second derivatives of the deformation as well as its first derivatives. All of these conditions are extensions of well-known necessary conditions in classical calculus of variations. The interpretation of some of these conditions as material stability conditions is explained.
Morphologic changes in liver and kidney after in vivo freezing with cryoprobe.

Abstract The effect of in vivo freezing on the liver and kidney of rats was assessed by the application of a cryoprobe to the surface of these organs. Some organs were excised immediately after freezing, others 5 min after freezing, and still others 8 min after freezing. Tissues excised immediately after freezing showed only mild vascular congestions. Tissues allowed to thaw for a period of 5 min showed an area of cell destruction equal to the area of the tip of the cryoprobe. Between the area of cell destruction and apparently normal tissue a transitional zone exists in both liver and kidney; however, this zone in the kidney is smaller than that seen in the liver. Subtle abnormalities in the characteristic of the hepatocyte cytoplasmic staining extended a distance of more than 1 cm beyond the transitional zone. The results of this investigation suggest various degrees of tissue damage extend beyond the area of probe impact and complete cell destruction. These changes in liver and kidney have been documented and described after in vivo freezing and thawing.
Diversity and Inclusion: Strategies to Improve Pediatrics and Pediatric Health Care Delivery

* Abbreviations: AAMC — : Association of American Medical Colleges FOPO — : Federation of Pediatric Organizations It is a great honor to be the recipient of the 2013 Joseph W. St. Geme, Jr, Award. I thank the leadership of the Federation of Pediatric Organizations (FOPO) for selecting me for this most meaningful tribute. I am proud to be considered among the important leaders in our field who have previously received this award. I would also like to note that in this award’s 25-year history, only 3 women have preceded me and, as far as I know, no other underrepresented minority has ever been selected. I therefore want to take this opportunity to share an important message of our continued need to address diversity and inclusion in the field of pediatrics. I would like to recognize and applaud the FOPO for its attention to the value of women’s issues through its Task Force on Women that began in 2003 and the recognition of FOPO’s work in a series of important published reports (Table 1). In 2012, the FOPO established a Diversity and Inclusion Workgroup. The 4 domains to be addressed by this group are: workforce diversity, cultural competency, leadership diversity, and the development of a knowledge base regarding diverse populations.1 The deliberations of this new workgroup, co-chaired by Fernando Mendoza, MD, and Leslie Walker, MD, are available at the FOPO Web site (http://www.fopo.org/Diversity_Inclusion.html) and reflect an in-depth evaluation of previous literature on this topic in preparation for a planned position statement that will further advance diversity and inclusion in pediatrics. The key consideration for this workgroup will be how leaders in pediatrics can embrace a commitment to foster diversity and inclusion. Institutional ability to meaningfully address diversity and inclusion depends on effective leadership, something the members hope to promote through the workgroup’s position statement. View this table: TABLE 1 Publications: FOPO Task Force on Women in Pediatrics Why is there a … Address correspondence to Renee R. Jenkins, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W. St, NW, Washington, DC 20059. E-mail: rjenkins{at}howard.edu
Iodine -131 metaiodobenzylguanidine is an effective treatment for malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Abstract Introduction Iodine 131–meta-iodobenzylguanidine ( 131 I-MIBG) has been applied to the palliative treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma in small studies. We report our institutional experience for the treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 33 patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma (n = 22) and paraganglioma (n = 11) treated at our institution with 131 I-MIBG over a 10-year period. Results Patients received a mean dose of 388±131 mCi 131 I-MIBG. Median survival after treatment was 4.7 years. Most patients experienced a symptomatic response leading to an improved survival (4.7 years vs 1.8 years, P P = .01). Patients who received a high dose (>500 mCi) as their initial therapy also had improved survival (3.8 years vs 2.8 years, P = .02). Conclusion These data support 131 I-MIBG treatment for select patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma. In our experience, prolonged survival was best predicted by symptomatic and hormone response to 131 I-MIBG treatment. An initial dose of 500 mCi may be optimal. The benefit of 131 I-MIBG treatment for metastatic pheochromocytoma must also be weighed against its side effects.
Recoil effects in high-energy hadron-deuteron collisions☆

Abstract Recently the pion-deuteron cross section was measured for momentum transfers up to Δ 2 ≈ 2(GeV/ c ) 2 and compared with Glauber's multiple scattering theory. We show that for such large momentum transfers there will be a correction to Glauber's formula which decreases the theoretical cross section by about 15%. It is due to the internal deuteron motion which coupled to the momentum transfer Δ will cause large fluctuations in the nucleon recoil energy.
A Finite Element Study on Constrained Deformation in an Intermetallic / Metallic Microlaminate Composite

The mechanical properties of intermetallic/metallic microlaminates were studied by determining the fundamental composite properties that control the fracture behavior; namely, the stress-displacement functions of the metal layers. Finite element methods were used to model the stress-displacement function of a constrained metal layer and to examine the effect of constituent properties, residual stress, offset cracks in adjacent intermetallic layers, and debonding inclusions in the metal layer. Finally, FEM models representative of four specific microlaminates were developed and the results were compared to experimentally determined {sigma}(u)`s for those composites. Determining these fundamental composite properties and showing how they control the mechanical behavior gives insight into the optimum design of this composite system.
Effects of ovariectomy on the changes in microarchitecture and material level properties in response to hind leg disuse in female rats

Abstract Background Ovariectomy (OVX) and immobilization are known to decrease bone mineral density and alter its microarchitecture. Their effects on the material level properties of bone, a determinant of bone strength, are still largely unknown. We investigated the effect of OVX and/or disuse achieved by sciatic neurectomy (NX) in 6-month-old Sprague Dawley female rats. Methods At baseline, animals underwent OVX or sham operation. At week 16, NX was performed on the left hindlimb while the right hindlimb was sham-operated. All animals were sacrificed at week 40. Proximal tibiae and vertebral bodies (L4) were evaluated by micro-computed tomographic morphometry (μCT). Material level properties (elastic modulus, hardness, and dissipated energy) were evaluated by a nanoindentation test. Results At the proximal tibia, OVX and NX decreased relative bone volume, the former mainly through a reduction in trabecular number, and the latter through a decrease in trabecular thickness. NX decreased modulus (− 10%; p Conclusion These results show that NX with and without OVX markedly alter material level properties in addition to an alteration of bone microarchitecture, although not in the same manner.
Semigroups with the ideal retraction property

In this paper we investigate the structure of semigroups with the ideal retraction property i.e., semigroups which are not simple and have the property that each ideal is a homomorphic retract of the semigroup. We present examples to show that the ideal retraction property is neither hereditary nor productive. That this property is preserved by homomorphisms is established for some classes of semigroups, but the general question remains open. The classes of semigroups investigated in this paper are separative semigroups, ideal semigroups, semilattices, cyclic semigroups, nil semigroups, and Clifford semigroups. It is established that a semigroup with zero 0 which is expressible as a direct sum of each ideal and a dual ideal (complement with 0 adjoined) has the ideal retraction property. The converse holds for ideal semigroups, and an example is presented which demonstrates that the converse does not hold in general.
Secure ad hoc trust initialization and key management in wireless body area networks

The body area network (BAN) is a key enabling technology in e-healthcare. An important security issue is to establish initial trust relationships among the BAN devices before they are actually deployed and generate necessary shared secret keys to protect the subsequent wireless communications. Due to the ad hoc nature of the BAN and the extreme resource constraints of sensor devices, providing secure as well as efficient and user-friendly trust initialization is a challenging task. Traditional solutions for wireless sensor networks mostly depend on key predistribution, which is unsuitable for a BAN in many ways. In this article, we propose group device pairing (GDP), a user-aided multi-party authenticated key agreement protocol. Through GDP, a group of sensor devices that have no pre-shared secrets establish initial trust by generating various shared secret keys out of an unauthenticated channel. Devices authenticate themselves to each other with the aid of a human user who performs visual verifications. The GDP supports fast batch deployment, addition and revocation of sensor devices, does not rely on any additional hardware device, and is mostly based on symmetric key cryptography. We formally prove the security of the proposed protocols, and we implement GDP on a sensor network testbed and report performance evaluation results.
Self-Reported Delinquency in India: A Study of High School and Approved School Boys in Tamil Nadu

Findings from a self-reported delinquency survey among high school (N = 517) and institutionalized (N = 306) boys in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu are reported as part of a larger study designed to tap several aspects of delinquency phenomena in a developing society. The present research suggests that self-reported delinquency in India resembles that of juveniles in economically developed nations in several respects but differs from it in other ways. Specifically, as found elsewhere, self-reported delinquency in Tamil Nadu largely consists of minor property offenses or status-technical violations. Also, institutionalized boys (official delinquents) more frequently report delinquency involvement compared to high school boys. However, while a general inverse relationship was found between the SES rank of boys in various high schools and institutions and their reported delinquency involvement, it appears that this is not necessarily a direct linear relationship. In contrast to the findings of self-report re...
Mechanism of the renal response to contrast medium in dogs decrease in renal function due to hypertonicity

Radiographic contrast media (CM) (meglumine/sodium diatrizoate-76%; 1650 mOsm/kg) and other hypertonic solutions induce renal vasoconstriction by an unknown mechanism. In anesthetized dogs, renal blood flow (RBF) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and filtration fraction (FF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the renal extraction of technetium-99m tin chelate. Ureteral pressure (UP) and wedged renal venous pressure (VP) were measured as indices of intrarenal pressure. Measurements of renal length (L), along with pressures, made it possible to examine the compliance of the system. A 4-cc intrarenal bolus of CM caused a 59% reduction in GFR (control: 0.63 +/- 0.04 to 0.26 +/- 0.04 ml/min X g, mean +/- SEM), in association with a 23% reduction in RBF (control: 3.10 +/- 0.11 to 2.39 +/- 0.26 ml/min X g) and a 44% decrease in FF (control: 0.32 +/- 0.01 to 0.18 +/- 0.03). These responses were compared with a 3-microgram intrarenal bolus of norepinephrine (NOREPI) which resulted in a 79.0 +/- 7.5% reduction in RBF, 68.3 +/- 7.3% reduction in GFR and 42.6 +/- 15.6% increase in FF. The NOREPI-induced vasoconstriction caused transient decreases in renal L, UP, and VP, whereas the CM-induced decrease in renal blood flow was associated with increases in these parameters. In studies employing ureteral occlusion to elevate intrarenal pressure, the magnitude (area, cm2) of the CM-induced decrease in renal perfusion was accentuated with increased UP (r = 0.79, n = 24, P less than 0.001). The CM-induced increase in renal L, UP, and VP must reflect osmotic forces and an increase in intrarenal pressure. The decreases in FF and GFR probably reflect Starling forces in the glomerular capillaries, with osmotic transients dominating. The results suggest a mechanical mechanism for the CM-induced decrease in RBF.
Oxalate in vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus). forms, contents, and their possible implications for human health

Forms of oxalate in Amaranthus gangeticus L (a vegetable amaranth) grown in three sites with different soil and climatic factors were identified, and their contents were determined. On average the total oxalate content was 91 g kg−1 on a dry weight basis. This is high when compared with the amounts reported to be a health hazard in other vegetables and forage crops. Two dominant fractions of oxalate in amaranth were isolated: a fraction soluble in boiling water which was predominantly in the form of potassium and magnesium oxalate, and an associated insoluble residue which was predominantly calcium oxalate. Most of the Ca in amaranth is unlikely to be available to the body. A suggestion was made that research on reducing the oxalate content of amaranth should first be directed at soluble oxalates because they can interfere with Ca availability from other food sources.
Global manufacturing and the future of technology

OBJECTIVE—The Cockcroft-Gault formula is recommended for the evaluation of renal function in diabetic patients. The more recent Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation seems more accurate, but it has not been validated in diabetic patients. This study compares the two methods. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 160 diabetic patients, we compared the Cockcroft-Gault formula and MDRD equation estimations to glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) measured by an isotopic method (51Cr-EDTA) by correlation studies and a Bland-Altman procedure. Their accuracy for the diagnosis of moderately (GFR RESULTS—Both the Cockcroft-Gault formula (r = 0.74; P CONCLUSIONS—Although both equations have imperfections, the MDRD equation is more accurate for the diagnosis and stratification of renal failure in diabetic patients.