cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicidality among homeless people: Testing the mediating effects of self-efficacy and depression

This cross-sectional study examined the mediating effect of PTSD on suicide ideation and suicide attempt through two mediators, self-efficacy and depression, among homeless adults. We recruited a n...
cFIT: Integration and transfer learning of single cell transcriptomes, illustrated by fetal brain cell development

Abstract Large, comprehensive collections of scRNA-seq data sets have been generated that allow for the full transcriptional characterization of cell types across a wide variety of biological and clinical conditions. As new methods arise to measure distinct cellular modalities, a key analytical challenge is to integrate these data sets or transfer knowledge from one to the other to better understand cellular identity and functions. Here, we present a simple yet surprisingly effective method named cFIT for capturing various batch effects across experiments, technologies, subjects, and even species. The proposed method models the shared information between various data sets by a common factor space, while allowing for unique distortions and shifts in gene-wise expression in each batch. The model parameters are learned under an iterative non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) framework and then used for synchronized integration from across-domain assays. In addition, the model enables transferring via low-rank matrix from more informative data to allow for precise identification in data of lower quality. Compared to existing approaches, our method imposes weaker assumptions on the cell composition of each individual data set, however, is shown to be more reliable in preserving biological variations. We apply cFIT to multiple scRNA-seq data sets of developing brain from human and mouse, varying by technologies and developmental stages. The successful integration and transfer uncover the transcriptional resemblance across systems. The study helps establish a comprehensive landscape of brain cell type diversity and provides insights into brain development.
Covid-19 Analytics: Proposed Projects for Undergraduate Research

For many in academia Spring Break 2020 will be remembered as a turning point. At least for the foreseeable future we needed to find a new way to operate. We realized that our time would be used differently since national meetings and recreational travel would not be possible for a period of time. Was there any way we could eek something positive from this pandemic? Upon taking inventory it appeared that our new assets would be time to research, availability of students with whom to research, some new, interesting, and important topics to which we could apply math techniques, and an abundance of data. Looking back, we see the COVID-19 pandemic has certainly lived up to our expectations. It has created opportunities to showcase mathematical and statistical software as tools to utilize real life data for modeling and analysis. With Covid-19 as a constant threat, the wise course of action appeared to be isolation. But our isolation need not be unproductive. Through Zoom we were able to initiate undergraduate research with our students and colleagues to prepare several projects that will be useful in the undergraduate classroom.
Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Lateral Earth Pressures in Unsaturated Soils

Near-surface unsaturated soils can be exposed to elevated temperatures due to soil-atmospheric interactions under drought events, wildfires, heatwaves, and warm spells, or the heat induced by emerging geotechnical and geo-environmental technologies such as geothermal boreholes and thermally active earthen systems. Elevated temperatures can affect the hydro-mechanical characteristics of unsaturated soils, which in turn can alter lateral earth pressures developed in the backfill soil. The main objective of this study is to quantify the effect of elevated temperatures on active and passive earth pressures of unsaturated soils. For this purpose, the paper presents the derivation of an analytical framework to extend Rankine’s earth pressure theory to account for the effect of temperature under hydrostatic conditions. The equations are derived by incorporating the effect of temperature into the soil water retention curve and a suction stress-based effective stress representation. The proposed effective stress equation considers the temperature-induced changes in the contact angle, surface tension, and enthalpy of immersion. To investigate the impact of temperature on active and passive earth pressures, the proposed method is then used in a set of parametric studies to determine active and passive earth pressure profiles for three hypothetical soils of clay, silt, and sand at different temperatures. Results suggest that elevated temperatures can cause variation in active and passive earth pressures for all the soils considered. The findings of this study can contribute toward analyzing earth retaining structures subjected to elevated temperatures.
Local infusion of ropivacaine for pain control after osseous free flaps: Randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Donor site pain after osteocutaneous free flap surgery contributes to postoperative morbidity and impairs recovery. We evaluated the efficacy of local infusion of ropivacaine for treating donor-site pain after surgery. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of patients undergoing osteocutaneous fibula or scapular tip free flaps for head and neck reconstruction at Mount Sinai Hospital. Patients were randomized to receive local infusion of ropivacaine or saline. We compared Visual Analog Scale pain scores for donor-site specific pain 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS There were 8 fibular free flap and 10 scapular free flap reconstructions. Average donor-site pain scores were 29 ± 22 and 31 ± 28 mm (P = .88) for placebo and ropivacaine arms, respectively. The trial was stopped after the planned interim analysis for futility of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Local infusion of ropivacaine did not affect donor-site specific pain scores in this population. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03349034.
Spatial-temporal clusters of pediatric perforated appendicitis in California.

BACKGROUND Perforated appendicitis is a well-documented child health disparity. Geographic patterns in perforated appendicitis exist in several United States regions, but such patterns have not been described in California. We aimed to analyze spatial-temporal patterns of pediatric perforated appendicitis and identify population characteristics contributing to these cluster patterns. METHODS We geocoded risk-adjusted perforated appendicitis rates per 1000 appendicitis cases in patients 1-17 years from 2005-2015 in California. We performed a space-time cube analysis to identify hot spot trends. We performed logistic regression to estimate rural classification associated with spatial-temporal hot spots and multivariate analysis to assess effects of socioeconomic factors. RESULTS In 2005-2015, 43,888 cases of pediatric perforated appendicitis occurred in California. Median risk-adjusted perforated appendicitis rate was 312 per 1000 appendicitis cases. We identified 11 spatial-temporal hot spots of perforated appendicitis. Rural micropolitan counties had 14 times higher odds of being classified as a hot spot (p<0.05, 95% CI 1-185). Poverty was a significant predictor of high perforated appendicitis median risk-adjusted rate (p<0.004). CONCLUSIONS We identified 11 California hot spots of perforated appendicitis that persisted across a ten-year time span. Incorporating geography alongside our understanding of socioeconomic factors is a critical step in addressing this important child health disparity.
Cutting and drilling of CFRP by using 3-kW CW single-mode fiber laser and galvanometer scanner

We have demonstrated high-precision cutting and drilling of CFRP using a 3-kW CW single-mode fiber laser and a galvanometer scanner. A 3-mm-thick thermoset CFRP was successfully cut with 100 scans at the scanning speed of 13 m/s, which corresponds to effective cutting speed of 7.8 m/min. We employed the multi-pass method, in which a laser is scanned on the same position at high speed, and the optimized scanning position shift to realize short-time cutting. The time interval between scans was less than 20 ms, which was much shorter than general time interval in multi-pass method. Even with such short interval, the width of heat-affected zone (HAZ) was controlled to 97 μm on average. Drilling demonstration was carried out by using the same setup as the cutting experiment. Holes with a diameter of 6.4 mm have been successfully drilled on a 2-mm-thick thermoset CFRP. The processing time was 2.7 seconds, which was equivalent to that in mechanical processing. Since a HAZ tends to expand in the direction of the carbon fibers due to their high heat conductivity, it is difficult to reduce the width of HAZ in all directions around the processed area. To overcome this challenge, we optimized the gas injection condition as well as the scanning condition. As a result, the widths of HAZs were successfully controlled to about 100 μm in all directions.
Corticosteroids and mortality in patients with severe Covid-19 who have autoantibodies

Auto-reactivity in COVID-19 is increasingly being recognized and may identify a group of patients with inflammation severe enough to result in loss of self-tolerance. Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents and now the standard of care for patients with severe Covid-19 requiring oxygen support/mechanical ventilation. We studied the outcomes of COVID-19 patients who demonstrated clinically identifiable auto-reactivity and received corticosteroid treatment. In this retrospective cohort study, we included 51 COVID-19 patients admitted between March 10, 2020 and May 2, 2020 who received corticosteroid treatment and also had serum sample in our institution bio-bank available for ANA and RF ELISA. Twelve patients (23.5%) had positive ANA or RF. Mortality rate among patients with positive autoantibodies was significantly higher than those without (9/12 or 75% versus 13/39 or 33.3%, p= 0.02). The high mortality rate in patients with auto-reactivity warrants further investigation and may be the subgroup where additional immunomodulation is effective.
Death and Dying in Prison: An Integrative Review of the Literature.

Objective The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize and explore the qualitative research literature that describes the experience of being terminally ill while incarcerated, in order to inform future inquiry when it comes to the end-of-life (EOL) needs of incarcerated persons. Background Mass incarceration has been a major issue in the United States, with rates sharply increasing since the 1970s. In the past two decades, the number of older incarcerated persons has grown by 500%, highlighting the importance of EOL care and decisions among this demographic. Methods The search terms included prison OR incarceration AND "death and dying" OR "end of life." Primary research articles were considered in the search parameters. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research was coupled with ConQual to score the quality of the selected qualitative studies. Results Searches yielded 233 articles published after 2000. Following screening, 29 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 7 qualitative studies met criteria and were included in the review. The ConQual scores of the synthesized findings were determined to be either "low" or "moderate." Discussion Five main categories were observed across the themes elicited by the studies: EOL services in prison, social contact and human interactions, thoughts of death and fear of dying, wishes and decision-making, and guilt and coping. Many of these themes may be considered by correctional nurses who provide supportive "good death" care for incarcerated persons who are dying.
Bonding between implant attachment pickup materials and CAD-CAM denture base material.

Abstract Statement of problem Adequate bonding between pickup material and the newer generation of prepolymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) for computer-aided-design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dentures is essential to the success of treatment. However, studies on the bond between these 2 materials are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of 3 different chairside implant LOCATOR attachment pickup material groups and prepolymerized PMMA by investigating their pushout force. Material and methods Prepolymerized PMMA, (Lucitone 199) was used as the denture base material. The material was cut into 25×25×5-mm disks, and a O6.5-mm hole was drilled into the center of the disks. Six pickup materials from 3 groups were tested: composite resin with bonding agent (N=3, EZ PickUp, Quick Up, and Triad gel), composite resin without bonding agent (N=1, Chairside), and acrylic resin (N=2, Jet denture repair acrylic, and Duralay). All materials were prepared as per the manufacturers’ recommendations and were used to fill the center hole. The specimens were left for 48 hours to completely polymerize before testing. Half of the specimens from each material then received thermocycling treatment. All specimens were subjected to axial pushout testing with a universal testing machine. Results In the nonthermocycled specimens, Duralay and Jet denture repair acrylic resin showed significantly higher pushout force than that of the other groups (P Conclusions Two materials from the acrylic resin group, Jet denture repair acrylic and Duralay, showed higher pushout forces, indicating a better bond with Lucitone 199 CAD-CAM denture base material compared with other tested materials, including composite resin with bonding agent (EZ PickUp, Quick Up, and Triad gel) and composite resin without bonding agent (Chairside).
A Primer on the Biology of MDS

Introduction Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) arise from a small population of disease-initiating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that persist and expand through conventional therapies and are major contributors to disease progression and relapse.1 In the last decade, genomic technologies coupled with mouse genetic studies have greatly improved our understanding of the genetic elements driving MDS initiation and progression and the ways in which such elements functionally contribute to specific aspects of the disease’s pathobiology.2–6 These studies have revealed that MDS are typically driven by multistep processes that affect a recurrent set of genes, which leads to the clonal expansion of mutant HSCs over their normal counterparts. Disease onset can be accelerated by exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy, the presence of germ-line predisposition mutations, or any type of stress (e.g., inflammation) that confers a fitness advantage to the mutant clone. Progression from MDS to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) is mostly associated with the expansion of HSC clones carrying preexisting or newly acquired recurrent mutations affecting hematopoietic transcription factor genes that abrogate normal differentiation or those carrying activating mutations in signaling pathways that control cellular proliferation.7
Brain amyloid burden, sleep, and 24-hour rest/activity rhythms: screening findings from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's and Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration Studies.

Study Objectives To examine in a subsample at the screening phase of a clinical trial of a β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody whether disturbed sleep and altered 24-hour rest/activity rhythms (RARs) may serve as markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Overall, 26 Aβ-positive (Aβ+) and 33 Aβ-negative (Aβ-) cognitively unimpaired participants (mean age = 71.3 ± 4.6 years, 59% women) from the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's (A4) and the Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) studies, respectively, wore actigraphs for 5.66 ± 0.88 24-hour periods. We computed standard sleep parameters, standard RAR metrics (mean estimating statistic of rhythm, amplitude, acrophase, interdaily stability, intradaily variability, relative amplitude), and performed a novel RAR analysis (function-on-scalar regression [FOSR]). Results We were unable to detect any differences between Aβ+ and Aβ- participants in standard sleep parameters or RAR metrics with our sample size. When we used novel FOSR methods, however, Aβ+ participants had lower activity levels than Aβ- participants in the late night through early morning (11:30 pm to 3:00 am), and higher levels in the early morning (4:30 am to 8:30 am) and from midday through late afternoon (12:30 pm to 5:30 pm; all p < .05). Aβ+ participants also had higher variability in activity across days from 9:30 pm to 1:00 am and 4:30 am to 8:30 am, and lower variability from 2:30 am to 3:30 am (all p < .05). Conclusions Although we found no association of preclinical AD with standard actigraphic sleep or RAR metrics, a novel data-driven analytic method identified temporally "local" RAR alterations in preclinical AD.
Interoperability challenges for open standards: ODF and OOXML as examples

This project assesses the current state of interoperability among different software implementations of the document formats OpenDocument Format (ODF) and Office Open XML (OOXML). Numerous governments are considering mandating either or both formats for their electronic documents. For ODF, the dominant implementation is OpenOffice.org and for OOXML, the dominant implementation is Microsoft Office. This research scores the performance of other alternative implementations for ODF and OOXML. The goal is to assess the current state of interoperability for document formats. The results show that there are no alternative implementations, for either ODF or OOXML, that offer 100% interoperability with the dominant implementations. The results are troubling and cast doubt on the exuberance surrounding open standards. The results suggest an emphasis on improved interoperability testing. Without such testing, governments will be locked-in into the dominant implementations for either standard.
Reasoned and Unreasoned Images: The Photography of Bertillon, Galton, and Marey: Josh Ellenbogen

(2013). Reasoned and Unreasoned Images: The Photography of Bertillon, Galton, and Marey: Josh Ellenbogen. Photography and Culture: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 369-373.
The politics of AIDS: Introduction

Abstract From its first designation as a gay plague, HIV/AIDS has been a heavily politicized disease, a disease that has fractured official standard operating procedures in science, medicine, public health and governance. In many ways, AIDS helped to expose a battleground of contested interests while emerging as an arena for both the re-assertion of ‘traditional’ (i.e. dominant) values as well as rebellion against the traditional politics of exclusion and privilege. Yet the politics of AIDS has remained an understudied domain. This set of papers seeks to overcome this neglect by exploring underlying political dimensions of the AIDS pandemic, especially in the way the pandemic has been constructed by epidemiology, biomedicine, and medical anthropology. Authored by a group of medical anthropologists and an anthropologically oriented political scientist, the papers provide a jarring glimpse at the profound influence of society on health and disease.
Preparation and Storage of Single Spores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A method is described for large-scale isolation and storage of single spores of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Experimental, modeling and simulation studies of nanoscale resistance switching devices

Excellent resistance switching properties such as fast switching time ( 106), good retention (> 6 years) and endurance (> 105) are observed in nanoscale amorphous silicon based RRAM (resistive random access memory). To successfully integrate the RRAM array, circuit models of the device characteristics and effects of device configuration such as crosstalk between cells within the array need to be elucidated. To this end, we performed experiments on the junction configuration and device modeling to predict the device behavior and 3D electric field simulation to predict the effect of the switching medium thickness in terms of crosstalk during the writing process.
Salmonella typhimurium nit Is nadE: Defective Nitrogen Utilization and Ammonia-Dependent NAD Synthetase

S. typhimurium nit mutants are defective in nitrogen assimilation, despite having normal levels of assimilatory enzymes. Complementation, enzyme assays, and genetic mapping show that nit is nadE. We present evidence that ammonia, not glutamine, is the physiological substrate for eubacterial NAD synthetases and that low activity completely accounts for the mutant phenotype.
Partnering with patients to promote holistic diabetes management: Changing paradigms

Purpose To provide a review of best practice for clinical management of diabetes mellitus (DM) for nurse practitioners (NPs) and accelerate incorporation of key findings into current practice. Data source A search was conducted in Pub Med, Ovid, CINAHL, and Cochrane's Database of Systematic Reviews. Conclusions There are many challenges for DM care identified in the current health system. There is a great need to change care paradigms to engage patients in partnership for enhanced management and self-management in DM. A review of the best practice evidence revealed numerous models of care, strategies, and tools available to enhance diabetes care and promote health and well-being. The primary focus of this article is to engage NP clinicians to incorporate new strategies to augment management and improve clinical outcomes. Implications for practice Incorporation of best practice for DM management may accelerate the paradigm shift to more patient-focused care. Engaged, informed, and activated patients along with clinicians working in partnerships may enhance clinical outcomes.
Bag of Marbles controls the size and organization of the Drosophila hematopoietic niche through interactions with the Insulin-like growth factor pathway and Retinoblastoma-family protein

Bag of Marbles (Bam) is known to function as a positive regulator of hematopoietic progenitor maintenance in the lymph gland blood cell-forming organ during Drosophila hematopoiesis. Here, we demonstrate a key function for Bam in cells of the lymph gland posterior signaling center (PSC), a cellular domain proven to function as a hematopoietic niche. Bam is expressed in PSC cells, and gene loss-of-function results in PSC overgrowth and disorganization, indicating that Bam plays a crucial role in controlling the proper development of the niche. It was previously shown that Insulin receptor (InR) pathway signaling is essential for proper PSC cell proliferation. We analyzed PSC cell number in lymph glands double-mutant for bam and InR pathway genes, and observed that bam genetically interacts with pathway members in the formation of a normal PSC. The elF4A protein is a translation factor downstream of InR pathway signaling, and functional knockdown of this crucial regulator rescued the bam PSC overgrowth phenotype, further supporting the cooperative function of Bam with InR pathway members. Additionally, we documented that the Retinoblastoma-family protein (Rbf), a proven regulator of cell proliferation, was present in cells of the PSC, with a bam function-dependent expression. By contrast, perturbation of Decapentaplegic or Wingless signaling failed to affect Rbf niche cell expression. Together, these findings indicate that InR pathway-Bam-Rbf functional interactions represent a newly identified means to regulate the correct size and organization of the PSC hematopoietic niche.
Corneal changes after laser in situ keratomileusis: measurement of corneal polarization magnitude and axis

Abstract Purpose Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) involves ablation of the corneal stroma, which may induce a change in birefringence. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of LASIK on corneal birefringence by measuring corneal polarization magnitude (CPM) and axis (CPA). Study design Cohort study. Methods In this prospective study, we measured the change in CPM and CPA before and after LASIK with a scanning laser polarimeter ([SLP] GDx-VCC; Laser Diagnostic Technologies, San Diego, California). Scans were completed on 23 subjects before and 3 months after LASIK. 14 normal controls were tested twice during the same time interval. Change in CPM, CPA, corneal thickness, and corneal curvature measurements were compared between LASIK and normal subjects. Results At baseline, the mean (95% confidence interval) values of CPM, CPA, corneal thickness, and corneal curvature measurements of the total population (n = 37) were 41.6 nm (36.6, 46.5); 31.5 degrees (25.7, 37.3); 548.4 μm (540.0, 556.7); and 7.6 mm (7.5, 7.7), respectively. There were no significant differences in baseline values between normal and LASIK subjects. The reproducibility, measured as the average standard deviation of CPM and CPA measurements in 30 normal control eyes, was 1.95 nm (1.43, 2.48) and 1.69 degrees (0.92, 2.46), respectively. Mean CPA, corneal thickness, and corneal curvature measurements were significantly different in patients after LASIK (all P P ≤ .05). The absolute value of change in CPA was linearly associated with the absolute value of change in both corneal thickness (R 2 = 0.46) and corneal curvature (R 2 = 0.44). Conclusions LASIK causes a measurable change in corneal birefringence as measured by the CPM and CPA that may be related to loss of corneal tissue. Comparison of SLP measurements before and after LASIK requires eye-specific compensation to adjust for the change in corneal birefringence.
Esterolytic activity of vinylimidazole–vinylpyrrolidinone copolymers

Copolymers of vinylimidazoles and vinylpyrrolidinone, dilute in imidazole residues, have been prepared; their reactivity in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate has been examined. The catalytic activity of imidazole residues in these copolymers is comparable to that of nonpolyineric imidazoles of the same basicity, and no kinetic effects of preassociation of polymer with substrate ester of p-nitrophenol were detected. It is suggested that although polyvinylpyrrolidinone probably does bind these substances, they are sequestered from the catalytic, side chains.
Landscape analyses of Douglas-fir beetle populations in northern Idaho

Abstract Spatial relationships of Douglas-fir beetle (DFB), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, infestations were examined over a 13-year period on the Priest Lake Ranger District, a USDA Forest Service ranger district in Idaho, USA. In addition, population trends were examined on three other USDA Forest Service ranger districts. Using aerial detection survey maps and GIS to derive nearest neighbor distances, trends in the proximity of DFB infestations within a single year (t), and between-years (t + 1) were determined and spatial patterns of infestations were investigated. DFB infestations (i.e., trees killed, area affected) were described with patch metrics. When DFB populations were low, average within-year nearest neighbor distances were typically above 1400 m. As DFB populations increased, average nearest neighbor distances dropped below 500 m. Simulation-based analyses of the spatial pattern of DFB infestations suggested a clustered distribution of infestations when populations were high. Between-year average nearest neighbor distances followed a similar pattern, with half of the infestations close to one another especially during epidemic population phases. During periods with endemic populations, infestations were found at various distances (0–5000 + m) from other infestations. Average patch size of infestations on Priest Lake Ranger District varied from 0.8 to 19.7 ha and was positive exponentially related to number of infestations. Average number of trees killed per infestation ranged from 4.7 to 124.3 and was also positive exponentially related to number of infestations. As numbers of infestations increased, infestations formed larger patches with an increasing number of trees killed.
Green's function, Jensen measures, and bounded point evaluations

A compactly supported measure μ on the complex plane C is called a Jensen measure for 0 if log ¦P(0)¦ ⩽ ∝ log¦P(z)¦dμ(z) for every polynomial P. H2(μ) denotes the closure of the polynomials in L2(μ). We obtain the result that if μ is not the point mass at 0, then the functions in H2(μ) are analytic on an open set which contains 0 and whose closure contains the support of μ. The primary tool used to obtain this result is a generalized Green's function for a measure, and we also derive some of its properties.
Kinematic Plasticity during Flight in Fruit Bats: Individual Variability in Response to Loading

All bats experience daily and seasonal fluctuation in body mass. An increase in mass requires changes in flight kinematics to produce the extra lift necessary to compensate for increased weight. How bats modify their kinematics to increase lift, however, is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of a 20% increase in mass on flight kinematics for Cynopterus brachyotis, the lesser dog-faced fruit bat. We reconstructed the 3D wing kinematics and how they changed with the additional mass. Bats showed a marked change in wing kinematics in response to loading, but changes varied among individuals. Each bat adjusted a different combination of kinematic parameters to increase lift, indicating that aerodynamic force generation can be modulated in multiple ways. Two main kinematic strategies were distinguished: bats either changed the motion of the wings by primarily increasing wingbeat frequency, or changed the configuration of the wings by increasing wing area and camber. The complex, individual-dependent response to increased loading in our bats points to an underappreciated aspect of locomotor control, in which the inherent complexity of the biomechanical system allows for kinematic plasticity. The kinematic plasticity and functional redundancy observed in bat flight can have evolutionary consequences, such as an increase potential for morphological and kinematic diversification due to weakened locomotor trade-offs.
A Study of Age Categorization

This study used photo (stimulus persons) to explore age categorization in a sample of 150 subjects of diverse ages: 15 males and 15 females in each of five age groups: 18--21, 22--28, 29--38, 39--55, and 56--76. Two sets of 33 photos each (a male and a female set) were presented to subjects for chronological age estimation, age categorization (as adolescent, young, middle-aged, elderly, and aged adult), and preference. Results indicated considerable overlapping of estimated ages across age categories, suggesting that the boundaries between adjacent age stages are highly permeable. Sex-of-photo exerted a major influence on categorization and preference. Female, relative to male, stimulus persons were assigned to older age categories, were perceived to attain middle-aged and elderly status sooner, and were younger when chosen as most preferred (but only for male subjects). These sex-bias effects were mitigated in the oldest respondent. Relevance of the present research to problems of age stereotyping is discussed.
Energy Balance And Nutritional Status Of Female Athletes With Subclinical Eating Disorders

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the energy balance and nutritional status of female athletes with subclinical eating disorders. Evidence indicates that female athletes with clinical eating disorders often suffer severe nutritional deficiencies. Little is known, however, about the nutritional status of female athletes with sub clinical eating disorders. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess energy balance and nutritional status of female athletes with sub clinical eating disorders (SCED) (n=24) compared to non-eating disordered female athletic controls (n=24). Energy and nutrient intakes (excluding vitamin/mineral supplements) and energy expenditure were determined using 7-day weighed food and activity records. Micronutrient status was assessed for vitamins (B12 and folate) and minerals (Fe, Zn, and Mg) using serum and whole blood. The SCED and control groups were similar in age, height, weight, fat free mass, and body mass index. Energy intake was lower in the SCED group (1989 kcal/d) vs. the control group (2300 kcal/d) (P = 0.004), while energy expenditures were similar (2405 kcal/d and 2398 kcal/d, respectively). The SCED group had lower protein and fat intakes (69 g/d and 43 g/d, respectively) vs. the control group (86 g/d and 61 g/d, respectively) (P
Marital attributions in spouses of depressed patients

Causal attributions (i.e., locus, stability, globality) and responsibility attributions (i.e., bad intent, selfish motivation, blame) were assessed in the spouses of 27 depressed psychiatric inpatients and 30 nondepressed dyads to test predictions derived from Hooley's (1987) “symptom-controllability” model of marital distress. Results indicated that (1) depressed patients and their spouses were less dyadically adjusted than nondepressed spouses, (2) causal and responsibility attributions about depressive behaviors predicted lower dyadic adjustment, and (3) attributions of causality mediated the relationship between group status (depressed or nondepressed) and dyadic adjustment among spouses who had higher expectations for their partner to change. Results suggest that among spouses with a high expectancy for change, depression may be a risk factor for marital distress.
Fingerprinting of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii and Related Pathovars Using Random-Primed PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of total DNA was evaluated as a method to distinguish Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii from other pathovars within this species. Two sets of highly conserved enterobacterial consensus sequences were used as targets for PCR amplification : (a) enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus [ERIC] and (b) repetitive extragenic palindromic [REP] sequences. Nucleic acid was extracted from a total of 37 isolates of bacteria : 19 isolates of X. campestris pv. pelargonii and 18 isolates representing 10 other pathovars of X. campestris. After PCR amplification using the ERIC primer pair, the DNA fingerprints of X. campestris pv. pelargonii contained two major DNA products (estimated size 500 and 740 bp) that were conserved among all 19 isolates. With the REP primer pair, the fingerprints were more complex and major DNA products ranging from ∼690 to 1650 bp were detected. Using information from both ERIC- and REP-primed fingerprints, the X. campestris pv. pelargonii fingerprints were distinguishable from the fingerprints of the other pathovars examined : pvs. citrumelo, citri, begoniae, vitians B and C, phaseoli, campestris, manihotis, juglandis, caratae and pruni.
Properties of portland cement-silica fume pastes II. Mechanical properties

Compressive strength, Young's modulus, and microhardness are measured as a function of porosity for pastes of silica fume-cement blends made with silica fume contents of 0, 10 and 30 per cent at w/(c+sf) ratios of 0.25 and 0.45. Porosities are lower for pastes without silica fume addition, but strengths are greater at w/ (c+sf) of 0.25 at 180 days curing. At a w/(c+sf) of 0.45, however, strengths are marginally greater with large additions of silica fume. Modulus of elasticity is greater without addition. It is shown that silica fume addition at a w/(c+sf) of 0.45 results in a relatively low Eo but high So. This is due to a combination of low-density dispersed hydrate of low CaO/SiO2 and low Ca(OH)2 content, leading to a relatively homogeneous composite. Correlations between log mechanical property and non-evaporable water content are good for all specimens, with and without silica fume.
Competitive-binding assay method based on fluorescence quenching of ligands held in close proximity by a multivalent receptor

Abstract A variant of a fluorescence quenching affinity assay is described that is based on intermolecular complexation due to specific interaction between an unmodified multivalent lectin and fluorochrome-labeled dextrans bearing specific sugar ligands (analyte-analog). The measuring principle relies on the fact that one portion of the dextran is coupled with an emitter dye fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and the other one with an acceptor dye (isothiocyanate-derivatives of rhodamine). In absence of a specific sugar, the bridging of rhodamine and fluorescein-labeled dextrans by the lectin results in the formation of a sandwich-like fluorescein-dextran/lectin/rhodamine-dextran complex in which the two forms of dextran are very close together (~5 nm) so that fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) occurs between fluorescein and rhodamine. Hence the fluorescence is quenched. The displacement of dextrans by a specific sugar results in the dissociation of the complex and in an inverse increase in fluorescence which is proportional to the sugar concentration. The paper describes experiments proofing the conceptual idea of this fluorescence assay on two examples: a glucose and galactose-specific assay system. The glucosespecific assay consisted of Concanavalin A (Con A) and fluorescein and rhodamine-labeled dextran (Mr 2000 kDa) grafted with mannose. The galactose-specific assay was composed of Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCAI) and fluorescein and rhodamine-labeled dextran (Mr 2000 kDa) grafted with lactose. The reversibility and response time of both assays inside a single dialysis hollow fiber, which was fixed within a flow through cell of a fluorometer, were studied during changes of the sugar concentrations. The response time of the sensor fiber was about 4–5 min. The glucose sensor showed a good measurable fluorescence signal over a period of 11 days. The use of this assay for antibody/antigen system is proposed.
A force field with discrete displaceable waters and desolvation entropy for hydrated ligand docking.

In modeling ligand–protein interactions, the representation and role of water are of great importance. We introduce a force field and hydration docking method that enables the automated prediction of waters mediating the binding of ligands with target proteins. The method presumes no prior knowledge of the apo or holo protein hydration state and is potentially useful in the process of structure-based drug discovery. The hydration force field accounts for the entropic and enthalpic contributions of discrete waters to ligand binding, improving energy estimation accuracy and docking performance. The force field has been calibrated and validated on a total of 417 complexes (197 training set; 220 test set), then tested in cross-docking experiments, for a total of 1649 ligand–protein complexes evaluated. The method is computationally efficient and was used to model up to 35 waters during docking. The method was implemented and tested using unaltered AutoDock4 with new force field tables.
Glutamate receptor channels in rat DRG neurons: Activation by kainate and quisqualate and blockade of desensitization by con A

Primary afferent C fibers in rat dorsal roots are depolarized by the excitatory amino acids kainate and domoate. Under whole-cell voltage clamp, kainate and domoate increase membrane conductance in a subpopulation of freshly dissociated DRG neurons. In contrast to kainate currents observed in CNS neurons, responses to kainate and domoate in DRG cells desensitize with prolonged agonist exposure. Half-maximal activation is achieved with much lower concentrations of kainate and domoate in sensory neurons than in CNS neurons from cerebral cortex. Rapid applications of glutamate, quisqualate, and AMPA evoke a transient current in DRG neurons and desensitize cells to subsequent applications of kainate or domoate. Brief incubation with the lectin concanavalin A eliminates desensitization to excitatory amino acids; after treatment with concanavalin A, all five agonists gate sustained currents of similar amplitude via the same receptor.
An effect of corticosteroids and 100% oxygen on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, cytochrome-c reductase, and free radical formation by rat lung microsomes☆

Abstract Activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), cytochrome c-reductase, and NADPH oxidase, and epinephrine oxidation to adrenochrome were determined in lung microsomes from intact, adrenalectomized, and adrenalectomized cortisol-treated female rats under ambient and hyperoxic conditions. Microsomal adrenochrome formation, which is initiated by superoxide anion or other free radicals, was increased by adrenalectomy and decreased by cortisol treatment. Exposure of animals to 100% oxygen caused a further increase in adrenochrome formation. NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase and AHH activities were increased in incubations of microsomes from animals which had received cortisol in vivo while adrenalectomy led to decreased activity. NADPH oxidase activity was increased by cortisol in lung microsomes in the presence of either epinephrine or cytochrome c. Epinephrine conversion to adrenochrome in the presence of lung microsomes was blocked by SOD, but NADPH-cytrochrome c-reductase and AHH activity were unaffected.
UV-induced graft polymerization of acrylamide on cellulose by using immobilized benzophenone as a photo-initiator

Photo-active moiety, benzophenone, was incorporated onto cotton fabrics by using butyl tetracarboxylic acids (BTCA). Then, grafting of polyacrylamide on the cotton fabrics was performed by exposing the fabrics to longer UV wavelength irradiation. The chemical structure and thermal properties of the polyacrylamide grafted cotton fabrics were investigated by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, and the results verified the successful grafting of polyacrylamide on cotton fabrics. Also, it was observed that active chlorine contents were created on the polyacrylamide grafted cotton fabrics through simple chlorination process, and the chlorine treated cotton fabrics showed excellent antibacterial abilities like the powerful cyclic amide halamines.
Infrastructure Change Is Not Enough: An Evaluation of SAMHSA’s Mental Health Transformation State Incentive Grants

ObjectiveThe authors evaluated the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s mental health transformation state incentive grant program, which provided more than $100 million to nine states to make infrastructure changes designed to improve services and outcomes.MethodsThe authors measured infrastructure changes, service changes, and consumer outcomes in the nine programs. Although the federal program had no logic model, the authors adopted a model that hypothesized positive, but small, correlations between the program elements.ResultsThere were few statistically significant correlations and a number of negative correlations between infrastructure changes, service changes, and consumer outcomes.ConclusionsFederal investments should take into account evidence that infrastructure changes alone do not necessarily contribute to better consumer outcomes, support operationally defined infrastructure improvements, require that service improvements accompany infrastructure changes, and provide s...
Comments on ''the greenhouse effect''

Lee (1973) suggests that the so-called greenhouse effect for a real greenhouse is not primarily a result of the radiation imbalance caused by the spectral absorptivity of the glass but rather the difference in the convective losses for the glass-enclosed space. The purpose of these comments is to indicate a possible error in Lee's analysis and to show that the radiation greenhouse effect is indeed a result of the spectral properties of the glass. (WDM)
Second moment closure near the two-component limit

The purpose of this paper is to explore some wider implications of the two-component limit for both single point turbulence models and spectral closure theories. Although the two-component limit arises most naturally in inhomogeneous problems like wall-bounded turbulence, the analysis will be restricted to homogeneous turbulence. But since homogeneous turbulence is the crucial case for realizability, the conclusions will nevertheless be applicable to modeling. Th essential point of our argument is that whereas the evolution of the stochastic velocity field is Markovian because it is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, the exact stress evolution equation is not Markovian because it is unclosed. This property of moment evolution has been stressed by Kraichnan (1959). We will show that modeling stress evolution at the two-component limit with a closure that is Markovian in the stresses alone leads to basic inconsistencies in single-point modeling and, perhaps surprisingly, in spectral modes as well.
Price differentials in a homogenous product market: The case of water

This paper examines the existing price differentials for raw water along the Rio Grande. An extremely active spot market for this good, more than 926 transactions have been made over a five-year time period. Statistical analysis shows a significant difference between the price paid for water by irrigators or municipalities and industry. Even if price differentials did exist at the beginning, convergence would be expected over time for this homogenous good. However, statistical analysis shows no sign of convergence. Investigations have suggested that differentials may continue to exist due not to the lack of information, but to misinformation.
CYP2D6-mediated catalysis of tamoxifen aromatic hydroxylation with an NIH shift: similar hydroxylation mechanism in chicken, rat and human liver microsomes.

1. 4-Tritiated-tamoxifen (4-[(3)H]-tamoxifen) and 4-deuterated-tamoxifen (4-[(2)H]-tamoxifen) were synthesized to examine tamoxifen metabolism by human P450 (CYP) forms and also for the possibility of determining tamoxifen-4-hydroxylation in humans in vivo. 2. Liver microsomes from several species and cDNA-expressed human P450s were incubated with 4-[(3)H]-tamoxifen and the reaction monitored by assaying 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-tam) and (3)H(2)O formed. However, tamoxifen-4-hydroxylation did not generate stoichiometric amounts of (3)H(2)O and the expected unlabelled 4-OH-tam but instead yielded radiolabelled 4-OH-tam, apparently from [(3)H]-migration to the ortho-position, referred to as the NIH shift. 3. CYP2D6 was the prime catalyst of tam-4-hydroxylation, whereas CYP2B6, 2C9 and 2C19 yielded only low levels of 4-OH-tam; nevertheless, in all cases the 4-OH-tam was radioactive, apparently resulting from reactions involving an NIH shift. 4. Chicken liver microsomal preparation, being catalytically the most active in tamoxifen-4-hydroxylation, was incubated with deuterated tamoxifen (4-[(2)H]-tamoxifen) in order to determine whether an NIH shift occurs. Ion-trap mass-spectrometry of the HPLC-purified 4-OH-tam, from that incubation, indicated about 60% of [(2)H]-retention in 4-OH-tam, signifying an NIH shift. These findings indicate that the aromatic hydroxylation of tamoxifen does not entail hydroxyl insertion with an Sn2-displacement of hydrogen or a hydrogen isotope ((2)H or (3)H), but apparently involves epoxidation followed by migration of the (3)H, (2)H or (1)H to the ortho-position, and dissociation of the (1)H in preference to (3)H or (2)H, i.e. retention of the hydrogen isotope appears to be related to the bond strengths: C-(3)H>C-(2)H>C-(1)H.