cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fresnel approximation for wave scattering in a random medium

In this paper, instead of introducing the scattering volume, we include the model of transmitting and receiving antennas in an explicit form. We consider these antennas as Gaussian (Gaussian attenuation across the antenna aperture). Such an approach works well with the description of scattering in the Fresnel approximation, in which we keep the quadratic terms in the phase expansion. The longitudinal scale of the scattering volume is determined by the electromagnetic pulse envelope, which we also assume to be Gaussian.
Giant supercurrent states in a superconductor-InAs/GaSb-superconductor junction

Superconductivity in topological materials has attracted a great deal of interest in both electron physics and material sciences since the theoretical predictions that Majorana fermions can be realized in topological superconductors. Topological superconductivity could be realized in a type II, band-inverted, InAs/GaSb quantum well if it is in proximity to a conventional superconductor. Here, we report observations of the proximity effect induced giant supercurrent states in an InAs/GaSb bilayer system that is sandwiched between two superconducting tantalum electrodes to form a superconductor-InAs/GaSb-superconductor junction. Electron transport results show that the supercurrent states can be preserved in a surprisingly large temperature-magnetic field (T – H) parameter space. In addition, the evolution of differential resistance in T and H reveals an interesting superconducting gap structure.
Balanced Circle Packings for Planar Graphs

We study balanced circle packings and circle-contact representations for planar graphs, where the ratio of the largest circle's diameter to the smallest circle's diameter is polynomial in the number of circles. We provide a number of positive and negative results for the existence of such balanced configurations.
Spectral Domain Boundaries in Cellular Automata

Let $A^{Z^D}$ be the Cantor space of $Z^D$-indexed configurations in a finite alphabet A, and let σ be the $Z^D$-action of shifts on $A^{Z^D}$. A cellular automaton is a continuous, σ-commuting self-map Φ of $A^{Z^D}$, and a Φ-invariant subshift is a closed, (Φ, σ)-invariant subset u ⊂ $A^{Z^D}$. Suppose a ∈ $A^{Z^D}$ is u-admissible everywhere except for some small region we call a defect. It has been empirically observed that such defects persist under iteration of Φ, and often propagate like 'particles' which coalesce or annihilate on contact. We use spectral theory to explain the persistence of some defects under Φ, and partly explain the outcomes of their collisions.
Adam Smith and the Great Deceleration in the U,S. Economy

From Adam Smith’s perspective, the most prominent macroeconomic happening of the post-World War II period was not the Great Moderation, nor was it the recent Great Recession. Instead, it was the secular deceleration in economic growth occurring in the U.S., or the Great Deceleration. Smith’s growth theory and his measure of aggregate output are employed in analyzing and documenting this Great Deceleration. From Smith’s perspective, the most likely causal forces are the same ones that were retarding economic growth in eighteenth-century England: government command over resources and also its growth-inhibiting policies. On a positive note, Smith would consider the Great Deceleration as reversible.
Innate and Adaptive Humoral Responses Coat Distinct Commensal Bacteria with Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is prominently secreted at mucosal surfaces and coats a fraction of the intestinal microbiota. However, the commensal bacteria bound by IgA are poorly characterized and the type of humoral immunity they elicit remains elusive. We used bacterial flow cytometry coupled with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (IgA-Seq) in murine models of immunodeficiency to identify IgA-bound bacteria and elucidate mechanisms of commensal IgA targeting. We found that residence in the small intestine, rather than bacterial identity, dictated induction of specific IgA. Most commensals elicited strong T-independent (TI) responses that originated from the orphan B1b lineage and from B2 cells, but excluded natural antibacterial B1a specificities. Atypical commensals including segmented filamentous bacteria and Mucispirillum evaded TI responses but elicited T-dependent IgA. These data demonstrate exquisite targeting of distinct commensal bacteria by multiple layers of humoral immunity and reveal a specialized function of the B1b lineage in TI mucosal IgA responses.
Quantitative system design

Summary form only given. This talk provides a 20-year perspective on the use of analytic models to design of a wide range of commercially important architectures and systems with complex behavior. These systems include resources with highly bursty and/or correlated packet arrivals, communication protocols with complex routing and blocking of messages, resources that are configured for a very high probability (e.g., 0.9999) of providing immediate service to each arriving client, and complex large-scale grid/Internet applications. The examples illustrate some guiding principles for model development, and show that the models can be relatively easy to develop. More importantly, the models can be highly accurate - often more accurate than simulation, and sometimes more accurate than the system implementation! The examples also illustrate that the models can provide unique insight into system design as well as significant new system functionality. In other words, analytic models are a key tool for competitive systems engineering. Time permitting, the talk includes some important observations about workload models, and some ways to avoid key pitfalls in simulation.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Quaternary Stereocenters

An enantioselective synthesis of functionalized quaternary stereocenters was developed from amino alcohol derived (bromoalkylidene)morpholinones. Stereoselective cross-coupling of the morpholinones with arylboronic acids or alkyl trifluoroborates provided a variety of disubstituted alkylidenemorpholinones. A highly stereoselective Prins reaction of the cross-coupling products generated the target quaternary stereocenter. The Prins products are readily converted into a variety of acyclic, enantiomerically enriched, functionalized building blocks with a quaternary stereocenter.
Influence of injection mode on transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks

We investigate how the choice of injection mode impacts transport properties in kilometer-scale three-dimensional discrete fracture networks (DFN). The choice of injection mode, resident or flux-weighted, is designed to mimic different physical phenomena. It has been hypothesized that solute plumes injected under resident conditions evolve to behave similarly to solutes injected under flux-weighted conditions. Previously, computational limitations have prohibited the large scale simulations required to investigate this hypothesis. We investigate this hypothesis by using a high performance DFN suite, dfnWorks, to simulate flow in kilometer-scale three-dimensional DFNs based on fractured granite at the Forsmark site in Sweden, and adopt a Lagrangian approach to simulate transport therein. Results show that after traveling through a pre-equilibrium region both injection methods exhibit linear scaling of the first moment of travel time and power law scaling of the breakthrough curve with similar exponents, slightly larger than two. The physical mechanisms behind this evolution appear to be the combination of in-network channeling of mass into larger fractures, which offer reduced resistance to flow, and in-fracture channeling, which results from the topology of the DFN. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Dynamic Routing and Location Services in Metrics of Low Doubling Dimension

We consider dynamic compact routing in metrics of low doubling dimension. Given a set of nodes Vin a metric space with nodes joining, leaving and moving, we show how to maintain a set of links Ethat allows compact routing on the graph G(V,E). Given a constant i¾?i¾? (0,1) and a dynamic node set Vwith normalized diameter Δin a metric of doubling dimension , we achieve a dynamic graph G(V,E) with maximum degree 2O(i¾?)log2Δ, and an optimal (9 + i¾?)-stretch compact name-independent routing scheme on Gwith (1/i¾?)O(i¾?)log4Δ-bit storage at each node. Moreover, the amortized number of messages for a node joining, leaving and moving is polylogarithmic in the normalized diameter Δ; and the cost (total distance traversed by all messages generated) of a node move operation is proportional to the distance the node has traveled times a polylog factor. (We can also show similar bounds for a (1 + i¾?)-stretch compact dynamic labeled routing scheme.) One important application of our scheme is that it also provides a node location scheme for mobile ad-hoc networks with the same characteristics as our name-independent scheme above, namely optimal (9 + i¾?) stretch for lookup, polylogarithmic storage overhead (and degree) at the nodes, and locality-sensitive node move/join/leave operations. We also show how to extend our dynamic compact routing scheme to address the more general problem of devising locality-sensitive Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) in dynamic networks of low doubling dimension. Our proposed DHT scheme also has optimal (9 + i¾?) stretch, polylogarithmic storage overhead (and degree) at the nodes, locality-sensitive publish/unpublish and node move/join/leave operations.
Association between thyroid‐stimulating hormone and blood pressure in adults: an 11‐year longitudinal study

SummaryBackground The results of longitudinal studies on the association between thyroid function and blood pressure (BP) are divided. This study aimed to investigate this association in cross-sectional and longitudinal settings in a nationwide, random sample representative of the Finnish adult population aged 30 and over. Methods The study sample was randomly drawn from the population register. A total of 5655 participants were included in the baseline analyses and 3453 in the 11-year prospective analyses. The associations between baseline TSH and (i) BP and BP change over time; and (ii) prevalent and incident hypertension were assessed using linear and logistic models, adjusted for age, gender, smoking and body mass index. Results A positive association (β ± standard error) was observed between TSH and diastolic (0·36 ± 0·12, P = 0·003) but not systolic BP (0·16 ± 0·21, P = 0·45) at baseline. TSH was negatively associated with 11-year BP change in men (systolic: −0·92 ± 0·41, P = 0·03; diastolic: −0·66 ± 0·26, P = 0·01) but not in women (P ≥ 0·09 for systolic and diastolic BP change). Participants in the highest TSH tertile within the TSH reference interval (0·4–3·4 mU/L), as compared with the lowest, had increased odds of prevalent (odds ratio 1·22, 95% confidence interval 1·05–1·43, P = 0·01) but not incident hypertension (odds ratio 0·93, 95% confidence interval 0·73–1·19, P = 0·58). Conclusions A modest association was found between increasing TSH and prevalent but not incident hypertension. TSH was inversely associated with BP change in men in our study. These findings contest an independent role of thyroid function at normal to near-normal levels in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
See Your Friends Close and Your Enemies Closer Social Identity and Identity Threat Shape the Representation of Physical Distance

Three studies demonstrated that collective identity and identity threat shape representations of the physical world. In Study 1, New York Yankees fans estimated Fenway Park, the stadium of a threatening out-group (but not Camden Yards, the stadium of a neutral out-group) to be closer than did non-Yankees fans. In Study 2, the authors manipulated identity threat among people affiliated (or not) with New York University (NYU). When Columbia University was portrayed as threatening to NYU, NYU affiliates estimated Columbia as closer than did non-affiliates, compared with when Columbia was nonthreatening. In Study 3, Americans who perceived more symbolic threats from Mexican immigration estimated Mexico City as closer. Collective identification with the in-group moderated effects of threat on distance estimations. These studies suggest that social categorization, collective identification, and identity threat work in concert to shape the representations of the physical world.
Forking in short and tame abstract elementary classes

Abstract We develop a notion of forking for Galois-types in the context of Abstract Elementary Classes (AECs). Under the hypotheses that an AEC K is tame, type-short, and failure of an order-property, we consider Definition 1 Let M 0 ≺ N be models from K and A be a set. We say that the Galois-type of A over N does not fork over M 0 , written A ⫝ M 0 N , iff for all small a ∈ A and all small N − ≺ N , we have that Galois-type of a over N − is realized in M 0 . Assuming property (E) (Existence and Extension, see Definition 3.3) we show that this non-forking is a well behaved notion of independence, in particular satisfies symmetry and uniqueness and has a corresponding U-rank. We find conditions for a universal local character, in particular derive superstability-like property from little more than categoricity in a “big cardinal”. Finally, we show that under large cardinal axioms the proofs are simpler and the non-forking is more powerful. In [10] , it is established that, if this notion is an independence notion, then it is the only one.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,2-Dicyclopropylethyne and (Cyclopropylethynyl)cyclobutane from 1,2-Di-(ω-haloalkyl)ethynes and 1-Cycloalkyl-2-(ω-haloalkyl)ethynes

The classical methods for the synthesis of alkynes involve the alkynylation of alkyl halides with metal acetylides 1 as well as the base-promoted dehydrohalogenation 2 of vicinal dihalide/vinyl hal...
Microwave Heating in Organic Synthesis: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives in Water

Abstract Microwave heating permits rapid decarboxylation (15 min, 80–98% isolated yields) of malonic acids in water when employing a microwave autoclave mode and high reaction temperature and power (190°C; 800 Watts).
Analysis of object segmentation methods for VOP generation in MPEG-4

The recent audio-visual standard MPEG4 emphasizes content- based information representation and coding. Rather than operating at the level of pixels, MPEG4 operates at a higher level of abstraction, capturing the information based on the content of a video sequence. Video object plane (VOP) extraction is an important step in defining the content of any video sequence, except in the case of authored applications which involve creation of video sequences using synthetic objects and graphics. The generation of VOPs from a video sequence involves segmenting the objects from every frame of the video sequence. The problem of object segmentation is also being addressed by the Computer Vision community. The major problem faced by the researchers is to define object boundaries such that they are semantically meaningful. Finding a single robust solution for this problem that can work for all kinds of video sequences still remains to be a challenging task. The object segmentation problem can be simplified by imposing constraints on the video sequences. These constraints largely depend on the type of application where the segmentation technique will be used. The purpose of this paper is twofold. In the first section, we summarize the state-of- the-art research in this topic and analyze the various VOP generation and object segmentation methods that have been presented in the recent literature. In the next section, we focus on the different types of video sequences, the important cues that can be employed for efficient object segmentation, the different object segmentation techniques and the types of techniques that are well suited for each type of application. A detailed analysis of these approaches from the perspective of accuracy of the object boundaries, robustness towards different kinds of video sequences, ability to track the objects through the video sequences, and complexity involved in implementing these approaches along with other limitations will be discussed. In the final section, we concentrate on the specific problems that require special attention and discuss the scope and direction for further research.
Conversion of Existing Continuous Control Systems into Digital Control Systems

The problem of converting existing continuous data control systems into digital control systems is considered. The objective of this paper is to develop a computer-aided method for synthesizing the pulse-transfer function of the digital controller. This is done by matching the frequency response of the digital control system to that of the continuous system with a minimum weighted mean square error. Formulas for computing the parameters of the digital controller are obtained as a result. The design technique is illustrated with a numerical example and a comparison with previous methods is also presented.
Computational aerodynamics of oscillating cascades with the evolution of stall

The applicability of the vortex method to cascades of oscillating airfoils is assessed by computing the unsteady incompressible lift, drag, and moment for small incidence, thickness, and vibratory displacement—the so-called "classical" case. The results for a limited sampling of cascade geometries, reduced frequencies, vibration amplitudes, and interblade phase angles are in excellent agreement with available analytical results. Instantaneous streamline patterns and discretized vorticity distributions are presented as an aid in physical understanding. The importance of the interblade phase angle as a governing parameter is confirmed. Then the effects of mean incidence, vibration amplitude, and stagger angle are studied. Important new results are presented showing the evolution of the classical reactions into the stalled-flow reactions with incidence, frequency, and amplitude as parameters. In particular, the complicated interaction is demonstrated between the structural frequency of the blades (considered as one of the "inputs" to a nonlinear aeroelastic system) and the output frequency spectrum of the aerodynamic reactions. The implications for future direction of research and design code implementation are discussed.
Short-Run Pain, Long-Run Gain: Financial Liberalization and Stock Market Cycles

The views on financial liberalization are quite conflictive. Many argue that it triggers financial bubbles and crises. Others claim that financial liberalization allows markets to function properly and capital to move to its most profitable destination. The empirical evidence on these effects is not robust. This paper constructs a new comprehensive chronology of financial liberalization and shows that a key reason for the inconclusive evidence is that the effects of liberalization are time-varying. Financial liberalization is followed by large booms and busts only in the short run. In the long run institutions improve and financial markets tend to stabilize. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Initial systematic investigations of the landscape of low layer NAHE extensions

The discovery that the number of physically consistent string vacua is on the order of 10500 has prompted several statistical studies of string phenomenology. Contained here is one such study that focuses on the Weakly Coupled Free Fermionic Heterotic String (WCFFHS) formalism. Presented are systematic extensions of the well-known NAHE (Nanopoulos, Antoniadis, Hagelin, Ellis) set of basis vectors, which have been shown to produce phenomenologically realistic models. Statistics related to the number of U(1)’s, the specific gauge groups and their factors, non-Abelian singlets, and spacetime supersymmetries (ST SUSYs) are discussed for the full range of models produced. These findings are compared with prior results of other large-scale investigations. Statistical coupling between the gauge groups and the number of ST SUSYs is also discussed. In particular, for order-3 extensions there is a correlation between the appearance of exceptional groups and enhanced ST SUSY. Also discussed are some three-generation GUT models found among the data sets. These models are unique because they come from basis vectors which still have a geometric interpretation—there are no “rank cuts” in these models.
Clustering of cosmological defects at the time of formation

Abstract A simple model for the formation of global monopoles is considered. It is shown that they naturally form in clusters, with monopoles adjacent to antimonopoles, and vice-versa. The strong attraction between pole and antipole causes the clusters to collapse very rapidly, leading to the annihilation of most (62% in our model) of the original defects within a time τ, where τ is of the order of the correlation length.
Effects of nitrogen and alkene substitution on the PtCl2 catalyzed cycloisomerization of N-tethered 1,6-enyne precursors to the triple reuptake inhibitor GSK1360707

The effects of nitrogen and alkene substitution on the cycloisomerization of N-tethered 1,6-enynes into 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptene precursors to the triple reuptake inhibitor GSK1360707 are described. In general, electron donating substituents proved beneficial both in terms of the reaction rate and chemoselectivity.
Speedups of ergodic group extensions

We prove that for all ergodic extensions S1 of a transformation by a locally compact second countable group G, and for all G extensions S2 of an aperiodic transformation, there is a relative speedup of S1 that is rela- tively isomorphic to S2. We apply this result to give necessary and sufficient conditions for two ergodic n point or countable extensions to be related in this way. Let (X,B,µ) be a Lebesgue probability space and T : X → X an ergodic µ−preserving automorphism. By a speedup of T we mean an automorphism of X of the form x 7→T p(x) (x), where p is a positive integer-valued function on X. We denote such an automorphism by T p . It is natural to ask which automorphisms (up to isomorphism) can be obtained from T in this way. If p is integrable there are significant restrictions on the possible speedups of T. It was proved in (N), for example, that if S is isomorphic to T p(x) and R pdµ < ∞, then the entropies of S and T satisfy h(S) = R pdµ � h(T). As another example, from (OW) we see that if S is isomorphic to T p(x) and R pdµ < ∞, then T is a factor of a finite measure preserving transformation that induces S. Thus, if S is loosely Bernoulli, it can only be expressed as an integrable speedup of T if T is also loosely Bernoulli. However, if p is not required to be integrable, then there are no obstructions to this relation; in (AOW) the general result was proved that for all ergodic finite measure preserving automorphisms T and all aperiodic finite measure preserving S, there is a speedup of T that is isomorphic to S. In this paper we prove a conditional version of that result in the case of ergodic group extensions, and we give an application of this result to the classification of ergodic finite extensions. Suppose that (X,B,µ) and T are as above, and T is a factor of an automorphism S of the space (Y,C,�). Then by a speedup of S relative to T we mean a speedup S p where p is measurable with respect to the factor (X,B,µ). Of particular interest to us it the case where S is a group extension of T by a locally compact second countable group G. We recall some basic definitions: Let G be a locally compact second countable group with left Haar measure �, and let � : X ×Z → G be a cocycle for T. That is, � is a measurable function such that for almost all x ∈ X and all n,m ∈ Z
Partisan and Bipartisan Signaling in Congress

Gilligan and Krehbiel (1989) analyze bipartisanship in committees through a model in which committee ideal points are exactly symmetric about the floor’s ideal point. This article has three objectives: it shows that the Gilligan and Krehbiel equilibrium does not generalize to asymmetric committee members; it proves that a similar equilibrium can be supported when the majority party committee member has gatekeeping power; and it compares this equilibrium to the one-signaler case to show that when partisan differences over policy are small, or when the uncertainty associated with a policy area is large, bipartsianship will be preferred to partisan policy making.
Diffraction at Corners for the Wave Equation on Differential Forms

In this paper we prove the propagation of singularities for the wave equation on differential forms with natural (i.e., relative or absolute) boundary conditions on Lorentzian manifolds with corner...
Intracavernosal Drug-Induced Erection Therapy Versus External Vacuum Devices in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction

Objectives To determine if there is a significant difference between intracavernosal self-injection and external vacuum devices when compared directly for satisfaction, effectiveness and side-effects. Patients and methods Fifty men were randomized into two groups and received either instruction on the use of the Osbon ErecAid® system or self-injection therapy. After 15 uses, each group completed a questionnaire detailing efficacy, satisfaction and side-effects, and then changed to the other modality after appropriate instruction. A questionnaire was completed by study participants and their sexual partners after using both methods. Patients were followed for 18–24 months using telephone interviews. Results Forty-four patients (mean age 62.3 years, range 38–84) completed the study. Patients and their partners reported a superior quality of erections with the injection method but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The ability to attain orgasm and the overall satisfaction of the patient and partner with the sexual experience was significantly better when using injections. Side-effects were similar between the modalities. Subgroups analysed for age, duration and aetiology of impotence showed that younger patients (<60 years), those with a shorter duration of impotence (<12 months) and those impotent secondary to radical prostatectomy strongly favoured injection therapy (P<0.05). Overall, of the 44 couples, the final preferences of the patients were 25 (57%), 12 (27%), six (14%) and one (2%) for the injection, vacuum device, both or neither, respectively, and of the partners were 22 (50%), 12 (27%), six (14%) and four (9%), respectively. At 18–24 months, 80% of patients were still using either the vacuum device, injections, or both. Conclusion Both the vacuum device and injections are effective treatment modalities for impotence and are associated with good long-term success. Overall, there was a trend favouring injection therapy over the vacuum device which was most significant in younger patients, those with a shorter duration of impotence, and those impotent secondary to radical prostatectomy.
The Propagation of Boiling Boundary Phase-Change Fronts in Moving Fluids

The transient propagation of boiling boundary phase-change fronts during the depressurization of a subcooled liquid has been investigated for the case of thermal equilibrium without friction or heat addition, using wave diagram solutions. Various modes of phase-change front propagations have been identified and it is shown that certain ranges of propagation speeds are impossible, while others require the simultaneous formation of shocks. Qualitative and quantitative results are given for two specific cases of interest.
Infrared Spectra of Rotating Protostars

Earlier calculations of the infrared emission expected from stars in the process of being made are corrected to include the most important observable effects of rotation and generalized. An improved version of the spherical model of a previous paper is developed, and the corresponding emergent spectral energy distributions are calculated for the theoretically expected mass infall rate in the cores of cool and quiescent molecular clouds. The dust grain opacity model and the temperature profile parameterization are improved. It is shown that the infrared spectrum of the IRAS source 04264+2426, which is associated with a Herbig-Haro object, can be adequately represented in terms of a rotating and accreting protostar. This strengthens the suggestion that collimated outflows in young stellar objects originate when a stellar wind tries to emerge and reverse the swirling pattern of infall which gave birth to the central star.
Assessment of generic solar thermal systems for large power applications

A comparative analysis of generic solar-thermal-conversion configurations was performed to evaluate and rank the principal concepts under consideration in the DOE Solar Thermal Solar Program. Year-long performance simulations were conducted for the 50 to 200-MWe systems using Barstow, California meteorological and insolation data. Multi-attributable utility methodology was used to rank the eleven concepts.
Evolution of droplets of perfectly wetting liquid under the influence of thermocapillary forces

We consider the evolution of sessile droplets of a nonvolatile perfectly wetting liquid on differentially radially heated solid substrates. The heating induces thermocapillary Marangoni forces that affect the contact line dynamics. Our experiments involving a particular heating pattern reveal that the Marangoni effect suppresses the spreading of a drop, typical for perfectly wetting liquids. The result is a rather slow receding motion and a distinctive thinning of the liquid layer in the region close to the contact line. Our theoretical model, based on the lubrication approximation and incorporating the Marangoni effect, recovers the main features observed in the experiments, and in addition predicts novel features that are still to be observed.
Temperature response of the neuronal cytoskeleton mapped via atomic force and fluorescence microscopy

Neuronal cells change their growth properties in response to external physical stimuli such as variations in external temperature, stiffness of the growth substrate, or topographical guidance cues. Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms that control these biomechanical responses is necessary for understanding the basic principles that underlie neuronal growth and regeneration. Here, we present elasticity maps of living cortical neurons (embryonic rat) as a function of temperature, and correlate these maps to the locations of internal structural components of the cytoskeleton. Neurons display a significant increase in the average elastic modulus upon a decrease in ambient temperature from 37 to 25 °C. We demonstrate that the dominant mechanism by which the elasticity of the neurons changes in response to temperature is the stiffening of the actin components of the cytoskeleton induced by myosin II. We also report a reversible shift in the location and composition of the high-stiffness areas of the neuron cytoskeleton with temperature. At 37 °C the areas of the cell displaying high elastic modulus overlap with the tubulin-dense regions, while at 25 °C these high-stiffness areas correspond to the actin-dense regions of the cytoskeleton. These results demonstrate the importance of considering temperature effects when investigating cytoskeletal dynamics in cells.
Ultrafast photocurrent measurement of the escape time of electrons and holes from carbon nanotube p-i-n photodiodes.

Ultrafast photocurrent measurements are performed on individual carbon nanotube p-i-n photodiodes. The photocurrent response to subpicosecond pulses separated by a variable time delayt shows strong photocurrent suppression when two pulses overlap (� t ¼ 0). The picosecond-scale decay time of photocurrent suppression scales inversely with the applied bias VSD, and is twice as long for photon energy above the second subband E22 as compared to lower energy. The observed photocurrent behavior is well described by an escape time model that accounts for carrier effective mass.
Economy-wide corruption and bad loans in banking: international evidence

This study investigates the effects of economy-wide corruption on bad loans across a large sample of countries. The evidence reveals that greater corruption is associated with more bad loans. Loan defaults are lower in faster growing economies, in economies with higher lending rates and in nations in the Euro zone, ceteris paribus. However, other institutional controls, including central bank autonomy, financial underdevelopment, bank-based economies and transition nations fail to show appreciable effects on the incidence of bad loans. The findings are robust to an alternate corruption measure and to endogeneity of corruption. Policy implications are discussed.
Public‐ and Private‐Sector Wage Differentials in Canada Revisited

Using a variety of techniques, we estimate the wage premium for federal, provincial, and municipal public-sector employees in Canada. We find that females in the public sector are paid a wage premium, with federal government workers enjoying the highest rents, followed by local and provincial public-sector employees. Estimates for males suggest that rent payments are comparably less, but results are inconclusive.
Misalignment sensitivity of an inclined-crystal monochromator

The sensitivity of a novel inclined-crystal monochromator design to misalignments has been calculated, and compared to data. Rocking curve narrowing as well as broadening can occur because the asymmetry factor of dynamical diffraction given by b= s0·n/sH·n can have absolute value largeror smaller than unity. Here s0·n and s0·n are the direction cosines of the incident and diffracted beams, respectively, and n is the inward surface normal. An inclined double crystall monochromator that is perfectly aligned would have b=−1 for both crystals, and only then would the diffraction be symmetric. We have computed b and rocking curve widths for inclination angles of 70.53° and 85.00°, and we compare the 70.53° case to data for silicon {111] reflections using 8 keV (CuKα) radiation. The 70.53° case applies to (111) reflection from a (111) oriented crystal. We report that rotations around the reciprocal lattice vector have the expected effect on b.
Nonuniversal bound states of two identical heavy fermions and one light particle

We study the behavior of the bound-state energy of a system consisting of two identical heavy fermions of mass M and a light particle of mass m. The heavy fermions interact with the light particle through a short-range two-body potential with positive s-wave scattering length a. We impose a short-range boundary condition on the logarithmic derivative of the hyperradial wave function and show that, in the regime where Efimov states are absent, a nonuniversal three-body state cuts through the universal three-body states previously described by Kartavtsev and Malykh. The presence of the nonuniversal state alters the behavior of the universal states in certain regions of the parameter space. We show that the existence of the nonuniversal state is predicted accurately by a simple quantum defect theory model that utilizes hyperspherical coordinates. An empirical two-state model is employed to quantify the coupling of the nonuniversal state to the universal states.
Sequential Processes in Palladium-Catalyzed Silicon-Based Cross-Coupling

Although developed somewhat later, silicon-based cross-coupling has become a viable alternative to the more conventional Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille-Kosugi-Migita, and Negishi cross-coupling reactions because of its broad substrate scope, high stability of silicon-containing reagents, and low toxicity of waste streams. An empowering and yet underappreciated feature unique to silicon-based cross-coupling is the wide range of sequential processes available. In these processes, simple precursors are first converted to complex silicon-containing cross-coupling substrates, and the subsequent silicon-based cross-coupling reaction affords an even more highly functionalized product in a stereoselective fashion. In so doing, structurally simple and inexpensive starting materials are quickly transformed into value-added and densely substituted products. Therefore, sequential processes are often useful in constructing the carbon backbones of natural products. In this review, studies of sequential processes involving silicon-based cross-coupling are discussed. Additionally, the total syntheses that utilize these sequential processes are also presented.
Thermal Plane Stresses in Square Plates With Edge Stiffeners

Numerical data for plane thermal stresses in isotropic elastic square plate bounded by edge stiffeners and under symmetric temperature distributions
Preparation and properties of the system Cr2−xRhxO3(2 ⩾ x ⩾ 0)

Abstract Members of the system Cr2−xRhxO3(2 ⩾ x ⩾ 0) were prepared by thermal decomposition of the nitrates. Magnetic measurements indicate that the chromium-rich members are antiferromagnetic and the spin-only moment, extrapolated from the high-temperature portion of the susceptibility curves, corresponds to Cr(III). Reduction studies indicate that the rhodium was stabilized in the solid solution and that at elevated temperatures between 1100 and 1200 °C the mixed oxides were reduced to either the elements or a rhodium-chromium alloy.
Differentially Flat Design of Bipeds Ensuring Limit Cycles

For bipedal walking, a set of joint trajectories is acceptable as long as it satisfies certain overall motion requirements, such as: 1) it is repetitive (limit cycles); 2) it allows the foot to clear ground; and 3) it allows the biped to move forward. Since the actual trajectory followed by a biped is not as important, a biped having some unactuated joints can also meet these motion requirements. Furthermore, due to physical constraints, a biped cannot have an actuator between the foot and the ground. Hence, it is underactuated during the phase when the foot is rolling on the ground. Besides underactuation, a bipedal robot has nonlinear dynamics and impacts. In general, it is difficult to prove existence of limit cycles for such systems. In this paper, a design methodology that renders planar bipedal robots differentially flat is presented. Differential flatness allows generation of parameterized limit cycles for this class of planar nonlinear underactuated bipeds. Sequential quadratic-programming-based numerical optimization routines are used to optimize these limit cycles while satisfying the motion constraints. The planning and control methodology is illustrated by a two-link biped.
The Effect of Joint-Child-Custody Legislation on the Child-Support Receipt of Single Mothers

Due to the preponderance of single mothers on public assistance, delinquent child support has been a contentious political issue in the U.S. We examine whether joint-child-custody reform affects the child-support receipt of single mothers. We use variation in the timing of joint-custody reforms across states to identify the effect of joint custody on the child-support receipt of single mothers. Joint-custody enactment raises the probability of receiving child support for all single mothers by 8%. The effect on all single mothers is driven by the effect on divorced mothers, as separated and never-married mothers are unaffected by joint-custody reform. We conclude joint-custody reform confers the most benefit on divorced mothers and their children, particularly those who do not receive public assistance.
Convergence properties of an adaptive digital lattice filter

Convergence properties of a continuously adaptive digital lattice filter used as a linear predictor are investigated for both an unnormalized and a normalized gradient adaptation algorithm. The PARCOR coefficient mean values and the output mean-square error (MSE) are approximated and a simple model is described which approximates these quantities as functions of time. Calculated curves using this model are compared with simulation results. Results obtained for a two-stage lattice are then compared with the two-stage least mean-square (LMS) transversal filter algorithm, demonstrating that it is possible but unlikely for the transversal filter to converge faster than the analogous lattice filter.
Pure bending flutter of a swept wing in a high- density, low-speed flow

Abstract : The pure bending flutter of a uniform, high aspect ratio, swept wing is studied in detail. Velocity component aerodynamic strip theory is used with both quasi-steady and unsteady Theodorsen function representations. The problem is non-dimensionalized, and exact solutions are obtained, thereby eliminating problems of modal convergence. Effects of structural damping and belowflutter response are also examined. It is shown that below certain critical values of mass density ratio mv, flutter does not occur. Also, at the lower values of mv, increasing the sweepback of a given wing lowers the flutter speed significantly until a critical angle is reached beyond which the flutter speed rises sharply to infinity. The mode shapes at flutter change from a standing wave type at high values of mv to a traveling wave type at low mv. Quasi-steady theory is generally unconservative in flutter speed when compared with complete unsteady theory. (Author)
The maximum clique enumeration problem: algorithms, applications, and implementations

The maximum clique enumeration (MCE) problem asks that we identify all maximum cliques in a finite, simple graph. MCE is closely related to two other well-known and widely-studied problems: the maximum clique optimization problem, which asks us to determine the size of a largest clique, and the maximal clique enumeration problem, which asks that we compile a listing of all maximal cliques. Naturally, these three problems are -hard, given that they subsume the classic version of the -complete clique decision problem. MCE can be solved in principle with standard enumeration methods due to Bron, Kerbosch, Kose and others. Unfortunately, these techniques are ill-suited to graphs encountered in our applications. We must solve MCE on instances deeply seeded in data mining and computational biology, where high-throughput data capture often creates graphs of extreme size and density. MCE can also be solved in principle using more modern algorithms based in part on vertex cover and the theory of fixed-parameter tractability (FPT). While FPT is an improvement, these algorithms too can fail to scale sufficiently well as the sizes and densities of our datasets grow. An extensive testbed of benchmark graphs are created using publicly available transcriptomic datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Empirical testing reveals crucial but latent features of such high-throughput biological data. In turn, it is shown that these features distinguish real data from random data intended to reproduce salient topological features. In particular, with real data there tends to be an unusually high degree of maximum clique overlap. Armed with this knowledge, novel decomposition strategies are tuned to the data and coupled with the best FPT MCE implementations. Several algorithmic improvements to MCE are made which progressively decrease the run time on graphs in the testbed. Frequently the final runtime improvement is several orders of magnitude. As a result, instances which were once prohibitively time-consuming to solve are brought into the domain of realistic feasibility.
Tate (co)homology via pinched complexes

For complexes of modules we study two new constructions, which we call the pinched tensor product and the pinched Hom. They provide new methods for computing Tate homology and Tate cohomology, which lead to conceptual proofs of balancedness of Tate (co)homology for modules over associative rings. Another application we consider is in local algebra. Under conditions of vanishing of Tate (co)homology, the pinched tensor product of two minimal complete resolutions yields a minimal complete resolution.
Dynamic constraints and object migration

A “role set” is the set of classes in a class hierarchy where an object may reside simultaneously. A “migration pattern” is a sequence of role sets that an object can migrate through. We define a “migration inventory”, which is a set of migration patterns, as a dynamic integrity constraint on object migration. We consider three update languages: SL which has five operators, CSL+ which extends SL with positive conditionals, and CSL which allows both positive and negative conditionals. Three subclasses of migration patterns of transactions are studied which are immediate-start, proper, and lazy patterns. It is shown that the family of all (immediatestart, proper, or lazy) migration patterns of every set of SL transactions is a regular set and the converse also holds. In particular, testing “satisfiability” of an inventory by a set of transactions is decidable. For the extended languages, we give a weaker characterization. The family of all (immediate-start, proper, or lazy) migration patterns of every set of CSL (CSL+) transactions is recursively enumerable (r.e.). However, every r.e. inventory can be the family of all migration patterns of some set of CSL+ (CSL) transactions and be a left quotient of the family of immediate-start migration patterns of another set of CSL+ (CSL) transactions by a regular set. Although the exact characterizations of immediate-start, proper, lazy migration patterns of CSL+ (CSL) transactions are still open, it is proved that every context-free inventory can be the family of proper and immediate-start migration patterns of some CSL+ (CSL) transactions. Testing satisfiability of an inventory by a set of CSL (CSL+) transactions is unfortunately undecidable.
The Split-Brain Human Computer User Interface

The author describes his prototype for a split-brain user interface developed for the interactive documentary Anita und Clarence in der Holle: An Opera for Split-Brains in Modular Parts. Using documentary video from the 1991 Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court, this interface delivers two independent video and audio streams in parallel to each hemisphere of the brain. Inspired by accounts of split-brain research and anticipated by experiments of the Surrealists, this interface-like work in augmented virtual reality and wearable computing aims at “enhanced” interaction while creating a new aesthetic experience.
Correlations Between Zeros and Supersymmetry

In our previous work [BSZ2], we proved that the correlation functions for simultaneous zeros of random generalized polynomials have universal scaling limits and we gave explicit formulas for pair correlations in codimensions 1 and 2. The purpose of this paper is to compute these universal limits in all dimensions and codimensions. First, we use a supersymmetry method to express the n-point correlations as Berezin integrals. Then we use the Wick method to give a closed formula for the limit pair correlation function for the point case in all dimensions.
Black-white similarities in cord blood lipids and lipoproteins

Abstract Cord blood lipoproteins were quantitated in 117 neonates (58 white, 50 black) to assess for potential early expression of racial lipid distinctions. In comparison of black and white neonates there were no differences in total cholesterol (TC), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-LDL), C-HDL C-LDL , or C-HDL TC . Cord blood triglycerides were slightly higher in black neonates (p = 0.02). Unlike certain adult black-white comparisons and within the limits of “genicity” as exeressed by cord blood lipoproteins, there were no racial differences in C-HDL, C-LDL, and total cholesterol.