cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homicide by Necessity

INTRODUCTION 120 I. ELEMENTS OF THE NECESSITY DEFENSE 123 II. HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF HOMICIDE BY NECESSITY 127 III. HOMICIDE BY NECESSITY: THE MINORITY VIEW 133 IV. THE NAZI HOLOCAUST CASE 137 V. STATUTORY LAW ADDRESSING HOMICIDE BY NECESSITY ......139 VI. THE LANDMARK HOMICIDE BY NECESSITY CASES 141 A. United States v. Holmes 141 B. Regina v. Dudley & Stephens 160 VII. THE SPELUNCEAN EXPLORERS 170 VIII. INNOCENT SHIELDS OF THREATS 177 A. The Choice of Evils Prong 179 B. The Imminence Prong 181 C. The Causal Nexus Prong 181 D. The Legal Way Out Prong 182 E. The Preemption Prong 182 F. The Clean Hands Prong 182 IX. HOMICIDE BY NECESSITY: THE FUTURE 182 CONCLUSION 183
Food and Families' Socioeconomic Status

This paper explores the relationship between food expenditures and consumption patterns and families' socioeconomic status in the United States. Three themes follow through the paper. One is that as income rises over time and across socioeconomic groups, a smaller percent of that income is spent of food. Simultaneously, a larger percent of the food dollar buys services and food preparation moves farther away from the home. Second, characteristics of people like age and ethnicity contribute to diversity in food consumption but labor force participation by women has led the trend in away-from-home-food preparation. New scientific information and technology have changed attitudes about nutrition and food safety and their linkages to health. Finally, the continuous introduction of affordable new foods into the diet and culture of families in all socioeconomic groups has been a quiet evolution. Trying to differentiate socioeconomic groups in the United States by their food and nutritional status is almost a nonstory except for fascinating intragroup diversities that change rapidly in the postmodern society.
Using Mixed Personal Growth Groups to Reduce Biases With Same-Sex Couples

Counselors serve numerous multicultural clients, such as individuals in same-sex relationships. However, some counselors-in-training (students) are reluctant to provide therapy to same-sex couples (SSCs). This article provides counselor education programs with creative guidelines/strategies for students to work with SSCs. Specifically, this article recommends a mixed personal growth group for counselors-in-training to develop better social-relational capabilities and multicultural sensitivity/awareness.
Protective Effects of Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol on the In Vitro Oxidation of Equine Erythrocytes Caused by Extracts of Wilted Red Maple Leaves

Abstract Red maple leaf toxicosis in horses is a debilitating condition. Horses which ingest wilted leaves of red maple, as well as those of silver and sugar maple, experience depression, lethargy, pale mucous membranes, and brown discoloration of plasma and urine due to severe oxidation of erythrocytes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of equine dietary supplementation with the antioxidants ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on hemolysis and methemoglobin production of erythrocytes when challenged by extracts of wilted red maple leaves in bioassays. Horses were assigned to one of four groups which received either (1) no dietary supplement, (2) ascorbic acid, (3) α-tocopherol, or (4) both ascorbic ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol for 12 weeks. At weeks 1, 12, and 24 after starting supplementation, blood samples were collected from horses and incubated with either 0 or 75 μL of leaf extract. Hemolysis and methemoglobin production were determined based on spectrophotometry. After 12 weeks of ascorbic acid supplementation, percentage hemolysis and methemoglobin production were significantly reduced in blood samples incubated with 75 μL of leaf extract. In contrast, only percentage hemolysis was significantly reduced after 12 weeks of α-tocopherol supplementation. After 24 weeks, values for percentage hemolysis and methemoglobin had returned to their baseline levels after termination of supplementation at week 12. The combination of both supplements did not significantly reduce hemolysis or methemoglobin production. These results suggest that daily dietary supplements of ascorbic acid (and to a lesser degree α-tocopherol) have the potential to lessen the effects of erythrocyte oxidation which occurs during red maple leaf toxicosis.
Possible long‐acting risperidone‐induced hypothermia precipitating phenytoin toxicity in an elderly patient

Summary What is known and Objective: Thermodysregula-tion, including hypothermia, is recognized as a potential adverse effect secondary to atypical antipsychotics. We report the first known case of hypothermia possibly associated with long-acting risperidone depot injection, precipitating further adverse events secondary to supratherapeutic phenytoin concentrations. Case summary: A 75-year-old African-American female presented as a transfer from an outpatient psychiatric center with hypothermia (35·1 °C), bradycardia, altered mental status and a series of witnessed tonic-clonic seizures. The patient was discovered to be profoundly neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count = 266 × 109/L) and a corrected phenytoin concentration was 147·708 μm. During the 3 months preceding admission, phenytoin dosing was stable and consecutive therapeutic concentrations were documented. The only recent change in medication regimen was a switch from oral risperidone to the long-acting injectable formulation. Upon discontinuation of the risperidone and phenytoin, the patient’s mental status and laboratory abnormalities returned to baseline. The patient did not experience additional seizure activity. What is new and Conclusion: This unintentional significant drop in core body temperature may have resulted in altered metabolism of phenytoin leading to supratherapeutic concentrations and subsequent tonic-clonic seizures, bradycardia and neutropenia. Low core body temperatures can alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of hepatically metabolized medications, prompting careful patient assessment especially in those receiving medications with a narrow-therapeutic index. Hypothermia should be recognized as a potential adverse event with the long-acting injectable formulation of risperidone.
Health care and the poor: psychological implications of restrictive policies.

Medicaid proposals increasingly focus on cost-saving strategies that restrict clients' control over where and when they may receive services. This study used a field experiment in an urban welfare office to examine the possible effects of two aspects of restrictive policies: the loss of choice of providers and adverse patient mix (i.e., when the majority of a provider's clients are Medicaid beneficiaries). Results indicate that health care presented within the context of not having a choice is derogated and that choice and patient mix combine to influence intentions to seek care. Persons who did not choose the health plan in a simulated choice, who had fewer choices than expected, and who did not accept restricted choice also had negative perceptions.
Instrumentation and data processing

Two recent developments in seismometry allow the study of seismic phenomena over a broad period range. Block and Moore [1970] developed a quartz accelerometer with the required stability and sensitivity to record seismic waves as well as earth tides. The instrument, especially useful at periods greater than 80 sec, recorded free oscillations of the earth associated with an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 [Block et al., 1970]. Pomeroy et al. [1969] described three-component wide-band long-period seismographs that operate at maximum magnifications up to 500,000 in the period range of 30 to 60 sec. Relatively noise-free output at these magnifications was achieved by using rigid environmental control (i.e., an air-tight chamber in a deep mine). A displacement transducer output on the same instrumentation permits concurrent recording of the solid-earth tides.
Photochemical sources of non-thermal neutrals for the exosphere of Titan

Abstract Photochemical sources of non-thermal neutrals for the exosphere of Titan are evaluated. Non-thermal atom and molecule production for a number of neutral species results from the ionospheric chemistry. Neutral thermosphere and ionosphere density profiles and the chemical reaction scheme presented by Keller et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 97 , 12117, 1992) are used to calculate non-thermal neutral production rates for 19 species with masses ranging from 13 to 65 amu. The number of chemical processes included in this analysis was 47, although most turn out to be rather unimportant. Escape rates for different species are also estimated. The estimated global atmospheric loss of nitrogen atoms, in any form, is S N = 2.5 × 10 25 s −1 . The estimated global atmospheric loss of carbon atoms, in any form, ranges from S C = 1.7 × 10 25 to 4 × 10 25 s −1 , depending on the assumptions made, with the smaller value being more likely.
Design of binary subwavelength diffractive lenses by use of zeroth-order effective-medium theory

A procedure for designing binary diffractive lenses by use of pulse-width-modulated subwavelength features is discussed. The procedure is based on the combination of two approximate theories, effective-medium theory and scalar diffraction theory, and accounts for limitations on feature size and etch depth imposed by fabrication. We use a closed-form expression based on zeroth-order effective-medium theory to map the desired superwavelength phase to the width of a binary subwavelength feature and to examine the requirements imposed by this technique on fabrication and on analysis. Comparisons are also made to more rigorous approaches. In making these comparisons, we show that a trade-off exists between the exactness of the mapping and the fabrication constraints on the minimum feature.
Platelet hyperaggregability in patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries

Forty-one patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries were studied for platelet abnormalities. Patients with conditions known or suspected to be associated with chest pain or platelet dysfunction were excluded. After coronary angiography and 2-week withdrawal from all medications, platelet aggregometry was performed using peripheral venous plasma samples and 3 concentrations of adenosine diphosphate, 2.34, 1.17 and 0.58 μM, and epinephrine, 11, 1.1 and 0.55 μM, as stimuli. Platelet morphology in response to surface contact (adhesion) was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy to determine the percentage of platelets in the round/abortive (inactive), dendritic (intermediate) and spread (activated) forms. Plasma specimens obtained from healthy volunteers of similar age and sex were analyzed in parallel and served as control subjects. Compared with control subjects, patients had increased aggregation at all concentrations of both adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine (p < 0.001). Patients also had fewer platelets in the dendritic form and more in the round/abortive and spread forms. Thus, patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries have platelet hyperaggregability in vitro, although the clinical relevance of this finding is unclear.
The family and drug misuse: a bibliography.

Increasing interest in family factors in the genesis and maintenance of nonalcoholic drug misuse and dependence has resulted in the generation of a large number of publications, particularly since 1973. In addition, a growing number of investigators working in drug abuse areas which have not primarily been family focused, have begun to include more relevant family information in their research efforts. Thus the overall size of the body of literature has increased exponentially. In fact, at least 14 attempts to review or list this literature have been published to date. However, these have limitations, either because they are no longer up-to-date or because they only address circumscribed aspects of the field. The purpose of this paper will be to provide as complete and current a bibliographic listing as possible of the reports which have emerged in the area up through early 1978.
The Social Construction of Morality Reconsidered: A Christian Interactionist Perspective

This article discusses the notion of a divinely informed, socially constructed morality against the backdrop of the incarnation of Christ. The idea is developed within a discussion of various conceptual variants of morality, and concludes with an elaboration of its relevance to Christian education.
COMPARISON OF SULFATE REDUCTION RATES IN LABORATORY MICROCOSMS, FIELD MESOCOSMS, AND IN SITU AT LITTLE ROCK LAKE, WISCONSIN

ABSTRACT Model systems examine the effect of several treatments simultaneously, but how well do they simulate natural lake systems? In our studies at Little Rock Lake, Wis., we measured sediment–water fluxes of sulfate in laboratory sediment–water microcosms, in situ limnocorrals, and the whole lake. Treatments in the laboratory sediment–water microcosm experiment included sediment type, temperature, pH, and [SO4 2 –]; sulfate fluxes were determined by mass balance. Treatments in the field mesocosms (4 m diameter × 1.5 m depth, open to sediment) included (in duplicate): control (pH 6.0), pH 5., 5.0, and 4.5 (H2SO4) and pH 5.0 (HCl). Weekly additions of acid maintained treatment pH throughout the summer. Results from these experimental systems are compared with sulfate fluxes measured in the lake (by porewater profiles and a whole-lake budget). Potential problems associated with experimental systems are discussed in the context of these experiments.
Atom Michelson Interferometer on a Chip Using a Bose-Einstein Condensate

An atom Michelson interferometer is implemented on an ``atom chip.'' The chip uses lithographically patterned conductors and external magnetic fields to produce and guide a Bose-Einstein condensate. Splitting, reflecting, and recombining of condensate atoms are achieved by a standing-wave light field having a wave vector aligned along the atom waveguide. A differential phase shift between the two arms of the interferometer is introduced by either a magnetic-field gradient or with an initial condensate velocity. Interference contrast is still observable at 20% with an atom propagation time of 10 ms.
Commentary on Rushton's Mongoloid-Caucasoid differences in brain size

Abstract Rushton's article claiming that Mongoloids have relatively greater brain size than Caucasoids is reanalyzed. The results reveal that the use of means across 24 military samples rather than individual values within each sample grossly inflates the influence of body weigth on relative brain size. The Caucasoids in this sample have larger absolute cranial capacity and body weight than the Mongoloids. Only after applying an inappropriate statistical correction for body weight does the relative brain-size advantage in Mongoloids emerge. The lighter North American Caucasoids, in comparison to the heavier Caucasoid samples, also have significantly greater relative cranial capacity. Because the relative brain-size pattern can be reproduced within the Caucasoids simply by dividing them according to body weight, there is no justification for claiming a relative brain-size difference between races.
A comparison of the distribution and electron acceptor specificities of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.

1. 1. Tissue extracts of species from eight animal phyla were assayed for the two closely related enzymes, xanthine oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.2) and aldehyde oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.1). 2. 2. Species differences in the levels of aldehyde oxidase activity were much more pronounced than those of xanthine oxidase, although both enzymes were detected throughout much of the animal kingdom and were found to be mainly concentrated in liver and intestine. 3. 3. With aldehyde oxidase from most species, ferricyanide but not NAD+, was an efficient electron acceptor. 4. 4. With xanthine oxidase, three electron acceptor specificity patterns were found among the xanthine oxidases studied. 5. 5. Pattern I [NAD+>ferricyanide>O2] was found with the enzymes from the bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds. 6. 6. Pattern II [ferricyanide>NAD+>O2] was common among the mammals but was also found with a few of the amphibians and reptiles studied. 7. 7. Pattern III [ferricyanide>O2>NAD+] was found only with some mammals, including man.
Comparing Dementia Diagnostic Methods Used with People with Intellectual Disabilities

Accurate detection of dementia in adults with intellectual disabilities is important for clinical care, program planning, and clinical research. This paper reports on a study that examined two major diagnostic methods that varied in the following ways: (1) the extent to which they relied on clinical judgment; (2) the statistical method used to detect declines; and (3) the sensitivity to declines in functioning. Two methods based on testing were compared with one based on clinical judgment. Data were drawn from annual sequential assessments of 168 adults with intellectual disabilities (78 with Down syndrome and 90 with other etiologies). Agreement between testing and clinical judgment methods was 72–75% depending on testing method used. Clinical judgment produced a higher rate of dementia diagnosis for adults with Down syndrome compared with testing methods, suggesting a possible bias. The authors found that diagnostic criteria were useful both for identifying dementia and for describing its characteristics. Our results suggest that clinical judgment could result in a higher number of adults with Down syndrome diagnosed with dementia than methods based on test batteries. Common results across research studies indicate that combinations of sources of information (interviews/direct testing) would be most useful for dementia diagnosis. Future collaboration across research sites is needed to promote rapid progress in this important area, with emphasis on differential diagnosis.
Low concentration biomolecular detection using liquid core photonic crystal fiber (LCPCF) SERS sensor

This work demonstrates the use of a highly sensitive Liquid Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (LCPCF) Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) sensor in detecting biological and biochemical molecules. The Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) probe was prepared by carefully sealing the cladding holes using a fusion splicer while leaving the central hollow core open, which ensures that the liquid mixture of the analyte and silver nanoparticles only fills in the hollow core of the PCF, therefore preserving the photonic bandgap. The dependence of the SERS signal on the excitation power and sample concentration was fully characterized using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules. The result shows that the LCPCF sensor has significant advantages over flat surface SERS detections at lower concentrations. This is attributed to the lower absorption at lower concentration leading to a longer effective interaction length inside the LCPCF, which in turn, results in a stronger SERS signal. Several biomolecules, such as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and alpha-synuclein, which are indicators of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease, respectively, and fail to be detected directly, are successfully detected by the LCPCF sensor. Our results demonstrate the potential of the LCPCF SERS sensor for biomedical detection at low concentrations.
Methylation of Nicotinamide in Patients with Pernicious Anemia

SummaryAdministration of nicotinamide to four patients with pernicious anemia results in the urinary excretion of approximately 20% of the compound as the methylated derivative. The levels of N1-methylnicotin-amide are similar before and after therapy. The methylation of nicotinamide, under the conditions here employed, cannot be used as an index of the nutritional adequacy of vit. B12 or folic acid.
Parzival's Pericardial Puncture

Excerpt According to Kotte and McGuire (1) aspiration of the pericardium was first performed in 1819 by Romero. But I believe the procedure was described at least 600 years earlier—inParzival, the ...
Carbonate sedimentation beneath the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during the late Quaternary

Abstract Calcium-carbonate content and planktonic foraminiferal fragmentation have been studied in four late Quaternary “Eltanin” piston cores (E48-22, E48-28, E49-18 and E49-23) taken from the Southeast Indian Ridge between 3200 and 3400 m waterdepth beneath the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The calcium-carbonate records in the two southernmost cores, E49-18 and E49-23, show distinct glacial—interglacial cycles, with the glacial intervals and intermediate cool intervals having low carbonate values relative to the interglacial times. However, the carbonate records of E48-22 and E48-28 are largely independent of the paleoclimatic records, and may be influenced by input of volcanic ash from the St. Paul or Amsterdam Islands located less than 700 km upwind of the cores. Planktonic formainiferal fragmentation, considered to be a dissolution index, indicates that dissolution generally increased during glacial intervals relative to the interglacial intervals in E49-18 and E49-23. In E48-22 and E48-28, the dissolution records do not follow glacial—interglacial patterns, but instead dissolution was greatest during oxygen isotope stage 9, the stage 9 8 boundary, the early part of stage 8, and during stage 7. No relationship exists between benthonic formainiferal changes and the fragmentation records in three cores (E48-22, E48-28 and E49-23), indicating that deep-water circulation changes had minimal or no influence on these dissolution records. However, in E49-18 the benthonic foraminiferal and the dissolution records are closely matched from oxygen isotope stages 12 to 5 ( t = ∼440,000–120,000 yrs B.P.). Deep-water circulation changes may have influenced the dissolution record in E49-18, or the two variables may be unrelated, but may have independently responded to glacial—interglacial climatic changes.
THE LOCALIZATION OF GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLANDS OF RATSINVESTIGATED BY DIFFERENTIAL PROTEIN SOLUBILITIES, HISTOLOGICAL STAINS AND BIO-ASSAYS12

ONE of the physical properties of proteins, that of differential solubility, is not usually taken advantage of when the routine methods of fixation are used prior to histological or histochemical staining procedures. However, it should be possible to expose a tissue containing a mixture of proteins to a reagent in which some of the proteins were denatured and rendered insoluble, while other soluble proteins were not denatured and were extracted. Because of the reversibility of denaturation with some reagents and because solvents are employed in the preparation of tissue sections, it is possible to use a second fixative containing a reagent that will combine with the proteins which were not extracted, precipitating them irreversibly so that they can be subsequently stained. In this manner, it should be possible to extract certain proteins from a mixture of proteins in a tissue, following which comparison of stained sections of the extracted tissue with sections of the same tissue in which all the proteins ...
Policing for Homeland Security: Policy & Research

Since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, Federal, State and local governments have increasingly moved toward establishing Homeland Security as an institutional response to not only the threat of future terrorist attacks, but as a means of preparing and responding to natural disasters. Every plan at every level has stated that a critical element to any Homeland Security program is the local police and sheriff's departments. What specifically the police are to do under the concepts of Homeland Security has been unclear and poorly communicated and departments across the country have responded very differently from one another. To date, research in the area of Policing and Homeland Security has been lacking. This article addresses that deficiency, introduces the collection of research articles contained within this special issue of Criminal Justice Policy Review, and establishes an agenda for future research.
Residual strength of cylindrical elements with cracks healed by using the injection technology

We obtain an approximate analytic solution of the problem of filled cracklike defect in a cylinder and determine the degree of hardening of a cylindrical structural element containing a crack filled with injection material. The parameters specifying the efficiency of injection strengthening are established. The results of experimental verification confirm the theoretical predictions concerning the possibility of strengthening of structural elements by the injection technologies of healing the defects.
TEST TAKERS' ATTITUDES ABOUT THE TOEFL IBT™

The principal aims of this study, a conceptual replication of an earlier investigation of the TOEFL® computer-based test, or TOEFL CBT, in Buenos Aires, Cairo, and Frankfurt, were to assess test takers' reported acceptance of the TOEFL Internet-based test, or TOEFL iBT™, and its associations with possible determinants of this acceptance and with test performance; evaluate differences in the pattern of results for test takers from different countries; and compare the findings with those for the TOEFL CBT. A questionnaire concerning attitudes about the test and other relevant variables was administered by the Internet to TOEFL iBT examinees in 4 diverse countries with large testing volumes: China, Colombia, Egypt, and Germany. Overall attitudes about the TOEFL iBT were moderately positive in most countries, but neutral in Germany; attitudes about the Listening and Writing sections of the test were uniformly favorable in every country; but attitudes about the Speaking section were consistently less favorable in all countries and were unfavorable in Germany and Colombia. Attitudes about the test had similar patterns of relationships in the 4 countries: moderate correlations with attitudes about admissions tests in general, slight and inconsistent correlations with TOEFL performance and computer anxiety, and minimal correlations with other variables. All in all, these results were very similar to those in the earlier investigation, with 1 exception: the previous study found uniformly moderate positive attitudes about the TOEFL CBT in the 3 countries surveyed.
NATURE OF THE ACTION CURRENT IN NITELLA: VI. SIMPLE AND COMPLEX ACTION PATTERNS

The experiments indicate that the protoplasm of Nitella consists of an aqueous layer W with an outer non-aqueous surface layer X and an inner non-aqueous surface layer Y. The potential at Y is measured by the magnitude of the action curve and the potential at X by the distance from the top of the action curve to the zero line. These potentials appear to be due chiefly to diffusion potentials caused by the activity gradients of KCl across the non-aqueous layers X and Y. The relative mobilities of K(+) and Cl(-) in X and in Y can be computed and an estimate of the activity of KCl in W can be made. In the complete resting state the mobilities of K(+) and Cl(-) in X are not very different from those in Y. The action curve is due to changes in Y which suddenly becomes very permeable, allowing potassium to move from the sap across Y into W, and thus losing its potential. A gradual loss may be due to changes in ionic mobility in Y. When recovery is incomplete and Y has not yet regained its normal potential a stimulus may cause a loss of the potential at Y giving an action curve of small magnitude. The magnitude may vary in successive action curves giving what is called a complex pattern in contrast to the simple pattern observed when recovery is complete and all the action curves are alike. Complex patterns occur chiefly in cells treated with reagents. Untreated cells usually give simple patterns. A variety of complex action patterns is discussed. It is evident that the cells of Nitella show much more variation than such highly specialized cells as muscle and nerve which give stereotyped responses. In some cases it may be doubtful whether the all-or-none law holds.
β2-microglobulin-deficient mice demonstrate class II MHC restricted anti-viral CD4+ but not CD8+ CTL against influenza-sensitized autologous splenocytes

Abstract Mice transgenic for β2-microglobulin gene deletion ( β 2 M − − ) can clear respiratory pathogens but at a slower rate than control mice. How these mice eliminate virus is not known, but the process is believed to involve CD4+ T cells. Recent studies from other laboratories have suggested a role for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in both recognition of β2M deficient cells by allogeneic mice and rejection of MHC-incompatible tumor cells by β 2 M − − mice. After influenza inoculation, we found no evidence for anti-influenza CD8 CTL activity from the lungs or spleens of β 2 M − − mice. Anti-influenza CD4+, class-II restricted CTL activity was demonstrated from both the lungs and spleens. We next used mitogen-stimulated splenocytes from β 2 M − − mice for targets in an in vitro CTL assay. This method for determining MHC class II CTL activity showed that the lungs and spleens of influenza-infected β 2 M − − mice contained precursors to CD4+, but not CD8+, effector CTLs. The data indicate that CD8+ CTLs have no role in anti-viral activity in β 2 M − − mice. Development of anti-tumor CTLs and anti-viral CTLs may arise via different mechanisms.
Economic integration, market discipline and productivity growth in Spain

This paper explores the changes on productivity growth, economies of scale and market discipline experienced by a selected number of Spanish manufacturing industries as a result of the 1986 – 92 integration of Spain into the European Union. Since the intra-union trade liberalization process spanned a seven-year, multi-stage, adhesion period we employ a model with a smooth transition variable to account fully for its impact. An additional model that uses separate sets of dummy variables captures differences in the regression estimates during the transitional and liberalized periods. In both model specifications we find strong evidence of increases in returns to scale and reductions in producers' mark-ups, whereas productivity growth increases are found to be small and uneven.
Modular invariance and bosonic constructions

Abstract Pairs of bosonized conformal energy-momentum tensors are combined into energy-momentum tensors of modular invariant conformal field theories of integer conformal anomaly. Either both of these energy-momentum tensors define modular invariant rational conformal field theories or neither of them does. Characters of extended algebras of the two theories are calculable in terms of classical theta functions.
Estimation of Stroke Volume in the Dog by a Pulse Contour Method

A method for estimating the stroke volume (SV) from the systolic area of a single-channel record of the central aortic pressure has been tested in 12 anesthetized open-chest dogs. The formula used was SV = K·Psa·(1 + Ts/Td), where Psa is the area under the systolic part of the curve above end-diastolic pressure, Ts and Td are the durations of systole and diastole, respectively, and K is an arbitrary constant derived from measurement of an initial SV by electromagnetic flowmeter in each dog and used thereafter without change, in that dog. In the 12 dogs, 541 simultaneous determinations of SV by the pressure contour and electromagnetic flowmeter methods were compared under normal and altered circulatory conditions employing 12 different interventions. The total range of SV was 2.4 to 28.1 ml, of heart rate 35 to 207/min, and of mean arterial pressure 24 to 166 mm Hg. The overall correlation coefficient (r) was 0.928 with a regression line y = 1.04x + 0.21 ml (SE) of estimate, ±17.4%. Except for three sympathomimetic drugs, the r values for all other interventions ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. These observations compare favorably with those of previously reported pulse contour methods. The windkessel origin of the formula is noted, and a new derivation from a modification of the "water-hammer" equation is given.
Mild Hyperthermia Synergistically Enhances Killing Of Malignant Cells By The Cationic Photosensitizer EDKC: Implications For A "Selective Photo-Hyperthermic Therapy"

Cationic dyes such as EDKC, which preferentially accumulate in malignant cell mitochondria, permit selective photodamage and dark toxicity to these organelles. The resultant inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and decrease in intracellular ATP should strongly potentiated thermal injury, even at temperatures which are relatively innocuous by themselves. In human squamous carcinoma (FaDu), murine melanoma (B-16) or non-malignant monkey kidney (CV-1) cells, we examined the effect of combining treatment with EDKC ± light together with mild, 42°C hyperthermia. Heat alone for up to 60 min had no effect on any of the cell lines, and EDKC + light + heat was not toxic to the non-malignant CV-1 cells. Hyperthermia synergistically enhanced photodamage in malignant cells, with survival decreasing more than 200-fold after 20 min of heat to B-16 cells or 60 min to FaDu cells. The heating also increased dark toxicity of the dye, decreasing survival of FaDu cells by more than 10-fold after treatment with 10-7 M EDKC and 60 minutes at 42°C. The sequence of application of light and heat was important, with much greater synergy for heat after irradiation.
Hybrid organic/inorganic coatings produced using a dual-cure mechanism

A coating precursor containing both acrylate functionality and trimethoxysilane functionality was produced by reacting bisphenol-A glycerolate diacrylate with 3-isocyanatopropyltimethoxysilane. With this precursor, two different crosslinked networks can be produced. A polyacrylate network can be produced using a radiation-cure mechanism while a polysiloxane network can be produced by hydrolysis and condensation reactions involving the trimethoxysilane groups. The objective of the study was to determine the utility of this dual-cure system for generating rapid-cure coatings for corrosion protection. Coating properties were determined as a function of cure conditions. The results of the study showed that the formation of siloxane crosslinks was significantly hindered by the crosslinked network induced by the UV-curing process. Even though the overall conversion of trimethoxysilane groups to siloxane crosslinks was relatively low, coating barrier properties were significantly enhanced and coating free volume reduced. At ambient conditions, additional crosslinking occurring through siloxane bond formation increased within the first 4 days after UV-curing. Beyond this period, siloxane bond formation remained unchanged as did coating properties.
Lessening Chemotherapy Side Effects With Lifestyle Medicine

An estimated 1.5 million Americans were newly diagnosed with cancer in 2011. Chemotherapy medications are a common and effective treatment modality for many types of cancers. However, the side effects of many chemotherapy agents are debilitating and negatively affect the quality of life of the individuals receiving the treatment. Several options are available that can help lessen the severity of chemotherapy side effects, some of which are lifestyle medicine related. This review article provides details about lifestyle medicine strategies such as proper nutrition, physical activity, sleep, stress reduction, and hydration in the context of mitigating some of the most common side effects related to chemotherapy treatment.
The Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve (PARTNER) Trial: The View of a Cardiologist

The Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial randomized inoperable patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS) to medical therapy versus transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in 1 arm (PARTNER B) and high-surgical-risk AS patients to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) versus TAVR in the other arm (PARTNER A).1,2 TAVR was far superior to medical therapy in PARTNER B, and TAVR had a mortality similar to that of SAVR in PARTNER A. The impact of PARTNER is hard to overestimate. It was an elegant randomized trial in an area of cardiology noted for its dearth of such trials.3 It reiterated the gravity of symptomatic AS and demonstrated the power of a previously unavailable therapy for AS, yet it also expressed caution in the application of this exciting new therapy. The very fact that PARTNER was a randomized, controlled trial is by itself noteworthy. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease are unique among all of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines in that only a single recommendation (balloon mitral valvotomy for mitral stenosis) was based on a Level of Evidence A (0.3% of the total). Seventy-five percent of the recommendations were supported by only a Level of Evidence C (consensus of opinion). Although a half-million patients with coronary disease and/or heart failure have been enrolled in randomized controlled trials, only a hundredth of that number have been enrolled in randomized controlled trials aimed at therapy for valvular heart disease. Thus, PARTNER by itself increases the number of randomized valve patients by ≈17%. PARTNER vitiates many of the reasons given to explain why until now so few patients have been randomized—too hard to recruit, high variability in therapeutic techniques, too expensive, etc—by showing that such …
The physical dependence liability of butorphanol: a comparative study with morphine.

Abstract In these studies, the physical dependence liability of butorphanol, a mixed ‘agonist/antagonist” opioid analgesic, was compared to that of morphine. Male, Sprague—Dawley rats received i.c.v. infusions of saline (1 μl/h), or an equimolar dose of butorphanol or morphine (52.3 nmol/h) for 3 days. The physical dependence liabilities of these two compounds were then compared by assessing both behavioral withdrawal signs and weight loss following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Body weight loss was also evaluated following abrupt (cessation of infusion) withdrawal from butorphanol or morphine. In animals receiving i.c.v. infusions of butorphanol or morphine, naloxone administration (5 mg/kg s.c.) induced an equivalent degree of body weight loss compared to saline-treated animals. In addition, the ed 50 of naloxone to produce wet shakes, escape behavior, teeth chattering, urination and defecation was equivalent in rats receiving butorphanol or morphine. Infusions of butorphanol or morphine also produced an equivalent degree of weight loss in animals undergoing abrupt withdrawal. These results demonstrate then that a substantial degree of physical dependence had developed in rats which received a large dose of butorphanol.
A model of crystal plasticity containing a natural length scale

A crystal plasticity model is developed which is embedded with a natural length scale. The model is developed within the framework of Coleman-Gurtin thermodynamics of internal state variables. The normal multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient utilized in crystal plasticity is expanded to add an extra degree of freedom. The internal state variables introduced in the free energy include the elastic strain associated with the statistically stored dislocations, and the curvature, which is derived from the continuum theory of dislocations. In this theory, the curvature is the curl of the elastic rotation associated with the polar decomposition of the elastic deformation gradient. This leads to an internal stress field that results from the presence of geometrically necessary dislocations and possesses an inherent length scale, in addition to the normal mechanical resistance that is proportional to the square root of the statistically stored dislocations. A crystal plasticity model incorporating these internal stresses is implemented into a FEM code. The results of the models prediction of the formation of misoriented cells, whose size is determined by the length scale of the model, as well as the prediction of the gradients of misorientation at the interface of the two cells is compared with bi-crystal experiments on Aluminum. During the compression of these bi-crystals, the dislocation patterns that develop encompass local lattice rotations or cells of misorientation that have a hierarchical of length scales. Therefore, the kinematics of the model are generalized to include an additional rotational degree of freedom, and additional tensor state variables are derived from the kinematics. This model has many similarities with the multipolar dislocation/disclination theory of Eringen and Claus and may be viewed as a finite deformation extension of that theory. The relationship of this model, which now has multiple length scales, to existing deformation theory type of strain gradient models is then discussed, and the length scales are related to actual physical mechanisms.
A biomass estimate over the harvard forest using field measurements with radar and lidar data

The National Research Council's decadal survey recommended DESDynI as one of the high priority missions for NASA. The mission envisions an InSAR/Lidar instrument for observing ecosystem structures on global scales with high spatial resolutions. Consistent and highly resolved global maps of biomass and carbon stocks require highly accurate observations of vegetation, in fact it is expected that such accuracies would require a combination of the high vertical precision of Lidar observations and the large spatial extent of SAR/InSAR measurements. Here we analyze radar backscatter data along with biomass estimates from a field campaign conducted in the Harvard forest in Massachusetts, USA.
Regulation of Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca Release by Luminal (Ca) and Altered Gating Assessed with a Mathematical Model

Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is initialized by the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to a sudden increase in local cytosolic [Ca] ([Ca]i) within the junctional cleft. We have tested the hypothesis that functional ryanodine receptor (RyR) regulation plays a major role in the regulation of myocyte Ca. A mathematical model with unique characteristics was used to simulate Ca homeostasis. Specifically, the model was designed to accurately represent the SR [Ca]-dependence of release from a variety of experimentally produced data sets. The simulated data for altered RyR Ca sensitivity demonstrated a regulatory feedback loop that resulted in the same release at lower [Ca]SR. This suggests that the primary role of myocyte RyR regulation may be to decrease SR [Ca] without decreasing the size of the [Ca]i transient. The model results suggest that this action moderates the increased SR [Ca] observed with adrenergic stimulation and may keep the [Ca]SR below the threshold for delayed afterdepolarizations and arrhythmia. However, increased Ca affinity of the RyR increased the probability of delayed afterdepolarizations when heart failure was simulated. We conclude that RyR regulation may play a role in preventing arrhythmias in healthy myocytes but that the same regulation may have the opposite effect in chronic heart failure.
Coronary collateral circulation and myocardial blood flow reserve.

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of collateral circulation on myocardial blood flow (MBF) reserve (ability to increase myocardial blood flow with a stress that increases myocardial oxygen requirements). One hundred patients had MBF measured at rest and after isoproterenol. After classification by anatomic severity of coronary artery disease (CAI), the groups were further compared by presence or absence of collateral vessels, and whether the collaterals were intercoronary or bridge collaterals. Forty patients (group A) had no coronary artery disease demonstrated by cineangiography. The increase in MBF with isoproterenol for this group was 87% (P < 0.001). Fifteen patients (group B) had CAI of 175 or greater. These patients increased MBF 73% on infusion of isoproterenol, an insignificant difference from group A. Forty-five patients (group C) had CAI of 175 or less when an index of 300 represents no occlusive disease. Those with intercoronary collateral vessels (group C1, 2) were unable to incr...
The effect of sample matrix quenching on the measurement of trace uranium concentrations in aqueous solutions using kinetic phosphorimetry

Laser-induced kinetic phosphorimetry is an accurate, sensitive and rapid alternative to radiometric determination of natural and depleted uranium in aqueous solutions. This method offers detection limits below 10 ng/l U (2.5·10−4 Bq/l natural U) and a broad analytical range to 5 mg/l U (130 Bq/l natural U). For many samples, dilution is the only sample preparation required. However, because this technique infers uranyl concentrations from time-resolved phosphorescence intensities, results are dependent upon sample matrix constituents that affect the phosphorescence of the uranyl cation. This study examines the influence of cations, anions and ligands common to natural water, process and bioassay samples on the quenching of uranyl phosphorescence and the consequences for lower limits of detection and accuracy of measurements.
Behavior of embryonic chick heart cells in culture. 2. Cellular responses to epidermal growth factor and other growth signals.

Abstract Muscle cell-enriched primary cell cultures were prepared from 8-day embryonic chick heart ventricles (74% of these cells showed positive staining with anti-cardiac myosin antibody). To determine if Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) affects cardiac muscle cells, immunostaining and autoradiography were performed to find the Muscle Cell Labeling Index (MLI). MLI represents the proportion of cardiac myosin-positive cells that specifically incorporated [ 3 H]thymidine. The MLI for EGF-treated cells was 51%. Controls in Serum-free Nutrient Medium (SFNM) had a MLI of 34.5%. Combinations of growth signals also were tested. EGF, IGF-I (Insulin-like Growth Factor-I), or PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor) alone increased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in the cells. Adding IGF-I or PDGF simultaneously with EGF enhanced the response of the cells to EGF by increasing [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-β) alone was shown to have an inhibitory effect on [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, and when TGF-β was added together with EGF, it attenuated the stimulatory effect of EGF on [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation. Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate (PMA), a tumor promoter, alone had no effect on [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, but its addition suppressed the stimulatory effect of EGF when they were added simultaneously in the presence of 5% FBS. Developmental response of the heart cells to growth signals also was tested. Heart cells from 18-day embryos were used to test the effect of insulin and EGF. Although both insulin and EGF increased [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in heart cells from 8-day embryos, different responses to insulin and EGF occurred with heart cells from 18-day embryos. Whereas the heart cells from 18-day embryos still responded to EGF by increasing [ 3 Hjthymidine incorporation, they did not show a response to insulin as measured by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, suggesting that the loss of response of the heart cells to growth signals may occur at the receptor level. Further studies show that EGF, TGF-α. aFGF, and PDGF increased the total numbers of heart cells, and that aFGF and PDGF also increased the percentages of heart muscle cells.