cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Fidelity Physics Simulation-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Automotive Radar Target Classification Using Micro-Doppler

Detection and classification of vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists is a key requirement for the realization of fully autonomous vehicles. Radar-based classification of VRUs can be achieved by exploiting differences in the micro-Doppler signatures associated with VRUs. Specifically, machine learning (ML) algorithms can be trained to classify VRUs using the spectral content of radar signals. The performance of these models depends on the quality and quantity of the data used during the training process. Currently, data collection is typically done through measurements or low fidelity physics, primitive-based simulations. The feasibility of carrying out measurements to collect training data is typically limited by the vast amounts of data required and practicality issues when using VRUs like animals. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient, high fidelity physics-based simulation workflow that can be used to obtain a large quantity of spectrograms from the micro-Doppler signatures of VRUs. The simulations are conducted on full-scale VRU models with a 77 GHz, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar sensor model. Here, we collect the spectrograms of 4 targets; car, pedestrian, cyclist and dog at different speeds and angles-of-arrival. This data is then used to train a 5-layer convolutional neural network (CNN) that achieves nearly 100% classification accuracy after 5 epochs. Studies are conducted to investigate the impact of training data size, velocity and observation time window size on the accuracy of the CNN. Results from this study demonstrate how an accuracy of 95% can be realized using spectrograms obtained over a 0.2 s time window.
In situ spectral reflectance studies of tidal wetland grasses

Field measurements of wetland spectral canopy reflectance in the Landsat-MSS wavebands were correlated with biotic factors. The highest single band correlations were observed between visible (MSS Band 4: 0.5 to 0.6 micron and Band 5: 0.6 to 0.7 micron) canopy reflectance and the percentage, by weight, of live (green) vegetation in the canopies of Spartina alterniflora (salt marsh cordgrass), Spartina patens (salt meadow grass), and Distichlis spicata (spike grass). Infrared canopy reflectance displayed significant but weaker dependence on canopy parameters such as live and total biomass and canopy height. The Band 7 (0.8 to 1.1 microns)/Band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 micron) reflectance ratio was found to be highly correlated with green biomass for S. alterniflora. Highest spectral separability between the 'low marsh' S. alterniflora and the 'high marsh' Salt Hay (S. patens and D. spicata) communities in Delaware occurs during December.
Studies of learning to learn: VIII

This study investigated the acquisition of skills in response integration during the learning of lists with unfamiliar response terms. In the four experimental treatments Ss learned two successive lists of paired associates with numbers as stimuli and trigrams as responses. The two lists conformed to the A-B, C-D paradigm. The response terms were of either high (H) or low (L) meaningfulness. The four possible combinations of response-term meaningfulness in List 1 and List 2 were used: H-H, L-H, L-L, H-L. The control groups learned the same second lists as the experimental groups. In the first list of the control groups highly available English words (names of the days of the week) were the responses. Experimental and control Ss were yoked in the first-list phase of the procedure for purposes of equating the number of practice trials. The second list was learned significantly faster by the experimental than by the control groups. This difference in general transfer was obtained in the acquisition of both H and L lists. Prior L-list training tended to be more effective than prior H-list training but the differential effects of first-list meaningfulness were relatively small and confined to early transfer trials. The differences between the experimental and control groups failed to show an interaction of first-list and second-list meaningfulness. The results provide evidence for the acquisition of learning skills specific to a circumscribed class of materials. It is likely that these skills facilitate both the integration and association of novel responses.
Can Artificial Neural Networks Learn Language Models

Currently, N-gram models are the most common and widely used models for statistical language modeling. In this paper, we investigated an alternative way to build language models, i.e., using artificial neural networks to learn the language model. Our experiment result shows that the neural network can learn a language model that has performance even better than standard statistical methods.
Frequency dependent conductivity of CDW compounds

Complex conductivity measurements on TaS3, NbSe3 and (TaSe4)2I are reported in the frequency range of 100 Hz – 500 MHz. The low frequency response of the CDW system can be described by a power law frequency dependence with an exponent less than one. At higher frequencies a crossover to overdamped harmonic oscillators is observed and the data is fitted with a distribution of crossover frequencies.
Mobile Computing for Hospitals: Transition Problems

Mobile communication devices have an untapped potential to increase the quality of healthcare services. These devices can become the backbone for a new level of hospital service. This would include improved communications among medical and support staff, and increased patient monitoring using a whole new generation of RFIDs. Yet, problems come with the introduction of new technology, some anticipated, some not. This paper develops several hospital scenarios depicting possible problem areas in the conceptualizing, planning and design of future mobile networks.
Production of an Autoinhibitor by a Thermophilic Bacillus

Abstract Premature cessation of rapid, exponential growth and a low final cell yield were observed with a thermophilic bacillus in a glucose-mineral salts-vitamin medium. Restricted growth was not due to nutrient or oxygen limitation, to depressed pH, or to the physical effects of “crowding.” Glucose conversion to cellular material was efficient at a low glucose charge (0.1%), but decreased with increasing concentrations of glucose. The likelihood that an autoinhibitor(s) was being produced was considered. Further studies revealed that an autoinhibitor appeared in the culture supernatant fluid at the end of the exponential phase. The factor was soluble in 75% ethanol which precipitated a large amount of extracellular slime. The crude inhibitor in the alcohol filtrate was dialyzable and withstood 3 hr of incubation at pH 2 or 12, and 30 min of boiling.
Finance Case Teaching and the Business Core Courses

Case teaching accelerates the experience of students. In order for the acceleration to be even more effective, using the introductory financial management course as an example, the cases must include material from the business "core." This integration will provide a richer learning environment for students as it permits/requires acknowledgement and exploration of the common aspects of the core courses. In that way students will better understand the context in which business decisions are made. In addition, those important new developments that appear in finance are more efficiently transferred to students via case study. Behavioral finance is used herein as an example of how such integration may occur and the usefulness of this new emphasis as a clarifying influence upon the risk and return nature of finance, enhanced by the case method.
Clearing the Hurdles to Success in Teaching Computer Programming: Applying the Scientific Method to Improve Student Outcomes

Many recent articles advocate taking a scientific approach to teaching science and technology. Computer programming, while being one of the most valuable skills for science and technology workers, is one of the more challenging subjects for many postsecondary students. We present the results of an exploratory empirical study involving two sections of an introductory programming course taught by the same instructor in the same semester. Identical course material was presented at the same pace to both sections. The only difference was that one section received the lecture interspersed with hands-on examples while the other had the hands-on practice delayed until the end of the lecture. The data show that interspersing hands-on programming examples resulted in higher exam scores and a higher student retention rate than the section that worked the examples after the lecture.
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF AN n-DIMENSIONAL ANISOTROPIC OSCILLATOR IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD.

A set of exact solutions is found from the positive-definite HamiltonianH=1/2(pM−1p + [q,Aq]+ +qKq), whereM andK are symmetric, realn xn matrices and whereA is an arbitrary realn xn matrix. This Hamiltonian corresponds to an anisotropic harmonic oscillator in a uniform magnetic field. The method consists of solving a 2n-dimensional eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues provide the characteristic transition frequencies and the eigenvectors are used to construct annihilation and creation operatorsaj and aj+. The procedure is similar to Bogolyubov transformation. These eigenvectors are also used to re-express theq andp as linear combinations of theseaj and aj+. The ground-state function is found; in the appropriate gauge it is a real Gaussian function of theq.
The register of "complaint": psychiatric diagnosis and the discourse of grievance in the south Indian mental health encounter.

In the language of the medical file, “complaint” refers to the symptoms and ailments reported by the patient. In this article, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2004 and 2007 in the mental healthcare setting in South India to argue that the typology of “complaint” and the dialogic exchanges involved in its production mark a far wider catchment area for the allegations and grievances that circulate between patient, kin, clinician, and observing anthropologist. I propose the notion of the register of complaint as a hermeneutic for grappling with the emotionally charged, interactional processes of accusation, arbitration, and reportage that drive clinical modes of inquiry and evaluation in the South Indian mental health encounter. Ethnographic case studies suggest that grievance and accusation command both a vital directive force and evidentiary role in the social, moral, and emotional work of psychiatric diagnosis.[complaint, diagnosis, kinship and family, emotion, psychiatry, South India]
Pioneer contributions of Harris Hawthorne Wilder, Ph.D., to forensic sciences.

In his youth Harris Hawthorne Wilder developed interests in both zoology and human anatomy. Following graduate study in Germany (1886-1891), he was appointed professor of zoology at Smith College but retained his dual interests throughout his career. As a result, he was instrumental in introducing to American audiences two new European developments in human identification; dermatoglyphics and face reconstruction on skulls. The details of his contributions in these two areas, summarized here, establish him as an important pioneer in American forensic sciences.
On Doubting One's Intentions

Mr. C. H. Whiteley's recent note (Mind, January I971) in which he objects to a view I defended in 'Momentary Intentions' (Mind, January I968) is the occasion for me to clarify the position I had in mind. Part of the problem arises from my failure to make clear the scope of the claim: 'An expression of uncertainty whether one had an intention is senseless. ... Whether I did for a moment intend to deceive him is, for me, not open or closed to doubt' (p. io). I thought the context made it clear that the scope of this claim included only momentary intentions which were also what I called 'interpretative' intentions. Whiteley's argument against excluding doubt from all past momentary intentions does not contain a case of an interpretative intention for which doubt (or resolution of doubt) is possible. Whiteley cites three cases of doubting one's own intentions. The case of the absent-minded coffee pot fetcher is clear and unobjectionable. For a moment he may not remember and thus doubt what he meant to fetch. The case of the forgetful interviewer, who cannot remember whether he intended to reject both or only one of a pair of candidates for admission, is equally clearly a case of doubt about one's past intention. And the case of an interviewer who today cannot remember whether or not yesterday he intended to admit a certain candidate is unobjectionable. This seems to be because these are all cases of dated, past intentions, or else dated, past events in which one could well have formed an intention of the relevant sort. None of these cases is a case of a past, unheeded, momentary interpretative intention. That is, none is a case in which it did not then occur to one that he momentarily meant to do such-and-such in any of the relevant senses of 'occur to'; it did not occupy his thinking; he did not say to himself, and so on. Nonetheless, there seem to be cases of interpretative intentions in which a person later truthfully avows a previous, momentary intention. Here the intention has a special, interpretative role in making clear to others (and perhaps to the agent also) what he was doing in acting as he did or what was happening in the past situation he is now explaining. These avowals put the past in the right light, though they do not avow past 'mental occurrences'. But they are not fictions, since the whole past situation makes it possible for the agent to truthfully avow a past momentary, interpretative intention. Now, what would it mean to doubt momentary, interpretative intentions such as this? 'I think that for a moment I meant to deceive him' may even be an expression of such an intention. The argument that this is not an expression of doubt is that the thought-qualifier here expresses an unclear interpretative intention rather than a doubt about an intention. Similarly, 'For a moment I did mean to deceive him' expresses a clear or firm
SU-GG-I-46: Reconstruction of a Cone-Beam CT Image Via Forward Iterative Projection Matching

Purpose: This work is demonstrates the feasibility of reconstructing a cone‐beam CT(CBCT)image by deformably altering a prior fan‐beam CT (FBCT) such that it matches the anatomy portrayed in the cone‐beam projection data set. Method and Materials: The process is demonstrated via simulation using a numerical phantom as a source CTimage. A known deformation is applied to the phantom resulting in a deformed CTimage, and a cone‐beam projection data set is simulated and used as a target projection data set. A parameterized deformation model is applied to the source CTimage and digitally‐reconstructed radiographs(DRRs) are calculated. The DRRs are then compared to the target projection data set and the deformation model parameters are adjusted. This is repeated until the DRRs optimally match the target projections. The resultant deformation and deformed CTimage are then compared to the known deformation and known deformed CTimage. The sensitivity of the process to projection mismatch is explored by adding noise to the target projection data set and perturbing the contrast of the DRRs.Results: When there is no noise or contrast mismatch in the cone‐beam projection images, a set of 64 projections allows a known deformation to be reconstructed to within 2.84% nRMS error and the known CT to within a 1.79% nRMS error. Deformation errors of <6.5% and CT errors of <5% are sustained at levels of noise and DRRcontrast mismatch that exceed what would ordinarily be observed in real cone‐beam projections. Conclusion: By using prior knowledge available in a FBCT, we show that a CBCTimage can be iteratively reconstructed from cone‐beam projection images. Because the method preserves the CT numbers of the FBCT, the resulting 3D image intensities will be more accurate than a CBCTreconstructed via conventional back projection methods.
Water Relations in Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer: Wildfire Effects and Species Distinctions

An investigation of wildfire effects on water relations of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) along with species comparisons of the water relations of unburned specimens of this pine to those of unburned white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.) were conducted in a mixed conifer stand located in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Xylem water potentials were significantly lower in burned than in the unburned Jeffrey pine as measured in predawn, midday, and evening periods distributed over more than two postfire growing seasons, while soil water potentials were lower in burned than in unburned stand portions during the drier parts of the growing season, but the reverse proved true during the wetter part. Diurnal fluctuation in bole diameter, a measure of stored water recharge capacity, was largely unaffected by wildfire, however. Xylem water potentials were consistently lower in unburned white fir than in unburned Jeffrey pine and DBH fluctuation was often lower in the fir than in the pine as well, ...
MCARDLE'S DISEASE PRESENTING AS CONVULSION AND RHABDOMYOLYSIS.

Abstract A case of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) is presented in which a grand mal seizure occurred and was followed by myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsy disclosed severe rhabdomyolysis with early regeneration. The underlying diagnosis of McArdle's disease was established by enzyme histochemistry and the ischemic exercise test.
A Conditioning Lesion Provides Selective Protection in a Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Background: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to progressive motoneuron loss. The death of motoneuron is preceded by the failure of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and axonal retraction. Thus, to develop an effective ALS therapy you must simultaneously preserve motoneuron somas, motor axons and NMJs. A conditioning lesion has the potential to accomplish this since it has been shown to enhance neuronal survival and recovery from trauma in a variety of contexts. Methodology/Principal Findings: To test the effects of a conditioning lesion in a model of familial ALS we administered a tibial nerve crush injury to presymptomatic fALS G93A rats. We examined its effects on motor function, motoneuron somas, motor axons, and NMJs. Our experiments revealed a novel paradigm for the conditioning lesion effect. Specifically we found that the motor functional decline in fALS G93A rats that received a conditioning lesion was delayed and less severe. These improvements in motor function corresponded to greater motoneuron survival, reduced motor axonopathy, and enhanced NMJ maintenance at disease end-stage. Furthermore, the increased NMJ maintenance was selective for muscle compartments innervated by the most resilient (slow) motoneuron subtypes, but was absent in muscle compartments innervated by the most vulnerable (fast fatigable) motoneuron subtypes. Conclusions/Significance: These findings support the development of strategies aimed at mimicking the conditioning lesion effect to treat ALS as well as underlined the importance of considering the heterogeneity of motoneuron sub-types when evaluating prospective ALS therapeutics.
Environmental Mass Spectrometry in the North American Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program

The Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP) has served to protect the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America for decades. Top predator fish from each lake are employed as bioindicators of chemical stressors within each lake. While a vast database has been created for legacy contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, a recent programmatic shift has transformed GLFMSP into a more proactive new chemical discovery/screening endeavour to capture the burden of more contemporary chemicals in the environment. The transition prompted the need for advanced instrumentation and the evaluation of mass spectrometric approaches beyond traditional electron capture detection and unit mass resolution mass spectrometers. Here the advances in detection methods are documented and the current direction of the program in creating a living database of anthropogenic chemicals affecting Great Lakes fish is highlighted.
Young Children's Differentiation of Hypothetical Beliefs from Evidence.

The claim that preadolescent children fail to differentiate between hypothetical beliefs and evidence is investigated in 2 studies. First-and second-grade children were presented with 2 conflicting hypotheses and asked to choose an empirical test to decide between them. In Study 1, the majority of first graders and almost all second graders correctly chose a conclusive test. They elaborated the logic of such a test and distinguished it from an inconclusive test. There was no evidence that children of this age misinterpret the task of hypothesis testing as one of generating a desirable effect. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings; in a task that posed a genuine scientific problem, first and second graders spontaneously generated empirical procedures for gathering indirect evidence to decide between alternative hypotheses. Our results indicate that young elementary school children distinguish between the notions of “hypothetical belief” and “evidence.” These findings are discussed in light of their failure on other scientific thinking tasks.
Characterization of murine thymocyte subpopulations reacting with Dolichos bifloris agglutinin

Abstract Reactivity of murine thymocytes with the Dolichos bifloris agglutinin (DBA) was examined using flow cytometry. This agglutinin, which has nominal specificity for α-linked N -acetyl- d -galactosamine residues, labels 1–4% of unfractionated BALB/c thymocytes. Among thymocyte subpopulations identified on the basis of CD 4 CD 8 labeling, DBA bound to a substantial percentage of the CD4 − 8 − thymocyte subpopulation. In addition, small populations of thymocytes expressing CD4 and/or CD8 were also labeled with DBA, but with less intensity than seen on many CD4 − 8 − cells. Within the CD4 − 8 − thymocyte population, labeling with DBA was positively correlated with reactivity with J11d antibody, the expression of IL-2 receptor and high levels of the homing receptor molecule, MEL-14. Reactivity with DBA was negatively correlated with the expression of Lyt-1, Vβ8 TCR determinants, and CD3.
Connection between elastic moduli and thermal conductivities of anisotropic short fiber reinforced thermoplastics: theory and experimental verification

Abstract Cross-property connections for two phase composites derived recently by the authors are specified for short fiber reinforced thermoplastics. They are verified by comparison with experimental data on glass fiber reinforced composites available in literature. The comparison demonstrates a good agreement for the entire set of nine orthotropic constants with the exception of C 33 . The results make it possible to estimate anisotropic elastic constants from the conductivity measurements.
High-throughput backbone resonance assignment of small 13C,15N-labeled proteins by a triple-resonance experiment with four sequential connectivity pathways using chemical shift-dependent, apparent 1J(1H,13C): HNCACBcodedHAHB.

Abstract The proposed three-dimensional triple-resonance experiment HNCACB coded HAHB correlates sequential 15 N, 1 H moieties via the chemical shifts of 13 C α , 13 C β , 1 H α , and 1 H β . The four sequential correlation pathways are achieved by the incorporation of the concept of chemical shift-coding [J. Biomol. NMR 25 (2003) 281] to the TROSY-HNCACB experiment. The monitored 1 H α and 1 H β chemical shifts are then coded in the line shape of the cross-peaks of 13 C α , 13 C β along the 13 C dimension through an apparent residual scalar coupling, the size of which depends on the attached hydrogen chemical shift. The information of four sequential correlation pathways enables a rapid backbone assignment. The HNCACB coded HAHB experiment was applied to ∼85% labeled 13 C, 15 N-labeled amino-terminal fragment of Vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I comprising residues 1–77. After one day of measurement on a Bruker Avance 700 MHz spectrometer and 8 h of manual analysis of the spectrum 93% of the backbone assignment was achieved.
Dissecting FASD through the global transcriptome.

The recent study by Stepien, Lussier, Pavlidis, Kobor, and Weinberg demonstrates how prenatal alcohol exposure alters genomic expression far into the adulthood, and also provides a new view about how transcriptions might respond differently upon new environmental challenge. This study also provides a more comprehensive view by filling a gap of the global transcriptome analyses of FASD.
3s 2 –3s3p and 3s3p–3s3d transitions in magnesiumlike ions from Sr 26+ to Rh 33+

The 3s2 1S0–3s3p1P1, 3s3p1P1–3s3d1D2, and 3s3p3P2–3s3d3D3 transitions in seven Mg-like ions from Sr26+ to Rh33+ were observed with a laser-produced plasma and a 2.2-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. The wavelengths of the 3s2 1S0–3s3p1P1 transition are compared with tokamak observations and with theoretical values obtained with the relativistic random phase approximation.
RESPONDING TO THE LABOR MARKET: Matching Salaries and Paying for Training

The library manager is faced with innumerable personnel policy issues. Two questions that are impacted by labor market considerations are: If a valued professional receives an attractive offer from a competing institution should you match the offer? To what extent should training and professional development activities be paid for by the library, and to what extent should the employee bear the cost?
Perturbative inversion of the HOCl potential energy surface via singular value decomposition

Abstract A global, ab initio potential energy surface for HOCl [K.A. Peterson, S. Skokov, J.M. Bowman, J. Chem. Phys. (in press)] is corrected to exactly reproduce experimental vibrational energies for 22 known bound states, and rotational constants for 9 low-energy states. The ab initio potential is first `morphed' by means of coordinate scaling to substantially improve its accuracy. Then a small correction potential is determined by the inverse perturbation theory via the singular value decomposition method [Q. Wu, J.Z.H. Zhang, Chem. Phys. Lett. 252 (1996) 195]. The correction potential, expanded in the truncated basis set of distributed gaussian functions, is an analytical function of the coordinates, and yields results that are within 0.14 cm −1 of the experimental energies.
Biogenic uraninite precipitation and its reoxidation by iron(III) (hydr)oxides: A reaction modeling approach

Abstract One option for immobilizing uranium present in subsurface contaminated groundwater is in situ bioremediation, whereby dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria and/or sulfate-reducing bacteria are stimulated to catalyze the reduction of soluble U(VI) and precipitate it as uraninite (UO 2 ). This is typically accomplished by amending groundwater with an organic electron donor. It has been shown, however, that once the electron donor is entirely consumed, Fe(III) (hydr)oxides can reoxidize biogenically produced UO 2 , thus potentially impeding cleanup efforts. On the basis of published experiments showing that such reoxidation takes place even under highly reducing conditions (e.g., sulfate-reducing conditions), thermodynamic and kinetic constraints affecting this reoxidation are examined using multicomponent biogeochemical simulations, with particular focus on the role of sulfide and Fe(II) in solution. The solubility of UO 2 and Fe(III) (hydr)oxides are presented, and the effect of nanoscale particle size on stability is discussed. Thermodynamically, sulfide is preferentially oxidized by Fe(III) (hydr)oxides, compared to biogenic UO 2 , and for this reason the relative rates of sulfide and UO 2 oxidation play a key role on whether or not UO 2 reoxidizes. The amount of Fe(II) in solution is another important factor, with the precipitation of Fe(II) minerals lowering the Fe +2 activity in solution and increasing the potential for both sulfide and UO 2 reoxidation. The greater (and unintuitive) UO 2 reoxidation by hematite compared to ferrihydrite previously reported in some experiments can be explained by the exhaustion of this mineral from reaction with sulfide. Simulations also confirm previous studies suggesting that carbonate produced by the degradation of organic electron donors used for bioreduction may significantly increase the potential for UO 2 reoxidation through formation of uranyl carbonate aqueous complexes.
The Paradoxical Image of Chemotherapy: A Phenomenological Description of Nurses' Experiences of Administering Chemotherapy

The paradoxical image of chemotherapy: a phenomenological description of nurses' experiences of administering chemotherapyA sample of nine nurses who were employed within a haematology ward, a bone marrow transplant unit and a chemotherapy outpatient department of a single hospital Trust in the UK, and who regularly administered cytotoxic chemotherapy were recruited to participate in the study. A qualitative phenomenological design was used with a semi-structured interview format. The findings revealed a 'Paradoxical image of chemotherapy' that was related to the overall damaging effects of chemotherapy where it both serves as a curative treatment and 'another chance of life' and also causes damage (morbidity) while it cures. The nurses administering chemotherapy were found to also experience 'damage' as a result of seeing the suffering of their patients and being involved in dilemmas regarding administering chemotherapy treatments. The patient experiences are described from the nurses' perspective.
A new class of bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists with high oral bioavailability and minimal PXR activity

The design and synthesis of a novel class of human bradykinin B1 antagonists featuring difluoroethyl ether and isoxazole carboxamide moieties are disclosed. Compound 7g displayed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, efficient ex vivo receptor occupancy, and low potential for P450 induction via PXR activation.
y-scaling in proton continuum scattering

Abstract Data for inclusive proton scattering spectra at kinematics suited to incoherent quasifree scattering from single nucleons bound within complex nuclei are analysed in the y -scaling format found to unify many electron scattering spectra into universal nuclear responses. Proton continuum spectra are analyzed for beam energies from 392 MeV to 19.2 GeV. Scaling is somewhat successful for proton scattering on light nuclei or at fixed angles, with differences from electron scattering that indicate modifications of proton scattering on nucleons within nuclei from scattering in free space. Comparisons to inclusive continuum meson scattering in the same y -scaling format are made, and a new hadronic scaling relation is demonstrated in light nuclei.
Conversion of biomass-derived syngas to alcohols and C2 oxygenates using supported Rh catalysts in a microchannel reactor

The capability of a microchannel reactor for synthesis of alcohols and C2+ oxygenates from biomass-derived syngas was explored. Supported Rh catalysts were selected to integrate with a microchannel reactor for this study. The focus of the present research was to investigate the impact of reaction variables, including temperature, pressure, H2/CO ratio, and activation procedures, on the activity and product selectivity of supported Rh catalysts. It was observed that the formation of undesired product, methane, can be suppressed under conditions of low temperature, high pressure, and low H2/CO ratio. Interestingly, different catalysts responded differently to reduction–oxidation cycle (RedOx) treatment. A hybrid catalyst system containing CuZnAl and Rh-Mn/SiO2 exhibited continued increase in activity after RedOx treatment. When Rh-Mn/SiO2 catalyst was coated on a FeCrAlY metallic felt substrate and subsequently integrated into a microchannel reactor, a significant enhancement in specific activity was obtained, which highlights strong process intensification potential for commercial application.
Regulating Militias Governments, Militias, and Civilian Targeting in Civil War

In nearly two-thirds of civil wars since 1989, governments have received support in their counterinsurgency operations from militias. Many scholars predict higher levels of violence in conflicts in...
Synthesis and evaluation of a miniature organic model of chymotrypsin.

Abstract An artificial chymotrypsin, with all the features of the real chymotrypsin, namely a binding site (from cyclodextrin) attached to a catalytic site containing an imidazolyl group, a carboxylate group and a hydroxyl group, has been synthesized. This artificial chymotrypsin has a molecular weight of only 1,365 while the real enzyme has a molecular weight of 24,800. However, from preliminary measurements, both the real and artificial enzymes have approximately the same catalytic activity (both rate and binding constants).
Adequacy of Compensation, Worthiness of Recipient, and their Effects on Transgressor Compliance to Render Aid

Summary The present study investigated the effects of adequacy of compensation and worthiness of recipient (as to compensation) on the willingness of trangressing subjects to make restitution. As expected, the victim received more adequate compensation than the other two less worthy recipients. However, there were no differences across recipient conditions when compensation was inadequate. The expectation that the victim would receive more compensation when compensation was adequate than when inadequate was not supported, nor was the hypothesis that the nonvictim recipient would receive more inadequate compensation than the victim surrogate recipient. Some questions are raised concerning the conceptual validity of the “inadequate compensation” manipulation. Additional questions are posed regarding the comparability of the present study to other experiments dealing with problems of transgression.
Tissue and cellular distribution of the extended family of protein kinase C isoenzymes

Polyclonal isoenzyme-specific antisera were developed against four calcium-independent protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes (delta, epsilon, epsilon', and zeta) as well as the calcium-dependent isoforms (alpha, beta I, beta II, and gamma). These antisera showed high specificities, high titers, and high binding affinities (3-370 nM) for the peptide antigens to which they were raised. Each antiserum detected a species of the predicted molecular weight by Western blot that could be blocked with the immunizing peptide. PKC was sequentially purified from rat brain, and the calcium-dependent forms were finally resolved by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Peak I reacted exclusively with antisera to PKC gamma, peak II with PKC beta I and -beta II, and peak III with PKC alpha. These same fractions, however, were devoid of immunoreactivity for the calcium-independent isoenzymes. The PKC isoenzymes demonstrated a distinctive tissue distribution when evaluated by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. PCK delta was present in brain, heart, spleen, lung, liver, ovary, pancreas, and adrenal tissues. PKC epsilon was present in brain, kidney, and pancreas, whereas PKC epsilon' was present predominantly in brain. PKC zeta was present in most tissues, particularly the lung, brain, and liver. Both PKC delta and PKC zeta showed some heterogeneity of size among the different tissues. PKC alpha was present in all organs and tissues examined. PKC beta I and -beta II were present in greatest amount in brain and spleen. Although the brain contained the most PKC gamma immunoreactivity, some immunostaining was also seen in adrenal tissue. These studies provide the first evidence of selective organ and tissue distributions of the calcium-independent PKC isoenzymes.
On micro-superplasticity

Micro-superplasticity phenomenon, i.e. formation of thin fibers, whose appearance suggests extremely high strain in the local regions, has been documented in a number of plastically and superplastically deformed materials, predominantly in aluminum alloys. The fiber formation occurs both at the fracture surface and at the deformed surface. The fiber length increases with the total strain, and it is maximum under the optimum superplastic strain rate. An ultra-fine grain structure, a high concentration of oxygen and often high concentration of the alloy elements have been observed in the fibers. Suggested explanations for fiber formation have been reviewed; the important role of oxidation reactions has been emphasized.
Plasticity at Crack Tips in Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses

We have examined the structure of plastic deformation zones ahead of the tips of microcracks in Zr-based bulk metallic glass Zr57Ti5Cu20Ni8Al10. We have used an axially aligned dark field transmission electron microscopy technique, with the objective aperture placed to form images using electrons from several different areas of the diffraction patterns. We also compared Fourier transforms of the high resolution transmission electron microscopy images of deformed and undeformed regions to extract additional structural information. The plastic zones produce enhanced low-angle scattering of electrons and an apparent broadening of the amorphous halo, suggesting increased disorder and the presence of voids in the deformed zones. These results are consistent with an increased degree of atomic-scale disorder and enhanced free volume in highly deformed regions, which may provide a partial explanation of the manner in which plastic deformation occurs in metallic glasses.
Teaching About A Sex Work Community in India: Toward A Postcolonial Pedagogy

Scholars have questioned the validity of universal social work values and the manner in which international welfare interventions manage basic needs without affecting structural change. This article examines a class on engaging with sex workers in India that was informed by the critiques of normative international welfare engagement. The analysis drew on qualitative interviews with 18 participants, students’ written responses, and the instructor's field notes. Results indicate that structural factors, the class material, and the class format helped students immerse themselves in community life, challenge preconceptions about the community, validate beliefs and ideologies that emerged out of the lived experience of sex workers, and engage in social change. Implications for international social work education and pedagogy are discussed.
Abnormal stock returns associated with media disclosures of ‘subject to’ qualified audit opinions

Abstract This paper contains evidence of a significant negative stock price reaction to media disclosures of ‘subject to’ qualified audit opinions. Disclosures of qualifications in the financial news media (the Wall Street Journal and the Broad Tape) are rare relative to the frequency of audit qualifications. Other studies do not detect an impact of qualified opinions on stock prices. None of the explanations for the difference in the results between this study and prior studies is consistent with the data. We are unable to draw strong inferences because we cannot identify the selection process that produces the sample of media disclosures.
Applications of extrapolation techniques to multidimensional quadrature of some integrand functions with a singularity

Abstract Many large scale calculations require the numerical integration of functions that are products of simple functions of a radius with a function readily expressed in cartesian coordinates. The analytic singularity at the origin can cause a relatively expensive calculation when standard methods are employed. The application of known asymptotic expansions to this sort of problem can result in a considerable reduction in expense or increase in accuracy. In this paper, a set of useful expansions are stated. An approach based on extrapolation is described that leads to a method not unlike the Romberg integration. The emphasis here is on applications. For example, the rearrangement of the theory to provide a technique for grid-oriented calculations is discussed; and a full description of the possible effect of numerical instability, how to recognize it and how to alleviate it, is included.
Vibrational dynamics in short, strong symmetric hydrogen bonds: General considerations and two examples

Abstract The general properties of the special kind of bond known as a short strong hydrogen bond are discussed, with emphasis on those which are symmetric. The focus is placed on the general properties of the motion of the central proton in such XHX bonds and on the interpretation of inelastic neutron spectra observed for the two specific cases of NaH(D3CCOO)2 and the aquonium cation, [H2O–H–OH2]+, of perchloric acid dihydrate. The difficult issue of spectral assignment in this case of high anharmonicity and strong factor group splitting is discussed.
Echocardiographic estimate of left atrial pressure in children.

Echocardiographic estimates of left atrial pressure using the Q-MVC/AVC-E ratio were obtained from 21 patients in the early postoperative period and compared to simultaneously recorded mean left atrial pressure. A good correlation was obtained between mean left atrial pressure and the Q-MVC/AVC-E ratio (r=0.81,p<0.001) with a regression equation of: left atrial pressure=11.09 (Q-MVC/AVC-E)+0.84. The present data compared to those of previous investigators reveal that, although there are quantitative differences between each of the studies, the correlation coefficient of each study is good. Echocardiography provides a useful noninvasive estimate the left atrial pressure; however, each laboratory must establish its own normals.
Variations in economic quality of life indicators in the U.S.A.: An interstate observation over time

Abstract Economic quality of life indices are constructed by the standardized additive method and the weighted factor loading method using more than 20 variables in each of 5 components. The resulting values are given for 1960, 1970, 1978 for all 50 states.
Qualification of LEDs for cameras on NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander

NASA's Phoenix Mars lander employs a suite of instruments to investigate the properties of the planet's North polar region. A Robotic Arm is used to retrieve subsurface samples for analysis, and a Robotic Arm Camera mounted on the wrist of the arm provides images of the surface and of material in the scoop. The RAC and the Optical Microscope both utilize LEDs, which enable the generation of true color imagery and provide higher illumination levels at lower power levels than the incandescent lamps used on a predecessor instrument. Although red, green and blue LEDs were available when the instruments were being developed, the manufacturers had not tested the devices in all the environments the spacecraft would encounter. This paper details the results of a series of tests conducted to qualify the lamps for the temperature, vibration, and radiation environments they would encounter during the mission.
Acute resistance exercise stimulates sex-specific dimeric immunoreactive growth hormone responses

Abstract Purpose We sought to determine if an acute heavy resistance exercise test (AHRET) would elicit sex-specific responses in circulating growth hormone (GH), with untreated serum and serum treated with a reducing agent to break disulfide-bindings between GH dimers. Methods 19 untrained participants (nine men and ten women) participated in an acute heavy resistance exercise test using the back squat. Blood samples were drawn before exercise (Pre), immediate post (IP), + 15 min (+ 15), and + 30 min (+ 30) afterwards. Serum samples were chemically reduced using glutathione (GSH). ELISAs were then used to compare immunoreactive GH concentrations in reduced (+ GSH) and non-reduced (− GSH) samples. Data were analyzed using a three-way (2 sex × 2 treatment × 4 time) mixed methods ANOVA, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results GSH reduction resulted in increased immunoreactive GH concentrations when compared to non-reduced samples at Pre (1.68 ± 0.33 μg/L vs 1.25 ± 0.25 μg/L), IP (7.69 ± 1.08 μg/L vs 5.76 ± 0.80 μg/L), + 15 min (4.39 ± 0.58 μg/L vs 3.24 ± 0.43 μg/L), and + 30 min (2.35 ± 0.49 μg/L vs 1.45 ± 0.23 μg/L). Also, women demonstrated greater GH responses compared to men, and this was not affected by reduction. Conclusions Heavy resistance exercise increases immunoreactive GH dimer concentrations in men and women, with larger increases in women and more sustained response in men. The physiological significance of a sexually dimorphic GH response adds to the growing literature on aggregate GH and may be explained by differences in sex hormones and the structure of the GH cell network.
Particulate emission factors for mobile fossil fuel and biomass combustion sources.

Abstract PM emission factors (EFs) for gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles and biomass combustion were measured in several recent studies. In the Gas/Diesel Split Study (GD-Split), PM 2.5 EFs for heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) ranged from 0.2 to ~ 2 g/mile and increased with vehicle age. EFs for HDDV estimated with the U.S. EPA MOBILE 6.2 and California Air Resources Board (ARB) EMFAC2007 models correlated well with measured values. PM 2.5 EFs measured for gasoline vehicles were ~ two orders of magnitude lower than those for HDDV and did not correlate with model estimates. In the Kansas City Study, PM 2.5 EFs for gasoline-powered vehicles (e.g., passenger cars and light trucks) were generally 2.5 EFs than MOBILE 6.2 during winter, but not during summer, and neither model captured the variability of the measured EFs. Total PM EFs for heavy-duty diesel military vehicles ranged from 0.18 ± 0.03 and 1.20 ± 0.12 g/kg fuel, corresponding to 0.3 and 2 g/mile, respectively. These values are comparable to those of on-road HDDV. EFs for biomass burning measured during the Fire Laboratory at Missoula Experiment (FLAME) were compared with EFs from the ARB Emission Estimation System (EES) model. The highest PM 2.5 EFs (76.8 ± 37.5 g/kg) were measured for wet (> 50% moisture content) Ponderosa Pine needles. EFs were generally 40%. Average EFs for dry chamise, rice straw, and dry grass were within a factor of three of values adopted by ARB in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV). Discrepancies between measured and modeled emission factors suggest that there may be important uncertainties in current PM 2.5 emission inventories.
Splenic CD4+ T cells have a distinct transcriptional response six hours after the onset of sepsis.

Background In animal and human autopsy studies of sepsis, CD4+ splenocytes either undergo apoptosis or are polarized to the Th2 effector subtype. In mice, these changes occur within 24 hours of the onset of sepsis. Preventing the loss of CD4+ T cells and the Th2-polarization of CD4+ T cells provides a significant survival advantage in mouse models of sepsis. The molecular mechanism(s) for the phenotypic changes of splenic CD4+ T cells in sepsis are not well understood. Study design CD4+ splenocytes were enriched by negative selection from disaggregated spleens of septic and sham-operated mice at 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Phenotypic analysis using cell surface markers (CD25, CD44, CD62L, CD69), cytokine secretion in response to CD3/CD28 coligation, and whole genome microarray gene expression profiles were obtained for these cells. Results Consistent with previous reports, sepsis induced a progressive decrease in the number of CD4+ splenocytes and a time-dependent alteration in CD4+ T-cell phenotype. At 6 hours, when no differences in cell number or surface marker expression were observed, significant alterations in RNA abundance were measured for 498 probe sets. Ontologic classification of these genes indicated changes in cellular physiology. Pathway analysis indicated that T-cell receptor signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling were significantly altered by sepsis. Conclusions These data demonstrated a sepsis-specific transcriptional program that precedes sepsis-induced phenotypic changes in CD4+ splenocytes.