cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships of fracture toughness and dislocation mobility in intermetallics

An analytical method has been developed and used to compute the Peierls-Nabarro (P-N) barrier energy, U P-N, for relevant slip systems in several intermetallics, including NiAl, FeAl, Nb-Ti-Al (B2), Ni3Al (L12), TiAl (L10), TiCr2, NbCr2 (C14, C15), Nb5Si3 (D8 l ), Mo5SiB2 (D8 l ), and Mo5Si3 (D8 m ). The P-N barrier energy and a generalized fault energy, γ F, are combined and used as a measure of dislocation mobility. Furthermore, a fracture model has been developed to describe the process of thermally activated dislocations moving away from the crack tip and to predict the corresponding fracture resistance. A ductility index defined in terms of the ratio of γ s/(U P-N+γ F), where γ s is the surface energy, is used to correlate with the fracture toughness, K C, of individual intermetallics. The correlation indicates that fracture toughness increases with increasing values of γ s/(U P-N+γ F), in accordance with the fracture model formulated based on thermally activated slip. The use of the fracture model for predicting the effects of slip behavior, temperature, and alloy additions on fracture resistance is demonstrated for selected intermetallics including NiAl, TiAl, Laves phase, and Nb5Si3.
Medical warnings reduce older drivers’ risk of motor vehicle injury while adversely affecting mental health and physician relationship

Commentary on: Redelmeier DA, Yarnell CJ, Thiruchelvam D, et al. Physicians’ warnings for unfit drivers and the risk of trauma from road crashes. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1228–36.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Driving is an important indicator of mobility in industrialised nations. Over 80% of individuals aged 65 years and older in the USA continue to drive. Research indicates that driving confers significant health benefit to older people, including increased social engagement, increased functional independence, decreased risk of depression and decreased use of long-term care.1 Unfortunately, driving is not free of risk. Older drivers tend to have higher per capita mortality from motor vehicle crashes and higher crash involvement per mile driven than drivers aged 35–64.2 The excess mortality from motor vehicle crashes for older adults is due largely to their depleted ability to survive … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNew%2BEngland%2BJournal%2Bof%2BMedicine%26rft.stitle%253DNEJM%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.aulast%253DRedelmeier%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D367%26rft.issue%253D13%26rft.spage%253D1228%26rft.epage%253D1236%26rft.atitle%253DPhysicians%2527%2Bwarnings%2Bfor%2Bunfit%2Bdrivers%2Band%2Bthe%2Brisk%2Bof%2Btrauma%2Bfrom%2Broad%2Bcrashes.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMsa1114310%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23013074%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMsa1114310&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23013074&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F4%2F153.atom
Russia's destination image among American pleasure travelers: Revisiting Echtner and Ritchie

Abstract This study measured Russia's destination image among US pleasure travelers by the means of a Web-based survey. The methodology proposed by Echtner and Ritchie [(1993). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(Spring), 3–13] was enriched by using a combination of two software programs, CATPAC and WORDER, to analyze responses to open-ended questions about stereotypical holistic, affective, and uniqueness images and facilitate statistical comparisons of images between visitors and non-visitors to Russia. A favorability variable was operationalized on the textual data, and affective images of visitors and non-visitors to Russia were statistically compared. The study found that American travelers’ perceptions of Russia were often negative and there is a lack of awareness about Russia's destination features. Marketing implications for Russia's Federal Travel Agency based on the study results are discussed.
Transient behavior of granular materials as result of tumbler shape and orientation effects

Granular flows are most often investigated at steady-state conditions. This allows time-averaged analysis to display results such as velocity profiles and convective accelerations within the thin flowing layer. Typically in rotating tumblers, constant rotation rates and circular shapes are used as they jointly produce a steady, uniform flowing layer at the free surface. Conversely, unsteady flowing layers can be generated through any combination of varying the rotation rate of a tumbler or using a non-circular cross-sectional shape to change the length of the flowing layer. The unsteady conditions, however, require the additional complexity of ensemble-averaged analysis of images in a sequence of multiple trials. The experiments of this paper examine the properties of unsteady flow produced by triangular-shaped rotating tumblers at constant rotation rates. The geometric shape naturally causes periodic changes in the flowing layer as a function of the instantaneous orientation of the triangle. Multiple experiments were conducted in which the parameters of tumbler dimension, particle size, fill level and rotation rate were varied in all combinations. The free surface properties of angle of repose and flowing layer length, position, and curvature are reported. Results show that the arithmetic difference between the angle of repose and the tumbler orientation has a functional relationship with the instantaneous flowing layer length in the form of a catenary indicating a minimization of energy in the granular flow. Furthermore, the oscillation of the flowing layer position appears to affect the free surface curvature in the upstream regions. This is likely due to the rapidly increasing and decreasing length of the free surface limiting the space where particles can enter or exit the flowing layer. Ultimately, the unsteady macroscopic properties of the free surface flowing layer in the triangular tumblers provide some indication of the complexities of granular velocity and acceleration that contribute to the mixing and segregation in this unique tumbler shape.
In situ, in-liquid, all-electrical detection of Salmonella typhimurium using lead titanate zirconate/gold-coated glass cantilevers at any dipping depth

Most biosensing techniques are indirect, slow, and require labeling. Even though silicon-based microcantilever sensors are sensitive and label-free, they are not suitable for in-liquid detection. More recently lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin-film-based microcantilevers are shown to be sensitive and in situ. However, they require microfabrication and must be electrically insulated. In this study, we show that highly sensitive, in situ, Salmonella typhimurium detection can be achieved at 90% relative humidity using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/gold-coated glass cantilever 0.7 mm long with a non-piezoelectric 2.7 mm long gold-coated glass tip by partially dipping the gold-coated glass tip in the suspension at any depth without electrically insulating the PZT. In particular, we showed that at 90% relative humidity and with a dipping depth larger than 0.8mm the PZT/gold-coated glass cantilever showed virtually no background resonance frequency up-shift due to water evaporation and exhibited a mass detection sensitivity of Deltam/Deltaf=-5 x 10(-11)g/Hz. The concentration sensitivities of this PZT/gold-coated glass cantilever were 1 x 10(3) and 500 cells/ml in 2 ml of liquid with a 1 and 1.5mm dipping depth, respectively, both more than two orders of magnitude lower than the infectious dose and more than one order of magnitude lower than the detection limit of a commercial Raptor sensor.
Explaining State-Level Variations In Levels And Change In The Distribution Of Income In The United States, 1978-1990

Income concentrations increased markedly in the United States during the period since 1980. Income concentrations occurred within states at differing levels and rates. We estimate models that explain variations in levels of income concentration among states in 1980 and 1990 and of changes in state-level income concentration during the period 1978 to 1990. We test for the effects of state and national government redistributive policies along with a number of states’ economic, demographic, and political characteristics linked to income distribution in previous research. Results show state-borne redistributive policies have little influence on income concentration. Where state policies do affect income concentration, more generous welfare programs have the unexpected effect of coinciding with increases in income concentration. Higher cash transfers are associated with increased income inequality. Only the establishment of payment standards comparable to the retail wage, a welfare policy enacted by a few stat...
Two distinct types of capping of surface receptors on mouse lymphoid cells.

IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig) molecules on the surfaces of metabolically active mouse lymphocytes are redistributed into “caps” when crosslinked with fluorescent, ferritin-conjugated or 125I-labelled anti-Ig antibody at room temperature or 37° C1–3. Caps of labelled Ig–anti-Ig complexes form over the Golgi region of the cell, and are rapidly ingested by endocytosis2,3 Capping of receptors for the plant lectin concanavalin A (con A) on mouse lymphoid cells is also accompanied by considerable endocytosis of label3,4. On the other hand, little or no internalisation of label occurs after capping of H-21,3 and Thy-1 (θ)1 alloantigens on mouse lymphocytes and thymocytes, and anti-lymphocyte globulin receptors on rat spleen cells3.
Hemodynamic Changes Associated with Aging in the Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey

Abstract THE systolic blood pressure of the adult Jersey Buff turkey is about 12–15 percent higher than the young poult (Weiss and Sheahan, 1958), and somewhat higher than those reported for the chicken, duck or pigeon (Sturkie, Weiss and Ringer, 1953; Ringer, Weiss and Sturkie, 1955). The possible role of blood pressure and its association with aortic rupture in turkeys has been suggested (Gibson and deGruchy, 1955; Weiss and Sheahan, 1958); however, no pressure measurements have been made on those breeds exhibiting the malady. This experiment was conducted to measure blood pressure changes with aging in a variety showing this condition of aortic rupture, the Broad Breasted Bronze (BBB) turkey. PROCEDURE Broad Breasted Bronze poults were hatched from the Station's breeding flock every two weeks for 8 consecutive hatches. All birds were reared conventionally. Six males and six females from each hatch, starting at 8 weeks of age, were used …
Structural Elucidation of the Specificity of the Antibacterial Agent Triclosan for Malarial Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase

Abstract The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum synthesizes fatty acids using a type II pathway that is absent in humans. The final step in fatty acid elongation is catalyzed by enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase, a validated antimicrobial drug target. Here, we report the cloning and expression of the P. falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase gene, which encodes a 50-kDa protein (PfENR) predicted to target to the unique parasite apicoplast. Purified PfENR was crystallized, and its structure resolved as a binary complex with NADH, a ternary complex with triclosan and NAD+, and as ternary complexes bound to the triclosan analogs 1 and 2 with NADH. Novel structural features were identified in the PfENR binding loop region that most closely resembled bacterial homologs; elsewhere the protein was similar to ENR from the plant Brassica napus (root mean square for Cαs, 0.30 A). Triclosan and its analogs 1 and 2 killed multidrug-resistant strains of intra-erythrocytic P. falciparum parasites at sub to low micromolar concentrations in vitro. These data define the structural basis of triclosan binding to PfENR and will facilitate structure-based optimization of PfENR inhibitors.
The effects of differential training procedures on linked perceptual class formation.

When the stimuli in one perceptual class (A) become related to the stimuli in another perceptual class (B), the two are functioning as a single linked perceptual class. A common linked perceptual class would be the sounds of a person's voice (class A) and the pictures of that person (class B). Such classes are ubiquitous in real world settings. We describe the effects of a variety of training procedures on the formation of these classes. The results could account for the development of naturally occurring linked perceptual classes. Two perceptual classes (A and B) were formed in Experiment 1. The endpoints of the A class were called anchor (Aa) and boundary (Ab) stimuli. Likewise, the anchor and boundary stimuli in the B class were represented as Ba and Bb. In Experiment 2, the A and B classes were linked by the establishment of one of four cross-class conditional discriminations: Aa→Ba, Aa→Bb, Ab→Ba, or Ab→Bb. Results were greatest after Aa→Bb training, intermediate after Aa→Ba and Ab→Ba training, and lowest after Ab→Bb training. Class formation was influenced by the interaction of the anchor/boundary values and the sample/comparison functions of the stimuli used in training. Experiment 3 determined whether class formation was influenced by different sets of two cross-class conditional discriminations: Aa→Ba and Ab→Bb, or Aa→Bb and Ab→Ba. Both conditions produced equivalent results. Similarities were attributable to the use of anchor stimuli as samples and boundary stimuli as comparisons in each training condition. Finally, the results after joint Aa→Ba and Ab→Bb training were much greater than those produced by summing the results of Aa→Ba training alone and Ab→Bb training alone. This same synergy was not observed after joint Aa→Bb and Ab→Ba training or either alone.
Intersex issues: a series of continuing conundrums.

The term “intersex,” as defined in Stedman’s Medical Dictionary and in the Compact Oxford English Dictionary , is “one having characteristics of both sexes.” Unfortunately the characteristics are not defined in any manner. Therefore, the interpretation may be physical, mental, in personality, or in other ways. Despite this confusion, the term today is used primarily, but not exclusively, to denote physical ambiguity-having the genital/gonadal/reproductive structures characteristic of both sexes. It is this interpretation that is referred to in this commentary. A purpose of this commentary, which relates to articles by Migeon et al1,2 in this month’s Pediatrics electronic pages , is to highlight the complexities and conundrums of intersex issues prevalent in our society that affect urologists, surgeons, endocrinologists, geneticists, and pediatricians. The conundrums deal with gender assignment of neonates with ambiguous genitalia of whatever cause but most particularly those with a 46,XY karyotype. The questions include: “When should surgical procedures be undertaken?” “What are the ethics and legal consequences of proceeding with the current standard of care when that standard of care has been loudly challenged by displeased adult individuals who are displeased because of decisions and surgery rendered to them as infants with ambiguous genitalia?” A second purpose of this commentary is to provide insight into what we know from the past, what we currently know, what we need to know, and what I believe we should be doing in our practices between today and the time in the future when we are reasonably sure that what we are doing is correct. The 2 articles1,2 from Johns Hopkins University provide data that set the stage for helping the reader better understand the continuing conundrums of intersex issues. Even pediatricians who have never seen an intersex patient in their practice may do so … Address correspondence to Robert M. Blizzard, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, 1224 W Main St, Suite 701, Charlottesville, VA 22903
Chemocommunication among prey and predator species

Extensive chemocommunication occurs between individuals of different species. We examined the interaction between Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and between domestic cats (Felis domestica). Experiments indicated that stressed gerbils produce blood odors that stimulate physiological arousal and cause conspecifics to avoid areas contaminated with these odors. Domestic cats preferred these same odors and differentially consumed food contaminated with these odors. Both reactions are ecologically important in the interaction between prey and predator.
Tissue culture model of adenoma invasion

Colon carcinoma cells cocultured with adenoma cells were examined under various experimental conditions. Carcinoma cells were shown to have a selective advantage over adenoma cells. This advantage is enhanced by exposure to a tumor promoter.
Collaborating with others trying to do the same thing: coordination in an educational improvement network

The use of networks to support and scale school reform initiatives and educational programs are becoming more and more prevalent. Through an initiative of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), an emerging organizational form known as a Networked Improvement Community (NIC), offers an infrastructure for implementing and improving educational innovations. Fundamental to the work of this network is the collaboration of multiple actors and teams at multiple sites. Yet, this collaboration across time and space does not just happen. It requires coordination mechanisms to guide the actions of those involved in collaboration. This research seeks to build an initial conceptual framework to study how the joint work on an educational reform happens in a distributed or networked organizational environment. A NIC is a case of one such environment.
Ion channel expression by astrocytes in situ: comparison of different CNS regions.

Patch-clamp recordings were obtained in brain slices from 283 rat astrocytes. The expression of voltage-activated whole-cell currents was compared in four different CNS regions (hippocampus, cerebral cortex, spinal cord, and cerebellum). Our data show that CNS astrocytes do not show significant regional differences in their ion channel complement. With the exception of cerebellar Bergmann glial cells, essentially all astrocytes express a combination of delayed rectifying outward K(+) currents, transient A-type K(+) currents, and small Na(+) currents. Developmentally, an increasing percentage of astrocytes and Bergmann glial cells express inwardly rectifying K(+) currents. We did not observe cells that were passive, i.e., lacking voltage-activated currents. A few cells that appeared "passive" in initial recordings showed voltage-activated K(+) currents after off-line leak subtraction. The heterogeneity observed in the ion channel complement was found to be identical when cell-to-cell variations observed within a given CNS region and between various CNS regions were compared, suggesting a common and fairly stereotypical complement of ion channels in CNS astrocytes. Ion channel expression in Bergmann glial cells differed from that of all other CNS regions studied. These cells typically showed very low input resistances attributable to a significant time- and voltage-independent resting K(+) conductance. However, as with electrophysiologically "passive"-appearing astrocytes, Bergmann glial cells showed expression of delayed rectifying K(+) currents after off-line leak subtraction. Inwardly rectifying K(+) currents were observed in Bergmann glial cells after postnatal day 17. Collectively, our data suggest that all astrocytes contain voltage-gated ion channels that display a common pattern of expression during development.
"Third-Body" Collision Efficiencies for Combustion Modeling: Hydrocarbons in Atomic and Diatomic Baths

Abstract The collisional energy transfer dynamics relevant to the unimolecular kinetics of linear, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbons, including both radicals and saturated and unsaturated molecules, in atomic and diatomic baths is studied via classical trajectories. A set of full-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) suitable for efficient trajectory simulations involving large hydrocarbons (C x H y ) colliding with any of seven baths (M = He, Ne, Ar, Kr, H 2 , N 2 , O 2 ) is validated against direct dynamics calculations for two small systems. The PESs are then used to calculate Lennard-Jones collision parameters, and a general rule for calculating these parameters based only on the number of carbon atoms and the bath gas is obtained. Next, the PESs are used to calculate low-order moments of the collisional energy transfer function relevant to low-pressure-limit unimolecular kinetics for a total of 266 systems (38 unimolecular reactants in 7 baths), with a focus on the average angular momentum and total energy transferred in deactivating collisions. These moments are used to quantify the relative rotational and total collision efficiencies of the 7 baths for the various hydrocarbon reactants. Trends in the collision efficiencies with respect to the chemical structures of the hydrocarbon reactants are discussed.
Characterization of plasma-stabilized liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid

Abstract We have previously reported that small unilamellar liposomes (d≦200 nm) composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and oleic acid can be stabilized by incubating with normal human plasma (Liu and Huang, Biochemistry 1989, in press). The stabilized liposomes were very stable even under relatively harsh conditions such as extreme pH, high salt and trypsin treatment. Fluorescence depolarization of diphenylhexatriene showed that the stabilized liposome had a high microviscosity in the lipid core, which did not decrease even after the majority of proteins were removed by trypsin. These data suggest that plasma proteins inserted into the lipid bilayer are probably responsible for the stabilization activity. After i.v. injection into mouse, stabilized liposomes showed a relatively low affinity to liver and spleen as compared to a conventional liposome composition.
Predictors of successful closure of patent ductus arteriosus with indomethacin.

To determine whether platelet counts can predict the likelihood of successful closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with indomethacin. This was a retrospective cohort study of infants <32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) and birth weight <1500 g with PDA. Clinical characteristics between infants who achieved ductal closure with indomethacin and those who failed were compared. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of successful ductal closure. In infants with hemodynamically significant PDA, older GA (odds ratio=1.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 2.13), male gender (odds ratio=3.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 8.49) and higher platelet count (odds ratio=1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 2.17) prior to indomethacin treatment were associated with successful ductal closure with indomethacin. Older GA, male gender and higher platelet count at time of treatment of hemodynamically significant PDA are predictors of successful ductal closure with indomethacin.
The pitting corrosion behavior of aluminum ion implanted with tantalum

Abstract The corrosion behavior of TaAl surface alloys produced by ion implantation at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures was examined in de-aerated, 0.1 M NaCl. Surface analysis using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the surface concentration of Ta was greater in samples that were ion implanted at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Anodic polarization curves showed that Ta ion implanted into Al at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature increased the pitting potential of Al by 50 mV and 175 mV, respectively. From the standpoint of the pH of zero charge model, this behavior is explained by the presence of the implanted cations in the aluminum-oxide lattice.
Classification of qh regions in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by C-banding

We present a classification for secondary constriction (qh) regions with C-banding technique in chromosomes 1,9, and 16 by means of comparing them to the short arm of chromosome 16. It is simple and convenient and can be used routinely. It can be incorporated into the modified Paris nomenclature system.
Fabrication Processes for Creating Micro Features in Thin Film NiTi Endovascular Grafts

Micro features were created in thin film NiTi using a novel lift-off process to create an endovascular biomedical device. This manuscript describes fabrication problems with wet etching and introduces an effective way, named “Lift-off” process to solve undercut and nonuniform pattern issues. Two lift-off processes (i.e., lift-off I and II) are discussed. Lift-off I process has fracture issues and the film peels off the substrate due to high aspect ratio post structures. Lift-off II process use the film on the top of the Si substrate to fabricate various shape patterns (i.e., ellipse, diamond, circle, square, etc.) in the range of 5∼60μm. The lift-off II process shows smooth and well aligned micro patterns in thin film NiTi. In-vivo tests in swine were performed to evaluate the endothelial tissue growth through fabricated micro patterns. Angiography and SEM images show patency of the artery and a uniform endothelial layer covering the device without thromobosis.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Thalamic infarction secondary to cervical manipulation.

Abstract Vertebrobasilar infarction is a well documented complication of cervical manipulation. A commonly proposed pathogenesis is an intimal tear of the vertebral artery leading to cerebellar and other posterior fossa lesions. However, there have been no cases of thalamic infarct reported. This case demonstrates a thalamic infarction concurrent with brainstem and cerebellar infarction secondary to cervical manipulation and intimal tearing of the vertebral artery. Immediately following manipulation, the patient developed nystagmus, quadriparesis, and a speech deficit. After an aggressive course of in-patient rehabilitation, the patient progressed to a community ambulator with deficits in speech and perception. This case demonstrates one of the inherent risks associated with repetitive forceful cervical manipulation
Transplantation: To convert or not to convert: lessons from the CONVERT trial

In participants of the CONVERT trial, which enrolled recipients of kidney transplants, conversion of immunosuppressive therapy from calcineurin inhibitors to sirolimus did not improve renal function. More importantly, the intervention was detrimental among patients with impaired kidney function and/or proteinuria. Sirolimus conversion resulted, however, in lower rates of malignancy.
Precision gamma-ray spectroscopy of short-lived nuclides by the helium-jet recoil-transport method

Abstract The helium-jet recoil-transport method, which has been used principally in α spectroscopy, has been modified for use in preparing short-lived sources in a form suitable for γ-ray spectroscopy. Reaction products recoiling out of a cyclotron-irradiated target are thermalized in helium and collected on the surface of magnetic tape. The collection site is in a low-background area 10 m from the target. The system includes circuits which control the source collection time, the transport and reproducible positioning of the source at a detector site, and the synchronized collection of γ-ray spectra as a function of time. Application of the method is illustrated by a coincidence study of the decays of 1.1 s 177Hfm and 4.3 s 178Hfm as produced by the 176 Yb ( 4 He ,x n ) reactions. Characteristics and limitations of the method are discussed.
Boson-assisted tunneling in layered metals

A theory for boson-assisted tunneling via randomly distributed resonant states in a layered metal is developed. As particular examples, we consider the electron-phonon interaction and the interaction between localized and conduction electrons. The theory is applied to explain a nonmonotonic variation of the out-plane resistivity with temperature observed in quasi-two-dimensional metals.
Wave radiation due to oscillation of two parallel spaced cylinders

Abstract The radiation problem for two parallel-spaced cylinders is studied. The solution is expressed explicitly in terms of well-behaved convergent series with elementary functions, which are convenient for numerical computation and readily applicable for two-dimensional two-body potential problems. The added mass and damping coefficients together with the phase angles of radiated wave potentials for the forced heave and sway motions of two identical submerged cylinders are presented. The results are useful for determination of the hydrodynamic properties of multi-hull semi-submersibles. In view of the close relationship between a radiation and a scattering problem, the application of the results to the problem of energy extraction from water waves is also noted.
Radiative cooling of a uniform gas flow.

References 1 Neuringer, J. L. and Mclllroy, W., "Incompressible two dimensional stagnation point flow of an electrically conducting viscous fluid in the presence of a magnetic field," J. Aerospace Sci. 25,19^-198 (1958). 2 Lykoudis, P. S., "On a class of magnetic laminar boundary layers," 1958 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute (Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 1958), p. 176. 3 Rossow, V. J., "On flow of electrically conducting fluids over a flat plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field," NACARept. 1358(1958). 4 Bush, W. B., "Compressible flat plate boundary-layer flow with an applied magnetic field," J. Aerospace Sci. 27, 49-58 (1960). 5 Cess, R. D., "Magnetohydrodynamic effects upon heat transfer for laminar flow across a flat plate," J. Heat Transfer C82, 87-93 (1960). 6 Wu, J. C., "Growth of magnetohydrodyriamic boundary layers," ARS J. 31, 562 (1961). 7 Kauzlarich, J. L. and Cambel, A. B., "The momentum integral approximation for compressible magnetogasdynamic boundary-layer flow," J. Appl. Mech. 30, 269 (1963). 8 Hartree, D. R. and Womersley, J. R., "A method for the numerical or mechanical solution of certain types of partial differential equations," Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A161, 353 (1937). 9 Smith, A. M. O. and Clutter, D. W., "Solution of the incompressible laminar boundary-layer equations," AIAA J. 1,2002-2071(1963). 10 Jaffe, N. A., "Solutions of the magnetofluid-dynamic boundary layer equations for a flat plate with a moving transverse magnetic field source or crossed electric field in the spanwise direction," Douglas Rept. LB-31693 (November 1964). 11 McCune, J. E. and Sears, W. R., "On the concepts of moving electric and magnetic fields in magnetohydrodynamics," J. Aerospace Sci. 26, 674-675 (1959).
Heterogeneity as heterodoxy in development policy: Tribal communities in Bangladesh and Kerala

Purpose – A fundamental premise of economic theory is that of a homogenous subject. This unified and intentional subject also implicitly defines the welfare function that forms the foundation of economic development theory and policy today. Unfortunately, such a concept of agency is representative of mostly urban and majority populations and does not include indigenous communities who are peripheral in most developing nations. The concept of development presumes an attachment to modernization and deracination, paying little heed to conservation of natural resources that are of sacral value to tribal communities. This paper aims to show how economics neglects cultural and group differences and yet asserts a powerful influence on development policy. Institutional economists and anthropologists have contested this hegemony but at the same time have also been co‐opted into development management in several ways that are discussed below.Design/methodology/approach – The case of indigenous communities in Bangla...
A STUDY OF.THE MECHANISM WHEREBY COPPER ACETATE AND CERTAIN DRUGS PRODUCE OVULATION IN THE RABBIT1

THE RESULTS of various experiments performed in several laboratories indicate that the discharge of an ovulation producing substance from the pars distalis of the rabbit's hypophysis following coitus is neurally mediated (i). Ovulation can be evoked in the rabbit by electrical stimulation of various regions of the hype thalamus (2, 3). It has been reported recently that certain drugs and other chemical substances likewise produce ovulation in the rabbit. Fevold, Hisaw and Greep (4) found that copper salts, when injected intravc nously, cause rabbits to ovulate. They concluded that“ Copper salts probably cause ovulation by increasing the effective activity of the gonad stimulating hormones present in the blood and thus the threshold for ovulation is attained.”
The Economy of Ancient Matacapan

In 1979 I initiated a program of archaeological fieldwork in the Tuxtlas Mountains in southern Veracruz, Mexico. One of the working hypotheses guiding this research was that Matacapan, the principal archaeological site in the area, headed a political economy dominated by persons from the great central Mexican center of Teotihuacan. In this paper I present evidence characterizing the economy that Matacapan dominated during the Classic period. My conclusion is that there was significant variation in system organization through time. Findings from the Tuxtlas indicate that the Early Classic regional system was small scale and organized most likely as a bounded hierarchical economy. In contrast, a dendritic political economy developed in Middle Classic times, in which the production of ceramics and/or their contents for distribution beyond the local region was emphasized. The Late Classic system was smaller scale, with most production destined for local clienteles, but apparently it was more commercialized, resembling an interlocking central-place system in several respects.
Per-carrier Channel Isolation Measurement of a Broadband Wireless Communication System

A method for rapid determination of the intrinsic performance of the radio-frequency portion of a broadband communication system in terms of the per-carrier channel isolation characteristics is presented. It is applicable to a variety of systems employing multiple carriers for channelization or for providing multiple access, and is not dependent on a given type of baseband modulation. By observing the system forward transfer characteristics over the frequency allocated for a carrier as the drive conditions in the neighboring carriers are varied, the level of immunity of the carrier of concern to the interference resulting from system nonlinearity can be directly assessed. Advantages of this method include self-contained measurements on the RF section, standard measurement equipment, and applicability in both laboratory and field measurements. It is also applicable to characterize channels supported by sub-carriers in a system employing multilevel modulation schemes. Results of measurements performed on a local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) are presented.
Everything is Alive agent architecture

Scalable agent systems must be able to evolve and adapt to a changing environment. Everything is Alive (EiA) is a compositional middleware architecture useful in building scalable, adaptive systems, including agent systems. EiA uses plugin capabilities compatible with the Eclipse.org framework, but these capabilities are extended using the E2 platform to allow plugins to be removed or replaced. Capabilities, described in WSDL, may also be transferred to other E2 platforms using a variety of protocols. This paper describes how we developed the EiA agent system using E2 and includes descriptions of several useful plugins.
Surface oxide net charge of a titanium alloy: Comparison between effects of treatment with heat or radiofrequency plasma glow discharge

In the current study, we have compared the effects of heat and radiofrequency plasma glow discharge (RFGD) treatment of a Ti6Al4V alloy on the physico-chemical properties of the alloy’s surface oxide. Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) disks were passivated alone, heated to 600 °C, or RFGD plasma treated in pure oxygen. RFGD treatment did not alter the roughness, topography, elemental composition or thickness of the alloy’s surface oxide layer. In contrast, heat treatment altered oxide topography by creating a pattern of oxide elevations approximately 50–100 nm in diameter. These nanostructures exhibited a three-fold increase in roughness compared to untreated surfaces when RMS roughness was calculated after applying a spatial high-pass filter with a 200 nm cutoff wavelength. Heat treatment also produced a surface enrichment in aluminum and vanadium oxides. Both RFGD and heat treatment produced similar increases in oxide wettability. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of metal surface oxide net charge signified by a long range force of attraction to or repulsion from a (negatively charged) silicon nitride AFM probe were also obtained for all three experimental groups. Force measurements showed that the RFGD-treated Ti6Al4V samples demonstrated a higher net positive surface charge at pH values below 6 and a higher net negative surface charge at physiological pH (pH values between 7 and 8) compared to control and heat-treated samples These findings suggest that RFGD treatment of metallic implant materials can be used to study the role of negatively charged surface oxide functional groups in protein bioactivity, osteogenic cell behavior and osseointegration independently of oxide topography.
Efficient color printer characterization based on extended Neugebauer spectral models

In order to print accurate colors on different substrates, color profiles must be created for each specific ink-media combination. We tackled the problem of creating such color profiles from only few color samples, in order to reduce the needed time of operation. Our strategy is to use a spectral reflectance prediction model in order to estimate a large sampling target (e.g. IT8.7/3) from only a small subset of color patches. In particular, we focused on the so-called Yule-Nielsen modified Spectral Neugebauer model, proposing new area coverage estimation, and a prediction of Neugebauer primaries, which can not be directly measured due to ink limiting. We reviewed the basis of such model, interpret it under the perspective of generalized averaging, and derived expressions to decouple optical and mechanical dot gain effects. The proposed area coverage estimations are based on assumptions of the printing process, and characterized through few extra color samples. We tested the models with thermal ink-jet printers on a variety of media, with dye-based and pigment-based inks. The IT8.7/3 target was predicted from 44 samples, with color average accuracy below 4 dE and maximum error below 8 dE, for dye-based inks, which performed better than pigment-based inks.
Compact power detection probe for the RF plasma heating waveguide array

Reduced height waveguide arrays are commonly used in fusion plasma radio frequency heating in the lower hybrid frequency range. In order to distinguish the incident wave and the reflected wave, power detection with high directivity in each reduced height waveguide is required. Due to the confined space in a stack of reduced height waveguides, power detection with high directivity in the reduced height waveguide is extremely difficult, especially from the wide side of the waveguide by using a conventional E probe. A new compact probe, which employs current loops, to monitor the incident and reflected wave from the narrow side of the reduced height waveguide has been developed. According to the test data, greater than 35 dB of directivity was measured with this compact probe at 4.6 GHz.
Random Variations, Risk, and Returns to Scale

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с рассмотрением в микроэкономической теории проблемы отдачи от масштаба, дискуссией по данной теме (до Второй мировой войны) и тем вопросам, которые, на взгляд авторов, так и остались не до конца проясненными.
The ω-hydroxyceramides of pig epidermis are attached to corneocytes solely through ω-hydroxyl groups

The cornified outer cells of mammalian epidermis possess a monolayer of omega-hydroxyceramides that are ester-linked to the exterior of a cross-linked protein envelope. In the present study, conclusive evidence was sought on which of the ceramide hydroxyl groups are involved in the linkage to protein. This was obtained by derivatizing all free hydroxyl groups in isolated solvent-extracted porcine stratum corneum using triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) chloride in pyridine in the presence of silver nitrate. After an 18-h reaction, the tissue was recovered, rinsed, and the derivatized ceramides were then released from protein linkage by hydrolysis with 1M KOH in 95% methanol. This gave a single ceramide product that was shown by nuclear magnetic resonance to contain two triisopropyl groups. Acetylation of the product using acetic anhydride in pyridine resulted in a downfield shift of the NMR signal for the omega-methylene protons, showing that it was the omega-hydroxyl that was free in the initial reaction product, and subsequently was acetylated. These results show that all of the omega-hydroxyceramides of corneocyte lipid envelopes are attached to protein through their omega-hydroxyl groups.
Bridging the Medical Education and Quality Cancer Care Divide: A Call to Action.

ASCO Leadership Development Program members were tasked by the ASCO Board of Directors to explore how to optimize integration of key aspects of oncology care in order to facilitate continuous quality improvement for the practicing oncologist. This Perspective summarizes their findings.
Apigenin inhibits COX-2, PGE2, and EP1 and also initiates terminal differentiation in the epidermis of tumor bearing mice

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. NMSC overexpresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 synthesizes prostaglandins such as PGE2 which promote proliferation and tumorigenesis by engaging G-protein-coupled prostaglandin E receptors (EP). Apigenin is a bioflavonoid that blocks mouse skin tumorigenesis induced by the chemical carcinogens, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). However, the effect of apigenin on the COX-2 pathway has not been examined in the DMBA/TPA skin tumor model. In the present study, apigenin decreased tumor multiplicity and incidence in DMBA/TPA-treated SKH-1 mice. Analysis of the non-tumor epidermis revealed that apigenin reduced COX-2, PGE2, EP1, and EP2 synthesis and also increased terminal differentiation. In contrast, apigenin did not inhibit the COX-2 pathway or promote terminal differentiation in the tumors. Since fewer tumors developed in apigenin-treated animals which contained reduced epidermal COX-2 levels, our data suggest that apigenin may avert skin tumor development by blocking COX-2.
Publius’s Political Science

“Publius,” the collective author of The Federalist, was not just a polemicist and normative theorist but also a political scientist. We argue that the political psychology, and institutional predictions that comprise The Federalist are best understood as political science, because the predictions could be – and were – revised in light of “that best oracle of wisdom, experience” (Federalist 15). After outlining some “maintained hypotheses” about human nature that undergird The Federalist, we describe three respects in which James Madison revised, in light of post-1790 experience, Publius’ institutional predictions. The Federalist pressed the view that the national legislature would be the most powerful branch, requiring the Constitution to bolster the implied powers of the executive, limit states’ power, and dampen direct popular participation by the People themselves. After the successes of Hamilton’s initiatives demonstrated the potency of the Presidency during the 1790s, Madison radically revised all three of these institutional predictions, calling for limits on implied presidential powers, a broad construction of states’ reserved authority, and, most dramatically, popular participation through disciplined political parties. Rather than view these revisions as abandoning the political theory of The Federalist, we argue that Madison and Hamilton both retained Publius’s foundational normative assumptions, while revising their predictions about institutional behavior in light of the empirical evidence – precisely the proper response of an empirically oriented political scientist. In this sense, Hamilton’s and Madison’s post-ratification breach was less a retreat by either from Publius’ political theory and more a confirmation of the status of The Federalist as, in part, political science revised in light of political experience.
Transverse Electromagnetic Waves

This chapter contains sections titled: Plane TEM Waves TEM Waves in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems Reflection and Transmission at a Discontinuity Interface Wave Matrices Transmission through Dielectric Sheets Reflection from a Finite Conducting Plane Plane Waves in Anisotropic Dielectric Media TEM Waves in a Ferrite Medium Dyadic Green's Function for Layered Media Wave Velocities Point Source Radiation in Anisotropic Media This chapter contains sections titled: References and Bibliography Problems
Actinide Transmutation in PWRs Using CONFU Assemblies

Expansion of domestic use of nuclear power to provide energy security and environmental sustainability requires minimization of the nuclear waste. To achieve this goal in the short term, transmutation of transuranic (TRU) elements in COmbined Non-Fertile and UO 2 (CONFU) Generation-III pressurized water reactor (PWR) assemblies is evaluated. These assemblies are composed of a mix of standard UO 2 fuel pins and pins made of recycled TRU in an inert matrix and are designed to fit in currently deployed PWRs. Previous studies have shown the feasibility of a CONFU-Equilibrium (CONFU-E) assembly design with a net TRU balance between production and destruction and a CONFU-Burndown (CONFU-B) assembly design with net destruction of TRU coming from several reactors. In this paper, a CONFU-self Contained (CONFU-C) assembly is shown to achieve net TRU destruction in a self-contained TRU multirecycling system. Both the CONFU-B and CONFU-C designs are presented in this paper in detail. For these designs a detailed assembly-level neutronic analysis has been performed using CASMO-4 to investigate cycle length, TRU management performance, and key reactor reactivity parameters, along with detailed intraassembly power peaking factors (IAPPFs). Various fuel mixing schemes and cooling times were evaluated. Using the IAPPF results, a full core thermal-hydraulic analysis using VIPRE was performed to validate thermal margins, and a loss-of coolant-accident event was assessed using RELAP5. Based on the TRU management characteristics of these designs, metrics were developed to reflect the material handling difflculties of the multirecycled fuel, along with its repository impact. These parameters were compared to a standard once-through UO 2 cycle, along with other Pu or TRU multirecycling schemes (mixed oxide with enriched uranium (MOX-UE) and COmbustible Recyclage A ILot (CORAIL)J. Finally, an economic analysis has been conducted to compare the fuel cycle cost (FCC) associated with these designs. TRU management results of CONFU-B and CONFU-C showed a net TRU destruction of 2 to 20 kg/TW · h (electric) generated, with an FCC of 12 to 15 mills/kw · h (electric), depending on the mixing strategy and cooling time chosen. Reactor control parameters and thermal margins were found to be comparable to an all-UO 2 assembly. While both designs offer significant repository benefits, the accumulation of minor actinides may limit the practicality of fuel multirecycling.