cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer From Radiation Exposure During Parathyroid Imaging: Comparison of 4D CT and Parathyroid Scintigraphy

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to measure the organ doses and effective dose (ED) for parathyroid 4D CT and scintigraphy and to estimate the lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence associated with imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Organ radiation doses for 4D CT and scintigraphy were measured on the basis of imaging with our institution's protocols. An anthropomorphic phantom with metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor detectors was scanned to measure CT organ dose. Organ doses from the radionuclide were based on International Commission for Radiological Protection report 80. ED was calculated for 4D CT and scintigraphy and was used to estimate the lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence for patients differing in age and sex with the approach established by the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report. A 55-year-old woman was selected as the standard patient according to the demographics of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS. Organs receiving the hi...
Career Profile of and Feedback from Graduates of a Midwest Curriculum

The purpose of this survey study was to create a career-activity profile of all physical therapy graduates from the University of Nebraska Medical Center (1972–1985) and to gather evaluative information for the planning of a postbaccalaureate entry-level degree program for physical therapy. A majority of the survey respondents (91%) were employed in physical therapy when the survey was made and were satisfied with their undergraduate program. A majority of the respondents resided in Nebraska or surrounding states and identified similar changes within the physical therapy profession. The results supported the hypothesis that a negative correlation would exist between the salaries of full-time physical therapists and the size of the population they serve. Graduates' recommendations to increase clinical education and student exposure to specialties were included in the University of Nebraska's postbaccalaureate physical therapy degree proposal. This graduate feedback system was helpful with physical therapy program planning to meet the identified needs of this regional area.
Erythropoietin use in oncology: a summary of the evidence and practice guidelines comparing efforts of the Cochrane Review group and Blue Cross/Blue Shield to set up the ASCO/ASH guidelines.

Clinical research evidence on outcomes of using epoetin (EPO) to treat or prevent anemia in oncology has recently been systematically synthesized to provide a scientific foundation for developing and implementing clinical practice guidelines. Two groups have distinguished themselves by their meticulous research methods, the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center (BCBSA TEC) and the Cochrane Review Group (CRG), and have summarized existing research evidence on the role of EPO in anemia associated with cancer treatment. An ASH/ASCO (American Society of Hematology/American Society of Clinical Oncology) panel has used the BCBSA TEC review to develop practice guidelines on the use of EPO in patients with cancer. The ASH/ASCO guideline panel identified eight important clinical circumstances for which use of EPO in oncology might be considered and used the BCBSA TEC evidence review to formulate evidence-based guidelines that support use of EPO. Both BCBSA TEC and CRG found solid evidence exists to show that EPO improves hemoglobin levels and reduce the risk for transfusion. The ASH/ASCO panel concluded that best empirical evidence exists to support the use of EPO to correct anemia due to chemotherapy if Hgb≤10 g/dl. In other clinical circumstances the ASH/ASCO panel made recommendations either by extrapolating evidence from similar settings or relied on expert opinion since sufficient evidence was lacking. Both BCBSA TEC and CRG also concluded that limited evidence exists that EPO improves symptoms, fatigue, or quality of life, particularly when anemia is less severe. The finding from these systematic reviews are also reflected in the opinion of the ASH/ASCO guidelines panel, which also concluded that better evidence is needed to support use of EPO in oncology under these circumstances. In this paper, the findings from the guidelines set by ASH/ASCO that were culled from systematic reviews by BCBSA TEC and the Cochrane Review are compared and contrasted.
Optical diffraction inspection of periodic structures using neural networks

An optical diffraction method is described for inspecting peri- odic structures such as combs or semiconductor leads. Coherent light passing between the prongs of the structure self-interfere at the frac- tional Talbot plane to provide a simple method of inspection. Computer simulation and laboratory experiments show the viability of this ap- proach. The theory assumes infinite structures. In practice, large end effect signals arise due to the finiteness of the periodic structure. A neu- ral network is demonstrated that learns to distinguish end effect signals from prong damage signals. The variability of the measuring process in a production environment makes neural networks an appropriate approach for this task. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)02303-4)
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Salmonella typhimurium dcp gene encoding dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase.

Abstract Plasmids carrying the Salmonella typhimurium dcp gene were isolated from a pBR328 library of Salmonella chromosomal DNA by screening for complementation of a peptide utilization defect conferred by a dcp mutation. Strains carrying these plasmids overproduced dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase approximately 50-fold. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.8-kb region of one of these plasmids contained an open reading frame coding for a protein of 77,269 Da, in agreement with the 80-kDa size for dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase purified from an overproducer strain agreed with that predicted by the nucleotide sequence. Northern (RNA) blot data indicated that dcp is not cotranscribed with other genes, and primer extension analysis showed the start of transcription to be 22 bases upstream of the translational start. The amino acid sequence of dcp was not similar to that of a mammalian dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, angiotensin I-converting enzyme, but showed striking similarities to the amino acid sequence of another S. typhimurium peptidase encoded by the opdA (formerly optA) gene.
Iron deficiency anemia of infancy: some clinical principles illustrated by the response of Maori infants to neonatal parenteral iron administration.

In Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, the parenteral administration of 200 to 250 mg of elemental iron* to Maori neonates was completely successful in preventing iron deficiency anemia of late infancy, whereas control cases generally developed moderate to severe iron deficiency anemia. The presence of anemia in control cases appears to be related more to postnatal dietary intake of iron than to such antenatal factors as maternal parity and the presence or absence of adequate maternal iron antenatally. A dramatic reduction in hospitalizations for infec tions was noted in the treated group as compared with controls.
Relations Between Gratifications Sought and Obtained A Study of Television News

This study investigated the relationship between gratifications sought (GS) from television news and gratifications obtained (GO) from network evening news programs Each GS correlated moderately to strongly with its corre sponding GO for the respondent's most-watched program. Correlations between each GS and noncorresponding GOs were generally much lower. In addition, the degree of dependence on a particular program was posi tively related to the strength of the GS versus GO relationship. The differ ences in the GS and GO factor structures appear attributable to medium and program content characteristics. The findings indicate considerable promise for a sought versus obtained conceptualization of uses and gratifi cations.
Differential Regulation of Protrusion and Polarity by PI(3)K during Neutrophil Motility in Live Zebrafish

Cell polarity is crucial for directed migration. Here we show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K) mediates neutrophil migration in vivo by differentially regulating cell protrusion and polarity. The dynamics of PI(3)K products PI(3,4,5)P(3)-PI(3,4)P(2) during neutrophil migration were visualized in living zebrafish, revealing that PI(3)K activation at the leading edge is critical for neutrophil motility in intact tissues. A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac was used to demonstrate that localized activation of Rac is sufficient to direct migration with precise temporal and spatial control in vivo. Similar stimulation of PI(3)K-inhibited cells did not direct migration. Localized Rac activation rescued membrane protrusion but not anteroposterior polarization of F-actin dynamics of PI(3)K-inhibited cells. Uncoupling Rac-mediated protrusion and polarization suggests a paradigm of two-tiered PI(3)K-mediated regulation of cell motility. This work provides new insight into how cell signaling at the front and back of the cell is coordinated during polarized cell migration in intact tissues within a multicellular organism.
COMPUTER BASED SOCIAL STUDIES INSTRUCTION: A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY

In this study, the quality of the computer and Internet based social studies course was investigated. A case study design was chosen to understand, a) how computers are used in the eighth grade classroom, b) what the students’ and teacher’s perceptions are about the advantages and problems of using computers. Qualitative data sources showed that students have positive perceptions about computers and the Internet. Results also indicated that lower level students have attention problems and do not have good study discipline on computers.
Multivariable Frequency Domain Identification via 2-Norm Minimization

This paper develops a computational approach to multivariable frequency domain identification, based on 2-norm minimization. In particular, a Gauss-Newton (GN) iteration is developed to minimize the 2-norm of the error between frequency domain data and a matrix fraction transfer function estimate. In order to improve the global performance of the optimization algorithm, the GN iteration is initialized using the solution to a particular sequentially reweighted least squares problem, denoted as the SK iteration. The least squares problems which arise from both the SK and GN iterations are shown to involve sparse matrices with identical block structure. A sparse matrix QR method is developed to exploit the special block structure, and to efficiently compute the least squares solution. A numerical example involving the identification of a MIMO plant having 286 unknown parameters is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Magnitude approximation of digital filters with specified degrees of flatness and constant group delay characteristics

New techniques to approximate the magnitude response of infinite-impulse response digital filters with maximally flat or equiripple delay characteristics are presented. A polynomial with maximally flat or equiripple group delay characteristics is chosen to be the denominator of the filter transfer function. The coefficients of the numerator polynomial are found such that the group delay characteristic is unaffected, and the magnitude response either has desired degrees of flatness at /spl omega/=0 and/or /spl omega/=/spl pi/ or is flat in the passband and equiripple in the stopband. The magnitude response can also be matched to prescribed values at a number of frequencies between /spl omega/=0 and /spl omega/=/spl pi/. In the first case, the solution for the coefficients of the numerator polynomial is shown to be purely analytical. In the second case, the well-known Remez Exchange Algorithm is used to obtain the desired passband and stopband magnitude characteristics simultaneously. It is also shown that the proposed design methods can be used to obtain linear phase finite-impulse response filters with a magnitude response that is flat in the passband and flat or equiripple in the stopband.
Oxytocin is an age-specific circulating hormone that is necessary for muscle maintenance and regeneration

The regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle declines with age. Previous studies suggest that this process can be reversed by exposure to young circulation; however, systemic age-specific factors responsible for this phenomenon are largely unknown. Here we report that oxytocin--a hormone best known for its role in lactation, parturition and social behaviours--is required for proper muscle tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and that plasma levels of oxytocin decline with age. Inhibition of oxytocin signalling in young animals reduces muscle regeneration, whereas systemic administration of oxytocin rapidly improves muscle regeneration by enhancing aged muscle stem cell activation/proliferation through activation of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway. We further show that the genetic lack of oxytocin does not cause a developmental defect in muscle but instead leads to premature sarcopenia. Considering that oxytocin is an FDA-approved drug, this work reveals a potential novel and safe way to combat or prevent skeletal muscle ageing.
Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus Cyclin Interacts with Components of the Mediator Complex and the RNA Polymerase II Holoenzyme

Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) encodes an accessory protein, OrfA, with sequence homology to cyclins (retrovirus cyclin). In cells transfected with an expression construct, OrfA was localized to the nucleus and was concentrated in interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs), sites where splicing factors are concentrated. Other proteins identified in IGCs include transcription factors, the large subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (cdk8). cdk8 is the kinase partner of cyclin C and a component of the mediator complex, associated with the Pol II holoenzyme. cdk8 and cyclin C can regulate transcription via phosphorylation of cyclin H and the carboxy-terminal domain of Pol II. OrfA in transfected HeLa cells was found to colocalize and copurify with hyperphosphorylated forms of Pol II (Pol IIO) in IGCs, and OrfA was coimmunoprecipitated from lysates of transfected cells with an antibody against Pol IIO. Likewise, Pol IIO could be coprecipitated with an antibody against OrfA. A survey with antibodies against several different cdks resulted in coimmunoprecipitation of OrfA with anti-cdk8, and antiserum against OrfA was able to coprecipitate cdk8 from lysates of cells that express OrfA. Coprecipitation of OrfA with anti-cyclin C demonstrated that it was included in complexes with OrfA and cdk8. OrfA has sequence and structural similarities to cyclin C, and, functionally, OrfA appears to have the capacity to both enhance and inhibit the activity of promoters in a cell-specific manner, similar to functions of the mediator complex. These data suggest that WDSV OrfA functions through its interactions with these large, transcription complexes. Further investigations will clarify the role of the retrovirus cyclin in control of virus expression and transformation.
Synthesis of the C1–C21 Domain of Azaspiracids-1 and −3

An efficient synthesis of the C1–C21 fragment of azaspiracids-1 and −3 is described. This features a Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction to couple the AB and CD ring precursors and formation of the THF-fused ABCD trioxadispiroketal system under thermodynamic conditions.
Virus and Bacteria Enhance Histamine Production in Middle Ear Fluids of Children with Acute Otitis Media

Histamine levels were measured in 677 middle ear fluid (MEF) samples from 248 children (aged 2 months to 7 years) with acute otitis media (AOM); of these, 116 (47%) had documented viral infection. Histamine content was higher in bacteria-positive than in bacteria-negative MEF samples (P = .007) and higher in samples from patients with viral infection than in those from patients with no viral infection (P = .002). Bacteria and viruses together had an additive effect on histamine content in MEF. Histamine concentration in the initial MEF sample tended to be higher in patients with persistent otitis than in those with good response to treatment (P = .14). Results suggest that viruses, bacteria, or both induce histamine production, which leads to increased inflammation in the middle ear. Antihistaminic drugs may be beneficial. Large, prospective, controlled trials of the effects of antihistamine as an adjunct therapy in bacterial and viral AOM are required before recommendations can be made.
Cost Analysis and Policy Implications of a Pediatric Palliative Care Program

Abstract Context In 2010, California launched Partners for Children (PFC), a pediatric palliative care pilot program offering hospice-like services for children eligible for full-scope Medicaid delivered concurrently with curative care, regardless of the child's life expectancy. Objectives We assessed the change from before PFC enrollment to the enrolled period in 1) health care costs per enrollee per month (PEPM), 2) costs by service type and diagnosis category, and 3) health care utilization (days of inpatient care and length of hospital stay). Methods A pre-post analysis compared enrollees' health care costs and utilization up to 24 months before enrollment with their costs during participation in the pilot, from January 2010 through December 2012. Analyses were conducted using paid Medicaid claims and program enrollment data. Results The average PEPM health care costs of program enrollees decreased by $3331 from before their participation in PFC to the enrolled period, driven by a reduction in inpatient costs of $4897 PEPM. PFC enrollees experienced a nearly 50% reduction in the average number of inpatient days per month, from 4.2 to 2.3. Average length of stay per hospitalization dropped from an average of 16.7 days before enrollment to 6.5 days while in the program. Conclusion Through the provision of home-based therapeutic services, 24/7 access to medical advice, and enhanced, personally tailored care coordination, PFC demonstrated an effective way to reduce costs for children with life-limiting conditions by moving from costly inpatient care to more coordinated and less expensive outpatient care. PFC's home-based care strategy is a cost-effective model for pediatric palliative care elsewhere.
Advances in Diode-Laser-Based Water Vapor Differential Absorption Lidar

An advanced diode-laser-based water vapor differential absorption lidar (WV-DIAL) has been developed. The next generation design was built on the success of previous diode-laser-based prototypes and enables accurate measurement of water vapor closer to the ground surface, in rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, and in daytime cloudy conditions up to cloud base. The lidar provides up to 1 min resolution, 150 m range resolved measurements of water vapor in a broad range of atmospheric conditions. A description of the instrument and results from its initial field test in 2014 are discussed.
The Response of an Idealized Atmosphere to Orographic Forcing: Zonal versus Meridional Propagation

AbstractA dry atmospheric general circulation model is forced with large-scale, Gaussian orography in an attempt to isolate a regime in which the model responds linearly to orographic forcing and then to study the departures from linearity as the orography is increased in amplitude. In contrast to previous results, which emphasized the meridional propagation of orographically forced stationary waves, using the standard Held–Suarez (H–S) control climate, it is found that the linear regime is characterized by a meridionally trapped, zonally propagating wave. Meridionally trapped waves of this kind have been seen in other contexts, where they have been termed “circumglobal waves.” As the height of the orography is increased, the circumglobal wave coexists with a meridionally propagating wave and for large-enough heights the meridionally propagating wave dominates the response. A barotropic model on a sphere reproduces this trapped wave in the linear regime and also reproduces the transition to meridional pro...
Task Design and Skill Level Perceptions of Middle School Students Toward Competition in Dance-Related Active Gaming

In this study, we drew upon McCaughtry, Tischler, and Flory's (2008) reconceptualized ecological framework to examine middle school students' perceptions (N = 391) of competition in physical education, specifically after participating in noncompetitive and competitive active gaming (AG) sessions. Chi-square tests of independence were computed on students' open-ended questionnaire responses. In terms of the AG sessions, students enjoyed AG and felt happy regardless of the task structure; however, what they liked and disliked about the AG tasks varied according to skill. Lower skilled students in the noncompetitive situation focused on success more frequently and in the competitive situations reported liking task elements and competition less frequently than did other skill groups. Discussion was focused on improvements in equipment features and task design to enhance students' experience.
‘Tapping Secrecies of Stone’: Irish Roads as Performances of Movement, Measurement, and Memory

Roads have always held a particular fascination for me. Perhaps it is because they hold the promise of movement, travel, and escape. Certain roads remain embedded in my memory: the roads to the bluffs of Santa Cruz where I choreographed my first dance; Tioga Road in the Sierra Mountains of California where I drove as a 20 year old and watched shooting stars from my Volkswagen, and the Wicklow mountain roads I explored as a student hoping to commune with the literary spirits of Samuel Beckett, J. M. Synge, and James Joyce. Roads run deep — they inscribe themselves in us. They can suggest motion or enact a boundary, provide a connection between distant places, beckon a journey without end, or disguise a secret route. This chapter considers roads as vital cultural spaces which give rise to scenes of performance and which at times might be seen as performances themselves. Roads direct and redirect our movements and sometimes play with our perceptions of reality and illusion, shifting our perspective when they change direction. Like the ‘perils of Dublin pavements’ that confronted Bloom as he headed through the city’s streets, roads are gestures, intersecting with our bodies and our thoughts as we negotiate the uncertainties of the ground.3 Rather than view Irish roads as inert or static cultural tracts, I see them as conduits for movement and memory operating within the larger spatial history of Ireland and in conjunction with a repertoire of cultural practices.
Biomarkers in the Clinic

The recent years has seen massive advances in technology that has helped better understand the biology of breast cancer. This understanding has resulted in the recognition that breast cancer is not a single disease but a group of diseases. The testing of biomarkers has become integral to therapeutics of breast cancer. These decisions are based not only on the extent of disease but on the specific the type of breast cancer. Terms unheard up a decade ago (luminal and TNBC) have become part of the language. However, only a few of the biomarkers have reached to the level of clinical practice. In this chapter we discuss the current status of biomarker usage and the limitations associated with the application of novel biomarkers to clinical practice.
Debt in the Global Economy

In the social ontology of capitalism, debt has become one of its most fundamental social forms, a constitutive though fictitious structure that subsumes and disrupts social life. “The Political Economy of Debt and the Present Moment of World History” reveals the destabilizing consequences and precariousness of debt-based capital. Smith maps striking developments in the role of debt that distinguish our historical period and presents seven “stylized facts” about our social world. From the standpoint of most mainstream economic theories, they are all anomalies, caused by extraneous factors. As Thomas Kuhn taught long ago in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, however, there is some point past which the accretion of anomalies and ad hoc explanations calls established paradigms into question. A Marxian framework extrapolated from the third volume of Capital offers a superior basis for comprehending these crucially important features of the contemporary world, and, from that point, proceeds by examining three dimensions of macro-monetary circuits: the use-value dimension of innovations that create dynamic new markets and expand established ones; the social relations dimension of labor markets and labor processes that enable surplus value to be produced, and the monetary dimension, that is, the difference between the aggregate of money accumulated at the conclusion of a circuit (M’) relative to the aggregate invested at its beginning (M). An argument is given that the valorization process from M to M’ requires the insertion of credit by the financial sector. Part Two constructs a historical narrative of the return to growth after the global slowdown of the 1970s, focusing on the three dimensions discussed in Part One. Part Three begins by noting a number of striking features of the monetary dimension today, including the astounding and absolutely unprecedented amount of debt that has been created; the fact that ever-greater amount of debt are required to obtain a given increment of growth; and the greater share of debt created within the financial sector that remains within that sector, generating self-sustaining financial bubbles. Smith argues that these features of credit in the contemporary economy are rooted in the proliferation of national innovation systems that are dynamic in use-value terms but hamper valorization. The final section explores the implications of the political economy of credit for social relations, concluding that the normative issues they raise could not be more profound.
The Moral Deliberations of 15 Clergy on Suicide and Assisted Death: A Qualitative Study

Given the relationship between moral objections to suicide, physician-assisted suicide (PAS), and euthanasia and religion, it is important to understand under what conditions clergy have moral objections to suicide, ending futile medical treatment, PAS, and euthanasia. This study used thematic analysis to explore the moral deliberations of 15 clergy and the right- and wrong-making properties of nine death and dying scenarios. Fifteen Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant clergy completed semi-structured interviews. Data analysis generated eight themes: sanctity of life, preservation of the natural course of life, pastoral care, support of the faith community, referral to professional services, end-of-life decision in community, consultation with medical professionals, and a shift to a hopeful narrative. Respondents consistently endorsed the priority of pastoral care, demonstrating a deep concern for the well-being of suffering congregants. In conclusion, respondents were consistent in the application of eight themes to end-of-life scenarios but differed in their approach to the removal of a feeding tube and being present for a PAS death. Every respondent objected to suicide.
Bone Structure and Turnover Status in Postmenopausal Women with Atypical Femur Fracture After Prolonged Bisphosphonate Therapy.

Atypical femur fracture (AFF), a serious complication of long-term bisphosphonate therapy, is usually preceded by an incomplete fracture appearing on the lateral femur. AFF is most likely the result of severely suppressed bone turnover (SSBT). However, the differences in bone structure and turnover between patients with incomplete and complete AFF remain unknown. We examined trans-iliac bone biopsies from 12 white postmenopausal women with AFF (incomplete = 5; complete = 7) on BP therapy of >5 years and 43 healthy white premenopausal women. Histomorphometric measurements were performed separately in cancellous, intracortical and endosteal envelopes. Of the 43 histomorphometric measurements on 3 difference bone surfaces (cancellous, intracortical and endosteal), only 2 bone resorption variables (Oc.S/BS and Oc.S/NOS) on the endosteal surface were significantly lower in patients with complete AFF than those with incomplete AFF. Compared to healthy premenopausal women, the trabecular bone volume, thickness and number were all significantly lower in patients with AFF. The dynamic bone formation variables in patients with AFF were significantly reduced on all bone surfaces. The likelihood of a biopsy with no tetracycline labeling was significantly higher in AFF patients than in healthy premenopausal women. Based on these results, we conclude that there are no significant differences in bone turnover between patients with incomplete and complete AFF, suggesting that the suppression of bone turnover had already existed in the femur with incomplete AFF. Compared to healthy premenopausal women, bone turnover is similarly suppressed in patients with either type of AFF.
The light response of mesophyll conductance is controlled by structure across leaf profiles.

Mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm ) may respond to light either through regulated dynamic mechanisms or due to anatomical and structural factors. At low light, some layers of cells in the leaf cross-section approach photocompensation and contribute minimally to bulk leaf photosynthesis and little to whole leaf gm (gm,leaf ). Thus, the bulk gm,leaf will appear to respond to light despite being based upon cells having an anatomically fixed mesophyll conductance. Such behaviour was observed in species with contrasting leaf structure using the variable J or stable isotope method of measuring gm,leaf . A species with bifacial structure, Arbutus × 'Marina', and an isobilateral species, Triticum durum L., had contrasting responses of gm,leaf upon varying adaxial or abaxial illumination. Anatomical observations, when coupled with the proposed model of gm,leaf to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) response, successfully represented the observed gas exchange data. The theoretical and observed evidence that gm,leaf apparently responds to light has large implications for how gm,leaf values are interpreted, particularly limitation analyses, and indicates the importance of measuring gm under full light saturation. Responses of gm,leaf to the environment should be treated as an emergent property of a distributed 3D structure, and not solely a leaf area-based phenomenon.
Breast-feeding education and practice in family medicine.

BACKGROUND: Physician support has been shown to increase breast-feeding rates, but anecdotal reports suggest that physicians are ill prepared for their role in breast-feeding promotion. Inadequate breast-feeding education during residency training may be a contributing factor. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire mailed to 1099 family medicine residents and 665 recently board-certified family physicians assessed knowledge, attitudes, education, and activity related to breast-feeding promotion. Response rates were 71% for residents and 58% for physicians. RESULTS: Although residents and physicians were strongly convinced that family physicians should be involved in breast-feeding promotion, both groups demonstrated significant deficits in knowledge about breast-feeding benefits and clinical management strategies. Common errors included inappropriate recommendations for breast-feeding termination or formula supplementation, a proven cause of breast-feeding failure. Personal breast-feeding experience was the only factor consistently associated with more frequent breast-feeding promotion activity among residents and increased self-confidence for both groups. Respondents reported only limited opportunities for developing breast-feeding counseling skills during residency training. CONCLUSIONS: Improved breast-feeding education is needed for family medicine residents and physicians. Residency training and continuing education programs should emphasize the benefits of breast-feeding, clinical management strategies, and development of practical counseling skills.
Identification of a Dynamic Model for the State Estimation of Large Power Systems in Normal Operating Conditions

Abstract The paper is concerned with the problem of Identification of a dynamic model for the bus voltages of an Interconnected power system. It is proposed to follow a two step procedure: In the first step, the given power injection data are processed using d.c. load flow techniques in order to generate approximate values of the voltage magnitudes and angles. In the second step, these approximate solutions are then processed to identify a simple state model. Key words: Identification; voltage dynamics; d.c. load flow; state model; parameter estimation
Streptococcus suis meningitis can require a prolonged treatment course

We report a case of recrudescent Streptococcus suis meningitis requiring a prolonged treatment course. A few similar cases can be found in the burgeoning literature on what remains a relatively uncommon disease in humans, and these patients should be monitored carefully upon completion of therapy.
Young adults' psychological and physiological reactions to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Abstract Elections present unique opportunities to study how sociopolitical events influence individual processes. The current study examined 286 young adults’ mood and diurnal cortisol responses to the 2016 U.S. presidential election in real-time: two days before the election, election night, and two days after the election of Donald Trump, with the goal of understanding whether (and the extent to which) the election influenced young adults’ affective and biological states. Utilizing piecewise trajectory analyses, we observed high, and increasing, negative affect leading up to the election across all participants. Young adults who had negative perceptions of Trump’s ability to fulfill the role of president and/or were part of a non-dominant social group (i.e., women, ethnic/racial minority young adults) reported increased signs of stress before the election and on election night. After the election, we observed a general “recovery” in self-reported mood; however, diurnal cortisol indicators suggested that there was an increase in biological stress among some groups. Overall, findings underscore the role of macro-level factors in individuals’ health and well-being via more proximal attitudes and physiological functioning.
Robust PCA via Dictionary Based Outlier Pursuit

In this paper, we examine the problem of locating vector outliers from a large number of inliers, with a particular focus on the case where the outliers are represented in a known basis or dictionary. Using a convex demixing formulation, we provide provable guarantees for exact recovery of the space spanned by the inliers and the supports of the outlier columns, even when the rank of inliers is high and the number of outliers is a constant proportion of total observations. Comprehensive numerical experiments on both synthetic and hyper-spectral imaging real datasets demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method.
Face recognition ability does not predict person identification performance: using individual data in the interpretation of group results.

There are large individual differences in people’s face recognition ability. These individual differences provide an opportunity to recruit the best face-recognisers into jobs that require accurate person identification, through the implementation of ability-screening tasks. To date, screening has focused exclusively on face recognition ability; however real-world identifications can involve the use of other person-recognition cues. Here we incorporate body and biological motion recognition as relevant skills for person identification. We test whether performance on a standardised face-matching task (the Glasgow Face Matching Test) predicts performance on three other identity-matching tasks, based on faces, bodies, and biological motion. We examine the results from group versus individual analyses. We found stark differences between the conclusions one would make from group analyses versus analyses that retain information about individual differences. Specifically, tests of correlation and analysis of variance suggested that face recognition ability was related to performance for all person identification tasks. These analyses were strikingly inconsistent with the individual differences data, which suggested that the screening task was related only to performance on the face task. This study highlights the importance of individual data in the interpretation of results of person identification ability.
Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium

Considering the interrelations between sight, touch, and imagination, this book surveys classical, late antique, and medieval theories of vision to elaborate on how various spheres of the Byzantine world categorized and comprehended sensation and perception. Revisiting scholarly assumptions about the tactility of sight in the Byzantine world, it demonstrates how the haptic language associated with vision referred to the cognitive actions of the viewer as they grasped sensory data in the mind in order to comprehend and produce working imaginations of objects for thought and memory. At stake is how the affordances and limitations of the senses came to delineate and cultivate the manner in which art and rhetoric was understood as mediating the realities they wished to convey. This would similarly come to contour how Byzantine religious culture could also go about accessing the sacred, the image serving as a site of desire for the mediated representation of the Divine.
Fat embolism during total hip replacement. A prospective study.

To demonstrate fat embolism during total hip replacement, thirty-four unselected patients were studied with an ultrasound probe over the femoral vein; twenty-one of them also had serial analyses of control and femoral venous blood for fat. Computer energy-density spectrum analysis of the sounds recorded by the ultrasound probe were performed; the fat emboli were counted in the blood samples by two histological techniques; and the plasma was analyzed for triglycerides before and after filtration. Characteristic sounds ("chirps") were heard with the Ultrasound probe during insertion of the femoral component in all patients. The individual chirps lasted two to five milliseconds and occurred every ten to fifteen milliseconds. The mean duration of activity was 4.2 minutes. Rarely, a few chirps were heard during seating of the acetabular component, reaming, or insertion of the cement into the femur. Blood samples during peak ultrasound activity showed: (1) seventy-nine globules per high-power field (control, 1.7) by the cryostat test; (2) 360 globules per high-power field (control, 6.8) by the millipore filter test; and (3) a mean drop in triglycerides after filtration of 27.8 milligrams per 100 milliliters (control, + 1.2). There was no clinical or laboratory evidence of the fat-embolism syndrome. Venting the femoral medullary canal during placement of the femoral component reduced the amount of fat emboli.
Nonlinear Dynamics and the Design of Tuned Pendulum Vibration Absorbers

This paper presents a survey of recent results obtained from a series of analytical investigations into the nonlinear dynamic behavior of systems of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers. Issues related to the performance capabilities and limitations of existing and proposed designs are discussed. Specifically, we consider the performance acheived for various types of absorber paths, a subharmonic absorber, and the dynamic stability of systems composed of multiple absorber masses. A set of study summaries is offered for these topics, with details left to the references.
Synthesis and characterization of the atomic laminate Mn2AlB2

Abstract Herein, we synthesize dense, predominantly single-phase polycrystalline samples of the Mn2AlB2 ternary compound, using reactive hot-pressing of manganese, aluminum, and boron powder mixtures under vacuum. With a Vickers hardness of 8.7 GPa, Mn2AlB2 is relatively soft for a transition metal boride and lacked dominant cracks at the corners of the indentations. With Young’s and shear moduli of 243 GPa and 102 GPa at 300 K, respectively, it is reasonably stiff. The Poisson’s ratio is calculated to be 0.19. With compressive strengths of 1.24 ± 0.1 GPa, the samples were quite strong considering the grain size (1–15 μm). The electrical resistivity at 300 K was ∼5 μΩm and decreased linearly upon cooling. At 0.0036 K−1, the temperature coefficient of resistivity was relatively high compared to MoAlB. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient was also found to be relatively high at 18.6 × 10-6 K−1 from 298 to 1173 K. Mn2AlB2 was not thermally stable above ∼1379 K. While Mn2AlB2 was not machinable with conventional tooling, intriguingly, high-speed carbide tools bits readily penetrate the surface – with no cracking or chipping for a few millimeters – before stopping.
Teaching NeuroImages: Severe spasms resembling status dystonicus as an unusual presentation of stiff-person syndrome.

A 20-year-old man presented with frequent episodes of generalized rigidity. He had an 18-month history of painful muscle spasms, diaphoresis, and falls. These episodes were associated with anxiety related to pain and the bizarre, unpredictable nature of the symptoms. The patient was admitted with severe tonic spasm episodes lasting for up to 5 minutes, which were initially thought secondary to status dystonicus (video).
Correlation of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Results With Clinical and Intraoperative Findings in Painful Total Ankle Replacement.

Background:Evaluating pain after total ankle replacement (TAR) is often difficult, and traditional imaging modalities do not always adequately assess potential etiologies of failure. Our study adds...
Comparison of the molecular and cellular phenotypes of common mouse syngeneic models with human tumors

The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates that reactivation of the human immune system delivers durable responses for some patients and represents an exciting approach for cancer treatment. An important class of preclinical in vivo models for immuno-oncology is immunocompetent mice bearing mouse syngeneic tumors. To facilitate translation of preclinical studies into human, we characterized the genomic, transcriptomic, and protein expression of a panel of ten commonly used mouse tumor cell lines grown in vitro culture as well as in vivo tumors. Our studies identified a number of genetic and cellular phenotypic differences that distinguish commonly used mouse syngeneic models in our study from human cancers. Only a fraction of the somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in these common mouse cell lines directly match SNVs in human actionable cancer genes. Some models derived from epithelial tumors have a more mesenchymal phenotype with relatively low T-lymphocyte infiltration compared to the corresponding human cancers. CT26, a colon tumor model, had the highest immunogenicity and was the model most responsive to CTLA4 inhibitor treatment, by contrast to the relatively low immunogenicity and response rate to checkpoint inhibitor therapies in human colon cancers. The relative immunogenicity of these ten syngeneic tumors does not resemble typical human tumors derived from the same tissue of origin. By characterizing the mouse syngeneic models and comparing with their human tumor counterparts, this study contributes to a framework that may help investigators select the model most relevant to study a particular immune-oncology mechanism, and may rationalize some of the challenges associated with translating preclinical findings to clinical studies.
Chapter 15 – Immune System

Publisher Summary Toxicity to the immune system may arise from the direct action of toxic chemicals on components of the immune system. Compounds causing injury to lymphoid organs include glucocorticosteroids (stress hormones), halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, nonhalogenated (polycyclic) aromatic hydrocarbons, organotin compounds, heavy metals, immunosuppressive drugs, and cytostatic agents. Also, ionizing and ultraviolet B radiation, as well as oxidant air pollutants, cause injury to components of the immune system. The morphological response can be involution of lymphoid organs (the thymus being very susceptible to toxic injury) and also hyperplasia and neoplasia. In lymphoid organs, the passenger (lymphoid) population generally is more susceptible to toxic damage than the stationary components. Toxicity also arises as the result of immunological reactions to the toxic chemical or dysregulation of immunological reactions by the toxic insult. This response is classified as hypersensitivity or autoimmunity. In this type of toxicity, the target of toxicity can be found at multiple sites of the body, depending on the presence and specificity of the hypersensitivity or autoimmune reaction. For example, compounds giving this type of toxicity are certain drugs and heavy metals.
Defining the Pandemic at the State Level: Sequence-Based Epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by the Arizona COVID-19 Genomics Union (ACGU)

In December of 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in the city of Wuhan, China causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since then, the virus has swept across the globe causing millions of confirmed infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. To better understand the nature of the pandemic and the introduction and spread of the virus in Arizona, we sequenced viral genomes from clinical samples tested at the TGen North Clinical Laboratory, provided to us by the Arizona Department of Health Services, and at Arizona State University and the University of Arizona, collected as part of community surveillance projects. Phylogenetic analysis of 79 genomes we generated from across Arizona revealed a minimum of 9 distinct introductions throughout February and March. We show that >80% of our sequences descend from clades that were initially circulating widely in Europe but have since dominated the outbreak in the United States. In addition, we show that the first reported case of community transmission in Arizona descended from the Washington state outbreak that was discovered in late February. Notably, none of the observed transmission clusters are epidemiologically linked to the original travel-related cases in the state, suggesting successful early isolation and quarantine. Finally, we use molecular clock analyses to demonstrate a lack of identifiable, widespread cryptic transmission in Arizona prior to the middle of February 2020.