cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some aspects of structures of turbulent pool fires

The results of an experimental study of the burning of JP-5 and methanol pools emphasize structural differences between JP-5 and methanol fires as well as the importance of radiant feedback of energy to the pool surface in controlling rates of burning.
Movement patterns, home range size and habitat utilization of the bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis (Acanthuridae) in a Hawaiian marine reserve

We quantified bluespine unicornfish, Naso unicornis, movement patterns, home range size and habitat preferences in a small Hawaiian marine reserve. Bluespine unicornfish were site-attached to home ranges situated within the reserve boundaries and their movements were aligned with topographic features. Two different diel movement patterns (‘commuting’ and ‘foraying’) were observed. Commuters made crepuscular migrations of several hundred meters between daytime foraging areas and nighttime refuge holes. Foraying fish did not partake in crepuscular migrations and utilized refuge holes both day and night. Two bluespine unicornfish were also nocturnally active. There was little direct evidence of dispersal from the reserve but differences in bluespine unicornfish abundance and size among reef habitat zones were consistent with ontogenetic habitat shifts. The influence of habitat topography on bluespine unicornfish movements suggests that gross habitat characteristics could be used to predict reef fish movements. This could provide a simple method for setting marine reserve boundaries at sites for which empirical fish movement data are unavailable.
An atomistic study of helium resolution in bcc iron

Abstract The evolution of gas-stabilized bubbles in irradiated materials can be a significant factor in the microstructural processes that lead to mechanical property and dimensional changes in structural materials exposed to high-energy neutrons. Helium generation and accumulation is particularly important under DT fusion irradiation conditions. Although the process of ballistic resolutioning of gas from bubbles has been long-discussed in the literature, there have been few computational studies of this mechanism. Resolutioning could limit bubble growth by ejecting gas atoms back into the metal matrix. A detailed atomistic study of ballistic He resolutioning from bubbles in bcc iron has been carried out using molecular dynamics. A newly-developed Fe–He interatomic potential was employed, with the iron matrix described by the potential of Ackland and co-workers from 1997. The primary variables examined were: irradiation temperature (100 and 600 K), iron knock-on atom energy (5 and 20 keV), bubble radius (∼0.5 and 1.0 nm), and He-to-vacancy ratio in the bubble (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0) in order to obtain an assessment of this dynamic resolutioning mechanism. The results presented here focus on the 5 keV cascades which indicate a modest, but potentially significant level of He removal by this process.
Assessing Writing Competence in Teacher Education.

Abstract The literacy needs of our diverse multicultural society are so compelling that writing needs to receive increased emphasis at all levels of schooling. In programs designed for the preparation of classroom teachers, writing competence as an admission or exit requirement is of importance for at least three reasons. First, teachers communicate with multiple audiences throughout the day. Frequently they can not communicate on a face-to-face basis and, therefore, they must depend on writing skills. Second, teachers are role models. Truly effective teachers are models of literacy who help students improve their writing skills. Finally, teaching demands that one be a life-long learner, and writing is one of the surest ways to make knowledge personal, connected, and accessible to self. The authors of this essay describe the background and rationale for a holistically scored writing exam in teacher education. Practical suggestions include a sample scoring guide, writing prompt, and general directions.
130 METABOLIC PROFILING OF MALE AND FEMALE BOVINE EMBRYOS USING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) IMAGING

It has been previously shown that during the pre-implantation phase of embryo development, the pentose phosphate energy pathway is 4 times more active in female embryos when compared with male embryos (Tiffin et al. 1991 J. Reprod. Fertil. 93, 125–132). The different metabolic and growth rates can be attributed to the different expression of X-linked genes between the sexes during the early stages of pre-implantation development, in which both X chromosomes are still active in female embryos (Okamoto et al. 2004 Science 303, 644–649). The aim of this study was to evaluate, by proton magnetic resonance (H1-NMR) imaging, the different behaviour of female and male embryos. In this study we evaluated only energetic substrates or Krebs cycle's intermediates. Matured bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes were fertilized in vitro according to our standard procedures (Rubessa et al. 2011 Theriogenology 76, 1347–1355). Presumptive zygotes were placed in individual drops of 50 μL of SOF. Zygotes were incubated in a humidified mixture of 5% CO2, 6% O2, and 88% N2 in air at 39°C. After 48 h, the zygotes were placed into WOW culture, and the drops collected in tubes. The embryos were scored for quality on the basis of morphological criteria. In this experiment, we evaluated 10 embryos for each sex, at stage of tight morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, and expanded; data were obtained from 2 replicates. The embryos had their sex determined according to our standard protocol (Alomar et al. 2008 Anim. Reprod. Sci. 107, 48–61). Samples of media (40 μL) were added to 660 μL of a stock solution prepared by dissolving 5.0 mg of sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)-2,2′,3,3′-tetradeuteropropionate (TSP) in 50 mL of deuterium oxide. The TSP acted both as a chemical shift reference and as an internal standard for the purposes of quantitation. The resulting diluted samples were transferred to a 5-mm NMR tube. Samples were analysed on a Varian VNS-750 NB (750 MHz) spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Data were statistically analysed with ANOVA using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure (SAS, version 9, 1999, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), where the independent variable was the sample (female, male embryos and control media without embryos). Tukey's post-hoc test was used to perform multiple comparisons. The P-level was set at 0.05. All data were expressed as quadratic means and with standard error of the means. The results, reported in Table 1, indicate that there are no statistical differences between the sexes after 48 h of embryo culture. In conclusion, these results confirm that in the first phase of development, the embryos derive their energetic substrates from substrates contained within the embryos themselves. Table 1.Results, least squares mean (standard error)
Institutions and moral hazard in open economies

I investigate the interaction between international trade and national institutional development in an environment characterized by heterogeneous individuals choosing their education levels to maximize their utilities; and institutions alleviating moral hazard by allowing managers to better observe and verify the productive efforts of workers. Liberalized trade allows institutions to serve as independent sources of comparative advantage. In this setting, I examine the effect of trade liberalization on the distribution of income in institutionally developed and underdeveloped nations. Trade affects income via a direct effect on prices and an indirect effect on the incentives to invest in education.
Comparing histological, vascular and molecular responses associated with woven and lamellar bone formation induced by mechanical loading in the rat ulna

Osteogenesis occurs by formation of woven or lamellar bone. Little is known about the molecular regulation of these two distinct processes. We stimulated periosteal bone formation at the ulnar mid-diaphysis of adult rats using a single bout of forelimb compression. We hypothesized that loading that stimulates woven bone formation induces higher over-expression of genes associated with cell proliferation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis compared to loading that stimulates lamellar bone formation. We first confirmed that a single bout of 100 cycles of loading using either a rest-inserted (0.1 Hz) or haversine (2 Hz) waveform (15 N peak force) was non-damaging and increased lamellar bone formation (LBF loading). Woven bone formation (WBF loading) was stimulated using a previously described, damaging fatigue loading protocol (2 Hz, 1.3 mm disp., 18 N peak force). There were dramatic differences in gene expression levels (based on qRT-PCR) between loading protocols that produced woven and lamellar bone. In contrast, gene expression levels were not different between LBF loading protocols using a rest-inserted or haversine waveform. Cell proliferation markers Hist4 and Ccnd1 were strongly upregulated (5- to 17-fold) 1 and 3 days after WBF loading, prior to woven bone formation, but not after LBF loading. The angiogenic genes Vegf and Hif1a were upregulated within 1 h after WBF loading and were strongly up on days 1-3 (3- to 15-fold). In sharp contrast, we observed only a modest increase (<2-fold) in Vegfa and Hif1a expression on day 3 following LBF loading. Consistent with these relative differences in gene expression, vascular perfusion 3 days after loading revealed significant increases in vessel number and volume following WBF loading, but not after LBF loading. Lastly, bone formation markers (Runx2, Osx, Bsp) were more strongly upregulated for woven (4- to 89-fold) than for lamellar bone (2-fold), consistent with the differences in new bone volume observed 10 days after loading. In summary, robust early increases both molecularly and histologically for cell proliferation and angiogenesis precede woven bone formation, whereas lamellar bone formation is associated with only a modest upregulation of molecular signals at later timepoints.
The Weltmann serocoagulation band in myocardial infarction

Abstract The serocoagulation test of Weltmann has been compared with other diagnostic and prognostic blood studies in coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction. It compares favorably with these procedures. With large infarctions a marked “shift to the left” in the coagulation band occurs, so that it is an index of degree of infarction. Healing of the infarction can be followed by the progressive change in the coagulation band. In certain conditions the sedimentation rate may be altered by other, coexisting causes. The Weltmann test is not altered in such a manner, and reflects either the healing phase or early exudative or destructive phase. It can serve both as a diagnostic and prognostic laboratory aid to the clinician.
Variation in Atrazine Mineralization Rates in Relation to Agricultural Management Practice

Atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) mineralization rates were measured in surface soils with different agricultural management practices at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (Ohio MSEA) site in Piketon, OH. Two management practices were studied at this site: (i) a continuous-corn (Zea mays L.) plot (CC) receiving annual application of atrazine, and (ii) a crop-rotation plot (CR) with corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa (L.) Roth] with reduced use of atrazine during corn years. Soil collected from a riparian zone (RZ) near the site served as an herbicide-free reference soil. The agricultural site (both CC and CR) had received atrazine applications for about 25 yr before this study. Uniformly ring-labeled 14 C-atrazine was added to the soil samples in biometer flasks and 14 CO 2 evolution was measured by scintillation counting of alkaline trapping solution. Sterile controls showed no evolution of 14 CO 2 Within 30 d of incubation at 22 ± 2°C, about 80% of the initial radioactivity was evolved as 14 CO 2 in CC soils collected during different seasons of the year. Parallel samples from CR showed 15 to 30% atrazine mineralization while samples from RZ showed 3 to 7% 14 CO 2 evolution within 80 d of incubation. Prior amendment of soil samples from the three sites with 1 mg kg -1 atrazine accelerated subsequent mineralization measured after 90 d of incubation, indicating enhanced activity of indigenous microorganisms. The CC mineralization data suggest that a single annual atrazine application sustains an active microbial community throughout the year.
Neighbor-communication Model Predictive Control and HVAC systems

Presented in this paper is a variation of the Distributed Model Predictive Control (DMPC) algorithm that converges to the centralized MPC solution for a steady state target optimization with a minimum of communication between plants. This variation, referred to as neighbor-communication MPC, leverages the network topology frequently found in large building HVAC systems; namely, a series of plants where the output of each is a disturbance to other plants. Each plant communicates to its neighbor its intended control action as well as the effects others' actions will have on itself. By judicious construction of the cost functions, all of the cost information is propagated through the network, allowing a global optimal solution to be reached. The novelty of this approach is that communication between all plants is not necessary to achieve a global optimum, and that changes in one controller do not require changes to all controllers in the network. The approach is demonstrated with a simulated example.
Synthesis of Spherical Carbon Nitride Nanostructures

Carbon nitride spheres, with diameters ranging from 20 microns to as few as 30 nanometers were prepared by template-directed solid-state or solution reaction of cyanuric chloride or fluoride with lithium nitride. The electron microscopy data on the hollow spheres suggest their multiwalled nanostructure, built by disorderly stacked C3N4 curved layers assembled from triazine rings and nitrogen bridges of pyramidal structure. The closed spherical shape of this form of carbon nitride suggests its use in lubricants, catalyst supports, gas storage, and drug delivery.
Malaria transmission blocked by immunisation with gametes of the malaria parasite

IN view of the limited success of malaria eradication schemes based on concepts of vector control and chemotherapy, serious efforts are being made to investigate the possibility of developing an antimalarial vaccine. So far two classes of vaccine have been under investigation: (1) an anti-sporozoite vaccine designed to prevent malarial infection by blocking the infectivity of sporozoites introduced by mosquito bite1,2, and (2) vaccines directed against the asexual stages in the blood3–5. Although the potential value of such vaccines is unquestionable, their realisation faces technical problems6. The latest proposition is to induce immunity against the parasite stages which infect the mosquito and by so doing prevent transmission of the disease by the vector. Gwadz has shown that the infectivity of malarious chickens to mosquitoes can be reduced greatly by prior vaccination with formalin-treated or X-irradiated blood infected with the malaria parasite P. gallinaceum7. The number of oocysts (the stage of the parasite developing on the wall of the mosquito gut) in mosquitoes fed on vaccinated chickens was reduced by 95–98% below that recorded in mosquitoes fed unvaccinated birds. To achieve this reduction, chickens were given three weekly intravenous inoculations of a total of 4.5 ml of formalin-treated or irradiated blood. Using the same schedule, but with partially purified gametes of the malaria parasite, we have now reduced the infectivity of malarious chickens to mosquitoes at least 99.9% below control levels. To achieve this reduction we had to use a minimum of 0.1 µl of packed cellular material.
Critical Evaluation of Modified Templates and Current Trends in Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) is a critical aspect of staging and treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) of the testis. RPLND achieves cure in a majority of patients with low-volume metastatic disease and minimizes the need for chemotherapy. Initial surgical approaches to RPLND, involving wide limits to dissection, were associated with high rates of retrograde ejaculation and significant overall morbidity. Evolving modified RPLND templates helped reduce rates of retrograde ejaculation but may be associated with a 3 %–23 % risk of unresected metastasis. Modified templates have become a standard of care in primary RPLND with low-volume metastatic disease. Only highly select patients at specialized centers should undergo modified template RPLND in the postchemotherapy setting, because risks of unresected disease are higher than in the primary setting. Bilateral RPLND optimizes cancer control and can preserve antegrade ejaculation if nerve sparing is performed. We also briefly discuss minimally invasive approaches to RPLND.
Ion chemistry for the detection of isoprene and other volatile organic compounds in ambient air

A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) and a flowing afterglow apparatus were used to study reactions of benzene cations (C6H6+ and (C6H6)2+) with a series of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Both cations react at the collision rate with compounds of lower ionization potential than benzene, such as isoprene (C5H8), other conjugated dienes, and aromatics. These ions are generally unreactive with substances of higher ionization potential such as alkanes, simple alcohols, simple carbonyls, etc. The results demonstrate that C6H6+ and (C6H6)2+ are excellent reagent ions for the sensitive detection of isoprene in air with a CIMS. However, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) and C5H8 conjugated dienes were identified as potential interferences to this technique. This indicates that the selectivity of the CIMS isoprene measurement must be tested by intercomparison with well-established methods, e.g. gas chromatography techniques.
Pseudopulmonary embolism: Acute respiratory distress in the syndrome of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

A 73-year-old man with myasthenia gravis was treated with daily plasmapheresis. During the course of treatment, the patient developed progressive thrombocytopenia and an episode of severe acute respiratory distress suggesting pulmonary embolism. The thrombocytopenia and respiratory impairment improved after discontinuation of heparin, and both recurred on heparin rechallenge. The presence of heparin-specific antibodies was confirmed by in vitro assay. The time frame of clinical events suggests a heparin-mediated mechanism for both the thrombocytopenia and respiratory compromise. We conclude that acute respiratory distress may be the presenting manifestation of the syndrome of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia in patients treated with dialysis or apheresis.
Generalized classical Albert-Zassenhaus Lie algebras

Two very large classes GCAZ and CAZK of Lie algebras are introduced, which contain all sums of classical, Albert-Zassenhaus, generalized Witt algebras of Kaplansky and associated holomorphs. Their rootsystems R are classitied up to isomorphism. The group Aut L of automorphisms of L is shown to contain extensions of the Weyl group of R and the inner automorphism groups of classical Lie algebra complements of the Wilt subalgebra of L. The Weyl group extension in Aut L
Reply to "Comment on 'Pion-nucleon partial-wave analysis to 2 GeV' "

We have analyzed elastic pion-nucleon scattering data to approximately 2 GeV, extracting partial-wave amplitudes, resonance information, and the pion-nucleon coupling constant. Dowell and Rebka have noticed an error in our low-energy charge-exchange cross sections. We consider the effect of this error on the above-mentioned quantities.
Ethylation of DNA and protamine by ethyl methanesulfonate in the germ cells of male mice and the relevancy of these molecular targets to the induction of dominant lethals.

The molecular dosimetry of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in the germ cells of male mice has been investigated. The mice were injected i.p. with 200 mg/kg of [3H]EMS and the ethylations per sperm head, per deoxynucleotide, and per unit of protamine were then determined over a 2-week period. The ethylations per sperm head closely paralleled the dominant-lethal frequency curve for EMS, reaching a maximum of 5 to 6.5 million ethylations per vas sperm head at 8 to 10 days after treatment. Ethylation of sperm DNA was greatest at 4 h after treatment, with 5.7 ethylations/10(5) deoxynucleotides, and gradually decreased to 2.2 ethylations/10(5) deoxynucleotides at 15 days after treatment. The ethylation of sperm DNA did not increase in the germ-cell stages most sensitive to EMS, and was not correlated with the dominant-lethal frequency curve for EMS. However, ethylation of sperm protamine did increase in the germ-cell stages most sensitive to EMS, and showed an excellent correlation with the incidence of dominant lethals produced by EMS in the germ cells. A model is presented to explain, at a molecular level, how dominant lethals may be induced in mouse germ cells by EMS. Ethylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups contained in mouse-sperm protamine could block normal disulfide-bond formation, preventing proper chromatin condensation in the sperm nucleus. Stresses in the chromatin structure could then eventually lead to chromosome breakage, with resultant dominant lethality.
Uptake of radioactivity by marine sediments and implications for monitoring metal pollutants

Abstract The value of studying artificially-produced radionuclides in the marine environment is discussed in the wider context of monitoring sediments for other metal pollutants. Differences in the dispersion of selected radionuclides discharged from the same known source are used to illustrate the sort of changes in phase or speciation which must occur with other metal pollutants, but which cannot be demonstrated directly because of the multiplicity of sources. Various chemical and physical procedures are discussed which can be applied to a study of heavy metal associations with marine sediments, as are questions such as the existence, or otherwise, of mechanisms for the slow release of adsorbed material from the buried sediment back into the water column. Suggestions are made as to how radionuclide studies may be helpful in answering questions such as these, which are considered to be vital for the meaningful interpretation of sediment analyses.
Characterization of Polymyxin B-Induced Nephrotoxicity: Implications for Dosing Regimen Design

The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections has led to renewed interest in the use of systemic polymyxin B. However, the nephrotoxic properties of polymyxin B are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize nephrotoxicity associated with polymyxin B, with an emphasis on examining the impact of dosing frequencies on the onset of nephrotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and administered the same total daily dose of polymyxin B subcutaneously but with different dosing frequencies (either 20 mg/kg of body weight every 24 h [q24h] or 5 mg/kg q6h). Drug concentrations in renal tissue were compared between the two groups at 24 h. Kidney tissues were harvested at 48 h and compared histologically. Serum creatinine was measured daily for up to 10 days, and nephrotoxicity was defined as a significant elevation in serum creatinine (≥2× baseline). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the onset of nephrotoxicity. Polymyxin B-induced nephrotoxicity manifested as elevation in serum creatinine and acute tubular necrosis. Extensive injury of the proximal tubules was observed. The lesions were more severe and higher drug concentrations were achieved in the kidneys of the q6h dosing group. The q24h dosing group experienced a more gradual onset of nephrotoxicity, which could be attributed to the lower kidney tissue drug concentrations (48.5 ± 17.4 μg/g versus 92.1 ± 18.1 μg/g of polymyxin B1, P = 0.04). Preferential accumulation of polymyxin B in the kidneys suggests that uptake to renal cells is a nonpassive process and q24h dosing was less nephrotoxic than q6h dosing.
Large deflection random response of a pipe containing fluid flow subjected to random loading

An analytic approach is developed for beam type pipes undergoing large deflections subjected to random loadings. The influence of fluid velocity on the random response is investigated. The root-mean-square (rms) deflections and frequencies for different sound spectrum level values are determined for pipes with both ends either simply supported or clamped. The required number of modes to achieve accurate rms deflections and strains is also studied. The prediction of fatigue life is then based on obtained rms maximum stress. This analytical investigation will help to broaden the basic understanding of the role of fluid flow within structures subjected to acoustic loading.
A model for public involvement in transportation improvement programming using participatory Geographic Information Systems

Abstract Public involvement in transportation improvement programming is becoming increasingly important as well as being a recommendation of federal legislation in the United States. Although most transportation planning agencies have not actively involved the public during this stage of the planning process, there are many benefits to doing so, such as, gaining support from the public for the funded project list, increasing the credibility of agencies, reducing project costs, and avoiding construction delays. Effective public involvement during the programming step incorporates inclusive participation, two-way communications, transparent processes, and serious treatment of the public’s input. This paper presents a model for public involvement in the programming process with all these features using a web-based portal application with a Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS). The process is composed of the following five steps: describing values and concerns, determining criteria, reviewing projects, evaluating scenarios, and creating reports. Challenges agencies may encounter in implementing such a system are also covered in this paper.
Growth and characterization of hot-wall epitaxial CdTe on (111) HgCdTe and CdZnTe substrates

Thin CdTe films were deposited by hot-wall epitaxy (HWE) on (111) HgCdTe and CdZnTe substrates at temperatures from about 140 to 335°C. X-ray rocking curves were used to show that crystal quality of the CdTe (111)B films improved as substrate temperature increased from 140 to about 250°C. Rocking curve values for full width at half maximum (FWHM) decreased from 2–4 degrees at 140–150°C to less than 100 arc-s at 250°C, and a FWHM of 59 arc-s was the lowest value observed near 250°C. The FWHM of the HWE CdTe was found to be insensitive to growth rate below about 400A/min, but increased to four degrees at 1250A/min. X-ray diffraction confirmed that films grown on the B-face at higher temperatures were epitaxial, but contained a significant volume fraction, 35% to 50%, of rotational in-plane twins. Electron microscopy confirmed a coarse twin density, and photoluminescence spectra showed an absence of excitonic emission in the HWE films. Simultaneous growth on two (111) HgCdTe substrates with different surface polarities between 230°C and 335°C showed that deposition rate on the A-face decreased relative to that on the B-face as temperature increased. Films grown on the B-face exhibited better surface morphologies than those grown on the A-face.
Elevated quantitative vibrotactile threshold among workers previously poisoned with methamidophos and other organophosphate pesticides

To evaluate chronic effects of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning, quantitatively determined vibrotactile thresholds were measured as an index of peripheral neuropathy among agricultural workers in Nicaragua. Thirty-six male workers were evaluated between 10 and 34 months after hospitalization for acute organophosphate poisoning and compared to an age- and sex-matched community reference group. Vibrotactile thresholds were measured quantitatively in right and left index fingers and right and left great toes. Study subjects were stratified into three groups: 1) never poisoned; 2) poisoned with organophosphates other than methamidophos, agents which have not been reported to cause peripheral neuropathy; and 3) poisoned with methamidophos, a peripheral neurotoxin. For all digits, there was a statistically significant trend of increasing age- and height-adjusted thresholds across these three exposure categories. Over one fourth of patients previously poisoned with methamidophos we studied had abnormal vibrotactile thresholds. These results suggest that previously reported cases of organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy may represent only the worst disease in a spectrum of impairment, a sequela of exposure that may be much more common than previously thought.
Loading Rate Effect on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Thermoplastic Composite

A study was undertaken to investigate the loading rate effect on delamination fracture initiation toughness of a thermoplastic composite. For this purpose, double cantilever beam specimens of graphite/PEEK were tested in a displacement controlled mode using an Instron tensile test machine. Specimens were loaded at various crosshead speeds ranging from 0.05 cm/min to 100 cm/min. The interlaminar fracture toughness was found to decrease with increasing loading rate, and this decrease was more than one hundred percent over the five decades of loading rate employed.
Confocal Scanning Optical Microscopy of Meat Products

Confocal scanning optical microscopy (CSOM) was used to observe the internal structure of frankfurters and summer sausage. This new method allows optical sectioning of thick specimens and thus avoids the potential problem of smearing encountered when fat globules and bacteria are at the surface of sections.
Human cytomegalovirus infection leads to accumulation of geminin and inhibition of the licensing of cellular DNA replication.

Previous studies have shown that infection of G 0 -synchronized human fibroblasts by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in a block to cellular DNA synthesis. In this study, we have examined the effect of viral infection on the formation of the host cell DNA prereplication complex (pre-RC). We found that the Cdc6 protein level was significantly upregulated in the virus-infected cells and that there was a delay in the expression of the Mcm family of proteins. The loading of the Mcm proteins onto the DNA pre-RC complex also appeared to be defective in the virus-infected cells. This inhibition of DNA replication licensing was associated with the accumulation of geminin, a replication inhibitor. Cdt1, which participates in the loading of the Mcm proteins, was also downregulated and modified differentially in the infected cells. Early viral gene expression was sufficient for the virus-induced alteration of the pre-RC, and the immediate-early protein IE1 was not required. These studies show that the inhibition of replication licensing in HCMV-infected cells is one of the multiple pathways by which the virus dysregulates the host cell cycle.
Transcriptional repressors, corepressors and chromatin modifying enzymes in T cell development.

Gene expression is regulated by the combined action of transcriptional activators and transcriptional repressors. Transcriptional repressors function by recruiting corepressor complexes containing histone-modifying enzymes to specific sites within DNA. Chromatin modifying complexes are subsequently recruited, either directly by transcriptional repressors, or indirectly via corepressor complexes and/or histone modifications, to remodel chromatin into either a transcription-friendly ‘open’ form or an inhibitory ‘closed’ form. Transcriptional repressors, corepressors and chromatin modifying complexes play critical roles throughout T cell development. Here, we highlight those genes that function to repress transcription and that have been shown to be required for T cell development.
Topical toxicity of various concentrations of DMSO recorded with impedance measurements and water vapour loss measurements: recording of skin's adaptation to repeated DMSO irritation.

The effects of topical applications on the living human forearm skin of 3 ml of DMSO 0.09 % JaCI in water solutions of various concentrations during a variety of exposure times were evaluated clinically, and with water vapour loss and impedance measurements. The water vapour loss measurement appeared not to be a sensitive parameter, since it showed only deviations from normal values if there were also clinical signs of irritation, e.g. if the skin is exposed during 15 min to a DMSO solution of 90 % or higher. Impeddance showed some increase after 15-min exposures to 30 % DMSO. In the range of 60 to 99.9 % DMSO, decreases of impedance were found increasing progressively with strength of solution and duration of exposure. Only the longer exposures (3 h to 60 % DMSO) or the higher concentrations (90 % DMSO and over during 15-min exposure) produced clinical signs. Daily repeated short-lasting (5–10 min) exposures to carefully chosen concentrations of DMSO (60, 73 and 86 %revealed that the skin of the volunteer was almost able to resist the lowest concentration. If exposed for 10 min the skin had some difficulty in recovering from the irritating influence of exposures to 60 or 73 % DMSO which took place the preceding day: there is some tendency to a progressive lowering of resistance. With repeated 5-min exposures to 86 % DMSO, this tendency to progressive lowering of resistance is more evident although there is a clear but somewhat incomplete recovery 24 h after each preceding exposure. If the skin is exposed daily to 86 % DMSO for 10 min. the regenerative capacity after the 12th exposure is exhausted. However, after the 17th exposure, extra regenerative forces seem to be mobilized restricting progressively the consequences of every exposure to follow. If the skin is no longer exposed (day 21), recovery is speedier and more complete than that seen after the 5-min exposures to the same strength. We propose calling this ‘adaptation’ or ‘hardening’.
Sex-Role Orientation and Career Indecision

Summary In an examination of relationship of sex-role orientation to career indecision, 109 students responded to the Bern Sex-Role Inventory and the Career Decision Scale. An analysis of variance conducted with sex-role classification as one independent variable and gender as the other, revealed that androgynous individuals experienced less career indecision than the feminine and undifferentiated groups.
Enabling Architecture Validation in the Analysis Phase of Developing Enterprise or Complex Systems using Enterprise Architecture Simulation Environment (EASE)

The next generation of simulations must directly support the architecture and architecture validation phases for complex systems. In order to achieve this objective an enterprise simulation environment is needed that meets the requirements of being highly scalable across different platforms and operating systems, uses architectural as well as classical constructs, can be used for multiple domains, is capable of integrating existing systems of many types and is relatively straight forward to use. The Enterprise Architecture Simulation Environment (EASE) is an attempt to develop an environment framework that meets these requirements. EASE is a service oriented development environment that contains four distinct organizations: connectivity specification, component development environments, general-purpose run-time tools, and a development library. Application types for EASE include enterprise architecture prototyping, system architecture validation, domain integration and distributed system development. Specific modeling and simulation developments might be multiple satellites, terminals and operations, port security, UAVs in commercial air space, asset allocation, data fusion, etc.
Operation of a Cold Cathode Gas Triode in a High Impedance Self-Biasing Circuit

It has been found that when a cold cathode gas triode operates in a high impedance grid circuit in the absence of light or any other external radiation, these tubes have a tendency to fire without any triggering signal applied. This unsatisfactory operation is shown to be a function of the rate of rise of voltage and the time delays found in the breakdown of gaseous discharges. It is further shown that operation can be made satisfactory by making the prebreakdown current larger than a certain minimum value.
Parathyroid hyperplasia: an unusual cause of neonatal hypercalcemia

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in infants is caused by parathyroid chief cell hyperplasia. Patients present with symptoms of chronic hypercalcemia, such as failure to thrive, irritability, abdominal pain, and anorexia. Medical therapy is inadequate, often resulting in chronic hypercalcemia or death. Partial or total surgical removal of the parathyroid gland is the preferred treatment. We describe a case of a 7-month-old infant with PHPT secondary to hyperplasia successfully treated with a subtotal parathyroidectomy.
Lower Risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Pituitary Growth Hormone Recipients Initiating Treatment after 1977

Context: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) caused by contaminated cadaveric pituitary-derived human GH (hGH) has been responsible for hundreds of deaths worldwide. Studies of U.S. National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP) hGH recipients have found CJD only in patients treated before 1977, when a new purification procedure with column chromatography was implemented for hGH extraction. Objective: Our objective was to provide updated information on transmission of CJD to NHPP hGH recipients and determine whether recipients of hGH produced after 1977 had a significantly lower CJD risk than pre-1977 recipients. Patients: A total of 5570 NHPP hGH recipients were included in the study: 2099 in the pre-1977 cohort and 3471 in the post-1977 cohort. Main Outcome Measure: We used probability distribution functions to determine whether the observed number of CJD cases in the post-1977 cohort was significantly fewer than expected if the CJD risk was equal to that of the pre-1977 cohort, controlling for treatment dur...
Apical EGF receptors regulate epithelial barrier to gastric acid: endogenous TGF-α is an essential facilitator

In previous studies, we found that apical and basolateral EGF receptors (EGFR) on primary canine gastric monolayers decreased paracellular permeability, evident by increased transepithelial electri...
The Utilization of Ornithine and Citrulline by the Growing Kitten

Previous experiments have demonstrated that cats fed an arginine free purified amino acid diet (-Arg) could be protected from hyperammonemia by the inclusion of ornithine in the diet. Experiments reported here show that diets containing ornithine added at an equimolar (+Orn) or five times equimolar (+5 Orn) to replace arginine in the +Arg basal diet (2.0% Arg . HCl), were incapable of maintenance of body weight. Growing kittens fed a -Arg +Orn and -Arg +5 Orn diets had a daily rate of body weight loss of 6.5 +/- 0.6 and 7.9 +/- 2.2 g, respectively, which is somewhat less than the mean rate of weight loss of kittens fed diets devoid of most of the other amino acids indispensable for the kitten. When citrulline was added to a -Arg diet at an equimolar level to the arginine in the +Arg basal diet, growth rates were equivalent. The mean plasma free ornithine concentration of kittens receiving the -Arg +5 Orn diet was about 33 times higher than when they were fed the +Arg diet. For kittens fed the -Arg + Orn and -Arg +5 Orn diets the mean plasma free arginine was less (but significant only for the -Arg + Orn diet) than that observed for the basal diet. When the -Arg + Cit diet was fed, plasma free arginine concentration was similar and plasma free citrulline was about 18 times higher than when these cats were fed the basal diet.
The role of the primary care provider in preventing and treating alcohol problems in adolescents.

Adolescents use alcohol more frequently and heavily than all other illicit drugs combined.1 Given the myriad health, developmental, and social problems associated with alcohol use, it is not surprising that the American Medical Association's Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services recommends that adolescents be asked annually about their use of alcohol, and those who report any use during the past year should be assessed further. However, routine alcohol screening of adolescents in primary care and emergency medical settings is not universally applied. In March 2000, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health and the Agency for Health care Research and Quality jointly sponsored a meeting entitled The Expanding Role of Primary Care in the Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol-Use Disorders. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together researchers, policymakers, clinicians, insurance providers, and medical education specialists to determine the best approaches to increase the involvement of primary care physicians and other health care professionals in screening and intervening for alcohol problems in their patients. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and Agency for Health care Research and Quality believe that the evidence of efficacy for primary care involvement is compelling and are working together to promote the translation of these findings into clinical practice. The following article summarizes what is currently known about adolescent alcohol use and how it can be addressed in primary care settings. It provided the background for the meeting's focus on adolescent issues.—Abstract by Margaret Murray, MSW and David Lanier, MD, MPH.
Liouville-type results for fourth order elliptic equations

Liouville type theorems are obtained for the solutions to elliptic equations of the form Δ 2 u −q(x)Δu + p(x)f(u)=0 by means of two subharmonic functionals and Green type inequalities.
Health related quality of life assessment after radical cystectomy: comparison of ileal conduit with continent orthotopic neobladder.

Abstract Purpose: Health-related quality of life after urinary diversion has been increasingly recognized as an important outcome measure. However, few studies have directly compared patients with an ileal conduit with those with a continent orthotopic neobladder, and even fewer have used validated quality of life instruments. Therefore, we compared health-related quality of life in patients who underwent neobladder versus ileal conduit creation using validated questionnaires. Materials and Methods: We mailed two validated questionnaires that are measures of health-related quality of life, namely the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), to patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between January 1995 and December 1999. Statistical analysis was performed, including univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 112 patients were available for assessment. A total of 72 (64%) questionnaires were returned, including 23 (32%) and 49 (68%) from patients with an ileal conduit and neobladder, respectively. On the SF-36 questionnaire, there were significant univariable relationships between treatment and age (P Conclusions: Based on validated health-related quality of life instruments, these findings suggest that patients with an orthotopic neobladder have marginal quality of life advantages over those with an ileal conduit. However, differences in health-related quality of life in the two types of urinary diversion are confounded by age because patients who underwent orthotopic diversion were younger and as a result of age would be expected to have a higher health-related quality of life score. A prospective longitudinal study of health-related quality of life after adjusting for differences in age among patients undergoing urinary diversion is currently underway to extend further these observations.
Apparent reduction of aortic and left heart chamber size in atrial septal defect

Abstract Although it is widely held that the size of the aorta and left atrium is diminished in patients with atrial septal defect, few data are available to support this contention. Therefore, aortic and left heart chamber dimensions in 24 patients with documentation of an atrial septal defect at cardiac catheterization were compared with those of 22 normal persons. The data were obtained using echocardiography, cineangiography and qualitative estimation of aortic size from chest X-ray films. Aortic size was similar in the patients with an atrial septal defect and normal subjects (1.7 cm/m2 for both groups on angiography). Although the aortic diameter was estimated to be small in 12 of the 24 patients with an atrial defect on chest X-ray films, no difference existed in aortic measurements on echocardiography or angiography in patients judged to have normal as opposed to those judged to have reduced aortic size. Although the left atrial echographic dimension tended to be slightly greater in the patient group than in normal subjects (2.2 versus 1.9 cm/m2), this difference was not statistically significant. The echographic ratio of left atrial to aortic size was greater in the patient group (1.3 versus 1.1) (P
THE GROWING IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION UPON CITY POLICIES1

The increasing pace of globalization is impacting numerous cities across the United States. The imperatives of complex interdependence and the progressive internationalization of production have been particularly important stimuli. Moreover, the increasing professionalization of local governments makes them better equipped to handle an active international role. As the forces of globalization penetrate deeper into communities, local leaders find themselves resorting to symbolic or “conscious-raising” measures designed to heighten international sensitivities and awareness. Economic interests are also pivotal in forging bilateral foreign contacts and accords initiated at the local level. Of particular significance is the horizontal restructuring of private-public sector relationships. Finally, a case study of Charlotte illustrates both the variety of forces pushing cities to respond to globalization and the considerable constraints that still exist upon such efforts.
Case Based Reasoning Systems

In many real-world situations, it is impossible or impractical to fully specify all rules involved, yet it is easy to generate working solutions for commonly encountered situations. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is an expert systems methodology in which reasoning and learning are based on examples, significantly reducing the cost and effort previously spent in acquiring rules in the knowledge acquisition phase. CBR has emerged as a strong alternative to rule-based systems.
A New Species Of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Cypraeid Gastropod, Santa Ana Mountains, Southern California and New Records of California Cretaceous Cypraeids

Abstract A new species of Cypraeidae is described from the middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) portion of the Schulz Ranch Member of the Williams Formation, Santa Ana Mountains, Orange County, southern California. This is the first cypraeid described from the Williams Formation and only the second cypraeid species described from the Santa Ana Mountains. New paleogeographic and chronologic records of previously described and indeterminate Cretaceous cypraeid species are also listed.