cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police Engagement in Multidisciplinary Team Approaches to Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

Over the past two decades law enforcement has been given new mandates to identify and respond to the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). While CSEC has been identified as an important community safety issue and the negative impacts on young people are well documented, it has proven to be difficult for the police to identify young people who are at risk of victimization and challenging to develop the trust necessary to gather information needed to support investigations, arrest perpetrators, and provide safety to child victims. In response to these challenges, law enforcement is increasingly partnering with child welfare and service provider stakeholders to improve responses to CSEC in local communities. This chapter describes the problem of CSEC and outlines key aspects of a multidisciplinary team approach to the problem. Using qualitative interview data from participants in six multidisciplinary teams in Massachusetts dedicated to responding to CSEC, we discuss key benefits and challenges to a multidisciplinary team approach to CSEC.
Where Do We Stand Today on Racial and Ethnic Health Inequities? Analysis of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty from a 2011–2017 National Database

The objective of this study was to present contemporary national data on the state of racial and ethnic disparities pertaining to primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the USA. The 2011–2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to capture all patients who underwent primary TKA. The study outcomes were differences in demographic, comorbidity burden, perioperative factors, procedure utilization, hospital length of stay (LOS), and 30-day outcomes. The five major minority groups as defined by the National Institutes of Health were compared to non–Hispanic Whites. In total, 262,954 patient records were analyzed, with racial identification available on 230,712 patients (87.7%). White patients accounted for 72.5% of all TKA procedures. There were higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, anemia, and prolonged surgery times among racial and ethnic minorities (p < 0.001). Baseline disparities were especially pronounced among non–Hispanic Blacks/African Americans who were also like to have higher rates of tobacco smoking and CHF (p < 0.001). After controlling for baseline differences, significant disparities in outcomes persisted, especially among Blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos who had higher odds for experiencing complications and readmissions (p < 0.001). All racial and ethnic groups, except Asians, had longer LOS (p < 0.001). Asian patients had significantly lower rates of readmissions, reoperations, and overall complications (p < 0.001). Racial and ethnic disparities remain a public health challenge for patients undergoing TKA. While initiatives aimed at improving preoperative disease-burden and comorbidity profiles represent an important step, they alone are insufficient to fully account for or eliminate the disparities in TKA outcomes.
Inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge destination among younger adults with traumatic brain injury: differences by race and ethnicity.

: To determine the association of race and ethnicity with discharge destination among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) receiving inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) care.Secondary ana...
Physical Considerations in the Upscaling of Immiscible Displacements in a Fractured Medium

The upscaling of two-phase flow in a fractured medium remains a problem still largely unresolved, despite its practical importance in many applications. In this paper, we present a physical approach to upscaling immiscible displacement and discuss the various regimes that may emerge as a function of process and structure variables. The relevance of these regimes to the various existing models-such as the equivalent continuum model (ECM), the double porosity model (DPM), or the dual permeability model (DKM)-and fracture-matrix interaction are emphasized. Open problems and potential approaches for their solution are outlined.
Uma outra institucionalização: América Latina e alhures

Os estudiosos da democratizacao foram levados a acreditar que as novas democracias cedo ou tarde deveriam atingir as formas de institucionalizacao que caracterizam as democracias antigas. Quando isso nao ocorre, as primeiras sao vistas como "democracias bloqueadas". Argumenta-se que e preciso estudar as novas democracias, sobretudo as latino-americanas, nao por aquilo que nelas esta ausente, e sim por suas caracteristicas positivas.
Seasonally resolved ice core records from West Antarctica indicate a sea ice source of sea-salt aerosol and a biomass burning source of ammonium

The sources and transport pathways of aerosol species in Antarctica remain uncertain, partly due to limited seasonally resolved data from the harsh environment. Here, we examine the seasonal cycles of major ions in three high-accumulation West Antarctic ice cores for new information regarding the origin of aerosol species. A new method for continuous acidity measurement in ice cores is exploited to provide a comprehensive, charge-balance approach to assessing the major non-sea-salt (nss) species. The average nss-anion composition is 41% sulfate (SO42−), 36% nitrate (NO3−), 15% excess-chloride (ExCl−), and 8% methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Approximately 2% of the acid-anion content is neutralized by ammonium (NH4+), and the remainder is balanced by the acidity (Acy ≈ H+ − HCO3−). The annual cycle of NO3− shows a primary peak in summer and a secondary peak in late winter/spring that are consistent with previous air and snow studies in Antarctica. The origin of these peaks remains uncertain, however, and is an area of active research. A high correlation between NH4+ and black carbon (BC) suggests that a major source of NH4+ is midlatitude biomass burning rather than marine biomass decay, as previously assumed. The annual peak in excess chloride (ExCl−) coincides with the late-winter maximum in sea ice extent. Wintertime ExCl− is correlated with offshore sea ice concentrations and inversely correlated with temperature from nearby Byrd station. These observations suggest that the winter peak in ExCl− is an expression of fractionated sea-salt aerosol and that sea ice is therefore a major source of sea-salt aerosol in the region.
Droplet impingement dynamics in ink-jet deposition A novel measure of droplet shape characterization for the optimization of droplet deposition process is proposed in this paper

Ink-jet deposition enables more efficient, economic, scalable manufacturing for a wide variety of materials than other additive techniques. The impact of droplets onto a substrate is critical for accuracy control and optimisation of the droplet deposition process. However, most previous research about droplet impact focused on the spreading radius of the droplet, which does not provide enough information for manufacturing purposes. This paper presents a new measure of droplet shape characterisation so that the droplet deposition process can be optimised to build desired geometries. A dimensional analysis is conducted to reduce the number of parameters of the impact conditions. Then the shape evolution of a wide range of impact conditions is simulated with a validated numerical model. The effects of the dimensionless numbers on the shape evolution are examined and analysed. Successive multiple droplets impact is also investigated.
Latent viruses and mutated oncogenes: no evidence for pathogenicity.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of latent viruses and mutated oncogenes in pathogenicity. Many latent viruses have been detected and assumed to be just as pathogenic as active prototypes. Likewise, cellular mutations have become detectable that do not, or just barely, affect the function and activity of genes. Yet when the affected genes are structurally related to retroviral oncogenes, they are assumed to be just as oncogenic as highly active retroviral oncogenes. However, the evidence for these hypotheses is only circumstantial—based on structural similarities to classical pathogenic viruses and viral oncogenes. Thus, without direct proof, these hypotheses may open the doors to psychologically harmful prognoses and clinically harmful prevention programs, termed as “molecular genetics at the bedside.” All conventional viruses are maximally pathogenic within weeks or months after infection before they are neutralized by antiviral immunity, causing disease as soon as they reach pathogenic thresholds in the host. In rare cases, they may be reactivated to resume replication, and hence pathogenicity, long after they are neutralized by antiviral immunity (e.g., the herpes simplex virus).
A Comparison of Insufficient Effort Rates, Neuropsychological Functioning, and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Reporting in Military Veterans and Civilians with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury

Neuropsychological evaluation of persons with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) symptoms is complicated by multiple factors. The authors explored the impact of mechanism of injury, effort testing performance, and neuropsychiatric status in a sample of military veterans (V-TBI) and civilians (C-TBI) with chronic TBI. V-TBI (n = 74), C-TBI (n = 67), and healthy civilian control (C-HC) participants (n = 66), completed a battery of neuropsychological, effort, and self-report neuropsychiatric measures. Results indicated that C-HC and C-TBI participants exhibited comparably low failure rates on effort tests (6% and 3%, respectively). V-TBI participants exhibited significantly higher rates of failure (18%). Subgroups (n = 20) of effort-screened participants matched for demographics and disability level were compared regarding neuropsychological performance and neuropsychiatric self-report. Both TBI groups exhibited limited neuropsychological impairment, relative to the C-HC participants. The V-TBI group exhibited pronounced neuropsychiatric symptomology compared with the other participant groups. The implications of these findings are discussed for evaluation in the context of disability and litigation.
A new class of fuzzy neural networks with application in system modeling

This paper presents a new class of fuzzy neural networks and its application to system modeling. The optimal set of fuzzy associative memory rules and weights can be identified for a given set of sample data. Test results of modeling a nonlinear system show that the proposed fuzzy neural network can accurately model a complicated nonlinear system and the model is quite robust in the sense that its modeling accuracy is much insensitive to sample data. >
Association of the degree of adiposity and duration of obesity with measures of cardiac structure and function: the CARDIA study.

Objective Examine whether there are independent influences of a greater degree of adiposity and longer duration of obesity on cardiac structure and function. Methods Participants of CARDIA were 18-30 years when they underwent a baseline examination in 1985-86. Seven follow-up examinations were conducted every 2-5 years. Results Among 2,547 participants who underwent an echocardiogram at the year 25 examination and were not obese at baseline, 34.4 and 35.5% were overall (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) and abdominally obese (waist circumference: men: >102 cm; women: >88 cm) at year 25, respectively. A greater degree of overall and abdominal adiposity at year 25 were each associated with a greater left ventricular (LV) mass (P < 0.001), LV volume (P < 0.001), LV mass-to-volume ratio (P < 0.001), left atrial dimension (P < 0.001), and ejection fraction (P < 0.05) after adjustment for duration of obesity and other risk factors. In contrast, a longer duration of overall obesity was associated with a greater LV mass (P = 0.003) and a trend for a lower ejection fraction (P = 0.07). Conclusions A greater degree of adiposity is strongly associated with concentric LV remodeling in midlife, while the cumulative effects of a longer duration of overall obesity during young adulthood contribute to concentric remodeling predominantly by increasing LV mass.
Superconducting tunneling without the tunneling Hamiltonian. II. Subgap harmonic structure

The theory of superconducting tunneling without the tunneling Hamiltonian is extended to treat superconductor/insulator/superconductor junctions in which the transmission coefficient of the insulating barrier approaches unity. The solution for the current in such junctions is obtained by solving the problem of a particle hopping in a one-dimensional lattice of sites, with forward and reverse transfer integrals that depend on the site. The results are applied to the problem of subgap harmonic structure in superconducting tunneling. The time-dependent current at finite voltage through a junction exhibiting subgap structure is found to have terms that oscillate at all integer multiples of the Josephson frequency,n(2eV/ħ). The amplitudes of these new, and as yet unmeasured, ac current contributions as a function of voltage are predicted.
Group and individual regulation of physiology and behavior: a behavioral, thermographic, and acoustic study of mouse development.

Abstract The traditional approach to the study of thermoregulation in young animals focuses on the regulatory capacities of individuals, which, for multiparous species, risks ignoring critical aspects of the early developmental niche. Here, we examined the ontogeny of regulatory behavior in C57BL/6 mice, employing simultaneous behavioral, thermographic, and acoustic measures of groups and individual pups. Litters of mice were placed in a chamber on Postnatal Day (PND) 2, 4, or 8, in which the ambient temperature (Ta) gradually cycled (over 50 min) from warm (36.5 °C) to cool (20 °C) and back (to 36.5 °C). Litters of all three ages displayed “group regulatory behavior,” whereby group size varied with changes in Ta. This coupling, moreover, improved with age. Infrared thermography was used to monitor skin temperature of pups' interscapular (TIS) and rump (Trump) areas, and to estimate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis (TIS–Trump) in PND4 and PND8 individuals and huddles. Huddling was found to significantly reduce heat loss in pups subject to thermal challenge as groups, compared to pups challenged as individuals. Additionally, females were found to display significantly warmer TIS and Trump values than male huddlemates. Huddling did not have a consistent effect on emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations, which were generally correlated with ambient temperature and BAT activation. Our results indicate that simultaneous measures of behavioral and physiological response to cooling may prove useful for a variety of applications, including the phenotyping of social dysfunction.
A digitonin-based procedure for the isolation of mitochondrial DNA from mammalian cells

A procedure for the isolation of closed circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from cells permeabilized with digitonin is described. Compared to the standard procedure in which cells are broken after osmotic swelling, the digitonin-based procedure is more consistent and results in higher mtDNA yields.
Blue and Ultraviolet Light-Absorbing Opsin from the Retinal Pigment Epithelium †

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) contains an abundant opsin that is distinct from rhodopsin and cone visual pigments and is able to bind the retinaldehyde chromophore. The putative retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) was isolated in digitonin solution from bovine RPE microsomes and copurified consistently with a minor 34-kDa protein. The absorption spectrum of RGR revealed endogenous pH-sensitive absorbance in the blue and near-ultraviolet regions of light. Membrane-bound RGR was incubated with exogenously added all-trans-retinal and formed two long-lived pH-dependent photopigments with absorption maxima of 469 ± 2.4 and 370 ± 7.3 nm. The effects of hydrogen ion concentration suggest that the blue and near-UV photopigments are tautomeric forms of RGR, in which an all-trans-retinal Schiff base is protonated or unprotonated, respectively. The RPE pigment was also demonstrable by its reactivity to hydroxylamine in the dark. The retinaldehyde−RGR conjugate at neutral pH favors the near-UV pigment and...
Eliminating behavior with omission and extinction after varying amounts of training

After rats were trained to leverpress for 1, 3, 9, or 27 days on a variable interval reinforcement schedule, omission training was compared with extinction in effectiveness of response elimination. Extinction produced faster response elimination than omission, although both procedures eventually led to equal response elimination. Resistance to response elimination increased with length of baseline training, although this effect did not interact with omission vs extinction. A test of the durability of elimination effects followed, using a response-independent variable time reinforcement schedule. After extinction, resumption of responding in the durability test increased with length of baseline training, but there was little response resumption following omission regardless of the length of the baseline training. These results amplify and extend previous findings which show omission to be an effective and durable response elimination method.
Chronic renal allograft rejection: Immunologic and nonimmunologic risk factors

Chronic renal allograft rejection: Immunologic and nonimmunologic risk factors. The pathogenesis of chronic renal allograft rejection is unknown. It is also unclear why cyclosporine has failed to prevent chronic rejection. We examined possible risk factors for graft loss to chronic rejection among 706 renal transplants using the Cox proportional hazards model with fixed and time-dependent covariates. Both the number and the severity of acute rejection episodes were independent risk factors for chronic rejection [relative risk (95% confidence interval) 2.31 (2.04 to 2.60) and 1.53 (1.27 to 1.84), respectively]. Cyclosporine and cyclosporine withdrawal had no effect on chronic rejection. Acute rejections occurring within the first three months after transplantation, when cyclosporine most effectively prevented acute rejection, also had no effect on chronic rejection. Risk factors that were independent of acute rejection and not clearly attributable to immune mechanisms included serum albumin [0.20 (0.10 to 0.38) for each g/dl], proteinuria [1.42 (1.29 to 1.57) for each g/24 hr], and serum triglycerides [1.09 (1.03 to 1.16) for each 100 mg/dl]. These results suggest that the reduction in acute rejection episodes from cyclosporine has failed to reduce graft failure from chronic rejection, possibly because the early (within the first 3 months) and mild acute rejection episodes that are most effectively prevented by cyclosporine do not cause chronic rejection. In addition, the results suggest that there may be a number of nonimmunologic risk factors for chronic rejection.
Integrated manufacturing logistics: byproducts can be critical

Production operations can usefully be partitioned into discrete manufacturing and processing operations. Discrete manufacturing plants produce products such as automobiles, airplanes, refrigerators, toasters, computers, and such 'discrete' products often have quite large work-forces relative to plants such as refineries, distillers, and chemical plants. Processing operations systems produce gasoline, paint, beer, ice cream, and chemicals. Processing operations can then be classified as 'continuous', 'batch', and 'hybrid' (batch and continuous). Many process operations systems are both capital intensive and use relatively low manpower. Process systems often have a lot of expensive equipment; refineries and chemical plants have a lot of large expensive equipment and control systems. We discuss a situation where the production process is a solvent based operation where the yields can be in the 5% range. The reason for this is that the ratio of solvent to product ranges from 1:1 up to 20:1. This can result in some unusual logistical problems.
Hope, Self-Transcendence and Environmental Ethics

Abstract Environmental ethicists often hold that organisms, species, ecosystems, and the like have goods of their own. But, even given that such goods exist, whether we ought to value them is controversial. Hence an environmental philosophy needs, in addition to an account of what sorts of values there are, an explanation what, how and why we morally ought to value—that is, an account of moral valuing. This paper presents one such an account. Specifically, I aim to show that unless there are eternal goods (and maybe even if there are), we have a duty of self-transcendence toward nature—that is, a duty to value nature's goods as ends. This duty is owed, however, not to nature, but to ourselves. It is grounded in what I call an imperative of hope. The argument, in a nutshell, is that we have a duty to ourselves to (in a certain sense) optimize hope. This optimization requires self-transcendence toward entities whose goods are more diverse and enduring than any human goods. But unless there are eternal goods...
Severe intracranial hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in low-birthweight infants treated with CSF shunts.

The high-risk low-birth-weight newborn not uncommonly develops intracranial hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage (ICH/IVH) from the immature state of the germinal matrix. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus may develop. Infants with small hemorrhages (grades I, II of Papile), with or without hydrocephalus have been shown to develop normally in 80%–90% of cases. There is limited information in the literature about the management and outcome of infants with more severe hemorrhages (grades III, IV of Papile), due to the dismal outlook as to their outcome in most centers. The current status and concerns as to the management of these infants is reviewed, and the aspects of neurosurgical and neonatal follow-up and outcome are described. A significant number of these infants have severe handicaps, which are primarily motor. However, a group of infants is noted who have normal intellectual performance despite varying degrees of motor handicaps: 18% have normal intellectual and motor development. In the current series predictors of poorest outcome are the presence of grade IV hemorrhage and/or seizures. The vast majority of the grades III and IV hemorrhages develop hydrocephalus that is a complex management issue for the neurosurgeon.
Superdeformation near A = 190☆

Abstract Calculations have been carried out in the cranked Strutinsky method, using a Woods-Saxon potential for protons and neutrons, for nuclides near A = 190. Many nuclides are found to be superdeformed. The depth of the superdeformed minimum, its excitation relative to the normal minimum and moments of inertia of superdeformed bands in this mass region are presented. Deformation parameters and single particle energy level differences at the Fermi level are tabulated for several nuclides of interest.
Invasion of Fossil Fuel CO2 into the Ocean

Uptake of fossil fuel CO2 by the ocean is calculated using one-dimensional box-diffusion-type ocean models and two-dimensional isopycnal ventilation-type models. The total uptake of CO2 using the individual box-diffusion model calibrated for different regions of the ocean is essentially the same as that predicted by the original Oeschger global box-diffusion model. A modified box-diffusion model with deep-water formation, upwelling, nutrient cycling, and two separate vertical-mixing rates predicts an uptake about 25% higher. The temperate thermocline model of the North Atlantic indicates that the two-dimensional isopycnal ventilation model may not necessarily take up more excess CO2 than the one-dimensional vertical-mixing-type model.
The Effects of Diets Containing Standard Soybean Oil, Soybean Oil Enhanced with Conjugated Linoleic Acids, Menhaden Fish Oil, or an Algal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement on Juvenile Channel Catfish Performance, Hematology, Body Composition, and Nonspecific Immune Response

AbstractTo reduce diet cost and address environmental concerns, current commercial diets for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus contain little or no marine fish oil. However, there are conflicting data on the effects of fish oil and other lipid sources for juvenile Channel Catfish, and some novel lipids have not been tested against traditional ones. In this study, the effects of four different lipid sources for potential use in juvenile Channel Catfish diets were investigated by measuring fish growth performance, proximate and fatty acid composition of muscle, nonspecific immune response, and hematological parameters. In a 63-d feeding trial, juveniles (mean weight ± SE = 11.2 ± 0.0 g) were fed a commercial 32% protein diet supplemented with 2% lipid from standard soybean oil (SBO; control diet), SBO enriched with conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs; CLA diet), algal (Schizochytrium sp.) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) extract (DHA diet), or menhaden fish oil (MFO diet). Fish that were fed the MFO diet had improv...
Eyjafjallajökull's iron‐rich ash fertilized North Atlantic Ocean

In about a third of the global ocean, the abundance of life is limited by the amount of biologically available iron. When a region is depleted of this important nutrient, algal productivity can be stimulated by added iron, resulting in a temporary boom in biological activity. For much of the surface ocean, the wind-borne transport of iron-rich dust and the upwelling of nutrient-filled water are the major sources of iron. Another potentially important source is the deposition of the iron-rich ash produced by volcanic eruptions. Though satellite observations and modeling work suggest that volcanic ash could seed life in such a way, there have been only a limited number of direct observations of the effects of ash deposition on surface ocean waters.
Effect of Albumin and Mannitol on Organ Blood Flow, Oxygen Delivery, Water Content, and Renal Function during Hypothermic Hemodilution Cardiopulmonary Bypass

The present study was designed to determine if the addition of albumin or mannitol to the priming solution of the pump oxygenator would diminish edema in organs, without diminishing some of the beneficial effects of hemodilution on blood flow and renal function. Tissue blood flow (15 mu spheres), water content, and renal clearances were determined in 8 animals during cardiopulmonary bypass. A 2(2) factorial, completely fixed experimental design was used. All animals were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass with hemodilution (hematocrit 25 +/- 2%) and hypothermia (25 degrees +/- 1 degree C). Albumin decreased flow to the midmyocardium of the left ventricle and to the spleen, and increased flow to the inner cortex of the kidney. Albumin caused decreased urine flow and decreased urine sodium, and also diminished renal osmolar, sodium, and free-water clearances. both mannitol and albumin decreased lung water. Mannitol decreased water content of the outer renal cortex, and decreased flow to the inner cortex and medulla of the kidney and to the spleen. Mannitol had no significant effect on urine flow, renal plasma flow, or renal clearances. Neither albumin nor mannitol had any effect on water content of the intestine, stomach, liver, or myocardium where the greatest accumulation of water occurs with hemodilution. The effect of albumin on renal function is potentially deleterious during cardiopulmonary bypass because it decreases urine flow, and osmolar and free-water clearance.
The Frequency and Characteristics of Lake-Effect Precipitation Events Associated with the New York State Finger Lakes

Abstract This study presents a climatological analysis of the frequency and characteristics of lake-effect precipitation events that were initiated or enhanced by lakes within the New York State (NYS) Finger Lakes region for the 11 winters (October–March) from 1995/96 through 2005/06. Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from Binghamton, New York, were used to identify 125 lake-effect events. Events occurred as 1) a well-defined, isolated precipitation band over and downwind of a lake, 2) an enhancement of mesoscale lake-effect precipitation originating from Lake Ontario and extending southward over an individual Finger Lake, 3) a quasi-stationary mesoscale precipitation band positioned over a lake embedded within extensive regional precipitation from a synoptic weather system, or 4) a transition from one type to another. Results show that lake-effect precipitation routinely develops over lakes that are considerably smaller than lakes previously discussed as being associated with lake-ef...
Effect of caloric restriction on Hprt lymphocyte mutation in aging rats.

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces tumor incidence and retards aging in laboratory animals, including non-human primates. Because of the relationships among mutation, disease susceptibility, and aging, we investigated whether or not CR affects the accumulation of somatic cell mutations in aging animals. Starting at approximately 2 months of age, male CD rats (Harlan Sprague-Dawley-derived) were placed on different levels of dietary intake: ad libitum (AL) feeding, and 90% (10% CR), 75% (25% CR) and 60% (40% CR) of the total calories consumed by AL animals. At 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after the beginning of CR, Hprt mutant frequencies (MFs) were determined. The MFs measured in spleen lymphocytes from AL and CR rats sacrificed at 3 months of dietary restriction were similar for all dietary groups. However, the MFs at 6, 12, and 24 months of CR were significantly higher in AL-fed rats compared with animals on 40% CR: (4.5+/-0.4)x10(-6) versus (3.3+/-0.3)x10(-6) (P=0.032) in 6 months CR rats; (10.3+/-2.3)x10(-6) versus (7.3+/-1.2)x10(-6) in 12 months CR rats (P=0.04), and (18.3+/-3.2)x10(-6) versus (7.8+/-1.0)x10(-6) (P=0.001) in 24 months CR rats. In addition, rats receiving 25% CR for 24 months had a MF, (10.7+/-2.0)x10(-6), between the 40% CR and AL rats. Multiplex PCR of the Hprt gene in mutant clones from 12 and 24 months 40% CR rats and the corresponding AL rats detected deletions in 42% of CR mutants and 19% of AL mutants. Because of the difference in Hprt MF in the two groups, the estimated MF associated with deletions in CR rats was similar to the deletion MF in AL rats. This observation implies that the lower MF in CR rats is due to a reduction in smaller Hprt mutations (i.e. base substitutions and frameshifts). The pattern of smaller Hprt mutations from AL rats suggests that many were produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results indicate that CR reduces the accumulation of spontaneous somatic cell mutation in aging rats, especially those caused by base substitutions and frameshifts.
The oil-water interface: mapping the solvation potential.

An ion moving across an oil−water interface experiences strong solvation changes. We have directly measured the solvation potential from 0.4 to 4 nm for Cs+ ions approaching the oil−water interface from the oil side (“oil” = 3-methylpentane). The interfaces were built at 30 K using molecular beam epitaxy. Ions were precisely placed within the film during its growth using a soft-landing ion beam. The ion’s collective electric field was progressively increased (by adding more ions) until it balanced the individual ion’s solvation potential slope. As the samples were slowly warmed, near 90 K the ions began moving, as measured by a Kelvin probe. Their motion precisely determines the local slope of the solvation potential, which was integrated to get the potential. The potential is Born-like for z > 0.4 nm away from the oil−water interface. Our method could provide important tests of theoretical estimates of ion motion at biological interfaces and in atmospheric aerosols.
Vertical integration of an InGaAsP/InP heterojunction bipolar transistor and a double heterostructure laser

A double heterostructure InGaAsP/InP mesa laser and a mass transport laser were integrated vertically with an InGaAsP/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor, resulting in the first realization of laser operation in a vertical integration. Laser thresholds as low as 17 mA and an output laser power of over 30 mW were observed. A new type of bistable laser and electro‐optical switching were demonstrated.
EWS and WT-1 gene fusion in desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the abdomen

Chromosome translocations found in neoplasms often result in the creation of hybrid genes encoding chimeric proteins. This case study describes a patient with desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the abdomen, an aggressive neoplasm characterized by translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22. Southern hybridization showed that the Ewing sarcoma gene (EWS) gene was rearranged in the DSRCT. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of tumor cell RNA revealed that exons 1 to 7 of the EWS gene were joined to exons 8 to 10 of the Wilms' Tumor-1 (WT-1) gene resulting in the production of a chimeric message. The WT-1 and EWS genes encode DNA and RNA binding proteins involved in Wilms' tumor and Ewing sarcoma pathogenesis, respectively. The fusion of these two genes in DSRCT results in the production of a putatively oncogenic protein composed of the zinc finger DNA binding domains of WT-1 linked to potential transcriptional regulatory domains of EWS. DNA sequencing revealed the genomic breakpoints of translocation on chromosomes 11 and 22. The genomic breakpoint on chromosome 22 occurred in EWS intron 7 just 2 nucleotides 3' of exon 7. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays were developed that could detect the fused genes in the DSRCT tumor using either RNA or genomic DNA. The potential diagnostic use of these assays is discussed.
Effects of Estradiol and Dehydroepiandrosterone on the Reproductive Cycle of the Cow. II. Histology of Primary and Accessory Reproductive Organs, Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Glands

Summary Histological examination of ovarian follicles from three heifers receiving daily injections of 250 to 350µg of estradiol for varying lengths of time revealed an abnormal or absent granulosa layer and a thickening and partial luteinization of the thecal layers. In one heifer injected daily with 3.5mg estradiol for 30 days prior to slaughter, all follicles larger than 1mm in diameter exhibited follicular atresia; no follicle exceeded 10mm in size. The percentage of granular small beta cells from the basophilic zone of the anterior pituitary was increased in the heifers receiving at least 350µg of estradiol daily. Cystic corpora lutea were present on the ovaries of three out of four animals injected daily with 20 to 80mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). The percentage of hyalinized small beta cells from the basophilic core of the anterior pituitary was increased with daily injections of at least 40mg of DHA. Epithelial cell heights of the thyroid, oviduct, cervix, uterine superficial and basal glands were greater in the animals treated with estradiol than in the animals treated with DHA. The differences in height were not significant (P
SULFATE AND TAURINE METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL UREMIA

The plasma levels of inorganic sulfate(SO4)and most sulfur containing amino acids are known to be elevated in uremia(U). Taurine(Tau)is important for the regulation of neuromuscular functions, especially in the heart, where it comprises 75% of all amino acids. In order to investigate the role of SO4 and Tau in U bilateral nephrectomy(NX) was performed in 38 rats. SO4 and Tau concentrations in plasma and various organs were determined 12,24 and 48 hrs after NX and compared to sham operated and normal rats. In NX rats mean SO4 rose linearly in plasma(0.9 to 7.8 mmol/1) and less in liver(0.6 to 3.2 mmol/g wet wt.). The increase was only × 2.0 in skeletal muscle and × 1.5 in brain. A close correlation was found between plasma SO4 and creatinine(r=0.92). Tau levels increased in plasma from 0.2 to 0.5 μmol/ml and in liver from 2.0 to 7.2 μmol/g wet wt., but decreased in the heart from 26.0 to 21.0 μmol/g wet wt. (p <0.01) and remained constant in skeletal muscle and brain.
Study of Flow Controlling on LP Turbine at Different Reynolds Number

Active and passive techniques have been used in the past, to control flow separation. Numerous studies were published on controlling and delaying the flow separation on low pressure turbine. In this study, a single dimple (i.e. passive device) is engraved on the suction side of LP turbine cascade T106A. The main aim of this research is to find out the optimum parameters of dimple i.e. diameter (D) and depth (h) which can produce strong enough vortex that can control the flow either in transition or fully turbulent phase. Furthermore, this optimal dimple is engraved to suppress the boundary layer separation at different Reynolds number (based on the chord length and inlet velocity). The dimple of different depth and diameter are used to find the optimal depth to diameter ratio. Computational results show that the optimal ratio of depth to diameter (h/D) for dimple is 0.0845 and depth to grid boundary layer (h/δ) is 0.5152. This optimized dimple efficiently reduces the normalized loss coefficient and it is found that the negative values of shear stresses found in uncontrolled case are being removed by the dimple. After that, dimple of optimized parameters are used to suppress the laminar separation bubble at different Re∼25000, 50000 and 91000. It was noticed that the dimple did not reduce the losses at Re∼25000. But at Re∼50000, it produced such a strong vortex that reduced the normalized loss coefficient to 25%, while 5% losses were reduced at Re∼91000. It can be concluded that the optimized dimple effectively controlled flow separation and reduced normalized loss coefficient from Re 25000 to 91000. As the losses are decreased, this will increase the low pressure turbine efficiency and reduce its fuel consumption.© 2012 ASME
Electron transfer proteins/enzymes

Abstract The crystal structures of eight electron-carrier proteins, three electron-transfer enzymes and three intermolecular complexes, analyzed during the period of this review, are described. These studies have established the structures of two new metal redox clusters, helped to define the interactions between electron-transfer proteins, and illustrated possible paths for electron flow in these biological systems.
INTENSE ELECTRON BEAM MODULATION BY INDUCTIVELY LOADED WIDE GAPS FOR RELATIVISTIC KLYSTRON AMPLIFIERS

We investigate modulation of an intense relativistic electron beam by wide gaps which include an inductively loaded return current structure that is opaque to the unmodulated beam space charge but transparent to the RF field. This structure eliminates a number of deleterious nonlinear effects and leads to a 50% increase in the bunched electron beam peak current (g40 kA).
Can Jean Piaget explain the possibility of knowledge

The purpose of this article is to show that Piaget's use of the equilibrium principle cannot explain the possibility of correct understanding. That is, it cannot explain the possibility of knowledge, as opposed to simple change in belief. To make the argument, I begin by describing Piaget's explanatory model, which is known as the equilibrium principle. I then argue that correct understanding, or knowledge of any x as a case of y, requires a concept of correctness, i.e., the recognition that words and concepts apply under some conditions but not others. I try to show that because he uses the equilibrium principle as a basis for his explanation, Piaget cannot explain how a concept of correctness is acquired. Finally, I argue that to explain the possibility of knowledge, one must show how the conditions for word and concept application are determined by a community of language users. Again, I claim that Piaget's use of the equilibrium model precludes such an account.
ANEURYSM OF THE DUCTUS ARTERIOUSUS: A CONGENITAL LESION. 112

Aneurysmal dilatation of the ductus arteriosus (ADA) has beeN considered a rare condition. We present 3 neonates seen during the last 2 years (1993-1995) with ADA, with prenatal diagnosis in one patient, and postulate a new theory for its pathogenesis. All 3 infants were delivered after term pregnancy and were admitted to NICU due to cardiopulmonary distress. Fetal echocardiogram was obtained in one case due to fetal distress and showed normal cardiac anatomy, right atrial and right ventricular dilatation with dilated ductus arteriosus, which was restricted at its pulmonary artery end, with turbulent right to left ductal flow. Chest X ray showed a mediastinal mass in 2 patients. All 3 were diagnosed during the first 12 hours of life by echocardiography. Echocardiograms showed structurally normal heart with ADA shunting left to right through a restricted segment at its pulmonary artery end. ADA was confirmed by aotography in all 3. In two infants the aneurysms became progressively small as was demonstrated by serial echocardiography after the ductal closure and chest x-ray showed resolution of mediastinal mass by 5-7 days of life. One infant underwent surgical resection of the ADA after observation for 5 days with no change in the size of ADA.
Increased transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) signaling in idiopathic overactive bladder urothelial cells.

Aims To measure transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) signaling in human bladder urothelial cells (BUC) from non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) patients and control subjects (NB) BUC. Materials and Methods Primary BUC cell cultures were derived from cystoscopic biopsies from two OAB and two NB subjects. TRPV1 expression was detected by immunofluorescence, PCR and Western blot staining. TRPV1 function was assessed by capsaicin (CAP, 6 µM)-evoked intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) changes measured by microfluorimetry imaging. CAP evoked changes in inward and outward currents were recorded electrophysiologically using excised outside-out patches and whole cell configurations using various protocols. Results OAB BUC had significantly increased expression of TRPV1 compared to NB BUC on Western blot. CAP evoked significantly higher maximal [Ca2+]i change over baseline in OAB (84.71 ± 8.96%) compared to NB BUC (60.32 ± 7.93%) (P < 0.05). CAP induced significantly greater percent change in single channel open probability (205.94 ± 20.53% OAB vs. 141.26 ± 16.53% NB, P < 0.05) and normalized inward currents (13.54 ± 1.6 4 pA/pF OAB vs. 8.28 ± 0.89 pA/pF NB, P < 0.05). CAP caused significantly higher percent increase from baseline of whole cell outward currents in OAB (177.12 ± 44.46%) compared to NB BUC (135.98 ± 44.28%) (P < 0.05). Similarly thermal stimulus (45°C solution) evoked significantly higher percent increase in whole cell outward currents in OAB (183.93 ± 14.07%) compared to NB (145.61 ± 10.12%) BUC (P < 0.05). These responses were blocked by 10 µM capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist. Conclusions Because only a few subjects were studied, augmented TRPV1 signaling cannot be generalized to all OAB subjects. However, the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BUC are involved in sensory signaling. 30:606–611, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pure mathematics applied in early twentieth-century America: The case of T.H. Gronwall, consulting mathematician

Abstract Thomas Hakon Gronwall (1877–1932) was a Swedish-American mathematician with a broad range of interests in mathematical analysis, physics, and engineering. Though he was primarly known for his results in pure mathematics, his career as a “consulting mathematician” in America from 1912 to his death in 1932 provides a backdrop against which one can discuss contemporary issues involved in the increasing application of mathematics to engineering, industrial, and scientific problems. This paper attempts a summary of his major mathematical contributions to industrial, governmental, and academic institutions while relating his often difficult life during these years.
Recent progress in the tokamak edge modeling

Abstract Tokamak edge modeling, with a particular emphasis on divertors, was reviewed in detail in 1982. At that time the emphasis was on the qualitative behavior of the scrape-off plasma and the atomic processes involved in the neutral-plasma interaction. While no detailed comparisons with the experiments were available, the data nevertheless showed all the basic features of the cool high-density regime predicted by the models. The two most important modeling developments of 1983 were the introduction of accurate magnetic geometries and the inclusion of impurity transport in the plasma equations. This made possible detailed comparisons with the PDX and ASDEX experiments which on the one hand showed remarkable agreement while on the other hand pointed to new areas of uncertainty, i.e., the plasma-wall and neutral-wall interactions. In another development, the scrape-off models are beginning to be linked to the main plasma transport in order to provide better boundary conditions for the main plasma models, and in particular to model limiters. The fully two-dimensional plasma flow models should be particularly useful in this area.
Mass spectrometry of interfacial layers during fast aqueous aerosol/ozone gas reactions of atmospheric interest

The oxidations of sulfite and iodide in the interfacial layers of aqueous microdroplets exposed to O_3(g) for 1 ms are investigated by online mass spectrometry of the electrostatically ejected anions. S(IV) oxidation losses in Na_2SO_3 microdroplets are proportional to [S(IV)] [O_3(g)] up to ∼90% conversion. I^− is more abundant than HSO_3^- in the interfacial layers of equimolar (Na_2SO_3 + NaI) microdroplets and ∼3 times more reactive than image toward O_3(aq) in bulk solution, but it is converted with minimal loss to I_3^- and IO_3^- plus a persistent ISO_3^- intermediate. These observations reveal unanticipated interfacial gradients, reactivity patterns and transport phenomena that had not been taken into account in previous treatments of fast gas–liquid reactions.
Validation of the manufacturing process used to produce long‐acting recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein

Recombinant factor IX Fc (rFIXFc) fusion protein is the first of a new class of bioengineered long-acting factors approved for the treatment and prevention of bleeding episodes in haemophilia B. The aim of this work was to describe the manufacturing process for rFIXFc, to assess product quality and to evaluate the capacity of the process to remove impurities and viruses. This manufacturing process utilized a transferable and scalable platform approach established for therapeutic antibody manufacturing and adapted for production of the rFIXFc molecule. rFIXFc was produced using a process free of human- and animal-derived raw materials and a host cell line derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293H cells. The process employed multi-step purification and viral clearance processing, including use of a protein A affinity capture chromatography step, which binds to the Fc portion of the rFIXFc molecule with high affinity and specificity, and a 15 nm pore size virus removal nanofilter. Process validation studies were performed to evaluate identity, purity, activity and safety. The manufacturing process produced rFIXFc with consistent product quality and high purity. Impurity clearance validation studies demonstrated robust and reproducible removal of process-related impurities and adventitious viruses. The rFIXFc manufacturing process produces a highly pure product, free of non-human glycan structures. Validation studies demonstrate that this product is produced with consistent quality and purity. In addition, the scalability and transferability of this process are key attributes to ensure consistent and continuous supply of rFIXFc.