cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TUBERCULOSIS INDUCED BY DROPLET NUCLEI INFECTION INITIAL HOMOGENEOUS RESPONSE OF SMALL MAMMALS (RATS, MICE, GUINEA PIGS, AND HAMSTERS) TO HUMAN AND TO BOVINE BACILLI, AND THE RATE AND PATTERN OF TUBERCLE DEVELOPMENT

Separate groups of rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs were caused to inhale virulent tubercle bacilli, of human or bovine strains, as single cells in fine droplet nuclei. Members of each of these eight host-parasite combinations were killed for study at stated intervals after infection. For approximately 3 weeks after the bacilli were deposited in the lungs the progress of the infection, and the reaction of all species to it, followed a highly uniform developmental pattern. During the 4th week the rate and pattern of tubercle formation became distinctive for the species of host and the strain of parasite, but within any host-parasite combination this rate and pattern continued uniform for a time. The duration of this period of homogeneous response after the 4th week varied with the host-parasite combination, ranging from less than 5 weeks to more than 12 weeks after the induction of infection. It is concluded that the highly uniform initial response is evidence that these animals do not differ in their inherent resistance to inhaled infection by the bacilli of human or bovine tuberculosis. Instead, they differ widely in their capacity to acquire resistance to these organisms, as shown by the variation in the later stages of the disease.
Selective removal of silver in the presence of copper, manganese, and zinc in solution by an algal biomass

Abstract The ability of three different algae in selectively removing silver in aqueous solutions, in the presence of copper, manganese, and zinc in solution, and in artificial sea water was investigated. The ability of the algae to remove silver was pH dependent. Selective removal of silver could be achieved at pH 2. Simultaneous multi‐element flame atomic absorption spectrometry facilitated the study of the determination of silver in the presence of other metal ions.
Neutrality and Non‐Neutrality of Money In A Classical‐Type Model

Abstract. This paper modifies the simple classical model by introducing capacity utilization that varies across the course of the business cycle. By making the capacity usage a choice variable that turns out to be sensitive to changes in the price level, we show that the classical model loses its fundamental feature, namely the neutrality of money. In our generalized framework, a rise in money supply improves upon all the real variables if the economy suffers from excess capacity, as in recessions and depressions. We demonstrate that our model describes the various economic cross-currents during the Great Depression extremely well. Thus, monetary policy emerges with an activist role even in a generally classical setting.
Analysis of a transmission scheduling algorithm for supporting bandwidth guarantees in bufferless networks

In a network of bufferless packet multiplexers, the user-perceived capacity of an ingress-egress tunnel (connection) may degrade quickly with increasing path length. This is due to the compounding of transmission blocking probabilities along the path of the connection, even when the links are not overloaded. In such an environment, providing users (e.g., client ISPs) with tunnels of statistically guaranteed bandwidth may limit the network's connection-carrying capacity.In this paper, we introduce and analyze a transmission-scheduling algorithm that employs randomization and traffic regulation at the ingress, and batch scheduling at the links. The algorithm ensures that a fraction of transmissions from each connection is consistently subject to small blocking probability at every link, so that these transmissions are likely to survive long paths. For this algorithm, we obtain tight bounds on the expectation and tail probability of the blocking rate of any ingress-egress connection. We compare the bounds to those obtained using the FCFS link-scheduling rule. We find that the proposed scheduling algorithm significantly improves the network's connection-carrying capacity.In deriving the desired bounds, we develop an analytic framework for stochastically comparing network-wide routing and bandwidth allocation scenarios with respect to blocking in a packet multiplexer. The framework enables us to formally characterize the routing and bandwidth allocation scenarios that maximize the expected blocking rate along the path of a tagged connection.
Humanization and characterization of an anti-human TNF-α murine monoclonal antibody.

A murine monoclonal antibody, m357, showing the highly neutralizing activities for human tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was chosen to be humanized by a variable domain resurfacing approach. The non-conserved surface residues in the framework regions of both the heavy and light chain variable regions were identified via a molecular modeling of m357 built by computer-assisted homology modeling. By replacing these critical surface residues with the human counterparts, a humanized version, h357, was generated. The humanized h357 IgG1 was then stably expressed in a mammalian cell line and the purified antibody maintained the high antigen binding affinity as compared with the parental m357 based on a soluble TNF-α neutralization bioassay. Furthermore, h357 IgG1 possesses the ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement dependent cytotoxicity upon binding to cells bearing the transmembrane form of TNF-α. In a mouse model of collagen antibody-induced arthritis, h357 IgG significantly inhibited disease progression by intra-peritoneal injection of 50 µg/mouse once-daily for 9 consecutive days. These results provided a basis for the development of h357 IgG as therapeutic use.
Defect trapping of gas atoms in metals

Abstract Ion implantation provides a way to controllably introduce both defects and gas atoms into metals. This paper review implantation studies of the trapping of hydrogen and helium by simple defects in metals. In particular, the increasingly strong evidence for the role of vacancies as trap centers is examined. Interpreted trap structures and binding eneries are summarized. Related effects for lighter particles of elementary charge (muons) and heavier inert gases (Xe) are discussed.
Use of 'split' plateletpheresis products for alloimmunized patients

Single donor platelets obtained using the COBE Spectra were split into two halves and administered to alloimmunized patients with leukemia at two different points in time. The mean platelet yield was 6.83 x 10(11) (n = 63) with 56% of collections having yields of > 6.0 x 10(11) (i.e. twice the current AABB recommendation for an apheresis platelet transfusion). In 58 instances, the two halves were administered to the same patient 24-96 h apart. The differences in the correct increments of the split transfusions administered 24-48 h apart were not statistically significant, although there were decreased increments after 72 and 96 h of storage. In 5 instances when the CCI for first transfusion was unacceptably low, the second half was successfully transfused to another patient. This study proves it is feasible to split apheresis platelets into two transfusions, and discusses approaches to optimally use this strategy for the transfusion support of alloimmunized patients.
Polymerization of aromatic nuclei. XXV. ESR and chemical studies on the radical cation nature of poly(p‐phenylene)

The radical cation nature of poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) and chemical means. ESR studies revealed a radical concentration of 1.0 × 1021 spins/g for the crude polymer. Workup with aqueous acid decreased the value to 1.5 × 1018 spins/g. Reactions of the polymer with certain nucleophiles followed the half-regeneration mechanism, whereas with others, electron transfer mainly occurred. The origin of halogen in the polymer was found to arise from reaction of the radical cation with the oxidant, and not with halide during workup. Oxidation of PPP with various species increased the concentration of radical cations.
Structural origin of holes in the TlO single rock-salt layer superconductor TlSrRCuO5 (R = La, Nd)

Abstract On the basis of tight-binding band electronic structure calculations, we examined why TlSr R CuO 5 ( R = La, Nd) is a superconductor while its analog TlBa R CuO 5 and its homolog TlSr R CaCu 2 O 7 are not. Our study strongly suggests that, for a TlO single rock-salt layer phase with very short in-plane CuO distance such as TlSr R CuO 5 , the CuO 2 layer x 2 − y 2 band is raised high enough in energy for the TlO layer to create holes in the CuO 2 layer.
SODIUM: SOME EFFECTS ON BLUEGREEN ALGAL GROWTH1

The growth of heterocystous bluegreen algae in various concentrations of sodium was examined in axenic culture as well as in situ studies. Anabaena cylindrica Lemm, with no Na/sup +/ added, suffered from decreased rates of acetylene reduction, /sup 14/C assimilation, excretion of organic C as well as lower concentrations of chlorophyll a and particulate organic C compared to cultures supplied with 5, 10, and 50 mg Na/sup +/ . l/sup -1/. Sodium deficient algae released extracellularly a higher percentage of previously fixed C as organic C. No differences in any parameter measured were demonstrable among cultures grown with 5, 10, and 50 mg Na/sup +/ . l/sup -1/. High nitrate concentrations (20 mg NO/sub 3/- . /sup -1/) resulted in decreased rates of acetylene reduction and heterocyst numbers in Na sufficient and Na deficient cultures; however, decreased cellular Na content at high NO/sub 3/- levels occurred only in N deficient cultures. Higher percentages of excreted organic C occurred with increasing NO/sub 3/- concentrations in Na deficient cultures. Sodium enrichment of natural bluegreen populations with the addition of 50, 100, and 200 mg Na/sup +/ . l/sup -1/ elicited neither a stimulatory nor an inhibitory response in photosynthetic C fixation. Inmore » contrast, the addition of small amounts of Na/sup +/ (5 mg . l/sup -1/) resulted in increased C fixation. However, since the Na concentration of the lake water, at ca. 5 mg Na/sup +/ . l/sup -1/, was sufficient for growth of the bluegreens present, sodium is not assumed to be limiting under most natural conditions. No increase in in situ acetylene reduction rates occurred with additions of sodium.« less
The Electric Power Grid : Today and Tomorrow

Abcd... Micropower Abstract In the coming decades, electricity's share of total global energy is expected to continue to grow, and more intelligent processes will be introduced into the electric power delivery (transmission and distribution) networks. It is envisioned that the electric power grid will move from an electrome- chanically controlled system to an electronically controlled network in the next two decades. A key challenge is how to redesign, retrofit, and upgrade the existing electromechanically controlled sys - tem into a smart self-healing grid that is driven by a well-designed market approach. Revolutionary developments in both information technology and materials science and engineering promise sig- nificant improvements in the security, reliability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of electric power delivery systems. Focus areas in materials and devices include sensors, smart materials and struc- tures, microfabrication, nanotechnology, advanced materials, and smart devices.
The interaction of curriculum type and implementation method on 1-year smoking outcomes in a school-based prevention program

Studies have shown that the effectiveness of programs or curricula may depend in part on who delivers the material. In adolescent health education programs, peer leaders are often recruited to implement programs because they are more persuasive to other adolescents than adults. Teachers also systematically vary how groups are constructed in school-based health education programs. This study compared the effects of three leader and group selection methods within the context of two tobacco prevention programs. Eight schools received a social influences program (Chips) and eight received a program with a multicultural emphasis (Flavor). Within these 16 schools 84 classrooms consisting of 1486 students were randomly assigned to one of three leader and group creation conditions: (i) leaders defined as those who received the most nominations by students and groups created randomly (random group), (ii) same as (i) but groups created by assigning students to the leaders they nominated (network), and (iii) leaders and groups created by teachers (teacher). One year follow-up data showed that main effects of the curriculum and network assignments were non-significant on smoking initiation when entered alone. Interaction terms of curriculum and assignment methods, however, were significant such that the network and teacher conditions were less effective than the random group condition with Chips, and more effective than random group condition with Flavor. These data show that school-based prevention programs should be evaluated in light of who implements the program. Even a peer-led program will be differentially effective based on how leaders are selected and how groups are formed, and this effect may be curriculum dependent.
Analyzing categorical information in two publicly available drug terminologies: RxNorm and NDF-RT

Background The RxNorm and NDF-RT (National Drug File Reference Terminology) are a suite of terminology standards for clinical drugs designated for use in the US federal government systems for electronic exchange of clinical health information. Analyzing how different drug products described in these terminologies are categorized into drug classes will help in their better organization and classification of pharmaceutical information. Methods Mappings between drug products in RxNorm and NDF-RT drug classes were extracted. Mappings were also extracted between drug products in RxNorm to five high-level NDF-RT categories: Chemical Structure; cellular or subcellular Mechanism of Action; organ-level or system-level Physiologic Effect; Therapeutic Intent; and Pharmacokinetics. Coverage for the mappings and the gaps were evaluated and analyzed algorithmically. Results Approximately 54% of RxNorm drug products (Semantic Clinical Drugs) were found not to have a correspondence in NDF-RT. Similarly, approximately 45% of drug products in NDF-RT are missing from RxNorm, most of which can be attributed to differences in dosage, strength, and route form. Approximately 81% of Chemical Structure classes, 42% of Mechanism of Action classes, 75% of Physiologic Effect classes, 76% of Therapeutic Intent classes, and 88% of Pharmacokinetics classes were also found not to have any RxNorm drug products classified under them. Finally, various issues regarding inconsistent mappings between drug concepts were identified in both terminologies. Conclusion This investigation identified potential limitations of the existing classification systems and various issues in specification of correspondences between the concepts in RxNorm and NDF-RT. These proposals and methods provide the preliminary steps in addressing some of the requirements.
New-Onset Seizure Associated with Quetiapine and Olanzapine

OBJECTIVE:To report a case involving a witnessed seizure in a patient receiving concurrent olanzapine and quetiapine.CASE SUMMARY:A 27-year-old white woman was observed to have a seizure while receiving a stable dosage of olanzapine 15 mg/d, with the addition of quetiapine 100 mg in the evening 1 day before the occurrence of the seizure. There were no known risk factors for epilepsy.DISCUSSION:This case reports a new-onset seizure in the context of concurrent olanzapine and quetiapine use. Interpretation is complicated by recent discontinuation of low-dose clonazepam.CONCLUSIONS:While uncommon, seizures can occur with non-clozapine atypical antipsychotics. Caution is indicated when using these drugs with other agents that may lower the seizure threshold.
Optimal Control of an M/M/S Queueing System

We consider the problem of determining optimal operating policies for an M/M/S queueing system. The system state x1, x2 is defined by x1 the number of customers in the system, and x2 the number of active service channels. The cost structure includes customer holding and service channel operating costs as well as a linear switching cost. We use a continuous-time Markov decision process formulation to obtain an optimal control policy of the control limit form, and present an algorithm for the finite state problem. Finite-transition and infinite-transition with discounting are considered.
The Varied Outcomes of Schizophrenia

Method: Research literature on the outcomes of schizophrenia appearing within the last 8 years was reviewed. Results: First, a review of follow-up studies published in the developed world suggests that heterogeneity in outcome across individuals with schizophrenia remains the rule, with affective symptoms, later and acute onset, and responsiveness to biological treatments predictive of good outcome. Negative symptoms are associated with poor outcome, cognitive impairments, and incapacity in social and work domains. Deterioration appears to occur within the first few months of onset if not already in the prodrome, with recent early-course studies finding longer duration of untreated psychosis associated with insidious onset, negative symptoms, social and work incapacity, and poor outcome. Second, a review of recent cross-cultural and historical studies provides evidence that outcome varies across time and place, schizophrenia having a more favourable outcome in the developing world and becoming a more benign disorder over the course of this century. Third, a review of studies of the domains of functioning within individuals identifies 4 relatively independent dimensions of depression and negative, psychotic, and disorganized symptoms. Cognitive deficits, which are associated with negative symptoms, also constitute a relatively stable dimension over time, showing neither marked deterioration nor improvement once established early in the course of disorder. Conclusions: The early appearance and stability over time of negative symptoms and cognitive impairments call for assertive intervention efforts early in the course of disorder to prevent chronicity and prolonged disability. (Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:34‐43)
Update on the incidence and mortality from melanoma in the United States.

Abstract Background: Increases in the incidence of malignant melanoma have been among the largest of all cancers in the United States. Objective: We report updated trends in melanoma rates among the US white population. Methods: Incidence and mortality rates were calculated for 1973 to 1994. Trends were examined with stratification by state, age, and sex, and by anatomic site, stage, and melanoma thickness at diagnosis. Results: Melanoma incidence and mortality rates increased dramatically from 1973 to 1994, rising 120.5% and 38.9%, respectively. In recent years, however, rates for most age-sex groups appeared to stabilize or even decline. Male patients continued to have higher incidence and mortality rates than female patients, but for both male and female patients the largest increases by site were for the trunk. A large proportion of melanomas were detected in the local stage and with a thickness less than 0.75 mm. Conclusion: Prevention of sun exposure is recommended to reverse the high incidence rates of melanoma.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:35-42.)
PHOTOPROCESSES IN THE ORGANIC SOLID STATE

Summary The various known photo-relaxation phenomena in organic crystals are reviewed. The discussion is confined to molecular crystals, and aggregates of organic molecules, in which the low-lying excited electronic states are either πpgr;*, nπ*, or electron-transfer type. The pathways for excitation in isolated molecules with these types of electronic states are compared with the corresponding process in solids. Particular emphasis is placed on the possible roles of intersystem crossing, triplet-triplet energy transfer and annihilation in solid state photochemistry. Free and localized excitons, energy migration between impurity traps, and some aspects of photoconduction in organic materials are discussed.
Initial report on combined in vivo single cell recording and intracellular staining

This paper reports preliminary data obtained from the combination of extracellular single unit recording, microiontophoretic testing and intracellular staining of single neurons in the diencephalon of the anesthetized rat. Sixty neurons were recorded extracellularly and iontophoretically tested with glass multibarrelled micropipettes. Thirty-four of these neurons were identified by antidromic invasion from median eminence stimulation. Seventeen of these antidromically identified neurons were subsequently impaled with the micropipette and intracellularly stained with the fluorescent dye lucifer yellow-CH. The average diameter of the antidromically identified neuronal cell bodies was 7.4 microns. The iontophoretic response profiles of these stained neurons were similar to the profiles of non-stained antidromically identified neurons. Four of the remaining 26 neurons were synaptically activated from median eminence stimulation and were successfully marked with lucifer yellow. Average soma diameters of these neurons was 12.8 microns. Twenty-two neurons were not antidromically or orthodromically identified from median eminence stimulation. Three of these neurons were intracellularly stained with lucifer yellow and their soma diameters averaged 6.9 microns. Approximately 50% of all staining attempts, subsequent to extracellular recording and iontophoretic testing, were successful. The combination of these techniques is therefore a feasible approach to the in vivo study of the physiologic, pharmacologic and morphologic properties of single neurons.
Imipramine-responsive panic-like symptomatology in schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder.

A “panic-like” syndrome responsive to supplemental alprazolam has recently been described in schizophrenia (Kahn et al. 1987; Sandberg and Siris 1987). It is not known, however, if this condition might be responsive to treatment with other antipanic medications as well. Therefore, we report trials of adjunctive spine (IMI) in two such patients who met criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Photomicrographic Studies of Dynamic Changes in Muscle Fiber Fragments. 1. Effect of Various Heat Treatments on Length, Width and Birefringence

SUMMARY– Photomicrographs were made of muscle fiber fragments as the stage of the microscope was heated from room temperature to 80°C, or as fibers were held at 37, 45, 53, 61, 69, or 77°C on the heated stage for an hour. The possible relationship of changes in width, length and in birefringence brought about by heating to loss of moisture, water-holding properties, loss of acidic groups, and changes in tenderness are discussed. Changes in width appeared to be related to changes in water-holding capacity. Changes in length and loss of birefringence were related to loss of acidic groups, to coagulation of proteins, to volume change in cooked meat, and to changes in tenderness.
Irregular structure of thermal ion plasma near the plasmapause observed from Ogo 3 and Pc 1 measurements

Direct measurement of thermal ion distributions in magnetosphere to determine position and structure of plasmapause
Test of Proportions Screening for the Newcomb-Benford Screen in the Audit Context: A Likelihood Triaging Protocol

The basis of the certification audit, in a non-forensic context, is a random sample of sufficient size to create the evidence needed to justify the audit opinion. This has been clearly stated in all of the relevant SAS pronouncements issued by the AICPA and also by the PCAOB through AS 5. However, there has been a dearth of specifics on the critical selection of the set of accounts that are reasonable targets for the statistical sampling needed if extended audit procedures seem warranted. In this paper, we present a simple and validated protocol based upon the digital frequency testing introduced by Newcomb & Benford and popularized in the audit context by Nigrini to identify accounts under audit that seem reasonable candidates for extended procedures testing. The montage of the protocol centers around the parametric test of proportions the equations which were introduced by Nigrini. We validated the logic of the protocol by using a holdback sample. Finally, we have coded the account identification protocol as a Decision Support System in VBA: ExcelO that is available from the authors free without restriction to its use.
Between-Groups Study Designs Demand Between-Groups Analyses: A Response to Hernandez-Reif, Shor-Posner, Baez, Soto, Mendoza, Castillo, Quintero, Perez, and Zhang

The most recent massage therapy (MT) study by Hernandez-Reif et al. displays flaws persistent in this area of research that are attributable to MT researchers’ frequent mistake of using within-group analyses of dependent variables in studies that are purported to be randomized control trials. This practise violates the logic of using randomization to create treatment and control groups, and thereby fails to control for the validity threats of spontaneous remission, placebo effects, and statistical regression. The result is that a clear understanding of what MT can and cannot do is seriously hampered.
A study of the strengths and widths of lines in the 9.4 and 10.4 μ CO2 bands

Strengths and widths of lines in 9.4 and 10.4 mu carbon dioxide bands by measuring transmittance vs pressure, using curve of growth method
Modulatory effects of ozone on THP-1 cells in response to SP-A stimulation

Ozone (O3), a major component of air pollution and a strong oxidizing agent, can lead to lung injury associated with edema, inflammation, and epithelial cell damage. The effects of O3 on pulmonary ...
Methodology to determine dominant noise source in a system-on-chip based implantable device

In a mixed-signal environment, a challenging issue during the design process of analog circuits is the evaluation of the dominant noise source. A fair comparison of intrinsic (device) noise with induced (switching) noise is highly important to enhance design constraints such as input sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. A methodology and analysis flow are proposed to quantify and compare input-referred device noise with input-referred switching noise in a system-on-chip based implantable device, where input sensitivity is a critical design constraint. It is demonstrated that switching noise due to substrate coupling is approximately 30 dB higher than device noise in the frequency range of interest.
Nut consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in women.

Increasing nut intake has been associated with reduced risk of diabetes mellitus, which is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. We prospectively followed 75 680 women in the Nurses’ Health Study, and examined the association between nut consumption and pancreatic cancer risk. Participants with a previous history of cancer were excluded. Nut consumption was assessed at baseline and updated every 2 to 4 years. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. We documented 466 incident cases of pancreatic cancer. After adjusting for age, height, smoking, physical activity, and total energy intake, women who consumed a 28-g (1 oz) serving size of nuts ⩾2 times per week experienced a significantly lower risk of pancreatic cancer (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47–0.92; P for trend=0.007) when compared with those who largely abstained from nuts. The results did not appreciably change after further adjustment for body mass index (BMI) and history of diabetes mellitus (RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.95; P for trend=0.01). The inverse association persisted within strata defined by BMI, physical activity, smoking, and intakes of red meat, fruits, and vegetables. Frequent nut consumption is inversely associated with risk of pancreatic cancer in this large prospective cohort of women, independent of other potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer.
Thermal Regime Of A Large Diameter Borehole: Instability Of The Water Column And Comparison Of Air- And Water-filled Condition

Temperatures were measured as a function time and depth in a borehole before and after it had been filled with water. The hole is 25 cm in diameter, 340 m deep, and effectively sealed from influx of ground water. The measurements reveal that: (1) Temperature differences between the air‐filled hole and the water‐filled hole (after dissipation of the water injection disturbance) do not exceed 0.05°C at the same depth. (2) Temperatures in the water‐filled hole exhibit oscillations at all depths where temperature increases downward but are stable at the bottom and near the surface where temperature decreases with depth. (3) The temperature oscillations have periods ranging from several minutes to several hours. (4) The amplitudes of the oscillations are several hundredths of a degree, and are roughly proportional to the geothermal gradient near the point of measurement, thus suggesting that the size of cells or eddies are rather constant and that the distance of water movement is no more than several times th...
Wildfires ignite debate on global warming

As temperatures soar, forests blaze and houses burn, the media and public may be forced to face up to the reality of a changing climate, says Max A. Moritz.
Changes in tenderness, color, and water holding capacity of broiler breast meat during postdeboning aging.

ABSTRACT: The impact of postharvest aging on the tenderness, color, water holding capacity, and appearance of broiler breast fillets after deboning was investigated. A total of 360 broilers were processed and deboned at either 1.5-, 3-, or 6-h postmortem (PM) and aged at 4 ± 1 °C for up to 6 d. Tenderness was predicted by the Meullenet–Owens razor shear. Drip loss, cook loss, color, and muscle-shape profiles were also evaluated during the 6-d aging duration. Deboned fillets were in the tenderness range corresponding to “neither tough nor tender” for the first 2 d of aging and changed into “slightly tender” after 3 d of aging according to the instrument-tenderness perception equivalent scale. Tenderization due to postdeboning aging seemed to be more pronounced for fillets deboned in a prerigor state (that is, 1.5- and 3-h PM). Over the aging period, tenderness improved by 6.9 and 7.4 percentage points for the 1.5- and 3-h PM treatments, respectively, while those fillets deboned in a postrigor state (6-h PM) exhibited no significant difference in tenderness. Drip and cook loss of fillets consistently increased over the aging period. The color of fillets tended to become less red and more yellow during aging although there was no significant difference in L*. Overall, the tenderizing effects of deboned broiler breast fillets during the storage of 6 d were minimal but seemed to be affected by fillet height and length as determined through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and K-means clustering analysis. Thicker and tougher fillets were more susceptible to the tenderizing effects during postdeboning aging.
Sexual Orientation, Human Rights, and Corporate Sponsorship of the Sochi Olympic Games: Rethinking the Voluntary Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility

Multi-national enterprises (MNEs) have provided substantial sponsorship for the Sochi Winter Olympic Games despite a host-country government that has recently enacted stunningly harsh legislation aimed at the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) communities within Russia. This is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) problem. Should Europe address it through voluntary corporate compliance, Europe’s historically preferred mode of promoting CSR? Or should Europe reconsider whether it can more effectively promote CSR compliance legislatively – and if so, by what kind of legislation? To honor the explicit and increased protections of human rights against sexual orientation discrimination in the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Charter of Fundamental Human Rights, more than voluntary, good intentions are needed. Particularly since the United States has effectively bowed out of enforcing CSR through the American federal courts, there now exists a regulatory lacuna that the European Commission is best situated to fill through the precision offered by judicious rulemaking. The article ultimately proposes an approach that combines the public-pressure engine that fuels voluntary CSR with public disclosures mandated by law to optimize the information and mobilization of public opinion and pressure – factors particularly noteworthy given the powerful “branding” benefits that MNEs seek through Olympic sponsorship.
Brain Imaging for Staging of Patients With Clinical Stage IA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in the National Lung Screening Trial: Adherence With Recommendations From the Choosing Wisely Campaign.

Background The Choosing Wisely recommendations from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons include avoiding brain imaging in asymptomatic patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to describe use of brain imaging among National Lung Screening Trial participants with stage IA NSCLC and to identify factors associated with receipt of brain imaging. Methods We identified patients with clinical stage IA NSCLC who received CT scans or magnetic resonance brain imaging within 60 days after diagnosis, but before definitive surgical staging. Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified variables associated with undergoing brain imaging. Results Among 643 patients with clinical stage IA NSCLC, 77 patients (12%) received at least one brain imaging study. Of seven patients (1.1%) who were upstaged to stage IV, only two underwent brain imaging and neither had documentation of brain metastasis. Brain imaging frequency by enrollment center varied from 0% to 80%. All patients who underwent brain imaging subsequently underwent surgery with curative intent, suggesting strongly that imaging revealed no evidence of intracranial metastases. In multivariate analyses, primary tumor size >20 mm (OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.50-4.16; P Conclusions Among National Lung Screening Trial patients with stage IA NSCLC, one in eight underwent brain imaging, but none ultimately had intracranial metastases. Larger tumor size and older age were associated with greater use of brain imaging. Wide variation in use between centers suggests either lack of awareness or disagreement about this Choosing Wisely recommendation.
Methylation of the α2(I) collagen gene in chemically transformed rat liver epithelial cells

W8 cells, 2-N-(acetoxyacetyl)aminofluorene-transformed rat liver epithelial-like cells, secrete no alpha 2(I) collagen chains. This paper reports the first demonstration of DNA methylation in the promoter-5' region of an alpha 2(I) collagen gene which occurs in W8 cells. Since inhibition of methylation by azacytidine induces transcription of the alpha 2(I) gene, DNA methylation of W8 alpha 2(I) promoter-5' region could contribute to altered collagen production in these cells.
Experimental Characterization of Underfill Materials Exposed to Moisture Including Preconditioning

Microelectronic encapsulants exhibit evolving properties that change significantly with environmental exposures such as isothermal aging and high humidity conditions. In this work, the material behavior changes occurring in underfill materials subjected to moisture exposures in an humidity chamber have been characterized using 60 × 3 × 0.5 mm uniaxial test specimens which were cured with production equipment using the same conditions as those used in actual flip chip assembly. After curing, the samples were divided into two groups and subjected to different preconditioning: (1) no preconditioning, (2) prebaking at 85 C for 24 hours. The fabricated and preconditioned uniaxial test specimens were then exposed in an adjustable thermal and humidity chamber to combined hygrothermal exposures at 85 C and 85% RH for various durations (0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 60 days). After the moisture exposures, a microscale tension-torsion testing machine was used to evaluate the complete stress-strain behavior of the material at room temperature (25 C). In addition, the viscoelastic mechanical response of the underfill encapsulant has also been characterized via creep testing at room temperature for several applied stress levels after the moisture exposures. From the recorded results, it was found that the moisture exposures strongly degrade the mechanical properties of the tested underfill including the initial elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and tensile creep rate. Prebaking was found to increase the initial material properties, but the degradations due to subsequent moisture exposures occurred in a similar manner.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Geometry Optimization in Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Problems using the Discrete Adjoint

ow problems. An existing massively parallel unstructured Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations solver forms the basis for the framework used to solve both the primal and dual (adjoint) problems. The framework is also capable of handling dynamic mesh deformation using the linear elasticity model. Turbulence modeling options using the one-equation Spalart-Allmaras model and the two-equation k-! model are available. The adjoint equations are formulated such that all aspects of the primal problem are exactly linearized and no assumptions such as freezing certain components are made. This leads to discretely exact gradients which can be used for optimization purposes. The adjoint-based gradients are veried against those computed by the complex-step method and agreement to machine precision is observed. An agglomeration multigrid solution strategy is employed to accelerate the convergence of the primal problem while GMRES preconditioned by linear agglomeration multigrid is used to solve the dual problem. The method is applied to minimizing the time-integrated torque coecient of the HART2 rotor in hover while constraining the time-integrated thrust coecient to the baseline value.
"The “We” in Mentoring: Identification-Based Trust, Protégé Outcomes, and the Role of Conflict"

In this study we test a process model of relational identification and trust formation in the context of mentoring relationships. Through a time-lagged, two-wave study design, we test whether trust...
Direct observation of s-wave atomic collisions.

We observe the angular distribution of $s$-wave scattering of Cs atoms in an atomic fountain by selecting and probing atomic velocities. At an average temperature of $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.89$ $\ensuremath{\mu}$K the scattering is predominantly $s$-wave and we have a sensitivity to $p$-wave cross sections as small as 0.1% of the $s$-wave. The cross section is $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for atoms in the $F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3$, ${m}_{F}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ state colliding with atoms distributed among the $F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4$, ${m}_{F}$ states. We also demonstrate a multiply loaded magneto-optic trap and a temperature of 1.53(7) $\ensuremath{\mu}$K.
Effects of a Group-Based Treadmill Program on Children With Neurodevelopmental Impairment Who Are Not Yet Ambulating.

PURPOSE To examine the effects of a group-based treadmill program on gross motor skills related to walking and the amount of support needed for ambulation in children with neuromotor impairment who are not yet walking. METHODS Twelve children (mean age, 30.4 months; standard deviation, 7.9) participated in the program twice per week for 14 weeks. The Gross Motor Function Measure-88 Dimensions D and E (GMFM-88 D/E), the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS), the timed 10-m walk test, and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Mobility Scale (PEDI) were administered before and at the conclusion of the program. Data were analyzed using paired the t test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. RESULTS Statistically significant improvements were found between pre- and posttests in the GMFM-88 D (P = .0005) and E (P = .001), in FMS scores (P = .039), and the PEDI (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS A group-based treadmill program leads to positive changes in walking ability in children with neuromotor impairment.
Caudal ventrolateral medullary cells responsive to muscular contraction

The pressor reflex evoked by muscular contraction (exercise pressor reflex) is held to be an important mechanism in producing the cardiovascular adjustments to static exercise. Recent experiments using lesioning and metabolic labeling methods have indicated that the caudal ventrolateral medulla may be a key integrative site for the reflex evoked by muscular contraction induced by ventral root stimulation. Therefore, we sought to determine whether cells in this region could be associated with the cardiovascular reflex accompanying muscular contraction through analysis of their discharge characteristics. Eighty cells were characterized as to their response to ventral root stimulus-induced static muscular contraction, intra-arterial capsaicin (selective groups III and IV stimulus), and mechanical probing. The cells' receptive fields were also determined by mechanical probing. The receptive fields were usually large, often including all four limbs and the trunk. Four response patterns were observed to static contractions: a brisk initial discharge followed by a gradual return toward control levels (slowly adapting), a brief onset and cessation response, a brief inhibition followed by a slowly adapting discharge, and inhibition alone. Virtually all cells tested were responsive to capsaicin. Histological analysis verified the position of the recorded cells. It is suggested that the cells most likely to participate in the pressor response to muscular contraction were those cells in the general region of the lateral reticular nucleus which responded with an initial and sustained discharge and the cells that were inhibited in the region of the nucleus ambiguus (possible inhibition of vagal outflow).
MICU1, the Ca2+ Sensing Regulator of the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter is Required for Adaptation to Postnatal Life

Over the past four years, the molecular composition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter has been sorted out, in particular the pore forming protein MCU and its Ca2+ sensing regulator MICU1 have been characterized. However, the physiological role of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter is still not understood. Indeed, MCU-KO mice display embryonic lethality and normal development, depending on the background used. Moreover, loss of function mutations of MICU1 have been linked to neurological and skeletal muscle disease. This emerging link between MICU1 and human disease emphasizes the need to study MICU1 in vivo. Here, we sought to determine the physiological role of MICU1 by characterizing the first MICU1-deleted mouse. Utilizing the Cre-loxP system of gene targeting, we generated healthy and fertile MICU1+/- mice. While their progeny followed a Mendelian distribution until e18.5, with normal cardiac function assessed by fetal echocardiography, the MICU1-/- mice died within the first hours of birth with no gross morphological defects. To avoid fatalities resulting from labor stress, e18.5 mice were delivered by C-section but all animals that sustained normal breathing and vocalized intermittently had at least one copy of MICU1. Blinded histopathological analysis of the placenta and major organs (heart, liver and lung) of e18.5 animals did not reveal structural changes that could have accounted for perinatal lethality. However, examination of brainstem nuclei in toluidine blue-stained sections revealed a trend towards decreased numbers of neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (a focus of expiratory control) and the nucleus facialis. Altogether, these observations point to a functional cause of death in MICU1-/- mice, presumably through defective regulation of basic functions postnatally and suggests a vital role for MICU1 regulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter in adaptation to postnatal life.
Malignant transformation of endometriosis: an unusual diverticular mass

BackgroundMalignant transformation of endometriosis may occur years following hysterectomy and oophorectomy. It may present with a pelvic mass, pain or vaginal bleeding. Risk factors have been poor...
The Effect of Skinfold on the Assessment of the Mean Power Frequency at the Fatigue Threshold

The purpose of this study was to determine if the amount of subcutaneous tissue over the quadriceps affects the assessment of mean power frequency at the fatigue threshold (MPFFT). It was hypothesized that greater skinfold values will result in lower power outputs associated to the MPFFT. Fourteen adults (Mean ± SD age = 20.7 ± 0.99; body weight = 72.8 ± 12.6 kg) performed an incremental cycle ergometry test to exhaustion while surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were measured from the vastus lateralis. The skinfold thickness of each leg was taken prior to the test, and skinfold thicknesses were separated into a larger and a smaller groups. The independent t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.01) between the power outputs associated to the MPFFT of groups with high (Mean ± SD 130.4 ± 34.5 W) versus low skinfold (212.5 ± 61.2 W) values. The results suggested that higher subcutaneous fat may have affected the assessment of MPFFT during cycle ergometry.
A Majority Voting Goal Based technique for Requirement Prioritization

Requirement prioritization (RP) plays an important role in software development phases. There are many techniques which are used for RP. By using these techniques, at time, specific goals of developed system also required to be fine-tuned. Sometimes we have a deadlock situation in RP and it's necessary to select only those requirements which are relatively more appropriate to satisfy the specific goals. In this paper we are proposing a novel technique, namely: Majority Voting Goal Based (MVGB) technique for RP. The proposed technique manages the deadlock situation that may occur while satisfying the most appropriate stakeholders' requirements for achieving specific goals.
THE CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL: A “Multi-Beta” Interpretation

Publisher Summary In recent years, considerable attention has been accorded the capital asset pricing model. It suggests that in equilibrium the expected excess return on a security over and above the pure interest rate equals some constant times its ex ante risk, measured by the security's so-called beta coefficient. The beta coefficient equals the covariance of the security's return with that of the market portfolio divided by the variance of the return on the market portfolio, where all measures refer to ex ante probability distributions. Many have used these ideas for practical investment policies. Moreover, a number of tests have been performed to determine the extent to which ex post results conform to the relationships predicted by the theory for ex ante values. A security's beta relative to the market portfolio can be expressed as a weighted average of beta values relative to any desired number of portfolios, the collection of which equals the market portfolio.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme Arthritis

Lyme arthritis was recognised as a new nosological entity in 1975 because of geographic clustering of the disease in children in Lyme, Connecticut, who were thought to have juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (1). Joint disease in these children was characterised by brief, recurrent attacks of asymmetric swelling and pain in a few large joints, especially the knee. It then became apparent that Lyme arthritis was part of a multisystem illness that usually began with a characteristic annular skin lesion, erythema migrans (2). This skin lesion had been described previously in Europe, but it had not been associated there with arthritis.