cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terbinafine Hepatotoxicity: Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a patient who developed significant liver dysfunction following therapy with terbinafine. At the end of a 3 1/2-wk course of terbinafine, he developed progressive jaundice and pruritus. His serum bilirubin peaked at 30.9 mg/dl 3 wk after discontinuing terbinafine. A liver biopsy revealed mild to moderate mixed cellular infiltrate in the portal tracts, and hepatocellular and canicular cholestasis. His liver tests normalized 100 days after stopping terbinafine.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for tRNA mutant analysis.

In analogy to two-dimensional analysis, the mobility shift in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) due to a nucleotide substitution of a single-stranded transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) fragment serves as the first dimension for tRNA mutation analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), as the second dimension, allows precise determination of the mass of the tRNA fragments resolved by native PAGE. Off-line combination of native PAGE with MALDI-MS is demonstrated for high-resolution analysis of tRNAval and its mutants, including a three-nucleotide deletion and 12 single-base substitutions. Three approaches, including direct extraction of tRNAs from gel into buffer solution, dissolution of membrane in the matrix solution, and direct desorption of tRNAs from the membrane, are studied for coupling native PAGE with MALDI-MS. The membrane dissolution method is simple, and the resulting mixture is amenable to MALDI-MS analysis. In the membrane dissolution method...
Further studies on dividing sea urchin eggs exposed to the volatile anesthetic halothane.

Abstract Mitotic apparatus (MA)-isolation techniques and SDS-gel quantitation show that halothane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, inhibits the growth of the mitotic apparatus of echinoderm eggs in vivo, but has no detectable effect on the amount of actin associated with the cell cortex. These studies confirm and extend long standing observations on anesthetic-treated echinoderm eggs and support the hypothesis that anesthetics indirectly prevent cleavage by inhibiting the growth of mitotic asters.
Silicon nitride: From sintering to joining

In earlier work, silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) powders were sintered with a mixture of rare-earth oxide (RE 2 O 3 ) and silica (SiO 2 ). When the chemistry and sintering schedule is carefully controlled, the intergranular phase is a crystalline RE 2 Si 2 O 7 phase, which imparts improved mechanical and oxidation properties to the Si 3 N 4 . Based on the premise that a material that is successful in joining individual grains will also be suitable for joining bulk pieces, the process has been extended to join bulk Si 3 N 4 . This method of joining causes the elimination of the joint, as the mechanism of joining is the same as that by which Si 3 N 4 powder sinters. By analogy with the results for sintered compacts, it is predicted that the rare-earth oxide joined parts may also exhibit improved high temperature performance.
Analysis of Spacelab 3 Residual Acceleration Data

A data reduction plan is being developed to efficiently process residual acceleration data, making such data more accessible to principal investigators of low-gravity experiments. Accelerometer data collected during the Spacelab 3 mission is being processed using a prototype version of this plan. The plan addresses various aspects of acceleration data analysis: the identification of disturbances that are intolerable to experiments, the investigation of acceleration orientations, the definition and characterization of the background acceleration corresponding to a given experiment time line, the isolation and examination of particular significant disturbances, and the identification of disturbance sources. Acceleration magnitude, frequency, and orientation are discussed: transient accelerations can have magnitudes as large as 0.01 g with frequency components no greater than 0.001 g. These accelerations fluctuate rapidly in orientation. The occurrence of disturbance sources in an orbiter is tentatively identified as a random process, whereas the response of the orbiter to given accelerations is considered deterministic. The need to continue monitoring of residual accelerations in orbiting space laboratories is stressed.
Death Anxiety and Self-Esteem in Young Children with Aids: A Sense of Hope

This study used Roger's science of unitary human beings nursing model and the theory of accelerating change to examine young children who have AIDS. Differences in death anxiety and self-esteem were compared among thirty-five healthy and thirty-five AIDS-diagnosed African-American and Latino children. Each child was individually administered the screening tool, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Thematic Instrument for Measuring Death Anxiety in Children, and the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. The AIDS-diagnosed children did not manifest more death anxiety nor lower self-esteem than healthy peers. These findings are in contrast to previous studies about fatally ill children which routinely reported them to have high levels of death concern and low levels of self-worth. They provide a different framework for understanding the emotional needs of children with AIDS.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Palmitoyl-protein Thioesterase 2 (PPT2), a Homolog of Lysosomal Palmitoyl-protein Thioesterase with a Distinct Substrate Specificity

Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase is a lysosomal hydrolase that removes long chain fatty acyl groups from modified cysteine residues in proteins. Mutations in this enzyme were recently shown to underlie the hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and lipid thioesters derived from acylated proteins were found to accumulate in lymphoblasts from individuals with the disorder. In the current study, we describe the cloning and expression of a second lysosomal thioesterase, palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 2 (PPT2), that shares an 187 identity with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase. Transient expression of a PPT2 cDNA led to the production of a glycosylated lysosomal protein with palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity comparable with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase. However, PPT2 did not remove palmitate groups from palmitoylated proteins that are substrates for palmitoyl-protein thioesterase. In cross-correction experiments, PPT2 did not abolish the accumulation of protein-derived lipid thioesters in palmitoyl-protein thioesterase-deficient cell lines. These results indicate that PPT2 is a lysosomal thioesterase that possesses a substrate specificity that is distinct from that of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase.
Wheat bran decreases aberrant crypt foci, preserves normal proliferation, and increases intraluminal butyrate levels in experimental colon cancer.

BACKGROUND Dietary wheat bran protects against colon cancer, but the mechanism(s) of this effect is not known. Butyrate, produced by colonic bacterial fermentation of dietary polysaccharides, such as wheat bran, induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation in colon cancer cell lines. Whether similar effects occur in vivo is not well defined. We hypothesized that wheat bran's antineoplastic effects in vivo may be mediated in part by butyrate's modulation of apoptosis and proliferation. METHODS Male F344 rats were fed wheat bran-supplemented or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous fiber-free diet. Rats were treated with one dose of the carcinogen azoxymethane or vehicle with sacrifice after 5 days (tumor initiation); or two doses (days O and 7) with sacrifice after 56 days (tumor promotion). Study variables included fecal butyrate levels and the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and changes in crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS During tumor initiation, wheat bran produced greater apoptosis (p = .01), a trend toward less proliferation, and preserved the normal zone of proliferation (p = .01). At tumor promotion, wheat bran decreased the number of ACF (proximal colon, p = .005; distal colon, p = .047) and maintained the normal proliferative zone. The fiber-free diet shifted the zone of proliferation into the premalignant pattern in both studies. Wheat bran produced significantly higher fecal butyrate (p = .01; .004, .00001) levels than the fiber-free diet throughout the tumor promotion study. CONCLUSIONS Wheat bran increased apoptosis and controlled proliferation during tumor initiation and resulted in decreased ACF. Wheat bran's antineoplastic effects occurred early after carcinogen exposure, and were associated with increased fecal butyrate levels.
Purification and Characterization of a Glutathione S-Transferase from Benoxacor-Treated Maize (Zea mays)

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozyme from maize (Zea mays Pioneer hybrid 3906) treated with the dichloroacetamide herbicide safener benoxacor (CGA-154281) was purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. The enzyme, assayed with metolachlor as a substrate, was purified approximately 200-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography on Mono Q resins, and affinity chromatography on S-hexylglutathione agarose from total GST activity present in etiolated shoots. The purified protein migrated during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) as a single band with a molecular mass of 27 kD. Using nondenaturing PAGE, we determined that the native protein has a molecular mass of about 57 kD and that the protein exists as a dimer. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed only a single protein with an isoelectric point of 5.75 and molecular mass of 27 kD. These results further suggest that the protein exists as a homodimer of two identical 27-kD subunits. The enzyme was most active with substrates possessing a chloroacetamide structure. trans-Cinnamic acid and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were not effective substrates. Apparent Km values for the enzyme were 10.8 microM for the chloroacetamide metolachlor and 292 microM for glutathione. The enzyme was active from pH 6 to 9, with a pH optimum between 7.5 and 8. An apparently blocked amino terminus of the intact protein prevented direct amino acid sequencing. The enzyme was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of several peptide fragments were obtained. The sequence information for the isolated GST we have designated "GST IV" indicates that the enzyme is a unique maize GST but shares some homology with maize GSTs I and III.
The relationships between political support, party strength, and term limits

This paper translates two implications of a recent game-theoretical explanation for term limitations [Mao, 2001] into an empirical context for testing. One implication involves the pattern of political support for a candidate over time and its relationship to the strength of the candidate's party. To test this implication, this study focuses on the careers of senators of the 106th Congress and applies a suitable regression analysis. Consistent with Mao's theory, the statistical evidence suggests that the greater the strength of the candidate's party, the longer it takes for the politician's support to spread beyond his or her party. A second implication pertains to the effect of the majority party's strength on the likelihood of term limit legislation being passed. To test this implication, the study focuses on the states' stances on federal term limits, prior to 1995, and applies a probit analysis. In this case, the statistical evidence suggests that the greater the strength of the majority party, the less likely the state to have passed federal term limit legislation. The relationship is not statistically significant by conventional standards, though it is nearly so. However, taken together, these empirical results are generally supportive of Mao [2001].
Closed-circuit television as a supplement to the general chemistry program

Describes the use of closed-circuit television to supplement a general chemistry lecture by showing students demonstrations, laboratory techniques, and equipment.
Surface lattice dynamics of the Rbl (001) crystal surface via inelastic he atom scattering

Abstract High-resolution He atom scattering experiments (HAS) are reported, which were carried out on a cleaved Rbl (001) surface (T s = 120K). The nearly monoenergetic ( Δv v ≈ 1%) He beam, produced from a high pressure nozzle source, was chopped into pulses for the analysis of the inelastic scattering by a time-of-flight (TOF) technique. The incident He atom energies employed in these studies ranged from 20 to 24 meV, corresponding to wavevectors of 6.2 to 6.8 A −1 . Data from single phonon annihilation and creation events were obtained in both the and surface high symmetry directions and used to construct the surface phonon dispersion curves. The experimental results are compared with previous theoretical calculations for this surface. In general, the observed Rayleigh wave is found to be in very good agreement. However, a crossing mode is found which was not predicted initially, but which has now been seen in the (001) surfaces of several other alkali halides. Perhaps most interesting is that the data support the existence of the predicted high-lying surface optical branch, S 2 , pushed above the optical bulk bands because of the surface relaxation. In addition, another newly discovered branch, extending about a third of the way from the M point to the \ gG point near the top of the acoustic band is probably also due to the surface relaxation. It is possibly associated with second layer vibrations.
The electrocardiogram in the patient with syncope

Syncope is a common and challenging presentation for the emergency physician. Various investigators have developed clinical risk score and clinical decision rules which are designed to identify the population at highest risk for adverse events. In each of these clinical decision tools, the electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the key clinical variables used to evaluate the patient. Certain electrocardiographic presentations in the patient with syncope will not only provide a reason for the loss of consciousness but also guide early therapy and disposition in this individual. Bradycardia, atrioventricular block, intraventricular conduction abnormality, and tachydysrhythmia in the appropriate clinical setting provide an answer to the clinician for the syncopal event. Morphologic findings suggesting the range of cardiovascular malady are also encountered; these entities are far ranging, including the various ST-segment and T-wave abnormalities of acute coronary syndrome, ventricular preexcitation as seen in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Brugada syndrome with the associated tendency for sudden death, prolonged QT interval common in the diverse long QT interval presentations, and right ventricular hypertrophy suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This review discusses the ECG in the patient with syncope. The general use of the 12-lead ECG in this patient population is discussed. Furthermore, specific electrocardiographic presentations seen in the patient with syncope are also reviewed.
Fisheries independent assessment of a returning fishery: Abundance of juvenile white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) in the shallow nearshore waters of the Southern California Bight, 1995-2005

Abstract Nearshore, coastal and embayment areas off southern California were sampled to determine the spatial and temporal patterns abundance and size distributions of young white seabass in the shallow (5–14 m) waters from Santa Barbara south to Imperial Beach off San Diego. A total of 19 stations, 13 in nearshore coastal waters and 6 in embayments, dispersed along the Southern California Bight were surveyed in each sampling month using 45.7 m variable mesh, monofilament gill nets. In the 11-year period of sampling (April 1995–June 2005), a total of 8075 juvenile white seabass was captured in 42 sampling months. The mean catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE: 2.0 fish/net ± 0.2) for juvenile white seabass varied significantly among stations during the 10-year period (1996–2005) of the full station sampling. Stations located near large rocky headlands, such as Palos Verdes, Santa Barbara, Newport, and La Jolla yielded the highest catches. Although CPUE peaked in August 1999 as a result of strong year classes in 1996–1998, overall, catches tripled over the 11-year sampling period at seven coastal sites increasing significantly at a rate equivalent to 0.22 fish/(net year). These relatively high catches of wild, juvenile fish over the last decade, along with significant increases in commercial CPUE and increased recreational catches overall, indicate that the natural population of white seabass is in the process of recovery. Commercial catches are again comparable to levels attained prior to the fishery collapse in the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, we propose that the white seabass now represents one of the first documented cases of a recovering, demersal species of commercial importance. The ban of nearshore commercial gill net fishing by Proposition 132 probably contributed greatly to the increase in the population size that led to this recovery. In addition, the succession of warm water years that occurred from 1983 to the strong El Nino event of 1997–1998 also played an important role in the successful recruitment of white seabass.
A new transmetallation route to mixed trimethylstannylcuprates: Me3Sn(r)Cu(CN)Li2☆

Higher order stannylcuprates, Me3Sn(R)Cu(CN)Li2 can be prepared in a one-flask operation by treatment of Me3Sn-SiMe3 (prepared in situ from Me3Si-SiMe3, MeLi and Me3SnCl) with R2Cu(CN)Li2. These reagents selectively deliver the Me3Sn moiety to a variety of organic substrates.
Thalidomide: an old drug with new clinical applications.

Thalidomide was introduced in 1954 by the drug manufacturer Chemie Grunethal as a sedative/hypnotic agent and was used to ameliorate nausea in pregnancy [[1]]. Initially, it had no apparent toxicit...
The effects of stimulus location on the gating of touch by heat- and cold-induced pain.

The influence of heat- and cold-induced pain on tactile sensitivity, a "touch gate", was measured under conditions in which the location of the noxious stimuli was varied with respect to the tactile stimulus applied to the thenar eminence of humans. Vibrotactile thresholds were measured in the absence of pain and during administration of a painful stimulus, with the stimulus frequencies selected to activate independently the four psychophysical channels hypothesized to exist in human glabrous skin. Heat-induced pain produced by spatially co-localizing the noxious stimuli with the tactile stimuli was found, on average, to elevate threshold amplitude by 2.2 times (6.7 dB). Co-localized, cold-induced pain raised the average thresholds by about 1.5 times (3.6 dB). Heat-induced pain presented contralaterally produced no change in vibrotactile sensitivity indicating that the effect is probably not due to attentional mechanisms. Ipsilateral heat-induced pain caused an elevation in tactile thresholds even when th...
Long-term kinematic analysis of cervical spine after single-level implantation of Bryan cervical disc prosthesis: a review

COMMENTARY ON Ryu WHA, Kowalczyk I, Duggal N. Long-term kinematic analysis of cervical spine after single-level implantation of Bryan cervical disc prosthesis. Spine J 2013; 13:628–34 ( in this issue ).
Stent Graft Repair of Traumatic Vertebral Pseudoaneurysm with Arteriovenous Fistula

Traumatic vertebral pseudoaneurysm is a rare occurrence. Such case with an enlarging symptomatic vertebral arteriovenous (AV) fistula was successfully treated with a covered endostent. Presentation, diagnosis and different acceptable treatment plans to this condition are further discussed. Stentgrafts can play an important and effective role in therapy of traumatic vertebral pseudoaneurysm with a concomitant AV fistula.
Phosphonate Aldehyde Annulation − A One-Pot Synthesis of Hydroxycycloalkenoic Esters − Application to Analogs of Glycinoeclepin A

The reaction of ketone enolates with phosphonate aldehydes afforded cyclopentenols or cyclohexenols in a one-pot procedure. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Domestic Politics and the Prospects for an Arab-Israeli Peace

(1988). Domestic Politics and the Prospects for an Arab-Israeli Peace. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 3-25.
Proteomic profiling of developing cotton fibers from wild and domesticated Gossypium barbadense

Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is widely cultivated because of its long, strong seed trichomes ('fibers') used for premium textiles. These agronomically advanced fibers were derived following domestication and thousands of years of human-mediated crop improvement. To gain an insight into fiber development and evolution, we conducted comparative proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of developing fiber from an elite cultivar and a wild accession. Analyses using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) LC-MS/MS technology identified 1317 proteins in fiber. Of these, 205 were differentially expressed across developmental stages, and 190 showed differential expression between wild and cultivated forms, 14.4% of the proteome sampled. Human selection may have shifted the timing of developmental modules, such that some occur earlier in domesticated than in wild cotton. A novel approach was used to detect possible biased expression of homoeologous copies of proteins. Results indicate a significant partitioning of duplicate gene expression at the protein level, but an approximately equal degree of bias for each of the two constituent genomes of allopolyploid cotton. Our results demonstrate the power of complementary transcriptomic and proteomic approaches for the study of the domestication process. They also provide a rich database for mining for functional analyses of cotton improvement or evolution.
THE CONVERGENCE OF MULTIVARIATE 'UNIT ROOT' DISTRIBUTIONS TO THEIR ASYMPTOTIC LIMITS The Case of Money-Income Causality

Abstract We examine the quality of recently developed asymptotic approximations to the sampling distributions of various statistics in levels regressions when the regressors have unit roots. The calculations were performed using a bivariate probability model typical of some considered in applied macroeconomic research: the parameters of the model were obtained by estimating a VAR using postwar U.S. money and industrial production growth rates, resulting in pseudo-data that are I(1) with drifts. With 100 observations the asymptotic approximations are often found to be adequate; with 400 observations they are generally good. In addition, when the statistics have nonstandard distributions, both the asymptotic and exact distributions differ substantially from the usual normal or χ 2 distributions that would apply were the regressors stationary.
Routing to Multi-instantiated Destinations: Principles and Applications

Prior solutions for routing to multi-instantiated destinations (e.g., Internet multicasting and any casting, and routing in information centric networks) simply adapt existing routing algorithms designed for single-instance destinations, or rely on flooding techniques. As a result, they are unnecessarily complex and incur excessive overhead. A new approach for routing to multi-instantiated destinations is introduced, and MIDR (Multiple Instance Destination Routing) is presented as an example of the approach. MIDR uses only distance information to multi-instantiated destinations, without routers having to establish overlays, know the network topology, use complete paths to destination instances, or know about all the instances of destinations. MIDR enables routers to maintain multiple loop free routes to the nearest instances of any given destination, as well as to some or all instances of the same destination. It is shown that MIDR provides multiple loop-free paths to destination instances, and that is orders of magnitude more efficient than traditional approaches based on routing to single instance destinations. MIDR can be used in name-based content routing, IP unicast routing, multicasting, and any casting.
Sarcoplasmic redistribution of nuclear TDP‐43 in inclusion body myositis

The nucleic acid binding protein TDP-43 was recently identified in normal myonuclei and in the sarcoplasm of inclusion body myositis (IBM) muscle. Here we found TDP-43 sarcoplasmic immunoreactivity in 23% of IBM myofibers, while other reported IBM biomarkers were less frequent, with rimmed vacuoles in 2.8%, fluorescent Congo red material in 0.57%, SMI-31 immunoreactivity in 0.83%, and focal R1282 beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in 0.00% of myofibers. The presence of as little as > 1% of myofibers with non-nuclear sarcoplasmic TDP-43 was highly sensitive (91%) and specific (100%) to IBM among 50 inflammatory myopathy patient samples, though some patients with hereditary inclusion body myopathies and myofibrillar myopathy also had sarcoplasmic TDP-43. TDP-43 mutations were sought, and none were identified. TDP-43 could be one of many nucleic acid binding proteins that are abnormally present in IBM sarcoplasm. They could potentially interfere with the normal function of extranuclear RNAs that maintain myofiber protein production.
Ultra high speed photodetectors

In this paper we will discuss the design and characterization of an ultra-high speed GaAs Schottky barrier photodiode whose -3 dB power bandwidth is 100 GHz or equivalently in the time domain a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 5.4 picoseconds. The 100 GHz bandwidth is attained at an operating reverse bias of only 5 volts. The device consists essentially of a semitransparent Pt-film forming the Schottky barrier on n GaAs an n+ GaAs epitaxial layers grown on semi-insulating CaAs substrate. Ohmic contact is formed on the top surface completing the device. Details of the fabrication process will be presented. Parasitic capacitance of such a structure is less than 15 femtofarads and the junction capacitance is 20 femtofarads for a photosensitive area of 25 square microns. Beam-leads bare been added to the structure to minimize inductances. It will be shown that this structure is particularly adapted for monolithic integration with a field effect transistor (9,39). High speed photodetectors, mostly infrared to far infrared, have being in existence for many years and these will he briefly mentioned and referenced. To limit the scope of this presentation, only photon-effect devices (devices whose operation depends on the creation of an electron/hole in the semiconducting material) in the photoconductive and photovoltaic modes will be considered. The characterization of the speed of response of these ultra-fast photodetectors requires the development of a novel measuring technique known as the electro-optic sampling method
Alternate cutoff radius criterion for probe-fed, circular microstrip patches

The effects of the patch size on probe-excited surface currents are relatively unknown. A simple yet rigorous criterion for selecting the cutoff radius of a circular microstrip patch is obtained from the contour integral representations of the infinite series terms of the probe-to-patch attachment mode current. This criterion predicts that by suitably selecting the patch dimensions and the substrate parameters, higher order terms may be suppressed. It is also shown that this criterion has remarkably similar features to earlier results, based on suppressing the lowest order TM/sub 01/ surface wave mode. Use of this result in optimizing patch radius for efficient feed and radiation performances is also suggested.
Viscous incompressible flow between concentric rotating spheres. Part 1. Basic flow

The steady motion of a viscous fluid contained between two concentric spheres which rotate about a common axis with different angular velocities is considered. A high-order analytic perturbation solution, through terms of order Re7, is obtained for low Reynolds numbers. For larger Reynolds numbers an approximate Legendre polynomial series representation is used to reduce the governing system of equations to a non-linear ordinary differential equation boundary-value problem which is solved numerically. The resulting flow pattern and the torque required to rotate the spheres are presented for various cases considered.
Use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in hair analysis for organic compounds.

Abstract Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has advantages of high purity of the extract, avoidance of organic solvents and simple technical manipulation and can be used in combination with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the hair analysis of a number of drugs. HS-SPME coupled with the hydrolysis of the hair matrix by 4% sodium hydroxide in the presence of excess sodium sulphate and of a suitable internal standard proved to be a convenient one-step method for the measurement of many lipophilic basic drugs such as nicotine, amphetamine derivatives, local anaesthetics, phencyclidine, ketamine, methadone, diphenhydramine, tramadol, tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. Detection limits were between 0.05 and 1.0 ng/mg. From spiked 10-mg hair samples absolute recoveries between 0.04 and 5.7% were found. These recoveries decreased considerably if larger sample amounts were used, perhaps due to increased drug solubility in the aqueous phase or to elevated viscosity in the presence of dissolved hair proteins. Because of the phenolic hydroxyl group a change of pH after alkaline hair digestion (by adding excess orthophosphoric acid) was necessary for the detection of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) by HS-SPME. Nevertheless, the detection limits were such that only CBN could be detected in hair of a consumer. Clomethiazole, a compound hydrolysed in alkali, was measured by HS-SPME after extraction with aqueous buffer. The detection limit was 0.5 ng/mg. Cocaine could not be detected by HS-SPME. The application of HS-SPME to hair samples from several forensic and clinical cases is described.
Erythropoietin Activates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Couples Red Cell Mass to Mitochondrial Mass in the Heart

Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is often administered to cardiac patients with anemia, particularly from chronic kidney disease, and stimulation of erythropoiesis may stabilize left ventricular and renal function by recruiting protective effects beyond the correction of anemia. Objective: We examined the hypothesis that EPO receptor (EpoR) ligand-binding, which activates endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), regulates the prosurvival program of mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart. Methods and Results: We investigated the effects of EPO on mitochondrial biogenesis over 14 days in healthy mice. Mice expressing a mitochondrial green fluorescent protein reporter construct demonstrated sharp increases in myocardial mitochondrial density after 3 days of EPO administration that peaked at 7 days and surpassed hepatic or renal effects and anteceded significant increases in blood hemoglobin content. Quantitatively, in wild-type mice, complex II activity, state 3 respiration, and mtDNA copy number increased significantly; also, resting energy expenditure and natural running speed improved, with no evidence of an increase in left ventricular mass index. Mechanistically, EPO activated cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis by enhancement of nuclear respiratory factor-1, PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α), and mitochondrial transcription factor-A gene expression in wild-type but not in eNOS−/− or protein kinase B (Akt1)−/− mice. EpoR was required, because EpoR silencing in cardiomyocytes blocked EPO-mediated nuclear translocation of nuclear respiratory factor-1. Conclusions: These findings support a new physiological and protective role for EPO, acting through its cell surface receptor and eNOS-Akt1 signal transduction, in matching cardiac mitochondrial mass to the convective O2 transport capacity as erythrocyte mass expands.
ISOZYME FREQUENCY PATTERNS IN DROSOPHILA PAVANI ASSOCIATED WITH GEOGRAPHICAL AND SEASONAL VARIABLES

Fourteen population samples of Drosophila pavani were obtained from a number of localities in Chile. The populations sampled were dispersed over 7 degrees of latitude and 1800 meters of elevation, and were drawn at three different times. Sixteen electrophoretic loci were assayed for each population; eight of the loci were analyzed statistically for geographic variation; the other eight were essentially monomorphic. For all eight variable loci, variation in allelic frequencies among populations was highly significant. In all cases, a significant portion of the variation among populations was associated with variation in gross environmental variables (latitude, elevation, month of collection). The implications of the evidence were discussed, and the authors concluded that there was suggestive evidence for selection.
Epigenetic markers in melanoma

Melanoma, one of the most virulent forms of human malignancy, is the primary cause of mortality from cancers arising from the skin. The prognosis of metastatic melanoma remains dismal despite targeted therapeutic regimens that exploit our growing understanding of cancer immunology and genetic mutations that drive oncogenic cell signaling pathways in cancer. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation/demethylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs recently have been shown to play critical roles in melanoma pathogenesis. Current evidence indicates that imbalance of DNA methylation and demethylation, dysregulation of histone modification and chromatin remodeling, and altered translational control by noncoding RNAs contribute to melanoma tumorigenesis. Here, we summarize the most recent insights relating to epigenetic markers, focusing on diagnostic potential as well as novel therapeutic approaches for more effective treatment of advanced melanoma.
Desire, Reaction, Frustration: Sartre, Elster, and Tocqueville on the Politics of Sour Grapes

Two philosophers, Jean-Paul Sartre and Jon Elster, have taken great interest in the famous children's fable, "The Fox and the Grapes." Despite being viewed as child's fare, some philosophers believe the fox and the grapes fable is a profound piece of psychology that has much to teach us about political theory. Elster believes the fable teaches us that opportunities shapes desires while Sartre contends it demonstrates how consciousness alleviates the frustrations associated with failure. In the essay, I will break down the cognitive and emotional processes that are involved in sour grapes. Frustrations or opportunity constraints, it will be argued, are not simply the inverse of desires. They involve a whole new set of cognitive processes and mechanisms; processes which are not random and chaotic but can be systematically and objectively analyzed. They are as amenable to scientific explanation as rational choice. Second, through Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, I will examine the political implications of "sour grapes behavior" and argue that political behavior is inspired by frustration and emotion as it is desire and rationality.
Improving Adherence to Cardiovascular Therapies: An Economic Evaluation of a Randomized Pragmatic Trial.

Abstract Objective Preplanned economic analysis of a pragmatic trial using electronic-medical-record–linked interactive voice recognition (IVR) reminders for enhancing adherence to cardiovascular medications (i.e., statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors [ACEIs], and angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]). Methods Three groups, usual care (UC), IVR, and IVR plus educational materials (IVR+), with 21,752 suboptimally adherent patients underwent follow-up for 9.6 months on average. Costs to implement and deliver the intervention (from a payer perspective) were tracked during the trial. Medical care costs and outcomes were ascertained using electronic medical records. Results Per-patient intervention costs ranged from $9 to $17 for IVR and from $36 to $47 for IVR+. For ACEI/ARB, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for each percent adherence increase was about 3 times higher with IVR+ than with IVR ($6 and $16 for IVR and IVR+, respectively). For statins, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for each percent adherence increase was about 7 times higher with IVR+ than with IVR ($6 and $43 for IVR and IVR+, respectively). Considering potential cost offsets from reduced cardiovascular events, the probability of breakeven was the highest for UC, but the IVR-based interventions had a higher probability of breakeven for subgroups with a baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level of more than 100 mg/dl and those with two or more calls. Conclusions We found that the use of an automated voice messaging system to promote adherence to ACEIs/ARBs and statins may be cost-effective, depending on a decision maker's willingness to pay for unit increase in adherence. When considering changes in LDL level and downstream medical care offsets, UC is the optimal strategy for the general population. However, IVR-based interventions may be the optimal choice for those with elevated LDL values at baseline.
Influence of Upstream Field Structure on Primary Electron Loss for a Permanent Magnet Cusp

An improved understanding of the electron loss behavior for permanent magnet cusps is needed to enable the design of efficient micro-scale plasma devices. Such devices can be used for a variety of applications, including high performance micro-thrusters that are attractive for primary propulsion for microsatellites, secondary propulsion for larger spacecraft, and formation flying. Conventional plasma loss theory for magnetic cusps generally relates the loss area to an analytical expression related to the magnetic field strength at the loss surface. In contrast, this study examines the importance of the upstream magnetic field structure on the loss behavior of high energy electrons. For the experimental effort, an electron gun is used to inject monoenergetic electrons towards a cusp confined discharge, while precision electron loss measurements are made at the face of a single permanent magnet point cusp. Measurements are taken at facility base pressure and with xenon background gas. A Monte-Carlo model is used to provide detailed examination of the electron confinement and loss behavior. Comparison of the experimental and computational results shows that the primary electron loss behavior is strongly influenced by the upstream magnetic field structure and is not simply dictated by the field strength very near the cusp collection surface.
Potential Measures for Linking Park and Trail Systems to Public Health

Executive Summary: The connection between the outdoor environment and general well-being has been intuitively recognized for centuries. Recent research has built a body of knowledge supporting the role of parks and trails in public health regarding physical, mental, social and ecological health domains. However, different populations and communities use parks and trails in varying ways and to different degrees. Understanding these differences can play an important role in guiding systematic park and trail system planning for maximizing beneficial health outcomes. In light of this, a collaborative process involving the National Park Service (NPS) Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) and North Carolina State University (NCSU), with support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was used to identify potential health measures associated with public parks and trails that could be used for future surveillance, advocacy, and planning. This literature review is the initial step in the process of recommending measures that are both valid and feasible for practitioner and planning use. A systematic strategy was utilized to search for studies that incorporated measures of health or well-being related to parks and trail system planning. A total of 37 study measures were identified that focused on one of five health categories: physical, psychological, social, ecosystem services, and the built environment. Current practices for allocating parks and trails in the planning process are not based on empirical evidence and may or may not support the goals of public health and well-being that were a large part of the original impetus for providing public parks and trails. The health problems agencies are trying to address are not going away, and may be exacerbated by new ones as cities continue to grow and change. The intent of this study is to identify validated metrics, which link parks and trails to public health goals. The collection of park and trail data related to these public health outcomes could be used to inform policies, practices, guidelines, and other strategies for the allocation and management of parks and trails. Results from this research have four important implications for professionals and advocates in the fields of parks, recreation, trails, greenways, open space, and health: (1) to help make the case for public health goals related to park and trail system planning; (2) guide practitioners in their efforts to provide health-related recreation opportunities; (3) support community recreation and conservation projects; and (4) encourage more productive conversations among planners, advocates, managers, and researchers.
Abstract 2177: Long-term storage in TRIzol has little effect on microarray-based gene expression profiling in primary myeloma or acute myeloid leukemia cells

We used paired samples to address whether long-term storage of cells in TRIzol has a significant effect on microarray-based gene expression profiling (GEP). The TRIzol reagent is widely used for the preservation and isolation of RNA, but there is suspicion that prolonged storage of tissues prior to RNA isolation, even at −80 C., can cause chemical modification (depurination) of RNA. This could result in early termination during reverse transcription (RT) of mRNA molecules, potentially affecting GEP more strongly for transcripts with probes located farther from the 3’ end. The Myeloma and Leukemia Tissue Banks at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center routinely collect and store primary tumor samples for research under informed consent. From these banks we selected primary tumor samples of multiple myeloma (MM; CD138+) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML; Ficoll-purified, CD3- and CD19-depleted), for which paired aliquots had been stored frozen in TRIzol (“Tri”) or cryopreservation medium (RPMI + 20% FCS + 10% DMSO, “Cryo”) since the time of initial isolation (range, 2-9 years). Cryo aliquots were quickly thawed, washed, and placed in TRIzol, then total RNA was isolated from all aliquots as per the TRIzol manufacturer9s instructions. RNA quality was assessed with a Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent); the RNA integrity number (RIN) was > 9 for 12/12 AML Tri, 6/12 AML Cryo, 6/6 MM Tri, and 3/6 MM Cryo samples. RNA from 12 sample pairs (6 AML, 6 MM, all with RIN > 7) was further purified with Qiagen RNAeasy columns, and the Illumina® TotalPrep RNA Amplification Kit (Ambion) was used to generate amplified, biotinylated cRNA after RT by the Eberwine procedure. Bioanalyzer-generated histograms of cRNA were similar for all sample aliquots, suggesting no early termination of RT due to TRIzol. GEP was performed with cRNA on Illumina HT-12 BeadArrays. Analysis of “probe-level” data with GenomeStudio software (Illumina), after median normalization, showed excellent concordance between sample Tri/Cryo pairs for all but probes with low intensities ( 13 for any sample pair, and most pairs had Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2177.
282 EDUCATING HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES AND COACHES ON COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

Purpose Columbus, MT, has experienced an epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in recent months, particularly in adolescent youth. A community-based education program targeting junior high and high school-aged athletes was developed to inform them on prevention and treatment. Methods Since high school sports fit many of the risk factors associated with CA-MRSA, high school athletes seemed an appropriate target population. A search of the medical literature on CA-MRSA was performed and a PowerPoint presentation was developed emphasizing different aspects of transmission and prevention such as risk factors, common disease manifestations, and recent CA-MRSA case studies from the local area. This was presented to junior high and high school students during their annual sports physical at the Columbus Clinic. In addition, a pamphlet emphasizing prevention of disease spread within the high school sports setting was created and distributed to each athlete at the conclusion of their physical. An educational seminar on CA-MRSA was also presented to the local high school football and wrestling coaches. Summary Many athletes and parents in attendance showed great interest in the topic and were surprised that such infections can occur in healthy youth. They asked multiple cogent questions. The coaches displayed a willingness to implement suggestions and appeared to take the situation seriously. We also discussed other areas of possible implementation within the school, such as physical education classes, as an additional means to control cases of CA-MRSA within the town of Columbus.
Multiple pregnancy: antepartum management.

The early diagnosis of twin pregnancy is critical to minimize the risks of the condition. With early diagnosis, the clinician is in a much better position to optimize perinatal care and provide for a more favorable outcome. This article emphasizes these points in the antepartum management of the mother expecting twins.
Methods of Integrating Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Equations

The presentation in this chapter is limited to rate-independent elasto-plastic constitutive models. As we have seen in Chap. 8, one of the important aspects of an elasto-plastic finite element analysis is the evaluation of the incremental stress vector \(\Delta {{\sigma }}\) for a given incremental strain vector \(\Delta {{\varepsilon }}\). In addition, the Newton–Raphson based global iterative schemes require a material tangent modulus matrix (or tangent stiffness operator) \(\mathbf{D}^t\). While this task is fairly trivial in an elastic analysis (either linear or nonlinear), it is nontrivial in a typical elasto-plastic analysis. In this chapter, we present three methods of integrating rate-independent elasto-plastic constitutive laws (the two-step Euler method, cutting-plane method, and closest point projection method or CPPM). The presentation of the theories and equations is kept as general as possible so that the underlying concepts can be applied to any specific rate-independent elasto-plastic model (e.g., models employing isotropic, kinematic, and rotational hardening, models employing single and multiple yield surfaces, pressure-independent and pressure-dependent models, etc.). The specifics of the equations will vary based on the details of each model.
Establishing an aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital.

A pharmacy-based aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic monitoring service is described, including the use of serum gentamicin levels before and after the service. A retrospective drug and serum level use review for i.v. gentamicin treatment of 80 patients during an 11-month period was conducted. It established a need for a pharmacokinetic monitoring service, which was first instituted as a six-month pilot program. Twenty patients in the retrospective review had 43 serum levels obtained for an average of 2.2 levels per patient. In comparison, 39 patients in the pilot program had 243 serum levels drawn for an average of 6.2 levels per patient. Only six (14%) of the serum levels were obtained correctly and used appropriately in the review, compared with 231 (95%) in the pilot program (p less than 0.0001). It is concluded that the method used in establishing this service is a satisfactory approach for pharmacists who wish to convince administrators and medical staff of the need for pharmacokinetic consultation.