cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Strengthening of Metallic Structures with a Thermally Activated Shape Memory Alloy Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Patch

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effectiveness of a new type of shape memory alloy (SMA)/fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) patch for repair of fatigue-sensitive steel elements. Twenty-seven single edg...
The Equipoise Effect

This Essay explores an overlooked way to use the remedy of disgorgement in torts, contracts, and regulation. It begins with a reminder that disgorging net gains does not force the liable actor to take a loss; by definition, it allows him to break even. As a matter of incentives, it places him in a sort of equipoise. This equipoise effect has a logical upshot that might seem counterintuitive: Substituting disgorgement for any other remedy, part of the time, can emulate the incentive effect of using that other remedy all of the time.In theory, then, courts or regulators can sometimes substitute disgorgement for compensatory or expectation damages without undoing the benefits of harm internalization. This flexibility may prove especially useful in contexts where harm can be hard to measure. The accuracy of such emulation will depend on certain ideal conditions, however, and circumstances such as information costs will affect whether the approach is feasible and attractive.
A supervisory control loop with Prognostics for human-in-the-loop decision support and control applications

This paper presents a novel tandem human-machine cognition approach for human-in-the-loop control of complex business-critical and mission-critical systems and processes that are monitored by Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor networks and where it is of utmost importance to mitigate and avoid cognitive overload situations for the human operators. The approach is based on a decision making supervisory loop for situation awareness and control combined with a machine learning technique that is especially well suited to this control problem. The goal is to achieve a number of functional requirements: (1) ultra-low false alarm probabilities for all monitored transducers, components, machines, systems, and processes; (2) fastest mathematically possible decisions regarding the incipience or onset of anomalies in noisy process metrics; and (3) the ability to unambiguously differentiate between sensor degradation events and degradation in the systems/processes under surveillance. The novel approach that is presented here does not replace the role of the human in operation of complex engineering systems and processes, but rather augments that role in a manner that minimizes cognitive overload by very rapidly processing, interpreting, and displaying final diagnostic and prognostic information to the human operator in a prioritized format that is readily perceived and comprehended.
Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents. ADHD affects multiple aspects of an individual’s life and functioning in family, social, and academic realms. Effective management of ADHD is necessary for children and adolescents and may include non-pharmacologic treatments, pharmacologic therapy including use of stimulant and non-stimulant medications, or a combination of the different treatment modalities. In general, medications used to treat ADHD are safe and effective. Medical practitioners can follow a step-wise approach in the selection and adjustment of pharmacologic agents to treat ADHD, while working closely with families, caregivers, and other medical and educational professionals to form appropriate treatment plans. This article reviews practical aspects of pharmacological treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents.
Utilization of virtual buffer in local area grids for electricity storage in smart power systems

The term of smart electric power refers to utilization of information networks for the intelligent management of power systems. In particular, constraints in the physical layer may be compensated by capabilities uniquely offered by information technologies. This paper frames itself in the area of smart electric power systems, where information driven tools are utilized for implementing electricity storage through the use of demand anticipation. To that end, the notion of a virtual buffer is utilized as a mean to attain large scale electricity storage in local area grids. The proposed method is applied within the frame of the smart cities of the future where consumers will be able to lump and coordinate their consumption usage. Simulation results exhibit the potency of virtual buffer as a profound solution for electricity storage in local area grids. In particular, virtual buffer allows changes in electricity consumption of users, while retaining the aggregated cost of consumers, and minimizing the deviation from initial scheduled power as low as possible.
Expression of human Mn SOD in Chinese hamster ovary cells confers protection from oxidant injury.

Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD) is an important component of antioxidant defense in aerobic cells because of its location in the mitochondria, a significant source of oxygen radicals and an...
Crystal structure of the acyclic form of 1-de-oxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)(methyl)amino]-d-fructose.

The title compound, C14H21NO6, (I), crystallizes exclusively in the acyclic keto form. In solution of (I), the acyclic tautomer represents only 10% of the population in equilibrium, with the other 90% consisting of β-pyran­ose, β-furan­ose, α-pyran­ose, and α-furan­ose cyclic forms. The carbohydrate chain in (I) has a zigzag conformation and the aromatic amine group has a transitional sp2/sp3 geometry. Bond lengths and valence angles in the carbohydrate portion compare well with the average values for related acyclic polyol structures. All of the hydroxyl groups are involved in inter­molecular hydrogen bonding and form a two-dimensional network of infinite chains, which are inter­linked by intra­molecular hydrogen bonds and organized into R88(16) homodromic ring patterns. A comparative Hirshfeld surfaces analysis of (I) and four other 1-amino-1-de­oxy-d-fructose derivatives suggests the balance of hydro­philic/hydro­phobic inter­actions plays a role in the crystal packing, favoring the acyclic isomer.
The return of an old nemesis: Survival after severe tricyclic antidepressant toxicity, a case report.

Abstract Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as antidepressants in the 1950s. Although their function as an antidepressant in the U.S. has largely been replaced by newer and safer alternatives, they are still prescribed for various conditions, including chronic pain and intractable depression. We will discuss a case of a TCA overdose presenting with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and multiple recurrent cardiac arrests. This is a case of a 34 year-old female who was brought in by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) with generalized tonic clonic seizure, status post intentional ingestion of multiple drugs. Her vital signs were: Temperature-38.8 °C, Heart Rate-140 beats per minute, Respiratory Rate (RR)-25 breaths per minute, Blood Pressure (BP)-139/77 mmHg, Oxygen Saturation (SaO2)-99% on 100% nonrebreather facemask (NRB). Her electrocardiogram (EKG) showed a widened ventricular tachyarrhythmia and she was immediately given an ampule of sodium bicarbonate. Over the span of the subsequent 2 h, she had recurrent pulseless ventricular tachycardic arrest 5 times in the emergency department (ED). After 5 days of further stabilization, the patient had a subsequent complete recovery with normal neurological function at discharge from the medical unit. In the ED it is imperative that we understand the now uncommon presentation of a TCA overdose in order to initiate immediate treatment. It is also important to understand the optimal treatment choices in patients that presents with TCA toxicity, especially arrhythmias that are refractory to initial treatment choices. Overall, severe TCA poisoning is often fatal; however, we demonstrated that with high quality resuscitative efforts, despite multiple arrests, survival to discharge with normal neurological outcome is possible.
Innovationskultur, Innovationsprozesse und Innovationserfolge

Wie lassen sich nachhaltig, also immer wieder neu Innovationserfolge erzielen? Diese Frage der Innovationsfahigkeit von Unternehmen wird in BWL und VWL meist mit unzureichenden Indikatoren wie Patenten, Anteil von Forschern & Entwicklern, Umsatz mit neuen Produkten in den letzten 3 Jahren usw. zu beantworten versucht. In der Organisationspsychologie und -soziologie wird diese hochst aktuelle Frage fast gar nicht gestellt. Im GI:VE-Projekt wollten wir nicht nur bei unseren Partnerunternehmen einzelne Fallstudien machen, mit denen man die Frage der Innovationsfahigkeit nicht schlussig beantworten kann, sondern durch eine grosere quantitative Untersuchung ein Antwort finden. Dies ist uns weitgehend gelungen. Gestutzt auf fruhere Innovationsstudien haben wir dafur geeignete Messkonzepte (weiter)entwickelt und bei 45 KMU damit Daten erhoben. Im Folgenden werden die entscheidenen Prozessmerkmale und die dahinter stehenden forderlichen Merkmale der Unternehmenskultur in ihrem Einfluss auf die Innovationsfahigkeit dargestellt. Daraus ergeben sich nicht nur wertvolle Hinweise fur die weitere wissenschaftliche Diskussion, sondern es lassen sich auch sehr gut praktische Hinweise fur die Verbesserung der Innovationsfahigkeit gewinnen.
Cost-Consciousness in the Patient-Physician Relationship

The theme editor introduces a special issue focusing on health care costs as it relates to the patient-physician relationship. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Usage and recognition of finger orientation for multi-touch tabletop interaction

Building on the observation that finger orientation is an inherent part of human's interaction in the real world, exploiting finger orientation for multitouch tabletop interaction would facilitate more natural interaction techniques. We motivate this by means of examples where the finger orientation improves or enriches interaction. Afterwards, we present a simple and fast approach to detect the finger orientation reliably for multi-touch tabletop interaction. The steps involved are computationally cheap and therefore suit the needs of tracking software operating under time-critical conditions. We show that the presented approach enables the detection of finger orientation also for fingers that touch the tabletop surface only slightly. Further, recognition rates on real data gained from the camera within a multi-touch tabletop are presented in order to give a measure for the precision and reliability of the presented approach.
Urine Sediment Examination in the Diagnosis and Management of Kidney Disease: Core Curriculum 2019

Automated urine technology and centralized laboratory testing are becoming the standard for providing urinalysis data to clinicians, including nephrologists. This trend has had the unintended consequence of making examination of urine sediment by nephrologists a relatively rare event. In addition, the nephrology community appears to have lost interest in and forgotten the utility of provider-performed urine microscopy. However, it is critical to remember that urine sediment examination remains a time-honored test that provides a wealth of information about the patient's underlying kidney disease. This test performs very favorably as a urinary "biomarker" for a number of acute kidney diseases. When used properly, urine sediment findings alert health care providers to the presence of kidney disease, while also providing diagnostic information that often identifies the compartment of kidney injury. Urine sediment findings may also guide therapy and assist in prognostication. In this review of the role of urine sediment examination in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease, we seek to help experienced nephrologists maintain their competency in performing this test and encourage ongoing training of nephrology fellows and others less experienced in such analyses.
Playing with particle physics

The rise in popularity of tabletop board games as a mainstream adult hobby has introduced players to a correspondingly wide breadth of unlikely subjects, from exploding cats to top-secret chili recipes (thankfully not in the same game). Following the notion that no subject is off limits in board gaming, Subatomic sets out to add particle physics and chemistry to the milieu.
Clusters of Behavioral Health and Psychosocial Risk for Childbearing Women in Four Virginia Communities

Introduction Four Virginia communities participated in a community services enhancement pilot to centralize intake and referral for childbearing women eligible for home visiting support through the Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) program. Methods As an aspect of the study, project-trained intake workers administered behavioral health and psychosocial risk screening (including emotional health, substance use, interpersonal violence, and smoking) during intake eligibility assessment. Participants identified as at-risk were referred for community intervention concurrently with referral to MIECHV services. Results In the study sample (N = 1515), emotional health was identified as the most common single risk factor (n = 326, 21.5%) and clusters of 2 or more behavioral health risks were identified for 223 (14.7%) of women. Among those with two or more behavioral health risks, smoking was significantly related to all other areas of behavioral health risk. Conclusion Findings from this multi-site pilot emphasize concomitant behavioral health and psychosocial risks in childbearing women and reinforce the importance of embedding comprehensive public health interventions in community systems of care.
Simultaneous extracellular and intracellular quantification of EGFR using paired-agent imaging in an in ovo tumor model.

Quantification of protein concentrations is often a static and tissue destructive technique. Paired-agent imaging (PAI) using matched targeted and untargeted agents has been established as a dynamic method for quantifying the extracellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in vivo in a variety of tumor lines. Here we extend the PAI model to simultaneously quantify the extracellular and intracellular regions of EGFR using novel cell membrane permeable fluorescent small molecules, TRITC-erlotinib (targeted) and BODIPY-N-erlotinib (non-binding control isoform) synthesized in house. An EGFR overexpressing squamous cell carcinoma cell xenograft tumor, A431, was implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the embryonated chicken egg. In total six fluorescent molecules were administered and monitored over 1 h using multi-spectral imaging. EGFR concentrations were determined using both extracellular and intracellular PAI methods. The fluorescent molecules used for extracellular PAI were ABY-029, an anti- EGFR Affibody molecule conjugated to IRDye 800CW, and a Control Imaging Agent Affibody molecule conjugated to IRDye 680RD. The intracellular PAI (iPAI) fluorescent molecules were cell membrane penetrating TRITC-erlotinib, BODIPY-N-erlotinb, and BODIPY TR carboxylate, as well as cell membrane impermeant control agent, Alexa Fluor 647 carboxylate. Results from simultaneous imaging of both the extracellular and intracellular binding domains of EGFR indicate that concentrations of intracellular EGFR are higher than extracellular. This is anticipated as EGFR exists in two distinct populations in cells, cell membrane bound and internalized, activated protein. iPAI is a promising new method for quantifying intracellular proteins in a rapid tumor model on the chicken CAM.
Gene Expression Changes Accompanying the Duodenal Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.

Objectives Duodenal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) arises from adenomas. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the duodenal adenoma-carcinoma pathway have been identified in murine FAP models, but similar data in patients with FAP are limited. Identifying such changes may have significance in understanding duodenal polyposis therapies and identifying cancer biomarkers. We performed a genome-wide transcriptional analysis to describe the duodenal adenoma-carcinoma sequence and determine changes distinguishing patients with FAP with and without duodenal cancer. Methods Transcriptional profiling was performed with the Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 on duodenal biopsies from 12 FAP patients with duodenal cancer (FAP cases) and 12 FAP patients without cancer (FAP controls). DEGs were compared between cancer-normal, adenoma-normal, and cancer-adenoma in FAP cases and between adenomas from FAP cases and FAP controls. Significant results at P 2. Results Two hundred twenty-four DEGs were identified at an absolute fold change > 2. In adenoma-normal, downregulation of DEGs involved in metabolism of brush border proteins (LCT), lipids (APOB/A4), reactive oxygen species (GSTA2), and retinol (RBP2) was observed. In the cancer-adenoma comparison, upregulation of DEGs involved in cell invasion/migration (POSTN, SPP1) and downregulation of DEGs involved in Paneth differentiation (DEFA5/6) were observed. In the adenoma-adenoma comparison, downregulation of several DEGs (CLCA1, ADH1C, ANXA10) in FAP case adenomas was observed. DEGs with therapeutic potential include SPP1, which is involved in both cyclooxygenase and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways targeted by the sulindac/erlotinib combination for duodenal polyposis. Discussion We describe DEGs in the human duodenal adenoma-carcinoma sequence in FAP, which may have prognostic and therapeutic significance. Validation studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The Role of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Strabismus

Purpose: To perform a systematic review of the application of botulinum toxin A (BTA) in the management of strabismus in the adult and pediatric populations. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was performed using the Medline database. Results: In 1989, with the FDA approval of botulinum toxin (onabotulinum toxin A, or BTA) for the treatment of strabismus, patients were provided with an alternative to surgical recession. In this review, we discuss the uses of BTA in the treatment of acute onset comitant esotropia or smaller angle esotropia and as an adjunct to surgery for larger angle esotropia or sixth nerve palsy. Its uses are also explored in intermittent exotropia and vertical strabismus, including thyroid-associated orbitopathy, fourth nerve palsies, and other orbital pathology. Discussion: Despite its transient kinetics, BTA can have permanent effects on ocular alignment, promoting binocularity and reduction of diplopia, and can serve as a primary treatment or a muscle sparing option in patients at risk of anterior segment ischemia or need for future surgeries.
High-throughput imaging of self-luminous objects through a single optical fiber

We demonstrate a strategy of imaging through a fiber in which the spatial information is encoded into distinct spectrum codes spanning the bandwidth of the object spectrum, enabling high-throughput 2D imaging insensitive to fiber bending.
Cocooning is essential to relaxing social distancing

As the first wave of COVID-19 recedes, policymakers are contemplating the relaxation of shelter-in-place orders. Using a model capturing high-risk populations and transmission rates estimated from hospitalization data, we find that postponing relaxation will only delay a second wave and cocooning vulnerable populations is needed to prevent overwhelming medical surges.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge, beliefs, and vaccine uptake among United States and international college students.

The purpose of this study was to compare knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV vaccine, college student’s beliefs toward HPV, and HPV vaccine uptake between US and international colleg...
Clinical trial design: Past, present, and future in the context of big data and precision medicine

Clinical trials are fundamental for advances in cancer treatment. The traditional framework of phase 1 to 3 trials is designed for incremental advances between regimens. However, our ability to understand and treat cancer has evolved with the increase in drugs targeting an expanding array of therapeutic targets, the development of progressively comprehensive data sets, and emerging computational analytics, all of which are reshaping our treatment strategies. A more robust linkage between drugs and underlying cancer biology is blurring historical lines that define trials on the basis of cancer type. The complexity of the molecular basis of cancer, coupled with manifold variations in clinical status, is driving the individually tailored use of combinations of precision targeted drugs. This approach is spawning a new era of clinical trial types. Although most care is delivered in a community setting, large centers support real-time multi-omic analytics and their integrated interpretation by using machine learning in the context of real-world data sets. Coupling the analytic capabilities of large centers to the tailored delivery of therapy in the community is forging a paradigm that is optimizing service for patients. Understanding the importance of these evolving trends across the health care spectrum will affect our treatment of cancer in the future and is the focus of this review.
The role of mortality concerns in separation and connection effects: comment on Lee and Schwarz

Using terror management theory and research findings, we expand the framework provided by Lee and Schwarz to highlight the potential link between separation and connection effects to existential, death-related concerns. Specifically, we address how death awareness may motivate separation and connection behaviors and how engaging in these behaviors may serve a protective terror management function.
A New Compound-ensemble Strategy for Validating Cancer Drug Targets Confirms that Inhibiting Glycolysis Blocks Leukemic Cell Proliferation.

Cancer drug discovery programs fail too often. One reason may be inadequate small molecule support at the target validation stage as the tool compounds used often have multiple effects. Aerobic glycolysis - the Warburg effect - has reemerged as a potential cancer target of interest, but small molecule evidence is weak. We developed a new assay based on expression of an intramolecular FRET sensor for ATP in K562 cells and used it to screen a library for metabolically-active compounds. Seven inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation-dependent ATP production were no more antiproliferative than the overall compound set, while ten novel glycolysis inhibitors were in the top third of most effective compounds. This is highly unlikely unless inhibiting glycolysis effectively blocks proliferation. Our results point to a new approach to providing small molecule support for potential drug targets that could be applied prospectively and could help reduce the failure rate of drug development efforts.
Ferroptosis Regulation by the NGLY1/NFE2L1 Pathway

Ferroptosis is an oxidative form of non-apoptotic cell death whose transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. Capncollar (CNC) transcription factors including Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor 1 (NFE2L1/NRF1) and NFE2L2 (NRF2) are important regulators of oxidative stress responses. Here, we report that NFE2L1 expression inhibits ferroptosis, independent of NFE2L2. NFE2L1 inhibits ferroptosis by promoting expression of the key anti-ferroptotic lipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). NFE2L1 abundance and function are regulated post-translationally by N-glycosylation. Functional maturation of NFE2L1 requires deglycosylation by cytosolic peptide:N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1). We find that loss of NGLY1 or NFE2L1 enhances ferroptosis sensitivity. Expression of wild-type NGLY1 but not a disease-associated NGLY1 mutant inhibits ferroptosis, and this effect is dependent on the presence of NFE2L1. Enhanced ferroptosis sensitivity in NFE2L1 and NFE2L2 knockout cells can be potently reverted by expression of an NFE2L1 mutant containing eight asparagine-to-aspartate protein sequence substitutions, which mimic NGLY1-catalyzed sequence editing. Enhanced ferroptosis sensitivity in NGLY1/NFE2L1 pathway mutants could also be reversed by overexpression of NFE2L2. These results suggest that ferroptosis sensitivity is regulated by NGLY1-catalyzed NFE2L1 deglycosylation, and highlight a broad role for CNC transcription factors in ferroptosis regulation. Significance StatementFerroptosis is an oxidative form of cell death whose biochemical regulation remains incompletely understood. NFE2L1/NRF1 is a capncollar (CNC) transcription factor whose role in ferroptosis regulation is unclear. Unlike the CNC family member NFE2L2/NRF2, NFE2L1 is an N-glycoprotein whose abundance is regulated by post-translational deglycosylation catalyzed by the enzyme peptide:N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1). Our results indicate that NGLY1-mediated NFE2L1 deglycosylation, resulting in editing of the NFE2L1 amino acid sequence, is necessary for NFE2L1 to inhibit ferroptosis. Mechanistically, NFE2L1 inhibits ferroptosis by via the anti-ferroptotic protein GPX4. This work demonstrates that CNC transcription factors beyond NFE2L2 can regulate ferroptosis. This work may suggest a role of misregulation of ferroptosis in NGLY1 deficiency, an ultrarare genetic disorder.
Investigation of Cytoskeletal Proteins from Tetrahymena thermophila

Over time, organisms have taken different paths to complexity. Although only a single eukaryotic cell, Tetrahymena thermophila derives complexity from its remarkably complex cell surface architectu...
Abstract 16056: Pulmonary Oxidative Stress Contributes to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Induced Vascular VEGF Resistance and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Retention

Background and Rationale: Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that in both humans and mice, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are early and sensitive targets of air pollution. EPC depletion has been suggested to be a significant contributor to cardiovascular injury and disease and circulating EPC levels predict CVD risk and mortality. Nevertheless the mechanisms by which PM2.5 exposure decreases EPC levels remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that PM2.5 exposure decreases EPC levels by inducing pulmonary oxidative stress. Methods and Results: Exposure to concentrated air PM2.5 particulate matter (CAP) for 9 days induced vascular hypercontractility and impaired aortic VEGF signaling in young adult mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that CAP exposure decreased circulating EPC (Flk-1+/Sca-1+-cells) levels (52±7% of control; p=0.002) and increased in bone marrow EPCs (141±9% of control; p=0.007). Glutathione levels, measured by flow cytometry in the Flk-1+/Sca-1+-cell-populations, were decreased upon CAP exposure. CAP exposure also enhanced the abundance of protein-acrolein adducts in the lung, indicating increased oxidative stress. To test the role of pulmonary oxidative stress, we exposed mice transgenic for lung-specific extracellular superoxide dismutase (ecSOD) to CAP. In contrast with WT mice no increase in protein acrolein adducts was observed in the lung of CAP-exposed ecSOD-transgenic mice. No differences in EPC abundance or GSH levels were found in the blood or the bone marrow isolated from air- or CAP-exposed ecSOD transgenic mice. Pulmonary overexpression of ecSOD also preserved aortic VEGF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation after CAP exposure. Conclusions: Exposure to PM2.5 depletes circulating EPC levels by inducing oxidative stress in the lungs, which also impairs VEGF signaling. These findings suggest that the antioxidant capacity of the lung may be an important determinant of PM2.5-induced cardiovascular injury and that increasing pulmonary antioxidant defense could attenuate cardiovascular injury induced by exposure to fine air pollution.
Localization of aquaporin CHIP in the human eye: implications in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other disorders of ocular fluid balance

Purpose The existence of integral membrane proteins that serve as selective water channels has been postulated to explain the movement of water across plasma membranes. Aquaporin CHIP (channel-forming integral membrane protein of 28 kd) is the first such channel to be characterized and is abundant in human erythrocytes and a variety of secretory and absorptive epithelia of the rat. Because disturbances in the movement of water characterize several ocular diseases, the distribution of CHIP in the human eye was studied. Methods Affinity-purified antibodies against purified CHIP protein were used for the indirect immunofluorescence localization of CHIP in human eye structures. Labeling was confirmed by immunoblot analyses of membrane preparations from eye structures. Results CHIP immunolabeling was found in the corneal endothelium, the lens epithelium, the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary process, the iris epithelium, and the endothelium of the trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm. Conclusions The presence of CHIP water channels in the secretory and absorptive tissues of the human eye provides a mechanism for transcellular water movement and may be important for understanding diseases of the eye that involve excess or insufficient movement of ocular fluid such as glaucoma, cataracts, and Fuch's dystrophy. In addition, the existence of CHIP in the outflow pathways of the human eye provides a novel explanation for the movement of water out of the eye.
Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on plasma and liver α- and γ-tocopherol levels in normal and vitamin E-deficient rats: Relationship to lipid peroxidation

The effects of chronic ethanol intake on the levels of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in serum and liver of both vitamin E-deficient and normal rats were studied. An intragastric feeding rat model was used. Both normal and vitamin E-deficient animals were fed a liquid diet and ethanol for 1 month. In pair-fed animals, dextrose was isocalorically replaced by ethanol. The blood ethanol level in the ethanol-fed animals was between 150 and 250 mg/dL. Liver peroxidation was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased by 3-fold in vitamin E-deficient ethanol-fed rats compared with normal ethanol-fed rats. Plasma α- and γ-tocopherol were decreased in the normal ethanol-fed rats by 22.3 and 65%. respectively (P < 0.01). Liver α- and γ-tocopherol were also decreased by 51.7 and 76%, respectively (P < 0.01). Vitamin E-deficient animals had significantly lower mean plasma α-tocopherol (5670 vs 530 ng/mL, P < 0.01), and ethanol feeding did not decrease the levels any further. However, ethanol feeding decreased liver α-and γ-tocopherol by 58.5 and 56.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, beyond the already low levels observed in this group. There was an inverse correlation between liver TBARS and liver α-tocopherol (r = − 0.59, P < 0.05) and γ-tocopherol (r = −0.65, P < 0.02). Also of significance is that ethanol feeding decreased the plasma and liver γ-tocopherol more than the α--tocopherol in both normal and vitamin E-deficient animals. In conclusion, ethanol feeding markedly decreased both α- and γ-tocopherol in livers of normal and vitamin E-deficient rats, but it only decreased plasma levels of tocopherols in normal rats. The higher ALT in vitamin E-deficient animals and the inverse correlation between TBARS and α- and γ-tocopherol suggest that enhanced lipid peroxidation is associated with greater severity of liver injury induced by ethanol in vitamin E-deficient rats.
Skipped diynes—VII : Stereospecific thermal isomerization of a tetraethynyldimethylenecyclobutane

Abstract 1,1-Bis(t-butylethynyl)-3-t-butylchloroallene (1) dimerizes stereospecifically at ca 25° to give Z - 1 - (t - butylchloromethylene) - 2- bis(t - butylethynylmethylene) - 3 - t - butyl - 3 - chloro - 4,4 -bis(t - butylethynyl)cyclob Z-I in the solvent bis(2 - ethoxyethyl) ether. Rate data for 100° are k = 111 × 10−6 sec−1, ΔH≠ = 30·8 ± 1 kcal/mole and ΔS≠ = 15 ± 3 eu. It is proposed that the dimerization of 1 produces a bisallyl diradical in an orthogonal conformation from which conrotatory paths lead to Z-I or trans-II. The observations on this system are used to construct a useful, if simplistic, approach to rationalize or predict product distributions in reactions such as allene dimerizations, 1, 2 - dimethylenecyclobutane rearrangements, etc, which proceed through the bisallyl diradical. On the graph which connects all of the species (or on the energy surface which contains all of the species) the first products should be those which are one allowed reaction step away from a given diradical. Applications and exceptions to this concept of favored kinetic control are discussed.
Follow the Fox

One might well wonder why a chapter on the problem of psychoanalytic supervision would carry such an odd title. But there may be more similarity between supervision and riding to the hounds than at first appears evident. Oscar Wilde—my favorite aphorist—took a particularly dim view of fox hunting. It was, he said, a marvelous example of the unspeakable in pursuit of the inedible! With a very slight shift, much the same might be said about the process of supervision. It is a marvelous example of the infallible in pursuit of the ineffable!
STEALTHMEM: system-level protection against cache-based side channel attacks in the cloud

Cloud services are rapidly gaining adoption due to the promises of cost efficiency, availability, and on-demand scaling. To achieve these promises, cloud providers share physical resources to support multi-tenancy of cloud platforms. However, the possibility of sharing the same hardware with potential attackers makes users reluctant to offload sensitive data into the cloud. Worse yet, researchers have demonstrated side channel attacks via shared memory caches to break full encryption keys of AES, DES, and RSA. We present STEALTHMEM, a system-level protection mechanism against cache-based side channel attacks in the cloud. STEALTHMEM manages a set of locked cache lines per core, which are never evicted from the cache, and efficiently multiplexes them so that each VM can load its own sensitive data into the locked cache lines. Thus, any VM can hide memory access patterns on confidential data from other VMs. Unlike existing state-of-the-art mitigation methods, STEALTHMEM works with existing commodity hardware and does not require profound changes to application software. We also present a novel idea and prototype for isolating cache lines while fully utilizing memory by exploiting architectural properties of set-associative caches. STEALTHMEM imposes 5.9% of performance overhead on the SPEC 2006 CPU benchmark, and between 2% and 5% overhead on secured AES, DES and Blowfish, requiring only between 3 and 34 lines of code changes from the original implementations.
The effects of beam parameters on bremsstrahlung exposure angular distribution

The effects of electron beam parameters, including beam radius, emittance and its energy, on the bremsstrahlung exposure angular distribution of a meter away from the target are researched in this paper. The analytic theory is described in detail. T. H. Martin experience formula is used to get the forward bremsstrahlung exposure in front of the target. Three kinds of typical electron transverse distribution are used, and they are the Ka-pachinsky-Vlajimersky distribution (KV), the waterbag distribution (WB), and the Gaussian (GS). From these distributions, the incident angles of the beamlets, which are in different radial positions, are calculated. The Monte-Carlo method is used to find the incident angle and position of each sample electron. It is showed that the following fit formula about the radius R b and the emittance E of electron-beam (in kms unit) e(mrad) = 1.4 R2 b (m) should be meeted in order to obtain the maximal forwrad exposure. The higher the beam energy and the less the emittance, the better the distribution of exposure. The calculated results for three distributions are in agreement with each other, when two methods are used.
CASE STUDY: Reducing dietary protein decreased the ammonia emitting potential of manure from commercial dairy farms

Animal manure is the largest source of ammonia (NH3) and is the third-largest source (after soil management and enteric fermentation) of greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture. The objective of this study was to decrease manure NH3 emissions through reducing dietary CP concentration in field conditions on commercial dairy farms. Eleven free- and tie-stall Pennsylvania dairies with gutter-scrape, gravity-flow, or flush manure-management systems participated in the project. Fecal and urine samples were collected from randomly selected cows, and barn-floor and laboratory manure ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from manure were measured during 8 sampling periods (2 in each: fall 2009, spring 2010, fall 2010, and spring 2011). Crude protein concentration of the high-producing-cow rations was decreased from an average across all farms of 16.5% during the background period (fall 2009–spring 2010; HCP period) to 15.4% during the experimental period (fall 2010–spring 2011; LCP period). Laboratory ammonia emission of reconstituted manure was on average 23% lower for LCP versus HCP manures (291 vs. 378 mg/m2 per hour; P 0.12). Milk urea N concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.06) and milk N efficiency was higher (P = 0.02) during the LCP versus HCP periods. This on-farm study demonstrated that the NH3 -emitting potential of manure can be reduced by moderately decreasing dietary CP content without affecting milk yield and composition in dairy cows.
Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions

We present measurements of methane (CH4) taken aboard a NOAA WP-3D research aircraft in 2013 over the Haynesville shale region in eastern Texas/northwestern Louisiana, the Fayetteville shale region in Arkansas, and the northeastern Pennsylvania portion of the Marcellus shale region, which accounted for the majority of Marcellus shale gas production that year. We calculate emission rates from the horizontal CH4 flux in the planetary boundary layer downwind of each region after subtracting the CH4 flux entering the region upwind. We find 1 day CH4 emissions of (8.0 ± 2.7) × 107 g/h from the Haynesville region, (3.9 ± 1.8) × 107 g/h from the Fayetteville region, and (1.5 ± 0.6) × 107 g/h from the Marcellus region in northeastern Pennsylvania. Finally, we compare the CH4 emissions to the total volume of natural gas extracted from each region to derive a loss rate from production operations of 1.0–2.1% from the Haynesville region, 1.0–2.8% from the Fayetteville region, and 0.18–0.41% from the Marcellus region in northeastern Pennsylvania. The climate impact of CH4 loss from shale gas production depends upon the total leakage from all production regions. The regions investigated in this work represented over half of the U.S. shale gas production in 2013, and we find generally lower loss rates than those reported in earlier studies of regions that made smaller contributions to total production. Hence, the national average CH4 loss rate from shale gas production may be lower than values extrapolated from the earlier studies.
Seventy Years of Radio Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards

This large volume describes all the forms of radio research done at the National Bureau of Standards (now, National Institute of Standards and Technology) from its founding in 1901 until about 1980. The volume truly reflects its subtitle; it describes in great detail research in radio propagation and all its connections with geophysics and geospace, but also radio as instrument for discovery and application in meteorology, navigation, and in standards of measurement and testing in electronics. The book is a bit unwieldy and some of its chapters will be of most interest to former NBS employees. For example, there is a lengthy chapter on the transfer of radio research work from Washington, D.C, to Boulder, Colo., in the early 1950s, complete with photostat of the quit claim deed to NBS from the Boulder Chamber of Commerce. On the other hand, radio research developed and flourished in this country in the early days at industrial (Bell Telephone, General Electric, Westinghouse) and government (NBS, Naval Research Laboratory) labs more than in academia, and it is very interesting to learn how the labs interacted and to read details of the organizational structure. I can attest personally to the great difficulties in locating materials concerning radio history. While we have numerous volumes devoted to certain popular radio heroes, little is available concerning government radio pioneers such as L. W. Austin, who directed the U.S. Navy's radio research for many years while situated physically at the Bureau of Standards, or J. H. Dellinger, long-time chief of the Radio Section and head spokesman on radio for the U.S. government until the 1930s.
Analytical methods in the theory of electron lattice interactions Part I

Abstract A study is made of the low-lying levels of an electron interacting with a quantized lattice vibration field. To treat the case of arbitrary coupling strength, a canonical transformation is performed. The new lattice variables describe motions carried out partly relative to the instantaneous electron position and partly about mean values depending on the average electron state. In the present initial work the wave functions are assumed to be a product of electron and lattice functions in the new variables, and are not translationally invariant. They contain functions describing the tie between particle and field and a function describing the tendency of the particle to be localized in space. The theory that results when these functions are determined in the optimum way is explored, and it is noted that the method points to a natural systematic perturbation theory. The ground state energy and effective mass of a particle is studied in detail. The approach can be directly generalized to treat more complicated Hamiltonians which involve periodic potentials, magnetic fields or many electrons.
Will CT ordering practices change if we educate residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure? Experience at a large academic medical center.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if educating residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure from computed tomographic (CT) imaging alters ordering patterns. This study also explored whether referring physicians are interested in radiation education and was an initial effort to address their CT ordering behavior. Materials and Methods Two to four months after a radiologist's lecture on the potential effects of radiation exposure related to CT scans, urology and orthopedic residents were surveyed regarding the number and types of CT scans they ordered, the use of alternative imaging modalities, and whether they used the lecture information to educate patients. Results Twenty-one resident lecture attendants completed the survey. The number of CT scans ordered after the lecture stayed constant for 90% (19 of 21) and decreased for 10% (two of 21). The types of CT scans ordered changed after the lecture for 14% (three of 21). Thirty-three percent (seven of 21) reported increases in alternative imaging after the lecture, including 24% (five of 21) reporting increases in magnetic resonance imaging and 19% (four of 21) reporting increases in ultrasound. Patients directed questions about radiation exposure to 57% (12 of 21); 38% (eight of 21) used the lecture information to educate patients. Referring physicians were interested in the topic, and afterward, other physician groups requested radiation education lectures. Conclusions Most clinicians did not change their CT scan ordering after receiving education about radiation from a radiologist. Radiation education allowed clinicians to discuss CT benefits and risks with their patients and to choose appropriate CT protocols. Referring physician groups are interested in this topic, and radiologists should be encouraged to give radiation lectures to them.
Ethical challenges in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain: negotiating through the cloud of doubt.

Abstract After successful cancer pain initiatives, efforts have been recently made to liberalize the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain. However, the goals for this treatment and its place among other available treatments are still unclear. Cancer pain treatment is aimed at patient comfort and is validated by objective disease severity. For chronic nonmalignant pain, however, comfort alone is not an adequate treatment goal, and pain is not usually proportional to objective disease severity. Therefore, confusion about treatment goals and doubts about the reality of nonmalignant pain entangle therapeutic efforts. We present a case history to demonstrate that this lack of proportionality fosters fears about malingering, exaggeration, and psychogenic pain among providers. Doubt concerning the reality of patients’ unrelieved chronic nonmalignant pain has allowed concerns about addiction to dominate discussions of treatment. We propose alternate patient-centered principles to guide efforts to relieve chronic nonmalignant pain, including accept all patient pain reports as valid but negotiate treatment goals early in care, avoid harming patients, and incorporate chronic opioids as one part of the treatment plan if they improve the patient’s overall health-related quality of life. Although an outright ban on opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain is no longer ethically acceptable, ensuring that opioids provide overall benefit to patients requires significant time and skill. Patients with chronic nonmalignant pain should be assessed and treated for concurrent psychiatric disorders, but those with disorders are entitled to equivalent efforts at pain relief. The essential question is not whether chronic nonmalignant pain is real or proportional to objective disease severity, but how it should be managed so that the patient’s overall quality of life is optimized. Perspective The management of chronic nonmalignant pain is moving from specialty settings into primary care. Primary care providers need an ethical framework within which to adopt the principles of palliative care to this population.
Effective job shop scheduling through active chain manipulation

Abstract A practical yet effective heuristic algorithm is developed in this paper for solving the make-span reduction job shop scheduling problem. The algorithm iteratively improves an existing job shop schedule through exploring the schedule's neighborhood, using a simple active chain manipulation scheme. A Tabu search technique is employed, as part of the active chain manipulation procedure developed in this paper, to prevent the trap of local optimality. Test results show that the algorithm is capable of efficiently generating very good schedules.