cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the developing rat brain to hypobaric/ischemic damage parallels sensitivity to N-methyl-aspartate neurotoxicity

The endogenous excitotoxin, glutamate (Glu), acting at the N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) subtype of Glu receptor, is thought to play a major role in hypoxic/ischemic neuronal degeneration. In the present study, the sensitivities of the developing rat CNS to hypoxic/ischemic neuronal degeneration and to the neurotoxic action of NMA were compared at various postnatal ages. In the hypoxic/ischemic experiments, ischemia was produced by unilateral common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia by subjecting the pups to a partial vacuum. Keeping the duration of the hypobaric episode constant at 75 min for all age groups, we observed that the vulnerability of the immature brain to hypobaric/ischemic damage increased during the early neonatal period (days 2-4), reached a peak at day 6 and then diminished progressively with increasing age. In the second part of the study, NMA was microinjected unilaterally into the head of the caudate nucleus at various postnatal ages (2-80 d). In the early neonatal period (days 2-6), injections of relatively small doses of NMA (6-15 nmol) produced a dose-dependent widespread excitotoxic reaction throughout the forebrain with peak sensitivity being observed on day 6. The cytotoxic reaction to NMA was identical in appearance and time course to that induced by hypobaric/ischemic methods. With increasing age, the excitotoxic response to a given dose of NMA decreased progressively and the lesions became more strictly confined to the injection site. Cell populations most sensitive to NMA toxicity in the 2-10 d period closely correlated with those most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia, and sensitivity to both types of injury reached a peak at 6 d. These findings reinforce other evidence linking an excitotoxic mechanism and the NMA subtype of Glu receptor to hypoxic/ischemic brain damage and suggest that there may be a period during development when NMA receptors are hypersensitive to excitotoxic stimulation, thus rendering the neurons possessing such receptors hypervulnerable to hypoxic/ischemic damage.
Maximum Entropy Dasymetric Modeling for Demographic Small Area Estimation

This article describes a framework for maximum entropy dasymetric modeling based on spatial allocations of public use microdata sample (PUMS) files provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The spatial units of the PUMS (PUMAs; public use microdata areas) are too large for fine-scale geographic analysis of populations because the common expectation is high degrees of variation within one PUMA (containing about 100,000 people). Limited demographic attribution is available at finer spatial resolutions in census summary tables for tracts and block groups. The described method (i.e., the coupling of spatial allocation procedures with dasymetric modeling) extends the literature and implements related variable associations and limiting variable constraints for allocating microdata household records to census tracts, based on sampling weights imputed using maximum entropy models. We present techniques to quantify household-level uncertainty and to show how this information is useful for guiding the dasymetric modeling and for improving the choice of limiting and related ancillary variables. We demonstrate our methods with a PUMA in Davidson County, Tennessee. Census summary statistics are used as related variables, and land cover-derived residential areas are included as limiting variables to refine the solution spatially to a subtract level. 本文提出了基于美国人口统计局提供的公众微观采样数据（PUMS）的空间布局分析的最大熵密度建模框架。因一个PUMA(包含10万人的统计区)通常被认为有高的变异度，导致其空间单元对于精细尺度的人口地理分析而言过大。在区块组的人口普查表中少有精细尺度的人口属性收。本文所提方法（即基于密度建模的耦合空间配置过程），基于最大熵模型对采样权重进行填充，扩展了现有方法，实现了相关变量的集成以及面向微观住户记录对空间配置的限制变量约束。我们给出了量化住户水平的不确定性量化技术，展示了该信息如何有效指导了密度建模以及增强了限制变量和相关辅助变量的选择。以西安纳西州戴维森的一个PUMA的基础统计作为相关变量，并将土地覆盖-居民区分布作为限制变量，演示了将结果空间精细化至向亚调查块层次。
Forced convection in a circular pipe with a partially filled porous medium

A study of forced convection in a circular pipe with a partially filled porous medium was numerically investigated. The Brinkman-Forchheimer extension of the Darcy model was used to analyze the and temperature distribution in the porous medium. Our study includes two types of porous layer configurations : (1) a layer attached at the tube wall extending inward towards the centerline and (2) a layer at the centerline extending outward. The effect of several parameters, such as Darcy number, effective viscosity, effective thermal conductivity, and inertia parameter, as well as the effect of geometric parameters, were investigated.
Is the 9th Circuit More Liberal Than Other Circuits

Is the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit more liberal than other circuits? This paper looks at three possible definitions of judicial liberalism and tests whether the Ninth Circuit is more liberal, using data from the U.S. Courts of Appeals database and Giles et al. Common Space scores. First, the paper compares overall the proportions of liberal decisions in different circuits and finds that the Ninth Circuit is more liberal than most circuits, but with a fairly low probability. Second, the paper looks at the probabilities that a randomly chosen panel in the Ninth Circuit has a more liberal median than a randomly chosen panel in another circuit. Again, while the Ninth Circuit is likely to be more liberal than most other circuits, the probabilities are fairly low. Third, the paper presents estimation results from a hierarchical Bayesian model that compares the influence of judicial ideology on judicial outcomes in different circuits; it finds that this influence is lowest in the Ninth Circuit. As a result, the paper is not able to explain why the Ninth Circuit is singled out as a particularly ideological circuit.
Therapeutic efficacy of baicalin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through down-regulation of JAK-STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways (THER3P.876)

Baicalin (Ba) is a bioactive flavonoid compound derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis. It is widely used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we demonstrated that Ba was efficacious in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Treatment with Ba led to amelioration of disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE, which correlated with reduced spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. The underlying mechanism of Ba-induced effects involved prevention entry of immune cells into the CNS, inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation through JAK/STAT and NfκB signaling pathways, and reduction of proinflammatory molecular and chemokine expression. Ba treatment completely abolished the pathogenic Th17 cells responses to MOG35-55 in an adoptive transfer EAE model, and the same treatment significantly inhibited the ability of MOG 35-55-reactive Th1 cells to induce EAE. This study provides new evidence that natural compounds, such as Ba, are of great value in the search for novel anti-inflammatory agents and therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
Intervenciones literarias en un manifiesto de Augusto C. Sandino.

Este trabajo aborda el primer manifiesto de Augusto C. Sandino como una intervencion retorica y literaria que sirvio para traducir la praxis armada a la forma escrita. A partir de un enfoque inmanente, este ensayo senala la interdependencia entre la etica y la estetica de una forma especifica de nacionalismo liberal que ubica la subjetividad popular como agente de la configuracion nacional y el cambio historico. Este manifiesto, como otros escritos por Sandino, presenta un imaginario de resistencia que anticipa la narrativa testimonial y se situa al margen de las vanguardias en su forma dialogica y en su contenido contestatario. Una consideracion de esta forma liminal de produccion literaria y material historiografico apunta a la violencia de las jerarquias epistemicas que menosprecia la articulacion popular de resistencia
India's Military Instrument: A Doctrine Stillborn

For six years, India has sought to implement an army doctrine for limited war, ‘Cold Start’, intended to enable a Cold War era force optimised for massive offensives to operate under the nuclear threshold. This article asks whether that is presently feasible, and answers in the negative. Doctrinal change has floundered on five sets of obstacles, many of which are politically rooted and deep-seated, thereby leaving the Army unprepared to respond to challenges in the manner envisioned by the doctrine's architects.
The gallery 30 project: Conservation of a collection of fossil marine reptiles

Abstract This paper outlines stages of the conservation of a unique collection of fossil marine reptiles exhibited at the Natural History Museum, London. The work involving protection from building works and the conservation of seventy‐eight fossil marine reptiles, including removal from exhibition and subsequent replacement, is described. The use of both cleaning agents and consolidants are outlined, including a solvent gel which is described for the first time for use on fossil material.
RELATIONSHIP OF THE SYNTHESES OF LIPID AND WATER SOLUBLE ACIDS BY CHLOROPLAST PREPARATIONS.

7. LA RUE, C. D. 1936. The effect of auxin on the abscission of petioles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 22: 254-59. 8. LEE, E. 1911. The morphology of leaf-fall. Ann. Botany London 25: 51-107. 9. NANCE, J. F. 1958. Effects of indoleacetic acid on the utilization of acetate-i-C14 by pea stem slices. Plant Physiol. 33: 93-98. 10. NELSON, R. F. 1960. An investigation of a chemical mechanism of foliar abscission. Doctoral Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. 1 1. ORDIN, L., R. CLELAND, AND J. BONNER. 1955. Influence of auxin on cell wall metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. 41: 1023-29. 12. PLAISTED, P. H. 1958. Some biochemical changes during development and aging of Acer platanoides leaves. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 19: 245-54. 13. RUBINSTEIN, B. AND A. C. LEOPOLD. 1962. Effects of amino acids on bean leaf abscission. Plant Physiol. 37: 398-401. 14. SAMPSON, H. C. 1918. Chemical changes accompanying abscission in Coleuis blu'mei. Botan. Gaz. 66: 32-53. 15. SATO, C. S., R. U. BYERRUM, AND C. D. BALL. 1957. The biosynthesis of pectinic acid methyl esters through transmethylation from methionine. J. Biol. Chem. 224: 717-23. 16. WOLTZ, S. S. 1963. Growth-modifying and antimetabollite effects of amino acids on Chrysanthemum. Plant Physiol. 38: 93-99. 17. WOOLLEY, D. W. 1952. A Study of Antimetabolites. Jo,hn Wiley and Sons, New York. p 269. 18. YAGER, R. E. AND R. M. MUIR. 1958. Amino acid factor in control of abscission. Science 127: 82-83. 19. YAGER, R. E. AND R. M. MUIR. 1958. Interaction of methionine and indoleacetic acid in the control of abscission *in Nicotiana. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 99: 321-23. 20. ZAITLIN, M. AND D. COLTRIN. 1964. Use of pectic enzymes in a study of the nature of intercellular cement of tobacco leaf cells. Plant Physiol. 39: 91-95.
The financial performance of labor and delivery units

Hospitals and health care systems are already seeing the effect of health care reform with declining dollars. Hospital services, which had narrow financial margins in the past, will have further challenges. This article will review definitions, challenges, and potential financial solutions for labor and delivery units. Improving quality, efficiency, and cost requires substantial physician cooperation in the changing paradigm from physician-centric care to the transparent safety of teams. The financial contribution margin should increase the net revenue, but significant volumes are also needed. The challenge of this model for obstetrics is the slowing birth rate with the ultimate limitation for growth. Therefore, cost containment is imperative for sustainability. Standardization of hospital policies and procedures can improve quality and cost-savings with new incentive models. Examples include decreasing expensive pharmaceuticals, minimizing elective inductions of labor, and encouraging breast-feeding. As providers of health care to women, we all must engage in the triple aim of (1) improving the experience of care, (2) improving the health of populations, and (3) reducing per capita costs of health care. Although accountable care organizations presently are focused on Medicare populations for cost containment, all health care providers and institutions must be vigilant on both quality cost-effective care for sustainability, especially in obstetrics.
The Effective Research-Based Characteristics of Professional Development of the National Science Foundation’s GK-12 Program

This study investigates the effective research-based characteristics of professional development (ERBCPD) of the National Science Foundation’s GK-12 Program—a program which partners institutions of higher education with local school districts and places science, technology, engineering, and mathematics graduates in the K-12 classroom with teachers. Final evaluations of 26 GK-12 sites were analyzed with a priori and emergent content analyses, which included rigorous inter- and intra-reliability testing. The results of the a priori analysis demonstrated that the GK-12 program incorporates all ERBCPD, but to drastically varying degrees (76–5%). The a priori characteristics that appeared most often were “Treats Fellows as professionals,” and “Professional development is on-going.” The two emergent characteristics included “Improves communication skills” and “Has real world application.”
Proximate costs and benefits of mate acquisition at leks of the frog Ololygon rubra

Abstract Abstract. Female choice of mates in lekking species is considered paradoxical because females in such a non-resource-based breeding system exhibit strong preferences for particular males with elaborate phenotypes who provide only their sperm. Theoretical explanations for resolving this paradox have usually touted indirect genetic benefits accruing to offspring through either runaway or good-genes mechanisms; however, the direct selection of preferences explanation has been gaining acceptance as a logical model that solves the lek paradox. This hypothesis indicates that female preferences evolve because of their direct benefits to female fitness (i.e. affect the survival or fecundity of females) and not to the genetic effects accruing to progeny from mate choice. This study represents the first unequivocal corroboration of the hypothesis for a lekking species. Mating behaviour of the Neotropical lekking frog Ololygon rubra included female choice and three male mating strategies. Females chose particular vocal mates close to the optimum ratio of 81% of their own snout-vent length. Fertilization was maximized for such pairs and is described well by a second-degree polynomial regression equation; however, female choice was often thwarted by size-associated male displacement competition, and to a much lesser extent by small silent satellite male interceptions. In these cases, size ratios departed from the optimum and clutch fertilization was depressed. Fewer eggs were fertilized in most small male matings probably because small males depleted their sperm reserves before females completed laying. Furthermore, relatively large males could not maintain constant cloacal apposition during oviposition, thereby contributing to reduced fertilization. Thus, the benefits associated with female preferences swamped any potential costs, and female choice was adaptive because it accrued direct benefits to female fitness. However, male-male competition reduced female fitness but enhanced male reproductive success.
Anxiety in children with recurrent abdominal pain and their parents

Abstract Multiple assessments of anxiety were completed for children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), behaviorally disordered (BD) children, and healthy children, as well as for their parents. Children and mothers in both the RAP and BD groups had higher levels of anxiety than existed in healthy families. Fathers of RAP children reported significantly more anxiety than fathers in the two comparison groups. These data support the clinical observation that families of children with RAP have high levels of anxiety.
Chromosomal polymorphism and comparative painting analysis in the zebra finch.

The zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) is often studied because of its interesting behaviour and neurobiology. Genetic information on this species has been lacking, making analysis of informative mutants difficult. Here we report on an improved cytological method for preparation of metaphase chromosomes suitable for fluorescent in situ hybridization of adult birds. We found that individual chicken chromosome paints usually hybridized to single zebra finch chromosomes, indicating only minor chromosomal rearrangements since the evolutionary divergence of these two species, and suggesting that the genomic location of chicken genes will predict the location of zebra finch orthologues. Chicken chromosome 1 appears to have split into two macrochromosomes in zebra finches, and chicken chromosome 4 paint hybridizes to a zebra finch macrochromosome and a microchromosome. This pattern was confirmed by mapping the androgen receptor (AR), which is located on chicken chromosome 4 but on a zebra finch microchromosome. We detected a telocentric/submetacentric polymorphism of chromosome 6 in our colony of zebra finches, and found that the polymorphism was inherited in a Mendelian pattern
The effect of goal box delay and separate delay box delay on pattern running

Twenty-two rats were trained in a runway under a single-alternation, partially delayed reward schedule. Delay occurred in the goal box or in a separate distinctive delay chamber. The duration of delay was either 20 or 25 sec on all odd numbered trials in a six-trial-a-day schedule. Ss learned to pattern respond, i.e., run rapidly on immediately rewarded trials and slowly on delayed trials, but only when the delay occurred in the separate delay chamber. The duration of delay had no effect on patterning. The results clarify an apparent contradiction in previously reported research and are discussed in terms of the modified aftereffects hypothesis.
Characteristics of doped oxides and their use in silicon device fabrication

Abstract Thin films of binary SiO 2 based mixed oxides are finding increasing use in the fabrication of silicon discrete devices and integrated circuits. The mechanical and chemical properties of these glasses, and thus their use in the fabrication of any specific device structure, is quite dependent upon composition. We have developed an infrared method for determining the composition of glasses in the (a) B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system over the range 0–100% B 2 O 3 , (b) As 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system over the range 0–20% As 2 O 3 , and (c) P 2 O 5 -SiO 2 system over the range 0–20% P 2 O 5 . This technique is non-destructive and may be used to unambiguously characterize films in the 1000–10000 A, range such as are commonly used in device manufacture. The use of these glasses as sources for diffusion of dopants into silicon has been extensively studied, and results will be given. In addition, the infrared vibrational spectra for the borosilicate system has been studied in detail allowing insights into the character of the bonding in these vapor-deposited glassy solids.
Serum from outdated human platelet concentrates: An alternative supplement for tissue (fibroblast) culture media

Fetal calf serum (FCS) is used as a component of the media for cells grown in culture. However, the high cost of FCS has stimulated a search for a possible alternative. Approximately 10% of human platelet concentrates prepared for clinical transfusions are outdated. Sera prepared from platelet concentrates were compared with FCS and calf serum (CS) as a media supplement. A similar number of fibroblast (NSF-791) colonies grew in media supplemented with the three different sera. However, colonies grown in the presence of human platelet serum (HPS) were larger than those grown in media containing CS and FCS. Hence, serum prepared from outdated human platelet concentrates may be substituted for fetal calf serum as a cell culture nutrient, for fibroblasts.
The Uses and Misuses of Uses and Gratifications

Four conceptual problems require resolution if the uses and gratifications approach to mass communication studies is to be maximally productive: a vague conceptual framework; lack of precision in major concepts; a confused explanatory apparatus; and failure to view perception as an active process. Consideration of the current state of the uses and gratifications approach suggests the need for conceptual analysis if the approach is to unambiguously inform the research enterprise.
Disintegrated disciplines and the future of sociology

Cet article examine la place occupee a l'universite par les disciplines dites « eclatees » en de multiples sous-disciplines. L'A. definit deux points cruciaux pour une discipline dans un cadre univesitaire : elle doit pouvoir etre partie prenante dans le recrutement de ses elites au sein de l'universite ; elle doit pouvoir determiner le contenu des enseignements de base. Une comparaison entre des disciplines de sciences naturelles comme de sciences humaines, dont la sociologie, est effectuee. En raison de la capacite reduite de cette derniere a intervenir dans les deux domaines cruciaux cites precedemment, l'A. est pessimiste quant a son avenir. Selon lui, cet « eclatement » doit pourtant etre pris comme inherent a la sociologie
Ultrastructural and biochemical responses of photoreceptor pinealocytes to light and dark in vivo and in vitro

The teleost pineal organ contains functional photoreceptors that synapse with pinealofugal neurons. This study examined the effects of environmental lighting on protein content and levels of putative amino acid transmitters, as well as structural components associated with protein synthesis and neurotransmission. Goldfish subjected to continual illumination for 3 days tended to have increased pineal levels of free amino acids and protein compared to dark adapted glands. Similar responses to environmental lighting occurred in cultured glands suggesting a functional relationship to photosensory mechanisms. Morphometric ultrastructural analyses of pineal photoreceptors showed an increased size of nucleoli (especially the fibrillar component), Golgi bodies, and synaptic ribbons when glands were subjected to continuous light both in vivo and in vitro. The good agreement between protein levels and nucleolar morphology indicates a general effect of environmental lighting on photoreceptor protein metabolism, which may be related to photoreceptor outer segment renewal. Parallel changes in levels of certain amino acids (e.g., glutamate) and size of synaptic ribbons is consistent with an hypothesized role of amino acids in photoreceptor neurotransmission.
Applications for T-cell epitope queries and tools in the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource

The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB, http://www.iedb.org) hosts a continuously growing set of immune epitope data curated from the literature, as well as data submitted directly by experimental scientists. In addition, the IEDB hosts a collection of prediction tools for both MHC class I and II restricted T-cell epitopes that are regularly updated. In this review, we provide an overview of T-cell epitope data and prediction tools provided by the IEDB. We then illustrate effective use of these resources to support experimental studies. We focus on two applications, namely identification of conserved epitopes in novel strains of a previously studied pathogen, and prediction of novel T-cell epitopes to facilitate vaccine design. We address common questions and concerns faced by users, and identify patterns of usage that have proven successful.
Extended-Betz Methods for Roll-Up of Vortex Sheets

The method derived for the roll-up of vortex sheets shed by lifting wings has been extended so that it can be applied to complex wakes that roll up into more than one vortex pair. Although these so-called extended-Betz methods often predict realistic vortex structures that approximate measured ones, the guidelines need to be improved if the predictions are to be reliable enough for such purposes as the assessment of the hazard posed by a wake or for the validation of other theoretical methods. This paper e rst describes the problem and then considers whether the e ve vortex invariants for the time-dependent motion of two-dimensionlal vortices can provide improved guidelines. In particular, the vortex invariants are studied to e nd out if they can be used to determine the initial division of the vortex sheet for separation into multiple vortices, and then possible merger into larger vortices. It is concluded that any ree nements of the present forms of the extended-Betz methods to better dee ne the structure of multiple vortex wakes will be very dife cult and probably cannot be derived from the vortex invariants.
Lanierone: A new pheromone component fromIps pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in New York

A new pheromone component, lanierone, (2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one) was isolated and identified from a Porapak Q collection of volatiles from maleIps pini from New York through GC fractionation, bioassay, and spectrometry. In both the laboratory and the field, synthetic lanierone, in a 1:100 ratio with synthetic ipsdienol, is as attractive as natural pheromone sources. Synthetic ipsdienol alone is not attractive in the laboratory and only weakly attractive in the field. Varying the ratio of lanierone to ipsdienol in the field from 10−4∶1 to 1∶1 in 10-fold increments resulted in an increased number of beetles trapped at the three lower ratios, but also in an increase in the proportion of males trapped. In the field, all combinations of lanierone to ipsdienol attracted proportionately fewer males than did pheromone-producing male beetles. GC and GC-MS analyses of Porapak Q-trapped volatiles revealed that lanierone is produced in an amount equal to about 0.2% of that of ipsdienol and is produced exclusively by males. The small amount of lanierone produced, together with a GC retention time similar to that of ipsdienol on a nonpolar column, probably confounded its detection in earlier studies.
Electrolytic Reduction of Spent Nuclear Oxide Fuel as Part of an Integral Process to Separate and Recover Actinides from Fission Products

Abstract Bench‐scale tests were performed to study an electrolytic reduction process that converts metal oxides in spent nuclear fuel to metal. Crushed spent oxide fuel was loaded into a permeable stainless steel basket and submerged in a molten salt electrolyte of LiCl–1 wt% Li2O at 650°C. An electrical current was passed through the fuel basket and a submerged platinum wire, effecting the reduction of metal oxides in the fuel and the formation of oxygen gas on the platinum wire surface. Salt and fuel samples were analyzed, and the extent of fission product separation and metal oxide reduction was determined.
Constructing Intelligence in Point-to-Point Mobility Systems

Mobility on Demand (MoD) systems allow users to pick-up and drop-off vehicles (bikes, automobiles) ubiquitously in networks of parking stations. Asymmetric trip patterns cause imbalanced fleet allocation decreasing level of service. Current redistribution policies are complex to plan and typically cost more than the usage revenues of the system. This paper discusses a new operation model based on a double auction market where cost-minimizing users are both buyers and sellers of trip rights while profit-maximizing stations are competing auctioneers that trade them. Thus, trips are priced relatively to the inventory needs of origin and destination stations, causing some trips to be more expensive while other trips to pay back.
Decreasing in transposition property of overlapping sums, and applications

In this paper a large class of multivariate densities and frequency functions, including the multivariate Poisson distribution and the compound multivariate Poisson distribution, are shown to have the decreasing in transposition property introduced by Hollander, Proschan, and Sethuraman (1977, Ann. Statist. 5, 722–733). Sample applications in ecology and reliability are given; other applications to cumulation of damage and component down times are mentioned, but are not presented in detail.
A reflection on Alfred Hoche, the ideological godfather of the German 'euthanasia' program.

(1993). A reflection on Alfred Hoche, the ideological godfather of the German ‘euthanasia’ program. Disability, Handicap & Society: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 311-315.
Design Optimization Codes for Structures: DOCS Computer Program

A finite^element -based computer program called Design Optimization Codes for Structures (DOCS) has been developed. The program can be used to optimize elastic structural systems for a variety of design environments. The main features of level 2.0 of the code are: 1) two- and three-dimensional structural systems can be modeled using rod, beam, constant strain triangular, shear panel, and fiber-reinforced composite finite elements (beam and rod elements of various cross-sectional shapes available); 2) large structural systems are handled by the use of substructural formulation; 3) damage-tolerant design capability is provided by including in the design process the probable future damage to the structure; 4) specification s of the American Institute of Steel Construction and Aluminum Association of America can be used in the design process; 5) acceleration loads can be specified for the structure; 6) free format input and several other flexibilities have been incorporated into the code. These include design-variable linking, fixed design status for parts of the structure, direct input of substructural stiffness and mass properties, and specification of various constraint combinations such as stress, deflection, member buckling, natural frequency, and member sizes, this paper describes these features of the DOCS program and presents some structural design applications.
Focal Point Theory Models for Dissecting Dynamic Duality Problems of Microbial Infections

Extending along the dynamic continuum from conflict to cooperation, microbial infections always involve symbiosis (Sym) and pathogenesis (Pat). There exists a dynamic Sym-Pat duality (DSPD) in microbial infection that is the most fundamental problem in infectomics. DSPD is encoded by the genomes of both the microbes and their hosts. Three focal point (FP) theory-based game models (pure cooperative, dilemma, and pure conflict) are proposed for resolving those problems. Our health is associated with the dynamic interactions of three microbial communities (nonpathogenic microbiota (NP) (Cooperation), conditional pathogens (CP) (Dilemma), and unconditional pathogens (UP) (Conflict)) with the hosts at different health statuses. Sym and Pat can be quantitated by measuring symbiotic index (SI), which is quantitative fitness for the symbiotic partnership, and pathogenic index (PI), which is quantitative damage to the symbiotic partnership, respectively. Symbiotic point (SP), which bears analogy to FP, is a function of SI and PI. SP-converting and specific pathogen-targeting strategies can be used for the rational control of microbial infections.
A construction for shear stress on a generally-oriented plane

Abstract The direction and magnitude of the shear stress in a generally-oriented plane can be found graphically by decomposing the three-dimensional stress tensor into a hydrostatic component, a uniaxial compression and a uniaxial tension.
Abstract A31: Factors associated with compliance to adjuvant hormone therapy for African American and Caucasian women.

Background: Studies have documented lower rates of breast cancer survival for African American versus Caucasian women. Differences in compliance to adjuvant hormone therapy (AHT) may partially explain the survival disparity. The purpose of our study is to examine whether or not a difference in self-reported compliance to AHT exists between African American and Caucasian women and to describe which factors may impact this compliance. Methods: Women who were 2-10 years from diagnosis of estrogen receptor positive, non-metastatic breast cancer at the University of Chicago Hospital were asked to complete a voluntary mail-in survey. All information was self-reported. Compliance to AHT was defined as not missing more than 2 doses of therapy a month and completing 5 years of therapy (or still taking therapy if less than 5 years had passed between initiation of therapy and date of survey completion). Chi square tests and logistic regressions were performed to compare compliance rates by sociodemographic factors, reported perception of AHT importance, and self-perceived risk for breast cancer recurrence. Results: Among the 381 eligible patients, 217 (56.9%) completed the survey. Overall self-reported compliance rate to AHT was 78.5%. African American women (n = 66, 30.8%) reported lower compliance rates compared to Caucasian women (70.0% vs. 82.3%, P = 0.055). For both African American and Caucasian women, perceived importance of AHT (from not important to very important) was correlated with higher rates of reported compliance (OR = 10.65; 95% CI: 3.55-31.94). Patients who weighted their cancer doctor's opinion more when considering taking or stopping AHT were also more likely to report being compliant (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 0.75-5.25), whereas patients who reported being very worried about side effects were less likely to report being compliant (OR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.10-1.13). Perceived risk of breast cancer recurrence, however, was not associated with reported compliance. Conclusions: For both African American and Caucasian women, compliance to adjuvant hormone therapy was associated with greater perceived importance of therapy. This study suggests that educating our patients on the importance of hormone therapy may significantly impact their compliance. Citation Format: Christina H. Suh, Sumita Bhatta, Ningqi Hou, Zakiya N. Factors associated with compliance to adjuvant hormone therapy for African American and Caucasian women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
A late Pennsylvanian upland flora in Kansas: Systematics and environemtal implications

Abstract The Late Pennsylvanian (latest Missourian) flora of the Rock Late Shale Member of the Stanton Limestone Formation was restudied in depositional succession as part of a broader biological and ecological study of the site at Garnett, Kansas. Twenty species of megafossils were found including five species of ovules. The megaflora is demonited by Lebachia garnettensis with Cordaites being subdominant. Callipteris flabellifera var. moorei (comb. nov.) is common but not abundant. The remaining vegetative species are rare. Nearly all of the fossils collected were gymnosperms. Cordaites is most abundant in the uppermost 40 cm of the unweathered portion of the 150 cm thick deposit, especially in the top 20 cm. The microflora was dominated by Potonieisporites pollen from the microsporangiate cones of Lebachia garnettensis . The miospores which show the most distinct changes in relative abundance are Protohaploxypinus and Vesicaspora.Prohaploxypinus was common in the lower portion of the deposit but was, to a large extent, replaced by Vesicaspora near the top of the deposit. These changes, together with the increase in relative abundance and cover of Cordaites near the top of the deposit suggest that the local environment was slightly moister when the upper part of the shale was deposited, but that the conditions were generally dry, i.e. mesic, throughout the interval of deposition. Dichophyllum moorei has been reduced to a subspecies of Callipteris flabellifera . It is suggested that the coal-swamp species of Lepidodendron and Lepidophlois became extinct while the tree ferns survived into the Late Pennsylvanian because of the tree ferns' greater dispersal ability during a time when coal swamps became smaller and more ephemeral.
Natural boundaries for the spatial spread of directed visual attention.

Abstract The spatial characteristics of directed attention were studied using spatial precues in a suprathreshold luminance detection task. Visual response times to probe flashes presented at various distances from the presumed focus of attention provided the dependent measure. The variation in response times with distance from the attentional focus was used to create spatial maps of the expectancy effect. The results indicate that, in an uncluttered visual field, the effects of precuing are widely distributed, and that the principal transitions in performance tend to occur either at the horizontal meridian, the vertical meridian, or both meridians, depending on the locus of the observer's expectancy.
Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium.

We present experimental evidence for the existence of a stable ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion formed in the bound (4${\mathrm{s}}^{2}$4p${)\mathrm{}}^{2}$P state. This result represents the first report of a stable negative ion for a group-IIA element. The structure of ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ was determined by means of photoelectron detachment spectroscopy. The electron affinity of Ca was measured to be 0.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 eV, which is in good agreement with a recent calculation.
Characterization of glass microstructure by physical property measurements

Abstract The effect of glass composition and thermal history on the thermal expansion, viscosity, chemical durability, glass transformation temperature, and helium permeability of lead borate glasses was measured. A detailed characterization of the morphology of these glasses was obtained from the results of these studies. The results indicate that the phase separation region extends from just above 0.0 mol% PbO to approximately 20 mol% PbO. Essentially all of the glasses consist of isolated droplets dispersed in a continuous matrix (confirmed by SEM and optical microscopy). The physical property measurements indicate that the matrix phase is nearly pure B2O3 for glasses containing between 0 and 10 mol% PbO and approximately 20 PbO·80 B2O3 for glasses containing between 10 and 20 mol% PbO. The “borate anomaly” was also evident in the thermal expansion coefficient and glass transformation temperatures of these glasses.
Sexual Assault Victims' Acknowledgment Status and Revictimization Risk:

How a victim of rape characterizes her assault has potential implications for her postassault experiences and revictimization risk. Prior research has identified several potential benefits to not conceptualizing one's experience as a form of victimization. The current study sought to identify whether there are costs to not acknowledging rape as well, specifically whether unacknowledged victims are at elevated risk of revictimization. The revictimization risk behaviors of 334 acknowledged and unacknowledged female college rape victims were compared. Unacknowledged victims reported more hazardous alcohol use and were more likely to report that they continued a relationship with the assailant after the assault. A subsample of 105 victims completed a 6-month follow-up survey regarding sexual victimization during the follow-up period. Unacknowledged victims were nearly twice as likely to report having experienced an attempted rape during the 6-month follow-up period. Implications of the results for future work evaluating rape acknowledgment, rape recovery, and revictimization are discussed.
Exploiting the replication cache to improve performance for multiple-issue microprocessors

Performance and reliability are both of great importance for microprocessor design. Recently, the replication cache has been proposed to enhance data cache reliability against soft errors. The replication cache is a small fully associative cache to store the replica for every write to the L1 data cache. In addition to enhance data reliability, this paper proposes several cost-effective techniques to improve performance of multiple-issue microprocessors by exploiting the replication cache. The idea is to make use of the replication cache to increase cache bandwidth through dual load and to reduce the L1 data cache miss rate through partial victim caching. Built upon these two schemes, we also propose a hybrid approach to combine the benefits of both dual load and partial victim caching for improving performance further. Our experimental results show that exploiting a replication cache with only 8 entries can improve performance by 13.0% on average without compromising the enhanced data integrity.
Neural networks for extraction of weak targets in high clutter environments

Because of the statistical nature of many types of clutter, a detection device must set a high threshold in order to maintain a reasonable false-alarm rate. However, by selecting this threshold setting, detections of small and medium size targets can be missed. An old but previously impractical technique for improving performance was to use all contacts from several scans and employ a very large bank of matched filters. This could achieve a detection on one or more of all possible target trajectories formed from stored contacts for each input detection. Neural network hardware offers new opportunities to implement such techniques. It is shown that feedforward and graded-response Hopfield neural networks can implement the optimum postdetection target track receiver. For the Hopfield net, the spurious states correspond to the important case of multiple track detection. Finally, the author presents simulations that show that substantial signal-to-noise gain can be achieved. >
Control of Interfacial Properties through Fiber Coatings: Monazite Coatings in Oxide–Oxide Composites

Fiber pushout tests were used to quantify the effects of fiber coating thickness on the mechanical properties of two model composite systems: a monazite-coated (LaPO 4 -coated) alumina (A1 2 O 3 ) fiber in an A1 2 O 3 matrix and a LaPO 4 -coated yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) fiber in an A1 2 O 3 matrix. Interface properties were quantified using the Liang and Hutchinson (LH) pushout model and mechanistically rationalized by considering the change in residual thermal stresses with changes in the coating thickness. Measures of the pure Mode II interfacial fracture energy, the coefficient of friction, and a radial clamping pressure are extracted by fitting the LH equations to the experimental results. Using the approach that has been developed herein, a methodology is available for measuring the interfacial properties, predicting the effect of coating thickness, and selecting the coating thickness to alter the interfacial properties.
THREE OLDER LEARNERS: REASONS FOR PARTICIPATING IN MUSEUM ART CLASSES AND THE PERSONAL MEANING OF LEARNING

Interviews of three older people are presented as individual cases to explore the personal meaning older adults attach to learning art. The examples illustrate that learners can begin new educational pursuits in their old age, particularly when supported by outreach programs of institutions and that older people can have a big stake in learning art. The personal meaning attached to the learning activity, as expressed by these learners, is examined further through a discussion of role loss and instrumental and expressive learning. Implications for administrators and teachers are presented.
Empirical evaluation of excluded middle vantage point forest on biological sequences workload

We develop and evaluate a version of the excluded middle vantage point forest in support of range searches and load balancing for parallel queries. The algorithm is evaluated using a benchmark suite that includes real-world biological sequence workloads. Favorable results are demonstrated when comparing to the Multiple Vantage Point Tree and Spatial Approximation Tree algorithms with respect to sequential measures. We also demonstrate that the performance of this approach scales linearly up to at least 128 cores and outperforms a naive distributed multiple vantage point forest approach when run in parallel.
A genome-wide study replicates linkage of 3p22-24 to extreme longevity in humans and identifies possible additional loci

Background Although there is abundant evidence that human longevity is heritable, efforts to map loci responsible for variation in human lifespan have had limited success.
New functions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases beyond translation

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) have progressively added domains and motifs that have no connection to aminoacylation. These additions equip aaRSs with new functions and correlate with the appearance of new biological processes (such as a circulatory system) during the course of evolution.
Training Child Welfare Workers to Meet the Requirements of the Indian Child Welfare Act

SUMMARY Noncompliance, jurisdictional indifference, and culturally insensitive services have hindered foil implementation of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. Training workers to better meet its practice requirements is one way of mitigating the problem. This paper reports on such a training program, called “Teaming for Indian Families.1”
Landscape Changes and Increasing Flood Frequency in China's Poyang Lake Region*

Jiangxi Province in southeastern China contains Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. Poyang Lake and the lower sections of the major Jiangxi rivers flowing into the lake often flood during the early summer months. Floodwater can be several meters above the surrounding lowlands during the most severe flood events. Levees at the margins of Poyang Lake and along the Jiangxi rivers provide flood protection for about 10 million people. The number of severe floods in this region has increased rapidly during the past few decades, resulting in catastrophic levee failures. The three factors likely responsible for the increasing frequency of severe floods are (1) land reclamation and levee construction and (2) lake sedimentation, both of which reduce lake volume, and (3) increasing Changjiang water level, which slows Poyang Lake drainage.
Structural characteristics of a single-crystalline Sr 0.75 Ba 0.25 NbO 3 electro-optic material

Sr0.75Ba0.25NbO3 (SBN-75) has the tungsten-bronze structure with a tetragonal unit cell and exhibits electro-optic properties that are important for sensors. Due to its quaternary nature, its structural uniformity, integrity, and homogeneity become important for these applications. In this paper, we present high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies of the crystalline quality and lattice parameter variation across the surface of single crystals of SBN-75. Using rocking curves, topographs, and point-wise measurements of lattice parameters, we show that these crystals have a high degree of crystalline quality and microscopic homogeneity for any electro-optic application.
Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 1830-80

Marli Weiner challenges much of the received wisdom on the domestic realm of the nineteenth-century southern plantation - a worked in which white mistresses and female slaves labored together to provide food, clothing, and medicines to the larger plantation community. Although divided by race, black and white women were joined by common female experiences and expectations of behavior. Because work and gender affected them as much as race, mistresses and female slaves interacted with one another very differently from the ways they interacted with men. Supported by the women's own words, Weiner offers fresh interpretations of the ideology of domesticity that influenced women's race relations before the Civil War, the gradual manner in which they changed during the war, and the harsher behaviors that resulted during Reconstruction.