cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethos, éthique et traduction : vers une communauté de destin dans les cultures

Cet article traite de l’ethique du texte litteraire traduit et du traducteur litteraire du point de vue d’une sociologie de la traduction, inspiree par les notions appliquees par Pierre Bourdieu aux productions symboliques appartenant aux champs litteraires. Il aborde tout d’abord la theorie ethique de la traduction proposee par Antoine Berman et en fait la critique dans le reste de l’article. Est analyse en quoi consiste la deontologie professionnelle de la traduction par un bref examen du cas du code deontologique de l’Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interpretes agrees du Quebec (OTTIAQ) et en quoi la deontologie professionnelle se distingue de l’ethique generale de la traduction. Pour penser l’ethique generale de la traduction, il importe d’abord de definir l’objet « traduction » d’un point de vue traductologique. Puis l’article envisage les textes appartenant aux genres dits « paralitteraires » (la science-fiction, les romans de la Serie Noire) et litteraires (les romans realistes) en placant l’ethique de la traduction dans la problematique de la signifiance des textes traduits par rapport a la signifiance des textes source. Il apparait ainsi que l’ethique de la traduction est fondee sur une construction d’homologies a partir de la signifiance des textes source et cible. L’article examine a contrario le cas d’une traduction non ethique de The Grapes of Wrath de John Steinbeck au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale (Grappes d’amertume de Karin de Hatker et Albert Debaty). On constate que la traduction est placee sous l’egide du regime d’occupation nazie de la Belgique et que cette traduction est absolument revisionniste, contrairement aux visees ethiques de la traduction. Il apparait que l’image que le texte traduit offre de lui-meme est ethique lorsque les textes source et cible sont dans une relation de communaute de destins. Puis est analyse en quoi consisterait une ethique du traducteur. Nous l’illustrons a l’aide du cas de Boris Vian, traducteur en particulier de la science-fiction d’Alfred E. van Vogt. Dans ses traductions, Vian modifie le registre de langue, procedant a une oralisation francaise du texte original; en outre, il effectue une implicitation et une fictionnalisation du discours de la science qui preserve la signifiance du texte source. Vian se place dans la position du reviseur du texte source, en plein accord avec les visees de l’auteur. L’effet des traductions de Vian est une « suspension volontaire du doute » (« willing suspension of disbelief ») accrue, ce qui contribue a une adhesion plus complete du lecteur a l’illusio (Bourdieu) du texte traduit et du genre auquel il appartient.
The Phenomenological Problem of Perception

A perceptual experience of a given object seems to make the object itself present to the perceiver’s mind. As P. F. Strawson says, ‘‘mature sensible experience (in general) presents itself as, in Kantian phrase, an immediate consciousness of the existence of things outside us’’ (1979, 47). This phenomenological directness of perceptual experience is the distinctive feature of perceptual phenomenology—it distinguishes our perceptual experiences from every other kind of experience that we enjoy. For example, when you see a book in front of you or hold it in your hands, the book itself seems to be present to you in a way it never does when you merely consciously think or imagine that the book is in front of you. The question of how to best capture or explain this distinctive phenomenology of perceptual experience has played a crucial role in the debate between the two presently dominant theories of perception: the relational view or naive realism (the view that to perceive is to stand in a primitive relation of awareness or acquaintance to the world) and the representational or content view (the view that to perceive is to represent the world to be a certain way). Specifically, philosophers such as Crane (2006, 139–41), Hellie (2007, 266–69), Fish (2009, 19–23), and Kennedy (2009, 578–80), maintain that we should accept naive realism because it provides a satisfying account of the phenomenological directness of perceptual experience while the content view cannot. Very roughly, the naive realist complains that since states like thinking and imagining are representational mental states, the content view’s proposal that perceptual experiences are representational mental states
Resilient networked sensor-processing implementation

The spatial infrared imaging telescope (SPIRIT) III sensor data processing requirement for the calibrated conversion of data to engineering units at a rate of 8 gigabytes of input data per day necessitated a distributed processing solution. As the sensor's five-band scanning radiometer and six- channel Fourier-transform spectrometer characteristics became fully understood, the processing requirements were enhanced. Hardware and schedule constraints compounded the need for a simple and resilient distributed implementation. Sensor data processing was implemented as a loosely coupled, fiber distributed data interface network of Silicon Graphics computers under the IRIX Operating Systems. The software was written in ANSI C and incorporated exception processing. Interprocessor communications and control were done both by the native capabilities of the network and Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) software. The implementation was limited to four software components. The data reformatter component reduced the data coupling among sensor data processing components by providing self-contained data sets. The distributed processing control and graphical user interface components encased the PVM aspect of the implementation and lessened the concern of the sensor data processing component developers for the distributed model. A loosely coupled solution that dissociated the sensor data processing from the distributed processing environment, a simplified error processing scheme using exception processing, and a limited software configuration have proven resilient and compatible with the dynamics of sensor data processing.
Measurement of electron-beam bunch length and emittance using shot-noise-driven fluctuations in incoherent radiation

It has long been recognized that noise can be used to infer properties of physical systems. Noise by nature carries information without disturbing its system, in contrast to externally applied diagnostics, which often modify the very parameter they attempt to measure. Since the pioneering experiments in the early decades of the century, in which measurements of noise provided the standard for fundamental quantities —electric charge, the Boltzmann constant, and temperature— fluctuation-based diagnostic techniques have been pursued in diverse applications [1]. The range of disciplines, from astrophysics, circuits, acoustics, thermodynamics, material science, industrial engineering, biology, to optics, across which researchers have isolated the signature of essential parameters in noise spectra is reviewed in Ref. [2]. In this Letter, we report first measurements of the full single shot spectra of wiggler spontaneous emission with the resolution required to demonstrate the predicted 100% fluctuation of the spectral intensity and to investigate its detailed properties. The fluctuational characteristics of the wiggler spontaneous emission spectra are studied and utilized to extract electron beam longitudinal and transverse phase space information. The calibrations obtained from the fluctuation measurements rely on a comparison with optical diffraction limited spot size, which provides an absolute calibration standard. It has been recently proposed that properties of a bunch of charged particles can be obtained through measurement of the fluctuations of incoherent emissions from the bunch [3]. Emission can be produced through interaction of the particle with external electromagnetic fields (i.e., wiggler, undulator) or media (i.e., transition radiation, Cerenkov, Smith-Purcell, etc.). The Fourier component, Ev ,o f the electric field of the spontaneous radiation from charged particle beams is given by Ev ev X j e ivt j , (1)
The role of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α) in malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Drugs specifically designed to block cellular signalling proteins are currently evaluated as a new way to treat gastrointestinal tumours. One such “new targeted agent” is aprinocarsen, an antisense oligonucleotide that specifically blocks the mRNA of protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-α). Blocking PKC-α, an important cellular signalling molecule associated with tumour growth, is anticipated to result in tumour cell arrest and achieve clinical benefits. However, it is not known which patients may benefit most from a specific inhibition of PKC-α. Past experience with other novel targeted agents suggests that expression of the target molecule is an important factor for the success of such a specific therapy. Therefore, reviewing the specific role of PKC-α in various gastrointestinal tumours may contribute to focus the clinical development of selective or specific PKC-α inhibitors, such as aprinocarsen, on those patients with a distinctive PKC-α expression pattern.
Charge separation of proteins complexed with sodium dodecyl sulfate by acid gel electrophoresis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Globular proteins, casein, and membrane proteins which were reacted with sodium dodecyl sulfate were studied by acid urea gel electrophoresis. The sodium dodecyl sulfate bound tightly to the proteins, producing a more acidic charge which prevented migration into the gel. When cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was added to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes, the sodium dodecyl sulfate apparently reacted with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dissociated so that the proteins migrated in acid gel in a normal manner as compared to the proteins without any added detergent. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide complex could be removed from the proteins by centrifugation. Thus, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide used in conjunction with acid gel electrophoresis allows direct comparison by charge of proteins fractionated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate with the starting mixture of proteins not exposed to detergent. The reaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with sodium dodecyl sulfate in acidic urea also provides a simple convenient method of removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate from proteins.
Capabilities of four novel warm-season legumes in the southern great plains: grain production and quality.

Grain legumes could serve as a low cost nitrogen (N) and energy source for animal production in the southern Great Plains (SGP). This study evaluated the yield and nutritive value of grains of tropical annual legumes novel to the SGP. Included were cultivars of pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] (cv. GA-2), guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] (cv. Kinman), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L). Walp.] (cv. Chinese red), mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilcz.] (cv. Berkins), and the grain soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (cv. Hutcheson) as a control. Seeds were inoculated and planted (60-cm row spacing) annually in mid-June 2004 through 2006. Seeding rates were varied to achieve 10 seeds m ―1 row length. Grain was harvested at the end of growing seasons (90-120 d since planting), and grain samples were ground (1.0 mm) and analyzed for N concentration and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). Significant (P < 0.05) year x legume interactions were recorded for all characteristics, with variable legume responses among years. Guar produced both the highest (2730 kg ha ―1 in 2004) and lowest (897 kg ha ―1 in 2005) grain yields. Nitrogen concentrations were the highest in soybean grain (60.2-60.7 g kg ―1 ) and consistently the lowest in pigeon pea (33.3-34.9 g kg ―1 ). Soybean grain had the highest IVDDM (968-969 g kg ―1 ), while pigeon pea had the consistently lowest digestibility (890-894 g kg ―1 ). The four novel legumes produced grains that meet the nutritional requirements for all classes of stocker or feeder cattle.
Using a Vertical-Keyboard Instrument with the Uncertain Singer:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a vertically-arranged keyboard instrument by the uncertain singer as a means of improving his or her vocal performance, and to compare this improvement with that of (1) students who received the same remedial instruction, but modified to include the use of a horizontal-keyboard instrument, and (2) students who were taught in the conventional manner recommended by music educators for improvement of singing skills. A test instrument developed for the study included aural and vocal tasks to be performed by the subject. The test was used in a pretest-posttest design. Results indicated that the vertical-keyboard procedure produced more effective performance results than did the horizontal-keyboard or the conventional procedure. Vocal problems related to concept of pitch direction, lack of attention, and low speaking voice were most efficiently handled in the vertical-keyboard group.
CR8, a Selective and Potent CDK Inhibitor, Provides Neuroprotection in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces secondary injury mechanisms, including cell cycle activation (CCA), that leads to neuronal death and neurological dysfunction. We recently reported that delayed administration of roscovitine, a relatively selective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, inhibits CCA and attenuates neurodegeneration and functional deficits following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice. Here we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of CR8, a more potent second-generation roscovitine analog, using the mouse CCI model. Key CCA markers (cyclin A and B1) were significantly up-regulated in the injured cortex following TBI, and phosphorylation of CDK substrates was increased. Central administration of CR8 after TBI, at a dose 20 times less than previously required for roscovitine, attenuated CCA pathways and reduced post-traumatic apoptotic cell death at 24 h post-TBI. Central administration of CR8, at 3 h after TBI, significantly attenuated sensorimotor and cognitive deficits, decreased lesion volume, and improved neuronal survival in the cortex and dentate gyrus. Moreover, unlike roscovitine treatment in the same model, CR8 also attenuated post-traumatic neurodegeneration in the CA3 region of the hippocampus and thalamus at 21 days. Furthermore, delayed systemic administration of CR8, at a dose 10 times less than previously required for roscovitine, significantly improved cognitive performance after CCI. These findings further demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of cell cycle inhibitors following experimental TBI. Given the increased potency and efficacy of CR8 as compared to earlier purine analog types of CDK inhibitors, this drug should be considered as a candidate for future clinical trials of TBI.
A closed-form solution for superelastic shape memory alloy beams subjected to bending

A macroscopic phenomenological framework is used for developing a closed-form solution for analyzing the pure bending of shape memory alloy (SMA) beams. In order to study the effect of tension-compression asymmetry on the bending response, two different transformation functions are considered; a J 2 -based solution with symmetric tension-compression response, and a J 2 - I 1 -based solution capable of modeling the tension-compression asymmetry. The constitutive equations are reduced to an appropriate form for studying the pseudoelastic bending response of SMAs, and closed-form expressions are obtained for the stress and martensitic volume fraction distributions in the cross section. These expressions are used for calculating the bending moment-curvature analytically. Both circular and rectangular cross sections are considered and several case studies are presented for analyzing the accuracy of the presented method and also the effect of considering the tension-compression asymmetry on the bending response of SMAs.
Gram-positive bacteria: spread and antimicrobial resistance in university and community hospitals in the USA

Gram-positive bacteria have become more important as a source of both community and nosocomial infection in the United States during the past few years. In part, this has been due to the increasing prevalence of resistance of some of these organisms to commonly-employed antimicrobials. Initially, such resistance was seen primarily in university and referral hospitals. Spread of resistant strains to the community hospital recently has become prominent for many of these organisms. Exemplifying these trends are methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci, relative resistance to penicillin among pneumococci, aminoglycoside-resistance in viridans streptococci, and resistance to both beta-lactams and aminoglycosides in enterococci. These developments highlight the importance of the Gram-positive cocci in today's clinical practice in the USA. The need to define and deal with these trends is emphasized by the speed with which the changes have developed in both university and community hospitals.
Interplanetary Autonomous Navigation Using Visible Planets

Space-based orbit determination problem using line-of-sight measurements appears in two equivalent cases: 1) to estimate the observer’s orbit when observing a known planetary body (navigation problem) and 2) to determine the orbit of an unknown observed body when the observer’s orbit is known (surveillance problem). These two problems are mathematically equivalent. Star trackers provide attitude autonomy to interplanetary missions while the estimation of position still relies on communications to Earth’s ground stations. This paper shows that, in interplanetary missions, autonomy for position estimation can be obtained just by observing visible planets using star trackers. In any space mission and, in particular interplanetary missions, autonomy plays a critical role for the success of the mission, especially if temporary or permanent failure occurs in the communication system. This study first solves the position and velocity (state) estimation problem as a single-point problem using the Pn space-based Initial Orbit Determination (IOD) algorithm 8 and then uses this estimation to initiate a filtered estimation of the state using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Space observations of line-of-sight directions constitute the measurements of two distinct problems: when estimating the orbit of an unknown observed body (space-based orbit determination problem) and when estimating the observer’s orbit when the observed body is known (navigation problem). There is a perfect duality between these two problems as they share the same mathematics meaning that any method capable of solving one problem can be used to solve the other. However, when the distances between observer and observed become large, as in interplanetary missions, the problem becomes more complicated. In fact, ∗Texas A&M University Affiliate. E-mail: reza.aero@gmail.com †Professor, 746C H.R. Bright Bldg, Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3141, AAS Fellow, AIAA Associate Fellow. IEEE Senior member. E-mail: mortari@tamu.edu
Interactive indexing into image databases

The general problem of object recognition is difficult and often requires a large amount of computing resources, even for locating an object within a single image. How, then, can it be possible to build a tool for indexing into a large database of, say, thousands of images, which works effectively in `interactive time' on affordable hardware? One important optimization is to take advantage of interaction with the user to find out what types of variation are expected in the database, and to rely on the user to discriminate between similar-looking objects. Another is to create appropriate data structures off-line to speed on-line searches. We are building a tool, called FINDIT, for locating the image of an object from within a large number of images of scenes which may contain the object. The user outlines an object in an image that he wants to find in the database, and specifies the constraints on the transformations of the object that are expected to occur. The program acts as a filter to quickly reduce the possible number of candidates to a number small enough to be perused by the user. FINDIT chooses an appropriate search algorithm depending on the selection of constraints by the user.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Therapeutic alternatives in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, collectively referred to as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that initially appear in the skin. Early-stage disease, limited to the skin, is best treated with sequential topical therapies such as topical nitrogen mustard, psoralen phototherapy (PUVA), or total-skin electron beam therapy. Photopheresis is the first line of therapy for the patient with erythroderma. Systemic therapy is generally reserved for patients with refractory disease and patients who initially present with extracutaneous involvement. Although there are several treatment options for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, there have been few randomized comparative trials.
Different Requirements for σ Region 4 in BvgA Activation of the Bordetella pertussis promoters Pfim3 and PfhaB

Bordetella pertussis BvgA is a global response regulator that activates virulence genes, including adhesin-encoding fim3 and fhaB. At the fhaB promoter, P(fhaB), a BvgA binding site lies immediately upstream of the -35 promoter element recognized by Region 4 of the σ subunit of RNA polymerase (RNAP). We demonstrate that σ Region 4 is required for BvgA activation of P(fhaB), a hallmark of Class II activation. In contrast, the promoter-proximal BvgA binding site at P(fim3) includes the -35 region, which is composed of a tract of cytosines that lacks specific sequence information. We demonstrate that σ Region 4 is not required for BvgA activation at P(fim3). Nonetheless, Region 4 mutations that impair its typical interactions with core and with the -35 DNA affect P(fim3) transcription. Hydroxyl radical cleavage using RNAP with σD581C-FeBABE positions Region 4 near the -35 region of P(fim3); cleavage using RNAP with α276C-FeBABE or α302C-FeBABE also positions an α subunit C-terminal domain within the -35 region, on a different helical face from the promoter-proximal BvgA~P dimer. Our results suggest that the -35 region of P(fim3) accommodates a BvgA~P dimer, an α subunit C-terminal domain, and σ Region 4. Molecular modeling suggests how BvgA, σ Region 4, and α might coexist within this DNA in a conformation that suggests a novel mechanism of activation.
Real-Time Task Discrimination for Myoelectric Control Employing Task-Specific Muscle Synergies

We present a novel formulation that employs task-specific muscle synergies and state-space representation of neural signals to tackle the challenging myoelectric control problem for lower arm prostheses. The proposed framework incorporates information about muscle configurations, e.g., muscles acting synergistically or in agonist/antagonist pairs, using the hypothesis of muscle synergies. The synergy activation coefficients are modeled as the latent system state and are estimated using a constrained Kalman filter. These task-dependent synergy activation coefficients are estimated in real-time from the electromyogram (EMG) data and are used to discriminate between various tasks. The task discrimination is helped by a post-processing algorithm that uses posterior probabilities. The proposed algorithm is robust as well as computationally efficient, yielding a decision with $ >$ 90% discrimination accuracy in approximately 3 ms . The real-time performance and controllability of the algorithm were evaluated using the targeted achievement control (TAC) test. The proposed algorithm outperformed common machine learning algorithms for single- as well as multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) tasks in both off-line discrimination accuracy and real-time controllability ( $ p ).
Some Spectral Properties of Hermitian Toeplitz Matrices

Necessary conditions are given for the Hermitian Toeplitz matrix $T_n=(t_{r-s})_{r,s=1}^n$ to have a repeated eigenvalue $\lambda$ with multiplicity $m>1$ and for an eigenpolynomial of $T_n$ associated with $\lambda$ to have a given number of zeros off the unit circle $|z|=1$. It is assumed that $t_r={1\over2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}f(\theta)e^{-ir\theta}\,d\theta\,(0\le r\le n-1)$, where $f$ is real-valued and in $L(-\pi,\pi)$. The conditions are given in terms of the number of changes in sign of $f(\theta)-\lambda$.
Detailed Investigation of the Three-Dimensional Separation About a 6:1 Prolate Spheroid

The flow in the crossflow separation region of a 6:1 prolate spheroid at 10- and 20-deg angle of attack, Re L = 4.20 x 10 6 , was investigated using a novel, miniature, three-dimensional, fiber-optic laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The probe was used to measure three simultaneous, orthogonal velocity components from within the model, and these measurements were simultaneous with wall-pressure measurements made just below the LDV probe volume. The LDV measurements extend from approximately y + = 7 out to beyond the boundary-layer edge. The design and operation of this LDV probe is summarized.
Structural studies on branched fucosphingolipids of hog gastric mucosa.

Abstract A structural studies have been performed on new complex glycolipids extracted from hog gastric mucosa by 0.4 M sodium acetate in methanol-chloroform-water, and which were purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sephadex and Florisil column chromatography and by preparative thin-layer chromatography in three solvent systems. Five branched fucolipids have been purified from this extract, three of which have been characterized previously [1] and remaining two were subject of this investigations. Based on the results of partial acid hydrolases, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, permethylation and serological activities following structures were proposed: Fucolipid IVa
Potassium dependent relaxation of slow skeletal muscle

Abstract Slow-type skeletal muscle fibers deprived of K+ and made to contract by Ca++ depletion fail to relax completely when Ca++ is returned. Return of external K+, known to increase Na+ transport in muscle and to activate transport ATPase, induces a rapid and complete relaxation.
Engineering Synthetic Ribosomes In Vitro

Purely in vitro ribosome synthesis could provide a critical step towards unraveling the systems biology of ribosome biogenesis, constructing minimal cells from defined components, and engineering ribosomes with new functions. To that end, we have developed an integrated synthesis, assembly, and translation technology (termed iSAT) for the in vitro construction of Escherichia coli ribosomes in crude ribosome-free S150 extracts. iSAT allows for the simultaneous in vitro synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), assembly of rRNA with purified ribosomal proteins, and transcription and translation of a reporter protein as a measure of ribosome activity. Here, we describe the development of, and recent improvements to, the iSAT system. Key breakthroughs include refining extract preparation, tuning the transcriptional balance of rRNA and mRNA production, and adding crowding and reducing agents. In addition to technological advances, we show that iSAT makes possible the in vitro construction of modified ribosomes by introducing a 23S rRNA mutation that mediates resistance against clindamycin. We also show that iSAT can be used for studying ribosome assembly. We anticipate that iSAT will aid studies of ribosome biogenesis and the construction of artificial cells.
Towards Room Temperature Biaxial Nematics

A series of new liquid crystalline compounds based on the 2,5-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODBP) core was synthesized in an effort to access the biaxial nematic phase at low temperatures. Derivatives with secondary terminal alkoxy groups and derivatives with either two or four lateral methyl groups were prepared. Secondary alkoxy terminal groups either suppressed mesophase formation altogether or increased the nematic onset temperature relative to primary groups. The dimethylated derivatives showed significant reductions in the nematic onset temperatures compared to the previously reported unmethylated compounds. The tetramethylated analogs generally possessed low clearing temperatures, but exhibited only monotropic mesomorphism.
Roles for βII-Protein Kinase C and RACK1 in Positive and Negative Signaling for Superoxide Anion Generation in Differentiated HL60 Cells

Abstract β-Protein kinase (PKC) is essential for ligand-initiated assembly of the NADPH oxidase for generation of superoxide anion (O⨪2). Neutrophils and neutrophilic HL60 cells contain both βI and βII-PKC, isotypes that are derived by alternate splicing. βI-PKC-positive and βI-PKC null HL60 cells generated equivalent amounts of O⨪2 in response to fMet-Leu-Phe and phorbol myristate acetate. However, antisense depletion of βII-PKC from βI-PKC null cells inhibited ligand-initiated O⨪2generation. fMet-Leu-Phe triggered association of a cytosolic NADPH oxidase component, p47phox, with βII-PKC but not with RACK1, a binding protein for βII-PKC. Thus, RACK1 was not a component of the signaling complex for NADPH oxidase assembly. Inhibition of β-PKC/RACK1 association by an inhibitory peptide or by antisense depletion of RACK1 enhanced O⨪2 generation. Therefore, βII-PKC but not βI-PKC is essential for activation of O⨪2generation and plays a positive role in signaling for NADPH oxidase activation in association with p47phox. In contrast, RACK1 is involved in negative signaling for O⨪2 generation. RACK1 binds to βII-PKC but not with the p47phox·βII-PKC complex. RACK1 may divert βII-PKC to other signaling pathways requiring β-PKC for signal transduction. Alternatively, RACK1 may sequester βII-PKC to down-regulate O⨪2 generation.
World-Wide Web and computer science reports

With the advent of the World-Wide Web, computing professionals have eagerly pursued the idea of moving from a paper-based technical report service to one that employs networked information systems. Many departments keep some version of their reports on an FTP server to help with this process. To facilitate access to CS reports a number of sites have set up lists of these archives (see sidebar).
Mirror-image shape discrimination: Interocular reversal of responses in the optic chiasm sectioned monkey

Abstract Naive monkeys with sectioned optic chiasms were trained binocularly to discriminate a square from a diamond and tested monocularly with mirror-image shapes. One shape (right-sided ‘positive’ polarity) had right-sided resemblance to the previously rewarded square and left-sided resemblance to the diamond. The other shape was of opposite polarity. Animals tested through the right eye preferred the shape with left-sided positive polarity whereas those tested with the left preferred that with right-sided positive polarity. We conclude that animals with opposite hemianopic field defects in each eye will pay greater attention to one side of visually presented figures than to the other and that the side attended to greater degree is opposite for each visual half-field. This phenomenon can explain the interocular reversal of response to lateral mirror-image shapes observed in such animals. Such a tendency to attend one side of a figure to greater degree than another may also affect experiments involving interocular transfer, depending upon the resemblance of one side of the figure to the other as well as the resemblance of either side to the sides of any figure to which it is to be compared. Implications for comparative studies of binocular and monocular recall in the animal with sectioned optic chiasm are discussed.
Medical management of Crohn's disease: treatment algorithms 2009.

There has been a continual evolution of therapy for Crohn’s disease (CD) over the past decade since the introduction of biological therapies targeting tumor necrosis factor-α. Conventional agents cont
Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation in Infancy: A Thematic Collection.

(2002). Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation in Infancy: A Thematic Collection. Infancy: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 129-132.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome.

Bilateral adrenalectomy is indicated for the treatment of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome when the tumorous source of ACTH hypersecretion cannot be identified or removed. Potential advantages of laparoscopic over open adrenalectomy include shorter hospitalization, decreased requirement for postoperative analgesia, and decreased postoperative morbidity due to incisional complications. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed for the treatment of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome was attempted in 19 patients at our institution between 1995 and 1998. Conversion to an open procedure was required in three patients. All patients who underwent bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy were subsequently followed to assess the outcome of this intervention. Twelve patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome and four with ectopic ACTH syndrome underwent successful bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy. All patients experienced resolution of the signs and symptoms (e.g. proximal myopathy, hirsutism, and emotional lability) of Cushing's syndrome as well as weight loss, improved glucose tolerance, and improved control of blood pressure. No residual cortisol secretion was detected in the patients. Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe and effective treatment for Cushing's syndrome when the ACTH-secreting neoplasm cannot be removed.
Radiative properties of chain-agglomerated soot formed in hydrocarbon diffusion flames

Transmission measurements at five infrared wavelengths were made in acetylene-, 1,3 butadiene-, and ethylene-air diffusion flames to determine if soot formed in these flames exhibits nonspherical, radiative behavior. Soot is modelled radiatively as being composed of a mix of Lorenz/Mie equivalent-spheres and Rayleight-limit, infinite-length cylinders. The cylindrical particle fraction, , determined from experiment is largest in the acetylene flames, increases with increasing height in all flames, and is largely independent of the smoking condition of the flame. Values ofobtained in the acetylene flames imply a mix of spheres and cylinders that corresponds radiatively to prolate spheroids, with uniform internal, electric field, of aspect ratio 4 to 5. Such an aspect ratio is greater, than the 2.5 needed to obtain equivalence between prolate spheroids and a long, straight chain of neighboring, Rayleigh-limit, interacting spheres. Because sampled soot particles show aspect ratios greater than 4 to 5, the implications are that the radiative properties of soot agglomerates are betwewen those of prolate spheroids and straight-chain, neighboring spheres.
The synthesis of P-chiral amino acid-derived phosphonamidic anhydrides.

The synthesis of an array of P-chiral amino acid-derived phosphonamidic anhydrides is described. These anhydrides are prepared by condensation of allylated amino acids 19−22 with methyl- or vinylphosphonic dichlorides 23 or 24 to produce three diastereomeric anhydrides 4−11a−c in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic issues concerning anhydride formation are discussed and supported by experimental results. Vinylphosphonamidic anhydrides 8−11 are further derivatized via the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to yield amino acid-derived bicyclic phosphonamidic anhydrides.
Cinchona Alkaloid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Amination of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones: An Asymmetric Approach to Δ2-Pyrazolines

Δ2-Pyrazolines are of significant medicinal and synthetic interest due to their therapeutic properties and utility in the synthesis of 1,3-diamines, yet few asymmetric methods exist to prepare them. An unprecedented and highly enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of 2-pyrazolines was achieved through an asymmetric conjugate addition catalyzed by 9-epi-amino Cinchona alkaloids followed by deprotection-cyclization, which furnished chiral 2-pyrazolines in 46–78% yield and 59–91% ee. This bifunctional catalytic methodology thus provides easy access to a considerable range of optically active 3,5-dialkyl 2-pyrazolines.
Focal adhesion kinase signaling promotes phagocytosis of integrin‐bound photoreceptors

Daily αvβ5 integrin-dependent phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor outer segment fragments by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is critical for retinal function. This study identifies a key role for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in RPE phagocytosis. Particle binding increases FAK complex formation with αvβ5 receptors at the apical, phagocytic RPE surface and activates FAK. Subsequent particle engulfment coincides with dissociation of activated FAK from αvβ5. Mutant FAK retaining focal adhesion targeting but lacking kinase activity interferes with recruitment of full-length FAK to αvβ5 and abrogates FAK activation in response to RPE phagocytic challenge. Such inhibition of FAK signaling has no effect on αvβ5-dependent binding of particles but blocks their engulfment. Conversely, FAK re-expression promotes particle engulfment by FAK null fibroblasts. Selective ligation of αvβ5 receptors at the apical RPE surface is sufficient to phosphorylate and mobilize FAK. Furthermore, FAK phagocytic signaling is independent of the internalization receptor MerTK. In contrast, inhibition of FAK signaling diminishes MerTK phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that FAK provides an essential link between binding and engulfment mechanisms of integrin-mediated phagocytosis.
Cat-Calls and Culpability: Investigating the Frequency and Functions of Stranger Harassment

Stranger harassment is defined as experiencing unwanted sexual attention from strangers in public contexts. We conducted two studies investigating the person and situation factors of U.S. undergraduate males that facilitate stranger harassment. Men from a large Midwestern university indicated their engagement in harassment both when alone and in groups, as well as their motives for this behavior in both settings. We also assessed their Likelihood to Sexually Harass (LSH). We predicted that high LSH men would be most likely to report engaging in harassment when in groups, compared to when alone. We also predicted these group behaviors would be motivated by anonymity and group bonding. Results support our hypotheses about the predictors and motives of stranger harassment in college men.
Loihi Seamount, Hawaii: a mid-plate volcano with a distinctive hydrothermal system

The initial discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift1,2 has resulted in a decade of exploration and experimentation. Subsequent discoveries in the Pacific3–8 and Atlantic9 ocean basins have established the importance of these features as sources of mantle-derived gases and solutes10–2, and as loci for heat dissipation13,14, polymetallic sulphide mineral deposition15,16 and geochemical exchange17–19. The presence of dense communities of bacteria and specialized macrofauna20–22 has called into question the absolute role of sunlight as the principal energy source for marine organisms. Until recently, these deep-sea vents were known only at, or near, plate boundaries, but recent dredging23,24, near-bottom-water sampling25–27 and sea-floor camera survey28 programmes have indicated that hydrothermal vents are present at the summit of Loihi Seamount, a mid-plate, hotspot submarine volcano at the southern end of the Hawaiian island chain29. Here we report results obtained from sampling two active vent fields. The fluid chemistry (especially high CO2 and Fe), presence of alkalic lavas and iron-depositing bacteria, and absence of macrofauna suggest that mid-plate vents may differ from the hydrothermal vents found at mid-ocean ridges.
Improving consistency and quality of service delivery: Implications for the addiction treatment field

Addiction treatment providers face serious problems in delivering consistent, high-quality services over time. Among those providers with multiple treatment sites, there is also intersite variability. This is a serious problem in the addiction field, likely to be made worse as new technologies are introduced and/or as there is industry consolidation (Corredoira, R., Kimberly, J. (2006) Industry evolution through consolidation: Implications for addiction treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31, 255-265.). Although serious, these problems in managing and monitoring to assure consistent service quality have been faced by many other industries. Here, we review evidence from research in other industries regarding three different forms of management (vertical integration, franchising, and licensing) across a chain of individual service providers. We show how each management form affects the level, consistency, and improvement of service delivery over time. In addition, we discuss how such performance advantages affect customer demand as well as regulatory endorsement of the consolidated firm and its approach.
Transformation of Cooperative Free Energies between Ligation Systems of Hemoglobin: Resolution of the Carbon Monoxide Binding Intermediates†

A strategy has been developed for quantitatively “translating” the distributions of cooperative free energy between different oxygenation analogs of hemoglobin (Hb). The method was used to resolve the cooperative free energies of all eight carbon monoxide binding intermediates. These parameters of the FeCOHb system were determined by thermodynamic transformation of corresponding free energies obtained previously for all species of the Co/FeCO system, i.e., where cobalt-substituted hemes comprise the unligated sites [Speros, P. C., et al. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 7254−7262]. Using hybridized combinations of normal and cobalt-substituted Hb, ligation analog systems Co/FeX (X = CO, CN) were constructed and experimentally quantified. Energetics of cobalt-induced structural perturbation were determined for all species of both the “mixed metal” Co/Fe system and also the ligated Co/FeCN system. It was found that major energetic perturbations of the Co/Fe hybrid species originate from a pure cobalt substitution ef...
NAD-malic enzyme from plants

Abstract NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) is a primary regulatory enzyme for the metabolism of malate in plant mitochondria. NAD-ME serves an anaplerotic function for the production of pyruvate, and provides CO 2 for refixation in the Calvin cycle in certain C 4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Clues regarding the mechanism of control of NAD-ME in vivo come from numerous studies on the physical and kinetic properties of the enzyme. The kinetics are complex and are altered by the pH of the assay medium as well as by serveral effectors, including divalent cations. CoA, sulfate, acetyl CoA, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (activators) and chloride, citrate, and bicarbonate (inhibitors). The enzyme is functional as a dimer, tetramer and octamer and the variation in kinetics is at least in part due to its association/dissociation.
The design and implementation of K: a high-level knowledge-base programming language of OSAM*.KBMS

The OSAM*.KBMS is a knowledge-base management system, or the so-called next-generation database management system, for non-traditional data/knowledge-intensive applications. In order to define, query, and manipulate a knowledge base, as well as to write codes to implement any application system, we have developed an object-oriented knowledge-base programming language called K to serve as the high-level interface of OSAM*.KBMS. This paper presents the design of K, its implementation, and its supporting KBMS developed at the Database Systems Research and Development Center of the University of Florida.
Isotope Dependence of Chemical Erosion of Carbon

Abstract We study the chemical erosion of hydrogen-supersaturated carbon due to bombardment by hydrogen isotopes H, D, and T at energies of 1–30 eV using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The chemical structure at the hydrogen-saturated interface (the distribution of terminal hydrocarbon moieties, in particular) shows a weak dependence on the mass of the impinging atoms. However, the sputtering yields increase considerably with increasing projectile mass. We analyze the threshold energies of chemical sputtering reaction channels and show that they are nearly mass independent, as expected from elementary bond-breaking chemical reactions involving hydrocarbons. Chemical sputtering yields for D impact are compared with new experimental data. Good agreement is found for small hydrocarbons but the simulations overestimate the production of large hydrocarbons for energies larger than 15 eV. We present a thorough analysis of the dependence of our simulations on the parameters of the bombardment schemes and discuss open questions and possible avenues for development.
The human side of engineering

The engineer, trained to evaluate hard facts objectively, is becoming increasingly involved in interpersonal and intersocial situations. As he advances toward managerial responsibilities, he must communicate with and administer personnel. Additionally, society is demanding that the engineer-scientist pause and evaluate the effects of the scientific disciplines upon the world at large. Frequently, the engineer belatedly discovers that he possesses neither the formal training nor the practical insight necessary to approach these problems effectively.
Ti:sapphire laser system for aircraft measurements of atmospheric ozone

A flashlamp pumped Ti:sapphire laser has been constructed which could be used to make atmospheric DIAL measurements of ozone from aircraft. A 9-mm diameter by 15-cm long rod is pumped by four flashlamps, two lamps fired in series at a time with 300 microsecond time separation between firings to produce the 'on' and 'off' line DIAL laser pulses. The laser cavity has tow arms, one lasing at 867-nm and the other at 897-nm. The Q-switched output is doubled and tripled with a LBO and BBO crystal respectively to achieve DIAL pulses at 289-nm and 299-nm. Line narrowing is achieved with the use of three SF-10 prisms. Such a system could be used on an unpiloted atmospheric vehicle.
The Internet Learning Forum: developing a community prototype for teachers of the 21st century

Summary This paper reports an effort to create a community of practice for teachers' professional development via the World Wide Web. Beginning with a discussion of our theoretical foundations and current online models of professional development, we address the problem of how developing Web and video technologies may provide innovative and effective professional development for teachers. We describe the initial conceptions of the Internet Learning Forum (ILF), a Web site developed to support mathematics and science teachers sharing and evolving their pedagogical practices. This site includes exemplary instructional units, teachers' reflections, and peer discussion. Starting with video, ILF participants examine assumptions, reflect on practices, and share within the ILF community. The goal of this unique community of practice is to create quality professional development. While this paper provides an overview of our initial design work, the site has evolved into a nationally funded project. However, the w...