cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pollution attacks and defenses for Internet caching systems

Proxy caching servers are widely deployed in today's Internet. While cooperation among proxy caches can significantly improve a network's resilience to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, lack of cooperation can transform such servers into viable DoS targets. In this paper, we investigate a class of pollution attacks that aim to degrade a proxy's caching capabilities, either by ruining the cache file locality, or by inducing false file locality. Using simulations, we propose and evaluate the effects of pollution attacks both in Web and peer-to-peer (p2p) scenarios, and reveal dramatic variability in resilience to pollution among several cache replacement policies. We develop efficient methods to detect both false-locality and locality-disruption attacks, as well as a combination of the two. To achieve high scalability for a large number of clients/requests without sacrificing the detection accuracy, we leverage streaming computation techniques, i.e., bloom filters and probabilistic counting. Evaluation results from large-scale simulations show that these mechanisms are effective and efficient in detecting and mitigating such attacks. Furthermore, a Squid-based implementation demonstrates that our protection mechanism forces the attacker to launch extremely large distributed attacks in order to succeed.
Mucolipin co-deficiency causes accelerated endolysosomal vacuolation of enterocytes and failure-to-thrive from birth to weaning.

During the suckling period, intestinal enterocytes are richly endowed with endosomes and lysosomes, which they presumably utilize for the uptake and intracellular digestion of milk proteins. By weaning, mature intestinal enterocytes replace those rich in lysosomes. We found that mouse enterocytes before weaning express high levels of two endolysosomal cation channels, mucolipins 3 and 1 -products of Trpml3 and Trpml1 genes; moreover neonatal enterocytes of mice lacking both mucolipins (Trpml3−/−;Trpml1−/−) vacuolated pathologically within hours of birth and remained so until weaning. Ultrastructurally and chemically these fast-forming vacuoles resembled those that systemically appear in epithelial cells of mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) patients, which bear mutations in Trpml1. Hence, lack of both mucolipins 1 and 3 causes an accelerated MLIV-type of vacuolation in enterocytes. The vacuoles were aberrant hybrid organelles with both endosomal and lysosomal components, and were not generated by alterations in endocytosis or exocytosis, but likely by an imbalance between fusion of lysosomes and endosomes and their subsequent scission. However, upon extensive vacuolation enterocytes displayed reduced endocytosis from the intestinal lumen, a defect expected to compromise nutrient uptake. Mice lacking both mucolipins suffered a growth delay that began after birth and continued through the suckling period but recovered after weaning, coinciding with the developmental period of enterocyte vacuolation. Our results demonstrate genetic redundancy between lysosomal mucolipins 3 and 1 in neonatal enterocytes. Furthermore, our Trpml3−/−;Trpml1−/− mice represent a polygenic animal model of the poorly-understood, and often intractable, neonatal failure-to-thrive with intestinal pathology. Our results implicate lysosomes in neonatal intestinal pathologies, a major cause of infant mortality worldwide, and suggest transient intestinal dysfunction might affect newborns with lysosomal storage disorders. Finally, we conclude that mucolipin-endowed lysosomes in the young play an evolutionarily-conserved role in the intracellular digestion of maternally-provided nutrients, whether milk in mammals or yolk in oviparous species.
Design and development of a geothermal temperature control system for broodstock management of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract A control system was designed to raise and maintain water temperatures within ∼0.03-ha earthen ponds to a range conducive for spawning (24–30 °C) channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Heating was done during February 2001 to April 2001, when temperatures would have otherwise prohibited spawning (
Ice Formation in Radiated Accretion Disks

Gas to solid phase changes of abundant species in a viscous, irradiated protoplanetary disk are investigated using a new formulation for the freezeout effect. The method is based on a procedure using species-dependent phase diagrams while following the chemical evolution of water and carbon monoxide gas until their partial pressures are sufficient to de-sublimate vapor into ice. It is found that water ice is dominant throughout the nebula while a significant amount of water vapor coexists with the ice in the cooler parts of the inner nebula. Volatile CO molecules de-sublimate only in the colder outer regions of the nebula near the center plane. Computed column densities for CO gas are compared with similar calculations using an adsorption/desorption model by Aikawa and Herbst and are shown to predict similar distributions.
Sound production in Scolytidae: Stridulation by female Dendroctonus beetles

Abstract A new stridulatory apparatus on the last sternite and the eighth segment is described in six female Dendroctonus bark beetles, and elytral files similar to those of males are found on four of these species, which were hitherto believed to be silent. Electronically recorded sounds include an infrequent ‘spontaneous’ click from females alone and rapidly repeated clicks (D. pseudotsugae and D. rufipennis) or a multi-impulse chirp (D. brevicomis and D. ponderosae) from females in close acoustic range of other females. An intraspecific spacing function during gallery site selection is suggested.
Urban and Rural Differences in the Provision of Health Insurance Coverage for Children of Divorce

Abstract Using data from divorce case records in New Hampshire this study examined urban and rural differences in the provision of health insurance coverage for children of divorce. In the overall sample of cases (N= 474) results from a chi-square test found rural children (N= 123) to be nearly twice as likely to be uninsured than urban children (N= 351). Results from the logistic regression in the urban county found fathers' and mothers' incomes to increase the log odds of children having access to health insurance. Mothers' employment also increased the log odds of children being insured. In the rural county fathers' earnings and mothers' employment increased the log odds of children having access to health insurance. Pre-school age (0-5) decreased the log odds of children being insured. Implications for family practitioners in rural areas are discussed.
Organocuprate reactions of enone lactones. II. Regiochemical effect on reductive cleavage.

Abstract The course of organocuprate conjugate addition and reduction in cyclohexenones made conformationally rigid by attachment of a 1,3-lactone is shown to depend on the regiochemistry of such enones.
Funding sustainable paddle trail development: paddler perspectives, willingness to pay and management implications.

Paddle sports (kayaking, canoeing) are a growing tourism niche and an activity that can bring sustainable rural tourism development and economic regeneration. Managing sustainable paddle trail growth is complex, involving coordination among government bodies, consensus from landowners and funding acquisition for safe access sites, signage, maps and other amenities. This paper explores the paddle-trail-related literature and the many different funding options to manage the creation and maintenance of paddle trails. An Internet survey of 1851 respondents determined support for a variety of user funding mechanisms for trail development as well as paddler perceptions about trail development as a viable form of economic development. The results indicate that women and recreational paddlers are more likely to support funding mechanisms, in addition to paddlers who consider paddle trail development a form of economic development. Paddlers who did not support any user funding mechanism were male, employed in the ...
Human Papillomavirus Type 2 in a Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Finger

Background. Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 2 is generally considered to be a benign viral infection associated with common warts. Other HPV types have been associated with the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Objective. To describe a case of HPV type 2 identified in a SCC of the finger in an immunocompetent patient. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the literature. Methods. This is a case report and review of the literature. Results. Mohs micrographic surgery performed in two stages effectively removed the tumor. Conclusion. HPV type 2 may play a role in the development of cutaneous SCC. Further epidemiologic and molecular studies of HPV and SCCs will be helpful in determining the role of HPV type 2 in cutaneous oncogenesis.
The AuD Degree program at Central Michigan University.

Central Michigan University’s on-campus AuD program admitted its first class of students in 1994. The article discusses its prerequisites, its faculty and staff, and its unique aspects. In addition...
Evolving concepts in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis

ACINAR CELL INJURY Premature activation of digestive enzymes is one of the earliest detectable events believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of acinar cell injury.1 Active enzymes and markers of enzyme activation have been found in the ascites, serum, and pancreatic tissue of both humans and experimental animals with acute pancreatitis. Protease inhibitors attenuate acute pancreatitis in experimental animals and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography–induced pancreatitis in humans. Moreover, patients with hereditary pancreatitis have a gene that encodes a mutant form of trypsinogen that is resistant to the normal intracellular mechanisms of inactivation. Events that continue to elude pancreatologists result in a failure of the orderly segregation of newly synthesized zymogen granules within acinar cells. As a consequence, the lysosomal hydrolase cathepsin B co-localizes with zymogen granules and activates trypsinogen, which in turn activates other enzymes, leading to acinar cell injury. An alternative hypothesis suggests that interstitial, rather than intracellular, activation of proteases (perhaps by macrophages) may be the initiating event of acute pancreatitis. But how these events relate to the clinical setting and how a stone impacted in the bile duct results in acinar cell injury are not clear. The hypothesis that bile and pancreatic duct distention initiate the cascade of acinar cell injury by altering the neurohormonal milieu of the pancreas needs to be evaluated critically.
Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Chlorofluorocarbon Substitutes: An Experimental and ab Initio Study of Fluorinated Ethers CHF2OCF3(E125), CHF2OCHF2(E134), and CH3OCF3(E143A)

The fundamental IR vibrational modes of CHF2OCF3 (E125), CHF2OCHF2 (E134), and CH3OCF3 (E143a) have been examined by ab initio molecular orbital calculations and have been compared with FT-IR measu...
Patient suicide in psychiatry residency programs : a national survey of training and postvention practices.

Patient suicide, which has been shown to have great emotional impact upon trainees, is experienced by as many as one in three psychiatry residents. The authors report the results of a national survey of psychiatry residency training programs (N=166) that asked about 1) current training practices in the area of suicide and 2) required or recommended procedures in the event of suicide by a resident’s patient. Results show that programs commonly offer training in the assessment and treatment of suicidal patients, but the question remains as to whether the training is adequate to meet the challenges of working with suicidal individuals. Results also reflect considerable variability in “postvention” practices among programs and training settings, especially in terms of what steps should be taken when a trainee’s patient commits suicide. Implications of the survey for residency training programs are discussed.
Electroencephalograms of normal, full-term newborns immediately after birth with observations on arousal and visual evoked responses

Abstract 1. 1. EEGs of 277 normal, full-term babies, ages 22 min. to 125 hours, were recorded. Loud auditory stimuli were presented during sleep in 52 cases; single and repetitive light flashes in 65 cases. 2. 2. In general, previous descriptions of EEG patterns during wakefulness and sleep in newborns were confirmed. No relationship was observed in these data between EEG patterns and (a) type of maternal analgesia during labor, (b) type of maternal anesthesia during delivery, or (c) length of 2nd stage of labor. 3. 3. Loud auditory stimuli during sleep may elicit the following generalized responses with or without movement: (a) flattening of tracings, (b) K-type response (rare), or (c) K-type response followed by flattening of tracings. Spontaneous movement during sleep may also be followed by flattening of tracings. 4. 4. Single light flashes to the eyes often elicit evoked potentials in the occipital area. These responses tend to differ from those observed in adults in the following ways: 4.1. (a) they are of more variable wave-form, 4.2. (b) they are of more variable amplitude, 4.3. (c) they show greater “fatiguability”, and 4.4. (d) they are of much longer latency (160–220 msec.). 5. 5. Trains of light flashes at 2 f/sec. or faster tend to elicit responses at the beginning (ON responses) and end (OFF responses) of stimulation. “Driving” effects were observed in only 2 cases, at 2.5–3.5 f/sec. 6. 6. The evoked response data are interpreted as reflecting the physiological immaturity of the newborn's nervous system, associated with its anatomical immaturity. The major factor accounting for the long latencies of evoked responses is felt to be slow conduction in the afferent fiber tracts, but retinal and synaptic events may also be contributory. The peculiarities of wave-form and amplitude are felt to be functions of the immature visual cortex.
JUDGING WOMEN AND DEFINING CRIME: POLICE OFFICERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN AND RAPE

Research demonstrates a positive relationship between public attitudes toward women and rape myth acceptance. Little is known about whether this relationship also exists within police culture. The current study assesses the relationship between police officers' attitudes toward women and their attitudes toward rape. The effect of educational attainment on these attitudes is also assessed. A survey was administered to 891 police officers from two states in the southeastern United States. There was a significant difference on measures of modern sexism and the acceptance of rape myths with varying levels of educational attainment.
A Method for Word Sense Disambiguation of Unrestricted Text

Selecting the most appropriate sense for an ambiguous word in a sentence is a central problem in Natural Language Processing. In this paper, we present a method that attempts to disambiguate all the nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives in a text, using the senses provided in WordNet. The senses are ranked using two sources of information: (1) the Internet for gathering statistics for word-word cooccurrences and (2) WordNet for measuring the semantic density for a pair of words. We report an average accuracy of 80% for the first ranked sense, and 91% for the first two ranked senses. Extensions of this method for larger windows of more than two words are considered.
Lithium Pharmacokinetics: Single-Dose Experiments and Analysis Using a Physiological Model

The kinetics of lithium (Li+) distribution after a single dose was studied in healthy human subjects. Experiments were performed by simultaneously following changes of Li+ concentration in plasma, erythrocytes (RBC), and urine. The data were fitted by a simple but physiologically realistic model, so that extracted rate constants could be assigned to real body compartments and compared with independent measurements of cellular transport characteristics. The extracted rate constants were used to calculate steady-state cell-to-plasma Li+ ratios for RBC and for inaccessible cells (mainly muscle). In both cell types, the intracellular Li+ concentration is far below electrochemical equilibrium. This finding suggests that the Li+ countertransport efflux mechanism of RBC may be shared with muscle. We also present evidence for a circadian rhythm in Li+ excretion that parallels the daily cycle of Na+ and K+ excretion.
Changes in action potential duration alter reliance of excitatory synaptic transmission on multiple types of Ca2+ channels in rat hippocampus

It has been established that multiple types of Ca2+ channels participate in triggering neurotransmitter release at central synapses, but there is uncertainty about the nature of their combined actions. We investigated synaptic transmission at CA3-CA1 synapses of rat hippocampal slices and asked whether the dependence on omega-CTx-GVIA-sensitive N-type channels and omega-Aga-IVA-sensitive P/Q-type Ca2+ channels can be altered by physiological mechanisms. The reliance on multiple types of Ca2+ channels was not absolute but depended strongly on the amount of Ca2+ influx through individual channels, which was manipulated by prolonging the presynaptic action potential with the K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and by varying the extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o). We quantified the influence of spike broadening on Ca2+ influx through various Ca2+ channels by imposing mock action potentials on voltage-clamped cerebellar granule neurons. In field recordings of the EPSP in hippocampal slices, action potential prolongation increased the EPSP slope by 2-fold and decreased its reliance on either N-type or P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. The inhibition of synaptic transmission by N-type channel blockade was virtually eliminated in the presence of 4-AP, but it could be restored by lowering [Ca2+]o. These results rule out a scenario in which a significant fraction of presynaptic terminals rely solely on N-type channels to trigger transmission. The change in sensitivity to the neurotoxins with 4-AP could be explained in terms of a nonlinear relationship between Ca2+ entry and synaptic strength, which rises steeply at low [Ca2+]o, but approaches saturation at high [Ca2+]o. This relationship was evaluated experimentally by varying [CA2+]o in the absence and presence of 4-AP. One consequence of this relationship is that down-modulation of presynaptic Ca2+ channels by various modulators would increase the relative impact of spike broadening greatly.
Synthesis of Ru-Ni Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Potential Sensor Applications

Nanoparticles of Ru-Ni with a core-and-shell structure were synthesized as potential sensors in a single-step spray-pyrolysis process at 700-1000. The majority of the core consists of ruthenium, while the shell is predominately composed of nickel. An aqueous precursor containing ruthenium chloride and nickel chloride was nebulized by an ultrasonic atomizer to generate an aerosol. The aerosol droplets were subsequently decomposed to form uniformly distributed Ru-Ni bimetallic nanoparticles. Atomic fractions of precursors, solvent type and process temperature play crucial roles in the formation of core-and-shell structures.
“God speak to us”: performing power and authority in Salale, Ethiopia

Using folkloric and historical approaches, this study posits that, in order to understand the choices people make, it is vital to see the world as they see it. In scholarship, I argue, we need to incorporate these perceptions of reality in our interpretations of the actions of those we study. Contrary to the sceptical postmodernist understanding that modernity is a period of decay and a move towards a final collapse and oblivion, traditionalism is revitalized in this article as a strategic primitivism, as a cultural resistance that continues to manifest itself and to relocate the past in the present. In the present study my aim is to examine Salale traditional legal performances as narratives of resistance against domination. Through the three theopolitical counter-discourses identified in this study, that is, guma (blood feud), araara (peace-making), and waadaa (covenant), the interaction between theos (god) and politics is apparent. Hence, the oath ‘God speak to us’ expresses a belief that nagaa (peace)...
EFFICIENT COMPUTATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY FAR-FIELD SOLUTIONS OF THE HELMHOLTZ EQUATION USING PADÉ APPROXIMATION

For many problems in exterior structural acoustics, the solution is required to be computed over multiple frequencies. For some classes of these problems, however, it may be sufficient to evaluate the multiple frequency solutions over restricted regions of the spatial domain. Examples include optimization and inverse problems based on the minimization of a functional defined over a specified surface or sub-region. For such problems, which include both near-field and far-field computations, we recently proposed an efficient algorithm to compute the partial-field solutions at multiple frequencies simultaneously. In this paper, we consider the particular case of far-field computations and simplify the recently proposed algorithm by exploiting the symmetry of linear operators. The approach involves a reformulation of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map based finite-element matrix problem into a transfer-function form that can efficiently describe the far-field solution. A multi-frequency approximation of the transfer function is developed by constructing matrix-valued Pade approximation of the transfer function via a symmetric, banded Lanczos process. Numerical tests illustrate the accuracy of the approach for a wide range of frequencies and cost reductions of an order of magnitude when compared to commonly used factorization based methods.
Computing with evidence part II: an evidential approach to predicting metabolic drug-drug interactions

Abstract We describe a novel experiment that we conducted with the Drug Interaction Knowledge-base (DIKB) to determine which combinations of evidence enable a rule-based theory of metabolic drug–drug interactions to make the most optimal set of predictions. The focus of the experiment was a group of 16 drugs including six members of the HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor family (statins). The experiment helped identify evidence-use strategies that enabled the DIKB to predict significantly more interactions present in a validation set than the most rigorous strategy developed by drug experts with no loss of accuracy. The best-performing strategies included evidence types that would normally be of lesser predictive value but that are often more accessible than more rigorous types. Our experimental methods represent a new approach to leveraging the available scientific evidence within a domain where important evidence is often missing or of questionable value for supporting important assertions.
The integration of 3D carbon-electrode dielectrophoresis on a CD-like centrifugal microfluidic platform

We introduce the integration of a novel dielectrophoresis (DEP)-assisted filter with a compact disk (CD)-based centrifugal platform. Carbon-electrode dielectrophoresis (carbon-DEP) refers to the use of carbon electrodes to induce DEP. In this work, 3D carbon electrodes are fabricated using the C-MEMS technique and are used to implement a DEP-enabled active filter to trap particles of interest. Compared to traditional planar metal electrodes, 3D carbon electrodes allow for superior filtering efficiency. The system includes mounting modular 3D carbon-DEP chips on an electrically interfaced rotating disk. This allows simple centrifugal pumping to replace the large footprint syringe pump approaches commonly used in DEP systems. The advantages of the CD setup include not only a reduced footprint, but also complexity and cost reduction by eliminating expensive precision pumps and fluidic interconnects. To demonstrate the viability of this system we quantified the filter efficiency in the DEP trapping of yeast cells from a mix of latex and yeast cells. Results demonstrate selective filtering at flow rates up to 35 µl min−1. The impact of electrode height, DEP chip misalignment and particle sedimentation on filter efficiency and the advantages this system represents are analyzed. The ultimate goal is to obtain an automated platform for bioparticle sorting with application in different fields such as point-of-care diagnostics and cell-based therapies.
Immunocontraception of Florida feral swine with a single-dose GnRH vaccine.

Problem Methods to limit fertility of feral swine are needed to reduce transmission of diseases and agricultural and ecosystem damage. Method of Study We evaluated a single-shot GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine in both male and female feral swine for its effect on fertility and functional status of the reproductive tissues. Captive feral pigs were randomly assigned to receive 1000 or 2000 μg GnRH-KLH vaccine treatments or no treatment. Results After 36 weeks, none of the 2000-μg-treated females and only 20% of the 1000-μg-treated females were pregnant. This corresponded to reduced serum progesterone, regressed tissues within the reproductive tract and lack of evidence for follicular development leading to ovulation. Males were less responsive to the vaccine than females, but more responsive to the lower dose of the vaccine than the higher dose. Conclusions The single-shot GnRH vaccine is effective in controlling fertility of female feral swine and may be useful for population reduction.
Quantitative analysis of crystalline and amorphous airborne particulates in the Provo-orem vicinity, Utah

Abstract A series of analyses of high-volume filters from the Utah state high-volume sampling network and filters from low-volume samplers have been completed using X-ray transmission and diffraction techniques and polarizing optical microscopy. The particulate samples were obtained from Lindon, west Orem (Geneva) and near the heating plant on the campus of Brigham Young University, Provo. CaSO 4 · 2H 2 O is observed in small amounts from several filters, but seems to occur only during the winter season. Its occurrence as an atmospheric reaction product (as opposed to reaction on the filter) has yet to be established for this area. All Lindon and Geneva samples are characterized by moderate iron and high calcium content; the respective average enrichment factors, relative to a southern hemisphere standard crustal aerosol, are 1.3 and 5.0, for these elements. All samples reveal a significant carbonaceous content, and siliceous fly ash is common at both sampling sites. Many of the mineralogical components observed for these aerosols can be used effectively as “key indicators” in source factor studies.
Respiratory Tract Responses in Male Rats Following Subchronic Acrolein Inhalation

The goal of this study was to characterize the respiratory tract toxicity of acrolein, including nasal and pulmonary effects, in adult male F344 rats. Animals underwent whole-body exposure to 0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.2, 0.6, or 1.8 ppm acrolein for 6 hr/day, five days/week for up to 65 exposure days (13 exposure weeks). Respiratory tract histopathology was evaluated after 4, 14, 30, and 65 exposure days, as well as 60 days after the end of the 13 week exposure. Acrolein exposure was associated with reduced body weight gain. Rats exposed to > or = 0.06 ppm acrolein had depressed terminal body weights when compared with air-exposed controls. Histologic evaluation of the nasal cavity showed olfactory epithelial inflammation and olfactory neuronal loss (ONL) following exposure to 1.8 ppm acrolein. Moderately severe ONL in the dorsal meatus and ethmoid turbinates occurred within four days while septal involvement developed with ongoing exposure. A rostral-caudal gradient in lesion severity was noted, with the anterior portion of the nasal cavity being more severely affected. Acrolein exposure was associated with inflammation, hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium. The lateral wall was amongst the most sensitive locations for these responses and increased respiratory epithelial cell proliferation occurred at this site following 4 to 30 days of exposure to > or = 0.6 ppm acrolein. The NOAEL for nasal pathology seen in this study was 0.2 ppm acrolein.
Estimating Insect Flight Densities from Attractive Trap Catches and Flight Height Distributions

Methods and equations have not been developed previously to estimate insect flight densities, a key factor in decisions regarding trap and lure deployment in programs of monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption with semiochemicals. An equation to estimate densities of flying insects per hectare is presented that uses the standard deviation (SD) of the vertical flight distribution, trapping time, the trap’s spherical effective radius (ER), catch at the mean flight height (as estimated from a best-fitting normal distribution with SD), and an estimated average flight speed. Data from previous reports were used to estimate flight densities with the equations. The same equations can use traps with pheromone lures or attractive colors with a measured effective attraction radius (EAR) instead of the ER. In practice, EAR is more useful than ER for flight density calculations since attractive traps catch higher numbers of insects and thus can measure lower populations more readily. Computer simulations in three dimensions with varying numbers of insects (density) and varying EAR were used to validate the equations for density estimates of insects in the field. Few studies have provided data to obtain EAR, SD, speed, and trapping time to estimate flight densities per hectare. However, the necessary parameters can be measured more precisely in future studies.
Differential Perceptions of and Feelings about Sibling Children: Implications for Research on Parenting Stress.

Parenting stress is influenced by parents' perceptions of their relationships with their children, which can vary widely for each parent depending on which child in the family is being considered. Because this within-parent variation is rarely studied, we investigated some of the differential perceptions that arise with respect to children's behaviour problems and parent–child negativity/positivity. Participants included a national sample of adoptive parents of 486 pairs of genetically unrelated siblings. Mothers reported different perceptions of their sibling children, and within the family, the child who was rated higher in behaviour problems also was regarded with more negativity and less positivity. Furthermore, the magnitude of the difference was uncorrelated with various indicators of the family and home environment, including parental education and occupational prestige, type of housing and crowding in the home, and progressive versus traditional childrearing attitudes. This pattern of results was consistent with three previously published sibling studies utilizing similar methods. The results point to the importance of examining child effects and within-parent differences in subjective aspects of the parenting experience. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quasiparticle Lifetime in Macroscopically Uniform Ag/Fe(100) Quantum Wells

Epitaxial Ag(100) films have been grown on highly perfect Fe(100) substrates by deposition at low temperatures followed by annealing. Precise control of the deposition process results in film thicknesses of exactly N atomic layers (N an integer up to 39) over a macroscopic distance ({approximately} 1 mm) . The elimination of atomic layer fluctuation, which has been generally believed to be impossible at such large thicknesses, allows us to observe atomic-layer resolved quantum well states. Such states exhibit extremely narrow linewidths, which provide a direct measure of the quasiparticle lifetime. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Is Routine Tube Thoracostomy Necessary after Prehospital Needle Decompression for Tension Pneumothorax

Abstract Background Thoracic needle decompression is lifesaving in tension pneumothorax. However, performance of subsequent tube thoracostomy is questioned. The needle may not enter the chest, or the diagnosis may be wrong. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that routine tube thoracostomy is not required. Methods A prospective 2-year study of patients aged ≥18 years with thoracic trauma was conducted at a level 1 trauma center. Results Forty-one patients with chest trauma, 12 penetrating and 29 blunt, had 47 needled hemithoraces for evaluation; 85% of hemithoraces required tube thoracostomy after needle decompression of the chest (34 of 41 patients [83%]). Conclusions Patients undergoing needle decompression who do not require placement of thoracostomy for clinical indications may be assessed using chest radiography, but thoracic computed tomography is more accurate. Air or blood on chest radiography or computed tomography of the chest is an indication for tube thoracostomy.
Wearable sensors and component-based design for home health care

Recent technology trends indicate that truly cost-effective home health care systems of the future will be constructed from distributed, plug-and-play, commodity components assembled on-the-fly to match the needs of a given patient. This paper describes early efforts in the Medical Component Design Laboratory: a research and teaching laboratory where component technologies developed for research will support student projects in closely related engineering courses. Two component-based prototypes are presented in this paper: a Bluetooth-enabled personal monitoring system and a plug-and-play pulse oximeter.
Older Men in the Homeless Shelter: In-Depth Conversations Lead to Practice Implications

This article reports on the themes generated by face-to-face interviews conducted with 10 men over the age of 50, currently homeless and residing in an overnight homeless shelter. In-depth interviews were conducted asking these men to tell their stories, talk about their lives in the shelter, and speak about their needs, hopes, and dreams. Based on an analysis of interviews, the following themes emerged and were presented: Talk of Work, Barriers to Housing are Overwhelming, Family Estrangement, and Coping Strategies. Discussion of these themes is presented and practice, administrative and research implications are suggested.
The Memoirs of N. Batzaria: The Young Turks and Nationalism

The most important and undoubtedly the most fateful period in Ottoman history is the Young Turk or Union and Progress era in 1908-18. The final disintegration of the Ottoman empire, the rise of independent states in the Middle East, the intensification of conflicts over Macedonia, the full emergence of Turkish and Arab nationalisms, the start of the Muslim anti-imperialist mobilization through struggle in Libya in 1911, and other events of vital importance in the social and political history of the area occurred during the Young Turk era. It was a historical watershed which marked simultaneously the end of an imperial form of political organization in the Middle East and the beginning of a new political existence in the form of national states. The Young Turks affected profoundly the course of history among the peoples of the Middle East and the Balkans. Moreover the Young Turks were the first group in the Ottoman state to approach the social, political, and cultural transformation of their society in the spirit of modern politics. Yet the Young Turks remain the least studied and understood and the most distortedly portrayed power group in the history of the Balkans and the Middle East.' Most of the existing works on the Young Turks, consisting mainly of memoirs, were written by their authors to credit themselves with political roles and achievements which did not always correspond to reality. A very general inventory of the main works on the Young Turks may help illustrate the points raised above and place in proper perspective a new source on the Young Turk era, the work that is the chief topic of this article. The major works in Turkish on this subject,2 which served as a source of information for other studies, are by Ahmet Bedevi Kuran, Inkildp Tarihimiz ve Jn Tiirkler (1945), Inkildp Tarihimiz ve Ittihad ve Terakki (1948), and Osmanh Imparatorlugunda Inkildp Hareketleri ve Milli Miicadele (1959), the last being based
Ethnographic Representation and the Politics of Violence in West Papua

■ This article examines how ethnographic representations of violence inflect contemporary understandings of West Papua and influence its politics. It describes how colonial depictions of perpetual warfare in the highlands became paradigmatic for the region. Recent forms of extreme tourism draw on these images in offering encounters with ‘lost tribes’ that undermine the credibility of West Papuan political actors. Similarly, an American mining company paid the Indonesian military for protection against the West Papuan resistance movement while ignoring the violence of state actors. However, the collapse of Suharto’s New Order Indonesia has facilitated the reinterpretation of merdeka (freedom) as social justice, suggesting alternative ways to conceptualize West Papua’s relationship to the Indonesian state. Recent efforts by West Papuan activists to mobilize the discourses of human rights and indigenous politics are contingent on displacing the narratives of violence that dominate popular understandings of W...
Gradient Descent for General Reinforcement Learning

A simple learning rule is derived, the VAPS algorithm, which can be instantiated to generate a wide range of new reinforcement-learning algorithms. These algorithms solve a number of open problems, define several new approaches to reinforcement learning, and unify different approaches to reinforcement learning under a single theory. These algorithms all have guaranteed convergence, and include modifications of several existing algorithms that were known to fail to converge on simple MOPs. These include Q-learning, SARSA, and advantage learning. In addition to these value-based algorithms it also generates pure policy-search reinforcement-learning algorithms, which learn optimal policies without learning a value function. In addition, it allows policy-search and value-based algorithms to be combined, thus unifying two very different approaches to reinforcement learning into a single Value and Policy Search (VAPS) algorithm. And these algorithms converge for POMDPs without requiring a proper belief state. Simulations results are given, and several areas for future research are discussed.
Implementation of ridge-type estimation methods using orthogonal transformations

Modifications to the standard Givens and Householder orthogonal transformation algorithms are presented for implementing ridge-type estimation methods. These modified algorithms have been verified on an ill-conditioned linear estimation problem. Due to the iterative nature of ridge-type methods, the modified algorithms may not provide more accurate results than other methods. They will, however, provide the means for which existing software can be modified in order to incorporate ridge-type estimation methods. >
TSH-Free Thyroxine Discordance in an Athyreotic Patient During Ipiluminab and Nivoluminab Therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this case report is to illustrate the clinical confusion resulting from discordance between serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine measurements in an athyreotic patient receiving immunotherapy with ipiluminab and nivoluminab. Methods: The case of a 50-year-old athyreotic man with metastatic melanoma is described. The patient was discontinued from his levothyroxine replacement by his primary care physician based on an elevated free thyroxine concentration of 3.87 ng/dL. Shortly afterwards, the patient was started on immunotherapy with ipiluminab and nivoluminab. After a subtherapeutic levothyroxine dose of 0.68 μg/kg/day was initiated concurrently with his immunotherapy, the patient continued to have a high free thyroxine level but additionally developed an elevated serum thyrotropin value of 33 mIU/L. He also became symptomatically hypothyroid over a period of 4 months. Resumption of a full weight-based dose resulted in normalization of the patient's thyrotropin and free...
The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy

AbstractHistorians and social scientists view the Ottoman millet system as a successful example of non-territorial autonomy. The Ottoman rulers recognized the diversity of religious and ethnic communities that made up the empire and also understood that this diversity could not and should not be assimilated into an overarching principle of sameness. Instead, they organized a series of ad-hoc negotiations with the heads of religious communities, resulting in what became known as the millet system. Under these arrangements Jewish, Greek Orthodox and Armenian communities organized their existence in the empire and survived through a generalized system of imperial toleration and intense negotiation. This article describes the main features of the millet system, and looks at the legacy it bequeathed to certain successor states, notably Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and Turkey. It argues that this kind of non-territorial autonomy was best suited to the geographical dispersion of minorities, but also to the strategic g...
Herbage production, nutritive value and animal productivity within hardwood silvopasture, open and mixed pasture systems in Appalachia, United States

Demand for livestock food products is projected to increase dramatically through to 2050. Increased livestock production capacity on marginal lands will be critical to meeting this demand. A 5-year research effort was undertaken to evaluate lamb and sward productivity within open and hardwood silvopasture (SP) systems in Appalachia, USA. Grazing began in mid to late April each year, with the grazing season averaging 141 d. Grazing system treatments during 2002 and 2003 grazing seasons were as follows: 100% open pasture (OP), 67% OP and 33% SP, and 67% OP and 33% SP with delayed SP grazing initiation (OSD). In 2004, a 100% SP (SP) system was added. Animals were rotationally stocked through either 6 (2002–2004) or 7 (2005–2006) paddocks. Open pasture produced greater (P < 0·001) grazing season herbage yield, while all systems generated similar animal performance. Based on summer solstice, herbage production in spring was greater (P < 0·001) than summer, except in 2003. Total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) content was greater (P < 0·05) in spring than in summer, except in 2004. Animal performance was superior in spring versus summer (P < 0·001). Animal plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was lower (P < 0·05) for OP in 2003. When PUN was correlated with nutritive value indicators, the ratio of TNC to crude protein (CP) had the strongest correlation. The strong correlation indicates the need for synchronized ruminal energy and CP availability. Development of silvopasture from existing woodlots has potential to improve whole farm productivity on marginal lands.
Regulation of Biotechnology for Field Crops

Biotechnology innovations in field crops are jointly regulated by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration, with the objectives of ensuring safety of the environment and human health. The coordination mechanism has been criticized, but seems likely to persist, barring some dramatic safety failure. Economic analysis has established costs of alternative refugia requirements for insect-resistance technologies, but has to date contributed little else to determining the nature and extent of regulatory oversight.
Abstract 407: Tyramine Reveals a Functional Adrenergic System in Perivascular Adipose Tissue

The sympathetic nervous system is undeniably important to blood pressure control. With the discovery of an adrenergic system in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) around both the aorta and mesenteric artery, we hypothesized that this system could promote contraction of the vessel around which it lives. Using isolated tissue bath and HPLC techniques, we examined the mechanism of contraction to the indirect sympathomimetic tyramine. Tyramine (100 nM - 1 mM) caused a concentration dependent contraction that was dependent on the presence of PVAT in normal rat thoracic aorta (figure, maximum tyramine contraction as a % initial phenylephrine contraction + PVAT = 47+/2, -PVAT = 11+/2), superior mesenteric artery (+ PVAT =64+/15 , -PVAT = 6+/2), and mesenteric resistance artery (+ PVAT =83+/17 , -PVAT = 3+/1). Tyramine stimulated release of NE, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) from PVAT isolated from the superior mesenteric artery. In the thoracic aorta, tyramine induced contraction (Max = 61+/-13%) was rightward shifted and maximum contraction inhibited by the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor nisoxetine (1 uM =25+/-9%), vesicular monoamine transporter tetrabenazine (10 uM; 43+/-10%) and abolished by the alpha adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (100 nM). Removal of the celiac ganglion as a neuronal source of NE reduced PVAT content by ~38% and reduced maximum tyramine contraction by only ~22%. These data suggest that PVAT components that are independent of the formal SNS can release NE in a tyramine-sensitive manner. One of these components may be the adipocyte itself, a novel finding that has implications for control of vascular tone and local metabolic control.
Making seismic monitoring work in a desert environment with complex near surface

s, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0951.1. Burnstad, R., A. Bakulin, M. Jervis, and D. Alexandrov, 2012a, Successful imaging of land hydrophone and dual sensor data in a dry desert environment: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0957.1. Burnstad, R., A. Bakulin, M. Jervis, and D. Alexandrov, 2012b, A novel method of 4D analysis and application to land seismic data with buried receivers: 74th EAGE Conference & Exhibition, Extended Abstracts, E012. Berron, C., E. Forgues, A. Bakulin, M. Jervis, and R. Burnstad, 2012, Effects of complex near surface on 4D acquisition with buried source and receiver: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0937.1.s, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0937.1. Jervis, M., A. Bakulin, R. Burnstad, C. Berron, and E. Forgues, 2012, Suitability of vibrators for timelapse monitoring in the Middle East: 82nd Annual International Meeting, SEG, Expanded Abstracts, http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0948.1. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-0886.1 © 2013 SEG SEG Houston 2013 Annual Meeting Page 4904 D ow nl oa de d 09 /1 4/ 13 to 1 98 .3 6. 40 .1 84 . R ed is tr ib ut io n su bj ec t t o SE G li ce ns e or c op yr ig ht ; s ee T er m s of U se a t h ttp :// lib ra ry .s eg .o rg /
The antibacterial action of erythromycin.

Summary and ConclusionsThe results of studies on some properties of erythromycin which may be important in its clinical and laboratory applications have been reported. 1. Erythromycin solutions ret...
Music and Computers: NEMO Composers' Panel Discussion

The panel discussion transcribed here took place in August 1992 at the Nordic Electroacoustic Music Organization (NEMO) Festival held at the Danish Institute for Electroacoustic Music (DIEM) in Arhus, Denmark. The panel consisted of (in alphabetical order) Ivar Frounberg, David A. Jaffe, Paul Lansky, Hans Lunnell, Stephen Montague, Stephen Travis Pope, Gregory Rose, W. Andrew Schloss, and the festival's host, Wayne Siegel. The recording of the panel discussion was transcribed and edited only minimally. The main omission was the frequent laughter by the panel members and the audience.