cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of DNA methylation and its relationship to sociality in insects

DNA methylation contributes to gene and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes, and therefore has been hypothesized to facilitate the evolution of flexible traits such as sociality in insects. However, DNA methylation is sparsely studied in insects. Therefore, we documented patterns of DNA methylation across a wide diversity of insects. Furthermore, we tested the hypothesis that the DNA methylation system will be associated with presence/absence of sociality among insects. We also predicted that underlying enzymatic machinery is concordant with patterns of DNA methylation. We found DNA methylation to be widespread, detected in all orders examined except Diptera (flies). Whole genome bisulfite sequencing showed that orders differed in levels of DNA methylation. Hymenopteran (ants, bees, wasps and sawflies) had some of the lowest levels, including several potential losses. Blattodea (cockroaches) show all possible patterns, including a potential loss of DNA methylation in a eusocial species whereas solitary species had the highest levels. Phylogenetically corrected comparisons revealed no evidence that supports evolutionary dependency between sociality and DNA methylation. Species with DNA methylation do not always possess the typical enzymatic machinery. We identified a gene duplication event in the maintenance DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) that is shared by some hymenopteran, and paralogs have experienced divergent, non-neutral evolution. This diversity and non-neutral evolution of underlying machinery suggests alternative DNA methylation pathways may exist. Altogether, DNA methylation is highly variable in insects and is not a universal driver of social behavior. Future, functional studies are required to advance our understanding of DNA methylation in insects.
Abstract 15978: Acetyl-coa Catalysis by Atp-citrate Lyase is Essential for Myofibroblast Differentiation and Persistence

A feature of heart failure (HF) is excessive extracellular matrix deposition and cardiac remodeling by a differentiated fibroblast population known as myofibroblasts. Identifying mechanisms of myof...
Three Positive Parenting Practices and Their Correlation with Risk of Childhood Developmental, Social, or Behavioral Delays: An Analysis of the National Survey of Children’s Health

(1) Investigate the relationship between three specific positive parenting practices (PPP)—reading to children, engaging in storytelling or singing, and eating meals together as a family—and parent-reported risk of developmental, behavioral, or social delays among children between the ages of 1–5 years in the US. (2) Determine if a combination of these parenting practices has an effect on the outcome. Chi square and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children’s Health 2011/2012 in regards to the relationship between each of the three individual PPP as well as a total PPP score and the child’s risk of being developmentally, socially, or behaviorally delayed (N = 21,527). Risk of delay was calculated using the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status Questionnaire, which is a parental self-report measure that has been correlated with diagnosed child delays. These analyses controlled for poverty and parental education. All analyses were completed using SAS Version 9.3. A strong correlation was found between each of the three PPP as well as the total PPP score and the child’s risk of developmental, social, or behavioral delays (p < 0.05 for each test). These associations were found to have a dose–response relationship (p < 0.05 in all but one analysis). Daily engagement in PPP could possibly reduce children’s risk of delay, and specifically engaging in all three PPP may have greater benefit.
Multiple protocol network integration: a case study in internetworking with IP/IPX

The coexistence of Internet protocol (IP) and internetwork packet exchange (IPX) traffic on the same workstation is investigated. A case study of selected commercial and public domain software is presented along with many considerations in selecting a solution model for integration. While these solutions work well in a single subnet environment, integrating several departmental LANs through routers and bridges to create a large network poses many technical and administrative challenges. These challenges include: type of router to use; selection of software solutions for the coexistence of multiple protocol stacks on the desktop workstation; subnetting and assignment of IP addresses where workstations are shared by more than one user; integration of ROM bootable workstations; security with respect to user authentication on the Internet in a shared environment; costs of implementation; and universal electronic mail systems. >
OUTDOOR TOBACCO ADVERTISING IN SIX BOSTON NEIGHBORHOODS: EVALUATING YOUTH EXPOSURE

Abstract Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in its 1996 regulations to restrict certain forms of cigarette advertising likely to appeal to adolescents, prohibited outdoor tobacco advertising within 1,000 feet of schools and playgrounds. No published studies have determined the density of outdoor tobacco advertising within the FDA’s prescribed 1,000-foot buffer zone around schools. Objective: To determine the prevalence, type, and proximity to public schools of all stationary, outdoor tobacco advertising in six Boston neighborhoods. Design: A cross-sectional field survey conducted in six Boston neighborhoods with varying ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic characteristics. The main outcome measure was advertising density within buffer zones around public schools. Results: Youth in the six neighborhoods are heavily exposed to stationary, outdoor cigarette advertising. This exposure is intense in areas close to public schools, and more intense in neighborhoods with more children, with significant Black and Hispanic/Latino populations, and with low socioeconomic status. Advertising strategies employed by the tobacco industry are in line with accepted professional marketing practice that targets adolescents for other products. Conclusions: Given the pervasive nature of the outdoor tobacco advertising we observed in the present study, it appears that the only way to protect youth from exposure is by eliminating it from the community.
Steady-State Solutions of a Diffusive Energy-Balance Climate Model and Their Stability

A diffusive energy-balance climate model, governed by a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation, was studied. Three positive steady-state solutions of this equation are found; they correspond to three possible climates of our planet: an interglacial (nearly identical to the present climate), a glacial, and a completely ice-covered earth. Models similar to the main one are considered, and the number of their steady states was determined. All the models have albedo continuously varying with latitude and temperature, and entirely diffusive horizontal heat transfer. The stability under small perturbations of the main model's climates was investigated. A stability criterion is derived, and its application shows that the present climate and the deep freeze are stable, whereas the model's glacial is unstable. The dependence was examined of the number of steady states and of their stability on the average solar radiation.
Investigation of friction mechanisms in finger pad sliding against surfaces of varying roughness

ABSTRACT Human finger pad friction and the effects of surface features on the fingerprint ridges, shape of the finger and the material properties of the finger were investigated. The friction coefficients for three fine-grit abrasive papers were measured to assess these effects. Four probing surfaces were used: human index finger pad, silicone replicas of the finger with and without fingerprints, and a smooth silicone sphere. Friction tests were performed at a constant normal load of 0.5 N in two probe orientations: normal and perpendicular to the orientation of the fingerprint ridges. Scanning electron microscopy of the abrasive papers was performed to examine their surface topography. Based on the trends in coefficients of friction, topography of the abrasive papers, surface features of the finger pad, and the shape and elastic properties of the finger, possible friction mechanisms were discussed. It was inferred that the change in the shape of the probe (from a sphere to the finger shape) changes the adhesion and deformation components of friction, the presence of fingerprints adds an interlocking contribution to the friction and decrease the adhesion and deformation components of friction, and the elastic properties of the finger lead to an increase in all the three components of friction.
Mycenaean Burnt Animal Sacrifice at Eleusis

Summary Burnt animal sacrifice is well attested in Greek historical times, but whether it was practised in the Mycenaean period is debated. Until now, the lack of architectural structures suitable for the ritual burning of animals and the ambiguity surrounding the interpretation of burnt faunal assemblages have been used as arguments against the occurrence of such sacrifices in the Late Bronze Age. In this paper, it is proposed that the platform in front of the Mycenaean Megaron B at Eleusis was an altar used for burnt animal sacrifices and that a group of burnt pig bones found in a drain in front of this platform was burnt ritually on the platform and then swept into the drain.
Cervical Cancer Screening for Patients on the Female-to-Male Spectrum: a Narrative Review and Guide for Clinicians

Guidelines for cervical cancer screening have evolved rapidly over the last several years, with a trend toward longer intervals between screenings and an increasing number of screening options, such as Pap/HPV co-testing and HPV testing as a primary screening. However, gynecological recommendations often do not include clinical considerations specific to patients on the female-to-male (FTM) spectrum. Both patients and providers may not accurately assess risk for HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, understand barriers to care, or be aware of recommendations for cervical cancer screening and other appropriate sexual and reproductive health services for this patient population. We review the evidence and provide guidance on minimizing emotional discomfort before, during, and after a pelvic exam, minimizing physical discomfort during the exam, and making adaptations to account for testosterone-induced anatomical changes common among FTM patients.
SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF HIGH GRADE INFANTILE VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

Purpose: We studied the spontaneous resolution rate in a group of infants with high grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The influence of gender, prenatal or postnatal diagnosis, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bladder dysfunction on the resolution rate was also evaluated. Materials and Methods: This prospective study comprised 115 infants (80 boys and 35 girls) with high grade VUR (grades III to V). Bilateral reflux was seen in 70% of cases. The majority of patients (71%) were diagnosed after UTI during infancy and only 26% were prenatally diagnosed. Median age at diagnosis was 2.7 months. Patients were followed according to a program of repeat video cystometry and noninvasive 4-hour voiding observations. Median followup was 39 months. Results: The overall spontaneous resolution rate to grade II or less for all grades was 39% with no difference between boys and girls. However, when comparing the more severe grades IV and V, we found a significantly higher resolution rate in boys during the infant year. No difference in VUR disappearance could be detected when comparing the groups according to presentation, prenatal ultrasound or pyelonephritis. Breakthrough UTIs were seen in 47% of cases despite antibacterial prophylaxis and they significantly correlated with VUR nonresolution. Bladder dysfunction was found in 37% of patients and it also significantly correlated with nonresolution. Conclusions: The spontaneous resolution rate for high grade (grades IV and V) congenital VUR was high in boys during the infant year (29%), whereas in girls and boys after the infant year the resolution rate was 9% yearly during followup. Negative prognostic factors for resolution were recurrent UTIs and bladder dysfunction.
Field Methods for Identification of Bearing Support Parameters—Part II: Identification From Rotor Dynamic Response due to Imbalances

This paper describes a procedure suitable for field implementation that allows identification of synchronous bearing support parameters (force coefficients) from recorded rotor responses to imbalance. The experimental validation is conducted on a test rotor supported on two dissimilar bearing supports, both mechanically complex, each comprising a hydrodynamic film bearing in series with a squeeze film damper and elastic support structure. The identification procedure requires a minimum of two different imbalance distributions for identification of force coefficients from the two bearing supports. Presently, the test rotor responses show minimal cross-coupling effects, as also predicted by analysis, and the identification procedure disregards cross-coupled force coefficients thereby reducing its sensitivity to small variations in the measured response. The procedure renders satisfactory force coefficients in the speed range between 1500 and 3500 rpm, enclosing the rotor-bearing system first critical speed. The identified direct force coefficients are in accordance with those derived from the impact load excitations presented in a companion paper.
Analysis of relative contributions to the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient.

A fundamental analysis has been undertaken of O2 transmission across a static inert gas with simultaneous diffusion of CO2 in the reverse direction. The overall alveolar-arterial, (A-a) DO2, gradient has then been derived as the simple sum of four terms representing shunt, ventilation/perfusion inequalities, membrane diffusion and airway diffusion with due allowance for any variation of each process throughout the lung. The expression provides a mathematical framework from which to isolate the net contribution of each process to the overall gradient—each value being a mean weighted according to the ventilation distribution of the gas exchange units. Airway diffusion resistance can be isolated with change of pressure and, from such data, has been estimated as about 6–7% of total (A-a) DO2 in a healthy man breathing air at normal pressure. The same O2 data has enabled the effective diameter of the functional gas exchange unit to be estimated as 14.2 mm.—well within the morphological limits for the secondary lobule.
A plasticity-damage theory for large deformation of solids—I. Theoretical formulation

Abstract A coupled theory of continuum damage mechanics and finite strain plasticity (with small elastic strains) is formulated in the Eulerian reference system. The yield function used is of the von Mises type and incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. An explicit matrix representation is derived for the damage effect tensor for a general state of deformation and damage. Although the theory is applicable to anisotropic damage, the matrix representation is restricted to isotropy. A linear transformation is shown to exist between the effective deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and the total Cauchy stress tensor. It is also shown that a linear transformation between the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and its effective counterpart is not possible as this will lead to plastic incompressibility in damaged materials. In addition, an effective elasto-plastic stiffness tensor is derived that includes the effects of damage. The proposed model is applied to void growth through the use of Gurson's yield function. It is also shown how a modified Gurson function can be related to the proposed model. Some interesting results are obtained in this case.
AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF DISAGGREGATE CATEGORY AND REGRESSION TRIP GENERATION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

Category and regression household trip generation analysis techniques were compared and contrasted. The comparative research was facilitated through a discussion that revealed the interchangeability of two methods of calibrating a category model. While the cell mean method is simple to implement, it does not readily yield statistical indexes for comparison with regression models. The general linear model analysis of variance (GLANOVA) readily provides statistical indexes for the comparison of category and regression trip generation models, and it produces identical empirical results to the simpler cell mean approach of calibrating a category model.
Weight Theory for Alternating Groups

We use techniques of Okounkov and Vershik to study the ordinary representation theory of the alternating groups without relying on the classical results for the symmetric groups. We classify and construct the simple modules, and study their branching properties.
Motor Operated Disconnecting Swith Ice Tests at a Climatic Laboratory

As a result of full scale indoor operational ice tests performed in the Spring of 1973, it became apparent that high voltage air disconnecting switches built and tested under current ANSI standards will not perform satisfactorily when coated with 3/4 (1.9 cm) inch of ice and operated with a motor mechanism. It was also demonstrated that one motor operation both opening and closing under iced conditions is a piactical requirement and is within the design capabilities of most switch manufacturers.
Intracellular pH Measurements Using Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions

We report the synthesis and formulation of unique perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsions enabling intracellular pH measurements in living cells via fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. These nanoemulsions are formulated to readily enter cells upon coincubation and contain two cyanine-based fluorescent reporters covalently bound to the PFC molecules, specifically Cy3-PFC and CypHer5-PFC conjugates. The spectral and pH-sensing properties of the nanoemulsions were characterized in vitro and showed the unaltered spectral behavior of dyes after formulation. In rat 9L glioma cells loaded with nanoemulsion, the local pH of nanoemulsions was longitudinally quantified using optical microscopy and flow cytometry and displayed a steady decrease in pH to a level of 5.5 over 3 h, indicating rapid uptake of nanoemulsion to acidic compartments. Overall, these reagents enable real-time optical detection of intracellular pH in living cells in response to pharmacological manipulations. Moreover, recent approaches for in...
The behavior of shoot apices of Tulipa in relation to floral induction

Abstract This study was carried out in three parts. Part I described the shoot apices of Tulipa as they are affected by temperature treatments which induce flowering. Part II traced the changes in the protein complement of the growing points that occurred concomitantly with floral induction. Part III dealt with several fractions of basic proteins with amino acid compositions that were consistent with their histone character. A general discussion deals with the overall problems of flowering in Tulipa. Tulip bulbs, produced under field conditions in Holland, were harvested and exposed to temperature regimes which either maintained some bulbs in a vegetative state or encouraged others to flower. Both large (potentially flowering) and smaller (nonflowering) bulbs were used, and their responses under the different temperature regimes were compared by morphological and biochemical means. A time study of the acidic and basic proteins and certain enzymes of the apices from these bulbs was made by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the changes in their kind and content were noted. The data indicated that the growing points of the large bulbs passed, sequentially, through different metabolic states before flowers developed. One such phase was enhanced by a period at relatively low temperature (0.5°) so that, on return to the conditions for floral induction (17°), the bulbs responded with an accelerated metabolism of proteins, in which the behavior of certain esterases and basic proteins (histones) was a prominent feature. Because of the prominence of the histone-containing basic fraction, the distinctive amino acid composition of its various components was derermined, and they all proved to be lysine-rich. The apices from large, potentially flowering, bulbs were very different from those of the smaller, nonflowering, bulbs in form and in their morphological responses to the applied temperature treatments. The visible behavior of the nuclei of the cells of the apex was compatible with the electrophoresis of the various categories of extracted proteins, particularly the basic, histone-containing, fraction. A background of knowledge, biochemical and morphological, of temperature-controlled events which occur in the growing points of Tulipa is presented. Against this background, it is a problem for the future to identify the first responses in the growing points which are most causally related to the flowering which ensures.
Effect of emulsion fluidization state on the fluctuations in gas and particle velocities inside the plume of a gas jet injected into a fluidized bed

Abstract Studies concerning the influence of fluidizing air on the gas–solid flow that occurs when a high-speed jet is injected into a fluidized bed have been limited to the measurement and analysis of mean velocity profiles. This study presents Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) measurements and analysis of the change in the fluctuations of both gas and particle phase velocities inside the jet plume region with change in the fluidized state of the emulsion. It is observed that there is a small decrease in the fluctuating intensity in both phases upon increasing the fluidization velocity from 0 to 0.7 times minimum fluidization. However, increasing the fluidization rate (distributor gas flow rate) beyond minimum fluidization significantly increases the intensity of velocity fluctuations in both phases. A qualitative explanation based on the coupling that occurs between the two phases through the mean flow variables is proposed to explain the observations.
Complex ventricular arrhythmias associated with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Effectiveness of moricizine (Ethmozine) in patients resistant to conventional antiarrhythmics.

Abstract On the basis of epidemiologic studies, more than 10 million Americans have echocardiographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse. Although ventricular arrhythmias occur frequently (over 50 percent of patients with mitral valve prolapse), they rarely result in sustained ventricular tachycardia or sudden cardiac death. However, a common problem in clinical practice is a patient with mitral valve prolapse and symptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias refractory or intolerant to both beta blockers and conventional type I antiarrhythmics. These drugs are known to have frequent side effects, toxicity, and proarrhythmic effects. In 17 patients with mitral valve prolapse who presented with symptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias and who were unresponsive to an average of three conventional agents, moricizine (Ethmozine) was effective in suppressing 90 percent of ventricular premature depolarizations, 99 percent of nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, as well as all sustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, resulting in abolition of palpitations, dizziness, and syncopal episodes. Its efficacy as well as its low frequency of minor side effects makes it ideal for future consideration in the population with mitral valve prolapse, who are frequently young and may therefore require therapy for many years.
A modified technique combining vertical and high lateral incisions for abdominal-to-hip contouring following massive weight loss in persistently obese patients

Massive weight loss following bariatric surgery or diet and exercise can often result in significant improvements not only in health status but also in overall lifestyle. The resulting redundant skin, however, may itself present new and unanticipated problems, both physical and psychological, making surgical intervention a necessary option. Various surgical techniques have been described regarding the management of body contour abnormalities associated with massive weight loss. Most of these techniques, though, seem best suited for those patients who are at or near ideal body weight, with more localised excess abdominal tissue. In order to produce a more streamlined overall anterior truncal contour, then, in those patients who remain in the 'obese' category (BMI>30), we developed a modified approach to the vertical (fleur-de-lis) abdominoplasty in conjunction with high lateral incisions. This modification safely allows for maximal resection of both the excess horizontal and vertical tissues. Because there is no undermining required for closure, there is no increase in serious postoperative wound complications (i.e. tissue necrosis). In addition, lack of undermining allows for the use of extended high lateral incisions which, when coupled with deep hip adipose tissue and overlying skin removal, improves the waistline-to-hip contour. This technique resulted in high patient satisfaction with only minor complications.
The availability of procedural knowledge in novice auditors

Availability, a term comprehending the ready access to knowledge of problem-solving behaviors, is shown to be measurable along two dimensions: scope, which is the quantity of knowledge retrieved in a single access to memory, and depth, which is the complexity of cognition required to locate target knowledge. In the field, auditing tasks proceed as a series of iterations in which information is obtained from the task environment, processed in memory, and observable action is taken to bring about a solution. In this paper, think-aloud verbal protocol and video-taped behavior observation methodologies are used to show that knowledge availability in field situations is affected by the state of an auditor's knowledge base and an auditor's perceptions of the physical, technological, and social features of a task environment that act as barriers to habitual problemsolving behaviors. The state of a knowledge base is described in terms of the absence of knowledge from the knowledge base and the presence of knowledge in the knowledge base which is accessible only with difficulty. The effects of environmental barriers on knowledge access are revealed by the interactions between observable nonlaabitual problem-solving behaviors and the nature of the cognitions which immediately preceded them.
The Caroline Incident of 1837, the McLeod Affair of 1840–1841, and the Development of International Law

(1990). The Caroline Incident of 1837, the McLeod Affair of 1840–1841, and the Development of International Law. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 81-107.
Bacteria as Biogenic Sources of Freezing Nuclei

Abstract Bacteria which produce freezing nuclei active at temperatures warmer than −10°C have been isolated from leaves, water and snow. Those which produce freezing nuclei active at the warmest temperatures include strains of P. fluorescens and P. syringae. Only cultures of P. fluorescens were shown to be active in a cloud simulator. Activities as high as one freezing nucleus per bacterial cell were observed, while activities of one nucleus per 20–100 cells were more common. The nucleating activity appears to be associated with the cell wall or cell wall fragments of the bacteria.
Effect of vitamins D2 and D3 supplement use on serum 25OHD concentration in elderly women in summer and winter.

Vitamin D2 and D3 are generally considered equipotent in humans. A few studies have reported that serum 25OHD levels are higher in vitamin D3- compared with vitamin D2-supplemented subjects. As both vitamin D2 and D3 supplements are commonly used by elderly in United States, in the present study we determined the effect of self-reported vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplement use on serum total 25OHD levels according to season in elderly women aged 65–77 years. Serum total 25OHD levels were determined in winter and summer in unsupplemented women (N = 307) and in women who reported taking vitamin D2 (N = 56) and vitamin D3 (N = 55) supplements by competitive protein binding assay. In vitamin D2-supplemented women, the contribution of vitamin D2 and D3 to the mean serum total 25OHD level was assessed by HPLC. In summer, there were no significant differences in the mean total serum 25OHD levels (ng/ml) among the vitamin D2 (32 ± 2.1), vitamin D3 (36.7 ± 1.95), and unsupplemented (32.2 ± 0.95) groups. In winter, the mean serum total 25OHD levels were higher in women on vitamin D2 (33.6 ± 2.34, P < 0.05) and vitamin D3 (29.7 ± 1.76, NS) supplements compared with unsupplemented women (27.3 ± 0.72). In vitamin D2-supplemented women, about 25% of the mean serum total 25OHD was 25OHD2, in both summer and winter. Twelve percent of unsupplemented women and 3.6% of vitamin D-supplemented women had a mean serum total 25OHD level below 15 ng/ml in winter. In elderly subjects, both vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 supplements may contribute equally to circulating 25OHD levels, with the role of vitamin D supplement use being more predominant during winter.
A survey of knowledge-based information systems for urban planning: moving towards knowledge management

A variety of information systems have been presented in the urban planning literature in the form of decision support tools. The full benefits of such tools continue to go unrealized. This paper suggests means for improving the effectiveness of urban information systems. This is accomplished by shifting emphasis from the computerized tools developed to support urban planning to true urban knowledge systems. Such systems are designed within the context of knowledge management where the technical, computerized aspects of the systems comprise one attribute among many integrated factors for providing urban planning support. A solid waste management example is used to illustrate the shift to urban knowledge systems.
Inheritance of internode length, plant form, and annual habit in a cross of cabbage and broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. and var. italica Plenck.)

When an inbred line of cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L., was crossed with an inbred line of broccoli B. oleraceae var. italica, the F1 progeny were vigorous late annuals. All F1 × broccoli backcross plants and 92% of the 3260 F2 plants were annuals, while 40% of the F1 × cabbage backcross plants were biennials. Annual habit is thus dominant and controlled by more than a single gene. Number of days to bud appearance in annuals varied continuously, and was primarily additive in inheritance. F1 data suggested partial dominance for lateness but this was not supported by the F2. Internode length was also continuous in distribution and primarily additive in inheritance, but with some dominance for short internodes in the F1. Cabbage head forming ability was recessive and multigenic, with 2% of the F2 plants forming heads, of which none were of commercial type and about half bolted as annuals. There was a significant chi square association between biennial habit and tendency for cabbage head formation. Clasping habit of terminal leaves was recessive to open leaves, multigenic, and associated with both cabbage heading and biennial habit.
Group-theoretic conditions under which closed aspherical manifolds are covered by Euclidean space

Hass, Rubinstein, and Scott showed that every closed aspherical (irreducible) 3-manifold whose fundamental group contains the fundamental group of a closed aspherical surface, is covered by Euclidean space. This theorem does not generalize to higher dimensions. However, we will prove variations of this theorem in all dimensions by presenting conditions on finitely presented groups that guarantee simple connectivity at infinity. The proofs that we give will all be geometric.
Response Time during Instruction

It may be useful to replace concern for years of instruction with greater interest in moments richest in educational progress. This note complements another in which a type of response-time analysi...
DoD IP SATCOM Transition to WGS

With the upcoming launch of the Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) constellation, the DoD will have the opportunity to transition existing satellite networks from commercial satellite bandwidth to military-owned satellite resources. Transition to WGS will provide the Warfighter with additional capacity to augment current and future MILSATCOM needs. WGS Ka-band payloads will provide over 2Gbps of capacity across multiple steerable spot beams. These high power, high frequency beams allow for deployment of smaller tactical terminals. In order for a terminal to be used over the WGS satellites it must first be certified to meet all applicable Military Standards (MIL-STD) as defined by Space and Missile Defense Command /Army Forces Strategic Command (SMDC / ARSTRAT). The certification process will ensure that terminals conform to the minimum performance and operational control requirements as defined in the WGS Ka-Band Terminal Certification Requirements Document. The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is currently working to provide a systems engineering solution and transition plan for the Global Broadcast Service (GBS) and the USCENTCOM Digital Video Broadcast - Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) network, to WGS. Since GBS already utilizes Ka-band over UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellites, transition of GBS to WGS will not require significant system changes. However, this transition does provide an opportunity to perform a technology refresh of the existing DVB-S waveform to the Second Generation DVB-S2 waveform as well as enable two-way services with a migration to the Joint IP Modem.
Single-shot channel activation accounts for duration of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in a central neuron

In the goldfish Mauthner cell, inhibitory postsynaptic currents evoked by intracellular stimulation of presynaptic neurons decay exponentially, with a mean time constant of 6.65 milliseconds. Analysis of membrane conductance fluctuations induced by iontophoresis of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid indicates a mean inhibitory channel lifetime of 7.15 milliseconds. The results thus suggest that the relaxation kinetics of activated inhibitory channels are rate-limiting during decay of the inhibitory postsynaptic current.
Laparoscopic Doppler technology: applications in laparoscopic pyeloplasty and radical and partial nephrectomy.

Abstract Introduction The identification and isolation of vascular structures are crucial and technically demanding aspects of laparoscopic renal surgery. Doppler technology has been used for this purpose in laparoscopic varicocele repair, renal cryoablation, and adrenalectomy. However, it has not been formally described for use in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, or pyeloplasty. We report our initial experience with Doppler technology in 20 patients undergoing these procedures. Technical Considerations A laparoscopic Doppler probe was used in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (n = 6), partial nephrectomy (n = 8), nephroureterectomy (n = 3), and robotic-assisted pyeloplasty (n = 3). The Doppler system consisted of a disposable 8-MHz probe passed through a 5-mm port and a battery-powered transceiver. The probe was used to guide dissection/isolation of the renal hilum and aberrant vasculature in radical and partial nephrectomy, confirm parenchymal ischemia before resection in partial nephrectomy, and identify crossing vessels during pyeloplasty. Nine accessory vessels were detected in 6 (35%) of 17 patients undergoing radical/partial nephrectomy or nephroureterectomy. In 1 case of partial nephrectomy, persistent parenchymal flow despite renal artery clamping required clamp repositioning. In 1 case of pyeloplasty, the Doppler probe detected a crossing vessel despite negative preoperative imaging findings. Use of the probe altered management in 7 (35%) and saved time in 15 (75%) of 20 cases. No complications were associated with the use of the probe. Conclusions Doppler ultrasound technology might have extended applications in laparoscopic renal surgery by facilitating the dissection and evaluation of vasculature. A prospective study with objective endpoints would be helpful in confirming the utility of this technology in these settings.
Plasma diamine oxidase activity in humans and marmosets.

Abstract 1. 1. Marmosets have unusually high levels of plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) which acts on putrescine, and which is characteristic of humans only during pregnancy. 2. 2. These findings are unlike reports that “histaminase” values for non-pregnant humans and marmosets are about the same. 3. 3. Plasma DAO levels are similar in pregnant and non-pregnant marmosets. 4. 4. Human pregnancy plasma and marmoset DAO did not differ in pH optima or the ability of cadaverine, histamine, tyramine and enzyme inhibitors (aminoguanidine and tranylcypromine) to modify their reactions with putres putrescine.
Noradrenergic projections to brainstem nuclei: evidence for differential projections from noradrenergic subgroups.

Retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracer True Blue was used in combination with immunohistochemical staining of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (a marker protein for noradrenergic neurons) to determine the origin of noradrenergic projections to three cranial nerve nuclei: (1) the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, (2) the motor nucleus of the facial nerve, and (3) the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars interpolaris. Noradrenergic cells in the rat brainstem were divided into sub groups and their numbers were determined in serial sections stained with an antiserum to rat dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Following tracer injections into the three brainstem nuclei, retrogradely labeled noradrenergic neurons were counted and the percentage of True Blue-labeled noradrenergic cells in each subgroup was calculated. Injections of tracer into the three cranial nerve nuclei resulted in distinctly different labeling patterns of noradrenergic cells. Of the total number of norepinephrine neurons projecting to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, 68% were observed within the A7 cell group; 75% of those innervating the motor nucleus of the facial nerve were found in the A5 cell group, and 65% of those projecting to the spinal trigeminal nucleus pars interpolaris were present in the locus ceruleus and subceruleus. These findings indicate that norepinephrine cells in the rat brainstem do not constitute a homogeneous population of cells but that several discrete systems can be identified that differ not only in topography but also in the terminal distribution of their axons. This combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical study reveals a much higher degree of topographic order in the projections of norepinephrine neurons than has previously been recognized, The observation of differential projections of noradrenergic subgroups argues against the notion of a global influence of these cells over functionally diverse areas of the brainstem.
An empirically plausible model of low real interest rates and unbacked government debt

Abstract We study the properties of an overlapping generations model with many-period-lived agents, neoclassical production and capital accumulation, labor–leisure decisions, population growth, and technological progress. We demonstrate that a plausibly calibrated version of this model has ‘monetary steady states’ – Samuelson-case steady states with large real stocks of unbacked government debt. These steady states can duplicate a number of important features of US post-war data, including three phenomena that challenge other sorts of calibrated models: the low average real interest rate on US government debt, the government's success in reducing the debt/GDP ratio without running large budget surpluses and the relatively high ratio of net saving to output.
Deterministic generation of many-photon GHZ states using quantum dots in a cavity

Compared to classical light sources, quantum sources based on N00N states consisting of N photons achieve an N -times higher phase sensitivity, giving rise to super-resolution. 1, 2, 3 N00N-state creation schemes based on linear optics and projective measurements only have a success probability p that decreases exponentially with N, 4, 5, 6 e.g. p = 4.4x10 -14 for N = 20. 7 Feed-forward improves the scaling but N fluctuates nondeterministically in each attempt. 8, 9 Schemes based on parametric down-conversion suffer from low production efficiency and low fidelity. 9 A recent scheme based on atoms in a cavity combines deterministic time evolution, local unitary operations, and projective measurements. 10 Here we propose a novel scheme based on the off-resonant interaction of N photons with four semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in a cavity to create GHZ states, also called polarization N00N states, deterministically with p = 1 and fidelity above 90% for N≤ 60, without the need of any projective measurement or local unitary operation. Using our measure we obtain maximum N-photon entanglement E N = 1 for arbitrary N . Our method paves the way to the miniaturization of N00N and GHZ-state sources to the nanoscale regime, with the possibility to integrate them on a computer chip based on semiconductor materials.
Ideological Practices and the Management of Emotions: The Case of "Wife Abusers"

Drawing on the work of Dorothy Smith, the author identifies the ideological practices he discovered during participant observation of a treatment program for men who batter their wives. The struggles between the counsellor and the men took place within a discourse that drew heavily on feminism, but which, ironically, often seemed to end up reinforcing rather than challenging sexist attitudes and behavior. To understand how this happened, the author begins an institutional ethnography, exploring the complex processes of social organization through which the particular site was entered into the relations of ruling of patriarchal capitalism.
Reactions of CB9H10- with Electrophiles, Including the Regioselective Mono- and Dihalogenation of the Lower Belt

The 11B NMR spectrum of CpFe(CO)2(CB9H10) dissolved in dichloromethane shows the presence of two isomers in a 75:25 ratio. In the predominant isomer, the C4v-symmetry CB9H10- anion is coordinated to the iron atom via the B10−H10 bond (the antipodal B−H bond). In the less abundant isomer, the CB9H10- anion is coordinated to the iron atom via the B6−H6 bond, one of four equivalent B−H bonds (the lower-belt B−H bonds) adjacent to B10−H10. In spite of the preference of the electrophilic cation [CpFe(CO)2]+ for the antipodal B−H bond, mono- and dihalogenation with the electrophilic reagents (i) anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, (ii) N-chlorosuccinimide, (iii) N-bromosuccinimide, and (iv) elemental iodine occurred almost exclusively at lower-belt boron atoms (>95% regioselectivity). The new anions 6-CB9H9X- (X = F, Cl, Br, I) were isolated as cesium salts. Little or no isomeric 10-CB9H9X- was observed. Dihalo derivatives were predominantly 6,8-CB9H8X2-, with varying amounts of 6,7-CB9H8X2- present. Small amounts of ...
ARH directs megalin to the endocytic recycling compartment to regulate its proteolysis and gene expression

Receptors internalized by endocytosis can return to the plasma membrane (PM) directly from early endosomes (EE; fast recycling) or they can traffic from EE to the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) and recycle from there (slow recycling). How receptors are sorted for trafficking along these two pathways remains unclear. Here we show that autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH) is required for trafficking of megalin, a member of the LDL receptor family, from EE to the ERC by coupling it to dynein; in the absence of ARH, megalin returns directly to the PM from EE via the connecdenn2/Rab35 fast recycling pathway. Binding of ARH to the endocytic adaptor AP-2 prevents fast recycling of megalin. ARH-mediated trafficking of megalin to the ERC is necessary for γ-secretase mediated cleavage of megalin and release of a tail fragment that mediates transcriptional repression. These results identify a novel mechanism for sorting receptors for trafficking to the ERC and link ERC trafficking to regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) and expression of megalin.
Modeling chemical and biochemical changes under sinusoidal temperature fluctuations

Abstract Chemical and biochemical reactions depend strongly on the time-temperature history; in particular, regular temperature fluctuations are very important in shelf-life studies. For sinusoidal temperature fluctuations, a new model is examined covering a wide range of mean temperature (−25–50 °C), half amplitude (5–40 °C) and activation energy (40–160 kJ/mol). Not only does this new model approach Arrhenius' closely, but it also includes the reaction order. Based upon the integrated Arrhenius equation, this model yields predictions with errors between one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the widely-used Hicks' model. Avoiding numerical integration, accurate shelf-life predictions are possible provided the kinetic constants associated with chemical and biochemical reactions are known.
INTERACTION OF MESONS WITH NUCLEI

The interaction of slow $\ensuremath{\pi}$-mesons with nuclei is treated phenomenologically. A nucleus is assumed to be a continuum with potential with respect to a meson. The potential consists of real and imaginary parts, corresponding to the polarization caused by a meson and the absorption of a meson, respectively. The scattering, the absorption, and the production of mesons are qualitatively discussed by analogy with the current theory of nuclear reactions. The difference from the theory based on the weak interaction of mesons with nucleons is presented.
Small-Angle X-ray scattering studies of Nafion®/[silicon oxide] and Nafion®/ORMOSIL nanocomposites

The small angle X-ray scattering technique was used to probe structural heterogeneity on the scale of nanometers within Nafion®/[silicon oxide], Nafion®/[ORMOSIL], and Nafion®/[dimethylsiloxane] hybrid membranes. The results of this study reinforced the working hypothesis of morphological template action for the in situ growth of silicon oxide, or organically modified silicon oxide phases in perfluorosulfonate ionomers via sol-gel reactions for silicon alkoxide or/and silicon alkylalkoxide precursors. Nanophase separation persists when incorporated silicon oxide particles are postreacted with ethoxytrimethylsilane but postreaction with diethoxydimethylsilane generates co-continuous phases that do not generate ionomer SAXS peaks, presumably due to a more homogeneous Si atom distribution within the ionomer. These hybrids are true nanocomposites, as structural heterogeneity exists on the scale of ∼ 5 nm. The variation of the small angle upturn for these hybrids is explained in terms of long-range inhomogeneities in ionomers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An orthogonal taxonomy for hyperlink anchor generation in video streams using OvalTine

As dynamically linked content follows the progression of statically linked media into the realm of video, new opportunities for link creation become apparent. In this paper we describe a real-time video hypermedia system with user-definable linkage areas, in a distributed collaborative environment. We also investigate the extension of such a system to automated link creation in video streams. In the process, we identify and describe orthogonal issues of hypervideo anchor creation. An example system, OvalTine, has been produced to illustrate several potential uses through configuration of an extended video conferencing application on the SGI O2 platform.