cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific Components of Bedside Manner in the General Hospital Psychiatric Consultation: 12 Concrete Suggestions

I present twelve behaviors as a list of do’s, in some fashion analogous to the ten commandments for etiquette in the psychiatric consultation described by Pasnau (1). Sit down: If physical arrangements permit, after introducing himself or herself and the reason for the visit, the consultant should ask the patient’s permission to pull a chair up to the bedside and conduct the interview from a sitting position. Sitting reduces the status difference between physician and patient and the likelihood that the patient will perceive the physician to be assuming a lordly demeanor. Sitting also conveys to the patient the fact that the consultant has some time to spend and is not going to quickly dash off. Physicians who sit with patients are usually perceived by the patients to have been present for much longer periods of time than those who conduct their business from a standing position. Do something tangible for the patient: Concrete physical gestures of helping, of the sort that a good nurse would instinctively perform, further the rapport: at the start of the interview, and whenever the situation arises during its course, the consultant should offer to be helpful in small ways: “May I get you a drink of water?” “Do you need to have your pillow freshened?” “Would you like your position changed?” Wiping a sweating brow with a towel, removing a bothersome obstacle from a bed, or rearranging tubes or other physical impediments to increase comfort demonstrates to the patient that the consultant cares for the patient’s current wellbeing, and is not simply in a rush to get answers and leave. Touch the patient: A warm handshake, using two hands, is always indicated. If the patient does not seem to object, and if there are no cultural contraindications, the physician sitting at the bedside should keep a light but warm grasp of the pa-
Novel measurements of nuclear spin cross-relaxation in metal hydrides

Abstract Recent NMR measurements of proton relaxation have shown an unexpected frequency dependence in several metal-hydrogen systems at low temperatures. An explanation proposed by the Ames group involves cross-relaxation of protons to quadrupolar metal nuclei. We test this hypothesis with relaxation experiments involving large amplitude field modulation. The field modulation sweeps the proton resonance through the distribution of metal frequencies. Thus the protons come into contact with more metal nuclei, increasing the proton relaxation rate. Relaxation measurements have been performed on several samples and the proton resonance frequency, the modulation frequency and the modulation amplitude have been varied. Also, proton relaxation rates T1−1 have been measured on slowly spinning samples where the rotation produces periodic variations of the metal quadrupolar frequencies.
Two photon background and the reach of a linear collider for supersymmetry in WMAP favored coannihilation regions

A neutralino relic density in accord with WMAP measurements can be found in the minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) model in several regions of parameter space: the stau co-annihilation corridor at low m0 and the hyperbolic branch/focus point (HB/FP) region at large m0 at the edges of parameter space, and the bulk and Higgs boson funnel regions within. In the regions at the edge, the mass gap between the next-to-lightest SUSY particle (NLSP) and the lightest SUSY particle (LSP) becomes small, and backgrounds from γγ→f (f is a SM fermion) become important for NLSP detection at an e+e− linear collider. We evaluate these backgrounds from bremsstrahlung and beamstrahlung photons, and demonstrate that these do not preclude the observability of the signal for the cases where either the stau or the chargino is the NLSP. We also delineate the additional portion of the stau coannihilation region, beyond what can be accessed via a search for selectrons and smuons, that can be probed by a search for di-tau-jet events plus missing energy. The reach of a LC for SUSY in the HB/FP region is shown for an updated value of mt 180 GeV as recently measured by the DO experiment.
Provenance of the terrestrial planets.

Abstract Earlier work on the simultaneous accumulation of the asteroid belt and the terrestrial planets is extended to investigate the relative contribution to the final planets made by material from different heliocentric distances. As before, stochastic variations intrinsic to the accumulation processes lead to a variety of final planetary configurations, but include systems having a number of features similar to our solar system. Fifty-nine new simulations are presented, from which thirteen are selected as more similar to our solar system than the others. It is found that the concept of “local feeding zones” for each final terrestrial planet has no validity for this model. Instead, the final terrestrial planets receive major contributions from bodies ranging from 0.5 to at least 2.5 AU and often to greater distances. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between the final heliocentric distance of a planet and its average provenance. Together with the effect of stochastic fluctuations, this permits variation in the composition of the terrestrial planets, such as the difference in the decompressed density of Earth and Mars. Biologically important light elements, derived from the asteroidal region, are likely to have been significant constituents of the Earth during its formation.
Normal numbers and sources for BPP

In [L90], Lutz proposed a notion of source, a nonrandom sequence that can substitute in a certain way for the random bits used by bounded-error probabilistic machines. He showed that almost every sequence in DSPACE(2Polynomial) is a source. We improve this abundance result to PSPACE, by first showing that the sources are exactly the classical normal numbers of Borel. We go on to show there are sources in AC0. Unfortunately, this suggests that alternate notions of source should be explored.
Optimal Multi-dimensional Mechanism Design: Reducing Revenue to Welfare Maximization

We provide a reduction from revenue maximization to welfare maximization in multi-dimensional Bayesian auctions with arbitrary (possibly combinatorial) feasibility constraints and independent bidders with arbitrary (possibly combinatorial) demand constraints, appropriately extending Myerson's single-dimensional result [Myerson81] to this setting. We also show that every feasible Bayesian auction (including in particular the revenue-optimal one) can be implemented as a distribution over virtual VCG allocation rules. A virtual VCG allocation rule has the following simple form: Every bidder's type t_i is transformed into a virtual type f_i(t_i), via a bidder-specific function. Then, the allocation maximizing virtual welfare is chosen. Using this characterization, we show how to find and run the revenue-optimal auction given only black-box access to an implementation of the VCG allocation rule. We generalize this result to arbitrarily correlated bidders, introducing the notion of a second-order VCG allocation rule. Our results are computationally efficient for all multi-dimensional settings where the bidders are additive, or can be efficiently mapped to be additive, albeit the feasibility and demand constraints may still remain arbitrary combinatorial. In this case, our mechanisms run in time polynomial in the number of items and the total number of bidder types, but not type profiles. This is polynomial in the number of items, the number of bidders, and the cardinality of the support of each bidder's value distribution. For generic correlated distributions, this is the natural description complexity of the problem. The runtime can be further improved to polynomial in only the number of items and the number of bidders in item-symmetric settings by making use of techniques from [15].
Preventing interfacial slip in carbon nanotube polycarbonate composites

Several recent studies have shown that interfacial slip at the nanotube-matrix interfaces in carbon nanotube polymer composites can give rise to significant dissipation of energy causing the material structural damping to increase. This effect can be used to efficiently inject damping into composite and heterogeneous structures. However if the interfacial slip of nanotube additives can be prevented, then significant enhancement in stiffness and strength is possible. To inhibit interfacial slippage of nanotubes we established covalent bonds at the nanotube-matrix interfaces by using an epoxidation procedure. The resultant nano-composites are shown to be resistant to interfacial slip and exhibited a higher storage modulus and a lower loss modulus compared to the baseline composite (without nanotube epoxidation). These results indicate that functionalizing nanotubes to establish direct covalent linkages is an effective way to engineer structural components with enhanced mechanical properties.
Rat-colonic, mucus glycoprotein.

Abstract A glycoprotein was isolated from rat-colonic mucosa. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies showed the glycoprotein to be homogeneous, having an apparent molecular weight of 9.0 x 10 5 ; no subunits could be detected in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It contained 14% of protein and 86% of carbohydrate. The principal sugars in the glycoprotein were galactose, fucose, sialic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose. A small proportion of mannose was also present. The glycoprotein, apart from the usual carbohydrate constituents present in mucus glycoproteins, contained sulfate, but no uronic acid. High amounts of serine and threonine, and low contents of aromatic and traces of sulfur-containing amino acids, reflect a similarity of this glycoprotein to other mammalian mucus glycoproteins; it differs, however, by its high proportions of Asx + Glx (26 mol.%). Cleavage studies with alkaline borohydride indicated O -glycosidic linkages between N -acetyl-hexosamine and serine, and threonine, of the peptide core in the glycoprotein. Only about one third of the serine and threonine was linked to the carbohydrate side-chains, which averaged about 22 units in length and were apparently branched.
Simulation of gas desorption and geomechanics effects for unconventional gas reservoirs

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells is crucial for economic production of shale gas. Impacts of gas desorption and geomechanics in hydraulic fractures on ultimate gas recovery are not clearly understood and systematically investigated. In this paper, we perform history matching with two field gas production data from Barnett Shale and Marcellus Shale, and first analyze the positive contribution of gas desorption and the negative effect of geomechanics on gas production, respectively, and then compare these two effects on gas production with the purpose of identifying which effect is dominant in the whole process of gas production. Furthermore, we numerically study the effect of gas desorption on gas recovery with available laboratory data of Langmuir isotherm from five different shale formations including Barnett Shale, New Albany Shale, Eagleford Shale, Marcellus Shale, and Haynesville Shale. Also, we use the method of Design of Experiment to perform sensitivity studies with six uncertain parameters such as reservoir permeability, bottom hole pressure, fracture conductivity, initial reservoir pressure, porosity, and fracture spacing to screen insignificant parameters and obtain critical parameters that control this process. This paper enables operators to develop an early better understanding of the effects of gas desorption and geomechanics on shale gas well performance, and provides insights into history matching and optimization of hydraulic fracturing treatment design for shale gas production.
Radiation-Hydrodynamics of Hot Jupiter Atmospheres

Radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres is usually treated in the static limit, i.e., neglecting atmospheric motions. We argue that hot Jupiter atmospheres, with possibly fast (sonic) wind speeds, may require a more strongly coupled treatment, formally in the regime of radiation hydrodynamics. To lowest order in v/c, relativistic Doppler shifts distort line profiles along optical paths with finite wind velocity gradients. This leads to flow-dependent deviations in the effective emission and absorption properties of the atmospheric medium. Evaluating the overall impact of these distortions on the radiative structure of a dynamic atmosphere is non-trivial. We present transmissivity and systematic equivalent width excess calculations which suggest possibly important consequences for radiation transport in hot Jupiter atmospheres. If winds are fast and bulk Doppler shifts are indeed important for the global radiative balance, accurate modeling and reliable data interpretation for hot Jupiter atmospheres may prove challenging: it would involve anisotropic and dynamic radiative transfer in a coupled radiation-hydrodynamical flow. On the bright side, it would also imply that the emergent properties of hot Jupiter atmospheres are more direct tracers of their atmospheric flows than is the case for solar system planets. Radiation hydrodynamics may also influence radiative transfer in other classes of hot exoplanetary atmospheres with fast winds.
Probing the Region of Massless Quarks in Quenched Lattice QCD using Wilson Fermions

We study the spectrum of H(m) = 5W(−m) with W(m) being the Wilson-Dirac operator on the lattice with bare mass equal to m. The background gauge fields are generated using the SU(3) Wilson action at � = 5.7 on an 8 3 × 16 lattice. We find evidence that the spectrum of H(m) is gapless for 1.02 < m < 2.0, implying that the physical quark is massless in this whole region.
Towards a Theory of Anonymous Networking

The problem of anonymous networking when an eavesdropper observes packet timings in a communication network is considered. The goal is to hide the identities of source-destination nodes, and paths of information flow in the network. One way to achieve such an anonymity is to use mixers. Mixers are nodes that receive packets from multiple sources and change the timing of packets, by mixing packets at the output links, to prevent the eavesdropper from finding sources of outgoing packets. In this paper, we consider two simple but fundamental scenarios: double input-single output mixer and double input-double output mixer. For the first case, we use the information-theoretic definition of the anonymity, based on average entropy per packet, and find an optimal mixing strategy under a strict latency constraint. For the second case, perfect anonymity is considered, and a maximal throughput strategy with perfect anonymity is found that minimizes the average delay.
Laser synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes with time-resolved in situ diagnostics

Laser vaporization (LV) is a remarkably versatile technique for the catalytically-aided synthesis of nanomaterials, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). SWNT show remarkable promise for future generations of electronics and structural materials, however their application and commercialization has been hampered by a lack of control over the synthesis process, and low production quantities. Time-resolved in situ spectroscopic investigations of the laser-vaporization SWNT-synthesis process are described which are yielding some of the first direction determinations of carbon nanotube growth mechanisms and rates necessary to evaluate strategies for controllable synthesis and large-scale production. Our measurements indicate that SWNT grow over extended annealing times during the LV process by the conversion of condensed phase nanoparticle feedstock. These measurements were extended to grow carbon nanotubes by CO2- laser-annealing heat treatments of carbon and metal nanoparticle mixtures, offering an alternative synthesis approach to vapor- phase methods. These results present opportunities for scaled-up production of nanomaterials compatible with commercial high- power-laser technology.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Patient Admission Patterns and Acquisitions of Feeder Hospitals

Acquiring outlying community hospitals is one approach commonly used by large tertiary care hospitals to increase referrals. Sophisticated acquirers may also seek to selectively increase referrals of more profitable patients. To explore these issues, we study vertical hospital acquisitions. Using a treatment and control framework, we find that roughly 30% of vertical acquisitions lead to a significant increase in referrals. Very few result in decreases. We find that increases are concentrated among patients undergoing more profitable procedures and with more generous insurance. However, we find no evidence that hospitals shun patients with higher expected costs of care.
Measurement of direct CP violation in K meson decays at KTeV

Abstract The first measurement of direct CP violation parameter Re( ϵ′ ϵ ) from the KTeV experiment at Fermilab is presented in this paper. Using a subset of data collected in 1996 and in 1997 we find that Re( ϵ′ ϵ ) = [28.0 ± 3.0(stat) ± 2.8(syst)] × 10 −4 [1].
Current oscillations in anodic electrodissolution of copper in lithium-ion battery electrolyte

Current oscillations were observed during electrodissolution of copper in nonaqueous lithium-ion battery electrolyte under potentiostatic conditions using copper foil electrodes. Mixed-mode oscillations were observed over certain ranges of stir rate and applied potential. A nonlinear dynamics technique (return map) was applied to characterize the oscillations. The dynamic stir conditions of the electrolyte influenced the frequency and pattern of the oscillations. The amplitude of the oscillations increased with increasing potential. Also, cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the oscillatory current was correlated to the oxidation of the copper electrode.
COLLAPSE BARRIERS AND HALO ABUNDANCE: TESTING THE EXCURSION SET ANSATZ

Our heuristic understanding of the abundance of dark matter halos centers around the concept of a density threshold, or 'barrier', for gravitational collapse. If one adopts the ansatz that regions of the linearly evolved density field smoothed on mass scale M with an overdensity that exceeds the barrier will undergo gravitational collapse into halos of mass M, the corresponding abundance of such halos can be estimated simply as a fraction of the mass density satisfying the collapse criterion divided by the mass M. The key ingredient of this ansatz is therefore the functional form of the collapse barrier as a function of mass M or, equivalently, of the variance {sigma}{sup 2}(M). Several such barriers based on the spherical, Zel'dovich, and ellipsoidal collapse models have been extensively discussed. Using large-scale cosmological simulations, we show that the relation between the linear overdensity and the mass variance for regions that collapse to form halos by the present epoch resembles expectations from dynamical models of ellipsoidal collapse. However, we also show that using such a collapse barrier with the excursion set ansatz predicts a halo mass function inconsistent with that measured directly in cosmological simulations. This inconsistency demonstrates a failure of the excursion setmore » ansatz as a physical model for halo collapse. We discuss implications of our results for understanding the collapse epoch for halos as a function of mass, and avenues for improving consistency between analytical models for the collapse epoch and the results of cosmological simulations.« less
Computational Study of the Embedded Engine Static Pressure Thrust Propulsion System

Drag reduction is being pursued for next generation aircraft to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant production. Drag reduction of fuselages is now receiving more consideration, since the fuselage represents 30% of the drag of the entire aircraft. This paper presents numerical simulations of earlier experimental studies using aft suction slots and embedded propulsor systems to reduce fuselage drag. Detailed grid refinement studies were conducted, and different turbulence models were evaluated. A simulation of an airship with a boundary layer suction slot and an embedded engine with aft injection of the ingested flow for propulsion was conducted. The simulations require significantly more propulsor power to achieve a self-propelled condition than reported in the experiments, which were subject to large experimental uncertainties. The computational fluid dynamics flow field can be interrogated in detail, leading to improved understanding of the performance and integration of all system components. The particular arrangement studied in the experiments was shown to be limited by significant internal flow losses. This study provides the basis for the much improved integration of an embedded engine and gives the starting point for a wider analysis of more slender bodies operating in a transonic flow field for application to modern transport aircraft
Chieftaincy-Based Community Dispute Resolution: The Case of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone suffered a destructive 11-year civil war that largely left its communities torn apart and in need of vast redevelopment. One of the ways that communities are rebuilding and making efforts to move forward is through the chieftaincy-based community dispute resolution process. Based on historical norms, this process involves the community leader, or chief, helping to resolve disputes within the community. This article reviews this chieftaincy-based community dispute resolution process, discusses the types of disputes settled, and provides broader lessons learned for communities who may be interested in truly community-based dispute resolution.
Massive online teaching to bounded learners

We consider a model of teaching in which the learners are consistent and have bounded state, but are otherwise arbitrary. The teacher is non-interactive and "massively open": the teacher broadcasts a sequence of examples of an arbitrary target concept, intended for every possible on-line learning algorithm to learn from. We focus on the problem of designing interesting teachers: efficient sequences of examples that lead all capable and consistent learners to learn concepts, regardless of the underlying algorithm used by the learner. We use two measures of teaching efficiency: the number of mistakes made by the worst-case learner, and the maximum length of the example sequence needed for the worst-case learner. Our results are summarized as follows: Given a uniform random sequence of examples of an n-bit concept function, learners (capable of consistently learning the concept) with s(n) bits of state are guaranteed to make only O(n ⋅ s(n)) mistakes and exactly learn the concept, with high probability. This theorem has interesting corollaries; for instance, every concept c has a sequence of examples can teach c to all capable consistent on-line learners implementable with s(n)-size circuits, such that every learner makes only ~O(s(n)^2) mistakes. That is, all resource-bounded algorithms capable of consistently learning a concept can be simultaneously taught that concept with few mistakes, on a single example sequence. We also show how to efficiently generate such a sequence of examples on-line: using Nisan's pseudorandom generator, each example in the sequence can be generated with polynomial-time overhead per example, with an O(n ⋅ s(n))-bit initial seed. To justify our use of randomness, we prove that any non-trivial derandomization of our sequences would imply new circuit lower bounds. For instance, if there is a deterministic 2n O(1) time algorithm that generates a sequence of examples, such that all consistent and capable polynomial-size circuit learners learn the all-zeroes concept with less than 2n mistakes, then EXP ⊄ P. We present examples illustrating that the key differences in our model -- our focus on mistakes rather than the total number of examples, and our use of a state bound -- must be considered together to obtain our results. We show that for every consistent s(n)-state bounded learner A, and every n-bit concept that A is capable of learning, there is a custom "tutoring" sequence of only O(n ⋅ s(n)) examples that teaches A the concept. That is, in principle, there are no slow learners, only bad teachers: if a state-bounded learner is capable of learning a concept at all, then it can always be taught that concept quickly via some short sequence of examples.
In-reactor deformation of solution annealed type 304L stainless steel

Abstract Over the past six years at EBR-II, a great deal of information has been obtained on the in-reactor behaviour of solution annealed-Type 304L stainless steel. This information consists of the following: (1) Irradiation induced swelling results in the form of immersion density and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements on unstressed material that extends over a temperature range of 395° to 530°C and a neutron fluence range of 1.8 to 9.3 × 10 22 n/cm 2 ( E > 0.1 MeV). (2) Irradiation induced creep results from helium pressurized capsules irradiated at a temperature of 415°C. The hoop stress range covered in the experiment was 0 to 27.3 ksi, and the peak neutron fluence obtained to date is 7 × 10 22 n/cm 2 ( E > 0.1 MeV). (3) Residual stress measurements (slit tube technique) with complementary TEM gradient studies on stressed and unstressed capsules. (4) Comparative swelling studies of stressed cladding material and unstressed capsule material from encapsulated EBR-II driver fuel experiments over wide ranges of temperature and neutron fluences. The deformation information derived from the four above studies represent an extensive data base from which to obtain an understanding of the in-reactor deformation of austenitic stainless steel. It is the purpose of this paper to review our information on the in-reactor deformation of solution annealed Type 304L stainless steel.
Effect of impurities on supersolid condensate : A ginzburg-landau approach

Basing our arguments on a wavefunction that contains both positional and superfluid order, we propose a Ginzburg–Landau functional for a supersolid with the two order parameters necessary to describe such a phase: density nB(r) and supersolid order parameter ψV. We argue that adding lighter. 3He atoms to a 4He supersolid produces attractive regions for vacancies, leading to patches of higher Tc. On the other hand, the supersolid stiffness decreases in this granular state with increased 3He disorder. Both effects are linear in 3He concentration.
Synthesis of 10-Substituted “Open-Chain” Analogues of 5,10-Dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic Acid (DDATHF, Lometrexol)

Abstract Several novel and very potent folate antimetabolites, structurally based upon our previously described “open-chain” version of DDATHF but carrying 1-carbon substituents in the 10-position, have been synthesized. A key synthetic sequence involving a palladium-catalyzed CC coupling reaction, oxymercuration, and Wittig olefination constitutes a new route to α-branched 4-styrene carboxylic acids. Classical construction of the pyrimidine ring from the key intermediate 6 followed by glutamate coupling furnished 12, which upon hydrolysis furnished the 10-methenyl derivative 13. The 10-methenyl functionality in 12 was further modified to afford the 10-methyl-, 10-hydroxymethyl- and 10-dihydroxyboromethyl derivatives 22, 3 and 25 respectively; double bond isomerization led to the 10-methyl- 9,10-didehydro analog 20. Preliminary in vitro cell culture screening showed that many of these “open-chain” analogs rivaled DDATHF itself as cytotoxic agents, and were about ten times more active than the parent “open-chain” DDATHF analog lacking a C–10 substituent. Surprisingly, however, compounds 13 and 22 were inactive in vivo.
Optically active nanoparticles for ultrasensitive detection and spectroscopy

Recent research in our lab has identified a new class of metal nanoparticles that are highly efficient for surface- enhanced optical spectroscopy. By coupling nanoparticles with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface optical processes can be enhanced by 14 to 15 orders of magnitude. This enormous enhancement allows the optical detection of single molecules at room temperature. However, in a standard silver colloid only 1 out of 100 nanoparticles is SERS-active. In this report, a new methodology based on size-selective filtration is demonstrated. This size- selective fractionation procedure yields an enriched colloid that can be used to prepare highly efficient nanoparticle thin films.
A mild method for the deprotection of tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers catalyzed by iron(III) tosylate

Abstract A mild method for the deprotection of THP ethers catalyzed by iron(III) tosylate (2.0 mol %) in CH3OH has been developed. Iron(III) tosylate, Fe(OTs)3·6H2O, is a commercially available solid that is inexpensive, noncorrosive, and easy to handle. The room temperature reaction conditions make this method attractive for deprotection of a range of THP ethers.
Unitarity of the KZ/Hitchin connection on conformal blocks in genus 0 for arbitrary Lie algebras

We prove that the vector bundles of conformal blocks, on suitable moduli spaces of genus zero curves with marked points, for arbitrary simple Lie algebras and arbitrary integral levels, carry unitary metrics of geometric origin which are preserved by the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov/Hitchin connection (as conjectured by Gawedzki et al., 1991, in [7]). Our proof builds upon the work of Ramadas (2009) [22] who proved this unitarity statement in the case of the Lie algebra sl2 (and genus 0).
Formation of Pt particles in Y-type zeolites: The influence of coexchanged metal cations

Samples of platinum, supported on NaY, HNaY, and MNaY (M = Ca2+, La3+, or Fe2+), have been studied by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), desorption (TPD), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to investigate the mechanism of the formation of Pt particles and the influence of H+ and added metal cations on it. Size and location of Pt particles in a zeolite matrix were found to be strongly dependent on the distribution of Pt ions between the supercages and the sodalite cages, which is controlled by the calcination temperature (Tc) prior to the reduction. At low Tc (e.g., 360 °C), the majority of the Pt2+ ions are in the supercages; after reduction small particles (5–10 A) are formed which are also located in the supercages. This is also true for PtY with or without coexchanged multivalent cations. The Pt0O2− distance is 2.65 A as derived from the k1-weighted EXAFS functions. At medium Tc (e.g., 450 °C), the Pt2+ ions are distributed between supercages and sodalite cages. In this case, the Pt2+ ions in the supercages are reduced first to form small particles which become nucleation sites for Pt0 atoms leaving the sodalite cages above 400 °C. Eventually, these Pt particles can become larger than the supercages. At high Tc (e.g., 550 °C), most Pt2+ ions migrate to sodalite cages and require a high reduction temperature (Tr). The reduced Pt0 atoms then migrate from sodalite cages to supercages, and in the absence of nucleation sites they finally coagulate on the external surface of the zeolite crystals to form large Pt particles. However, the presence of coexchanged multivalent cations, e.g., Fe2+, which can effectively block sodalite cages and hexagonal prisms, thus forcing Pt2+ ions to stay in supercages, can prevent the formation of large particles on the external surface of zeolites even at high Tc. The evolution of hydrogen at Tmax = 450 °C, caused by oxidative reaction of Pt0 atoms with hydroxyl groups during TPD, as indicated by FTIR, can be used to determine the presence of Pt in sodalite cages.
Bypass attachments and homotopy classes of 2-plane fields in contact topology

We use the generalized Pontryagin-Thom construction to analyze the effect of attaching a bypass on the homotopy class of the contact structure. In particular, given a 3-dimensional contact manifold with convex boundary, we show that the bypass triangle attachment changes the homotopy class of the contact structure relative to the boundary, and the difference is measured by the Hopf invariant.
Molecular and Atomic Excitation Stratification in the Outflow of the Planetary Nebula M27

High-resolution spectroscopy with FUSE and HST STIS of atomic and molecular velocity stratification in the nebular outflow of M27 challenge models of the abundance kinematics in planetary nebulae. The simple picture of a very high speed (~1000 km s-1), high-ionization, radiation-driven stellar wind surrounded by a slower (~10 km s-1) mostly molecular outflow, with low-ionization and neutral atomic species residing at the wind interaction interface, is not supported. Instead, we find vibrationally excited H2 intermixed with mostly neutral atomic species at a transition velocity (33 km s-1) between a fast (33-65 km s-1) low-ionization zone and a slow (33 km s-1) high-ionization zone. Lyα fluorescence of H2 has been detected, but far-UV continuum fluorescence has not. The diffuse nebular medium is inhospitable to molecules and dust. Maintaining a modest equilibrium abundance of H2 [N(H2)/N(H I) 1] in the diffuse nebular medium requires a source of H2, mostly likely the clumpy nebular medium. The stellar SED shows no sign of reddening [E(B - V) < 0.01], but paradoxically Hα/Hβ indicates E(B - V) ~ 0.1. The enhancement of Hα/Hβ in the absence of dust may result from a two-step process of H2 ionization by Lyman continuum photons followed by dissociative recombination [H 2 + γ → H + e- → H(1s) + H(nl)], which ultimately produces fluorescence of Hα and Lyα. In the optically thin limit at the inferred radius of the velocity transition, we find that dissociation of H2 by stellar Lyman continuum photons is an order of magnitude more efficient than spontaneous dissociation by far-UV photons. The importance of this H2 destruction process in H II regions has been overlooked.
Covariant QCD Modeling of Light Meson Physics

Abstract We summarize recent progress in soft QCD modeling based on the set of Dyson-Schwinger equations truncated to ladder-rainbow level. This covariant approach to hadron physics accommodates quark confinement and implements the QCD one-loop renormalization group behavior. We compare the dressed quark propagator, pseudoscalar and vector meson masses as a function of quark mass, and the ϱ → ππ coupling to recent lattice-QCD data. The error in the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation with increasing quark mass is quantified by comparison to the exact pseudoscalar mass relation as evaluated within the ladder-rainbow Dyson-Schwinger model.
Matrix Completion With Noise

On the heels of compressed sensing, a new field has very recently emerged. This field addresses a broad range of problems of significant practical interest, namely, the recovery of a data matrix from what appears to be incomplete, and perhaps even corrupted, information. In its simplest form, the problem is to recover a matrix from a small sample of its entries. It comes up in many areas of science and engineering, including collaborative filtering, machine learning, control, remote sensing, and computer vision, to name a few. This paper surveys the novel literature on matrix completion, which shows that under some suitable conditions, one can recover an unknown low-rank matrix from a nearly minimal set of entries by solving a simple convex optimization problem, namely, nuclear-norm minimization subject to data constraints. Further, this paper introduces novel results showing that matrix completion is provably accurate even when the few observed entries are corrupted with a small amount of noise. A typical result is that one can recover an unknown matrix of low rank from just about log noisy samples with an error that is proportional to the noise level. We present numerical results that complement our quantitative analysis and show that, in practice, nuclear-norm minimization accurately fills in the many missing entries of large low-rank matrices from just a few noisy samples. Some analogies between matrix completion and compressed sensing are discussed throughout.
Determination of the two-loop Lamb shift in lithiumlike bismuth

The energy levels of lithiumlike bismuth are shown to be accurately described in a representation-independent manner when all diagrams involving one and two photons, with the exception of the two-loop Lamb shift, are evaluated. Comparison with the experimental value of the ${2p}_{3/2}\ensuremath{-}{2s}_{1/2}$ splitting then shows that, assuming three-photon effects are negligible, the contribution of the two-loop Lamb shift is 0.175(39) eV.
Deuteron and Oxygen-17 NMR Studies of Molecular Motion in Methanol- Saturated Nafion Membranes

Abstract : Deuteron and oxygen-17 NMR linewidth and spin-lattice relaxation measurements in Nafion-117 films containing methanol at -75% and -100% saturation are reported. Molecular motion probed by room temperature measurements in stretched films and low T measurements in unstretched films is found to be quite rapid compared to previous results obtained for Nafion-117 containing water.
When Optimal Choices Feel Wrong: A Laboratory Study of Bayesian Updating, Complexity, and Affect

We examine decision-making under risk and uncertainty in a laboratory experiment. The heart of our design examines how one’s propensity to use Bayes’ rule is affected by whether this rule is aligned with reinforcement or clashes with it. In some cases, we create environments where Bayesian updating after a successful outcome should lead a decision-maker to make a change, while no change should be made after observing an unsuccessful outcome. We observe striking patterns: When payoff reinforcement and Bayesian updating are aligned, nearly all people respond as expected. However, when these forces clash, around 50% of all decisions are inconsistent with Bayesian updating. While people tend to make costly initial choices that eliminate complexity in a subsequent decision, we find that complexity alone cannot explain our results. Finally, when a draw provides only information (and no payment), switching errors occur much less frequently, suggesting that the ‘emotional reinforcement’ (affect) induced by payments is a critical factor in deviations from Bayesian updating. There is considerable behavioral heterogeneity; we identify different types in the population and find that people who make ‘switching errors’ are more likely to have cross-period ‘reinforcement’ tendencies.
Intermediate Symmetries In Electronic Systems: Dimensional Reduction, Order Out Of Disorder, Dualities, And Fractionalization

We discuss symmetries intermediate between global and local and formalize the notion of dimensional reduction adduced from such symmetries. We apply this generalization to several systems including liquid crystalline phases of Quantum Hall systems, transition metal orbital systems, frustrated spin systems, (p+ip) superconducting arrays, and sliding Luttinger liquids. By considering space-time reflection symmetries, we illustrate that several of these systems are dual to each other. In some systems exhibiting these symmetries, low temperature local orders emerge by an "order out of disorder" effect while in other systems, the dimensional reduction precludes standard orders yet allows for multiparticle orders (including those of a topological nature).
GaN and AlxGa1—xN p–i–n High‐Voltage Rectifiers Grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition

We report the study of the electrical characteristics of GaN and Al x Ga 1-x N vertical p-i-n rectifiers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The forward and reverse I-V characteristics as a function of device structure, device size and process approach have been experimentally investigated. A vertical-geometry GaN p-i-n rectifier with a relatively thin i region of 2 μm thickness exhibits a breakdown voltage over 420 V and a forward voltage as low as 6 V at 100 A/ cm 2 on a 60 μm diameter device. An Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 N p-i-n with a thin i region of 0.15 μm shows a blocking voltage in excess of 460 V and a forward voltage drop of 14 V at 100 A/cm 2 .
Alumina-mediated condensation. A simple synthesis of aurones

Abstract A simple and high yielding synthesis of aurones (2-phenylmethylene-3 (2H)-benzofuranones) is described which occurs under mild conditions on alumina surface using readily available benzofuranones and arylaldehydes.
A Network Reliability Approach to Optimal Decomposition of Design Problems

Methods for solving partitioned mathematical programming problems require that an appropriate structure suitable for decomposition be identified. This first step consists of identifying linking variables that effect independent subproblems coordinated by a master problem. This article presents a network reliability-based solution of the optimal decomposition problem that avoids subjective criteria to identify linking variables and partitions. The relationships among design variables are modeled as the processing units of a network. The design variables themselves are modeled as the communication links between these units. The optimal decomposition is attained by minimizing the network reliability while maximizing the number of operating links.
Application of Expurgated PPM to Indoor Visible Light Communications—Part II: Access Networks

Providing network access for multiple users in a visible light communication (VLC) system that utilizes white light emitting diodes (LED) as sources requires new networking techniques adapted to the lighting features. In this paper we introduce two multiple access techniques using expurgated PPM (EPPM) that can be implemented using LEDs and support lighting features such as dimming. Multilevel symbols are used to provide M-ary signaling for multiple users using multilevel EPPM. In the first technique, the M-ary data of each user is first encoded using an optical orthogonal code assigned to the user, and the result is fed into a EPPM encoder to generate a multilevel signal. The second multiple access method uses subsets of the EPPM constellation to apply MEPPM to the data of each user. While the first approach has a larger Hamming distance between the symbols of each user, the latter can provide higher bit-rates for users in VLC systems using bandwidth-limited LEDs. Both techniques are able to support up to 15 simultaneous users transmitting 200 Mb/s with a bit error rate of 10-3 under normal lighting conditions.
Approximate theoretical calculation of continuum opacities

An approxhnate procedure is described for the theoretical calculation of the spectral absorption coefficient produced by bound-free and free-free transitions in plasmas containing polyelectronic atoms and ions. Our method of calculation is based on the assumption that only two ionized species make important contributions to the opacity and that these two ionic constituents are present in equal concentrations. The approximate formulas are shown to yield results that are in good accord with estimates based on detailed numerical computations for nitrogen.
Assigning More Students to their Top Choices: A Tiebreaking Rule Comparison

School choice districts that implement stable matchings face various design issues that impact students' assignments to schools. We study properties of the rank distribution of students with random preferences, when schools use different tiebreaking rules to rank equivalent students. We find that under a multiple tiebreaking rule a vanishing fraction of students match to one of their top choices, in contrast to a single tiebreaking rule under which a constant fraction of students are assigned to one of their top choices. We find that when students can submit only a relatively short preference list, the multiple tiebreaking rule allows a constant fraction of students to match to one of their top choices, with only a "small" fraction of students remaining unmatched.
Paracentesis Is Associated With Reduced Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Cirrhosis and Ascites

Background & Aims Diagnostic paracentesis is recommended for patients with cirrhosis who are admitted to the hospital for ascites or encephalopathy. However, it is not known whether clinicians in the United States adhere to this recommendation; a relationship between paracentesis and clinical outcome has not been reported. We analyzed a U.S. database to determine the frequency of paracentesis and its association with mortality. Methods The 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (which contains data from approximately 8 million hospital discharges each year) was used to identify patients with cirrhosis and ascites who were admitted with a primary diagnosis of ascites or encephalopathy. In-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges were compared for those who did and did not undergo paracentesis. Outcomes were compared for those who received an early paracentesis (within 1 day of admission) and those who received one later. Results Of 17,711 eligible admissions, only 61% underwent paracentesis. In-hospital mortality was reduced by 24% among patients who underwent paracentesis (6.5% vs 8.5%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.41–0.74). Most paracenteses (66%) occurred ≤1 day after admission. In-hospital mortality was lower among patients who received early paracentesis than those who received it later (5.7% vs 8.1%, P = .049), although this difference was not significant after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–2.02). Among patients who underwent paracentesis, the mean hospital stay was 14% longer and hospital charges were 29% greater than for patients who did not receive the procedure. Conclusions Paracentesis is underused for patients admitted to the hospital with ascites; the procedure is associated with increased short-term survival. These data support practice guidelines derived from expert opinion. Studies are needed to identify barriers to guideline adherence.
Dissolution Rates of Silicate Glasses in Water at pH 7

Dissolution rates of different glasses in buffered solutions of constant pH of 7 were measured by weight change, profilometry, and ion implantation with Rutherford backscattering. Rates with different techniques agreed within experimental error. Natural obsidian glass dissolved most slowly, at a rate comparable with those of quartz and crystalline aluminosilicate minerals. Commercial soda–lime glass containing alumina dissolved slowly, at about the same rate as vitreous silica; soda–lime silicate glasses both commercial and laboratory without alumina dissolved much more rapidly. Pyrex borosilicate glass dissolved at a rate intermediate between those of soda–lime silicate glasses with and without alumina; at room temperature Pyrex borosilicate glass dissolved about 100 times faster than a commercial soda–lime glass containing alumina. We suggest that surface structure is the main factor determining the relative dissolution rates of silicate glasses. Glasses with transformed surface layers caused by hydration dissolve most rapidly; phase separation and openness of the glass structure are also important factors.
Exact quantum statistics for electronically nonadiabatic systems using continuous path variables.

We derive an exact, continuous-variable path integral (PI) representation of the canonical partition function for electronically nonadiabatic systems. Utilizing the Stock–Thoss (ST) mapping for an N-level system, matrix elements of the Boltzmann operator are expressed in Cartesian coordinates for both the nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom. The PI discretization presented here properly constrains the electronic Cartesian coordinates to the physical subspace of the mapping. We numerically demonstrate that the resulting PI–ST representation is exact for the calculation of equilibrium properties of systems with coupled electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. We further show that the PI–ST formulation provides a natural means to initialize semiclassical trajectories for the calculation of real-time thermal correlation functions, which is numerically demonstrated in applications to a series of nonadiabatic model systems.