cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domestic Exceptions: Evans‐Pritchard and the Creation of Nuer Patrilineality and Equality

Further in those Bantu societies where I have myself studied social structure, whether in Central or in South Africa, nothing is more remarkable than the lack of permanence of particular lineages or "segments"; the infinite variety there is in their composition, their liability to change owing to historic factors, the strength of individual personalities and similar determinants .... Nor have I ever worked in an Africa [sic] society in which status within a particular group, an age-set or a territories [sic] section, was equal. The very existence of so many principles of ranking makes for varied status of the individuals within the segment concerned. This would be revealed in a careful descriptive account of some particular ceremony or activity undertaken by one of the segments studied, but is concealed by the diagrams of this book. I therefore cannot see the distinction between domestic and political systems of segments sharply defined as Dr. Evans-Pritchard has described it. The two systems seem to me to grow one out of the other, and in the dynamics of a social situation constantly to overlap. Abstractions are obviously necessary if sociology is to develop as a science, but I think those of this book have been made too soon, at too low a level, and by too summary an exclusion of matter that did not "fit." Nevertheless, I consider the work more stimulating than many a carefully written and detailed monograph and it well repays the effort of reading and re-reading what is in some sections very difficult abstract matter. However unsatisfying in some respects, it is a brilliant, [sic] tonic, and in the best sense of the word, an irritating book. No anthropologist can afford to miss it.
Atypical Brain Torque in Boys With Developmental Stuttering

The counterclockwise brain torque, defined as a larger right prefrontal and left parietal-occipital lobe, is a consistent brain asymmetry. Reduced or reversed lobar asymmetries are markers of atypical cerebral laterality and have been found in adults who stutter. It was hypothesized that atypical brain torque would be more common in children who stutter. Magnetic resonance imaging-based morphology measures were completed in boys who stutter (n = 14) and controls (n = 14), ages 8–13. The controls had the expected brain torque configurations whereas the boys who stutter were atypical. These results support the hypothesis that developmental stuttering is associated with atypical prefrontal and parietal-occipital lobe asymmetries.
Optogenetic inhibition of D1R containing nucleus accumbens neurons alters cocaine-mediated regulation of Tiam1

Exposure to psychostimulants results in structural and synaptic plasticity in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). These cellular adaptations arise from alterations in genes that are highly implicated in the rearrangement of the actin-cytoskeleton, such as T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1). Previous studies have demonstrated a crucial role for dopamine receptor 1 (D1)-containing striatal MSNs in mediating psychostimulant induced plasticity changes. These D1-MSNs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) positively regulate drug seeking, reward, and locomotor behavioral effects as well as the morphological adaptations of psychostimulant drugs. Here, we demonstrate that rats that actively self-administer cocaine display reduced levels of Tiam1 in the NAc. To further examine the cell type-specific contribution to these changes in Tiam1 we used optogenetics to selectively manipulate NAc D1-MSNs or dopamine receptor 2 (D2) expressing MSNs. We find that repeated channelrhodopsin-2 activation of D1-MSNs but not D2-MSNs caused a down-regulation of Tiam1 levels similar to the effects of cocaine. Further, activation of D2-MSNs, which caused a late blunted cocaine-mediated locomotor behavioral response, did not alter Tiam1 levels. We then examined the contribution of D1-MSNs to the cocaine-mediated decrease of Tiam1. Using the light activated chloride pump, eNpHR3.0 (enhanced Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin 3.0), we selectively inhibited D1-MSNs during cocaine exposure, which resulted in a behavioral blockade of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. Moreover, inhibiting these NAc D1-MSNs during cocaine exposure reversed the down-regulation of Tiam1 gene expression and protein levels. These data demonstrate that altering activity in specific neural circuits with optogenetics can impact the underlying molecular substrates of psychostimulant-mediated behavior and function.
Radioactive waste disposal via electric propulsion

It is shown that space transportation is a feasible method of removal of radioactive wastes from the biosphere. The high decay heat of the isotopes powers a thermionic generator which provides electrical power for ion thrust engines. The massive shields (used to protect ground and flight personnel) are removed in orbit for subsequent reuse; the metallic fuel provides a shield for the avionics that guides the orbital stage to solar system escape. Performance calculations indicate that 4000 kg. of actinides may be removed per Shuttle flight. Subsidiary problems - such as cooling during ascent - are discussed.
In vitro characterization of constitutive CysB proteins from Salmonella typhimurium

Expression of the cysteine regulon in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli is controlled by the LysR-type transcriptional activator CysB and by the inducer N-acetyl-l-serine. Sulphide and thiosulphate are anti-inducers. Two highly purified constitutive CysB proteins, CysB(T149M) and CysB(T149P), were found to bind to the cysJIHcysK and cysP promoters, to activate transcription from the cysJIH and cysK promoters in the absence of N-acetyl-l-serine, and to be insensitive to the effects of anti-inducers. At 10mM MgCl2, the in vitro transcription activity of CysB(T149M) was maximal without N-acetyl-l-serine, but that of CysB(T149P) was increased by inducer. At 2mM MgCl2, both proteins were fully active without inducer. A third mutant protein, CysB(W166R), was totally inactive at 10mM MgCl2, but gave constitutive expression of the cysK and cysJIH promoters at 2 mM MgCl2. Surprisingly, wild-type CysB was also constitutive for the cysK promoter at 2mM MgCl2 but not at 10mM MgCl2; it required inducer for cysJIH promoter activation at both concentrations. Mutagenic studies indicated that this difference between promoters is due to the distance between activation site half-sites, which are separated by 1 bp in the cysJIH promoter and by 2 bp in the cysK promoter. We speculate that inducer acts to decrease the distance between the binding domains of two CysB subunits that interact with an activation site. In vitro activities of wild-type and mutant CysB proteins correlated much better with in vivo behaviour at 2mM than at 10mM MgCl2, suggesting that the former is the more physiological concentration.
The Relationship of Ascorbic Acid to the Development of Oxidized Flavor in Market Milk

Summary The addition of ascorbic acid to milk at the rate of 1.5 g. to 100 lb. resulted in a three-fold increase in ascorbic acid content of the milk. Non-fortified milk lost more than one-fifth of its ascorbic acid during the first day of refrigerated storage in the dark, about half by the second day, three-fourths by the third day, and better than 90 per cent by the fifth day. Milk fortified with ascorbic acid lost less than one-tenth during the first day, slightly more than one-fifth the second day, about one-third by the third day, and about one-half after 5 days of storage. After 5 days the fortified samples contained about one-half more ascorbic acid than the control milk did originally. No oxidized flavors developed in the fortified milk in 5- or 7-day storage periods, while the control samples began to develop oxidized flavors after 2 days of storage and became increasingly worse as storage time extended. Milk fortified with ascorbic acid rapidly lost its ascorbic acid when exposed to light, the rate depending upon the intensity of light and the time exposed. When exposed to direct sunlight for 40 minutes, all measurable ascorbic acid was destroyed. Stored samples in which ascorbic acid was destroyed partially developed an oxidized flavor. Rapid destruction of all measurable ascorbic acid in milk either by exposure to direct sunlight or through the addition of 30 per cent hydrogen peroxide resulted in no oxidized flavors over a 5-day storage period, indicating that ascorbic acid is a contributing factor in the development of this off flavor. Milk in which the ascorbic acid was destroyed by the addition of hydrogen peroxide did not develop oxidized flavor when exposed to sunlight. A study on the destruction of ascorbic acid and the development of oxidized flavor in milk under commercial conditions showed that about one-sixth of the ascorbic acid was lost from a fortified sample (30 mg. per 1.) after 24 hours of storage. The same milk lost only a slight amount of ascorbic acid when carried in a case in a covered milk truck from 5 to 8 a.m. When this milk then was exposed to daylight in the shade for 30 minutes it lost about one-third of the remaining ascorbic acid. Another trial with non-fortified milk showed no loss of ascorbic acid while carried in a case on a covered milk truck for 2.5 hours. About one-half of the ascorbic acid was lost, however, when this milk was exposed to daylight in the shade for 1 hour at noontime. Exposure of the milk to direct sunlight for 15 minutes at noon destroyed all measurable quantities of the ascorbic acid. These results indicate that most of the destruction of ascorbic acid occurs after the milk leaves the truck.
The value of nonselling activities at international trade shows

Abstract Many senior managers regard nonselling activities at trade shows negatively. Yet, international trade shows offer companies an excellent source of market-specific and firm-specific information. This study offers a new framework demonstrating how nonselling activities at international trade shows perform a potentially vital cost-saving function for a company. A taxonomy of firms is proposed that enables managers to deploy qualified personnel effectively to obtain the best quality information available from international trade show participation.
Prediction of laminar flame properties of methanol-air mixtures

Abstract A numerical model has been used to study the propagation of laminar methanol-air flames. The model consists of a one-dimensional time-dependent treatment of the conservation equations together with a detailed chemical kinetic oxidation mechanism having 84 elementary chemical reactions involving 26 chemical species. Solutions are used to study the dependence of laminar flame speed and flame structure on pressure, equivalence ratio, and unburned-gas temperature, and computed flame properties are compared with available experimental data. At low pressures, flame properties vary only slightly with changes in pressure, but at high pressures, this variation is considerably larger. This change in behavior from low to high pressures is a result of the increasing importance of radical recombination reactions. Most of this pressure-dependent inhibition is caused by the competition of a single reaction H + O 2 + M = HO 2 + M, with the key chain branching reaction H + O 2 = O + OH.
Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders.

Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders guidelines provide only a partial solution to the nosology and treatment of bipolar disorder in that disorders with common symptoms and biological correlates may be categorized separately because of superficial differences related to behavior, life history, and temperament. The relationship is explored between extremely rapid switching forms of bipolar disorder, in which manic and depressive symptoms are either mixed or switch rapidly, and forms of borderline personality disorder in which affective lability is a prominent symptom. Methods: A MedLine search was conducted of articles that focused on rapid cycling in bipolar disorder, emphasizing recent publications (2001–2004). Results: Studies examined here suggest a number of points of phenomenological and biological overlap between the affective lability criterion of borderline personality disorder and the extremely rapid cycling bipolar disorders. We propose a model for the development of ‘borderline’ behaviors on the basis of unstable mood states that sheds light on how the psychological and somatic interventions may be aimed at ‘breaking the cycle’ of borderline personality disorder development. A review of pharmacologic studies suggests that anticonvulsants may have similar stabilizing effects in both borderline personality disorder and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Conclusions: The same mechanism may drive both the rapid mood switching in some forms of bipolar disorder and the affective instability of borderline personality disorder and may even be rooted in the same genetic etiology. While continued clinical investigation of the use of anticonvulsants in borderline personality disorder is needed, anticonvulsants may be useful in the treatment of this condition, combined with appropriate psychotherapy.
Utilization of volatile fatty acids in ruminants II. Comparison of the metabolism of acetate, propionate and butyrate when injected into the jugular vein, portal vein or the rumen

[1-14C]Acetate, [1-14C]propionate and [1-14C]butyrate were administered to sheep and goats via the jugular vein, portal vein or added directly into the rumen in order to study the effect of route of administration on transfer of 14C to liver glycogen and various blood substrates. The data show that the extent to which 14C from [1-14C]-acetate, [1-14C]propionate or [1-14C]butyrate is incorporated into blood glucose or liver glycogen depends on whether the acids are injected into the jugular vein or portal vein or added to the rumen. The work demonstrates that a tracer dose of [14C]butyrate injected into the jugular vein labels blood glucose more than [14C]acetate because of the higher specific activity of blood butyrate. When unlabeled butyrate is administered along with a tracer dose of [1-14C]butyrate the specific activity of blood glucose is similar to that observed when acetate is administered. This glucogenic effect of butyrate that has been observed many times is an anomaly and is explained by the fact that a tracer dose of [1-14C]butyrate injected into the jugular vein is not diluted with unlabeled butyrate because butyrate is not normally present in peripheral blood.
Post-genomics networking of biotechnology for interpreting gene function

Abstract Richard Meagher and his laboratory colleagues examine the molecular cytology of several ancient families of cytoskeletal proteins, the phytoremediation of environmental pollutants, and novel mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation. Richard also serves as Chief Scientific Officer of Abeome, Inc., a company specializing novel monoclonal antibody technologies.
Teaching University Student End-Users about Online Searching

An intermediate level of end-user education, between introductory demonstrations and complete end-user training, is defined and advocated. Several experiments in providing hands-on searching experiences for undergraduates and beginning graduate students at Stanford University and San Jose University are described.
Phosphorylation of histone variant regions in chromatin: unlocking the linker?

Histone variants illuminate the behavior of chromatin through their unique structures and patterns of postsynthetic modification. This review examines the literature on heteromorphous histone struc...
Light and electron microscopic studies of postcapillary venules in developing human fetal lymph nodes.

Developing lymph nodes from 30 human fetuses with crownrump lengths (CRL) of 38 mm (8.7 wk) to 245 mm (26 wk) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Blood vessels that appear to be postcapillary venules (PCV) are present in nodes of 47 mm CRL and older fetuses. These venules first appear in nodes when the nodal population of lymphocytes is sparse. In these early nodes PCV are distributed randomly and consist of a low endothelium, underlying basal lamina and incomplete pericyte sheath. Early nodal PCV are distinguished from other nodal blood vessels by the presence of lymphocyte diapedesis and several luminal lymphocytes. In the late stages of nodal development PCV are the more common noncapillary blood vessel and appear in the parenchyma near the periphery of the node. Late nodal PCV are generally characterized by a cuboidal endothelium that is rich in Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and Weibel-Palade bodies. The lumen and wall of late nodal PCV contain lymphocytes. The relationship between the development of the parenchyma of fetal nodes and the appearance and activity of PCV, the passage of lymphocytes through the PCV wall and the fine structure of developing PCV are described. It is suggested that the lymphocytes that first appear in developing nodes, and the majority of the lymphocytes found in late nodes, migrate to the node via the blood vascular system and enter the nodal parenchyma by passing across PCV endothelium.
Memory for Gender-Consistent and Gender-Inconsistent Event Sequences by Twenty-Five-Month-Old Children.

Gender-schema theory predicts that, based on a rudimentary understanding of gender (e.g., self-labeling), children will invoke gender schemata in the processing of information. In older children, one indication of schematic processing is differential memory for schema-consistent versus schema-inconsistent material. Due to a lack of appropriate measures, evidence of very early use of gender schemata has been limited. In the present study, elicited imitation was used to assess 25-month-old girls' and boys' immediate and delayed recall of sequences depicting female-stereotyped, male-stereotyped, and gender-neutral activities. At immediate and delayed testing, girls showed equivalent levels of recall of all 3 sequence types. Boys showed superior recall of male- relative to female-stereotyped sequences; their recall of gender-neutral sequences was equivalent to that of male-stereotyped ones. Results indicate that, at least for boys, use of gender schemata is evident by 25 months of age. Possible explanations for the absence of a clear effect for girls are discussed.
The form and function of retractile claws in the Felidae and other representative carnivorans.

Recent behavioral studies have shown the primary organ of prehension used in capturing prey to be the claw equipped forelimbs. In light of its functional importance, the claw retractile mechanism for 15 felid species is described and its function studied. The anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism for felids is then compared to that of other carnivorans. For felids, claw retraction is mechanically possible due to the unique shape of the middle and distal phalanges. Claw retraction, however, is a function of the dorsal elastic ligaments and not of the forearm extensor muscles. The resistance provided by these ligaments allows for flexion of the wrist and digital joints without claw protrusion. Moreover, co-contraction of both forearm flexor and extensor muscles is necessary to produce claw protrusion. The functional anatomy of claw retraction for felids differs considerably from that of most other carnivorans. However, the claw retractile mechanism for some advanced viverrids is structurally similar to that of the felids. For these viverrids prey seizing, as in the felids, has become a function of the forelimbs. For the other families of carnivorans, the jaws and not the forelimbs are used as the primary organ of prehension and the anatomy of the claw retractile mechanism reflects functional demands placed on it other than grasping and holding prey.
Geometry, heterogeneity and competition in variable environments

The effects of environmental fluctuations on coexistence of competing species can be understood by a new geometric analysis. This analysis shows how a species at low density gains an average growth rate advantage when the environment fluctuates and all species have growth rates of the particular geometric form called subadditive. This low density advantage opposes competitive exclusion. Additive growth rates confer no such low density advantage, while superadditive growth rates promote competitive exclusion. Growth-rate geometry can be understood in terms of heterogeneity within populations. Total population growth is divided into different components, such as may be contributed by different life-history stages, phenotypes, or subpopulations in different microhabitats. The relevant aspects of such within-population heterogeneity can be displayed as a scatter plot of sensitivities of different components of population growth to environmental and competitive factors, and can be measured quantitatively as a covariance. A three-factor model aids the conceptual division of population growth into suitable components.
Nanostructured Ultrathin Films of Water-Soluble Sexithiophene Bolaform Amphiphiles Prepared by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

Sexithiophene bolaform amphiphiles with pendant cationic end groups (6TN) were synthesized and alternating multilayers of 6TN and poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were successfully prepared by the layer-by-layer self-assembly deposition technique. The aggregation properties and layer ordering were investigated in view of their potential application for organic field effect transistors (FETs). 6TN ultrathin films were prepared from aqueous solution and water/tetrahydrofuran (THF) (70/30 v/v) mixtures. The amphiphiles showed fine aggregates in water, probably due to the intermolecular interactions of the hydrophobic sexithiophene group. Deaggregation was observed when 30 vol % THF was added, which is a better solvent for the hydrophobic portion of the molecule. A stepwise and regular deposition of 6TN/PSS multilayer in both water and water/THF (70/30) was confirmed by UV−visible spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and surface plasmon spectroscopy. A lower energy vibronic structure was observed with the UV−vis spectra o...
Trends in Survival after Surgery for Cholangiocarcinoma: A 30-Year Population-Based SEER Database Analysis

The prognosis of patients with cholangiocarcinoma historically has been poor, even after surgical resection. Although data from some single-institution series indicate improvement over historical results, survival after surgical therapy for cholangiocarcinoma has not been investigated in a population-based study. We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify patients who underwent surgery for cholangiocarcinoma from 1973 through 2002. Multivariate modeling of survival after surgery for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma showed an improvement in survival only within the last decade studied, resulting in a cumulative 34.4% improvement in survival from 1992 through 2002. In contrast, multivariate modeling of survival after surgery for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma revealed a 23.3% increase in adjusted survival per each decade studied, resulting in a cumulative 53.7% improvement from 1973 through 2002. We conclude that survival after surgery for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma has dramatically improved since 1973. Patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, however, have achieved an improvement in survival largely confined to more recent years. We suggest that these trends are largely caused by developments in imaging technology, improvements in patient selection, and advances in surgical techniques.
Operant GSR conditioning of high and low autonomic perceivers

The effect of contingent and noncontingent reinforcement on unelicited GSRs was assessed for High and Low Autonomic Perceivers. From a group of 160 Ss, the 20 Ss who scored highest and the 20 Ss who scored lowest on Mandler’s Autonomic Perceptibility Questionnaire were given 10 min. of rest, 16 min. of reinforcement, and 10 min. of extinction. The effect of the reinforcer was limited to the Low Autonomic Perceivers.
Effects of a small deviation from fermi statistics

By considering a generalized statistics with occupation numbers between Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics we study the resultant distribution when the states differ by a small factor from a Fermi-Dirac distribution. Both the Fermi energy and any level crossing phenomena are sensitive to such statistics; in particular, the electrical conductivity and the free electron heat capacity of fermions at low temperatures receive corrections due to alterations of Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Quantitative Extraction of Nitrogen Compounds in Oils: Atomic Balance and Molecular Composition

The aim of this study was to get an atomic mass balance on nitrogen compounds in petroleum fractions such as crude oils, distillation cuts, or rock extracts. Two methods have been developed for the separation of basic compounds: a liquid−solid extraction on a commercial acid-bound silica and a new technique by liquid−liquid extraction. Both methods allowed for a selective and quantitative recovery of the basic compounds. For neutral nitrogen species, a method is proposed based on deprotonation by a strong base and liquid−liquid extraction. The efficiency of the three methods was checked on appropriate standards. These techniques were then applied to a crude oil from the Middle East and its distillation cut 375−550 °C. All the basic and neutral fractions were submitted to elemental analyses in order to get the total nitrogen balance to be compared to the initial amount present in the crude oil. Results show that a large part of nitrogen is contained in the residue of the oil distillation above 550 °C. The...
Liquid intake, initiation and amount of eating as determined by osmolality of drinking liquids.

Abstract In the first part of the study rats were deprived of water for 24 hr and given either water, 0.1 osm, 0.2 osm or 0.3 osm of NaCl, glucose, or sucrose solutions and powdered food. The amount and duration of liquid intake before rats initiated eating were measured. Liquid was removed as soon as eating started and the amount of food intake during 2 hr period was recorded. In the second part of the study 24 hr water-deprived rats were given 8 ml either of water, 0.1 osm or 0.3 osm of NaCl, glucose, or sucrose solutions and then food for 2 hr. The duration of liquid intake and the amount of food intake were measured. The results show that: (a) when there is an increase in osmolality the liquid is drunk more and longer before eating is started; (b) the amount of subsequent food intake is unequal; (c) with the intake of 8 ml liquid the amount of food intake is less the higher the osmolality in drinking liquid; and, (d) with glucose solutions no above mentioned osmotic inhibitive effect on food intake is observed. Beside body fluid osmotic factor there seem to be nonosmotic factors which can contribute to initiation of feeding.
Municipal overburden: an empirical analysis

Abstract The municipal overburden hypothesis asserts the existence of a causal relationship between high levels of non-school municipal expenditure or tax rates and low levels of school spending. We estimate demand for expenditure on education using a median voter model. The hypothesis is tested by including in the estimating equation several versions of a variable representing municipal overburden. We find no evidence in support of the hypothesis.
Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapeutics as Maintenance of Response in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Survival for patients with advanced disease remains meager with standard platinum-based doublet therapy even given initially. Improved efficacy and tolerability of third-generation chemotherapies and small-molecule inhibitors has prompted the evaluation of these agents in the maintenance setting in order to enhance current outcomes. Two separate strategies have evolved: the introduction of a non-cross-resistant drug immediately following first-line or induction chemotherapy (switch maintenance), or the continuation of the non-platinum partner initially introduced during induction (continuation maintenance). Here we review the available clinical trial data evaluating both maintenance strategies, and offer our assessment of their contemporary clinical implications and cost-effectiveness.
The Principle of Proximal Similarity

This comment focuses on Campbell's principle of proximal similarity. When considered in the light of related work in various disciplines, the principle has implications that go beyond the generalization of experimental results in preventive intervention research. The generalized principle suggests classification and conceptualization of the settings and people involved in preventive interventive research in terms offuzzy-boundary categories, in contrast to conventional classical or sharp-boundary categories. As such, the generalized principle raises opportunities (1) to use systematic, empirical methods for purposive sampling and other tasks in problem-oriented research, (2) to reconsider the epistemological foundations that shape such research, including the concept of 'science,' and (3) to include subjects with scientists in the mutually reinforcing community that is expected to evolve effective treatments. The principle is applicable to policy research in general.
Intensification and spatial homogenization of coastal upwelling under climate change

An ensemble of climate models shows that by the end of the twenty-first century the coastal upwelling season near the eastern boundaries of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans will start earlier, end later and become more intense at high latitudes, thus becoming more homogeneous; these changes may affect the geographical distribution of marine biodiversity. Coastal upwelling provides nutrients that sustain healthy marine ecosystems along the eastern margins of the world's oceans. Analysis of historical records has suggested an intensification of upwelling in some coastal currents, but to date no consensus has been reached in predictions of future changes in upwelling in a warming climate. Daiwei Wang and colleagues have analysed twenty-two simulations from the CMIP5 model archive — an extensive series of coordinated climate model experiments — which suggest that by the end of the twenty-first century, the coastal upwelling season near the eastern boundaries of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans will start earlier, end later and become more intense at high latitudes, thus becoming more homogeneous. These changes may affect the geographical distribution of marine biodiversity. The timing and strength of wind-driven coastal upwelling along the eastern margins of major ocean basins regulate the productivity of critical fisheries and marine ecosystems by bringing deep and nutrient-rich waters to the sunlit surface, where photosynthesis can occur1,2,3. How coastal upwelling regimes might change in a warming climate is therefore a question of vital importance4,5. Although enhanced land–ocean differential heating due to greenhouse warming has been proposed to intensify coastal upwelling by strengthening alongshore winds6, analyses of observations and previous climate models have provided little consensus on historical and projected trends in coastal upwelling7,8,9,10,11,12,13. Here we show that there are strong and consistent changes in the timing, intensity and spatial heterogeneity of coastal upwelling in response to future warming in most Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUSs). An ensemble of climate models shows that by the end of the twenty-first century the upwelling season will start earlier, end later and become more intense at high but not low latitudes. This projected increase in upwelling intensity and duration at high latitudes will result in a substantial reduction of the existing latitudinal variation in coastal upwelling. These patterns are consistent across three of the four EBUSs (Canary, Benguela and Humboldt, but not California). The lack of upwelling intensification and greater uncertainty associated with the California EBUS may reflect regional controls associated with the atmospheric response to climate change. Given the strong linkages between upwelling and marine ecosystems14,15, the projected changes in the intensity, timing and spatial structure of coastal upwelling may influence the geographical distribution of marine biodiversity.
Effects of Experimental Cowbird Removals on Brood Parasitism and Nest Predation in a Grassland Songbird

Abstract Brood parasitism and predation are two factors that limit seasonal fecundity in grassland songbirds. We removed Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in a switchback experiment to examine the effects of brood parasitism and nest predation on the productivity of Dickcissels (Spiza americana). Nesting Dickcissels were monitored at four study plots in northeast Kansas in a two-year study. Brown-headed Cowbirds were captured with drop-in traps at two removal plots, two unmanipulated plots were reference plots, and treatments were reversed between years. To evaluate the effect of Brown-headed Cowbird removals, we compared the percentage of nests parasitized, rates of multiple parasitism, clutch size, daily nest survival rates, and overall productivity per nest between removal and reference plots. Removals of Brown-headed Cowbirds successfully reduced the probability of parasitism and rates of multiple parasitism, but only in one of two years. Brown-headed Cowbirds did not appear to contribute to nest...
Hume's Moral Sentiments As Motives

Do the moral sentiments move us to act, according to Hume? And if so, how? Hume famously deploys the claim that moral evaluations move us to act to show that they are not derived from reason alone. Presumably, moral evaluations move us because (as Hume sees it) they are, or are the product of, moral sentiments. So, it would seem that moral approval and disapproval are or produce motives to action. This raises three interconnected interpretive questions. First, on Hume's account, we are moved to do many virtuous actions not by the sentiments of approval and disapproval, but by other sentiments, such as gratitude and parental love; so when and how do the moral sentiments themselves provide motives to act morally? The second question arises as a result of a position I defend here, that the moral sentiments are best understood as Humean indirect affections. Hume says that the four main indirect passions (pride, humility, love and hatred) do not directly move us to act. The second question, then, is whether their status as indirect affections nonetheless allows moral approval and disapproval to be or provide motives. Finally, if we make a natural assumption about how Hume thinks belief about future pleasure is connected to the desire to obtain it (I call it the signpost assumption), it turns out that the mechanisms for producing motives that most naturally come to mind are ones that are equally available to reason alone. This introduces the third question: given the constraints Hume imposes on the nature of the moral sentiments, is there a way in which they can move us to act that is not also a way in which reason alone does? I argue that, given the signpost assumption, while Hume has greatly constrained his options, his moral sentiments do have one very limited way of moving us to act that is not available to reason alone. However, there are reasons to doubt that Hume endorses the signpost assumption. Without it, our moral evaluations have a far greater capacity to produce motives to act. One important objection arises; but this problem can be solved by rejecting a further assumption about what counts as being produced by reason alone.
Iranians in the twin cities

(1986). Iranians in the twin cities. Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 117-123.
The Search for the “Other Germany”: Refugee Historians from Nazi Germany and the Contested Historical Legacy of the Resistance to Hitler

During his visit to the Federal Republic of Germany in the summer of 1954, Fritz Stern, a young history professor at Columbia University, witnessed in Berlin the memorial service for the victims of the July 20, 1944, revolt against Hitler. His feelings were stirred at the sight of the sorrowful faces of the widows and children of the conspirators who were executed in the aftermath of the failed assassination attempt, and by President Theodor Heuss's speech, recalling the anguish and courage of the Germans who made the decision to rebel in an act of atonement. Born in Germany in 1926 to Protestant parents of Jewish ancestry, Stern experienced racist antisemitism in the Third Reich firsthand before his family emigrated in 1938. He returned to Germany with conflicted emotions. During World War II, when the magnitude of the annihilation of European Jewry was uncovered, he felt intense hatred toward National Socialism. The distinction between German and Nazi became blurred. And yet, he could not bring himself to hold the German people collectively guilty for such crimes and to reject his native land. At the ceremony he struggled with his own feelings, saying to himself at first that “their purposes had not been ours.” Then a sense of shame for his indiscriminate hatred overwhelmed him. He left Germany in August “purged of hatred—though not disloyal to the feelings of the past, and full of forebodings about the future.”
Evidence for a membrane-bound fraction of chick intestinal calcium-binding protein

Abstract After homogenization of intestinal mucosa from vitamin D-replete chicks and high speed centrifugation, the major proportion of the vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein is present in the supernatant fraction. However, the centrifugate, after repeated washing, contains significant amounts of bound calcium-binding protein that can be solubilized by Triton X-100. The bound calcium-binding protein is identical to soluble calcium-binding protein by the criteria of immunological identity, electrophoretic mobility, and molecular size, as determined by gel filtration chromatography. The bound calcium-binding protein is only partially released by sonication, osmotic shock or by ribonuclease treatment Bound and soluble calcium-binding protein are not present in rachitic chick intestine. The addition of calcium-binding protein to rachitic mucosa prior to homogenization does not yield a Triton X-100 solubilizable form, indicating that bound calcium-binding protein in vitamin D-replete intestine is not due to adsorption of vesicular entrapmetn of soluble calcium-binding protein. The overall evidence suggests that part of the intestinal calcium-binding protein is membrane-bound.
Patient selection for treatment of obesity.

s 5 f w w l t l q ( Because of the multifactorial etiology of obesity, ranging rom genetic to epigenetic to early-life environmental auses to conscious and unconscious lifestyle choices, postraumatic conditions, and codependencies, patient selection s crucially important for “successful” treatment. Because aintenance of weight loss is the critical advantage of urgical treatment over other modalities, it is necessary to ocus on predictors of long-term response to surgery. This eview proposes standards for reporting outcomes and sumarizes methods for selecting candidates for surgical treatent of obesity. Motivational factors influencing outcome re paramount, emphasizing the importance of analyzing ehavior and the need for individualizing (surgical) treatent options. The trend toward younger age and lower weight criteria ncreases the need for improved patient selection for obesity urgery. Surgical treatment of severely obese patients is ore cost-effective and has a better risk–benefit ratio than ny nonoperative modality, but there is considerable need or improvement. Laparoscopic approaches and other techical advances have increased safety, and our understanding f the disease of obesity has improved dramatically, via olecular biology and sophisticated integrative physiology. evertheless, this progress has not translated into the critial clinical area of patient selection. This overview summaizes old and new predictors of outcome of surgical treatent of obesity and suggests areas of further investigation. The traditional medical practice paradigm formalized in he outline of the medical record as “history and physical” nds with an “impression,” or problem statement conceptu-
A Shape Representation with Elastic Quadratic Polynomials--Preservation of High Curvature Points under Noisy Conditions

We present a new shape representation technique for a planar shape using overlapping quadratic splines. The technique refines the shape by iteratively updating each spline to reduce the cost associated with C 1 discontinuity. It consists of a series of affine commutative linear operators, producing a smooth bandpass frequency response. The primary purpose of the technique is to remove minute high-curvature points while preserving salient ones. We compare the performance of the technique against those that are based on either linear splines, cubic splines, or wavelets. We consider three criteria: sensitivity of detecting salient high-curvature points, Hausdorff distance between the representation and the original shape, and computation time. The results show that the proposed technique is highly effective in preserving salient high curvature points with a relatively small Hausdorff distance and a computational cost.
Phase transitions of mixtures of amorphous polysaccharides and sugars

Maltodextrins of varying molecular weights, maltose, and sucrose were used to study the effect of molecular weight, water plasticization, and composition on glass transition temperature (Tg). All maltodextrins were plasticized by water, and the decrease of Tg was linear with water activity over the range of 0.11–0.85. The plasticization effect of water was similar for maltodextrins having various molecular weights. Effects of molecular weight and composition on the Tg of maltodextrins could be correlated by using relationships reported previously for polymers. The quantitative results obtained can be applied to formulate food and related materials having desired processability and storage stability.
Metrological triangle for measurements of isotope amount ratios of silver, indium, and antimony using multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: the 21st century Harvard method.

The calibration of measurements of the isotope amount ratio using a log−linear regression method with multicollector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) is the latest development in isotope amount ratio metrology. This calibration method, however, is often met with criticism. In this work, we evaluate the robustness of this calibration strategy wherein measurements of antimony and indium isotope amount ratios are calibrated against the isotope amount ratio of silver, despite the significant difference in their atomic mass. In addition, a metrological triangle comprising Ag−Sb−In measurement results is constructed from three pairs of interelemental isotope amount ratio calibrations: N(121Sb)/N(123Sb) from the N(107Ag)/N(109Ag) of NIST SRM 978a measurement standard, N(113In)/N(115In) from the N(121Sb)/N(123Sb), and then calibration of N(107Ag)/N(109Ag) from the obtained N(113In)/N(115In) measured ratio values to verify consistency with the known N(107Ag)/N(109Ag). This calibration method...
Food sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees

Food sharing has been proposed as the propeller of hominid evolution, particularly of the development of systems of mutual social obligation. Yet, food sharing in our closest relative has never been subjected to a rigorous analysis of reciprocity. Provisioning of branches and leaves to nineteen chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in an outdoor corral resulted in 4,653 interactions over food. Food trials were characterised by increased levels of aggressive as well as appeasement behavior. Food exchanges among the nine adult group members (one male, eight females) were remarkably balanced per dyad, and sharing of individual A with B correlated positively with sharing of B with A (r = 0·552). After adjustment of the data for effects of proximity and dominance relationships, a significant degree of reciprocity remained. Individual A's sharing with B on a particular day, however, could not be predicted on the basis of B's sharing with A on the previous trial day. Social grooming earlier during the same trial day did have an effect. Individual A was more likely to share with B after B had groomed A, but less likely after A had groomed B. This suggests a turn-taking rule in the exchange of social favors, which prevents one-sided accumulation of benefits. Individuals who were reluctant to share (i.e., showed a low rate of food distribution) had a higher probability of encountering aggression when they themselves approached food possessors.
ESMO-EACR - Targeted therapies: Promises, successes and failures

ABSTRACT We will present exciting new progress at developing what we regard as a new concept, which we refer to as “pro-senescence therapy”, that aims at utilizing cellular senescence, a built-in failsafe mechanism in mammalian cell evoked by oncogenic stress, for cancer prevention and treatment. We will discuss how this analysis allowed us to identify novel and therapeutically relevant molecular and biological types of cellular senescence that can be evoked and potentiated pharmacologically, in turn allowing the targeting of cancer stem cells as well as the “quiescent” cancer stem cell pool for therapy. We will analyze how these new concepts emerged from our analysis and systematic deconstruction of the molecular genetics of human cancer as studied in vivo in faithful mouse models, with particular emphasis on the role of aberrant PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in tumorigenesis. Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
Novel independent and synergistic regulation of gonadotropin-α subunit gene by luteinizing hormone/human choriogonadotropin and gonadotropin releasing hormone in the αT3-1 gonadotrope cells

Abstract The αT3-1 cells are immortalized anterior pituitary gonadotropes which express gonadotropin-α subunit gene. These cells contain receptors for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) as well as for luteinizing hormone (LH) which can also bind human choriogonadotropin (hCG). Like GnRH, LH and hCG can upregulate the expression of gonadotropin-α subunit gene. While 0.1–1.0 ng/ml hCG can upregulate, higher concentrations have no effect. However, these higher hCG concentrations can act in a synergistic manner with GnRH to increase the steady state mRNA and protein levels of gonadotropin-α subunit. The synergism between hCG and GnRH was mimicked by LH but not by other hormones in the glycoprotein hormone family or α or β subunits of hCG, suggesting that the synergism is hormone specific and requires the conformation of native hormone. The hCG induced increase in gonadotropin-α subunit mRNA levels was due to a significant increase in the half-life of gonadotropin-α subunit transcripts from 7.8±1.0 h in the controls to 16.5±3.8 h after treatment with hCG. The GnRH induced increase in gonadotropin-α subunit mRNA levels was due to both a significant increase in the half-life to 26.2±3.0 h as well as a significant increase in the transcription rate of the gene (159.0±7.7% of the control). A greater increase in gonadotropin-α subunit mRNA levels following a combined treatment with GnRH and hCG was due to a further increase in half-life to 37.6±3.1 h as well as a greater increase in the transcription rate of the gene (295.1±24.2% of the control) as compared to the treatment with GnRH alone. In summary, we conclude that LH and hCG can independently and synergistically act with GnRH to increase the expression of gonadotropin-α subunit gene by transcriptional as well as by post-transcriptional mechanisms in αT3-1 cells. These effects may be important for the increase of LH levels during the preovulatory surge.