cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY: MODIFICATION OF TUMOR CELLS TO INCREASE IMMUNOGENICITY*

Firmly established transplantable C3H/HeJ mammary carcinomas can be inhibited by host challenge with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN)-treated tumor cells. The effect is totally immunospecific, even VCN-treated tumors bearing shared mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen cannot induce the regression. Thus, VCN is capable of increasing the immunogenicity of the private, unique-unshared tumor antigens on mammary carcinomas; VCN is incapable of increasing the immunogenicity of the shared MTV-associated tumor antigen even in syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ MTV-free mice. The immunoregressive effect of VCN-treated tumor cells can be augmented by subtotal or total surgical excision of large transplantable tumors. Spontaneous mammary tumors in retired breeder C3H/HeJ female mice can be made to regress by two immunological maneuvers: (1) repeated intratumor injections of VCN and/or BCG; and (2) total excision and immunotherapy with VCN-treated autochthonous mammary tumor cells. The use of VCN-treated transplantable mammary tumor cells sharing the MTV-associated antigen was not better than excision alone. The evidence supports the idea that active specific immunotherapy of spontaneous tumors with VCN-altered tumor cells may require the use of autochthonous cells.
898 SUPPRESSOR|[sol]|HELPER CELL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

Immunoregulatory cell function was tested prior to therapy in 3 children with systemic lupus (SLE) and 4 with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). Diagnoses were made by the American Rheumatism Association's clinical criteria and elevated anti-DNA with low C3, C4, and/or CH50 in SLE or elevated anti-ENA of RNP specificity in MCTD. Suppressor/helper function was evaluated by comparing pokeweed mitogen-induced IgG and IgM secretion in individual cultures of patients' lymphocytes (PBLs) with that produced in co-cultures of PBLs of patients and normals. SLE patients produced more IgG (mean ± S.E. = 10,100 ± 6100 ng per 2 × 106 cells) in individual cultures than did 105 normals (1,450 ± 2,100 ng); IgM production was similar in the two groups. Co-cultures of SLE PBLs with normals suggested normal immunoregulation in one patient, loss of suppressor function in one, and excess helper function in the other. Three of 4 MCTD patients produced normal amounts of IgG (3980 ± 1780 ng) and normal immunoregulation was found in co-culture. One MCTD patient had markedly low IgG (220ng) and IgM (70ng) production and this patient excess suppressor function in co-culture. Our results suggest that children with SLE may produce more IgG in response to pokeweed mitogen than normals and a variety of immunoregulatory abnormalities may be found in children with active, untreated autoimmune disease.
The Key Role of Heavy Precipitation Events in Climate Model Disagreements of Future Annual Precipitation Changes in California

AbstractClimate model simulations disagree on whether future precipitation will increase or decrease over California, which has impeded efforts to anticipate and adapt to human-induced climate change. This disagreement is explored in terms of daily precipitation frequency and intensity. It is found that divergent model projections of changes in the incidence of rare heavy (>60 mm day−1) daily precipitation events explain much of the model disagreement on annual time scales, yet represent only 0.3% of precipitating days and 9% of annual precipitation volume. Of the 25 downscaled model projections examined here, 21 agree that precipitation frequency will decrease by the 2060s, with a mean reduction of 6–14 days yr−1. This reduces California's mean annual precipitation by about 5.7%. Partly offsetting this, 16 of the 25 projections agree that daily precipitation intensity will increase, which accounts for a model average 5.3% increase in annual precipitation. Between these conflicting tendencies, 12 projecti...
Optimization of a mist chamber (Cofer scrubber) for sampling water-soluble organics in air.

While the atmospheric fate and transport of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons has been extensively studied, little is known about the behavior of first-, second-, and third-generation photo-oxidation products that arise from OH radical oxidation of the parent species. The results of chamber experiments establish that •OH oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons yields carbonyls, dicarbonyls, hydroxycarbonyls, and keto-acids. However, little is known about the generation and fate of these products in the ambient atmospheric environment. This is changing because of the advent of methods that rely on O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) derivatization of carbonyls in concert with gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Such methods provide the means to identify and quantify water-soluble organics, which historically have been difficult to measure. A limitation of existing sampling methods, however, is the use of devices that require low flow rates (0.5−1 L min-1). Acc...
Constitutional Design of the Executive: Vice Presidencies in Comparative Perspective

Given the history of the institution in the U.S., it is perhaps not surprising that few democracies have adopted a vice presidency. But, why do any countries have vice presidencies? What, if any, functions do they fulfill? In this paper we examine constitutional provisions for vice presidencies in 29 presidential democracies throughout the world. Specifically, we examine the extent to which the office of the vice presidency fulfills three possible institutional purposes: succession, legislative, or executive functions. Almost all vice presidencies included in our analysis fulfill the role of successor in the event of a presidential vacancy. Of those that have additional duties, most are assigned executive functions, while a few are assigned legislative functions. On the whole, the paper provides empirical evidence that vice presidencies seem to be marginal institutions.
The influence of the herpes simplex virus-1 DNA template environment on the regulation of gene expression

To determine the role of the HSV-1 genome structure and environment on the regulation of gene expression, we constructed recombinant viruses containing a heterologous gene inserted into either the immediate early ICPO or late glycoprotein C (gC) genes of HSV-1. The heterologous gene consisted of the SV40 early promoter (without enhancer sequences) linked to the coding sequences for the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). The expression of CAT was examined in Vero cells infected with either virus (named ICP0-CAT and Sph 6). For both recombinants, expression of CAT was not dependent upon prior viral protein synthesis. The kinetics of expression of CAT-specific mRNA resembled that of the HSV-1 genes into which CAT was inserted. Primer extension analysis revealed that the SV40 promoter is recognized and used when placed in cis in two different HSV-1 genome locations, and Northern hybridization experiments confirmed that the heterologous gene was expressed in the absence of prior viral protein synthesis. Therefore, this gene was not regulated as strictly as an HSV-1 gene, but was influenced by the environment into which it was placed, presumably by factors that are present when the normal viral gene is on.
A fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer sensor for cations with an off-on-off proton switch

Abstract A photoinduced electron transfer cation sensor which can function as an off-on-off fluorescence switch for protons and an off-on fluorescence switch for zinc (II) ions is described.
A role for upstream RNA structure in facilitating the catalytic fold of the genomic hepatitis delta virus ribozyme.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has a circular RNA genome that replicates by a double rolling-circle mechanism. The genomic and antigenomic versions of HDV contain a ribozyme that undergoes cis-cleavage, thereby processing the transcript into unit-length monomers. A genomic HDV transcript containing 30 nucleotides immediately upstream of the cleavage site was found to have attenuated self-cleavage. Structure mapping and site-directed mutagenesis revealed an inhibitory stretch consisting of upstream nucleotides -24 to -15 that forms a long-range pairing, termed Alt 1, with the 3' strand of P2 (P2(3')) located at the very 3'-end of the ribozyme. Two other alternative pairings were found, Alt 2, which involves upstream nucleotide-ribozyme interactions, and Alt 3, which involves ribozyme-ribozyme interactions. Self-cleavage was rescued 2700 to 20,000-fold by adding DNA oligomers, which sequester the -24/-15 inhibitory stretch in trans. Surprisingly, co-transcriptional self-cleavage occurs when the number of upstream nucleotides is increased to 54. Computer prediction and structure mapping support the existence of an unusually stable upstream hairpin involving nucleotides -54 to -18, termed P(-1)/L(-1), which sequesters the majority of the -24/-15 inhibitory stretch in cis. This hairpin is followed by a stretch of single-stranded pyrimidine-rich nucleotides, termed J(-1/1). Sequence comparison suggests that the P(-1)/L(-1)/J(-1/1) motif is conserved among known genomic HDV isolates, and that the J(-1/1) stretch is conserved among antigenomic HDV isolates. Lastly, the secondary structure of the Alt 1-containing ribozyme provides insight into possible folding intermediates of the ribozyme.
Histologic changes resembling acute rejection in a liver transplant patient treated with terbinafine.

We present a case of histologic changes resembling acute cellular rejection in a liver transplant patient treated with terbinafine. Approximately 5 years after orthotopic liver transplantation, a 51-year-old Hispanic man developed elevated liver enzyme levels. A biopsy sample was interpreted as acute cellular rejection, and the patient was treated with increased immunosuppression. Review of medications showed that the patient had been started on terbinafine approximately 4 weeks earlier for onychomycosis, and it was discontinued. A follow-up visit 2 weeks later revealed progressive jaundice, malaise, and nausea, and evaluation of a second liver biopsy sample revealed marked centrilobular cholestasis and severe bile duct damage, consistent with terbinafine hepatotoxicity. Although these histologic changes have been described in treated patients with both normal and abnormal livers, the potential for confusion with acute rejection in patients with hepatic transplantation has not previously been reported.
Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light

The UV components of sunlight are believed to be a major cause of human skin cancer, and DNA is thought to be the principal molecular target. Alterations of the intensity and wavelength distribution of solar UV radiation reaching the surface of the earth, for example by depletion of stratospheric ozone, will change the effectiveness of solar radiation in damaging DNA in human skin. Evaluation of the magnitude of such effects requires knowledge of the altered sunlight spectrum and of the action spectrum for damaging DNA in human skin. We have determined an action spectrum for the frequency of pyrimidine dimer formation induced in the DNA of human skin per unit dose of UV incident on the skin surface. The peak of this action spectrum is near 300 nm and decreases rapidly at both longer and shorter wavelengths. The decrease in our action spectrum for wavelengths less than 300 nm is attributed to the absorption of the upper layers of the skin, an in situ effect that is inherently included in our measurements. Convolution of the dimer action spectrum with the solar spectra corresponding to a solar angle of 40 degrees under current levels of stratospheric ozone (0.32-cm O3 layer) and those for 50% ozone depletion (0.16-cm O3 layer), indicate about a 2.5-fold increase in dimer formation. If the action spectrum for DNA damage that results in skin cancer resembles that for dimer induction in skin, our results, combined with epidemiological data, suggest that a 50% decrease in stratospheric ozone would increase the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers among white males in Seattle, Washington, by 7.5- to 8-fold, to a higher incidence than is presently seen in the corresponding population of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Skin metastases from transitional cell bladder cancer

Abstract Three cases of transitional cell bladder cancer metastatic to skin are described. This manifestation of transitional cell uroepithelial malignancy was previously believed to be quite uncommon. The authors' experience suggests that this occurrence is not that rare and that it may reflect increased longevity in successfully treated patients, allowing previously unusual manifestatiions of metastatic disease to become evident. The role of aspiration skin biopsy is discussed.
Use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for analysis of the stool microbiota of hospitalized patients

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified ribosomal RNA gene amplicons was used to study the stool microbiota of hospitalized patients and to examine the effect of antibiotic therapy. For one patient, 16 anaerobic species identified by random cloning and sequencing of PCR-amplified rRNA genes from stool were represented by bands on the DGGE gel. DGGE analysis and similarity index comparisons demonstrated that the anaerobic microbiota of this individual remained stable in the absence of antibiotic therapy, was minimally affected by ciprofloxacin but markedly reduced by clindamycin therapy, and recovery of some organisms was evident within days after discontinuation of clindamycin. DGGE analysis of additional patients demonstrated similar disruptions of the intestinal microbiota associated with antibiotic therapy. The DGGE banding patterns of nine patients showed considerable variability, but several bands were shared among patients. Thus, our findings are consistent with previous studies that utilized culture techniques, and suggest that DGGE is a useful technique for analysis of the stool microbiota of hospitalized patients.
Exploring the effects of cooperative interactions on affinity using a pinwheel sensor system

Abstract A series of three pinwheel sensors were constructed with 1, 2, and 3 binding sites. Binding of Zn+2 and Cd+2 was monitored by fluorescence over a range of temperatures. The data demonstrate that cooperative interactions generally increase the effective affinity of the sensor. This effect is more pronounced in systems which have lower inherent affinity for the analyte.
Neuropeptide Y innervation of the cerebellum in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus)

Light microscopic immunocytochemistry for neuropeptide Y (NPY) has demonstrated the presence of a diffuse system of NPY-immunoreactive fibers in the cerebellum of Myotis lucifugus. These fibers gain access to the cerebellum by way of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and terminate on Purkinje cell dendrites and on neurons in the granule cell layer. The origin of cerebellar NPY and possible colocalization with norepinephrine are discussed.
Nondestructive Detection of Material Degradation Caused by Creep and Hydrogen Attack

Hydrogen attack and creep damage may reduce the fracture toughness as well as the strength of steels. This reduction is caused partially by the presence of cavities and microcracks at the grain boundaries. A large reduction in fracture toughness can make some components unsafe for operation. Ultrasonic tests performed on damaged samples showed a decrease in wave velocity and an increase in backscatter. The longitudinal-wave velocity decreased more than shear-wave velocity. Where the fracture toughness was reduced by 43 percent, samples with hydrogen attack showed a tenfold increase in backscatter. Such results demonstrate the potential for ultrasonic nondestructive testing to quantify damage and assess the component’s remaining life.
Defect Creation in InGaAs/GaAs Multiple Quantum Wells – II. Optical Properties

Abstract The optical properties of three sets of InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy and previously characterized by x-ray diffraction for crystal perfection were investigated. The correlations between growth conditions, crystal defects, and optical properties are discussed. Evaluation of the relative importance of non-radiative Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination was carried out according to a method presented herein. The optimal deposition temperature was determined based on both proper carrier confinement in the nanostructures and the least non-radiative recombination. Growing below this temperature increased SRH-recombination whereas higher growth temperatures led to carrier localization in local band edge minima. Varying the MQW periodicity and MQW period allowed the study of their effects on the strength of SRH-recombination. MQW periodicity results are explained in the frame of a cumulative deterioration effect with continued epitaxial growth, while MQW period data shows correlations between relaxation of the initial elastic stress and SRH-strength. Limitations of the underlying model for SRH-analysis are pointed out.
Reversed-phase supports for the resolution of large denatured protein fragments

Abstract Large pore (≥ 300 A), spherical partical silica stationary phases possesing either C18 or C8 hydrocarbon ligands out-performed small pore (60–100 A), irregular shaped silicas for the purification of large denatured peptides. Since columns 5 cm in length appeared to be as effective in separationg peptides as columns 5 times longer, it is likely that large peptides absorb to the matrix rather than partition between the stationary and mobile phases.
Fast neutron teletherapy in advanced epidermoid head and neck cancer. A review.

An extensive review of clinical studies employing fast neutron teletherapy for advanced epidermoid carcinomas of the head and neck is presented. Head and neck tumors have represented an excellent study site because of their accessibility to physical examination for measurement of tumor response, and because early neutron beams have had poor depth dose characteristics, making the treatment of more deeply seated tumors technically difficult. A summary of the major trials comparing neutron and mixed-beam (combination neutron and photon) therapy with conventional therapy indicates no conclusive evidence of improvement in local control or survival rates for the experimental arms. Exceptions to this are the Hammersmith experience and the slightly higher lymph node control rates seen in two studies. An evaluation of tox- icity indicates that with the new generation of cyclotrons, complication rates may approach parity with those of photon linear accelerators.
Chebyshev Stopbands for CIC Decimation Filters and CIC-Implemented Array Tapers in 1D and 2D

The stopbands of a cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filter are ordinarily very narrow, as each results from a single multiple zero. Here response sharpening with a Chebyshev polynomial, using a previously reported CIC variant, separates each such multiple zero into an equiripple stopband. By trading unneeded depth at stopband center for improved depth at the stopband edge, the latter depth improves by some 6(N-1) dB in an Nth-order system. Increased computational complexity is modest: a few low-speed additions and multiplications by small integer coefficients that can often be chosen as powers of two. Alternatively, parameters can be configured to replace the many small stopbands with one large one, and this is demonstrated here with example spatial-processing CIC designs that create pencil beams for 1D and 2D receive antenna arrays.
Fetal echocardiography: a window to the developing heart.

This paper aims to help the reader understand the indications and the underlying physiologic concepts that relate to the findings obtained from a fetal cardiac evaluation. Techniques to obtain the basic fetal echocardiographic views and to identify gross cardiac abnormalities will also be discussed
Total testosterone, androgen receptor polymorphism, and depressive symptoms in young black and white men: The CARDIA Male Hormone Study

Androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat length (RL) might modify the relationship between endogenous testosterone (T) and depressive symptoms in men on average over age 50 years. We hypothesized that CAG RL modifies the association between T and depressive symptoms in 525 black and 721 white men under age 40 years participating in the CARDIA Male Hormone Study. We assessed cross-sectional associations of quartiles of total and bioavailable T and tertiles of CAG RL with depressive symptoms, defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score > or=16, in 1995-1996. The interaction of CAG RL and total T on depressive symptoms was statistically significant for blacks, whites, and both groups combined. In the combined analysis, the odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) across the quartiles of total T were 1.00, 0.17 (95% CI=0.07-0.43), 0.31 (95% CI=0.14-0.70), and 0.49 (95% CI=0.22-1.09) for the shortest RL group. The interaction of CAG RL and bioavailable T on depressive symptoms was statistically significant for black men only, and nonsignificant in a combined analysis. For black men in the shortest RL group, the ORs for the quartiles of bioavailable T were 1.00, 0.41 (95% CI=0.16-1.05), 0.10 (95% CI=0.03-0.38), and 0.35 (95% CI=0.14-0.90). In other CAG groups, there were no relationships of total or bioavailable T with depressive symptoms. CAG RL might modify the association between endogenous total and bioavailable T and depressive symptoms in younger black men. Clinical trials assessing the effects of T replacement therapy on depressive symptoms in hypogonadal men should consider including CAG RL in their design and/or analysis.
Automatic Generation of Flow Nets with Conventional Ground-Water Modeling Algorithmsa

Though flow nets offer one of the best means of visualizing ground-water flow fields, accurate construction of flow nets can be very difficult in heterogeneous, anisotropic media or in regional cross sections where vertical exaggeration of scale is great. A method was developed for automatically generating the streamlines of a flow net using conventional ground-water flow modeling algorithms. The method can be implemented using most any of the existing computer programs for flow modeling, and no modification of the programs is necessary. One need only replace the hydraulic head and conductivity terms in the steady-state ground-water flow equation with the stream function and an inverse form of hydraulic conductivity, respectively. Possible boundary conditions include prescribed stream function (Dirichlet type) and prescribed stream function gradient (Neumann type). The former can be determined from prior knowledge of recharge or discharge rates or from boundary fluxes computed in previous simulations of hydraulic head distribution. The latter can be determined from data on hydraulic head along the boundaries, raising the possibility of solving for the streamlines directly without first solving for the head distribution. The method is generally not appropriate when sources or sinks occur inside the flow region, and it will not handle transient conditions. Accuracy of the method is demonstrated in three hypothetical test problems and a vertical-plane model through the Palo Duro Basin of Texas and New Mexico.
PI017 - thick film texturing to enhance the properties of lead-free ferroelectric materials

Increasing concern surrounding the use of lead in consumer products has stimulated research to identify candidates to replace lead-based materials used in many commercial applications. To be integrated into commercial products; however, a lead-free replacement must be fabricated using common industrial techniques while maintaining dielectric properties equivalent to the current lead-based systems. Texturing has been shown to dramatically enhance the dielectric properties of lead-free materials such that several potential systems are now being considered as replacements for the current lead-based materials. In this work, a large degree of texturing has been introduced to bismuth titanium oxide bulk samples through the process of screen printing large, plate-like seeds in a matrix of equi-axial powder. The degree of texturing achieved gives rise to a high probability of excellent dielectric properties, making textured bismuth titanate a viable replacement for commercial lead-based dielectrics.
Acanthamoeba and Disinfection of Soft Contact Lenses

The association between acanthamoeba keratitis and the use of soft contact lenses is firmly established. Despite alerts and warnings, education of eye-care professionals and patients, and identification of risk factors that are associated with the use of soft contact lenses, acanthamoeba keratitis remains a threat. It is presumed that in some cases, the soft contact lens is the vector by which Acanthamoeba is introduced to the cornea. This presumption has spurred concern regarding the efficacy of systems used for the disinfection of soft contact lenses in killing the organism. Many questions have been raised regarding the proficiency of disinfection. These have stemmed from a poor understanding of the interactions among soft contact lenses, soft contact lens paraphernalia, and Acanthamoeba. Another issue to be addressed is the need for standardized testing of the efficacy of contact lens disinfection systems against Acanthamoeba. Only through a concerted and focused effort by eye-care and other concerned health care professionals can these questions be answered.
Analytic study of θ vacua on the lattice

Abstract A new definition of the topological charge density for four-dimensional lattice gauge theory is given. Using a systematic expansion we find a cusp in the vacuum energy at θ = π signaling the spontaneous breaking of CP there. Unlike its two-dimensional analogue (QED 2 ), QCD confines at θ = π . As a by-product an expression for the topological mass term for (2+1)-dimensional lattice gauge theory is obtained.
Sustained effects of physical activity on bone health: Iowa Bone Development Study

Studies of youth athletics and interventions have shown some maintenance of bone mineral content (BMC; g) after cessation of training, but less is known about sustained effects of everyday physical activity (PA). Using a prospective cohort, this report examined potential effects of childhood PA on adolescent BMC. Participants (N=156 boys, 170 girls) had exams at ages 5, 13, and 15. Body size and maturity were determined using anthropometry. Moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and vigorous-intensity PA (Vigorous PA) were measured using accelerometry. BMC of the spine and hip was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Mixed regression models tested whether PA at age 5 affected BMC at ages 13 and 15 after adjustment for age (year), height (cm), weight (kg), maturity (pre-peak height velocity or post), and activity level (min/day). Analysis was repeated to control for age 5 BMC. On average, boys participated in 59, 52, and 38 min of MVPA and 13, 17, and 11 min of Vigorous PA at ages 5, 13, and 15, respectively. MVPA (β=0.799) and Vigorous PA (β=1.338) at age 5 predicted later spine BMC (p<0.05). MVPA (β=0.480) at age 5 predicted hip BMC. Girls participated in 47, 33, and 26 min of MVPA and 10, 9 and 7 min of Vigorous PA at ages 5, 13, and 15, respectively. Neither MVPA nor Vigorous PA predicted later spine BMC. MVPA (β=0.302) at age 5 predicted hip BMC. After controlling for BMC at age 5 as well as the other covariates, the effect of MVPA (β=0.695) and Vigorous PA (β=1.079) at age 5 remained significant for boys at the spine. For girls, neither MVPA nor Vigorous PA at age 5 predicted spine or hip BMC. Children's early PA appears to have a modest effect on adolescent BMC at the critical regions of spine and hip; benefits may be greater for geometric changes, which future studies should include.
Effect of nanocatalysis in colloidal solution on the tetrahedral and cubic nanoparticle SHAPE: Electron-transfer reaction catalyzed by platinum nanoparticles

The stability of tetrahedral and cubic platinum nanoparticles during the catalysis of the electron-transfer reaction between hexacyanoferrate (III) and thiosulfate ions in colloidal solution at room temperature was studied by using TEM and HRTEM. Before the reaction, the dominantly tetrahedral nanoparticles have a shape distribution of 55 ± 4% regular tetrahedral, 22 ± 2% distorted tetrahedral, and 23 ± 2% spherical nanoparticles, and the dominantly cubic nanoparticles have an initial shape distribution of 56 ± 4% regular cubes, 13 ± 1% distorted cubes, and 31 ± 3% truncated octahedral nanoparticles. The amount of tetrahedral nanoparticles decreases by 60 ± 5% after the first cycle and by 62 ± 4% after the second cycle of the reaction. In the case of cubic nanoparticles, the amount of cubic nanoparticles decreases by 39 ± 5% after the first cycle and by 66 ± 5% after the second cycle compared to before the reaction. After the first and second cycles of the reaction, there are a greater percentage of disto...
Microstructural examination of quasi-static and dynamic shear in high-purity iron

Abstract Numerous studies have examined the microstructural evolution of adiabatic shear bands through the utilization of the forced shear or “tophat” test specimen. While the geometry of this specimen does not allow for the microstructure to play a dominant role in the location of a shear band, the forced shear specimen has been shown to be particularly useful for characterizing the influence of parameters such as strain rate, temperature, strain, and load on the microstructural evolution within a shear band. Additionally, many studies have also utilized this geometry to advance the understanding of shear band development in a number of materials. In this study we systematically examine the influence of integrated loading states on the dynamic shear localization response of high-purity Fe by varying the geometry of the forced shear specimen. Post-mortem characterization was performed to quantify the width of the localizations and to examine the microstructural and textural evolution of shear deformation in a body centered cubic (BCC) metal. Increased instability in mechanical response is strongly correlated with development of enhanced intergranular misorientations and high angle boundary evolution. Stress state was also critical to the localization process. Single-component, simple shear configurations were found to promote instability over multi-component stress states. In addition, these geometries resulted in traditional BCC deformation shear textures, while multi-component stress states led to less developed textures.
Color quantizer for video sequences

A new algorithm that color quantizes video sequences is described. It creates multiple color palettes for a video sequence yet avoids the extreme case of creating a palette for each frame. It exploits the fact that there are many instances during a video sequence where minor color changes occur between consecutive frames. The algorithm calculates elementary statistics for each frame to help ascertain whether or not a new color palette needs to be created. The proposed algorithm performs clustering by grouping the colors of a frame into partitions using a method based on principal components. Prior to clustering, a statistical test determines whether or not the colors in the current frame are significantly different than those of the frame where clustering last occurred. If the algorithm detects a significant difference, it performs a clustering phase to calculate a new color palette. The algorithm skips the clustering phase if a significant difference is not detected. Quantized frames are generated by mapping each color in the original frame to its nearest neighbor in the color palette.
Thermodynamics of NaCl in steam

On the basis of the statistical mechanics of a two-component imperfect gas, a successive hydration model is developed for the NaCl ion-pair molecule in steam which fits satisfactorily an extensive array of experimental solubility data including the measurements of Bischoffet al. (1986) at the three-phase pressure from 300° to 503°C and other concordant measurements extending to 600°C at 290 bars. Some published experimental results depart substantially from the concordant set here selected. The theoretical basis of this model should make it useful for estimates at higher temperatures provided the mean hydration number and the total fluid density remain within the range corresponding to the fitted data. The measurements of Boonar el al. (1985) at 500 bars and 800° and 825°C provide a test and the agreement with model predictions is good.
Dynamically Resilient and Agile Fine-Grained Replication Configuration

Service resiliency is crucial to the operation of global-scale cloud applications with fine-grained replication (FGR). If poorly designed, a few disruptions may cause cascading failures or severely impair the level of service. Due to high complexity of FGR configuration problem, existing techniques usually rely on over-provisioning and static replica configuration to achieve reliability to a certain extent. Such approaches may suffer from slow disruption response and unnecessary sacrifice on service availability. This paper proposes a novel problem formulation of online FGR configuration for service resiliency, which includes a new definition of service availability and a new constraint of zero-data-move configuration. To efficiently solve the proposed problem, this paper presents a brand new optimal dimension reduction technique -- Replica Vector Decomposition (RVD), which greatly reduces problem complexity while preserving solution optimality (by formal proof). A RVD-based framework is designed for the online FGR configuration problem. Our evaluation results show that RVD-based FGR configuration scheme achieves substantial speedup of online disruption response, significantly improves service resiliency, and maintains a high level of service in the face of multiple disruptions.
THE MENTAL HEALTH TEAM: A MODEL FOR A COMBINED COMMUNITY APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE POOR

This paper describes an attempt to provide psychiatric and social care in an integrated fashion to multiproblem families. Six social agencies and psychiatrists from the University of Rochester are engaged in a three-year demonstration project. The authors suggest from their experience that a radical reorganization of the psychosocial services is required if the needs of the poor are to be met.
Suppression of Botrytis Blight of Begonia by Trichoderma hamatum 382 in Peat and Compost-Amended Potting Mixes

Horst, L. E., Locke, J., Krause, C. R., McMahon, R. W., Madden, L. V., and Hoitink, H. A. J. 2005. Suppression of Botrytis blight of begonia by Trichoderma hamatum 382 in peat and compost-amended potting mixes. Plant Dis. 89:1195-1200. Inoculation of an industry standard light sphagnum peat potting mix with Trichoderma hamatum 382 (T382) significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the severity of Botrytis blight, caused by Botrytis cinerea, on begonia plants grown in a greenhouse. In data combined from three experiments, the degree of control provided by T382 did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) from that provided by weekly topical sprays with chlorothalonil. In addition, T382 significantly (P = 0.05) increased shoot dry weight and salability of flowering plants. Incorporation of composted cow manure (5%, vol/vol) into the light peat mix also significantly (P = 0.05) decreased blight severity while shoot dry weight and salability were increased. Blight severity on plants in this compost mix did not differ significantly (P = 0.05) from that on those in the light peat mix inoculated with T382. Finally, T382 and chlorothalonil did not significantly (P = 0.05) affect blight severity, shoot dry weight, or salability of plants grown in the compost mix. Spatial separation was maintained in begonias between the biocontrol agent T382 and the pathogen. It was concluded, therefore, that the decrease in disease severity provided by inoculation of the peat mix with T382 most likely was due to systemic resistance induced in begonia against Botrytis blight. The suppressive effect of the compost mix against Botrytis blight was unusual because composts typically do not provide such effects unless inoculated with a biocontrol agent capable of inducing systemic resistance in plants to disease.
Date movement and control substrate for parallel adaptive applications

In this paper, we present the Data Movement and Control Substrate (DMCS), a library which implements low-latency one-sided communication primitives for use in parallel adaptive and irregular applications. DMCS is built on top of low-level, vendor-specific communication subsystems such as LAPI (Low-level Application Programme Interface) for IBM SP machines, as well as on widely available message-passing libraries like MPI for clusters of workstations and PCs. DMCS adds a small overhead to the communication operations provided by the lower communication system. In return, DMCS provides a flexible and easy to understand application program interface for one-sided communication operations. Furthermore, DMCS is designed so that it can be easily ported and maintained by non-experts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alienation and Revolution

Based on interviews with a national sample of Cuban workers, hypotheses on the relationship between work discontent, "estrangement" in the specifically Marxian sense, and revolutionary political attitudes are tested. We find that attitudes toward plant administration, and perception of opportunity for promotion or higher wages in the plant are directly related to support for the revolution. The change the workers reported in their attitudes toward work since the nationalization of industry directly relates to their attitudes toward the revolution: Those whose work attitudes became positive after nationalization are most likely to support the revolution. Viewed differently, the relationship is also direct: Revolutionary workers are most likely to have changed their attitudes toward work from negative to positive. Empirical evidence and theory suggest that changes in work and work attitudes led to support of the revolution, rather than the reverse. Even with prerevolutionary employment status controlled, those whose work attitudes became positive after nationalization are most likely to be revolutionary workers. Types of work discontent are specified, and we find that prerevolutionary "estrangement" from work is even more strongly predictive of revolutionary political attitudes than other types of work discontent. E very age has its key ethical concept around which it can best formulate the cluster of its basic problems," and to many of our thinkers that concept is alienation.1 The frequent use in social science today of some variant of the concept testifies "to the central place occupied by the hypothesis of alienation."2 Much of the concept's value in sociological analysis, however, is diminished because in the very process of trying to "remove the critical, polemic element in the idea of alienation,"3 the concept itself has become 1 Lewis Feuer, "What is Alienation? The Career of a Concept," Sociology on Trial, Maurice Stein and Arthur Vidich, eds. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 127. 2 Robert Nisbet, The Quest for Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 15. 3 Melvin Seeman, "On the Meaning of Alienation," American Sociological Review, 24 (December 1959), p. 784. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.149 on Thu, 20 Oct 2016 04:29:35 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ALIENATION AND REVOLUTION 225 alienated from its classical meaning as a radical attack on the existing social structure. In fact, in most sociological writing it is "no longer clear what alienated men are alienated
Substrate entasis and electronic coupling elements in electron transfer from FeII in a multicopper ferroxidase

Outersphere electron transfer in multicopper oxidases occurs at the type 1, blue Cu(II). One class of MCO proteins exhibits a specificity in this reaction towards Fe(II). In work carried out in collaboration with the Solomon lab over the past 7 years, we have delineated the structural motifs that support this ferroxidase specificity and have quantified the contributions that each makes to this outersphere electron transfer reaction from Fe(II) to the type 1 Cu(II). Two features of this electron transfer catalysis stand out. First, the protein provides a binding site for Fe(II) that actually favors Fe(III); this coordination sphere places the bound Fe(II) in a state of "entasis" that can be relieved by loss of an electron. In short, the E(O) of the bound Fe(II) is lowered relative to that of aqueous ferrous iron making electron transfer thermodynamically favorable. Second, carboxylates within this coordination sphere provide an electronic coupling pathway for the electron transfer via their H-bond network with type 1 Cu histidine ligands thus making electron transfer kinetically efficient. This brief report breaks down these contributions to ferroxidase specificity in terms of the semi-classical Marcus equation describing outersphere electron transfer.
Gamma-tocotrienol attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by inhibiting adipose inflammation and M1 macrophage recruitment

Gamma-tocotrienol attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by inhibiting adipose inflammation and M1 macrophage recruitment
Evaluating the Federal Investment for Personnel Preparation in Special Education

In response to the current federal initiative to evaluate the impact of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Personnel Preparation program, the authors summarize prior efforts to evaluate the program and identify common themes and gaps in that work. Also, the authors pose issues and questions for those who seek to understand the impact of the program and provide recommendations for how those questions might be addressed.
Correlation energy of 2-D electrons

Abstract The correlation energy and the Fermi momentum of an electron gas in 2-D are evaluated explicitly as functions of density. The ring diagram and first- and second-order exchange contributions are treated. In comparison with the 3-D case, the kinetic energy for the same rs is approximately one-half and the exchange and correlation energies are somewhat larger. The ground state energy plotted against rs shows a minimum at around rs = 1.65 with a minimum value of −0.9858 Ryd. If the third-order ring contribution is added, the curve is shifted upward. The correlation energy is −0.6258 to order e4. The third-order ringw contribution increases this value almost linearly with rs. The Fermi momentum decreases with rs due to the contribution. Different from the 3-D case, no ln rs term appears in the correlation energy within the approximation.
Can experts' explanations help students develop program design skills?

Abstract This paper reports and experimental investigation of the effectiveness of case studies for teaching programming. A case study provides an “expert commentary” on the complex problem-solving skills used in constructing a solution to a computer programming problem as well as one or more worked-out solutions to the problem. To conduct the investigation, we created case studies of programming problems and evaluated what high school students in ten Pascal programming courses learned from them. We found that the expert's commentary on the decisions and activities required to solve a programming problem helped students gain integrated understanding of programming. Furthermore, the expert's commentary imparted more integrated understanding of programming than did the worked-out solution to the problem without the expert's explanation. These results support the contention that explicit explanations can help students learn complex problem-solving skills. We developed case studies for teaching students to solve programming problems for the same reasons that they have been developed in other disciplines. The case method for teaching complex problem solving was first used at Harvard College in 1870 and has permeated curricula for business, law and medicine across the country. These disciplines turned to the case method to communicate the complexity of real problems, to illustrate the process of dealing with this complexity and to teach analysis and decision making skills appropriate for these problems.
Phonemics and Pronunciation Tests

T HE rapid development of phonemic theory and practice carries strong implications for tests of pronunciation especially in foreign languages. I have explored some of those implications and find that phonemics can provide a basis for solving some of the knottiest problems in this difficult area of testing. Present practice in oral-aural tests shows lack of workable criteria of what is meant by pronunciation and the role it plays in speaking and listening. The oral production tests of the Investigation of the Teaching of a Second Language, for example, are said to use "intelligibility" as "the major criterion,"' the same criterion which is characterized as a "very fluctuating one"2 in the description of their tests in English as a foreign language. Vocabulary and structure, elements which are common to both reading and speaking, were considered in the preparation of the oral tests, but pronunciation was not recognized as requiring similar treatment. It may be thought that since the students' responses are oral, pronunciation is automatically a part of them. But pronunciation problems are specific matters that will not be sampled adequately unless a systematic attempt is made to deal with them. Such an attempt is not apparent in the oral tests of the Investigation. Other tests show similar practices. Kaulfers in his partially standardized scale to measure oral fluency in Spanish speaks of an "oral readiness" as "the very basis of fluency," but he actually selected items on the basis of "specific real-life situations," vocabulary, and syntactical range.3 Pronunciation does not appear to have been taken into account systematically in the preparation of the scale. Both the tests of the Investigation and Kaulfer's scale give instructions for considering pronunciation in scoring the responses. The instructions however show lack of clear workable criteria of what is meant by pronunciation and we must expect the scoring to be largely subjective. Here are sample instructions from the tests of the Investigation:
Commentary: Gender segregation in childhood

In an overview of the preceding chapters. the timing of gender segregation, the play style compatibility hypothesis. possible physiological underpinnings, cognitive components in gender differentiation, and the consequences of gender segregation on later development are considered.