cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of single-wafer thermal processing to 0.15-/spl mu/m high-density MROM

Feasibility of single-wafer rapid-thermal process as an alternative to the conventional batch-type furnace process is evaluated on a 0.15-/spl mu/m 128-Mb mask read only memory (MROM) product. Excellent gate oxide integrity and device characteristics are achieved with a single-wafer rapid-thermal process. Superior yield and product reliability by using single-wafer process tool have also been achieved. Shortened process cycle time and better thermal process uniformity by using single-wafer rapid-thermal processing are demonstrated.
Effects of the “Brown Tide” on the Feeding Physiology and Growth of Bay Scallops and Mussels

Suspension feeding bivalves, which rely primarily on phytoplankton as their food source, experienced the most dramatic and immediate impact during massive blooms of the newly described chrysophycean Aureococcus anophagefferens (Sieburth et al., 1988). Tracey (1988) reported reproductive failure and mortalities ranging from 30 to 100% of natural and transplanted mussels, Mytilus edulis, in Narragansett Bay, R.I. during the 1985 “brown tide” event. In New York State, the bay scallop fishery was virtually eliminated by two successive “brown tide” episodes occurring during the summers of 1985 and 1986. Bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, are particularly vulnerable to recruitment failure because few individuals survive to spawn more than once during their short (< 2.5 year) lifespan. Peak concentrations of Aureococcus anophagefferens (109 cells 1−1) coincided with the scallops’ spawning season in eastern Long Island waters (June–July), thus leading to recruitment failure and starvation of the post-spawning parental stock (Bricelj et al., 1987b). Although survivors of the 1985 bloom could potentially have contributed to spawning in 1986, occurrence of the bloom on two consecutive years prevented the establishment of new recruits.
A novel approach to accelerate spectral domain approach for shielded microstrip lines using the Levin transformations and summation‐by‐parts

A novel approach, which uses the Levin transformations or the hybrid of the Levin transformations and summation-by-parts, is presented for the acceleration of the slowly convergent series that asymptotically behave as 1/nk and sinusoidal functions divided by nk. This approach does not need the asymptotic expansion for the Green's functions and the Bessel functions, which saves the work for finding the asymptotic expansion coefficients. This approach has been applied to the acceleration of the infinite series summation in the shielded microstrip problem solved by the spectral domain approach (SDA) for obtaining accurate solutions of the propagation constant. Effective criteria of calculating the number of terms used in direct summation before applying the Levin transformations have been developed in this application. This approach can be easily extended to handle the multilayered shielded microstrip structure.
DIVERGE: phylogeny-based analysis for functional–structural divergence of a protein family

Summary: DetectIng Variability in Evolutionary Rates among GEnes (DIVERGE) is a software system to study functional divergence of a protein family by detecting site-specific change in evolutionary rate using a multiple alignment of amino acid sequences for a given phylogenetic tree. The program first conducts a statistical test for site-specific rate shifts along the tree, and predicting candidate amino acid residues responsible for functional divergence based on posterior analysis. These results can then be mapped on the 3D protein structure if available. Availability: DIVERGE is available free of charge from http://xgu1.zool.iastate.edu/. Distribution packages for both Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems are available, including manual and example files.
Contribution of interventional neuroradiology in the therapeutic management of brain arteriovenous malformations

Interventional neuroradiologists have accumulated more than 20 years of experience in intravascular embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Since 1986, there has been a steady improvement in the technical quality of microcatheters and neuroimaging techniques that permit safer superselective catheterization of intracranial vessels ~ (Fig 1). The two main types of microcatheters used for intracranial navigation are the over-the-wire microcatheter and the flow-guided microcatheter. The first type is positioned in the intracranial circulation by first placing a small, torqueable radiopaque microguidewire into the selected artery and then tracking the catheter over the wire. Its relatively large lumen allows the delivery of a wide selection of particulate and liquid embolic materials. The flow-guided microcatheter is carried by the blood flow without the need of a guidewire. It is very supple and may reach distal cortical and perforating cerebral arteries with less morbidity. Its lumen is smaller, limiting the use of embolic material to liquids or very small particles. At our institution, with the active participation of vascular neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, and stereotactic neurosurgeons, we conduct neurovascular rounds regarding patients with brain AVMs. The neuroimaging anatomic (head computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and angiography, and cerebral angiography), functional (magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography, superselective Amytal testing), and dynamic information (intravascular pressure monitoring, transcranial Doppler, xenon cerebral blood flow) is discussed, and a corresponding therapeutic strategy is developed. 2
CELLULAR TRAFFICKING AND PROCESSING OF THE INSULIN RECEPTOR

The insulin receptor is a dynamic cellular macromolecule that moves through various compartments of the cell throughout its lifetime. This review addresses the processes involved in the synthetic assembly of the insulin receptor; the interaction of insulin with the receptor protein; the receptor-mediated endocytosis of insulin; and the role of receptor tyrosine and serine phosphorylation in both endocytosis and recycling. This discussion is concluded by examining the data available on the intracellular inactivation and degradation of the receptor protein. Emphasis is given to the cellular regulation imposed at each of these steps in receptor processing, and how the use of pharmacologic and physiologic perturbants has afforded experimental insights into the mechanisms the cell utilizes in modulating the expression and functioning of the insulin receptor.
Opioid Analgesia in P450 Gene Cluster Knockout Mice: A Search for Analgesia-Relevant Isoforms

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), which are well-known drug-metabolizing enzymes, are thought to play a signal transduction role in µ opioid analgesia and may serve as high-affinity (3)H-cimetidine ((3)HCIM) binding sites in the brain. (3)HCIM binding sites may also be related to opioid or nonopioid analgesia. However, of the more than 100 murine P450 enzymes, the specific isoform(s) responsible for either function have not been identified. Presently, three lines of constitutive P450 gene cluster knockout (KO) mice with full-length deletions of 14 Cyp2c, 9 Cyp2d, and 7 Cyp3a genes were studied for deficiencies in (3)HCIM binding and for opioid analgesia. Liver and brain homogenates from all three genotypes showed normal (3)HCIM binding values, indicating that gene products of Cyp2d, Cyp3a, and Cyp2c are not (3)HCIM-binding proteins. Cyp2d KO and Cyp3a KO mice showed normal antinociceptive responses to a moderate systemic dose of morphine (20 mg/kg, s.c.), thereby excluding 16 P450 isoforms as mediators of opioid analgesia. In contrast, Cyp2c KO mice showed a 41% reduction in analgesic responses following systemically (s.c.) administered morphine. However, the significance of brain Cyp2c gene products in opioid analgesia is uncertain because little or no analgesic deficits were noted in Cyp2c KO mice following intracerebroventricular or intrathecalmorphine administration, respectively. These results show that the gene products of Cyp2d and Cyp3a do not contribute to µ opioid analgesia in the central nervous system. A possible role for Cyp2c gene products in opioid analgesia requires further consideration.
Verification of an IGBT fusing switch for over-current protection of the SNS HVCM

An IGBT based over-current protection system has been developed to detect faults and limit the damage caused by faults in high voltage converter modulators. During normal operation, an IGBT enables energy to be transferred from storage capacitors to a H-bridge. When a fault occurs, the over-current protection system detects the fault, limits the fault current and opens the IGBT to isolate the remaining stored energy from the fault. This paper presents an experimental verification of the over-current protection system under applicable conditions.
EFFECT OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE BINDING QUALITY OF POULTRY LOAVES

SUMMARY— The effect of several physical and chemical treatments on the binding of poultry meat pieces was studied. Both NaCl, Ken a FP-28 (sodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium acid pyrophosphatel and hexametaphosphate were found to enhance binding. Kena increased binding more than hexametaphosphate. When combining Natl and Kena, there was a significant additive effect. Mechanical beating of meat released the intracellular content of broken muscle cells and caused a significant increase in binding. Alternate freezing and thawing with removal of intracellular material (drip) significantly decreased binding of meat. However, single freezing treatments with no drip loss did not differ significantly from the control (no freezing). Drip was shown to have binding properties. The amount of binding between meat pieces was increased with poultry meat emulsion and albumen. Poultry meat emulsion increased binding more than albumen.
Situating Vietnamese Transnationalism and Diaspora

This review examines Kieu-Linh Caroline Valverde’s conceptualization of “transnationalizing Viet Nam.” It pays attention to Valverde’s field research in both the United States and Vietnam, which allowed her to observe how transnational networks of music and the Internet forged collaborations among individuals in both countries, despite severed US—Vietnamese diplomatic ties. It also examines the book’s treatment of the centrality of anti-Communism in Vietnamese diasporic politics and discourse, understanding Valverde’s analysis of anti-Communist hostility and violence as an argument about the limits of ideological infiexibility in Vietnamese American communities. In addition, this review also juxtaposes Valverde’s discussion of anti-Communism with other Southeast Asian American Studies scholars who interrogate the term’s many meanings to foreground the larger project to which Valverde’s project contributes—a critical approach alert to the long histories and multiple migrations that characterize overseas Vietnamese and compels a model of Vietnamese transnationalism and diaspora that is attentive to both pre- and post–Vietnam War contexts.
A method for assessing the volatility of oxides in high-temperature high-velocity water vapor

Abstract A steam-jet furnace was utilized to assess the volatility of SiO2, TiO2 and Y2O3 in a simulated turbine engine environment. Specimens were exposed in the steam-jet furnace at 1 atm H2O, steam temperatures of 1240–1300 °C, and gas velocities of 165–177 m/s. The jet of steam impinged on the specimen under study leading to surface recession via the formation of volatile hydroxide species. Linear volatilization kinetics were observed for SiO2. The measured recession rate of SiO2 was in reasonable agreement with the calculated recession rate based on assessed thermodynamic data for Si(OH)4 (g). The measured recession rate of TiO2 in this study was considerably higher than the recession rate based on measured thermodynamic data for TiO(OH)2 (g) and lower than prior experimental results. The measured recession rate of Y2O3 was in fair agreement with the calculated recession rate using estimated thermodynamic data for Y(OH)3 (g) formation and was significantly lower than prior experimental results.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

On July 1, 1994, in the midst of the genocide's final days, the U.N. Security Council asked the Secretary-General to establish an expert commission to investigate the numerous reports of systematic, widespread violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Rwanda. By establishing the ICTR - like the institutionally-related ad hoc international criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which had been created about eighteen months earlier - through an exercise of its Chapter VII powers, the Security Council effectively required all U.N. member States to cooperate with the ICTR. The ICTR has come under heavy criticism from multiple fronts. Its budget, arguably, is far out of proportion to the progress made by the Tribunal over (at the time of this writing) a period of nearly seventeen years. the ICTR has established a number of critical precedents in the realm of international criminal law. Keywords:human rights; humanitarian law; ICTR; ICTY; international criminal law
Group 13–16 Precursors: What Controls Their Volatility?

The volatility of a series of group 13–16 cubane compounds, [(R)ME]4 (M = Al, Ga; E = S, Se, Te) has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of the M4E4 core, the ligand (R), and molecular packing on the relative sublimation temperature and the activation energy of sublimation are discussed. For any given ligand type (e.g., [(tBu)ME]4) volatility is dependent on the compound’s molecular mass. The volatility of a homologous series (e.g., [(R)GaS]4) is proposed to be dependent on the interlocking of the ligands in the solid state. In contrast, the energy of activation for sublimation (Ea) may be related to the molecular packing of the cubane cores in the solid state.
Ultrastructural Features of Mycosis Fungoides

The ultrastructural features of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma, reticulum, and so-called mycosis cells were similar in the cutaneous infiltrates from patients with the plaque, tumor, eczematous or premycotic, poikilodermic, and erythrodermic forms of mycosis fungoides. The distinction of mycosis cells from reticulum cells appears to depend upon the greater degree of nuclear irregularity and lobulation in the former cell type. The lack of more objective, qualitative differences between the two suggests that the mycosis cell represents a histologic variant of the reticulum cell. The diagnostic specificity of the mycosis cell is limited, since cells with comparable ultrastructural features were encountered, albeit rarely, in biopsies of two of five patients with such banal dermatoses as chronic nonspecific dermatitis and psoriasis. No electron microscopic information which might affirm or deny the specificity of mycosis fungoides as a clinicopathologic entity was evident from this study. Although reticulum cells in lesions of mycosis fungoides were similar to those encountered in nodal examples of reticulum cell sarcoma, mycosis cells were dissimilar from Reed-Sternberg cells encountered in nodal Hodgkin’s disease. The latter cells were considerably larger and possessed more prominent nucleoli than were observed in mycosis cells. Intranuclear inclusions were noted in reticulum and mycosis cells in the lesions of mycosis fungoides, nonneoplastic dermatoses, nodal Hodgkin’s disease, reticulum cell sarcoma, and occasional normal epidermal and endothelial cells. At least some of these bodies in the patients with mycosis fungoides are artifactual, representing entrapped cytoplasmic material. It is concluded that the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides can be made more assuredly on the basis of its histopathologic rather than ultrastructural features.
Indian Americans: The Forgotten Segment

Indian immigrants in the U.S. offer marketers an appealing array of demographic characteristics. Yet few of them target the segment. The paper is an exploratory attempt to understand the apparent paradox. Discussion that follows includes a review of the Indian-American segment along with an assessment of its marketing strengths and weaknesses.
The effect of health and dental insurance on US children's dental care utilization for urgent and non-urgent dental problems - 2008.

Objective We examined the association between utilization of care for a dental problem (utilization-DP) and parent-reported dental problem (DP) urgency among children with DP by type of health care insurance coverage. Methods We used weighted 2008 National Health Interview Survey data from 2,834 children, aged 2–17 years with at least one DP within the 6 months preceding survey. Explanatory variables were selected based on Andersen's model of healthcare utilization. Need was considered urgent if DP included toothache, bleeding gums, broken or missing teeth, broken or missing filling, or decayed teeth and otherwise as non-urgent. The primary enabling variable, insurance, had four categories: none, private health no dental coverage (PHND), private health and dental (PHD), or Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Predisposing variables included sociodemographic characteristics. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to identify explanatory variables’ association with utilization-DP. Using logistic regression, we obtained adjusted estimates of utilization-DP by urgency for each insurance category. Results In bivariate analyses, utilization-DP was associated with both insurance and urgency. In multivariate analyses, the difference in percent utilizing care for an urgent versus non-urgent DP among children covered by Medicaid/SCHIP was 32 percentage points; PHD, 25 percentage points; PHND, 12 percentage points; and no insurance, 14 percentage points. The difference in utilization by DP urgency was higher for children with Medicaid/SCHIP compared with either PHND or uninsured children. Conclusion Expansion of Medicaid/SCHIP may permit children to receive care for urgent DPs who otherwise may not, due to lack of dental insurance.
Volunteering in adolescence and young adulthood crime involvement: a longitudinal analysis from the add health study.

Experiences in adolescence may have a lasting impact on adulthood. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between adolescent (12–18 years of age) volunteerism with the incidence of illegal behaviors, arrests, and convictions in adulthood (>18 years of age). We conducted a retrospective cohort study using secondary data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Students from grades 7–12 were recruited in 1994–1995 (n = 20,745), and then followed in 2001–2002 (n = 14,322) and in 2008–2009 (n = 12,288). In 2000–2001, participants were retrospectively asked about their volunteering experience from 12 to 18 years of age. Consequently, participants were divided into non-volunteers, self-volunteers, adult-required volunteers, and court-ordered volunteers. Groups were compared for rates of illegal behaviors, arrest, and convictions in adulthood (>18 years of age) using weighted generalized linear mixed negative binomial models while accounting for sampling design. Relative to non-volunteers, self-volunteers reported 11 % fewer illegal behaviors (RR: 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.80, 0.99), 31 % fewer arrests (RR: 0.69, 95 %: 0.57, 0.85), and 39 % fewer convictions (RR: 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.47, 0.79) by age 18–28 years, and 28 % fewer illegal behaviors, 53 % fewer arrests, and 36 % fewer convictions by age 24–34. In comparison the adult-required volunteers also reported fewer arrests and convictions; however, they reported more illegal behaviors than the non-volunteers. The court-ordered volunteers reported higher rates of criminal involvement than the non-volunteers, throughout. This study suggests that volunteering in adolescence may reduce crime involvement in adulthood.
Thermal and chemical evolution in the early solar system as recorded by FUN CAIs: Part I – Petrology, mineral chemistry, and isotopic composition of Allende FUN CAI CMS-1

Abstract Detailed petrologic, geochemical and isotopic analyses of a new FUN CAI from the Allende CV3 meteorite (designated CMS-1) indicate that it formed by extensive melting and evaporation of primitive precursor material(s). The precursor material(s) condensed in a 16O-rich region (δ17O and δ18O ∼ −49‰) of the inner solar nebula dominated by gas of solar composition at total pressures of ∼10−3–10−6 bar. Subsequent melting of the precursor material(s) was accompanied by evaporative loss of magnesium, silicon and oxygen resulting in large mass-dependent isotope fractionations in these elements (δ25Mg = 30.71–39.26‰, δ29Si = 14.98–16.65‰, and δ18O = −41.57 to −15.50‰). This evaporative loss resulted in a bulk composition similar to that of compact Type A and Type B CAIs, but very distinct from the composition of the original precursor condensate(s). Kinetic fractionation factors and the measured mass-dependent fractionation of silicon and magnesium in CMS-1 suggest that ∼80% of the silicon and ∼85% of the magnesium were lost from its precursor material(s) through evaporative processes. These results suggest that the precursor material(s) of normal and FUN CAIs condensed in similar environments, but subsequently evolved under vastly different conditions such as total gas pressure. The chemical and isotopic differences between normal and FUN CAIs could be explained by sorting of early solar system materials into distinct physical and chemical regimes, in conjunction with discrete heating events, within the protoplanetary disk.
Fourier-Domain Analysis of the Iterative Landweber Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel method of using the frequency-domain transfer function to investigate the property of an iterative algorithm for minimizing a quadratic objective function. This paper focuses on a 2-D tomography problem, which can be X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography, and single photon emission CT. Two questions regarding to the linear iterative Landweber algorithm are considered. The first question is whether stopping early is equivalent to getting a minimum-norm solution. The second question is whether the low frequency components always converge first. Our answers to these two questions are No.
The Impact of Sex of Child on Breastfeeding in the United States.

Background Sex of child has been shown to impact breastfeeding duration in India, Australia, Scandinavia, Latin America, and, within the US, in a sample in Eastern Connecticut and in a separate sample of Indian and Chinese immigrants. Objectives The objective of this study is to examine differences in breastfeeding initiation and duration by sex of child across racial/ethnic groups in the US. Methods We used the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2009-2010 and logistic regression to examine whether sex of child impacts breastfeeding initiation and duration for at least 8 weeks by women's racial/ethnic group. Results Among the 66,107 women in our sample representing 12 different race/ethnic groups, Hispanic women (n = 9049) had lower odds of breastfeeding initiation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.93) and breastfeeding duration (AOR = .87, 95% CI 0.80-0.96) if they have sons compared to Hispanic women who have daughters. Sex of child did not impact the odds of breastfeeding initiation or duration among any other race/ethnic group. Conclusion We have shown that, for Hispanics in the US, sex of child may have an impact on breastfeeding, a health behavior that has a variety of positive impacts on infants throughout their lives. Boys, relative to girls, were at a disadvantage in breastfeeding initiation and duration. Future work is necessary to unpack the mechanisms behind these findings. In particular, how sex of child impacts how mothers and fathers view the nutritional needs of their children and breastfeeding more broadly.
Accelerating by Idling: How Speculative Delays Improve Performance of Message-Oriented Systems

We propose a technique called speculative lagging, which improves performance by dynamically adding periods of idle execution into the message-oriented system. The speculation is guided by a statistical model, which predicts context switches that benefit from delays. We analytically derive the expected speedup, which, for a fixed confidence, allows identifying lagging opportunities in O(1) time, without a performance overhead. We describe the corresponding speculation algorithm and use it to extend an existing scheduler. Comparison with other actor frameworks on standard benchmarks shows improvements of up to 2.1\(\times \).
Fees for Certification and Finances of Medical Specialty Boards.

This study investigates fees charged to physicians for certification examinations and finances of the American Board of Medical Specialties member boards.
Development, Tissue Engineering, and Orthopedic Diseases

Abstract This chapter will summarize the field as seen from the viewpoint of a biologist and cite some examples of challenges in the field and a perspective on where the field is moving. Secondly, it will provide some examples of how developmental principles have been used to understand and potentially treat orthopedic diseases in a broader view. An excellent review from both the tissue engineering and biology sides was published in 2017 (Marcucio et al., 2017). Classically, the goal of tissue engineering was to treat orthopedic disease by making a tissue replacement as good as or better than the biologic one, often using principles derived from developmental biology. The tissue could be manufactured from components such as plastics or ceramics or made biologically by cells such as stem cells differentiated into tissues or mature cells 3D-printed into the shape of an organ. Interestingly, few of these tissue-engineered products are available for clinical use. There is certainly no lack of ingenuity and creativity in the tissue engineering field; however, making tissues as good as the original, keeping them in place and functioning over time, and overcoming regulatory hurdles has proven a higher bar than expected. However, there are some successes to point to. In 2011, scientists at the Karolinska Institute were able to implant an artificial trachea made from a synthetic scaffold seeded with patient's stem cells (Jungebluth and Macchiarini, 2011). This was based on an established proof of concept by Langer where they grew an outer ear from bovine chondrocytes and an ear-shaped scaffold on the back of a mouse (Cao et al., 1997). Cancedda and colleagues (2001, 2007) used bone marrow–derived stem cells in an osteoconductive scaffold to repair a large segmental bone defect. The reconstruction of a human mandible was reported using a bone-muscle flap in vivo where the patient served as his/her own bioreactor (Warnke et al., 2006). These early trials relied on the differentiated cells (i.e., chondrocytes making more chondrocytes), porous scaffolds that provided a substrate for cell differentiation from adult stem cells (osteoconductive or osteoinductive scaffolds), or induction of unknown tissue differentiation events. Most tissue engineering was impeded by a lack of knowledge of the native developmental processes. Now much more attention is paid to understanding the developmental processes involved in differentiation of cells and tissues, renewal or repair of mature tissues, stem cell generation, stem cell reservoirs, and stem cell differentiation to specific tissues. The focus on developmental processes has also had an impact on potential treatment of disease. For example, one theory of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is that the cells in articular cartilage continue to differentiate into hypertrophic cells, a characteristic of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes. This theory has directed studies geared toward inhibition of this growth plate hypertrophic phenotype, maintaining the cells in a mature chondrocyte phenotype (Nishimura et al., 2017).
C–C Bond Formation (Part 1) by Addition Reactions: Alder-ene Reaction

The Alder-ene and related hetero-ene reactions have been given “new life” by metal catalysis. The use of Lewis acids has allowed the hetero-ene reactions to take place under mild conditions and has led to the development of asymmetric protocols. A variety of transition metals have been shown to catalyze both the inter- and intramolecular Alder-ene reactions. The unique reactivity of each metal is mirrored in the diversity of scaffolds accessible via the Alder-ene reaction. The synthetic importance of the ene reaction is evidenced by its incorporation in the total synthesis of many biologically relevant compounds.
Advective Heat Transport and the Salt Chimney Effect: A Numerical Analysis

We conducted numerical simulations of coupled fluid and heat transport in an offshore, buried salt diapir environment to determine the effects of advective heat transport and its relation to the so-called “salt chimney effect.” Model sets were designed to investigate (1) salt geometry, (2) depth-dependent permeability, (3) geologic heterogeneity, and (4) the relative influence of each of these factors. Results show that decreasing the dip of the diapir induces advective heat transfer up the side of the diapir, elevating temperatures in the basin. Depth-dependent permeability causes upwelling of warm waters in the basin, which we show to be more sensitive to basal heat flux than brine concentration. In these model scenarios, heat is advected up the side of the diapir in a narrower zone of upward-flowing warm water, while cool waters away from the diapir flank circulate deeper into the basin. The resulting fluid circulation pattern causes increased discharge at the diapir margin and fluid flow downward, above the crest of the diapir. Geologic heterogeneity decreases the overall effects of advective heat transfer. The presence of low permeability sealing horizons reduces the vertical extent of convection cells, and fluid flow is dominantly up the diapir flank. The combined effects of depth-dependent permeability coupled with geologic heterogeneity simulate several geologic phenomena that are reported in the literature. In this model scenario, conductive heat transfer dominates in the basal units, whereas advection of heat begins to affect the middle layers of the model and dominates the upper units. Convection cells split by sealing layers develop within the upper units. From our highly simplified models, we can predict that advective heat transport (i.e., thermal convection) likely dominates in the early phases of diapirism when sediments have not undergone significant compaction and retain high porosity and permeability. As the salt structures mature into more complex geometries, advection will diminish due to the increase in dip of the salt-sediment interface and the increased hydraulic heterogeneity due to complex stratigraphic architecture.
Profit sharing auction

Auctions are a class of multi-party negotiation protocols. Classical auctions try to maximize social welfare by selecting the highest bidder as the winner. If bidders are rational, this ensures that the sum of profits for all bidders and the seller is maximized. In all such auctions, however, only the winner and the seller make any profit. We believe that "social welfare distribution" is a desired goal of any multiparty protocol. In the context of auctions, this goal translates into a rather radical proposal of profit sharing between all bidders and the seller. We propose a Profit Sharing Auction (PSA) where a part of the selling price paid by the winner is paid back to the bidders. The obvious criticism of this mechanism is the incentive for the seller to share its profit with nonwinning bidders. We claim that this loss can be compensated by attracting more bidders to such an auction, resulting in an associated increase in selling price. We run several sets of experiments where equivalent items are concurrently sold at a First Price Sealed Bid, a Vickrey, and a PSA auction. A population of learning bidders repeatedly choose to go to one of these auctions based on their valuation for the good being auctioned and their learned estimates of profits from these auctions. Results show that sellers make more or equivalent profits by using PSA as compared to the classical auctions. Additionally, PSA always attracts more bidders, which might create auxiliary revenue streams, and a desirable lower variability in selling prices. Interestingly then, a rational seller has the incentive to share profits and offer an auction like PSA which maximizes and distributes social welfare.
Brain Stereotaxic Injection

The brain is a precisely organized and compact structure that controls a majority of bodily functions. Precise identification of function related structures is extremely important in neuroscience research. Achievement of this goal would not have been possible without the stereotaxic delivery system. This chapter recalls the history of the stereotaxic instrument and development of system applications. In addition, we use the rat coordinate atlas and stereotaxic instrument as an example and introduce practicable procedures for application of this system in the following sequence: (1) How to read a rat brain atlas with stereotaxic coordinates and determine coordinates for a targeted brain structure. The reference points, bregma, lambda, and interaural line, are interpreted in this section. Identify what parameters in the atlas refer to sagittal, medial–lateral, and anterior–posterior coordinates. In addition, calculate an angled delivery coordinate to avoid damaging any large blood vessel in the brain. (2) How to correctly mount a rat on the instrument and position an electrode or delivery pipette based on coordinates obtained or calculated from the atlas. In this procedure, the head of a rat must first be reliably mounted on the head holder; then actual coordinates for a reference point (bregma, lambda, or interaural line) are required. Theoretically, all should be “0,” but actually not. The actual parameters of a reference point are the number displayed on instrument bars when the tip of the needle aimed at the reference point. (3) The methods of injection include pressure injection, iontophoresis, and dry crystal delivery. The key point for pressure injection is to conduct it quite slowly and keep the micropipette or needle in situ for quite a while after injection. Similarly in iontophoresis delivery, do not withdraw the electrode immediately out of the place after injection. In dry crystal delivery section, a new device for stereotaxic delivery of crystal into deep structures of the brain is introduced. However, online index has not shown any commercial availability of this kind of device.
Synthesis of 9-borafluorene analogues featuring a three-dimensional 1,1′-bis(o-carborane) backbone

The synthesis of [1,1'-bis(o-carboranyl)]boranes was achieved through the deprotonation of 1,1'-bis(o-carborane) reagents followed by salt metathesis with (iPr)2NBCl2. X-ray crystallography confirms planar central BC4 rings and Gutmann-Beckett studies reveal an increase in Lewis acidity at the boron center in comparison to their biphenyl congener, 9-borafluorene.
Student Pharmacists Self-Perceived Confidence in Communication Skills With Healthcare Practitioners Before and After a Seminar Course:

Introduction:Competent pharmacy practice requires the ability to critically evaluate the medical literature and communicate pharmacotherapy information and recommendations to healthcare practitione...
Human Performance in Manual Process Control

Manual Process Control tasks in industry are legion. The operator must control such a complex process in real time with strict limitations on any deviations from optimum performance if the process is to be economically viable. Chemical processes (Kragt & Landeweerd, 1974), steel making processes (Bainbridge et al, 1968)*, paper mills (Attwood, 1970)*, and glass manufacturers (Drury & Hill, 1973) have been studied with a view to improving operator performance.
Contrast Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM) Helps to Safely Reduce Benign Breast Biopsies for Low to Moderately Suspicious Soft Tissue Lesions.

Rationale and Objectives To preliminarily asses if Contrast Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM) can accurately reduce biopsy rates for soft tissue BI-RADS 4A or 4B lesions. Materials and Methods Eight radiologists retrospectively and independently reviewed 60 lesions in 54 consenting patients who underwent CEDM under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant institutional review board-approved protocols. Readers provided Breast Imaging Reporting & Data System ratings sequentially for digital mammography/digital breast tomosynthesis (DM/DBT), then with ultrasound, then with CEDM for each lesion. Area under the curve (AUC), true positive rates and false positive rates, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were calculated. Statistical analysis accounting for correlation between lesion-examinations and between-reader variability was performed using OR/DBM (for SAS v.3.0), generalized linear mixed model for binary data (proc glimmix, SAS v.9.4, SAS Institute, Cary North Carolina), and bootstrap. Results The cohort included 49 benign, two high-risk and nine cancerous lesions in 54 women aged 34–74 (average 50) years. Reader-averaged AUC for CEDM was significantly higher than DM/DBT alone (0.85 versus 0.66, p Conclusion Addition of CEDM for evaluation of low-moderate suspicion soft tissue breast lesions can substantially reduce biopsy of benign lesions without compromising cancer detection.
Mental Health Conditions and Hyperthyroidism

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the proportion of pediatric patients with concurrent diagnoses of hyperthyroidism and mental health conditions (MHCs) by using the Military Health System database. We hypothesized that the prevalence of mental health disorders would be higher in patients with hyperthyroidism compared with in the nonhyperthyroid population. METHODS: The prevalence of hyperthyroidism and MHCs was calculated by using data extracted from the Military Health System Data Repository on military beneficiaries between 10 and 18 years old who were eligible to receive care for at least 1 month during fiscal years 2008 through 2016. Prevalence ratios were used to compare MHC diagnoses in those with versus without a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. RESULTS: There were 1894 female patients and 585 male patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism during the study period. Prevalence ratios for MHCs in those with versus without hyperthyroidism ranged from 1.7 (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) to 4.9 (bipolar disorder). Strikingly, suicidality was nearly 5 times more likely in patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism than in patients who were never diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. For each of the MHCs examined, with the exception of suicidality, the MHC diagnosis was more commonly made before the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, with the highest proportion of patients being diagnosed with ADHD before receiving a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism (68.3%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear association between hyperthyroidism and each of the following MHCs: ADHD, adjustment disorder, anxiety, bipolar disorder, depression, and suicidality. This study highlights the need to consider this association when evaluating patients with overlapping symptoms and for effective mental health screening tools and resources for clinicians.
Association between obesity phenotypes of insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.

Abstract Objective To determine whether insulin resistance (IR) measured by homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) can further stratify diabetes risk in African Americans (AAs) beyond obesity and identify obese, low risk and non-obese, high risk individuals. Methods Using the Jackson Heart Study cohort, we categorized participants without diabetes into four phenotypes: non-obese/insulin-sensitive, non-obese/IR, obese/insulin-sensitive and obese/IR. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 or BMI 25–30 plus an increased waist circumference. IR was defined as HOMA-IR ≥ 2. We used modified Poisson regression models to estimate the incident risk-ratios (IRR) of diabetes across these phenotypes adjusting for potential confounders and HbA1c. Results Among 3219 AAs without diabetes, 14.0% were non-obese/insulin-sensitive, 24.6% non-obese/IR, 6.2% obese/insulin-sensitive, and 55.3% obese/IR. The overall crude incidence rate of diabetes was 29.91 cases/1000 person-years. In fully-adjusted models, compared to the non-obese/insulin-sensitive group, the relative risk of diabetes was highest in obese/IR (IRR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.60), followed by non-obese/IR (IRR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.46), and non-significant for the obese/insulin-sensitive (IRR = 1.70; 95% CI: 0.97, 2.99) group. Conclusions HOMA-IR can further stratify diabetes risk in AA adults beyond obesity, identifying non-obese high-risk and lower-risk obese individuals. However, diabetes risk should still be carefully monitored in obese populations despite insulin sensitivity.
Hypoxia’s impact on pelagic fish populations in Lake Erie: a tale of two planktivores

Whether bottom hypoxia has long-lasting consequences for pelagic fish populations remains speculative for most ecosystems. We explored hypoxia’s influence on two pelagic zooplanktivores in Lake Eri...
Competing Identity Standards and Managing Identity Verification

Using courtroom observations, in-depth interviews, and third-party media accounts, we examine identity management by lawyers facing challenges to verification of prominent role and social identities implicated by participation in Operation Streamline. A controversial criminal procedure in which undocumented border crossers are processed en masse, Operation Streamline provides a strategic case for theory building integrating internal and external role and social identity processes. Relying on systematic interpretative methods to refract non-laboratory data through the conceptual lens of identity theory, we found that defense attorneys participating in Operation Streamline experienced substantial role strain, that is, felt problems in meeting role expectations, because they were torn between role-related values of substantive justice and formal legality that could not be satisfied simultaneously. However, they also perceived these two values to provide culturally available and positive but competing role identity standards to draw from as resources to deflect potential non-verification of their professional identities. Latino/a lawyers—who faced intensified professional role strain and also conflict between a role identity standard of formal legality and meanings and expectations associated with their racial/ethnic identity—perceived culturally available, competing social identity group standards based on race/ethnicity and citizenship. Faced with challenges to positive identity confirmation, attorneys pushed back against role and social identity group standards whose adoption would lead to non-verification and adopted instead the competing standards facilitating verification. Based on our findings and conceptual scope conditions pertaining to our empirical case, we propose three theoretical propositions that may link internal, perceptual control and external, social structural identity processes and can be tested in further research.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica from zinc-deficient total parenteral nutrition

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder of zinc malabsorption, characterized by acral and periorificial dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea. Acquired AE is the result of decreased zinc intake, excessive zinc loss, or other malabsorptive processes. We present a case of a 54-year-old woman who developed characteristic skin lesions of acquired AE after zinc supplementation was removed from her total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution. She was found to have hypozincemia and eventually exhibited prompt resolution of skin lesions after zinc was added to TPN. This case provides a unique opportunity to illustrate the direct correlation between decreased zinc intake and development of acquired AE.
Immediate increase of plasma protein complement C3 in response to an acute stressor.

Abstract Whereas chronic stress has immunosuppressive effects, the more immediate immunologic consequences of acute stressors are less known. We postulated that, as part of their ‘fight or flight’ response, rainbow trout would rapidly increase the efficacy of their natural immune system by means of increased concentrations of crucial plasma proteins. Plasma samples were taken from resting fish and from fish 5, 10 or 20 min after initiation of a stressful regime. Using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, we documented increases in concentrations of complement C3 and 3 other proteins within 5 min of initiation of stress. The concentration of C3 nearly doubled within 10 min of initiation of stress and had returned to near resting level by 20 min. This rapid kinetics preclude dependence on gene activation, the basis of the acute phase response. Potentiation of natural immunity, which can reasonably be expected to be selectively advantageous during or immediately after acute stressors may be one result of this increase.
GRAND CANONICAL MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN ADSORPTION IN DIFFERENT CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES

Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are performed to study hydrogen physisorption in different nano carbon porous materials made up of different substructures including carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene sheets and C60. Hydrogen weight percentage (wt%) at different temperatures with pressure ranging from 1 to 20MPa are predicted. Fugacity and quantum effects on hydrogen adsorption are investigated. Different structural dimensions including the sizes of the substructures and spacing between the substructures are used to study the geometrical effects on hydrogen storage capacity in carbon materials. The calculated results generally agree well with available data from other calculations. It is concluded that CNT arrays, graphite nanofibers (GNF) and C60 intercalated graphite (CIG) are not promising to reach the DOE 6.5 wt% target at room temperature. It is also found that the quantum effect is significant in low temperature hydrogen adsorption and different treatments to account for the quantum effect also influence the predicted wt% differently.
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy: The Case of Moses

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for life-threatening behaviors. The availability of DBT combined with the complexity of suicide-related disorders makes treatment quite onerous. A 34-year-old male sought DBT treatment after two decades of life-threatening behaviors, including multiple suicide attempts, self-injurious behaviors, morbid ruminations, and preparatory behaviors. He completed the full year of comprehensive DBT treatment. Within 4 months he was no longer engaging in preparatory behaviors and suicide planning, and treatment focused on suicide ideation and morbid ruminations. The most essential DBT tool utilized throughout the treatment process was the unrelenting dialectic of validation and change. At the close of treatment, the client no longer wanted to die, though he still had approximately one suicide ideation weekly. He stated “Now when I feel bad, I just tell myself it is only temporary.” He continued to struggle with traumatic stress symptoms and experiences and is now engaged in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. This case illustrates how DBT can be effective when the client is engaged, when the relationship between the therapist and client is profound, and when the therapist practices the model to fidelity.