cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tacit knowledge with innovative entrepreneurship

Abstract Tacit knowledge affects the trade-off between entrepreneurship and technology transfer. I present a formal model in which an inventor and the existing firm engage in a strategic innovation game by choosing whether to compete or to cooperate through technology transfer. The model highlights how the problem of tacit knowledge affects the inventor's R&D investment and the existing firm's investment in absorptive capacity. The inventor's tacit knowledge implies that benefits from own-use through entrepreneurship can exceed the benefits from technology transfer. In equilibrium, higher-quality inventions result in entrepreneurship and lower-quality inventions result in technology transfer. R&D investment and absorption investment are strategic substitutes in the innovation game with the option of entrepreneurship. The possibility of entrepreneurship increases R&D investment and reduces absorption investment. The equilibrium probability of entrepreneurship is decreasing in the costs of R&D, increasing in the costs of absorption, and decreasing in the set-up costs of new firms.
Index guiding dependent effects in implant and oxide confined vertical-cavity lasers

Implant and oxide confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are compared in terms of properties dependent upon the nature of index guiding in the two structures including CW threshold current scaling with size, light-current linearity, pulsed operation delay, and beam profiles. The oxide confined lasers, fabricated by wet thermal oxidation, have a built-in index guide and thus exhibit substantially better properties than do lasers from the same wafer fabricated by proton implantation which rely on a thermal lens to reduce diffraction losses.
Omnipresent Learning via Interactive Media

Teaching an undergraduate nursing research course in an accelerated, seven-week format challenges instructors to engage students and impart research skills in a narrow timeframe. Student engagement is essential to the learning process; however, educators must foster nursing students' reflective thinking abilities. Digital storytelling is used to increase student engagement and reflective thinking, but nursing literature shows little research in this area. In this study, the instructors facilitated discussion board activities and digital storytelling and then evaluated the participation in these active learning strategies. The data showed a perceptive increase in student satisfaction and reflective thinking.
Pachyelasides A-D, novel molluscicidal triterpene saponins from Pachyelasma tessmannii

This is the first report for secondary metabolites in an African medicinal plant, Pachyelasma tessmannii (Leguminosae). Four novel saponins, pachyelasides A-D, were isolated from the methanol extract of the root bark by using recycling HPLC. These compounds showed molluscicidal activity (LD(50) < or =8.0 mug/mL) against the South American snail, Biomphalaria glabratus. The structures were determined on the basis of extensive nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric studies.
The ‘solar model problem’ solved by the abundance of neon in nearby stars

One of the successes of modern astrophysics has been the ability of standard solar models to predict the structure of the Sun in agreement with inference from solar oscillations. At least that was the idea. Recent revisions of the solar abundances of a number of elements meant that chemical composition no longer matched oscillation measurements. Drake and Testa have taken a novel approach to this ‘solar model problem’, measuring the relative abundance of neon and oxygen in a number of nearby Sun-like stars. The Ne/O ratios are all very similar and higher than the recently revised solar value. Take this value instead of the difficult-to-pin-down direct measurement of the Sun and the model is rescued. The interior structure of the Sun can be studied with great accuracy using observations of its oscillations, similar to seismology of the Earth. Precise agreement between helioseismological measurements and predictions of theoretical solar models1 has been a triumph of modern astrophysics. A recent downward revision by 25–35 per cent of the solar abundances of light elements such as C, N, O and Ne (ref. 2) has, however, broken this accordance: models adopting the new abundances incorrectly predict the depth of the convection zone, the depth profiles of sound speed and density, and the helium abundance1,3. The discrepancies are far beyond the uncertainties in either the data or the model predictions4. Here we report neon-to-oxygen ratios measured in a sample of nearby solar-like stars, using their X-ray spectra. The abundance ratios are all very similar and substantially larger than the recently revised solar value. The neon abundance in the Sun is quite poorly determined. If the Ne/O abundance in these stars is adopted for the Sun, the models are brought back into agreement with helioseismology measurements5,6.
Localization of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor mRNA in the Brain of the Chick (Gallus domesticus)

The cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) is prevalent in the brains of many species. Receptor binding, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical surveys have described the distribution of this receptor in a limited number of species. The current study used in situ hybridization to examine the expression of CB1 mRNA in the chick brain, a non-mammalian vertebrate. The results were compared to the observed patterns of expression for CB1 mRNA, protein, and agonist binding that have been reported for other avian species and mammals. Importantly, since CB1 receptors are typically located on neuronal terminals, comparison of the somatic mRNA expression with previously reported descriptions of the location of functional receptors, allows speculation about the circuits that make use of these receptors. The expression pattern for CB1 mRNA appears to be highly conserved across species in key areas such as the cerebellum and portions of the forebrain. For example, high levels of expression were observed in the avian amygdala and hippocampus, areas which express high levels of CB1 in mammals. The avian substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, however, showed specific labeling. This finding is in stark contrast to the high levels of receptor binding or CB1 protein, but not CB1 mRNA in these areas of the mammalian brain. Moderate labeling was also seen throughout the hyperpallium and mesopallium. Throughout the brain, a number of regions that are known to be involved in visual processing displayed high levels of expression. For example, the tectum also had strong mRNA expression within layers 9-11 of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficale and stratum album centrale.
It's Funny Because It's True (Because It Evokes Our Evolved Psychology):

Evolutionary psychology (EP) and comedian Chris Rock have both grown increasingly prominent over the past quarter-century. EP has blossomed because of its unique ability to explore humans' universa...
Homogeneity and evaluation of the new NIST leaf certified reference materials.

The NIST has produced and is in the process of certifying two new leaf CRMs, SRM151S Apple Leaves and SRM 1547 Peach Leaves, as replacements for the no longer available NBS Orchard Leaves and the almost depleted Citrus Leaves. These two new materials have been processed and are being thoroughly evaluated and should provide the most advanced natural matrix botanical trace-element reference materials available. Caution should be used in determining a basis weight (drying) for these CRMs because of their very fine particle size. Homogeneity has been established by instrumental neutron activation analysis on both leaf materials for five elements, to date, to better than 1.5% (1 s) for 100-mg sample sizes.
Discussion on Multiple Imputation

As the "father" of multiple imputation (MI), it gives me great pleasure to be able to comment on this collection of contributions on MI. The nice review by Paul Zhang serves as an excellent introduction to the more critical attention lavished on MI by Soren Nielsen and the extensive discussion by Xiao-Li Meng and Martin Romero. I have a few comments on this package, which are designed to clarify a few points and supplement other points from my "applied statistician's" perspective. My focus in the following is more on Nielsen's article because the expressed views are less consistent with my own than the contributions of the other authors. Nevertheless, despite differences of emphasis, I want to express my sincere gratitude to Nielsen for bringing his technical adroitness to address the issue of multiple imputation, in particular, and the problem of missing data in general (e.g., Nielsen, 1997, 2000).
Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in subarctic agricultural and forest soils

Microbial biomass, activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and urease, and numbers of ammonium oxidizers were determined at monthly intervals on soil samples obtained from an on-going tillage residue-management study during the summers of 1985 and 1986. The site was cleared of black spruce (Picea mariana, Mill.) in 1979 and has been planted to spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) since 1982. Tillage treatments were no-tillage or disked twice, and residuemanagement treatments were removal of stubble and loose straw or leaving all straw on the plots. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities were moderate to high in the Ap horizon but very low in the B horizon. There was no difference in any parameter measured due to tillage or residue management. In 1986, comparisons were made between the Ap horizon and the agricultural soil and the A horizon of the soil beneath an adjacent black-spruce forest. Total microbial biomass and enzyme activities were generally greater in the forest soil than in the agricultural soil. However, specific activity of the biomass was generally greater in the agricultural soil. Soil microbial biomass and urease activities of both agricultural and forest soils were similar to those reported for warmer climates, but dehydrogenase activity was higher and phosphatase was lower.
Two Distinct Porcine Natural Killer Lytic Trigger Molecules as PNK-E/G7 Molecular Complex

Abstract PNK-E and G7 mAbs regulate porcine NK and ADCC activities by binding to distinct NK function-associated trigger molecules on porcine NK cells. Previous work demonstrates that PNK-E mAb binds to a 205-kDa tetrameric molecule composed of two 47-kDa peptides and two 50-kDa peptides and G7 mAb binds to a distinct 40-kDa heterodispersed monomeric peptide on porcine NK cells. The data presented herein demonstrate that all PNK-E 4 PBLs are G7 1 and all G7 1 PBLs are PNK-E 4 indicating that the PNK-E and G7 molecules are coexpressed by porcine NK cells. Bound G7 mAb blocks subsequent binding of PNK-E mAb but not the converse. Bound F(ab′) 2 G7 mAb abrogates the ability of whole PNK-E mAb to enhance NK activity but bound F(ab′) 2 PNK-E mAb has no affect on G7 mAb enhancement of NK activity. PNK-E mAb enhanced NK activity is inhibited by binding of F(ab′) 2 G7 mAb even though whole PNK-E mAb remains bound. However, bound F(ab′) 2 PNK-E mAb has no affect on G7 mAb-enhanced NK activity. When PNK-E and G7 mAbs were tested alone and together in NK assays, comparable levels of enhancement were observed. PNK-E and G7 hybridomas express surface mAb through which NK cells bind and specifically lyse these hybridomas. Lysis of PNK-E and G7 hybridomas is inhibited by pretreatment of PBLs with F(ab′) 2 G7 mAb. These data indicate a physical association between the PNK-E and G7 molecules on NK cells and suggest that the G7 molecule is external to the PNK-E molecule.
Management of Drug Information Inquiries from Health Care Professionals: An Industry-Wide Survey:

Fifty-one pharmaceutical companies were selected for this survey designed to examine the logistics of operation regarding drug information inquiries from health care professionals and to compare operations of large and small companies. The survey was conducted in two phases: first by telephone contact to identify the appropriate person to complete the survey and to answer several initial questions, and second by a follow-up written questionnaire. The total sample (N = 51) was divided into three groups; the upper third (N = 17) and lower third (N = 17) were designated “large” and “small” companies, respectively. While significantly greater for large companies, both large and small companies spent more time on drug information inquiries than four other identified areas. The reporting line of most companies was Medical; staffing (rank order) consisted primarily of physicians, pharmacists, and PhDs. On average, companies handled 8376 inquiries per year. Most companies utilized computer-assisted literature ser...
Early human development and the chief sources of information on staged human embryos

In a brief historical survey, the importance of Wilhelm His, senior, to human embryology is emphasized. He provided the impetus to Mall to establish the Carnegie Embryological Collection, which serves as a 'Bureau of Standards' for early human development. The Carnegie system of 23 stages for the embryonic period proper (first 8 postovulatory wk) is outlined, and some common misusages are noted. Finally, because of the difficulty in tracking down data based on staged human embryos, an annotated list of more than 40 key references is provided.
Translational initiation factor and ribosome association with the cytoskeletal framework fraction from HeLa cells

The association of mRNA and ribosomes with the cytoskeleton of eucaryotic cells may be important for protein synthesis and its regulation. HeLa cells were gently lysed with detergent, and soluble and cytoskeletal framework subfractions were prepared by centrifugation. We analyzed these fractions for ribosomes and confirmed earlier findings that polysomes are preferentially associated with the cytoskeletal fraction. The levels of initiation factors eIF-2, eIF-3, eIF-4A, and eIF-4B were quantitated by immunoblotting; all are enriched in the cytoskeletal fraction relative to the soluble fraction. Heat shock, fluoride, pactamycin , and cytochalasin caused the release of both ribosomes and initiation factors into the soluble fraction. However, treatment of the cytoskeletal fraction with EDTA or low levels of ribonuclease resulted in polysome degradation but no release. Therefore initiation factor association with the cytoskeletal framework correlates with the presence of ribosomes, whereas ribosome association does not require intact mRNA.
The ongoing need for good physiological investigation: obstructive sleep apnea in HIV patients as a paradigm.

improvements in treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have extended longevity such that >50% of those living with HIV in United States will be ≥50 yr by 2015 ([6][1]). The remarkable success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been
Cross-validation for selecting a model selection procedure

Abstract While there are various model selection methods, an unanswered but important question is how to select one of them for data at hand. The difficulty is due to that the targeted behaviors of the model selection procedures depend heavily on uncheckable or difficult-to-check assumptions on the data generating process. Fortunately, cross-validation (CV) provides a general tool to solve this problem. In this work, results are provided on how to apply CV to consistently choose the best method, yielding new insights and guidance for potentially vast amount of application. In addition, we address several seemingly widely spread misconceptions on CV.
Toward Development of the End User Computing Construct in a University Setting

The authors identify and define the end user computing (EUC) construct and operationalize the construct through development of a valid, reliable measure called the EUC activities scale. This scale is designed to distinguish specific, discrete computer activities performed on the job. The research analyzes the validity and reliability of the instrument based on data obtained from 776 university employees who participated in the initial, exploratory application. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale resulted in five factors. In order of increasing complexity of job-related computer activities, these factors are: beginning EUC activities, intermediate EUC activities, advanced EUC activities, EUC facilitation activities, and EUC infrastructure activities. The factor analysis, reliabilities, and known-groups analysis provide support for the construct validity of the instrument when used in a university setting. Suggestions are provided for further use of the scale in business environments to increase generalizability, refine the instrument, and help establish a coherent theoretical basis for further research in EUC.
The Leukemic Myeloid Cell Line OMA-AML-1: An In Vitro Model of Hematopoietic Cell Differentiation

The OMA-AML-1, acute myelogenous leukemia cell line is unique in that it spontaneously maintains both a CD34+ precursor cell compartment and a CD 15+ differentiating cell compartment in vitro. A third transitional cell type with co-expression of CD34 and CD 15 can also be identified in in vitro cultures. The cell line shows dynamic fluctuations in the relative sizes of these three cell compartments in suspension culture. In contrast, OMA-AML-1 fails to show phenotypic or morphologic evidence of differentiation when grown subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. OMA-AML-1 responds to a number of hematopoietic cytokines. Delineation of cytokine responses on FACS isolated populations of CD34+ versus CD15+ cells demonstrated that proliferative responses occurred primarily at the level of the precursor cell (CD34+) while the production of endstage eosinophils occurred within the CD15+ compartment. OMA-AML-1 mimics a number of features of normal hematopoiesis and is proving to be a useful in vitro model for the ...
The Implications of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Absenteeism

Drawing from positive psychology and positive organizational behavior (Luthans, 2002a, 2002b) this study utilized a field study in a high tech manufacturing firm to demonstrate how positive psychol...
Age Period Cohort Characteristic Models

Abstract Age Period Cohort Characteristic (APCC) models provide a powerful method for testing theories that involve age, period, and cohort effects, but much of that power remains unrecognized. Studies that use this method almost always focus on a single explanatory cohort characteristic and control for only age groups and periods. Even with this simple model, we note that the relationship between the dependent variable and the cohort characteristic is controlled not only for historical period and for age, but also for the period in which the cohort was born. The APCC models can accommodate controls for “contemporaneous” variables such as age/period-specific measures of percentage Black as well as for additional cohort characteristics. Autocorrelated errors, due to cohort residuals, can arise in APCC models, and we derive methods to detect and deal with this autocorrelation. OLS or WLS typically are employed to estimate the parameters in APCC models; we note that other estimation techniques, e.g., Poisson regression or logistic regression may at times be more appropriate. An empirical example illustrates these refinements and extensions using a substantively important data set.
Eating Frequency and Energy Regulation in Free-Living Adults Consuming Self-Selected Diets

The relative importance of eating frequency to weight control is poorly understood. This review examines the evidence to date on the role of eating frequency in weight control in free-living adults. The majority of cross-sectional studies in free-living adults show an inverse relationship between eating frequency and adiposity; however, this is likely an artifact produced by the underreporting of eating frequency concurrent with underreporting of energy intake. When implausible energy intake reporting (which is mostly underreporting) is taken into account, the association between eating frequency and adiposity becomes positive. In studies in which eating frequency is prescribed and food intake is mostly self-selected, there is either no effect or a minor positive effect of eating frequency on energy intake. Most of those studies have been short-term and lack the necessary dietary biomarkers to validate reported energy intakes and eating frequencies. In conclusion, there is some suggestion from cross-sectional studies in which energy intake underreporting is taken into account and from experimental studies to date that greater eating frequency may promote positive energy balance. However, experimental studies of longer-term duration that include objective dietary biomarkers are necessary before firm conclusions about the relative importance of eating frequency in weight control can be made.
Storage@home: Petascale Distributed Storage

Storage@home is a distributed storage infrastructure developed to solve the problem of backing up and sharing petabytes of scientific results using a distributed model of volunteer managed hosts. Data is maintained by a mixture of replication and monitoring, with repairs done as needed. By the time of publication, the system should be out of testing, in use, and available for volunteer participation.
Human cerebral asymmetry in color discrimination.

Abstract Color stimuli were tachistoscopically presented to two left and two right quadrants of the visual field of 125 right-handed subjects. A manual color-matching response was measured by accuracy and latency of subject responses. No overall differences were obtained between sexes or between left- and right-eye dominant subjects. Within-subject differences among the four visual field quadrants were interpreted as implicating the right hemisphere in color discrimination and favoring the cortical area functionally nearer the right striate area above the calcarine fissure. No interaction between sex, eye dominance, and visual field quadrant was obtained.
Optical Spectral Fingerprints of Tissues from Patients with Different Breast Cancer Histologies Using a Novel Fluorescence Spectroscopic Device

The fluorescence of paired human breast malignant and normal tissue samples was investigated using a novel fluorescence spectroscopic (S3-LED) ratiometer unit with no moving parts. This device can measure the emission spectra of key native organic biomolecules such as tryptophan, tyrosine, collagen and elastin within tissues by using LED (light emitting diode) excitation sources coupled to an optical fiber. With this device, the spectral profiles of 11 paired breast cancerous and normal samples from 11 patients with breast carcinoma were obtained. In each of the 11 cases, marked increases in the tryptophan levels were found in the breast carcinoma samples when compared to the normal breast tissues. In the breast cancer samples, there were also consistently higher ratios of the 340 to 440 nm and the 340 to 460 nm intensity peaks after 280 nm excitation, likely representing an increased tryptophan to NADH ratio in the breast cancer samples. This difference was seen in the spectral profiles of the breast can...
Ang II–Salt Hypertension Depends on Neuronal Activity in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus but Not on Local Actions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Development of angiotensin II (Ang II)–dependent hypertension involves microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine actions in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Cytokines activate receptor signaling pathways that can both acutely grade neuronal discharge and trigger long-term adaptive changes that modulate neuronal excitability through gene transcription. Here, we investigated contributions of PVN cytokines to maintenance of hypertension induced by subcutaneous infusion of Ang II (150 ng/kg per min) for 14 days in rats consuming a 2% NaCl diet. Results indicate that bilateral PVN inhibition with the GABA-A receptor agonist muscimol (100 pmol/50 nL) caused significantly greater reductions of renal and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and mean arterial pressure in hypertensive than in normotensive rats ( P
Simulation of water flow and solute transport in free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with heterogeneous structures

Summary Lysimeters are valuable for studying the fate and transport of chemicals in soil. Large-scale field lysimeters are used to assess pesticide behaviour and radionuclide transport, and are assumed to represent natural field conditions better than laboratory columns. Field lysimeters are usually characterized by a free-draining lower boundary. As a result, the hydraulic gradient is disrupted, and leachate cannot be collected until the bottom of the lysimeter becomes saturated. We compared heterogeneously structured, free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with respect to water flow and solute transport. Numerical simulations were carried out in a two-dimensional heterogeneous sandy soil under unsaturated water flow conditions with the CHAIN_2D code. Three different soil structures (isotropic, horizontal, and vertical) were generated, and Miller–Miller similitude was used to scale the hydraulic properties of the soil. The results showed that ponding occurs at the bottom of the lysimeter for the three soil structures and that it occurred faster and was more pronounced with the vertical structure (preferential flow effect). Breakthrough curves of a conservative solute (bromide) showed that solutes are moving faster in the field than in the lysimeters. Fewer differences between lysimeters and field soils were found with the horizontal soil structure than with the isotropic and vertical structures.
Literature Update on Melanocytic Nevi and Pigmented Lesions in the Pediatric Population

Pigmented lesions and melanocytic nevi are commonly evaluated lesions in pediatric dermatology clinics and the rising incidence of melanoma has increased public awareness of malignant potential. Diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions, especially dysplastic nevi, medium and large congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), and Spitz nevi, can be particularly challenging. We summarize the recent literature for melanocytic nevi and pigmented lesions as relevant to the practice of pediatric dermatology with particular attention to dermatoscopic techniques, histopathologic interpretation, molecular biology, and management recommendations for CMN and Spitz nevi.
Utilizing authentic, real-world projects in information technology education

Computer science courses have utilized real-world, customer-driven projects with mixed success for years. There is a large body of anecdotal and empirical evidence to support the idea that students learn via authentic customer interactions in database, software engineering, and other computer science courses. This paper demonstrates that such real-world projects are also applicable to Information Technology classes. By allowing students to apply the theoretical principles learned in prerequisite courses, they are able to solidify and deepen their knowledge of project management, customer relations management, requirements elicitation and management, software development, human-computer interaction (specifically interface design), database technology, communication skills, testing, debugging, and system design. Results from over 50 projects involving over 300 students and spanning seven years of courses are presented and analyzed; these projects range from traditional Windows projects to dynamic, data-driven Webs and cutting-edge projects involving PDA and TabletPC applications. The author was involved in Computer Science Software Engineering and programming courses and then transitioned into the field of Information Technology Education; consequently, the results span the domains of CS and IT education and present a convincing argument that group-based, authentic projects that involve developing solutions for real-world customers benefit Information Technology courses and students. Issues such as appropriate project scope, suggested milestones, reasonable project structure, and how to assign students to teams are discussed. A lightweight process is also provided to assist the reader in applying the recommendations with minimal effort.
Inbreeding levels of two Ustilago maydis populations

Little is known about the population mating behavior of the smut fungus Ustilago maydis DC (Corda). To determine the amount of inbreeding that occurs in local U. maydis populations, two cornfields were sampled, one in North America (NA) at Le Sueur, Minnesota, and one in South America (SA) at Tarariras, Uruguay. These fields were chosen because of their geographic isolation and host management differences. Inbreeding coefficients (F(is)) were calculated using data derived from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Mean F(is) values estimated for both the NA (-0.08), and the SA (-0.02) populations statistically are not different from zero. The results of this study demonstrate that the U. maydis population structure in both cornfields results predominately from out-crossing and suggests that teliospores infrequently act as single infection units. The genetic differentiation between populations was high (F(st) = 0.25).
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: A Role for Nonspecific Competition in Karyopherin-Nucleoporin Interactions

Nucleocytoplasmic transport occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which in yeast is a ∼50 MDa complex consisting of ∼30 different proteins. Small molecules can freely exchange through the NPC, but macromolecules larger than ∼40 kDa must be aided across by transport factors, most of which belong to a related family of proteins termed karyopherins (Kaps). These transport factors bind to the disordered phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat domains in a family of NPC proteins termed FG nups, and this specific binding allows the transport factors to cross the NPC. However, we still know little in terms of the molecular and kinetic details regarding how this binding translates to selective passage of transport factors across the NPC. Here we show that the specific interactions between Kaps and FG nups are strongly modulated by the presence of a cellular milieu whose proteins appear to act as very weak competitors that nevertheless collectively can reduce Kap/FG nup affinities by several orders of magnitude. Without such modulation, the avidities between Kaps and FG nups measured in vitro are too tight to be compatible with the rapid transport kinetics observed in vivo. We modeled the multivalent interactions between the disordered repeat binding sites in the FG nups and multiple cognate binding sites on Kap, showing that they should indeed be sensitive to even weakly binding competitors; the introduction of such competition reduces the availability of these binding sites, dramatically lowering the avidity of their specific interactions and allowing rapid nuclear transport.
Infections with Legionella pneumophila in Children

Abstract To learn the role of Legionella pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease, in childhood illness, a prospective study was conducted among 52 children younger than four years of age with acute disease of the lower respiratory tract. Viral, mycoplasmal, and bacterial cultures and acute- and convalescent-phase sera were obtained during 64 episodes of acute illness; additional sera were drawn annually for three to five years. On the basis of serologic evidence, none of the acute episodes appeared to be due to L. pneumophila serogroup 1 or 2. However, examination of annual serum specimens showed that 27 (52%) of the children had rises in titer of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (a fourfold or greater rise to a reciprocal titer of greater than or equal to 128). Most rises in titer were in response to the serogroup 2 antigen. These results suggest that L. pneumophila is not a common cause of acute respiratory disease in early childhood in the study area but that children are frequently exposed to the organism. Alternatively, the serologic responses might be to unrelated cross-reacting microorganisms.
Factors Affecting Initial Strength Performance of a Hydroxylapatite-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Composite

Hydroxylapatite (HA) has been shown to be an efficacious bio-implant material in a number of surgical procedures[l]. A problem in the use of this material is that of particle migration away from the implant site. One method to resolve this problem is to mix the HA with calcium sulfate hemihydrate, CaSO4·0.5H2O, and allow the material to set to a gypsum/HA composite monolith[2]. The gypsum is resorbed by the body over a period of weeks, leaving the hydroxylapatite surrounded by newly generated tissue.
Formalizing formality: an analysis of register variation in Sinhala

Variation in language on the basis of formality (register variation) is often neglected both in grammatical descriptions and in sociolinguistic analyses. I demonstrate here that in Sinhala, and perhaps in other diglossic languages, register variation in syntax cannot be ignored. In a Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) analysis based on a corpus of naturally occurring Sinhala texts, I propose an analysis of register variation in which the syntax of all observed registers is accounted for within a single grammar. I further explain how the approach to register variation developed here can be extended to other types of sociolinguistic variation.
Estimation of Photorespiration Based on the Initial Rate of Postillumination CO2 Release I. A NONSTEADY STATE MODEL FOR MEASUREMENT OF CO2 EXCHANGE TRANSIENTS

Although open systems have been used for the study of transients in leaf CO2 exchange such as the postillumination burst, these systems frequently do not permit reliable estimates of transient rates due to their nonsteady state nature. A nonsteady state mathematical approach is described which predicts changes in CO2 concentration in the leaf chamber and infrared gas analyzer measuring cell as a function of leaf CO2 exchange rate in Nicotiana tabacum vars John Williams Broadleaf and Havana Seed. With the aid of a computer, a numerical formula simulates the mixing and dilution which occurs as CO2 passes through the finite volume of the measuring cell of the analyzer. The method is presented with special relevance to photorespiration as manifested by the postillumination burst of CO2. The latter is suggested to decline with the first order kinetics following darkening of a C3 leaf. This approach provides a basis for reliable estimation of the initial and, hence, maximal rate of CO2 evolution during the postillumination burst under a variety of environmental conditions.
Model Reduction by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Coupled With Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations (Keynote)

Proper orthogonal decompositions (POD) have been used to define reduced bases for low-dimensional approximations of complex systems, including turbulent flows. Centroidal Voronoi tessellations (CVT) have been used in a variety of data compression and clustering settings. We review both strategies in the context of model reduction for complex systems and propose combining the ideas of CVT and POD into a hybrid method that inherets favorable characteristics from both its parents. The usefulness of such an approach and various practical implementation strategies are discussed.
Masculine gender-role stress, anger, and male intimate abusiveness: Implications for men's relationships.

Many men who are strongly committed to the traditional male role experience masculine gender-role stress (MGRS) when faced with situations they perceive as posing a threat to their masculine identity. Men who experience high levels of MGRS often turn to substance abuse as a means of managing insecurities regarding male role expectations, which may increase their risk of engaging in verbally and physically abusive behavior. In the present investigation, we examined the association between MGRS, anger, and intimately abusive behavior among substance-abusing men. Our sample consisted of 57% White and 43% African American male substance abusers. Approximately 72% of participants reported earning less than $20,000; about 19% earned between $20,000 and $39,999; 4% earned between $40,000 and $59,999; 5% earned between $60,000 and $79,999, and less than 1% reported earning over $80,000. It was hypothesized that, compared with low-MGRS substance-abusing men, high-MGRS substance-abusing men would report higher levels of anger and would be more likely to report engaging in verbally and physically abusive behavior directed at their female partners. In general, support was found for these hypotheses. Our results indicate that high-MGRS substance-abusing men experience higher levels of anger and that they were more likely to have engaged in abusive behavior in the context of their intimate relationships with female partners.
Hormonal Control of Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is the process by which glucose and glycogen are synthesized in the animal body from noncarbohydrate precursors. The liver and the kidney are the two organs which carry out gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic substrates include lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and the glucogenic amino acids. Although all the natural amino acids except leucine and lysine are potentially glucogenic by virtue of the fact that they yield pyruvate, oxalacetate, aketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, or fumarate during their catabolism, studies in the perfused liver indicate that only alanine, serine, proline, threonine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamate, aspartate, and arginine yield significant amounts of carbohydrate (Ross, Hems, and Krebs, 1967).
Uses of Price Gap and Adjustment Weights in Analyzing Autarky, Free Trade, and Import Tariff for a Small Country

Using Mallick (2014) ceiling price results and the price gap approach, this paper derives all the formulae of interest in autarky, free trade, and after an import tariff for a small country. All derived formulae are in terms of three adjustment weights. It also offers comparisons of results of free trade with autarky and after tariff with free trade. Any formula can be applied independently.
Breakwaters in the Hawaiian Islands

Changes in breakwater design since 1950; practical techniques have been developed for conducting wave hindcasts and refraction and diffraction analyses; new breakwaters and repair of structures in Kawaihae Harbor, Kahului Harbor, and Nawiliwili Harbor; rubble-mound constructions using stone, tetrapods, and tribars; model tests; proper design of head of breakwater and of berms against breaking waves; problems of severe overtopping.
Tungsten-Promoted Mesoporous Group 4 (Ti, Zr, and Hf) Transition-Metal Oxides for Room-Temperature Solvent-Free Acetalization and Ketalization Reactions

Tungsten (0–30%)-promoted University of Connecticut mesoporous materials (UCT-X, X = 55 (Ti), 50 (Zr), and 56 (Hf)) were synthesized in one step using a recently discovered approach. The approach relies on inverse micelle formation and unique NOx chemistry to control the sol–gel chemistry of inorganic components. The tungsten-promoted mesoporous transition-metal (TM) oxides consist of monodispersed nanocrystalline particle aggregates with a particle size of ∼12 nm. The mesopores are formed by connected intraparticle voids of these aggregates, and the pore sizes vary between 3.8 and 6.1 nm, depending on the tungsten loading and TM oxide support. The materials were closely examined using PXRD, HRTEM, XPS, FTIR, Raman, and N2 sorption. The tungsten exist as very small (<1 nm) nano-WOx clusters that are well-dispersed on the TM support. Nano-WOx clusters were found to promote the formation of Bronsted acid sites. Catalytic activity was tested for solvent-free room-temperature acetalization and ketalization re...
Dispersal Distance and the Range of Nightly Movements in Merriam's Kangaroo Rats

Lifetime dispersal distances in Merriam's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami , ranged from 0 to 265 m in males and from 0 to 158 m in females. Radiotelemetry data on nightly movements detected males ≤146 m and females ≤123 m from home-range centers. Eighty-nine percent of lifetime dispersal distances and 96% of moves between consecutive censuses were within the radii of familiarity indicated by radiotelemetry. Most effective “dispersal” appears to occur as a series of shifts in centers of activity within familiar areas. Occasional excursions beyond the usual area of activity and frequent moves to new burrows may contribute to the ability of the D. merriami to shift home ranges. The traditional view of dispersal as high-risk movement into unfamiliar areas does not apply to effective dispersal in D. merriami . Neither is dispersal in this species described precisely by models in which investigators assumed that individuals move to the nearest vacant site at a particular age or season.
Feminist theory and pop culture

It has been said that unevenness is inevitably built into the form of the edited volume – that some chapters fit better than others, perhaps because there are often several disciplines, media, and ...
Endoscopic tattooing of the colon. An experimental study

Methods of "tattooing" the colon endoscopically were evaluated in a series of studies on dogs. Injections were performed through a sigmoidoscope using a 25-gauge sclerotherapy needle. The first phase showed excellent staining with methylene blue; however, after 24 hours the stain had completely diffused and was no longer visible. In the second phase, eight agents were evaluated for durability at the site of injection. Only indocyanine green and india ink remained visible on the serosal surface of the bowel after 48 hours. While indocyanine green showed no adverse tissue reaction, india ink caused a significant inflammatory infiltrate with microhemorrhage and thrombosis. The final phase confirmed the staining qualities of indocyanine green. The dye persisted for seven days, and no adverse reactions were noted, either macro- or microscopically. Based on our findings, indocyanine green is an excellent agent for use in tattooing the colon to facilitate intraoperative localization of small colonic lesions. Clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this agent in humans are warranted.
A Bayesian Power Analysis Procedure Considering Uncertainty in Effect Size Estimates from a Meta-analysis

ABSTRACTIn conventional frequentist power analysis, one often uses an effect size estimate, treats it as if it were the true value, and ignores uncertainty in the effect size estimate for the analysis. The resulting sample sizes can vary dramatically depending on the chosen effect size value. To resolve the problem, we propose a hybrid Bayesian power analysis procedure that models uncertainty in the effect size estimates from a meta-analysis. We use observed effect sizes and prior distributions to obtain the posterior distribution of the effect size and model parameters. Then, we simulate effect sizes from the obtained posterior distribution. For each simulated effect size, we obtain a power value. With an estimated power distribution for a given sample size, we can estimate the probability of reaching a power level or higher and the expected power. With a range of planned sample sizes, we can generate a power assurance curve. Both the conventional frequentist and our Bayesian procedures were applied to c...
Long-term patterns and predictors of pain following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a patient-centered analysis

Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair has been shown to offer patients the benefit of less postoperative pain as compared to traditional open techniques. However, the risk of experiencing significant postoperative pain may affect patient’s decision making. We aimed to elucidate potential patterns of pain and the predictors of such, up to 2 years postoperatively, using both generic and specific quality of life tools. Patients undergoing laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal inguinal hernia repair were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Short form-36, Surgical Outcomes Measurement System (SOMS) and Carolinas Comfort Scale (CCS) surveys were administered pre- and postoperatively at 3 weeks, 6 months, 1 and 2 years. Patients with concomitant procedures were excluded. Significant pain was considered mild but bothersome or worse on either specific tool (SOMS scores ≥3/4, CCS scores ≥2). Predictors of significant pain were determined by logistic regression. From 2009 to 2015, 482 patients enrolled in our database underwent elective TEP repair of 626 hernias and completed an assessment tool. Mean age was 57 (±15) years, with 93 % male. Reported pain on all three tools improved significantly from baseline over time (p < 0.01). Significant pain on either specific tool, related or unrelated to surgery, was reported by 52 % of respondents (158/301) preoperatively, and postoperatively by 50 % at 3 weeks (111/220), 21 % at 6 months (15/70), 13 % at 1 year (14/108), and 25 % at 2 years (30/121). Significant pain at 6 months–2 years correlated more significantly with general health status than surgical factors. Significant pain can be as high as 50 % at 3 weeks on surgery-specific quality of life measures, but with significant improvement by 6 months which is maintained through 2 years. Poor quality of life and general health were the main predictors of pain after 6 months.
Finding semantic similarity in a biological domain: a human-centered approach

A behavioral study investigated how college students judge similarity between cell pictures. The study indicates that there is a strong tendency to rely on classinclusion relations in judgments of similarity. This means that biological concepts are likely to be organized and conceptualized with respect to classinclusion relations even for non-experts.
Pulsed and Water-Cooled Magnets

Energy stored in capacitors (or inductances) can be pulsed through magnet coils to generate high magnetic fields to confine high-temperature plasma “pinches”, but such plasmas do not last long. Water-cooled copper coils can sustain magnetic fields for long times, but large coils consume hundreds of MW electrical power, so fusion reactors will probably need to use superconducting magnets. This chapter describes the methods used for calculating magnetic fields, RLC circuits, power consumed, cooling water requirements, and coil design.
Direct Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity without Tangent Linear and Adjoint of the Nonlinear Observation Operator in the GSI-Based EnVar System: Methodology and Experiment with the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell

AbstractA GSI-based EnVar data assimilation system is extended to directly assimilate radar reflectivity to initialize convective-scale forecasts. When hydrometeor mixing ratios are used as state variables (method mixing ratio), large differences of the cost function gradients with respect to the small hydrometeor mixing ratios and wind prevent efficient convergence. Using logarithmic mixing ratios as state variables (method logarithm) fixes this problem, but generates spuriously large hydrometeor increments partly due to the transform to and from the logarithmic space. The tangent linear of the reflectivity operators further contributes to spuriously small and large hydrometeor increments in method mixing ratio and method logarithm, respectively. A new method is proposed by directly adding the reflectivity as a state variable (method dBZ). Without the tangent linear and adjoint of the nonlinear operator, the new method therefore avoids the aforementioned problems.The newly proposed method is examined on ...