cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Person Zero Sum Differential Games: An Overview

In this lecture we shall acquaint the reader with two person zero sum differential games and with the difficulties involved in mathematically formulating the problem and solving it. We shall indicate some of the progress that has been made and some of the important work that remains to be done.
The Purification and Some Properties of Two Different Kallidinogens from Human Plasma

Although bovine kininogen has been highly purified (Habermann et al., 1963; Suzuki et al, 1965), very little has been published on the purification of human plasma kallidinogen (Webster and Pierce, 1963). For the isolation of native kininogens, mild conditions of separation should be used. Denaturing treatments such as heat and low pH should be avoided. In addition, the use of a glandular kallikrein would seem preferable to the use of trypsin in following kininogen activity. The former enzyme is more likely to require undenatured substrates since it has a higher substrate specificity than trypsin, whereas the latter enzyme generally works best on denatured or fragmented kininogens.
A biomechanical shoulder strain index based on stabilizing demand of shoulder joint.

Work-related shoulder joint disorders contribute considerably to absenteeism in the workplace. To identify the tasks that are stressful to the shoulder joint, a strain index was formulated based on...
A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers to implementing worksite policies that support physical activity

Physical inactivity is associated with several chronic diseases that are costly to society, employers, and individuals. Workplaces are a common location for physical activity (PA) initiatives because of the amount of time individuals who are employed full time spend at work. This research examined a statewide worksite wellness program, the Healthiest Maryland Businesses (HMB) program, to fill an important gap regarding the facilitators for and barriers to implementing workplace policies that support PA. Individual telephone interviews were conducted in December 2015 with six HMB Coordinators and their supervisor, and from August through October 2016 with a purposeful sample of 15 businesses of various sizes from across Maryland, to learn about the role of leadership, and successes and challenges of implementing PA programs and policies. The sample of businesses was intentionally selected to capture perspectives from a range of businesses. Interviews were recorded and professionally transcribed. Descriptive coding was used to identify dominant themes that addressed the study aims and research questions. PA was not described as a priority for several large and small businesses. To garner more support for PA, interviewees emphasized associating PA initiatives with measures the businesses care about, such as health care costs from claims data. Small businesses also described having a need for PA programming yet reported having significant resource constraints. There was a strong interest in developing guidance for implementing PA break policies, which was mentioned as a critical support for workplace PA promotion. More commitment and investment of resources from leadership, and an engaged wellness committee with company representation at all levels and roles, were identified as vital for impactful programs. Most businesses are implementing PA programs with limited policy supports, which was mentioned as a barrier. Successful implementation of workplace wellness programs broadly, and PA initiatives specifically, are achievable through leadership buy-in, employee input, and policy supports, along with highlighting the economic benefits for businesses.
Bidirectional IPV Among Adolescent Sexual Minorities

Research repeatedly concludes that lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals (i.e., sexual minorities) are at increased risk of experiencing abuse in a romantic or sexual relationship. For service providers, a vital but largely unanswered question is how common it is for victims of sexual minority intimate partner violence (SM-IPV) to also have perpetrated IPV, particularly in regard to adolescent relationships. To our knowledge, the present article is only the second in the literature to examine adolescent SM-IPV directionality, and it is the first to compare adolescent SM-IPV directionality and heterosexual IPV (H-IPV) directionality within the same sample. In 25 high schools across three northern New England states, sexual minority (n = 398) and heterosexual (n = 2,687) high school-aged adolescents aged 13 years to 19 years (where sexual orientation is defined indirectly via sexual attraction) completed a questionnaire as part of a broader evaluation study of a bystander-focused violence prevention curriculum (we utilized baseline data in this article). Chi-square tests revealed that experiencing victimization was significantly associated with engaging in perpetration for all forms of IPV assessed for both sexual minority and heterosexual youths. The sole exception was threatening IPV, for which a significant association was found among heterosexual but not sexual minority individuals. Bidirectional IPV rates did not differ substantially by sexual attraction: Verbal abuse was most likely to be bidirectional for both sexual attraction groups and all other assessed IPV forms occurring overwhelmingly in unidirectional patterns. Although replication is needed, study results suggest that adolescent IPV is not generally bidirectional. Directions for future research are discussed, including the need for sampling plans that enable further disaggregation by age and sexual orientations.
Factors Predicting Positive Culture in CT-Guided Bone Biopsy Performed for Suspected Osteomyelitis.

Objective The goal of this study was to identify clinical factors and radiographic characteristics associated with positive culture results from bone biopsy in cases of suspected osteomyelitis. Materials and methods A total of 997 CT-guided bone biopsies were reviewed. We reviewed the images and medical records of 29 cases of suspected osteomyelitis to determine if any of the following factors affected culture results: age, sex, history of diabetes, collection of fluid aspirate at the time of biopsy, recent antibiotic therapy, elevated WBC count, and mean attenuation. Results Of the 29 CT-guided bone biopsies, 21% yielded positive culture results. We found no significant difference in age, sex, history of diabetes, collection of fluid aspirate at the time of biopsy, recent antibiotic therapy, or elevated WBC count between positive culture and negative culture cases. We did, however, find a significant difference in the mean CT attenuation values of the sampled bone between the two groups: 72.0 ± 41.5 HU (95% CI, 28.4-115.6 HU) among the positive culture group compared with 227.5 ± 198.8 HU (95% CI, 141.4-313.6 HU) among the negative culture group (p = 0.03). Conclusion The rate of positive culture from image-guided core biopsy of suspected osteomyelitis is low. In this study, lower CT attenuation values were associated with a significantly higher rate of positive culture. An attenuation value of 150 HU may serve as a threshold above which biopsy would be expected to have lower utility for obtaining specific microbial culture data.
Abstract 1046: A breast cancer MET reporter cell line model for drug discovery and development

World-wide, cancer metastasis continues to be the leading cause of death in cancer (DIZON et al. 2016). Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) have been implicated in the incidence of cancer metastasis and drug resistance, their impact in cancer progression and patient survival is not fully understood (NIETO et al. 2016). This is partly due to the lack of suitable in vitro models. Thus, to facilitate the utility of the EMT concept in therapeutic development, we have utilized some of the basic biology of EMT/MET, to create a novel advanced in vitro model for use in both basic research and discovery of new anti-EMT drugs. In breast cancer, vimentin (VIM) intermediate filament (IF) proteins are generally upregulated during EMT and down-regulated during MET (GILLES et al. 1999; THIERY and SLEEMAN 2006; RICHARDSON et al. 2012; LAMOUILLE et al. 2014). Here we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate a VIM RFP (red fluorescent protein) reporter in the MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell line. The VIM RFP C-terminal fusion gene at the endogenous VIM locus, enables end-point or real-time tracking of the MET status as cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype under distinct conditions. We have validated the cell line at the nucleic acid (genomic and mRNA) and protein levels as well as in cell-based assays. Bio-functional evaluation of the MDA-MB-231 VIM RFP cell line shows sensitivity to metastatic breast cancer drugs axitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) via the inhibition of the inherent signaling pathways which impact EMT. These effects provide the basis for the use of this cell line in high throughput screening (HTS) applications including the discovery of new anti-EMT drugs for metastatic breast cancer. Furthermore, the MDA-MB-231 VIM RFP reporter cell line is also a convenient and sensitive model for studying the mechanisms of metastasis and for basic translational science research. Citation Format: Metewo S. Enuameh, Weiguo Shu, Robert Newman, Sangeeta Kumari. A breast cancer MET reporter cell line model for drug discovery and development [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1046.
Lasers in Ophthalmology

Considering the fanfare that accompanied the discovery of the laser in the early 1960s and the extravagant claims that were made for it, there have been relatively few good uses for lasers. Some of the uses, however, have led to important advances in the field of ophthalmology. This chapter describes the major laser instrumentation that has been developed. The important features of the instruments and their applications are discussed, and some views as to the present usefulness and future possibilities are described.
Identification of signature genes associated with therapeutic resistance to anti-VEGF therapy

VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis is a validated clinical target in many cancers, but modest efficacy and rapid development of resistance are major challenges of VEGF-targeted therapies. To establish a molecular signature of this resistance in ovarian cancer, we developed preclinical tumor models of adaptive resistance to chronic anti-VEGF treatment. We performed RNA-seq analysis and reverse-phase protein array to compare changes in gene and protein expressions in stroma and cancer cells from resistant and responsive tumors. We identified a unique set of stromal-specific genes that were strongly correlated with resistance phenotypes against two different anti-VEGF treatments, and selected the apelin/APJ signaling pathway for further in vitro validation. Using various functional assays, we showed that activation of apelin/APJ signaling reduces the efficacy of a VEGF inhibitor in endothelial cells. In patients with ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab, increased expression of apelin was associated with significantly decreased disease-free survival. These findings link signature gene expressions with anti-VEGF response, and may thus provide novel targetable mechanisms of clinical resistance to anti-VEGF therapies.
Combinatorial Synthesis of Magnesium Tin Nitride Semiconductors.

Nitride materials feature strong chemical bonding character that leads to unique crystal structures, but many ternary nitride chemical spaces remain experimentally unexplored. The search for previo...
Can Education and Enhanced Medical Director Oversight Improve Definitive Airway Control in the Prehospital Environment

BackgroundEndotracheal intubation (ETI) is the most definitive technique for airway management. However, supraglottic airway (SGA) may be used when ETI is not feasible. The purpose of this study wa...
β-Blocker Use and Risk of Mortality in Heart Failure Patients Initiating Maintenance Dialysis

Rational & Objective Beta-blockers are recommended for patients with heart failure (HF) but their benefit in the dialysis population is uncertain. Beta-blockers are heterogeneous, including with respect to their removal by hemodialysis. We sought to evaluate whether β-blocker use and their dialyzability characteristics were associated with early mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease with HF who transitioned to dialysis. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Adults patients with chronic kidney disease (aged≥18 years) and HF who initiated either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis during January 1, 2007, to June 30, 2016, within an integrated health system were included. Exposures Patients were considered treated with β-blockers if they had a quantity of drug dispensed covering the dialysis transition date. Outcomes All-cause mortality within 6 months and 1 year or hospitalization within 6 months after transition to maintenance dialysis. Analytical Approach Inverse probability of treatment weights using propensity scores was used to balance covariates between treatment groups. Cox proportional hazard analysis and logistic regression were used to investigate the association between β-blocker use and study outcomes. Results 3,503 patients were included in the study. There were 2,115 (60.4%) patients using β-blockers at transition. Compared with nonusers, the HR for all-cause mortality within 6 months was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.94) among users of any β-blocker and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.53-0.88) among users of metoprolol at transition. There were no observed differences in all-cause or cardiovascular-related hospitalization. Limitations The observational nature of our study could not fully account for residual confounding. Conclusions Beta-blockers were associated with a lower rate of mortality among incident hemodialysis patients with HF. Similar associations were not observed for hospitalizations within the first 6 months following transition to dialysis.
Droplet coalescence and phase separation in a topical ointment: Effects of fluid shear and temperature.

Abstract The physical stability of a prototypical pharmaceutical topical ointment, consisting primarily of an emulsion of propylene glycol droplets dispersed in a continuous white petrolatum medium, was studied with regard to droplet size growth and phase separation when the ointment undergoes heating or fluid shear. To investigate the effects of shear, the ointment at 32 °C was sheared using a transparent, narrow-gap, temperature-controlled Taylor-Couette flow apparatus operated under laminar flow conditions which provided approximately uniform shear rates. Optical methods based on microscopy were used to obtain in-situ, time-dependent propylene glycol droplet size distributions, while a wide-field lens and camera were simultaneously used to detect gross phase separation as the ointment was sheared. Microscopy was also used to observe and quantify ointment stability via analysis of droplet size evolution in the absence of fluid shear for a range of elevated temperatures. For a quiescent ointment, it was observed that the dispersed propylene glycol droplets do not exhibit any appreciable growth over a period of one month and temperatures as high as 45 °C. In contrast, fluid shear imposed at 32 °C was observed to cause rapid growth of dispersed phase droplets and the onset of large phase separated regions on time scales ranging between a few minutes to approximately half an hour for fluid strain rates ranging between 5.5 and 50 s−1, respectively. The experimental results from the lab-scale Couette flow apparatus were used to evaluate the risk of phase separation during commercial-scale manufacturing.
Targeting the ion channel TRPM7 promotes the thymic development of regulatory T cells by promoting IL-2 signaling.

The thymic development of regulatory T (Treg) cells, crucial suppressors of the responses of effector T (Teff) cells, is governed by the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the clinical importance of Treg cells, there is a dearth of druggable molecular targets capable of increasing their numbers in vivo. We found that inhibiting the function of the TRPM7 chanzyme (ion channel and enzyme) potentiated the thymic development of Treg cells in mice and led to a substantially higher frequency of functional Treg cells in the periphery. In addition, TRPM7-deficient mice were resistant to T cell–driven hepatitis. Deletion of Trpm7 and inhibition of TRPM7 channel activity by the FDA-approved drug FTY720 increased the sensitivity of T cells to the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) through a positive feed-forward loop involving increased expression of the IL-2 receptor α-subunit and activation of the transcriptional regulator STAT5. Enhanced IL-2 signaling increased the expression of Foxp3 in thymocytes and promoted thymic Treg (tTreg) cell development. Thus, these data indicate that inhibiting TRPM7 activity increases Treg cell numbers, suggesting that it may be a therapeutic target to promote immune tolerance.
Chapter 4 – Electrochemical Sensing of Explosives

Publisher Summary This chapter states the condition of explosives with a sense of electrochemical behavior. The detection of explosive compounds has received considerable attention for national security and environmental applications. This security generates the major demand for effective, innovative field-deployable devices for detecting organic explosives in a sensitive, fast, simple, and cost-effective manner. The chapter also highlights the recent advances, primarily from laboratory, aimed at developing electrochemical sensors and detectors for explosive compounds. The advantages of electrochemical systems include high sensitivity and selectivity, a wide linear range, minimal space and power requirements, and low-cost instrumentation. Electroanalytical techniques deal with interplay between electricity and chemistry, the measurements of electrical quantities, such as current, potential, charge, and their relationship to chemical parameters. In 1980s and 1990s it has seen the major advances in electroanalytical chemistry, including the design of tailored interfaces, the development of ultra-microelectrodes. It combines biological components or nanoscale materials with electrical transducers or the microfabrication of molecular devices. It is the introduction of “smart” sensors and sensor arrays. The inherent redox activity of nitroaromatic explosives, namely the presence of easily reducible nitro groups, makes them ideal candidates for electrochemical (voltammetric) monitoring.
Multilevel Iteration Method for Binary Stochastic Transport Problems.

This paper presents an iteration method for solving linear particle transport problems in binary stochastic mixtures. It is based on nonlinear projection approach. The method is defined by a hierarchy of equations consisting of the high-order transport equation for materials, low-order Yvon-Mertens equations for conditional ensemble average of the material partial scalar fluxes, and low-order quasidiffusion equations for the ensemble average of the scalar flux and current. The multilevel system of equations is solved by means of an iterative algorithm with the $V$-cycle. The iteration method is analyzed on a set of numerical test problems.
Perioperative Statin Use May Reduce Postoperative Arrhythmia Rates After Total Joint Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Postoperative arrhythmias are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease atrial fibrillation rates after cardiac surgery, but it is unknown if this cardioprotective effect is maintained after joint reconstruction surgery. We aim to determine if perioperative statin use decreases the incidence of 90-day postoperative arrhythmias in patients undergoing primary TJA. Methods We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study in which 231 primary TJA patients (109 hips, 122 knees) received simvastatin 80 mg daily during their hospitalization as part of a single surgeon’s standard postoperative protocol. This cohort was matched to 966 primary TJA patients (387 hips and 579 knees) that did not receive simvastatin. New-onset arrhythmias (bradycardia, atrial fibrillation/tachycardia/flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and ventricular tachycardia) and complications (readmissions, thromboembolism, infection, and dislocation) within 90 days of the procedure were documented. Categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher’s exact tests. Our study was powered to detect a 3% difference in arrhythmia rates. Results Within 90 days postoperatively, arrhythmias occurred in 1 patient (0.4%) who received a perioperative statin, 39 patients (4.0%) who did not receive statins (P = .003), and 24 patients (4.2%) who were on outpatient statins (P = .005). This is 10-fold reduction in the relative risk of developing a postoperative arrhythmia within 90 days of arthroplasty and an absolute risk reduction of 3.6%. Conclusion Treating as few as 28 patients with perioperative simvastatin prevents one new cardiac arrhythmia within 90 days in statin-naive patients undergoing TJA.
Exploring the Effects of Parental Involvement on Broad and Specific Dimensions of Behavioral Problems in Adolescence.

Few studies have differentiated the specificity from the generality of the associations between parental involvement and adolescent behavioral problems across levels of the psychopathology hierarchy. Among 537 adolescents aged 11–17 years, the current study considered the extent to which associations between mother- and father- involvement and behavioral problems (assessed via the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist) were unique to a specific dimension or reflective of associations with higher-order factors. The hierarchical structure of behavioral problems fit well, with total problems at the top, internalizing and externalizing at the second level, and eight specific symptom dimensions at the third level. Mother and father involvement were protective factors for withdrawn/depressed symptoms and risk factors for anxious/depressed symptoms that were not accounted for by internalizing or total problems. Mother involvement was also a protective factor for rule-breaking behavior and a risk factor for social problems symptoms and aggressive behavior symptoms that were not accounted for by externalizing or total problems.
Acute Fractures in Sport: Hand

Hand injuries are common throughout recreational, amateur and professional sports. These injuries require special consideration and management in the athlete. Bartels et al. (Orthop J Sports Med 7(4):2325967119835375, 2019) reported a total of 725 hand and wrist injuries between 2009 and 2014 in National Collegiate Athletic Association American football players with the majority of injuries occurring during competitive games. Amongst high school athletes, Swenson et al. (Clin J Sport Med 20(4):293–9, 2010) reported that hand and finger fractures were most commonly reported fracture with an incidence of 28.3% in that population. Hand fractures are especially devastating as it can affect a player’s dexterity and performance as nearly all sports require the hands for effective play. This chapter will discuss the relevant epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment, complications, rehabilitation and preventative measures for metacarpal and phalangeal fractures.
Longitudinal patterns in the skin microbiome of wild, individually marked frogs from the Sierra Nevada, California

The amphibian skin microbiome has been the focus of numerous studies because of the protective effects that some bacteria provide against the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which has caused a global panzootic among amphibians. However, the mechanisms driving community structure and function in the amphibian skin microbiome are still poorly understood, and longitudinal analyses of the skin microbiome have not yet been conducted in wild populations. In this study, we investigate longitudinal patterns in the skin microbiome of 19 individually marked adult frogs from two wild populations of the endangered Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae), sampled over the course of 2 years. We found that individuals with low bacterial diversity (dominated by order Burkhorderiales) had significantly more stable bacterial communities than those with higher diversity. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with high relative abundance were significantly less transient than those with low relative abundance, and ASVs with intermediate-level relative abundances experienced the greatest volatility over time. Based on these results, we suggest that efforts to develop probiotic treatments to combat B. dendrobatidis should focus on bacteria that are found at high relative abundances in some members of a population, as these strains are more likely to persist and remain stable in the long term.
The Metabolism of Insulin Receptors: Internalization, Degradation, and Recycling

The concept that receptors function as recognition sites for polypeptide hormones and neurotransmitters on plasma membranes of target cells originated during the early 1900s.(1) The theory that emerged was that binding of hormone to its receptor on the outer face of the membrane is the initial step in hormonal action, which triggers a transmembrane signal such as generation of a second messenger. This theory has now been expanded, since receptors subserve a greater role in hormone function and metabolism. In addition to hormone recognition, receptors mediate the internalization(2–5) and degradation(6) of hormones. This has been documented for many peptide hormone—receptor systems(7) and the process appears to be similar to receptor-mediated endocytosis of other molecules such as low-density lipoproteins,(8) asialoglycoproteins,(9) and α2-macroglobulins.(10)
STRUCTURED TEST: THEN AND NOW

There are two broad approaches to device testing: Functional test – “Does the device do what it is supposed to do?” – and structural test – “Has the device been built correctly?” Historically, electronic devices were tested functionally. If a device met its specifications, then by definition it worked and test was complete. As the complexity of electronic systems increased, however, verifying that a device met its specifications became increasingly difficult. A syllogism was constructed to solve the testing problem: If the device’s design is correct, and if each part of the manufactured structure operates correctly, then the device works. With this, structured test was born. Staples of structured test have been in existence since the 1960s, including fault models (stuck-at faults date from the 1940s [1], although the first published reference is [2]), automated diagnostics [3], fault simulation [4], and automatic test pattern generation [5]. At present, some form of structured test is the norm for virtually all integrated circuits.
THE THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ANTIFERROMAGNET MnBr2.4H2O IN APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELDS.

The heat capacity ${C}_{p}$ of a single-crystal specimen of Mn${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}4${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been measured between 1.4 and 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with magnetic fields from 0 to 15 kOe applied along the ${c}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ axis. This axis, which is orthogonal to the $a$ and $b$ axes of this monoclinic substance, is thought to be close to the direction of preferred spin orientation in the antiferromagnetic state [${T}_{N}(H=0)=2.13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K]. Temperature changes associated with adiabatic magnetization (magnetocaloric effect) have also been observed. For $Hg~0$, ${C}_{p}$ exhibits at ${T}_{N}(H)$ a $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ anomaly whose maximum shifts to lower temperature with increasing $H$, tracing out in the $H\ensuremath{-}T$ plane a portion of the boundary between antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases. Isentropic lines originating within the antiferromagnetic region of this diagram show cooling with initial increase of $H$, appear to intersect the phase boundary at their inflection points with common tangent, and exhibit temperature minima in the paramagnetic region. The phase boundary is nearly parabolic, with the same curvature as is deduced thermodynamically from zero-field susceptibility and heat-capacity data.
The Flawed Nature of the False Marking Statute

In 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit rendered a decision on an “issue of first impression” interpreting a one hundred sixty-three year old provision of the United States Code - the “false marking” statute embodied in 35 U.S.C. § 292. It is false marking to mark as patented an unpatented article if done with the intent to deceive the public and, as such, is a fineable offense. The false marking statute remains one of only a handful of qui tam actions left intact from a rich history of varied incentives provided by the government for private enforcement. Enacted to protect patentees and viewed as a blend of public and private resources, the false marking statute has failed to work as intended. This failure is due to the interpretation of the statute given by the courts, eviscerating the penal nature and leaving us with an interpretation that is both false and flawed. Unduly emphasizing the fact that the false marking statute requires neither privity nor injury on the part of the party bringing suit, the courts’ interpretation ignores the culpability of the party who has falsely marked its innovation - harming both the patent system and the public. A party who falsely marks its innovation as patented, and does so with objective recklessness, should be presumed to have done so with the intent to deceive the public, and the burden should rest on the marker to prove that it lacked such intent. Furthermore, the penalty should reflect the culpability of the marking party, taking into account various mitigating factors, including whether the public was actually deceived, the materiality of the marking, and the harm to competitors caused by the marking. Only then can the false marking statute ring true as the effective and economically efficient vehicle it was designed to be.
Polonium: Inorganic Chemistry

The chemistry of polonium is quite limited. Because all of the isotopes of this element are radioactive, and because it is available in such limited quantities, research with polonium is difficult. The metal has been isolated and characterized. Although a number of polonium compounds, such as PoO2 have been well characterized, the evidence for many is insubstantial. Among the halide derivatives, PoCl4 has been studied in greatest detail. A number of other halides, and their complex ions such as PoBr6-2, have been studied with considerable success. A simple binary nitride has never been prepared, and only indirect evidence for the existence of H2Po has been reported. Keywords: pitchblende; radioactivity; nuclear energy; irradiation; α-source; isotopes; group 16
Crop Diversity Report Card for the Twentieth Century: Diversity Bust or Diversity Boom?

According to the conventional wisdom, the twentieth century was a disaster of monumental proportions for vegetable crop diversity. The conventional wisdom is wrong. Our study of 2004 commercial seed catalogs shows twice as many 1903 crop varieties surviving as previously reported in the iconic 1983 study on vegetable crop diversity. More important, we find that growers in 2004 had as many varieties to choose from (approximately 7100 varieties among 48 crops) as did their predecessors in 1903 (approximately 7262 varieties among the same 48 crops). In addition, we cast doubt on the number of distinct varieties actually available in 1903 by examining historical sources that expose the systematic practice of multiple naming. Finally, by looking more closely at the six biggest diversity winners of the twentieth century (tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, garden beans, squash, and garlic), we suggest that patent law is virtually irrelevant.
Win-win approach between Tool productivity and delivery fulfillment by Carpool execution

In a rapid changing business environment, time to market is very critical for better service to our customers. Moreover, shorten the time to market and elevate the timing accuracy would be very helpful for risk management and resource reservation. It is important for semiconductor foundry to ensure the tool capacity is fully utilized with respect to expensive CAPEX. Therefore, proper dispatching for foundry fab production line management plays an important role to maintain a win-win situation between tool productivity and delivery fulfillment. Good priority follow rate leads to accurate delivery. The side effect is recipe changing will be too frequent. This paper demonstrates the Carpool concept to achieve the win-win between Tool productivity and delivery fulfillment in foundry environment. This concept was embedded in the real-time dispatching mechanisms to conduct the experiment. One demo tool efficiency was improved around 3%∼4% while the lost time kept almost the same. (Based on same utilization level, the delivery accuracy also kept > 95% during the period).
SODA: Smart Objects, Dumb Archives

We present the Smart Object, Dumb Archive (SODA) model for digital libraries (DLs). The SODA model transfers functionality traditionally associated with archives to the archived objects themselves. We are exploiting this shift of responsibility to facilitate other DL goals, such as interoperability, object intelligence and mobility, and heterogeneity. Objects in a SODA DL negotiate presentation of content and handle their own terms and conditions. In this paper we present implementations of our smart objects, buckets, and our dumb archive (DA). We discuss the status of buckets and DA and how they are used in a variety of DL projects.
The promiscuity of beta-strand pairing allows for rational design of beta-sheet face inversion.

Recent studies suggest the dominant role of main-chain H-bond formation in specifying β-sheet topology. Its essentially sequence-independent nature implies a large degree of freedom in designing β-sheet-based nanomaterials. Here we show rational design of β-sheet face inversions by incremental deletions of β-strands from the single-layer β-sheet of Borrelia outer surface protein A. We show that a β-sheet structure can be maintained when a large number of native contacts are removed and that one can design large-scale conformational transitions of a β-sheet such as face inversion by exploiting the promiscuity of strand-strand interactions. High-resolution X-ray crystal structures confirmed the success of the design and supported the importance of main-chain H-bonds in determining β-sheet topology. This work suggests a simple but effective strategy for designing and controlling nanomaterials based on β-rich peptide self-assemblies.
Utilization-Focused Evaluation

Utilization-focused evaluation begins with the premise that evaluations should be judged by their utility and actual use; therefore, evaluators should facilitate the evaluation process and design any evaluation with careful consideration of how everything that is done, from beginning to end, will affect use. This is consistent with standards developed by the Joint Committee on Standards for Evaluation and adopted by the American Evaluation Association that evaluations should be judged by their utility, feasibility, propriety, and accuracy. (See chapter on standards and principles for evaluations.)
Detrimental cerebrometabolic effects of hyperoxia in newborn rats.

Abstract To investigate the pathogenesis of oxygen toxicity in the newborn brain, we exposed one-day-old Sprague-Dawley albino rats to 100% O 2 and measured whole-brain high-energy phosphates, glucose, lactate, and free fatty acids (FFA) after 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. Whole-brain adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate fell significantly from about 4.5 to 2.5 μmol-mg −1 protein. Brain lactate remained at about 0.3 μmol·mg −1 protein in hyperoxic rats, but increased in normoxic rats, from 0.3 to 1.3 μmol·mg −1 protein at 120 min. Total FFA decreased from 30 to 15 nmol·mg −1 protein during normoxia, but increased to 40 nmol·mg −1 protein during hyperoxia. Undetectable in normoxic rats, arachidonic acid increased to between 4 and 6 nmol·mg −1 protein during hyperoxia while oleic acid increased by two to threefold. In normoxia, palmitate decreased by 70% from 12 to 4 nmol·mg −1 protein whereas in hyperoxia it remained at 10 nmol·mg −1 protein. Normobaric 100% O 2 has detrimental metabolic effects on the neonatal brain which cannot be attributed to cerebral vasospasm or seizure-induced cerebral anoxia because lactic acidosis was not observed. FFA changes suggest that a likely explanation is membrane lipid peroxidation from O 2 -induced free radicals.
Nonlinear absorption in direct-gap semiconductors.

Nonlinear absorption coefficients have been calculated for certain direct-bandgap semiconductors at 0.694-μm, 1.06-μm, 1.318-μm, and 10.6-μm wavelengths and compared with experimental results. The second-order perturbation theories of Braunstein and Basov yield underestimates and overestimates, respectively, of the nonlinear absorption constants. The numerical values are dependent upon the use of appropriate effective band masses, dielectric constants, and electron spin degeneracy factors. However, the Keldysh model gives second-order absorption constants that are intermediate between the two perturbation calculations. Although the Keldysh model often underestimates the value, in general, it yields the estimate of the magnitude of the two-photon absorption coefficient. The one-photon band-edge absorption in GaAs and InSb is predicted surprisingly well by the Keldysh model.
Conditional quadrature method of moments for kinetic equations

Kinetic equations arise in a wide variety of physical systems and efficient numerical methods are needed for their solution. Moment methods are an important class of approximate models derived from kinetic equations, but require closure to truncate the moment set. In quadrature-based moment methods (QBMM), closure is achieved by inverting a finite set of moments to reconstruct a point distribution from which all unclosed moments (e.g. spatial fluxes) can be related to the finite moment set. In this work, a novel moment-inversion algorithm, based on 1-D adaptive quadrature of conditional velocity moments, is introduced and shown to always yield realizable distribution functions (i.e. non-negative quadrature weights). This conditional quadrature method of moments (CQMOM) can be used to compute exact N-point quadratures for multi-valued solutions (also known as the multi-variate truncated moment problem), and provides optimal approximations of continuous distributions. In order to control numerical errors arising in volume averaging and spatial transport, an adaptive 1-D quadrature algorithm is formulated for use with CQMOM. The use of adaptive CQMOM in the context of QBMM for the solution of kinetic equations is illustrated by applying it to problems involving particle trajectory crossing (i.e. collision-less systems), elastic and inelastic particle-particle collisions, and external forces (i.e. fluid drag).
Doctoral symposium: participants and overview

The WikiSym 2011 Doctoral Symposium was held as a preconference event on October 2nd, 2011 on the campus of Stanford Univesity. Accepted PhD students were invited to present their dissertation work and participate in discussions and feedback sessions with three faculty mentors:• Loren Terveen, University of Minnesota• Coye Cheshire, University of California at Berkeley• Robert Biuk-Aghai, University of MacauStudents also presented their work as a poster during the conference, to encourage more feedback and discussions with the WikiSym research community.
A note on weak Sidon sequences

Abstract A sequence ( a i ) of integers is weak Sidon or well-spread if the sums a i + a j , for i j , are all different. Let f ( N ) denote the maximum integer n for which there exists a weak Sidon sequence 0 ⩽ a 1 ⋯ a n ⩽ N . Using an idea of Lindstrom [An inequality for B 2 -sequences, J. Combin. Theory 6 (1969) 211–212], we offer an alternate proof that f ( N ) N 1 / 2 + O ( N 1 / 4 ) , an inequality due to Ruzsa [Solving a linear equation in a set of integers I, Acta. Arith. 65 (1993) 259–283]. The present proof improves Ruzsa's bound by decreasing the implicit constant, essentially from 4 to 3 .
The decay of 150Eu(12.8 h)

Abstract The γ-ray spectrum of 150 Eu (12.8 h) has been studied using a 7 mm × 4 cm 2 Ge(Li) detector to obtain more precise values for the energy levels and transition intensities in 150 Sm. The new values for the energies of previously reported transitions are 333.9, 406.5, 620.3, 712.2, 831.8, 917.7, 921.7, 1165.7, 1223.0, 1629.4 and 1963.0 keV; in addition, new transitions of 209.4, 305.4, 425.3, 860.1, 1046.2, 1193.7 and 1452.3 keV have been observed. Branching ratios for E1 and E2 transitions de-exciting higher-lying states were obtained. A revised decay scheme is presented and discussed. The half-life of the long-lived 150 Eu isomer has been measured to be 6.2±0.5 y.
Centrally administered bacterial lipopolysaccharide depresses feeding in rats

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) suppresses feeding in rats when administered peripherally in the microgram range. In the present study, the effects of LPS (Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4) on the central regulation of feeding in rats maintained ad lib was investigated. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinfusion of LPS (0.1 to 1000 ng/rat) suppressed the short-term (2-h) and long-term (nighttime and total daily) food intakes, dose dependently. Computerized analysis of behavioral patterns demonstrated a significant reduction of meal size during the nighttime, whereas meal frequency and meal duration were also decreased, but not significantly. Water intake and locomotor activity also decreased. Intraperitoneal administration of LPS in doses equivalent to those administered centrally had no effect on food intake. The results suggest that centrally administered LPS acts directly in the central nervous system (CNS) to depress feeding.
Analysis of insurance payment denials using the prudent layperson standard.

Abstract Study objectives: To review a sample of emergency department payment denials characterized as "not a medical emergency" and to determine medical necessity for each visit using an arbitrary "prudent layperson" standard. Methods: This study was conducted at a university hospital and was an analysis of a convenience sample of ED payment denials classified as "not a medical emergency" by 2 managed care providers. Each corresponding visit was analyzed if the bill was still outstanding in September 1998. ED records were analyzed for chief complaint and risk factors for morbidity. Any minor disorder lasting 1 day or more and with normal vital signs recorded was considered to not meet the prudent layperson standard of an emergency. Visits for minor trauma that occurred the same day that also required radiographs or suturing were considered emergencies. Results: Two hundred ED visits were retrospectively reviewed. Payer 1 denied 44 visits, of which 38 (86%) met the prudent layperson standard; payer 2 denied 156 visits, of which 113 (62%) met the standard ( P >.05). Conclusion: A large proportion of ED visits for which payment is denied as "not a medical emergency" may meet the prudent layperson definition of an emergency. [Tintinalli JE. Analysis of insurance payment denials using the prudent layperson standard. Ann Emerg Med. March 2000;35:291-294.]
Selection of lysine-excreting mutants from Aureobasidium pullulans

A method to select lysine-excreting mutants from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was devised. This method involved the use of bacterial auxotroph indicator solid medium where mutant colonies were detected by their ability to support the satellite growth of an Escherichia coli lysine auxotrophic strain in the medium. Utilizing this procedure and a lysine bioassay, two mutants were identified that were capable of producing approximately double the concentration of lysine in the culture medium relative to their parent strain.
Identifying prosodic contrasts in utterances produced by 4-, 7-, and 11-year-old children.

Purpose Acquisition of prosodic control appears to evolve across development with younger children relying on durational cues and older children utilizing a broader spectrum of cues including funda...
Energy-band theory of Auger line shapes: Silicon L 2,3 VV and lithium KVV

It is shown that one-electron band theory predicts the experimentally observed ${L}_{2,3}\mathrm{VV}$ Auger line shape of silicon and the $\mathrm{KVV}$ line shape of lithium, provided that the partial densities of states are properly normalized for the atomic orbital (AO) basis used to calculate the matrix elements. This normalization, when combined with matrix-element effects, is responsible for the dominance of $p\ensuremath{-}p$ hole final states in the experimental spectra. The effect is equivalent to noting that with the atomic-orbital basis, the electronic charge is divided into atomic and overlap populations. Due to matrix-element effects, the latter does not contribute to the Auger process. Thus, Auger-electron spectroscopy is sensitive to the variation of the local atomic charge density across the valence band. Since the $s$ AO contributes more to the overlap (bonding) charge than the $p$ AO does, the $s$-like contribution is suppressed in the Auger line shape. The quality of the agreement with experiment suggests that the combined effects of the surface, many-body phenomena, and the distortion of the valence band in response to the core hole are small for the above spectra.
Modeling and analysis of micro-ring based silicon photonic interconnect for embedded systems

Recent advances in silicon photonic device and fabrication technologies make silicon photonic interconnect a promising communication fabric to address the inter-core and inter-die interconnect challenges for future embedded many-core processors. Informed design decisions in silicon photonic interconnection require optimization of performance, power efficiency, and reliability for different application scenarios. Optimizing these network and system metrics require understanding of silicon photonics device characteristics. However, existing design space exploration methodologies rely on time-consuming electromagnetic simulations or measurement of fabricated devices. In this paper, we introduce analytical models of devices, explore their design spaces, and apply them to different applications. The analytical models consist of parametrized transfer-matrices, with parameters categorized as fabrication-induced parameters and design parameters. Fabrication-induced parameters can be calibrated against measurements of fabricated devices to achieve high accuracy, whereas design parameters help in extrapolating the device characteristics. We develop and calibrate analytical models of widely used passive and doped micro-ring resonators. Three case studies of silicon photonic interconnects are discussed to represent different embedded applications and quantify the design trade-offs including performance requirements, power efficiency, and reliability constraints from the network system level.
Vertical dome division and nasal projection

Vertical dome division is an essential tool for addressing problems in tip projection. It is primarily used to reduce the overprojecting lobule, or to narrow the broad or bifid tip. Our conceptual approach to correcting specific projection problems is described. Currently, we perform most vertical dome division through an open rhinoplasty approach in conjunction with a tip graft.