cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact-generated hydrothermal systems capable of forming phyllosilicates on Noachian Mars

The early history of the terrestrial planets was punctuated by a period of heavy bombardment. Frequent large impacts condensed in a short, 0.02–0.5-Ga-long time period resulted in heavily cratered planetary surfaces. In volatile-bearing planetary crusts, each of these large impacts created a volume of hot rock and melt that drove vast subsurface hydrothermal systems. In Mars' basaltic crust, these systems produced a variety of alteration phases, the nature of which we explored with thermochemical modeling. Using the computer code CHILLER, we found a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and hydrous and water-free silicates resulting from the hydrothermal alteration. The main hydrous silicates are serpentine, chlorite, nontronite, and other clay minerals. Some of the resulting assemblages contain up to 15 wt% bound water. Our results constrain the temperature and water rock ratio at the time of alteration and compare well to the mineral assemblages found on Mars by OMEGA (Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activite) and CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) and, therefore, provide an interpretative framework for analyzing Martian mineralogy from orbital data. Our results also provide a geological template needed to select landing locations for future missions that search for water and energy sources associated with potential habitats on early Mars.
Increased epidermal growth factor expression produced by testosterone in the submaxillary gland of female mice is accompanied by changes in poly-A tail length and periodicity

The level of mature EGF messenger RNA (mRNA) in the female submaxillary salivary gland (SMG) begins to rise after 3 days' treatment with testosterone (200 micrograms sc qod), and by 5 days it reaches a plateau of approximately 5 times baseline. Testosterone can increase the transcription of other genes in the SMG rapidly, so the lag in the EGF is not due to a slow androgen receptor response, and EGF mRNA can respond rapidly to other mediators, so the lag is not an innate characteristic of EGF transcription. Immunoreactive EGF levels reach a steady-state several times greater than the plateau reached by EGF mRNA, suggesting that testosterone also enhances the efficiency of EGF mRNA translation. Because testosterone has been reported to alter poly-A polymerase activities and because the translation and stability of some mRNAs is affected by changes in their polyadenylation, we used 3' rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (3' RACE) to determine whether testosterone affected this aspect of EGF RNA metabolism. We found that EGF transcripts in untreated female SMG occur indistinct size classes, with poly-A tails of approximately 20, 50, 70, 100, and 200 A's attached after the terminal polyadenylation signal. In contrast, EGF transcripts in male SMG have poly-A tails of less clearly defined lengths, being more heterogeneous, ranging from approximately 20-100 A's. Treating female mice with testosterone causes the poly-A pattern in the SMG to change to a more heterogeneous population ranging from approximately 20-100 A's, similar to the male pattern. This change in EGF transcript polyadenylation occurs concurrently with the changes observed in the levels of EGF mRNA. EGF transcripts from male or female kidney contain distinct poly-A tails of approximately 20, 50, 70, 100, and 200 A's: neither EGF mRNA levels nor polyadenylation was altered by testosterone. The tissue-specific increase in EGF mRNA levels and in translational efficiency produced by testosterone in the female mouse SMG could involve this posttranscriptional alteration in transcript polyadenylation.
Micromechanical poroelastic finite element and shear-lag models of tendon predict large strain dependent Poisson’s ratios and fluid expulsion under tensile loading

As tendons are loaded, they reduce in volume and exude fluid to the surrounding medium. Experimental studies have shown that tendon stretching results in a Poisson's ratio greater than 0.5, with a maximum value at small strains followed by a nonlinear decay. Here we present a computational model that attributes this macroscopic observation to the microscopic mechanism of the load transfer between fibrils under stretch. We develop a finite element model based on the mechanical role of the interfibrillar-linking elements, such as thin fibrils that bridge the aligned fibrils or macromolecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the interfibrillar sliding and verify it with a theoretical shear-lag model. We showed the existence of a previously unappreciated structure-function mechanism whereby the Poisson's ratio in tendon is affected by the strain applied and interfibrillar-linker properties, and together these features predict tendon volume shrinkage under tensile loading. During loading, the interfibrillar-linkers pulled fibrils toward each other and squeezed the matrix, leading to the Poisson's ratio larger than 0.5 and fluid expulsion. In addition, the rotation of the interfibrillar-linkers with respect to the fibrils at large strains caused a reduction in the volume shrinkage and eventual nonlinear decay in Poisson's ratio at large strains. Our model also predicts a fluid flow that has a radial pattern toward the surrounding medium, with the larger fluid velocities in proportion to the interfibrillar sliding.
Seepage meter errors

Although the seepage meter has been widely used in limnology, measurement errors are commonly ignored. These errors result in the need for meter correction factors due to flow field deflection and frictional resistance and head losses within the meter and prefilled bags to avoid short-term influx of water caused by the pulling action of deformed bags. Tank-test data indicate a ratio of measured to actual inseepage of 0.77 (at inseepage rates <20 mm h−1), with a ratio of meter to interstitial seepage flux of 0.50. Provided these precautions are observed and the adjustment factor is applied, field test “point estimates” of seepage inflow with replicate seepage meters generally have relative root-mean-square error(s) <20%. Data from measurements at single locations in tank tests indicate a constant bias and show that, once installed, the actual instrument error is even less (∼5%). These errors are small compared to spatial and temporal components of sampling error typically encountered in the field.
A promoter ISRE and dual 5′ YY1 motifs control IFN-γ induction of the IRG-47 G-protein gene

The IRG-47 gene is the prototype for a new family of genes encoding guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) which are selectively induced in different cell lineages in response to activation signals. The IRG-47 gene is rapidly and transiently induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in cells of the B lymphocyte lineage and in stromal cells and fibroblasts. Here we report features controlling the uninduced and IFN-gamma-induced expression of the IRG-47 gene. The minimal IFN-gamma-inducible IRG-47 gene promoter is 96 bp long and contains a TATA box and an ISRE motif with an internal IRF-1/IRF-2 motif. Mutation of the ISRE motif abolishes IFN-gamma induction by the minimal promoter. Constitutively expressed IRF-2 and IFN-gamma-induced IRF-1 factors specifically bind to the wild-type, but not the mutated ISRE motif. An upstream region containing two tandemly repeated YY1 motifs represses the expression of the IRG-47 promoter in uninduced cells and determines the magnitude of IRG-47 promoter activity in IFN-gamma-induced cells. The IRG-47 minimal promoter has the same functional features and organization as the IFN-gamma-inducible promoters of the unrelated murine GBP G-protein multigene family.
Transaction independence: The road to cooperative systems

The cooperation and consistency among transactions in cooperative systems suggest that traditional transaction processing paradigms need to be modified for target applications. We propose a new framework that borrows its concepts from the evolution of database management systems. Transaction Independence and Incorporation of Workflow ideas within applications are the foundations of this framework. Cooperation is gained by TCMS, an external, domain-independent framework. This paper outlines the requirements, approach, architecture, and the implementation of TCMS.
Head and trunk neural crest in vitro: autonomic neuron differentiation.

Abstract Isolated cultures of premigratory neural crest cells were used to study the initial stages of autonomic neuron development. Autonomic neurons are phenotypically characterized on the basis of their neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT). DBH converts dopamine to norepinephrine in noradrenergic neurons while CAT synthesizes acetylcholine from choline in cholinergic neurons. Activities of both enzymes were detected in isolated cultures of trunk neural crest and head neural crest. DBH was detected at all culture ages examined (from 1 to 20 days) whereas CAT activity was first detected only after 5 days in vitro . While specific enzyme activity of DBH peaks on Day 6 and specific enzyme activity of CAT peaks on Day 10, absolute activity for both enzymes increases throughout the 20-day culture period. DBH and CAT develop in vitro without any spinal presynaptic input, without typical target tissue interactions (such as blood vascular elements or heart tissue), and without addition of conditioned medium factors.
Differences in hydrocarbon uptake and mixed function oxidase activity between juvenile and spawning adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to Cook Inlet crude oil

Abstract 1. 1. Coho salmon smolts accumulated up to 30 times more hydrocarbon in selected tissues than did coho salmon jacks when exposed to water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil. 2. 2. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity continued to increase during 12 days of exposure in coho smolts, in contrast to jacks in which AHH activity peaked at 2 days and remained elevated during 20 days of exposure. 3. 3. Cytochrome P-450 concentrations peaked in 48 hr and returned to control levels in exposed smolts. In exposed and control jacks, cytochrome P-450 decreased during the 20 day experimental period. Concentrations of P-450 were significantly greater, however, in exposed jacks than in control jacks. 4. 4. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and cytochrome P-450 concentrations were greater in non-exposed coho smolts and jacks than in non-exposed pre-spawning adults. 5. 5. Coho jacks were not as responsive as coho smolts in terms of P-450 induction, however, they were more responsive than anticipated for a fish in a terminal life stage.
Employing WebGL to develop interactive stereoscopic 3D content for use in biomedical visualization

Web Graphics Library (WebGL), the forthcoming web standard for rendering native 3D graphics in a browser, represents an important addition to the biomedical visualization toolset. It is projected to become a mainstream method of delivering 3D online content due to shrinking support for third-party plug-ins. Additionally, it provides a virtual reality (VR) experience to web users accommodated by the growing availability of stereoscopic displays (3D TV, desktop, and mobile). WebGL’s value in biomedical visualization has been demonstrated by applications for interactive anatomical models, chemical and molecular visualization, and web-based volume rendering. However, a lack of instructional literature specific to the field prevents many from utilizing this technology. This project defines a WebGL design methodology for a target audience of biomedical artists with a basic understanding of web languages and 3D graphics. The methodology was informed by the development of an interactive web application depicting the anatomy and various pathologies of the human eye. The application supports several modes of stereoscopic displays for a better understanding of 3D anatomical structures.
Complex technology and community: implications for policy and social science

A new technological imperative which punishes individualism and conflict and rewards community and cooperation is impacting the world. Lack of a conceptual framework which allows understanding of that imperative is a barrier to technology based economic policy in the US. A key component of the needed conceptual framework will be the role of community in the continuous innovation of complex technologies. Three characteristics of complex innovation are integral to the conceptual framework needed to inform technologically based economic policy: complexity, networks, and collaboration. These characteristics both require and contribute to community
Identifying the effects of a lender of last resort on financial markets: Lessons from the founding of the fed

Abstract We use the founding of the Federal Reserve to identify the effects of a lender of last resort. We examine stock return and interest rate volatility during September and October, when markets were vulnerable because of financial stringency from the harvest. Stock volatility fell by 40% and interest rate volatility by more than 70% following the monetary regime change. The drop is insignificant if major panic years are omitted from the analysis, however. Because business cycle downturns occurred in the same year as financial crises, our results suggest that the existence of the Federal Reserve reduced liquidity risk.
Spin-orbit scattering time and dephasing time of carriers in two-dimensional HgTe-CdTe superlattices and heterojunctions.

Weak-localization studies of the two-dimensional electron gas in heterostructures made of HgTe and CdTe are reported. Because of the small effective mass, the diffusion constant D is unusually large (824 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/s). By fitting the weak-field transverse magnetoresistance data from high-mobility samples (50?0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V? ${R}_{\ensuremath{\square}}$=720 \ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\square}) to the calculation of Hikami, Larkin, and Nagaoka, we have determined the temperature (T) dependence of the spin-orbit scattering time and the dephasing time of the carriers. The system is shown to have dominant spin-orbit scattering. (The spin-orbit rate is 0.6 times the elastic scattering rate.) The dephasing time which is linear in T agrees in magnitude with a calculation by Al'tshuler, Aronov, and Khmel'nitskii. Evidence for significant Coulomb interaction effects is obtained from the zero-field conductivity. However, the magnitude of the interaction parameter F${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ derived from the plot of the resistance versus lnT strongly disagrees with existing theories. Prominent anomalous magnetoresistance is also seen in the longitudinal geometry. The data are compared with the interaction theory (Zeeman splitting) and the weak-localization theory. Results from high-resistance (30 k\ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\square}) samples which indicate the breakdown of perturbation theory are also reported.
Neovascularization of the RPE: temporal differences in mice with rod photoreceptor gene defects.

Abstract Neovascularization (NV) of the retinal pigment epitheium (RPE) by retinal capillaries following degeneration and loss of photoreceptor cells is a widely recognized phenomenon in rodents. NV of the RPE usually occurs several weeks to months after the loss of photoreceptor cells. We have observed that NV of the RPE occurs much earlier in a line of P23H mutant rhodopsin transgenic mice than in most other mice and rats that have been previously examined. To compare the temporal course of RPE NV in P23H mice with that of two other retinal degeneration mutants with the same time course of photoreceptor cell loss, we have quantified the number of retinal capillaries in the RPE of P23H and Q344ter mutant rhodopsin transgenic mice and retinal degeneration (rd/rd) mice at ages ranging from postnatal day (P) 20–400. Retinal capillary profiles located within the RPE were already present as early as P20 in the P23H retinas, and although these usually were located where most photoreceptor nuclei were missing, they occasionally were found where 1–2 rows of photoreceptor nuclei were still present. The maximal incidence was found in P23H retinas at P100. By contrast, NV of the RPE inrd/rdand Q344ter mice occurred much later. Inrd/rd, a significant number of capillary profiles was not seen in the RPE until about P130, and not until about P180 in Q344ter. Both showed maximal incidence at about P240. In all three mutants, an apparent regression of the capillaries occurred following the peak, with that in the P23H mice preceeding the other two mutants. The findings suggest that the P23H mutant rhodopsin transgenic mouse may be a useful model for studying the regulation of NV in the outer retina.
Quantitative criteria for insomnia

Formal diagnostic systems (DSM-IV, ICSD, and ICD-10) do not provide adequate quantitative criteria to diagnose insomnia. This may not present a serious problem in clinical settings where extensive interviews determine the need for clinical management. However, lack of standard criteria introduce disruptive variability into the insomnia research domain. The present study reviewed two decades of psychology clinical trials for insomnia to determine common practice with regard to frequency, severity, and duration criteria for insomnia. Modal patterns established frequency (> or =3 nights a week) and duration (> or =6 months) standard criteria. We then applied four versions of severity criteria to a random sample and used sensitivity-specificity analyses to identify the most valid criterion. We found that severity of sleep onset latency or wake time after sleep onset of: (a) > or =31 min; (b) occurring > or =3 nights a week; (c) for > or =6 months are the most defensible quantitative criteria for insomnia.
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a troubling cutaneous presentation with a self-limiting course.

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) is an unusual form of leukocytoclastic vasculitis with dramatic distinguishing skin lesions that occurs in infants ages 4 to 24 months old. The disease presents with skin eruptions that usually start with large (1-5 cm), symmetrically distributed, hemorrhagic lesions in a characteristic cockade pattern. The lesions are typically located on the lower extremities, face (in particular the ears, cheeks, and eyelids), and gluteal area. Fever may accompany skin eruptions. Clinical presentation at onset requires clinical and laboratory examination to distinguish it from more serious diseases and other vasculitis. The main differential diagnosis of AHEI is Henoch-Schonlein purpura. AHEI is generally a self-limiting disease, so a conservative approach should be considered. Topical or systemic corticosteroid therapy has been reported to be beneficial, as well as antihistamines and dapsone, although AHEI usually resolves completely with or without treatment. We report two cases of AHEI and an update of the literature.
A Survey of λ Repressor Fragments from Two-State to Downhill Folding

Abstract We survey the two-state to downhill folding transition by examining 20 λ 6–85 ⁎ mutants that cover a wide range of stabilities and folding rates. We investigated four new λ 6–85 ⁎ mutants designed to fold especially rapidly. Two were engineered using the core remodeling of Lim and Sauer, and two were engineered using Ferreiro et al. 's frustratometer. These proteins have probe-dependent melting temperatures as high as 80 °C and exhibit a fast molecular phase with the characteristic temperature dependence of the amplitude expected for downhill folding. The survey reveals a correlation between melting temperature and downhill folding previously observed for the β-sheet protein WW domain. A simple model explains this correlation and predicts the melting temperature at which downhill folding becomes possible. An X-ray crystal structure with a 1.64-A resolution of a fast-folding mutant fragment shows regions of enhanced rigidity compared to the full wild-type protein.
Premedication strategy for weekly paclitaxel.

Purpose Dexamethasone and histamine antagonists have been employed commonly as premedications for prophylaxis of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel. Frequent premedications for weekly administration of paclitaxel are associated with added side-effects and extra cost. We analyzed our experience of HSRs to paclitaxel administered every 3-4 weeks, and designed a treatment algorithm to eliminate premedications in a majority of patients receiving weekly paclitaxel. Patients and methods The incidence of HSRs was analyzed retrospectively in patients who received 3-hr infusions of paclitaxel (135-225 mg/m2) every 3-4 weeks in our institution over a period of 5 years. On the basis of the results of this analysis, we designed a premedication schema for patients receiving weekly paclitaxel, 50-90 mg/m2/week, as follows: Thirty minutes prior to the first weekly dose of paclitaxel, patients received intravenously (i.v.) dexamethasone (10 mg), diphenhydramine (25 mg), and cimetidine (300 mg). If no HSRs occurred, all premedications were deleted for subsequent weekly paclitaxel doses. For patients who experienced HSRs, 20 mg of dexamethasone was given orally 12 and 6 hr prior to re-challenge with paclitaxel in addition to diphenhydramine and cimetidine. Results Over a period of 5 years, 358 patients received 1608 3-hr infusions of paclitaxel (135-225 mg/m2). Hypersensitivity reactions, which occurred exclusively during the first cycle of paclitaxel administration, were observed in 14 patients. Of these 14 patients, 11 were successfully retreated with paclitaxel without HSRs, two had recurrent HSRs upon paclitaxel re-challenge, and one refused further treatment. These observations indicate that HSRs to paclitaxel occurred in 4% of patients upon first exposure, that most of these patients can be retreated successfully with paclitaxel without recurrent HSRs, and that if no HSRs occur during the first cycle, HSRs are unlikely to occur with subsequent paclitaxel administration. The premedication schema was applied to 30 patients receiving 205 one-hr infusions of weekly paclitaxel. Using this premedication strategy, no HSRs have been observed during the initial or subsequent administration of paclitaxel. Conclusion We conclude that this premedication strategy is feasible and worthy of further study for patients receiving weekly paclitaxel.
Where Popular Culture Meets Deviant Behavior: Classroom Experiences with Music.

Culture has long been a focal point of sociological interest and writing (Becker 1976, 1982; Benjamin 1969; Bourdieu 1984; Simmel 1950). Popular culture studies today continue to contribute to a general sociology of culture with their focus on music (Armstrong 1993; Dowd 1992; Frith 1978; Frith and Goodwin 1990; Frith and McRobbie 1990; Kamin 1989; Pratt 1990). Some researchers, in fact, emphasize the merits of popular culture as a teaching tool (Butler, Moore, and Moore 1984; Hraba 1980; Lashbrook 1991; Martinez 1994; Reuter and Walczak 1993; Walczak, Alger, and Reuter 1989; Walczak and Reuter 1994). The work that has been done on music as a teaching tool in sociology has made an enormous contribution; similarly this note discusses using the lyrics of contemporary musical artists to illustrate general topics in the sociology of deviant behavior.
Look at the big picture (details will follow)

Psychophysics suggests that binocular information at multiple spatial scales is used in depth perception. A new study provides physiological evidence for this idea in primary visual cortex.
Concomitant heart rate and corneoretinal potential conditioning in the rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus): Effects of caudate lesions

Abstract Rabbits received either bilateral, unilateral, or sham caudate lesions and were subjected to Pavlovian conditioning training. Corneoretinal potential (CRP), electromyographic (EMG), and heart rate (HR) CRs were assessed. Lesions which destroyed the anteromedial two thirds of the head of the caudate nucleus greatly impaired the acquisition of the CRP response during both simple and differential Pavlovian conditioning. However, the magnitude of the HR CR and the HR discrimination were unaffected by these lesions. Measures of free field activity, electromyographic activity, and CRP thresholds to shock revealed no evidence of a motor or sensory deficit in the lesioned animals. These data thus demonstrate a deficit in a specific learned somatomotor response but no impairment in the autonomic changes which usually accompany somatomotor conditioning.
Contributions to Ecology of Insects.

Insect ecology is a mere infant as compared with the other subdivisions of entomology and it would seem therefore that the discussion of the important contributions of America in this field would be a relatively simple undertaking. But after the present effort it appears clear to at least one individual that such is not the case.
Analyzing myeloid differentiation on multiple fronts

Like most intricate biologic processes, the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation is poorly understood. It seems clear that focusing on individual gene products or taking advantage of individual technologies is not adequate to elucidate the intricate regulatory networks responsible for the
Members of the H3K4 trimethylation complex regulate lifespan in a germline-dependent manner in C. elegans

The plasticity of ageing suggests that longevity may be controlled epigenetically by specific alterations in chromatin state. The link between chromatin and ageing has mostly focused on histone deacetylation by the Sir2 family, but less is known about the role of other histone modifications in longevity. Histone methylation has a crucial role in development and in maintaining stem cell pluripotency in mammals. Regulators of histone methylation have been associated with ageing in worms and flies, but characterization of their role and mechanism of action has been limited. Here we identify the ASH-2 trithorax complex, which trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4), as a regulator of lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans in a directed RNA interference (RNAi) screen in fertile worms. Deficiencies in members of the ASH-2 complex-ASH-2 itself, WDR-5 and the H3K4 methyltransferase SET-2-extend worm lifespan. Conversely, the H3K4 demethylase RBR-2 is required for normal lifespan, consistent with the idea that an excess of H3K4 trimethylation-a mark associated with active chromatin-is detrimental for longevity. Lifespan extension induced by ASH-2 complex deficiency requires the presence of an intact adult germline and the continuous production of mature eggs. ASH-2 and RBR-2 act in the germline, at least in part, to regulate lifespan and to control a set of genes involved in lifespan determination. These results indicate that the longevity of the soma is regulated by an H3K4 methyltransferase/demethylase complex acting in the C. elegans germline.
The soluble nucleotides of the leaf rust uredospores and the loose smut chlamydospores.

Abstract The soluble nucleotides in the ethanolic extract of the uredospores of the leaf rust fungus Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm., and the chlamydospores of the loose smut of oats fungus Ustilago avenae (Pers.) and Rostr., were fractionated by Dowex-1 anion-exchange column chromatography. Adenosine monophosphate, UMP, ADP-glucose, ADP, UDP-acetylglucosamine, and UDP-glucose were isolated and identified from the rust uredospores. Except for UDP-glucose all these nucleotides in addition to GMP, CDP-glucose, and a cytidylic acid-peptide-glucose nucleotide (CMPX) were also isolated and identified in the smut chlamydospores.
Cyclopentenone Prostaglandin, 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, Is Metabolized by HepG2 Cells via Conjugation with Glutathione

15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15-d-PGJ2) is a dehydration product of PGD2. This compound possesses a highly reactive polyunsaturated carbonyl moiety that is a substrate for Michael addition with thiol-containing biomolecules such as glutathione and cysteine residues on proteins. By reacting with glutathione and proteins, 15-d-PGJ2 is believed to exert potent biological activity. Despite the large number of publications that have ascribed bioactivity to this molecule, it is not known to what extent 15-d-PGJ2 is formed in vivo. Levels of free 15-d-PGJ2 measured in human biological fluids such as urine are low, and the biological importance of this compound has thus been questioned. Because of its reactivity, we hypothesized that 15-d-PGJ2 is present in vivo primarily as a Michael conjugate. Therefore, we undertook a detailed study of the metabolism of this compound in HepG2 cells that are known to metabolize other cyclopentenone eicosanoids. We report that HepG2 cells primarily convert 15-d-PGJ2 to a glutathione conjugate in which the carbonyl at C-11 is reduced to a hydroxyl. Subsequently, the glutathione portion of the molecule is hydrolyzed with loss of glutamic acid and glycine resulting in a cysteine conjugate. These findings confirm a general route for the metabolism of cyclopentenone eicosanoids in HepG2 cells and may pave the way for new insights regarding the formation of 15-d-PGJ2 in vivo.
Strategies to optimize alveolar recruitment.

Low tidal volume (4–8 mL/kg) during mechanical ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome is the standard of care. However, there are questions regarding the approach to setting positive end-expiratory pressure and the use of recruitment maneuvers in patients with adult respiratory distress
EXAMINING AGEISM: DO MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS DIFFER?

Two-hundred undergraduate college students were surveyed regarding their preferences for the ages of 13 different service providers. Further, the construct of ageism as measured by the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA) was used for assessment with this sample. Results suggest that the mean age preference cited by respondents for all 13 service providers was below 40; the lowest mean age (26.5 years) was cited for the position of telephone operator; and the highest mean age (39.8 years) for the position of congressional representative. Except for the position of barber/beautician, gender differences in age preferences for the remaining 12 service providers did not show statistical significance. Results from the FSA suggest that male college students displayed more ageist attitudes than female college students. Age was negatively correlated with FSA.
Incorporating idiographic approaches into multicultural counseling research and practice

Much of multicultural research has been based on normative methodological approaches. In this article, the authors discuss how idiographic approaches can be used to further explore issues that are relevant to multicultural counseling. Case examples are presented to illustrate how this approach can be used to improve understanding regarding the development of racial identity. Muchas de las investigaciones multiculturales se ha basado en enfoques metodologicos normativos. En este articulo, los autores discuten como enfoques de ideograma pueden ser utilizados a explorar aun mas los asuntos que son aconsejar multicultural pertinente. Los ejemplos del caso se presentan para ilustrar como este enfoque se puede utilizar para entender mejor la identidad racial.
Symptoms of anxiety and associated risk and protective factors in young Asian American children.

Anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental health problems in young children but there has been a dearth of studies focusing on Asian American children. This study examines the patterns and the predictors of childhood anxiety and related symptoms in young children in a diverse Asian American (ASA) sample (n = 101). Findings indicate that ASA children are at higher risk for anxiety, somatization, and depressive problems than their peers. Parents’ level of acculturation (i.e., American identity, English competence), parental negative emotion socialization, conflicted parent–child relationship, child emotional knowledge and adaptive skills, as well as teachers’ ethnic background and school class types were all associated with ASA children’s anxiety. A combination of cultural, family, and school factors explained from 17 to 39 % of the variance in anxiety symptoms. Findings inform prevention services for young ASA children.
Fixation of porous titanium implants in cortical bone enhanced by electrical stimulation

The effect of in vivo electrical stimulation on the interfacial strength between porous titanium implants and cortical bone was studied in mongrel dogs. The interfacial shear strength of the stimulated implants was consistently greater than that of controls. No difference could be observed in the quality of bone ingrowth. The data suggest that the rate and quantity of bone ingrowth were enhanced by electrical stimulation.
Closed loop cancellations in H infinity control of time-varying systems

The pole/zero cancellation phenomenon is examined in the closed loop system resulting from the solution of the H infinity control problem for time-varying systems. The unobservable and uncontrollable states are identified in the realization of the closed loop system associated with the general Hinfinity control problem. These results are then used, in conjunction with previous results obtained by the authors on the pole/zero cancellation phenomenon in time-varying systems to identify pole/zero cancellations in two specific types of Hinfinity control problems. These results generalize the work of Sefton and Glover for time-invariant systems.
Reflectivity of the silicon semiconductor substrate and its dependence on the doping concentration and intensity of the irradiation

Optical constants of semiconductor substrate used in production of integrated circuits are very different from that of crystalline and pure Silicon. The front side of the wafer may have a region which is opaque or may be semi-transparent even at elevated temperatures. The back side of the production substrate has gettering treatment which also alters the optical parameters. This work shows that those optical constants as described in previous publications are not relevant to the state of the art production type of material. The relationship between optical constants and emissivity is discussed and compared with measured data.
The Africa–South America Intercontinental Teleconnection

Abstract The influence of heating over Africa on the South American precipitation climatology, and the influence of South America on Africa, is examined through the application of GCM simulations with idealized boundary conditions and perpetual solstice (January and July) conditions. The presence of Africa is associated with a pronounced (up to 4 mm day−1) decrease in precipitation in Brazil's Nordeste region during austral summer. Low-level moisture divergence and dry-air advection associated with the downbranch of a Walker circulation induced by heating over southern Africa is amplified over the Nordeste due to the response of the land surface. The response is much smaller during austral winter due to differences in the heat source over Africa and a reduced sensitivity in the surface heat balance over tropical South America. Forcing from South America in January shifts the position of the South Indian convergence zone (SICZ) to the southwest over southern Africa in association with the formation of the ...
General Synthesis of Manganese-Doped II -VI and III-V Semiconductor Nanowires

A general approach for the synthesis of manganese-doped II−VI and III−V nanowires based on metal nanocluster-catalyzed chemical vapor deposition has been developed. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies of Mn-doped CdS, ZnS, and GaN nanowires demonstrate that the nanowires are single-crystal structures and homogeneously doped with controllable concentrations of manganese ions. Photoluminescence measurements of individual Mn-doped CdS and ZnS nanowires show characteristic pseudo-tetrahedral Mn2+ (4T1 → 6A1) transitions that match the corresponding transitions in bulk single-crystal materials well. Photoluminescence studies of Mn-doped GaN nanowires suggest that manganese is incorporated as a neutral (Mn3+) dopant that partially quenches the GaN band-edge emission. The general and controlled synthesis of nanowires doped with magnetic metal ions opens up opportunities for fundamental physical studies and could lead to the development of nanoscale sp...
Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Remodelling in Mice

We established a mouse model of cardiac dysfunction due to myocardial infarction (MI). For this we ligated the left anterior descending coronary artery in male C57BL/6J mice and assessed healing and left ventricular (LV) remodelling at 1, 2 and 4 days and 1, 2 and 4 weeks after MI. Echocardiography was performed at 1 and 2 weeks and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months after MI. We found that neutrophil infiltration of the infarct border was noticeable at 1-2 days. Marked macrophage infiltration occurred at day 4, while lymphocyte infiltration was apparent at 7-14 days. Massive proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen accumulation began by day 7-14, and scar formation was completed by day 21. LV diastolic dimension increased markedly at 2 weeks and remained at the same level thereafter. LV shortening fraction decreased significantly at 2 weeks and then slowly decreased. In non-infarcted areas of the LV, myocyte cross-sectional area and interstitial collagen fraction increased progressively, reaching a maximum at 4 months. This study provides important qualitative and quantitative information about the natural history of cardiac remodelling after MI in mice.
You can't judge a book by its cover or a tumor by its expression profile.

Expression profiling has shown great promise in matching cancers of unknown primary to likely primary tumors of origin based on patterns of mRNA expression. However, it remains uncertain as to whether even well matched tumors will demonstrate the clinical features, such as rate of progression, of their matched counterparts. In this case report, we note that based on histology, immunohistochemistry and expression profile this patient’s poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumor would have been expected to grow very rapidly on no therapy. Instead, this cancer was very indolent, with only very little radiographic progression over several years. We believe this report represents a remarkable case of a tumor where features, including expression profile, would not at all have accurately predicted the clinical course seen. While some series have suggested that matching by expression profiling predicts outcome, this case shows a dramatically different result.
On transitional probabilistic routing in cognitive radio mesh networks

Adaptability and accuracy in decision making of routing protocols play an important role in the performance of the network. This role is even more crucial in a cognitive radio mesh network operating in a densely populated urban area where the environment is dynamic due to the erratic nature of spectrum availability and spectrum diversity. In this work, a probability distribution called ArgMax is proposed, which can be used as the transitional probability distribution in probabilistic routing and selective protocols. A probabilistic selection routing procedure (PSRP) is also proposed that adopts ArgMax probability distribution to guide packets throughout the network. We have compared the performance of PSRP using ArgMax with PSRP incorporating the well-known and frequently used distribution Odds-On-Mean (OOM) in evaluating its transitional probability distribution. OOM is the distribution that is used in many MAC and routing protocols that select the next node probabilistically. The simulation result suggests that ArgMax enables the routing scheme to adapt to the network dynamic more quickly, and locates the best candidate to route to, more accurately. Hence, the network throughput increased and the end-to-end delay improved.
Enhancement by purine nucleosides and nucleotides of serum-induced DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cells.

Purine nucleotides and nucleosides were found to enhance the DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 cells induced either by fresh medium containing calf serum or by the addition of the β-globulin serum fraction to depleted medium. A two to threefold enhancement has been obtained under these conditions. The adenine and hypoxanthine based compounds were more effective than the guanine ones in the concentration range tested (10−5−−10−3 M), while the pyrimidine compounds were without effect. The degree of enhancement obtained with the purine compounds depended on the type and amount of serum used to stimulate DNA synthesis. A maximal degree of enhancement was obtained when the purine compounds were present for only the first three hours after the addition of serum and thus 18–20 hours before the actual onset of DNA synthesis.
Functional expression of the rat anion exchanger AE2 in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus.

We used baculovirus to transiently express a rat anion exchanger (AE2) in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells. No detectable Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange activity was observed in wild type or sham-inf...
Asymmetry in Regional Real House Prices

Executive Summary.This paper investigates the stochastic behavior of regional real house prices while allowing for asymmetric responses of the current prices to positive and negative changes in the lagged prices. The analysis is carried out using the dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH model. The findings indicate that lagged positive changes have played a far more important role in shaping the current changes in the real house prices. This paper appears to be among the very few empirical studies to document such asym-metry, which suggests that previous studies might en-counter a model misspecification.
Beyond Genetics and Environment: Recognition in Animal Law of the Third Factor

This short essay, addressed to an animal law section of a state bar association, points to reflection back into human law of animal law's characteristic focus on the animal as an individual.
Exploiting ILP in page-based intelligent memory

This study compares the speed, area, and power of different implementations of Active Pages [OCS98], an intelligent memory system which helps bridge the growing gap between processor and memory performance by associating simple functions with each page of data. Previous investigations have shown up to 1000X speedups using a block of reconfigurable logic to implement these functions next to each sub-array on a DRAM chip.In this study, we show that instruction-level parallelism, not hardware specialization, is the key to the previous success with reconfigurable logic. In order to demonstrate this fact, an Active Page implementation based upon a simplified VLIW processor was developed. Unlike conventional VLIW processors, power and area constraints lead to a design which has a small number of pipeline stages. Our results demonstrate that a four-wide VLIW processor attains comparable performance to that of pure FPGA logic but requires significantly less area and power.
Effect of Available Food Size on Search Tunnel Formation by the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, search activity was assessed for changes in response to differences in available food size. Termites were acclimated for 24 h with 1 of 4 sizes of wood or no wood (control) and then allowed access to a tunneling chamber for 5 d. As food size increased in the feeding chamber, termite survival and food consumption increased but search tunnel volume decreased. The branching tunnel network pattern that formed was categorized by assigning tunnels to branching orders of primary, secondary, or tertiary. As available food size increased, termites excavated fewer tunnels in a network as evidenced by decreases in secondary and tertiary branch orders. An increase in food size also decreased the total length of a search tunnel network; because of decreases in primary and secondary branch order lengths. Search tunnel networks had proportionally more length devoted to primary tunnels and proportionally less to secondary tunnels as available food size increased. These results support the hypothesis that the Formosan subterranean termite adjusts search activity in response to available food size. This behavior should be considered when baiting for termite control because a large food supply may impact on efficacy.
Renal Reabsorption of Low Molecular Weight Proteins in Adult Male Rats: α2u-Globulin

Urinary proteins are reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells by two processes, the first for high molecular weight (HMW) and the second for low molecular weight proteins (LMW). The purpose of this report is to establish that alpha 2u-globulin, the sex-dependent, major urinary protein of the adult male rat, is reabsorbed in the kidneys by the general mechanism for LMW proteins. Parameters such as clearance rates were determined to show that alpha 2u is reabsorbed by a process comparable to that for lysozyme. The aminoglycoside, gentamicin, was observed to inhibit the reabsorption of alpha 2u in a dose-dependent fashion. It increased the alpha 2u excretion rate from 4.2 to 13.5 micrograms/min; the clearance was increased from a normal of 0.33 to 0.91 ml/min. The excretion rate for alpha 2u was also increased by the injection of lysozyme from a normal of 7.4 to 18.1 micrograms/min. The effect of lysozyme was dose-dependent and reversible. Although gentamicin and lysozyme each increased the excretion of alpha 2u, they had no effect on albumin. Both were equally effective as inhibitors of alpha 2u reabsorption and were 80% as effective as sodium maleate. It is suggested that alpha 2u is reabsorbed by a mechanism which is shared with other LMW proteins. Furthermore, this process is independent of the one which serves to translocate HMW proteins such as albumin.
Quantitative modeling of limitations caused by diffusion.

Transport of nutrients and metabolites in many bioartificial tissue constructs relies exclusively on diffusion, i.e., on the presence of a concentration gradient between the inside of the construct and the surrounding milieu. A quantitative evaluation of the rate of diffusional processes is thus essential for properly designing three-dimensional cell-polymer systems, and for assessing the chemical environment at various locales within the construct.
The mode of action of levallorphan as an inhibitor of cell growth.

Levallorphan inhibits the synthesis of RNA, DNA, and protein by Escherichia coli. The drug was found to cause an immediate, dramatic decrease in the amount of intracellular ATP. Evidence is presented which suggests that the decrease in ATP concentration is a consequence of the stimulation of an ATPase. Similar results were obtained in HeLa cells treated with levallorphan.
A Closer Look at Language Politics

This chapter presents a two-stage qualitative analysis of the political messages in Quebec’s cultural narrative conveyed through text and image in French textbooks across the five decades. The first stage analyzes textbook images with political content, including flags, a symbol of cultural remembrance, ‘je me souviens,’ historical and political figures, political demonstrations and cultural meetings, and maps showing cultural or linguistic areas. On the basis of the image analysis and consideration of the political content of the texts, one textbook from each decade is selected for a case study of political content within textbooks. A summary shows the aspects of political cultural narrative that appear in each case across the five decades. Results reveal that political content can be included in beginning-level textbooks and that examples of how such content can be included appear in existing textbooks.
Student satisfaction in interactive engagement-based physics classes

Understanding and reducing student resistance to interactive engagement instructional strategies.