cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of oral vitamin E and C therapy on calcineurin inhibitor levels in heart transplant recipients.

Background A recent prospective trial demonstrated that oral vitamins C and E retard the early progression of transplant-associated coronary arteriosclerosis; as a result, a number of centers have added these agents to their maintenance regimens. This study reviewed the impact of vitamin E and C supplementation on calcineurin inhibitor trough concentrations. Methods A retrospective chart review of the first 29 heart transplant patients prescribed anti-oxidant agents was performed. Twenty-two patients taking cyclosporin A (CsA) and 7 patients taking tacrolimus were prescribed vitamin C (500 mg twice a day) and vitamin E (400 IU twice a day). Serum chemistries and drug levels were measured before and after vitamin therapy was initiated. Results The baseline CsA trough concentration (mean ± SD) was 137 ± 39 ng/ml and it declined to 99 ± 54 ng/ml ( p = 0.007) after anti-oxidant therapy was initiated. The average percentage decrease in the CsA trough concentration was 30%. No significant changes were seen in the patients taking tacrolimus. Conclusions These data demonstrate that supplementation with the anti-oxidant agents vitamin C and vitamin E decreases CsA concentrations but does not appear to effect tacrolimus concentrations. Although more detailed pharmacokinetic analysis is necessary to clarify the exact mechanism of this interaction, physicians who take care of transplant recipients should be aware that more frequent CsA concentration monitoring is warranted after initiating these anti-oxidant agents.
CLONING OF A CDNA ENCODING A MOUSE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR DISPLAYING STRIKING SEQUENCE CONSERVATION ACROSS VERTEBRATES

Abstract The nucleotide sequence encoding an approx. 120-kDa transcriptional repressor (MEB1) was determined from a cDNA which was cloned from a mouse brain library. An alignment of the deduced amino-acid sequences of the putative functional domains of MEB 1 with those from the human, hamster and chicken homologues reveals a dramatic degree of conservation.
Temperature excursions in catalytic monoliths

The application of monolithic catalysts to automotive emission control has frequently been complicated by unexplained thermal degradation phenomena. This paper reports experimental and theoretical studies aimed at the understanding of how heat is generated and distributed in catalytic monoliths during an exothermal, mass transfer limited reaction. Theoretical considerations indicate that under certain operating conditions the steady state solid catalyst temperature can exceed the adiabatic reaction temperature. It is also shown that the catalyst overtemperature is influenced by the nature of the reactive species and by the geometry of the catalyst. These predictions have been verified by experiments in a novel tubular reactor.
Toward a Model of Political Organization–Public Relationships: Antecedent and Cultivation Strategy Influence on Citizens' Relationships with Political Parties

This study examined the organization–public relationship between citizens and their political parties against the backdrop of the 2008 presidential general election. Employing a telephone survey of registered voters (n = 508), we investigated the interaction of politically relevant relationship antecedents, relationship cultivation strategies used by political parties, perceptions of the organization–public relationship between voters and their party, and outcomes of the relationship to test a model of political organization–public relationships (POPRs). Time, interpersonal trust, mediated communication, interpersonal communication, and dialogic communication emerged as significant predictors of POPR strength. The findings lay the groundwork for further investigation of POPRs.
Synthesis and stability of o,o′‐dimethoxybenzoyl peroxide

o,o′-Dimethoxybenzoyl peroxide (97% purity) has been synthesized in a 50% overall yield from salicylic acid. The compound has been found to be thermally unstable and shock sensitive
Oriented Growth of ETS-4 Films Using the Method of Secondary Growth

Oriented growth of polycrystalline ETS-4 films on porous titania substrates was investigated using the method of secondary growth, utilizing synthesis mixtures with compositions of 3.6SiO2/1TiO2/5.5Na2O/xH2SO4/230.2H2O, where x = 4.4 or x = 3.6. Dense seed layers, obtained in situ by hydrothermal synthesis (x = 4.4), were partially (a, c)-out-of-plane oriented. Films were prepared in just one secondary growth step. Films developed by evolutionary, epitaxial growth of seed crystals and were highly (x = 4.4) b-out-of-plane oriented. Highly b-out-of-plane oriented ETS-4 films were also grown from dense, partially b-out-of-plane oriented seed layers on porous α-alumina substrates using identical synthesis mixtures. [Shattuck et al., Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2006, 88, 56]. These findings suggest that the film orientation is dictated by the secondary growth conditions and is not determined by the seed layer orientation. This was attributed to the highly anisotropic growth rates of ETS-4 and the limited gro...
Regional cerebral blood flow responses to variable frequency whisker stimulation: an autoradiographic analysis.

Abstract Activation of the rat primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF) is a commonly used model to study the mechanisms of evoked coupled cortical blood flow changes. However, the relationship between these blood flow changes and variable whisker movement has not been completely characterized. We have previously shown that in urethane anesthetized rats, the magnitude of laser-Doppler measured cortical blood flow changes increase linearly with the frequency of full pad whisker movement over the physiological range of 1.5 to 10.5 s. To further test the hypothesis that local cortical blood flow increases with frequency of whisker movement and underlying neuronal activity, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined autoradiographically in seven urethane anesthetized SD rats. Selected rows of whiskers (rows C, D, E) were stimulated at 3 s on the right side of the rat’s face and simultaneously at 10 s on the left side for 2 min prior to radioactive tracer administration. Subregions of somatosensory cortex were identified with the aid of thionin and cytochrome oxidase stained sections. Mean rCBF (ml/100 g/min) for S1BF were: S1BF [0 s] left cortex, 146±13; S1BF [0 s] right cortex, 158±15; S1BF[3 s], 160±13; S1BF [10 s] 178±14. In both stimulated and nonstimulated regions, the profile of blood flow increased across cortex laminae, peaking in layer IV and decreasing through deeper layers. Maximal blood flow increases elicited by whisker movement occurred in cortical layers I–IV. These data support the hypothesis that whisker movement elicited rCBF changes are input frequency dependent and are most pronounced in cortical layers I though IV. These data provide a strong framework in which to study the mechanisms of neuronal activity–blood flow coupling.
Prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in hematological malignancies.

Abstract The standard prophylactic and treatment regimen for hyperuricemia in patients with hematological malignancies previously included vigorous hydration, urinary alkalinization, and a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, which blocks the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. However, xanthine is less soluble than uric acid, and preexisting uric acid is not affected by allopurinol. The enzyme urate oxidase, not present in mammals, converts uric acid to allantoin, which is 5–10 times more soluble than uric acid. A new recombinant form of urate oxidase, rasburicase, has recently been developed. In a phase I/II study of rasburicase in children and young adults with hematological malignancies, rasburicase was demonstrated to be well tolerated at 0.2 mg/kg/day intravenously, had a mean T 1/2 of 21.2 ± 12.0 hours, and induced a median decrease in uric acid from 9.7 mg/dL to 1.0 mg/dL ( P P P
The genius of Earth Day: how a 1970 teach-in unexpectedly made the first green generation

In the last quarter-century, environmental history has emerged as one of the most consequential sub-fields in the discipline. It offers historians a new lens through which to reinterpret everything...
Wernicke's Contribution to the Study of Aphasia

In this symposium we are honoring the memory of Kurt Goldstein. It is appropriate in this setting to discuss the contribution of Carl Wernicke to the study of aphasia, a field which concerned Goldstein throughout his life. Like Wernicke, Goldstein was born in a small town in Upper Silesia and received his medical education in Breslau, the provincial capital. During Goldstein’s period as a medical student, Wernicke held the chair of neurology and psychiatry in the medical school and it was from Wernicke that Goldstein first learned about aphasia. The influence of this period on Goldstein was great and I shall comment upon this later.
The Role of Social Support in Facilitating Postpartum Women’s Return to Employment

Purpose More than half of mothers with infants under 1 year are employed. This study explored the role of social support in facilitating women's return to employment during the 1st year postpartum. Design Analysis of existing longitudinal, repeated-measures questionnaire data gathered at 4 and 12 months postpartum. Participants 94 postpartum women who were married or partnered, employed, and residing in a large urban area in the northwestern United States. Outcome Measures Satisfaction with decision to return to work, role performance, work-family balance. Results Relationships between indicators of social support and return-to-work experiences were absent to modest. Satisfaction with child care was related to satisfaction with the decision to return to work. Workplace support was related to work-family balance at 12 months postpartum. Conclusions Satisfactory child care arrangements and supportive relationships in the workplace are the most significant facilitators of women's return to work postpartum.
Initiation factor dependent release of aminoacyl-tRNAs from complexes of 30S ribosomal subunits, synthetic polynucleotide and aminoacyl tRNA.

Abstract A factor has been isolated from the 1M NH4Cl wash of E. coli ribosomes which releases aminoacyl-tRNAs from non-initiation complexes of aa-tRNA, 30S ribosomal subunits and synthetic polynucleotides, but does not release f-met-tRNA from their complexes with 30S ribosomal subunits and initiation codon. Upon purification to electrophoretic homogeneity, the factor has been identified as F3 initiation factor. This activity may prevent the accidental formation of aa-tRNA-30S ribosomal subunit-mRNA complexes with codons which are not initiation points of a cistron.
Tourism–terrorism: The landscaping of consumption and the darker side of place

Tourism destinations are increasingly subject to locational forms of violence that enable certain conceptualizations of terrorism. This enabling is undermined to some extent when touristic landscaping is understood from a phenomenological perspective and the darker side of its placelike character is illuminated. Touristic landscapes are capable of producing injurious, traumatic forms of disemplacement via their consumption-oriented spatializing of preexisting cultural places. One Philippine luxury destination, Pearl Farm Beach Resort, a target of locational violence in 2001, illustrates how the landscaping of tourist destinations can serve to embed and to signify potential sources of locational violence.
Tunable far‐infrared laser spectroscopy of deuterated isotopomers of Ar–H2O

Several far‐infrared vibration‐rotation‐tunneling transitions have been measured in deuterated isotopomers of Ar–H2O for the first time. These experimental results will enable the generation of improved intermolecular potential energy surfaces for the Ar–H2O system when combined with existing microwave, far‐infrared, and infrared data.
Effect of metal ions on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of fungi, bacteria, and rat

Abstract We have determined the effects of KCl, ZnCl2, and MgCl2 on kinetic parameters of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases from the bacteriaEscherichia coli, Bacillus stearothermophilus, andLeuconostoc mesenteroides, from the fungiAspergillus parasiticus, Alternaria alternata, Aphanomyces astaci, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, andTorula sp., and from the mammalRattus rattus. Each enzyme was stimulated by increasing ionic strength (KCl) and by MgCl2. One bacterial enzyme, fromE. coli, three fungal enzymes, fromA. parasiticus, S. cerevisiae, andTorula sp., and the rat liver enzyme were inhibited by ZnCl2. These data are discussed in light of our previous proposal that Zn2+ inhibition of this enzyme may stimulate versicolorin synthesis byA. parasiticus.
Optimal configuration for intersecting flows of aircraft

This paper studies the configuration for intersecting flows of aircraft. Intersections of aircraft flows can be considered as basic building blocks for air traffic networks, and traffic networks can be designed through finding optimal arrangements of intersections whose conflict zones do not overlap. A conflict zone is defined as a minimal circular area centered at the intersection of two flows which allows aircraft approaching the intersections to resolve conflict completely within the conflict zone. This paper derives the relationship between the size of a conflict zone and the intersection angle of the two flows. Such a relationship guides to find an optimal configuration for intersecting aircraft flows. An example involving n converging flows of aircraft demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed configuration of intersections: the result of conflict resolution shows a greatly reduced traffic complexity compared with the solution derived from our previous study; the complexity metric is reduced from O(n4) to O(n2).
Earthquake off Vancouver

An earthquake, measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale, occurred approximately 425 km west of Vancouver, British Columbia, at 8:22 A.M. P S T , December 17. The earthquake was probably centered on the Explorer Ridge, according to a spokesman from the U.S. Geological Survey. It was not felt in Vancouver or Seattle, according to the USGS, and there was no damage reported.
Weak and strong monotone comparative statics

This paper develops necessary and sufficient conditions for the set of solutions to an optimization problem to be nondecreasing in a weak sense still strong enough to guarantee the existence of an increasing selection, and thus strong enough to guarantee monotonicity when the solution is unique, as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for the set of optimizers to be nondecreasing in a strong sense which is strong enough to rule out the possibility of a decreasing selection. These necessary and sufficient conditions are variations of quasisupermodularity and the single crossing property introduced in Milgrom-Shannon [13]. Moreover, to determine when an objective function satisfies these conditions, this paper develops several characterizations of quasisupermodularity and the single crossing property and their variants, both in terms of differential conditions and in terms of restrictions on the structure of the level sets of these functions. Several examples are given to choice theory under loss aversion and to an auction problem.
Effect of land use change on methane oxidation in temperate forest and grassland soils

Evidence is accumulating that land use changes and other human activity during the past 100 to 200 years have contributed to decreased CH4 oxidation in the soil. Recent studies have documented the effect of land use change on CH4 oxidation in a variety of ecosystems. Increased N additions to temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States decreased CH4 uptake by 30 to 60%, and increased N fertilization and conversion to cropland in temperate grasslands decreased CH4 uptake by 30 to 75%. Using these data, we made a series of calculations to estimate the impact of land use and management changes which have altered soil the CH4 sink in temperate forest and grassland ecosystems. Our study indicates that as the atmospheric mixing ratio of CH4 has increased during the past 150 y, the temperate CH4 sink has risen from approximately 8 Tg y−1 to 27 Tg y−1, assuming no loss of land cover to cropland conversion. The net effect of intensive land cover changes and extensive chronic disturbance (i.e., increased atmospheric N deposition) to these ecosystems have resulted in about 30% reduction in the CH4 sink relative to the soil sink assuming no disturbance to any of the temperate ecosystems. This will impact the global CH4 budget even more as atmospheric CH4 concentrations increase and as a result of further disturbance to other biomes. Determining the reasons for the decreased CH4 uptake due to land disturbance is necessary to understand the role of CH4 uptake in conjunction with the increasing atmospheric CH4 concentrations. Without accounting for this approximately 20 Tg y−1 temperate soil sink, the atmospheric CH4 concentration would be increasing about 1.5 times the current rate.
Tuneable sandwich thickness in potassium-ammonia graphite intercalation compounds

We have studied the composition dependence of the sandwich thickness, dsn, in stages 1 and 2 (n = 1,2) K(NH3)xC24 (0<x≤4.48) using high resolution x-ray diffraction. The variation of ds1 with x is accurately predicted with a model of the sandwich energy which accounts explicitly for charge exchange, f, and for size and stiffness differences between the NH3 and K species. Surprisingly, the reduction of f with increasing x markedly increases the elastic energy of the K ion.
Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of vanadium oxyfluorides templated by organic and metal organic cations

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of V 2 O 5 , HF and an organodiphosphonic acid, in the presence of appropriate templating organoammonium or metal–organic complex cations provided three new oxyfluorovanadate compounds. The V(IV) species [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 NH 2 (CH 2 ) 2 NH 3 ][V 3 O 3 F 2 (H 2 O){O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 } 2 ]·2H 2 O ( 1 ·2H 2 O) exhibits a three-dimensional anionic framework constructed from {VO(O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 )} n 2 n − chains and {VF 2 O 4 } octahedra. The molecular structure of [N(CH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ) 3 ] 2 [NH 4 ][V 3 O 2 F 6 (O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ) 2 ]·2H 2 O ( 2 ·2H 2 O) is characterized by the presence of unique {V 3 O 2 F 6 (O 3 PCH 2 PO 3 ) 2 } 7− clusters. The bimetallic phase [{Cu(ophen)}VOF{HO 3 P(CH 2 ) 5 PO 3 }] ( 3 ) is one-dimensional with {Cu 2 V 2 O 2 F 2 (HO 3 PR) 2 (O 3 PR) 2 } cluster building blocks.
Storing and accessing live mashup content in the cloud

Today's Rich Internet Application (RIA) technologies such as Ajax, Flex, or Silverlight, are designed around the client-server paradigm and cannot easily take advantage of replication, publish-subscribe, or peer-to-peer mechanisms for better scalability or responsiveness. This is particularly true of storage: content is typically persisted in data centers and consumed via web services. We propose1 a checkpointed channel (CC) abstraction as an alternative model for storing and accessing content. CCs are architecture-agnostic: they could be implemented as web services, but also as replicated state machines running over peer-to-peer multicast protocols. They can seamlessly span across the data center boundaries, or live at the edge. They are a more natural way of consuming streaming content. CCs can store hierarchical documents with hyperlinks to other CCs, thus forming a web of interconnected CCs: a live scalable information space. We discuss the advantages of the new abstraction, challenges it poses, and the way it fits within the existing models for RIA development.
Surface Plasmon in a Semi-Infinite Free-Electron Gas

When electron-lifetime effects, electron-hole pair excitations, or both are included in the description of an electron gas, the frequency associated with the surface plasmon is a complex quantity, the imaginary part providing a measure of the damping of the plasmon. The surface-plasmon dispersion relation then involves the specification of this complex frequency as a function of the wave vector parallel to the surface. A general theory is developed for such a surface-plasmon dispersion relation in a semi-infinite free-electron gas bounded by a surface that scatters the electrons specularly. The properties of the electron gas enter through the nonlocal transverse and longitudinal dielectric functions ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{t}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{l}(q,\ensuremath{\omega})$, both of which include a finite electron lifetime here. The results obtained using local and hydrodynamic approximations for the dielectric functions are presented briefly, and the self-consistent-field approximation is discussed in detail. The calculations are done both with and without retardation.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND THE CONTROL OF PLANT PROCESSES

BONNER, JAMES. (California Inst. Technology, Pasadena.) Protein synthesis and the control of plant processes. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(1): 58-62. Illus. 1959.-Microsomal ribonucleoprotein particles which occur in the cytoplasm of plant, animal, and microbial cells alike, possess the function of protein synthesis, and appear to be responsible for the formation of many, perhaps all, of the soluble cytoplasmic proteins. To the process the microsome contributes information, arranging previously acyl-activated amino acid residues in the abundance and sequence characteristic of the specific enzyme being synthesized. The microsome consists of RNA and of protein. The latter appears to be a structural protein, common to microsomes and not directly related to the protein synthesized by the microsome. The amount of information contained in the RNA of a microsomal particle can be calculated to be sufficient for the synthesis of one or at the most a few species of protein molecules. There must therefore be within the cytoplasm of the cell many different species of microsomes, superficially alike, but each different species bearing in RNA code the information required for the assemblage of but one or a few kinds of protein molecules. Microsomes do not, so far as can be judged, possess the power to reproduce. On the contrary microsomal RNA, and possibly microsomal protein also, appear to be synthesized within the nucleus. Transfer of microsomes from nucleus to cytoplasm is therefore implied and is in fact suggested by a variety of indirect experiments. The transfer of nuclear informnation to the cytoplasm may well be mediated
Synthesis and in vivo antitumor evaluation of 2-methoxyestradiol 3-phosphate, 17-phosphate, and 3,17-diphosphate.

A prodrug strategy was investigated to address the problem of limited aqueous solubility and the resulting limited bioavailability of the antitumor agent 2-methoxyestradiol. The 3-phosphate, 17-phosphate, and 3,17-diphosphate of 2-methoxyestradiol were synthesized. 2-Methoxyestradiol 3-phosphate was metabolized more efficiently to the parent compound in vivo than 2-methoxyestradiol 17-phosphate, and it was also more cytotoxic in cancer cell cultures than either the 17-phosphate or the 3,17-diphosphate. These results agree with the in vivo anticancer activity of 2-methoxyestradiol 3-phosphate in a mouse Lewis lung carcinoma experimental metastasis model as opposed to the 17-phosphate and 3,17-diphosphate, both of which were inactive. The in vivo antitumor activity of 2-methoxyestradiol 3-phosphate at a dose of 200 mg/kg per day was comparable to that of a maximally tolerated dose of cyclophosphamide.
Challenges and solutions for conducting research in correctional settings: The U.S. experience

Through the mid-1970s, most new drug clinical trials were conducted in America's jails and prisons. Due to the extensive human rights violations acknowledged at that time, laws were enacted that essentially brought corrections-based research to a halt. The Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR 46 subpart C, specifies the limitations upon research with correctional populations that are currently in place. These guidelines both informed the ethical conduct of research and arguably created a significant problem in today's correctional environment - prisoners are under-studied. We know far less about the health and health care needs of people under conditions of incarceration than those in the community. Linked with the extraordinary explosion over the last 20 years in the population of America's jails and prisons and with a disproportionate number of mentally ill inmates, inadequate knowledge currently exists to guide clinical decision-making. Over the last decade, a gradually growing body of work, ethically developed and clinically focused, has been evolving. This article presents the challenges of conducting correctional research in health and healthcare delivery. Legal, ethical, and pragmatic barriers are reviewed. Further, practical solutions that allow meaningful research to be conducted are presented. Such research can create a foundation for developing both public policy and clinical practice.
Putting Ariel to Work at the University of Texas at Austin: A Case Study

SUMMARY This article is a case study of Ariel use at the University of Texas at Austin. The author divides the history of Ariel use into three distinct stages: resistance, full implementation, and enhanced. For each stage the advantages and disadvantages of using Ariel are discussed. The author concludes that using Ariel saves both money and staff time and permits faster delivery of documents than other methods.
Some unique features of the metabolic conversion of platelet-activating factor (AGEPC) to alkyl acyl PC by washed rabbit platelets.

Abstract Recently several synthetic analogs of 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (AGEPC; platelet-activating factor) were characterized as selective inhibitors of this agonist's effects on rabbit platelets ( Tokumura, A., Homma, H., and Hanahan, D. J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem.260, 12710–12714). In this current investigation, these studies have been extended to include a further inquiry into the biochemical nature of the metabolic inactivation of AGEPC in rabbit platelets, and the effect of these analogs on this process. Two of the latter components (U66985 and CV3988), which blocked AGEPC biological activity on rabbit platelets, also blocked the metabolism of this agonist. The metabolic conversion of AGEPC to alkyl acyl PC was inhibited nearly sevenfold by the most potent analog, U66985. Those analogs with low (U68043) or no biological inhibitory activity (lysoGEPC) had marginal effects on the metabolism of AGEPC. The effects of these compounds on the metabolism of AGEPC was not simply due to competitive inhibition. In platelets which had been pretreated with AGEPC in absence of extracellular Ca2+ (desensitized) and washed, the metabolic conversion of AGEPC to alkyl acyl PC was actually enhanced. This enhanced metabolic inactivation of AGEPC was also observed upon the treatment of the cells with thrombin, collagen, or ionophore A23187, indicating that the metabolism of AGEPC in platelets was enhanced not only by AGEPC itself but by other agonists as well. Nearly 85% of the fatty acyl residues was arachidonate in the alkyl acyl PC derived from AGEPC. This specific acylation with arachidonate was observed in the presence and absence of the inhibitor and in desensitized cells, indicating that selectivity for arachidonate is not dependent on the enhancement of the metabolism of AGEPC. The alkyl acyl PC found in the cells treated with thrombin, collagen, or A23187 was also predominantly alkyl arachidonoyl PC. Thus it has been shown that the inactivation of AGEPC by its conversion to alkyl acyl PC by rabbit platelets is enhanced by this agonist itself and that excess amounts of AGEPC could be further inactivated by the enhanced capacity of the metabolism process.
View-Factor Based Radiation Transport in a Hypersonic Shock Layer

Introduction A TOMS and molecules in the hot shock layer formed in front of a hypersonic vehicle often release some of their internal energy by spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation. The isotropically emitted radiative energy propagates through the shock layer, sometimes undergoing absorption, until a portion of the remaining energy eventually reaches the body surface and heats the vehicle. In cases of high-speed entries of large vehicles, the radiative heating can be larger than the convective heating from the hot gas. It is therefore crucial to the design of the protective heat shield that this radiative-transport process be modeled accurately. In practice radiative transport is typically reduced to a onedimensional line-of-sight problem by assuming small body curvature and small tangential flow gradients. This approach is known as the tangent slab model. In this Note, we present a three-dimensional transport model based on geometric view factors between the emitting volumes and surface elements, which significantly improves the accuracy of radiative heat-flux estimates for an optically thin shock layer. This method can also be applied to absorbing gases, but the cost can be significantly more than the tangent slab model if fine spectral resolution is required.
Human rights, international human rights, and sovereign political authority: a draft model for understanding contemporary human rights

Over the past few years, two main approaches have been suggested for analyzing human rights: the natural rights model and the political approach. This essay argues that neither of these accounts offers an accurate understanding of contemporary human rights and introduces an alternative model to think about them that combines elements of both views: the two-tier model. The first layer of the model reconstructs the concept of human rights as a moral category. This moral category articulates conditions that any agent wielding sovereign political authority must fulfill in order to treat human beings with the respect and concern they deserve, and postulates five abstract rights that may lead to alternative lists of concrete human rights in different social and historical settings. In contrast, the second layer of the two-tier model aims to illuminate the practice of international human rights. Although, upon this view, international human rights are grounded on the notion depicted by the first layer of the model, they constitute a historical practice that cannot be completely reduced to any prior idea. As a result of this, current human rights practice may include elements that were not already present in the concept of human rights. Thus, human rights turn out to be at the same time natural and political, conceptual and historical, moral and positive, domestic and global. Keywords: international community; natural rights model; political model; equal concern and respect; international cooperation (Published: 11 December 2014) Citation: Ethics & Global Politics, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2014, pp. 143–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/egp.v7.25522
Endocarditis in neonatal intensive care unit.

The clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis (IE) in infants is examined in four infants between 3 and 9 months of age. None of the patients had signs of IE; all four had an anatomically normal heart. Echocardiograms showed echodense vegetations in the left side of heart in three cases and in the right side in one. Three of the four patients recovered after the episode of endocarditis. Three of the four patients had necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonatal period. The important predisposing factor was the presence of indwelling central catheter for intravenous nutrition. Unlike previously reported cases, coagulase-negativeStaphylococci andEnterococci were important causative organisms in this high-risk nursery population.
Environmental Issues in Housing Habitability

The paper develops a new research method of analyzing and comparing the relative habitability of the housing environment. Eighteen public and private rental housing projects in Canada are examined....
Interventions Targeting Exposure to Community Violence Sequelae Among Youth: A Commentary

This article provides an overview of the youth psychosocial deficits associated with exposure to community violence. The vast majority of articles in the extant literature primarily highlight the mental health deficits associated with such exposures, although a growing body of research documents that school engagement challenges, problematic peer relations, substance use, and increased sexual risk behaviors are associated with such incidences. This study brings together these disperse literatures. Next, we provide an overview of well- and lesser-established interventions that have been utilized by social workers and other mental health providers to curtail the negative effects of exposure to community violence. More importantly, we discuss how well these interventions match the empirically-identified sequelae associated with community violence exposure. We conclude with social work practice and intervention recommendations based on our commentary.
Mechanistic Studies of the tRNA-Modifying Enzyme QueA: A Chemical Imperative for the Use of AdoMet as a “Ribosyl” Donor

The enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:tRNA ribosyltransferase-isomerase (QueA) catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of the tRNA nucleoside queuosine, a unique ribosyl transfer from the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to a modified-tRNA precursor. The use of AdoMet in this way is fundamentally new to the chemistry of this important biological cofactor. We report here the first mechanistic studies of this remarkable enzyme, and we propose a chemical mechanism for the reaction consistent with our experimental observations.
Contact printing of compositionally graded CdS(x)Se(1-x) nanowire parallel arrays for tunable photodetectors.

Spatially composition-graded CdSxSe1 x (xD 0‐1) nanowires are grown and transferred as parallel arrays onto Si/SiO2 substrates by a one-step, directional contact printing process. Upon subsequent device fabrication, an array of tunable-wavelength photodetectors is demonstrated. From the spectral photoconductivity measurements, the cutoff wavelength for the device array, as determined by the bandgap, is shown to cover a significant portion of the visible spectrum. The ability to transfer a collection of crystalline semiconductor nanowires while preserving the spatially graded composition may enable a wide range of applications, such as tunable lasers and photodetectors, efficient photovoltaics, and multiplexed chemical sensors. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Physics Today — Engineering tomorrow

The development of the magnetron is a typical story of a device which has passed down the technical “production line” from a principle of physics through engineering development to an operating device. This example illustrates not only the infinite possibilities that exist in the field of science, but the fact that the development of these possibilities is a process which transcends the efforts of any single individual or organization.
Changing snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications

[1] Observations suggest that shrub abundance in the Arctic is increasing owing to climate warming. We investigated the ramifications of a tundra-to-shrubland transition on winter energy exchange. At five sites in Alaska we suspended a 50-m-long cable above the vegetation and from this measured how the vegetation interacted with the snow and affected albedo. The sites defined a gradient from nearly shrub-free tundra to a woodland with a continuous shrub canopy. Where the shrubs were small, thin-stemmed, and supple, they were bent and buried by snow. Where they were tall, thick-stemmed, and stiff, the shrub canopy remained exposed all winter. Where shrubs were buried, mid-winter albedo values were high (0.85), but where they were exposed, the values were 30% lower (0.60). At these latter sites, melting began several weeks earlier but proceeded more slowly. Consequently, all sites were free of snow about the same time. Using the measurements and a solar model, we estimate that a land surface transition from shrub-free tundra to shrubland could produce a 69 to 75% increase in absorbed solar radiation during the snow-cover period, depending on latitude. This is two thirds the increase associated with a tundra-to-forest transition. When combined with measurements showing that a tundra-to-shrub transition would also produce a net increase in summer heating, our results suggest a positive feedback mechanism associated with a warming-induced increase in shrubs. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to document that shrubs could alter the winter energy balance of tundra in such a substantial way.
Evaluating peptide repertoires within the context of thymocyte development.

The process of antigen presentation by MHC molecules allows T cells to sample the proteins expressed within a particular cell. This sampling is in the form of short peptides bound within the grooves of MHC molecules displayed on the surface of cells. In the context of immune surveillance, this presentation allows the identification of infected cells by displaying peptides originating from foreign proteins within the cell. However, MHC-bound peptides play additional roles beyond serving as antigenic stimuli during an immune response. In fact, it has become clear that MHC-bound peptides derived from self proteins are critically involved in the development of T cells during selective events in the thymus. In this review we will discuss the nature of the population of MHC-bound peptides as it relates to thymocyte development, with particular emphasis on the recent finding that peptide-MHC complexes present at low levels can drive the positive selection of thymocytes.
Psychosocial intervention on procedure-related distress in children being treated for laceration repair.

ABSTRACT:Objective:Research has demonstrated that emergency department visits for injured children are highly stressful experiences, especially when they include a painful procedure. This pilot study explored the impact of an intervention, which included preparation and distraction on procedure-rela
Initiation and stationary operating states in a crossed-field vacuum electron device

Previous studies of crossed-field electron vacuum devices, such as magnetrons and crossed-field amplifiers (CFA), have centered on their initial growth, as an indication of their operating modes. In such an analysis, one assumes a growth rate, and solves the equations for the density profile, the operating frequency, and the growth rate. What one obtains here are the conditions for the initial operation of the device. However, eventually the RF fields will have saturated, and the device then will enter into either a stationary operating regime, or some other mode, which could in general be some non-operating mode. To study this regime of operation, we return to the classical planar magnetron equations and study what the form of the solution will be for these stationary solutions. What we find is that upon saturation, as the growth rate vanishes, its effect is replaced by second-order velocity terms, and in particular, the second-order vertical velocity. What we will do here is to derive and present the magnetron equations when the growth rate vanishes, and discuss the solutions of the RF equations about the resonance points. Lastly, we shall consider what implications these results may have for relativistic and nonrelativistic crossed-field devices.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LACTATE METABOLISM BY PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS ELSDENII: EVIDENCE FOR LACTYL COENZYME A DEHYDRASE.

Abstract Lactyl-Coa dehydrase (lactyl-CoA hydro-lyase), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (acyl-CoA: (acceptor) oxidoreductase), lactate dehydrogenase (lactate: (acceptor) oxidoreductase), diaphorase (NADH2: (acceptor) oxidoreductase), phosphotransacetylase (acetyl-CoA: orthophosphate acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.8), and CoA transphorase (acetyl-CoA: proprionate CoA-transferase, EC 2.8.3.1) have been identified, partially purified, and characterized in extracts of the remen microorganism Peptostreptococcus elsdenii. On the basis of the results presented, it is suggested that the conversion of lactate to propionate occurs via the CoA esters of the lactate acrylate and propionate respectively.
Black Graduate and Professional School Enrollment: A Struggle for Equality.

The academic community was surprised by findings of a Ford Foundation-sponsored study which revealed that by June 1969, only 2,280 Black men and women were holders of the Ph.D. (Bryant, 1970; medical doctors [M.D.s], dentists [D.D.S.s], and lawyers [L.L.D.s] were not included in the survey). The study concluded that the situation is not likely to change in the immediate future. This figure is the sum total of all living Black Ph.D. holders (less than 1 % of all Ph.D. holders). In the year 1965-1966 American universities awarded 18,237 Ph.D.s alone (Harris, 1972: 961). Graduate education is most important for entrance into the top echelon of most professions, where a college education is required for employment. This paper will provide a comprehensive picture of Blacks enrolled in graduate and professional schools. Data on earned degrees will also be presented.
Undocumented & Unafraid: The DREAM Act 5 and the Public Disclosure of Undocumented Status as a Political Act

In 2010, the political advocacy of undocumented immigrant students in support of the DREAM Act took a new and decisive direction when the public disclosure of undocumented status as political act was adopted. This new political strategy included the first case of civil disobedience practiced by a group of undocumented immigrant students now known as the DREAM Act 5. Letters written by four of the DREAM Act 5, press media articles and interviews, and information from student advocacy blogs were examined in this study. The students’ political agency/subjectivity was the focus of the analysis as well as the function of the public disclosure of undocumented status in challenging the societal exclusion, invisibility, and dehumanization of undocumented immigrant students.
Outcomes of Grouping Students in Mainstreamed Middle School Classrooms

Analyses of instruction in main streamed, middle school classrooms suggest that when compared to homogeneous grouping, heteroge neous placement is more closely associated with "effective teaching" behaviors. However, there are both desirable and undesirable outcomes associated with both placement practices.
Advanced Information Technology and Political Communication

Communication is an essential part of all political processes. As information technology increases the reach and capability of communication, it has created new political possibilities, including facilitating revolution and defeating congressional incumbents, and has given greater visibility to government activities. The political effects of advanced information technology are potentially dichotomous: inspiring populism based on ignorance, facilitating the expression of public opinion inspired by demagoguery, or engendering community of ethnic, religious, or single-issue interest groups.
X-rays from ion-atom collisions in solid targets

Abstract X-ray spectra from 100 keV Ne + bombardment of solid copper targets are presented. Copper L X-rays are more intense than neon K X-rays, in disagreement with simple systematics for diabatic molecular orbitals. The data can be explained by the increase of the neon 1s binding energy caused by outer-shell stripping.
Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death on the Volga, 1823–1914

Charlotte E. Henze, Disease, Health Care and Government in Late Imperial Russia: Life and Death on the Volga, 1823–1914 , London: Routledge, 2011. Pp. XIII + 227; illustrations; notes; index; maps....
Colorimetry of Foods. 1. Correlation of Raw, Transformed and Reduced Data with Visual Rankings for Spinach Puree

SUMMARY —Freshly processed spinach puree and stored processed puree were mixed in proportions varying from O to 100% in increments of 10% to provide three different sets of 11 samples each. These sets simulated the range of color values actually obtained with samples in storage after processing. Color measurements were performed by means of a General Electric Recording Spectrophotometer, a Hunterlab Model D25 Color Difference Meter, and a Colormaster Differential Colorimeter, Model V. Experiments were carried out on each set of samples to obtain tristimulus values from each instrument. These values were mathematically transformed to the tristimulus values of the other two color systems. Tristimulus values from the instruments also were reduced to common color functions, and all data were correlated with visual rankings. Good correlations of instrument versus visual rank were obtained. Absolute values obtained from the transformation equations were very different from instrumental values. However, the transformations resulted in only a slight decrease in correlation with visual preference. Reduced data calculated from instrumental read-out correlated well with visual rank. However, conversion of Colormaster data to Adams data and resultant reduction produced poor correlations.
FromSanātana Dharmato Secularism: Hindu Identity in the Thought of Swami Rama Tirtha and the Swami Rama Tirtha Mission

The speeches and writings of the neo-Vedantin Swami Rama Tirtha (1873–1906) and his followers show an ongoing concern with discussion of Hinduism, Vedanta, and religion in general. Although a constant in this discussion is the basic understanding of Vedanta as the core, essential truth of all religions, the presentation of Vedanta has changed in differing social and political situations. This paper examines how one Hindu community has sought to define Hinduism and construct its own sense of identity over time, focusing particularly on the ways in which the definition of Hinduism has been modified since India became an independent, secular state.
Cardiovascular Tissues Contain Independent Circadian Clocks

Acute cardiovascular events exhibit a circadian rhythm in the frequency of occurrence. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not yet fully understood, but they may be due to rhythmicity inherent in the cardiovascular system. We have begun to characterize rhythmicity of the clock gene mPer1 in the rat cardiovascular system. Luciferase activity driven by the mPer1 gene promoter is rhythmic in vitro in heart tissue explants and a wide variety of veins and arteries cultured from the transgenic Per1-luc rat. The tissues showed between 3 and 12 circadian cycles of gene expression in vitro before damping. Whereas peak per1-driven bioluminescence consistently occurred during the late night in the heart and all arteries sampled, the phases of the rhythms in veins varied significantly by anatomical location. Varying the time of the culture procedure relative to the donor animal's light:dark cycle revealed that, unlike some other rat tissues such as liver, the phases of in vitro rhythms of arteries, veins, and heart explants were affected by culture time. However, phase relationships among tissues were consistent across culture times; this suggests diversity in circadian regulation among components of the cardiovascular system.
Physics-Based Compact Model for III–V Digital Logic FETs Including Gate Tunneling Leakage and Parasitic Capacitance

A physics-based compact model is developed for III-V field-effect transistors for digital logic applications. Quasi-ballistic ratios, trapezoidal quantum-well subband energy levels, and 2-D source/drain influence on both electrostatics and capacitance are considered. Furthermore, gate tunneling leakage current and parasitic capacitance models are included. These latter effects are important in future technology logic applications, particularly in circuits such as high-density cache arrays. In this paper, we describe the III-V compact model including the gate leakage current and parasitic capacitance analytical models. The efficacy of the compact model in a practical circuit environment is demonstrated using transient simulations of a 6T-static random access memory cell. In addition, we provide design guidelines for optimization of the intrinsic and the extrinsic structure with regard to the parasitic effects.