cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Assembled Fabrication of Vertically Oriented Ta2O5 Nanotube Arrays, and Membranes Thereof, by One-Step Tantalum Anodization

We report for the first time synthesis of high-aspect-ratio tantalum oxide nanotube arrays via one-step anodization of Ta foil. The use of aqueous electrolytes containing HF:H2SO4 in the volumetric ratios 1:9 and 2:8 results in formation of ordered nanodimpled surfaces with 40−55 nm pore diameters over the potential range 10−20 V. The addition of 5−10% of either ethylene glycol (EG) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the HF and H2SO4 aqueous electrolytes resulted in the formation of Ta oxide nanotube arrays up to ∼20 μm thick, either securely anchored to the underlying Ta film or as robust free-standing membranes, as dependent upon the anodization time and applied voltage.
Yearning for the Long Lost Home: The Lemba and the Jewish Narrative of Genetic Return

This commentary examines the relationship between genetics and Jewish identity. It focuses especially on the use of Y-chromosome testing to map the genealogies of the Lemba in southern Africa.
Structure activity relationship studies with hypothalamic peptide hormones. II. Effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone analogs on morphine-induced responses in mice.

Abstract The effects of several analogs of thyroliberin (TRH), that have a chloro-acetyl substituent at the amino terminus, on locomotor depressant, locomotor stimulant, hyperthermic and hypothermic response to morphine were determined in the mouse. These compounds included N-(chloroacetyl)-L-phenylalanylpyrrolidine (ClAc-Phe-Pyrr), N-[m-(chloroacetyl)benzoyl]-L-phenylalanylpyrrolidine] (mClAcBz-Phe-Pyrr), N-[m-(chloroacetyl)benzoyl]-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanylpyrrolidine (mClAcBz-Ala-Phe-Pyrr), N-[p-(chloroacetyl)benzoyl]-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-pyrrolidine (pClAcBz-Ala-Phe-Pyrr), N-(chloroacytyl)-L-alanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolineamide(ClAc-Ala-Phe-Pro-NH2), N-[m-(chloroacetyl)-benzoyl]-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolineamide (mClAcBz-Phe-Pro-NH2), N-[p-(chloroacetyl)benzoyl]-L-phenylalanyl-L-prolineamide (pClAcBz-Phe-Pro-NH2). Since TRH is metabolized to cyclo (His-Pro) and the latter is shown to possess TRH like activity, an analog cyclo (Phe-Pro) was also used. Administration of morphine to mice at 10 mg/kg ip produced hyperthermia and depression in locomotor activity, while at 80 mg/kg ip, hypothermia and stimulation in locomotor activity were observed. Intracerebral injection of the following peptides (10 μg each per mouse) administered 10 min prior to morphine injection antagonized locomotor depression, hyperthermia, locomotor stimulation and hypothermia induced by an appropriate dose of morphine: mClAcBz-Phe-Pyrr, pClAcBz-Ala-Phe-Pyrr, ClAcAla-Phe-Pro-NH2, pClAcBz-Phe-Pro-NH2, cyclo (Phe-Pro) and TRH. The compounds which had no effect on low dose or high dose morphine induced responses included pGlu-Phe-Pyrr, mClAcBz-Ala-Phe-Pyrr, and mClAcBz-Phe-Pro-NH2. One compound, namely ClAc-Phe-Pyrr, antagonized morphine-induced locomotor stimulation and hypothermia but did not affect locomotor depression and hyperthermia produced by morphine. None of these peptides had any effect on the body temperature or the locomotor activity of normal mice. Many of the active compounds were previously shown to possess extremely weak or no activity in releasing thyrotropin from the pituitary. It is concluded that several of these analogs of TRH possess CNS activity in antagonizing morphine effects, and that a lack of relationship exists between the CNS and endocrine activity of these peptides.
Ultrastructural and biochemical correlates of the specificity of chlordecone‐potentiated carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity

Previous work demonstrated the specificity of chlordecone (Kepone) potentiated CCI4 hepatotoxicity in rats on the basis of functional, biochemical, and histochemical indices of liver damage. The present study was undertaken to elucidate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the selectively potentiated hepatotoxic response to CCI4 after dietary exposure to low levels (10 ppm for 15 d) of chlordecone but not its structural analogs mirex and photomirex. On d 15 of pretreatment of male Sprague‐Dawley rats, either selected parameters of hepatic mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) activity were determined or corn oil or CCI4 (0.05 ml/kg in corn oll) was injected ip. Biochemical and ultrastructural assessment of liver damage was made 24 h after the injection. When given as the sole agents, photomirex, mirex, and chlordecone significantly increased microsomai pentobarbital hydroxylase and ethylmorphine demethylase activities. Both photomirex and mirex elevated microsomai cytochrome P‐450 content, while only photomir...
Kinetic Meniscus Model for Prediction of Rest Stiction

The time dependence of static friction is an important aspect of tribological studies whereby the static friction increases with an increase in the time of stationary contact (rest static friction or rest stiction). This effect is commonly observed in computer disk drives especially at high humidities, in which the static friction increases rapidly with an increase in rest time between some head slider and the disk surfaces. For the first time, a comprehensive kinetic meniscus model is proposed to explain this phenomenon, both for a single asperity and multiple asperity contacts at a liquid mediated interface. It is found that the static friction increases up to a certain equilibrium time with a power law relationship after which it remains constant. The equilibrium time is dependent on the liquid film thickness, the liquid viscosity and the contact geometry. The model developed is applied to a rough textured disk, a polished disk and a super smooth disk. To study the effect of the scan size on the meniscus force, the static friction is calculated by using roughness parameters obtained from measurements at different scan sizes.
Detection of broadly expressed neuronal genes in C. elegans

The genes that are expressed in most or all types of neurons define generic neuronal features and provide a window into the developmental origin and function of the nervous system. Few such genes (sometimes referred to as pan-neuronal or broadly expressed neuronal genes) have been defined to date and the mechanisms controlling their regulation are not well understood. As a first step in investigating their regulation, we used a computational approach to detect sequences overrepresented in their promoter elements. We identified a ten-nucleotide cis-regulatory motif shared by many broadly expressed neuronal genes and demonstrated that it is involved in control of neuronal expression. Our results further suggest that global and cell-type-specific controls likely act in concert to establish pan-neuronal gene expression. Using the newly discovered motif and genome-level gene expression data, we identified a set of 234 candidate broadly expressed genes. The known involvement of many of these genes in neurogenesis and physiology of the nervous system supports the utility of this set for future targeted analyses.
Theory of the structure of ferromagnetic domains in films and small particles

"Reprinted from the Physical review, vol. 70, nos. 11 and 12, 965-971, Dec. 1 and 15, 1946."
Computations with Clifford and Grassmann Algebras

Various computations in Grassmann and Clifford algebras can be performed with a Maple package CLIFFORD. It can solve algebraic equations when searching for general elements satisfying certain conditions, solve an eigenvalue problem for a Clifford number, and find its minimal polynomial. It can compute with quaternions, octonions, and matrices with entries in Cl(B) - the Clifford algebra of a vector space V endowed with an arbitrary bilinear form B. It uses standard (undotted) Grassmann basis in Cl(Q) but when the antisymmetric part of B is non zero, it can also compute in a dotted Grassmann basis. Some examples of computations are discussed.
The cortical cytoskeletal network and cell-wall dynamics in the unicellular charophycean green alga Penium margaritaceum.

Background and aims Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular charophycean green alga with a unique bi-directional polar expansion mechanism that occurs at the central isthmus zone prior to cell division. This entails the focused deposition of cell-wall polymers coordinated by the activities of components of the endomembrane system and cytoskeletal networks. The goal of this study was to elucidate the structural organization of the cortical cytoskeletal network during the cell cycle and identify its specific functional roles during key cell-wall developmental events: pre-division expansion and cell division. Methods Microtubules and actin filaments were labelled during various cell cycle phases with an anti-tubulin antibody and rhodamine phalloidin, respectively. Chemically induced disruption of the cytoskeleton was used to elucidate specific functional roles of microtubules and actin during cell expansion and division. Correlation of cytoskeletal dynamics with cell-wall development included live cell labelling with wall polymer-specific antibodies and electron microscopy. Key results The cortical cytoplasm of Penium is highlighted by a band of microtubules found at the cell isthmus, i.e. the site of pre-division wall expansion. This band, along with an associated, transient band of actin filaments, probably acts to direct the deposition of new wall material and to mark the plane of the future cell division. Two additional bands of microtubules, which we identify as satellite bands, arise from the isthmus microtubular band at the onset of expansion and displace toward the poles during expansion, ultimately marking the isthmus of future daughter cells. Treatment with microtubule and actin perturbation agents reversibly stops cell division. Conclusions The cortical cytoplasm of Penium contains distinct bands of microtubules and actin filaments that persist through the cell cycle. One of these bands, termed the isthmus microtubule band, or IMB, marks the site of both pre-division wall expansion and the zone where a cross wall will form during cytokinesis. This suggests that prior to the evolution of land plants, a dynamic, cortical cytoskeletal array similar to a pre-prophase band had evolved in the charophytes. However, an interesting variation on the cortical band theme is present in Penium, where two satellite microtubule bands are produced at the onset of cell expansion, each of which is destined to become an IMB in the two daughter cells after cytokinesis. These unique cytoskeletal components demonstrate the close temporal control and highly coordinated cytoskeletal dynamics of cellular development in Penium.
Electromagnetics and differential forms

Differential forms of various degrees go hand in hand with multiple integrals. They obviously constitute an essential tool in expressing the laws of physics. Some of their structures, however (exterior algebra, exterior differential operators, and others), are not widely known or used. This article concentrates on the relevance of the "exterior calculus" to electromagnetics. It is shown that the association of differential forms with electromagnetic quantities is quite natural. The basic relations between these quantities, displayed in flow diagrams, make use of a single operator "d" (exterior differential) in place of the familiar curl, grad and div operators of vector calculus. Their covariance properties (behavior under change of variables) are discussed. These formulas in space-time have a strikingly concise and elegant expression. Furthermore, they are also invariant under any change of coordinates involving both space and time. Physical dimensions of the electromagnetic forms are such that only two units (coulomb and weber, or e and g) are needed. A few sample applications of the exterior calculus are discussed, mostly to familiarize the reader with the aspect of equations written in this manner. The transition from differential to integral formulas is uniformly performed by means of Stokes' theorem (concisely expressed in terms of forms). When integrations over moving domains are involved, the concepts of flow and Lie derivative come into play. The relation of the topology of a region to the existence of potentials valid in that region is illustrated by two examples: the magnetic field due to a steady electric current and the vector potential of the B-field due to a Dirac magnetic monopole. An extensive appendix reviews most results needed in the main text.
Canonical forms for axial symmetric space-times

The general canonical forms for axial symmetric space-times are investigated. Special forms such as static, stationary and cylindrical are considered. Our results are based only upon the symmetries assumed, not upon the field equations; thus they are applicable to vacuum, electromagnetic and matter field problems. In particular, we find a term that was missing in previous work. There can be in the general canonical form a metric coefficient between the axis of symmetry and the angle about this axis. This metric coefficient survives even for static or stationary space-times.
Bimodal Imaging Using Neodymium Doped Gadolinium Fluoride Nanocrystals with Near-Infrared to Near-Infrared Downconversion Luminescence and Magnetic Resonance Properties

Here we report the synthesis, characterization and application of a multifunctional surface functionalized GdF3:Nd3+ nanophosphor that exhibits efficient near infrared (NIR) fluorescence as well as magnetic properties, which can be utilized for bimodal imaging in medical applications. The nanoparticles are small with an average size of 5 nm and form stable colloids that last for several weeks without settling, enabling the use for several biomedical and photonic applications. Their excellent NIR properties, such as nearly 11% quantum yield of the 1064 nm emission, make them ideal contrast agents and biomarkers for in vitro and in vivo NIR optical bioimaging. The nanophosphors which were coated with poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadicene) (PMAO) were implemented in cellular imaging, showing no significant cellular toxicity for concentrations up to 200 μg ml−1. Furthermore, the incorporation of Gd into the nanocrystalline structure renders them with exceptional magnetic properties, making them ideal for use as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. The utility of these NIR emitting nanoparticles in infrared bioimaging and as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging was demonstrated by confocal imaging, magnetic resonance and tissue experiments.
Dialogic Engagement: Clarifying Foundational Concepts

The principle of engagement underlies much of the relational and organization–public communication research. Unfortunately, the principle of engagement suffers from a lack of clarity in the public relations literature. Use of the term engagement varies widely. This article clarifies the principle of engagement by positioning it within dialogue theory. We posit a conceptualization of engagement as: Engagement is part of dialogue and through engagement, organizations and publics can make decisions that create social capital. Engagement is both an orientation that influences interactions and the approach that guides the process of interactions among groups.
Laser action in chromium-activated forsterite for near infrared excitation.

This paper reports on laser action in chromium-doped forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) for 1064-nm excitation of the crystal's double-hump absorption band spanning the 850-1200-nm wavelength range. The cavity arrangement used for obtaining laser action in Cr:Mg2SiO2 was similar to that described by Petricevic et al. (1988). The fundamental and second harmonic emissions from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at a 10-Hz repetition rate were used for excitation of the NIR and visible bands, respectively. Pulsed laser action was readily observed for both the 1064-nm and 532-nm pumping at or above the respective thresholds. The laser parameters of the 532-nm and 1064-nm excitations were similar, indicating that the IR band is responsible for laser action for both excitations.
Bioaccumulation of PCB congeners by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) deployed in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts

Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were deployed to monitor the levels of bioavailable contaminants during a pilot dredging project in New Bedford Harbor (NBH), Massachusetts. Dissolved and particulate seawater samples also were collected periodically during these deployments. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations in both mussel tissue and seawater samples were among the quantified contaminants. Large differences in the dissolved and particulate PCB concentrations in seawater and tissue residue concentrations in mussels were observed along a gradient from the upper harbor to Buzzards Bay. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated for six PCB congenors at two stations in NBH and a reference site in Buzzards Bay. Equations were generated relating the log BCF to the log octanol/water partition coefficient (K[sub ow]) for these congeners. A consistent relationship was found between dissolved PCB congener concentrations and tissue concentrations in the mussels. This study demonstrates the utility of the blue mussel as a monitoring organism for quantifying bioavailable contaminants in seawater and for relating PCB tissue residues with seawater concentrations.
Temporal distribution of instability events in continuously monitored step-down unit patients: Implications for Rapid Response Systems

Abstract Aim Medical Emergency Teams (MET) activations are more frequent during daytime and weekdays, but whether due to greater patient instability, proximity from admission time, or caregiver concentration is unclear. We sought to determine if instability events, when they occurred, varied in their temporal distribution. Methods Monitoring data were recorded (frequency 1/20Hz) in 634 SDU patients (41,635 monitoring hours). Vital sign excursion beyond our MET trigger thresholds defined alerts. The resultant 1399 alerts from 216 patients were tallied according to clock hour and time elapsed since admission. We fit patient ID ( n =216), clock hour, time since SDU admission, and alert present into a null model and three mixed effect logistic regression models: clock hour, hours elapsed since admission, and both clock hour and time elapsed since admission as fixed effect covariates. We performed likelihood ratio tests on these models to assess if, among all alerts, there were proportionally more alerts for any given clock hour, or proximity to admission time. Results Only time elapsed since admission ( p p =0.885), was significant for temporal disproportion. Results were unchanged if the first 24h following admission were excluded from the models. Conclusion Although instability alerts are distributed most frequently within 24h after SDU admission in unstable patients, they are otherwise not more likely to distribute proportionally more frequently during certain clock hours. If MET utilization peaks do not coincide with admission time peaks, other variables contributing to unrecognized instability should be explored.
The Cerebellum as a Novel Tinnitus Generator

The role of the cerebellum in auditory processing is largely unknown. Recently it was shown that rats with psychophysical evidence of tinnitus had significantly elevated neural activity in the paraflocculus of the cerebellum (PFL), as indicated by functional imaging. It was further shown that PFL activity was not elevated in normal rats listening to a tinnitus-like sound. This suggests that plastic changes in the PFL may underpin chronic tinnitus, i.e., it may serve as a tinnitus generator. Using a rat model of acoustic trauma-induced tinnitus, the role of the cerebellum was further examined in a series of experiments:The PFL was surgically ablated in animals with established tinnitus; the PFL was surgically ablated in animals before induction of tinnitus; the PFL was reversibly inactivated by chronic lidocaine infusion into the subarcuate fossa of animals with established tinnitus. It was found that PFL ablation eliminated established tinnitus without altering auditory discrimination. Similar to the ablation results, PFL inactivation with lidocaine reversibly eliminated existing tinnitus. In contrast however, PFL ablation before tinnitus induction attenuated, but did not completely eliminate, tinnitus. In a rat model of noise-induced chronic tinnitus, the cerebellar PFL may serve as a sufficient but non-obligatory generator of tinnitus.
Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents.

Greksa, Lawrence P. Growth and development of Andean high altitude residents. High Alt. Med. & Biol. 7:116–124, 2006.—Growth and development under conditions of chronic hypoxia result in a differen...
Surface-plasmon fields in two-dimensional arrays of gold nanodisks ∗

ABSTRACT Distributions of electric elds in two-dimensional arrays of gold nanodisks on Si 3 N 4 membranes are modeled byuse of the discrete-dipole approximation as a function of nanodisk diameter (20 nm to 50 nm), height (10 nm to100 nm), ratio of the array spacing to diameter (1.3 to 4.7), and angle of incident light. The primary focus is onelds in a plane near the circular gold/vacuum interface with light of 532 nm wavelength incident through themembrane, a conguration that is particularly relevant to potential applications in plasmon-mediated Brillouinlightscattering, nanolithography,and photovoltaics. The height/diameter ratiofor maximumintensities over thisplane is between 0.7 and 1.5 and not strongly dependent on the spacing for a given angle. The average intensityincreases with decreasing array spacing and incident angle relative to the substrate normal. This dependence isattributed primarily to a combination of fractional coverage area of the gold and increased excitation of a dipolarcontribution to the elds. The incident light at 532 nm simultaneously excites dipolar and quadrupolar surface-plasmon modes. Because the quadrupolar mode has a peak close to 532 nm, its excited elds are approximatelyout of phase with the incident light.Keywords: Brillouin light scattering, dipole resonance, discrete-dipole approximation, electric elds, nanodiskarrays, quadrupole resonance, surface plasmons
A VLSI Residue Arithmetic Multiplier

Recently, residue arithmetic has received increased attention in the open literature. Using table lookup methods and high-speed memory, modular arithmetic has been demonstrated. However, the memory size limitation of ECL, bipolar, and high-speed MOS limits the admissible size of the moduli used in the numbering system. In this paper the moduli size limitation is overcome using VLSI technology, special architectures, and moduli choice. A residue multiplier having a 48–72 bit dynamic range, capable of performing 10M multiplication/s is reported.
Enriched Krylov subspace methods for ill-posed problems

We describe a modification of the conjugate gradient method for the normal equations (CGNR) that allows us to enrich the Krylov subspaces, in which the iterates are determined, with vectors containing pertinent information about the desired solution. The enriched CGNR method easily can be adapted to the solution of linear systems arising from penalized least-squares problems and Tikhonov regularization. Applications to the solution of linear discrete ill-posed problems illustrate that enrichment of the Krylov subspaces can improve the quality of the computed approximate solutions and reduce the computational effort required for their determination.
Identification of epitope mimics recognized by CTL reactive to the melanoma/melanocyte-derived peptide MART-1((27-35))

CTL reactivity to the epitope MART-1(27-35), of the melanoma (self) antigen MART-1/melan A is frequently observed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and may be readily elicited from the peripheral blood of melanoma patients that express HLA-A*0201. Available data suggest that these observations contrast with those made for other HLA-A*0201-presented melanoma self antigens regarding the regularity of observed CTL responses. Based on preliminary findings, we hypothesized that the CTL response to MART-1 might be augmented in part by T cell encounters with peptides derived from sources other than MART-1, which show sequence similarity to MART-1(27-35). To test this idea, a protein database search for potential MART-1 epitope mimics was done using criteria developed from analyses of effector recognition of singly-substituted peptide analogues of MART-1(27-35). Synthetic peptides were made for a portion of the sequences retrieved; 12/40 peptides tested were able to sensitize target cells for lysis by one or more anti-MART-1 effectors. The peptides recognized correspond to sequences occurring in a variety of proteins of viral, bacterial, and human (self) origin. One peptide derives from glycoprotein C of the common pathogen HSV-1; cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding native glycoprotein C were lysed by anti-MART-1 effectors. Our results overall indicate that sequences conforming to the A2.1 binding motif and possessing features essential to recognition by anti-MART-1 CTL occur frequently in proteins. These findings further suggest that T cells might encounter a variety of such sequences in vivo, and that epitope mimicry may play a role in modulating the CTL response to MART-1(27-35).
Computational Methods for Mapping Ligand Induced Conformational Changes in GPCRs

The active conformation of a G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) is influenced by the chemical structure and efficacy of the bound ligand. Insight into the active conformation and activation pathway for ligands with different efficacies is critical in designing functionally specific drugs for GPCRs. Using the computational method LITiCon, we have predicted the activation pathways for full, partial and inverse agonists of β2 Adrenergic Receptor, which are in agreement with fluorescence intensity lifetime measurements. Starting from the inactive state, the full agonists take the receptor to a stable intermediate in an energy downhill step (fast step), followed by a barrier crossing leading to the active state (slow step). The reasons for the energy barrier are the disruption of a HB between N293 on TM6 and S204 on TM5 as well as the one between D113 on TM3 and the β-hydroxyl group on the ligand. During MD simulation of norepinephrine bound β2-AR, water polarization helps to disrupt the HB between D113 and β-hydroxyl thus facilitating the barrier crossing. In contrast with the full agonists, the activation pathway for the partial agonist salbutamol involves only a slow step, which stems from steric interactions between the ligand and the aromatic residues on TM6.We have further refined the LITiCon method to optimize the backbone tilts and kinks of the transmembrane helices in the presence of a bound ligand. We will present the details of the method and the results on validation of rhodopsin activation by all-trans retinal, and β2-AR bound to various agonists to investigate the modulation of helical kinks and tilts due to agonist binding.
Symmetry-conserving vortex clusters in small rotating clouds of ultracold bosons

Mean-field descriptions of the many-body problem exhibit a ubiquitous symmetry-breaking behavior that extends across several fields of physics, from nuclear physics 1, quantum chemistry 2, and metallic microclusters 3 to semiconductor quantum dots 4 and trapped ultracold atoms 4‐6. Mean-field broken-symmetry solutions are expected to play the role of an effective ground state in the thermodynamic limit, N →, when quantum fluctuations about the mean-field state may be omitted 7. A prominent example of such broken-symmetry states is given by the GrossPitaevskii GP vortex states in a harmonic trap 8. Specifically, although each individual vortex carries a quantized amount of angular momentum 9, the GP vortex solutions as a whole break the rotational symmetry of the confining harmonic trap 10, and thus they are not eigenstates of the total angular momentum L ˆ =i=1
Innovation in local government homelessness strategies

This study examines innovations in local government homelessness policy, specifically, the use of comprehensive and targeted programs. Traditionally, homelessness efforts have focused on emergency assistance, and have not included efforts in homelessness prevention or long-term care responding to the housing, job training and placement, health and mental health needs of homeless persons. In this article, findings are reported from a national survey of local homelessness efforts in cities over 50,000. It is found that 13 percent of cities have adopted the innovation of comprehensive homelessness efforts. Driving forces of this innovation include a broad range of private and public actions, including the use of community-based action strategies, as well as local conditions such as increased domestic violence and the use of emergency shelters. Popular apathy and a lack of city funding are important barriers to the adoption of this innovation.
Theory of the Infrared Absorption of Carriers in Germanium and Silicon

The Drude-Zener theory of optical absorption by free carriers is applied to the infrared absorption of $n$-type germanium and $p$-type silicon. Average effective masses so determined are: for electrons in germanium ${〈(\frac{{m}^{*}}{m})〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}$ ranges from 0.11 to 0.22; for holes in silicon ${〈(\frac{{m}^{*}}{m})〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}$ ranges from 0.19 to 0.55. The average effective mass values of electrons in germanium are in good agreement with those measured by cyclotron resonance. The infrared absorption bands of $p$-type germanium are explained on the basis of transitions of holes between three energy bands lying near the top of the valence band. This band structure is suggested by cyclotron resonance experiments. Application of the theory to $p$-type silicon leads to the prediction of an absorption peak near $25\ensuremath{\mu}$ and two lesser ones near $33\ensuremath{\mu}$.
Rapid Method for the Measurement of Monochromator Parameters in the Near Infrared

This paper describes a technique used for measuring monochromator characteristics in the near IR. It is shown that with an interferometer spectrophotometer, one can obtain parameters such as stray light, efficiency, resolution, bandwidth, and accuracy of wavelength readout. The advantage of this technique is simplicity and speed in data gathering.
Psychophysiological index attenuation to pictures

Young adults were shown three times in succession a series of pictures of three affective themes. Following the third presentation, a single additional novel picture, neutral in affective content, was shown. Four psychophysiological indexes were monitored: heart rate response (HR), blink rate response (BR), pupil size response (PR), and skin resistance (SR). The indexes were significantly different from the positive and negative affective themes relative to the neutral affective theme, and the subjects maintained their ability to discriminate between themes through the third presentation series, as they had through the first presentation series. Response attenuation was significant only for the SR. Baseline attenuation was greatest in the SR, intermediate in the HR and BR, and not present in the PR. The novel stimulus induced complete index dishabituation, a clear orienting response. It was concluded that psychophysiological indexes to a series of affective pictorial stimuli do not attenuate at equal rates and that attenuation is due to habituation as opposed to fatigue.
Philosophical approaches to levels of selection

Samir Okasha's book addresses several of the key controversies surrounding the levels of selection in evolutionary biology, including what form group selection needs to take and whether all forms of higher selection can be reduced to genic selection. One early puzzle in the debate was whether group selection required the functional organization of groups – an ‘emergent group property’. Okasha usefully reviews the discussion against the inclusion of such a requirement for group selection. Instead, selection is seen as occurring at a level if there is interaction between entities at that level and their environments.
Information, decision-making and deception in games

Modeling deception in a real-world conflict situation is usually difficult. For a better understanding, we study deception through a fundamental relationship between information and decision-making. Under a probabilistic framework, we consider a zero-sum game with an asymmetrical structure, where player 1 receives additional information and player 2 has the potential to inject deception. We derive accuracy conditions on the information obtained by player 1, which can lead to a better decision. The feasibility of deception is further explored, which is conditioned on the quality of deceptive signals generated by player 2. We classify deception into passive and active deception.
Stone Men of Malekula on Malakula: An Ethnography of an Ethnography

This article examines the resonances of the voluminous ethnography, ‘Stone Men of Malekula’ (SMM) in contemporary Vanuatu. Anthropological research is politically charged in Vanuatu, in part because of how the weighty materiality of archival forms exercise significant local authority. However, alongside respect for this ‘evidential’ material is a healthy scepticism of anthropological authority. SMM, written by the maverick anthropologist John Layard in 1942 (based on fieldwork in 1914–15), has returned to Vanuatu in many guises over the years. It is used as formal evidence in land disputes and as a bone of contention within competing claims. Tracing the ways in which culture is written, read and materialized, exposes the paradoxes of knowledge and politics not only within anthropological critique but in Vanuatu villages.
Effects of prolonged hydrochlorothiazide administration on neurogenic tone in the hind limb vasculature.

Abstract Prolonged oral administration of hydrochlorothiazide, (HCT) 10 mg/kg/day, to beagle dogs for a period of 12 months did not produce significant changes in body weight, blood pressure and heart rate. After 10 months of treatment, animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and pressure-flow relationships were established in the perfused hind limb prior to and following acute denervation and after α-adrenergic blockade. Denervation of the limb resulted in a marked decrease in perfusion pressures in the control animals while there were only slight changes in the HCT-treated dogs. Responses of the hind limb vasculature to lumbar sympathetic stimulation at L-5 level, and to intra-arterial administration of norepinephrine were similar in both groups. Blood pressure responses to bilateral carotid occlusion were also indentical in both treated and control groups. The data obtained suggested that there was a significant reduction in the neurogenic tone to hind limb vasculature of the animals treated with HCT and this inhibition was not due to any alterations in the peripheral adrenergic mechanisms. It is postulated that chronic hydrochlorothiazide treatment attenuated neurogenic tone to vasculature of the hind limb by an action mediated via the central nervous system.
Timing of aggregation and larval release by Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, in relation to tidal current patterns

Abstract Each spring, female Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi, form high density aggregations at 150 m depth in Chiniak Bay, Kodiak, AK. Within the aggregation, crabs form mounds containing hundreds to thousands of animals. In 1991, over 200 mounds and 100,000 crabs were present in an area of about 2 ha. Previous studies have suggested that aggregation and mating are synchronised with spring tidal cycles. In 1999, we placed a current meter near the aggregation, then observed aggregation behaviour with a video camera sled and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) over an 8-week period. Crabs were collected from the aggregation with the ROV, brought into the laboratory, and the numbers of hatching larvae were determined daily. Mound formation began in mid-April, hatching began around 7 May, and the median hatch date coincided with the strongest tides on 17 May. During this time, net tidal flow reversed for 3–4 days. In the laboratory, individual crabs released an average of 129,400 larvae over a period of 9.4 days. Over 74% of larvae hatched between 2000 and 2400 h. These data suggest that larval hatching is optimised to take advantage of tidal current patterns. It also implies that the timing of larval hatching for C. bairdi changes in monthly steps, and is decoupled from planktonic food production.
Infection of an avulsed papillary muscle tip simulating bacterial endocarditis

R upture of a papillary muscle usually initiates a series of events that terminates within hours or days in cardiac decompensation and death.1-3 However, a few patients have developed only moderate mitral insufficiency and lived for months with a ruptured papillary muscle.4 This report describes a patlent who had a ruptured papillary muscle for an indeterminate length of time, this condition being called to medical attention by the presence of gram-negative bacteremia which persisted despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Clinically, this was thought to represent bacterial endocarditis with ruptured chordae tendineae. At postmortem examination, the patient’s illness was found to be caused by persistent infection of an avulsed papillary muscle tip.
Focal adhesion regulation of cell behavior

Focal adhesions lie at the convergence of integrin adhesion, signaling and the actin cytoskeleton. Cells modify focal adhesions in response to changes in the molecular composition, two-dimensional (2D) vs. three-dimensional (3D) structure, and physical forces present in their extracellular matrix environment. We consider here how cells use focal adhesions to regulate signaling complexes and integrin function. Furthermore, we examine how this regulation controls complex cellular behaviors in response to matrices of diverse physical and biochemical properties. One event regulated by the physical structure of the ECM is phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Y397, which couples FAK to several signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion.
Interactive simulation of stylized human locomotion

Animating natural human motion in dynamic environments is difficult because of complex geometric and physical interactions. Simulation provides an automatic solution to parts of this problem, but it needs control systems to produce lifelike motions. This paper describes the systematic computation of controllers that can reproduce a range of locomotion styles in interactive simulations. Given a reference motion that describes the desired style, a derived control system can reproduce that style in simulation and in new environments. Because it produces high-quality motions that are both geometrically and physically consistent with simulated surroundings, interactive animation systems could begin to use this approach along with more established kinematic methods.
Botulinum toxin pretreatment augments the weakening effect of injection with ricin-mAb35 in rabbit extraocular muscle

Purpose To examine force generation and duration of effect of botulinum toxin pretreatment, followed by injection of ricin-mAb35 in extraocular muscle. Methods In normal adult rabbits, one superior rectus muscle was injected with either 5 units botulinum toxin or 1/50 maximally tolerated dose for rats (rMTD) of ricin-mAb35. Additional rabbits were first injected with 5 units botulinum toxin, and after 1, 2, or 4 weeks the same muscle was injected with either 1/10 or 1/50 rMTD ricin-mAb35. In each treatment group, the contralateral muscle was injected with an equal volume of saline. After 12 weeks (1/50 rMTD) or 6 months (1/10 rMTD), the rabbits were euthanized. Both SR muscles were removed and assayed physiologically, using an in vitro apparatus. Results Twelve weeks after treatment with either botulinum toxin or immunotoxin alone, only ricin-mAb35-treated muscles were weaker than control muscles at tetanic stimulation frequencies. Pretreatment with botulinum toxin prior to injection with immunotoxin, especially at shorter intervals between injections, resulted in significant decreases in twitch and tetanic force generation compared with controls and muscles treated with ricin-mAb35 only or botulinum toxin only. At 6 months, force generation was decreased from control only in muscles treated with the higher dose of ricin-mAb35. Botulinum toxin pretreatment did not augment this effect at 6 months. Conclusions Upregulation of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors caused by botulinum toxin pretreatment amplifies the reduction of force generation in extraocular muscle following secondary injection of the immunotoxin ricin-mAb35 within 3 months of treatment.
A multiobjective ant colony-based optimization algorithm for the bin packing problem with load balancing

This paper presents ABLA, a novel multiobjective ant colony-based optimization algorithm to address the bin packing problem with load balancing. ABLA incorporates (1) a new probabilistic decision rule that builds solutions by making use of individual pheromone matrices for each objective function; (2) a new pheromone updating approach in which ants deposit variable amounts of pheromone; (3) two new local search methods to improve load balancing: LBH and LBH-AB; and (4) the Pareto dominance approach to select optimal solutions. ABLA is compared to a Multiobjective Max-Min Ant System (MO-MMAS) and an adapted multiobjective version of the First-Fit Decreasing (FFD) algorithm, which is the best known ρ-approximation algorithm for the bin packing problem. Results show that ABLA finds better solutions than both FFD and MO-MMAS, and that LBH and LBH-AB noticeably improve the load balancing across bins.
Lysophosphatidic Acid in Vascular Development and Disease

Summary Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small signaling lipid that is capable of stimulating a plethora of different cellular responses through the activation of its family of cognate G proteincoupled receptors. LPA mediates a wide range of biological effects in many tissue types that have been recently reviewed; however, its effects on vasculature development and function have received comparatively less examination. In this review, literature on the actions of LPA in three main aspects of vascular development (vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and vascular maturation) is discussed. In addition, evidence for the roles of LPA signaling in the formation of secondary vascular structures, such as the blood brain barrier, is considered, consistent with significant roles for LPA signaling in vascular development, function, and disease. 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(8): 791–799, 2009
Asymptotic tracking for aircraft via an uncertain Dynamic Inversion method

An asymptotic tracking controller is designed in this paper, which combines model reference adaptive control (MRAC) and dynamic inversion (DI) methodologies in conduction with the robust integral of the signum of the error (RISE) technique for output tracking of an aircraft system in the presence of parametric uncertainty and unknown, nonlinear disturbances, which are not linearly parameterizable (non- LP). The control design is complicated by the fact that the control input is multiplied by an uncertain, non-square matrix. Partial knowledge of the aircraft model along with constant feedforward estimates of the unknown plant parameters are exploited in order to reduce the required control effort. This result shows for the first time how asymptotic tracking control can be achieved for a nonlinear system in the presence of a non-square input matrix containing parametric uncertainty and nonlinear, non-LP disturbances. Asymptotic output tracking is proven via Lyapunov stability analysis, and high-fidelity simulation results are provided to verify the efficacy of the proposed controller.
Federalist No. 44: What Is the Role of Intergovernmental Relations in Federalism?

Federalist No. 44 examines the connective mechanisms underlying a federal system of government. Traditionally called “intergovernmental relations,” these systems were intended to facilitate the pursuit of effective implementation of national policies. This essay suggests that the national government's officers should not be impressed by collaboration unless it produces better performance or lower costs. Collaboration is a means to an end, not an absolute requirement.
Gravitational lens equation for embedded lenses; magnification and ellipticity

We give the lens equation for light deflections caused by point mass condensations in an otherwise spatially homogeneous and flat universe. We assume the signal from a distant source is deflected by a single condensation before it reaches the observer. We call this deflector an embedded lens because the deflecting mass is part of the mean density. The embedded lens equation differs from the conventional lens equation because the deflector mass is not simply an addition to the cosmic mean. We prescribe an iteration scheme to solve this new lens equation and use it to compare our results with standard linear lensing theory. We also compute analytic expressions for the lowest order corrections to image amplifications and distortions caused by incorporating the lensing mass into the mean. We use these results to estimate the effect of embedding on strong lensing magnifications and ellipticities and find only small effects, <1%, contrary to what we have found for time delays and for weak lensing, {approx}5%.
Policy Diffusion and Strategies for Promoting Policy Change: Evidence From California Local Gun Control Ordinances

Recent research efforts on policy innovation and diffusion largely have focused upon policymaking at the state government level. In this article we seek to develop an understanding of the ways momentum for policy change can be generated among receptive local governments. We use gun control policymaking within California to illustrate how local government characteristics, the presence of regional associations, and the establishment of interest groups may lead to policy development and diffusion. We also identify linkages between interest groups, focusing events, and the successful use of a new image of gun violence as a public health problem, yielding insights into strategies that may be used successfully to promote policy change.
Pairwise local alignment of protein interaction networks guided by models of evolution

With ever increasing amount of available data on protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and research revealing that these networks evolve at a modular level, discovery of conserved patterns in these networks becomes an important problem. Recent algorithms on aligning PPI networks target simplified structures such as conserved pathways to render these problems computationally tractable. However, since conserved structures that are parts of functional modules and protein complexes generally correspond to dense subnets of the network, algorithms that are able to extract conserved patterns in terms of general graphs are necessary. With this motivation, we focus here on discovering protein sets that induce subnets that are highly conserved in the interactome of a pair of species. For this purpose, we develop a framework that formally defines the pairwise local alignment problem for PPI networks, models the problem as a graph optimization problem, and presents fast algorithms for this problem. In order to capture the underlying biological processes correctly, we base our framework on duplication/divergence models that focus on understanding the evolution of PPI networks. Experimental results from an implementation of the proposed framework show that our algorithm is able to discover conserved interaction patterns very effectively (in terms of accuracies and computational cost). While we focus on pairwise local alignment of PPI networks in this paper, the proposed algorithm can be easily adapted to finding matches for a subnet query in a database of PPI networks.
A multicenter evaluation of remifentanil for early postoperative analgesia.

We evaluated the use of an infusion of remifentanil to provide postoperative analgesia during recovery from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil and propofol.One hundred fifty-seven patients from seven medical centers underwent abdominal, spine, joint replacement, or thoracic surger