cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giant multilocular cystadenoma of the prostate responsive to GnRH antagonists

Giant multilocular cystadenoma of the prostate is a rare, benign, but locally recurrent, tumor that is usually treated by surgery. We report a case initially treated by surgical resection and followed by evaluation of serum prostate-specific antigen values. After evidence of biochemical failure, pathologic recurrence was confirmed and treated by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist Lupron, with excellent results. The patient was stable without biochemical or radiologic evidence of progression during the last 2.5 years. This result offers a new treatment option for patients with this rare tumor.
Temperature-dependent growth in isolates of Corollospora maritima Werderm. (Ascomycetes) from different geographical regions

The growth rates of five strains of the marine ascomycete Corollospora maritima Werderm., isolated from different geographical regions, show significant differences in their responses to temperature. At 30 °C, strains isolated from warm waters are able to grow at higher rates than cold-water isolates. At 10 °C, strains isolated from cold waters grow at higher rates than warm-water isolates (P < 0.05). A strain isolated from temperate waters shows growth rates intermediate between those of the cold- and warm-water isolates. Strains of C. maritima thus appear to be adapted to grow best near the temperatures at which they are found in nature. It is suggested that the cosmopolitan classification of C. maritima be reexamined, and that the species consists of distinct physiological races which maintain characteristic temperature responses in the laboratory.
Age Tracers in an Ocean GCM

Abstract Observations of transient tracers such as tritium and helium-3 ( 3 He ) are frequently combined to construct “age-like” quantities generally interpreted to represent time elapsed since a fluid parcel was last at the surface. In a turbulent (“diffusive”) environment such as the ocean, we must regard the fluid parcel as being composed of material fluid elements that have spent different lengths of time since their last contact with the surface. Hence, they are characterized by an age spectrum or distribution of transit times. In this study we explore the concepts of tracer-derived “ages” and the transit-time probability density function (PDF) with the aim of improving our understanding of their interpretation. Using an ocean general circulation model, we illustrate the effect of mixing on tracer-derived “ages” within the Atlantic Ocean. The mixing biases such ages towards younger values with respect to the ideal or mean age of a water parcel. In the North Atlantic, this bias is particularly pronounced in the thermocline because of large vertical gradients in tracer concentration, and in the deep ocean, where the penetration of recently ventilated water creates large gradients along the isopycnal surfaces. In contrast, the effect of mixing appears to be relatively small in the subtropical subduction region. Calculations of the transit-time PDF in the ocean model show, however, that the mean age can potentially be very large because of contributions from long transit-time pathways, in spite of the fact that such pathways make up a small fraction of the fluid parcel. These results illustrate the key idea that tracer-derived ages are weighted towards the leading part of the transit-time distribution, while the ideal age is more sensitive to its “tail”. These tracers are thus sensitive to and help constrain different time scales. We also find that the ideal age converges much more rapidly to the mean age compared with the first moment of the age spectrum, an important consideration in numerical studies.
Seizures following the use of proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops

A 28-year-old woman presented to the emergency department for treatment of a corneal abrasion. Shortly after inserting two drops of proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops into her conjunctival sac, she experienced a tonic-clonic seizure. The absorption, systemic effects, and side effects of topical ophthalmological preparations are discussed.
Characterization of an amino-terminal fragment of the bacteriophage T4 uvsY recombination protein

The uvsY protein plays essential roles in homologous genetic recombination processes in the bacteriophage T4. In vitro, uvsY promotes the formation of presynaptic filaments containing stoichiometric amounts of the T4 uvsX recombinase bound to single-stranded DNA. uvsY protein has intrinsic binding activities towards ssDNA, uvsX, and gp32, the T4-encoded SSB, however, it has not been directly determined which of these activities are essential for uvsY's role in presynapsis. We have therefore sought to generate altered forms of uvsY deficient in uvsX- and/or gp32-binding, in order to assess whether these specific protein-protein interactions are essential for uvsY recombination functions. Limited chymotrypsinolysis of the 16 kDa uvsY protein generates two major fragments: an 11.5 kDa fragment containing the N-terminus of uvsY, and a 4.5 kDa C-terminal fragment. We have expressed and purified the large fragment as a fusion protein containing the N-terminal 101 amino acids of uvsY. We show that this truncated uvsY species, which we call uvsYNT, retains ssDNA-binding activity, but is devoid of both uvsX- and gp32-binding activities. Like native uvsY, uvsYNT stimulates the ssDNA-dependent ATPase activity of the uvsX protein, however, the synergistic effects observed between uvsY, uvsX, and gp32 are not observed with uvsYNT. In addition, uvsYNT weakly stimulates uvsX-catalyzed DNA strand exchange reactions. The latter result is surprising since it suggests that specific interactions with uvsX and/or gp32 are not absolutely essential for uvsY recombination functions. Taken together, the data are consistent with a model in which uvsY-ssDNA interactions alone are capable of promoting the assembly of functional uvsX-ssDNA complexes, while uvsY-protein interactions stabilize uvsX-ssDNA complexes.
Group theoretical treatment of Jahn–Teller versus spin-orbit effects on geometries, rovibronic levels and nuclear spin species of bismuth and antimony clusters

Clusters of very heavy group 15 elements, particularly those of Sb and Bi are intriguing due to the interplay of vibronic and relativistic effects, which quench the Jahn–Teller distortion, and thus resulting in the retention of higher symmetry in the double group. Group theoretical treatment of Bi n clusters and comparisons with Sb n clusters as a function of cluster size and coordination polyhedra has been carried out. The spin-orbit and Jahn–Teller effects have dual roles, thus resulting in interesting rovibronic and nuclear spin species arising from spin-9/2 209Bi. The rovibronic and nuclear spin species of 121Sb and 123Sb are also quite interesting due to their equal relative abundance and high nuclear spin. It has been shown by using group theoretical and combinatorial methods that these clusters exhibit interesting nuclear spin multiplets and distributions of rovibronic levels as a function of polyhedral geometry, which is influenced by the quenching of Jahn–Teller pseudorotation by spin-orbit effec...
Investment and Market Structure in Industries with Congestion

We analyze investment incentives and market structure under oligopoly competition in industries with congestion effects. Our results are particularly focused on models inspired by modern technology-based services, such as telecommunications and computing services. We consider situations where firms compete by simultaneously choosing prices and investments; increasing investment reduces the congestion disutility experienced by consumers. We define a notion of returns to investment, according to which congestion models inspired by delay exhibit increasing returns, while loss models exhibit nonincreasing returns. For a broad range of models with nonincreasing returns to investment, we characterize and establish uniqueness of pure strategy Nash equilibrium. We also provide conditions for existence of pure strategy Nash equilibrium. We extend our analysis to a model in which firms must additionally decide whether to enter the industry. Our theoretical results contribute to the basic understanding of competition in service industries and yield insight into business and policy considerations.
Patients With Hemodynamically Tolerated Ventricular Tachycardia Require Implantable Cardioverter–Defibrillators

Conventional wisdom has long held that patients with tolerated ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the setting of chronic coronary heart disease are at low risk of arrhythmic death. This logic held that arrhythmia recurrence, although reasonably likely, could be predicted to be well tolerated. As with all truisms, it is good to reexamine this belief periodically. Disease states change; more information becomes available; and the general context of medical care improves. Expectations and capacity to tolerate risk, which are essentially societal rather than medical considerations, continue to evolve. Situations exist such as the present case in which this process of reexamination rather than the results of well-constructed randomized trials will determine the correct course. Response by Almendral and Josephson p 1203 Many past studies have looked at this question at least tangentially. Despite this experience, no study directly answers this question in the present day. Our contemporary strategies for treating patients with advanced structural heart disease, including more aggressive revascularization and prevention of remodeling in heart failure, were not available during the time when these studies were performed. These strategies certainly have antiarrhythmic effects but more profoundly influence the natural history of progressive heart failure. There also have been marked changes in strategies for specific antiarrhythmic therapy. For all of these reasons, the data from trials performed in the 1980s and 1990s are reviewed for themes rather than direct answers. Despite these disclaimers, critical review of the evidence demonstrates that patients with structural heart disease (primarily healed myocardial infarction) who present with tolerated VT require implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. The foundations for this conclusion are as follows. First, tolerated VT is not a benign condition but signals a risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Second, the benefit of secondary-prevention ICD therapy is difficult to challenge. Finally, successful catheter ablation does not sufficiently …
IGF2 ameliorates amyloidosis, increases cholinergic marker expression and raises BMP9 and neurotrophin levels in the hippocampus of the APPswePS1dE9 Alzheimer's disease model mice.

The development of an effective therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major challenge to biomedical sciences. Because much of early AD pathophysiology includes hippocampal abnormalities, a viable treatment strategy might be to use trophic factors that support hippocampal integrity and function. IGF2 is an attractive candidate as it acts in the hippocampus to enhance memory consolidation, stimulate adult neurogenesis and upregulate cholinergic marker expression and acetylcholine (ACh) release. We performed a seven-day intracerebroventricular infusion of IGF2 in transgenic APPswe.PS1dE9 AD model mice that express green fluorescent protein in cholinergic neurons (APP.PS1/CHGFP) and in wild type WT/CHGFP littermates at 6 months of age representing early AD-like disease. IGF2 reduced the number of hippocampal Aβ40- and Aβ42-positive amyloid plaques in APP.PS1/CHGFP mice. Moreover, IGF2 increased hippocampal protein levels of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase in both WT/CHGFP and APP.PS1/CHGFP mice. The latter effect was likely mediated by increased protein expression of the cholinergic differentiating factor, BMP9, observed in IGF2-treated mice as compared to controls. IGF2 also increased the protein levels of hippocampal NGF, BDNF, NT3 and IGF1 and of doublecortin, a marker of neurogenesis. These data show that IGF2 administration is effective in reversing and preventing several pathophysiologic processes associated with AD and suggest that IGF2 may constitute a therapeutic target for AD.
‘Ask a Woman’: Childbearing and Ezra's Transformation in 4 Ezra *

This article argues that the imagery of childbearing serves as a narrative motif in 4 Ezra. Language of fertility and birth appears regularly in Ezra's theodicy and his quest for knowledge. The angel uses childbearing metaphors to instruct Ezra about the coming transition of the ages: the signs of the end of the old age are dysfunctional birth and labor pains, while the fruitful new age will give birth according to a predetermined schedule. These numerous references to fecundity convey the theme of Ezra's movement toward understanding, leading him toward the pivotal moment when an actual childbearing woman appears before him. By joining in her lament for a precious son, Ezra shares the divine perspective of love, proving himself worthy of receiving esoteric wisdom.
Resources for small regulatory RNAs.

Over the past twenty years, new classes of regulatory RNAs have been discovered, previously hidden in the transcriptome mostly due to their small size. These small regulatory RNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Numerous databases have been developed to store information about these small regulatory RNAs, and many tools have been developed to work with the data. This overview introduces the reader to the many resources available for working with small regulatory RNAs. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 107:19.8.1-19.8.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: miRNA; piRNA; siRNA; regulatory RNAs
A Comparison of Fast-Rate, Slow-Rate, and Silent Previewing Interventions on Reading Performance

Researchers investigated the effects of three different previewing interventions on the oral reading rates of 12 junior and senior high school students with learning disabilities. Under fast-rate listening previewing (FRLP), students were instructed to follow silently as experimenters read from a text at an average rate that was 77.7% faster than the students' current oral reading rate. During slow-rate listening previewing (SRLP), students followed along as experimenters read at an average rate that was 22.5% faster than the students' reading rate. Students were instructed to read passages silently under silent previewing (SP). Immediately following each previewing intervention, students read the same passage aloud. The number of words read correctly per minute and the number of errors per minute served as dependent variables. The results showed statistically significant decreases in error rates under SRLP and SP. The results also showed that SRLP resulted in statistically significantly fewer errors per ...
Human-in-the-Loop Camera Control for a Mechatronic Broadcast Boom

Platforms like gantries, booms, aircrafts, and submersibles are often used in the broadcasting industry. To avoid collisions and occlusions, such mechatronic platforms often possess redundant degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). As a result, manual manipulating of such platforms demands much skill. This paper describes the implementation of several controllers that, by using computer vision, attempts to reduce the number of manually manipulated DOFs. Experiments were performed to assess the performance of each controller. A model for such a system was developed and validated. To determine how the visual servoing can improve the tracking, a novice operator and an expert were asked to manually track a moving target with the assistance of visual servoing. The results of these tests were analyzed and compared
Once a week treatments.

Abstract In 35 cancer patients who were treated from 1974 through June 1976, once a week treatments (e.g. 7 times 615 rad = 4305 rad =1800 ret) were tolerated as well and seemed to produce at least as good results as treatments with 4–5 fractions per week. One treatment per week has obvious practical advantages for the non-hospitalized patient and for a busy department.
Managing side effects of interferon-beta in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Abstract In separate clinical trials, two preparations of recombinant interferon (IFN)-beta, IFN beta-1a and IFN beta-1b, reduced exacerbation rates in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). Further, IFN beta-1a slows the progression of disability in patients with RR-MS. Although they are effective in the treatment of MS, use of these drugs is associated with both class-specific and agent-specific side effects. Class-specific side effects include fever, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, and other flulike symptoms beginning 2 to 6 hours after injection and resolving within 24 hours of injection. Transient worsening of preexisting MS symptoms also occurs infrequently. Agent-specific side effects include injection-site reactions with IFN beta-1b. Simple management strategies can be used to minimize these reactions, including patient education; tailoring the dose and time of administration of IFN-beta; and prescribing appropriate combinations of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and steroids. Although side effects tend to diminish with treatment, successful management allows long-term administration of these drugs to achieve a reduction in disease activity and commensurate improvement in outcomes.
Evaluation of threshold and gradient based 18F-fluoro-deoxy-2-glucose hybrid positron emission tomographic image segmentation methods for liver tumor delineation

Abstract Purpose Image segmentation methods were studied to delineate liver lesions in 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomographic (FDG-PET) images. The goal of this study was to identify a clinically practical, semiautomated FDG-PET avid volume segmentation method to improve the accuracy of liver tumor contouring for treatment planning in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Methods and materials Pretreatment PET-CT image sets for 26 patients who received SBRT to 28 liver lesions were delineated using the following 3 methods: (1) Percent threshold with respect to background corrected maximum standard uptake values (SUV; threshold values varied from 10% to 50% with 10% increments); (2) threshold 3 standard deviations above mean background SUV (3σ); and (3) a gradient-based method that detects the edge of the FDG-PET avid lesion (edge). For each lesion, semiautomatically generated contours were evaluated with respect to reference contours manually drawn by 3 radiation oncologists. Two similarity metrics, Dice coefficient, and mean minimal distance (MMD), were employed to assess the volumetric overlap and the mean Euclidian distance between semiautomatically and observer-drawn contours. Results Mean Dice and MMD values for 10%, 20%, 30% threshold, 3σ, and edge varied from 0.69 to 0.73, and from 3.44 mm to 3.94 mm, respectively (ideal Dice and MMD values are 1 and 0 mm, respectively). A statistically significant difference was not observed among 10%, 20%, 30% threshold, 3σ, and edge methods, whereas 40% and 50% methods had inferior Dice and MMD values. Conclusions Three PET segmentation methods were identified above as potential tools to accelerate liver lesion delineation. The edge method appears to be the most practical for clinical implementation as it does not require calculation of SUV statistics. However, the performance of all segmentation methods showed large lesion-to-lesion fluctuations. Therefore, such methods may be suitable for generating initial estimates of FDG-PET avid volumes rather than being surrogates for manual volume delineation.
Variability of the lunar photoelectron sheath and dust mobility due to solar activity

[1] The solar vacuum ultraviolet (VUV; < 200 nm) radiation induces photoemission from the surface of the Moon, Mercury, and other airless celestial bodies. This process charges the surface positively and generates a near-surface photoelectron plasma sheath. Solar activity is highly variable in the 70–100 nm range where the photoelectron yield peaks. Available data for high-resolution solar UV spectra and lunar grain photoelectric yield are combined to calculate the variation of photoelectron emission with solar activity. The results show that extreme solar flare conditions can increase photoelectron emission several fold. The consequence of higher photoelectron current is increased surface potential and stronger electric field that is likely to increase the electrostatic mobilization of lunar dust.
Expression of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in human lung cells

We and others have shown that one of the mechanisms of growth regulation of small cell lung cancer cell lines and cultured pulmonary neuroendocrine cells is by the binding of agonists to the α7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In addition, we have shown that the nicotine-derived carcinogenic nitrosamine, 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is a high affinity agonist for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In the present study, our goal was to determine the extent of α7 mRNA and protein expression in the human lung. Experiments were done using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a nuclease protection assay and western blotting using membrane proteins. We detected mRNA for the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 receptor in seven small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, in two pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell lines, in cultured normal human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC), one carcinoid cell line, three squamous cell lines and tissue samples from nine patients with various types of lung cancer. A nuclease protection assay showed prominent levels of α7 in the NCI-H82 SCLC cell line while α7 was not detected in SAEC, suggesting that α7 mRNA levels may be higher in SCLC compared to normal cells. Using a specific antibody to the α7 nicotinic receptor, protein expression of α7 was determined. All SCLC cell lines except NCI-H187 expressed protein for the α7 receptor. In the non-SCLC cells and normal cells that express the α7 nAChR mRNA, only in SAEC, A549 and NCI-H226 was expression of the α7 nicotinic receptor protein shown. When NCI-H69 SCLC cell line was exposed to 100 pm NNK, protein expression of the α7 receptor was increased at 60 and 150 min. Expression of mRNA for the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 seems to be ubiquitously expressed in all human lung cancer cell lines tested (except for NCI-H441) as well as normal lung cells. The α7 nicotinic receptor protein is expressed in fewer cell lines, and the tobacco carcinogen NNK increases α7 nicotinic receptor protein levels.
A Framework to Integrate Public, Dynamic Metrics Into an OER Platform

The usage metrics for open educational resources (OER) are often either hidden behind an authentication system or shared intermittently in static, aggregated format at the repository level. This paper discusses the first year of University of Michigan’s project to share its OER usage data dynamically, publicly, to synthesize it across different levels within the repository hierarchies, and to aggregate in a method inclusive of content hosted on third-party platforms. The authors analyze their user research with a target audience of faculty authors, multimedia specialists, librarians, and communications specialists. Next, they explore a stratified technical design that allows the dynamic sharing of metrics down to the level of individual resources. The authors conclude that this framework enables sustainable feedback to OER creators, helps to build positive relationships with creators of OER, and allows the institution to move toward sharing OER on a larger scale.
A time and space complexity analysis of model integration

The computational study of complex systems increasingly requires model integration. The drivers include a growing interest in leveraging accepted legacy models, an intensifying pressure to reduce development costs by reusing models, and expanding user requirements that are best met by combining different modeling methods. There have been many published successes including supporting theory, conceptual frameworks, software tools, and case studies. Nonetheless, on an empirical basis, the published work suggests that correctly specifying model integration strategies remains challenging. This naturally raises a question that has not yet been answered in the literature, namely ‘what is the computational difficulty of model integration?’ This paper's contribution is to address this question with a time and space complexity analysis that concludes that deep model integration with proven correctness is both NP-complete and PSPACE-complete and that reducing this complexity requires sacrificing correctness proofs in favor of guidance from both subject matter experts and modeling specialists.
Searching for food in the wild: a nonhuman rimate’s expectations about invisible displacement

Five experiments involving invisible displacements were run on a population of semi-free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The goal of these experiments was to assess, without training, the kinds of expectations individuals spontaneously set up when an object has moved out of sight. The first experiment, modeled after studies of human infants and children, involved a table with one box on the top surface and a second box lined up below on the ground. An occluder was placed in front of the table, blocking the subject’s view. A piece of food was then dropped behind the occluder, above the top box. The presenter then removed the occluder, walked away, and allowed the subject to approach. Consistently, subjects searched in the incorrect bottom box. This error can be interpreted as a failure to understand solidity, containment, or some other factor. It can also be interpreted as an error guided by a gravity bias, i.e. an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or to the lowest point. Experiments 2–5 tested these alternative hypotheses. Results show that rhesus monkeys do not have an inherent bottom box bias, are not avoiding the top box, and do recognize that in some contexts boxes can contain or hold food. Thus, for example, when the two boxes are placed on the ground, one in front of the other, and occluded, subjects search in the near box after a piece of food has been rolled behind the occluder (horizontal trajectory). This shows that rhesus can solve an invisible displacement problem that involves solid containers, where one container blocks travel to the other container. We conclude that the rhesus monkey’s error in Experiment 1 is guided by an expectation that all falling objects fall straight down or, at least, to the lowest point. This expectation represents a limitation of their knowledge of physical objects and events.
Efficient in vitro repair of 7-hydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine by human cell extracts: Involvement of multiple pathways

To investigate the repair of oxidative damage in DNA, we have established an in vitro assay utilizing human lymphoblastoid whole cell extracts and plasmid DNA damaged by exposure to methylene blue and visible light. This treatment has been shown to produce predominantly 7-hydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in double-stranded DNA at low levels of modification. DNA containing 1.6 lesions per plasmid is substrate for efficient repair synthesis by cell extracts. The incorporation of dGMP is 2.7 ± 0.5 times greater than the incorporation of dCMP, indicating an average repair patch of 3‐4 nucleotides. Damage-specific nicking occurs within 15 min, while resynthesis is slower. The incorporation of dGMP increases linearly, while the incorporation of dCMP exhibits a distinct lag. Extracts from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation groups A and B exhibit 25 and 40%, respectively, of the incorporation of dCMP compared with normal extracts, but extracts from an XP-D cell line exhibit twice the activity. These data suggest that the efficient repair of 8-oxodG lesions observed in human cell extracts involves more than one pathway of base excision repair.
CD26 is essential for normal G-CSF–induced progenitor cell mobilization as determined by CD26−/− mice

Abstract Objective In spite of the wide usage of mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) for transplantation, the mechanism of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)–induced HSC/HPC mobilization has yet to be fully determined. Our previous studies suggested that that G-CSF–induced mobilization may involve the extracellular peptidase CD26 (DPPIV/dipeptidylpeptidase IV). We set out to establish whether CD26 was an essential component of normal G-CSF–induced mobilization of HSC/HPC. Materials and methods Normal wild-type (WT) control C57BL/6 mice and CD26 knockout (CD26 −/− ) mice, also on a C57BL/6 background, were treated with or without G-CSF and peripheral blood cells, bone marrow cells, and spleen cells were assessed for CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-GEMM content. Results No statistical difference in the number of CFU-GM, BFU-E, or CFU-GEMM in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or spleen of untreated WT vs untreated CD26 −/− mice was observed. G-CSF treatment of WT mice resulted in the mobilization of HPC into the peripheral blood. The number of HPC detected in G-CSF–treated CD26 −/− mouse peripheral blood was significantly less than the corresponding number of HPC detected in G-CSF–treated WT mouse peripheral blood after either a 2- or 4-day G-CSF regimen. Conclusions CD26 plays a critical role in G-CSF–induced mobilization of HPC.
Numerical simulation of `multiphase tracer transport in fractured geothermal reservoirs

Abstract Tracer transport in two-phase (liquid–gas) conditions is a complex process that involves advection, diffusion, and hydrodynamic dispersion. Volatile tracers may be strongly affected by partitioning between gas and liquid phases, and by exchanges between fractures and rock matrix. This paper presents a space-discretized treatment of tracer diffusion under multiphase conditions that is fully coupled with equilibrium phase partitioning. Our method is self-consistent and is applicable to any combination of gas and liquid phases in single and two-phase conditions, including the extreme case of diffusion across a sharp gas–water interface. It is shown that an uncoupled approach, in which diffusive fluxes in gas and liquid phases are evaluated separately and added, can lead to large errors. The coupled treatment of multiphase tracer diffusion has been implemented in the general-purpose geothermal reservoir simulator TOUGH2. Applications to strongly and weakly depleted zones at The Geysers vapor-dominated reservoir produce breakthrough curves (BTCs) whose features (timing, peak, tail) agree well with field observations.
Genome-wide mapping of transcription factor binding reveals developmental process integration and a fresh look at evolutionary dynamics

How does evolution forge adaptive responses? Are many changes required or few? Just how complex are the transcriptional networks that control development? Diverse questions like these are being newly addressed by next-generation sequencing-based techniques. Facilitating a mechanistic understanding, these approaches reveal the direct in vivo interactions between transcription factors and their physical targets, combined with genome-scale readouts to comprehensively map adaptive gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Here I focus on pioneering work from the last 3 years that has leveraged these data to investigate diverse aspects of GRN circuitry controlling the reproductive transition in plants. These approaches have revealed surprising new functions for long-investigated key players in developmental programs and laid bare the basis for pleiotropy in many others, suggesting widespread process integration at the transcriptional level. Evolutionary questions begged by the recent deluge of GRN mapping data are being assessed anew, both by emerging work outside Arabidopsis thaliana and novel analyses within. These studies have swiftly exposed the distinctive power and adaptability of genome-wide GRN mapping and illustrate that this unique data type holds tremendous promise for plant biology.
Heavy-impurity resonance, hybridization, and phonon spectral functions in Fe 1 − x M x Si ( M = Ir , Os )

The vibrational behavior of heavy substitutional impurities $(M=\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{Ir},\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{Os})$ in ${\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}\text{Si}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}(x=0,0.02,0.04,0.1)$ was investigated with a combination of inelastic neutron scattering (INS), transport measurements, and first-principles simulations. Our INS measurements on single crystals mapped the four-dimensional dynamical structure factor, $S(\mathbf{Q},E)$, for several compositions and temperatures. Our results show that both Ir and Os impurities lead to the formation of a weakly dispersive resonance vibrational mode, in the energy range of the acoustic phonon dispersions of the FeSi host. We also show that Ir doping, which introduces free carriers, leads to softened interatomic force constants compared to doping with Os, which is isoelectronic to Fe. We analyze the phonon $S(\mathbf{Q},E)$ from INS through a Green's-function model incorporating the phonon self-energy based on first-principles density functional theory simulations, and we study the disorder-induced lifetimes on large supercells. Calculations of the quasiparticle spectral functions in the doped system reveal the hybridization between the resonance and the acoustic phonon modes. Our results demonstrate a strong interaction of the host acoustic dispersions with the resonance mode, likely leading to the large observed suppression in lattice thermal conductivity.
Age differences in mental rotation task performance: the influence of speed/accuracy tradeoffs

Young and old subjects performed a mental rotation task with a within-subject instructional manipulation of speed/accuracy criteria. The three sets of instructions emphasized speed, accuracy, or both speed and accuracy equally. Both age groups changed reaction time (RT) in response to instructions, but there was no Age x Instruction interaction. Whereas young subjects showed decreases in accuracy with decreasing RT, older adults showed relatively stable levels of accuracy with decreasing RT, suggesting that young subjects were more willing to sacrifice accuracy for improvement in speed. Speed/accuracy operating characteristics for the two groups did not overlap, suggesting that age differences in response criteria cannot completely account for age differences in mental rotation performance.
Nonrigid Motion Correction With 3D Image-Based Navigators for Coronary MR Angiography.

PURPOSE To develop a retrospective nonrigid motion-correction method based on 3D image-based navigators (iNAVs) for free-breathing whole-heart coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). METHODS The proposed method detects global rigid-body motion and localized nonrigid motion from 3D iNAVs and compensates them with an autofocusing algorithm. To model the global motion, 3D rotation and translation are estimated from the 3D iNAVs. Two sets of localized nonrigid motions are obtained from deformation fields between 3D iNAVs and reconstructed binned images, respectively. A bank of motion-corrected images is generated and the final image is assembled pixel-by-pixel by selecting the best focused pixel from this bank. In vivo studies with six healthy volunteers were conducted to compare the performance of the proposed method with 3D translational motion correction and no correction. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that compared to no correction, 3D translational motion correction and the proposed method increased the vessel sharpness by 13% ± 13% and 19% ± 16%, respectively. Out of 90 vessel segments, 75 segments showed improvement with the proposed method compared to 3D translational correction. CONCLUSION We have developed a nonrigid motion-correction method based on 3D iNAVs and an autofocusing algorithm that improves the vessel sharpness of free-breathing whole-heart coronary MRA. Magn Reson Med 77:1884-1893, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
An eclectic inpatient treatment model for Vietnam and Desert Storm veterans suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder

This paper describes the therapeutic components of an eclectic, intensive inpatient treatment strategy for Vietnam and Desert Storm veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. A specific treatment model was devised by this author. The procedure was a collaborative effort: the staff and the patients participated in this preparatory phase treatment program at the Tripler Posttraumatic Stress Unit, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. The basic treatment is based on group therapy, utilizing educational, cognitive-behavioral therapy, gestalt therapy, and individualized psychotherapy, and eye movement desensitization strategies. The timing and sequencing of these treatments are a critical part of the model, and we have come to refer to it as the layered model because the treatments are layered, much like the delicious parfait dessert.
Ileal ureter and renal autotransplantation.

SUMMARY It should be reemphasized that the surgical procedures described above should be utilized only when medical means of managing recurrent renal calculi have failed. Any of the operative procedures described may result in spontaneous clearance of calculi from the kidney without the need for repetitive surgical intervention. There are no strict criteria guiding the surgeon in his choice of one procedure versus the others. A few caveats may be emphasized. Patients with diminished renal reserve are poor candidates for ileal interposition. The kidney with impaired renal blood flow is potentially a poor candidate organ for autotransplantation. Other than these basic criteria, the surgeon must be guided in his choice of operative procedures according to the clinical circumstances presented by the patient as well as his own personal operative experience.
Organization of Human Visual Cortex

Over the past three decades, the systematic exploration of the primate visual cortex has been a major target of neurobiological research. The visual cortex has been extensively studied in the macaque monkey, whose visual system is similar in many ways to that of humans. On the basis of anatomical, physiological, and behavioral information, ∼ 30 distinct visual cortical areas have been described in the macaque. Human visual cortex, largely terra incognita until the past decade, is now accessible by neuroimaging techniques, and these techniques have enabled neuroscientists to map the human visual areas with respect to their functional organization. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of key discoveries relating to the human visual cortex.
Synthesis of hollow silicon nanospheres encapsulated with a carbon shell through sol-gel coating of polystyrene nanoparticles

In this study a templating method to form hollow Si nanospheres encapsulated with a carbon shell (HSi@C) has been investigated. The key synthesis parameters and their optimization are studied. The positively charged surface of sacrificial polystyrene (PS) nanospheres is found to be essential in forming a uniform SiO2 shell on PS through sol–gel reactions of tetraethylorthosilicate in a basic medium. Both the sol–gel reaction time and hydrolysis ratio play an important role in controlling the thickness of the SiO2 shell. The PS core is burnt via a step-wise programmed heating to prevent the formation of cracks in hollow SiO2 nanospheres which are subsequently converted to hollow Si nanospheres through magnesiothermic reduction using MgH2. Removal of the byproducts from the reduction is critical for superior electrochemical performance. The hollow Si nanospheres are coated with a carbon shell to form HSi@C which are evaluated as the active material for Li-ion battery anodes. Electrochemical results indicate significant improvements in the specific capacity and cycling stability of half-cells in comparison to other designs. The improvement is attributed to the synergistic effects of the engineered void and conductive carbon shell in HSi@C. Specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency of HSi@C half cells vs. cycle number at different current densities.
Random Behavior of Columns

Using an analog computer for simulations, an empirical relationship is developed for the stability condition of a pin-ended column, which is excited by a physical white noise. The effect of initial curvature to the random behavior of columns is also considered. This relationship is then applied in two practical examples. In the first example, the column stability of a typical building subjected to earthquake loads is considered. The results of this example suggest that dynamic instability caused by earthquake excitation is not likely to be a problem in structures designed according to the current AISC specifications. In the second example, a hypothetic column for a spacecraft structure is subjected to the Saturn V random vibration design environment. In this example, it is found that under certain conditions, dynamic instability may be a problem.
People with Disabilities and Mental Health Disorders in Mexico: Rights and Practices

Services for people with disabilities in Mexico’s urban facilities or anywhere in the country are classified as dismal at best and torturous at worst. Unfortunately, limited information is available on services for those with disabilities and for treatment of mental health disorders in rural areas of Mexico. Generally, in Mexico only a minority of adults with mental health disorders receives some form of treatment, with younger adults more likely to receive care than older adults. Evidence indicates that people with mental health disorders are inadequately served. This chapter explores cultural beliefs about wellness, the status of people with disabilities and mental health disorders, and barriers to treatment in Mexico. The chapter concludes with a focus on improving services.
Building bridges between ideas, people, and possibilities: An education professor looks back

The opportunity to build figurative bridges arose again and again across my career, and in places I least expected it. Close encounters with students, mentors, seminal ideas, and problematic situations kept pushing me to see new possibilities for my own and others’ learning. These encounters have occurred in my work as a scholar, teacher, advisor, participant in a collegial community, organizer of research teams, and servant of the field. I will relate and probe these stories, followed by some reflections on the lessons that may lie within them for surviving and thriving within academia, while maintaining a focus on issues of equity and social justice. But first ... [Download the PDF and read more]
Anomalous Marine Biophysical Conditions Due to 2016 and 2017 Wind and Flooding Events In the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Ocean observing satellites and models reveal anomalous surface properties associated with the 2016 Bonnet Carre Spillway opening and a 2016 Flower Garden Banks mortality event. Marine bio-optical and physical processes in northeastern Gulf of Mexico are largely driven by river discharge and wind-driven circulation. Satellite observations and regional ocean model output were used to evaluate these processes and their interactions over large spatial areas. Climatology of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ocean color imagery and Navy Coastal Ocean Model American Seas (AMSEAS) output for the region were generated to explore temporal variability and detect anomalous events. Here we present the 2016 and 2017 time series of 1.) 8-day 750 m resolution VIIRS observations for chlorophylla, diffuse attenuation coefficient, and euphotic depth; and 2.) 8-day 3 km AMSEAS output for surface temperature, salinity and currents. From these time series, we derive temporal anomalies for each parameter. Results from longer term anomalies show elevated ocean color values across the region following a January 2016 river flooding event, and Bonnet Carre Spillway opening, that persist through summer months. The elevated values are compared with river discharge rates and known events (i.e. July and October 2016 Flower Garden Banks mortality), revealing the impacts of the flooding to the region. Results from shorter term anomalies highlight the stages and migration of specific impacts, such as possible upwelling at Flower Garden Banks (January 2016) observed in currents and chlorophyll-a fields.
Organized spatial patterns of activated β2 integrins in arresting neutrophils

The transition from leukocyte rolling to firm adhesion is called arrest. Beta2 integrins are required for neutrophil arrest. Chemokines can trigger neutrophil arrest in vivo and in vitro. Resting integrins exist in a "bent-closed" conformation, i.e., not extended (E-) and not high affinity (H-), unable to bind ligand. Electron microscopic images of isolated beta2 integrins in "open" and "closed" conformations inspired the switchblade model of integrin activation from E-H- to E+H- to E+H+. Recently, we discovered an alternative pathway of integrin activation from E-H- to E-H+ to E+H+. Spatial patterning of activated integrins is thought to be required for effective arrest, but so far only diffraction-limited localization maps of activated integrins exist. Here, we combine superresolution microscopy with molecular modeling to identify the molecular patterns of H+E-, H-E+, and H+E+ activated integrins on primary human neutrophils. At the time of neutrophil arrest, E+H+ integrins form oriented (non-random) nanoclusters that contain a total of ~4,625 E+H+ beta2 integrin molecules.
Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development.

Objective To determine whether spindle activity differs in young children with and without autism. Methods We investigated differences in spindle density, duration, and oscillatory features in 135 young children with autism, developmental delay without autism (DD), or typical development (TD) and secondarily assessed the dimensional relationship between spindle density and both cognitive ability and social functioning. Results Compared to TD, both spindle density (Cohen d 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–1.37) and duration (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.15–1.01) were significantly decreased in autism. Spindle density was also significantly reduced in autism compared to DD (Cohen d 0.61, 95% CI 0.13–1.09). Decreased spindle frequency in autism compared to both TD (Cohen d 0.47, 95% CI 0.04–0.90) and DD (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.10–1.06) did not survive correction. The DD group did not differ significantly from the TD group on any spindle parameter. These results, suggesting a relationship between spindle density and autism but not DD, were further illustrated in exploratory analyses, wherein nonverbal ratio IQ (RIQ) and the Vineland Socialization domain standard score were strongly correlated with spindle density in the full sample (r = 0.33, p ≤ 001 and r = 0.41, p ≤ 001, respectively) but not within group. After nonverbal RIQ was accounted for, the relationship between spindle density and Vineland Socialization remained statistically significant (r = 0.23, p Conclusion In a large cohort of young children with autism, spindle density was reduced compared to groups of age-matched children with DD or TD. Alterations in the maturational trajectory of spindles may provide valuable insight into the neurophysiologic differences related to behavior in disorders of neurodevelopment.