cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinal degeneration in the nervous mutant mouse. III. Electrophysiological studies of the visual pathway.

The nervous (nr) mutation induces a progressive and severe degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells and retinal photoreceptors that is virtually complete within the first few months of life. Previous studies of the retina in nervous (nr/nr) mice have focused primarily on the structural abnormalities seen at the level of the photoreceptor cell bodies and outer segments. Here, we have carried out a series of functional studies of the visual pathway in nervous mice and have quantified the status of the inner retinal cell and plexiform layers. Affected animals were obtained by mating nr/+ heterozygotes and screening the offspring for the ataxia characteristic of nervous animals; phenotypically normal littermates (i.e. nr/+ or +/+) were used as controls. As described previously, there is a substantial loss of photoreceptors cells in the nervous retina and a marked shortening of the inner and outer segments. These changes are accompanied by a more modest decline in the thickness of the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers. These anatomic abnormalities were accompanied by reproducible changes in visual function, as measured with the electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP). The dark-adapted ERGs of nervous and control mice had similar waveforms, although the nervous responses were substantially smaller in amplitude. The reductions in the amplitude of the ERG a-wave corresponded to the loss of photoreceptor cells and shortened outer segments seen histologically. Nevertheless, the kinetics of the leading edge of the a-wave did not differ between nervous and control mice, indicating that the rod outer segments of nervous mice continue to respond to light in a normal fashion. The amplitudes of cone ERGs were also reduced in nervous mice, although the extent of this reduction in any given animal was always less than that for rod-mediated ERG components. Overall, this result is consistent with cone involvement occurring only as a secondary effect of rod photoreceptor degeneration. The peak latencies of VEPs of nervous mice were slower than those of control littermates. These functional abnormalities correspond well to the structural changes induced by the nervous mutation, which does not appear to prevent visual signals from being transmitted centrally, beyond the limitations imposed by the degenerative process.
Yellow pigments used in rapid identification of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus strains are anthraquinones associated with the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway

Studies on biological control of aflatoxin production in crops by pre-infection with non-toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains have created a need for improved methods to screen isolates for aflatoxigenicity. We have evaluated two empirical aflatoxigenicity tests: (i) yellow pigment production, and (ii) the appearance of a plum-red color in colonies exposed to ammonium hydroxide vapor. Yellow pigments from aflatoxigenic A. flavus were shown to function as pH indicator dyes. Seven pigments representing most of the pigmentation in extracts have been isolated using color changes when chromatography spots were exposed to ammonium hydroxide vapor to guide fractionation. Their structures have been shown to be norsolorinic acid, averantin, averufin, versicolorin C, versicolorin A, versicolorin A hemiacetal and nidurufin, all of which are known anthraquinone pigments on, or associated with, the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus spp. Thus, the basis of both empirical tests for aflatoxigenicity is detecting production of excess aflatoxin biosynthetic intermediates.
Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers: A high resolution and simple method for identification of parasites

It was generally believed that Toxoplasma gondii had a clonal population structure with three predominant lineages, namely types I, II and III. This was largely based on genotyping of more than 100 T. gondii isolates originating from a variety of human and animal sources in North America and Europe. Recent genotyping studies on T. gondii strains from wild animals or human patients from different geographical regions revealed the high frequency of non-archetypal genotypes, suggesting the overall diversity of the T. gondii population might be much higher than we thought. However, as most genotyping studies had relied on a few biallelic markers, the resolution and discriminative power of identifying parasite isolates were quite low. To date, there is no commonly used set of markers to genotype T. gondii strains and it is not feasible to compare results from different laboratories. Here, we developed nine PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism markers with each of them capable of distinguishing the three archetypal T. gondii alleles in one restriction-enzyme reaction by agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotyping 46 T. gondii isolates from different sources using these markers showed that they could readily distinguish the archetypal from atypical types and reveal the genetic diversity of the parasites. In addition, mixed strains in samples could be easily detected by these markers. Use of these markers will facilitate the identification of T. gondii isolates in epidemiological and population genetic studies.
Low-Field de Haas-van Alphen Study of the Fermi Surface of Aluminum

The third-zone Fermi surface of aluminum has been studied using the low-field de Haas\char22{}van Alphen effect. The observed de Haas\char22{}van Alphen periods have been assigned to the principal portions of the third-zone surface according to the model proposed by Ashcroft. Several cyclotron masses have been determined and are found to be consistent with cyclotron resonance results, where comparison is possible. de Haas\char22{}van Alphen cyclotron masses have been compared with the band-structure masses calculated by Ashcroft. This comparison indicates that, within the uncertainties in observed and calculated masses, there is a 30 to 50% enhancement of the band-structure masses over the third-zone surface, in agreement with the calculations of Ashcroft and Wilkins.
Through the microcirculatory maze with machete, molecule, and minicomputer (1986 Alza lecture).

This is a personal historical essay on meanderings through the jungle of the microcirculatory swamp. Because one pretends that the wandering was purposefully exploratory, a few guideposts are placed at positions where one could discern blazemarks from earlier wanderers, and the path cut a little wider along some of the routes that may be enjoyed by investigators wanting to put their blazes along more distant paths. Naturally, one starts by coming up the broad rivers, the branching into the little streams. Each of us chooses to seek a different “mother lode,” up a different stream.
Modeling of brittle/brittle laminates: The effects of the interfacial cohesion

Composites are made to utilize the various properties of the constituent materials and to optimize the required physical, mechanical and thermodynamic properties. The fact that brittle solids can be toughened by brittle materials was demonstrated in 1982 and some later developments have been summarized. Quite significant progress has been made in the area of the modulus dependence on the volume fractions, moduli, sizes, and thicknesses of the fibers and laminates. Many models, such as the Shear-lag, Laminated plate, Eshelby and finite element methods have been applied to understand the mechanical properties of the composites with reasonable success. But a clear understanding of how the interfaces control the properties of the composite is still needed. The authors present here the simulation results obtained from a spring-network model for the mechanical properties of the composites. Agreement with available data and previous theories was obtained.
Multiresource simulation for wildland management

The model presented here is a simulation of the watershed of the Little South Fork of the Cache la Poudre River system located in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. This simulation model, TERRA, provides information of resource interactions, ecosystem processes, and harvest ramifications for this watershed. The information is generated through sets of difference equations to represent process flows. The model has a modular design that separates the ecologic processes—weather conditions, hydrologic functions, forage and timber production, wildlife and domestic population dynamics, recreation use, and management activities—from the “simulation planning overhead”—updating, plotting, and printing. The model is designed such that the output is readily usable information for an allocation model and the decision-making process. This is accomplished by allowing different levels of specified management activities as input and producing responses and output on a per unit land area basis. This simulation is a useful research tool for estimating parameter and variable values and levels of management-resource interaction. Lack of a pertinent field data base inhibits the model from actually being used as a management tool in the planning process.
Dihematoporphyrin Ether‐Induced photosensitivity in laryngeal papilloma patients

Twenty-six patients with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis received 2.5 mg/kg of Dihematoporphyrin Ether (DHE) intravenously prior to photodynamic therapy. All patients experienced some degree of photosensitivity, the only known side effect of DHE. Reported reactions included mild erythema and inflammation (88%), swelling (58%), blistering (23%), ocular discomfort (61.5%), pruritus (38%), and skin hyperpigmentation (46%). Length of sensitivity ranged from 4-17 weeks, with an average duration of 9 weeks. No long-term debilitating sequelae were noted. Degree of skin reaction mainly depended on how compliant the patient was in following precaution instructions. Although restrictive precautions were often difficult to strictly adhere to, most patients felt the potential benefits of the therapy far outweighed any inconvenience.
No detectable serotonin synthesis in the maturing mouse eye

Abstract 1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition was used to measure serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the mouse eye at various ages after birth. 2. No serotonin synthesis was detectable at any age and it is concluded that none exists.
The Ethics of Publisher Incentives in the Marketing Textbook Selection Decision

This study examines marketing textbook selection practices as well as the relative importance of designated textbook selection criteria to 235 randomly selected marketing educators from Hasselback's 1996-97 Marketing Faculty Directory. It also investigates whether marketing textbook publishers have been adhering to the Association of American Publisher's (AAP's) Statement of Principles for College Publishing with respect to incentive offerings for textbook adoptions. There is universal agreement among faculty that student ability to comprehend text material is of paramount importance, followed by relevance, text exposition quality, timeliness, and accuracy of text and basic support material. With respect to publisher incentives, 32 respondents reported that they had been offered and 18 reportedly received an inducement from a publisher related to textbook adoption that appears to be in violation of the guidelines set forth in the AAP's Statement of Principles of College Publishing.
Small Brain Neuropeptides

Abstract Recent Advances in Arthropod Endocrinology Edited by Geoffrey M. Coast and Simon G. Webster. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998, $110.00 (xviii+406 pages), ISBN 0-521-59113-9.
Time-domain adaptive beamforming of HF backscatter radar signals

Experimental results relating to the use of time-domain, continuously adapting beamformers in an HF bistatic FM/CW backscatter radar system are presented. Data for the study were obtained using the Wide Aperture HF Radio Research Facility (WARF) which is located in the central valley of California and is operated by Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA. Eastward-looking transmissions were employed with an operating frequency chosen so as to provide single-hop ionospheric propagation on both the forward and backscatter paths. Digital real-time recordings were taken at eight received subarray outputs. These recordings were then processed off-line using a large general purpose computer. The beamforming methods studied, however, are computationally simple and may be readily implemented in real-time using a commercially available minicomputer. Two adaptive algorithms were studied and in both cases it was shown that signal-to-noise ratio improvements of 10 to 15 dB are readily achieved when adaptive beamforming is compared with conventional, Dolph taper beamforming methods using identical received data in an HF backscatter environment. It was also demonstrated that the time scale of coefficient variation in an adaptive processor operating in this environment is the order of 1 s. Successful tracking of the adaptive algorithm under these conditions was demonstrated. The use of moving target indication (MTI) clutter suppression filters at the subarray outputs, prior to adaptation, was investigated. No significant improvement was observed with the use of these filters on experimental data. Finally, it was shown that the presence of fading nulls can significantly affect the determination of optimal subarray location and spacing in an HF environment. In general, the adaptive beamformer performance was found to be less dependent upon array geometry than was the case for conventional processing.
A comparison of solution properties of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol

Abstract Although 25-hydroxycholesterol is a potent effector of mammalian cellular cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol itself is not. In an effort to explain this difference, the critical micellar concentration, liposome-water partition coefficient, and capacity for acyl chain ordering of 25-hydroxycholesterol are measured and compared to those of cholesterol. It is found that 25-hydroxycholesterol differs from cholesterol by existing in monomeric form in aqueous solution at physiologically active concentrations. It is suggested that this property allows 25-hydroxycholesterol but not cholesterol itself to interact in a concentration-dependent fashion with particular proteins.
Biosynthesis of phenolic glycosides from phenylpropanoid and benzenoid precursors in Populus.

Salicylate-containing phenolic glycosides (PGs) are abundant and often play a dominant role in plant-herbivore interactions of Populus and Salix species (family Salicaceae), but the biosynthetic pathway to PGs remains unclear. Cinnamic acid (CA) is thought to be a precursor of the salicyl moiety of PGs. However, the origin of the 6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-on-oyl (HCH) moiety found in certain PGs, such as salicortin, is not known. HCH is of interest because it confers toxicity and antifeedant properties against herbivores. We incubated Populus nigra leaf tissue with stable isotope-labeled CA, benzoates, and salicylates, and measured isotopic incorporation levels into both salicin, the simplest PG, and salicortin. Labeling of salicortin from [13C6]-CA provided the first evidence that HCH, like the salicyl moiety, is a phenylpropanoid derivative. Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde also labeled both salicyl and HCH, while benzyl alcohol labeled only the salicyl moiety in salicortin. Co-administration of unlabeled benzoates with [13C6]-CA confirmed their contribution to the biosynthesis of the salicyl but not the HCH moiety of salicortin. These data suggest that benzoate interconversions may modulate partitioning of phenylpropanoids to salicyl and HCH moieties, and hence toxicity of PGs. Surprisingly, labeled salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde were readily converted to salicin, but did not result in labeled salicortin. Co-administration of unlabeled salicylates with labeled CA suggested that salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde may have inhibited salicortin biosynthesis. A revised metabolic grid model of PG biosynthesis in Populus is proposed, providing a guide for functional genomic analysis of the PG biosynthetic pathway.
Decline in US stroke mortality in the era before antihypertensive therapy.

This study was done to determine if reported declines in stroke mortality in the era before antihypertensive therapy are artifactual.This study involved analyses of national and state vital statistics data using adjusted and specific rates.Adoption of the third revision of the International List of Causes of Death in 1921 produced an abrupt 6.6% decrease in stroke mortality rates, but otherwise, changes in disease classification systems had little effect on stroke mortality rates. Adoption of the second revision of the joint-cause manual produced a 9.2% drop in stroke death rates, but other revisions of the joint-cause selection rules had little effect. While rates for the expanding group of states in the death registration area progressively declined, rates for fixed component areas remained constant until around 1925 and then declined. Reselection of the underlying cause from aggregate multiple cause data for 1917, 1925, and 1940 using uniform selection rules confirmed a decline after 1925. Correlation ...
A hybrid multichannel approach to internet marketing: think globally, act locally

In the year 2005, 75% of the world's online market is expected to be from outside the USA. However, it is very misleading to think that a 'one size fits all' e-Marketing mentality will be successful on a global basis. Each country and even different regions within a country manifest cultural differences on how to use the internet in making and executing purchase decisions. It is important to remember that these cultural differences are both material (purchase behaviour) and non-material (customs, attitudes and laws). Therefore, successful e-businesses will need to take the time and effort to identify, understand and integrate local cultural nuances into their plans. One way of doing this is to develop hybrid multichannel approaches that use the internet to enhance preferred local purchase decision-making and behaviour patterns. To minimise costs, while maximising the understanding of local cultures, cross-border alliances are recommended. This will allow e-businesses to grow globally while focusing on local markets in an increasingly multichannel world. Finally, it is suggested that academic researchers and applied practitioners focus their attention on the profitable role that multichannel, click and mortar approaches can play into the global marketplace.
Social networking ethics: Developing best practices for the new small world.

Emerging trends online, and especially in social network sites, may be creating an environment for psychologists where transparency is increasingly unavoidable. Thus, most psychological practitioners may now have to engage in small world ethics—ethical acuity that requires an application of ethical principles to the increasingly interconnected and transparent world that is burgeoning from online culture. Fortunately, rural psychology has already provided a helpful roadmap for how to demonstrate flexibility and prudence when applying ethical principles in cultures with great transparency. Therefore, professional psychologists and psychologists in training may need to draw upon this wisdom when conceptualizing best online practices for the field that relate to social networking and personal online activity. To remain relevant, psychotherapy must adapt to the new digital culture but maintain its identity as a profession guided by its historical values and ethical principles.
CRISP contourlets: a critically sampled directional multiresolution image representation

Directional multiresolution image representations have lately attracted much attention. A number of new systems, such as the curvelet transform and the more recent contourlet transform, have been proposed. A common issue of these transforms is the redundancy in representation, an undesirable feature for certain applications (e.g. compression). Though some critically sampled transforms have also been proposed in the past, they can only provide limited directionality or limited flexibility in the frequency decomposition. In this paper, we propose a filter bank structure achieving a nonredundant multiresolution and multidirectional expansion of images. It can be seen as a critically sampled version of the original contourlet transform (hence the name CRISP-contourets) in the sense that the corresponding frequency decomposition is similar to that of contourlets, which divides the whole spectrum both angularly and radially. However, instead of performing the multiscale and directional decomposition steps separately as is done in contourlets, the key idea here is to use a combined iterated nonseparable filter bank for both steps. Aside from critical sampling, the proposed transform possesses other useful properties including perfect reconstruction, flexible configuration of the number of directions at each scale, and an efficient tree-structured implementation.
Phase transfer Pd(O) catalyzed polymerization reactions. I. Synthesis of 1,2‐(4,4′;‐dialkoxyaryl) acetylene monomers and 1,4‐Bis[2‐(4′,4″‐dialkoxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzene derivatives by phase transfer Pd(O)/Cu(I) catalyzed coupling reactions

Several 1,2-(4,4'-dialkoxyaryl)acetylene monomers containing similar or dissimilar substituents were prepared by one of three variations of a one pot phase transfer Pd(O)/Cu(I) catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with a protected acetylene. The three steps within a single flask involved first coupling of the appropriate 1-halo-4-alkoxybenzene derivative with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol, followed by cleavage of the carbinol group to form an aryl acetylide, and finally a second coupling of an aryl halide with the aryl acetylide. Best results were obtained when elevated temperatures and solid-liquid phase transfer reaction conditions were used. Some 1,4-bis[2-(4',4”-dialkoxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzene compounds were also prepared.
Incorrect size correction

In critiquing some size-removal algorithms for morphometric data, Hartman professes to find error in Corruccini's approaches. Actually the error is Hartman's: he assumed identity of different algebra symbol systems, in fact ultimately using the inverse of the proper coefficient of adjustment.
Treatment prospects for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

Treatment prospects for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. An increased understanding of the molecular genetic and cellular pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), made possible by the advances in molecular biology and genetics of the last three decades, has laid the foundation for the development of effective therapies. As the concept that a polycystic kidney is a neoplasm in disguise is becoming increasingly accepted, the development of therapies for ADPKD may benefit greatly from the expanding body of information on cancer chemoprevention and chemosuppression. This review summarizes the observations that already have been made and discusses therapies for PKD that deserve investigation.
Criminal Recidivism Among Homicide Offenders

Homicide offenders are released to communities in large numbers. Little is known, however, about how these offenders fare after release. The aim of this study is threefold: to examine recidivism patterns among released homicide offenders, to assess to what extent predictors for recidivism are similar to those for other violent offenders, and to study whether the degree of recidivism differs by type of homicide. Using data from the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, we extracted all individuals who committed a homicide in Philadelphia between 1977 and 1983 and who were paroled. Data were supplemented with court documents, police department data, and newspaper articles. We examined frequency and severity of recidivism, and used logistic regression analyses and survival analyses to examine the likelihood and time to recidivism. Of the 92 paroled homicide offenders, 54% recidivated; 15% recidivated with a violent offense. Race and original conviction for a financially motivated homicide were significant predictors of recidivism. While socio-demographic predictors of recidivism have theoretical and practical significance, focusing on factors associated with the motive of the original homicide may prove highly beneficial for intervention strategies and post-release planning.
Creating Aztlán: Chicano Art, Indigenous Sovereignty, and Lowriding Across Turtle Island (Miner)

This work is a book review considering the title Creating Aztlan: Chicano Art, Indigenous Sovereignty, and Lowriding Across Turtle Island by Dylan A. T. Miner.
Antennal Circadian Clocks Coordinate Sun Compass Orientation in Migratory Monarch Butterflies

During their fall migration, Eastern North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) use a time-compensated Sun compass to aid navigation to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico. It has been assumed that the circadian clock that provides time compensation resides in the brain, although this assumption has never been examined directly. Here, we show that the antennae are necessary for proper time-compensated Sun compass orientation in migratory monarch butterflies, that antennal clocks exist in monarchs, and that they likely provide the primary timing mechanism for Sun compass orientation. These unexpected findings pose a novel function for the antennae and open a new line of investigation into clock-compass connections that may extend widely to other insects that use this orientation mechanism.
Mutation of Tyrosine 34 to Phenylalanine Eliminates the Active Site pK of Reduced Iron-Containing Superoxide Dismutase †

We have compared the magnetic resonance properties and pH dependence of wild-type and mutant Fe-containing superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) in which the conserved active site tyrosine (Tyr 34) is replaced by phenylalanine. The EPR spectrum of the oxidized state and the NMR spectrum of the paramagnetically shifted resonances of the reduced state indicate that in both states the active site is relatively unperturbed by the mutation. Similarly, the mutant Fe-SOD retains approximately 41% of wild-type catalytic activity on a per Fe basis. However, replacement of Tyr 34 by Phe abolishes both NMR spectroscopic signatures of the active site pK of 8.5 of (reduced) Fe2+-SOD. Neither accessibility to base-catalyzed exchange nor the chemical shifts of active site residues are affected by pH in the range of 6.5-10.5 in Y34F Fe2+-SOD. Thus, the active site pK of 8.5 of Fe2+-SOD most likely corresponds to deprotonation of Tyr 34. The widespread chemical shift changes associated with the pK could reflect Tyr 34's participation in the active site hydrogen bonding network and the network's propagation of the effects of deprotonating Tyr 34 to the Fe2+. Deprotonation of Tyr 34 can also explain the dramatic decrease in active site accessibility to base-catalyzed exchange as the result of electrostatic repulsion between the exchange catalyst OH- and the (Tyr 34)- ion formed at high pH. Similar electrostatic repulsion between (Tyr 34)- and the substrate O2.- is also consistent with the observed increase in KM above pH 9.
Preliminary effects of brief school-based prevention approaches for reducing youth suicide--risk behaviors, depression, and drug involvement.

PROBLEM: Few empirically tested, school-based, suicide-prevention programs exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the postintervention efficacy of Counselors-CARE (C-CAST) and Coping and Support Training (CAST) vs. "usual care" controls for reducing suicide risk. METHODS: A randomized prevention trial; 341 potential dropouts, 14 to 19 years old, from seven high schools (52% female, 56% minorities) participated. Trend analyses using data from three time points assessed over time changes. FINDINGS: Significant decreases occurred for all youth in suicide-risk behaviors, depression, and drug involvement. Intervention-specific effects occurred for decreases in depression. CONCLUSIONS: School-based prevention approaches are feasible and show promise for reducing suicidal behaviors and related depression. Language: en
Taurine and osmoregulation. III. Taurine deficiency protects against cerebral edema during acute hyponatremia.

Taurine and Osmoregulation. III. Taurine Deficiency Protects against Cerebral Edema during Acute Hyponatremia
Mibefradil Inhibition of T-Type Calcium Channels in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons

The antihypertensive agent mibefradil completely and reversibly inhibited T-type calcium channels in freshly isolated rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons. The potency of mibefradil was increased at less hyperpolarized holding potentials, and the apparent affinity was correlated with the degree of channel inactivation. At 35 degrees, the apparent dissociation constant Kapp was 1 microM at a holding voltage of -110 mV (corresponding to noninactivated channels) and 83 nM at a holding voltage of -70 mV (corresponding to 65% inactivation). The increased affinity was attributable mainly to a decreased off-rate. Mibefradil also inhibited P-type calcium channels in Purkinje neurons, but inhibition was much less potent. At a holding potential of -70 mV, the Kapp for mibefradil inhibition of P-type channels was approximately 200-fold higher than that for inhibition of T-type channels. Mibefradil should be a useful compound for distinguishing T-type channels from high voltage-activated calcium channels in neurons studied in vitro.
An analysis of mesh sizes required for screening fishes at water intakes

Twenty-four species of marine and freshwater fish were examined to determine mesh size requirements for fish screens placed at water intakes. Curves relating fish length to the mesh size requirements are given for these species and a model for predicting mesh size requirements as a function of fish shape and size is presented. This is of superior accuracy in general application to a previous model given by Bell (1973) and appears to hold good for a wide range of fish species. Its practical application is discussed.
SiGe/Si camel-barrier heterojunction internal photoemission LWIR detector

Summary form only given. A SiGe/Si CHIP (camel-barrier heterojunction internal photoemission) detector has been demonstrated with electrically tailorable LWIR (long-wavelength infrared) response in addition to the static tailorability of the previously proposed HIP (heterojunction internal photoemission) detector. Photoresponses at wavelengths of 5 to 12 mu m have been obtained with electrically tailorable QEs (quantum efficiencies) of 0.2-3.0% in the nonoptimized device structures. The electrical tailorability of the CHIP detector offers significant flexibility for infrared imaging applications. >
Temporal Aspects of Singing Interactions among Territorial Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus)

The temporal aspects of singing interactions among birds have received relatively little attention. To determine if the song delivery of one individual is affected by that of its territorial neighbor, I recorded singing interactions between territorial ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus). Ovenbirds appeared to adopt one of two roles during singing interactions, Type I or Type II singers. Type II singers placed more of their songs immediately after the song of their neighbor than expected. The singing pattern of Type I singers could not be distinguished from a random pattern with respect to their neighbor's songs. In each observed pair of interacting birds, one individual was a Type I singer and one was a Type II singer. Although there was some intra-individual variation, most birds maintained the same role with each of their recorded territorial neighbors. Variation occurred between the two study sites in the extent that individuals overlapped the songs of their neighbors. Song overlap was common at one site, but occurred as, or less, often than expected at the other site.
Use of Alternative Sweeteners in Diabetic Diet

Alternative sweeteners are widely advocated and used. However, there is insufficient scientific information to determine whether alternative sweeteners are of value in the management of diabetes, either in improving dietary adherance or in contributing to the achievement or maintenance of a lower body weight. Each of the available sweeteners has advantages and disadvantages; no one is preferred. Recommendations about alternative-sweetener use should be tailored to the specific dietary and life-style patterns of the individual.
Ohmic Contacts To p+-GaAs and Al0.26Ga0.74As

Ohmic contacts, with metallization scheme of Pd/Ge/Ti/Pt, were formed on heavily carbon doped GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs. The lowest specific contact resistances were 4.7x10-7 and 8.9x 10-6 Ω-cm2 for the p+-GaAs and Al0.26Ga0.74As. The p+-GaAs and Al0.26Ga0.74As were doped with carbon to 5x1019 and 2x1019 cm-3 respectively. Interfacial reactions and elemental diffusion of the contacts were investigated via transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectrometry with depth profiles.
Uterine blood flow and oxygen consumption in rhesus monkeys with retained placentas.

Abstract Uterine blood flow estimated by the diffusion equilibrium method ranged from 97 to 495 mi. per kilogram per minute in monkeys with placentas retained for 13 to 70 days. The rate of blood flow was related to the weight of the placenta. The indicat or substances, tritiated water and 4-aminoantipyrine, were taken up by the placental tissue during the 20 minute measurement period and the concentration of the indicators in this time reached 90 per cent of that in the blood. The arteriovenous O 2 , difference across the uterus was 1.9 volumes per cent, and uterine venous O 2 tension 64 mm. Hg. The O 2 extraction from the circulating blood was considerably less than that in normal pregnant monkeys. The O 2 , consumption of uterus and placenta averaged 0.6 ml. per minute, approximately half the value for these tissues in pregnant monkeys.
Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing worldwide, and both type 1 as well as type 2 DM patients are at high risk of developing diabetic nephropathy (DN). Although the effects of DM and DN have been well documented for low molecular weight proteins and albumin, there is limited information regarding the changes in the clearance of higher molecular weight proteins, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and IgG, an antibody isotype. This review compiles the available literature describing the effects of DM and DN on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IgG and mAbs and the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of DM and DN on IgG/mAb renal and catabolic clearances. This review also highlights the role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and endocytic receptors (megalin and cubilin) and the influence of cytokines on renal function and expression/function of these proteins.
Induced Seismicity of Central Arkansas

Enola area is known to generate swarms of earthquakes that are clustered in space and time. Thousands of earthquakes occurred in October 2010 through April 2011. The biggest earthquake in this swarm occurred On February 27, 2011 in North Central Arkansas area with magnitude 4.7. This earthquake was the biggest to be registered in this area for the last three decades. During the summer of 2008, a three-component 7-element small aperture array was installed in a three kilometers radius area centered at a Deep Six disposal well. The installation of the array was part of the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission permit requirement to monitor the seismic activities that might induce due to fluid injection at that well. The injected fluid is the byproduct waste water of the natural gas exploration processes in the Fayetteville Shale formation of North Central Arkansas.
Oral History: Understanding Qualitative Research . By Patricia Leavy.

Oral historians know that there is both an artfulness to our work and a technical craft that allows us to present our research to others. Many of us search for quality texts to help us teach those ...
The Rise of Uncivil Agreement: Issue Versus Behavioral Polarization in the American Electorate

The debate over whether polarization is occurring in the mass public has been limited by a lack of definition and theory. This article contributes to both, arguing that polarization can be characte...
The Problems in Tourism Higher Education of Northeast China and the Perfecting Ways

Northeast tourism higher education has been developed with stepwise rise and boom of northeast tourism.But you can find there are many problems,if you analyze nowadays-northeast tourism higher edu- cation carefully.We must do our best to find ways of perfecting northeast tourism higher education,and then it can achieve the positive perfect relation between northeast tourism higher education and northeast economy.
Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993).

OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk factors and to describe clinical and laboratory findings, surgical management, and postoperative outcome for cattle with intussusception. DESIGN Hospital-based, case-control epidemiologic study and retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION Medical records of cattle admitted to 17 veterinary medical teaching hospitals in North America. PROCEDURE Epidemiologic analysis of demographic data and detailed analysis of medical records for selected cattle. RESULTS 336 cattle with intussusception were identified, 281 had small intestinal, 7 had ileocolic, 12 had cecocolic, and 36 had colocolic intussusceptions. Sex and season were not significantly associated with cattle developing intussusception, whereas calves < 2 months old were at greater risk of developing small intestinal intussusception than older cattle. Analysis of medical records of 57 cattle with intussusception revealed that these cattle were mildly hyponatremic, hypochloremic, hypocalcemic, azotemic, and hyperglycemic. Right flank laparotomy with a cow in a standing position, followed by intestinal resection and end-to-end anastomosis was the most common means of surgical correction. Overall survival rate (20/57; 35%) and postoperative survival rate (20/46; 43%) for cattle with intussusception were much lower than previously reported. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Although rare in cattle, intussusception was most common in calves < 2 months old. Survival rate for cattle treated for intussusception was low (< 50%).
On pressure and velocity flow boundary conditions for the lattice Boltzmann BGK model

Pressure (density) and velocity boundary conditions inside a flow domain are studied for 2-D and 3-D lattice Boltzmann BGK models (LBGK) and new method to specify these conditions are proposed. These conditions are consistent with the boundary condition we proposed in a previous paper using an idea of bounce-back of non-equilibrium distribution. These conditions give excellent results for the regular LBGK models, and were shown to be second-order accurate by numerical examples. When they are used together with the improved incompressible LBGK model proposed by zou et al. the simulation results recover the analytical solution of the plane Poiseuille flow driven by pressure (density) difference with machine accuracy.
Microprocessor Temperature Sensing and Thermal Management

Microprocessors, while operating, exhibit non uniform temperature distribution and are rated by their maximum junction temperature. The thermal design and the cooling requirements of the microprocessor package govern the thermal specification of the product. Accurate evaluation of the junction temperature, T j , is important in defining the product thermal specifications. It requires a combination of modeling and experimental approaches to estimate the T j of a microprocessor product. It is an iterative process between the T j estimate and the thermal design of the product. If the estimate of T j exceeds the requirements of the specification, the thermal design and the cooling solution of the product needs to be modified. A temperature sensor within the silicon die measures the real time T j during the operation of the product. The T j measurement ensures that the product is working below the threshold limit as defined in the specification. An error in the T j estimates and the T j measurements can result in negative thermal impact of the product thereby reducing either its performance or operating life. Understanding the overall thermal management and the error analysis helps in effective temperature control of the junction temperature. This chapter describes the T j evaluation process, temperature sensing methods, the thermal management of the microprocessor, and the sensitivity analysis showing the thermal impacts.
Public Policy in the 21st Century

This chapter presents some of the modern progressive policy options to address the economic difficulties described in Chapters 3 and 4. The conservative counter-revolutionary criticism of government and its policy positions are described next. Central to this chapter is a restatement of the current economic challenge of our time and an assessment of the theoretical arguments given by conservatives and progressives. The chapter ends by summarizing the argument that the progressive policy agenda is superior to the counter-revolutionary program. The chapter also addresses how the conservative program may win out in policymaking and how that kind of policy would affect various vested interests.
Sex dependent alterations in mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins following neonatal rat cerebral hypoxic-ischemia

Males are more susceptible to brain mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction following neonatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemia (HI) than females. Mitochondrial biogenesis has been implicated in the cellular response to HI injury, but sex differences in biogenesis following HI have not been described. We tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial biogenesis or the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) proteins are differentially stimulated in the brains of 8 day old male and female rats one day following HI, and promoted by treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR). There were no sex differences in mitochondrial mass, as reflected by the ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA (mtDNA/nDNA) and citrate synthase enzyme activity present one day following HI or sham surgery. There was an increase in mtDNA/nDNA, however, in the hypoxic and ischemic (ipsilateral) hemisphere after HI in both male and female brains at one day post-injury, which was suppressed by ALCAR. Citrate synthase activity was increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere of ALCAR treated male and female brain. Most importantly, the levels of representative mitochondrial proteins present in ETC complexes I, II and IV increased substantially one day following HI in female, but not male brain. This sex difference is consistent with the increase in the mitochondrial biogenesis-associated transcription factor NRF-2/GABPα following HI in females, in contrast to the decrease observed with males. In conclusion, the female sex-selective increase in ETC proteins following HI may at least partially explain the relative female resilience to mitochondrial respiratory impairment and neuronal death that occur after HI.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE DIFFUSION OF CESIUM AND BARIUM THROUGH GRAPHITES OF LOW HELIUM PERMEABILITY

Experiments are being carried out at temperatures up to 1000°C on: (1) The permeation of cosium through a graphite septum (2) The diffusion and sorption of barium in graphite immersed in barium vapor. The artificial graphites studied have low helium permeabilities (10−3 to 10−5 cm2/sec) due to impregnation treatments. The experimental techniques are described. In the first case, the technique permits both the cesium permeability and diffusion constants to be determined. Also, the “solubility” of cesium in graphite at a given cesium partial pressure is roughly determined. In the second case, the diffusion constant and “solubility” of barium in graphite specimens are determined. Preliminary results at temperature of 850° to 1000°C and vapor pressures of 10−4 to 10−6 atm indicate: (1) Very strong adsorption of cesium and barium (“solubility” constants of the order of 105 mole/cm of graphite/ mole/cm3 of gas phase), (2) Diffusion constants of the order of 10−7 to 10−5 cm2/sec, (3) Permeability coefficients of approximately 10−1 to 10−3 cm2/sec.
Orthobiologic in Foot Ankle.

Bone, cartilage, and tendon healing are clinically challenging processes. In order to address these concerns, orthobiologic research aims to enhance key steps involved in these processes using autologous and recombinant compounds, with the goal of achieving maximal clinical results. The potential for a quicker return to sport is appealing for athletes at all levels, and many high profile cases have driven continued orthobiologic research. In this chapter, we review the current clinical evidence regarding the use of biologic agents and scaffolds to improve healing following injury to the foot and ankle.
A Novel Iron(II) Preferring Dopamine Agonist Chelator as Potential Symptomatic and Neuroprotective Therapeutic Agent for Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and development of disease-modifying treatment is still an unmet medical need. Considering the implication of free iron(II) in PD, we report here the design and characterization of a novel hybrid iron chelator, (−)-12 (D-607) as a multitarget-directed ligand against PD. Binding and functional assays at dopamine D2/D3 receptors indicate potent agonist activity of (−)-12. The molecule displayed an efficient preferential iron(II) chelation properties along with potent in vivo activity in a reserpinized PD animal model. The compound also rescued PC12 cells from toxicity induced by iron delivered intracellularly in a dose-dependent manner. However, Fe3+ selective dopamine agonist 1 and a well-known antiparkinsonian drug pramipexole produced little to no neuroprotection effect under the same experimental condition. These observations strongly suggest that (−)-12 should be a promising multifunctional lead molecule for a viable symptomatic and ...
Inkjet-printed point-of-care immunoassay on a nanoscale polymer brush enables subpicomolar detection of analytes in blood

The ELISA is the mainstay for sensitive and quantitative detection of protein analytes. Despite its utility, ELISA is time-consuming, resource-intensive, and infrastructure-dependent, limiting its availability in resource-limited regions. Here, we describe a self-contained immunoassay platform (the “D4 assay”) that converts the sandwich immunoassay into a point-of-care test (POCT). The D4 assay is fabricated by inkjet printing assay reagents as microarrays on nanoscale polymer brushes on glass chips, so that all reagents are “on-chip,” and these chips show durable storage stability without cold storage. The D4 assay can interrogate multiple analytes from a drop of blood, is compatible with a smartphone detector, and displays analytical figures of merit that are comparable to standard laboratory-based ELISA in whole blood. These attributes of the D4 POCT have the potential to democratize access to high-performance immunoassays in resource-limited settings without sacrificing their performance.