cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical shift measurements of substituent effects on out-of-plane magnetic shielding in benzene derivatives

Abstract In order to determine the effect of substituents on the out-of-plane magnetic shielding of a benzene ring, the 60-MHz PMR chemical shifts of the 8-methyl groups in seven different 1-aryl-5,8-dimethyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalenes were measured; the 1-aryl groups whose shielding was probed in this way include phenyl, p- and m-tolyl, p- and m-chlorophenyl, and p- and m-anisyl. The 8-methyl protons were found to be slightly less shielded by all of the substituted phenyl groups than by the simple phenyl group. The extent of this decrease in shielding was 0.5 Hz for the p-Cl substituent, 1.1–1.7 Hz for the group of substituents m-CH3, p-CH3, p-OCH3, and m-Cl3 and 3.1 Hz for the m-OCH3 substituent. A fully satisfactory interpretation of these results has not been achieved. The local magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of the substituent is tentatively identified as one of the important determining factors; the possible roles of substituent effects on ring currents and electric field effects resulting from substituent polarities are also considered.
Sr isotopic constraints on hydrothermal alteration of ultramafic rocks in two oceanic fracture zones from the South Atlantic Ocean

Ultramafic rocks from the Islas Orcadas and Shaka Fracture Zones have been progressively hydrated, starting at temperatures greater than 700°C and continuing to less than 250°C. The hydration is manifest as a sequence of alteration minerals, including (in order of decreasing temperature) amphibole, talc, talc plus secondary olivine, chlorite, secondary clinopyroxene, prehnite and serpentine. Early, high-temperature minerals display lower87Sr/86Sr ratios and higher K, Rb and Sr than later, lower-temperature minerals. One explanation for the change in87Sr/86Sr ratios is that early, high-temperature reactions are the result of hydration by fluids characterized by a relatively strong basaltic geochemical signature, and the later, lower-temperature alteration is the result of hydration by fluids characterized by a relatively weaker basaltic signature and relatively stronger seawater signature.
A set of primers for amplification of noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA in the grasses.

Twelve primer pairs, which amplify noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA, were designed for grass species. Their universality was tested on the six major grass subfamilies, and several were sequenced to examine their variability in Phragmites australis. The primers amplified well for most species tested and the majority showed intraspecific variation.
So You Want Tenure? Factors Affecting Tenure Decisions in Political Science Departments

This article investigates the variables that affect the award of tenure in political science departments in the United States. We examined two dependent variables: (1) whether a department has denied tenure in the past five years, and (2) whether a positive departmental tenure recommendation has been reversed by higher college or university authorities during the same period of time. Five clusters of independent variables were evaluated: (1) college/university and departmental characteristics, (2) the procedures employed to evaluate tenure cases, (3) the instruments used to assess teaching, (4) service expectations, and (5) research and publication standards. We found that the most important factors affecting departmental decisions to deny tenure were whether teaching and substantive publications were treated as equally valuable qualifications, the number of articles a candidate published, and the candidate's level of commitment to advising. Interestingly, reversal decisions by higher authorities were not strongly affected by any of the variables in the analysis.
Strabismus and Mitochondrial Defects in Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia

Purpose To describe the results of strabismus surgery on three patients with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, a group of rare disorders characterized by ptosis and slowly progressive ophthalmoparesis that has been shown to result from defects in mitochondrial DNA. Methods Strabismus surgery using the adjustable suture technique was performed in three patients with strabismus and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia confirmed by clinical, biochemical, histopathologic, and genetic criteria. All three patients had mitochondrial DNA deletions. Two patients were exotropic; one patient was esotropic. Results Rectus muscle recessions were initially unsuccessful in correcting strabismus in one patient, although a subsequent procedure employing rectus muscle resections was successful in alleviating a significant head turn and improved ocular alignment. In the two other patients, a single procedure consisting of rectus muscle recessions combined with large rectus muscle resections successfully achieved good postoperative alignment. The amount of surgery performed in these three patients exceeded that predicted in standard strabismus tables. Conclusions The myopathic process that results in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia renders rectus muscle recessions less effective compared with resections for correcting the associated strabismus seen in these patients. Rectus muscle resections therefore should be an integral procedure in the surgical management of the strabismus associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.
Distribution, density, and abundance of pack-ice seals in the Amundsen and Ross Seas, Antarctica

Abstract We made three sets of population surveys of the four species of ice-inhabiting phocid pinnipeds in the Ross and Amundsen Seas between 26 December 1999 and 24 March 2000 using icebreakers and helicopters deployed from those icebreakers. We used line transect methods to survey 23,671 km by helicopter and 3,694 km by ship accounting for a total coverage of 53,217 km2. We detected and identified 11,308 seals in 7,104 groups and estimated their abundance from estimates of densities using distance sampling methods and corrections for probability of haul out of seals derived from satellite telemetry of tagged seals. Crabeater seals were most abundant (ca 1.7 million) followed by Weddell seals (330,000), Ross seals (22,600), and leopard seals (15,000). Our estimates of abundance are difficult to directly compare with earlier estimates because of geographic areas covered and by our improvements in survey and analytical methods. Notwithstanding these limitations and with some adjustments for differences in methods, we found that our estimates of abundance for crabeater seals are similar to those from the most recent surveys in the Ross and Amundsen Seas and along the George-Oates Coast. Our estimates for Weddell seals are the first for the broad areas of pack ice that we surveyed in the Ross and Amundsen Seas but indicate that these habitats are ecologically important to this species. Our estimates of abundance of Ross seals were relatively similar to estimates for surveys in these areas in the 1970s and 1980s whereas our estimates of abundance of leopard seals were substantially lower.
Mariner 6 television pictures: first report.

In July 1965, Mariner 4 flew past Mars and recorded 20 television pictures of the martian surface; the principal television result of that pioneering flight was the discovery that Mars' surface is heavily cratered and resembles the Moon more than it does the Earth (1). On 31 July 1969, the more advanced Mariner 6 spacecraft, carrying two television cameras, passed Mars and recorded 75 pictures. A twin spacecraft, Mariner 7, passed Mars on 5 August 1969. This report summarizes the results of a first, qualitative study of the Mariner 6 television pictures, carried out on the uncalibrated data within a few days after receipt on Earth.
Broadcast Legal Documentation: A Four-Dimensional Guide.

A real understanding of broadcasting law and regulation requires, among other things, a facility with legal resources. This issue of the Journal offers two detailed and related articles which describe use of the legal research resource related to broadcasting. In this first discussion. Dr. Don R. Le Duc applies his combined legal and communications background to explaining in broad outline what he terms an untapped treasure trove of research material abandoned by the legal profession pursuing current cases, and left to academics for whatever historical, legal, and policy findings can be derived from them. Le Duc breaks his subject into four related steps required of any successful researcher using legal materials and relates specific broadcast law examples for each. Dr. Le Duc is presently associate professor of speech at the Ohio State University. After earning his J.D. and Ph.D. degrees, Le Duc taught two years at the University of Maryland. He takes up his new duties as associate professor of communica...
An automated method for dynamic ligand design

An automated method for the dynamic ligand design (DLD) for a binding site of known structure is described. The method can be used for the creation of de novo ligands and for the modification of existing ligands. The binding site is saturated with atoms (sp3 carbon atoms in the present implementation) that form molecules under the influence of a potential function that joins atoms to each other with the correct stereochemistry. The resulting molecules are linked to precomputed functional group minimum energy positions in the binding site. The generalized potential function allows atoms to sample a continuous parameter space that includes the Cartesian coordinates and their occupancy and type, e.g., the method allows change of an sp3 carbon into an sp2 carbon or oxygen. A parameter space formulated in this way can then be sampled and optimized by a variety of methods. In this work, molecules are generated by use of a Monte Carlo simulated annealing algorithm. The DLD method is illustrated by its application to the binding site of FK506 binding protein (FKBP), an immunophilin. De novo ligands are designed and modification of the immunosuppressant drug FK506 are suggested. The results demonstrate that the dynamic ligand design approach can automatically construct ligands which complement both the shape and charge distribution of the binding site.
Glycemic response in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after high- or low-glycemic-index breakfast.

To examine the effects ofvarious carbohydrate foods on postprandial glycemia in diabetic children, we fed a mixed, isocaloric diet containing either high- or low-glycemic- index (GI) breakfast foods to 22 children with poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and measured blood sugar response with and without adjustment of insulin doses. We found that IDDM children fed a high-GI meal showed a significantly higher serum glucose level than those fed a low-GI meal. However, such differences were not seen when the preprandial dose of regular insulin was adjusted to the amount of carbohydrate in feedings. Thus, as long as proper adjustment of insulin is made, the type of carbohydrate in a single mixed meal does not appear to have a significant effect on the postprandial glycemic response in children with long-standing poorly controlled IDDM. Am J Gun Nutr l987;46:798-803.
On the Meaning and Measure of Narcissism

For three decades, social-personality research on overt narcissism has relied almost exclusively on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). However, the NPI suffers from a host of psychometric and validity concerns that make composite NPI scores (summed across its subscales) difficult to interpret. The present studies propose that narcissistic characteristics tend to fall under two general clusters: grandiosity and entitlement. The studies show that measures of grandiosity and entitlement interact to predict scores on the NPI, controlling for gender, self-esteem, and basic personality (Study 1), but also that grandiosity and entitlement function independently with respect to mental health (Study 2) and ethical misconduct (Study 3). Together, these results challenge the view of overt narcissism as a unidimensional construct and underscore the importance of distinguishing between grandiose and entitled aspects of the narcissistic self-concept.
Hyper-redundant robot mechanisms and their applications

Hyper-redundant robots have a large or infinite number of degrees of freedom. Such robots are analogous to snakes or tentacles and are useful for operation in highly constrained environments and novel forms of locomotion. The paper reviews newly developed methods for the kinematic analysis of hyper-redundant manipulators. These methods can be applied to a wide variety of hyper-redundant morphologies and lead to very efficient inverse kinematic, path planning, obstacle avoidance, locomotion, and grasping schemes. It also reviews the design and implementation of a planar 30 degree of freedom variable geometry truss hyper-redundant robot. >
Developing strong response capacity: training volunteers in the medical reserve corps.

Objective The success of the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) is dependent on the ability of volunteers to respond in a timely and effective manner. This study aimed to assess the current status of MRC volunteer training and to examine the association between MRC characteristics and provision of training. Methods The data for this study were drawn from the 2013 Network Profile Survey of the MRC, which was administered to active MRC unit leaders or designated alternates of 962 units across the country in April to May of 2013. Results Over 80% of MRCs had a training plan. Ninety-one percent of MRCs offered one or more training courses to volunteers, and 73% indicated requirements for mandatory training. Approximately 84% of MRC units collaborated with other organizations to conduct trainings. Units with more volunteers (>150) were 3 times as likely to have a plan for volunteer training as were those with fewer volunteers (≤50). Compared to units with a full-time leader, those with leaders who were volunteers were only 0.57 times as likely to have a training plan. Conclusions An overwhelming majority of MRC units provide critical training to their volunteers prior to an emergency deployment. To further strengthen the overall MRC capacities, it is important for MRC units to have a training plan tailored to their community needs and features, make full use of available training resources, and collaborate with partner organizations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:527-532)
Surface characteristics of synovial fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes in inflammatory arthritis.

In order to characterize the T- and B-cell populations of inflammatory arthritides, synovial fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and rheumatoid variant diseases (RV) were studied. Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined as controls. T cells were identified by spontaneous sheep red blood cell (E) rosette formation. B cells were determined by complement receptor lymphocyte (EAC) rosette formation and by the presence of surface immunoglobulins (SIg) utilizing fluoresceinated polyvalent antiglobulin. Synovial fluids were analyzed in terms of duration, mucin quality, white cell count, and differential. Synovial fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with RA and RV were distributed in T- and B-cell percentages similar to those found in normal peripheral blood. In contrast, significant T-cell depression was observed in the percentage of synovial fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes of SLE and JRA patients. This depression was apparent in comparison with normal peripheral blood and with the synovial fluid and peripheral blood from RA patients. B-cell percentages were similar in all patient groups and in comparison to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. No differences were noted in B-cell percentages when the EAC and SIg techniques of identification were compared. The percentage of cells bearing neither T- nor B-cell markers (null cells) was enumerated for each patient group and found to be significantly elevated in the synovial fluid and peripheral blood of SLE and JRA patients. Though the mean synovial fluid and peripheral blood null cell percentages in RA patients were similar to those in controls, a definite bimodal distribution was found in the synovial fluids. These data suggest that evaluation of T-, B-, and null-cell populations may be clinically useful in differentiating patients with SLE and JRA from those with rheumatoid arthritis and variant diseases.
Change detection for linear features in aerial photographs using edge-finding

The authors describe a system fur automatic change detection of linear features such as roads and buildings in aerial photographs. Rather than compare pixels, they match major line segments and note those without counterparts. Experiments show their methods to be promising for images of around 2-m resolution.
Monolithic process for co-integration of GaAs MESFET and silicon CMOS devices and circuits

A monolithic process to cointegrate Si CMOS and GaAs MESFET devices and circuits on a silicon chip through epitaxial growth of a GaAs layer on a prefabricated Si wafer is described. By embedding the GaAs layer in Si recesses in selected regions of a Si wafer, the cointegration has been realized in a coplanar structure appropriate for IC processing. On a monolithically integrated wafer, a 2- mu m gate length Si CMOS ring oscillator showed a minimum delay of 570 ps/gate, and a 1- mu m gate GaAs MESFET BFL ring oscillator had a minimum delay of 68 ps/gate. These results indicate that the individual device speed is not degraded by monolithic integration. Some changes in threshold voltage, however, were observed for Si CMOS devices after the GaAs device fabrication. A composite ring oscillator consisting of a string of Si CMOS inverters and a string of GaAs MESFET inverters connected in a ring has been successfully fabricated. >
Emerging Integration of Sequential and Suprasegmental Information in Preverbal Speech Segmentation

5 studies examined contributions of syllable-ordering and rhythmic properties of syllable strings to 6- and 9-month-old infants' speech segmentation. A pair of methods measuring complementary properties of representational units was used: a noise detection task sensitive to perceived cohesiveness of pairs of syllables, and a discrimination maintenance task sensitive to compactness of representations of syllable pairs. For 9-month-olds, results show that a key pair of syllables was represented as a unit when the grouping of these syllables was supported by correlated regularities of ordering and rhythm in the set of stimulus strings, but not when such grouping was supported by only rhythmic or only syllable-ordering regularity. For 6-month-olds, results show that a key pair of syllables was represented as a unit whenever grouping was supported by rhythmic regularity in the stimulus strings, regardless of whether syllable-ordering regularity was also present. Thus, whereas 9-month-olds appear to be capable of integrating sequential and suprasegmental information in forming wordlike (multisyllabic) phonological percepts, 6-month-olds are not. The emergence of integrative abilities portends increased efficiency in speech processing and may contribute to the formation and use of an initial lexicon.
Receptor Specificity and Transmission of H2N2 Subtype Viruses Isolated from the Pandemic of 1957

Influenza viruses of the H2N2 subtype have not circulated among humans in over 40 years. The occasional isolation of avian H2 strains from swine and avian species coupled with waning population immunity to H2 hemagglutinin (HA) warrants investigation of this subtype due to its pandemic potential. In this study we examined the transmissibility of representative human H2N2 viruses, A/Albany/6/58 (Alb/58) and A/El Salvador/2/57 (ElSalv/57), isolated during the 1957/58 pandemic, in the ferret model. The receptor binding properties of these H2N2 viruses was analyzed using dose-dependent direct glycan array-binding assays. Alb/58 virus, which contains the 226L/228S amino acid combination in the HA and displayed dual binding to both alpha 2,6 and alpha 2,3 glycan receptors, transmitted efficiently to naive ferrets by respiratory droplets. Inefficient transmission was observed with ElSalv/57 virus, which contains the 226Q/228G amino acid combination and preferentially binds alpha 2,3 over alpha 2,6 glycan receptors. However, a unique transmission event with the ElSalv/57 virus occurred which produced a 226L/228G H2N2 natural variant virus that displayed an increase in binding specificity to alpha 2,6 glycan receptors and enhanced respiratory droplet transmissibility. Our studies provide a correlation between binding affinity to glycan receptors with terminal alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid and the efficiency of respiratory droplet transmission for pandemic H2N2 influenza viruses.
Characteristics of refrigeration systems — extension of the graphical—analytical method:

Several different system balance methods and programmes have been developed and used for decades in the refrigeration industry to design refrigeration circuits and components. One of the oldest methods is the graphical-analytical method, developed and used long before computers and even calculators became standard engineering tools. The method is relatively easy and it helps to design and choose proper components. It can be successfully used today in the computer age for a better understanding of the refrigeration system behaviour, enabling the designer to see and evaluate major components, system characteristics, and system trends. This article will introduce the graphical-analytical method for the simplest refrigeration systems and later extend it to more complex refrigeration systems.
A finite element–equivalent energy linearization technique for the analysis of nonlinear plate vibration

A simplified technique for the dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear plate structures is developed. The essence of this technique is the construction of a linear substitute of the nonlinear problem. The linear substitute problem is derived from an equivalence criterion which involves balancing the energies of the linear substitute model and the nonlinear model over one period of oscillation. The linearized equations are discretized by a finite element method, and solutions at different amplitudes are obtained numerically by an incremental-iterative scheme. To verify the equivalent energy linearization approach, example problems consisting of the free and forced vibration of nonlinear circular plates with various boundary conditions are studied. All results are compared to theoretical and numerical solutions in the literature. In addition, the forced vibration results are compared to available experimental results. These comparisons tend to validate the assumptions made in the equivalent energy linearization procedure. The proposed method is found to be computationally more efficient than other available procedures.
Translating DRiPs: progress in understanding viral and cellular sources of MHC class I peptide ligands

It has been 15 years since we proposed the defective ribosomal product (DRiP) hypothesis to explain the rapid presentation of viral peptides by MHC class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. Here, we review the evidence for the contribution of DRiPs to antigen processing, pointing to the uncertainties regarding the physical nature of DRiPs, and emphasizing recent findings suggesting that peptide generation is a specialized process involving compartmentalized translation.
Biologically Inspired Nanofibers for Use in Translational Bioanalytical Systems

Electrospun nanofiber mats are characterized by large surface-area-to-volume ratios, high porosities, and a diverse range of chemical functionalities. Although electrospun nanofibers have been used successfully to increase the immobilization efficiency of biorecognition elements and improve the sensitivity of biosensors, the full potential of nanofiber-based biosensing has not yet been realized. Therefore, this review presents novel electrospun nanofiber chemistries developed in fields such as tissue engineering and drug delivery that have direct application within the field of biosensing. Specifically, this review focuses on fibers that directly encapsulate biological additives that serve as immobilization matrices for biological species and that are used to create biomimetic scaffolds. Biosensors that incorporate these nanofibers are presented, along with potential future biosensing applications such as the development of cell culture and in vivo sensors.
Personal Response and Social Responsibility: Responses of Middle School Students to Multicultural Literature

Because it is often assumed that reading and responding to multicultural literature will help dominant-culture readers value diversity and gain a greater appreciation of their own heritage, it is important to examine what children in actual classrooms are learning from the books they read. Analysis of the writing of 123 dominant-culture eighth graders during a carefully designed multicultural literature unit revealed that students need experience with alternative views of the world to develop understanding of how authors position readers in relation to power and society. Although students liked the unit novels, their perceptions reflected their own cultural groups and this influenced their understandings and interpretations. Readers re-created nondominant characters in their own images rather than identifying with them. Although they were able to empathize with characters in the story world, this understanding seldom transferred to cultural understanding in the real world. When the text world conflicted with their personal world views, readers assumed the text world to be an anomaly and either rejected the text material or reshaped it, resulting in inconsistencies and illogical conclusions. Teachers need to become colearners within trusting, supportive classroom environments or negotiations about the meaning of difference will be left to the children whose voices are dominant.
"TAARgeting Addiction"--The Alamo Bears Witness to Another Revolution: An Overview of the Plenary Symposium of the 2015 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry Conference.

Abstract Background In keeping with the free-thinking tradition San Antonians are known for, the Scientific Program Committee of the Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Conference chose trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) as the focus of the plenary symposium for its 7th annual meeting held at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio on March 14 and 15, 2015. The timing of the meeting's plenary session on TAAR1 coincided with the Ides of March, an apt concurrence given the long association of this date with the overthrow of the status quo. And whether aware of the coincidence or not, those in attendance witnessed the plunging of the metaphorical dagger into the heart of the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT)-centric view of psychostimulant action. Methods The symposium's four plenary presentations focused on the molecular and cellular biology, genetics, medicinal chemistry and behavioral pharmacology of the TAAR1 system and the experimental use of newly developed selective TAAR1 ligands. Results The consensus was that TAAR1 is a DA and methamphetamine receptor, interacts with DAT and DA D2 receptors, and is essential in modulating addiction-related effects of psychostimulants. Conclusions Collectively the findings presented during the symposium constitute a significant challenge to the current view that psychostimulants such as methamphetamine and amphetamine solely target DAT to interfere with normal DA signaling and provide a novel conceptual framework from which a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of DA and METH is likely to emerge.
Thermoregulation and Energetic Decision-Making by the Honeybees Apis Cerana, Apis Dorsata and Apis Laboriosa

Thoracic flight temperatures ( T th ) of workers of three species of honeybees (genus Apis) in Nepal were measured at relatively low ambient temperatures ( T a ). At T a = 18–24°C, A. dorsata workers arriving at feeders to collect concentrated (340%) sugar syrup maintained higher temperature gradients ( T th — T a ) than workers arriving at feeders with dilute (6–17%) syrup. Temperature gradients were inversely related to T a , indicating thermoregulation at low T a . Similarly, temperature gradients varied inversely with T a in A. cerana and A. laboriosa workers arriving at feeders at T a = 12–20°C. Temperature data suggest that honeybees have the ability to regulate heat production in flight and that they may vary their flight efforts according to expected gains and associated costs. Temperature gradients of A. laboriosa workers in flight are apparently about the same as those of A. mellifera workers, whose body mass is only half that of A. laboriosa . The circulatory systems of A. laboriosa workers show no striking differences from those of other species of Apis and are therefore probably equally effective at retaining heat in the thorax. This suggests that the relatively low (in relation to the body size) T th — T a maintained by A. laboriosa may be an indication of a relatively low metabolic rate and consequent low heat production. This is supported by an analysis of mass 1/3 -specific wing-loading and, in turn, suggests that A. laboriosa may be grouped with A. dorsata and A. florea as a relatively lowpowered, open-nesting honeybee, in contrast to the more high-powered cavitynesters, A. cerana and A. mellifera .
The Other Side of Normal: How Biology Is Providing the Clues to Unlock the Secrets of Normal and Abnormal Behavior

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 55 - N° 3 - p. 248-249
Mass Flux Stability in the Presence of Temperature Excursions and Perturbations in Solid ^3He–^4He Mixtures

The DC superfluid $$^4$$ He mass flux through a cell filled with solid $$^4$$ He diluted by ppm amounts of $$^3$$ He is susceptible to flux changes when perturbations of the solid sample are imposed. We report on the details of the reproducibility of the flux following excursions in temperature and cryostat helium transfer-induced apparatus vibration, particularly including excursions to temperatures above which the flux is immeasurably small. And we report on behavior following an annealing, partial melting, and re-freezing of the sample at temperatures and pressures close to and on the melting curve.
Optical sensing of electrical fields in harsh environments

This paper shows a method allowing electric field sensing in high vibration environments. The vibration sensitivity is reduced using a push-pull configuration and external phase modulation. This paper provides both theoretical description and experimental verification.
The Fabulous Billy Durant

Durant has been described as “the most picturesque, spectacular, and aggressive figure in the chronicles of American automobiledom” but he was much more than this. His career is a chssic study in the dual abilities, promotional and administrative, that created and nourished big business in America. Ultimate personal disaster grew out of Durant's failure to strike a balance between the two, yet his genius left imperishable marks, and his luster as the symbol of an era is untarnished.
Test ofCPT invariance

It is pointed out that severe limits onCPT noninvariance exist from the data on K0 → 2π decay only if theC?T- violating interaction is parity-consprving.CP- violating ami strangpnoss-conserving. The limits on and tests ofCPT noninvariance for the cases of other symmetry properties of theCPT- violating interaction are discussed. The phenomenology of K → 2π decays and K→πlν decays withCPT violation is given.
Contemporary Chinese Literature and Human Nature and Humanitarianism

Literature has a close relationship with human nature and humanitarianism.Literature originates from human nature and humanitarianism,and in return,serves human nature and humanitarianism.Contemporary Chinese literature has experienced,in revealing human nature and humanitarianism,the exploration period,the dreariness period and the redevelopment period during which there are many experiences to sum up and many lessons to learn from.
The etiology of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease and clinical severe symptoms in Yancheng Area in 2013

Objective: To investigate the etiology of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease and clinical severe symptoms in Yancheng Area in 2013. Methods: Enterovirus RNA of 491 patients with HFMD were isolated by collecting throat and rectal swabs from them and "Universal, EV71, CVA16 and CVA6 types" were detected by using real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR. Results:(1) A total of 193 enterovirus RNA–positive samples were detected, with a positive detection rate of 39.31%. Among them, the positive samples of CVA16, EV71 and CVA6 were 35(18.13%), 35(18.13%)and 96(49.74%) respectively, while in the untyped cases was 27(13.99%).(2) 14 enterovirus RNA-positive samples out of the 26 clinically severe disease patients were tested. Among these cases, 3(21.43%) EV71-positive, 0 CA16-positive samples and 9(64.29%) CVA6 were identified while the untyped samples were 2(13.99%). Conclusions:The main pathogens of the hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children were basically detected by EV71 and CVA6 into which CVA16had transformed in Yancheng Area in 2013. CVA6 was the major pathogen that could cause severe disease. Further tests and observations were needed to identify whether CVA6 had been the major pathogen of the HFMD in Yancheng Area.
China's Strategic Culture: A Research Program

In interpreting China's strategic culture,Chinese and Western Scholars have different and somehow contracting views.In Chinese views,"Ren"(Benevolence),"Li"(Rites),"De"(Virtues),"He"(Harmony) are the foundations of China's strategic culture,realism,morality and anti-war principle are its ideological foundations.A great transformation took place in the mid-19th Century,and China's strategic culture undertook a great change accordingly.Since then,a trend of conflicting culture began to take shape,and martial spirit became a main characteristic of China's strategic culture.Since 1978,China began to cast aside the out-dated strategic judgments such as the strategic framework of war and revolution,and accepted a new framework of peace and development.In conclusion,how to construct a mature framework of cooperative strategic culture based on realism and moral principle is a key precondition of China's grand strategy.
Renal hemodynamic and natriuretic effects of manganese and interactions with atrial natriuretic peptide.

Manganese (Mn2+) is a cofactor for guanylate cyclase (GC), which is involved in the generation of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) action. Mn2+ is also, however, a nonselective calcium-channel blocker. We examined the effects of infusion of MnCl2 into normal rats and its interaction in vivo and in vitro with GC and ANP. MnCl2 significantly increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow rate (RPF). These effects were caused by selective afferent arteriolar vasodilatation, which allowed the glomerular capillary plasma flow rate and hydraulic pressure to rise, thus elevating single-nephron GFR. Urinary Na+ excretion (UNaV) also increased with MnCl2. The natriuresis was, unlike ANP, not mediated by GC activation and cGMP production, as MnCl2 had no effect on either urinary cGMP excretion or cGMP accumulation in intact inner medullary collecting duct cell (IMCD) suspensions, nor did it affect Na(+)-dependent oxygen ...
Home Visiting to Enhance Child Development in the Context of Violence: Possibilities and Limitations

As it has been noted that violence has its roots in childhood, childhood aggression, in turn, has its roots in violence and the stress of poverty that characterizes communities in which violence is more likely to occur. Children’s early experiences as victims of and witnesses to violence interfere with their positive development and increase the likelihood of a variety of behavior and developmental problems that can carry a pattern of poverty and violence into the next generation. To interrupt these cycles, prevention programs have aimed to prevent violence in children’s lives and promote children’s early development. Many of these prevention programs are delivered through home visiting, but rigorous evidence of strong or consistent impacts of home visiting on reductions in child maltreatment are scarce, particularly in comparison with stronger evidence for home visiting as a means of promoting parenting that supports child development. Several home-visiting models have demonstrated positive impacts on parenting and child development in the North America or Europe, but these models may require adaptations to be appropriate in various international settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and may be most effective as part of a system of supports for families in impoverished and violent communities.
Magic Tales in the Muslim Middle Ages

In contrast to the two previous chapters, only two medieval manuscript texts inform the greater part of this chapter.1 One, Tales of the Marvellous (Al-hikayat al-’ajiba) contains 18 stories of its original 42; the other, Alf Layla wa-Layla (Thousand and One Nights), consists of the frametale, five narrative cycles, three novellas and the opening pages of a fourth from the earliest substantially surviving manuscript of the Thousand and One Nights, or Arabian Nights, as it is popularly known. It might be objected that the narratives in these two collections are not “tales” per se. That objection is valid for Tales of the Marvellous, some of whose stories are longer than the half hour or so that I accord a “tale’s” telling, but in Alf Layla wa-Layla, Dinarzad routinely denotes each of Shahrazad’s partial tellings of a lengthy narrative as “what has been said,” the Arabic phrase rendered in English as “story” or “tale.” (See “terminology” in Chapter 1, p. 4.) In this light, it is justifiable to redefine a lengthy narrative like “The Two Viziers” as a composite that consists of a series of brief tellings that cumulatively comprise the narrative as a whole.
Levels of tau protein in plasma are associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive function in a population-based elderly cohort.

Abstract Introduction Tau protein levels in plasma may be a marker of neuronal damage. We examined associations between plasma tau levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD)–related magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging measures among nondemented individuals. Methods Participants included 378 cognitively normal (CN) and 161 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with concurrent neuropsychological measures and amyloid PET, fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and MRI. Baseline plasma tau levels were measured using the Quanterix Simoa-HD1 tau assay. Results Plasma tau levels were higher in MCI compared with CN (4.34 vs. 4.14 pg/mL, P = .078). In regression models adjusted for age, gender, education, and APOE , higher plasma tau was associated with worse memory performance (b = −0.30, P = .02) and abnormal cortical thickness in an AD signature region (odds ratio = 1.80, P = .018). Discussion Plasma tau is associated with cortical thickness and memory performance. Longitudinal studies will better elucidate the associations between plasma tau, neurodegeneration, and cognition.
Angular design considerations for perforated semiconductor detectors

The efficiencies of channel-type, chevron-type, and sinusoid-type perforated semiconductor neutron detectors have been calculated. Azimuthal streaming problems exhibited by rod- type perforations are eliminated using sinusoidal perforations but cannot be completely removed with channel-type and chevron- type perforations.
Colonization resistance: The deconvolution of a complex trait

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an emerging threat to hospitals worldwide, and antibiotic exposure is a risk factor for developing fecal carriage that may lead to nosocomial infection. Here, we review how antibiotics reduce colonization resistance against Enterobacteriaceae to pinpoint possible control points for curbing their spread. Recent work identifies host-derived respiratory electron acceptors as a critical resource driving a post-antibiotic expansion of Enterobacteriaceae within the large bowel. By providing a conceptual framework for colonization resistance against Enterobacteriaceae, these mechanistic insights point to the metabolism of epithelial cells as a possible target for intervention strategies.
Histopathology of the Cardiac Conduction System in the Investigation of Sudden Unexpected Death

When a gross and microscopic autopsy, drug screen, and past medical history fail to yield a cause of death, the forensic pathologist may opt to study the cardiac conduction system. This paper descr...
Syntheses and structures of dihydrocalix[4]arenes bearing O -benzonitrile and O -acetonyl substituents

Three 25,27-dihydrocalix[4]arene derivatives, bearing benzonitrile and acetone groups on the oxygens, were prepared and structurally characterized. All three structures crystallize in \(P\bar 1\), with cell dimensions: bis(benzonitrile)calix[4]arene·toluene, a = 11.530(2) A, b = 12.013(2) A, c = 14.089(4) A, α = 103.555(18)°, β = 94.341(18)°, γ = 104.704(16)°, and V = 1815.9(7) A3; anti-bis-acetone-calix[4]arene, a = 7.5847(8) A, b = 12.0948(17) A, c = 15.3375(16) A, α = 78.982(10)°, β = 76.932(9)°, γ = 73.129(10)°, and V = 1299.6(3) A3; syn-bis-acetone-calix[4]arene, a = 9.080(3) A, b = 10.391(3) A, c = 14.816(3) A, α = 96.998(19)°, β = 100.02(2)°, γ = 103.93(3)°, and V = 1299.6(3) A3.
Pneumoperitoneum in the Obese: Practical Concerns

The laparoscopic approach to bariatric surgery was first reported in the early 1990s (1). With refinement of the laparoscopic approach to bariatric surgery, particularly laparoscopic gastric bypass, there has been a tremendous growth in the field of bariatric surgery. Patients view laparoscopic bariatric surgery as a less invasive approach and are more likely to seek laparoscopic surgical therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity. With an increase in the demand for bariatric surgery, there is also an increase in the number of surgeons interested in learning laparoscopic bariatric surgery. There has also been an increase in the number of institutions providing laparoscopic bariatric surgery workshops and growth in membership of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Therefore, it is important for surgeons performing laparoscopic bariatric surgery to understand the fundamental differences between laparoscopic and open surgery and possible intraoperative adverse consequences of pneumoperitoneum in the morbidly obese.
Risikomanagement – Fehlererkennung durch Team Time Out

Klinisches Risikomanagement soll in systematischer Form Fehler oder Risiken der PatientInnenversorgung entdecken, analysieren, verhindern und somit die PatientInnensicherheit erhohen. Checklisten zur Pravention von Verwechslungen bei Operationen haben in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. An der Augenabteilung des KH Hietzing, Wien wurde im Oktober 2011 das „Team Time Out“ implementiert. Hierbei werden unmittelbar vor Operationsbeginn die wichtigsten Daten (Operation, Seite, Implantate) nochmals systematisch abgefragt. Um den Nutzen des „Team Time Out“ zu evaluieren und auch fur die MitarbeiterInnen anschaulich darstellbar zu machen, wurden 6 Monate nach Einfuhrung der Checklisten fur den Zeitraum von 9 Monaten alle durch „Team Time Out“ entdeckten Fehler protokolliert und ausgewertet. Im angegebenen Zeitraum wurden insgesamt 4113 Operationen durchgefuhrt. In 13 Fallen gab es Verwechslungen der Operationsseite, in 16 Fallen bei der Auswahl der Intraokularlinse. 19-mal wurden Fehler bei den PatientInnendaten, wie falsches Geburtsdatum, falscher Name oder fehlende Dokumentation einer Allergie entdeckt. 6-mal gab es weitere Auffalligkeiten, wie z. B. Befunde eines anderen Patienten in der Krankengeschichte. Insgesamt zeigte sich nochmals eine deutliche Reduktion der Fehler im Verlauf der 9 Monate. Die Einfuhrung des „Team Time Out“ hat sich bewahrt und erhoht mit geringem Aufwand die PatientInnensicherheit deutlich. Trotz mehrfacher Kontrollen der Unterlagen vor der Operation konnen einzelne Fehler bis unmittelbar vor den OP-Beginn weiter getragen werden und fallen erst beim „Team Time Out“ auf.
Design and Synthesis of Multigraft Copolymer Thermoplastic Elastomers: Superelastomers

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) have been widely studied because of their recyclability, good processibility, low production cost, and unique performance. The building of graft-type architectures can greatly improve mechanical properties of TPEs. This review focuses on the advances in different approaches to synthesize multigraft copolymer TPEs. Anionic polymerization techniques allow for the synthesis of well-defined macromolecular structures and compositions, with great control over the molecular weight, polydispersity, branch spacing, number of branch points, and branch point functionality. Progress in emulsion polymerization offers potential approaches to commercialize these types of materials with low production cost via simple operations. Moreover, the use of multigraft architectures provides a solution to the limited elongational properties of all-acrylic TPEs, which can greatly expand their potential application range. The combination of different polymerization techniques, the introduction of new chemical compositions, and the incorporation of sustainable sources are expected to be further investigated in this area in coming years.
Analyte-Receptor Binding Kinetics on Microarrays: A Fractal Analysis

The chapter presents alternate analyses of the binding of unlabeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in solution to anti-TNT immobilized on a microarray surface, Cy5-labeled mouse IgG in solution to anti-mouse IgG immobilized on a microarray surface, and calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) and 2'7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxy fluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCEF-AM) in solution to single NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells immobilized in microwell arrays. Fractal dimension values as well as rate coefficient are provided for the binding kinetics for the analyte–receptor systems wherever applicable. A fractal analysis of the binding of analytes in solution to receptors immobilized on microarray surfaces provides a quantitative estimate of the state of disorder or the degree of heterogeneity on these surfaces. A quantitative measure of the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the analyte–receptor systems analyzed is provided by the fractal dimension. The fractal analysis is described as a possible means of analyzing the kinetics with the complications—such as diffusion, heterogeneity, flow regimes, etc—involved.
Signaling for more money: The roles of founders' human capital and investor prominence in resource acquisition across different stages of firm development

Abstract We use signaling theory to explain how new ventures effectively signal future prospects to acquire external resources. Based on a sample of 235 new ventures drawn from a unique dataset combining multiple sources, we examine the signals of founders' human capital (i.e., education, industry experience, and founding experience) and investor prominence and their influence on the amount of external funding received across two stages of venture funding. We find that founders' founding experience and education have the greatest effects for acquiring first-round financing, but in later stages, only the signaling effect from education remains. Furthermore, we find important interactions between founders' human capital and investor prominence in the second round of funding. By utilizing lagged funding information, we show that different types of signals have a dynamic and temporal impact on new ventures' resource acquisition, including the persistence of some signals and the temporariness of others.