cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Policies for food production and consumption in underdevelopment: The case of Mexico

Abstract This paper presents a system analysis approach for the investigation of the most effective agricultural and nutrition-intervening programs for improving the nutritional standards of the rural poor in a lesser developed country. The research is framed within a four-stage process. First, by means of observation, stylized patterns of nutritional status, food consumption, autoconsumption, and crop production are inferred. Second, based on previous anthropological case studies and statistical surveys, a theoretical model of the peasant household is specified. Third, the model is validated by comparing its empirical solution with the observed patterns. Fourth, the model is used to illustrate a method for evaluating alternative programs for improving the nutritional intakes of peasants. Programs appraised are credit for agricultural production, policies for affecting corn prices and input prices, and programs for subsidizing purchases of foods. The empirical study is about the peasant economy of Puebla in Mexico. The major foods of the typical diet and crop pattern of this area are corn (an energy food) and beans (a protein food). This diet is representative of other areas in Mexico and Central America.
Analysis of Sport Orientation of Female Collegiate Athletes

Scores on three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire were analyzed to assess whether competitive orientation of 40 female athletes differed from that of 36 nonparticipants and whether c...
Genomic and immunohistochemical analysis of adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast

Breast adenosquamous carcinomas are rare tumours characterized by well-developed gland formation intimately admixed with solid nests of squamous cells immersed in a highly cellular spindle cell stroma. A low-grade variant has been described that is associated with a better prognosis. Here we studied five cases of adenosquamous carcinomas to determine their genetic profiles and to investigate whether the spindle cell component of these cancers could at least in part stem from the glandular/epithelial components. Five adenosquamous carcinomas of the breast were subjected to (1) immunohistochemical analysis, (2) microdissection and genetic analysis with a high-resolution microarray comparative genomic hybridization platform, and (3) chromogenic in situ hybridization. All cases displayed a triple-negative immunophenotype, consistently expressed 'basal' keratins and showed variable levels of epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization analysis of two of the cases revealed multiple low-level gains and losses affecting several chromosomal arms. Case 1 displayed gains of the whole of chromosome 7, and case 2 harboured a focal, high-level amplification of 7p12, encompassing the epidermal growth factor receptor gene, which was associated with strong and intense membranous epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Chromogenic in situ hybridization revealed that the genetic features found in the epithelial cells were also present in a minority of the spindle cells of the stromal component, in particular in those near the epithelial clusters, indicating that some of the spindle cells are clonal and derived from the epithelial component of the tumour. In conclusion, breast adenosquamous carcinomas are triple-negative cancers that express 'basal' keratins. These tumours harbour complex genetic profiles. Some of the spindle cells in adenosquamous carcinomas are derived from the epithelial component, suggesting that adenosquamous carcinomas may also be part of the group of metaplastic breast carcinomas with spindle cell metaplastic elements.
Modeling and requirements on the physical side of cyber-physical systems

In a cyber-physical system (a system where the physical world interacts extensively with-often networked-software), the physical portion of the system resides in the continuous and continual domain. Thus, on the physical side of cyber-physical systems we will have to contend with not only real time requirements but also the continuous and continual nature of the system. This poses a new set of challenges for requirements engineering; we must write well defined requirements to address crucial issues not commonly addressed in the software domain. For example, the rate of change of a controlled variable, the time it takes for a controlled variable to settle sufficiently close to a set-point, and the cumulative errors built up over time may be of critical importance. In this paper we outline how early modeling in the continuous domain serves as a crucial aid in the elicitation and discovery of requirements for cyber-physical systems and provide an initial classification of the types of requirements needed to describe crucial aspects of the physical side of a cyber-physical system.
Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues

Many have argued in recent years that the U.S. constitutional system exalts individual rights over responsibilities, virtues, and the common good. Answering the charges against liberal theories of rights, James Fleming and Linda McClain develop and defend a civic liberalism that takes responsibilities and virtues--as well as rights--seriously. They provide an account of ordered liberty that protects basic liberties stringently, but not absolutely, and permits government to encourage responsibility and inculcate civic virtues without sacrificing personal autonomy to collective determination. The battle over same-sex marriage is one of many current controversies the authors use to defend their understanding of the relationship among rights, responsibilities, and virtues. Against accusations that same-sex marriage severs the rights of marriage from responsible sexuality, procreation, and parenthood, they argue that same-sex couples seek the same rights, responsibilities, and goods of civil marriage that opposite-sex couples pursue. Securing their right to marry respects individual autonomy while also promoting moral goods and virtues. Other issues to which they apply their idea of civic liberalism include reproductive freedom, the proper roles and regulation of civil society and the family, the education of children, and clashes between First Amendment freedoms (of association and religion) and antidiscrimination law. Articulating common ground between liberalism and its critics, Fleming and McClain develop an account of responsibilities and virtues that appreciates the value of diversity in our morally pluralistic constitutional democracy.
In situ Growth of SiC Whisker in Pyrolyzed Monolithic Mixture of AHPCS and SiC

In situ whisker growth was observed during heat treatment of allylhydridopolycarbosilane (AHPCS) and SiC powder in the temperature range of 1250°–1350°C. TEM equipped with an electron energy loss spectrometer (EELS) verified that the banded whiskers are twinned single-grained β-SiC. Convergent beam electron diffraction patterns (CBED) of the whisker tips were consistent with formation by a vapor–solid (VS) mechanism. The effects of process variables on whisker growth were addressed. The mechanism of whisker growth was discussed and attributed to the reaction between the gaseous products of the polymers AHPCS and polycarbosilane (PCS). Thermal decomposition behavior of the polymers was followed to relate gas evolution to whisker formation.
Crowdsourcing medical research

Researchers can use data from social websites dedicated to patients to develop a deeper understanding of disease processes and devise more effective treatments.
Effects of Decreased Calmodulin Protein on the Survival Mechanisms of Alveolar Macrophages during Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Pneumocystis infection causes increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (Amo). Assessments of key prosurvival molecules in Amo and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from infected rats and mice showed low levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and reduced activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K). Ubiquitous calcium-sensing protein calmodulin protein and mRNA levels were also reduced in Amo during Pneumocystis pneumonia (Pcp). Calmodulin has been implicated in control of GM-CSF production and PI-3K activation in other immune cell types. Experiments to determine the control of GM-CSF and PI-3K by calmodulin in Amo showed that GM-CSF expression and PI-3K activation could not be induced when calmodulin was inhibited. Calmodulin inhibition also led to increased levels of ROS and apoptosis in cells exposed to bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from infected animals. Supplementation of Amo with exogenous calmodulin increased survival signaling via GM-CSF and PI-3K and reduced ROS and apoptosis. These data support the hypotheses that calmodulin levels at least partially control survival signaling in Amo and that restoration of GM-CSF or PI-3K signaling will improve host response to the organism.
Bayesian Adaptive Randomized Trial Design for Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma

Purpose To evaluate whether the use of Bayesian adaptive randomized (AR) designs in clinical trials for glioblastoma is feasible and would allow for more efficient trials. Patients and Methods We generated an adaptive randomization procedure that was retrospectively applied to primary patient data from four separate phase II clinical trials in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. We then compared AR designs with more conventional trial designs by using realistic hypothetical scenarios consistent with survival data reported in the literature. Our primary end point was the number of patients needed to achieve a desired statistical power. Results If our phase II trials had been a single, multiarm trial using AR design, 30 fewer patients would have been needed compared with a multiarm balanced randomized (BR) design to attain the same power level. More generally, Bayesian AR trial design for patients with glioblastoma would result in trials with fewer overall patients with no loss in statistical power and in...
School building security: A need for standards and guidelines

This paper is a general survey and analysis of the growing problems relating to school security. It discusses the neglect and indifference of various educational, governmental and professional organizations in their dealings with the menace confronting our 100 000 schools in the nation. It details the increase in crime taking place within the school corridors and recommends certain actions that may help regain control of the school from the vandal and juvenile criminal. The theme of the paper is a general criticism of the actions of the educational community that refuse to believe that our schools are being attacked by students and that the problems are spreading from the urban centers to the suburbs. A great deal of emphasis is placed on the lack of standards and guidelines relating to security hardware.
Child control of food choices in Head Start families.

Abstract Objective To describe parents' perceived feeding practices of their Head Start children as related to 6 feeding constructs based on the literature about the division of mealtime responsibilities. Design A qualitative study involving 45-minute audiotaped and transcribed discussion groups with items that probed constructs of interest. Setting Five discussion groups were conducted in local, urban Head Start sites in a north central state. Participants Head Start staff recruited 29 limited-income parents. Phenomena of interest Parental comments were coded into categories related to the 6 feeding constructs and perceived barriers to their implementation. Analysis Researchers independently coded the discussion group transcripts based on common themes and feeding constructs. Codes were discussed until consensus was reached and data analyzed using Ethnograph 5.0. Results Parents frequently reported that their children decided which foods were offered for meals and snacks. Most parents reported such child control of foods to be a barrier to pleasant mealtimes. Implications Nutrition educators can suggest solutions to improve parental self-efficacy for practicing mealtime responsibilities, such as offering a choice of several healthy foods from which a child might choose. The importance of planned meal and snack times might be promoted based on aiding children's appetites at meals and reducing mealtime conflicts.
Molecular Epidemiology of Novel Pathogen "Brachyspira hampsonii" Reveals Relationships between Diverse Genetic Groups, Regions, Host Species, and Other Pathogenic and Commensal Brachyspira Species.

Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the reemergence of an economically significant disease, swine dysentery, in the United States. Investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated “Brachyspira hampsonii,” with two genetically distinct clades. Although it has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in Europe and North America, little is known about its genetic diversity or its relationships with other Brachyspira species. This study characterizes B. hampsonii using a newly developed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach and elucidates the diversity, distribution, population structure, and genetic relationships of this pathogen from diverse epidemiological sources globally. Genetic characterization of 81 B. hampsonii isolates, originating from six countries, with our newly established MLST scheme identified a total of 20 sequence types (STs) belonging to three clonal complexes (CCs). B. hampsonii showed a heterogeneous population structure with evidence of microevolution locally in swine production systems, while its clustering patterns showed associations with its epidemiological origins (country, swine production system, and host species). The close genetic relatedness of B. hampsonii isolates from different countries and host species highlights the importance of strict biosecurity control measures. A comparative analysis of 430 isolates representing seven Brachyspira species (pathogens and commensals) from 19 countries and 10 host species depicted clustering by microbial species. It revealed the close genetic relatedness of B. hampsonii with commensal Brachyspira species and also provided support for the two clades of B. hampsonii to be considered a single species.
Antidepressant Treatment and Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Monoamine and Stress Hypotheses of Depression Converge

There are multiple highly effective treatments for depression. Psychosocial treatments focus on the perceptions of stress, stress prevention, and coping mechanisms, whereas most effective pharmacological treatments modulate monoamines in the brain. Numerous research efforts to understand the mechanisms by which psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treat depression have resulted in the respective “stress” and “monoamine” hypotheses of depression. This chapter will focus on recent findings that stress and monoamine hypotheses of depression converge in their opposing impact on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Keywords: neurogenesis; major depressive disorder; hippocampus; neuronal progenitors; serotonin; serotonin receptors; serotonin transporter; serotonin reuptake inhibitors; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; norepinephrine; monoamines; stress; glucocorticoids; glucocorticoid receptors; corticosterone; mineralocorticoid; mineralocorticoid receptors; immature neurons; dentate gyrus; subgranular zone; granule cell; 5-HT1A; 5-HT1B; 5-HT2A; 5-HT2C; CA1; CA3; raphe; locus coeruleus; plasticity; receptor desensitization
Cell-free translational analysis of the processing of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus polyprotein.

Abstract A cDNA clone of the large genomic segment of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was inserted into transcription vectors and used for production of RNA transcripts of various lengths. These RNA transcripts were used to prime the synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides in a rabbit reticulocyte translation system. Full-length transcripts resulted in the synthesis of processed viral proteins pVP2, NS, and VP3. Transcripts which were deleted in the VP2 coding region did not affect the processing of NS or VP3 and similarly, deletions in VP3 did not affect the formation of NS or VP2. However, deletions which extended into the NS coding region resulted in a loss of protease activity and the production of truncated precursor polypeptides. The virus-specific proteolytic activity could not be inhibited by specific antisera and a trans activity for the viral protease could not be demonstrated.
E-prescribing errors in community pharmacies: exploring consequences and contributing factors

Abstract Objective To explore types of e-prescribing errors in community pharmacies and their potential consequences, as well as the factors that contribute to e-prescribing errors. Methods Data collection involved performing 45 total hours of direct observations in five pharmacies. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 20 study participants. Transcripts from observations and interviews were subjected to content analysis using NVivo 10. Results Pharmacy staff detected 75 e-prescription errors during the 45h observation in pharmacies. The most common e-prescribing errors were wrong drug quantity, wrong dosing directions, wrong duration of therapy, and wrong dosage formulation. Participants estimated that 5 in 100 e-prescriptions have errors. Drug classes that were implicated in e-prescribing errors were antiinfectives, inhalers, ophthalmic, and topical agents. The potential consequences of e-prescribing errors included increased likelihood of the patient receiving incorrect drug therapy, poor disease management for patients, additional work for pharmacy personnel, increased cost for pharmacies and patients, and frustrations for patients and pharmacy staff. Factors that contribute to errors included: technology incompatibility between pharmacy and clinic systems, technology design issues such as use of auto-populate features and dropdown menus, and inadvertently entering incorrect information. Conclusion Study findings suggest that a wide range of e-prescribing errors is encountered in community pharmacies. Pharmacists and technicians perceive that causes of e-prescribing errors are multidisciplinary and multifactorial, that is to say e-prescribing errors can originate from technology used in prescriber offices and pharmacies.
A novel phased array based on the extended resonance power dividing technique

A novel phased array based on the extended resonance power dividing technique has been presented. This phased array eliminates the need for a separate power splitter and phase shifters in a conventional phased array system. As a proof of principle, a 2 GHz extended resonance based phased array consisting of 4 microstrip patch antennas has been designed, fabricated and tested. The measured scan range was +/- 13.5 degrees with an average beamwidth of 26 degrees.
The negotiation of closetable identities: A narrative analysis of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered queer Jewish identity

We focused on the closetable identities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered queer (LGBTQ) Jewish Americans through the use of identity narratives. Thirty-one people participated in narrative interviews about their identity negotiation decisions. The Communication Theory of Identity framed the inquiry by showing how the interpenetrations of identity layers and critical elements created changes and conflict in participants’ lives that necessitated negotiating their LGBTQ Jewish identity. Analyses revealed conflicts related to self-perception, experiences, perceptions of others, and enactments of being LGBTQ and Jewish, many of which revolved around issues of alienation. The potential for identity gaps to emerge and produce largely negative outcomes was ever present in their lives as they sought supportive communities for one or both identity elements. This study has implications for individual and community support of multiple and stigmatized identities.
AKAP12 and AKAP5 form higher-order hetero-oligomers

Background: The family of A-kinase-anchoring proteins, AKAPs, constitutes a group of molecular scaffolds that act to catalyze dynamic interactions of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinases, G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. AKAP5 (MW ~47 kDa) and AKAP12 (MW ~191 kDa) homo-oligomerize, but whether or not such AKAPs can hetero-oligomerize into supermolecular scaffolds of increased complexity is unknown. Results: Affinity chromatography using immobilized AKAPs as “bait” demonstrates unequivocally that AKAP5 and AKAP12 do form minimally hetero-dimers. Steric-exclusion chromatography of AKAP5 and AKAP12 mixtures revealed the existence of very large, supermolecular complexes containing both AKAPs. Docking of AKAP5 to AKAP12 was increased 4-fold by beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation. Overexpression of AKAP12 was found to potentiate AKAP5-mediated Erk1/2 activation in response to stimulation with beta-adrenergic agonist. Conclusion: AKAP5 and AKAP12 are capable of forming hetero-oligomeric supermolecular complexes that influence AKAP locale and function.
Astroglial control of oligodendrocyte survival mediated by PDGF and leukemia inhibitory factor-like protein

Programmed death and the identification of growth factors delaying this process in the oligodendrocyte lineage suggest that other cell types provide oligodendrogliotrophins. To determine their source, primary cultures of oligodendroblasts immunopurified from postnatal rat cerebrum were used to screen other cultured neural and non-neural cell types for the release of survival factors into a defined insulin-containing medium. In non-conditioned medium, oligodendroblasts died 1-2 days after undergoing terminal differentiation into oligodendrocytes, as defined by the onset of expression of galactocerebroside. In medium conditioned by astrocytes, unlike the other tested cell types, differentiated oligodendrocytes survived for weeks in a mature myelinogenic state. Survival was partially reduced by immunoabsorption of the medium with antibodies to platelet-derived growth factor and abolished by immunoabsorption with antibodies to leukemia inhibitory factor. By the same criterion, survival activity was not attributed to other astrocytic products, ciliary neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Membrane ultrafiltration analysis indicated the activity corresponded to heat-labile protein smaller (M(r) = 10(-30) x 10(3)) than native rat leukemia inhibitory factor (M(r) = 43 x 10(3)). The astrocytic stimulus was > 4-fold more efficacious than other known oligodendrogliotrophic cytokines, including ciliary neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and leukemia inhibitory factor itself, tested singly or in combination, and promoted survival additively with these agents. These findings suggest that astrocytes function as paracrine regulators of oligodendroblast and oligodendrocyte survival and that their effect is mediated initially by platelet-derived growth factor and thereafter by a powerful cytokine related to leukemia inhibitory factor.
Feature selection and policy optimization for distributed instruction placement using reinforcement learning

Communication overheads are one of the fundamental challenges in a multiprocessor system. As the number of processors on a chip increases, communication overheads and the distribution of computation and data become increasingly important performance factors. Explicit Dataflow Graph Execution (EDGE) processors, in which instructions communicate with one another directly on a distributed substrate, give the compiler control over communication overheads at a fine granularity. Prior work shows that compilers can effectively reduce fine-grained communication overheads in EDGE architectures using a spatial instruction placement algorithm with a heuristic-based cost function. While this algorithm is effective, the cost function must be painstakingly tuned. Heuristics tuned to perform well across a variety of applications leave users with little ability to tune performance-critical applications, yet we find that the best placement heuristics vary significantly with the application. First, we suggest a systematic feature selection method that reduces the feature set size based on the extent to which features affect performance. To automatically discover placement heuristics, we then use these features as input to a reinforcement learning technique, called Neuro-Evolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT), that uses a genetic algorithm to evolve neural networks. We show that NEAT outperforms simulated annealing, the most commonly used optimization technique for instruction placement. We use NEAT to learn general heuristics that are as effective as hand-tuned heuristics, but we find that improving over highly hand-tuned general heuristics is difficult. We then suggest a hierarchical approach to machine learning that classifies segments of code with similar characteristics and learns heuristics for these classes. This approach performs closer to the specialized heuristics. Together, these results suggest that learning compiler heuristics may benefit from both improved feature selection and classification.
Discovery of thiadiazoles as a novel structural class of potent and selective PDE7 inhibitors. Part 1: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies

The synthesis and SAR studies of a series of structurally novel small molecule inhibitors of PDE7 are discussed. The best compounds from the series displayed low nanomolar inhibitory activity and are selective versus PDE4.
Taking complaints seriously: using the patient safety lens

Important progress has been made towards reducing adverse events by using the modern patient safety framework, which assumes that preventable adverse events represent the combination of latent system failures and active human errors.1 This systems-oriented approach identifies provider incompetence as the root cause of a problem only after system failure and predictable human errors have been excluded.2 It relies on concepts of Just Culture and human factors-based analytic techniques to understand the aetiologies of adverse events.3 The patient safety movement prizes transparency, through early event reporting, open discussion of adverse events among colleagues and frank, empathic communication with the patient when an error has occurred.4 Yet few healthcare institutions see patient complaints as adverse events. Instead, at most institutions, patient complaints are handled by patient relations or risk management departments, with a primary goal of mollifying the patient and avoiding litigation, missing the opportunity not only to meet the affected patients’ needs but also to improve the quality of care going forward by identifying root causes and developing prevention plans. It should come as no surprise that we do not take patient complaints as seriously as we do critical incidents such as wrong site surgery. It is easy to dismiss complaints as attributable to the provider's interpersonal skills or the patient's personality. However, the thoughtful paper by Spittal and colleagues5 reminds us that like any adverse event, patient complaints have an epidemiology that can yield important lessons for prevention. To optimise learning and prevent future complaints, we need to fully apply the patient safety lens and systematically examine the multiple causes contributing to these complaints. Spittal and colleagues build on their prior publication that found patient complaints against Australian physicians were highly clustered: half of all complaints were generated by only 3% of physicians in …
Complex IMRT increases the potential for dose misadministration, and simple planning and delivery methods can achieve the same results with reduced risk of patient injury

Traditional radiation therapy planning uses rule-based application of treatment fields to obtain homogeneous dose distributions. Techniques for weighting fields and modulating their intensities with standard wedges are well understood. However, these methods have not been extended to address a number of problems that are now of great interest to Radiation Oncologists. For example, it is not obvious how they might be extended to plan targets with invaginations that surround critical normal tissues. Also, it is not easy to apply traditional planing methods to the situation where non-coplanar beams are used to spare healthy tissue. Instead of extending traditional planning techniques to handle these situations, a new planning paradigm was developed as an alternative. The new approach, called inverse planning, uses the desired dose distribution and critical structure constraints to calculate the beam intensity patterns needed to meet the prescription goals. These patterns are then approximated using intensity modulated dose delivery with a multileaf collimator.
The Role of Endothelium in Factor Xa Regulation: The Effect of Plasma Proteinase Inhibitors and Hirudin

The role of endothelium in the inhibition of human factor Xa was studied in a plasma environment. Human factor Xa can bind to and function on bovine aortic endothelium in a manner similar to that of bovine factor Xa. Approximately 70% of the bound factor Xa is subject to inhibition by plasma proteinase inhibitors, and the remaining 30% is irreversibly bound as part of a 125 Kd membrane-associated complex not subject to proteolytic degradation. The proportion reversibly bound and its rate of release do not alter with changes in calcium, citrate, heparin, or active proteinase inhibitor concentrations. The principal plasma proteinase inhibitor of human factor Xa was antithrombin III, which accounted for 60% to 65% of factor Xa released from endothelium, with alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor inactivating 20% to 25% and alpha 2- macroglobulin approximately 15%. All of the reversibly bound factor Xa was identified in complex with one of these three proteinase inhibitors. The thrombin active-site inhibitor hirudin was found to markedly accelerate the displacement of reversibly bound factor Xa from the endothelium and to associate specifically with factor Xa without a loss of activity toward chromogenic substrates, perhaps accounting for a novel mechanism of anticoagulation.
The plague health education and impact assessment in Xiamen city

Objective To popularize the knowledge of the plague prevention and control,and to evaluate the effect of health education in recent years. Methods After developing investigation of the baseline survey of the knowledge of the plague,then health education was conducted through giving out publicity brochures,posters and publishig wall newspaper to evaluate the effect of the health education by the same questionnaire survey after intervention by the randomly selected target people. Results The knowledge rate increased from 68.40% to 89.73% after health education about plague in the target people.There were many ways to obtain the plague knowledge for the public,the main way was leaflet. Conclusion Health education training was necessary,it can strengthen the people′s health sciousness.
The multipliers for Lp(G)

In this chapter we shall investigate the multipliers for the pair (L p (G), L p (G)). We have proven some scattered results pertaining to M(L p (G)) in the previous chapters. In particular, we have already discussed to some extent the cases when p =1 and p = ∞. Consequently we shall now restrict our attention primarily to the values of p such that 1< p < ∞. We shall show in the following sections that the multipliers for L p (G) can, in a certain sense, be represented either as multiplication of the Fourier transform by a bounded function or as a convolution operator, in this instance convolution with a pseudomeasure. We shall also investigate the relationships between the spaces M(L p (G)) for various values of p, obtain some results on the existence of bounded functions which do not determine multipliers for L p (G), and examine the notion of the derived space for L p (G). As usual we shall consider only the commutative case.
Diel variation in lacunal CH4 and CO2 concentration and δ13C in Phragmites australis

We tested the hypothesis that the diurnal patterns of variationin lacunal gas concentrations and isotopic fractionationpreviously reported in a single plant genera (Typha)typified the patterns of all through-flow convective plantsby extending our observations to Phragmites australisCav. In daylight, Phragmites CH4 transport isdriven by internal pressurization which results in gas flowdown young green culms and its exit from one year old deadbrown culms. Flow rates of 10.4 ± 4.0 mL min−1 weremeasured in this study. At night, CH4 is transportedfrom the sediments to the atmosphere via the lacunal plantspaces by molecular diffusion. Within green culms, lacunalCH4 concentrations varied by a factor of 1000, from 3%(parts by volume) pre-dawn to lows of 25 ppmv during midday.Methane in brown culms varied by a factor of 10 diurnally,from 5% pre-dawn to 0.3% at midday. Lacunal CO2concentrations varied similarly.Concentrations of both gases varied inversely with lacunalpressure. In green culms, large isotopic fractionations wereobserved in CH4 and CO2 in the morning and eveningduring transitions in gas transport mode and were associatedwith slight downward flows counter to the upward diffusionof these gases. Methane δ13C as depletedas −100‰ was observed. In daylight, lacunal CH4 wassimilar to or 13C depleted relative to sedimentary andemitted CH4 isotopic values, but at night lacunalCH4 was 13C enriched relative to sedimentarymethane. Overall, the diurnal variations of CH4concentration and δ13C value inPhragmiteswere similar to those observed in Typha andindicate that these patterns should be consistent in otherconvective-flow plants. Furthermore, our results demonstratethat the large isotopic fractionations found in aquaticplants can result solely from isotopic fractionationassociated with gas transport.
In Situ Reduction of Chromium-Contaminated Groundwater, Soils, and Sediments by Sodium Dithionite

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the results of the various laboratory studies conducted to characterize the extent of chromium (Cr) contamination in the groundwater and underlying soils and sediments of a chrome-plating shop at the United States Coast Guard (USCG) Support Center near Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Most of the mobile hexavalent Cr [Cr(VI)] was present in the vadose zone just above the capillary fringe and in the upper zone of the aquifer under oxidizing conditions. Three liquid reductants, which include sodium dithionite, l-ascorbic acid, and free hydroxylamine were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their ability to detoxify and immobilize Cr(VI) in situ. Sodium dithionite proved to be the most effective at reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) with the least adverse side effects. Postinjection monitoring results show aqueous Cr(VI) concentrations decreased from up to 5 to <0.01 mg/liter in all wells within the 1-m cylindrical treatment zone. Continued Cr(VI) reduction was seen 48 weeks postinjection, indicating that long-term reduction was occurring. Analyses of postexperimental sediment cores indicate that nonmobile, reduced structural iron (Fe) within the silicate minerals present in the treated sediments might be contributing to the long-term remediation of Cr(VI).
Potentiometric studies in the formation and stability of colloidal solutions: Part I. Ferric oxide sols

1. Potentiometric titrations of acidified and unacidified ferric chloride solutions have been conducted against carbonate-free sodium hydroxide, with and without the addition of neutral salts. 2. The titration curves show that the range of stability of ferric oxide sols is between the pH limits 3·20–4·45, the precipitation of ferric oxide commences in the neighbourhood of pH 4·5, and is complete at pH 6·0. 3. The composition of the precipitate of ferric oxide is found to vary with the neutral salt added. The molar ratio between ferric chloride and sodium hydroxide varies between the limits 1:2·69 to 1:2·85, the theoretical ratio being 1:3·0. The molar ratio at the end point follows the series SO4″ < Cl′ < NO3′ < water. 4. The different stages in the formation of micelles of ferric oxide and their subsequent coagulation have been elucidated. 5. The variations in pH of ferric oxide sols with dilution have been studied, and the results support the view proposed by the author that there is an equilibrium between the ions in the micelle and those in the intermicellary liquid. 6. An explanation has been offered for the development of alkalinity on addition of neutral salts to ferric oxide sols. The liberation of OH− ions on addition of salts has been correlated with the lower molar ratio obtained in the titrations of ferric chloride against alkali.
Spino-Cerebellar Degeneration and Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) presenting in two different forms within a family is reported from the New York State Office of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Institute for Basic Research, 10560 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Island, NY and the Dept of Neurology, Albert Einstein Coll of Med, Bronx, NY.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure of a New Structure Type, and Thermal Analysis of the Ammonium Borophosphate (NH4)2[B2P3O11(OH)]

(NH4)2[B2P3O11(OH)] was synthesized as a crystalline colorless powder by reaction of (NH4)2HPO4, H3BO3, and H3PO4 under hydrothermal conditions at 180 °C. According to X-ray single-crystal investigations (NH4)2[B2P3O11(OH)] crystallizes in a new structure type in the orthorhombic space group P212121 (no. 19) [Z = 4, a = 4.509(3), b = 14.490(11), c = 16.401(12) A, R1 = 0.046, wR2 = 0.093, 1682 data, 200 parameters]. The crystal structure comprises infinite layers of corner-sharing borate, phosphate and hydroxo-phosphate tetrahedra with ammonium ions in-between. The loop-Branched (lB) zweier-single layer reveals an open-Branched (oB) vierer-single ring as fundamental building unit (FBU), which was observed in (NH4)2MnII[B2P3O11(OH)2]Cl[1] for the first time. Besides the spectroscopic properties the thermal behavior is presented as well.
Stability Analysis of Limit Cycles in Non Linear Feedback Systems Using Describing Functions: Improved Results

Abstract We formulate and establish a rigorous stability analysis for limit cycles for a large class of nonlinear feedback systems. Our approach uses the classical sinusoidal-input describing function and the theory of integral manifolds. The present results constitute an improvement of earlier results by the present authors. We demonstrate the usefulness of the present results by means of specific examples (in the complete version of this paper).
Intimidation of Calypsonians by the UNC Gov't of Trinidad & Tobago

The calypso is one of the indigenous music forms of Trinidad and Tobago. This art form originated from among the talented, dispossessed African males of the society, similar to the art forms of reggae and rap. Among the many functions of the calypso, it has played the role of unofficial political activist and communicator for the masses of the society. Its lyrics can disseminate such significant messages to the population of Trinidad and Tobago that people have come not only to listen to them purely for entertainment, but also for their instrumental value. They listen with the expectation of receiving messages from the calypso about political, governmental and other topics, to which they could relate.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Preclinical Irradiation-Adapted Model for Ewing Sarcoma.

Purpose Radiation therapy (RT) is a viable therapeutic option for Ewing sarcoma (ES) patients. However, little progress has been made to elucidate the mechanisms of radioresistance. This study establishes a novel ES irradiation-adapted model designed to assess molecular and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) alterations secondary to RT. Methods and Materials Radiation-adapted cell lines (RACLs) were created in vitro by exposing ES human cell lines to fractionated doses of radiation. Assays to assess migration or invasion potential and RNA expression were performed on the RACLs. Orthotopic intratibial in vivo investigations were performed with irradiation-sensitive and irradiation-adapted ES cells to generate tumors. Transplanted mice were imaged using 18F-FDG PET followed by fractionated RT directed at the primary tumor. Mice were monitored for tumor regression and change in metabolic activity using 18F-FDG PET imaging. Protein expression analyses were performed on the RACLs and orthotopic tumors. Results Exposure to fractionated doses of radiation caused a significant increase in migratory and invasive properties in the RACLs when compared with nonirradiated wild-type ES cells. RACL transcriptomic and proteomic analysis suggests enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin–AKT pathway when compared with wild-type ES cells. Irradiation-adapted tumors demonstrated significantly less tumor regression (P = .03) than wild-type tumors. Wild-type tumors also had decreased expression of lactate dehydrogenase A protein and significantly lower metabolic activity after RT compared with irradiation-adapted tumors (P = .03). Conclusions We developed novel in vitro and in vivo irradiation-adapted ES models. In vitro investigations revealed increased migratory and invasive phenotypes in the RACLs. In vivo investigations demonstrated increased metabolic activity and significantly decreased sensitivity to RT in the irradiation-adapted tumors as demonstrated by growth response curves and 18F-FDG PET activity. Investigations of the RACLs identified possible radiosensitizing-dependent targets in lactate dehydrogenase A and the mammalian target of rapamycin–AKT pathway.
Onyx embolization of a pial AV fistula with a giant venous varix using a flow-directed Scepter balloon catheter: Technical note.

Background and importancePial arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) of the brain are treacherous lesions that can be challenging to treat because of high risk of hemorrhage. We report on a rare case of a p...
The Aging Respiratory System: Anesthetic Strategies to Minimize Perioperative Pulmonary Complications

Because of increased life expectancy, the number of elderly individuals over the age of 65 is increasing all over the world, especially in developed countries. Although respiratory function is relatively well preserved in resting elderly patients, reduced respiratory reserve may lead to problems in the setting of acute illness or surgery. To anticipate and prevent potential problems that may result from reduced respiratory reserve, it is important to understand the effects of aging on respiratory function. Such changes may have particular significance during the perioperative period when numerous anesthetic and surgical factors, such as body positioning, residual effects of anesthetics on control of respiration, structural and functional disruption of respiratory muscles, and perioperative changes in lung fluid balance, may impose additional burdens on elderly patients with diminished pulmonary reserve. Indeed, postoperative respiratory complications account for approximately 40% of the perioperative deaths in patients over 65 years of age.1 In this chapter, we review the effects of aging on pulmonary function and the effects of anesthesia and surgery on this function.
Isolation of Human Blood Phagocytes by Counterflow Centrifugation Elutriation

The principle of cell separation by counterflow centrifugation was first enunciated by Lindahl (1948) who derived an equation defining the position of particles in a centrifugal field opposed by fluid flowing in the centripetal direction. He designed a “counterstreaming” centrifuge which concentrated yeast particles in planes of equilibrium dependent upon the radius and density of the yeast and the viscosity and density of the medium (Lindahl, 1956). In an early study with the “counterstreaming” centrifuge eosinophilic leukocytes from horse blood were concentrated and the final cell suspension contained 20–30% (Lindahl and Lindahl, 1955). A significant advance was made by McEwen et al. (1968) who designed rotors for use with a standard preparative centrifuge. Their studies were largely responsible for the production of the simple equipment which makes counterflow cell separation generally available. Polystyrene micro spheres, yeasts, plant, and blood cells were resolved into subpopulations with diameters which ranged from 0–20 µm. In the first attempts to isolate leukocytes, whole blood with a ratio of 700 red cells to 1 leukocyte was concentrated to a ratio of 4:1. In a sample of whole blood in which 73% of the white cells consisted of granulocytes, counterflow centrifugation recovered 94% of them in the separation chambers. With a prototype rotor designed later, McEwen et al. (1971) achieved 99% recovery of leukocytes from malaria-infected monkey blood.
Interaction of some alkali metal citrates with hydroxyapatite: Ion-exchange adsorption and role of charge balance

Abstract Proper balancing of the concentration of citrate ions in soft drinks is important in order to regulate the cariogenic potential of these ions. The uptake, or ion-exchange adsorption, of sodium or potassium citrates from their aqueous solutions onto synthetic hydroxyapatite at 22°C was investigated in the present study as a means to elucidate the role of citrate ions in the cariogenic process. For each salt, the amount of uptake, or removal of citrate ions from its aqueous solutions by the apatite, bears a simple ratio to the amount of calcium or phosphate ions released into the solution by the substrate. The uptake isotherms may be represented by their Langmuir plots. The interaction is purely ion-exchange adsorption; there is no indication of the presence of any foreign phase. Plausible equations for ion-exchange equilibria show that the surface is electrically charged upon the adsorption of salts, but remains neutral upon the adsorption of the citric acid, and this may have a bearing on the effective area occupied by the absorbate species.
The Life Sciences, 1900–2000: Analysis and Social Welfare from Mendel and Koch to Biotech and Conservation

The life sciences underwent a dramatic transformation during the twentieth century, with an expansion in fundamental knowledge of the process of evolution and its molecular basis, through advances in health care that greatly extended human life, and by the combination of these advances to address the problem of conserving the many forms of life threatened by expanding human society. The essay highlights the worldwide emphasis on social welfare in the years 1945–1980 and the expanding role of international collaboration, especially in the International Biological Program and its advances in ecology and the notion of the biosphere, and in the emergence of molecular biology. This was also the era of the Cold War, yet military confrontation had fewer implications for life sciences than for the natural sciences in that era. After 1980, deregulation and neoliberalism weakened programs for social welfare, yet links among the varying strands of life sciences continued to grow, bringing the development of genomics and its many implications, expanding epidemiology to include reliance on social sciences, and deepening ecological studies as the Anthropocene became more and more prevalent. In sum, the experience of the life sciences should make it clear to world historians that scientific advance goes beyond the achievements of brilliant but isolated researchers: those same advances rely substantially on social movements, migration, and the exchange of knowledge across intellectual and physical boundaries.