cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LINEs and SINEs of primate evolution.

The primate order is a monophyletic group thought to have diverged from the Euarchonta more than 65 million years ago (mya).1 Recent paleontological and molecular evolution studies place the last common ancestor of primates even earlier (≥ 85 mya).2 More than 300 extant primate species are recognized today,3,4 clearly emphasizing their diversity and success. Our understanding of the evolution of primates and the composition of their genomes has been revolutionized within the last decade through the increasing availability and analyses of sequenced genomes. However, several aspects of primate evolution have yet to be resolved. DNA sequencing of a wider array of primate species now underway will provide an opportunity to investigate and expand upon these questions in great detail. One of the most surprising findings of the human (Homo sapiens) genome project was the high content of repetitive sequences, in particular of mobile DNA.5 This finding has been replicated in all available and analyzed primate draft genome sequences analyzed to date.5–7 In fact, transposable elements (TEs) contribute about 50% of the genome size of humans,5 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes),6 and rhesus macaques (Macacca mulatta).7 The proportion of TEs among the overall genome content is likely even higher due to the decay of older mobile elements beyond recognition, rearrangements of genomes over the course of evolution, and the challenge of sequencing and assembling repeat-rich regions of the genome.8,9 Retrotransposons (see glossary) – in particular L1, long interspersed element 1 (LINE1), and Alu, a short interspersed element (SINE) – are prominent in primate genomes, and have played a major role in genome evolution and architecture. The evolution and success of the primate-specific LINE and SINE subfamilies (L1 and Alu in particular), their application in phylogenetic studies, and their impact on the architecture of primate genomes will be the focus of this review. In addition, we will briefly cover the emergence and impact of SVA (SINE-R/VNTR/Alu) – a composite retrotransposon of relatively recent origin – and of other SINEs that are not common to all primates.
Imagining Uyghurstan: re-evaluating the birth of the modern Uyghur nation1

The generally accepted narrative for the birth of the modern Uyghur nation suggests that a national ideal for the Uyghur people and the use of the ‘Uyghur’ ethnonym in the modern context were creations of Soviet bureaucrats in the 1920s that were later promoted among Uyghurs in Xinjiang by Chinese authorities with Soviet sympathies. This article challenges this view by drawing on Uyghur language sources, which demonstrate the agency of Uyghur intellectuals in the creation of the concept of a modern Uyghur nation during the early twentieth century. In examining the activities of Uyghur intellectuals in fostering a modern Uyghur national identity, the article emphasizes the role of anti-colonial sentiments in this movement, thus linking the Uyghur example to post-colonial scholarly arguments about the development of modern national consciousness among formerly colonized peoples around the world.
A qualitative examination of connections between learner-centered teaching and past significant learning experiences

Learner-centered teaching is a collection of instructional practices that shift the emphasis of courses from the instructors' goals and methods of delivery to the knowledge and skills that the students develop. This study examined potential commonalities between features of learner-centered teaching and the past significant learning experiences of current faculty. A phenomenological analysis of written essays revealed eight dominant themes: 1) Student responsibility for learning, 2) Learning through direct experience or example, 3) Responsive instructors, 4) Difficult activities that took time, 5) Connections to previous knowledge and experiences, 6) Direct research experience, 7) Challenging initial ideas and assumptions, and 8) Rich in content. These themes are discussed in terms of their connections to features of learner-centered teaching and potential implications for educators.
Business Cycles and Net Buying Pressure in the S&P 500 Futures Options

We analyse the cyclical behaviour and intraday pattern of net buying pressure in the S&P 500 futures options market. The results suggest that the net buying pressure of puts is counter-cyclical and is more intense during contraction periods. The trading profits for selling put options during contraction periods thus far exceed those during expansion periods. Net buying pressure also exhibits an intraday pattern. Trading profits in the early trading sessions are higher than those for the rest of the day. In addition, we show that hourly-basis hedging yields smaller profits than daily-basis hedging, which suggests that the trading profits based on daily-basis hedging may contain a risk premium associated with discretely rebalanced ‘risk-free’ option portfolios.
MR imaging of the female pelvic floor in the supine and upright positions

The goal of this study was to determine whether a .5-T open configuration magnet system could be used to evaluate the female pelvic floor support structures and their functional changes in the upright and supine positions. We evaluated five normal volunteers with full bladders in the supine and sitting positions. Multiple measurements were obtained, including distance between symphysis and urethra, bladder neck to fixed pubococcygeal line, and posterior urethrovesical angle. The pelvic floor was evaluated for integrity of the urethra, vagina, and supporting ligaments. High quality, interpretable images were obtained for all five patients in both positions. Most of the pelvic floor structures were stable, with the exception of the posterior urethrovesical angle, which increased in the sitting position. We conclude that the vertically open configuration magnet system shows promise for evaluation of the female pelvic floor, including urinary stress incontinence and prolapse.
Directions-of-arrival estimation using a sparse spatial spectrum model with uncertainty

This paper is concerned with the estimation of the directions-of-arrival (DOA) of narrowband sources using a sparse spatial spectral model, when the model itself is not precise. When the model uncertainty is limited to DOAs not belonging to the search grid, off-grid error linearization given in [1], and constraint relaxation are used to effect a convex problem. This approach is useful either in reducing the dimension through the use of coarser candidate DOA grid, or improving the performance of estimators that use dense grids. In addition, a particular diagonal loading approach is proposed to reduce the sensitivity of the estimator to the choice of its regularization parameter.
Demographic Cycles and Economic Growth: The Long Swing Reconsidered

For many Western countries the history of the last two centuries reveals both a sustained rise in per capita output and a tendency toward a more equal distribution of the economic product. The experience has been characterized, however, by repetitive fluctuations in the levels and growth rates of aggregate production and its components. The length of the shorter of these fluctuations, the business cycle, ranges from the 40- to 45-month inventory cycle to the so-called Juglar of seven to ten years. Two other classes of interruptions in the secular trend have also been singled out for study by economic historians. The first is the Kondratieff cycle, a movement of roughly fifty years which has been primarily identified in price series. The second is the Kuznets cycle, or “long swing,” which in length is between the Juglar and the Kondratieff. The long swing constitutes the primary theme of this study.
Detection of recombinant Pseudomonas putida in the wheat rhizosphere by fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting mRNA and rRNA

A method was developed to detect a specific strain of bacteria in wheat root rhizoplane using fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy. Probes targeting both 23S rRNA and messenger RNA were used simultaneously to achieve detection of recombinant Pseudomonas putida (TOM20) expressing toluene o-monooxygenase (tom) genes and synthetic phytochelatin (EC20). The probe specific to P. putida 23S rRNA sequences was labeled with Cy3 fluor, and the probe specific to the tom genes was labeled with Alexa647 fluor. Probe specificity was first determined, and hybridization temperature was optimized using three rhizosphere bacteria pure cultures as controls, along with the P. putida TOM20 strain. The probes were highly specific to the respective targets, with minimal non-specific binding. The recombinant strain was inoculated into wheat seedling rhizosphere. Colonization of P. putida TOM20 was confirmed by extraction of root biofilm and growth of colonies on selective agar medium. Confocal microscopy of hybridized root biofilm detected P. putida TOM20 cells emitting both Cy3 and Alexa647 fluorescence signals.
Diffusion and related transport mechanisms in brain tissue

Diffusion plays a crucial role in brain function. The spaces between cells can be likened to the water phase of a foam and many substances move within this complicated region. Diffusion in this interstitial space can be accurately modelled with appropriate modifications of classical equations and quantified from measurements based on novel micro-techniques. Besides delivering glucose and oxygen from the vascular system to brain cells, diffusion also moves informational substances between cells, a process known as volume transmission. Deviations from expected results reveal how local uptake, degradation or bulk flow may modify the transport of molecules. Diffusion is also essential to many therapies that deliver drugs to the brain. The diffusion-generated concentration distributions of well-chosen molecules also reveal the structure of brain tissue. This structure is represented by the volume fraction (void space) and the tortuosity (hindrance to diffusion imposed by local boundaries or local viscosity). Analysis of these parameters also reveals how the local geometry of the brain changes with time or under pathological conditions. Theoretical and experimental approaches borrow from classical diffusion theory and from porous media concepts. Earlier studies were based on radiotracers but the recent methods use a point-source paradigm coupled with micro-sensors or optical imaging of macromolecules labelled with fluorescent tags. These concepts and methods are likely to be applicable elsewhere to measure diffusion properties in very small volumes of highly structured but delicate material.
A systematic analysis of the factors that determine the strength of pre-mRNA splicing enhancers

We find that the strength of splicing enhancers is determined by the relative activities of the bound serine‐arginine (SR)‐rich splicing factors, the number of SR proteins within the enhancer complex and the distance between the enhancer and the intron. Remarkably, the splicing activity of the bound SR proteins is directly proportional to the number of RS tetrapeptide sequences within the RS domain. Quantitative analysis of the effects of varying the distance between the enhancer and the intron revealed that the splicing efficiency is directly proportional to the calculated probability of a direct interaction between the enhancer complex and the 3′ splice site. These data are consistent with a model in which splicing enhancers function by increasing the local concentration of SR proteins in the vicinity of the nearby intron through RNA looping.
Structural design sensitivity analysis with general boundary conditions: Dynamic problem

This paper presents and analyses methods for design sensitivity analysis of static response for structural systems when general boundary conditions are used during the analysis phase. The design sensitivity analysis methods where the boundary conditions are used to reduce the equilibrium equation have been presented earlier. In such procedures, the reduced stiffness matrix is non-singular. This fact is used to show differentiability of the displacement vector. When reduction procedures are not used, the global structural stiffness matrix may be singular. In such a case, differentiability of the displacement vector may be questionable. However, it is shown that the displacement vector is still differentiable. Several forms of the structural design sensitivity equations are presented. Although these equations are derived with Lagrange multiplier treatment of general boundary conditions, it is shown that they are applicable with any treatment of general boundary conditions. For example, they can also be used with co-ordinate reduction schemes. Therefore, design sensitivity analysis can be carried out with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Moreover, the procedures presented can be used to calculate sensitivity of a force of constraint can that is desired. The formulations are kept quite general such that design dependent boundary conditions can be routinely treated. An example is used to illustrate the procedures.
Double error shrinkage method for identifying protein binding sites observed by tiling arrays with limited replication

Motivation: ChIP–chip has been widely used for various genome-wide biological investigations. Given the small number of replicates (typically two to three) per biological sample, methods of analysis that control the variance are desirable but in short supply. We propose a double error shrinkage (DES) method by using moving average statistics based on local-pooled error estimates which effectively control both heterogeneous error variances and correlation structures of an extremely large number of individual probes on tiling arrays. Results: Applying DES to ChIP–chip tiling array study for discovering genome-wide protein-binding sites, we identified 8400 target regions that include highly likely TFIID binding sites. About 33% of these were well matched with the known transcription starting sites on the DBTSS library, while many other newly identified sites have a high chance to be real binding sites based on a high positive predictive value of DES. We also showed the superior performance of DES compared with other commonly used methods for detecting actual protein binding sites. Contact:tspark@snu.ac.kr; jaeklee@virginia.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Timeout-based Information Forwarding Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent wireless microsensor network protocols provide more flexible leverage to the applications with dynamically changing topology, but they should be designed to overcome energy constraints, the bandwidth limit, and system latency. Thus, microsensor network protocols should be effective both in energy and in latency. In addition, they should be evaluated through designated tools at each level of networking characteristics. This paper proposes a new Timeout-based Information Forwarding (TIF) protocol for wireless sensor networks. It uses a relatively simple logic to forward the data packet with multi-hop fashion to reduce the overall network energy consumption. The TIF protocol has been implemented into a network evaluation tool, called TIE/MEMS, and provides a design strategy for distributed wireless sensor network systems needed for various emerging applications. The simulated results show that the TIF protocol has low energy consumption and provides design guidelines between energy consumption and latency according to the number of hops by adjusting weight values in the timeout function.
Efficient SRAM failure rate prediction via Gibbs sampling

Statistical analysis of SRAM has emerged as a challenging issue because the failure rate of SRAM cells is extremely small. In this paper, we develop an efficient importance sampling algorithm to capture the rare failure event of SRAM cells. In particular, we adapt the Gibbs sampling technique from the statistics community to find the optimal probability distribution for importance sampling with minimum computational cost (i.e., a small number of transistor-level simulations). The proposed Gibbs sampling method applies an integrated optimization engine to adaptively explore the failure region by sampling a sequence of one-dimensional probability distributions. Several implementation issues such as one-dimensional random sampling and starting point selection are carefully studied to make the Gibbs sampling method efficient and accurate for SRAM failure rate prediction. Our experimental results of a commercial 65nm SRAM cell demonstrate that the proposed Gibbs sampling method achieves 3~10x runtime speed-up over other state-of-the-art techniques without surrendering any accuracy.
Effect on Broiler Carcasses and Water of Treating Chiller Water with Chlorine or Chlorine Dioxide

Abstract Chiller water in a commercial broiler processing plant was treated with 20 ppm chlorine (Cl2), 34 ppm Cl2, 5 ppm chlorine dioxide (ClO2), or 3 ppm ClO2. Microbiologically, water samples were significantly better when 34 ppm Cl2 or 5 ppm ClO2 rather than 20 ppm Cl2 or 3 ppm ClO2 was used. Despite differences in chill-water quality, all treatments significantly reduced bacterial counts of carcasses over those chilled in untreated water, although there was no significant difference in carcass counts among different treatment groups.
Experimental Investigation of Divider Plate Assisted Thermocline Storage

A new type of single-tank thermal energy storage (TES) with an actuated, loose-fitting insulated divider plate positioned between the hot and cold fluids is described, based on the CSPonD volumetric molten salt thermal receiver with integrated TES concept. A 240 L lab-scale assisted thermocline tank was fabricated and tested using water as the working fluid, connected to a 5 kW heat addition and extraction loop. The axial position of the divider plate was controlled to follow the thermocline interface as energy was added or removed under various charge-store-discharge profiles. For 6 hour storage cycles, the divider plate tank exhibited a round-trip storage efficiency of 0.53, compared to 0.46 for the baseline tank, a 14% improvement. Output temperatures remained within 90% of initial values for 89% of the divider plate tank volume, as compared to only 58% for the baseline case, representing a 53% improvement in usable storage capacity. Internal conduction losses were found to be less for the divider plate tank and correlated well with models (measured 83–93% values vs 86% internal loss prediction).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Cognitively impaired elderly exhibit insulin resistance and no memory improvement with infused insulin.

Insulin resistance is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), although its role in AD etiology is unclear. We assessed insulin resistance using fasting and insulin-stimulated measures in 51 elderly subjects with no dementia (ND; n = 37) and with cognitive impairment (CI; n = 14). CI subjects exhibited either mild CI or AD. Fasting insulin resistance was measured using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to calculate glucose disposal rate into lean mass, the primary site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Because insulin crosses the blood-brain barrier, we also assessed whether insulin infusion would improve verbal episodic memory compared to baseline. Different but equivalent versions of cognitive tests were administered in counterbalanced order in the basal and insulin-stimulated state. Groups did not differ in age or body mass index. Cognitively impaired subjects exhibited greater insulin resistance as measured at fasting (HOMA-IR; ND: 1.09 [1.1] vs. CI: 2.01 [2.3], p = 0.028) and during the hyperinsulinemic clamp (glucose disposal rate into lean mass; ND: 9.9 (4.5) vs. AD 7.2 (3.2), p = 0.040). Cognitively impaired subjects also exhibited higher fasting insulin compared to ND subjects, (CI: 8.7 [7.8] vs. ND: 4.2 [3.8] μU/mL; p = 0.023) and higher fasting amylin (CI: 24.1 [39.1] vs. 8.37 [14.2]; p = 0.050) with no difference in fasting glucose. Insulin infusion elicited a detrimental effect on one test of verbal episodic memory (Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test) in both groups (p < 0.0001) and no change in performance on an additional task (delayed logical memory). In this study, although insulin resistance was observed in cognitively impaired subjects compared to ND controls, insulin infusion did not improve memory. Furthermore, a significant correlation between HOMA-IR and glucose disposal rate was present only in ND (p = 0.0002) but not in cognitively impaired (p = 0.884) subjects, indicating potentially important physiological differences between these cohorts.
Becoming Overweight without Gaining a Pound: Weight Evaluations and the Social Integration of Mexicans in the United States

Mexican women gain weight with increasing duration in the United States. In the United States, body dissatisfaction tends to be associated with depression, disordered eating, and incongruent weight evaluations, particularly among white women and women of higher socioeconomic status. However, it remains unclear how overweight and obesity is interpreted by Mexican women. Using comparable data of women ages 20-64 from both Mexico (the 2006 Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutricion; N=17,012) and the United States (the 1999-2009 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys; N=8,487), we compare weight status evaluations among Mexican nationals, Mexican immigrants, U.S.-born Mexicans, U.S.-born non-Hispanic Whites, and U.S.-born non-Hispanic blacks. Logistic regression analyses, which control for demographic and social-economic variables and measured body mass index and adjust for the likelihood of migration for Mexican nationals, indicate that the tendency to self-evaluate as overweight among Mexicans converges with levels among non-Hispanic whites and diverges from blacks over time in the United States. Overall, the results suggest a U.S. integration process in which Mexican-American women's less critical self-evaluations originate in Mexico but fade with time in the United States as they gradually adopt U.S. white norms for thinner body sizes. These results are discussed in light of social comparison and negative health assimilation.
Image-guided removal of occlusal caries lesions with a λ= 9.3-µm CO2 laser using near-IR transillumination

Previous studies have shown that near-IR transillumination is well suited for imaging deep occlusal lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine if near-IR images can be used to guide a CO2 laser for the selective removal of natural occlusal lesions on extracted teeth. Near-IR occlusal transillumination images of extracted human teeth with natural occlusal caries lesions were acquired using an InGaAs camera and near-IR light at wavelengths from 1290 to 1470-nm from a filtered tungsten halogen source. A CO2 laser operating at 9.3-µm with a pulse duration of 10-15-µs and a pulse repetition rate of 100-300-Hz was used for caries removal. Optical Coherence tomography was used to confirm lesion presence and serial scans were used to assess selective removal. Teeth were also sectioned for histological examination using polarized light microscopy. This study suggests that near-infrared transillumination is a promising method for the image guided laser ablation of occlusal caries lesions but the use of serial near-IR transillumination imaging for monitoring lesion removal was limited.
EPIDERMOID CARCINOMA IN CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS: DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS AND MANAGEMENT.

Ten cases diagnosed as epidermoid carcinoma arising in the sinus tracts of chronic osteomyelitis have been reviewed. In two cases there were histologically proved metastases. Attention has been called to the signs and symptoms associated with carcinomatous change. The investigation of such a patient includes roentgenographic study of the limb and chest and a search for metastases in the regional lymph nodes and liver. A biopsy will guide the management. The histological diagnosis may be difficult because of pre-existing and coexisting metaplasia and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which simulate cancer. The benign group should have extirpation of the sinus tracts and eradication of the osteomyelitis. Patients with atypical pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and epidermoid carcinoma should have amputation at an adequate level and biopsy of suspicious regional lymph nodes. None of the three deaths in this series could be attributed to epidermoid carcinoma arising in osteomyelitis.
Review of Manjir Samanta-Laughton's Book: Punk Science: Inside the Mind of God

Manjir Samanta-Laughton's "Punk Science" is worth five stars. I recommend her book because of its groundbreaking insights, and this is despite of the book's significant weaknesses that I will also point out. You can find this book at Amazon: Punk Science: Inside the Mind of God .
“It’s Irrelevant to Me!” Young Black Women Talk Back to VH1’s Love and Hip Hop New York

The reality television show Love and Hip Hop New York enjoyed immense popularity during its fourth season. The show, which profiles the love and relationship experiences of its Black and Latino cas...
What Private Mediators Can Learn from the Peace-Builders

The emergence of modern American dispute resolution is often traced to the 1960s. In the context of American courts, the movement was propelled significantly forward as a results of the “Pound Conference” of 1976, at which over 200 judges, scholars and leaders in the legal community gathered to examine concerns about the efficiency and fairness of the nation’s court systems and their administration. One consequence of this movement was wider recognition of the use of mediation in legal and other settings. In the succeeding thirty years, the American dispute resolution field has grown, matured and become an increasingly important resource through which to address conflict, with mediation emerging as one of its core processes.Notwithstanding the explosion of mediation over the past four decades, it is not new. Rather, it is a form of conflict intervention with ancient and global roots. Moreover, the modern dispute resolution field is actually part of the broader peace and conflict studies field that dates at least as far back as the dawn of the twentieth century. Where the dispute resolution field had developed largely in the context of individual disputes, the broader peace and conflict studies field has focused primarily on large-scale social, often violent, conflict. As these two arenas of practice and scholarship have evolved, they have sometimes followed different intellectual and ideological paths. As a result, a variety of related – and yet distinct – conceptions of conflict and constructive conflict response have emerged.The different paths taken by scholars in the dispute resolution and the peace and conflict fields have also influenced the development of mediation in each arena. While this can lead to confusion, the breadth of perspectives on what mediation can mean also provides an important opportunity to learn from across fields of practice, enriching our understanding of this important process.The purpose of this article is to examine “mediation” and facilitated intervention from the perspective of the peace and conflict studied field. My hope is to provide deeper thinking and broader consideration of how we, as professionals, can be more informed and intentional interveners in the service of constructive conflict response.
Bear Valley, California, earthquake sequence of February-March 1972

The earthquake sequence of late February and March 1972 involved movement along the San Andreas fault and within the crustal wedge enclosed by the branching San Andreas and San Benito faults near Bear Valley, San Benito County, California. Activity was mainly confined to three distinct zones of strike-slip faulting: the short north-trending aftershock zone of the M 3.5 earthquake of February 22, 1972, the aftershock zone of the M 5.0 Bear Valley earthquake of February 24, 1972 located along the San Andreas fault, and the west-trending aftershock zone of the M 4.6 earthquake of February 27, 1972. The north-trending and west-trending zones lie between the two major splays of the branching fault system. Focal mechanism solutions from events in these zones are consistent with the transfer of horizontal, dextral displacement from the San Andreas fault to the San Benito, Paicines and Calaveras faults within the Bear Valley region. During the 18 months preceding the February 1972 sequence, the hypocentral regions of both the M 5.0 and M 4.6 shocks were characterized by concentrations of small earthquakes. Aftershock source areas of these two events progressively expanded during the course of the aftershock sequence. Estimates of the mainshock rupture surface for these events based on the distribution of aftershocks range over a factor of 4 owing to the irregular distribution of aftershocks and the rapid growth of the aftershock zone.
A mesoporous catalytic membrane architecture for lithium-oxygen battery systems.

Controlling the mesoscale geometric configuration of catalysts on the oxygen electrode is an effective strategy to achieve high reversibility and efficiency in Li-O2 batteries. Here we introduce a new Li-O2 cell architecture that employs a catalytic polymer-based membrane between the oxygen electrode and the separator. The catalytic membrane was prepared by immobilization of Pd nanoparticles on a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane and is adjacent to a carbon nanotube electrode loaded with Ru nanoparticles. During oxide product formation, the insulating PAN polymer scaffold restricts direct electron transfer to the Pd catalyst particles and prevents the direct blockage of Pd catalytic sites. The modified Li-O2 battery with a catalytic membrane showed a stable cyclability for 60 cycles with a capacity of 1000 mAh/g and a reduced degree of polarization (∼0.3 V) compared to cells without a catalytic membrane. We demonstrate the effects of a catalytic membrane on the reaction characteristics associated...
Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing of Femoral Diaphyseal Fractures

OBJECTIVES To prospectively evaluate the results of retrograde intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. DESIGN Prospective, consecutive series. PATIENTS AND SETTING All patients with a femoral shaft fracture admitted at an urban Level 1 trauma center from December 1995 to December 1996 were treated with a retrograde femoral intramedullary nail. INTERVENTION Retrograde femoral intramedullary nailing was performed on a radiolucent operating room table. Through a three-centimeter medial parapatellar incision, a reamed ten-millimeter retrograde nail was inserted. METHODS From the time of injury until union, the following parameters were assessed: operative time, blood loss, extent of comminution, open grade, associated injuries, Injury Severity Score, body mass index, time to union, secondary procedures, range of motion in the knee. and complications. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients with sixty-one fractures were available for follow-up, which averaged 43.1 weeks. Fifty-two percent of fractures demonstrated Winquist Type 3 or 4 comminution. Twenty-six percent of the fractures were open. Fifty-two fractures healed after the initial nailing, five of seven dynamized nails healed, and one patient with bone loss requiring bone graft united yielding a final union rate of 95 percent. Of the three nonunions (5 percent), two healed with exchange nailing and one remains asymptomatic at seventy-one weeks. One patient developed a late septic knee that resolved with treatment. Excellent range of motion in the knee was obtained by those patients who did not have other ipsilateral limb injuries. CONCLUSIONS This consecutive series had a 95 percent union rate after nailing and dynamization as necessary. No knee problems were associated with the retrograde femoral intramedullary nailing technique. The one septic knee raises concerns about the use of retrograde nailing in severe open femoral shaft fractures. Retrograde femoral nailing should be given serious consideration as an alternative to antegrade femoral nailing.
The Scientific Reserve

(1949). The Scientific Reserve. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 276-280.
The Dilemma between Industrialization and Food Security Caused by the Household Contract Responsibility System in China

There is a conversion process of dual economic structure in economic development since reform and opening up policy were put into practice in China. According to the classical theoretical model of the conversion of dual economic structure that was introduced by Lewis and completed by John C. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis, if agricultural productivity of labor is not raised correspondingly in the process of industrialization, there will be a time that is short of agricultural products in the country, and it is very possibly to result in food crisis. There is a theoretical dilemma between industrialization and food security in the conversion process of dual economic structure in China because the household contract responsibility system hinder the development of agricultural productivity of labor. Township enterprises helped China to avoid the dilemma in a period of time, but it appeared finally after township enterprises. It is a problem by worth of highly value to resolve the dilemma.
Perspectives on Data Science for Software Engineering

Perspectives on Data Science for Software Engineering presents the best practices of seasoned data miners in software engineering. The idea for this book was created during the 2014 conference at Dagstuhl, an invitation-only gathering of leading computer scientists who meet to identify and discuss cutting-edge informatics topics. At the 2014 conference, the concept of how to transfer the knowledge of experts from seasoned software engineers and data scientists to newcomers in the field highlighted many discussions. While there are many books covering data mining and software engineering basics, they present only the fundamentals and lack the perspective that comes from real-world experience. This book offers unique insights into the wisdom of the communitys leaders gathered to share hard-won lessons from the trenches. Ideas are presented in digestible chapters designed to be applicable across many domains. Topics included cover data collection, data sharing, data mining, and how to utilize these techniques in successful software projects. Newcomers to software engineering data science will learn the tips and tricks of the trade, while more experienced data scientists will benefit from war stories that show what traps to avoid. Presents the wisdom of community experts, derived from a summit on software analytics Provides contributed chapters that share discrete ideas and technique from the trenches Covers top areas of concern, including mining security and social data, data visualization, and cloud-based data Presented in clear chapters designed to be applicable across many domains
Geographic Variation in Sex Pheromone Blend of Hemileuca electra from Southern California

Differences were found in the pheromonally mediated mate location systems of two subspecies of Hemileuca electra, H. electra electra (Hee) and H. e. mojavensis (Hem), from southern California. Hem female pheromone gland extracts contained eight times as much (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald) and half as much hexadecyl acetate (16:Ac) as Hee extracts. Relative amounts of the other major component of the pheromone blends, (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH) did not differ between the two subspecies. In coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram studies, responses of male antennae to 1:1:1 mixtures of the three principal components (E10,Z12–16:Ac, E10,Z12–16:OH, E10,Z12–16:Ald) also differed, with Hem antennae producing significantly larger responses to E10,Z12–16:Ald and significantly smaller responses to 10E,12Z–16:Ac than Hee. In field trials, male Hem were attracted to Hem females in preference to Hee females. Males of a second species, H. burnsi, which is sympatric with Hem but not Hee, also were attracted to females of Hee transported to their range. Field tests of blends of synthesized pheromone components confirmed that male Hem preferred E10,Z12–16:Ald ratios of 10–100% of the major component, E10,Z12–16:Ac, whereas males of Hee and H. burnsi responded optimally to ratios of 0.3–1% E10,Z12–16:Ald to E10,Z12–16:Ac. 16:Ac added to lures increased attraction of Hee but not Hem males. The data presented are consistent with reproductive character displacement, whereby the Hem subspecies has modified its pheromone-based mating system to reduce interference from sympatric H. burnsi.
Utility of Normal Findings on Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram in Subjects ≥65 Years

The lack of abnormalities found on noninvasive cardiac testing possibly improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification efforts and conveys reduced risk despite the presence of traditional risk factors. This analysis included 3,805 (95% white and 61% women) participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) without baseline CVD. The combination of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram was assessed for the development of CVD. A normal ECG was defined as the absence of major or minor Minnesota code abnormalities. A normal echocardiogram was defined as the absence of contractile dysfunction, wall motion abnormalities, or abnormal left ventricular mass. Cox regression was used to compute the 10-year risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure events. There were 1,555 participants (41%) with normal findings on both measures. After accounting for traditional CVD risk factors, a protective benefit was observed for all outcomes among participants who had normal ECG and echocardiographic findings (coronary heart disease: hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46, 0.69; stroke: HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43, 0.76; heart failure: HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.29, 0.41). The addition of this normal profile resulted in significant net reclassification improvement of the Framingham risk score for heart failure (net reclassification improvement 4.3%, 95% CI 1.0, 8.0). In conclusion, normal findings on routine noninvasive cardiac assessment identify subjects in whom CVD risk is low.
Comparison of adult oncology phase 1 trials to pediatric oncology phase 1 trials of targeted therapies.

2581 Background: Intractable aggressive cancers continue to take the lives of children, adolescents and young adults at the prime of their lives. The prior era of drug development wherein pediatric...
New Approaches for Energy Storage with Hyperbranched Polymers

New hyperbranched polymers have been investigated to provide new structure–function relationships necessary for electrical and optical applications. We can take advantage of long-range delocalization in these structures for energy storage applications. This is accomplished by obtaining high dielectric constants. In this Article, we demonstrate the need for developing high dielectric hyperbranched polymers by first investigating a ceramic/polymer hybrid system and then studying the design criteria for these hyperbranched systems using detailed optical and electronic characterization techniques. Provided in this contribution are the energy storage results with ion-doped polyaniline (PANI) polymers. An enhancement in the dielectric constant emerged from strong long-range polaron delocalization and the mechanism of a hyperelectronic polarization in these polymer systems. A copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) core was selected to build novel hyperbranched polymers to investigate their energy storage and optical prope...
Associations between spontaneous parental perspective-taking and stimulated cytokine responses in children with asthma.

OBJECTIVES Cognitive empathy in parents-reflecting the extent to which one considers the perspectives and emotions of others-is hypothesized to contribute to family social environments in ways that affect youths' physical health. Using a novel assessment technique for cognitive empathy, the current study examined associations between spontaneous parental perspective-taking and key inflammatory processes implicated in pediatric asthma. METHOD One hundred thirty children (ages 9-17) with physician-diagnosed asthma, along with 1 parent, participated in the current study. Parents completed an interview from which statements of perspective-taking were coded and youths provided blood samples. RESULTS Youths whose parents demonstrated greater spontaneous perspective-taking during the interview had cells that mounted smaller inflammatory responses to stimulation by nonspecific, asthma-specific, and viral analogue ligands, as well as cells that showed greater sensitivity to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. These results were not accounted for by parental warmth or parent or youth depressive symptoms, nor by covariates of race, age, gender, parental education level, use of asthma medications over the past week, or asthma severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that parental perspective-taking may have implications for biological processes relevant to childhood asthma. (PsycINFO Database Record
A Generalized Model of Hourly Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) for Florida Everglades Freshwater Wetlands

A generalized model is presented to estimate the diurnal cycle of hourly net ecosystem exchange (NEE) based on a corresponding single reference-time observation from the Florida Everglades freshwater wetlands. The year-round diurnal cycles of NEE for two different (short vs. long hydroperiod) marsh sites were normalized by the corresponding day- and site-specific reference observations of NEE to obtain a common dimensionless cycle. An extended stochastic harmonic analysis (ESHA) was utilized to calibrate and validate the model with hourly eddy-covariance observations of NEE during 2008–13. The model involved five parameters, which exhibited spatiotemporal robustness by collapsing into narrow ranges among different days, years and sites. The daily estimates were averaged over all calibration days to calculate the site-specific ensemble parameter sets. The site-specific ensemble parameters were further averaged over four mid-day reference times (11 A.M. to 2 P.M.) across sites to obtain a generalized ensemble parameter set. Estimated hourly NEE using the site-specific and the generalized parameter sets indicated a good performance of the model (e.g., Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE = 0.66–0.89). The model is represented in three standalone formats, including an Excel spreadsheet, to simulate the hourly NEE for the desired Julian days and years from the respective single reference observations.
Renal Function Variability: An Independent Risk Factor for Graft Loss and Death following Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Several studies have been performed to evaluate surrogate markers of long-term allograft function in renal transplant recipients. These include serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), slope of eGFR, and more recently eGFR variability. The aim of this study was to measure eGFR slope while assessing the variability of this slope and if high variability occurring at any time post-transplant was predictive of poorer long-term outcomes in a large cohort of kidney transplant recipients. METHODS Adult solitary kidney transplant recipients transplanted between July 1, 2005 and July 31, 2015 were included. The primary outcome was time to graft loss, defined as return to chronic dialysis, retransplant, or death. Secondary outcomes were death-censored graft loss and acute allograft rejection. Cox regression was utilized for primary and secondary outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine baseline factors predictive of high eGFR variability. RESULTS A total of 1,543 patients were included in the analysis. The percentage of patients who experienced an eGFR coefficient of variation of <30% was 79.6% (1,229/1,543), while 20.4% (314/1,543) patients had high eGFR variability (≥30%). Patients with high eGFR variability tended to be younger, African-American and female. Those with higher eGFR variability, accounting for confounding and other eGFR measures (peak and slope), had significantly lower overall patient and graft survival. CONCLUSION This study provides a novel analysis of the utility of eGFR variability in a large cohort. The clinical use of the slope of eGFR and eGFR variability may aid in predicting long-term graft outcomes and facilitate early patient discussions to change the trajectory of allograft function.
Reentry among Missionary Children: An Overview of Reentry Research from 1934–1986:

An overview of 30 studies on missionary children was performed. A summary was made of 34 features across these studies. Due to a large number of features being coded as indeterminate, only a limite...
The effect of teachers' beliefs and curricular enactments on student learning in high school science

This study focuses on a high school urban ecology curriculum that was enacted by twenty-two teachers. We investigated how teachers' beliefs about science instruction and enactment of the curriculum impacted student learning. Results from the hierarchical linear model suggest that teachers' use of lecture, incorporation of group work, level of adaptation of the curriculum and beliefs about argumentation all significantly impact student achievement.
Using Mycobacterium marinum and its hosts to study tuberculosis

Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is being used to study mycobacterial pathogenesis. M. marinum causes a systemic tuberculosis-like infection and disease in ectotherms such as frogs andfish. This review describes the development of M. marinum as a model pathogen and the more recent development of genetically tractable model hosts, namely the zebrafish, Drosophila and Dictyostellium to dissect the complex host-pathogen interactions that lead to tuberculosis.
Proving the “Proof”: Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Research Positively Impacts Students

The math biology program at UNCG has been running since 2006 when we first received the funding from NSF. Every year, we provided integrated research projects at the interface of biology and mathematics to eight UNCG undergraduate students who worked in interdisciplinary teams. Up to date, our project resulted in 32 peer-reviewed publications and over 200 presentations; this demonstrates the extent to which undergraduate research can produce genuine scientific advancement. Moreover, our program also prepared UNCG students for rigorous interdisciplinary graduate studies and career opportunities and set them on a path toward productive careers as twenty-one century scientists and educators. We hope our experience will motivate and encourage others to pursue similar efforts.
Antiproton-boosted microfission

The concept of microfission, whereby a small target of fissile material is burned under compression, was introduced nearly 20 years ago; the size of the target is limited by the magnitude of the compression and by the initial number of fissions that start the chain reaction. A burst of antiprotons at maximum compression can allow target size to be significantly reduced. Antiprotons were previously shown to be a strong source of neutrons and pions; under conditions of high density, they enable a significant reduction in burn time and, hence, target size. In this paper, possible applications are discussed, including space propulsion and intense neutron and X-ray sources.
Stability and Response Bounds for Structures Under Dynamic Loads

This chapter contains a review of some previous work by the author and others. Continuous elastic structures subjected to dynamic loads are considered. Results are obtained with the use of Liapunov (Lyapunov) functionals. For cases in which the stability of an equilibrium configuration is of interest, Liapunov’s direct (second) method is applied. For cases in which the structure is in motion due to dynamic loads (e.g., transient loads), bounds on the response are presented.