cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral agency and the family: the case of living related organ transplantation.

Living related organ transplantation is morally problematic for two reasons. First, it requires surgeons to perform nontherapeutic, even dangerous procedures on healthy donors—and in the case of children, without their consent. Second, the transplant donor and recipient are often intimately related to each other, as parent and child, or as siblings. These relationships challenge our conventional models of medical decisionmaking. Is there anything morally problematic about a parent allowing the interests of one child to be risked for the sake of another? What exactly are the interests of the prospective child donor whose sibling will die without an organ? Is the choice of a parent to take risks for the sake of her child truly free, or is the specter of coercion necessarily raised?
DAPHNIA PULEX FED UVB-IRRADIATED CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII SHOW DECREASED SURVIVAL AND FECUNDITY

The ability to avoid or tolerate UVB radiation (290–320 nm) probably reduces the quality of phytoplankton as food for zooplankton. Ultraviolet avoidance forces motile algae lower in the water column, reducing net primary productivity. Production of UV-absorbing compounds as a tolerance mechanism takes carbon and energy away from cell growth; these compounds are also less useful as food for herbivores. We assessed the food quality of UVB-irradiated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang, by analysis of cohort life tables for the herbivore Daphnia pulex Leydig. Algal cultures were grown under fluorescent lights interspersed with UV bulbs (20°C, 16 h light: 8 h dark) and covered with either cellulose acetate (+UVB) or Mylar D (-UVB). After a 7 day UVB exposure, carotenoid levels of C. reinhardtii were significantly greater than in unexposed cultures; there were no significant differences in chlorophyll, lipid, protein or nonstructural carbohydrate levels. After an initial decrease in growth rate, UVB-exposed algae recovered and final growth rates of both cultures were similar after 7 days. Daphnia neonates were raised under optimal conditions (20°C, 16 h light:8 h dark) and fed either UVB-irradiated or control algae. Daphnia fed UVB-irradiated algae had significantly increased mortality, decreased growth rate at the time of first clutch production, delayed release of the first clutch and decreased overall fecundity (P < 0.05). Daphnia were also less efficient at clearing UVB-irradiated algae from the water column (17% removal in 18 h) when compared with Daphnia that grazed upon nonirradiated algae (85% removal in 18 h). These data suggest that even though UVB-irradiated algal populations can recover from their initial decline, their predators may not be able to utilize them as an effective food source. Therefore, the impacts of UVB radiation within
Empire Loyalism and Minority Nationalism in Great Britain and Imperial Russia, 1707 to 1914: Institutions, Law, and Nationality in Scotland and Ukraine

In 1812 a Russian army inflicted two decisive defeats on the Persian army. The resulting Treaty of Gulistan shifted tsarist borders 250 miles south and secured Russian control over Georgia and the Caspian Sea littoral. The commanding general, Piotr Kotliarevsky, received a second St. George Cross (the equivalent of the Victoria Cross) for this accomplishment—wounded in the battle, surgeons removed forty pieces of bone from his skull to save his life. The Persians were allied to Britain, who, fearing Russian and French designs on India, had sent a mission in 1810 headed by General John Malcolm, to the Shah. Charles Christie, a military advisor on the mission was killed in battle. Whereas Malcolm was an important agent of British policy in Central Asia and India, Christie was one of the first Europeans to travel and map the Afghano–Persian frontier. These achievements are normally logged into Russian and English history, but the men behind them were not native Russians nor Englishmen. Kotliarevsky was born into a lesser Ukrainian noble family in Kharkiv (Kharkov) province, while Malcolm and Christie were Scots. Like thousands of their countrymen, they served and made careers in the empires that ruled their native lands. A Ukrainian was Peter I's principal panegyrist. Scots wrote Rule Britannia and created “John Bull.”
DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONS

INTRODUCTION What we expect of constitutions depends on what we expect of democracies. Depending on our theory of democracy, we can plausibly have very different notions of how constitutions ought to be founded and how they ought to change. All over the world, constitutional processes have alternated between applications of two particular democratic theories. As a shorthand, I will call them Elite Deliberation and Participatory Democracy. Elite Deliberation for constitutional politics is probably best exemplified in the idea of a constitutional convention: a manageably small body of representatives who can deliberate about the appropriate design of institutions and the constraints they operate under. The American Founding offered the most prominent and successful case, inspiring many later ones, including the ill-fated convention that was supposed to provide a constitution for the European Union. Participatory Democracy can also play a role in constitutional politics. Many American states and many countries provide for constitutional changes via referendum. The rationale is that a referendum allows all voters subject to a constitution to approve it or approve changes to it. Sometimes the referendum proposals come from the people via initiatives; sometimes they come from legislatures (and hence from Elite Deliberation). But once a proposal has been made, and is to be approved via a mass referendum, completely different campaign dynamics determine the result, as any resident of California or some of the other western states will attest. All over the world, constitutional processes tend to involve one approach or the other, or some mixture of the two.
Environmental uncertainty and environmental scanning activities of nigerian manufacturing executives: A comparative analysis

This study investigated the relationship between perception of environmental uncertainty (PEU) and environmental scanning behavior of Chief Executive Officers of 47 manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The results indicated that perceived uncertainty in the environment was significantly higher for the task environment sectors than for the remote environment sectors; and as perceived uncertainty increased in a sector of the environment, scanning frequency and scanning interests also increased. The results were compared with those of prior research in the area of environmental scanning. The results show both the economic and political legal sectors of the environment to be more salient for Nigerian manufacturing executives than for their American counterparts.
Gleason stratifications prognostic for survival in men receiving definitive external beam radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose Histologic grade analyses for prostate cancer (PCa) have traditionally included Gleason scores (GS) of ≤6, 7, and 8-10. Stratified biochemical progression-free survival has increasingly been reported within these groups on analyses of primary-secondary patterns (PSPs) (e.g., 3+4 vs. 4+3) and overall GS (e.g., 8 vs. 9 vs. 10) but with limited data regarding stratified survival outcomes. In this analysis, outcomes for biopsy-assigned GS 6 to 10 were comprehensively evaluated to identify stratifications prognostic for survival in patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was examined for T1–4 N0 M0, GS 6 to 10 PCa managed with EBRT alone from 2004 to 2006. GS and PSP variations were analyzed for PCa-specific survival (PCSS) and overall survival (OS). Results Overall, 26,885 patients were evaluated. Preliminary PSP analyses identified stratifications for 3+4 vs. 4+3 = 7 and 4+4 = 8 vs. GS 8 with pattern 5 (P5) (i.e., 3+5 and 5+3) as significant; however, no differences were observed for 4+5 vs. 5+4 = 9. The primary analysis included stratifications for GS 6, 3+4, 4+3, 4+4, 8 w/P5, 9, and 10, where the 7.5-year PCSS rates were 99%, 97%, 95%, 91%, 86%, 81%, and 78% and 7.5-year OS rates were 83%, 76%, 72%, 67%, 66%, 58%, and 54%, respectively. PCSS differences for sequential score increases were all significant on univariate analyses (all P P P = 0.11). In overall multivariate analyses, the identified GS stratifications represented the strongest prognostic factor for survival. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that presence of any P5 was an independent prognostic factor for survival. Conclusion In the largest reported survival analysis of Gleason stratifications, biopsy-assigned GS 6, 3+4, 4+3, 4+4, 8 w/P5, 9, and 10 represented sequential prognostic factors for survival in patients managed with definitive EBRT.
The effects of spatial frequency and target type on perceived duration.

Two experiments are reported that attempt to demonstrate a critical role played by sensory persistence on a standard perceived-duration task employing brief visual stimuli. Experiment 1 examined the effect on perceived duration of varying the spatial frequency of a target. For both 40- and 70-msec flashes, increased spatial frequency resulted in reduced estimates of perceived duration. These results were contrasted with predictions derived from cognitive processing models of duration perception. In Experiment 2, three typical types of target employed in current research (an outlined circle, a “noise”-filled circle, and a completely filled circle) were shown to differ significantly in their perceived duration and in their sensitivity to increases in physical duration. The results were discussed in terms of variable degrees of retinal persistence produced by the three types of targets. The possible implications for specific discrepancies in the literature and across-study comparisons in general were enumerated.
Demonstration of a hermetic airborne ozone disinfection system: studies on E. coli.

An enclosed flow-through system using airborne ozone for disinfection and which removes the ozone with a catalytic converter was tested with a strain of Escherichia coli. Petri dishes containing the microorganisms were inserted in a chamber and exposed for 10–480 min to ozone concentrations between 4 and 20 ppm. Death rates in excess of 99.99% were achieved. Survival data is fitted to a two-stage curve with a shoulder based on the multihit target model. Ozone was removed from the exhaust air to nondetectable levels using a metal oxide based catalyst. The possibility of using ozone as an airborne disinfectant for internal building surfaces and catalytically removing the ozone on exhaust is demonstrated to be feasible. A model for the decay of Bacillus cereus under ozone exposure is proposed as an example for predicting the sterilization of buildings contaminated with anthrax. The potential for disinfecting airstreams and removing ozone to create breathable air is also implied by the results of this experiment.
Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States

During 1998, severe outbreaks of influenza were observed in four swine herds in the United States. This event was unique because the causative agents, H3N2 influenza viruses, are infrequently isolated from swine in North America. Two antigenically distinct reassortant viruses (H3N2) were isolated from infected animals: a double-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human and swine viruses, and a triple-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human, swine, and avian influenza viruses (N. N. Zhou, D. A. Senne, J. S. Landgraf, S. L. Swenson, G. Erickson, K. Rossow, L. Liu, K.-J. Yoon, S. Krauss, and R. G. Webster, J. Virol. 73:8851–8856, 1999). Because the U.S. pig population was essentially naive in regard to H3N2 viruses, it was important to determine the extent of viral spread. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays of 4,382 serum samples from swine in 23 states indicated that 28.3% of these animals had been exposed to classical swine-like H1N1 viruses and 20.5% had been exposed to the triple-reassortant-like H3N2 viruses. The HI data suggested that viruses antigenically related to the double-reassortant H3N2 virus have not become widespread in the U.S. swine population. The seroreactivity levels in swine serum samples and the nucleotide sequences of six additional 1999 isolates, all of which were of the triple-reassortant genotype, suggested that H3N2 viruses containing avian PA and PB2 genes had spread throughout much of the country. These avian-like genes cluster with genes from North American avian viruses. The worldwide predominance of swine viruses containing an avian-like internal gene component suggests that these genes may confer a selective advantage in pigs. Analysis of the 1999 swine H3N2 isolates showed that the internal gene complex of the triple-reassortant viruses was associated with three recent phylogenetically distinct human-like hemagglutinin (HA) molecules. Acquisition of HA genes from the human virus reservoir will significantly affect the efficacy of the current swine H3N2 vaccines. This finding supports continued surveillance of U.S. swine populations for influenza virus activity.
Valuing watershed services: concepts and empirics from southeast Asia

Few empirical studies have rigorously analyzed the downstream economic benefits of watershed protection to generate economic values of watershed services. By developing a conceptual framework and using household level economic and environmental data to illustrate its empirical tractability, this paper addresses the neglected, but critical, question of the importance of watershed services to farming communities in southeast Asia. A case study from Flores, Indonesia provides evidence of a substantive, quantified economic benefit of watershed service based on a fixed-effects regression model of water collection costs. The paper also offers lessons for researchers at all stages of data collection and analysis and a research agenda for enhancing our toolkit for policy analysis. This discussion of conceptual, empirical and methodological issues collectively suggests that ecosystem valuation can provide critical input into the design and evaluation of conservation and development policies in the tropics. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
On the variability of aftershock ground motions in the San Fernando Valley

We analyze aftershocks of the 1/17/94 Mw6.7 Northridge earthquake recorded at a 3-element small-aperture array within the town of Northridge, above the mainshock rupture plane. Many of the M4-5 aftershocks are observed to have a prolonged shaking duration, up to ~8 seconds, with conspicuous longer period (≈1 s) arrivals in the latter part of the wave train. Recordings of a M4.0 aftershock that occurred at 23:49 GMT on 1/17 show the origin of these waves. A slant-stack cross-correlation method on each of the three components shows that the late arrivals are characterized by low apparent velocities and a back-azimuth that is approximately 10 degrees off that of the direct arrivals. Based on the inferred apparent velocities and consideration of studies in other sedimentary basins, we conclude that these later arrivals consist of surface waves generated within the San Fernando Valley. Similar results are obtained for a M3.4 event recorded across the array. The surface waves are not, however, a ubiquitous feature of the aftershock recordings. We show that other M~4 events recorded at the same site are characterized by simple displacement pulses and durations that are typical for their magnitude, suggesting that 3-dimensional site response may be difficult to predict in cases where the sources are close to a valley or basin and/or the basin structure is complex.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection increases airway collagen deposition in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) has been linked to chronic asthma. Airway remodeling (e.g., airway collagen deposition or fibrosis) is one of the pathological features of chronic asthma. However, the ef...
Dipeptide uptake and transport characteristics in rabbit tracheal epithelial cell layers cultured at an air interface.

Purpose. To determine the functional presence of a H+/peptide cotransport process in rabbit tracheal epithelial cell layers cultured at an air-interface and its contribution to transepithelial dipeptide transport.
Correlation-Based Deep Learning for Multimedia Semantic Concept Detection

Nowadays, concept detection from multimedia data is considered as an emerging topic due to its applicability to various applications in both academia and industry. However, there are some inevitable challenges including the high volume and variety of multimedia data as well as its skewed distribution. To cope with these challenges, in this paper, a novel framework is proposed to integrate two correlation-based methods, Feature-Correlation Maximum Spanning Tree (FC-MST) and Negative-based Sampling (NS), with a well-known deep learning algorithm called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). First, FC-MST is introduced to select the most relevant low-level features, which are extracted from multiple modalities, and to decide the input layer dimension of the CNN. Second, NS is adopted to improve the batch sampling in the CNN. Using NUS-WIDE image data set as a web-based application, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for semantic concept detection, comparing to other well-known classifiers.
Salt Loading in Disturbed Watershed°Field Study

Salt loading of waters receiving drainage from lands disrupted by mining is estimated from nearly 3 yrs of field data on a strip-mined watershed in Western Colorado. Observed salt loading is separated into approximate contributions from mined land, undisturbed land, ground-water runoff, and overland runoff. The inorganic composition of mine drainage is found to be very similar to that obtained in saturation and 1:1 extracts prepared from the disturbed material. Calcium, magnesium, and sulfate dominate the dissolved solids content of the water. In water years 1974 and 1975, the salt loading from mined land was estimated to be 2.37 tons/acre (5,330 kg/ha) and 2.13 tons/acre (4,790 kg/ha), respectively. It is estimated that 56% of the total observed salt loading is attributed to mined lands that comprise 17% of the contributing watershed area.
Animals in Research: Enviropigs

A cooperative learning ethics case study for guiding discussions of ethical concerns about the genetic modification of farm animals.
Allowing Our Research on Urban, Low-SES, African American Girls and Science Education to Actively and Continually Rewrite Itself

The purpose of this chapter is to provide two feminist researchers’ account of a self-study focused on revealing how our theoretical and methodological understandings of gender research in science education changed during our involvement with urban, low-SES, African American girls and their teachers in a public girls’ school in a large urban district in the Midwest of the United States. This chapter serves as a creative synthesis of our process and understandings. The discussion is located in a theoretical framework that draws on feminist understandings of research. This situates the subsequent changes to praxis, which are explored through the categories of participant roles, research questions, and research methodology. Throughout, the narrative is guided by the empirical work that we employed in our studies, as well as the findings that ultimately helped us to take a step back and explain how we have rewritten our practice.
Cross Subsidization and the Welfare Impact of Specialty Entry

The growth of the specialty hospital industry has been one of the most important changes to the hospital industry in recent years. Specialty hospitals focus on three specific types of care: cardiac surgery, orthopedic surgery and general surgery. Proponents argue that specialty hospitals are focused factories providing higher quality, lower cost care. General hospitals, on the other hand, suggest that these firms enter the most profitable markets and skim the healthiest (lowest cost) patients leaving them without the profit necessary to pay for indigent and uncompensated care. Given the uncertainty on the issue the Federal Government instituted a moratorium on the construction of new specialty hospitals in 2003. The moratorium was subsequently repealed in August of 2006. We add to recent empirical work on the welfare effects of specialty entry by studying the impact of entry on the ability of competing general hospitals to cross-subsidize unprofitable care. The empirical study of the welfare effect of specialty entry to date has indicated a net welfare gain, with market level spending declining and no change in outcomes (Barro et al. 2006). This approach, however, does not account for the potential welfare impact of transferring profits between firms. Standard economic theory treats profits as welfare enhancing regardless of the firm at which they are obtained. This is unlikely to be true in a setting such as health care where diversified, not-for-profit hospitals can use profits from specific services to cross-subsidize less profitable types of care. We empirically investigate the degree to which entry by specialty hospitals led to reductions in the provision of unprofitable care by general hospitals. Estimating the effect of competition on cross-subsidies is not a straightforward exercise because firm entry is endogenously determined. To account for this we take two approaches. Relying on variation in Certificate-of-Need (CON) laws across states, we model the response of hospitals in states with and without entry restrictions to the 2003 moratorium on specialty entry. We use a difference-in-differences approach in which we assume that the moratorium led to a larger relative reduction in specialty hospital entry in markets without CON than in those with CON. Because CON laws are a strong predictor of specialty hospital entry (GAO 2003) and exogenously determined we can directly estimate the effect that specialty competition has on provision of unprofitable services. Taking this approach a step further, we estimate a triple differences model in which hospitals that offer services mostly likely to be affected by specialty competition (i.e. cardiac surgery or catheterization) are compared across states with differing entry restrictions relative to hospitals not offering these services. To exploit the more detailed market level factors that may affect entry we also estimate a market level entry model. Fitting this model for all markets yields a predicted probability of entry that is used to instrument for the endogenously determined actual entry by specialty hospitals.
STUDIES OF PLASMA FE59 DISAPPEARANCE--A MANIFESTATION OF INEFFECTIVE ERYTHROPOIESIS AND OF HEMOLYSIS.

1. Studies of the plasma radioiron disappearance data have revealed a relative "elevation" of plasma radioactivity after the second day in normal subjects, and after the first day in patients with hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia and thalassemia. This elevation in plasma radioactivity in normal subjects may be interpreted as due to the return to plasma of radioiron from those cells that are "ineffectively" produced and are hemolyzed in the marrow. Other interpretations are also presented. 2. Dyspoieses involving ineffective red cell economy, but not detectably affecting iron economy are contrasted with disorders involving ineffective utilization of iron and of pigment alone. 3. After the first day plasma radioiron activity shows a diurnal variation similar to the diurnal variation in plasma iron concentration.
Tuning the properties of a complex disordered material: Full factorial investigation of PECVD-grown amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide

Abstract A multiresponse 25 full factorial experiment is performed to investigate the effects of growth conditions (temperature, power, pressure, total flow rate, partial precursor flow rate) on the chemical, mechanical, dielectric, electronic, and charge transport properties of thin-film amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide (a-BxC:Hy) grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) from ortho-carborane. The main and interaction effects are determined and discussed, and the relationships between properties are investigated via correlation analysis. The process condition with the strongest influence on growth rate is pressure, followed by partial precursor flow rate, with low pressure and high partial flow rate conditions yielding the highest growth rates. The atomic concentration of hydrogen (at.% H) and density are controlled primarily by temperature and power, with low temperature and power conditions leading to relatively soft, hydrogen-rich, low-density, porous films, and vice versa. The B/C ratio is controlled by temperature, power, pressure, and the power*pressure interaction, and is uncorrelated to hydrogen concentration. Thin-film dielectric and electronic structure properties, including high-frequency dielectric constant (e1), low-frequency/total dielectric constant (κ), optical band gap (ETauc/E04), and Urbach energy (EU), are correlated strongly with at.% H, and weakly to moderately with B/C ratio. These properties are dominated by the influence of temperature, with a second significant influence from the power*pressure interaction. The interaction of power and pressure leads to two opposite growth regimes—high power and high pressure or low power and low pressure—that can produce a-BxC:Hy films with similar dielectric or electronic structure properties. Charge transport properties also show a correlation with at.% H and B/C, but not with the electronic structure and disorder parameters, which suggests a complicated relationship between the two. The range of properties measured highlights the potential of thin-film a-BxC:Hy for low-κ dielectric and neutron detection applications, and suggests clear pathways for future material property optimization.
Postscript IV: Landmarks of Modern Set Theory

This part contains brief informal discussions (with proofs and most details omitted) of some of the landmark results of set theory of the past 75 years. Topics discussed are constructibility, forcing and independence results, large cardinal axioms, infinite games and determinacy, projective determinacy, and the status of the Continuum Hypothesis.
Tribological Behavior of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheet During Sliding at High Temperatures

This investigation was undertaken to understand the interaction between steel tools and AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet during high-temperature forming. A new method of tribo-testing at high temperature, which involves reciprocating sliding of steel specimens against magnesium alloy sheet, was used to determine the effects of temperature and load. On the steel tool/magnesium sheet interaction. The coefficient of friction increased with increasing test temperature but decreased with increasing load.Copyright © 2007 by General Motors
“Class” in the Writings of Wallerstein and Thompson: Toward a Class Struggle Analysis

This article attempts to make three contributions. First contrary to the literature's critique of Wallerstein's world-system perspective, this article points out that Wallerstein has formulated a sophisticated class analysis. Second, this article argues that Wallerstein's class analysis is actually similar to Thompson's writings on class. Third, after pointing out the problems of the historical approach to class, this article utilizes the insights of Wallerstein and Thompson to develop a new class struggle analysis.
The American Family Today

Health and his assistant with the idea that it is "just another one," he is in for a pleasant surprise. In the first place this work is much more than a practical manual; about one-fourth of the work is devoted to means and methods of contraception. In these pages, in addition to a very careful consideration of such methods, one finds a great deal of historical and scientific material of more than passing interest. Moreover, these pages are illustrated by dozens of Dr. Dickinson's incomparable drawings and photographic reproductions. In addition to sections on "Scientific Background," "Sterilization Without Unsexing (Vasectomy, Salpingectomy and Cautery, illustrated), "Early Elective Therapeutic Abortion" (illustrated), and "Medical Indications," there are treatments of "Clinical Organization and Service" and "Legal Status of Contraception and Sterilization." All told it is a work which easily excels any other in its field from the standpoints of completeness, scientific accuracy, and authoritativeness. I found only one curious error: Herbert Spencer, who died in I903 is listed among those participating in the proceedings of the British National Birthrate Commission
The Case for Interposed Abdominal Compression CPR in Hospital Settings

The Case for Interposed Abdominal Compression CPR in Hospital Settings Interposed abdominal compression (IAC)-CPR includes all steps of standard external CPR with the addition of manual midabdominal compressions in counterpoint to the rhythm of chest compressions. IAC-CPR can increase blood flow during CPR about two fold compared to standard CPR without IAC, as shown by multiple studies in computer and animal models. The technique increases the rate return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for inhospital resuscitations from roughly 25% to 50%. Improved survival to discharge is demonstrated in two in-hospital trials.
Progress on the identification of QTL for heat tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L .)

High temperature is one of the main stresses on yield and quality in rice.The global warming and frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature have become a great challenge on rice production.Identification of genes associated with heat tolerance in rice and performing molecular breeding for heat tolerance is the most effective way to address this issue.In this paper,we reviewed the progress on the identification of QTL for heat tolerance in rice and discussed some issues relevant to this topic.
The bedside simplified orient trephining, puncture and aspiration, dissolution with high dose urokinase in the treatment of traumatic extradural hematoma

Fourty-seven patients with traumatic extradural hematoma received the treatment of simplified orient trephining, puncture and aspiration dissolution with high dose urokinase. It indicats that it is a safe, effective therapy of simplified operation, short operating time, slight injury and less hemorrhage. This operative means is worth to popularize, especially for patients who suffered from slight hematoma and can not endure operation.
Free-standing versus implant-tooth-interconnected restorations: understanding the prosthodontic perspective.

The surgical and prosthetic protocols for use of dental implants were originally developed for the treatment of complete edentulism. Implants are now widely used to treat partial edentulism, but the necessary adjustments to the prosthetic protocol have been developed largely on a trial-and-error basis. This paper reviews the efficacy of commonly used restorative techniques for partially edentulous arches and relates these techniques to Branemark's original prosthetic protocol.
The Role of Mcm2–7 in Replication Initiation

The hetero-hexameric Mcm2–7 complex is a multifunctional ATPase that plays essential roles during the initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Initially, the Mcm2–7 complex is bound as a catalytically inactive double hexamer around double-stranded DNA, marking potential replication origin sites along the chromosome. Subsequently, upon activation, the Mcm2–7 complex mediates the opening, or “melting,” of the parental DNA duplex at the origin, which culminates in the formation of two oppositely oriented DNA replication forks. Eventually, at the fork, the Mcm2–7 complex acts as the catalytic core of the replicative DNA helicase. In addition to unwinding DNA at the fork, the Mcm2–7 helicase complex also serves as the central scaffold around which the replisome is assembled. Due to its varied and essential roles in the initiation of DNA replication, the Mcm2–7 complex is a key target for regulatory mechanisms that govern origin activity in the cell cycle. Activation of the Mcm2–7 helicase entails a large conformational reconfiguration that results in the separation of the Mcm2–7 double hexamer into two individual Mcm2–7 hexamer complexes bound around the single-stranded leading strand template. Recent progress in the structural characterization of the Mcm2–7 complex begins to shed light on the mechanism by which origin unwinding is coupled to Mcm2–7 remodeling.
DNA Amplification (The Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Forensic science and DNA typing laboratories have greatly benefited from the discovery of a technique known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR DNA amplification technology is well suited to the analysis of forensic DNA samples because it is sensitive, rapid, and not limited by the quality of the DNA as are the restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. PCR is an enzymatic process in which a specific region of DNA is replicated over and over again to yield many copies of a particular sequence. PCR is simplified in recent years by the availability of reagent kits that allow a forensic DNA laboratory to add a DNA template to a premade PCR mix containing all the necessary components for the amplification reaction. The most important components of a PCR reaction are two primers that are short DNA sequences that precede or flank the region to be copied. Controls are used to monitor the effectiveness of the chosen experimental conditions and/or the technique of the experimenter. These controls typically include a negative control and positive control. When amplifying very low levels of DNA template, a phenomenon known as stochastic fluctuation can occur. The instrument that heats and cools a DNA sample in order to perform the PCR reaction is known as a thermal cycler. Well-designed primers are probably the most important components of a good PCR reaction. This chapter discusses many available designs and explains multiple PCRs. Contamination of PCR reactions is always a concern because the technique is very sensitive to low amounts of DNA. Some tips for avoiding contamination with PCR reactions in a laboratory setting are given in the chapter.
Noch einmal tot und begraben

Nachdem die Erfolge, die das Bayes-Theorem im Krieg hatte, der Geheimhaltung zum Opfer gefallen waren, wurde es nach 1945 als fast noch fragwurdiger eingeschatzt als zuvor. Statistiklehrbucher und Fachveroffentlichungen betonten immer wieder selbstgerecht, das Theorem nicht zu benutzen. Als Jack Good vor der Royal Statistic Society die Methode diskutierte, eroffnete der nachste Redner seinen Vortrag mit: „Nach diesem Unsinn …“.
Prevalence of Elevated Lp(a) Mass Levels and Patient Thresholds in 532 359 Patients in the United States

Objective—Elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a causal, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis. We aimed to define the prevalence and patient thresholds of elevated L...
Hyperbilirubinemia and Neurodevelopmental Outcome

The results of the Collaborative Project on Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infants in the Netherlands, 1983, in regard to hyperbilirubinemia and neurodevelopmental outcome at two years of age are reported from the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Freezing Nucleus Content of Hail and Rain in NE Colorado

The freezing nucleus contents of rain and hail samples from NE Colorado thunderstorms have been determined using the drop freezing technique.
Sites of Experience Architecture: Methodology for Community Formation

Recent attempts to define core interests of technical communication act as distraction of a priori definition of the field. In contrast, this technical paper uses a descriptive method for articulating existing core interests and sites of productive study, ranging from memorials to applications to videogame spaces. Prescriptive definitions reveal temptations of defining core interests and limit future potential. Productive research will, over time, describe core interests and provide sustainable means of supporting the field's growth as well as clarifying productive sites for research. To define the boundaries of productive research prior to conducting exploratory research establishes artificial boundaries, labels some practices legitimate while delegitimizing others, and impedes development of method, practices, and sites. The presentation offers a name for a broad array of emerging research practices of Experience Architecture suitable for a variety of workplace context by stressing descriptions of emergent research over prescribing practice.
Growth of Microorganisms in Chilled Orange Juice

Growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in chilled orange juice was investigated. Three suspensions were prepared, each consisting of four strains of Lactobacillus, four of Leucomostoc, and four of yeast. Each composite suspension was inoculated into a series of bottles containing sterile prechilled orange juice to obtain a final concentration of 1,100, and 1,000 organisms/ml. Samples were stored at 35, 40, 45, and 50 F (1.7, 4.5, 7.2, and 10 C), and were plated periodically throughout the test period. Yeasts grew at all temperatures investigated, their rates of growth increasing with the temperature. Lactobacillus organisms grew at 50 F but not at 45 F or below, Leuconostoc strains did not grow at 35 F, but grew slowly at 40 F, and rapidly at 45 F and 50 F. Fermentation by yeasts, depending on the level of inoculation, occurred in 1 week or less at 50 F and in 1 to 2 weeks at 45 F. At 35 and 40 F it occurred in 3 weeks but was satisfactory at 35 F for the lowest level of inoculation. Spoilage from grow...
Protecting the poles: Marine living resource conservation approaches in the Arctic and Antarctic

Abstract The world's polar regions have been singled out as spaces of international interest, with Antarctica being governed under the Antarctic Treaty System and the Arctic by various individual states and the Arctic Council. In recent years, however, both poles have seen an increase in interest in their marine resources as other traditionally fished species become harder to find due to overfishing and as access to the polar regions becomes easier and safer as a consequence of climate change. In this paper, I consider two proposals for the protection of polar marine resources: a 2011 proposal (resubmitted until acceptance in 2016) to create a Marine Protected Area in the Antarctic Ross Sea, and a 2014 proposal to ban commercial fishing in Arctic Ocean waters until further scientific study can be conducted.
Bayesian Inference for Single-cell Clustering and Imputing

Single-cell RNA-seq gives access to gene expression measurements for thousands of cells, allowing discovery and characterization of cell types. However, the data is noise-prone due to experimental errors and cell type-specific biases. Current computational approaches for analyzing single-cell data involve a global normalization step which introduces incorrect biases and spurious noise and does not resolve missing data (dropouts). This can lead to misleading conclusions in downstream analyses. Moreover, a single normalization removes important cell type-specific information. We propose a data-driven model, BISCUIT, that iteratively normalizes and clusters cells, thereby separating noise from interesting biological signals. BISCUIT is a Bayesian probabilistic model that learns cell-specific parameters to intelligently drive normalization. This approach displays superior performance to global normalization followed by clustering in both synthetic and real single-cell data compared with previous methods, and allows easy interpretation and recovery of the underlying structure and cell types.
Leveraging multi-granularity energy data for accurate energy demand forecast in smart grids

Accurate energy demand prediction is very important for smart grids to conduct demand response and stabilize the grids. In previous work, many prediction algorithms are proposed to improve the energy consumption prediction accuracy based on the aggregated energy consumption in the whole grid. Recently, with the increasing installations of smart meters in individual homes, high granularity (e.g., per minute) energy consumption data in individual homes becomes available and provides us a great opportunity for better energy consumption prediction. In this paper, we propose M-Pred to utilize the high granularity energy consumption data collected by smart meters in individual homes for better energy consumption prediction in smart grids. In M-Pred, we propose a learning algorithm to learn energy consumption patterns of individual homes from the high granularity energy consumption data. The consumption patterns we learn from homes are then applied for energy consumption prediction in smart grids. Furthermore, since not every home in a smart grid is equipped with a smart meter, we propose a matching and prediction algorithm to leverage the multi-granularity energy data for accurate consumption prediction. We conducted extensive system evaluations with 726 homes' minute-level power consumption data for more than 12 months. The simulation results show that our design can provide accurate energy consumption prediction for the next hour with negligible errors (e.g., Mean Absolute Percentage Error is 2.12%).
Peer facilitation and burnout: the READ‐SG pilot

SummaryBackground Although there is much research about the prevalence of burnout among doctors and postgraduate doctor trainees, there is a paucity of evidence for effective preventive measures. Methods First-year postgraduate doctor trainees (PGY1s) in Internal Medicine at our institution were given protected time to participate in peer-facilitated monthly small group discussions on topics regarding humanism and professional development. The authors prompted participants before each session and followed a novel reflect, empathise, analyse and discuss in small groups (READ-SG) format. During the pilot period the authors administered a survey, approved by the Institutional Review Board, asking participants to rank the perceived effect of the sessions on their professional development and various symptoms of burnout, including levels of empathy, stress and motivation. Results Out of 20 PGY1s available to attend each session over the 3-month pilot period, there were an average of 9.6 attendees per session, with a 100 per cent survey completion rate, yielding 29 surveys. A total of 21 survey responses (72.4%) reported speaking during the sessions, and 29 (100%) reported that the sessions were important to have. Average scores on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (ranging from negative to positive, respectively) for the perceived effect of the sessions on each measure were: 4.59 for professional development; 4.38 for empathy; 4.00 for stress; and 4.28 for motivation. There is a paucity of evidence for effective preventive measures [for burnout] Conclusions Peer-facilitated monthly small group discussions using the READ-SG method seem to have positive effects on participants’ sense of professional development and symptoms of burnout among postgraduate doctor trainees.
Diiron Dithiolate Hydrides Complemented with Proton-Responsive Phosphine–Amine Ligands

The reaction of Fe2(pdt)(CO)6 with two equivalents of Ph2PC6H4NH2 (PNH2) affords the amido hydride HFe2(pdt)(CO)2(PNH2)(PNH) {[H1H]0, pdt2- = CH2(CH2S-)2}. Isolated intermediates in this conversion include Fe2(pdt)(CO)5-(κ1-PNH2) and Fe2(pdt)(CO)4(κ2-PNH2). X-ray crystallographic analysis of [H1H]0 shows that the chelating amino/amido-phosphine ligands occupy trans-dibasal positions. The 31P NMR spectrum indicates that [H1H]0 undergoes rapid proton exchange between the amido and amine centers. No exchange was observed for the hydride. Protonation of [H1H]0 gives [HFe2(pdt)(CO)2(PNH2)2]+ ([H21H]+), which contains two equivalent amino-phosphine ligands. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis of [H21H]+ also reveals hydrogen bonds between the exo amine protons with a THF molecule and BF4. Deprotonation of [H1H]0 with potassium tert-butoxide gave [HFe2(pdt)(CO)2(PNH)2]- ([1H]-), which was characterized spectroscopically. The complex has time-averaged C2 symmetry with two amido-phosphine ligands. FTIR spectroscopic measurements show that υCO shifts by approximately 20 cm-1 in the series [1H]-, [H1H]0, and [H21H]+. These shifts are comparable to those seen for the S-protonation of the (NC)2(CO)Fe-(μ-Scys)2Ni(Scys)2 site in the [NiFe]-hydrogenases.[1].
The Worst Mistakes in Legal Writing—Part III

This article, the first in a series, covers notable errors in legal writing. This column discusses mistakes involving tense, subject/verb agreement, gender, capital letters, pronouns, I vs. me vs. myself, lists, comparisons, active and passive voice, dangling participles, formatting, contractions, and articles.
On Compton’s Research Program

When Imre Lakatos sent me a copy of his and Alan Musgrave’s Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge,1 he inscribed it with the words: “With hopes for future cooperation and best wishes.” That future cooperation, to my very deep regret, never occurred owing to Imre’s sudden and premature death in February 1974. I know, however, what he had in mind. He wanted me to join with him in analyzing certain case studies in the history of physics in light of his methodology of scientific research programs. Furthermore, I know that one of the case studies Imre wanted to treat was my own on the discovery of the Compton effect, since I can vividly recall our discussing an early draft of my book, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics,2 after dinner at our home in Minneapolis in the fall of 1970. Now, however, collaboration is impossible. I therefore propose to simply summarize some of the highlights of Compton’s research program here, and to invite others to consider its possible relevancy to Imre’s methodology, or to philosophical-methodological questions in general. It goes without saying that if such connections seem to exist, my detailed study must be consulted to substantiate their existence, since my present discussion constitutes only a very rough and incomplete sketch of certain sections of my book.
Enhancement of T-Cell Mediated Immunity by Millimeters Waves

Millimeter electromagnetic waves are being used widely for the treatment of many diseases in Russia and other eastern European countries. The three most common frequencies employed in these treatments are 42.2, 53.6, and 61.2 GHz. Excellent clinical results have been reported in the treatment of various diseases, including peptic ulcers, bronchial asthma, infantile cerebral palsy, arthritis, skin disorders, chronic alcoholism, diabetic angioneuropathies, and cancer1,2. It is interesting to note that mm-waves of the same frequency can provide beneficial effects in the treatment of many unrelated diseases. Therefore, it is generally believed that therapeutic effects are mediated through a common mechanism possibly through the general enhancement of the immune system. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether mm-waves of 53.6 GHz can modify delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). In DTH assay, a direct relationship between T-cell mediated immunity and DTH response has been observed3,4. We hypothesized that if mm wave radiation enhances the immune function, it should also increase DTH response in mouse skin. The present study was done to test this hypothesis. Using DTH assay in mouse skin, it is shown that irradiation of skin with 15.3 mW unmodulated 53.6 GHz millimeter waves does enhance delayed type hypersensitivity.
Magnesium Sulfate and Other Anticonvulsants for Women with Preeclampsia

Magnesium sulfate should be considered first-line treatment to prevent eclamptic seizures during labor.