cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification and diagnosis of anemia during childhood

This chapter draws attention to classification and diagnosis of anemia during childhood. Anemia is defined as a reduction in hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter. The lower limit of the normal range is set at two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex for the normal population. If a patient is suffering with anemia, then it is important to establish the abnormality, whether it is isolated to a single cell line, or whether it is part of a multiple cell line abnormality. Abnormalities of two or three cell lines usually indicate one of the following: bone marrow involvement, an immunologic disorder, or sequestration of cells. The blood smear is very helpful in the diagnosis of anemia. It establishes whether the anemia is hypochromic, microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic, and it also shows specific morphologic abnormalities suggestive of red cell membrane disorders or hemoglobinopathies. A list of differential diagnostic considerations based on specific red cell morphologic abnormalities is described. The etiologic classification of anemia is impaired red cell formation, blood loss, and hemolytic anemia.
On Provenance and Privacy

Provenance is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it enables transparency, understanding the ”why” and ”where” of data, and reproducibility of results. On the other hand, it potentially exposes intermediate data and the functionality of modules within the workflow. However, a scientific workflow often deals with proprietary modules as well as private or confidential data, such as genomic or medical information. Hence providing exact answers to provenance queries over all executions of the workflow may reveal private information. In this talk we discuss potential privacy issues in a scientific workflow - module privacy, data privacy, and provenance privacy - and frame several natural questions: (i) Can we formally analyze module, data or provenance privacy giving provable privacy guarantees for an unlimited/bounded number of provenance queries? (ii) How can we answer provenance queries, providing as much information as possible to the user while still guaranteeing the required privacy? Then we look at module privacy in detail and propose a formal model. Finally we point to several directions for future work.
In vivo comparison of the regulation of releasable dopamine in the caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain

In vivo voltammetry has been used to measure the release of dopamine evoked by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Simultaneous measurements have been made with voltammetric-sensing electrodes ipsilateral to the stimulating electrode in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus of the anesthetized rat. During the stimulation, the species observed in both regions is voltammetrically identical to dopamine. Further evidence for the identity of dopamine is provided by anatomical, physiological, pharmacological, and postmortem data. Postmortem analysis of these brain regions after a single stimulation demonstrates that dopamine levels are unchanged, while dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels are increased in both regions. Systemic application of synthesis inhibitors results in a decrease in evoked release for each brain region. Amfonelic acid results in a restoration of stimulated release after synthesis inhibition. Evoked release is affected differently by pargyline in the two brain regions. The evoked release of dopamine is significantly elevated in the nucleus accumbens as a result of pargyline administration, but similar effects are not seen in the caudate nucleus. Tissue levels of dopamine are increased in both brain regions by pargyline, but the increase is significantly greater in the accumbens. Electrolytic lesions of the striatonigral pathway or systemic administration of picrotoxin eliminates the pargyline-induced difference in evoked release of dopamine. Amphetamine causes a reduction in stimulated release in the caudate nucleus with little effect on that observed in the nucleus accumbens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sulfated glycans induce rapid hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization: evidence for selectin-dependent and independent mechanisms

The adhesive mechanisms leading to the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow into the blood are poorly understood. We report on a role for selectins and fucoidan in progenitor mobilization. Baseline levels of circulating HPCs are increased in endothelial selectin-deficient (P/E-/-) mice. Similar levels are observed when E-selectin null (E-/-) mice are treated with anti-P-selectin antibody or with fucoidan (which inhibits P- and L-selectin function). In particular, administration of 2 doses of fucoidan (25 mg/kg) over 6 hours produces profound mobilization of progenitors in wild-type mice and the response is greatly enhanced in E-/- and P/E-/- mice. Competitive reconstitution experiments reveal that fucoidan also elicits long-term (more than 6 months) repopulating stem cells. Mobilization assays using chimeric mice harboring L-selectin-deficient progenitors and wild-type progenitors expressing the green fluorescence protein suggest that L-selectin expression is not required but confers an advantage for fucoidan-induced mobilization. Sulfation is critical as desulfated fucoidan is ineffective. In addition, sulphogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) but not heparin can induce HPC mobilization. Our results indicate that administration of sulfated glycans, especially with concurrent inhibition of E-selectin function, represents a powerful novel method for rapid mobilization of long-term-repopulating stem cells. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of HPC trafficking during development and adult life.
The Impact of Multilevel Security on Database Buffer Management

Multilevel security introduces new constraints on methods for DBMS buffer management. Design issues include buffer allocation across security levels, secure page replacement, and reader/writer synchronization. We present a client/buffer manager interface with a set of synchronization guarantees that does not delay low writers in the presence of concurrent high readers, an allocation scheme that partitions slots by security level but allows buffers, underutilized at the low level, to be used by subjects at high levels using a technique we call “slot stealing.” We also propose a general page replacement algorithm and methods of synchronizing readers and writers that involve varying degrees of page replication. We use simulation to investigate the performance characteristics of the various solutions.
The hunt for a PAX3-FOXO1 motif (939.4)

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) patients carrying a chromosomal translocation of PAX3 and FOXO1 have the highest mortality rates, indicating the importance of understanding how this transcription factor influences gene expression. Many studies have been performed to identify PAX3-FOXO1 target genes and while some overlapping gene sets have been identified, there exists great variation in the genes identified. The search for these target genes is hampered by a lack of understanding of the full DNA-binding capabilities of this fusion protein. We have examined the truncated FOXO1 DNA-binding domain in PAX3-FOXO1 and found that it retains activity, but does not have the same sequence specifications for binding as full length FOXO1. A search of 1463 PAX3-FOXO1 putative binding sites revealed that 37% contained both a PAX3 paired domain and FOXO1 recognition sequence within close proximity. The sequences containing the dual motif mapped to 160 genes with the most interesting of these known to be regulated by P...
Serially concatenated trellis coded modulation for the compound periodic erasures channel

This paper extends the near-capacity performance of serially-concatenated convolutional codes under AWGN to periodically time-varying channels. In particular, we propose serially-concatenated trellis-coded modulations (SCTCMs) that perform consistently close to channel capacity under periodic erasures as well as under AWGN, without sacrificing AWGN channel performance. The proposed 0.5 bits/symbol and 1.5 bits/symbol SCTCM schemes are robust with respect to periodic time-variations with a period of two-symbols.
How Might the Affordable Care Act's Coverage Expansion Provisions Influence Demand for Medical Care?

On march 23, 2010, the patient protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law. Included in the legislation is an expansion of health insurance predicted to reduce the percentage of uninsured individuals by 45%, or approximately 25 million persons at full implementation.1 The ACA has two mechanisms through which coverage will be expanded, beginning in 2014. The first is through an expansion of Medicaid eligibility, in which states have the option to offer coverage to all individuals with a family income of less than 138% of the federal poverty level (FPL). The second mechanism is through the introduction of subsidized, private insurance available from newly created exchanges. Persons with a family income of between 138% and 400% FPL who do not have access to an offer of affordable employer-sponsored insurance will be eligible for premium assistance credits based on a sliding scale. For exchange-based policyholders with an income of less than 250% FPL, cost-sharing subsidies for care also will be available to reduce out-of-pocket costs. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that by 2023, an additional 13 million individuals will obtain coverage through Medicaid and 24 million will have exchange-based plans.1 My article has three, complementary objectives. The first is to provide a relatively current, comprehensive picture of the demographics, health status, and medical care utilization of the population targeted for the ACA coverage expansion, contrasted with other nonelderly, insured populations. The second is to synthesize the current research evidence regarding the impact of insurance on medical care demand and to discuss the strengths and limitations of descriptive and causal evidence for predicting the demand response of the ACA's target population. The third objective is to provide “back of the envelope” calculations of changes in the overall demand for medical care based on these estimates and, given this anticipated increase in demand for medical care, to identify strategies for addressing possible capacity concerns.
Review of: Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences

Encyclopedia: a comprehensive reference work containing articles on a wide range of subjects or on numerous aspects of a particular field, usually arranged alphabetically (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed., 1996). This newly released three volume set meets the foregoing definition of an “encyclopedia” with respect to the forensic sciences taken in the broadest possible sense. There are over 200 articles on a very broad range of topics. If one defined the forensic sciences, as the editors have chosen to do for purposes of preparing the encyclopedia, as encompassing almost every area covered by the ten sections of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, from the analytical chemistry- and biochemistry-based to the social science-, generaland even lab management-oriented, there is likely to be some coverage in these volumes. There are complimentary forewords by two internationally high-profile forensic scientists, Henry Lee and Janet Thompson. An international “editorial advisory board,” consisting of a geographically widespread group of well known forensic scientists, is listed in the front matter. Some, but not all of these people were also contributors to individual chapters. The contributor roster is also internationally representative. Many of the contributors are well-recognized authorities in the discipline areas in which they contributed, but others are considerably less so.
Impedance shaping for improved load sharing among inverters in AC microgrids

In this paper, a control scheme to improve load sharing among inverters of different power ratings in an ac microgrid is proposed. The proposed control scheme shapes the output impedance of the inverters independent of the voltage controller parameters and minimizes the requirement of the virtual impedance for proper load sharing. Results show that system stability improves. Simulation and experimental results presented show the effectiveness of the scheme.
Spatial connectivity: From variograms to multiple-point measures

Anisotropy and curvilinearity are common characteristics of geological structures. Traditional measures of connectivity such as the variogram are rectilinear in that they do not take into account the curvilinearity of these structures. Recent developments in geostatistics have demonstrated and simulated the effect of curvilinearity and multiple-point (mp) connectivity on the output of transfer functions such as flow simulators. A set of curvilinear channels and set of elliptical lenses may share the same variogram and rectilinear connectivity but would yield different flow responses because of their different curvilinearity. A measure of curvilinearity generalizing the variogram measure is therefore proposed. The proposed measure is directional with a tolerance cone and depends on distance with a tolerance, as with an experimental variogram.
Influence of methamphetamine on nigral and striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and on striatal dopamine levels.

Abstract In previous reportsm methamphetamine was shown to depress tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the rat corpus striatum. To evaluate further the mechanism of this decrease in TH activity, enzyme activity was measured in the rat corpus striatum and substantia nigra after repetitive and single-dose methamphetamine administration. Following repeated doses of methamphetamine, nigral TH activity decreased and reached 45% of controls at 12 hr and returned to normal at 60 hr. Striatal TH activity decreased to 40% of control at 36 hr and returned toward normal at 60 hr. When methamphetamine was administered every 6 hr for 30 hr and then discontinued, nigral TH activity returned toward control levels 4 days prior to recovery of striatal TH activity. Methamphetamine initially increased striatal dopamine levels at 6 hr (170% of control). Dopamine levels then decreased in parallel with striatal TH activity but failed to increase as the enzyme recovered. Concurrent administration of chlorpromazine with methamphetamine prevented the methamphetamine-induced decrease in nigral and striatal TH activity and] striatal dopamine levels. The results indicate that the methamphetamine-induced depression of striatal and nigral TH acttivity may be related to increased stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum.
XXXVI.—Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—I

(1920). XXXVI.—Fossil Arthropods in the British Museum.—I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 27, pp. 273-279.
Cluster analysis of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles in a chronic headache population

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles from 123 chronic headache sufferers (48 migraine, 47 muscle contraction, 28 mixed) were cluster analyzed in order (1) to replicate results from other pain populations and (2) to examine differences among the clusters along headache parameters and demographic variables. Four homogeneous subgroups were obtained and a multiple discriminant analysis was successful in correctly classifying 97.56% of the headache subjects. Obtained clusters closely resembled those evidenced in previous pain research. Results indicated that diagnostic category was unrelated to cluster membership; however, frequency of headache occurrence was a differentiating factor. Implications for headache treatment and future research are discussed.
Erbium(III) coordination number changes in aqueous N,N-Dimethylformamide

Abstract Ultrasonic absorption data for 0.200 M erbium chloride and nitrate as a function of solvent composition in aqueous dimethylformamide are interpreted in terms of a coordination number change being present in both salt systems between 0.1 and 0.2 water mole fraction. Erbium chloride undergoes a second geometry change in the aqueous region, which is absent for the nitrate. At low water mole fractions the erbium chloride complex exists as a bis complex, but only the mono complex is present above 0.15 water mole fraction. Under similar conditions, bisnitrato complexes appear to be absent. The data are compared with other aqueous organic solvent systems.
Analysis of how the choice of Machine Learning algorithms affects the prediction of a clinical outcome prior to minimally invasive treatments for Benign Pro Static Hyperplasia BPH

Benign Pro Static Hyperplasia (BPH) is estimated to effect 50% of men by the age of 50, and 75% by the age of 80. Predicting a clinical outcome prior to minimally invasive treatments for BPH would be very useful, but has not been reliable in spite of multiple assessment parameters such as symptom indices and flow rates. I our prior work we have shown the effect of greater impact feature selection has on prediction of the BPH clinical outcomes. In this work we take an in depth look at how changes to the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning methods can have an affect on how well the process does at predicting the outcome of the patients in the testing group. The affect of which classifier is used, to predict BPH surgical outcomes, is investigated to see if certain classifiers perform better with the data. The affect of which metric is selected for analyzing the performance of the classifier prediction is also observed. The affect of which features and how many are selected to train and predict the data is observed. Finally, the affect of using the original, unchanged, date versus a discretized version of the data is also observed. The objective in this paper is to determine, in this case, which of the above-mentioned factors affect the outcome of the predictive models, to allow the best factor selection in each case so that the best predictive method of NPH for this data, can be determined. In particular, the data is analyzed to determine if some of these factors have a larger effect on the outcome than others. Through experimental results we show which and how some factors are found to have no real influence on clinical outcome prediction, and show how in some other cases there are a few equally good choices. Here four machine learning algorithms, namely Decision Tree, Naive Bayse, LDA, and ADABoost are selected and used in the comparison. For prediction performance metrics comparison we use the Area Under the Curve (AUC), Accuracy (ACC), and the Matthew Correlation Coefficient (MCC). Both internal cross-validation and external validation are used to analyze the performance and results of the predictive models considered.
NO Adsorption, Decomposition, and Reduction by Methane over Rare Earth Oxides

Abstract Adsorption and decomposition of NO and its reduction by methane have been conducted over La2O3, CeO2, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Tm2O3, and Lu2O3 as well as Sr-promoted LaO3 and Sm2O3. NO was irreversibly adsorbed on all these rare earth oxide (REO) catalysts at 300 K, and the uptakes per unit surface area were 2.5 ± 1.0 × 1018 molecules/m2 except on CeO2, which had a lower uptake. On La2O3 and Sm2O3, no significant CH4 chemisorption occurred at 300 or 573 K, while oxygen did not chemisorb at 300 K and only small irreversible uptakes were detected at 573 K. Both NO decomposition in He and NO reduction by CH4 were conducted in a quartz microreactor between 773 and 973 K; all the REO catalysts were active for either reaction in both the absence and presence of O2. Activities increased continuously with increasing temperature and no deactivation or bendover was observed except for Sm2O3, over which complete combustion of CH4 occurred at high temperature in the presence of O2. The specific activities for NO reduction to N2 by CH4 were higher than those for NO decomposition, and CH4 reduction of NO gave selectivities to N2 that were near 100% for all the catalysts except Sr/La2O3, Sm2O3, and Sr/Sm2O3, over which 5-20% N2O was formed. Except for CeO2, the presence of O2 promoted the rate of NO conversion to N2. Overall, Sr/La2O3 had the highest specific activity for NO reduction by CH4 in either the absence or presence of O2, with respective values of 4.6 × 10−3 and 13 × 10−3 μ mole N2/s · m2 at 773 K. Turnover frequencies under these two sets of conditions, based on NO adsorption, were 0.78 × 10−3 and 2.3 × 10−3 s−1, respectively. Activation energies fell between 22 and 32 kcal/mole for all the REOs. The highest specific activities for NO decomposition to N2 occurred on Sm2O3 and Nd2O3 and were 1.6 × 10−3 and 1.1 × 10−3 μmol N2/s · m2 at 773 K; these correspond to TOFs of 3.6 × 10−4 and 4.3 x 10−4 s−1, respectively. Activation energies for NO decomposition ranged from 21 to 29 kcal/mole. The best REO catalysts correlated with those best for the oxidative coupling of methane. On a TOF basis, the best REO catalysts were comparable to Co/ZSM-5.
Interaction of steroidal alkaloid toxins with calcium channels in neuronal cell lines.

Abstract Depolarization with 50 mM K + increased 45 Ca 2+ uptake into neuronal clonal cell lines NG108-15, NIE-115 and NH15-CA2. In each cell line this depolarization-induced uptake was blocked by inorganic and organic blockers of voltage sensitive calcium channels. However, tetrodotoxin (10 −6 M) was ineffective. Moreover, in the presence of tetrodotoxin, neither batrachotoxin nor veratridine inhibited the depolarization-induced uptake. The novel dihydropyridine BAY K8644 enhanced depolarization-induced 45 Ca 2+ uptake into each cell line in a nitrendipine reversible fashion. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the BAY K8644/50 mM K + stimulated uptake could be partially inhibited by batrachotoxin (10 −6 M) and veratridine (5 x 10 −5 M). These effects were not altered by the presence of scorpion venom (1 μg/ml). The results indicate that both batrachotoxin and veratridine can modulate the affects of dihydropyridines on the gating properties of voltage sensitive calcium channels.
A quantum chemistry study of binding carotenoids in the bacterial light-harvesting complexes.

Carotenoids play the dual function of light harvesting and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms. Despite their functional importance, the molecular basis for binding of carotenoids in the photosynthetic proteins is poorly understood. We have discovered that all carotenoids are surrounded either by aromatic residues or by chlorophylls in all known crystal structures of the photosynthetic pigment- protein complexes. The intermolecular ﷿-﷿ stacking interactions between carotenoids and the surrounding aromatic residues in the light-harvesting complex II (LH-II) of Rhodospirillum molischianum were analyzed by high level ab initio electronic structure calculations. Intermolecular interaction energies were calculated with the second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation method (MP2) using the modified 6-31G*(0.25) basis set with diffuse d-polarization by Hobza and co-workers. The MP2/6-31G*(0.25) calculations yield a total stabilization energy of -15.66 kcal/mol between the carotenoid molecule and the four surrounding aromatic residues (R-Trp-23, ‚-Phe-20, ‚-Phe-24, ‚-Phe-27). It is thus concluded that ﷿-﷿ stacking interactions between carotenoids and the aromatic residues play an essential role in binding carotenoids in the LH-II complex of Rhodospirillum molischianum. The physical nature of the ﷿-﷿ stacking interactions was further analyzed, and the dispersion interactions were found to be the dominant intermolecular attraction force. There is also a substantial electrostatic contribution to the overall intermolecular stabilization energy.
Radar spectrum spreading using advanced pulse compression noise (APCN)

This work grows our understanding of APCN spectrum spreading, and its effect on radar system performance. Through numerical analysis, we measure range resolution and side lobe levels as a function of different APCN waveforms and side lobe weighting functions. We extend our discussions to consider the phase code rate and how this drives an improvement in the measured range resolution.
New high-resolution mass spectrometric approach for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in human serum

To increase our analytical throughput for measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides without sacrificing data quality, we have developed and validated a combined PCB/OC pesticide gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) analysis. In a single GC-HRMS analysis, both selected PCBs and OC pesticides are detected and quantified. Previously, this has been difficult, if not impossible, because of the major difference in masses of the most abundant electron-impact ions. However, we have identified slightly less abundant ions to monitor that allow us to successfully combine these analytes into a single analysis without sacrificing any analytical sensitivity or instrument reliability. Consequently, we have been able to double our analytical throughput by modification of mass spectrometric parameters alone. Our new methodology has been validated against our current GC-HRMS method, which entails using two separate injections, one for PCB analysis and one for OC pesticide analysis. The two methods differ by less than 4% overall, with no systematic bias. We used this method to analyze approximately 350 serum samples over a period of several months. We found that our new method was as reliable in automated, overnight runs as our current method.
How Emotions Run Us, Our Students, and Our Classrooms.

The implications of the body-mind concept of learning for curriculum and instruction are mind-bending. As educators, not neuroscientists, we may find the complexity of brain research both astonishing and complex. But the overarching conclusions about how the brain functions are neither mysterious nor impossible to grasp.
College students' permissive sexual attitudes: Links to religiousness and spirituality

Clear associations exist between religiousness and conservative sexual attitudes, but there is a paucity of research on spirituality's interaction. In this study, the authors examined the link between 297 male and 642 female college students' reports on sexual attitudes coupled with multidimensional measures of intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of spirituality and religiousness. Results indicated significant links between private religious practices, daily spiritual experiences, and conservative sexual attitudes for all respondents. However, for male but not female participants, self-reported spirituality had significant inverse correlation with permissive sexual attitudes. Further, spiritual disclosure and self-reported extent of religiousness were related to female participants' reports of more conservative sexual attitudes. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses found that spirituality provided unique variance toward conservative sexual attitudes for male but not female participants. Implicati...
Cerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin antagonist does not influence hypertensive response to blood-borne angiotensin II.

Abstract Blood-borne angiotensin II (AII) has several actions that result from interaction of the peptide with known AII-sensitive brain sites (i.e. circumventricular organs). In the rat, electrolytic ablation of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and surrounding periventricular hypothalamus, a known AII-sensitive area, will prevent development of hypertension in response to chronic intravenous AII infusion. The purpose of the present study was to determine if selective pharmacological blockade of brain AII receptors, rather than electrolytic lesion, would block chronic intravenous (i.v.) AII-induced hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with chronic indwelling arterial and venous catheters and a lateral cerebroventricular cannula. In initial experiments, 5-day intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of 1 Sar, 8 Thr-AII (sarthran) at a dose of 1 μg/h was found to produce functional blockade of central AII receptors with minimal effects on peripheral receptors (assessed by measuring the pressor responses to acute i.c.v. and i.v. AII administration). This dose of sarthrun also had no agonistic effects in rats maintained on high sodium intake. Continuous blockade of brain AII receptors with i.c.v. sarthran had no effect on the ultimate development of hypertension seen in response to 5-day i.v. AII infusion (10 or 20 ng/min) coupled with high sodium intake. The failure of i.c.v. sarthran infusion to block chronic i.v. AII-induced hypertension probably reflects the inability of i.c.v. sarthran to gain access to a critical brain site(s) at which i.v. AII acts to cause increased arterial pressure.
On the Relational Aesthetics of International Law: Philosophy of International Law, Anthony Carty

According to a survey published in 2001, and things will have declined since then, lawyers formed only 16 per cent of the top 100 public intellectuals in the United States.2 Of the 16, one is dead, one is a Supreme Court Justice, one is a judge and author of the survey, two are converts to law from other disciplines, and so there only remains 11, a cricket team, of well known if not necessarily reputable legal academics. Worse, however, is to come. None of the 11 public intellectual legal scholars is an international lawyer. Let’s put this directly. Th e legal discipline that is most obviously concerned with aff airs of state, with highly visible international incidents, with the
Particle rotation in coal combustion: statistical, experimental and theoretical studies

Fast particle rotation (up to 3,000 cycles/sec) was observed and recorded by high-speed cinematography and fiber optic radiometry during the combustion in a laminar flow reactor of coal particles and coal-water fuel (CWF) agglomerates. A theoretical model of particle rotation developed to predict the angular velocity of rotating coal particles or CWF agglomerates during devolatilization and char burnout is based on volatile ejection from pores, assumed to be randomly oriented. The angular velocity of the rotating particle is shown to be domainated by the volatiles ejected from a small number of macropores and dependent upon the particle heating rate and particle size. Because of the random pore distribution, a range of geometrical factors for the devolatilization pores is predicted by the model, in general agreement with the statistical results on the rotation frequency distribution observed experimentally.
Genomic studies indicate a novel combination therapy for follicular lymphoma

AbstractFollicular Lymphoma (FL) is an incurable form of B-cell lymphoma. Genomic alterations inactivating RB signaling are surprisingly common in indolent FL. We show that FLs, positive for phosphorylated RB, respond to dual CDK4/BCL2 inhibition. Our results argue that RB phosphorylation identifies patients likely to benefit from such dual-intervention.
Performance Characteristics Of A Producible NTSC-Compatible Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Image Sensor

Brief reviews of the structure and normal operating conditions for manufactured versions of 488 by 380 element CCD image sensors are followed by descriptions of the performance available from typical devices and by description of common types of cosmetic blemishes which limit the yield of production sensors. The 488 by 380 element sensors are fabricated by buried channel CCD technology. They utilize an interline transfer technique to achieve a high CTF at Nyquist frequencies, which results in crisp imagery from reasonable die areas. The sensors also offer wide dynamic range, good low light level capability, and compatibility with NTSC quality requirements.
Successful Protect-Community Discourse: Spatiality and Politics in Chicago's Pilsen Neighborhood:

Protect-community movements across America are alive and well. The authors examine one such movement in a Chicago working-class neighborhoodPilsen. They focus on a discourse opposi- tional to gentrification that has effectively mobilized space and historicity to speak its truths. The results reveal that diverse mental spaces were constructed and used in discourse to offer two critical constructions: positive resident identities, and developers as villains. Such spaces, grounding medium in the discourse, framed, organized, and illuminated these constructions. This visual rhetoric, Henri Lefebvre's representation of spaces, was a key ingredient in discourse. With actual and threatened opposition to gentrification, many developers formed a sense of a 'ready-to-rumble neighborhood'. Fears of virulent street tactics (that is, harassment of gentrifiers) most discouraged developers because they could make development projects risky.
Effective-mass Hamiltonian for abrupt heterojunctions

Abstract Recent work by Morrow and Brownstein [Phys. Rev. B 30 , 678(1984)] has indicated that no derivation exists which would uniquely specify the form of the effective mass theory kinetic energy operator in the neighborhood of an abrupt heterojunction. Present work starts from a basic principle, i.e. the Lagrange equation of motions and provides such a derivation of a uniquely determined effective mass kinetic energy operator. The result is an operator introduced long ago by BenDaniel and Duke.
Characteristics of aluminum-silicon Schottky barrier diode

Aluminum n-type silicon Schottky barrier diodes which can be fabricated by a very simple process and exhibit near-ideal electricaI characteristics have recently been developed. In this paper, the processing and characteristics of such a Schottky barrier will be discussed. The I-V characteristics agree well with the theoretical thermionic emission model. The barrier height is determined from the saturation current, temperature dependence of forward current, and photoemission to be 0.69 ± 0.01 eV. Minority carrier injection from this Schottky barrier has been measured using a transistor structure with Al as emitter. Negligible minority carrier injection is found even up to high current levels. This is further confirmed by diode switching measurements. The low-frequency noise is very low and is comparable to the best p-n junctions and guard-ring Schottky barriers. This is particularly significant since it is the first time such good noise characteristics have been achieved for a Schottky barrier on n-Si without a guard ring. Excellent stability is found under life tests at elevated temperarures. These desirable features, coupled with the simple and economical processing which is completely compatible with present day integrated circuit technology, should make these Schottky barriers ideal in a variety of applications.
The Schrödinger functional and non-perturbative improvement

Abstract After describing the Schrodinger functional for standard and improved gluon and quark actions we present results for the non-perturbative clover coefficients of the SW quark action coupled to the Wilson plaquette action for β ≥ 5.7, as well as the Luscher-Weisz one-loop tadpole improved gauge action, both in the quenched approximation.
Evaluation of effect of paddle element stagger angle on the local velocity profiles in a twin-screw continuous mixer with viscous flow using Finite Element Method simulations

The effect of paddle element geometry, specifically a systematic change in stagger angle, on the velocity distribution of a Newtonian corn syrup was evaluated in the mixing region of a 2″ Readco continuous processor using 3D FEM simulations. Local velocities and regions of backflow were compared for three configurations of the paddle elements in the mixing region consisting of nine pairs of paddle elements with the central three being in a neutral (FLAT), staggered 45° forward (45F) or staggered 45° reverse (45R) configuration. The total material flow rate through the mixer was independent of the paddle element stagger but increased with screw speed when the mixer was operated with the barrel fully filled. The stagger angle variation caused only local disturbances in axial flow. The overall magnitudes of velocity were highest for the FLAT configuration followed by 45F and 45R. The local X and Y velocity components in the region of stagger showed no significant variation with paddle element stagger while the Z velocity component varied significantly in this region. Increased forward flow was seen for the 45F configuration while significant local backflow was seen for the 45R configuration at all positions of the paddle element rotation. The FLAT configuration had greater levels of pressure in the intermeshing region, suggesting a squeeze flow while there were not significant variations in pressure for the 45F and 45R configurations, suggesting a predominantly conveying/leakage flow in the axial direction. Variation in local flows is critical to good mixing.
Gonadal axis hormones in male schizophrenic patients during treatment with haloperidol and after switch to risperidone.

Rationale: The atypical neuroleptic risperidone, in addition to its dopamine receptor blocking activity, has a high affinity for serotonergic receptors. Since both dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activities participate in regulation of the pituitary – gonadal axis (PGA), it is expected that a switch from treatment with haloperidol to treatment with risperidone should influence plasma levels of PGA hormones. Objective: To study the effects of a drug with dopamine and serotonin receptor blocking activity on PGA hormones in patients who were on treatment with a dopamine receptor blocker. Methods: Plasma levels of testosterone, luteinizing harmone (LH) and follicle stimulating harmone (FSH), as well as prolactin and cortisol, were measured in 16 male schizophrenic patients during treatment with haloperidol (mean dose 23.3 mg daily, SD = 16.9) and 6 weeks later after switching to treatment with risperidone (mean dose 11.8 mg daily, SD = 2.9). Psychopathology was assessed by BPRS. Results: After switching to risperidone, total BPRS score and the scores in its subscales for positive, negative, and general symptoms were all significantly reduced in the order of 35–45%. Prolactin levels were significantly increased from 39.5 ± 22.3 to 58.9 ± 28.5 ng/ml (F = 4.61, P = 0.04), while cortisol, testosterone, LH, and FSH remained unchanged. No significant correlations between prolactin increases and reduction in BPRS or in its subscale scores were found. Conclusions: The results show that blocking of both dopamine and serotonin receptors does not influence the pituitary – gonadal axis but considerably increases prolactin release.
Structure and variation in the hindlimb musculature of the woodcreepers (Aves: Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptinae)

The Dendrocolaptinae (woodcreepers), a clade of neotropical passerine birds, form an adaptive radiation with a spectrum of body sizes and bill shapes. Woodcreepers are scansorial, climbing vertical tree trunks supported by their forward toes and stiffened tail. The hindlimb musculature was dissected and described for 42 of the 50 species representing all genera, and for 14 outgroup species. Structural, functional, developmental and evolutionary aspects of muscular variations are analysed. Woodcreepers have extensive ossification of leg tendons. There is intraspecific variation in the degree of ossification, and interspecific variation in the occurrence of ossification between muscles. Intraspecific variation in muscle structure was apportioned according to a published classification. Nine muscles showed variation of the minor, singular, mimicking and incongruous types, but explosive variation was lacking. Some muscles are more prone to variation than others. Ten muscles showed interspecific variations of four types, for which new terms are proposed: occurrence variations; attachment variations in origins and insertions; structural variations in size, shape, or fibre arrangement; and relational variations with other muscles. Variations in the presence of a muscle component did not occur. Discrimination of intraspecific variations from interspecific variations is discussed.
A method for comparing beam-hardening filter materials for diagnostic radiology.

The necessity for using adequate beam filtration in diagnostic radiology is well known. Although aluminum is the most widely used filter material for diagnostic x‐ray applications, the possibility that other materials might have superior properties has prompted a number of studies that have attempted to determine both the type and the amount of filtration most appropriate for a given situation. This paper describes a method based on precise matching of spectral shape that permits the absolute ranking of beam‐hardening materials. Matching of spectral shape ensures equality of such parameters as imagecontrast and patient dose. Spectrally equivalent filters can then be ranked on the basis of the transmission of one relative to another. Following the development of the theory behind the method and an algorithm for implementing it, the method is applied to the evaluation of a variety of materials for use as filters in diagnostic radiology. Experimental verification of a few of the calculated results is also described. Both calculated and experimental results show that normal aluminum filters are about 10% less efficient than filters of materials such as copper,brass, or iron. Since the approach followed here was the basis for several early investigations of filtration for orthovoltage therapy, a brief comparison of results from these early reports with results calculated using the method developed here is also presented.
Lay persons' understanding of the risk of Down's syndrome in genetic counselling.

Abstract Genetic counselling traditionally expresses risk in proportions (e.g. 1 in 112) rather than as rates (e.g., 8.9 per 1000). The justification for this practice is unclear. To assess the understanding of lay persons of the risk of Down's Syndrome, whether expressed as rates or as proportions, we analysed 589 self-administered questionnaires. Overall, respondents understood rates significantly better than proportions (76.2% vs 72.3% correct, respectively; P =0.03) Evidence from two studies in disparate populations suggests that rates are better understood and thus are the preferred way to explain genetic risk to lay persons.
Apnea and periodic breathing in normal full-term infants during the first twelve months

The pediatric pneumogram is a frequently used tool in the diagnosis and management of apnea during infancy. We analyzed 287 pneumographic recordings from 123 full-term infants (63 males) obtained during the first 12 months of life to establish normative values for apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia. The results of the analysis were compared by sex and age. The number of infants who exhibited periodic breathing decreased significantly over time (78% at 0-2 weeks vs 29% at 39-52 weeks; P less than 0.05). However, for those infants who did breathe periodically, the percent of sleep time spent in this breathing pattern did not change with age. No apnea greater than or equal to 15 seconds was recorded in any infant, and apnea density (total apnea greater than or equal to 10 seconds in minutes/100 minutes sleep time) did not change with age or sex. Using our definitions, no bradycardia was identified. Normal full-term infants occasionally have apnea of 10, 11, or 12 seconds, and, until 6 months of age, the majority will have a small amount of periodic breathing (less than 1% of sleep time) during sleep at home.
Severe Lactic Acidosis as a Presenting Feature of Pheochromocytoma

High plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine have the potential for generating substantial hyperlactatemia by virtue of their metabolic and vasoconstrictor effects; both these influences affect lactate metabolism in the direction of overproduction and underutilization. Nonetheless, lactic acidosis is not a recognized presenting feature of pheochromocytoma. In this report, we describe a patient with pheochromocytoma in whom the endogenous outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine resulted in severe lactic acidosis that featured prominently in the clinical presentation. Pheochromocytoma should be listed among the clinical entities associated with or predisposing to lactic acidosis.
Histochemical features of the notochord after experimental induction of neural overgrowth.

The notochord and its sheath were studied in chick embryos inwhich neural overgrowth was experimentally induced by means of prematurelydissociating the notochord from the neural tube in the region of the anteriorrhombomere. The embryos were removed at ages ranging from 3–5 days of incubation and were subjected to the periodic acid-Schiff and alcian blue procedures,as well as to radioautography involving the incorporation of thymidme-3 H. In theregion of dissociation the notochordal cells underwent vacuolization at an earlierstage than occurred during normal development. The vacuoles showed an earlyaccumulation of material which stained positively with PAS and alcian blue, andpycnosis likewise began at an earlier stage. Incorporation of thymidme-3H intothe notochordal cells followed the same pattern in experimental and control embryos. The notochordal sheath became discontinuous in the region of dissociation,although the histochemical features seen in the sheath of normal embryos wereretained These results arc discussed with reference to the phenomenon of neuralovergrowth and to possible interactions between the notochord and neural tube during normal development.
A Sociological Analysis of the Law of Vagrancy

This chapter aims to provide an analysis of the law of vagrancy in Anglo-American Law. The innovation in the law was a direct result of the aforementioned changes which had occurred in the social setting. There is general agreement among legal scholars that the first full fledged vagrancy statute was passed in England in 1349. The commercial emphasis in England at the turn of the sixteenth century is of particular importance in the development of vagrancy laws. The possibility of criminal activities resulting from persons who refuse to labour was recognized even in the earliest statute. It is significant that the statute now makes persons who repeat the crime of vagrancy a felon. The focal concern of the vagrancy statutes becomes a concern for the control of felons and is no longer primarily concerned with the movement of labourers.
Rh immune globulin and the Rh-positive Du variant, mother.

: Questions have been raised by statements of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists that Rh immune globulin should be given to all Rh positive, Du variant, mothers who have recently delivered Rh positive infants. This practice is not recommended. However, blood banks must assure that a positive Du test on a mother's blood sample is not caused by a massive fetal-maternal hemorrhage. Failure to recognize this cause of a positive Du test may result in the administration of an inadequate dose of Rh immune globulin.