cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of river regulation on water quality in the lower Mokelumne River, California

This study examines the effects of flow regulation on water quantity and quality by comparing an impounded system (Mokelumne River) with an adjacent unimpounded system (Cosumnes River). Between 1999 and 2002, the Cosumnes River displayed a strong seasonal cycle for each constituent analysed (total suspended solids, NO3-N, total nitrogen, PO4-P, total phosphorus, dissolved silicon, specific conductivity, flow), while reservoirs in the lower Mokelumne buffered and attenuated physical and chemical fluctuations creating a weak seasonal pattern. Dissolved silicon and total suspended solids were the two constituents most efficiently sequestered by the reservoirs. While the reservoirs acted as traps for most constituents, NO3-N and PO4-P were produced during the drier years of the study, 2001 and 2002. In contrast, the unimpounded reference reach in the Cosumnes was an annual source for all constituents measured. The Cosumnes delivers its highest NO3-N concentrations during the winter months (December–April), while peak concentrations in the Mokelumne occur during the snowmelt (May–July) and baseflow (August–November) seasons. Due to downstream N-limitation, this temporal shift in NO3-N export may be contributing to accelerated algal growth in the reach immediately downstream and eventually to algal biomass loading to the downstream Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trench-fill submarine-fan facies associations of the Upper Cretaceous Chugach terrane, southern Alaska

Turbidites of the Upper Cretaceous Chugach terrane of southern Alaska were deposited in a trench during northward-directed subduction. The fault-bounded outcrop belt of the Chugach terrane is about 2000-km long and 100-km wide and was accreted to Alaska during the Cenozoic. Turbidites are at least 5000 m thick, are extensively deformed, have been regionally metamorphosed, and have been intruded by anatectic granites. Facies associations indicate an east-to-west progression from inner-fan to middle-fan, outer-fan, fan-fringe, and basin-plain deposits. To the north is a marginal trench-slope facies association and a basin.
The basis for the safening of clomazone by phorate insecticide in cotton and inhibitors of cytochrome P450s

Abstract Clomazone may be safely used in cotton to manage weeds when applied following treatments of the organophosphate insecticides phorate or disulfoton. The loss of chlorophyll and carotenoids with 6 days of 100 nM clomazone treatment of cotton seedlings was partially prevented with phorate in hydroponic solution in a rate-dependent manner. In a study to examine the timing of safening from a one-day clomazone (100 nM) treatment, maximum safening was achieved when phorate (50 μM) was applied the same day as clomazone. Phorate decreased metabolism of 14 C-clomazone to polar metabolites in excised cotton shoots and shoots of intact cotton plants. Microsomal studies of corn shoots showed an NADPH-dependent/cytochrome P450 reaction was inhibited by phorate. Additional studies with corn microsomes, corn seedlings and cotton seedlings supported the basis of clomazone safening is the inhibition of toxic clomazone metabolism by P450 inhibitors.
Inhibition of choline acetyltransferase activity in squid giant axon.

Abstract Using a sensitive radiometric assay the choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA: choline O -acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6) activities of the squid fin nerve, giant axon, axoplasm, and axon envelope were determined. Hexamethylene-1-[4(1-naphthylethenyl)pyridinium]-6-trimethyl ammonium bromide (Compound I) inhibited 94 and 88% of choline acetyltransferase in the intact giant axon at 5 · 10 −3 and 5 · 10 −4 M, respectively, when experiments were conducted in the dark. Exposure of solutions of the inhibitor to light caused inactivation (5 · 10 −3 M gave only 33% inhibition). Compound I (5 · 10 −3 M) depolarized the axon and blocked conduction equally well in the light and dark. Another choline acetyltransferase inhibitor 4-(1-naphthylethynyl)pyridine methiodide (Compound III) had similar effects as described for Compound I except that its potency as a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor was not inactivated by light. Pretreatment of the axon with 25 μg/ml of cottonmouth moccasin venom caused a 5-fold potentiation of the ability of Compounds I and III to block conduction, whereas the venom did not affect the choline acetyltransferase inhibition produced by these compounds. Compounds I and III (1 · 10 −3 M) did not alter the maximal number of stimuli the squid axon could conduct when stimulated at 100 per second or when repetitively firing due to decreasing divalent cation content of media. It is concluded that block of conduction and inhibition of choline acetyltransferase, by these compounds, are separate unrelated effects.
Metallacarboranes as an anion and a cation in a single species: a unique example for ion pairs

Abstract The reaction of closo-exo-5,6-Na(THF)2-1-Na(THF)2-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4 (1) with anhydrous NdCl3, in a molar ratio of 2:1, produced the full-sandwiched neodymacarborane, 2,2′,4,4′-(SiMe3)4-5,6-[(μ-H)2Na(THF)2]-1,1′-commo-Nd(η5-2,4-C2B4H4)2 (2), as a yellow-green crystalline solid in 80% yield. Compound 2 was further reacted with NdCl3, in 3:1 molar ratio, in a solvent mixture of dry benzene and THF to produce, in 75% yield, the novel dimeric ion-pair, {[closo-1-Nd(μ-H)6-2,4-(SiMe3)2-2,4-C2B4H4]+[1,1′-(THF)2-2,2′,4,4′-(SiMe3)4-5,5′,6,6′-(μ-H)4-1,1′-commo-Nd(η5-2,4-C2B4H4)]−(C4H8O)(C6H6)2}2 (3), consisting of a half-sandwich cationic neodymacarborane that is coordinated to anionic full-sandwiched neodymacarborane. Thus, a dual role of metallacarboranes as both the cation and the anion in a single species has been exemplified.
The effects of different dosages of combined antiepileptic drugs on their metabolism and their levels in body fluids

Abstract Seventeen patients with epilepsy were subject to a controlled hospital study. They were all on a combined anticonvulsant medication and while their dosages were stepwise changed the determination of the serum and Csf levels of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and primidone as well as of 24-hour urinary contents of these drugs were made. For each patient a complete metabolic profile was prepared and the degree of seizure control and clinical evidence of toxicity were noted. It is concluded that this approach offers currently the best rational means of assessing the optimal dosages of the combined medication tried. We have also confirmed the findings of other investigators that children metabolize antiepileptic drugs at a much faster rate than adults and, therefore, their dosage per kg/day needs to be greater in order to reach appropriate therapeutic levels in body fluids.
Delivering Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in an Urban Community Clinic

Abstract Extensive evidence supports the efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for reducing behavior problems in young children; however, little is known about the use of PCIT in a community mental health center (CMHC). This paper provides four clinical case examples of families who were referred to and successfully completed PCIT in an urban CMHC. The families were ethnically and socioeconomically diverse and presented with a wide range of treatment concerns and needs (e.g., autism, severe maternal psychopathology, involvement in child protective services, and complex family configurations) in addition to disruptive behavior. Our data and clinical observations suggest that PCIT decreased behavior problems, improved parent-child interactions, and, in some cases, reduced parental stress, with differing levels of change across families. Overall, the cases demonstrate that PCIT can be transported into a CMHC, and they illustrate supplemental services or minor accommodations to the established treatment protocol used to address individual family needs. Issues regarding the balance between fidelity and flexibility in transporting PCIT to a community setting are discussed, and future research topics are recommended.
The Public School as Battleground and Facilitator of Democracy

(2003). The Public School as Battleground and Facilitator of Democracy. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 132-136.
Applications of differential scanning calorimetry to enzyme kinetics

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry has been investigated for its application to the experimental study of the temperature dependence of the kinetics of enzyme—substrate reactions. A reaction cell was developed which allows mixing of enzyme and substrate solutions directly in the calorimeter. The device was used to study the zero-order reaction of acetylcholinesterase with acetylcholine and the first-order reaction of α-chymotrypsin with N-acetyl- l -alanine methyl ester. The reaction cell is found to be satisfactory in the isothermal mode for both first- and zero-order reactions and in the scanning mode for the zero-order reactions but not for the first-order reaction. Limitations of the design are described for general enzyme kinetic studies.
Synthetic explorations in the saframycin-ecteinascidin series: construction of major chiral subunits through catalytic asymmetric induction

Abstract The major subunits needed to reach the titled targets have been assembled by chemistry, which included p-Claisen rearrangement, asymmetric epoxidation and asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Insulin-like peptides in the mosquito Anopheles stephensi: Identification and expression in response to diet and infection with Plasmodium falciparum

Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) regulate a multitude of biological processes, including metabolism and immunity to infection, and share similar structural motifs across widely divergent taxa. Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway elements are similarly conserved. We have shown that IIS regulates reproduction, innate immunity, and lifespan in female Anopheles stephensi, a major mosquito vector of human malaria. To further explore IIS regulation of these processes, we identified genes encoding five ILPs in this species and characterized their expression in tissues. Antisera to ILP homologs in Anopheles gambiae were used to identify cellular sources in An. stephensi females by immunocytochemistry. We analyzed tissue-specific ILP transcript expression in young and older females, in response to different feeding regimens, and in response to infection with Plasmodiumfalciparum with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR assays. While some ILP transcript changes were evident in older females and in response to blood feeding, significant changes were particularly notable in response to hormonal concentrations of ingested human insulin and to P. falciparum infection. These changes suggest that ILP secretion and action may be similarly responsive in Plasmodium-infected females and potentially alter metabolism and innate immunity.
NCAM-Mediated Adhesion of Transfected Cells to Agrin

The vertebrate neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM mediates heterophilic adhesion to heparan sulfate proteoglycans in embryonic chick brain membranes. In this study, mouse L cells transfected with chicken NCAM were used to identify two of these ligands as agrin and the target of the 6C4 monoclonal antibody. A third heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, appeared not to support NCAM-mediated adhesion. Enzymatic degradation of chon-droitin sulfates decreased adhesion in agrin-containing membrane fractions but increased adhesion if the agrin had previously been removed by immunoprecipitation, suggesting that interactions between heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans have important influences on adhesion. Our experiments support the view that NCAM can interact with multiple, but not with all, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in chick brain membranes in both positive and negative ways to influence cell adhesion.
Tales of Neutrinos

Shadow of a Star. The Neutrino Story of Supernova 1987A. ALFRED K. MANN. Freeman, New York, 1997. xiv, 210 pp., illus., + plates. $22.95. ISBN 0-7167-3097-9.
Patient Selection, Hair Transplant Design, and Hairstyle

This article re-evaluates the parameters for selecting patients for hair transplant surgery and re-examines the design for the procedure. It also coordinates the hair transplant designs with hairstyles. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:386–394.
Responses of a population of antennal olfactory receptor cells in the female moth Manduca sexta to plant-associated volatile organic compounds

Extracellular electrophysiological recordings were made from individual type-A trichoid sensilla on the antenna of the female sphinx moth Manduca sexta. A single annulus of the antenna bears about 1,100 of these sensilla, and each is innervated by two olfactory receptor cells. We tested the responses of these receptor cells to a panel of 102 volatile compounds, as well as three plant-derived odor mixtures, and could discern three different functional types of type-A trichoid sensilla. One subset of receptor cells exhibited an apparently narrow molecular receptive range, responding strongly to only one or two terpenoid odorants. The second subset was activated exclusively by aromatics and responded strongly to two to seven odorants. The third subset had a broad molecular receptive range and responded strongly to odorants belonging to several chemical classes. We also found receptor cells that did not respond to any of the odorants tested but were spontaneously active. Certain odorants elicited excitatory responses in some sensilla but inhibitory responses in others, and some receptor cells were strongly excited by certain odorants but inhibited by others. Impregnation of groups of receptor cells in type-A trichoid sensilla with rhodamine-dextran demonstrated that their axons project mainly to the large female glomeruli of the antennal lobe.
341 EFFECTS OF AMILORIDE ON MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILE FUNCTION IN IMMATURE (I) VERSUS ADULT (A) RABBITS

Amiloride has been shown previously to inhibit sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchange across the cardiac sarcolemmal membrane. We used the responses to amiloride to compare the relative contribution of transarcolemmal Na-Ca exchange to contractile function in I and A myocardium. Amiloride dose-response relationships were obtained in isometrically contracting right ventricular papillary muscles from I (14-21 days of age) and A rabbits (0.5Hz; 30°C; pH=7.4). The effects of amiloride on maximal rate of tension development (dT/dt; gm/sec/mm2) are tabulated below (mean±SE):
Estimation of gas-liquid chromatographic retention times from molecular structure

A new type of a computer program called SPARC (SPARC Performs Automated Reasoning in Chemistry) was developed to predict chemical reactivity parameters and physical properties of organic molecules from their molecular structures based on fundmental chemical structure theory. SPARC's physical models for vapor pressure and activity coefficient were used to calculate the Henry's constant, which can be related to the Kovats retention index. The Kovats indices for a wide range of compounds at any temperature on a squalane liquid phase were calculated. The Root Mean Square deviation error was found to be less than 7 Kovats units, a value that is close to interlaboratory experimental error.
Phosphorus as a lunar volatile

Abstract Phosphorus is an important minor element on the Moon. It is moderately volatile and is found as both phosphates and phosphides in lunar material. The phosphides, such as schreibersite, are common to impact breccias at all Apollo sites. The origin of this schreibersite has been proposed to be a meteoritic contaminant, or alternatively produced in situ by reduction on the lunar surface. I propose that schreibersite and other siderophilic P phases have an origin from impact volatilization of phosphates at the lunar oxygen fugacity, followed by reaction of P gases with metal to form metal phosphides. This pathway is broadly consistent with the composition and structure of metal grains, as well as the native oxygen fugacity of the lunar surface. Additionally, this pathway suggests schreibersite is widespread across the lunar surface and likely on other planetary bodies, and hence may serve as a good P source for in situ resource utilization.
Using a Social Guide to Improve Social Relationships of People with Severe Disabilities

Staff members of community-based residential programs serving individuals with intellectual disabilities often have difficulty helping participants develop social relationships with community members. A “social guide model” taught staff of an apartment-based residential program to use a set of “community network strategies” to improve the social relationships of three women with disabilities. Results demonstrated a functional relationship between staff members' use of the strategies under the supervision of the social guide model and increases in the size of participants' social networks and the frequency with which they experienced social integration. The intervention also was associated with a higher weekly rate of introduction of new network members and a higher rate of socially integrated activities per network member per week. Gains generally were maintained during a follow-up period, with a regular staff member assuming the role of social guide.
Substitutional photochemistry of Ru(η6-mes)22+and Ru(η6-mes)(CH3CN)32+ (mes = 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)

Abstract Irradiation of Ru( η 6 -mes) 2 2+ (mes is 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, or mesitylene) in acetonitrile results in the substitution of one mesitylene ring by solvent to yield the half-sandwich complex, Ru( η 6 -mes)(CH 3 CN) 3 2+ . The quantum efficiency of this process exhibits little dependence upon the excitation wavelength or the presence of oxygen, but varies with solvent in the order acetonitrile > water > acetone. Photolysis of Ru( η 6 -mes)(CH 3 CN) 3 2+ in acetonitrile occurs via two competing pathways: substitution of mesitylene by solvent to produce Ru(CH 3 CN) 6 2+ , and exchange of coordinated CH 3 CN with bulk solvent. Quantum efficiencies for both pathways increase with decreasing excitation wavelength and, at each wavelength, CH 3 CN exchange is more efficient than mesitylene substitution. Photochemical mechanisms for these processes are discussed and comparisons with related complexes are presented.
Anatomy of feline esophagus with special reference to its muscular wall and phrenoesophageal membrane

Abstract The muscular wall of the esophagus and the hiatal anatomy of 13 cats were studied, with special reference to the amount of smooth muscle present and the phrenoesophageal membrane attachments. The lower esophageal wall of the cat has more smooth muscle than that of the dog, but less than that of the human. The distribution of myenteric plexi was more symmetric in the cat than in the dog or the human. The phrenoesophageal membrane of the cat differed from that of the dog or the human in that its descending limb was attached below the esophagogastric angle and its esophageal attachments were superficial.
Effects of Magnesium and Tetraethylammonium Chloride on the Hypothermic Heart

Ventricular fibrillation was induced by the injection of magnesium chloride in isolated canine hearts as well as in intact animals. Ventricular magnesium tolerance was greatly reduced during hypothermia. Defibrillation was achieved by intracoronary injection of tetraethylammonium chloride and electrical shock, even at temperatures as low as 21°C, where it could not be achieved by other means.
Patch-clamp analysis in canine cardiac Purkinje cells of a novel sodium component in the pacemaker range.

A putative Na+ component playing a role in the initiation and maintenance of spontaneous discharge in Purkinje fibres was studied by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in canine cardiac single Purkinje cells. In 4 mm[K+]o, during depolarising clamp steps, a slowly inactivating current appeared at ∼−58 mV, negative to the threshold for the fast Na+ current (INa; ∼−50 mV). During depolarising ramps, the current underwent inward rectification with a negative slope region that began at ∼−60 mV. The current underlying the negative slope increased during faster ramps, decreased as a function of time when the initial depolarising ramp was over, decreased during depolarisations positive to ∼−35 mV and was much larger than the current during the symmetrical repolarising ramp. Increasing biphasic (‘oscillatory’) voltage ramps required much smaller currents at a holding potential (Vh) of −60 mV than at −80 mV and were associated with a marked decrease in slope conductance. At Vh−50/−40 mV, the oscillatory ramp currents and superimposed pulse currents reversed direction. The negative slope in the I-V relation as well as the change in current direction at −50/−40 mV were markedly reduced by tetrodotoxin (15 μm) and lidocaine (lignocaine, 100 μm) and therefore are due to a slowly inactivating Na+ current, labelled here INa3. Lower [K+]o (2.7 mm) reduced the steady state slope conductance as well as the current in the diastolic range, and increased as well as shifted INa3 in a negative direction. High [K+]o had the opposite effects. Cs+ (2 mm) and Ba2+ (2 mm) reduced the initial current during depolarising ramps but not INa3. In current-clamp mode, current-induced voltage oscillations elicited action potentials through a gradual transition between diastolic depolarisation and upstroke, consistent with the activation of INa3. Thus, the initiation and maintenance of spontaneous discharge in Purkinje strands appear to involve a voltage- and K+-dependent decrease in K+ conductance as well as the activation of a voltage- and time-dependent inward Na+ current (INa3) with slow inactivation kinetics.
Post-Marketing Experience with an Opioid Nasal Spray for Migraine: Lessons for the Future:

In 1992 a nasal spray formulation of butorphanol, an opioid medication intended for pain relief, was marketed in the USA on an unscheduled basis. Only a few years later, amid widespread reports of abuse and dependence, primarily in migraine patients, its manufacturer voluntarily requested the Food and Drug Administration to reschedule the drug as a Schedule IV narcotic. The events surrounding this episode are reviewed, and four problem areas that might have contributed are identified: (i) inadequate review of previous experience with other formulations of butorphanol; (ii) failure to consider the impact of disease state and drug formulation on the risk of adverse events; (iii) the limited scope of clinical trials prior to approval; and (iv) aggressive marketing efforts. The implications of these lessons for future drug development and post-marketing surveillance in the migraine field are considered.
Violent reinjury and mortality highlights the need for a comprehensive care approach to youth presenting for assault-related injury

Commentary on : Cunningham RM, Carter PM, Ranney M, et al. Violent reinjury and mortality among youth seeking emergency department care for assault-related injury: a 2-year prospective cohort study. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169:63–70[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4]. Violence is a leading cause of death for urban youth aged 14–24 years. Effective prevention of violence-related morbidity and mortality is contingent on identification of modifiable risk factors for victimisation. One known risk factor for youth violence victimisation is prior victimisation. However, the research on violence revictimisation to date has been primarily retrospective in nature, or had limited follow-up periods. This study makes a significant contribution to the youth violence evidence base because it followed a cohort of 599 injured youth for 24 months, had excellent retention rates and compared outcomes for assault-injured (AI) youth to non-AI youth in a sample of emergency medicine patients. This was a prospective cohort study of a sample of … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%2BPediatr%26rft.volume%253D169%26rft.spage%253D63%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjamapediatrics.2014.1900%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25365147%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1900&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25365147&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F3%2F112.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000347349300016&link_type=ISI
An Alternative Account of the 2004 Presidential Election

The consensus immediately following the 2004 presidential election was that Bush won because of support for “moral values.” I challenge this interpretation by showing that Bush won because of widespread increase in his support among white and married women. I hypothesize that this is a response to concerns about domestic security rather than support for Bush’s position against gay marriage. In addition, Bush was generally helped by higher turnout, though Kerry’s efforts brought down the Republican vote share in battleground states.
Facing an unequal world

To face an unequal world requires us to interpret and explain it, to be sure, but also to engage it, that is, to recognize that we are part of it and that we are partly responsible for it. In other words, inequality is not just something external to us, but also invades our own world. I begin, therefore, by examining the global community of sociology through the lens of inequality. I then consider two recent perspectives on our unequal world from outside sociology: the moral radicalism of Pope Francis that emphasizes exclusion from market society, and the innovative research of the economist Thomas Piketty that emphasizes unequal inclusion in market society. These two faces of global inequality mirror the social movements reverberating from the economic crisis of 2008 but which have their roots in a reaction to a broader wave of marketization, the third to engulf modern capitalism. To explore the meaning of third-wave marketization, otherwise known as neoliberalism, and the social movements it provokes I draw on two concepts from Karl Polanyi – ‘fictitious commodities’ and ‘countermovement’ – as well as a theory of the dynamics of capitalism. I conclude with three challenges facing a global sociology that centers social movements: to develop a theory that speaks to the globally diverse experiences of commodification; to develop a methodology that recognizes that we are unavoidably participants in the world we study; and to develop a politics that defends a particular vision of that world, a vision that has defined the sociological tradition from its beginning, namely one that upholds the centrality of civil society against the over-extension of market and state.
Symbolic models for linear control systems with disturbances

A recent trend in the control systems community is the study of appropriate symbolic abstractions capturing the behavior of continuous and hybrid systems. This approach provides a common mathematical language to describe physical systems as well as software and hardware, and is therefore particularly appealing when dealing with the design of embedded systems. In this paper we address the construction of symbolic models for the class of linear control systems with politopically bounded states and disturbances. We show that under an asymptotic stabilizability assumption, it is always possible to construct a symbolic model that approximates the control system with a precision that is chosen a priori, as a design parameter. While in previous approaches in the existing literature, the construction of symbolic models relied on a (arbitrary) choice of a finite number of control signals, the symbolic model that we propose, captures any (control and disturbance) input. Therefore, the proposed model provides a finer description of the continuous model than the existing ones and this feature translates into a more efficient controller synthesis process. Furthermore, the computation of the symbolic model can be performed by resorting to linear matrix inequalities.
Attachment interaction behavior between young teenage mothers and their infants

Behavioral interaction between teenage mothers and their infants was explored. Twenty-six (low income level) Hispanic teenage mothers (mean age 15 years) and their infants (mean age 13.5 months) were compared with an older control group of 30 mothers (mean age 26 years) and their infants (mean age 14.0 months). Infant attachment, exploration, and stress-adaptation behaviors and maternal ability to contact, encourage, and comfort the infant were evaluated. Twenty-six percent of the control infants showed limited ability to cope with stress compared to 47% of infants of teenage mothers. Control mothers differed significantly from teenage mothers in effective eye, verbal, physical contact, and smiling behaviors. These findings suggest that limited teenage maternal behaviors may potentially have a negative psychologic effect for both infants and their young mothers.
Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis.

Objective To characterize the association between infectious mononucleosis (IM), a frequent clinical manifestation of primary Epstein–Barr virus infection after childhood, and the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control and cohort studies of IM and MS. Results The combined relative risk of MS after IM from 14 studies was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–3.0; p < 10−8). Potential sources of heterogeneity (ie, study design, MS definition, and latitude) barely influenced our results. Interpretation We conclude that Epstein–Barr virus infection manifesting as IM in adolescents and young adults is a risk factor for MS. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:499–503
Diversity and Mentoring in the Workplace: A Conversation with Belle Rose Ragins

Given projected increases in workplace diversity, an understanding of diversity’s intersection with mentoring is a critical topic in the literature. This article involved an interview with Belle Rose Ragins, one of the world’s leading thinkers on diversity and mentoring in the workplace. After providing an overview of Ragins’ key achievements and contributions to the mentoring literature, the article delved into the interview, which involves four parts: (a) Ragins’ education and early influences; (b) her views on the extant literature as well as insights around future areas for inquiry; (c) her current research interests; and (d) her views on consulting and teaching.
The interaction of the organizing regions in hydra and its possible relation to the role of the cut end in regeneration.

SUMMARY Regeneration in hydra does not necessarily involve cell division, so that the problem of pattern regulation is essentially one of finding the processes by which a given population of cells are assigned appropriate functions in the correct positions. The restoration and nature of the organizers or 'dominant regions' must also be explained. Lateral transplants of the two different organizer tissues (hypostome and basal disc) into the digestive regions of host animals unexpectedly antagonize one another's inductive ability, suggesting that the heretofore separately studied distal and proximal developmental fields may in fact be interconnected. A model based on this idea, incorporating the extinction results with classical findings, leads to the hypothesis of a role for leakage from the cut surface as a trigger for the regenerative process. This is tested using a ligature technique in which the cut surface is minimized when the hypostome is removed, and the degree of regeneration is found to be significantly lowered, in agreement with prediction. These results are discussed in relation to 'positional information' and 'special substance' models for pattern formation.
Female Ascetics in Hinduism; The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States; Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal

Female Ascetics in Hinduism. Lynn Teskey Denton. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. 218 pp. The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States. Karen Pechilis, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 260 pp. Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. June McDaniel. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 356 pp.
The evolutionary psychology of violence.

This paper reviews theory and research on the evolutionary psychology of violence. First, I examine evidence suggesting that humans have experienced an evolutionary history of violence. Next, I discuss violence as a context-sensitive strategy that might have provided benefits to our ancestors under certain circumstances. I then focus on the two most common forms of violence that plague humans —violence over status contests and intimate partner violence— outlining psychological mechanisms involved in each. Finally, I suggest that greater progress will be made by shifting the study from contexts to mechanisms.
Effect of reversal of diet-induced changes in acyl group composition of cardiac membrane lipids on adenylate cyclase activity in rats

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine if the diet-induced changes in cardiac adenylate cyclase activity and membrane lipids can be reversed. Three groups of male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified diets containing different fats: 9% butter (Btr) + 1% corn oil (CO) (group 1), 10% CO (group II), and 9% ethyl ester concentrate of n-3 fatty acids (EEC) + 1% CO (group III). After 5 weeks of feeding, rats from each group were killed. Cardiac membranes were prepared and assayed for adenylate cyclase activity. The fatty acid composition of membrane total phospholipids was also determined. The remaining rats in group I were divided into four subgroups and fed the following diets for the reversal study: 9% Btr + 1% CO (group Ia), 9% EEC + 1% CO (group 1b), 10% CO (group Ic), and 7% Btr + 2% EEC + 1% CO (group Id). Rats in groups II and III were maintained on their original diets. Rats were killed 5 weeks after changing the dietary regimes, and membranes were prepared from heart and analyzed for their fatty acid composition of total phospholipids. Adenylate cyclase activity (basal, fluoride- and forskolin-stimulated) was also measured. The enzyme activity was lower in membranes of rats in group Ia than those in groups II or III. Whereas the diet-induced changes in fatty acid composition were essentially reversed by dietary modification (groups Ib and Ic), the changes in adenylate cyclase activity were only partially reversed.
The in vitro effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on vaginal pathogens

Sodium lauryl sulfate per se and in combination with a sodium perborate formulation has been tested against organisms typical of those occurring in the flora associated with Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis and Monilial vaginitis. Our results indicate that both sodium lauryl sulfate and the sodium perborate formulation are effective agents against vaginal pathogens but they are not synergistic.
Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control

Although recent evidence demonstrates considerable neuroplasticity in the respiratory control system, a comprehensive conceptual framework is lacking. Our goals in this review are to define plastic...
Communication Paradoxes and the Maintenance of Living Relationships with the Dying

Analysis of communication patterns in the face of dying stresses the presence of contradictory and interrelated factors. Issues of contact (involved/uninvolved), feelings (hide/reveal), and the handling of information (exercise control/abdicate control) are discussed as dialectical tensions that need to be assessed from the perspective of multiactor involvement.
Biologic therapy for uveitis

Biologic agents have become a valuable tool in the treatment of uveitis. Clinical experience is greatest with the tumor necrosis factor antagonists, of which infliximab has been used the most extensively for ocular inflammatory disease. However, while results have been promising, especially for Adamantiades–Behcet’s disease, few controlled studies have been published and uncontrolled studies have significant methodologic flaws. Serious side effects from these drugs may occur. Randomized controlled clinical trials comparing different biologic agents or the biologics to other immunosuppressive drugs are lacking. Adverse effects, expense and possible diminution of effect over time may all limit the usefulness of these drugs. Nonetheless, the development of biologic agents that target specific mediators of the inflammatory process holds enormous potential in the treatment of vision-threatening uveitis.
Noise Robust Aurora-2 Speech Recognition Employing a Codebook-Constrained Kalman Filter Preprocessor

In this paper, a speech signal estimation framework involving Kalman filters for use as a front-end to the Aurora-2 speech recognition task is presented. Kalman-filter based speech estimation algorithms assume autoregressive (AR) models for the speech and the noise signals. In this paper, the parameters of the AR models are estimated using a expectation-maximization approach. The key to the success of the proposed algorithm is the constraint on the AR model parameters corresponding to the speech signal to belong to a codebook trained on AR parameters obtained from clean speech signals. Aurora-2 noise-robust speech recognition experiments are performed to demonstrate the success of the codebook-constrained Kalman filter in improving speech recognition accuracy in noisy environments. Results with both clean and multi-conditional training are provided to show the improvements in the recognition accuracy compared to the base-line system where no pre-processing is employed.
Models for map building and navigation

In this paper we present several models for solving map building and navigation problems. These models are motivated by biological processes, and presented in the context of artificial neural networks. Since the nodes, weights, and threshold functions of our models all have physical meanings, we can easily predict network topologies and avoid traditional trial-and-error training. On one hand, this makes our models useful in constructing solutions to engineering problems (problems such as those that occur in robotics, for example). On the other hand, this might also contribute to the ability of our models to explain some biological processes, few of which are completely understood at this time. >
L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in the Basolateral Amygdala Are Necessary for Fear Extinction

L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs) in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) are necessary for long-term memory of fear conditioning, where they are thought to drive the activation of protein kinases and to initiate gene transcription. However, their role in fear extinction learning is unclear given that systemic injections of VGCC antagonists induce a protracted stress response. Here we tested the effects of local infusions of the L-VGCC antagonists verapamil and nifedipine on both within-session extinction and fear extinction consolidation. Intra-BLA infusions of verapamil or nifedipine did not affect the expression of fear conditioning or the amount of within-session extinction but impaired extinction memory when rats were tested 24 h later drug-free. L-VGCC antagonists also prevented the increase in phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) normally seen in the BLA following extinction learning. These results suggest that activation of L-VGCCs in the BLA at the time of fear extinction learning is necessary for the long-term retention of fear extinction via the MAPK pathway.
RNN based photo-resist shape reconstruction from scanning electron microscopy

We introduce several novel random neural network based techniques to address a difficult "inverse problem" in semiconductor fabrication metrology. The problem is that of deducing a chip's vertical cross-section from two-dimensional top-down scanning electron microscope images of the chip surface. Our results are illustrated with a variety of real data sets. In semiconductor chip fabrication, photo resistive material is used as an overlay which will protect substrate areas (typically metal) which must remain on the chip after other unprotected substrate areas are etched off. The shape and size of the photo-resist material, at the submicron level, is therefore largely responsible for the shape and quality of the protected substrate. Critical dimension scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to determine this shape, and the research addressed in the paper proposes methods using learning neural networks, combined with physical modelling, to accurately obtain surface shape information from SEM imaging.
La Autoidentidad De La Mujer Musulmana (The Self-Identity of Muslim Women)

Spanish Abstract: Este texto quiere ser una investigacion pedagogica estructurada historicamente sobre la condicion de la mujer arabe y musulmana, y tiene como objetivo el de explicar como las primeras mujeres musulmanas y las contemporaneas estan lejos de la operacion de interpretar el texto coranico, aunque la mayor parte de este texto sugiere el desarrollo de las relaciones entre generos, en las sociedades musulmanas, para la realizacion de la justicia y la equidad entre hombre y mujer. Por ejemplo, ?por que Aisha y Hafsa (que Dios este satisfecho con ellas) no son mencionadas entre los comentaristas del Coran, y no buscamos un comentario escrito que las cite, a pesar del hecho de que la primera vivio durante el descenso del Coran y la vida del Enviado de Dios, para orientarlo en su vida cotidiana y politica, y a pesar de que la segunda, Hafsa, ha sido una de las primeras lectoras del Coran y de los que lo aprendieron, y conocia todo el texto y la pronunciacion perfectamente, y por que estas dos mujeres quedaron detras de los primeros companeros del Profeta cuando se trato de decidir sus sucesores?... La razon, en mi opinion, es que no se ponia confianza en ellas, a pesar de las muchas indicaciones de precision, en particular en los hadices,2 porque eran mujeres, porque aun los primeros musulmanes no eran inmunes al problema del machismo bajo la presion social tribal que permanece aun hoy dia.English Abstract: Barazangi presents a pedagogical and historical analysis of the educational contribution and participation of the Arab and Muslim woman, being the main challenge facing the Muslim woman in search of identity. She explains how early, as well as contemporary Muslim women, were absent in the interpretation of the primary source of Islam, the Qur`an. This absence, Barazangi argues, was against the basic text of the Qur`an that promotes justice and parity among men and women. She presents the example of the early Muslim societal injustice when the early Muslim community ignored the contribution of A'ishah and Hafsa, the Prophet's prominent wives despite their intimate knowledge of Islam.
Tailoring high-temperature radiation and the resurrection of the incandescent source

A nanophotonic radiation interference system transforms a tungsten filament into a highly efficient thermal emitter for lighting applications.
FOVEAL AND PARAFOVEAL DISCRIMINATION OF CURVED AND STRAIGHT LINES

Surprisingly little research has been done on the detection, recognition, and discrimination of curves. Hubel and Wiesel (2, 3, 4) have suggested that there may not be a very extensive underlying network of cells in cats and monkeys responsive to curves. Hirsch and Spinelli (I) were unable to find any evidence that cats reared in normal environments have curvature-specific cells. The present study required that subjects make a timed decision concerning the shape of a briefly exposed, tachistoscopically presented line. Each line subtended 32' of visual angle in length and 4' in width. The lines were presented at 24 retinal locations, i.e., at 3 eccentricities (0.5", 2.75", 5.0") along 8 meridians corresponding to the major map co-ordinates (north, northeast, etc.). The lines were all slightly (10' of arc) or moderately curved (25"). The stimuli were presented for 7 msec. at a luminance of 38 cd/ma. Five subjects participated for six 70-min. sessions each. They received 192 test trials during a session. Half of the stimuli wcre curved and half were straight lines. Subjects had to press one of two telegraph keys to indicate the line's shape. An analysis of variance performed on reaction times on trials where responses were correct did not show a significant effect of shape, straight or curved (PI,, = 2.0). although subjects were slightly faster on straight lines, e.g., 728 msec. compared to 746 msec. for curves. Retinal eccentricity was significant (P2.8 = 67.7, p < .001), accounting for 32% of the variance. The deterioration in performance with increasing retinal eccentricity was approximately linear, with a slope of 21 msec. per degree of visual angle. An analysis of variance performed on the errors (corrected for guessing) showed a significant effect of shape (PI., = 8.7, p < .05). Subjects made 23.5% errors on curves and only 12.2% on straight lines. Additional analyses of degree of curvature and direction of curvature (the arc could point either to the left or right) did not indicate significant effects, although subjects were more likely to make errors and to be slightly slower on 10' curves than on 25" curves. Although not overwhelming, the evidence suggests that curves are somewhat more difficult to recognize than straight lines. Timney and MacDonald (5) have suggested that curves are detected by straightline detectors which respond to the chords of the arcs rather than to the curves themselves.
Reciprocal Movement of Grape Phylloxera (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) Alates and Crawlers Between Two Differentially Phylloxera-Resistant Grape Cultivars

Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), alates and crawlers (apterae) were trapped in adjacent vineyard blocks of ‘Aurore’ and ‘Concord’ grapes ( Vitis spp.) in New York in 1986-1987. Aerial sticky traps were mounted on poles at three heights above the trellis, and ground sticky traps were placed with the sticky trap surface facing upward or downward at several locations in both vineyard blocks. The abundance of aerially trapped crawlers was much higher in the ‘Aurore’ block than in the ‘Concord’ block but declined as distance from the ‘Aurore’ block increased. More alates were captured in the ‘Concord’ block in both years, and traps in the ‘Aurore’ block nearest the ‘Concord’ block captured greater numbers of alates than did traps further from the ‘Concord’ block. The level of grape root infestation was determined in each block in 1987. The ‘Concord’ block had greater root infestation than the ‘Aurore’ block, and the infestation levels of both blocks increased through the growing season. Late-season root samples taken in regions of the ‘Concord’ block nearest the ‘Aurore’ block had higher root infestations than root samples taken farther from the ‘Aurore’ block. These results suggest that the ‘Concord’ block is a source of alates that move to the susceptible foliage of the ‘Aurore’ block and that the ‘Aurore’ block is a source of crawlers that move to the roots of the neighboring ‘Concord’ block.
Composite Economic Threshold for Three Lepidopterous Pests of Cabbage

A composite threshold for three lepidopterous cabbage pests, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Plutella xylostella (L.), and Pieris rapae (L.), was developed for use in fresh market cabbage. A multiple regression model was developed which describes percent marketable yield as a function of selected variables. The variables were: seasonal mean number of all larvae per plant, percent T. ni larvae > 13 mm in length prior to the plant stage of “cupping,” mean seasonal temperature in °C, and the interactions among these three variables. The threshold was shown to be dynamic, but a static, composite threshold of 0.30 larvae per plant would produce at least an 80% marketable yield. Insecticide treatment schedules based on assessment of larval populations resulted in a reduction of from one to four-and-one-half applications below the number used in a 5- to 6-day automatic schedule, while simultaneously providing the same or higher yields.