cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal Artery Stent Placement for the Management of Ischemic Nephropathy

Purpose To evaluate the angiographic and clinical results of percutaneously implanted renal artery endoprostheses (stents) for the treatment of patients with ischemic nephropathy. Materials and Methods During a 52-month period, 45 patients with azotemia (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL) and atheromatous renal artery stenosis untreatable by, or recurrent after, balloon angioplasty were treated by percutaneous placement of Palmaz stents. Stent implantation was unilateral in 32 cases and bilateral in 11 cases. Clinical results were determined by measurements of serum creatinine and follow-up angiography. Clinical benefit was defined as stabilization or improvement in serum creatinine level. Angiographic patency was defined as less than 50% diameter recurrent arterial stenosis. Results Stent placement was technically successful in 51 of 54 (94%) renal arteries. Technical failures were stent misdeployment requiring percutaneous stent retrieval ( n = 2) and inadvertent placement distal to the desired position ( n = 1). Complications included acute stent thrombosis ( n = 1) and early initiation of hemodialysis (within 30 days; n = 1). There were two periprocedural deaths. With use of life-table analysis, clinical benefit was seen in 78% of patients at 6 months ( n = 36), 72% at 1 year ( n = 24), 62% at 2 years ( n = 12), and 54% at 3 years ( n = 3). In patients with clinical benefit, average creatinine level was reduced from 2.21 mg/dL ± 0.91 before treatment to 2.05 mg/dL ± 1.05 after treatment ( P = .018). Lower initial serum creatinine level was associated with a better chance of clinical benefit ( P = .05). No other variables affected outcome, including patient age, sex, diabetes, implanted stent diameter, unilateral versus bilateral stent placement, or ostial versus nonostial stent positioning. Conventional catheter angiography or spiral computed tomographic (CT) angiography performed in 19 patients (28 stents) at a mean interval of 12.5 months demonstrated primary patency in 75%. Maintained stent patency appeared to correlate with renal functional benefit. Conclusions Percutaneous renal artery stent placement for angioplasty failures or restenoses provides clinical benefit in most patients with ischemic nephropathy.
A new route to N-Substituted 11-azaartemisinins

Abstract A series of N -substituted 11-azaartemisinins were prepared in high yield by Michael additions to the amide nitrogen in 2a . The presence of substituents on the unsaturated system of the Michael acceptor markedly decreased the yield of the reaction.
Bounding surface actions on hyperbolic spaces

Given an isometric action of the fundamental group of a closed orientable surface on a δ-hyperbolic space, we find a standard generating set whose translation distances are bounded above in terms of the hyperbolicity constant δ, the genus of the surface, and the injectivity radius of the action, which we assume to be strictly positive.
Etiology of kaposi's varicelliform eruption

Summary A filtrable virus (Berkefeld V-13 “fine” and N filters) isolated from the skin lesions of a 15-month-old child, showing a clinical picture typical of Kaposi's varicelliform eruption, was identified as a member of the herpes group. It is noteworthy that the virus was isolated not only by means of the rabbit's cornea but also directly on the chorioallantois of the developing hen's egg. The latter finding would seem to exclude any possibility that a latent herpes virus might have been reinactivated in the rabbit by experimental manipulation. While these investigations were in progress, it came to our attention that strains of herpes were isolated and identified in two other laboratories by Wenner21 and by Barton and Brunsting,22 working independently. It seems logical to conclude that a strain of herpes virus is the etiologic agent involved in at least some of the cases diagnosed as Kaposi's varicelliform eruption.
Metallophosphite-catalyzed asymmetric acylation of α,β-unsaturated amides

The l-menthone-derived TADDOL phosphite 6b catalyzes highly enantioselective conjugate additions of acyl silanes to alpha,beta-unsaturated amides. p-Methoxybenzoyl cyclohexyldimethylsilane adds to a variety of N,N-dimethyl acrylamide derivatives in the presence of the lithium salt of 6b. In many instances the alpha-silyl-gamma-ketoamide product undergoes facile enantioenrichment (to 97-99% ee) upon recrystallization. Desilylation with HF.pyr affords the formal Stetter addition products. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the desilylated gamma-ketoamides affords useful ester products. An X-ray diffraction study of 6b reveals that the isopropyl group of the menthone ketal influences the position of the syn-pseudoaxial phenyl group in the TADDOL structure. Through a crossover experiment, the silicon migration step in the reaction mechanism is shown to be strictly intramolecular.
Sales tax equity: Who bears the burden?

Abstract The sales tax is assumed to be regressive as those with higher incomes spend a smaller portion of their incomes. This conclusion is based on the presumption that the sales tax is a broad based consumer tax and that consumers bear the burden of the tax. In practice, the tax is neither broad based nor the burden limited to consumers. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of the prior assumptions on sales tax incidence estimates and the robustness of the prior conclusions about sales tax incidence.
Four Symmetry Classes of Plane Partitions under One Roof

In a previous paper, the author applied the permanent-determinant method of Kasteleyn and its non-bipartite generalization, the Hafnian?Pfaffian method, to obtain a determinant or a Pfaffian that enumerates each of the ten symmetry classes of plane partitions. After a cosmetic generalization of the Kasteleyn method, we identify the matrices in the four determinantal cases (plain plane partitions, cyclically symmetric plane partitions, transpose-complement plane partitions, and the intersection of the last two types) in the representation theory of sl(2, C). The result is a unified proof of the four enumerations.
SN?2005ap: A Most Brilliant Explosion

We present unfiltered photometric observations with ROTSE-III and optical spectroscopic follow-up with HET and the Keck telescope of the most luminous supernova yet identified, SN 2005ap. The spectra taken about 3 days before and 6 days after maximum light show narrow emission lines (likely originating in the dwarf host) and absorption lines at a redshift of z = 0.2832, which puts the peak unfiltered magnitude at -22.7 ± 0.1 absolute. Broad P Cygni features corresponding to Hα, C III, N III, and O III are further detected with a photospheric velocity of ~20,000 km s-1. Unlike other highly luminous supernovae such as 2006gy and 2006tf that show slow photometric evolution, the light curve of SN 2005ap indicates a 1-3 week rise to peak followed by a relatively rapid decay. The spectra also lack the distinct emission peaks from moderately broadened (FWHM ~2000 km s-1) Balmer lines seen in SN 2006gy and SN 2006tf. We briefly discuss the origin of the extraordinary luminosity from a strong interaction as may be expected from a pair instability eruption or a GRB-like engine encased in a H/He envelope.
Better estimation of small sobol' sensitivity indices

A new method for estimating Sobol' indices is proposed. The new method makes use of 3 independent input vectors rather than the usual 2. It attains much greater accuracy on problems where the target Sobol' index is small, even outperforming some oracles that adjust using the true but unknown mean of the function. The new estimator attains a better rate of convergence than the old one in a small effects limit. When the target Sobol' index is quite large, the oracles do better than the new method.
Casting a new light on azide photochemistry: photolytic production of cyclic-N3

The first postulated structure of the N3 moiety appeared in a scientific journal in 1890 and was reported as a cyclic triangle with one N,N double bond and two N,N single bonds. Only in the last several years has our understanding of azides advanced to the point that we can now claim to know how to synthesize this prototypical bonding motif. This article examines the experiments and theory that were essential in reaching this point and suggests future directions of research on cyclic-N3.
A point's point of view of stringy geometry

The notion of a ``point'' is essential to describe the topology of spacetime. Despite this, a point probably does not play a particularly distinguished role in any intrinsic formulation of string theory. We discuss one way to try to determine the notion of a point from a worldsheet point of view. The derived category description of D-branes is the key tool. The case of a flop is analyzed and Π-stability in this context is tied in to some ideas of Bridgeland. Monodromy associated to the flop is also computed via Π-stability and shown to be consistent with previous conjectures.
Protective coatings on magnesium and its alloys — a critical review

Abstract Magnesium and its alloys have excellent physical and mechanical properties for a number of applications. In particular its high strength:weight ratio makes it an ideal metal for automotive and aerospace applications, where weight reduction is of significant concern. Unfortunately, magnesium and its alloys are highly susceptible to corrosion, particularly in salt-spray conditions. This has limited its use in the automotive and aerospace industries, where exposure to harsh service conditions is unavoidable. The simplest way to avoid corrosion is to coat the magnesium-based substrate to prevent contact with the environment. This review details the state of the art in coating and surface modification technologies, applied to magnesium based substrates for improved corrosion and wear resistance. The topics covered include electrochemical plating, conversion coatings, anodizing, gas-phase deposition processes, laser surface alloying/cladding and organic coatings.
Image coding for content-based retrieval

We develop a new coding technique for content-based retrieval of images and text documents which minimizes a weighted sum of the expected compressed file size and query response time. Files are coded into three parts: (1) a header consisting of concatenated query term codewords, (2) locations of the query terms, and (3) the remainder of the file. The coding algorithm specifies the relative position and codeword length of all query terms. Our approach leads to a progressive refinement retrieval by successively reducing the number of searched files as more bits are read. It also supports progressive transmission.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Difference in difference meets generalized least squares: Higher order properties of hypotheses tests

We investigate the estimation and inference in difference in difference econometric models used in the analysis of treatment effects. When the innovations in such models display serial correlation, commonly used ordinary least squares (OLS) procedures are inefficient and may lead to tests with incorrect size. Implementation of feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) procedures is often hindered by too few observations in the cross-section to allow for unrestricted estimation of the weight matrix without leading to tests with similar size distortions as conventional OLS based procedures. We analyze the small sample properties of FGLS based tests with a formal higher order Edgeworth expansion that allows us to construct a size corrected version of the test. We also address the question of optimal temporal aggregation as a method to reduce the dimension of the weight matrix. We apply our procedure to data on regulation of mobile telephone service prices. We find that a size corrected FGLS based test outperforms tests based on OLS.
Postoperative analgesia in children: A prospective study of intermittent intramuscular injection versus continuous intravenous infusion of morphine

Few advancements in postoperative pain control in children have been made despite longstanding inadequacies in conventional intramuscular analgesic regimens. While overestimating narcotic complication rates, physicians often underestimate efficacious doses, nurses are reluctant to give injections, and many children in pain shy away from shots. This study prospectively focuses on the safety, efficacy, and complication rate of intermittent intramuscular (IM) versus continuous intravenous infusion (IV) of morphine sulfate (MS) in 46 nonventilated children following major chest, abdominal, or orthopedic surgical procedures. Twenty patients assigned to the IM group had a mean age of 6.17 years and a mean weight of 23.0 kg. Twenty-six patients assigned to the IV group had a mean age of 8.74 years and a mean weight of 27.4 kg. The mean IM MS dose was 12.3 micrograms/kg/h while the mean IV dose was 19.8 micrograms/kg/h (P less than .001). Postoperative pain was assessed with a linear analogue scale from 1 to 10 (1, "doesn't hurt"; 10, "worst hurt possible") for 3 days following operation. Using the analysis of covariance (ANACOVA), nurse, parent, and patient mean pain scores in the IV group were significantly lower than those of the IM group when controlled for age, MS dose, and complications (P less than .007). Nurse assessment of pain correlated well with the patient and parent assessments (Pearson correlation coefficients greater than 0.6). Not only did IV infusion give better pain relief than IM injections, but there were no major complications such as respiratory depression. Minor complications in this study (nausea, urinary retention, drowsiness, vomiting, hallucinations, lightheadedness, and prolonged ileus) were not significantly different between IM and IV groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heat transfer and film cooling following normal injection through a round hole

Heat transfer is measured downstream of perpendicular injection of an air jet through a single hole into a turbulent mainstream boundary layer. The heat transfer coefficient, calculated from wall temperature measurements with a constant heat flux from the test surface, is determined with injection of both heated and unheated jets. The heat transfer coefficient near the hole is as much as 45 percent larger than the value without injection for a blowing rate (mass flux ratio) of 2.0. Even far downstream, the heat transfer coefficient is 10–15 percent greater than the flat plate value for blowing rates greater than 0.2. The increased value of the heat transfer coefficient near the point of injection is due to the high turbulence levels that arise from interaction between the jet and main flow near the point of injection. Significant variations of the heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number or wall heat flux are not observed.
Tensor distinction of domains in ferroic crystals

Ferroic crystals contain two or more domains and may be distinguished by the values of components of tensorial physical properties of the domains. We have extended Aizu's global tensor distinction by magnetization, polarization, and strain of all domains which arise in a ferroic phase transition to include distinction by toroidal moment, and from phases invariant under time reversal to domains which arise in transitions from all magnetic and non-magnetic phases. For determining possible switching of domains, a domain pair tensor distinction is also considered for all pairs of domains which arise in each ferroic phase transition.
KIC 9406652: AN UNUSUAL CATACLYSMIC VARIABLE IN THE KEPLER FIELD OF VIEW*

KIC 9406652 is a remarkable variable star in the Kepler field of view that shows both very rapid oscillations and long term outbursts in its light curve. We present an analysis of the light curve over quarters 1-15 and new spectroscopy that indicates that the object is a cataclysmic variable with an orbital period of 6.108 hr. However, an even stronger signal appears in the light curve periodogram for a shorter period of 5.753 hr, and we argue that this corresponds to the modulation of flux from the hot spot region in a tilted, precessing disk surrounding the white dwarf star. We present a preliminary orbital solution from radial velocity measurements of features from the accretion disk and the photosphere of the companion. We use a Doppler tomography algorithm to reconstruct the disk and companion spectra, and we also consider how these components contribute to the object's spectral energy distribution from ultraviolet to infrared wavelengths. This target offers us a remarkable opportunity to investigate disk processes during the high mass transfer stage of evolution in cataclysmic variables.
Effect of structural parameters on InGaAs/InAlAs 2DEG transport characteristics

The effect of structural parameters on the transport characteristics from 15 to 300 K of molecular beam epitaxy-grown InGaAs/InAlAs two dimensional electron gas structures lattice-matched to InP is determined. The InAlAs buffer layer thickness was varied from 1000 to 10,000A. One sample also incorporated a InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice. The buffer layer thickness and structure had almost no effect on the mobility or sheet density. The InAlAs spacer layer was varied from 25 to 200A. Increases in the InAlAs spacer thickness resulted in a monotonically decreasing sheet density and a peak in the mobility versus spacer thickness at 100A. The highest 77 K mobility was 66,700 cm2/V/sds withND=1.2×1012 cm−2. The effect of illumination and temperature on the sheet concentration in these structures as well as on “bulk” InAlAs:Si was much smaller than in AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs structures or “bulk” AlxGa1−xAs, forx≅0.30, indicating that devices based on this material system will not be characterized by many of the device instabilities observed in the AlGaAs/GaAs system.
$L^2$--eta--invariants and their approximation by unitary eta--invariants

Cochran, Orr and Teichner introduced -eta-invariant vanishes too. The converse has been shown by the author not to be true.
Development of Postural Responses During Standing in Healthy Children and Children with Spastic Diplegia

Studies on the development of balance control show a clear developmental progression of the emergence of organized muscle response patterns, with tonic background muscle activity decreasing and phasic bursts of activity emerging in all three agonist muscles in a synergic group (gastrocnemius-hamstrings-trunk extensors or tibialis anterior-quadriceps-abdominals) just prior to the onset of independent stance. The rudimentary ability to adapt postural responses to changing task conditions is present in children as young as 1 year of age. Older children with spastic diplegia have muscle activation patterns typically seen in normal children who are at the pull-to-stand stage of development, including poorly organized (proximal activated before distal muscles) responses with a high degree of antagonist co-activation. When normal children were asked to stand in a crouched posture like the CP children, the additional constraint caused muscle response patterns to resemble those of CP children, suggesting that differences in balance control in CP children are due to both CNS deficits and biomechanical changes in postural alignment.
Attempts to immobilize catalytically active heteropolytungstates on the surfaces of electrodes

The iron-substituted heteropolytungstate anion, FeSiW11O395− has been attached to carbon electrode surfaces by three different means: anion exchange into coatings of protonated and/or quaternized polyvinylpyridine, incorporation into oxidized films of electropolymerized polypyrrole, and deposition of insoluble composite coatings containing the anion and the tetrapositive tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (and its cobalt(II) derivative). Unfortunately, all of the electrode coatings obtained exhibited less stability and/or electrocatalytic activity than is available from homogeneous solutions of FeSiW11O395−. The iron centers of the FeSiW11O395− anions incorporated in the polyvinylpyridinium films or the insoluble composite coatings were gradually lost from the coatings, probably as a result of electrostatic interactions within the coatings. The FeSiW11O395− anion is reasonably stable in polypyrrole coatings but when the coatings are used for catalytic reductions of H2O2 the polypyrrole appears to be degraded and the catalytic anion is lost. The feasibility of electronically conducting polymers and cation-anion multilayers as suitable vehicles for holding transition metal-substituted polyoxometallates on electrode surfaces was demonstrated but more stable derivatives will be required to achieve long-lived catalytic surfaces.
Organocatalyzed enantioselective synthesis of 6-amino-5-cyanodihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles

The first enantioselective synthesis of biologically active 6-amino-5-cyanodihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles has been achieved through a cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed tandem Michael addition and Thorpe-Ziegler type reaction between 2-pyrazolin-5-ones and benzylidenemalononitriles. The reaction may also be carried out in a three-component or a four-component fashion via the in situ formation of these two components from simple and readily available starting materials. The desired products were obtained in excellent yields with mediocre to excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee).
Angular Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Weak Lensing

We investigate whether gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from the current BATSE catalog have been affected by weak lensing by the nearby large-scale structure. The redshift distribution of GRBs is believed to be broad, extending to z ~ 5, so most events can be assumed to be at large redshifts and hence subject to weak lensing, which would betray itself as projected (anti)correlations between GRB events and galaxies or clusters that trace the intervening mass. Given the observed distribution of GRBs in fluence f, and statistical positional error e, we predict that most subsets drawn from the BATSE catalog will be anticorrelated with the foreground structure because of weak lensing, i.e., will show negative magnification bias. We find that GRBs are indeed anticorrelated with the Automatic Plate Measuring Facility (APM) galaxies (z ~ 0.2-0.3) in the sense that galaxy density in circles of radii 1°-15 (15-20 h-1 Mpc at z ~ 0.3) centered on e 1° GRBs is about 10% lower than expected from a random distribution; the significance of GRB-APM anticorrelations reaches 99.7%. Cross-correlation between GRBs and distant, rich Abell-Corwin-Olowin clusters is also negative. Standard cosmological models with Ωm ~ 0.3, ΩΛ ~ 0.7, and matter distribution on large scales following observed APM galaxy distribution with the biasing parameter of around 1 are not able to reproduce our GRB-APM anticorrelations. We propose a speculative model that does account for these anticorrelations, as well as positive correlations found previously, between quasi-stellar objects and APM galaxies. We briefly discuss if the proposed scheme is in conflict with observations of cosmic microwave background, galaxy surveys, cosmic velocity flows, and weak shear lensing.
Cold atoms and quantum control

This overview prefaces a collection of Insight review articles on the physics and applications of laser-cooled atoms. I will cast this work into a historical perspective in which laser cooling and trapping is seen as one of several research directions aimed at controlling the internal and external degrees of freedom of atoms and molecules.
A comparison of two common approaches for estimating marginal effects in binary choice models

Two approaches for estimating marginal effects are examined: conditioning on sample means and averaging across observations. The difference between the two quantities are signed and it is found that the magnitude increases with both the slope parameters and the covariates' variability.
Three-dimensional simulations of harmonic radiation and harmonic lasing

Abstract Characteristics of the harmonic emission from free electron lasers (FELs) are examined in the spontaneous, coherent-spontaneous and stimulated emission regimes. The radiation at both odd and even harmonic frequencies is treated for electron beams with finite emittance and energy spread. In the spontaneous emission regime, the transverse radiation patterns including the transverse frequency dependences, are given. How this expression is modified to include energy spread and emittance is described. In the coherent-spontaneous emission and stimulated emission (lasing) regimes, the interaction of the radiation fields with the electrons must be treated self-consistently. Here, a single-frequency distributed transverse source function for each electron is used in the harmonic version (HELEX) of the 3D code FELEX to model the harmonic radiation. This code has recently been modified to simultaneously model the fundamental and harmonic interactions for multiple-pass oscillator simulations. These modifications facilitate the examination of FELs under various operating conditions. When the FEL is lasing at the fundamental, the evolution of the harmonic fields can be examined. This evolution is unique in the sense that the electron beam (which is bunched by the fundamental optical field) radiates at the harmonic frequencies in the presence of the harmonic radiation circulating in the cavity. As a result, enhancements of the harmonic emission can be observed. Finally, harmonic lasing can occur in cases where there is sufficient gain to overcome cavity losses and lasing at the fundamental can be suppressed. The characteristics and efficiency of these interactions are explored.
NMR studies of 65Cu and 133Cs in alkali-metal-promoted copper catalysts☆

Abstract A series of unsupported alkali-promoted (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) copper catalysts that were found to be active and selective for the conversion of syngas to methanol were investigated by NMR of 65 Cu and 133 Cs. NMR of 65 Cu in the catalysts and in several model compounds, Cu 2 O, CuLiO, CuCl, and the like, indicated a “Cu + -like” species to be present in the catalysts. An identification of compounds in the catalysts was made through NMR of 133 Cs in the Cs-promoted catalysts and in several cesium salts. It is inferred from the present work that (i) approximately 10% of the total copper is in the form of Cs x Cu ( I − x ) CO 3 in the mixed carbonate (most of cesium appears as cesium carbonate) and (ii) the catalytic activity for methanol production correlates with the Cu + content for different alkali. This correlation leads to the conclusion that Cu + is the active center in the syngas conversion. These observations are consistent with the fact that the lithium-promoted catalyst is the least active because the Cu + phase is stabilized poorly in the mixed LiCu carbonate structure.
Study of 3D cell morphology and effect on light scattering distribution

We have acquired and reconstructed the 3D structures of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells to study morphology changes in response to gene variations. The 3D structure can be imported into a parallel FDTD code to model light scattering distribution and determine morphological parameters such as volumes of cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria. We found that the measured parameters agree with the light scatter data obtained with a flow cytometer, showing significant differences between the genetically modified and the unmodified melanoma cells.
Flash Pyrolysis of Biomass with Reactive and Non-reactive Gases

The precarious nature of the energy supply has encouraged research on renewable sources of energy. The conversion of biomass and organic wastes to gaseous and liqud fuels shows good potential. A Biomass Conversion Program was initiated at Brookhaven National Laboratory early in 1981 with the main objective of obtaining process chemistry and design information on the production of liquid and gaseous fuels from wood via flash pyrolysis. Flash pyrolysis is a fast, gas-phase decomposition of carbonaceous materials over a wide range of process conditions in the presence of an inert gas.
Sources of variation in follow-up expenditure after radical cystectomy

Abstract Background Follow-up care after radical cystectomy is poorly defined, with extensive variation in practice patterns. We sought to determine sources of these variations in care as well as examine the economic effect of standardization of care to guideline-recommended care. Methods Using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data from 1992 to 2007, we determined follow-up care expenditures (time and geography standardized) for 24 months after surgery. Accounted expenditures included office visits, imaging studies, urine tests, and blood work. A multilevel model was implemented to determine the effect of region, surgeon, and patient factors on care delivery. We then compared the actual expenditures on care in the Medicare system (interquartile range) with the expenditures if patients received care recommended by current clinical guidelines. Results Expenditures over 24 months of follow-up were calculated per month and per patient. The mean and median total expenditures per patient were $1108 and $805 respectively (minimum $0, maximum $9,805; 25th–75th percentile $344–$1503). Variations in expenditures were most explained at the patient level. After accounting for surgeon and patient levels, we found no regional-level variations in care. Adherence to guidelines would lead to an increase in expenditures by 0.80 to 10.6 times the expenditures exist in current practice. Conclusion Although some regional-level and surgeon-level variations in care were found, the most variation in expenditure on follow-up care was at the patient level, largely based on node positivity, chemotherapy status, and final cancer stage. Standardization of care to current established guidelines would create higher expenditures on follow-up care than current practice patterns.
A facile generation of enolates from silyl enol ethers by potassium ethoxide

Abstract Cyclic silyl enol ethers were successfully cleaved by EtOK to generate the corresponding enolates. Reactions with EtOK were faster and the corresponding enolates could be trapped by electrophiles and oxidants to give the kinetic products exclusively.
Software structure for broadband wireless sensor network system

Zigbee Sensor Network system has been investigating for monitoring and analyzing the data measured from a lot of sensors because the Zigbee Sensor Network has several advantages of low power consumption, compact size, and multi-node connection. However, it has a disadvantage not to be able to monitor the data measured from sensors at the remote area such as other room that is located at other city. This paper describes the software structure to compensate the defect with combining the Zigbee Sensor Network and wireless LAN technology for remote monitoring of measured sensor data. The software structure has both benefits of Zigbee Sensor Network and the advantage of wireless LAN. The software structure has three main software structures. The first software structure consists of the function in order to acquire the data from sensors and the second software structure is to gather the sensor data through wireless Zigbee and to send the data to Monitoring system by using wireless LAN. The second part consists of Linux packages software based on 2440 CPU (Samsung corp.), which has ARM9 core. The Linux packages include bootloader, device drivers, kernel, and applications, and the applications are TCP/IP server program, the program interfacing with Zigbee RF module, and wireless LAN program. The last part of software structure is to receive the sensor data through TCP/IP client program from Wireless Gate Unit and to display graphically measured data by using MATLAB program; the sensor data is measured on 100Hz sampling rate and the measured data has 10bit data resolution. The wireless data transmission rate per each channel is 1.6kbps.
Asymmetric Ni-catalyzed conjugate allylation of activated enones.

The nickel-catalyzed enantioselective addition of allylboronic acid pinacol ester, allylB(pin), is described. This reaction is highly effective with dialkylidene ketones and favors the allylation of the benzylidene site in nonsymmetric substrates. The reaction appears to proceed by conversion of the dialkylidene ketone substrate to an unsaturated π-allyl complex (I), followed by reductive elimination. Enantioselectivities range from 91 to 94% ee for a range of substrates when chiral ligand 14 is employed.
An interleaved array-processing architecture

This paper describes an array-processing architecture capable of executing high-level vector operations. There are two distinguishing features of this architecture: First, the user can define for later use complex vector operations that involve several arithmetic operations and branching. Once defined, they appear as built-in vector instructions to the user. Second, the algorithms for accessing and aligning vectors are implemented in hardware, eliminating the need for user programs to deal with memory addresses.
Preparation of complex bridged bicyclic ring systems from 3,3-diacetoxy-2-phenylsulfonylpropene and β-keto esters

The reaction of beta-keto esters with 3,3-diacetoxy-2-phenylsulfonylpropene affords bicyclic keto esters in good yields.
Currents in a small channel on a sandy tidal flat

Abstract Channels affect drainage and bed stresses on tidal flats. Here, near-bottom currents observed on a sandy tidal flat are compared with those observed 35 m away inside a shallow (≈0.3 m deep) channel. For water depths between 0.5 and 2.5 m (when both current meters are submerged), current speeds 0.13 m above the bed on the flat are about 30% greater than those observed 0.13 m above the bed in the channel, and are approximately equal to those observed 0.58 m above the channel bed (0.26 m above the flat elevation). Flow directions on the flat are similar to those in the channel. For flows directed across the channel axis, the ratio of speeds increases from about 1.3 to about 2.2 with increasing water depth. The corresponding ratio of the vertical velocity variances (a proxy for turbulence) decreases from about 1.5 to about 0.2, suggesting that the turbulence near the bed of the channel is greater than that near the bed of the flat for water depths greater than about 1.0 m. Drag coefficients estimated with the vertical velocity variance are approximately 70% larger in the channel than over the visually smoother flat, consistent with prior studies suggesting that channels may increase tidal-flat roughness. For flows directed along the channel axis (in the cross-flat direction), the ratio of speeds (1.2) is similar to the ratio predicted by a cross-flat momentum (along-channel) balance.
Privatization and Capitalist Development: The Case of the Private Police

This paper investigates some of the relationships between private policing and the development of capitalist economic systems. We argue that the emergence and transformation of profit-oriented police services must be understood as part of a larger movement toward the extension of capitalist control over the labor process and the rationalization of productive activity. Three distinctive stages in the privatization of policing are discussed–policing as piece-work, policing in the industrial age, and policing under corporate capitalism–with special attention to how these arrangements reveal the priorities and reflect the limitations of capitalist development. The shifting balance between public and private “crime control” is also explored as part of the changing relationship between policing and the political economy of our society.
Digital Calibration for 8-bit Delay Line ADC Using Harmonic Distortion Correction

Delay line ADCs are becoming increasingly attractive with technology scaling to smaller dimensions with lower voltages. However, linearity, which has always been an issue, becomes a problem with longer delay lines. Resolutions of reported delay-line ADCs are hardly more than 4 bits with sampling rates of hundreds of MHz. In this paper, we first present a technique which extends harmonic distortion correction techniques to digital calibration of a delay-line ADC. In our simulation results, digital calibration improves SNDR and SFDR to 42.5 dB and 45.4 dB, respectively, compared with the original SNDR of 25.6 dB and the original SFDR of 25.7 dB. In order to reduce the convergence time of the calibration, we inject a periodic 3-bit gray code sequence instead of three pseudorandom numbers for harmonic distortion correction to digitally calibrate an 8-bit delay line ADC. In our simulation results, the SNDR is significantly improved from 25.6 dB to 42.5 dB, with a calibration time of 13.5 milliseconds, which is 64X faster than harmonic distortion correction with the pseudorandom numbers.
Probing Pre-Protostellar Cores with Formaldehyde

We present maps of the 6 cm and 1.3 mm transitions of H2CO toward three cold, dense pre-protostellar cores (PPCs): L1498, L1512, and L1544. The 6 cm transition is a unique probe of high-density gas at low temperature. However, our models unequivocally indicate that H2CO is depleted in the interiors of PPCs, and depletion significantly affects how H2CO probes the earliest stages of star formation. Multistage, self-consistent models, including gas-dust energetics, of both H2CO transitions are presented, and the implications of the results are discussed.
Interpreting noncoding genetic variation in complex traits and human disease

Association studies provide genome-wide information about the genetic basis of complex disease, but medical research has focused primarily on protein-coding variants, owing to the difficulty of interpreting noncoding mutations. This picture has changed with advances in the systematic annotation of functional noncoding elements. Evolutionary conservation, functional genomics, chromatin state, sequence motifs and molecular quantitative trait loci all provide complementary information about the function of noncoding sequences. These functional maps can help with prioritizing variants on risk haplotypes, filtering mutations encountered in the clinic and performing systems-level analyses to reveal processes underlying disease associations. Advances in predictive modeling can enable data-set integration to reveal pathways shared across loci and alleles, and richer regulatory models can guide the search for epistatic interactions. Lastly, new massively parallel reporter experiments can systematically validate regulatory predictions. Ultimately, advances in regulatory and systems genomics can help unleash the value of whole-genome sequencing for personalized genomic risk assessment, diagnosis and treatment.
Predicted daily and yearly average radiative performance of optimal trapezoidal groove solar energy collectors

Abstract Some possible applications of solar energy (e.g. absorption cooling, process heating and preheating, unconventional power production) require heat at temperatures above those associated with flat-plate collection but below those usually associated with sophisticated focusing collectors. Collection temperatures in this range may be economically obtained using moderately concentrating, nonfocusing, trough-like collectors. Such a collector is one composed of East-West aligned, parallel, trapezoidal grooves. Practical concentration ratios up to 3 can be attained with the direct component of insolation while at the same time capturing a significant portion of the non-direct component. In this paper the daily and annual radiative performance of grooved collectors with depth-to-base ratios ranging from 1.1 to 5 are presented. The results are based on assumed tilting routines chosen to match the collector's capabilities.
The design of the REXX language

One way of classifying computer languages is by two classes: languages needing skilled programmers, and personal languages used by an expanding population of general users. REstructured eXtended eXecutor (REXX) is a flexible personal language designed with particular attention to feedback from its users. It has proved to be effective and easy to use, yet it is sufficiently general and powerful to fulffil the needs of many demanding professional applications. REXX is system and hardware independent, so that it has been possible to integrate it experimentally into several operating systems. Here REXX is used for such purposes as command and macro programming, prototyping, education, and personal programming. This paper introduces REXX and describes the basic design principles that were followed in developing it.
Generalized logistic models

Abstract A class of models indexed by two shape parameters is introduced, both to extend the scope of the standard logistic model to asymmetric probability curves and improve the fit in the noncentral probability regions. One-parameter subclasses can be used to examine symmetric or asymmetric deviations from the logistic model. The delta algorithm is adapted to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. A review is made of other proposed generalizations. The standard linear logistic model is widely used for modeling the dependence of binary data on explanatory variables. Its success is due to its broad applicability, simplicity of form, and ease of interpretation. This model works well for many common applications; however, it assumes that the expected probability curve μ(η) is skew-symmetric about μ = 1 2 and that the shape of μ(η) is the cumulative distribution function of the logistic distribution. Symmetric data with a shallower or steeper slope of ascent may not be fitted well by this model, nor is there any provision for treating the two tails of the estimated curve μ(η) asymmetrically or fitting different distributions for μ(η). This article introduces a class of models, indexed by one or two shape parameters, that encompasses a wider range of situations than the standard logistic model (although the standard model is included). The shape parameters have been specifically designed to modify the behavior of the curve in the extreme-probability regions where problems of lack of fit may occur, while allowing for asymmetric treatment of the two tails. Members of this family approximate the Gaussian, Laplace, and extreme minimum and maximum distributions up to the first four moments. The model can be collapsed to several simpler one-parameter symmetric and asymmetric formulations.
S.H. and Others v. Austria and circumvention tourism

Abstract This commentary discusses the decision in S.H. and Others v. Austria from a political theoretical and bioethical perspective. I focus on the opinion's discussion of what I call ‘circumvention tourism', travelling abroad for the purpose of circumventing domestic prohibitions, especially as to medical services. The majority opinion in the case touts Austria's allowance of circumvention tourism for reproductive technology services that are illegal on Austrian soil as a reason to find as lawful Austria's prohibition on using those services on Austrian soil. To the contrary, I show that, in many ways, permitting circumvention tourism for these services while prohibiting them domestically is deeply problematic.
Hausdorff dimension in a family of self-similar groups

For every prime p and every monic polynomial f, invertible over p, we define a group G p, f of p-adic automorphisms of the p-ary rooted tree. The groups are modeled after the first Grigorchuk group, which in this setting is the group \(G_{2, x^{2}+x+1}\). We show that the constructed groups are self-similar, regular branch groups. This enables us to calculate the Hausdorff dimension of their closures, providing concrete examples (not using random methods) of topologically finitely generated closed subgroups of the group of p-adic automorphisms with Hausdorff dimension arbitrarily close to 1. We provide a characterization of finitely constrained groups in terms of the branching property, and as a corollary conclude that all defined groups are finitely constrained. In addition, we show that all infinite, finitely constrained groups of p-adic automorphisms have positive and rational Hausdorff dimension and we provide a general formula for Hausdorff dimension of finitely constrained groups. Further “finiteness” properties are also discussed (amenability, torsion and intermediate growth).
Open string field theory without open strings

Abstract Witten's cubic open string field theory is expanded around the perturbatively stable vacuum, including all scalar fields at levels 0, 2, 4 and 6. The (approximate) BRST cohomology of the theory is computed, giving strong evidence for the absence of physical open string states in this vacuum.
Probabilistic clock synchronization in large distributed systems

Clock synchronization within a distributed system is a problem that has been studied extensively in recent years. Of the many solutions proposed thus far, probabilistic synchronization algorithms provide arguably the best compromise between tightness of synchronization and overhead imposed on the system. The main drawbacks of probabilistic algorithms are the requirement of a master/slave organization of clocks, and the relatively high number of synchronization messages that must be sent. These two drawbacks can make them unsuitable for use in large distributed systems. In this paper, we propose a synchronization algorithm that does not use master/slave clocks and reduces the number of synchronization messages needed. The nodes of the system are divided into a number of overlapping groups. Within a group, each node uses one of two probabilistic techniques to estimate the values of other clocks in the group, and uses an interactive convergence algorithm on the resulting estimates to adjust its local clock. Groups are selected so that the maximum skew between any two group members is bounded. >
Tunable and electronically steerable microstrip antenna

The design and experimental investigation on electronically tunable microstrip antenna is presented in this paper. These observations have been made as a first step towards the realization of an electronically tunable microstrip antenna taking advantage of the voltage tunable dielectric substrate. It is already established that the change in dielectric constant of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) substrate material is more than 50% depending on the stoichiometric composition of BST and the biasing voltage. Microstrip patch antennas were printed on the tunable substrate and radiation performance was studied for different bias conditions and frequency tuning has been demonstrated. The operating frequency of the antenna is found to be changed by varying the applied dc voltage. Electronic steerability of the antenna array is possible by incorporating the BST phase shifters in antenna configuration.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.