cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Risks: Vehicle Occupant Fatalities and Time of the Week

Automobile accident risks vary significantly across populations, places, and times. This study describes the time-varying pattern of societal risk. The relative risks of occupant fatality per person-mile of travel are estimated here for each hour of the week, using 1983 data. The results exhibit a strong time-of-day effect and have a highly skewed frequency distribution, implying wide variations in risk-taking behavior. Indeed, the 168 hourly estimates ranged from a low of 0.32 times the average around Sunday noon to a high of 43 times the average at 3:00 a.m. on Sunday, i.e., by a factor of 134 from bottom to top. Quantile-quantile plots or “Lorenz curves,” introduced to display the unequal distribution of risks, show that approximately 34% of the vehicle occupant fatalities occur in hours representing only 5% of the travel. These findings have serious implications for risk analysis. First, when attempting to reconcile objective and subjective risk estimates, risk communicators should carefully control for when and to whom the risk in question is applicable. Second, comparisons of hazards on the basis of average risk are necessarily misleading for risks distributed so unevenly. Third, resource allocation decisions can benefit by knowing how incidence, exposure, and risk vary across time, place, and other relevant variables. Finally, certain cost-benefit analyses that use average values to estimate risk exposure can be misleading.
The First Debate and the Coverage Gap

“Live media coverage of the first debate, an event that would allegedly have occurred without it, put a stop to the event it was meant to cover.”
Combined X-ray Diffraction and Density Functional Study of [Ni(NO)(η5-Cp*)] in the Ground and Light-Induced Metastable States

The crystal structure of [Ni(NO)(η5-Cp*)] in the light-induced metastable state was determined by X-ray diffraction at 25 K of a crystal with a 47% metastable-state population. The most significant...
Diffuse reflectance model for dielectric surfaces

One of the most common assumptions for recovering object features in computer vision and rendering objects in computer graphics is that the radiance distribution of diffuse reflection from materials in Lambertian. We propose a reflectance model for diffuse reflection from smooth inhomogeneous dielectric surfaces that is empirically shown to be significantly more accurate than the Lambertian model. The resulting reflected diffuse radiance distribution has a simple mathematical form. The proposed model for diffuse reflection utilizes results of radiative transfer theory for subsurface multiple scattering. For an optically smooth surface boundary this subsurface intensity distribution becomes altered by Fresnel attenuation and Snell refraction making it become significantly non-Lambertian. We present a striking diffuse reflection effect at occluding contours of dielectric objects that is strongly deviant from Lambertian behavior, and yet is explained by our diffuse reflection model. The proposed diffuse reflection model for optically smooth surfaces can be used to describe diffuse reflection from rough dielectric surfaces by serving as the diffuse reflection law for optically smooth microfacets.
Effects of omnivory and predator-prey elemental stoichiometry on planktonic trophic interactions

We used laboratory food chains to experimentally explore the independent and combined effects of omnivory and food quality on planktonic trophic interactions. Omnivory is predicted to dampen indirect (trophic cascade) interactions, whereas availability of a low-quality diet, here defined as predator-prey elemental stoichiometric imbalance, should strengthen both direct (grazing and predation) and indirect interactions. Food chains were constructed with a copepod, Acartia tonsa, an aloricate ciliate, Strombidinopsis sp., and two centric diatoms of different size, Thalassiosira weissflogii (larger) and Thalassiosira pseudonana (smaller). Comparing results between food chains with two (copepod and diatoms or ciliate and diatoms) and three (copepod, ciliate, and diatoms) trophic levels tested omnivory effects. Offering grazers phytoplankton grown under nitrogen-replete and nitrogenlimited conditions tested stoichiometric imbalance effects. Carbon ingestion increased by 25% for the copepod and 160% for the ciliate on the nitrogen-limited relative to the nitrogen-replete diatom, demonstrating considerable compensatory feeding by both grazers. On a mixed diet comprised of the nitrogen-limited large diatom and the nitrogen-replete small diatom, the copepod continued to engage in compensatory feeding, but the ciliate did not. Cascading indirect effects of the copepod on phytoplankton via the ciliate were minimal. The decrease in phytoplankton due to direct grazing by the copepod was much greater than any indirect increase resulting from reduced ciliate grazing pressure. Omnivory and compensatory feeding were stronger than positive prey selection for the N-replete intermediate grazer, thus weakening cascading indirect effects of the top predator on phytoplankton.
Transmission line transformers for ground loop noise suppression

Abstract The use of transmission line transformers for the suppression of ground loop induced noise is investigated. In the experiment described, a noise reduction of 100 was achieved.
Sexually Abused Boys: Awareness, Assessment, and Intervention

The prevalence and consequences of the sexual victimization of young boys is tragically underestimated. The author provides data on the incidence of sexual abuse in boys and girls, ages 3-10, in an inpatient psychiatric children's unit. A retrospective chart review is presented including variables of coexisting maltreatment and symptomatology. Commonly found nursing diagnoses are identified with appropriate nursing interventions. Assessing a sexually abused boy, developing a comprehensive nursing care plan, and intervening effectively in assisting a child to assimilate and cope with his abuse experience are discussed in depth.
Brief Perfusion with H2O2 Paradoxically Enhances Both Endothelium-Dependent and -Independent Relaxation of Rat Aorta In Vitro

We tested the effect of brief intraluminal perfusion of rat aortas with 5 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on basal and stimulated endothelium-dependent relaxation. Both 10min perfusion with H2O2 and pharmacologic inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factor/ nitric oxide (EDRFINO) by 100 μM Nω-nitro-L-arginine increased the sensitivity to the vasoconstrictor phenylephrine 10-fold, consistent with a reduction in basal EDRF/NO. Paradoxically, 10 min perfusion with H2O2 enhanced sensitivity to both the endothelium-dependent dilator acetylcholine (3-fold reduction in EC50), and the endothLelium-independent dilator sodium nitroprusside (5-fold reduction in EC50), while more prolonged exposure to H2O2 selectively reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. These resullts suggest differential sensitivity of basal and stimulated EDRF/NO to oxidative stress, and further that inhibition of basal EDRF/NO by H2O2 enhances the activity of both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators, consistent with functio...
A homogeneous formulation for lines in 3 space

Homogeneous coordinates have long been a standard tool of computer graphics. They afford a convenient representation (for) various geometric quantities in two and three dimensions. The representation of lines in three dimensions has, however, never been fully described. This paper presents a homogeneous formulation for lines in 3 dimensions as an anti-symmetric 4x4 matrix which transforms as a tensor. This tensor actually exists in both covariant and contravariant forms, both of which are useful in different situations. The derivation of these forms and their use in solving various geometrical problems is described.
Energy-level alignment in the adsorption of phosphonyl reagents on γ-Al2O3

Density functional theory is applied to the computation of the adsorption energy (DEads) for a series of molecules on c-Al2O3. Three different cluster models are used to represent the c-Al2O3 surface. The molecules of interest all contain a phosphonyl (P@O) functional group and adsorb via formation of a donor bond between the O atom and a threefold-coordinated tetrahedral Al [Al(Td)] surface site. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the free molecule is, in all cases, composed largely of non-bonding orbitals on the O atom of the P@O group. The empty ‘‘dangling orbital” on the coordinatively-unsaturated Al(Td) site constitutes a surface state. A linear relationship is found between DEads and the difference between the orbital energies of the molecular HOMO (eH) and the surface state (eS). Trends in DEads for different molecules can then be understood in terms of variations in eH. Likewise, differences in DEads for various cluster models can be explained by considering the differences in the predicted eS values. A further evaluation of the cluster models is presented by comparing results for the physisorption of H2O or CO with those obtained from two-dimensionally-periodic slab models. When differences in eH and eS are accounted for, the various models and computational procedures are seen to yield essentially equivalent results for adsorption of the molecules considered. These results are thought to constitute a useful conceptual tool for rationalizing DEads values for different molecules and cluster models. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Seeking Compliance: Individualizing Form Letters by Computer

Computers and technology now enable the writer of a form letter to insert significant personal information about the individual recipient, the purpose of which is to induce compliance with the sender's purposes. This article is based on a project in producing medical advice letters tailored to individuals. Our evaluations, like other preliminary studies, suggest that individualizing such letters does improve compliance over the conventional (impersonal) form letter. In considering the inner logic of the individualized letter, different methods of forming personalized letters are presented: adding text, subtracting text, and rearranging text. It is shown how the requisite information can be represented by a questionnaire, a diagram, and the printed letter itself. These three components are logically connected so that the user can make various choices and letters can be quickly formulated. Finally, advice is offered to technical writers embarking on the development of an individualized form letter, with some general reflections about the future of this innovation
Intelligent system applications in a competitive power industry environment

There are already a number of intelligent system applications to distribution systems. In the new environment, customer satisfaction is an important indicator of competitiveness. Power quality assessment involves the detection of transients, sags and harmonics. It also involves reasoning about the cause-effects between disturbances and power quality problems. In this paper, the author describes how knowledge-based systems, qualitative reasoning, artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic will find interesting applications in the power quality area.
On Maximizing Reliability of Real-Time Embedded Applications Under Hard Energy Constraint

The dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique is the basis of numerous state-of-the-art energy management schemes proposed for real-time embedded systems. However, recent research has illustrated the alarmingly negative impact of DVFS on task and system reliability. In this paper, we consider the problem of assigning processing frequencies to a set of real-time tasks in order to maximize the overall reliability, under given time and energy constraints. First, under the frame-based task model, we formulate the problem as a nonlinear optimization problem and show how to obtain the static optimal solution. Then, we propose online (dynamic) algorithms that detect early completions and adjust the task frequencies at runtime, to improve overall reliability. Furthermore, we extend these solutions to the periodic task model, with both static and dynamic solutions. All our solutions ensure that all timing constraints are met while the cumulative energy consumption of tasks does not exceed the given energy budget. Our simulation results indicate that our algorithms perform comparably to a clairvoyant optimal scheduler that knows the exact workload in advance.
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Children and Adolescents:

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common in children. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of EIB. EIB is caused by transient narrowing of the airways during or most often after exercise and indicates airway hyperresponsiveness. EIB is an important cause of exercise limitation in children. However, the diagnosis of EIB can be challenging because symptoms poorly predict the presence of EIB. Bronchial challenges, such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, are required to document EIB. The severity of EIB is worsened by exposure to inhalational toxicants such as chlorine in pools and air pollution. In most children, EIB can be effectively prevented by both nonpharmacological means and medications. Educating the child, his/her family, and supervising adults about asthma triggers and management is important. Prompt recognition and treatment of an asthma attack associated with exercise is critical; bronchodilators should be on the sid...
The Evolving Role of Capecitabine in Breast Cancer

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second greatest cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States. Capecitabine is a selectively tumor-activated fluoropyrimidine carbamate that is converted to 5-fluorouracil by the sequential activity of these enzymes, the final of which is thymidine phosphorylase, which is overexpressed in many human cancers. Capecitabine as a single agent and in combination with other drugs is efficacious in previously treated and untreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The integration of capecitabine, either as a single agent or in combination with docetaxel, into adjuvant breast cancer therapy is justified due to its high antitumor activity in previously treated and untreated MBC, its tolerability, lack of cross-resistance with the anthracyclines and taxanes, and because combined docetaxel/ capecitabine improves the overall survival of patients with MBC. Capecitabine is being evaluated as preoperative therapy in patients with operable breast cancer, as adjuvant therapy in patients with high-risk node-negative or node-positive disease, and as oral single-agent therapy in women ≥ 65 years of age. This article is an overview of published studies of capecitabine in MBC and the studies that are planned or have been proposed to evaluate capecitabine as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
Extracellular matrix in fetal kidney after experimental obstruction.

Purpose: We studied the long-term effects of complete unilateral ureteral obstruction on the extracellular matrix composition of the fetal kidney interstitium in neonatal opossums.Materials and Methods: We created complete left ureteral obstruction in 2-week-old opossum pups. Sham operated animals served as controls. A total of 12 animals were sacrificed 2, 3 and 5 weeks after obstruction, and the kidneys were harvested. Resultant tissue sections were prepared for light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical testing for α-smooth muscle action (SMA), fibronectin, laminin and type IV collagen. In situ hybridization was done to determine interstitial collagen type I. Western blot analysis was performed on single kidney protein extracts for α-SMA, fibronectin and laminin.Results: Light microscopy revealed established interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy 2 weeks after obstruction which increased with the duration of obstruction. Electron microscopy showed an increased number of interstitial fibr...
The effect of endotoxin administration on the pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in humans.

Objective Inflammation induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide alters the clearance of several hepatically eliminated drugs. Extensive rat liver research has shown CYP2E1 down-regulation after lipopolysaccharide administration. To further investigate this phenomenon in humans, lipopolysaccharide was administered to healthy male volunteers and chlorzoxazone was used as a CYP2E1 probe drug. Methods Twelve healthy men were given 500 mg oral chlorzoxazone after two daily lipopolysaccharide doses (20 endotoxin units/kg/day) and again after administration of saline solution in this balanced crossover study. Serum and urine chlorzoxazone and 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone were quantified, as well as cytokine and C-reactive protein levels. Results Lipopolysaccharide produced the expected induction of the acute-phase response shown by elevations in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and temperature. Lipopolysaccharide treatment failed to produce a significant change in the chlorzoxazone oral clearance (4.4 ± 0.9 mL/min/kg for lipopolysaccharide versus 4.2 ± 1.4 mL/min/kg for control) or the 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone formation clearance (2.8 ± 0.65 mL/min/kg for lipopolysaccharide versus 2.5 ± 0.9 mL/min/kg for control). The high intersubject variabilities in oral clearance and formation clearance were not accounted for by changes in protein binding, cytokine, or C-reactive protein values. In contrast, a significant increase in the 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone glucuronide renal clearance was observed (7.5 ± 1.37 mL/min/kg for lipopolysaccharide versus 6.1 ± 1.7 mL/min/kg for control). Conclusions This study showed that the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (20 endotoxin units/kg/day for 2 days) in humans does not consistently alter chlorzoxazone hepatic metabolism. However, the significant increase in renal clearance of the glucuronidated metabolite suggests that renal tubular secretion may be increased in humans with acute endotoxemia. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 554–562; doi: 10.1053/cp.1999.v66.103172001
MicroRNAs 221/222 and Genistein-Mediated Regulation of ARHI Tumor Suppressor Gene in Prostate Cancer

ARHI is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene and is downregulated in various malignancies. However, ARHI expression, function, and mechanisms of action in prostate cancer have not been reported. Here, we report that ARHI mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in prostate cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of ARHI inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, and induced apoptosis. Further studies on a new mechanism of ARHI downregulation showed a significant inverse relationship between ARHI and miR-221 and 222, which were upregulated in prostate cancer cell lines. Transfection of miR-221 and 222 inhibitors into PC-3 cells caused a significant induction of ARHI expression. A direct interaction of miR-221 or 222 with a target site on the 3'UTR of ARHI was confirmed by a dual luciferase pMIR-REPORT assay. Finally, we also found that genistein upregulates ARHI by downregulating miR-221 and 222 in PC-3 cells. In conclusion, ARHI is a tumor suppressor gene downregulated in prostate cancer, and overexpression of ARHI can inhibit cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion. This study demonstrates for the first time that prostate cancer cells have decreased level of ARHI which could be caused by direct targeting of 3'UTR of ARHI by miR221/222. Genistein, a potential nontoxic chemopreventive agent, restores expression of ARHI and may be an important dietary therapeutic agent for treating prostate cancer.
Early detection of electrical defects in deep trench capacitors using voltage contrast inspection

Improvement of learning cycle time and mean time to detect issues is integral to keeping up with the increasing pace needed in semiconductor technology development. Use of electron beam voltage contrast inspection as an early assessment of electrical defectivity of embedded dynamic random access memory in IBM's deep trench capacitor technology allows for detection of all major initial processing electrical defects months before conventional techniques. Product-like and specially designed on chip diagnostic structures are inspected as soon as active layer patterning and isolation is complete. This enables much earlier identification of electrical defectivity. Examples discussed include electrically open single connections, electrical short circuits to neighboring cells in an array, and cells that have short circuits to the silicon substrate. Physical failure analysis and correlation to other in-line measurement and electrical test signals were performed to verify the voltage contrast inspection results. Robust and reliable results enable regular use of this technique to assess electrical health of critical structures early in the process sequence on and to facilitate increased yield improvement learning cycles beyond what is otherwise possible.
Prodromal interventions for schizophrenia vulnerability: the risks of being "at risk".

Given the morbidity and difficulty of treating psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, there has been a move toward identifying and treating adolescents and young adults who appear to be clinically at risk or “prodromal” to psychosis. The field now has greater specificity in identification, with rates of 40–50% conversion to frank psychosis within 1–2 years. There is further evidence that medications and other treatments may have some efficacy for “prodromal” patients, though with variable side effects. However, controversy remains about some of the inherent risks in prodromal research, such as medication exposure and stigma among false-positives. In this paper, we add to this discussion through an analysis of ethics in prodromal research from the more established field of predictive genetic testing. Issues are raised about the effects of information on patients, families, and institutions, as well as future insurability, the limits of confidentiality (as it relies on discretion of patients and families), the autonomy of minors with psychiatric symptoms, and even the risks for the true-positive patient.
Recent advances in the design of selective linear-phase IIR digital filters

Design techniques are presented for infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters with simultaneous conditions on amplitude and decay. Two classes of filter transfer functions are delivered. The first has maximally flat passband characteristics in both the amplitude and the group delay while possessing a Chebyshev-like stopband amplitude. The second class retains the same stopband behavior as the first, but the passband amplitude and delay approximate constancy in an interpolatory manner. >
An Enhanced Locking Range 10.5-ghz Divide-by-3 Injection-locked Frequency Divider With Even-harmonic Phase Tuning In 0.18-um Bicmos

A frequency divider is one of the key building blocks in phased-lock loops (PLL) and frequency synthesizers, which are essential subsystems in wireless communication and sensing systems. A frequency divider divides the output frequency of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in order to compare it with a reference clock signal. Among the different types of frequency dividers, the injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) is becoming more popular due to its low power and high frequency characteristics. However, the ILFD has an inherent problem of narrow locking range, which basically defines a range over which a frequency-division operation is supported. In order to increase the locking range, one of the most obvious ways is to inject higher power. In fully integrated PLLs, however, the injection signal is supplied by an internal VCO, which typically has limited fixed output power and hence enhancing the locking range with large injection signal power poses difficulty. In this work, we present the development of a fully integrated 10.5-GHz divide-by-3 (1/3) injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) that can provide extra locking range with a small fixed injection power. The ILFD consists of a previously measured on-chip 10.5-GHz VCO functioning as an injection source, a 1/3 ILFD core, and an output inverter buffer. A phase tuner implemented using an asymmetric inductor is proposed to increase the locking range through even-harmonic (the 2rd harmonic for this design) phase tuning. With a fixed internal injection signal power of only -18 dBm (measured output power of the standalone VCO with a 50-? reference), a 25% enhancement in the locking range from 12 to 15 MHz is achieved with the proposed phase tuning technique without consuming an additional DC power. The frequency tuning range of the integrated 1/3 ILFD is from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz. The proposed 1/3 ILFD is realized in a 0.18-µm BiCMOS process, occupies 0.6 mm × 0.7 mm, and consumes 10.6 mA while the ILFD alone consumes 6.15 mA from 1.8-V supply. The main objective of this work is proposing a new technique of phase-tuning of the even-harmonics that can "further" increase the locking range with an "extra" amount beyond what can be achieved by other techniques. Since the developed technique can enhance the locking range further at a fixed injection power, it can be used in conjunction with other techniques for further enhancing the locking range. For instance, the locking range can be increased by using different injection powers and then further enhanced by tuning the phase of the even harmonics at each power level. The "extra" locking range, not achievable without the even-harmonic phase tuning, amounts to 25%, which is very attractive for PLL applications. Furthermore, additional tuning mechanisms such as use of a capacitor bank can be employed to achieve even wider tuning range for applications such as PLL.
Information systems in supply chain management: a comparative case study of three organisations

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is recognised as a core competitive strategy for businesses in almost every industry. A strong supply chain provides products and services to consumers faster, cheaper, and better. The paper discusses SCM and information systems in the supply chain. Case studies of Wal-Mart, Amazon.Com and United Parcel Services (UPS) and their use of information systems in the supply chain are presented. Wal-Mart and Amazon have established critical and timely strategies in their supply chains through huge investments in Information Technology (IT). While Wal-Mart and Amazon are offering their products to consumers, UPS offers logistics solutions to clients. These companies use a variety of information technologies which include satellite systems, barcodes, web-based Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), data warehousing, and e-commerce in their supply chain. The supply chain and use of these technologies in SCM are reviewed and compared for these three organisations.
C-Reactive Protein, Antiinflammatory Drugs, and Quality of Life in Diabetes

BACKGROUND:C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important biological marker of inflammation that has been linked to cardiovascular disease. The extent to which the inflammatory processes associated with elevated CRP concentrations impair physical functioning and quality of life, and whether this is modulated by hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) and aspirin, which have been shown to lower CRP concentrations, is unclear.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether an association exists between CRP concentrations and health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes, and to determine whether the association is affected by use of statins and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).METHODS:A trained interviewer collected self-reported information regarding demographics, health-related quality of life (SF-12), and medication use, and a nurse collected a blood sample from 86 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were part of a larger population-based survey. The serum was anal...
Using Clickers in Nonmajors- and Majors-Level Biology Courses: Student Opinion, Learning, and Long-Term Retention of Course Material

Student response systems (clickers) are viewed positively by students and instructors in numerous studies. Evidence that clickers enhance student learning is more variable. After becoming comfortable with the technology during fall 2005–spring 2006, we compared student opinion and student achievement in two different courses taught with clickers in fall 2006. One course was an introductory biology class for nonmajors, and the other course was a 200 level genetics class for biology majors. Students in both courses had positive opinions of the clickers, although we observed some interesting differences between the two groups of students. Student performance was significantly higher on exam questions covering material taught with clickers, although the differences were more dramatic for the nonmajors biology course than the genetics course. We also compared retention of information 4 mo after the course ended, and we saw increased retention of material taught with clickers for the nonmajors course, but not for the genetics course. We discuss the implications of our results in light of differences in how the two courses were taught and differences between science majors and nonmajors.
Developmental Dynamics and G-Matrices: Can Morphometric Spaces be Used to Model Phenotypic Evolution?

Modern morphometrics, especially geometric morphometrics, is a powerful tool for modeling the evolution and development of the phenotype. Complicated morphological transformations can be simulated by using standard evolutionary genetic equations for processes such as selection and drift in the same morphospaces that are used for empirical morphometric studies. Such applications appear to be consistent with the theory of quantitative evolution of the phenotype. Nevertheless, concerns exist whether simulations of phenotypic changes directly in morphospaces is realistic because trajectories traced in such spaces describe continuous gradations in the phenotype and because the gain and loss of structures is often impossible because morphospaces are necessarily constructed from variables shared in common by all the phenotypes being considered. Competing models of phenotypic change emphasize morphological discontinuity and novelty. Recently developed models of phenotypic evolution that introduce a “phenotypic landscape” between evolutionary genetic constructs like the adaptive landscape and morphospace may correct this shortcoming.
Software development tools for streaming DSP applications

Programming multicore application processors is a daunting task and component-based software development has already demonstrated the effectiveness to simplify it. However, component compositions are cumbersome, time-consuming and error-prone. This paper presents a graphical tool to mitigate the problem, which efficiently visualizes the design capture, simulation and debugging processes of TI DaVinci multicore platform based on Codec Engine and the xDAIS framework components. The experimental result shows our proposed tool introduces only 1% run-time overhead, which is neglectable for practical applications.
Structure-function relationships among the nickel-containing hydrogenases.

The enzymology of the heterodimeric (NiFe) and (NiFeSe) hydrogeneses, the monomeric nickel-containing hydrogenases plus the multimeric F420-(NiFe) and NAD+-(NiFe) hydrogenases are summarized and discussed in terms of subunit localization of the redox-active nickel and non-heme iron clusters. It is proposed that nickel is ligated solely by amino acid residues of the large subunit and that the non-heme iron clusters are ligated by other cysteine-rich polypeptides encoded in the hydrogenase operons which are not necessarily homologous in either structure or function. Comparison of the hydrogenase operons or putative operons and their hydrogenase genes indicate that the arrangement, number and types of genes in these operons are not conserved among the various types of hydrogenases except for the gene encoding the large subunit. Thus, the presence of the gene for the large subunit is the sole feature common to all known nickel-containing hydrogenases and unites these hydrogenases into a large but diverse gene family. Although the different genes for the large subunits may possess only nominal general derived amino acid homology, all large subunit genes sequenced to date have the sequence R-X-C-X-X-C fully conserved in the amino terminal region of the polypeptide chain and the sequence D-P-C-X-X-C fully conserved in the carboxyl terminal region. It is proposed that these conserved motifs of amino acids provide the ligands required for the binding of the redox-active nickel. The existing EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) information is summarized and discussed in terms of the numbers and types of ligands to the nickel and the various redox species of nickel defined by EPR spectroscopy. New information concerning the ligands to nickel is presented based on site-directed mutagenesis of the gene encoding the large subunit of the (NiFe) hydrogenase-1 of Escherichia coli. Based on considerations of the biochemical, molecular and biophysical information, ligand environments of the nickel in different redox states of the (NiFe) hydrogenase are proposed.
Transportation Network Risk Profile for an Origin-Destination Pair: Security Measures, Terrorism, and Target and Attack Method Substitution

Transportation security and mobility often conflict with each other. An open and accessible system provides for the efficient transportation of people and goods; however, this openness also allows malicious entities to exploit the transportation system as a target, weapon, or means to reach another target. Security actions taken to prohibit malicious entities from reaching their targets or to capture them after an attack may degrade the transportation system. Security may also cause the entities to adapt their methods or targets and thus create more complex analysis requirements. This paper describes the incorporation of two types of substitution (method and target) into a methodology to determine the risk profile for the transportation system because of attacks on the transportation system itself, collateral damage to the network because of targeting of adjacent assets, and preevent and postattack security measure implementation. Monte Carlo simulation generated scenarios of target, attack methods, intel...
Automated data collection with a Tecnai 12 electron microscope: applications for molecular imaging by cryomicroscopy.

In high-resolution biological electron microscopy, the speed of collection of large numbers of high-quality micrographs is a rate-limiting step in the overall process of structure determination. Approaches to speed up data collection can be very useful, especially in "single-molecule" microscopy of large multiprotein and protein-nucleic acid complexes, where many thousands of individual molecular images need to be averaged to determine the three-dimensional structure. Toward this end, we report the development of automated low-dose image acquisition procedures on a Tecnai 12 electron microscope using the scripting functionality available on the microscope computer. At the lowest level of automation, the user is required to select regions of interest that are to be imaged. All subsequent steps of image acquisition are then carried out automatically to record high-resolution images on either film or CCD, at desired defocus values, under conditions that satisfy user-specified limits for drift rates of the specimen stage. At the highest level of automation, determination of the best grid squares and the best regions suitable for imaging are carried out automatically. A medium level of automation is also available in which the user can designate the most promising grid squares manually and leave the process of finding the best holes in those grid squares to the microscope computer. We also show that all steps subsequent to insertion of the specimen in the microscope can be carried out remotely by connecting to the microscope computer via the Internet. Both features are implemented using Windows NT and Web-based tools and provide tools for automated data collection on any Tecnai microscope from any location.
Review: me & my brain: Exposing neuroscience's closet dualism

Our intuitive concept of the relations between brain and mind is increasingly challenged by the scientific world view. Yet, although few neuroscientists openly endorse Cartesian dualism, careful reading reveals dualistic intuitions in prominent neuroscientific texts. Here, we present the "double-subject fallacy": treating the brain and the entire person as two independent subjects who can simultaneously occupy divergent psychological states and even have complex interactions with each other-as in "my brain knew before I did." Although at first, such writing may appear like harmless, or even cute, shorthand, a closer look suggests that it can be seriously misleading. Surprisingly, this confused writing appears in various cognitive-neuroscience texts, from prominent peer-reviewed articles to books intended for lay audience. Far from being merely metaphorical or figurative, this type of writing demonstrates that dualistic intuitions are still deeply rooted in contemporary thought, affecting even the most rigorous practitioners of the neuroscientific method. We discuss the origins of such writing and its effects on the scientific arena as well as demonstrate its relevance to the debate on legal and moral responsibility.
A shirt containing multistage phase change material and active cooling components was associated with increased exercise capacity in a hot, humid environment

Recent advances in clothing design include the incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) and other active cooling components (ACC) to provide better body heat dissipation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of wearing a shirt containing multistage PCM/ACC on exercise capacity at low (5.0), moderate-high (7.5) and extreme (9.0) levels of the physiological strain index (PSI). Fourteen individuals tested two shirts (control vs. cooling) during 45-min of interval running in a hot, humid (35 ± 1 °C; 55 ± 6% RH) environment. The cooling shirt resulted in an 8% improvement in exercise capacity at a PSI of 7.5 (p < 0.05). The observed increase in exercise capacity would likely translate to a significant improvement in exercise performance. More research is needed to determine a best practice approach for the use of cooling clothing as a counter to exercise-induced heat exposure. Practitioner Summary: In this report, we demonstrate that when forced to exercise in a hot, humid environment, an individual's exercise capacity may increase by as much as 8% when wearing a shirt composed of multistage phase change material and active cooling components.
An Introduction to Stochastic Compartmental Models in Pharmacokinetics

Linear compartmental models are being widely used to model pharmacokinetic systems. Most of these models are deterministic and the statistical analysis of such models has been studied extensively. Many deterministic models are illustrated in other papers of this volume, and recent reviews are also given by Gibaldi and Perrier (1982), Godfrey (1983), and Jacquez (1985).
SATELLITE SENTINEL FOR OIL SPILLS IN 1978

The oil spill detection and monitoring capability of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), a 6-spectral band scanner specifically designed for ocean color imagery to fly on Nimbus G in 1978 is described. High-altitude U-2 flights with a CZCS breadboard scanner onboard have demonstrated a capacity for detecting the natural oil seepage off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. The results in terms of the satellite's capability to detect oil pollution of this relatively small magnitude or larger on a near daily global basis are described.
Enhancing LC-PUFA production in Thalassiosira pseudonana by overexpressing the endogenous fatty acid elongase genes

The health beneficial omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are naturally synthesized by diatoms through consecutive steps of fatty acid elongase and desaturase enzymes. In Thalassiosira pseudonana, these fatty acids constitute about 10–20 % of the total fatty acids, with EPA accumulation being five to ten times higher than DHA. In order to identify the subcellular localization of enzymes in the pathway of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in T. pseudonana and to manipulate the production of EPA and DHA, we generated constructs for overexpressing each of the T. pseudonana long-chain fatty acid elongase genes. Full-length proteins were fused to GFP, and transgenic lines were generated. In addition, overexpressed native proteins with no GFP fusion were tested. The subcellular localization of each elongase protein was determined. We then examined the total amount of lipids and analyzed the fatty acid profile in each of the transgenic lines compared to wild type. Lines with overexpressed elongases showed an increase of up to 1.4-fold in EPA and up to 4.5-fold in DHA, and the type of fatty acid that was increased (EPA vs. DHA) depended on the type of elongase that was overexpressed. This data informs future metabolic engineering approaches to further improve EPA and DHA content in diatoms.
Flux-preserving enforcement of inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions for strongly divergence-free mixed finite element methods for flow problems

Abstract We investigate a flux-preserving enforcement of inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions for velocity, u | ∂ Ω = g , for use with finite element methods for incompressible flow problems that strongly enforce mass conservation. Typical enforcement via nodal interpolation is not flux-preserving in general, and it can create divergence error even when divergence-free elements are used. We show with analysis and numerical tests that by slightly (and locally) changing nodal interpolation, the enforcement recovers flux-preservation, is optimally accurate, and delivers divergence-free solutions when used with divergence-free finite elements.
Low back pain: living with ambiguity.

Ambiguity is a fact of life in treating acute low back pain, frustrating physicians and patients alike.
Real-time Monitoring of Transmission Line Ice-coating by Simulation Conductor

Real-time monitoring of transmission line ice-coating has been a hot study subject in China in recent year.An ice-coating measurement device is developed for real-time measuring ice-coating on lines by using a simulation conductor.This paper introduces this ice-coating device,including its principle,structure,ice-coating calculation method and field application.This device is low in cost and simple in installation and can be easily popularized for ice-coating monitoring of transmission lines.
Directions of Growth: A Test of Positioning, Resource, Legitimation, and Vicarious Market Learning Arguments

A number of logics have been proposed to describe and prescribe the direction of firm growth. Among the most well-established logics are arguments relating to positioning, resources, legitimation and vicarious market learning. Using data of all mutual fund openings in the U.S. for the period 1961-1996, we find that all four logics help explain firm behavior. To make correct inferences, however, it is important to consider all logics simultaneously. In addition, we infer the growth logic(s) followed by individual firms from their product introductions and test the performance consequences, i.e., the prescriptive aspects, of each logic. Firms that followed a positioning logic had higher performance than firms that did not. No such performance benefit was detected for the other logics. Even though firms that followed a resource logic were able to introduce superior products (new funds with higher returns), their overall performance was not positively affected. This finding points to a potential pitfall of following exclusively a resource-based strategy. By focusing internally on existing resources and capabilities, firms may develop superior products for markets that are, however, not very attractive.
Evaluation of a colorimetric DNA hybridization test for detection of Salmonellae in meat and poultry products.

A commercially available colorimetric DNA hybridization test was compared with the USDA/FSIS conventional culture method for detection of salmonellae in naturally contaminated meat and poultry products and inoculated ground beef samples. All samples which were Salmonella -positive by the culture method were also positive by the DNA probe assay. There were no false-negative or false-positive results by the colorimetric DNA hybridization test, which was slightly more sensitive than the culture method.
Everyday Solution-Focused Recursion: When Family Therapy Faculty, Supervisors, Researchers, Students, and Clients Play Well Together

In academic clinical programs, a constant challenge is to transform the “hardening of the categories,” that is, relational patterns keeping teachers, supervisors, researchers, students, and clients in traditional roles that support isolation, conflict, and disengagement. To address this concern in our family therapy department and training clinic, we have moved from an oppressive pedagogy to an appreciative andragogy by embracing a solution-focused recursion between the roles we play to “soften” traditional boundaries creating more playful, flat, relational patterns leading to more therapy-informed research, more research-informed clinical practices, and more egalitarian faculty–student relations. Oh, and the clients seem to benefit too!
Lessons from the legends: a content analysis of the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration's Legends videos.

This paper reports lessons learned from sampling 68 of 119 videotaped interviews with the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration’s (AAPRA’s) Legends in Parks and Recreation. The videos contain great insight into the history of the organized park and recreation movement in the United States, as well as the administrative, educational, and philosophical positions of its leading administrators and educators. The examination was prompted by our interest in whether there might be patterns of foresight in the videos that could serve present and future park and recreation professionals. We examined each of the 68 videos in teams of two, searching for common themes. Using a three-phase content analysis, we discerned three broad categories within which to discuss the results: becoming extraordinary, being extraordinary, and serving an extraordinary profession. Within each of the three categories, we also discuss several emerging sub-themes. We conclude the paper by directing the reader to a video link that brings the Lessons from the Legends to life, and discussing educational use of the videos.
Native American Families

The Native American family has faced many difficulties since the beginning of the development of Euro-American culture, including the forced removal of children from families during the 1960s by the US government. As a result of the pressure to accept capitalistic traditions, many Native American families have been forced to adapt despite their typically interdependent heritage. As of 2010 there were 5.2 million individuals within the United States who identify as having American Indian or Alaskan Native origin. In the same year there were 565 federally recognized tribes throughout the United States to which these individuals belonged. Native Americans have been identified as the most impoverished ethnic group in the United States, which has resulted in many families seeking employment off the reservations, putting strain on the traditional values of tribes and influencing the current roles and obligations of many Native American families. Keywords: American Indian; communal sharing; family roles; family typology; heritage; Indian Child Welfare Act; interdependence; Native American; reservation; tribe; work and families