cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seifert surfaces for genus one hyperbolic knots in the $3$–sphere

We prove that any collection of mutually disjoint and nonparallel genus one orientable Seifert surfaces in the exterior of a hyperbolic knot in the 3–sphere has at most 5 components and that this bound is optimal.
Curricular Development and Training Requirements for Periodontal Sedation

Teaching moderate sedation to the level of competency is a complex undertaking that requires an understanding of the ADA Guidelines for Teaching Pain Control and Sedation to Dentists and Dental Students, as well as individual state dental board permitting requirements. The course director should be an individual qualified by experience and training in moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia. Curricular development is standardized to conform with the ADA Guidelines, and a mechanism must be developed to adequately assess the trainee’s performance and competency during the course.
Candida auris Forms High-Burden Biofilms in Skin Niche Conditions and on Porcine Skin

Emerging pathogen Candida auris causes nosocomial outbreaks of life-threatening invasive candidiasis. It is unclear how this species colonizes skin and spreads in health care facilities. Here, we analyzed C. auris growth in synthetic sweat medium designed to mimic axillary skin conditions. We show that C. auris demonstrates a high capacity for biofilm formation in this milieu, well beyond that observed for the most commonly isolated Candida sp., Candida albicans The C. auris biofilms persist in environmental conditions expected in the hospital setting. To model C. auris skin colonization, we designed an ex vivo porcine skin model. We show that C. auris proliferates on porcine skin in multilayer biofilms. This capacity to thrive in skin niche conditions helps explain the propensity of C. auris to colonize skin, persist on medical devices, and rapidly spread in hospitals. These studies provide clinically relevant tools to further characterize this important growth modality.IMPORTANCE The emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris causes invasive infections and is spreading in hospitals worldwide. Why this species exhibits the capacity to transfer efficiently among patients is unknown. Our findings reveal that C. auris forms high-burden biofilms in conditions mimicking sweat on the skin surface. These adherent biofilm communities persist in environmental conditions expected in the hospital setting. Using a pig skin model, we show that C. auris also forms high-burden biofilm structures on the skin surface. Identification of this mode of growth sheds light on how this recently described pathogen persists in hospital settings and spreads among patients.
Research and Application of Multi-level Coordination and Risk Assessment of Rural Distribution Lines

There are some problems in the 10 kV feeder switch and line intelligent switch in the existing substations, such as over-protection or no protection range, and failure of coordination between upper and lower levels. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a method of protection setting calculation based on system parameters and two-phase short-circuit fault types. Taking the single radiation line as an example, it analyses in detail the application of this method in protection coordination, over-current setting of switches at all levels, and the risk of leapfrog trip. The results show that this method can effectively increase the protection range, optimize the switch layout, and greatly simplify the protection setting calculation while ensuring the selectivity of the protection device. Finally, based on the above calculation method, the protection setting calculation software is designed. It can automatically complete setting calculation and verify protection range according to relevant parameters of the system, and automatically generate risk assessment report of original setting value.
Inertia and propulsion in general relativity: a reply to rodal

In a recent issue of this journal, Rodal (Gen Relativ Gravit 51:61–84, 2019) has written an extensive critique of a novel propulsion scheme devised nearly 30 years ago (Woodward in Found Phys Lett 6:1–39, 1995; Making starships and stargates: the science of interstellar transport and absurdly benign wormholes, Springer, New York, 2012). That scheme depends on the production of rest mass fluctuations, driven in special systems, that arise when the systems are accelerated, through the interaction of the systems with the field that produces inertial forces. Following Einstein, the field that produces inertial forces is taken to be the gravitational field due chiefly to the most distant matter (everything that gravitates) in the universe. Such rest mass fluctuations in local accelerating objects, predicted using the relativistic Newtonian approximation to general relativity, are now called “Mach effects” since they depend on inertial forces in fact being gravitational forces as Ernst Mach hinted might be the case. Rodal claims that such rest mass fluctuations with significant magnitude, save in the vicinity of black holes, are not to be found in general relativity notwithstanding that they appear in the relativistic Newtonian approximation. Rodal is mistaken in this claim, as I have already explained at some length (Woodward in J Br Interplanet Soc 70:354–364, 2018). Here I recapitulate some of that material and expand some material with specific reference to his now published claims.
Chapter 14 – Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics

Properties of systems change with time. Weather changes because of high and low pressures in the atmosphere. Heat travels by convection, conduction, and radiation. Phase particles move by diffusion and convection. These movements are described in terms of forces, fluxes and flows, vectors and scalars. The driving forces behind these movements are gradients in the descriptive parameters of pressure, heat, and mass. All changes are associated with local entropy change, σ, as manifested in the associated dissipation function of forces time flows. The local entropy change is measured by a dissipation function, the sum of all contributions of the product of fluxes and forces. The force of fluid resistance on a body that moves relative to the fluid is a measure of the friction factor associated with the object. The friction factor, in turn, is dependent upon the shape of the object. Therefore a study of the movement of an object through a fluid, either by translation or rotation, can provide information about the shape of the object. There are exact mathematical expressions for the friction factor of spheres, ellipsoids of revolution, rods, and cylinders. Friction factors for irregular shapes can be approximated to good accuracy with a subunit bead model. The Onsager reciprocity relationships are introduced.
Toward feminist energy systems: Why adding women and solar panels is not enough✰

Abstract Growth in renewable energy does not displace fossil fuel use on a one-to-one basis, but rather increases the total amount of energy that is produced. As numerous scholars have argued, an energy transition away from – rather than in addition to – fossil fuels will require more than technology and financial capital. Here we argue that a feminist perspective on energy provides an important framework for understanding what keeps us stuck in unsustainable energy cultures, as well as a paradigm for designing truly just energy systems. Feminist approaches have been widely taken up in environmental and ecofeminist work, as well as in climate change research. In energy studies, however, gender-related research has tended to focus more narrowly on women's issues. Although this is crucial work, the focus on women represents just one dimension of what feminism can bring to the study of energy. Feminist theory also offers expertise in the study of power more broadly, which is widely applicable to the full spectrum of energy research. This article outlines a feminist energy research agenda that addresses many aspects of energy system design, planning, exchange, and use. We analyze energy along four intersecting coordinates: the political (democratic, decentralized and pluralist); economic (prioritizing human well-being and biodiversity over profit and unlimited growth); socio-ecological (preferring relationality over individualism); and technological (privileging distributed and decentralized fuel power and people power). In doing so, we show that feminism is well-suited for navigating the tangled web of power, profit, and technological innovation that comprises human fuel use.
A first approach into the characterisation of historical plastic objects by in situ diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy

Abstract This research explores the potential of a portable instrumentation of diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy for the in situ characterisation of plastics cultural objects. As sampling has been increasingly questioned in the conservation field, the development of portable devices has been sought. Among them, infrared (IR) spectroscopy in reflection mode has been gaining a powerful position in conservation research. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been widely used for plastics, yet the strong contact required by the technique can make it inappropriate for flexible and/or fragile historic objects. Therefore, in this study, the potential of in situ DRIFT spectroscopy is assessed on both references and historical objects made of the same polymers – polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Plastic samples showing different characteristics such as refractive and absorption indexes and topography are also included. These different polymers and surface qualities are discussed as factors influencing the final spectra. In situ DRIFT proved to be very versatile as it could be applied in a variety of plastics and objects' shapes, does not require sampling nor an intimate contact as ATR. Moreover, specific bands and spectral profiles were identified as DRIFT markers of the polymers under study. The acquisition conditions for the in situ analysis were optimized and a pilot spectral database using different IR modes (transmission, ATR and DR) was created. Important information was collected, which allowed the polymer identification of the majority of the historical objects produced between the 1940s and 1980s, from a Portuguese private collection.
The impact of the Great Recession on California domestic violence events, and related hospitalizations and emergency service visits.

Abstract Objective Explore the impact of the Great Recession on domestic violence (DV) related hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits in California. Methods Hospital and ED data were drawn from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD). DV-related hospitalizations and ED visits in California were analyzed between January 2000 and September 2015 (53,596), along with total medical costs. Time series were divided into pre-recession (Jan 2000-Nov 2007) and recession/post-recession (Dec 2007-Sept 2015) periods. Results The medical cost of DV-related hospitalizations alone was estimated as $1,136,165,861. A dramatic increase in DV episodes was found potentially associated with the Great Recession. The number of ED visits per month tripled from pre- to post-recession (104.9 vs. 290.6), along with an increased number of hospitalizations (77.1 vs. 95.6); African Americans and Native Americans were disproportionally impacted. In addition, psychiatric comorbidities, severe DV episodes, in-hospital mortality and charge per hospitalization escalated. The rise in DV hospitalizations and ED visits beginning in December 2007 was mainly attributable to physical abuse episodes in adults; minors had no change in DV trends. Discussion Recessions are frequent in modern economies and are repeated cyclically. Our study provides critical information on the effects of the 2007 financial crisis on DV-related healthcare service utilization in California. Given the current financial crisis associated with COVID-19, which expert predict could extend for years, the results from this study shine a spotlight on the importance of DV-related screening, prevention and response.
Scheherazade’s Tavern: A Prototype For Deeper NPC Interactions

In many games, NPC-player interactions play a vital role in gameplay. Previous literature has successfully shown how NPC interaction focused on social simulation is an effective means for creating dynamic characters such as in the games Prom Week and Versu. We believe that social simulation is a key element in the creation of complex characters, which is further aided by natural language interaction and knowledge modeling. In this work, we propose an architecture for player-NPC interactions built on top of the Ensemble engine that additionally incorporates chatbots and knowledge modeling technology, with the objective of making craftable and interesting NPCs more easily authorable.
Free Appropriate Public Education in the Time of COVID-19

In the spring of 2020, public schools across the United States were forced to close their campuses due to an emerging public health crisis caused by the detection of the first cases of the COVID-19...
Mixing Tracks: Notes toward the analysis and design of vocal manipulation in Hip Hop music

Abstract This article reports findings from an ethnographic study of the literacy practices of a group of Hip Hop sound engineers in one music studio. Given the often overlooked sonic dimensions of Hip Hop cultural production, two research questions guided this study: how do those socialized into Hip Hop culture compose with sound? And what are the ways in which these practitioners are redefining sonic literacies and what it means to be literate outside of school? In order to account for the way that sound composition differs within a culturally diverse and situated context, I compiled four types of information that helped reveal the literacy practices of these sound engineers in the Southside of Chicago: video records, field notes, audio transcripts, and site artifacts. The findings describe how vocal manipulation must be a part of any rhetorical considerations and design of sound. These findings contribute to building a schema for Hip Hop sound engineering.
Estimating and Removing the Sampling Biases of the AIRS Obs4MIPs V2 Data

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Observations for Model Intercomparison Projects (Obs4MIPs) Version 2.0 (V2.0) monthly mean tropospheric air temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity profile data were designed for climate model evaluation in the context of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Due to the limitations of the Aqua satellite orbit and the AIRS retrieval algorithm, the sampling biases of the AIRS Obs4MIPs V2.0 data can be large for certain cases and must be considered when the AIRS Obs4MIPs V2.0 data are used for climate model evaluation. In this study, we estimate the sampling biases of the AIRS Obs4MIPs V2.0 data based on the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (ERA5) reanalysis and cross-check them using the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis. We then remove the estimated sampling biases from the AIRS Obs4MIPs V2.0 data and produce the sampling-bias-corrected AIRS Obs4MIPs V2.1 data that have been published at the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) data centers and should be used in the future for climate model evaluation.
For Latinx, by Latinx: Race-conscious leadership in policy implementation

Policy implementation research tends to document the failures of reform, describing the myriad ways implementers miss the mark in translating intent into impact; or in the words of Derrick Bell, policy scholars are left with examining the “unfilled hopes of racial reform” (2004, p. 185). In contrast, this article presents an intrinsic case study where campus leaders took a race-conscious approach to implementing a state-wide reform known as the Student Equity Policy. I constructed the Trenza Policy Implementation Framework to center the experience, knowledge, and assets of Latinx leaders in community college that oversee and implement policy reform. The framework highlights the raced-gendered perspectives of Latinx leaders in community college to understand their motivations to implement policy in race-conscious ways (Delgado Bernal, 2002). I conducted in-depth and sustained fieldwork to learn how implementers understood and responded to state-level reform in race-conscious ways and used the policy to target and address one of the most pressing issues in higher education, the inequitable rates of transfer for Latinx students. I share how the salience of racialized-gendered identity, cultural intuition, social context, and enacting agency allowed leaders to envision more race-conscious possibilities for policy reform and its implementation on campus.
Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Theranostic Applications

Over the past few years, engineered inorganic nanoparticles have been studied, researched, and applied extensively in the biomedical field because resultant platforms increase the usage of nanopart...
Individuals and Organizations: The Micro Dimension

The primary actors, facilitators, and beneficiaries of HRD are employees, contract workers, and organizations or local units. They make up the final content dimension of the Regional Human Resource Development (Regional HRD) ecosystem in Southeast Asia. Organizations throughout the region use HRD to develop their employees as a way of achieving their organizational missions and adapting to the ever-changing economic, political, and technological landscapes. Similarly, employees and workers pursue development opportunities to increase their workplace knowledge, skills, and mindsets. As communities, countries, and the region as a whole become increasingly interconnected, HRD at this micro dimension is comprised of central actors in the Regional HRD ecosystem. This chapter describes these components of the micro dimension and provides examples of a variety of organizations in Southeast Asia to describe how they utilize HRD and how HRD occurs at this level.
SU-E-T-784: Using MLC Log Files for Daily IMRT Delivery Verification

Purpose: To verify daily intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments using multi-leaf collimator (MLC) log files. Methods: The MLC log files from a NovalisTX Varian linear accelerator were used in this study. The MLC files were recorded daily for all patients undergoing IMRT or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The first record of each patient was used as reference and all records for subsequent days were compared against the reference. An in house MATLAB software code was used for the comparisons. Each MLC log file was converted to a fluence map (FM) and a gamma index (γ) analysis was used for the evaluation of each daily delivery for every patient. The tolerance for the gamma index was set to 2% dose difference and 2mm distance to agreement while points with signal of 10% or lower of the maximum value were excluded from the comparisons. Results: The γ between each of the reference FMs and the consecutive daily fraction FMs had an average value of 99.1% (ranged from 98.2 to 100.0%). The FM images were reconstructed at various resolutions in order to study the effect of the resolution on the γ and at the same time reduce the time for processing the images. We found that the comparison of images with the highest resolution (768×1024) yielded on average a lower γ (99.1%) than the ones with low resolution (192×256) (γ 99.5%). Conclusion: We developed an in-house software that allows us to monitor the quality of daily IMRT and VMAT treatment deliveries using information from the MLC log files of the linear accelerator. The information can be analyzed and evaluated as early as after the completion of each daily treatment. Such tool can be valuable to assess the effect of MLC positioning on plan quality, especially in the context of adaptive radiotherapy.
Abstract 17839: High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration and Size Are Markers of Residual Cardiovascular Risk in a Coronary Catheterization Cohort

Background: Residual risk beyond standard risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) events exists despite optimal control of those risk factors. Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with statin medication remains an important intervention for primary and secondary prevention of CV events. The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in residual CV risk is less clear, given that many interventions targeted to raise HDL-C have failed to reduce CV events. We hypothesized that HDL particle concentration (HDL-P) and size are associated with future CV events in a high-risk population after accounting for standard risk factors and might therefore serve as a potential additional CV risk targets. Methods: The CATHGEN biorepository consists of subjects undergoing catheterization for clinical suspicion of ischemic heart disease at Duke University. The CV event rate was 30% at the time of this analysis. NMR analyses of lipoprotein particle concentration were performed in frozen plasma obtained from 4,248 CATHGEN subjects. Lipoprotein association with time to event [death/myocardial infarction (MI) or death] was tested by Cox proportional hazards adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, body-mass index, LDL-C and HDL-C. Results: After adjustment, HDL-P had a strong negative association with future CV events (hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval per 1.0 population standard deviation) for death (0.587 [0.544-0.633], χ 2 4.01e-43) and death/MI (0.613 [0.571-0.659], χ 2 6.62e-41). Greater large HDL particle concentration was associated with greater risk (death 1.72 [1.56-1.90], χ 2 1.94e-26; death/MI 1.62 [1.48-1.78], χ 2 1.3e-23) whereas greater small HDL particle concentration was protective for CV events (death 0.708 [0.667-0.752], χ 2 5.16e-30; death/MI 0.716 [0.677-0.757], χ 2 6.16e-32). Conclusion: The favorable association of HDL on CV risk is complex and may relate more to HDL particle function rather than cholesterol content. The strong negative associations of HDL-P and small HDL particles with future CV events, even after adjustment for LDL-C and HDL-C, suggest that HDL-P and size may be important targets for management of residual CV risk in high-risk populations.
Interactive home shopping: the format of the future?

In the never ending pursuit of convenience, and the 'best bargain', a number of home shopping services have been developed. These delivery services include mail order catalogs, television programs, dedicated cable channels, and supported videotapes, videologs, and radio shows. A number of interactive shopping services have also appeared such as online computer services, videotext, and more recently two-way hybrid telecommunication prototypes such as J.C. Penny's Telaction and GTE's Main Street project. In the future, this line-up may be expanded to include any of a number of next-generation interactive home consumer systems such as CDI (compact disc interactive), DVI (digital video interactive), interactive videotape and broadband fiber optic services. Is interactive shopping the wave of the future?. >
Sleep Optimizes Motor Skill in Older Adults

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether sleep benefits motor memory in healthy elderly adults and, if so, whether the observed sleep-related benefits are comparable with those observed in healthy young adults. DESIGN: Repeated-measures cross-over design. SETTING: Boston, Massachusetts (general community) and Harvard University. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy older and 15 healthy young participants. MEASUREMENTS: Motor sequence task (MST) performance was assessed at training and at the beginning and end of the retest session; polysomnographic sleep studies were recorded for the elderly participants. RESULTS: After 12 hours of daytime wakefulness, elderly participants showed a dramatic decline in MST performance on the first three retest trials, and only a nonsignificant improvement by the end of retest (the last 3 retest trials). In contrast, when the same participants trained in the morning but were retested 24 hours after training, after a day of wake plus a night of sleep, they maintained their performance at the beginning of retest and demonstrated a highly significant 17.4% improvement by the end of the retest session, essentially identical to the 17.3% improvement seen in young participants. These strikingly similar improvements occurred despite the presence of other age-related differences, including overall slower motor speed, a lag in the appearance of sleep-dependent improvement, and an absence of correlations between overnight improvement and sleep architecture or sleep spindle density in the elderly participants. CONCLUSION: These findings provide compelling evidence that sleep optimizes motor skill performance across the adult life span.
Chapter 23 – Functional Brain Imaging and Verbal Behavior

ABSTRACT Recent advances in brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) coupled with studies of event-related potentials (ERPs) now permit us to examine safely the normal human brain while it functions. These studies provide a much clearer understanding of the architecture of language systems in the brain and exciting new insights into how the normal human brain produces observable behavior. Neural-network models should yield important conceptual insights into the interpretation of the emerging data on functional brain imaging.
Cyanide metabolism in higher plants. V. The formation of asparagine from -cyanoalanine.

β-Cyanoalanine hydrolase, an enzyme which catalyzes the formation of asparagine from β-cyanoalanine, has been isolated from the soluble fraction of the cotyledons and shoots of 11-day-old etiolated blue lupin seedlings. The enzyme can be assayed radio-chemically by measuring the incorporation of label from β-[4-14C]cyano-l-alanine into asparagine, or colorimetrically by estimating the ammonia produced by Nesslerization after hydrolysis of the asparagine formed during the incubation. The enzyme has been purified some 250–300 fold, though not to homogeneity, with an overall yield of 15%. β-Cyanoalanine hydrolase has a pH optimum of about 8.5 and a molecular weight of 400,000–500,000 estimated from its elution volume on Sepharose 6B. A Km of 2.0 mm for β-cyanoalanine was determined. The blue lupin β-cyanoalanine hydrolase was found to be highly specific for β-cyanoalanine. This enzyme was distinct from other plant, bacterial and fungal nitrilases, asparaginases or glutaminases and plant hydroxynitrile lyases
Managerial training effectiveness: A meta‐analysis 1952‐2002

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to add to the significant contributions of past research by assessing what the overall effectiveness of managerial training has been over a period of 50 years and by identifying changes in overall effectiveness during this time period. Additionally, this study aims to evaluate what the overall findings on the effectiveness of training has been based on study design and subgroups focusing on the equivalent of Kirkpatrick's famous learning, behavior, and results outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – This study quantitatively integrates and extends the literature on management training through a meta‐analytic procedure. The resulting sample of past research includes studies from the time period between 1952 and 2002, representing 85 interventions and 4,779 subjects.Findings – The results do not suggest a great deal of improvement in the effectiveness of managerial training from 1952 through 2002 and effect sizes have remained moderate. Additionally, outcome subgroup ap...
Thresholds Measured With 350-nm Pulses at 25–100 Hz for Bare Polished Crystals of CaF 2 and for Silica Sol-gel AR Coatings on Silica Substrates

An XeF laser-damage experiment was used to measure damage thresholds for bare polished crystals of CaF/sub 2/ and porous silica antireflection coatings on fused silica substrates. Damage was induced by applying 1000 350-nm, 25-ns pulses at repetition rates of 25 to 100 Hz to small (typically 0.12 x .03 cm) sites on the surfaces of the sample. Eight samples of fluorescence-free CaF/sub 2/ exhibited both surface and bulk damage at fluences as low as 10 J/cm/sup 2/. Three samples of UV-grade CaF/sub 2/ also had surface damage thresholds of 10 J/cm/sup 2/, and bulk damage was not observed in this material. Thresholds for the porous silica coatings were 17 to 23 J/cm/sup 2/.
Urban growth and aerosol effects on convection over Houston: Part I: The August 2000 case

Abstract The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the growth of the Houston metropolitan area on the characteristics and intensity of convection and precipitation. For this purpose, we implemented the Town Energy Budget (TEB) urban model into Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The Landsat Thematic Mapper National Land Cover Data (NLCD) for the Houston area corresponding to the years 1992, 2001 and 2006 were used for an objective experimental design of land-use sensitivity experiments. We analyzed the impact on two distinct groups of convective cells triggered by the sea breeze circulation on August 24 2000 and compared the model simulated precipitation to RADAR data. The first group of storms occurred southwest of the city and was not influenced by the urban cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), while the second was and occurred north of the city (downwind) a few hours later. The effect of land-use on convection and precipitation was dramatic for the storms SW of the city and it was linked to a monotonic increase in the intensity of the sea breeze. The intensification of the sea-breeze circulation when using the 1992, 2001, and 2006 NLCD land use datasets generated a monotonic increase of the total precipitated volume of 9, 11, and 25%, respectively (over a run with no city). Due to increased exposure to aerosols, the upper levels of the convective cells downwind of the city were invigorated by a greater latent heat release linked to higher amounts of liquid water transported to supercooled levels. However, precipitation did not show a monotonic behavior when we varied the intensity of the urban aerosol sources. With the highest aerosol concentrations, riming growth of ice particles became so inefficient that larger amounts of condensate was transported upwards into the storm anvil, contributing to a reduction in precipitation efficiency.
Control of feedback linearizable systems with input unmodeled dynamics

Considers nonlinear systems with stable linear unmodeled dynamics at the input. First the authors illustrate the main instability mechanisms on an example. Then the authors propose a dynamic feedback design which guarantees global boundedness in the presence of input unmodeled dynamics. The authors apply this design to feedback linearizable systems, for which global asymptotic stability is also achieved. >
The Complex Synergy of Water in Metal/Bromide Autoxidations. Part II. Effect of Water and Catalyst on the Aerobic Oxidation of Benzaldehydes and the Effect of Water on the Elementary Catalytic Pathways

All of the rates of the elementary steps in the Co/Br and Co/Mn/Br homogeneous, liquid-phase catalyzed reactions decrease with increasing water concentration in acetic acid. The step-wise replacement of the acetic acid ligands by water ligands in the coordination sphere of the catalyst metals may be responsible for this behavior. The non-catalyzed and metal-catalyzed (Co, Co/Mn/Br and Co/Mn) aerobic oxidations of benzaldehyde and 4-methylbenzaldehyde are reported. The non-catalyzed autoxidations are quite vigorous reactions in acetic acid/water mixtures but by-products from the Baeyer-Villiger reaction, the thermal decomposition of the peroxy acid, and over-oxidation to carbon dioxide limit the yield to the aromatic carboxylic acids. As the concentration of a Co or Co/Mn/Br catalyst increases these by-products are first reduced and then eliminated probably due to the very fast, selective reaction of [Co(II)] 2 with the peroxy acid. A Co/Mn catalyst completely inhibits the autoxidation of the benzaldehydes. There is a gradual change in the yield of terephthaldicarboxaldehyde from 4-methylbenzaldehyde with increasing Co/Mn/Br concentration suggesting that the non-catalyzed steps are being replaced by catalyzed ones. The autoxidation of heptaldehyde generates about 500 times more carbon monoxide than does benzaldehyde using a Co/Mn/Br catalyst and gives only a 50% yield to heptanoic acid consistent with excessive amounts of decarbonylation with aliphatic aldehydes.
Discovery of Molecular and Catalytic Diversity among Human Diphosphoinositol-Polyphosphate Phosphohydrolases AN EXPANDING NUDT FAMILY

Abstract The turnover of the “high energy” diphosphoinositol polyphosphates by Ca2+- and cyclic nucleotide-modulated enzymes is considered a regulatory, molecular switching activity. Target processes may include intracellular trafficking. Following our earlier identification of a prototype humandiphosphoinositol-polyphosphatephosphohydrolase (hDIPP1), we now describe new 21-kDa human isoforms, hDIPP2α and hDIPP2β, distinguished from each other solely by hDIPP2β possessing one additional amino acid (Gln86). Candidate DIPP2α and DIPP2β homologues in rat and mouse were also identified. The rank order for catalytic activity is hDIPP1 > hDIPP2α > hDIPP2β. Differential expression of hDIPP isoforms may provide flexibility in response times of the molecular switches. The 76% identity between hDIPP1 and the hDIPP2s includes conservation of an emerging signature sequence, namely, a Nudt (MutT) motif with a GX 2GX 6G carboxy extension. Northern and Western analyses indicate expression of hDIPP2s is broad but atypically controlled; these proteins are translated from multiple mRNAs that differ in the length of the 3′-untranslated region because of utilization of an array of alternative (canonical and noncanonical) polyadenylation signals. Thus, cells can recruit sophisticated molecular processes to regulate diphosphoinositol polyphosphate turnover.
Hopeful Openings: A Study of Five Women's Development Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean

Hopeful Openings:. Study of Five Women's Development Organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean. Sally W. Yudelman. Kumarian Press Case Studies Series. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1987. 127 pp. $15.95 (paper). ISBN 0-931816-23-8.
Figuring Rhetoric: From Antistrophe to Apostrophe through Catastrophe

Abstract This essay explores rhetoric tropologically through various strophes: antistrophe, catastrophe, and apostrophe. Our purpose is to delineate problems and possibilities that these tropes pose for rhetoric in an effort to create new rhetorics. We seek to display the antistrophic and catastrophic figurations of rhetoric and then use visual lenses of photography and cinema to disrupt the figurations. Following the disruption, we seek to heighten sensibilities to other figurations, in particular an apostrophic figuration. We cast apostrophe as a figure for change because it marks a deeply felt turn toward difference and otherness. Turned as such, rhetoric becomes erotic.
Prototype broadband/high-resolution spectrometer designed for the study of planetary atmospheres

Optical remote sensing plays an important role in the study of planetary atmospheres, especially in determining trace gas abundance, temperature profiles and dynamics/winds. Instruments to be flown aboard interplanetary platforms must be small, have low mass and consume little power. Fabry- Perot interferometers (FPI) satisfy these physical constraints and are capable of acquiring spectra suitable for analysis of the atmospheric parameters. Two new applications of FPI technology have recently been developed at UM/SPRL: the multiplex Fabry-Perot interferometer (MFPI) and the multi-order etalon spectrometer (MOES). The MFPI produces a broad bandwidth high resolution spectrum via Fourier transformed interferograms produced by scanning the etalon over large distances. The MOES simultaneously measures several similar lines in a regular spectrum by matching its free spectral range to the line spacing. Thus MFPI provides a means for broadening the usable bandwidth and MOES can record improved signal-to-noise spectra at extremely high resolution. This paper reports recent progress in the design, construction and testing of a prototype instrument incorporating both the MFPI and the MOES concepts using a single set of etalon plates.
Conformal invariance in incommensurate phases

We study finite-size corrections to the free energy of free-fermion models on a torus with periodic, twisted, and fixed boundary conditions. Inside the critical (striped-incommensurate) phase, the free energy densityf(N, M) on anN×M square lattice with periodic (or twisted) boundary conditions scales asf(N, M)=f ∞−A(s)/(NM)+.... We derive exactly the finite-size-scaling (FSS) amplitudesA(s) as a function of the aspect ratios=M/N. These amplitudes are universal because they do not depend on details of the free-fermion Hamiltonian. We establish an equivalence between the FSS amplitudes of the free-fermion model and the Coulomb gas system with electric and magnetic defect lines. The twist angle generates magnetic defect lines, while electric defect lines are generated by competition between domain wall separation and system size. The FSS behavior of the free-fermion model is consistent with predictions of the theory of conformal invariance with the conformal chargec=l. For instance, the FSS amplitude on an infinite cylinder with fixed boundary conditions is found to be one-quarter of that with periodic boundary conditions. Finally, we conjecture the exact form of the FSS amplitudes for an interacting-fermion model on a torus. Numerical calculations employing the Bethe Ansatz confirm our conjecture in the infinite-cylinder limit.
Severe bone pain as an adverse effect of cyclosporin therapy for Crohn's disease

A case of severe bone pain associated with cyclosporin therapy for Crohn's disease is reported. Severe leg pain developed in a 32-year-old man who was receiving cyclosporin for Crohn's disease that was refractory to medical management. Leg pain was related to the dose of cyclosporin, improved with calcium channel blockade, and resolved on discontinuation of cyclosporin. This syndrome has been described in the renal transplantation literature and may be related to vasoconstriction of bone vasculature.
Correlation between confirmed sites of neurological lesions and abnormalities of far-field auditory brainstem responses

Far-field auditory brainstem responses were recorded in ten patients in whom the distribution of pathology was defined at autopsy or at operation. The response normally consists of seven components in the initial 10 msec following click signals. Interruption of audiotory pathway at the junction of VII nerve with brainstem results in loss of response components after Wave I. Interruption of auditory pathway at the midbrain results in loss of response components after Wave III. We conclude that Wave I reflects activity of VIII nerve, Waves II and III reflect activity of cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body, and superior olive and Waves IV and V reflect activity of lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus. The generators of Waves VI and VII were not defined.
Signal-averaged electrocardiography in the time and frequency domains.

The noninvasive signal-averaged electrocardiographic detection of late potentials correlates with the spontaneous occurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). Frequency analysis of the electrocardiographic signal from the terminal QRS and ST segment also correlates with sustained VT. This study was designed to compare these 2 methods by analysis of signals recorded from the same hardware system. Signals were recorded from 234 patients with prior myocardial infarctions with a commercially available signal-averaging system. Patients were classified into 2 groups: group 1 consisted of 84 patients with VT and group 2 consisted of 150 patients without VT. In the frequency domain, magnitude and energy area ratios and peak ratios of the spectral plot from 20 to 50 Hz over 0 to 20 Hz were calculated for a 140-ms interval starting 60 ms after the beginning of the QRS. In the time domain, the duration of the filtered QRS was 121 ± 29 ms for group 1 and 110 ± 25 ms for group 2 (p < 0.002). The duration of the terminal QRS < 40 μV was 45 ± 21 ms in group 1 and 36 ± 18 ms in group 2 (p < 0.001). The root-mean-square amplitude of the terminal 40 ms of the QRS was 25 ± 24 μV in group 1 and 36 ± 33 μV in group 2 (p < 0.004). In the frequency domain, the log peak magnitude ratio was 3.14 ± 0.97 in group 1 and 2.66 ± 1.23 in group 2 (p < 0.004) and the log peak energy ratio was −0.32 ± 1.99 in group 1 and −1.38 ± 2.55 in group 2 (p < 0.002). The log magnitude energy ratio was 3.97 ± 0.72 in group 1 and 3.72 ± 0.95 in group 2 (p < 0.04) and the energy area ratio was 1.01 ± 1.4 in group 1 and 0.57 ± 1.91 in group 2 (p = 0.06). Stepwise multiple logistic regression showed that (in order of importance) the duration of the filtered QRS, magnitude peak ratio, energy area ratio, conduction defect score and myocardial infarction location were useful in identifying the patient with VT. Analysis of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram in both the time and frequency domains revealed that both methods have value for the identification of patients with sustained VT.
Layout induced variability and manufacturability checks in FinFETs process

With increasing chip sizes and shrinking device dimensions, on-chip semiconductor process variation can no longer be ignored in the design and signoff static timing analysis of integrated circuits. An important parameter affecting CMOS technologies is the gate length (Lgate) of a transistor. In modern technologies significant spatial intra-chip variability of transistor gate lengths which are systematic, as opposed to random, can lead to relatively large variations in circuit path delays. Spatial variations in Lgate affect circuit timing properties, which can lead to timing errors and performance loss. To maximize performance and process utilization in microprocessor designs, we have developed and validated a timing analysis methodology based on accurate silicon contour prediction from drawn layout and contour-based extraction of our designs. This allows for signoff timing without unnecessarily large margins, thereby reducing chip area and maximizing performance while ensuring chip functionality, improved process utilization and yield. In this paper we describe such a chip timing methodology, its validation and implementation in microprocessor design. We also report results of layout optimization based on new pattern matching technology.
The induction of nitrite reductase in Neurospora crassa

Abstract Like nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase in Neurospora crassa is induced by either nitrate of nitrite and is repressed by ammonia. None of the enzymatic activities associated with the nitrite reductase, i.e. NADPH-nitrite reductase, reduced benzyl viologen-nitrite reductase or NADPH-hydroxylamine reductase, were derepressible when ammonia-grown N. crassa mycelia were exposed to media lacking any nitrogen source. After a rapid increase in activity in mycelia during the first 6 h of exposure to nitrate, nitrate reductase exhibits a similarly rapid decrease in activity over the ensuing 6 h of exposure. Nitrite reductase shows the same initial increase in activity. However, in contrast to nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase levels remain constant for an extended period, provided sufficient inducer is present. These observations are considererd in light of possible mechanisms which might govern the expression of the nitrate assimilatory pathway.
Treating patients with non-STEMI: Stent the culprit artery only or address all lesions?

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) is a common presentation of the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) spectrum. Currently, the recommended treatment option is an invasive approach with angiography plus coronary revascularization to treat the culprit lesion. However, unlike in STEMI--in which the culprit lesion can be easily identified--in non-STEMI identifying the culprit lesion is difficult. Therefore, some have advocated for a more definitive approach to addressing all severe lesions in patients presenting with non-STEMI. The current European guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for multivessel versus culprit-only stenting state that "the decision to perform either culprit vessel or complete revascularization can be made on an individual basis," whereas the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for multivessel PCI in patients presenting with ACS recommend that "it be performed when there is a high likelihood of success and a low risk of morbidity and the vessels to be dilated subtend a moderate or large area of viable myocardium and have high risk by noninvasive testing." Although lesions and coronary anatomies are each unique and the risk and benefit of coronary intervention to each lesion should be carefully examined, we recommend stenting the culprit lesion and other severe lesions after careful consideration, in a staged fashion if necessary. If the severity of nonculprit lesions is in question, fractional flow reserve or intravascular ultrasound should be considered.
The Sources and Fortunes of Piranesi’s Archaeological Illustrations

Susan M. Dixon earned her doctorate from Cornell University in 1991 with a dissertation on the archaeological publications of Giovanni Battista Piranesi. She studies the history of pre–scientific archaeology, from Pirro Ligorio to Piranesi, with a particular focus on illustration as a means to convey historical knowledge. She has published on this subject in a variety of venues, and is beginning a book–length manuscript on the subject. In 1995–96, she was awarded a J. Paul Getty post–doctoral fellowship to study the Accademia degli Arcadi, a society founded in 1690 primarily to restore good taste in literature, and its successes and failures in bringing about the reform of Italian society and architecture. She has written a book entitled The Bosco Parrasio: Performance and Perfectibility in the Garden of the Arcadians, which focuses on their garden meeting place as a breeding ground for a utopian society. Dr Dixon teaches art history at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma. Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778) developed a way of representing the archaeological past by using the multi–informational image, an engraved illustration which appears to be a composite of various drawings, on various surfaces, and employing various modes of representation, scale and detail. The cartographic tradition, particularly maps from sixteenth–century Europe, offer a precedent for this type of illustration. Piranesi found theoretical underpinnings for it in contemporary discussions about the workings of the human memory, which was identified as a viable tool for those pursuing historical knowledge. His illustrations make visible the processes of memory on an assemblage of archaeological information, and they were a means to historical reconstruction. Archaeologists of the generation after Piranesi did not use the multi–informational image as the science of archaeology underwent a sea change at the end of the century. However, some compilers of travel literature, in particular Jean–Laurent–Pierre HoAel, author and illustrator of Voyage pittoresque des isles de Sicile, de Malte, et de Lipari, found the format suitable to their purposes. Like Piranesi’s, Houel’s multi–informational images reveal the hand of the artist on the information he had diligently collected and ordered; Houel’s picturesque illustrations of the southern Italian islands’ people and places are self–consciously subjective. The format also makes apparent what was so appealing to many a voyager –the apparent survival of the past in the culture of the present.