cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A recirculating culture system for larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus

Abstract A recirculating culture system is described, suitable for mass rearing of larvae of the American lobster ( Homarus americanus ) and other larval forms.
The inverse problem of bimorph mirror tuning on a beamline

One of the challenges of tuning bimorph mirrors with many electrodes is that the calculated focusing voltages can be different by more than the safety limit (such as 500 V for the mirrors used at 17-ID at the Advanced Photon Source) between adjacent electrodes. A study of this problem at 17-ID revealed that the inverse problem of the tuning in situ, using X-rays, became ill-conditioned when the number of electrodes was large and the calculated focusing voltages were contaminated with measurement errors. Increasing the number of beamlets during the tuning could reduce the matrix condition number in the problem, but obtaining voltages with variation below the safety limit was still not always guaranteed and multiple iterations of tuning were often required. Applying Tikhonov regularization and using the L-curve criterion for the determination of the regularization parameter made it straightforward to obtain focusing voltages with well behaved variations. Some characteristics of the tuning results obtained using Tikhonov regularization are given in this paper.
Human Newborn Hypergastrinemia: An Investigation of Prenatal and Perinatal Factors and Their Effects on Gastrin

Human Newborn Hypergastrinemia: An Investigation of Prenatal and Perinatal Factors and Their Effects on Gastrin
Self-energy of an electron in a gap between two metals and near a metallic slab.

Using the formalism of Manson and Ritchie, we have calculated the self-energy of an electron located in the gap between two similar metals and near a metallic slab. The electron is described in terms of a plane-wave basis set. Numerical work indicates that for gap separations \ensuremath{\gtrsim}4 A\r{}, quantal corrections to the classical image potential are not large in the case of a zero-momentum electron.
Ultra high speed electro-optical system for transient birefringence studies of macromolecules in solution.

Abstract The birefringence apparatus described in this paper has a resolution time of 8 nsec. With this apparatus, two relaxation times have been detected for a number of interesting proteins. These two relaxation times uniquely determine the dimensions of the equivalent ellipsoids of revolution for these proteins in solution. Therefore, the method of transient birefringence coupled with apparatus having a resolution time of at least 8 nsec is a valuable tool in the study of hydrodynamic properties of proteins.
Does complex absorption behavior leading to conditioning and damage in KDP/DKDP reflect the electronic structure of initiators?

Currently, most of our thinking about the defects responsible for initiating laser damage considers them as featureless absorbers. However, an increasing body of evidence, particularly involving multi-wavelength irradiation, suggests electronic structure of damage initiators is important in determining both initiation and conditioning behaviors in KDP. The effective absorption coefficient of energy under multi-wavelength irradiation cannot be accounted for by a structureless absorber, but is consistent with an initiator with a multi-level structure. We outline the evidence and assess the ability of such a simple multi-level model to explain these and other experimentally observed behaviors.
Thymine-starvation up-regulates a region of theArabidopsis thaliana chromosome III containing both the UMP synthase gene and a proximal gene encoding a novel F-box protein

We have cloned theArabidopsis thaliana undine 5′-monophosphate synthase (UMP synthase) locus and characterized transcript levels of this gene as well as the transcript encoding a novel F-box protein found upstream of UMP synthase,Skp1-interacting partner5 (SKIPS). The 31 end of theSKIP5 gene is 405 bp from the 5′ end of the UMP synthase gene. To determine whether these proximate genes are coordinately or independently regulated, we have used an RT-PCR method to quantitate the transcript levels of each gene relative to 18S ribosomal RNA. Previous work has demonstrated an up-regulation of the UMP synthase gene in tobacco callus in the presence of compounds such as 5-fluoroorotate and aminopterin that induce thymine starvation. Here, we present results showing that both the UMP synthase andSKIP5 genes are coordinately up-regulated in the presence of fluoroorotic acid.
BACTERIAL EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL MOUSE SULFOTRANSFERASE THAT CATALYZES THE SULFATION OF EICOSANOIDS

Abstract Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of a recently cloned mouse sulfotransferase cDNA (clone 679153) revealed the presence in its 3′-untranslated sequence of an AT-rich region which contains four ATTTA motifs and an TTATTTAT-like sequence, commonly found among those encoding inflammation-related proteins. The recombinant enzyme expressed inEscherichia coliand purified to near electrophoretic homogeneity displayed strong sulfotransferase activities toward various prostaglandins, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene E4. These results mark the first discovery of the sulfation of eicosanoids catalyzed by a distinct sulfotransferase.
Interactions among aliens: apparent replacement of one exotic species by another.

Although many studies have documented the impact of invasive species on indigenous flora and fauna, few have rigorously examined interactions among invaders and the potential for one exotic species to replace another. European green crabs (Carcinus maenas), once common in rocky intertidal habitats of southern New England, have recently declined in abundance coincident with the invasion of the Asian shore crab (Hemigrapsus sanguineus). Over a four-year period in the late 1990s we documented a significant (40- 90%) decline in green crab abundance and a sharp (10-fold) increase in H. sanguineus at three sites in southern New England. Small, newly recruited green crabs had a significant risk of predation when paired with larger H. sanguineus in the laboratory, and recruitment of 0-yr C. maenas was reduced by H. sanguineus as well as by larger conspecifics in field- deployed cages (via predation and cannibalism, respectively). In contrast, recruitment of 0-yr H. sanguineus was not affected by larger individuals of either crab species during the same experiments. The differential susceptibility of C. maenas and H. sanguineus recruits to predation and cannibalism likely contributed to the observed decrease in C. maenas abundance and the almost exponential increase in H. sanguineus abundance during the period of study, While the Asian shore crab is primarily restricted to rocky intertidal habitats, C. maenas is found intertidally, subtidally, and in a range of substrate types in New England. Thus, the apparent replacement of C. maenas by H. sanguineus in rocky intertidal habitats of southern New England may not ameliorate the economic and ecological impacts attributed to green crab populations in other habitats of this region. For example, field experiments indicate that predation pressure on a native bivalve species (Mytilus edulis) has not nec- essarily decreased with the declines of C. maenas. While H. sanguineus has weaker per capita effects than C. maenas, its densities greatly exceed those of C. maenas at present and its population-level effects are likely comparable to the past effects of C. maenas. The Carcinus-Hemigrapsus interactions documented here are relevant in other parts of the world where green crabs and grapsid crabs interact, particularly on the west coast of North America where C. maenas has recently invaded and co-occurs with two native Hemigrapsus species.
Heuristics for the fixed cost median problem

We describe in this paper polynomial heuristics for three important hard problems--the discrete fixed cost median problem (the plant location problem), the continuous fixed cost median problem in a Euclidean space, and the network fixed cost median problem with convex costs. The heuristics for all the three problems guarantee error ratios no worse than the logarithm of the number of customer points. The derivation of the heuristics is based on the presentation of all types of median problems discussed as a set covering problem.
Aberrant responses of human lymphocytic neoplasms to cytokine regulation.

Studies in this laboratory have recently focused on two hemic neoplasms: B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and a T cell disorder, Sezary syndrome. These tumors do not have consistent cytogenetic or molecular genetic alterations, and so we have concentrated on their response to and production of various regulatory cytokines. Although B-CLL cells show variable proliferative responses when exposed to transforming growth factor beta (TGFΒ), these cells have consistently shown resistance to the proapoptotic effects of this cytokine. Also, interleukin 4 (IL4), IL5, and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) all show a consistently increased protective effect against apoptosis in B-CLL cells as compared to normal human B cells. Thus, a defect in apoptosis appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of CLL. By contrast, the neoplastic T cells of Sezary syndrome show a consistent resistance to the antiproliferative effects of TGFΒ, suggesting that aberrant proliferation is more important than apoptosis in this disorder. In both neoplasms, we have shown that the defective responses to cytokines are in some instances related to alterations in receptor expression, but this has not been true in all circumstances, and other stages in the signaling pathways are being investigated. As we define more precisely the specific defects that contribute to the clonal expansion of these neoplasms, the findings may ultimately lead to improved clinical control of these disorders.
Probabilistic Aircraft Midair Conflict Resolution Using Stochastic Optimal Control

This paper studies the problem of aircraft midair conflict resolution, which is a key technology to enable the coordinated and decentralized air traffic control envisioned in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). The method proposed in this paper is based on stochastic optimal control, which is able to incorporate uncertainties in both aircraft and wind dynamics. The proposed numerical algorithm uses a Markov chain (MC) to approximate the continuous-time aircraft and wind dynamics, then the optimal control law is derived based on the MC. The proposed algorithm is able to resolve the conflicts between aircraft and moving convective weather regions. For conflict resolution between pairs of aircraft, a decomposition technique is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of the numerical algorithm. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm provides robustness against uncertainties in the system and is suitable for real applications.
A cryptography course for the university of richmond

The essential features of an upper division mathematics course in cryptography are presented.
Public opinion on federalism and federal political culture in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, 2004

This study reports on public opinion surveys on fiscal value, taxation, trust and confidence in governments, and federal political culture conducted in Canada, Mexico, and the United States in June 2004. Compared to past years, support for the federal government remains high in the United States, with support for local government surging substantially in 2004. The local property lax is viewed as the worst U.S. lax, followed secondly but distantly by the federal income tax. Canadians are less supportive of their federal government, and more supportive of their local governments, than Mexicans and Americans. However, Mexicans show low trust and confidence in all their governments, while Americans report fairly high trust and confidence in all their governments. On measures of federal political culture, Canadians scored highest, Mexicans scored lowest, and Americans fell in between. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Reviewing the Reviews

Marriage & Family Review is a journal that, as its name suggests, is more open than many to publishing reviews of the literature in the area of family studies (e.g., Adrian, Lyon, Oti, & Tininenko,...
Activation conditions play a key role in the activity of zeolite CaY: NMR and product studies of Brønsted acidity

CaY, activated under different conditions, was characterized with 1H, 31P, and 1H/27Al double resonance MAS NMR. The 1H MAS NMR spectra of CaY, calcined in an oven at 500 °C, shows resonances from ...
Evaluating professional development that prepares teachers to integrate academic skills into technical curricula

The purpose of this evaluation study was to determine whether career and technical education teachers were using the integration strategies that were presented to them in a professional development course. The integration strategies are strategies that teachers can use to integrate reading, writing and mathematics into their technical curricula. The ultimate goal of the professional development course is to help teachers improve academic achievement in career and technical education students; however, the first step in reaching this goal is to explore how teachers feel about integrating these basic academic skills into their technical subject matter and to determine whether they are using the strategies that were taught in the professional development course. A survey instrument was developed adapting Hall and Hord’s levels‐of‐use concept to show teachers’ behaviors associated with use of integration strategies in their practice. This survey was administered via the web to 100 course participants with a r...
Diagnostic Tools for Calculation of Glaucoma Risk

Risk calculators may simplify the management of ocular hypertension and glaucoma patients and provide evidence-based treatment. Risk calculators are not new to medicine. Medical providers use risk calculators to guide decision-making for the risk of a chromosomal abnormality in neonates, osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and cardiovascular disease in adults. This article describes the current knowledge of risk calculators in ophthalmology. Clinicians should recognize that the current risk calculators do not include critical information guiding treatment such as life expectancy and patient's willingness to commit to years of eye drops. Overall, eye-care providers should consider the results of a risk calculator as supplemental information when treating an ocular hypertension or glaucoma patient.
The Reconceptualization of Viqjence in Criminal Justice Education Programs

Three indicators of research and teaching were examined to assess empirically the degree of academic focus upon four specific forms of violence: interpersonal violence within families, drunk driving, violent white-collar offenses and involuntary smoking. Possible explanations for the relative neglect of these pervasive forms of violence is proposed. It is argued that criminal justice academicians must reconceptualize violence in broader terms that will direct teaching and research toward all forms of violence in our society.
An analysis of personal collections among users of social media

We have been developing a system to support the management of collections of web-based resources called the Distributed Collection Manager (DCM). As work on DCM has progressed, questions about the characteristics of people's collections of web pages have arisen. Simultaneously, work in the area of social media technology has ignored investigating how people are trying to maintain their collections. In order to address these concerns, we performed an online user study of 125 individuals from a variety of online and offline communities. From this study we were able to examine the needs for a system to manage web-based distributed collections, how current tools affect maintenance, and the characteristics of current practices and problems in maintaining web-based collections.
Impact of Bimodal and Lognormal Distributions in Ocean Transportation Transit Time on Logistics Costs

This paper shows that ignoring bimodality and lognormality in transit time distributions can cause large increases in the logistic costs of maritime transportation. Bimodal and lognormal transit time distributions are observed to be of moderate frequency (approximately 17%) but high impact in the volume of shipment carried (approximately 85%) in these lanes. Ignoring and assuming incorrect distribution of transit time can have dramatic implications on the safety stock levels and reorder points and hence inventory cost incurred by the shipper. To display the incorrectness of such assumptions, the paper compares the typical approach of using a deterministic value (Case 1) for transit time and Hadley-Whitin (1963) with normal approximation (Case 2) to the authors' simulation and empirical analysis on bimodal and lognormal transit time distributions (Case 3). This paper further explores how the shipper should optimally manage inventory in the parameters of transit time distribution and critical ratio (or the ...
Mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of some cardiac aglycones and monoglycosides

Mass spectra of the trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers of digitoxigenin, digoxigenin, digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside, digoxigenin monodigitoxoside and peruvoside were obtained. Ions appearing at m/e 170 and m/e 183 are proposed to be indicative of the enol TMS ether moiety as confirmed by appropriate shifts in the mass spectrum of digitoxigenin derivatized with perdeuterotrimethylsilylating reagent. The TMS ether derivatives of the monoglycosides produced abundant molecular ions and the base peaks in the spectra represent fragments of the sugar portion of the molecule.
Melting-point purity determinations: Limitations as evidenced by calorimetric studies in the melting region

Abstract Typical melting curves, chosen from the results of more than 125 melting-point studies, are presented to illustrate both the reliability and the inherent limitations of the calorimetric method of purity determination. It is shown that this method usually is one of the best means of accurately determining small concentrations of impurity. However, analysis of anomalous melting curves leads to the conclusion that pseudo-equilibrium curves are often obtained as a result of inhomogeneous distribution of impurity in the liquid phase or of non-equilibrium distribution of impurity between the solid and liquid phases. Evidence is given to support the contention that solidsolutions were formed in as many as half of the samples studied and that for this reason, impurity values calculated for perhaps 1 3 of the samples are in error by 200% or more. Although these large uncertainties in impurity values usually correspond to less than 0.1 % uncertainty in purity values, modified procedures are proposed to minimize such errors.
Effect of Using Frozen Concentrated Direct‐to‐the‐Vat Culture on the Yield and Quality of Cheddar Cheese

Approximately 53,000 liters (14,000 gal) pasteurized whole milk was used to make 16 batches of cheese, eight control batches using conventional bulk starter and eight batches using a frozen concentrated direct-to-the-vat culture. The calculated yields were based on both the weight of milk and cheese, and on the weight of milk solids and cheese solids. The yields averaged, respectively, 9.517% and 48.608% with the bulk starter and 9.707% and 49.191% with the frozen concentrated culture. These differences, slightly favoring the frozen concentrated direct-to-the-vat culture, can be of economic and commercial significance. The compositions of the cheeses made with the two starter cultures were very similar. Sensory evaluation did not reveal significant differences in flavor and texture of the two types of cheese when examined at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.
Structural basis of urothelial permeability barrier function as revealed by Cryo-EM studies of the 16 nm uroplakin particle

The apical surface of terminally differentiated mammalian urothelial umbrella cells is covered by numerous plaques consisting of two-dimensional (2D) crystals of hexagonally packed 16 nm uroplakin particles, and functions as a remarkable permeability barrier. To determine the structural basis of this barrier function, we generated, by electron cryo microscopy, a projection map of the isolated mouse urothelial plaques at 7 A and a 3D structure at 10 A resolution. Our results indicate that each 16 nm particle has a central 6 nm lipid-filled 'hole' surrounded by 6 inverted U-shaped subunits, each consisting of an inner and an outer subdomain connected via a distal joint. The transmembrane portion of each subdomain can fit about 5 helices. This finding, coupled with our STEM and EM data, suggests that uroplakin pairs Ia/II and Ib/III are associated with the inner and outer subdomains, respectively. Since the inner subdomains interconnect to form a ring, which can potentially segregate the lipids of the central hole from those outside, the 2D crystalline uroplakin network may impose an organized state and a severely restricted freedom of movement on the lipid components, thus reducing membrane fluidity and contributing to the barrier function of urothelial plaques. Our finding that distinct uroplakin substructures are in contact with the cytoplasmic and exoplasmic leaflets of the plaque suggests that the two leaflets may have different lipid composition and contribute asymmetrically to the barrier function. We propose that the crystalline lattice structure of uroplakin, through its interactions with specialized lipids, plays a major role in the remarkable permeability barrier function of urothelial apical surface. Our results also have implications for the transmembrane signal transduction in urothelial cells as induced by the binding of uropathogenic E. coli to its uroplakin receptor.
Effect of lipids on glucagon secretion in man

Abstract Animal experiments have suggested a FFA control mechanism for glucagon secretion. In man, the potent effect of FFA on HGH secretion and the similarity of the secretory control mechanisms for HGH and IRG also support a role of FFA in IRG secretion. Our studies in man in which plasma FFA were elevated by either an oral lipid emulsion (Lipomul) or an intravenous lipid suspension (Intralipid) suggest only a minor role of lipids in control of IRG secretion. Plasma FFA and triglyceride elevations did not suppress arginine- or hypoglycemia-induced plasma IRG elevations, but an inhibitory effect of Intralipid on basal plasma IRG concentrations was observed. Although nicotinic acid administration, which caused a depression in plasma FFA, did elevate plasma IRG, the IRG elevation was considered more likely a consequence of stress induced by the drug. The failure of lipids to inhibit IRG secretion at FFA concentrations inhibiting HGH secretion indicates a dissociation in the secretory control mechanisms of the two hormones.
Organic ligands influence leaching kinetics of fixated FGD material

Abstract The presence of organic ligands, including oxalate, citrate, maleate and Pahokee peat humic acid (PPHA), influenced the leaching kinetics of fixated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material in acidic solution (pH 2.9–5.0). In the presence of oxalate, the leaching was inhibited at all pH values examined. XRD and SEM analyses demonstrated that formation of a calcium oxalate mineral phase on the fixated FGD material surface created a surface layer which reduced the extent of leaching. Maleate and PPHA inhibited leaching at pH 2.9, but either promoted, inhibited, or had no effect on leaching, depending on the particular element, at pH 5.0. ATR-FTIR analysis indicated maleate and PPHA formed both inner- and outer-spherically bound species at pH 2.9, whereas at pH 5.0 only outer-sphere complexes seemed evident. These surface species likely inhibited the leaching process at pH 2.9 through a surface blocking mechanism. At pH 5.0, the ligand surface complexes either promoted or inhibited leaching, depending on the element, through a combination of direct and indirect mechanisms. Citrate significantly promoted the leaching process at all pH values examined.
Analysis and extraction of parametric variation effects on microelectrofluidics-based biochips

Microfluidic biochips require continued online test to ensure their functionality, performance, and reliability in the presence of runtime parametric variation and system wear-out. Previous techniques locate catastrophic defects which guide subsequent droplet scheduling and routing procedures. However, a significant number of defects on a microfluidic biochip are parametric variations, taking them as catastrophic defects leads to incorrectly identified defect locations, which compromises droplet scheduling and routing. This paper presents the first characterization method for continous droplet movement after passing a faulty cell on a microfluidic biochip in the presence of parametric variations, and the first microfluidic biochip parametric variation extraction method locating the critical cells which originate un-recoverable droplet speed loss. The proposed techniques provide better characterization of parametric variations in droplet movement, and enable performance optimization in droplet scheduling and routing on a microfluidic biochip.
Observational analysis of the wind-evaporation-SST feedback over the tropical Pacific Ocean

Theoretical studies suggested that the wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature (SST) (WES) feedback plays an important role in maintaining the latitudinal asymmetry of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Pacific Ocean. This study examines the geographical distribution of the strength of WES feedback over the tropical Pacific Ocean using multiple long-term observational datasets. The results show that the WES feedback is very weak over the eastern Pacific warm pool and stratocumulus regions, where the strongest latitudinal asymmetry of the ITCZ exists, suggesting that some other mechanisms are responsible for the asymmetry. To the west of 120W, the WES feedback has larger magnitude but is often statistically insignificant. This is because the effect of the air‐sea humidity difference tends to offset the wind effect, which is a factor not considered in the original WES feedback theory. Copyright  2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of Shot-Peening on Fretting-Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V

The effects of shot-peening on the fretting fatigue behavior of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. Specimens were shot-peened as per AMS 2432 standard. X-ray diffraction analysis measured a maximum compressive stress of 800 MPa at the specimen surface, which reduced to zero at a depth of 188mm. The compensatory residual tensile stress in the specimen was estimated using a curve fitting technique, the maximum value of which was found to be 260 MPa at a depth of 255mm. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted at room temperature at a cyclic frequency of 200 Hz. Scanning electron microscopy of the shot-peened fretting fatigue specimens showed that the crack initiated at a point below the contact surface, the depth of which was in the range of 200 ‐300 mm. Finite element analysis of the fretting fatigue specimens was also conducted. Fatigue life diagrams were established for the fretting fatigue specimens with and without shotpeening, and were compared to those under the plain fatigue condition, i.e. without fretting. Shot-peening improved the fretting fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V; furthermore, it moved the crack initiation site from the fretting contact region to a region inside the specimen. Moreover, stress analysis showed that the fatigue failure of shot-peened specimens was caused by the compensatory tensile residual stress.@DOI: 10.1115/1.1448323#
Problems related to application of eigenstrains in a finite element analysis

Accorsi has recently proposed a general method for modelling microstructural material discontinuities in a finite element analysis. In this work, it is shown that his method can be significantly simplified. In particular, the transformation strain (eigenstrain) plays no role in his application. Numerical results based on the simplified equations with 8-node and 9-node isoparametric elements are presented for the same examples as in his papers. The accuracy of the results is examined in comparison with the solution obtained from a complex mesh model.
DESCRIPTIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF AT-RISK PRESCHOOLERS ON EARLY LITERACY TASKS

Abstract A total of 2,161 4- to 5-year-old children were administered seven criterion-referenced early literacy tasks as part of statewide screening. Tasks included measures of alphabet knowledge, print knowledge, concept of word, name writing, rhyme awareness, beginning sound awareness, and verbal memory. Five-year-old children outperformed 4-year-old children on six out of seven early literacy tasks. African-American and Caucasian children performed similarly on the majority of early literacy measures. Both African-American and Caucasian children performed better than Hispanic children; effect size estimates showed this advantage consistent with medium to large effect sizes. Girls outperformed boys on all tasks except for rhyme, with effect size estimates in the small range.
Adaptable real-time distributed object management for command and control systems

Between now and the early part of the next century, significant portions of today's real-time command, control, and communication (C3) systems will become either functionally inadequate or logistically insupportable. Furthermore, due to the continuing budget reductions, new developments of next generation real-time C3 systems may not be possible. Therefore, current real-time C3 systems need to become easier, faster and less costly to upgrade in capability, and easier to support. What is needed is an approach to evolve current real-time C3 systems into the extensible systems required for the future. This paper describes our Adaptable Real-time Distributed Object Management (ARTDOM) approach for command and control systems. We have constructed a testbed environment and experimented with a Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Object Request Broker (ORB). This project is a three year initiative and is expected to be completed at the end of 1999.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Predict Nicotine Dependence and Progression to Regular Smoking from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

Objective To examine the association between retrospectively reported attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and progression to smoking and the association with nicotine dependence. Methods Study sample consisted of a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adolescents (n ¼ 13,494). Logistic regression was used to examine ADHD symptoms from both the inattentive (IN) and hyperactive-impulsive (HI) domains and smoking trajectories. Linear regression was used to examine nicotine dependence. Results HI symptoms were associated with progression from nonsmoking to regular smoking (OR ¼ 1.14, 95% CI ¼ 1.07–1.21), and with progression from experimentation to regular smoking (OR ¼ 1.16, 95% CI ¼ 1.08–1.26). IN and HI symptoms were associated with nicotine dependence among current smokers (IN: b ¼ 0.17, SE ¼ 0.03, p < 0.0001; HI: b ¼ 0.10, SE ¼ 0.04., p < .001). Conclusions These results have important implications for the development of prevention and treatment modalities.
IT-enabled transparent electronic markets: the case of the air travel industry

The electronic market hypothesis predicts that by reducing coordination costs, information technology (IT) will shift industrial organization from hierarchical to market-based forms of economic activity. While academic researchers and practitioners have witnessed these shifts with the advent of the Internet, there is little understanding about the process and the underlying forces that drive them. In this paper, we provide an in-depth analysis of the air travel industry, which has recently experienced significant IT-driven transformations. We conclude that, together with IT, pro-competitive laws and the information-intensive nature of air travel products have triggered competition for consumers with transparent market mechanisms, which is leading to the emergence of more transparent electronic markets in the air travel industry.
The Old Poor Law and the Agricultural Labor Market in Southern England: An Empirical Analysis

The paper examines the economic role played by poor relief in early nineteenth-century England. A three-equation model is estimated to explain cross-parish variations in per capita relief expenditures, agricultural laborers' annual wage income, and unemployment rates. Relief expenditures are found to be related to crop mix, the political power of labor-hiring farmers, distance from London, and employment opportunities in cottage industry. The results strongly support the revisionist analysis of the Old Poor Law, and reject the analysis contained in the Report of the Royal Poor Law Commission.
Characterization of Micro-Valves for Lab-on-Chip Device

The objective of this study is to develop a portable hand held diagnostics platform for monitoring pollutants and water quality testing. We are developing a lab-on-chip (LOC) device for in-situ synthesis of gold nano-particles and for using a colorimetric peptide assay for water quality monitoring. The gold nano-particles are synthesized in-situ in our experiments. The gold nano-particles exhibit various optical properties due to their Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). These stabilized mono-disperse gold nano-particles are coated with bio-molecular recognition motifs on their surfaces. The stabilization and functionalization with bio-molecular recognition motif provides flexibility for various applications. For example, the gold nano-particles synthesized by this process are tested for their ability to be recognized by a surface coated with anti-Flg antibodies. The LOC consists of micro-wells housing different reagents and samples that feed to a common reaction chamber. The reaction products are delivered to several waste chambers in a pre-defined sequence to enable subsequent reagents/ samples to flow into the reaction chamber. Passive flow actuation is obtained by capillary driven flow (wicking). Dissolvable micro-structures are used as passive micro-valves that actuate at predefined intervals and do not require any external power source for actuation. The microfluidic chip (LOC) and the dissolvable microstructures are fabricated using soft lithography techniques. The passive valves are incorporated into the microfluidics platform by novel micro-fabrication and bonding techniques.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hydration of the calcium dication: direct evidence for second shell formation from infrared spectroscopy.

Infrared laser action spectroscopy in a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is used in conjunction with ab initio calculations to investigate doubly charged, hydrated clusters of calcium formed by electrospray ionization. Six water molecules coordinate directly to the calcium dication, whereas the seventh water molecule is incorporated into a second salvation shell. Spectral features indicate the presence of multiple structures of Ca(H 2 O) 2+ 7 in which outer-shell water molecules accept either one (single acceptor) or two (double acceptor) hydrogen bonds from inner-shell water molecules. Double-acceptor water molecules are predominately observed in the second solvent shells of clusters containing eight or nine water molecules. Increased hydration results in spectroscopic signatures consistent with additional second-shell water molecules, particularly the appearance of inner-shell water molecules that donate two hydrogen bonds (double donor) to the second solvent shell. This is the first reported use of infrared spectroscopy to investigate shell structure of a hydrated multiply charged cation in the gas phase and illustrates the effectiveness of this method to probe the structures of hydrated ions.
Interpretive execution of real-time control applications

Interpretive execution has often been regarded as too slow for real-time control applications. Assembly language implementations, however, may exhaust available memory long before running out of machine cycles. For such applications, interpretation of a virtual machine language (VML) is attractive if it yields substantial memory savings at a tolerable cost in execution time. This paper discusses the design of a VML and interpreter which have been used to implement a real-time control application. Performance is evaluated relative to an assembly language version of the same problem. The assembly language version executed 4.8 times faster than the interpretive version, but required 31% more memory. Space compaction is achieved by making basic operations in the application area primatives of the VML. The interpreter simulates a computer whose machine language is the VML. In addition to conserving memory, this approach can facilitate the implementation of a high-level programming language on a variety of minicomputers.
Materialism and brand engagement as shopping motivations

Abstract The purpose of these two studies was to test hypothesized motivations thought to influence shopping activity. Surveys of U.S. student consumers (n's=258 and 256) provided the data. The findings show that liking to shop is positively related to brand engagement in self-concept and to material values. Different dimensions of materialism appear to motivate shopping to different degrees and apparently account for the positive relationship between brand engagement and shopping. Separate analyses for men and women suggest that the genders are differently motivated to shop.
Pore-scale mechanisms of colloid deposition and mobilization during steady and transient flow through unsaturated granular media

[1] The distribution of colloid-associated contaminants and colloid-sized microorganisms within the vadose zone is controlled, in part, by mobilization and retention processes. In this work, we present pore-scale observations of colloid mobilization, transport, and retention within a transparent flow cell packed with partially saturated quartz sand. Our results show that colloid retention is dominated by adhesion to insular air bubbles at high moisture content and a combination of thin-film straining and immobile water storage at low moisture content. Mobilization of retained colloids under steady flow is governed by slow exchange between zones of immobile and mobile water. During transient flow, characterized by increases in flow rate and moisture content, strained colloids are released from expanding thin films of water and from immobile water zones that reconnect with advecting pore water regions. On the basis of our observations we infer that colloid mobilization and retention within the vadose zone reflects contributions from multiple mechanisms that are sensitive to moisture content and flow regime.
On TCP over wireless multi-hop networks

TCP performance over wireless networks has been researched extensively. However, most of the related studies are limited to the cases with only one wireless link. The behaviors of TCP in the multi-hop wireless networks still have not been well understood. We investigate the performance of TCP in a multi-hop wireless network. After extensively comparing of the throughput of those existing TCP algorithms (including Tahoe, Reno, Sack and Vegas) by simulation, we found most TCP algorithms (except Vegas) exhibit serious instability never reported before. This can degrade the TCP throughput performance up to 13-20%. More importantly, with IEEE 802.11 MAC layer, the simultaneous TCP traffic are shown suffering from unacceptable severe unfairness. The unfairness problems we demonstrated in this paper are much more serious than that reported in previous studies. In our experiment, one TCP connection might be completely shut down even if it starts much earlier than the competing TCP traffic.
Emerging opportunities of RF IC/system for future cognitive radio wireless communications

Future communications systems are evolving with the goal of providing optimal connectivity and data throughput to the user. Cognitive Radio is regarded as the core technology in satisfying this user demand. Spectrum sharing between heterogeneous communication services based on flexible spectrum policy will be the primary application of CR technology. In this paper, the role of RF system and IC in fostering in new methods for communications is explained. First, we explain the way in which the RF front-end paradigm is changing, followed by what challenges must be overcome for the realization of CR and what kinds of research are in progress for this goal. In order to solve the problem of excessive increases for signal processing demand at the system level, we propose a low- power signal processing method-applying analog/mixed IC technology. As examples of CR research, spectrum sensing processor and system testbed are presented.
The Sagging Tegmen: Computed Tomographic Analyses

Materials and Methods: From 41 adult crania without clinical otitis, the five with the largest mastoids, and the five with the smallest mastoids, were assessed by high resolution computed tomography, both direct axial and direct coronal. Four quantitative depictions of sagging tegmen were assessed: a short distance from tegmen to head of malleus; a short distance from tegmen to bony external ear canal; and, on the axial image through the top-most portion of lumen of the superior semicircular canal (SSCC), the amounts of bone included in the image directly lateral, and posteriorlateral to the SSCC, were measured.
A single center experience with retrievable IVC filters.

ObjectiveTo evaluate retrievable IVC filters in our institution and assess their retrieval following a well-structured follow up program.DesignRetrospective cohort study.MaterialsThe medical records of patients implanted with retrievable IVC filters were reviewed.MethodsAll retrievable filter insertions between July 2007 and August 2011 at our institution were reviewed. Data was analyzed for age, gender, indication, complications, retrieval rate, and brand of filter inserted. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software v19. Chi-square was used to compare discrete data and t-test for continuous data. P < 0.05 was significant.ResultsA total of 484 patients were reviewed of which 258 (53.1%) had a complete medical record. And 96 (37.2%) filters were placed as permanent at the time of insertion. An additional 40 (15.5%) filters were converted to permanent (total permanent filters 136; 52.7%). Death was reported in 26 (10%) patients and 96 (37.2%) out of the remaining 232 patients presented for potential...
Induction of bovine bronchial epithelial cell filopodia by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, calcium ionophore, and lysophosphatidic acid.

The morphological responses of primary bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs) cultured in serum-free medium to protein kinase activators have been examined. When attached to type I collagen-coated tissue culture dishes, the cells responded to tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), calcium ionophore A23187, and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) by extruding filopodia. In contrast, no morphological changes were elicited by exposures to either epinephrine or dibutyryl-cAMP. Formation of filopodia was accompanied by actin filament reorganization as demonstrated by staining with labeled phalloidin. Exposures to varied TPA concentrations for 2 h showed maximal stimulation of filopodial extrusions at 10 nM TPA with half-maximal stimulation at 1 nM. Time-course measurements with 10 nM TPA showed filopodia formation within 30 min of exposure, with 85% of the BBECs being filopodia positive after 5 h. Filopodia induction in 20-30% of the cells could be achieved by 1–100 mM LPA concentrations. BBECs acquired increasing resistance to TPA-induced filopodia during the initial 5 days in culture; however, responsiveness to TPA was regenerated by mild treatment with trypsin. Inclusion of fibronectin or vitronectin into the attachment matrix had no effects on the rates or extent of TPA-induced filopodia formation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relevance of neurobiology in the analytic dyad: A clinical moment with the girl who cries wolf in analysis

This paper explores the neuroscientific concept of automatization outlined in Mark Solms's essay The Conscious Id (Solms, 2013) to illuminate the importance of attending to the primal role of affect and the unconscious processes which regulate affect – in both analyst and analysand – in analytic work. The paper presents clinical moments with an analysand, using these moments to explore automatization-in-action and to illuminate how maladaptive automatizations can be worked through, and how new approaches to life and ways of being in the world can be learned and realized during psychoanalytic treatment. I explore the transference enactment which takes place between analyst and analysand during “heightened affective moments” of treatment (Schore, 2012) and its relationship to automatization. The paper concludes with a consideration of the ways in which engagement with the “neuro” aspects of psychoanalysis can be conceptually as well as practically useful when navigating some of the more affectively and anal...
Record-boundary discovery in Web documents

Extraction of information from unstructured or semistructured Web documents often requires a recognition and delimitation of records. (By “record” we mean a group of information relevant to some entity.) Without first chunking documents that contain multiple records according to record boundaries, extraction of record information will not likely succeed. In this paper we describe a heuristic approach to discovering record boundaries in Web documents. In our approach, we capture the structure of a document as a tree of nested HTML tags, locate the subtree containing the records of interest, identify candidate separator tags within the subtree using five independent heuristics, and select a consensus separator tag based on a combined heuristic. Our approach is fast (runs linearly for practical cases within the context of the larger data-extraction problem) and accurate (100% in the experiments we conducted).
Antipredator Responses of Larval Black Flies (Simulium vittatum s. s.) to Chemical Stimuli from Damaged Conspecifics

Abstract Simulium larvae perform two behaviors in response to physical contact with invertebrate predators: curling and drifting. Curling involves the attachment of a silk thread to the substrate (in preparation for drifting), and drifting allows an individual to quickly leave the vicinity of the predator. The purpose of this study is to determine if larval black flies (Simulium vittatum s. s.) from two field sites respond to chemical stimuli from damaged conspecifics in a manner consistent with responses to predator contact. In experiment 1, we observed the responses of individual S. vittatum to chemicals from damaged members of their own population (Houghton Creek or Sixtown Creek). In experiment 2, we examined larval responses to chemicals from damaged individuals from both sites in order to determine if larvae adjusted their responses based on the source of the stimulus. The results of experiment 1 show that larvae from each population are significantly more likely to engage ‘curling’ when exposed to ...
Ergodic Theory with an Application to Fractals

We have already seen examples of limit theorems in Sections V and VI that assert the convergence of temporal averages to spatial averages. Thus if x is a positive recurrent state of an aperiodic irreducible Markov chain, then \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {N_n}(x)/n = \pi (x)\). That is, the temporal average fraction of time the chain spends at state x converges to the spatial average π(x). Similarly, for Markov jump processes \(\frac{1}{t}\int_0^t {{I_{\{ x\} }}(X(s))ds \to \pi (x)} \) when x is positive recurrent.