cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Banding of lateral superior olivary nucleus afferents in the inferior colliculus: A possible substrate for sensory integration

In this study the organization of the projection from the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) to the inferior colliculus was investigated in the cat by using anterograde tract-tracing techniques. The findings indicated that LSO projected bilaterally to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus as well as to the ventrolateral and rostral pole nuclei. In the central nucleus a larger medial component of the projection ended in pars medialis and centralis. A smaller lateral component ended in the region of the pars lateralis. Both components of the projection appeared to be topographically organized, but in the lateral component the low-frequency part of LSO appeared to have greater representation. The uncrossed and crossed LSO projections to the inferior colliculus exhibited several important differences in their distribution. First, periodic bands of dense labeling were more prominent in the distribution of the uncrossed projection. The bands measured 150–200 μ in thickness and in some cases interruptions or gaps were present along the length of the bands. The distribution of the crossed projection was more diffuse, but some banding was also apparent. Second, the positions of the bands of dense labeling on the two sides were not homotopic as determined by labeling projections from the ipsilateral and contralateral LSO in the same tissue. The dense bands labeled with WGA-HRP from an injection in LSO on one side and bands labeled with 3H-leucine from an injection in LSO on the other side either were interdigitating or were only partially overlapping. Finally, the area over which the uncrossed projection distributed endings varied in size with respect to that of the crossed projection. The variation in size of the area of the projections was a function of the frequency representation. A model based on the three-dimensional reconstruction of bands as projection sheets is proposed as a substrate for selective integration of afferents in the inferior colliculus.
Support for the Institution of Elections by the Mass Public

The institution of elections is a significant feature of most present day political systems and is one of the most widely used of all of the political inventions of mankind. Rose and Mossawir have recently remarked that, “Elections are among the most ubiquitous of contemporary political institutions, and voting is the single act of political participation undertaken by a majority of adults in a majority of the nations in the world today.” The importance of elections is especially high in democratic systems. Both earlier and more contemporary discussions of the concept of democracy have employed elections as a primary definiendum and requisite feature of democracy. Indeed, if any single institution serves as popular democracy's sine qua non, it is that of elections. The general argument that elections are “those most essential events in the democratic process” is often posed from the perspective of the importance of the functions they perform in the political system. The most widely remarked of these functions is to provide a mechanism by which the great mass of members of the system are able to choose their leaders—thus giving majority approval to the exercise of leadership. This is important both from the standpoint of solving the problem of legitimate leadership succession and as a means of potential relief from abuses or inadequacies of a present set of rulers. Secondly, elections may serve as an indication of public choice among government policies—although this function is probably less frequently performed than once was thought to be the case. In referenda, the function is direct; but even in the elections of candidates for public office there is on occasion a question of public decision among the broader aspects of policy programs. Furthermore, belief by future candidates in the possibility that voters may reject them at the next election because of their policies may lead them to anticipate public feeling, thus allowing indirect influence of elections upon policy formation. The latter may operate even in the absence of more direct control by the electorate. A third central function of elections is legitimation of a regime. An election serves as a device of public endorsement—or occasionally, of repudiation—of the system of government.
Acute Hyperglycemia Abolishes Ischemic Preconditioning by Inhibiting Akt Phosphorylation: Normalizing Blood Glucose before Ischemia Restores Ischemic Preconditioning

This study examined the hypothesis that acute hyperglycemia (HG) blocks ischemic preconditioning (IPC) by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Brief HG of approximately 400 mg/dL was induced in C57BL/6 mice via intraperitoneal injection of 20% dextrose (2 g/kg). All mice underwent 40 min LAD occlusion and 60 min reperfusion. The IPC protocol was 2 cycles of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion prior to index ischemia. Results. In control mice, infarct size (IF) was 51.7 ± 2.0 (% risk region). Preconditioning reduced IF by 50% to 25.8 ± 3.2 ( versus control). In HG mice, IF was significantly exacerbated to 58.1 ± 2.3. However, the effect of IPC completely disappeared in HG mice. Normalization of blood glucose with insulin 5 min before IPC recovered the cardioprotective effect. Administration of CCPA before index ischemia mimicked IPC effect. The cardioprotective effect of CCPA, not its chronotropic effect, completely disappeared in HG mice. Phosphorylation of cardiac tissue Akt before index ischemia was enhanced by IPC or CCPA but was significantly inhibited by HG in both groups. Normalization of glucose with insulin reversed the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation by HG. Conclusion. HG abolishes the cardioprotective effect of preconditioning by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Normalization of blood glucose with insulin suffices to recover the cardioprotective effect of preconditioning.
Dynamical systems method (DSM) for selfadjoint operators

Abstract Let A be a selfadjoint linear operator in a Hilbert space H. The DSM (dynamical systems method) for solving equation A v = f consists of solving the Cauchy problem u ˙ = Φ ( t , u ) , u ( 0 ) = u 0 , where Φ is a suitable operator, and proving that (i) ∃ u ( t ) ∀ t > 0 , (ii) ∃ u ( ∞ ) , and (iii) A ( u ( ∞ ) ) = f . It is proved that if equation A v = f is solvable and u solves the problem u ˙ = i ( A + i a ) u − i f , u ( 0 ) = u 0 , where a > 0 is a parameter and u 0 is arbitrary, then lim a → 0 lim t → ∞ u ( t , a ) = y , where y is the unique minimal-norm solution of the equation A v = f . Stable solution of the equation A v = f is constructed when the data are noisy, i.e., f δ is given in place of f, ‖ f δ − f ‖ ⩽ δ . The case when a = a ( t ) > 0 , ∫ 0 ∞ a ( t ) d t = ∞ , a ( t ) ↘ 0 as t → ∞ is considered. It is proved that in this case lim t → ∞ u ( t ) = y and if f δ is given in place of f, then lim t → ∞ u ( t δ ) = y , where t δ is properly chosen.
Insulin Stimulates Sequestration of β-Adrenergic Receptors and Enhanced Association of β-Adrenergic Receptors with Grb2 via Tyrosine 350

G-protein-linked receptors, such as the β2-adrenergic receptor, are substrates for growth factor receptors with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (Karoor, V., Baltensperger, K., Paul, H., Czech, M. P., and Malbon C. C. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25305–25308). In the present work, the counter-regulatory action of insulin on catecholamine action is shown to stimulate enhanced sequestration of β2-adrenergic receptors in either DDT1MF-2 smooth muscle cells or Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing β2-adrenergic receptors. Both insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulate internalization of β-adrenergic receptors, contributing to the counter-regulatory effects of these growth factors on catecholamine action. In combination with β-adrenergic agonists, insulin stimulates internalization of 50–60% of the complement of β-adrenergic receptors. Insulin administration in vitroand in vivo stimulates phosphorylation of Tyr-350 of the β-adrenergic receptor, creating an Src homology 2 domain available for binding of the adaptor molecule Grb2. The association of Grb2 with β-adrenergic receptors was established using antibodies to Grb2 as well as a Grb2-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. Insulin treatment of cells provokes binding of Grb2 to β2-adrenergic receptors. Insulin also stimulates association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and dynamin, via the Src homology 3 domain of Grb2. Both these interactions as well as internalization of the β-adrenergic receptor are shown to be enhanced by insulin, β-agonist, or both. The Tyr-350 → Phe mutant form of the β2-adrenergic receptor, lacking the site for tyrosine phosphorylation, fails to bind Grb2 in response to insulin, fails to display internalization of β2-adrenergic receptor in response to insulin, and is no longer subject to the counter-regulatory effects of insulin on cyclic AMP accumulation. These data are the first to demonstrate the ability of a growth factor insulin to counter-regulate G-protein-linked receptor, the β-adrenergic receptor, via a new mechanism, i.e. internalization.
Approximate, not Perfect Synchrony Maximizes the Downstream Effectiveness of Excitatory Neuronal Ensembles

The most basic functional role commonly ascribed to synchrony in the brain is that of amplifying excitatory neuronal signals. The reasoning is straightforward: When positive charge is injected into a leaky target neuron over a time window of positive duration, some of it will have time to leak back out before an action potential is triggered in the target, and it will in that sense be wasted. If the goal is to elicit a firing response in the target using as little charge as possible, it seems best to deliver the charge all at once, i.e., in perfect synchrony. In this article, we show that this reasoning is correct only if one assumes that the input ceases when the target crosses the firing threshold, but before it actually fires. If the input ceases later—for instance, in response to a feedback signal triggered by the firing of the target—the “most economical” way of delivering input (the way that requires the least total amount of input) is no longer precisely synchronous, but merely approximately so. If the target is a heterogeneous network, as it always is in the brain, then ceasing the input “when the target crosses the firing threshold” is not an option, because there is no single moment when the firing threshold is crossed. In this sense, precise synchrony is never optimal in the brain.
Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Human Blood β-Endorphin Levels

We randomly assigned 42 subjects for treatment with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to one of three groups: conventional TENS--80 Hz; low frequency TENS--2 Hz; and a control group--TENS without batteries. Pain threshold measurements and blood beta-endorphin levels were obtained at regular intervals before, during, and for 17 hours after TENS application. We found no significant difference in blood beta-endorphin levels between the groups before, during, or immediately after TENS application. The differences in pain threshold and beta-endorphin levels appeared to be a function of the patient-selection process and not the application of TENS. The results indicated that TENS, with the stimulation characteristics used in this study, did not significantly change the measured plasma levels of beta-endorphin. The blind administration of naloxone hydrochloride, an opiate antagonist, did not significantly alter the perceived experimental pain of these subjects. We could find no evidence that TENS altered experimental pain threshold or plasma beta-endorphin levels.
Wireless wideband SAW sensor - antenna design

Wireless SAW RFID sensors offer several advantages over similar silicon technology that include passive operation, radiation hardness, and the ability to operate in extreme temperatures. Due to these unique material and device properties, NASA has shown considerable interest in passive, wireless SAW sensors for ground and space flight operations. Several embodiments of SAW sensors have been well established in literature, but often the limiting factor on device size and performance is the tag antenna. Therefore, in order to develop a unified sensor target, a discussion of design principles and tradeoffs for both the SAW device and antenna will be presented in this paper. Antennas designed and fabricated will be presented, including a simple disk monopole, a planar open-sleeve dipole, and an on-wafer meandered dipole, with a discussion on gain, size, and bandwidth. The evolution of the antenna design is toward smaller antennas that minimize tradeoffs. The eventual wafer level integration of the antenna allows the sensor application to exploit some of the known SAW substrate advantages and has application in high temperature or strain sensors. Example orthogonal frequency coded (OFC) temperature sensors on YZ-LiNbO 3 for use at 250 and 915MHz will be used as device examples. By properly designing the combined antenna/SAW target matching, insertion loss can be minimized and range increased. Experimental results on the integration of several sensor targets will be presented. Work presented is a foundation for a realizable wireless, multi-sensor platform.
A Response to Strategy #2: Streamlining the Regulatory Process

Regulatory burden has contributed to the decline in the production of vaccines in the United States. Production of influenza virus vaccine is perilously limited at a critical period when vulnerable populations are increasing and the threat of a pandemic is looming. Regulatory bodies must work with manufacturers to facilitate implementation of new production practices, to ensure steady expansion of the supply of safe and effective vaccines.
A shared-control approach to haptic interface design for minimally invasive telesurgical training

In this brief, we propose a "shared-control" architecture for design of a haptic interface for hands-on training in minimally invasive surgery. The interface is designed to allow experienced surgeons mentor trainee surgeons through shared control of a surgical robot. During shared control, the interface provides feedback forces to both surgeons, proportional to the difference of their actions and reversely proportional to the control authority shared between them. The control authority shared between the surgeons is chosen based on their relative level of surgical skills and experience and determines the extent to which the motion of the surgical robot depends on their individual commands. We use the H/sub /spl infin// approach to design the haptic interface and present experimental results to demonstrate its suitability for the intended application of minimally invasive surgical training.
A novel low-loss low-crosstalk interconnect for broad-band mixed-signal silicon MMICs

A novel RF interconnect configuration for high-density broad-band mixed-signal silicon monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) is presented. The proposed silicon-metal-polyimide (SIMPOL) structure is based on multilayer polyimide technology with self-packaging features, and is extremely effective in reducing the noise crosstalk as well as overall size of MMIC chips. Moreover, since the SIMPOL interconnect can be built on low-cost silicon substrates using standard CMOS processing techniques, it is very cost-effective and applicable to current products without major cost addition. Measured results of a prototype test wafer demonstrate that the SIMPOL interconnect has reasonably low insertion loss (0.62 dB/mm at 30 GHz), which agrees well with theoretical prediction (0.5 dB/mm). The line loss can be reduced significantly (<0.1 dB/mm) by a using thicker dielectric layer. The measured crosstalk is at the same level as the background noise floor up to 30 GHz (<-60 dB), and limited primarily by imperfect termination of idling ports in the test structure. Full-wave finite-difference time-domain simulations indicate that SIRPOL could achieve an extremely high level of signal isolation, above 100 dB, at frequencies up to 50 GHz or beyond.
High-dose, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy using a concurrent boost for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer: Unusual toxicity and promising early results

Abstract Purpose: The treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with conventional radiotherapy (RT) results in inadequate local tumor control and survival. We report results of a Phase II trial designed to treat patients with a significantly increased total dose administered in a reduced overall treatment time using a hyperfractionated, accelerated treatment schedule with a concurrent boost technique. Methods and Materials: A total of 49 patients with unresectable Stage IIIA/IIIB (38 patients) or medically inoperable Stage I/II (11 patients) NSCLC were prospectively enrolled in this protocol. Radiation therapy was administered twice daily, 5 days/week with > 6 h between each treatment. The primary tumor and adjacent enlarged lymph nodes were treated to a total dose of 73.6 Gy in 46 fractions of 1.6 Gy each. Using a concurrent boost technique, electively irradiated nodal regions were simultaneoulsy treated with a dose of 1.25 Gy/fraction for the first 36 fractions to a total dose of 45 Gy. Results: Median survival for the entire group of 49 patients is 15.3 months. Acturial survival at 2 years is 46%: 60% for 11 Stage I/II patients, 55% for 21 Stage IIIA patients,a nd 26% for 17 Stage IIIB patients: 62% for Stage I/II rate of freedom from local progression at 2 years is 64% for the entire group of 49 patients: 62% for Stage I/II patients, 70% for Stage IIIA patients, and 55% for Stage IIIB patients. Patients who underwent serial bronchoscopic reevaluation (4 Stage I/II, 8 Stage IIIA, and 6 Stage IIIB) have an actuarial rate of local control of 71% at 2 years. The median total treatment time was 32 days. Nine of 49 patients (18%) experienced Grade III acute esophageal toxicity. The 2-year actuarial risk of Grade III or greater late toxicity is 30%. The 2-year actuarial rate of severe-late pulmonary and skin-subcutaneous toxicity is 20% and 15%, respectively. Conclusion: This treatment regimen administers a substantially higher biologically effective dose compared with conventional and pure hyperfractionation treatment schedules. The overall rate of acute and late toxicity was acceptable. Preliminary rates of overall survival and local control and freedom from local progression compare favorably to results reported with pure hyperfractionated radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
From once upon a time to happily ever after: Tracking emotions in mail and books

In this paper, we show how sentiment analysis can be used in tandem with effective visualizations to quantify and track emotions in mail and books. We study a number of specific datasets and show, among other things, how collections of texts can be organized for affect-based search and how books portray different entities through co-occurring emotion words. Analysis of the Enron Email Corpus reveals that there are marked differences across genders in how they use emotion words in work-place email. Finally, we show that fairy tales have more extreme emotion densities than novels.
A software-hardware emulator for sensor networks

Simulators are important tools for analyzing and evaluating different design options for wireless sensor networks (sensornets) and hence, have been intensively studied in the past decades. However, existing simulators only support evaluations of protocols and software aspects of sensornet design. They cannot accurately capture the significant impacts of various hardware designs on sensornet performance. As a result, the performance/energy benefits of customized hardware designs are difficult to be evaluated in sensornet research. To fill in this technical void, in this paper, we describe the design and implementation of SUNSHINE, a scalable hardware-software emulator for sensornet applications. SUNSHINE is the first sensornet simulator that effectively supports joint evaluation and design of sensor hardware and software performance in a networked context. SUNSHINE captures the performance of network protocols, software and hardware up to cycle-level accuracy through its seamless integration of three existing sensornet simulators: a network simulator TOSSIM [1], an instruction-set simulator SimulAVR [2] and a hardware simulator GEZEL [3]. SUNSHINE solves several sensornet simulation challenges, including data exchanges and time synchronizations across different simulation domains and simulation accuracy levels. SUNSHINE also provides hardware specification scheme for simulating flexible and customized hardware designs. Several experiments are given to illustrate SUNSHINE's simulation capability. Evaluation results are provided to demonstrate that SUNSHINE is an efficient tool for software-hardware co-design in sensornet research.
Emotion-modulated startle in psychopathy: Clarifying familiar effects

The behavior of psychopathic individuals is thought to reflect a core fear deficit that prevents these individuals from appreciating the consequences of their choices and actions. However, growing evidence suggests that psychopathy-related emotion deficits are moderated by attention and, thus, may not reflect a reduced capacity for emotion responding. The present study attempts to reconcile this attention perspective with one of the most cited findings in psychopathy, which reports emotion-modulated startle deficits among psychopathic individuals during picture viewing. In this study, we evaluate the potential effects of a putative attention bottleneck on the emotion processing of psychopathic offenders during picture viewing by manipulating picture familiarity and examining emotion-modulated startle and late positive potential (LPP). As predicted, psychopathic individuals displayed the classic deficit in emotion-modulated startle during novel pictures, but they showed no deficit in emotion-modulated startle during familiar pictures. Conversely, results for LPP responses revealed psychopathy-related differences during familiar pictures and no psychopathy-related differences during novel pictures. Important differences related to the two Factors of psychopathy are also discussed. Overall, the results of this study not only highlight the differential importance of perceptual load on emotion processing in psychopathy, but also raise interesting questions about the varied effects of attention on psychopathy-related emotion deficits.
Enhancing target detection using a hybrid human-computer system

Our goal is to develop an assistive technology for image analysts, which helps them to extract information (e.g., detect targets) efficiently. The images are displayed using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm, in which a large image is broken into numerous smaller chips which are then displayed serially in the center of the monitor at a high rate. Detection performance is affected by several factors, one of which is the target eccentricity. We show how computer vision (CV) can be used to reduce the mean eccentricity in a manner that is expected to improve detection performance, while maintaining overall throughput.
The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in pulmonary diseases

Respiratory diseases and lung injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the world. One critical component of these diseases is exaggerated inflammatory response. The recently discovered inflammasome is believed to play a key role in inflammation. The inflammasome is an oligomer of intracellular proteins that, once activated by an insult or damage signal, produces mature cytokines from the interleukin-1 family that mediate an inflammatory response. Previous research has provided evidence that suggests the role of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of many chronic respiratory diseases and acute lung injuries, such as transfusion-related acute lung injury, ventilator-induced lung injury, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary fibrosis. This article summarizes recent research on the inflammasome and reviews proposed molecular models of the role of the inflammasome in several prominent lung diseases and injuries.
New occurrences and refined crystal chemistry of colusite, with comparisons to arsenosulvanite

Structural refinements of Sn-rich and Sn-poor colusite from the Lorano marble quarry, Italy, revealed that the crystals are isometric and belong to space group P43n. For Sn-rich colusite, CuS. and (As,Sn)S. tetrahedra are connected through comer sharing in a sphalerite structure with the composition CU26Sn2As,S32' and two V atoms are stuffed into interstitial sites in a sulvanite-like arrangement. For Sn-poor colusite, CuS. and AsS. tetrahedra are connected in a similar arrangement through comer sharing in a sphalerite-like structure with the composition Cu2.As6S32,with the two V atoms located in the same arrangement as in Sn-rich colusite. The number of valence electrons contributed by metal atoms is 64 for Sn-rich and Sn-poor colusite, whereby the substitution of two Sn atoms with two As atoms is balanced by two vacancies in one of the Cu sites. Based on structural and compositional considerations, a general formula for colusite is CU24+x V2(As,Sb)6_xCSn,Ge)xS32' where x = 0-2. Selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging of Sn-poor colusite with a composition of CU2.3V2o(Ass7Sbo6Feol)S32from the epithermal Gies gold-silver telluride deposit, Montana, revealed that it is composed of domains of ordered and disordered cations. The ordered domain has space group P43n and a = 1.068 nm and consists ofSn-poor colusite. The disordered domain, with similar composition, has space group F43m and a = 0.534 nm. Simulated images based on proposed structural models produced an acceptable match to observed HRTEM images. One-dimensional modulations, with a wavelength of 3.57 nm, are possibly responsible for the optical anisotropism and possibly for the anomalously low Vickers hardness. Another isometric sulfosalt, arsenosulvanite [Cu3(As,V,Sb,Fe,Ge)S.J, with X-ray and optical properties similar to colusite, has been introduced in the mineralogical literature. The results of the present study and a review of the literature on the chemical composition, X-ray crystallography, and crystal chemistry of colusite and arsenosulvanite strongly suggest the same identity for the two species.
Cognitive Techniques: Three Types of Network Awareness

This chapter discusses cognitive techniques and its three types of network awareness. The three forms of network awareness are: protocols running at the network edge, other nodes to form teams, and location for node placement decisions. Cognition used in such network-aware manners will create new classes of evolvable communications systems. As new protocol elements and knowledge about them expand, productive group behaviors, goals, and applications for robotic nodes can be inserted directly into the system. This would permit data from “experienced” cognitive networking systems to be loaded into a newly created system, in essence sharing the learned knowledge. The basic learning structure illustrated permits the cognitive networking system, after an initial load, to continue learning as it encounters novel combinations of network situations local to its operating environment. Network awareness and cognitive approaches to managing complexity represent a pathfinder to new methods of building robust systems that can operate successfully in extreme environments and unforeseen conditions, such as those faced by military tactical and strategic communications systems on a daily basis.
A Survey of Clustering Algorithms for Graph Data

In this chapter, we will provide a survey of clustering algorithms for graph data. We will discuss the different categories of clustering algorithms and recent efforts to design clustering methods for various kinds of graphical data. Clustering algorithms are typically of two types. The first type consists of node clustering algorithms in which we attempt to determine dense regions of the graph based on edge behavior. The second type consists of structural clustering algorithms, in which we attempt to cluster the different graphs based on overall structural behavior. We will also discuss the applicability of the approach to other kinds of data such as semi-structured data, and the utility of graph mining algorithms to such representations.
Paper-Thin Safeguards and Mass Surveillance in India

This paper examines the right to privacy and surveillance in India, in an effort to highlight more clearly the problems that are likely to emerge with mass surveillance of communication by the Indian Government. It does this by teasing out Indian privacy rights jurisprudence and the concerns underpinning it, by considering its utility in the context of mass surveillance and then explaining the kind of harm that might result if mass surveillance continues unchecked.
A semi-analytical method for calculating resonator energy loss into plate substrates

This paper develops a new semi-analytical technique for estimating the energy loss in a resonator mounted on a plate substrate. Resonator energy loss due to interaction with its substrate (so called “anchor loss”) has been widely studied, but most treatments have assumed a semi-infinite medium due to the small dimensions of the resonator compared to the substrate thickness. Recent high quality factor resonators, though, typically have resonant frequencies from a few kilohertz up to several hundred kilohertz and in these cases, due to the wavelengths involved, the substrate is more accurately treated as a plate. A procedure is developed whereby modal analysis is performed on a finite element model that is coupled to analytical expressions for the plate Lamb waves. This approach is distinguished from prior semi-analytical approaches by the absence of an applied load. Thus, a more fundamental treatment of dynamics of the coupled system is possible.
Chronic depression in women.

Chronic depression represents an important public health concern for women. It is under-recognized and undertreated and is associated with significant functional impairment and high rates of comorbidity. Moreover, recent research suggests that chronic depression may affect women more seriously than men; for example, women may experience illness onset at an earlier age and experience more severe psychosocial impairment compared with men. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of both antidepressant medications and psychotherapy in treating chronic depression, with differential responsiveness to some treatments between women and men. Young women should be screened carefully and treated vigorously to prevent the serious consequences of this condition.
Effect of whole blood on insulin adsorption onto intravenous infusion systems

Insulin availability following the addition of whole blood to insulin infusions was evaluated. Solutions of 0.45% sodium chloride containing insulin (50) units/liter) and tracer amounts of 125I-labeled insulin were prepared and added to plastic or glass intravenous containers. Blood (5 ml) was added to the containers at the same time as the insulin or one hour after insulin. The cumulative amount of insulin delivered from these solutions over six hours was compared with that of insulin solutions containing no blood. When no blood was added to the insulin infusions, cumulative insulin delivery after two hours was 68% from the plastic containers and 76% from the glass bottles. The corresponding values for blood added simultaneously with insulin or one hour after insulin, ranged between 93% and 98%. The addition of whole blood to these low-dose insulin intravenous infusions was found to be effective in minimizing insulin adsorption onto the components of the infusion system. The method described does not expose the patient to the risks associated with receiving exogenous human serum albumin and also involves less expense.
Scavenging of cardioplegic solution from right heart to prevent hyperkalemia.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hyperkalemia can be prevented if the cardioplegic solution returning to the right heart from the coronary sinus is aspirated. In the control group (15 patients without aspiration), the potassium concentration rose from 3.5 ± 1 (SD) mEq/L to 6.3 ± 0.4 mEq/L (p
Observation of two-dimensional yttrium oxide nanoparticles in mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor)

Nanomaterials are being used in medicine, manufacturing and consumer products, but their effects on organisms and the environment are not well understood because of the difficulty in detecting them. Here dual-energy X-ray K-edge subtraction was used to track two-dimensional yttrium oxide nanoparticles (which can be found in such household objects as color televisions) in adult mealworms (Tenebrio molitor). The insects ingested nanoparticle-infused feed for different time periods, up to 24 h, and the nanoparticles could then be identified at several locations in the insects' head, thorax and abdomen, mostly within the digestive tract. In time, all particles were excreted.
A High-Throughput Targeted Proteomic Approach for Comprehensive Profiling of Methylglyoxal-Induced Perturbations of the Human Kinome

Kinases are one of the most important families of enzymes that are involved in numerous cell signaling processes. Existing methods for studying kinase expression and activation have limited kinome coverage. Herein we established a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)-based targeted proteomic method that provided an unprecedented coverage (∼80%) of the human kinome. We employed this method for profiling comprehensively the alterations of the global kinome of HEK293T human embryonic kidney cells upon treatment with methylglyoxal, a glycolysis byproduct that is present at elevated levels in blood and tissues of diabetic patients and is thought to contribute to diabetic complications. Our results led to the quantification of 328 unique kinases. In particular, we found that methylglyoxal treatment gave rise to altered expression of a number of kinases in the MAPK pathway and diminished expression of several receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin growth factor 2 rece...
Cognitive Behavioral Coaching and Its Assessment Tools: A Brief Review

The present review serves as a critical analysis of two primary assessment tools used in the cognitive behavior coaching field, i.e., the Freeman–Gavita prescriptive executive coaching (Gavita et al. in J Cogn Behav Psychother 12(2):159–174, 2012) and the managerial coaching assessment system (David and Matu in J Cogn Behav Psychother 13(2a):259–274, 2013). In this brief review, the author provides an overview of the perceived benefits and areas for improvement regarding the use of the Prescriptive Index Platform in organizational settings. Primary benefits include its comprehensive and multi-rater perspectives, accounting for sociocultural variables. However, given it is a new assessment measure, further investigation is warranted in order to substantiate its psychometric properties and determine its practical utility. Although the measure is grounded in sound cognitive behavioral theory, its overall usefulness in the corporate arena remains largely unexplored.
Biologist Edwin Grant Conklin and the idea of the religious direction of human evolution in the early 1920s

Edwin Grant Conklin, renowned US embryologist and evolutionary popularizer, publicly advocated a social vision of evolution that intertwined science and modernist Protestant theology in the early 1920s. The moral prestige of professional science in American culture - along with Conklin's own elite scientific status - diverted attention from the frequency with which his work crossed boundaries between natural science, religion and philosophy. Writing for broad audiences, Conklin was one of the most significant of the religious and modernist biological scientists whose rhetoric went well beyond simply claiming that certain kinds of religion were amenable to evolutionary science; he instead incorporated religion itself into evolution's broadest workings. A sampling of Conklin's widely-resonant discourse suggests that there was substantially more to the religion-evolution story in the 1920s US than many creationist-centred narratives of the era imply.
Motivating Gifted Students: Technology as a Tool for Authenticity and Autonomy

Gifted student may underperform if unmotivated. Teachers can help students who are gifted to be motivated by using technology to help provide autonomy and authenticity in the curriculum. Technology can be used as a tool for student autonomy when it is used in ways that give the student choices. Teacher can use the Internet to provide students access to different topics. When students can control the depth and breadth of content through what they learn using technology, they are motivated. Technology also allows individual students control over the pacing of learning when they can accelerate through easily mastered or already mastered material, and then slow down when something particularly interesting is encountered. Authenticity, where students are doing work or experiencing learning activities that are equivalent to adult or expert experiences, are accessible to students through technology, but only if teachers plan for it. Particularly web 2.0 technologies allow students to create authentic products for authentic audiences because the can publish and share a variety of media. Technology can facilitate student collaboration and allow for mentoring from experts. Gifted students, who can be motivated by competition, can also increase the competitions available to them by looking for competitions online. Teachers control student access to and uses for technology within the school setting. If teachers are concerned about students who are gifted developing to their full potential, then planning for motivation makes sense and technology is a ready tool.
Iran’s Latin America Strategy: 2005 to Present

ABSTRACTIran has expanded its trade relations with Latin America since 2005. Many argue that the reasons for such activities are for financial gain and to bypass the sanctions. This article argues that economic gain are miniscule and that the primary objectives of Iran are two-fold: first, to assist its nuclear program; and second, to develop deterrence against the U.S. possible military option against Iran.
How diverse are physics instructors’ attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate level quantum mechanics?

Understanding instructors' attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate-level quantum mechanics can be helpful in developing effective instructional tools to help students learn quantum mechanics. Here we discuss the findings from a survey in which 12 university faculty members reflected on various issues related to undergraduate-level quantum mechanics teaching and learning. Topics included faculty members' thoughts on the goals of a college quantum mechanics course, general challenges in teaching the subject matter, students' preparation for the course, views about foundational issues and the difficulty in teaching certain topics, reflection on their own learning of quantum mechanics when they were students versus how they teach it to their students and the extent to which they incorporate contemporary topics into their courses. The findings related to instructors' attitudes and approaches discussed here can be useful in improving teaching and learning of quantum mechanics.
Functions of Replication Protein A as a Sensor of R Loops and a Regulator of RNaseH1

R loop, a transcription intermediate containing RNA:DNA hybrids and displaced single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), has emerged as a major source of genomic instability. RNaseH1, which cleaves the RNA in RNA:DNA hybrids, plays an important role in R loop suppression. Here we show that replication protein A (RPA), an ssDNA-binding protein, interacts with RNaseH1 and colocalizes with both RNaseH1 and R loops in cells. In vitro, purified RPA directly enhances the association of RNaseH1 with RNA:DNA hybrids and stimulates the activity of RNaseH1 on R loops. An RPA binding-defective RNaseH1 mutant is not efficiently stimulated by RPA in vitro, fails to accumulate at R loops in cells, and loses the ability to suppress R loops and associated genomic instability. Thus, in addition to sensing DNA damage and replication stress, RPA is a sensor of R loops and a regulator of RNaseH1, extending the versatile role of RPA in suppression of genomic instability.
Evaluating structure–function relationships toward three-component conjugated polymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP) for Stille-convergent solar cell performance

The utilization of direct arylation polymerization (DArP) for the tin-free synthesis of three-component semi-random copolymers is rare, as several assumptions derived from Stille polycondensation—such as functional group assignment, monomer reactivity, defect tendencies, and practical performance—are not necessarily applicable across a broad range of DArP conditions and monomer substrates. Through a comparative analysis of conditions on increasingly complex model systems ranging from P3HT (where highly successful but distinct conditions are compared for the first time herein) to a three-component polymer architecture featuring ubiquitous diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), reaction conditions are optimized to generate polymers that perform similarly to Stille reference polymers in solar cells. Subsequently, these optimized conditions are then applied to the synthesis of several novel semi-random polymers, exploring a variety of both electron-poor and electron-rich substrates, such as (E)-2-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)thiophene (TvT), 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bithiazole (BTz), and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as well as distinct acceptor units, such as pentacyclic aromatic lactam, 4,10-bis(2-ethylhexyl)thieno[2′,3′:5,6]pyrido[3,4-g]thieno[3,2-c]isoquinoline-5,11(4H,10H)-dione (TPTI) and 2,3-bis(3-(octyloxy)phenyl)quinoxaline (QX), further demonstrating the broad compatibility of these DArP conditions and expanding the semi-random toolkit toward achieving polymers with a variety of highly tunable optoelectronic properties. Polymers are characterized by NMR analysis, electrochemical HOMO level determination, UV-Vis, GIXRD, DSC, SCLC hole mobilities, and are also implemented into polymer solar cells.
Technology Components as Adjuncts to Family-Based Pediatric Obesity Treatment in Low-Income Minority Youth

Abstract Background: Strategies to treat pediatric obesity are needed, especially among high-need populations. Technology is an innovative approach; however, data on technology as adjuncts to in-person treatment programs are limited. Methods: A total of 64 children [body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile, mean age = 9.6 ± 3.1 years, 32.8% female, 84.4% Hispanic] were recruited to participate in one of three cohorts of a family-based behavioral group (FBBG) treatment program: FBBG only, TECH1, and TECH2. Rolling, nonrandomized recruitment was used to enroll participants into three cohorts from May 2014 to February 2015. FBBG began in May 2014 and received the standard, in-person 12-week treatment only (n = 21); TECH1 began in September 2014 and received FBBG plus a digital tablet equipped with a fitness app (FITNET) (n = 20); TECH2 began in February 2015 and received FBBG and FITNET, plus five individually tailored TeleMed health-coaching sessions delivered via Skype (n = 23). Child BMI z-score (BMI-z) was...
Radiology for Trauma and the General Surgeon

Conventional radiography (plain film), ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) are important modalities for the evaluation of patients with trauma. In meta-stable or unstable patients, the combination of chest radiograph, pelvis radiograph, and focused assessment for sonography in trauma (FAST) or extended FAST rapidly triages the torso. CT has become a standard for definitive imaging in blunt trauma. CT angiography is the modality of choice for suspected vascular injuries of the neck and extremities. The impact of ionizing radiation (effective dose) from CT scans may be significant at the population level. Imaging strategies in trauma should be evaluated continuously.
Abstract 69: Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus is an Effective Brain Stimulation Target for Post-stroke Recovery

Objective: Functional recovery after stroke has been observed in both human and animal studies. Post-stroke brain stimulations are promising neurorestorative techniques as they allow direct manipul...
Observation of Strained PdO in an Aged Pd/Ceria-Zirconia Catalyst

A model automotive-exhaust catalyst, Pd on Zr-rich ceria–zirconia, was characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopies, and micro-Raman spectroscopy following high-temperature aging. A broad bimodal distribution of Pd, introduced amongst the 10-μ m spherical particles of support material during catalyst preparation, was found to persist upon aging, and strained PdO was detected predominantly in those particles containing the higher concentration of Pd. The strain, approximately -1% by volume, was determined from the shift of the strong PdO Raman line at 650 cm-1 and the Gruneisen parameter, which was measured in a separate experiment in a diamond-anvil cell. The origin of the compressive stress that gives rise to this strain is believed to be the same as in the previously known phenomenon of Pd–metal encapsulation, but the Pd particles involved here are apparently not highly constrained within the sintered ceria–zirconia matrix prior to their oxidation.
Emotional Distress, Bullying Victimization, and Protective Factors Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Locations.

Purpose Understanding the root causes of the substantial disparities in risk and protective factors among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents is essential to the development and expansion of resources and supports for this vulnerable population. This study examines differences in emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors among TGD high school students in city, suburban, town, and rural locations. Methods Data come from a statewide school-based survey conducted in Minnesota in 2016 (n = 2,168 TGD youth). Analysis of covariance models were used to predict the prevalence of multiple indicators of emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors across the 4 location categories, with multiple adjustments. Findings Significant linear trends were observed for 2 emotional distress outcomes and 2 bullying victimization outcomes, with urban TGD students having the lowest rates and rural having the highest prevalences. Additional significant differences in emotional distress were noted, with unexpectedly high rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among suburban students. Conclusions Helping TGD adolescents in all types of locations identify resources and supportive professionals is critical to supporting this population.
Additional Opportunities in the Legal Field and Applying to Law School

Opportunities in the legal arena include organized medicine, teaching, patents, healthcare law, business, among others. Career path includes taking the LSAT, getting admitted into a law school, passing the bar exam, and doing a judicial clerkship. While one can hold both a medical and a law degree, both professions require a great deal of time commitment and continuing education.
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac Transplantation Rejection

Several attempts have been made to monitor cardiac allograft rejection usingnoninvasive imaging modalities. Previous efforts to employ noninvasive imaging tofollow transplant recipients for signs of rejection have included echocardiography,1antimyosin scintigraphy,2 anti-vascular adhesion molecule scintigraphy,3 and radiolabeled lymphocyte scintigraphy.4 Each method has shown to detect clinical or experimental allograft rejection, but evidence of adequate sensitivity and specificity existsto supplant endomyocardial biopsy has been lacking.