cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hate crimes and the forensic pathologist.

Hate crimes represent crimes committed against an individual or group on the basis of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability. For the forensic pathologist, a death related to a hate crime should be considered a high-profile case, one in which the pathologist should expect abundant public interest and scrutiny. In this article, an overview of hate crimes is presented, stressing the different types of hate crimes and the motives of those who commit such crimes. For death investigators and forensic pathologists, an awareness of these details will help them to recognize and appropriately anticipate issues that may be important in deaths related to hate crimes. Language: en
Design Optimization of Small Wind Turbines for Low Wind Regimes

Attention is given to two examples illustrating the design optimization process for small wind turbines, which is concerned with machine parameters and the wind characteristics and electrical loads of the intended operating environment. The optimization process emphasizes the importance of rated wind speed, rotor rpm, generator size, and rotor blade characteristics. Wind turbines are noted to have been designed for excessively high wind speeds and generator capacities in the past machines intended for residential use should instead be scaled to closely match the expected load and should be rated at a windspeed close to the value of the greatest energy contribution. Simplicity of design is noted to yield reduced costs and lower maintenance requirements while increasing reliability. 9 references.
Atomistic determination of flexoelectric properties of crystalline dielectrics

Upon application of a uniform strain, internal sublattice shifts within the unit cell of a noncentrosymmetric dielectric crystal result in the appearance of a net dipole moment: a phenomenon well known as piezoelectricity. A macroscopic strain gradient on the other hand can induce polarization in dielectrics of any crystal structure, even those which possess a centrosymmetric lattice. This phenomenon, called flexoelectricity, has both bulk and surface contributions: the strength of the bulk contribution can be characterized by means of a material property tensor called the bulk flexoelectric tensor. Several recent studies suggest that strain-gradient induced polarization may be responsible for a variety of interesting and anomalous electromechanical phenomena in materials including electromechanical coupling effects in nonuniformly strained nanostructures, ``dead layer'' effects in nanocapacitor systems, and ``giant'' piezoelectricity in perovskite nanostructures among others. In this work, adopting a lattice dynamics based microscopic approach we provide estimates of the flexoelectric tensor for certain cubic crystalline ionic salts, perovskite dielectrics, $III\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ and $II\text{\ensuremath{-}}VI$ semiconductors. We compare our estimates with experimental/theoretical values wherever available and also revisit the validity of an existing empirical scaling relationship for the magnitude of flexoelectric coefficients in terms of material parameters. It is interesting to note that two independent groups report values of flexoelectric properties for perovskite dielectrics that are orders of magnitude apart: Cross and co-workers from Penn State have carried out experimental studies on a variety of materials including barium titanate while Catalan and co-workers from Cambridge used theoretical ab initio techniques as well as experimental techniques to study paraelectric strontium titanate as well as ferroelectric barium titanate and lead titanate. We find that, in the case of perovskite dielectrics, our estimates agree to an order of magnitude with the experimental and theoretical estimates for strontium titanate. For barium titanate however, while our estimates agree to an order of magnitude with existing ab initio calculations, there exists a large discrepancy with experimental estimates. The possible reasons for the observed deviations are discussed.
Multinomial Probit with Time-Series Data: Unifying State Dependence and Serial Correlation Models:

This paper develops a general method for treating discrete data sets containing individuals that have made more than one choice under varying stimuli. The multinomial probit model is shown to possess properties that make it very attractive for this application, as with it, it is possible to develop an estimation process that uses all the information in the data, and is both relatively inexpensive and consistent with utility maximization. The method, which is a generalization of Heckman's binary model, can include taste variations and more than two alternatives.
The role of models of language processing in rehabilitation of language impairments

Abstract The results of treatment for acquired dyslexia in a patient, P.S., are presented, cognitive analysis of the patient's performance provides evidence for proposing relatively selective impairments within the reading process to the orthographic input lexicon and to one or more components of sublexical processes for converting print to sound. Results of several contrasting treatment programmes for his deficits are reported, along with results of the same treatment approaches for patients with the same «diagnosis» (i.e. proposed locus of impairment in the cognitive processes underlying reading) or with different «diagnoses». The results illustrate that the relationship between the «diagnosis» and successful treatment is not simple. Rather, the reported results indicate the following departures from a 1:1 relationship between the locus of damage and the effective intervention: (1) contrasting treatment approaches can be equally appropriate for a given locus of damage, but the approaches may affect diff...
The Brook Knolls Cooperative Housing Community: a case study for resident design of public open space

Abstract The Brook Knolls Cooperative Community in Larimer County, Colorado, U.S.A., a low-to-moderate income mobile home community was used as an experimental case study project to test methods for generating a user-specific design for common grounds. Two theoretical components, an educational approach, and an anthropological approach, integrate to create the framework for the research. The educational approach attempts to make residents aware of design possibilities and facilitate their involvement in the actual design process. Residents were shown many design ideas in order to activate their imaginations and make them better design participants. The anthropological approach aims to understand and inform the professional design team as to the residents' subculture, specific lifestyles, and concomitant needs in order to guide appropriate design solutions. The major lesson learned with respect to this case study is that prolonged dialogue and activities centered around the conceptual design stage are less productive than more tangible efforts. The most successful means of involving these low-to-moderate income residents was design during actual site construction.
Assessment of Bioavailability Using a Multicolumn System

The bioavailability of sorbed naphthalene was studied with a surface soil using a multiple soil column system. This approach allowed monitoring contaminant concentrations in both the liquid and soil phases. Biodegradation and desorption parameters were determined in independent column experiments. A model in which desorption and biodegradation occur as sequential and independent processes successfully described the concentration of naphthalene in both phases. This result indicates that this organism only utilized liquid-phase contaminant, and direct soil-phase degradation did not occur. A previous study using the same organism concluded that direct soil-phase degradation occurred on four different soils in completely mixed batch systems. The discrepancy between these reports appears to be caused by the different conditions existing in batch and column systems and the use of mineralization data to infer desorption rates in the earlier study. We conclude that if substrate depletion and mineralization rates ...
Post‐Tridentine ‘Geographia Sacra’. The Galleria delle Carte Geografiche in the Vatican Palace

Abstract In the Galleria delle Carte Geografiche in the Vatican Palace (1581) regional maps of Italy are combined with scenes of episodes from church history. A number of cartographic questions are posed concerning authorship, execution and sources, and another set of issues is raised concerning the purpose and relevance of the murals in sixteenth‐century religious debates. In this paper, the map murals are examined in the context of Renaissance surveying practice through a new scrutinity of archival evidence on the Gallery's planner and supervisor, the Dominican Ignazio Danti. The murals are then considered in the context of post‐Tridentine religious debate and explained as an attempt to accommodate Protestant use of cartography to the advantage of the Catholic Church.
Reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide by cobalt porphyrins and corrins

Abstract The reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) by dithiothreitol in the presence of cobalt-centered corrin and porphyrin are presented. Reactions were monitored directly using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of vapor phase spectra. Reaction rates were two-fold faster for cobalt corrin than cobalt-centered porphyrins. The stoichiometry showed loss of two NO molecules per N 2 O generation.
Pyrococcus furiosus α-Amylase Is Stabilized by Calcium and Zinc†

The hyperthermophilic archeon Pyrococcus furiosus produces an extracellular α-amylase that belongs to glycosyl hydrolases' family 13. This enzyme is more thermostable than its bacterial and archaeal homologues (e.g., Bacillus licheniformis TAKA-term and Pyrococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 α-amylases, respectively) even without adding Ca2+ ions. Unlike the TAKA-therm amylase that contains no cysteine, the P. furiosus enzyme contains five cysteines (C152, C153, C165, C387, and C430), only four of which (C152, C153, C387, and C430) are conserved in the P. kodakaraensis α-amylase. To test the potential function of cysteines in P. furiosus α-amylase stability, these five residues were substituted with Ser or Alaeither one-by-one or in sequenceto produce eight mutant enzymes. Mutation C165S dramatically destabilized P. furiosus α-amylase. At the same time, the quadruple mutant enzyme C152S/C153S/C387S/C430A (mutant SSCSA) was as thermostable as the wild-type enzyme. Mutant SSCSA and wild-type α-amylases were strongly...
Convenient Synthesis of 3,5-Diaryl-4H-pyran-4-ones

Abstract In 1978, Ishibe and Yutaka1 reported the synthesis of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(para-substituted phenyl)-4H-pyran-4-ones by condensation of para, para-disubstituted dibenzyl ketones with acetic acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. Morgan and Ganem2 synthesized 2-substituted-4H-pyran-4-ones from the potassium enolate of 4-methoxy-3-buten-2-one and acid chlorides, anhydrides and acylimi-dazoles. Weissenfels et. al.3 discovered that the reaction of dimethylformamide and phosphorous oxychloride with pheny1 benzyl ketone afforded a mixture of the expected vilsmeier adducts, 1 (50%) and 2 (10%). However, the same reaction with diphenylacetone failed to produce the expected aldehyde 3 giving instead 3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-one 5a, in 35% yield. Ei-kholy, et. a1.4,5 reported the successful conversion of 3,5-diaryl-4H-pyran-4-one to the corresponding 1-methyl-3,5-diaryl-4(1H)pyridone with methylamine. Our interest in pyridones of this type6 prompted consideration of a simple preparative route to the ti...
The Relation of Visual Sensitivity to the Amount of Retinal Pigmentation

Resume Pour determiner s'il existe une correlation entre la quantite de pigment melanine et la sensibilite visuelle, on a teste un total de 94 personnes de race blanche et 25 negres apres une adaptation a l'obscurite d'une duree de trente minutes avec une lumiere de fixation. Le seuil moyen pour les negres a ete le tiers de celui des blancs dans la fovea. Parmi les blancs on montre que les individus aux yeux noirs possedent un plus bas minimum de lumiere que les individus aux yeux clairs, bien que les differences entre le groupe aux yeux de couleur moyenne et les autres groupes ne soient pas assez suffisantes pour etre statistiquement constantes pour le nombre des cas. En dehors de la fovea les groupes aux yeux plus pigmentes sont toujours superieurs, quoiqu'ils cessent d'etre signifiants comme la region de sensibilite maxima est atteinte. Ces resultats expliquent la faible vision centrale des albinos et leur vision peripherale apparemment normale. La discussion theorique suggere deux hypotheses pour expl...
An uncertainty analysis of the PVT gauging method applied to sub-critical cryogenic propellant tanks

The PVT (pressure, volume, temperature) method of liquid quantity gauging in low-gravity is based on gas law calculations assuming conservation of pressurant gas within the propellant tank and the pressurant supply bottle. There is interest in applying this method to cryogenic propellant tanks since the method requires minimal additional hardware or instrumentation. To use PVT with cryogenic fluids, a non-condensable pressurant gas (helium) is required. With cryogens, there will be a significant amount of propellant vapor mixed with the pressurant gas in the tank ullage. This condition, along with the high sensitivity of propellant vapor pressure to temperature, makes the PVT method susceptible to substantially greater measurement uncertainty than is the case with less volatile propellants. A conventional uncertainty analysis is applied to example cases of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks. It appears that the PVT method may be feasible for liquid oxygen. Acceptable accuracy will be more difficult to obtain with liquid hydrogen.
Early diagnosis of neonatal bacteremia by buffy-coat examination.

This study demonstrates the value of the buffy-coat smear examination in the early diagnosis of neonatal bacteremia. It is inexpensive, easy to perform, and relatively efficient. In most situations large numbers of bacteria could be seen in each positive smear. Unfortunately, the presence of a positive buffy-coast smear was often associated with a poor prognosis; more than one half (four of seven) of infants with positive smears died.
A random walk based approach for improving protein-protein interaction network and protein complex prediction

Recent advances in high-throughput technology have dramatically increased the quantity of available protein-protein interaction (PPI) data and stimulated the development of many methods for predicting protein complexes, which are important in understanding the functional organization of protein-protein interaction networks in different biological processes. However, automated protein complex prediction from PPI data alone is significantly hindered by the high level of noise, sparseness, and highly skewed degree distribution of PPI networks. Here we present a novel network topology-based algorithm to remove spurious interactions and recover missing ones by computational predictions, and to increase the accuracy of protein complex prediction by reducing the impact of hub nodes. The key idea of our algorithm is that two proteins sharing some high-order topological similarities, which are measured by a novel random walk-based procedure, are likely interacting with each other and may belong to the same protein complex. Applying our algorithm to a yeast protein-protein interaction network, we found that the interactions in the reconstructed PPI network have more significant biological relevance than the original network, assessed by multiple types of information, including gene ontology, gene expression, essentiality, conservation between species, and known protein complexes. Comparison with several existing methods show that the network reconstructed by our method has the highest quality. Finally, using two independent graph clustering algorithms, we found that the reconstructed network has resulted in significantly improved prediction accuracy of protein complexes.
The Windshield Method of Questionnaire Distribution: A Viable Alternative:

A variety of data collection methods are available for survey research. Basic distribution techniques differ in cost, administrative ease, and characteristics of returns. The authors discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of distributing questionnaires by placing them on the windshields of patrons' automobiles. This method of distribution appears to be preferred for certain types of shopper surveys.
Practical Enantioselective Synthesis of a 3-Aryl-3-trifluoromethyl-2-aminopropanol Derivative

Development of a large-scale enantioselective synthesis of a lead compound containing a 3-aryl-3-trifluoromethyl-2-aminopropanol core is described. A single isomer of 3,3-disubstituted acrylic acid derivative was prepared via Perkin condensation or Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons olefination, followed by hydrolysis. The acid was converted to a chiral acryloxazolidinone derivative. Hydrogenation of the latter on Pd/C in the presence of MgBr2 proceeded via a chelation-controlled conformation to yield the desired isomer with high selectivity. Subsequent Evans azidation, hydrogenation, reductive cleavage of the chiral auxiliary, and sulfonylation afforded the target compound as a single isomer in high overall yield.
Hindrance in the simultaneous binding of two distinctly separate antibody populations to the hemoglobin antigen.

Abstract Two subpopulations of goat anti-human hemoglobin a 1 (HbA 1 ) Fab' monomers were isolated. One binds at the α subunit of hemoglobin and not at the β subunit. The other binds only at the β subunit of hemoglobin. The total number of antigenic sites on hemoglobin bound by the two Fab' subpopulations exceeds the number of antigenic sites bound by an equimolar mixture of the two populations. Also, the amounts of each Fab' subpopulation needed to reach equivalence point when titrating HbA 1 already bound to the other Fab' were 25% less than the amounts of Fab' needed to reach equivalence point when titrating HbA 1 alone. These results indicate that part of the Fab' present in each of the two subpopulations interfere with one another in binding antigen. These particular Fab' monomers bind at the α and β subunits of HbA 1 either at adjacent but independent determinant sites or at nonadjacent sites, the conformations of which are affected by the binding of Fab' at the other antigenic site.
Processing of magnetic particles by aerosol routes

Abstract An aerosol route has been used to produce ferric oxide particles which have extensive applications in the recording industry. Conventional techniques to produce the γ phase of the oxide have been reviewed and attempts have been made to produce this in an aerosol system. The important processing conditions varied were the residence time (flow rate), solution concentration, temperature history precursor material. The powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. Processing conditions to obtain higher fractions of the gamma phase are discussed.
Development of the perithecium in Gnomonia comari (Diaporthaceae)

Perithecia of Gnomonia comari (Ascomycetes) mature within 14 days on cornmeal agar under continuous fluorescent light at 25 C. The perithecium is initiated by a coiled, multicellular ascogonium. Branches from somatic hyphae surround the ascogonium. This hyphal envelope early differentiates into two regions: a centrum of pseudoparenchymatous cells and a peripheral wall of more elongated, flattened cells. The wall produces a long, ostiolate beak by eruption of a column of hyphae from the inner layers at the apex; the cells gradually become thick-walled and brown from the peripheral layers inward. Proliferations from the ascogonial cells near the center of the perithecium form a bowl-shaped mass of ascogenous hyphae which expands centrifugally until it appears in section as a crescentic layer across the middle of the centrum. The centrum pseudoparenchyma above this incipient hymenium disintegrates, and short abortive paraphyses extend upward from the subhymenial pseudoparenchyma into the resulting cavity. The paraphyses disintegrate as the asci develop among them. The hymenium gradually pushes downward into the disintegrating subhymenial pseudoparenchyma until it rests on the perithecial wall. Maturing asci become detached from the hymenium, fill the perithecial cavity, and pass through the ostiole. At the tip of the beak they discharge their ascospores forcibly. Diaporthaceae with abortive paraphyses may occupy an intermediate position in a series leading from forms (Gaeumannomyces graminis) with long delicate paraphyses resembling those in the Sordariaceae to forms (Stegophora ulmea) in which the centrum is entirely pseudoparenchymatous.
Effect of antiphase boundaries on the electronic structure and bonding character of intermetallic systems: NiAl

The possible origin of the high degree of brittleness, i.e., low ductility, of the NiAl-based alloys in the B2 structure is investigated by all-electron self-consistent total-energy linear-muffin-tin-orbital calculations. Using a supercell approach (with up to 20 atoms/unit cell), the energetics of the two simplest antiphase boundaries (APB's) for NiAl in the B2 structure--namely the 1/2〈111〉 on {110} and 1/2〈111〉 on {112}--are calculated assuming no relaxation at the interface. We find APB energies of the order of 800 mJ/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ for both cases. Since the calculated APB energies are very high, 〈111〉 slip is unlikely to occur--as suggested experimentally and by some phenomenological theories. By substituting Ni or Al with V, Cr, or Mn at the APB interfacial planes, remarkably decreased APB energies are obtained. These theoretical results on simplified model systems may suggest a way to decrease the APB energy in order to eliminate one of the possible reasons for the brittleness at ambient temperatures.
Municipal Sewage Sludge Use in Forests of the Pacific Northwest, U.S.a.: Environmental Concerns

Abstract Forest applications of dewatered municipal sludge in Washington State, U.S.A. were monitored for heavy metals, pathogens, and nitrates. Heavy metals did not leach from the sludge in significant quantities and remained associated with the sludge for at least four years. Tree seedlings grown in sludge-amended soil and compost accumulated moderate metal levels, but growth was not adversely affected. Populus seedlings took up more metal than coniferous seedlings. Some coniferous seedlings grown directly in unamended sludge had reduced growth and developed symptoms of nutrient imbalances. Fecal coliform and total coliform levels in sludge were initially high, but decreased to background levels in 1.0–1.5 years, suggesting that site access should be limited for a time after application. Bacterial movement in the soil was limited and very few viable bacteria reached the groundwater. Aerosols may be generated during sludge applications. Nitrogen leaching is a major environmental concern or sludge application. Heavy applications resulted in high NO 3 − levels in soils and groundwater. A significant fraction of the nitrogen loss was in gaseous form. Sludge applications in forests can be environmentally sound if application rates are matched to site characteristics.
Inferring the rate of pure time preference under uncertainty

Abstract This paper studies how to infer the rate of pure time preference (ρ) from the Ramsey Rule when multiple asset returns exist due to uncertainty. Using a Generalized Uncertainty Ramsey Rule derived from a model that separates intertemporal substitution and risk aversion, we find that the U.S. historical data on consumption growth and asset returns imply that (i) for the reciprocal of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution less than or equal to one, ρ lies within ± 1% from zero for a plausible range of the coefficient of relative risk aversion; and (ii) for the larger reciprocal of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, ρ tends to be negative. These results contradict the widely-held belief in the environmental economics literature that the inferred ρ must be significantly larger than zero and suggest that it is appropriate to use ρ = 0 as a benchmark for economic analysis of environmental policies.
The critical role of myosin IIA in platelet internal contraction

Summary. Background: Shape change and centralization of granules surrounded by a microtubular coil (internal contraction) are among the earliest morphologic changes observed following platelet activation. Myosin IIA contributes to initiation of platelet shape change, but its role in internal contraction has not been defined.Objective: To define the contribution of myosin IIA to platelet internal contraction.Methods: Aspirin-treated platelets suspended in calcium-free buffer were activated with a low concentration (25 nm) of the thromboxane A2 analog U46619 which initiated shape change and internal contraction via a Rho kinase pathway. Shape change and internal contraction were assessed by aggregometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Rho activation and myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) phosphorylation were studied concurrently.Results and Conclusions: Low-concentration blebbistatin (10 μm) inhibited internal contraction in the majority of platelets with minimal inhibition of shape change without significant suppression of MRLC phosphorylation. Higher blebbistatin concentrations (25–100 μm) produced concentration-dependent inhibition of aggregation, shape change, Rho activation, and MRLC phosphorylation. These data demonstrate: (i) direct platelet myosin IIA participation in internal contraction; and (ii) inhibition of Rho activation and MRLC phosphorylation by >10 μm blebbistatin.
Matching pursuits sinusoidal speech coding

This paper introduces a sinusoidal modeling technique for low bit rate speech coding wherein the parameters for each sinusoidal component are sequentially extracted by a closed-loop analysis. The sinusoidal modeling of the speech linear prediction (LP) residual is performed within the general framework of matching pursuits with a dictionary of sinusoids. The frequency space of sinusoids is restricted to sets of frequency intervals or bins, which in conjunction with the closed-loop analysis allow us to map the frequencies of the sinusoids into a frequency vector that is efficiently quantized. In voiced frames, two sets of frequency vectors are generated: one of them represents harmonically related and the other one nonharmonically related components of the voiced segment. This approach eliminates the need for voicing dependent cutoff frequency that is difficult to estimate correctly and to quantize at low bit rates. In transition frames, to efficiently extract and quantize the set of frequencies needed for the sinusoidal representation of the LP residual, we introduce frequency bin vector quantization (FBVQ). FBVQ selects a vector of nonuniformly spaced frequencies from a frequency codebook in order to represent the frequency domain information in transition regions. Our use of FBVQ with closed-loop searching contribute to an improvement of speech quality in transition frames. The effectiveness of the coding scheme is enhanced by exploiting the critical band concept of auditory perception in defining the frequency bins. To demonstrate the viability and the advantages of the new models studied, we designed a 4 kbps matching pursuits sinusoidal speech coder. Subjective results indicate that the proposed coder at 4 kbps has quality exceeding the 6.3 kbps G.723.1 coder.
Recognition of synthetic speech by hearing-impaired elderly listeners.

The Modified Rhyme Test (MRT), recorded using natural speech and two forms of synthetic speech, DECtalk and Votrax, was used to measure both open-set and closed-set speech-recognition performance. ...
Reply to Bromiley's comment and further results: paradox lost becomes dilemma found

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Study on the hardness of composite films prepared by ion-assisted co-evaporation process

Hardness of TiO 2 -MgF 2 and TiO 2 -SiO 2 composite films prepared by reactive ion-assisted coevaporation were strongly dependent on the microstructures and evaporation rates of each component. The softening of the composite films at low TiO 2 composition is caused by the dispersion of amorphous TiO 2 particles in the sort amorphous SiO 2 or soft crystalline MgF 2 matrix, which is obtained at the high evaporation rate of SiO 2 or MgF 2 . In contrast, the hardening of the composite films at high TiO 2 composition is produced by the dispersion of hard amorphous SiO 2 particles or hard crystalline MgF 2 grains with the size 2 matrix, which is obtained at the low evaporation rate of SiO 2 or MgF 2 . In these cased, the evaporation rate of TiO 2 is always maintained at 0.2 nm/s.
Geography and personality: Why do different neighborhoods have different vibes?

Many travelers today, like Marco Polo in the 13th century, marvel at the different vibes possessed by different nations. Portugal has a different feel than France, which has a different feel than the United Kingdom, which is also very different from China. These differences arise in part because of different languages, customs, climates, and geographies. What about different neighborhoods in the same city? Do different neighborhoods have different vibes, even if they speak the same language, have the same holidays, the same favorite sports teams, and the same high and low temperatures? Most people living in a large city would say, “Yes, of course!” However, do they know why different neighborhoods feel so different, even within the same city? My guess is that most people can point to demographic or socioeconomic status differences across neighborhoods (e.g., “that is a Mexican neighborhood,” or “a lot of rich folks live there”), but would have no idea where agreeable people live or where introverts live. Jokela et al.’s (1) paper presents the possibility that different neighborhoods feel different not just because of their residents’ socioeconomic status, demographics, or built-environments, but also because of the actual personality of their residents. Jokela et al. collected self-reports on Big Five personality (extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and life satisfaction from over 56,000 Londoners (1). Using respondents’ residences, Jokela et al. mapped the personalities of 216 London neighborhoods. Not surprisingly, people high in openness to experiences tend to live in the city center (e.g., Camden Town, King’s Cross), whereas people low in openness live in the outer regions of London (Fig. 1). Similarly, agreeable and conscientious people overwhelmingly live outside of the city center. Residents of Hammersmith and Battersea are very extraverted, whereas residents of East Ham and Hanwell are very introverted. Interestingly, the …
Toxicological implications of extended space flights

This paper draws attention to the needs and mechanisms for shielding crewmembers on long-duration space flights from hazards related to chemical toxicants. Specific attention is given to existing data on sources of impaired performance, namely, neurotoxicants, respiratory infections, pulmonary function. The behavioral effects associated with long-term exposure to volatile organic solvents can impair crucial functional parameters of space flight and mission objectives. Respiratory infections contribute to performance decrements of up to 20 percent, and pulmonary function can be impaired by contaminants such as ozone leading to reduced performance. It is concluded that these and other sources of toxicologically induced performance reductions be studied since they impinge on vehicle design and mission objectives.
Effects of pH on brain energetics after hypothermic circulatory arrest

The pH management that provides optimal organ protection during hypothermic circulatory arrest is uncertain. Recent retrospective clinical data suggest that the pH-stat strategy (maintenance of pH at 7.40 corrected to core temperature) may improve brain protection during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with a period of circulatory arrest in infants. The impact of alpha-stat (group A) and pH-stat (group P) strategies on recovery of cerebral high-energy phosphates and intracellular pH measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (A, n = 7; P, n = 5), organ blood flow measured by microspheres, cerebral metabolic rate measured by oxygen and glucose extraction (A, n = 7; P, n = 6), and cerebral edema was studied in 25 4-week-old piglets undergoing core cooling and 1 hour of circulatory arrest at 15 degrees C. Group P had greater cerebral blood flow during core cooling (54.3% +/- 4.7% versus 34.2% +/- 1.5% of normothermic baseline, respectively; p = 0.001). The intracellular pH during core cooling showed an alkaline shift in both groups but became more alkaline in group A than in group P at the end of cooling (7.08 to 7.63 versus 7.09 to 7.41, respectively; p = 0.013). Recovery of cerebral adenosine triphosphate (p = 0.046) and intracellular pH (p = 0.014) in the initial 30 minutes of reperfusion was faster in group P. The cerebral intracellular pH became more acidotic during early reperfusion in group A, whereas it showed continuous recovery in group P. Brain water content postoperatively was less in group P (0.8075) than in group A (0.8124) (p = 0.05). These results suggest that compared with alpha-stat, the pH-stat strategy provides better early brain recovery after deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with circulatory arrest in the immature animal. Possible mechanisms include improved brain cooling by increased blood flow to subcortical areas, improved oxygen delivery, and reduction of reperfusion injury, as well as an alkaline shift in intracellular pH with hypothermia in spite of a stable blood pH.
Single-Molecule Investigation of Phycobilisome Energy Transfer Mechanisms

Pycobilisomes (PBS) are photosynthetic antenna complexes of cyanobacteria responsible for capturing and transferring light energy with high efficiency. PBS has been estimated to transfer the absorbed photon energy to core terminal emitters with above 95% efficiency via the Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. In order to determine the energy transfer efficiency of whole PBSs, it is necessary to quantify photon emission properties from intact PBS components - PC rods and APC cylinders. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging methods, we have imaged single PBS complexes (Synechocystis PPC6803) and determined the photon emission distribution of individual PBS complexes by analyzing the size of their intensity profiles [1]. Our results indicate that PBS molecules emit a sizable fraction of the absorbed light from components other than the terminal emitters, rendering the energy transfer efficiency << 95%. We have also investigated the fluorescence-quenching properties of PBS; results suggest that each PC rod and APC unit acts as an independent quenching unit (or light emission unit) with minimal coupling to the terminal emitters.[1]. S. DeCenzo, M. DeSantis, and Y. M. Wang Single-image separation measurements of two unresolved fluorophores. Optics Express, 18, 16628-16639, (2010)
A novel method of measuring cardiac preservation injury demonstrates University of Wisconsin solution is associated with less ischemic necrosis than Celsior in early cardiac allograft biopsy specimens.

Background No consensus exists on the optimal heart preservative solution (HPS) for cardiac allograft preservation. The significance of varying degrees of acute ischemic necrosis (AIN) in early transplant biopsy specimens is unknown. We investigated the effects of HPS on early cardiac histopathology by developing a novel grading system of AIN. Methods A retrospective review of our institutional database of orthotopic heart transplants (OHT) identified hearts preserved with University of Wisconsin (UW) or Celsior solutions. AIN severity was graded on early post-transplant biopsy specimens. Primary stratification was by HPS. Multivariable models examined mortality, AIN grade, primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and right heart failure (RHF). Results From 1996 to 2010, 42 of 174 adult OHTs were preserved with UW and 132 with Celsior, from which 431 biopsy specimens were reviewed. UW and Celsior had similar 30-day ( p = 0.79) and 1-year mortality ( p = 0.92). Celsior was associated with significantly more AIN on the first ( p = 0.02) and second ( p = 0.04) specimens and persisted on multivariable analysis for the first (odds ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–6.83; p = 0.01) and second biopsy specimen (2.08; 0.99–4.34; p = 0.05). When stratified by AIN score, 30-day and 1-year mortality were similar ( p > 0.05). Adjusted analysis showed increasing AIN score on the first biopsy was strongly associated with an increased incidence of PGD (1.59; 1.02–2.47; p = 0.04) and RHF (2.45; 1.14–5.27; p = 0.02). Conclusions Our grading system provides a simple, reproducible method for determining AIN. UW is associated with less AIN than Celsior solution. Early biopsy ischemia is associated with PGD and RHF. AIN may have prognostic significance and its routine evaluation should be considered.
A Fuzzy Approach to Supplier Selection

This paper focuses on the implementation of the rule-based supplier selection methodology using fuzzy logic concepts. The application of fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules to our methodology is discussed. This enables transforming linguistic rules into a form that can be computed. However, several issues do arise when the methodology is put into practice. The second part of the paper examines these issues and explores different ways of dealing with them.
A Survey of Seasonal and Permanent Landowners in Wisconsin's Northwoods: Following Dillman and Then Some

This article demonstrates the importance of obtaining high response rates for surveys of the general population while illustrating that survey design and procedures that adopt and modify factors known to positively affect survey returns can lead to high response rates, even for a lengthy survey of the general population. Using an expanded version of Dillman's “tailored design method,” we achieved an 82.8% response rate for a general population survey of landowners. When comparing early respondents to late respondents we found significant differences on several sociodemographic variables as well as a number of attitudinal measures central to the research project. In addition, costs are compared between this methodology and a more typical four-wave mailing. Our survey further highlights the importance of improving our understanding of the social changes taking place in rural communities and the implications these changes can have on natural resources management. This article originally published in Society ...
A Caffeoylcyclohexane-1-Carboxylic Acid Derivative From Asimina Triloba

Abstract Three caffeoyl derivatives of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane 1-carboxylic acid, one of them an oviposition stimulant for the zebra swallowtail butterfly, Eurytides marcellus , were isolated from Asimina triloba . The structure of the active isomer, 3-caffeoyl- muco -quinic acid, was determined by extensive NMR studies.
An FTIR spectroscopic study of hydrogen-bonding competition in entrainer-cosolvent mixtures

In chemical separation processes such as supercritical extraction the use of an entrainer cosolvent can dramatically improve selectivity and yield. Ideally, in an extraction process, an entrainer cosolvent should complex with only the desired solute, pulling it from the feed. But not all cosolvents are entrainers, and a cosolvent that is effective in one application may not be effective in others. Often, competing hydrogen bonding interactions limit the effectiveness of an entrainer cosolvent. In this paper FTIR spectroscopy is used to study hydrogen bonding competition in solute/solvent/entrainer cosolvent mixtures. The extent of hydrogen bonding is determined from analysis of hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded infrared absorption peaks. Since these peaks overlap, curvefitting and Fourier self-deconvolution techniques are used to resolve them. Concentrations of monomeric and hydrogen-bonded species are modeled using the associated perturbed anisotropic chain theory (APACT). Using APACT it is shown that the equilibrium constant, derived from activities, can be written as the product of a temperature-dependent term and the ratio of concentrations: K=(RT) vIIC i vi . This gives a statistical mechanical basis for the empirical observation that for hydrogen-bonding equilibria, the ratio of concentrations is approximately equal to the ratio of activities.
Blunt and penetrating trauma to the larynx and upper airway

Larynx and upper airway trauma are uncommon but potentially devastating injuries. These injuries may rapidly progress with lethal consequences. In the United States, the incidence of laryngeal trauma is estimated to be between 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 137,000 emergency room visits. The most common etiology of airway trauma is a blunt force impact to the anterior neck. With penetrating wounds there may be associated tissue loss, injury to the nearby carotid sheath structures, or injury to the esophagus and pharynx. There is an overall mortality of 40% for blunt injuries and 20% for penetrating injuries. Evaluation and treatment are directed at preserving life and maintaining and restoring laryngeal function.
Level crossings of the empirical process

Abstract The asymptotics for the number of times the empirical distribution function crosses the true distribution function are well-known (see Dwass, 1961; or Shorack and Wellner, 1986). We give a process version of this limit theorem and we identify the limiting process to be the local time of Brownian bridge. This substantially strengthens the usual central limit theorem for linear empirical processes. As a by-product of these results, we answer an open problem cited in Shorack and Wellner (1986).
Ab initio studies of magnetism in strongly correlated electron systems

Abstract We present an ab initio based method which gives clear insight into the interplay between the band-f hybridization, the band-f coulomb exchange, and the crystal-field interactions, as the degree of 4f localization is varied across a series of strongly correlated cerium systems. The predictions for the ordered magnetic moments, magnetic structure, and ordering temperatures are in excellent agreement with experiment, including the occurence of a moment collapse of non-Kondo origin. In contrast, spin and orbitally polarized ab initio density functional calculations and LDA+U calculations fail to predict, even qualitatively, the trend of the unusual magnetic properties.
Adsorption-desorption kinetics of CO from clean and sulfur covered Ru(001)

Abstract The total uptake of CO, its adsorption kinetics and its desorption kinetics from clean and partially sulfur covered surfaces of the basal plane of ruthenium have been investigated. The method of desorption rate isotherms applied to the CO flash desorption spectra from these surfaces was used to evaluate the coverage dependence of the binding energy of CO as well as the effect of various levels of sulfur on this binding energy. Below a total surface concentration of 1 adsorbate atom per 3 surface Ru atoms, the binding energy and sticking probability of CO on the clean and sulfur covered surfaces are the same. Above this concentration of total adsorbates, the adsorption kinetics is the same on all surfaces studied, the binding energy decreases linearly with CO coverage while the magnitude of the decrease increases with sulfur coverage. The total uptake of CO depends on the amount of preadsorbed sulfur. At low coverages of sulfur, total CO uptake is effected by the excluded volume of sulfur. At higher coverages of sulfur (approaching 1 2 the maximum sulfur concentration on the clean surface) the site requirements of sulfur limits the amount of CO that can adsorb on the remaining surface, to the quantity of 1 adsorbate atom per 2 Ru atoms.
Imposed breathing pattern alters respiratory work during exercise

Previous studies have shown the existence of an ideal respiratory rate (fR) for a given ventilation at which the respiratory work rate (J·s−1) is minimum. The purpose of the present study was to measure the effect offR, tidal volume and breathing pattern on the respiratory work per breath and respiratory work rate during exercise on a cycle ergometer. Three work rates on the cycle ergometer were used and at each work rate the ventilation was kept constant. Two different breathing patterns were applied at each ventilation. Nine male trained cyclists [mean (SD) maximum oxygen consumption, 57 (5.47) ml·kg−1·min−1] participated in this study. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the respiratory work per breath, with different breathing patterns at a given ventilation and for all levels of ventilation. There was no significant difference in the respiratory work rate with different breathing patterns at a given ventilation and for all levels of ventilation. In addition, the respiratory work per breath and respiratory work rate were increased with increasing ventilation. Thus, the data indicated that the manipulation of tidal volume, respiratory rate and breathing pattern had no significant effect on the energy cost of breathing for a given ventilation. The absence of this significant effect on respiratory work rate was observed across a range of ventilation from 24 to 72 l·min−1. These findings suggest that the breathing pattern is predominantly an expression of the function of the higher respiratory brain center instead of energy economy, at least within this range of ventilation.