cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role Of kVp Accuracy Of Diagnostic X-Ray Units and Other Performance Parameters in Quality Assurance

More than 300 diagnostic x-ray units are subjected to radiation protection surveys and calibrations annually in a medical physics practice involving more than 40 diagnostic facilities ranging from small private offices to several hospitals having 500-700 beds. In addition to traditional protection oriented analysis, performance characteristics are evaluated in order to improve quality assurance and reduce the needless patient exposure and cost associated with repeated examinations. A long term study, previously reported by the authors, includes development of ionization techniques for and results of analysis of linearity of exposure, mR/mas constancy, as functions of indicated time and current. Determination of accuracy of kVp was not done in the past because the cost-benefit ratio was considered excessive using conventional techniques such as voltage dividers in large scale measurements. The recent availability of the RMI Wisconsin X-ray Test Cassette based on the Ardran Crooks technique has made it possible to provide kVp accuracy tests as a part of the routine annual survey at minimal cost. During 1975-76, determinations of kVp accuracy have been made on more than 100 stationary radiographic x-ray units at 60,80, 100, and 120 kVp. These data have been analyzed in terms of the frequency distribution of actual/indicated kVp ratios. For 66% of all units the measured potentials were within + 5% of the indicated kVp. All focal spots measured were equal to or less than the specified size. We propose as practical acceptance test criteria that mR/mas variation on each unit for all currents and times (resulting in greater than 1 mas) be within ± 10%, that kVp be within ±5% of indicated kVp, and that focal spot size be within ±10% of that specified.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
GONADOTROPIC HORMONE IN AP OF MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS DURING GROWTH1,2

FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS THIS laboratory has been engaged in a systematic study of the changes in the concentration of the various hormones in the pituitary of experimental animals during growth, pregnancy and lactation. It was hoped that these studies would contribute a) to the question of the relation between the concentration of the various hormones in the pituitary and the rate of secretory activity, b) to the problem of the relation of the concentration of the AP hormones and the sensitivity of the glands or organs stimulated, c) to the species and sex variations under comparable conditions, and finally d) to the interrelation of the hormones during growth, attainment of sexual maturity, pregnancy, lactation, growth stasis, and fattening. In preceding reports, the changes in the lactogenic (1) and thyrotropic (2) hormones of the AP of New Zealand white rabbits during growth have been described.
Chemical Tuning of the Electronic Properties in a Periodic Surfactant-Templated Nanostructured Semiconductor

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of hexagonal nanostructured platinum/tin/tellurium inorganic/surfactant composites. The composites are formed through solution-phase self-assembly of SnTe4(4-) Zintl clusters, which are cross-linked with platinum salts in the presence of a cetyltriethylammonium cationic structure directing agent. The cross-linking utilizes various combinations of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) salts. Low-angle X-ray diffraction indicates that all composites form hexagonal honeycomb (p6mm) structures. A combination of elemental analysis and XANES is used to describe the composition and oxidation states within the composites. We find that the extent of tin telluride self-oligomerization and the platinum:tin telluride ratio both vary, indicating that the composite compensates for different platinum oxidation states by tuning the inorganic composition. Near-IR/visible reflectance spectroscopy and UPS can be used to measure both band gaps and absolute band energies. The results show that while moving from all Pt(II) to all Pt(IV) increases the band gap from 0.6 to 0.8 eV, it increases the absolute valence and conduction band energies by almost a full electronvolt. AC impedance spectroscopy further reveals that the conductivities of the materials can be tuned from 0.009 to 0.003 Omega(-1).cm(-1). Additionally, a capacitance arising from the periodic nanoscale organic domains was observed. The conductivity and band gap were used to estimate carrier mobilities in these composites. Chemical tuning of the electronic properties within related nanostructured composites is a useful tool for designing applications that exploit the properties of nanostructured semiconductors.
Direct and modulated reflectance spectra of MnO, CoO, and NiO

Abstract Direct reflectance, thermoreflectance, and electroreflectance have been measured for MnO, CoO, and NiO above the fundamental edge. Spectra of all three materials support a model containing both localized and one-electron band states. In MnO peaks with temperature coefficients of ∼ 10 −3 eV/K were observed at 5.7 and 6.9 eV, temperature-independent structure occurred at 5.4, 6.3, and 7.2 eV, and spectral features with indeterminate temperature dependence were seen at 4.6 and 5.5 eV. The temperature-dependent structure was assigned to one-electron interband transitions associated with anion 2p and cation 4s states; the temperature independent structure was assigned to crystal field split localized interionic transitions between the 3d-states of neighboring Mn ions. Thermoreflectance spectra for CoO exhibited temperature dependent structure (9.5 × × 10 −4 eV/K at 5.0, 6.0, and 7.2 eV. A strong, temperature dependent electroreflectance oscillation was seen in NiO near 6.2 eV. On the basis of these data the interband gap between the anion 2p and cation 4s bands was determined to be 5.7 eV in MnO, 6.0 eV in CoO, and 6.2 eV in NiO.
Inhibition of 5'-nucleotidase by concanavalin A: evidence for localization on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.

5′-Nucleotidase activity of rat liver plasma membrane is markedly inhibited by concanavalin A. Taken together with a unilateral pattern of labelling of concanavalin A binding sites with hemocyanin, the results indicate that an allosteric site of the enzyme is at the outer surface of the membrane.
Origins, structure, and trophic significance of amorphous seston in a blackwater river

SUMMARY 1. The role of suspended organic aggregates in aquatic systems has received much attention, but their origin and function vary between environments and conditions. 2. In the Ogeechee River (Georgia, U.S.A.) particles are constructed of clay, organic debris, and microorganisms in a matrix of mucopolysaccharide fibrils. Although these fibrils are probably of bacterial origin, microcosm studies suggest that synthesis of particles from dissolved substances can occur in the absence of microbial processing. 3. Processing of organic material and production of amorphous aggregates occurs through a series of microbial events and follows a well-defined successional cycle that results in a high concentration of protists in sestonic particles. 4. Chemical analyses show that the relatively high protein and fat content of this amorphous material is a valuable food resource for filter-feeding macroinvertebrates that are dense in this system.
The Roux operation for postgastrectomy syndromes

The aim of this paper is to describe the technique, indications, and results of the Roux operation as used in the treatment of postgastrectomy syndromes. A Roux gastrojejunostomy with a 40-cm Roux limb is the procedure of choice for alkaline reflux gastritis, because it virtually eliminates reflux of bile and pancreatic juice into the stomach. The slow transit through a Roux limb can also be used to good advantage to slow gastric emptying in patients with dumping. Patients with delayed gastric emptying respond to the combination of near-total gastric resection, which removes the atonic gastric remnant and speeds emptying, and Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy, which prevents reflux esophagitis and provides a reservoir for ingesta in the upper gut. After all Roux operations, however, the Roux limb may slow emptying so much that pain, fullness, nausea, and food vomiting result, the so-called Roux stasis syndrome. Prevention of the Roux stasis syndrome with an "uncut" Roux limb and the treatment of the syndrome by using electrical pacing to suppress the ectopic pacemakers that emerge in the limb offer possible new solutions to this vexing problem.
Life Satisfaction across Four Stages of Adult Life.

This investigation examines, via multivariate analysis, the effect of financial situation, health, standard of living and family life upon the life satisfaction of adult men and women. The stages of adulthood examined here include: Early Adulthood (ages 22--34). Early Middle Age (ages 35--44), Late Middle Age (ages 45--64), and Late Adulthood (ages 65 and older). The data used in this analysis were collected from a national probability sample (N = 2164), but the present study includes only persons twenty-two years or older with a response for each item under investigations (N = 1786). Life satisfaction was relatively high for both men and women at each stage across the lifespan. It was noted, however, that for men life satisfaction is related to age stage in a monotonic increasing fashion. On the other hand, life satisfaction scores remained relatively constant across the age stages for women. Family life and standard of living were found to be significant determinants of life satisfaction, for both sexes at each stage of adulthood.
The reactive two-body part of the pion-nucleus optical potential

Abstract We calculate the reactive component of the two-body contribution to the pion-nucleus optical potential from a two-nucleon pion absorption mechanism that predicts the total cross section and angular distributions for π+d → pp very well. At threshold the calculated absorptive parts explain most of the values obtained from pionic atom level widths, whereas the dispersive parts, which are very sensitive to wave function correlations are considerably more attractive than what the conventional phenomenological parameters would suggest.
The Time of Natural Swarming in Honey Bees

Colony division (swarming) is a natural method of reproduction in honey bees, Apis mellifera L. It also represents a potential economic loss for beekeepers, and management practices have been devised to reduce its incidence. Simpson (1957) estimated that in an average year 10-40% of the colonies in a commercial apiary will swarm if left unattended.
Breeding for Increased Egg Production in Beltsville Small White Turkeys

Abstract THE small number of eggs and the shortness of the hatching season have contributed toward the limiting of turkeys to the November and December markets. Some years ago it was believed that there was a place for fresh turkey meat throughout the year as a substitute for large roasting chickens, which are becoming relatively fewer with each successive year. In order to produce turkey meat throughout the year, it would be necessary to increase, if possible, the number of eggs produced and to extend the length of the laying period. Lately a further incentive has been added to improve egg production, and this is the production, throughout the year, of turkey broilers, or light roasters with a live weight of about 4 to 12 pounds each. Therefore, any improvement in turkey egg production would be a welcome asset for the turkey industry. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Wilson and Johnson (1946), reported …
Preface: The Cultural Significance of Jackie Robinson

(1997). Preface: The Cultural Significance of Jackie Robinson. Sociological Focus: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 307-309.
Leukocytosis Is Common After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Background Postoperative infection is a potentially devastating complication after THA and TKA. In the early postoperative period, clinicians often find nonspecific indicators of infection. Although leukocytosis may be a sign of a developing infection in the early postoperative period, it may also be part of a normal surgical response.
Selective Defect in Nitric Oxide Synthesis May Explain the Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Patients With Essential Hypertension

Background —Patients with essential hypertension have impaired endothelial NO activity, but the mechanism underlying this abnormality is unknown. Methods and Results —To investigate whether the endothelial dysfunction of hypertensive patients is related to a selective defect in NO synthesis, we studied the forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (7.5 to 30 μg/min), an endothelial agonist linked to NO synthase through the Ca 2+ signaling pathway, and isoproterenol (50 to 200 ng/min), a β-adrenoceptor agonist that stimulates NO production by increasing intracellular cAMP, in 12 normotensive subjects and 12 hypertensive patients. The infusion of isoproterenol was repeated during the concurrent blockade of NO synthesis by N G -monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA; 4 μmol/min). The vasodilator response to acetylcholine was significantly reduced in hypertensives compared with normotensives (maximum blood flow: 10.4±4.6 versus 14.4±3.7 mL · min −1 · dL −1 ; P =.008). However, the vasodilator effect of isoproterenol was similar in normotensives and hypertensives (maximum blood flow: 14.4±5.4 versus 13.5±5 mL · min −1 · dL −1 ; P =.56) and was significantly (both P −1 · dL −1 in normotensives versus 10.8±3.9 mL · min −1 · dL −1 in hypertensives; P =.77). The vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside (0.8 to 3.2 μg/min), an exogenous NO donor, was similar in both groups and was not modified by L-NMMA. Conclusions —Hypertensive patients have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine but preserved NO activity in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. These findings suggest that the endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension is due to a selective abnormality of NO synthesis, probably related to a defect in the phosphatidylinositol/Ca 2+ signaling pathway.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol in Water Solutions Using Nanocrystalline Boron-Doped Diamond Film Anode

The present paper reports the utilization of a boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond film (BDD) in electrochemical oxidization (ECO) process of organic phenol compound in 0.1 M H2SO4 water solution. The nano BDD films were synthesized by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWPCVD), and then characterized by Raman spectroscopy and SEM before and after the electrochemical oxidation treatment. For the ECO treatment performed to the test sample solution, an observation of the first and the last voltammetric plots exhibited a qualitatively differences between the two plots where the first one represent the initial concentration and the last one the signal produced by the organic solution after treatment. UV-Vis analysis through the application of a standard calibration curve, quantitatively confirmed the composition of phenol remaining in the sample solution subdued to the ECO treatment.
DIFFERENT MECHANISMS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISHABITUATION OF ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AUDITORY RESPONSES TO A CHANGE IN ACOUSTIC IDENTITY THAN TO A CHANGE IN STIMULUS LOCATION

Repeated exposure to an auditory stimulus leads to habituation of the electrophysiological and immediate-early-gene (IEG) expression response in the auditory system. A novel auditory stimulus reinstates this response in a form of dishabituation. This has been interpreted as the start of new memory formation for this novel stimulus. Changes in the location of an otherwise identical auditory stimulus can also dishabituate the IEG expression response. This has been interpreted as an integration of stimulus identity and stimulus location into a single auditory object, encoded in the firing patterns of the auditory system. In this study, we further tested this hypothesis. Using chronic multi-electrode arrays to record multi-unit activity from the auditory system of awake and behaving zebra finches, we found that habituation occurs to repeated exposure to the same song and dishabituation with a novel song, similar to that described in head-fixed, restrained animals. A large proportion of recording sites also showed dishabituation when the same auditory stimulus was moved to a novel location. However, when the song was randomly moved among 8 interleaved locations, habituation occurred independently of the continuous changes in location. In contrast, when 8 different auditory stimuli were interleaved all from the same location, a separate habituation occurred to each stimulus. This result suggests that neuronal memories of the acoustic identity and spatial location are different, and that allocentric location of a stimulus is not encoded as part of the memory for an auditory object, while its acoustic properties are. We speculate that, instead, the dishabituation that occurs with a change from a stable location of a sound is due to the unexpectedness of the location change, and might be due to different underlying mechanisms than the dishabituation and separate habituations to different acoustic stimuli.
Chelated iron sources are inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and distribute efficiently in an in vitro model of drug delivery to the human lung.

Aims: To determine whether chelated sources of ferric iron were efficient inhibitors of biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and might be suitable for drug delivery to the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients via nebulization. Methods and Results: The response of P. aeruginosa biofilms to elevated iron concentrations in the form of eight structurally varied iron chelators in a microtitre plate assay for biofilm production was examined in the lab. Among these iron chelates, picolinic acid and acetohydroxamic acid-chelated iron were able to effectively thwart biofilm production in P. aeruginosa PA14 and in 20 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa from a local hospital. The chelated iron sources showed excellent distribution in an Anderson cascade impactor model of particle size distribution in the human lung. Conclusions: Ferric picolinate and ferric acetohydroxamate are effective anti-biofilm compounds against both lab and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa and are readily nebulized into particles of suitable size for lung delivery. Significance and Impact of the Study: The data herein serve both to solidify the growing base of literature correlating high iron levels with biofilm inhibition in P. aeruginosa and to highlight the potential of these chelators as nebulized agents to combat biofilms of P. aeruginosa in CF patients.
Grass roots: Using satellite uplink in teacher preparation

(1989). Grass roots: Using satellite uplink in teacher preparation. American Journal of Distance Education: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 67-70.
Collection of tissue and culture samples from the canine reproductive tract

Definitive diagnosis of reproductive tract infection or other disease often requires sampling of tissue, either for culture or histopathology. Indications, sample collection technique, possible side-effects and interpretation of results are reviewed. Pertinent facts include: (1) collection of uterine biopsy specimens via laparotomy was associated with higher yield of diagnostic samples and fewer side-effects than other less invasive techniques; (2) vaginal culture samples should be collected from the anterior vagina to minimize number of contaminants in the sample; (3) collection of culture samples from the anterior vagina during proestrus or estrus, in the presence of discharge originating in the uterus, was a non-invasive technique for assessment for uterine infection; (4) samples for bacterial culture from mucosal surfaces, including the vagina and penis, must be quantitated to allow interpretation, with moderate to heavy growth of any single aerobic bacterial organism relevant; (5) mycoplasma and ureaplasma are part of the normal flora of the genitourinary tract in dogs and bitches and, because most laboratories cannot give reliable quantitative results, interpretation of positive results often is difficult; (6) collection of prostatic tissue samples for cytology or culture was more likely to yield a correct diagnosis than submission of ejaculated prostatic fluid.
Role of ultrasound in screening patients at risk for preterm delivery

The ultrasound assessment of the cervix has contributed to the understanding of the pathways to preterm birth. Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of the cervix provides an objective and noninvasive tool for the evaluation of cervical status. Despite widespread use of this procedure, standardization of measurement indications, technique, and interval between examinations has not been achieved. The American College of Radiology has recently recommended that the cervix and lower uterine segment be imaged as part of every obstetric ultra-sound examination in the second trimester. These guidelines specifically suggest a search for a short cervix (less than 30 mm) or funneling. The expert panel on women's imaging further recommended evaluating the cervix sonographically on both the initial examination and all follow-up examinations for twin gestations. The American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine guidelines indicate that evaluation of the uterus, including cervix, should be performed, but does not indicate specifically that the cervix should be measured. In contrast, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, although recognizing that cervical length assessment may be helpful in predicting the risk of preterm delivery (particularly from a negative predictive value), does not recommend routine use of cervical length measurement because of the lack of proved treatment or intervention methods. A review of the literature suggests that at the time of this writing the role of routine screening of low-risk women with cervical length assessment by ultrasound is not supported. In contrast, in women at risk for preterm delivery(eg, women with a prior history of preterm birth or women with multiple gestations) cervical length assessment may be useful for its negative predictive value. At present, however, there is no therapeutic intervention that has been proved to decrease the risk of preterm delivery in women with a documented cervix on ultrasound.
Changes in Nitrogenous Compounds and Sites of Digestion of Alfalfa Harvested at Different Moisture Contents

Abstract Samples of fresh alfalfa and alfalfa wilted to dry matter contents of 29, 40, and 66%, collected before and after ensiling, were analyzed for compositional changes resulting from wilting and ensiling. Wilting and ensiling had little effect on total nitrogen content of alfalfa but produced substantial changes in the profile of nitrogen-containing compounds in the forages. Five Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and with T-type cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were employed to study effects on nutrient digestion of feeding the three alfalfa silages and baled hay. Forages supplied approximately 75% of the nitrogen consumed by the cows. Cows fed silage of 66% dry matter had a higher percentage of dietary nitrogen equivalent recovered as nonammonia nitrogen at the duodenum because of less extensive ruminal degradation of dietary crude protein. Treatment did not affect intestinal availability of nitrogen. Intakes (g/day) of amino acids were different because of dietary forage, but profiles of amino acids entering and absorbed from the intestine were similar for all treatments. Availability of amino acids in the small intestine was unaffected by source of forage.
Modeling of constituent redistribution in U–Pu–Zr metallic fuel

A computer model was developed to analyze constituent redistribution in U-Pu-Zr metallic nuclear fuels. Diffusion and thermochemical properties were parametrically determined to fit the postirradiation data from a fuel test performed in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II). The computer model was used to estimate redistribution profiles of fuels proposed for the conceptual designs of small modular fast reactors. The model results showed that the level of redistribution of the fuel constituents of the designs was similar to the measured data from EBR-II.
Three-dimensional strain-rate imaging.

Strain-rate imaging uses large velocity encoding gradients to obtain measurements of velocity that are extremely insensitive to the effects of random noise. The spatial differential of velocity yields the velocity gradient from which the strain-rate and twist-rate tensors can be determined. These tensors represent the distortion of the material and are of interest in the analysis of the dynamic behavior of living tissue (e.g., that of the myocardium). This work presents a new technique that uses the magnitude of the signal in the velocity encoded data to measure through-plane velocity variations at the resolution of the voxel size. The magnitude of the MR signal contains information about the range of phases present within a voxel. When the phase is dependent on the velocity (as in phase velocity imaging), the magnitude contains information about the range of velocities within a voxel. The method presented in this work uses unbalanced slice-refocusing gradients to sample the magnitude variation introduced by the interaction of velocity encoding gradients with spatially dependent velocities. The previously developed in-plane velocity gradient methods can be easily integrated with this new through-plane measurement to characterize the deformation of the myocardium in three spatial dimensions with high accuracy. The applicability of these methods is demonstrated theoretically, in phantoms and in vivo.
Mechanisms of Resetting of Arterial Baroreceptors: An Overview

Arterial baroreceptors are reset when their afferent nerve activity is reduced at an equivalent arterial pressure and vascular strain. Resetting occurs as a result of stretch of the baroreceptors, usually during an acute or chronic rise in arterial pressure. It may be seen during the diastolic phase of a cardiac cycle (instantaneous resetting), after brief exposure to a sustained elevation of pressure (acute resetting), and after chronic elevation of pressure or in physiologic or pathologic states associated with structural changes in the vascular regions of baroreceptors (chronic resetting). The mechanisms reviewed here include mechanical, ionic and chemical factors. Viscoelastic properties of the carotid sinus and aortic arch may explain the instantaneous resetting that occurs with each cardiac cycle when activity begins in early systole and stops in early diastole. Viscoelastic properties and ionic mechanisms may play a role in acute resetting. Inhibition of Na+K+ ATPase reduces the magnitude of acute resetting. The release of chemicals from the endothelium may modulate baroreceptor activity. Exogenous prostacyclin suppresses and indomethacin augments acute resetting in the rabbit, suggesting that the release of endogenous prostacyclin during a rise in arterial pressure attenuates resetting. Changes in pulsatility and blood flow also may modulate baroreceptor activity. The addition of pulsatile pressure at an increased mean pressure attenuates resetting. Increases in flow through the carotid sinus cause increases in baroreceptor activity at a constant sinus pressure and diameter, indicating that rheoreceptors may be important regulators of the circulation. The relative roles of mechanical, ionic, and chemical mechanisms of resetting in normal and disease states provide a challenging area for future research.
The Barrier Domain for Solute Permeation Varies With Lipid Bilayer Phase Structure

The chemical selectivities of the transport barriers in lipid bilayers varying in composition and phase structure (gel-phase DPPC and DHPC bilayers and liquid-crystalline DPPC/CHOL/50:50 mol% bilayers) have been investigated by determining functional group contributions to transport of a series of α-substituted p-toluic acid analogs obtained in vesicle efflux experiments. Linear free energy relationships are established between the free energies of transfer for this series of compounds from water to the barrier domain and corresponding values for their transfer from water into six model bulk solvents (hexadecane, hexadecene, decadiene, chlorobutane, butyl ether, and octanol) determined in partitioning experiments to compare the barrier microenvironment to that in these model solvents. The barrier microenvironment in all bilayers studied is substantially more hydrophobic than octanol, thus establishing the location of the barrier beyond the hydrated headgroup interfacial region, as the interface is expected to be more hydrophilic than octanol. The chemical nature of the barrier domain microenvironment varies with bilayer phase structure. The barrier regions in non-interdigitated DPPC and interdigitated DHPC gel-phase bilayers exhibit some degree of hydrogen-bond acceptor capacity as may occur if these domains lie in the vicinity of the ester/ether linkages between the headgroups and the acyl chains. Intercalation of 50 mol% cholesterol into DPPC bilayers, which induces a phase transition to a liquid-crystalline phase, substantially increases the apparent barrier domain hydrophobicity relative to gel-phase bilayers to a nonhydrogen bonding, hydrocarbonlike environment resembling hexadecene. This result, combined with similar observations in liquid-crystalline egg-PC bilayers (J. Pharm. Sci. (1994), 83:1511–1518), supports the notion that the transition from the gel-phase to liquid-crystalline phase shifts the barrier domain further into the bilayer interior (i.e., deeper within the ordered chain region).
Patterning of nanometer-scale silicide structures on silicon by ‘direct writing focus ion-beam implantation’

Abstract We have developed a new technique for direct patterning and formation of cobalt silicide structures using focused ion beam implantation. This mask-free fabrication technique takes advantage of the influence on the kinetics of ion-beam mixing and properties of thin barrier oxides during silicide line formation. Silicide structures with dimensions of the order of 170 nm were produced on (100) silicon substrates. The process involves the ion implantation of 200 keV As++ through a thin cobalt film on SiO2/Si structure. A selective reaction barrier at the Si/Co interface comprising of a thin (∼2 nm) oxide (SiO2), prevents unwanted reactions with silicon. Ion-beam mixing was instrumental in fracturing of the oxide layer, thereby allowing the migration of metal atoms across the Si/Co boundary for the silicidation reaction to proceed during subsequent rapid thermal anneal treatments. Diffusion controlled reactions advanced rapidly in the implanted areas, requiring a two-step anneal sequence to inhibit reaction elsewhere. A threshold dose of 3×1015 cm−2 was required for process initiation. Four-terminal resistance test structures were formed for electrical measurements. Resistivity obtained ranged on the order of 12 to 23 μΩ-cm. Application of this method can facilitate a wide variety of silicide structures.
Crystal structure, absolute configuration and stereochemistry of nupharidine hydrobromide

An X-ray diffraction study of nupharidine hydrobromide has been carried out in order to obtain an unequivocal solution to the question of the N-oxide configuration. Nupharidine hydrobromide (C15H24BrNO2) crystals are orthorhombic, space groupP212121 withz = 4. The unit cell constants at 22 ± 3 ° area = 13·419(2),b = 13·668(4),c = 8·731(2) A (CuKα1, λ = 1·54051 A). Three-dimensional intensity data, to the limit 2θ = 145 ° for CuKα1, were measured on a GE XRD-490 automatic diffractometer equipped with Ni-Co balanced filters for monochromatization. The crystal structure was solved by the heavy-atom method and refined by least squares to anR of 0·06 for 1960 reflections.
Cross sections for excitation of sodium by impact of H + , H 2 + , H 3 + , and H - ions

Apparent cross sections are reported for the excitation of Na atoms from the ground 3s level to the 3d level by incident ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, or ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions with velocities in the range 0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ to 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ m/s. The apparent cross section for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions has a maximum value of 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at an incident ion velocity of 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ m/s. At velocities above 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ m/s the apparent cross section for Na(3d)-level excitation by ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions is the same function of the velocity as the apparent cross section for 3d-level excitation by electrons. The apparent cross section for excitation of Na(3d)-level atoms by incident ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions is about 45% below the apparent cross section for excitation by incident ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions at velocities above 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ m/s. Combination of the apparent Na(3d) cross sections with the apparent Na(3p) cross sections reported earlier gives the direct excitation cross sections of Na(3p) by ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ impact.
Implementation of Best Practices for Online Teaching and Learning in an Online Institution.

The article documents the creation of and rationale behind best practices to maintain high performance for teaching and learning at an online university. The grassroots involvement of faculty, building on best practice efforts that guided faculty in the past, the effort to engage the full faculty in the review of documents describing best practices that were generated by a team of faculty, and the support for implementation of best practices to maintain high performance for Capella University faculty are described.
Fine structure of the anterior epithelial cell layer of the iris of the hen

The anterior epithelial cells of irises of adult female white Leghorn and Rhode Island hens were studied under the electron microscope. The cells contain numerous myofilaments, dense bodies, and interdigitate extensively with each other. Fine structural analysis of the neurosecretory vesicles of the axons innervating these cells indicates that they may have both a cholinergic and adrenergic innervation. The anterior epithelial cell of the hen iris is thought to be the analogue of the dilator pupillae muscle of mammals.
Müntz–Szasz Theorems for Nilpotent Lie Groups

The classic Muntz–Szasz theorem says that forf∈L2([0, 1]) and {nk}∞k=1, a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers,∫10xnjf(x)dx=0∀j⇒f=0⇔∑j=1∞1nj=∞.We have generalized this theorem to compactly supported functions on Rnand to an interesting class of nilpotent Lie groups. On Rnwe rephrased the condition above on an integral against a monomial, as a condition on the derivative of the Fourier transformf. This transform, for compactly supportedf, has an entire extension to complexn-space and these derivatives are coefficients in a Taylor series expansion off. For nilpotent Lie groups, we have proven a Muntz–Szasz theorem for the matrix coefficients of the operator valued Fourier transform, on groups that have a fixed polarizer for the representations in general position. Our work here is inspired by recent work on Paley–Wiener theorems for nilpotent Lie groups by Moss (J. Funct. Anal.114(1993), 395–411) and Park (J. Funct. Anal.133(1995), 211–300), who have proven Paley–Wiener theorems on restricted classes of nilpotent Lie groups. Lipsman and Rosenberg (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.348(1996), 1031–1050) have extended these results, for matrix coefficients, to any connected, simply connected nilpotent Lie group. As part of the proof of the Muntz–Szasz theorem for matrix coefficients, We construct a new basis in a nilpotent Lie algebra, which we call analmost strong Malcev basis. This new basis has many of the features of a strong Malcev basis, although it can be used to pass through subalgebras that are not ideals. Almost strong Malcev bases are unique up to a fixed strong Malcev basis. We will also show that, using almost strong Malcev bases, we can provide a partial answer to a question posed by Corwin and Greenleaf (“Representations of Nilpotent Lie Groups and Their Applications”, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1990) on using additive coordinates for a cross-section.
The lipoxygenase metabolite, 12(S)-HETE, induces a protein kinase C-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement and retraction of microvascular endothelial cells

We previously reported that a lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12(S)-HETE], induced large vessel endothelial cell (EC) retraction and increased tumor cell adhesion to exposed extracellular matrix (Honn et al., FASEB J. 3, 2285-2293, 1989). Here, we present evidence that 12(S)-HETE induces the retraction of microvascular ECs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The EC retraction was observed 15 min after 12(S)-HETE treatment and reached a peak level between 1 and 2 h. The monolayer reformed by 24 h. Silver staining and "gap-FRAP" experiments suggest that 12(S)-HETE altered the normally apposed cell junctions and impaired gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication. It appears that the 12(S)-HETE effect was mediated by cytoskeletal alteration. The first observed alteration in EC cytoskeleton following 12(S)-HETE stimulation is vimentin bundling, followed by the rearrangement and disruption of vinculin-containing adhesion plaques and/or simultaneous redistribution of alpha-actinin and disruption of spectrin. These changes are accompanied by progressive microfilament dissolution. During the same time interval, alpha-actinin is mobilized to the cell periphery at cell "ruffles." However, 12(S)-HETE showed little or no effects on actin-binding proteins filamin and tropomyosin or on microtubules. 12(S)-HETE effects on these cytoskeletal elements were fully reversible by 24 h and appeared to be mediated through enhancing protein phosphorylation. Following 12(S)-HETE (0.1 microM) treatment increased phosphorylation of proteins that comigrated with myosin light chain (20 kDa), actin (42 kDa), and vimentin (57 kDa) were observed. The enhanced phosphorylation of these cytoskeletal proteins was confirmed by 2D gel analysis. The phosphorylation-promoting effect of 12(S)-HETE on cytoskeletal proteins could be totally abolished by calphostin C, partially inhibited by staurosporine, but was not influenced by N-[2-(methylamine)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesilfonamide dihydrochloride (HS), suggesting that the 12(S)-HETE effect was mediated via protein kinase C. This was further substantiated by quantitative experiments demonstrating that calphostin C, but not H8, inhibited 12(S)-HETE-induced EC retraction.
Investigating inside the corporation

Summary By now, it must appear that the process of conducting an investigation is a slow, methodical, tedious exercise. This is true. It has been designed that way to protect the innocent and ensure that prosecutions are based on legally generated facts. Failure to follow the ‘letter of the law’ can result in a culprit escaping punishment to perform similar misdeeds again. Also, it must be noted that these same procedures should be followed whether or not the company is interested in bringing criminal charges against employees. Firing a miscreant rather than pressing charges without properly accumulating and protecting evidence puts the company at a serious disadvantage if the fired employee opts to sue the company for wrongful discharge.
Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer: some cause for pause.

B6hm et al. have correctly identified the canine model as a useful training tool for surgeons contemplating laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis. They have further demonstrated their own technical proficiency with this model. As they readily admit, their achievement in this setting is based on significant antecedent experience. More recently, three of these investigators have reported oncologic abdominoperineal resections in cadavers (I), the ultimate experimental model. Despite such demonstrations, uneven surgical technique has marked the progress of laparoscopic approaches to colon cancer (2). Because equipoise with open en bloc resection is a universal ideal, intracorporeal resection has considerable theoretical appeal, especially for assuring more predictable mesenteric vascular excision. One of its major disadvantages, as indicated by the authors, is less predictable control of spillage as the anastomosis is performed, doubtless contributing to widespread appeal of extracorporeal anastomosis, especially for right colon lesions. One of the most alarming features of laparoscopic colorectal surgery is the freewheeling exuberance with which it has been embraced for resection of cancer, sometimes with apparent subordination of established technical standards to the seductive technology of the laparoscopic approach. B6hm's article reminds us that laparoscopic procedures must maintain the standards of equivalent operations performed by laparotomy. Arbitrarily redefining technical elements to accommodate laparoscop-
Transient induced drag

In the present treatment of the calculation of forces on a wing that is suddenly brought into motion at a constant speed, attention is given to the unsteady potential's contribution to the force balance. Total bound vorticity is produced at the initial impulse. The results obtained are independent of wing aspect ratio; as time increases, this effect on the drag force becomes smaller as the vortex emanating from the trailing edge is left behind. The second contributor to induced drag is the spanwise vorticity shedding that results from the spanwise load distribution of three-dimensional wings. This contribution grows with time as the length of the wake grows.
Clinical characterization of Alzheimer's disease: reliability of 'age at onset' and a new descriptor, 'age at shift'.

To determine the interrater reliability of clinical descriptors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assessed the degree of agree ment among four clinicians who rated 21 patients during a longitudinal study. Despite variability in response patterns, degree of agreement for determining age at onset of dementia was statistically significant (P < 0.005). We also found significant agreement (P < 0.0001) among three clinicians for the clinical descriptor, "age at shift" from questionable to probable AD, according to the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria. These data demonstrate that both retro spective and prospective descriptors can be reliably determined in the clinical assessment of AD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:207-211).
Light yield measurements of milled BaFCl:Eu inorganic crystals

In recent years, composite scintillators consisting of nanosize inorganic crystals in an organic matrix have been actively developed. Ideally these scintillators would have efficiency and resolution similar to inorganic crystals, but at the same time would be inexpensive and easy to manufacture. In order to make composite scintillators optically transparent, McKigney et al. finds that nanosize inorganic crystals should be used in order to reduce optical scattering. One way to produce these nanosize inorganic crystals is through wet milling, where inorganic crystals are ground with microsize beads in an organic solvent to achieve size reduction. Milling is relatively simple in terms of preparation and equipment; however, milling is also known to introduce defects into the ground material. Therefore, a new light yield measurement technique is developed to evaluate the degree to which milling alters the light yield of the milled inorganic crystals. In this work, the light yield measurement technique is applied to samples containing BaFCl:Eu inorganic crystals milled in a tributyl phosphate (TBP) and cyclohexane mixture.
Generalization and Maintenance Efforts in Social Interaction Interventions for Preschool and Kindergarten Aged Children

ABSTRACT A review of studies since 1980 reporting social interaction interventions for preschool and kindergarten aged children is provided. Focus is on generalization and maintenance efforts. Reviewed studies fall into two categories, peer-mediated and child specific, and are classified by types of generalization strategies used based upon Stokes and Baer's (1977) hierarchy. Eleven studies employed Sequential Modification strategies; seven studies employed Train and Hope and Program Common Stimuli strategies. Strategies represented at lower rates were Introduce to Natural Maintaining Consequences, Train Sufficient Exemplars, and Use Indiscriminable Contingencies. Advances in sophistication of strategy usage in recent years is noted. Implications for school psychologists and related professionals are discussed.
Real-time digital forensics and triage

There are two main reasons the processing speed of current generation digital forensic tools is inadequate for the average case: a) users have failed to formulate explicit performance requirements; and b) developers have failed to put performance, specifically latency, as a top-level concern in line with reliability and correctness. In this work, we formulate forensic triage as a real-time computation problem with specific technical requirements, and we use these requirements to evaluate the suitability of different forensic methods for triage purposes. Further, we generalize our discussion to show that the complete digital forensics process should be viewed as a (soft) real-time computation with well-defined performance requirements. We propose and validate a new approach to target acquisition that enables file-centric processing without disrupting optimal data throughput from the raw device. We evaluate core forensic processing functions with respect to processing rates and show their intrinsic limitations in both desktop and server scenarios. Our results suggest that, with current software, keeping up with a commodity SATA HDD at 120 MB/s requires 120-200 cores.
Corticocaudatothalamic interactions in experimental focal epilepsy in the cat.

Abstract Corticocaudatothalamic network dynamics were studied in cats with seizures induced by the injection of tungstic acid into the pericruciate gyrus. The discharge patterns of neurons and concomitant slow-wave activity in the lateral, rostral portion of the head of the caudate nucleus were compared to similar activity in the medial, rostral portion of the ipsilateral head of the caudate nucleus and the ipsilateral ventral anterior thalamus. In the preictal phase, activation of neurons in the lateral caudate followed burst activity recorded at the focus whereas there was no detectable effect on activity recorded in the medial caudate. The amplitude of the propagated slow waves was also greater in the lateral segment of the caudate, somatotopically related to the cortical focus. The spread of ictal activity followed a stereotyped pattern; activation of the ipsilateral thalamus followed cortical seizure activity in sequential spread subsequently occurring to the lateral caudate head and finally to the medial caudate head. The findings suggest that seizure afterdischarge may be transferred from one segment of the caudate nucleus to another by external synaptic connections.