cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics computer simulation of the rod-like molecule methyl hexa-tri-yne: comparison with Doi/Edwards and Frenkel/Maguire theories

Abstract A large scale computer simulation of the rod like molecule methyl hexa-tri-yne has been carried out in the compressed gas and liquid states of matter. The intermolecular pair potential was constructed from a site model with 121 Lennard-Jones type interactions for each molecule pair, made up of a product of eleven atoms per molecule. The molecular dynamics for each number density were quantified in terms or various time auto and cross correlation functions, each element of which was computed by running time averaging over 6000 time steps of 5.0 fs each. This procedure allows the detailed investigation of translational. rotational and mixed dynamics for comparison with available analytical theories, such as those of Doi and Edwards and of Frenkel and Maguire. A large scale simulation such as this one, carried out with atom atom terms in the pair potential, reveals in detail the limitations of “hard rod” semi-emperical theories of elongated symmetric tops, such as methyl hexa-tri-yne. The “hard rod” theories are unlikely to be very accurate for liquid crystals or polymer liquid crystals on the evidence of this simulation, but are useful as approximations.
Nano-precision dynamic motion control

This paper presents digital motion control algorithms, real-time implementation, and experimental results for dynamic motion control. A digital control system that includes robust feedback, previewed feedforward, and repetitive control action is implemented on a piezoelectric actuator driven mechanical stage and is demonstrated to achieve nanometer level dynamic precision.
Timing of neurogenesis is a determinant of olfactory circuitry

An odorant receptor map in mammals that is constructed by the glomerular coalescence of sensory neuron axons in the olfactory bulb is essential for proper odor information processing. How this map is linked with olfactory cortex is unknown. Using a battery of methods, including various markers of cell division in combination with tracers of neuronal connections and time-lapse live imaging, we found that early- and late-generated mouse mitral cells became differentially distributed in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the odorant receptor map. In addition, the late-generated mitral cells extended substantially stronger projections to the olfactory tubercle than did the early-generated cells. Together, these data indicate that the odorant receptor map is developmentally linked to the olfactory cortices in part by the birthdate of mitral cells. Thus, different olfactory cortical regions become involved in processing information from distinct regions of the odorant receptor map.
Opioid-binding protein (OBCAM) is rich in β-sheets

Based on circular dichroism (CD) and the sequence-predictive method, the opioid-binding cell adhesion molecule (OBCAM) consisted of one half β-sheets and one fourth α-helices. This is consistent with significant sequence homology of the protein to several members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, particularly cell adhesion molecules, which are rich in β-sheets. Hydropathy analysis suggests that hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions were evenly distributed along the sequence, but the NH2- and COOH-termini were hydrophobic. Hydrophobic moments and Fourier-transform amphipathic analyses further suggest that residues 23–30 and 83–93 were amphiphathie β-sheets. The overall conformation of OBCAM was unaltered by adding linoleic acid, which is required for opioid ligand binding.
Trigeminal numbness and tic relief after microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECTIVE:After most operative treatments for trigeminal neuralgia, long-term tic relief is closely correlated with postoperative numbness in the trigeminal distribution. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is proposed to relieve tic through a nontraumatic mechanism. We investigated the relationship b
Domain decomposition methods on nonmatching grids in electromagnetic field computation

Summary form only given. We consider domain decomposition methods on nonmatching grids using mortar edge elements in the numerical solution of interior domain problems for the time-harmonic Maxwell equations and the eddy current equations in three space dimensions. As an application for the time-harmonic Maxwell equations, we consider a benchmark problem for an LWD (logging while drilling) tool used in oil exploration for in situ measurements to provide information about the formation through which a borehole is drilled. LWD tools are induction sensors with several saddle-type transmitter and receiver antennas placed concentrically on a metallic mandrel. On the other hand, as far as the quasistationary limit of Maxwell's equations is concerned, we consider the optimal design of bus bars in converter modules used as electric drives for high power electromotors. This amounts to the solution of a topology optimization problem where the state variables are subject to the eddy current equations and the design variable is given by the conductivity of the basic material.
Antigen removal for the production of biomechanically functional, xenogeneic tissue grafts

Xenogeneic tissues are derived from other animal species and provide a source of material for engineering mechanically functional tissue grafts, such as heart valves, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Xenogeneic tissues, however, contain molecules, known as antigens, which invoke an immune reaction following implantation into a patient. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the antigens from a xenogeneic tissue to prevent immune rejection of the graft. Antigen removal can be accomplished by treating a tissue with solutions and/or physical processes that disrupt cells and solubilize, degrade, or mask antigens. However, processes used for cell and antigen removal from tissues often have deleterious effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue, rendering the tissue unsuitable for implantation due to poor mechanical properties. Thus, the goal of an antigen removal process should be to reduce the antigen content of a xenogeneic tissue while preserving its mechanical functionality. To expand the clinical use of antigen-removed xenogeneic tissues as biomechanically functional grafts, it is essential that researchers examine tissue antigen content, ECM composition and architecture, and mechanical properties as new antigen removal processes are developed.
Photogeneration, charge transport, and photoconductivity of a novel PVK/CdS-nanocrystal polymer composite

Abstract We report on the photoconductive characteristics of an inorganic:organic hybrid composite in which PVK serves as a polymeric charge-transporting matrix and quantum dots composed of surface passivated cadmium sulfide serve as a charge-generating sensitizer. The PVK:CdS nanocomposites prepared are directly compared with a similar composite composed of PVK and C60, an extensively studied system due to its promising characteristics. We demonstrate the possibility of tuning the band-gap of these sensitizing nanocrystals through careful discretion in the method of synthesis such that their spectral response can be adjusted to suit a particular wave-length of operation. In this way materials can be fabricated which posses photoconductive characteristics exceeding those observed in the PVK:C60 system. In this paper results concerning photosensitivity will be presented and the Onsager formalism developed for organic systems will be employed in order to extract the parameters r0 and Φ0 from the photocharge generation efficiency data.
Evolution of treatment options and outcomes for hypoplastic left heart syndrome over an 18-year period.

Objectives We aimed to describe management strategies for neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome over the past 18 years in the United States and to identify determinants of institutional management decisions. Methods Neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome were retrospectively identified by use of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1988–2005. Treatment was categorized as (1) transplantation, (2) Norwood operation (as defined by Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery), (3) transfer to another facility, or (4) no surgical intervention (comfort care). Results A total of 3286 neonates were identified, yielding a national estimate of 16,781 ± 586 cases. Of these, 2% (348 ± 47) underwent transplantation, 16% (2767 ± 286) had Norwood operations, 25% (4143 ± 156) were transferred to another facility, and 57% (9523 ± 436) had comfort care. Changes in practice patterns occurred over time, with an increasing number of neonates undergoing Norwood, concomitant with decreasing numbers undergoing transplantation ( P P Conclusions Despite improved surgical outcomes, the majority of infants continue to receive no surgical care. There has been an increase in the number of infants offered the Norwood operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome over the past 2 decades, which seems to have come mostly owing to a decrease of transplants. The advent of prenatal diagnosis has not decreased the proportion of neonates born at institutions unequipped to provide definitive care.
Calabaria and the phylogeny of erycine snakes

Abstract Two major subgroups of erycine snakes, designated Charina and Eryx, are delimited with a cladistic analysis of 75 morphological characters. The hypotheses of species relationships within the two clades are ( reinhardtii (bottae, trivirgata )) and ( colubrinus, conicus, elegans, jayakari, muelleri, somalicus (miliaris (tataricus (jaculus, johnii )))), respectively. This pattern of grouping obtains without assuming multistate character additivity. At least 16 synapomorphies indicate that reinhardtii is an crycine and that it is the sister lineage of the ( bottae, trivirgata ) clade. Calabaria and Lichanura are synonymized with Charina for reasons of taxonomic efficiency, and to emphasize the New-Old World geographic distribution of the three species in that assemblage. Further resolution of Eryx species relationships is required before Gongylophis (type species conicus ) can be recognized.
Temperature Dependence of the Exciton-Exciton Annihilation Rate Constant in Poly (Di-N-Hexylsilane)

Fluorescence depolarization studies of polysilane chains in solution have shown that energy transfer along the polymer chains occurs for only a very short time relative to the excited state lifetime and only over short distances before the excited states become trapped in long, low-energy segments. However, in solid films the authors have shown in previous work that excitons are highly mobile throughout their 600 ps lifetime at room temperature, presumably because energy transfer among neighboring, parallel chain segments becomes possible. In this paper the authors report that the exciton-exciton annihilation rate constant decreases by only a factor of five between room temperature and 12 K, showing that the excitons do not become trapped even at low temperatures.
Thermodynamics of Thin Film Epitaxy

The mechanics of thin film epitaxy is developed using an equilibrium thermodynamics formalism and linear elasticity. A virtual variation approach is employed that leads to a direct identification of the important volume and surface thermodynamic parameters characterizing mechanical equilibrium. In particular, the equilibrium volume stress state of an epitaxial film as a function of the film thickness, surface free energies, and surface stresses is obtained. It is shown how this formalism can be used to determine the critical thickness for epitaxy. ©2002 ASME
Visionaries, Reformers, Saviors, and Opportunists: Visions and Metaphors for Teaching in the Urban Schools

This qualitative study investigated the visions and metaphors for teaching held by teacher candidates enrolled in an urban-based alternative certification program. While late-entry teacher recruits are considered to have high motivations for urban school teaching, few studies explore the nature of these motivations. Findings from this study uncovered four orientations concerning teaching in urban schools: visionaries, reformers, saviors, and opportunists. While visionaries and reformers appear to be a stronger fit for urban contexts, saviors and opportunists expressed deficit views of students or cared little about building relationships with urban youth. Implications for supporting new urban teachers are discussed.
The Interacting Boson-Fermion Model

Part I. The Interacting Boson-Fermion Model - 1: 1. Operators 2. Algebras 3. Bose-Fermi symmetries 4. Superalgebras 5. Numerical studies 6. Geometry Part II. The Interacting Boson-Fermion Model - 2: 7. Operators 8. Algebras 9. Superalgebras 10. Numerical studies Part III. The Interacting Boson-Fermion Model-K: 11. The interacting boson-fermion models 3 and 4 Part IV. High-Lying Collective Modes.
Brief Introduction to Solar Energy Utilization

Keywords: solar energy; solar flux; radiation description; insolation values; solar noon; solar applications
Cultural and serologic studies on nonfatal histoplasmosis in mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs.

The definitive diagnosis of human histoplasmosis usually depends on the isolation of the etiologic agent Histoplasma capsulatum. However, in mild cases, it is often not possible to isolate the organism from or to demonstrate it in blood, gastric washings, tissue biopsies, sputum, or other available specimens. Accordingly, numerous methods have been employed in attempts to improve the chance of isolation of H. capsulatum from human patients. In addition, considerable research has been conducted on experimentally infected animals to determine the best methods for the demonstration of the etiologic agent. DeMonbreun (1934) and Parsons (1942) first demonstrated that mice could be infected by injection of mycelial or yeastlike forms of the fungus. Subsequently, Tager and Liebow (1942) found that four mice 3 to 4 weeks of age, inoculated intraperitoneally with a mycelial suspension, succumbed to the infection 100 to 150 days later. Levy (1945) inoculated 145 6- to 8-week-old mice intravenously with a mixture of the yeastlike and mycelial forms of H. capsulatum grown for 7 days on blood agar. Subsequently, positive cultures were obtained from the livers and spleens of all the mice. The size of the inoculum and the nature of the medium used for isolation were not mentioned. Howell (1948) reported brain-heart infusion blood agar to be of value for Received for publication May 11, 1953. The author acknowledges the technical assistance of Mr. J. C. Cory. demonstration of the fungus in the spleens of guinea pigs infected intraperitoneally "with graded doses" of the yeastlike phase. However, he did not correlate his cultural results with direct microscopic observation of the fungus in the tissues, nor did he mention the actual numbers of organisms used. Kotcher et al (1951) inoculated 42 white mice intraperitoneally with a saline suspension of ground elements of the mycelial phase, and showed (a) that H. capsulatum could be recovered by culture more readily than it could be identified by direct microscopic examination of stained tissue impressions, (b) that brain-heart infusion blood agar and Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded the greatest number of positive cultures, and (c) that the highest percentage of isolations was obtained from spleens cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. None of the earlier investigators inoculated laboratory animals with accurately determined numbers of yeastlike cells. Similarly, no experiments have been recorded in which nonfatal histoplasmosis in small laboratory animals was studied with the use of serological and cultural methods. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to obtain information on (a) the response of mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs to inoculation with graded doses of yeastlike cells, (b) the possible enhancing effect of mucin in producing detectable histoplasmosis, (c) the presence of antibodies in animals inoculated with small numbers of yeastlike cells, and (d) the relative efficiencies of cultural and serological
Nutrient sensitivity of the cost of male function in gynodioecious Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae).

Allocation trade-offs should be measured as opportunity costs, estimating what individuals sacrifice in one function by allocating to others. We investigated opportunity costs of male function in gynodioecious Phacelia linearis, asking whether nutrient limitation contributes to them. This hypothesis predicts that hermaphrodites experience greater nutrient stress than females, and that hermaphrodite disadvantages in production might decrease with nutrient supply. We cultivated hermaphrodites and females at two nutrient levels, scoring individuals for prereproductive leaf number at 5 wk, and biomass, nitrogen concentration, and fruit and seed production at 16 wk. Nutrient treatments caused final growth differences of two orders of magnitude. No gender difference appeared at 5 wk, but at 16 wk hermaphrodites produced less stem, leaf, and inflorescence biomass than females, and made fewer fruits. Hermaphrodites’ shoot-size disadvantage was marginally significantly more severe at low nutrients than high nutrients. Significant gender 3 nutrient interactions for root fraction and whole-plant nitrogen concentration indicate greater nutrient stress in hermaphrodites than females. Hermaphrodites also acquired less total nitrogen than females. Nutrient limitation contributes to opportunity costs of male function, but there must be other contributors. Possibilities include limitations in other resources, gender effects on morphology, and genetic trade-offs not directly involving allocation or morphology.
Intranasal cross‐sectional area and quality of life changes following endoscopic transsphenoidal skull base surgery

Background Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgical approaches to the skull base may produce alteration of intranasal architecture. Acoustic rhinometry (AR) can provide quantitative data on the nasal airway, which has not been previously applied to skull base surgery. We sought to employ AR to quantify the changes in nasal patency following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery and identify the relationship between these changes and septal deviation, nasoseptal flap harvest, and sinonasal quality of life (QOL). Methods Consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of a sellar or suprasellar tumor were prospectively enrolled. All subjects were adults who completed AR and the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) preoperatively and postoperatively. Cross-sectional area (CSA) was recorded at the internal nasal valve (CSA1), middle turbinate head (CSA2), and middle turbinate body (CSA3). Normative data were also collected from a larger cohort. Results Forty patients met study criteria. Significant increases occurred postoperatively in mean CSA2 (1.08 cm2) and CSA3 (2.47 cm2) (p < 0.001), whereas CSA1 remained unchanged. Nasoseptal flap harvest and correction of septal deviation did not significantly alter mean postoperative AR values. Mean SNOT-22 scores were comparable despite septal pathology, whereas strong correlation was not found with change in AR values. Preoperative and postoperative QOL scores were not significantly affected by the presence of nasal septal deviation. Conclusion The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach to the skull base can result in increased intranasal area without a detrimental effect on sinonasal QOL. These effects are independent of nasoseptal flap harvest and correction of nasal septal deviation.
The in vitro inhibition of microbial growth and plaque formation by surfactant drugs

Several cationic, mixed and amphoteric surfactants were tested for their antimicrobial activity and ability to inhibit the formation of in vitro plaque by oral microorganisms. All had antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces viscosus. Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus mutans. Cationic surfactants were comparable to chlorhexidine in antimicrobial activity but were less effective in inhibiting plaque formation. Amphoteric surfactants were less effective than other detergents in antibacterial activity and had very limited capacity for the inhibition of plaque formation. Comparison of drug structure provides evidence that surfactant substantivity to saliva-coated enamel is a cation active process. Saliva was found to have an antagonistic effect on the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride but not on Triburon.
Code Coverage of Assertions Using RTL Source Code Analysis

Assertions are gaining importance in pre-silicon hardware verification to ensure expected design behavior. Coverage of an assertion in terms of statements of a Register Transfer Level (RTL) source code is a very accessible metric for understanding the scope of assertions and for debug. However, few methods to report it currently exist. We present a methodology to define and compute code coverage of an assertion. Our method is based on static and dynamic analysis of the RTL source code. We demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of our approach with experimental results on real designs for both manual and automatically generated assertions.
Exploring uncertainties in dark energy constraints using current observational data with Planck 2015 distance priors

We present the distance priors that we have derived from the 2015 Planck data, and use these in combination with the latest observational data from Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and galaxy clustering, to explore the systematic uncertainties in dark energy constraints. We use the joint light-curve analysis (JLA) set of 740 SNe Ia, galaxy clustering measurements of H(z)s and DA(z)/s (where s is the sound horizon at the drag epoch) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) at z = 0.32 and z = 0.57 (BOSS DR12). We find that the combined dark energy constraints are insensitive to the assumptions made in the galaxy clustering measurements (whether they are for BAO only or marginalized over RSD), which indicates that as the analysis of galaxy clustering data becomes more accurate and robust, the systematic uncertainties are reduced. On the other hand, we find that flux-averaging SNe Ia at z ≥ 0.5 significantly tightens the dark energy constraints and excludes a flat universe with a cosmological constant at 68% confidence level, assuming a dark energy equation of state linear in the cosmic scale factor. Flux averaging has the most significant effect when we allow the dark energy density function X(z) to be a free function given by the cubic spline of its values at z = 0, 1/3, 2/3, 1; the measured X(z) deviates from a cosmological constant at more than 95% confidence level for 0.4 ≲ z ≲ 0.7. Since flux averaging reduces the bias in the SN distance measurements, this may be an indication that we have arrived in the era when the SN distance measurements are limited by systematic uncertainties.
Complete Treatment of Galaxy Two-Point Statistics: Gravitational Lensing Effects and Redshift-Space Distortions

We present a coherent theoretical framework for computing gravitational lensing effects and redshift-space distortions in an inhomogeneous universe and investigate their impacts on galaxy two-point statistics. Adopt- ing the linearized Friedmann-Lemaˆ itre-Robertson-Walker metric, we derive the gravitational lensing and the generalized Sachs-Wolfe effects that include the weak lensing distortion, magnification, and time delay effects, and the redshift-space distortion, Sachs-Wolfe, and integ rated Sachs-Wolfe effects, respectively. Based on this framework, we first compute their effects on observed source fluctuations, separating them as two physically distinct origins: the volume effect that involves the chang e of volume and is always present in galaxy two-point statistics, and the source effect that depends on the intrin sic properties of source populations. Then we identify several terms that are ignored in the standard method, and we compute the observed galaxy two-point statistics, an ensemble average of all the combinations of the intrinsic source fluctuations and the additional contributions from the gravitational lensing and the generalized Sachs-Wolfe effects. This unified treatment of galaxy two- point statistics clarifies the relation of the gravitationa l lensing and the generalized Sachs-Wolfe effects to the metric perturbations and the underlying matter fluctuation s. For near future dark energy surveys, we compute additional contributions to the observed galaxy two-point statistics and analyze their impact on the anisotropic structure. Thorough theoretical modeling of galaxy two-point statistics would be not only necessary to analyze precision measurements from upcoming dark energy surveys, but also provide further discriminatory power in understanding the underlying physical mechanisms.
Strategy in action—Techniques for implementing strategy

Abstract With a few notable exceptions, the literature on strategy implementation has viewed the subject from a problem-solving perspective. This article takes the alternative view that strategy implementation should be based on problem avoidance. Arguably, strategies are formulated to provide an optimal risk–benefit profile which is congruent with longer term goals. Consequently, strategic intent and the requirements for attaining the strategic benefits must be communicated to those managers whose actions provide the vehicle for commuting envisaged potential into actual achievement. Through identification and control of the necessary managerial actions many problems of implementation can be avoided. The authors suggest that a multi-faceted approach which combines the use of goal-setting and critical success factors with performance appraisal can facilitate the strategy implementation process.
Discrete transfinite mappings for the description and meshing of three‐dimensional surfaces using interactive computer graphics

A system for describing three-dimensional surfaces in a form suitable for finite element analysis is described. The system makes extensive use of real-time interactive computer graphics techniques for both input and display. Discrete transfinite mappings are used as the mathematical basis for the surface representation. The mathematical basis and the reasons for choosing this form of representation are discussed. Explicit forms of the mappings based on Lagrange polynomial interpolation functions are presented. Finally, the interactive graphics procedures for defining finite element meshes are described.
Attenuation of glucose metabolic changes resulting from TNF-alpha administration by adrenergic blockade

Administration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) increases whole body glucose kinetics and stimulates in vivo glucose uptake by several tissues. Because circulating catecholamines are also increased after TNF-alpha administration, the present study was conducted to examine the potential role of the adrenergic system in eliciting these changes. Rats given 150 micrograms TNF-alpha/kg by intravenous infusion over a 30-min period exhibited an increased rate of glucose appearance (glucose Ra). Combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade (phentolamine and propranolol infusion) prevented the TNF-alpha-induced increase in glucose Ra without influencing plasma glucagon or corticosterone levels. TNF-alpha infusion also increased in vivo glucose utilization (Rg), measured with 2-deoxy-[14C]glucose, in spleen (86%), liver (80%), skin (47%), ileum (71%), lung (53%), and heart (112%). Adrenergic blockade prevented the tissue Rg increase in the spleen, liver, and skin; partially reduced it in the ileum; but did not abrogate it in the lung or heart. The effect of blockade was primarily due to inhibition of the TNF-alpha-induced increase in hepatic glucose output. Whereas the adrenergic system plays a major role on the effect of TNF-alpha on whole body glucose production, its importance in directly mediating TNF-alpha's effect on tissue glucose uptake is minimal.
Wave Function Ontology

I argue that the wave function ontology for quantum mechanics is an undesirable ontology. This ontology holds that the fundamental space in which entities evolve is not three-dimensional, but instead 3N-dimensional, where N is the number of particles standardly thought to exist in three-dimensional space. I show that the state of three-dimensional objects does not supervene on the state of objects in 3N-dimensional space. I also show that the only way to guarantee the existence of the appropriate mental states in the wave function ontology has undesirable metaphysical baggage: either mind/body dualism is true, or circumstances which we take to be logically possible turn out to be logically impossible.
Empathy with the Jury

A trial is a play. The trier of fact is an audience and the lawyers and witnesses are actors. Often, however, the participants forget about the audience and the result is confusion, boredom, and, worst of all, "bad review", i.e., a jury verdict against you. The purpose of this edition of Practice Tips is to remind all of us who litigate cases to remember to whom our efforts should be directed.A great way to gain an awareness of what it is like to be a juror is to be one. During our firm's trial practice seminars, I have served as a juror during cases presented by associates. There is nothing like sitting on a hard chair for one and a half hours without a break to give a trial lawyer a different perspective on the case. It is helpful to remember that being a juror is not always fun. It takes constant attention, patience and concentration. Unfortunately, most of these traits are in rare supply and it is for this reason that the following suggestions are made.
MRI of Brain Iron and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Potential Biomarker

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain imaging at high field strengths can demonstrate regions of high iron deposition in the brain.
Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in the 180° Bend Region of a Stationary Ribbed Gas Turbine Internal Cooling Duct

LES of the 180° bend in a stationary ribbed duct is presented. The domain studied includes three ribs upstream of the bend region and three ribs downstream of the bend with an outflow extension added to the end, using a total of 8.4 million cells. Two cases are compared to each other: one includes a rib in the bend and the other does not. The friction factor, mean flow, turbulence, and heat transfer are compared in the two cases to help explain the benefits and disadvantages of the wide number of flow effects seen in the bend, including flow separation at the tip of the dividing wall, counter-rotating Dean vortices, high heat transfer at areas of flow impingement, and flow separation at the upstream and downstream corners of the bend. Mean flow results show a region of separated flow at the tip of the dividing region in the case with no rib in the bend, but no separation region is observed in the case with a rib. A pair of counter-rotating Dean vortices in the middle of the bend is observed in both cases. Turbulent kinetic energy profiles show a 30% increase in the mid-plane of the bend when the rib is added. High gradients of heat transfer augmentation are observed on the back wall and downstream outside wall, where mean flow impingement occurs. This heat transfer is increased with the presence of a rib. Including a rib in the bend increases the friction factor in the bend by 80%, and it increases the heat transfer augmentation by approximately 20%, resulting in a tradeoff between pressure drop and heat transfer.© 2005 ASME
On the mechanism of release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves induced by depolarizing agents and sympathomimetic drugs.

Depolarization of isolated guinea pig vasa deferentia in vitro by either hypertonic KCl or veratridine resulted in a dose-dependent, proportional release of norepinephrine and dopamine β-hydroxylase. The ratio of norepinephrine to dopamine β-hydroxylase activity released by depolarizing agents was similar to that obtained by electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve. Thus exocytosis from sympathetic nerve terminals may be elicited by depolarizing drugs as well as by electrical stimulation. Incubation of vasa deferentia in vitro in the presence of reserpine or the sympathomimetic amines tyramine, d-amphetamine, or metaraminol resulted in the dose-dependent release of norepinephrine but not of dopamine β-hydroxylase. When calcium was omitted from the incubation medium, exocytotic release of norepinephrine and dopamine β-hydroxylase induced by depolarizing agents was blocked whereas norepinephrine release induced by sympathomimetic agents was not affected. Tetrodotoxin blocked veratridine but not tyramine-induced release. Colchicine, but not hexamethonium or atropine, blocked exocytotic release. None of these drugs affected tyramine-induced release of norepinephrine. In vasa deferentia from untreated animals, the ratio of supernatant (S2) to particulate (P2) norepinephrine concentration after centrifugation at 100,000 x g for 1 hr was 0.7. In animals treated with reserpine and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor this ratio increased to 1.3, suggesting a release of norepinephrine from vesicular into intraneuronal cytoplasmic stores. The release of norepinephrine by tyramine was enhanced in vasa deferentia from reserpine- and monoamine oxidase inhibitor-treated animals and resulted in a fall in the norepinephrine content of the S2 fraction. This suggests that tyramine may act by displacing norepinephrine from cytoplasmic stores into the synaptic space. After treatment of guinea pigs with reserpine alone or in combination with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve to the guinea pig vas deferens resulted in release of dopamine β-hydroxylase but not of norepinephrine. This suggests that release by exocytosis may occur in the presence of a depleted amine store and that the norepinephrine released by exocytosis is derived predominantly from vesicular reserpine-sensitive stores.
Acromegaly, Awareness Is Paramount for Early Diagnosis: Highlights of Diagnosis and Treatment Challenges

To highlight clinical features of acromegaly at presentation, to facilitate early diagnosis. To review the multi-modal approach in the management of acromegaly: surgical indications and medical treatment.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates ammoniagenesis in canine renal proximal tubular segments.

To determine whether parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects ammoniagenesis in renal proximal tubule, we measured ammonia production in suspensions of canine renal proximal tubular segments incubated with 10 mM L-glutamine in the absence or presence of 10(-7) M PTH. Productions of ammonia were linear functions of time for 120 min and averaged 231 +/- 55 and 311 +/- 67 mumol ammonia/g protein in the absence and presence of PTH, respectively. When measured over the range of 10(-11)-10(-7) M PTH, half-maximal stimulation of ammonia production occurred between 10(-10) and 10(-9) M PTH. Maximal production of ammonia was observed at 10(-8) M PTH. Incubation of proximal tubular segments with PTH increased levels of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in vitro. Ammonia production was significantly enhanced by incubation of segments with the cAMP analogue, 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. PTH also increased ammonia production in segments incubated with 1 mM L-glutamine. We conclude that PTH stimulate...
Thermally-dissociated H 2 O in atmospheric air: a calibration source for OH laser-induced fluorescence density measurements

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurement of OH density requires an independent calibration to generate a coefficient that accounts for systematic errors. We have demonstrated the use of thermal dissociation of HsO in a high-temperature atmospheric air furnace for OH density calibration. At temperatures above 1500 K, the density of OH, which is in chemical equilibrium with naturally-occurring water vapor, is sufficient for LIF measurement.
Dietary supplementation with rice bran or navy bean alters gut bacterial metabolism in colorectal cancer survivors.

cope Heat-stabilized rice bran (SRB) and cooked navy bean powder (NBP) contain a variety of phytochemicals that are fermented by colonic microbiota and may influence intestinal health. Dietary interventions with these foods should be explored for modulating colorectal cancer risk. Methods and results A randomized-controlled pilot clinical trial investigated the effects of eating SRB (30 g/day) or cooked navy bean powder (35 g/day) on gut microbiota and metabolites (NCT01929122). Twenty-nine overweight/obese volunteers with a prior history of colorectal cancer consumed a study-provided meal and snack daily for 28 days. Volunteers receiving SRB or NBP showed increased gut bacterial diversity and altered gut microbial composition at 28 days compared to baseline. Supplementation with SRB or NBP increased total dietary fiber intake similarly, yet only rice bran intake led to a decreased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and increased SCFA (propionate and acetate) in stool after 14 days but not at 28 days. Conclusion These findings support modulation of gut microbiota and fermentation byproducts by SRB and suggest that foods with similar ability to increase dietary fiber intake may not have equal effects on gut microbiota and microbial metabolism.
Balancing strength and toughness of calcium-silicate-hydrate via random nanovoids and particle inclusions: Atomistic modeling and statistical analysis

As the most widely used manufactured material on Earth, concrete poses serious societal and environmental concerns which call for innovative strategies to develop greener concrete with improved strength and toughness, properties that are exclusive in man-made materials. Herein, we focus on calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the major binding phase of all Portland cement concretes, and study how engineering its nanovoids and portlandite particle inclusions can impart a balance of strength, toughness and stiffness. By performing an extensive +600 molecular dynamics simulations coupled with statistical analysis tools, our results provide new evidence of ductile fracture mechanisms in C-S-H – reminiscent of crystalline alloys and ductile metals – decoding the interplay between the crack growth, nanovoid/particle inclusions, and stoichiometry, which dictates the crystalline versus amorphous nature of the underlying matrix. We found that introduction of voids and portlandite particles can significantly increase toughness and ductility, specially in C-S-H with more amorphous matrices, mainly owing to competing mechanisms of crack deflection, voids coalescence, internal necking, accommodation, and geometry alteration of individual voids/particles, which together regulate toughness versus strength. Furthermore, utilizing a comprehensive global sensitivity analysis on random configuration-property relations, we show that the mean diameter of voids/particles is the most critical statistical parameter influencing the mechanical properties of C-S-H, irrespective of stoichiometry or crystalline or amorphous nature of the matrix. This study provides new fundamental insights, design guidelines, and de novo strategies to turn the brittle C-S-H into a ductile material, impacting modern engineering of strong and tough concrete infrastructures and potentially other complex brittle materials.
Head and Neck Lymph Node Anatomy

Cancers of the head and neck—including cancers of the buccal cavity, head and neck subset, larynx, pharynx, thyroid, salivary glands, and nose/nasal passages—account for approximately 6 % of all malignancies in the United States [1]. Careful analysis of nodes in the neck and knowledge of the various compartments is critical in the assessment and staging of primary head and neck malignancies. Regardless of the site of the primary tumor, the presence of a single metastatic lymph node in either the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the neck reduces the 5-year survival rate by about 50 %. The risk of cervical metastasis depends on the site of origin of the primary tumor [2].
An Experimental and Analytical Study of Periodic and Aperiodic Fluctuations in the Critical Current of Long Coated Conductors

It is well known that the critical current of all coated conductors fluctuates along their length and from run to run for reasons that are seldom reported in detail and may not always be understood. Here, we report results obtained with a reel-to-reel transport and magnetization measurement apparatus that allows 77-Kmeasurementswith a resolution of about 20 and 1mm, respectively. Analysis of these data assesses both periodic and random contributions to the critical current fluctuations. We find multiple sources of the fluctuations, and, thus, many different types of behavior. A very positive result is that fluctuations are definitely decreasing in more recent conductors. We show how to reveal fluctuations due to variations of the active cross section of the conductor (i.e., an I-C variation) and to variations of the superconducting properties themselves. We found that the latter dominates in the vast majority of conductors studied.
Embryo wastage rates remain high in assisted reproductive technology (ART): a look at the trends from 2004–2013 in the USA

This work examined the trend in “embryo wastage” rates after ART in USA and its relationship to the number of embryos transferred, live born infants delivered across patient age, and the yearly percentage of embryos wasted. The data were obtained from the US-clinics SART databank for the years 2004–2013. A total of 1,808,082 non-donor embryos were transferred in 748,394 fresh cycles resulting in 358,214 liveborn. During the years of analysis, the mean number of embryos transferred has progressively decreased leading to an overall significant decrease in Embryo Wastage rates (83.2 to 76.5%, p < 0.001) while the percentage of transfers leading to a live born increased (24.8 to 27.8%, p = 0.002). Embryo Wastage negatively correlated with percentage of transfers resulting in live birth (p = 0.001), and the average number of embryos transferred positively correlated with the percentage of embryos wasted (p < 0.001). The overwhelming majority of embryos transferred still do not result into a live birth confirming that only few embryos per ART cycle are competent. The overall “Embryo Wastage” rates have consistently decreased from a high of 90% in 1995 to a rate of 76.5% in 2013. Transferring fewer embryos particularly at the blastocyst-stage and improved methods of embryo selection may further decrease “Embryo Wastage” rates.
Laboratories for news? Experimenting with journalism hackathons:

Journalism hackathons are computationally based events in which participants create news product prototypes. In the ideal case, the gatherings are rooted in local community, enabling a wide set of institutional stakeholders (legacy journalists, hacker journalists, civic hackers, and the general public) to gather in conversation around key civic issues. This study explores how and to what extent journalism hackathons operate as a community-based laboratory for translating open data from practitioners to the public. Surfaced from in-depth interviews with event organizers encompassing nine countries, the findings illustrate that journalism hackathons are most successful when collaboration integrates civic organizations and community leaders.
Toward the Development of A Christian Psychology: Adjustment and Maladjustment:

This is fifth in a series of articles placing various areas of psychology in a Christian perspective. First, adjustment is defined as being like God, and maladjustment as being unlike God. Physical...
Ecological Networks and Community Attachment and Support Among Recently Resettled Refugees.

Interventions aimed at enhancing mental health are increasingly centered around promoting community attachment and support. However, few have examined and tested the specific ecological factors that give rise to these key community processes. Drawing from insights from the ecological network perspective, we tested whether spatial and social overlap in routine activity settings (e.g., work, school, childcare) with fellow ethnic community members is associated with individuals' attachment to their ethnic communities and access to social resources embedded in their communities. Data on routine activity locations drawn from the Refugee Well-Being Project (based in a city in the Southwestern United States) were used to reconstruct the ecological networks of recently resettled refugee communities, which were two-mode networks that comprise individuals and their routine activity locations. Results indicated that respondents' community attachment and support increased with their ecological network extensity-which taps the extent to which respondents share routine activity locations with other community members. Our study highlights a key ecological process that potentially enhances individuals' ethnic community attachment that extends beyond residential neighborhoods.
Role of refractory inclusions in the radiation-induced microstructure of APMT

Abstract Kanthal APMT is a promising FeCrAl-based alloy for accident-tolerant fuel cladding because of its excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance. In this study, powder metallurgy Kanthal APMT alloy, neutron irradiated to 1.8 dpa at nominally 382 °C, was characterized. On-zone STEM imaging revealed that radiation-induced dislocation loops with Burgers vectors of a/2〈111〉 or a 〈 100 〉 and black dots tended to agglomerate in the vicinity of refractory inclusions. The densities and sizes of these loops decreased with distance from the inclusion-matrix interfaces. In addition, high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping was used to determine the inclusions to be either yttrium- or silicon-rich, as well as to detect the radial distribution of radiation-enhanced α′ phase near these inclusions. A high density of randomly distributed Cr-rich α′ phase was found, regardless of the presence of inclusions. Results from this study provide insights into how microstructural features can locally tailor the radiation-induced defects in FeCrAl-based alloys.
Between Summer and Winter: Late Soviet Children’s Literature and Unofficial Poetry

Abstract This paper examines the work of two poets of the late Soviet period, Oleg Grigor’ev and Vsevolod Nekrasov, who were both employed in some capacity in official Soviet children’s literature while writing “adult” poetry that remained unpublished. As unofficial writers nevertheless employed in the Soviet literary system, Grigor’ev and Nekrasov negotiated a complicated relationship with Soviet literature both contemporary and historical, both children’s and “adult”. This circumstance is reflected in the presence of a childlike aesthetic, evident in elements like alogism, naivete, nonsense and other inventive wordplay, in their work. To some extent, Grigor’ev and Nekrasov were drawing on the experience of predecessors like the OBERIU poets and the legacy of early Soviet children’s literature. In their unofficial work, they were also making creative use of the conventional features of children’s poetry in obviously non-childlike contexts. Indeed, the childlike aesthetic could be more evident in their adult poetry than children’s, blurring and calling into question these generic divisions. I demonstrate this deliberate ambiguity through a comparison of their adult and children’s work, and suggest that the evocation of the childlike in adult work, as well as the blurring of boundaries between genres, functioned as a rhetorical gesture marking texts as implicitly oppositional to official Soviet aesthetics.