cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal behaviour in compressive failure of brittle materials

Brittle failure limits the compressive strength of rock and ice when rapidly loaded under low to moderate confinement. Higher confinement or slower loading results in ductile failure once the brittle-ductile transition is crossed. Brittle failure begins when primary cracks initiate and slide, creating wing cracks at their tips. Under little to no confinement, wing cracks extend and link together, splitting the material into slender columns which then fail. Under low to moderate confinement, wing crack growth is restricted and terminal failure is controlled by the localization of damage along a narrow band. Early investigations proposed that localization results from either the linkage of wing cracks or the buckling of microcolumns created between adjacent wing cracks. Observations of compressive failure in ice suggest a mechanism whereby localization initiates owing to the bending-induced failure of slender microcolumns created between sets of secondary cracks emanating from one side of a primary crack. Here we analyse this mechanism, and show that it leads to a closed-form, quantitative model that depends only on independently measurable mechanical parameters. Our model predictions for both the brittle compressive strength and the brittle-ductile transition are consistent with data from a variety of crystalline materials, offering quantitative evidence for universal processes in brittle failure and for the broad applicability of the model.
Development of the transformational advanced professional practice model.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a professional practice model (PPM) for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). Data sources A literature review was conducted on PPMs. Simultaneous review of authoritative resources, including The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) and the Licensure, Accreditation, Certification and Education (LACE) Consensus Model, was performed. An expert panel was established to validate the transformational advanced professional practice (TAPP) model. Conclusion APRNs are relied upon by organizations to provide leadership in the delivery of high-quality, cost-effective health care while improving access and eliminating preventable morbidities. Existing models fail to fully capture the professional scope of practice for APRNs. The TAPP model serves as a framework to guide professional development and mentorship of APRNs in seven domains of professional practice (DOPP). Implications for practice To meet the Institute of Medicine's recommendations for the future of nursing, APRNs should practice to the fullest extent of their education and training. Providing clarification regarding the DOPP of the APRN role is needed to standardized professional practice. The TAPP model is an inspiring blueprint that allows APRNs to model the way by delivering comprehensive health care in seven DOPP.
Challenges Analyzing Gypsum on Mars by Raman Spectroscopy.

Abstract Raman spectroscopy can provide chemical information about organic and inorganic substances quickly and nondestructively with little to no sample preparation, thus making it an ideal instrument for Mars rover missions. The ESA ExoMars planetary mission scheduled for launch in 2018 will contain a miniaturized Raman spectrometer (RLS) as part of the Pasteur payload operating with a continuous wave (CW) laser emitting at 532 nm. In addition, NASA is independently developing two miniaturized Raman spectrometers for the upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission, one of which is a remote (stand-off) Raman spectrometer that uses a pulse-gated 532 nm excitation system (SuperCam). The other is an in situ Raman spectrometer that employs a CW excitation laser emitting at 248.6 nm (SHERLOC). Recently, it has been shown with analyses by Curiosity that Gale Crater contains significantly elevated concentrations of transition metals such as Cr and Mn. Significantly, these transition metals are known to undergo fluorescenc...
Interferon Response in a Hamster Model of Arenavirus Hemorrhagic Disease

A difficulty in studying hemorrhagic arenavirus pathogenesis is a lack of animal models that recapitulate human disease and which can be manipulated at BSL-3 or lower. Pirital virus (PIRV), a South American arenavirus hosted by Alston’s cotton rats ( Sigmodon alstoni ), has not been shown to cause disease in humans and is considered a BSL-3 agent. Infection of Syrian golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ) causes a disease that shares many features of the South American hemorrhagic fevers and Lassa fever. Significantly, neurological manifestations occur, a feature commonly found in Argentine hemorrhagic fever and which is absent in most other models of arenavirus disease. We examined the pathogenesis of PIRV infection by clinical and molecular methods, with a focus on gene expression of the antiviral type I interferon response using RNA-Seq. More than 3,000 genes were differentially expressed in the livers of infected hamsters, of which 86 are involved with antiviral responses. Several of these genes participate in apoptosis and autophagy, which may suggest a mechanism of pathogenesis observed in damaged livers.
From Boom to Bust: Portugal, Spain and the Global Financial Crisis

This paper analyzes the impact of the global financial crisis on the Portuguese and Spanish economies, as well as the responses to the crisis from the governments of both countries. It examines the reasons that explain how and why the Portuguese and Spanish economies responded to the crisis the way that it did, and outlines some lessons from the Iberian experience.
Nmr Imaging of Silica-Silicone Composites

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) model networks reinforced by in situ precipitated SiO2, and polymer-modified silica glasses were obtained following the usual sol-gel methods. The conditions were chosen to increase the probability of observing inhomogeneities: (i) bulky samples, and (ii) limited reaction times. These composites were characterized by measuring bulk spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times and using 1H NMR two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spin echo imaging techniques. The T1 and T2 maps show clear and significant variations of NMR signal intensity throughout the sample due to nonuniform hydrolysis of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in the specimens.
Long-term Graft Patency Rates and Clinical Outcomes after Revascularization for Symptomatic Traumatic Internal Carotid Artery Dissection

Introduction Surgical management of traumatic internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection remains controversial. Therefore, the delayed outcomes and graft patency rates of patients who underwent bypass procedures for symptomatic traumatic ICA dissection were studied. Methods Between September 1989 and August 1996, 13 patients (9 male and 4 female patients; mean age, 30.6 yr) underwent 16 revascularization procedures for symptomatic traumatic ICA dissection. The duration of clinical follow-up averaged 47.3 months (range, 12-94 mo) from the date of diagnosis. The duration of radiographic follow-up (catheter or magnetic resonance angiography, duplex Doppler ultrasonography) averaged 24 months (range, 12-60 mo). Results ICA dissection was caused by blunt (n = 11) or penetrating trauma (n = 2). Associated angiographic abnormalities included seven ipsilateral ICA occlusions, six dissecting aneurysms, two carotid-cavernous fistulae, and six contralateral traumatic ICA dissections. Patients requiring early revascularization (n = 6) underwent bypass procedures an average of 19.2 days after their injuries. Medically managed patients who developed ischemia later were revascularized a mean of 7.8 months after injury. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score at the time of presentation was 10 (range, scores of 6-15), and the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score before revascularization was 14 (range, scores of 9-15). There were 14 saphenous vein ICA bypasses (8 cervical-to-petrous, 3 cervical-to-middle cerebral artery, 3 petrous-to-supraclinoid) and 2 superficial temporal artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypasses. There was one early postoperative graft occlusion, which responded to surgical thrombectomy. One patient with multiple other traumatic injuries died as a result of a pulmonary embolus 12 months after revascularization. All remaining patients had Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 5, with patent bypass grafts confirmed during follow-up. Conclusion Revascularization for persistently symptomatic traumatic ICA dissection eliminated ischemia and was associated with excellent long-term outcomes and graft patency rates.
Socioeconomic Mobility among Three Generations of Japanese Americans1

Data from a three generational survey of Japanese Americans indicate that the occupational and educational attainments of the first generation (Issei) are reflected in the achievements of the second and third generations. Findings suggest that two different currents flow in the Japanese American community, one relatively traditional, the other more assimilationist. It is expected that only assimilationists will survive—but in a modified fashion. The majority of the Sansei queried indicate an interest in Japanese ways while still embracing the primary goals of American society and its emphasis on socioeconomic success in particular. Although the ban on outmarriage is breaking down, a majority of Sansei have married or intend to marry within the fold. While the Japanese Americans have successfully accommodated to the American situation—especially by correctly gauging the great importance of education, there is little evidence that the subculture will soon wither away.
Commentary: “Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Neuroendocrine Responses in Prepubertal, Peripubertal, and Postpubertal Rats Pretreated With Desipramine and Sertraline”

Over the past decade there has been at least a 3- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of antidepressant treatment for U.S. youths aged 2–19 years (Zito and Safer, 2001). Although white 10- to 14-year-olds were the most likely to receive prescriptions for antidepressants, this increase has been observed across all age groups. For example, Zito and colleagues (2000) documented that, from 1991 to 1995, preschool-age children (2–4 years old) had a 1.3to 2.2-fold increase in antidepressant treatment. These dramatic increases are also clearly reflected in career paths chosen by recent graduates of child and adolescent psychiatrist training programs, such that by their self-report more than 90% of their patients receive psychopharmacological assessment and treatment (Stubbe and Thomas, 2002). Although advances in adult psychopharmacology and economic constraints have largely driven this epidemic of “off-label” use of psychotropics, many of these agents have not been approved for use in children. This transformation in clinical practice over the past two decades has taken place largely in the absence of longterm safety studies in children. Moreover, there is a paucity of data from long-term animal studies despite clear indications that the developing CNS is remarkably sensitive to changes in its macro- and microenvironment. This sensitivity is particularly true for the ascending monoaminergic systems. These serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine neurons are born early in the course of CNS
IS SUBJECTIVE APPEARANCE ALTERED BY VERBAL INFORMATION? CHILDREN’S UNDERSTANDING OF COLORBLINDNESS

We investigated children’s understanding that visual perception is subjective and not alterable by propositional information. Thirty-six children (3.4 to 6.8 years) were tested in a screen condition (in which a puppet views a colored toy through a differently colored screen), and a colorblind condition in which a puppet (introduced as colorblind) looks directly at the toy. Asked to name the color of the object that the puppet sees, children under four fail in both conditions, revealing difficulty grasping false perception. The puppet was then told the correct color of the toy by E, and the child was again asked to name the color the puppet sees. Even the oldest children failed this question in the colorblind condition, revealing the misconception that a label can alter a color’s perception. Children as old as six do not understand that although verbal information is an originator of belief, it cannot alter perception.
Optimizing content for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) counseling for men who have sex with men: Perspectives of PrEP users and high-risk PrEP naïve men.

Existing trials of antiretroviral (ARV) medication as chemoprophylaxis against HIV reveal that the degree of protection is primarily dependent on product adherence. However, there is a lack of data on targets for behavioral interventions to improve adherence to ARV as prevention. Information from individuals who have used ARV as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can inform behavioral intervention development. Thirty-nine HIV-uninfected MSM at high risk for HIV acquisition participated in one of four semi-structured focus groups. Two of the focus groups consisted of MSM who had been prescribed and used PrEP in the context of a clinical trial; the other two consisted of high-risk MSM who had not previously used PrEP. An in-depth, within-case/across-case content analysis resulted in six descriptive themes potentially salient for a PrEP adherence behavioral intervention: (1) motivations to use PrEP, (2) barriers to PrEP use, (3) facilitators to PrEP use, (4) sexual decision-making in the context of PrEP, (5) prospective PrEP education content, and, (6) perceived effective characteristics of PrEP delivery personnel. Addressing these themes in behavioral interventions in the context of prescribing PrEP may result in the optimal “packaging” public health programs that implement PrEP for high-risk MSM.
Preventing enamel decalcification after orthodontic treatment

A review of the literature shows the problem of enamel decalcification in conjunction with orthodontic treatment to be widespread. This article stresses the importance of preventive programs and offers suggestions about prevention of this problem. As enamel decalcification can occur in conjunction with orthodontic treatment, suggestions are offered for ways to prevent this condition from manifesting. A review of the literature shows the problem is widespread. Preventive programs must be emphasized.
Contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man.

A North Carolina autopsy population was examined for cadmium level in lung, liver and kidney. A questionnaire on the smoking habits and occupational exposure of each decedent was sent to the nearest relative. Analysis of these data indicates a positive association between cigarette smoking and body burden of cadmium as indexed by the organs, thus confirming the work by LEWIS and colleagues, who concluded that tobacco smoke constitutes a major source for cadmium accumulation in man.
Typical Error Budget For Testing A High-Performance Aspheric Telescope Mirror

In choosing the proper technique for testing the optical figure of a high-performance aspheric mirror, it is appropriate to prepare a complete error budget for the test and to analyze the individual elements thereof to ensure that the measurement uncertainty is within acceptable limits. Such an error budget has been defined for the Hindle Shell test of a convex hyperboloidal secondary mirror for a hypothetical high-performance Cassegrain telescope system. A residual figure error of λ/80 rms at λ = 0.6328 μm is assigned to this mirror. This paper establishes the rationale for the error budget and develops specifications for the test system and equipment components. The importance of measuring and subtracting the error contributions of the test set-up and of data processing to remove certain systematic errors is pointed out.
Nafion–clay nanocomposite membranes: Morphology and properties

A series of Nafion–clay nanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized. To minimize any adverse effects on ionic conductivity the clay nanoparticles were H+ exchanged prior to mixing with Nafion. Well-dispersed, mechanically robust, free-standing nanocomposite membranes were prepared by casting from a water suspension at 180 °C under pressure. SAXS profiles reveal a preferential orientation of Nafion aggregates parallel to the membrane surface, or normal plane. This preferred orientation is induced by the platy nature of the clay nanoparticles, which tend to align parallel to the surface of the membrane. The nanocomposite membranes show dramatically reduced methanol permeability, while maintaining high levels of proton conductivity. The hybrid films are much stiffer and can withstand much higher temperatures compared to pure Nafion. The superior thermomechanical, electrochemical and barrier properties of the nanocomposite membranes are of significant interest for direct methanol fuel cell applications.
Time-on-the-Market as a Sign of Quality

The inferences a prospective home buyer can make about the quality of a house from the amount of time it spends on the market and the seller's optimal strategy in light of these inferences are investigated. Depending upon the information structure, the seller may have an incentive to post an inordinately high initial price (in order to "dampen" the signal transmitted to future prospective buyers) or an inordinately low initial price (in order to make an early sale and avoid consumer "herding"). It is showni that the sellers of high-quality homes do best when inspection outcomes are publicly recorded and do worst when inspection outcomes are not public and the price history is not observable. Costly inspections create more adverse selection but deter consumer herding.
The effects of childhood residence in Japan and testing language on Cognitive performance in late life among Japanese American men in Hawaii

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of years spent in Japan during childhood with cognitive test performance in late life among Japanese American men, and to assess the influence of the language used for testing on this association. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3734 Japanese American men, aged 71–93 years, who were first- or second-generation migrants and living on Oahu Island, Hawaii. MEASUREMENTS: The outcome variable was cognitive test performance assessed using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI), which was developed for cross-cultural studies of cognitive impairment. The explanatory variable of main interest was the number of years spent in Japan during school-age childhood years (ages 6–17). The associations of CASI scores with childhood years in Japan was evaluated using a stepwise multiple linear regression model in which a total of 40 potential confounders were included as covariates. RESULTS: In the total sample, there was an inverse association between CASI scores and middle childhood years in Japan. This association remained significant after controlling for age, education, socioeconomic status, traditional Japanese food consumption, pulmonary function, apolipoprotein E4, proficiency in speaking Japanese, and other possible confounders. When data were analyzed separately for subgroups according to the language preferred at testing (English or Japanese), associations between childhood years in Japan and CASI scores were in opposite directions negative for the group tested in English and positive for the group tested in Japanese. The interaction between the testing language and childhood years in Japan was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: There was an inverse association between years spent in Japan during school-age years of childhood and cognitive test performance in late life. This association could not be accounted for by age, education, or other confounding factors. However, this finding was not observed in participants who preferred being tested in Japanese. To assess cognitive test performance in older people, it is of prime importance to use the most optimal language for testing, usually the subject's native language. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 199–204, 2000.
Self-broadened widths and shifts of 12C16O2: 4750–7000 cm−1

Abstract In the previous paper, we report line strength measurements for 58 bands of 12CO2 between 4550 and 7000 cm−1 [R.A. Toth, L.R. Brown, C.E. Miller, V. Malathy Devi, D. Chris Benner, J. Mol. Spectrosc., this issue, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2006.008.001 .]. In the present study, self-broadenedwidth and self-induced pressure shift coefficients are determined in two intervals: (a) between 4750 and 5400 cm−1for bands of the Fermi triad (20011 ← 00001, 20012 ← 00001, 20013 ← 00001), three corresponding hot bands (21111 ← 01101, 21112 ← 01101, 21113 ← 01101) and the 01121← 00001 combination band; (b) between 6100 and 7000 cm−1 for the Fermi tetrad (30014 ← 00001, 30013 ← 00001, 30012 ← 00001, 30011 ← 00001), two associated hot bands (31113 ← 01101, 31112 ← 01101), as well as 00031 ← 00001 and its hot band 01131 ← 01101. Least-squares fits of the experimental width and pressure shift coefficients are modeled using empirical expressions: b 0 = exp ∑ i a ( i ) x ( i ) for widths where x ( 1 ) = 1 , x ( 2 ) = m , x ( 3 ) = m 2 , x ( 4 ) = m 3 , x ( 5 ) = m 4 , x ( 6 ) = 1 m , and d 0 = ∑ i a ( i ) x ( i ) for pressure shifts where x ( 1 ) = 1 , x ( 2 ) = 1 m , x ( 3 ) = m , x ( 4 ) = m 2 , x ( 5 ) = 1 m 2 , x ( 6 ) = 1 m 3 , x ( 7 ) = m 3 , x ( 8 ) = m m The modeled width coefficients generally agree with the experimental values with standard deviations of less than 1%, while the standard deviations of the modeled values for the pressure-induced shift coefficients range between 2.3% and 6.7%. The largest percentage error is associated with the system of the three hot bands: 21111 ← 01101, 21112 ← 01101, and 21113 ← 01101. It is observed that transitions with the same rotational quantum numbers have slightly different widths in some of the bands. As expected, pressure-induced-shift coefficients vary as a function of the band center, but there are also subtle differences from band to band for transitions with the same rotational quanta.
Effects of spinal versus supraspinal administration of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors on morphine tolerance in mice.

The consequences of becoming tolerant to the analgesic effects of morphine include increased risk of unwanted side effects, such as respiratory depression, because the patient is required to take larger doses of the opioid to get the same relief from pain. Many studies suggest that phosphorylation plays a role in the neuroplasticity associated with opioid tolerance. This study examines the effect of inhibiting cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity in the brain or spinal cord of morphine-tolerant mice. KT5720, a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, or KT5823, a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, was centrally administered in morphine-tolerant and placebo-treated mice prior to a systemically administered challenge dose of morphine. KT5720 completely reversed morphine tolerance in the tail-flick assay when the pretreatment was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.); KT5823 had no effect on morphine via this route. When either of these drugs was administered intrathecally (i.t.), the activity of morphine was greatly diminished in the tolerant animals, with no effect on morphine antinociception in the placebo group. These data suggest that cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity may be upregulated in the brain with morphine tolerance, and that this upregulation is critical to the expression of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine. In the spinal cord, however, the activity of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, and possibly their substrate proteins, may be affected by chronic morphine exposure such that inhibition of these kinases produces hyperalgesia.
Were black entrepreneurs displaced from the retail trade by white immigrant merchants? A study of northern cities in the early twentieth century

Abstract Black leaders in the early twentieth century often claimed that black retail enterprise in the urban North was impeded by competition from white immigrant merchants. Their argument rested on a set of beliefs now called “saturation theory.” To test this theory, I analyze census data from 1910 to 1930, when blacks established themselves in northern urban economies. The results fail to support the theory. The level of retail enterprise of blacks was unrelated to that of foreign-born whites. Thus, contrary to assertions of many activists, black entrepreneurs were not displaced from retailing in northern cities during the early twentieth century.
Intracranial extension of nasal dermoids

Nasal dermoid cysts with intracranial extension have been thought to be a rare entity. Seven new cases of nasal dermoid cyst with intracranial involvement were treated from 1975 through 1982 by combined otolaryngological-neurosurgical management. Preoperative radiological studies were helpful in predicting intracranial extension in only three cases. The extracranial lesion was resected by the otolaryngologist using surgical hemoclips to tag the dermoid remnant entering the cranium. These hemoclips were a helpful landmark for the neurosurgeon when resecting the intracranial extension through a bifrontal craniotomy approach. In four cases, the dermoid cyst entered the cranium through a persistent foramen cecum and lay within the falx in association with a bifid crista galli. We think that this entity is more common than was previously appreciated. Patients with a diagnosis of nasal dermoid should undergo polytomography or computed tomography of the glabellar area. Even when all x-ray studies are negative, neurosurgical preoperative evaluation and operative standby should be obtained before the otolaryngologist attempts the resection of a nasal dermoid cyst.
How early childhood teacher beliefs vary across grade level

Abstract The continuum of beliefs reported by early childhood teachers (Head Start through third grade) and how those beliefs relate to classroom practice were explored in this article. Head Start, kindergarten, first-, second-, and third-grade teachers’ beliefs and self-reported practices were measured by three different instruments. These included the Early Childhood Survey of Beliefs and Practices (Marcon, 1988) , and the Teacher Beliefs Scale Charlesworth et al 1990 , Charlesworth et al 1993 . Each classroom was also observed using the Classroom Practices Inventory Hyson et al 1990 , Vartuli 1992 . The belief measures were moderately correlated and observed practices supported what teachers reported as their beliefs and practices. Beliefs were significantly more appropriate than practice at every grade level. As the grade level increased the level of self-reported developmentally appropriate beliefs and practices decreased. The same held true for observed practice. Teachers in first, second, and third grade did not rate developmentally appropriate practices as high as Head Start and kindergarten teachers. Teachers with fewer years of teaching experience and those with certification in early childhood education were more likely to believe in and use more developmentally appropriate practices.
Mobile classification in microarray experiments.

In a homogeneous group of samples, there are genes whose expression variations can be attributed to factors other than experimental errors. These factors can include natural biological oscillations or metabolic processes. These genes are rarely classified as ‘interesting’ based on their variability profile. However, their dynamic behaviour can tease out important clues about naturally occurring biological processes in the organism under study and can be used for group classification. Dynamical discriminate function analysis was developed on the concept that stable classification parameters (roots) can be derived from highly variable gene-expression data. Stability of these combinations implies a strongly compensatory relationship that may divulge functional interconnections.
Do jurors "know" what isn't so about child witnesses?

Are expert witnesses needed in child sexual abuse cases to educate jurors about children’s memory, suggestibility, and reactions to abuse, or do jurors already know what such experts could tell them? To cast light on this question, we surveyed jurors and jury-eligible college students and compared their beliefs with what is known via scientific research regarding children’s memory and ability to testify, reactions to interrogation, and reactions to sexual abuse. We also asked participants to infer results of four widely cited studies of children’s suggestibility. Participants’ beliefs were consistent with findings from research on some issues (e.g., that children can be led to claim that false events occurred) but diverged from the scientific consensus on other issues (e.g., whether children can remember painful events in infancy). Similarly, participants sometimes overestimated and sometimes underestimated the level of suggestibility observed in empirical studies. Individual differences in accuracy were related to participants’ gender, education and ethnicity, and there was considerable disagreement among participants on many questions. Implications of findings for the admissibility of expert testimony in child abuse cases are discussed.
Modeling of the 21 May 1997 Jabalpur Earthquake in Central India: Source Parameters and Regional Path Calibration

The primary objective of this study is to model regional and far-regional seismograms recorded from the 21 May 1997 Jabalpur earthquake ( M w 5.8) in central India to calibrate the propagation path in and around the Indian subcontinent. To accomplish this goal, we first established its source parameters ( δ = 65°, λ = 68°, and φ = 70°, h = 35 km) and source complexity, which consisted of two sources with a total seismic moment of 5.88 × 10 24 dyne cm and a source 1 to source 2 moment ratio of 1:4 by modeling teleseismic P and depth phases. Source parameters were independently verified by modeling near-regional seismograms of three stations, namely bhpl (Bhopal), blsp (Bilaspur), and hyb (Hyderabad), by using the same source complexity established in the teleseismic modeling and station-specific wave-propagation path models. The earthquake was relocated by fixing its depth at 35 km and using travel times of teleseismic P, pP, sP phases and regional P and S phases. The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior model was used for the location with its crust replaced by the regionalized crustal model. The relocation parameters were: origin time, 22h51m30.80sec ± 0.83 sec; latitude, 23.083° N; longitude, 80.091° E; h = 35 km. With this relocation, source-specific station corrections were established that, in turn, were used to relocate its largest aftershock. Next, we analyzed the composition of regional phases to understand how they were excited, especially how up-going and down-going seismic waves evolved and interfered as a function of distance. This understanding and the newly derived source information were used to calibrate station-specific paths to other far-regional and upper-mantle stations. To this end, we modeled amplitude and travel times of different phases, such as the P nl , S , SmS , Sm ( up ) S , and surface waves observed at far-regional stations (5° ≤ Δ ≤ 25°). This study established far-distance wave-propagation models for paths toward CHTO (Chiang Mai, Thailand), LSA (Lhasa, China), and AAK (Ala-Archa, Kyrgyzstan). We also calibrated a wave-propagation model for a path from northwest India to station NIL (Nilore, Pakistan) using seismograms recorded from an earthquake near Pokhran, the nuclear test site in India.
Structured group intervention for psychiatric patients with social conflicts: a consideration of psychiatric and legal labeling.

A structured programme was organized to address the high rate of legal conflicts among our in-patient population, the personal problems (e.g., denial) and practical problems (e.g. trying to find a job with a criminal record) which complicate their resolution. Active conflicts involved criminal mischief, breach of peace, fraud, burglary, larceny, assault, drug-related offenses, civil suits, etc.Common aspects of conflicts which were identified for discussion by members included authority issues, family reactions, employment, guilt, social rejection, etc. Well-described dynamics of deviant ("psychiatric") behaviour were seen applicable to legally-conflicted behaviour: blaming the victim; stereotyping; issues of accepting and escaping a label. Observation of interpersonal relationships in groups have potential application to forensic situations.
Charge stripping and E/2 mass spectra

The stabilities of doubly charged ions have been investigated by comparing the relative abundances of these ions in charge stripping spectra with their precursor ions in normal mass spectra. This study reveals differences in cross-section for charge stripping of isobaric ions with different elemental compositions, and information is presented on the competition between collisional dissociation and collisional ionization.
Intra-Domain Routing Topology Bandwidth Management Architecture

In this paper, we define architecture of a system for managing network resources in a hierarchical OSPF routing domain supporting DiffServ, wherein resources in terms of bandwidth are dynamically allocated among data flows, each traversing the domain from an ingress edge router to an egress edge router. Specifically, we consider a bandwidth management system in a hierarchical routing domain, wherein each level of the hierarchy comprises a number of areas defined for that level. We propose two alternative approaches for bandwidth management in such a routing domain. In the first approach, the admission control function is centralized at a domain-level bandwidth management agent. In the second approach, bandwidth management functions are distributed among a number of bandwidth managers, and edge-to-edge session admission control is executed on an area-by-area basis.
Myocardial infarct imaging with technetium-labeled complexes.

Detection of acute myocardial infarction as an area of increased activity has intrigued investigators for some time. Initial attempts with 203 Hg-chlormerodrin and 203 Hg-fluorescein analogues were not successful in man. More recently, however, successful imaging of the acute myocardial infarct has been achieved with several 99m Tc complexes. A large group of radiotracers localize in acutely damaged tissue in various models of experimental infarction. From these data, a number of specific structural properties associated with infarct avidity have been identified; these include the presence of mercury and the structural configuration of the organic carrier.
Imitation: Theory and practice in Roman rhetoric

(1951). Imitation: Theory and practice in Roman rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 11-22.
HEAT TRANSFER TO A CYLINDRICAL LAMINAR LIQUID JET EJECTING INTO A GAS

Abstract The experimentally determined heat transfer to a vertical cylindrical laminar liquid jet ejecting into a gas bath, where the resistance to heat transfer in the gas phase is controlling, is compared with that predicted by the Pohlhausen-von Karman technique, using logarithmic profiles to solve the mass, momentum, energy, and diffusion equations. The theoretical solution was derived for the case of negligible bulk flow (as compared to the Reynolds flux) at the surface, rapid radial heat conduction, and small jet temperature change, and agreed with the experimental data, provided that the jet radius was sufficiently small. It is shown that the solution, which includes the effects of evaporation or condensation, can be put into the form of a universal plot of dimensionless axial temperature change versus dimensionless axial distance.
XENOMERIS SACCIFOLII AND GIBBERA SPHYROSPERMI, NEW TROPICAL SPECIES OF THE VENTURIACEAE (FUNGI, PLEOSPORALES)

Xenomeris saccifolii is described from leaves ofSaccifolium bandeirae (Gentianales, Saccifoliaceae);Gibbera sphyrospermi is described from fruit ofSphyrospermum cordifolium (Ericales, Ericaceae). The anamorph ofG. sphyrospermi is presumed to be a species ofStigmina. The concept ofStigmina is expanded to include species with unicellular conidia produced on branched conidiophores.
Autophagy as a target for cancer therapy: new developments

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that eliminates cytosolic proteins, macromolecules, organelles, and protein aggregates. Activation of autophagy may function as a tumor suppressor by degrading defective organelles and other cellular components. However, this pathway may also be exploited by cancer cells to generate nutrients and energy during periods of starvation, hypoxia, and stress induced by chemotherapy. Therefore, induction of autophagy has emerged as a drug resistance mechanism that promotes cancer cell survival via self-digestion. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that inhibition of autophagy enhances the activity of a broad array of anticancer agents. Thus, targeting autophagy may be a global anticancer strategy that may improve the efficacy of many standard of care agents. These results have led to multiple clinical trials to evaluate autophagy inhibition in combination with conventional chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the anticancer agents that have been reported to modulate autophagy and discuss new developments in autophagy inhibition as an anticancer strategy.
The polarographic diffusion coefficient of cadmium ion in 0.1 M potassium chloride

Abstract The diffusion coefficient of cadmium ion in 0.1 M potassium chloride at 25° was determined by an absolute method. Straight calculations using the equation derived by Jost yielded values which were too high when compared to the infinite dilution value of 0.720 × 10−5 cm2/sec. A correction for initial mixing was made which yielded more reasonable values for D. The value of 0.700 × 10−5 cm2/sec which represents a weighted average of the diffusion coefficient values obtained in this and other investigations was selected as the best available value for the diffusion coefficient of cadmium ion in 0.1 M KCl at 25°.
The role of immunosuppression in gene- and cell-based treatments for duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and lethal, X-linked muscle-wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, affecting 1 in 3,500 males born worldwide. Clinically, most boys with DMD exhibit muscle weakness by the age of 5 years and lose independent ambulation by 10–12 years. During the late teen years, respiratory failure occurs and pulmonary ventilatory support is often required. Although this strategy allows patients to survive into their third decade, the onset of cardiomyopathy and worsening of respiratory function prevent longer-term survival. Although there is currently no cure for the disease, 20 years of study of the molecular characteristics of dystrophin is leading to new hope for the possibility of a specific treatment for DMD. Two new studies in the golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) model, including one in this issue of Molecular Therapy, provide encouragement for the potential of cell- and/or gene-based therapy coupled with immunosuppression (IS) for the treatment for DMD.1,2
Magnetic resonance microscopy of chick embryos in ovo

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the live 11-day chick embryo with special radiofrequency coils and 3-D imaging methods has produced contiguous 1.25-mm-thick slices with 200-μm pixel resolution, permitting definition of cardiac chambers, cerebral ventricles, spinal cord, liver, and lungs. It was the objective of this study to image younger chick embryos in ovo with higher spatial resolution through the application of implanted radiofrequency coils. Fertilized Arbor Acre eggs were windowed at 9, 6, and 4 days. Circular coils 18 mm in diameter tuned to 85.5 MHz were suspended around the developing embryo. The eggs were sealed with tape and maintained at 37°C during the imaging procedure. MRI was performed in a 2.0-Tesla GE system utilizing a 3-D Fourier transform acquisition in sagittal and axial planes with a partial saturation sequence (TR = 400 ms, TE = 27 ms). Approximately 1 hour of imaging time was required to obtain 16 contiguous 600-μm-thick slices with 50-μm pixel resolution. Embryos remained viable through the imaging procedure. Embryos were photographed, fixed, and cleared for correlative anatomical study. Vitelline vessels, dorsal aorta, aortic arches, cardinal veins, and cardiac chambers were identified as areas of decreased signal intensity. Cerebral ventricles and the vitreous portion of the eye have signal intensities that are less than adjacent neural, scleral, and lens tissue. Further refinements in MR instrumentation and imaging sequences promise improvements in resolution and offer the potential for sequential observations of the intact embryo.
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 is overexpressed in skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and affects SCC growth via prostaglandin metabolism

Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is an enzyme involved in metabolizing prostaglandins (PGs) and sex hormones. It metabolizes PGD2 to 9α11β-PGF2 , diverting the spontaneous conversion of PGD2 to the PPARγ agonist, 15-Deoxy-Delta-12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2 ). AKR1C3 is overexpressed in various malignancies, suggesting a tumor promoting function. This work investigates AKR1C3 expression in human non-melanoma skin cancers, revealing overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Effects of AKR1C3 overexpression were then evaluated using three SCC cell lines. AKR1C3 was detected in all SCC cell lines and its expression was upregulated in response to its substrate, PGD2 . Although attenuating AKR1C3 expression in SCC cells by siRNA did not affect growth, treatment with PGD2 and its dehydration metabolite, 15d-PGJ2 , decreased SCC proliferation in a PPARγ-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone profoundly inhibited SCC proliferation. Finally, we generated an SCC cell line that stably overexpressed AKR1C3 (SCC-AKR1C3). SCC-AKR1C3 metabolized PGD2 to 9α11β-PGF2 12-fold faster than the parent cell line and was protected from the antiproliferative effect mediated by PGD2 . This work suggests that PGD2 and its metabolite 15d-PGJ2 attenuate SCC proliferation in a PPARγ-dependent manner, therefore activation of PPARγ by agonists such as pioglitazone may benefit those at high risk of SCC.
Electronically determined red cell indices in a predominantly black urban population of children 4 to 8 years of age

REFERENCES 1. Anderson, B. R., and Soonattrakul, W.: Neutrophilic reduction of NBT dye: Acquired defect, Ann. Intern. Med. 78: 301, 1973. 2. Matula, G., and Paterson, P. Y.: Spontaneous in vitro reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by neutrophils of adult patients with bacterial infection, N. Engl. J. Med. 285: 3H, 1971. 3. Park, B. H., Fikrig, S. M., and Smithwick, E. M.: Infection and nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction by neutrophils. A diagnostic aid, Lancet 2: 532, 1968, 4. Feigin, R. D., •hackelford, P. G., Choi, S. C., Flake, K. K,, Franklin, F. A., Jr., and Eisenberg, C. S.: Nitroblue tetrazolium dye test as an aid in the differential diagnosis of febrile disorders, J. PEDATR. 78: 230, 1971. 5. Miescher, P. A., and Koffler, D.: SchiSnlein-Henoch's and related syndromes, in Miescher, P, A., and' MtillerEberhard, H. J., editors: Textbook of immunopathology, vol. I, New York, 1968, Grune & Stratton, Inc., pp~ 35%364.
A Clinical Trial of Phenoxymethyl Penicillin for Adjunctive Treatment of Juvenile Periodontitis

A double-blind clinical trial of oral penicillin as an adjunct to conventional treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis (JP) was conducted. Sixteen subjects with JP were paired on the basis of general similarity of disease, and within each pair the persons were assigned randomly, one to a placebo group and one to a penicillin group. Neither patients nor therapist/examiner were aware of whether placebo or penicillin was being taken. All subjects received an initial scaling and root planing of all teeth and flap surgery of all affected sites. Every 12 weeks after surgery through Week 62 of the study, root planing and oral hygiene instructions were repeated. Phenoxymethyl penicillin (250 mg qid) or placebo was started the day of surgery and each recall visit and lasted for 10 days. Clinical measurements were made at the beginning of the study and at each recall visit. In both groups there was a significant decrease in plaque scores, gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding and probeable depths for all s...
Safety of transesophageal pacing for 24 hours in a canine model.

Background: Temporary epicardial pacing is often necessary following surgical correction of congenital heart disease. Epicardial pacing wires, while generally effective, can, however, become nonfunctional. Transesophageal atrial pacing (TEAP) can be a useful adjunct in this setting. The potential for esophageal damage with sustained TEAP is unknown. We assessed the safety of continuous (24 hours) TEAP by evaluating gross and histological changes to the esophagus in a canine model. Methods: Thirteen juvenile beagle dogs were fitted with a 4-Fr multipolar catheter placed transnasally into the esophagus to a level to sustain atrial capture. Pacing was established in nine dogs for 24 hours while four control dogs had catheters but no pacing stimulus applied. Paced dogs were divided into two groups: group A (n = 5) that were euthanized immediately and group B (n = 4) that were euthanized 7 days after the pacing period. Nonpaced dogs (group C, n = 4) were treated similar to group A. Gross and histological examination of the esophageal tissue was completed. Results: Gross and histological evidence of mild esophagitis was noted in dogs from groups A and C but not in dogs from group B. There was no evidence of esophageal stricture or fibrosis in any dog from any group. Conclusions: TEAP did not result in permanent esophageal changes after 24 hours of stimulation. Microscopic lesions of mild erosive esophagitis, seen after 24 hours of TEAP, were absent 7 days postpacing. Mechanical irritation from the catheter cannot be ruled out as a cause of these changes.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Patients With Coexistent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (CHF) are common conditions. The prevalence of COPD ranges from 20% to 30% in patients with CHF. The diagnosis of CHF can remain unsuspected in patients with COPD, because shortness of breath is attributed to COPD. Measurement of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels helps to uncover unsuspected CHF in patients with COPD and clinical deterioration. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac function may be preferable to BNP to uncover unsuspected left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in patients with stable COPD. Patients with COPD or CHF develop skeletal muscle alterations that are strikingly similar. Functional intolerance correlates with severity of skeletal muscle alterations but not with severity of pulmonary or cardiac impairment in COPD and CHF, respectively. Improvement of pulmonary or cardiac function does not translate into relief of functional intolerance in patients with COPD or CHF unless skeletal muscle alterations concomitantly regress. The mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle alterations are incompletely understood in COPD and in CHF. Disuse and low-level systemic inflammation leading to protein synthesis/degradation imbalance are likely to contribute. The presence of COPD impacts on the treatment of CHF, as COPD is still viewed as a contraindication to beta-blockade. Therefore, COPD often deprives patients with CHF due to LV systolic dysfunction of the most beneficial pharmacologic intervention. A large body of data indicates that patients with COPD tolerate well selective beta-blockade that should not be denied to CHF patients with concomitant COPD.