cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spark gap switching system for gasdynamic facilities

A spark gap switching system has been developed to coordinate the discharge of a 300 kJ capacitor bank with the high speed flow of helium in a shock tube driver. The trigger system includes a flow transducer, a pulse forming circuit, a high voltage spark generator, and four heavy duty spark gaps that can carry total peak currents greater than 1.5 million A. A glow gauge flow transducer sensitive to small gas density changes was used whose input power and signal output can withstand high voltage fluctuations. This switching system is of use with gasdynamic discharge devices requiring a minimum number of switches.
Intelligence and the “personal equation”

Abstract Over two centuries ago astronomers, studying star transit time, noted individual differences in reaction times. This observation came to be known as the “personal equation.” Despite early efforts to establish a connection between RT and general intelligence, it is only fairly recently that speed of information processing has again become a major focus as a critical element of intelligence. Much of the systematic work on this association has been conducted by Jensen. In addition to firmly establishing the relationship between RT and intelligence. Jensen has explored the role of intraindividual variability. Several generalizations can now be made; 1) average RT and standard deviation of RT are correlated, but each has a unique connection with intelligence; 2) RT and standard deviation of RT reflect the operation of different processes; 3) the more complex the RT task, the greater the influence of intraindividual variability, 4) the contribution of intraindividual variability increases as IQ decreases; and 5) there are strong neurological and genetic influences on intraindividual variability. Jensen proposed a “neural oscillation” model to explain various features of intraindividual variability. His theory blends facts uncovered through behavioral research on RT with neurological events.
Transport of Ions and Electrostatic Interactions in Thermoresponsive Poly(N- isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Hydrogels: Electroanalytical Studies

Abstract : To study transport phenomena and electrostatic interactions in negatively charged poly(N-isopropylacrylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels, NIPA-AA, electroanalytical experiments with two positively charged probes, ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium, FcTMA(+), and hexaammineruthenium(III), Ru(NH3)6(3+), cations were performed, and the results compared with those for an uncharged electroactive probe, 1,1'-ferrocenedimethanol, Fc(MeOH)2. Steady-state voltammetry and chronoamperometry at platinum disk microelectrodes were used to determine diffusion coefficients of those probes. For temperatures below the volume phase transition of a gel, there are not significant differences in the transport behavior of cationic and uncharged probes. After the volume phase transition occurs and the gel collapses, the diffusion coefficients of all probes decrease, the change in diffusion coefficient is more pronounced for cationic probes than for a neutral probe, and depends on the charge of the cationic probe. Changes in concentration of cationic species in collapsed NIPA-AA gels were detected as a result of the volume phase transition.
Platelet-derived microparticles on synthetic surfaces observed by atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

Abstract Platelet activation on a thrombogenic surface includes the release of membrane-derived microparticles that provide catalytic sites for blood coagulation factors. Here, we describe a quantitative investigation on the production and dimensions of platelet-derived microparticles observed on glass and polyethylene under aqueous conditions, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and complementary fluorescence microscopy. The results show that contact-activated platelet microparticles are not evenly distributed over a thrombogenic surface, but in clusters in close proximity to adherent platelets. The microparticles are localized near the platelet periphery, and in some cases appear to emanate from platelet pseudopodia, suggesting that formation may result from vesiculation of the pseudopodia. The microparticles measured 125±21 nm (n=73) in the x–y dimensions and 5.2±3.6 nm in height. The results compared closely with 125±22 nm width and 4.1±1.6 nm height obtained for control preparations of thrombin activated microparticles, that were filtered and deposited on glass. Large differences between the measured widths and heights of adsorbed microparticles suggest that platelet microparticles may undergo spreading after attachment to a surface. The adsorbed microparticles expressed platelet membrane receptor GPIIb/IIIa, and many expressed the platelet activation marker P-selectin as determined by fluorescence microscopy. The high number distribution of procoagulant microparticles per unit area of surface compared with platelets suggests that platelet-derived microparticles provide a mechanistic route for amplifying thrombus formation on a thrombogenic surface.
Regulation and function of syk tyrosine kinase in mast cell signaling and beyond

The protein tyrosine kinase Syk plays a critical role in FceRI signaling in mast cells. Binding of Syk to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (p-ITAM) of the receptor subunits results in conformational changes and tyrosine phosphorylation at multiple sites that leads to activation of Syk. The phosphorylated tyrosines throughout the molecule play an important role in the regulation of Syk-mediated signaling. Reconstitution of receptor-mediated signaling in Syk-/- cells by wild-type Syk or mutants which have substitution of these tyrosines with phenylalanine together with in vitro assays has been useful strategies to understand the regulation and function of Syk.
Electrostatic influence on rotational mobilities of sol-gel-encapsulated solutes by NMR and EPR spectroscopies.

The rotational mobilities of small solute molecules encapsulated in tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) sol−gels have been investigated by EPR spectroscopy of encapsulated nitroxide probes and by high-resolution NMR spectroscopic measurements of transferred NOE's (trNOE's), of T1's, and of T1's in the rotating frame (T1ρ). The two spectroscopic methods are sensitive to motions on different time scales and hence, are nicely complementary. Suites of neutral, positively, and negatively charged nitroxide probes (EPR) and of simple diamagnetic small molecules (NMR) were selected to disclose influences of electrostatic interactions with the sol−gel walls and to probe the presence of multiple populations of molecules in distinct regions of the sol−gel pores. For neutral and negatively charged solute probes, both techniques disclose a single population with a significantly increased average rotational correlation time, which we interpret at least in part as resulting from exchange between free-volume and transiently...
Enhancing effect of Bordetella pertussis and propranolol on experimental immune hemolytic anemia.

Un constituant deBordetella pertussis, et la drogue antagoniste, le propranololβ-adrenergique, peuvent causer un renforcement semblable similaire de la sensibilite des souris a l'anemie hemolytique immune experimentale. Il est connu que l'insuline se comporte de la meme facon.
Correlated ab initio study of the ground electronic state of the O2-HF complex.

In this paper, we present the first correlated ab initio investigations on the ground electronic state of the O2–HF complex. Calculations were performed using the CCSD(T) method with the aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The results show that there are two equivalent minimum energy hydrogen-bonded structures of planar bent geometry, where the minima correspond to exchange of the oxygen atoms. For each minimum the length of the O–H hydrogen bond is 2.16A. The best calculated value of De of the equivalent minima is 271cm−1. The T-shaped geometry of the complex, with oxygen perpendicular to the axis connecting the center of masses of O2 and the HF molecule, represents a barrier to tunneling between the equivalent minima. The best estimated value of that barrier height is 217cm−1. The linear O–O–HF geometry of the complex represents a saddle point. The calculated geometrical parameters of the minimum energy structure of the complex are in reasonable agreement with the previously reported spectroscopic r...
Plasma-Based Surface Modification of Polystyrene Microtiter Plates for Covalent Immobilization of Biomolecules

In recent years, polymer surfaces have become increasingly popular for biomolecule attachment because of their relatively low cost and desirable bulk physicochemical characteristics. However, the chemical inertness of some polymer surfaces poses an obstacle to more expansive implementation of polymer materials in bioanalytical applications. We describe use of argon plasma to generate reactive hydroxyl moieties at the surface of polystyrene microtiter plates. The plates are then selectively functionalized with silanes and cross-linkers suitable for the covalent immobilization of biomolecules. This plasma-based method for microtiter plate functionalization was evaluated after each step by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle analysis, atomic force microscopy, and bioimmobilization efficacy. We further demonstrate that the plasma treatment followed by silane derivatization supports direct, covalent immobilization of biomolecules on microtiter plates and thus overcomes challenging issues typi...
“Me Getting Plastered and Her Provoking My Eyes” Young People’s Attribution of Blame for Sexual Aggression in Public Drinking Spaces

Barroom sexual aggression—especially unwanted groping, kissing, and touching—is ubiquitous and largely unregulated. While research explicates how alcohol interacts with other precipitating factors to cause incidents like fistfights, the causes of less serious forms of sexual aggression remain understudied. Normalization of non-consensual sexual contact in bars means much of it goes unnoticed and is difficult to quantify or predict using conventional statistical methods. We use 126 young people’s narratives about experiences with barroom aggression to explore how/when it is tolerated or socially sanctioned. We find that alcohol, context, and gender shape attributions for sexual aggression in public drinking settings. Language: en
Variations in Response of Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides in Louisiana

Several strains of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were tested with permethrin, tralomethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin , acephate, and methomyl in laboratory tests. Permethrin was significantly less toxic to strains collected during 1987 (LD50’s 3.0 to 4.4 times higher) and 1988 (6.4 to 12.2 times higher) compared with a laboratory strain susceptible to permethrin. In response to methomyl, several field strains also had LD50’s that were significantly higher than those determined for the laboratory strain. No significant differences in the toxicity of tralomethrin or lambda-cyhalothrin were observed among strains and only one field strain was significantly less susceptible to acephate than the laboratory strain. In field trials during 1987 and 1988 in Tensas Parish (Paradise and St. Joseph) all treatments, and in Iberville Parish (St. Gabriel), all treatments except acephate (0.84 kg [Al]/ha) and sulprofos (0.51 kg [Al]/ha) significantly reduced numbers of larvae infesting the plots below numbers present in the untreated control plots. At one location (Tens as Parish, Louisiana), the standard rate of permethrin (0.11 kg [Al]/ha) was not as efficacious during 1987 (75-87% control) and 1988 (61-71% control) as it was during 1982 (97-99% control). None of the other pyrethroids (tralomethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin , cyfluthrin), methomyl, thiodicarb, or acephate provided soybean looper control significantly greater than that observed with the permethrin (0.11 kg [AI]/ha) treatment.
Phorbol Ester Administration Transiently Increases Aromatic l‐Amino Acid Decarboxylase Activity of the Mouse Striatum and Midbrain

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) is required for the synthesis of catecholamines, serotonin, and the trace amines. We found that the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate administered intracerebroventricularly transiently increased AAAD activity by 30-50% over control values within approximately 30 min in the striatum and midbrain of the mouse. The enzyme increase was manifested as an apparent increase of Vmax with little change of Km for either L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or pyridoxal phosphate. Chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, prevented the phorbol ester-induced increase of AAAD. Moreover, okadaic acid, a serine/threonine-selective protein phosphatase 1 and 2A inhibitor, also increased AAAD activity in the mouse striatum and midbrain. Taken together, these observations suggest that protein kinase C-mediated pathways modulate AAAD activity in vivo.
Well-defined biohybrids using reversible-deactivation radical polymerization procedures

The use of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods has significantly expanded the field of bioconjugate synthesis. RDRP procedures have allowed the preparation of a broad range of functional materials that could not be realized using prior art poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization. The review of procedures for synthesis of biomaterials is presented with a special focus on the use of RDRP to prepare biohybrids with proteins, DNA and RNA.
Exact SO(5) symmetry in the spin-3/2 fermionic system.

The spin-3/2 fermion models with contact interactions have a generic SO(5) symmetry without any fine-tuning of parameters. Its physical consequences are discussed in both the continuum and lattice models. A Monte Carlo algorithm free of the sign problem a
The lateral lesser toe fillet flap for diabetic foot soft tissue closure: surgical technique and case report

Wound closure for the diabetic foot can be challenging and often involves amputation or reconstruction. The authors describe a surgical technique and a case report of lateral lesser toe fillet flap in the management of a diabetic foot wound. The lateral lesser toe fillet flap reconstruction is a reproducible technique that incurs comparatively minimal technical complexity and provides a favorable option in the management of diabetic foot wounds where soft tissue coverage is required.
Nature, culture, and civil society

Abstract Civil societies are related in complex ways with the nature that surrounds them. Drawing upon ecological principles, social, economic, and political theories, and empirical evidence from environmental psychology, we explore the ongoing dialectic between nature and culture—how humans alter nature and nature alters humans, their cultures and associations—with particular reference to civil society. In our view, civil society scholars overlook much by not paying close attention to nature. Nature provides opportunities for citizens to work together to improve their neighborhoods, schools, and workplaces. Joint action can improve the physical and psychological health of people while also restoring and protecting natural systems. Indeed, a vibrant civil society is essential to achieve the many nature-related goals that require co-ordinated action at landscape scales. At the same time, nature provides appealing opportunities to strengthen the types of social values and institutions that are vital to all ...
Multifocal Intra-abdominal Extra-adrenal Myelolipoma Diagnosed by Fine Needle Aspiration: A Case Report and Literature Review

Myelolipomas are benign tumors, histologically consisting of an admixture of mature adipose tissue and normal hematopoietic elements. It is most commonly found in the adrenal glands. Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rare. Due to the rarity of this entity, exposure to and aware- ness of the cytological characteristics are limited. We report a case of intra-abdominal extra-adrenal myelolipoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration (FNA) in a 67-year-old female, and review of relevant English litera- ture. Knowledge of the cytological features of myelolipoma will avoid mistaking this benign tumor as malignant.
Evaluation of the FICA Tool for Spiritual Assessment

Context. The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care includes spiritual care as one of the eight clinical practice domains. There are very few standardized spirituality history tools. Objectives. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility for the Faith, Importance and Influence, Community, and Address (FICA) Spiritual History Tool in clinical settings. Correlates between the FICA qualitative data and quality of life (QOL) quantitative data also were examined to provide additional insight into spiritual concerns. Methods. The framework of the FICA tool includes Faith or belief, Importance of spirituality, individual’s spiritual Community, and interventions to Address spiritual needs. Patients with solid tumors were recruited from ambulatory clinics of a comprehensive cancer center. Items assessing aspects of spirituality within the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy QOL tools were used, and all patients were assessed using the FICA. The sample (n ¼ 76) had a mean age of 57, and almost half were of diverse religions. Results. Most patients rated faith or belief as very important in their lives (mean 8.4; 0e10 scale). FICA quantitative ratings and qualitative comments were closely correlated with items from the QOL tools assessing aspects of spirituality. Conclusion. Findings suggest that the FICA tool is a feasible tool for clinical assessment of spirituality. Addressing spiritual needs and concerns in clinical settings is critical in enhancing QOL. Additional use and evaluation by clinicians of the FICA Spiritual Assessment Tool in usual practice settings are needed. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;40:163e173. 2010 U.S. Cancer Pain
Self-Management of COTS Component-Based Systems Using Wrappers

This paper describes an approach to designing COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) components-based software system in which each COTS component is self-managed by a wrapper to improve dependability of systems. The wrapper for self-managing a COTS component detects the anomalies of the component; it reconfigures the anomalous component at run-time; and it repairs the anomalous component. The wrappers co-operate to each other to reconfigure COTS components, so that they make the system more reliable. The approach suggested in this paper is applied to the distributed elevator system with multiple elevators
Correlation of cytotoxicity with elemental release from mercury- and gallium-based dental alloys in vitro

Longton, 1964; Waterstrat, 1969). Although soluble gallium Objectives. An in vitro screening test was used to compare the ions are relatively non-toxic compared to other elements such cytotoxicity and elemental release from mercury- and gallium- as cadmium (Kawahara et al., 1968; Ferm and Carpenter, based dental restorative materials.
An adaptive IIR phase measurement structure for estimation of multiple sinusoids

The phase measurement (PM) method, which makes use of the difference between the input and output of a tunable infinite impulse response (ITR) bandpass filter, is used for adaptive estimation of the fundamental pitch of a signal composed of multiple sinusoids. The estimator has the useful characteristic of ordering the detected frequency components independently of the initial starting values of the section coefficients. In addition to frequency estimation, the amplitude of each component can be extracted from the corresponding bandpass output, which is useful in applications where components envelopes are need for re-synthesis algorithms. The performance of the PM method is compared with that of the recursive least-mean-square method. >
Investment Banking and Analyst Objectivity: Evidence from Forecasts and Recommendations of Analysts Affiliated with M&A Advisors

Previous research finds some evidence that analysts affiliated with equity underwriters issue more optimistic earnings growth forecasts and optimistic recommendations of client stock than unaffiliated analysts. Unfortunately, these studies are unable to discriminate between two competing hypotheses for the apparent optimism. In the conflict of interest hypothesis, analysts compromise their objectivity at the behest of underwrit ing clients. The selection bias hypothesis is that the investment banks employing analysts who are more bullish on a particular stock are more likely to underwrite it. We test these hypotheses in a previously unexplored setting, namely M&A activities. Depending on whether an analyst is affiliated with the target or the acquirer and whether the analyst report is about the target or the acquirer, the hypotheses predict analyst optimism in some cases and pessimism in other. Therefore, examining the issue of analyst bias in the M&A context allows us to shed some light on alternative explanations for the impact of analyst affiliation on the properties of analyst forecasts and recommendations.
Mathematics, critical literacy, and youth participatory action research

This article examines mathematics education as both the site and object of transformation for a youth PAR project in which students researched and evaluated their urban high school in Oakland, California. These youth researchers were trained as part of a sociology course as well as a mathematics class designed to both remediate gaps in math preparation and accelerate students into higher-order math literacy. This study differs from and extends other studies that describe mathematics as a tool for social critique. It considers youth research in and through mathematics as a more ideologically open endeavor in that youth do not simply reproduce predetermined criticisms of social inequality. Thus, this project translates extensive work in critical literacy, new media literacy, and youth participatory action research to a mathematics context.
Modeling Complex Cross-Systems Software Interfaces Using SysML

The complex flight and ground systems for NASA human space exploration are designed, built, operated and managed as separate programs and projects. However, each system relies on one or more of the other systems in order to accomplish specific mission objectives, creating a complex, tightly coupled architecture. Thus, there is a fundamental need to understand how each system interacts with the other. To determine if a model-based system engineering approach could be utilized to assist with understanding the complex system interactions, the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) sponsored a task to develop an approach for performing cross-system behavior modeling. This paper presents the results of applying Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) principles using the System Modeling Language (SysML) to define cross-system behaviors and how they map to crosssystem software interfaces documented in system-level Interface Control Documents (ICDs).
Central simple p-algebras with purely inseparable subfields☆

DESCENT THEOREM. Let C be a simple algebra with center E, and let G be a $nite group of automorphism of E with fixed field F. If F can be faithfully lifted to a group G of E-semilinear automorphisms of C (i.e. for CT E G, L? is an automorphism of C such that O(xv) = a(x) Z(v) for x E E and v E C), then C g C’ OF E where C’ is the algebra of fixed elements of G. Moreover, C’ is simple with center F, and if [C : E] < 00, then [C : E] = [C’ : F].
Iterative reconstruction of transcriptional regulatory networks: an algorithmic approach.

The number of complete, publicly available genome sequences is now greater than 200, and this number is expected to rapidly grow in the near future as metagenomic and environmental sequencing efforts escalate and the cost of sequencing drops. In order to make use of this data for understanding particular organisms and for discerning general principles about how organisms function, it will be necessary to reconstruct their various biochemical reaction networks. Principal among these will be transcriptional regulatory networks. Given the physical and logical complexity of these networks, the various sources of (often noisy) data that can be utilized for their elucidation, the monetary costs involved, and the huge number of potential experiments (~1012) that can be performed, experiment design algorithms will be necessary for synthesizing the various computational and experimental data to maximize the efficiency of regulatory network reconstruction. This paper presents an algorithm for experimental design to systematically and efficiently reconstruct transcriptional regulatory networks. It is meant to be applied iteratively in conjunction with an experimental laboratory component. The algorithm is presented here in the context of reconstructing transcriptional regulation for metabolism in Escherichia coli, and, through a retrospective analysis with previously performed experiments, we show that the produced experiment designs conform to how a human would design experiments. The algorithm is able to utilize probability estimates based on a wide range of computational and experimental sources to suggest experiments with the highest potential of discovering the greatest amount of new regulatory knowledge.
Role for Endosomal and Vacuolar GTPases in Candida albicans Pathogenesis

The vacuole has crucial roles in stress resistance and adaptation of the fungal cell. Furthermore, in Candida albicans it has been observed to undergo dramatic expansion during the initiation of hyphal growth, to produce highly "vacuolated" subapical compartments. We hypothesized that these functions may be crucial for survival within the host and tissue-invasive hyphal growth. We also considered the role of the late endosome or prevacuole compartment (PVC), a distinct organelle involved in vacuolar and endocytic trafficking. We identified two Rab GTPases, encoded by VPS21 and YPT72, required for trafficking through the PVC and vacuole biogenesis, respectively. Deletion of VPS21 or YPT72 led to mild sensitivities to some cellular stresses. However, deletion of both genes resulted in a synthetic phenotype with severe sensitivity to cellular stress and impaired growth. Both the vps21Δ and ypt72Δ mutants had defects in filamentous growth, while the double mutant was completely deficient in polarized growth. The defects in hyphal growth were not suppressed by an "active" RIM101 allele or loss of the hyphal repressor encoded by TUP1. In addition, both single mutants had significant attenuation in a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, while the double mutant was rapidly cleared. Histological examination confirmed that the vps21Δ and ypt72Δ mutants are deficient in hyphal growth in vivo. We suggest that the PVC and vacuole are required on two levels during C. albicans infection: (i) stress resistance functions required for survival within tissue and (ii) a role in filamentous growth which may aid host tissue invasion.
Autoethnography and Family Research

This article describes how autoethnography, a research method that uses—and even foregrounds—personal experience, can be used as a method for studying families. We first define autoethnography, describe orientations to autoethnographic research, and review research that has used autoethnography as a method for studying families. Although autoethnography has numerous strengths, four qualities make it especially suitable for doing family research. We describe how autoethnography can allow researchers to offer insider accounts of families; study everyday, unexpected experiences of families, especially as they face unique or difficult situations; write against limited extant research about families; and make research more accessible to nonacademic audiences. We conclude by offering criteria for evaluating autoethnography, including risks and limitations of the method.
Large Study of Health Issues for Newly Arrived Child Refugees.

Hepatitis B, tuberculosis, parasitic worms, high blood lead levels and anemia are the top health issues of newly arrived child refugees according to a new study of refugee children. HEPATITIS B, TUBERCULOSIS, parasitic worms, high blood lead levels and anemia are the top health issues of newly arrived child refugees according to a new study of refugee children. Each year, the U.S. accepts 35,000 child refugees who have fled persecution from their home country through the Department of State's Refugee Resettlement program. An additional 200,000 to 250,000 immigrant children receive lawful permanent residency in the United States each year. Before arriving in the United States, these children refugees often live in rural areas or refugee camps where medicine, food and western luxuries are seldom available. Overall, 3.7% of children living in the United States, including 7.7% of Latino children and 16.7% of Asian children, were born overseas. Although immigrant children are an important, and growing part of the U.S. population, comprehensive guidelines for the care of these children has been lacking. This has been because, in part, data on the health status of immigrant children have been missing. Despite these limitations, the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has used the best available data to develop screening guidelines for refugees that have been implemented by many state and local departments of public health (www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/ guidelines/domestic/checklist.html). These guidelines recommend a minimum set of screening tests, which usually take place within 90 days (and preferably within 30 days) of arrival, for infectious, nutritional and environmental health
32nm design rule evaluation through virtual patterning

Lithography simulation has proven to be a technical enabler to shorten development cycle time and provide direction before next-generation exposure tools and processes are available. At the early stages of design rule definition for a new technology node, small critical areas of layout are of concern, and optical proximity correction (OPC) is required to allow full exploration of the 2D rule space. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of fast, resist-model-based, OPC correction to explore process options and optimize 2D layout rules for advanced technologies. Unlike conventional OPC models that rely on extensive empirical CD-SEM measurements of real wafers, the resist-based OPC model for the correction is generated using measured bulk parameters of the photoresist such as dissolution rate. The model therefore provides extremely accurate analysis capability well in advance of access to advanced exposure tools. We apply this 'virtual patterning' approach to refine lithography tool settings and OPC strategies for a collection of 32-nm-node layout clips. Different OPC decorations including line biasing, serifs, and assist features, are investigated as a function of NA and illumination conditions using script-based optimization sequences. Best process conditions are identified based on optimal process window for a given set of random layouts. Simulation results, including resist profile and CD process window, are validated by comparison to wafer images generated on an older-generation exposure tool. The ability to quickly optimize OPC as a function of illumination setting in a single simulation package allows determination of optimum illumination source for random layouts faster and more accurately than what has been achievable in the past. This approach greatly accelerates design rule determination.
Transient Growth in Hypersonic Boundary Layers

This paper investigates the relative importance of modal and non-modal growth mechanisms in flat-plate, hypersonic boundary layers as well as the effects of Mach number and wall cooling on these processes. Optimal disturbances are calculated in both the spatial and temporal frameworks using an eigenvector decomposition of the locally-parallel, linearized Navier-Stokes equations. It is found that for every Mach number there is an optimal level of wall cooling that minimizes transient growth; at this condition the wall temperature is slightly below the freestream temperature, with lower wall temperatures needed as the Mach number increases. The competition between modal and non-modal growth mechanisms is examined over a range of Reynolds numbers by calculating N factor curves for both processes. For conditions relevant to high enthalpy flows (high Mach number, cold wall), transient growth is rapidly overtaken by modal instabilities while the level of amplification remains small. At lower Mach numbers or adiabatic conditions, the transient growth is overtaken more slowly. For low supersonic Mach numbers and cold walls there are no modal instabilities, but the level of non-modal amplification is increased such that the initiation of transition by infinitesimal perturbations is plausible despite the absence of modal instabilities.
Advances in SiGeSn/Ge Technology

We recently reported the CVD growth of binary Ge1−ySny and ternary Ge1−ySixSny alloys directly on Si wafers using SnD4, Ge2H6 (di-germane), SiH3GeH3, and (GeH3)2SiH2 sources. Ge1−ySny is an intriguing infrared material that undergoes an indirect-to-direct bandgap transition for y ≥ 0.09. In addition, we have found that Ge1−ySny layers have ideal properties as templates for the subsequent deposition of other semiconductors: (a) they are strain-relaxed and have low threading-defect densities (105 cm−2) even for films thinner than 1 μm; (b) their low growth temperatures between 250°C and 350°C are compatible with selective growth, and the films possess the necessary thermal stability for conventional semiconductor processing (up to 750°C depending on composition); (c) they exhibit tunable lattice constants between 5.65 A and at least 5.8 A, matching InGaAs and related III-V systems; (d) their surfaces are extremely flat; (e) they grow selectively on Si and not on SiO2; and (f) the film surface can be prepared by simple chemical cleaning for subsequent ex-situ epitaxy. The incorporation of Sn lowers the absorption edges of Ge. Therefore, Ge1−ySny is attractive for detector and photovoltaic applications that require band gaps lower than that of Ge. Spectroscopic ellipsometry and photoreflectance experiments show that the direct band gap is halved for as little as y = 0.15. Studies of a Ge0.98Sn0.02 sample yield an absorption coefficient of 3500 cm−1 at 1675 nm (0.74 eV). Thus infrared detectors based on Ge0.98Sn0.02 could easily cover the U-(1565 nm-1625 nm), L-(1565 nm-1625 nm), and C-(1530 nm-1565 nm) telecomm bands. Photoluminescence studies show bandgap emission on thin GeSn layers sandwiched between higher bandgap SiGeSn barriers. We have made advances in p and n doping of GeSn and present results on electrical characterizations. GeSn also has application in band-to-band laser heterodiodes. The ternary system Ge1−x−ySixSny grows on Ge1−ySny-buffered Si. It represents the first practical group-IV ternary alloy, since C can only be incorporated in minute amounts to the Ge-Si network. The most significant feature of Ge1−x−ySixSny is the possibility of independent adjustment of lattice constant and band gap. For the same value of the lattice constant one can obtain band gaps differing by more than 0.2 eV, even if the Sn-concentration is limited to the range y < 0.2. This property can be used to develop a variety of novel devices, from multicolor detectors to multiple junction photovoltaic cells. A linear interpolation of band gaps lattice constants between Si, Ge and α-Sn shows that it is possible to obtain SiGeSn with a band gap and a lattice constant larger than that of Ge. We shall use this feature to make a tensile-strained Ge-on-SiGeSn telecomm detector with improved performance. The tensile-strain-induced direct gap of Ge can be used also for laser diodes and electroptical modulators.
An Attractant for Males of Spodoptera dolichos (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Cis -9, trans -12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (hereafter referred to as Cis -9, tratus -l2-tda) was identified as the sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (HA¼bner) (Kuwahara et al. 1971, Brady et al. 1971), and a component of the sex pheromone of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Jacobson et al. 1970). Moreover, Brady and Ganyard (1972) isolated Cis -9, trans -12-tda from females of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). The Indian meal moth is in the superfamily Pyraloidea, and the southern and beet armyworms belong to Noctuoidea. In view of this apparent wide range of attractancy demonstrated by Cis -9, trans -12-tda, a study was conducted at Hastings, Fla., during spring and early summer of 1972 to determine whether this compound possibly might be attractive to still other insect species. The present paper reports the results of studies made to determine the attractiveness of Cis -9, trans -12-tda to males of the armyworm Spodoptera dolichos (F.), and its effect on the response of male soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), to synthesized Cis -7-dodecenl-ol acetate (hereafter referred to as cis -7-dda), the sex pheromone produced by the female soybean looper (Tumlinson et al. 1972).
A three-step approach to designing a metal-forming process

This paper presents a hierarchical design and analysis approach for the design of metal-forming processes. The methodology entails a three-step design process comprising conceptual design, preliminary design, and final design. The conceptual design stage is based on methodologies such as axiomatic design and is followed by a preliminary design that is accomplished through simplified forming models and design confirmation using more accurate finite-element methods. This methodology provides a scientific approach to design and analysis and considerably reduces the time and effort necessary to achieve a workable solution.
The Signs of a Strongman: A Semiotic and Discourse Analysis of Abdelfattah Al-Sisi’s Egyptian Presidential Campaign

This study employs semiotic analysis to examine the sign system in two of Abdelfattah Al-Sisi’s 2014 Egyptian presidential campaign posters, and discourse analysis to uncover dominant discourses in Al-Sisi’s most prominent campaign video. The semiotic analysis finds that the campaign presented Al-Sisi as a familiar, yet transcendent, figure, and the discourse analysis suggests that the video producers discursively constructed Al-Sisi as the ultimate patriot and a strongman with immense leadership abilities.
Curative en-bloc resection (lung, diaphragm, liver, adrenal gland and thoracic wall) for echinococcus multilocularis. Report of an unusual disease course

Report concerning an en-bloc-resection of right lower lobe of the lung, diaphragm, right lobe of the liver, right adrenal gland, parts of the chestwall and a fistula for alveolar echinococcus. Combined postoperative treatment with mebendazol. More than 4 years postoperatively no evidence of a recurrency.
LIPIDS, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AND THE POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMAN: A Clinical Perspective

SUMMARY Gynecologists are often responsible for the primary care of postmenopausal women. In this role, they become responsible for the assessment and subsequent management issues surrounding the prevention of atherosclerotic disease. The effects of estrogen upon the physiology of lipoproteins can be simplified to include an increased flux of apo B-100 particles out of and then back into the liver, an inhibition of hepatic lipase activity, and an apparent decrease in the hepatic secretion of lipoprotein(a) particles. In clinical practice, the lipoprotein picture is best thought of as one of a group of risk factors that need to be assessed and modified as needed, based upon the overall estimation of risk. The only caveat to this approach is that one should consider patients with proven heart disease for more aggressive therapy (to achieve an LDL cholesterol of less than 100 mg/dL), as long as there is no overriding morbidity from other causes.
Neurotoxicity in the Post-HAART Era: Caution for the Antiretroviral Therapeutics.

Despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) remain a major challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. The early implementation of HAART in the infected individuals helps suppress the viral replication in the plasma and other compartments. Several studies also report the beneficial effect of drugs that successfully penetrate central nervous system (CNS). However, recent data in both clinical setup and in in vitro studies indicate CNS toxicity of the antiretrovirals (ARVs). Although the evidence is limited, correlation between prolonged use of ARVs and neurotoxicity strongly suggests that it is essential to study the underlying mechanisms responsible for such toxicity. Furthermore, closer attention toward clinical outcomes is required to screen various ARV regimens for their association with HAND and other comorbidities. A growing body of literature also indicates a possible role of accelerated aging in the antiretroviral therapy-associated neurotoxicity. Lastly, owing to high pill burden, multiple drugs in the HIV treatment also invite a possible role of drug–drug interaction via various cytochrome P450 enzymes. The particular emphasis of this review is to highlight the need to identify alternative approaches in reducing the CNS toxicity of the ARV drugs in HIV-infected individuals.
Confining Adversary Actions via Measurement

Systems designed with measurement and attestation in mind are often layered, with the lower layers measuring the layers above them. Attestations of such systems must report the results of a diverse set of application-specific measurements of various parts of the system. There is a pervasive intuition that measuring the system “bottom-up” (i.e. measuring lower layers before the layers above them) is more robust than other orders of measurement. This is the core idea behind trusted boot processes. In this paper we justify this intuition by characterizing the adversary actions required to escape detection by bottom-up measurement. In support of that goal, we introduce a formal framework with a natural and intuitive graphical representation for reasoning about layered measurement systems.
Constraining the relative importance of raindrop- and flow-driven sediment transport mechanisms in postwildfire environments and implications for recovery time scales

National Geographic Society [Proposal002929-2009-0046-1]; National Science Foundation [02-39749, 09-34131]; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landslide Hazards Program
Social Status in Networks

We study social comparisons and status seeking in an interconnected society. Individuals take costly actions that have direct benefits and also confer social status. A new measure of interconnectedness--cohesion--captures the intensity of incentives for seeking status. Equilibria stratify players into social classes, with each class's action pinned down by cohesion. A network decomposition algorithm characterizes the highest (and most inefficient) equilibrium. Members of the largest maximally cohesive set form the highest class. Alternatively, players not belonging to sets more cohesive than the set of all nodes constitute the lowest class. Intermediate classes are identified by iterating a cohesion operator. We also characterize networks that accommodate multiple-class equilibria.
Management of the Neck for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Era of Transoral Robotic-Assisted Surgery (TORS)

In recent years, transoral robotic-assisted surgery (TORS) has revolutionized the surgical management of malignant tumors of the oropharynx that were once only accessible through open procedures such as mandibulotomy and pharyngotomy. TORS has facilitated the de-escalation of chemoradiation therapy in select patients, sparing them the morbidity of these therapies while not compromising oncologic outcome. However, the oncologic efficacy of TORS also relies on the appropriate management of the neck as this greatly influences locoregional and distant recurrence, as well as overall survival. Therefore, neck dissection is an important component of any TORS procedure performed for malignancy. This chapter will discuss the basic elements related to neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma for oropharyngeal primary tumors resected by TORS and current controversies surrounding neck dissection such as the impact of HPV status on the behavior of nodal metastases. Additionally, relevant complications of neck dissection and preventative measures during neck dissection (i.e., prophylactic transcervical arterial ligation) to reduce the severity of complications of TORS will also be discussed.
Modeling Interdisciplinary Place-Based Learning in Virtual Worlds: Lessons Learned and Suggestions for the Future

This chapter illustrates the conclusions of the previous chapters, synthesizing the best practices and lessons learned from collaborative, interdisciplinary, place-based learning projects, both formal and informal, emphasizing virtual worlds. Cunningham and Lansiquot discuss this pedagogical strategy’s effectiveness in role-playing games, as well as exploring the ways in which a virtual reality can be used to make learning a more immersive experience. Specifically, they discuss how independent games—which are created by designers who, in part, are showcasing the capabilities of the software of choice—can be used to scaffold interdisciplinary virtual place-based learning.
Promoting digital citizenship in first-year students: Framing information literacy as a tool to help peers

This article explores the creation and implementation of a high-impact, hands-on assignment that both challenges and transforms students' perception of the power of information. The author created ...
Service Limit State Design for Individual Drilled Shafts in Shales

AbstractA new service limit state (SLS) design procedure for drilled shafts is described, which utilizes strength resistance factors calibrated to achieve a target probability of failure. The new p...
Game on! gamifying the sport psychology college classroom

ABSTRACTA common problem college educators face is keeping this generation of students engaged in the classroom. Research supports that gamification, or using game like mechanics, can improve student engagement and facilitate intrinsic motivation, while also encouraging students to think critically, connect ideas, reflect, and become better self-directed learners. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how gamification can be implemented in college classes and provide an example of how gamification was effectively implemented in an undergraduate sport psychology class. Qualitative feedback from students is reported, and strategies and recommendations are provided for educators wishing to begin gamifying their classes.
A Singular Singular Perturbation Problem Arising From a Class of Biomolecular Feedback Controllers

A long-standing challenge in synthetic biology is to engineer biomolecular systems that can perform robustly in highly uncertain cellular environments. Recently, there has been increasing interest to design biomolecular feedback controllers to address this challenge. Molecular sequestration is one of the proposed feedback mechanisms. For this type of design, when all reactions within the controller are sufficiently fast, the process output can reach a set-point regardless of parametric uncertainties. However, as we demonstrate in this letter, the way in which molecular sequestration affects the fast controller dynamics leads to a singular singularly perturbed (SSP) system. In an SSP system, the boundary layer Jacobian is singular and thus standard singular perturbation approaches cannot be applied, posing difficulties to analytically determine the performance of sequestration-based controllers. In this letter, we consider a class of linear systems that capture the key structure of sequestration-based controllers. We show that, under certain technical conditions, these SSP systems can still be approximated by reduced-order systems that are dependent on the small parameter. This result allows us to analytically evaluate the tracking performance of the linearized model of a sequestration-based controller.