cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold cases: What we don't know about Saturn's Moons

Abstract The Cassini-Huygens mission turned the moons of Saturn into tangible worlds. Although the discoveries from the spacecraft have been compiled in various review articles (e. g., Dougherty et al., 2009), there is no single publication that summarizes the remaining outstanding questions. Drawing on a workshop sponsored by the Cassini Project, we summarize the unanswered questions for the main icy moons of Saturn – Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Phoebe - for the disciplines of surface composition, geology, thermal properties, Enceladus's plume activity, interiors, and the interactions between Saturn's magnetosphere and the moons.
Life table analysis.

Life table analysis is an effective way to present and evaluate survival data in a number of circumstances. The summary tables and survival curves that are commonly seen in the medical literature are frequently derived through life table analysis. A basic understanding of life table construction is of benefit to the medical director who wishes to abstract comparative mortality data from study reports. This article reviews the basic methodology of life table analysis with a particular focus on handling right-censored study participants as withdrawals.
A working-class profession: opportunism and diversity in U.S. law

Experts of capitalist labor and economy have called white-collar professionals a “re-embedded market” inasmuch as they defy expectations that free-market economic life should be liberated from social and moral constraints. In the USA, lawyers, a historically middle-class community, have re-embedded their profession through robust ethics rules that prohibit opportunistic behavior. But, in recent years, they have seen increased opportunism by legal academics toward aspiring students eager for a chance at professional upward mobility. This shift has manifested in the increased recruitment of working-class students into low-value law schools struggling to fill their seats after the global economic downturn. As legal education grew more accessible to the working class, it grew increasingly detached from the morally grounded economic judgment that once characterized professionalism. From this example, I argue that the embeddedness of professional labor may be tied to socioeconomic class relations more than advanced knowledge and the informational asymmetries that entails.
Casework Implications of a Workers Pregnancy

Knowledge about the effects of maturational crises must be applied to caseworker and client to help the former understand her countertransference feelings
The ø29 DNA Packaging Motor

The Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage o29 research team in Minneapolis has marveled at (and reveled in) the intricacies of o29 assembly for more than 30 years. Here we highlight the current state of knowledge of o29 DNA packaging. We describe the in vitro packaging system and focus on recent advances that address the mechanism of the packaging motor. Among advances, the head-tail connector has been visualized in proheads and the packaging motor resolved in partially packaged particles by electron microscopy, the structure of the connector has been solved by X-ray crystallography, and the force-velocity relationship of the motor has been established in single molecule studies. A challenge in the future is to determine the structure and interaction of motor components as well as the conformational changes in these components during energy transduction that define the mechanism of DNA translocation.
"I Was Gone on Debating": Malcolm X's Prison Debates and Public Confrontations.

During his brief public career, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam relied heavily upon debate as a form of public address through which to enact and publicize confrontation with other civil rights l...
A Healthy Regard for the Facts

This paper examines the history of 1920s hospital surveys and statistics, the agencies and individuals producing them, the uses to which they were supposed to be put, and the grand irrelevance into which they fell, almost as soon as they were generated.
Active forms and biodynamics of the androgen-receptor in various target tissues.

Studies during the last several years have indicated that androgen action in the rat ventral prostate is dependent on the formation of a specific 5α-dihydrotestosterone-receptor complex, while in some target tissues, testosterone rather than 5α-dihydro-testosterone appears to bind the functional receptors. In tissues with receptors that have similar affinities toward the two androgens, the relative availability and the differential metabolic activity of the androgenic steroids may be the major factors determining which form plays the predominant role in the androgenic responses. In some target cells, androgens other than testosterone or 5α-di-hydrotestosterone may have their own specific receptors for their biological actions. The androgen insensitivity in various tissues of animals at old age or with testicular feminization and the in-sensitivity found in autonomous tumors, may be explained by low receptor content; in some cases, however, the qualitative and not the quantitative changes in the active forms of the androgen-recep-tor complexes may be responsible. Various androgens appear to bind to receptor proteins as if they are being “enveloped” by the latter. Such an interaction appears to cause the transformation of the receptor protein to the form that may be capable of functioning at the target site. There is no conclusive evidence, aside from the gross geometric structure, that any specific functional group or electronic structure is absolutely required for receptor binding and androgen action in the target cell.
Secondary Obstructions to Integrability

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problem that is if one has a smooth manifold M with a foliation F of codimension q then one associates with this a q -plane bundle η, the normal bundle to the foliation. Bott attacked this problem by showing if η ≈F ⊥ , then certain cup products of Pontryagin classes of η must vanish. This may be thought of as a first-lever result, in the sense that the cup product is a primary invariant. It is a general philosophy in algebraic topology that one should look for secondary invariants defined on the kernel of primary invariants, and this is precisely what Shulman does: he shows that if η ≈F ⊥ , then certain secondary products of Pontryagin classes of η (Massey products) also must vanish. Moreover, he shows the independence of his result from Bott's by constructing a closed manifold with a bundle η such that the Bott invariants of η vanish but the Shulman invariants do not—in particular, then, η cannot be isomorphic to the normal bundle of a foliation. Having given rough outline of results, the chapter discusses them in detail, starting with the general definition of a Massey product.
Fire history influences large-herbivore behavior at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales.

Recurrent environmental changes often prompt animals to alter their behavior leading to predictable patterns across a range of temporal scales. The nested nature of circadian and seasonal behavior complicates tests for effects of rarer disturbance events like fire. Fire can dramatically alter plant community structure, with important knock-on effects at higher trophic levels, but the strength and timing of fire's effects on herbivores remain unclear. We combined prescribed fire treatments with fine-scale location data to quantify herbivore responses to fire across three temporal scales. Between 2001 and 2003, 26 stands of fir (Abies spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were thinned and burned; 27 similar stands were left untreated as experimental controls. Analyzing female elk (Cervus canadensis) locations across 21 yr (1996-2016), we found crepuscular, seasonal, and successional shifts in behavioral responses to fire. Elk displayed "commuting" behavior, avoiding burns during the day, but selecting them at night. Elk selection for burns was strongest in early summer and the relative probability of elk using burns peaked quickly (5 yr post burn) before gradually returning to pre-treatment levels (15 yr post burn). Our results demonstrate that fire history has complex, persistent effects on herbivore behavior, and suggest that herbivores benefit from heterogeneous landscapes containing a range of successional stages.
Telemedicine in long-term care of glaucoma patients.

IntroductionThis manuscript describes data from an original study, simulating a tele-glaucoma programme in an established clinic practice with an interdisciplinary team. This is a ‘real life’ trial...
Specialized governance and regional land-use outcomes: A spatial analysis of Florida community development districts

Abstract Specialized governance literature tends to approach special district differences at a surface level, rarely delving into consequential distinctions between districts types or their implications for policy outcomes. This article offers a step towards addressing these limitations by examining the land use impacts of an innovation in local government form referred to as “multipurpose development districts.” The article builds from a theory of local government formation to examine how Florida development districts – formally referred to within the state as community development districts (CDDs) – impact regional development patterns. Combining spatial data on land-cover change and CDD boundaries with nonparametric and Bayesian modeling approaches, the article provides a novel examination of CDDs’ influence on urban sprawl over a 15-year period. The results suggest that private developers’ use of development district formation to finance development infrastructure contributes to development in unincorporated areas. However, because within-district sprawl is disincentivized and overall district siting remains subject to regional planning and zoning restrictions, CDDs cluster this growth in ways which mitigate the negative effects of urban sprawl. The findings hold important implications for understanding regional growth and development processes, as well as the realization of state-level growth management policy goals.
Identifying and treating intrinsic PEEP in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Rationale Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD) and airway obstruction may develop dynamic hyperinflation and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi ), which impairs patient/ventilator synchrony. Objectives To determine if PEEPi is present in infants with sBPD during spontaneous breathing and if adjusting ventilator PEEP improves patient/ventilator synchrony and comfort. Methods Interventional study in infants with sBPD. PEEPi measured by esophageal pressure (Pes) and pneumotachometer, during pressure-supported breaths. PEEP i defined as the difference between Pes at start of the inspiratory effort minus Pes at onset of inspiratory flow. The set PEEP was adjusted to minimize PEEP i . "Best PEEP" was the setting with minimal wasted efforts (WE), an inspiratory effort seen on the Pes waveform without a corresponding ventilator breath. FiO 2 and SpO 2 measured pre- and post-PEEP adjustment. Sedation requirements evaluated 72 hours preprocedure and postprocedure. Results Twelve infants were assessed (gestational age, 24.9 ± 1.4 weeks; study age, 48.8 ± 1.5 weeks, postmenstrual age). Mean baseline ventilator PEEP was 16.4 cm H2 O (14-20 cm H 2 O). Eight infants required an increase, one, a reduction, and three, no change in the set PEEP. For the eight infants requiring an increase in set PEEP, there was an 18.9% reduction in WE and a reduction in FiO 2 (0.084 ± 0.058) requirements in the subsequent 24 hours. Conditional sedation was reduced in five infants postprocedure. No adverse events occurred during testing. Conclusion PEEPi is measurable in infants with sBPD with concurrent esophageal manometry and flow-time tracings without the need for pharmacological paralysis. In those with PEEP i , increasing ventilator PEEP to offset PEEP i improves synchrony.
Cytochrome Oxidase Studies on the Human Visual Cortex

Publisher Summary In addition to positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, which detect brain activity in situ , metabolically active zones in the brain can also be gleaned by examining postmortem tissues reacted for an endogenous mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome oxidase (CO). CO catalyzes the final step of oxidative metabolism, yielding ATP for diverse neuronal functions, notably the active maintenance of an ionic gradient across the electrically excitable membrane. Neuronal activity, which shifts this gradient, consumes energy and provides feedback regulation for oxidative enzymes, such as CO. Thereafter, CO serves as a sensitive metabolic marker for neuronal activity. Extensive studies in recent years have indicated that the pattern of cytochrome oxidase activity in the monkey visual cortex forms the basis for the parcellation of functional streams. The existence of a similar pattern in the human visual cortex lends support for comparable streams in human. The development and maturation of the CO pattern and, in particular, the CO-rich supragranular puffs of area 17 in man appear to lag behind that of the macaque monkey.
Microfluidic sample delivery for serial crystallography using XFELs.

Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is an emerging field for structural biology. One of its major impacts lies in the ability to reveal the structure of complex proteins previously inaccessible with synchrotron-based crystallography techniques and allowing time-resolved studies from femtoseconds to seconds. The nature of this serial technique requires new approaches for crystallization, data analysis, and sample delivery. With continued advancements in microfabrication techniques, various developments have been reported in the past decade for innovative and efficient microfluidic sample delivery for crystallography experiments using XFELs. This article summarizes the recent developments in microfluidic sample delivery with liquid injection and fixed-target approaches, which allow exciting new research with XFELs.
Application of Systemic-Structural Activity Theory to Evaluation of Innovations

This paper discusses methodological issues related to the innovation process. Generally, the approach to the determination of innovation efficiency consists of comparing the effect of innovative activities and the cost of innovations which provide this effect. Here we examine the innovation efficiency from the perspective of human performance. Systemic-structural activity theory offers analytical methods for studying how innovations impact productivity, complexity and reliability of task performance. Systemic-structural activity theory approach concentrates on reducing the complexity of work, enhancing reliability of task performance, evaluating innovations, determining the most efficient versions of software or equipment and on developing the efficient strategies of performance. The results of this study suggest that SSAT offers methods of evaluation of efficiency of innovation at the design level. The use of these methods allows to determine if innovations increase productivity and reliability of performance, and reduce the rate of human errors without costly development process.
Reconstruction of animal bite injuries to the head and neck.

Purpose of review The aim if this review is to provide an update on the existing literature of animal bite treatment strategies and provide a systematic approach to animal bites from presentation to reconstruction. Recent findings Dog bites cause 80-90% of animal bites with 26.8-56.5% occurring in the head and neck. Infection rates may be as low as 5.7-9.7%. Primary closure alone is sufficient in 69.8% of dog bites within the first 24 h. Summary Animal bite injuries to the head and neck are common, especially in the younger population. Dogs cause a majority of these bite injuries. Injuries can include simple lacerations or punctures, avulsions with tissue present, or avulsions with loss of tissue. The most common locations are the cheek, nose, and lips. It is important to gather the vaccination status of the animal and patient and to administer tetanus/rabies prophylaxis if indicated. Antibiotics are typically prescribed for 3-5 and 7-14 days for uninfected and infected wounds, respectively. These wounds require evaluation, irrigation, and occasionally debridement or repair in the operating room. The type of repair is determined based on the location and extent of injury and can range from primary closure to microsurgical replantation, skin grafts, flaps, or even facial transplantation.
Obesity and the paradox of mortality and heart failure hospitalization in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Limited data exist on the association of obesity with both hospitalization and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), especially in the real-world ambulatory setting. We hypothesized that increasing body-mass index (BMI) in ambulatory heart failure with preserved ejection fraction would have a protective effect on these patients leading to decreased mortality and hospitalizations. We studied the relationship between BMI and the time to all-cause mortality, time to heart failure (HF) hospitalization, and time to all-cause hospitalization over a 2-year follow-up in a national cohort of 2501 ambulatory HFpEF patients at 153 Veterans Affairs medical centers. Compared with normal BMI, overweight (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.57–0.91), obesity class I (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.45–0.77), obesity class II (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.40–0.77), and obesity class III (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.36–0.77) were associated with improved survival after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities. In contrast, the time to HF hospitalization showed an inverse relationship, with shorter time to HF hospitalization with increasing BMI compared with normal BMI; overweight (adjusted HR 1.30; 95% CI 0.88–1.90), obesity class I (HR 1.57; 95% CI 1.05–2.34), obesity class II (HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.15–2.78), and obesity class III (HR 1.96; 95% CI 1.23–3.12). However, time to first all-cause hospitalization was not significantly different by BMI groups. In a large, national ambulatory HFpEF cohort, despite the presence of the obesity paradox with respect to survival, increasing BMI was independently associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization and similar risk of all-cause hospitalization. Future longer-term prospective trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of weight loss on morbidity and mortality, in patients with severe obesity and HFpEF are needed.
Identifying information literacy skills and behaviors in the curricular competencies of health professions.

Objective: This research identified the presence of information skill and behaviors components of information literacy in curricular competencies to inform a medical sciences library’s instructional schema for five different professional programs at Texas A&M University: College of Medicine, College of Nursing, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, and School of Public Health. Methods: Curricular competency documents were collected from each program and reviewed. Coding categories were identified from the curricular competencies of professional health curricula using data-driven qualitative coding. To guide the identification and coding of competency categories, we developed a seven-category rubric from the coding categories. Three researchers used this rubric to independently code the categories of all of the included professional health curricular competencies. An additional researcher used a revised version of the rubric to identify action verbs in each competency. Results: Competencies for four of the five professional health curricula explicitly stated information skills and behaviors. Each of the five curricula included several competencies that depended on information-specific skills and behaviors. The most common verb used to describe implicit or explicit competencies was “evaluate.” Conclusions: The representation of information skills and behaviors aligns with the drive behind the Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education. Both underpin the importance of evidence-based medicine methodology.
Validation of a 5-Year Mortality Prediction Model among U.S. Medicare Beneficiaries

Background/objectives A claims-based model predicting 5-year mortality (Lund-Lewis) was developed in a 2008 cohort of North Carolina (NC) Medicare beneficiaries and included indicators of comorbid conditions, frailty, disability, and functional impairment. The objective of this study was to validate the Lund-Lewis model externally within a nationwide sample of Medicare beneficiaries. Design Retrospective validation study. Setting U.S. Medicare population. Participants From a random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, we created four annual cohorts from 2008 to 2011 of individuals aged 66 and older with an office visit in that year. The annual cohorts ranged from 1.13 to 1.18 million beneficiaries. Measurements The outcome was 5-year all-cause mortality. We assessed clinical indicators in the 12 months before the qualifying office visit and estimated predicted 5-year mortality for each beneficiary in the nationwide sample by applying estimates derived in the original NC cohort. Model performance was assessed by quantifying discrimination, calibration, and reclassification metrics compared with a model fit on a comorbidity score. Results Across the annual cohorts, 5-year mortality ranged from 24.4% to 25.5%. The model had strong discrimination (C-statistics ranged across cohorts from .823 to .826). Reclassification measures showed improvement over a comorbidity score model for beneficiaries who died but reduced performance among beneficiaries who survived. The calibration slope ranged from .83 to .86; the model generally predicted a higher risk than observed. Conclusion The Lund-Lewis model showed strong and consistent discrimination in a national U.S. Medicare sample, although calibration indicated slight overfitting. Future work should investigate methods for improving model calibration and evaluating performance within specific disease settings.
Driver-initiated Tesla Autopilot Disengagements in Naturalistic Driving

We quantify the time-course of glance behavior and steering wheel control level in driver-initiated, non-critical disengagements of Tesla Autopilot (AP) in naturalistic driving. Although widely used, there are limited objective data on the impact of AP on driver behavior. We offer insights from 19 Tesla vehicle owners on driver behavior when using AP and transitioning to manual driving. Glance behavior and steering wheel control level were coded for 298 highway driving disengagements. The average proportion of off-road glances decreased from 36% when AP was engaged to 24% while driving manually after AP disengagement. Most of the off-road glances before the transition were downward and to the center stack (17%). Lastly, in 33% of the events drivers were not holding the steering wheel prior to AP disengagement. The study helps begin to enhance society’s understanding, and provide a reference, of real-world AP use.
Severe Hypertriglyceridemia With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Diabetic Ketoacidosis.

Hypertriglyceridemia is a complication in the presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but has been reported in the pediatric population infrequently. We report a 13-year-old female with new onset type 1 diabetes in DKA, who developed extreme hypertriglyceridemia. Our patient’s case is unique as her triglyceride levels were markedly higher than those in other reports and required a longer duration of time to resolve. We review the literature on the concomitant presentation of DKA and hypertriglyceridemia, as well as its pathophysiology and treatment. J Med Cases. 2020;11(12):426-428 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3596
Sensory Hypersensitivity Severity and Association with Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Adults with Tic Disorder

Background Sensory hypersensitivity, defined as heightened awareness of and reactivity to external stimuli, is a bothersome symptom that affects up to 80% of adults with Tourette syndrome (TS). Such widespread prevalence suggests sensory hypersensitivity is a core feature of the disorder, but its severity and association with other clinical features of TS remain largely unexplored. Complicating matters, sensory hypersensitivity has been observed in two neurodevelopmental disorders commonly comorbid with TS: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective We sought to measure sensory hypersensitivity in TS patients relative to healthy controls and to investigate the relationship of sensory hypersensitivity with OCD and ADHD symptoms in the context of TS. Methods We recruited 34 adults with TS or chronic tic disorder to undergo evaluation with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and a battery of validated self-report instruments assessing sensory hypersensitivity (Sensory Gating Inventory, SGI; Sensory Perception Quotient, SPQ), premonitory urge (Premonitory Urge to Tic Scale, PUTS), OCD (Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, DOCS), and ADHD (Adult ADHD Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5, ASRS-V). Age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited to complete SGI and psychiatric measures. Results SGI and SPQ scores strongly correlated (rs = -0.73, p < 0.0001) within patients. SGI total score was significantly higher in patients versus controls (119.0 vs 67.6, U =-5.3, p < 0.0001), indicating greater sensory hypersensitivity in the tic disorder group. SGI score correlated modestly with PUTS, DOCS, and ASRS-V scores but not with YGTSS total tic score. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that, of the tested variables, only DOCS score contributed significantly to mean SGI score, with β ranging from 1.03 (p = 0.044) to 1.41 (p = 0.001). A simple linear regression model with DOCS as the independent variable accounted for 31.9% of SGI score variance. Conclusion Sensory hypersensitivity is prominent in adults with tic disorder and is independently associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom severity.
Reduction of amyloid-β deposition and attenuation of memory deficits by tolfenamic acid

We have previously reported that tolfenamic acid treatment decreases the amyloidogenic proteins in C57BL/6 and in old hemizygous R1.40 transgenic mice via the degradation of the transcription factor specificity 1 protein (Sp1). The lowering of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in hemizygous R1.40 transgenic mice was accompanied by reversal of the identified spatial reference and working memory deficits observed in the mouse model. In this study, we examined the ability of tolfenamic acid to reduce the amyloid plaque burden, as well as to ameliorate spatial learning and memory deficits in homozygous R1.40 mice. Results from immunohistochemical analysis indicated that tolfenamic acid treatment resulted in a profound decrease in cerebral Aβ plaque burden that was accompanied by improvements in spatial working memory assessed by spontaneous alternation ratio in the Y-maze. These results provide further evidence that tolfenamic acid could be utilized as a repurposed drug to modify Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
A Spatiotemporal Wave of Turnover and Functional Maturation of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Spiny Lobster Panulirus argus

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of crustaceans are housed in aesthetasc sensilla that are located on the lateral flagellum of the antennule. We used young adult spiny lobsters to examine turnover of aesthetascs and functional maturation of their ORNs after molting. The proliferation zone for new aesthetascs is located in the proximal part of the aesthetasc-bearing region and progressively moves along a distoproximal axis. Older aesthetascs are lost in the distal part of the aesthetasc-bearing region. As a result, an aesthetasc may be shed three to six molts after it differentiates. Taurine-like immunoreactivity is elevated in ORNs of aesthetascs that have yet to emerge on the cuticular surface and thereafter decreases gradually and asynchronously. ORNs from the distalmost-developing aesthetascs lose taurine-like immunoreactivity immediately before sensillar emergence, whereas ORNs from the most proximal and lateral new aesthetascs retain taurine-like immunoreactivity throughout the intermolt stage after sensillar emergence. Furthermore, taurine-like immunoreactivity is inversely correlated with odor responsiveness. These results suggest that taurine-like immunoreactivity reveals immature ORNs and that their functional maturation is not synchronized with molting and may not be completed until many weeks after sensillar emergence. Our data suggest successive spatiotemporal waves of birth, differentiation and functional maturation, and death of ORNs.
Induction of labor in eclampsia

Abstract Five cases of eclampsia have been presented in which labor was successfully induced and completed by the use of Pitocin. The use of Pitocin induction is recommended only during intercurrent eclampsia or possibly for eclampsia with complications, provided the eclamptic symptoms can be controlled for an adequate time to permit labor and delivery.
Cell-free transcription and translation of Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunit cDNAs.

Synthetic mRNAs (i.e. cRNA alpha and cRNA beta) were obtained by cell-free transcription of M13 KS(+) (Bluescript) expression vectors which contained the entire coding region of the alpha or beta subunits of lamb kidney Na,K-ATPase. Translation in reticulocyte lysates of cRNA alpha yielded full length alpha polypeptide, as well as a limited array of immunoprecipitable lower molecular weight products. cRNA beta yielded a single immunoprecipitable full length polypeptide. Association of the alpha polypeptide with the microsomal membranes was obtained only co-translationally. Fifteen to 50% of the membrane-associated alpha subunit was resistant to extraction with alkali. The resistance of a 29-kDa fragment to trypsinolysis indicated that the alpha subunit was inserted into microsomal membranes. In the presence of dog pancreatic microsomes, the beta polypeptide was glycosylated as indicated by the appearance of three higher molecular weight polypeptides that were sensitive to endoglycosidase H and bound to Concanavalin A. The beta subunit was predominantly translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum since 90% of the mass of the membrane-associated beta polypeptide was resistant to trypsin (i.e. reduced in size from 40 kDa to 37.5 kDa), and 95% of all of the beta chains were resistant to extraction with alkali. Neither the alpha nor the beta subunits have NH2-terminal leader signal sequences, but both may require the signal recognition receptor for membrane insertion, as evidenced by inhibition of incorporation of both subunits into microsomes pretreated with N-ethylmaleimide. Simultaneous translation of cRNA alpha and cRNA beta did not enhance membrane insertion of either the alpha or beta polypeptide.
Effective distributions of quasiparticles for thermal photons

It has been found in recent heavy-ion experiments that the second and the third flow harmonics of direct photons are larger than most theoretical predictions. In this study, I construct effective parton phase-space distributions with in-medium interaction using quasiparticle models so that they are consistent with a lattice QCD equation of state. Then I investigate their effects on thermal photons using a hydrodynamic model. Numerical results indicate that elliptic flow and transverse momentum spectra are modified by the corrections to Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions.
Carve-Outs and Contractual Procedure

The burgeoning literature on private contractual choice of procedure has run up against a difficult empirical reality: the available empirical evidence reveals surprisingly little use of customized procedural rules in contracts between sophisticated parties. One likely reason for so little customization is that contractual relationships entail multiple risks, and it is very difficult to specify customized procedures that would optimally handle all potential disputes. In this article, we identify and analyze an alternative mechanism by which procedural customization commonly takes place in contracts: the use of carve-outs from arbitration. A carve-out is a contract provision by which the parties exclude (or carve out) certain claims or remedies from their arbitration clause. Carve-outs are a mechanism by which parties choose between court and arbitral bundles of procedures on a claim-by-claim basis. The claim-based choice makes more sense in that it enables the parties to choose procedures tailored to individual contractual risks. With such clauses, parties are able to obtain a more carefully calibrated procedural customization than provided by an arbitration clause or forum selection clause alone, but at a much lower overall cost than they would incur by attempting to develop customized procedural rules. This article sets out a model of the decision to use carve-outs and provides a detailed empirical examination of their use. Our analysis has a number of implications for the continued necessity of courts and their governing legal rules, the legal enforceability of carve-outs, and court treatment of the severability of claims from arbitration clauses more generally.
Improved Survival After Heart Transplantation in Patients With Bridge to Transplant in the Recent Era: A 17-year Single-center Experience

Background Ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation as a bridge to transplant (BTT) has become an important approach for heart transplant candidates. In this study we document our institutional long-term results and recent improvements in BTT therapy. Methods We retrospectively studied 531 consecutive heart transplant recipients between January 1990 and August 2007. The cohort was divided into old orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) without device (oOHT; n = 399, January 1990 to July 2003), old BTT (oBTT; n = 41, January 1990 to July 2003), new OHT without device (nOHT; n = 58, August 2003 to August 2007) and new BTT (nBTT; n = 33, August 2003 to August 2007) groups. Demographics and post-transplant outcomes were assessed. Results Post-transplant survival in the nBTT group improved significantly compared with the oBTT group (log-rank test, p = 0.01) and survival in the nOHT group tended to be higher than in the oOHT group ( p = 0.19). Survival in the oBTT group was significantly worse than in the oOHT group ( p p p = 0.04) as significant independent predictors of post-transplant mortality. Conclusions Post-transplant survival has improved in recent BTT patients. Indeed, recent outcome for OHT after BTT has become equivalent to that for OHT without VAD. These data suggest that advances in device technology and our institutional multidisciplinary program have improved survival and allow BTT candidates to have an outcome equivalent to that of non-VAD patients in the recent era.
Synergistic effects of chromium depletion and ohmic potential drop on the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of sensitized stainless steel

This paper explores the consequences and analyzes the kinetics of the intergranular corrosion of the Cr-depleted zones in sensitized stainless steel. The corrosive attack of the Cr-depleted zones generates occluded grooves along the grain boundaries (g.b.) which are unable to passivate under the prevailing potential. The g.b. grooves deepen and branch beneath the surface until they eventually perforate the steel membrane. Furthermore, the resulting local electrode potentials within the g.b. grooves allow for hydrogen evolution even though the outer surfaces of the steel are held at much more oxidizing electrode potentials which prohibit this reaction. Using a Devanathan-Stachurski cell it was found that part of this ohmic (IR)-produced hydrogen dissolves into the steel. The results are explained by the IR potential shift mechanism. Similarities and differences between this anodic charging and the conventional cathodic hydrogen charging experiments are also presented.
High Cholesterol Feeding in C57/Blc6 Mice Alters Expression within The VEGF Receptor‐Ligand Family in Corporal Tissue

ABSTRACT Introduction Angiogenesis, the growth and proliferation of blood vessels from existing vascular structures, is mediated by many cytokine growth factors and receptors, among the most important are the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Aim Decreases in VEGF receptor signaling have been linked to abnormalities in vasoreactivity in corporal tissue, but it is unknown if alterations in the VEGF ligands and/or receptors contribute to this process. Main Outcome Measures We sought to determine changes in vasoreactivity and the expression of the family of VEGF ligands and receptors in corporal tissue with cholesterol feeding in C57BL6 mice. Methods Twenty-four mice (N = 8/group) were fed a normal diet (Group 1) or a 1.25% high cholesterol diet for 4 (Group 2) or 12 (Group 3) weeks. Isometric tension studies were performed on corporal strips and dose response curves were generated to evaluate endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasoreactivities. Levels of VEGF-A, B, C, D, VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) were detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and/or western blot/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endothelial and smooth muscle cell contents were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results At 4 weeks there was a small but significant decrease in endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity. Both mRNA and protein levels of VEGFR-1 were decreased, while VEGF-B was increased in Group 2 vs. Group 1, with no change in VEGF-A or endothelial cell content. By 12 weeks, decreases in both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasoreactivity were evident with decrease in most VEGF ligands (except VEGF-B), receptors, and receptor signaling. Conclusions Cholesterol feeding in C57BL6 mice results in alterations in the VEGF receptor-ligand family that may initially serve to limit the degree of vascular injury but these adaptations fail with the continuation of cholesterol feeding. Xie DH, Hazarika S, Andrich AJ, Padgett ME, Kontos CD, Donatucci CF, and Annex BH. High cholesterol feeding in C57/Blc6 mice alters expression within the VEGF receptor-ligand family in corporal tissue.
Consequences of Power Distance Orientation in Organisations

The cultural milieu has a profound influence on employee behaviour in the organisations. In an increasingly diverse workplace and in a more globalised business world, managers, to be effective, nee...
Studies on comparative drug metabolism by hepatic cytochrome P-450-containing microsomal enzymes in quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats.

Abstract 1. These studies were carried out to compare certain hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes of quail, ducks, geese, chickens, turkeys and rats. 2. Comparison of relative liver weights of the species indicated that the rats had the largest weight followed by turkeys, ducks, geese, chickens and quail. 3. Rats ranked highest in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content followed in decreasing order by turkeys, geese, chickens, ducks and quail. 4. Microsomal benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was significantly higher in geese and turkeys than that for the rest of the species. 5. Geese, chickens and turkeys showed similar aniline hydroxylase activity, while it was markedly lower in quail and ducks with rats being intermediate.
Paraproteinemia, plasmacytoma, myeloma and HIV infection

We have identified by MEDLINE search the cases of gammaglobinopathy and plasma cell malignancy in HIV-positive patients reported in the English language literature. The average age at presentation among HIV-positive patients with plasma cell disorders is 33 years, far younger than the average age of presentation in the general population. Some of these patients present with transient paraproteinemias, while others have persistent paraproteins, which may or may not be associated with true plasma cell malignancies. In most cases in which it has been examined, the paraprotein contains high-titer anti-HIV activity. The presence of high-titer anti-HIV activity in the paraproteins of AIDS patients suggests that an antigen-driven process in response to HIV infection may contribute to the early development of plasma cell disorders in these patients. Recent work in plasma cell tumorigenesis has indicated that transformation at a single point in the B lymphocyte lineage can give rise to either lymphoma or myeloma, dependent upon environmental factors such as T cell function, which may be required for directing transformed lymphocytes from lymphoma and towards plasma cell differentiation. This may explain why B lineage oncogenesis in AIDS patients favors the development of lymphoma over that of myeloma.
Mean values of biquadratic zeta functions

Let h(d) be the number of primitive inequivalent binary quadratic forms of discriminant d. In Disquisitiones §302 and 304 [8], Gauss gives conjectures for the average value of h(d) if d 0, where in the latter case, d is derived from the fundamental solution to Pell’s equation. Gauss’s conjectures were first proved by Lipschitz [12] (for negative discriminants) and Siegel (for positive discriminants) [14]. When d is a fundamental discriminant and χd the primitive real Dirichlet character associated to the quadratic extension Q[ √ d], Dirichlet’s class number formula relates the value of the L-series of χd at s = 1 to the class number h(d). Thus Gauss’s conjectured asymptotics are equivalent to conjectures for sums of the type ∑
Effect of central obscuration on image formation in projection lithography

Central obscuration of the pupil is a prominent feature of many high performance reflective designs being considered for sub-200nm lithography. The performance of centrally-obscured designs were investigated using computer simulations of projected image intensity and major features from simulation were experimentally confirmed. The effect of partially-coherent illumination on centrally-obscured systems was studied and an optimized annular illumination system is proposed. 1.
Interview with Professor Jindřich Kopeček.

Jindřich Kopecek speaks to Hannah Stanwix, Managing Comissioning Editor: Jindřich Henry Kopecek received his PhD in Macromolecular Chemistry and DSc in Chemistry from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Czech Republic). His postdoctoral studies were at the National Research Council of Canada. He is currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of Utah (UT, USA) in Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Bioengineering. Dr Kopecek has received numerous awards in his career, including the Millennial Pharmaceutical Scientist accolade. His laboratory is credited with first developing N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer as a delivery vehicle for cancer therapy. Dr Kopecek has authored and coauthored over 400 publications and been cited over 15,000 times.
Atmospheric Neutrinos: Analytic and Numerical Methods

Abstract This paper outlines briefly two semi-analytic/numerical approaches to the calculation of atmospheric leptons with non-power law primary spectra. One goal is to account for the knee in the primary spectrum above a PeV. Another is to include correlations in a way that can be used to relate neutrinos and muons from the same shower.
Sleep in Adolescents: The Perfect Storm

A reduction in sleep amount from late childhood through the second decade has long been known; however, the weight of current evidence holds that sleep need does not decline across this span. This article will describe how the loss of sleep through adolescence is not driven by lower need for sleep but arises from a convergence of biologic, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.
The plausibility of computing the h‐index of scholarly productivity and impact using reference‐enhanced databases

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a general overview, to be followed by a series of papers focusing on the analysis of pros and cons of the three largest, cited‐reference‐enhanced, multidisciplinary databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) for determining the h‐index.Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the analysis of pros and cons of the three largest, cited‐reference‐enhanced, multidisciplinary databases (Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science).Findings – The h‐index, developed by Jorge E. Hirsch to quantify the scientific output of researchers, has immediately received well‐deserved attention in academia. The theoretical part of his idea was widely embraced, and even enhanced, by several researchers. Many of them also recommended derivative metrics based on Hirsch's idea to compensate for potential distortion factors, such as high self‐citation rates. The practical aspects of determining the h‐index also need scrutiny, because some content and software characteristics...
Illusions, perception and Bayes

A new model shows that a range of visual illusions in humans can be explained as rational inferences about the odds that a motion stimulus on the retina results from a particular real-world source.
Structurally unique yeast and mammalian serine-arginine protein kinases catalyze evolutionarily conserved phosphorylation reactions.

The mammalian serine-arginine (SR) protein, ASF/SF2, contains multiple contiguous RS dipeptides at the C terminus, and ∼12 of these serines are processively phosphorylated by the SR protein kinase 1 (SRPK1). We have recently shown that a docking motif in ASF/SF2 specifically interacts with a groove in SRPK1, and this interaction is necessary for processive phosphorylation. We previously showed that SRPK1 and its yeast ortholog Sky1p maintain their active conformations using diverse structural strategies. Here we tested if the mechanism of ASF/SF2 phosphorylation by SRPK is evolutionarily conserved. We show that Sky1p forms a stable complex with its heterologous mammalian substrate ASF/SF2 and processively phosphorylates the same sites as SRPK1. We further show that Sky1p utilizes the same docking groove to bind yeast SR-like protein Gbp2p and phosphorylates all three serines present in a contiguous RS dipeptide stretch. However, the mechanism of Gbp2p phosphorylation appears to be non-processive. Thus, there are physical attributes of SR and SR-like substrates that dictate the mechanism of phosphorylation, whereas the ability to processively phosphorylate substrates is inherent to SR protein kinases.
Preschool motor skills of children born prematurely and not diagnosed as having cerebral palsy

To evaluate the preschool motor skills of children born prematurely, we examined 90 children who were participating in a longitudinal follow-up program at 4 1/2 years corrected age. Children with major neurological impairments, such as cerebral palsy, were excluded from this investigation. Study subjects' gestational ages ranged from 24 to 36 weeks. Both gross and fine motor function were assessed with standardized instruments. Overall, the later motor development of these children was reassuringly intact and within the average range on all measures. Nevertheless, extremely low birth weight (less than 1000 g) children as a group displayed significantly inferior skills in all motor functions. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was also associated with significantly poorer motor performance.