cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term regional control after radiation therapy and neck dissection for base of tongue carcinoma

Abstract Purpose : Minimal literature exists with 10-year data on neck control in advanced head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study is to determine long-term regional control for base of tongue carcinoma patients treated with primary radiation therapy plus neck dissection. Methods and Materials : Between 1981–1996, primary radiation therapy was used to treat 68 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. Neck dissection was added for those who presented with palpable lymph node metastases. The T-stage distribution was T1, 17; T2, 32; T3, 17; and T4, 2. The N-stage distribution was N0, 10; N1, 24; N2a, 6; N2b, 11, N2c, 8; N3, 7; and Nx, 2. Ages ranged from 35 to 77 (median 55 years) among the 59 males and nine females. Therapy generally consisted of initial external beam irradiation to the primary site (54 Gy) and neck (50 Gy). Clinically positive necks were boosted to 60 Gy with external beam irradiation. Three weeks later, the base of tongue was boosted with an Ir-192 interstitial implant (20–30 Gy). A neck dissection was done at the same anesthesia for those who presented with clinically positive necks, even if a complete clinical neck response was achieved with external beam irradiation. Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy was administered to nine patients who would have required a total laryngectomy if their primary tumors had been surgically managed. The median follow-up was 36 months with a ranged from 1 to 151 months. Eleven patients were followed for over 8 years. No patients were lost to follow-up. Results : Actuarial 5- and 10-year neck control was 96% overall, 86% after radiation alone, and 100 after radiation plus neck dissection. Pathologically negative neck specimens were observed in 70% of necks dissected after external beam irradiation. The remaining 30% of dissected necks were pathologically positive. These specimens contained multiple positive nodes in 83% despite a 56% overall complete clinical neck response rate to irradiation. Regional failure occurred in only two patients, neither of whom underwent adjuvant neck dissection. Symptomatic neck fibrosis (RTOG grade 3) was not observed. Actuarial 5- and 10-year local control was 88% and 88%, disease-free survival was 80% and 67%, and overall survival was 86% and 52%. Conclusion : For base of tongue cancer, most patients can obtain long-term regional control with no severe complications after definitive radiation therapy, plus neck dissection for those who present with lymphadenopathy. Complete clinical regression of palpable neck metastases after irradiation poorly correlates with pathologic outcome. Our current policy is to include neck dissection at the time of implantation for patients who present with palpable neck metastases. We realize that this therapeutic approach may overtreat some patients, but we are reluctant to change our policy in light of these excellent outcomes.
Lipid composition of Sindbis virus

Abstract The phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of Sindbis virus prepared from chick embryo fibroblasts and BHK cells were found to be very similar. These were compared to the compositions of the whole cells and plasma membranes of the two hosts. It was found that the viral compositions were distinct from the cellular compositions in both cases and distinct from the chick embryo cell plasma membrane compositions. These results suggest that the lipid composition of viral envelopes reflects the lipid affinities of the viral envelope peptide.
Risk factors for infection with HBV and HCV in a largecohort of hemophiliac males.

BACKGROUND: Before the implementation of donor screening and the development of effective virus-inactivation procedures, persons with hemophilia (PWHs) were at risk of infection with HBV and HCV transmitted through clotting factor concentrates. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data collected from the medical records of a cohort of 2,772 males with hemophilia who resided in six states of the United States were used to examine relations between demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory markers of past or present infection with HBV and HCV using logistic regression. RESULTS: Test results were available for 60 percent of the cohort. Among those tested, 30 percent were positive for markers of HBV infection and 64 percent for HCV infection. Factors associated with increased odds of positive HBV markers and HCV infection were greater severity of hemophilia, larger amounts of factor use, and HIV infection. Markers of HBV infection persisted in birth cohorts as late as 1992 and those of HCV infections in birth cohorts through 1991. Compared to same-age US males, PWHs born between 1987 and 1989 were more likely to have markers of HBV and HCV infection. CONCLUSION: PWHs who received clotting factor concentrates before 1990 may be at risk for infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C and should be tested.
The reaction between nitrite and hemoglobin: the role of nitrite in hemoglobin-mediated hypoxic vasodilation

The reaction between nitrite and hemoglobin has been studied for over a century. However, recent evidence indicating nitrite is a latent vasodilatory agent that can be activated by its reaction with deoxyhemoglobin has led to renewed interest in this reaction. In this review we survey, in the context of our own recent studies, the chemical reactivity of nitrite with oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, and place these reactions in both a physiological and pharmacological/therapeutic context.
Lateral Clustering of Platelet GP Ib-IX Complexes Leads to Up-regulation of the Adhesive Function of Integrin αIIbβ3

Binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to GP Ib-IX mediates initial platelet adhesion and increases the subsequent adhesive function of αIIbβ3. Because these responses are promoted most effectively by large VWF multimers, we hypothesized that receptor clustering modulates GP Ib-IX function. To test this, GP IX was fused at its cytoplasmic tail to tandem repeats of FKBP, and GP Ib-IX(FKBP)2 and αIIbβ3 were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Under flow conditions at wall shear rates of up to 2000 s−1, GP Ib-IX(FKBP)2 mediated cell tethering to immobilized VWF, just as in platelets. Conditional oligomerization of GP Ib-IX(FKBP)2 by AP20187, a cell-permeable FKBP dimerizer, caused a decrease in cell translocation velocities on VWF (p
Traditional local medicines in the republic of Palau and non-communicable diseases (NCD), signs of effectiveness.

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance The aim of this survey was to describe which traditional medicines (TM) are most commonly used for non-communicable diseases (NCD – diabetes, hypertension related to excess weight and obesity) in Pacific islands and with what perceived effectiveness. NCD, especially prevalent in the Pacific, have been subject to many public health interventions, often with rather disappointing results. Innovative interventions are required; one hypothesis is that some local, traditional approaches may have been overlooked. Materials and methods The method used was a retrospective treatment-outcome study in a nation-wide representative sample of the adult population (about 15,000 individuals) of the Republic of Palau, an archipelago of Micronesia. Results From 188 respondents (61% female, age 16–87, median 48,), 30 different plants were used, mostly self-prepared (69%), or from a traditional healer (18%). For excess weight, when comparing the two most frequent plants, Morinda citrifolia L. was associated with more adequate outcome than Phaleria nishidae Kaneh. (P=0.05). In case of diabetes, when comparing Phaleria nishidae (=Phaleria nisidai) and Morinda citrifolia, the former was statistically more often associated with the reported outcome “lower blood sugar” (P=0.01). Conclusions Statistical association between a plant used and reported outcome is not a proof of effectiveness or safety, but it can help select plants of interest for further studies, e.g. through a reverse pharmacology process, in search of local products which may have a positive impact on population health.
Identifying Pine Bark Weevils by Discriminant Analysis

A condensation of "The Identification of Pissodes strobi, P. approximatus, and P. nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Using Discriminant Analysis," published recently in Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Vol 75, No. 6). The authors are with USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Center for Biological Control of Northeastern Forest Insects and Diseases, Hamden, CT 06514. l . Godwin, Harry T. Vale tine, and
Composition of plagioclase feldspar in modern deep-sea sands: relationship to tectonic setting

Microprobe analysis of plagioclase in deep-sea sands from various tectonic settings gives averages ranging from 19% An for trailing-edge continental margins to 56% An for basins on the ocean side of an island arc. For each setting except island arcs, anomalously high amounts of pure albite are found. These albitic grains may be recycled from pre-existing sedimentary rocks. Potassium-rich plagioclase, thought to be indicative of a volcanic provenance, is less abundant than would be expected from the proportion of volcanic rock fragments. Perhaps such high-K plagioclases are less resistant to weathering than low-K plagioclase.
Searching for the Slater transition in the pyrochlore Cd 2 Os 2 O 7 with infrared spectroscopy

Infrared reflectance measurements were made on the single crystal pyrochlore ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Os}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ in order to examine the transformations of the electronic structure and crystal lattice across the boundary of the metal-insulator transition (MIT) at ${T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}=226 \mathrm{K}.$ All predicted IR active phonons are observed in the conductivity over all temperatures and the oscillator strength is found to be temperature independent. These results indicate that charge ordering plays only a minor role in the MIT and that the transition is strictly electronic in nature. The conductivity shows the clear opening of a gap with $2\ensuremath{\Delta}{=5.2k}_{B}{T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}.$ The gap opens continuously, with a temperature dependence similar to that of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductors, and the gap edge having a distinct $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{1/2}$ dependence. All of these observables support the suggestion of a Slater transition in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Os}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}.$
Spatial-frequency multiplication via absorbance modulation

The absorbance of a thin film of photochromic material can be reversibly modified by exposure to two different wavelengths, λ1 and λ2. When such a film is illuminated by both wavelengths simultaneously, and the longer wavelength λ2 possesses a node in its intensity distribution, then the absorbance of the layer can be made high except at an arbitrarily small region near the node. By exploiting the large nonlinearity introduced by this mechanism, combined with the reversibility of the absorbance of the photochromic layer, the authors demonstrate that spatial frequencies larger than those present in incident intensity distributions may be generated. They show photoresist exposures to demonstrate this technique.
Tracer electrophoresis III. The mobility of the Na+ constituent in sodium lauryl sulfate solutions

Abstract The concentration of free LS− ions appears to be approximately constant and the degree of ionization of micelles seems to increase slowly with concentration. These results of mobility measurements using radio Na+ tracer and a model of a single type of micelle are in agreement with much previous work and thus provide a confirmation of theories of relaxation effects in electrophoresis of large particles. On the other hand, the retrograde ionization of micelles remains very puzzling.
4D Nanoscale Diffraction Observed by Convergent-Beam Ultrafast Electron Microscopy

Diffraction with focused electron probes is among the most powerful tools for the study of time-averaged nanoscale structures in condensed matter. Here, we report four-dimensional (4D) nanoscale diffraction, probing specific site dynamics with 10 orders of magnitude improvement in time resolution, in convergent-beam ultrafast electron microscopy (CB-UEM). As an application, we measured the change of diffraction intensities in laser-heated crystalline silicon as a function of time and fluence. The structural dynamics (change in 7.3 ± 3.5 picoseconds), the temperatures (up to 366 kelvin), and the amplitudes of atomic vibrations (up to 0.084 angstroms) are determined for atoms strictly localized within the confined probe area (10 to 300 nanometers in diameter). We anticipate a broad range of applications for CB-UEM and its variants, especially in the studies of single particles and heterogeneous structures.
Effects of fractions of skin chamber fluids from human allergic reactions on neutrophil activation.

Using a skin chamber approach, we have found an accumulation of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and their released components in the sites of developing human late-phase IgE-mediated skin reactions.’ We recently found that the overlying chamber fluid obtained during the first hour of pollen antigen challenge could directly stimulate resting blood PMNs in vitro.’ The nature of the stimulatory component or components in such fluids is not known. Attempts at characterization are limited by the amount of fluid that can be obtained from an individual subject. A reasonable initial characterization would be the determination of in vitro effects of ultrafiltration fractions of such fluids on blood neutrophils.
THE RETURN OF THE MYTH: ATHOL FUGARD AND THE CLASSICS

Since the Greeks it has been difficult for any playwright writing in the West to avoid the influence of the Classics. The Classics have inspired many, not only with those fundamental themes that resonate in man’s psyche, but with the myths that are part of our cultural heritage. The South African playwright Athol Fugard (born in 1932) lived through the rise and fall of Apartheid (1948-93), that oppressive regime that had one set of laws for people of color, and another for the whites in power. Without a flourishing theater tradition in South Africa, Fugard had to create one, so he adopted the ancient Greeks.3
A two-level additive Schwarz preconditioner for the stationary Stokes equations

We consider the stationary Stokes equations on a polygonal domain whose boundary has more than one component, i.e., flow with obstacles. A two-level additive Schwarz preconditioner is developed for the divergence-free nonconforming P1 finite element. The condition number of the preconditioned system is shown to be bounded independent of mesh sizes and the number of subdomains in the case of generous overlap.
A tool for the interactive 3D visualization of electronic structure in molecules and solids

This paper presents the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) data viewer, a desktop 3D visualization application for the analysis of valence electronic structure information derived from first-principles quantum-mechanical density functional calculations. This tool allows a scientist to directly view and manipulate the calculated charge density or electron localization function (ELF) from an electronic structure calculation, providing insight into the nature of chemical bonding. Particular attention was given to the design and implementation of the user interface (UI) for the data viewer. It provides for expert and novice usage, and both natural direct manipulation and precise numerical control. The data viewer has proven useful to chemical scientists for understanding the results of electronic structure calculations.
High glycemic and insulinemic responses to meals affect plasma growth hormone secretory characteristics in Quarter Horse weanlings

Growth hormone is a key component of the somatotropic axis and is critical for the interplay between nutrition, regulation of metabolic functions, and subsequent processes of growth. The objective of this study was to investigate potential relations between meal feeding concentrates differing in the glycemic responses they elicit and GH secretory patterns in young growing horses. Twelve Quarter Horse weanlings (5.4 ± 0.4 mo of age) were used in a crossover design, consisting of two 21-d periods and two treatments, a high-glycemic (HG) or low-glycemic (LG) concentrate meal, fed twice daily. Horses were individually housed and fed hay ad libitum. On the final day of each period, quarter-hourly blood samples were drawn for 24 h to measure plasma glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and GH. Growth hormone secretory characteristics were estimated with deconvolution analysis. After a meal, HG-fed horses exhibited a longer inhibition until the first pulse of GH secretion (P = 0.012). During late night hours (1:00 AM to 6:45 AM), HG horses secreted a greater amount of pulsatile GH than LG horses (P = 0.002). These differences highlight the potential relations between glycemic and insulinemic responses to meals and GH secretion. Dietary energy source and metabolic perturbations associated with feeding HG meals to young, growing horses have the potential to alter GH secretory patterns compared with LG meals. This may potentially affect the developmental pattern of various tissues in the young growing horse.
Bilirubin Efflux By Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell Monolayers in Vitro: Role of P-Glycoprotein.

Background: The passage of bilirubin across the blood-brain barrier into the CNS is central to the development of kernicterus. Indirect in vivo evidence suggests that P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a multidrug transporter expressed on brain capillary endothelial cells, may limit the influx and CNS retention of unconjugated bilirubin (Pediatr Res 44:763–766, 1998). This phenomenon has not been studied in brain capillary endothelial cell monolayers in vitro.
Release of prostaglandin Es by hypothalamic tissue: evidence for their involvement in catecholamine-induced luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release.

ABSTRACT. Medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) and median eminence (ME) fragments from male rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate-glucose buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 C and the prostaglandin Es (PGEs) released into the medium were measured by RIA. Basal release of PGE by the ME was 5-6 times greater than that by the MBH. However, if the ME was not separated from the MBH, the release of PGE by the MBHME unit was similar to that of the MBH alone. In vivo treatment with indomethacin (Id; [l-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole 3-acetic acid]) to inhibit PG synthesis (single sc injection, 2.5 mg/100 g BW, 24 h before) decreased the basal release of PGEs by MBH and ME by about 50%. In vitro addition of Id (100 μM) almost completely suppressed basal release of PGEs by both the MBH and ME. Basal release of LHRH by the ME was also significantly depressed by Id. Incubation of the tissues with norepinephrine (NE) at doses (6-600 μM) which increased LHRH output also elicited PGE release. Although dopamine (DA) a...
Measurements of the gas kinetic temperature in a CH 4 -H 2 discharge during the growth of diamond

Experiments to study the gas kinetic temperature in a dc hollow cathode discharge have been carried out under conditions suitable for diamond growth using ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ mixtures as the feed gas. The gas kinetic temperature is shown to be equal to the rotational temperature for particular emission bands in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and in CN in a ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ discharge containing a small ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ impurity for total pressures above 10 Torr. The gas temperature can be obtained by measuring relative line intensities in emission of either the R branch of the ${\mathit{G}}^{1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{g}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}B $^{1}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$(0-0) band of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ or the R branch of the ${\mathit{B}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$(0-0) band of CN. The (0-0) symbol represents a band of transitions occurring between the levels with 0 vibrational quantum number in the upper electronic state and the levels with 0 vibrational quantum number in the lower electronic state. These measurements of gas kinetic temperature in a ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ discharge using optical emission spectroscopy have been confirmed by two different experiments using laser-induced fluorescence.
Detecting Cocaine and Opiates in Urine: Comparing Three Commercial Assays

Urine screening is a potentially useful tool for detecting drugs of abuse in treatment, criminal justice, and other human service settings. This article examines the relative accuracy and other features of three drug screening assays sold by commercial laboratories: (1) Abbott Diagnostics ADx machine and reagents; (2) ONTRAK, manufactured by Roche Diagnostics; and (3) EZ-SCREEN, manufactured by Environmental Diagnostics. Urine samples (n=345) were collected from indigent men and women in a work and life skills program, and tested for cocaine and opiates with each of the kits. The ADx fluorescent immunoassay was presumed to be the most sensitive and specific screening method, and comparisons with the two visually-determined test kits supported this assumption. Of the two visual test kits, ONTRAK was the more specific assay, and was lower in cost and simplest to perform. Decision makers could employ similar evaluative methods in selecting drug testing materials.
Genetically engineered obelin as a bioluminescent label in an assay for a peptide.

Abstract The marine polyp Obelia longissima produces a protein, obelin, which emits light in a calcium-dependent manner. This photoprotein consists of a stable complex of its apoprotein, a chromophore, and oxygen. In the presence of calcium ions, the protein undergoes a change in conformation that allows it to catalyze the oxidation of the chromophore, coelenterazine, to coelenteramide with the release of light and CO 2 . Photoproteins are attractive as labels in analytical applications because the bioluminescent signal that they produce is the result of a chemical reaction and, therefore, has virtually no background. Thus, bioluminescence allows for extremely sensitive detection. In that regard, the feasibility of using obelin as a label has been explored with the development of a competitive immunoassay for the determination of a small peptide analyte. To attach the obelin label in a controlled manner to the octapeptide, a fusion protein was produced using recombinant DNA techniques. The protein consisted of the C-terminus of the peptide fused to the N-terminus of obelin. The octapeptide–obelin fusion protein retained the bioluminescence properties of the native protein, and was subsequently used to generate dose–response curves for the free octapeptide.
Electrical membrane properties of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from trisomy 19 mouse fetuses: a comparison with the trisomy 16 mouse fetus, a model for Down syndrome

Because of synteny between mouse chromosome 16 and human chromosome 21, murine trisomy 16 (Ts16) has been considered an animal model for Down syndrome. Indeed, previous investigations have demonstrated that action potentials of cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from human trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) or mouse Ts16 fetuses show increased depolarization and repolarization rates, and decreased spike duration, compared to control neurons. In order to determine the specificity of these changes, we studied the electrical membrane properties of DRG neurons in culture from trisomy 19 (Ts19) and control fetal mice, using the whole cell patch-pipette recording technique. We found no significant differences in action potential parameters and passive membrane properties between Ts19 and control neurons. These findings support the notion that the alterations previously reported in Ts16 DRG neurons are specific, and not a general consequence of genetic imbalance imposed by autosomal trisomies.
Factor validity and norms for the aberrant behavior checklist in a community sample of children with mental retardation.

The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item rating scale that was developed primarily to measure the effects of pharmacological intervention in individuals living in residential facilities. This study investigated the use of the ABC in a sample of community children with mental retardation. Teacher ratings on the ABC were collected on 666 students attending special classes. The data were factor analyzed and compared with other studies using the ABC. In addition, subscales were analyzed as a function of age, sex, and classroom placement, and preliminary norms were derived. A four-factor solution of the ABC was obtained. Congruence between the four derived factors and corresponding factors from the original ABC was high (congruence coefficients ranged between .87 and .96). Classroom placement and age had significant effects on subscale scores, whereas sex failed to affect ratings. The current results are sufficiently close to the original factor solution that the original scoring method can be used with community samples, although further studies are needed to look at this in more detail.
Learning Linear Ordering Problems for Better Translation

We apply machine learning to the Linear Ordering Problem in order to learn sentence-specific reordering models for machine translation. We demonstrate that even when these models are used as a mere preprocessing step for German-English translation, they significantly outperform Moses' integrated lexicalized reordering model. Our models are trained on automatically aligned bitext. Their form is simple but novel. They assess, based on features of the input sentence, how strongly each pair of input word tokens wi, wj would like to reverse their relative order. Combining all these pairwise preferences to find the best global reordering is NP-hard. However, we present a non-trivial O(n3) algorithm, based on chart parsing, that at least finds the best reordering within a certain exponentially large neighborhood. We show how to iterate this reordering process within a local search algorithm, which we use in training.
A short-term fair MAC protocol for WLANs

Designing a medium access control (MAC) protocol that simultaneously provides high throughput and allows individual users to share limited spectrum resources fairly, especially in the short-term time horizon, is a challenging problem for wireless LANs. In this paper, we propose an efficient cooperative MAC protocol with very simple state information that considers only collisions, like the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. However, contrary to the IEEE 802.11 MAC, the cooperative MAC gives collided users priority to access the channel by assigning them shorter backoff counters and interframe-spaces than users who did not participate in the collision event. In other words, collided users are the only ones allowed to transmit in the following contention period. For the cooperative MAC protocol, we utilize an analytical throughput model to obtain the optimal parameter settings. Simulation results show that the cooperative MAC provides significant improvement in short-term fairness and access delay, while still providing high network throughput.
Laser energy monitor for double-pulsed 2-μm IPDA lidar application

Integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is a remote sensing technique for monitoring different atmospheric species. The technique relies on wavelength differentiation between strong and weak absorbing features normalized to the transmitted energy. 2-μm double-pulsed IPDA lidar is best suited for atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements. In such case, the transmitter produces two successive laser pulses separated by short interval (200 μs), with low repetition rate (10Hz). Conventional laser energy monitors, based on thermal detectors, are suitable for low repetition rate single pulse lasers. Due to the short pulse interval in double-pulsed lasers, thermal energy monitors underestimate the total transmitted energy. This leads to measurement biases and errors in double-pulsed IPDA technique. The design and calibration of a 2-μm double-pulse laser energy monitor is presented. The design is based on a highspeed, extended range InGaAs pin quantum detectors suitable for separating the two pulse events. Pulse integration is applied for converting the detected pulse power into energy. Results are compared to a photo-electro-magnetic (PEM) detector for impulse response verification. Calibration included comparing the three detection technologies in singlepulsed mode, then comparing the pin and PEM detectors in double-pulsed mode. Energy monitor linearity will be addressed.
Modeling detachment physics in the NSTX snowflake divertor

Abstract The snowflake divertor is a proposed technique for coping with the tokamak power exhaust problem in next-step experiments and eventually reactors, where extreme power fluxes to material surfaces represent a leading technological and physics challenge. In lithium-conditioned National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) discharges, application of the snowflake divertor typically induced partial outer divertor detachment and severalfold heat flux reduction. UEDGE is used to analyze and compare conventional and snowflake divertor configurations in NSTX. Matching experimental upstream profiles and divertor measurements in the snowflake requires target recycling of 0.97 vs. 0.91 in the conventional case, implying partial saturation of the lithium-based pumping mechanism. Density scans are performed to analyze the mechanisms that facilitate detachment in the snowflake, revealing that increased divertor volume provides most of the parallel heat flux reduction. Also, neutral gas power loss is magnified by the increased wetted area in the snowflake, and plays a key role in generating volumetric recombination.
The effect of feeding ewe lambs a 15% tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) pellet pre- and post-weaning on the subsequent diet selection of tarbush.

The shrub Flourensia cernua (tarbush) has rapidly increased in dominance within Chihuahuan Desert grasslands, and is comparable to alfalfa in nutrient content. Increasing tarbush in livestock diets may improve diet quality, but reduces tarbush dominance. We examined dietary selection for tarbush by sheep, and the effect of previous exposure on selection. Thirty-eight ewe lambs received either tarbush or alfalfa in a sorghum-based pellet 120 days postparturition, after which dietary selection was assessed. Previous exposure to tarbush deterred lambs from tarbush consumption. Lambs without previous exposure maintained greater intakes initially, but this declined with time, which corresponds with the onset of tarbush toxicosis.
Enhancement of sensorimotor connections by conditioning-related stimulation in Aplysia depends upon postsynaptic Ca2+

Abstract Classical conditioning of Aplysia's siphon-withdrawal reflex is thought to be due to a presynaptic mechanism-activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation of sensorimotor connections. Recent experiments with sensorimotor synapses in dissociated cell culture, however, provide an alternative cellular mechanism for classical conditioning-Hebbian long-term potentiation (LTP) of sensorimotor connections. Induction of Hebbian LTP of these connections is mediated by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-related receptors and requires the postsynaptic elevation of intracellular Ca2+. To determine whether the enhancement of sensorimotor synapses during classical conditioning in Aplysia-like LTP of sensorimotor synapses in culture-also depends upon the elevation of postsynaptic Ca2+, we carried out experiments involving the cellular analog of classical conditioning of siphon withdrawal. We examined changes in the strength of monosynaptic siphon sensorimotor connections in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia following paired presentations of sensory neuron activation and tail nerve shock. This training regimen resulted in significant enhancement of the monosynaptic sensorimotor excitatory postsynaptic potential, as compared with the sensorimotor excitatory postsynaptic potential in preparations that received only test stimulation. Infusing the motor neuron with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N-N',N'-tetraacetic acid, a specific chelator of intracellular Ca2+, prior to paired stimulation training blocked this synaptic enhancement. Our results implicate a postsynaptic, possibly Hebbian, mechanism in classical conditioning in Aplysia.
Consumption and Citizenship During the Second World War Product Advertising in Women’s Magazines

Most research on advertising and consumption during the Second World War focusses on rationing and deferred spending, suggesting that consumers curtailed spending and focussed on saving for postwar purchases. In fact, spending increased steadily during the war and non-rationed goods ‘were gobbled up’ by consumers eager to spend the money earned through war production. The following study seeks to provide a more complete understanding of consumption during the Second World War. This research combines an exploration of archived data from the advertising industry and government bureau reports on advertising and the wartime economy with anexamination of advertisements in women’s magazines during the war period. Archival data suggest that the advertising industry not only weatheredthe wartime crisis, but also profited from government campaigns to sell thewar and business campaigns to sell products. Data from a content analysisindicate that American women received a consistent message of unrestricted consumptio...
RED CELL PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE [PFK] DEFICIENCY IN NEWBORN INFANTS: NORMAL SYNTHESIS OF AN UNSTABLE ENZYME

RED CELL PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE [PFK] DEFICIENCY IN NEWBORN INFANTS: NORMAL SYNTHESIS OF AN UNSTABLE ENZYME
Inactivation and chemical alteration of mating factor α by cells and spheroplasts of yeast

Abstract Mating factor α isolated from yeast culture filtrates was radiolabeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, with full retention of biological activity. The 125I-labeled α factor bound at low levels to cells of both mating types (a and α) but not to spheroplasts. Despite the low level of binding, large quantities of α factor activity were lost by incubation with a cells and a spheroplasts, but not with α or a/α diploid cells. The amount of activity removed from the culture medium was much larger than the amount of 125I-labeled α factor bound to the cells and was correlated with the appearance of radiolabeled derivatives separable by thin-layer chromatography. Upon removal of the cell wall of α and a/α cells, the spheroplasts acquired the ability to remove α factor activity from culture medium, to generate derivatives of α factor, and to respond to α factor by a morphological alteration resembling the response of a cells. These findings raise the possibility that the specific enzyme capable of altering α factor, possibly a peptidase, is associated with both a and α cells but is masked by the α cell wall. This suggestion is consistent with the observation that the α factor activities of G1 arrest and cell elongation were blocked by preincubation of a cells with the protease inhibitor Trasylol.
A bioconjugate of Lys and Arg mimics biological activity of the Arg-Gly-Asp peptide sequence.

Abstract A peptidomimetic, 2-amino-6-[(2-amino-5{guanidino}pentanoyl) amino] hexanoic acid, was synthesized using Lys and Arg to produce a compound that mimics the biological activity of a cell adhesive Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) peptide, GRGDSP. When immobilized on solid substrates, the peptidomimetic promoted cell adhesion similar to substrates with immobilized GRGDSP. Ligand competition studies demonstrated that cell interactions with the peptidomimetic were integrin-mediated. The peptidomimetic was very stable to proteolytic degradation in comparison to proteolytically unstable peptides. Both GRGDSP and peptidomimetic were stabilized when immobilized on solid substrates. This peptidomimetic has the broad therapeutic utility of the RGD peptides with higher stability and potentially enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Analysis of Titanium-Coated Glass and Imidex (PI) Laser Bonded Samples

Based on previous results of bond strength, scanning electron microscopy(SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (for thin film thickness in the range of 50 to 200 nm range), it is expected for a moderate film thickness of titanium (over 50 nm) for the system of sputtered Ti-coated glass/polymer two factors play important roles in getting strong bond between Ti/Polyimide interface: (i) mechanical interlocking property and (ii) chemical bond formation such as Ti-C, Ti-O between Ti and imidex (PI) film. In this study, a systematic investigation has been conducted to understand the effects of thin films on bond quality and on failure mechanism of the interface between 400 nm sputtered Ti-coated glass/imidex (PI) system. This article basically studies if for this higher film thickness the failure pattern and bond strength are consistent with the previous data. From previous studies (for thin film thickness of 50 to 200 nm) the conclusion extracted is thin film with thickness of less than 50 nm exhibited low bond strength when compared to film thickness over 50 nm and from the results obtained in this study it is concluded that the bond reliability and failure modes of sputtered Ti film on glass are consistent even for a film thickness as high as 400 nm and three types of failure modes are found : (i) cohesive failure mode, (ii) Ti/glass interface failure mode, and (iii) glass failure mode. The roughness value for this coating thickness is 17 nm.
Mechanism of action of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on biological systems

There is substantial evidence indicating that moderate-intensity static magnetic fields (SMF) are capable of influencing a number of biological systems, particularly those whose function is closely linked to the properties of membrane channels. Most of the reported moderate SMF effects may be explained on the basis of alterations in membrane calcium ion flux. The mechanism suggested to explain these effects is based on the diamagnetic anisitropic properties of membrane phospholipids. It is proposed that reorientation of these molecules during moderate SMF exposure will result in the deformation of imbedded ion channels, thereby altering their activation kinetics. Channel inactivation would not be expected to be influenced by these fields because this mechanism is not located within the intramembraneous portion of the channel. Patch-clamp studies of calcium channels have provided support for this hypothesis, as well as demonstrating a temperature dependency that is understandable on the basis of the membrane thermotropic phase transition. Additional studies have demonstrated that sodium channels are similarly affected by SMFs, although to a lesser degree. These findings support the view that moderate SMF effects on biological membranes represent a general phenomenon, with some channels being more susceptible than others to membrane deformation.
Dominance of short-range correlations in photoejection-induced excitation processes

Much attention has been focused in recent decades on the process of double photoejection, with comparatively little study of the closely related process of photoejection plus excitation of the residual fragment. We present new calculations for the process , which quantitatively reproduces recent experimental measurements (Wehlitz R et al 1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 L51). These calculations show that the controlling electron correlations are confined to distances much smaller than the extent of the state that is excited.
Orbital line-up at poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) heterojunction.

The poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)/poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) heterojunction was investigated by photoemission spectroscopy. The orbital line-up at the MEH-PPV/P3HT heterojunction was determined based on the data of X-ray and ultra-violet photoemission measurements. The results were discussed with reference to the Induced Density of Interface States (IDIS) and integer charge transfer models. The predicted interface orbital line-up by IDIS is in agreement with measured energy alignment of the investigated interface. This suggests the IDIS model is also valid for polymer/polymer heterojunctions.
A compilation of amino acid analyses of proteins-XIV. Residues per molecule-11.

Abstract A compilation of the amino acid analyses of 228 proteins as residues per molecular weight is given.
Mapping of the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase 10 to human chromosome 1q21-q23 and mouse chromosome 1H1-5 by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play a critical role in the transduction of signals important to cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Mutations affecting the expression of receptor PTK genes have been associated with a number of vertebrate and invertebrate developmental abnormalities, and the aberrant regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation is implicated in a variety of neoplasias. One estimate suggests that approximately 100 receptor PTK genes exist in the mammalian genome, about half of which have been identified. The tyro-10 receptor protein-tyrosine kinase, first identified in a PCR-based survey for novel tyrosine kinases in the rat nervous system, defines a new subfamily of PTKs. It exhibits a catalytic domain most closely related to those found in the trk PTK receptor subfamily, which transduces signals for nerve growth factor and the related molecules brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4 (NT-3 and NT-4). Trk and the related PTK receptors trkB and trkC play a critical role in the neurotrophin-dependent survival of subsets of sensory and motor neurons. The predicted tyro-10 extracellular region is, however, distinct from that of the trk subfamily and is unique except for a domain shared with the blood coagulation factors V and VIII, thought to be involved in phospholipid binding.more » Although tyro-10 RNA is most abundant in heart and skeletal muscle in the adult rat, it is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including the developing and mature brain. Tyro-10 appears identical to the murine TKT sequence reported by Karn et al. and exhibits a high degree of similarity with the CaK, DDR, and Nep PTKs. A ligand for tyro-10 has not yet been identified. 10 refs., 1 fig.« less
Multiplicative semigroups related to the 3x+1 problem

Recently Lagarias introduced the Wild semigroup, which is intimately connected to the 3x+1 conjecture. Applegate and Lagarias proved a weakened form of the 3x+1 conjecture while simultaneously characterizing the Wild semigroup through the Wild Number Theorem. In this paper, we consider a generalization of the Wild semigroup which leads to the statement of a Weak qx+1 Conjecture for q any prime. We prove our conjecture for q=5 together with a result analogous to the Wild Number Theorem. Next, we look at two other classes of variations of the Wild semigroup and prove a general statement of the same type as the Wild Number Theorem.
Current transport in metal semiconductor contacts—a unified approach

Abstract A unified approach to current transport at metal-semiconductor junctions is employed which includes thermionic emission, thermionic-field emission, and field emission. Rather than the many expressions for the current density which are available in the literature with their various ranges of validity, a single expression of general validity is presented which allows the I–V characteristics of a junction to be computed from a relatively simple double integration. The approach is valid for arbitrary doping and barrier shape for a wide range of temperatures for the general case of a many valley semiconductor. It may be easily extended to p-type materials. The generalized WKB-type of approximation used in the analysis allows the current density to be expressed in terms of the product of a transmission probability and a supply function. The supply function is such that, for a given valley, there is a Richardson constant applicable to all transport processes.
Electromagnetic transient analysis of radiation by canonical sources in planarly layered media using leaky modes

The transient radiation from line and point sources embedded in planarly layered media is investigated in connection with the leaky modes. The proposed method involves the evaluation of the spatial-wavenumber inversion integral using complex-plane analysis, which results in the frequency-domain eld represented by a discrete series of residues and a continuous branch-cut in- tegral. By properly deforming integration paths in both the complex frequency plane and complex wavenumber plane it is shown that the branch-cut integral contribution vanishes. The method leads to an e±cient computation of the transient ¯elds due to line and point sources in a layered medium and is applicable to multi-layered lossy dielectric media and planarly layered media with negative frequency-dependent permittivity and permeabil- ity.
Intergenic Transposable Elements Are Not Randomly Distributed in Bacteria

Insertion sequences (ISs) are mobile genetic elements in bacterial genomes. In general, intergenic IS elements are probably less deleterious for their hosts than intragenic ISs, simply because they have a lower likelihood of disrupting native genes. However, since promoters, Shine–Dalgarno sequences, and transcription factor binding sites are intergenic and upstream of genes, I hypothesized that not all neighboring gene orientations (NGOs) are selectively equivalent for IS insertion. To test this, I analyzed the NGOs of all intergenic ISs in 326 fully sequenced bacterial chromosomes. Of the 116 genomes with enough IS elements for statistical analysis, 68 have significantly more ISs between convergently oriented genes than expected, and 46 have significantly fewer ISs between divergently oriented genes. This suggests that natural selection molds intergenic IS distributions because they are least intrusive between convergent gene pairs and most intrusive between divergent gene pairs.
Tackle Prostate Cancer: A Doctoral Student's Response

This first hand reflection as a doctoral counseling student narrates my social action response after learning my diagnosis with prostate cancer. I discuss my experience, review facts about prostate cancer, and apply Bandura’s (1977) Social Cognitive Theory, a SWOT analysis, and Eriksen’s (1997) social action stages to my activities. These illustrate how I used my story and unique community resources to create awareness and raise funds through an event at a high school football game. Possibilities for additional advocacy events are also discussed.