cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acoustic chiasm III: Nature, distribution, and sources of afferents to the lateral superior olive in the cat

The outcomes of seven experiments are reported, each directed to the nature and sources of the excitation and inhibition impinging on the lateral superior olive (LSO) in cats. In the first experiment, we used conventional 14C 2-DG methods to determine the specificity, precision, and extent of symmetry in the stimulation reaching LSO from the ipsilateral and contralateral ears. In Experiment 2, we sought the presence of GABA and glycine receptors in LSO using conventional, in vitro receptor-binding methods. On the basis of these results, we used in vitro high-affinity uptake methods in Experiment 3 to seek evidence that some of the terminals as well as the receptors in LSO are glycinergic. In Experiment 4, we used immunocytochemical methods to show that the somata known to supply the contralateral projections to LSO, and their terminals in LSO, are each immunoreactive with an antibody directed to a glycine-protein conjugate. In Experiment 5, we made use of a glycinergic neuron's avidity for transporting glycine retrogradely to label the likely sources of the glycinergic terminals in LSO. In Experiment 6, we used immunocytochemical methods to show that the spherical and globular cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus and terminals, in LSO and in MTB are glutamatergic and/or aspartergic. In Experiment 7, we used receptor binding methods to determine whether the glutamate/aspartate receptors in LSO are probably of the kainate or of the quisqualate typ. The results of the several experiments suggest that probably ghitamate-quisqualate synapses mediate LSO's ipsilaterally driven excitatory responses and glycinergic synapses mediate its contralaterally driven inhibitory responses. The two types of input appear to be well matched in LSO's medial and middle limbs with glycinergic terminals mostly perisomatic and glutamatergic terminals mostly peridendritic. However, LSO's low frequency lateral limb appears to be somewhat different; it receives less stimulation from the contralateral ear. Instead, LSO's lateral limb may receive some of its glycinergic input directly from the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus and/or indirectly via the juxtaposed lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body.
Upper and Lower Bound Distributions That Give Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for Quantiles

Abstract We propose a new method for constructing parametric confidence intervals for quantiles of an unknown distribution. These confidence intervals are constructed so that the joint probability that all intervals simultaneously contain their respective percentiles is at least a preset value. Thus we may also use the set of either upper or lower confidence limits to define an upper (or lower) bound distribution function, which we call an upper (or lower) tolerance distribution because this distribution may also be used to construct tolerance intervals for the unknown distribution. We derive tolerance distributions with exact coverage probability for iid samples from distributions in the location-scale family. Tolerance distributions can also be used for best- and worst-case analyses, as we illustrate by considering bounds on the distribution of the time interval between the onset of infectiousness and development of detectable antibody in individuals newly infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ...
Theory of Clarifier Operation. V. A Simplified Model, Design Aspects, and Time-Dependent Feeds

Abstract Simplified mathematical models for slurry settling under quiescent conditions and in two types of upflow clarifier are presented. Effective floe radius and a coefficient in the expression for the viscosity, the only adjustable parameters, are determined by fitting to published data on settling velocities of stirred ferric hydroxide floes. These parameters are then used to calculate rates of sludge blanket rise in a reactor-clarifier operated at various flow rates. Agreement with data on ferric hydroxide floes is satisfactory. The responses of clarifiers of two different designs to transient hydraulic overloads are then calculated. The models indicate that the reactor-clarifier (fed in the middle, sludge wasted at the bottom) performs better than a clarifier which is fed at the bottom and from the middle of which sludge is wasted.
Combining Ability Analysis of In Vitro Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration in Red Clover

Red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) is an important forage species grown in temperate climates around the world. Most genetic transformation methods require regeneration of whole plants from single undifferentiated cells, but one of the major problems encountered in red clover tissue culture is low frequency of plant regeneration. Nine genotypes of red clover, with a range in the level of callus formation and plant regeneration [low (01L, 04L, 30L), intermediate (231, 641, 741), and high (34H, 54H, 71H)] on a B5 basal salts medium protocol, were used in a combining ability study of in vitro callus formation and plant regeneration. Hypocotyl sections from 40 progeny from each of 36 F 1 crosses were evaluated on a B5 medium protocol for callus formation at 4 wk of culture and plant regeneration at 12 wk of culture. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of crosses, general combining ability (GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA). Results obtained from diallel analysis (Griffing's Method 4, Model 1) showed that crosses with 34H, 54H, or 71H as one parent were among the combinations showing the highest callus diameter and regeneration capacity. Those crosses with 01L, 04L, or 30L as one parent were among the lowest in callus diameter and regeneration response. A highly significant positive relationship (r = 0.91, df = 34) was found to exist between callus diameter and regeneration capacity. Although both general and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant sources of variation for callus diameter and plant regeneration, SCA effects were significant for only a few crosses. The results are in agreement with our previous research showing that red clover regeneration from tissue culture can be improved using recurrent selection methods which exploit additive genetic effects. Initial selection for large callus size should result in improved regeneration capacity.
Observation of the 2P12 ← 2P32 transition of the Br atom by color center laser spectroscopy

Abstract The Br atom transition at 3685 cm −1 has been observed under high resolution by means of magnetic rotation spectroscopy using a color center laser. The isotope splitting beween the center frequencies of the hyperfine patterns of 79 Br and 81 Br is 13.6 +5 −2 MHz with 81 Br at higher frequency.
Digital Cancellation Event Options in Limit Order Markets with Automated Liquidity Self-Provisioning

We propose a new limit order book (LOB) design by embedding a revenue-generating, options-based directive to manage malicious trading activities and increase liquidity in a high frequency trading (HFT) environment. The revenue collected as a result of market participants' desire to purchase the right to cancel orders, is aggregated into an automated, self-managed LOB bank. The LOB accesses its bank and an accumulated order inventory in times of low liquidity. Low liquidity in this context is characterized by an imbalance of orders in the ask (bid) partition of the LOB relative to the bid (ask) partition. To compensate for this imbalance, the proposed LOB design is enhanced with a new market feature capable of assessing and improving its stability through absorbing selected orders. We perform extensive simulation experiments to characterize the ability of the proposed design to stabilize the LOB.
Selection for contrasting adrenocortical responsiveness in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) influences sexual behaviour in males

Selection of Japanese quail for a reduced (low stress, LS) rather than exaggerated (high stress, HS) adrenocortical response to brief restraint is associated with a non-specific reduction in stress responsiveness, decreased fearfulness, greater sociality, and enhanced male reproductive function, e.g. greater cloacal gland size, foam production, and testes weight. Because sexual behaviour has components that may be affected by all of these traits, the copulatory behaviour of male LS and HS adults was compared herein. In experiment 1, males from each line were individually tested in a runway (novel environment) in two consecutive steps. First, the approach (social proximity) of a test male (LS or HS) to a compartment containing two females (one LS+one HS) that he could see but not reach was examined. Second, after allowing the test male and both females to mingle, the male’s latency to first grab and the numbers of grabs, mounts and cloacal contacts were recorded. A tendency for LS males to spend a longer (P=0.08) amount of time near the females before the sexes were mingled was observed. When the birds were allowed contact, LS males showed a significantly higher (P<0.04) number of cloacal contacts and greater (P<0.04) copulatory efficiency (number of cloacal contacts/number of grabs) than HS males. No line differences were observed in the latency to the first grab, grabs, and mounts. In experiment 2, individually-caged males from each line were observed when one female (LS or HS) was introduced into their home cages as a sexual partner. The LS males showed a lower latency to the first grab and greater cloacal contacts and copulatory efficiency than HS quail (all P<0.03). The present findings suggest that quail selection for reduced adrenocortical stress responsiveness prior to the attainment of puberty has a positive impact on adult sexual behaviour of males.
Land-use changes affecting Pulsatilla vulgaris in England

Abstract Details of the land-use at 39 sites in England from which Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. had been recorded in the past but is now absent were examined to determine the factors responsible for its extinction. At 25 of these sites, there was evidence that ploughing was responsible for extinction, while at 7 sites, quarrying or building had destroyed the habitat. At the other 7 sites, details of land-use were undeterminable. Enclosure of the open fields by Act of Parliament in the period 1750–1850 was the factor mainly responsible for the destruction of many sites of Pulsatilla . There was no evidence that other factors such as heavy grazing by sheep, annual burning, trampling, or the growth of coarse grasses, caused the extinction of Pulsatilla , although they did affect the biology of the species. A detailed study of a population of Pulsatilla in chalk grassland on the Barton Hills in Bedfordshire showed that in the absence of sheep-grazing, the number of plants increased mostly by vegetative growth from the perennial rootstock, but that as the litter formed by Bromus erectus developed, the proportion of plants which flowered each year diminished to 7 per cent after 5 years of absence of grazing.
Neural network model for rapid forecasting of freeway link travel time

Abstract Estimation of freeway travel time with reasonable accuracy is essential for successful implementation of an advanced traveler information system (ATIS) for use in an intelligent transportation system (ITS). An ATIS consists of a route guiding system that recommends the most suitable route based on the traveler's requirements using the information gathered from various sources such as loop detectors and probe vehicles. This information can be disseminated through mass media or on on-board satellite-based navigational system. Based on the estimated travel times for various routes, the traveler can make a route choice. In this article, a neural network model is presented for forecasting the freeway link travel time using the counter propagation neural (CPN) network. The performance of the model is compared with a recently reported freeway link travel forecasting model using the backpropagation (BP) neural network algorithm. It is shown that the new model based on the CPN network, and the learning coefficients proposed by Adeli and Park, is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than the BP network. As such, the proposed freeway link travel-forecasting model is particularly suitable for real-time advanced travel information and management systems.
Complex conductivity of some plasmas and semiconductors

The complex conductivities of plasmas and semiconductors have been calculated for several cases where the collision frequency can be expressed as a power function of the energy. From the result, some characteristic parameters of the plasma originally investigated by Spitzer are estimated. The problem of determining the relaxation time from a non-symmetrical dispersion is discussed.
Herpesviral Fc receptors and their relationship to the human Fc receptors.

Nearly two decades ago, it was observed that cells infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) acquired an IgG Fc binding activity. The properties of the viral Fc receptor (FcR) have now been characterized by several laboratories. The Fc binding activity appears on the surface of the infected cell prior to formation of progeny virions. The FcR induced by HSV has been identified as the HSV glycoprotein, gE. When HSV gE forms a complex with a second HSV glycoprotein, gI, the receptor binds IgG with higher affinity. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is closely related to HSV, has also been shown to induce an FcR. Like the HSV FcR, the FcR specified by VZV possesses characteristics common to viral glycoproteins. VZV encodes two glycoproteins, gpI and gpIV, which are the homologs of HSV gE and gI. The VZV glycoproteins have many properties common to cell surface receptors, including Olinked glycans and phosphorylation sites. However, extensive computer-assisted analyses of the amino acid sequences of VZV gpI and gpIV did not uncover regions of homology to the human cellular Fc receptors for IgG.
Neonatal lupus syndromes.

: Neonatal lupus is a model of passively acquired autoimmunity in that immune abnormalities in the mother lead to the production of antibodies that cross the placenta and injure the developing fetus. Congenital complete heart block (CCHB), a permanent manifestation of neonatal lupus, is detectable after 18 wk gestation. Transient manifestations include cutaneous, hepatic, and hematologic abnormalities that occur at variable frequency. To date, there is a universal association of CCHB with maternal antibodies to SSA/Ro-SSB/La ribonucleoproteins, detectable by high ratio monomer:crosslinker SDS-immunoblot. Intriguingly, cardiac disease and often other manifestations are not present in the mother, raising the hypothesis that there is differential expression and/or accessibility of SSA/Ro-SSB/La antigens in fetal vs. adult tissues. CCHB may be a final consequence of a more widespread inflammatory response in the heart, including the existence of an associated myocarditis. In contrast to the in utero onset of CCHB, skin lesions generally become apparent after birth. Ultraviolet exposure may be an initiating factor and exacerbate an existing rash. Several studies have documented the predominance of DR3 alleles in mothers of affected offspring, frequently associated with the extended haplotype A1,B8. Available evidence suggests that fetal genetic differences in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) do not influence susceptibility. The recommended clinical approach includes obstetric and rheumatologic management of both the fetus identified with CCHB and the fetus with a normal heart beat but at high risk of developing CCHB. Fetal echocardiogram is essential in diagnosing and following disease and may suggest the presence of an associated myocarditis. The rationale for treatment of identified CCHB and prevention of potential CCHB is to diminish a generalized inflammatory insult and lower the titer of maternal autoantibodies. Several intrauterine therapeutic regimens have been tried including dexamethasone and plasmapheresis but reversal of CCHB, once identified, has never been reported. The prior birth of a child with CCHB or other manifestations of neonatal lupus confers a greater risk of having a second affected child.
Effect of different levels of ZnDtpa on bush beans in solution culture

Abstract Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen) were grown in solution culture for 15 days with different levels of ZnDTPA to determine if the plants could tolerate high levels of ZnDTPA like some plants do for ZnEDTA. Plant yields were decreased at l0‐4 M ZnDTPA and severely at 10‐3 M DTPA. The Zn was available at the pH values used (near 5).
Determinations of Malingering: Evolution from Case-Based Methods to Detection Strategies

Methods for the classification of malingering have advanced from idiosyncratic case studies to systematic research. As an outgrowth of individual feigning scales, detection strategies have been developed and validated that are conceptually based and tested across measures. This article briefly reviews detection strategies for two distinct domains: feigned cognitive impairment and feigned mental disorders. It examines general categories of detection strategies (i.e., unlikely and amplified) and clinical methods (e.g., multiscale inventories and structured interviews). Recommendations are presented for malingering screens and malingering determinations.
Affinity partitioning of acetylcholine receptor enriched membranes and their purification.

AFFINITY chromatography, which uses a specific ligand coupled to a solid matrix to adsorb selectively a macromolecule, has been used extensively in the purification of soluble proteins1. Although the purification of cells or cellular membrane fragments containing surface receptors has been attempted with this procedure2–15, the approach has been less successful because of difficulties in eluting bound particulate substances from the solid matrix. Recently, we described a method called affinity partitioning16 for separating soluble proteins in aqueous polymer two-phase systems17 by adding a polymfer-ligand with a relatively high affinity for a binding site on the protein to be purified, and a solubility preference for one of the phases. Since cells and cell fragments18,19 can be partitioned and recovered from aqueous polymer two-phase systems, it seemed possible that the principle of affinity partitioning could be used in their fractionation. With the absence of a solid matrix, problems of recovery would be obviated. We describe here the use of polymer coupled to a ligand that binds to the nicotinic cholinergic receptor site to purify cholinergic receptor enriched membranes derived from electroplax of Torpedo californica.
An integrated suspended load equation for non-equilibrium transport of non-uniform sediment

Abstract This paper develops an integrated form of the suspended-load equation for the concentration of non-uniform sediment under non-equilibrium condition. From this equation, expressions are derived for the variations of the concentration and size distribution of non-uniform sediment during the processes of deposition and erosion.
Spatial location of transport-limiting traps in TiO2 nanoparticle films in dye-sensitized solar cells

The dependence of the electron diffusion coefficient and photoinduced electron density on the internal surface area of TiO2 nanoparticle films in dye-sensitized solar cells was investigated by photocurrent transient measurements. The internal surface area was varied by altering the average particle size of the films. The density of electron traps in the films is found to change in direct proportion with the internal surface area, indicating that the traps are located predominately at the surface of TiO2 particles instead of in the bulk of the particles or at interparticle grain boundaries. The observed scaling of the electron diffusion coefficient with the internal surface area suggests that surface traps limit transport in TiO2 nanoparticle films. These results address a long-standing issue in the understanding of electron transport in dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells.
Microdetermination of sulfur using a titrimetric method with a recorded photometric end point

Abstract The end point in the titration of sulfate with barium chloride using tetrahydroxyquinone as a color indicator has been rendered more reproducible by use of a filter photometer with a recorded output. It has been possible to determine organic sulfur in 5–7 mg samples oxidized in a Schoniger flask in 15 minutes of working time, with an average sulfur recovery for 24 determinations on four widely different types of compounds of 99.98%, with a standard deviation of 0.35, and average recoveries of sulfur for each of the four compounds ranging from 99.92 to 100.11%. Nitrogen does not interfere.
Neurosurgical robotics: a review of brain and spine applications.

Neurosurgery has traditionally been at the forefront of advancing technologies, adapting new techniques and devices successfully in an effort to increase the safety and efficacy of brain and spine surgery. Among these adaptations are surgical robotics. This paper reviews some of the more promising systems in neurosurgical robotics, including brain and spine applications in use and in development. The purpose of the discussion is twofold—to discuss the most promising models for neurosurgical applications, and to discuss some of the pitfalls of robotic neurosurgery given the unique anatomy of the brain and spine.
Thermodynamics of Micellization of β-Sheet Forming Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(l-valine) Hybrids

The phase behavior and thermodynamic of micellization of three hybrid poly(acrylic acid)- block-poly( l-valine), namely PAA 40-b-PLVAL 100, PAA 80-b-PLVAL 100, and PAA 80-b-PLVAL 80, were investigated. beta-sheet formation in these polymeric systems resulted in a dominant enthalpic micellization process that exhibited an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). Micelle dissociation at higher temperatures is attributed to the disruption of favorable hydrogen bonds in the micellar core. Separation of hydrogen bond contributions to the micellization thermodynamics through the addition of urea as an external denaturing agent, revealed a shift from a dominant enthalpic contribution of PLVAL segments at low degree of deprotonation (alpha), where significant beta-sheet is formed, to a balanced enthalpy and entropy contributions at high alpha. At high alpha, an enhanced "water cage" hydration of unimers was observed due to the formation of water-PLVAL hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic forces played an indirect role in enhancing the compactness of the hydrophobic core, which enhanced the strength of hydrogen bonds in the beta-sheet structures.
The Role of Family SES and Language Background in Shaping the Well-Being of Children of Asian Origin in the Context of School Mobility

Using a sample of children of Asian origin from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (N ≈ 1,480), this study examines the relationship between school mobility and children’s well-being trajectories from kindergarten to fifth grade, paying particular attention to whether such relationships differ by child language status and family socioeconomic status. Considering a rich set of characteristics including family and school environments, the growth curve analyses indicate that children who had ever changed schools during these years performed worse on their reading and math scores, as well as being reported by teachers to have worse internalizing behaviors. This was only true when these children were from low-SES families or when their language background was predominately non-English-speaking. In contrast, children who changed schools at least once performed as well as, if not better than, their peers if they were from high-SES families or if they had a bilingual background (speaking both English and a non-English language). This study explores both the risk and the protective factors that help explain the well-being trajectories of children of Asian origins.
Nonlinear elastic inversion of real data

Two-component multi-offset seismic data contains many events that cannot be explained with the acoustic wave equti tion. These include mode converted shear waves and Rayleigh waves. By deriving a nonlinear inversion algorithm based upon the elastic wave equation, it is possible to account for all of these different waves and obtain the maximum prob ability compressional and shear wave velocity model. The algorithm does not assume a smooth background velocity as is typically done in migrations and Born inversions. Also, it is based on the full twoway elastic wave equation. Therefore, it can in principle obtain both interval velocities and reflectivities simultaneously (highand low-wavenumber compw nents of the velocity). The interval velocities are resolved by wave equation re&tion-tomographic terms in the inversion equations while the reflectivities are resolved by migrationlie terms in the inversion equations. All amplitudes must be accounted for by the theory assumed in the inversion (the elastic wave equation) in order that the result be accurate. However, even neglecting many effects such as source and receiver directivitiea, the results using red seismic data are encouraging. Ideally, such non-elastic-wave-like events should be included in the theory. After one iteration the algorithm has essentially done an elastic migration using P-P reflections and P-S mode converted waves. The best resolved part of the velocity model is the high-wavenumber perturbations in v* locity that produce reflections. Some low wavenumbers are also pressnt in the solution due to mismatches in the shapes of reflection hyperbolae.
On the global solution to nonlinear model predictive control algorithms that use polynomial models

Abstract In nonlinear model predictive control algorithms a nonlinear program is solved online at every sampling time. This short note shows that for polynomial ARMA models and SISO systems, the global solution of the nonlinear program can be obtained by simply calculating the roots of a polynomial and examining the boundaries of a constraint region.
W05-03 Spiritual coping, communication training and problem solving for schizophrenia

This speaker will describe literature regarding the adaptive uses of religion and spirituality, such as religious or spiritual coping and making meaning from stressful life events. She will cover the Spiritual Coping module of the Culturally-Informed Therapy for Schizophrenia (CIT-S). In this phase, therapists begin with a detailed spiritual history in order to gauge each family member's beliefs, involvement in spiritual or religious activities and other practices they may have. Therapists assign homework that encourages the family members to explore their religious or spiritual experience in a positive and adaptive light. For clients who do not identify as religious or who are experiencing religious delusions, therapists proceed with this phase of treatment with a more philosophical or existential approach to spirituality and morality. A demonstration of this module will be conducted using volunteers from the audience. This speaker will also describe the final two modules of CIT-S, which are based on the work of Falloon etal. (1984) and Miklowitz and Goldstein (1997). The fourth phase of treatment, Communication Training, attempts to unite concepts and skills learned in the three previous phases through specific attention to communication skills. Family members learn to communicate with and support each other in effective ways. The fifth phase of treatment, Problem-Solving, allows the family to learn and practice problem-solving strategies using relevant examples.
Laptop Initiative Impact: Assessed Using Student, Parent and Teacher Data

Abstract Several university researchers were invited to assist in the implementation and study of a Laptop Initiative for high school students. This initiative provided laptop computers for 247 students and 24 teachers who were grouped into ninth grade learning clusters at three schools. The research on the program's impact focused on student, teacher, and parent knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the technology. In an effort to measure the impact of the technology integration, an affective instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs) with regard to technology skills was developed. A pre-and post-survey was administered to parents, teachers, and students. The instrument contained both Likert-scale questions and open-ended questions. Quantitative and qualitative data analyses revealed a number of significant differences between the schools and among the teachers, parents, and students. These quantitative results were supported by the qualitative findings.
6 1 S 0 –6 3 P 0 transition in 199 Hg: Determination of the A coefficient and self–pressure broadening

Absorption by the forbidden transition 6 1S0–6 3P0 in 199Hg at 265.6 nm has been measured using a tunable, single-frequency ultraviolet probe. Experimental data yield a value of 0.692 ± 0.014 s−1 for the Einstein A coefficient and 2.23 ± 0.08 × 10−10 s−1 cm3 for the self-pressure broadening coefficient.
Hairs of the cochlear sensory cells and their attachment to the tectorial membrane.

The hairs of the sensory cells in the cochleae were studied with emphasis on their attachment to the tectorial membrane. So far we have observed that the peripheral row of tall hairs of the W form and a few inner rows at its base were shallowly but firmly embedded in the tectorial membrane. The hair tops were more electron dense and delimited from the tectorial membrane by the unit membrane of the sensory cell. The hairs of the inner sensory cells were likewise arranged in a W form with the tallest hairs in the peripheral row. Modified cilia and numerous short hairs or microvilli were demonstrated at the base of the W in the sensory cells of the undifferentiated organ of Corti, but were lacking in the specimens of older animals.This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Grant NB 03932-03.Der Verfasscr untersuchte die Haare tier akustisclien Sinneszellen und widmete besondere Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Beziehung zur Membrana tectoria. Die Reihe der peripheren hohen Haare, die einen W-formigen Saum bilden, sow...
The circadian rhythm of serum osteocalcin concentrations: effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D administration.

The effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) administration on serum osteocalcin (Oc) concentrations were determined. 2.0 μg doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 were administered orally and intravenously to four healthy adult males. Blood was sampled hourly for 24 hours on four occasions: once prior to the two treatment days (i.v. and p.o.), on each of the treatment days, and during a second nontreatment day 2 years later. Mean circadian Oc rythms of the four subjects on each study day were compared with each other and with a previously derived mathematical representation of the normative Oc rhythm, the circadian Oc rhythm model. We found overall conservation of the mean Oc pattern across time and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. However, 1,25(OH)2D3 administration resulted in a rapid rise (within 6 hours) in Oc concentrations that blunted or eliminated the morning fall in Oc levels. The increased Oc levels were sustained for the remainder of the 24 hour period though pattern shapes converged with those of the nontreatment days and the model. We conclude that serum Oc levels are rapidly responsive to near physiological doses of 1,25(OH)2D3 in healthy adult males and that the effects are maintained for at least 24 hours.
Facilitation of Pinus albicaulis seedling regeneration by Vaccinium scoparium

Abstract Plants often facilitate each other in harsh environments, and facilitation appears to be important for conifer recruitment in subalpine forests and the formation of treelines. This study investigated the potential role of facilitation for the establishment of Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine), a dominant Rocky Mountain tree species that is in decline due to an exotic blister rust disease ( Cronartium ribicola ), bark beetle outbreaks, and fire suppression. Surveys were conducted at five subalpine sites for spatial associations between naturally regenerating P. albicaulis seedlings and other plant species, and found that the cover of Vaccinium scoparium was higher in proximity to P. albicaulis seedlings. In transplant experiments, survival of P. albicaulis seedlings was higher when planted with V. scoparium and in shade cloth treatments, but neither survival nor growth rates were altered by clipping or rhizome severing of V. scoparium , suggesting a below-ground rather than above-ground facilitation mechanism. In contrast, Carex species reduced the survival and growth rates of P. albicaulis . In a fertilization experiment, no effect of nitrogen and/or phosphorous fertilization was found on Pinus albicaulis seedling growth, but seedlings growing with V. scoparium had higher growth rates and increased leaf phosphorus concentrations relative to seedlings growing in bare ground. In a microcosm experiment, P. albicaulis seedlings growing with V. scoparium had higher growth rates and leaf phosphorus concentrations than when grown alone, but only if P. albicaulis needles were added on the soil surface. My results suggest success of restoration plantings of greenhouse grown P. albicaulis seedlings may be improved by planting in areas where V. scoparium occurs, and avoiding areas dominated by Carex species. Removal of adjacent vegetation prior to planting seedlings may be ineffective in significantly altering either positive or negative effects of the neighboring plants. Selection of sites with adjacent shading elements, such as rocks, logs, stumps, or snags, may also improve seedling survival.
Micropallet Technology for Investigating Tumor Cellular Profiles and Analysis of Rare Cell Subsets

Rationally designed, individualized therapeutic strategies have long been a desired objective for breast cancer patients and clinicians as an estimated 178,480 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed among women in the United States this year and over 40,000 women are expected to die from the disease. [1] The increasing appreciation of breast tumor cellular heterogeneity raises fundamental questions as to the relative contributions of cellular subsets to the biologic behavior of an individual patient’s tumor. [2] As such, it has become increasingly clear that in many cases, an individualized strategy for the treatment of breast cancer would be of great benefit, and that the ability to isolate relevant cellular subsets from the main tumor population is one of the critical limits to accomplishing this goal.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
High‐detail snapshots of rare gigantic jet lightning

[1] In the ionosphere, more than 80 kilometers above Earth's surface, incoming radiation reacts with the thin air to produce highly charged ions, inducing an electric potential between the ionosphere and the surface. This charge difference is dissipated by a slow leak from the ionosphere during calm weather and reinvigorated by a charge built up near the surface during a thunderstorm. In 2001, however, researchers discovered gigantic jets (GJs), powerful lightning that arcs from tropospheric clouds up to the ionosphere, suggesting there may be an alternate path by which charge is redistributed. GJs are transient species, and little is known about how much charge they can carry, how they form, or how common they are. In a step toward answering these questions, Lu et al. report on two GJs that occurred near very high frequency (VHF) lightning detection systems, which track the development of lightning in three spatial dimensions, giving an indication of the generation mechanism. The researchers also measured the charge transfer in the two GJs through remote sensing of magnetic fields. They found that both jets originated from the development of otherwise normal intracloud lightning. The dissipation of the cloud's positively charged upper layer allowed the negative lightning channel to break through and travel up out of the top of the cloud to the ionosphere. The first jet, which occurred off the coast of Florida, leapt up to 80 kilometers, depositing 110 coulombs of negative charge in 370 milliseconds. The second jet, observed in Oklahoma, traveled up to 90 kilometers, raising only 10–20 coulombs in 300 milliseconds. Each new observation of gigantic jets such as these can provide valuable information toward understanding this novel atmospheric behavior. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047662, 2011)
Urban Economic Reform and Public-Housing Investment in China:

The authors examine the characteristics and determinants of urban public-housing investment in the People's Republic of China. After discussing the characteristics of the state-controlled urban housing sector through the 1970s and the market-oriented reform in the 1980s to commodity urban housing, they use regression analysis to estimate the effects of several factors on urban public-housing investment in 1984 and 1987. The role of the state in housing investment in China's cities weakened, and the effect of reform-related factors became stronger. State redistribution maintained a stronger effect on public-housing investment in inland cities than in coastal cities, where deeper market-oriented reform further dampened the state's influence on public-housing investment.
Dynamic Topographical Control of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Culture on Responsive Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) Surfaces

There is clear, emerging evidence in the literature supporting the influence of surface topography on various cell phenotypes.[1–5] Recent advancements in mechanobiology have relied heavily on synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics to investigate how cellular phenomena are dependent upon surface geometry. Concurrent developments in micro/nano-fabrication techniques have enabled the construction of well-defined surface arrays which aim to emulate the extracellular microenvironment.[6] Numerous patterns of different sizes and shapes including grooves, posts, and pits have been used to study the in vitro response of various cell types such as: fibroblasts, osteoblasts, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, and more recently stem cells.[7–14]
On the Structure of Lie Pseudo-Groups

We compare and contrast two approaches to the structure theory for Lie pseudogroups, the first due to Cartan, and the second due to the first two authors. We argue that the latter approach offers certain advantages from both a theoretical and practical standpoint.
Where Vision Meets Memory: Prefrontal–Posterior Networks for Visual Object Constancy during Categorization and Recognition

Objects seen from unusual relative to more canonical views require more time to categorize and recognize, and, according to object model verification theories, additionally recruit prefrontal processes for cognitive control that interact with parietal processes for mental rotation. To test this using functional magnetic resonance imaging, people categorized and recognized known objects from unusual and canonical views. Canonical views activated some components of a default network more on categorization than recognition. Activation to unusual views showed that both ventral and dorsal visual pathways, and prefrontal cortex, have key roles in visual object constancy. Unusual views activated object-sensitive and mental rotation (and not saccade) regions in ventrocaudal intraparietal, transverse occipital, and inferotemporal sulci, and ventral premotor cortex for verification processes of model testing on any task. A collateral--lingual sulci ‘‘place’’ area activated for mental rotation, working memory, and unusual views on correct recognition and categorization trials to accomplish detailed spatial matching. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and object-sensitive lateral occipital sulcus activated for mental rotation and unusual views on categorization more than recognition, supporting verification processes of model prediction. This visual knowledge framework integrates vision and memory theories to explain how distinct prefrontal--posterior networks enable meaningful interactions with objects in diverse situations.
Monopole emission of sound by asymmetric bubble oscillations. Part 1. Normal modes

On a linearized theory, the pressure field due to bubbles oscillating asymmetrically in a ‘distortion mode’ decays with radial distance r like r−(n+1), where n > 1. Hence these modes have been thought to produce a negligible emission of sound. In this paper it is shown that, on the contrary, in nonlinear theory the distortion modes produce a monopole radiation of sound (n=0) at second order. Its frequency is twice the basic frequency of the distortion mode, and the sound amplitude is proportional to the square of the distortion amplitude. The magnitude of the pressure fluctuations within the bubble is comparable with 1 atmosphere.
THE NEAR-INFRARED COMBINATION BAND FREQUENCIES OF DIOCTAHEDRAL SMECTITES, MICAS, AND ILLITES

The highest frequency near-infrared (NIR) combination bands for specimens of four species of mica--montmorillonite-beidellite, illite, chlorite, and kaolinite--were correlated with respect to AI203 content. A direct linear correlation was found between the combination band positions and the AI203 contents of the montmorillonite-beidellite series, which may be given as: ~ cm -~ = (5.38 + 0.04) (% A1203) + (4412.8 --+ 0.9). A similar linear correlation for muscovite is: ~ cm ~ = (6.10 + 0.25) (% A1203) + (4434.1 +_ 8.3). Possible NIR band interferences are shown for different mineral mixtures, along with the correlation of different illites with muscovite. No combination bands were found in the frequency region 4425 cm l to 4625 cm ~ for specimens in which the A1203 content was only in the tetrahedral layer sites. This investigation began as a study of the near-in- frared (NIR) spectra of micas to determine whether micas could be readily identified and differentiated by the use of diffuse reflectance in the laboratory. The NIR spectral range is particularly useful both for identifying clay minerals and micas and for determining the dom- inant weathering products present at the surface when mapping land by remote sensing. The linear relation- ship of the highest frequency combination band of Muscovite with A1203 content became apparent, and the study was expanded to include other clay minerals, such as smectites, illites, chlorites, and kaolinite. The problem of spectral band interference in mineral mixtures was also investigated. Then, the linear rela- tionship of the sole combination band frequency of dioctahedral smectite with A1203 content was detected. It now appears possible to identify specific mineral species from the smectite group and to estimate the A1203 content of these smectite minerals from their NIR spectral band frequencies. Moreover, illites formed in different geologic environments have different NIR spectral band frequencies and may be studied in this manner. For this study, the spectra are presented by wave number, ranging from 4750-4000 cm -~ (2105-2500 nm) in the NIR spectrum, because this is a "window" in the atmospheric absorption spectrum where the dif- ferent vibrational mode frequencies of water are un- likely to interfere with the spectral response. The spec- tral patterns (hands) observed are related to the OH part of the crystalline structure of the minerals (Higgins and Streitz, 1988). These band frequencies consist of the sum of OH stretching and bending effects (Clark et al., 1990) representing specific resonant bonds in a crystal structure, such as A1-OH bonding. The fie-
Human herpesvirus 8-unrelated primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma: report of a rare case and review of 54 cases in the literature.

OBJECTIVES: To report a patient with primary effusion lymphoma who was negative for human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, as well as review 54 reported cases of HHV-8-unrelated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL)-like lymphoma in the literature to clarify the nature of this entity. METHODS: The patients' characteristics, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, morphologic-immunophenotypic features, clinical management, and prognosis were studied. RESULTS: HHV-8-negative PEL-like lymphomas often occur in immunocompetent and elderly patients, are sometimes associated with chronic inflammation-related fluid overload, are mostly large B-cell or large B-cell with plasmacytic differentiation type, and are associated with a better prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In various aspects, HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma is a different entity from HHV-8-related PEL. Immunophenotype, morphology, and c-myc/8q24 status should be included for differential diagnosis. A test for c-myc or 8q24 abnormalities should be recommended for subdividing HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma, which may have benefits in patient management.
5′-Guanidinonaltrindole, a highly selective and potent κ-opioid receptor antagonist

Abstract 5′-Guanidinonaltrindole (GNTI) possesses 5-fold greater opioid antagonist potency ( K e =0.04 nM) and an order of magnitude greater selectivity (selectivity ratios >500) than the prototypical κ-opioid receptor antagonist, norbinaltorphimine, in smooth muscle preparations. Binding and functional studies conducted on cloned human opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells afforded pA 2 values that were comparable to the smooth muscle data. In view of the high selectivity and potency of GNTI, it is a potentially valuable pharmacological tool for opioid research.
Molecular genetic analysis of cytomegalovirus gene regulation in growth, persistence and latency.

For the great number of RNA and DNA viruses that persist in the host following primary infection, two common tenets emerge: viral gene expression is generally downregulated or altered during persistent infection, and the host immune response fails to detect and clear virus-infected cells (Oldstone 1989). While evasion of immune surveillance is important in all persistence, viral gene products may play a direct role as regulatory functions in certain persistent viruses. Herpesvirus latency is associated with a dramatic restriction of viral replication and gene expression, suggesting that these viruses encode gene products that downregulate replication functions in certain target tissues (Stevens 1980; Jordan 1983; Roizman and Sears 1987; Baichwal and Sugden 1988). The best candidates for latency-regulatory genes are in the α (immediate early) class (Leib et al. 1989) as well as genes that are expressed during latent infection (Stroop et al. 1984; Croen et al. 1987; Stevens et al. 1987; Rock et al. 1987; Baichwal and Sugden, 1988).