cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rural Latin American Culture

IN THE preceding paper Dr. Gillin has set forth certain hypotheses regarding a general configuration of culture which we may call Latin American. In this paper the present writer proposes to document certain traits which seem to be characteristic of this culture. The documentation is necessarily preliminary. For one thing, modern Latin American communities have not been subject to anthropological study on a large scale and the number of sources is therefore limited. In the second place, the present article is intended more as a demonstration of a type of work which may be carried on intensively for the purpose of analyzing the content and organization of what is postulated as a new and emergent culture throughout Latin America. Even so, as one reads the books of travelers and the scientific monographs which are available, he becomes aware of a series of recurring cultural patterns which appear over and over again in Latin American cultural situations. This becomes even more obvious as one travels in Latin America personally. To render these impressions explicit and amenable to check, therefore, is the primary purpose of this paper. I propose to document these traits from a small number of published sources some of which are still in press and have been made available to me in manuscript. As a further check, which could doubtlessly be duplicated by many other travelers, I note observations made personally in a series of towns visited by me in Mexico and Guatemala. In Guatemala and most of Middle America the culture, to which Gillin gives the general name of Latin American, is called the Ladino culture; in Peru, for example, it is called Creole. I have chosen to present a listing of cultural elements belonging to the rural phase of culture. The difficulties of making such a list can be easily recognized by the ethnologist. Particularly is this the case where the Ladino culture exists alongside of an almost purely aboriginal culture and in other instances in an urban civilization. With these difficulties clearly in mind some simple criteria may be used in determining what will be the limits of this listing. The criteria are: 1. This study will be limited to the rural phase of culture. 2. The elements themselves must fill the requirement that they be essential to a complete description of the rural phase of Latin American culture and that their mere presence is important in distinguishing this culture from others. Finally, it must be stressed that this paper represents a tentative study that cannot in any way be considered complete. It is being presented at this time for the primary purpose of setting the problem before the students of ethnology and to stimulate future study along this line. The scientific identification and appreciation of the culture that exists in vast areas of our hemisphere is of thegreatest importance both to the student of human culture and to the general public as well.
A Combined Environments Facility for Testing of Space Shuttle External Tank Ice Ball Debris Liberation

standard based on the location, size, and assumed morphology of the potential debris. The current damage-potential methodology assumes that the ice balls liberate during the portion of flight that will provide the highest impact velo city and that a significant portion of the ice ball mass remains intact until impact. These assum ptions are considered conservative and may result in unnecessary launch scrubs. Experimental data are required to reduce conservatism. A combined environments facility has been designed to simulate the launch environments. The facility simulates vibration, ae rodynamic loading, thermal, and ascent pressure environments. These environments may be applied simultaneously or individually. This work was performed for NASA Space Shuttle Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) Office in support of Debris Risk Management.
The formation of arylating and alkylating metabolites of phenacetin in hamsters and hamster liver microsomes.

Phenacetin (49-ethoxyacetanilide) is metabolized by multiple pathways, some of which can lead to the formation of reactive electrophilic products that may combine with glutathione or tissue macromolecules. Hamster liver microsomes converted ring-labeled [14C]phenacetin to an arylating metabolite that irreversibly bound to microsomal protein (1.65 ± 0.08 nmoles/mg/10 min). The binding was decreased more than 80% in the presence of 2.5 mM ascorbic acid or 1.0 mM glutathione. Under the same conditions, radiolabel from [ethyl-14C]phenacetin bound to microsomal protein only to about one-half the extent of the ring label (0.89 ± 0.06 mmol/mg/10 min), although binding was decreased to the same levels as ring-labeled phenacetin by either ascorbate or glutathione. In striking contrast, radiolabel from [acetyl-14C]phenacetin did not bind to microsomal protein, but rather yielded significant amounts of acetamide and acetic acid. However, both acetyl-and ring-labeled phenacetin formed approximately equivalent amounts of a glutathione conjugate of acetaminophen in the presence of hamster liver microsomes and glutathione, whereas ethyl-labeled phenacetin formed lesser amounts of S-ethyl glutathione. Metabolites found in hamster urine included 3-cysteinylacetaminophen and acetaminophen-3-mercapturate which maintained radiolabel from both ring- and acetyl-labeled phenacetins, and S-ethylcysteine and S-ethyl-N-acetylcysteine which maintained radiolabel from ethyl-labeled phenacetin. Deuterium substitution for hydrogen in the ethyl group of phenacetin showed that no deuterium was lost in the ethyl conjugates derived from phenacetin either in vitro or in vivo. These results show that phenacetin can be metabolized to both reactive arylating and alkylating agents by hamsters and hamster liver microsomes, and indicate that the metabolites involved in sulfur-ether conjugate formation are different from those that bind to tissue macromolecules.
Role of Tensorial Electronic Friction in Energy Transfer at Metal Surfaces.

First order time dependent perturbation theory is used to compute the full electronic friction tensor for adsorbate dynamics on metals surfaces. The results show that electronic friction-mediated coupling occurs between otherwise independent adsorbate modes.
Quantitation and prediction of sorptive losses during toxicity testing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated PAH (NPAH) using polystyrene 96-well plates

Abstract Developing zebrafish are increasingly being used for rapid assessments of chemical toxicity, and these assays are frequently conducted in multi-well plastic plates. This study investigated the sorptive behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) to uncoated 96-well polystyrene plates typically used for zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) testing. We measured the percent sorption in the presence and absence of zebrafish embryos, at two exposure concentrations, as well as using two different procedures (addition of embryos to polystyrene plates either before analyte addition, or allowing 24 h of equilibrium between analyte addition and embryo addition to the polystyrene plates). Following exposure, the plates were extracted with hexane and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Allowing 24 h of pre-incubation between the addition of analytes and embryos did not significantly impact the percent sorption. The percent sorption was higher for both PAHs and NPAHs at the lower exposure concentration, and sorption was lower in the presence of zebrafish embryos. A mass balance model was developed to predict the sorption to polystyrene plates, based on the PAH and NPAH mass distribution ratios between polystyrene and water. While PAH sorption was significantly correlated with subcooled liquid solubility, NPAH sorption did not correlate with any of the physical-chemical properties investigated. This indicates the need to better understand the sorptive behavior of hydrophobic analytes to plastics, and to better account for sorptive losses during toxicity testing in polystyrene plates.
The laboratory evaluation of a new filtrate reducer for slurry

The PVA molecule with a large number of hydroxyl can be a filtration reducer. A crosslinked derivative of PVA was prepared by crosslinking with a selected crosslinker in order to improve its performance of filtration control. The filtration mechanism of PVA17-88 crosslinked is that the formation of a fine film between filtrate medium and cake can prevent loss of water in slurry into formation. Experimental results shows that filtration control is not significant when PVA17-88 is used alone, while the crosslinked derivative has a improved filtration property and a better temperature tolerance which is above 90 ℃ compared with a close to 80 ℃ of the PVA17-88 and salt resistance. In addition, the crosslinker can reduce the volume of PVA17-88 by 55%. The optimized concentration of crosslinkers is 2%PVA.
The Research Define the Illegibility Borderline Based on Microwave Technology

This paper introduce a method to detect the objects borderline quickly and exactly,with the CCD as the receiver.Based upon the microwave treatment technology,we deal with the illegible figure to get the profile of the borderline clearly with the precision to μm,by using the optical imaging system and the figure-dispose method appropriately.
A two-stage stabilization procedure for correction of calcaneocavus.

1. Advanced calcaneocavus includes structural bone changes in the calcaneus, as evidenced by an increase in the tuber angle. 2. The objective in the treatment of calcaneocavus is to obtain a corrected, stable foot which is as nearly normal in appearance as possible and which will afford a good weight-bearing surface when fitted with a normal shoe. 3. Shifting the foot posteriorly in order to obtain a long posterior lever arm is felt to be unsound and undesirable if a secondary foot deformity is thereby produced. 4. The two-stage operative procedure for stabilization of the calcaneocavus foot which has been presented facilitates the removal of a posterior bone wedge from the subtalar joint, allowing rotation of the calcaneus to a horizontal position and restoring heel length. 5. Immediate postoperative care is nsecessary in order to minimize complications due to pressure within the cast. 6. In a preliminary survey it was found that the objectives of the operation were obtained in twenty-one of the twenty-four feet available for evaluation. 7. A major complication occurred in only one case. There were no infections.
Anaesthetists' attitudes towards an anaesthesia simulator. A comparative survey: U.S.A. and Australia.

Anaesthesia simulation has been suggested as a method to enhance the training of clinicians without exposing patient to risk. Recently, two anaesthesia simulators have become commercially available...
Use of the Electronic Medical Record to Assess Pancreas Size in Type 1 Diabetes.

AIMS This study harnessed the electronic medical record to assess pancreas volume in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and matched controls to determine whether pancreas volume is altered in T1D and identify covariates that influence pancreas volume. METHODS This study included 25 patients with T1D and 25 age-, sex-, and weight-matched controls from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center enterprise data warehouse. Measurements of pancreas volume were made from medical imaging studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). RESULTS Patients with T1D had a pancreas volume 47% smaller than matched controls (41.16 ml vs. 77.77 ml, P < 0.0001) as well as pancreas volume normalized by subject body weight, body mass index, or body surface area (all P < 0.0001). Pancreatic volume was smaller with a longer duration of T1D across the patient population (N = 25, P = 0.04). Additionally, four individual patients receiving multiple imaging scans displayed progressive declines in pancreas volume over time (~ 6% of volume/year), whereas five controls scanned a year apart did not exhibit a decline in pancreas size (P = 0.03). The pancreas was uniformly smaller on the right and left side of the abdomen. CONCLUSIONS Pancreas volume declines with disease duration in patients with T1D, suggesting a protracted pathological process that may include the exocrine pancreas.
Tsonis final project report

This collaborative reserach has several components but the main idea is that when imperfect copies of a given nonlinear dynamical system are coupled, they may synchronize for some set of coupling parameters. This idea is to be tested for several IPCC-like models each one with its own formulation and representing an “imperfect” copy of the true climate system. By computing the coupling parameters, which will lead the models to a synchronized state, a consensus on climate change simulations may be achieved.
Unusual procedures for extending debate in the United Nations general assembly

Some critics insist that the rules permitting open and extensive debate in the General Assembly of the United Nations prevent successful resolution of international conflicts. This article argues that the special procedures for extending debate support the solution of grievances through public discussion and debate.
Associations Between Sport Participation, Goal and Sportspersonship Orientations, and Moral Reasoning

This study examined associations between level of sport participation, goal and sportspersonship orientations, and moral reasoning in sport and nonsport situations and orientation by sport participation interactions. Participants were individuals with elite (n = 176), high school (n = 183), and youth sport (n = 78) participation. When judging sport situations, individuals who participated in elite sports demonstrated poorer moral reasoning than those who participated in high school and youth sports. At low levels of sportspersonship, individuals who participated in youth sports demonstrated higher moral reasoning than those who participated in high school and elite sports. When judging nonsport situations, moral reasoning was positively related to positive sportspersonship and negatively related to ego orientation but did not differ by sport participation. Within sport, sport participation and goal and sportspersonship orientations play a critical role in moral reasoning. However, these orientations may b...
Finding compiler bugs via live code mutation

Validating optimizing compilers is challenging because it is hard to generate valid test programs (i.e., those that do not expose any undefined behavior). Equivalence Modulo Inputs (EMI) is an effective, promising methodology to tackle this problem. Given a test program with some inputs, EMI mutates the program to derive variants that are semantically equivalent w.r.t. these inputs. The state-of-the-art instantiations of EMI are Orion and Athena, both of which rely on deleting code from or inserting code into code regions that are not executed under the inputs. Although both have demonstrated their ability in finding many bugs in GCC and LLVM, they are still limited due to their mutation strategies that operate only on dead code regions. This paper presents a novel EMI technique that allows mutation in the entire program (i.e., both live and dead regions). By removing the restriction of mutating only the dead regions, our technique significantly increases the EMI variant space. It also helps to more thoroughly stress test compilers as compilers must optimize mutated live code, whereas mutated dead code might be eliminated. Finally, our technique also makes compiler bugs more noticeable as miscompilations on mutated dead code may not be observable. We have realized the proposed technique in Hermes. The evaluation demonstrates Hermes’s effectiveness. In 13 months, Hermes found 168 confirmed, valid bugs in GCC and LLVM, of which 132 have already been fixed.
Current Status of Ventilation-Perfusion Scintigraphy for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to outline recent progress made in ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy imaging techniques and the interpretation systems used for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). Various state-of-the-art approaches that can be selected according to the needs dictated by the medical practice environment and specific patient groups are presented. CONCLUSION. Although advances in tomographic imaging have certainly improved the sensitivity of V/Q scans for the diagnosis of PE, they may lead to overdiagnosis by revealing small and clinically insignificant PEs.
Europium silicate complexation at 25 °C and 0.7 molar ionic strength

Abstract Previous determinations of rare earth element (REE) complexation by silicate have been confined to observations of Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + formation. Critical assessment of these observations reveals order-of-magnitude ambiguities in the stability constants derived from a variety of experimental designs. A salient feature of prior Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + stability constant assessments is that the largest silicate stability constants were obtained in the presence of substantial silica polymerization. In the present work, Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + formation is described under conditions where polymerization should be negligible. Stability constants were obtained via observations of the following equilibrium: Eu 3 + + Si(OH) 4 0 ⇌ Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + + H + with total silicon concentrations on the order of 0.5 mM or less. The formation constant for this equilibrium at 25 °C and 0.7 M ionic strength is log β Si ∗ 1 = Eu OSi OH 3 2 + H + Eu 3 + Si OH 4 0 = − 3.27 ± 0.18 This stability constant coupled with the first ionization constant of Si(OH) 4 0 yields log Si β 1 = 6.18 ± 0.18 for the equilibrium Eu 3 + + OSi(OH) 3 − ⇌ Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + . Both of these constants are more than an order of magnitude smaller than results obtained under conditions conducive to silica polymerization (i.e., total silica concentrations between 2 and 20 mM). These new stability constants indicate that Eu(SiO(OH) 3 ) 2 + is a significant fraction of the total dissolved europium in deep waters of the Atlantic and Pacific but a very minor species in surface waters. In contrast to predictions obtained via the recent speciation model of Akagi (2013), concentrations of REE–silicate complexes throughout the oceans are much smaller than those of REE–carbonate complexes.
Control of lower extremity edema in patients with diabetes: Double blind randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of mild compression diabetic socks

Abstract Aims Persons with diabetes frequently present with lower extremity (LE) edema; however, compression therapy is generally avoided for fear of compromising arterial circulation in a population with a high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. This double blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessed whether diabetic socks with mild compression could reduce LE edema in patients with diabetes without negatively impacting vascularity. Methods Eighty subjects with LE edema and diabetes were randomized to receive either mild-compression knee high diabetic socks (18–25mmHg) or non-compression knee high diabetic socks. Subjects were instructed to wear the socks during all waking hours. Follow-up visits occurred weekly for four consecutive weeks. Edema was quantified through midfoot, ankle, and calf circumferences and cutaneous fluid measurements. Vascular status was tracked via ankle brachial index (ABI), toe brachial index (TBI), and skin perfusion pressure (SPP). Results Seventy-seven subjects (39 controls and 38 mild-compression subjects) successfully completed the study. No statistical differences between the two groups in terms of age, body mass index, gender, and ethnicity. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Sidak corrections for multiple comparisons were used for data analyses. Subjects randomized to mild-compression diabetic socks demonstrated significant decreases in calf and ankle circumferences at the end of treatment as compared to baseline. LE circulation did not diminish throughout the study with no significant decreases in ABI, TBI or SPP for either group. Conclusions Results of this RCT suggest that mild compression diabetic socks may be effectively and safely used in patients with diabetes and LE edema.
Determining whether observed eukaryotic cell migration indicates chemotactic responsiveness or random chemokinetic motion

Chemotaxis, the motion of cells directed by a gradient of chemoattractant molecules, guides cells in immune response, development, wound healing, and cancer. Unfortunately, this process is difficult to distinguish from chemokinesis, i.e., stimulated random cell motion. Chemotaxis is frequently inferred by determining how many cells cross a boundary in a chemotaxis assay, for example how many cells crawl into a chemoattractant-infused filter, or how many cells enter a defined region in an under-agarose assay or agarose spot assay. To mitigate possible ambiguity in whether motion observed in these assays is directed by the chemoattractant gradient or by chemokinesis, we developed a mathematical model to determine when such methods indeed indicate directed motion of cells. In contrast to previous analyses of chemotaxis assays, we report not just the gradients that arise in the assays but also resulting cell motion. We applied the model to data obtained from rigorous measurements and show, as examples, that MDA-MB-231 breast-cancer cells are at least 20 times less sensitive to gradients of EGF or CXCL12 than neutrophils are to formyl peptides; we then used this information to determine the extent to which gradient sensing increases the rate of boundary crossing relative to a random-motility control. Results show, for example, that in the filter assay, 2-4 times as many neutrophils pass through the filter when exposed to a gradient as when the gradient is absent. However, in the other combinations of cells and assays we considered, only 10-20% more cells are counted as having migrated in a directed, rather than random, motility condition. We also discuss the design of appropriate controls for these assays, which is difficult for the under-agarose and agarose spot assays. Moreover, although straightforward to perform with the filter assay, reliable controls are often not done. Consequently, we infer that chemotaxis is frequently over-reported, especially for cells like MDA-MB-231 cells, which move slowly and are relatively insensitive to gradients. Such results provide insights into the use of chemotaxis assays, particularly if one wants to acquire and analyze quantitative data.
A Novel Spectro-electrochemical Cell for In Operando FT-IR Spectroscopy

A novel spectro-electrochemical cell for in operando FT-IR spectroscopy has been developed. Attenuated total reflection allows FT-IR measurements in coin cell geometry. Polysulfide evolution in Li-S batteries was studied extensively using the cell.
Impact of Stars on Human Culture

In the Hindu vision, our individual selves, though apparently separate, are interlinked not only to one another, but to the Universe at large. The idea that we are fragments of stars is taken beyond its physical meaning, into the spiritual realm as well. This talk will bring out that thesis by reflecting on the role of stars in human history and culture. This will awaken us to the fact that beyond the astrophysical visions of stars there are also deeper connections between stars and humans that have made life more meaningful. What has remained universal in human culture over the ages is star gazing: at various levels of sophistication and with differing kinds of instruments, no doubt. From the remotest times people have looked at the star studded sky, pondered about it all, recognized patterns, observed motions, formed their own judgments and woven their own pictures as to what those distant little twinkling lights were. We may look upon celestial bodies as a link between ourselves and our ancestors, for even if we do not know our distant forebears individually, we have this in common: We have all looked at our sun and moon, at the age-old planets and the self-same stars. Stars have entered the thoughts and expressions of every human group in practically all epochs of history. They have had impacts of human civilization in strange and unexpected ways. This lecture will touch on some of these: it will discuss the ways in which, over the ages, stars have entered the visions and mindset of religion, mythology, politics, literature, art, music, and even our vocabulary. Perhaps no other theme is more universal and pervasive in human culture than stars and planets.
The Sine-Gordon Chain: Mass Diffusion

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the theory of Brownian motion of interacting and non-interacting particles in a periodic potential driven by an external field [1–4]. Interesting aspects are: a close analogy between the non-equilibrium phenomena occurring close to the critical field, and continuous phase transitions in thermal equilibrium [3]; the prediction, that the average velocity at small fields and low temperatures might be associated with thermalized sine-Gordon solitons [1].
Systematic Review of Discussion Forums in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

Discussion forums are the primary and most widely used venue for social learning and communication in MOOC context. There has been an interest in the last few years to study the interactions and participation behavior in this environment. This systematic review studied eighty-four papers published between 2013–2017 to provide a state of the art, and suggest future directions in the literature from two perspectives: descriptive analysis and content analysis. The descriptive analysis aggregates the reviewed papers into five dimensions: time of the publication, stakeholders involved in the analysis, objectives, methods, and data sources used in the studies. The content analysis aims to highlight the main issues addressed and the major contributions of the papers covered by the literature review. These contributions can be categorized into three major areas, first, explore the relationship between forums participation and retention or learning outcomes and evaluate ways to increase the participation activity and learning outcomes, second, analyze participants’ contribution in the forum and how to organize the content and efficiently monitor them, finally, analyze participants’ interactions and how it influences learning. At the end, we offer some suggestions to further advance this area of research.
[This Closed Captioning is brought to you by Compulsive Heterosexuality/Able-bodiedness]

This paper examines the way that language attempts to categorize and control bodies through the space of closed captioning. The paper examines three different incidents of closed captioned in television sex scenes to argue that queering and cripping provide a framework to examine how the rhetorical choices in closed captioning reflect larger anxieties over bodies engaged in pleasure in a space coded as "disabled." In considering closed captioning as a space coded as "disabled" what is made caption-visible (and what is not) can enforce a dual binary of heterosexuality/abe-bodiedness against queer/disabled. This dual binary is examined in three different case studies, Scandal , Queer as Folk , and Orange is the New Black ; all 3 examples provide an overview of how closed captioning has performed ideological work which has largely gone unnoticed. This paper intervenes into the scholarly work which positions closed captioning as just a federal mandate or technological advancement. Instead, we should be looking at closed captioning as a series of rhetorical choices. By examining captioning, we can see the limits of defining, categorizing, and containing bodies and sex through language and disrupt ideas of normalcy which are being enacted in the space of closed captioning.
A novel technique to simulate low tension gas (LTG) process in fractured reservoirs with commercially available simulator

Abstract Low tension gas (LTG) process attempts to employ microemulsion (MI) and foam to enhance oil recovery (EOR). It is challenging to model surfactant phase behavior as a function of salinity for commercially available simulators since they lack the capability to explicitly represent MI properties. In this paper, a novel approach is developed to simultaneously model foam flow and surfactant/oil/brine key characteristics, using the general framework of CMG/STARS. Measured phase behavior data is transferred into k-value based relationships with multi-components oleic phase, based on which phase viscosities are calculated with non-linear mixing equation as function of different key components. Winsor Type phase variations are tracked by a pseudo-component generated by kinetic reactions, as another invention here. The mobility control by foam is fulfilled by the novel bubble dispersion model when increasing aqueous phase viscosity through bubble characteristics. Investigations of phase viscosities, IFT and compositions in 1D and 2D section models show that the developed methodology correctly accounts for surfactant solution desaturation in matrix and for mobility control by foam flow in the fractures. As such, the developed techniques provide a methodology to model LTG process in naturally fractured reservoirs within the framework of commercially available simulators along with their limited functionalities.
A (mis)alignment of farmer experience and perceptions of climate change in the U.S. inland Pacific Northwest

Climate change is expected to have heterogeneous effects on agriculture across the USA, where temperature and precipitation regimes are already changing. While the overall effect of climate change on agriculture is uncertain, farmers’ perceptions of current and future climate and weather conditions will be a key factor in how they adapt. This paper analyzes data from paired surveys (N = 817) and natural variation from baseline weather across the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW), to determine if long-term, gradual changes in precipitation, and temperature distributions affect farmers’ weather perceptions and intentions to adapt. We note that some areas in the iPNW have experienced significant changes in weather, while others have remained relatively constant. However, we find no relationship between changes in temperature and precipitation distributions and individuals’ perceptions and intentions to adapt. Our findings provide evidence that gradual, long-term changes in weather are temporally incongruous with human perception, which can impede support for climate action policy and adaptation strategies.
Chapter 3 – Theories of antibody formation

Publisher Summary The chapter aims to provide the history of theories of antibody formation that calls for attention the many contributions to its progress. The discovery of circulating antibody provides a new and almost impregnable rallying point for those who argued that humoral factors rather than cellular mechanisms are all important in explaining natural and acquired immunity. The theory of antibody formation is universally credited to Breinl and Haurowitz, Mudd, and Alexander, and was rapidly and widely accepted in the early 1930s. In addition, Paul Ehrlich's theory of antibody formation was based upon a Darwinian evolution of the process of intracellular digestion. He pointed out that many different types of nutrients were utilized, apparently specifically, in the metabolism of the cell, and suggested that these could interact and be absorbed by the cell only if structurally-specific receptors exist on the cell surface with which the nutrient molecules can react chemically.
The Advantages of Behavioral Health Care in the United States Army

This article explores the unique advantages of behavioral health care in the United States Army from a biopsychosocial perspective. Numerous initiatives emphasize prevention through ongoing screeni...
Perceptions of opioid use and prescribing habits in oncologic surgery: A survey of the society of surgical oncology membership

Background The objective of this study was to assess current perceptions surrounding opioid prescribing in surgical oncology to inform perioperative quality improvement initiatives. Methods After the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) approval, a survey was distributed to its membership. Five sample procedures were used to assess provider perceptions and prescribing habits. Data were summarized and compared by self-reported demographics. Results One hundred and seventy-five participants completed the survey: 149 (85%) faculty, 24 (14%) trainees, and 2 (1%) advanced practice providers. Most participants (76%) practiced in academic programs and 21% practiced in non-US locations. Few differences were identified based on clinical role, academic rank, or practice years. Compared with non-US providers, US providers expected higher pain scores at discharge, recommended greater opioid prescriptions, and estimated more days of opioid use for almost every procedure. More non-US providers believed discharge opioids should not be distributed to patients who are opioid-free in their last 24 inpatient hours (80% vs 50%, P = .001). All providers ranked education as "very important" for reducing opioid prescriptions. Conclusions Compared with their international counterparts, US surgical oncology providers expected greater opioid needs and recommended higher prescription numbers. Educating providers on multimodal opioid-sparing bundles, accelerated weaning protocols, and standardized discharge prescribing habits could have a positive impact the US opioid epidemic.
Teaching End-of-Life Preparation to African Americans.

Objective This is a pilot study with a primary goal to develop an effective, targeted educational intervention that can serve as a teaching tool to educate African American (AA) population, especially the elderly, on options of end of life (EOL) prior to critical care. Method We first assessed the level of preparation for EOL in the AA community through a survey instrument. The survey was used to determine the deficits in knowledge in AA population in Mid-Michigan regarding EOL choices before and after the educational intervention. Paired-sample t-test was used to assess changes in understanding about EOL planning options. Regressions analysis was used to assess these changes while including several demographic covariates. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Our pilot data indicated that the educational intervention could be used as an effective teaching tool in educating AA population on EOL choices. Significance of results AA patients are more likely to choose life-sustaining measures at the end of their lives compared to other ethnic groups despite terminal illness. This decision is partly based on lack of knowledge of the available options of care at the EOL. Due to multiple life-sustaining measures, the AA patients are not receiving the care to help them peacefully die. This study provides evidence that physicians will need to increase their educational efforts with the AA population to help them better understand EOL options. An educational tool like the one developed in this study may be helpful and lessen the time of education so that the physician can answer any questions at the end of the session and also empower individuals and communities to take an active role in creating a culture of wellness at the EOL and decreasing morbidity.
The homogenizing and diversifying effects of migration policy in the internationalization of higher education

Amid internationalizing shifts in higher education, universities around the world are simultaneously becoming more integrated and more disparate. This paper examines the role of immigration policy in producing convergent and divergent educational attainment among international and domestic students at Indian and US universities and shows that student and work visas influence international students’ decisions about where to study, what to study, and how much education to pursue. Using original data sources and a transnational data collection strategy, this study develops new approaches to measuring international student mobility and offers a window into transnational phenomena not easily observable in other datasets. An analysis of 7177 education histories and 105 in-depth interviews with international students, university administrators, and immigration lawyers shows that migration policy contributes to the growth of international student enrollment and multinational educations but also creates asymmetrical student flows and funnels international students into certain fields of study. The results of this study indicate that migration policies simultaneously contribute to integration and differentiation between the US and Indian university systems. The findings show that immigration policies play an important role in regulating the flow and nature of international student migration streams and lead to simultaneous convergence and divergence in the educational attainment and field of study between Indian international students enrolled in US universities and their domestically educated peers in India. Through an empirical case, this paper develops a conceptual bridge between two dominant frameworks on internationalization and theorizes the central role of migration policy in shaping processes of higher education internationalization.
Modeling Multifactor Event Driven Trading Strategy

This research paper investigates the effects of corporate events such as guidance, stock buybacks, dividend announcements, etc. on stocks in the Russell 1000 index. Impact is measured via market relative returns over a multi-day period, thereby making the resulting research viable for inter-day trading. On the long-side, our model portfolio exceeded the Russell 1000 index by over 5762 bps, generating a 21.36% annualized return from 2013 to 2019. The short-only portfolio beat its benchmark, ProShares Short S&P500, by 3023 bps over the same 7 year period. The content herein outlines a process for extracting predictive features from the Corporate event data. Algorithmic models trained on these features exhibit excellent behavior, outperforming their respective benchmark indices. For this reason, these models are a suitable base from which to create Model Portfolios. CCS Concepts • Applied Computing methodologies➝Machine Learning.
Analysis of the newly observed [15.05]0+ – X 3Σ–(0+) transition of WS observed using intracavity laser spectroscopy with Fourier-transform detection

Abstract Several bands in a new electronic transition of tungsten sulfide, WS, have been recorded at Doppler-limited resolution using intracavity laser spectroscopy with Fourier-transform detection (ILS-FTS). WS molecules were produced in the plasma discharge of a W-lined Cu hollow cathode in the presence of a gas mixture containing approximately 70% Ar and 30% H2, with a trace amount of CS2 at a total pressure of 1 torr. The (0,0), (1,0), (2,0), (1,1), (2,1), and (3,1) bands of the [15.05]0+ – X 3Σ–(0+) transition of WS were observed. Line positions for the four major isotopologues (182W32S, 183W32S, 184W32S, and 186W32S) of the (0,0), (1,0), and (2,0) bands were used in the fit. The WS bands were analyzed using PGOPHER, with previously determined constants for the X 3Σ–(0+) ground state [Harms et al., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 374, 111,378 (2020)] held fixed in the fit. A perturbation was observed in the (0,0) band which appears to be caused by an electronic state that has not been observed. Molecular parameters for the newly identified excited state are presented.
Access to cardiac surgery centers for cardiac and non-cardiac hospitalizations in adolescents and adults with congenital heart defects- a descriptive case series study.

Background Individuals with congenital heart defects (CHDs) are recommended to receive all inpatient cardiac and noncardiac care at facilities that can offer specialized care. We describe geographic accessibility to such centers in New York State and determine several factors associated with receiving care there. Methods We used inpatient hospitalization data from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) in New York State 2008-2013. In the absence of specific adult CHD care center designations during our study period, we identified pediatric/adult and adult-only cardiac surgery centers through the Cardiac Surgery Reporting System to estimate age-based specialized care. We calculated one-way drive and public transit time (in minutes) from residential address to centers using R gmapsdistance package and the Google Maps Distance Application Programming Interface (API). We calculated prevalence ratios using modified Poisson regression with model-based standard errors, fit with generalized estimating equations clustered at the hospital level and subclustered at the individual level. Results Individuals with CHDs were more likely to seek care at pediatric/adult or adult-only cardiac surgery centers if they had severe CHDs, private health insurance, higher severity of illness at encounter, a surgical procedure, cardiac encounter, and shorter drive time. These findings can be used to increase care receipt (especially for noncardiac care) at pediatric/adult or adult-only cardiac surgery centers, identify areas with limited access, and reduce disparities in access to specialized care among this high-risk population. (Am Heart J 2021;236:22–36.)
Examining the significance of age of onset in persons with lifetime anorexia nervosa: Comparing child, adolescent, and emerging adult onsets in nationally representative U.S. study

OBJECTIVE This study compared sociodemographic and clinical profiles of adult patients with lifetime DSM-5-defined anorexia nervosa (AN) categorized by age-of-onset using data from U.S. national sample of adults. METHOD Study included 216 participants from Third National Epidemiological Survey Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) who met criteria for lifetime AN based on structured diagnostic interviews (AUDADIS-5) with age-of-onset prior to age 25. Of the 216 participants, 30 were categorized as child-onset (<15 years old), 104 adolescent-onset (15-18 years of age), and 82 "emerging-adult" (19-24 years of age); the three groups were compared on their clinical characteristics. RESULTS Among participants with lifetime diagnoses of AN with onsets earlier than 25 years, adjusted prevalence rates for the three groups were: 11.8% (SE = 2.04; child-onset), 39.6% (SE = 2.69; adolescent-onset), and 48.6% (SE = 2.67; emerging-adult). Child-onset group reported more frequent adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), lowest BMI, longest episode-duration, was least likely to attend college, and had highest rate of lifetime psychiatric comorbidity. Child-onset group had earliest age of help-seeking and were most likely to have been hospitalized. Group differences persisted in analyses adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and duration of AN episode. DISCUSSION Our findings, based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults with lifetime diagnoses of AN, suggest that those with child-onset had more severe AN, greater life difficulties, and greater lifetime psychiatric comorbidity. Findings emphasize the importance of earlier recognition and rapid referral to effective treatments.
Association Between Diagnosis Code Expansion and Changes in 30‐Day Risk‐Adjusted Outcomes for Cardiovascular Diseases

BACKGROUND In January 2011, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services expanded the number of inpatient diagnosis codes from 9 to 25, which may influence comorbidity counts and risk‐adjusted outcom...
Delayed childbearing in contemporary Spain: trends and differentials

During the last decade, family formation patterns in Spain have undergone a process of substantial transformation. Younger cohorts are increasingly postponing marriage and, once they enter marriage, they tend to delay childbearing. Partly as a result of these timing shifts, period measures such as total fertility rates are likely to underestimate “true” fertility levels. This study focuses on the first stage of family formation: the transition to motherhood. Following a birth interval approach, the analysis depicts recent trends and differentials in the timing of first birth and explores the role of premarital pregnancies and contraceptive practice on first interval dynamics.
Initial evaluation of 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) as a new renal tubular tracer in normal human subjects

2027 Objectives 99mTc(CO)3(rac-ASMA) has a clearance in rats equivalent to that of 131I-OIH, the clinical gold standard for the measurement of effective renal plasma flow. Our objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics of the ASMA isomers in normal human subjects. Methods The ASMA ligand contains an asymmetric center and can exist as an enantiomerically pure sample (L-ASMA or D-ASMA) and as a racemic mixture of L- and D-isomers (rac-ASMA). Each ASMA isomer was labeled with 99mTc(CO)3 using an IsoLink kit (Covidien). Human studies were performed by co-injecting three 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) tracers and 131I-OIH into 3 normal human subjects, respectively, and simultaneously imaging each tracer for 24 min. Plasma protein binding, red cell uptake and percent injected dose in the urine were determined. Plasma clearances were determined from 10 blood samples using the single-injection, two-compartment model. Urine from each group of volunteers was analyzed for metabolites by HPLC. Results The clearance of 99mTc(CO)3(rac-ASMA) averaged 145 mL/min, as compared to 94 mL/min for 99mTc(CO)3(L-ASMA) and 337 mL/min for 99mTc(CO)3(D-ASMA), all substantially lower than the 430 mL/min clearance of 131I-OIH. However, the 99mTc(CO)3(D-ASMA)/131I-OIH plasma clearance ratio of 81% is still ~ 30% higher than the 99mTc-MAG3/131I-OIH clearance ratio (~50-60%). PPB average 54% for rac-ASMA, 77% for L-ASMA and 39% for D-ASMA. Red cell uptake was similar for all three tracers (6-9%), and all tracers had a relatively rapid renal excretion; at 3 h, the 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA)/131I-OIH ratio was 80 ± 2% for L-ASMA, 88 ± 1% for rac-ASMA and 100 ± 3% for D-ASMA. Image quality was excellent with all three agents and each 99mTc isomer was excreted unchanged in the urine. Conclusions Even though there was no difference in the clearance of the 99mTc(CO)3(rac-ASMA) and 131I-OIH in rats, plasma clearance of the ASMA isomers in humans was less than that of 131I-OIH. 99mTc(CO)3(D-ASMA) demonstrated a more rapid clearance and urine excretion than 99mTc(CO)3(L-ASMA). Research Support NIH R37 DK038842
Changing Roles of the State in Telecommunications

Since the nineteenth century, the state has played different roles in telecommunications, from owner-operator and regulator to facilitator of private sector activities. Whereas direct government involvement has diminished since the 1980s, recent years have witnessed renewed demands for intervention and a stronger role of the state. This article reviews the different roles of the state, weighs their advantages and disadvantages, and assesses the state’s future involvement. It concludes that a return to broad state ownership in telecommunications is unlikely. However, the balance between private and state activity has been and will continue to be pragmatically realigned, resulting in new institutional arrangements that might better take advantage of the comparative strengths of the public and the private sector.
An Innovative Analysis of Analgesic Consumption in the Postoperative Period

cal technique that has the potential to substantially improve the analysis of postoperative analgesic requirements. By using a retrospective sample of patients from their institution who had received a standard analgesic regimen, the authors examined the probability of repeated morphine dosing over time for up to 96 h after surgery. t o accomplish this, they used repeated time-to-event modeling (R tte ). Although modeling interindividual differences in the postoperative analgesic dosing patterns using R tte is a natural fit