cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimensional Stability of Fused Silica, Invar, and Several Ultralow Thermal Expansion Materials

A method is developed for testing the long-term dimensional stability of an iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser, using a technique whereby thermal expansion coefficients are measured by forming a Fabry-Perot etalon from the sample and monitoring the optical resonant frequencies with tunable sidebands impressed on a laser beam from a frequency-stabilized He-Ne laser. A change of 1 ppm over a 3-yr period on the part of fused silica dimensions and the differential thermal expansion of Invar LR-35 and Super Invar materials are noted. The method is of interest for the metrology of extremely stable structures such as telescopes and optical resonators.
Regulation of Insulin Action by Diet and Exercise

Abstract The regulation of the cellular actions of the hormone insulin is essential to the maintenance of macronutrient metabolism, body weight regulation, and a surprisingly diverse range of other integrative physiologic functions. Because of the diverse targets of insulin action, any dysfunction in insulin is likely to have systemic consequences. Although type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the most obvious clinical consequences of impaired insulin synthesis and insulin action, respectively, there are also subclinical disorders that attend defects in the function of insulin. In humans and horses, the “metabolic syndrome” is characterized by a cluster of metabolic sequelae that arise as a result of insulin resistance. Importantly, both diet and exercise can regulate insulin action and can thus be leveraged as treatment tools to prevent and treat the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to characterize the integrative biology of insulin action and to describe the role of diet and exercise in regulating tissue responsiveness to insulin.
Thermal Modeling for High Thermal Conductivity Thermal Ground Planes

Thermal ground planes (TGPs) are flat, thin (external thickness of 2 mm) heat pipes which utilize two-phase cooling. The goal is to utilize TGPs as thermal spreaders in a variety of microelectronic cooling applications. TGPs are novel high-performance, integrated systems able to operate at a high power density with a reduced weight and temperature gradient. In addition to being able to dissipate large amounts of heat, they have very high effective axial thermal conductivities and (because of nano-porous wicks) can operate in high adverse gravitational fields.A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is used to predict the thermal performance of the TGP. The 3D thermal model predicts the temperature field in the TGP, the effective axial thermal conductivity, and the evaporation and the condensation rates. A key feature of this model is that it relies on empirical interfacial heat transfer coefficient data to very accurately model the interfacial energy balance at the vapor-liquid saturated wick interface. Wick samples for a TGP are tested in an experimental setup to measure the interfacial heat transfer coefficient. Then the experimental heat transfer coefficient data are used for the interfacial energy balance. Another key feature of this model is that it demonstrates that for the Jakob numbers of interest, the thermal and flow fields can be decoupled except at the vapor-liquid saturated wick interface. This model can be used to predict the performance of a TGP for different geometries and implementation structures. This paper will describe the model and how it incorporates empirical interfacial heat transfer coefficient data. It will then show theoretical predictions for the thermal performance of TGP’s, and compare with experimental results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Estradiol and insulin: independent effects on eating and body weight in rats.

Abstract The effects of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement were determined in streptozotocin-diabetic female rats maintained on daily injections of protamine zinc insulin. Similar changes in food intake and body weight in these animals and in nondiabetic control animals indicate that the effects of estradiol on these measures are probably not dependent on changes in pancreatic insulin secretion. Acute and chronic insulin challenges in ovariectomized rats maintained on estradiol benzoate, nafoxidine or oil were also examined. The effects of insulin were not attenuated by prior estrogen conditioning, and there was no evidence of insulin resistance. These experiments suggest that the effects of estradiol on body weight and food intake in female rats are not dependent upon altered insulin levels nor attenuation of the effects of insulin. Estradiol may exert its influence on eating and body weight via separate and possibly more direct pathways. The data also are consistent with the suggestion that ovariectomy-induced and hypothalamic obesities are separate phenomena.
Spinal fluid formation and glucose influx in normal and experimental hydrocephalic rats

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) turnover and glucose influx were measured in normal and kaolin-induced hydrocephalic rats. The CSF formation rate of normal rats was 2.8 microliter/min and after intracisternal kaolin it was reduced to 1.8 microliter/min. The CSF-serum glucose concentration ratio of normal rats was 0.57 and was reduced to 0.47 in hydrocephalic rats. The reduction was associated with a decrease in the net influx of glucose measured in hydrocephalic rats. The fraction of serum glucose transported from blood to CSF in normal and hydrocephalic rats decreased as serum glucose increased above 200 mg/dl. At all serum glucose concentrations studied, the influx of glucose in normal rats was always 2.6 times greater than that in hydrocephalic rats. These results suggest that because the glucose transport mechanism of both groups of rats is only quantitatively different, the number of sites available for glucose transport from blood to CSF is reduced in hydrocephalic rats.
Toxocara canis and lead alter consummatory behavior in mice.

Abstract Ingestion of palatable and unpalatable solutions was measured in adult mice to which had been administered the common parasite of the dog, Toxocara canis alone, or in combination with lead. In addition, response to hot plate and susceptibility to electroconvulsive seizure were also measured. Results from the palatability test indicated that either lead or Toxocara may alter the mouse's mode of interacting with its environment. However, the two agents in combination interacted in their effects on consummatory behavior. Results from the hot plate and ECS measures were less clear with respect to how lead and/or Toxocara influence temperature reactivity and seizure susceptibility. Histological examination of the CNS in parasite infected animals revealed Wallerian Type degeneration of fiber pathways including the corpus callosum, olfactory tract, and cerebellar penduncles.
Synthesis, analytical characterization and initial capillary electrophoretic use in acidic background electrolytes of a new, single-isomer chiral resolving agent: Hexakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)- α-cyclodextrin

The sodium salt of hexakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-alpha-CD (HxDAS), the first member of the family of single-isomer, fully sulfated alpha-CDs, has been synthesized and used for the initial capillary electrophoretic separation of the enantiomers of nonionic, weak acid, weak base, and ampholytic analytes. HxDAS complexes less strongly with many of the analytes tested than the analogous beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin derivatives, namely, heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDAS) and octakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-sulfo)-gamma-cyclodextrin (ODAS). Nevertheless, it facilitated the separation of the enantiomers of a large number of weak electrolyte and nonelectrolyte analytes in acidic aqueous background electrolytes. For all analytes, the effective mobilities and separation selectivities as a function of the background electrolyte concentration of HxDAS followed the trends that were found for HDAS and ODAS.
Qualitative Research in Question: A Narrative of Disciplinary Power With/in the IRB

This article narrates the author's experience of obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval for her dissertation study. Although her research topic was particularly sensitive, this case is illustrative of the increasing level of difficulty qualitative researchers are facing in conducting not only risky research but also work that is not aligned with the National Research Council's conception of “scientific” methodology. The author nests her story within the larger social context of surveillance and disciplinary power operating on today's educational researchers. She focuses her attention on the complex power relations among researchers, IRBs, and arbiters of what counts as quality research.
Quantifying the Metrics That Characterize Safety Culture of Three Engineered Systems

With potential energy shortages and increasing electricity demand, the nuclear energy option is being reconsidered in the United States. Public opinion will have a considerable voice in policy decisions that will “roadmap” the future of nuclear energy in this country. This report is an extension of the last author’s work on the “safety culture” associated with three engineered systems (automobiles, commercial airplanes, and nuclear power plants) in Japan and the United States. Safety culture, in brief is defined as a specifically developed culture based on societal and individual interpretations of the balance of real, perceived, and imagined risks versus the benefits drawn from utilizing a given engineered systems. The method of analysis is a modified scale analysis, with two fundamental eigenmetrics, time- (τ) and number-scales (N) that describe both engineered systems and human factors. The scale analysis approach is appropriate because human perception of risk, perception of benefit and level of (technological) acceptance are inherently subjective, therefore “fuzzy” and rarely quantifiable in exact magnitude. Perception of risk, expressed in terms of the psychometric factors “dread risk” and “unknown risk”, contains both time- and number-scale elements. Various engineering system accidents with fatalities, reported by mass media are characterized by τ and N, and are presented in this work using the scale analysis method. We contend that level of acceptance infers a perception of benefit at least two orders larger magnitude than perception of risk. The “amplification” influence of mass media is also deduced as being 100- to 1000-fold the actual number of fatalities/serious injuries in a nuclear-related accident.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Abstract 5379: Ciclopirox induces autophagy through reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a synthetic antifungal agent clinically used to treat mycoses of the skin and nails, has been recently found to inhibit tumor growth in mouse model of leukemia and breast cancer MDA-MB231. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, is known as a negative regulator of autophagy. Herein, we found that CPX substantially increased GFP-LC3 dots and expression of LC3-II, a hallmark of autophagy, suggesting that CPX induced autophagy. Meanwhile, we discovered that CPX inhibited mTOR signaling in different cancer cell lines, as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of the downstream targets of mTOR, p70 S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Recently, it has been demonstrated that autophagy can be induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, we further found that CPX treatment dose-dependently induced ROS generation. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) suppressed CPX-induced ROS and the conversion of LC3I to LC3II, suggesting that CPX-induced autophagy is mediated by ROS generation. Moreover, the inhibition of phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 by CPX were partially rescued by NAC pretreatment as well. These data suggest that CPX-induced autophagy may be attributed to induction of ROS and subsequent inhibition of mTOR signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5379. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5379
Riversand-induced chlorosis (bronzing) and cupping of unifoliate and early trifoliate leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)

Abstract The excessive spotting, then yellowing, of unifoliate leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings grown on riversand caused major growth retardation of young plants. The symptoms were not caused by a nutritional deficiency or toxicity of the nutrient medium. The bronzing and reduced growth effects were removed by washing of the sand with methanol or detergent (SDS) and presumably is caused by a hydrophobic, phytotoxic compound adhering to the sand particles. The findings may be of relevance to other species if supposed inert riversand is used as a growth medium, especially if symptoms are less visually apparent and of a more subtle physiological nature.
Factors associated with participation by Mexican migrant farmworkers in a tuberculosis screening program.

Background: Tuberculosis is an important public health concern among migrant farmworkers in the United States; providing appropriate screening and treatment is difficult due to their highly mobile existence. Purpose: To analyze the relationship between variables (susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, cues to action, normative beliefs, subjective norm, attitude, and intention) from the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and participation by Mexican migrant farmworkers in a tuberculosis screening program. Method: A convenience sample of 206 migrant farmworkers were recruited after a presentation of a tuberculosis education program and were tracked during the administration and reading of the tuberculosis skin test. Participants were interviewed in Spanish by the principal investigator using the Tuberculosis Interview Instrument (TII) developed for this study. Results: Most subjects were male, aged 18-27 years, and had less than a sixth-grade education. Of the 206 subjects, 152 (73.4%) received the skin test, 149 (98%) had the skin test read, and 44 (29.5%) had positive skin tests. Based on logistic regression analysis, the model that best predicted intention included cues to action, subjective norm, susceptibility, and attitude. Participation in screening was best predicted by a model containing only two variables: intention and susceptibility. Conclusions: In this study, logistic regression analysis revealed that a more parsimonious model than the full HBM and TRA model accurately predicted both intention and behavior. The findings may be helpful in developing tuberculosis education and screening programs for Mexican migrant farmworkers.
PROPERTIES of EXTRUDED DRIED DISTILLER GRAINS (DDG) and FLOUR BLENDS

0, 20, 50 and 100% of corn, wheat, rye, barley, sorghum and oat-derived DDG's were blended with corn, potato, rice, and wheat flours at a total moisture content of 22% and extruded in a Brabender laboratory single screw extruder at barrel temperatures of either 170 or 210°C. A 3:1 compression ratio screw operating at 100 rpm and a 3.175 mm die were used for all runs. In general, the extruder torque requirement decreased with increasing levels of DDG while product density increased. In contrast, extrudate longitudinal expansion index increased with increasing DDG. Yield and radial expansion either increased or decreased dependent upon DDG type and amount.
Effect of 2450 MHz microwave energy on the blood-brain barrier to hydrophilic molecules. C. Effect on the permeability to [14C]sucrose

Alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by 2450 MHz CW microwaves was assessed semi-quantitatively after intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and exposure of conscious, unrestrained rats to incident power densities of 0, 20 or 65 mW/cm2 for 30, 90 or 180 min. Additional rats were exposed to ambient heat (42 ± 2 °C) for 30 or 90 min. None of the brain regions studied, with the exception of the normally leaky pineal gland showed extracellular HRP leakage attributable to microwave or thermally-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The mean ratio of HRP-labeled microvessel endothelium/total number of microvessels counted was determined for each brain region. Mean values for the cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of microwave-exposed and heated rats were consistently below those of corresponding sham levels. This decrease appeared to correlate inversely with power density and duration of exposure. Statistically significant deviation (P <0.05) from sham mean values occurred in the cortex, hypothalamus, cerebellum and medulla of animals made hyperthermic with ambient heat or exposure to microwaves at 65 mW/cm2 (specific absorption rate ≊ 13.0 W/kg) for 30 or 90 min. Additionally, electron microscopic evaluation of ultrathin sections taken from each of the 4 brain regions revealed no significant extravasation of HRP indicative of microwave or ambient heat-induced disruption of the bloo-brain barrier.
Activation of p38 MAPK and increased glucose transport in chronic hibernating swine myocardium

In preconditioned myocardium, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 leads to increased glucose uptake via enhanced GLUT-4 translocation. Glucose uptake is also increased in ...
The Practice of Reading and the Formation of the Moral Imagination

The practice of reading is increasingly endangered as young people intensify their interaction with the new media. Reading literature, however, is a potent source of moral formation, shaping the moral imagination. The article draws on contemporary neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and creativity studies to conceptualize the imagination and describe the special role of the moral imagination. It explores claims about the ways literature shapes the moral imagination, drawing on the findings of an empirical study of young adults who were avid readers of the Harry Potter series as children and youth.
Peritrophic envelope as a functional antioxidant

The peritrophic envelope has long been considered an important microbial barrier to midgut infection and as a selective filter for the exclusion of dietary toxins. In this paper, we present data indicating that the peritrophic envelope (PE) of Helicoverpa zea serves as a functional antioxidant, protecting the midgut epithelium from damage by dietary prooxidants. Results from in vitro assays indicate that PE effectively scavenges hydroxyl radicals and reduces hydroperoxide formation in isolated midgut tissues exposed to model free radical generating systems. The extraordinary similarity in location and function of the PE to gastric mucins of vertebrates is discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nanomanufacturing of continuous composite nanofibers with confinement-induced morphologies

Continuous core-shell nanofibers with poly(isoprene-block-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PI-b-PDMAEMA) block copolymer/polymer derived ceramic (PDC) precursor nanocomposites as cores enveloped in rigid polyacrylonitrile (PAN) shells were nanomanufactured using coaxial electrospinning. The cylindrical confinement imposed by the rigid shell led to ordered morphologies in the core not observed in bulk block copolymer nanocomposites.
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND EARLY BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DEPENDENCIES

Structural analyses of the dependencies between early displays of behavior problems, e.g. aggression, developmental delay, and later family environmental structure are presented for a sample of 19 girls and 16 boys living in the northeastern U.S. Multiple regression analyses show a moderate order of predictability (R — .56, p < .01) for the regression of an “interpersonal relationships” index on five behavioral indices but a much lower order of predictability (R — .36, p < .05) for the regression of “organization-control” on these same indices. Although these cross-age (18-mo. interval) correlations are higher than would be expected on the basis of recent theoretical commentary in developmental psychology (Sameroff, 1975), the continuing need for consistent application of multivariate designs within the context of generative models (Barth, 1966) is conspicuous.
Some implications of learning theory for assembly line design and labor productivity

Abstract This paper describes an analytical relationship between learning phenomena, assembly line design, and labor productivity. It is shown how assembly line design acts upon labor productivity if the rate of human learning and the composition of the labor force are held constant. Further, it is shown how different assembly line designs can lead to the same labor productivity by suitably adjusting the rate of learning.
Rhodium Nanoparticles from Cluster Seeds: Control of Size and Shape by Precursor Addition Rate

The size-tunable synthesis of poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-stabilized cuboctahedral rhodium nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging between 3−7 nm and multipod structures was accomplished using seeded growth methods. Isotropic PVP-capped 2.9 nm seeds were prepared by ligand exchange on rhodium-triphenylphosphine metal−organic clusters. Quantitative investigation of reaction parameters in ethylene glycol revealed that size and shape could be controlled at a single reaction temperature of 120 °C. The rate of rhodium monomer addition was found to be critical for monodispersity and shape control, regardless of thermodynamic factors. Solvent viscosity, varied by changing the polyol solvents, indicated that autocatalytic addition kinetics are responsible for isotropic versus anisotropic growth.
Ultrashort Pulsed Neutron Source

We report on a novel compact laser-driven neutron source with an unprecedented short pulse duration ($l50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ps}$) and high peak flux ($g{10}^{18}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{n}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$), an order of magnitude higher than any existing source. In our experiments, high-energy electron jets are generated from thin ($l3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) plastic targets irradiated by a petawatt laser. These intense electron beams are employed to generate neutrons from a metal converter. Our method opens venues for enhancing neutron radiography contrast and for creating astrophysical conditions of heavy element synthesis in the laboratory.
A new route to substituted vanadium carbonyl anions. Syntheses of alkyl and aryl isocyanidepentacarbonylvanadate(1-) complexes, V(CO)5CNR−

Summary Aminepentacarbonylvanadate(1-) ion undergoes thermal substitution in the presence of π acceptor ligands to provide high yields (65–85%) of V(CO) 5 L − . By this method [Et 4 N][V(CO) 5 Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ], containing an unligated PPh 2 , [Et 4 N] [V(CO) 5 (( p -ClC 6 H 4 ) 3 P)] and the first examples of the isocyanide substituted anions [V(CO) 5 CNR] − , where R=Me, t-Bu, cyclohexyl and phenyl have been prepared. This new method provides only monosubstituted carbonylvanadate(1-) ions and is especially important when such products are unavailable or not readily preparable by photochemical means.
Evaluation of back trajectories associated with ozone transport during the 1993 North Atlantic regional experiment

Abstract Back trajectories traditionally have been used to identify possible sources of pollutants measured at a receptor location; however, they neglect turbulent diffusion processes that affect pollutant transport. After evaluating the performance of a coupled mesoscale and Lagrangian particle dispersion model with observations taken during the 1993 Northern Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE), a series of forward and back trajectories are analyzed to determine the errors associated with the back trajectory calculations. The forward trajectories are based on the mean and turbulent wind components and their initial positions correspond to several urban areas in eastern North America. The back trajectories employ only the mean wind components and their initial positions correspond to the final positions of the forward trajectories within a sampling volume near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. Large differences between the forward and back trajectory positions occurred since the back trajectories did not include the irreversible turbulent diffusion processes. The back trajectories had no mechanism to identify surface source regions, with the consequence that the back trajectories would either pass over the “true” source region, or miss it altogether as a result of locating the particle at an incorrect horizontal position. A horizontal displacement error of ± 100–400 km and a vertical displacement error of ± 0.2–1 km occurred after 2 days of transport. These errors leveled off between 2 and 3 days, but grew larger again after 3 days of transport. The model results suggest that the use of back trajectories by themselves may be an inappropriate approach for estimating the source location of a plume emitted near the surface.
Plasma Modification of Solid and Porous Polyethylene

The use of electron beam generated plasmas to modify the surface of solid and porous polyethylene substrates is discussed. In both cases, the hydrophobicity of the material was mixtures. The solid material studies served as a basis for understanding the plasma-induced changes at the substrate surface, while the porous material was treated using a system designed for two-sided processing applications and proved to be the best way to maximize treatment. Plasma diagnostics were used to characterize the ion and neutral fluxes at the substrates and thereby obtain a better understanding of the plasma-polymer interaction.
D-aspartic acid supplementation combined with 28 days of heavy resistance training has no effect on body composition, muscle strength, and serum hormones associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in resistance-trained men

It was hypothesized that D-aspartic acid (D-ASP) supplementation would not increase endogenous testosterone levels or improve muscular performance associated with resistance training. Therefore, body composition, muscle strength, and serum hormone levels associated with the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis were studied after 28 days of resistance training and D-ASP supplementation. Resistance-trained men resistance trained 4 times/wk for 28 days while orally ingesting either 3 g of placebo or 3 g of D-ASP. Data were analyzed with 2 × 2 analysis of variance (P .05). Total and free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and estradiol were unchanged with resistance training and D-ASP supplementation (P > .05). For serum D-ASP and DDO, D-ASP resulted in a slight increase compared with baseline levels (P > .05). For the D-ASP group, the levels of serum DDO were significantly increased compared with placebo (P < .05). The gonadal hormones were unaffected by 28 days of D-ASP supplementation and not associated with the observed increases in muscle strength and mass. Therefore, at the dose provided, D-ASP supplementation is ineffective in up-regulating the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and has no anabolic or ergogenic effects in skeletal muscle.
Exploiting SIMD computers for general purpose computation

This paper proposes a strategy for exploiting massively parallel SIMD computers for general purpose computation. The approach places compiled programs into the local memory space of each distinct processing element (PE). Within each PE, a local program counter is initialized and the instructions are interpreted in parallel across all of the PEs by control signals emanating from the central control unit. Initial experiments with randomly generated programs show that speedup of approximately 700 is attainable on a SIMD processor with 8 K processing elements. Furthermore, additional experiments have shown that the speedup increases linearly with the number of processing elements. >
The effect of preirradiated tumour bed on the response of a murine fibrosarcoma to elevated temperatures

The effect of pretransplantation irradiation of tumour beds (tumour bed effect or TBE) on the response of tumours to elevated temperatures and on the kinetics of thermo-tolerance was studied. Animal tumours were early generation isotransplants of a fibrosarcoma, FSa-II in C3Hf/Sed mice. The tumour bed or murine foot was irradiated with 0, 8 or 16 Gy in air, and tumour cell suspensions were transplanted 1–35 days thereafter. Hyperthermia of various durations was given in a 45.5°C water bath when tumours reached an average diameter of 6 mm (110 mm3), and the tumour growth (TG) time to reach 500 mm was obtained. Dose-response curves between the TG time and the treatment time were less steep for tumours in preirradiated tumour beds than for tumours in non-irradiated tumour beds, indicating that the tumours in preirradiated tumour beds were more resistant to hyperthermia compared to the tumours in normal tumour beds. This resistance appeared to increase with increasing preirradiation dose. Thermotolerance was ...
New ideas on geologic history of Eastern Zeagli-Darvaza uplift in connection with Cenozoic hydrovolcanism

Cenozoic hydrovolcanic activity was inferred in a small area in the Kara-KumDesert by lithologic, mineralogic and morphologic studies. Several petuliar Cenozoic sedimentary rocks were interpreted as being deposited in vertical channels by hydrovolcanic waters. Associated with these channels are sulfur-capped hillocks with up to 60 m of relief. These hillocks are considered hydrovolcanic depositional features. – A. J. Woloshin.
Common Core Preparation in Special Education Teacher Education Programs: Beginning the Conversation.

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) were developed to encourage a common focus of instruction and evaluation in the areas of mathematics, reading/language arts, writing, speaking, and listening....
Ventilation-perfusion scanning: stuck in a rut, perhaps, but the road ahead is not so clear.

TO THE EDITOR: The recent editorial by Michael Graham states that the reason ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) SPECT has been slow to be adopted in the United States is due to confusion about the approach to interpretation of the studies; however, he states that the issue has been resolved—that is,
Editorial 2 Pediatrics in Review

With this first issue of PEDIATRICS IN REVIEW the American Academy of Pediatrics9 sponsored pediatric review and education program (PREP) has been launched. The program is multifaceted and will be coordinated with the American Board of Pediatrics program for recertification in pediatrics. Medical education (continuing education) has always been the Academy9s highest priority and PREP is the most recent and most comprehensive of all Academy education programs. Maintaining professional competence is a responsibility of every pediatrician and PREP is a coordinated program of continuing education designed to help pediatricians maintain and assess their own competency. The objectives for PREP (and for the American Board of Pediatrics recertification program) are: (1) To help pediatricians acquire new abilities in the management of acute and chronic illness in infants, children and adolescents; these abilities include attitudes (work habits), knowledge and clinical judgment, interpersonal (communication) skills, and technical skills; (2) To help pediatricians, through a program of self-assessment procedures, set their own priorities for professional advancement and to determine when their goals have been met.
Gain of function mutants reveal sites important for the interaction of the atypical inhibitors benztropine and bupropion with monoamine transporters.

Two atypical inhibitors of the dopamine transporter, benztropine, used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and bupropion, used as an antidepressant, show very different psychostimulant effects when compared with another inhibitor, cocaine. Taking advantage of the differential sensitivity of the dopamine and the norepinephrine transporters (DAT and NET) to benztropine and bupropion, we have used sitedirected mutagenesis to produce gain-of-function mutants in NET which demonstrate that Ala279 in the trans-membrane domain 5 (TM5) and Ser359 in the TM7 of DAT are responsible for the higher sensitivity of DAT to both bupropion and benztropine. Substitution of these two DAT residues into the NET background does not alter the potency of NET-selective inhibitors, such as desipramine. The results from experiments examining the ability of DAT-selective inhibitors to displace [ 3 H]nisoxetine binding in NET gain-of-function mutants suggest that Ser359 contributes to the initial binding of the inhibitor, and that Ala279 may influence subsequent steps involved in the blockade of translocation. Thus, these studies begin to identify residues that are important for the unique molecular interactions of benztropine and bupropion with the DAT, and that ultimately may contribute to the distinct behavioral actions of these drugs.
Comparison based selective harmonic elimination using a modified reference signal

A novel method has been proposed where selective harmonic elimination is achieved by comparing a modified reference signal against a high frequency carrier. A triangular or sinusoidal carrier can be used in its implementation. Unlike other selective harmonic elimination techniques, no on-the-fly signal processing is necessary. The tunability feature is similar to that of sine-triangle PWM generator and easy for implementation. The method allows maintaining a desired fundamental strength while eliminating unwanted harmonics, thereby improving SNR and lowering THD. Simulation and laboratory studies are provided to support the proposed approach.
Effects of relaxin on lactational performance in ovariectomized gilts.

In gilts, mammary lobulo-alveolar growth begins on about Day 80 of gestation and continues progressively until term. Relaxin in concert with estrogen plays a major role in promoting this mammary gland growth. The present study was conducted to determine the importance for lactational performance of prepartum relaxin-dependent growth of the mammary glands in ovariectomized gilts given progesterone to maintain pregnancy. Twenty-four gilts were either sham ovariectomized or bilaterally ovariectomized and assigned to four treatment groups: shamovariectomized control, ovariectomized progesterone-treated, ovariectomized progesterone- and (starting at Day 80) relaxintreated, and ovariectomized progesterone- and (starting at Day 100) relaxin-treated. Piglets were delivered by cesarian section, and gilts were given uniform colostrum-replete foster litters (born of untreated mothers) to nurse from Day 1 to Day 28 of lactation. Prepartum mammary development appeared by visual examination to be greatly reduced in relaxin-deficient gilts. Stimulus of the mammary nipples by the nursing piglets, however, appeared to overcome relaxin-dependent differences in mammary development among treatments. There was no effect of treatment on the time piglets spent at the udder, piglet mortality, piglet weight at Day 21 of lactation, milk composition, mammary cross-sectional area, or sow weight change during lactation. We conclude that gilts devoid of circulating luteal relaxin can display normal lactational performance when given colostrum-replete foster litters.
Influence of AlGaN deep level defects on AlGaN/GaN 2-DEG carrier confinement

We have used low energy electron-excited nanoscale luminescence spectroscopy (LEEN) to detect the defects in each layer of AlGaN/GaN HEMT device structures and to correlate their effect on two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) confinement. We investigated AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with different electrical properties using incident electron beam energies of 0.5 to 15 keV to probe electronic state transitions within each of the heterostructure layers. AlGaN heterostructures of 25 nm thickness and nominal 30% Al concentration grown on GaN buffer layers on sapphire substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy exhibited a range of polarization-induced electron densities and room temperature mobilities. In general, the spectra exhibit AlGaN band edge emission at /spl sim/3.8 eV or /spl sim/4.0 eV, GaN band edge emission at /spl sim/3.4 eV, yellow luminescence (YL) features at 2.18 eV and 2.34 eV, and a large emission in the infrared (<1.6 eV) from the GaN cap layer used to passivate the AlGaN outer surface. These heterostructures also show high strain in the 2 nm-thick GaN layer with evidence for a Franz-Keldysh red shift due to piezoelectric charging. The LEEN depth profiles reveal differences between the structures with and without 2-DEG confinement and highlight the importance of AlGaN defects in the near 2-DEG region.
Clinical Advances in the Diagnosis and Therapy of the Interstitial Lung Diseases

The last century experienced remarkable advances in the classification, diagnosis, and understanding of the pathogenesis of the interstitial lung diseases. Technological advances, particularly physiologic testing, lung imaging studies, bronchoalveolar lavage, surgical lung biopsy, and histopathologic assessment, improved our understanding of these entities. In particular, the advent of high-resolution computed tomography, the narrowed pathologic definition of usual interstitial pneumonia, and recognition of the prognostic importance of separating usual interstitial pneumonia from other idiopathic interstitial pneumonia patterns have profoundly changed the approach to these processes. Most recently, genetic medicine, the use of new technologies (e.g., microarrays, mass spectroscopic analysis of proteins, and laser capture microdissection), and the development of animal models have had a major impact on understanding the pathogenesis and potential molecular targets for interfering with fibrogenesis. This article highlights some of the advances and changes in clinical practice that took place in the management of patients with interstitial lung diseases over the last century.
ORANGE: a method for evaluating automatic evaluation metrics for machine translation

Comparisons of automatic evaluation metrics for machine translation are usually conducted on corpus level using correlation statistics such as Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient or Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient between human scores and automatic scores. However, such comparisons rely on human judgments of translation qualities such as adequacy and fluency. Unfortunately, these judgments are often inconsistent and very expensive to acquire. In this paper, we introduce a new evaluation method, Orange, for evaluating automatic machine translation evaluation metrics automatically without extra human involvement other than using a set of reference translations. We also show the results of comparing several existing automatic metrics and three new automatic metrics using Orange.
Vector quantization for recognition of hand written numerals

An extremely simple, highly parallel vector quantization method far recognizing hand written numerals is described. A perceptron learning rule was used in training model numerals composed of simple, local features. 120 images per character were used to train the system; a different set of 100 images per character was used in testing. In the 32 experiments performed to examine the effects of various feature-related parameters, a maximum correct classification rate of 96.7% was observed. >
Cure of incurable lymphoma

The most potent method for augmenting the cytocidal power of monoclonal antibody (MAb) treatment is to conjugate radionuclides to the MAb to deliver systemic radiotherapy (radioimmunotherapy; RIT). The antigen, MAb, and its epitope can make a difference in the performance of the drug. Additionally, the radionuclide, radiochemistry, chelator for radiometals and the linker between the MAb and chelator can have a major influence on the performance of drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) for RIT. Smaller radionuclide carriers, such as antibody fragments and mimics, and those used for pretargeting strategies, have been described and evaluated. All of these changes in the drugs and strategies for RIT have documented potential for improved performance and patient outcomes. RIT is a promising new therapy that should be incorporated into the management of patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) soon after these patients have proven incurable. Predictable improvements using better drugs, strategies, and combinations with other drugs seem certain to make RIT integral to the management of patients with NHL, and likely lead to cure of currently incurable NHL.
Composite inelastic dark matter

Abstract Peaking consistently in June for nearly eleven years, the annual modulation signal reported by DAMA/NaI and DAMA/LIBRA offers strong evidence for the identity of dark matter. DAMA's signal strongly suggest that dark matter inelastically scatters into an excited state split by O ( 100 keV ) . We propose that DAMA is observing hyperfine transitions of a composite dark matter particle. As an example, we consider a meson of a QCD-like sector, built out of constituent fermions whose spin–spin interactions break the degeneracy of the ground state. An axially coupled U ( 1 ) gauge boson that mixes kinetically with hypercharge induces inelastic hyperfine transitions of the meson dark matter that can explain the DAMA signal.
Nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy for structural and chemical analysis of biological solutions in microfluidic devices

We demonstrate here for the first time potential applicability of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) for protein folding and crystallization in microchannels.
Explaining Muslim Americans’ Opinions on Salient Issues

Despite numerous individual success stories of living the American dream, the Muslim American community still remains one of the most misunderstood and underrepresented minorities in the United States. This study investigates the views of this community by mapping and explaining members' investigates on a number of issues of social and political import. It shows that the issue attitudes of Muslim Americans are rather uniform on some social and non-social issues but very diverse on others. Moreover, it also shows that the differences of opinion that were uncovered can be explained by a variety of factors including a respondent's ethnic or national origin and how committed a respondent is to the practice of Islam, defined by the frequency of mosque attendance. While these results are temporally limited, they do show that this is a very diverse community and set a strong foundation for further quantitative and qualitative investigations of how Muslim Americans' religious practices, ethnic backgrounds, and so...
The New Completed Genome of Purple Willow (Salix purpurea) and Conserved Chloroplast Genome Structure of Salicaceae

To compare the whole chloroplast genomes from Salicaceae, the fully assembled chloroplast genome purple willow ( Salix purpurea ) was assembled in this study based on the next generation sequencing data. The total genome size of Salix purpurea was 155,590 bp in length, comprising a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 27,459 bp, which were divided by large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) of 84,452 bp and 16,220 bp, respectively. For seven species of Salicaceae, the same sets of gene content and number are found. 110 genes were annotated, including 76 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Among these, 18 are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, 14 genes contained 1 intron, and 3 genes ( rps12 , clpP and ycf3 ) comprised of 2 introns. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(3):e49, 2015.
Differential Sampling Measurement of a 7 V RMS Sine Wave With a Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard

A 10 V programmable Josephson voltage standard has enabled sine waves with voltages up to 7 V RMS to be accurately measured with a differential sampling measurement technique. Expanding the voltage range for this technique enables the direct calibration of the low-frequency ranges of commercial calibrators in the ac voltage mode. This paper reviews the practically achievable performance and challenges of the differential sampling measurement technique that arise when measuring RMS voltages greater than a few volts. A relative Type A uncertainty of 4 parts in $10^{7}$ was achieved with the technique when measuring a 7 V RMS sine wave generated by a calibrator at 62.5 Hz.
Feeding Value of Dried Porcine Solubles for Weanling Pigs12

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance and diet preference of weanling pigs fed dried porcine solubles (DPS 30) relative to pigs fed diets containing recognized high-quality protein spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) and spray-dried blood cells (SDBC). In Exp. 1, a total of 150 pigs were used to evaluate DPS 30 compared with SDPP in a slope-ratio assay. The nutritional value of DPS 30 compared with SDPP was 99 to 114% when appropriate adjustments for Lys, Met, and Thr were made. In Exp. 2, a total of 165 pigs were used to evaluate DPS 30 compared with SDBC in a growth performance assay. There were no differences in ADG between pigs fed SDBC and various levels of DPS 30; there was some indication of a greater G:F with DPS 30. In Exp. 3 and 4, a total of 80 and 56 pigs were used, respectively, to evaluate level and types of DPS in a diet preference assay. In Exp. 3, at d 7, 14, and 21, pigs chose to eat more of the 2.5% DPS 30 diet (P < 0.05) compared with either the 0 or 5% DPS 30 diets. In Exp. 4, at d 21 and 27, pigs chose to eat more of the 2.5% SDPP and 2.5% DPS 30 diets (P < 0.05) compared with the 5% SDPP diet. The DPS 30 is a by-product feedstuff that provides performance similar to recognized high-quality protein SDPP and SDBC, and when added at levels of 2.5 to 3%, can improve diet preference by pigs. It should therefore be considered as a potential ingredient for weanling pigs.
Lead IV of the Electrocardiogram in Rheumatic Fever

SummaryIn acute rheumatic fever, lead IV of the electrocardiogram sometimes furnishes evidence of active carditis, when changes indicating myocardial involvement are not observed in the standard 3 leads. Frequently definite changes in lead IV render significant minor alterations in the first 3 leads which might otherwise be regarded as of doubtful importance. On occasion, changes denoting rheumatic lesions in the heart muscle may appear in the first 3 leads without change being present in lead IV. In ambulatory patients with rheumatic heart disease a single electrocardiogram may reveal evidence of myocardial damage in lead IV only. Obviously, a single record does not establish the presence of rheumatic activity in the heart.Changes in the electrocardiogram characteristic of myocardial involvement were found in 5 patients whose hearts, at autopsy, showed the lesions of active rheumatism. In 2 cases in which active rheumatic carditis was suspected during life, but was not found at autopsy, the electrocardio...
Substituent Exchange Reactions with High Polymeric Organophosphazenes

Side group exchange reactions have been studied for linear high polymeric organophosphazenes, [N═P(OR2)]n (n ∼ 15 000). Specifically, the exchange behavior of polymers was examined where OR = OCH2CF3, OCH2CF2CF2CF2CF2H, OCH2Cl3, OC6H4CHO-p, OC6H4CN-p, and OC6H4NO2-p with sodium trifluoroethoxide. No aryloxy group replacement by trifluoroethoxy was detected, probably due to the well-protected reactive sites of the polyphosphazenes shielded by aryloxy side groups. For the exchange behavior of [N═P(OCH2CF3)2]n and [N═P(OCH2CF2CF2CF2CF2H)2]n with NaOCH2CF2CF2CF2CF2H and NaOCH2CF3, partial substituent exchange was achieved for both reactions. Furthermore, under conditions with excess nucleophile these side group exchange reactions are followed by reactions that introduce sodium–oxo groups attached to phosphorus in place of organic substituents, and this is a mechanism for subsequent hydrolysis and molecular weight decline in the presence of water. Thus, the relative instability of high polymeric [N═P(OCH2CF3)2...