cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferometric Measurements of Cesium I

Sixty-four lines in the arc spectrum of cesium have been measured interferometrically by utilizing several different light sources, to obtain, in general, wavelengths with an uncertainty of ±0.001 A, and energy levels with an uncertainty of ±0.001 cm−1. The energy levels of the individual series have been represented by extended Ritz formulas with a root-mean-square deviation of less than 0.004 cm−1. The value of the series limit derived from these formulas is (31 406.450±0.030) cm−1. Eight terms of the 2F series have been represented by a two-parameter polarization formula with a rms deviation of 0.04 cm−1.The hyperfine components of the 62S12,82S12, and 62P12 levels have been resolved. By making use of the theoretically predicted dipole intensity relations, rough values of the splitting factors in the unresolved 2S and 2D states have been obtained which agree with the values predicted on the basis of the Fermi-Segre-Goudsmit formula. In the forbidden transitions n2D32,52-62S12, the theoretical quadrupole intensity relations were used to obtain the splitting factors of the n2D32,52 states. These splitting factors differed markedly from those predicted by the Fermi-Segre-Goudsmit formula.
Kinetics of phase transition in polymer gels

Abstract Remarkable progress has been made recently in the understanding of the kinetics of the phase transition in polymer gels. This rich, scientific problem with substantial technological significance will be reviewed.
Genetic control of the immune response in pathogenesis.

Background: Epidemiological studies have suggested that there is a genetic component to susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. Studies in humans and in animal models have suggested that some of the important components may be polymorphisms in key immunological genes.Methods: This paper summarizes previously published data from a mouse model in which alveolar bone loss is induced by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mice of different inbred immune-normal strains were used, as well as the F1 heterozygotes from crosses between strains. In addition, tissue expression of an array of immunological genes was measured in the gingiva and spleen of these mice by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (QPCR).Results: Not all strains of mice are susceptible to bone loss. Intercross experiments demonstrate that susceptibility is an inherited trait. A subset of immunological genes tested showed differential basal expression in the gingiva or spleens (or both). Tumor necrosis factor a...
Intracellular second messengers synthesis of L-α-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate and analogs

Abstract Concise syntheses of the title phospholipid as well as a water soluble, short chain diester and a cross-linkable aminodiether analog utilized chiral inositol 1 .
MULTIVARIATE AND UNIVARIATE PROCESS CONTROL: GEOMETRY AND SHIFT DIRECTIONS

Multivariate process control procedures based on simultaneous univariate control charts have been suggested by several authors. These procedures are very sensitive to the direction of a process shift. We present a simple geometrical description of this directional sensitivity and quantify its effect. The advantages of control charts based on the principal components are noted. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calibration of Polarimetric Radars Using In-scene Reflectors

A polarimetric radar calibration algorithm using three in-scene reflectors is developed based on the exact solution for general target choices. The transmitting and receiving ports of the polarimetric radar are modeled by two unknown polarization transfer matrices. These transfer matrices are solved in terms of measurements from three independent calibration targets with known scattering matrices. The solutions for several sets of calibration targets with simple scattering matrices are presented first. Then, when at least two of the target scattering matrices can be simultaneously diagonalized, polarimetric calibration is derived using the method of simultaneous diagonalization of two matrices. A transformation matrix is found to convert the general scattering matrices into the simple cases, and the problem is solved in the transformed domain. The solution to the original problem then can be expressed in terms of the solutions obtained for the simple scattering matrices. All possible combinations of calib...
Fine structure of the posterior subclavian ganglion of the newt Triturus.

The posterior subclavian ganglion of the newt Triturus viridescens consists of a central zone of adrenal or interrenal cells and an outer cortex of chromaffin cells and sympathetic ganglion cells. Interrenal cells contain abundant large clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm and mitochondria with tubular cristae. Two types of chromaffin cells were observed: cells containing opaque granules, 1500 A in diameter (norepinephrine), and cells containing moderately dense granules, 2600 A in diameter (epinephrine). Both types of granules are present in a few cells. Sympathetic ganglion cells and their efferent nerves contain vesicles, 750 A in diameter, with dense cores. Small unmyelinated nerves are located between chromaffin cells or between ganglion cells and their satellite sheaths. In synaptic regions, spherical or oval clear vesicles are abundant. Large bundles of a few myelinated nerves and many small unmyelinated nerves occur between the cellular elements. Axons are enveloped by Schwann cells and the large nerve bundles are loosely enclosed by a connective tissue sheath (endoneurium). Melanophores or pigment cells and connective tissue elements occur in the cortex of the gland.
Adenovirus as a System for Delivering and Expressing Tumor Suppressor Genes in Tumor Cells

The strategy for tumor suppressor gene therapy for cancer is to suppress the malignant phenotype of tumor cells by replacing the inactivated gene with a normal (wild-type) one to restore control of cell growth and differentiation. To effectively carry out this strategy, the therapeutic genes must be delivered efficiently and expressed at an adequate level in the tumor. Adenoviral vectors have rapidly developed into one of the major systems now in use to effect this delivery and expression, primarily because of their advantages over other viral vectors, such as their ease of manipulation, their wide host cell range with high infectivity, their relative stability with high obtainable titers (1010–1012plaque-forming units/ml), and their episomal expression with low genotoxicity. Adenoviral vectors are a good technical approach to delivering tumor suppressor genes for cancer therapy; they have demonstrated effectiveness in preclinical animal models. This chapter organizes and describes a series of methods for developing a preclinical model for adenovirus-mediated tumor suppressor gene therapy of cancer. The disadvantages of adenoviral vectors and the possibilities for improving this vector system to enhance tumor suppression efficacy are also discussed.
Comparison of petite induction in yeast by acridines, ethidium and their photoaffinity probes

The production of petite mutations by different acridine analogs was studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Compounds with amino substituents at the 2 and 3 positions of the acridine nucleus and methylation at position 10 were effective for petite induction in growing cells but not in resting cells, while those with chloro, nitro and methoxy substituents were not effective in either resting or growing cells. Photosensitive azido derivatives of the acridines were tested to evaluate the role of covalent drug attachment for mutagenesis in resting cells. Photolysis of resting cells with 9-azido, 3-azido-6-amino-, 9-azido-10-methyl-, or 3-azido- 6-amino-10-methyl-acridine was highly toxic. 3-Azido-6-amino-acridine, and especially 3-azido-10-methyl-, and 3-azido-6-amino-10-methyl-acridine, were effective petite inducers in resting cells. Thus, the photosensitive (azido) group at position 9 produced only cell killing while the azido group at position 3 and/or 6 led to effective petite induction in resting cells. In contrast, petite induction was observed only for growing cells, for dark control experiments with these compounds or with the monoazide precursor compounds.
981-53 Impaired Ventilatory Adaptations to Submaximal Exercise in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

The physiologic determinants limiting maximal exercise performance in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have not been completely characterized. Cardiac, peripheral, and ventilatory responses to exercise are attenuated in patients with CHF. While ventilatory factors are not believed to limit maximal exercise, several abnormalities of pulmonary function have been documented. Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) is a brief hyperventilatory maneuver that is usually performed at rest. We hypothesized that this maneuver performed during exercise could further elucidate exercise-induced pulmonary abnormalities in patients with CHF. Accordingly, MVV (in L/min, determined by a 12-second maximal hyperventilatory effort) was measured at rest and during 10 minutes of submaximal bicycle exercise (at 55% of a previously determined maximal effort) in 9 normal subjects (NL) and 9 patients with CHF (mean EF 0.23). Results VO 2 max Peak V E Rest MVV Exercise MVV NL 38.3 ± 7.1 132 ± 32 175 ± 42 193 ± 36 CHF 15.4 ± 1.9 * 73 ± 13 * 143 ± 28 143 ± 25 * Peak V E = peak ventilation during maximal exercise * P l 0.05. CHF vs normals Although ventilatory factors did not appear to limit exercise (since MVV gg peak V E in both NL and CHF), MVV increased during submaximal exercise only in normal subjects but not in patients with CHF (+ 11% vs +0%, P l 0.05). The exercise-induced increase in MW in normal subjects may represent an adaptive response to exercise related to exercise-induced bronchodilation or sympathetic stimulation of the diaphragm. These mechanisms may be attenuated in CHF secondary to bronchial edema from high left ventricular filling pressures, or due to intrinsic diaphragmatic muscle abnormalities. The absence of normal ventilatory adaptations to exercise may contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with CHF
Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 CTAR1 mediates rodent and human fibroblast transformation through activation of PI3K

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus associated with a variety of malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is considered the EBV oncogene as it is necessary for EBV-induced B-lymphocyte transformation and has been shown to transform rodent fibroblasts. LMP1 contains two signaling domains, the carboxy-terminal activating region 1 and 2 (CTAR1 and CTAR2), by which NF-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase are activated. In this study, the role of CTAR1 and CTAR2 in LMP1-mediated transformation of rodent fibroblasts was analysed. CTAR1 was found to be necessary for rodent fibroblast transformation, whereas CTAR2 was dispensable. The activation of the PI3K pathway in Rat-1 cells by LMP1 and LMP1-CTAR1 in transformed cells resulted in phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. The role of PI3K and NF-kappaB activation in LMP1-mediated transformation was further analysed using the chemical inhibitors LY294002 and BAY 11-7085. LY294002 inhibited CTAR1-induced focus formation and anchorage-independent growth, whereas BAY 11-7085 did not inhibit focus formation or anchorage-independent growth. Similar studies in human fibroblasts confirmed that LMP1-CTAR1 also mediates aberrant growth, phosphorylation of Akt, and decreased levels of p27. These findings indicate that LMP1-mediated rodent fibroblast transformation is dependent upon activation of PI3K and Akt and is independent of activation of NF-kappaB.
Encoding Distinctiveness and the Encoding Shift Penalty in Children and Adults.

Abstract This study determined some of the reasons for developmental differences in retrieval variability. The critical manipulation involved the use of semantic orienting questions at both acquisition and retrieval for elementary school children (7 and 10 years of age) and adults. The retrieval questions biased the sampling of cue information compatible or incompatible with the information sampled in acquisition. The recall difference that resulted is the Encoding Shift Penalty . Experiment 1 manipulated encoding distinctiveness at acquisition and the delay between acquisition and retrieval. Experiment 2 varied acquisition encoding constraint and employed two retrieval trials varying the kind of retrieval question. Among other findings, the results suggest that (1) the acquisition encoding of adults is more distinctive than is that of children; (2) encoding distinctiveness affects the probability of sampling and resampling compatible cue information, and the identification of target event information once cue comptibility is ensured at retrieval; and (3) incompatible initial samples of retrieval cue information for children may interfere with their ability to resample successfully.
Factors influencing suitability of elms for elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Suitability of elm varieties for Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller), the elm leaf beetle, was determined in a series of experiments. Suitability of elms was based on pupal weight, developmental time to the pupal stage, preoviposition period, and fecundity. Foliage from Ulmus pumila L., U. wilsoniana Schneid. , U. americana L., U. parvifolia Jacq., and ‘Urban’ elm, a vegetatively propagated elm hybrid, was used for interspecific comparisons. U. pumila was the most suitable host. U. parvifolia was the least suitable. Differences were also found in U. pumila and ‘Urban’ elm grown in separate locations. ‘Urban’ elms grown under different fertilization and watering regimes showed differences in suitability for both larval and adult X. luteola. The differences were due to the interaction of leaf water content (%) and leaf protein content (mg/g of dry leaf).
Creativity in Western Civilization: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes

Kroeber's Configurations of Culture Growth (1944) posed a significant problem: Why do creators in any discipline, and in any civilization area, cluster into Golden Ages that are separated by Dark Ages? In a series of papers published in AA, Edward Gray (1958, 1961, 1966) attempted to address this question by proposing an epicyclical model. Simply put, the ups and downs in creativity which form Kroeber's configurations are the effects of underlying cycles in the political, economic, and social milieu. When the peaks of these three cycles converge, the outcome is a period of great florescence in the arts and sciences. Provocative
Human ITCH E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Deficiency Causes Syndromic Multisystem Autoimmune Disease

Ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Absence of Itch E3 ubiquitin ligase in mice has been shown to cause severe autoimmune disease. Using autozygosity mapping in a large Amish kindred, we identified a linkage region on chromosome 20 and selected candidate genes for screening. We describe, in ten patients, identification of a mutation resulting in truncation of ITCH. These patients represent the first reported human phenotype associated with ITCH deficiency. These patients not only have multisystem autoimmune disease but also display morphologic and developmental abnormalities. This disorder underscores the importance of ITCH ubiquitin ligase in many cellular processes.
Posterior hip dislocation in a five-year-old boy: A case report, review of the literature, and current recommendations

Traumatic hip dislocation constitutes a true orthopedic emergency, is a relatively rare occurrence in the pediatric population, and may be accompanied by minimal trauma. Long-term morbidity such as avascular necrosis or osteoarthritis of the femoral head may be significant if the diagnosis is not expeditiously confirmed radiographically and prompt reduction employed. A poorer prognosis is conferred by duration of dislocation for longer than 6 h, advanced skeletal maturity of the patient, severe joint injury, or multiple trauma in the affected patient. A case report involving traumatic hip dislocation in a 5-yr-old boy is described followed by a comparative review of the pediatric and adult literature with current recommendations.
Left ventricular contributions to right ventricular systolic function during LVAD support

Background. In patients with postcardiotomy low cardiac output syndromes, right ventricular (RV) failure develops in approximately 25% of patients receiving left ventricular (LV) assist device support. Depressed RV function have been attributed to abnormalities of the RV myocardium, excessive load imposed on the RV during systole or diastole, or obstruction to RV inflow. However, recent studies also suggest that LV function may significantly affect RV function through ventricular interdependence. Methods. We reviewed the data showing the importance of systolic ventricular interaction. We then related these observations to the RV response during LV assist device support, and present our ideas regarding the mechanisms responsible for this RV failure. Results. Using an electrically isolated right heart preparation, Damiano observed double-peaked waveforms for RV pressure, and pulmonary artery blood flow occurred over a wide range (0 to 300 ms) of pacing intervals between the LV and RV. Numeric analysis indicated that RV systolic pressure and pulmonary artery blood flow were composed of both RV and LV components, with the LV component dominating (63.5% versus 36.5%). Conclusions. The experimental studies indicate a very consistent RV response during LV assist device support: a decrease in RV afterload, increased compliance, and decreased contractility. In normal hearts, the net effect is an increase or no change in cardiac output. With a preexisting pathologic condition, the RV responses is qualitatively the same, but anatomic ventricular interaction is accentuated, leading to a greater decrease in RV contractility. The net effect is a decrease in cardiac output, which may require inotropic or RV mechanical support.
Carbon-13: carbon-12 ratios in dissolved and particulate organic matter in the sea

Abstract A technique has been developed for the determination of the 13 C/ 12 C ratios in the dissolved organic matter in the sea. Results of 18 samples from the northeast Pacific show that these ratios and those for five samples of particulate organic carbon are between − 21·2 and − 24·4. The ratios are essentially invariant with depth and time, and do not correlate with dissolved oxygen or total dissolved organic carbon. These results suggest a singular and common source for the dissolved and particulate organic matter and that this material is stable to biochemical fractionation.
Evaluation of optical path adhesive's behavior in high-power photonics applications

In this paper we present the result of a sensitive experimental technique used to provide information about the limitations of using organic polymers for fiber-optic high power applications. Optical path adhesives are commonly used in fiber optics assemblies due to their mechanical and optical properties. However, their use in high power applications creates certain concerns about short-term and long-term stability of the adhesive material. We developed an approach for evaluating the effects of high power in optical path adhesives used in applications for fiber-optic devices. We extended far field experimental technique for analysis on a thin polymer layer placed on the tip of an optical fiber exposed to a wide range of optical powers. We found that this technique can be used for both thermo-optical effects evaluation and electronic non-linear contributions to the refractive index of the material. We show how this method permits separation of these two effects, and long term behavior of polymer materials in such applications. This approach could be used for evaluation of wide range polymer materials in photonics.
Microwave electromechanical resonator consisting of clamped carbon nanotubes in an abacus arrangement

We describe nanoscale electromechanical resonators capable of operating in ambient-pressure air at room temperature with unprecedented fundamental resonance frequency of $\ensuremath{\sim}4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GHz}$. The devices are created from suspended carbon nanotubes loaded abacus style with inertial metal clamps, yielding short effective beam lengths. We examine the energy dissipation in the system due to air damping and contact loss. Such nanoabacus resonators open windows for immediate practical microwave frequency nanoelectromechanical system applications.
Organobiscuprates. A single-step spiroannelation method

Aus den Lw-Dilithiopolymethylenen (I) erhalt man mit Cu(I)-thiophenolat (II) die Komplexe (III), die mit Benzoylchlorid zu den Diketonen (Va) und (Vb) fuhren.
Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps for neovaginal reconstruction after radical pelvic surgery.

The objective of this article is to compare the flap-specific complications associated with vertical (VRAM) and transverse (TRAM) rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap vaginal reconstructions performed during radical pelvic procedures. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify all patients who underwent VRAM and TRAM neovaginal reconstructions performed on the Gynecologic Oncology Service at Duke University Medical Center. Flap-specific complications were compared between the two techniques. From 1988 to 2003, 14 VRAM and 18 TRAM flap neovaginal reconstructions were performed on 32 women during the course of 22 (68%) total pelvic exenterations, 8 (25%) partial exenterations, and 2 (6%) radical vulvovaginectomies. Twenty-eight (88%) patients had been previously treated with radiation therapy or concurrent chemoradiation. Associated procedures included continent urinary conduit in 21 (66%), rectosigmoid reanastomosis in 8 (25%), and intraoperative or postoperative sidewall radiation therapy in 7 (22%) of patients. Overall median survival was 14 months (range: 2-week postoperative death to 65 months), with two (6%) acute postoperative mortalities. Fifteen flap-specific complications occurred in 12 (38%) patients, with no significant differences in flap type. Abdominal wound complications included four (12%) superficial wound separations, while one (3%) patient had a fascial dehiscence associated with complex fistulas that contributed to her death, but no patient developed incisional hernia. One patient each developed >50% flap loss after TRAM and 35 (P = 0.056, Fisher exact two-tailed test), but there were no significant associations with other patient characteristics or flap-specific complications. Thirteen (62%) of 21 patients who survived >12 months reported coitus. Both VRAM and TRAM are reliable techniques for neovaginal reconstructions after radical pelvic surgery and have a similar distribution of flap-specific complications involving the donor and recipient sites.
Habit strength moderates the strength of within-person relations between weekly self-reported and objectively-assessed physical activity

Abstract Objectives Physical activity (PA) habit strength influences how people control their PA and may also influence how people encode, store, or recall their PA. This study evaluated whether individual differences in PA habit strength moderated the magnitude of within-person associations between weekly self-reported PA and step counts. Design Longitudinal. Method After an initial assessment of PA habit strength, university students wore pedometers for four weeks and completed four self-reports of weekly mild, moderate, and strenuous PA. Results On average, people's weekly step counts and self-reported PA across time were weakly-to-moderately associated, but there was substantial variability in the magnitude of these associations across people. People with strong PA habits had weaker within-person associations between deviations from their average self-reported PA and step counts than those with weak PA habits. Conclusions These results may indicate that PA habit strength influences the sensitivity of self-report PA measures to change in objectively-measured PA.
Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Class as Correlates of Disability in Old Age

This article presents the results of a study on the correlates of disability in old age. We found that at the descriptive level and in the regression model that includes only demographic variables as controls, the odds of Black and Hispanic elderly persons being disabled were greater. However, when socioeconomic factors and demographic factors were taken into account, the racial/ethnic disadvantage disappears. In the model that dealt with disability based on the composite indexes of disability (that is, all types of disability combined) and in the model that dealt with disability based on functional limitations, we found that the odds of Black and Hispanic elderly persons being disabled were smaller than the odds of White elderly persons being disabled. We conclude that socioeconomic factors--not race/ethnicity--correlate with disability in old age. Implications for policy are discussed.
A multi-megawatt X-band solid state microwave switch

Summary form only given, as follows. We present design methodology and initial experimental results for a high power microwave switch. The switch is designed for application to the pulse compression system associated with the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA). The switch is based on the excitation of a plasma layer within a silicon wafer by either a laser or an electron beam. We investigate problems associated with high power operation of such a switch. We explore solutions to the problems of thermal runaway, avalanche breakdown, photo-emission, and secondary emission.
Advancing toxicology in RiskMAPP: Setting ADEs based on the subsequent drug substance

Abstract Cleaning validation programs are developed to demonstrate acceptable carryover of drug substances/products when multiple drug substances are manufactured in shared process equipment. The International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineers (ISPE) developed a guidance document in 2010 describing the Risk-Based Manufacture of Pharmaceutical Products (referred to as RiskMAPP) ( ISPE, 2010 ). This guidance document developed the concept of an acceptable daily exposure (ADE), which is the toxicologically acceptable daily dose for the first drug substance used in processing drug equipment (DS A ) without prior knowledge of the subsequent drug substance (DS B ). This paper discusses an extension of the ADE methodology called the product-specific ADE (PSADE) which is derived when DS B is known. Four case studies demonstrate examples in which the PSADE can be scientifically supported in lieu of the ADE and highlight some limitations in its application. The PSADE approach can be used to justify higher acceptance limits for cleaning validation when the ADE based acceptance limits are below the process capability limit of the cleaning process or limit of quantitation of the analytical method.
Radiation enhanced reactivation of nuclear replicating mammalian viruses.

— When CV-1 monkey kidney cells were UV-irradiated (0–18 J/m2) or X-irradiated (0–10krads) before infection with UV-irradiated simian adenovirus 7 (SA7) or simian virus 40 (SV40), increases in the infectivity of these nuclear replicating viruses as measured by plaque formation were observed. These radiation enhanced reactivations, UV enhanced reactivation (UVER) and X-ray enhanced reactivation (X-ray ER), occurred both when virus infection immediately followed irradiation of the cells (except for X-ray ER with SA7) and when virus infection was delayed until 3–5 days after cell irradiation. While there was little difference in the levels of reactivation of UV-irradiated SV40 between immediate and delayed infection, delayed infection resulted in higher levels of reactivation of SA7. X-ray enhanced reactivation of UV-irradiated Herpes simplex virus persisted for several days but did not increase. Thus, X-ray enhanced and UV enhanced reactivations of these mammalian viruses were relatively long-lived effects. Essentially no UVER or X-ray ER was found in CV-1 cells for either immediate or delayed infection with UV-irradiated vaccinia virus or poliovirus, both of which replicate in the cell cytoplasm. These results suggest UVER and X-ray ER in mammalian cells may be restricted to viruses which are replicated in the cell nucleus.
Controlling the spatial distribution of ECM components in degradable PEG hydrogels for tissue engineering cartilage.

In developing a scaffold to support new tissue growth, the degradation rate and mass loss profiles of the scaffold are important design parameters. In this study, hydrogels were prepared by copolymerizing a degradable macromer, poly(lactic acid)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) endcapped with acrylate groups (PEG-LA-DA) with a nondegradable macromer, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). The resulting hydrogels exhibited a range of degradation behavior and mass loss profiles. Chondrocytes were photoencapsulated in gels formulated with 50:50, 25:75, and 15:85 (mol % PEGDM: mol % PEG-LA-DA) and cultured for 6 weeks in vitro. The neocartilaginous tissue formed was examined biochemically and histologically. After 6 weeks, the DNA content in gels with 75 and 85% degradable crosslinks was nearly twice that of the DNA content in the 50% gels. The total collagen content was significantly higher in the 85% gel [2.4 +/- 0.8% wet weight (ww)] compared to the 50% gel (0.22 +/- 0.29% ww). In examining the neocartilaginous tissue with immunohistochemistry, type II collagen was localized in the pericellular region in the 50% gel; however, when increased degradation was incorporated into the gel, type II collagen was found throughout the neotissue. In summary, the important role of hydrogel degradation in controlling and influencing the deposition and distribution of extracellular matrix molecules was demonstrated and quantified.
Veto players and the structure of budgets in advanced industrialized countries

This article tests expectations generated by the veto players theory with respect to the over time composition of budgets in a multidimensional policy space. The theory pre- dicts that countries with many veto players (i.e., coalition governments, bicameral political systems, presidents with veto) will have difficulty altering the budget structures. In addition, countries that tend to make significant shifts in government composition will have com- mensurate modifications of the budget. Data collected from 19 advanced industrialized countries from 1973 to 1995 confirm these expectations, even when one introduces socio- economic controls for budget adjustments like unemployment variations, size of retired population and types of government (minimum winning coalitions, minority or oversized governments). The methodological innovation of the article is the use of empirical indica- tors to operationalize the multidimensional policy spaces underlying the structure of budgets. The results are consistent with other analyses of macroeconomic outcomes like inflation, budget deficits and taxation that are changed at a slower pace by multiparty governments. The purpose of this article is to test empirically the expectations of the veto players theory in a multidimensional setting. The theory defines 'veto players' as individuals or institutions whose agreement is required for a change of the status quo. The basic prediction of the theory is that when the number of veto players and their ideological distances increase, policy stability also increases (only small departures from the status quo are possible) (Tsebelis 1995, 1999, 2000, 2002). The theory was designed for the study of unidimensional and multidimensional policy spaces. While no policy domain is strictly unidimen- sional, existing empirical tests have only focused on analyzing political economy issues in a single dimension. These studies have confirmed the veto players theory's expectations (see Bawn (1999) on budgets; Hallerberg & Basinger (1998) on taxes; Tsebelis (1999) on labor legislation; Treisman (2000) on inflation; Franzese (1999) on budget deficits). This article is the first attempt to test whether the predictions of the veto players theory hold in multidimensional policy spaces. We will study a phe- nomenon that cannot be considered unidimensional: the 'structure' of budgets - that is, their percentage composition, and the change in this composition over
THE USE OF A GAMMA LOGGER TO DELINEATE GLACIAL AND BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO

. An evaluation was made of the usefulness of the gamma-ray logger in delineating glacial-drift and bedrock stratigraphy in southwestern Ohio. The logger was useful in delineating gross stratigraphic units in a glacial outwash aquifer. The gamma log also provided a clearer indication of the clay content of sand and gravel units than did the driller's log. On the uplands, away from the valleys filled with glacial outwash, the logger could not be used to locate the thin, poorly-sorted, interstadial sand and gravel deposits between thicker till sheets. It could, however, be used to distinguish formational contacts in the upper Cincinnatian Series.
Nanoscale magnetometry with NV centers in diamond

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are currently considered excellent solid-state magnetic field sensors. Their long coherence times at room temperature and their atomic size allow for achieving both high magnetic field sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution in ambient conditions. This article reviews recent progress in magnetic field imaging with NV centers. We focus on two topics: scanning probe techniques with single NV centers and their application in the imaging of nanoscale magnetic structures, as well as recent development of magnetometers with ensembles of NV centers, which image magnetic fields at micron-length scales with extremely high sensitivities.
Comparison of logic-based switching control designs for a nonlinear system

We consider an example of a second order nonlinear system with large parametric uncertainties. The two parameters of the system are assumed to belong to a finite set. The goal is to guarantee (practical) convergence of the system output to a given constant reference signal. Feedback linearization-based candidate controllers with pole placement are designed for each possible set of parameters. After that, we consider the design of a high-level logic-based supervisor to organize switching between these candidate controllers. Three different approaches are used and compared.
Mutation accumulation, soft selection and the middle-class neighborhood.

The “middle-class neighborhood” is a breeding design intended to allow new mutations to accumulate by lessening the effects of purifying selection through the elimination of among-line fitness variation. We show that this design effectively applies soft selection to the experimental population, potentially causing biased estimates of mutational effects if social effects contribute to fitness.
Eater: A Big Bite into Phagocytosis

The phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by specialized blood cells is a crucial element of innate immunity in both mammals and insects. In this issue of Cell, Kocks et al. (2005) demonstrate that Eater, a scavenger receptor, plays an important role in the recognition and phagocytosis of bacteria in the fruit fly Drosophila.
'Isn't that too much data?!' Incorporating surveys into heritage tourism research design

Survey research is an underutilised methodology in anthropology that could be quite useful in understanding how people find meaning in travel and tourism. This article foregrounds the use of surveys in conjunction with more established ethnographic techniques of participant-observation and interviewing. The author argues that using only ethnographic approaches runs the risk of reinforcing the dominant discourses found in public events and in interviews with key informants, whereas surveys can give voice to the voiceless and bring to light important details that would otherwise remain obscured from view. Significant features of two surveys used for research on Ghana's slavery heritage tourism are discussed in order to demonstrate exactly how surveys can be beneficial in tracking how widespread particular beliefs are, and in identifying how survey data can help to correct the taken-for-granted assumptions of ethnographers.
Cerebral palsy: the whys and hows

The descriptive term of cerebral palsy encompasses the largest group of childhood movement disorders. Severity and pattern of clinical involvement varies widely dependent on the area of the central nervous system compromised. A multidisciplinary team approach is vital for all the aspects of management to improve function and minimise disability. From a medical viewpoint, there are two pronged approaches. First a focus on developmental and clinical comorbidities such as communication, behaviour, epilepsy, feeding problems, gastro-oesophageal reflux and infections; and second on specifics of muscle tone, motor control and posture. With regards to the latter, there is an increasing number of available treatments including oral antispasticity and antidystonic medications, injectable botulinum toxin, multilevel orthopaedic and neurosurgical options and a variety of complementary and alternative therapies.
The influence of team training methods on simulator performance

This research examined the influence of taskwork and teamwork training presented either to intact teams or by team position. One hundred forty-eight participants (74 teams) received training on a computer flight simulator task, appropriate teamwork skills for the simulation, and "flew" six missions. The results of the hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed all teams improved performance over time. The task condition had not influence on performance, however teams which received teamwork skills training by position performed significantly better than those in the intact team training condition.
Efficient distance computation using best ellipsoid fit

The effectiveness of the ellipsoid representation for geometrical reasoning is demonstrated in the context of robotics. Specifically, a robot collision-detection problem that consists of computing a quantity that reflects, as a function of the geometrical data, the amount of clearance between the robot and its environment is discussed. The method consists of two algorithms. The first computes the optimal ellipsoid surrounding a convex polyhedron. The second computes an analytic formula for the free margin about one ellipsoid with respect to another, as a standard eigenvalue problem. An efficient incremental version of the latter algorithm is proposed. This system has been implemented, and preliminary simulation results are provided. >
The association of component solderability testing with board level soldering performance

The issue being considered is the relationship of visual board-level solder joint quality with both visual dip-and-look solderability assessment and wetting balance measurement of the components prior to board assembly. A description of visual dip-and-loop solderability test assessment along with wetting balance methodology for components is presented. A compendium of wetting balance tests and indexes is documented. The experimental strategy employed is outlined. The experimental technique including the equipment, materials, and component sample preparations is detailed, and experimental results are presented comparing both dip-and-look visual solderability assessment and wetting balance measures to actual board-level soldering performance. The capability of the various assessment methods to predict board-level defects is discussed. >
A framework for selecting a location based service (LBS) strategy and service portfolio

Location-based services (LBS) add value by exploiting knowledge of a mobile device's location. The arrival of broadband mobile data networks has revived interest in these services which are seen as a major source of revenue growth. We propose a framework that supports the generation and assessment of LBS service concepts. The proposed framework offers a promising foundation for a design theory of LBS strategies and services. The analysis of the framework points towards avenues for future research by highlighting deficiencies in current knowledge of mobility and location awareness.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1-mediated Expression of the 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) Gene ITS POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE WARBURG EFFECT

One of the key mediators of the hypoxic response in animal cells is the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1) complex, in which the α-subunit is highly susceptible to oxygen-dependent degradation. The hypoxic response is manifested in many pathophysiological processes such as tumor growth and metastasis. During hypoxia, cells shift to a primarily glycolytic metabolic mode for their energetic needs. This is also manifested in the HIF-1-dependent up-regulation of many glycolytic genes. Paradoxically, tumor cells growing under conditions of normal oxygen tension also show elevated glycolytic rates that correlate with the increased expression of glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters (the Warburg effect). A key regulator of glycolytic flux is the relatively recently discovered fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2), an allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). Steady state levels of F-2,6-P2 are maintained by the bifunctional enzyme PFK-2/F2,6-Bpase, which has both kinase and phosphatase activities. Herein, we show that one isozyme, PFKFB3, is highly induced by hypoxia and the hypoxia mimics cobalt and desferrioxamine. This induction could be replicated by the use of an inhibitor of the prolyl hydroxylase enzymes responsible for the von Hippel Lindau (VHL)-dependent destabilization and tagging of HIF-1α. The absolute dependence of the PFKFB3 gene on HIF-1 was confirmed by its overexpression in VHL-deficient cells and by the lack of hypoxic induction in mouse embryonic fibroblasts conditionally nullizygous for HIF-1α.
Transverse Tension Fatigue Life Characterization Through Flexure Testing of Composite Materials

The transverse tension fatigue life of S2/8552 glass-epoxy and IM7/8552 carbon-epoxy was characterized using flexure tests of 90-degree laminates loaded in 3-point and 4-point bending. The influence of specimen polishing and specimen configuration on transverse tension fatigue life was examined using the glass-epoxy laminates. Results showed that 90-degree bend specimens with polished machined edges and polished tension-side surfaces, where bending failures where observed, had lower fatigue lives than unpolished specimens when cyclically loaded at equal stress levels. The influence of specimen thickness and the utility of a Weibull scaling law was examined using the carbon-epoxy laminates. The influence of test frequency on fatigue results was also documented for the 4-point bending configuration. A Weibull scaling law was used to predict the 4-point bending fatigue lives from the 3-point bending curve fit and vice-versa. Scaling was performed based on maximum cyclic stress level as well as fatigue life. The scaling laws based on stress level shifted the curve fit S-N characterizations in the desired direction, however, the magnitude of the shift was not adequate to accurately predict the fatigue lives. Furthermore, the scaling law based on fatigue life shifted the curve fit S-N characterizations in the opposite direction from measured values. Therefore, these scaling laws were not adequate for obtaining accurate predictions of the transverse tension fatigue lives.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Caffeine, Codeine Phosphate, Phenacetin, and Salicylamide by High-pressure Liquid Chromatography

A method for the simultaneous quantitation of acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, codeine phosphate, phenacetin, and salicylamide was developed. The method is based on reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with a mobile phase buffered with phosphate (pH 2.3). The procedure not only separated these six active ingredients but also salicylic acid, the major decomposition product of aspirin. The method gave excellent results for three commercial products and a synthetic mixture containing four active ingredients. Lowering the pH increased the retention time of some weak acids and decreased that of some weak bases. Only these changes in the retention times made the separation possible.
Interference Evaluation of Overhead Medium-Voltage Broadband Power Line Systems

We analyze the radio interference from a broadband power line (BPL) system operating between 2 MHz and several tens of megahertz. The overhead medium-voltage power line is modeled as a three-phase set of parallel wires above a lossy earth. A near-exact solution, based on previous approaches for infinitely long lines, is presented for the fields from arbitrarily long lines. A closed-form approximation is then derived for the far (radiation) field using the saddle-point method. Emissions are computed by considering a BPL section of specified length between repeaters, and the maximum allowable excitation voltage versus frequency is computed by assuming compliance with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) field strength limits. These calibration results are used to study the interference to terrestrial, airborne, and ionospheric services. We show, based on our power-line model, that 1) terrestrial interference can be significant under FCC compliance; 2) interference into airborne receivers is potentially significant, and therefore, current rules prohibiting BPL use at selected frequencies in the 2-50 MHz band and at 75 MHz are appropriate; and 3) there is no threat from BPL deployments to high frequency and very high frequency ionospheric channels.
J. S. Mill's Liberal Utilitarian Assessment of Capitalism Versus Socialism

John Stuart Mill argued, in his Principles of Political Economy (1848, 7th edn., 1871), that existing laws and customs of private property ought to be reformed to promote a far more egalitarian form of capitalism than hitherto observed anywhere. He went on to suggest that such an ideal capitalism might evolve spontaneously into a decentralized socialism involving a market system of competing worker co-operatives. That possibility of market socialism emerged only as the working classes gradually developed the intellectual and moral qualities required for worker co-operatives to succeed against private firms. Workers would tend to reject the hierarchical wage relation as they developed the requisite personal qualities, he believed, and capitalists, facing escalating wages for skilled labour as a result of the diminishing supply of high-quality workers for hire, would tend to lend their capital to the worker co-operatives ‘at a diminishing rate of interest, and at last, perhaps, even to exchange their capital for terminable annuities. In this or some such mode’, he speculated, ‘the existing accumulations of capital might honestly, and by a kind of spontaneous process, become in the end the joint property of all who participate in their productive employment: a transformation which, thus effected, (and assuming of course that both sexes participate equally in the rights and in the government of the association) would be the nearest approach to social justice, and the most beneficial ordering of industrial affairs for the universal good, which it is possible at present to foresee.’
I2.2: Invited Paper: Image Systems Simulation

We describe a suite of software tools for image system simulation. The tools model the three-dimensional scene radiance, image formation by the optics, sensor transduction, image processing and display rendering.