cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using VDAC-Tubulin Interaction to Assess VDAC Orientation in the Mitochondrial Membrane

Recently we have found that dimeric αβ-tubulin at nanomolar concentrations induces reversible partial blockage of VDAC channel, reconstituted into a planar lipid membrane (Rostovtseva et al., PNAS 2008). Tubulin induces characteristic, well resolved fast blocking events with the highly voltage-dependent binding parameters. Tubulin interaction with VDAC requires the presence of C-terminal tails (CTT) of tubulin. Tubulin with truncated CTT did not induce reversible blockage typical for intact tubulin. We propose a model in which negatively charged CTT of tubulin penetrates into VDAC pore, reaching through the channel at application from both sides of the membrane and interacting with high affinity with the positively charged channel lumen. We used the VDAC-tubulin specific interaction feature to probe orientation of VDAC in a planar membrane and extrapolate the results to the mitochondria outer membrane. We found that after in vitro phosphorylation by PKA or GSK3β cytosolic kinases the tubulin binding to VDAC (from rat liver mitochondria) becomes highly asymmetrical. When tubulin was added to the cis side of the membrane (side of VDAC addition) kon was more than 10 times higher than with tubulin added to the trans side. Untreated VDAC interacts symmetrically with tubulin. Considering putative PKA and GSK3b phosphorylation sites on the cytosolic loops 3, 5 and 7, we conclude that these loops face cis side in the VDAC reconstitution system. Our preliminary data show that some of the specific antibodies raised against different VDAC peptides, compete with tubulin-VDAC binding when added to the membrane bathing solution and therefore could be employed to probe VDAC orientation and positioning of the loops. Recent VDAC three-dimensional structures are compared with the functional data of VDAC-tubulin binding.
Phthalocyanine- and Calixarene-Templating Effect on the Catalytic Performance of Solid Supported Vanadates

Catalytic performance of solid supported mono- vanadate catalysts toward oxidation of propane is signifi- cantly affected by the templating effect of: (1) pretreatment of the solid support with calixarene derivatives before deposition of ammonium vanadate, (2) direct deposition of vanadyl phthalocyanine as the vanadate precursor. This effect is believed to be linked to the accessibility of the active sites, and was studied in comparison with a reference mesoporous support.
Design and control of a direct fuel injector with rate shaping capability

This paper presents the design, modeling and control of a direct fuel injector with rate shaping capability. Applied with a hydro-mechanical internal feedback mechanism, the novel design can deliver continuously variable injection rate by controlling the injector needle position. The feedback circuit and the orifices of the injector control chamber are particularly designed to overcome some design obstacles, such as the small assembly space and needle stroke, and the short operation time scale. The proposed injector not only provides a feasible injection rate shaping capability but also overcomes the injection quantity inconsistency caused by the conventional multiple-injection strategy. To track the desired injection rate delivery, an iterative learning controller is derived. The controller corrects the injection rate cycle by cycle, and an observer is designed to estimate the injection rate for the feedback control realization.
Digital computers as an aid in electric-machine design

DIGITAL and analogue computers are being recognized gradually as aids in design procedures applied to machines. Recently the Motor Network Calculator (MONECA), an analogue computer for single phase motor design, was described.1, 2 In addition there have been other references describing the use of network and differential analyzers to solve some problems touching on machine design. Thus far there has been very little reference in the literature directly pertaining to the use of digital computers in the machine design function. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to show that under some circumstances the digital computer has a definite place in the design procedure and to attempt to stimulate the use of this valuable tool for design activities.
Efficient Monte Carlo methods for the computer simulation of biological molecules

We present an alternative approach to efficient Monte Carlo simulations of biological molecules. By relaxing the usual restriction to Markov processes, we are able to optimize performance while dealing directly with the inhomogeneity and anisotropy inherent in these systems. This approach allows us to sample configurational space more efficiently than with either standard Monte Carlo or molecular-dynamics methods.
The application of computational electromagnetics to microwave dielectric gauging

Gauging of dielectrics the accurate evaluation of material properties and geometrical dimensional measurement are discussed first, followed by application of computational electromagnetic methods including FEM, FDTD and TLM for the simulation and evaluation of properties as well as for the design of devices and testing configurations. Microwave microscopy is used for testing in dielectrics in an open antenna configuration. This is followed by modeling and application of closed and open resonant structures for material properties determination and finally an open resonant structure for accurate determination of rubber thickness in an industrial sensor is described. The use computational electromagnetic tools is seen as indispensable for the design of these testing geometries. .
Biodiesel : Production and economic issues

The convergence of a number of social, economic, and political developments, at both the national and global levels, has created much interest in developing biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum diesel. In response to higher energy prices, along with government incentives, the fledgling biodiesel industry is beginning to grow at a rapid pace. However, there are clearly economic limits to biodiesel's growth potential and questions are being raised about the future role biodiesel can play in reducing our energy dependence Since vegetable oils and animal fats will continue to be used primarily for food products, biodiesel production can only supply a small portion of our fuel needs. To further increase biodiesel production, we will need to develop new sources of feedstock and develop new technologies to convert a broader spectrum of feedstocks.
No Need for Alarm: A Critical Analysis of Greene’s Dual-Process Theory of Moral Decision-Making

Joshua Greene and his colleagues have proposed a dual-process theory of moral decision-making to account for the effects of emotional responses on our judgments about moral dilemmas that ask us to contemplate causing direct personal harm. Early formulations of the theory contrast emotional and cognitive decision-making, saying that each is the product of a separable neural system. Later formulations emphasize that emotions are also involved in cognitive processing. I argue that, given the acknowledgement that emotions inform cognitive decision-making, a single-process theory can explain all of the data that have been cited as evidence for Greene’s theory. The emotional response to the thought of causing harm may differ in degree, but not in kind, from other emotions influencing moral decision-making.
Total frying‐use time effects on soybean‐oil deterioration and on tortilla chip quality

Refined soybean oils were degraded at 190°C for 60 h to a total polar material of 61.54%. The effect of fresh to highly degraded oil on the physical and thermal properties of the oil as well as on the final quality of tortilla chips was determined. Surface tension decreased significantly with oil degradation (P < 0.05). Colour readings also changed significantly with oil degradation (P < 0.05) and were more pronounced after 30 h of frying. Foam and off-flavour developed between 20 and 30 h of degradation suggesting that the oil should have been discarded when the total polar material reached 27%. The convective heat transfer coefficient changed more rapidly after 30 h of frying. The values of the convective heat transfer coefficient correlated highly with viscosity (-0.98). The oils, whether fresh or degraded, behaved as Newtonian fluids. Viscosity was significantly affected by oil degradation time and temperature (P < 0.05). The effect of temperature on the viscosity of the oils was described by an Arrhenius equation. Viscosity changed more rapidly with temperature as the degradation time increased. Tortilla chips were fried in fresh and degraded soybean oils. Total oil content and fracturability of tortilla chips were not affected significantly by oil degradation time (P < 0.05). However, the oil content adhering to the surface of the tortilla chips was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the tortilla chips fried in degraded oil than in fresh oil.
NF90 binds the dengue virus RNA 3' terminus and is a positive regulator of dengue virus replication.

Background Viral RNA translation and replication are regulated by sequence and structural elements in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) and by host cell and/or viral proteins that bind them. Dengue virus has a single-stranded RNA genome with positive polarity, a 5′ m7GpppG cap, and a conserved 3′-terminal stem loop (SL) that is linked to proposed functions in viral RNA transcription and translation. Mechanisms explaining the contributions of host proteins to viral RNA translation and replication are poorly defined, yet understanding host protein-viral RNA interactions may identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. This study was directed at identifying functionally significant host proteins that bind the conserved dengue virus RNA 3′ terminus. Methodology/Principal Findings Proteins eluted from a dengue 3′ SL RNA affinity column at increasing ionic strength included two with double-strand RNA binding motifs (NF90/DRBP76 and DEAH box polypeptide 9/RNA helicase A (RHA)), in addition to NF45, which forms a heterodimer with NF90. Although detectable NF90 and RHA proteins localized to the nucleus of uninfected cells, immunofluorescence revealed cytoplasmic NF90 in dengue virus-infected cells, leading us to hypothesize that NF90 has a functional role(s) in dengue infections. Cells depleted of NF90 were used to quantify viral RNA transcript levels and production of infectious dengue virus. NF90 depletion was accompanied by a 50%-70% decrease in dengue RNA levels and in production of infectious viral progeny. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that NF90 interacts with the 3′ SL structure of the dengue RNA and is a positive regulator of dengue virus replication. NF90 depletion diminished the production of infectious dengue virus by more than 50%, which may have important significance for identifying therapeutic targets to limit a virus that threatens more than a billion people worldwide.
Altered neurochemical and behavioral development of 10-day-old rats perinatally exposed to the κ opioid agonist U-50,488H

Abstract To determine the effects of chronic perinatal exposure to a κ opioid agonist on the neurochemical and motor development of rat offspring, osmotic pumps containing trans -(±)-3,4-dichloro- N -methyl- N -[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide methane sulfonate (U-50,488H), 79 mg/ml, or vehicle were implanted into anesthetized pregnant female rats. On postnatal day 10, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of male offspring were dissected and assayed for dopamine (DA) receptors. Male offspring from other litters were injected subcutaneously with the D 2 agonist quinpirole, 0.05 mg/kg, the D 1 agonist SKF 38393, 10 mg/kg, or 0.9% saline vehicle. Their locomotor activity was then monitored for 1 h. The binding of DA D 1 and D 2 receptors was significantly increased by 26% and 90%, respectively, in the NAc of 10-day-old offspring exposed to U-50,488H. There was a significant, 52%, decrease in the locomotor response to quinpirole by 10-day-old offspring exposed to U-50,488H. Exposure to U-50,488H had no significant effect on the locomotor response to SKF 38393 at this age. The results indicate that perinatal exposure to a κ agonist alters the development of brain DA receptors and DA-mediated motor behavior. The data suggest that motor deficits observed in offspring exposed to opioids in utero may involve brain κ opioid receptor mechanisms.
The very low-pressure pyrolysis of phenyl ethyl ether, phenyl allyl ether, and benzyl methyl ether and the enthalpy of formation of the phenoxy radical

A value of the enthalpy of formation of the phenoxy radical in the gas phase, ΔH°,298K (ϕO·, g) = 11.4 ± 2.0 kcal/mol, has been obtained from the kinetic study of the unimolecular decompositions of phenyl ethyl ether, phenyl allyl ether, and benzyl methyl ether at very low pressures. Bond fission, producing phenoxy or benzyl radicals, respectively, is the only mode of decomposition in each case. The present value leads to a bond dissociation energy BDE(ϕO—H) = 86.5 ± 2 kcal/mol, in good agreement with recent estimates made on the basis of competitive oxidation steps in the liquid phase. A comparison with bond dissociation energies of aliphatic alcohols, BDE(RO—H) = 104 kcal/mol, reveals that the stabilization energy of the phenoxy radical (17.5 kcal/mol) is considerably greater than the one observed for the isoelectronic benzyl radical (13.2 kcal/mol). Decomposition of phenoxy radicals into cyclopentadienyl radicals and CO has been observed at temperatures above 1000°K, and a mechanism for this reaction is proposed.
Surface morphology and thickness dependence of the properties of MgB 2 thin films by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition

The influence of growth parameters in hybrid physical?chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) on surface morphologies of MgB2 thin films, and the dependence of their properties on film thickness are systematically studied. As the HPCVD MgB2 films grow in the Volmer?Weber mode, where islands coalesce into continuous films, the grain size has an important influence on the film morphology. We found that films deposited with higher growth rates have larger grains, and a larger grain size appears to correspond to a larger film roughness. Under optimized deposition conditions, the surface root mean square (RMS) roughness is 1.2?nm over a 1??m ? 1??m area for a 100?nm thick film. The surface morphology does not directly affect the structural and superconducting properties of the MgB2 films. The results of ultrathin MgB2 films, as thin as 10?nm, with excellent superconducting properties are also presented in this paper.
High-Risk Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma without Palpable Lymphadenopathy: Is There a Therapeutic Role for Elective Neck Dissection?

PURPOSE The beneficial role of elective neck dissection (END) in the management of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) of the head and neck remains unproven. Some surgical specialists suggest that END may be beneficial for patients with clinically node-negative (N0) high-risk CSCC, but there are few data to support this claim. We reviewed the available literature regarding the use of END in the management of both CSCC and head and neck SCC (HNSCC). METHODOLOGY The available medical literature pertaining to END in both CSCC and HNSCC was reviewed using PubMed and Ovid Medline searches. RESULTS Many surgical specialists recommend that END be routinely performed in patients with N0 HNSCC when the risk of occult metastases is estimated to exceed 20%; however, patients who undergo END have no proven survival benefit over those who are initially staged as N0 and undergo therapeutic neck dissection (TND) after the development of apparent regional disease. There is a lack of data regarding the proper management of regional nodal basins in patients with N0 CSCC. In the absence of evidence-based data, the cutaneous surgeon must rely on clinical judgment to guide the management of patients with N0 high-risk CSCC of the head and neck. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate work-up for occult nodal disease may occasionally be warranted in patients with high-risk CSCC. END may play a role in only a very limited number of patients with high-risk CSCC.
On the Coulomb operator for embedded cluster calculations in periodic systems

Abstract In performing ab-initio or DFT embedded cluster calculations in infinite periodic systems one unsolved problem is how to embed the quantum cluster in the general case. We show that the Ewald real space sum can be implemented as an operator in the Hamiltonian when the reciprocal space sum is made small.
School Support and Functioning for Children with Juvenile Rheumatic Diseases

Information about ways to support children with Juvenile Rheumatic Diseases (JRDs) in school will help maximize their involvement in this setting. For this study, children with JRDs provided their views about the support they need from school nurses, teachers, classmates, friends and leaders of after school activities. Parents provided information about their child’s disease and about family functioning. Results indicated that positive family functioning was related to lower needs for support from school nurses, teachers, and classmates. Family functioning was not related to the support children needed from good friends. Receiving help during after school activities and school nurse availability were areas of concern for some children. Future studies should continue to assess needs for school support for adolescents, who may need more support at school due to a decreased reliance on family support.
The growth and field evaporation of Er and deuterated Er films

Abstract The morphological structure of clean and deuterated Er films deposited on W substrates and their removal by field evaporation have been investigated as part of a program directed toward the development of deuterium ion sources for neutron generators. Annealed Er films up to ~ 20 monolayers in thickness deposited on W substrates appear pseudomorphic. Thicker annealed films form a hexagonal close-packed orientated over-layer with the Pitsch–Schrader orientation relation. The pseudomorphic and hexagonal close-packed character of the films is retained up to the last atomic layer that forms the film-substrate interface. Deuterated Er films appear polycrystalline. At 77 K in Ar , annealed Er films field evaporate at 2.5 V/A primarily as Er 2 + and deuterated Er films evaporate at ~ 2.4 V/A primarily as ErD x 2 + . Field evaporation of both clean and deuterated Er films shows signs of space charge induced field lowering when film thicknesses exceeding ~ 10 layers were field evaporated using 20 ns duration voltage pulses.
Ion enrichment in aerosols dispersed from bursting bubbles in aqueous salt solutions

It is well known that a large part of the soluble salts found in soils, rivers, and lakes comes from rainwater. These salts are believed to originate as ocean spray carried into the atmosphere from the surface of the seas. Here, tiny bubbles come to the surface and fracture, sending upward aerosols which contain these salts. Studies have been shown that the ratio of the ions present within these aerosols are considerably different from those found in the oceans. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the bubble-bursting process in an effort to determine what is influencing the change in ion ratio. This was done by simulating the bubble-bursting mechanism in very simple salt solutions of concentrations similar to those found in the ocean. Variables examined were concentration, ion character, particle size, and pH. It was found that definite trends in enrichments of one ion species with respect to another in the aerosol phase are related to the ratios of ions in the bulk solution. Also affecting enrichment is the pH of the bulk solution. Enrichments varied with aerosol droplet size in a periodic fashion, with peaks around 1.0 and 6.0 ?m. The results further point to the fact that the ionic double layer is a major factor in the enrichment process in that it influences the ionic equilibria in the thin film of a bubble. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00611.x
Perspectives of Master's Level Clinical Psychology Training Coordinators on Major Issues of Subdoctoral Education.

Significant differences were found in preferences on issues regarding titles. accreditation, certification and licensing.
Original Contribution: Cluster network for recognition of handwritten, cursive script characters

A neural net structure was developed to recognize isolated cursive script characters. Characters were composed of features suggested by an established model of handwriting. The model assumes that handwritten characters are formed from a limited number of primitive hand motions characterized by the X-Y oscillations in the vertical (Y) and horizontal (X) directions. Consistent with this model, representation for handwritten characters contain features that are invariant under rotation, translation, changes in size and/or style. Besides their applicability to categorization of handwritten characters, these features are also assumed to control neural ''motor'' activities during writing. The initial application of a single backward error propagation network to handwritten script recognition resulted in slow learning and was limited to approximately 50% correct classification. Changing the architecture to a cluster of smaller networks and adding some simple heuristics improved performance dramatically. In its current form, the approach yields recognition up to 80% for our test data.
Ancestral feeding and survival of offspring in European corn borer.

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of ancestral adult feeding by European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on larval survival in the field and neonate movement behavior in laboratory. Larval survival was higher when either the grandparental or parental generation had fed, but the feeding sites of the surviving larvae were not affected by ancestral feeding condition. This is the first evidence that grandparental feeding could influence larval survival in the field. Larval movement was observed in the laboratory. Silking speed of neonates was faster when either grandparents or parents had fed, while walking speed was faster only when parents had fed. No broad-sense genetic correlation was found between silking speed and walking speed. Broad-sense heritability among feeding histories were not significant for silking speed, but was significantly greater than zero for walking speed when grandparents fed and parents did not. These intergenerational effects could induce complex population dynamics in this species.
Comparing differentiation and integration within personal goal systems

Abstract Concepts of differentiation and integration were examined using the “personal striving” goal construct (Emmons, 1986, 1989). Goal differentiation was defined in two ways: 1. (a) as how dissimilar subjects rated their strivings as being (Emmons & King, 1989), and 2. (b) as the amount of non-overlapping variance in subjects' evaluative assessments of their strivings (Donahue, Robins, Roberts & John, 1993). Goal integration was measured as the extent to which subjects saw their strivings as helping them move towards desired “possible selves” (Markus & Nurius, 1987). Self-rated and statistically-derived differentiation measures were positively correlated with each other, and both variables were negatively correlated with integration. Also, more differentiated subjects tended to feel less successful in their strivings, whereas integrated subjects felt more successful in and more committed to their strivings. Discussion suggests that the differentiative and integrative aspects of complexity should be kept conceptually distinct.
Long-acting contraceptives: ethical guidance for policymakers and health care providers.

Realizing the promise of long-acting contraceptives depends on continuing efforts to distinguish appropriate from inappropriate policies and practices. The current debates concerning Norplant and other long-term methods generally have based ethical judgment on too slim a reed. It is insufficient and overly divisive to limit the tools of analysis to questions of freedom and coercion. A richer perspective is needed. We have sketched out an alternative approach that rests on a close, case-by-case analysis attentive to the social dimension and consequences of contraceptive decisionmaking, as well as to the individual interests at stake. The approach also takes special note of the need for access to long-acting contraceptive, the possibility for mistaken nonuse as well as mistaken use, and our country's past and present biases and power imbalances. We do not claim that this method will make judgments about justifiable or unjustifiable influence easy or automatic. However, it should prove adept at underscoring the factors that require particular scrutiny. Perhaps more importantly, the approach highlights that influences for the use of long-acting contraceptives ought to be judged, not merely dismissed.
Oh Say, Can You See?

Introductory psychology textbooks often illustrate Gestalt organizing principles in visual perception by means of lines, dots, and squiggles. A n exercise for discovering the use of these principles in readily available contemporary formats (advertisements, posters, and t-shirts) is described.
New Proton Form Factor Ratio Recoil Polarization Measurements in Hall C at JLab

Abstract The experimental determination of the proton elastic form factors has become a very active field since two experiments at JLab using the double-polarization technique revealed a stark discrepancy from the previous Rosenbluth data. In a next step, started in the fall of 2007, a new experiment in Hall C at JLab has pushed the Q 2 limit from 5.6 to 8.54 GeV 2 , with intermediate points at 5.2 and 6.8 GeV 2 . The kinematics dependence of the form factor ratio at 2.5 GeV 2 has also been investigated. The current status of the data analysis and some preliminary results are reported.
Guinea pig asparagine synthetase

Abstract The partial purification and properties of guinea pig asparagine synthetase ( l -aspartate: ammonia ligase (AMP), EC 6.3.1.1) are described. The enzyme activity is present largely in the high-speed supernatant fractions and is found in extracts from all tissues with the highest specific activities in extracts from spleen, liver, intestine and lymph nodes High concentrations of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or K 2 SO 4 with glutamine are required to demonstrate this activity in crude enzyme preparations. l -Asparagine appreciably inhibits the reaction in the presence of glutamine but not in the presence of high concentrations of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
Aortopulmonary window characterized with two- and three-dimensional echocardiogram in a dog

Aortopulmonary window is a rare congenital anomaly, resulting from incomplete septation of the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and the pulmonary artery during embryogenesis. The utility of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiogram has not been previously reported in dogs with aortopulmonary windows. The authors demonstrate the diagnostic potentials of 3D echocardiogram and its ability to more completely define the anatomical features of aortopulmonary window in a dog when compared to two-dimensional imaging. Ultimately 3D echocardiogram was considered to provide information critical to determining the feasibility of beating heart surgical correction in this case.
Base-stock control for single-product tandem make-to-stock systems

Abstract In this paper, we consider a multiple-stage tandem production/inventory system producing a single product. Processing time at each stage is assumed to have a general stationary processing time distribution. The cost of holding work-in-process (WIP) inventory is different at each stage. Therefore, decisions on when to release work to the system as well as when to transfer WIP from one stage to another need to be made. We formulate this problem of release/production control as a Markov decision process. However, the optimal policy is rather complex, making its implementation impracticable in practice. We therefore investigate the performance of simple base stock policies. Our approach aggregates several stages into one and uses a simple approximation to compute ‘approximately optimal’ base stock levels. We present the results of a simulation study that tests the performance of our approximation in estimating the best base stock levels, and the performance of base stock policies as compared with the...
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against bovine haptoglobin and its use in an ELISA

Haptoglobin (Hp) is the major acute phase reactant found in cattle. As such, it is an excellent indicator of early disease processes and could be used as a marker for pre-clinical illness in cattle. The production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against bovine Hp and bovine hemoglobin is described. The anti-haptoglobin mAbs (Hap1, Hap2, Hap3) and the anti-bovine hemoglobin (Hb) mAb (BoHem1) were characterized and tested for cross-reactivity by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting analyses. Additionally, the development of an ELISA based on an anti-haptoglobin mAb is discussed.
Semianalytical Method of Solution for Solid Phase Diffusion in Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes: Variable Diffusion Coefficient

A semianalytical methodology based on the integral transform technique is proposed to solve the diffusion equation with concentration dependent diffusion coefficient in a spherical intercalation electrode particle. The method makes use of an integral transform pair to transform the nonlinear partial differential equation into a set of ordinary differential equations, which is solved with less computational efforts. A general solution procedure is presented and two illustrative examples are used to demonstrate the usefulness of this method for modeling of diffusion process in lithium ion battery electrode. The solutions obtained using the method presented in this study are compared to the numerical solutions.
Incorporation of glucuronolactone-6-C14 into connective tissue polysaccharides.

SummaryD-glucuronolactone-6-C14 was administered to actively growing rats to study its incorporation into connective tissue acid polysaccharides. The same compound was administered to guinea pigs after injection of carrageenin which stimulates formation of new connective tissue. No significant incorporation of glucuronolactone into the APS fraction of connective tissues was found.
Circular dichroism of distorted helices. C(10)-Adamantyl and C(10)-tert-butyl biliverdins

Abstract Bulky adamantyl and tert -butyl substituents at the central carbon of biliverdins cause the intrinsic verdin helical conformation to distort, and this results in a shift in pigment color from blue to red. Such distorted `verdins' when derivatized as L-alanyl methyl ester bis-amides give modest circular dichroism Cotton effects.
Early Results of Simultaneous Terrain and Shallow Water Bathymetry Mapping Using a Single-Wavelength Airborne LiDAR Sensor

In this paper we present results obtained with a new single-wavelength LiDAR sensor which allows seamless sub-meter mapping of topography and very shallow bathymetry in a single pass. The National Science Foundation supported National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) developed the conceptual design for the sensor that was built by Optech Inc. The new sensor operates at a wavelength of 532 nm and is fully interchangeable with an existing 1064 nm terrain mapping sensor operated by NCALM, connecting to the same electronics rack and fitting into the same aircraft mounting assembly. The sensor operates at laser pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of 33, 50 and 70 kHz, making it possible to seamlessly map shallow water lakes, streams, and coastal waters along with the contiguous terrain, including rural and urban areas. This new sensor has been tested in a wide variety of conditions including coastal, estuarine and fresh water bodies, with water depths ranging from 20 centimeters to 16 meters, with varying benthic reflectivity and water clarity. Observed point densities range from 1-4 points/m2 for terrestrial surfaces and 0.3-3 points/m2 for sub water surfaces in a single pass, and double these values when the data are collected with 50% side swath overlap, a minimum standard for NCALM's airborne LiDAR surveys. The seamless high resolution data sets produced by this sensor open new possibilities for geoscientists in fields such as hydrology, geomorphology, geodynamics and ecology.
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Human Angiotensin I Receptor Gene Are Susceptible to Stroke Injury.

Hypertension is one of the co-morbid conditions for stroke and profoundly increases its incidence. Angiotensin II (AngII) is shown to be at the center stage in driving the renin angiotensin system via activation of angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R). This makes the AT1R gene one of the candidates whose differential regulation leads to the predisposition to disorders associated with hypertension. A haplotype block of four SNPs is represented primarily by haplotype-I, or Hap-I (TTAA), and haplotype-II, or Hap-II (AGCG), in the promoter of human AT1R (hAT1R) gene. To better understand the physiological role of these haplotypes, transgenic (TG) mice containing Hap-I and Hap-II of the hAT1R gene in a 166-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) were generated. Mice received injection of endothelin-1 (1 mg/ml) directly in to the striatum and were evaluated for neurologic deficit scores and sacrificed for analysis of infarct volume and mRNA levels of various proteins. Mice containing Hap-I suffered from significantly higher neurological deficits and larger brain infarcts than Hap II. Similarly, the molecular analysis of oxidant and inflammatory markers in brains of mice showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in NOX-1 (2.3-fold), CRP (4.3-fold), and IL6 (1.9-fold) and a corresponding reduced expression of antioxidants SOD (60 %) and HO1 (55 %) in Hap-I mice as compared to Hap-II mice. These results suggest that increased expression of hAT1R rendered Hap-I TG mice susceptible to stroke-related pathology, possibly due to increased level of brain inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and a suppressed antioxidant defense system.
Heat production and heat loss in the rat following intracerebral and systemic administration of morphine.

Abstract The fall in core temperature of the rat following either intravenous administration of morphine sulfate or injection of the drug into the anterior hypothalamus is accompanied by a pronounced reduction in oxygen consumption. No significant change in skin blood flow occurred after morphine. The mean rate of fall in temperature in the group of animals injected systematically was greater than that of the animals receiving intracerebral injections. This difference is regarded as an action of morphine apart from the effect of the drug on the thermoregulatory centers. It is concluded that the hypothermic effect of morphine is due to a reduction in metabolic heat production rather than to an increase in heat loss.
On the Coupling of Ultrasound to F 19 Nuclear Spins in Antiferromagnetic RbMn F 3

The magnetoelastic theory of the interaction of ultrasound with coupled electronic and nuclear spins in cubic antiferromagnets is used to explain the nuclear-acoustic-resonance (NAR) spectrum of ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ in RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$. The coupling mechanism capable of accounting for the proper temperature and angular dependence is found to be forbidden in a perfectly ordered RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ lattice. With the assumption of a simple model of lattice imperfection, however, the magnitude and anomalous line shape of the observed ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ NAR are adequately explained.
Moral Values in Medicine and Science

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/20-1-13048 No abstract available. The original article was published in JIMA, 1977, pp. 22-3.
Thermal microstructure and internal waves in the Canada Basin diffusive staircase

Abstract Measurements of thermal microstructure in the Canada Basin thermohaline staircase are used to investigate the mechanisms of oceanic double-diffusive convection. Thermal interface thicknesses, the presence and scales of anomalous parcels near the diffusive interfaces, and an estimated decay time scale for these anomalies are all consistent with previous models based on laboratory and analytical studies in which heat transport consists of molecular diffusion through a stable interface core, intermittent separation of unstable boundary layers, and subsequent diffusion into the adjacent convective layers. It is shown, however, that in the Canada Basin shear instabilities driven by the internal wave field may significantly modify the vertical fluxes, in particular salt, and may be sufficient to reverse the direction of total buoyancy transport without destroying the staircase.
Magnetic and nonmagnetic nanoparticles from a group of uniform materials based on organic salts.

The size and uniformity of magnetic nanoparticles developed from a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) were controlled using an in situ ion exchange, water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion preparation. Most of these nanoGUMBOS are in fact ionic liquids (i.e., melting points less than 100 °C), while others have melting points above the conventional 100 °C demarcation. Simple variations in the reagent concentrations following a w/o approach allowed us to smoothly and predictably vary nanoparticle dimensions across a significant size regime with excellent uniformity. Average sizes of GUMBOS particles ranging from 14 to 198 nm were achieved by manipulation of the reagent concentration, for example. Controllable formation of this new breed of nanoparticles is important for numerous potential applications and will open up interesting new opportunities in drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and protein separations, among other areas.
A primer on American labor law

Since its publication more than a decade ago, "A Primer on American Labor Law "has served as an easily accessible guide to the development, principles, and characteristics of American labor law.The third edition incorporates a number of significant developments that have taken place since 1986. These include new precedent under the Railway Labor Act (covering both railroads and airlines), the expansion of wrongful discharge litigation (which has become increasingly important as the unorganized sector of the work force continues to expand), new forms of protection against discrimination afforded by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Civil Rights Act of 1991, the consent decree between the U.S. Department of justice and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, and the continued success of unions representing professional athletes.William B. Gould IV is Charles A. Beardsley Professor of Law at Stanford Law School. An impartial arbitrator of labor disputes since 1965, he is a member of the Clinton Administration's Committee on the Future of Worker-Management Relations. He is the author of "Agenda for Reform: The Future of Employment Relationships and the Law."
Antibiotic optimization in the difficult-to-treat patient with complicated intra-abdominal or complicated skin and skin structure infections: focus on tigecycline.

Complicated intra-abdominal and skin and skin structure infections are widely varied in presentation. These infections very often lead to an increase in length of hospital stay, with a resulting increase in costs and mortality. In addition, these infections may be caused by a wide variety of bacteria and are often polymicrobial with the possibility of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin- resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneu- moniae), and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains. In combination with patients' immunosuppression or comorbidities, the treatment and management options for initial therapy success are few. Tigecycline, a new glycylcyline antimicrobial from the tetracycline drug class, represents a viable option for the successful treatment of these infections. It has been shown to have activity against a wide variety of bacteria, including the antimicrobial-resistant strains. As with all tetracycline drugs, it is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. The potential side effects are those typical of tetracycline drugs: nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Drug-drug interactions are not expected, and renal function monitoring is not necessary.
Thrombosis in pregnancy and maternal outcomes

Pregnancy increases the risk of thrombosis four- to five-fold. Seventy-five to eighty percent of pregnancy-related thrombotic events are venous and twenty to -twenty-five percent are arterial. The main reason for the increased risk is hypercoagulability. Women are hypercoagulable because they have evolved so that they are protected against the bleeding challenges of pregnancy, miscarriage, or childbirth. Both genetic and acquired risk factors can further increase the risk of thrombosis. The maternal consequences of thrombosis of pregnancy include permanent vascular damage, disability, and death. While the maternal outcomes of thrombosis can be modified by anticoagulation therapy, management of thrombosis during pregnancy is the subject of another paper in this issue (see paper by B. Konkle). This review will focus on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and maternal consequences of thrombosis in pregnancy.
Did the 18 drinking age promote high school dropout? Implications for current policy

OBJECTIVE: Disagreement exists over whether permissive minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws affected underage adolescents (e.g., those age 17 years with the MLDA of 18). We used MLDA changes during the 1970s and 1980s as a natural experiment to investigate how underage exposure to permissive MLDA affected high school dropout. METHOD: MLDA exposure was added to two data sets: (a) the 5% public use microdata samples of the 1990 and 2000 censuses (n = 3,671,075), and (b) a combined data set based on the 1991-1992 National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiological Survey (NLAES) and the 2001-2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; n = 16,331). We used logistic regression to model different thresholds of MLDA on high school dropout. We also estimated models conditioned on demographic variables and familial risk of developing alcohol problems. RESULTS: Only the MLDA of 18 predicted high school dropout. Exposure was associated with 4% and 13% higher odds of high school dropout for the census and NLAES/NESARC samples, respectively. We noted greater impact on women (5%-18%), Blacks (5%-19%), and Hispanics (6%). Self-report of parental alcohol problems was associated with 40% higher odds, which equals a 4.14-point increase in dropout rate for that population. CONCLUSIONS: The MLDA of 18 likely had a large impact on high school dropout rates, suggesting that the presence of legal-aged peers in a high school setting increased access to alcohol for younger students. Our results also suggest that policy can promote less dangerous drinking behavior even when familial risk of alcohol use disorders is high. Language: en
Polyhedral Methods in Numerical Algebraic Geometry

In numerical algebraic geometry witness sets are numerical representations of positive dimensional solution sets of polynomial systems. Considering the asymptotics of witness sets we propose certificates for algebraic curves. These certificates are the leading terms of a Puiseux series expansion of the curve starting at infinity. The vector of powers of the first term in the series is a tropism. For proper algebraic curves, we relate the computation of tropisms to the calculation of mixed volumes. With this relationship, the computation of tropisms and Puiseux series expansions could be used as a preprocessing stage prior to a more expensive witness set computation. Systems with few monomials have fewer isolated solutions and fewer data are needed to represent their positive dimensional solution sets. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 65H10. Secondary 14Q99, 68W30.
Teaching chemistry from a societal perspective

Chemistry and chemical technology contribute to the quality of life on this planet in many areas: health, nutrition, agriculture, transportation, materials and energy production, and industrial development. Chemistry is at its most useful to society when chemists and non-chemists with decision-making responsibilities work with mutual understanding to address the chemistry-related issues facing their communities. Thus, it would seem obvious that all who study chemistry should learn about the interactions of chemistry and society as an integral part of their classroom instruction. However, historically, the tendency worldwide has been to include societal content in chemistry courses only at the lower secondary level. This is changing. This paper explores instructional materials developed by the American Chemical Society that place chemistry in its societal context for high school and college stu- dents. This includes a discussion of green chemistry materials that introduce students to the concepts associated with developing environmentally benign processes and products.
Hybrid-way Cache for Mobile Processors

As multi-core trends are becoming dominant, cache structures are being sophisticated and complicated. Also, the bigger shared level-2 (L2) caches are demanded for higher cache performance. However, the big cache size is directly related to the area and power consumption. Designing a cache memory, one of the easiest ways to increase the performance is doubling the cache size. In mobile processors, however, simple increase of the cache size may significantly affect its chip area and power. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose the hy-way cache (hybrid-way cache) which is a composite cache mechanism to maximize cache performance within a given cache size. This mechanism can improve cache performance without increasing cache size and set associativity by emphasizing the utilization of primary way(s) and pseudo-associativity. Based on our experiments with the sampled SPEC CPU2000 workload, the proposed cache mechanism shows the remarkable reduction in cache misses with the penalty of additional hardware cost and additional power consumption. The variation of performance improvement depends on cache size and set associativity, but the proposed scheme shows more sensitivity to cache size increase than set associativity increase.
A Crisis of Images: The French, Jihad and the Plague in Upper Egypt, 1798–1801

Abul-Magd examines France’s abortive colonization of Egypt in 1798 as a crisis of images, a conquest undone by the conflict between the French colonizers’ self-image as enlightened liberators of an inferior, oppressed population and the population’s manipulation, and ultimately rejection, of French occupation. The chapter draws on a variety of Arabic and French sources to explore the interaction between the French and Coptic and Arab elites in Upper Egypt, while a fierce Jihad erupted in response to the French occupation. By tracing the demographic destruction the French presence wrought in Upper Egypt and the occupation’s enduring influence under Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early nineteenth century, the chapter concludes by reviewing this short-lived occupation’s lasting legacy.
Finite differences to implement the solution for optimal control of distributed parameter systems

Finite difference methods are used to implement the solution to optimal control of distributed parameter systems. The control is assumed to be intrinsic to the partial differential equation (PDE) as well as continuous, such that the calculus of variations is used to obtain the control law. Several important principles are developed to formulate the difference approximations to the partial differential equations which describe the system and the control law. An iterative method of solution is employed on these two equations. The convergence of the iteration is assured by stability considerations of the finite difference expressions.