cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of substrate/product couples by medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase☆

Abstract Natural substrate/product binding activates medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) to accept electrons from its substrate by inducing a positive flavin midpoint potential shift. The energy source for this activation has never been fully elucidated. If ground-state alterations of the ligand, such as polarization, are entirely responsible for enzyme activation, the ligand potential should shift equally to that of the flavin but in the opposite direction. Ligand polarization is likely responsible for only a small portion of this activation. Here, thiophenepropionoyl- and furylpropionoyl-CoA analogs were used to directly measure the redox modulations of several ligand couples upon binding to MCAD. These measurements identified the thermodynamic contribution of ligand polarization to enzyme activation. Because the ligand potential alterations are significantly smaller than modulations in the flavin potential due to binding, other phenomena such as p K a changes, desolvation, and charge alterations are likely responsible for the thermodynamic modulations required for MCAD's activity.
Is glycemic control of the critically ill cost-effective?

AbstractIntensive monitoring of blood glucose levels and treatment of hyperglycemia have been associated with significant improvements in morbidity and mortality in the critically ill. In contrast to the large prospective and observational body of data relating glycemic control and clinical outcomes, the financial impact of glycemic control implementation has not been as well described. This article details data from interventional trials of intensive insulin therapy; investigations that relate dysglycemia to morbidity, particularly intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired infections and increased ICU length of stay; and evaluations of the attributable cost of nosocomial infection in order to construct a sensitivity analysis of the net economic impact of glycemic control. It concludes that glycemic control is associated with positive financial outcomes, even using very conservative assumptions, and provides the reader with an automated spreadsheet to estimate the financial implications of glycemic control using...
Cooperative and noncooperative protection against transferable and filterable externalities

Given self-protection from an undesirable environmental externality, we examine, under several conditions, the efficiency properties of cooperative and noncooperative behavior. We demonstrate that if self-protection can transfer the externality to another agent, then noncooperative behavior will lead to overprotection. If self-protection filters or dilutes the externality, then noncooperation leads to underprotection. In addition, overprotection will worsen if an agent with more relative power is allowed a first-mover advantage or if the damage function is elastic and transferability is uncertain. Finally, a reduction in uncertainty about transferability will accentuate overprotection if the damage function is inelastic. Our results suggest that coordination of protection activities among agents will enhance the overall gains from environmental policy in the European Single Internal Market of 1992. Coordination minimizes the costs of environmental protection, thereby reducing the public credibility of its foes.
Poison-Tolerant Fuel Cells

A fuel cell electrode has three functions: allow access to reacting gases, provide active electrocatalytic sites, and allow transport of electrons as well as ions ( 1 ). High-temperature fuel cells generate electrical power by oxidizing the fuel electrochemically rather than by chemical combustion. They achieve this by digesting carbon-based fuels with the help of an internal catalyst. However, sulfur in the fuel gas is a potent poison for the nickel electrocatalyst used in the anodes of such cells currently. Nickel also has another disadvantage: When CH4 or higher hydrocarbons are used in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a state-of-the-art nickel cermet (ceramic-metal composite) anode—that is, Ni-YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia)—carbon deposition, which reduces the activity of the anode, can occur if the steam-to-carbon ratio of the fuel gas is too low. Nickel effectively functions as a catalyst for carbon deposition (coking), thereby blocking the active sites of the anode and, in the worst case, destroying its structure. On page 126 of this issue, Yang et al. ( 2 ) demonstrate that an alternative material can be used for the anode of the SOFC, one that provides enhanced tolerance to both poisoning and coking.
Two lesser known but useful signs of neonatal pneumothorax

Two lesser known signs of neonatal pneumothorax are presented: the "large, hyperlucent hemithorax" sign and the "medial stripe" sign. In a review of 113 consecutive cases of proven neonatal pneumothorax, the large, hyperlucent hemithorax was the presenting sign in 29 and the medial stripe in 12 (25% and 11%, respectively). A left-sided preponderance of both signs but especially of the large, hyperlucent hemithorax remained unexplained. The practical significance of the signs, differential diagnosis, and influence of the Mach effect are described.
Responses of Pear Seedlings to N -Dimethyl-aminosuccinamic Acid, a Growth Retardant

N-DIMETHYLAMINOSUCCINAMIC acid (‘B-995’) has been found to stimulate flowering in clones of some woody ornamental plants1. Foliar sprays of ‘B-995’ (Naugatuck Chemical Co., Bethany, Conn.) were applied to 2-year-old pear seedlings to examine the effect of the chemical on growth and juvenility. Groups of ten trees each were given the following treatments: (1) a single application of 4,000 p.p.m., July 9, 1962; (2) a single application of 8,000 p.p.m., July 9; (3) a triple application of 4,000 p.p.m,, July 9, 16 and 23; (4) a triple application of 8,000 p.p.m., July 9, 16 and 23; (5) none. The young trees had been planted in 1961 directly in 3-gallon crocks of soil since maintained in a field.
Long-term results of intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy for primary and recurrent retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma

Abstract Purpose: This study assesses the long-term outcome of patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma treated by preoperative external beam radiotherapy, resection, and intraoperative electron beam radiation (IOERT). Methods and Materials: From 1980 to 1996, 37 patients were treated with curative intent for primary or recurrent retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. All patients underwent external beam radiotherapy with a median dose of 45 Gy. This was followed by laparotomy, resection, and IOERT, if feasible. Twenty patients received 10–20 Gy of IOERT with 9–15 MeV electrons. These patients were compared to a group of 17 patients receiving preoperative irradiation without IOERT. Results: The 5-yr actuarial overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, local control (LC), and freedom from distant disease of all 37 patients was 50%, 38%, 59%, and 54%, respectively. After preoperative irradiation, 29 patients (78%) underwent gross total resection. For 16 patients undergoing gross total resection and IOERT, OS and LC were 74% and 83%, respectively. In contrast, these results were less satisfactory for 13 patients undergoing gross total resection without IOERT. For these patients, OS and LC were 30% and 61%, respectively. Four patients experienced treatment-related morbidity. Conclusions: In selected patients, IOERT results in excellent local control and disease-free survival with acceptable morbidity.
Alternate interpretation of the results from the St. Gotthard laboratory double beta decay experiment

Abstract The data from the recent search for neutrinoless double beta decay with the emission of majorons in the St. Gotthard underground laboratory is reinterpreted. A model of the unknown background continuum, more consistent with auxiliary shielding experiments, results in a central value T 1 2 =4.3×10 20 yr for this decay. All of the corrections in the original article are accepted at a face value.
Differences in the excitability of two populations of trigeminal primary afferent central terminals

Abstract The excitability of lingual and inferior dental nerve terminals in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus was increased following a conditioning stimulus delivered to the same nerves of the contralateral side. The lingual nerve primary afferent depolarization (PAD) began at a shorter CS-TS interval (CS, conditioning stimulus; TS, test stimulus), and reached a maximum level of depolarization sooner, than did the PAD evoked in the inferior dental nerve. This difference in the time course of the PAD was not dependent on the site of the CS; i.e. , the same time course was observed for the lingual nerve terminals whether the CS was delivered to either the contralateral lingual, or inferior dental nerve. The effect of the contralateral CS was also tested on the ipsilateral lingual-digastric and inferior dental-digastric reflexes in order to determine if the PAD observed in the ipsilateral nerve terminals would be reflected in similar changes in reflexes mediated by those nerves. It was found that both digastric reflexes were inhibited by the CS. The time course of the inhibition showed similar characteristics to that of the previously discussed PAD; i.e., the onset of the lingual-digastric reflex inhibition began a shorter CS-TS interval and reached maximum effectiveness sooner than did the inhibition of the inferior dental-digastric reflex. The possible significance of the results in relation to the role of presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms in the reflex control of jaw movement is discussed.
Schistosoma mansoni: Effect of recombinant tumor necrosis factor α on fecundity and [14C]-tyrosine uptake in females maintained in vitro

Abstract It has been reported that recombinant tumor necrosis factor α (rTNFα) stimulates egg-laying in Schistosoma mansoni females. Because tyrosine requirement is increased in females undergoing sexual maturation in preparation for oogenesis and tyrosine is a major component of eggshell protein, we wanted to determine whether females treated with rTNFα would also incorporate more tyrosine. Adult females were first treated with 10, 20 or 40 ng/ml rTNFα for 1, 3 or 6 hr in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Another two groups of females were each exposed either to males or to male excretory-secretory (ES) products for 1 hr. They were then exposed to 20 μCi/ml−1 [14C]-tyrosine for 1 hr in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS. All females were incubated individually unless indicated otherwise. Females incorporated more tyrosine after exposure to males or their ES products. They incorporated significantly more tyrosine when treated with rTNFα for 1 hr; the increased uptake correlated with increasing amounts of rTNFα used. Although after a 3-hr treatment with 10 ng/ml rTNFα females incorporated slightly more tyrosine than controls, increasing amounts of rTNFα had an adverse effect. Females treated with rTNFα for 6 hr incorporated less tyrosine than controls and those treated for 1 hr. SDS-PAGE and fluorography did not reveal any differences in polypeptide profiles of untreated and rTNFα-treated females. These unexpected results led us to study the effect of rTNFα on fecundity in females. Contrary to the published report, we observed a sharp decline in egg-laying in females when exposed to increasing concentrations of rTNFα in vitro.
Overlapping sphincteroplasty and posterior repair

Knowledge of how to anatomically reconstruct extensive posterior-compartment defects is variable among gynecologists. The objective of this video is to demonstrate an effective technique of overlapping sphincteroplasty and posterior repair. In this video, a scripted storyboard was constructed that outlines the key surgical steps of a comprehensive posterior compartment repair: (1) surgical incision that permits access to posterior compartment and perineal body, (2) dissection of the rectovaginal space up to the level of the cervix, (3) plication of the rectovaginal muscularis, (4) repair of internal and external anal sphincters, and (5) reconstruction of the perineal body. Using a combination of graphic illustrations and live video footage, tips on repair are highlighted. The goals at the end of repair are to: (1) have improved vaginal caliber, (2) increase rectal tone along the entire posterior vaginal wall, (3) have the posterior vaginal wall at a perpendicular plane to the perineal body, (4) reform the hymenal ring, and (5) not have an overly elongated perineal body. This video provides a step-by-step guide on how to perform an overlapping sphincteroplasty and posterior repair.
Observation of H2 aggregation onto a doubly charged anion in a temperature-controlled ion trap.

Hydrogen is the second most difficult gas to be condensed due to its weak intermolecular interactions. Here we report observation of H2 aggregation onto a doubly charged anion, −O2C(CH2)12CO2−(DC2−). Weakly bound DC2−(H2)n clusters were formed in a temperature-controlled ion trap and studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. The onset of clustering was observed at 30 K, whereas extensive condensation was observed at 12 K with n up to 12. Photoelectron spectra were obtained for DC2−(H2)n (n = 0−6) at 193 and 266 nm. The spectra of DC2−(H2)n were observed to be identical to that of the bare DC2− dianion except a slight blue shift, indicating the weak interactions between H2 and the parent dianion. The blue shift on average amounts to ∼34 meV (3.3 kJ/mol) per H2, which represents the lower limit of the H2 binding energy to DC2−.
Quality of Life in Patients with Non-CAD Chest Pain: Associations to Fear of Pain and Psychiatric Disorder Severity

Chest pain in the absence of identified cardiac cause, or non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), is a common condition that may result in impaired quality of life. Theories of NCCP put forward that patients who react to cardiopulmonary sensations with fear may avoid activities that elicit cardiac sensations. Co-morbid psychiatric disorders, which are prevalent in this population, may predispose individuals to be more vigilant to physiological sensations, including cardiac-related symptoms. The daily impact of avoiding cardiopulmonary cues may limit quality of life. This study examined psychiatric disorders, fear of pain, and quality of life in 30 non-coronary artery disease (CAD) chest pain patients. Psychiatric disorder severity was independently associated with mental health related quality of life and fear of pain was independently associated with physical health related quality of life. This research adds understanding to contributory factors to impaired quality of life among patients with non-CAD chest pain.
Factitious brittle diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Five patients are described in whom factitious disease was the cause of brittle type I diabetes mellitus. The patients were referred from throughout the United States because their physicians had been unable to establish the reason for recurrent hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis or coma. In three of the patients, unexplainable signs, symptoms, and/or laboratory results lead to the diagnosis of factitious disease. In the two remaining patients, long-term follow-up was necessary before a factitious cause was established. These five patients exemplify the extraordinary measures that some patients will utilize to continue as a "patient" rather than return to a normal lifestyle.
EVALUATION OF HOME LITERACY ENVIRONMENT: AN ILLUSTRATION WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

We show how a microexploration can be used to evaluate the home literacy (reading and writing) environment of preschool children with disabilities. In addition, we offer an initial descriptive informational base about home literacy for preschoolers with Down syndrome that is based on the findings of the microexploration. The goal of the microexploration was to describe the extent and nature of literacy artifacts, references, and events in the homes of 3 preschool children with Down syndrome. A trained observer visited the children's homes, completed checklists of literacy artifacts, tape‐recorded everything that occurred indoors, and took fieldnotes. Analyses were done from three perspectives: (a) From transcripts of the tape recordings, verbalizations were coded into categories of literacy references and events, as well as other categories, (b) Patterns were derived from the transcripts and fieldnotes. (c) Storybook sharings were analyzed for a variety of story‐meaning‐related and other types of talk. On...
Induction of cytochrome P4501A in the intertidal fish Anoplarchus purpurescens by Prudhoe Bay crude oil and environmental induction in fish from Prince William Sound

Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) induction is a sensitive and specific adaptive response in fish exposed to xenobiotics including petroleum hydrocarbons. CYP1A expression was examined in the intertidal fish Anoplarchus purpurescens collected from or caged at reference sites and sites oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound. Immunoblotting of hepatic microsomes showed that the content of CYP1A in fish at oiled sites was up to 6-fold greater than that in reference site fish. Fish injected with the CYP1A inducer β-naphthoflavone showed a 70-fold induction of CYP1A, to levels six times the highest level seen in the field. To model the field exposure, fish were maintained over oiled sediments and/or fed amphipods collected from an oiled site. Hepatic microsomal CYP1A was induced 49-fold in fish exposed to oiled sediments but rapidly returned to control levels after fish were removed from oil exposure. Immunohistochemistry showed CYP1A induction in multiple organs. CYP1A staining in hepatic and some extrahepatic cells was highly correlated (r 2 ≥ 0.95) with the hepatic CYP1A content detected by immunoblot. Oiled food induced CYP1A most strongly in intestinal mucosal epithelial and endothelial cells. Relatively low levels of CYP1A were observed in liver, gill, and gonad of fish exposed to oil through the diet, consistent with the metabolism of dietary hydrocarbons by intestinal CYP1A. Exposure to oiled sediment alone strongly induced CYP1A in endothelial cells in all organs examined. Thus, oil present in Prince William Sound sediments more than 1 year after the spill was able to induce CYP1A in intertidal fish. The caging and laboratory experiments indicate that the induction of CYP1A observed in field specimens of A. purpurescens from oiled sites was due primarily to persistent spill-derived hydrocarbons.
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of rabbits: validation of an animal model used to measure drug concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid.

Complete concentration-time data describing the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following a single dose are not available for humans or animals. We studied the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole with an indwelling intracisternal needle as described by R.G. Dacey and M.A. Sande (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 6:437-441, 1974). To determine whether the presence of an intracisternal needle alters pharmacokinetics in the CSF, we validated this model with uninfected rabbits by measuring pharmacokinetic constants following direct intracisternal and intravenous administration of fluconazole. Following direct injection, there was no alteration of elimination rates in the CSF with increasing sample number or time. Following intravenous administration, the penetration and kinetic constants were the same in individual animals from which multiple CSF samples were obtained as in a composite subject constructed by pooling virgin samples from different animals. The presence of the intracisternal needle did not alter CSF chemistry or leukocyte counts, and erythrocyte contamination was
Fast neutron irradiation induced resistivity in metals

The residual resistivity increase rate as a function of induced resistivity for fast neutron irradiated Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Ni, Co and Mo has been studied. Except for Fe the resistivity increase rate as a function of irradiation induced resistivity is non-linear. The data is best explained with the expression of Balarin and Hauser. Saturation values of the resistivity and defect concentrations plus static and dynamic recombination volumes have been calculated; they differ from those obtained by irradiation in a reactor spectrum. Recombination volumes are very small for the b.c.c. metals Fe and Mo. Die Anstiegsrate des Restwiderstands als Funktion des induzierten Widerstands wurde an mit schnellen Neutronen bestrahltem Al, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Fe, Ni, Co und untersucht. Ausber fur Fe ist die Anstiegsrate des Widerstands als Funktion des strahlungsinduzierten Widerstands nichtlinear. Die Werte am besten mit dem Ausdruck von Balarin und Hauser beschrieben. Sattigungswerte des Widerstands und der Defektkonzentration, wie statische und dynamische Rekombinationsvolumina, wurden berechnet; sie unterscheiden sich von denen, die durch Bestrahlung im Reaktor erhalten wurden. Die Rekombinationsvolumina sind fur die k.r.z. Metalle Fe und Mo sehr klein.
Towards a smart bandage with functional near infrared spectroscopy capability

This paper presents our efforts towards a smart bandage with incorporated miniaturized wireless functional near infrared spectroscopy system as a sensor node for wearable body area networks. The built prototype was used to successfully transmit deoxygenation of forearm muscle tissue during pressure cuff induced ischemia through an established Bluetooth link. The system can run over 4 hours continuously sampling at 150 Hz with provided 90mAh lithium polymer batteries and transmit data to distances more than 75 meters.
Unvail the Mysterious of the Single Spin Asymmetry

Single transverse-spin asymmetry in high energy hadronic reaction has been greatly investigated from both experiment and theory sides in the last few years. In this talk, I will summarize some recent theoretical developments, which, in my opinion, help to unvail the mysterious of the single spin asymmetry.
Camptothecin induces the ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15, and enhances ISG15 conjugation in response to interferon

Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (15 kDa) (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein that forms covalent conjugates with cellular proteins. ISG15 is induced by IFN, microbial challenge, and p53, suggesting that it represents a genetic response that is shared among diverse stress stimuli. To investigate the regulation of this posttranslational modification pathway by a genotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, we examined ISG15 induction and conjugation in cells treated with the topoisomerase I (topoI) poison, camptothecin (CPT). CPT induced ISG15mRNA, and induction required protein synthesis and a functional p53 protein. However, IFN and the Jak-Stat components of the IFN signaling pathway were dispensable for CPT induction of ISG15. CPT induced free ISG15 and conjugates in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. A single 55-kDa protein was the prominent CPT-induced ISG15 conjugate and localized to the nuclear compartment. CPT-induced ISG15 conjugates were distinct from those induced by IFN; however, CPT treatment dramatically enhanced ISG15 conjugation in response to IFN. These findings provide the first evidence of a stimulus-specific induction of discrete ISG15 conjugate species and demonstrate that treatment with a combination of cancer therapeutic agents can cooperate to enhance ISG15 conjugation. Identification of the specific ISG15 conjugates induced by chemotherapeutic agents may reveal novel molecular targets.
Cognitive Consequences of Legislating Postpurchase Behavior: Growing Up with the Bottle Bill

A study was conducted to understand how bottle bills exert their effect. Legislation does apparently allow for a situation in which behaviors influence attitudes if subjective norms converge with the new position. Students tested longitudinally manifested significant (p < .1) differences in cross-lagged panel correlations implying that subjective norms lead to bottle bill and ecological attitudes, that behavior and habit lead to bottle returning attitudes, and that ecological attitudes lead to intentions. Students in Oregon were found to have greater pro-ecological attitudes than students in neighboring states. Public policy implications are discussed.
Myoblast-mediated gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis and arteriogenesis

Therapeutic angiogenesis aims at generating new blood vessels by delivering growth factors such as VEGF and FGF. Clinical trials are underway in patients with peripheral vascular and coronary heart disease. However, increasing evidence indicates that the new vasculature needs to be stabilized to avoid deleterious effects such as edema and hemangioma formation. Moreover, a major challenge is to induce new vessels that persist following cessation of the angiogenic stimulus. Mature vessels may be generated by modulating timing and dosage of growth factor expression, or by combination of 'growth' factors with 'maturation' factors like PDGF-BB, angiopoietin-1 or TGF-beta. Myoblast-mediated gene transfer has unique characteristics that make it a useful tool for studying promising novel approaches to therapeutic angiogenesis. It affords robust and long-lasting expression, and can be considered as a relatively rapid form of 'adult transgenesis' in muscle. The combined insertion of different gene constructs into single myoblasts and their progeny allows the simultaneous expression of different 'growth' and 'maturation' factors within the same cell in vivo. The additional insertion of a reporter gene makes it possible to analyze the phenotype of the vessels surrounding the transgenic muscle fibers into which the myoblasts have fused. The effects of timing and duration of gene expression can be studied by using tetracycline-inducible constructs, and dosage effects by selecting subpopulations consistently expressing distinct levels of growth factors. Finally, the autologous cell-based approach using transduced myoblasts could be an alternative gene delivery system for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients, avoiding the toxicities seen with some viral vectors.
Multiscale, Multiphysics Network Modeling of Shale Matrix Gas Flows

We present a pore network model to determine the permeability of shale gas matrix. Contrary to the conventional reservoirs, where permeability is only a function of topology and morphology of the pores, the permeability in shale depends on pressure as well. In addition to traditional viscous flow of Hagen–Poiseuille or Darcy type, we included slip flow and Knudsen diffusion in our network model to simulate gas flow in shale systems that contain pores on both micrometer and nanometer scales. This is the first network model in 3D that combines pores with nanometer and micrometer sizes with different flow physics mechanisms on both scales. Our results showed that estimated apparent permeability is significantly higher when the additional physical phenomena are considered, especially at lower pressures and in networks where nanopores dominate. We performed sensitivity analyses on three different network models with equal porosity; constant cross-section model (CCM), enlarged cross-section model (ECM) and shrunk length model (SLM). For the porous systems with variable pore sizes, the apparent permeability is highly dependent on the fraction of nanopores and the pores’ connectivity. The overall permeability in each model decreased as the fraction of nanopores increased.
In situ anomalous small angle X-ray scattering and absorption on an operating rechargeable lithium ion battery cell

Abstract We have employed anomalous small angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) and X-ray absorption in situ on an operating lithium ion battery cell with LiMn 2 O 4 as the positive electrode material. Manganese K-edge absorption spectra and scattering patterns were recorded at various stages of charge between 3.8 and 4.5 V. The shift of the manganese absorption K-edge was observed as a function of the charge of the electrode. Clear changes in the microstructure of the spinel at the 4 V plateau was observed even during the first charging cycle.
Cold lesions in inferotemporal cortex produce reversible deficits in learning and retention of visual discriminations

Cooling devices were implanted bilaterally at four points along the inferotemporal (IT) cortex in three monkeys. Cooling any of the three anterior pairs disrupted performance on a visual memory task (delayed match-to-sample) uniformly over delays of 0, 15, 30, and 45 sec. Cooling the most posterior cry ode had no effect. Cooling any of the cry odes had no effect on retention of a discrimination between horizontal and vertical stripes. With a focus at the second cryode from anterior, there was significant impairment on learning an object discrimination. With the same focus, a deficit was also found in retention of multiple object discriminations, but there was no deficit in retention of multiple black-white patterns. The anterior two cryodes were then interconnected, as were the posterior two cryodes, so that the anterior or posterior half of IT could be cooled. The animals were tested on retention of a mix of black-white patterns and objects. There were greater deficits on objects anteriorly and patterns posteriorly, but this was margin- ally below statistically acceptable levels. The four pairs of probes were each cooled separately during tests of retention of discrimination of monkey faces. A depression of scores was produced by all four cryodes, but more at the third from anterior. We suggest that IT is differentiated in the way it processes stimuli, not in the localization of such processes as attention, perception, and learning.
Binding and Electron Transfer between Cytochrome b5 and the Hemoglobin α- and β-Subunits through the Use of [Zn, Fe] Hybrids

We have measured the binding affinity (KA) and electron transfer (ET) rate constants (k) for the complex of hemoglobin (Hb) and cytochrome b5 (b5), using triplet quenching titrations of mixed-metal [ZnM, Fe3+(N3-)] Hb hybrids and of fully substituted Zn−mesoporphyrin (ZnM)Hb by b5 (trypsin-solubilized, bovine) (pH values 6.0 and 7.0). The use of the mixed-metal Hb hybrids with Zn in one chain type allows us to selectively monitor the 3ZnP → Fe3+P ET reaction of Fe3+b5 with either the α-chains or the β-chains. The self-consistent analysis of the results for the mixed-metal hybrids and those for the (ZnM)Hb allows us to determine the reactivity and affinity constants for the interactions of b5 with the individual subunits of T-state Hb. The results confirm that ET occurs within a complex between b5 and Hb, not through a simple bimolecular collision process. At pH 6.0, the binding affinity constant of the α-chains (Kα ≈ 2.0 × 104 M-1) is ∼4-fold larger than that of the β-chains (Kβ = 4.9 × 103 M-1); the intr...
The Effect of Single-Injection Femoral Nerve Block On Rehabilitation And Length of Hospital Stay After Total Knee Replacement

Background and Objectives Continuous-infusion femoral nerve block (FNB) improves analgesia and rehabilitation after total knee replacement. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of single-injection FNB to achieve similar results. Methods A total of 30 patients were prospectively and randomly assigned to receive 40-mL injections of either 0.25% bupivacaine (group B) or saline (group S) after total knee replacement. Blinded observers evaluated the patients for postoperative pain, morphine consumption, ambulating distances, and maximal knee flexion; pain was scored on the visual analog scale (VAS). Results Compared with group S patients, group B patients had significantly lower VAS pain scores (P Conclusions Single-injection FNB provided effective analgesia, facilitated early ambulation, and reduced the length of acute hospitalization in patients undergoing total knee replacement.
Continuous exposure of HeLa cells to caffeine.

Abstract 2 techniques have been used with HeLa cells in vitro to determine whether there are cumulative effects of continuous exposure to caffeine at levels ranging from the maximum found in human blood after ingestion of 8 cups of coffee to several times higher. 3 experiments with cells growing in suspension in continuous (chemostat) culture for 7–11 days have shown no increase in incidence of chromatid breaks in the presence of caffeine at 5 and 20 μg/ml. In a second series of experiments, adherent cultures were continuously exposed to caffeine at 3 levels (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) for 6 and 9 weeks (29 and 48 cell divisions), with subdivision of the cultures and examination of cells for chromatid breaks twice weekly. There were no significant effects on growth, as measured by overall increases in cell numbers, nor in chromatid breaks. Thus, long-term continuous exposure to caffeine at levels several times higher than the transitory peak levels which are normally attainable in man after ingestion of coffee, did not produce any evidence of increased chromatid breaks in 29–48 cell divisions.
Baseband-processed SS-TDMA communication system architecture and design concepts

The architecture and system design for a commercial satellite communications system planned for the 1990's was developed by Motorola for NASA's Lewis Research Center. The system provides data communications between individual users via trunking and customer premises service terminals utilizing a central switching satellite operating in a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) mode. The major elements of the design incorporating baseband processing include: demand-assigned multiple access reservation protocol, spectral utilization, system synchronization, modulation technique and forward error control implementation. Motorola's baseband processor design, which is being proven in a proof-of-concept advanced technology development, will perform data regeneration and message routing for individual users on-board the spacecraft.
The Behavior and Success of Latino Legislators: Evidence from the States*

Objectives. Research on the link between descriptive and substantive representation has focused almost exclusively on women and African Americans. In the last two decades, Latino representation in state legislatures has more than doubled, yet scholars have only begun to examine the policy interests and legislative success of these legislators. The objectives of this study are to test a descriptive representation model, in which the ethnicity of the legislator influences legislative behavior even after accounting for the ethnic composition of the district, and to examine ethnic differences in legislative success. Methods. Multivariate regression analyses are used to examine the effect of legislator ethnicity and district composition on bill sponsorship, committee service, and bill passage in seven U.S. legislatures. Results. I find that both constituency composition and the ethnicity of the legislator influence legislative behavior. The success of measures sponsored by Latino legislators varies substantially across states. Conclusions. I conclude that both the ethnicity of the legislator and the composition of the district influence legislative behavior and success. There is clear support for a descriptive representation model of agenda setting, particularly on issues involving immigration. However, this link between descriptive and substantive varies substantially by political context.
ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENDO-/ECTOMYCORRHIZAE IN THE OAK SUB-GENUS ERYTHROBALANUS

Examination of pin oak (Quercus palustris Muench.) mycorrhizae from a wide range of ecological sites revealed the presence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae as well as ectomycorrhizae. Vesic...
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORES BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND CAUCASIANS IN THE MIDWEST

Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) level has a direct correlation with total plaque burden and is an independent marker for risk of coronary events. While the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis trial looked at prevalence and progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease in various populations,
In-Situ XANES of Carbon-Supported Pt−Ru Anode Electrocatalyst for Reformate-Air Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

In-situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) experiments were performed on a working reformate-air fuel cell to study the structure of carbon supported Pt−Ru anode electro-catalyst. The fuel cell was operated in a normal mode without the use of supplemental electrolytes. A fresh membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and a conditioned MEA were studied at different operating conditions of the fuel cell and different feed (pure H2 or H2/CO [100 ppm CO]) at the anode. The in-situ Pt LIII-edge and Ru K-edge XANES of the fuel cell MEAs showed metallic characteristics under all operating conditions. These results demonstrate that, under the reducing conditions of normal fuel cell operation, the Pt−Ru catalyst exists as a metallic phase(s).
Perturbation Theory for Quantized String Fields

We discuss the problem of gauge fixing in string field theory. We show that BRST invariance requires the gauge-fixed action to contain terms cubic in the ghost…of ghost of ghost fields. The final BRST invariant gauge-fixed action for the gauge b0A=0 is extremely simple: with the proper interpretation (as given in this article), it is essentially the one anticipated earlier in the work of Giddings, Martinec, and Witten in their analysis of the BRST invariant world-sheet approach to string theory. We derive the Feynman rules from this action and explain in detail how the sum over surfaces of the BRST first-quantized string is reproduced. This result depends crucially on the correct assignment for the Grassmann character of the string field and its ghost…of ghost of ghost string fields. If all these fields are unified in in a single string field Φ containing all ghost numbers, the requirement is that Φ be uniformly Grassmann odd. Finally, we do some sample calculations which provide some simple checks on our general results.
Nucleotide sequence comparisons and functional analysis of yeast centromere DNAs.

Abstract We determined the nucleotide sequence of DNA segments containing functional centromeres ( CEN3 and CEN11 ) isolated from yeast chromosomes III and XI. The two centromere regions differ in primary nucleotide sequence, but contain structural features in common. Both centromere regions contain an extremely A+T-rich core segment 87–88 bp in length, flanked by two short sequences (14 bp and 11 bp) that are identical in both DNAs. These elements plus one additional 10 bp region of perfect homology are positioned in an almost identical spatial arrangement within the two centromere regions. Significant homologies are also observed among the sequences flanking the high A+T region and various satellite DNA sequences from higher eucaryotes, although no repeated sequences occur near the yeast centromeres. Centromere activity in vivo is maintained on relatively small DNA fragments (627 bp for CEN3 and 858 bp for CEN11 ), as assayed by mitotic stabilization of autonomously replicating ars plasmids in yeast.
Stretch-Induced Stress Fiber Remodeling and MAPK Activations Depend on Mechanical Strain Rate

Actin stress fibers (SFs), bundles of actin filaments crosslinked by α-actinin and myosin II in non-muscle cells, are mechanosensitive structural elements that respond to applied stress and strain to regulate cell morphology, signal transduction and cell function. Results from various studies indicate that myosin-generated contraction extends SFs beyond their unloaded lengths and cells maintain fiber strain at an optimal level that depends on actomyosin activity (Lu et al., 2008). Stretching the matrix upon which cells adhere perturbs the cell-matrix traction forces and cells respond by actively re-establishing the preexisting level of force (Brown et al., 1998; Gavara et al., 2008). We have developed a sarcomeric model of SF networks (Kaunas et al., 2011) to predict the effects of stretch on SF reorganization depending on the rates of matrix stretching, SF turnover, and SF stress relaxation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Building-blocks of embryogenesis.

Mutant screens have become a successful approach in vertebrates, but cloning the mutated genes can be an arduous task. Now an insertional mutagenesis method in the zebrafish bypasses this difficulty and is used to clone 75 mutated genes!
A system optimization model for low-level nuclear waste disposal

The development of waste management systems for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is becoming an increasingly complex problem in decision-making. The complexity is the result of increasing considerations for the protection of water quality and remedial actions for system failures. The process becomes more complex as the points of regulatory compliance are moving closer to the disposal unit instead of the boundary of disposal site. This trend would result in every disposal unit being regulated as a discharge point, similar to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) is in the process of developing a disposal complex for solid LLW. The complex will be a combination of disposal sites, disposal units, and disposal unit technology. Disposal unit technology includes the waste package (waste form and disposal container) and other engineered barriers added to the trench to prevent or control the transfer of radionuclides from the disposal unit into the environment. The combination of waste inventory and engineered barriers is called a waste facility. The waste facility is viewed as confinement systems and is the focal point in waste confinement studies. A disposal strategy has been developed as a framework for segregation of solid LLW according to the isotope and level of contamination in the waste. The objective of this framework is that different waste can be disposed of differently, according to the performance of the disposal site and disposal technology. A system optimization model has been developed as a portfolio of objective functions to provide insights into the implementation of the waste disposal strategy for the ORR complex. The model is aimed at making best use of the developable disposal capacities while providing for regulatory compliance, support operational continuity of the waste generators, and cost-effectiveness. This model is being designed to function as a strategic planning framework for the development of the specialized model system needed to provide the necessary data for decision making. This optimization model can be extended to the management of chemically hazardous and mixed (radioactive and chemically hazardous) waste.
Trastuzumab resistance: all roads lead to SRC

A new study shows how SRC, a nonmembrane tyrosine kinase, is a common signaling node in trastuzumab resistance caused by different mechanisms in HER2-positive breast cancers (pages 461–469). A SRC inhibitor restored trastuzumab sensitivity in vitro and in mouse tumor models, suggesting a new way to tackle drug resistance in breast tumors.
Reduction of disulfide bonds in Plasmodium falciparum gp195 abolishes the production of growth-inhibitory antibodies

The role of disulfide-dependent protein conformation of the 195 000 kDa Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface glycoprotein in the induction of biologically active antibodies was investigated. Serum samples from rabbits immunized with native gp195 had a mean ELISA titre of 1560 000 and a mean in vitro parasite growth inhibition of 80%. In contrast, serum samples from rabbits immunized with reduced and alkylated gp195 had a mean antibody titre of 123 100 and did not inhibit parasite growth. These results indicate that the native structure of gp195 is essential for antigenicity, immunogenicity and induction of growth-inhibitory antibodies. Therefore, effective recombinant gp195-based vaccines may require the production of properly folded molecules resembling the native conformation.
Forecasting the Student-Professor Matches That Result in Unusually Effective Teaching.

Background Two important influences on students' evaluations of teaching are relationship and professor effects. Relationship effects reflect unique matches between students and professors such that some professors are unusually effective for some students, but not for others. Professor effects reflect inter-rater agreement that some professors are more effective than others, on average across students. Aims We attempted to forecast students' evaluations of live lectures from brief, video-recorded teaching trailers. Sample Participants were 145 college students (74% female) enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a public university in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Methods Students viewed trailers early in the semester and attended live lectures months later. Because subgroups of students viewed the same professors, statistical analyses could isolate professor and relationship effects. Results Evaluations were influenced strongly by relationship and professor effects, and students' evaluations of live lectures could be forecasted from students' evaluations of teaching trailers. That is, we could forecast the individual students who would respond unusually well to a specific professor (relationship effects). We could also forecast which professors elicited better evaluations in live lectures, on average across students (professor effects). Professors who elicited unusually good evaluations in some students also elicited better memory for lectures in those students. Conclusions It appears possible to forecast relationship and professor effects on teaching evaluations by presenting brief teaching trailers to students. Thus, it might be possible to develop online recommender systems to help match students and professors so that unusually effective teaching emerges.
A generalized mechanistic kinetic model for the hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of long-chain paraffins

A mechanistic kinetic model has been developed for the three-phase hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of long-chain paraffins in which rate-determining steps are assumed to occur on both acid and metal sites of the bifunctional catalyst. The frequency factors for the acid site elementary steps are modeled using the single-event concept and the corresponding activation energies using the Evans−Polanyi relationship. The rate coefficients for the dehydrogenation reactions on the metal sites of the catalyst are classified into five different classes depending on the nature (i.e., primary, secondary, or tertiary) of the carbon atoms forming the double bond. The model contains 14 independent parameters for the hydroisomerization and hydrocracking of heavy paraffins. These parameters are estimated from experimental data on the three-phase isothermal hydrocracking of n-hexadecane in a tubular reactor. A number of reactor simulations have been performed for various operating conditions and hydrocarbons of differ...
Biaxial-stress results for nylon

Tubular-shaped nylon specimens were tested at room temperature under tension-tension and tension-compression stresses. The principal stress ratio for small strains was essentially constant during a test, and effective strain rates from test to test did not vary significantly. The biaxial-stress data for small strains are compared with stress predictions for the maximum-distortion-energy and maximum-strain-energy theories. For these comparisons, the stress data were determined using biaxial-strain data and strain expressions which are proposed for each theory. Agreement between the stress data and predictions for both theories are good for 1 percent effective strain.
Nylon Microcapsules: I. Effect of Organic Phase and Stirring Speed

AbstractThe effect of organic phase and stirring speed on the preparation of nylon microcapsules using 1,6-hexamethylene diamine and sebacyl chloride in the interfacial polycondensation reaction has been investigated. Carbon tetrachloride alone and the traditional 20% chloroform in cyclohexane were found to be poor solvents producing non-separable clumps of microcapsules. Mineral oil, singly, and in combination with varying amounts of carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, or chloroform yielded discrete free-flowing microcapsules.In general, lower speeds of stirring produced products which were more discrete and free flowing than those prepared at higher stirring rates.