cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics of simulated HCDA bubble expansions: Some potential attenuation mechanisms

Experiments conducted to increase our understanding of the dynamics and thermodynamics of expanding bubbles similar to the core disruptive accident (CDA) bubble in liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) are described. The experiments were conducted in a transparent 130-scale model of a typical demonstration-size loop-type LMFBR in which water at room temperature simulated the sodium coolant. Nitrogen gas (1450 psia) and flashing water (1160 psia) qualitatively simulated sodium vapor and molten fuel expansions. Three physical mechanisms that may result in attenuation of the work potential of a hypothetical CDA (HCDA) were revealed by the experiments: (1) the pressure gradient existing between the lower core and the bubble within the pool, (2) the hydrodynamic effects of vessel internal structures, and (3) the nonequilibrium flashing process occurring in the lower core. These three mechanisms combine to result in a coolant axial slug kinetic energy that is only 14% of the work potential of the ideal quasi-static nitrogen expansion and only 5% of the work potential of the ideal quasi-static flashing water expansion.
Modeling the influence of fluid flow on the development of porosity and microstructure in castings

Abstract Fluid flow influences the development of porosity and microstructure in castings at several levels. Fluid flow affects the temperature distribution, and thus modifies the progression of solidification. Forced convection during mold filling may give way to thermal or solutal natural convection. Shrinkage may be fed, and in the final stages it occurs through interdendritic penetration. Macrosegregation is caused by fluid movement when the metal is partially solidified. Nucleation of the solid phase is affected by fragmentation of the dendrite branches and their transport to new sites where growth proceeds. A complete model of the solidification of castings must include all of these effects. This paper reviews programs that successfully compute each of these effects. Progress is being made on their integration into comprehensive modeling systems for foundry castings. It is important that work continue on modeling at both the macro-scale and micro-scale.
The Fixation of Femoral Components of Condylar Knee Prostheses

Although problems with fixation of cemented components have been more common with tibial components than with femoral, there is clinical evidence that femoral loosening may occur but after a longer interval of time. Experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to examine the motions and stresses in the implant-bone assembly. The effect of a central intramedullary stem, and of unbonding the interfaces of the patella flange and the posterior condyles, were particularly examined. Perfect bonding led to severe stress protection of the distal layer of bone. A central stem needed to project considerably above the flange to be effective and was recommended for special indications only.
Isolation and properties of an extracellular protease of Trichophyton granulosum

Abstract 1. 1. An extracellular protease of the dermatophyte Trichophyton granulosum, used in the initial digestion of hair substrates, has been isolated from the culture filtrate. The procedure for cultivating the fungus on horse hair is given. 2. 2. A method is described for the purification of the protease by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. 3. 3. The protease is activated by alkaline earth ions, whereas other bivalent cations are generally inhibitor. 4. 4. Caseinolytic activity was maximal at pH 9.5–9.8, 45° and I = 0.10. 5. 5. The enzymatic activity was rapidly destroyed below pH 4.7 and above pH 8.0, and stability maxima were indicated at these two values. 6. 6. An amino acid analysis indicates a large tryptophan content. This correlates with the Eicm1% value of 22.15. 7. 7. A molecular weight of 34 300 was estimated for the enzyme by gel filtration. 8. 8. A series of peptides was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The A and B chains of oxidized insulin were degraded but not to the amino acids.
A classical trajectory study of the ion-molecule reaction between C+ and H2

Abstract A classical trajectory analysis has been performed on the ion—molecule reaction C + + H 2 → Ch + + H. The results of the calculation are compared with the results of molecular beam experiments.
Vacuum ultraviolet resonance line radiation source from rare gas atoms and ions for UHV photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract A source and differential pumping system for producing high intensity resonance line radiation from rare gas atoms and ions for ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) photoelectron spectroscopy has been developed. Photoelectron count rates from a gold sample, as measured with a double-pass cylindrical mirror analyzer at pass energy 15 eV and 0.10 eV resolution, are ∼ 300,000 c s −1 for the He(I) (21.22 eV) line and ∼30000 c s −1 for the He(II) (40.81 eV) line. The source design is based on the principle of the electrostatic charged particle oscillator and is capable of sustaining discharges over the pressure range 1 to ∼ 10 −6 torr. The discharge segment consists of a cylindrical cold cathode surrounding two tungsten rod anodes which are held at high positive potential. Three stages of differential pumping are employed in order that the vacuum in the main spectrometer chamber can be maintained at 2 × 10 −10 torr during operation. The calculated helium flow reaching the main chamber under these conditions is −1 . Details of the construction and operating characteristics of the source are presented.
Do Medical Students in the Operating Room Affect Patient Care? An Analysis of One Institution’s Experience Over the Past Five Years

Background Medical students are active learners in operating rooms during medical school. This observational study seeks to investigate the effect of medical students on operative time and complications. Methods Data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was linked to operative records for nonemergent, inpatient general surgery cases at our institution from 1 January 2009 to 1 January 2013. Cases were grouped into 13 distinct procedure groups. Hospital records provided information on the presence of medical students. Demographics, comorbidities, intraoperative variables, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results Overall, 2481 cases were included. Controlling for wound class, procedure group, and surgeon, medical students were associated with an additional 14 minutes of operative time. No association between medical students and postoperative complications was observed. Conclusions The educational benefits gained by the presence of medical students do not appear to jeopardize the quality of patient care.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus after perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: initial experience in three patients

Background To review the outcome after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for symptomatic, persistent hydrocephalus in three patients with perimesencephalic angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (PNH) who were dependent on an external ventricular drain (EVD).
Affective benefits of exercise while quitting smoking: influence of smoking-specific weight concern

The present study aimed to shed light on contradictory findings about the effects of exercise on negative affect during smoking cessation. The authors hypothesized that smoking-specific weight concern would moderate the relationship between exercise and negative affect. Baseline measures of smoking-specific weight concern, exercise, and negative affect were completed by 146 women participating in a randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation plus weight control. Exercise and negative affect were reassessed 1 week after the quit date. Among women with heightened smoking-specific weight concern, greater engagement in exercise was associated with less of an increase in negative affect. Results suggest that exercise may help temper negative affect states for women with heightened smoking-specific weight concern.
Serum carboxypeptidase B: A spectrophotometric assay using protamine as substrate

Abstract A quantitative colorimetric assay for serum carboxypeptidase B (SCPB, anaphylatoxin inactivator, kininase I) is described. SCPB is known to possess an enzymatic specificity for cleaving COOH-terminallysyl and arginyl residues which is similar to the specificity of bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase B. One function of SCPB involves the inactivation of C3a and C5a, the two complement derived anaphylatoxins. Since cobalt markedly enhances the activity of the enzyme, serum is treated with CoCl 2 before the SCPB assay is performed. Salmine, a protamine from salmon sperm, was selected as the substrate because it contains multiple COOH-terminal arginyl residues and is digested more rapidly by SCPB than other common substrates of carboxypeptidase B, including hippuryl-arginine and benzyl-glycylarginine. The kinetics for arginine release from salmine were first-order throughout the course of the assay and the colorimetric values obtained were related to micromols of arginine released. A unit of SCPB is defined as one nanomol of arginine released per minute per milliliter of serum. The range of SCPB activity in serum from healthy individuals was found to be 318 to 466 units. The medians of SCPB activity in sera obtained from patients with Dengue shock syndrome and with shock following intravenous dextran infusion were both lower than the mean SCPB activity of healthy individuals. SCPB levels in patients homozygous and heterozygous for cystic fibrosis were within the normal range.
Assessing Bimodality to Detect the Presence of a Dual Cognitive Process

Researchers have long sought to distinguish between single-process and dual-process cognitive phenomena, using responses such as reaction times and, more recently, hand movements. Analysis of a response distribution’s modality has been crucial in detecting the presence of dual processes, because they tend to introduce bimodal features. Rarely, however, have bimodality measures been systematically evaluated. We carried out tests of readily available bimodality measures that any researcher may easily employ: the bimodality coefficient (BC), Hartigan’s dip statistic (HDS), and the difference in Akaike’s information criterion between one-component and two-component distribution models (AICdiff). We simulated distributions containing two response populations and examined the influences of (1) the distances between populations, (2) proportions of responses, (3) the amount of positive skew present, and (4) sample size. Distance always had a stronger effect than did proportion, and the effects of proportion greatly differed across the measures. Skew biased the measures by increasing bimodality detection, in some cases leading to anomalous interactive effects. BC and HDS were generally convergent, but a number of important discrepancies were found. AICdiff was extremely sensitive to bimodality and identified nearly all distributions as bimodal. However, all measures served to detect the presence of bimodality in comparison to unimodal simulations. We provide a validation with experimental data, discuss methodological and theoretical implications, and make recommendations regarding the choice of analysis.
Towards realistic file-system benchmarks with CodeMRI

Benchmarks are crucial to understanding software systems and assessing their performance. In file-system research, synthetic benchmarks are accepted and widely used as substitutes for more realistic and complex workloads. However, synthetic benchmarks are largely based on the benchmark writer's interpretation of the real workload, and how it exercises the system API. This is insufficient since even a simple operation through the API may end up exercising the file system in very different ways due to effects of features such as caching and prefetching. In this paper, we describe our first steps in creating "realistic synthetic" benchmarks by building a tool, CodeMRI. CodeMRI leverages file-system domain knowledge and a small amount of system profiling in order to better understand how the benchmark is stressing the system and to deconstruct its workload.
Dissociation between the activity of the right middle frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus in processing semantic priming.

The aim of this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to test whether the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) would show differential sensitivity to the effect of prime-target association strength on repetition priming. In the experimental condition (RP), the target occurred after repetitive presentation of the prime within an oddball design. In the control condition (CTR), the target followed a single presentation of the prime with equal probability of the target as in RP. To manipulate semantic overlap between the prime and the target both conditions (RP and CTR) employed either the onomatopoeia “oink” as the prime and the referent “pig” as the target (OP) or vice-versa (PO) since semantic overlap was previously shown to be greater in OP. The results showed that the left MTG was sensitive to release of adaptation while both the right MTG and MFG were sensitive to sequence regularity extraction and its verification. However, dissociated activity between OP and PO was revealed in RP only in the right MFG. Specifically, target “pig” (OP) and the physically equivalent target in CTR elicited comparable deactivations whereas target “oink” (PO) elicited less inhibited response in RP than in CTR. This interaction in the right MFG was explained by integrating these effects into a competition model between perceptual and conceptual effects in priming processing.
Nectar dispersion patterns in three Australian plant species

Standing crops of floral nectar were measured from three species of plants: Dampiera stricta, Goodenia bellidifolia and Aotus ericoides. The amount of nectar in nearest neighbour blossoms in nine of the 10 samples were significantly correlated with one another suggesting that patches of high and low reward quality exist in these species. The patterns further suggest that the pollinators of these species employ arearestricted searching behaviour. The range of variability in standing crops for all three species was quite high. The nature of that variability suggests that A. ericoides is less variable in its rate of nectar production than are the other two species and, therefore, that it has the potential to be more tightly co-evolved with its pollinators.
A model for stimulus generalization and discrimination.

A mathematical model for stimulus generalization and discrimination is described in terms of simple set-theoretic concepts. An index of similarity is defined in terms of the model but is related to measurements in generalization experiments. The mathematical operators for acquisition and extinction, discussed in an earlier paper [1], are derived from the set-theoretic model presented here. The model is finally applied to the analysis of experiments on stimulus discrimination.
UNCERTAINTY, COSTLY INFORMATION AND THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES

The paper presents a model of environmental resource management in an uncertain environment with measurement considerations. In particular, the model recognizes uncertainty about the dynamic dispersion relationships and in the measurement of emission rates and pollution levels. Since uncertainty enlarges the environmental resource management problem, actions that reduce uncertainty must be considered by the environmental control manager. Such considerations, however, cannot be pursued independently of pollution control actions. It is thus postulated that environmental policy issues must be analyzed in the context of an adaptive control problem with measurement considerations and a new adaptive environmental control strategy, which is obtained by introducing a function of the one‐period—ahead covariance matrix of the parameter estimates in the objective function, is suggested. This new strategy is shown to exhibit the dual effect of experimentation and caution.
Onset of Ions in Flames

While ions are known to exist in hot hydrocarbon flames, their initial point of production has been uncertain. Ion production arises when a low temperature (800 °C) blue flame, characterized by formaldehyde chemiluminescence, undergoes transformation with increased oxygen concentration into a green flame. The low temperature green flame is also accompanied by CH and C2 visible emission.
Reworked paleogene to early Neogene planktic foraminifera: implications of an intriguing distribution at a late Neogene prograding margin, Bahamas

Abstract A rich, uniquely distributed assemblage (> 80 species) of reworked Paleogene to early Neogene (~ 66-15 Ma) planktic foraminifera is documented within > 470 m of late Neogene (~ 5.7-1.6 Ma) borehole limestone from the Great Bahama Bank west margin. Tests vary in size from 0.13 to 1.0 mm and are unusually well preserved. Where obtainable from the rock, the relict species constitute an estimated 20% to 50% of all taxa. Paleocene faunas occur in upper Miocene host rocks, Eocene species occur in upper Miocene and basal upper Pliocene rocks, and mixed Oligocene and early Miocene taxa occur throughout the section, including the uppermost Pliocene (i.e., the oldest groups disappear successively uphole). Each host-rock interval is separated by major disconformities. This record provides a substantial proxy for: (1) a probable source feature (an epipelagic marine tectonic wall, escarpment, or outcrop composed of pelagic and hemipelagic sediments); (2) a probable tectonically active source area (northern Cuba or southern Bahamas); and (3) a variety of events that span > 60 Myr and have wide-ranging implications, from local (progressive isolation of the oldest faunas), to regional (changes in water depth indicated by the faunas), to global (hiatuses that correlate with one or more major sequence boundaries in the Atlantic, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico, as well as proposed eustatic lowstands). Seven unidentified foraminiferal biozones correspond to a proposed early Eocene composite condensed section on the eustatic curve and may have regional implications. The relict faunas also have significant implications for the timing and types of Paleogene and early Neogene sedimentation or nondeposition, sea-level fluctuations, slumping or changing depth of effective marine erosion, and regional late Neogene events that occurred over 4 Myr (age of host rocks). The direction of the source area from the secondary-emplacement site and the estimated percentages of relict faunas indicate that not all the microfossils in the late Neogene borehole sediments and, by extrapolation therefore, along the entire west margin of the platform, were locally derived. The amount of a possible attendant sedimentary component is not known.
Neuropsychological and perceptual defects in Parkinson's disease.

Neuropsychiatric, perceptual and cognitive deficits are increasingly recognized as non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (PD).The premorbid personality profile of PD patients is characterized by a number of traits which figure prominently after the disease becomes manifest. In particular, less novelty seeking is one premorbid trait providing an understanding of later cognitive deficits. Anxiety and depression have been shown to precede in some patients motor manifestations and cannot be attributed to anti-parkinsonian therapy. Some neuropsychiatric manifestations and in particular hallucinosis are linked to select perceptual and cognitive changes. Cognitive deficits are common in PD, in particular in younger onset patients. Current animal studies link genetic differences in the dopamine transporter and dopamine catabolic enzyme system to select cognitive impairments attributed to frontal lobe dysfunction.Visuo-cognitive impairment is prevalent in PD. Retinal dopaminergic deficiency has been shown in patients and in the animal model of PD. Visuo-spatial deficits, however, are not simply passive reflections of retinal deficiency. In addition to vision, saccadic eye movements are affected in PD whether they contribute to visuo-spatial dysfunction is unknown. However, recent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) studies show an essential role of the occipital cortex in saccadic eye movements and positron emission tomography (PET) studies show occipital hypometabolism in PD. Visual and eye movement studies suggest that certain neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits in PD are linked to the visual system. Synchrony of signals are essential for the co-operation of distributed neuronal network engaged in sensory-motor coordination. Local, dopaminergic neuronal groups in the retina, basal ganglia and frontal cortical memory system are affected in PD. These connections may not primarily rely on dopamine as a neurotransmitter. It is suggested that to understand visuocognitive changes we should consider pathology affecting neuronal connections, necessary for binding parallel distributed networks.
ETHNICITY, GENDER, AGE, SES, AND ACTIVITY TYPE AS FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EARLY CHILDHOOD PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ INTERACTIONS WITH INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

The interactions of 67 early childhood preservice teachers with International and U.S. preschool children in structured story time and unstructured table activities were videotaped and analyzed. Overall, preservice teachers displayed significantly more facilitative (e.g., ego boosting, teaching, questioning, and attending) than nonfacilitative (e.g., commanding, negatively responding, ignoring, and physical restraint) behaviors toward children. However, analyses of data relative to different ethnicity, gender, and activity type groups also revealed preservice teachers were relating to children in differential ways. Preservice teachers displayed significantly less facilitative and more nonfacilitative behaviors toward International children than U.S. children. In addition, preservice teacher‐child interactions with International children were rated as less positive and more negative than their interactions with U.S. children. Still also, preservice teachers displayed significantly less facilitative and les...
Characterizing Application Memory Error Vulnerability to Optimize Datacenter Cost via Heterogeneous-Reliability Memory

Memory devices represent a key component of datacenter total cost of ownership (TCO), and techniques used to reduce errors that occur on these devices increase this cost. Existing approaches to providing reliability for memory devices pessimistically treat all data as equally vulnerable to memory errors. Our key insight is that there exists a diverse spectrum of tolerance to memory errors in new data-intensive applications, and that traditional one-size-fits-all memory reliability techniques are inefficient in terms of cost. For example, we found that while traditional error protection increases memory system cost by 12.5%, some applications can achieve 99.00% availability on a single server with a large number of memory errors without any error protection. This presents an opportunity to greatly reduce server hardware cost by provisioning the right amount of memory reliability for different applications. Toward this end, in this paper, we make three main contributions to enable highly-reliable servers at low datacenter cost. First, we develop a new methodology to quantify the tolerance of applications to memory errors. Second, using our methodology, we perform a case study of three new dataintensive workloads (an interactive web search application, an in-memory key -- value store, and a graph mining framework) to identify new insights into the nature of application memory error vulnerability. Third, based on our insights, we propose several new hardware/software heterogeneous-reliability memory system designs to lower datacenter cost while achieving high reliability and discuss their trade-o s. We show that our new techniques can reduce server hardware cost by 4.7% while achieving 99.90% single server availability.
Recent sedimentation rates, 210Pb fluxes, and particle settling velocities in Lake Huron, Laurentian Great Lakes

Abstract 210 Pb and 137 Cs activities were determined in sediment cores from four locations in Lake Huron. Present-day sedimentation rates have been calculated at these locations from the excess 210 Pb profiles. The rates are variable, ranging from 0.2 mm yr. −1 (4.8 mg cm −2 yr. −1 ) to 2.1 mm yr. −1 (44.4 mg cm −2 yr. −1 ). The compaction of the sediment with depth has been taken into account in calculating these rates. Sedimentation rates calculated from pollen grain profiles in cores from similar locations in Lake Huron by Kemp and Harper cover the same range but discrepancies were noted at individual locations. The flux of 210 Pb was found to vary from 0.15 to 0.88 pCi cm −2 yr. −1 . Measurement of 210 Pb concentrations in the water column showed it to be essentially all associated with particulate material. The settling velocity of these particulates was estimated to average 7.6·10 −4 cm s −1 from the measured 210 Pb flux and the 210 Pb concentration in the water column at one of the locations.
Peptide-receptor protein relationships: importance in estradiol feedback.

The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) acts to release bovine luteinizing hormone (LH) [I] as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [2] in vivo and stimulates the release of LH from bovine anterior pituitary tissue slices during superfusion in vitro in a dose-dependent manner [ 11. Fully biologically active ‘251-labeled GnRH binds to isolated anterior pituitary cells in a dose-dependent and saturable manner and the concentration dependence curve (physiological concentrations of GnRH) exhibits positive cooperativity [3,4]. Similarly, GnRH binding in isolated anterior pituitary plasma membranes, solubilized plasma membranes and purified GnRH receptor protein (GnRH.RP) is to multiple binding sites [5]. GnRH.RP purified to homogeneity aggregates in solution upon binding of GnRH present in physiological concentrations I51. The concentration-dependence binding curves of labeled GnRH to isolated anterior pituitary cells of different origin suggested involvement of sex steroids [3,4]. The apparent effect of a predominantly estrogenic environment was inducible by the pretreatment of steer anterior pituitary plasma membranes in vitro with physiological concentrations of estradiol 17-p [3,4]. Here, the modulation of GnRH binding by estradiol 17-P at the level of GnRH.RP is investigated since steroids were implicated in normal LH response to GnRH in the bovine [ 1,6] as well as other species [7,8] and in the feedback control of preovulatory LH surge, in general.
A multiregional, multiproduct, household interactive, variable input-output model

This paper introduces a multiregional, multiproduct, household interactive, variable input-output (MMHIVIO) model. The MMHIVIO model is a general equilibrium model which captures the interactions and the optimizing behavior of consumers and producers in the space economy. It is not only consistent with the theories of consumer and producer behavior, it also makes it relatively easy to solve because it reduces to several blocks of linear systems of equations. The model is used to evaluate the economic effects of the Ohio River Navigation System.
SU‐GG‐T‐119: Application of the Genetic Algorithm and Distributed Computing to Gantry Angle Optimization in IMRT

Purpose:IMRTtreatment planning involves the selection of several angle parameters, as well as the specification of structures and constraints employed in the optimization process. Including these parameters in the combinatorial search space vastly increases the computational burden, and therefore the parameter selection is normally performed manually by a clinician, based on clinical experience. We have investigated the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) and distributed‐computing platform to optimize the gantry angle parameters and to provide insight into additional structures which may be necessary in the dose optimization process to produce optimal IMRT treatment plans. Method and Materials: For an IMRT prostate patient, we produced the first generation of 40 samples, each of five gantry angles, by selecting from a uniform random distribution, subject to certain adjacency and opposition constraints. The dose optimization was performed by distributing the forty‐plan workload over several machines running a commercial treatment planning system. A score was assigned to each resulting plan, based on how well it satisfied clinically‐relevant constraints. The second generation of 40 samples was produced by combining the highest‐scoring samples using the techniques of crossover and mutation. The process was repeated until the sixth generation, and the results compared with a clinical (equally‐spaced) gantry angle configuration. Results: In the sixth generation, 34 of the 40 GA samples achieved better scores than the clinical plan, with the best plan showing an improvement of 84%. Moreover, the resulting configuration of beam angles tended to cluster toward the patient's sides, indicating where the inclusion of additional structures in the dose optimization process may avoid dose hot spots. Conclusion: Additional parameter selection in IMRT leads to a large‐scale computational problem. We have demonstrated that the GA combined with a distributed‐computing platform can be applied to optimize gantry angle selection within a reasonable amount of time.
Teaching data abstraction in a beginning Pascal class

Modern programming practice advocates the use of abstract data types to aid in design, coding, and maintenance of programs [1]. Many students who are not computer majors will write programs as part of their jobs. Therefore, it is important to expose those students who will take only one or two programming courses to the idea of abstract data types. The paper below illustrates how this was done in one of our beginning Pascal classes.
Further Studies of the Processes Involved in the Preservation of Carotene in Dehydrated Alfalfa and Cereal Grasses

Summary 1. The rate of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption by dehydrated alfalfa and cereal grasses under sealed conditions was studied at moisture levels of 10–25 per cent. The rate of respiration increased as the level of moisture and the temperature were increased. The extent of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption was variable with time at a given moisture level. 2. The rate of carbon dioxide production in a dehydrated alfalfa with 10 per cent of total water is less than one-third the rate observed when the product contains 20 per cent of total water. 3. With 10 per cent or less of total water, the rate of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption generally is too slow to insure complete carotene preservation under sealed conditions. The carotene losses may vary from 5–30 per cent during storage at room temperatures of 22–25° C. for 3 months. With 12.5 per cent of total water under sealed conditions for 3 months, both products (alfalfa, Heil Drier, and alfalfa, Fulmer Drier) retained completely their carotene content as well as their green color.
The volume spectrum of hyperbolic 4-manifolds

We construct complete, open, hyperbolic 4-manifolds of smallest volume by gluing together the sides of a regular ideal 24-cell in hyperbolic 4-space. We also show that the volume spectrum of hyperbolic 4-manifolds is the set of all positive integral multiples of 47π2/3.
The development of cholecystography: The first fifty years☆

Visualization of the gallbladder by x-ray was first achieved in 1923 by the intravenous introduction into the body of a halogenated compound which was excreted by the liver into the bile ducts and gallbladder [1--4]. This was the first time that visualization of an organ had been accomplished by introducing a substance into the body and obtaining a roentgenogram after the substance had been metabolized and localized primarily in one organ. Previously, visualization of an organ had been achieved only by introducing a substance opaque to the x-ray directly into the lumen and obtaining a roentgenogram to outline its inner wall. By 1925 visualization of the gallbladder had also been accomplished by the oral administration of halogenated compounds [5,6]. The drugs employed for intravenous and oral cholecystography had been synthesized specifically for that purpose based on earlier experimental work of other investigators. The following account describes in detail the experimental background of cholecystography, its origin, and its development and use during the ensuing fifty years.
Control of Airborne Dust Produced by Pneumatic Jackpicks: Report Number II

Abstract This report concerns analyses of data collected from 48 excavation sites at which a cone-shaped continuous flow water attachment for jackpicks was in use. The attachment reduces airborne sandstone dust concentrations rather than precipitate the dust once airborne. This testing of the attachment supported original findings concerning its favorable dust suppression capabilities. The superiority of placing the cone near the pickpoint at commencement of picking over placing the cone a remote distance from the pick point is demonstrated. No correlation between dust concentrations and trench depth was found during dry picking. Under wet picking conditions a correlation was found.
Memory impairment associated with progression of Huntington's disease.

Abstract Huntington's Disease (HD) has been described as one example of a “subcortical” dementia, characterized by slowed cognitive processing and impairment of memory. We examined the relationship between slowed cognitive processing and memory impairment as a function of disease progression in patients with HD. Results from three experiments suggest that in the early stages of HD there is slowed cognition with intact memory acquisition and retrieval processes. In later stages, cognition is further slowed and specific impairments of memory become evident. Thus, memory unpairment in HD would appear to change qualitatively with progression of the disease.
Quantitative agglutination of specific populations of sea urchin embryo cells with concanavalin A

Abstract It has been demonstrated that specific changes in carbohydrate-containing cell surface lectin receptor sites occur with differentiation and maturation of sea urchin embryo cells. In this study, evidence is presented, using a quantitative electronic particle counter assay to measure agglutination, which indicates that concanavalin A (Con A) mediated agglutination of dissociated 32 64 cell sea urchin embryos differs dramatically with respect to specific cell populations. The migratory cell type, the micromere, is significantly more agglutinable with Con A than the other cell types and colchicine treatment markedly increases sea urchin embryo cell agglutinability. The results indicate that like many malignant cells which display extensive migratory behavior, specific migratory populations of embryonic cells are agglutinable with Con A. The results are discussed with respect to the possible nature of lectin receptor sites on specific populations of embryonic cells and the possible role of colchicine-sensitive structures in controlling the display patterns of these sites.
Effects of Phagocytosis of Mineral Dusts on Elastase Secretion by Alveolar and Peritoneal Exudative Macrophages

Abstract Peritoneal exudative and alveolar macrophages secrete a nonlysosomal neutral protease which hydrolyses particulate elastin suspended in agar. A variety of particles were administered to macrophages in culture to determine their effect on the secretion of this elastase. Among the particles were silica, two types of asbestos, and kaolinite—all minerals implicated in the production of lung diseases accompanied by reorganization of connective tissue. Peritoneal exudative macrophages increased their secretion of elastase in response to phagocytosis of all the pathogenic particles examined. The increase, however, was not as great as that observed with latex beads, the most inert particles. Although these same particle types were phagocytized by cultured alveolar macrophages, none of them augmented the elastase secretion of alveolar macrophages above the resting level, and many decreased it. The lessened stimulation of elastase secretion by peritoneal macrophages and the decrease in the resting level of...
Records of silt carried by the Rio Grande and its accumulation in Elephant Butte Reservoir

The encroachment by accumulated silt-deposit upon the storage-capacity of any reservoir having a silt-bearing stream as its source of supply is a serious problem. It is one of particularly grave concern in the arid southwest. Of the principal streams in the southwest the Rio Grande probably carries the highest silt-burden, both in the matter of absolute maximum percentage of silt-load to discharge reached during any particular flood and the average ratio of the total amount of silt transported to the total discharge of the stream. These percentages are approximately twice the corresponding ratios for the Colorado River. Silt in the flow of the Rio Grande has been under observation and records of the amount carried are available for a longer continuous period than for any other southwest stream.
Min-max sort: a simple sorting method (abstract only)

A simple sorting algorithm which can be considered as a double-ended selection sort is presented. The algorithm, called min-max sort is based on the optimal method for simultaneously finding the smallest and the largest elements in an array [2]. The smallest and the largest elements found are pushed respectively to the left and right of the array, and the process is repeated on the middle portion. The correctness and termination of min-max sort are easily demonstrated through the use of standard loop invariant ideas. The algorithm fits the “hard split/easy join” paradigm of Merritt [1].Let n be even. Given an array A[1..n], it is said to be in a “rainbow pattern” if for each i := 1 to n/2 we have A [i] ≤ A[n+1-i]. The following step 1 establishes the rainbow pattern in A.Step 1 : FOR i := 1 TO n DIV 2 DO IF A[i] > A[n+1-i] THEN swap(A[i],A[n+1-i]).The step 1 requires n/2 number of comparisons. Observe that when an array is in a rainbow pattern it is guaranteed that the smallest element of the array is in the left half of the array and the largest in the second half.Step 2 is to find p and q such that A[p] ≤ A[i] for i = 1 to n/2, and A[q] ≥ A[j] for j = n/2+1 to n, and swap(A[1],A[p]) and swap(A[q],A[n]).The step 2 requires (n/2-1)+(n/2-1) number of comparisons. Thus we have brought the largest and the smallest of elements of A into first and the last positions respectively at a cost of 3n/2 - 2 comparisons (in contrast to 2n - 2 comparisons required in the straight forward method).Observe that the rainbow pattern in A is still preserved, except perhaps the two pairs (A[p],A[n+1-p]) and (A[q],A[n+1-q]). The rainbow pattern is reinstated, in just two comparisons, byStep 3 : IF A[p] > A[n+1-p] then swap(A[p],A[n+1-p]), and IF A(n+1-q] > A[q] then swap(A[q],A[n+1-q]).The general form of step 2 is Step 2′ : find p and q such that A[p] ≤ A[i] for all i = k to n/2, and A[q] ≥ A[j] for all j = n/2+1 to n+1-k. The algorithm step 1; FOR k := 1 TO n DIV 2-1 DO BEGIN step 2′; step 3; END; sorts the array A.Step 1 requires N/2 comparisons; step 2′ requires 2(N/2-k) and step 3 requires two comparisons. Thus the total number of comparisons required to sort the array A is = N/2 +
On the Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models with Inclusion of the Horizontal Component of the Earth’s Angular Velocity

Two nonhydrostatic effects that have been neglected traditionally in the hydrostatic primitiveequation models are studied in this article. One such effect is due to the vertical acceleration in the vertical equation of motion. The other is due to a Coriolis term involving 2Ω cos (latitude), where Ω is the rate of earth’s rotation, and is referred to here as a cos (latitude) Coriolis term. Cos (latitude) Coriolis terms appear in the vertical and zonal equations of motion. The questions to be investigated are: (1) what are the dynamical consequences of these two nonhydrostatic effects, (2) how the roles of cos (latitude) Coriolis terms can be compared with sin (latitude) Coriolis terms, (3) which nonhydrostatic effect is likely more important, and (4) should these effects be included in atmospheric modeling for describing what kind of motions? These questions are studied quantitatively through a normal mode analysis of compressible, and stratified atmosphere with rotation on a tangent plane in a three-dimensional space that is open horizontally, but bounded by two rigid horizontal planes in the vertical. Numerical results are presented for an isothermal model. Considering the current trend of numerical modeling in permitting to use finer resolutions and to extend the top of model atmosphere higher, it is prudent to include both nonhydrostatic effects in the dynamical core of next generation atmospheric models for all scales of motions.
Interacting charge-ordered states in a correlated diatomic polymer

Using physical arguments based on a real-space view of Peierls dimerization, we predict that site energy differences in a diatomic polymer can increase the dimerization in the presence of strong Coulomb correlations. This increase in dimerization continues until the difference in site energies reaches a maximum value, which itself is an increasing function of the correlation parameter. The effect of the site energy differences in the strongly correlated region is therefore opposite to that in the uncorrelated limit. Exact numerical calculations are presented to substantiate this surprising conclusion.
Treatment modalities for intraoral Kaposi's sarcoma: report of case

Intraoral Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a lesion seen commonly in patients with AIDS. These lesions can interfere with both speech and mastication. The dental team should be aware of the various treatment modalities for KS and the complications associated with these treatments. One of the treatment modalities reviewed here can be safely administered in a dental office.
Using the new dual-polarimetric capability of WSR-88D to eliminate anomalous propagation and wind turbine effects in radar-rainfall

Abstract This study addresses the effect that the interaction between anomalous radar beam propagation (AP) and wind turbines that are located far from the radar has on radar-rainfall estimates. The interference of wind turbines in radar observations may lead to significant errors in rainfall estimates since wind turbines are often clustered to form wind farms. In this study, we propose a novel approach – based on the polarimetric capability recently added to the WSR-88D NEXRAD radars – that identifies and eliminates wind turbine clutter along with common ground clutter AP effects. Our primary objective is to devise a physically meaningful and fully automated dual-polarimetric method that effectively handles clutter features, which are hard to detect using single-channel reflectivity data alone. To address this issue, we explore the feasibility of using polarimetric variables such as differential reflectivity (ZDR), copolar correlation (RHO), and differential phase (PHIDP). Accordingly, we developed three new approaches using polarimetric variables, which are combined with the AP detection algorithm that uses a three-dimensional structure of reflectivity. We evaluate the new algorithms in terms of both eliminating non-meteorological radar returns and preserving returns from actual rain. The proposed algorithm, which uses RHO conditioned on horizontal reflectivity values while also accounting for the variation of ZDR or PHIDP, shows good performance for the presented cases.
A tracer study of the metathesis of simple olefins over molybdena-alumina catalysts

Metathesis of perdeuterio- and perhydroethene, propene, 1-butene, and their mixtures with cis-2-butene was studied over a molybdena-alumina catalyst using recirculation and pulse systems. No metathesis was observed over a fresh unreduced catalyst, but after pretreatment with cis-2-butene the reactivity of olefins in metathesis reactions increased in the sequence of ethene ⪡ 1-butene < propene < cis-2-butene. The activity was higher for the metathesis of propene or 1-butene after the catalyst was pretreated with the corresponding olefin instead of cis-2-butene, but no metathesis was induced by ethene. Metathesis of cis-2-butene was suppressed by the addition of equal amounts of olefins in the sequence: ethene ⪡ 1-butene < propene. Studies of mixtures revealed that the rate of cis- to trans-2-butene isomerization by metathesis ∼- the rate of degenerate metathesis of 1-butene or the cross metathesis of 1-butene with 2-butene.
Freedom of expression as liberal fantasy: the debate over The People vs. Larry Flynt:

The People v. Larry Flynt initiated a public discussion in the United States on `freedom of expression'. By analyzing reviews and discussion of the movie in US newspapers and magazines, I look at the way in which `freedom of expression' is constructed as a core American liberty. I argue that this construction is an example of ideological fantasy, which relies on a fetishization of individual expression as proof of freedom. The public discussion I analyze constructs a fantasy of exaggerated `freedom' by focusing on individual and sexual elements of speech and ignoring economic constraints on speech in the movie and in US political and social life.
High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Fully Hydrated Ripple-Phase Bilayers

A modified freeze-fracture replication technique for use with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has provided a quantitative, high-resolution description of the waveform and amplitude of rippled bilayers in the P β , phase of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in excess water. The ripples are uniaxial and asymmetrical, with a temperature-dependent amplitude of 2.4 nm near the chain melting temperature that decreases to zero at the chain crystallization temperature. The wavelength of 11 nm does not change with temperature. The observed ripple shape and the temperature-induced structural changes are not predicted by any current theory. Calibration and reproducibility of the STM/replica technique were tested with replicas of well-characterized bilayers of cadmium arachidate on mica that provide regular 5.5-nm steps. STM images were analyzed using a cross-correlation averaging program to eliminate the effects of noise and the finite size and shapes of the metal grains that make up the replica. The correlation averaging allowed us to develop a composite ripple profile averaged over hundreds of individual ripples measured on different samples with different STM tips. The STM/replica technique avoids many of the previous artifacts of biological STM imaging and can be used to examine a variety of periodic hydrated lipid and protein samples at a lateral resolution of about 1 nm and a vertical resolution of about 0.3 nm. This resolution is superior to conventional and tapping mode AFM of soft biological materials; the technique is substrate-free, and the conductive and chemically uniform replicas make image interpretation simple and direct.