cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Heterostructures for High Efficiency Thermionic Emission

We use two heterostructure designs to improve the energy conversion efficiency of solid-state thermionic devices. The first method is to use a non-planar heterostructure with roughness in order of electron mean free path. This has some combined benefits of increased effective interface area, and reduced total internal reflection for the electron trajectories arriving at the interface. Monte Carlo simulations of various geometries show that the electrical conductivity and thermoelectric figure of merit can be improved for non-planar barrier compared to the planar counterpart. The second method is to use planar high barrier heterostructures with different effective masses for charge carriers in emitter and barrier regions. When an electron passes from a lower effective mass emitter and arrives at a barrier with higher effective mass, since both the lateral momentum and total energy are conserved, part of the lateral energy is coupled to the vertical direction and the electron gains momentum in the direction perpendicular to the interface to enter the barrier region. For high potential barriers, the improvement of thermionic current is about the same as the ratio of the effective masses of the two materials, which can be a factor of 5-10 for typical heterostructure material systems.
Aqueous shift reagents for high-resolution cation NMR. V. Thermodynamics of interaction of DyTTHA3− with Na+, K+, Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+

Abstract Triethylenetetraminehexaacetate complexes of Dy(II) or Tm(III) (DyTTHA3− and TmTTHA3−, introduced as NMR shift reagents for alkali metal cations, Chu et al., J. Magn. Reson. 56, 33 (1984) bind to the four major biological inorganic cations: Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. New 23Na and 39K NMR shift displacement data, obtained over wide and different ranges of concentration, were combined with the previous results (including some 25Mg data) for computer analysis. With a proper treatment of the relevant activity coefficients using Pitzer's formulas, it is established that only mono complexes of the shift reagent and a cation need be considered. The cations bind competitively, with nearly identical limiting shifts of 159 and 155 ppm for Na+ and K+; the shift for 25Mg is 3 5 as large. The thermodynamic formation constants for M-LnTTHA are 11 and 18 M−1 with Na+ and K+ (enthalpy of binding, −54 kJ) , and 130 and 3100 M−1 with Mg2+ and Ca2+ at 3°C. The results suggest that all the cations bind at the same site, with Mg2+ probably forming a solvent-separated complex. The formation constants expected at 37°C indicate that, at useful shift reagent concentrations, and at physiological cation concentrations, DyTTHA3− can be used not only to distinguish among cation pools but also for quantitative studies of cation relationships. In particular, 23Na signals might be used to report free extracellular Ca2+ concentrations in vivo.
Estrogen actions on mitochondria--physiological and pathological implications.

Abstract Estrogens are potent neuroprotective hormones and mitochondria are the site of cellular life–death decisions. As such, it is not surprising that we and others have shown that estrogens have remarkable effects on mitochondrial function. Herein we provide evidence for a primary effect of estrogens on mitochondrial function, achieved in part by the import of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) into the mitochondria where it mediates a number of estrogen actions on this vital organelle. ERβ is imported into the mitochondria, through tethering to cytosolic chaperone protein and/or through direct interaction with mitochondrial import proteins. In the mitochondria, ERβ can affect transcription of critical mitochondrial genes through the interaction with estrogen response elements (ERE) or through protein–protein interactions with mitochondrially imported transcription factors. The potent effects of estrogens on mitochondrial function, particularly during mitochondrial stress, argues for a role of estrogens in the treatment of mitochondrial defects in chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) and more acute conditions of mitochondrial compromise, like cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury.
Laboratory diagnosis of ophthalmic sarcoidosis

Because the eye is involved in about 25% of patients with active sarcoid, the ophthalmologist is often the first physician to see these patients. Although clinical findings may suggest sarcoid, laboratory tests (e.g., x-ray, skin tests, blood chemistries, etc.) may be normal or inconclusive. Thus, it is important that the ophthalmologist be aware of the availability and limitations of the various biochemical, immunological, radiological, and histopathological tests that contribute to the early diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The authors review diagnostic procedures and present a flowchart detailing indications for each.
Lanthanide Series Spectroscopy Under Extreme Condition

Lasers evolved based on spectroscopic work that preceded them. In turn advanced spectroscopic techniques evolved because of the availability of lasers. Lasers can serve as both pump sources and spectroscopic probe beams while improvements in crystal growth needed for emerging laser technology enable high concentrations of lanthanide series elements. These technology advances can produce extreme effects in laser materials under consideration. Extreme effects include absorption saturation, amplified spontaneous emission, energy transfer, self-quenching, up conversion, and excited state absorption. These effects will be described along with methods of analyzing the data.
Visualization of intracellular ice formation using high-speed video cryomicroscopy

Abstract A high-speed video cryomicroscopy system was developed, and used to observe the process of intracellular ice formation (IIF) during rapid freezing (130 °C/min) of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells adherent to glass substrates, or in suspension. Adherent cells were micropatterned, constraining cell attachment to reproducible circular or rectangular domains. Employing frame rates of 8000 frames/s and 16,000 frames/s to record IIF in micropatterned and suspended cells, respectively, intracellular crystal growth manifested as a single advancing front that initiated from a point source within the cell, and traveled at velocities of 0.0006–0.023 m/s. Whereas this primary crystallization process resulted in minimal change in cell opacity, the well-known flashing phenomenon (i.e., cell darkening) was shown to be a secondary event that does not occur until after the ice front has traversed the cell. In cells that were attached and spread on a substrate, IIF initiation sites were preferentially localized to the peripheral zone of the adherent cells. This non-uniformity in the spatial distribution of crystal centers contradicts predictions based on common theories of IIF, and provides evidence for a novel mechanism of IIF in adherent cells. A second IIF mechanism was evident in ∼20% of attached cells. In these cases, IIF was preceded by paracellular ice penetration; the initiation site of the subsequent IIF event was correlated with the location of the paracellular ice dendrite, indicating an association (and possibly a causal relationship) between the two. Together, the peripheral-zone and dendrite-associated initiation mechanisms accounted for 97% of IIF events in micropatterned cells.
Allorecognition Triggers Autophagy and Subsequent Necrosis in the Cnidarian Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus

Transitory fusion is an allorecognition phenotype displayed by the colonial hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus when interacting colonies share some, but not all, loci within the allorecognition gene complex (ARC). The phenotype is characterized by an initial fusion followed by subsequent cell death resulting in separation of the two incompatible colonies. We here characterize this cell death process using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and continuous in vivo digital microscopy. These techniques reveal widespread autophagy and subsequent necrosis in both colony and grafted polyp assays. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays and ultrastructural observations revealed no evidence of apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) completely suppressed transitory fusion in vivo in colony assays. Rapamycin did not have a significant effect in the same assays. These results establish the hydroid allorecognition system as a novel model for the study of cell death.
Walden-Inversion-Enforced Transition-State Stabilization in a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase

The initial step of the dephosphorylation reaction of a tyrosine phosphate substrate catalyzed by the low molecular weight bovine protein tyrosine phosphatase (BPTP) has been studied, making use of a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical approach in molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the enzyme favors a dianion substrate in the dephosphorylation reaction, which is consistent with experiments but in contrast to a recent mechanistic proposal involving a monoanion phosphate. The computed activation free energy is ca. 14 kcal/mol, in accord with the activation parameters determined in the present study from stopped-flow kinetics experiments. Structural analyses support the finding that BPTP catalyzes dephosphorylation reactions by stabilizing the transition state through Walden-inversion-enforced hydrogen-bonding interactions during the SN2 process.
Prenatal choline supplementation mitigates the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on development in rats

Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to a range of physical, neurological, and behavioral alterations referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Variability in outcome observed among children with FASD is likely related to various pre- and postnatal factors, including nutritional variables. Choline is an essential nutrient that influences brain and behavioral development. Recent animal research indicates that prenatal choline supplementation leads to long-lasting cognitive enhancement, as well as changes in brain morphology, electrophysiology and neurochemistry. The present study examined whether choline supplementation during ethanol exposure effectively reduces fetal alcohol effects. Pregnant dams were exposed to 6.0g/kg/day ethanol via intubation from gestational days (GD) 5-20; pair-fed and lab chow controls were included. During treatment, subjects from each group received choline chloride (250mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Physical development and behavioral development (righting reflex, geotactic reflex, cliff avoidance, reflex suspension and hindlimb coordination) were examined. Subjects prenatally exposed to alcohol exhibited reduced birth weight and brain weight, delays in eye opening and incisor emergence, and alterations in the development of all behaviors. Choline supplementation significantly attenuated ethanol's effects on birth and brain weight, incisor emergence, and most behavioral measures. In fact, behavioral performance of ethanol-exposed subjects treated with choline did not differ from that of controls. Importantly, choline supplementation did not influence peak blood alcohol level or metabolism, indicating that choline's effects were not due to differential alcohol exposure. These data indicate early dietary supplements may reduce the severity of some fetal alcohol effects, findings with important implications for children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy.
Nuclear track registration in solids by etching.

A review is given on recent developments in the field of charged particle track registration in insulating solids by preferential etching. The basic mechanism of latent track formation in minerals and inorganic glasses seems to be a spike formation process. In the more sensitive organic polymers, radiation induced chemical changes along the track probably predominate. The sensitivity, etching kinetics, and stability of tracks in plastics and some of the factors which affect them are discussed on the basis of experimental data. Several microscopic and macroscopic methods for simplified or automatic track counting are described briefly. Among the many applications of the etching method, neutron dosimetry via (n, f), (n, α), and recoil reactions are discussed in some detail. Other applications in nuclear physics, chemistry, biology, space research, and for age determinations in geological and archeological samples are listed.
Wavenumber spectra of high magnitude wall pressure events in a numerically simulated turbulent boundary layer

A method for conditionally sampling the spatial field of the wall pressure beneath a turbulent boundary layer in order to search for high magnitude events and calculate the corresponding wavenumber spectrum is presented. The high magnitude events are found using a simple peak detection algorithm at a fixed instant in time and the wavenumber spectra are calculated using discrete Fourier transforms. The frequency of occurrence for high magnitude positive events is found to be approximately the same as for high magnitude negative events. The contribution of the high magnitude events to the rms wall pressure for various trigger levels is calculated and compared with results from similar experimental studies performed in the time domain. The high magnitude events are shown to occur infrequently and to contribute significantly to the rms wall pressure. Wavenumber spectra from the high magnitude positive and negative events are calculated and compared with the unconditionally sampled spectra. The high magnitude events contain energy focused around a particular streamwise wavenumber and have high broadband spectral levels.
The Excitable System in the Cell Surface

A membrane model, composed of phospholipid and cholesterol, is described. The electrical resistance and hydration of this model can be controlled by manipulation of ambient ions and by current in ways strongly reminiscent of the behavior of living cells. The behavior of the model may resemble that of the membrane component of the cell. In addition, an interdependent, lipid-protein molecular structure may exist at the cell surface.
Time Series Analysis of Soil Freeze and Thaw Processes in Indiana

Abstract Seasonal cycles of freezing and thawing influence surface energy and water cycle fluxes. Specifically, soil frost can lead to the reduction in infiltration and an increase in runoff response, resulting in a greater potential for soil erosion. An increase in the number of soil freeze–thaw cycles may reduce soil compaction, which could affect various hydrologic processes. In this study, the authors test for the presence of significant trends in soil freeze–thaw cycles and soil temperatures at several depths and compare these with other climatic variables including air temperature, snowfall, snow cover, and precipitation. Data for the study were obtained for three research stations located in northern, central, and southern Indiana that have collected soil temperature observations since 1966. After screening for significant autocorrelations, testing for trends is conducted at a significance level of 5% using Mann–Kendall’s test. Observations from 1967 to 2006 indicate that air temperatures during th...
Designing ubiquitous information systems for a community of homeless young people: precaution and a way forward

Drawing upon and distinguishing themselves from domestic, public, work, and natural settings, homeless communities offer new cultural frontiers into which ubiquitous computing could diffuse. We report on one such frontier, a community of homeless young people, located in Seattle, WA, seeking both to foresee the consequences of pervasive access to digital media and communications and to prepare for its seemingly inevitable uptake. The community consists of hundreds of young people living without stable housing, often in the public, and an alliance of nine service agencies that seek to stabilize youth and equip them to escape homelessness. We examine the opportunities for ubiquitous computing in this community by, in part, developing a precautionary stance on intervention. This stance is then used to critically examine a scenario in which information about the service agencies is made public. From this scenario, and a description of the social and material constraints of this community, we argue that "precaution" offers productive counsel on decisions on whether and how to intervene with ubiquitous computing. A precautionary point of view is especially important as ubiquitous computing diffuses into communities that, by their social and material conditions, are vulnerable. In such communities, the active avoidance of harms and plans for their mitigation is particularly important.
Geography and the Decennial Task of Redistricting

Abstract This article examines the geographic and political forces that are central to the process of legislative redistricting. First, it reviews the historical background of the redistricting process. Second, the article discusses the importance of minority representation. This is followed by a review of the distinctive character of the redistricting process in the 1990s, arguably one of the most contentious in United States history. Finally, some of the alternative systems of representation that have been suggested to improve the quality of representation in the United States are reviewed. These include enlarging the size of the U.S. House of Representatives, cumulative voting, and limited voting.
Best choice of fire protection: An airport study

A quantitative decision-making methodology can be used in a systematic approach to evaluating risk treating alternatives.
Role of Electric Drive Transit Technologies in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Accounting for 71% of petroleum consumption, the U.S. transportation sector generates about one third of the nation's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While public transportation is a relatively small portion of the overall transportation sector, it is not insignificant, producing approximately 10.9 million tons of GHG emissions annually. Reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions of public transit vehicles can provide substantial cost savings and generate significant environmental benefits. The U.S. Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) strategic vision focuses on the wide adoption of innovative electric drive transit technologies as an ultimate alternative to traditional diesel-powered transit vehicles. To implement electric propulsion transit technologies, FTA developed the Electric Drive Strategic Plan (EDSP) that provides for a wide range of activities for the development, demonstration, and evaluation of the advanced electric drive technologies, including propulsion systems, components, accessories, and infrastructure. The ultimate goal of this plan is to achieve commercial availability of zero tailpipe emission, highly efficient, and affordable transit vehicles by 2030, leading to drastic improvements in the energy efficiency and GHG emissions of the U.S. transit fleet. Implementing the goals of the EDSP is projected to save 4.9 billion diesel gallon equivalents of fuel and eliminate 98.7 thousand tons of NOx and 52.9 million tons of CO2 in tailpipe emissions over the period 2010 to 2030. The implementation and wide adoption of electric drive transit technologies in the United States is expected to significantly reduce public transportation fuel costs and provide environmental benefits valued at $1.4 billion over the 20-year period.
Mortality Patterns Suggest Lack of Senescence in Hydra

Senescence, a deteriorative process that increases the probability of death of an organism with increasing chronological age, has been found in all metazoans where careful studies have been carried out. There has been much controversy, however, about the potential immortality of hydra, a solitary freshwater member of the phylum Cnidaria, one of the earliest diverging metazoan groups. Researchers have suggested that hydra is capable of escaping aging by constantly renewing the tissues of its body. But no data have been published to support this assertion. To test for the presence or absence of aging in hydra, mortality and reproductive rates for three hydra cohorts have been analyzed for a period of four years. The results provide no evidence for aging in hydra: mortality rates have remained extremely low and there are no apparent signs of decline in reproductive rates. Hydra may have indeed escaped senescence and may be potentially immortal.
The effect of 1-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axis of rats

Abstract 1-trans- Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ 9 -THC) was found to be a potent stimulator of ACTH secretion, as evidenced by depletion of adrena ascorbic acid in rats. Low doses of Δ 9 -THC that were inactive in unanesthetized rats stimulated ACTH secretion in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. This observation differentiates Δ 9 -THC from other drugs reported to stimulate ACTH secretion. A nonstimulating dose of Δ 9 -THC did not block the secretion of ACTH induced by epinephrine. The concentration of adrenal ascorbic acid one hour after a fifth daily injection did not differ significantly from that observed after a single injection.
School Change: The Personal Development of a Point of View

In this text Professor Sarason has responded to the request to track the evaluation of his ideas about school change by selecting papers and excerpts from his books that illustrate where his ideas come from. Introductions are provided for each selection.
Identifying talent and giftedness part II

Abstract The process of identifying gifted and talented individuals within a given population has many components. Program planners must be knowledgeable when determining an operational definition and selection criteria. The entire process should also incorporate the values of concerned and participating persons as well as concern for available resources. The successful melding of these components is necessary if the identification process is to accurately and meaningfully uncover talent and giftedness, particularly since giftedness can be manifested in a variety of ways across culture, age, sex, and talent categories. The Guidance Institute for Talented Students has worked with gifted and talented persons since 1957. In order to facilitate the identification process, two instruments have recently been developed. The focus of Part I of this three‐part article is the GIFTS Screening Instrument and the rationale for its development. Part II focuses on the GIFTS Identification Instrument and Part III will pr...
Hollow nanostructures of platinum with controllable dimensions can be synthesized by templating against selenium nanowires and colloids.

Hollow nanostructures of platinum have been synthesized by reducing PtCl2 with alcohol in the presence of selenium nanowires or colloids. The Se template could be removed by soaking the resultant Se@Pt nanostructures in hydrazine or by heating them to 200−250 °C. The size and wall thickness of the polycrystalline hollow nanostructures could be controlled by varying the template, reaction time, and the concentration of PtCl2.
XXIII. The electron theory of contact electromotive force and thermoelectricity

(1912). XXIII. The electron theory of contact electromotive force and thermoelectricity. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 23, No. 134, pp. 263-278.
Visual Navigation during Colony Emigration by the Ant Temnothorax rugatulus

Many ants rely on both visual cues and self-generated chemical signals for navigation, but their relative importance varies across species and context. We evaluated the roles of both modalities during colony emigration by Temnothorax rugatulus. Colonies were induced to move from an old nest in the center of an arena to a new nest at the arena edge. In the midst of the emigration the arena floor was rotated 60°around the old nest entrance, thus displacing any substrate-bound odor cues while leaving visual cues unchanged. This manipulation had no effect on orientation, suggesting little influence of substrate cues on navigation. When this rotation was accompanied by the blocking of most visual cues, the ants became highly disoriented, suggesting that they did not fall back on substrate cues even when deprived of visual information. Finally, when the substrate was left in place but the visual surround was rotated, the ants' subsequent headings were strongly rotated in the same direction, showing a clear role for visual navigation. Combined with earlier studies, these results suggest that chemical signals deposited by Temnothorax ants serve more for marking of familiar territory than for orientation. The ants instead navigate visually, showing the importance of this modality even for species with small eyes and coarse visual acuity.
Effect of injection fuel energy on fusion-reactor stability and feedback control

The effect of injection fuel energy on the plasma dynamics stability of a stationary fusion reactor has been investigated, using a mathematical model based on the energy density and particle density balance of four plasma constituents. For this purpose, numerical calculations of eigenvalues have been made after the linearization of a set of plasma equations. The result suggests that a neutral-beam injection gun of moderate energy favours, from the point of view of dynamics, the realization of a stable plasma rather than a pellet injection method of very low energy. Further calculations have been made to study the inner mechanism of thermal instability of a plasma. Finally, a feasible way of plasma stabilization by feedback control has been examined.
Naltrexone attenuates acute cigarette smoking behavior

This within-subjects, placebo-controlled laboratory study was designed to examine the effects of naltrexone on cigarette response in 44 chronic smokers (23 male, 21 female). Each participant received either 50-mg oral naltrexone or identical placebo during the morning of the session after maintaining overnight abstinence. Subsequently, the participant was administered a smoking cue (holding lit cigarette) to examine craving and associated features of smoking, and instructed to smoke a cigarette 1 h later. This was followed by a smoking interval in which participants could choose to smoke up to four more cigarettes over a 2-h period. Subjective measures (withdrawal, craving, affect, and side effects) and smoking behavior were assessed throughout the session. Naltrexone significantly reduced the total number of choice cigarettes smoked and expired carbon monoxide levels (Ps<.05). Naltrexone significantly increased total side effects, especially for sedation (P<.01). Further, naltrexone significantly increased overall negative affect, and decreased positive affect 1 h after smoking the first cigarette (Ps<.05). However, naltrexone did not affect acute withdrawal or smoking urges. Despite mixed findings, women reported more overall naltrexone-induced withdrawal (P<.05) and side effects (P<.08) compared to men. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, the findings support an opioid antagonist attenuation of smoking behavior.
Investigation of the Formation of Microbubbly Liquid Fuel

There are several obstacles encountered during combustion in Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (SCRAMJET) engines such as mixing, ignition, and flame holding. In order to overcome these difficulties, a new type of fuel is generated with the use of combination of two methods namely an effervescent (barbotage) and thermal pyrolysis of the fuel. In the first step of the process, during effervescent method, small gas bubbles are introduced into liquid fuel to improve the spraying characteristics of the fuel. At the second stage, long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into short-chain hydrocarbons that burn faster. An experimental facility has been designed and developed to study the underlying physics in each process.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Seeking care for cancer relevant symptoms.

Abstract Although it has been estimated that a fourth of the individuals who die of cancer each year might have survived if their cancer had been detected earlier, little is known about the characteristics of individuals who seek care for cancer relevant symptoms. This study reports data from a 1 yr panel study of 1210 individuals in metropolitan Los Angeles who were asked to report any symptoms they had experienced during each six week interval between interviews. These symptoms were classified according to the National Ambulatory Symptom Classification and then rated for their cancer relevance by three university-based oncologists working independently. There were 35 symptoms rated as cancer relevant. Inter-rated reliability was 0.73. Analysis is directed towards the distribution of these symptoms in the population, the distribution of physician visits for these symptoms and the structural and social psychological factors that predict the decision to seek medical care for these symptoms. The implications of the results for health education are twofold. First, because these symptoms occur homogeneously across sub-groups, education programs targeted to specific subpopulations are likely to be inefficient. Second, even if successful education campaigns could be undertaken, it is unlikely that all physicians would agree that all of the increased demand for services would be appropriate.
Spiral movement in man

Blindfolded persons walk, run, swim, row, and drive automobiles in clock-spring spiral paths of greater or less regularity when attempting a straightaway. The spirals turn either right or left in one and the same individual, and may do so even in one experiment. But either right or left turns predominate in the great majority of individuals, often to a high degree. The paths show marked individuality, and there is some ground for thinking there exists a correlation between temperamental differences and general character of path. The mechanism which produces the spiral path is not located in the locomotor organs, but in the central nervous system and is probably identical essentially with the spiral mechanism in other motile organisms, all of which move in spiral paths when there are no guiding senses to direct the path. The clock-spring spiral in man is interpreted as the expression in two dimensions of space of a helical spiral mechanism which seems to exist in all motile organisms moving in three dimensions of space and in amebas which move in two dimensions. In a large number of lower organisms the number of body lengths per spiral turn is almost constant, being about 4.5. The smallest regular swimming spirals in man are very close to this value, but the smallest regular walking spirals are somewhat larger. The fundamental spiral mechanism seems to be of molecular dimensions, and there seems to exist a demonstrable locomotor bilateral asymmetry in very nearly, if not quite, all organisms.
Risk factors for injury among construction workers at Denver International Airport.

Background The Denver International Airport construction project provided a rare opportunity to identify risk factors for injury on a large construction project for which 769 contractors were hired to complete 2,843 construction contracts. Workers' compensation claims and payroll data for individual contracts were recorded in an administrative database developed by the project's Owner-Controlled Insurance Program. Methods From claims and payroll data linked with employee demographic information, we calculated injury rates per 200,000 person-hours by contract and over contract characteristics of interest. We used Poisson regression models to examine contract-specific risk factors in relation to total injuries, lost-work-time (LWT), and non-LWT injuries. We included contract-specific expected loss rates (ELRs) in the model to control for prevailing risk of work and used logistic regression methods to determine the association between LWT and non-LWT injuries on contracts. Results Injury rates were highest during the first year of construction, at the beginning of contracts, and among older workers. Risk for total and non-LWT injuries was elevated for building construction contracts, contracts for special trades companies (SIC 17), contracts with payrolls over $1 million, and those with overtime payrolls greater than 20%. Risk for LWT injuries only was increased for site development contracts and contracts starting in the first year of construction. Contracts experiencing one or more minor injuries were four times as likely to have at least one major injury (OR &equals: 4.0, 95% CI (2.9, 5.5)). Conclusions Enhancement of DIA's safety infrastructure during the second year of construction appears to have been effective in reducing serious (LWT) injuries. The absence of correlation between injury rates among contracts belonging to the same company suggests that targeting of safety resources at the level of the contract may be an effective approach to injury prevention. Interventions focused on high-risk contracts, including those with considerable overtime work, contracts held by special trades contractors (SIC 17), and contracts belonging to small and mid-sized companies, and on high-risk workers, such as those new to a construction site or new to a contract may reduce injury burden on large construction sites. The joint occurrence of minor and major injuries on a contract level suggests that surveillance of minor injuries may be useful in identifying opportunities for prevention of major injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:113–120, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A rapid mixing device for quasielastic light scattering studies of reacting systems.

Abstract A simple mixing device for studying fast reactions by quasielastic light scattering is described. The convection due to mixing is minimized and rapidly damped, so that light scattering measurements can be made immediately after mixing.
Wideband microstrip‐fed tapered slot antennas and phased array

Two wideband tapered slot antennas are designed, fabricated, and tested. The first antenna, which is fabricated on a high dielectric constant substrate (ϵr = 10.2), shows a measured return loss of better than 10 dB from 1.6 to 12.4 GHz (7.7:1 bandwidth), and an antenna gain varying from 3.6 to 7.8 dBi. The second antenna is built on a low dielectric constant substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and demonstrates return loss of better than 10 dB from 1.8 to 15.2 GHz (8.4:1 bandwidth). The second antenna also has improved antenna gain, from 5 to 15.6 dBi, and is used to build a wideband 1 × 4 H-plane phased array with a total gain of 9–17 dBi and a beam steering angle of ±15° from 3 to 12 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
Light scattering investigation of potato amylopectin

Light scattering measurements were made on amylopectin prepared from potato starch by two procedures. Potato starch dispersed in water at 90° and fractionated with mixed pentanols gave an amylopectin I having a weight-average molecular weight of 36 million. Dispersion of starch by autoclaving at 120°, followed by nitrobenzene precipitation of amylose, yielded an amylopectin II with weight-average molecular weight of 14 million. No evidence was found for dissociation of these amylopectins into smaller units in aqueous solution at concentrations as low as 10−6 g./ml., at elevated temperatures, or in sodium hydroxide solutions. Aggregation of amylopectin II occurred at potassium chloride concentrations above 5 × 10−4 molar. Marked reduction of molecular weight of amylopectin II resulted from treatment under a high rate of shear in a Waring Blendor. Acetylated II (40% acetyl content) was soluble in nitromethane, chloroform, acetone, dioxane, and acetonitrile. In all these solvents the molecular weight, corrected for acetyl, was close to 10 million. No evidence was found for an increase in reciprocal specific turbidity at low concentration which would parallel reported osmotic pressure results. Polydispersity was demonstrated by ultracentrifugal sedimentation patterns of amylopectin II, and by separation of amylopectin I into a series of fractions ranging from 7 to 73 million in molecular weight.
Interaction of erythropoietin RNA binding protein with erythropoietin RNA requires an association with heat shock protein 70.

Interaction of erythropoietin RNA binding protein with erythropoietin RNA requires an association with heat shock protein 70. Synthesis of erythropoietin (Epo), the glycoprotein hormone that regulates red blood cell formation, is induced in response to low oxygen stress (hypoxia), and is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. We have previously described an Epo RNA binding protein (ERBP) which specifically binds to the 3′-untranslated region of Epo mRNA and is likely involved in the regulation of Epo mRNA stability. Since heat shock proteins (hsps) are induced in response to a variety of stresses, including hypoxia, we tested the possibility that hsps are involved in ERBP-Epo RNA complex formation. When human anti-hsp70 antibody was added to ERBP-containing human hepatoma cell (Hep3B) lysates, the ERBP-Epo RNA complex was inhibited in an electrophoretic mobility band shift assay. In addition, the anti-hsp70 antibody-inhibited complex could be rescued if lysates were pretreated with purified inducible hsp70, but not with bovine serum albumin (BSA). In vivo studies using quercetin to inhibit hsp70 induction support the notion that hsp70 is involved in ERBP-Epo RNA complex formation. Taken together, these findings suggest involvement of hsp70 in ERBP-Epo mRNA complex formation, and our model suggests a novel role for hsps in the regulation of EPO mRNA stability.
Evaluation of sexual communication message strategies

Parent-child communication about sex is an important proximal reproductive health outcome. But while campaigns to promote it such as the Parents Speak Up National Campaign (PSUNC) have been effective, little is known about how messages influence parental cognitions and behavior. This study examines which message features explain responses to sexual communication messages. We content analyzed 4 PSUNC ads to identify specific, measurable message and advertising execution features. We then develop quantitative measures of those features, including message strategies, marketing strategies, and voice and other stylistic features, and merged the resulting data into a dataset drawn from a national media tracking survey of the campaign. Finally, we conducted multivariable logistic regression models to identify relationships between message content and ad reactions/receptivity, and between ad reactions/receptivity and parents' cognitions related to sexual communication included in the campaign's conceptual model. We found that overall parents were highly receptive to the PSUNC ads. We did not find significant associations between message content and ad reactions/receptivity. However, we found that reactions/receptivity to specific PSUNC ads were associated with increased norms, self-efficacy, short- and long-term expectations about parent-child sexual communication, as theorized in the conceptual model. This study extends previous research and methods to analyze message content and reactions/receptivity. The results confirm and extend previous PSUNC campaign evaluation and provide further evidence for the conceptual model. Future research should examine additional message content features and the effects of reactions/receptivity.
Characterization of polymeric proteins from vitreous and floury sorghum endosperm.

Differences in protein content and composition between vitreous and floury endosperm were investigated using a number of different techniques. Differences in protein cross-linking between vitreous and floury endosperm were investigated using differential solubility, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and analysis of sulfhydryl content and composition. Vitreous endosperm was found to have higher levels of total protein and kafirins, but floury endosperm had a higher proportion of γ-kafirins than the vitreous. Floury endosperm was found to have higher levels of SDS-soluble proteins than SDS-insoluble proteins extracted using sonication than vitreous endosperm. Conversely, vitreous endosperm had a greater proportion of the insoluble proteins. SEC analysis of the polymeric proteins revealed that the insoluble proteins had more polymeric proteins than did the soluble proteins, indicating greater cross-linking and a larger Mw distribution. Vitreous endosperm was also found to have a greater percentage (i.e., a higher ratio of disulfide to total sulfhydryls) of disulfide bonds than floury endosperm. These results show that the proteins in vitreous endosperm have a higher degree of cross-linking and a greater Mw distribution than those found in floury endosperm.
Direct Current Effects on High-Frequency Properties of Patterned Permalloy Thin Films

We have investigated experimentally direct current (dc) effects on high-frequency properties of two different permalloy (Py) submicrometer patterns of 0.24 mum and 0.55 mum width, 10 mum length, and 100 nm thickness. The natural ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequencies for the two samples are about 8.5 and 11.5 GHz. A 50 mA dc produces a FMR frequency reduction of about 1 GHz in both samples. We extracted susceptibility spectra for the samples from the measurement data. We studied inductance variations of Py embedded transmission lines for different dc levels. With 50 mA dc, the operational frequencies of the inductances decreased by 9% and 12.5%. We also tested effects of magnetic fields generated by external magnets on the submicrometer patterns for comparison. To obtain the same magnetization rotation angle, the external magnetic field needs to be about five times larger than the Ampere field created by the direct current. This behavior is unique and may be associated with the increased thermal energy from the Joule heating effects.
Health-state valuations for pertussis: methods for valuing short-term health states.

The incidence of reported adolescent and adult pertussis continues to rise in the United States. Acellular pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults have been developed and may be available soon for use in the U.S. Our objectives were: (1) to describe patient valuations of pertussis disease and vaccination; and (2) to compare valuations for short-term and long-term health states associated with pertussis. We conducted telephone surveys with 515 adult patients and parents of adolescent patients with pertussis in Massachusetts to determine valuations of pertussis-related health states for disease and vaccination using time trade-off (TTO) and contingent valuation (CV) techniques. Respondents were randomized to complete either a short-term or long-term TTO exercise. Discrimination between health states for each valuation technique was assessed using Tukey's method, and valuations for short-term vs. long-term health states were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Three hundred three (59%) and 309 (60%) respondents completed and understood the TTO and CV exercises, respectively. Overall, respondents gave lower valuations (lower TTO and higher CV values) to avoid a given state for adolescent/adult disease compared to vaccine adverse events. Infant complications due to pertussis were considered worse than adolescent/adult disease, regardless of the method of valuation. The short-term TTO resulted in lower mean valuations and larger mean differences between health states than the long-term TTO exercise. Pertussis was considered worse than adverse events due to vaccination. Short-term health-state valuation is better able to discriminate among health states, which is useful for cost-utility analysis.
Formulation of the theory of turbulence in an incompressible fluid

Abstract The theory of turbulence in an incompressible fluid is formulated using methods similar to those of quantum field theory. A systematic perturbation theory is set up, and the terms in the perturbation series are shown to be in one to one correspondence with certain diagrams analogous to Feynman diagrams. From a study of the diagrams it is shown that the perturbation series can be rearranged and partially summed in such a way as to reduce the problem to the solution of three simultaneous integral equations for three functions, one of which is the second order velocity correlation function. The equations have the form of infinite power series integral equations, and the first few terms in the power series are derived from an analysis of the diagrams to sixth order. Truncation of the integral equations at the lowest nontrivial order yields Chandrasekhar's equation, and truncation at a higher order yields the equations discussed by Kraichnan.
A newly identified buccal interneuron initiates and modulates feeding motor programs in aplysia.

Despite considerable progress in characterizing the feeding central pattern generator (CPG) in Aplysia, the full complement of neurons that generate feeding motor programs has not yet been identifi...
Filters for Stochastic Cooling of Longitudinal Beam Emittance

The shorted stub filter (SSF) has been used extensively to provide the electronics gain shaping for stochastic cooling of longitudinal beam emittance. The repetitive notch of this filter results from the cancellation of the incident signal by the reflected signal at frequencies where the cable electrical length equals an integer number of half wavelengths. Variations in notch depth of the SSF have been approximately compensated by a rather complicated system. Dispersion of the notch frequency resulting from variation of the phase velocity can also be approximately corrected using tuned imperfections in the shorted cable. Dispersion due to imperfections in the coaxial cable can be quite significant and can only be compensated for by costly construction techniques. This paper describes another type of notch filter. Although this filter has been mentioned previously, this analysis demonstrates the advantages of this filter in providing small notch dispersion and other properties necessary for stochastic cooling systems. Because this filter uses only forward signals, it is quite insensitive to imperfections in cables and components, and can therefore be constructed from commercially available components.
Towards a Field Theory of Fractional Quantum Hall States

We present a Chern-Simons theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect in which flux attachment is followed by a transformation that effectively attaches the correlation holes. We extract the correlated wavefunctions, compute the drift and cyclotron currents (due to inhomogeneous density), exhibit the Read operator, and operators that create quasi-particles and holes. We show how the bare kinetic energy can get quenched and replaced by one due to interactions. We find that for $\nu =1/2$ the low energy theory has neutral quasiparticles and give the effective hamiltonian and constraints.