cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral interactions of the invasive Argentine ant with native ant species

The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, has invaded many areas of the world, displacing native ants. Its behavior may contribute to its competitive success. Staged and natural encounters were observed at food resources in the field, between Argentine ants and eight ant species native to northern California. There was no relation between the frequency of aggression by any ant species and the outcome of encounters, though Argentine ants were more likely than ants of native species to behave aggressively. When an ant of one species initiated an encounter of any kind with an ant of another species, the ant that did not initiate was likely to retreat. This was true of all species studied. Most encounters between ants were initiated by Argentine ants. Thus the native species tended to retreat more frequently than Argentine ants. Interactions between Argentine ants and native species at food resources, causing ants of native species to retreat, may help Argentine ants to displace native species from invaded areas.
The mechanics and neural control of the prey capture strike in the mantid shrimps Squilla and Hemisquilla

1. The prey capture strike of Squilla and Hemisquilla has been studied by high speed motion picture photography and by electromyography from the limb muscles of the unrestrained animal. 2. The strike consists of a rapid unfolding of the dactyl, propus and carpus about the merus of the raptorial, 2nd thoracic limb. The prey may be struck by the folded propus-dactyl joint, pierced by the extended dactyl or grasped between the open propus and dactyl. 3. Contact is made with the prey in 4–8 ms, when the animal is underwater, at which time the propus is moving about the merus at an angular velocity of 20,000°·s−1 or at a linear velocity of 10 m·s−1. 4. Acceleration is applied to the limb in less than 1.5 ms and an energy requirement of 1.25×105 ergs is necessary for the strike. This could not be produced by a single muscle twitch. 5. Electrophysiology and experiments in which the strike has been simulated have shown that the strike is produced by the co-contraction of flexor and extensor muscles in the merus operating a ‘click’ joint. The flexor muscles begin to contract first, often 1 s before the strike so pulling a sclerite over a stop on the ventral wall of the merus. This gives them a 900∶1 mechanical advantage over the extensor muscles and allows the extensor muscles to contract almost isometrically and time to reach tetanic tension. The flexor muscles relax just prior to the strike so that the sclerite then snaps over its stop on the merus allowing the stored energy of the extensor muscles to be delivered suddenly.
Gate-resistance-limited switching frequencies of power MOSFETs

High-frequency switching limitation of a power MOSFET resulting from large gate resistance is studied. It is shown that a maximum gate switching frequency can be identified to minimize resistive power dissipation in the gate. Power MOSFETs with refractory silicide gates are shown to result in more than a fivefold improvement in this frequency compared to conventional heavily POCl/sub 3/-doped polysilicon-gated MOSFETs with metal gate runners. >
Design, theory, and measurement of a polarization-insensitive absorber for terahertz imaging

We present the theory, design, and realization of a polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber for terahertz frequencies. Effective-medium theory is used to describe the absorptive properties of the metamaterial in terms of optical constants---a description that has been thus far lacking. From our theoretical approach, we construct a device that yields over 95% absorption in simulation. Our fabricated design consists of a planar single unit-cell layer of metamaterial and reaches an absorptivity of 77% at 1.145 THz.
131I-Labeled Bovine Thyrotropin: Preparation Through a New Micro Technique of Iodine Distillation and Studies of Adsorption to Glass and Polyethylene1

(15–35 USP U/mg) bovine TSH preparations dissolved in pH 8, 0.2M, sodium borate buffer were labeled through 131I2 distillation, accomplished by controlled bubbling of air and gentle heating. Iodide was removed by dialysis. Good yields (% labeling) were achieved with calculated ratios of 0.75–2.4 I atoms per TSH molecule. Biological activity of mI-TSH was not significantly less than that of control TSH carried through the procedures except for distillation- iodination, but both were usually significantly (up to ca. 50%) less than that of undialyzed standard (starting) TSH. Liquid solutions of 131I-TSH in pH 7.2–7.4 Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium (KRP) lost radioactivity and biological activity onto polyethylene or glass containers substantially in a few hours. The presence of 0.25% human serum albumin (HSA) prevented these losses. In all cases paper chromatography revealed no significant breakdown of labeled protein, and there was no loss of total radioactivity: solution +container. HSA-containing KRP, with...
Rosacea induced by beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray

Case 1 A 46-year-old white woman presented with a new-onset facial eruption that had developed soon after she had started to use a beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The patient did not complain of a history of facial flushing. On examination, she had inflammatory papules and pustules on a background of erythema localized around the mouth and paranasal area, extending onto both cheeks with sparing of the vermilion of the lips ( Fig. 1). The patient had no clinical evidence of conjunctivitis. She stopped the steroid spray and started to use desonide cream topically twice daily and minocycline 100 mg a day. After 8 weeks of therapy and stopping the steroid spray, the patient’s eruption had resolved completely without recurrence. Figure 1. Patient 1 with inflammatory papules and pustules localized around the nose and mouth Download figure to PowerPoint Case 2 A 42-year-old white woman presented with a history of flushing, facial erythema, and perinasal inflammatory papules. These symptoms had worsened after she had started to use a beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. On examination, she had facial erythema and telangiectasia with inflammatory papules on her nose. The patient stopped using the steroid spray and began applying metronidazole 0.75% cream twice a day with resolution of the inflammatory lesions and diminution of facial flushing.
Pesticide-induced hormoligosis of citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) fecundity

The effects of four pesticides (dicofol, esfenvalerate, formetanate, and malathion) on the fecundity of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), were measured in laboratory trials with citrus leaves weathered in the field. Compared with oviposition on untreated leaves, fecundity increased significantly on leaves containing 21-d-old dicofol residues and 32-, 41-, and 64-d-old malathion residues. When citrus thrips females were exposed to various rates of 1-h-old leaf residues of dicofol, fluvalinate, formetanate, and malathion, fecundity was depressed at higher rates (1-25% mortality), elevated at intermediate rates (0.01-1% mortality), and was unchanged at lower rates. Because of potential insecticide-induced hormoligosis (stimulation), we urge caution in use of the insecticide check method in evaluating the effects of various natural enemies on arthropod pests and suggest that hormoligosis is an additional reason to avoid prophylactic treatment of citrus thrips.
Efficient optimization framework for integrated placement of horizontal wells and hydraulic fracture stages in unconventional gas reservoirs

Abstract Rapid advances in horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing have made these technologies standard development strategies in unconventional gas reservoirs. Further improvements in these practices by means of numerical optimization of wellbore locations and hydraulic fracture (HF) stages spacing can enhance shale gas reserves and increase revenue from the unconventional projects. In order to solve these two challenges simultaneously as an integrated optimization problem, an automated framework for placement of horizontal wellbores and HF stages is developed and tested in this paper. Coupled with expert knowledge and engineering judgment, this workflow allows to produce unconventional assets economically. This paper presents specifics of our novel optimization framework that improves the design and placement of HF stages in shale gas reservoirs and increases production and the net present value (NPV) of the projects by judicious application of numerical optimization algorithms. In particular, we test several gradient-based and gradient-free methods, namely, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). Application of these optimization strategies to a suite of test cases illustrates that it is not necessary to assume even spacing between HF stages because the algorithms have a capability to optimize HF stages spacing in homogeneous and heterogeneous geologic systems.
Conformational transitions of an unmodified tRNA: implications for RNA folding.

Unmodified tRNAs are powerful systems to study the effects of posttranscriptional modifications and site-directed mutations on both the structure and function of these ribonucleic acids. To define ...
Administration or deprivation of nerve growth factor during development permanently alters neuronal geometry

We investigated whether the administration or deprivation of a neuronal growth factor during development can permanently alter the dendritic architecture of sensitive neurons. Nerve growth factor (NGF) or NGF antiserum treatment in the first 2–3 postnatal weeks markedly affected the survival, size, and dendritic arborization of mouse sympathetic ganglion cells acutely. Six months after the completion of treatment, the number of surviving neurons, cell body size, and higher order dendritic branching had changed considerably from their values at 3 weeks, suggesting that these parameters remain malleable throughout postnatal life. However, the number of primary dendrites, a fundamental determinant of organization within sympathetic ganglia, was permanently altered by the neonatal treatment protocol. The idea emerging from this study is that NGF influences the elaboration of primary dendrites by sympathetic ganglion cells only during a critical developmental period. In maturity, NGF acts as a “maintenance” factor necessary for normal neuronal function and survival, but neurons lose the capacity to respond with wholesale rearrangements of dendritic architecture.
Studying the effects of lumped end mass on vibrations of a Timoshenko beam using a wave-based approach:

Mast antenna structures and robot arms are often modeled as beams with lumped end masses. In this paper, bending vibrations in beams with lumped masses at boundaries are studied based on the advanced Timoshenko theory. An exact analytical solution is obtained using a wave vibration approach, in which vibrations are described as waves that propagate along a uniform waveguide (such as a beam element) and are reflected and/or transmitted at discontinuities (such as boundaries and lumped mass attachments). The reflection relation corresponding to a bending incident vibration wave at the end mass is derived, which is assembled with propagation and reflection relations at classical boundaries to obtain the modes of vibrations. The effects of lumped end mass on vibrations of a Timoshenko beam are studied in detail.
How to review journal manuscripts

Reviewing manuscripts is central to editorial peer review, which arose in the early 1900s in response to the editor's need for expert advice to help select quality articles from numerous submissions. Most reviewers learn by trial and error, often giving up along the way because the process is far from intuitive. This primer will help minimize errors and maximize enjoyment in reviewing. Topics covered include responding to a review invitation, crafting comments to editors and authors, offering a recommended disposition, dealing with revised manuscripts, and understanding roles and responsibilities. The target audience is primarily novice reviewers, but seasoned reviewers should also find useful pearls to assist their efforts.
Fast hemicellulose quantification via a simple one-step acid hydrolysis

As the second most common polysaccharides in nature, hemicellulose has received much attention in recent years for its importance in biomass conversion in terms of producing high yields of fermentable sugars and value-added products, as well as its role in reducing biomass recalcitrance. Therefore, a time and labor efficient method that specifically analyzes hemicellulose content would be valuable to facilitate the screening of biomass feedstocks. In this study, a one-step acid hydrolysis method was developed, which applied 4wt% sulfuric acid at 121 � C for 1h to rapidly quantify XGM (xylan þgalactan þmannan) contents in various types of lignocellulosic biomass and model hemicelluloses. This method gave statistically identical results in XGM contents compared to results from conventional two-step acid hydrolysis while significantly shortening analysis time. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1088-1096.
Analysis of the assembly function of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag protein nucleocapsid domain

Previous studies have shown that in addition to its function in specific RNA encapsidation, the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid (NC) is required for efficient virus particle assembly. However, the mechanism by which NC facilitates the assembly process is not clearly established. Formally, NC could act by constraining the Pr559gag polyprotein into an assembly-competent conformation or by masking residues which block the assembly process. Alternatively, the capacity of NC to bind RNA or make interprotein contacts might affect particle assembly. To examine its role in the assembly process, we replaced the NC domain in Pr55gag with polypeptide domains of known function, and the chimeric proteins were analyzed for their abilities to direct the release of virus-like particles. Our results indicate that NC does not mask inhibitory domains and does not act passively, by simply providing a stable folded monomeric structure. However, replacement of NC by polypeptides which form interprotein contacts permitted efficient virus particle assembly and release, even when RNA was not detected in the particles. These results suggest that formation of interprotein contacts by NC is essential to the normal HIV-1 assembly process.
Megadroughts and late Holocene dune activation at the eastern margin of the Great Plains, north-central Kansas, USA

Optical and radiocarbon dating indicates that alluvium underlying dunes near Abilene was deposited at or before 45 ka, and that the overlying dunes were active at 1.1–0.5 ka. Geochemical data indicate that the Abilene dune sand is immature and was derived from the underlying Pleistocene alluvium, and not from Holocene age Smoky Hill River deposits. These findings suggest that dune activation was a response to increased aridity and local reduction in vegetation cover as opposed to changes in sediment availability from nearby rivers. The time interval of dune activation at Abilene overlaps Medieval Warm Period megadroughts, similar to the larger and more westerly dune fields on the Great Plains, including the Nebraska Sand Hills and the Great Bend Sand Prairie. The activation of smaller dune fields such as the Abilene dunes near the more humid eastern margin of the Great Plains shows the geographic extent and severity of paleodrought events. Unlike the Duncan dunes, another plains-marginal dune field, however, the Abilene dunes show no evidence for multiple drought events during the Holocene. This difference in dune activity, if it is not a result of sampling or preservation bias, indicates variations in the extent and severity of older drought events at the eastern margin of the Great Plains. 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Exploration of Link Structure and Community-Based Node Roles in Network Analysis

Communities are nodes in a network that are grouped together based on a common set of properties. While the communities and link structures are often thought to be in alignment, it may not be the case when the communities are defined using other external criterion. In this paper we provide a new way to measure the alignment. We also provide a new metric that can be used to estimate the number of communities to which a node is attached. This metric, along with degree, is used to assign a community-based role to nodes. We demonstrate the usefulness of the community-based node roles by applying them to the influence maximization problem.
Separation of low molecular siloxanes for electronic application by liquid-liquid extraction

Silicone resins are widely used for electronic packaging as potting and encapsulating materials. Silicone resins have many advantages for electronic packaging applications such as superior electrical properties, thermal stability, low water absorption, etc. Furthermore, silicone resins are not only used as protective materials for integrated circuit (IC) devices but also as conducting materials for interconnection. However, silicone resins have two big drawbacks: low adhesion strength and low molecular weight creep. A simple liquid-liquid extraction method has been developed to purify silicone resins, which will improve adhesion strength and eliminate low molecular weight creep. This paper describes the results of the liquid-liquid extraction method to remove low molecular weight cyclic siloxanes. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-lR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the removal rate of low molecular weight cyclic siloxanes. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the purity of silicone resin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the low molecular weight cyclic siloxanes. Thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and die shear test were used for evaluate the properties of silicone resin.
Does the Year 2000 XBRL Taxonomy Accommodate Current Business Financial‐Reporting Practice?

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is an application of XML (eXtensible Markup Language) intended for use in digital business reporting. Observers predict XBRL will provide benefits to f...
Timing is Everything: An Overview of Phenological Changes to Plants and Their Pollinators

ABSTRACT: Plant-pollinator interactions are a critical component of a healthy plant community and a healthy ecosystem. However, these interactions are at risk due to many factors, including potential phenological mismatches that may disrupt the timing of successful pollination. Environmental variables influence both when plants flower and when insects pollinate, and if those variables change, so might the timing of each species. If those changes do not track each other, plants and pollinators may not be active at the same time, potentially causing substantial problems to both groups. Yet, there is little consensus thus far about how the timing of plants and pollinators has been changing and how that might ultimately influence this important ecological interaction. Here, we review the evidence for phenological shifts in both species and find that there is evidence of change, but that it is extremely species-specific with some species advancing their activities, some delaying, and some staying about the sam...
Machining-induced surface hardening due to large wear land:

AbstractThis study experimentally investigated the attainable hardness and hardened depth at the part surfaces in steel machining with large tool wear, 1-2mm flank wear-land width. Hot-rolled AISI 4340 steel bars were turned on a lathe using ceramic inserts with machining forces monitored. Process parameter effects on the depths of the phase-transformed layers and hardened layers were studied with cutting forces and part surface roughness measured and analysed. The phase transformation depth (PTD) and hardened depth generally increase with increasing tool wear, cutting speed, and feed rate; however, they decrease or level off when further increasing the parameters. The maximum hardened depth, about 100 μm at a Knoop hardness of 450 HK500, has been repeatedly obtained at 1.65 mm flank wear land, 3 m/s cutting speed and 0.025 mm/rev feed rate. It is plausible that machining under aggressive conditions, i.e. a greater amount of tool wear, may be employed for surface hardening of some steel components.The ana...
Delayed pharmacological effects of antidepressants

Although antidepressants may not be primary mood stabilizers, they are efficacious in the prophylaxis of recurrent depressive illnesses, as well as in the treatment of acute episodes. Pharmacological effects that may contribute to the prophylactic effects of these drugs are not understood. Studies have been carried out in which antidepressants have been given to laboratory animals, such as rats, for periods of up to 3–4 weeks. Data obtained in such studies are thought to be important for their beneficial effects in depressive episodes, but also may be relevant to their prophylactic effects. Results are presented showing that when selective inhibitors of serotonin or norepinephrine uptake are given for such time periods, they still produce selective effects on serotonergic or noradrenergic parameters. For example, long-term administration of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors causes a down-regulation of β1 adrenoceptors. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors do not produce this effect. Long-term administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors causes down-regulation of the serotonin transporter, but not the norepinephrine transporter. In contrast, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors down-regulate the norepinephrine transporter but not the serotonin transporter. Substantial loss of serotonin transporter binding sites takes 15 days to occur and is accompanied by a marked reduction of serotonin transporter function in vivo.
The Equivalence of Quadratic Forms

One of the major accomplishments in the theory of quadratic forms is the classification of the equivalence class of a quadratic form over arithmetic fields. We are ready to present this part of the theory. Roughly speaking it goes as follows: the global solution is completely described by local and archimedean solutions, the local solution involves the dimension, the discriminant, and an invariant called the Hasse symbol, the complex archimedean solution is trivial, and the real archimedean solution is the well-known law of inertia of Sylvester.
Negacyclic convolution using polynomial transforms on hypercubes

A polynomial-transform-based algorithm for calculating products modulo Z/sup n/+1 on a hypercube is presented. All interprocessor communication in this algorithm occurs over a Hamming distance of one; that is processors communicate only with their immediate neighbors. This algorithm has been implemented on a Connection Machine, and the performance results are discussed. Current figures show a time of 358 ms for negacyclic convolution of 1 K 16 bit samples, up to about 8 s for a 64 K data set. The authors discuss the use of this algorithm in the calculation of convolution, compare communication costs with the FFT, and discuss directions for future work. >
Identification and Quantitation of Cocaine N-Oxide: A Thermally Labile Metabolite of Cocaine

I In this article, we report the identification and quantitation of cocaine N-oxide (CNO), a thermally labile oxidative metabolite, from both animal and human samples. The concentration of CNO is similar to the concentrations of cocaine in the samples analyzed. The technique used for the determination of CNO in this study is liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, which is necessary because CNO is converted to cocaine upon heating. This includes simple heating of aqueous solutions to temperatures in excess of 100~ and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in which CNO is converted to cocaine in the injection port. The thermal conversion of CNO to cocaine is estimated to cause an over-reporting of cocaine levels by 10-20% when using GC-MS.
The Use of Structured Role Play Therapy in the Remediation of Grammatical Deficits in Language Delayed Children: Three Case Studies

A method of language therapy has been developed in which role play procedures have been modified to allow a high degree of clinical control in programming client production and practice of specific linguistic target structures. The effectiveness of this procedure in facilitating acquisition and maintenance of selected grammatical target structures by three children with moderate language delay is reported. Results indicate this procedure is effective in achieving the targeted clinical goals.
Altered precipitation regime affects the function and composition of soil microbial communities on multiple time scales

Climate change models predict that future precipitation patterns will entail lower-frequency but larger rainfall events, increasing the duration of dry soil conditions. Resulting shifts in microbial C cycling activity could affect soil C storage. Further, microbial response to rainfall events may be constrained by the physiological or nutrient limitation stress of extended drought periods; thus seasonal or multiannual precipitation regimes may influence microbial activity following soil wet-up. We quantified rainfall-driven dynamics of microbial processes that affect soil C loss and retention, and microbial community composition, in soils from a long-term (14-year) field experiment contrasting ''Ambient'' and ''Altered'' (extended intervals between rainfalls) precipitation regimes. We collected soil before, the day following, and five days following 2.5-cm rainfall events during both moist and dry periods (June and September 2011; soil water potential ¼� 0.01 and � 0.83 MPa, respectively), and measured microbial respiration, microbial biomass, organic matter decomposition potential (extracel- lular enzyme activities), and microbial community composition (phospholipid fatty acids). The equivalent rainfall events caused equivalent microbial respiration responses in both treatments. In contrast, microbial biomass was higher and increased after rainfall in the Altered treatment soils only, thus microbial C use efficiency (CUE) was higher in Altered than Ambient treatments (0.70 6 0.03 . 0.46 6 0.10). CUE was also higher in dry (September) soils. C-acquiring enzyme activities (b-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and phenol oxidase) increased after rainfall in moist (June), but not dry (September) soils. Both microbial biomass C:N ratios and fungal : bacterial ratios were higher at lower soil water contents, suggesting a functional and/or population-level shift in the microbiota at low soil water contents, and microbial community composition also differed following wet-up and between seasons and treatments. Overall, microbial activity may directly (C respiration) and indirectly (enzyme potential) reduce soil organic matter pools less in drier soils, and soil C sequestration potential (CUE) may be higher in soils with a history of extended dry periods between rainfall events. The implications include that soil C loss may be reduced or compensated for via different mechanisms at varying time scales, and that microbial taxa with better stress tolerance or growth efficiency may be associated with these functional shifts.
Irvingism as an Analogue of the Oxford Movement

The Irvingite sect, or, as it names itself, “The Catholic Apostolic Church,” can be traced back to a meeting called by Henry Drummond, an eminent banker of London, at the beginning of Advent in 1826. Drummond was then a loyal member of the Church of England and had no suspicion that his invitation to twenty “students of prophecy” for eight days of conference at his suburban estate was to lead to the establishment of a new dissenting body with himself as one of its chief ministers. Yet from this informal beginning there germinated an international church, which, in its authoritarianism, sacerdotalism, sacramentalism, and ritualism, ran in close parallel with the Catholic development within Anglicanism.
A study of surface roughening in fcc metals using direct numerical simulation

Grain-scale surface roughening due to plastic straining in polycrystalline aluminum is studied with the aid of a three-dimensional finite-element crystal-plasticity model. An improved understanding of the origin of surface roughening profiles in plastically strained aluminum is sought. Large-scale, Direct Numerical Simulation enables the computation of full-field solutions and the explicit consideration of the deformation of individual crystals as well as of their crystalline texture evolution and interaction with neighboring grains. Simulations are conducted on idealized flat sheet polycrystalline aluminum samples under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. The results obtained show that the ensuing surface profiles are controlled by several factors: applied boundary conditions, Taylor factor and shear tendency of the individual grains and the spatial distribution of grain neighborhood orientations. The conditions leading to different ridging profiles, e.g., corrugated and ribbed surface profiles, are discussed.
Long wave runup on piecewise linear topographies

We study long-wave evolution and runup on piecewise linear one- and two-dimensional bathymetries analytically and experimentally with the objective of understanding certain coastal effects of tidal waves. We develop a general solution method for determining the amplification factor of different ocean topographies consisting of linearly varying and constant-depth segments to study how spectral distributions evolve over bathymetry, and apply our results to study the evolution of solitary waves. We find asymptotic results which suggest that solitary waves often interact with piecewise linear topographies in a counter-intuitive manner. We compare our analytical predictions with numerical results, with results from a new set of laboratory experiments from a physical model of Revere Beach, and also with the data on wave runup around an idealized conical island. We find good agreement between our theory and the laboratory results for the time histories of free-surface elevations and for the maximum runup heights. Our results suggest that, at least for simple piecewise linear topographies, analytical methods can be used to calculate effectively some important physical parameters in long-wave runup. Also, by underscoring the effects of the topographic slope at the shoreline, this analysis qualitatively suggests why sometimes predictions of field-applicable numerical models differ substantially from observations of tsunami runup.
On-Chip Inductance Models: 3D or Not 3D?

Full 3D lumped partial inductance models usually contain a tremendous amount of forward coupling terms. To reduce the complexity of simulation and analysis, a simplified model that excludes the forward coupling terms is often adopted in practice. This paper addresses the question whether ignoring forward couplings is always an acceptable choice or if full 3D models are necessary in certain cases. We show that the significance of the forward coupling inductance depends on various aspects of the design.
Krook collisional models of the kinetic susceptibility of plasmas.

An assessment is made of Krook collisional models used to describe the kinetic behavior of collective oscillations, i.e., when Landau damping and collisions must be considered, as is often the case for low-frequency waves. The study focuses on an early energy-conserving model [B. D. Fried, A. N. Kaufman, and D. L. Sachs, Phys. Fluids 9, 292 (1966)] that is shown to be identical to a more modern version used in drift-wave stability studies [G. Rewoldt, W. M. Tang, and R. J. Hastie, Phys. Fluids 29, 2893 (1986)]. The inadequacy of the simpler, and often used, nonconserving model is illustrated. Comparisons are established with recent collisional studies of ion acoustic waves [V. Yu. Bychenkov, J. Myatt, W. Rozmus, and V. T. Tikhonchuk, Phys. Plasmas 1, 2419 (1994)] and electron plasma waves [C. S. Ng, A. Bhattacharjee, and F. Skiff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1974 (1999)]. A connection is also established with contemporary studies of condensed matter and quantum liquids [K. Morawetz and U. Fuhrmann, Phys. Rev. E 61, 2272 (2000); 62, 4382 (2000)]. A useful empirical fit is found that corrects the Braginskii susceptibility to incorporate the kinetic behavior associated with the Krook kinetic susceptibility.
Campus to career, understanding how engineering student skill perceptions link to future career pathways

The National Academy of Engineering's Engineer of 2020 (E2020) report identifies skills and attributes that engineering undergraduates will need to possess to find success in the engineering workforce. Our study seeks to extend prior research that developed typologies of engineering seniors based on a set of E2020 outcomes to investigate variation in career pathways across outcomes-based groupings of students. Student clusters range from those who self-report highest on each outcome and are the most well rounded (i.e., those who most closely resemble "the Engineers of 2020") to clusters characterized by 50% of the reported abilities of students in the E2020 cluster on different outcomes. In this paper, we examine how six clusters of mechanical engineering students perceive their future career pathways, evaluating the likelihood of students in each outcomes-based grouping to enter an engineering or non-engineering related career path. Findings shed insight on how students' perceived relative competencies on a variety of skills related to their career decision-making and/or views of possible careers. This work serves as preliminary analysis that we will extend across multiple engineering disciplines in our next steps.
Evidence for NO. redox form of nitric oxide as nitrergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in gut

A nitric oxide (NO)-like product of thel-arginine NO synthase pathway has been shown to be a major inhibitory neurotransmitter that is involved in the slow component of the inhibitory junction pote...
Effect of sodium-4-hydroxybutyrate (gamma-OH) on fetal and newborn guinea pigs.

Abstract Sodium-4-hydroxybutyrate (Gamma-OH) was given to pregnant guinea pigs at term and the effect on the fetus and newborn was studied. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section 45 minutes after injection of the drug to the mother. Changes in maternal acid-base state were not significant. The majority of the piglets were depressed at birth when compared to a control group and the clinical condition had not significantly improved by 5 minutes of age. The acid-base state of the fetuses at birth was similar in both treated and control groups. At 5 minutes of age all groups were still acidotic, but P CO 2 , in the group receiving 80 mg. per kilogram Gamma-OH was significantly elevated over the cord blood values indicating respiratory depression. It is likely that the depression was due to Gamma-OH which appeared to cross the placenta readily.
Measurements of absolute delayed neutron yield and group constants in the fast fission of 235U and 237Np

The delayed neutron activity resulting from the fast induced fission of {sup 235}U and {sup 237}Np has been studied. The six-group decay constants, relative abundances, and absolute yield of delayed neutrons from fast fission of {sup 235}U and {sup 237}Np were measured using the Godiva IV fast assembly at the Los Alamos Critical Experiments Facility. The absolute yield measured for {sup 235}U was 0.0163 {+-} 0.0008 neutron/fission. This value compares very well with the well-established Keepin absolute yield of 0.0165 {+-} 0.0005. The absolute yield value measured for {sup 237}Np was 0.0126 {+-} 0.0007. The measured delayed neutron parameters for {sup 235}U are corroborated with period (e-folding time) versus reactivity calculations.
Plenary lecture 3: models of aerodynamics and physics of hurricanes

Theoretical models have been developed to describe the aerodynamics and physics in quasi-steady hurricanes moving over open seas. The vertical structure of hurricane was modeled as consisting of lower, hurricane boundary layer (HBL) and upper, quasi-adiabatic layer, connected by a thin condensation layer in the eye wall region. Except the friction at the air/sea interface, the modeling avoided the common turbulent approximations, while explicitly or implicitly used basic stability constraints. Based on observations, it was assumed that the hurricanes propagate along the warm air bands located over the warm oceanic currents, and under action of "sailing" wind. It was also assumed that the mass, humidity, momentum, and angular momentum of air are transferred from the lower to upper hurricane layers through the hurricane eye wall. The air wind in HBL is highly affected by several physical processes, which have also been analyzed: (i) a specific oceanic wave - air interaction, (ii) evaporation at the sea surface, (iii) horizontal thermal flux from the warm air band to the hurricane core, and (iv) sudden condensation at the upper boundary of HBL, which is treated similar to slow combustion. Aerodynamic analyses of HBL resulted in space distributions of dynamic and thermodynamic variables. Additionally, a set of integral balance relations established for HBL, allowed expressing the key hurricane parameters via the horizontal temperature drop and sailing wind speed, which are considered to be given. The HBL model was coupled with the model of upper AL of hurricane. Analysis of AL established a stability constraint for existence of steady hurricane, and resulted in analytical formulas for space distributions of dynamic variables. The values of key hurricane variables calculated using the coupled model, seem to be realistic. Several observed effects have been explained and quantitatively described using this modeling. They include: (i) change in direction of hurricane angular velocity from cyclonic in lower part of hurricane to anti-cyclonic in the upper one, (ii) change in radial direction of radial wind component from centripetal in the lower part of hurricane to the centrifugal in its upper part, (iii) change in the radial distribution of angular momentum from radially increased in HBL to a constant value in AL, and (iv) sudden increase of temperature at the upper part of HBL. The following three-step model of hurricane genesis and maturing in sub-tropical zones has been proposed and analyzed: (i) a sudden formation of plume; (ii) rotating the plume initiated by the horizontal component of trading wind, and (iii) propagation of external boundary of rotated plume due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and under action of Coriolis force. A simple model showed that outward propagation of just formed rotational plume is possible only if the initial rotation of plume is cyclonic. The model calculations demonstrate very realistic features as compared with observations. Based on these models, a simple idea of hurricane destabilizing by flights of supersonic jets has been proposed.
Mt. Holly Citizens in Action, Inc. v. Township of Mt. Holly: We Shall Not Be Moved, But Perhaps it Would it Be Best If We Were

The Fair Housing Act was enacted in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and President John F. Kennedy, a tumultuous time in modern American history. Chief among its purpose was to prevent artificially constrained housing choices for minority homeowners. Enacted with broad authority, the all encompassing FHA restricted discriminatory housing practices in both public and private sectors. In making claims under the FHA, a claimant a did not have to demonstrate the existence of discriminatory intent in the refusal to sell or rent housing. It was only necessary to demonstrate that there existed a discriminatory impact as a result of the action. Since its enactment, the FHA has been used to not only prevent discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, but also in the construction and revitalization of whole communities. While remarkably effective, as reports of housing discrimination has decreased to a mere fraction of what it was prior to the the enactment, a somewhat critical flaw still exists in the FHA insofar as the revitalization of distressed areas. As these area are represented by a proportionally higher population of minorities, it follows that any wholesale revitalization will result in constrained housing choice therby giving rise to a FHA claim.This case note examines how the Federal Court in Mt. Holly Citizens in Action v. Township of Mt. Holly permit a relatively small number of remaining minority residents in a distressed minority-majority community to rely on the Fair Housing Amendment Act's disparate impact provision thereby preventing wholesale revitalization of distressed community.
Manufactured Solutions in the Thick Diffusion Limit

Spatially analytic SN solutions currently exist only under very limited circumstances. For cases in which analytical solutions may not be available, one can turn to manufactured solutions to test t...
RRDE and Voltammetric Study of ORR on Pyrolyzed Fe/Polyaniline Catalyst. On the Origins of Variable Tafel Slopes

Catalytic activity of heat-treated iron and polyaniline-based oxygen reduction catalysts was studied in aqueous acidic media using the rotating ring disk (RRDE) technique and linear potential scan voltammetry employing stationary electrodes. The stationary voltammograms of the catalyst exhibit the presence of a reversible surface red−ox reaction at 0.647 V vs RHE. It is shown that molecular oxygen reversibly adsorbs on the catalyst surface at potentials more positive than the formal potential of the surface red−ox couple and that the adsorption occurs through either the oxidized form of this couple or an atom in its close proximity. The Tafel plots for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) exhibit variable slopes ranging from 60 mV dec−1 at the lowest overpotentials to more than 240 mV dec−1 at high overpotentials. The kinetic data obtained from the RRDE experiments for various catalyst loadings and from the linear potential scan voltammetry of adsorbed oxygen demonstrate that the high Tafel slopes originate fr...
Epidemiological Analysis of Food Poisoning Caused by Cooked Meat Products

Objective To identify and characterize food poisoning cases caused by cooked meat products,and provide some information for the prevention and control.Methods Data of food poisoning caused by cooked meat products in recent years were collected and analyzed.Results(1) There are 4.57 cases of food poisoning caused by cooked meat products in average per year,and showing a trend of decrease.(2) The peak season is June to September.(3) Occurred mainly in canteens and restaurants.(4) It is not correlated with any special group of age,gender and profession.(5)The incubation period is 16 h in average,and the main clinical symptoms are abdominal pain and diarrhea.(6) The food which causes food poisoning is mainly Lurou,such as plain chicken,chaudfroid and roast duck.(7) Most of the shops involved in food poisoning outbreak have no license and none of the staff has health certificates.Most of the facilities and sanitary condition are not meet the standard.Conclusion The features of food poisoning caused by cooked meat products in this city showing peak season from June to September,mainly in non-licensed shops and Lurou foods.There is not enough of supervision for preventing food poisoning.It is necessary to strengthen the supervision for food poisoning prevention in future,and organize health education before the peak season.
High-frequency stimulation-induced peptide release synchronizes arcuate kisspeptin neurons and excites GnRH neurons

Kisspeptin (Kiss1) and neurokinin B (NKB) neurocircuits are essential for pubertal development and fertility. Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Kiss1(ARH)) co-express Kiss1, NKB, dynorphin and glutamate and are postulated to provide an episodic, excitatory drive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH) neurons, the synaptic mechanisms of which are unknown. We characterized the cellular basis for synchronized Kiss1(ARH) neuronal activity using optogenetics, whole-cell electrophysiology, molecular pharmacology and single cell RT-PCR in mice. High-frequency photostimulation of Kiss1(ARH) neurons evoked local release of excitatory (NKB) and inhibitory (dynorphin) neuropeptides, which were found to synchronize the Kiss1(ARH) neuronal firing. The light-evoked synchronous activity caused robust excitation of GnRH neurons by a synaptic mechanism that also involved glutamatergic input to preoptic Kiss1 neurons from Kiss1(ARH) neurons. We propose that Kiss1(ARH) neurons play a dual role of driving episodic secretion of GnRH through the differential release of peptide and amino acid neurotransmitters to coordinate reproductive function.
Technology in geodesign

Abstract Based on an idealized model with six distinguishing criteria of geodesign projects -- large areas, complex issues, and multi-person teams; digital computing, algorithmic processes, and communications technologies; collaborative, information-based projects; timely feedback about impacts and implications of proposals; dynamic modeling and simulation; and systems thinking -- the technological supports required for each of these criteria are described.
Chemical Compensation of Mitochondrial Phospholipid Depletion in Yeast and Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease.

We have been investigating the role that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) content plays in modulating the solubility of the Parkinson’s disease protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. One enzyme that synthesizes PE is the conserved enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (Psd1/yeast; PSD-1/worms), which is lodged in the inner mitochondrial membrane. We previously found that decreasing the level of PE due to knockdown of Psd1/psd-1 affects the homeostasis of α-syn in vivo. In S. cerevisiae, the co-occurrence of low PE and α-syn in psd1Δ cells triggers mitochondrial defects, stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, misprocessing of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, and a 3-fold increase in the level of α-syn. The goal of this study was to identify drugs that rescue this phenotype. We screened the Prestwick library of 1121 Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs using psd1Δ + α-syn cells and identified cyclosporin A, meclofenoxate hydrochloride, and sulfaphenazole as putative protective compounds. The protective activity of these drugs was corroborated using C. elegans in which α-syn is expressed specifically in the dopaminergic neurons, with psd-1 depleted by RNAi. Worm populations were examined for dopaminergic neuron survival following psd-1 knockdown. Exposure to cyclosporine, meclofenoxate, and sulfaphenazole significantly enhanced survival at day 7 in α-syn-expressing worm populations whereby 50–55% of the populations displayed normal neurons, compared to only 10–15% of untreated animals. We also found that all three drugs rescued worms expressing α-syn in dopaminergic neurons that were deficient in the phospholipid cardiolipin following cardiolipin synthase (crls-1) depletion by RNAi. We discuss how these drugs might block α-syn pathology in dopaminergic neurons.
Oral discussions on Session: “Stability Assessment” - Part II

This paper contains the second part of the transcribed oral discussions of Session “Stability Assessment” of the 2013 IREP Symposium-Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control, held on Monday afternoon, August 26, 2013. Papers [1]–[3] were presented.