cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LISA Pathfinder as a Micrometeoroid Instrument

LISA Pathfinder is perhaps the most precise accelerometry instrument ever flown in space. The drag-free control system can sense and react to external disturbances of an extremely small magnitude. One class of such disturbances are the impacts of micrometeoroids or dust. A simple model of the LPF system suggests that individual impacts with transferred momentum exceeding a few tens of nanoNewton-meters are detectable. Furthermore, the ability of LPF to resolve both the linear and angular momentum transfer as vector quantities allows information such as the sky location and the impact location of the impactor to be reconstructed. This novel approach to micrometeoroid detection and characterization, as well as the location of LPF at L1, provide an opportunity to improve our understanding of the dust environment in the inner solar system. Here we present some preliminary findings from LPF, including four candidate impact events.
New insights about cloud vertical structure from CloudSat and CALIPSO observations

Active cloud observations from A-Train's CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites offer new opportunities to examine the vertical structure of hydrometeor layers. We use the 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR merged CloudSat-CALIPSO product to examine global aspects of hydrometeor vertical stratification. We group the data into major Cloud Vertical Structure (CVS) classes based on our interpretation of how clouds in three standard atmospheric layers overlap, and provide their global frequency of occurrence. The two most frequent CVS classes are single-layer (per our definition) low and high clouds which represent ~53% of cloudy skies, followed by high clouds overlying low clouds, and vertically extensive clouds that occupy near-contiguously a large portion of the troposphere. The prevalence of these configurations changes seasonally and geographically, between daytime and nighttime, and between continents and oceans. The radiative effects of the CVS classes reveal the major radiative warmers and coolers from the perspective of the planet as a whole, the surface, and the atmosphere. Single-layer low clouds dominate planetary and atmospheric cooling, and thermal infrared surface warming. We also investigate the consistency between passive and active views of clouds by providing the CVS breakdowns of MODIS cloud regimes for spatiotemporally coincident MODIS-Aqua (also on the A-Train) and CloudSat-CALIPSO daytime observations. When the analysis is expanded for a more in-depth look at the most heterogeneous of the MODIS cloud regimes, it ultimately confirms previous interpretations of their makeup that did not have the benefit of collocated active observations.
Domesticating Shrubby Native Legumes for Pastures and Natural Grasslands

As ruminant species diversify in natural and managed ecosystems in an effort to increase production, so does the need for greater plant diversity. Legume shrub propagation is rarely targeted for this purpose. As an example, the wide range of native perennial, shrub (0.5–3 m) legumes in Texas indicates untapped potential for multiple uses such as forage, ecosystems services, wildlife habitat, fuel, and possibly pulse crops. We propose that concerted programs to identify, collect, characterize, domesticate and commercialize these legumes could lead to multiple benefits in native and cultivated ecosystems characterized by herbaceous, shrubby and arboreal canopies, each contributing to greater herbage and animal productivity than mono-canopy systems. This approach could be applied in Europe and throughout the world.
Novel targets for the treatment and palliation of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.

Gastrointestinal (GI) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), such as carcinoids, are rare neoplasms characterized by the production of bioactive markers like 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and chromogranin A (CgA). Besides surgery, there are limited curative and palliative treatments available. Therefore, a great need exists for the development of new pharmacologic strategies to reduce tumor burden and control symptoms in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. In the present review, we explore several pathways thought to be involved in GI NET carcinogenesis and offer insight into the novel approaches currently in development to target these pathways.
Some Anomalies in the Structure of Elastic-Plastic Theory at Finite Strain

Plastic flow at finite deformation has turned out to be a challenging phenomenon to model in analytical form. It involves two quite disparate behaviors, elastic and plastic, the former solid and the latter of fluid type. The combination demands modification of the usual continuum-mechanics theories of the components in intricate ways. For example, the unstressed, and hence elastically unstrained, configuration which forms a basic fixed reference configuration in elasticity theory, is in continuous motion in the present case because of the simultaneous plastic deformation progress. This paper aims to clarify some seemingly still open questions concerning these matters.
Structure, Composition, Functional Organization and Dynamic Properties of Thylakoid Membranes

Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles comprised of two envelope membranes, an aqueous matrix known as stroma, and internal membranes called thylakoids. All of the light-harvesting and energy-transducing functions are located in the thylakoids, which form a physically continuous membrane system that encloses an aqueous compartment, the thylakoid lumen. With few exceptions thylakoids are differentiated into stacked grana and non-stacked stroma membrane regions. A model of the three-dimensional relationship between grana and stroma thylakoids is presented. The membrane continuum is formed by a lipid bilayer that contains unique types of lipids. The principal functions of thylakoids are the trapping of light energy and the transduction of this energy into the chemical energy forms, ATP and NADPH. During this process, water is oxidized and oxygen is released. These functions are performed by five large protein complexes: Photosystem I with bound antennae, Photosystem II with bound antennae, light-harvesting complex II, cytochrome b 6 f, and ATP synthase. The roles of these complexes in photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis are discussed. The differentiation of thylakoids into grana and stroma membrane regions is a morphological reflection of an underlying non-random distribution of the five complexes between the two types of membrane domains. The most prominent effect of membrane stacking is the physical segregation of most Photosystem II to stacked grana membranes, and of most Photosystem I to unstacked stroma membranes. The evolutionary roots and the functional implications of this non-random organization of thylakoid membrane components are discussed in some detail. The final section of this chapter describes how thylakoid membranes adapt to long-term and short-term changes in the light-environment. Long-term light changes cause alterations in the ratios of the different types of protein complexes in turn to optimize the use of available light energy. In contrast, short-term light changes modulate the organization of membrane components and serve primarily to protect the photosystems and only secondarily to optimize the turnover of the electron transport chain.
LPRH — Local Polynomial Regression Hydrodynamics

Local Polynomial Regression (LPR) is a weighted local least-squares method for fitting a curve to data. LPR provides a local Taylor series fit of the data at any spatial location. LPR provides estimates not only to the data, but also to derivatives of the data. This method is contrasted to the method of Moving Least Squares (MLS) which only provides a functional fit for the data. To obtain derivatives using MLS, one would be required to take analytic derivatives of the MLS functional fit. Since differentiation is known to be an unsmoothing operation, the derivatives obtained in MLS are thus less smooth than LPR derivatives. This fact has great implications for the stability of numerical methods based on MLS and LPR.
Xanthine oxidase activity of mammalian cells.

Other authors have shown that in man xanthine oxidase is restricted to but a few tissues and is absent from lines of cultured human cells. We were able to confirm these observations and.also the earlier reports that xanthine oxidase is widely distributed amongst the tissues of rodents. In addition, we have recently found that, in contrast to human cells, most lines of cultured rodent cells have high levels of xanthine oxidase activity.
Impact of a Student Affairs-Academic Partnership on Engineering Students' Academic Outcomes

This three-year study examined academic outcomes of students in an engineering school supported by two student support models: (a) a decentralized model typical of the institution and (b) a partnership model in which a student affairs professional was embedded within the engineering school. Descriptive statistics and a logistic regression model demonstrated differences in outcomes for students experiencing each model. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement in academic outcomes for students who experienced the partnership model.
Turing-like mechanism in a stochastic reaction-diffusion model recreates three dimensional vascular patterning of plant stems.

Vascular tissue in plants provides a resource distribution network for water and nutrients that exhibits remarkable diversity in patterning among different species. In many succulent plants, the vascular network includes longitudinally-oriented supplemental vascular bundles (SVBs) in the central core of the succulent stems and roots in addition to the more typical zone of vascular tissue development (vascular cambium) in a cylinder at the periphery of the succulent organ. Plant SVBs evolved in over 38 plant families often in tandem with evolutionary increases in stem and root parenchyma storage tissue, so it is of interest to understand the evolutionary-developmental processes responsible for their recurrent evolution and patterning. Previous mathematical models have successfully recreated the two-dimensional vascular patterns in stem and root cross sections, but such models have yet to recreate three-dimensional vascular patterning. Here, a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of plant vascular bundle patterning is developed in an effort to highlight a potential mechanism of three dimensional patterning–Turing pattern formation coupled with longitudinal efflux of a regulatory molecule. A relatively simple model of four or five molecules recreated empirical SVB patterns and many other common vascular arrangements. SVBs failed to develop below a threshold width of parenchymatous tissues, suggesting a mechanism of evolutionary character loss due to changes in the spatial context in which development takes place. Altered diffusion rates of the modeled activator and substrate molecules affected the number and size of the simulated SVBs. This work provides a first mathematical model employing a stochastic Turing-type mechanism that recreates three dimensional vascular patterns seen in plant stems. The model offers predictions that can be tested using molecular-genetic approaches. Evolutionary-developmental ramifications concerning evolution of diffusion rates, organ size and geometry are discussed.
p53 prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity independently of its prototypical tumor suppressor activities.

Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that causes dose-dependent cardiotoxicity in a subset of treated patients, but the genetic determinants of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Here, we report that a noncanonical tumor suppressor activity of p53 prevents cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model induced by doxorubicin administered in divided low doses as in the clinics. While relatively preserved in wild-type (p53+/+) state, mice deficient in p53 (p53−/−) developed left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after doxorubicin treatment. This functional decline in p53−/− mice was associated with decreases in cardiac oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial mass, and mitochondrial genomic DNA (mtDNA) homeostasis. Notably, mice with homozygous knockin of the p53 R172H (p53172H/H) mutation, which like p53−/− state lacks the prototypical tumor suppressor activities of p53 such as apoptosis but retains its mitochondrial biogenesis capacity, showed preservation of LV function and mitochondria after doxorubicin treatment. In contrast to p53-null state, wild-type and mutant p53 displayed distinct mechanisms of transactivating mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase 2 (p53R2), which are involved in mtDNA transcription and maintenance. Importantly, supplementing mice with a precursor of NAD+ prevented the mtDNA depletion and cardiac dysfunction. These findings suggest that loss of mtDNA contributes to cardiomyopathy pathogenesis induced by doxorubicin administered on a schedule simulating that in the clinics. Given a similar mtDNA protection role of p53 in doxorubicin-treated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, the mitochondrial markers associated with cardiomyopathy development observed in blood and skeletal muscle cells may have prognostic utility.
Coordinated damping optimization control of sub-synchronous oscillation for DFIG and SVG

Currently, the power electronics-based devices, including large-scale non-synchronized generators and reactive power compensators, are widely used in power grids. This helps introduce the coupling interactions between the devices and the power grid, resulting in a new sub-synchronous oscillation phenomenon. It is a critical element for the stability operation of the power grid and its devices. In this paper, the sub-synchronous oscillation phenomenon of the power grid connected with large-scale wind power generation is analyzed in detail. Then, in order to damp the sub-synchronous oscillation, a coordinated damping optimization control strategy for wind power generators and their reactive power compensators is proposed. The proposed coordinated control strategy tracks the sub-synchronous oscillation current signal to correct the corresponding control signal, which increases the damping of power electronics. The response characteristics of the proposed control strategy are analyzed, and a self-optimization parameter tuning method based on sensitivity analysis is proposed. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and the availability of the proposed control strategy.
Non-prostate cancer malignancies detected by 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT.

28Background: Novel imaging modalities such as 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT provide additional sensitivity over conventional imaging modalities in the workup of recurrent prostate cancer (PC). The range...
Automatically Merging Evolving Goal Models

Goal models helped stakeholders make trade-off decisions in the early stages of project development. While these models were well studied within the academy they had yet to see broad industrial adoption, with the construction of large realistic goal models acting as a significant barrier. Recent work suggested creating models piecemeal, and then merging them together. This merge algorithm had only been demonstrated manually and was time consuming due to unnecessary repetition, as well as deferring all decisions to the user. We aimed to automate the majority of the merge algorithm. We divided this project into two parts: (1) merging the content of goal models, and (2) creating a visual representation of the merged model. Since this work extended prior work on evolving goal models we also considered merging timing information. Using a motivating example, we discussed how we handled conflicts between node names and types, as will as conflicts across multiple time scales. We improved the original algorithm by simplifying evolving functions described over multiple intervals, where possible, and proved the correctness of these changes. We extended a force-directed algorithm to include goal model heuristics to alter the relative position of node types, which made for an aesthetically pleasing layout. To demonstrate effectiveness and scalability of the algorithm, we implemented our automated algorithm in BloomingLeaf, an analysis and modeling tool that allows stakeholders to model goals and intentions.
Wie man lernt, den Schwarzen Tod zu unterrichten: Vorschläge für Seminarsequenzen zur mittelalterlichen Pest

Neben einer prazisen Zusammenfassung des aktuellen Forschungsstandes zur mittelalterlichen Pest, bietet Monica H. Green in diesem Artikel vor allem Vorschage, wie man die mittelalterliche Pest als Thema in die Hochschullehre einbinden konnte.
Outcomes of Preoperative Opioid Usage in Hip Arthroscopy: A Comparison With Opioid-Naïve Patients.

Purpose To compare postoperative outcomes between opioid-naive patients and patients with a history of preoperative opioid usage undergoing hip arthroscopy. The secondary purpose is to determine whether preoperative opioid users consumed more oral morphine milligram equivalents than opioid-naive patients following surgery. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective analysis comparing outcomes and postoperative opioid usage between patients with and without a history of preoperative opioid use. Inclusion criteria included patients ≥18 years, Tonnis grade 0 or 1, imaging consistent with FAI or labral pathology, and a diagnosis of symptomatic FAI requiring hip arthroscopy. Patient outcomes were compared throughout a 2-year follow-up using the modified Harris Hip Score, Nonarthritic Hip Score, and visual analog scale (VAS). Results In total, 17 patients were evaluated in each cohort. The mean age of the study cohort and control cohort were 52.0 ± 9.4 years and 51.2 ± 12.2 years, respectively. Female patients were 58.8% (n = 10) of both cohorts. Non-naive patients had a lower preoperative Nonarthritic Hip Score (P = .05) and a greater VAS at their 6-month and 1-year (P Conclusions We determined that preoperative opioid usage in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy is associated with inferior outcomes compared with opioid-naive patients. In addition, preoperative opioid users are likely to continue the use of opioid medications postoperatively and at greater doses than opioid-naive patients. Level of Evidence 3, retrospective comparative study
Using Technology to Combat Clinician Burnout.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Physician burnout is a major problem affecting healthcare providers. It not only influences clinician mental health but also clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and the financial standing of a health system. A combination of web and mobile applications can be used to treat clinician burnout by effectively reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. When included in a well-structured program, these technology-based tools provide improved access to mental health treatments for clinicians, help remove the stigma of therapy, and reduce clinician burnout caused by job stressors.
High–order perturbation of surfaces algorithms for the simulation of localized surface plasmon resonances in graphene nanotubes

Abstract The plasmonics of two–dimensional materials, such as graphene, has become an important field over the past decade. The active tunability of graphene via electrical gating or chemical doping has generated a great deal of excitement among engineers seeking sensing devices. Consequently there is significant demand for robust and highly accurate computational capabilities which can simulate such materials. The class of High–Order Perturbation of Surfaces methods have proven to be particularly appropriate for this purpose. In this contribution we describe our recent efforts to utilize both Dirichlet–Neumann Operators and Impedance–Impedance Operators in these schemes. In addition, we present detailed numerical results which not only validate our simulations using the Method of Manufactured Solutions, but we also describe Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances in graphene nanotubes enclosing rod–shaped dielectric materials.
Postdoc perspective: Getting comfortable in a new lab

The most succinct way I can describe my experience as a postdoctoral researcher so far is to reference a quote I love by Gretchen Rubin: “The days are long, but the years are short.” Since starting...
A New Subconvex Bound for GL(3) L-Functions in the t-Aspect

We revisit Munshi’s proof of the t-aspect subconvex bound for GL(3) L-functions, and we are able to remove the “conductor lowering” trick. This simplification along with a more careful stationary p...
Late-stage Product Development and Approvals by Biotechnology Companies After Initial Public Offering, 1997-2016.

Abstract Purpose This work describes the late-stage product portfolios of the biotechnology companies that completed initial public offerings (IPOs) from 1997 to 2016. We asked whether these emerging companies continue to develop innovative, biologic products and produce the innovation promised by the early biotechnology industry. Methods We identified therapeutic products that reached Phase III development from 1997 to 2016, the characteristics of the products, the dates of the initiation of Phase III and product approval, proxy indicators of the innovativeness of each product, and the contribution of each biotechnology company. Companies were characterized by IPO window and clinical status of the most advanced product at IPO. Time from IPO to Phase III or approval, and the estimated probability of a company having a product advance to these milestones, were examined using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Findings A total of 319 biotechnology companies completed IPOs from 1997 to 2016. These companies contributed to the development of 367 products that progressed to Phase III, and of 144 new drug approvals, through 2016. The estimated probability of a company having a product reach Phase III was 78%, and the estimated probability of a company receiving at least 1 product approval was 52%, with most approvals occurring >5 years after IPO. Small-molecule drugs represented 74% of products reaching Phase III and 78% of approvals. Reformulations represented 36% of Phase III products and 46% of approvals. The estimated probability of product approval was significantly higher for reformulations than new molecular entities (NMEs) and slightly higher for small molecules than biologics. The estimated probability of a company receiving product approval varied significantly by IPO window and was greater for companies with Phase III products at IPO (74%). These companies contributed to the development of 78 NMEs, 44% of which were classified as first in class, initiating development of 69% and contributing to the clinical development of 96%. These products represented 16% of all NMEs and 28% of biologics approved between 1997 and 2016. Seven products achieved per-annum sales of >$1 billion during the study period. Implications The majority of emerging publicly owned biotechnology companies contribute to products that advance to Phase III development and approval, although these companies are no longer distinctively focused on biologic products.
Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances using UVC and Boron Nitride

Photocatalytic oxidation is a promising method for degrading per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), but few studies have explored its efficacy in processes beyond the laboratory scale. In this study, degradation of both perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in a bench scale reactor using boron nitride (BN) as a photocatalyst is reported. In addition, a potential full-scale model for incorporation into existing water treatment facilities is proposed. Preliminary results indicated a 53% defluorination rate after 48 h. Final analytical testing indicates 98% PFOA degradation and 79% PFOS degradation after 48 h. Final concentrations of short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acid byproducts are consistent with the previously hypothesized stepwise degradation mechanism for PFOA and suggest that PFOS may degrade through a similar pathway, beginning with the loss of the sulfonic acid head group. There was evidence of NH 3 byproduct forming between 48 h and 72 h, suggesting some hydrolytic breakdown of BN occurred during the photocatalysis. BN can carry out destruction of PFOA and PFOS and likely other PFAS compounds, but its stability in water needs to be studied further and improved.
Applying a Clinical Prediction Rule to Distinguish Lower Extremity Cellulitis from Its Mimics.

How can the clinician best determine whether a patient with lower leg erythema has cellulitis?
Regulatory considerations in oncologic biosimilar drug development

Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies are being developed globally for patients with different types of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Applications for proposed biosimilar monoclonal antibodies are being submitted to the regulatory authorities around the world and may increase patient access to key treatment options upon approval. An understanding among stakeholders (e.g., physicians, patients and their caregivers, pharmacists, payers) of the approval criteria, as well as the similarities and differences in regulatory pathways involved in biosimilar approval in different countries, as presented in this review, will facilitate identification of high-quality, safe, monoclonal antibodies that have been developed according to strict, biosimilar regulatory standards. Further guidance and resolution of the ongoing discussions on biosimilar labeling, naming, automatic substitution, and indication extrapolation may ensure, in the future, an effective and appropriate use of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies ...
Speed-Torque Calculations for Induction Motors with Part Windings [includes discussion]

Test and calculated speed-torque curves are given for two 3-phase induction motors with part-winding starting. A 6-pole 300-horsepower (hp) motor was tested with three different winding arrangements: 1. full winding; 2. part winding, omitting alternate phase belts; and 3, part winding, omitting alternate slots. A 4-pole 40-hp motor was tested with the alternate slot connection. The individual field harmonics of each winding arrangement were obtained by Fourier series analysis, and an equivalent circuit for the entire winding was developed by connecting the circuits for the individual harmonics in series. The calculated speed-torque curves derived from these equivalent circuits check the test data with satisfactory accuracy.
Greenhouse-gas emissions from biofuel combustion in Asia.

An inventory of biofuel combustion is used to develop estimates of the emissions of carbon-containing greenhouse gases (CO2, CO, CH4, and NMHC) in Asian countries. It is estimated that biofuels contributed 573 Tg-C (teragrams of carbon; 1 Tg=1012 g) in 1990, about 28% of the total carbon emissions from energy use in Asia. China (259 Tg-C) and India (187 Tg-C) were the largest emitting countries. The majority of the emissions, 504 Tg-C, were in the form of CO2; however, emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases were significant: 57 Tg-C as CO, 6.4 Tg-C as CH4, and 5.9 Tg-C as NMHC. Because of the high rates of incomplete combustion in typical biofuel stoves and cookers and the high global warming potentials (GWP) of the products of incomplete combustion (PICs), biofuels comprise an even larger share of energy-related emissions when measured in terms of total GWP (in CO2 equivalents): 38% over a 20-year time horizon and 31% over a 100-year time horizon. Even when the biofuel is assumed to be harvested on a completely sustainable basis (all CO2 emissions reabsorbed in the following growing season), PIC emissions from biofuel combustion account for 4.5% of the total carbon emissions and 23% of CO2 equivalents on a short-term (20-year) GWP basis.
Selection of smart phone plans

With the increasing popularity of smart phones, mobile carriers have been launching various mobile communication plans providing voice, text, data and other services. The changes are primarily influenced by the increasing usage of smart phones. The usage extended beyond the traditional voice communication to the massive utilization of text messaging, and the exponential increase in data usage; including services to other types of mobile devices like hotspot [1] capabilities. The goal of this paper is to create an empirical model that incorporates quantitative and qualitative criteria for evaluation and selection of the best individual smartphone plan. This hierarchical model creates a quantitative framework applying semi-absolute scale to measure the value of each factor that contributes to the overall score of a plan. It integrates the relative desirability of the factors in the decision-making criteria with their priority assigned by the experts. The developed model with four levels of Objectives, Criteria, Factors and Plan desirability measures decode the complicated process of evaluating available smartphone plans. The result of the process is a subjective score that provides a relative desirability measure that helps with the selection of the best plan for each user category. In the effort to stay objective and away from personal preferences, this model is studying individual plans and not considering the phone hardware as well as the provider.
US Peacetime Engagement: Problems and Prospects of a Paradigm Change in Strategic Perspective

These remarks of President George Bush extracted from his address at the Aspen Institute on 2 August 1990, contain the immediate seeds from which the US post-Cold War strategy of peacetime engagement has sprung. The enduring realities to which the president referred correspond "to three directions" toward which the revised US defense strategy is headed. These directions are "contending with the continuing Soviet reality, adopting a regional orientation, and emphasizing flexibility."
Judicial Sponsored Gentrification of the District of Columbia: The Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act

I.Introduction 402 II.Background 404 A. The Tenant Opportunity to Purchase Act 404 1. The District of Columbia’s Affordable Housing Crisis and the Legislative Reaction 404 2. Subsection (a): The Scope of TOPA 405 3. Subsections (b) and (c): Two Overly Narrow Definitions of “Sale” 405 B. Defining “Sale”: A Judicial Standard 406 1. An “Absolute and General” Transfer 406 2. A “Change in Ownership” 407 C. 2005 Amendments 408 III.Analysis 409 A. A Misunderstood Judicial Standard: The Failure of the Court of Appeals to Understand the Plain Meaning of “Sale” 409 B. An Unintended Judicial Standard: The Failure of the Court of Appeals to Effectuate Legislative Intent and to Adhere to TOPA’s Mandatory Interpretation Guidelines 410 C. Inconsistent Analyses and a Misapplication of the Judicial Standard in Twin Towers and Alcazar 414 1. Erratic Analyses and Differing Standards 414
Building an Ontology for Identity Resolution in Healthcare and Public Health.

Integration of disparate information from electronic health records, clinical data warehouses, birth certificate registries and other public health information systems offers great potential for clinical care, public health practice, and research. Such integration, however, depends on correctly matching patient-specific records using demographic identifiers. Without standards for these identifiers, record linkage is complicated by issues of structural and semantic heterogeneity. Objectives: Our objectives were to develop and validate an ontology to: 1) identify components of identity and events subsequent to birth that result in creation, change, or sharing of identity information; 2) develop an ontology to facilitate data integration from multiple healthcare and public health sources; and 3) validate the ontology’s ability to model identity-changing events over time. Methods: We interviewed domain experts in area hospitals and public health programs and developed process models describing the creation and transmission of identity information among various organizations for activities subsequent to a birth event. We searched for existing relevant ontologies. We validated the content of our ontology with simulated identity information conforming to scenarios identified in our process models. Results: We chose the Simple Event Model (SEM) to describe events in early childhood and integrated the Clinical Element Model (CEM) for demographic information. We demonstrated the ability of the combined SEM-CEM ontology to model identity events over time. Conclusion: The use of an ontology can overcome issues of semantic and syntactic heterogeneity to facilitate record linkage.
Novel Role of Red Wine-Derived Polyphenols in the Prevention of Alzheimerʼs Disease Dementia and Brain Pathology: Experimental Approaches and Clinical Implications

Recent studies suggest that by the middle of this century, as many as 14 million Americans will have Alzheimerʼs disease, creating an enormous strain on families, the health care system and the federal budget. There are still widespread mis- conceptions about issues related to the preven- tion and/or treatment of disease pathogenesis, leaving us unprepared to deal with the disease. To address these challenges, several therapeutic approaches are currently under investigation, mainly in an attempt to delay disease onset and eventually slow down its progression. Recent epi- demiological evidence has implicated the protec- tive role of dietary polyphenols from grape prod- ucts against Alzheimerʼs disease. Furthermore, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that certain bioactive grape-derived polyphenols may protect against Alzheimerʼs disease-type cognitive deterioration, in part by interfering with the generation and assembly of β-amyloid peptides into neurotoxic oligomeric aggregated species. Brain-targeting polyphenols have been shown to significantly reduce the generation of β-amyloid peptides in primarycortico-hippocam- pal neuron cultures, and preliminary results indi- cate that they may influence neuronal synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence has also implicated the role of certain grape-derived preparations in beneficially modulating tau neuropathology, in- cluding reducing tau aggregation. Studies suggest that dietary polyphenolics may benefit Alz- heimerʼs disease by modulating multiple dis- ease-modifying modalities, both β-amyloid-de- pendent and independent mechanisms, and pro- vide impetus for the development of polyphenolic compounds for Alzheimerʼs disease prevention and/or therapy. " polyphenols l " grape l " Alzheimerʼs disease
The Enisei River of Central Siberia in the Late Pleistocene

Recent Paleolithic work along the middle Enisei River of central Siberia has revealed a long history of occupation that almost certainly begins in the Middle Pleistocene. Although the evidence for the Lower Paleolithic is somewhat tentative, there is good reason to believe that hunter-gatherers had periodically occupied the middle Enisei before the last interglacial. The steppe environment of the region during the Upper Pleistocene was relatively bountiful; more than 200 Upper Paleolithic sites, both before and after the Last Glacial Maximum, have been located. The region appears to have been abandoned during the Last Glacial Maximu. Most of Soviet and Russian archaeological work has been guided by a cultural-historical orientation, but recently there has been increased interest in developing adaptationist and ecological research strategies. The middle Enisei and the wider central Siberian region are key to understanding early adaptations to the north and the dimensions of Paleolithic population movements.
High efficiency n-type solar cells with screen-printed boron emitters and ion-implanted back surface field

Formation of low-cost boron-doped emitters for mass production of n-type silicon solar cells is a major challenge in the PV industry. In this paper, we report on commercially viable screen printing technology to create boron emitters. A screen-printed boron emitter and phosphorus implanted back surface field were formed simultaneously by a co-annealing process. Front and back surfaces were passivated by chemically-grown oxide/PECVD silicon nitride stack. Front and back contacts were formed by traditional screen printing and firing processes with silver/aluminum grid on front and local silver contacts on the rear. This resulted in 19.3 % high efficient large are (239cm2) n-type solar cells with an open-circuit voltage V oc of 653 mV, short-circuit current density J sc of 37.7 mA/cm2, and fill factor FF of 78.3 %. Co-diffusion and co-firing reduced the number of processing steps compared to the traditional technologies like BBr 3 diffusion. Detailed cell analysis gave a bulk lifetime of over 1 ms, the emitter saturation current density J 0e of 101 fA/cm2, and base saturation current density J 0b of 259 fA/cm2 respectively. This demonstrates the potential of this novel technology for production of low-cost high-efficiency cells.
Localization of sound in space after unilateral and bilateral ablation of auditory cortex.

Abstract Seven cats were trained to localize sound in space in a two-choice food-reward situation. Localizing ability was tested at angles from 90 to 5° and a threshold angle, where animals scored 75% correct responses, was determined. Six of them were deprived of auditory cortex unilaterally. The smallest lesion involved auditory areas I and II, the posterior ectosylvian gyrus, and the insular-temporal region, while the largest lesions included these plus somatic area II and the anterior and middle parts of the suprasylvian gyrus. Five animals had different degrees of deficit. One cat with an ablation of all cortical areas listed above except the suprasylvian gyrus, was unimpaired. Most discrimination errors were committed when the sound was on the side contralateral to the lesion. Symmetrical ablations later were produced in the opposite cortex of four animals. One other was deprived of auditory cortex bilaterally in a single operation. The only cat with all the regions ablated bilaterally was completely unable to localize sounds; the others discriminated above chance at 90°.
Aging Parents as Caregivers of Mentally Ill Adult Children: An Emerging Social Problem

More than one-third of long-term mentally ill adults live with their families, most with aging parents, a situation that accentuates the need for residential alternatives to home care for deinstitutionalized patients who will out-live their caregivers. The role of parenting mentally disabled adults may also impose undue stress on elderly persons. Objective and subjective parental burden, including fears for the patient's future, are increased by the mental health system's failure to offer education, support, training in problem solving, and a collaborative role in discharge planning to family members. Social policy implications of considering families as primary caregivers include the danger that government will be relieved of responsibility for care of the mentally ill, the creation of a potentially at-risk population among aging parents and other family members affected by the stresses of caregiving, and the reduction of the patient's potential for independent living.
Abstract 389: The functional relevance of decreased ANGPTL4 in human urinary bladder cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common urothelial cancer in the US. Current therapeutic options have been unable to overcome issues with the highly recurrent nature of this tumor, which requires frequent follow-up making urinary bladder cancer, one of the most expensive solid tumors to manage. Microarray-based gene expression analysis in response to capsaicin treatment identified significant upregulation of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) compared with solvent-treated bladder cancer cells. The focus of this study was to determine the functional relevance of ANGPTL4 in normal urothelial and bladder cancer cells. The microarray data was validated in a panel of normal, immortalized and bladder cancer cells of increasing stage by real-time qPCR, immunoblotting, and ELISA. To determine the possible function of ANGPTL4, we knocked down and overexpressed ANGPTL4 in normal urothelial and bladder cancer cells respectively. The role of ANGPTL4 in growth, proliferation and angiogenesis was assessed. Our results show that normal urothelial cells have significantly higher levels of ANGPTL4 when compared to non-tumorigenic and bladder cancer cells. Upon capsaicin treatment ANGPTL4 levels increased in all cell lines tested. Overexpression of ANGPTL4 in the metastatic cell line TCCSUP, led to decrease in cell growth. Further, ANGPTL4 knockdown increased cell growth in the normal urothelial cell line. Capsaicin treatment decreased the expression of VEGF in bladder cancer cell lines UMUC-3 and T24 as well as reduced expression in normal urothelium, albeit initial results in ANGPLT4-knockdown in normal urothelium indicates no change in VEGF expression. Our results thus far suggest that the loss of ANGPTL4 expression may be involved in bladder cancer. The mechanism involved is under investigation. Capsaicin remains an attractive compound for further studies in bladder cancer. Supported by RO3 CA136058 (RG) and NIHT32 T32CA148724 (EC). Citation Format: Eduardo Cardenas, Tiffani Horton, Rita Ghosh. The functional relevance of decreased ANGPTL4 in human urinary bladder cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 389. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-389
A route for the enantioselective total synthesis of antheridic acid, the antheridium-inducing factor from anemia phyllitidis

Abstract An effective route for the total synthesis of antheridic acid ( 1 ) has been devised in which the initial chiral intermediate 7 is generated by enantioselective catalytic reduction and transformed in a stereocontrolled fashion into key intermediates 9, 10, 13 , and 2 .
High-average-current photocathode guns

Abstract High-average power, short wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs) driven by RF accelerators requireelectron sources that are capable of producing beams that have both high brightness and high average current. In this paper we consider the electron source requirements for a putative 1 MW average power FEL operating at 1 m wavelength. We examine the critical issues associated with developing an electron source suitable for such a device.Keywords: photocathodes, photoinjectors, free-electron lasers, electron beams 1. Introduction The development of RF photocathode guns has made rapid progress since the invention of the device in the mid 1980's[l]. This development has been largely driven by the requirements of short wavelength FELs[2]. A briefoutline ofthe history ofthe major experimental developments is given in Table 1.Reference1984 Thermionic RF Gun 3 1985 Photocathode RF gun with alkali cathode 4 1988 Infrared FEL with RF photocathode (LaB6) gun 5 1990 High-gradient S-band photoinjector (metal cathode) 61991 Infrared FEL driven by photoinjector with emittance 7compensation1992 High duty photoinjector (alkali cathode) 81993 UV FEL driven by photoinjector linac 2
Mechanisms of Inelastic Deformation and Stress Relaxation in Thin Metallizations Bonded to Hard Substrates

The yield strength of metallic thin films bonded to hard substrates can be significantly higher than is customary for bulk samples of the same metal. This is related to the constrained nature of the deformation. The constrained deformation, as well as the commonly observed crystallographic texture of thin films, places restrictive conditions on the mechanisms of deformation that produce stress relaxation. In narrow aluminum based metallizations used as interconnects in large scale integrated circuits thermal stress induced voiding provides an effective means for stress relaxation. For these interconnects, the stress state is tensile after excursions to higher temperatures; the stresses relax mainly by dislocation glide and grain boundary sliding during the cooldown, while the longer term relaxation is governed by stress-induced voiding and dislocation creep.
Recent advances in systemic therapy: Advances in systemic therapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 over-expression is associated with a shortened disease-free interval and poor survival. Although the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy in the first-line setting has improved response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival, response rates declined when trastuzumab was used beyond the first-line setting because of multiple mechanisms of resistance. Studies have demonstrated the clinical utility of continuing trastuzumab beyond progression, and further trials to explore this concept are ongoing. New tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) pathway regulators, HER2 antibody-drug conjugates, and inhibitors of heat shock protein-90 are being evaluated to determine whether they may have a role to play in treating trastuzumab-resistant metastatic breast cancer.
Infants with colic: A study of maternal stress and anxiety

The purpose of this article is to broaden our understanding of colic and to explore the effects of infant colic both on the mother's stress level and on her anxiety about separation from her infant. A “colic” group of 20 mother-infant dyads was compared with a second, control “noncolic” group of equal size. Significant group differences in the amount of time the infants cried, fussed, and were in a quiet/awake state were found. Although no difference in maternal trait anxiety was found, mothers in the colic group reported higher levels of stress associated with their infants' crying behavior. This stress was inversely related to the amount of time the infants slept during a 24-hour period. Mothers in the colic group also expressed significantly greater anxiety about separating from their infants for short periods of time; but the lack of freedom was significantly less of a problem for them than it was for mothers in the noncolic group. We conclude that mothers of difficult infants are more anxious about being separated from their infants, but do not appear to feel “trapped” by their extra maternal duties.
Investigation of methods for measurement of radioactivity in tritiated DNA and applications to assays for DNA polymerase activity

Abstract Methods for collection and counting of 3H-labeled DNA on nitrocellulose and glass fiber filters have been investigated. The findings are of potential importance in determining the amount of radioactivity in DNA as well as other macromolecules. The highest counting efficiencies were observed using glass fiber filters, NCS for dissolving DNA, and a toluene seintillation mixture for counting. However, glass fiber filters, even with large amounts of co-precipitant albumin, failed to collect all of low molecular weight (approx 185,000 daltons) DNA. Thus, in many applications nitrocellulose filters proved to be more advantageous.