cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globular Clusters in Dense Clusters of Galaxies

Deep imaging data from the Keck II Telescope are employed to study the globular cluster (GC) populations in the cores of six rich Abell clusters. The sample includes A754, A1644, A2124, A2147, A2151, and A2152 and covers the redshift range z = 0.035–0.066. These clusters also span a range in morphology from spiral-rich, irregular systems to centrally concentrated cD clusters rich in early-type galaxies. Globular cluster specific frequencies SN and luminosity function dispersions σLF are measured for a total of nine galaxies in six central fields. The measured values of SN for the six brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) are all higher than typical values for giant elliptical galaxies, in accord with the SN-density correlations found by Blakeslee, Tonry, & Metzger. The three non-BCGs analyzed also have elevated values of SN, confirming that central location is a primary factor. Two different models are used to estimate ηGC, the number of GCs per unit mass, for these central cluster fields. The values for ηGC are consistent with those found in the earlier sample, again indicating that the number of GCs scales with mass and that the SN variations are due to a deficit of halo light, i.e., SN reflects mass-to-light ratio. The similarity of the GC color distributions of BCGs and more ordinary ellipticals further implies that no special mechanism is needed for explaining the properties of these GC populations. The discussion builds on an earlier suggestion that the GCs (both metal-rich and metal-poor) around the central cluster galaxies were assembled at early times, and that star formation halted prematurely in the central galaxies at the epoch of cluster collapse. It is argued that this "BCG saturation" model is consistent with recent simulations of BCG/cluster formation. The subsequent addition of luminous material to the BCG through cluster dynamical evolution can cause SN to decrease while conserving ηGC, but both theory and observations indicate that the timescale for this is long. However, there may be some evidence of it in the present sample and elsewhere. Finally, the GC luminosity function measurements are used to constrain the relative distances of the three clusters that make up the Hercules supercluster.
Mechanics of Granular Materials (MGM)

The constitutive behavior of uncemented granular materials such as strength, stiffness, and localization of deformations are to a large extend derived from interparticle friction transmitted between solid particles and particle groups. Interparticle forces are highly dependent on gravitational body forces. At very low effective confining pressures, the true nature of the Mohr envelope, which defines the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for soils, as well as the relative contribution of each of non-frictional components to soil's shear strength cannot be evaluated in terrestrial laboratories. Because of the impossibility of eliminating gravitational body forces on earth, the weight of soil grains develops interparticle compressive stresses which mask true soil constitutive behavior even in the smallest samples of models. Therefore the microgravity environment induced by near-earth orbits of spacecraft provides unique experimental opportunities for testing theories related to the mechanical behavior of terrestrial granular materials. Such materials may include cohesionless soils, industrial powders, crushed coal, etc. This paper will describe the microgravity experiment, 'Mechanics of Granular Materials (MGM)', scheduled to be flown on Space Shuttle-MIR missions. The paper will describe the experiment's hardware, instrumentation, specimen preparation procedures, testing procedures in flight, as well as a brief summary of the post-mission analysis. It is expected that the experimental results will significantly improve the understanding of the behavior of granular materials under very low effective stress levels.
A Viable Gold Standard Requires Flexible Monetary and Fiscal Policy

national domestic credit expansion (dce) policies which offset the effect of money demand shocks on international gold reserves, the gold standard collapses with certainty in finite time through a speculative selling attack against one of the currencies. Various policies for postponing a collapse are considered. When a responsive dce policy eliminates the danger of a run on a country's reserves, the exogenous shocks disturbing the system which previously were reflected in reserve flows, now show up in the behaviour of the public debt. Unless the primary (non-interest) government deficit is permitted to respond to these shocks, the public debt is likely to rise (or fall) to unsustainable levels. For the idealized gold standard analysed in the paper, viability can be achieved only through the active and flexible use of monetary and fiscal policy.
Constitutive Modeling and Simulation of Perforation of Targets by Projectiles

DOI: 10.2514/1.26011 The effective use of existing finite element codes in the direct simulation of hypervelocity impacts by projectiles is limited by the dependence of the size of localized failure regions on the mesh size and alignment. This gives rise to a nonphysical description of the penetration and perforation processes. A micromechanical constitutive model that couples the anisotropic thermoviscodamage mechanism with the thermohypoelastoviscoplastic deformation is presented here as a remedy to this situation. Explicit and implicit microstructural length-scale measures, which preserve the well-posed nature of the differential equations, are introduced through the use of the viscosity and gradient localization limiters. Simple and robust numerical algorithms for the integration of the constitutive equations are also presented. The proposed unified integration algorithms are extensions of the classical rateindependent return-mapping algorithms to the rate-dependent problems. A simple and direct computational algorithmisalsousedforimplementingthegradient-dependentequations.Thisalgorithmcanbeimplementedinthe existing finite element codes without numerous modifications, compared with the current numerical approaches for integratinggradient-dependent models.Modelcapabilitiesarepreliminarilyillustrated forthedynamiclocalization of inelastic flow in adiabatic shear bands and the perforation of a 12-mm-thick Weldox 460E steel plate by a deformable blunt projectile at various impact speeds.
Palladium‐Mediated Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Stereoselective Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines

Can an adjacent stereocenter control selectivity in the palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction? If the intermediate π-allyl palladium complex can undergo rapid inversion, the answer is yes (see reaction scheme). Starting from chiral 5-vinyloxazolidinones, trapping of intermediates 1 and 2, which are in a dynamic equilibrium, with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles leads to the quantitative formation of diamines as single diastereomers.
Multiple tasks and political organization

Consider an environment such as a political election where a principal requires the completion of multiple tasks, but an agent can only be rewarded with a hire/fire decision rather than an endogenously chosen monetary payment. When the principal hires a single agent to perform multiple tasks, the agent allocates effort between the tasks inefficiently. I demonstrate that, even though hiring multiple agents completely mitigates this effort distortion problem, the principal is still better off hiring a single agent if the (exogenous) rewards for the tasks are sufficiently different. In contrast to similar results in the multi-task literature, this finding is not driven by risk aversion or noise. Rather, it is a direct result of the restricted contract space inherent to the environment.
REPETITION AND CONFIRMATION OF MESSAGES RECEIVED BY EAR AND BY EYE

Abstract A rating method was used to obtain operating characteristics for 60 heterogeneous words. A single message was heard in noise, or seen briefly in a tachistoscope. It was repeated until it had been assigned to the highest accuracy category (“confirmed”) or sent a maximum of six trials. The comparisons showed that it matters little whether reception is by eye or by ear. Whether within a trial or over successive repetitions, accuracy of reception is a direct function of the confidence rating and is relatively independent of the intelligibility level. Neither do the accuracy of reception or the distributions of rating categories change markedly over trials. Although no direct test was made, it appears that accuracy of reception is not lessened by the task of rating. Both visual and auditory data are fitted reasonably well by predictions made from a simple stochastic model based on the assumptions that (1) intelligibility, (2) probability of a correct acceptance, and (3) probability of an incorrect acc...
The XMM-Newton view of NGC 6251

We report on the nuclear X-ray properties of the radio galaxy NGC 6251 observed with XMM-Newton . NGC 6251 is a well-known radio galaxy with intermediate FRI/II radio properties. It is optically classified as a Seyfert 2 and hosts a supermassive black hole with mass ~$ 6\times10^8~ M_{\odot}$. The 0.4–10 keV EPIC pn continuum is best fitted by two thermal components ($kT \sim 0.5$ and 1.4 keV, respectively), plus a power law with photon index $\Gamma \sim 1.9$ absorbed by a column density $N_{\rm H} \sim 5 \times 10^{20}$ cm -2 . We confirm the previous ASCA detection of a strong iron line. The line, resolved in the EPIC pn spectrum, is adequately fitted with a broad ($\sigma\sim 0.6$ keV) Gaussian at rest-frame energy 6.4 keV with EW ~ 220 eV. We also detect, for the first time, short-term, low-amplitude variability of the nuclear flux on a timescale of a few ks. The spectral properties argue in favor of the presence of a standard accretion disk, ruling out the base of the jet as the sole origin of the X-rays. The moderate X-ray luminosity and lack of strong intrinsic absorption suggest that NGC 6251 is a “pure” type 2 AGN which lacks a broad-line region.
Rising Conservatism: Implications for Financial Analysis

We provide evidence that is consistent with an increase in reporting conservatism by U.S. companies in the past few decades. Using a constant sample of almost 900 companies, we examined several measures of accounting conservatism, including the level and rate of accumulation over time of negative nonoperating accruals, the differential timeliness of incorporating good news versus bad news in reported earnings, the skewness and variability of the earnings distribution relative to the cash flows distribution, and changes in the market-to-book ratio. The increased conservatism has contributed to a persistent and prevalent decline in reported profitability, an increase in the incidence of losses, and an increase in the dispersion of earnings. Increased conservatism affects financial ratios and P/E multiples. Thus, incorporating information on the level of a company's reporting conservatism improves valuations and the yield to investment strategies that are based on these ratios.
Scrape-off layer plasmas for ITER with 2nd X-point and convective transport effects

Abstract Plasma fluxes to the divertor region in ITER near the magnetic separatrix have been modeled extensively in the past. The smaller, but potentially very important fluxes to the main chamber and outer divertor regions are the focus of the present paper. Two main additions to the usual transport modeling are investigated: namely, convective radial transport from intermittent, rapidly propagating ‘blob’ events, and inclusion of the magnetic flux-surface region beyond the second X-point that actually contacts the main-chamber wall. The two-dimensional fluid transport code UEDGE is use to model the plasma, while the energy spectrum of charge-exchange neutrals to the main chamber wall is calculated by the DEGAS 2 Monte Carlo code. Additionally, the spatial distribution of beryllium sputtered from the main chamber wall is determined in the fluid limit.
A New Cryptand: Synthesis and Complexation with Paraquat.

[formula: see text] Inspired by folded, nonpseudorotaxane complexes of bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10 systems, we synthesized a new bicyclic crown ether containing two 1,3,5-phenylene units linked by three tetra(ethyleneoxy) units. The new cryptand forms a "pseudorotaxane-like" inclusion complex with N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) with association constant Ka = 6.1 x 10(4) M-1, 100-fold greater than that of an analogous simple crown ether.
Generalized equations for the inertial tensor of a weakly bound complex

Abstract Equations are presented for the inertial tensor components of a weakly bound complex in terms of intermolecular coordinates and moments of inertia of the individual moieties. The results are a generalization of similar equations presented in the literature for specific geometries, and allow for the use of up to three angles to specify the orientation of an asymmetric rotor within a complex. The angles chosen are well suited to describing the large amplitude motion characteristic of weakly bound complexes and the resulting expressions should be useful in the analysis of the rotational constants of weakly bound systems with complicated geometries.
Cleanliness and log-characteristic cycles for vector bundles with flat connections

Let \(X\) be a proper smooth algebraic variety over a field \(k\) of characteristic zero and let \(D\) be a divisor with simple normal crossings. Let \(M\) be a vector bundle over \(X-D\) equipped with a flat connection with possible irregular singularities along \(D\). We define a cleanliness condition which roughly says that the singularities of the connection are controlled by the singularities at the generic points of \(D\). When this condition is satisfied, we compute explicitly the associated log-characteristic cycle, and relate it to the so-called refined irregularities. As a corollary of a log-variant of Kashiwara–Dubson formula, we obtain the Euler characteristic of the de Rham cohomology of the vector bundle, under a mild technical hypothesis on \(M\).
Orientifolds, Branes, and Duality of 4D Gauge Theories

Recently, a D-brane construction in type IIA string theory was shown to yield the electric/magnetic duality of four-dimensional N = 1 supersymmetric U(Nc) gauge theories with Nf flavours of quark. We present here an extension of that construction which yields the electric/magnetic duality for the SO(Nc) and USp(Nc) gauge theories with Nf quarks, by adding an orientifold plane which is consistent with the supersymmetry. Due to the intersection of the orientifold plane with the NS-NS fivebranes already present, new features arise which are crucial in determining the correct final structure of the dualities.
Moral suasion: An alternative tax policy strategy? Evidence from a controlled field experiment in Switzerland

With data gained from a controlled field experiment in Switzerland this paper analyses the effects of moral suasion on the timely paying and the timely filling out of the tax form 2001. Comparisons of different tax filing years and multiple regression estimations have been done using these two factors as dependent variables to check if there is a significant difference between the control group and the treatment group. In February 2002 the treatment group received a letter signed by the commune’s fiscal commissioner containing normative appeals. Results indicate that moral suasion has hardly any effect on taxpayers’ compliance behaviour. The strongest effect can be observed for the variable tax payments.
Domain Walls and Flow Equations in Supergravity

Domain wall solutions supergravity have attracted much attention recently especially for brane world scenarios and the holographic RG flow. In this talk I summarize some aspects for these applications, a more detailed version will appear on the hep-th archive.
Influence of thermochemical piles on topography at Earth's core–mantle boundary

Abstract Numerous seismic studies reveal the presence of two large, low velocity anomalies beneath Africa and the central Pacific. Efforts to characterize these anomalies have yielded a variety of interpretations over the years, both isochemical and thermochemical. Previous interpretations have included large, isochemical superplumes, clusters of smaller thermal plumes, and doming thermochemical superplumes. A conceptual mantle model that is presently growing favor involves long-lived thermochemical piles. In anticipation that nutation studies will provide better topographic constraints on the core–mantle boundary (CMB) in the future, we examine the effects of thermochemical piles at this boundary. In this study, we perform numerical modeling of thermochemical and isochemical convection as a function of convective vigor and temperature-dependent viscosity to predict the topography at Earth's CMB. Our results show that in isochemical convection, downwellings always lead to negative (depressed) CMB topography, while upwellings cause positive (elevated) topography, consistent with previous studies. However, in thermochemical convection, CMB topography and its relationship to downwellings and thermochemical piles are significantly affected by temperature-dependent viscosity. For isoviscous or weakly temperature-dependent viscosity, the piles cause negative CMB topography, while positive topography is often below cold downwellings. However, for realistic, more strongly temperature-dependent viscosity, the most negative CMB topography is below downwellings, while the topography below the piles is often slightly more positive and/or flat, similar to upwellings in isochemical models. We also show that although thermochemical piles are intrinsically more dense, the large thermal buoyancy associated with them leads to overall relative buoyancy that is on par with slabs. Consequently, thermochemical models lead to an overall reduction in magnitude of CMB topography with respect to isochemical models.
Bottomonia in the quark-gluon plasma and their production at RHIC and LHC

We study the production of bottomonium states in heavy-ion reactions at collider energies available at RHIC and LHC. We employ an earlier constructed rate equation approach which accounts for both suppression and regeneration mechanisms in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and hadronization phases of the evolving thermal medium. Our previous predictions utilizing two limiting cases of strong and weak bottomonium binding in the QGP are updated by i) checking the compatibility of the pertinent spectral functions with lattice-QCD results for euclidean correlators, ii) adapting the initial conditions of the rate equation by updating bottom-related input cross-sections and the charged-particle multiplicity of the fireball, and iii) converting our calculations into observables as recently measured by the STAR and CMS experiments. Our main findings are a preference for strong ϒ binding as well as a significant regeneration component at the LHC.
Ablation of uroplakin III gene results in small urothelial plaques, urothelial leakage, and vesicoureteral reflux.

Urothelium synthesizes a group of integral membrane proteins called uroplakins, which form two-dimensional crystals (urothelial plaques) covering >90% of the apical urothelial surface. We show that the ablation of the mouse uroplakin III (UPIII) gene leads to overexpression, defective glycosylation, and abnormal targeting of uroplakin Ib, the presumed partner of UPIII. The UPIII-depleted urothelium features small plaques, becomes leaky, and has enlarged ureteral orifices resulting in the back flow of urine, hydronephrosis, and altered renal function indicators. Thus, UPIII is an integral subunit of the urothelial plaque and contributes to the permeability barrier function of the urothelium, and UPIII deficiency can lead to global anomalies in the urinary tract. The ablation of a single urothelial-specific gene can therefore cause primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), a hereditary disease affecting ∼1% of pregnancies and representing a leading cause of renal failure in infants. The fact that VUR caused by UPIII deletion seems distinct from that caused by the deletion of angiotensin receptor II gene suggests the existence of VUR subtypes. Mutations in multiple gene, including some that are urothelial specific, may therefore cause different subtypes of primary reflux. Studies of VUR in animal models caused by well-defined genetic defects should lead to improved molecular classification, prenatal diagnosis, and therapy of this important hereditary problem.
An object-based architecture for biomedical expert database systems

Objects play a major role in both database and artificial intelligence research. In this paper, we present a novel architecture for expert database systems that introduces an object-based interface between relational databases and expert systems. We exploit a semantic model of the database structure to map relations automatically into object templates, where each template can be a complex combination of join and projection operations. Moreover, we arrange the templates into object networks that represent different views of the same database. Separate processes instantiate those templates using data from the base relations, cache the resulting instances in main memory, navigate through a given network's objects, and update the database according to changes made at the object layer. In the context of an immunologic-research application, we demonstrate the capabilities of a prototype implementation of the architecture. The resulting model provides enhanced tools for database structuring and manipulation. In addition, this architecture supports efficient bidirectional communication between database and expert systems through the shared object layer.
Factor representations of diffeomorphism groups

We give a new construction of seminite factor representations of the dieomorphism group of euclidean space. These representations are in canonical corre- spondence with the nite factor representations of the inductive limit unitary group. Hence, many of these representations are given in terms of quasi-free representations of the canonical commutation and anti-commutation relations. To establish this correspon- dence requires a generalization of complete positivity as developed in operator algebras. We also compare the asymptotic character formula for the unitary group with the ther- modynamic (N=V ) limit construction for dieomorphism group representations.
Clathrate hydrates in cometary nuclei and porosity

Possible mechanisms of formation and decomposition of CO2-clathrate hydrate in cometary nuclei are discussed. As far as it is known, this is the only clathrate hydrate which is unstable at low temperatures. Calculation shows that, in accord with other evidence, neither volume nor grain boundary diffusion in the clathrate lattice can be responsible for the rate of these reactions and that a surface mechanism with the attendant sensitivity to pressure must play a crucial role. Density changes accompanying CO2-clathrate decomposition and formation can lead to microporosity and enhanced brittleness or even to fracture of cometary nuclei at low temperatures. Other clathrate hydrates and mixed clathrates are also discussed.
The credit channel of monetary policy: Evidence from the housing market

This paper tests a credit channel of monetary policy (especially a bank-lending channel) in the housing market. We argue that the relevance of the credit channel depends on the structural features of the housing finance system, in particular efficiency and institutional organisation. We employ a VAR approach to analyse this issue in four housing markets (Finland, Germany, Norway and the UK). Our findings show across countries a clear-cut relationship between presence of the credit channel, efficiency of housing finance and type of institutions active in mortgage provision.
Greedy elements in rank 2 cluster algebras

A lot of recent activity in the theory of cluster algebras has been directed toward various constructions of “natural” bases in them. One of the approaches to this problem was developed several years ago by Sherman and Zelevinsky who have shown that the indecomposable positive elements form an integer basis in any rank 2 cluster algebra of finite or affine type. It is strongly suspected (but not proved) that this property does not extend beyond affine types. Here, we go around this difficulty by constructing a new basis in any rank 2 cluster algebra that we call the greedy basis. It consists of a special family of indecomposable positive elements that we call greedy elements. Inspired by a recent work of Lee and Schiffler; Rupel, we give explicit combinatorial expressions for greedy elements using the language of Dyck paths.
SqFreeEVAL: An (almost) optimal real-root isolation algorithm

Let f be a univariate polynomial with real coefficients, f@?R[X]. Subdivision algorithms based on algebraic techniques (e.g., Sturm or Descartes methods) are widely used for isolating the real roots of f in a given interval. In this paper, we consider a simple subdivision algorithm whose primitives are purely numerical (e.g., function evaluation). The complexity of this algorithm is adaptive because the algorithm makes decisions based on local data. The complexity analysis of adaptive algorithms (and this algorithm in particular) is a new challenge for computer science. In this paper, we compute the size of the subdivision tree for the SqFreeEVAL algorithm. The SqFreeEVAL algorithm is an evaluation-based numerical algorithm which is well-known in several communities. The algorithm itself is simple, but prior attempts to compute its complexity have proven to be quite technical and have yielded sub-optimal results. Our main result is a simple O(d(L+lnd)) bound on the size of the subdivision tree for the SqFreeEVAL algorithm on the benchmark problem of isolating all real roots of an integer polynomial f of degree d and whose coefficients can be written with at most L bits. Our proof uses two amortization-based techniques: first, we use the algebraic amortization technique of the standard Mahler-Davenport root bounds to interpret the integral in terms of d and L. Second, we use a continuous amortization technique based on an integral to bound the size of the subdivision tree. This paper is the first to use the novel analysis technique of continuous amortization to derive state of the art complexity bounds.
The Path Inference Filter: Model-Based Low-Latency Map Matching of Probe Vehicle Data

We consider the problem of reconstructing vehicle trajectories from sparse sequences of GPS points, for which the sampling interval is between 1 s and 2 min. We introduce a new class of algorithms, which are altogether called the path inference filter (PIF), that maps GPS data in real time, for a variety of tradeoffs and scenarios and with a high throughput. Numerous prior approaches in map matching can be shown to be special cases of the PIF presented in this paper. We present an efficient procedure for automatically training the filter on new data, with or without ground-truth observations. The framework is evaluated on a large San Francisco taxi data set and is shown to improve upon the current state of the art. This filter also provides insights about driving patterns of drivers. The PIF has been deployed at an industrial scale inside the Mobile Millennium traffic information system, and is used to map fleets of data in San Francisco and Sacramento, CA, USA; Stockholm, Sweden; and Porto, Portugal.
Probing nucleon spin structure

One of the important questions in high energy physics is the relation of quark and gluon spin to that of the nucleons which they comprise. Polarization experiments provide a mechanism to probe the spin properties of elementary particles and provide crucial tests of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The theoretical and experimental status of this fundamental question will be reviewed in this paper.
Hydrogen Storage on Platinum-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes with Boron, Nitrogen Dopants or Sidewall Vacancies

The interaction between hydrogen molecules and platinum (Pt)-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with boron (B)-, nitrogen (N)-dopants or sidewall vacancies is discussed from first-principle calculations. The adsorption patterns of hydrogen molecules on four types of Pt-decorated CNTs are investigated, and the partial density of states projected on the Pt atom is computed to reveal the response to the number of hydrogen molecules, dopants or vacancies. It is found that the B-, N-dopants or sidewall vacancies can adjust the binding energy between the hydrogen molecules and the Pt atom deposited on the defective CNT, while not reducing the maximum number of hydrogen molecules that are chemically adsorbed on the Pt atom. It is demonstrated that the binding energy of the first H2 and the Pt atom on the pristine CNT or the CNT with the B-, N-dopants is quite strong, so each Pt atom in these three cases can only release the second H2 under ambient conditions. However, when the Pt atom is deposited on the CNT with sidewall vacancies, it can adsorb and desorb two hydrogen molecules under ambient conditions.
On a fourth order Lichnerowicz type equation involving the Paneitz–Branson operator

In this paper, we study some fourth order singular critical equations of Lichnerowicz type involving the Paneitz–Branson operator, and we prove existence and non-existence results under given assumptions.
Physics with Fast Molecular-Ion Beams

Fast (MeV) molecular-ion beams provide a unique source of energetic projectile nuclei which are correlated in space and time. The recognition of this property has prompted several recent investigations of various aspects of the interactions of these ions with matter. High-resolution measurements on the fragments resulting from these interactions have already yielded a wealth of new information on such diverse topics as plasma oscillations in solids and stereochemical structures of molecular ions as well as a variety of atomic collision phenomena. The general features of several such experiments will be discussed and recent results will be presented.
Order-disorder transition of Au and Pt(110) surfaces: The significance of relaxations and vibrations.

The Embedded Atom Method (EAM) has been combined with Monte Carlo simulations to study the structure and order-disorder transformation of Au and Pt (110) surfaces. We find that the missing row structure of Au disorders at 570/sup 0/K, in close agreement with the experimental value of 650/sup 0/K. For Pt, we predict a transformation at 750/sup 0/K. Relaxations and vibrations are found to be essential for the accurate calculation of the critical temperature. 15 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Particle Transport in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Results from Stardust

Samples returned from comet 81P/Wild 2 by the Stardust mission confirm that substantial quantities of crystalline silicates were incorporated into the comet at the time of its formation. We investigate the constraints that this observation places upon protoplanetary disk physics, under the assumption that outward transport of particles processed at high temperatures occurs via a combination of advection and turbulent diffusion in an evolving disk. We also look for possible constraints on the formation locations of such particles. Our results are based upon one-dimensional disk models that evolve with time under the action of viscosity and photoevaporative mass loss, and track solid transport using an ensemble of individual particle trajectories. We find that two broad classes of the disk model are consistent with the Stardust findings. One class of models features a high particle diffusivity (a Schmidt number, Sc < 1), which suffices to diffuse particles up to 20 μm in size outward against the mean gas flow. For Sc ≥ 1 such models are unlikely to be viable and significant outward transport appears to require that the particles of interest settle into a midplane layer that experiences an outward gas flow. In either class of models, the mass of inner disk material that reaches the outer disk is a strong function of the initial compactness of the disk. Hence, models of grain transport within steady-state disks underestimate the efficiency of outward transport. Neither model results in sustained outward transport of very large particles exceeding a millimeter in size. We show that in most circumstances, the transport efficiency falls off rapidly with time. Hence, high-temperature material must be rapidly incorporated into icy bodies to avoid fallback to small radii. We suggest that significant radial transport may only occur during the initial phase of rapid disk evolution. It may also vary substantially between disks depending upon their initial mass distributions. We discuss how our model may inform recent Spitzer observations of crystalline silicates in T Tauri star-disk systems.
Spin coated plasmonic nanoparticle interfaces for photocurrent enhancement in thin film si solar cells

Nanoparticle (NP) arrays of noble metals strongly absorb light in the visible to infrared wavelengths through resonant interactions between the incident electromagnetic field and themetal's free electron plasma. Such plasmonic interfaces enhance light absorption and photocurrent in solar cells. We report a cost-effective and scalable room temperature/pressure spin-coating route to fabricate broadband plasmonic interfaces consisting of silver NPs. The NP interface yields photocurrent enhancement (PE) in thin film silicon devices by up to 200% which is significantly greater than previously reported values. For coatings produced from Ag nanoink containing particles with average diameter of 40 nm, an optimal NP surface coverage φ of 7% is observed. Scanning electron microscopy of interface morphologies revealed that for low φ, particles are well separated, resulting in broadband PE. At higher φ, formation of particle strings and clusters causes red-shifting of the PE peak and a narrower spectral response.
A neutron reflection test of the ‘reptation time’

Abstract Two chemically similar polymers in contact at a temperature above the glass transition interdiffuse with a concentration profile which, for times shorter than a “reptation time,” is thought to remain discontinuous at the interface. It is shown how the size of the concentration gap can be systematically tested by neutron reflection from bilayers of deuterated/ protonated polymers.
DO PEOPLE REALLY ADAPT TO MARRIAGE

Although cross-sectional studies have shown a reliable association between marital status and subjective well-being, a recent longitudinal study (Lucas, Clark, Georgellis, & Diener, 2003) found no support for the idea that happiness increases after marriage. Instead, participants who got married reported short-term increases followed by complete adaptation back to baseline levels of well-being. However, researchers have criticized this study on two grounds. First, these results contradict cohort-based analyses from a nationally representative sample. Second, these analyses do not control for pre-marriage cohabitation, which could potentially inflate baseline levels of well-being. The original data (plus four additional waves) are reanalyzed to address these concerns. Results confirm that individuals do not get a lasting boost in life satisfaction following marriage.
Photon-photon interactions

Abstract A brief summary of the present status of photon-photon interactions is presented. Stress is placed on the use of two-photon collisions to test present ideas on the quark constituents of hadrons and on the theory of strong interactions.
High-throughput screening for modulators of cellular contractile force

When cellular contractile forces are central to pathophysiology, these forces comprise a logical target of therapy. Nevertheless, existing high-throughput screens are limited to upstream signalling intermediates with poorly defined relationships to such a physiological endpoint. Using cellular force as the target, here we report a new screening technology and demonstrate its applications using human airway smooth muscle cells in the context of asthma and Schlemm's canal endothelial cells in the context of glaucoma. This approach identified several drug candidates for both asthma and glaucoma. We attained rates of 1000 compounds per screening day, thus establishing a force-based cellular platform for high-throughput drug discovery.
Elasto-capillary coalescence of multiple parallel sheets

We analyse two-dimensional clamped parallel elastic sheets which are partially immersed in liquid as a model for elasto-capillary coalescence. In the existing literature this problem is studied via minimal energy analysis of capillary and elastic energies of the post-coalescence state, yielding the maximal stable post-coalescence bundle size. Utilizing modal stability analysis and asymptotic analysis, we studied the stability of the configuration before the coalescence occurred. Our analysis revealed previously unreported relations between viscous forces, body forces, and the instability yielding the coalescence, thus undermining a common assumption that coalescence will occur as long as it will not create a bundle larger than the maximal stable post-coalesced size. A mathematical description of the process creating the hierarchical coalescence structure was obtained and yielded that the mean number of sheets per coalesced region is limited to the subset 2^N where N is the set of natural numbers. Our theoretical results were illustrated by experiments and good agreement with the theoretical predictions was observed.
CPD ?20 1123 (Albus 1) Is a Bright He-B Subdwarf

Based on photometric and astrometric data it has been proposed that Albus 1 (also known as CPD -20 1123) might be a hot white dwarf similar to G191-B2B or, alternatively, a hot subdwarf. We obtained a series of optical spectra showing that CPD -20 1123 is a bright He-B subdwarf. We analyzed the H I Balmer and He I line spectra and measured Teff = 19,800 ± 400 K, log g = 4.55 ± 0.10, and log N(He)/N(H) = 0.15 ± 0.15. This peculiar object belongs to a family of evolved helium-rich stars that may be the products of double-degenerate mergers, or, alternatively, the products of post horizontal- or giant-branch evolution.
The application of a large-scale electronic computer to the assignment of telephone facilities

The assignment of telephone facilities based on customer requests for service is today performed on a manual basis throughout the telephone industry. The General Telephone Company of California will be the first operating telephone company which will install a large electronic computer, the International Business Machine Corporation's (IBM) 705, to process such service requests. At the present time there are 930,000 telephones installed in the General Telephone Company of California system and the company's growth in the past has been at an accelerated rate. This rapid growth and future potential has embarked the company on a large scale EDPM (Electric Data Processing Machine) program to handle assignment of telephone facilities. The machine is scheduled for delivery in late 1958.
EXPANSION OF MOMENT OF INERTIA AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

Abstract The moment of inertia of hot nuclei is expanded in powers of the rotational frequency ω. The first two expansion coefficients are determined for temperatures above Tc, where the equilibrium shape is spherical at ω = 0. It is shown how the moment of inertia varies with temperature, rotational frequency, proton number, and neutron number.
Detecting quantum entanglement

We review the criteria for separability and quantum entanglement, both in a bipartite as well as a multipartite setting. We discuss Bell inequalities, entanglement witnesses, entropic inequalities, bound entanglement and several features of multipartite entanglement. We indicate how these criteria bear on the experimental detection of quantum entanglement.
Impedance Matching of Atomic Thermal Interfaces Using Primitive Block Decomposition

We explore the physics of thermal impedance matching at the interface between two dissimilar materials by controlling the properties of a single atomic mass or bond. The maximum thermal current is transmitted between the materials when we are able to decompose the entire heterostructure solely in terms of primitive building blocks of the individual materials. Using this approach, we show that the minimum interfacial thermal resistance arises when the interfacial atomic mass is the arithmetic mean, whereas the interfacial spring constant is the harmonic mean of its neighbors. The contact-induced broadening matrix for the local vibronic spectrum, obtained from the self-energy matrices, generalizes the concept of acoustic impedance to the nonlinear phonon dispersion or the short-wavelength (atomic) limit.
Exponentiated Sinh Cauchy Distribution with Applications

The exponentiated sinh Cauchy distribution is characterized by four parameters: location, scale, symmetry, and asymmetry. The symmetry parameter preserves the symmetry of the distribution by producing both bimodal and unimodal densities having coefficient of kurtosis values ranging from one to positive infinity. The asymmetry parameter changes the symmetry of the distribution by producing both positively and negatively skewed densities having coefficient of skewness values ranging from negative infinity to positive infinity. Bimodality, skewness, and kurtosis properties of this regular distribution are presented. In addition, relations to some well-known distributions are examined in terms of skewness and kurtosis by constructing aliases of the proposed distribution on the symmetry and asymmetry parameter plane. The maximum likelihood parameter estimation technique is discussed, and examples are provided and analyzed based on data from astronomy and medical sciences to illustrate the flexibility of the di...
Distance majorization and its applications

The problem of minimizing a continuously differentiable convex function over an intersection of closed convex sets is ubiquitous in applied mathematics. It is particularly interesting when it is easy to project onto each separate set, but nontrivial to project onto their intersection. Algorithms based on Newton's method such as the interior point method are viable for small to medium-scale problems. However, modern applications in statistics, engineering, and machine learning are posing problems with potentially tens of thousands of parameters or more. We revisit this convex programming problem and propose an algorithm that scales well with dimensionality. Our proposal is an instance of a sequential unconstrained minimization technique and revolves around three ideas: the majorization-minimization principle, the classical penalty method for constrained optimization, and quasi-Newton acceleration of fixed-point algorithms. The performance of our distance majorization algorithms is illustrated in several applications.
The effect of hydrogen on the initiation of shear localization in plain-carbon steels

Abstract The role of hydrogen on the onset of shear localization in various spheroidized carbon steels has been studied. Round-notched specimens were used for this work. Experiments indicate that at low and medium input fugacities, the onset of shear localization is impeded by hydrogen, but at very high input fugacities, hydrogen enhances the initiation of localized shear bands. However, the nature of shear bands produced at high input fugacities is different from that at low input fugacities in AISI 1009 steels. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that hydrogen of low and medium fugacity does not affect microvoids at strains up to the critical strain for shear localization. However, hydrogen of very large input fugacity causes growth of microvoids in undeformed specimens and the initiation of microcracks in specimens deformed to the critical strain.
Optimal deployment of eventually-serializable data services

Providing consistent and fault-tolerant distributed object services is among the fundamental problems in distributed computing. To achieve fault-tolerance and to increase throughput, objects are replicated at different networked nodes. However, replication induces significant communication costs to maintain replica consistency. Eventually-Serializable Data Service (ESDS) has been proposed to reduce these costs and enable fast operations on data, while still providing guarantees that the replicated data will eventually be consistent. This paper reconsiders the deployment phase of ESDS, in which a particular implementation of communicating software components must be mapped onto a physical architecture. This deployment aims at minimizing the overall communication costs, while satisfying the constraints imposed by the protocol. Both MIP (Mixed Integer Programming) and CP (Constraint Programming) models are presented and applied to realistic ESDS instances. The experimental results indicate that both models can find optimal solutions and prove optimality. The CP model, however, provides orders of magnitude improvements in efficiency. The limitations of the MIP model and the critical aspects of the CP model are discussed. Symmetry breaking and parallel computing are also shown to bring significant benefits.
Toric Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch via Ishida’s theorem on the Todd genus

We give a simple proof of the Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem for smooth complete toric varieties, based on Ishida's result in (5) that the Todd genus of a smooth complete toric variety is one.
Novel 2,2-dioxide-4,4-disubstituted-1,3-H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazines as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Abstract Benzothiadiazine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV have been synthesized via a novel process to afford active inhibitors, with the most potent compound exhibiting an IC90=180 nM in a whole cell assay. The 2,2-dioxide-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazine ring system was constructed in one step from 2-amino-5-chlorobenzonitrile.
A Systematic Search for Gravitationally Lensed Arcs in the Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 Archive

We present the results of a systematic search for gravitationally lensed arcs in clusters of galaxies located in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 data archive. By carefully examining the images of 128 clusters we have located 12 candidate radial arcs and 104 tangential arcs, each of whose length-to-width ratio exceeds 7. In addition, 24 other radial arc candidates were identified with a length-to-width ratio of less than 7. Keck spectroscopy of 17 candidate radial arcs suggests that contamination of the radial arc sample from nonlensed objects is ~30%-50%. With our catalog, we explore the practicality of using the number ratio of radial to tangential arcs as a statistical measure of the slope β of the dark matter distribution in cluster cores (where ρDM r-β at small radii). Despite the heterogeneous nature of the cluster sample, we demonstrate that this abundance ratio is fairly constant across various cluster subsamples partitioned according to X-ray luminosity and optical survey depth. We develop the necessary formalism to interpret this ratio in the context of two-component mass models for cluster cores. Although the arc statistics in our survey are consistent with a range of density profiles—β 1.6 depending on various assumptions—we show that one of the prime limiting factors is the distribution of stellar masses for the brightest cluster galaxies. We discuss the prospects for improving the observational constraints and thereby providing a reliable statistical constraint on cluster dark matter profiles on 100 kpc scales.
NANOELECTRONICS: SOME CURRENT ASPECTS AND PROSPECTS

A brief summary is provided of selected current activities in the field of nanoelectronics, which is taken here to mean the fabrication and integration of active microelectronic components with feature dimensions of tens of nanometers or less. Particular emphasis is placed upon the classes of nanoelectronic devices that were discussed at the 2002 WOFE Conference.