cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basalt core paleomagnetic data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 883 on Detroit Seamount, northern Emperor Seamount chain, and implications for the paleolatitude of the Hawaiian hotspot

Abstract Paleomagnetic data were measured from basaltic flows cored by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) at Site 883 on the summit of Detroit Seamount, located in the northernmost Emperor seamounts. These data are important because they reflect the paleolatitude of Hawaiian volcanism for the Late Cretaceous and bear upon geodynamic models of hotspot drift. A total of 143 samples were measured, from cores acquired at two holes ∼20–30 m apart. Most samples gave apparently reliable magnetic directions that were analyzed in a tiered fashion to compute a composite inclination vs. depth curve. One hole gave 13 distinct inclination groups, the other 10, and the two were combined into nine groups thought to represent independent measurements of paleofield direction. These data indicate normal magnetic polarity and give a mean inclination of 61.5+10.6°/−6.4° and paleolatitude of 42.8+13.2°/−7.6° (95% confidence limits). This paleolatitude is 6.2° higher than results from another ODP site (884) drilled on the lower flank of the same seamount. The difference is thought to result partly from an age difference (1–3 Myr) and partly from incomplete averaging of paleosecular variation at both drill sites. Together, the data from the two sites reinforce the conclusion that the northern Emperor seamounts were formed far north of the present-day hotspot latitude (∼19.5°N) and suggest prior estimates of the amount and rate of southward drift may have been low. This analysis also illustrates uncertainties in determining paleolatitude from a small number of lava flow units from a single drill site.
Quantification of errors in volume measurements of the caudate nucleus using magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose To quantify the various sources of error in measuring the volume of the caudate nucleus and to understand these errors would lead to the standardization of the MRI protocol and would make the utility of data from around the world more viable in a global database. Materials and Methods We collected data at four different sites all using a Siemens 1.5T Vision MR Scanner. In all cases the same 3D gradient-echo scans were used on a single volunteer and analyzed by a set of five observers. Results The errors estimated were: system calibration (a random variation of up to 1.2%), partial volume error (a bias of up to 1.5% using isotropic resolution of 1 × 1 × 1 mm3), geometric distortion (a potential bias of 1%), intra-observer error (a random variation of up to 3%), effects of ringing (area biases of up to 7% when a zoom of 4 was used) and inter-observer error (with a bias of usually 5– 10% but sometimes as large as 16% among our five observers). Individual mean variations from one system to another differed by less than 5% (except for two observers at one site), consistent with a maximum error of 7% coming from the area bias due to limitations in the images themselves. We also measured the effect of variable resolution on the volume estimates and found that the measured volumes were consistent over a broad range of signal-to-noise-ratios (SNRs). Conclusion Given the observed dependence of the caudate volumes on SNR and resolution, if isotropic resolution is required because a complicated structure is being imaged, then the lower SNR suffered by collecting 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 data at 1.5T still appears to be sufficient to make accurate volume measurements as long as the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is on the order of 4:1. Based on our results, predictions are made as to what the best approach would be to improve the data acquisition scheme to keep individual errors under 2% and biases under 3.5%. We conclude that if users can be trained to identify the structure of interest in the same way, the inter-observer error could be reduced to that of intra-observer day-to-day error. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:353–363. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nitridation of the SiO2/4H–SiC interface studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract We employ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to investigate the effect of nitridation on interfacial carbon at the SiO 2 /4H–SiC interface. These results demonstrate that the interfacial carbon clusters are strongly modified by post-nitridation process and the nitrogen take-up correlates with the reduction in the interface state density.
Self-assembly of the binuclear metal center of phosphotriesterase.

The active site of the bacterial phosphotriesterase (PTE) from Pseudomonas diminutacontains two divalent metal ions and a carboxylated lysine residue. The native enzyme contains two Zn 2+ ions, which can be replaced with Co 2+ ,C d 2+ ,N i 2+ ,o r Mn 2+ without loss of catalytic activity. Carbon dioxide reacts with the side chain of lysine-169 to form a carbamate functional group within the active site, which then serves as a bridging ligand to the two metal ions. The activation of apo-PTE using variable concentrations of divalent metal ions and bicarbonate was measured in order to establish the mechanism by which the active site of PTE is self-assembled. The time courses for the activation of apo-PTE are pseudo-first-order, and the observed rate constants are directly proportional to the concentration of bicarbonate. In contrast, the apparent rate constants for the activation of apo-PTE decrease as the concentrations of the divalent cations are increased and then become constant at higher concentrations of the divalent metal ions. These results are consistent with a largely ordered kinetic mechanism for the assembly of the binuclear metal center where CO2/bicarbonate reacts with the apo-PTE prior to the binding of the two metal ions. When apo-PTE is titrated with 0-8 equiv of Co 2+ ,C d 2+ ,o r Zn 2+ , the concentration of activated enzyme increases linearly until 2 equiv of metal ion is added and then remains constant at elevated levels of the divalent cations. These results are consistent with the synergistic binding of the two metal ions to the active site, and thus the second metal ion binds more tightly to the protein than does the first metal ion. Measurement of the mean dissociation constant indicates that metal binding to the binuclear metal center is strong ((KRK‚) 1/2 ) 6.0 10 -11 M and koff ) 1.5 10 -3 min -1 for Zn 2+ ). The removal of the carbamate bridge through the mutagenesis of Lys-169 demonstrates that the carbamate bridge is required for both efficient catalysis and overall stability of the metal center. The bacterial phosphotriesterase (PTE), 1 originally isolated from the soil bacterium Pseudomonas diminuta , catalyzes the detoxification of a wide variety of organophosphate nerve agents (1, 2). The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme, illustrated with the insecticide paraoxon, is shown in Scheme 1. Even though organophosphate triesters are not naturally occurring compounds, the enzymatic hydrolysis of these substrates is remarkably efficient. For example, with the native enzyme, the kcat and kcat/Km values for the hydrolysis of paraoxon are 2200 s -1 and 4 10 7 M -1 s -1 ,
Measuring Learning Gains in Chemical Education: A Comparison of Two Methods

Evaluating the effect of a pedagogical innovation is often done by looking for a significant difference in a content measure using a pre–post design. While this approach provides valuable information regarding the presence or absence of an effect, it is limited in providing details about the nature of the effect. A measure of the magnitude of the pre–post change, commonly called learning gain, could provide this additional information to chemical education researchers. In this paper, we compare two methods of measuring learning gains using data from large-scale administrations of the Chemical Concepts Inventory at four universities. The intent of this study is to compare various measures of learning gain, not to contrast the teaching effectiveness at the four universities. In this gain analysis, we introduce a method based on Rasch modeling and discuss the advantages offered by this type of analysis over more commonly used measures of learning gain.
Metformin action: Concentrations matter

Metformin has been used for nearly a century and is now the most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent worldwide. Yet how metformin acts remains only partially understood and controversial. One key reason may be that almost all previous studies were conducted with supra-pharmacological concentrations (doses) of metformin, 10–100 times higher than maximally achievable therapeutic concentrations found in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Ground Water Quality Monitaring: The Arkansas Approach

Monitoring ground water quality on a statewide basis is a challenge being faced by a number of state and federal agencies involved with water quality. Many of these agencies have come forth with publications that are of some use to those who are engaged in developing monitoring networks. A review of this literature could save those involved much time and money by providing insight into what can be accomplished and/or avoided. Ultimately, each monitoring system has to be designed to meet the purposes and conditions for which it is created, no two situations ever being exactly alike. However, there are approaches and methods that can be borrowed and profitably utilized where both the problems confronted and the geology in which they are found are similar. It was the attempt to resolve these two conflicting tenets, situational uniqueness and methodological transferability, that impelled the state of Arkansas to develop the prototype approach that is to be described, along with some of the more important documents that were of use in the development of that approach. Figure I highlights the main tenets of the prototype approach and Figure II locates each prototype within the state of Arkansas.
Design and analysis of aluminum/air battery system for electric vehicles

Abstract Aluminum (Al)/air batteries have the potential to be used to produce power to operate cars and other vehicles. These batteries might be important on a long-term interim basis as the world passes through the transition from gasoline cars to hydrogen fuel cell cars. The Al/air battery system can generate enough energy and power for driving ranges and acceleration similar to gasoline powered cars. From our design analysis, it can be seen that the cost of aluminum as an anode can be as low as US$ 1.1/kg as long as the reaction product is recycled. The total fuel efficiency during the cycle process in Al/air electric vehicles (EVs) can be 15% (present stage) or 20% (projected) comparable to that of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) (13%). The design battery energy density is 1300 Wh/kg (present) or 2000 Wh/kg (projected). The cost of battery system chosen to evaluate is US$ 30/kW (present) or US$ 29/kW (projected). Al/air EVs life-cycle analysis was conducted and compared to lead/acid and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) EVs. Only the Al/air EVs can be projected to have a travel range comparable to ICEs. From this analysis, Al/air EVs are the most promising candidates compared to ICEs in terms of travel range, purchase price, fuel cost, and life-cycle cost.
Reflections on 1989—and After

What have we learned in the twenty years since the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe? We have learned—or perhaps relearned—that legitimacy matters. The perception by the public that a regime has the right, and not just the power, to govern, makes a difference in the ability of that regime to survive and to deal with the challenges presented to it by domestic and international change.
Microscale ordered motions and atmospheric structure associated with thin echo layers in stably stratified zones

The interpretation of ultra-high resolution radar observations of thin clear-air echo strata is made with the aid of fine-scale aircraft measurements. The echo layer, generally comprising two sub-strata each 5 m thick and spaced 7–10 m apart, is found within a 10–20 m deep section of a strong inversion where the thermal stability and shear are maximized, and the Richardson number is close to 0.25. Mechanical turbulence is restricted entirely to this layer; the variance of the N-S velocity component, σν 3, is the strongest, consistent with the orientation of the shear vector in this stratum. Spectra and cospectra of a 9-s slant run through the echo stratum show remarkably ordered motions. A strong negative peak of covariance at 80-m scale, accompanied by a zero of covariance and bulges in the longitudinal (ν) and vertical (w) velocity spectra, is identified with breaking Kelvin-Helmholtz waves oriented in the N-S direction along the shear vector. A synthesis of the temperature and velocity structures from measurements along the flight path confirms the ordered motion deduced from the spectra and reveals a group of K-H waves of 80-m length and 10-m height at the height of the radar echo. Microscale K-H ripples of 3–4 m length are also deduced to be present in the 0.5 m thick interfacial region where the thermal gradient and shear are strongly enhanced by the larger shearing K-H wave. Two possible sources of the echoes are proposed: (1) scatter from fully developed turbulence within the interfacial zone in an inertial subrange falling entirely in sub-meter scales; and (2) the incoherent summation of specular reflections from properly oriented portions of the microscale K-H ripples. While the authors favor the first of these mechanisms, both require stringent conditions of the physical microstructure which are beyond the available observations. Fossil turbulence is precluded as an echo mechanism.
Qaqchas and to Plebe in “Rebellion”: Carnival vs. Lent in 18th-Century Potosí

Focusing on a �rebellion� of an 18th century guild of mine thieves in Potosi, the repaper highlights the significance of category�transgressing peoples in the crisis of the late colony. Just as espanoles criolios began to prepare their rebellion laagainst Spain, and to forge a new concept of nation wedded to a state founded on popular sovereignty, older colonial distinctions based on differences of nacion gave way to full fledged racial catogeries A major impetus for for these innovations, I argue, was the danger to colonial regimes of privileged posed by the 18th century hybridity peoples like Q 'aqchas.
Case Study Research: The View From Complexity Science

Many wonder why there has been so little change in care quality despite substantial quality improvement efforts. Questioning why current approaches are not making true changes draws attention to the organization as a source of answers. The authors bring together the case study method and complexity science to suggest new ways to study health care organizations. The case study provides a method for studying systems. Complexity theory suggests that keys to understanding the system are contained in patterns of relationships and interactions among the system’s agents. They propose some of the “objects” of study that are implicated by complexity theory and discuss how studying these using case methods might provide useful maps of the system. They offer complexity theory, partnered with case study method, as a place to begin the daunting task of studying a system as an integrated whole.
Enrichment and individual differences affect welfare indicators in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Enrichment aims to improve captive animals' welfare by enhancing their environments. Two of the struggles associated with measuring welfare are identifying when animals' needs are being met or surpassed and identifying how individual differences play a role in these outcomes. Using a group of related Guyanese squirrel monkeys, we studied changes in five welfare indicators under different environmental conditions. Manipulating food presentation, walkways, and toys, we created five enrichment levels ranging from just above USDA standards to considerably more complex than the animals' normal housing. At the end of each level, a novelty test was performed in which an unfamiliar woman entered the enclosure and offered food. Changes in behavior as a function of enrichment condition were analyzed using a repeated-measures MANOVA. Compared to baseline, less enrichment consistently increased negative welfare indicators (abnormal behavior, aggression, and negative responses to the novelty test), while more enrichment sometimes decreased these indicators. Positive welfare indicators were less consistently related to enrichment, but positive response to the novelty test did increase somewhat in the most enriched condition. Across conditions, rank correlations revealed that individuals had highly consistent individual differences in positive responses to novelty and somewhat consistent individual differences in rates of aggression. The goal of the enrichment and the species, sex, and individual animals to be enriched should be considered when selecting a welfare indicator, and facilities measuring animal welfare should study changes in the behavior of specific individuals to control for individual differences.
Diffusion Map Approach to Classifying Early Stage Cardiac Dysfunction

Magnetic resonance (MR) tagging technology can assist us in determining the motions of the myocardial pixels in a sequence of MR images. This paper presents a semi-supervised algorithm that processes these motion maps and classifies automatically myocardial dysfunctional motions. In distinction with other methods, our algorithm requires that only a few normal motions are labeled a priori. This is significant because, while normal motions can be confidently labeled by a human expert, abnormal motions are very difficult to label with high reliability by an operator. We use a graph to capture the motion map of the left ventricle. The normalized weighted adjacency matrix of the graph is interpreted as a stochastic matrix. Performing random walks, or diffusion, on the graph determines how similar myocardial motions are. Similar motions on the graph are represented by the diffusion maps framework as closer vectors in a Euclidean space. In the Euclidean space, we adopt eigen-analysis on a small portion of labeled normal motions. The analysis leads to a hyperelliptic surface that classifies the remaining cardiac motions as normal or dysfunctional.
A subset of periglomerular neurons in the rat accessory olfactory bulb may be excited by GABA through a Na+-dependent mechanism

Abstract The periglomerular (PG) cells of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) are GABAergic interneurons which receive input from the vomeronasal sensory neurons and form dendrodendritic synapses with each other and with mitral cells. Their electrophysiological properties have not been investigated. We have developed a novel method of isolating PG cells from the AOB, and used the whole-cell patch and gramicidin-perforated patch clamp techniques to measure their basic electrophysiological characteristics and their response to GABA. PG cells were found to be excitable neurons with voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents, though it was very difficult to get PG cells to fire an action potential. The voltage-gated Na+ currents of PG cells activate at more positive potentials than those of typical CNS neurons. PG cells respond to GABA with currents in which GABAA receptors play a significant role. A subset (∼40%) of PG cells respond to GABA with currents which have unusually high reversal potentials, indicating that GABA may be excitatory to these neurons. This phenomenon cannot be explained entirely by elevation of intracellular chloride concentrations, and is dependent on the presence of extracellular sodium.
A local level-set method for 3D inversion of gravity-gradient data

ABSTRACTWe have developed a local level-set method for inverting 3D gravity-gradient data. To alleviate the inherent nonuniqueness of the inverse gradiometry problem, we assumed that a homogeneous density contrast distribution with the value of the density contrast specified a priori was supported on an unknown bounded domain D so that we may convert the original inverse problem into a domain inverse problem. Because the unknown domain D may take a variety of shapes, we parametrized the domain D by a level-set function implicitly so that the domain inverse problem was reduced to a nonlinear optimization problem for the level-set function. Because the convergence of the level-set algorithm relied heavily on initializing the level-set function to enclose the gravity center of a source body, we applied a weighted L1-regularization method to locate such a gravity center so that the level-set function can be properly initialized. To rapidly compute the gradient of the nonlinear functional arising in the level-...
State forecasting of power systems with intermittent renewable sources using Viterbi Algorithm

This paper presents a new stochastic method for state forecasting in electrical power systems with high intermittent renewable energy penetration. The method utilizes Markov Models (MM) and the Viterbi Algorithm (VA) with a grid of power system states. Only feasible states of the MM are used to model the transition matrix, which significantly reduces the amount of data needed. We simulated a 4-bus and the IEEE 14-bus system using wind and load data available from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). The results show good correlation between the predictions and the actual data.
Physicochemical variations in DOM-synchronous fluorescence: Implications for mixing studies

Synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectra of dissolved organic matter (DOp/I) show promise for mixing studies and can resolve multiple river inputs to large water masses in a single fast measurement. This study examines the effects of physicochemical variables on DOM SF independent of mixing. Our results show that changes in the pH and metal ion concentration do not affect SF in the alkaline Cuyahoga-Erie sy:;tem. The effect of temperature is small and correctable. Model predictions suggest that photobleaching of DOM SF can limit the use of this method to short periods (3-7 d, depending on conditions). SF spectra are sensitive enough to detect 1% river water mixed in Lake Erie water. The intrinsic fluorescence of natural waters that arises from dissolved organic matter (DOM) provides a potentially useful method of tracing the mixing of rivers into large water masses like the oceans or the Great Lakes. Although fluorescence spectroscopy is fast, sensitive, and adaptable to shipboard or remote sensing (Mackey et al. 1989), application of this method to circulation studies is hampered by a number of potential interferences. In particular, laboratory studies indicate that DOM fluorescence spectra are a function of physical and chemical variables in the environment. On the other hand, results of several field studies demonstrate conservative behavior of DOM fluorescence. Conservative behavior has been observed in the mixing of the Rhine into the North and Wadden Seas (Zimmerman and Rommets 1974) and the mixing of smaller rivers in the southeastern United States in the Atlantic (Dorsch and Bidleman 1982; Willey and Atkinson 1982). In each case, the maximum fluorescence was found to correlate with a known conservative tracer (salinity) as freshwater was diluted with seawater. While conservative behavior is desired for mixing studies, it is somewhat surprising in light of laboratory studies of DOM fluorescence. The maximum fluorescence intensity of DOM is known to be a function of pH (Laane 1982; Ferrari 199 1), metal ion concentration (Saar and Weber 1980; Ferrari 1991; Cabaniss 1992; Cook and Langford 1995), and exposure to sunlight (Kramer 1979; Kieber et al. 1990; Kouassi and Zika 1990; Chen and Bada 1992). Furthermore, fluorescence quantum efficiency is a function of temperature, and the in situ generation of new fluorophores (e.g. algal
Stability and feedback levels in food web models

Neutel & Thorne (Ecology Letters, 17:651-661, June 2014) provide an approximation for the leading eigenvalue of a food web community matrix involving coefficients of its characteristic polynomial. Though valuably incorporating three-way species interactions, two critical problems emerge when one considers the dimensions of the system, calling the approach's accuracy and precision into question.
The performance impact of incomplete bypassing in processor pipelines

Pipelined processors employ hardware bypassing to eliminate certain pipeline hazards. By passing is logically simple but can be costly, especially in wide issue and deeply pipelined machines. In this paper bypassing is studied in detail, with an emphasis on designs in which the bypassing network is not complete. Cycle-level simulations of a model of integer and floating-point pipelines running some of the SPEC92 benchmarks show that at least half of the instructions executed used a bypassed register result from a previous instruction. Missing bypasses induce interlock stalls. The paper reports measurements of the performance impact of a number of pipeline configurations with incomplete bypassing networks. This impact ranges from a slowdown of just a few percent for a configuration with one late bypass missing to a slowdown of almost a factor of two for the integer pipe with no bypassing at all. Two types of code alterations reduce the new interlock stalls. A simple code transformation, the interchange of operands in instructions that perform commutative operations, cuts the performance loss from interlock stalls in certain configurations between about 20 and 50 percent. The second transformation is to reschedule code within basic blocks to avoid any missing bypasses. In five individual experiments with a small number of configurations and two benchmarks, this rescheduling saved 25 to 50 percent of the interlock stalls. In certain configurations both transformations can be applied.
The binding of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to human serum proteins.

Abstract The non-specific binding of a drug to plasma proteins is an important determinant of its biological efficacy since it modulates the availability of the drug to its intended target. In the case of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, binding to human serum albumin (HSA) and α 1 -acid glycoprotein (AAG) appears to be an important modulator of drug bioavailability. From a thermodynamic point of view, the issue of drug availability to the desired target can be formulated as a multiple equilibrium problem in which a ligand is able to bind to different proteins or other macromolecules with different binding affinities. Previously, we have measured the binding thermodynamics of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to their target. In this article, the binding energetics of four inhibitors currently in clinical use (saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir) and a second-generation inhibitor (KNI-764) to human HSA and AAG has been studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. All inhibitors exhibited a significant affinity for AAG ( K a ∼0.5–10×10 5 M −1 ) and a relatively low affinity for HSA ( K a ∼5–15×10 3 M −1 ). It is shown that under conditions that simulate in vivo concentrations of serum proteins, the inhibitor concentrations required to achieve 95% protease inhibition can be up to 10 times higher than those required in the absence of serum proteins. The effect is compounded in patients infected with drug resistant HIV-1 strains that exhibit a lower affinity for protease inhibitors. In these cases the required inhibitor concentrations can be up to 2000 times higher and beyond the solubility limits of the inhibitors.
Ordinal regression based subpixel shift estimation for video super-resolution

We present a supervised learning-based approach for subpixel motion estimation which is then used to perform video super-resolution. The novelty of this work is the formulation of the problem of subpixel motion estimation in a ranking framework. The ranking formulation is a variant of classification and regression formulation, in which the ordering present in class labels namely, the shift between patches is explicitly taken into account. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach on superresolving synthetically generated images with global subpixel shifts and enhancing real video frames by accounting for both local integer and subpixel shifts.
Virtual reality robotic surgery warm-up improves task performance in a dry laboratory environment: a prospective randomized controlled study.

Background Preoperative simulation warm-up has been shown to improve performance and reduce errors in novice and experienced surgeons, yet existing studies have only investigated conventional laparoscopy. We hypothesized that a brief virtual reality (VR) robotic warm-up would enhance robotic task performance and reduce errors. Study Design In a 2-center randomized trial, 51 residents and experienced minimally invasive surgery faculty in General Surgery, Urology, and Gynecology underwent a validated robotic surgery proficiency curriculum on a VR robotic simulator and on the da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc). Once they successfully achieved performance benchmarks, surgeons were randomized to either receive a 3- to 5-minute VR simulator warm-up or read a leisure book for 10 minutes before performing similar and dissimilar (intracorporeal suturing) robotic surgery tasks. The primary outcomes compared were task time, tool path length, economy of motion, technical, and cognitive errors. Results Task time (−29.29 seconds, p = 0.001; 95% CI, −47.03 to −11.56), path length (−79.87 mm; p = 0.014; 95% CI, −144.48 to −15.25), and cognitive errors were reduced in the warm-up group compared with the control group for similar tasks. Global technical errors in intracorporeal suturing (0.32; p = 0.020; 95% CI, 0.06−0.59) were reduced after the dissimilar VR task. When surgeons were stratified by earlier robotic and laparoscopic clinical experience, the more experienced surgeons (n = 17) demonstrated significant improvements from warm-up in task time (−53.5 seconds; p = 0.001; 95% CI, −83.9 to −23.0) and economy of motion (0.63 mm/s; p = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.18–1.09), and improvement in these metrics was not statistically significantly appreciated in the less-experienced cohort (n = 34). Conclusions We observed significant performance improvement and error reduction rates among surgeons of varying experience after VR warm-up for basic robotic surgery tasks. In addition, the VR warm-up reduced errors on a more complex task (robotic suturing), suggesting the generalizability of the warm-up.
Widespread strombolian eruptions of mid-ocean ridge basalt

Abstract Glassy lava fragments were collected in pushcores or using a small suction-sampler from over 450 sites along the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Blanco Transform Fault, Gorda Ridge, northern East Pacific Rise, southern East Pacific Rise, Fiji back-arc basin, and near-ridge seamounts in the Vance, President Jackson, Taney, and a seamount off southern California. The samples consist of angular glass fragments, limu o Pele, Pele's hair, and other fluidal fragments formed during pyroclastic eruptions. Since many of the sites are deeper than the critical point of seawater, fragmentation cannot be hydrovolcanic and caused by expansion of seawater to steam. The glass fragments have a wide range of MORB compositions, ranging from fractionated to primitive and from depleted to enriched. Enriched magmas, which have higher volatile contents, may form more abundant pyroclasts than depleted magmas. Eruptions with high effusion rates produce sheet flows and abundant pyroclasts whereas those with low effusion rates produce pillow ridges and few pyroclasts. This relation suggests that high effusion and conduit rise rates are coupled to high magmatic gas contents. The eruptions are mainly effusive with a minor strombolian bubble burst component. We propose that the gas phase is an added component of variable amounts of magmatic foam from the top of the magma reservoir. As the mixture of resident magma and foam rises in the conduit, the larger bubbles in the foam rise more quickly and sweep up the smaller bubbles nucleating and growing from the resident magma. On eruption, the process of bubble coalescence is more complete for the slower rising, gas-poor lavas that erupt as pillow lavas whereas the limu o Pele associated with sheet flow eruptions commonly contain several percent vesicles that avoided coalescence during ascent. The spatter erupted at the vent is quench granulated in seawater above the vent, reducing the pyroclast grainsize. The granulated spatter and limu o Pele fragments are then entrained in a rising plume of seawater heated by the eruption, which disperses them to distances as great as 5 km from the vent.
Frequency Dependent Strain-Field Hysteresis Model for Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Ni–Mn–Ga

We quantify the relationship between magnetic fields and strains in dynamic Ni-Mn-Ga actuators. As a result of magnetic field diffusion and structural actuator dynamics, the strain-field relationship changes significantly relative to the quasistatic response as the magnetic field frequency increases. We model the magnitude and phase of the magnetic field inside a Ni-Mn-Ga sample as a 1-D magnetic diffusion problem with applied dynamic fields known on the surface of the sample, from which we calculate an averaged or effective field. We use a continuum thermodynamics constitutive model to quantify the hysteretic response of the martensite volume fraction due to this effective magnetic field. We postulate that the evolution of volume fractions with effective field exhibits a zero-order response. To quantify the dynamic strain output, we represent the actuator as a lumped-parameter, single-degree-of-freedom resonator with force input dictated by the twin-variant volume fraction. This results in a second-order, linear ordinary differential equation whose periodic force input is expressed as a summation of Fourier series terms. The total dynamic strain output is obtained by superposition of strain solutions due to each harmonic force input. The model accurately describes experimental measurements at frequencies up to 250 Hz.
Quantitative cleaning characterization of a lithium-fluoride ion diode

An ion source cleaning testbed was created to test plasma-cleaning techniques, and to provide quantitative data on plasma-cleaning protocols prior to implementation on the SABRE accelerator. The testbed was designed to resolve issues regarding the quantity of contaminants absorbed by the anode source (LiF), and the best cleaning methodology. A test chamber was devised containing a duplicate of the SABRE diode. Radio-frequency (RF) power was fed to the anode, which was isolated from ground and thus served as the plasma discharge electrode. RF plasma discharges in 1-3 mtorr of Ar with 10% O/sub 2/ were found to provide the best cleaning of the LiF surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the LiF could accrue dozens of monolayers of carbon just by sitting in a 2/spl times/10/sup -5/ vacuum for 24 h. Tests of various discharge cleaning protocols indicated that 15 min of an Ar/O/sub 2/ discharge was sufficient to reduce this initial 13-45 monolayers of carbon impurities to 2-4 monolayers. Rapid recontamination of the LiF was also observed. Up to ten monolayers of carbon returned in 2 min after termination of the plasma discharge and subsequent pumping back to the 10/sup -5/ torr range. Heating of the LiF also was found to provide anode cleaning. Application of heating combined with plasma cleaning provided the highest cleaning rates.
The contributions of historic preservation to housing and economic development

Abstract Historic preservation contributes greatly to housing and economic development. Historic preservation has produced almost 250,000 housing units through use of the federal historic rehabilitation tax credit. Additionally, heritage tourism is a multibillion‐dollar industry, and preservation projects help further community revitalization. Historic preservation also has a downside. Preservation's growing popularity may dilute its imperative and market prowess, and some argue it is used to thwart new development. Preservation requirements may impede affordable housing production and displace area residents. These undesirable consequences are not givens, however. Preservationists are working to become more flexible, and we suggest ways to practice historic preservation while mitigating some of its negative consequences—for example, tax credit changes, more flexible building codes, and a “tiered” system of designating historic properties at varying levels of significance.
Kinetics of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over CuO/γ-Al2O3

A laboratory investigation of NOx reduction by NH3 over sulfated and unsulfated CuO/γ-Al2O3 was carried out. The rate of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction with excess O2 over presulfated sorbent between 325 and 425 °C in the absence of H2O and HCl was quantified by a first-order expression with a pre-exponential factor of 3.5 × 109 cm3 gm-1 s-1 and an activation energy of 84.5 kJ/mol. HCl and H2O were shown to be detrimental to the SCR process. The behavior of NO and NH3 over the fresh sorbent has an important bearing on reactor design. When NO is not present, NH3 is rapidly oxidized to NO and N2O above 250 °C. When both NO and NH3 are present, the SCR reaction still occurs, but the catalyst activity is much lower. However, above 425 °C the selectivity of fresh sorbent is poor with a significant amount of NH3 being oxidized. Some NH3 is also reduced to N2.
Adenoviruses and Obesity

As one of the increasing number of persons whose ability to control weight gain changed suddenly over a relatively short period of time and whose weight maintenance has become extremely resistant to exercise or changes in diet, I read Dr. Atkinson's feature Article with great attentiveness (Microbe, June 2012, p. 263). However, I was a little shocked to see no mention whatsoever of the research of people like Dr. Randy Jirtle, who has demonstrated the ability to influence weight gain in rats by switching the agouti gene on or off with chemical substances that were fed to the rats (see http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/epigenetics.html for a condensed explanation of Dr. Jirtle's work). Might the chemicals used by Dr. Jirtle be affecting the same gene or gene cluster that are affected by adenoviruses? Or are two separate genes or gene clusters involved?
A Hand-Held Probe-Based Optical Imager with Self Co-Registration Facilities

A novel hand-held probe-based optical imager with self co-registration facilities is developed towards breast cancer diagnosis. Initial experimental studies on slab tissue phantoms have demonstrated the feasibility of co-registered measurements towards future tomography studies.
Curating Will & Jane

“Curating Will & Jane” provides an overview of the exhibition, Will & Jane: Shakespeare, Austen, and the Cult of Celebrity , opening at the Folger Shakespeare Library in August 2016. Shakespeare and Austen became literary celebrities roughly 200 years after their deaths, and the Will & Jane exhibition tells the story of that process through the display of many and various objects—from porcelain figurines and portraits, to advertisements and bobbleheads—that are part of the marketing and cultural dissemination of literary fame. The authors of the article also reflect, as literary-scholarsturned-curators, on what they learned about how material culture produces and records celebrity when the objects of study range beyond standard printed artifacts.
Development of a simulated service test for insulation systems used in turbine-generator rotors

The Generator Rotor Simulated Service Test represents a new and useful method of comparing different slot armor insulation systems in a functional manner. The capability to combine mechanical, electrical and thermal stresses on Iow cost samples of new and aged slot armor constructions has speeded the development and application of new materials. A new type of molded fibrous glass and resin slot armor was shown to be superior and has been successfully adopted for product use. A continuing program of materials evaluation with this facility is underway and yielding valuable data.
An anti-tissue factor monoclonal antibody which inhibits TF.VIIa complex is a potent anticoagulant in plasma.

Tissue factor (TF) functions as the receptor and cofactor for factor VIIa (VIIa) to form a proteolytically active TF.VIIa complex on cell surfaces. We here demonstrate that most MAbs against human TF were poor inhibitors of TF function in plasma and that they inhibited preformed TF.VIIa complex at a slow rate which was dependent on dissociation of VIIa from the cell surface TF. An exception was defined by one MAb (TF8-5G9) which was an effective immediate anticoagulant in plasma. Binding of TF8-5G9 to TF.VIIa inhibited catalytic function prior to dissociation of the TF.VIIa complex. This analysis thus establishes two distinct mechanisms by which MAbs interfere with TF function. The MAb TF8-5G9 introduces a therapeutic principle for rapid arrest of inappropriate triggering of coagulation by TF as well as the TF.VIIa complex in vivo.
Mortgage Market Regulation and Moral Hazard: Equity Stripping Under Sanction of Law

This article examines the failure of the current regulatory structure to adequately protect consumers against risks in a home mortgage lending market characterized by complexity and limited transparency. It explores the reliance of bank regulators, particularly the Federal Reserve Board, on market discipline to control risks and the failure of market discipline. It also explores the Federal Reserve’s view that market intervention is only justified based on net societal benefits. This is a viewpoint that prevented regulatory intervention until the financial sector was in crisis, and a viewpoint that is at odds with the view of the Congress. This article urges a rejection of the net societal benefits standard as the determinant of regulatory intervention in the mortgage market.
Novel Convenient Synthesis of 10B-Enriched Sodium Borohydride

A convenient and efficient synthesis of 10B-enriched sodium borohydride [Na10BH4] from commercially available 10B-enriched boric acid [10B(OH)3] is described. The reaction sequence 10B(OH)3 → 10B(On-Bu)3 → 10BH3·Et3N → Na10BH4 afforded the product in 60–80% yield. The reaction was successfully scaled to hundreds of gram per run.
Increasing Students’ Opportunities to Respond: A Strategy for Supporting Engagement

This article offers a rationale for using a low-intensity support, increasing opportunities to respond, to promote students’ academic engagement and decrease disruptive behaviors. A step-by-step gu...
The Neural Inhibition of Learning Increases Asset Market Bubbles: Experimental Evidence

ABSTRACTThe authors tested a leading theory of bubble formation, insufficient learning, in a laboratory asset market using a drug, Naltrexone, which inhibits reinforcement learning. We found that asset price bubbles in Naltrexone sessions were larger compared with placebo sessions, averaging 60% higher in amplitude and 77% larger in the deviation from fundamental value in the final 12-period trading round. There was no difference between conditions in understanding of the trading rules, overconfidence, or confusion. Participants on Naltrexone appeared unable to determine appropriate trading strategies as prices changed. The findings indicate that specific neural mechanism of reinforcement learning is involved in the formation of asset market bubbles.
Utilization of influenza and streptococcal pharyngitis point-of-care testing in the community pharmacy practice setting

Abstract Background One way to reduce the complications and costs of influenza like illness and pharyngitis is to improve access to testing and treatment in early stages of infection. Pharmacy-based screening and treatment of group A streptococcus (GAS) infection and influenza has the potential to improve patient care and population health. Objective To improve patient care and population health, the objective of this retrospective study was to assess if a previously validated service model could be implemented by pharmacy chains without mandated standardization. Methods Researchers utilized a certificate program to provide initial training to pharmacists and shared templates from previous validated models. Pharmacy companies were responsible for navigation of all implementation within their company. Researchers analyzed the de-identified data from patients seeking point-of-care testing from the participating pharmacies. Results Participating pharmacies reported 661 visits for adult (age 18 and over) patients tested for influenza for GAS pharyngitis. For the GAS patients, 91 (16.9%) tested positive. For the Influenza patients, 22.9% tested positive and 64 (77.1%) testing negative. Access to care was improved as patients presented to the visit outside normal clinic hours for 38% of the pharmacy visits, and 53.7% did not have a primary care provider. Conclusion A collaborative care model for managing patients with symptoms consistent with influenza or group A streptococcus can be successfully implemented, and improve access to care outside of normal clinic hours and for those without a regular primary care provider.
Deterministic Modeling of Urban Runoff Quality

Urban runoff quantity and quality problems are both historic and current. Cities haved long assumed the responsibility of control of stormwater flooding and treatment of point sources of wastewater (e.g., municipal sewage). But within the past two decades new responsibilities have arisen with the recognition of the severe pollution potential of urban nonpoint runoff, especially from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and to a lesser degree, from stormwater runoff (51,53). With recognition of the quality problems has come the need for adequate analytical tools for their analysis. This need coupled with the advent of modern computer technology has led to many complex techniques for analysis of urban runoff quality.
Estrogen Deprivation and Diet-Induced Obesity Result in Alterations in Bone and Cartilage Content in the Murine Hip:

Objectives:Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) has been shown to result in significant improvement in pain and function. However, female gender and obesity have been linked...
Chapter 4 – Direct-Recycle Networks: Graphical and Algebraic Targeting Approaches

The overall mass targets identified using the techniques of Chapter 3, Benchmarking Process Performance Through Overall Mass Targeting, can be attained when there are no technical or financial limitations on the solutions. The implementations involve several strategies such as rerouting of streams, manipulation of design and operating variables, addition of new process units, substitution of solvents and chemicals, and alteration of technologies. These strategies provide different levels of cost and benefit. In this chapter, focus is given to direct-recycle networks. Recycle refers to the utilization of a process stream (e.g., a waste or a low-value stream) in a process unit (a sink). While reuse is distinguished from recycle by emphasis that reuse corresponds to the reapplication of the stream for the original intent, we will use the term recycle in a general sense that includes reuse. Specifically, this chapter will focus on direct recycle where the streams are rerouted without the addition of new pieces of equipment. As such, direct recycle is a no/low-cost strategy since it essentially involves pumping and piping and in some cases may even be achieved without the need for additional pumping or piping. In this chapter, a holistic approach is presented for the synthesis of direct-recycle networks with the objective of determining rigorous targets for minimum usage of fresh materials, maximum recycle of process streams, and minimum discharge of waste materials. First, the design problem is stated. Then, a graphical approach (the material-recovery pinch diagram) is described to identify the targets. Next, an algebraic technique is presented to determine the same targets obtained from the graphical approach. Finally, the source-sink mapping diagram is used to identify the detailed rerouting implementations that achieve the targets.