cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Hp-Finite Element Method for Simulating Indoor Contaminant Dispersion

An hp-adaptive finite element method (FEM) is coupled with a Lagrangian particle transport technique to simulate contaminant dispersion within building interiors, including aircraft cabins. The hp-adaptation follows a three-step adaptation strategy, in which the mesh size and shape function order are dynamically controlled. An a posterior error estimator based on the L2 norm calculation is used in the adaptation procedure. Interior flow fields are constructed from the hp-adaptive FEM. Contaminant dispersion is simulated using a random walk/stochastic approach based on a general probability distribution for depicting diffusion. Simulation results for 2- and 3-D interiors are presented.
310 DEPRESSION OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILE FUNCTION (MCF) IN ACUTE JRON POISONING

Shock produced by acute iron (Fe) poisoning is thought to be due to venous dilation with decreased ventricular filling. This study examined the effects of acute Fe++ on MCF. Heart rate(HR), mean blood pressure(BP), mean right atrial pressure(RAP), cardiac output(CO), strain gauge measurement of right ventricular force (RVF; % of time 0), and arterial pH were measured in open-chest rabbits. Animals were divided into 3 groups (N=7 in each group): 1)Control (no Fe); 2) Fe(200mg/kg administered into the duodenum); and 3)Fe(200mg/kg)plus NaHCO3 (9 meq/hr, IV). Variables did not differ among the groups at time 0. Results (mean ± SEM) 30 minutes after Fe administration are shown below. Within 30 minutes, Fe produced a significant reduction in MCF as evidenced by decreased CO and RVF, with no reduction in filling pressure (RAP). Fe produced myocardial depression independent of acidosis. The direct depressant effect of Fe on MCF could be responsible, in part, for the shock seen in acute Fe ingestion. These findings may provide the basis for new approaches to the treatment of shock in Fe poisoning.
Bayesian ROC curve estimation under binormality using a rank likelihood

There are various methods to estimate the parameters in the binormal model for the ROC curve. In this paper, we propose a conceptually simple and computationally feasible Bayesian estimation method using a rank-based likelihood. Posterior consistency is also established. We compare the new method with other estimation methods and conclude that our estimator generally performs better than its competitors.
Immobilized artificial membrane chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry

Liquid chromatographic separations on monolayers of cell membrane phospholipids covalently immobilized to silica particles at high molecular density is used for mimicking solute partitioning into biological membranes that generally correlates with membrane transport. This technique called immobilized artificial membrane chromatography usually employs ultraviolet (UV) detection where a single compound is analyzed in a chromatographic run limiting thereby its throughput for drug discovery applications. For coupling with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry, the phosphate-buffered saline mobile phase was replaced with one that used ammonium acetate as a volatile buffer. While atmospheric pressure chemical ionization accommodated a purely aqueous effluent, interfacing with electrospray ionization required effluent splitting and the addition of an organic modifier (5%, v/v, acetonitrile). Neuropeptide FF antagonists as early-phase drug candidates were used for the comparative evaluation of the methods. Whereas electrospray ionization produced essentially no fragment ions, several compounds involved in our study yielded low-abundance molecular ions with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The use of mass spectrometry yielded data that correlated well with those obtained by the method employing UV detection. Both atmospheric pressure ionization methods permitted the simultaneous determination of the k'(IAM), capacity factors and, therefore, an increased-throughput ranking of potential new leads emerged from the drug discovery process based on affinity to artificial membranes.
Initialization and read-out of spins in coupled core–shell quantum dots

In the field of quantum information science, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are of particular interest for their ability to confine a single electron for use as a qubit1,2. However, to realize the potential offered by quantum information processing, it is necessary to couple two or more qubits. In contrast to coupling individual QDs, we demonstrate the integration of two coupled electronic states within a single QD heterostructure. These chemically synthesized nanocrystals, known as quantum-dot quantum wells (QDQWs)3,4,5,6,7, comprise concentric layers of different semiconducting materials. We investigate carrier and spin dynamics in these structures using transient absorption and time-resolved Faraday rotation measurements. By tuning the excitation and probe energies, we find that we can selectively initialize and read out spins in different coupled states within the QDQW. These results open a pathway for engineering coupled qubits within a single nanostructure.
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) in human restenosis

METHODS: Using 2011 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) data, all patients undergoing open and endovascular procedures for carotid stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, aorto-iliac disease, and lower extremity ischemia were identified. All-cause and unplanned readmissions were assessed separately. Hospital outlier status was determined using hierarchical regression methods.
Calcium-channel blocking agents for gastrointestinal disorders

Calcium-channel blocking agents have a potential role in regulation of gastrointestinal tract function by decreasing smooth muscle contraction and possibly inhibiting cellular secretion. Most studies to date have concentrated on the ability of these drugs to inhibit smooth muscle contraction. Verapamil and diltiazem have been shown in animals (opossum, baboon) to produce decreased contractions in esophageal smooth muscle, resulting in a decreased amplitude of peristalsis and decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressures. In studies in man, oral doses of diltiazem and nifedipine have likewise been shown to have similar effects on the esophagus. At present, there is no experimental evidence of a major antisecretory effect of these drugs. In clinical trials, nifedipine has been shown to have a greater effect than placebo in improving symptoms in patients with achalasia, and diltiazem has been suggested as potential therapy in patients with chest pain secondary to excessive esophageal contraction. The precise role for calcium-channel blocking drugs in therapy of gastrointestinal disease is still being explored.
Establishment of Hypoxic Conditions for Cultured Monolayer Cells: Hypoxia in Five Minutes or Less

A versatile deaeration chamber for altering the gaseous environment of monolayer cell cultures has been developed. The design is such that multiple samples of radioactively labeled or unlabeled cells can be gassed simultaneously with a short period of time. Deaeration times to reduce the level of oxygen in initially aerated cellular medium to very low levels (less than 20 parts per million) were decreased at least 6- to 20-fold when compared to most other methods commonly used to achieve N2- or N2O-induced hypoxia. The application of this chamber in the investigation of radiation-induced cellular DNA strand breaks, which are very sensitive to the presence of oxygen, is described. The vessel should be useful for a variety of metabolic and physiologic experiments or cell, tumor, and radiation biology studies.
Reducing Medication Regimen Complexity: A Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a visual intervention (medication grid) delivered to physicians can reduce medication regimen complexity.
Beta-gamma directional correlation of the outer group decay in 140La

Abstract The beta-gamma directional correlation involving the first-forbidden non-unique outer beta group of 140 La has been re-measured with a precision magnetic spectrometer and found to be 10 % lower than previous measurements. Values of the matrix elements determined from this measurement and existing data for other observables are presented. In terms of the extended shell model, the deduced matrix elements indicate the ground state configuration of 140 La to be an f 7 2 neutron coupled to a g 7 2 proton hole.
Hectometric and kilometric solar radio emission observed from satellites in August 1972

Type II, type III, and continuum solar radio events, as well as intense terrestrial magnetospheric radio emissions, were observed at low frequencies (10 MHz to 30 kHz) by the IMP-6 satellite during the period of high solar activity in August 1972. This review covers briefly the unique direction-finding capability of the experiment, a detailed chronology of the low-frequency radio events, and, where possible, their association with both ground-based radio observations and solar flares. The attempted observation of solar bursts in the presence of intense magnetospheric noise may, as illustrated, lead to erroneous results in the absence of directional information. The problem of assigning an electron-density scale and its influence on determining burst trajectories is reviewed. However, for the disturbed conditions existing during the period in question, it is felt that such trajectories cannot be determined accurately by this method. The capabilities, limitations, and observing programs of present and future satellite experiments are briefly discussed.
Paramyosin segments: molecular orientation and interactions in invertebrate muscle thick filaments.

Paramyosin from earthworm muscle forms compound bipolar segments when precipitated with divalent cations. These segments are built up from an initial anti-parallel array of molecules to which the next array of molecules is added in a polar fashion. Compound segments can still be formed after complete denaturation and renaturation of the protein. After digestion with carboxypeptidases, earthworm paramyosin forms simple bipolar segments, a single anti-parallel array of molecules, upon precipitation with divalent cations. Molecular lengths of the shortened paramyosin, determined from end-to-end aggregates of segments, agree well with molecular weights measured on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, assuming a coiled-coil structure. Since the length and fine staining pattern of the central overlap region are identical in segments from both native and digested paramyosin, the C-terminal end of the molecule must be the outer end in the segment. Upon hydrolysis with leucine aminopeptidase, earthworm paramyosin forms only paracrystals with a 145 A period or 1200 A long segments. Paracrystals from carboxypeptidase-treated Mercenaria paramyosin were also analyzed.
On the Hyperfine Structure of Heavy Elements

The ordinary theory of hfs splitting is incomplete for two reasons in the case of heavy elements. (1) When the electron is close to the nucleus its velocity is high. Non-relativistic approximations to Dirac's equation become meaningless. (2) The probability of the electron being sufficiently close to the nucleus to interact with it at all may be appreciably different for different components of the same multiplet. General relativistic formulas (12), (12\ensuremath{''}) are derived for single electron spectra. Quantitative estimates are made for the specific case of the Tl lowest $p$ term. The nonrelativistic approximations with the same $\stackrel{-}{{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}}$ for ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ are found to give values of $\frac{(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}){p}_{\frac{1}{2}}}{(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}){p}_{\frac{3}{2}}}$ which are too small by a factor of about 3.4=2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1.7. The factor 2 is attributable to relativistic corrections. The estimated factor 1.7 is due to the higher energy of the ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ level which decreases the chance of the electron to be close enough to the nucleus to interact with it. Comparison with the observations of John Wulff on Tl I shows that even the corrected value of $\frac{(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}){p}_{\frac{1}{2}}}{(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}){p}_{\frac{3}{2}}}$ is too small by a factor of 2. A qualitatively similar disagreement exists for Bi I. The observed hfs of these elements is therefore not accounted for by the theory of a nuclear magnetic moment.
Lymphocyte subpopulations and function in chronic murine toxoplasmosis. II. Cyclic immunosuppression in genetic-low-responder mice

Abstract Cyclic unresponsiveness to a bacterial antigen was caused by chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii in genetic-low-responder mice but not in a high-responder strain. No direct correlation was found between unresponsiveness and the gradual lymphoid cell depletion that accompanies chronic toxoplasmosis.
Preliminary experimental evidence supports the need for further research into the effects of LSVT LOUD on voice and speech function in children with spastic cerebral palsy

AbstractThis review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Fox, C.M., Boliek, C.A. (2012). Intensive voice treatment (LSVT LOUD) for children with spastic cerebral palsy and dysarthria. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 55:930–45.Source of funding and disclosure of interest: National Multipurpose Research and Training Center Grant DC-01409 from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and by the Final Project Fund from the Graduate College at the University of Arizona. The first author has ownership interest in the for-profit company LSVT Global, Inc.
Ontogeny of the 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in fetal rat bone

To gain insights into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor (VDR) function during fetal bone development, we examined fetal rat tissues from gestational days 13-21 for the presence and distribution of VDR using immunohistochemistry. Prior to ossification, VDR epitopes were observed in the mesenchyme condensing to form skeletal tissues, on day 13 in the developing vertebral column and limbs, and on day 17 of gestation in developing calvaria. Immunostaining for VDR was seen in proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes and in osteoblasts of limb buds and the vertebral column by day 17 of gestation. In calvaria, VDR epitopes were observed in osteoblasts by gestational day 19. VDR immunostaining was also evident in the skin of fetal limbs at all gestational ages examined. We show for the first time that the VDR appears very early in the developing fetal rat skeleton, suggesting that the VDR, in concert with its ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 , may play a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal precursors into bone tissue.
Inflammatory cell infiltrate in distal ureteral segments from patients with reflux

A total of 110 reimplanted ureters from 61 patients were examined by light microscopy. Twenty-four distal segments from nonrefluxing ureters were used as control group. Overall, 55 of 110 specimens (50%) had inflammatory cell infiltrates (ICI) consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the submucosa and adjacent muscularis. Forty-five ureters (82%) had mild ICI, and 10 ureters (18%) had moderate or severe ICI only in patients with history of infection. ICI increased with grade of reflux in both infected and noninfected groups. Of 75 ureters (68%) from patients with history of infection, 45 (60%) had ICI. Ten of 35 ureters (29%) from patients without history of infection had ICI. A causal relationship between reflux and ICI remains speculative and needs further study.
A theoretical analysis on the dynamic cleavage cracking in a constant-K specimen

Through an energy analysis of the cleavage cracking in a constant-K sample, the analytical solution of the dynamic fracture resistance for a brittle, homogeneous material is obtained. The dependence of the crack behavior on the accumulated continuum dissipation associated with the dynamic effect is analyzed. The relationship between the critical energy release rate of crack arrest and the applied stress intensity factor is discussed in detail.
Measuring voluntary quadriceps activation: Effect of visual feedback and stimulus delivery

Abstract Introduction : Quadriceps voluntary activation, assessed via the superimposed burst technique, has been extensively studied in a variety of populations as a measure of quadriceps function. However, a variety of stimulus delivery techniques have been employed, which may influence the level of voluntary activation as calculated via the central activation ratio (CAR). The purpose was to determine the effect of visual feedback, stimulus delivery, and perceived discomfort on maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque and the CAR. Methods : Quadriceps CAR was assessed in 14 individuals on two days using three stimulus delivery methods; (1) manual without visual feedback, (2) manual with visual feedback, and (3) automated with visual feedback. Results : MVIC peak torque and the CAR were not different between the automated with visual feedback (MVIC=3.25, SE=0.14Nm/kg; CAR=88.63, SE=1.75%) and manual with visual feedback (MVIC=3.26, SE=0.13Nm/kg, P =0.859; CAR=89.06, SE=1.70%, P =0.39) stimulus delivery methods. MVIC (2.99, SE=0.12Nm/kg) and CAR (85.32, SE=2.10%) were significantly lower using manual without visual feedback compared to manual with visual feedback and automated with visual feedback (CAR P P P Conclusion : Utilizing visual feedback ensures participant MVIC, and may provide a more accurate assessment of quadriceps voluntary activation.
Low jitter triggered spark gap with high pressure gas mixtures and Kr 85

A recent research effort at Texas Tech University on impulse antenna phased arrays has necessitated the need to develop a reliable high voltage, high repetition rate switch that will operate with ultra low jitter. An ideal jitter of a small fraction of the risetime is required to accurately synchronize the array to steer and preserve the risetime of the radiated pulse. A 50 Ω, 1 nF pulse forming line is charged to 50 kV and provides the low inductance voltage source to test the different gases. Triggering is provided by a solid state opening switch voltage source that supplies ∼80 kV, 10 ns risetime pulses at a rep rate up to 100 Hz in burst mode. A hermetically sealed spark gap with a Kel-F lining is used to house the switch and high pressure gas. Previously, the system was successfully tested with 50 kV, 100 Hz switch operations. Gases tested include, dry Air, H 2 , N 2 , and SF 6 , as well as H 2 -N 2 , and N 2 -SF 6 gas mixtures. A discussion on switch operation time and switch gas temperature vs. jitter will be included in this paper. This paper will also discuss in detail the effects on switch jitter when different concentrations of Kr85 gas are introduced.
Unexpected roles for ancient proteins: flavone 8‐hydroxylase in sweet basil trichomes is a Rieske‐type, PAO‐family oxygenase

Most elucidated hydroxylations in plant secondary metabolism are catalyzed by oxoglutarate- or cytochrome P450-dependent oxygenases. Numerous hydroxylations still evade clarification, suggesting that they might be performed by alternative enzyme types. Here, we report the identification of the flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) trichomes as a Rieske-type oxygenase. Several features of the F8H activity in trichome protein extracts helped to differentiate it from a cytochrome P450-catalyzed reaction and identify candidate genes in the basil trichome EST database. The encoded ObF8H proteins share approximately 50% identity with Rieske-type protochlorophyllide a oxygenases (PTC52) from higher plants. Homology cloning and DNA blotting revealed the presence of several PTC52-like genes in the basil genome. The transcripts of the candidate gene designated ObF8H-1 are strongly enriched in trichomes compared to whole young leaves, indicating trichome-specific expression. The full-length ObF8H-1 protein possesses a predicted N-terminal transit peptide, which directs green fluorescent protein at least in part to chloroplasts. The F8H activity in crude trichome protein extracts correlates well with the abundance of ObF8H peptides. The purified recombinant ObF8H-1 displays high affinity for salvigenin and is inactive with other tested flavones except cirsimaritin, which is 8-hydroxylated with less than 0.2% relative activity. The efficiency of in vivo 8-hydroxylation by engineered yeast was improved by manipulation of protein subcellular targeting. blast searches showed that occurrence of several PTC52-like genes is rather common in sequenced plant genomes. The discovery of ObF8H suggests that Rieske-type oxygenases may represent overlooked candidate catalysts for oxygenations in specialized plant metabolism.
Atmospheric circulation patterns and spatial climatic variations in Beringia

Analyses of more than 40 years of climatic data reveal intriguing spatial variations in climatic patterns for Beringia (North-eastern Siberia and Alaska), aiding the understanding of the hierarchy of climatic controls that operate at different spatial scales within the Arctic. A synoptic climatology, using a subjective classification methodology on January and July sea level pressure, and July 500 hPa height anomaly patterns, identified 13 major atmospheric circulation patterns (26 pairs consisting of 13 synoptic/temperature and 13 synoptic/precipitation comparisons) that occur over Beringia. Composite anomaly maps of circulation, temperature, and precipitation described the spatial variability of surface climatic responses to circulation. Results indicate that nine synoptic pairs yield homogeneous surface climatic anomaly patterns throughout most of Beringia. However, many of the surface climatic responses illustrate heterogeneous anomaly patterns as a result of variations in circulation controls, such as troughing over East Asia and the Pacific subtropical high superimposed over topography, with small shifts in atmospheric circulation dramatically altering spatial variations of anomaly patterns. Distinctive contrasts in climatic responses, as suggested from ten synoptic pairs, are clearly evident for Western Beringia versus Eastern Beringia. These results offer important implications for scholars interested in assessing late Quaternary climatic change in the region from interannual to millennial timescales. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Electromigration study on the interconnects of high density power modules

As the current carrying requirements increase to power the loads within server equipment, the interconnect system throughout the complete power delivery path becomes a very critical element to the overall system reliability. In addition to the electrical attributes of the interconnect, the mechanical and electro-chemical nature of the interconnect system are also key. As the voltage delivered to server microprocessors continue to drop to sub 1 V levels, the high amperage demand increases the current densities on the interconnects including those within power module packages. These high current densities, which can be on the order of 104 A/cm2, may create long term reliability concerns due to electromigration phenomenon on the interconnect such as the internal fine-pitch ball grid array (BGA) interconnects used within power modules. This paper presents the results of a study which was performed to understand the possible electromigration impacts to the reliability of the BGA interconnects of high density power modules in real-world server applications.
A note on the viscous, 1D shallow water equations: Traveling wave phenomena

Abstract Exact traveling wave solutions (TWS)s of the one-dimensional (1D) shallow water equations are derived and studied in the case of a viscous fluid. These TWSs, which satisfy special cases of Abel’s equation, are shown to take the form of kinks, which are not classic Taylor shocks, and to admit bifurcations and steepening. Stability issues are also addressed, asymptotic/limiting case expressions are presented, the possibility of hysteresis is explored, and it is established that bistability only occurs for left-running waves. Last, it is shown that the free surface height is capable of behaving similarly to the strain exhibited by a class of nonlinear viscoelastic media.
Modeling acoustic agitation for enhanced development of PMMA resists

Although acoustic agitation is known to en- hance the development rate of LIGA resists, the operative physical mechanism is not well understood. Analytical and numerical models presented here suggest that the ob- served enhancement results from steady acoustic stream- ing and associated polymer fragment transport induced by the high frequency sound waves. The computed steady flow within the feature is torroidal with downflow along the feature walls and upflow in the center. The numerically calculated enhancement of fragment transport is shown to be well approximated by a closed-form expression based on a pair of asymptotic formulas for weak and strong agitation. These transport models are combined with a model of PMMA dissolution kinetics and used to predict development rates for a range of LIGA feature sizes. The results are in good agreement with experimental data from
Self-supervised terrain classification for planetary surface exploration rovers

In future planetary exploration missions, improvements in autonomous rover mobility have the potential to increase scientific data return by providing safe access to geologically interesting sites that lie in rugged terrain, far from landing areas. To improve rover-based terrain sensing, this paper proposes a self-supervised learning framework that will enable a robotic system to learn to predict mechanical properties of distant terrain, based on measurements of mechanical properties of similar terrain that has been traversed previously. In this framework, a proprioceptive terrain classifier is used to distinguish terrain classes based on features derived from rover–terrain interaction, and labels from this classifier are used to train an exteroceptive (i.e., vision-based) terrain classifier. Once trained, the vision-based classifier is able to recognize similar terrain classes in stereo imagery. This paper presents two distinct proprioceptive classifiers—a novel approach based on optimization of a traction force model and a previously described approach based on wheel vibration—as well as a vision-based terrain classification approach suitable for environments with unexpected appearances. The high accuracy of the self-supervised learning framework and its supporting algorithms is demonstrated using experimental data from a four-wheeled robot in an outdoor Mars-analogue environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPLIT circuit model for test generation

Over the years, the D-algorithm has been successfully used to generate tests for sequential circuits and combinational circuits. There are 5-valued and 9-valued circuit models used for the D-algorithm. The disadvantage of a model with lower value count is its inability to assign a more precise value for a test generation requirement without some undue assumptions or decisions which may cause backtracks or even may find no test for testable faults. However, the availability of more values increases the search space and makes enumeration more complicated. In this paper, we will present a new circuit model SPLIT which is a modified 9-valued circuit model. SPLIT has the precision of the 9-valued model and the simplicity of the 5-valued model, such that the D-algorithm will have better performance using the SPLIT model than using the 5-valued model or the 9-valued model.
Protection of Fe pigments with amine-quinone polymers

High magnetization iron pigments, protected by amine-quinone polymers are described. The amine-quinone polyurethanes were prepared by melt polymerization of 2,5-bis(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)-1,4-benzoquinone, AQM-1, tolylene diisocyanate, and an oligomeric polyether diol; either poly(1,2-butylene glycol) or poly(1,4-butylene glycol). Depending on the choice of polyether and the relative amount of AQM-1, the polyurethanes were elastomeric or thermoplastic; the thermal and mechanical properties being systematically controlled by the polymer structure. Hydrogen reduction of acicular iron oxide pigments gave pyrophoric Fe pigments with an initial /spl sigma//sub s//spl ap/195 emu/g. Treatment with a THF solution of the amine-quinone polymer AQPU-8, under an inert atmosphere, gave stabilized Fe pigments with /spl sigma//sub s//spl ap/160 to 180 emu/g; a value significantly higher than 140 emu/g for the best ceramic coated pigments. The treated pigments were exposed to the ambient laboratory atmosphere for more than 3000 hours with no loss in /spl sigma//sub s/. This demonstration that quinone polymers can replace the ceramic coatings used to protect iron pigments provides a means of significantly enhancing the performance of metal particle tape. >
RNA–DNA hybrid origami: folding of a long RNA single strand into complex nanostructures using short DNA helper strands

Quick folding of a long RNA strand using short DNA staple strands (at a 1 : 1 ratio) into various pre-designed nanostructures in high yields has been demonstrated.
On linear processing in AWGN channels with feedback

The integration of the feedback channel into a coding scheme cannot increase capacity but still has many benefits such as higher reliability and lower complexity. In the class of linear feedback coding schemes, one of the most well-known is the Schalkwijk-Kailath coding scheme. Using the same framework, an optimized coding scheme is produced using linear algebraic tools, and this scheme is compared to the Schalkwijk-Kailath method [1], [2].
Lax: driver interfaces for approximate sensor device access

Embedded sensor platforms can dissipate most of their energy in accessing sensor integrated circuits such as gyroscopes. But the algorithms which process the sensor data and the humans who consume the overall output of the system may often be able to tolerate some amount of error in the retrieved sensor values. Because devices are accessed through interfaces provided by system software, exploiting the tolerable error for improvements in energy efficiency requires appropriate system software and hardware support. However, no such support currently exists. We present Lax, a device driver abstraction for interacting with sensors that enables power savings in exchange for occasionally returning erroneous sensor data. Our implementation on a hardware prototype delivers savings in sensor dynamic power dissipation of up to 48% (as compared to precise device access) while providing sensor access error rates lower than 5 data acquisition errors per 100 data accesses. Given the significant proportion of system energy budgets in wearable platforms that are devoted to sensors, approximate sensor data acquisition using Lax can deliver significant system-level energy savings.
The proofreading domain of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and other DNA and/or RNA exonuclease domains.

Prior sequence analysis studies have suggested that bacterial ribonuclease (RNase) Ds comprise a complete domain that is found also in Homo sapiens polymyositis-scleroderma overlap syndrome 100 kDa autoantigen and Werner syndrome protein. This RNase D 3'-->5' exoribonuclease domain was predicted to have a structure and mechanism of action similar to the 3'-->5' exodeoxyibonuclease (proofreading) domain of DNA polymerases. Here, hidden Markov model (HMM) and phylogenetic studies have been used to identify and characterise other sequences that may possess this exonuclease domain. Results indicate that it is also present in the RNase T family; Borrelia burgdorferi P93 protein, an immunodominant antigen in Lyme disease; bacteriophage T4 dexA and Escherichia coli exonuclease I, processive 3'-->5' exodeoxyribonucleases that degrade single-stranded DNA; Bacillus subtilis dinG, a probable helicase involved in DNA repair and possibly replication, and peptide synthase 1; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pab1p-dependent poly(A) nuclease PAN2 subunit, required for shortening mRNA poly(A) tails; Caenorhabditis elegans and Mus musculus CAF1, transcription factor CCR4-associated factor 1; Xenopus laevis XPMC2, prevention of mitotic catastrophe in fission yeast; Drosophila melanogaster egalitarian, oocyte specification and axis determination, and exuperantia, establishment of oocyte polarity; H.sapiens HEM45, expressed in tumour cell lines and uterus and regulated by oestrogen; and 31 open reading frames including one in Methanococcus jannaschii . Examination of a multiple sequence alignment and two three-dimensional structures of proofreading domains has allowed definition of the core sequence, structural and functional elements of this exonuclease domain.
Measuring metabolism and biophysical flux in the tissue, cellular and sub-cellular domains: Recent developments in self-referencing amperometry for physiological sensing

Ultimately, advances in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics will be realized by combining these approaches with biophysical sensors for understanding the functional and structural (physiological) aspects of sub-cellular systems (cytomics). Therefore, the emergence of the new fields of cytomics and physiomics will require new technologies to probe the functional realm of living cells. While amperometric sensors have been used, their sensitivity and reliability are significantly improved through the development of new strategies and data acquisition systems for the operation of the sensors. This includes the application of the principles of the vibrating or self-referencing microsensor to the operation of amperometric sensors. The development of self-referencing amperometry (SRA) is significant because it effectively converts static concentration sensors into dynamic biophysical sensors that directly monitor physiological flux. SRA has been developed for analytes such as O2, NO, H2O2 and ascorbate. These sensors have been validated against non-biological microscopic flux sources that were theoretically modeled, before being applied to biological research. This new sensor technology has been shown, through research in a wide variety of biological and biomedical research projects, to be an important new tool in the arsenal of the cell biologist. SRA technology has been adapted through SRA–H2O2 and SRA–NADH sensors, for electrochemically coupled enzyme based self-referencing biosensors (SRB) for glucose, glutamate and ethanol. These developments in self-referencing sensor technologies offer great promise in extending electroanalytical chemistry and biosensor technologies from the micro to the nanoscale where researchers can study physiology at the sub-cellular and organellar levels.
Supereruptions as a threat to civilizations on earth-like planets

micron atmospheric aerosols and dust. These eruptions may be capable of creating global climatic disturbances sufficient to cause severe problems for world agriculture and modern civilization. Supereruptions are estimated to occur on average about every 50,000 years, which is about twice the frequency of impacts by comets and asteroids ≥1 km diameter predicted to cause similar climatic effects. Prediction, prevention, and mitigation of global volcanic climatic disasters may be potentially more difficult than planetary protection from the threat of large impacts, so that explosive volcanism might limit the longevity of technological civilizations. c � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Effect of interfacial species mixing on phonon transport in semiconductor superlattices

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the effect of interfacial species mixing on the thermal conductivity of Stillinger-Weber $\text{Si}/{\text{Si}}_{0.7}{\text{Ge}}_{0.3}$ and Si/Ge superlattices at a temperature of 500 K. The thermal conductivity of $\text{Si}/{\text{Si}}_{0.7}{\text{Ge}}_{0.3}$ superlattices is predicted to not depend on the interfacial species mixing and to increase with increasing period length. This period length dependence is indicative of incoherent phonon transport and related to decreasing interface density. The thermal conductivity of Si/Ge superlattices is predicted to depend strongly on the interface quality. For Si/Ge superlattices with perfect interfaces, the predicted thermal conductivity decreases with increasing period length before reaching a constant value, a trend indicative of coherent phonon transport. When interfacial species mixing is added to the model, however, the thermal conductivity is predicted to increase with increasing period length, indicating incoherent phonon transport. These results suggest that the assumption of coherent phonon transport made in lattice dynamics--based models may not be justified.
An analysis of the complete strain field within FlexercellTM membranes

The purpose of the current investigation was to use finite element analysis to quantify the complete strain field for the membranes of the Flexercell apparatus, a device extensively used to study the effects of mechanical loading on cultured cells. Four vacuum pressure simulations were run for the membrane for both the uniaxial and biaxial loading post, yielding the distribution of longitudinal (Exx) and transverse (Eyy) strain for the uniaxial post, and the radial (Err) and the circumferential (Ethetatheta) strain for the biaxial post. The discrete values of each strain were evaluated at the center of the loading post as well as the region off of the post. Experimental measurements were made for both types of loading posts in order to validate our simulations. The biaxial post simulation was found to provide a central circular region of equal and constant Err and Ethetatheta in the membrane on the post. Likewise, the uniaxial post simulation provided a definitive region of constant Exx for a central rectangular region on the post. For the uniaxial simulation, the region on the post resulted in small compressive Eyy, while the region off the post resulted in tensile Eyy. The biaxial simulation resulted in large tensile Err and Ethetatheta on the post, while the region off the post resulted in large Err and smaller Ethetatheta. Our simulations were reasonably consistent with the experimental measurements made for both types of loading posts. We believe that the results of this study will allow scientists to more accurately describe the response of cells to known strains on all portions of the membrane, thus increasing the range of known strain regions for investigation in the Flexercell apparatus.
The Energy Cost of Using an Exercise Assist Device During Walking

(2003). The Energy Cost of Using an Exercise Assist Device During Walking. Research in Sports Medicine: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 99-108.
Interstratification and other reaction microstructures in the chlorite-berthierine series

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show there is a series of periodically and nonperiodically interstratified structures composed of berthierine and chlorite layers in low-temperature “chlorite” that is one of the alteration products of granulite-facies Archean ironstone from the eastern border of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana. An antiphase domain structure suggests that the interstratified structures are intermediate transformation products formed by reaction from berthierine (serpentine structure) to chlorite. Periodically interstratified structures consisting of chlorite (C) and serpentine-like (S) (or berthierine) layers include (CS), (CCS), (CCCS), (CCCCS), and (CCCCCCS). The layer sequences in interstratified chlorite-berthierine are indicative of the reaction mechanisms that produce the interstratified structures (e.g., crystallization from solution or solid-state transformation). The reaction from berthierine to chlorite is crystallographically much like a cell-preserved phase transformation, even though it is highly reconstructive. Berthierine can be considered a polymorph of the Fe-rich chlorite mineral chamosite, with berthierine as the los-temperature phase. Interstratification and integrowths in the chlorite-berthierine series may be common phenomena in low-temperature layer silicates resembling chlorite. Although such relations are difficult to recognize from chemical analyses or powder X-ray diffraction patterns, they can be observed readily with TEM method.
Molecular Implications of Evolutionary Differences in CHD Double Chromodomains

Double chromodomains occur in CHD proteins, which are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors implicated in RNA polymerase II transcription regulation. Biochemical studies suggest important differences in the histone H3 tail binding of different CHD chromodomains. In human and Drosophila, CHD1 double chromodomains bind lysine 4-methylated histone H3 tail, which is a hallmark of transcriptionally active chromatin in all eukaryotes. Here, we present the crystal structure of the yeast CHD1 double chromodomains, and pinpoint their differences with that of the human CHD1 double chromodomains. The most conserved residues in these double chromodomains are the two chromoboxes that orient adjacently. Only a subset of CHD chromoboxes can form an aromatic cage for methyllysine binding, and methyllysine binding requires correctly oriented inserts. These factors preclude yeast CHD1 double chromodomains from interacting with the histone H3 tail. Despite great sequence similarity between the human CHD1 and CHD2 chromodomains, variation within an insert likely prevents CHD2 double chromodomains from binding lysine 4-methylated histone H3 tail as efficiently as in CHD1. By using the available structural and biochemical data we highlight the evolutionary specialization of CHD double chromodomains, and provide insights about their targeting capacities.
Perceiving Sympathetically: Moral Perception, Embodiment, and Medical Ethics.

In recent literature on moral perception, much attention has been paid to questions about the relationship between metaethical commitments and moral experience. Far less attention has been paid to the nature of moral perception, its context-sensitivity, and the role it might play in carrying out everyday tasks with decency and care. I would like to reflect on just these features of moral perception in the context of healthcare. I will argue that healthcare providers do in fact have at least an imperfect duty (in Kant’s sense) to develop their capacities to perceive with sympathy. I will further suggest, for some familiar reasons, that this development is not best accomplished through the model of adherence to ‘ethics codes.’
Deep cervical flexor training with a pressure biofeedback unit is an effective method for maintaining neck mobility and muscular endurance in college students with forward head posture

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of deep cervical flexor training on maintaining forward head posture, muscular endurance, and cervical mobility. It also examined the effectiveness of deep cervical flexor training with a pressure biofeedback unit. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty college students were recruited and randomly assigned to groups that underwent either deep cervical flexor training with a pressure biofeedback unit (experimental group, n=10) or conventional deep cervical flexor training (control group, n=10). The craniovertebral angle of each subject was measured with a lateral-view picture. Neck mobility was assessed using a cervical range of motion device and muscular endurance was measured using a pressure biofeedback unit. Both groups performed conventional deep cervical flexor exercises three times a week for six weeks. The experimental group underwent a pressure biofeedback unit training was 5 to10 minutes/day, thrice a week. [Results] Cervical range of motion in the experimental group increased significantly between the end of training and the end of the four week detraining period, compared to that in control group. [Conclusion] Deep cervical flexor training with a pressure biofeedback unit is a useful method for maintaining neck mobility and muscular endurance in people with forward head posture.
Point-Of-Care Ultrasound in Resource-Limited Settings

This article will review existing literature to describe the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the pediatric population in resource-limited settings (RLS). We conducted online searches on the clinical use of POCUS in pediatric and adult care in RLS. Original articles, reviews, opinions, descriptive studies, and case reports in English published between 1992 and 2015 were used. Forty articles were identified relating to POCUS use in pediatrics and adult care in RLS. It is most commonly used for the assessment of dehydration, pneumonia, superficial abscesses, and pericardial effusions as well as in the evaluation of trauma and cardiac function and diagnosing intussusception. Based upon this review, POCUS appears to be a reliable and effective imaging modality. The use of POCUS can decrease time to diagnosis, can reduce complications of pediatric emergency conditions, and should be considered as a mainstay for clinicians working in RLS.
Thomsen parameter relationships and estimation from laboratory ultrasonic data

Summary The Thomsen anisotropy parameters are used in seismic processing, in-situ stress estimation, and to describe materials in general. Here we provide a basic overview of potential risks for laboratory measurements on transversely isotropic materials. Then we apply an inversion scheme on data from the literature to determine the most representative sets of Thomsen anisotropy parameters. We interpret the results in terms of the Thomsen parameters e and δ for typical Thomsen parameter relationships.
Issues in the Flexible Integration of Sputter-Deposited PZT Thin Films with Polysilicon and Ti/Pt Electrode Layers for Use as Sensors and Actuators in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS)

Sputter-deposited piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films with Ti/Pt and polysilicon electrode layers are being investigated for use in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). Existing research shows the nucleation of the perovskite phase of the PZT is linked to the lattice spacing of the underlying Pt electrode and/or seed layers, and is key in obtaining PZT layers with good piezoelectric/ferroelectric properties. Our research with piezoelectric PZT films on Ti/Pt electrode layers aims at employing these films to generate and receive acoustic waves in flexural plate wave devices (FPWs). Our experiments indicate the formation of a random polycrystalline perovskite phase is linked to the emergence of oriented Pt grains within the dominant -oriented crystal structure during rapid thermal annealing in an oxygen environment. Pt films annealed in nitrogen, in contrast, retained their preferential orientation without the formation of Pt grains. PZT films deposited on these electrodes and annealed in nitrogen were strongly oriented in the direction, but exhibited lossy ferroelectric behavior and were prone to delamination. We are also investigating the feasibility of using doped polysilicon electrode layers with PZT thin films. The multiple layers used with the Pt electrode (Pt, Ti, and SiO 2 adhesion layer) have significant interactions with one another, and replacing these layers with a single electrode layer should alleviate these complications. A low-temperature PZT deposition process (300°C) and short annealing cycles (30 sec.), coupled with a TiO 2 barrier/seed layer should prevent interdiffusion and reactions between the polysilicon and PZT layers. Our experiments show that PZT films deposited and annealed on doped polysilicon layers develop a random polycrystalline perovskite phase, but are subject to tensile cracking. The use of polysilicon as an electrode layer should also facilitate the integration of piezoelectric PZT layers with polysilicon surface micromachined structures using SiGe sacrificial layers.