cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of reburning for advanced NO(x) control on coal-fired boilers

This paper summarizes an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the chemical constraints of the reburning process and identify reburning configurations for optimal NOx reduction in coal-fired boilers. Tests were performed on a bench scale tunnel furnace to characterize and optimize the fuel-rich reburning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Detailed measurements ofunburned hydrocarbons, CO, NH3, and HCN were made at the reburning zone exit. The influence of the concentrations of reactive species was examined as were temperature effects for both the reburning and burnout zone. Results indicated that reburning zone chemistry was not rate limiting. The impacts of temperature and burnout zone oxidation were of major importance. Integration of the optimum reburning and burnout zone configurations resulted in increased NOx reduction. Over 85 percent reduction in NOx emissions was achieved with ammonium sulfate injection in the burnout zone under optimum reburning conditions.
Sampled-data filter design for linear parameter varying systems

In the present paper, we address the sampleddata filtering synthesis problem for continuous-time linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. The filtering error system obtained from augmenting the original LPV system and the sampled-data filter is a hybrid system. The design objective is to guarantee the system stability and a prescribed level of the induced energy-to-energy gain (or H ∞ norm) from the disturbance input to the estimation error. To this end, we employ the concept of lifting to derive an equivalent discrete-time LPV system. The discretizing method using the lifting approach is such that it would preserve the H ∞ norm. The viability of the proposed design method to cope with variable sampling rates will be shown through numerical examples, where reliable estimation of the LPV system outputs can be achieved.
Latexin sensitizes leukemogenic cells to gamma-irradiation-induced cell-cycle arrest and cell death through Rps3 pathway

Leukemia is a leading cause of cancer death. Recently, the latexin (Lxn) gene was identified as a potential tumor suppressor in several types of solid tumors and lymphoma, and Lxn expression was found to be absent or downregulated in leukemic cells. Whether Lxn functions as a tumor suppressor in leukemia and what molecular and cellular mechanisms are involved are unknown. In this study, the myeloid leukemogenic FDC-P1 cell line was used as a model system and Lxn was ectopically expressed in these cells. Using the protein pull-down assay and mass spectrometry, ribosomal protein subunit 3 (Rps3) was identified as a novel Lxn binding protein. Ectopic expression of Lxn inhibited FDC-P1 growth in vitro. More surprisingly, Lxn enhanced gamma irradiation-induced DNA damages and induced cell-cycle arrest and massive necrosis, leading to depletion of FDC-P1 cells. Mechanistically, Lxn inhibited the nuclear translocation of Rps3 upon radiation, resulting in abnormal mitotic spindle formation and chromosome instability. Rps3 knockdown increased the radiation sensitivity of FDC-P1, confirming that the mechanism of action of Lxn is mediated by Rps3 pathway. Moreover, Lxn enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agent, VP-16, on FDC-P1 cells. Our study suggests that Lxn itself not only suppresses leukemic cell growth but also potentiates the cytotoxic effect of radio- and chemotherapy on cancer cells. Lxn could be a novel molecular target that improves the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy.
Is there value in susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing chronic infection in patients with cystic fibrosis

There are over 50,000 individuals worldwide with cystic fibrosis (CF). The hallmark of this autosomal recessive genetic disorder is chronic pulmonary infection, eventually resulting in cardiopulmon...
The stroke patient who woke up: clinical and radiological features, including diffusion and perfusion MRI.

Background and Purpose — Time of stroke onset is uncertain for patients who wake from sleep with stroke. Functional imaging techniques may allow estimation of benefit and risk of acute stroke therapy. We compared the clinical and multimodal MRI findings of patients with uncertain stroke onset with those with known onset time. Methods — Patients imaged within 24 hours of ischemic stroke onset between January 1997 and June 2000 were identified from a prospective stroke registry. Clinical and imaging data from patients with known stroke onset (group I) were compared with those who woke with stroke (group II). Results — A total of 364 patients were identified, of whom 100 (27%) woke from sleep with stroke. Group I and group II did not differ in age, gender, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, or TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) diagnoses. Time from stroke onset was shorter in group I (mean 6.0 versus 13.3 hours, P <0.001); time from detection did not differ between groups (6.0 versus 5.9 hours). Within 3 hours, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) lesion volumes were similar in both groups; DWI-PWI mismatch was present in 82% of group I and 73% of group II patients. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) of group I patients was negatively associated with DWI volume (β=−0.324, P =0.004) and time from stroke onset (β=−0.238, P =0.031) in multivariate analysis. The mean ADC of group II patients was lower than that of group I patients within 3 hours of stroke detection (mean 556 versus 665 μm2/s, P <0.01), but individual group II patients had ADC values as high as 742 μm2/s, in addition to a DWI-PWI mismatch pattern. Conclusions — Onset time is uncertain in over one quarter of acute ischemic stroke patients. Clinical features of these patients do not differ significantly from those with known onset time. Some patients who wake with stroke seem to have favorable imaging characteristics for acute stroke therapy. Further study is needed to determine whether criteria for therapy based on imaging parameters can safely be applied to these patients.
Some Recent Developments in Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics

This talk reviews some recent trends in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, with emphasis on higher orders in perturbation theory, resummation and power corrections.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pediatric pain management service: A survey

Carolina, USA Abstract Objective. To survey the use of complementary and alternative medical therapies by pediatric pain management services affiliated with major universities. Design. A telephone survey was conducted of pediatric anesthesia training programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in the United States. The survey instrument included questions on the provision of complementary and alternative medical therapies in their pediatric pain programs. Results. Forty-three pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs (100%) responded to the survey. Thirty-eight institutions (86%) offered one or more complementary and alternative medical ther- apies for their patients. Those therapies included biofeedback (65%), guided imagery (49%), relaxation therapy (33%), massage (35%), hypnosis (44%), acupuncture (33%), art therapy (21%), and meditation (21%). Conclusions. This report documents trends in complementary and alternative medical therapies usage in the tertiary pediatric pain management service. There is a high prevalence in the integra- tion of complementary and alternative medical therapies in pediatric pain management programs. Additional clinical research in the safety and efficacy in complementary and alternative medical therapies for pediatric pain management is urgently needed.
Biosynthesis of prostatic acid phosphatase in a normal human cell line

Abstract The biosynthesis of the prostatic form of human acid phosphatase was studied in normal embryonic lung cells, WI-38, by metabolic labeling with tritiated leucine and [ 32 P]phosphate, followed by specific immunoprecipitation, gel electrophoresis, and fluorography. Of the total tartrate-inhibitable acid phosphatase activity in WI-38 cells, 30% is due to the prostatic form. The primary translation product that leads eventually to the mature prostatic enzyme is a precursor polypeptide of 112 kDa. The precursor polypeptide is processed to mature polypeptides of 59, 55, and 49 kDa via an intermediate 91-kDa precursor. WI-38 cells also secrete a 113-kDa peptide into the medium. The precursor and mature polypeptides are glycosylated and phosphorylated. Upon treatment with endo-β-hexosaminidase H, the apparent molecular weights of the polypeptides are reduced by approximately 4 kDa and phosphate is lost.
Central motor drive is increased during voluntary muscle contractions in multiple sclerosis

To test the hypothesis that central motor drive is increased during voluntary contractions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, we recorded the surface electromyogram (EMG) and force from the tibialis anterior muscle during isometric dorsiflexion in 14 MS and 18 control subjects. Measurements were obtained during contractions at 10-100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), incremented by 10% MVC. Integrated EMG (% maximum) was elevated in MS compared to controls from 10 to 70% MVC (pairwise, P < 0.05; main effect, P=0.001). MS severity (Expanded Disability Status Scale) was highly correlated to the individual slopes of the EMG/force relationship (r=-0.87, P < 0.001). We conclude that central motor drive in MS is increased throughout a large range of submaximal contractions and that this increase is associated with overall disease severity.
Lipid management in diabetic patients: lessons from prevention trials

Diabetes is associated with greatly enhanced risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), a correlation that justifies aggressive risk intervention in diabetic individuals. Lipid abnormalities in diabetes frequently consist of elevated triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Subgroup analyses of primary and secondary prevention trials with fibrates and statins indicate that lipid modification in diabetic patients is associated with significant CHD risk reduction. In 1 angiographic study (Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study) fibrate treatment was shown to reduce the rate of atherosclerotic progression. A primary prevention study of statin treatment (West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study) showed reduced risk for progression to diabetes in a post hoc analysis. Optimal lipid-modifying treatment in individuals with diabetes remains to be defined. Upcoming trials with diabetic cohorts will improve our understanding of how lipid treatment affects CHD risk in this patient population.
Free-space optical code-division multiple-access system design

This paper describes an optical direct-detection multiple access communications system for free-space satellite networks utilizing code-division multiple-access (CDMA) and forward error correction (FEC) coding. System performance is characterized by how many simultaneous users operating at data rate R can be accommodated in a signaling bandwidth W. The performance of two CDMA schemes, optical orthogonal codes (OOC) with FEC and orthogonal convolutional codes (OCC), is calculated and compared to information-theoretic capacity bounds. The calculations include the effects of background and detector noise as well as nonzero transmitter extinction ratio and power imbalance among users. A system design for 10 kbps multiple-access communications between low-earth orbit satellites is given. With near- term receiver technology and representative system losses, a 15 W peak-power transmitter provides 10 -6 BER performance with seven interfering users and full moon background in the receiver FOV. The receiver employs an array of discrete wide-area avalanche photodiodes (APD) for wide field of view coverage. Issues of user acquisition and synchronization, implementation technology, and system scalability are also discussed.
The mechanism of coupling chemical and physical reactions by the calcium ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum and other coupled vectorial systems

The coupling of the chemical reaction of ATP hydrolysis to the transport of calcium from the cytoplasm into the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles can be defined by a set of rules that define alternating changes in the specificities of the enzyme for catalysis of chemical and physical reactions.
Investigation of the noise-like structures of the total scattering cross-section of random media.

The pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) algorithm is implemented to numerically solve Maxwell’s equations to obtain the optical properties of millimeter-scale random media consisting of hundreds of micron-scale dielectric scatterers. Our methodology accounts for near-field interactions and coherent interference effects that are not easily modeled using other techniques. In this paper, we show that the total scattering cross-section (TSCS) of a cluster of closely packed scatterers exhibits a high-frequency oscillation structure, similar to noise. Furthermore, the characteristics and origin of such noise-like oscillation structure have been analyzed and determined based on first-principles.
Synthesis of Different CeO2 Structures on Mesoporous Silica and Characterization of Their Reduction Properties

An investigation was performed to establish the effects of precursor composition on the structure of ceria deposited onto mesoporous silicas, MCM-41 and SBA-15. The structure of the deposited ceria was characterized by XRD, TEM, Raman and UV−visible spectroscopy, XANES, and EXAFS. Using Ce(acac)3 as the precursor resulted in formation of 3 nm diameter ceria particles located predominantly in the mouths of the support pores. Amorphous agglomerates, but with domains of comparable size to those obtained using Ce(acac)3, were obtained using Ce(OiPr)4. Much smaller domains and a high degree of dispersion were obtained using Ce(OtBu)4 as the precursor. The structure of the deposited ceria affects its reduction−reoxidation properties. Reduction and reoxidation are almost fully reversible for the nanoparticles. Only surface reduction is observed up to 723 K, whereas partial bulk reduction takes place at higher reduction temperatures. In case of the well-dispersed, layerlike Ce species on the silica surface, an ex...
WHY WAIT?: EXAMINING DELAYED WIC PARTICIPATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN

Despite the benefits of prenatal participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), many eligible women either do not participate or begin participation late in their pregnancies. Using recent nationally representative data, we find that more disadvantaged women are more likely to access WIC and, with some notable exceptions, to participate earlier in their pregnancies. Hispanic women, especially those with language difficulties, enroll in WIC later in their pregnancies. Early WIC participation, particularly among teenagers, is less likely among women experiencing a first birth and depends on the mother’s early recognition of her pregnancy. (JEL I18, I30)
Determining the proper response to online extortion

Since business functions in a virtual world, many feel that online business crimes must be handled in a new way. These crimes are too often treated as an IT problem to be solved internally with proper procedures and technology. Putting security tools and practices in place is crucial, but online crime, like the offline version, shouldn't be handled alone. The only solution to this growing problem is to build up internal protections, then work with industry peers and law enforcement to build a common defense. This paper analyzes the most common forms of online extortion, and the most effective responses to them.
Rituximab treatment for a patient with type I cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

Renal involvement in type I cryoglobulinemia is uncommon, and management of such disease is difficult and remains poorly defined. Pandrangi and colleagues describe their experience of using rituximab—a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that selectively depletes CD20+B cells—as a novel approach for treating the renal disease of a patient with type I cryoglobulinemia-associated glomerulonephritis. Background A 74-year-old woman with a history of type I cryoglobulinemia with glomerulonephritis that had been successfully treated with plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide approximately 9 years earlier presented with hemoptysis and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Evaluation revealed the reappearance of cryoglobulins and nephrotic-range proteinuria. In addition, the patient's serum creatinine level, which had been stable for approximately 9 years after her first treatment, had increased from 79.2 µmol/l (0.9 mg/dl) to 281.6 µmol/l (3.2 mg/dl) over 6 months. Investigations Physical examination, serum and urine laboratory analyses, CT scan, mediastinoscopy with lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph node tissue, and percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. Diagnosis Type I cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis associated with a CD20+ lymphoid disorder. Management One plasmapheresis treatment, one dose of cyclophosphamide, and four weekly cycles of rituximab.
A discrete action principle for electrodynamics and the construction of explicit symplectic integrators for linear, non-dispersive media

In this work, we derive a discrete action principle for electrodynamics that can be used to construct explicit symplectic integrators for Maxwell's equations. Different integrators are constructed depending on the choice of discrete Lagrangian used to approximate the action. By combining discrete Lagrangians in an explicit symplectic partitioned Runge-Kutta method, an integrator capable of achieving any order of accuracy is obtained. Using the von Neumann stability analysis, we show that the integrators greatly increase the numerical stability and reduce the numerical dispersion compared to other methods. For practical purposes, we demonstrate how to implement the integrators using many features of the finite-difference time-domain method. However, our approach is also applicable to other spatial discretizations, such as those used in finite element methods. Using this implementation, numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the ability of the integrators to efficiently reduce and maintain a minimal amount of numerical dispersion, particularly when the time-step is less than the stability limit. The integrators are therefore advantageous for modeling large, inhomogeneous computational domains.
Landscape of Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides clinical outcomes equivalent to those achieved when the same regimen is provided in the adjuvant setting. The therapeutic response to neoadjuvant treatment may include a reduction in tumor burden that alleviates the morbidity associated with locoregional therapy. Important prognostic information can be gained based on the response to treatment and knowing the quantity and biology of the residual disease. The evaluation of investigational agents in the neoadjuvant setting is of particular value for accelerating drug development. This review highlights landmark trials and contemporary perspectives on neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, treatment response as a prognostic biomarker, use of the neoadjuvant paradigm for new drug development, and clinical advances in neoadjuvant therapy by molecular subtype of breast cancer.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of ragaglitazar, a novel biliary excreted PPAR dual activator

Allometric scaling has been used as an effective tool for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters. Allometry has been a useful approach for the analysis of compounds that are eliminated unchanged in the urine and/or exhibit similar metabolic patterns across species. However, it has been a challenging issue to correctly predict human pharmacokinetic parameters for drugs that are eliminated intact and/or as conjugates in the bile. Ragaglitazar is a novel, non-thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α- and γ-agonist. In our investigation, preclinical pharmacokinetic data on ragaglitazar were gathered for several animal species (mice, rats, rabbits and dogs). Ragaglitazar when administered orally has shown a low clearance rate (Cl/F; 15% of hepatic blood flow). A qualitative estimation of rat bile has unequivocally confirmed the elimination of ragaglitazar in the bile. The human pharmacokinetic data are also indicative of the involvement of enterohepatic biliary recycling. In order to predict key parameters such as Cl/F and volume of distribution (V/F), simple allometry was the approach adopted at the onset. Although V/F scaled adequately, it failed to accurately predict human Cl/F. Therefore, standard correction factors such as maximum life span potential (MLP) and brain weight were also included. Although such modifications improved the linearity (r 2>0.9), they failed to predict the investigated values. Further incorporation of correction factors particularly relevant to biliary excreted drugs improved the prediction of these values. Interestingly, the exclusion of dog data from the interspecies scaling considerably improved the prediction of both Cl/F and V/F.
Quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray analysis using relativek-ratios

A new energy-dispersive X-ray technique has been developed for rapid quantitative analysis in the scanning electron microscope. The relative sensitivity is first established for as many elements as can be obtained in pure solid form. These values need only be measured once for a given accelerating potential and X-ray take-off angle. Relative sensitivities for elements not measured may be obtained by interpolation. Quantitative analysis may then be made by dividing the relative characteristic intensity for each element present by its respective elemental sensitivity. The ratios are subsequently adjusted by means of an iterative technique, using one of the commonly used electron microprobe matrix correction methods, until a set of concentrations which total 100% is obtained. The technique offers the advantages that neither the electron beam current nor the counting time enter into the calculations. Therefore, arbitrary counting times and unstable electron beam currents may be used. It is not necessary for standards to be continually analyzed; a single spectrum combined with the original sensitivity data contain all the information required for the analysis.
Animal Model for Determining the No-Effect Level of an Antimicrobial Drug on Drug Resistance in the Lactose-Fermenting Enteric Flora

Mature beagles were fed a ground-meal diet containing 0, 2, or 10 μg of oxytetracycline per g for 44 days. The 10-μg/g diet resulted in a shift from a predominantly drug-susceptible population of enteric lactose-fermenting organisms to a multiply antibiotic-resistant population which peaked at 78% resistant organisms. Since a shift to drug-resistant organisms did not occur in the group fed 2 μg/g, the level of oxytetracycline that results in increased incidence of antibiotic resistance lies between 2 and 10 μg/g in this dog model. Rats and hamsters fed diets containing oxytetracycline (10 μg/g or greater) or dihydrostreptomycin (10 μg/g), and provided suspensions of drug-susceptible Escherichia coli , did not develop a population of antibiotic-resistant organisms.
Passive hemagglutinating antibodies in cerebrospinal fluids in herpesvirus hominis encephalitis. 1.

SummaryPassive hemagglutinating antibodies (PHA) to herpesvirus hominis were assayed in spinal fluids obtained during illnesses in seven patients with herpesvirus encephalitis. There were five cases in adults due to type 1 virus, and two perinatal type 2 infections. CSF-PHA were present in each case. Antibodies in CSF were IgM in the neonatal cases, but predominantly IgG in the rest. PHA in spinal fluid do not correlate with degree of meningeal injury as indicated by pleocytoses or protein. Kinetics of rises in PHA in spinal fluids and sera suggest that the antiherpesvirus antibodies in the central nervous system may be locally produced. PHA to herpesviruses were virtually absent in spinal fluids of 35 control patients with various conditions requiring lumbar puncture.
A complete classification of Darwinian extinction in ecological interactions.

Abstract: The evolution of a population by individual‐level natural selection can result in the population’s extinction. Selection causes the spread of phenotypes with higher relative fitness, but at the same time, selection can also indirectly produce changes in the physical, biotic, or genotypical environment through population interactions (e.g., environment modification, interspecific interactions, and genomic conflict). Because fitness is environment dependent, this can cause mean fitness to decrease, resulting in extinction. I call this process “Darwinian extinction.” Examples of Darwinian extinction include a variety of dynamics and modes of extinction, but the variation is constrained. I determine the complete classification of possible dynamics and modes of Darwinian extinction due to ecological interactions, using bifurcation theory and models with ecological and evolutionary changes occurring on different timescales. This classification is also extended to extinctions due to interactions within...
Recorded magnetic tape for information interchange (1600 CPI, phase encoded)

This proposed American National Standard has been accepted for publication by American National Standards Committee X3, Computers and Information Processing. In order that the final version of the proposed standard reflect the largest public consensus, X3 authorized publication of this document to elicit comment and general public reaction, with the understanding that such a working document is an intermediate result in the standardization process and is subject to change, modification, or withdrawal in part or in whole. Comments should be directed to the X3 Secretary, Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, 1828 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036.—C.K.
ab initio determination of bond dissociation energies: The first‐row diatomics co, N2, NO, O2, and F2

The basis set convergence of the bond dissociation energies of the first-row diatomic molecules CO, N2, NO, O2, and F2 has been studied using fourth-order Moller–Plesset theory (MP4). Starting with a split-valence plus polarization basis set, improvements in the basis set are considered which involve expansion of the valence portion to triple-zeta quality, addition of diffuse s and p functions, expansion to multiple sets of d-type polarization functions, and the inclusion of f-type functions. For F2, which contains a single bond, the addition of diffuse s and p functions has the most important effect on the dissociation energy. The dissociation energies of the remaining molecules, which all involve multiple bonds, are strongly affected by inclusion of multiple sets of d functions and a set of f functions. The largest basis set used provides bond dissociation energies for these molecules that are in close agreement with spectroscopic data.
Population Dynamics of the Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Strawberries Grown Under Protected Structure

A well developed management plan is in place for control of pests such as the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in field and greenhouse grown strawberry, Fragaria ananassa Duchesne; however, an integrated pest management approach to control the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), is not available. In order to initiate an effective program for the cotton aphid, the population dynamics of the aphid and the effectiveness of the pink spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), to control aphids were studied on greenhouse strawberry. Results from this experiment established peaks of aphid infestation throughout the growing season and location of different cotton aphid life forms on the plant. The greatest positive response of the pink spotted lady beetle to cotton aphid occurred at high prey density. This characteristic indicates that the pink spotted lady beetle may be a good candidate for augmentative biological control of cotton aphid on strawberry in the greenhouse. This study provides a basis for developing a biological control of cotton aphid component for an integrated strawberry pest management program.
Control design for reconfigurability

This paper is concerned with the design of reconfigurable control laws for fault tolerant systems. From the control design point of view the issue of performance robustness during the system normal operation versus failure sensitivity at the time of a system component failure is addressed. To achieve a balanced design, a parametrized set of controllers satisfying a prescribed performance level is first constructed, and then the parameter is optimized under a detection criterion that sensitizes the measurements to some specific failures.
Regional Integration Through Contracting Networks: An Empirical Analysis of Institutional Collection Action Framework

This article advances two general hypotheses, bonding and bridging, to explain the process by which local governments decide whether to enter into contracts. The characteristics of goods and services are important factors in these decisions. In high asset-specificity transactions, the bridging hypothesis predicts local governments will establish ties with only a few “high status” actors, whereas in transactions for services with measurement difficulties, the bonding hypothesis predicts local governments will establish ties with partners of their existing partners to pool resources and reduce commitment risks. The general hypotheses are tested using agreements for law enforcement activities linking 66 actors in the Orlando-Kissimmee metropolitan area during five time periods (i.e., between 1986 and 2003). Using simulation investigation network analysis (SIENA) techniques, this study finds strong statistical support for these hypotheses.
English Language Learners: Developing Literacy in Second-Language Learners—Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth

Based on concerns about the increasing numbers of English Language Learners in U.S. schools and the documented academic underperformance of this group, particularly in the domain of literacy, the federal government provided funding for a panel of experts to synthesize the knowledge base in the field and provide recommendations for future research. In 2006, the long awaited and much heralded Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth was published in a book entitled Developing Literacy in Second Language Learners (August & Shanahan, 2006). The purpose of this essay review is to describe the contents of this volume, and to examine it through the dual lenses of theory and policy.
Two-dimensional harmonic retrieval and its time-domain analysis technique

The two-dimensional harmonic retrieval is examined in theory by confirming that the 2-D sinusoids in white noise are modeled as a special 2-D autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process whose AR parameters are identical to the MA ones. A new analysis technique for resolving 2-D sinusoids in white noise is proposed. >
Radiative tau production and decay.

A study of the muon decay channel of the τ lepton with the presence of a photon has been carried out to verify theoretical predictions for the production rate of e + e - → τ + τ - γ and for the branching ratio of τ - → ν τ µ - ν µ γ. Included in this study is the first direct measurement of radiative tau decay. Using e + e - annihilation data taken at 29 GeV center-of-mass energy with the Mark II detector, we find the ratio of the measured τ - → ν τ µ - ν µ γ branching fraction to the expected value from QED to be 1.03 ± 0.42. The ratio of measured-to-predicted number of events from radiative T production, e + e - → τ + τ - γ, where one of the τ's decay to μνν is found to be 0.91 ± 0.20. We have not seen an indication of anomalous behavior in radiative tau events.
The initial characterization of the iron environment in lipoxygenase by Mössbauer spectroscopy

The incorporation of 57Fe into two lipoxygenase isoenzymes from soybeans has been achieved making possible the first observations of the iron environment in these proteins using Mossbauer spectroscopy. Immature soybean seeds were grown in tissue culture medium supplied with 57Fe. The iron in the active lipoxygenases that were isolated from the cultured seeds was readily detected in Mossbauer measurements. It was unequivocally demonstrated that the native enzyme contains high-spin Fe(II). Based on the sign of the electric field gradient, the most likely ligand sphere for the iron in native lipoxygenase consists of oxygen and nitrogen ligands in a roughly octahedral field of symmetry. It was possible to detect Mossbauer signals in highly concentrated samples of native lipoxygenases containing 57Fe at natural abundance. The spectra obtained for enriched and natural abundance native enzyme had the same high-spin Fe(II) Mossbauer parameters. This confirmed that the environment of the iron in enzymes isolated from cultured seeds and dry soybeans were the same. The Mossbauer spectra (4.2-250 K) for samples of both isoenzymes after oxidation of the iron in native enzyme by the product of lipoxygenase catalysis were extremely broad (20 mm/s) with no obvious narrow resonance lines. This was the result of the existence of paramagnetically broadened spectra for such samples even at relatively high temperature as evidenced by the appropriate EPR signal. A small molecule containing an iron site sharing many of these Mossbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance properties with lipoxygenase was identified: Fe(II)/(III).diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.
Playthings that do things: a young kid's "incredibles"!

This paper looks into a small collection of animated toys, or "AniMates", which I describe in terms of the mental elbowroom each provides for exploring and enacting issues of agency, identity, attachment, and control. Toys are selected for their varying degrees of autonomy and responsiveness, and for their lasting popularity, or capacity to captivate commonly held passions. As will become clear through the examples, animated toys need not be computational to qualify as AniMates. Many classical toys exhibit creature-like qualities, such as self-propelled movement (wind-up toys) or the ability to keep a bearing (tops and gyros). And many no-tech or low-tech toys exist, which afford the thrill of controlling things at a distance (kites, string puppets). My purpose is to highlight some of the relational qualities that, beyond functionality, endow AniMates with the power to draw us in, amuse and delight us and, above all, re-enact some of the hurdles that growing up entails---an indirect hint to toy-bots/tech-toys designers.
Method and Theory in American Archeology: An Operational Basis for Culture-Historical Integration

IN REVIEWING past and current trends of American archeological thinking, it seems possible, without violent oversimplification, to discern three general and more or less sequent points of view. The older antiquarianism of the nineteenth century gave place to the “scientific” archeology of the twentieth, and this in turn is undergoing profound modification, the end of which is not in sight. The motivations of antiquarianism were almost as numerous and diverse as the antiquarians and their private interests, whereas the prevalent point of view of the “scientific” era was order and system. The archeolo- gist not only concerned himself with phenomena, but sought their meaning in patterned relationships. Such patterns were pursued through descriptive taxonomy or taxonomy combined with temporal and spatial distribution studies. For the most part the outlook was that, with sound field work, careful analysis, and classification, the archeologist discharged his duties to science and society. The over-all problem, so far as it was envisaged at all, was seen as the bit-by-bit discovery of a pre-existing order in the culture-historical universe, the outlines of which would miraculously emerge when sufficient pieces were ready to be fitted together. Thank Heaven, archeology was not a “theoretical” science but something “you could get your teeth into.” As time wore on, however, and the archeologist got his teeth into mountainous accumulations of facts, the expected miracle failed to take place. Something was apparently wrong with the “jigsaw” hypothesis. It became apparent that such order as could be discerned was not altogether inherent in the data but was in large part the product of the means employed to organize the data. In short, the means, if not becoming the ends, had assumed a determinative importance in relation to them. It became, then, necessary to examine those means and the conceptual bases that underlay them. That is the stage we are in at present and in the following pages we propose to examine the main lines of theory that have so far emerged in the Americas and to make certain suggestions about future possibilities.
Distribution of nanoparticles throughout the cerebral cortex of rodents and non-human primates: implications for gene and drug therapy

When nanoparticles/proteins are infused into the brain, they are often transported to distal sites in a manner that is dependent both on the characteristics of the infusate and the region targeted. We have previously shown that AAV is disseminated within the brain by perivascular flow and also by axonal transport. Perivascular distribution usually does not depend strongly on the nature of the infusate. Many proteins, neutral liposomes and AAV particles distribute equally well by this route when infused under pressure into various parenchymal locations. In contrast, axonal transport requires receptor-mediated uptake of AAV by neurons and engagement with specific transport mechanisms previously demonstrated for other neurotropic viruses. Cerebrospinal fluid represents yet another way in which brain anatomy may be exploited to distribute nanoparticles broadly in the central nervous system. In this study, we assessed the distribution and perivascular transport of nanoparticles of different sizes delivered into the parenchyma of rodents and cerebrospinal fluid in non-human primates.
Symptomatology and Loss of Physical Functioning Among Geriatric Patients with Lung Cancer

In this study of 129 geriatric patients with lung cancer, we investigated how symptom severity varied according to treatment type, stage of disease, and gender; how change in physical functioning (prediagnosis versus post-hospital discharge) was predicted by symptomatology, prior physical functioning, comorbidity, and age; and whether differences exist according to stage of disease, treatment status, or gender. Data were gathered through patient interviews and audits of patient records. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques revealed that there were no significant differences in average symptom severity scores by gender, treatment categories, or stages of disease. Significant predictors of loss of physical functioning were symptom severity, prior physical functioning and patient age. Characteristics of a profile for elderly lung cancer patients at high risk of suffering substantial losses in physical functioning include higher prior levels of physical functioning, higher levels of current symptomatology, and lower age.
Hegemonic discourse and self- discipline: Exploring Foucault's concept of bio-power among public relations professionals

This qualitative study of 20 public relations practitioners examines power in public relations through the lens of bio-power – the control and management of human life through regulatory and discursive forces (Foucault, 1978; Macey, 2009; Vogelaar, 2007). Results suggest that biopower exists as (1) hegemonic knowledges of ‘brokering information’, ‘shaping public opinion’, ‘adding value’, and ‘pleasing people’ and (2) disciplining forces of a workaholic culture and self-censorship. Findings suggest that based on specific hegemonic discourses about public relations, practitioners encounter bio-power and discipline themselves to conform with industry hegemonic discourses.
Talking about Sex: The Discourses of loveLife Peer Educators in South Africa.

loveLife is a high profile, expensive and controversial nationwide awareness and prevention campaign that has been addressed at young South Africans since 1999. This paper examines the discourses 20 Black youths used to narrate their involvements, satisfactions and difficulties as peer educators. The primary data sources are individual interviews with the peer educators along with a review of printed materials in English and visits to one loveLife Y‐Centre in KwaZulu‐Natal and to the loveLife provincial office in Durban. The analysis develops four themes in the talk of the groundBreakers: knowledge and self‐knowledge, personal development, generational conflict with parents over talking about sex and poverty. These themes are discussed in relation to broader discourses on representations of youth, the pushes and pulls of modernity and tradition, agency and dependency.
The Biology of the Prothoracicotropic Hormone Peptidergic Neurons in an Insect

SYNOPSIS. The prothoracicotropic hormone and the cerebral peptidergic neurons that produce it have traditionally been thought to have the singular function of acting as a primary effector of insect postembryonic development. Recent investigations of this neuroendocrine axis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta , are leading to a new view that these peptidergic neurons and their peptide phenotypes may be multifunctional. They may act in different ways depending upon the animal's developmental stage and site of phenotype release. The possibility for this functional diversity of the prothoracicotropic hormone is possibly even greater due to multiple neuronal sites of peptide expression within the central nervous system. Similarly, the L-NSC III may have more functions due to the expression of multiple peptide phenotypes. The data, thus far, have not enabled us to identify additional physiological roles for the peptide, but they have provided insight into the experimental approaches that might be effective in resolving these functions.
The fluid dynamical context of chemosensory behavior

The fluid mechanical environment provides the context in which denizens of aquatic realms, as well as terrestrial creatures, use chemoperception to search for objects. Our ability to understand the nature of olfactory-guided navigation rests on our proficiency at characterizing the fluid dynamic setting and at relating properties of flow to behavioral and sensory mechanisms. This work reviews some fluid dynamical concepts that are particularly useful in describing aspects of flow relevant to chemosensory navigation, and it considers studies of orientation in animals in light of these principles. Comparisons across broadly different fluid environments suggest that particular sensory and behavioral mechanisms may be tailored to specific flow regimes and stimulus environments. This is clearly evident when examining animals that operate in high vs. low Reynolds number flows. In other cases, animals may converge on common solutions in given flow regimes in spite of differences in taxonomic class or size. Potential parallels may include behavior of aquatic vs. terrestrial arthropods, and animals without fixed reference points in flows dominated by molecular vs. turbulent diffusion. In an effort to add further fluid dynamical underpinnings to navigational strategies, I suggest how simple nondimensional categorization of behavior in relation to flow may aid in identifying the forces underlying common elements, even across animals of seemingly disparate size and scale.
Conceptual design of a driving habit recognition framework

All drivers operate vehicles differently and demonstrate varying habits behind the wheel. Some drivers may execute vehicle maneuvers more cautiously than others, and some drivers may operate the vehicle with extreme inefficiencies. The habits developed by drivers can be viewed as a sequence or pattern of events that uniquely define the habitual behavior of the vehicle operator. In this paper, a conceptual design of a recognition system is discussed to classify sequences or patterns in vehicle data extracted from the Engine Control Unit in order to provide information about the vehicle operator's driving habits. Through an application of accepted pattern recognition techniques, Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory, and Modern Control System Theory, a conceptual system framework was realized. To complement the conceptual design relationships between certain vehicle data parameters and certain human behaviors, models were developed to demonstrate these relationships created by this conceptual framework. These relationships were categorized and simulated in terms of vehicle safety and efficiency. Variables or factors were chosen to develop driving habit behavior models, such as wheel slippage, vehicle braking, fuel efficiency, and base or vehicle efficiency. The new conceptual framework was successfully validated through MATLAB simulations, consisting of 4 behavior models with a range of 11 variants. Evaluations of these behaviors provided the necessary feedback, via direct mapping of vehicle data points to a continuum of behavior types, to improve the vehicle operator's decision making.
The Desperate Need for Replications

An overemphasis on creativity for evaluating research has lead to a serious devaluation of replication studies. However, we need a total sample size of \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $N=153,669$ \end{document} to estimate a causal effect to two digits, which is quite rare for a single study. The only way to get accurate estimation is to average across replications. If the average sample size were as high as \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usep...
Gentamicin traffics rapidly and directly to the Golgi complex in LLC-PK1 cells

To study the intracellular mechanisms of aminoglycoside toxicity, we used a 1:1 fluorescent conjugate of Texas Red and gentamicin (TRG) to quantify early uptake dynamics in renal epithelial (LLC-PK...
Frequency-resolved coherent rayleigh scattering at low densities with nearly-degenerate four-wave mixing

Nonresonant four-wave mixing in rarefied gases in which the nonlinearity arises from microscopic velocity perturbations induced by electrostriction has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The spectral distribution of the signal beam was computed from a solution to Boltzmann's equation with a periodic force due to the optical fields. Calculated spectral profiles of scattering from CH 4 , N 2 , CO 2 , and SO 2 in the Knudsen regime are shown to be in excellent agreement with measured lineshapes, which are approximately 10% wider than corresponding spontaneous Rayleigh scattering profiles. Our results indicate that coherent Rayleigh scattering is a promising nonresonant gas-phase temperature diagnostic for neutral and weakly-ionized gases at low to moderate densities. © 2000 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.