cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rotation and Morphology of Small Red Spots on Jupiter in 1974

The paper presents observations of the morphology and rotation periods of four long-lived red spots in the equatorial region of Jupiter seen in 1974. Three of the spots were very small (less than 1 arcsec in diameter), but show on the best photographs obtained at the Mauna Kea Observatory station of the NASA-Lowell Planetary Patrol. The spots are not greatly distinguished from other Jovian features on the basis of their rotation or longitudinal drift. Their distinct red color is the main point of interest in light of current ideas as to the origin and nature of the Great Red Spot.
Developing professional ethics for child and youth care work: Assuming responsibility for the quality of care

Child and youth care in North America is actively engaged in a process of “doing ethics.” This paper presents the context for this current ethics work, gives a brief history of ethics in the culture as it impacts on helping professions, and describes the function of professional ethics. The ethics work of the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the Child Life Council (CLC), and organized child and youth care in North America are detailed. The plan of action includes the process that has led to the completed draft of the Code of Ethics of North American Child and Youth Care Professionals, an outline for a process of “doing ethics,” and the formulation of research questions to enhance the understanding of ethics in practice.
McConnell’s sign unveiled

Summary McConnell’s sign is well described in echocardiography as a harbinger of severe RV failure and more extensive arterial thrombus burden but its mechanical basis has never been satifactorily defined despite multiple current theories. CMR RF tissue-tagging now unveils the mechanism. Background Evidence of echocardiographic RV ‘strain’ in the setting of a large, clinically important, often devasting pulmonary embolism (PE) is defined by the presence of paradoxical, often hyperdynamic RV apical contraction in the setting of severely dysfunctional RV function; so denoted ‘McConnell’ ss ign’. Despite its original observation by its namesake in 1996, it has neither been observed via CMR nor more importantly, while many theories exist, mechanistically explained. Hypothesis We hypothesize that McConnell’s sign (MS) is observable utilizing CMR and can be explained via CMR deformational analysis. Methods Modestly stable patients who had CT confirmed large (>one pulmonary branch obstruction and/or saddle PE) were evaluated via echocardiography and CMR. CMR radio-frequency tissue tagging was performed to determine midwall intramyocardial deformation patterns with superimposition of quiver plot technique to define direction and amplitude of myocardial displacements assuming homogenous tissue strain (%S). Results
Automated prototyping and data translation

Abstract This paper describes the transformations used to produce an executable prototype from a very high level description of a software system in a computer-aided prototyping process. The high level description can include real-time constraints, which are difficult to treat using conventional compiler technology. The prototyping system uses two different sets of transformations, one for realizing data flow diagrams and the other for realizing hard real-time constraints. The transformations are implemented with the aid of an automatic translater generator.
Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging for In Vivo Assessment of HER2 Receptor Density in HER2-positive Tumors

Pharmacokinetic analysis of images, obtained after injection of Her2-specific fluorescent probes, relates the probe accumulation rate in tumors to Her2 overexpression. Correlation between fluorescence lifetime and probe binding to Her2 is discussed.
Encapsulation of cardiomyocytes in a fibrin hydrogel for cardiac tissue engineering.

Culturing cells in a three dimensional hydrogel environment is an important technique for developing constructs for tissue engineering as well as studying cellular responses under various culture conditions in vitro. The three dimensional environment more closely mimics what the cells observe in vivo due to the application of mechanical and chemical stimuli in all dimensions 1 . Three-dimensional hydrogels can either be made from synthetic polymers such as PEG-DA 2 and PLGA 3 or a number of naturally occurring proteins such as collagen 4 , hyaluronic acid 5 or fibrin 6,7 . Hydrogels created from fibrin, a naturally occurring blood clotting protein, can polymerize to form a mesh that is part of the body's natural wound healing processes 8 . Fibrin is cell-degradable and potentially autologous 9 , making it an ideal temporary scaffold for tissue engineering. Here we describe in detail the isolation of neonatal cardiomyocytes from three day old rat pups and the preparation of the cells for encapsulation in fibrin hydrogel constructs for tissue engineering. Neonatal myocytes are a common cell source used for in vitro studies in cardiac tissue formation and engineering 4 . Fibrin gel is created by mixing fibrinogen with the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinopeptides FpA and FpB from fibrinogen, revealing binding sites that interact with other monomers 10 . These interactions cause the monomers to self-assemble into fibers that form the hydrogel mesh. Because the timing of this enzymatic reaction can be adjusted by altering the ratio of thrombin to fibrinogen, or the ratio of calcium to thrombin, one can injection mold constructs with a number of different geometries 11,12 . Further we can generate alignment of the resulting tissue by how we constrain the gel during culture 13 . After culturing the engineered cardiac tissue constructs for two weeks under static conditions, the cardiac cells have begun to remodel the construct and can generate a contraction force under electrical pacing conditions 6 . As part of this protocol, we also describe methods for analyzing the tissue engineered myocardium after the culture period including functional analysis of the active force generated by the cardiac muscle construct upon electrical stimulation, as well as methods for determining final cell viability (Live-Dead assay) and immunohistological staining to examine the expression and morphology of typical proteins important for contraction (Myosin Heavy Chain or MHC) and cellular coupling (Connexin 43 or Cx43) between myocytes.
Carbon- and oxygen-stable isotopic signatures of methanogenesis, temperature, and water column stratification in Holocene siderite varves

Abstract Manganoan siderite ([Fe,Mn]CO 3 ) occurs in abundance of up to 19% (dry weight) as the sole endogenic carbonate within a succession of Holocene, organic-rich, varved sediments from freshwater Otter Lake (OL), Michigan. Radiocarbon dating and varve counts from a 7-m piston core constrain periods of major siderite accumulation to sediments older than 1200 cal yr BP. Sediment petrography suggests that siderite was a seasonal precipitate confined to the summer layer of the varve couplet. Bulk-sediment chemistry reveals cycles in abundance of manganese and aluminum coincident with centennial-scale cycles of siderite accumulation. Siderite δ 13 C and δ 18 O are enriched when the mineral is abundant and depleted when it is least abundant. Samples with high abundance of siderite precipitated in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with modern lake water, but are δ 13 C enriched relative to modern waters. Samples from intervals of low siderite abundance are δ 13 C and δ 18 O depleted relative to equilibrium with modern lake water. These data suggest that abundant siderite precipitation occurred when the OL water column was ferruginous (iron meromictic), allowing for enhanced ferrous iron concentrations and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) enriched in δ 13 C below the chemocline, where methanogenesis in waters and sediments influenced DIC composition. Seasonal siderite precipitation was triggered by water column alkalinity fluctuations driven by summer calcite dissolution. Manganese substitution in siderite lowered kinetic barriers to low-temperature mineral precipitation. Climate changes and basin filling influenced lake stratification and the rate of siderite precipitation. The siderite occurrence reported here displays remarkable similarity to its occurrence in Paleogene maar lake deposits, suggesting that further studies of Holocene lacustrine siderites may provide insight into ancient sedimentary systems and environments.
A new source localization algorithm with no requirement of one-to-one source correspondence between biplane radiographs.

Conventional source localization algorithms require a one‐to‐one source correspondence between films. This requirement makes source localization cumbersome and error prone because multiple sources must be carefully digitized and some sources can be obscured or missed. A new source localization algorithm is described in this paper. The algorithm fits a ribbon or needle image on film to a linear‐quadratic equation, then analytically determines the 3‐D ribbon locus by its image on the other projection, and finally localizes the sources in the ribbon by tracing along the ribbon image. Only three points per ribbon per film are required, and corresponding points need not be identified on the other film. Phantom experiments and tests on clinical cases demonstrate that the source localization algorithm can increase the efficiency by a factor of up to 5, improve accuracy to about 1 mm, and reconstruct obscured or shifted sources without decreased accuracy and efficiency. The simplicity and minimal entry of data make this technique desirable for clinical use.
Measuring Continuing Medical Education Outcomes: A Pilot Study of Effect Size of Three CME Interventions at an SGIM Annual Meeting

BACKGROUND The ACCME is phasing in new criteria for accreditation from 2008 to 2012. These criteria require CME providers to assess the impact of their interventions.
Two frequency radar interferometry applied to the measurement of ocean wave height

A technique is developed for measuring the rms wave height averaged over an area of the sea that is much greater than any horizontal scale of the surface waves. The method involves a nadir looking radar which transmits and receives two monochromatic signals simultaneously. Signal processing at the receiver involves the computation of the correlation between the two returning signals as a function of theft variable frequency separation. The cross correlation between the amplitude and phase functions of the individual returning carriers depends on the distribution of discrete scatterers along the direction of propagation. This information can be used to determine the rms surface elevation (about the mean); it does not depend on the temporal or spatial frequency spectrum of the wave height or slope. Under conditions which are typical for a microwave signal being normally incident and reflected by the sea, the two frequency correlation function R(\Delta k) is seen to be equal to the characteristic function of the surface elevation of specular points. Laboratory measurements have been conducted on wind driven waves, and the measured correlation function compares favorably with the theory developed here.
The effect of nutrients on seedling growth of native and introduced Phragmites australis

Differing responses to abiotic stresses and increased nutrient availability may play a role in the invasion and spread of introduced Phragmites australis Cav. (Trin.) ex. Steud. and the decline of native P.a. americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson & Soreng in North America. We present results from an outdoor experiment where native and introduced P. australis seedlings were grown under two nutrient treatments. Both subspecies responded positively to increased nutrients but introduced plants clearly outperformed natives, growing taller, producing more stems, and had three to four times higher biomass. The biomass of introduced P. australis growing in low nutrients was similar to that of the native in high nutrients. Aboveground:belowground biomass ratios were nearly 1.25 for both native and introduced plants across treatments and reflect the high investment P. australis seedlings place on shoot production in their first year of growth. Our results also demonstrate that introduced P. australis can have explosive growth over a single growing season, even when established from seed. This implies that management of young, newly established populations may be prudent where introduced P. australis is considered undesirable, irregardless of whether eutrophication is an issue.
Increased mean arterial pressure goals after spinal cord injury and functional outcome

Introduction: Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is often treated with induced hypertension to enhance spinal cord perfusion. The optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) likely varies between patients. Arbitrary goals are often set, frequently requiring vasopressors to achieve, with no clear evidence supporting this practice. We hypothesize that increased MAP goals and episodes of relative hypotension do not affect hospital outcome. Materials and Methods: All cervical and thoracic SCI patients treated at a level one trauma and regional SCI center over at 2.5-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Lowest and average hourly MAP was recorded for the first 72 h of hospitalization, allowing for quantification of mean MAP and the total number of episodic relative hypotensive events. These data were further compared to daily American spinal injury association motor score (AMS), which was used to determine the severity of SCI and improvement/decline during hospitalization. Patient's data were finally analyzed at theoretic MAP set points. Results: One hundred and five patients had complete data during the study period. At higher theoretic MAP set points (85 and 90), increased number of relative hypotensive episodes correlated with lower admission AMS (85 mmHg: 50 episodes, 22.0; P < 0.001) and the need for vasopressors (P < 0.03) but showed no statistical change in AMS by hospital discharge. The need for vasopressors correlated with the number of hypotensive episodes and inversely related to admission AMS at all theoretic MAP goal set points but was not correlated with the change in AMS during the hospitalization. Conclusions: The frequency of relative hypotension and the need for vasopressors are progressively related to more severe SCI, as denoted by lower admission AMS. However, episodes of hypotension and the need for vasopressors did not affect the change in AMS during the acute hospitalization, regardless of theoretic MAP goal set-point. Arbitrarily elevated MAP goals may not be efficacious.
Surgical and Radiotherapeutic Approaches for Myelofibrosis With Myeloid Metaplasia

Sequestration of circulating immature myeloid progenitors in the chronic myeloproliferative disorder myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) leads to extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), as well as end organ enlargement and dysfunction. When medical therapy is inadequate to control symptomatic myeloproliferation, both surgical resection and/or external beam radiotherapy may provide palliative cytoreduction in specific situations. Therapeutic splenectomy may provide relief of pain, mass effect, an improvement in cytopenias, or even palliation of portal hypertension. However, the risks of perioperative and long-term complications limit the use of splenectomy in MMM to specific candidates. In addition to splenectomy, portal hypertension has been palliated by either elective esophageal variceal ligation or porto-systemic shunting (through either open or invasive radiographic means). External beam radiotherapy can provide palliative cytoreduction in afflicted organs, with the greatest benefit seen in the lungs and spine. Splenic radiation also can provide a decrease in the size of the organ but carries the risk of myelosuppression and potentially increases the risk associated with subsequent splenectomy. Hepatic and abdominal radiation may palliate hepatomegaly and/or ascites, but cytopenias are common and responses brief. Novel therapies aimed at the pathogenesis of the disorder are needed for more efficacious and targeted therapy of MMM.
Solar electric propulsion for the orbital transfer of large spacecraft to geosynchronous orbit

Low thrust trajectories utilizing electric propulsion and photovoltaic power sources are derived for the transfer of a large spacecraft from assembly in low earth orbit to operation at geosynchronous orbit. Conventional silicon photovoltaic devices are assumed. A 1 MeV equivalent electron flux model is used. The solar panel mass and size are taken from Advanced Photovoltaic Solar Array design concepts with 3-mil shielding. Shadowing of the vehicle and low earth orbit atmospheric drag are also modeled. The power system is sized so that end of life output is 30 percent of initial output. Steering of the thrust vector is defined by a three term series in which the coefficients are varied as controls to minimize the total power loss with cumulative exposure in the Van Allen region.
Review and future prospects of low-voltage RAM circuits

This paper describes low-voltage random-access memory (RAM) cells and peripheral circuits for standalone and embedded RAMs, focusing on stable operation and reduced subthreshold current in standby and active modes. First, technology trends in low-voltage dynamic RAMs (DRAMs) and static RAMs (SRAMs) are reviewed and the challenges of low-voltage RAMs in terms of cell signal charge are clarified, including the necessary threshold voltage, VT, and its variations in the MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) of RAM cells and sense amplifiers, leakage currents (subthreshold current and gate-tunnel current), and speed variations resulting from design parameter variations. Second, developments in conventional RAM cells and emerging cells, such as DRAM gain cells and leakage-immune SRAM cells, are discussed from the viewpoints of cell area, operating voltage, and leakage currents of MOSFETs. Third, the concepts proposed to date to reduce subthreshold current and the advantages of RAMs with respect to reducing the subthreshold current are summarized, including their applications to RAM circuits to reduce the current in standby and active modes, exemplified by DRAMs. After this, design issues in other peripheral circuits, such as sense amplifiers and low-voltage supporting circuits, are discussed, as are power management to suppress speed variations and reduce the power of power-aware systems, and testing. Finally, future prospects based on the above discussion are examined.
Urinary Tract Infection in Men- An Internist's Viewpoint

Urinary tract infection (UTI) in men relates to a combination of factors: 1) the presence of minimal to moderate obstruction which leads to impaired voiding and 2) the invasive ability of virulent strains of Escherichia coli. This was best illustrated in the study" of male urinary tract infection in the Veterans Administration cooperative study [1]. The study was developed to determine the duration of therapy necessary to achieve a reasonable cure rate for those men with significant urinary tract infection. However, in-depth studies of the patients and organisms indicated that they had mild obstruction of the urinary tract and urovirulent E. coli. Localization tests showed that all men had upper tract infection, but only one-half had prostate infection. It was also found that longer therapy for 12 weeks with co-trimoxazole was required for a greater than 50% cure rate compared to a cure rate of 20% in those given a standard 10-day course of therapy. After screening many patients with bacteriuria, 46 were found to be qualified for the study in three Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Twenty-nine of these patients had medical disease and 13 had urinary tract complications, all of which were mild. A post-voiding cystogram demonstrated a slight to moderate residual in 14 patients. All patients had repeatedly positive antibody-coated bacteria tests but only one-half had infection of the prostate by a localization study [1]. Pyuria was demonstrated in 95%. Pyuria defined as greater than 10 nucleated leukocytes/HPF has been shown to be a predictor of the probability of urinary tract infection or, as old style urologists called it, "dirty urine" [2]. Seventy percent had E. coli, the rest a variety of other pathogens. Of the ones with E. coli, 0 antigen was present in three-quarters, K antigen in one-half, and particular urovirulent OK antigen types were found frequently. In subsequent studies, two-thirds of these strains were found to adhere to the kidney, half with mannose-resistant adherence and half with mannose-susceptible adherence, whereas isolates from persons with bladder infection failed to adhere [3]. Adherence to the kidney correlated with surface hydrophobicity of the strains [3]. Hence, the organisms associated with male urinary tract infections can be considered to have urovirulent characteristics 60-70% of the time which favour adherence to the kidney. The therapeutic efficacy of co-trimoxazole is seen in Table 1. Response to therapy was more successful in those who received 12 weeks of therapy, had no evidence of prostatic infection and no evidence of post-voiding residual. These findings were confirmed in another series which showed that 6 weeks of co-trimoxazole was more successful than 10 days of therapy in men with urinary tract infection [4]. Recurrent infection was frequent in men but was only symptomatic in 20% (compared to 57% who had Table 1 : Therapeutic efficacy of co-trirnoxazole.
From the streets to academia: a librarian's guide to hip‐hop culture

Purpose – This paper aims to identify a variety of titles and resources to offer both public and academic librarians guidance in establishing and maintaining a definitive core collection of past and present materials.Design/methodology/approach – The annotated bibliography includes CD recordings, films, documentaries, serials, monographs and web sites on rap music and hip‐hop culture. The entries chosen were culled from rap music periodicals, reference works, catalogs and journals.Findings – These resources showcase the innovation of rap's formative years. They trace the broad scope of rap musical styles and document and critique hip‐hop culture.Originality/value – These selected titles capture distinctive periods in hip‐hop history and help librarians stay current and conscious of what to include in their collections as rap becomes more mainstream and more respectable.
Defining the Functional Network of Epigenetic Regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana

Development of ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq technologies has allowed genome-wide high-resolution profiling of chromatin-associated marks and binding sites for epigenetic regulators. However, signals for directing epigenetic modifiers to their target sites are not understood. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that genome location can affect the involvement of epigenetic regulators using Chromatin Charting (CC) Lines, which have an identical transgene construct inserted at different locations in the Arabidopsis genome. Four CC lines that showed evidence for epigenetic silencing of the luciferase reporter gene were transformed with RNAi vectors individually targeting epigenetic regulators LHP1, MOM1, CMT3, DRD1, DRM2, SUVH2, CLF, and HD1. Involvement of a particular epigenetic regulator in silencing the transgene locus in a CC line was determined by significant alterations in luciferase expression after suppression of the regulator's expression. Our results suggest that the targeting of epigenetic regulators can be influenced by genome location as well as sequence context. In addition, the relative importance of an epigenetic regulator can be influenced by tissue identity. We also report a novel approach to predict interactions between epigenetic regulators through clustering analysis of the regulators using alterations in gene expression of putative downstream targets, including endogenous loci and transgenes, in epigenetic mutants or RNAi lines. Our data support the existence of a complex and dynamic network of epigenetic regulators that serves to coordinate and control global gene expression in higher plants.
Perturbation study on MOE-based multiuser detection

The minimum output energy (MOE) receiver has been developed for multiuser detection. Its performance has been shown to be very close to the minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). However due to additive noise, the constraint vector required to construct the MOE receiver becomes a biased estimated channel vector. Thus the receiver is also perturbed. In addition to the noise, other factors affect the receiver's performance as well. Effects from such factors as finite number of data samples and channel order overestimation are studied in this paper based on perturbation theory.
Tailored gene array databases: applications in mechanistic toxicology

Motivation: The development of an annotated global database suitable for a wide range of investigations is a challenging and labor-intensive task. Thus, the development of databases tailored for specific applications remains necessary. For example, in the field of toxicology, no annotated gene array databases are now available that may assist in the correlation of changes in gene activity to cellular functions and processes associated with the toxic response. Results: As an example of a tailored annotated database, an attempt was made to systematize available biological information on genes present on the Affymetrix Rat Toxicology U34 GeneChip, with a focus on how the gene products relate to liver cells and their response to chemical toxins. The information collected was imbedded in a local relational database to analyze data obtained in toxicological gene array experiments with hydrazine--exposed hepatocytes. The advantages and benefits of the tailored database in the biological interpretation of the results are demonstrated. Availability: The database and gene expression data set are available at http://www.wright.edu/~tatiana.karpinets/
Stability of stratified flow of large depth over finite-amplitude topography

The flow of a Boussinesq density-stratified fluid of large depth past the algebraic mountain (Witch of Agnesi) is studied in the hydrostatic limit using the asymptotic theory of Kantzios & Akylas (1993). The upstream conditions are those of constant velocity and Brunt-Vaisala frequency. On the further assumptions that the flow is steady and there is no permanent alteration of the upstream flow conditions (no upstream influence), Long's model (Long 1953) predicts a critical amplitude of the mountain (e = 0.85) above which local density inversions occur, leading to convective overturning. Linear stability analysis demonstrates that Long's steady flow is in fact unstable to infinitesimal modulations at topography amplitudes below this critical value, 0.65 ≤ e < 0.85. This instability grows at the expense of the mean flow and may be attributed to a discrete spectrum of modes that become trapped over the mountain in the streamwise direction. The transient problem is also solved numerically, mimicking impulsive startup conditions. In the absence of instability, Long's steady flow is reached. For topography amplitudes in the unstable range 0.65 ≤ e < 0.85, however, the flow fluctuates about Long's steady state over a long timescale ; there is no significant upstream influence and no evidence of transient wave breaking is found for e ≤ 0.75.
The numerical solution of acoustic propagation through dispersive moving media

As the Navy expands its dependence on underwater communication between sensors, operating in areas where turbulent turbid water layers are present; there exists a need to accurately predict prior to sensor deployment how they will operate in these environments. The benthic nepheloid layer (BNL) is an example of a moving turbid water layer in the ocean. The BNL is characterized by changing vertical thickness, concentration and speed of the suspended material. Acoustic propagation and hence acoustic communication and system performance will be affected when operating in these areas. The suspended material will alter the sound speed, density and the attenuation of the medium. Thus what was once a non-dispersive quiescent environment is now a moving dispersive environment. The numerical solution of acoustic pulse propagation through dispersive moving media requires the inclusion of attenuation and its causal companion, phase velocity. For acoustic propagation in a linear dispersive quiescent medium, Szabo [J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 96, 491–500 (1994)] introduced the concept of a convolutional propagation operator that plays the role of a casual propagation factor in the time domain. The operator has been incorporated in the linear wave equation for quiescent media. Additionally it has been used to study propagation and scattering from such widely diverse media as bubble plumes in the ocean and ultrasound propagation in human tissue. In this work, this method is extended to address acoustic propagation in dispersive moving media. The development of the modified wave equation for sound propagation in dispersive media with inhomogeneous flow will be described, along with an example. The resulting modified wave equation is solved via the method of finite differences.
Radiologic evaluation of patients with renal infections

Although renal imaging is not indicated routinely in cases of uncomplicated renal infection, CT is a highly sensitive modality to diagnose and guide the management of patients with acute renal infection. CT is particularly useful in identifying complications of renal infection. Intravenous urography and US are limited to screening for urinary obstruction, renal calculi, and underlying anomalies. CT is also of value in establishing the diagnosis in equivocal cases, in evaluating high-risk patients, and in determining the nature and extent of disease. CT urography is increasingly performed as a comprehensive urinary tract imaging study. MRI may be performed when patients have contraindications to iodinated contrast material. Cortical scintigraphy is the preferred imaging study for the evaluation of children with acute pyelonephritis, although power Doppler US can be considered as a possible alternative. Recent limited studies using gadolinium-enhanced MRI have been shown to be valuable in the depiction of changes of acute pyelonephritis.
Effect of median eminence implants of FSH, LH or prolactin on luteal function in the rat.

The effects of a single implant of FSH, LH or prolactin in the median eminence (ME) were observed on duration of pseudopregnancy (PP) and formation of deciduomata in the rat. A ME implant of prolactin on day 1, 4 or 8 of PP invariably reduced the duration of PP (mean = 10.8 days), whereas FSH or LH implants had no effect (13.4–13.9 days). ME implants of prolactin but not of FSH or LH on day 1 or 4 of PP prevented the formation of deciduomata after the uterus was traumatized on day 4 of PP. The increase in uterine weight as a result of deciduomata formation was completely prevented by prolactin but not by FSH or LH. These results indicate that prolactin but not FSH or LH is necessary for luteal maintenance in the rat. (Endocrinology 88: 1273, 1968)
Cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal function in congestive heart failure

Increased cardiac release of norepinephrine (NE) and depleted cardiac stores of NE are two salient features of the human failing heart. Researchers from my laboratory have shown that these changes are accompanied by a functional defect of NE uptake in the cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals. Our studies have shown that the decrease of NE uptake is caused by reduction of NE transporter density in the sympathetic nerve endings, and this change is responsible, at least in part, for the increased myocardial interstitial NE, decreased myocardial adrenoceptor density, and increased myocyte apoptosis in experimental cardiomyopathies. We have also provided evidence in both intact animals and cultured PC12 cells that the decrease of NE transporter is induced by the actions of oxidative metabolites of exogenous NE, involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and impaired N-glycosylation of the NE transporter. This change in the cardiac sympathetic NE uptake function, as demonstrated by [123I] metaiodobenzylguanidine in human studies, may not only serve as an important prognostic variable in patients with congestive heart failure, but also be used as a surrogate for the efficacies of various therapeutic interventions for heart failure. Finally, increasing evidence suggests and further studies are needed to show that the cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal function may be a direct target for pharmacologic treatment of congestive heart failure.
Comparison of Sarcomere Length to Other Predictors of Beef Tenderness

SUMMARY– Sarcomere length in the longissimus dorsi muscles of 20 bovine animals was compared to other variables in predicting tenderness (Allo-Kramer shear) in two muscle positions (medial and lateral) and at four cooking temperatures (60, 64, 68 and 72°C). The medial muscle position was less tender, had shorter sarcomeres and had higher correlations between sarcomere length and tenderness than the lateral muscle position. In neither position did sarcomere length account for tenderness variation that was unaccounted for by combinations of other commonly-used carcass variables indicating that a single measure of sarcomere length at a given position is of little value in predicting tenderness if certain carcass parameters are known. Comparison of sarcomere length with resistance to shear across the cross section of 5 additional longissimus dorsi muscles showed that very small differences in contraction state were associated with marked differences in tenderness in restricted muscle areas. The study emphasizes the importance of post-rigor contracture to tenderness but indicates that several estimates are necessary to characterize a single muscle.
Bidding Into Electricity Markets: A Transmission-Constrained Residual Demand Derivative Approach

This paper proposes a novel approach to optimize a generator's profit in an offer-based electricity market cleared by an optimal power flow (OPF) program. A generator's offer is optimized based on its transmission-constrained residual demand derivative (TCRDD), which avoids representing the full network model in the optimization. The TCRDD can be easily calculated based on a solved OPF without changing existing OPF algorithms and programs. As demonstrated with an IEEE 118-bus example, the TCRDD approach is computationally efficient. The TCRDD approach can help market participants to bid into electricity markets, and help market monitors to diagnose bidding behaviors in the presence of transmission constraints.
Domesticating Urban Theory? US Concepts, British Cities and the Limits of Cross-national Applications:

The efficacy of the urban regime and growth machine concepts beyond the US remains a matter of considerable debate. Some argue that these frameworks retain considerable value so long as they are 'properly' applied and that recent concerns about the limits to these frameworks result from no more than their 'misapplication'. I critically examine this argument through a review of recent work on the mobilisation of business interests in British cities. The central claim is that, even when focused on the 'right' issues and questions, US frameworks quickly exhaust their explanatory capacity. In the context of a widening diversity of alternative approaches, I suggest that it is time to move squarely beyond growth coalition and regime accounts. The paper makes a number of suggestions for ways in which this new phase of theory building might proceed.
New directions for nanoscale thermoelectric materials research

Many of the recent advances in enhancing the thermoelectric figure of merit are linked to nanoscale phenomena with both bulk samples containing nanoscale constituents and nanoscale materials exhibiting enhanced thermoelectric performance in their own right. Prior theoretical and experimental proof of principle studies on isolated quantum well and quantum wire samples have now evolved into studies on bulk samples containing nanostructured constituents. In this review, nanostructural composites are shown to exhibit nanostructures and properties that show promise for thermoelectric applications. A review of some of the results obtained to date are presented.
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES IN ADJACENT CREATED AND NATURAL WETLANDS IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO, USA

The benthic invertebrates of three adjacent wetlands in northeastern Ohio, USA were sampled with a benthic corer during May–August 2001. The three wetlands consisted of a deep created wetland that overflowed into a shallow created wetland and a pre-existing natural wetland. The created wetlands were four years old and seeded with cattails. Forty-two invertebrate taxa were collected from all wetlands combined, and 11 taxa were abundant (represented >1% of total). Taxa richness, evenness, and community similarity were comparable among the three wetlands. Seed shrimp (Ostracoda), midges (Diptera: Chironomidae), copepods (Copepoda), fingernail clams (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), and water fleas (Cladocera) were the five most abundant taxa (38%, 13%, 11%, 9%, and 8%, respectively). Clams were significantly more abundant in the natural wetland, whereas no significant difference in density of other invertebrates was detected among wetlands. Laboratory inundations of soil taken from the rapidly drying basins of the natural and shallow created wetlands produced 10 taxa that survived the dry periods with desiccation-resistant stages and were dominated by microcrustaceans, Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), clams, and annelid worms. Our data indicate that the created wetlands developed benthic invertebrate communities that were similar to the adjacent natural wetlands in a short period of time (four years), but clams were slow to colonize the human-made habitats.
Bilateral Brenner tumors

Abstract 1. This report adds a case of bilateral Brenner tumor of the ovary to the literature, bringing the reported number of cases up to 25, and presents comparative histologic and histochemical changes of the two neoplasms. 2. Comparison of the histochemical studies of the two tumors reveals PAS- and alcian blue-positive material in the epithelial aggregates of the right ovary only. 3. The right Brenner tumor was grossly larger than the left ovarian tumor and also exhibited a 4:1 ratio of the epithelial aggregates. This probably represents a difference in function and maturity of the epithelial cells of two tumors and does not reflect the origin of these cells. Remaining histochemical and histologic findings are the same in both ovarian tumors.
Estimation of renal interstitial adenosine and purine metabolites by microdialysis

It has been proposed that adenosine, derived from ATP and released into the renal interstitium, mediates a reduction in renal function in ischemic acute renal failure. Because no direct measurements of interstitial adenosine are available, we evaluated an in vivo microdialysis technique to assess the levels of adenosine and its metabolites in the cortex of the normal rat kidney (n = 6). Microdialysis probe implantation did not alter cortical renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, or fractional sodium excretion. The interstitial concentration of adenosine was 199 +/- 53 nM, and relative concentrations of inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid were 99 +/- 47, 182 +/- 29, and 183 +/- 70 nM and 1.8 +/- 0.4 microM, respectively. Infusion of ATP-MgCl2 (n = 5) resulted in a significant increase in the dialysate levels of adenosine (67 +/- 11 to 378 +/- 97 nM), inosine (230 +/- 102 to 803 +/- 219 nM), and uric acid (3.5 +/- 1.3 to 6.9 +/- 1.7 microM). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the microdialysis technique is suited to monitor metabolically important substances in the renal interstitium.
Export controls and the life sciences: controversy or opportunity? Innovations in the life sciences' approach to export control suggest there are ways to disrupt biological weapons development by rogue states and terrorist groups without impeding research.

In 2012, the scientific community became familiar with export controls and their application to biosecurity. In response to the controversy surrounding two publications of research that increased the human‐to‐human transmissibility of avian H5N1 flu virus, the Dutch government tried to use export control regulations to impede the publication of an article by microbiologist Ron Fouchier at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. This unique application of export controls sparked considerable debate among scientists as well as the community of specialists in export control and the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Regardless of where one stands on the question of whether the Dutch government's action was warranted, understanding the case's relationship with broader trends in export control and nonproliferation is important for practitioners in the life sciences. Export controls are not a passing trend, but have become a permanent feature in the regulatory landscape. However, the modern forms of controls to support security are still evolving and the life sciences themselves have introduced innovations that can further shape export controls to facilitate freedom of research while still promoting nonproliferation of WMD—nuclear, chemical, and biological. While efforts to control trade for security or strategic purposes date back as far as Ancient Greece, modern export controls are rooted in the Cold War [1]. After World War II, NATO member states, Japan, and later Australia, organized the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) to restrict exports of sensitive technology and materials from Western countries to the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries. CoCom member states compiled lists of dual‐use goods and technologies that, while primarily commercial in nature, could significantly benefit military purposes. The more advanced the technology, the less likely the CoCom member states would permit its export to any of a group of “proscribed destinations”—namely the USSR and the Warsaw …
Conover, M. R. 2007. Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 264 pp. ISBN 0-8493-9270-5, price (hardbound), $89.95

M. R. Conover 2007. Predator-Prey Dynamics: The Role of Olfaction. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 264 pp. ISBN 0-8493-9270-5, price (hardbound), $89.95. Anyone who has lived with hunting dogs knows the sudden change in demeanor. That perpetual dependent in your life suddenly becomes all business. One moment you are the center of her universe; the next moment you'd better keep up. It is as if the book Predator-Prey Dynamics , by Michael R. Conover, is written for this audience. Truly, hunters should be alerted that this book could make you a better hunter. But what about that pheasant, which itself is well aware of the canine tracker? At times, the book reads like an advisory guide to prey species. As an anthropologist, I could not help but imagine how helpful this book might have been to our not-so-distant ancestors. (How best to avoid that leopard?) The title of this book is not misleading in any sense—a dual, predator-prey point of view is provided within. The book is logically organized to describe the mechanics of olfaction and the physics of airflow before …
Development of an Adaptive Space-Time Method for High-Order Resolution of Discontinuities

An adaptive implicit high-order space-time method is developed for the efficient solution of time dependent partial differential equations. Time and space are treated in the same way so that the conservation laws are satisfied in both time and space coordinates, even when the mesh is moved. The adaptive strategy is mesh motion/r-refinement. To enable high order accuracy for discontinuous solutions in the absence of a limiter, the discontinuity is tracked by the ghost fluid method and then fitted by r-refinement. The efficiency and accuracy of this method are illustrated on solutions of the one-dimensional wave equation and Burger’s equation.
Technologies for Broadband Network to Bear Multi-play Services

With the rapid development of multi-play services with new characteristics like multimedia and interactivity, it is difficult for the present broadband networks to carry them effectively. The bearer has become a bottleneck for the further development of multi-play services. All-around new technologies are necessary to be used in the broadband network for its operable, manageable and value addable bearing of multi-play services. The network technologies for broad bandwidth help enrich network resources. QoS technologies guarantee QoS by implementing differentiated services. Powerful multicast technologies effectively control and guarantee applications of multimedia services. Security technologies provide a high quality and perfect security operation system for multi-play services. High reliability technologies provide a reliable and uninterrupted operation system for the broadband network to bear multi-play services.
31 HUMAN METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE PHARMACOGENOMICS: GENE RESEQUENCING AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC STUDIES

5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an enzyme in the folate metabolic pathway that contributes to DNA, protein and small molecule methylation. Previous studies have linked common genetic polymorphisms in the human MTHFR gene to hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the full range of common genetic polymorphisms and haplotypes in the human MTHFR gene remains unclear. Furthermore, the underlying cellular mechanisms by which common nonsynonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) might alter the function of this enzyme are not defined. The present study focused on the systematic identification and investigation of common polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene using a genotype-to-phenotype approach followed by studies of their molecular mechanisms for these functional effects. Specifically, we began by resequencing exons, splice junctions and portions of the 5′-flanking region of the human MTHFR gene using DNA samples from 60 African-American, 60 Caucasian-American, 60 Han-Chinese American, and 60 Mexican-American subjects obtained from the Coriell Cell Repository. A total of 66 polymorphisms, 63 SNPs and 3 insertion/deletion events, were observed. Ten nonsynonymous cSNPs were identified, including the known C677T (A222V) and A1298C (E429A) variants. We then performed functional genomic studies with all of the nonsynonymous cSNPs observed. Specifically, the wild-type (WT) and 10 variant allozymes were transiently expressed in COS-1 cells. After correction for transfection efficiency, activity for the variant allozymes ranged from 6.5% to 145% of WT activity. Levels of immunoreactive protein for the allozymes ranged from 15% to 118% of WT and were significantly correlated with levels of enzyme activity (Rp = .93, p = .0001), suggesting that a major mechanism by which nonsynoymous cSNPs influence the function of this gene is by alteration in the quantity of protein. These observations represent steps toward an understanding of molecular genetic mechanisms responsible for variation in MTHFR levels and/or properties that may contribute to the pathophysiology of human disease.
The Design and Implementation of HOOK-Based Process Control Program

Hook is a Windows mechanism used to capture the system information under the Protected Mode.Message Hook capture the message send by the system or a application program,using this feature can capture the creating process information so as to achieve the purpose of monitoring the process.The article firstly analyze the Hook's working principle and the key technologies while using Hook;and then use the Message Hook function provided by Windows to design a program monitoring process,also analyze the implementation;finally give out the monitoring result and inadequacies of the program.