cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous electrical and X-ray diffraction studies on neodymium metal to 152 GPa

Using designer diamond anvils and angle dispersive X-ray diffraction technique at a synchrotron source, we have performed simultaneous electrical and structural studies on neodymium metal to 152 GPa in a diamond anvil cell. Four-probe electrical resistance measurement shows a 38% decrease in the electrical resistivity, associated with the delocalization of the 4f-shell electrons, starting at 100 GPa up to a final pressure of 152 GPa. The continuous decrease in electrical resistivity is consistent with the observation of a gradual phase transition to α-U structure in this pressure range. The (1 1 1) diffraction peak of α-U structure first appears at 100 GPa and increases in intensity with increasing pressure to 152 GPa. This increase in intensity is attributed to an increasing volume fraction of α-U phase and an increase in structural y-parameter from 0.07 at 118 GPa to 0.095 at 152 GPa. In contrast to the abrupt pressure-induced f-electron transition seen in cerium and praseodymium, the continuous evoluti...
Random Walk of Polarized Light in Turbid Media

We study the propagation of polarized light in turbid media as a random walk of vector photons. Both propagation and polarization directions of light are found to isotropize, following a power law of the number of scattering events. The characteristic length scale governing light isotropization and linear depolarization, the isotropization length , is derived using the exact Mie scattering for spherical particles. A simple relation is obtained for Rayleigh-Gans scatterers where is the transport mean free path and is the mean cosine of scattering angles.
Parallelization of the sparse modular GCD algorithm for multivariate polynomials on shared memory multiprocessors

Reported are experiences and practical results from parallelizing the modular GCD algorithm for sparse multivariate polynomials. The strategy is to identify key computation steps in the sequential algorithm and implement them in parallel. The two major steps of the sequential algorithm—computing the GCD modulo several primes and applying the Chinese Remainder Algorithm on the integer coefficients—are easily partitioned into independent subtasks. The subtask of computing the GCD modulo one prime can be subdivided further. Several parallel strategies for the multivariate GCD modulo a prime are presented. Actual timings on a Sequent Balance with 26 processors are presented.
Effect of an Encounter with a Black Panhandler on Subsequent Helping for Blacks: Tokenism or Confirming a Negative Stereotype?

Dutton and Lennox p1974) found that subjects who had their egalitarian self images threatened and were then approached by a black panhandler were less responsive to a subsequent opportunity to help blacks than were similarly threatened subjects who had been approached by a white panhandler. Dutton and Lennox reasoned that the donation to the black panhandler served to assuage any guilt the subjects may have felt about being prejudiced and thus allowed them to be less helpful toward blacks when given a subsequent opportunity to help. The present study investigates an alternative explanation of their finding: The black panhandler may have engendered bad feelings toward blacks, thereby causing the subjects to be less helpful to blacks later. Consistent with our explanation, we found that token acts of compliance decreased later helping for black causes only when the token act involved a negative image of blacks (a black panhandler). When the token act involved a positive image of blacks (a black graduate stu...
Translation step-cut osteotomy for the treatment of posttraumatic cubitus varus.

BackgroundCubitus varus deformity is the most common complication after the treatment of displaced supracondylar humerus fractures.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed evaluating patients who had undergone a translation step-cut osteotomy for correction of cubitus varus deformity between 19
Two-step photoionization of potassium atoms

The cross section for photoionization of potassium atoms in the $4^{2}P$ states has been measured in a triple-crossed-beam experiment.
Heterogeneous media events processing systems

A key challenge to the successful application of the data modeling, storage and retrieval is the processing of relevant media to determine the events that are represented by them. Towards this goal, we are developing a heterogeneous media events processing system that combines human expertise with algorithmic processing capabilities. In doing so, we seek to leverage the fact that computers are good at fast low level processing and humans are good at high level analysis and understanding. Our approach to bridging the "signal-to-symbol" barrier is based on a 3-layered event-processing architecture composed of a lower data event layer, higher domain event layer, and an elemental event layer in the middle, which links data and domains with symbolic indices (see [3] for details). Two important challenges in this context are providing humans with an interactive interface to do a domain level event tagging, and providing computers with methods to construct computational causality models based on tagged events. Towards this, in our demonstration, we first show how our system detects events and we provide user-tagging environment on top of these detected events. Later, we will introduce our distributed media processing networks and specific domain based event search system, which will show a way to change existing limited PowerPoint like presentation methods.
Plasticity contributions to interface adhesion in thin-film interconnect structures

The effects of plasticity in thin copper layers on the interface fracture resistance in thin-film interconnect structures were explored using experiments and multiscale simulations. Particular attention was given to the relationship between the intrinsic work of adhesion, Go, and the measured macroscopic fracture energy, Gc. Specifically, the TaN/SiO2 interface fracture energy was measured in thin-film Cu/TaN/SiO2 structures in which the Cu layer was varied over a wide range of thickness. A continuum/FEM model with cohesive surface elements was employed to calculate the macroscopic fracture energy of the layered structure. Published yield properties together with a plastic flow model for the metal layers were used to predict the plasticity contribution to interface fracture resistance where the film thickness (0.25–2.5 μm) dominated deformation behavior. For thicker metal layers, a transition region was identified in which the plastic deformation and associated plastic energy contributions to Gc were no longer dominated by the film thickness. The effects of other salient interface parameters including peak cohesive stress and Go are explored.
The prevalence of mandibular dysfunction. Part II: A multiphasic dysfunction profile

The frequency of occurrence of 20 signs and symptoms commonly associated with mandibular dysfunction was used to numerically rate the clinical severity of mandibular dysfunction. Some signs and symptoms had a clearly direct relationship whereas other signs demonstrated a diminished direct relationship, no relationship, or an inverse relationship in advanced dysfunction stages. Further study is needed to determine if there exists an exact relationship of some clinical signs to mandibular dysfunction.
Indicated versus spontaneous preterm delivery: An evaluation of neonatal morbidity among infants weighing </=1000 grams at birth.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether infants weighing ≤1000 g after birth who are born to women who undergo indicated preterm delivery have different neonatal outcomes than do those born as a result of either spontaneous preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Study Design: In a 1-year observational study (1992-1993) the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network collected outcome data for 799 infants whose birth weights were ≤1000 g. Only singleton infants with gestational age >20 weeks who were not produced as the result of an induced abortion were included. Our analysis was further limited to infants without major congenital anomalies who survived >2 days, were deemed potentially viable by the obstetrician, and would have undergone a cesarean delivery for fetal indications (N = 411). The primary reason for delivery was categorized as indicated delivery, spontaneous preterm labor, or spontaneous preterm premature rupture of membranes. Selected neonatal outcomes were evaluated among infants born to women in each of these groups. Logistic regression analyses were used to control for the effects of other potentially confounding variables. Results: A total of 156 of the 411 infants were born to women who underwent an indicated preterm delivery, whereas 160 were born after spontaneous preterm labor and 95 were delivered after preterm premature rupture of membranes. Univariate analyses revealed significantly lower incidences of grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhage, grade III or IV retinopathy of prematurity, and seizure activity among infants born in an indicated preterm delivery than among those born after spontaneous preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. However, infants of women who underwent indicated preterm delivery had a more advanced mean gestational age at birth than did those born after spontaneous preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes (28 ± 2 weeks, 26 ± 2 weeks, and 26 ± 1 weeks, respectively, P Conclusion: In this population of infants weighing ≤1000 g, selected neonatal outcomes did not differ according to birth by indicated preterm delivery, spontaneous preterm labor, or preterm premature rupture of membranes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:683-9.)
Affective cues in persuasion: An assessment of causal mediation

This experiment examined the mediating role of affective cues in persuasion. College students were exposed to advertisements that contained or did not contain affective cues in the form of humor, and that contained or did not contain information about the advertised product. As intended the affective cues were found to influence attitudes toward the advertisement (Aad), while the productrelevant information was found to influence attitudes toward the advertised product (Ab). By manipulating Aad and Ab independently, it was possible to test for the causal mediation of one attitude on the other. The results showed that Ab had a significant mediating (p<.05) effect on Aad, but that Aad did not significantly mediate Ab.
The Occupational Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions for Emergency Medicine Residents

. Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and near-crashes as reported by emergency medicine (EM) residents following various ED shifts. Methods: A survey was sent to all allopathic EM-2-EM-4 residents in May 1996 asking whether they had ever been involved in an MVC or near-crash while driving home after an ED shift. The residents night shift schedules, self-reported tolerance of night work, ability to overcome drowsiness, sleep flexibility, and morningness/eveningness tendencies also were collected. Results: Seventy-eight programs participated and 62% of 1,554 eligible residents returned usable surveys. Seventy-six (8%, 95% CI = 6% to 10%) residents reported having 96 crashes and 553 (58%, 95% CI = 55% to 61%) residents reported being involved in 1,446 near-crashes. Nearly three fourths of the MVCs and 80% of the near-crashes followed the night shift. Stepwise logistic regression of all variables demonstrated a cumulative association (R = 0.19, p = 0.0004) that accounted for 4% of the observed variability in MVCs and near-crashes. Univariate analysis showed that MVCs and near-crashes were inversely related to residents shiftwork tolerance (p = 0.019) and positively related to the number of night shifts worked per month (p = 0.035). Conclusions: Residents reported being involved in a higher number of MVCs and near-crashes while driving home after a night shift compared with other shifts. Driving home after a night shift appears to be a significant occupational risk for EM residents.
Contemporary Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been available in some form for greater than three decades. Early management for airway obstruction during sleep relied on tracheotomy which although life saving was not well accepted by patients. In the early eighties two new forms of treatment for OSAS were developed. Surgically a technique described as a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) was used to treat the retropalatal region for snoring and sleep apnea. Concurrently sleep medicine developed a nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device to manage nocturnal airway obstruction. Both of these measures were used to expand and stabilize the pharyngeal airway space during sleep. The goal for each technique was to limit or alleviate OSAS. Almost 30 yr later these two treatment modalities continue to be the mainstay of contemporary treatment. As expected, CPAP device technology improved over time along with durable goods. Surgery followed suit and additional techniques were developed to treat soft and bony structures of the entire upper airway (nose, palate and tongue base). This review will only focus on the contemporary surgical methods that have demonstrated relatively consistent positive clinical outcomes. Not all surgical and medical treatment modalities are successful or even partially successful for every patient. Advances in the treatment of OSAS are hindered by the fact that the primary etiology is still unknown. However, both medicine and surgery continue to improve diagnostic and treatment methods. Methods of diagnosis as well as treatment regimens should always include both medical and surgical collaborations so the health and quality of life of our patients can best be served.
Isolation of region-specific and polymorphic markers from chromosome 17 by restricted Alu polymerase chain reaction

We demonstrate that the digestion of template DNAs with restriction endonucleases prior to Alu polymerase chain reaction ("restricted Alu-PCR") reduces the complexity of the Alu-primed amplification patterns of human DNA in somatic cell hybrids and allows a direct informative comparison of these patterns. A comparison of restricted Alu-PCR patterns of a monochromosomal hybrid retaining a human chromosome 17 (MH22-6) and a hybrid retaining a human chromosome 17 deleted for band p11.2 (DH110-D1) revealed four Alu-PCR products that were present in the former but absent in the latter hybrid. Hybridization of these fragments to the total Alu-PCR amplification products of the two hybrids confirmed their absence in DH110-D1 amplification products. Hybridization to a panel of somatic cell hybrids indicated that two of these fragments were deleted in the hybrid DH110-D1 and mapped to 17p11.2, as expected. However, two additional fragments were not deleted in the hybrid DH110-D1 and mapped to other regions of chromosome 17. An insertion-deletion polymorphism was associated with one of the latter fragments, which may be the mechanism for the lack of its amplification in the hybrid DH110-D1. Restricted Alu-PCR should enhance the applications of Alu-PCR and provides a new method for the identification of chromosome-specific polymorphic markers.
How does the close surgical margin impact recurrence and survival when treating oral squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose The surgical margin is the main prognostic factor over which the surgeon has control during resection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study examined the association between surgical excision margins of patients with OSCC and outcomes of disease-free and overall survival. Materials and Methods The authors implemented a retrospective cohort study. The sample was composed of patients with OSCC having resection as their initial treatment. The predictor variable was the pathologic surgical margin, defined as clear (>5 mm), close (1 to 5 mm), or involved ( Results The sample was composed of 54 patients with a mean age of 60.5 years (range, 19 to 85 yr) and 26% were women. The 2- and 5-year overall survival rates were 59 and 50%, respectively. The clear surgical margin group showed higher disease-free survival rates than patients with close and involved margins (5-yr probability, 0.78 vs 0.43 and 0.29; P = .014) and a trend toward increased overall survival at 2 and 5 years (P = .093). Conclusion The results suggest that the presence of a close surgical margin (1 to 5 mm) is an adverse risk feature comparable to an involved margin and therefore is associated with decreased disease-free and overall survival. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings before they can be used as a basis for clinical recommendations.
Simultaneous Real Time Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectance for Monitoring Semiconductor and Thin Film Preparation

This paper describes an expansion of the capabilities of real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) that results from simultaneous measurement of a reflectance spectrum R A along with the two spectra in the ellipsometric angles (Ψ,δ). R A provides information complementary to (Ψ,δ), but until now has not been exploited in real time spectroscopic applications. Earlier, we have developed a novel rotating-polarizer multichannel ellipsometer for real time studies of thin film growth that utilizes a photodiode array (PDA) detector for highspeed acquisition of (Ψ,δ) spectra. Employing this instrument with a 12.5 H z polarizer rotation rate, three-parameter (3-p) data sets {Ψ(hv,t), δ(hv,t), R A (hv,t); 1.4≤hv≤4.5 eV} can now be obtained with a time resolution as short as 40 ms during film growth. A resilient new analysis approach based on mathematical inversion and least-squares fitting is described to interpret the 3-p data set. The 3-p approach has been successful in characterizing plasmaenhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of amorphous semiconductors, and provides the film dielectric functions and thicknesses independently at each time during film growth. R A (hV) exhibits deviations from the spectrum predicted in successful modeling of (Ψ,δ) spectra alone. These deviations result from diffuse light scattering by particulates in the plasma. We show how additional information can be extracted from the spectral dependence of the scattering loss.
Cohesins Repress Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Immediate Early Gene Transcription during Latency

Chromatin-organizing factors such as CTCF and cohesins have been implicated in the control of complex viral regulatory programs. We investigated the role of CTCF and cohesins in the control of the switch from latency to the lytic cycle for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We found that cohesin subunits but not CTCF are required for the repression of KSHV immediate early gene transcription. Depletion of the cohesin subunits Rad21, SMC1, and SMC3 resulted in lytic cycle gene transcription and viral DNA replication. In contrast, depletion of CTCF failed to induce lytic transcription or DNA replication. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) revealed that cohesins and CTCF bound to several sites within the immediate early control region for ORF50 and to more distal 5' sites that also regulate the divergently transcribed ORF45-ORF46-ORF47 gene cluster. Rad21 depletion led to a robust increase in ORF45, ORF46, ORF47, and ORF50 transcripts, with similar kinetics to that observed with chemical induction by sodium butyrate. During latency, the chromatin between the ORF45 and ORF50 transcription start sites was enriched in histone H3K4me3, with elevated H3K9ac at the ORF45 promoter and elevated H3K27me3 at the ORF50 promoter. A paused form of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) was loosely associated with the ORF45 promoter region during latency but was converted to an active elongating form upon reactivation induced by Rad21 depletion. Butyrate treatment caused a rapid dissociation of cohesins and loss of CTCF binding at the immediate early gene locus, suggesting that cohesins may be a direct target of butyrate-mediated lytic induction. Our findings implicate cohesins as a major repressor of KSHV lytic gene activation and show that they function coordinately with CTCF to regulate the switch between latent and lytic gene activity.
Histone genes of the sea urchin (S. purpuratus) cloned in E. coli: Order, polarity, and strandedness of the five histone-coding and spacer regions

Sea urchin (S. purpuratus) histone DNA of constructed plasmid chimeras cloned in E. coli was cleaved with the restriction endonucleases Eco RI, Hind III, Sal I. Bam I, and Hha I. The resulting fragments were ordered and isolated directly from agarose gels or cloned into other plasmids. Each fragment hybridized to one or another of the five histone mRNAs and elucidated the order of the histone genes in each of the cloned fragments. Some DNA did not hybridize to histone mRNAs and was identified as spacer DNA located between coding regions. Total sea urchin DNA was cleaved with restriction endonucleases, fractionated on agarose gels, and hybridized to histone mRNAs or histone DNA. The results revealed the order of the five histone genes in the histone gene repeat unit and demonstrate that the histone spacer DNA have little sequence homology to other genes. ExonucleaseIII digestion of specific linear chimeric histone DNA plasmids followed by hybridization with mRNAs demonstrated the existence of all five histone genes on one strand of DNA and the 5'-3' polarity of that strand. These results, in conjunction with the data of Wu et al. (1976), allow us to construct a map of coding and spacer sequences in the transcribed strand of S. purpuratus histone gene repeat unit: (see article).
AUSTRALIAN‐AMERICAN INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER

ABSTRACT To make the land productive and habitable, private interbasin water transfer has been practiced for many years in Australia and in the western United States. Recently, however, the Federal governments of both countries built the first large, precedent-setting multiple-purpose water transfer projects. Water transfer principles, technology, construction skills and experience, and amortization schemes that were developed in building the Colorado-Big Thompson Project in the western United States were adopted and adapted to building the Snowy Mountains Project in Australia. In bringing these two projects to fruition, those critical decisions that were made in the social arena, at the political, economic, fiscal, and planning levels, are the dynamic aspects of water transfer that determine the value of additional water and its impact on the landscape.
A General Population Genetic Framework for Antagonistic Selection That Accounts for Demography and Recurrent Mutation

Antagonistic selection—where alleles at a locus have opposing effects on male and female fitness (“sexual antagonism”) or between components of fitness (“antagonistic pleiotropy”)—might play an important role in maintaining population genetic variation and in driving phylogenetic and genomic patterns of sexual dimorphism and life-history evolution. While prior theory has thoroughly characterized the conditions necessary for antagonistic balancing selection to operate, we currently know little about the evolutionary interactions between antagonistic selection, recurrent mutation, and genetic drift, which should collectively shape empirical patterns of genetic variation. To fill this void, we developed and analyzed a series of population genetic models that simultaneously incorporate these processes. Our models identify two general properties of antagonistically selected loci. First, antagonistic selection inflates heterozygosity and fitness variance across a broad parameter range—a result that applies to alleles maintained by balancing selection and by recurrent mutation. Second, effective population size and genetic drift profoundly affect the statistical frequency distributions of antagonistically selected alleles. The “efficacy” of antagonistic selection (i.e., its tendency to dominate over genetic drift) is extremely weak relative to classical models, such as directional selection and overdominance. Alleles meeting traditional criteria for strong selection (Nes >> 1, where Ne is the effective population size, and s is a selection coefficient for a given sex or fitness component) may nevertheless evolve as if neutral. The effects of mutation and demography may generate population differences in overall levels of antagonistic fitness variation, as well as molecular population genetic signatures of balancing selection.
Carcinogenic effects in a phenylketonuria mouse model

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder caused by impaired phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). This condition results in hyperphenylalaninemia and elevated levels of abnormal phenylalanine metabolites, among which is phenylacetic acid/phenylacetate (PA). In recent years, PA and its analogs were found to have anticancer activity against a variety of malignancies suggesting the possibility that PKU may offer protection against cancer through chronically elevated levels of PA. We tested this hypothesis in a genetic mouse model of PKU (PAHenu2) which has a biochemical profile that closely resembles that of human PKU. Plasma levels of phenylalanine in homozygous (HMZ) PAHenu2 mice were >12-fold those of heterozygous (HTZ) littermates while tyrosine levels were reduced. Phenylketones, including PA, were also markedly elevated to the range seen in the human disease. Mice were subjected to 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis, a model which is sensitive to the anticancer effects of the PA derivative 4-chlorophenylacetate (4-CPA). Tumor induction by DMBA was not significantly different between the HTZ and HMZ mice, either in total tumor development or in the type of cancers that arose. HMZ mice were then treated with 4-CPA as positive controls for the anticancer effects of PA and to evaluate its possible effects on phenylalanine metabolism in PKU mice. 4-CPA had no effect on the plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, phenylketones, or tyrosine. Surprisingly, the HMZ mice treated with 4-CPA developed an unexplained neuromuscular syndrome which precluded its use in these animals as an anticancer agent. Together, these studies support the use of PAHenu2 mice as a model for studying human PKU. Chronically elevated levels of PA in the PAHenu2 mice were not protective against cancer.
High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Scientific Computing with the Common Component Architecture

In the scientific computing community, parallel and, increasingly, distributed computing are both important paradigms for the development of large-scale simulation software. The ability to bridge seamlessly between these two paradigms is a valuable characteristic for programming models in this general domain. The Common Component Architecture (CCA) is a software component model specially designed for the needs of the scientific community, including support for both high-performance parallel and distributed computing.
Probable equivalence, superpower sets, and superconditionals

A natural measure of probabilistic equality between sets leads to two measures of probabilistic conditioning that form the endpoints of a conditioning interval. The interval's lower bound is the standard conditional probability or “subconditional” that describes the probability of a subset relation. The upper bound is a new “superconditional” that describes the probability of the corresponding superset relation. These dual conditioning operators correspond to dual set collections and enjoy optimality relations with respect to these set collections. Fuzzy cubes illustrate these set-collection relations in the two-dimensional case. The subconditional operator corresponds to the usual “power set” of a given set. The dual superconditional operator corresponds to what we call the “superpower set” or the set of all supersets of the given set. The two dual conditioning operators can eliminate each other through simple equalities. They obey dual Bayes theorems but differ in how they respond to statistical independence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 19: 1151–1171, 2004.
Prospective study of infective endocarditis among injection drug users

Injection drug users (IDUs) are at an increased risk of infective endocarditis (IE), which is a major cause of morbidity and medical expense. It is estimated that 60% of hospital admissions among IDUs are for acute infection and that � 5%–15% of these admissions are for IE [1]. Among IDUs, IE has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [2–5], even after accounting for the frequency and duration of injection drug use. In an earlier study of narcotic-related mortality in New York City [6], an increased trend in deaths due to IE paralleled AIDS deaths; however, individual HIV serostatus was unavailable. Selwyn et al. [7] noted similar increased trends in IE deaths among subjects receiving methadone maintenance. Subsequently, reports from Italy [8] and Amsterdam and Baltimore [9] reported that deaths among IDUs due to IE were HIV associated. An earlier study among the same Baltimore IDU cohort [3] noted a higher incidence of IE among HIV-seropositive than among HIV-seronegative injection drug users, independent of drug injection variables, but the number of participants in this study with advanced HIV immunosuppression was small. An intriguing finding from the earlier study of IE in this cohort [3, 10] and others [5] is that IE is more frequent in female than male IDUs. An improved understanding of the factors that influence the risk of IE among IDUs should contribute to an understanding of the pathogenesis of the process and guide risk reduction efforts. Therefore, in the present study, the association between IE and advanced immunosuppression among HIV-infected IDUs was sought by using additional follow-up among a longitudinal cohort study of IDUs. The purpose of this study was to confirm previous findings in this cohort and to identify additional factors associated with IE among HIV-infected IDUs.
The modulation of low‐energy proton distributions by propagating interplanetary shock waves: A numerical simulation

A numerical simulation has been developed to study the formation in the intensities of ≲0.1- to ∼10.0-MeV protons of the long-lived energetic storm particle (ESP) events observed in association with the passage of flare-produced fast mode MHD shocks. Protons are traced numerically backward in time from a given observation point (i.e., particle detector), through their adiabatic scatter-free motion along the assumed laminar spiral interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and finally through the shock discontinuity to their pre-shock interaction state. An ambient proton can undergo at most one shock encounter, during which, as seen in the shock frame, the proton is accelerated by its effective ‘grad-B drift’ along the induced electric field each time it crosses the shock. The time-reversed calculation reveals which of the observed protons interacted with the shock, where the shock interaction occurred, and by how much each interacting proton's kinetic energy was increased at the shock. Time profiles of the omnidirectional and unidirectional protons fluxes are formed from the trajectories by invoking Liouville's theorem and an ambient proton unidirectional flux j ∼T−γ, where T is the kinetic energy and γ the spectral exponent. Simulation predictions are shown for different observed proton energies under various assumptions concerning the shock speed and strength, the slope of the ambient proton energy spectrum, the variation of the angle β1 between the shock surface and the upstream IMF vector, and the heliocentric radial position r of the observation point. The simulation model correctly recovers the gross features of the intensity variations, flux anisotropies, and energy spectra time evolutions of many observed ESP events. Representative simulation results predict shock-induced enhancements in low-energy proton fluxes that are characterized by (1) long, steady preshock or upstream rises to peaks before the shock arrival and abrupt declines following the shock passage; (2) peak enhancement amplitudes that increase for lower-energy protons, stronger and faster shocks, softer ambient proton spectra, decreased β1 and increased r, (3) large, highly field-aligned preshock flux anisotropies directed away from the sun along the IMF, (4) small postshock flux anisotropies nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field and directed towards the sun along the IMF, and (5) steadily softening preshock energy spectra that are steepest at the peak flux enhancement and slightly softer than the ambient spectra after the shock passage.
Immunology update: topics in basic and clinically applied reproductive immunology

Abstract A postgraduate course covering basic and clinical reproductive immunology was held in Philadelphia, PA U.S.A., on March 19, 1996, in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Society for Gynecological Investigation. The course was organized and chaired by Joseph A. Hill.
Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission line using synchronized Voltage measurements

This paper describes a new scheme to locate a fault on a multi-terminal transmission line. It describes a simple new algorithm to identify the faulted section first. Then, to exactly locate the fault on this section, a method is described that uses the synchronized voltage measurements at all terminals. The main advantage of this method is that the current-transformer errors in the current measurements can be avoided. Since these errors can be as high as 10%, the fault location is extremely accurate with this method. The scheme can work for transposed as well as untransposed lines and is free of prefault conditions. The paper, after describing the scheme, describes very promising results from an Electromagnetic Transients Program simulation of a multi-terminal transmission line.
Alcohol consumption, dating relationships, and preliminary sexual outcomes in collegiate natural drinking groups

This study tested the effects of committed relationships and presence of dates on alcohol consumption and preliminary sexual outcomes in natural drinking groups (NDGs). Undergraduate drinkers (N = 302) answered an online questionnaire on their most recent participation in a NDG. The interaction between relationship commitment and presence of a date on alcohol consumption was significant. Among students not in committed relationships, those dating within their NDG reported heavier drinking than those not dating. Students in committed relationships drank less than those who were not committed only when their partners were present. The positive correlation between drinking and sexual contact was significantonlyforthosewhowerenotincommittedrelationships.Implicationsforfuture research and interventions are discussed.
Variety in fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older Puerto Rican adults.

Higher variety in fruit and vegetable intake has been associated with a lower risk of several chronic diseases. It remains unclear whether such associations exist relating to cognition. The authors examined associations between total quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive function in a cross-sectional sample of 1412 Puerto Rican adults, aged 45–75 years from the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study, 2004–9. Fruit and vegetable intake was assessed with a FFQ. Cognitive function was measured with a battery of seven tests; the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administrated to assess global cognitive function. Greater variety, but not total quantity, of fruit and vegetable intake was associated with a higher MMSE score after multivariate adjustment (P for trend = 0·012). This association remained significant after further adjusting for total quantity of fruit and vegetable intake (P for trend = 0·018). High variety of fruit and vegetable intake was also associated with individual cognitive domains, including executive function, memory and attention (all P for trend < 0·05). Variety, more than total quantity, of fruit and vegetable intake may offer cognitive protection in middle-aged and older adults, but longitudinal studies are needed to clarify direction of causality.
Topological quantum phase transition in an exactly solvable model of a chiral spin liquid at finite temperature

We study the finite-temperature nature of a quantum phase transition between an Abelian and a non-Abelian topological phase in an exactly solvable model of the chiral spin liquid of Yao and Kivelson [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 247203 (2007)]. As it is exactly solvable, this model can serve as a testbed for developing better measures for describing topological quantum phase transitions. We use the global flux and entanglement entropy to characterize this phase transition, and we discuss to what extent the existence of a topologically ordered ground state with non-Abelian excitations is revealed at finite temperature.
SymCall: symbiotic virtualization through VMM-to-guest upcalls

Symbiotic virtualization is a new approach to system virtualization in which a guest OS targets the native hardware interface as in full system virtualization, but also optionally exposes a software interface that can be used by a VMM, if present, to increase performance and functionality. Neither the VMM nor the OS needs to support the symbiotic virtualization interface to function together, but if both do, both benefit. We describe the design and implementation of the SymCall symbiotic virtualization interface in our publicly available Palacios VMM for modern x86 machines. SymCall makes it possible for Palacios to make clean synchronous upcalls into a symbiotic guest, much like system calls. One use of symcalls is to allow synchronous collection of semantically rich guest data during exit handling in order to enable new VMM features. We describe the implementation of SwapBypass, a VMM service based on SymCall that reconsiders swap decisions made by a symbiotic Linux guest. Finally, we present a detailed performance evaluation of both SwapBypass and SymCall.
A Cultural System Approach Can Eliminate Herbicide Need in Semiarid Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)1

Abstract: Producers in the semiarid Great Plains are seeking management strategies to delay development of herbicide resistance. The objective of this study was to determine if cultural systems could control weeds in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), thus eliminating the need for herbicides and removing selection pressure. Initially, we evaluated individual cultural practices for improving competitiveness of proso millet. Increasing seeding rate, banding N fertilizer with the seeds, growing a taller cultivar, and eliminating tillage favored proso millet over redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Combining several cultural practices with delayed planting in a cultural system reduced biomass and seed production of two pigweed species 85% or more in both tilled and no-till systems, subsequently eliminating proso millet yield loss. Density of the two pigweed species was sevenfold greater in the tilled system, yet the cultural system approach was still effective. Cultural system impact on seed production s...
Interactions with Customers for Innovation

This chapter analyzes the ways in which firms can use their interactions with customers to generate innovations and better foresight future trends in the marketplace. We discuss how the interaction with customers varies depending on the type of innovation the firm is aiming to achieve: Product improvement, product versioning, new product development, and new product discovery. Each of them has distinct knowledge creation challenges in terms of the identification, transfer, and integration of customer knowledge to create innovations that fulfill their needs and preferences.
Surveillance Potential of Non-Native Hawaiian Birds for Detection of West Nile Virus

West Nile virus (WNV) was first detected in North America in 1999. Alaska and Hawaii (HI) remain the only U.S. states in which transmission of WNV has not been detected. Dead bird surveillance has played an important role in the detection of the virus geographically, as well as temporally. In North America, corvids have played a major role in WNV surveillance; however, the only corvid in HI is the endangered Hawaiian crow that exists only in captivity, thus precluding the use of this species for WNV surveillance in HI. To evaluate the suitability of alternate avian species for WNV surveillance, we experimentally challenged seven abundant non-native bird species present in HI with WNV and compared mortality, viremia, oral shedding of virus, and seroconversion. For detection of WNV in oral swabs, we compared viral culture, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the RAMP(®) test. For detection of antibodies to WNV, we compared an indirect and a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay. We found four species (house sparrow, house finch, Japanese white-eye, and Java sparrow) that may be useful in dead bird surveillance for WNV; while common myna, zebra dove, and spotted dove survived infection and may be useful in serosurveillance.
HIGH ALTITUDE, PHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASES

Exposure to high altitude causes generalized hypoxia throughout the body because the reduction in barometric pressure reduces the inspired partial pressure of oxygen. Physiological consequences include impairment of physical performance, mental performance, and sleep. The deleterious effects of high altitude are reduced by the process of acclimatization, the most important feature of which is an increase in ventilation. Other features include polycythemia, changes in oxidative enzymes in cells, and reduced intercapillary distances in some tissues. However acclimatization does not return the body to its sea level status. Three principal high-altitude diseases affect people who normally live near sea level. Acute mountain sickness causes headache, fatigue, insomnia, and anorexia but is generally a self-limiting disease that resolves after 2–3 days. High-altitude pulmonary edema is a much more serious condition characterized by severe dyspnea, which may progress to coughing up frothy fluid. The pulmonary hypertension that occurs at high altitude because of the alveolar hypoxia damages some pulmonary capillaries, a condition known as stress failure. High-altitude cerebral edema is uncommon but potentially fatal and causes confusion, ataxia, and eventually coma. Permanent residents of high altitude sometimes develop chronic mountain sickness characterized by severe polycythemia and a constellation of neurological symptoms.
Let My People Go

This short article discusses the continued imprisonment of Jonathan Pollard for spying for Israel, as well as that of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, imprisoned by Hamas. Also discussed are the inequalities of the negotiations for their release, leaving Israel and the U.S. in a bad light.
Are You Choosing Wisely in Your Professional Practice

To enhance the value of care provided to Americans, the American Board of Internal Medicine and Consumer Reports launched the Choosing Wisely Initiative in 2012 to educate providers and patients about high frequency, low value care practices to avoid. ONS recently collaborated with the American Academy of Nursing to add the first-ever nursing-focused list to those previously submitted by over 70 specialty societies.
A default method to specify skeletons for Bayesian model averaging continual reassessment method for phase I clinical trials

The Bayesian model averaging continual reassessment method (CRM) is a Bayesian dose-finding design. It improves the robustness and overall performance of the continual reassessment method (CRM) by specifying multiple skeletons (or models) and then using Bayesian model averaging to automatically favor the best-fitting model for better decision making. Specifying multiple skeletons, however, can be challenging for practitioners. In this paper, we propose a default way to specify skeletons for the Bayesian model averaging CRM. We show that skeletons that appear rather different may actually lead to equivalent models. Motivated by this, we define a nonequivalence measure to index the difference among skeletons. Using this measure, we extend the model calibration method of Lee and Cheung (2009) to choose the optimal skeletons that maximize the average percentage of correct selection of the maximum tolerated dose and ensure sufficient nonequivalence among the skeletons. Our simulation study shows that the proposed method has desirable operating characteristics. We provide software to implement the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propagation, Release, and Evaluation of Peristenus stygicus, a Newly Imported Parasite of Lygus Bugs

Peristenus stygicus Loan, a parasite of Lygus , was released in an alfalfa hay field near Bakersfield, Calif., in 1973. The program was evaluated by dissecting a large number of 3rd to 5th instar Lygus (primarily L. hesperus Knight) to determine percent parasitization. Four peaks of parasitized lygus bug nymphs occurred in 1973. The 1st 3 peaks were of increasing magnitude while the 4th peak was much lower. P. stygicus survived the winter of 1973 to 1974 and was active in the release plot in 1974. There were 4 generation peaks of parasite larvae in 1974. However, the 4 peaks were of decreasing magnitude and irregularly spaced. The parasite also survived the following winter and was active in the release plot in the spring of 1975. However, its population did not increase in 1974 and in the spring of 1975 when compared to the number of larvae found in 1973.
Real-Time Investigation of Solid and Liquid State Reactions In Au-Sn/Cu System

A real-time x-ray analysis technique has been developed and employed for in-situ investigation of solid and liquid state reactions in Au-Sn/Cu system as a function of temperature. Typically, 1 μm eutectic Au-Sn films were deposited on 1.5 μm Cu layers on Si wafers. Phase changes in Au-Sn films on Cu from ambient to above the eutectic temperature have been investigated. Cu diffusion into Au-Sn film above 250 °C resulted in a ternary Au-Sn-Cu compound and raised the melting temperature of the structure to about 325 °C. This affects joining characteristics of the Au-Sn metallization.
Measurement of Phospholipid Metabolism in Intact Neutrophils

Phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes are important participants in neutrophil signal transduction pathways. The methods discussed herein describe assays for assessing the activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD), and phosphoinositide 3-OH-kinase in intact neutrophils. PLA2 activity is measured as the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid. PLC activity is measured as the accumulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), a water-soluble product, using a commercially available radioreceptor assay kit. PLD activity is measured as the appearance of its radiolabeled products, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanol. PI3-K activity is measured as the appearance of its radiolabeled product, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate.
The 2015 Mw 7.1 earthquake on the Charlie-Gibbs transform fault: Repeating earthquakes and multimodal slip on a slow oceanic transform

The 2015 Mw 7.1 earthquake on the Charlie-Gibbs transform fault along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the latest in a series of seven large earthquakes since 1923. We propose that these earthquakes form a pair of quasi-repeating sequences with the largest magnitudes and longest repeat times for such sequences observed to date. We model teleseismic body waves and find that the 2015 earthquake ruptured a distinct segment of the transform from the previous 1998 earthquake. The two events display similarities to earthquakes in 1974 and 1967, respectively. We observe large oceanic transform earthquakes to exhibit characteristic slip behavior, initiating with small slip near the ridge, and propagating unilaterally to significant slip asperities nearer the center of the transform. These slip distributions combined with apparent segmentation support multimode slip behavior with fault slip accommodated both seismically during large earthquakes and aseismically in between.