cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal self-assembly of interconnected one-dimensional inorganic and organic nanostructures on the Si(100) surface

Orthogonal, interconnected inorganic and organic one-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated by parallel self-assembly on the Si(100) surface and investigated using room temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy. In particular, bismuth nanowires were self-assembled on the clean Si(100)−2 × 1 surface perpendicular to the Si dimer rows, followed by hydrogen passivation of the surrounding Si surface. Styrene molecular chains were then self-assembled on the H-passivated Si(100)−2 × 1 surface to intersect perpendicularly with the Bi nanowires. This general approach can likely be applied to the wide range of inorganic and organic species that spontaneously form one-dimensional nanostructures on the Si(100) surface.
Unshielded perpendicular recording head for 1 Tb/in/sup 2/

A full three-dimensional (3-D) self-consistent micromagnetic code has been employed to design an unshielded perpendicular writer for an areal density of 1 Tb/in/sup 2/. The head consists of a probe-type tip protruding from a collar. The tip has saturation magnetization (M/sub S/) of 24 kG while the collar has lower M/sub S/. The magnitude and orientation of anisotropy field (H/sub k/) in the tip is varied to obtain the best recording performance. The combination of high anisotropy write tip with low M/sub s/ collar is shown to produce effective write fields in excess of 19 kOe and less than 20% track erasure for 10/sup 7/ passes. Introduction of in-plane anisotropy within the pole tip reduces head remanence sufficiently that on-track erasure exceeds a benchmark of 10/sup 8/ passes. The damping constant in Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation has been varied to improve the frequency response. With damping constant equal to 1.0, simulations show that the head is capable of switching in approximately 0.15 ns.
Sensitivity of spin polarization to scattering potential

The electron-spin polarization and differential cross section of electrons scattered on gaseous targets have been calculated using three different scattering potentials. The calculations were carried through for electrons with 340-eV incident energy scattered on Hg. The results show that the spin polarization changes very little when the potentials are varied. The differential cross section, however, changed considerably and is therefore of more basic significance than the spin polarization when atomic systems are investigated.
The Crystal Structure of a Diacid Triglyceride

The x-ray structure analysis of a single crystal of the β-@#@ form of 2-11-bromoundecanoyl-l, 1- dicaprin has revealed an arrangement of carbon atom chains within a molecular layer that is identical to that found in the β-form monoacid triglycerides. However the packing of the molec-ular layers within the crystal lattice is sub-stantially different because of the unequal fatty acid chain-lengths in the symmetrical diacid triglyceride of this investigation.
Entropic effects of copolymer localization at semiflexible polymer interfaces

We use a self-consistent mean-field theory which accounts for polymer semiflexibility to study the effects of semiflexible copolymers localized at the interface between a flexible and a semiflexible homopolymer. Our studies show that, in contrast to copolymers located at the interface between flexible polymers, entropic effects tend to dominate the behavior of the copolymers at semiflexible polymer interfaces. We find that the reduction in interfacial tension caused by the copolymer is a nonmonotonic function of the rigidity of the copolymer and the amount of copolymer added to the system.
Infection of tumor-bearing mice with the lactic dehydrogenase agent.

SummaryNormal and tumor-bearing mice were experimentally infected with the LDH agent and followed for changes in plasma LDH and GOT activity. 1) Injection of the LDH agent into normal animals produced a 4- to 5-fold increase in plasma LDH activity within 72 hours and a small increase in plasma GOT. 2) Plasma from animals bearing the uninfected plasma-cell tumor SS (70429) showed a gradual increase in both LDH and GOT activity which paralleled the gross increase in tumor size. Transfer experiments failed to reveal a transmissible LDH agent. 3) The tumor-bearing animals which had been infected with the LDH agent showed up to 8 times more plasma LDH activity than the uninfected tumor-bearing animals and up to 88 times more activity than the normal animals. 4) Up to a 22-fold difference in plasma LDH activity was noted between the infected non-tumor-bearing animals and the infected tumor-bearing animals. Serial dilution of plasma from these 2 groups failed to reveal a difference in titer of the LDH agent.
Oak canopy effects on the distribution patterns of two annual grasses: the role of competition and soil nutrients

Within the oak woodlands of California there is often a distinct shift in the botanical composition between the open grassland and the herbaceous understory beneath oak canopy. Botanical sampling at two woodland sites indicated that the annual grass Bromus diandrus was dominant under deciduous blue oak canopy, while a congener, Bromus hordeaceus, was dominant in open grassland. We examined the relative importance of congeneric competition and edaphic factors in creating these differences in species distribution in two separate field experiments that manipulated both congeneric and intraspecific competition, as well as soil type. We used the demographic measure of relative reproductive rate as an index of population growth. In general, demographic performance correctly predicted the distribution of the two annual grasses in the field. Our results indicate that reduced abundance of B. hordeaceus under canopy reflects the negative effects of competition with B. diandrus. In contrast, B. diandrus is little affected by competition from B. hordeaceus. The reduced abundance of B. diandrus in open grassland may result, in part, from its inability to adapt as well as B. hordeaceus to lower nutrient availability in soils of the open grassland.
Wall coating of a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol steam reforming catalyst for micro-channel reformers

Abstract Capillaries of quartz and fused silica were coated with a commercial BASF CuO/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The objective was to create micro channels with reactive coatings for steam reforming of methanol to produce H 2 for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. A slurry of catalyst with a boehmite binder was filled in the capillary and then displaced by a stream of inert gas. This gas displacement method allowed us to generate coatings ranging from 1 to 25 μm in thickness by varying the slurry viscosity. The 25 μm coating thickness was deposited on a range of tube diameters, for example 4.1 mm, 2 mm, and 530 μm diameter. The coating was adherent and did not peel off during catalytic reaction tests which lasted up to 10 days. The activity of the coated catalyst was superior to that of the same catalyst in a packed bed.
On numerical methods to impose asymptotic boundary conditions of boundary-layer equations

The error minimization method proposed by Nachtsheim and Swigert (1965) to satisfy the asymptotic boundary conditions of boundary layer equations is proved to be equivalent to imposing the condition of fastest decay. As a consequence, a uniqueness problem is not arising in the solutions of boundary layer equations obtained by their method.
Involuntary admission in Greece: a prospective national study of police involvement and client characteristics affecting emergency assessment.

Background and aim: Mental health legislation varies considerably from one country to the other. This study aims to describe the characteristics of the individuals who are brought in by the police for psychiatric assessment and the police involvement in this procedure in Greece.Method: Prospective study of the incident books of the police departments throughout Greece concerning involuntary psychiatric admissions. These books were completed by the police officers who brought the individuals for involuntary psychiatric examination.Results: In total, 2,038 involuntary assessments were evaluated and examined in relationship to the demographic characteristics of the examined individuals. The main findings are as follows. Males were more often assessed (69%) at a younger age than females (p < 0.001). The majority of the assessments led to involuntary admission (87.5%). Immigrant status did not lead to increased involuntary commitment. The chance for involuntary admission was greater for younger Greek nationals...
Extension of Stress and Strength Interference Theory for Conceptual Design-for-Reliability

It has been recognized that design-for-reliability (DFR) during the conceptual design stage is very challenging. There are several gaps and deficiencies hindering the DFR implementation. The first gap is due to the disconnection between the output of the conceptual design and reliability parameters needed for the reliability modeling. The second gap is between the knowledge available during the conceptual design and the information needed for reliability analysis. The state of the art design-for-reliability research and implementation are primarily based on the traditional reliability stress and strength interference theory. The research to date has mainly focused on the embodiment design-for-reliability, since they take embodiment design data as inputs and derive reliability measures of the product as results. On the other hand, the conceptual design, in general, and functional design in specific are usually nonanalytical and nonquantitative and result in little information immediately useful for a detailed reliability analysis. Our research aims to address these gaps and deficiencies and to build a bridge between the reliability research and the conceptual design research in order to realize conceptual design-for-reliability. In this paper, we first review the state of research and practice in the fields of reliability and conceptual design. Building on the previous research, we extend the traditional reliability stress and strength interference theory and develop a conceptual stress and conceptual strength interference theory (CSCSIT) that parametrizes the conceptual design space by introducing reliability related parameters into functional design. Based on CSCSIT, a practical analysis framework is proposed to support functional design-for-reliability. A functional design example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of CSCSIT and the proposed framework.
Lipids and lipoproteins as predictors of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer in the honolulu heart program

A group of 2,122 healthy men in the Honolulu Heart Program who participated in the Cooperative Lipoprotein Phenotyping Study, 1970 to 1972, were followed for 10 years by repeated examinations and surveillance of hospital discharge and mortality records in order to diagnose new cases of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and other deaths. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly associated with all clinical types of coronary heart disease in multivariate analyses, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with nonfatal myocardial infarction and total coronary heart disease, but not with fatal coronary heart disease nor angina. Triglyceride and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with total coronary heart disease by univariate but not multivariate analysis. None of the other specific chronic diseases were significantly associated with any lipid or lipoprotein, although there were trends of inverse associations of all noncardiovascular disease with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Thus, for total disease (coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, and other deaths), the optimal range for lowest disease incidence was about 200 to 220 mg/dl for total cholesterol and 120 to 140 mg/dl for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A strong inverse pattern of total disease with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol indicated that the highest levels were the optimal levels.
Research Article: Value of Time Clustering and the Efficiency of Destination-Based Congestion Pricing

In cities with a hub-and-spoke style transportation system, each individual's transit decision produces externalities contained within a particular transit spoke. When spokes vary in the typical nu...
The Tullock-Bastiat hypothesis, inequality-transfer curve and the natural distribution of income

Conventional wisdom has long held that public policy has worked to reduce income inequality in contemporary America, or that, at least, it has the real capability of achieving that goal (Thurow, 1971). For example, the evidence is strong that there was a pronounced decline in measured inequality during the 1930s and 1940s, a period of greatly increased governmental intervention on both the tax and expenditure side designed to reduce inequality (Lindert and Williamson, 1980). Increased government expenditures went, or so it was argued, largely to alleviate the plight of the poor and, thus, greater federal public aid expenditures brought about greater equality. Similarly, it commonly has been maintained that higher and more progressive federal taxes serve to further reduce inequality in America. There is another view, however, which holds that governmental intervention in markets may have a different impact. While he believes the modern welfare state has clearly reduced incomes for the extremely wealthy, Tullock (1983) has suggested that many government transfers are not transfers from higher to lower income groups, but rather transfers within the middle class, allowing at least the possibility that governmental transfer activity might not in the aggregate increase income equality in any significant manner. Perhaps the citizenry are interested in promoting income equality, but only to some limited extent. In that regard, evidence compiled by Lebergott (1975) is interesting: since the midnineteenth century, there has been a remarkable rough constancy in government payment levels to the poor relative to wage levels of common laborers. To be sure, there have been some periods of increased support for the poor, such as during the heyday of the War on Poverty in the late 1960s, but as Tullock has expressed in private correspondence with us, 'the body politic has spasms of feeling more than usually charitable, and then goes back to normal.' The conventional wisdom had previously been questioned by Reynolds and Smolensky (1977) and, for that matter, by Bastiat (1848, 1964), who said that the state 'produces more poverty than it cures.' Along similar lines, Lebergott (1975: 15), speaking of poor elderly Americans, observed: 'they are not impoverished in spite of the American capitalist welfare state. They are in poverty because of it.'
Reflections on the Future of Organization Development

This article describes and interprets the results of interviews with 21 pioneering organization development (OD) thought leaders regarding the past, present, and future of the field. Interpretations of the data reveal a pattern of responses that reflects the evolution of the field; adds to our understanding of the definition, values, skills, and trends in the field; and supports recommendations for developing future OD practitioners and reconciling the discipline’s currently fragmented state.
Warfarin and aspirin did not differ for death or stroke in heart failure and sinus rhythm

Source Citation Homma S, Thompson JL, Pullicino PM, et al; WARCEF Investigators. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1859-69. 22551105
The limits of fair equality of opportunity

The principle of fair equality of opportunity is regularly used to justify social policies, both in the philosophical literature and in public discourse. How- ever, too often commentators fail to make explicit just what they take the principle to say. A principle of fair equality of opportunity does not say anything at all until certain variables are filled in. I want to draw attention to two variables, timing and currency. I argue that once we identify the few plausible ways we have at our disposal for filling in those variables, it will become apparent that a reasonable version of the principle will be quite narrow. Its usefulness as a justificatory basis for social policies will be limited to those policies that target the distribution of competitive opportunities among people entering majority.
Communitarianism, Vickers, and Revisioning American Public Administration:

Classical liberalism and the unrestrained individualism that is of its essence are inappropriate for current ever-increasing interdependence. Recent communitarian thinking in the United States suggests that the exclusive pursuit of private interest is, in fact, inimical in the long run to individual liberty. Sustained policy change depends, however, on a fundamental rethinking of ethics and epistemology; Vickers's concept of appreciation is an important contribution to this task. The authors conclude that there is a need both for more government and for more democracy; greater intrusions on autonomy are inevitable if Western culture in its present form is to survive.The sanest like the maddest of us cling like spiders to a self-spun web, obscurely moored in vacancy and fiercely shaken by the winds of change. Yet this frail web, through which many see only the void, is the one enduring artifact, the one authentic signature of humankind, and its weaving is our prime responsibility.—Geoffrey Vickers“The Psyc...
The predictive value of perioperative calcium levels after thyroid/parathyroid surgery

Background This work was done to determine whether the slope of change between preoperative and early postoperative (2 hr and 8 hr) ionized calcium levels (ciCa) could predict significant postoperative hypocalcemia. Methods We did a retrospective chart review of 79 patients undergoing thyroid (n = 56) or parathyroid surgery (n = 23) where overall parathyroid function was felt to be at risk. Results/Conclusions A positive slope between the preoperative ciCa and any postoperative ciCa or the first two postoperative ciCa's predicted normocalcemia in 100% of patients. For the thyroid group, the difference in the slope of the change from preoperative ciCa to first (<2 hours) postoperative ciCa (−15.940%/hours vs −9.375%/hours, p = .082) did not differentiate patients who developed hypocalcemia (n = 11) and those who remained normocalcemic (n = 45). By contrast the slope of change from preoperative ciCa to the second postoperative (8 hr) ciCa (−1.671%/ hour vs −0.849%/hours, p = .006) and first to second postoperative ciCa (−1.022%/hour vs −0.473%/hour, p = .001) did. For the parathyroid group, none of the differences in similar comparisons between the normocalcemic (n = 20) and hypocalcemic patients (n = 3) approached statistical significance. The relatively small number of patients who became hypocalcemic in this study precluded definition of an absolute slope of calcium level change above which normocalcemia can be assured © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 63–67, 2002.
Green’s matrices

Abstract Our goal is to identify and understand matrices A that share essential properties of the unitary Hessenberg matrices M that are fundamental for Szego’s orthogonal polynomials. Those properties include: (i) Recurrence relations connect characteristic polynomials {rk(x)} of principal minors of A . (ii) A is determined by generators (parameters generalizing reflection coefficients of unitary Hessenberg theory). (iii) Polynomials {rk(x)} correspond not only to A but also to a certain “CMV-like” five-diagonal matrix. (iv) The five-diagonal matrix factors into a product BC of block diagonal matrices with 2 × 2 blocks. (v) Submatrices above and below the main diagonal of A have rank 1. (vi) A is a multiplication operator in the appropriate basis of Laurent polynomials. (vii) Eigenvectors of A can be expressed in terms of those polynomials. Conditions (v) connects our analysis to the study of quasi-separable matrices. But the factorization requirement (iv) narrows it to the subclass of “Green’s matrices” that share Properties (i)–(vii). The key tool is “twist transformations” that provide 2n matrices all sharing characteristic polynomials of principal minors with A . One such twist transformation connects unitary Hessenberg to CMV. Another twist transformation explains findings of Fiedler who noticed that companion matrices give examples outside the unitary Hessenberg framework. We mention briefly the further example of a Daubechies wavelet matrix. Infinite matrices are included.
Comparative study of spinal cord ubiquitin expression in post-poliomyelitis and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This study addresses the suggested possible pathogenetic relationship between the late-onset muscular atrophy in patients with the prior diagnosis of poliomyelitis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). For this purpose we applied immunohistochemical techniques to determine the presence of pathological structures that were stained for ubiquitin (a protein involved in degenerative processes) in the spinal cords of patients with a history of poliomyelitis and compared the results with those of ALS, a condition in which cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusions are invariably found in the anterior horn cells. Our results indicate that post-poliomyelitis patients have no ubiquitinreactive inclusion bodies in these cells; however, some immunopositive globular and cord-shaped structures are seen in less-affected areas. Similar structures were also found in the spinal cords from patients with ALS and from normal individuals. Our findings would suggest that the pathogenesis of late muscular atrophy in post-poliomyelitis patients is dissimilar to that of ALS.
Transition in brittle failure mode in ice under low confinement

Abstract Compressively loaded ice deformed within the brittle regime fails by axial splitting under no confinement and by shear faulting under moderate confinement. This paper investigates the transition between these two failure modes using a novel very low-confinement loading device. It is found that, with increasing confinement, the orientation of the macroscopic failure plane rotates rapidly away from the direction of maximum compression until the confining stress reaches ∼1% of the maximum compressive stress, and then, under higher confinement, remains within the range of orientations generally attributed to Coulombic faulting. Quantitative modeling of the effect of confinement on wing crack growth and on the distribution of excess shear stress ahead of the wing crack tip results in predictions of the macroscopic fault orientation in good agreement with experimental observations.
Planning and implementing effective engineering meetings

This paper examines the nature of the small, informal type of group meeting involving persons assigned to a common project, the planning factors and sequence of steps for implementation, and the chairmanship characteristics essential to achieving effectiveness.
Predictors and Outcomes of Readmission for Clostridium difficile in a National Sample of Medicare Beneficiaries

Background Rates of Clostridium difficile (CD) infections are increasing. Elderly patients may be at particular risk of recurrent CD infection. Little is known about the risk for CD readmission specifically in this age group.
Choice-related activity and correlated noise in subcortical vestibular neurons

Functional links between neuronal activity and perception are studied by examining trial-by-trial correlations (choice probabilities) between neural responses and perceptual decisions. We addressed fundamental issues regarding the nature and origin of choice probabilities by recording from subcortical (brainstem and cerebellar) neurons in rhesus monkeys during a vestibular heading discrimination task. Subcortical neurons showed robust choice probabilities that exceeded those seen in cortex (area MSTd) under identical conditions. The greater choice probabilities of subcortical neurons could be predicted by a stronger dependence of correlated noise on tuning similarity, as revealed by population decoding. Significant choice probabilities were observed almost exclusively for neurons that responded selectively to translation, whereas neurons that represented net gravito-inertial acceleration did not show choice probabilities. These findings suggest that the emergence of choice probabilities in the vestibular system depends on a critical signal transformation that occurs in subcortical pathways to distinguish translation from orientation relative to gravity.
Sex effect on intelligence and mental retardation

In a sample of 5049 pairs of individuals from high-risk pedigrees, no evidence could be found for a uterine or socialization maternal effect on IQ or on the incidence of mental retardation. The observed excess of affected males and higher risk for children of affected females are fully consistent with all of three multifactorial threshold models.
Doing more with less: the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Turkish elections, and the uncertain future of Turkish politics

The outcome of Turkey's June 2011 elections temporarily quelled – though by no means entirely put to rest – growing concern over the creeping autocratic tendencies of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). To ensure that democracy remains durable, the AKP must now clearly demonstrate that it is willing to shun heavy-handed tactics and instead engage the opposition in a genuine dialog regarding important matters of constitutional change, especially those related to individual rights and identity issues. A slide toward autocracy has been an all-too-common pitfall in Turkish politics over the years. Should it so choose, the AKP is well poised to break the cycle at this critical juncture in Turkish politics.
Social and Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity in Early Childhood

Objective While multiple social and behavioral risk factors associated with obesity co-occur among young children, most studies have examined them separately. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social risk factors, behavioral problems, health behaviors and obesity among preschool children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=1589).
The therapeutic challenges of dual diagnosis: TBI/SCI.

Rehabilitation centres provide therapeutic intervention to both patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients with a dual diagnosis of TBI and SCI present a challenge to the rehabilitation professional. Previous studies indicate an incidence of concomitant TBI and SCI to be between 24–59%. Many research articles discuss how a diagnosis of TBI is often missed during the medical examination of a person with a suspected SCI. This article will focus on the implications of dual diagnosis encountered during the rehabilitation process. A case study is used to highlight the challenges presented by the cognitive impairments of a TBI in combination with the motoric deficits of SCI. Management strategies utilised by the rehabilitation team are discussed.
Tables of impedance functions for square foundations on layered media

Abstract Tables of horizontal, coupling, rocking, vertical and torsional impedance functions for a rigid massless square foundation resting on two types of layered viscoelastic soil models are presented. The first soil model corresponds to a uniform layer overlying a uniform half-space. The second soil model corresponds to a layer with linearly varying properties overlying a uniform half-space. The numerical values presented cover a wide range of frequencies and include two Poisson's ration combinations, three values for the contrast between layer and half-space and five values for the ratio of layer thickness to foundation width. The tabulated values should be of use in studies of soil-structure interaction and vibrations of machine foundations.
Abstract 2820: The mechanism of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition driven by hepatocytes in prostate cancer.

Metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) almost always leads inexorably to death, but little is known about how cancer cells seed ectopic sites and survive in these inhospitable sites. Our lab has previously shown that carcinoma cells undergo a phenotypic change driven by the metastatic microenvironment, to attain an, at least partial mesenchymal (like)-to-epithelial reverting transition (MET/MErT). This phenotypic plasticity, marked by E-cadherin re-expression, plays a key role in metastatic breast and prostate cancer cell survival in vitro and is though to occur after seeding in the ectopic sites and subsequent treatment with chemotherapeutics. In this study we are seeking the pathway(s) involved in the mesenchymal to epithelial transition and subsequent cell survival. By using hepatocytes co-cultured with prostate cancer cells (DU145 or PC3) we found MET PCa cells displayed more resistance to chemotherapeutics, cell death inducing cytokines, or a combination of both. Moreover, E-cadherin knockdown in PCa cells abolished this survival advantage conferred by hepatocytes. This indicated the key role of E-cadherin in hepatocyted driven PCa cells survival. We focused next on the feedback pathways activated by E-cadherin homotypic binding, the MAP kinases. Our data showed that p38 MAPK regulated E-cadherin expression during DU145 cells MET driven by hepatocytes. By using immunofluorescence, the level of phosphor-p38 was much lower in DU145 cells co-cultured with hepatocytes, and the p38 was only detected in the nucleus, which suggested that hepatocytes suppressed p38 MAPK activity in DU145 cells. When co-cultured with hepatocytes, p38α knockdown DU145 displayed much higher levels of E-cadherin, especially in the rim of cells. Additionally, both p38 inhibitor SB202580 and p38α siRNA transfected cells expressed higher E-cadherin than control in DU145. Taken together, hepatocytes regulate PCa cells to undergo MET via suppressing p38 MAPK activity in the cancer cells. Citation Format: Bo Ma, Alan Wells. The mechanism of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition driven by hepatocytes in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2820. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2820
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) for Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Adolescents: Evaluation of a Pediatric Residency Curriculum

The objective of this study was to evaluate the integration of a screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) curriculum for alcohol and other drug use into a pediatric residency program. Pediatric and medicine/pediatric residents in an adolescent medicine rotation located in an urban teaching hospital participated in the study. Main outcome measures were pre- and post-training knowledge scores, performance of the Brief Negotiation Interview (BNI), training satisfaction, and adoption of the BNI into clinical practice. Thirty-four residents were trained. Significant pre- to post-training improvements were seen in knowledge scores (P < .001) and performance as measured by the BNI Adherence Scale (P < .001). Residents reported high satisfaction immediately post-training and at 30 days on a 1-5 Likert scale: mean 1.41 to 1.59 (1 = very satisfied) (P = 0.23). Over a 9-month period, 53% of residents documented performing at least 1 BNI, of which 2/3 reported ≥2 BNIs in a subsequent clinical setting. The results show that integrating a SBIRT curriculum into a pediatric residency program increases residents' knowledge and skills.
Paternalism in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Two factors are discussed which have important implications for the issue of paternalism in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): the physician's role as advocate for the patient; and the range of typical responses of parents who learn that their neonate has a serious illness. These factors are pertinent to the task of identifying those actions which are paternalistic, as well as to the question of whether paternalism is justified. It is argued that certain behavior by physicians which is often thought to be paternalistic is not in fact so. Furthermore, an argument in defense of paternalism which has largely been overlooked is presented. Examples are given to illustrate how paternalism actually arises in the NICU, and it is argued that paternalism is justified in some cases.
FARMINGTON REDIVIVUS: OR TEN YEARS OF CO‐ORDINATED FOREIGN BOOK PROCUREMENT In The U.S.

It is assumed in many circles that American university libraries are tremendously rich in books and also in dollars. There are to be sure at least twenty today with holdings of well over a million volumes each, and at least twenty‐five have been able recently to acquire additional books at a rate of 40,000 or more volumes each year. Moreover, there are a fair number of American universities. The figures I give you are from the annual official statistics of the Association of College and Research Libraries, which records information for 110 major universities.
Child care decisions among female heads of households with school-age children

Depth interviews with 16 urban female heads of households (FHHs) were the basis of this qualitative study on decisions regarding child care for school-age children. FHHs attempted to choose care that was compatible with their role as provider and with their resources. Resources included knowledge of caregivers and settings, network support, and material resources (income and car). Women who had limited resources and restrictive provider roles functioned by forced choice and were at risk for decisions that violated their own goals and values. Feelings, values, and children's opinions played a role in decisions.
Maximum probability dominance and portfolio theory

The concept of probability dominance and some of its parametric and nonparametric aspects are explored here in comparing two or more competing portfolios of returns. These aspects deal with the theory of stochastic dominance and that of mean-variance efficiency, which have been applied frequently in portfolio literature. Some illustrative applications are also developed here for evaluating the performance of mutual fund portfolios.
The proof is in the pudding: children prefer lower fat but higher sugar than do mothers.

Although there are established age-related differences in sweet preferences, it remains unknown whether children differ from mothers in their preference for and perception of fat (creaminess). We examined whether individual differences in sucrose and fat preferences and perception are related to age, genotype and lifestyle. Children 5–10 years-old (n=84) and their mothers (n=67) chose the concentration of sucrose and fat most preferred in pudding and sucrose most preferred in water using identical, two-alternative, forced-choice procedures, and ranked pudding samples for intensity of sweetness and creaminess. Subjects were also weighed and measured for height, as well as genotyped for a sweet-receptor gene (TAS1R3). Children preferred higher concentrations of sucrose in water (P=0.03) and in pudding (P=0.05) and lower concentrations of fat in pudding (P<0.01) than did mothers. Children and mothers were equally able to rank the intensity of different concentrations of fat (P=0.12) but not sucrose in pudding (P=0.01). Obese and lean children and mothers did not differ in preferences, but obese mothers were less able to correctly rank the concentration of fat in pudding than were lean mothers (P=0.03). Mothers who smoked preferred a higher concentration of sucrose than did those who never smoked (P<0.01). Individual differences in sweet preference were associated with genetic variation within the TAS1R3 gene in mothers but not children (P=0.04). Irrespective of genotype, children prefer higher concentrations of sugar but lower concentrations of fat in puddings than do their mothers. Thus, reduced-fat foods may be better accepted by children than adults.
L'OASIS Ti:sapphire laser facility: a multi-beam, multi-terawatt system for wake-field acceleration studies

A highly automated and remote controlled Ti:sapphire CPA laser system provides synchronized beams of 2 times 1.0-TW, 12-TW, and 100-TW peak-power, in a unique, radiation shielded facility specially designed to study laser wake-field acceleration in plasmas
Hydroquinone is not a phagostimulant for the Formosan subterranean termite.

It has been suggested that hydroquinone found in the labial glands of a number of termite species acts as a primary phagostimulating factor. We tested hydroquinone as a phagostimulant using workers from three colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, under both laboratory and field conditions. Hydroquinone at concentrations ranging from ca. 0.002–20.0 ng/cm2 did not increase visitation by C. formosanus workers to treated over control filter papers, and was actually repellent at a 20 ng/cm2 dose. No phagostimulant response to hydroquinone was observed in two colonies. In the third, there was a significant increase in feeding on filter paper treated with a 2 ng/cm2 dose, but was significantly lower at a 20 ng/cm2 dose. Furthermore, sand treated with a gradient of hydroquinone, did not evoke increased tunneling activity compared with controls. GC-MS analysis of C. formosanus workers indicated that hydroquinone was present at an average of 41 pg/worker. It was also determined that within one week about 11%hydroquinone in aqueous solution oxidized to 1,4-benzoquinone. Our findings indicate that hydroquinone alone does not act as a phagostimulant but instead may act as a repellent at higher concentrations. The attractant/arrestant of the Formosan termite may have multiple components of which hydroquinone, at low doses, could be one.
Non-existence results about −Δu=un+2n−2 on non-starshaped domains

Abstract We show in this paper that there exist domains Ω , which are not conformally equivalent to starshaped domains, such that the Dirichlet problem: − Δ u = u n + 2 n − 2 , u > 0 in Ω ; u = 0 on ∂ Ω has no solution. Some nonexistence results about the Dirichlet problem: − Δ u = λ u + u 5 , u > 0 in Ω ; u = 0 on ∂ Ω for certain λ > 0 over three dimensional non-starshaped domains are also obtained.
New and improved types of waffle-iron filters

Waffle-iron filters are waveguide low-pass filters with wide stop-bands. The waffle-iron filter was first described in 1957 in a report of the Stanford Research Institute, and upon this all subsequent designs have been based. The pass-band fractional bandwidths were generally in the order of 10–20%, and the unpressurized pulse power-handling capacity was about 1.5 MW at the L-band. The stop-band attenuation was typically more than 60 dB from below the second harmonic to beyond the fourth harmonic frequency. New filters have recently been developed with pass-band fractional bandwidths of over 40% (covering almost the whole recommended frequency band of a standard waveguide) and pulse power-handling capacity, without pressurization, of up to about 8 MW at the L-band, while the stop-band attenuation and bandwidth remain as good as before.
Polarization of Diploid Daughter Cells Directed by Spatial Cues and GTP Hydrolysis of Cdc42 in Budding Yeast

Cell polarization occurs along a single axis that is generally determined by a spatial cue. Cells of the budding yeast exhibit a characteristic pattern of budding, which depends on cell-type-specific cortical markers, reflecting a genetic programming for the site of cell polarization. The Cdc42 GTPase plays a key role in cell polarization in various cell types. Although previous studies in budding yeast suggested positive feedback loops whereby Cdc42 becomes polarized, these mechanisms do not include spatial cues, neglecting the normal patterns of budding. Here we combine live-cell imaging and mathematical modeling to understand how diploid daughter cells establish polarity preferentially at the pole distal to the previous division site. Live-cell imaging shows that daughter cells of diploids exhibit dynamic polarization of Cdc42-GTP, which localizes to the bud tip until the M phase, to the division site at cytokinesis, and then to the distal pole in the next G1 phase. The strong bias toward distal budding of daughter cells requires the distal-pole tag Bud8 and Rga1, a GTPase activating protein for Cdc42, which inhibits budding at the cytokinesis site. Unexpectedly, we also find that over 50% of daughter cells lacking Rga1 exhibit persistent Cdc42-GTP polarization at the bud tip and the distal pole, revealing an additional role of Rga1 in spatiotemporal regulation of Cdc42 and thus in the pattern of polarized growth. Mathematical modeling indeed reveals robust Cdc42-GTP clustering at the distal pole in diploid daughter cells despite random perturbation of the landmark cues. Moreover, modeling predicts different dynamics of Cdc42-GTP polarization when the landmark level and the initial level of Cdc42-GTP at the division site are perturbed by noise added in the model.
Initial Characterization of a Bgo-Photodiode Detector for High Resolution Positron Emission Tomography

Spatial resolution in positron emission tomography is currently limited by the resolution of the detectors. This work presents the initial characterization of a detector design using small bismuth germanate (BGO) crystals individually coupled to silicon photodiodes (SPOs) for crystal identification, and coupled in groups to phototubes (PMTs) for coincidence timing. A 3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm BGO crystal coupled only to a SPD can achieve a 511 keV photopeak resolution of 8.7% FWHM at -150°C, using a pulse peaking time of 10 ?s. When two 3 mm × 3 mm × 15 mm BGO crystals are coupled individually to SPDs and also coupled to a common 14 mm diam PMT, the SPDs detect the 511 keV photopeak with a resolution of 30% FWHM at -76°C. In coincidence with an opposing 3 mm wide BGO crystal, the SPDs are able to identify the crystal of interaction with good signal-to-noise ratio, and the detector pair resolution is 2 mm FWHM.
Membrane protein alterations in rodent erythrocytes and synaptosomes due to aging and hyperoxia

We have applied the technique of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) protein-specific spin labeling to the study of membrane protein alterations occurring during age and exposure to isobaric hyperoxia. Cortical synaptosomes and erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) were isolated from young rodents (Fisher 344 rats or mongolian gerbils, 3–4 months of age) and aged rodents (age 22–27 months for rats, greater than 15 months for gerbils). Membrane proteins were spin labeled with the thiol-specific spin label MAL-6 (2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-4-maleimido-piperdin-1-oxyl). The relevant EPR spectral parameter of MAL-6 labeled membranes, the W/S ratio, decreased significantly with age of animal in both synaptosomes and ghosts (P < 0.001). As a paradigm for accelerated oxidative stress, young and aged gerbils were exposed to an atmosphere of 90–100% O2 for 0–48 h. In both young and aged gerbils, the W/S ratio decreased significantly with hyperoxic stress (P < 0.003). The W/S ratio of synaptosomes isolated from aged gerbils decreased continually from 0–48 h hyperoxia, whereas the W/S ratio of synaptosomes from young animals demonstrated a pronounced rebound effect from 24–48 h. The results are discussed with reference to membrane protein oxidation in aging.
High-resolution Structures of Membrane-Bound IAPP Reveal Functional Implications of the Toxicity of Prefibrillar States of Amyloidogenic Proteins

Disruption of the cellular membrane by the amyloidogenic peptide IAPP (aka amylin) has been implicated in beta-cell death during type 2 diabetes. While the structure of the largely inert fibrillar form of IAPP has been investigated, the structural details of the highly toxic prefibrillar membrane-bound states of IAPP have been elusive. We have shown that a fragment of IAPP (residues 1-19) induces membrane disruption to a similar extent as the full-length peptide. However, unlike the full-length IAPP peptide, IAPP1-19 is conformationally stable in a helical conformation when bound to the membrane. In vivo and in vitro measurements of membrane disruption indicate the rat version of IAPP1-19, despite differing from hIAPP1-19 by only by the single substitution of Arg18 for His18, is significantly less toxic than hIAPP1-19, in agreement with the low toxicity of the full-length rat IAPP peptide. To investigate the origin of this difference at the atomic level, we have solved the structures of the human and rat IAPP1-19 peptides in DPC micelles, as well as the completely non-toxic full-length rat and toxic full-length human peptide. While the structures of rat and human IAPP1-19 are similar, the charge at residue 18 plays a key role in controlling the toxicity of the peptide. At pH 7.3, the more toxic hIAPP1-19 peptide is buried deeper within the micelle, while both the less toxic rIAPP1-19 peptide and non-toxic full-length rIAPP peptide are located at the surface of the micelle. Deprotonating H18 in hIAPP1-19 moves the peptide to the surface of the micelle. This change in orientation is accompanied by a corresponding change in toxicity. At pH 6.0, the membrane disruption induced by hIAPP1-19 is significantly decreased and resembles that of the less toxic rIAPP1-19 peptide.
Isolation of a Single Carboxyl-Carboxylate Proton Binding Site in the Pore of a Cyclic Nucleotide–Gated Channel

The pore of the catfish olfactory cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channel contains four conserved glutamate residues, one from each subunit, that form a high-affinity binding site for extracellular divalent cations. Previous work showed that these residues form two independent and equivalent high-pKa (∼7.6) proton binding sites, giving rise to three pH-dependent conductance states, and it was suggested that the sites were formed by pairing of the glutamates into two independent carboxyl-carboxylates. To test further this physical picture, wild-type CNG subunits were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes with subunits lacking the critical glutamate residue, and single channel currents through hybrid CNG channels containing one to three wild-type (WT) subunits were recorded. One of these hybrid channels had two pH-dependent conductance states whose occupancy was controlled by a single high-pKa protonation site. Expression of dimers of concatenated CNG channel subunits confirmed that this hybrid contained two WT and two mutant subunits, supporting the idea that a single protonation site is made from two glutamates (dimer expression also implied the subunit makeup of the other hybrid channels). Thus, the proton binding sites in the WT channel occur as a result of the pairing of two glutamate residues. This conclusion places these residues in close proximity to one another in the pore and implies that at any instant in time detailed fourfold symmetry is disrupted.