cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal regulation of hemolymph lipid concentration in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus.

Abstract Selective elevation of hemolymph lipid can be demonstrated in flying Monarch Butterflies. In addition, the low levels of hemolymph lipid characteristic of wild-caught postmigratory Monarchs remain low in winter conditions but are rapidly elevated when winter animals are placed in summer conditions. Abdominal, but not neck, ligatures prevent the elevation of hemolymph lipid characteristic of postmigratory animals placed at summer conditions. Injection of extracts of known cephalic neuroendocrine centers cause specific elevation of hemolymph lipid in both intact animals and isolated abdomens. Hormone-like dose-response and time-course curves and elevation of hemolymph diglycerides occur in response to injection of active extracts. Monarch head, brain, corpora cardiaca-corpora allata, thoracic nerve cord extracts, and Tenebrio head extracts all contain material acting to significantly elevate Monarch hemolymph lipids. By contrast, extracts of Monarch abdominal nerve cords, or Apis or Periplaneta heads, and synthetic crustacean red pigment concentrating hormone are without effect. The active factor in Monarch heads is sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, but resistant to heat and hydrogen peroxide.
Magnetic Field Effects in π-Conjugated Polymer-Fullerene Blends: Evidence for Multiple Components

We studied magnetoconductance (MC) and magnetoelectroluminescence (MEL) in organic diodes from blends of pi-conjugated polymers and fullerenes at various concentrations, c. The MC response is composed of several components that depend on the applied bias voltage and c. A dominant positive low-field (LF) component, which also governs the MEL response, dramatically decreases and broadens in the blends, thus unraveling a positive high-field and negative LF components. The positive MC components are caused by electrostatically bound e-h polaron pairs in unblended devices, and charge transfer pairs in the blends, which are dominated by two different field-induced spin sublevel mixing mechanisms. In contrast, the negative LF response is due to e-e and h-h pairs; this is confirmed by studying MC in electron- and hole-unipolar devices, which lack positive MC response.
An expert system on the diagnosis of ascites

We constructed an expert system on the diagnosis of ascites, using a combination of case reports and unpublished patient data. Rule production was by induction from examples, and the program operated on an algorithm which was a modification of Quinlan's ID3. The result was a small, but formally complete expert system. When tested against a new data set of patients, our expert system predicted the clinical diagnosis 82% of the time.
Solitary Actinic Porokeratosis

An 83-year-old man experienced abrupt onset of a solitary lesion of porokeratosis on his bald, actinically damaged scalp. The features in this case are unusual and represent another point in the broad spectrum of lesions characterized by the cornoid lamella of porokeratosis.
Isothermal Fatigue Damage Model for Lead-free Solder

This article presents an investigation of lead-free solder material 95.5Sn-3.9Ag-0.6Cu under isothermal fatigue loading. The effects of strain rate on hysteresis loop and fatigue life over the total strain range from 0.4 to 1% at room temperature are investigated. A fatigue damage model is established to characterize the isothermal fatigue behavior of the material with the theory of damage mechanics. A fatigue failure criterion is proposed based on the concept of damage accumulation in solder material. The model takes into account the effect of strain rate in the development of constitutive and damage evolution equations. The life prediction is compared with the testing data and has shown a good agreement.
Focused on the prize: Characteristics of experts in massive multiplayer online games

This study is the first large–scale multi–method attempt to empirically examine the characteristics leading to development of expertise in EverQuest II, a popular massively multi–player online role–playing game (MMOs). Benefiting from the unprecedented opportunity of obtaining game log data matched with survey data, the project investigated the relationship between player motivations and in–game behavior, personality characteristics, and demographic attributes with game performance and achievement, which we refer to as game “expertise.” Players who were high on achievement motivation or social motivation had higher game expertise, while those high on immersion motivation had lower expertise. Game experts were also characterized by focusing their game time on completing tasks. Younger players showed a slim advantage over older players. Male and female players exhibited similar expertise levels in this MMO.
Measuring the Strength of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Evidence, and Probabilities of Strong Implicating Evidence

Likelihood ratios measure the strength of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence supporting the hypothesis that a given suspect is the source of a matching sample, versus the alternative that someone else is the source. One component of the DNA evidence consists of samples from the scene of the crime and from the suspect. Another consists of samples from a reference population. Treating each of these components as being generated by random (probabilistic) processes, and measuring the evidence by likelihood ratios, we examine the probability of obtaining strong implicating evidence when the given suspect is indeed the source of the crime scene sample and when someone else is the source. (In the latter case, the evidence is misleading.) The distinction between the strength of the evidence and the improbability of its occurrence is critical, as is the importance of conditioning on the particular circumstances of a given case to ensure the relevance of the calculated probability of misleading evidence.
Observing Interaction: An Introduction to Sequential Analysis

odological concerns. This review is decidedly mixed. The book begins with a discussion of social interaction and observation and quickly moves into a classic study of interaction, Parten's (1932) study of social interaction in children. The issue of sequence versus marginal summation is brought in with argument favoring retention of sequence at all times until independence from sequence is established. Some discussion of the observation-theory issue in the philosophy of science is brought in (see Willson, 1987, for some commentary on this). The second chapter is devoted to developing a coding scheme for observation. It is here that the lack of attention to the reading literature is apparent. Frick and Semmel's (1978) paper is widely cited for development of coding schemes in reading. Researchers in this field have had to grapple with extremely complex issues. Flanders' (1960) work is often cited in education as an early effort, but does not appear in Bakeman and Gottman's book at all. Frick and Semmel pointed researchers to important considerations such as inference level in observation and its development in the coding scheme. This issue is not given nearly the space it requires, especially with the research showing the problems of reliability with highinference observation. The chapter ends with some examples of coding schemes but little practical advice on how to set up the coding schemes and the definitional menus that are absolutely required when several observers other than the developer are to use the system. Chapter 3 discusses recording methods but is notable for its lack of detail
The evolution of plasma parameters as governed by edge phenomena during Ion Bernstein Wave (IBW) heating

Abstract IBW heating has been investigated in the PLT tokamak and compared to conventional fast wave ICRF heating. While central temperature rises of comparable magnitude are observed for both methods, several differences in plasma behavior, particularly in the plasma periphery, are observed. An increase in plasma density is observed in both ICRF and IBW heating. This increase, however, is larger for IBW heating at comparable power and is accompanied by a decrease in recycling as opposed to the increase observed during fast wave heating. This phenomenon is interpreted as an increased particle confinement time. A decrease in carbon VI line intensities is observed only during IBW heating. This decrease can be partially attributed to the reduction of C5+ ion concentration due to direct acceleration by the RF waves and partially to neutral density reduction. The increase in heavy metal impurities during fast wave heating is consistent with the increased sputtering expected from the enhanced recycling, however, this explanation cannot be used for the increase during IBW heating since recycling is reduced. Instead, impurity accumulation due to the enhanced particle confinement may be responsible.
System Identification in the Presence of Completely Unknown Periodic Disturbances

A system identie cation method to extract the disturbance-free dynamics and the disturbance effect correctly despite the presence of unknown periodic disturbances is presented. The disturbance frequencies and waveforms can be completely unknown and arbitrary. Only measurements of the excitation input and the disturbancecontaminated response are used for identie cation. Initially, the disturbances are modeled implicitly. When the order of an assumed input-output model exceeds a certain minimum value, the disturbance information is completely absorbed in theidentie ed model coefe cients. A special interaction matrix explains the mechanism by which information about the system and the disturbances are intertwined and more importantly, how they can be separated uniquely andexactly forlateruseinidentie cationand control.From theidentie ed informationa feedforward controller can be developed to reject the unwanted disturbances without requiring the measurement of a separate disturbance-correlatedsignal.Themulti-inputmulti-outputformulation ise rstderived in thedeterministicsetting for which the system and disturbance identie cation is exact. Extensions to handle noise-contaminated data are also provided. Experimental results illustrate themethod on a e exible structure. A companion paperaddresses the problem where the disturbance effect is modeled explicitly.
A torsional vibrations problem

TORSIONAL vibration studies of simple mechanical systems are usually handled by methods which, while not difficult, often require the expenditure of considerable time when done by hand. The use of a digital computer shortens the time considerably. One method frequently used is the Holzer table calculations resulting in the determination of the natural frequencies of the system. Another method is a matrix solution of the differential equations of the system.
G protein activation is prerequisite for functional coupling between Gα/Gβγ and tubulin/microtubules

Abstract Heterotrimeric G proteins participate in signal transduction by transferring signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effector molecules. Interestingly, recent results suggest that G proteins also interact with microtubules and participate in cell division and differentiation. It has been shown earlier that both α and βγ subunits of G proteins modulate microtubule assembly in vitro. Since G protein activation and subsequent dissociation of α and βγ subunits are necessary for G proteins to participate in signaling processes, here we asked if similar activation is required for modulation of microtubule assembly by G proteins. We reconstituted Gαβγ heterotrimer from myristoylated-Gα and prenylated-Gβγ, and found that the heterotrimer blocks Gi1α activation of tubulin GTPase and inhibits the ability of Gβ1γ2 to promote in vitro microtubule assembly. Results suggest that G protein activation is required for functional coupling between Gα/Gβγ and tubulin/microtubules, and supports the notion that regulation of microtubules is an integral component of G protein mediated signaling.
Calcium Carbonate Monohydrate in Seawater

NATHAN1 recently suggested that the vaterite form of calcium carbonate may be an indicator of lake water pollution. His reasoning is based on a recent report2 which documents the presence of vaterite in lake water and on his own experiments in which condensed phosphates, taurates and other unspecified surfactants were found to delay the precipitation of calcium carbonate in solutions made supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate. When calcium carbonate eventually precipitated (after a long delay), the crystal phase was reported to be vaterite instead of calcite, the usual form; Nathan did not, however, present his X-ray data. Nathan stated that the precipitate was comprised of a “soft” and “hard” form. The “hard” form (vaterite) adhered strongly to the glass beaker containing the solution.
Incivility Online: Affective and Behavioral Reactions to Uncivil Political Posts in a Web-based Experiment

ABSTRACTWith the advances in interpersonal communication of the “Web 2.0” era, questions about the importance of civility are perhaps more important than ever. Mass digital interaction between strangers has become an everyday occurrence, bound by few behavioral norms. I argue that the widespread presence of incivility in online political communication limits the deliberative potential of online interactions. To test this hypothesis, I manipulate exposure to uncivil political discourse in an online discussion forum. I find that exposure to disagreeable uncivil political talk induces feelings of anger and aversion, which in turn reduces satisfaction with the message board discourse. On the other hand, exposure to like-minded incivility increases the use of uncivil behavior in political comments by message board posters. Notably, these effects mainly occur when histrionic, emotional incivility is present. I discuss why like-minded and disagreeable incivility have different effects, and reflect on what the pr...
Modification of eukaryotic signaling proteins by C-terminal methylation reactions

Eukaryotic polypeptides that are initially synthesized with the C-terminal sequence -Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa, including a variety of signal-transducing proteins, such as small G-proteins, large G-proteins and cGMP phosphodiesterases, can be targeted for a series of sequential post-translational modifications. This processing pathway includes the isoprenylation of the cysteine residue with a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moiety, followed by proteolysis of the three terminal residues and alpha-carboxyl methyl esterification of the cysteine residue. The potential reversibility of the last step suggests that it may be involved in modulating the function of these proteins. Firstly, methylation may play a role in the activation of cellular peptides or proteins. Secondly, this modification may aid in the membrane attachment of cytosolic precursor proteins. Thirdly, methylation may protect the polypeptide from C-terminal proteolytic degradation once the three terminal amino acid residues are removed. Finally, reversible methylation may directly regulate the function of its target proteins. Therapeutically, inhibitors of C-terminal isoprenylcysteine methylation or demethylation reactions may prove to be useful pharmacological tools as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents.
The vascularized cardiac thrombus as a possible vicarious source of blood supply in ischemic human hearts

Abstract A thrombus in the heart undergoes much the same evolutionnary change as elsewhere. It is covered by endothelium, and organized by fibroblasts and capillaries. In time, a more or less vascular connective tissue replaces part or all of the clot. In large vessels, the invasion of the thrombus by capillaries proceeds from the wall of the vessel involved, and from the patent parts of the lumen. New cappillaries which originate from one of these sources may connect with those derived from the other 1,2 . Through communications thus established, blood from the lumen of the vessel may enter the vasa vasorum. It appeared possible that new vascular channels formed in the cardiac thrombus may similarly convey blood from the lumen of the heart to the myocardium. Our aim was to test this hypothesis anatomically. The study reported upon here was confined to thrombi associated with infarcts in the left ventricle of human hearts, and deals with the presence or absence of vascular intercommunications between the lumen of the left ventricle, the thrombus, and the myocardium. We have been unable to find reference to similar studies on record. A detailed account of the vascularization of thrombi in various chambers of hearts with and without infarcts will be given in a subsequent report.
Prevalence of partial cerebroside sulfate sulfatase (arylsulfatase A) defect in adult psychiatric patients.

Abstract Metachromatic leukodystophy (MLD) is a disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme sulfatide sulfatase, also known as arylsulfatase A (ASA). We compared the activity of this enzyme in adult psychiatric patients and normal volunteers using nitrocatechol sulfate (ASA-NCS) and cerebroside sulfate (ASA-CS) as substrates. Our results showed that ASA-NCS activity in urine and leukocytes was significantly lower in psychiatric than in normal individuals, but that there were no differences between these two groups in the sulfatide excretion in urine or the ASA-CS activity in leukocytes. There was no correlation between enzyme activity in urine and in leukocytes, indicating that activity in urine does not truly reflect the levels of the enzyme in tissues. The correlation between ASA-NCS and ASA-CS activity in leukocytes was poor (0.51 for psychiatric patients and 0.59 for normals), suggesting that for a valid measure of the enzyme activity the assays should be carried out with CS as substrate. Results of our study also indicate that in 39 of the 145 psychiatric patients studied, the ASA-CS activity in leukocyte was less than 4 nmoles/mg protein/hr, which is below 50% of the normal means, whereas only one of the 30 normal subjects had a value this low. The presence of low levels of ASA-CS activity in a significantly large number of adult proteins with varying psychiatric manifestations suggests that such patients may be asymptotic carriers of the sulfatidase defect (heterozygotes for MLD), and that behavioral and functional disturbances in these patients may at least in part be related to sulfatidase deficiency. The significance of the ASA-NCS abnormality (reduction) in psychiatric patients is unclear.
Intimate partner violence in late life: an analysis of national news reports

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in late life takes various forms including physical harm, sexual assault, and murder. Using national newspaper reports of IPV among elders, we identified the types of violence reported most frequently in media and examined how the abuse was conceptualized by reporters. We found that most cases of IPV reported involved murder, with men as perpetrators and women as victims. Caregiving stress and health problems were frequently cited as contributing factors in the cases. Interpreting these findings from a feminist perspective, we suggest implications for practitioners working with older adults.
Effect of ischemia and denervation on metabolism of fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract Changes in major energy reserves, lactate and inorganic phosphate, were followed in innervated and denervated extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the rat during ischemia. In the innervated muscles levels of energy reserves were higher in extensor than in soleus muscles. After denervation energy stores were significantly decreased in both types of muscle. During ischemia, the pattern of recruitment of energy reserves was similar in innervated and denervated muscles; however, ATP levels decreased most rapidly in extensor muscles denervated 5 days previously. Phosphocreatine decreased rapidly in all muscles during ischemia; glycogen, glucose, and ATP fell more slowly while glucose-6-P increased. From these changes, the initial rates of energy use during ischemia were calculated to be 12.4 and 11.2 mmoles/kg wet tissue per minute in innervated extensor and soleus muscles, respectively. Five days after denervation energy use rates decreased to 64 and 52% of control values in extensor and soleus muscles, respectively. Initial rates of lactate accumulation were slower in innervated than denervated muscles; however, glycogen and glucose were utilized at faster rates in innervated muscles. In view of these findings, it is concluded that reduction of metabolic rate is the chief factor involved in the decrease of high energy phosphate in both fast and slow denervated muscle.
Building Blocks for n-Type Molecular and Polymeric Electronics. Perfluoroalkyl- versus Alkyl-Functionalized Oligothiophenes (nT; n = 2−6). Systematics of Thin Film Microstructure, Semiconductor Performance, and Modeling of Majority Charge Injection in Field-Effect Transistors

The solid-state properties and FET electrical behavior of several series of α,ω- and β,β‘-fluorocarbon- and alkyl-substituted and unsubstituted oligothiophenes nTs (n = 2−6) are compared and contrasted. The thin films were grown by slow vacuum deposition over a range of substrate temperatures and/or by casting from solution and were investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that vacuum deposition at 60−80 °C affords films with remarkably similar microstructures despite the extensive H → F substitution. Trends in observed d spacing versus molecular core extension provide quantitative information on molecular orientation. Field-effect transistor measurements performed for all systems and having the same device structure, components, and fabrication conditions demonstrate that all nTs functionalized with fluorocarbon chains at the thiophene termini are n-type semiconductors, in contrast to the p-type activity of the remaining systems. One of these systems, α,ω-d...
Symmetry and asymmetry in interpersonal relations--with implications for the concept of projection.

Summary This paper first reviews evidence for some proposals about interpersonal relations These relations tend to be “symmetrical” or “asymmetrical”—i.e, involve similar or dissimilar characteristics for the two parties—depending on what the characteristics are. Certain characteristics (eg., love-hate) are—and are perceived to be—symmetrical, and others (eg, dominance-submission) asymmetrical The implications are then illustrated for the concept of projection A process of attributing to others characteristics that “explain” one's own would account for symmetrical projection for certain characteristics and asymmetrical projection for others This reformulation can provide a simpler and more unified account for cases that are traditionally treated separately as “supplementary” and “complementary” projection
Distributed Management of a Software Database

The Allegro model demonstrates that communication among objects in different spaces can be implemented efficiently in a software-development database.
Project UHV.-Construction and Technical Plan

A description is given of the facilities at Project UHV for the study of EHV and UHV ac transmission problems up to 1500 kV. These facilities include a 1500/?3 kV, single-phase autotransformer, a special 900-kV lightning arrester, and much associated UHV and EHV measuring equipment. Special stringing procedures are employed to string overhead test lines, and special test cages yield the corona characteristics of bundle conductors. Research is in progress on 1000 to 1500 kV transmission lines.
Control of cell polarity by noncanonical Wnt signaling in C. elegans.

The three Caenorhabditis elegans β-catenin each function in distinct processes: BAR-1 in canonical Wnt signaling that controls cell fates and cell migrations, HMP-2 in cell adhesion and WRM-1 in Wnt signaling pathways that function in conjunction with a mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathway to control the orientations, or cell polarities, of cells that undergo asymmetric cell divisions. In addition, WRM-1 does not interact with the canonical β-catenin binding site in POP-1/Tcf. Thus, Wnt signaling through WRM-1 is noncanonical and, except for one division that might not include any of the three C. elegans β-catenin, controls cell polarity in C. elegans.
Recursive functionals and quantifiers of finite types revisited. V

Publisher Summary In the eighteen years since my last visit to Oslo, I have cherished a very pleasant recollection of an evening spent in the home of Thoralf Skolem. I am glad that the younger Norwegian logicians are keeping up the tradition so brilliantly started by him investigators from all parts have been pursuing higher and generalized recursion theory while I have been looking away. Also I am pleased to observe how many able In the theory developed in my original papers (1959 and 1963) on the subject I a m revisiting, there is a partial recursive function ϕ(σ2,a) such that ϕ(λτ1 θ,a,τ1),a) to avoid this anomaly was not then pursued in depth is a partial recursive function of a for no completely defined (1963 LVI p. 110). A suggestion there (p.111) for extending the theory Platek in 1966 (to which my attention was drawn by Gandy 1967 p. 239) used my 1963 p. 110 example to show that the first recursion theorem (Kleene I M 1952a p. 348) does not hold in my 1959, 1963 theory ( as Ialsodidin 1963 LXVIpp. 120, 125). Platek developed a theory avoiding these anomalies by using what the called" hereditarily consistent" functionals. The present treatment (which for me is a resurrection of my 1963 p. 111 suggestion) gives the first recursion theorem a central role thinking along these lines before encountering Gandy 1967 and Platek 1966 exact relationship of the present treatment to Platek's and other work since 1963 remains to be clarified.
Clinical and laboratory observations in a lymphoma-prone family.

Three sisters developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Thirteen maternal relatives had adenocarcinomas of various types, predominantly breast and large bowel. Detailed laboratory assessment of this family revealed a variety of immunologic abnormalities. Two lymphoma patients had elevated anti-early antigens (EA) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers. One of the two also had a markedly elevated anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV titer. The two lymphoma patients were human leukocyte antigen (HLA)identical, but two unaffected siblings shared the same HLA haplotypes. One of the lymphoma patients and four unaffected family members were anergic; and three unaffected family members had a decreased percentage of T-cells. These data suggest that a subtle disturbance in cellular immune functions may play a causal role in some familial aggregations of malignant lymphoma. Cancer 60:864-869, 1987.
Multi-parametric sensitivity in decision making under uncertainty

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the effects of inaccurate parameter estimation on the quality of strategy selection for decision analysis problems possessing a notion of state. Motivation for this investigation results from problems inherent in the accurate estimation of false-negative and false-positive probabilities and other parameters associated with application of decision analysis to medical decision making. Two basic issues are addressed. The first is concerned with determining a computationally attractive procedure, based on single-parameter variation, that suggests how inaccurately estimates can be made without affecting the optimality of the strategy chosen on the basis of parameter estimates. The second is concerned with determining bounds on the degradation of expected utility function value resulting from applying a possibly suboptimal strategy thought to be optimal on the basis of parameter estimates.
Characteristics of ventricular recovery as defined by the vectorcardiographic T loop

Abstract The normal T loop of the vectorcardiogram is inscribed in the same direction as the QRS loop with which it is associated. By separate consideration of the T loop components that are secondary to the activation sequence and primary components that depend on intrinsic ventricular recovery properties, new insights concerning the recovery properties have been obtained from the direction of the T loop inscription. The graphic studies presented in this report indicate that normal ventricular recovery properties must be so organized that they would yield a primary T loop inscribed in the same direction as the actual QRS and T loops. An organization of recovery properties in layers with geometry similar to that of activation boundaries would meet this requirement and, in view of other established features of recovery, is the most likely organization of these properties.
Hyperinfection syndrome in strongyloidiasis: report of two cases.

Hyperinfection in strongyloidiasis has been associated with corticosteroid treatment. Other immunodepressive conditions also seem to facilitate the state of hyperinfection. The etiologic diagnosis of this parasitosis can be difficult to reach and a positive urine microscopy is unusual. We report two patients under corticosteroid therapy with disseminated strongyloidiasis; both had eosinophilia. The first patient, followed for 8 years for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, recently developed abdominal symptoms. A colonoscopy was performed 1 month before admission and the biopsy was thought to show nonspecific changes. At admission, few larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were disclosed by urine microscopy, and a review of the colonic biopsy uncovered a few larvae of Strongyloides. The patient received anti-helmintic therapy with a dramatic improvement. The second patient, under treatment for lupus erythematosus for 3 years, was admitted with pulmonary symptoms and during admission developed massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Disseminated strongyloidiasis was discovered only at autopsy. The low suspicion index for strongyloidiasis resulted in delaying the etiologic diagnosis in one patient and in failing to diagnose the disease in the other. The morphologic features of the parasite in the two cases are presented with emphasis on the difficulties of recognizing the larvae in the intestinal biopsy.
The Worldwide Availability of Fluorspar

This paper reviews a recent assessment of fluorspar reserves and resources for 13 market economy countries and the People's Republic of China, and how they relate to the overall availability of fluorspar on the world market. Current world production, consumption and world trade issues are discussed. Nearly 5 million tonnes of fluorspar were produced in 1985, and approximately 60% of that enters the world export market. In recent years world trade has started to shift away from the acid, metallurgical and ceramic grades of fluorspar, as ore-producing countries look towards higher-value downstream products. Total potentially recoverable fluorspar from 52 major producing mines and deposits is estimated at nearly 95 million tonnes (as of January 1985). The Republic of South Africa accounts for 31% of the reserves, with Mexico and the People's Republic of China each contributing 18%. The average total cost and availability of fluorspar is evaluated. Approximately 75% of acid-grade fluorspar evaluated is potentially available at or below a 1985 constant-dollar cost of US$110 tonne−1. Nearly 94% of metallurgical grades are potentially available at costs of US$75 tonne−1 and below, and virtually all of the ceramic grades could be produced at costs below the 1985 reported market price of US$103 tonne−1.
Policy-based radios for UAS operations

Unmanned aircraft systems need sufficient radio spectrum for remote command and control, payload operation, and flight safety. Spectrum is a scarce resource and unmanned aircraft operators cannot depend on new spectrum allocations. Though all spectrum is already allocated, paradoxically, most spectrum goes unused at any given time. This unused spectrum is a complex patchwork over time and space that cannot be accessed with ordinary radios. A policy-based radio is a type of cognitive radio technology that is guided by so-called policies of what spectrum is available when and where and under what conditions. This paper describes the enabling role that policy-based radios can have for unmanned aircraft systems to have safe, efficient, and reliable access to the spectrum. It describe how they can be adapted to meet the unique spectrum challenges of unmanned aircraft and provides analysis and examples to show that they may be able to provide additional spectrum.
Saturable transport of amphetamine across the blood-brain barrier.

Untersuchungen uber die die Penetration von Amphetaminen ins Gehirn bestimmenden Faktoren. Entwicklung neuer Aspekte im Hinblick auf den Transport von Amphetaminen uber die Blut-Hirn-Schranke mittels eines Tragers.
Toward a formalization of affordance modeling for engineering design

When developing an artifact, designers must first capture and represent user needs. These needs can then be transformed into system requirements or objectives. The contribution of this work is rooted in the formalization of the affordance-based approach for capturing user needs in the early stages of design. This formalization comes in three forms: the first affordance basis for engineering design (a defined set of affordances), a formal structure for affordance statements, and a new relational model structure. This formalization is intended to improve model quality and consistency, while managing model creation resources. Further, this affordance-based approach to capturing user needs imposes a level of abstraction that forces solution independence yet is capable of capturing the large range of user needs. As such, the approach provides a structured approach to problem abstraction—the process of specifying user needs without reference to specific solutions. This affordance-based problem representation relies on other design process tools to help develop the actual artifact, which is also discussed.
The interaction of habit (H) and drive (D) in classical eyelid conditioning: H as a function of UCS intensity and trials, D as a function of UCS intensity and anxiety

In two experiments Spence’s postulate of habit-drive multiplication was tested by varying UCS intensity (0.75 psi or 2.0 psi) and manifest anxiety (MA) level over a series of 160 conditioning trials. Generally, there was a tendency for the performance of high-low MA groups to diverge over trials 1–80 and converge over trials 81–160; this same trend was apparent in prior studies using fewer trials.
Capillary-force-induced clustering of micropillar arrays: is it caused by isolated capillary bridges or by the lateral capillary meniscus interaction force?

Because of their increased mechanical compliance, arrays of high-aspect-ratio microstructures are susceptible to deformation by capillary forces. In the literature, the collapse of a 1D array of tall line patterns during liquid evaporation off of their surface has been attributed to the Laplace pressure difference due to isolated capillary bridges. The same argument has often been simply extended to 2D arrays of tall microstructures to explain the collapse behavior. Using a short-chain polystyrene (PS) melt as a wetting liquid on a 2D array of epoxy micropillars, we showed that the collapse occurred while the micropillars were still completely surrounded by liquid, thus the clustering of micropillars should be caused by the lateral capillary meniscus interaction force rather than by often-reported isolated capillary bridges. We showed that the capillary meniscus interaction force was more than an order of magnitude smaller than that calculated from the Laplace pressure difference due to isolated capillary...
Novel Nanomonitor ultra-sensitive detection of troponin T

Abstract Background Troponin is the preferred biomarker for diagnosing myocardial infarction. Point of care devices have not matched the sensitivity of laboratory-based methods for measuring troponin. The Nanomonitor is a novel point-of-care device that uses the change in electrical impedance that occurs when a biomarker binds to its antibody, which is then correlated to the concentration of the target biomarker. Methods Performance characteristics of the Nanomonitor were evaluated and compared to a standard laboratory-based method. Results The limit of detection of the Nanomonior for troponin T was 0.0088 ng/l. Total imprecission was 2.38% and 0.85% at troponin T concentrations of 73 ng/l and 1800 ng/l. The functional sensitivity (10% coeffecient of variation) was 0.329 ng/l. The linear regression had a slope of 0.996 (95% confidence interval, 0.991, 1.002), r = 1.00, and an intercept of 15.88 ng/l (95% confidence interval, − 68.39 ng/l, 100.15 ng/l). The mean difference between the assays was − 7.54 ng/l, determined by Bland–Altman analysis. Conclusion The Nanomonitor preliminary results have favorable performance characteristics for detecting troponin T in patient blood, provide results in 15 min, and are portable. More research is needed.
IGF-1 signaling in neonatal hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension: Role of epigenetic regulation

Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure accompanied by pulmonary vascular remodeling and increased vasomotor tone. Although some biological pathways have been identified in neonatal hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH), little is known regarding the role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of PH in neonates. In this study, using a model of hypoxia-induced PH in neonatal mice, we demonstrate that the growth factor insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a potent activator of the AKT signaling pathway, is involved in neonatal PH. After exposure to hypoxia, IGF-1 signaling is activated in pulmonary endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro, and the IGF-1 downstream signal pAKTS473 is upregulated in lungs of neonatal mice. We found that IGF-1 regulates ET-1 expression in pulmonary endothelial cells and that IGF-1 expression is regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). In addition, there is a differential cytosine methylation site in the IGF-1 promoter region in response to neonatal hypoxia. Moreover, inhibition of HDACs with apicidin decreases neonatal hypoxia-induced global DNA methylation levels in lungs and specific cytosine methylation levels around the pulmonary IGF-1 promoter region. Finally, HDAC inhibition with apicidin reduces chronic hypoxia-induced activation of IGF-1/pAKT signaling in lungs and attenuates right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Taken together, we conclude that IGF-1, which is epigenetically regulated, is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in neonatal mice. This study implicates a novel HDAC/IGF-1 epigenetic pathway in the regulation of hypoxia-induced PH and warrants further study of the role of IGF-1 in neonatal pulmonary hypertensive disease.
Lightning Talk: Biopython (bio) Geography Module

For Google Summer of Code 2009/NESCENT Phyloinformatics Summer of Code 2009, I built a Geography module for Biopython. The purpose of the module is to search, download, and process biogeographical data from GBIF, much as Biopython currently accesses Genbank. Application of the tool to a historical biogeography study on bivalves will be illustrated.As required by Google Summer of Code and Biopython, the code is open access and is released under the Biopython License:"http://www.biopython.org/DIST/LICENSE":http://www.biopython.org/DIST/LICENSEThe module is described, and a tutorial is presented, on the Biopython wiki:http://biopython.org/wiki/BioGeographyThe page contains links to the source hosted on Github; here is the direct link:"http://github.com/nmatzke/biopython/tree/Geography":http://github.com/nmatzke/biopython/tree/Geography
The linker connecting the two kringles plays a key role in prothrombin activation

The zymogen prothrombin is proteolytically converted by factor Xa to the active protease thrombin in a reaction that is accelerated >3,000-fold by cofactor Va. This physiologically important effect is paradigmatic of analogous cofactor-dependent reactions in the coagulation and complement cascades, but its structural determinants remain poorly understood. Prothrombin has three linkers connecting the N-terminal Gla domain to kringle-1 (Lnk1), the two kringles (Lnk2), and kringle-2 to the C-terminal protease domain (Lnk3). Recent developments indicate that the linkers, and particularly Lnk2, confer on the zymogen significant flexibility in solution and enable prothrombin to sample alternative conformations. The role of this flexibility in the context of prothrombin activation was tested with several deletions. Removal of Lnk2 in almost its entirety (ProTΔ146–167) drastically reduces the enhancement of thrombin generation by cofactor Va from >3,000-fold to 60-fold because of a significant increase in the rate of activation in the absence of cofactor. Deletion of Lnk2 mimics the action of cofactor Va and offers insights into how prothrombin is activated at the molecular level. The crystal structure of ProTΔ146–167 reveals a contorted architecture where the domains are not vertically stacked, kringle-1 comes within 9 A of the protease domain, and the Gla-domain primed for membrane binding comes in contact with kringle-2. These findings broaden our molecular understanding of a key reaction of the blood coagulation cascade where cofactor Va enhances activation of prothrombin by factor Xa by compressing Lnk2 and morphing prothrombin into a conformation similar to the structure of ProTΔ146–167.
Magnetic Disorder as a First-Order Phase Transformation

The exchange interaction that gives rise to ordered magnetic states depends upon interatomic spacing. If the lattice is deformable, then a spontaneous distortion of the lattice will occur in the ordered state. We have calculated, in the molecular field approximation, the properties of a system in which the exchange energy dependence is given by ${T}_{c}={T}_{0}[1+\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}(v\ensuremath{-}{v}_{0})}{{v}_{0}}]$. ${T}_{c}$ is the Curie temperature appropriate to a lattice volume $v$ while ${v}_{0}$ is the equilibrium volume in the absence of magnetic interactions. The course of the magnetization with temperature of such a system depends upon the steepness $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of the exchange interaction dependence on interatomic distance, the compressibility $K$, and ${T}_{0}$. The behavior may be the usual second-order transition to paramagnetism, but it can in fact become a first-order transition with the properties usually associated thereto, e.g., latent heat and discontinuous density change. In the absence of an externally applied pressure, the transition will be of the first order if $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{40NkK{T}_{0}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}{[j(j+1)]}^{2}}{[{(2j+1)}^{4}\ensuremath{-}1]}g1$. In this inequality, $N$ is the number per unit volume of magnetic ions of angular momentum $j\ensuremath{\hbar}$ while $k$ is the Boltzmann constant.We have reviewed the experimental evidence on the nature of the first-order magnetic transition in MnAs. We find that this evidence indicates the transition to be one from ferromagnetism to paramagnetism rather than ferromagnetism to antiferromagnetism as has been generally assumed. Application of the theory noted above gives $\ensuremath{\eta}=2$ for this transition. In addition, we derive a value for the volume strain sensitivity, $\ensuremath{\beta}=19$ and infer the compressibility to be 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/d.
Optimal Confidence Intervals for the Variance of a Normal Distribution

Abstract Tables of divisors of the sample sums of squared deviations from the mean are provided to yield either the confidence interval of minimum length or the “shortest” unbiased interval for the variance of a normal distribution. Some questions are raised concerning confidence intervals of minimum length.
Generalized conjugate priors for Bayesian analysis of risk and survival regressions.

Le choix, pour les analyses bayesiennes portant sur les risques relatifs, de distributions a priori conjuguees peut etre tres limitant, du fait que la forme de cette distribution depend du parametre de valeur centrale. Cependant, en introduisant separement ce parametre, on generalise ces distributions a priori ce qui permet de modeliser une tres large palette d'opinions a priori tout en conservant les proprietes de simplicite des calculs propres aux analyses conjuguees. Cet article illustre les resultats fournis par ces analyses avec des conjuguees generalisees, a partir d'exemples sur des enquetes cas x temoins dont le but etait d'etudier le lien des amenagements en câbles electriques (wire codes) en zone residentielle et des champs magnetiques avec les cas de leucemie chez l'enfant.
Short-range interactions for SF6 and CF4 with He and Ar from molecular-beam scattering

Abstract Short-range interactions of HeSF 6 and ArCF 4 are obtained from measurements of the scattering of He and Ar beams in room-temperature gas. It is suggested that these results, together with the previously-reported resuit for HeCF 4 , can serve as useful tests for calculations based on the electron-gas model.
Well-posedness of a reduced order approximate deconvolution turbulence model ☆

Abstract We prove well-posedness for a recently proposed turbulence model, and derive an estimate for its modeling error. The model is derived from the fourth order representation of the Stolz–Adams approximate deconvolution model by making an additional deconvolution approximation to reduce the model to second order, which also allows the model to be computed with efficient and unconditionally stable algorithms.
Wall stresses in granular Couette flows of mono-sized particles and binary mixtures

Granular shear flows are studied in a gravity-free Couette geometry using a two-dimensional discrete element computer simulation. Upper and lower bounding walls are flat and frictional and move in opposing directions, while the right and left boundaries are periodic. Mono-size flows are examined at various concentrations and three different gap widths. Flows of binary mixtures with diameter ratios of 2, 5, and 10 are investigated as well. Mixture solid fraction ratios of small to large particles range from 0.4 to 5, with a constant overall solid fraction of 0.75 in two dimensions. Normal and shear stresses on the bounding walls are measured for various flow conditions. Both normal and shear stresses increase with solid fraction in same-size flows, and show a dependence on the wall spacing at low concentrations. Same-size particle flows show the existence of a critical wall solid fraction at which the granular temperature, strain rate, and stresses increase suddenly. Stresses in mixture flows with low solid fraction ratios of small to large particles are higher than for the mono-size system. For a fixed overall solid fraction of 0.75, mixture flow stresses also increase with diameter ratio of large to small particles. The ratio of shear to normal stress decreases with solid fraction in same-size flows. For mixture flows with constant overall solid fraction, the ratio increases with solid fraction ratio for size ratios of 5 and 10; it remains relatively constant in flows with a size ratio of only 2.