cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens: Effects of Immunosuppression

Proventriculitis in broilers causes carcass condemnation when swollen proventriculi tear during evisceration. The cause of this proventriculitis is unknown, but several infectious agents have been associated with it. One such agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), has been implicated as a cause of proventriculitis, but a direct effect of this virus on the proventriculus has not been proven. The role of IBDV in proventriculitis may be indirect as a result of its ability to cause immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to understand how immunosuppression affects the incidence of proventriculitis in broiler chickens. Immunosuppression was induced in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens using chemicals (cyclophosphamide and cyclosporin) or virus (IBDV). All groups were then exposed to a proventricular homogenate produced from diseased birds. At 7 and 14 days postinoculation, the incidence of proventriculitis in these groups was compared to that produced by homogenate exposure in immunocompetent broilers. All birds exposed to the proventricular homogenate from diseased birds developed proventriculitis. Cyclophosphamide and IBDV, both B cell suppressors, did not significantly affect the incidence or characteristics of the proventriculitis observed, although they did have an effect on the size of the proventriculus at 7 days postinoculation. Chickens immunosuppressed with cyclosporin, a T cell suppressor, developed more severe lesions and had a higher incidence of proventriculitis. These findings indicate that both B and T cells are involved in the immune response against proventriculitis, but cell-mediated immunity appears to have a more important role in controlling the disease. IBDV affects both humoral and cellular immunity in the chicken, so although under experimental conditions it didn't have a major effect on proventriculitis, it may explain why control of IBDV in the field seems to reduce the incidence of proventriculitis.
Piketty and Marginal Productivity Theory

Abstract:This paper focuses on Piketty’s explanation of the increased capital share of total income in major economies in recent decades presented in chapter 6 of his 2014 book. Piketty’s explanation is presented in terms of the theoretical framework of the marginal productivity theory of distribution. The first section of the paper critically reviews the key elements of marginal productivity theory: production function, marginal products, diminishing returns, and elasticity of substitution. The second section summarizes Piketty’s explanation of the increasing capital share in terms of marginal productivity theory; the third section critically evaluates Piketty’s explanation; and the fourth section briefly presents an alternative heterodox explanation of the increased capital share in recent decades.
PGE2 Promotes Apoptosis Induced by Cytokine Deprivation through EP3 Receptor and Induces Bim in Mouse Mast Cells

Increased mast cell numbers are observed at sites of allergic inflammation and restoration of normal mast cell numbers is critical to the resolution of these responses. Early studies showed that cytokines protect mast cells from apoptosis, suggesting a simple model in which diminished cytokine levels during resolution leads to cell death. The report that prostaglandins can contribute both to recruitment and to the resolution of inflammation together with the demonstration that mast cells express all four PGE2 receptors raises the question of whether a single PGE2 receptor mediates the ability of PGE2 to regulate mast cell survival and apoptosis. We report here that PGE2 through the EP3 receptor promotes cell death of mast cells initiated by cytokine withdrawal. Furthermore, the ability of PGE2 to limit reconstitution of tissues with cultured mast cells is lost in cell lacking the EP3 receptor. Apoptosis is accompanied by higher dissipation of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm), increased caspase-3 activation, chromatin condensation, and low molecular weight DNA cleavage. PGE2 augmented cell death is dependent on an increase in intracellular calcium release, calmodulin dependent kinase II and MAPK activation. Synergy between the EP3 pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway results in increased Bim expression and higher sensitivity of mast cells to cytokine deprivation. This supports a model in which PGE2 can contribute to the resolution of inflammation in part by augmenting the removal of inflammatory cells in this case, mast cells.
Coupling equivalent plate and finite element formulations in multiple-method structural analyses

A coupled multiple-method analysis procedure for use late in conceptual design or early in preliminary design of aircraft structures is described. Using this method, aircraft wing structures are represented with equivalent plate models, and structural details such as engine/pylon structure, landing gear, or a 'stick' model of a fuselage are represented with beam finite element models. These two analysis methods are implemented in an integrated multiple-method formulation that involves the assembly and solution of a combined set of linear equations. The corresponding solution vector contains coefficients of the polynomials that describe the deflection of the wing and also the components of translations and rotations at the joints of the beam members. Two alternative approaches for coupling the methods are investigated; one using transition finite elements and the other using Lagrange multipliers. The coupled formulation is applied to the static analysis and vibration analysis of a conceptual design model of a fighter aircraft. The results from the coupled method are compared with corresponding results from an analysis in which the entire model is composed of finite elements.
“Tobacco Has a Purpose, Not Just a Past”: Feasibility of Developing a Culturally Appropriate Smoking Cessation Program for a Pan‐Tribal Native Population

Tobacco has long held spiritual significance to Native people of North America but, because of recreational use, it has become a health risk relatively recently. More Native people smoke than any other ethnic group (41 percent vs. 24 percent in whites and blacks), and death rates caused by tobacco-related diseases are disproportionately high. However, no tested, culturally tailored smoking cessation programs exist for this group. We used a critical-interpretive framework to understand the meaning of tobacco and the feasibility of smoking cessation interventions in a pan-tribal population. In June 2004, the University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC) and the Oklahoma Area Indian Health Service (IHS) collaborated on six focus groups with (IHS) patients. The patients served represent over 200 different nations. Our participants provided us with modifications to a currently untested program designed by the Muscogee Nation of Oklahoma's Tobacco Prevention Program to enhance cultural appropriateness, including (1) an emphasis on visual presentation and a “Native” look to program educational materials; (2) comprehensive information about tobacco, quitting, and coping among Native people; (3) an acknowledgment and incorporation of traditional tobacco use and its diversity; and (4) the use of talking circles and counseling with Native facilitators.
Effects of visual uncertainty on grasping movements

To successfully lift an object, a person's fingers must be moved to locations where forces can be applied that are sufficient for maintaining contact and that allow for easy object manipulation. Obtaining such finger positions becomes more difficult when there is perceptual uncer- tainty about the location of the hand and object. However, knowledge about the amount of uncertainty could be incorporated into grasp plans to mitigate its effect. For example, during peripheral viewing the fingers could open wider to avoid colliding with or missing the object. The goal of this study is to determine the degree to which people incorporate their understanding of visual uncer- tainty when making a precision grasp. To investigate, subjects reached to a spatially fixed object whose retinal location was varied by fixating points 0-80� to the left of the object. This manipulation controlled the visual uncer- tainty of the hand and target without affecting the kine- matic demands of the task. We found that people systematically changed their grasping behavior as a func- tion of the amount of visual uncertainty in the task. Spe- cifically, subjects' maximum grip aperture increased linearly with target eccentricity. Moreover, the effect of visual uncertainty on finger trajectories could be captured by a single dimension of change along an axis. Together, these findings suggest that the sensorimotor system esti- mates visual uncertainty and behaviorally adjusts for it during grasping movements.
Towards wearable aging in place devices

This paper summarizes the author's current doctoral work on investigating how technologies can mitigate the stress of caregivers and help older adults successfully age in place. There has been much success and growth in the creation of aging in place technologies. However, few of these technologies focus on the needs and challenges of low socioeconomic status (SES) rural- and urban-dwelling older adults, and fewer, if any, explore the domain of wearable devices. Findings from in situ observations and interviews conducted with low SES rural- and urban-dwelling older adults are presented. These findings are then use to provide insight into the potential development of wearable aging in place devices.
Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety in the stress generation process: Further investigation of the interaction effect between the Looming Cognitive Style and Anxiety Sensitivity

Abstract Background and objectives The goal of the present study was to replicate and extend previous research on the relationship between stress generation and two well-documented anxiety related cognitive vulnerabilities, Looming Cognitive Style (LCS) and Anxiety Sensitivity (AS). We first sought to replicate findings that LCS and AS augment each other's stress generation effect. Next, we expanded upon these findings by conducting fine grained analyses not possible in the prior study, by using the third edition of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index ( Taylor et al., 2007 ) and examined the individual facets of AS, which includes: Mental Incapacitation (fear of mental impairment), Physical (fear of catastrophic outcomes such as death), and Social (fear of being noticed for trembling, blushing) facets. Methods We followed 99 female undergraduates who were assessed twice over a six-week interval. Results First, the results replicated a previous study and showed that LCS and AS magnified each other's impact on stress generation. Second, analyses using the individual subscales of AS indicated significant interactions between LCS and the Mental Incapacitation and Physical facets of AS but not the Social facet. Limitations Limitations of the present study include reliance on self-report measures and the use of a female only sample. Using such a sample is consistent with previous literature, but limits generalizability to males. Conclusions The present findings are consistent with the emerging view that stress generation is an active, transactional process and that anxiety-related cognitive styles (much like depressive styles) contribute to stress generation.
Treatment of Co-occurring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders

There is a significant need for advanced understanding of treatment of co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Approximately half of individuals seeking SUD treatment meet criteria for current PTSD, and individuals with co-occurring PTSD-SUD tend to have poorer treatment outcomes compared with those without such comorbidity. However, there is not sufficient empirical evidence to determine a best course of treatment for these individuals. This paper provides a review of the literature relevant to the treatment of co-occurring PTSD-SUD. To date, treatment studies have focused primarily on non-exposure-based psychosocial treatments, exposure-based psychosocial treatments, and medication trials. The most promising outcome data thus far are for psychosocial treatments that incorporate an exposure therapy component; however, further research is needed, particularly as related to how best to implement these approaches in real-world treatment settings.
A method of indirect mutant selection in Physarum polycephalum using the antibiotic netropsin

A method of indirect mutant selection, analogous to the bacterial penicillin technique, has been developed for Physarum polycephalum. The antibiotic netropsin was found to be lethal to growing but not to nongrowing (cycloheximide inhibited) myxamoebae. In reconstruction experiments, a 200 fold enrichment of cycloheximide sensitive over cycloheximide resistant cells was obtained. This technique was used to isolate temperature sensitive mutants. The mutant frequency among survivors was increased at least 40 fold by netropsin selection.
DBDigger: reorganized proteomic database identification that improves flexibility and speed.

Database search identification algorithms, such as Sequest and Mascot, constitute powerful enablers for proteomic tandem mass spectrometry. We introduce DBDigger, an algorithm that reorganizes the database identification process to remove a problematic bottleneck. Typically such algorithms determine which candidate sequences can be compared to each spectrum. Instead, DBDigger determines which spectra can be compared to each candidate sequence, enabling the software to generate candidate sequences only once for each HPLC separation rather than for each spectrum. This reorganization also reduces the number of times a spectrum must be predicted for a particular candidate sequence and charge state. As a result, DBDigger can accelerate some database searches by more than an order of magnitude. In addition, the software offers features to reduce the performance degradation introduced by posttranslational modification (PTM) searching. DBDigger allows researchers to specify the sequence context in which each PTM ...
"Like Everybody Else": Equalizing Educational Opportunity for English Language Learners.

Equal educational opportunity for all students has long been a goal of public education in the United States. Realizing equality of educational opportunity for English language learners (ELLs), however, has proven to be a difficult task. This article examines 1 high school community's perception of educational opportunity and its approach to equalizing it. The findings reveal a community-wide endorsement of a policy of equal treatment for equalizing educational opportunity. This policy of difference blindness, however, was found to produce inequities for ELLs in at least 2 ways: restricted access to course content and inaccurate assessment and grading. Although teacher participants recognized inequities, they considered them temporary and tolerable. As educational opportunity was accessible only through English, equal treatment, which was perceived to speed English acquisition, was viewed to be the most effective approach for equalizing opportunity. Equality of educational opportunity at the school site, therefore, required ELLs to be normalized through linguistic assimilation, and an ideology of difference blindness through difference erasure was evident. Implications include the need for educational institutions to rethink approaches to equalizing opportunity and a call for reenvisioning educational opportunity as a participatory concept.
Primary hepatic lymphoma: Imaging findings

Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all extranodal lymphomas. In this article, we retrospectively reviewed the imaging features of 12 pathologically proven cases of primary hepatic lymphoma.
Factors associated with length of psychiatric hospitalization

Abstract Objective Criteria for psychiatric hospitalization have undergone marked changes. Efforts to limit length-of-hospitalization risk greater morbidity at discharge and increased needs for appropriate aftercare. Accordingly, we evaluated factors associated with length of psychiatric hospitalization and aftercare-types. Methods We reviewed medical records of 589 patients with major psychiatric disorders hospitalized in a university-affiliated, not-for-profit psychiatric hospital to identify characteristics associated with length of hospitalization, types of aftercare and insurance coverage, using standard bivariate and multivariate analytical methods. Results Notable factors associated with longer hospitalization included: more highly supervised aftercare, diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective > affective disorders, longer illnesses, higher antipsychotic doses and more complex drug-treatments at discharge, lower GAF functional status, unemployment, being unmarried, as well as public vs. private insurance. Multivariate modeling sustained association of longer hospitalization with higher antipsychotic doses, more structured aftercare, public insurance, lower GAF scores, and diagnoses of chronic psychotic disorders. Structured aftercare was associated with younger age, fewer years ill, and private insurance, but varied little by diagnosis and was unrelated to ethnicity. Public insurance was associated notably with being unemployed, unmarried, less functional, having a chronic psychotic disorder for more years, and lack of structured aftercare. Conclusions Illness severity and functional impairment may modulate efforts to limit psychiatric hospitalization. Higher-level aftercare was associated with illness and disability factors as well as with private insurance; public insurance was associated with dysfunction, unemployment and chronic illness, as well as longer hospitalization.
Efficient thin film cadmium telluride heterojunction solar cells

Abstract A commonly used configuration of thin film cadmium telluride heterojunction solar cell is: ohmic contact/p-CdTe/TCS/SnO 2 :F/glass where TCS is a transparent conducting semiconductor. Its photovoltaic characteristics depend on (i) the band gap energy, electron affinity, electrical conductivity, lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficient of the TCS (or the window material), (ii) the resistivity of, and minority carrier diffusion length in, p-CdTe, (iii) the cleanliness of the p-CdTe-TCS interface, and (iv) the resistance of the contact to the p-CdTe. In this work, a Zn 0.3 Cd 0.7 S film deposited by vacuum evaporation was used as the window material, the resistivity of p-CdTe films, deposited by close-spaced sublimation was controlled by adjusting the composition of the source material, and a p-HgTe film, deposited by direct combination of the elements, was used as the ohmic contact. The characteristics of the solar cells are discussed.
Commutator and other second order estimates in real interpolation theory

Etude des proprietes supplementaires d'un operateur borne sur une famille parametree d'espaces de Banach. Etablissement d'estimations du second ordre dans la theorie de l'interpolation reelle
Abortion in cows inoculated with Anaplasma marginale

Abstract Nine beef cows in the third trimester of pregnancy and negative for Anaplasma marginale complement fixing (CF) antibody were used in this study. Six of the nine cows were inoculated with whole blood from an anaplasma carrier animal. Three cows served as uninoculated controls. Four of six cows aborted dead, autolyzed fetuses 22 to 31 days following inoculation. One cow was euthanatized on postinoculation day 22 and a dead, autolyzed fetus was recovered. One cow delivered a live calf in which transplacental transmission of the organism was demonstrated. In a second experiment two of the remaining three uninoculated cows were inoculated with anaplasma infected blood. Parturition was induced in one cow on postinoculation day 19. The calf was delivered alive but died within one hour after birth. The second cow delivered a full term normal calf. All inoculated cows in the study developed anaplasma CF antibody following inoculation. This study confirms previous reports that anaplamosis is a cause of abortion in pregnant cows.
Influence of Canopy Management Practices on Canopy Characteristics, Yield, and Fruit Composition of ‘Norton’ Grapes (Vitis aestivalis Michx)

Impact of canopy management practices were assessed on canopy architecture, yield, and fruit composition of Norton grapes. Combinations of shoot thinning (ST), shoot positioning (SP), and leaf removal (LR) were imposed. The highest total soluble solids and lowest acidity were recorded either in LR or its combination with ST+SP treatments. Malic acid and potassium concentrations were highest on control, ST, SP, ST+SP vines. Canopy characteristics measured by point quadrat analysis differed significantly between treatments with more leaf layer number and less percent gap in control vines and in vines without LR treatments. These same treatments also recorded highest percent interior leaves and clusters.
The triangulations of the 3-sphere with up to 8 vertices

Abstract The different combinatorial types of triangulations of the 3-sphere with up to 8 vertices are determined. Using similar methods we show that one cannot always preassign the shape of a facet of a 4-polytope.
An anonymous self-stabilizing algorithm for 1-maximal independent set in trees

We present an anonymous, constant-space, self-stabilizing algorithm for finding a 1-maximal independent set in tree graphs (and some rings). We show that the algorithm converges in O(n2) moves under any central daemon (one that at each time-step selects one of the privileged nodes to move).
Infection Control during Parenteral Nutrition Therapy

Parenteral nutrition therapy can achieve an anabolic state in patients who are unable to maintain normal nitrogen balance; however, it may be associated with infectious complications. Infections may be related to contamination of the cannula and the cannula wound, of the infusate, or of other parts of the parenteral nutrition system. A variety of microorganisms has been associated with these infections. The exact mechanisms that initiate cannula-related infection are poorly understood. Susceptibility of the host, the method and site of cannula insertion, colonization of parenteral nutrition cannulas, use of parenteral nutrition systems for multiple purposes, cannula material, and other factors may all play some role. Controlling infections depend on many factors, including quality control processes to ensure sterility of parenteral nutrition solutions, attention to aseptic technique during cannula insertion, procedures to prevent in-use contamination, proper care of the cannula insertion site, and proper management of other parts of the parenteral nutrition system. In addition, infectious complications appear to be reduced by an organized team that follows infection control protocols. Many facets of parenteral nutrition therapy are based on data from uncontrolled clinical investigations. Well-designed, controlled clinical trials may provide data that will further minimize the risks associated with parenteral nutrition therapy.
The elaidinization of methyl oleate with mercaptans

Methyl oleate is transformed into methyl elaidate by mercaptans. The equilibrium mixture, containing 77% elaidate, can be obtained from either isomer. A concomitant, although much slower reaction, is the addition of the sulfhydry group to the double bond of either ester. The effects of numerous reaction conditions on the extent and rate of the isomerization are given. The reaction is presented as an incipient addition of the mercaptan to the double bond, as a reversible thiyl radical attack on one of the unsaturated carbon atoms.
Predictions from a model of global psychophysics about differences between perceptual and physical matches

A well-known phenomenon is that “matched” successive signals do not result in physical identity. This phenomenon has mostly been studied in terms of how much the second of two signals varies from the first, which is called the time-order error (TOE). Here, theoretical predictions led us to study the more general question of how much the matching signal differs from the standard signal, independent of the position of the matching signal as the first or second in a presentation. This we call non-equal matches (NEM). Using Luce’s (Psychological Review, 109, 520–532, 2002, Psychological Review, 111, 446–454, 2004, Psychological Review, 115, 601, 2008, Psychological Review, 119, 373–387, 2012) global psychophysical theory, we predicted NEM when an intensity z is perceived to be “1 times a standard signal x.” The theory predicts two different types of individual behaviors for the NEM, and these predictions were evaluated and confirmed in an experiment. We showed that the traditional definition of TOE precludes the observation, and thus the study, of the NEM phenomenon, and that the NEM effect is substantial enough to alter conclusions based on data that it affects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the custom of averaging data over individuals clearly leads to quite misleading results. An important parameter in this modeling is a reference point that plays a central role in creating variability in the data, so that the key to obtaining regular data from respondents is to stabilize the reference point.
Velocity Analysis By Residual Moveout

Abstract : Velocity analysis by normal moveout encounters problems in handling dipping reflectors or lateral variation of velocity. Prestack migration provides a powerful tool to do velocity analysis, which is based on the following principle: the imaged depths at a common location are independent of source- receiver offset when the correct velocity is used. Conventional approaches, such as depth focusing analysis, generally involve iteration, which requires repeated prestack migration. In this paper, a residual moveout method for velocity analysis on multi-offset data is presented that needs only a single prestack migration. A number of theoretical problems in this method are studied. When the velocity has a lateral anomaly, we derive a formula to calculate the interval velocity from the stacking velocity by perturbation theory. A suggested data processing technique based on our method is composed of prestack migration with a constant velocity, velocity analysis, residual moveout, stacking, velocity conversion, and poststack residual migration.
X-ray Absorption by a Thomas-Fermi Atom

Calculations were made on the $K$ shell of tin, the $K$ electron being assumed to move according to the Dirac relativistic equation in a modified Fermi-Thomas field. The ionization potential for a $K$ electron thus found exceeds the observed energy of the $K$ absorption edge by only 0.48 percent. Mass absorption-coefficients for the $K$ shell for wave-lengths 1, 1.5 and 2.5 times the absorption-edge wave-length were found to be 2.42, 12.10, 37.42 respectively, as against Richtmyer's observed values of 2.36, 11.0, 37.0.
Emotional Incompetence or Gender-Based Stereotyping?

The authors used a critical incident interview provided by a female manager and her statements (e.g., “I'm very ineffective emotionally”) as a starting point of an alternative analysis of the term ...
Acute myocardial infarction: Recommendations for medical management and primary angioplasty

PREVIEWDeaths from acute myocardial infarction have declined in recent years, thanks to the introduction of thrombolytic drugs and therapy with other types of medication that are beneficial when appropriately used. In this article, the authors review the mechanism of action of these agents and focus on recent clinical trials, indications and contraindications, and proper administration. They also discuss the place of primary angioplasty as an alternative to thrombolytic therapy.
Voltage Breakdown of Antennas at High Altitude

The factors influencing the power-handling capability of antennas at high altitude are considered in this paper. The physical mechanism involved, including the roles of attachment, free diffusion, ambipolar diffusion, and nonuniform field distribution in the breakdown process, is qualitatively described. These factors are illustrated by breakdown curves for various antenna configurations under both CW and pulse conditions. Normalized data-useful for estimating breakdown fields when the conditions for scaling are fulfilled-are presented. The effect of missile environment on breakdown characteristics is discussed, and an experiment that involves artificially introducing ionization near the surface of the antenna is described. Methods are then considered for increasing the power-handling capability, and typical results are given showing the increase in power that can be achieved.
Language as ergonomic perfection

Christiansen & Chater (C&C) have taken the interactionist approach to linguistic universals to an extreme, adopting the metaphor of language as an organism. This metaphor adds no insights to five decades of analyzing language universals as the result of interaction of linguistically unique and general cognitive systems. This metaphor is also based on an outmoded view of classical Darwinian evolution and has no clear basis in biology or cognition.
The Effects of Prosocial and Aggressive Videogames on Children's Donating and Helping

We investigated the effects of a prosocial and an aggressive videogame on children's prosocial behavior. Third-, fourth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade boys and girls (N = 160) were randomly assigned to either a control condition or one of four treatment conditions. In two of the treatment conditions, children played a videogame with prosocial content either singly or cooperatively with another child. In the other two conditions, children played an aggressive videogame either singly or competitively. Subsequent levels of donating and helping were measured. A three-way analysis of variance indicated that older students donated significantly more than did younger students. Children who played either of the aggressive videogames donated significantly less than did those who played prosocial games by themselves. No significant effects were found for helping. Playing the prosocial videogame did not increase prosocial responding, but playing the aggressive videogame tended to suppress this behavior. The failure of the prosocial game to accelerate prosocial responding might be due to the relatively brief treatments used in this study and/or to the particular prosocial videogame utilized.
Simultaneous contrast and gamut relativity in achromatic color perception

Simultaneous contrast refers to the respective whitening or blackening of physically identical image regions surrounded by regions of low or high luminance, respectively. A common method of measuring the strength of this effect is achromatic color matching, in which subjects adjust the luminance of a target region to achieve an achromatic color match with another region. Here I present psychophysical data questioning the assumption—built into many models of achromatic color perception—that achromatic colors are represented as points in a one-dimensional (1D) perceptual space, or an absolute achromatic color gamut. I present an alternative model in which the achromatic color gamut corresponding to a target region is defined relatively, with respect to surround luminance. Different achromatic color gamuts in this model correspond to different 1D lines through a 2D perceptual space composed of blackness and whiteness dimensions. Each such line represents a unique gamut of achromatic colors ranging from black to white. I term this concept gamut relativity. Achromatic color matches made between targets surrounded by regions of different luminance are shown to reflect the relative perceptual distances between points lying on different gamut lines. The model suggests a novel geometrical approach to simultaneous contrast and achromatic color matching in terms of the vector summation of local luminance and contrast components, and sets the stage for a unified computational theory of achromatic color perception.
Improving Infill Development Decision Making with Interval Estimation

Following partial completion of infill development in a given field, it becomes necessary to determine whether continued drilling should be pursued in the same field. The usual approaches for deciding whether to continue drilling (Swanson's mean or estimates based on lognormal methods) fail to account for variation and uncertainty. To better inform this decision, we propose implementing statistical confidence intervals (with an accompanying certainty level) for relevant features of interest. Closed form intervals and maximum likelihood based intervals for the average ultimate recovery for all wells in a field, the percent of wells in a field having ultimate recovery values above a certain benchmark value and other important features of interest are considered. Confidence intervals appropriate for both the lognormal and Weibull distribution are given. The proposed methods are illustrated with real data from 64 wells in the Devonian Richfield Dolomite of the Michigan basin (given in the appendix, Table 2). Table 1 summarizes the different confidence intervals.
Addiction to tranylcypromine (parnate): A case report

The monoamine oxidase inhibitors are increasingly prescribed for several disorders today, after a hiatus of nonuse lasting a decade. One case of excessive MAOI use and two cases of MAOI withdrawal are reported in the literature. This case report adds a fourth instance and suggests patient characteristics which should alert the clinician to the risk of MAOI abuse or addiction.
3-Deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid aldolase and its role in a new pathway of D-xylose degradation

Abstract Evidence is presented for a new pathway of D-xylose metabolism. Cell-free extracts prepared from a pseudomonad grown on D-xylose as a sole carbon source contain prominent D-xylose dehydrogenase, D-xylo-aldonate dehydrase and a new aldolase which cleaves 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-xylonate (3-deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid) to pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. The aldolase is specific for the D-isomer and is distinguishable from a previously described enzyme present in the same organism which is correspondingly specific for the L-isomer. The subsequent conversion of 3-deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid to α-keto-glutarate which has been reported in other organisms could not be demonstrated. Thus, the pathway of D-xylose degradation in this pseudomonad is believed to be: D-xylose → D-xylonate → 3-deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid → pyruvate + glycolaldehyde.
Reservoir Application of Mobility Control Foams in CO2 Floods

The major requirement for using the mobility is the essential similarity of the conditions of its laboratory measurement and of those operative in the field. In the mobility control process envisaged here, the slug of the CO/sub 2/ displacement fluid must be uniformly ''thickened'' throughout. If the thickening is of sufficient degree, and if the CO/sub 2/'s ability to displace oil has not been severely degraded by the thickening procedure, then the front of the slug will mobilize and sweep before it essentially all of the crude oil remaining in the formation. The generated Hutchinson-Braun zone will constitute a moving buffer between the slug of thickened CO/sub 2/ and the oil bank. Such a high displacement efficiency can only be expected when instability fingers are almost completely suppressed. One of the more serious ways that the instabilities lower displacement is to induce a geometrical fluid distribution in which there is a large amount of lateral mixing of ''raw'' CO/sub 2/ with crude oil, leading to the continual migration of local ''mixing curves'' into the two-phase region of the composition diagrams discussed by Orr. The implication is that for the proper laboratory measurement of mobility, a steady-state situation is required inmore » a cleaned rock.« less
Advanced Linear Modeling

(2003). Advanced Linear Modeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 98, No. 461, pp. 258-258.
Methylation and histone deacetylase inhibition in combination with platinum treatment in patients with advanced malignancies.

Purpose The combination of DNA methylation inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors is synergistic in gene expression activation and may overcome platinum resistance. Sequential treatment with azacitidine and valproic acid (VPA) in combination with carboplatin may overcome resistance to platinum-based therapy, and we conducted a phase I trial to assess safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and clinical correlates. Experimental Design Patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy were eligible. In cohorts of escalating doses, patients received azacitidine for 5 days from days 1 to 5, VPA for 7 days from days 5 to 11, and carboplatin starting in the second cycle on days 3 and 10. Clinical correlates included evaluation of epigenetic changes, methylation patterns, and histone acetylation levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results Thirty-two patients were treated. The MTD was 75 mg/m2 azacitidine, 20 mg/kg VPA, and AUC 3.0 carboplatin. Minor responses or stable disease lasting ≥4 months were achieved by six patients (18.8 %), including three with platinum-resistant or platinum-refractory ovarian cancer. The most common adverse events grade ≥3 were fatigue (81 %) and neutropenia (69 %). Dose-limiting toxicity occurred in six patients (18.8 %), including four patients with grade 3 altered mental status. Death receptor 4 (DR4) methylation was shown to decrease in a subset of patients, but there was no relationship with tumor response or number of cycles received. Conclusions Combination of azacitidine, VPA, and carboplatin demonstrates decreased DR4 methylation and modest evidence of antitumor activity in patients with heavily treated advanced malignancies.
Synthesis of immunologically active oligosaccharide determinants of the Brucella A antigen: utilization of intermediates derived from methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-α-d-mannopyranoside

Abstract A facile, high yield synthesis of methyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannopyranoside is described in conjunction with an integrated strategy for the synthesis of its 1,2-linked oligosaccharides, which are antigenic determinants of the Brucella A antigen.
Mathematical description of non-linear survival curves of Listeria monocytogenes as determined in a beef gravy model system at 57.5 to 65 °C ☆

Abstract This paper presents a non-linear model for predicting the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, suspended in beef broth after heat treatment. A five-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes was used in developing inactivation data at 57.5, 60, 62.5 and 65 °C, where maximum observed lethalities were more than 7 log10 for the latter three temperatures. For all four temperatures, the survival curves, i.e. the common logarithms (base 10) of the numbers of surviving cells vs. times, were distinctly convex. Four functions, based on different assumptions underlying the shape of the survival curves, were compared. The assumptions involve the asymptotic behavior of the survival curves. Mechanistic considerations were used in deriving some of the functions considered. The function selected for further modeling was the logistic function, where the natural logarithm of time is the independent variable. Using this function, a model for predicting the amount of inactivation for temperatures between 57.5 and 65 °C was determined. The model presented in this paper is different from models that have been presented in the predictive microbiology literature, in that the parameters that describe the model are assumed to be random variables. Thus, a full description of the model includes standard deviations of parameter values, which were estimated using a mixed-effects analysis. Other research has indicated a logistic function adequately describes survival curves of L. monocytogenes. The use of this function entails that there are not non-zero asymptotic D-values. In conclusion, there is a substantial body of evidence suggesting that non-linear models are needed for characterizing survival curves of L. monocytogenes.
Piagetian Formal Operations and other Cognitive Correlates of Achievement in Computer Programming

The purpose of this study was to determine if success in writing computer programs is related to level of cognitive development, verbal ability, and mathematics reasoning. Subjects were drawn from students enrolled in beginning computer programming classes. Each subject was given the School and College Ability Test (SCAT II) test to assess mathematics and verbal levels and the Inventory of Piaget's Developmental Tasks (IPDT) to assess level of cognitive development. The instructor's final examination was used as a measure of computer programming ability. This study supports prior research showing mathematics reasoning and verbal ability were each significant predictors of success in computer programming. Level of cognitive development, as defined by Piaget, also predicts success in computer programming ability. Regression analysis showed that level of cognitive development, when combined with verbal reasoning, is linearly predictive of programming ability.
A research doctorate for computing professionals

Looking back on the first decade of the Doctor of Professional Studies in Computing---an ambitious doctoral track for people who want to do research in an industrial setting.
Critical flow of initially subcooled flashing liquids: Limitations in the homogeneous equilibrium model

Abstract Assumptions of homogeneous, equilibrium conditions are used to analyze two-phase, initially subcooled liquids with friction, heat transfer, and area change. The resulting equations contain the equivalent of Fanno and Rayleigh flows and, in fact, are identical to those used in gas dynamics. For the cases of two-phase Fanno and Rayleigh flows, it is shown conclusively through conservation considerations that the liquid velocity at the phase-change inception point cannot exceed the two-phase sonic velocity at the same location. Stability arguments are utilized to conclude that the same is true for the case of flashing inception with single area change. The isentropic homogeneous equilibrium (IHE) model which is the case of a simple area change is utilized to examine the effects of the flashing inception point on critical flow in nozzles with subcooled inlet conditions. It is shown that IHE model can qualitatively predict the observed behavior of flashing and describe the restriction to the flashing inception point from a practical point of view.
Urinary Galactonate in Patients with Galactosemia: Quantitation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Although numerous reports have appeared showing high levels of galactitol in the urine of patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency, little attention has been paid to measurement of urinary galactonate. Herein we explored the use of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, which required only the concentration of urine without derivatization, to detect and quantitate urinary galactonate. We report that transferase deficient infants, as well as adults on galactose restricted diets excrete significant amounts of galactonate, whereas none is detected in the urine of normal subjects. Galactose-toxic infants were found to excrete large amounts of galactonate, which decreased when the lactose-free diet was instituted. We also found that normal individuals subjected to an oral galactose load also excrete high levels of galactonate for at least 4 h after galactose ingestion. Our data provide evidence that the first reaction in the oxidative pathway of galactose metabolism described in rat liver in 1966 is activated in patients with a variety of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase gene mutations even while on a lactose-restricted diet. In both patients and normal individuals, flux through the alternate galactonate pathway appears to be related to the body galactose burden.
Paleoenvironments of the Upper Pennsylvanian Ames Limestone and associated rocks near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Upper Pennsylvanian Ames Limestone and associated rocks east of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reveals a range of depositional environments from shallow marine to deltaic. The depositional history began with paludal sedimentation followed by eastward transgression of a clastic lagoon dominated by abundant molluscs and “mud-lloater” brachiopods, especially thin-shelled Neochonetes . This period was followed by the eastward transgression of a tidal belt and a shoreward, low-energy, carbonate lagoon. Tidal belt sediments were derived from (1) shoreward transportation of offshore shelf sediments (carbonate mud and fine sand, fine crinoid debris, and trilobites) by tidal currents and (2) erosion and transportation of underlying clastic-lagoon sediments (molluscs, Neochonetes , and clay minerals) in tidal channels. The carbonate lagoon contained abundant Neochonetes in carbonate mud. Abandonment of the tidal belt allowed the eastward transgression of open-circulation, offshore-shelf carbonate sediments. The far offshore sediments were dominated by crinoids, whereas near offshore shelf sediments had a sparse fauna of Crurithyris and crinoids. In the final stage of deposition, deltaic progradation from the east established the following offshore to onshore sequence of environments: offshore carbonate shelf, near-shore clay-miner shelf, prodelta, and delta front. Nearshore, clay-mineral shelf deposits were dominated by Crurithyris , a robust, thick-shelled brachiopod indicative of higher energy conditions than were existent for the thin-shelled Neochonetes .
Acyclovir treatment of disseminated herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in weanling mice: alteration of mortality and pathogenesis.

Abstract Intranasal inoculation of weanling mice with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) provides an experimental infection that closely resembles disseminated and central nervous system HSV infections of human neonates. Intraperitoneal treatment with acyclovir (ACV) successfully reduced mortality even when therapy was begun as late as 2 days and oral therapy as late as 4 days after viral challenge. Treatment with ACV beginning on day 1 completely inhibited HSV-2 replication in lung, spleen, kidney, olfactory lobe, and cerebrum and decreased viral titers in the pons by 2–3 logs. Comparison of these data with our previous experiments using adenine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside 5′ monophosphate indicates that ACV is more effective in the murine model of neonatal disease and suggests that ACV may also be more effective in treating the disease in humans.
A comparison of alternative conceptualizing tools for automated storage and retrieval systems

The throughput performance model and the state equation model are alternative analytical approaches for determining the proportion of dual versus single command crane cycles in automated storage and retrieval systems that utilize opportunistic interleaving. The different assumptions underlying these models result in biases in the estimation of expected crane cycle times. The magnitude of the biases is investigated to assess whether the use of the older, less computationally efficient state equation model is still warranted in practical conceptualizing situations. The results suggest that the TP model is a dominating alternative for AS/RS conceptualizing applications.