cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio Supernovae in the Great Survey Era

Radio properties of supernova outbursts remain poorly understood despite longstanding campaigns following events discovered at other wavelengths. After ~30 years of observations, only ~50 supernovae have been detected at radio wavelengths, none of which are Type Ia. Even the most radio-loud events are ~104 fainter in the radio than in the optical; to date, such intrinsically dim objects have only been visible in the very local universe. The detection and study of radio supernovae (RSNe) will be fundamentally altered and dramatically improved as the next generation of radio telescopes comes online, including EVLA, ASKAP, and MeerKAT, and culminating in the Square Kilometer Array (SKA); the latter should be 50 times more sensitive than present facilities. SKA can repeatedly scan large ( 1 deg2) areas of the sky, and thus will discover RSNe and other transient sources in a new, automatic, untargeted, and unbiased way. We estimate that SKA will be able to detect core-collapse RSNe out to redshift z ~ 5, with an all-redshift rate of ~620 events yr–1 deg–2, assuming a survey sensitivity of 50 nJy and radio light curves like those of SN 1993J. Hence, SKA should provide a complete core-collapse RSN sample that is sufficient for statistical studies of radio properties of core-collapse supernovae. EVLA should find ~160 events yr–1 deg–2 out to redshift z ~ 3, and other SKA precursors should have similar detection rates. We also provided recommendations of the survey strategy to maximize the RSN detections of SKA. This new radio core-collapse supernova sample will complement the detections from the optical searches, such as the LSST, and together provide crucial information on massive star evolution, supernova physics, and the circumstellar medium, out to high redshift. Additionally, SKA may yield the first radio Type Ia detection via follow-up of nearby events discovered at other wavelengths.
Synthesis of Nanoporous Cubic In(CN)3 and In1-xGax(CN)3 and Corresponding Inclusion Compounds

Anhydrous In(CN)3 and In1-xGax(CN)3 phases with empty Prussian-blue-type structures have been prepared via low-temperature solution methods utilizing molecular templating agents. Quantitative X-ray powder diffraction was used to refine the In(CN)3 cubic structure in which In is octahedrally surrounded by an average of three C and three N atoms. The symmetry is Pm3m, a = 5.627(1) A, and the In−(C,N) and C−N bond lengths are 2.251(1) and 1.125(1) A, respectively. The compound reversibly incorporates krypton atoms into the empty cavities to form In(CN)3·Kr, which is readily identified by powder diffraction. Similar inclusion systems with n-hexane in the porous framework are also synthesized. In1-xGax(CN)3 solid solutions are formed by suitable combinations of the binary systems and have lattice constants adjustable between 5.293 A for Ga(CN)3 and 5.627(1) A for In(CN)3. The variation of the lattice parameters with composition obeys Vegard's Law.
Unidentified infrared spectral features

The infrared spectra between 2 and 13 μm of a variety of objects have become available in the past few years. These spectra have shown many objects to have up to six emission features that are still unidentified. Other objects show absorptions due to ice, carbon monoxide, silicates, and two unidentified features. The observational characteristics of the unidentified features are discussed here, together with several possible identifications.
Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke

Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is a rare disorder in children. Research suggests that risk factors, outcomes, and presentation are different from those of adult stroke. In particular, prothrombotic abnormalities and large vessel arteriopathies that are nonatherosclerotic seem to play a large role in the pathogenesis of childhood AIS. This review examines the epidemiology and etiologies of neonatal and childhood AIS and provides a detailed discussion of approaches to the clinical characterization, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Long-term outcomes of recurrent AIS and neuromotor, speech, cognitive, and behavioral deficits are considered. Emphasis is on evidence underlying current knowledge and key questions for further investigation.
Studies directed towards the synthesis of taxane diterpenes: a remarkable rearrangement

Abstract Acid-catalyzed fragmentation of the intramolecular dioxolenone photocycloaddition product 9 leads not to 10, the desired taxane skeleton, but instead to the remarkable rearrangement product 11.
Immunologic studies of human serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary. Demonstration of tumor‐associated antigens

Evidence is presented for the presence of a tumor-specific (associated) antigen(s) in human serous cystadenocarcinoma which is absent in normal ovarian tissue and other histologically similar organs. Antitumor antibodies were demonstrated by agar gel diffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunofluorescence after extensive absorptions of the antitumor antisera to remove antibodies against normal ovarian and related organ components, blood group substances, nonspecific serum and tissue antigens, and fibrin. Fractionation and characterization of the tumor-specific antigen(s) suggests a high molecular weight mucoprotein with β-electrophoretic mobility which gave a single antigenic peak when fractionated on Sephadex G-200 columns. The tumor-specific antigen(s) was found to be immunologically unrelated to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or the histocompatability antigens. The demonstration of antigenic cross-reactivity between pooled and individual tumor specimen extracts suggests a common tumor antigen(s) for ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma.
The Electronic Structure of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Some General Aspects of Bonding in “Classical” and Hypervalent Tellurium Halides

Approximate MO and band structure calculation are used to analyze the bonding in the recently synthesized paramagnetic, semiconducting phase [Te15Br4]2+. The [Te15Br4]2+ chains are very similar to those in the tellurium subhalide Te2Br. The electronic structure and bonding within these chains is analysed and the possibility of hypervalency in both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br is discussed. The bonding in the classically hypervalent molecule TeBr42− and a model Te3Br24- is compared to that of the infinite system. Our calculations indicate that both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br contain weakly hypervalent Te atoms and that the interesting electronic properties of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 arise within the distinct sublattices, which do not interact significantly.
Broken supersymmetric shape invariant systems and their potential algebras

Abstract Although eigenspectra of shape invariant potentials with unbroken supersymmetry are easily obtained, this procedure is not applicable when the parameters in these potentials correspond to broken supersymmetry. We describe a novel two-step shape invariance approach as well as a group theoretic potential algebra approach for solving such broken supersymmetry problems.
POLARIZATION PATTERNS IN PULSAR RADIO EMISSION

A variety of intriguing polarization patterns are created when polarization observations of single pulses from radio pulsars are displayed in a two-dimensional projection of the Poincare sphere. In many pulsars, the projections produce two clusters of data points that reside at antipodal points on the sphere. The clusters are formed by fluctuations in polarization amplitude that are parallel to the unit vectors representing the polarization states of the wave propagation modes in the pulsar magnetosphere. In other pulsars, however, the patterns are more complex, resembling annuli and bow ties or bars. The formation of these complex patterns is not understood and largely unexplored. An empirical model of pulsar polarization is used to show that these patterns arise from polarization fluctuations that are perpendicular to the mode vectors. The model also shows that the modulation index of the polarization amplitude is an indicator of polarization pattern complexity. A stochastic version of generalized Faraday rotation can cause the orientation of the polarization vectors to fluctuate and is a possible candidate for the perpendicular fluctuations incorporated in the model. Alternative models indicate that one mode experiences perpendicular fluctuations and the other does not, suggesting that the fluctuations could also be due to a mode-selective random process, such as scattering in the magnetosphere. A polarization stability analysis of the patterns implies that processes intrinsic to the emission are more effective in depolarizing the emission than fluctuations in the orientation of its polarization vector.
Ejaculatory incompetence treated by deconditioning anxiety

In contrast with the excellent results in treatment of premature ejaculation reported by most sex therapists, ejaculatory incompetence has usually been found to be very difficult to treat. In this chapter, Razani describes the use of systematic desensitization in treatment of one case of ejaculatory incompetence. While this case was successfully treated, the sexual inexperience of this patient is not necessarily typical of ejaculatory incompetence patients, many of whom have been married and having intercourse for years. Sexual anxiety seems to be a less central element in such cases, which suggests that desensitization would not be as effective as Razani reports it was with this patient. Even in this case, it is difficult to attribute the success to systematic desensitization, as a number of other procedures were used concurrently, including training the sexual partner in providing penile stimulation for the patient. Given, however, the lack of success that characterizes treatment of ejaculatory incompetence, even single case reports of successful treatment are valuable.
Gravitational Effects upon Cosmological Phase Transitions

The effects of spacetime curvature upon phase transitions in an expanding universe are investigated. We consider a Robertson-Walker model which is a radiation-dominated universe at early times and becomes de Sitter space at later times. In this universe the stability of a field theory containing a pair of interacting scalar fields is studied in first-order perturbation theory. It is noted that the crucial quantity in the stability analysis is $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉$, where $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is a free scalar field. The behavior of $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉$ as a function of time is investigated, where both thermal and vacuum contributions are taken into account. It is shown that this behavior can be strongly affected by the coupling to the background gravitational field. Such coupling can cause $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉$ to decrease more slowly or even grow as the universe expands. This behavior can alter the evolution of the system and can result in either stabilization of an otherwise unstable field configuration or destabilization of an otherwise stable configuration.
Mild Intraoperative Hypothermia during Surgery for Intracranial Aneurysm

background Surgery for intracranial aneurysm often results in postoperative neurologic deficits. We conducted a randomized trial at 30 centers to determine whether intraoperative cooling during open craniotomy would improve the outcome among patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. methods A total of 1001 patients with a preoperative World Federation of Neurological Surgeons score of I, II, or III (“good-grade patients”), who had had a subarachnoid hemorrhage no more than 14 days before planned surgical aneurysm clipping, were randomly assigned to intraoperative hypothermia (target temperature, 33°C, with the use of surface cooling techniques) or normothermia (target temperature, 36.5°C). Patients were followed closely postoperatively and examined approximately 90 days after surgery, at which time a Glasgow Outcome Score was assigned. results There were no significant differences between the group assigned to intraoperative hypothermia and the group assigned to normothermia in the duration of stay in the intensive care unit, the total length of hospitalization, the rates of death at follow-up (6 percent in both groups), or the destination at discharge (home or another hospital, among surviving patients). At the final follow-up, 329 of 499 patients in the hypothermia group had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 1 (good outcome), as compared with 314 of 501 patients in the normothermia group (66 percent vs. 63 percent; odds ratio, 1.14; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.48; P = 0.32). Postoperative bacteremia was more common in the hypothermia group than in the normothermia group (5 percent vs. 3 percent, P=0.05). conclusions Intraoperative hypothermia did not improve the neurologic outcome after craniotomy among good-grade patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Local Irreducibility of Tail-Biting Trellises

This paper investigates tail-biting trellis realizations for linear block codes. Intrinsic trellis properties are used to characterize irreducibility on given intervals of the time axis. It proves beneficial to always consider the trellis and its dual simultaneously. A major role is played by trellis properties that amount to observability and controllability of trellis fragments of various lengths. For fragments of length less than the minimum span length of the code it is shown that fragment observability and fragment controllability are equivalent to irreducibility. For reducible trellises, a constructive reduction procedure is presented. The considerations also lead to a characterization for when the dual of a trellis allows a product factorization into elementary (“atomic”) trellises.
Inequalities for Lorentz polynomials

We prove a few interesting inequalities for Lorentz polynomials. A highlight of this paper states that the Markov-type inequality max x ? - 1 , 1 ] | f ' ( x ) | ? n max x ? - 1 , 1 ] | f ( x ) | holds for all polynomials f of degree at most n with real coefficients for which f ' has all its zeros outside the open unit disk. Equality holds only for f ( x ) : = c ( ( 1 ? x ) n - 2 n - 1 ) with a constant 0 ? c ? R . This should be compared with Erd?s's classical result stating that max x ? - 1 , 1 ] | f ' ( x ) | ? n 2 ( n n - 1 ) n - 1 max x ? - 1 , 1 ] | f ( x ) | for all polynomials f of degree at most n having all their zeros in R ? ( - 1 , 1 ) .
Povarov reactions of exo-glycals: preparation of C-linked, quinoline analogues

A one-pot approach based upon the Povarov reaction has been efficiently employed with a number of exo-glycals and para-substituted benzanilines to synthesize novel open-ring, carbohydrate-derived quinolines. The mechanism of this reaction was studied and an explanation for the observed stereoselectivity is proposed. Treatment of the compounds with the Lewis acid, boron trichloride, successfully removes the benzyl ether protecting groups in good yields. Several of the prepared compounds have been screened in the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI’s) 60 cell line model. Moderate activity was observed for several leukemia cell lines.
On the Complexity of Commutativity Analysis

Two operations commute if they generate the same result regardless of the order in which they execute. Commutativity is an important property — commuting operations enable significant optimizations in the fields of parallel computing, optimizing compilers, parallelizing compilers and database concurrency control. Algorithms that statically decide if operations commute can be an important component of systems in these fields because they enable the automatic application of these optimizations. In this paper we define the commutativity decision problem and establish its complexity for a variety of basic instructions and control constructs. Although deciding commutativity is, in general, undecidable or computationally intractable, we believe that efficient algorithms exist that can solve many of the cases that arise in practice.
Generalized limits to the number of light particle degrees of freedom from big bang nucleosynthesis

We compute the big bang nucleosynthesis limit on the number of light neutrino degrees of freedom in a model-independent likelihood analysis based on the abundances of 4He and 7Li. We use the two-dimensional likelihood functions to simultaneously constrain the baryon-to-photon ratio and the number of light neutrinos for a range of 4He abundances Yp = 0.225–0.250, as well as a range in primordial 7Li abundances from (1.6 to 4.1) ×10−10. For (7LiH)p = 1.6 × 10−10, as can be inferred from the 7Li data from Population II halo stars, the upper limit to Nν based on the current best estimate of the primordial 4He abundance of Yp = 0.238 is Nν < 4.3 and varies from Nν < 3.3 (at 95% C.L.) when Yp = 0.225 to Nν < 5.3 when Yp = 0.250. If 7Li is depleted in these stars the upper limit to Nν is relaxed. Taking (7LiH)p = 4.1 × 10−10, the limit varies from Nν < 3.9 when Yp = 0.225 to Nν ≲ 6 when Yp = 0.250. We also consider the consequences on the upper limit to Nν if recent observations of deuterium in high-redshift quasar absorption-line systems are confirmed.
An efficient and mild protocol for the α-arylation of ketones mediated by an (imidazol-2-ylidene)palladium(acetate) system

The activity of well-defined N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-palladium acetate complexes has been studied in the α-arylation of ketones. The enolate was generated in situ via use of slight excess of sodium tert-butoxide as base. The results showed a high activity, allowing for the coupling of non-activated chlorides. The use of hindered substrates provided an avenue for convenient synthesis of various ketone derivatives. The first examples of α-arylation of ketones at room temperature mediated by an NHC-ligated catalyst are also presented.
Real-Time Peer-to-Peer Streaming Over Multiple Random Hamiltonian Cycles

We are motivated by the problem of designing a simple distributed algorithm for peer-to-peer streaming applications that can achieve high throughput and low delay, while allowing the neighbor set maintained by each peer to be small. While previous works have mostly used tree structures, our algorithm constructs multiple random directed Hamiltonian cycles and disseminates content over the superposed graph of the cycles. We show that it is possible to achieve the maximum streaming capacity even when each peer only transmits to and receives from Θ(1) neighbors. Further, we show that the proposed algorithm achieves the streaming delay of Θ(log N) when the streaming rate is less than (1 - 1/K) of the maximum capacity for any fixed constant K ≥ 2, where N denotes the number of peers in the network. The key theoretical contribution is to characterize the distance between peers in a graph formed by the superposition of directed random Hamiltonian cycles, in which edges from one of the cycles may be dropped at random. We use Doob martingales and graph expansion ideas to characterize this distance as a function of N, with high probability.
Induction of WNT inhibitory factor 1 expression by Müllerian inhibiting substance/antiMullerian hormone in the Müllerian duct mesenchyme is linked to Müllerian duct regression.

A key event during mammalian sexual development is regression of the Mullerian ducts (MDs) in the bipotential urogenital ridges (UGRs) of fetal males, which is caused by the expression of Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in the Sertoli cells of the differentiating testes. The paracrine signaling mechanisms involved in MD regression are not completely understood, particularly since the receptor for MIS, MISR2, is expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the MD, but regression occurs in both the epithelium and mesenchyme. Microarray analysis comparing MIS signaling competent and Misr2 knockout embryonic UGRs was performed to identify secreted factors that might be important for MIS-mediated regression of the MD. A seven-fold increase in the expression of Wif1, an inhibitor of WNT/β-catenin signaling, was observed in the Misr2-expressing UGRs. Whole mount in situ hybridization of Wif1 revealed a spatial and temporal pattern of expression consistent with Misr2 during the window of MD regression in the mesenchyme surrounding the MD epithelium that was absent in both female UGRs and UGRs knocked out for Misr2. Knockdown of Wif1 expression in male UGRs by Wif1-specific siRNAs beginning on embryonic day 13.5 resulted in MD retention in an organ culture assay, and exposure of female UGRs to added recombinant human MIS induced Wif1 expression in the MD mesenchyme. Knockdown of Wif1 led to increased expression of β-catenin and its downstream targets TCF1/LEF1 in the MD mesenchyme and to decreased apoptosis, resulting in partial to complete retention of the MD. These results strongly suggest that WIF1 secretion by the MD mesenchyme plays a role in MD regression in fetal males.
Cohomology of Conformal Algebras

The notion of a conformal algebra encodes an axiomatic description of the operator product expansion of chiral fields in conformal field theory. On the other hand, it is an adequate tool for the study of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras satisfying the locality property. The main examples of such Lie algebras are those “based” on the punctured complex plane, such as the Virasoro algebra and loop Lie algebras. In the present paper we develop a cohomology theory of conformal algebras with coefficients in an arbitrary module. It possesses standards properties of cohomology theories; for example, it describes extensions and deformations. We offer explicit computations for the most important examples.
Modern Surface Science and Surface Technologies: An Introduction.

The development of both new catalysts, sensors, and ever smaller semiconductor-based devices, required understanding and characterization of surfaces on the molecular level; in turn leading to the birth of new surface science-based technologies. Because of the need for atomic level scrutiny of surface properties, a large number of techniques have been invented and developed since the 1950s. These techniques employ photons, electrons, and ions to determine surface structure, surface composition, oxidation states of surface atoms, and bonding of adsorbates; done with ever increasing spatial resolution, time resolution, and energy resolution. In this paper the author shall first focus on several of the new surface science concepts that were developed as a result of studies during the past 30 years. Then, he shall review their impact on the development of several surface technologies: catalysis (including environmental catalysis), microelectronics, disk drive storage, and sensors. 50 refs.
Development and testing of an Automated Building Commissioning Analysis Tool (ABCAT)

Abstract Experience has shown that buildings on average may consume 20% more energy than required for occupant comfort which by one estimate leads to $18 billion wasted annually on energy costs in commercial buildings in the United States. Experience and large scale studies of the benefits of commissioning have shown the effectiveness of these services in improving the energy efficiency of commercial buildings. While commissioning services do help reduce energy consumption and improve performance of buildings, the benefits of the commissioning tend to degrade over time. In order to prolong the benefits of commissioning, a prototype fault detection and diagnostic tool intended to aid in reducing excess energy consumption known as an Automated Building Commissioning Analysis Tool (ABCAT) has been developed and tested. ABCAT is a first principles based whole building level top down tool which does not require the level of expertise and investment associated with detailed component level methods. ABCAT utilizes a calibrated mathematical model to predict energy consumption for given weather conditions. A detailed description of the methodology is presented along with testing results. Results from retrospective and live test case applications are presented where the tool was used to successfully identify significant energy consumption deviations.
Highly efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of β1–3-linked galactosides

A novel D-galactosyl-β1-3-N-acetyl-D-hexosamine phosphorylase cloned from Bifidobacterium infantis (BiGalHexNAcP) was used with a recombinant E. coli K-12 galactokinase (GalK) for efficient one-pot two-enzyme synthesis of T-antigens, galacto-N-biose (Galβ1-3GalNAc), lacto-N-biose (Galβ1-3GlcNAc), and their derivatives.
The Naturological View of the Corporation and Its Social Responsibility: An Extension of the Frederick Model of Corporation–Community Relationships

While deﬁni-tions of this construct abounded throughout the previous ﬁve decades,a most recent approach stated that CSR “is the obligation of the ﬁrmto use its resources in ways to beneﬁt society, through committedparticipation as a member of society, taking into account the societyat large, and improving the welfare of society at large independentlyof direct gains of the company.”
Independent investigation of transportation accidents

Abstract The primary reason for investigation of transportation accidents — or any accident — is to learn what happened, and why it happened so that changes can be made to prevent the recurrence of similar accidents. In order to avoid any appearance of conflict of interest, the council or agency conducting the investigation must be totally separate and independent from the agency, ministry or company that is responsible for operations, regulations or surveillance. This independence eliminates the partisan or proprietary influence — whether they be real or imagined — that are present when an agency investigates itself. An independent investigating council is totally free to look at all aspects of the accident, including institutional factors, and to make recommendations without concern for past decisions. The true and only agenda of the independent investigator is to improve public safety. This independence also lends credibility to the investigation in the eyes of the public and the policy makers who must act to correct deficiencies revealed by the investigation. Without public support, the changes necessary to improve safety are often difficult or even impossible to bring about. The most effective and efficient way to accomplish independent accident investigation is to have one council or agency responsible for investigations in all the modes of transportation. This allows for the sharing of safety information, accident investigation techniques and the more efficient use of technical experts. For example, specialists in certain fields such as human performance, meteorology, survival factors and the release of hazardous materials can work on investigations in more than one mode of transportation. The advantages of the independent, multi-modal approach to the investigation of transportation accidents are discussed.
On the variability of reported ionic conductivity in nanoscale YSZ thin films

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is the most common material used as a solid oxide electrolyte, which is a key component in solid oxide fuel cells, solid oxide electrolysis cells, and certain chemical sensors. High efficiency in these devices requires increased oxygen ion conductance at intermediate temperatures. Nanoscale YSZ thin films are quite promising in this regard, as the conduction path may be reduced below what is conventionally achievable. Still, as the thickness is decreased to nanoscale, structural properties like lattice parameter and grain morphology are typically altered. These may affect the electrochemical properties in non-trivial ways. Recent reports on nanoscale YSZ thin films have provided inconsistent and, at times, controversial results. In this paper, we present a review of reports on nanoscale YSZ thin films, focusing principally on single component YSZ films as opposed to heterogeneous multilayer films. Reports of significantly increased conductivity come from studies that use a variety of substrates, grain morphologies, and, to some extent, film thicknesses. Mechanical strain in the films is not typically reported but is a suspected cause of the variability in conductivity.
Exploration of a physical picture for the QCD scalar channel

A generalized linear sigma model is employed to study the quark structure of low lying scalar as well as pseudoscalar states. The model allows the possible mixing of quark anti-quark states with others made of two quarks and two antiquarks but no a priori assumption is made about the quark contents of the predicted physical states. Effects of SU(3) symmetry breaking are included. The lighter conventional pseudoscalars turn out to be primarily of two quark type whereas the lighter scalars turn out to have very large four quark admixtures.
Laser surface alloying with noble metals to impede hydrogen ingress into AISI 4135 steel

Abstract Fe-Pd, Fe-Pt and Fe-Au surface alloys were produced using a technique consisting of electrodeposition of the respective noble metal on quenched and tempered AISI 4135 steel followed by laser surface melting using a CO 2 laser at three power levels. Auger electron spectroscopic depth profiling was carried out to determine the degree to which alloying was achieved. Hydrogen permeation testing carried out on the surface-alloyed specimens showed reduced hydrogen absorption compared with the untreated and the surface-melted-only conditions, with the Pt-alloyed specimens showing the greatest reduction. Attempts made to determine the effect of the laser surface treatment on the hydrogen surface coverage as well as the other parameters of the hydrogen evolution reaction using the I-P-Z model were inconclusive, since several parameters were found to be simultaneously affected by the surface treatment.
SCAM-ing Service-Learning and Mission Trips: A Satirical Essay

What constitutes a "good" service-learning venture or short-term mission trip? How can leaders of such programs unwittingly do damage, both to participants and those they intend to help? Best and promising practices in any endeavor stand in contrast to worst and destructive practices; sometimes it is easier to comprehend the former when they are vividly contrasted with their logical opposites. This article summarizes, in narrative form, eleven years of research into best and worst practices in service-learning ventures and short-term mission trips. A primary conclusion has to do with the importance of cultivating and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with host partners over time.
The preparation of α-substituted, β-hydroxy piperidines and pyrrolidines: The total synthesis of febrifugine

Abstract Epoxides generated from cyclic ene carbamates are effective N-acyl iminium ion precursors and allow for the preparation of β-hydroxy, α-substituted piperidines and pyrrolidines. The total synthesis of racemic Febrifugine is also described.
Strained quantum well modulation-doped InGaSb/AlGaSb structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Strained single quantum well InGaSb/AlGaSb structures for field-effect transistor applications have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Modulation-doped p-type structures have been characterized by a variety of techniques, including Hall effect, Shubnikov-de Haas measurements, and cyclotron resonance. These structures exhibit improved hole transport in comparison to similar GaSb/ AlGaSb structures as a result of strain-splitting of the valence band. P-channel field-effect transistors fabricated in this system exhibited a maximum transconductance of 51 and 161 mS/mm at 300 and 77K, respectively, for a 1.2 μm gate-length device.
Joint statistical design of double sampling X¯ and s charts

Abstract In statistical quality control, usually the mean and variance of a manufacturing process are monitored jointly by two statistical control charts, e.g., a X ¯ chart and a R chart. Because of the efficiency of double sampling (DS) X ¯ charts in detecting shifts in process mean and DS s charts in process standard deviation it seems reasonable to investigate the joint DS X ¯ and s charts for statistical quality control. In this paper, a joint DS X ¯ and s chart scheme is proposed. The statistical design of the joint DS X ¯ and s charts is defined and formulated as an optimization problem and solved using a genetic algorithm. The performance of the joint DS X ¯ and s charts is also investigated. The results of the investigation indicate that the joint DS X ¯ and s charts offer a better statistical efficiency in terms of average run length (ARL) than combined EWMA and CUSUM schemes, omnibus EWMA scheme over certain shift ranges when all schemes are optimized to detect certain shifts. In comparison with the joint standard, two-stage samplings and variable sampling size X ¯ and R charts, the joint DS charts offer a better statistical efficiency for all ranges of the shifts.
Cancer of the buccal mucosa: Are margins and T-stage accurate predictors of local control?

Abstract Cancer of the buccal mucosa is an uncommon and aggressive neoplasm of the oral cavity. Less than 2% of patients treated for cancer of the oral cavity at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) from 1971 to 1997 had primary buccal cancers. Because the majority of these patients did not undergo any adjuvant treatment, this group provided us with the opportunity to assess the relationship between margin status and local recurrence for both small (T1-T2) and large (T3-T4) tumors treated with surgery alone. Materials and Methods: The RPCI tumor registry database reported 104 patients who were treated for buccal carcinoma. A retrospective chart review identified 27 patients who met our criteria for a buccal mucosal primary tumor (epicenter of the mass in the buccal mucosa). There were 13 men and 14 women, ranging in age from 34 to 94 years (mean, 75). Data were collected regarding patient demographics, presenting symptoms, stage, treatment received, and outcome. Results: All patients underwent surgical resection of their primary lesion; 21 (75%) had T1 or T2 tumors. The rate of local recurrence was 56% for the group as a whole. Patients with close or positive margins had a 66% local failure rate as compared with 52% when surgical margins were negative (greater than or equal to 5 mm from the resection margin after tissue fixation; P = ns). Among those in whom negative margins were achieved, patients with T1-T2 disease had a 40% local failure rate with surgical resection alone. Conclusions: Local excision of T1 and T2 buccal mucosa cancers with pathologically negative margins had a high rate of local recurrence in our series. Low T-stage and negative margins are not adequate predictors of local control. Even early buccal tumors may benefit from adjuvant therapy to enhance local control. (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:395-399. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Ligand Rearrangement Reactions of Cr(CO)6 in Alcohol Solutions: Experiment and Theory

The ligand rearrangement reaction of Cr(CO)6 is studied in a series of alcohol solutions using ultrafast, infrared spectroscopy and Brownian dynamics simulations.
Optimal control of weakly coupled bilinear systems

Abstract The optimization of the time-invariant bilinear weakly coupled system with a quadratic performance criterion is considered. A sequence of linear state and costate equations is constructed such that the open-loop solution of the optimization problem is obtained in terms of the reduced-order subsystems. This leads to a reduction in the size of the required computations and allows parallel processing of information. The near-optimal closed-loop control is obtained in the form of a linear feedback law, with the feedback gains calculated from two reduced-order independent time-varying linear-quadratic optimal control problems.
One-step estimation of spatial dependence parameters: Properties and extensions of the APLE statistic

We consider one-step estimation of parameters that represent the strength of spatial dependence in a geostatistical or lattice spatial model. While the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) of spatial dependence parameters are known to have various desirable properties, they do not have closed-form expressions. Therefore, we consider a one-step alternative to maximum likelihood estimation based on solving an approximate (i.e., one-step) profile likelihood estimating equation. The resulting approximate profile likelihood estimator (APLE) has a closed-form representation, making it a suitable alternative to the widely used Moran's I statistic. Since the finite-sample and asymptotic properties of one-step estimators of covariance-function parameters have not been studied rigorously, we explore these properties for the APLE of the spatial dependence parameter in the simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) model. Motivated by the APLE statistic's closed from, we develop exploratory spatial data analysis tools that capture regions of local clustering or the extent to which the strength of spatial dependence varies across space. We illustrate these exploratory tools using both simulated data and observed crime rates in Columbus, OH.
Social interactions, local spillovers and unemployment

I analyse a model that explicitly incorporates local interactions and allows agents to exchange information about job openings within their social networks. Agents are more likely to be employed if their social contacts are also employed. The model generates a stationary distribution of unemployment that exhibits positive spatial correlations. I estimate the model via an indirect inference procedure, using Census Tract data for Chicago. I find a significantly positive amount of social interactions across neighbouring tracts. The local spillovers are stronger for areas with less educated workers and higher fractions of minorities. Furthermore, they are shaped by ethnic dividing lines and neighbourhood boundaries.
Gliomatosis Cerebri Presenting as Intractable Epilepsy During Early Childhood

We review 160 cases of gliomatosis cerebri from the literature and report an additional three infants and young children who presented with intractable epilepsy, corticospinal tract deficits, and developmental delay in whom a pathologic diagnosis was made. The progressive nature of the encephalopathy in our cases was documented by serial clinical examination, electroencephalograms, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomographic scans. The natural history of gliomatosis cerebri was determined by a retrospective review of the literature of 160 cases in 85 reports. The most common neurologic symptoms and signs included corticospinal tract deficits (58%), dementia/mental retardation (44%), headache (39%), seizures (38%), cranioneuropathies (37%), increased intracranial pressure (34%), and spinocerebellar deficits (33%). The most commonly involved central nervous system structures were the centrum semiovale and cerebrum (76%), mesencephalon (52%), pons (52%), thalamus (43%), basal ganglia (34%), and the cerebellum (29%). Fifty-two percent of patients were dead within 12 months of onset. Different grades of glial neoplasm may also coexist within gliomatosis cerebri such as astrocytoma with anaplastic astrocytoma, atypical or anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma multiforme. Hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of gliomatosis cerebri include blastomatous dysgenesis, diffuse infiltration, multicentric origin, in situ proliferation, and "field transformation." The biologic determinants of whether a transformed glial cell behaves as a relatively localized tumor mass or truly loses anchorage dependence to become migratory as well as proliferative are not understood.
Building a fast, virtualized data plane with programmable hardware

Network virtualization allows many networks to share the same underlying physical topology; this technology has offered promise both for experimentation and for hosting multiple networks on a single shared physical infrastructure. Much attention has focused on virtualizing the network control plane, but, ultimately, a limiting factor in the deployment of these virtual networks is data-plane performance: Virtual networks must ultimately forward packets at rates that are comparable to native, hardware-based approaches. Aside from proprietary solutions from vendors, hardware support for virtualized data planes is limited. The advent of open, programmable network hardware promises flexibility, speed, and resource isolation, but, unfortunately, hardware does not naturally lend itself to virtualization. We leverage emerging trends in programmable hardware to design a flexible, hardware-based data plane for virtual networks. We present the design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of this hardware-based data plane and show how the proposed design can support many virtual networks without compromising performance or isolation.
Cyclosporine A and the regulation of autoimmune disease

Abstract Autoreactive B cells are present in the normal individual. These cells are not normally induced to release their destructive autoantibodies; T cells regulate the responsiveness of the B-cell population, and self-reactive T cells are normally absent. Modification of an epitope on a self component, or immunization with antigens that are cross reactive with self components, can lead to autoantibody formation. This phenomenon has been explained by linked recognition of self epitopes by the autoreactive B cell and the foreign epitopes by inducive T cells. The new concept of antigen processing requires degradation of epitopes on an antigen molecule and their representation as peptides associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of the antigen presenting cell (APC); the autoreactive B cell can be the APC. A revised model for autoreactive B-cell activation is presented in this paper. This model shows how linkage of foreign and self epitopes can lead to autoantibody formation in a system where antigen is degraded and presented in a peptide form by the APC. Cyclosporine acts by blocking the function of primed T cells. In this way, the drug prevents induction of autoreactive B cells. Specifically, cyclosporine acts by blocking the production of messenger RNA for lymphokine production. The agent does not block T-cell priming in vivo . Thus, while cyclosporine can provide effective control of autoimmunity, drug levels must be maintained to prevent disease relapse.
To see the inside of a planet in a drop of deuterium

We briefly review the close connection between research on the equation of state of dense hydrogen and helium and models of the structure of Jupiter, Saturn and exoplanets and how they inform the process of planet formation. Recent progress in equation of state experiments and theory is high lighted.
Cobalt complexes with bulky perfluorinated alkyl ligands. Synthesis, characterization, and molecular structure of trans-bis(dimethylglyoximato)(pyridine)(F-isopropyl)cobalt(III)

The preparation of pyCo(DH) 2 [CF(CF 3 ) 2 ] (1) from Na[pyCo(DH) 2 ] and (CF 3 ) 2 CFI is described, where py=pyridine and DH=the monoanion of dimethylglyoxime. The CO(I) anion reagent is prepared from pyCo(DH) 2 Cl and 0.25 molar equiv of NaBH 4 . Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /m
Attenuation of high-intensity sound in a droplet laden gas

The effect of acoustic streaming on the attenuation of a high-intensity plane sound wave propagating in a gas containing a small concentration of monodisperse suspended droplets is considered. This work was undertaken to explain why some recent experiments on droplet-laden flows in pipes and nozzles indicated considerably larger attenuation than could be explained by existing theories. Acoustic streaming set up in the vicinity of a droplet by the oscillating flow due to the sound wave is analyzed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The resulting flow field is used to calculate the enhancement of heat and mass transfer from the droplet by convection. The effect on sound attenuation is determined by modifying existing theories of aerosol acoustics to account for the enhanced heat and mass transfer. The results indicate that the increased sound attenuation due to the proposed mechanism is significant only at droplet Reynolds numbers greater than 1, which for droplets of 1 μm radius implies sound pressure levels of at least 160 dB. Also, owing to the tendency of small droplets to follow the oscillating flow, the effect is considerably reduced at frequencies below the characteristic frequency for velocity equilibration of a droplet, which is roughly 16 kHz for a 1 μm radius water droplet. It is concluded that other phenomena must be responsible for the anomalously high attenuation observed in the experiments.
Special techniques for the Auger analysis of microelectronic devices

Abstract Microelectronic devices are becoming more complex and device features are getting smaller as the level of integration continues to increase. Although scanning Auger microscopy has been applied extensively to the analysis of microelectronic devices with a great deal of success, the analysis of current and future devices is presenting new challenges. The major limitations are (1) features of interest in microelectronic circuits are often comparable in size to the beam diameter of commercial Auger microprobes, and (2) the electron beam tends to drift about on the specimen surface because of mechanical instability and differential thermal expansion of the apparatus. In this paper, we present two different techniques developed to overcome these limitations. In the specimen modulation technique, the modulating signal is applied to the electrically isolatable regions of a device instead of to the electron energy analyzer. This method of modulation permits the detection of only the Auger electrons that are emitted from the modulated region. Spurious contributions from adjacent areas inadvertently illuminated by the analyzing beam are suppressed. In the position modulation technique, the analyzing beam is scanned repetitively across the feature to be analyzed and the Auger signal is synchronously detected at the scan frequency. The resulting Auger signal magnitude is shown to be unaffected by beam drift. This method of signal detection eliminates the error and uncertainty caused by beam instability during long-term depth profiling, but is applicable only to specimens with certain geometries.
Diagnostic Immunization With Bacteriophage ΦX 174 In Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency/Hypogammaglobulinemia

Purpose: Use of the T cell-dependent neoantigen bacteriophage ΦX 174 has been described since the 1960s as a method to assess specific antibody response in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. We reviewed a cohort of patients at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) who received immunization with bacteriophage and report the clinical utility and safety of the immunization, as well as patient characteristics. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all Duke Immunology Clinic patients (pediatric and adult) who received immunizations with bacteriophage, from 1976-2012. Subjects were selected for inclusion if their diagnosis at the time of bacteriophage was either presumed or confirmed common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), hypogammaglobulinemia, transient hypogammaglobulinemia, or antibody deficiency unspecified. Follow up post-immunization was also recorded. Results: One hundred twenty-six patients were identified, 36 adult and 90 pediatric patients. Diagnoses prior to bacteriophage were CVID (n=100), hypogammaglobulinemia (n=23), and antibody deficiency (n=3). Post-immunization diagnoses were CVID (n=65), hypogammaglobulinemia (n=19), unknown (n=23), no primary immune deficiency (n=10), and other primary immunodeficiency (n=9). Seventy-five patients had abnormal bacteriophage results, 37 were normal, and 14 were borderline. There were 257 recorded administrations of the immunization. Information was available on adverse reactions for 171 administrations. Fourteen immunizations were associated with minor adverse events. Nineteen patients stopped their immunoglobulin replacement therapy based on reported normal responses to immunization. Conclusions: Bacteriophage ΦX 174 immunization is a safe, well-tolerated, and clinically useful method to assess antibody response in patients with suspected antibody-mediated immunodeficiencies, particularly those who are on immunoglobulin replacement therapy at the time of immunization