cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LEAST SQUARES AND ENTROPY AS PENALTY FUNCTIONS by

Mathematical measures of entropy as defined by Shannon (1948) and Kullback and Leibler (1951) are currently in vogue in the field of econometrics, primarily due to the comprehensive work by Golan, Judge, and Miller (1996). In this paper, an alternative interpretation of the entropy measure as a penalty function over deviations is presented. Using this interpretation, a number of parallels are drawn with least squares estimators, and it is demonstrated that, with a minor modification of the traditional least squares estimator, both approaches may be applied to the general linear model. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed, and a philosophical approach to the selection of estimation technique is suggested.
Relationship between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies in seminal fluid, and infertility *

To explore possible relationships between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies, and infertility, seminal fluid from 100 men was analyzed. Sperm antibodies, measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were detected in 14 of 29 men (48%) with culture-positive asymptomatic infections, 8 of 17 men (47%) with a history of prostatitis or urethritis, 11 of 33 men (33%) with either a varicocele or an abnormal semen analysis, and only 1 of 21 men (5%) with no infection and a normal semen analysis. The incidence of sperm antibodies in the men with infections or urethritis or prostatitis was significantly higher than in the control subjects (P
Modeling interoperability between a reflex and reasoning system in a physical simulation environment

When modeling the behavior of a cognitive agent in either a simulation or a real-world robotics scenario, often a choice must be made between two types of processes: an explicit, typically slow, and deliberative mode of reasoning; and a quick, automatic reflex system. This roughly corresponds to several well-known distinctions in the cognitive-psychology literature: System 1 vs. System 2, explicit vs. implicit, etc. However, the complex interaction between these processes is not sufficiently explored in computational simulations. We present PAGI (Psychometric Artificial General Intelligence) World, an open-sourced simulation environment that can represent both types of processes, and we discuss how the higher-level reasoning processes can interact with the lower-level reflexes of a cognitive agent, in such a way as to complement each other. We explain motivations for this interactivity, and describe our system for addressing it.
Flow at Low Reynolds Numbers

Newton’s second law of motion requires that the rate of change of momentum of a fluid parcel be balanced by the body force exerted on its volume and the surface force exerted on its boundary. Under certain conditions, the rate of change of momentum is small compared to the body and surface force, and may be neglected without introducing serious error. This occurs, in particular, when the viscosity of the fluid is high, when the density is small, when the velocity changes rapidly over a small distance yielding a sharp spatial gradient, or when the velocity by which a fluid parcel is convected by the flow is sufficiently small. The formal requirement for fluid inertia to be negligible is that a properly defined Reynolds number be sufficiently small. How small it should be, depends on the particular problem under consideration. In this chapter, we consider a family of flows occurring at small Reynolds numbers, and discuss the solution of the simplified system of governing equations that arises by dropping the inertial terms from the equation of motion. This simplification will allow us to address a multitude of physical problems and obtain solutions by a host of analytical and numerical methods.
Usefulness of Psoas Muscle Area to Predict Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Frailty has become high-priority theme in cardiovascular diseases because of aging and increasingly complex nature of patients. Low muscle mass is characteristic of frailty, in which invasive interventions are avoided if possible because of decreased physiological reserve. This study aimed to determine if the psoas muscle area (PMA) could predict mortality and to investigate its utility in patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We retrospectively reviewed 232 consecutive patients who underwent TAVR. Cross-sectional areas of the psoas muscles at the level of fourth lumbar vertebra were measured by computed tomography and normalized to body surface area. Patients were divided into tertiles according to the normalized PMA for each gender (men: tertile 1, 1,708 to 1,178 mm 2 /m 2 ; tertile 2, 1,176 to 1,011 mm 2 /m 2 ; and tertile 3, 1,009 to 587 mm 2 /m 2 ; women: tertile 1, 1,436 to 962 mm 2 /m 2 ; tertile 2, 952 to 807 mm 2 /m 2 ; and tertile 3, 806 to 527 mm 2 /m 2 ). Smaller normalized PMA was independently correlated with women and higher New York Heart Association classification. After adjustment for multiple confounding factors, the normalized PMA tertile was independently associated with mortality at 6 months (adjusted hazard ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.21). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that tertile 3 had higher mortality rates than tertile 1 at 6 months (14% and 31%, respectively, p = 0.029). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that normalized PMA provided the increase of C -statistics for predicting mortality for a clinical model and gait speed. In conclusion, PMA is an independent predictor of mortality after TAVR and can complement a clinical model and gait speed.
STUDY ON ESTIMATION OF THE POPULATION SIZE OF DRUG USERS IN SHIZHONG DISTRICT OF LESHAN CITY,SICHUAN PROVINCE:MULTIPLIER METHODS

Objective:To estimate the population size of active drug users with multiplier methods in Shizhong District of Leshan City,Sichuan Province.Methods:Data(r)were collected in the local compulsory drug detoxification center and the voluntary consulting clinics from May 31,2003 to May 31,2004;and the multiplication factors(1/p)were calculated based on 271 drug users epidemiological survey on targeted population(N).N=r/p.Moreover,qualitative study and quantitative study were combined together to interpret the study results.Results:r=507/511 persons,the self-reported visiting rate and multiplier factor were 23.99%/4.17 and 32.47% /3.08.So the estimates of active drug users were 2114/1574.Compared 23.99% with 23.25% from the local compulsory drug detoxification center by McNema's test and by consistency test,the results showed:χ2 =0.0952,P=0.7576;k= 0.5705,95%CI=[0.4547,0.6862].Se=68.25%,Sp=89.42%.The result between 23.99% and 25.54% from a survey in 2002 by χ2-test indicated:χ2=0.1623,P0.05.The prevalence of the local active drug users were 0.20%,0.39% and 0.29%,which were calculated by using three different kinds of estimation methods,respectively.The results between multisample rate by multiple comparison revealed:χ2=185.46,320.27,83.85 and 12.41,P0.01.Conclusion:Using multiplier methods for estimating the population size of active drug users,it is feasible to select compulsory drug detoxification centers and voluntary consulting clinics as targeted organizations where genuine and integrated individual information can be provided.The self-reported visiting rate to drug detoxification centers is 24%,which is steady and can meet the need in population estimation.But we should pay close attention to false-negative and quality control.The visiting rate to voluntary consulting clinics is 33%.The range of population size of active drug users was 1574-2114 until July 26,2004 in Shizhoong District,Leshan City,which is 1.5-2 times of the registered number provided by public security departments during the same period.
Exploration of factors of nosocomial infections during orthodontics treatment and preventive measures

OBJECTIVE To study the factors of nosocomial infections during orthodontics treatment and explore the prevention measures so as to provide basis for the clinical treatment.METHODS The bacterial culture was performed for all the prthodontics eauipment before and after the use of them,the culture result was recorded,the contamination status was evaluated.The medical staff′s hands were directly sampled before and after the washing,and the surfaces of the medical instruments were also directly sampled,the arch wires and rubber bands were submitted and sampled,then they were marked and sent to the laboratory for culture.RESULTS All kinds of the orthodontic devices were contaminated seriously,the incidence of the contamination was significantly reduced after the disinfection(P0.05).Bacterial culture of the new bracket was negative,while other orthodontic devices were positive with the gram-positive cocci.The result of the bacterial culture of the dentists and nurses′hands was 20CFU/cm2 before hand washing,while 0.5 CFU/cm2 for the dentists and 1 CFU/cm2 for nurses,and the bacterial contamination of medical staff′s hands was significantly reduced after the hand washing(P0.05).CONCLUSION The hand contamination could be reduced by hand-washing.The medical instruments needed to be strictly disinfected and isolated.The instruments are prone to be contaminated for nosocomial infections.The awareness of infection control should be enhanced.
THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS ON PATIENT'S DETECTION AND TREATMENT RESULT OF TB CONTROL PROJECT IN YONGZHOU PREFECTURE

Objective:To evaluate implementing result of TB Control Project in Yongzhou Prefecture.Methods:The recorded data and report forms during the period(1993～2001) of implementation of the project.were analyzed and appraised.Results:In the period of the program,77 127 suspected pulmonary TB people were checked.The diagnostication rate is 155.49/100,000 per year.The cumulative smear positive cases checked was 14 912,of which 10 263 smear positive cases were new.The average cure rate of first treatment of smear positive patients is 92.77% and that of the re-treatment is 89.35%.New-to-retreatment ratio as well as mortality declined year by year.Conclusion:Some obvious changes happened in case detection,treatment and management after the implementation of the project.
A Generator Selection Method for Power System Dynamic Equivalents

To improve the precision of power system dynamic equivalents,the system being studied is classified through the critical-modes and participation factors based on extended equal area criterion (EEAC). First of all,all generators of the critical cluster are retained,and so do the generators in the remaining group which have a larger absolute value of participation factor; then,the nodes are retained as the buffer nodes whose electric distances are closely connected to the above mentioned generators; finally,the coherency-based equivalence is used in the rest of the system. In addition,an index is also proposed to evaluate the accuracy of the dynamic equivalent. Simulation results show that by use of above-mentioned rules,the important details of dynamic model for external subsystem can be reserved.
Hyperpolarization of Nitrogen‐15 Schiff Bases by Reversible Exchange Catalysis with para‐Hydrogen

NMR with thermal polarization requires relatively concentrated samples, particularly for nuclei with low abundance and low gyromagnetic ratios, such as (15) N. We expand the substrate scope of SABRE, a recently introduced hyperpolarization method, to allow access to (15) N-enriched Schiff bases. These substrates show fractional (15) N polarization levels of up to 2 % while having only minimal (1) H enhancements.
Metabolic control and oxidative stress in pathological cardiac remodelling

This editorial refers to ‘Sirtuin 4 accelerates angiotensin II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting manganese superoxide dismutase activity’, by Y. Luo et al ., on page doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw138. A great deal of scientific evidence points to diverse roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cardiac physiology and pathology.1 These highly reactive, short-lived molecules (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide) emerge within the cell as natural by-products of the metabolism of oxygen; they derive largely from oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, enzymatic reactions, the unfolded protein response, and peroxisomes. Like many things in biology, ROS accomplish critical functions in physiology, including signalling and stress responsiveness, when their abundance is tightly regulated. However, when ROS accumulate, owing either to overproduction or to diminished degradation, they wreak considerable havoc around the cell. A large literature base points to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and, in fact, virtually all forms of cardiovascular disease. Importantly, much of this evidence derives from pre-clinical models. Sadly, when these basic observations have been translated into the human context as antioxidant clinical trials, uniform failure has been observed.2 Whereas an explanation for this consistent failure is obscure, blanket suppression of ROS across the entire cell does not take into consideration the fact that intracellular redox homeostasis is highly compartmentalized; targeting ROS across the cytoplasm and in all tissues may not be …
Introduction: Border Studies, Diaspora, and Theories of Globalization

Within the last few decades, U.S. borders have undergone tremendous change. Border regions have witnessed growing immigration and the relocation of industries under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA, one of the primary political instruments of globalization in the Americas, has, since its implementation in 1994, eradicated trade tariffs between Mexico, the United States, and Canada and thus rendered North American borders more porous to the free flow of goods and capital. But the agreement makes virtually no provisions for the free passage of people and has not prevented the further reinforcement of the U.S.-Mexico border. Here, since the 1990s, corrugated steel walls have begun to replace chain-link fences at the most popular crossing points. Giving primacy to unfettered movements of goods and investment capital, NAFTA has thus been working to create a common North American territory where goods and services can move more freely but where borders continue to intrude on the everyday lives of various groups of people.
6.5 Biomaterials in Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Articular cartilage repair remains a challenging clinical issue because of the poor intrinsic ability of this tissue for repair. The inefficiency of current repair strategies has prompted research into tissue engineering approaches combining cells, scaffold materials, and growth factors. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the emerging trends in cartilage tissue engineering with an emphasis on research moving forward toward clinical applications.
Short tandem repeats, segmental duplications, gene deletion, and genomic instability in a rapidly diversified immune gene family

Genomic regions with repetitive sequences are considered unstable and prone to swift DNA diversification processes. A highly diverse immune gene family of the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), called Sp185/333, is composed of clustered genes with similar sequence as well as several types of repeats ranging in size from short tandem repeats (STRs) to large segmental duplications. This repetitive structure may have been the basis for the incorrect assembly of this gene family in the sea urchin genome sequence. Consequently, we have resolved the structure of the family and profiled the members by sequencing selected BAC clones using Illumina and PacBio approaches. BAC insert assemblies identified 15 predicted genes that are organized into three clusters. Two of the gene clusters have almost identical flanking regions, suggesting that they may be non-matching allelic clusters residing at the same genomic locus. GA STRs surround all genes and appear in large stretches at locations of putatively deleted genes. GAT STRs are positioned at the edges of segmental duplications that include a subset of the genes. The unique locations of the STRs suggest their involvement in gene deletions and segmental duplications. Genomic profiling of the Sp185/333 gene diversity in 10 sea urchins shows that no gene repertoires are shared among individuals indicating a very high gene diversification rate for this family. The repetitive genomic structure of the Sp185/333 family that includes STRs in strategic locations may serve as platform for a controlled mechanism which regulates the processes of gene recombination, gene conversion, duplication and deletion. The outcome is genomic instability and allelic mismatches, which may further drive the swift diversification of the Sp185/333 gene family that may improve the immune fitness of the species.
Poor Sleep Quality, Psychological Distress, and the Buffering Effect of Mindfulness Training During Pregnancy.

Objective/Background: Poor sleep quality is common in pregnancy and associated with increased psychological distress, which has adverse consequences for families. Emerging theory suggests that mindfulness-based interventions may help reduce cognitive and emotional reactivity to stressful events. The current study examines the effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on the relationship between poor sleep quality and increased depression symptom severity and perceived stress during pregnancy. Additionally, we explored the prevalence of poor sleep quality in this unique sample and the impact of intervention on sleep quality. Participants: Participants were 215 ethnically diverse, overweight and obese, predominantly low-income pregnant women drawn from a study examining the impact of an 8-week mindfulness-based program (Mindful Moms Training; MMT) to reduce excessive gestational weight gain, stress, and depression compared to treatment as usual (TAU). Methods: Participants reported global sleep quality, d...
Joint Topology Design and Mapping of Service Function Chains in Network Function Virtualization

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is promising to lower the network operator's capital expenditure and operational expenditure by replacing proprietary hardware-based network equipment with software-based virtual network functions that can be consolidated into telecom clouds. In particular, NFV provides an efficient way to deploy network services using service function chains that consist of a set of virtual network functions interconnected by virtual links. A practical and yet theoretically challenging issue related to NFV Management and Orchestration is how to jointly optimize the topology design and mapping of multiple service function chains, which is called the JTDM problem. In this paper, we develop an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to formulate the JTDM problem with the objective of minimizing the bandwidth consumption in the physical substrate. We propose a novel heuristic algorithm, namely Closed-loop with Critical Mapping Feedback (CCMF), to efficiently address this problem. Through comprehensive simulations, we demonstrate that the CCMF algorithm is efficient in terms of the bandwidth consumption in various scenarios, and can achieve a bandwidth consumption that is close to the minimum obtained by ILP.
Cadmium and cobalt oxybis(benzoate) coordination polymers with diverse topologies depending on dipyridylamide ligands including a new self-penetrated network

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of cadmium or cobalt nitrate, oxybis(benzoic acid) (obaH2), and a hydrogen-bonding capable dipyridylamide ligand afforded four crystalline coordination polymers whose dimensionality depends critically on the coordination environment or dipyridylamide length. The four new phases were structurally characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Cd(obaH)2(3-pina)2]·2(3-pina)·2H2O}n (1, 3-pina = 3-pyridylisonicotinamide) shows 1D chain motifs, while {[Co(oba)(3-pina)]·H2O}n (2) displays closely interdigitated 2D (4,4) grid layer motifs. The longer-spanning dipyridylamide ligand N,N′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)diisonicotinamide (hdin) afforded coordination polymers with more interesting self-penetrated or entangled 3D networks. [Cd(oba)(hdin)]n (3) manifests a unique 4,6-connected 3D self-penetrated network with {426272}(42687283} topology. [Co2(oba)2(hdin)]n (4) exhibits a {Co2(OCO)4} paddlewheel-dimer based 6-connected 3-fold interpenetrated jsm net with 510648 topology. Luminescent behavior in 1 and 3 is attributed to intra-ligand molecular orbital transitions. The new d10 phases were also surveyed for the ability to detect nitrobenzene in ethanol suspension. Thermal decomposition behavior is also discussed herein.
Spark plasma sintering of silicon carbide-nanostructured ferritic alloy composites with chromium carbide barrier layer

Abstract Silicon carbide and nanostructured ferritic alloy (SiC-NFA) composites are expected to be remarkable candidates for nuclear cladding materials. However, SiC and NFA reactions during sintering have been a challenging problem to address. A Cr 3 C 2 coating on SiC particles is introduced as a reaction barrier layer to fabricate novel Cr 3 C 2 @SiC-NFA composites in this work. The composites of 5 vol% Cr 3 C 2 @SiC-95 vol% NFA, 15 vol% Cr 3 C 2 @SiC-85 vol% NFA, and 25 vol% Cr 3 C 2 @SiC-75 vol% NFA achieve > 96% densities under spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 950 °C and have the Vickers hardness of 5–6 GPa. The main phase for the composites maintains the original α-Fe structure of the NFA composition. Although the NFA matrix with silicon diffusion and carbon-rich aggregates are detected, the much improved microstructures in the composites indicate the positive effects of the Cr 3 C 2 coating as the reaction barrier. The Cr 3 C 2 @SiC-NFA composites are expected to be promising cladding materials in harsh nuclear environments.
P396: Balancing ventilation and energy use in hospitals: a case study of bioaerosol transport in healthcare environments

Hospitals are among the most energy intensive buildings in industrialized countries, using more than two-thirds of total energy consumption to maintain climate control and indoor air quality (IAQ). Yet, hospital acquired infections (HAIs) afflict approximately 8% of the in-patient population and claim more than 115,000 lives each year in Europe and the U.S. alone.
Geriatric day hospital did not improve functional status or quality of life in elderly persons

Source Citation Eagle DJ, Guyatt GH, Patterson C, et al. Effectiveness of a geriatric day hospital. Can Med Assoc J. 1991 Mar 15;144:699-704.
MicroRNAs and Cancer: A Long Story for Short RNAs

More than six decades ago Watson and Crick published the chemical structure of DNA. This discovery revolutionized our approach to medical science and opened new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases including cancer. Since then, progress in molecular biology, together with the rapid advance of technologies, allowed to clone hundreds of protein-coding genes that were found mutated in all types of cancer. Normal and aberrant gene functions, interactions, and mechanisms of mutations were studied to identify the intricate network of pathways leading to cancer. With the acknowledgment of the genetic nature of cancer, new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies have been attempted and developed, but very few have found their way in the clinical field. In an effort to identify new translational targets, another great discovery has changed our way to look at genes and their functions. MicroRNAs have been the first noncoding genes involved in cancer. This review is a brief chronological history of microRNAs and cancer. Through the work of few of the greatest scientists of our times, this chapter describes the discovery of microRNAs from C. elegans to their debut in cancer and in the medical field, the concurrent development of technologies, and their future translational applications. The purpose was to share the exciting path that lead to one of the most important discoveries in cancer genetics in the past 20 years.
Ethnicity, type 2 diabetes & migrant Asian Indians

The rapid increase of diabetes prevalence in the US population and across all westernized world has been associated with environmental changes that promote obesity. However, studies conducted in various ethnic groups within the US population have pointed out differences in susceptibility to diabetes within the same environmental pressure. Of particular interest is the growing evidence that Asian Indians, i.e., persons originating from the Indian Subcontinent, are at uniquely heightened risk for type 2 diabetes when compared to other populations. The elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for the heterogeneous relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes in various ethnic groups, and particularly in Asian Indians, may give important contributions to better understand the complex mechanisms involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. This review examines epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects of the interaction between environment and ethnic predisposition to type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians migrated to the US.
Generalized error-minimizing, rational inverse Langevin approximations:

The Langevin function is a non-invertible function, whose inverse commonly appears in statistical mechanics problems, particularly network models of rubber elasticity. This non-invertibility often ...
Evaluating temporal planning domains

The last eight years have seen dramatic progress in temporal planning as highlighted by the temporal track in the last three International Planning Competitions (IPC). However, our recent work, (Cushing et al. 2007), showed that most of the competition winning planners are only complete for very restricted forms of temporal planning languages that are in a sense indistinguishable from STRIPS. In this paper we consider the impact of those results on the design of benchmark temporal planning domains, and by extension, the temporal planning competition. We start by setting out to verify our speculation that the competition domains are temporally simple. This turns out to be tricky, and we develop a set of increasingly powerful analytic methods for domain analysis. Our analysis establishes that the benchmark domains are indeed inherently sequential (i.e., do not require concurrency). We suggest some real-world domains with required concurrency, and use a compilation argument to show that these are harder in the sense that they correspond to longer sequential plans. We conclude with the argument that temporal planners should be evaluated on both inherently sequential domains as well as those requiring concurrency.
Feedback Linearization of the Human Head Rotation Dynamics using Tait-Bryan Parameterization

Using the well-known Tait-Bryan (TB) Parameterization, we revisit the human head pointing control problem as a constrained dynamics on SO(3) from the point of view of a nonlinear multi input multi output (MIMO) system. The constraint, proposed by Donders, is that for every human head rotating away from its primary pointing direction, the rotational vectors are restricted to lie on a surface called the Donders’surface. This paper assumes that the Donders’ surface is described by a quadratic equation on the coordinates of the rotation vector. The inputs to the MIMO system are three external torques provided by muscles rotating the head. The three output signals are chosen as follows. Two of the signals are coordinates of the frontal pointing direction. The third signal measures deviation of the state vector from the Donders’ surface. Thus we have a 3 × 3 square system and recent results have shown that this system is feedback linearizable on a suitable neighborhood $\mathscr {N}$ of the state space. In this paper, we estimate a lower bound on the size of $\mathscr {N}$ by computing distance between the Donders’ and the associated Singularity surface, using the TB parameterization. The computed distance function is compared with a similarly computed distance function using Novelia and O’Reilly parametrization. Our surprising result, on the location of the singular points, suggests an advantage of using the TB parameterization for this class of feedback linearization.
Reversal in infant mortality in Kenya based on type of place of residence

Context: In the recent past, infant mortality has declined more rapidly in rural Kenya than urban Kenya. This paper sought to ascertain the factors responsible for the observed reversal in infant mortality in Kenya based on type of place of residence, defined as either urban or rural. Data source and methods: The study used data obtained from 2014 Kenya demographic and health survey. Survival analysis was employed on child-recoded data set to estimate the risk of a neonate, post-neonate or an infant dying in urban or rural areas based on selected study variables. Results: The study found early childhood mortalities to be significantly related to educational qualification of the mother, household wealth index, maternal age, size at birth, and place of delivery in both urban and rural Kenya. In urban Kenya, the study further found early childhood mortalities to be significantly related sex of the birth and the preceding birth interval. Conclusion: The study suggests the need to check on lifestyle especially among the urbanites and to delay entry into childbearing as some of the measures to make infant mortality reduction mission a success.
Treatment considerations for potential uropathogens detected by precision microbiological testing

Purpose The clinical and microbiological data for urinary tract infections (UTIs) for 6 organisms detected by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) at community health systems were examined. Summary The use of precision microbiological diagnostic testing such as MALDI-TOF and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction has increased the ability to detect a wider spectrum of organisms. This has raised questions of the clinical relevance of infrequently encountered organisms, especially when cultured from urine. This article reviews clinical and microbiological data for UTIs for 6 organisms detected by MALDI-TOF at community health systems ( Actinotignum schaalii, Chryseobacterium indologenes , Aerococcus urinae , Aerococcus sanguinicola , Corynebacterium riegelii , and Corynebacterium urealyticum ). Since little information currently exists, most of the data associating the aforementioned organisms with UTIs were derived from case reports. Although these organisms are more readily identified using precision microbiological diagnostic testing methods, infection should not be assumed based on culture results alone since asymptomatic bacteriuria has been reported. Similar to more common urinary pathogens, clinical correlation is essential. To facilitate treatment, we provide a table of empirical options likely to achieve clinical success based on in vivo and in vitro data. If available, pathogen-specific susceptibility data should be used to direct therapy. Conclusion Clinical and microbiological data and potential treatment options were presented for 6 traditionally underrecognized organisms that are increasingly being found from urinary specimens. The treatment recommendations should be interpreted cautiously as they were devised through the use of very limited data.
Studies on the pathogenesis of ischemic cell injury

In summary, we have described the time course of changes of mitochondria following ischemia of the kidney proximal tubule. The sequence of morphological changes of matrix as well as inner membrane corresponds well with certain functional or physical parameters such as swelling, respiration, substrate metabolism, acceptor control and P/O ratio. This indicates that morphological parameters can be utilized to predict the functional alterations of mitochondria following ischemia in cells. The significant mitochondrial changes are early loss of granules (15–30 min) and condensation (15 min), swelling (30 min), appearance of fluffy densities (30 min) and flocculent densities (after 60 min), degeneration of cristal structure (240 min) and disintegration of mitochondria as structural units (24 h).
Ratios Tell a Story: 2001

Financial ratios and common-size balance sheets for 13 "mystery" companies are provided. Students then match each mystery company's data to 1 of the 13 industries provided. In the process, students learn how to calculate a number of basic financial ratios; craft a story about the distinctive aspects of a company's business by interpreting balance sheets; hypothesize how some of their basic understandings of an industry would be reflected in certain financial metrics; and propose a match of a column of metrics to an industry, and present their rationale to classmates.The case also provides an opportunity to discuss an organizing framework for the focal ratios, to present the concepts of financial leverage and a DuPont ratio deconstruction, and to introduce students to some of the published sources for industry metrics.This is an appropriate single class assignment for an introductory MBA-level financial accounting course.
Femtosecond nonadiabatic dynamics in photosynthetic light harvesting

Fast and efficient energy transfer in photosynthetic antennas supports all life on earth. Nonadiabatic energy transfer drives unusual vibrations through tight coupling with electronic motion. Polarization dependent vibrational motion drives polarization independent femtosecond energy transfer.
Data Center Demand Response Pricing Using Inverse Optimization

In Demand Response (DR), consumers regulate their power based on requests from an energy supplier. Data Centers (DC) are among the promising candidates to perform DR to help stabilize the power grid due to their flexibility and controllability. In this work, we present a novel framework for offering incentives to DCs so they can dynamically adjust their electricity consumption and provide DR to the grid. Coordination between an Independent System Operator (ISO) and DCs is done through pricing where the ISO computes optimal prices which elicit desired responses from the DCs. We model DCs using realistic cost functions based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the DC workloads and present an inverse optimization approach to cost function parameter estimation for precise and efficient pricing along with simulation results that highlight the strength of our approach.
Saving Data Analysis: Epistemic Friction and Progress in Neuroimaging Research

Data must be manipulated for their evidential import to be assessed. However, data analysis is regarded as a source of inferential errors by scientists and critics of neuroscience alike. In this chapter I argue that of data analysis is epistemically challenged in part because data are causally separated from the events that they are intended to provide evidence for claims about. Experimental manipulations place researchers in epistemically advantageous positions by making contact with the objects and phenomena of interest. Data manipulations, on the other hand, are applied to material objects that are not in causal contact with the events they are used to learn about. I then propose that some of the inferential liabilities that go along with data manipulation are partly overcome through the occurrence of epistemic friction. I consider two forthcoming contributions to network neuroscience to illustrate the benefits, and risks, of the data analyst’s reliance on epistemic friction.
Hemorrhagic Stroke in Relapsing Polychondritis: A Rare Complication of a Rare Disease.

Background Relapsing Polychondritis is a rare rheumatologic condition with multisystem involvement. Common presenting symptoms are auricular and nasal chondritis. Common complications include hearing loss and cardiac involvement. An extremely rare complication is neurological involvement. Case report. We present a case of relapsing polychondritis resulting in stroke and discuss the current literature on this condition. Conclusion To our knowledge, only 6 previous documented cases of stroke secondary to relapsing polychondritis exist in the current literature. This case represents a rare but important complication of relapsing polychondritis.
ArticleThe representation and processing of coreference in discourse

A model is presented that addresses both the distribution and comprehension of different forms of referring expressions in language. This model is expressed in a formalism (Kamp & Reyle, 1993) that uses interpretive rules to map syntactic representations onto representations of discourse. Basic interpretive rules are developed for names, pronouns, definite descriptions, and quantified descriptions. These rules are triggered by syntactic input and interact dynamically with representations of discourse to establish reference and coreference. This interaction determines the ease with which coreference can be established for different linguistic forms given the existing discourse context. The performance of the model approximates that observed in studies of intuitive judgments of grammaticality and studies using online measures of language comprehension. The model uses the same basic interpretive mechanisms for coreference within and between sentences, thereby linking the domain traditionally studied by generative linguists to domains that have been of concern primarily to psychologists and computational linguists.
Mesenchymal neoplasms of the tubular gut and adjacent structures: experience with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration cytopathology

Introduction Unlike epithelial malignancies, mesenchymal neoplasms arising within the tubular gut are less often encountered in endoscopic ultrasound-guided (EUS) fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs). Nonetheless, preoperative diagnosis of such neoplasms has important therapeutic and prognostic value. We report our experience with this category of neoplasms from the past decade. Materials and methods We performed a 10-year retrospective search at our respective institutions to identify EUS-guided FNAB cases of mesenchymal neoplasms arising from the tubular gut wall and closely adjacent structures. Cytopathologic diagnoses were compared to corresponding surgical pathology (SP) when available. Cases with either no confirmatory cell block (CB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, or no SP were excluded. Results Two-hundred eighty-two cases (M:F = 1:1; age range: 25-94 years, mean age = 60 years) of EUS-guided FNAB from the tubular gut met our criteria. Onsite adequacy was performed on nearly all cases. Case numbers: 209 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), 58 smooth muscle neoplasms, and 15 miscellaneous neoplasms. Of these, 188 (67%) had SP follow-up. We found that 258 (91%) aspirates had a correct specific diagnosis, 3 (1%) were nondiagnostic, 18 (6%) had indeterminate diagnoses, and 3 (1%) had incorrect diagnoses (2 leiomyosarcomas mistaken as leiomyoma, and 1 fibrosclerotic lesion mistaken as inflammatory pseudotumor). Of 94 cases with no SP, all had a specific cytologic diagnosis based on confirmatory IHC staining from the CB including 61 GISTs, 29 smooth muscle neoplasms, and 4 miscellaneous tumors. Conclusion This study endorses the clinical utility of EUS-guided FNAB in the diagnosis of tubular gut mesenchymal neoplasms. A definitive and accurate diagnosis is possible in over 90% of cases, chiefly when cytomorphology is coupled with optimal cellularity and IHC from a concurrent CB. EUS-guided FNAB diagnosis of mesenchymal tubular gut neoplasms may play an important role in determining neoadjuvant therapy as targeted therapy evolves.
Hidden wave function of twisted bilayer graphene: The flat band as a Landau level

We study zero-energy states of the chirally symmetric continuum model (CS-CM) of twisted bilayer graphene. The zero-energy state obeys the Dirac equation on a torus in the external non-Abelian magnetic field. These zero-energy states could form a flat band---a band where the energy is constant across the Brillouin zone. We prove that the existence of the flat band implies that the wave function of any state from the flat band has a zero and vice versa. We found a hidden flat band of unphysical states in the CS-CM that has a pole instead of a zero. Our main result is that in the basis of the flat band and hidden wave functions the flat band could be interpreted as a Landau level in the external magnetic field. From that interpretation we show the existence of extra flat bands in the magnetic field.
A COVID Diary: Searching for Investment Serenity

In early February of 2020, when US equities were hitting all-time highs and the US economy was showing strength, a virus, that many believed would be isolated to China and cruise ships, surged into the rest of the world. The resulting economic shut down put stocks into a tailspin, starting the COVID crisis clock. In the days after the meltdown started, I kept a journal chronicling market events and trying to make sense of them, partly to recover my investing balance, and partly to keep a record of my uncertainties and fears, in real time. That journal became the basis for fourteen posts on the crisis, with the first one on February 26, 2020, just a couple of weeks after it started, and the last one on November 5, 2020, as the first vaccines were being readied for approval. In this paper, I use those posts to look at how the crisis played out in markets and across companies, and I use the winners and losers to make judgments about post-crisis lessons for companies and investors.
An Exploratory Interface for Dataset Repositories Using Cell-Centric Indexing

Large collections of datasets are being published on the Web at an increasing rate. This poses a problem to researchers and data journalists who must sift through these large quantities of data to find datasets that meet their needs. Our solution to this problem is cell-centric indexing, a novel approach which considers the individual cell of a dataset to be the fundamental unit of search, indexing the corresponding metadata to each individual cell. This facilitates a new style of user interface that allows users to explore the collection via histograms that show the distributions of various terms organized by how they are used in the dataset.
Smart Grid Anomaly Detection using a Deep Learning Digital Twin

The power grid is considered to be the most critical piece of infrastructure in the United States because each of the other fifteen critical infrastructures, as defined by the Cyberse-curity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), require the energy sector to properly function. Due the critical nature of the power grid, the ability to detect anomalies in the power grid is of critical importance to prevent power outages, avoid damage to sensitive equipment and to maintain a working power grid. Over the past few decades, the modern power grid has evolved into a large Cyber Physical System (CPS) equipped with wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) and distributed control. As smart technology advances, the power grid continues to be upgraded with high fidelity sensors and measurement devices, such as phasor measurement units (PMUs), that can report the state of the system with a high temporal resolution. However, this influx of data can often become overwhelming to the legacy Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, as well as, the power system operator. In this paper, we propose using a deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) as a module within the Automatic Network Guardian for ELectrical systems (ANGEL) Digital Twin environment to detect physical faults in a power system. The presented approach uses high fidelity measurement data from the IEEE 9-bus and IEEE 39-bus benchmark power systems to not only detect if there is a fault in the power system but also applies the algorithm to classify which bus contains the fault.
Potential mechanisms underlying the role of chronic inflammation in age-related muscle wasting

Sarcopenia, an age-related condition characterized by progressive skeletal muscle degeneration, might exist as one of the primary clinical conditions underlying severe functional impairment as well as increased risk of co-morbidities in the elderly. Although the etiology of sarcopenia remains multifaceted, age-related chronic inflammation has been strongly implicated in muscle wasting and related sequelae during advanced age. Recent evidence suggests that aberrant, unresolved alterations in regular inflammatory processes during advanced age might ultimately operate as the link that drives skeletal muscle to become more degenerative and dysfunctional in nature. Such negative atrophic muscular outcomes might result from inflammation-induced disruption of central mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle morphology and remodeling. In addition, recent findings demonstrate an adverse confluence between sarcopenia and excessive adiposity (i.e. sarcopenic obesity), as the co-existence of such adverse alterations in body composition may exacerbate systemic inflammation and muscle wasting in the elderly. The following evidence-based review serves to examine sarcopenia from a mechanistic perspective with emphasis on chronic inflammation.
Symbolic Reachability Analysis of Integer Timed Petri Nets

Petri nets are an effective formalism to model discrete event systems, and several variants have been defined to explicitly include real time in the model. We consider two fundamental reachability problems for Timed Petri Nets with positive integer firing times: timed reachability (find all markings where the model can be at a given finite time) and earliest reachability (find the minimum time when each reachable marking is entered). For these two problems, we define efficient symbolic algorithms that make use of both ordinary and edge-valued decision diagrams, and provide runtime results on an extensive suite of models.
Studies on phage development. III. The fate of T4 DNA and protein synthesized in the presence of 9-aminoacridine.

Abstract 9-Aminoacridine (9AA) inhibits maturation of phage T4. Upon diluting infected bacteria from the dye into a medium containing an inhibitor of protein synthesis, one obtains a crop of mature phage made out of the material accumulated before the removal of 9AA. DNA is synthesized in the presence of 9AA and continues to replicate after the removal of 9AA and addition of puromycin. By marking theDNA with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) and studying the light sensitivity of the phage produced by cells exposed to 9AA, BUDR and puromycin in various programs, one can show that the DNA made in the presence of 9AA is incorporated later into viable phage. This early DNA is dispersed through the DNA synthesized after the removal of the dye. The DNA can in the presence of puromycin pass from the vegetative into the condensed state and subsequently be coated with the protein material synthesized in the presence of the dye.
The Problems and Potential of China's Pharmaceutical Industry

China’s pharmaceutical market has experienced significant growth in recent years, fueled by increasing wealth among its own population as well as accelerating global demand for cheap, effective medicines to treat ailments ranging from high cholesterol to HIV/AIDS. Along with India, China supplies more than 40 percent of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) used to make U.S. pharmaceuticals. The current financial crisis, and the limited resources and tighter budgets it has engendered, may accelerate the trend. Yet, China is dogged by a history of poor-quality pharmaceuticals that have killed hundreds and sickened thousands of its own citizens and people across the globe. The government has begun to tighten its laws, but enforcement remains weak, and official obfuscation is rampant. While any retaliatory protectionist measures in the United States would be counterproductive, China and its international partners would gain from improving the frequency and technical sophistication of inspections, the prosecution of perpetrators, and the culture of self-policing within China’s pharmaceutical industry.