cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Stuart Mill's “India”;: Liberalism in an age of colonial domination

(1994). John Stuart Mill's “India”;: Liberalism in an age of colonial domination. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 135-154.
Experimental Myocardial Infarction X. Efficacy of Glucagon in Acute and Healing Phase in Intact Conscious Dogs: Effects on Hemodynamics and Myocardial Oxygen Consumption

This study was designed to test the efficacy of glucagon in the treatment of hemodynamic abnormalities of acute and healing experimental canine myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction was produced in intact, conscious dogs by gradual inflation of a balloon cuff device implanted around the left anterior descending coronary artery 1 to 2 weeks prior to the study. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of 50 µg/kg of glucagon were assessed serially in the control state, 1 hour after myocardial infarction and again 1 week later. In the control state glucagon improved cardiac performance and increased myocardial oxygen consumption. One hour after acute myocardial infarction glucagon improved cardiac performance and reduced the degree of left ventricular failure, without any increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. Similar effects of glucagon were noted in the healing phase of myocardial infarction. It is postulated that in this animal model in the presence of heart failure due to myocardial infarction there ...
Role of AP-1 in the Coordinate Induction of Rat Glutamate-cysteine Ligase and Glutathione Synthetase bytert-Butylhydroquinone

GSH synthesis occurs via two enzymatic steps catalyzed by glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL, made up of two subunits) and GSH synthetase (GS). Recently, we described coordinate induction of GCL subunits and GS. To study GS transcriptional regulation, we have cloned and characterized a 2.2-kb 5'-flanking region of the rat GS (GenBank accession number AF333982). One transcriptional start site is located at 51 nucleotides upstream of the translational start site. The rat GS promoter drove efficiently luciferase expression in H4IIE cells. Sequential deletion analysis revealed DNA regions that are involved in positive and negative regulation. One repressor identified was NF1. tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBH) exerted a dose- and time-dependent increase in the mRNA level and promoter activity of both GCL subunits and GS. TBH increased protein binding to several regions of the GS promoter, c-jun expression, and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding activity to several of the putative AP-1-binding sites of the GS promoter. Blocking AP-1 binding with dominant-negative c-jun led to decreased basal expression and significantly blocked the TBH-induced increase in promoter activity and mRNA level of all three genes. In conclusion, AP-1 is required for basal expression of GCL and GS; while NF1 serves as a repressor of GS, increased AP-1 transactivation is the predominant mechanism for coordinate induction of GCL and GS expression by TBH.
X-ray intensity decrease from absorption effects in mechanically milled systems

Abstract Mixing strong and weak x-ray absorbers will result in changes in the diffraction intensity, which can be predicted by the preceding model given by Klug and Alexander. The level of mixing, however, is important: with large powder particles the diffraction reveals the composition of the powder with no anomalous decrease in intensity; with small particle powders intermixed by means such as mechanical milling, the diffraction intensity will change in accordance with the materials' linear absorption. The component with the lower x-ray linear absorption coefficient will exhibit much lower diffraction intensities than a rule of mixtures would predict. Good quantitative agreement between experimental intensities for the Si Sn system and those predicted by the Klug and Alexander model was observed.
Inhibition of BMP receptor synthesis by antisense oligonucleotides attenuates OP-1 action in primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria cells

Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1 or bone morphogenetic protein-7 [BMP-7]) stimulates osteoblast differentiation in vitro and induces bone formation in vivo. BMPs exert their effects through complex formation with a heterodimeric receptor composed of a type I and a type II polypeptide. In the present study, mRNAs for three BMP subtype I receptors (ActR-I, BMPR-IA, and BMPR-IB) and one BMPR-II receptor were detected by Northern analysis in two human osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS-2 and TE85) and in the primary cultures of fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells. OP-1 affected the steady-state mRNA levels of these receptors differently among these cell types. To study the role of each receptor type in OP-1 action in FRC cells, receptor synthesis was inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides. Inhibition of receptor synthesis was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled cellular proteins with specific antibodies. The osteogenic action of OP-1 was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized bone nodule formation in FRC cells. Results showed that inhibition of synthesis of a single subtype I receptor alone did not affect significantly the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity. Inhibition of BMPR-II synthesis reduced the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity by about 50%. Inhibition of synthesis of any one of the type I receptor plus the BMPR-II receptor did not reduce the OP-1-stimulated ALP activity significantly beyond that observed by inhibition of BMPR-II alone. Under these conditions, nodule formation was affected similarly, thus supporting the observations made with the ALP measurements. The present results suggest that the ActR-I, BMPR-IA, and BMPR-IB receptors and the BMPR-II receptor are expressed and functional for OP-1 in FRC cells and that regulation of synthesis of these receptors may be a mechanism by which a specific cell type responds to OP-1. The turnover rate of these receptor proteins might be relatively long and another type II receptor(s) for OP-1 might be functional in FRC cells.
Mineral Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus: Changes Accompanying Treatment with a Portable Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion System*

To define abnormalities that might account for the osteopenia of diabetes we investigated mineral metabolism n i seven juvenile-onset diabetic patients. Each wasstudied before and after normal or near-normal plasma glucose levels had been achievedby 7–14 days of treatment with a portable infusion system delivering insulin scMean basal urinary calcium excretion fell from 0.075 ± 0.06 mg/dl glomerular filtrate (GF) on conventional therapy to 0.023 ± 0.02 mg/dl GF during pump therapy (P < 0.025). Serum phosphorus rose from 4.09 ± 0.09 to 5.01 ± 0.8 mgdl (P < 0.001) due to a rise in the renal tubular threshold for phosphate reabsorption from 3.89 ± 1.2 to 5.49 ± 1.1 mg/dl (P < 0.001). Incremental urinary calcium excretion after a standard oral calcium load (a measure of calcium absorption) did not change significantly. Similarly, there wereno significant changes in the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (61 ± 25 vs. 63 ± 20 μleq/ml) or in nephrogenous cAMP excretion (1.37 ± 0.7 vs. 1.18 ± 0.6 pm...
Microstructure transitions in a welded powder metallurgy Al-8Fe-1.7Ni alloy

Abstract Fusion zone microstructures in an electron beam welded powder metallurgy Al-8Fe-1.7Ni alloy have been examined using optical and electron microscopy techniques. Near the weld fusion boundary the structure exhibited a coupled eutectic comparable to that of the rapidly-solidified powder from which the alloy was produced. At the center of the fusion zone this eutectic structure transitioned to equiaxed alpha aluminum grains. These grains were nucleated as primary intermetallics, which acted as growth centers for the dendritic alpha aluminum. As expected, STEM microanalysis found considerable compositional variations between the different phases observed.
Use of Steady-State Laurdan Fluorescence to Detect Changes in Liquid Ordered Phases in Human Erythrocyte Membranes

In artificial phospholipid bilayers, dual measurements of laurdan steady-state anisotropy and emission spectra can be used to identify the presence of liquid ordered phases. Human erythrocytes were used as a model to test whether similar measurements could be applied to biological samples. Specifically, laurdan anisotropy and emission spectra were obtained from native erythrocytes before and after treatment with calcium ionophore and from the microvesicles (known to be enriched in liquid ordered domains) shed from the cells during calcium entry. Spectral and anisotropy data were consistent with an increased order and reduced fluidity of erythrocyte membrane lipids upon ionophore treatment. Microvesicle membranes appeared more ordered than native erythrocytes and similar to ionophore-treated cells based on laurdan emission. In contrast, the anisotropy value was lower in microvesicles compared to ionophore-treated cells, suggesting greater probe mobility. Parallel measurements of diphenylhexatriene anisotropy corroborated the laurdan data. These results were consistent with the liquid ordered property of microvesicle membranes based on comparisons to behavior in artificial membranes. Two-photon microscopy was used to examine the distribution of laurdan fluorescence along the surface of erythrocyte membranes before and after ionophore treatment. A dual spatial analysis of laurdan anisotropy, as revealed by the distribution of laurdan emission spectra, and intensity excited by polarized light suggested that the plasma membranes of ionophore-treated erythrocytes may also exhibit elevated numbers of liquid ordered domains.
Intermale affiliative behavior in ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at the Beza-Mahafaly reserve, Madagascar

Intermale affiliative behavior was studied in three groups of naturally occurring ringtailed lemurs over a one-year period. The adult males in the sample exhibited affiliative behavior with all other males in their social groups; but affiliative behavior between some male-male dyads occurred markedly more often than between others. These dyads are called “preferred partnerships.” The formation of preferred partnerships did not appear to be influenced by male dominance rank or age-class. Furthermore, these partnerships were of a short-term nature, and none persisted throughout the entire study period. The following factors may explain the absence of rank or age effects, and the brevity of preferred partnerships: (1) frequent fluctuation in the male dominance hierarchy in each study group; (2) the fact that higher-ranking males may not offer specific benefits to lower-ranking males; and (3) the fact that male dispersal affected the male membership of each group over the 12-month study period. The focal males engaged in significantly more affiliative behavior during the lactation period compared with the other reproductive seasons. Migration partners may offer each other predator protection during the transfer process, and although males that transfer together do not engage in alliance or coalition behavior towards resident males, males transferring in pairs or threesomes are in a better position to spot and defend themselves against attack by resident males. Migration partners also provide social contact for each other while in the process of immigration.
Autocidal control of screwworms in North America

The larva of the blowfly Cochliomyia hominivorax, also known as the screwworm, eats the living flesh of cattle and sheep and other warm-blooded animals. A program to eradicate the screwworm in the United States was initiated in the 1950's. The program was very effective until 1968, but severe screwworm outbreaks occurred in 1972 to 1976 and in 1978. Although the program has again been effective since 1979, the possibility of outbreaks recurring in the future has highlighted the need for a broader understanding of the pest. Studies of screwworm populations in the United Stated and Mexico indicate that much of the genetic diversity of this insect is distributed among sympatric non-interbreeding populations. A new approach may be required to retain the effectiveness of the control program and to prevent a serious outbreak from threatening the economic viability of the U.S. livestock industry.
Factors Influencing Success of Greenback Cutthroat Trout Translocations

Abstract Native subspecies of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki have declined drastically because of the introduction of nonnative salmonids, overharvesting, and habitat degradation. Conservation of most declining subspecies will include establishing new populations through translocation of genetically pure fish. Recovery of greenback cutthroat trout O. clarki stomias has been ongoing for 25 years, so the attempted translocations of this subspecies provide unique empirical information to guide recovery of other nonanadromous salmonids. We compared 14 translocations that successfully established populations of greenback cutthroat trout to 23 that failed to determine the factors that influenced translocation success. Of the translocations that failed, 48% were reinvaded by nonnative salmonids, 43% apparently had unsuitable habitat, and 9% experienced suppression by other factors. Reinvasion occurred most often because of failed artificial barriers or incomplete removal of nonnative salmonids in complex ha...
Immobilization Technique and Blade Choice in the Endotracheal Intubation of Trauma Patients: Miller Time or Much Ado About Nothing?

Abstract [Grossman D, Schriger DL. Immobilization technique and blade choice in the endotracheal intubation of trauma patients: Miller time or much ado about nothing? Ann Emerg Med. October 2000;36:351-353.]
PDGF-BB enhances monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA stability in smooth muscle cells by downregulating ribonuclease activity.

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has protean manifestations, including the regulation of growth and migration, in many cell types. We have previously reported that PDGF-BB induces the accumulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 mRNA in smooth muscle cells (SMC), in large part due to an increase in mRNA stability. To elucidate the mechanism by which PDGF-BB stabilizes MCP-1 mRNA, we have employed in vitro RNA gel mobility shift and decay assays. Cytoplasmic extracts from PDGF-BB-treated SMC increased the half-life of in vitro transcribed MCP-1 mRNA from ≈45 min to >2 h. PDGF-BB-inhibitable degradation was not dependent on specific regions of the MCP-1 mRNA and was equally effective on a variety of in vitro transcribed mRNAs. Angiotensin II had a similar effect on MCP-1 mRNA stability, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and basic fibroblast growth factor did not. The PDGF-BB-inhibitable RNAse activity was active at pH 6.6 and heat stable, but was sensitive to proteinase K. Extracts from PDGF-BB- or angiotensin II-treated cells inhibited the RNAse activity of control extracts, suggesting that the effect of PDGF-BB and angiotensin II are due to activation of a soluble inhibitor of the RNAse. The effect of PDGF-BB was blocked by inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation, but not by inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or mitogen-activated protein kinases. These studies provide new insights into the mechanisms by which PDGF-BB enhances mRNA accumulation.
Through the looking glass: Abstinence-only-until-marriage programs and their impact on adolescent human rights

Policy advocates and health programmers concerned about U.S. abstinence-only-until-marriage programs can strategically employ international human rights principles and practices in their arguments. One nongovernmental organization’s on-the-ground investigations in the United States and Uganda exemplify how to assess the impacts of abstinence-only policies on all young people—gay and straight; transgender, male, and female. The authors pair this evidence with international rights standards to make human rights claims for youth. Recent work has demonstrated the importance of factfinding and rights-based analysis to policy struggles, both in the United States and globally. The authors analyze some key principles of human rights, particularly contemporary developments regarding the rights of children, to demonstrate their potential use to U.S. advocates. The authors stress the importance of a rights-based approach in building important transnational links regarding the common effects of U.S. abstinence-only policies and fostering shared interest in reform of these policies.
Angular Momentum and the Algebra of Current Components

It has recently been proposed (1) that the space integrals of all components of the vector current octet Fiα and the axial vector current octet Fiα5 obey the same commutation rules as if the currents were equal to Giα and Giα5, respectively, where, in terms of a quark field q, we have Giα≡iqγαλiq/2, Giα5≡iqγαγ5λiq/2.(1)
Carbon−Chlorine Bond Scission in Li-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Reaction of CH3Cl and Lithium†

The doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under ultrahigh vacuum by Li atoms has been explored experimentally and theoretically. The chemical effect of Li in breaking the C−Cl bond in chloromethane has been observed. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments show that at low coverage CH3Cl is physisorbed to the undoped SWNT sample, exhibiting a desorption process near 178 K. The CH3Cl desorption peak shifts to about 240 K for lithiated SWNTs, indicating an increase in binding energy of about 0.16 eV. More importantly, the integrated intensity of the CH3Cl desorption peak is dramatically reduced in the lithiated SWNT case, and CH3, C2H6, or related species are not observed in significant quantities in the TPD experiments up to a temperature of 500 K. This strongly indicates that CH3Cl reacts on lithiated SWNTs to produce an irreversibly bound species. Products LiCl and Li2Cl2 are observed to desorb near 700 K. Density functional theory calculations present possible reaction mechanisms ...
Unambiguous evaluation of the relative photolysis rates of nitro indolinyl protecting groups critical for brain network studies

Abstract Nitrated indolinyl photoprotecting groups are crucial tools extensively used in the study of neuronal signal transduction. Mononitrated photolabile protecting groups have been used effectively, however, recent advances in the introduction of a second nitro group have shown improvement in the photo efficiency of neurotransmitter (agonist) release, albeit, to varying extents, depending on the assessment methods employed. An unambiguous method is discussed based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which is shown to be an effective technique in the relative overall rate comparison amongst varying nitrated protecting groups. Mononitrated and dinitrated photolabile protecting groups such as CDNI-Glu and MNI-Glu are used as an example to assess the relative value of adding a second nitro group in photoactive cage designs. Using this technique, it was shown that the second nitro group in CDNI systems enhances the overall relative rate of photocleavage by a factor of 5.8. This reported method can also be used to unambiguously determine relative rate of agonist photorelease.
Histidase Activity in Rat Liver and Epidermis

In a previous study, histidase activity was found to appear at different ages in rat epidermis and liver. This suggested that different forms of the enzyme might exist. Histidase has been partially purified from adult rat liver and epidermis. Differences in the K m , resistance to heating, and inhibition by EDTA were observed between the two preparations. Disc electrophoresis suggested that there is also a difference in mobility. The data support the hypothesis that there are isoenzymes of histidase.
Gravity as the Square of Gauge Theory

The BCJ squaring relations provide a simple prescription for the computation of gravity amplitudes in terms of gauge theory ingredients. Unlike the KLT relations, the squaring relations are directly applicable both at tree and loop level. We review the derivation of these relations from on-shell recursion relations, and discuss an off-shell approach to these relations in which the interactions of the gravity Lagrangian arise as the square of the gaugetheory interactions. This article is based on work with Zvi Bern, Tristan Dennen and Yu-tin Huang [Z. Bern, T. Dennen, Y.-t. Huang and M. Kiermaier, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010), 065003, arXiv:1004.0693 (Ref. 1))] which was presented at String Field Theory and Related Aspects 2010.
Review of Reinventing Cotton Mather in the American Renaissance: Magnalia Christi Americana in Hawthorne, Stowe, and Stoddard

Reviewed work(s): Reinventing Cotton Mather in the American Renaissance: Magnalia Christi Americana in Hawthorne, Stowe, and Stoddard bu author Philip Gould on behalf of the Society for Historians of the Early American Republic
Local B − L Symmetry of Electroweak Interactions, Majorana Neutrinos, and Neutron Oscillations

Interpretation of the U(1) generator of the left-right-symmetric electroweak model in terms of $B\ensuremath{-}L$ enables us to study the spontaneous breaking of local $B\ensuremath{-}L$ symmetry. The same Higgs mechanism at the "partial unification" level of $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{R}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}({4}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ that produces ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{L}=2$ processes (e.g., Majorana neutrinos) also yields $\ensuremath{\Delta}B=2$ processes (e.g., "neutron oscillations"). The observation of "neutrinoless" double $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay and $\ensuremath{\Delta}B=2$ nucleon transitions without proton decay would favor this model and an intermediate mass scale.
Exact aggregation when prices are variable across individuals

Abstract Exact aggregation of a system of individual demand functions is analyzed when the price of one commodity is variable across individuals. It is shown that, under summability, the individual and aggregate demand functions of the commodity with individually variable prices must be independent of all other prices.
Rabi Splitting in Silicon Microdisks with Emissive Centers

Strong coupling between silicon emissive G-centers and nanostructured microdisk optical mode is studied. Spectra exhibit characteristic splitting (~0.92 THz) when temperature is tuned to match cavity mode (Q~2500) and emissive center frequencies.
Paracetamol plus ibuprofen increased time without fever compared with paracetamol but did not differ from ibuprofen in children.

A D Hay Dr A D Hay, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; alastair.hay@bristol.ac.uk How does paracetamol (PCM) plus ibuprofen (IBF) compare with either drug alone for treating fever in children? ### Design: randomised controlled trial (Paracetamol plus Ibuprofen for the Treatment of fever in CHildren [PITCH]). Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN26362730. ### Allocation: concealed. ### Blinding: blinded (nurses, {patients, data collectors, outcome assessors, data analysts, and safety committee}*). ### Follow-up period: 48 hours. ### Setting: 35 primary care sites in Bristol, UK. ### Patients: 156 children (mean age 2 y, age range 6 mo to 6 y, 56% boys) who had axillary temperatures of 37.8°C to 41°C. Exclusion criteria included need for hospital admission; dehydration; chronic disease; or contraindication to trial …
The effects of postradiation treatment with tamoxifen on local control and cosmetic outcome in the conservatively treated breast

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on disease recurrence and cosmetic outcome of tamoxifen treatment initiated after breast-conserving therapy (BCT). METHODS Between 1982 and 1994, 498 women (509 breasts) were treated with BCT in accordance with a highly standardized institutional protocol. Adjuvant tamoxifen was administered to 130 patients (134 breasts), beginning 1-6 weeks after irradiation. The median ages and duration of follow-up for groups who received tamoxifen (TAM+) and no tamoxifen (TAM-) were 62.5 years/56 months and 53 years/60 months, respectively. The members of the TAM+ group were significantly older (P = 0.0001) and had increased incidences of positive axillary lymph nodes or undissected axilla (P = 0.001). There was a significant (P = 0.001) difference between the TAM+ and TAM- groups in the distribution of histopathologic subtypes; this reflected an increased proportion of associated ductal carcinoma in situ in the TAM- group. More extensive regional lymphatic irradiation was administered to the TAM+ group. Chemotherapy was administered to 15% of TAM+ and 28% (P = 0.003) of TAM- patients. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to tumor size, reexcision, total excised tissue volume, final margin status, total radiation dose, or use of interstitial implant boost. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the TAM+ and TAM- groups in the overall distribution of cosmetic scores (P = 0.18). The 5-, 7-, and 10-year actuarial local failure rates for TAM+ versus TAM- patients were 0% versus 3.1%, 1.9% versus 5.4%, and 1.9% versus 8.4%, respectively. Multivariate regression analyses of potentially confounding variables revealed no significant associations between tamoxifen and either cosmetic outcome or local failure. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy followed by tamoxifen has no adverse interactive effect on cosmesis, and tamoxifen is associated with a trend toward enhanced 5-year local control probability. Cancer 1997; 80:732-40. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
STRUCTURAL DISTORTION OF THE VANADYLTETRAPHENYLPORPHINE ANION RADICAL PROBED BY RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic effects of one-electron reduction are investigated for (OV)TPP (vanadyltetraphenylporphine) by the use of spectroelectrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), absorption, and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy of the anion radical are analyzed with the aid of isotope labeling and normal-coordinate analysis (NCA) in order to understand the structural changes. The first reported Q-band excitation RR spectra of the (OV)TPP anion radical provide important information regarding the structural distortion of the porphyrin ring upon one-electron reduction, through detection of A2g modes. Direct evidence for static distortion of the porphyrin ring is provided by the lowered depolarization ratios of the A2g modes. Moreover, the upshift of the ν19 vibrational mode establishes that some of the Cα-Cm bonds are strengthened in the anion. Consideration of the molecular orbital pattern shows this observation to be consistent with a B1g and not a B2g Jahn−Teller distortion. The normal-mode calculation sup...
Analysis of Cdc6 function in the assembly of mammalian prereplication complexes

Eukaryotic DNA replication requires the previous formation of a prereplication complex containing the ATPase Cdc6 and the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) complex. Although considerable insight has been gained from in vitro studies and yeast genetics, the functional analysis of replication proteins in intact mammalian cells has been lacking. We have made use of adenoviral vectors to express normal and mutant forms of Cdc6 in quiescent mammalian cells to assess function. We demonstrate that Cdc6 expression alone is sufficient to induce a stable association of endogenous Mcm proteins with chromatin in serum-deprived cells where cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) activity is low. Moreover, endogenous Cdc6 is sufficient to load Mcm proteins onto chromatin in the absence of cdk activity in p21-arrested cells. Cdc6 synergizes with physiological levels of cyclin E/Cdk2 to induce semiconservative DNA replication in quiescent cells whereas cyclin A/Cdk2 is unable to collaborate with Cdc6. Cdc6 that cannot be phosphorylated by cdks is fully capable of inducing Mcm chromatin association and replication. Mutation of the Cdc6 ATP-binding site severely impairs the ability of Cdc6 to induce Mcm chromatin loading and reduces its ability to induce replication. Nevertheless, the ATPase domain of Cdc6 in the absence of the noncatalytic amino terminus is not sufficient for either Mcm chromatin loading or DNA replication, indicating a requirement for this domain of Cdc6.
Effects of time horizon and asset condition on the profitability of technical trading rules

In much of the literature, the debate over technical trading strategies has centered around the question of whether an actively managed portfolio, controlled by a technical indicator, can outperform a passively managed portfolio. Typically, the time horizon is considered to be years. Additionally, the trader is assumed to use a technical trading strategy that is independent of asset conditions. These assumptions may not correspond well with reality. Traders often have much shorter time horizons and may switch between rebalancing or trading strategies on the basis of perceived shifts in market condition. This paper presents a study of the profitability of technical trading rules as a function of asset state or condition. Several common technical trading strategies were run on 296 stocks over a 15 year period. Strategies were run with 1 month rolling time horizons, significantly shorter than those used in similar studies in the literature. Stocks were segmented based on volatility and volume, which allowed for the examination of a strategy’s performance in different asset conditions. Several strategies were demonstrated to have consistently better risk-to-reward ratios under specific asset conditions and short time horizons. This finding helps to explain why some practitioners implement technical trading strategies.
Split protocol stack network simulations using the dynamic simulation backplane

We introduce and discuss a methodology for heterogeneous simulations of computer networks using the dynamic simulation backplane. This methodology allows for exchanging of protocol information between simulators across layers of the protocol stack. For example, the simulationist may wish to construct a simulation using the rich set of TCP models found in the ns network simulator, and at the same time using the highly detailed wireless MAC models found in the GloMoSim simulator. The backplane provides an interface between heterogeneous simulators which allows these simulators to exchange meaningful information across layers of the protocol stack, without detailed knowledge of internal representation in the foreign simulator. With this method of heterogeneous simulation, new and experimental protocols can be validated and tested in conjunction with existing and accepted simulations of lower protocol layers. We discuss the particular problems presented by the split protocol stack model, and present our solutions. We give results of our implementation of the split protocol backplane, using the ns simulator for the higher protocol stack layers, and the GloMoSim simulator for the lower layers.
Nonlinear Retrospective: A Student's First Academy Meeting

This article presents the poem “A Student's First Academy Meeting,“ by Mary Van Sell. First line: The familiar Names! Last line: many-spired tent!
Stereospecificity of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase and differential functions of 2-hydroxy fatty acid enantiomers

FA 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is an NAD(P)H-dependent enzyme that initiates FA α oxidation and is also responsible for the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy FA (2-OH FA)-containing sphingolipids in mammalian cells. The 2-OH FA is chiral due to the asymmetric carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. Our current study performed stereochemistry investigation and showed that FA2H is stereospecific for the production of (R)-enantiomers. FA2H knockdown in adipocytes increases diffusional mobility of raft-associated lipids, leading to reduced GLUT4 protein level, glucose uptake, and lipogenesis. The effects caused by FA2H knockdown were reversed by treatment with exogenous (R)-2-hydroxy palmitic acid, but not with the (S)-enantiomer. Further analysis of sphingolipids demonstrated that the (R)-enantiomer is enriched in hexosylceramide whereas the (S)-enantiomer is preferentially incorporated into ceramide, suggesting that the observed differential effects are in part due to synthesis of sphingolipids containing different 2-OH FA enantiomers. These results may help clarify the mechanisms underlying the recently identified diseases associated with FA2H mutations in humans and may lead to potential pharmaceutical and dietary treatments. This study also provides critical information to help study functions of 2-OH FA enantiomers in FA α oxidation and possibly other sphingolipid-independent pathways.
Modeling, Experimentation and Simulation of a Brake Apply System

This study presents the development and validation of an analytical dynamic model of the brake apply system of a vehicle. The brake apply system includes the models for brake pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder, and proportioning values; the interactions with the wheel brake system, which comprises the front and rear foundation brakes, are included by modeling their compliances. Laboratory experiments are performed on a bench setup of the brake system and the experimental data is compared with the simulation results. The model is formulated such that the inputs are the pedal force applied by the driver, the vacuum supplied by the engine and the physical parameters of the brake components
The evolution of exaggerated sexual swellings in primates and the graded-signal hypothesis

Females of some Old World primate taxa advertise their sexual receptivity with exaggerated sexual swellings. Although a number of hypotheses have been proposed, the function of this conspicuous trait remains unsolved. This review updates information on the phylogenetic distribution of exaggerated swellings and identifies aspects of the morphology, physiology and behaviour of species with this conspicuous trait. Some of these patterns represent new information, while other patterns have been previously identified, but not in ways that control for phylogeny. This review shows that exaggerated swellings are correlated with some features that serve to confuse paternity certainty among males, while other features tend to bias paternity towards more dominant males. Hypotheses for the evolution of exaggerated swellings are then reviewed and critically evaluated. Individually, no single hypothesis can account for all the patterns associated with exaggerated swellings; however, a combination of different hypotheses may explain the contradiction between confusing and biasing paternity. I suggest that exaggerated swellings can be viewed as distributions representing the probability of ovulation (the graded-signal hypothesis). In the context of this probabilistic model, exaggerated swellings enable females to manipulate male behaviour by altering the costs and benefits of mate guarding, so that dominant males tend to guard only at peak swelling, but females can mate with multiple males outside peak swelling to confuse paternity. This hypothesis makes testable predictions for future comparative and observational research. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Electromagnetic characterization of layered materials via direct and de-embed methods

Electromagnetic-material characterization is the process of determining the permittivity and permeability of matter. One of the predominant schemes utilized for computing these constitutive parameters is the Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) algorithm. In this particular technique, the sample under measurement is assumed to be linear, homogeneous, isotropic (i.e., simple medium), and is comprised of a single-layer planar material. However, samples are frequently attached to known substrate materials in order to facilitate measurement; thus, the standard NRW technique cannot be directly employed. This paper presents two schemes, the direct and de-embed methods, for accommodating multilayered-material-characterization measurements. Accuracy is discussed using an uncertainty analysis. In addition, it is shown that the direct method has a distinct advantage over the de-embed method if sample homogeneity is to be monitored.
Study of Strip Flatness and Gauge Complex Control Based on Improved PSO-RBF Neural Networks

An improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is presented to solve the premature and low precision based on shrinking chaotic mutation with population's fitness, which is used to train the radius basis function (RBF) neural networks, and optimization parameters of the network. Considering the stronger nonlinearity and coupling of strip flatness and gauge complex control, using the IPSO-RBF neural networks as a controller, an AFC-AGC system is designed. The simulation results show that the design method is simple and effective and has good performance of adaptively tracking target and resistance to disturbances, and provides a new way for strip flatness and gauge complex control.
Unifying if-conditionals and unconditionals

Unconditionals have much in common with “if”-conditionals. The structures of unconditional and “if”-conditional sentences are similar; we have a clausal adjunct that seems to take scope high in the main clause. Unconditionals, I will argue, are similar to “if”-conditionals in that both kinds of adjuncts trigger restrictions on the domains of operators in their scope (in the sense of Lewis 1975). However, it is obvious that unconditionals and “if”-conditionals are different in a range of ways. Unconditionals entail their consequent, whereas “if”conditionals typically do not. Unconditionals also convey what I will refer to as “indifference”: that e.g. it doesn’t matter who comes to the party. Previous work on unconditionals has focused on capturing the differences, without truly capturing the similarities. I develop an analysis that treats “if”-conditionals and unconditionals as exactly the same species of adjunct. Both, following Lewis 1975, Kratzer 1981, 1986, Heim 1982, serve semantically to restrict the domains of operators in their scope. The differences follow from their internal semantics.
Yearly prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination fluctuations in a screened population.

Purpose: Prostate biopsy is often recommended based on increases in prostate specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. We investigated the stability of a single positive test during the next 3 consecutive years.Materials and Methods: A total of 2,578 participants in a San Antonio screening cohort with 2 or more consecutive annual prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination tests were identified. Occurrences of an increased prostate specific antigen (2.5 ng/ml or greater) followed by 1 or more nonincreased prostate specific antigen results were compared with similar fluctuations of digital rectal examination from abnormal to normal.Results: In 2,272 men who did not have a biopsy during the study, in 23.3% of 744 incidences of an increased prostate specific antigen with 1 year of followup, the next prostate specific antigen was not increased. In 19.5% of 462 incidences of an increased prostate specific antigen with 2 years of followup, the next 2 consecutive prostate specific...
Behavioral effects of experimental maternal hyperphenylalaninemia.

Biochemical and behavioral effects of pre- and postpartum hyperphenylalaninemia were evaluated on 52 Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochemical results indicated elevated plasma phenylalanine levels during both the prepartum (Gestation Days 15-21 and postpartum Days 1-60 of age) injection phases. Behaviors were evaluated beginning at 81 days of age. Compared to control or postpartum subjects, prepartum subjects demonstrated significant decrements on each of the following: initial DRL: 12 learning; fearfulness (inverse relationship); activity; exploration; and sociability. Compared to controls, postpartum subjects were significantly less active and less exploratory.
Transient plasma ignition of quiescent and flowing air/fuel mixtures

Transient plasmas that exist during the formative phase of a pulse-ignited atmospheric pressure discharge were studied for application to ignition of quiescent and flowing fuel-air mixtures. Quiescent methane-air mixture ignition was studied as a function of equivalence ratio, and flowing ethane-air mixture was studied in a pulse detonation engine (PDE). The transient plasma was primarily comprised of streamers, which exist during approximately 50 ns prior to the formation of an equilibrated electron energy distribution. Results of significant reduction in delay to ignition and ignition pressure rise time were obtained with energy costs roughly comparable to traditional spark ignition methods (100-800 mJ). Reduction in delay to ignition by factors of typically 3 in quiescent mixes to >4 in a flowing PDE (0.35 kg/s), and other enhancements in performance were obtained. These results, along with a discussion of a pseudospark-based pulse generator that was developed for these applications, will be presented.
A unified text extraction method for instructional videos

Videotext can be an efficient semantic index and summary for instructional videos. However, videotext usually appears in different visual formats: handwritten slides, electronic slides, book pages, web pages, handwriting on chalkboard, etc. We propose a unified approach to handle all these kinds of videotext in three steps. First, we detect still video segments by analyzing motion energy patterns in instructional videos, and construct a quality-enhanced candidate text frame for each still video segment. Then, we use a trained SVM classifier to verify the candidate text frames, as well as to segment the text region and individual text blocks from the verified frames. Finally, we filter redundant text frames with similar text content by a Hausdorff distance-based image comparison algorithm. The resulting text frames are automatically organized into HTML and PDF documents to serve as an imagery summarization of the instructional videos. We show the application of our method to 75 instructional videos of five different courses, and discuss its applications.
Kinodynamic motion planning amidst moving obstacles

This paper presents a randomized motion planner for kinodynamic asteroid avoidance problems, in which a robot must avoid collision with moving obstacles under kinematic, dynamic constraints and reach a specified goal state. Inspired by probabilistic-roadmap (PRM) techniques, the planner samples the state x time space of a robot by picking control inputs at random in order to compute a roadmap that captures the connectivity of the space. However, the planner does not precompute a roadmap as most PRM planners do. Instead, for each planning query, it generates, on the fly, a small roadmap that connects the given initial and goal state. In contrast to PRM planners, the roadmap computed by our algorithm is a directed graph oriented along the time axis of the space. To verify the planner's effectiveness in practice, we tested it both in simulated environments containing many moving obstacles and on a real robot under strict dynamic constraints. The efficiency of the planner makes it possible for a robot to respond to a changing environment without knowing the motion of moving obstacles well in advance.
Automatic Query Expansion for News Video Retrieval

In this paper, we present an integrated system for news video retrieval. The proposed system incorporates both speech and visual information in the search mechanisms. The initial search is based on the automatic speech recognition (ASR) transcript of video. Based on the relevant shots selected from the initial search round, keyword histograms are automatically generated for the refinement of the search query, such that the reformulated query fits better to the target topic. We have also developed an image-based refinement module, which uses the region analysis of the video key-frames. SR-tree like indexing structure is constructed for the region features, and the image-to-image similarity is computed using the Earth Mover's Distance. By performing a series of relevance feedback processes, the set of the true relevant shots is expanded significantly. The proposed system has been applied to a large open-benchmark news video dataset, and very satisfactory improvements have been obtained by applying the proposed automatic query expansion and the region-based refinement.
Interleukin 11: an overview.

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-11 is a bone marrow fibroblast derived cytokine with a wide spectrum of in vitro biological activities in the hematopoietic, lymphopoietic, hepatic, adipose, neuronal and osteoclast systems, either alone or in synergy with other hematopoietic growth factors. In vivo administration of IL-11 in mice, rats and nonhuman primates has demonstrated the thrombopoietic effects of this cytokine. The expression of the human IL-11 gene, which is localized at 19q13.3-13.4, can be controlled at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Initial biochemical characterization has identified a 151 kD protein as the potential IL-11 binding subunit of the receptor complex. Like other cytokines such as IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (ONC) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), IL-11 has been shown to utilize IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Because of the overlapping biological activities, the similarities in the predicted tertiary structures, and the sharing of common signal transducer protein, we have compared the signal transduction pathways mediated by these cytokines in various cell types. Studies of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, primary response gene expression and signaling molecules known to be important in transducing mitogenic signals have suggested that there are convergent and divergent points along the signal transduction pathways utilized by IL-11, IL-6, LIF and ONC. These observations may explain the biological pleiotropy and redundancy of this group of cytokines.
Acoustic charge transport digitally programmable transversal filter development

A monolithic 128-tap digitally programmable analog transversal filter is described that uses an acoustic charge transport tapped delay line and integrated GaAs MESFET circuits for coefficient storage and tap weighting. The device has 5-b tap weights, an input sampling rate of 360 MHz, and an output tap spacing corresponding to an output sampling rate of 180 MHz. The device is mounted on a ceramic thick-film substrate along with RF input and output amplifiers, and the entire assembly is housed in a 1.25-in/sup 2/ 44-pin kovar flatpack. >
Nonlinear beam dynamics experiments at the IUCF cooler ring

Results of nonlinear beam dynamics experiments at the IUCF Cooler Ring in past two years are discussed. Our experiments include studies on (1) betatron motion at 1-D resonance island, (2) linear coupling correction, (3) Hamiltonians determined experimentally from 2-D difference and sum resonances, (4) longitudinal phase space tracking, (5) beam response to RF phase modulation, (6) beam response to RF voltage modulation, (7) synchro-betatron coupling induced by dipole field modulation and (8) attractors of a weak dissipative Hamiltonian system. >