cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Stochastic Radial Basis Function Method for the Global Optimization of Expensive Functions

We introduce a new framework for the global optimization of computationally expensive multimodal functions when derivatives are unavailable. The proposed Stochastic Response Surface (SRS) Method iteratively utilizes a response surface model to approximate the expensive function and identifies a promising point for function evaluation from a set of randomly generated points, called candidate points. Assuming some mild technical conditions, SRS converges to the global minimum in a probabilistic sense. We also propose Metric SRS (MSRS), which is a special case of SRS where the function evaluation point in each iteration is chosen to be the best candidate point according to two criteria: the estimated function value obtained from the response surface model, and the minimum distance from previously evaluated points. We develop a global optimization version and a multistart local optimization version of MSRS. In the numerical experiments, we used a radial basis function (RBF) model for MSRS and the resulting algorithms, Global MSRBF and Multistart Local MSRBF, were compared to 6 alternative global optimization methods, including a multistart derivative-based local optimization method. Multiple trials of all algorithms were compared on 17 multimodal test problems and on a 12-dimensional groundwater bioremediation application involving partial differential equations. The results indicate that Multistart Local MSRBF is the best on most of the higher dimensional problems, including the groundwater problem. It is also at least as good as the other algorithms on most of the lower dimensional problems. Global MSRBF is competitive with the other alternatives on most of the lower dimensional test problems and also on the groundwater problem. These results suggest that MSRBF is a promising approach for the global optimization of expensive functions.
Is acclimation beneficial to scleractinian corals, Porites spp.?

With coral reefs impacted by climate change, attention is turning to the extent to which scleractinian corals can acclimatize to new physical conditions. The implicit assumption that acclimatization is beneficial has not been tested for scleractinians, although it has been investigated in other systems and has been referred to as the beneficial acclimation hypothesis (BAH). This study tests this hypothesis for scleractinians in experiments on massive Porites spp. from Moorea, French Polynesia (17° 28.564S, 149° 49.018 W). Corals were acclimated for 15–21 days to three temperatures within the range experienced in the collection habitat and then transferred to each of the same temperatures for a treatment period of 14–15 days. The response of the holobiont was measured as growth, the response of the Symbiodinium populations as maximum photochemical efficiency of open reaction centers II (F v/F m). An ANOVA with polynomial contrasts was used to distinguish among the BAH, three alternative hypotheses and a null hypothesis describing the consequences of acclimation. In the first experiment (2009), massive Porites spp. were unresponsive to temperature. In the second experiment (2013), the BAH was not supported, but growth of the holobiont conformed to the “hotter is better” (HIB) hypothesis; the response of Symbiodinium populations conformed to developmental buffering. These results suggest that acclimation by massive Porites spp. to temperatures experienced routinely in the natural environment does not have clear beneficial value for growth or photochemical efficiency (i.e., BAH was not supported), but they reveal that acclimation to increased temperature can have value in responding to a variety of subsequent temperatures (i.e., support for HIB).
Novel technique for measuring the Q factor of thin-film lumped elements at microwave frequencies

Using higher-order resonances, it is possible to determine the Q factors of thin-film lumped elements at microwave frequencies. This technique avoids any perturbation of the experimental arrangement which normally arises from insertion and removal of the unknown.
The Regime and the Airplane: High Technology and Nationalism in Indonesia

This article discusses high-technology development in Indonesia. Focusing on the Indonesian Aircraft Industry (IPTN), it critically examines how nationalism becomes an impetus for technological dev...
Transparent platinum counter electrode for efficient semi-transparent dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract A method for fabrication of highly transparent platinum counter electrodes (CEs) has been developed based on spray coating of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on hot substrates. This method leads to 86% reduction in Pt consumption reducing the Pt cost per peak watt of counter electrode from $0.79/Wp down to $0.11/Wp compared to the conventional Pt counter electrodes made by sputter deposition. The simplicity and low cost of this method provide a basis for an up-scalable fabrication process. The Pt NP layer is over 88% transparent, leading to overall transparency of 80% when incorporated with indium tin oxide/glass substrates for functional counter electrodes. This counter electrode exhibits a large surface area and high catalytic activity, comparable to that of the conventional opaque CEs. Semi-transparent dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated based on this counter electrode showed 6.17% power conversion efficiency.
HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA, PARADOXICAL THROMBOEMBOLISM, AND OTHER SIDE EFFECTS OF HEPARIN THERAPY

Heparin, first used to prevent the clotting of blood in vitro, has been clinically used to treat venous thrombosis for more than 50 years. Although several new anticoagulant drugs are in development, heparin remains the anticoagulant of choice to treat acute thrombotic episodes. The clinical effects of heparin are meritorious, but side effects do exist. Bleeding is the primary untoward effect of heparin. Major bleeding occurs in 1% to 33% of patients who receive heparin therapy. 45 Additional important untoward effects of heparin therapy that are discussed in this article include heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), heparin-associated osteoporosis (HAO), eosinophilia, skin reactions, allergic reactions other than thrombocytopenia, and alopecia. Other side effects include frequent abnormalities of hepatic function tests and occasional hyperkalemia. 45
The Glasner-Tompkins relation between F-center and exciton absorptions in ionic solids

Abstract A semiquantitative explanation is given for the Glasner-Tompkins empirical rule that the energy difference between the fundamental absorption of an alkali halide and the F -band is very nearly a function of the halide species alone. The fundamental absorption is treated in the traditional Hilsch-Pohl electron-transfer model. The corresponding electron-transfer cycle for the F -center involves a ground state at the ‘zero-point’ energy of an electron in the potential well of an anion vacancy and an excited state which is a symmetrized combination of alkali s - and p -states. Higher F -center excited states fit into this scheme only when the severe distortion of the free alkali energy levels by the halide neighbors is accounted for. Similar considerations hold for U -centers. By extension, the F - and U -bands are shown to differ in energy by the sum of the F -center ‘zero-point’ energy and the hydride ion's electron affinity.
Outcome of home mechanical ventilation in children.

A retrospective study of the outcome of home mechanical ventilation in 54 children with chronic respiratory insufficiency was conducted. The children's ages ranged from 4 months to 18 years. Tracheostomies and positive pressure ventilation were used in 33 patients, and negative pressure ventilation in 21 patients. Nine patients were eventually weaned from the ventilator, including three quadriplegic patients in whom electrophrenic stimulation subsequently was used. Over 20 years, there were 17 deaths, including three from ventilator disconnection. Life table analysis showed 1-year survival to be 84%, and 5-year survival 65%. Home mechanical ventilation, with patients cared for by family and friends, cost less (average
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING MODELS WITH ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND INDIVISIBILITIES

In the field of industrial planning and planning for economic development, models for the preparation of consistent plans involving several sectors or industries have for some time been widely used. Examples of techniques used for consistency planning are methods based on national-income accounts, inputoutput models and material balance techniques. The construction of models for making efficient choices between the many alternatives which may arise in the course of planning is a relatively recent development. Important choices of this kind arise in connection with investment decisions: the selection of lines of import substitution and new exports, the choice of appropriate industrial technology, locational choices involving production and distribution, and transport route selection. Practical decisions in these areas have, of course, been inevitable and have not awaited elegant analytical methods for exploring the alternatives involved. The new tools that have become available, however, including linear programming and, to some extent, simulation techniques, represent an important step forward [9] [12] [34] [42] [43] [45]. 1 Economies of scale and indivisibilities introduce great problems in the preparation of efficient plans. From the mathematical point of view, these phenomena represent non-convexities; programming models incorporating such features can not be solved by currently well-established methods. The root of the difficulty is that, where non-convexities occur, local criteria of progress, i. e., criteria based on small adjustments, no longer guarantee an approach to the optimal solution. In the case of indivisibilities local criteria are not available at all. Apa/'t from the purely mathematical difficulty, nonconvexities also give rise to serious problems of plan execution, especially in regard to decentralization. As long as a planning problem is convex, its solution * The author is associated with the International Business Machines Corporation, Yorktown Heights, N. Y., and the New School for Social Research, New York, U.S.A. He wishes to acknowledge the invaluable help of Ralph E. Gomory in clarifying the integer programming concepts discussed in this paper and making his unpublished decomposition algorithm available for the work described here. The very important contribution of Herbert Serenson of the I. B. M. Yorktown Computing Center in programming, debugging and running the r routines needed for this work is likewise gratefully acknowledged. 1 Figures in bracked refer to items listed in the REFERENCES section at the end of this paper.
Iterated profile searches with PSI-BLAST—a tool for discovery in protein databases

We thank the developers of PSI-BLAST, who include D. J. Lipman, T. L. Madden, W. Miller, A. A. Schaffer, J. Zhang and Z. Zhang. We also thank L. Aravind for his collaboration on the application of PSI-BLAST to the detection of subtle relationships among proteins.
Perception Gaps about Skills Requirement for Entry-Level IS Professionals between Recruiters and Students: An Exploratory Study

Dramatic changes in the U.S. economic situations and offshore outsourcing trends in the IT Information Technology industry have affected the IS Information Systems job market and recruiters with regard to IS knowledge/skills that their new hires should possess. Keeping pace with these changes presents a challenge for IS recruiters and students. There is an urgent need for a study that investigates the perception gaps between IS recruiters and students about the knowledge/skill sets required for a new entry-level IS hire. This study reports the findings from a survey of IS recruiters and IS students in the U.S., detailing the differences of their understanding about the knowledge/skills requirement.
Interacting oscillations in neural control of breathing: modeling and qualitative analysis

In mammalian respiration, late-expiratory (late-E, or pre-inspiratory) oscillations emerge in abdominal motor output with increasing metabolic demands (e.g., during hypercapnia, hypoxia, etc.). These oscillations originate in the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) and couple with the respiratory oscillations generated by the interacting neural populations of the Botzinger (BotC) and pre-Botzinger (pre-BotC) complexes, representing the kernel of the respiratory central pattern generator. Recently, we analyzed experimental data on the generation of late-E oscillations and proposed a large-scale computational model that simulates the possible interactions between the BotC/pre-BotC and RTN/pFRG oscillations under different conditions. Here we describe a reduced model that maintains the essential features and architecture of the large-scale model, but relies on simplified activity-based descriptions of neural populations. This simplification allowed us to use methods of dynamical systems theory, such as fast-slow decomposition, bifurcation analysis, and phase plane analysis, to elucidate the mechanisms and dynamics of synchronization between the RTN/pFRG and BotC/pre-BotC oscillations. Three physiologically relevant behaviors have been analyzed: emergence and quantal acceleration of late-E oscillations during hypercapnia, transformation of the late-E activity into a biphasic-E activity during hypercapnic hypoxia, and quantal slowing of BotC/pre-BotC oscillations with the reduction of pre-BotC excitability. Each behavior is elicited by gradual changes in excitatory drives or other model parameters, reflecting specific changes in metabolic and/or physiological conditions. Our results provide important theoretical insights into interactions between RTN/pFRG and BotC/pre-BotC oscillations and the role of these interactions in the control of breathing under different metabolic conditions.
Digestibility of acetylated distarch glycerol—effect on growth, serum biochemical values and body composition of Pitman-Moore miniature pigs

Abstract Two groups each of eight Pitman-Moore miniature pigs were weaned at 3 days of age and then, for 25 days, were allowed unrestricted access to formula diets identical except for the type of carbohydrate. The diets contained 6% of thin-boiling waxy corn starch or acetylated distarch glycerol. At 14 and 21 days of age, the body weight of pigs fed the control starch diet was significantly higher, while at 28 days, the weight of the empty caecum and the water content of the wet carcass and fat-free wet liver were significantly lower and the carcass-fat and liver-protein contents were significantly greater than the corresponding values for pigs fed the diet containing acetylated distarch glycerol as the sole carbohydrate.
A novel approach to the analysis of sub-bandgap absorption in a-Si:H based materials

A novel analysis is proposed for obtaining sub-bandgap absorption spectra in a-Si:H from the dual beam photoconductivity (DBP) technique in which the densities and distributions of gap and extended states are derived from the analysis of the optical constants between 0.8 and 2 eV. This sub-bandgap absorption analysis overcomes the difficulties due to interference fringes by taking into account the multiple reflections that are present in both the optical and the DBP spectra. This results in a highly accurate methodology for normalizing the DBP spectra to those obtained with transmission and reflection measurements as well as allowing films to be studied whose thicknesses are close to those used in solar cell and thin film transistor structures.
Premarital Cohabitation and Subsequent Marital Dissolution: A Matter of Self-Selection?"

Married couples who began their relationship by cohabiting appear to face an increased risk of marital dissolution, which may be due to self-selection of more dissolution-prone individuals into cohabitation before marriage. This paper uses newly developed econometric methods to explicitly address the endogeneity of cohabitation before marriage in the hazard of marital disruption by allowing the unobserved heterogeneity components to be correlated across the decisions to cohabit and to end a marriage. These methods are applied to data from the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972. We find significant heterogeneity in both cohabitation and marriage disruption, and discover evidence of self-selection into cohabitation.
Polarized crystal spectra of tris(ethylenediamine) chromium(III) ion

The low-temperature, single-crystal, polarized spectra of the Cr(en)3 3+ complex in two crystals, 2[Cr(en)3]Cl3. KCl. 6H2O (I) and [Cr(en)3]-Cl3. 3·5 H2O (II) are presented. Transitions to the spin-forbidden 2 E, 2 T 1, and 2 T 2 states and the spin-allowed 4 T 2 and 4 T 1 states have been observed and analysed. An interference effect has been noted between the sharp 2 T 2 state and the broad continuum-like 4 T 2 state. The spin-orbit trigonal-field components of the 2 E and 2 T 1 states have been experimentally determined, and theoretically justified by means of a complete crystal-field spin-orbit calculation. The R 1 and R 2 lines in crystal I (π polarization) are shown to have different linewidths at 1·6 K; this is ascribed to a life-time broadening process for which the radiationless transition rate has been calculated. The much broader linewidths observed in crystal II are the result of random Stark fields from the statistically absent waters of hydration. Satellite bands are observed around the R 1 ...
Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research

Over the past decade, analysts have proposed several frameworks to explain the process of radicalization into violent extremism (RVE). These frameworks are based primarily on rational, conceptual models which are neither guided by theory nor derived from systematic research. This article reviews recent (post-9/11) conceptual models of the radicalization process and recent (post-9/11) empirical studies of RVE. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between ideological radicalization and terrorism involvement, though both issues deserve further empirical inquiry.Finally, it summarizes some recent RVE-related research efforts, identifies seven things that social science researchers and operational personnel still need to know about violent radicalization, and offers a set of starting assumptions to move forward with a research agenda that might help to thwart tomorrow's terrorists. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol4/iss4/3 Journal of Strategic Security Volume 4 Issue 4 2011, pp. 37-62 DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.4.4.2 Journal of Strategic Security (c) 2011 ISSN: 1944-0464 eISSN: 1944-0472 37 Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research Randy Borum University of South Florida wborum@usf.edu
Albedo and earth-radiation measurements from OSO-II.

Albedo and earth-radiation measurements from OSO-II compared with other results, noting limb- brightening effect
The role of presolar dust in the formation of the solar system

The characteristics of presolar dust are discussed and evidence is provided to support the possibility that presolar dust was the primary building material for the meteorites and terrestrial planets. The material in the sun's parent molecular cloud is divided into eight reservoirs. The results show that presolar dust and objects made from processed dust make up the vast majority of the material in primitive chondrites. The present theory is able to account for the chemical and oxygen isotopic variations between meteorite classes, the formation of chondrules, the accretion of chondrites, and parent body metamorphism.
Pulmonary Valve Replacement for Regurgitation after Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract In general, it has been thought that pulmonary valve insufficiency is well tolerated when the valve is excised or when the pulmonary annulus has been widened with an outflow patch during repair of tetralogy of Fallot. However, when pulmonary regurgitation is massive or when it is combined with other causes of right ventricular failure, progressive right ventricular dilation may occur in some patients. Pulmonary valve replacement has not been commonly used in the past. From January, 1980, to August, 1982, 12 patients, 11 months to 17 years old, had pulmonary regurgitation treated by insertion of a valve in the pulmonary position 4½ months to 11 years after initial repair of tetralogy of Fallot. All patients had progressive right ventricular failure not responsive to medical management. There were no major outflow tract obstructions, residual ventricular septal defects, or persistent aortopulmonary shunts. All 12 patients underwent patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract that allowed placement of a larger valve. There have been no operative or late deaths, and each patient has had improvement in functional status. One patient required tricuspid valve replacement 1½ years after pulmonary valve replacement to achieve sustained relief of symptoms. Only 1 other patient required subsequent operation; this was for pacemaker lead changes. These early results suggest that in patients with right ventricular failure, attention should be directed to pulmonary regurgitation since this is a component of failure that is reversible; pulmonary valve replacement carries a low risk, and it can relieve symptoms and prevent further deterioration of right ventricular function.
Modeling and optimal designs for dislocation and radiation tolerant single and multijunction solar cells

Crystalline defects (e.g. dislocations or grain boundaries) as well as electron and proton induced defects cause reduction of minority carrier diffusion length which in turn results in degradation of efficiency of solar cells. Hetro-epitaxial or metamorphic III-V devices with low dislocation density have high BOL efficiencies but electron-proton radiation causes degradation in EOL efficiencies. By optimizing the device design (emitter-base thickness, doping) we can obtain highly dislocated metamorphic devices that are radiation resistant. Here we have modeled III-V single and multi junction solar cells using drift and diffusion equations considering experimental III-V material parameters, dislocation density, 1 Mev equivalent electron radiation doses, thicknesses and doping concentration. Thinner device thickness leads to increment in EOL efficiency of high dislocation density solar cells. By optimizing device design we can obtain nearly same EOL efficiencies from high dislocation solar cells than from defect free III-V multijunction solar cells. As example defect free GaAs solar cell after optimization gives 11.2% EOL efficiency (under typical 5x10 15 cm -2 1 MeV electron fluence) while a GaAs solar cell with high dislocation density (10 8 cm -2 ) after optimization gives 10.6% EOL efficiency. The approach provides an additional degree of freedom in the design of high efficiency space cells and could in turn be used to relax the need for thick defect filtering buffer in metamorphic devices.
Precise γ-ray energies from the radioactive decay of 170Tm and 169Yb

Abstract Precise energy values for ten standard γ-ray reference lines produced in the radioactive decay of 170Tm and 169Yb have been measured relative to an optical standard. These measurements, which have an uncertainty of about 0.5 ppm for the more intense lines, provide precise γ-ray standards in the 63–307 keV range. Measurements on 169Yb lines constrained by the Ritz principle satisfy the combination principle within the measurement uncertainty.
Directed discussion of character perspectives

Abstract Elementary students were led to respond orally and in writing to stories in terms of the perspectives of the major characters. Their pre and post story responses were compared to the story responses of children in the control condition. These responses were rated using a method developed by Beach and Wendler (1987). Results indicate a grade effect, with fifth and sixth graders performing better than fourth graders (p > .001) overall. Also, sixth graders who were involved in directed discussions of character perspectives received higher ratings for their responses to stories than the sixth graders who participated in the control condition (p > .03).
A substance-abuse research-treatment clinic: Effective procedures and systems

Abstract Drug abuse treatment clinics vary widely. This article presents a model of a research-treatment clinic in which effective procedures and systems were instituted. These systems produce an environment in which both excellent research can be conducted and effective treatment provided, by a team of researchers and clinicians. Many of the procedures overcome frequently occuring problems at drug treatment clinics. The potential applicability of these procedures and systems to standard drug treatment clinics is discussed.
Ultrasound evaluation of the multifetal gestation

With the increasing incidence of multifetal gestations, it is essential for the clinician to appreciate the benefit of ultrasound evaluation in these pregnancies. Multifetal gestation pregnancies are at increased risk for a range of both antepartum and intrapartum complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction, premature delivery, congenital anomalies, cord accidents, malpresentations, placenta previa, and abruptio placentae. First-trimester ultrasonic evaluation, amniotic fluid assessment, monitoring of fetal growth, diagnosing the twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and assessment of fetal anomalies will be reviewed. An early and accurate assessment of amnionicity and chorionicity are paramount in these gestations. The impact of chorionicity, in particular, can have profound consequences in the management of multifetal gestations. The determination of chorionicity onultrasonic evaluation in a multifetal gestations. The determination of chorionicity on ultrasonic evaluation in a multifetal pregnan...
Enzymatic Production of L-Cysteine from DL-2-Amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic Acid by Pseudomonas thiazolinophilum: Optimal Conditions for the Enzyme Formation and Enzymatic Reaction

Cultural conditions of Ps. thiazolinophilum AJ 3854 for the production of the enzyme which could form l-cysteine from dl-2-amino-Δ2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATC) and the reaction conditions of this enzyme were investigated. This enzyme was perfectly inducible, intracellular and growth-associated type. A remarkable inactivation of enzyme was observed especially in the growing phase but could be prevented by the addition of 1 ~ 10 mm Mn2+ or by the feeding of ATC as the inducer at the mid-logarithmic phase. Enzymatic degradation of l-cysteine (or l-cystine) formed from ATC could be prevented by the addition of hydroxylamine or semicarbazide. Thus, l-cysteine and l-cystine were quantitatively produced from ATC. Optimal pH and temperature of enzymatic reaction were 8.2 and 42°C (2hr), respectively. A sigmoidal reaction curve was observed when intact cells were used as enzyme source, but sonic treatment of cells made the curve linear.
Molecular dynamics study of the photodissociation of carbon monoxide from myoglobin : ligand dynamics in the first 10 ps

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the dynamics of carbon monoxide following its photodissociation from the protein myoglobin. The stochastic boundary approximation is employed for the heme pocket in the presence of solvent. A new three-site model is used for the carbon monoxide that represents its quadrupole moment and includes anharmonic effects in its internal vibrations. The role of the protonation state of the distal histidine and its effect on the dynamics and conformation of the unbound ligand are determined. Analysis of the center-of-mass, rotational and vibrational dynamics of the ligand agrees well with the experimental data of Anfinrud, Han and Hochstrasser [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 8387]. The study seeks to interpret experimental data on the presence of binding sites in the heme pocket (corresponding to both red and blue shifts in the ligand vibrational frequency) which are reached by the ligand soon after dissociation, remain stable for upwards of 1 ns, and whose relative populations are strongly dependent on pH. The possibility that hydrogen bonding of the ligand to the distal histidinemay account for lig shifts.
Enhancement of chemical derivatization of steroids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Steroid derivatization was investigated by varying the experimental parameters (reagent, reaction time, and reaction temperature) to determine the optimal conditions for individual steroids, and for larger subsets. Three methods of derivatization enhancement were also investigated: the use of sonication, the use of a microwave heating, and the addition of solvents to the reaction mixture. On a comprehensive level, derivatization using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) was most efficient, while the application of solvent addition and microwave heating, in several cases, provided a clear enhancement. In addition, generalized rules for steroid derivatization are described.
Parthenogenesis in eggs of white leghorn chickens following an outbreak of visceral lymphomatosis.

SummaryFour Single Comb White Leghorn hens of a nonparthenogenetic strain, following a severe outbreak of visceral lympho-matosis, produced a significant number of unfertilized eggs, which upon being incubated, underwent parthenogenetic development. One hen (9243) produced unfertilized eggs, 37.5% of which exhibited parthenogenesis. This hen was subsequently mated to a Dark Cornish male from a strain averaging 5-7% parthenogenesis. Each of 8 virgin daughters of hen 9243 produced some eggs which underwent parthenogenetic development. Eggs of individual hens varied from 13 to 57%, while the average for the entire group was 32.7.Daughters of hen 9243 were subsequently mated first to Dark Cornish males and later to White Leghorn males of Beltsville breeding (non-parthenogenetic strain). Tests for parthenogenesis involving eggs of progeny revealed that the predisposition to parthenogenesis was transmitted from parents to progeny. Use of White Leghorn sires, however, tended to suppress parthenogenesis in eggs o...
Neuroanatomical and Neuropsychological Correlates of the Cerebellum in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – Combined Type

Objective Studies of healthy individuals and those with cerebellar damage have implicated the cerebellum in a variety of cognitive and behavioral processes. Decreased cerebellar volume has been found in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and differentially related to behavioral outcomes. The present study investigated whether smaller cerebellar vermis volume was present in children with ADHD–combined type (ADHD-C) compared with controls and whether volume related to parent- and teacher-reported levels of ADHD symptomatology. Method T1-weighted magnetic resonance images and parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms were acquired for 32 children diagnosed with ADHD-C and 15 typically developing controls. Participants were right-handed, had no comorbid diagnoses of learning disabilities, conduct disorder, or affective/mood disorder, and were 9 to 15 years of age. Results Participants with ADHD-C showed significantly smaller volume in the posterior inferior vermis compared with controls. No statistically significant differences were observed for cerebral volume, anterior vermis volume, posterior superior volume, or total cerebellar volume. Regression analyses indicated that a significant amount of the variance in parent-reported Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition, Hyperactivity and Attention and Conners Restless/Impulsive ratings was explained by volume of the posterior inferior vermis. Conclusions Consistent with previous studies, children with ADHD had smaller volume in the posterior inferior vermis. New findings emerged with smaller volume of the posterior inferior vermis predicting a significant amount of the variance in parent-reported hyperactivity, attention, and restlessness/impulsivity. Thus, symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention in ADHD may be partly explained by smaller volume of the cerebellar vermis and its connections within the cerebrum.
Formation of platelike colloidal gold

Abstract Gold laminar single crystals produced by reductions of auric chloride in acid solution were investigated. A series of different organic reductants and various experimental conditions were used in studying their effects as well as the general growth mechanism. Detailed studies of the auric chloride-salicylic acid system were made, and the results are in excellent agreement on those parts reported by Suito and Uyeda. The size of the small hole observed at the center of the plates is found of the order of 1000 A. whether with or without spiral growth steps. Analysis of the results on the growth for the first 24 hours coupled with electron microscopic observations indicate that the laminar plate formation is a result of aggregation and rearrangement of the primary produced particles of smaller size. Growth of platinum and palladium platelike particles also has been studied and observation presented.
Comparison of the retention of preschool and second-grade performers and observers under three verbalization conditions.

YUSSEN, STEVEN R., and SANTROCK, JOHN W. Comparison of the Retention of Preschool and Second-Grade Performers and Observers under Three Verbalization Conditions. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1974, 45, 821-824. 30 pairs of preschoolers and 30 pairs of second graders participated in pairs (as performers and observers) in a picture discrimination problem. In separate treatments given in the acquisition phase, (1) neither S verbalized, (2) the performer verbalized correct picture names, or (3) the observer verbalized correct picture names. Analyses of the children's attention to the problem revealed, contrary to expectation, no differences among age, treatment, or performance versus observer groups. Analysis of recall revealed that both saying and hearing names enhanced recall at both ages. For preschoolers, saying names was more facilitative than hearing names. A number of comparisons revealed no significant differences between performers and observers in parallel treatments.
A nonlinear model of the pure growth cycle

Abstract This paper develops one and two dimensional versions of a discrete-time growth model, which represents a set of ‘stylized facts’ about the U.S. macroeconomy. It is shown that stable, periodic, Li-Yorke chaotic and strongly ergodic behaviors are all possible, and that chaos occurs at economically plausible parameter values. Also, the model is simulated to illustrate some limitations of empirical methods currently used to detect chaos in time series. The results suggest that the power of these tests may be low when series are short.
How colorful the signed graph

Abstract The zero-free chromatic number χ∗ of a signed graph ∑ is the smallest positive number k for which the vertices can be colored using ±1, ±2,…,±k so that endpoints of a positive edge are not colored the same and those of a negative edge are not colored oppositely. We establish the value of χ∗ for some special signed graphs and prove in general that χ∗ equals the minimum size of a vertex partition inducing an antibalanced subgraph of ∑, and also the minimum chromatic number of the positive subgraph of any signed graph switching equivalent to ∑. We characterize those signed graphs with the largest and smallest possible χ∗, that is n, n−1, and 1, and the simple ones with the maximum and minimum χ∗, that is [ n 2 ] and 1, where n is the number of vertices. We give tighter bounds on χ∗ in terms of the underlying graphs, but they are not sharp. We conclude by observing that determining χ∗ is an NP-complete problem.
Implementing typed intermediate languages

Recent advances in compiler technology have demonstrated the benefits of using strongly typed intermediate languages to compile richly typed source languages (e.g., ML). A type-preserving compiler can use types to guide advanced optimizations and to help generate provably secure mobile code. Types, unfortunately, are very hard to represent and manipulate efficiently; a naive implementation can easily add exponential overhead to the compilation and execution of a program. This paper describes our experience with implementing the FLINT typed intermediate language in the SML/NJ production compiler. We observe that a type-preserving compiler will not scale to handle large types unless all of its type-preserving stages preserve the asymptotic time and space usage in representing and manipulating types. We present a series of novel techniques for achieving this property and give empirical evidence of their effectiveness.
Intrinsic Protein Disorder in the Regulation of Large Molecular Machines

We here report the molecular overlap of the linkage of three essential protein complexes that coordinate the formation of the mitotic spindle. These proteins are dynein, a large motor complex that moves machinery inside cells, and two of its regulators: a protein complex called dynactin, that is a dynein activator, and a protein called NudE whose depletion in mice produces a small brain and mental retardation. What is intriguing about the dynein/dynactin/NudE interplay is that dynactin and NudE bind to a common segment of dynein that is intrinsically disordered but with distinct binding modes. Elucidating details of these distinct modes explains how one regulator is selected over the other even when both are present in the same cellular compartment. Using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry we show that intrinsic disorder in a specific segment of dynein intermediate chain promotes local modifications like phosphorylation and splicing, promotes rapid equilibration of ensemble components in solution samples of complexes with moderate to weak binding affinities, and creates a bi-segmental binding site such that residue-level modification in and near one segment have minimal effect on the structure of the second segment thereby aiding in segregating of functions between two consecutive segments. These results underscore the role of disorder in the versatility of dynein binding to different regulators, and have far reaching impact not only on our understanding of processes essential for formation and orientation of the spindle, but also offer a novel role for protein disorder in controlling cellular processes, and highlight the advantages of NMR spectroscopy in elucidating atomic level characterization of extremely complex dynamic cellular assemblies.
Long-term results of Armstrong beveled grommet tympanostomy tubes in children.

Objective: Many different tympanostomy tubes have been developed with different sizes, shapes, compositions, and coatings. Despite the frequency of ventilation tube placement, very few large studies have examined the outcomes of patients receiving this procedure. An ideal tube would be easy to insert and would extrude at a predictable interval without complications. This study was performed to assess outcome measures and complication rates of the Armstrong beveled grommet tube. Design: A retrospective case series of patients who had Armstrong beveled grommet tympanostomy tubes placed over a 3 year period by two Children's Hospital of Wisconsin pediatric Otolaryngology staff. Main Outcome Measures: Patient age, diagnosis, operative findings, and time to tube extrusion were reviewed. Otorrhea, perforation, and cholesteatoma rates were also assessed. Results: Five hundred seven consecutive patients who had Armstrong tubes placed were reviewed. One thousand ninety-six Armstrong tubes were placed in these patients. Follow-up to extrusion rates were available for 756 tubes. The mean patient age at tube placement was 33.3 months, and the median age was 23 months. Mean and median times to extrusion were 16.5 and 15.5 months. One hundred sixty episodes of otorrhea were noted in 148 patients. Four patients had histories of cholesteatoma, none of which developed in conjunction with Armstrong tubes. Ten (1.32%) perforations that have not resolved over time were noted after Armstrong tube placement. Conclusions: Armstrong beveled grommet tympanostomy tubes have complication rates comparable with those reported for Armstrong or other short-acting tubes in smaller series.
Program aims to reduce impact of tsunamis on Pacific states

A state/federal partnership is underway to lessen the impact of tsunamis in U.S. communities along the Pacific Ocean. Now in its second year, the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program is continuing to prepare tsunami inundation maps, construct deepocean tsunami detectors, upgrade seismic networks, and develop mitigation plans for each state along the Pacific coast. Goals include providing early warning of tsunamis and educating residents about evacuation. Coastal communities in Alaska, northern California, southeastern Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington are particularly threatened by tsunamis generated by local earthquakes. For example, there is mounting geological and seismological evidence that a number of large, local earthquakes in the past 2000 years generated tsunamis resulting in sudden and extensive flooding along the coastlines of Washington, Oregon, and California [Clague, 1997]. The earthquake zones shown in Figure 1 subject all five Pacific states to local tsunami threat. These zones and other seismically active areas of the Pacific rim also expose these states to distant tsunami hazard.
Single-electron charging and Coulomb interaction in InAs self-assembled quantum dot arrays

Sequential single-electron charging is observed in InAs self-assembled quantum dots using capacitance spectroscopy. In this system, the Coulomb energy is smaller than the interlevel energy spacings due to the quantum confinement and both effects can be separately identified. A theoretical model is proposed for this system and the capacitance experiments were devised in order to experimentally observe the effects of Coulomb interaction between electrons on the dots. The effects of inter- and intradot Coulomb interaction have been observed in the capacitance spectra. A good agreement between the proposed model and experiment is achieved.
A nation state insufficiently imagined? Debating Pakistan in late colonial North India

Tropes of ‘insufficient national imagination’, ‘secular nationalism’ and ‘accidental state formation’ have long dominated historical accounts of Pakistan’s origins and have also been critical for e...
Distributed implementation of standard oracle operators

The standard oracle operator corresponding to a function $f$ is a unitary operator that computes this function coherently, i.e., it maintains superpositions. This operator acts on a bipartite system, where the subsystems are the input and output registers. In distributed quantum computation, these subsystems may be spatially separated, in which case we will be interested in its classical and entangling capacities. For an arbitrary function $f$, we show that the unidirectional classical and entangling capacities of this operator are ${\mathrm{log}}_{2}({n}_{f})$ bits (ebits) where ${n}_{f}$ is the number of different values this function can take. An optimal procedure for bidirectional classical communication with a standard oracle operator corresponding to a permutation on ${\mathbb{Z}}_{M}$ is given. The bidirectional classical capacity of such an operator is found to be $2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{log}}_{2}(M)$ bits. The proofs of these capacities are facilitated by an optimal distributed protocol for the implementation of an arbitrary standard oracle operator.
ADDITION OF ALBUMIN, BILIRUBIN, WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNT, AND OTHER ROUTINELY COLLECTED LABORATORY TESTS TO THE INTERMOUNTAIN RISK SCORE IMPROVES THE PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF DEATH AMONG A GENERAL HEALTHCARE POPULATION

The Intermountain Risk Score (IMRS), a sex-specific mortality-prediction metric created in a general medical population and validated in a variety of other populations has been shown to predict mortality. The IMRS is comprised of the components of the CBC, BMP, and age. Whether the addition of data
Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction.

Centrioles are conserved, self-replicating, microtubule-based 9-fold symmetric subcellular organelles that are essential for proper cell division and function. Most cells have two centrioles and maintaining this number of centrioles is important for animal development and physiology. However, how animals gain their first two centrioles during reproduction is only partially understood. It is well established that in most animals, the centrioles are contributed to the zygote by the sperm. However, in humans and many animals, the sperm centrioles are modified in their structure and protein composition, or they appear to be missing altogether. In these animals, the origin of the first centrioles is not clear. Here, we review various hypotheses on how centrioles are gained during reproduction and describe specialized functions of the zygotic centrioles. In particular, we discuss a new and atypical centriole found in sperm and zygote, the proximal centriole-like structure (PCL). We also discuss another type of atypical centriole, the “zombie” centriole, which is degenerated but functional. Together, the presence of centrioles, PCL, and zombie centrioles suggests a universal mechanism of centriole inheritance among animals and new causes of infertility. Since the atypical centrioles of sperm and zygote share similar functions with typical centrioles in somatic cells, they can provide unmatched insight into centriole biology.
Application of thermometric titrations to the study of soil organic matter. II. Humic acids

Abstract The technique of thermometric titrimetry was applied to the study of humic acid and its interaction with metal ions. The nature of the thermometric titration curve of humic acid with sodium hydroxide is consistent with the presence in humic acid of many classes of ionizable groups. La3+ and Cu2+ reacted endothermically with sodium humate and in each case 1 g organic matter reacted with approximately 1.7 mequiv. metal ion. The end point of these titrations was characterized by an abrupt “bump”, attributed to conformational changes in the macromolecular network of the organic matter accompanying precipitation of the metal-humate complexes. The thermometric method is also used to determine chloride in the presence of humic acid or sodium humate.
The apples and oranges of cost-effectiveness.

Measures of cost-effectiveness are used to compare the merits of diverse medical interventions. A novel drug for metastatic melanoma, for instance, can be compared with statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular events, which in turn can be compared against a surgical procedure for pain, as all are described by a single number: dollars per life-year (or quality-adjusted life-year) gained. Presumably, this number tells practitioners and payers which interventions provide the most benefit for every dollar spent. However, too often, studies of cost-effectiveness differ from one another. They can be based on data from different types of studies, such as randomized controlled trials, surveys of large payer databases, or single-center chart reviews. The comparison treatments may differ. And the treatments may be of unproven efficacy. In these cases, although the results are all expressed in dollars per life-year, we are comparing apples and oranges. In the following discussion, I use three key contemporary examples to demonstrate problems central to cost-effectiveness analysis. Together, these examples show that cost-effectiveness, arguably our best tool for comparing apples and oranges, is a lot like apples and oranges itself. I conclude by proposing some solutions. Language: en