cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the solid-state-bonding mechanism in friction stir welding

Abstract A critical assessment of various solid-state-bonding mechanisms is established for friction stir welding (FSW) processes of engineering alloys. The commonly assumed sintering-like diffusional-bonding hypothesis is criticized in this work as not the dominant mechanism. For the wide spectrum of material constitutive laws and FSW processing conditions examined and employed in realistic applications, the thermomechanical history on the workpiece–workpiece interface traverses in the creep-dominated regime for the growth/shrinkage of interfacial cavities. The evolution of the bonding fraction relies mainly on the creep strain rate in the adjourning workpieces, weakly on stress triaxiality, and negligibly on interfacial diffusion.
Rdimtools: An R package for Dimension Reduction and Intrinsic Dimension Estimation.

Discovering patterns of the complex high-dimensional data is a long-standing problem. Dimension Reduction (DR) and Intrinsic Dimension Estimation (IDE) are two fundamental thematic programs that facilitate geometric understanding of the data. We present Rdimtools - an R package that supports 133 DR and 17 IDE algorithms whose extent makes multifaceted scrutiny of the data in one place easier. Rdimtools is distributed under the MIT license and is accessible from CRAN, GitHub, and its package website, all of which deliver instruction for installation, self-contained examples, and API documentation.
An Extension of Buchberger's Criteria for Gröbner Basis Decision

Two fundamental questions in the theory of Grobner bases are decision (‘Is a basis G of a polynomial ideal a Grobner basis?’) and transformation (‘If it is not, how do we transform it into a Grobner basis?’) This paper considers the first question. It is well known that G is a Grobner basis if and only if a certain set of polynomials (the S -polynomials) satisfy a certain property. In general there are m ( m −1)/2 of these, where m is the number of polynomials in G , but criteria due to Buchberger and others often allow one to consider a smaller number. This paper presents two original results. The first is a new characterization theorem for Grobner bases that makes use of a new criterion that extends Buchberger’s criteria. The second is the identification of a class of polynomial systems G for which the new criterion has dramatic impact, reducing the worst-case scenario from m ( m −1)/2 S -polynomials to m −1.
Toolkit for emotional coping for healthcare staff (Techs): Helping healthcare workers cope with the demands of covid-19

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) are experiencing elevated levels of emotional distress, including traumatic stress, which may continue for months and years to come. To support HCWs, the Center for Pediatric Traumatic Stress created the Toolkit for Emotional Coping for Healthcare Staff (TECHS), a free, online, evidence-supported program. TECHS offers self-assessment tools for traumatic stress reactions and three coping tools that are rooted in cognitive behavioral and family therapy principles. TECHS, which comes in the form of a slide set and a pre-recorded webinar, can be implemented flexibly (e.g., small or large groups, individually, one one-hour administration or multiple shorter sections of time). Ideally, small groups of HCWs engage in TECHS together to help support team resilience. In implementing TECHS in a group, it is important to ensure participation is optional and to review expectations for confidentiality. The purpose of TECHS is to address the emotional needs of HCWs related to the pandemic and to offer a long overdue evidence-informed program that addresses the fourth aim of healthcare, improving the work life of HCWs. Sustaining emotional support programs such as TECHS is critical to maintain a functioning, effective, and healthy workforce across our healthcare institutions.
Removing independent noise in systems neuroscience data using DeepInterpolation.

Progress in many scientific disciplines is hindered by the presence of independent noise. Technologies for measuring neural activity (calcium imaging, extracellular electrophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) operate in domains in which independent noise (shot noise and/or thermal noise) can overwhelm physiological signals. Here, we introduce DeepInterpolation, a general-purpose denoising algorithm that trains a spatiotemporal nonlinear interpolation model using only raw noisy samples. Applying DeepInterpolation to two-photon calcium imaging data yielded up to six times more neuronal segments than those computed from raw data with a 15-fold increase in the single-pixel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), uncovering single-trial network dynamics that were previously obscured by noise. Extracellular electrophysiology recordings processed with DeepInterpolation yielded 25% more high-quality spiking units than those computed from raw data, while DeepInterpolation produced a 1.6-fold increase in the SNR of individual voxels in fMRI datasets. Denoising was attained without sacrificing spatial or temporal resolution and without access to ground truth training data. We anticipate that DeepInterpolation will provide similar benefits in other domains in which independent noise contaminates spatiotemporally structured datasets. DeepInterpolation is a self-supervised deep learning-based denoising approach for calcium imaging, electrophysiology and fMRI data. The approach increases the signal-to-noise ratio and allows extraction of more information from the processed data than from the raw data.
Cases and Materials on Patent Law: Chapter One

This casebook provides a thorough overview of the fundamentals of U.S. patent law. The book is organized in fourteen chapters. The casebook starts with the current statute in Title 35 of the United States Code. It then considers the requirement of “usefulness” necessary to receive patent protection. The book proceeds to explain the requirement of “novelty” as well as the “nonobviousness standard.” The book also examines the various roles of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), as well as the basics of the patent acquisition process. After its discussion of the USPTO, the book provides an overview of patent infringement, as well as the various defenses and available remedies under the United States patent statute. The book concludes with a look at the specialized legislation, known as the Hatch-Waxman Act, which established distinctive rules for patents on pharmaceuticals and other regulated products.
Inhibition of Antibody Synthesis by L-Phenylalanine

Antibody synthesis in response to the injection of diphtheria toxoid into rabbits and rats was used to study the effects of an excess of the amino acid L-phenylalanine on protein synthesis. Injections of phenylalanine produced a marked inhibition of antibody synthesis in both the rat and the rabbit. The dosage of phenylalanine used caused an increase over the normal concentration of phenylalanine in the plasma and spleen of rats, but did not cause a loss of weight or serum protein changes in the treated animals.
Performance potentials of compiler-directed data speculation

Compiler-directed data speculation has been implemented on Itanium systems to allow for a compiler to move a load across a store even when the two operations are potentially aliased This not only breaks data dependency to reduce critical path length, but also allows a load to be scheduled far apart from its uses to hide cache miss latencies. However, the effectiveness of data speculation is affected by the sophistication of alias analysis technique as well as the aggressiveness of the instruction scheduler. In general, the more sophisticated is the alias analysis technique, the less performance gain is from data speculation, and the more aggressive is the instruction scheduler, the more opportunity is for data speculation. In this paper we evaluate in various scenarios the performance potentials of data speculation for SPEC2000C benchmarks. For each scenario, we determine the performance contributions of data speculation due to both critical path reduction and cache miss latency reduction. We also show interesting statistics about the effects of scheduling constraints, the percentage of critical dependencies, the impacts of cache miss latencies, and the distances between the load locations before and after data speculation.
mTOR Complex 2 Stabilizes Mcl-1 Protein by Suppressing Its Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-Dependent and SCF-FBXW7-Mediated Degradation

mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates cell survival and growth through undefined mechanisms. Mcl-1, a Bcl-2 family protein, functions as an oncogenic protein. The connection between mTORC2 and Mcl-1 stability has not been established and was thus the focus of this study. Mcl-1 levels in cancer cells were decreased by mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs), which inhibit both mTORCs, by knocking down rictor and by knocking out rictor or Sin1 but not by silencing raptor. TORKinib treatment and rictor knockdown did not alter Mcl-1 mRNA levels but rather decreased its protein stability. Moreover, TORKinib-induced Mcl-1 reduction was rescued by proteasome inhibition. Consistently, TORKinib increased Mcl-1 ubiquitination. Hence, it is clear that inhibition of mTORC2 enhances Mcl-1 degradation, resulting in Mcl-1 reduction. Suppression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) or FBXW7 rescued Mcl-1 reduction induced by TORKinibs or rictor knockdown. Thus, mTORC2 inhibition apparently induces Mcl-1 degradation through a GSK3-dependent and SCF-FBXW7-mediated mechanism. Intriguingly, we detected a direct association between mTORC2 and SCF-FBXW7; this association could be inhibited by TORKinib treatment, suggesting that mTORC2 may directly associate with and inhibit the SCF-FBXW7 complex, resulting in delayed Mcl-1 degradation. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel mechanism by which mTORC2 regulates cell survival and growth by stabilizing Mcl-1.
Presence of Serum α-1-Fetoprotein in Alcoholic Hepatitis

Alpha-Fetoprotein was detected in a patient with alcoholic hepatitis during the acute phase of the illness. The alpha-fetoprotein was no longer detected as clinical improvement developed. No evidence of malignant disease was found after an extensive evaluation. This case represents another example of a non-neoplastic disease associated with the presence of increased serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein.
Esterases, Phosphatases, and Protein Patterns of Ditylenchus Triformis and Panagrellus Redivivus 1)

Specific and distinct phosphatases, esterases, and protein patterns were demonstrated by disc electrophoresis in acrylamide gel using whole body homogenates of the nematodes, Ditylenchus triformis and Panagrellus redivivus. Homogenates of P. redivivus contained at least 20 different proteins, 8 of which exhibited esterase, and 5 acid phosphatase activity. Four esterases, 4 acid phosphatases, and at least 16 distinct proteins were indentified in homogenates of D. triformis. No alkaline phosphatases were detected in either species.
Maternal obesity and overnutrition alter fetal growth rate and cotyledonary vascularity and angiogenic factor expression in the ewe

In pregnant sheep, maternal:fetal exchange occurs across placentomes composed of placental cotyledonary and uterine caruncular tissues. Recently, we reported that fetal weights of obese (OB) ewes [...
Sea ice: Multiyear cycles and white ice

The multiyear thickness cycles represent one of the interesting features of the sea ice studies performed by Semtner (1976) and Washington et al. (1976) with simple thermodynamic models of sea ice. In the present article, a description is given of results which show that the insulating effect of snow on the surface of the sea ice is important in producing these multiyear cycles given the physics included in the model. However, when the formation of white ice is included, the cycles almost disappear. White ice is the ice which forms at the snow-ice interface when the snow layer becomes thick enough to depress the ice below the water level. Water infiltrates the snow by coming through the ice at leads and generally freezes there, forming white ice.
Strain-dependent oxidant release in articular cartilage originates from mitochondria

Mechanical loading is essential for articular cartilage homeostasis and plays a central role in the cartilage pathology, yet the mechanotransduction processes that underlie these effects remain unclear. Previously, we showed that lethal amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were liberated from the mitochondria in response to mechanical insult and that chondrocyte deformation may be a source of ROS. To this end, we hypothesized that mechanically induced mitochondrial ROS is related to the magnitude of cartilage deformation. To test this, we measured axial tissue strains in cartilage explants subjected to semi-confined compressive stresses of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 MPa. The presence of ROS was then determined by confocal imaging with dihydroethidium, an oxidant sensitive fluorescent probe. Our results indicated that ROS levels increased linearly relative to the magnitude of axial strains (r(2) = 0.87, p 40%. By contrast, hydrostatic stress, which causes minimal tissue strain, had no significant effect. Cell-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn(III)tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride significantly decreased ROS levels at 0.5 and 0.25 MPa. Electron transport chain inhibitor, rotenone, and cytoskeletal inhibitor, cytochalasin B, significantly decreased ROS levels at 0.25 MPa. Our findings strongly suggest that ROS and mitochondrial oxidants contribute to cartilage mechanobiology.
Thermal decomposition of jet fuel model compounds under near-critical and supercritical conditions. 1: n-Butylbenzene and n-butylcyclohexane

Thermal decomposition of n-butylbenzene and n-butylcyclohexane was studied under near-critical and supercritical conditions in relation to future jet fuel thermal stability problems. The reactions of n-butylbenzene and n-butylcyclohexane can be explained by free-radical mechanisms, dominated by side-chain cracking. The major liquid products from n-butylbenzene were styrene and toluene. Toluene was the major product in the far supercritical region while styrene was the dominant product in the low-pressure subcritical region. The main liquid products from n-butylcyclohexane were 1-methylcyclohexene and cyclohexane. The 1-methylcyclohexene was a secondary product which was derived from methylenecyclohexane. This conversion was favored at high pressures. High pressures under supercritical conditions promoted radical addition reactions, leading to the formation of some high-molecular-weight compounds which were not observed under low-pressure conditions. The kinetic data obtained for the thermal decomposition ...
SU‐E‐T‐721: Validation of a 3D Treatment Verification System Based On AAPM TG‐119 Recommendations

Purpose: To use AAPM TG‐119 protocol to determine validity of a commercially available 3D treatment verification software system. The software determines dose in the patient CT dataset via a collapsed cone algorithm which is modeled on energy fluence of the linear accelerator. The software provides the user the ability to evaluate the dose difference and gamma factor relative to the treatment planning system (TPS). Methods: TG‐119 protocol structures were downloaded into a CT dataset of a plastic phantom which included an ion chamber planar array. The four central chambers were also contoured for dose statistics. IMRT plans were created in the TPS based on the protocol specifications. The plan parameters were transferred to the verification system for analysis via DICOM RT. Average dose and average gamma were determined for PTVs and OARs as well as the central chambers. V(100) was also determined for the PTVs. The ratio between the verification system and the TPS was tracked. Gamma analysis was based on 2%/2 mm deviation. Results: The normalized average dose (+/&−; 2σ) for PTVs, OARs, and centrally located chambers is 1.00 +/− 0.02, 0.95 +/− 0.10, and 0.98 +/− 0.08, respectively. The normalized V(100) for PTV is 0.98 +/− 0.08. The average gamma for PTVs, OARs and centrally located chambers is 0.27 +/− 0.26, 0.29 +/− 0.23, and 0.30 +/− 0.44, respectively. Conclusion: The TG‐119 protocol provides for an effective way to evaluate a 3D verification software system. It allows the user to ensure the system is functioning to institution specifications and also gives the user another method to assess quality of treatment plans.
Copulatory behaviour of rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a function of prior copulatory experience

Abstract Two experiments were reported which were designed further to elaborate the contributions of prior copulatory experience to copulatory behaviour in rats. In experiment 1—test 4 the behaviour of two groups of rats of equal age with 0 or 3 prior tests were compared. In experiment 1—test 7, performance of rats with 0, 3, or 6 prior tests was compared. In experiment 2 performance of rats with 0 or 4 prior tests was compared. Data were related to those of Larsson (1959) . Prior copulatory experience produced small, but generally reliable, decreases in mount, intromission, and ejaculation latencies. Intromission rates were generally increased. There was some trend for decreased mount and intromission frequencies. The effect of experience on postejaculatory intervals was a weak one. The prediction of differential effects of experience on measures controlled by Beach's hypothetical Arousal Mechanism and Copulatory Mechanism was not borne out.
A model to predict safe stages of development for rice field draining and field tests of the model predictions in the Arkansas grand prairie.

Due to the cost of extracting water, effective and efficient utilization of irrigation water for rice (Oryza sativa L.) is critical to rice farm profitability. The objective of this study is to predict safe stages of development for draining rice. This objective has the potential of saving rice farmers water. A computer program has been developed to predict the stage of development for draining water from rice field soils at which the risk of reduced grain yield or milling quality from insufficient water is considered to be near zero. The parameters of the model are predictions of(i) temperature during rice reproductive growth stages (RRGS) starting at R3, (ii) timing of various RRGS, (iii) maximum amount of water used by the rice crop at each growth stage, and (iv) the water held in the soil profile after draining which is available to the rice crop. The central goals of the model are to allow draining at an RRGS in which (a) the danger of reducing yield and quality from water deficits is at a minimum and (b) water is conserved and land conditions for harvest are improved. Experiments to test the predictions were conducted in 2005 and 2006 at two Arkansas locations: Gillett and Stuttgart. An experiment was also conducted at DeWitt, AR, in 2006. Draining at stages of development predicted by the model did not affect yield milling quality relative to the control for any year or location. Predicted water savings from reduced irrigation ranged between $10.26 to $55.44 ha -1 depending on pump depth. Implementation of the program can save money, reduce tillage costs, and reduce unnecessary depletion of the aquifers.
Interferon-γ acts directly on CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during virus infection

Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is important in regulating the adaptive immune response, and most current evidence suggests that it exerts a negative (proapoptotic) effect on CD8+ T cell responses. We have developed a novel technique of dual adoptive transfer, which allowed us to precisely compare, in normal mice, the in vivo antiviral responses of two T cell populations that differ only in their expression of the IFNγ receptor. We use this technique to show that, contrary to expectations, IFNγ strongly stimulates the development of CD8+ T cell responses during an acute viral infection. The stimulatory effect is abrogated in T cells lacking the IFNγ receptor, indicating that the cytokine acts directly upon CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during acute viral infection.
Microcomputer stabilization of a Fabry-Perot interferometer.

Fabry‐Perot interferometers typically require some form of active stabilization system for long‐term operation. A stabilization system based on a microcomputer is described which is able to maintain the finesse of a plane parallel Fabry‐Perot interferometer for long periods of time. The microcomputer takes the place of the multichannel analyzer, ramp generator, and stabilizer of a conventionally stabilized system. Sample data illustrating the operation of the system on the Brillouin spectrum of fused silica, with and without computer corrections, are included.
Local secretion of IL-12 augments the therapeutic impact of dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion vaccination

Background: The development of dendritic cell (DC)etumor fusion vaccines is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Using fusion vaccines allows a broad spectrum of known and unidentified tumor-associated antigens to be presented in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules, with potent co-stimulation provided by the DCs. Although DC etumor fusion cells are immunogenic, murine studies have shown that effective immunotherapy requires a third signal, which can be provided by exogenous interleukin 12 (IL-12). Unfortunately, systemic administration of IL-12 induces severe toxicity in cancer patients, potentially precluding clinical use of this cytokine to augment fusion vaccine efficacy. To overcome this limitation, we developed a novel approach in which DCetumor fusion cells locally secrete IL-12, then evaluated the effectiveness of this approach in a murine B16 melanoma model. Materials and methods: Tumor cells were stably transduced to secrete murine IL-12p70. These tumor cells were then electrofused to DC to form DCetumor heterokaryons. These cells were used to treat established B16 pulmonary metastases. Enumeration of these metastases was performed and compared between experimental groups using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Interferon g enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay was performed on splenocytes from treated mice. Results: We show that vaccination with DCs fused to syngeneic melanoma cells that stably express murine IL-12p70 significantly reduces counts of established lung metastases in treated animals when compared with DCetumor alone (P ¼ 0.029). Interferon g enzymelinked immunosorbent spot assays suggest that this antitumor response is mediated by
What's an FBI Poster Doing in a Nice Journal Like That?

Ihe by WILLARD GAYLIN he pages of the Archives of Dermatology, with their full-color pictures of exotic skin diseases, are likely to strike the uninformed eye as bizarre and somewhat repellent. But even the best informed must have been startled by page 308 of the February 1972 issue. There, occupying almost the entire page, was an FBI wanted poster! Appearing under the department heading, "News and Notes," the item looked identical to those appearing in police stations and post offices. But both of those are government agencies, and the Archives is an official publication of the American Medical Association. The graffiti that passes unnoticed in a subway station would outrage us if written on the wall of a church. It seems ironic that the AMA, which has consistently opposed government intrusion into medical matters even where a legitimate public interest has been proved, should now have volunteered the services of organized medicine into a government function-and in an area so alien from the traditional medical mission as tracking down criminals. Of course the thought occurs that it might not have been voluntary. The line between freedom and coercion is not so clearly drawn when the "petitioner" has the power of the Department of Justice. This thought, however, is only the first in the series of ethical and value questions inevitably raised by this eccentric utilization of a medical journal. The notice, which also appeared in the Archives of Internal Medicine, described a 30-year-old woman indicted by a grand jury for "conspiring with another individual" in an act involving the interstate transportation of explosives. The alleged conspiracy violation occurred early in 1970. Along with the usual pictures in various poses, physical description, and biographical material, appeared the statement that she was known to be afflicted with an "acute and recurrent" skin condition. It further elaborates: "The re-
Fatigue crack propagation behavior of a single crystalline superalloy

Crack propagation experiments were performed as a function of temperature on the single crystalline superalloy RENE N4. Crack growth rates at 21 °C, 704 °C, 927 °C, 1038 °C, and 1093 °C were measured on specimens with [001] and [110] directions parallel to the load axis and the machined notch, respectively. Fracture surfaces at each temperature were examined and discussed in terms of the crack tip stress field and the crystallographic orientation of the specimens.
The electrocardiogram following anastomosis of carotid artery to coronary sinus

Abstract This is a report of the electrocardiographic changes noted after coronary sinus ligation, anastomosis of the carotid artery to the coronary sinus, and subsequent ligation of the descending ramus of the left coronary artery. The changes following ligation of the coronary sinus are similar to those noted by Gross and his colleagues.2 These changes are transient and reflect disturbance of the myocardium due to mechanical trauma, and perhaps a transient ischemia due to venous congestion. Records taken at the time of anastomosis of the carotid artery to the coronary sinus show extensive changes in the QRS complex, the T waves, and the conductive mechanism. These changes are transient and reflect position change, temperature change, mechanical trauma, and myocardial injury. No change was noted at the moment of release of arterial blood into the sinus. Serial records following ligation of the descending ramus of the left coronary artery in dogs with patent anastomosis showed no sign of infarction in four of nine subjects; four showed suggestive signs of infarction; one showed definite signs of infarction. All survived the immediate postoperative period. In all cases of ligation in which the anastomosis was thrombosed there were signs of myocardial infarction. This evidence suggests that an arterial anastomosis into the coronary sinus will frequently protect the dog's heart against one-step ligation of the anterior descending ramus of the left coronary artery.
Pippard-coherence-length tensor for anisotropic superconductors.

In the framework of a generalized fully anisotropic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-type quantum theory, the low-temperature, low-field coherence-length tensor is derived from first principles. Anisotropy of the Fermi surface, the gap parameter, and the energy band structure in the effective-mass approximation is included. For lattice parameters and effective-mass ratios suitable for the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors the coherence lengths along the principal axes show a marked anisotropy exceeding 20:1. The coherence length along the $c$ axis is found to be of the order of the lattice spacing $c$, suggesting marginal two dimensionality.
On Strategies for Comparing Occupational Exposure Data to Limits

Parametric statistical approaches to assessing workplace exposure levels have typically focused either on the probability that a single measurement exceeds a limit or on whether the mean exposure for a population of workers exceeds a limit. This article reviews and clarifies some methods that have been proposed for each of these two approaches, on the assumption that the exposure data represent a random sample from a lognormal distribution. For tests concerning the mean exposure level, the authors developed a potentially useful new procedure based on a bound for noncentral t critical values. Appropriate sample size calculation are emphasized, and computer simulation is used to compare competing methods for assessing mean exposure. The authors conclude that the new proposed method offers an appealing alternative to existing methods in many cases. The importance of employiong an exposure assessment strategy that is is concert with underlying etiologic consideration is stressed.
Telomeres, Telomerase, and Human Disease

Dr. Steven Artandi explains that fundamental discoveries in chromosome and cell biology have ramifications for human health and disease. Recent investigations show that telomeres and telomerase are...
Immediate and delayed photocontact dermatitis from isopropyl dibenzoylmethane

Immediate and delayed photocontact dermatitis from the UVA absorber isopropyl dibenzoylmethane is described in 1 patient. In a dose response study in a 2nd patient with delayed photocontact dermatitis, the minimal dose of UVA needed to elicit a positive photopatch to isopropyl dibenzoylmethane 2% was determined to be 2 J/cm2.
Experiments on temporal and spatial chemical patterns

Two examples of bifurcation sequences observed in experiments on nonequilibrium reactions in continuous flow stirred reactors are discussed: one experiment demonstrates that bifurcation diagrams can serve as a tool for elucidating chemical mechanisms, and another experiment illustrates that even very complex bifurcation sequences need not include chaotic states. A discussion of chemical spatial patterns emphasizes the need for the development of spatially extended reactors in which patterns can be maintained indefinitely. Three such recently developed reactors are described.
Quenched chiral logs, the η′ mass, and the hairpin diagram

Abstract Limits on the size of quenched chiral logs in the pion mass for Wilson fermions are investigated. The smallness of chiral logs is shown to be a result of the suppression of the hairpin diagram for small p 2 , such that the value of the hairpin on the pion mass shell is much smaller than the physical m η ′ 2 . A direct calculation of the topological susceptibility from the same data gives m η ′ ∼ 1 GeV.
Optimal Surgical Performance Attenuates Physiologic Risk in High-Acuity Operations

Background The interplay between baseline physiology, operative performance, and postoperative recovery is poorly defined. We describe the beneficial effect of a successful operation on outcomes across the full spectrum of physiologic risk for an elective high-acuity procedure. Study Design Four hundred twelve consecutive pancreatic resections, performed between 2001 and 2008, were analyzed according to the Physiologic and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity. Baseline physiology was classified according to the Physiologic Severity Score: minor (≤ 16); intermediate (17 to 23); vulnerable (≥ 24). Surgical performance was assigned by the Operative Severity Score: class I (≤ 14); class II (15 to 17); class III (≥ 18). Physiologic and operative predictions were independently correlated with actual clinical and economic outcomes and then merged to measure the influence of surgical performance beyond baseline physiology. Results As baseline physiology declines, patients suffer more complications and require more therapeutic and invasive interventions. Within each physiologic risk grade, class I operations (optimal surgical performances) were associated with lower rates of morbidity, shorter hospital stays, and improved cost efficiency. Deeper analysis reveals that intraoperative blood loss is the most variable and influential factor affecting physiologic risk. Each additional unit (375 mL) of blood loss increases the odds of morbidity by 45%, prolongs hospital stay by 1 day, and costs an additional $4,000 per patient. Conclusions Predictive risk assessment accurately demonstrates that escalating physiologic risk worsens postoperative morbidity, prolongs hospital duration, and increases costs after such high-acuity operations. These effects are attenuated by improved operative performance.
Selective neurotoxins, chemical tools to probe the mind: the first thirty years and beyond.

For centuries, starting with the advent of the microscope, cytotoxins have been known to non-selectively destroy nerves and other tissue cells. However, neurotoxins restricted in effect to one kind of neuron are an invention of the 20th century. One might reasonably trace the origins of this field to 1960 when the Nobel Laureates, R. Levi-Montalcini and S. Cohen, showed that an antibody to nerve growth factor effectively prevented development of sympathetic nerves in the absence of overt changes in dorsal root ganglia and other neural and non-neural tissues. The year 1967 marks discovery of 6-hydroxydopamine, the first of dozens of chemically-selective neurotoxins. As stated by the physiologist W.B. Cannon, neural function can be deduced by denoting absence-deficits. A wealth of knowledge in neuroscience has been realized through the use of neurotoxins. In the 21st century we foresee neurotoxins for virtually all neurochemically-identifiable or receptor-specific neurons, acting at/via functional proteins or characteristic DNA sites. These tools will provide us with a better means to probe the mind and thereby lead to a fuller understanding of the intricate roles of identifiable neuronal systems in integrative neuroscience.
Reversible binding kinetics of a cytoskeletal protein at the erythrocyte submembrane

Reversible binding among components of the cellular submembrane cytoskeleton and reversible binding of some of these components with the plasma membrane likely play a role in nonelastic morphological changes and mechanoplastic properties of cells. However, relatively few studies have been devoted to investigating directly the kinetic aspects of the interactions of individual components of the membrane skeleton with the membrane. The experiments described here investigated whether one component of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton, protein 4.1, binds to its sites on the membrane reversibly and if so, whether the different 4.1-binding sites display distinct kinetic behavior. Protein 4.1 is known to stabilize the membrane and to mediate the attachment of spectrin filaments to the membrane. Protein 4.1 previously has been shown to bind to integral membrane proteins band 3, glycophorin C, and to negatively charged phospholipids. To examine the kinetic rates of dissociation of carboxymethyl fluorescein-labeled 4.1 (CF-4.1) to the cytofacial surface of erythrocyte membrane, a special preparation of hemolyzed erythrocyte ghosts was used, in which the ghosts became flattened on a glass surface and exposed their cytofacial surfaces to the solution through a membrane rip in a distinctive characteristic pattern. This preparation was examined by the microscopy technique of total internal reflection/fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (TIR/FRAP). Four different treatments were employed to help identify which membrane binding sites gave rise to the multiplicity of observed kinetic rates. The first treatment, the control, stripped off the native spectrin, actin, 4.1, and ankyrin. About 60% of the CF-4.1 bound to this control binded irreversibly (dissociation time > 20 min), but the remaining approximately 40% binded reversibly with a range of residency times averaging approximately 3 s. The second treatment subjected these stripped membranes to trypsin, which presumably removed most of the band 3. CF-4.1 binded significantly less to these trypsinized membranes and most of the decrease was a loss of the irreversibly binding sites. The third treatment simply preserved the native 4.1 and ankyrin. CF-4.1 binded less to this sample too, and the loss involved both the irreversible and reversible sites. The fourth treatment blocked the gycophorin C sites on the native 4.1-stripped membranes with an antibody. CF-4.1 again binded less to this sample than to a nonimmune serum control, and almost all of the decrease is a loss of irreversible sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Old Realities and New Myths

SENATOR FULBRIGHT'S recent excursion into the analysis of foreign policy has been hailed as a breath of fresh air that sweeps away the cobwebs of cant and misunderstanding. The history of postwar foreign policy explains why such a study is needed. The inspiring successes and inventive genius of the first Truman Administration-an era unparalleled in American history for resourceful and courageous adaptation to changing circumstances-have been succeeded by disarray and confusion in American foreign policy. Both the early postwar stereotypes and the grand design of policy are breaking down. Thus the Senator's objective-an objective of unmasking old myths and clarifying new realities-is necessary and salutary. But has the Senator reached his goal or has he rather obscured old realities and created new myths? Has he clarified the failings of our foreign policy since i950 or is he preparing the way for the mistakes of the late i960's? Has he analyzed the mistaken assumptions, the lost opportunities, and the changed contours of the problems or has he compounded the set of errors? Has he exorcised true myths or instead ghosts-pale reflections of positions that have been rejected for a decade? Has he correctly outlined the differences between the foreign policies of Stalin and Khrushchev or has his analysis falsified both positions? Has Senator Fulbright's use of social science produced deeper understanding of the problems of statecraft or has it produced misleading oversimplifications and erroneous generalizations? Matters that are very important and also very complex, such as international politics, naturally produce passionate dispute. One therefore often wants to write circumspectly in order to lower the fever of the debaters. There is also a proper role for the deliberately controversial piece. This is sometimes an important means for forcing re-examination of beliefs that are very deeply held. Senator Fulbright's book essays such a role. So does this review article.
Factors that influence fragmentation behavior of N-linked glycopeptide ions

The investigation of site-specific glycosylation is essential for further understanding the many biological roles that glycoproteins play; however, existing methods for characterizing site-specific...
A calcium-based phantom bursting model for pancreatic islets.

Insulin-secreting β-cells, located within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, are excitable cells that produce regular bursts of action potentials when stimulated by glucose. This system has been the focus of mathematical investigation for two decades, spawning an array of mathematical models. Recently, a new class of models has been introduced called ‘phantom bursters’ [Bertram et al. (2000) Biophys. J. 79, 2880–2892], which accounts for the wide range of burst frequencies exhibited by islets via the interaction of more than one slow process. Here, we describe one implementation of the phantom bursting mechanism in which intracellular Ca2+ controls the oscillations through both direct and indirect negative feedback pathways. We show how the model dynamics can be understood through an extension of the fast/slow analysis that is typically employed for bursting oscillations. From this perspective, the model makes use of multiple degrees of freedom to generate the full range of bursting oscillations exhibited by β-cells. The model also accounts for a wide range of experimental phenomena, including the ubiquitous triphasic response to the step elevation of glucose and responses to perturbations of internal Ca2+ stores. Although it is not presently a complete model of all β-cell properties, it demonstrates the design principles that we anticipate will underlie future progress in β-cell modeling.
Compression of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve at the adductor hiatus producing pain without muscle atrophy

Compression of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve distal to the pisohamate hiatus is rare. Two cases of compression of the deep branch at the adductor hiatus are presented. These cases are unique because of pain in the hand without muscle atrophy. One patient has had surgical treatment, and the other patient's symptoms are not severe enough to warrant surgical treatment.
A simple proof of the planar rectilinear Steiner ratio

The rectilinear Steiner ratio is the worst-case ratio of the length of a rectilinear minimum spanning tree to the length of a minimal tree. Hwang proved that the ratio for point sets in the plane is 3/2. We provide a simple proof of the 3/2-bound.
Interleukin-6 and interferon-γ gene polymorphisms in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation

Background. A number of genetic polymorphisms have been shown to regulate the production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, transforming growth factor (TGF)-1, interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10. Several of these genetic polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with either acute or chronic rejection of kidney, liver, and heart allografts and with development of allograft fibrosis after lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of these genetic polymorphisms on the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) after lung transplantation. Methods. Genetic polymorphisms were detected by means of polymerase chain reaction in 93 lung allograft recipients for functional polymorphisms in the TNF- (308), TGF- 1( 869 and 915), IL-6 (174), IFN- (874), and IL-10 (1082, 819, and 592) genes. Then, a correlation between BOS development and the presence of these cytokine genotypes was determined using Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis. Results. A significant correlation was detected between the presence of high-expression polymorphisms of the IL-6 and IFN- genes and BOS development after lung transplantation (P0.045 and 0.039, respectively). Also, patients with high-expression polymorphisms in both genes developed BOS significantly earlier than patients with low-expression polymorphisms in one or both genes, suggesting a synergistic effect of the alleles during BOS pathogenesis (P0.016). No correlation was detected between polymorphisms of the TNF-, TGF-1, and IL-10 genes and development of BOS after lung transplantation. Conclusions. The presence of high-expression polymorphisms at position 174 of the IL-6 gene and position 874 of the IFN- gene significantly increases the risk for BOS development after lung transplantation.
“Time Given Freely to Worthwhile Causes:” Anna S. Espenschade's Contributions to Physical Education1

(2000). “Time Given Freely to Worthwhile Causes:” Anna S. Espenschade's Contributions to Physical Education1. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 99-115.
Hypnotizability and the inadvertent experience of pain: A brief communication

Abstract A clinical case of dental phobia similar to that reported by Frankel (1974, 1975) is presented that suggests a relationship between high hypnotiz-ability and the genesis of phobic behavior. Further, the experience of pain despite anesthesia is speculatively linked to hypnosis and the mechanism for the development of the phobia.
Electric dipole moment of the muon in a two Higgs doublet model

The electric dipole moment of the muon ${(d}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})$ is evaluated in a two Higgs doublet model with a softly broken discrete symmetry. The leading contributions from both one-loop and two-loop diagrams are considered. For $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\equiv}|{v}_{2}|/|{v}_{1}|$ close to one, contributions from two-loop diagrams involving the $t$ quark and the $W$ boson dominate, while for $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}10$, contributions from two-loop diagrams involving the $b$ quark and the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton are dominant. In these two regions, ${d}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\approx}{(m}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{/m}_{e}{)d}_{e}.$ For $8\ensuremath{\gtrsim}\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}4$, significant cancellation occurs among the contributions from two-loop diagrams and the one-loop contribution dominates for $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}7$. For $\mathrm{tan}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}15$, the calculated ${d}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ can be close to the reach of a recently proposed experiment at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
René Thom’s work on geometric homology and bordism

By the early 1950’s algebraic topology had reached great heights with Serre’s thesis and the calculations in the seminar of Henri Cartan of the cohomology of spaces with one nonzero homotopy group in terms of Steenrod operations. There was also the appearance of the new characteristic classes of vector bundles, Pontryagin classes (Z coefficients) and Chern-Weil classes (coefficients in R) joining those of Stiefel Whitney (Z mod 2 coefficients). Rene Thom absorbed all this structure, made vigorous use of it, and added a geometric perspective that combined to revolutionize topology, manifold theory, and algebraic geometry. For the unexpected and fertile results in bordism (closed manifolds mod boundaries of manifolds) of the 1954 paper [1], Thom received the Fields Medal at Edinburgh in 1958. Many more applications of Thom’s ideas came even later.
Abstract 2857:SULT1A1gene copy number variations and functional polymorphism in relation to breast cancer risk

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 enzyme plays an important role in the detoxification of environmental and dietary procarcinogens as well as the regulation of a number of steroid hormones, including estrogens. SULT1A1 gene is located in the short arm of chromosome 16, which has been shown to contain many repetitive sequences and to be highly duplicated. It has been suggested that SULT1A1 gene displays variations in copy number. In our previous study, a common functional polymorphism rs9282861 (213Arg>His) in SULT1A1 was associated with an elevated risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal Caucasian women. In this study, we evaluated copy number variations and functional polymorphism rs9282861 of SULT1A1 gene in relation to breast cancer risk. Included in the study were 1,989 breast cancer cases and 1,918 controls from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study II, a population-based, case-control study conducted among Chinese women. SULT1A1 gene copy number was determined by real-time PCR assays and genotyping was conducted using TaqMan assays. One to five copies of the SULT1A1 were observed in our population. Approximately 22.6% of these women were found to have more than 2-copy of the SULT1A1 gene and 1.7% of these women were found to have 1-copy of the gene. No woman was found to have null copy of SULT1A1 gene. No overall association of the SULT1A1 gene copy number variations with breast cancer risk was observed. We found that the A allele (213His) of rs9282861 was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer risk. Women carrying GA/AA genotypes had an OR of 0.81 (95%CI=0.68-0.97) compared to women carrying GG genotype. The inverse association was constraint in pre-menopausal women with OR of 0.68 (95%CI=0.53-0.87) for women carrying GA/AA genotypes compared to those carrying GG genotype. There is no interaction between SULT1A1 gene copy number variations and polymorphism 213Arg>His in relation to breast cancer risk. Our data suggest that functional 213Arg>His polymorphism of SULT1A1 gene, not SULT1A1 gene copy number change, may play a role in the etiology of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2857.