cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The restoration of extinguished avoidance responses

Abstract Following extensive signaled shuttlebox avoidance training, Fischer 344 rats were given extinction trials until they reliably stopped responding and, thereafter, they received occasional classical CS-UCS pairings during the course of restoration test trials in which shock was absent. Experiment I demonstrated that the classical contingency was both necessary and sufficient for the complete recovery of such behavior. Experiment II revealed that the degree of recovery was not differentially affected by the frequency of such CS-UCS pairings. However, in Experiment III recovery in the presence of this contingency was shown to depend on the number of previous extinction trials, although even after a large number of such trials, a considerable degree of recovery occurred. These findings demonstrated the central role of the classical CS-UCS contingency in restoring a previously extinguished avoidance response.
Expression of Cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme and 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in the Rat Central Nervous System: A Study by Polymerase Chain Reaction and In Situ Hybridization

In examining steroid synthesis in the CNS, expression of the mRNAs encoding for cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450 scc ) and 3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase/Δ 5 -Δ 4 isomerase (3β-HSD) has been studied in the rat brain. P450 scc transforms cholesterol into pregnenolone and 3β-HSD transforms pregnenolone into progesterone. PCR was used to amplify cDNA sequences from total RNA extracts. Classical steroidogenic tissues, like adrenal and testis, as well as the non-steroidogenic tissue lung have been used as controls. The expression of P450 scc and 3β-HSD have been demonstrated by PCR in cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. In addition, primary cultures of rat cerebellar glial cells and rat cerebellar granule cells were found to express P450 scc and 3β-HSD at comparable levels. Furthermore, three of the four known isoenzymes of 3β-HSD were identified, as determined using selective PCR primers coupled with discriminative restriction enzymes and sequencing analysis of the amplified brain products. Using RNA probes, in situ hybridization indicated that P450 scc and 3β-HSD are expressed throughout the brain at a low level and mainly in white matter. Enrichment of glial cell cultures in oligodendrocytes, however, does not increase the relative abundance of P450 scc and 3β-HSD mRNA detected by PCR. This discrepancy suggests that the developmental state of cultured cells and their intercellular environment may be critical for regulating the expression of these enzymes. These findings support the proposal that the brain apparently has the capacity to synthesize progesterone from cholesterol, through pregnenolone, but that the expression of these enzymes appears to be quite low. Furthermore, the identification of these messages in cerebellar granule cell cultures implies that certain neurons, in addition to glial cells, may express these steroidogenic enzymes.
Pulsating neuron produced by electron-trapping materials

We report our results from the study of the dynamics of electron-trapping materials (ETM's) under simultaneous illumination of pulsed blue light and constant IR light. By combining the dynamic property of ETM with the S-shaped nonlinear I-V characteristic of a programmable unijunction transistor, we produce an optoelectronic pulsating neuron. A proof-of-concept experiment successfully produces oscillations and demonstrates the great potential of using ETM's to implement dense arrays of pulsating neurons.
Families of multiresolution and wavelet spaces with optimal properties

Under suitable conditions, if the scaling functions ϕ1 and ϕ2 generate the multiresolutions V (j)(ϕ1) and V (j)(ϕ2), then their convolution ϕ1*ϕ2also generates a multiresolution V (j)(ϕ1*ϕ2) More over, if p is an appropriate convolution operator from l 2 into itself and if ϕ is a scaling function generating the multiresolution V (j)(ϕ),then p*ϕis a scaling function generating the same multiresolution V (j)(ϕ)=V (j)(p*ϕ). Using these two properties, we group the scaling and wavelet functions into equivalent classes and consider various equivalent basis functions of the associated function spaces We use the n-fold convolution product to construct sequences of multiresolution and wavelet spaces V (j)(ϕn) and W (j)(ϕn) with increasing regularity. We discuss the link between multiresolution analysis and Shannon's sampling theory. We then show that the interpolating and orthogonal pre- and post-filters associated with the multiresolution sequence V (0)(ϕn)asymptotically converge to the ideal lowpass filter of S...
Hairlike carbon-fiber-based solar cell

This paper reports the fabrication and photovoltaic (PV) demonstration of macro-length, micron-diameter hairlike solar cells. In this design of cylindrical silicon solar cell with a radial p-n architecture, the carbon fiber (CF) serves as the core electrode as well as fabrication substrate, and polysilicon (poly-Si) is used as the shell photoactive material. Uniform deposition of poly-Si on the cylindrical-shape CF substrate was achieved by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) with the silicon layer thickness ranging from 0.85um to 10um. A preliminary study of an 11um-diameter single-fiber solar cell demonstrates that this initial device exhibits photovoltaic effect with an open-circuit voltage (Vo c ) of 0.14 V, a short-circuit current density (J sc ) of 1.7 mA/cm2 and an efficiency of 0.04%.
Cu and O NMR studies of the magnetic properties of YBa2Cu3O6.63 (Tc=62 K).

The microscopic magnetic properties of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.63}$ (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=62 K) have been investigated in Cu and O NMR experiments. Unlike the fully oxygenated Y-Ba-Cu-${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}90 K), the various components of the Cu and O Knight-shift tensors show strong but identical temperature dependences in the normal state. This supports the picture that there is only one spin component in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes. The spin susceptibility deduced from Knight-shift results shows significant reduction with decreasing temperature in the normal state. The temperature dependences of the nuclear-spin-relaxation rates (1/${\mathit{T}}_{1}$) are very different for the Cu and the O sites. 1/(${\mathit{T}}_{1}$T) at the O sites is nearly proportional to the spin susceptibility. 1/(${\mathit{T}}_{1}$T) at the Cu sites shows a broad peak around 150 K. We discuss these relaxation behaviors based on a model of the dynamical spin susceptibility proposed by Millis, Monien, and Pines.
Conductance of quantum impurity models from quantum monte carlo

The conductance of two Anderson impurity models, one with twofold and another with fourfold degeneracy, representing two types of quantum dots, is calculated using a world-line quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method. Extrapolation of the imaginary time QMC data to zero frequency yields the linear conductance, which is then compared to numerical renormalization-group results in order to assess its accuracy. We find that the method gives excellent results at low temperature $(T\ensuremath{\lesssim}{T}_{\text{K}})$ throughout the mixed-valence and Kondo regimes but it is unreliable for higher temperature.
Genetic analysis of tumorigenesis: V. Chromosomal analysis of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic diploid chinese hamster cell lines

The chromosomal constitution of four established diploid Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast (CHEF) cell lines is described. CHEF/18 exhibits anchorage-dependent growth and is not tumorigenic in nude mice. CHEF/16 has a high plating efficiency in methylcellulose and is highly tumorigenic in nude mice. Both CHEF/18 and CHEF/16 have a normal Giemsa banding pattern and constitutive heterochromatin distribution characteristic of normal diploid Chinese hamster cells and exhibit relatively little chromosomal variation within their cell populations. These results suggest that the nuclear changes responsible for tumorigenicity of CHEF/16 involve alterations below the level detectable by Giemsa banding analysis. Chromosome rearrangements were detected in two other CHEF cell lines, CHEF/205-30, a diploid, thioguanine-resistant derivative of CHEF/18, and CHEF/204-Bu 50, a diploid, 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant derivative of CHEF/16, which are being used as genetic markers in intraspecific somatic cell hybrids.
Capillary waves with variable surface tension

The classical problem of capillary waves propagating at a constant velocity at the surface of a fluid of infinite depth is reexamined. The surface tension is assumed to vary along the free surface. The problem is solved numerically by series truncation. It is shown that the properties of the waves are qualitatively similar to those of waves with constant surface tension and that there are nonsymmetric waves with variable surface tension.
Pd/P(t-Bu)3: A mild and general catalyst for Stille reactions of aryl chlorides and aryl bromides

Pd/P(t-Bu)(3) serves as an unusually reactive catalyst for Stille reactions of aryl chlorides and bromides, providing solutions to a number of long-standing challenges. An unprecedented array of aryl chlorides can be cross-coupled with a range of organotin reagents, including SnBu(4). Very hindered biaryls (e.g., tetra-ortho-substituted) can be synthesized, and aryl chlorides can be coupled in the presence of aryl triflates. The method is user-friendly, since a commercially available complex, Pd(P(t-Bu)(3))(2), is effective. Pd/P(t-Bu)(3) also functions as an active catalyst for Stille reactions of aryl bromides, furnishing the first general method for room-temperature cross-couplings.
Amyloid precursor protein potentiates the neurotrophic activity of NGF.

Cortical amyloid precursor protein (APP) is induced and secreted in response to subcortical lesions of cholinergic innervation. To understand the physiological role of the induced APP, we have characterized its neurotrophic activity on PC12 cells. Highly purified human APP751 (50–1000 pM) induced outgrowth of neurites. The neurotrophic activity was inhibited by an antibody that was directed to the C-terminal portion of the secreted APP but not by an antibody directed to the KPI domain. The neurotrophic activity of APP was independent of the TrkA NGF receptor because neither phospholipase C-γ1 nor TrkA exhibited tyrosine phosphorylations with APP treatment. Furthermore, APP stimulated neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells lacking TrkA receptors. At lower concentrations (10–50 pM), APP synergistically potentiated the neurotrophic effects of NGF when added with NGF or before NGF as a priming pretreatment. These results implicate APP, a rapidly induced protein in the injured cortex, as a potentiating agent that may render compromised neurons more responsive to low levels of NGF or other neurotrophins.
Recent and upcoming innovation in the technology of hip arthroscopy

The advancements in our understanding of hip anatomy and pathology have stimulated the innovation of new products and technologies in hip arthroscopy. Specialized patient-positioning systems can help optimize the limb distraction and joint access that is critical for accessing the hip joint. Guiding systems have been developed to reduce the risk of iatrogenic damage and improve the efficiency and safety by which the secondary portals are established. Suture anchors now commonly contain polylactic acid with varying isomer compositions that help control the rate with which these anchors are reabsorbed. The addition of composite anchors may potentially offer improved anchor-osseus fixation and degradation characteristics. Knotless anchors are now becoming available and hold the potential to improve the ease and speed of achieving stable anchor fixation. Specialized instruments, including flexible and maneuverable thermal probes, extra-long cannulas, and extra-long shavers, burs, drills, implants, and loose body retrieval devices have improved access to the hip joint and have expanded the spectrum of indications for arthroscopy of the hip. These aforementioned products and technologies are representative of an exciting period of growth and innovation in the armamentarium of tools available to surgeons versed in hip arthroscopy. This work explores some of the new products and technologies that have recently come to market in hip arthroscopy that have and potentially will continue to improve our ability to arthroscopically treat hip pathology.
A binary tree decomposition space of permutation statistics

Abstract Based on the binary tree decomposition of a permutation, a natural vector space of permutation statistics is defined. Besides containing many well known permutation statistics, this space provides the general context for an archetypal recurrence relationship that contains most of the classic combinatorial sequences and some of their known generalizations.
Anesthesia induces neuronal cell death in the developing rat brain via the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways

It was shown recently that exposure of the developing rat brain during the peak of synaptogenesis to commonly used general anesthetics can trigger widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in many regions of the developing rat brain and persistent learning/memory deficits later on in life. To understand the mechanism by which general anesthetics induce apoptotic neuronal death we studied two common apoptotic pathways--the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway--at different time points during synaptogenesis. We found that the intrinsic pathway is activated early on during anesthesia exposure (within two hours), as measured by the down-regulation of bcl-x(L), up-regulation of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9 in 7-day-old rats (the peak of synaptogenesis), but remains inactivated in 14-day-old rats (the end of synaptogenesis). The extrinsic pathway is activated later on (within six hours of anesthesia exposure), as measured by the up-regulation of Fas protein and the activation of caspase-8 in 7-day-old rats, but remains inactivated in 14-day-old rats. Anesthesia-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration is age dependent with vulnerability closely correlating with the timing of synaptogenesis, i.e. the developing brain is most sensitive at the peak of synaptogenesis (7 days old) and least sensitive at the end of synaptogenesis (14 days old).
Viscoelastic properties of cross-linked solutions of poly(β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in diethylene glycol

The creep compliance of network polymers of poly(β-hydroxyethyl monomethacrylate) crosslinked by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and swollen by diethylene glyool was measured. Eight samples crosslinked to various degrees (crosslinking agent content 0.085–2.058×10−4 moles cm−3) and swollen to equilibrium were used; also, six samples in the same range of crosslinking degree, swollen to approximately the same volume fraction of polymer,v2=0.59-0.55.
Age of Acquisition and Sensitivity to Gender in Spanish Word Recognition

Speakers of gender-agreement languages use gender-marked elements of the noun phrase in spoken-word recognition: A congruent marking on a determiner or adjective facilitates the recognition of a subsequent noun, while an incongruent marking inhibits its recognition. However, while monolinguals and early language learners evidence this gender-marking effect, late learners do not (Guillelmon & Grosjean 2001). The goals of this study were to determine whether early learners who are not dominant in the gender-marking language (Spanish) can use gender cues in spoken-word recognition and whether the ability of both early and late learners to do so is a function of the noun’s gender-marking transparency. Results of a word-repetition task, completed by 32 native Spanish speakers and 64 English-dominant early and late learners of Spanish indicate that both types of learners make use of gender cues during spoken-word recognition, and that gender-marking transparency may influence this process.
Localization of inter-rib spaces for lung texture analysis and computer-aided diagnosis in digital chest images

An automated method for sampling lung textures in digital posterior/anterior chest images is being developed for use in computer-aided diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary diseases. In our present approach, two vertical profiles in the periphery of both lungs are fitted with a shift-variant sinusoidal function from which we estimate locations of posterior ribs and inter-rib spaces. Regions of interest (ROI's) for sampling lung textures are then automatically centered on the calculated locations of inter-rib spaces. In tests with 66 chest images, the overall success rate in placing 6.4 mm X 6.4 mm ROI's within inter-rib spaces with this method was 71%, with an average of 18 ROI's selected in 4-5 s/image by a VAX11/750 computer. When four additional alternative ROI's were selected on the sides of each original ROI, the success rate in having at least one ROI correctly located in an inter-rib space increased to 94%. Since we are still developing a fully automated sampling method, the present approach has been incorporated into a semiautomated method that is currently being used to sample lung textures from a large number of clinical cases.
Interleukin-2 correction of defective in vitro T-cell mitogenesis in patients with common varied immunodeficiency.

We studied the ability of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and two anti-T-cell monoclonal antibodies, OKT3 and Pan T2, to induce interleukin-2 (IL2) production and proliferation in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 14 patients with combined varied immunodeficiency (CVI). The median values of endogenous IL2 produced by mitogen-stimulated PBL was significantly lower in patients than controls irrespective of the mitogen used. The patients, taken as a group, had a significantly decreasedin vitro PBL response to mitogen stimulation when compared to controls. With the addition of a highly purified human IL2 preparation, the proliferative response in the majority of patients was significantly improved with all mitogens. Three patient groups could be distinguished: Group A (3/14) had full restoration of proliferative response with the addition of IL2, Group B (5/14) had partial restoration, and Group C (6/14) had no significant response. The monoclonal antibody, Pan T2, recognized a T-cell proliferative defect in 5 of 14 patients which neither PHA nor OKT3 recognized. This was not significantly corrected by the addition of IL2. This T-cell proliferative defect correlated with the lack of B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production in response to B-cell mitogens in three-fourths of the patients assayed. These data show that CVI patients are a heterogeneous group but have in common a decreasedin vitro production of IL2 resulting in a proliferative defect which is correctable at least in part,in vitro, in the majority by the addition of purified IL2.
Ureteral Obstruction in Pregnancy

This 19-year-old primigravida presented with fever and right-flank pain at 22 weeks of gestation. Renal ultrasonography showed caliceal dilatation of 23 mm in the right kidney.
Lack of a functional plastid tRNACys gene is associated with loss of photosynthesis in a lineage of parasitic plants

We recently reported that the gene for chloroplast tRNACys(GCA) is a pseudogene in the plastid DNA of Epifagus virginiana, a non-photosynthetic parastic flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. Since this is the only tRNACys gene in the plastid genome, and since Epifagus appears to possess a functional plastid translational apparatus, it seems probable that nuclear-encoded tRNAs are imported into plastids to effect translation. In this study we have surveyed species closely related to Epifagus to establish how widespread the loss of this tRNA gene has been. We find that Conopholis americana, another non-photosynthetic parasite, lacks the gene altogether, but that seven closely-related photosythetic plants (both parasitic and free-living) maintain an intact chloroplast tRNACys gene. Thus, the tRNACys gene appears to have become non-functional at the same time that photosynthetic ability was lost. This may be because the levels of putatively imported tRNAs are sufficient to meet the demands of plastid gene expression under nonphotosynthetic conditions only.
The application and measurement of artificial rainfall on types FA and F infiltrometers

In field-use of the types FA and F infiltrometers, some difficulties have been experienced in the consistent and uniform application and accurate measurement of artificial precipitation. Because consequent inaccuracies in computed infiltration-rates seemed undesirably large, it was considered desirable to work out improvements in existing equipment and to test a number of methods for measuring rates of water applied with the improved instruments. Accordingly, studies were organized to accomplish three main objectives: (1) To review all practical suggestions for the improvement of both instruments and to incorporate them into the existing infiltrometers so as to provide instruments as free as possible of ordinary inaccuracies in water-application (2) To test the shape and stability of rainfall-patterns applied with the improved equipment and to estimate the effect of variations in plot-slope and rainfall-rate upon shape and stability of patterns (3) To evaluate the merits and accuracy of several methods of measuring rates of rainfall and to show how the accuracy of selected methods is affected by variations in plot-slope, rainfall rate, and other factors.
Agent-based supply chain management modeling and simulation

We used an agent-based modeling approach to study the bullwhip effect under different demand patterns, order policies, and supply chain structures. We are able to confirm that information sharing can reduce the bullwhip effect across various demand patterns. Furthermore, we extended the serial supply chains to supply chain networks, and verified that the benefit of information sharing is also present in networked supply chains.
National material metrics for industrial ecology

Abstract We present an assembly of metrics for monitoring environmental performance at the national level, based on the flow of materials through the US economy. To set the stage, we show a schematic rendering of national materials flows, identifying the most important flow components. We compare and contrast amounts of materials entering and exiting the economy, using weight as the common measure. Additionally, we relate physical data on materials consumption and disposal to monetary measures of national economic activity. Eight general classes and eighteen individual metrics comprise the set. For several, we provide quantitative examples. Our aim is to initiate a framework for assessing national materials use which helps prevent pollution, reduce waste and encourage efficient resource use.
Ligation-induced acute pancreatitis in opossums: acinar cell necrosis in the absence of colocalization.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in opossums after bile and pancreatic duct ligation (BPDL) is a useful experimental corollary of gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis in humans. In experimental and human acute pancreatitis, a loss of segregation of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B and the zymogen proenzyme trypsinogen (colocalization) is implicated as the triggering event of disease pathogenesis, as cathepsin B can activate trypsinogen. The object of this study was to quantitate acinar cell necrosis and to study subcellular distribution of cathepsin B in BPDL-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in opossums. Bile and pancreatic ducts were ligated separately (no bile reflux) in four opossums, while ducts were dissected in four sham controls. Opossums were killed 24 hr after operation. Three equidistant cross-sectional portions of each opossum pancreas were submitted to histologic examination. In blinded fashion, each focus of acinar cell necrosis was photographed and quantitated with digitizing morphometry. Numerical density (foci/cm 2 ) and areal density (×10 3 μm 2 /cm 2 ) of focal acinar cell necrosis were determined. Differentially centrifuged pancreatic homogenates were assayed for cathepsin B, the lysosomal marker enzyme N-acetylglucosaminidase, and amylase. Morphometric quantitation of acinar cell necrosis confirmed development of acute necrotizing pancreatitis after 24 hr of BPDL in opossums. However, colocalization was not observed after BPDL, as evidenced by an absence of subcellular shift of cathepsin B activity (and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity) from the lysosome-enriched to the zymogen-enriched subcellular fraction. Amylase activity was increased in subcellular fractions after BPDL. In this experimental corollary of early gallstone-induced acute pancreatitis, colocalization is not the triggering event of acute necrotizing pancreatitis pathogenesis, as acinar cell necrosis occurs even in the absence of colocalization
Correction: Assessment of a method to detect signals for updating systematic reviews

Correction Following publication of our article [1], we became aware that the following disclaimer was missing: This project was funded under Contract No. HHSA290200710062I from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The authors of this report are responsible for its content. Statements in the report should not be construed as endorsement by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Thermodynamic properties of HFC-32 (difluoromethane)

Abstract An 18-coefficient modified Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state of HFC-32 (difluoromethane) has been developed, based on the updated available PVT measurements, heat capacity measurements and speed of sound measurements. Correlations of vapor pressure and saturated liquid density are also presented. The correlations have been developed based on the reported experimental saturation properties data. This equation of state is effective both in the superheated gaseous phase and compressed liquid phase at pressures up to 70 MPa, densities to 1450 kg/m 3 , and temperatures from 150 to 475 K, respectively.
Fibrous monoliths: non-brittle fracture from powder-processed ceramics

Abstract Fibrous monoliths are non-brittle ceramics, fabricated from conventional powders using new methods that create a fibrous mesostructure to obtain an in situ composite. Ceramic-BN fibrous monoliths fracture like wood, with graceful failure occurring by shear delamination. Examples are Si 3 N 4 -BN fibrous monoliths, which have flexural strengths around 460 MPa between room temperature and 1000 °C and retain about half of their load-bearing ability after failure initiates, which apparent fracture energies up to 4800 J m −2 (SiC-alloy)-BN fibrous monoliths have flexural strengths around 400 MPa and exhibit graceful failure between room temperature and 1200 °C. Ceramic-metal fibrous monoliths also have graceful failure. Results are presented for (yttria-zirconia)-Ni fibrous monoliths, which fail by tensile cracking, with crack bridging by ductile metal ligaments. About 25 vol.% Ni imparts a fracture energy of 2200 J m −2 , with a strength of 574 MPa.
On the Robustness of Vocal Development: An Examination of Infants With Moderate-to-Severe Hearing Loss and Additional Risk Factors

Purpose Onset of canonical babbling by 10 months of age is surprisingly robust in infancy, suggesting that there must be deep biological forces that keep the development of this key vocal capability on course. This study further evaluated the robustness of canonical babbling and other aspects of prelinguistic vocal development. Method Longitudinal observation was conducted on 4 infants who were at risk for abnormal vocal development because of bilateral moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss and additional risk factors for developmental delay. Results Two of the infants were delayed in the onset of canonical babbling and showed greater fluctuation in canonical babbling ratios following its onset than did typically developing infants. On the same measures, the remaining 2 infants were within normal limits, although their age of onset for canonical babbling was later than the mean for typically developing infants. Volubility was not notably different from typically developing infants. Differences fro...
Packaging for a 1 Gb/s OEIC fiber-optic data link

The package for a 1-Gb/s optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) fiber-optic data link is described. The link utilizes a four-channel AlGaAs laser diode array operating at 0.85- mu m wavelength, multimode optical fibers, and two GaAs OEICs, which include photodetectors, amplifiers, laser drivers, and clock recovery and serializer/deserializer circuitry. The approach described meets a majority of the functional requirements for packaging OEICs and optical fibers. It provides high-speed electrical interconnects for gigabit/second data rates, thermal management, and accurate alignment for optical fibers. However, it does not address issues relating to reliability and manufacturability. Although optoelectronic packaging is similar to conventional IC packaging, it is noted that further developments in manufacturing and reliability of the optical portions of the package will be necessary to bring optical interconnects into more widespread use in computer mainframe applications. >
Effect of in vivo administration of recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor on thyroid function in the rat: induction of colloid goiter.

We have recently demonstrated that the iv administration of 0.6-60 micrograms/kg.day of acidic fibroblast growth factor (acidic FGF) increases thyroid weight in male and female rats. Interestingly, measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in rats treated with 6 micrograms/kg.day acidic FGF for 30 days revealed only a slight increase in serum T4 and reverse T3 concentrations. Since thyroid function was only examined 24 h after the 30th daily treatment, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the effects of acidic FGF on thyroid function following single and 6 multiple injections of acidic FGF. There was a small increase in the serum TSH concentrations at 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after a single high dose iv injection of acidic FGF (60 micrograms/kg). In contrast, serum T3 concentrations were slightly decreased at 2, 4, and 8 h after acidic FGF administration. There was no effect of a single injection of acidic FGF on serum T4, reverse T3, or thyroglobulin concentrations. After 6 days of treatment, th...
3D module placement for congestion and power noise reduction

3D packaging via System-On-Package (SOP) is a viable alternative to System-On-Chip (SOC) to meet the rigorous requirements of today's mixed signal system integration. In this work, we propose a 3D module and decap (decoupling capacitance) placement algorithm that simultaneously reduces the power supply noise and wire congestion. We provide efficient algorithms for 3D power supply noise and congestion analysis to guide our 3D module placement process. In addition, we allocate white spaces around the modules that require decaps to suppress the power supply noise while minimizing the area overhead. In our experimentation, we achieve improvements in both decap amount and congestion with only small increase in area, wirelength, and runtime.
Bees of the genus Anthophora Latreille 1803(Hymenoptera Apidae Anthophorini)of the West Indies

The bees of the genus Anthophora Latreille 1803 of the West Indies are revised for the first time. Four species previously known from the Lesser and Greater Antilles are redescribed, one from the Bahamas has already been adequately described and two species, one from Haiti and one from St Eustatius, are herein described as new. The respective species are Anthophora atrata Cresson 1865, A. footei Crawford 1914, A. hilaris Smith 1879, A. tricolor (Fabricius 1775), A. bahamensis Brooks 1988, A. hispaniola n. sp. and A. eustatiensis n. sp. All known distributional, floral and biological data are given, as well as a key to species.
A Method for Assessing the Environmental Friendliness of Products

Many industrial products are environmentally unfriendly. The pollution, waste, and hazardous materials that they generate are dangerous and costly to society. They reduce quality of life (QOL). This article posits that just as in estimating production costs (private costs), the cost of environmental impact (public cost) must also be estimated at the developmental stages of new products. Thus, environmentally unfriendly products can be eliminated. A measure of environmental friendliness is proposed in this article. Such a measure can enable manufacturers to distinguish between friendly and unfriendly products. This effort may lead in the direction of generating more friendly products and hence improve QOL.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Of The Hydrolysis Transition State Intermediate In Myosin

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the nucleotide site of myosin and its interaction with ATP and a catalytic water. Simulations used the Dictyostelium myosin ADP•VO4 x-ray crystal structure. This structure is widely hypothesized to be an analog of the hydrolysis transition state intermediate for an in-line water attack on the γ-phosphate position. The trigonal bi-pyramidal VO4 moiety was replaced by PO3 covalently bound to ADP and a water molecule oxygen. Surprisingly, the MD simulation indicated that the x-ray structure was not capable of controlling the position of the modeled attacking water as required for hydrolysis. Instead the water molecule rattled around a catalytic pocket formed by the γ-phosphate of ATP, elements of switch 1, switch 2, and the salt-bridge between R238 and E459. The salt-bridge has been postulated to serve to help stabilize the closed conformation of switch 2. The simulated double alanine R238A/E459A mutation eliminated this salt-bridge. There was little resulting change in the conformation of switch 2 (0.55A r.m.s. deviation, Cα-Cα, a.a. D454-L495) and the crucial hydrogen bond distance between the backbone amide of G457 and the γ-phosphate oxygen of ATP increased from 1.9A to only 2.0A in the mutated structure. However, the modeled catalytic water rapidly escaped from the catalytic pocket in the mutated myosin. Thus the simulations suggest that the closed-switch 2 structure is stabilized by a number of interactions in addition to the salt-bridge. The function of the salt-bridge is to serve as a lid to sequester water in the catalytic pocket.
Optimality Inequalities for Average Cost Markov Decision Processes and the Stochastic Cash Balance Problem

For general state and action space Markov decision processes, we present sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions of the average cost optimality inequalities. These conditions also imply the convergence of both the optimal discounted cost value function and policies to the corresponding objects for the average costs per unit time case. Inventory models are natural applications of our results. We describe structural properties of average cost optimal policies for the cash balance problem; an inventory control problem where the demand may be negative and the decision-maker can produce or scrap inventory. We also show the convergence of optimal thresholds in the finite horizon case to those under the expected discounted cost criterion and those under the expected discounted costs to those under the average costs per unit time criterion.
Negative regulation of adiponectin secretion by receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140)

RIP140 (receptor-interacting protein 140) is highly expressed in mature adipocytes and functions as a co-repressor for gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. In adipocytes, activated PKCe (Protein kinase C epsilon) phosphorylates nuclear RIP140 which is then subsequently arginine methylated and exported to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, RI140 can elicit additional activities. Here we report a new functional role for cytoplasmic RIP140 in adipocyte in regulating adiponectin secretion. Targeting cytoplasmic RIP140 by knocking down RIP140 itself or its nuclear export trigger, PKCe, promotes the secretion of adiponectin without affecting the production or oligomerization of adiponectin. Consequentially, conditioned media from either RIP140- or PKCe-silenced adipocytes, which contain higher levels of adiponectin, enhance glucose uptake in C2C12 cells and reduce gluconeogenesis in HepG2 cells. Further, these effects can be inhibited by an adiponectin-neutralizing antibody. The effect of cytoplasmic RIP140 in regulating adiponectin secretion is via interacting with AS160, a known RIP140-interacting protein. This study reveals a new functional role for cytoplasmic RIP140 in modulating adiponectin vesicle secretion, and suggests that targeting cytoplasmic RIP140 may be a potentially effective therapeutic strategy to improve adiponectin secretion and possibly to manage metabolic disorders.
Fuzzy logic based intelligent control of a variable speed cage machine wind generation system

The paper describes a variable speed wind generation system where fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency optimization and performance enhancement control. A squirrel cage induction generator feeds the power to a double-sided pulse width modulated converter system which pumps power to a utility grid or can supply to an autonomous system. The generation system has fuzzy logic control with vector control in the inner loops. A fuzzy controller tracks the generator speed with the wind velocity to extract the maximum power. A second fuzzy controller programs the machine flux for light load efficiency improvement, and a third fuzzy controller gives robust speed control against wind gust and turbine oscillatory torque. The complete control system has been developed, analyzed, and validated by simulation study. Performances have then been evaluated in detail.
Engaging students with open source technologies and Arduino

Timing is critical when trying to engage students in various engineering career paths. While many “National Engineers Week” programs exist for primary and middle school students, there is a lack of hands on activities for students in the 9th-12th grades. It is often difficult to devise experiments for this age group that are interesting and not juvenile. Yet, it is during these crucial years that most students are lost to science, math and engineering. Engaging students and presenting opportunities for invention and excitement is important in the teen years, when peer pressure and the distractions of friends, social events, and activities are particularly high.1. There are a number of open source programming and affordable hardware platforms that can be used to implement low cost and interactive programs to promote innovation with various age groups. In this paper we share our work, as well as our learnings on how to make the workshops more effective. We have created various Arduino projects that can be customized to grade levels ranging from grades 7–12, and even college undergraduate students. The various projects we describe in this paper have been used to interact with students of different grade levels to engage in basic elements of engineering and computer programming. The classes should be set up to work in groups to promote shared innovation, teamwork and collaboration with peers. The open source and hardware experimenting exposed the students to various career paths ranging from software engineer, to electronic engineers and basic elements of various other engineering paths. This paper is designed to demonstrate the promotion of the engineering profession in schools through the use of Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi Gemma kits, and Flora kits. The programs are also designed to accommodate classroom setting, workshops, or as an in-class field trip.
Critical escape velocity for a porous medium with a free surface

An equation for the critical vertical escape velocity causing instability or a “quick” condition in a porous medium with a free surface is developed in terms of a critical resistance coefficient. The suitability of describing a porous medium by its porosity and a statistical size parameter based upon geometric mean particle size and geometric standard deviation is indicated. Experimental data are presented.
Effects of Zone diet macronutrient proportions on blood lipids, blood glucose, body composition, and treadmill exercise performance

This study examined the effects of following the Zone diet 40:30:30 macronutrient proportions for 3 weeks. Fifteen women were randomly assigned to either a Zone diet group (n = 8) or a control group (n = 7) who continued their normal diets disguised as sham Zone diets. Before and after the diet treatments blood lipids, blood glucose, body composition, and treadmill performance were measured. The Zone diet group achieved a 38% reduction in dietary carbohydrate and an 81% increase in dietary protein while continuing to consume ∼30% of their dietary calories as fat. There were no significant changes in weight, body mass index, hydrostatically determined body composition, or treadmill performance for either group. Total cholesterol, HDL, and glucose were significantly reduced in both groups. Following a Zone diet did not appear to convey any advantages beyond those of the sham diet regimen.
The effects of antilymphocytic serum (ALS) on Trypanosoma lewisi infection.

SYNOPSIS. ALS was produced in rabbits immunized with cells collected from spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of normal female Holtzman rats. The ALS was pooled and leucoagglutination tests were performed to determine the ability of the antiserum to agglutinate rat white blood cells in vitro. ALS employed in the study had a titer of 1 :512. Treatment of rats with ALS prior to and during Trypanosoma lewisi infection resulted in suppression of the immune response. Ablastin production was inhibited. The numbers of dividing forms of the parasites were higher in ALS-treated rats during the course of infection than in controls injected with saline or normal rabbit serum. ALS-treated rats continued to have a higher parasitemia than the controls and died 5–12 days post-infection. Hematocrit readings were lower in the ALS-treated rats infected with T. lewisi than in rats infected with T. lewisi or normal animals treated with ALS.
Multiplicative Mixture Models for Overlapping Clustering

The problem of overlapping clustering, where a point is allowed to belong to multiple clusters, is becoming increasingly important in a variety of applications. In this paper, we present an overlapping clustering algorithm based on multiplicative mixture models. We analyze a general setting where each component of the multiplicative mixture is from an exponential family, and present an efficient alternating maximization algorithm to learn the model and infer overlapping clusters. We also show that when each component is assumed to be a Gaussian, we can apply the kernel trick leading to non-linear cluster separators and obtain better clustering quality. The efficacy of the proposed algorithms is demonstrated using experiments on both UCI benchmark datasets and a microarray gene expression dataset.
Bicipital groove morphology on MRI has no correlation to intra-articular biceps tendon pathology.

Background Multiple authors have debated the contribution of intertubercular groove morphology to biceps tendon pathology. It has been proposed that the shallow groove, combined with the supertubercular ridge of Meyer, predisposes patients to bicipital disease. In this study we hypothesized that there would be a correlation between bicipital groove morphology and the intraoperative finding of biceps pathology. Methods Seventy-five consecutive patients (average age of 63) undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery had their biceps tendons and intertubercular groove morphologies prospectively evaluated on closed MRI T1 axial cut images. The opening angle and medial wall angle of the bicipital groove was measured for each patient. At the time of surgery, the biceps tendon was classified as normal, inflamed, partially ruptured, or ruptured and the findings correlated to the bicipital groove measurements. Results The average opening angle was 81° for normal biceps tendons and 77° for torn biceps tendons. The average medial wall angle was 47° for normal biceps tendons and 49° for torn biceps tendons. Using Chi-square analysis, we found no statistically significant correlation between the bicipital groove average opening angle and medial wall angle on MRI and intraoperative biceps tendon pathology. Conclusion This study does not support any correlation between intraarticular biceps tendon pathology and bicipital groove morphology.
Gender Differences in Serial Murderers A Preliminary Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the demographic, behavioral, and background characteristics of female serial murderers. A series of postulates about male serial murderers were developed after an extensive literature review. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources on 14 female serial murderers in the United States. A preliminary profile of female serial murderers was then compared to the current knowledge of male serial murderers. Overall, there were generally more differences than similarities between male and female serial murderers. Results suggested differences in nine areas: victim damage, victim torture, weapon/method, stalking versus luring behaviors, crime scene organization, reasons for the murders, substance abuse history, psychiatric diagnosis, and household composition. Similarities appeared in five areas: broken homes, childhood abuse, race, educational level, and occupation.
Whites’ Concern about Crime: The Effects of Interracial Contact

In recent decades, crime has emerged as a prominent policy focus nationally. Accordingly, a large literature on public views about crime has developed, one strand of which highlights the racialization of crime as a factor central to public opinion and policy discourse. Drawing on this work and studies on the effects of interracial contact, the authors seek to advance theory and research on public opinion about crime.To this end, they draw on data from an ABC News and Washington Post poll to test competing hypotheses about the effects of interracial friendship among Whites on concern about local and national crime. The results suggest that interracial contact increases concern about crime among urban Whites.The authors discuss the implications of these findings for theory, research, and policy.
Computing biconnected components on a hypercube

Two biconnected component (i.e., block) algorithms suitable for medium grained MIMD (multiple-instruction/multiple-data) hypercubes are developed. Both algorithms are for dense graphs and use the adjacency matrix representation of a graph. The two hypercube algorithms are adaptations of existing sequential algorithms. One is a modified version of the Tarjan-Vishkin algorithm and the other is an adaptation of Read's sequential algorithm. The two hypercube algorithms are experimentally evaluated on an NCUBE/7 MIMD hypercube computer. The two algorithms have comparable performance, and efficiencies as high as 0.7 have been observed on dense graphs. >