cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational spectroscopy of viable paired tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells

Infrared absorption of two pairs of non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells suspended in phosphate buffered saline have been measured. Suspensions of cells with several different growth cycle distributions were measured. The effect of both growth cycle and tumorigenity on the infrared absorption spectrum will be presented. For example, changes in absorption in the phosphate absorption region were observed for suspensions with different cell cycle distributions. We will discuss the biochemistry which may cause these changes. We have found that spectra of isolated nuclei allow the DNA spectra to be studied, without the confounding influence of RNA. Therefore, the measurement of isolated nuclei may represent a method of detecting changes in DNA architecture with cell cycle. As part of this exploratory study we have also examined the variation in spectra with cell type and compared epithelial cells with fibroblast cells. Very little change was observed. Similarly we saw very little change in the spectra of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells harvested with similar cell cycle distributions. Changes in the spectra were observed when rapidly growing tumorigenic cells were compared to slowly replicating nontumorigenic cells.
Focused plenoptic camera and rendering

Plenoptic cameras, constructed with internal microlens arrays, capture both spatial and angular information, i.e., the full 4-D radiance, of a scene. The design of traditional plenoptic cameras assumes that each microlens image is completely defocused with respect to the image created by the main camera lens. As a result, only a single pixel in the final image is rendered from each microlens image, resulting in disappointingly low resolution. A recently devel- oped alternative approach based on the focused plenoptic camera uses the microlens array as an imaging system focused on the im- age plane of the main camera lens. The flexible spatioangular trade- off that becomes available with this design enables rendering of final images with significantly higher resolution than those from traditional plenoptic cameras. We analyze the focused plenoptic camera in optical phase space and present basic, blended, and depth-based rendering algorithms for producing high-quality, high-resolution im- ages. We also present our graphics-processing-unit-based imple- mentations of these algorithms, which are able to render full screen refocused images in real time. © 2010 SPIE and IS&T.
Design of received and scattered powers for dipole arrays using load optimization

The only aspect of an antenna's receiving properties not available through reciprocity is on scattering by the antenna. Antenna scattering has received classical treatments [1, 2], where the scattered field expression and the associated scattering cross section are of interest under plane wave illuminations. Recently, received (absorbed) power, scattered power, and their relationships were investigated [3]. In [4], both scattered and received powers were expressed in terms of a common set of parameters — the vector wave expansion coefficients for the scattered field.
Monte Carlo simulation of Boron diffusion during low energy implantation and high temperature annealing

We use a kinetic Monte Carlo model to simulate the implantation of low energy Boron in Silicon, from 0.5 to 1 keV, at high doses, 1015 ions/cm2. The damage produced by each ion is calculated using UT-Marlowe, based on a binary collision approximation. During implantation at room temperature,, silicon self-interstitials, vacancies and boron interstitials are allowed to migrate and interact. The diffusion kinetics of these defects and dopants has been obtained by ab initio calculations as well as Stillinger Weber molecular dynamics. Clustering of both self-interstitials, vacancies and boron atoms is included. We also model the diffusion of the implanted dopants after a high temperature annealing in order to understand the transient enhanced diffusion (TED) phenomenon. We observe two different stages of TED During the first stage vacancies are present in the lattice together with interstitials and the diffusion enhancement is small. The second stage starts after all the vacancies disappear and gives rise to most of the final TED.
Aquacultured Hybrid Striped Bass Fillet Quality Resulting from Post-Harvest Cooling or CO2 Treatments

Hybrid striped bass from an indoor recirculating aquaculture system were held in cooled water or water with elevated CO2 levels prior to sacrificing and filleting. Other fish were filleted immediately (control group) or 3 hr after transport and harvest (stressed group). All fillets were stored at 1-4°C. Fillets were tested for aerobic plate count, pH, compression (Instron), color, and sensory attributes. Fillets of the cool water treatment group were highest in pH, and were significantly the least firm. Log phase growth and spoilage levels of microorganisms were delayed one day more in the CO2 fillets than the other three groups. Cool water treatment fillets were significantly darker than control and stressed fillets.
Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery in a Large Bilateral Thalamic and Basal Ganglia Arteriovenous Malformation

Purpose. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the basal ganglia and thalamus have a more aggressive natural history with a higher morbidity and mortality than AVMs in other locations. Optimal treatment—complete obliteration without new neurological deficits—is often challenging. We present a patient with a large bilateral basal ganglia and thalamic AVM successfully treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (HFSRS) with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods. The patient was treated with hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery to 30 Gy at margin in 5 fractions of 9 static fields with a minimultileaf collimator and intensity modulated radiotherapy. Results. At 10 months following treatment, digital subtraction angiography showed complete obliteration of the AVM. Conclusions. Large bilateral thalamic and basal ganglia AVMs can be successfully treated with complete obliteration by HFSRS with IMRT with relatively limited toxicity. Appropriate caution is recommended.
Increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA expression in monocytes is a feature of metabolic syndrome in adolescents.

Summary Background Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is diagnosed frequently in some but not all overweight adolescents. Chronic inflammation, as seen in obesity, is strongly associated with MetSyn. Objectives The aim of this pilot study was to assess the correlation between activation of the innate immune system and MetSyn, independent of body mass index (BMI), in a young population. Methods We quantitatively measured both systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream cytokines in circulating monocytes obtained from nine adolescents with metabolic syndrome (Overwt-MetSyn) and eight BMI-matched controls (Overwt-Healthy). Results The Overwt-MetSyn group demonstrated a significant elevation in expression of TLR2, TLR4, tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF a) and interleukin-6 (IL6) in peripheral monocytes, and increased circulating levels of TNF a and IL6 when compared with the Overwt-Healthy group. TLR2 (r = 0.78, P < 0.001), TLR4 (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) and TNF a (r = 0.61, P < 0.01) gene expression positively correlated with serum levels of TNF a. Conclusions Our study suggests that activation of the innate immune pathway via TLRs may be partially responsible for the increased systemic inflammation seen in adolescents with MetSyn.
APoc: large-scale identification of similar protein pockets

Motivation: Most proteins interact with small-molecule ligands such as metabolites or drug compounds. Over the past several decades, many of these interactions have been captured in high-resolution atomic structures. From a geometric point of view, most interaction sites for grasping these small-molecule ligands, as revealed in these structures, form concave shapes, or ‘pockets’, on the protein’s surface. An efficient method for comparing these pockets could greatly assist the classification of ligand-binding sites, prediction of protein molecular function and design of novel drug compounds. Results: We introduce a computational method, APoc (Alignment of Pockets), for the large-scale, sequence order-independent, structural comparison of protein pockets. A scoring function, the Pocket Similarity Score (PS-score), is derived to measure the level of similarity between pockets. Statistical models are used to estimate the significance of the PS-score based on millions of comparisons of randomly related pockets. APoc is a general robust method that may be applied to pockets identified by various approaches, such as ligand-binding sites as observed in experimental complex structures, or predicted pockets identified by a pocket-detection method. Finally, we curate large benchmark datasets to evaluate the performance of APoc and present interesting examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. We also demonstrate that APoc has better performance than the geometric hashing-based method SiteEngine. Availability and implementation: The APoc software package including the source code is freely available at http://cssb.biology.gatech. edu/APoc.
Breeches and Breaches: Cross-Dress Theater and the Culture of Gender Ambiguity in Modern France

Cross dressing is about deliberately traversing meaningful boundaries. The cultural critic, Marjorie Garber, argues that Western civilization has long been obsessed with transvestite behavior. Garber's wide-ranging analysis (from Shakespeare to Madonna) stresses the disruptive aspect of the phenomenon, which, she claims, precipitates a "category crisis" by exposing the futility of all binary oppositions, including those of gender. Could cross dressing ever have been a commonplace part of the notoriously cautious bourgeois culture of nineteenth-century France?2 The very idea seems implausible on the surface, but in fact the mainstream stage presented the opportunity to see an enormous amount of transvestite performance (travesti). It consisted not simply of plays within which characters disguise themselves as the other sex. In hundreds of French plays before and after the Revolution, actresses assumed male roles, and, to a more limited extent, actors took female parts. Playwrights and producers, more concerned with fame and success than with social commentary, turned out a stream of such transvestite spectacles. Yet, their popularity did not endure indefinitely. Indeed, it would be fair to say that this aspect of urban culture virtually disappeared not only from the stage by the inter-war years but eventually from collective memory.3 Historians would
Identification and characterization of critical cis-acting sequences within the yeast Ty1 retrotransposon

The yeast long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon Ty1, like retroviruses, encodes a terminally redundant RNA, which is packaged into virus-like particles (VLPs) and is converted to a DNA copy by the process of reverse transcription. Mutations predicted to interfere with the priming events during reverse transcription and hence inhibit replication are known to dramatically decrease transposition of Ty1. However, additional cis-acting sequences responsible for Ty1 replication and RNA dimerization and packaging have remained elusive. Here we describe a modular mini-Ty1 element encoding the minimal sequence that can be retrotransposed by the Ty1 proteins, supplied in trans by a helper construct. Using a mutagenic screening strategy, we recovered transposition-deficient modular mini-Ty1-HIS3 elements with mutations in sequences required in cis for Ty1 replication and integration. Two distinct clusters of mutations mapped near the 5′-end of the Ty1 RNA. The clusters define a GAGGAGA sequence at the extreme 5′-end of the Ty1 transcript and a complementary downstream UCUCCUC sequence, 264 nt into the RNA. Disruption of the reverse complementarity of these two sequences decreased transposition and restoration of complementarity rescued transposition to wild-type levels. Ty1 cDNA was reduced in cells expressing RNAs with mutations in either of these short sequences, despite nearly normal levels of Ty1 RNA and VLPs. Our results suggest that the intramolecular interaction between the 5′-GAGGAGA and UCUCCUC sequences stabilizes an RNA structure required for efficient initiation of reverse transcription.
Vigorous but not moderate physical activity is related to structural progression of knee osteoarthritis over one year

s / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 22 (2014) S7–S56 S20 was significantly associated with MCID in WOMAC pain worsening (Table). Conclusions: While measures of sensitization are associated with knee OA pain presence and severity cross-sectionally, they were not related longitudinally to development of new pain symptoms over 2 years; however, this is difficult to properly assess without carefully evaluating descending inhibitory effects concurrently. Baseline presence of temporal summation at the wrist may be associated with pain worsening, suggesting a potential trait-like phenomenon for this finding, while baseline PPT was not. However, decreases in PPT (i.e., increase in mechanical hyperalgesia) over 2 years were associated with clinically meaningful increased pain severity, suggesting a state-like phenomenon. Enhanced pain sensitivity coinciding with new/increased knee pain may be mediated by sensitization or an imbalance between descending facilitation and inhibition. These results suggest that such changes may not necessarily precede development of knee pain, but may influence the experience of pain and its severity once pain has been established.
Spectral analysis of optical mixing measurements

A general rigorous theory of optical heterodyne and homodyne measurements is presented. The power spectrum of the photocurrent resulting from two uncorrelated optical beams mixing on a photodetector is derived. In particular, a rigorous analysis is presented for the delayed self-homodyne method which is used to characterize laser source linewidth by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a delay exceeding the source coherence length. Existing treatments are generalized to address non-Lorentzian laser sources of arbitrary lineshape. The analysis is further generalized to cover the case of modulated nonstationary sources. An example of the application of this theory is given. It is shown how the theory may be used to interpret an experimental result obtained using the gated delayed self-homodyne technique for characterizing the frequency chirp of laser sources under modulation. >
Engineered omnidirectional external-reflectivity spectra from one-dimensional layered interference filters.

Owing to optical refraction, external rays that are incident upon a high-refractive-index medium fall within a small internal cone angle. A one-dimensionally periodic Bragg structure can reflect over an angular acceptance range that is greater than the small internal refraction cone, if the internal refractive-index contrast is sufficient. Thus Winn [Opt. Lett. (to be published)] charted the range of refractive indices at which omnidirectional external reflection occurs. A wide spectral gap requires a high-index contrast. It is proposed that, by chirping or grading the periodicity of the structure, one can cover an arbitrarily wide spectral range with only a modest index contrast and, furthermore, that arbitrary spectral shapes can be produced. The graded-periodicity approach requires only a modest index contrast, provided that the average refractive index is >2.
HEALTH PROTOCOL FOR TRANSLOCATION OF FREE-RANGING ELK

When considering an elk (Cervus elaphus) restoration program, wildlife managers must evaluate the positive and negative elements of translocation. We prepared this protocol to give an overview of health considerations associated with translocation of elk, with an emphasis on movement of free-ranging elk from western North America to the southeastern USA. We evaluated infectious agents and ectoparasites reported in elk from two perspectives. First, we made a qualitative estimate of the ability of the agent to be introduced and to become established. This was done using a selected set of epidemiologic factors. Second, if there was a good possibility that the organism could become established in the release area, the potential pathological consequences for elk and other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans were assessed via examination of the literature and consultation with other animal health specialists. The results of these evaluations were used to classify infectious agents and ectoparasites as low ri...
Science of composite materials

Composite materials are those containing more than one phase such that the different phases are artificially blended together. They are not multiphase materials in which the different phases are formed naturally by reactions, phase transformations or other phenomena.
Skin infections among US high school athletes: A national survey

Background Skin infections have long been a reported problem among high school athletes, particularly wrestlers. There has yet to be a national study describing the epidemiology of skin infections across multiple high school sports. Objective We sought to report the epidemiology of skin infections among US high school athletes. Methods High school sports-related skin infections resulting in time loss were reported by a convenience sample of US high schools from 2009/2010 through 2013/2014 via High School Reporting Information Online. Results During the study, 474 skin infections were reported among 20,858,781 athlete exposures, a rate of 2.27 per 100,000 athlete exposures. The largest number of skin infections occurred in wrestling (73.6%) followed by football (17.9%). The most common infections were bacterial (60.6%) and tinea (28.4%) infections. Body parts most often affected were the head/face (25.3%) followed by the forearm (12.7%). Limitations The study included only high schools with National Athletic Trainers' Association–affiliated athletic trainers, which may limit generalizability. However, using athletic trainers as data reporters improved data quality. Conclusions Skin infections are an important subset of high school sports-related adverse events. An understanding of the epidemiology of sports-related skin infections should promote awareness and drive evidence-based prevention efforts.
Modulators of right ventricular apoptosis and contractility in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension

Aims Right ventricular (RV) failure is the major cause of death among patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the mechanism of RV failure has not been defined. Methods and results This study examined mechanisms and consequences of RV myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis in response to PAH. Rats were injected with SU5416 (vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor), followed by hypoxia for 3 weeks, and subsequently maintained in normoxia for 2, 5, or 14 weeks (5-, 8-, and 17-week time points after the SU5416 injection, respectively). RV systolic pressure (RVSP) was elevated to >70 mmHg at 5-week time point, and this pressure was sustained thereafter. Significant RV myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis were observed at 8- and 17-week time points. Apoptosis was associated with downregulated Bcl-xL (anti-apoptotic protein), downregulated GATA4 (transcriptional regulator of Bcl-xL), and upregulated p53 (negative regulator of GATA4 gene transcription). PAH-mediated RV apoptosis and fibrosis were attenuated in p53 knock-out rats. Despite the major loss of cardiomyocytes, RV contractility was enhanced, suggesting that the remaining myocytes can perform improved contractile functions. Improved RV contractility is associated with the increased expression of contractile and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake proteins. In contrast, the expression of calsequestrin 2 (CSQ2) was downregulated. The siRNA knockdown of CSQ2 improved RV contractility and increased the expression of contractile and Ca2+ uptake proteins. Conclusion These results suggest that RV decompensation is associated with the death of cardiomyocytes, resulting in fibrosis. However, the remaining myocytes are capable of sustaining RV contractility through the mechanism that involves CSQ2.
4-Anilino-1-benzyl-piperidine-4-carbo-nitrile.

The title mol­ecule, C19H21N3, an important precursor in the synthesis of porphyrin–fentanyl conjugates, has its piperidine ring in the chair conformation, with endocyclic torsion-angle magnitudes in the range 53.26 (8)–60.63 (9)°. The C≡N group is axial, while the CH2Ph and NHPh groups are equatorial. The NH group does not engage in strong hydrogen bonding, but forms an inter­molecular N—H⋯N inter­action.
Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism

RECENT historians have explained the origins of the Progressive movement in several ways. They have represented progressivism, in turn, as a continuation of the western and southern farmers' revolt,' as a desperate attempt by the urban gentry to regain status from the new robber barons,2 as a thrust from the depths of slum life, and as a campaign by businessmen to prevent workers from securing political power.4 Behind such seemingly conflicting theories, however, rests a single assumption about the origins of progressivism: the class and status conflicts of the late-nineteenth century formed the driving forces that made men become reformers. Whether viewed by the historian as a farmer, worker, urban elitist, or businessman, the progressive was motivated primarily by his social position; and each scholar has painted a compelling picture of the insecurities and tensions felt by the group that he placed in the vanguard of progressivism. Pressures and threats from other social groups drove men to espouse reform. In these class and status conflicts can be found the roots of progressivism. How adequately does this focus on social tensions and insecurities explain the origins of progressivism? Since some of these scholars have invoked concepts from social science to support their rejection of earlier approaches, the validity and application of some of the sociological and psychological assumptions which make up the conceptual framework for the
Electron density and electron redistribution in alloys—I: Electron density in elemental metals

Abstract The changes in electronic structure around each metal atom in an alloy are more accurately described in terms of electron redistribution than electron transfer. The important elements in a model for such electron redistribution are the electron configuration and radius of the positive ion cores and the conduction electron density and its variation in the interstitial regions. Positive ion core radii for metals are derived from an empirical relation between ion core radii and intermetallic distance with electronic configurations of the core from positron annihilation data. These derived ion core radii are in good agreement with those calculated for metal electron densities by Welch and Lynn from Hartree-Fock wave functions. Average conduction electron densities can be directly calculated from these radii and the experimental atomic volume; the variation of conduction electron density in the interstitial region is calculated by assigning electrons to octahedral and tetrahedral interstices according to the Interstitial Electron Model. The calculated electron densities and the interstitial variation agree very well with the experimental electron densities of Be as determined from X-ray diffraction data as well as with calculated electron densities for Na, Mg and Al. Ion core configurations are compared with those derived from band theory and also those of the Engle-Brewer Correlation and the Samsonov-Pryadkov-Pryadkov Configurational Model.
Relationship Between Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival Benefit: A Simulation Study.

This study evaluated the circumstances under which the observed progression-free survival (PFS) benefit may translate into an overall survival (OS) benefit. Methods: A simulation study, based on PF...
Mobile gaze tracking system for outdoor walking behavioral studies

Most gaze tracking techniques estimate gaze points on screens, on scene images, or in confined spaces. Tracking of gaze in open-world coordinates, especially in walking situations, has rarely been addressed. We use a head-mounted eye tracker combined with two inertial measurement units (IMU) to track gaze orientation relative to the heading direction in outdoor walking. Head movements relative to the body are measured by the difference in output between the IMUs on the head and body trunk. The use of the IMU pair reduces the impact of environmental interference on each sensor. The system was tested in busy urban areas and allowed drift compensation for long (up to 18 min) gaze recording. Comparison with ground truth revealed an average error of 3.3° while walking straight segments. The range of gaze scanning in walking is frequently larger than the estimation error by about one order of magnitude. Our proposed method was also tested with real cases of natural walking and it was found to be suitable for the evaluation of gaze behaviors in outdoor environments.
Use of Computers in Medical Technology Education

A computer usage project in medical technology education was funded by the ASMT Education and Research Fund in 1985. This article summarizes the results of the survey of computer usage in medical technology education. Two hundred six universities and 253 hospital-based MT/MLT programs responded to the survey. One third of the universities and one fourth of the hospitals were using or have used computers for instructional purposes. Both groups agreed there were two major deterrents to using computeraided instruction (CAI): lack of available software and the large expense in implementing CAI. Specific recommendations are made for overcoming these challenges.
AN ANALYSIS OF CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR NATURAL RESOURCES PROTECTION

In order to protect Chinese natural resources and overcome resources crisis, China has established a legal system framework of protection of natural resources. But there are faults about structure of system、legal regimes and mechanism of supervision. So, it is necessary to perfect the system of resources law and enrich its content.
Determinants Of Retail Electronic Purchasing: A Multi-Period Investigation1

AbstractAcademic research as well as business literature recognizes the importance of electronic commerce and retail electronic purchasing (REP), i.e., the use of the Internet by individuals to purchase goods and services. This paper draws upon established theoretical areas of marketing and innovation adoption to identify the factors expected to influence REP. It empirically examines the effects of these factors, as well as the changes in these factors and in their effects over time, using publicly available multi-period data. The results indicate that REP is facilitated by the individual’s household income, educational level, Internet use and Internet search, as well as by perceptions of Internet security and the perceived quality of web vendors’ sales processes. We did find some surprising results: most notably, there was no association between REP and the perceived quality of web vendors’ post-sales activities. Moreover, there was no significant change over time in the perceived quality of web vendors’...
Africa Rising? Short-Term Growth vs. Deep Institutional Concerns

Research on development has moved away from short-term performance to long-term determinants of success. This paper identifies historical factors that shaped the development of key institutions, the degree to which these institutions affected past economic outcomes and, more importantly, which ones are influencing contemporary performance. We first look at the trend in long-term economic performance for the continent compared with other regions of the world. The paper then evaluates the various explanations provided by the standard development model to explain this performance for Africa. The paper shows that the most important long-term determinant of economic and social performance in the continent has been the nature of the distribution of power, which shaped the distribution of economic resources. Furthermore, the paper argues that the distribution of power and the institutions that ensure this distribution were shaped by a number of historical events whose impact still endures.
A nearly optimal algorithm for finding L 1 shortest paths among polygonal obstacles in the plane

Given a set of h pairwise disjoint polygonal obstacles of totally n vertices in the plane, we study the problem of computing an L1 (or rectilinear) shortest path between two points avoiding the obstacles. Previously, this problem has been solved in O(n log n) time and O(n) space, or alternatively in O(n + h log1.5 n) time and O(n + h log1.5 h) space. A lower bound of Ω(n + h log h) time and Ω(n) space can be established for this problem. In this paper, we present a nearly optimal algorithm of O(n + h log1+e h) time and O(n) space for the problem, where e > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant. Specifically, after the free space is triangulated in O(n + h log1+e h) time, our algorithm finds a shortest path in O(n+ h log h) time and O(n) space. Our algorithm can also be extended to obtain improved results for other related problems, e.g., finding shortest paths with fixed orientations, finding approximate Euclidean shortest paths, etc. In addition, our techniques yield improved results on some shortest path query problems.
Reexamining the benefits of librarians' professional writing

ABSTRACTWhile academic librarians are dedicated to continuing education in the form of information consumption, they rarely view writing for publication as a way to improve job performance. This article introduces the basic tenets of the Writing to Learn movement and applies them to librarians' writing for publication to provide an argument as to why more librarians should contribute to the scholarly literature. If the primary benefit of publication becomes what librarians and their institutions gain through the writing process, more librarians and their supervisors should be able to justify the time and effort spent on writing.
Feasible uniform-resolution penalized likelihood reconstruction for static- and multi-frame 3D PET

Penalized likelihood reconstruction provides the possibility to produce images with desirable features. However, in some dynamic applications where system sensitivity and emission distribution are spatially and temporally variant, simple quadratic regularization does not produce uniform resolution over space and time for multi-frame reconstructions. In this study, we extended the spatially-invariant resolution regularization method of Fessler et al. to accommodate static- and multi-frame reconstruction in 3D PET systems. The proposed regularizations, denoted as UR3D/M-UR3D, were compared with the original method (UR2D) in HRRT simulations and real phantom experiments, and showed superior performance. Specifically, in single-frame reconstructions, UR3D regularization reduced the axial-position-dependent resolution degradation seen in UR2D regularization. In multi-frame reconstructions, M-UR3D also achieved more consistent resolution recovery across frames for reconstructed point sources/line sources than the original method.
HIF Stabilization Weakens Primary Cilia

Although solitary or sensory cilia are present in most cells of the body and their existence has been known since the sixties, very little is known about their functions. One suspected function is fluid flow sensing- physical bending of cilia produces an influx of Ca++, which can then result in a variety of activated signaling pathways. Defective cilia and ciliary-associated proteins have been shown to result in cystic diseases. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a progressive disease, typically appearing in the 5th decade of life and is one of the most common monogenetic inherited human diseases, affecting approximately 600,000 people in the United States. Because the mechanical properties of cilia impact their response to applied flow, we asked how the stiffness of cilia can be controlled pharmacologically. We performed an experiment subjecting cilia to Taxol (a microtubule stabilizer) and CoCl2 (a HIF stabilizer to model hypoxia). Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells were selected as our model system. After incubation with a selected pharmacological agent, cilia were optically trapped and the bending modulus measured. We found that HIF stabilization significantly weakens cilia. These results illustrate a method to alter the mechanical properties of primary cilia and potentially alter the flow sensing properties of cilia.
The Browning Version: Words Could So Lacerate a Man’s Heart

The Browning Version is often called Rattigan’s best play or masterpiece because of its compact and moving portrait of a failed classics teacher who at the end of the play manages a small victory of self-assertion after he has been humiliated over and over again. The play might be said to be an experiment in representing an individual’s suffering of psychic pain, for defeat, failure, humiliation, and suffering spread out over the entire play. Its protagonist Andrew Crocker-Harris, like so many Rattigan males, suffers from some debilitating illness, a wound whether to his body or his soul, whether homosexuality or asexuality, Andrew cannot make his wife feel desired sexually, and she takes a terrible revenge on him with four words meant to destroy him as Clytemnestra destroyed Agamemnon. When a student named Taplow makes a gift to Andrew out of compassion and a recognition that Crocker-Harris does have human feelings, his wife refers to Taplow as “the artful little beast,” implying that the boy was bribing his teacher to get a pass in classics. Her destruction of the meaning of Taplow’s gift puts Andrew painfully back into the state of having to annihilate his emotions. The phrase she uses, however, identifies, not Taplow, but herself.
CONTROLLABILITY OF NONLINEAR ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC PROCESSORS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of experiments conducted to study controllability of nonlinear electromyographic (EMG) processors. The demodulation process is usually a low-pass filter whose band width is related to the amount of noise rejection and hence a smoother signal. However, by decreasing the band width, the system's step response is increased leading to a sluggish system response detrimental to control. This condition indicates that to optimize the total man-machine system, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the processor must be degraded. This apparent tradeoff in SNR for control has led to new processing schemes employing nonlinear demodulation in the hopes of optimizing SNR without degradation in control. The experiment results showed that longer overall control times are possible using the square root processor in the demodulation circuitry.
Experimental Observations Concerning the Collapse of Dislocation Loops During Annealing

The c-axis indentations in zinc crystals were shown to undergo 100 pet strain recovery on heating. The mode of deformation and the details of the polygonization and collapse of indentations were found to be consistent with a number of predictions of dislocation theory.
Hardy Space Estimates for Littlewood–Paley–Stein Square Functions and Calderón–Zygmund Operators

In this work, we give new sufficient conditions for Littlewood–Paley–Stein square function operators and necessary and sufficient conditions for Calderon–Zygmund operators to be bounded on Hardy spaces $$H^p$$ with indices smaller than 1. New Carleson measure type conditions are defined for Littlewood–Paley–Stein operators, and the authors show that they are sufficient for the associated square function to be bounded from $$H^p$$ into $$L^p$$ . New polynomial growth $$BMO$$ conditions are also introduced for Calderon–Zygmund operators. These results are applied to prove that Bony paraproducts can be constructed such that they are bounded on Hardy spaces with exponents ranging all the way down to zero.
Knowledge and Art in the Practice of Medicine: Clinical Judgment and Historical Reconstruction

Two symbolic figures have dominated the development of Western epistemology: that of the geometer, and that of the physician. From Aristotle the biologist right up to Karl Jaspers the psychiatrist, the experience of medicine has challenged the philosopher’s analysis of the relations between theoria and praxis. From classical Greece on, indeed, medicine has presented philosophers with a peculiarly rich and close alliance of mind and hand, theory and practice, universal and existential. The art of medicine demonstrates that human reason is practical as well as theoretical, existential as well as universal; that is, reason is concerned not just with abstract, but also with flesh and blood issues. (In this context, the word “concrete” is inappropriate.) Accordingly, the central question about medical epistemology is: “How can medicine sustain this paradoxical combination of contrasted features in the first place?” What, then, is this doctrina or mysterium— this “medical knowledge”— which paradoxically combines within itself pairs of characteristics (practical and theoretical, universal and existential, and so on) that have to be so sharply distinguished and separated in other contexts?
Vitamin C and Glutamate Uptake: Implications for Huntington’s Disease

Unlike scurvy, a condition caused by vitamin C deficiency, Huntington’s disease is caused by a single gene mutation that disrupts fundamental mechanisms of neuronal communication. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that vitamin C and Huntington’s disease are closely linked. Vitamin C, a six-carbon sugar acid known as ascorbate, plays a key role in regulating the activity of neurons in the striatum, a region of the basal ganglia that shows the earliest sign of Huntington’s disease neuropathology. Under normal conditions, ascorbate is released into striatal extracellular fluid when glutamate, an excitatory transmitter, is cleared from the synapse. In transgenic mice that model Huntington’s disease, both striatal ascorbate release and glutamate clearance are impaired. The result is an increase in oxidative stress and a change in glutamate transmission that sets the stage for the Huntington’s disease phenotype, which includes a progressive loss of both cognitive and motor skills. This review focuses on the ascorbate–glutamate balance in striatum and potential therapeutic approaches for restoring this balance in Huntington’s disease.
Development and implementation of a pass/fail field-friendly method for detecting sildenafil in suspect pharmaceutical tablets using a handheld Raman spectrometer and silver colloids

Abstract A simple, fast, sensitive and effective pass/fail field-friendly method has been developed for detecting sildenafil in suspect Viagra and unapproved tablets using handheld Raman spectrometers and silver colloids. The method involves dissolving a portion of a tablet in water followed by filtration and addition of silver colloids, resulting in a solution that can be measured directly through a glass vial. Over one hundred counterfeit Viagra and unapproved tablets were examined on three different devices during the method development phase of the study. While the pass/fail approach was found to be 92.6% effective on average, the efficacy increased to 97.4% on average when coupled with the software’s “Discover Mode” feature that allows the user to compare a suspect spectrum to that of a stored sildenafil spectrum. The lowest concentration of sildenafil in a water/colloid solution that yielded a “Pass” was found to be 7.6 μg/mL or 7.6 parts per million (ppm). For the analysis of suspect tablets, this value was found to be as low as 10 μg/mL and as high as 625 μg/mL. This variability was likely related to the tablet formulation, e.g., concentration of sildenafil, presence and concentration of water-soluble and/or water-insoluble ingredients. However, since most counterfeit Viagra and unapproved tablets contain >50 mg sildenafil per tablet, such low concentrations will not be encountered often. Limited in-lab and in-field validation studies were conducted in which analysts/field agents followed the procedure outlined in this study for small sample sets. These individuals were provided with written instructions, a ∼20 min demonstration regarding how to perform the procedure and use the instrument, and a kit with field-friendly supplies (purified bottled water from a local grocery store, disposable plastic pipettes, eye-dropper with a silver colloid solution, etc.). The method proved to be 98.3% and 91.7% effective for the in-lab and in-field validation studies, respectively, which demonstrated the ruggedness, simplicity and practicality of the method.
Nutrient density: addressing the challenge of obesity

Obesity rates are increasing worldwide. Potential reasons include excessive consumption of sugary beverages and energy-dense foods instead of more nutrient-rich options. On a per kJ basis, energy-dense grains, added sugars and fats cost less, whereas lean meats, seafood, leafy greens and whole fruit generally cost more. Given that consumer food choices are often driven by price, the observed social inequities in diet quality and health can be explained, in part, by nutrition economics. Achieving a nutrient-rich diet at an affordable cost has become progressively more difficult within the constraints of global food supply. However, given the necessary metrics and educational tools, it may be possible to eat better for less. New metrics of nutrient density help consumers identify foods, processed and unprocessed, that are nutrient-rich, affordable and appealing. Affordability metrics, created by adding food prices to food composition data, permit calculations of both kJ and nutrients per penny, allowing for new studies on the economic drivers of food choice. Merging dietary intake data with local or national food prices permits the estimation of individual-level diet costs. New metrics of nutrient balance can help identify those food patterns that provide optimal nutritional value. Behavioural factors, including cooking at home, have been associated with nutrition resilience, defined as healthier diets at lower cost. Studies of the energy and nutrient costs of the global food supply and diverse food patterns will permit a better understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of health. Dietary advice ought to be accompanied by economic feasibility studies.
The Right to Welfare and the Virtue of Charity

As each individual abandons himself to the solicitous aid of the State,so, and still more, he abandons to it the fate of his fellow-citizens.Wilhelm Von Humboldt, On the Limits of State Action
Hybrid Aesthetics: Design of New Media Practices within Digital Fabrication

Practices are emerging which blend both physical and computational techniques and materials. This thesis contributes a framework for understanding how to compose these hybrid elements into rich, reflective new media practices that expand the aesthetic repertoire and facilitate the adoption, sharing, and teaching of hybrid techniques.
Syphilis in adults.

This article reviews the clinical manifestations of syphilis, diagnostic tests that might help to diagnose accurately the disease, and current recommendations for therapy. The association of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infection raises additional questions related to transmission, diagnosis, and therapy of both diseases.
A History of Government’s Role in the Food and Agricultural Marketing System

The Federal Government’s involvement in the marketing of agricultural and food products began in the nineteenth century, grew rapidly in the early twentieth century, and continues to evolve. Federal programs affecting food and agricultural marketing have addressed consumers’ concerns about food safety and farmers’ concerns about fair pricing in the marketplace. Regulation of the railroads and competition in the agricultural product processing began in the late 1800s. The Meat Inspection and Pure Food and Drug Acts of 1906 initiated a series of regulatory steps continuing to this day to reduce food-borne illness. Beginning in 1915, Federal market news, grades and standards, support for cooperatives, and marketing orders increased farmers’ marketing power. The Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act was passed in 1976. Programs have been modified in recent decades to address new food safety problems, increased demand for organic and locally grown foods, and renewed concerns about concentration in agricultural markets. Future programs will be affected by tight federal budgets, continuing changes in technology, high concentration in agricultural markets, and new challenges in preventing food-borne disease.
Reliability-based lifecycle management for corroding pipelines

Abstract Corrosion-induced damage is a major source of deterioration in infrastructure and industrial systems such as bridges, offshore and onshore structures, and underground oil and gas pipelines. The uncertainty is pervasive in the parameters affecting the evolution of corrosion process. Risk assessment and management of these systems require a suitable dynamic description of the corrosion process that sufficiently accounts for the underlying uncertainty and subsequently propagates it into the lifecycle reliability assessment of these systems. In this paper, we present a novel approach for reliability-based life cycle management of buried pipelines subjected to corrosion damage. We view our main contributions as twofold. First, a probabilistic model for time evolution of corrosion growth is constructed from available data using polynomial chaos formalism. The model is used to systematically propagate the underlying uncertainty into the limit state functions and the lifecycle reliability analysis. Second, we propose a computationally efficient and accurate optimization strategy using polynomial surrogate in order to solve the stochastic optimization associated with the lifecycle management of buried pipelines. The proposed method facilitates the optimization of maintenance scheduling to achieve minimum expected lifecycle cost by allowing implementation of a gradient-based optimization scheme. This is generally a challenging task due to the discontinuous nature of the objective function with respect to design variables. We examine the sensitivity of the optimum maintenance scheduling with respect to the different measures related to failure probability representing different risk strategies. The proposed development provides an uncertainty-aware decision support tool for making more informed decision regarding the lifecycle management of corroding pipelines. This formalism can also be adapted to other deterioration mechanisms that result in damage-induced structural failure over the lifetime.
David Oliver: Rosy retrospection, nostalgia, and the NHS

The NHS turned 70 this year and faces numerous challenges. This has prompted many to debate current and future healthcare services and to look back at the NHS’s journey since 1948. A fond nostalgia has its place. But one step beyond is “rosy retrospection”—a psychological phenomenon of cognitive bias whereby people simplify or exaggerate to judge the past more favourably than the present.12 Excessively positive retrospective narratives sometimes come from people who weren’t there the first time around but speak confidently about imagined golden eras. I’ve doubtless donned rose tinted lenses myself sometimes but, as I enter my 30th year as an NHS doctor, I’d prefer to avoid them when discussing present and future healthcare. Before the European Union Working Time Directive3 placed restrictions …