cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a combined SAGE II-HALOE aerosol climatology: an evaluation of HALOE version 19 stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient observations

Abstract. Herein, the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) aerosol extinction coefficient data is evaluated in the low aerosol loading period after 1996 as the first necessary step in a process that will eventually allow the production of a combined HALOE/SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) aerosol climatology of derived aerosol products including surface area density. Based on these analyses, it is demonstrated that HALOE's 3.46 μm is of good quality above 19 km and suitable for scientific applications above that altitude. However, it is increasingly suspect at lower altitudes and should not be used below 17 km under any circumstances after 1996. The 3.40 μm is biased by about 10% throughout the lower stratosphere due to the failure to clear NO2 but otherwise appears to be a high quality product down to 15 km. The 2.45 and 5.26 μm aerosol extinction coefficient measurements are clearly biased and should not be used for scientific applications after the most intense parts of the Pinatubo period. Many of the issues in the aerosol data appear to be related to either the failure to clear some interfering gas species or doing so poorly. For instance, it is clear that the 3.40 μm aerosol extinction coefficient measurements can be improved through the inclusion of an NO2 correction and could, in fact, end up as the highest quality overall HALOE aerosol extinction coefficient measurement. It also appears that the 2.45 and 5.26 μm channels may be improved by updating the Upper Atmosphere Pilot Database which is used as a resource for the removal of gas species otherwise not available from direct HALOE measurements. Finally, a simple model to demonstrate the promise of mixed visible/infrared aerosol extinction coefficient ensembles for the retrieval of bulk aerosol properties demonstrates that a combined HALOE/SAGE II aerosol climatology is feasible and may represent a substantial improvement over independently derived data sets.
Development of Oral Feeding Skills in the Preterm Infant

This chapter reviews the current understanding of the development of oral feeding skills in preterm infants. Preterm infants frequently have difficulty transitioning from tube to independent oral feeding due to the immaturity of their feeding skills. Consequently, they should not be expected to feed by mouth as efficiently as term infants. Their inability to attain independent oral feeding prolongs their hospital discharge thereby delaying mother–infant reunion and increasing maternal stress and medical cost. Immature feeding skills put these infants at risk for oxygen desaturation, apnea, bradycardia, and aspiration with the potential development of oral feeding aversion. It is now recognized that mature sucking alone is not predictive of readiness to oral feed. For a safe and successful feeding, not only should sucking, swallowing, and respiration be appropriate but, very importantly, also their activities must be coordinated. Research has begun to shed light on the temporal and sequential maturation of these individual functions. In the clinical practice, healthcare professionals have also realized that to optimize these infants’ oral feeding performance and experience, attention must be placed not only on their feeding skills but also on their behavioral state, organization, the environment of the neonatal intensive care unit, and the caregivers’ approach to oral feeding. Interventions to enhance feeding performance are practiced, but their efficacy is often questioned due to lack of evidence-based support.
Unraveling the Complex Nature of Mathematics Learning Disability: Implications for Research and Practice

In this article, we provide an overview of current knowledge on the underlying cognitive deficits associated with mathematics learning disabilities (MLD). We highlight difficulties surrounding the ...
Wound irrigation in children: saline solution or tap water?

Abstract Study objective: Irrigation, a critical component of wound management, is commonly performed with sterile normal saline solution. The purpose of this study was to compare the infection rates of wounds irrigated with normal saline solution versus those of wounds irrigated with running tap water. Methods: A prospective trial was conducted in an urban pediatric emergency department. Tap water pressure and flow rates were measured, and cultures were obtained before the study and at 5 months after study initiation. Patients 1 to 17 years of age presenting to the pediatric ED with a simple laceration were eligible. Exclusion criteria included immunocompromise, complicated lacerations, or current use of or need for antibiotics. Patients were allocated to the running tap water group or the standard normal saline solution irrigation group. Wounds were closed in standard fashion. Patients returned to the pediatric ED in 48 to 72 hours for evaluation. Results: Two hundred seventy-one patients were enrolled in the normal saline solution group and 259 in the tap water group. Tap water and normal saline solution pressures and flow rates differed. The groups did not differ in terms of patient demographic characteristics or wound characteristics. However, more wounds were located on the hand in the tap water group (21.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.3% to 27.1%) compared with those in the normal saline solution group (9.2%; 95% CI 5.9% to 13.4%). The wound infection rates were similar in the 2 groups (normal saline solution group: 2.8% [95% CI 1.1% to 5.7%] versus running tap water group: 2.9% [95% CI 1.2% to 5.9%]). Conclusion: There were no clinically important differences in infection rates between wounds irrigated with tap water or normal saline solution. Tap water might be an effective alternative to normal saline solution for wound irrigation in children. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:609-616.]
Rule-based design methodology for solving control problems

A rule-based design methodology for solving control problems is presented. For the representation of various constraints, activities, and other dependency properties of the control problem, abstract Petri nets (APNs) which are an extended form of Petri net modeling are used as a specification and formalism tool which can be analyzed using the analysis techniques of Petri-net-based models. The APN provides a compact, consistent, and verifiable description of the dynamic behaviour of the system under consideration in a structured mode. The proposed design methodology supports specification, validation, and analysis through high-level interaction with the modeled system. The various steps which were taken towards the development of such a design paradigm are explained. An example which shows the APN modeling of an elevator system is given. >
Ancient Mexican Rubber Artifacts and Modern American Spacesuits: Studies in Crystallization and Oxidation

Modem rubber is a nightmarish material in a museum collection because it is highly susceptible to oxidation, and will slowly crystallize at room temperature, the combination of which can make the rubber inelastic after only a few decades. Recent studies by the author have shown that the rubber in modem spacesuits can be preserved against oxidation by cold storage, but only at the cost of considerably accelerating crystallization. Natural rubber from ethnographic artifacts, produced by less consistent and less documented technology (as well as from different botanical sources), presents similar problems. A rubber sample from a Mexican artifact, for example, was found to be both highly oxidized and highly crystalline. It also appeared to have been filled with an inorganic material and may be crosslinked, offering striking similarities between its physical and chemical properties and those of the degraded modem rubber found in the spacesuits. This paper discusses the results of the present research on crystallization/decrystallization of rubber artifacts, and the effects of storage environments on their degradation. These results are then applied to the problem of preserving the chemical and physical integrity of both older and modem rubber collections.
Relative Frequencies of Generalized Simulated Annealing

We consider a class of nonhomogeneous Markov chains arising in simulated annealing and related stochastic search algorithms. Using only elementary first principles, we analyze the convergence and rate of convergence of the relative frequencies of visits to states in the Markov chain. We describe in detail three examples, including the standard simulated annealing algorithm, to show how our framework applies to specific stochastic search algorithmsthese examples have not previously been recognized to be sufficiently similar to share common analytical grounds. Our analysis, though elementary, provides the strongest sample path convergence results to date for simulated annealing-type Markov chains. Our results serve to illustrate that by taking a purely sample path view, surprisingly strong statements can be made using only relatively elementary tools.
High-Flow Oxygen Administration by Nasal Cannula for Adult and Perinatal Patients

The nasal cannula has been a commonly used patient interface to provide supplemental oxygen since its introduction in the 1940s. Traditionally, it has been categorized as a low-flow device and capable of delivering a 0.4 F(IO(2)) with flows up to 6 L/min to adults with normal minute ventilation. However, there is considerable performance variability among patients and design, which results in an exponential decline in delivered F(IO(2)) as breathing frequencies increase. The nasal cannula has also been successfully adapted for use in perinatal and pediatric respiratory care; flows are reduced, in the range of 0.25-1 L/min, due to smaller minute volumes. A decade or so ago, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy was introduced, accompanied by heated humidification systems to prevent the associated drying of upper airway mucosa and to increase patient comfort. Therapeutic flows for adults were in the 15-40 L/min range; F(IO(2)) could be independently adjusted with air/O(2) blending. The HFNC has also found additional clinical application in perinatal care, as delivery systems with flows > 2 L/min could create a distending pressure similar to nasal CPAP. There is a small but growing body of information from clinical trials that supports use of HFNC as an alternative oxygen interface for adults who present with moderate hypoxemia that persists after receiving oxygen by reservoir-bag masks or similar therapy. Clinical observations report greater patient acceptance and comfort versus oxygen masks. HFNC therapy has also been considered valuable in perinatal care in treating the respiratory distress syndrome or supporting patients after extubation similar to nasal CPAP. At present, research-based evidence for the role of HFNC for its perinatal applications remains unclear. This review will identify proposed mechanisms for therapeutic effectiveness, current delivery equipment, guidelines for rational patient application, and direction for further research.
Design for easily applying test vectors to improve delay fault coverage

It has been noted that arbitrary test pairs ( nu /sub 1/, nu /sub 2/) cannot be applied to a combinational pair of a finite state machine using standard scan path design. The scan path design is a special case of test machines which are designed to control and observe the object machine for detecting faults. By studying state transition graphs, the authors propose a general framework, which is composed of two stages, to solve this problem. Given a set of test pairs and a set of test machines, the first stage is to select a test machine which has the maximum delay fault coverage. If the fault coverage is not satisfactory, two approaches are proposed at the second stage. It is shown that these two optimization problems in the second stage are both NP-hard. Three algorithms are designed to solve these problems. >
Ventricular Performance Modified by Elastic Properties of Outflow System

Left ventricular and atrial pressures, left ventricular circumference and longitudinal meridional segment length, coronary flow, and cardiac oxygen consumption were measured under conditions which permitted intentional variation of the elasticity of the left ventricular outflow system and comparison of cardiac performance during steady states in which heart rate, stroke work, and stroke volume were identical, but the outflow elastic storage capacity was varied. When ejecting through a rigid (as compared with a distensible) system, the left ventricle generated a larger fraction of the contractile tension under auxotonic conditions (i.e., during the ejection phase), and left ventricular systolic peak pressure was increased. Ejections through rigid tubes proceeded from higher diastolic ventricular pressures and larger external dimensions. The effort of hearts which ejected through rigid outflow conduits was associated with a reduced myocardial oxygen consumption. Studies of left ventricular performance in isolated hearts are physiologically significant only when the experimental arrangement comprises an outflow system with distensibility characteristics similar to that of the arterial tree.
Interactions in man of delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol I. Alphamethylparatyrosine

The interaction of alphamethylparatyrosine (AMPT) and delta-9-tetra-hydrocannabinol (THe) was studied in three separate experiments, two giving THe orally, one administering it intravenously. Pretreatment with doses of 2.0 to 4.0 gm of AMPT produced no major qualitative or quantitative change in the effects of THe. Some accentuation of the total intensity of THe was apparent in each of these experiments, but one could not be certain whether this difference was due to additive pharmacologic effects or diminished catecholamine concentrations in brain. It would appear that mental effects of THe are not mediated primarily through catecholamines, but rather by the balance between the concentrations of these amines and others, such as acetylcholine or serotonin.
Phase stabilization of VO2 thin films in high vacuum

A new growth approach to stabilize VO2 on Al2O3 in high vacuum is reported by reducing vanadium oxytriisopropoxide (VTIP) with vanadium metal. Phase stabilization and surface wetting behavior were studied as a function of growth parameters. The flux balance of VTIP to V in combination with growth temperature was identified to be critical for the growth of high quality VO2 thin films. High V fluxes were required to suppress the island formation and to ensure a coalesced film, while too high V fluxes ultimately favored the formation of the undesired, epitaxially stabilized V2O3 phase. Careful optimization of growth temperature, VTIP to V ratio, and growth rate led to high quality single phase VO2 thin films with >3.5 orders of magnitude change in resistivity across the metal-to-insulator transition. This approach opens up another synthesis avenue to stabilize oxide thin films into desired phases.
The Importance of Timing

Building a nervous system requires a precise sequence of genetic transitions, mediated in part by the temporal and spatial regulation of transcription factors. Quan et al. add to our understanding of this regulation by describing an evolutionarily conserved post-translational mechanism that rapidly extinguishes proneural protein activity in neural precursors.
PACSIN2: a BAR-rier forming the megakaryocyte DMS.

In this issue of Blood, Begonja et al describe a role for the membrane sculpting protein PACSIN2 (protein kinase C and casein kinase II substrate 2 in neurons) in membrane organization in megakaryocytes and platelets.1
Influence of peers and parents and sex differences in drinking by high-school students.

Among high-school seniors in New Mexico, the strongest influence on whether or not they drank alcoholic beverages was peer pressure to drink. Whether the mother drank or not influenced both sons' a...
Dissociating antifertility effects of GnRH-antagonist from its adverse effects on mating behavior in male rats

Antagonist analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-A) alone inhibit spermatogenesis in experimental animals, but concomitant decline in serum testosterone leads to abolition of mating beh...
Acute oral ulcers

Accurate diagnosis of acute oral ulcers can be challenging. Important historic details include the pattern of recurrence, anatomic areas of involvement within the mouth and elsewhere on the mucocutaneous surface, associated medical symptoms or comorbidities, and symptomology. Careful mucocutaneous examination is essential. When necessary, biopsy at an active site without ulceration is generally optimal. Depending on the clinical scenario, supplemental studies that may be useful include cultures; perilesional biopsy for direct immunofluorescence testing; and evaluation for infectious diseases, gluten sensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, connective tissue diseases, or hematinic deficiencies. Clinicians should maintain a broad differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with acute oral ulcers.
Perceived Urgency, Alerting Effectiveness and Annoyance of Verbal Collision Avoidance System Messages

Despite extensive examination of display parameters affecting written and nonverbal warnings, few investigators have examined presentation parameters affecting auditorially presented verbal warnings. This investigation is the first systematic examination of display parameters affecting verbal warnings that required listeners to be engaged in a contextually appropriate simultaneous task. Participants responded to verbal collision avoidance system (CAS) messages while engaged in a simultaneous simulated driving task. Perceived urgency, alerting effectiveness and annoyance ratings and behavioral reaction times were examined as a function of the signal word, CAS message, and presentation level (PL). Consistent with predictions from previous research involving written warnings, differences in the perceived urgency were observed as a function of the signal word used. PL also significantly impacted perceived urgency and alerting effectiveness. CAS messages presented at a S/N ratio of at least +4 dB resulted in h...
Solid Lewis Acids Catalyze the Carbon–Carbon Coupling between Carbohydrates and Formaldehyde

The development of catalytic C–C bond formation schemes based on renewable substrates is important for defining sustainable paradigms for chemical manufacturing. With a few exceptions, aldol condensation reactions between biomass-derived platform chemicals have received little attention so far. Here the C–C coupling between 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and formaldehyde into α-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone (HBL) using Sn-Beta is demonstrated. Reactivity studies, coupled with spectroscopic and computational analyses, show that the formation of HBL proceeds by soft enolization of DHA followed by an aldol addition of formaldehyde to the Sn-enolate intermediate, generating erythrulose as an intermediate species. Isotopic labeling is used to reveal the position where formaldehyde is incorporated into HBL, providing further support for our proposed mechanism. Finally, combining the C–C coupling reaction with transfer hydrogenation of formaldehyde has allowed us to expand the substrate scope to include polyols glycerol a...
The meniscus--a key to unfolding the mystery of osteoarthritis: commentary on an article by Robert H. Brophy, MD, et al.: "Molecular analysis of age and sex-related gene expression in meniscal tears with and without a concomitant anterior cruciate ligament tear".

Our appreciation of the molecular organization of the meniscus is leading to a greater understanding of its cellular function in disease. Meniscal tears can lead to knee osteoarthritis, but knee osteoarthritis can lead to a spontaneous meniscal tear through breakdown of the meniscal structure1. This study is timely and relevant regarding the predicted increase in the prevalence of new cases of osteoarthritis in the young athletic population of both sexes. The cross-reactivity of several molecular markers associated with osteoarthritis was demonstrated in the torn meniscus. Although the authors chose an age cutoff of forty years, the age at onset of meniscal injury influences the primary cellular response. Age-related changes coupled with tear location within the meniscus and contributions of the synovial fluid could influence gene expression. There is ample evidence that the meniscus has a related but distinct molecular signature that is different from that found in articular cartilage. The collagen ultrastructure places the meniscus at risk for longitudinal tears. Torn menisci and concomitant anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture possess unique and specific phenotypic cells and gene expression with combined injuries. …
Perceived Unemployment: The Sources and Consequences of Misperception

A great deal of social research examines macro-micro linkages—for example, by examining how economic conditions influence people's political attitudes and behavior. Rarely, however, do researchers directly examine the mechanisms linking macro-level conditions to individual-level attitudes and behavior, the accuracy of people's perceptions of the larger context, or the consequences of their misperceptions. In this paper, using data from two waves of the Polish Panel Study (2003 and 2008), I examine individual and contextual sources of perceived unemployment as well as the consequences of perceived unemployment for economic and political attitudes. Results suggest that people do not possess accurate information on levels of local unemployment in Poland; on average, they overestimate the extent of local unemployment (some quite dramatically). Misperceptions of unemployment vary in predictable ways; misperceptions are related to resources, cognitive ability, and a heightened awareness of unemployment (e.g., b...
Drug therapy and curability of childhood cancer.

Solid tumors outnumbered the leukemias and lymphomas in the first 1000 cases of cancer in children treated at the M. D. Anderson Hospital. The dramatic benefit of chemotherapy in seemingly hopeless situations is illustrated by three case summaries. “Inoperable” Wilms' tumor, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma each became operable following drug treatment. Increased knowledge of cell kinetics, drug action, and dose scheduling should also improve the effectiveness of chemotherapy in other forms of childhood cancer.
Surgical Options for Atypical Facial Pain Syndromes

Atypical neuropathic facial pain is a syndrome of intractable and unremitting facial pain that is secondary to nociceptive signaling in the trigeminal system. These syndromes are often recalcitrant to pharmacotherapy and other common interventions, including microvascular decompression and percutaneous procedures. Herein, the authors present two other viable approaches (nucleus caudalis dorsal root entry zone lesioning and motor cortex stimulation), their indications, and finally a possible treatment algorithm to consider when assessing patients with atypical facial pain.
Adding muscle where you need it: non-uniform hypertrophy patterns in elite sprinters.

Sprint runners achieve much higher gait velocities and accelerations than average humans, due in part to large forces generated by their lower limb muscles. Various factors have been explored in the past to understand sprint biomechanics, but the distribution of muscle volumes in the lower limb has not been investigated in elite sprinters. In this study, we used non-Cartesian MRI to determine muscle sizes in vivo in a group of 15 NCAA Division I sprinters. Normalizing muscle sizes by body size, we compared sprinter muscles to non-sprinter muscles, calculated Z-scores to determine non-uniformly large muscles in sprinters, assessed bilateral symmetry, and assessed gender differences in sprinters' muscles. While limb musculature per height-mass was 22% greater in sprinters than in non-sprinters, individual muscles were not all uniformly larger. Hip- and knee-crossing muscles were significantly larger among sprinters (mean difference: 30%, range: 19–54%) but only one ankle-crossing muscle was significantly larger (tibialis posterior, 28%). Population-wide asymmetry was not significant in the sprint population but individual muscle asymmetries exceeded 15%. Gender differences in normalized muscle sizes were not significant. The results of this study suggest that non-uniform hypertrophy patterns, particularly large hip and knee flexors and extensors, are advantageous for fast sprinting.
Allied Health Personnel in Physicians’ Offices: An Econometric Approach

This paper develops a simultaneous equation model of allied health personnel employed in physicians’ offices, which include nursing, technical and secretarial-clerical workers. The first three equations explain weekly hours demanded of each of the three types of allied health personnel as functions of the degree of delegation of tasks; own wage; visits; own capital; and, for nurses, the technician wage and, for technicians, the nurse wage. The fourth equation explains degree of delegation as a function of employment of all three types of allied health personnel, nurse rooms, technician rooms, malpractice insurance premiums, and percentages of low- and middle-income patients. The model was estimated separately for four specialties, general family practice, internal medicine, obstetrics-gynecology and pediatrics, using, data for solo practice physicians obtained from the Seventh Periodic Survey of Physicians, conducted by the American Medical Association in 1972. Estimated parameters of the model and implied elasticities of demand for allied health personnel are reported.
Moral ambivalence and the decision to initiate others into injection drug use: A qualitative study in two California cities

Abstract Background Research has shown that people often need assistance from an established person who injects drugs (PWID) in order to initiate their own injection drug use. Yet, there is scant research on the injection initiation process from the perspective of established PWID who assists with initiation. In this paper, we examine the injection initiation process from the perspective of established PWID. Methods From 2011 to 2013, we conducted qualitative life history interviews with 113 PWID in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California. Qualitative data were coded using an inductive analysis approach. Emergent themes are presented in a series of emblematic case studies that elucidate the injection initiation process from the point of view of the PWID who help people with their first injection. Results Most participants (70%) said that they had never initiated another person into drug injection, citing negative health and social consequences of drug injection as their primary reasons. Among those PWID who had ever facilitated initiation (30%), most expressed moral ambivalence about the behaviour. Using case studies, we show how PWID engage in a complicated calculation that weighs the pros and cons of assisting someone with their first injection. Concerns about long term harms associated with injection drug use sometimes give way to short-term altruistic concerns related to self-initiation or instrumental needs on the part of the established PWID. Conclusions Objections to facilitating initiation of injection naive persons appear to be common among established PWID but are sometimes overridden by a need to reduce harms that can be associated with self-initiation and one's structural vulnerability. For established PWID, helping to initiate another person becomes a complex moral question with nuanced motivations. While further substantiation of this observation will require more research, it is worth considering how existing disinclination to initiating injection naive persons can be integrated into new or existing approaches to preventing injection initiation.
Tuning interfacial exchange interactions via electronic reconstruction in transition-metal oxide heterostructures

The impact of interfacial electronic reconstruction on the magnetic characteristics of La0.7Sr0.3CoO3 (LSCO)/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) heterostructures was investigated as a function of layer thickness using a combination of soft x-ray magnetic spectroscopy and bulk magnetometry. We found that the magnetic properties of the LSCO layers are impacted by two competing electronic interactions occurring at the LSCO/substrate and LSMO/LSCO interfaces. For thin LSCO layers (<5 nm), the heterostructures exist in a highly coupled state where the chemically distinct layers behave as a single magnetic compound with magnetically active Co2+ ions. As the LSCO thickness increases, a high coercivity LSCO layer develops which biases a low coercivity layer, which is composed not only of the LSMO layer but also an interfacial LSCO layer. These results suggest an intriguing route to tune the magnetic properties of transition metal oxide heterostructures through careful control of the interface structure.
Optimal hybrid controls for global exponential tracking on the two-sphere

This paper presents tracking control systems on the two-sphere, which is composed of unit-vectors in the three dimensional Euclidean space. First, a smooth feedback control system is constructed to follow a desired trajectory on the two-sphere, while guaranteeing almost global exponential stability. Next, a hybrid control scheme is proposed to achieve global exponential stability by introducing an additional expelling mode. It is shown that there is one dimensional degree of freedom in the expelling mode, and it is optimized to minimize selected measures of the overall tracking performance. The proposed optimal construction of hybrid controls, while guaranteeing global attractivity on the two-sphere is the unique contribution of this paper. These are illustrated by numerical examples.
Mental Health Disorders Associated with RLS

In this chapter, we cover the myriad ways that restless legs syndrome (RLS) and psychiatry interface. This particularly relevant because RLS was included as a unique sleep disorder in the recent Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Epidemiological data from both population and clinic-based studies have found a higher incidence of mental illness—particularly depressive and anxiety disorders—among cohorts with RLS. Conversely, preliminary data suggest that individuals with mental illness may have higher rates of RLS as well. We discuss neurobiological parallels between RLS and mental illness that may explain such comorbidity. We also consider the phenomenological overlap between RLS and neurocognitive impairment and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In general, patients with RLS tend to score higher on neuroticism on personality inventories. Data on whether serotonergic antidepressants worsen or improve RLS symptoms remain conflicting. Bupropion may be ideally suited for comorbid depression and RLS. We discuss the role of neuroleptics, sedative-hypnotics, and mood stabilizers in RLS, and we discuss how to differentiate RLS from neuroleptic-induced akathisia. We also review the psychiatric complications of common RLS treatment. We conclude with a practical approach to managing the often difficult situation of comorbid RLS and mental illness.
Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication: Policy and Infrastructure: Edited by Kevin L. Smith and Katherine A. Dickson (Eds.), Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, 307 pp., $66.00, ISBN: 978-1-4422-7302-3.

This book provides a balance of both theoretical and practical knowledge on the issues surrounding open access and scholarly communication. This volume (the ninth in the series Creating the 21st Ce...
Chapter 17 – Fabry disease

Fabry disease, an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipids that is caused by mutations of the GLA gene that codes for α-galactosidase A, leads to dysfunction of many cell types and includes a systemic vasculopathy. As a result, patients have a markedly increased risk of developing ischemic stroke, small-fiber peripheral neuropathy, cardiac dysfunction and chronic kidney disease. Virtually all complications of Fabry disease are non-specific in nature and clinically indistinguishable from similar abnormalities that occur in the context of more common disorders in the general population. Recent studies suggested a much higher incidence of mutations of the GLA gene, suggesting that this disorder is under-diagnosed. However, some of the gene variants may be benign. Although the etiology of Fabry disease has been known for many years, the mechanism by which the accumulating α-D-galactosyl moieties cause this multi organ disorder has only recently been studied and is yet to be completely elucidated. Specific therapy for Fabry disease has been developed in the last few years but its role in the management of the disorder is still being investigated. Fortunately, standard ‘non-specific’ medical and surgical therapy is effective in slowing deterioration or compensating for organ failure in patients with Fabry disease.
Method of facial feature positioning based on improved ASM

Facial Feature Positioning is attracting many attentions in computer vision. Active Shape Model (ASM) is considered as high level image processing algorithm, especially in face alignment. Active shape model is used to model the change of face shape using principal component analysis (PCA). Because of the influence of posture and expression, the linear PCA model is difficult to describe the face shape changes under different expressions and gestures. This paper presents a method based on conventional ASM. The proposed method exploits the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) descriptors and uses AdaBoost algorithm to detect the face area to make sure the initial shape model at a perfect position. Experiment results show that the proposed method performs well in localizing facial feature than original ASM.
Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Deep Fully Convolutional Neural Networks

In this study, brain tumor substructures are segmented using 2D fully convolutional neural networks. A number of modifications such as double convolution layers, inception modules, and dense modules were added to a U-Net to achieve a deep architecture and test if the increased depth improves the performance. The experiments show that the deep architectures improve the performance. Also, the performance is enhanced from ensembling across the models trained on images in different orientations and ensembling across the models with different architectures. Even without any data augmentation, the ensembled model achieves a competitive performance and generalizes well on a new dataset. The resulting mean 3D Dice scores (ET/WT/TC) on the BRATS17 validation and test sets are 0.75/0.88/0.73 and 0.72/0.86/0.73.
Duration of propagule pressure affects non-native plant species abundances.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Invasions by non-native species are known to be related to present propagule pressure (e.g., the number of non-native seeds arriving in a site each year). However, previous studies have mostly ignored the potential effects of the length of time that a site has experienced propagule pressure. This study is novel in studying past as well as present propagule pressure and in demonstrating the importance of past propagule pressure. METHODS We tested the importance of past and present propagule pressure in three plant communities in central Texas to quantify relationships between variables representing past and present propagule pressure, other environmental variables, and the abundance of non-native and native woody plant species. KEY RESULTS Duration of propagule pressure predicted non-native species richness. Sites had greater non-native species richness if they were nearer to development (houses, roads) and if nearby development was older. While mesic woodlands had the most native species, streamside woodlands had the most non-native species. CONCLUSIONS First, future studies of non-native invasions would benefit from including past as well as present propagule pressure. If past propagule pressure is not considered, its effects may be wrongly ascribed to present propagule pressure. Second, the non-native species in this study are widely used in landscaping, and development age reflects the years that landscaping has been present nearby. As xeriscaping becomes more common, streamside woodlands may someday not have the highest non-native species richness: the new drought-tolerant landscaping plants may be better invaders of drier sites than their predecessors.
Twelfth Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research: So That Any Child May Succeed: Indigenous Pathways Toward Justice and the Promise of Brown:

As the U.S. Supreme Court prepared to rehear for the second time the case of Brown v. Board of Education in 1953, the 83rd Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 108 and Public Law 280—policie...
Evaluation of gas well setback policy in the Marcellus Shale region of Pennsylvania in relation to emissions of fine particulate matter

Shale gas has become an important strategic energy source with considerable potential economic benefits and the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in so far as it displaces coal use. Howe...
Spinal Cord Tumors, Biology of

The authors discuss the current management of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children and young adults. Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are rare and comprise only a small percentage of all central nervous system neoplasms. There has been much controversy regarding the optimal management of these tumors, with the majority being histologically benign. The majority of these neoplasms occur in the cervical–thoracic region with pain or a motor deficit as the chief complaint. Surgery on these neoplasms can be performed with safety using surgical adjuncts such as the ultrasonic aspirator, contact laser, and neurophysiological monitoring.
Moonlight and Behavior in Nocturnal and Cathemeral Primates, Especially Lepilemur leucopus: Illuminating Possible Anti-Predator Efforts

What factors affect the behavioral decisions individuals make to forage, travel, rest, or engage in sociality, including reproductive behaviors, at a particular time or place? Decisions to engage in any of these activities should depend on trade-offs between gains in nutrients and, ultimately, in reproductive success, and predation risk (Lima & Dill, 1990). Lima & Dill argue that since most of the components of predation risk are potentially assessable by prey, prey may make behavioral decisions that could reduce the risks. In the case of foraging, a decision concerning foraging when a predation risk exists may differ from a decision based only upon energy considerations. However, Lima & Dill also review the variability of predator behavior, which may limit the prey’s ability to assess risk and the consequent cues prey could use to assess risk. For the observer, the difficulty is one of assessing the animal’s perceived risk of predation. Perceived risk is likely to be more important in understanding prey behavior than predation rate, since rate of predation is what we see after the evolution of anti-predator adaptations in morphology or behavior (Hill, 1998; Janson, 1998; Stanford, 2002).
Engineering Cell-to-Cell Communication to Explore Fundamental Questions in Ecology and Evolution

Synthetic biology has created countless examples of gene circuits that lead to novel behavior in cells [1]. While the technological applications of these circuits, in terms of their use in medicine [2], industry [3, 4], and to study systems biology [5] has been acknowledged, synthetic biology is increasingly used to explore questions in evolution and ecology [6]. Traditionally, evolutionary and ecological studies have taken two separate approaches to address scientific questions. One traditional approach uses mathematical modeling to capture the essential aspects of the dynamic or relationship under study. Research is performed in silico, allowing the researcher to explore multiple parameters in a well-defined system, as compared to studying the relationship in its natural setting. However, predictions generated by mathematical models are often not verified experimentally, leading to questions regarding their validity [6]. On the other hand, studying a single dynamic in a natural setting offers its own set of challenges. Here, the single dynamic of interest may be subject to multiple interacting factors, which may obscure its true contribution to the relationship under study [7]. Synthetic biology thus offers a well-rounded intermediate between these two approaches; modeling predictions are verified in living, experimental systems [6, 7]. This dual approach has allowed for the study of ecological and evolutionary dynamics that would be nearly impossible to study in the natural environment. Indeed, the number of studies that have utilized synthetic biology to study such relationships is growing quickly (e.g., [8–10]).
Adaptive cellular defense against inflammatory stress induced by Helicobacter pylori: Role of Nrf2

4921 Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that chronic infection and inflammation contribute the carcinogenesis. Helicobacter pylori infection has been implicated in gastritis and peptic ulcer, which can eventually progress to gastric cancer. However, in a long-term study conducted in a wild-type mouse model, H. pylori infection itself did not induce gastric cancer. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this discrepancy, we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for H. pylori-induced inflammatory responsein human gastric cancer (AGS) cells and genetically engineered animal models. Infection of AGS cells with H. pylori up-regulated the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase, enhanced secretion of interleukin-8, and increased phosphorylation of ERK. The nuclear translocation and subsequent DNA binding of NF-kappaB, which is known to regulate pro-inflammatory gene expression, were augmented after H. pylori treatment. The DNA binding of AP-1 and the expression of c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun were also induced by H. pylori infection. A wide array of phase II detoxifying or antioxidant enzymes constitutes a fundamental cellular defense system against oxidative and proinflammatory insults. Treatment of AGS cells with H. pylori resulted in elevated expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein, which is one of the major cellular antioxidant enzymes. The immunofluorescence staining, using an FITC-conjugated HO-1 antibody, verified the elevated localization of HO-1 protein in the cytoplasm after H. pylori treatment. The H. pylori treatment enhanced antioxidant response element (ARE) binding of Nrf2, a redox-sensitive transcription factor responsible for regulating expression of many antioxidant and detoxifying genes, including ho-1. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation and ARE-luciferase reporter gene assays revealed that H. pylori treatment induced Nrf2 binding to the ARE site and that the binding site is located at -0.5 kB of human ho-1 promoter region. After repeated H. pylori inoculation (x 3), mouse stomach tissues were collected at 16 weeks. Following inoculation at 1, 4, 8 and 16th week of H. pylori inflammation was evident in gastric mucosa, and there was the ARE activation in mouse stomach as monitored by utilizing ARE transgenic reporter mice. Analysis of stomach tissues collected from Nrf-2-/-, Nrf-2+/- and Nrf-2+/+ mice infected with H. pylori for 16 weeks revealed that H. pylori-induced inflammation was aggravated in Nrf2 knock-out mice than in hetero and wild-type mice. Taken together, H. pylori infection can trigger the proinflammatory response through up-regulation of COX-2, which provokes adaptive cellular defense response through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of antioxidant enzyme, such as HO-1, thereby protecting cells and tissues against subsequent prooxidative and proinflammatory insults.
Nexus: Applying the Deming Method in HospitalS: Part 1

(1989). Nexus: Applying the Deming Method in HospitalS: Part 1. Hospital Topics: Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 4-5.
Tales of two cities: legislating pregnancy and marriage among foreign domestic workers in Singapore and Hong Kong

This article compares the ‘power geometry’ (Massey [1994]. Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) of mobility/immobility of foreign domestic workers in Singapore and H...
The Affordable Care Act and Opioid Agonist Therapy for Opioid Use Disorder.

Objective:The study examined whether the use of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) for treatment of opioid use disorder in specialty substance use treatment settings increased following Medicaid expansio...
What Makes the Free Will Debate Substantive

Contrary to what I have contended, Michael McKenna argues that basic desert does not have an essential role in the free will debate. On his alternative construal, what is central is whether our practice of holding morally responsible, and blaming in particular, can be justified, and what notion of free will is required for that justification. Notions distinct from basic desert can ground our practice, and so the free will debate is independent of basic desert. Here I argue that the one best candidate for such a notion is basic fairness, but in the area of moral responsibility there is no substantial difference between basic desert and basic fairness.
Sensitivity of the Shock Initiation Threshold of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene(TATB) to Nuclear Quantum Effects

Approximating the dynamics of atomic nuclei with classical equations of motion in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations causes an overprediction of the specific heat and omits zero-point energy which...
Upregulation of Cellular Palmitoylation Mitigates α-Synuclein Accumulation and Neurotoxicity.

Background Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by α-synuclein (αS) cytoplasmic inclusions. αS-dependent vesicle-trafficking defects are important in PD pathogenesis, but their mechanisms are not well understood. Protein palmitoylation, post-translational addition of the fatty acid palmitate to cysteines, promotes trafficking by anchoring specific proteins to the vesicle membrane. αS itself cannot be palmitoylated as it lacks cysteines, but it binds to membranes, where palmitoylation occurs, via an amphipathic helix. We hypothesized that abnormal αS membrane-binding impairs trafficking by disrupting palmitoylation. Accordingly, we investigated the therapeutic potential of increasing cellular palmitoylation. Objectives We asked whether upregulating palmitoylation by inhibiting the depalmitoylase acyl-protein-thioesterase-1 (APT1) ameliorates pathologic αS-mediated cellular phenotypes and sought to identify the mechanism. Methods Using human neuroblastoma cells, rat neurons, and iPSC-derived PD patient neurons, we examined the effects of pharmacologic and genetic downregulation of APT1 on αS-associated phenotypes. Results APT1 inhibition or knockdown decreased αS cytoplasmic inclusions, reduced αS serine-129 phosphorylation (a PD neuropathological marker), and protected against αS-dependent neurotoxicity. We identified the APT1 substrate microtubule-associated-protein-6 (MAP6), which binds to vesicles in a palmitoylation-dependent manner, as a key mediator of these effects. Mechanistically, we found that pathologic αS accelerated palmitate turnover on MAP6, suggesting that APT1 inhibition corrects a pathological αS-dependent palmitoylation deficit. We confirmed the disease relevance of this mechanism by demonstrating decreased MAP6 palmitoylation in neurons from αS gene triplication patients. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a novel link between the fundamental process of palmitoylation and αS pathophysiology. Upregulating palmitoylation represents an unexplored therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Technical Characteristics of Church Wall Paintings in the Balkans

This paper deals with a technical study of medieval wall paintings in churches located in the Balkans, focusing on Sopocani monastery, an eminent example in present-day Serbia. By analyzing their painting materials and techniques, the paper aims to clarify the technical and cultural characteristics that defined Balkan wall painting practices in the medieval period.