cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POISe: pulsed optoacoustic interferometric spectroscopy and imaging

POISe is a spectroscopic imaging technique based on the measurement of surface motion resulting from thermoelastic stress waves produced by short pulse laser irradiation of optically heterogeneous turbid samples. Here we show the capability of POISe to form tomographic images of tissue phantoms using surface displacement measurements taken at several locations following irradiation of a sample with a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser λ=1064 nm. The principal component of POISe is a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer that provides surface displacement measurements with a temporal resolution of 4 ns and a displacement sensitivity of 0.2 nm. By performing simple image reconstructions on data sets acquired from several tissue-like phantoms, we demonstrate the ability of POISe to provide better than 250 μm spatial resolution at depths of 6 to 8 mm in a strongly scattering medium (μ's=1/mm). This technique shows great promise for high-resolution non-invasive imaging of superficial (< 1 cm) tissue structures.
Rumination, cognition, and the brain

Abstract This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the cognitive and neural correlates of rumination. I first explore evidence linking rumination with various cognitive control processes, such as inhibition, updating, set shifting, and attention. I interpret the findings in light of theories on rumination and cognitive processes. The chapter then describes the research on rumination and the brain, specifically imaging studies of brain structures and networks. I focus on research and theories about three interrelated brain networks: the default mode network, salience network, and central executive network.
Nonoperative Treatment for Scoliosis

The world of scoliosis has undergone radical changes during the last thirty years. The advent of the Milwaukee brace, in 1946, by Blount and Schmidt, gave a much greater percentage of satisfactory results by nonoperative treatment than had previously been obtained. The Harrington instrumentation technique, and to a lesser extent the Dwyer technique, have greatly enhanced the operative correction of the scoliotic spine. Better plaster techniques have also proved helpful in maintaining good operative correction.
The structural reorganization of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence as a framework for vulnerability to the environment

Adolescence is a time of increased vulnerability to developing substance use disorders. In part, this may be due to the wide array of neural changes occurring during this time, many of which can be altered by environmental stimuli including drugs. In this review, we will examine the evidence for neuroanatomical changes during adolescence in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), an important neural region involved in decision making and reward processing. Studies of humans and rodent models will be included with an emphasis on work from our lab using rats. Sex differences in neural changes will also be explored especially with regard to puberty and its timing. We will discuss these changes in the context of adolescent vulnerability, arguing that the brain is most influenced by experience (or lack thereof) when developmental processes are occurring.
Comprehensive characterization of terahertz generation with the organic crystal BNA

We characterize the terahertz (THz) generation of N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (BNA), with crystals ranging in thickness from 123 to 700 µm. We compare excitation using 800 nm and 1250 to 1500 nm wavelengths. Pumping BNA with 800 nm wavelengths and longer near-infrared wavelengths results in a broad spectrum, producing out to 6 THz using a 100 fs pump, provided the BNA crystal is thin enough. ∼200µm or thinner crystals are required to produce a broad spectrum with an 800 nm pump, whereas ∼300µm thick crystals are optimal for broadband THz generation using the longer wavelengths. We report the favorable THz generation and optical characteristics of our BNA crystals that make them attractive for broadband, high-field THz generation, and we also compare differences in THz properties relative to BNA characteristics reported in other works.
Acute and Long-Term Services for Elementary and Middle School Children With Early Childhood Brain Injury.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the rates of referral to and receipt of acute and long-term services and identify factors that could impact these rates for children who experie...
Teledentistry in the management of a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma manifesting as a gingival swelling: A case report.

Oral cavity lymphomas constitute only 3% of all lymphomas in the general population but are the third most common oral malignancy. A 67-year-old female with a history of osteoporosis, Graves' disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was referred to the Department of Dental Specialties with a chief complaint of persistent soft tissue swelling facial to the maxillary incisors of possible non-odontogenic origin. To expedite care, the patient was first seen via teledentistry and subsequently appointed for an in-person evaluation and treatment. Examination revealed 1-3 mm probing depths and a firm, non-tender, non-fluctuant mass in the facial soft tissues approximating teeth nos. 7-10. Biopsy of the affected area was performed. A diagnosis of recurrent follicle center cell lymphoma, a form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, was rendered. The patient was subsequently referred to the Oncology and Hematology team, followed for 6 weeks and remained symptom-free. This case underlies the importance of teledentistry to expedite care and manage patient expectations. Additionally, it also underscores the importance of microscopic examination of tissue samples from oral lesions that appear non-odontogenic in nature and reinforces the role of dentistry in uncovering the oral-systemic link.
Testing the impact of an online mindfulness program on prelicensure nursing students stress and anxiety.

BACKGROUND Fourth-year nursing students are under stress due to internal, external, and situational stressors. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an online mindfulness intervention on fourth-year nursing students' depression, anxiety, stress, and coping. METHODS Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping was used to guide the proposed intervention using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest one-group design. Students took the pretest at the start of the semester, 2 weeks later they started the intervention for 4 weeks. The posttest was administered 2 weeks after completion of the intervention. RESULTS Nursing students who completed the 4-week online mindfulness intervention reported decreased anxiety and stress. Open-ended questions revealed the intervention was beneficial, and the time spent practicing mindfulness was valuable. CONCLUSION The online mindfulness intervention resulted in lowered anxiety and stress in nursing students' engaged in clinical courses and warrants further study.
Acute hypersensitivity reaction to enfuvurtide upon re-challenge

(2004). Acute hypersensitivity reaction to enfuvurtide upon re-challenge. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases: Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 778-778.
Polynomial Time Algorithms for Galois Groups

In this paper we present several polynomial time algorithms for Galois groups. We show: (i) There are polynomial time algorithms to determine: (a) If the Galois group of an irreducible polynomial over Q is a p-group. (b) the prime divisors of the order of a solvable Galois group (ii) Using the classification theorem for finite simple groups, there is a polynomial time algorithm to determine whether an irreducible polynomial over Q has Galois group Sn or An.
Detecting sharing of partial applications in functional languages

A method is presented for detecting sharing of partial function applications in higher order functional programs. Such sharing occurs when there are several references to variables that are bound to a particular function application. In order to provide an interprocedural analysis, a non-standard semantics is defined for a lazy, higher-order functional language such that the meaning of a program is information about the sharing that occurred during its execution. An abstraction of this non-standard semantics is presented so that useful, although less complete, sharing information can be provided at compile-time.
Reversed differential cyanosis with equal desaturation of the upper limbs: Syndrome of complete transposition of the great vessels with complete interruption of the aortic arch

Abstract Attention is drawn to reversed differential cyanosis with equal desaturation of both upper limbs as the distinctive clinical feature of complete transposition of the great vessels combined with complete interruption of the aortic arch. A case is presented of a 7 year old girl who exhibited this pattern of cyanosis and who represents the third recorded example of this complex malformation. In addition, this patient illustrates that this combination of anomalies is compatible with survival beyond infancy.
Efficient Matrix-Encoded Grammars and Low Latency Parallelization Strategies for CYK

We present a matrix encoding of context-free grammars, motivated by hardware-level efficiency considerations. We find efficiency gains of 2.5--9x for exhaustive inference and approximately 2x for pruned inference, resulting in high-accuracy parsing at over 20 sentences per second. Our grammar encoding allows fine-grained parallelism during chart cell population; we present a controlled study of several methods of parallel parsing, and find near-optimal latency reductions as core-count increases.
Cysts, Pituitary, Rat, Mouse, and Hamster

Cysts of the craniopharyngeal duct in rodents are usually microscopic. A few large cysts enlarge the gland and may appear as blisterlike lesions filled with mucoid-colloid material.
A Review of “The Sports Market Place Directory 2009”

Although the term sporting industry appears at first glance to be a narrow field, it encompasses diverse groups such as college athletic directors, sports attorneys, little league coaches, manufact...
PRIMATE CINGULOSTRIATAL PROJECTION : LIMBIC STRIATAL VERSUS SENSORIMOTOR STRIATAL INPUT

The organization of the projections from the cingulate cortex to the striatum in the monkey was studied using the retrograde tracers Lucifer Yellow conjugated to dextran amines and horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. These tracers were injected into the different regions of the ventral (limbic) striatum and the dorsal (sensorimotor) striatum. The shell region of the nucleus accumbens was defined using calbindin-D28K immunohistochemistry. Following injections into the ventral striatum, there are numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the various regions of the primate cingulate cortex, most of which are derived from layer V. The cytoarchitectural subdivisions of cingulate cortex include the anterior cingulate cortex, areas 25, 24a–c, and 24a'–c', and the posterior cingulate cortex, areas 23a–c, 29, 30, and 31. There is a topographical organization of the projections from these different cingulate areas to the ventral and dorsal striatum. The medial ventral striatum receives input from the rostral part of the anterior cingulate cortex (areas 25 and 24a, b). The shell region of the nucleus accumbens receives fibers from areas 25, 24a,b, and 24a',b'. Projections to the central ventral striatum including the core of the nucleus accumbens are derived primarily from areas 25, 24a, 24b, and the medial part of area 24c. However, few labeled cells are detected in areas 24c and 24c'. The lateral ventral striatum receives input primarily from areas 24b, 24b' and 23b and medial portion of area 24c. The medial ventral striatum and the shell of the nucleus accumbens have a similar distribution of labeled cells, such that these regions derive their input almost entirely from the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast to the ventral striatum, the dorsal sensorimotor striatum receives projections from areas 24c, 24c' 23c and 31. These arise primarily from the lateral portion of lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus. Our results demonstrate that areas 24c, 24c' and 23c, the lateral portion of the lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus project to the dorsal sensorimotor striatum. The medial portion of the lower bank of the cingulate cortex projects to the ventral striatum including the core of the nucleus accumbens. Different projections to striatum from discrete subdivisions of cingulate cortex indicate that these areas are heterogeneous and have different functions such that the fundus of the cingulate sulcus is related to skeletomotor function, whereas the medial portion of the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus is associated with the limbic-related and association cortical function. The lateral portion of the lower bank may be a transition area and related to both motor and limbic functions.
The private provision of capital for public housing development: A cost—benefit study of the Seoul housing project

This study analyses the programme impact of a strategic decision to privatize public housing development. It provides theoretical insights and assesses the ‘filtering’ (trickle down) theory of housing development underpinning this strategy. Analysis of distributional effects ensuing from the project demonstrates that developmental benefits (additional supply of housing) have simply filled the demand of those who can cater to the forces of the marketplace. Furthermore, macroeconomic determinants, acute shortages and distributional problems in the housing market that typically characterize urban centres in developing countries counteract that filtering process. The consequences of this privatization strategy point to potential costs and benefits of future policy options.
The Structure of G4, the Poxvirus Disulfide Oxidoreductase Essential for Virus Maturation and Infectivity

The possibility of the release of smallpox virus into a predominantly nonimmunized population highlights the importance of understanding poxvirus biology. Poxviruses encode a conserved pathway that is required to oxidize disulfide bonds in nascent viral proteins that fold in the reducing environment of the eukaryotic host cytoplasm. We present the structure of the last enzyme of the vaccinia virus pathway, G4, which is almost identical in smallpox virus. G4 catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins that are critical for virus maturation and host cell infection. G4 contains a thioredoxin fold and a Cys-X-X-Cys active site. In solution, G4 monomers and dimers are observed. In the crystal, G4 is found as a dimer that buries 4,500 A 2 in the interface and occludes the active site, which could protect the reactive disulfide from reduction in the cytoplasm. The structure serves as a model for drug design targeting viral disulfide bond formation.
Masturbation and Discourse on Female Sexual Practices in Early Modern Japan

Much of the discourse on female sexual practices in early modern Japan centred on masturbation, usually with a dildo, deemed necessary for a woman's mental and physical health when the male member was unavailable. References to female same-sex relations suggest that they too made sense in situations where men were absent. Some sex manuals treated female sexual arousal within the context of conjugal relations, while a text written for wives in polygamous marriages places female sexual practice at the service of male interests. The texts analysed here show not only that early modern Japanese held different attitudes toward sex than their western counterparts, but also that they could hold multiple attitudes at the same time.
High-temperature steam electrolysis: Technical and economic evaluation of alternative process designs

Abstract A high-temperature water-vapor electrolysis (HTE) unit operating at an average temperature of 1000°C was integrated into a preliminary process design using electrical and thermal energy derived from coal. Process variations with either steam or water feeds under isothermal or nonisothermal HTE operation were considered. Operating and capital costs were estimated for each process flowsheet, with the lowest costs being obtained for operation with high steam conversions in the electrolyzer. Estimated H2 production costs were compared with estimates obtained from the literature for other H2 production processes. The estimated HTE H2 production costs ranged from $0.17 to $0.22 standard m−3 H2 produced ($13–17 GJ−1, using the higher heating value), assuming $1.90 GJ−1 for thermal energy and $13.90 GJ−1 for electrical energy.
Screening bone scintigraphy in the staging of locally advanced head and neck cancer

Summary A retrospective determination of the yield from screening bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastasis when used for disease staging of 93 asymptomatic patients with locally extensive head and neck cancer was undertaken. The bone scintigraphy findings were correlated with observations from other radioimaging studies done within 1 month of head and neck cancer diagnosis. Bone scintigraphy did not reveal a single case of bone metastasis outside the head and neck region. On the other hand, 3 cases (8%) of resectable and 2 cases (5%) of non-resectable bone metastasis located within the head and neck area were observed among the 40 patients with abnormal bone scintigraphy. Old rib fracture or degenerative disease was responsible for the increased radionuclide uptake in bony areas below the clavicle in less than half of the remaining 35 cases. We conclude that the routine use of bone scintigraphy for disease staging in asymptomatic patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer is not warranted because the positive yield is low.
Snap-Through of Unsymmetric Cross-Ply Laminates Using Piezoceramic Actuators

The paper discusses the concept of using a piezoceramic actuator bonded to one side of a two-layer unsymmetric cross ply [0/90] T laminate to provide the moments necessary to snap the laminate from one stable equilibrium shape to another. The results presented are considered an alternative to existing morphing concepts wherein actuators are used to elastically warp structures into a shape other than their natural and unique equilibrium shape. These existing concepts require the continuous application of power to maintain the warped shape. With the concept discussed here, the actuators are used only to change from one equilibrium shape to another, so continuous power is not needed. The paper discusses several phases of modeling, including bonding the actuator to the laminate and applying voltage to the actuator to effect the shape change, and experimental work. Two models are developed, a simple model and a more refined one. Both are based on the Rayleigh-Ritz technique and the use of energy and variationa...
Time series analysis of fatigue crack growth rate data

Abstract Previous treatments of fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) statistics have sought to determine the best testing and data analysis techniques with which to process fatigue crack growth data. The best techniques were denned as the ones that produced the least scatter in the data. Recent studies suggest that the scatter in FCGR data has physical significance, which must be understood in order to predict the growth of small cracks. This paper presents a stochastic model which treats the material's resistance to fatigue crack growth as a spatial stochastic process evolving along the path of the crack. The parameters of the model are found by a time series analysis which accounts for the statistical correlation that has been observed between adjacent FCGR measurements. The data to be analyzed is assumed to consist of an ensemble of replicate crack growth tests sampled at equal increments of crack growth. The model is shown to be useful for explaining the moderate scatter observed in mid-range ΔK tests. It is also likely to be useful for understanding the large scatter observed in small crack tests.
Bevacizumab and irinotecan treatment for progressive diffuse brainstem glioma: case report

Diffuse brainstem glioma carries a dismal prognosis. The current cornerstone of treatment is radiation therapy. Chemotherapy appears to be ineffective and the role of this treatment in the recurrent or progressive setting is not known. Bevacizumab and irinotecan have been reported to have shown radiographic response and improvement in progression-free survival among patients with malignant supratentorial gliomas. In this paper, we report our experience in an adult patient with progressive diffuse brainstem glioma treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan.
Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on performance and foot-leg traits in swine

Abstract Seventy-three boars were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: (1) a basal; (2) basal plus ascorbic acid (500 mg kg−1) diet. The performance test started with boars averaging 39 kg body weight and ended at 105 kg. Boars were scored on foot and leg traits at the start and end of the test. Supplemental ascorbic acid did not affect performance traits or the composite soundness score. Only straightness of front legs was improved by supplemental ascorbic acid. Starting slope of front pasterns and starting composite soundness score had the highest correlation coefficients with ending composite soundness score (0.46 and 0.55, respectively).
Pore structures induced by water vapor adsorbed on nonporous lunar fines and ground calcite

Abstract Lunar fines and the ground calcite are both highly defective materials and because of this there are marked similarities between their interactions with adsorbed water vapor. The solar radiation and meteorites incident on the lunar surface produce soil particles, or fines, which are nonporous to adsorbed inert gas molecules. Many crystalline grains contain very high densities of damage tracks (>1011 tracks/cm2), and show an amorphous coating. The adsorption isotherm of water shows that the fines interact strongly with water vapor. The subsequent adsorptions of nitrogen and argon show that the specific surface area has increased as much as threefold, and that pores have been generated. The probable explanation for these changes is that water interacts with the amorphous coating and diffuses along the damage tracks leaching a system of microchannels. During the ball milling of calcite the crystals suffer processes of flow and plastic deformation which leave the grains nonporous to adsorbed nitrogen. The structural degradation caused by milling, which was examined by X-ray and infrared techniques, develops in three discrete steps and causes a marked enhancement in the reactivity towards water. The changes in reactivity were examined by measuring the solubility in water, the pH of aqueous suspensions and the buried water content by thermogravimetric analysis. In the most reactive sample of ground calcite, the adsorption isotherm of water reveals massive uptake at high relative pressure and shows high pressure hysteresis overlying a hysteresis which extends over the entire range of relative pressure. The subsequently measured adsorption of nitrogen shows that the grains are now porous and that the specific surface area has increased fourfold. Dissolution occurs within the dislocated calcite to form a pore system of fine channels and crystallization of the leached calcium carbonate forms whiskers of nail-head spar calcite.
Does transferrin exhibit ferroxidase activity

Abstract The oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by oxygen at pH 7.45 is a first order reaction with a 25 minute half life. In the presence of apotransferrin the oxidation rate is greatly enhanced and Fe3+-transferrin is formed. The apotransferrin mediated reaction reaches 50% completion in one minute; it does not follow simple first order kinetics. Iron-saturated transferrin does not exhibit the rate enhancement effect suggesting that the specific metal binding sites are the loci of the iron oxidation. Addition of H2O2, an agent which rapidly oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+, during the reaction of Fe2+ with apotransferrin greatly decreases the yield of Fe3+-transferrin. It is postulated that the basis of the rate enhancement effect is the binding of Fe2+ to the metal binding site of the transferrin molecule, followed by a rapid oxidation of the iron to the trivalent form.
An Open Source Application for Archiving Product Design Information

This paper describes an open source computer application developed at the University of Missouri - Rolla (UMR) for archiving product design information. The Repository Entry application is designed to work with the UMR design repository to record and upload product information. Written in C++, the application and user interface is compiled in Qt allowing for native Macintosh and Windows executables. The Repository Entry application can record all of the design information types allowed by the repository including: artifact-, function-, failure-, physical-, performance-, sensory- and media-related information types. By using XML, files can be seamlessly transferred between the Windows and Macintosh entry application versions as well as the online repository. Through an example product the procedure of using the entry application to record and upload design information is demonstrated. The result of this research is a fully functional, easy to use and multi-platform application to aid in the design information archival and reuse process.© 2007 ASME
Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion*

Building on earlier contributions to feminist understanding of geospatial technologies (GT), I seek to further develop feminist perspectives on GT along new directions. I argue that an attention to the importance of affect (feelings and emotions) and the performative nature of GT practices offers a distinctive critical edge to feminist work on GT. I emphasize the need for GT practitioners to contest the dominant meanings and uses of GT, and to participate in struggles against the oppressive or violent effects of these technologies. I argue that only when emotions, feelings, values, and ethics become an integral part of our geospatial practices can we hope that the use of GT will lead to a less violent and more just world.
Studies of Phenolic Steroids in Human Subjects. XIX. Renal Conjugation of 15α-Hydroxyestradiol-3-sulfate

In order to elucidate further the role of the kidney in the conjugation and excretion of 15alpha-hydroxy-estrogens, we synthesized doubly and singly labeled 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol-3-sulfate (15alpha-OHE-S) and determined its urinary excretory pattern after administering differently labeled 15alpha-OHE2-S into the renal artery and concomitantly into a peripheral vein and by the infusion of doubly labeled 3H-15alpha-OHE2-S-35S into the renal artery. The excretion of radioactivity in the early urinary samples and the conjugate pattern in these urines were determined. About twice as much radioactivity was excreted in the early urine samples originating from the renal artery injection than from samples obtained following peripheral administration, indicating renal conjugation and excretion of the 15alpha-OHE2-S. The latter was preponderantly excreted as the S-NAG with only a small part (about 10%) of the administered sulfate being hydrolyzed to the aglycone. The latter was then either conjugated with N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) or glucuronide, probably also in the kidney. Most of the 15-alpha-OHE2-S could not be accounted for, possibly because of biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation. The results obtained and those already published indicate that the human kidney is capable of conjugating 15alpha-OHE2, its NAG, and its sulfate conjugates.
On the Bose-Einstein condensation of nonzero-momentum cooper pairs. A second-order phase transition

Based on the BCS Hamiltonian, the normal-to-super phase transition is investigated, approaching the critical temperatureT c from the high-temperature side. Nonzero-momentum Cooper pairs, that is, pairs of electrons (holes) with antiparallel spins and nearly opposite momenta aboveT c in the bulk limit, are shown to move like independent bosons with the energye vs. momentump relatione=1/2vF ν, whereν F represents the Fermi velocity (1/2m*ν F 2 ≡e F≡Fermi energy). The system of free Cooper pairs undergoes a phase transition of the second order with the critical temperatureT c given byk B T c=1/2(π2ħ3 ν F 3 n/1.20257)1/3 wheren is the number density of Cooper pairs. The ratio of the jump of the heat capacity, ΔC, to the maximum heat capacity,C s, is a universal constant: ΔC/C s=0.60874; this number is close to the universal constant 0.588 obtained by the finite-temperature BCS theory. The physical significance of these results is discussed, referring to the well-known BCS theory, which treats the many-Cooper-pair ground state exactly and the thermodynamic state belowT c approximately. An explanation is proposed on the question why sodium should remain normal down to 0 K, based on the band structures with the hypothesis that the supercondensate composed of zero-momentum “electron” and “hole” Cooper pairs is electrically neutral.
Geometry of nanopore devices fabricated by electron beam lithography

Display Omitted Geometry of solid-state nanopores was calculated from electron energy distributions in EBL.We investigated the effects of dose, operating blur, substrate, and dosing pattern.Higher beam blur and lower dose cause greater pore tapering in sub-10nm pores.Blur and dose can be chosen for a target tapering angle and pore size at a given depth.Secondary electrons are responsible for tapering and beam broadening in the resist. Fabrication of solid-state nanopore sensors for individual biomolecule analysis is a growing topic of interest. A number of recent studies demonstrate that engineered nanopore devices (ENDs) can be fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL) with high density (on the order of 10 devices per cm2). The internal pore geometry of ENDs is a critical characteristic of the devices, and often obtained by some combination of SEM, TEM, AFM, and conductance measurements. However, experimental data alone is not sufficient to understand the nanopore geometry under a broad set of fabrication conditions. It is necessary to also examine the physical basis underlying the EBL-based fabrication of ENDs. In this work, the internal pore geometry of ENDs is calculated from electron energy distributions in EBL while investigating the effects of dose, operating blur, substrate, and dosing pattern. The photoresist is ZEP-520 on silicon or silicon nitride substrates. It is found that higher beam blur and lower dose cause a greater degree of pore tapering, with the most prominent tapering observed in sub-10nm pores. Nanopores in silicon nitride tapered more than those in silicon. The results also demonstrate that a combination of blur and dose can be chosen to achieve a target tapering angle and pore size at a given depth in the substrate. Because the pore tapering angle is non-uniform, the ICP (inductively coupled plasma) etch depth may also be used to tune pore size and geometry following EBL. The resist sensitivity is shown to increase with beam blur for pore sizes larger than 10nm. By comparing to our experimental data, it is found that beam intensity measured by the EBL instrument may not translate to the operating blur, as is often assumed in EBL simulations. Secondary electrons were found to be responsible for pore tapering and beam broadening in the resist.
Relation of Ground-Water Quality to Land Use on Long Island, New York

Water-quality data from 90 monitoring wells screened within 50 feet of the water table in the unconfined upper glacial aquifer beneath five areas of differing land use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, were compared to assess the effects of land use on ground-water quality. The areas, which range from 22 to 44 square miles, represent suburban land sewered more than 22 years at the time of the study (long-term sewered), suburban land sewered less than 8 years (recently sewered), suburban land without a regional sewer system, agricultural land, and undeveloped (forested) land. Comparison of water-quality data from the 90 wells indicated that samples from the undeveloped area had the lowest and smallest range in concentrations of several human-derived constituents, such as nitrate, alkalinity, boron, synthetic solvents, and pesticides. Concentrations of these constituents in samples from the three suburban areas and the agricultural area generally were intermediate to high and had the widest variation. Maximum-likelihood logistic regression analysis of explanatory variables that characterize the type of land use and population density within a 1/2-mile radius of each of the 90 wells was used to develop predictive equations for contaminant occurrence in ground water within 50 feet of the water table. Two logistic regression equations for the 90 monitoring wells were compared with equations developed independently from ground-water quality data at more than 240 other wells throughout Nassau and Suffolk Counties to evaluate the predictive value of the land-use variables at the larger two-county scale. The results demonstrate that the population density and amount of agricultural, commercial, and high- and medium-density residential land within specified areas around wells can be reliable predictors of contaminant presence. The strength of the correlations supports the premise that land use affects the quality of water in water-table aquifers overlain by highly permeable material because land use commonly determines the types and amounts of chemicals introduced at land surface. When coupled with GIS technology and accurate, detailed land-use and water-quality information, the methods and results of this study can be useful to local planning boards in evaluation of potential effects of development on ground-water quality. The methods can also be useful to hydrologists in the analysis and design of ground-water-monitoring networks.
The separation and identification of vanilmandelic acid and related compounds by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.

A method has been developed for the resolution and identification of mixtures of vanilmandelic acid (VMA) and a series of related compounds by means of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate followed by staining with diazotized p-nitroaniline. It was established that the maximum distance of migration was obtained if the compounds were dissolved in 0.2N formate solution, pH 3.0, and a 0.2N acetate buffer, pH 3.6, was used for electrophoresis. The various compounds could be identified by their rates of migration and their staining characteristics. The method allows the detection of as little as 1.0 μg of each of the compounds studied.
Anti-beta-receptor antibodies in human dilated cardiomyopathy and correlation with HLA-DR antigens.

The mechanisms responsible for the decline in the density of β-adrenoceptors in the failing myocardium have not been adequately defined. It is a possibility that the nature of the process leading to heart failure may determine, in large part, the pathogenesis of this decline. Sera of some patients with dilated cardiomyopathy contain antibodies directed against the β-adrenoceptor, as judged by ligand binding inhibition, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting assays. Because deranged immune function is thought to play a role in dilated cardiomyopathy, immunogenetic markers of the propensity to develop anti-β-receptor antibodies were sought. The prevalence of HLA-DR4 was significantly higher in dilated cardiomyopathy patients (40 vs 24% in 511 normal subjects, pc < 0.001). In contrast, no association was found between HLA phenotypes and alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, 72% (13 of 18) of the HLA-DR4 dilated cardiomyopathy patients had anti-β-receptor antibodies compared to 22% (7 of 33) HLA-DR4-negative patients; in the latter, presence of antibody was linked to the HLA-DR1 phenotype. Conversely, 67% (15 of 23) of the antibody-positive patients were typed as HLA-DR4 compared to only 10% of the antibody-negative patients. Interestingly, none of the 23 antibody-positive patients were typed as HLA-DR3 while 37% of the antibody-negative did. Only 25% of alcoholic cardiomyopathy patients had anti-β-receptor antibodies and no preponderant HLA association could be demonstrated. These results suggest that the presence of anti-β-receptor antibodies in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy may be under the control of the major histocompatibility locus.
The effects of environment on surface pit formation in aluminium

Abstract High temperature metallographic techniques have been used to observe the formation and disappearance of vacancy condensation pits under a variety of environmental conditions. The phenomenon has been shown to bear a close relationship to surface oxidation. Treatment in vacuo completely inhibits pit formation. Large vacancy condensation pits are formed on aluminium by quenching under an argon atmosphere. The formation of secondary pits during repeated cycling suggests some relationship with the points of emergence of dislocations. Higher temperatures are required to form the pits under argon than in air.
Campylobacter isolation trends of cage versus floor broiler chickens: a one-year study

An experiment was carried out over a 1-yr period with broiler chickens to assess the influence of cage and floor rearing environments on the isolation trends of Campylobacter jejuni. The study used 36 7-wk-old broiler chickens that were raised in floor pens and naturally infected with or exposed to C. jejuni during the growout period. These broilers were then leg-banded and split into two groups with 18 per group. The groups were placed in wire cages or in a floor pen with unused litter in separate houses on the same farm. Each broiler was swabbed cloacally monthly to determine the presence of C. jejuni. The yearly average percentage isolation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the broilers held in the litter floor pen (130/185;66%) when compared to the broilers kept in wire cages (67/193;35%). There was a trend for higher isolation rates in the fall for caged and floor broilers and a decrease in rates near the end of the experimental year (summer) in the caged broilers. Isolation rates for both treatments reached their lowest level for the month of March. No caged broilers tested positive during the last 4 mo of the trial. The long-term cage isolation was linked to a reduced prevalence of C. jejuni. The results from this study suggest that housing environment and time spent in that environment play a major role in the continuing shedding and isolation of C. jejuni in broiler chickens.
Neutral glyceroglucolipids of the human gastric content

Abstract Two major neutral glycolipids of the human gastric content have been isolated and partially characterized. Both glycolipids were found to contain glucose, glyceryl ethers and fatty acids. Based on the data of chemical analyses we suggest that these glycolipids are monoalkyl-monoacyl-glyceryl hexaglucoside and monoalkyl-monoacyl-glyceryl octaglucoside.
Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: The Development and Validation of a Prototype.

Abstract Using the work groups listed under Selected Characteristics of Occupations defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (U.S. Employment Service 1981), two forms (A and B) of a 230 item task-specific occupational self-efficacy scale (TSOSS, Osipow & Rooney, 1989 ) were compiled. Results were compared with responses to the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (OSES) ( Betz and Hackett, 1981 ), used as a general self-efficacy measure. Responses were obtained from 201 students (126 females and 75 males) in psychology ( n = 113) and journalism ( n = 88) classes at a large midwestern university. A number of analyses related to the psychometric characteristics of the proposed instrument were performed. Results supported the feasibility and utility of a task-specific measure of occupational self-efficacy and confirmed both theory and previous research.
A simplified protein precipitation and filtration procedure for determining serum vitamin B6 by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Protein precipitation followed by centrifuge filtration was tested as a simplified sample preparation procedure for quantifying pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) and 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum samples (n = 160) were prepared by both centrifuge filtration and an established technique using traditional supernatant extraction with manual filtration. Bland–Altman bias analysis (95% confidence levels [CLs]) of the results showed a −1.3 (−2.2, −0.5)% difference in PLP values and a −6.2 (−7.3, −5.2)% difference in 4PA values using the simplified sample preparation. These deviations were found to be well within allowable biases on the basis of biologic variation.
The structure of posterior subcapsular cataracts in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats.

Abstract The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is an animal model for human autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. As the retinas of these animals degenerate from two to six weeks after birth, posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) develop, presumably in response to toxic lipid peroxides formed by degenerating rod outer segments. Morphologically, these PSCs are thought to be characterized by a proliferation of dysplastic bladder-like fibers, or Wedl cells, in the meridional region of the lens, that subsequently migrate to, and aggregate at, the posterior pole as the PSC. This report presents the results of correlative scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopic as well as light microscopic (LM) analysis of the ultrastructure of RCS PSCs. SEM analysis of two, four and six week old lenses (n=6–10 specimens per age group) demonstrated that the PSCs of RCS rats resulted from a growth malformation of the posterior fiber ends from four to six weeks. The PSC is composed of markedly enlarged and irregular posterior fiber ends aberrantly curved away from the polar axis toward the vitreous rather than overlapping and abutting to form suture branches within and between concentric growth shells. LM analysis revealed evidence of progressively more numerous, enlarged, and irregular, ovate cellular profiles at the posterior pole from four to six weeks. However, there was no evidence of Wedl cells either within the meridional row region or along a migratory path from the equator to the posterior pole at any age. TEM analysis confirmed that the size and abnormal shapes of cellular profiles were consistent with SEM analysis and that nuclei were never observed within the plaque. In addition, there was considerable variation in cytoplasmic densities between cells. Also, dense deposits were frequently noted between cells and beneath the capsule. The orientation of posterior fiber end profiles to the posterior capsule was 45, 70 and 90° at respectively two, four and six weeks of age. These results show that RCS PSCs are a consequence of abnormal posterior fiber end growth culminating in a posterior opacity.
A high-speed lossless data compression system for space applications

This paper reports on the integration of a lossless data compression/decompression chipset into a space data system architecture. For its compression engine, the data system incorporates the Universal Source Encoder (USE) designed for the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Currently, the data compression testbed generates video frames consisting of 512 lines of 512 pixels having 8-bit resolution. Each image is passed through the USE where the lines are internally partitioned into 16-word blocks. These blocks are adaptively encoded across widely varying entropy levels using a Rice 12-option set coding algorithm. The current system operates at an Input/Output rate of 10 Msamples/s or 80 Mbits/s for each buffered input line. Frame and line synchronization for each image are maintained through the use of uniquely decodable command words. Length information of each variable length compressed image line is also included in the output stream. The data and command information are passed to the next stage of the system architecture through a serial fiber-optic transmitter. The initial segment of this stage consists of packetizer hardware which adds an appropriate CCSDS header to the received source data. An uncompressed mode is optionally available to pass image lines directly to the packetizer hardware. A data decompression testbed has also been developed to confirm the data compression operation.
Modelling diversified utilities and cross-subsidization☆

Abstract A model of a regulated, profit maximizing, diversified utility is used to show that utilities can have incentives to practice long-run cross-subsidization. Cross-subsidization is a result of incentives caused by regulation, not of intentions to predate. It is also shown that cross-subsidization does not depend on an Averch-Johnson effect unless both markets are regulated, and that relatively strenuous conditions have to be met to have cross-subsidization into unregulated markets.
Probabilistic Modeling of Runway Interdeparture Times

T HE Erlang distribution has been used to model the runway service process in queuing models of air traffic operations [1–3] since its use was first proposed by Hengsbach and Odoni [4]. It has been shown to offer certain computational advantages because it can be viewed as a sum of exponential distributions. However, there have been few prior efforts to validate Erlang distribution assumptions using operational data, and even those have only been performed informally with aggregate or low-fidelity data [5]. This Note uses high-fidelity surface surveillance data to model the probability distributions of runway service times and examine the goodness of fit of the Erlang distribution. For this, probabilistic models for the runway service times are derived from empirical departure throughput distributions and empirical departure time distributions. The results are compared in terms of bias, goodness of fit, and computational advantages. The analysis has implications to both the modeling of airport operations and to the estimation of airport capacities.
Circadian Control of Photoperiodism in the House Finch demonstrated by Interrupted-night Experiments

ALTHOUGH the reproductive cycle of many temperate zone birds is known to be dependent on photoperiod, the way in which birds measure the duration of the daily photoperiod is still uncertain1. In the house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus, testicular maturation can occur when birds are exposed to only 6 h of light in each cycle if the cycle durations are 12, 36, or 60 h, whereas no maturation occurs when the cycle durations are 24, 48, or 72 h2. These data appeared consistent with the hypothesis that a circadian rhythm of recurring phases of sensitivity to light is involved in the photoperiodic response3. If this is so, brief light periods administered during the darkness of non-inductive 24-, 48-, and 72-h cycles should also stimulate testicular maturation provided that the brief light periods are in appropriate relation to the basic circadian rhythm. Indeed, although the interpretation of interrupted-night experiments with animals has been controversial, recent experiments with plants show that flowering can be controlled by brief light periods in such a manner4. The following experiments, therefore, were designed to test the hypothesis of circadian control by exposing birds to non-stimulatory cycles of 24, 48, or 72 h with a main light period of 6 h during each cycle and interrupting the ensuing long dark periods with 1-h photoperiods.