cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression patterns of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) exposed to different combinations of temperature and pCO2 during early development.

Background The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus is an ecologically important kelp forest herbivore and an economically valuable wild fishery species. To examine how M. franciscanus responds to its environment on a molecular level, differences in gene expression patterns were observed in embryos raised under combinations of two temperatures (13 °C or 17 °C) and two pCO2 levels (475 μatm or 1050 μatm). These combinations mimic various present-day conditions measured during and between upwelling events in the highly dynamic California Current System with the exception of the 17 °C and 1050 μatm combination, which does not currently occur. However, as ocean warming and acidification continues, warmer temperatures and higher pCO2 conditions are expected to increase in frequency and to occur simultaneously. The transcriptomic responses of the embryos were assessed at two developmental stages (gastrula and prism) in light of previously described plasticity in body size and thermotolerance under these temperature and pCO2 treatments. Results Although transcriptomic patterns primarily varied by developmental stage, there were pronounced differences in gene expression as a result of the treatment conditions. Temperature and pCO2 treatments led to the differential expression of genes related to the cellular stress response, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, and the regulation of gene expression. At each developmental stage, temperature contributed significantly to the observed variance in gene expression, which was also correlated to the phenotypic attributes of the embryos. On the other hand, the transcriptomic response to pCO2 was relatively muted, particularly at the prism stage. Conclusions M. franciscanus exhibited transcriptomic plasticity under different temperatures, indicating their capacity for a molecular-level response that may facilitate red sea urchins facing ocean warming as climate change continues. In contrast, the lack of a robust transcriptomic response, in combination with observations of decreased body size, under elevated pCO2 levels suggest that this species may be negatively affected by ocean acidification. High present-day pCO2 conditions that occur due to coastal upwelling may already be influencing populations of M. franciscanus.
Facile tethering of stable and unstable proteins for optical tweezers experiments

Single-molecule force spectroscopy with optical tweezers has emerged as a powerful tool for dissecting protein folding. The requirement to stably attach "molecular handles" to specific points in the protein of interest by preparative biochemical techniques is a limiting factor in applying this methodology, especially for large or unstable proteins that are difficult to produce and isolate. Here, we present a streamlined approach for creating stable and specific attachments using autocatalytic covalent tethering. The high specificity of coupling allowed us to tether ribosome-nascent chain complexes, demonstrating its suitability for investigating complex macromolecular assemblies. We combined this approach with cell-free protein synthesis, providing a facile means of preparing samples for single-molecule force spectroscopy. The workflow eliminates the need for biochemical protein purification during sample preparation for single-molecule measurements, making structurally unstable proteins amenable to investigation by this powerful single-molecule technique. We demonstrate the capabilities of this approach by carrying out pulling experiments with an unstructured domain of elongation factor G that had previously been refractory to analysis. Our approach expands the pool of proteins amenable to folding studies, which should help to reduce existing biases in the currently available set of protein folding models.
Working Law: Courts, Corporations, and Symbolic Civil Rights (Book Review)

Based on decades of research, Edelman’s new book, Working Law: Courts, Corporations, and Symbolic Civil Rights, concludes on the rather pessimistic note that “we live not in a post-civil rights society but rather in a symbolic civil rights society” (p. 216). Working Law is a bold and creative contribution to law and social science, social psychology, organizational theory, contemporary American history, and political science. Like many of her generation, Edelman was deeply affected by the aspirations of the Civil Rights Movement. Her scholarship grows out of this commitment and takes as its starting point the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA) with a specific focus on workplace discrimination on the basis of race and gender. Fifty years after passage of the CRA, research consistently shows that minorities and women have not achieved parity in the labor market as measured by earnings or mobility; indeed, since 1980 the gap has increased (Stainback and Tomaskovic-Devy 2012). An impressive body of social science scholarship documents the ways in which discrimination persists through structures that are seemingly neutral but produce discriminatory outcomes, cultures that valorize some skills over others, and stereotypes of the “good,” reliable often white male employee. Against this persistent pattern of growing racial and gender inequality, Edelman asks, “Why have EEO laws not been more successful at reducing these structural, cultural, and cognitive forms of workplace bias?” (p. 11).
Ultra high performance and high strength geopolymer concrete

Alkali-activated materials and geopolymer concrete refer to a group of aluminosilicate-containing materials activated by a highly alkaline solution that has major benefits when compared to ordinary concrete, including the potential to develop superior thermo-mechanical and durability properties with lower environmental footprints. For them to be used as ultra high performance and high strength geopolymer concrete, a compressive strength of around or above 120 and 60 MPa, should, respectively, be developed. To develop such strength in conventional ultra high-performance concrete, generally a very low water to binder ratio (~ 0.2), through the use of admixtures, with a high quantity of steel fibers, fine sand (e.g., quartz sand) and silica fume is used. Yet, since the production of geopolymer and its polymerization and microstructural formation is somewhat different from ordinary practices, its performance and strength development follow a somewhat different path. As a result, with the potential to be used as an optimized concrete that can effectively reduce the costs and CO2 emissions associated with the production of conventional ultra high-performance concrete, this article provides a state-of-the-art review on ultra high performance and high strength geopolymer concrete introduced and developed more recently, and the reported thermo-mechanical and durability properties by recent studies. Based on the results of this review, it is found that ultra high performance and high strength geopolymer concrete has a better thermal performance while it relies more significantly on the mixture ingredients, such as silica fume, quartz sand and steel fiber for fresh, compressive and flexural strength properties, respectively.
Sagittal plane moment responses of the THOR-05F anthropomorphic test device.

OBJECTIVE Anthropomorphic test devices (ATD) are used in crashworthiness studies to advance safety in automotive, military, aviation, and other environments. The Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) is an advancement over the widely used Hybrid III ATD. The female version THOR-05F is different from the male as it is not a scaled-down version of the male, and it is based on the recognition that the cervical spines (necks) of females have a different response than males. The objective of this study is to evaluate its response at dynamic rates of loading and compare it with previous postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) responses under sagittal plane bending. METHODS The head/neck assembly was separated from the thorax, and a lower neck plate was attached to the head/neck assembly to mount the preparation to the frame of an electro-hydraulic testing device. A custom upper neck interface plate was attached to a novel angular displacement test device that converted the linear motion of the vertical electrohydraulic piston to moment loading at the occipital condyle joint. The neck was preconditioned by applying a sinusoidal 10-degree flexion-extension cycle for 90 s and then three repeat dynamic tests at a target rate of 90 Nm/s. Flexion and extension tests were performed with and without the front and rear neck cables of the THOR-05F neck. Targets were fixed to the upper neck adapter plate, occipital condyle joint, mid-spine aluminum puck, and lower neck adapter plate. The targets' three-dimensional positions were measured using a seven-camera optical motion capture system. Upper neck load cell and occipital condyle potentiometer data were sampled at 20 kHz, and loading rates were determined by calculating the sagittal moment slope between 15% and 85% of the signal. RESULTS The mean occipital condyle angle versus sagittal moment response from the 12 tests (three tests each with and without cables and under flexion and extension) are given in the body of the manuscript. With and without cables, the loading rates for flexion tests were 89.3 ± 0.5 Nm/s and 86.3 ± 0.4 Nm/s, and for extension tests they were 90.8 ± 1.2 Nm/s and 88.0 ± 1.5 Nm/s. The average peak sagittal moments were 34.2 ± 0.3 Nm and 30.3 ± 0.2 Nm for flexion and 50.6 ± 0.3 Nm and 47.0 ± 0.3 Nm for extension tests. The mean peak occipital condyle angles were 23.5 ± 0.2 deg and 25.3 ± 0.1 deg for flexion and 22.7 ± 0.2 deg and 25.8 ± 0.1 deg for extension. CONCLUSION Using the angular motion as a basis and comparing it with the previously conducted PMHS tests, the THOR-05F neck has approximately twice the stiffness of the human under sagittal plane bending.
Systemic versus cellular acclimation to temperature by poikilotherms

1. This discussion is based upon the assumption that the invention of multicellularity and the subsequent elaboration of nervous, hormonal and circulatory systems has led to an increasing degree of thermal independence from climate for poikilotherms by the evolution of homeostatic feedback systems. 2. Systemic dominance in homeostasis has been considered in relation to metabolic compensations in the respiration of the sunfish,Lepomis gibbosus, the crucian carp,Carassius carassius, and selected tissues (brain, gill, muscle) following adaptation to various temperatures and photoperiods. Uncoupled respiration has also been examined in sunfish brain and gill tissues following treatment with 2, 4-dinitrophenol. A poor type 3 trend (statistically unsupported) was found to be upset by uncoupling and was followed by a probable type 5 response. 3. Comparisons were made (at 20° C) between day and night respiration rates of crucian carp acclimated to 5°, 12° and 20° C. These suggest that the inverse compensation of the fish (type 5) is a behavioral adaptation to special winter conditions, perhaps hibernation. 4. Some of the problems concerned with deriving ecological meaning from experiments on resistance and capacity adaptations in isolated cells and tissues have been discussed. The suggestion is made that means be developed to expand studies in which adaptation characteristics of cell types can be examined within living animals.
Safe and Healthy Schools: Practical Prevention Strategies

At-Risk Youth and School Safety: Critical Issues, Current Challenges, and Promising Approaches. Developing a Comprehensive School Safety and Prevention Plan with Stephen G. Smith. Improving School Climate, Safety, and Student Health with Schoolwide Positive Behavior Supports. Bullying and Peer-Based Harassment in Schools: Current Status, Influencing Factors, and Identification Methods with Stephen G. Smith. Solutions for Bullying and Peer Harassment in the School Setting with Stephen G. Smith. Screening and Identifying Behaviorally At-Risk Students in Today's Schools: Purposes, Approaches, Outcomes, and Cautions. Supporting Antisocial and Potentially Violent Youth with Nicki Nishioka.
Leveraging active learning for relevance feedback using an information theoretic diversity measure

Interactively learning from a small sample of unlabeled examples is an enormously challenging task. Relevance feedback and more recently active learning are two standard techniques that have received much attention towards solving this interactive learning problem. How to best utilize the user's effort for labeling, however, remains unanswered. It has been shown in the past that labeling a diverse set of points is helpful, however, the notion of diversity has either been dependent on the learner used, or computationally expensive. In this paper, we intend to address these issues by proposing a fundamentally motivated, information-theoretic view of diversity and its use in a fast, non-degenerate active learning-based relevance feedback setting. Comparative testing and results are reported and thoughts for future work are presented.
Literature, Language, and the Rise of the Intellectual Disciplines in Britain, 1680-1820

1. The economies of knowledge 2. The learned and conversible worlds 3. Physics and its audiences 4. Philosophy's place between science and literature 5. Poetry among the intellectual disciplines Coda: common sense and common language Works cited Index.
Parvovirus Infections in Humans

Parvoviruses are small, species-specific DNA-containing viruses that infect several animal species. The human parvoviruses include two agents, B19 virus and adeno-associated virus; B19 virus causes several disease syndromes and is a medically important pathogen. Keywords: parvovirus; B19 virus; erythema infectiosum
SELECTION FOR RATE AND EFFICIENCY OF LEAN GAIN IN THE RAT

Full-sib family selection for rate (WP) or efficiency (WP/F) of protein gain in rats from 3 to 9 weeks of age was applied for five generations. Three rats per litter were killed to estimate carcass protein. Standardized response/cumulative selection for WP was.19±.10 for WP,.28±.10 for 3- to 9-week gain,.28±.08 for 9-week weight,.16±.08 for litter size,.22±.12 for skinning loss and -.07±.09 for fraction of protein in the live weight. Response from selection for WP/F was.18±.16 for WP/F,.20±.11 for WP,.21±.11 for weight gain,.16±.11 for 3-week weight,.21±.10 for 9-week weight, but negligible for skinning loss or body protein. Response to WP/F selection was extremely variable among generations, associated with generation differences in weight and composition at 9 weeks. Estimates of heritability from offspring-midparent regression were.20±.12 for WP and.24±.08 for WP/F. Estimates of genotype-generation environment interaction were large for growth, feed intake and skinning loss. Maternal effects were large for weaning weight, fraction of body protein and WP. Sire component genetic correlations were 1.08±.13 for WP with total gain,.92±.08 for WP/F with gross efficiency and.29±.25 for WP with WP/F. A partitional calorimeter was used to evaluate heat production of rats. Lines differed in average heat loss but not in heat loss per unit actual or metabolic weight. Response to selection has been steady for WP but probably could be improved by selecting for WP/F at a constant weight rather than a constant age.
Interaction of inactivated and active ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides with nucleotides and the chaperonin 60 (GroEL) protein.

Abstract Purified inactivated form I ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (form I RubisCO) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides was activated by ATP and, to some extent, by other adenylates and nucleotides. Reactivation in the presence of ATP occurred by a time-dependent and concentration-dependent process which appeared to be irreversible. The carbamylated form of inactivated form I RubisCO was less susceptible to ATP-mediated reactivation than the uncarbamylated inactivated enzyme. In some cases, ATP analogs could mimic the reactivation process; one analog, adenylyl(beta, gamma-methylene)-diphosphonate, was found to partially block ATP-mediated reactivation but could not block reactivation induced by Mg(II). Concomitant with the recovery of enzymatic activity, the migration of the inactivated form I RubisCO on nondenaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate gels changed from a pattern that was characteristic of inactivated enzyme to a pattern that was identical to that of the active protein. It was further found that discrete proportions of active enzyme and the chaperonin 60 protein of R. sphaeroides aggregated in the presence of ATP. The form I RubisCO is thus proposed to contain a specific ATP-binding site that may contribute to both the regulation of activity and the assembly of active enzyme.
Gas-Chromatographic Identification of Urinary Carbohydrates Isolated by Anion-Exchange Chromatography

More than 40 chromatographic peaks representing carbohydrates have been separated from human urine by a carbohydrate analyzer that makes use of anion-exchange chromatography. Ten of these separated carbohydrates have been identified by gas chromatography of their trimethylsilyl derivatives, which were formed by reaction with N-trimethylsilylimidazole. The borate buffer from the anion-exchange separation was removed from the samples before the derivatives were made. Gas-chromatographic retention data have been determined for 37 carbohydrates, including pentoses, hexoses, hexosamines, disaccharides, and trisaccharides, and are tabulated as methylene unit (MU) values. These various classes of carbohydrates elute within distinct MU regions, generally in the order of increasing molecular weight. More than one peak is obtained for those sugars existing in more than one anomeric form.
Ultraviolet emissions from the arc-welding of aluminum-magnesium alloys

Measurements of the ultraviolet radiation from gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal spray arc welding (GMAW) of various alloys of aluminum and magnesium were made using a microcomputer controlled rapid scan spectroradiometer. Low concentrations of magnesium in aluminum were found to yield radiation of considerably greater biological activity than non-magnesium alloys and, at a distance of one meter from the arc, up to a thousand times that of sunlight at the earth's surface. The use of GMAW consumable electrode wire containing 5% magnesium led to an order of magnitude greater biological activity than non-magnesium wire. “Biological activity” in this regard refers to the effectiveness in producing skin-shielded DNA response, and as such may be related to the potential for carcinogenicity. Magnesium in small concentrations was found to be important to radiation emission owing to the ease of vaporization into the arc and to the existence of magnesium emissions in the ultraviolet. Emission dependenci...
Supply Chain Inventory Control: A Comparison Among JIT, MRP, and MRP With Information Sharing Using Simulation

Logistics or supply chains play a central role in effective management. Inventory control systems play a significant role in managing supply chains. This article provides engineering managers with ...
Religion and science: A new look at Hume's Dialogues

Discussion detaillee des theses critiques de Hume dans sa theorie de la religion (Dialogues). L'auteur rapproche ces theses des questions scientifiques contemporaines, tant dans le domaine du calcul des probabilites que dans celui de la cosmologie. Il conclut a une interpretation totalement anti-theiste de la reprise, par Hume, des arguments pour et contre l'existence de Dieu.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Induces an Acute Microglial Reaction in Perinatal Rats

Activated microglia may contribute to the progression of neuronal injury after a wide range of CNS insults. In this study, we used two complementary methods to evaluate acute changes in the morphology and regional distribution of microglia induced by a focal hypoxic-ischemic insult in 7-d-old (P7) rats. To elicit injury, P7 rats underwent right carotid ligation followed by 3 h of 8% O2 exposure; rats were killed 10 min to 5 d later (n > or = 3/group). A histochemical assay using Griffonia simplicifolia B4-isolectin enabled detection of both resting and activated microglia in tissue sections; vascular cells were also reactive. Activated microglia were also identified immunocytochemically using a macrophage-specific MAb, ED-1. In normal P7-12 brain, lectin, and ED-1 immunoreactive-activated microglia were concentrated in white matter; lectin-positive resting, ramified microglia were also detected throughout the gray and white matter. Subtle morphologic evidence of microglial activation was noted 10 min posthypoxia-ischemia in the lesioned right cerebral hemisphere; activated microglia began to accumulate within the next 4 h. Accumulation of lectin-positive activated microglia peaked at 2-4 d posthypoxia-ischemia. ED-1 immunoreactive-microglia were first noted 4 h after hypoxic-ischemic injury in the lesioned right hemisphere, and there was a corresponding increase in accumulation over the first 48 h posthypoxia-ischemia. In the left hemisphere, contralateral to the ligation, no increase in activated microglia were detected with either method. In brain sections where no neuronal injury was evident, activated microglia did not accumulate. These data demonstrate that perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury induced rapid accumulation of activated microglia in hypoxic-ischemic forebrain.
Treatment of mallet finger due to intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx

When a mallet finger deformity results from an intra-articular fracture of the distal phalanx comprising more than one third of the articular surface, an accurate reduction of this fracture is necessary to prevent secondary degenerative arthritis. A technique for open reduction is described in which the distal interphalangeal joint is exposed by dividing the extensor tendon and permitting a precise reduction of the fracture fragment. Elective division of the extensor tendon had not compromised the results.
Human T-lymphocyte subpopulations in periapical lesions.

Abstract Both B-lymphocyte-and T-lymphocyte-mediated immunologic reactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human periapical lesions. The purpose of this study was to identify various subpopulations of T-lymphocytes in these lesions. Fifteen periapical lesions were obtained during periapical surgery. Each specimen was quick-frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Immunoperoxidase staining for the presence of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, was done with the use of the monoclonal antibody and Vecta-stain ABC/peroxidase kit. Cryostat tissue sections were incubated with 3% normal horse serum. Specific monoclonal antibody (Coulter T4, T8, T11) was placed on the section, washed, and then covered with biotinylated antibody to mouse IgG. After TRIS HC1 washing, the ABC/peroxidase solution was placed on the section and 3,3-diaminobenzidine was applied; the section was washed and then counterstained with 2% methyl green. After dehydration, sections were mounted and examined under the light microscope. The presence of lymphocytes was confirmed by the appearance of brown rings around cells with lymphocyte morphology. Fourteen lesions were diagnosed as granuloma and stained positively for pan T-lymphocytes (T11), T helper cells (T4), and T cytotoxic cells (T8). The remaining specimen, diagnosed as an apical scar, contained no T-lymphocytes. The presence of T-cells in periapical lesions indicates that cell-mediated reactions participate in the pathogenesis of these lesions.
Manipulating Stem Number, Tuber Set and Size Distribution in Specialty Potato Cultivars

Manipulating seed physiological age is an effective method to alter tuber set and size distribution for many cultivars. However, cultivars Cal White, Red La Soda, Chieftain, Yukon Gold, and Satina were largely insensitive to high temperature-induced age-priming treatments. Gibberellins (GA) also have potential for altering tuber set and size development. When applied to cut seed of the five cultivars, GA hastened plant emergence, increased stem and tuber numbers per plant, and decreased average tuber size. The optimum concentration of GA for shifting tuber size distribution to maximize crop value without decreasing total yield depended on cultivar. Total yields decreased substantially in all cultivars with 10 mg L−1 GA but lower concentrations (0.5–4 mg L−1) either increased yields of Red La Soda, Yukon Gold, Chieftain and Satina by 11, 13, 15, and 24 %, respectively, or had no effect (Cal White). GA-induced increases in tubers per hectare ranged from zero (Cal White, Satina) to 36 % (Chieftain) and associated increases in yields of premium priced creamer size potatoes (C size; 10–66 g, 28–51 mm diameter) ranged from 0 to 140 %, depending on cultivar and length of the growing season. Increases in total crop values ranged from 7 to 30 % (Chieftain) with the optimum concentrations of GA, which also varied by cultivar. Effective use of GA to alter tuber size distribution for increased value depends on cultivar, concentration, and harvest timing.
Magnetic Deflection Forces from Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Ductus Arteriosus-Occluding Devices, Stents, and Coils Used in Pediatric-Aged Patients

Magnetic deflection forces and imaging artifact were assessed for 13 pediatric interventional cardiology devices. The magnetic deflection forces incurred by these devices are small compared with physiologic forces experienced in the cardiovascular system.
Use of an in vivo animal model for assessing the role of integrin α6β4 and Syndecan-1 in early steps in papillomavirus infection

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small DNA tumor viruses. HPV infection requires entry of virions into epithelial host cells that support the viral life cycle. Here, we used an in vivo mouse model, in which HPV pseudoviruses (PVs) are scored for their ability to transduce reporter genes, to test the role of various cellular proteins in entry. We initially investigated the role of integrin α(6)β(4) in mediating early steps of HPV infection. Deficiency of integrin α(6)β(4) is modestly but significantly suppressed reporter-gene transduction by PVs in conditional integrin β(4) knockout mice. We also investigated the role of syndecan 1, a heparin sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) for its role in HPV infection. We did not see a significant reduction in reporter-gene transduction by PVs in syndecan-1 null mice. This indicates that this HSPG is not essential for early steps in HPV infection, but does not discount a need of other HSPGs in mediating HPV infection.
Construction of two ureolytic model organisms for the study of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MJK1 and Escherichia coli MJK2, were constructed that both express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and carry out ureolysis. These two novel model organisms are useful for studying bacterial carbonate mineral precipitation processes and specifically ureolysis-driven microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). The strains were constructed by adding plasmid-borne urease genes (ureABC, ureD and ureFG) to the strains P. aeruginosa AH298 and E. coli AF504gfp, both of which already carried unstable GFP derivatives. The ureolytic activities of the two new strains were compared to the common, non-GFP expressing, model organism Sporosarcina pasteurii in planktonic culture under standard laboratory growth conditions. It was found that the engineered strains exhibited a lower ureolysis rate per cell but were able to grow faster and to a higher population density under the conditions of this study. Both engineered strains were successfully grown as biofilms in capillary flow cell reactors and ureolysis-induced calcium carbonate mineral precipitation was observed microscopically. The undisturbed spatiotemporal distribution of biomass and calcium carbonate minerals were successfully resolved in 3D using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Observations of this nature were not possible previously because no obligate urease producer that expresses GFP had been available. Future observations using these organisms will allow researchers to further improve engineered application of MICP as well as study natural mineralization processes in model systems.
Cenderitide, a novel dual GC-A and GC-B receptor activator, is a potent chronic cardiorenal fibroinhibiting peptide which suppresses aldosterone and reduces proteinuria in models of ardiorenal fibrosis

Background Cenderitide, also known as CD-NP, is a novel Mayo engineered designer natriuretic peptide (NP), which unlike native ANP, BNP and CNP co-activates both the guanylyl (GC)-A receptor to which ANP and BNP bind and GC-B to which CNP binds. Recognizing the aldosterone suppressing actions of GC-A activation and the potent inhibition of collagen synthesis and proliferation on fibroblasts to GC-B activation we hypothesized cenderitide would be a potent anti-fibrotic therapeutic agent. Here we defined the actions of chronic cenderitide administrated subcutaneously by pump in two models of cardiorenal fibrosis which included in a model of post myocardial infarction (MI) induced cardiorenal fibrosis and also in a model of chronic kidney disease produced by uninephrectomy (UNX).
The truth and nothing but the truth

In this essay I have written about a particular aspect of mathematics. The exposition, however, is deliberately informal and non-rigorous. Readers who are so inclined will find plenty of nits to pick, but if I were to proceed throughout with complete rigor, it would impede the flow of ideas, so I hope the reader will not begrudge me some limited use of poetic license. When I started writing this article, my idea was to give a rough exposition, mainly via examples, of a controversial area in the philosophy of mathematics wi thout taking sides myself, but in the course of writing I found myself reaching positions on at least some of the issues. I decided to present my conclusions in the final paragraphs. I realize that others have thought about these matters over the years, probably in much greater depth than I, and if some of them disagree with my conclusions I know that I and perhaps other readers of this journal would enjoy reading their rejoinders.
TRPC3 Controls Agonist-stimulated Intracellular Ca2+ Release by Mediating the Interaction between Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor and RACK1

Activation of TRPC3 channels is concurrent with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor (IP(3)R)-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) release and associated with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis and recruitment to the plasma membrane. Here we report that interaction of TRPC3 with receptor for activated C-kinase-1 (RACK1) not only determines plasma membrane localization of the channel but also the interaction of IP(3)R with RACK1 and IP(3)-dependent intracellular Ca(2+) release. We show that TRPC3 interacts with RACK1 via N-terminal residues Glu-232, Asp-233, Glu-240, and Glu-244. Carbachol (CCh) stimulation of HEK293 cells expressing wild type TRPC3 induced recruitment of a ternary TRPC3-RACK1-IP(3)R complex and increased surface expression of TRPC3 and Ca(2+) entry. Mutation of the putative RACK1 binding sequence in TRPC3 disrupted plasma membrane localization of the channel. CCh-stimulated recruitment of TRPC3-RACK1-IP(3)R complex as well as increased surface expression of TRPC3 and receptor-operated Ca(2+) entry were also attenuated. Importantly, CCh-induced intracellular Ca(2+) release was significantly reduced as was RACK1-IP(3)R association without any change in thapsigargin-stimulated Ca(2+) release and entry. Knockdown of endogenous TRPC3 also decreased RACK1-IP(3)R association and decreased CCh-stimulated Ca(2+) entry. Furthermore, an oscillatory pattern of CCh-stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) release was seen in these cells compared with the more sustained pattern seen in control cells. Similar oscillatory pattern of Ca(2+) release was seen after CCh stimulation of cells expressing the TRPC3 mutant. Together these data demonstrate a novel role for TRPC3 in regulation of IP(3)R function. We suggest TRPC3 controls agonist-stimulated intracellular Ca(2+) release by mediating interaction between IP(3)R and RACK1.
Frequency-dependent synaptic potentiation, depression and spike timing induced by Hebbian pairing in cortical pyramidal neurons

Abstract Experiments by Markram and Tsodyks (Nature, 382 (1996) 807–810) have suggested that Hebbian pairing in cortical pyramidal neurons potentiates or depresses the transmission of a subsequent pre-synaptic spike train at steady-state depending on whether the spike train is of low frequency or high frequency, respectively. The frequency above which pairing induced a significant decrease in steady-state synaptic efficacy was as low as about 20 Hz and this value depends on such synaptic properties as probability of release and time constant of recovery from short-term synaptic depression. These characteristics of cortical synapses have not yet been fully explained by neural models, notably the decreased steady-state synaptic efficacy at high pre-synaptic firing rates. This article suggests that this decrease in synaptic efficacy in cortical synapses was not observed at steady-state, but rather during a transition period preceding it whose duration is frequency-dependent. It is shown that the time taken to reach steady-state may be frequency-dependent, and may take considerably longer to occur at high than low frequencies. As a result, the pairing-induced decrease in synaptic efficacy at high pre-synaptic firing rates helps to localize the firing of the post-synaptic neuron to a short time interval following the onset of high-frequency pre-synaptic spike trains. This effect may “speed up the time scale” in response to high-frequency bursts of spikes, and may contribute to rapid synchronization of spike firing across cortical cells that are bound together by associatively learned connections.
Incorporating strategic government policy behavior and product differentiation into an international burley tobacco trade model

Abstract Most classical trade theory deals within a perfectly competitive framework that assumes homogeneous goods, many buyers and sellers with no market power, and no governmental intervention. However, many commodities are traded in an imperfectly competitive market. The objective of this economic note is to present a conceptual framework that analyzes the effects of strategic government policy intervention and product differentiation on an internationally traded commodity. The world burley tobacco market is utilized to rest the model. Burley tobacco is considered to be a differentiated good whose demand is influenced by the implicit value cigarette manufacturers place on certain quality characteristics. Thus, buyers are willing to pay price differentials for various burley tobaccos based upon percieved quality differentials. Governments distort these price differentials by implementing policy tools to support domestic farm incomes or to improve their tobacco's competitive position. The United States has historically produced the highest quality burley tobacco in the world. The United States is also the largest producer and exporter of burley tobacco, although its export share has declined in recent years. Malawi, Italy, and Brazil have joined the United States as major players in the world burley market. given the United States' dominant role int the world burley market and its comprehensive tobacco program, it is logical to suspect that changes in U.S. burley policies influence foreign burley policies. These strategic foreign policy responses affect world tobacco production and trade patterns. Because U.S. burley exports are included in qouta calculations and indirectly influence price supports, these strategic foreign policy responses may ultimately affect U.S. burley qoutas and price supports in following years. Therefore, this study investigates whether countries react to U.S. burley policies and whether the United States incorporates this reaction into its policy fromation.
Programmed learning: prologue to instruction.

The paper indicates some pertinent issues in the field of programmed instruction (PI) and suggests promising directions for future growth of PI, both as a medium for the application of principles of learning and as a means of furthering our understanding of learning processes. Practical and theoretical implications are touched upon and combined to give a position statement on PI as a pedagogical and psychological research tool. In this vein the utility and inevitability of computer-aided instruction are discussed.
Compositional analysis of the Orientale Basin using full resolution Clementine data: Some preliminary results

Clementine imaged the Moon globally in eleven different wavelengths. We used these data to construct a full resolution (250 m/pixel) multispectral image of the Orientale basin. Using this image in conjunction with other data sets, such as Earth-based spectra, we mapped the compositional units of the basin to obtain insights into its formation and evolution. The basin ejecta units are largely uniform in composition with the inner, Montes Rook Formation being slightly more mafic than the outer, Hevelius Formation. The Inner and Outer Rook mountains display many outcrops of pure anorthosite. These and other findings are consistent with a three layer model for the lunar crust consisting of a mixed zone (megaregolith) tens of kilometres thick overlying a layer of anorthosite above a basaltic layer.
Multiple pathways to farming in precontact eastern North America

Hunter-gatherers in eastern North America utilized gourds at least 7000 years ago, operating at the early end of a sequence that ended with maize-based agriculture across most of the area. Various subregions differed from each other in timing and degree of participation in premaize crop production. A Midwestern record of native seed plant domestication preceding the adoption of maize is documented, and the significance of this phenomenon is now recognized. Recent archaeobotanical information highlights the amount of geographic variability, limiting the utility of earlier broad-scale interpretations. This paper includes a comparison of sequences in selected subregions: the Midwest/Midsouth, the Southeast, the Lower Mississippi Valley, the Trans-Mississippi South, and the Northeast.
SPACE INSTRUMENTATION FOR GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY

Abstract The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a renaissance in the field of gamma-ray astronomy. The seminal event was the launch of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) in April 1991. There have been a flood of major discoveries from CGRO including breakthroughs in gamma-ray bursts, annihilation radiation, and blazars. The Italian SAX satellite was launched in April 1996. Although not primarily a gamma-ray mission, it has added a new dimension to our understanding of gamma-ray bursts. Along with these new discoveries a firm groundwork has been laid for missions and new technology development that should maintain a healthy and vigorous field throughout most of the next decade. These include the ESA INTEGRAL mission (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, to be launched in mid-2001) and the NASA GLAST mission (Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope) with a likely launch in the middle of the next decade. These two missions will extend the observational capabilities well beyond those of CGRO. New technologies (to gamma-ray astronomy), such as cooled germanium detectors, silicon strip detectors, and CdTe detectors are planned for these new missions. Additional promising new technologies such as CdZnTe strip detectors, scintillator fibers, and a gamma-ray lens for future gamma-ray astronomy missions are under development in laboratories around the world.
Environmental Chemistry (Baird, Colin)

The text focuses on four major areas: atmospheric chemistry, toxic organic substances, water chemistry and concerns, and energy.
In Vivo Temperature Dependence of Ultrasound Speed in Tissue and its Application to Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring

Measurements of the speed of ultrasound as a function of temperature in the 35 °C to 45 °C range were made on mammalian (canine) tissue both in vitro and in vivo at 5 MHz using a pulsed transmission technique. Cored samples coinciding with the ultrasonically irradiated tissue were obtained and assayed for water and total lipid content. Results indicate about 2 percent agreement between in vivo and in vitro data, and that, on the basis of kidney data, lipid content and temperature coefficient of ultrasound speed are more highly correlated (0.76 correlation coefficient) than are lipid content and speed of sound (0.17 correlation coefficient).
Approximate ab initio calculations of electronic structure of amorphous silicon

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Condensed Matter and Surface Science Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979~Received 7 June 2000!We report on ab initio calculations of electronic states of two large and realistic models of amorphous silicongenerated using a modiﬁed version of the Wooten-Winer-Weaire algorithm and relaxed, in both cases, with aKeating and a modiﬁed Stillinger-Weber potentials. The models have no coordination defects and a verynarrow bond-angle distribution. We compute the electronic density-of-states and pay particular attention to thenature of the band-tail states around the electronic gap. All models show a large and perfectly clean optical gapand realistic Urbach tails. Based on these results and the extended quasi-one-dimensional stringlike structuresobserved for certain eigenvalues in the band tails, we postulate that the generation of model a-Si withoutlocalized states might be achievable under certain circumstances.I. INTRODUCTION
Addressing Tobacco in Managed Care program

This session was designed to discuss new resources in the field of tobacco control and managed care from the Office on Smoking and Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), and the National Cancer Institute. An additional new resource is the Addressing Tobacco in Managed Care program which has two components: the National Technical Assistance Office (NTAO) and the National Program Office (NPO). Michael Fiore and Marguerite Burns are the principal investigator and deputy director, respectively, and Susan Curry is the co-director. The NPO provides grant funding for …
The effects of thermal treatment on the austenitic grain size and mechanical properties of 18 Pct Ni maraging steels

A technique has been developed for controlling the austenitic grain size of 18 pct Ni maraging steels by thermal treatment alone. This treatment has been applied to two different grades, 250 and 300, of maraging steel, and a large grain size, ASTM 2, was reduced to ASTM 7 in both cases. The process of grain size refinement requires thermal cycling from a temperature belowM f to a temperature considerably above the austenitizing temperature. The minimum austenitic grain size attainable depends on the prior strain in the material as well as the thermal treatment. While significant grain size refinement can be attained by one cycle to the proper temperature, the attainment of the minimum uniform grain size requires several cycles. The effects of austenitic grain size on tensile properties have been investigated both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. The prior austenitic grain size has a small but measurable effect on the mechanical behavior of aged material at room temperature. The austenitic grain size has a significant effect on the ultimate tensile strength at 1600°F.
A Quantitative Relationship that Demonstrates Mercury Methylation Rates in Marine Sediments Are Based on the Community Composition and Activity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

A quantitative framework was developed which estimates mercury methylation rates (MMR) in sediment cores based on measured sulfate reduction rates (SRR) and the community composition sulfate-reducing bacterial consortia. MMR and SRR as well as group-specific 16S rRNA concentrations (as quantified by probe signal) associated with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were measured in triplicate cores of saltmarsh sediments. Utilizing previously documented conversion factors in conjunction with field observations of sulfate reduction, MMR were calculated, and the results were compared to experimentally derived measurements of MMR. Using our novel field data collected in saltmarsh sediment where sulfate reduction activity is high, calculated and independently measured MMR results were consistently within an order of magnitude and displayed similar trends with sediment depth. In an estuarine sediment where sulfate reduction activity was low, calculated and observed MMR diverged by greater than an order of magnitude...
Congenital canals and cysts of the genito-perineal raphe

Abstract 1. 1. Six cases are reported: five with canals or cysts of the genito-perineal raphe, one with a periurethral cyst. 2. 2. These canals and cysts are explained as arising from epithelial rests incident to imperfect ventral fusion in the formation of the external genitalia, or from masses of epithelial cells which have migrated from the primitive epithelium. The cysts and canals, therefore, are congenital in origin. 3. 3. The canals and cysts have an epidermoid or mucous lining depending upon their cells or origin. The lining of the canals is almost invariably epidermoid and the same is true for a smaller majority of the cysts. 4. 4. The raphal canals apparently manifest themselves only after infection, usually with gonorrhoea. The canals may become so infected without involvement of the urethra. 5. 5. The treatment of both canals and cysts is surgical.
Temperatures of Stars in Planetary Nebulæ

DURING the past summer, when working at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Victoria, I secured some quantitative data as regards the luminosity of planetary nebulae. I did not have occasion to elaborate the material until this winter, which I spent in Pasadena, on my leave of absence from the University of Washington at Seattle.1 The method consists of taking a slitless spectrogram of the nebula with its central star, and impressing on the same film on which this spectrum is taken a series of comparison spectra of varying intensities and of the same time of exposure as the nebula. The comparison spectra are obtained from a sensitometer having the daylight sky as a source, a real image of the sensitometer patches being formed at the slit of the spectrograph. The photographs yield the total intensity of each monochromatic picture of the nebular envelope in terms of the intensity per frequency unit of the adjoining star spectrum of approximately the same wave-length.