cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FES Control of Isometric Forces in the Rat Hindlimb Using Many Muscles

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) attempts to restore motor behaviors to paralyzed limbs by electrically stimulating nerves and/or muscles. This restoration of behavior requires specifying commands to a large number of muscles, each making an independent contribution to the ongoing behavior. Efforts to develop FES systems in humans have generally been limited to preprogrammed, fixed muscle activation patterns. The development and evaluation of more sophisticated FES control strategies is difficult to accomplish in humans, mainly because of the limited access of patients for FES experiments. Here, we developed an in vivo FES test platform using a rat model that is capable of using many muscles for control and that can therefore be used to evaluate potential strategies for developing flexible FES control strategies. We first validated this FES test platform by showing consistent force responses to repeated stimulation, monotonically increasing muscle recruitment with constant force directions, and linear summation of costimulated muscles. These results demonstrate that we are able to differentially control the activation of many muscles, despite the small size of the rat hindlimb. We then demonstrate the utility of this platform to test potential FES control strategies, using it to test our ability to effectively produce open-loop control of isometric forces. We show that we are able to use this preparation to produce a range of endpoint forces flexibly and with good accuracy. We suggest that this platform will aid in FES controller design, development, and evaluation, thus accelerating the development of effective FES applications for the restoration of movement in paralyzed patients.
Correlative scanning-immunoelectromicroscopic analysis of neuropeptide localization and neuronal plasticity in the endocrine hypothalamus.

Abstract Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups, eight rats per group. Animals were hypophysectomized with removal of both the pars distalis and the neural lobe of the neurohypophysis. Groups of eight rats were euthanized 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks following hypophysectomy and prepared for routine scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and correlative immunoelectron microscopy employing antisera against arginine vasopressin (AVP). Eight normal rats served as controls. In experimental rats that survived one to eight weeks posthypophysectomy, remarkable neuroanatomical alterations were notable in the median eminence and adjacent third cerebral ventricular lumen. In contrast to normal control rats, large numbers of neuntes were observed with SEM to insinuate from the lateral recess into the cerebral ventricular lumen and as early as one week following hypophysectomy they overgrew the apical surfaces of ependymal cells that constitute the lining of the cerebral ventricle. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that a significant proportion of these neurites were magnocellular in origin in that they harbored AVP-positive neurosecretory vesicles. In addition to large numbers of invading magnocellular neurites, neuronal perikayria with apparent axosomatic synapses were observed to emerge upon the thick feltwork of invading axons, the latter of which appeared to freely terminate within the ventricular lumen. AVP-positive axon profiles were, in addition, seen to terminate upon the basal lamina of portal perivascular spaces in the zona externa of the median eminence. These data are consistent with the idea that following hypophysectomy (to include high stalk section of the neurohypophyseal system), that there is rapid, and dynamic sprouting and regrowth of AVP-positive axons into the adjacent third cerebral ventricular lumen and to the contact zone of the median eminence as well. This phenomenon may represent a compensatory physiological response to injury of the neurohypophyseal system characterized by a highly plastic neuroanatomical reorganization of magnocellular elements which appear to utilize the CSF of the third cerebral ventricle as a functional terminus for the neurocisternal secretion of AVP which ultimately enters the systemic circulation.
TH-A-AUD C-01: TomoTherapy Commissioning and QA

Helical tomotherapy using the HiArt system can provide highly conformal dose distributions through the implementation of helically deliveredintensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). The TomoTherapy HiArt system uses a 6 MV linear accelerator mounted on a ring gantry with a simultaneously translating couch. The system also provides image guidance via megavoltage CT. Since this design is significantly different than traditional medicallinear accelerators, a unique quality assurance program must be implemented to thoroughly test the HiArt delivery system. This course will provide an overview of the HiArt system components, acceptance testing and commissioning, beam “twinning” for recommissioning of an existing machine to match the TomoTherapy “gold” standard, and basic quality assurance recommendations. The use of ion chamber and diode arrays for patient‐specific delivery QA will also be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the core concepts of helical tomotherapy. 2. Understand the commissioning process for a new HiArt system and the beam “twinning” and recommissioning of an existing HiArt system. 3. Understand the machine QA procedures for helical tomotherapy. 4. Understand the helical tomotherapy patient‐specific delivery QA process, including the use of ion chamber and diode arrays. Conflict of Interest: Our group holds a research grant from TomoTherapy, Inc.
USING PARASITES TO INFORM ECOLOGICAL HISTORY: COMPARISONS AMONG THREE CONGENERIC MARINE SNAILS

Species introduced to novel regions often leave behind many parasite species. Signatures of parasite release could thus be used to resolve cryptogenic (uncertain) origins such as that of Littorina littorea, a European marine snail whose history in North America has been debated for over 100 years. Through extensive field and literature surveys, we examined species richness of parasitic trematodes infecting this snail and two co-occurring congeners, L. saxatilis and L. obtusata, both considered native throughout the North Atlantic. Of the three snails, only L. littorea possessed significantly fewer trematode species in North America, and all North American trematodes infecting the three Littorina spp. were a nested subset of Europe. Surprisingly, several of L. littorea's missing trematodes in North America infected the other Littorina congeners. Most likely, long separation of these trematodes from their former host resulted in divergence of the parasites' recognition of L. littorea. Overall, these patterns of parasitism suggest a recent invasion from Europe to North America for L. littorea and an older, natural expansion from Europe to North America for L. saxatilis and L. obtusata.
PS1-56: Free Generic Medication Programs and the Patients that Take Advantage of Them: A Look at Metformin

Background/Aims In 2006, pharmacy retailers began offering low cost generic medications at costs ranging from $4 for a 30-day supply to $10 for a 90-day supply. One is now offering free generic metformin. There are considerable cost savings for patients who take advantage of these programs. However, filling medications at multiple pharmacies could lead to incomplete medication histories within pharmacy and insurance records thus making it difficult identify drug interactions and to address quality initiatives. This study will measure trends in requests for prescriptions to be filled within an integrated health system pharmacy versus an outside pharmacy retailer before and after the availability of free metformin in March 2010. Characteristics of patients who switched from prescriptions for internal fills to external fills after free metformin was available will also be examined.
The yydFGHIJ Operon of Bacillus subtilis Encodes a Peptide That Induces the LiaRS Two-Component System

The Bacillus subtilis LiaRS two-component system (TCS) responds to perturbations of the cell envelope induced by lipid II-interacting antibiotics, such as vancomycin, ramoplanin, nisin, and bacitracin. Here, we characterize Tn7-generated mutations that induce the liaRS TCS. In addition to insertions in liaF, a known negative regulator of the LiaRS TCS, we identified two disruptions in the last two genes of the yydFGHIJ operon. This operon is predicted to encode a 49-amino-acid peptide (YydF), a modification enzyme (YydG), a membrane-embedded protease (YydH), and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (YydIJ). Genome sequence comparisons suggest that the yydFGHIJ operon may have been acquired by horizontal transfer. Inactivation of the YydIJ transporter resulted in increased expression from the LiaR-dependent P(liaI) promoter only in the presence of the yydFGH genes. Cells harboring the complete yydFGHIJ operon induced LiaR activity in cocultured cells lacking either this transporter or the complete operon. These results suggest that this operon is involved in the synthesis and export of a modified peptide (YydF*) that elicits cell envelope stress sensed by the LiaRS TCS.
Was pet relinquishment related to foreclosure?: A spatial research note from California during the height of foreclosure

Abstract Media reports asserted that the 2008 foreclosure crisis unleashed a rash of pet relinquishments, especially in California's central valley, an area that had the highest U.S. foreclosure rates that year. However, reports on the foreclosure/relinquishment association relied on anecdotal evidence provided by animal shelters, which is known to be flawed since many people do not give a reason for relinquishment, or give a false reason. This study compares separate data sources for the central valley city of Turlock, 2008: foreclosure data from the Stanislaus County Recorder's Office ( N = 235) and relinquishment data from the Turlock Animal Shelter ( N = 248). Contrary to shelter driven data, these separate data sources reported only one shared address. However, spatial analyses show that foreclosures and relinquishments were concentrated in similar areas. Analyses also show that unaltered (non-spayed/neutered) dogs are more likely to be concentrated in lower socioeconomic (SES) areas. While our initial finding contradicts recent media reports, spatial analyses verify other research on the social problems associated with concentrated foreclosures, and lend support for policies designed to reduce breeding during heighted periods of foreclosure and other economic crises.
A Two-stage Retention Débridement Protocol for Acute Periprosthetic Joint Infections

Background Due to the historically poor infection control rates with debridement and component retention for acute periprosthetic infections we developed a new approach for treating acute periprosthetic total joint infections: initial debridement with prosthesis retention and placement of antibiotic-impregnated cement beads followed by a second debridement within 7 days, at which time the beads are removed and new modular parts inserted. Intravenous antibiotics were used for 6 weeks followed by oral antibiotics. Depending on the clinical situation, antibiotics are discontinued or in selected patients continued indefinitely.
Academic Entitlement in Pharmacy Education

The constructs of academic entitlement and student consumerism refer to students’ attitudes toward education as a commodity and the underlying belief that as consumers, they should be catered to and given the opportunity to participate in the education process according to their preferences. Most discussions regarding these attitudes are anecdotal, but the pervasiveness of these accounts and the troubling effects that ensue warrant attention. Grade inflation, student incivility, altered classroom practices, and decreased faculty morale are all potential aftereffects of teaching students who hold academic entitlement beliefs. Numerous factors are posited as attributing to academic entitlement including personal issues, societal pressures, and broad academic practices. This paper discusses these factors and offers faculty members and administrators recommendations regarding practices that may curb or alleviate issues associated with academically entitled students.
Measuring Variability in Traffic Conditions by Using Archived Traffic Data

The predictability of transportation service is of great importance to travelers. Whereas most transportation performance measures deal more directly with congestion, such as through delay measures, few quantify the level of predictability of travel. A new measure that effectively measures predictability of transportation service, the variability index, was developed and demonstrated. The variability index is a good example of the application of data mining in large transportation databases. Conceptually based on multivariate statistical quality control (MSQC), the variability index is computed by measuring the size (spatial volume) of the confidence regions defined by MSQC by using large sets of archived traffic data. In other words, experience (archived traffic data) is mined to measure the level of variability experienced by time and location. A case study application of this procedure demonstrates how this measure can clearly identify times of day and days of the week that experience relatively high d...
Isovolumetric geochemical investigation of a buried granite saprolite near Columbia, SC, U.S.A.

Saprolites are residual soils which preserve the textures of their parent rocks and thus have evolved by an isovolumetric process of weathering (MILLOT, 1970, The Geology of Clays, Springer). Using bulk density, saprolite elemental analyses can be converted to units of g cm−3. Furthermore, an empirical reaction progress diagram can be constructed for a suite of saprolite samples by plotting element concentrations (in g cm−3) against bulk density (B.D.). Our data for a granite saprolite show that Al2O3 and SiO2 decrease in a linear fashion from B.D. 2.1g cm−3 to 1.5g cm−3 but that K2O follows a curvilinear trend such that it decreases from 75% of its fresh rock value at B.D. 1.6 g cm−3 to nearly zero at B.D. 1.5 g cm−3. The only hypothetical reaction paths that are compatible with these B.D. vs A12O3, SiO2 and K2O constraints are those in which orthoclase alters to kaolinite through an intermediate potassium phase similar to KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 or KAl2Si2O6(OH)3 (hypothetical K-kaolinite). Normative mineral calculations, X-ray diffraction data and structural H2O data are employed to test this conclusion.
A multiwire proportional counter technique for standardization of low-energy photon sources

Abstract A wall-less multiwire anticoincidence proportional counter (MWPC) technique is presented which enables emission rates of photon sources below 50 keV to be intercalibrated to better than ±3.5% (2 σ statistical, plus linear addition of systematic, error) without knowledge of counting gas cross sections. The difficulties associated with the extension of this method to an absolute standardization technique are discussed. The source is placed external to the Be window of a large volume MWPC, the detection efficiency of which can be varied by changing the gas pressure. For a MWPC, a maximum occurs in the gas counting efficiency with variation of the pressure. If the counting rates of low-energy photons from different sources are maximized by changing the gas pressure from one source to another, then the detection efficiency of the center counter is the same , and its absolute value is dependent only on the ratio of the two geometrical distances defining the center- and ring counters. In this way several different sources may be standardized accurately against one or more primary X-ray standards.
Herstellung von Aryl-thioglycidäthern und 3-Aryloxythietanen

Die Reaktion von Alkaliphenolaten mit 3-Chlorpropylensulfid fuhrt zu einem Gemisch der jeweiligen Arylthioglycidather und 3-Aryloxythietane. Je nach dem verwendeten Losungsmittel bildet sich dabei die eine oder andere Komponente vorzugsweise. Die Darstellung der Arylthioglycidather erfolgt vorzugsweise in Diglyme, ihre Reinigung ist schwierig. Demgegenuber sind die Aryloxythietane stabile Substanzen, die sich gut reinigen lassen; ihre Herstellung geschieht vorzugsweise im Wasser.
Breakdown of blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis in heart transplant recipients

Objectives. This study was designed to investigate disturbances in arterial blood pressure and body fluid homeostasis in stable heart transplant recipients. Background. Hypertension and fluid retention frequently complicate heart transplantation. Methods. Blood pressure, renal and endocrine responses to acute volume expansion were compared in 10 heart transplant recipients (57 ± 9 years old [mean ± SD]) 20 ± 5 months after transplantation, 6 liver transplant recipients receiving similar doses of cyclosporine (cyclosporine control group) and 7 normal volunteers (normal control subjects). After 3 days of a constant diet containing 87 mEq/24 h of sodium, 0.154 mol/liter saline was infused at 8 ml/kg per h for 4 h. Blood pressure and plasma vasopressin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natiuretic peptide and renin activity levels were determined before and at 30, 60, 120 and 240 min during the infusion. Urine was collected at 2 and 4 h. Blood pressure, fluid balance hormones and renal function were monitored for 48 h after the infusion. Results. Blood pressure did not change in the two control groups but increased in the heart transplant recipients (+ 15 ± 8/8± 5 mm Hg) and remained elevated for 48 h (p ≤ 0.05). Urine flow and urinary sodium excretion increased abruptly in the control groups sufficient to account for elimination of 86 ± 9% of the sodium load by 48 h; the increases were blunted (p ≤ 0.05) and delayed in the heart transplant recipients, resulting in elimination of only 51 ± 13% of the sodium load. Saline infusion suppressed vasopressin, renin activity, angiotensin II and aldosterone in the two control groups (p ≤ 0.05) but not in the heart transplant recipients. Heart transplant recipients had elevated atrial natriuretic peptide levels at baseline (p ≤ 0.05), but relative increases during the infusion were similar to those in both control groups. Conclusions. Blood pressure in heart transplant recipients is salt sensitive. These patients have a blunted diuretic and natriuretic response to volume expansion that may be mediated by a failure to reflexly suppress fluid regulatory hormones. These defects in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis were not seen in liver transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine and therefore cannot be attributed to cyclosporine alone. Abnormal cardiorenal neuroendocrine reflexes, secondary to cardiac denervation, may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension and fluid retention in heart transplant recipients.
Characterization of a membrane-bound NADH-dependent Fe3+ reductase from the dissimilatory Fe3+-reducing bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens

Geobacter sulfurreducens produces a single, membrane-associated Fe3+ reductase activity when grown on fumarate or Fe3+. The activity was initially isolated by solubilization of membranes with the non-ionic detergent dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, and partially purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and preparative non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Molecular mass of the reductase, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, was approximately 300 kDa. Cofactor analysis of the purified reductase demonstrates that it contains a hemoprotein and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Kinetic and inhibitor studies show that the reductase is specific for NADH as electron donor, and confirm that the reductase enzymatically reduces Fe3+. The cytochrome associated with the complex undergoes a reoxidation upon addition of Fe3+ compounds, indicating an ability to pass reducing equivalents to Fe3+. This is the first description of a purified NADH-dependent Fe3+ reductase from a microorganism capable of coupling Fe3+ reduction to growth.
Energetics of Both Minority and Majority Carrier Transitions through Deep Defects in Wide Bandgap Pentenary Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S) 2 Thin Film Solar Cells

We report and electronic and optical characterization of three wide-bandgap alloys of the Cu(InxGa1-x)(SeyS1-y)2 pentenary material system. Devices were characterized using admittance spectroscopy as well as drive-level capacitance profiling. The devices showed activated defect behavior typical of thin-film solar cell devices. Optical characterizations were carried out with Transient Photocapacitance and Transient Photocurrent spectroscopies. These data showed broad exponential bandtails with large Urbach energies, indicative of a moderately high degree of compositional and/or structural disorder. The temperature dependence of the TPC spectra was examined in detail and we were able to observe the thermal emission of electrons from defects into the conduction band. The emission energy of these features corresponds well with the measured optical threshold and the known bandgap of the cells. Thus we infer an upper bound of about 50meV for the lattice relaxation energy following the optical transition into the defect.
Analysis of a stiffener intersection eccentricity in a steel containment

Abstract Containment structures have several regions in which the continuity of the cylindrical pressure boundary is interrupted, e.g., shell penetrations, discontinuous stiffeners, and changes in the shell thickness. Significant strain concentrations can occur in these areas of discontinuity. The Sandia National Laboratories 1:8-scale steel containment equipment hatch was analyzed as an example of an eccentricity at a stiffener intersection. A portion of the as-built 1:8-scale model was modeled with the ANSYS general purpose finite element program using triangular, thin shell finite elements. The overall size of the model was determined from Saint-Venant type considerations of the stress field around the hatch. Shell elements were used to model the ring and formed stiffeners. Geometric and material nonlinear behavior were included. The model was loaded using discrete load steps up to a pressure of 165 psig. At this pressure, the maximum strain was 19.7 percent in the formed stiffener near its intersection with the ring stiffener. The finite element solution demonstrated the very localized nature of the strain field near the ring/formed stiffener intersection. In an attempt to reduce analysis costs, a small portion of the 1:8-scale model immediately surrounding the ring/formed stiffener intersection was selected for further analysis. Two smaller models, a ring/formed stiffener intersection and a ring/circular stiffener intersection, were studied. The models were significantly smaller than the regions used previously. A comparison of the two intersection models showed that the circular stiffener is a more efficient configuration.
A finite element study of threading dislocations

Abstract A finite element procedure is developed to analyse the force on a threading dislocation. The finite element method facilitates the study of dislocations in finite 3-dimensional bodies and the study of effects of anisotropic material behaviour. The FE-results show a strong sensitivity to the modelling of the core. This is in sharp contrast to the core insensitivity of the classical problems of interacting dislocations. Reasonably good agreement with classical results is achieved for the circular edge loop and for the circular shear loop. However, the classical results are derived using an artificial cut-off parameter and the present procedure introduces a simple core model.
Electric and ionic dimensions of apical growth inAchlya hyphae

Hyphae of Achlya bisexualis generate endogenous electric currents, which are thought to represent the spatial organization of the chemiosmotic proton circuit. The experiments reported here bear on the relationship between currents and apical extension. The polarity of the current reverses as the colony ages, yet mature hyphae (as well as young ones) extend only at the apex. We also do not find an obligatory connection between inward current and the emergence of antheridial branches in Achlya ambisexualis . Applied electric fields orient hyphal extension, but whether the hyphae grow towards the anode or the cathode depends on the medium. We conclude that the hypothesis that electric currents localize outgrowth and determine polarity is no longer useful, and offer a reassessment of the currents' nature and significance.
Two Populations of the Estrogen Receptor Separated and Characterized Using Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning†

Two populations of the rat uterine estrogen receptor (ER) were separated and characterized using aqueous two-phase partitioning. Countercurrent distribution of rat uterine cytosolic ER allowed rapid and efficient separation of two populations, one population partitioned preferentially into the top phase (T, K(obs) = 3-6) and the other into the bottom phase (B, K(obs) = 0.01-0.03). The majority of unoccupied cytosolic ER is in the T population. Upon estrogen binding and/or heating to 30 degrees C in vitro the T population is converted to the B population. The transition from T to B does not exclusively involve loss of heat shock protein 90 and does not alter the ligand binding ability of the steroid binding domain. Using the human ER steroid binding domain overproduced in Escherichia coli and the steroid binding domain generated by partial trypsinization of the rat uterine ER, we demonstrate that the characteristic distinguishing T and B populations is not localized to this domain alone but may be associated with the amino terminal half of the ER (the A/B and DNA binding domains). The T to B transition of the ER also occurs in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells upon treatment with estrogen at 37 degrees C.
Accounting educators' problem-solving style and their pedagogical perceptions and preferences

Abstract The problem-solving style exhibited by accounting educators may affect their propensity to implement innovative pedagogical and curriculum changes. This study used Adaption-Innovation Theory as a framework to investigate the problem-solving style of accounting educators. The sample consisted of 82 accounting educators from Missouri and Tennessee. More participants were found to be adaptive than innovative problem solvers though not to the extent found in prior research with accounting students. Faculty problem-solving style was found to be associated with preferences for certain pedagogical methodologies in the education process.
Studying rat brain neurochemistry using nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy: a metabonomics approach.

In the present experiments, in vivo microdialysis techniques together with nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy were used to evaluate the neurochemical environment of the rat frontal cortex. Metabonomics techniques of data reduction and pattern recognition were used to examine whether collected neurochemicals were sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX), a neurotoxin that when infused into discrete brain regions can help distinguish between the neuronal versus glial origin of neurochemicals in cerebrospinal fluid microdialysate. 1H NMR spectra recorded on samples collected from the rat frontal cortex before and after an intracortical TTX infusion (10 μM for 60 min) were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Glutamate, isoleucine, valine, alanine, and α- and β-hydroxybutyrate were found to have decreased concentrations after the addition of TTX, suggesting that their release is likely from cortical neurons. In contrast, lactate, formate, acetate, glucose, creatinine, pyruvate, and other neurochemicals remained unc...
Utilization of in-patient services by the elderly.

The authors present descriptive data on the 5,312 patients aged 65 or older, admitted in 1967 to the medical and surgical in-patient services of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. These patients accounted for 24 per cent of the total number of adults admitted. The services admitting most of the elderly were General Medicine, General Surgery, Urology, Ophthalmology and Neurology. These patients had a longer average stay in the hospital than the national average for hospitalized elderly; almost 20 per cent of them stayed thirty-one days or longer. Over four-fifths of the elderly were admitted to Private and Semi-Private Pavilion accommodations, and the remainder entered the teaching services of the Semi-Private Division. The Division patients had longer lengths of stay, on the average, than patients in the Pavilions. The patients referred to Social Service were chiefly from the General Medical, Neurological, and Orthopedic services. The most significant factor determining who was referred to Social Service was extended “length of stay.” Over half of the elderly receiving social services were patients whose hospital stays were thirty-one days or longer. It is anticipated that the elderly will become a larger proportion of the sick, requiring more medical care and hospitalization. They will continue to use more bed-days than any other group of patients. It is recommended that health-care institutions become more consciously aware of the elderly and their impact on hospital resources, and that the hospital stay be regarded as one phase in a continuum of care.
A comparison of the spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and biomechanics between shod, unshod, and minimally supported running as compared to walking

Recreational running has many proven benefits which include increased cardiovascular, physical and mental health. It is no surprise that Running USA reported over 10 million individuals completed running road races in 2009 not to mention recreational joggers who do not wish to compete in organized events. Unfortunately there are numerous risks associated with running, the most common being musculoskeletal injuries attributed to incorrect shoe choice, training errors and excessive shoe wear or other biomechanical factors associated with ground reaction forces. Approximately 65% of chronic injuries in distance runners are related to routine high mileage, rapid increases in mileage, increased intensity, hills or irregular surface running, and surface firmness. Humans have been running barefooted or wearing minimally supportive footwear such as moccasins or sandals since the beginning of time while modernized running shoes were not invented until the 1970s. However, the current trend is that many runners are moving back to barefoot running or running in "minimal" shoes. The goal of this masterclass article is to examine the similarities and differences between shod and unshod (barefoot or minimally supportive running shoes) runners by examining spatiotemporal parameters, energetics, and biomechanics. These running parameters will be compared and contrasted with walking. The most obvious difference between the walking and running gait cycle is the elimination of the double limb support phase of walking gait in exchange for a float (no limb support) phase. The biggest difference between barefoot and shod runners is at the initial contact phase of gait where the barefoot and minimally supported runner initiates contact with their forefoot or midfoot instead of the rearfoot. As movement science experts, physical therapists are often called upon to assess the gait of a running athlete, their choice of footwear, and training regime. With a clearer understanding of running and its complexities, the physical therapist will be able to better identify faults and create informed treatment plans while rehabilitating patients who are experiencing musculoskeletal injuries due to running.
Internal Consistency of Performance Evaluations as a Function of Music Expertise and Excerpt Familiarity

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music experience and excerpt familiarity on the internal consistency of performance evaluations. Participants included nonmusic majors who ha...
Toxoplasma gondii: isolation and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants.

Abstract Toxoplasma gondii, strain RH, produced plaques in human fibroblast tissue cultures over the temperatures 30–41 C. Muta⋗enesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine yielded seven temperature-sensitive mutants that had lost the ability to form plaques at 40 C but still grew well at 33 C. No spontaneous mutants were detected. The temperature-sensitive mutants were not markedly thermolabile and adsorbed normally to tissue culture cells at 40 C. Three mutants differed from one another in their temperatures for optimal growth, and in their ability to remain infectious within cells incubated at 40 C. Both mutants that were tested were found to be markedly less virulent for mice than was the wild type RH strain.
Secondary structure prediction of the H5 pore of potassium channels

The 'H5' segment located between the putative fifth and sixth transmembrane helices is the most highly conserved region in voltage-gated potassium channels and it is believed to constitute a major part of the ion conduction path (pore). Here we present a two-step procedure, comprising secondary structure prediction and hydrophobic moment profiling, to predict the structure of this important region. Combined results from the application of the procedure to the H5 region of four voltage-gated and five other K+ channel sequences lead to the prediction of a beta-strand-turn-beta-strand structure for H5. The reasons for the application of these soluble protein methods to parts of membrane proteins are: (i) that pore-lining residues are accessible to water and (ii) that a large enough database of high-resolution membrane protein structures does not yet exist. The results are compared with experimental results, in particular spectroscopic studies of two peptides based on the H5 sequence of SHAKER potassium channel. The procedure developed here may be applicable to water-accessible regions of other membrane proteins.
Storage and English Government Intervention in Early Modern Grain Markets

In 1587 the English Privy Council issued its first Book of Orders for the relief of dearth, a program of grain-market control that included forced delivery of private stocks to local markets in crisis periods. The policy has been described as an effective response to irrational hoarding and credited for a significant reduction in English grain-price variance. In contrast, I find support for an alternative profit maximizing model of storage. The occurrence of similar price stabilization in other European markets in the early seventeenth century is also demonstrated, suggesting English policy was not the cause.
Microbial Spoilage of Fresh Refrigerated Beef Liver

The types and numbers of micro-organisms involved in the spoilage of refrigerated beef liver were studied together with pH, hydration and organoleptic changes of the material. Fresh liver harboured a mixed population (c. 1 × 105 organisms/g) of Gram positive cocci, chromogens and non-chromogens, sporeformers, presumptive coliforms and Gram negative rods. When samples were rejected organoleptically, after 7–10 days at 5°, the contamination attained levels of c. 7–8 × 107 organisms/g. Spoilage was due to souring; the pH fell from 6·3 (fresh liver) to c. 5·9. Lactic acid bacteria were predominant and Gram negative bacteria did not exceed 1·0 × 106 organisms/g. This type of spoilage is explained by the carbohydrate content of c. 5% in liver. The value of pH appears to be a reliable indicator of liver freshness, with a pH of 6·1 indicating incipient spoilage.
Sub-90 nm technologies-challenges and opportunities for CAD

Future high performance microprocessor design with technology scaling beyond 90 nm will pose two major challenges: (1) energy and power, and (2) parameter variations. Design practice will have to change from deterministic design to probabilistic and statistical design. This paper discusses circuit techniques and design automation opportunities to overcome the challenges.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDICES FOR INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

One class of methods for estimating reliability is based on the use of a single sample of data, of which the principal method is coefficient alpha (Cronbach, 1951) for several subtests. When subtests are dichotomous items, alpha is equivalent to the KuderRichardson 20 formula (Kuder & Richardson, 1937). The logic of these internal consistency measures is that if a group of items has been sampled from a domain, then the covariances among the obtained items can be used to infer the covariances among the items in the entire domain. Therefore, estimates of the ratio of true score variance to total variance can be estimated. Pursuing this reasoning analytically, several authors have shown under what conditions a or KR20 are lower bound estimates of reliability (Guttman, 1953) or are equivalent to it (Novick & Lewis, 1967). This paper focuses primarily on single factor tests and dichotomous data, and will thus emphasize KR20. It is expressed as
Teaching with Lecture or Debate? Testing the Effectiveness of Traditional versus Active Learning Methods of Instruction

This is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The publisher version is available on its site.
41.4: Daylight Matching with Blended‐CCT LED Lamp

Energy-conscious facility designs strive to include natural daylight in workspaces. Daylight's correlated color temperature (CCT) varies throughout the day and conflicts with existing fixed-CCT artificial light sources, delivering poor color rendering for users. A prototype blended-CCT LED lamp demonstrates a simple control concept for matching daylight variations.
The Comparison of Combination SSRI and PDE-5 Inhibitor Therapy to SSRI Monotherapy in Men with Premature Ejaculation

Objective:To evaluate whether combination therapy with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor is superior to SSRI monotherapy in the treatment of premature ejaculation,Data Sources:A literature search of MEDLINE (January 1980-April 2011) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 1970-April 2011) was conducted using the search terms premature ejaculation, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language human studies assessing the use of a PDE-5 inhibitor and SSRI in the treatment of premature ejaculation were evaluated. Additional references were retrieved from reference citations.Data Synthesis:Premature ejaculation is a multi-component disorder with several treatment options. Studies have demonstrated that both SSRIs and PDE-5 inhibitors used as monotherapy can delay time to ejaculation. Four clinical trials have been conducted to compare the efficacy of SSRI mon...
Space-time equalization and interference cancellation with convolutional coding for MIMO OFDM

Future broadband cellular wireless communication systems will be characterized by high delay spread and the need to maximize the system capacity. Aggressive frequency reuse, one technique of maximizing capacity, subjects the mobile to high levels of interference when the mobile is near the cell edge. Traditional interference suppression techniques designed for synchronized OFDM systems do not perform optimally when the desired and interfering signals are asynchronous at the receiver. Methods of time aligning asynchronous signals (i.e., signals whose channel plus delay is longer than the cyclic prefix length) were recently presented (Breinholt, M. et al., Allerton, 2002). This paper presents results of the synchronization algorithms for coded systems. The results show that the algorithms give significantly different results when coding is applied.
Growth and metabolism of Pneumocystis carinii in axenic culture.

Abstract Recent analyses of rRNA have suggested a taxonomic relationship of Pneumocystis carinii with fungi. We investigated various liquid and solid media without feeder cells for the ability to support growth of P. carinii. Organisms were obtained from the lungs of immunosuppressed rats and separated from host cells by treatment with hypotonic solutions and a series of microfiltrations. The growth of P. carinii was quantitated by staining nuclei with Diff-Quik. Optimal replication was observed in media with neopeptone and N-acetylglucosamine at low pH. Increases of at least 8- to 10-fold occurred during the first 24 to 72 h. P. carinii replication was influenced by pH, temperature, inoculum size, and anti-P. carinii drugs. The viability of organisms was confirmed by incorporation of radiolabeled uracil, methionine, and N-acetylglucosamine. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable compounds showed that [35S]methionine was incorporated into specific P. carinii proteins. Thus, P. carinii can metabolize and replicate in the absence of mammalian cells. This system should have applications for in vitro drug screening and other molecular and metabolic analyses.
Software design of 6DOF guidance approximations in 3DOF ascent simulations

Methods are being developed for approximat ing 6DOF (degrees of freedom) motion charac teristics in an operational 3DOF trajectory simulation. The optimizable 3DOF and the nonoptimizable 6DOF simulations are used for launch planning and operations for a current U.S. launch vehicle program. A previous paper [1] discussed the derivation and impact on the 3DOF in terms of vehicle attitude and angle of attack time histories. This paper continues by developing the methodology within the simula tion and optimization software framework. It must take into account both the frequency and the sequencing of calls to various FORTRAN subroutines that model vehicle flight mechanics. These calls and the routines must be planned so as not to violate assumptions upon which the nonlinear programming algorithms used to shape the trajectory are based. Discussion is included on the steps that must be taken to sufficiently simplify the 6DOF booster guidance scheme. In order to do this, a careful review is made of how the trajec...
Clinical Trials in Coronary Angiogenesis: Issues, Problems, Consensus An Expert Panel Summary

Abstract—The rapid development of angiogenic growth factor therapy for patients with advanced ischemic heart disease over the last 5 years offers hope of a new treatment strategy based on generatio...
Use of Multiple Standards to Define Sensory Characteristics for Descriptive Analysis: Aspects of Concept Formation

As a standardization procedure for judges, prior to descriptive analysis, a set of standards gave superior concept alignment to a single standard in the definition of a given beverage descriptor. Some of the standards defined stimuli which were to be included in the concept of the beverage flavor while others defined stimuli which were sufficiently different not to be included. Multiple rather than single standards might be suitable reference samples to define sensory characteristics for descriptive analysis.
Secure routing in ad hoc networks and a related intrusion detection problem

The intrinsic nature of wireless ad hoc networks makes them vulnerable to various passive or active attacks. Thus, there is no guarantee that a routed communication path is free of malicious nodes that will not comply with the employed protocol and attempt to interfere the network operations. In this paper, we survey the problem of secure routing in ad hoc wireless networks, and discuss the related techniques of cryptographic key distribution. However, no matter how secure the routing protocol is, it is still possible that some nodes are compromised and become malicious. The presence of compromised nodes, especially in nodes that are communication bottlenecks, limit the effectiveness of the described secure routing protocols. We therefore consider the problem of intrusion detection for such nodes. The intrusion detection problem and some solutions are described in detail for a concrete queueing model of medium access. The extensions of the solutions to address the problem in more general scenarios are also discussed.
Current diagnosis and treatment of oligodendroglioma.

Object. The strategies used to diagnose and treat oligodendroglial tumors have changed significantly over the past decade. The purpose of this paper is to review the topic of oligodendroglioma, emphasizing the new developments. Methods. Information was obtained by conducting a Medline search in which the term oligodendroglioma was used. Recent editions of standard textbooks were also studied. Because of tools such as magnetic resonance imaging, oligodendrogliomas are being diagnosed earlier, and they are being recognized more frequently histologically than in the past. Seizures are common in these patients. Functional mapping and image-guided surgery may now allow for a safer and more complete resection, especially when tumors are located in difficult areas. Genetic analysis and positron emission tomography may provide data that supplement the standard diagnostic tools. Unlike other low-grade gliomas, patients in whom residual or recurrent oligodendroglioma (World Health Organization Grade II) is present may respond to chemotherapy. Although postoperative radiotherapy prolongs survival of the patient, increasingly this therapeutic modality is being delayed until tumor recurrence, especially if a gross-total tumor resection has been achieved. Oligodendrogliomas are the first type of brain tumor for which “molecular” characterization gives important information. The most significant finding is that allelic losses on chromosomes 1p and 19q indicate a favorable response to chemotherapy. Conclusions. Whereas surgery continues to be the primary treatment for oligodendroglioma, the scheme for postoperative therapy has shifted, primarily because of the lesion’s relative chemosensitivity. Molecular characterization of oligodendrogliomas may become a standard practice in the near future.
Molecular Markers of Hemostatic Activation: Applications in the Diagnosis of Thrombosis and Vascular and Thrombotic Disorders

The recognition of molecular marker events leading to hemostatic and thrombotic disorders and technologic advances in molecular biology and immunology has added a new dimension in the diagnosis of bleeding and thrombotic disorders. Pathophysiologic activation of coagulation, fibrinolysis, kallikrein-kinin system, vascu— lar stress, and intercellular interactions result in the generation of cell/process specific markers of a pathophysiologic event. It has been two decades since the concept of molecular markers was first introduced in the diagnosis of hemostatic and thrombotic disorders. However, due to cost/technologic limitations and lack of understanding of this field at various levels its usage in clinical laboratory diagnosis was rather limited. With the advent of such analytical techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) a disease specific molecular profiling can be readily accomplished. Subclinical activation of platelets, endothelial distress, and aberrations of the protease netwo...
Precise tuning of the switching field in 'implantation patterned' Co/Pt multilayers

[Co4/Pt10]n multilayers with strong out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy were fabricated by magnetron sputtering for Pt and e-beam deposition for Co on a Si/SiO/sub 2/ substrate with a 100 /spl Aring/ Pt buffer layer in UHV. The patterning of submicron periodic arrays was done using 30 keV He ion implantation. The technique provides an excellent opportunity for precise tuning of the switching field in 'implantation patterned' Co/Pt by controlling the distance between irradiated areas and by controlling the irradiation dose. The results of systematic characterization of arrays for different doses ranging from 10/sup 15/ to 5/spl times/10/sup 16/ ions/cm are presented.