cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient and accurate hybrid method for simulating non-linear neutrino structure

We present an efficient and accurate method for simulating massive neutrinos in cosmological structure formation simulations, together with an easy to use public implementation. Our method builds on our earlier implementation of the linear response approximation (LRA) for neutrinos, coupled with an N-body code for cold dark matter particles. The LRA's good behaviour at early times and in the linear regime is preserved, while better following the non-linear clustering of neutrinos on small scales. Massive neutrinos are split into initially "fast" and "slow" components. The fast component is followed analytically with the LRA all the way to redshift zero. The slow component is evolved with the LRA only down to a switch-on redshift $z_\nu = 1$, below which it is followed with the particle method, in order to fully account for its non-linear evolution. The slow neutrino particles are initialized at $z = 99$ in order to have accurate positions and velocities at the switch-on time, but are not used to compute the potential until $z \leq 1$, thus avoiding the worst effect of particle shot noise. We show that our hybrid method matches (and for small neutrino masses, exceeds) the accuracy of neutrino particle simulations with substantially lower particle load requirements.
An Introduction to Difference Equations, by Saber Elyadi

(1997). An Introduction to Difference Equations, by Saber Elyadi. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 104, No. 8, pp. 777-780.
Liquid-Liquid Extraction of the Rare Earths and Related Elements

Our group’s current connection with the field of coordination is somewhat tenuous, as attested by almost any one of our publications, the discussion section being liberally sprinkled with “it appears that the coordination number is six,” “probably the extracted entity contains coordinated extractant dimers,” and similar expressions which confess to factual ignorance but reaffirm an abiding faith in the principles of coordination chemistry. This faith in the principles of coordination chemistry, coupled with a long-held interest in the rare earths, has led to a research program encompassing portions of the fields of interest of two outstanding University of Illinois research chemists, Prof. John C. Bailar, Jr. and Prof. B. S. Hopkins.
Due Process is Not Optional: Mississippi Conservatorship Proceedings Fall Short on Basic Due Process Protections for Elderly and Disabled Adults

The basic civil rights of elderly and disabled adults are at risk of being violated by the very state court procedures that are supposed to protect these adults from abuse and neglect. Modifications of Mississippi law, including the adoption of a clear evidentiary standard, minimum notice and pleading requirements, separate consideration of the protections needed for financial management and personal decision making, and requiring the use of less restrictive alternatives than full appointments can achieve the dual goals of protecting vulnerable adults from abuse and neglect and protecting their fundamental civil rights.
Sharing an environment with sick conspecifics alters odors of healthy animals

Body odors change with health status and the odors of sick animals can induce avoidance behaviors in healthy conspecifics. Exposure to sickness odors might also alter the physiology of healthy conspecifics and modify the odors they produce. We hypothesized that exposure to odors of sick (but non-infectious) animals would alter the odors of healthy cagemates. To induce sickness, we injected mice with a bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide. We used behavioral odor discrimination assays and analytical chemistry techniques followed by predictive classification modeling to ask about differences in volatile odorants produced by two types of healthy mice: those cohoused with healthy conspecifics and those cohoused with sick conspecifics. Mice trained in Y-maze behavioral assays to discriminate between the odors of healthy versus sick mice also discriminated between the odors of healthy mice cohoused with sick conspecifics and odors of healthy mice cohoused with healthy conspecifics. Chemical analyses paired with statistical modeling revealed a parallel phenomenon. Urine volatiles of healthy mice cohoused with sick partners were more likely to be classified as those of sick rather than healthy mice based on discriminant model predictions. Sickness-related odors could have cascading effects on neuroendocrine or immune responses of healthy conspecifics, and could affect individual behaviors, social dynamics, and pathogen spread.
“They Hate on Me!” Black Teachers Interrupting Their White Colleagues’ Racism

Black teachers have long been aware that Black students face racism in multiple forms throughout their lives. As racism has consistently been present throughout the history of the United States, Bl...
Mandelic Acid Incorporated Antimicrobial Soy Protein Film Fabricated by Solution Casting

Soy protein exists in the market as soy flour (SF), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI) and they differ in their protein contents. SPI contains about 90–92% of protein content followed by SPC having 70–72% protein. SPI films can be prepared by solution casting or compression molding method. In this work, different amounts of mandelic acid (1–5% wrt SPI) were added to glycerol plasticized SPI. The pH of the film-forming SPI suspension was maintained between 10 and 10.5. Mandelic acid incorporated SPI films were obtained after subjecting the solution casted SPI suspension on a glass plate for 24 h at 60 °C. The resulting SPI films with mandelic acid were subjected to antimicrobial, water uptake, transmittance, and tensile strength studies. The results indicated that with the increase in the concentration (till 4%) of mandelic acid, tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 6.5 to 7.5 MPa and 79 to 126%, respectively. The water uptake of the SPI films with mandelic acid decreased indicating less hydrophilicity of the resulting SPI film. Mandelic acid incorporated SPI film also showed antimicrobial nature that can be used for packaging.
Examples of the Ten Urban Regeneration Strategies in Practice

In this part, the Urban Manifesto lays out a set of urban regeneration design principles. To underpin the ten strategies, the book presents examples of thirteen UK cities that have tested these design principles. It illustrates positive cases where the strategies were adopted and put into reality.
What Could the Burgundians Have Done to Avoid the Catastrophe? The Breakdown of the Communicative Community in the Nibelungenlied

When a literary work proves to be open to ever new (valid) interpretations, we can be certain that it represents a truly great piece of literature. This is the case with the Nibelungenlied which is here viewed in light of modern sociological theory regarding communication and communicative action as defined by Jurgen Habermas, Richard Rorty, and Karl-Otto Apel, among others. Certainly, this epic poem is characterized by its heroic features, as battles, slaughter, destiny, and fate dominate all events. Nevertheless, a close reading of relevant passages also demonstrates that some of the protagonists are seriously concerned about the role of human language and its function within society. The theory of communicative action proves to be surprisingly applicable for the critical examination of the Nibelungenlied and also for the subsequent Diu Klage in which the Armageddon which has befallen the Burgundian heroes, is profoundly mourned. Whereas the former poem illustrates the tragedy when human language is misused, or simply disregarded as an essential vehicle for the communicative community, the latter outlines avenues out of the calamity especially by way of language and a return to this lost community.
Prime power and prime product distance graphs

Abstract A graph G is a k -prime product distance graph if its vertices can be labeled with distinct integers such that for any two adjacent vertices, the difference of their labels is the product of at most k primes. A graph has prime product number ppn ( G ) = k if it is a k -prime product graph but not a ( k − 1 ) -prime product graph. Similarly, G is a prime k th-power graph (resp., strict prime k th-power graph) if its vertices can be labeled with distinct integers such that for any two adjacent vertices, the difference of their labels is the j th power of a prime for j ≤ k (resp., j = k ). We prove that ppn ( K n ) = ⌈ log 2 ( n ) ⌉ − 1 , and for a nonempty k -chromatic graph G , ppn ( G ) = ⌈ log 2 ( k ) ⌉ − 1 or ppn ( G ) = ⌈ log 2 ( k ) ⌉ . We determine ppn ( G ) for all complete bi-, 3-, and 4-partite graphs. We prove that K n is a prime k th-power graph if and only if n 7 , and we determine conditions on cycles and outerplanar graphs G for which G is a strict prime k th-power graph. In Theorems 2.4, 2.6, and 3.3, we relate prime product and prime power distance graphs to the Green–Tao Theorem, the Twin Prime Conjecture, and Fermat’s Last Theorem.
Regulation of insulin and adipokinetic hormone/glucagon production in flies

Metabolic homeostasis is under strict regulation of humoral factors across various taxa. In particular, insulin and glucagon, referred to in Drosophila as Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH), respectively, are key hormones that regulate metabolism in most metazoa. While much is known about the regulation of DILPs, the mechanisms regulating AKH/glucagon production is still poorly understood. In this review, we describe the various factors that regulate the production of DILPs and AKH and emphasize the need for future studies to decipher how energy homeostasis is governed in Drosophila. This article is categorized under: Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms.
Cybernationalism: Terrorism, Political Activism, and National Identity Creation in Virtual Communities and Social Media

Virtual communities allow for intensely homophilous groups to have a meeting place that would otherwise be impossible in the spatial world. Subsequently, the ability to develop social capital among groups that have traditionally been unable to recruit and mobilize is transformed by the growing access to web communication. The resulting communities are especially influential in groups centered on political or nationalist participation. This chapter will focus on three popular types of cybernationalism (terrorism, political activism, and ethnic-identity production) as it relates to social media and virtual communities. It will explore how social media and virtual community participation is conducive to the spreading of nationalism crucial to the developments of social movements.
Tapping into Environmental Harm in Brewing: An Exploration of Pollution and Waste in Beer Production

The beer industry in the United States (US) is undergoing significant change as craft beer has grown exponentially in recent years. The number of craft breweries has increased threefold since 2011 (Brewers Association 2019b), and the US now features more than 6000 breweries of various sizes (Vorel 2017). As promising as this growth may be for the industry and beer enthusiasts, incidents of environmental degradation at the hands of breweries have persisted. This article draws from interviews with US craft brewers to explore the problem of environmental harm in the brewing industry. We focus on the consumption of freshwater and the disposal of wastewater, primarily within brewing facilities, but also across the beer supply chain. Finally, we consider the role of consumer-driven environmental consciousness as a mechanism to address environmental harm within the beer industry.
Effects of head motion on postural stability in healthy young adults with chronic motion sensitivity.

Motion sensitivity, or motion sickness, is common in modern vehicular and visually stimulating environments. Several studies have shown a relationship between motion sensitivity and decreased postural stability. We aimed to evaluate the effects of head motion (horizontal and vertical) on postural stability in healthy adults with and without chronic motion sensitivity (CMS). Sixty healthy adult men and women (age, 20–40 years) with CMS (CMS group, n = 30) and without CMS (non-CMS group, n = 30) participated in the study. Postural stability was assessed during three conditions (static, horizontal head motion, and vertical head motion) using computerized dynamic posturography. Group and condition-related differences in equilibrium scores were evaluated. There was no significant group x condition interaction (F2,114 = 0.9, partial ƞ2 = 0.04, p = 0.35). However, significant condition-related differences in equilibrium scores were observed (F2,114 = 26.4, partial ƞ2 = 0.31, p < 0.001). Equilibrium scores were significantly worse in the horizontal and vertical head motion conditions compared to those in the static condition (p < 0.001), but were comparable in vertical and horizontal head motion conditions (p = 0.27). Postural stability was lower in the horizontal and vertical conditions compared to the static condition. However, horizontal and vertical head motions had comparable effects on postural stability in both CMS and non-CMS groups, contrary to our expectations.
Image-Building: Soane and Architecture’s Interior

On August 30, 1812, John Soane stood at the active construction site at No.13 Lincoln’s Inn Fields (13 LIF), London, examining the work surrounding him. The front brick wall of what would become hi...
History Re-Written: Misconceptions of U.S. Trade and Industrial Policy and the Influence of Neoliberalism

A disparity exists between mainstream perception and reality with regard to American economic history. There is widespread belief among the public, media, and even some scholars that the U.S. amassed its wealth and prosperity from the adoption of exclusively free-market principles from the onset of the union. This is far from reality. Since 1980, the U.S. government has adopted policies that largely support the free-market ideology and can be classified as neoliberal. However, As Chang (2002) and Cohen and DeLong (2016) have shown, during the early stages of economic development and critical junctures whilst a middle-income country, the U.S. record is one of active government intervention in targeted industries, the creation of important institutions to complement free-market competition, and the widespread use of trade protection in support of infant industries. This misconception has significant ramifications for present-day developing countries, which are routinely advised to adopt neoliberal policies with insufficient regard for the idiosyncratic stage of economic development. This paper documents the misconceptions by examining the theoretical basis and historical record of U.S. industrial and trade policy. We detail how this misconception became widespread and ultimately entered policymaking by analyzing two contributing factors: the rise of neoliberalism, and the standard economics curriculum.
Residential Segregation under Jim Crow: Whites, Blacks, and Mulattoes in Southern Cities, 1880–1920:

We study the residential patterns of blacks and mulattoes in 10 Southern cities in 1880 and 1920. Researchers have documented the salience of social differences among African Americans in this peri...
The Role of Fatty Acid Binding Proteins in Enterocyte Fatty Acid Transport

The gastrointestinal tract is enormously efficient at digesting and absorbing the large quantities of lipid with which it is regularly presented. Dietary triacylglycerol (TG) intake on a Western-style diet can average 90 to 100 gm/day, with additional lipid input to the intestinal lumen coming from biliary lipids as well as from cellular and bacterial membrane debris. Despite the large substrate load, more than 95% of these lipids are effectively absorbed (Carey and Hernell, 1992). For TG, it is clear that digestive lipase redundancy accounts, in part, for this efficiency, with at least three distinct gastrointestinal lipases participating in the lumenal hydrolysis of TG to its major products, unesterified fatty acids and sn-2 monoacylglycerol.In addition to this robust digestive capacity, the intestine must also possess large absorptive and intracellular processing capacities in order to effectively take up and utilize the lipase products. It is generally thought that fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are key cellular proteins involved in the intracellular transport of fatty acids, and, in some cases, other hydrophobic ligands. It is of interest that the absorptive enterocyte abundantly expresses two types of FABPs, whereas most other cell types, even those that also process large quantities of fatty acids such as the adipocyte or the skeletal muscle myocyte, express only a single predominant FABP form.
In vitro permeability of different layers of the human placenta to carbohydrates and urea.

Abstract The in vitro permeabilities of different layers of the human placenta to d -arabinose, sucrose, urea, and antipyrine are described and compared with similar data for the rhesus monkey placenta. The chorioamnion and chorion are less permeable per unit area than the amnion. In all three tissues resistivity increases in the following order: urea d -arabinose
Antiproliferative effects of anthocyanins, hydrolyzable and oligomeric tannins rich pomegranate fruit extract on human lung carcinoma cells A549

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 2467 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. One approach to control this malignancy is its preventive intervention by dietary agents. Several naturally occurring compounds, especially plant products and dietary constituents, have been found to exhibit chemopreventive as well as chemotherapeutic activities when assessed under in vitro and in vivo model systems for lung cancer. However, search for an ideal cancer chemopreventive agent for lung cancer continues. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ), a fruit native to the Mediterranean region has been used extensively in the folk medicine. We extracted edible seeds of pomegranate fruit with acetone, hereafter referred to as pomegranate fruit extract (PFE). Based on MALDI-TOF MS analysis PFE was found to contain anthocyanins (such as delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin), hydrolyzable tannins (such as punicalin, pedunculagin and punicalagin) and oligomeric ellagitannins in which two to five glucose units are crosslinked by dehydrodigalloyl units. Studies have shown that PFE possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, we have shown that PFE possesses remarkable anti-tumor promoting effects in mouse skin model of chemical carcinogenesis (Afaq et al., Int J Cancer, 113:423-433, 2005). In the present study, employing normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), and human lung carcinoma A549 cells, we first compared the growth-inhibitory effects of PFE. PFE (50-150 μg/ml) treatment (for 72 hrs) was found to result in a dose-dependent decrease in the viability of A549 cells but had only minimal effects on NHBE cells as assessed by MTT and Trypan blue assay. To assess the antioxidant capacity of PFE in A549 cells, trolox antioxidant assay was performed and we found that PFE exhibited excellent antioxidant activity even higher than that of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the major polyphenol present in green tea. PFE treatment (50-150 μg/ml for 72 hrs) to A549 cells resulted in induction of apoptosis as determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The immunoblot analysis revealed that PFE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent (i) induction of WAF1/p21 and KIP1/p27, (ii) decrease in the protein expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, and cyclin E, and (iii) decrease in the protein expressions of cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6. Further, employing immunoblot analysis we found that treatment of A549 cells with PFE resulted in down-regulation in the expression of biomarkers of cell proliferation i.e. Ki67 and PCNA in a dose-dependent manner. These data establish the involvement of cki-cyclin-cdk network with concomitant decrease in Ki67 and PCNA during the antiproliferative effect of PFE. Taken together, these findings suggest that PFE may have cancer chemopreventive as well as cancer chemotherapeutic effects for lung cancer in humans.
Chapter 12. Bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists. The bradykinin receptor B1 and B2 subtypes are G-protein coupled receptors that are encoded by adjacent genes, BDKRB1 and BDKRB2 , on human chromosome 14. The bradykinin receptor subtypes are not highly related and are only slightly more similar to each other than to angiotensin receptors. BK and kallidin are equipotent in activating the bradykinin receptor B2 subtype, whereas DABK and DAK are inactive on this receptor. DABK and DAK activate the bradykinin B1 receptor, with BK and kallidin being less potent. Targeted disruption of the genes encoding the bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors in mice indicate that they are the only receptor subtypes that mediate the biological activity of kinin peptides. Species differences with respect to kinin peptides are apparent for the bradykinin B1 receptor as the affinity for the desArgkinin peptides differs significantly across species. The chapter discusses the role of bradykinin B1 receptors in pain and discusses peptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists and nonpeptide bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists.
Androgen Receptor Protein in the Androgen-dependent Dunning R-3327 Prostate Carcinoma

The rat prostate carcinoma (Dunning R-3327) contains a relatively high concentration of androgen receptor (80 to 150 fmol/mg cytosol protein). We characterized this receptor for comparison with androgen receptors in normal organs of the rat. Binding of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was of high affinity (Ka = 2 X 10(9) M). Rates of dissociation were slow (t 1/2 testosterone = 60 hr; t 1/2 dihydrotestosterone = approximately 160 hr). At low ionic strength, the receptor was in an 8S form which dissociated to 4.5 to 5.0S in the presence of 0.4 M KCl. Fractionation of [3H]dihydrotestosterone cytosol by chromatography on phosphocellulose yielded a single peak of radioactivity eluting at 0.2 M Cl-. Determination of size at high ionic strength by gel filtration chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated a Stokes radius of 53 A and sedimentation coefficient of 5S (M.W. 115,000). Cytosols occasionally yielded a second peak of radioactivity eluting from phosphocellulose at 0.29 M Cl-. This fraction contained a smaller receptor [36 A, 3.6S (M.W. 55,000)]. Both receptor forms were observed in cytosols from the normal dorsal prostate. The larger high-salt form of the receptor is identical to native androgen receptor in normal tissues. Smaller receptor forms in the tumor and in normal androgen-responsive tissues have been shown previously to result from proteolytic cleavage of the native receptor during extraction.
Poroelastic Techniques in the Study of Earthquake-Related Hydrologic Phenomena

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several poroelastic techniques employed in the study of earthquake-related hydrologic phenomena. The well water levels can be used to measure tectonic strain over a limited frequency band that depends critically on the degree of aquifer confinement. Although chemistry plays an important role in earthquake hydrology, only mechanical and fluid-dynamic effects can be modeled using poroelasticity. The chapter focuses on hydrologic data related to earthquakes and their quantitative interpretation. Some examples of the earthquake-related hydrologic phenomena are provided. These examples include the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the 1975 Haicheng, China, earthquake, and the 1976 Tangshan, China, earthquake. This chapter describes how the water table drainage affects the time-varying aquifer response to strain imposed by earth tides, barometric pressure, or earthquakes. A graph illustrating the relationship among the depth below the water table, hydraulic diffusivity, and time scale of pore pressure dissipation to the water table is presented The question of whether the hydrologic phenomena precedes earthquakes is also addressed in the chapter.
Engineering thermoplastics and their unique properties for the coil form industry

In this review, the commercially important engineering thermoplastics used in coil forms and coil encapsulation are discussed. Included are resins such as 6.6 nylon, 612 nylon, and 1212 nylons, PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PBT (polybutylene terephthalate) polyesters, and polyphenylene sulfides. Also covered are some of the newer materials, such as the polyarylates, liquid-crystal polymers, and thermally conductive compositions, which will be of major importance in future coils. Physical properties, UL (Underwriters Laboratories) recognitions, and commercial uses of each resin are discussed. >
Interaction of the Yersinia pestis type III regulatory proteins LcrG and LcrV occurs at a hydrophobic interface

Background Secretion of anti-host proteins by Yersinia pestis via a type III mechanism is not constitutive. The process is tightly regulated and secretion occurs only after an appropriate signal is received. The interaction of LcrG and LcrV has been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in secretion control. Previous work has shown that when LcrG is incapable of interacting with LcrV, secretion of anti-host proteins is prevented. Therefore, an understanding of how LcrG interacts with LcrV is required to evaluate how this interaction regulates the type III secretion system of Y. pestis. Additionally, information about structure-function relationships within LcrG is necessary to fully understand the role of this key regulatory protein.
Description of a Permeable Eukaryotic Cell System to Study Agents Affecting DNA Synthesis: Demonstration That Cytembena is a Direct Inhibitor of Replicative DNA Synthesis

Cells were made permeable to DNTP's by a 15-minute treatment with 0.01 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, and 4 mM MgCl2 at 4 degrees C. These cells used exogenously supplied dNTP's to carry out semiconservative, replicative DNA synthesis. This system could be used to identify inhibitors of DNA synthesis and to determine whether chemotherapeutic agents affect precursor synthesis or whether they have a direct effect on the DNA replication complex. Thus DNA synthesis in the permeable cells was not inhibited by hydroxyurea or by the nucleoside analogue arabinofuranosyl cytosine. In contrast, the active form of the nucleoside analogue, arabinofuranosyl cytosine triphosphate, and daunorubicin promptly inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells. Cytembena, sodium cis-beta-4-methoxybenzoyl-beta-bromoacrylate, also inhibited DNA synthesis in the permeable cells; this demonstrated that this agent functioned as a direct inhibitor of the DNA replication complex.
Dietary Lycopene Downregulates Carotenoid 15,15′-Monooxygenase and PPAR-γ in Selected Rat Tissues

In vitro studies have suggested that lycopene is an efficient substrate for carotenoid 9'10'-monooxygenase II (CMO2) but an inhibitor of carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase I (CMO1). The objectives of this study were to clone the rat CMO2 gene, determine whether feeding lycopene for different lengths of time (3-37 d) altered the expression of genes related to carotenoid cleavage [CMO1, CMO2 and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma)] or increased the activity of selected phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes in rat tissues. The cloned rat CMO2 gene was 92 and 82% homologous to the mouse and human CMO2 nucleotide sequence, respectively. The relative abundance of CMO1, CMO2, and PPAR-gamma were differentially expressed among rat tissues. CMO1 and PPAR-gamma expression were decreased in the kidney and adrenal with lycopene intake (P < 0.05), whereas CMO2 expression was reduced only in the kidney. Lycopene did not alter hepatic phase I activity, but hepatic quinone reductase activity increased after 3 and 7 d of lycopene feeding (P < 0.05). Lycopene intake decreased a PPAR-gamma target gene, fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), in the kidney and adrenal (P < 0.05). Thus, these data show that although the intake of 0.25 g lycopene/kg diet does not induce hepatic P450 detoxification enzymes, lycopene feeding alters CMO1, PPAR-gamma, and FABP3 mRNA expression in selected rat tissues with a moderate effect on kidney CMO2 expression. These data suggest that lycopene may play an important role in the modulation of beta-carotene, retinoid, and/or lipid metabolism.
Endemism and evolution in Hawaiian marine invertebrates

Endemism in Hawaiian marine invertebrates is strikingly lower than that in Hawaiian terrestrial organisms. Although marine speciation has been widespread, there have been no major radiations or species swarms comparable with those commonly reported for terrestrial animals and plants; the marine fauna of the Hawaiian islands is differentiated from its Indo-west Pacific roots but has not diversified. The marked differences between marine and terrestrial endemism provide broad support for several models in which speciation depends on dispersal, colonization rate, or effective population size. Distinguishing among these models will require detailed information on the genetic structure and phylogenies of marine species both in the Hawaiian archipelago and throughout the Pacific.
The reflection spectrum of liquid sulfur: Implications for Io

The spectral reflectance from 0.38 to 0.75 micron of a column of liquid sulfur has been measured at several temperatures between the melting point (approximately 118 C) and 173 C. Below 160 C the spectral reflectance was observed to vary reversibly as a function of temperature, indepenent of the previous thermal history of the column. Once the temperature exceeded 160 C, the spectrum would not change given a subsequent decrease in temperature. The spectral reflectance of the liquid-sulfur column at all temperatures was very low (10-19 percent). Combining this information with Voyager spectrophotometry of Jupiter's satellite Io, it is concluded that liquid sulfur at any temperature on Io's surface would be classified as a 'black area' according to the standards used by the Voyager imaging team in their spectrophotometric analysis (Soderblom, Johnson, Morrison, Danielson, Smith, Veverka, Cook,Sagan, Kupferman, Pieri, Mosher, Avis, Gradie, and Clancy /1980/.
Uninfected avian cells contain RNA related to the transforming gene of avian sarcoma viruses.

Abstract A single gene ( src ) is responsible for neoplastic transformation induced by infection of fibroblasts with avian sarcoma viruses. We have reported previously that the DNAs of uninfected avian cells contain nucleotide sequences related to src , and that these sequences (denoted sarc ) have been highly conserved during the evolution of birds (Stehelin et al., 1976b). We now demonstrate that sarc is transcribed into RNA in a variety of normal and neoplastic avian cells and tissues, including cultured embryonic fibroblasts, normal embryos, normal adult tissues, fibrosarcomas induced by chemical carcinogens and cells explanted from these tumors into continuous culture. Since we detect no transcription from the genes for globin and ovalbumin in embryonic avian fibroblasts, we conclude that the presence of sarc RNA in normal cells cannot be attributed to a low constitutive level of transcription from all cellular genes. The amounts of sarc RNA are similar in normal and neoplastic cells, in embryos at all periods of development, and in both logarithmically growing and fully quiescent fibroblasts. Synthesis of sarc RNA in chicken cells is not coordinated with the expression of endogenous retrovirus genes; this finding conforms to other evidence that sarc is not linked to an endogenous viral genome. In the accompanying manuscript, we describe the characteristics of sarc RNA in normal and neoplastic avian cells, and we conclude that sarc is part of a large messenger RNA in both types of cells. Our data fail to implicate the expression of sarc in normal cellular growth, embryogenesis or chemical carcinogenesis, and the function of sarc remains unknown.
Treatment of patients with pineoblastoma with high dose cyclophosphamide

The outcome for patients with pineoblastoma has historically been very poor, with most patients dying of disseminated disease despite irradiation. Furthermore, the low incidence of this tumor has hindered progress toward defining better treatment strategies. Here we report the activity and toxicity of cyclophosphamide administered as a single agent at a dose schedule of 2 g/m2/day for 2 successive days at monthly intervals for a maximum of four courses. Eight patients were evaluated, six newly diagnosed and two recurrent. Amongst the six newly diagnosed patients, there were three patients demonstrating partial responses, and three had stable disease throughout the cyclophosphamide treatment period. All six patients are alive and disease free after further therapy. One patient with recurrent disease demonstrated tumor progression on cyclophosphamide, and the other had stable disease throughout the cyclophosphamide treatment period. Both patients subsequently died of progressive disease. The major toxicity of high dose cyclophosphamide was hematopoietic, with one patient requiring a dose reduction after three courses due to prolonged thrombocytopenia. One patient was also withdrawn from treatment with cyclophosphamide due to impaired pulmonary function. This study demonstrates the activity of high dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of pineoblastoma and may serve as basis for the design of future studies of this tumor.
A Hox regulatory network of hindbrain segmentation is conserved to the base of vertebrates

A defining feature governing head patterning of jawed vertebrates is a highly conserved gene regulatory network that integrates hindbrain segmentation with segmentally restricted domains of Hox gene expression. Although non-vertebrate chordates display nested domains of axial Hox expression, they lack hindbrain segmentation. The sea lamprey, a jawless fish, can provide unique insights into vertebrate origins owing to its phylogenetic position at the base of the vertebrate tree. It has been suggested that lamprey may represent an intermediate state where nested Hox expression has not been coupled to the process of hindbrain segmentation. However, little is known about the regulatory network underlying Hox expression in lamprey or its relationship to hindbrain segmentation. Here, using a novel tool that allows cross-species comparisons of regulatory elements between jawed and jawless vertebrates, we report deep conservation of both upstream regulators and segmental activity of enhancer elements across these distant species. Regulatory regions from diverse gnathostomes drive segmental reporter expression in the lamprey hindbrain and require the same transcriptional inputs (for example, Kreisler (also known as Mafba), Krox20 (also known as Egr2a)) in both lamprey and zebrafish. We find that lamprey hox genes display dynamic segmentally restricted domains of expression; we also isolated a conserved exonic hox2 enhancer from lamprey that drives segmental expression in rhombomeres 2 and 4. Our results show that coupling of Hox gene expression to segmentation of the hindbrain is an ancient trait with origin at the base of vertebrates that probably led to the formation of rhombomeric compartments with an underlying Hox code.
Population interaction: A synchronizer for the persistent rhythmicity of Chaoborus larvae

Fifty chaoborid larvae (Diptera: Chaoboridae) were maintained singly in 200-ml. experimental chambers with lake water and sediments. The larvae, entrained in a reversed light-dark cycle-L D 12: 12 (21–09), were monitored at two-hour intervals to observe whether or not the larvae were in the planktonic state. Results indicated that under constant conditions individual larvae varied in the time of movement out of the sediments and subsequent time spent in the planktonic state. A significant difference was observed when the individual activity patterns (i.e. the number of times an individual was observed to be planktonic during the 12-hour observations period) were summated and compared with the population data previously published by LaRow (1968). However, when larvae whose individual activity patterns were recorded, were pooled in a single experimental chamber the activity pattern then observed was identical to that previously reported. It was concluded, that the persistent, diurnal rhythm observed in Chaoborus is most likely a population rhythm and the interaction of the individuals within the population aids in the synchronization of the rhythm. The observation of larvae maintained singly in experimental chambers also enabled one to determine the actual percentage of the benthic population that leave the sediments and become planktonic each night. During the summer months at least 82.8 percent of the fourth instar larvae leave the sediments and enter the water column.
Effect of Including Cancer-Specific Variables on Risk-Adjusted Hospital Surgical Quality Comparisons

Quality initiatives are increasingly focusing on the quality of oncologic surgery. However, there is concern that a lack of cancer-specific variables may make risk-adjusted hospital quality comparisons inadequate. Our objective was to assess whether hospital quality rankings for cancer surgery are influenced by the addition of cancer-specific variables to the risk-adjusted models. Patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) and National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) who underwent colon or rectal resection for cancer were linked (2006–2008). Hierarchical models were developed predicting ACS NSQIP outcomes based on ACS NSQIP only vs a model using NSQIP and NCDB-derived cancer variables (e.g., stage and neoadjuvant therapy). Changes in hospital quality rankings were compared. A total of 11,405 patients underwent colon (n = 9,678, 146 hospitals) or rectal (n = 1,727, 135 hospitals) resection for cancer (2006–2008). Hospital-level complication rates (and standard deviation) after colon surgery were 2.2 % (±2.7 %) for mortality and 17.2 % (±8.7 %) for serious morbidity. After rectal cancer resection, complication rates were 0.9 % (±3.8 %) for mortality and 22.3 % (±20.4 %) for serious morbidity. When cancer-specific variables were included in risk-adjustment, outlier agreement was very good (kappa >0.85), and hospital odds ratio correlations were nearly identical (R > 0.98) for all outcomes assessed. Median changes in hospital rankings with the addition of the cancer-specific variables ranged from 1 to 2 after colon resection to 2–4 after rectal resection. Addition of the available cancer-specific variables to risk-adjustment models did not affect hospital quality rankings for cancer surgery. Existing ACS NSQIP risk-adjustment variables appears to be sufficient for accurate comparisons of hospital quality.
Nitrate Removal in a Restored Spring‐Fed Wetland, Pennsylvania, USA1

: In 2001, the 1.04-ha Hornbaker wetland in south-central Pennsylvania was restored by blocking an artificial drainage ditch to increase water storage and hydraulic retention time (HRT). A primary goal was to diminish downstream delivery of nitrate that enters the wetland from a limestone spring, its main source of inflow. Wetland inflow and outflow were monitored weekly for two years to assess nitrate flux, water temperature, pH, and specific conductivity. In Year 2, spring discharge was measured weekly to allow calculation of nitrate loads and hydraulic retention time. Surface runoff was confirmed to be a small fraction of wetland inflows via rainfall-runoff modeling with TR-55. The full dataset (n = 102) was screened to remove 13 weeks in which spring discharge constituted < 85% of total inflows because of high precipitation and surface runoff. Over two years (n = 89), mean nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were 7.89 mg/l in inflow and 3.68 mg/l in outflow, with a mean nitrate removal of 4.19 mg/l. During Year 2 (n = 47), for which nitrate load data were available, the wetland removed an average of 2.32 kg N/day, 65% of the load. Nitrate removal was significantly correlated with HRT, water temperature, and the concentration of nitrate in inflow and was significantly greater during the growing season (5.36 mg/l, 64%) than during the non-growing season (3.23 mg/l, 43%). This study indicates that hydrologic restoration of formerly drained wetlands can provide substantial water quality benefits and that the hydrologic characteristics of spring-fed wetlands, in particular, support effective nitrogen removal.
Martin 'Dick' Wittenborg 1914-1969: a legacy.

The life of Martin H. Wittenborg was short. During his tenure at Boston Children’s Hospital, he wrote brilliant papers based on his observations regarding such entities as intestinal malrotation and vascular rings and slings. He wrote about his extensive experience using radiotherapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma and its effects on the growing spine. This article reflects the memories of some of his students, who describe him as a brilliant teacher. His effect on so many and his contributions are all the more remarkable considering the fact that Wittenborg was deaf.
Unrecognized Pediatric Partial Achilles Tendon Injury Followed by Traumatic Completion: A Case Report and Literature Review

Achilles tendon ruptures are a relatively common athletic injury but are exceedingly rare in the pediatric population. We describe the case of a 10-year-old ice hockey player who experienced an Achilles tendon injury from a laceration to the posterior leg from a skate blade that led to a partial tendon laceration. This tendon injury was initially unrecognized despite an emergency department evaluation. The patient continued to complain of weakness and paresthesia after the skin laceration had healed. A traumatic dorsiflexion injury while running several weeks later led to a traumatic complete tendon rupture. The clinical, operative, and physical therapy records were reviewed to complete the history, treatment, and rehabilitation progress. The initial laceration injury had occurred 6 weeks before presentation, and the traumatic dorsiflexion injury had occurred 2 days before referral to an acute orthopedics clinic. Open repair was performed several days after the traumatic completion of the laceration, and the patient was immobilized in a cast for 5 weeks. The patient had weaned off crutches by 10 weeks postoperatively and had returned to some activities and light skating at 5.5 months. A full return to running and ice hockey had been achieved by 8 months postoperatively. The optimal repair for this injury has not been well established in published studies. We have concluded that laceration injuries have the potential to mask tendon injuries and that prolonged symptoms after a laceration should suggest occult pathologic features. Open tendon repair is a viable treatment option in the pediatric patient with Achilles tendon ruptures. A return to activities within a reasonable period can be expected with robust physical therapy.
Visual Business Ecosystem Intelligence: Lessons from the Field

Macroscopic insight into business ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. With the emergence of new digital business data, opportunities exist to develop rich, interactive visual-analytics tools. Georgia Institute of Technology researchers have been developing and implementing visual business ecosystem intelligence tools in corporate settings. This article discusses the challenges they faced, the lessons learned, and opportunities for future research.
Reversible UV degradation of PMMA plastic optical fibers

Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence, Raman and absorption spectroscopy are used to investigate reversible degradation of transmission in PMMA optical fibers. When exposed to 254 nm UV light, optical transmission of PMMA plastic optical fiber in 400–800 nm range shows a significant increase in attenuation for shorter wavelengths. Over a period of 10 days following UV exposure, the transmittance of the plastic fiber recovers to a significant fraction of its pre-exposure value. UV-exposed fiber exhibits strong laser-induced fluorescence with 488 nm argon-ion laser. This fluorescence spans a spectral region between 450 nm and 750 nm with a peak around 580 nm. The fluorescence intensity decreases over several days following UV exposure. Likewise, Raman is also used to investigate degradation process. Freshly UV-exposed fiber shows total absence of Raman spectrum of PMMA. Following UV exposure, recovery of Raman signal over several days is correlated to the recovery of fiber transmittance as well as the decay of laser-induced fluorescence. A widely believed plausible explanation for UV-induced increase of attenuation involves formation of different macro radicals which recombine progressively after UV is stopped. Laser-induced fluorescence over several days is reported here providing direct evidence for molecular-level deterioration and recovery of PMMA.
Transracialized selves and the emergence of post‐white teacher identities

This article draws on two previous studies by the authors, both based on interviews with European‐American individuals, to document white experiences with multiculturalism, race, and cultural differences. We consider recent developments in research on whiteness and offer a perspective on racial identities defined as discursively enacted identifications that are rooted in racialized discourse communities. We provide profiles of two white women who draw upon assets developed, in our view, largely through their successful negotiation of relationships with racially and culturally different members of multicultural discourse communities. Next, we demonstrate a methodology based on the narrative analytic tools of Stanton Wortham (2001, Narratives in action: a strategy for research and analysis [New York, Teachers College Press]) that was used to explicate multiple ways in which both participants narrated their identities during interviews. Our analysis demonstrates how these women enacted what we call ‘transrac...
Induction of male sex behavior in ewes with silastic implants containing testosterone propionate.

In the first of two experiments, ovariectomized ewes with silastic implants containing testosterone propionate had higher concentrations of plasma testosterone than ovariectomized ewes with silastic implants containing testosterone (4.0 ± .2 vs .8 ± .1 ng/ml). In the second experiment, one or two 10 cm silastic implants filled with testoster-one propionate increased concentrations of plasma testosterone and induced male sex behavior in ovariectomized ewes similar to plasma testosterone levels and male sex behavior in rams. The interval from initiation of the treatment to the first behavior test in which mounting was consistently observed was 14.4 ± 2.9 days and once mounting behavior was consistently induced, the testosterone treated ewes mounted estrous ewes an average of 10.7 ± 1.3 times during a 10-minute test.
Investigating polymer blend miscibility with forward recoil spectrometry

We tested forward recoil spectrometry (FRES) as a method to determine miscibility by measuring coexistence compositions in binary polymer blends. In this study, equilibrium phase compositions were determined for a compositionally symmetric poly(styrene-ran-methyl methacrylate) random copolymer (S0.49-r-MMA) and two homopolymers, deuterated polystyrene (dPS) and deuterated poly(methyl methacrylate) (dPMMA). Sample preparation, film dewetting, and beam damage were addressed, and the results for these polymer blends were in good agreement with those obtained through other experimental techniques. Deuteration had a strong effect on the miscibility of the dPS/S0.49-r-MMA and dPMMA/S0.49-r-MMA blends, to the extent that the asymmetric miscibility observed separately for the PS/S0.49-r-MMA and PMMA/S0.49-r-MMA blends was not found. Although this deuteration effect may limit the applicability of FRES for some polymer systems, the accuracy with which phase compositions can be determined with FRES makes it an attractive alternative to other less quantitative methods for investigating blend miscibility. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1547–1552, 2000