cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of biochemistry in research on mental retardation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of biochemistry in research on mental retardation. The presence of phenylpyruvic acid in the urine of 10 imbeciles was reported, which established the first correlation between a metabolic abnormality and mental retardation. However, the study is still in its infant stage. One of the important contributions biochemists can make in the study of mental retardations is the study of metabolic abnormalities and a search for such abnormalities among mentally retarded, and particularly among those whose disease is of unknown etiology and is suspected of being of genetic origin. The mere establishment of a metabolic error is insufficient to characterize the disease fully. Thus, it is not enough to know that someone is excreting excessive amounts of orotic acid. The cause of such excessive excretion should be established by a biochemist, that is, the identification of the defective enzymes and the nature of the enzymatic defect. The identification of the defective enzyme seems to be most important as this may suggest an appropriate treatment. The final step in the description of an enzyme defect is the identification of the nature of the defect in the enzyme itself. This defect may range from impaired catalytic activity, impaired affinity for coenzyme or substrate, to total loss of catalytic activity.
Hyperemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients is associated with an increased risk of seizures.

The association between impaired brain perfusion, cerebrovascular reactivity status and the risk of ictal events in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage is unknown. We identified 13 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients with seizures and 22 with ictal-interictal continuum (IIC), and compared multimodality physiological recordings to 38 similarly poor-grade SAH patients without ictal activity. We analyzed 10,179 cumulative minutes of seizure and 12,762 cumulative minutes of IIC. Cerebrovascular reactivity (PRx) was not different between subjects with seizures, IIC, or controls. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was higher in patients with seizures [99 ± 6.5, p = .005] and IIC [97 ± 8.5, p = .007] when compared to controls [89 ± 12.3]. DeltaCPP, defined as actual CPP minus optimal CPP (CPPopt), was also higher in the seizure group [8.3 ± 7.9, p = .0003] and IIC [8.1 ± 10.3, p = .0006] when compared to controls [-0.1 ± 5]. Time spent with supra-optimal CPP was higher in the seizure group [342 ± 213 min/day, p = .002] when compared to controls [154 ± 120 min/day]. In a temporal examination, a supra-optimal CPP preceded increased seizures and IIC in SAH patients, an hour before and continued to increase during the events [p < .0001].
Human Mononuclear Cell in Vitro Activation in Microgravity and Post-Spaceflight

The results of postflight and inflight human in vitro lymphocyte experiments have been reviewed. The cumulative data indicate that mitogen-stimulated T-cell proliferation is blunted following short-duration missions. Since similar responses may also be obtained following exposure to non-spaceflight stressors (hypoxia and academic stress), it is unclear if microgravity per se aggravates this response. Our studies indicate that stress-induced impaired PHA- and PWM-stimulated activation can be detected within the first 24 hours in culture at the level of protein synthesis. While the mechanism for neuroendocrine-mediated blunted mitogen stimulated T cell proliferation has not been elucidated, it is not aggravated by autologous plasma and does not require changes in mononuclear cell subpopulations. While prior studies indicate lymphocyte activation is influenced by altering G forces on in vitro cultures, impaired cellular interactions or suboptimal microenvironments related to reduced cell densities in microgravity may contribute to the greatly impaired mitogen stimulated proliferation responses observed on Spacelab flights. It will be necessary to perform lymphocyte functional assays on crewmembers during spaceflight to determine the contribution of microgravity per se on altered human immune competence.
Language considerations in the first year CS curriculum

Computer science (CS) degree programs privilege programming as a fundamental tool to teach algorithmic thinking. CS curricula start with an introductory course sequence that focuses on learning how to program, and often delay introducing material with a significant ontological component until later. The importance placed on programming as a skill, coupled with its position in the course sequence and the vacuum left by postponing identity development has understandably resulted in a rousing debate about how to teach these introductory courses. As such, the literature is filled with passionate arguments for and against particular languages, processes, and paradigms. This wealth of writing should not come as a surprise. The choices made in the teaching of this sequence are very personal ones. I believe that we, as faculty each support the teaching of programming in ways that support our own identities as computer scientists, and our own definitions of the discipline. Computer science is not programming, however, and computer scientists are not programmers. I say this not to attempt to sever the ties between the two, but to disagree categorically with the notion that the two can be directly equated. I believe that we need to consider what we want students to learn beyond the syntax of a programming language, and this paper is an attempt to start that discussion.
Ensuring successful implementation of communication-and-resolution programmes.

Background Communication-and-resolution programmes (CRP) aim to increase transparency surrounding adverse events, improve patient safety and promote reconciliation by proactively meeting injured patients’ needs. Although early adopters of CRP models reported relatively smooth implementation, other organisations have struggled to achieve the same. However, two Massachusetts hospital systems implementing a CRP demonstrated high fidelity to protocol without raising liability costs. Study question What factors may account for the Massachusetts hospitals’ ability to implement their CRP successfully? Setting The CRP was collaboratively designed by two academic medical centres, four of their community hospitals and a multistakeholder coalition. Data and methods Data were synthesised from (1) key informant interviews around the time of implementation and 2 years later with individuals important to the CRP’s success and (2) notes from 89 teleconferences between hospitals’ CRP implementation teams and study staff to discuss implementation progress. Interview transcripts and teleconference notes were analysed using standard methods of thematic content analysis. A total of 45 individuals participated in interviews (n=24 persons in 38 interviews), teleconferences (n=32) or both (n=11). Results Participants identified facilitators of the hospitals’ success as: (1) the support of top institutional leaders, (2) heavy investments in educating physicians about the programme, (3) active cultivation of the relationship between hospital risk managers and representatives from the liability insurer, (4) the use of formal decision protocols, (5) effective oversight by full-time project managers, (6) collaborative group implementation, and (7) small institutional size. Conclusion Although not necessarily causal, several distinctive factors appear to be associated with successful CRP implementation.
Synchronous Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma and Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix Involving the Coronary Arteries Leading to Acute Myocardial Infarction

A 66-year-old woman presented to the hospital with a one-month history of shortness of breath, fatigue, and postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and a one-week history of chest pain. This case report discusses the rare synchronous occurrence of two different malignancies in the setting of non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and the relation between these unfortunate events. Besides the case presented in this report, there have been only 13 reported cases of synchronous chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) associated with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. While it is well known that malignancy causes a hypercoagulable state, there are other mechanisms which may have contributed to the patient's myocardial ischemia including external vascular compression, tumor lysis syndrome, and anemia. This case report discusses the rarity of synchronous malignancies but the importance of understanding and consideration of cardiac events in this population.
A Rigid Message Scheduler for SBAS

Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBASs) broadcast a series of 250-bit messages that together contain a full set of differential correction and integrity information. Each message requires one second to send and contains only a small subset of the full set of required information. Different types of data have different update periods, ranging from six seconds for the satellite integrity information, to five minutes for the ionospheric corrections. A key component of an SBAS is deciding which message needs to be sent at any given second. Each message has an associated time-out period that is approximately two times the update period. It is possible to get into a situation where several messages will time out within a very short interval and it may not be possible to update all of them within the desired timeframe. Further, if there is a change in integrity status that requires an alert to be broadcast, these alert messages will preempt and delay the broadcast of otherwise intended messages. The Wide Area Augmentation System (W AAS) currently uses a dynamic message scheduler that actively determines which messages should go out over the next several seconds. As the corrections or confidence levels change, some messages may change in priority. This scheduler has been carefully tuned for the current number of GPS satellites and ionospheric grid points, but the algorithm is not adaptable should either value change appreciably. Further, with the advent of L5 messages that have their content organized very differently (and that have no ionospheric corrections) a new message scheduling algorithm is needed.
Hospital Volumes of 5 Medical Emergencies in the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2 US Medical Centers.

This cohort study assesses the association of the COVID-19 pandemic with the incidence of 5 medical emergencies (acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, and appendicitis) in 2 US academic medical centers.
Muscle fatigue modelling: Solving for fatigue and recovery parameter values using fewer maximum effort assessments

Abstract A three-compartment controller model (3CC) predicts muscle fatigue development. Determination of fatigue (F) and recovery (R) model parameters is critical for model accuracy. Numerical methods can be used to determine parameter values using maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) as input. We tested the effects of using reduced MVC data on parameter solutions using twenty published datasets of intermittent, isometric contractions. The work here examines three sampling variations using approximately half of the MVCs: MVC measurements distributed equally (dMVC), split between the initial and final times (sMVC), and only during the first half (fMVC). Furthermore, solved F and R parameters were used to model fatigue development for three hypothetical task scenarios. Both model parameters and predictions were statistically insensitive to measured data reduction using dMVC, followed closely by sMVC. However, using the fMVC reduction frequently resulted in overestimated parameter values and produced significantly larger prediction errors. We conclude that parameter solutions are robust when using fewer MVCs as long as they are sampled in a manner that captures later fatigue behavior.
Layer-based approach for determining quantitative scattering parameters of atherosclerotic plaque components using OCT

Classification of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo remains challenging, even with high-resolution optical techniques, such as intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT). Plaques contain lipid-rich, fibrous, and calcified components with unique optical properties, enabling their discrimination by quantitative light scattering analysis. We present an approach for improved computation of depth-resolved attenuation coefficients in OCT capable of determining layer-resolved backscattering fractions, thus providing complementary quantitative scattering metrics descriptive of the tissue’s physical properties. We report preliminary findings showing meaningful lesion contrast in quantitative scattering parameters in clinical and cadaver heart pullbacks, which stand to provide additional tools for improved classification of atherosclerotic plaques.
A versatile experimental testbed for ultrabroadband communication networks above 100 GHz

Abstract Communication at terahertz (THz) frequencies is envisioned as a near-future landmark in wireless networking and a key component of the sixth generation (6G) wireless systems and beyond. In the last decade, major progress has happened in terms of device technology development as well as THz-wave propagation and channel modeling. In order to advance THz communication and networking research, there is tremendous necessity in developing programmable software-defined hardware and architectures that operate at THz frequencies and are able to process signals with tens to hundreds of GHz of bandwidth, thus making most out of moving to THz band. This paper presents a versatile testbed for conducting wireless experimental research above 100 GHz. The platform consists of multiple sets of analog front-ends at three different frequencies between 100 GHz and 1 THz as well as three different digital signal processing back-ends, able to manipulate more than 10 GHz of bandwidth in real-time. Implementation details and early experimental results to demonstrate the platform capabilities are presented.
Non-canonical Wnt/Ror2 signaling status regulates cell-matrix crosstalk to prompt directional tumor cell invasion and dissemination in breast cancer

ABSTRACT Cancer deaths largely result from metastasis, the spread of cancer from the primary tumor to distant organs. Initial steps of metastasis require that tumor cells invade into the surrounding tissue and gain access to blood or lymphatic vessels. Such invasion is reliant on a balance of cell-cell and cell-matrix cues within the microenvironment of the tumor, yet factors regulating such interactions for invading tumor cells remain elusive in the context of cancer. We demonstrate that the noncanonical Wnt receptor, Ror2, in mammary tumor models of Tripe Negative Breast Cancer, regulates the composition and remodeling of the tumor stroma, where Ror2-depletion prompts directional tumor cell invasion and coordinated ECM production at the leading edge of tumor cell movement. By RNA sequencing, we discovered that tumor organoids specifically harbor actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and collagen cross-linking gene expression programs when Wnt/Ror2 signaling is impaired. Interestingly, Ror2 depletion resulted in the downregulation of E-cadherin in tumor organoids, particularly at invading tumor cell protrusions within the surrounding ECM. Spatially, we identified the upregulation and redistribution of integrin receptors, particularly integrin-α5 in Ror2-deficient tumor organoids, accompanied by the simultaneous production of a provisional Fibronectin matrix, a requisite component of the ECM, ligand for integrin α5, and mediator of collagen assembly and organization. Along with altered ECM architecture, Ror2 loss reshaped the topology of integrin and FAK activation within primary tumors, suggesting an important physiological function for Ror2 in shaping both signaling and ECM architecture during tumor progression. Blocking either integrin or FAK, a downstream mediator of integrin-mediated signal transduction, abrogated the enhanced migration observed upon Ror2 loss. These results suggest that Ror2 status within a tumor can significantly impact adhesive vs. migratory states in breast cancer and provide a novel mechanism where Wnt/Ror2 shapes not only tumor cell composition, but also reciprocal cell-ECM interactions prompting directional and collaborative tumor cell transit during cancer progression.
CALCULATING CURVES OF FORM USING THE HAND-HELD PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR

This paper describes a program which the author has written for a programmable calculator for computing curves of form. The properties of the trapezoid and the mathematical expressions for them, along with expressions for summing the longitudinal and transverse moments of inertia of the elements of area making up a waterplane, form the basis of the program. The author discusses these relationships, shows how they are put in forms most usable by the calculator, and explains their function in the program. The choice of the number and spacing of stations used on a given waterplane to produce offsets or half-breadths for entry into the program is described, along with the three main uses for the program: doing curves of form for a hull in its early stages of design, making a final set of curves for a completed hull design, and computing a set of curves for an existing hull from its lines, construction drawings, or direct measurements. Finally, the advantages to the user of the program are described: a set of curves of form can be computed when and where it is needed, the accuracy is determined by how many trapezoids are used to approximate the waterplanes, and all calculations are performed automatically.
Perinatal and Childhood Exposure to Cadmium, Manganese, and Metal Mixtures and Effects on Cognition and Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature

Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) neurotoxicity is well established. In recent years, a growing body of evidence suggests that environmental exposure to other metals including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) and their mixtures also poses public health threats. In this paper, we summarize the recent literature examining the relationship of prenatal and childhood environmental metal exposures with cognitive and behavioral outcomes in children. We conducted a literature search to identify epidemiologic studies that examined the relationship of Cd, Mn, and metal mixtures with children's neurodevelopmental/cognitive and behavioral outcomes. We restricted the search to peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2009 and March 2015. We identified a total of 31 articles of which 16, 17, and 16 studies examined the effects of Cd, Mn, or metal mixtures, respectively. Based on our review, there is suggestive evidence that prenatal/childhood Cd exposure may be associated with poorer cognition, but additional research is clearly needed. We found little evidence of behavioral effects of early life Cd exposure, and no studies found a significant relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Studies of early life Mn exposure consistently reported negative impacts on both cognition and behavior. There is also growing evidence that co-exposure to multiple metals can result in increased neurotoxicity compared to single-metal exposure, in particular during early life. Few studies have evaluated behavioral effects related to metal co-exposure.
Predictive modeling for end-of-life pain outcome using electronic health records

Electronic health record (EHR) systems are being widely used in the healthcare industry nowadays, mostly for monitoring the progress of the patients. EHR data analysis has become a big data problem as data is growing rapidly. Using a nursing EHR system, we built predictive models for determining what factors influence pain in end-of-life (EOL) patients. Utilizing different modeling techniques, we developed coarse-grained and fine-grained models to predict patient pain outcomes. The coarse-grained models help predict the outcome at the end of each hospitalization, whereas fine-grained models help predict the outcome at the end of each shift, thus providing a trajectory of predicted outcomes over the entire hospitalization. These models can help in determining effective treatments for individuals and groups of patients and support standardization of care where appropriate. Using these models may also lower the cost and increase the quality of end-of-life care. Results from these techniques show significantly accurate predictions.
Capture Locations of Coyotes, Canis latrans , Bobcats, Lynx rufus , and Raccoons, Procyon lotor , Relative to Home Range Boundaries

Previous research showed that Coyotes ( Canis latrans ) and other canids might be more vulnerable to capture near the boundary or outside of their home ranges, making the capture of specific individuals within their territories difficult. Information concerning capture vulnerability relative to home range boundaries for other carnivores is lacking. During a four-year study of carnivore ecology in Kansas, we compared capture locations of Coyotes, Bobcats ( Lynx rufus ), and Raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) to their home range boundaries to determine if they were more likely to be captured inside, or near the periphery of, their home ranges. Resident Coyotes were captured disproportionately more often ( P 0.05) in both areas of their home ranges. Differences in capture vulnerability within and between species might be related to differences in social organization and behavior.
8 - Affine, Quasi-Affine and Co-Affine Wavelets

Abstract “Classical” wavelets are obtained by the action of a particular countable subset of operators associated with the affine group on a function ψ ∈ L 2 (ℝ). More precisely, this set is the collection { D 2j T k : j,k ∈ ℤ}, where T k is the translation by the integer k and D 2j is the (unitary) dilation by 2 j . We thus obtain the discrete wavelet system. Ron and Shen [ 4 ] have shown that by interchanging and renormalizing “half” of the operators in this set one obtains an important collection of systems that can be considered “equivalent” to this affine system. In this paper we show that, in a precise sense, the choice of Ron and Shen is optimal.
The content of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, sodium, and potassium in amniotic fluid from eleven to nineteen weeks' gestation

Abstract The contents in amniotic fluid of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, sodium, and potassium were studied in patients with gestations of 11 to 19 weeks and compared to the respective concomitant maternal serum levels. Calcium, magnesium, copper, and iron were found to be significantly lower in amniotic fluid than in maternal serum. Sodium and potassium in amniotic fluid did not differ significantly from maternal serum. The possible relevance of these findings in differentiating normalcy from disease states is discussed.
A Practical Therapeutic Use of the Telephone

The telephone in psychotherapy is frequently used as an emotional safety valve. The author describes its use as a planned, often daily, part of therapy in which positive behavior is reinforced. Two cases are presented, along with a discussion of the technique involved.
Social Construction and Achieving Reference

One influential view is that at least some putatively natural human kinds are actually social constructions, understood as some real kind of thing that is produced or sustained by our social and conceptual practices. Category constructionists share two commitments: they hold that human category terms like “race” (and racial terms) and “sex” (and sexual terms) and “homosexuality” and “perversion” actually refer to constructed categories, and they hold that these categories are widely but mistakenly taken to be natural kinds. But it is far from clear that these two commitments are consistent. The sort of mismatch between belief and underlying nature constructionists’ suppose is often taken to indicate a failure of reference. Reliance on a causal-historical account of reference allows the preservation of reference, but unfortunately, constructionists' appropriation of causal historical accounts of reference is beset by difficulties that do not attend natural kind theorists’ appeals to such accounts. Here, I set out these difficulties, but argue that they can be answered, allowing terms for apparently natural human kinds refer to some sort of social construction about which there is massive error.
Cost-Effectiveness of Proton Beam Therapy for Intraocular Melanoma

Purpose Proton beam therapy is a commonly accepted treatment for intraocular melanomas, but the literature is lacking in descriptions of patient preferences of clinical outcomes and economic impact. In addition, no economic evaluations have been published regarding the incremental cost-effectiveness of proton beam therapy compared with enucleation or plaque brachytherapy, typical alternative treatments. We, therefore, conducted a cost-utility analysis of these three approaches for the treatment of intraocular melanomas. Materials and Methods A Markov model was constructed. Model parameters were identified from the published literature and publicly available data sources. Cost-effectiveness of each treatment was calculated in 2011 US Dollars per quality-adjusted life-year. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated assuming enucleation as reference. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted on all model parameters. A decision threshold of $50,000/quality-adjusted life-year was used to determine cost-effectiveness. Results Enucleation had the lowest costs and quality-adjusted life-years, and plaque brachytherapy had the highest costs and quality-adjusted life-years. Compared with enucleation, the base-case incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for plaque brachytherapy and proton beam therapy were $77,500/quality-adjusted life-year and $106,100/quality-adjusted life-year, respectively. Results were highly sensitive to multiple parameters. All three treatments were considered optimal, and even dominant, depending on the values used for sensitive parameters. Conclusion Base-case analysis results suggest enucleation to be optimal. However, the optimal choice was not robust to sensitivity analyses and, depending on the assumption, both plaque brachytherapy and proton beam therapy could be considered cost-effective. Future clinical studies should focus on generating further evidence with the greatest parameter uncertainty to inform future cost-effectiveness analyses.
GOALS AND REALITIES IN COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH

Just as an actor spends months to years perfecting a role, applied anthropology graduate students also must practice the various roles they may play in community-based research. It is important for students to practice and gain experience in the field so that they feel prepared to lead their own community-based interventions. In this We believe it is important to expose students to the skills and strategies needed to successfully work with community members so that they can be prepared to navigate the obstacles that arise when conducting research as engaged practicing anthropologists.
Families and Schools Together: an experimental analysis of a parent-mediated multi-family group program for American Indian children

Abstract The goals of this randomized intervention study were to: (a) increase academic performance among American Indian children ages 4–9 years and (b) reduce classroom problem behaviors. To achieve these goals, the multi-family group program called Families and Schools Together (FAST) was adapted with three American Indian Nations in Wisconsin. Over 3 years, seven multi-family group cycles of FAST were implemented, each lasting 8 weeks. In collaboration with the College of Menominee Nation, this parent intervention approach was adapted to express tribal values while maintaining its core components. Fifty pairs of universally recruited American Indian students at three schools who were assessed, matched on five variables, and then randomly assigned to either the FAST or non-FAST control condition. Pretest, posttest, and 9- to 12-month follow-up data were collected by American Indian staff and university students on multiple indicators of academic and behavioral performance. Of the 50 families that attended FAST meetings at least once, 40 graduated (80%) from the 7 FAST cycles. On the immediate posttest, statistically significant differences in improvement, favoring FAST participants were found on the Aggressive Behavior scale of the teacher-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and on the parent-rated Withdrawn scale of the same instrument. On the 1-year follow-up assessment, parent CBCL ratings indicated that FAST students had maintained their less withdrawn status and teacher ratings on the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS) revealed that FAST participants had exhibited relatively greater improvement in their academic competence. Parent surveys of the graduated students generally showed satisfaction with the program. Implications of the present results and future research directions are discussed.
Effects of livestock removal and perennial grass recovery on the lizards of a desertified arid grassland

We sampled lizards inside and outside of a 9.3 ha livestock exclosure in a desertified arid grassland in southeastern Arizona with pitfall traps and mark-recapture. Lizard community composition was significantly different inside versus outside of the exclosure. Analysis of tail-break frequencies suggests that higher predation rates outside the exclosure may contribute to increased abundance of Sceloporus undulatus and Uta stansburiana following livestock removal and associated changes in grass cover and vegetation complexity. In contrast, Phrynosoma modestum was significantly less abundant inside the exclosure. These results indicate that lizard abundance can increase and community composition can change in desertified arid grasslands following livestock removal that results in increased grass cover and vegetation complexity.
Dealing with Discomfort Controlling Dental Pain

Pain control, patient safety and treatment side effects must be balanced to manage pain effectively.
Analysis of topic dynamics in web search

We report on a study of topic dynamics for pages visited by a sample of people using MSN Search. We examine the predictive accuracies of probabilistic models of topic transitions for individuals and groups of users. We explore temporal dynamics by comparing the accuracy of the models for predicting topic transitions at increasingly distant times in the future. Finally, we discuss directions for applying models of search topic dynamics.
Effects of Selected Linguistic Variables on Apraxia of Speech

Ten adults with apraxia of speech responded to sentences of an article (pronoun) + noun + verb + article (pronoun) + noun design. Each sentence was presented and then re-presented with the noun in Noun Phrase 1 (NP1) or Noun Phrase 2 (NP2) omitted. The subjects' task was to orally produce the omitted word. Sentences were either active or passive and the omitted noun was a concrete, abstract, or nonsense word. Results revealed significantly more errors in NP1 than NP2, more errors on nonsense and abstract nouns than on concrete nouns, and more errors on passive than on active voice sentences. Linguistic bases for these findings are discussed.
A common mechanism of action for the N-glycosylase activity of DNA N-glycosylase/AP lyases from E. coli and T4

Duplex oligonucleotides containing the base lesion analogs, O-methylhydroxylamine- and O-benzylhydroxylamine-modified abasic (AP) sites, were substrates for the DNA N-glycosylases endonuclease III, formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase and T4 endonuclease V. These N-glycosylases are known to have associated AP lyase activities. In contrast, uracil DNA N-glycosylase, a simple N-glycosylase which does not have an associated AP lyase activity, was unable to recognize the modified AP sites. Endonuclease III, formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase and T4 endonuclease V recognized the base lesion analogs as N-glycosylases generating intermediary AP sites which were subsequently cleaved by the enzyme-associated AP lyase activities. Kinetic measurements showed that O-alkoxyamine-modified AP sites were poorer substrates than the presumed physiological substrates. For endonuclease III, DNA containing O-methylhydroxyl-amine or O-benzylhydroxylamine was recognized at 12 and 9% of the rate of DNA containing thymine glycol, respectively, under subsaturating substrate concentrations (as determined by relative Vmax/K(m)). Similarly, with formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase and T4 endonuclease V. DNA containing O-methylhydroxylamine or O-benzylhydroxylamine was recognized at 4-9% of the efficiency of DNA containing N7-methyl formamidopyrimidine or pyrimidine cyclobutane dimers, respectively. Based on the known structures of these base lesion analogs and the substrate specificities of the N-glycosylases, a common mechanism of action is proposed for DNA N-glycosylases with an associated AP lyase activity.
Ferric-ferrous equilibria in Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 melts: Effects of analytical techniques on derived partial molar volumes

Abstract A published comparison (MYSEN et al., 1985a) between Mossbauer spectroscopy and wet chemistry applied to silicate glasses containing large concentrations of total iron (> 14 wt% Fe2O3) indicates a large, systematic discrepancy in the determination of FeO between the two techniques, with Mossbauer results typically lower in the ferrous component. This may be accounted for by the common assumption that ferric and ferrous iron in silicate glasses have equivalent Mossbauer absorption efficiencies at room temperature, which has been shown to be invalid for several crystalline materials ( Van Loef , 1966; Grant et al., 1967; Sawatzky et al., 1969; Andersen et al., 1975). Although this assumption has been demonstrated to be valid for glasses with low concentrations of total iron (DYAR et al., 1987), the approximation breaks down when total iron concentrations approach 14 wt% Fe2O3. As a consequence, measurements of thermodynamic properties on iron-bearing silicate liquids may take quite different values if Mossbauer spectroscopy rather than wet chemistry is used to determine the ferric and ferrous concentrations in quenched iron-rich glasses. Accordingly, we have measured ferrous iron concentrations in 65 Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 glasses quenched from melts equilibrated in air between 926 and 1583°C using a colorimetric wet chemical method. These data were used to derive a symmetric, regular solution model for ferric-ferrous equilibria which has a standard error of 0.36 (2δ) in the prediction of wt% FeO. Additional liquids with initial compositions close to the stoichiometry of acmite (NaFe3+Si2O6) but which crossed the perferruginous join due to sodium loss during high-temperature equilibration (1420–1540°C) are significantly reduced relative to other Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 liquids. A re-interpretation of the density data of Dingwell et al. (1988) based upon these wet chemical ferric-ferrous data demonstrates that the partial molar volume of Fe2O3 is independent of composition in the Na2O-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system with a derived value of 41.78 ± 0.41 cc/mol at 1400°C. This is equivalent within error to the value presented by Lange and Carmichael (1987) of 42.13 ± 0.28 cc/mol derived from both 4-component synthetic and 9-component natural melts and thereby indicates that the partial molar volume of Fe2O3 is independent of composition over a compositional range relevant to magmas.
Diabetic nephropathy with anti-GBM nephritis

Immune complex glomerulonephritis can be superimposed on diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin (Ig) A glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schonlein nephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, minimal change glomerulonephritis, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, amyloidosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and rarely crescentic glomerulonephritis can all occur with diabetic nephropathy. We describe for the first time an unusual case of diabetic nephropathy coexistent with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis. The renal function of this patient improved with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressives. We also review the literature on coexistent rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and diabetic nephropathy.
The use of the concept “entitlement” in management literature: A historical review, synthesis, and discussion of compensation policy implications

Abstract Individuals' perceptions of what they are entitled to have long been regarded as an important area of debate. We examine the various uses of entitlement perceptions across fields to develop a typology that identifies two dimensions: employee entitlement perceptions and reciprocity in the employee–employer relationship. We discuss how our typology informs management practice. In particular, we describe the implications of our typology on employee reactions to different pay plans. Directions for future research are suggested.
Using Transcranial Doppler Sonography to Measure Cognitive Load in a Command and Control Task

Previous work has explored the possibility of measuring the functional state of the operator to drive the implementation of physiological adaptive aiding. Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), which has shown promise as an index of cognitive resource utilization in vigilance or sustained attention tasks, may provide a time and cost efficient alternative to traditional measures used to assess operator functional state. In the current study, participants performed a command and control simulation under varying levels of task load: a low task load condition in which enemy threats incurred at a steady pace, and a high workload trial in which the number of enemy threats increased unpredictably at two points within the scenario. Reaction time to engage and destroy enemies, and the efficiency of protection of a no-fly zone, were superior in the low than in the high load condition. Furthermore, an automated decision aid facilitated better performance in both task load conditions. As the demands of the task incre...
AN EVALUATION OF THERAPY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ORGANOTHERAPY*

The ideal medical treatment is built on the early recognition of disease; an understanding of its causes, its nature; the mechanism of its production, and the development of associated clinical manifestations; a knowledge of the character, extent, and probable outcome of the resulting functional and morphologic changes, and a correct evaluation of the symptoms and of the clinical and laboratory findings. It also demands an appreciation of the indications for treatment, the effect of treatment, and the best methods to employ. for the prevention, abortion, amelioration or cure of disease. The goal in treatment can be reached only by the intelligent understanding of disturbed function, and the correction of such disturbance by the application of rational measures. Thus treatment becomes simply a matter of laws, and the “healing art” gives way to a healing science. It is evident, therefore, that therapeutics is not simply a branch of medicine, but rather the fruit of the medical tree, the culmination of all t...
The Discrete Paley-Wiener Theorem

then the function is called discrete entire (d.e.). If f is written in terms of its real and imaginary parts, Eq. (1) s h ows the initial analogy between regular analytic functions and d.e. functions, since it is equivalent to a pair of partial difference equations analogous to the Cauchy-Riemann equations. Discrete analytic functions were first developed by Ferrand [3] and then Duffin [2], and many similarities between d.e. functions and entire functions have been established recently by Zeilberger and others [5-71. In particular, in [Sj, Zeilberger established one form of a discrete Paley-Wiener theorem for d.e. functions of exponential growth, where a function is said to be of exponential growth (R, 5’) if there exists a constant C such that if(m, n)l < CRI”z’Slni for every pair of integers (m, n). In connecting d.e. functions of exponential growth with the Paley-Wiener theorem, two different approaches could be taken. The approach used by Zeilberger is to concentrate on the discrete nature of the function and make a connection with Fourier series, A different approach, which is explored in this paper, is to make a closer analogy with entire functions of exponential type themselves, and use a discrete analog of a Fourier transform along the real line. One distinct advantage of this approach is that the exponential growth of the function can be connected with the domain of integration in a manner that is strikingly analogous to the way that the exponential type of an entire function is connected with the domain of integration of its transform. In this paper, the initial emphasis will be on developing properties of the discrete exponential functions so as to approach the theory of transforms using the discrete exponentials. Then a very intriguing bilinear transformation will be used to connect this theory with Zeilbergcr’s result, achieving a direct analogy with the Paley-Wiener theorem. Finally, an application of the theorem 172
Efficient and rapid identification of Candida albicans allelic status using SNP‐RFLP

Candida albicans is the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogen in the clinical setting, causing a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from superficial mucosal lesions to life-threatening deep-tissue infections. Recent studies provide strong evidence that C. albicans possesses an arsenal of genetic mechanisms promoting genome plasticity and that it uses these mechanisms under conditions of nutritional or antifungal drug stress. Two microarray-based methods, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and comparative genome hybridization arrays, have been developed to study genome changes in C. albicans. However, array technologies can be relatively expensive and are not available to every laboratory. In addition, they often generate more data than needed to analyze specific genomic loci or regions. Here, we have developed a set of SNP-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (or PCR-RFLP) markers, two per chromosome arm, for C. albicans. These markers can be used to rapidly and accurately detect large-scale changes in the C. albicans genome including loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at single loci, across chromosome arms or across whole chromosomes. Furthermore, skewed SNP-RFLP allelic ratios are indicative of trisomy at heterozygous loci. While less comprehensive than array-based approaches, we propose SNP-RFLP as an inexpensive, rapid, and reliable method to screen strains of interest for possible genome changes.
COLORING ISLAND MAPS

Une application empire est une application ou l'ensemble des pays est divise en sous-ensembles disjoints que l'on appelle empires. Si un empire est consitue d'un seul pays alors l'application restante est dite une application empire ile. Un empire constitue d'au plus M pays est appele une application M-pire. On demontre qu'une application M-pire est colorable par 6M-2 couleurs
Reversible Morphology Control in Block Copolymer Films via Solvent Vapor Processing: An In Situ GISAXS study.

The real time changes occurring within films of cylinder-forming poly(α-methylstyrene-block-4-hydroxystyrene) (PαMS-b-PHOST) were monitored as they were swollen in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetone solvent vapors. In situ information was obtained by combining grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) with film thickness monitoring of the solvent vapor swollen films. We show that for self-assembly to occur the polymer thin film must surpass a swollen thickness ratio of 212% of its original thickness when swollen in THF vapors and a ratio of 268% for acetone vapor annealing. As the polymer becomes plasticized by solvent vapor uptake, the polymer chains must become sufficiently mobile to self-assemble, or reorganize, at room temperature. Using vapors of a solvent selective to one of the blocks, in our case PHOST-selective acetone, an order−order transition occurred driven by the shift in volume fraction. The BCC spherical phase assumed in the highly swollen state can be quenched by rapid drying...
A division of aperture MWIR imaging polarimeter

Imaging polarimetry has the potential to be a key sensor technology in a number of target detection applications. Imaging polarimeters measure the polarization state of light emitted from and/or reflected from scenes. The light is polarized because of the geometry, roughness and material properties of the objects embedded in the scene. This added information enhances conventional intensity and color imagery, potentially surpassing its performance in low contrast situations. In this paper, we describe a divided aperture MWIR imaging polarimeter which acquires multiple polarization images simultaneously. At the heart of the polarimeter is a relay lens set that produces four identical images on a single focal plane array from a single aperture. Each of the four images measures a different orientation of linear polarization, 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees. The relay lens set operates inside of a pour fill Dewar of a InSb MWIR camera. The design and calibration method for the polarimeter are given along with example data sets taken from the air over Huntsville, AL.
Postindustrialization and the City of Consumption: Attempted Revitalization in Asbury Park, New Jersey

Asbury Park, New Jersey, flourished as a seaside destination from the late nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century. Middle- and working-class visitors from New York to Philadelphia frequented the city’s hotels, commercial amusements, and beach. During the 1960s and 1970s, as with many cities across the country, Asbury Park experienced physical and socioeconomic decline. Over the past three decades, a range of public and private actors have made several attempts at postindustrial renaissance, including privately funded waterfront redevelopment, music tourism–based historic preservation, and renovation and gentrification led by a largely gay and lesbian population. While Asbury Park’s revitalization continues today, the varied outcomes of these disparate processes suggests the significance of multiple small-scale, locally rooted investments to the postindustrial city’s sustained growth and resilience. In complement to the substantial attention scholars have paid to the mid- to large-sized cities of ind...
Distinct Roles of Arrestin 1 Protein in Photoreceptors during Drosophila Development

Arrestin regulates many facets of G-protein coupled receptor signaling. In Drosophila, Arrestin 1 (Arr1) is expressed at a lower level than Arrestin 2 (Arr2), and the role of Arr1 in visual physiology is less understood. Here we generated transgenic flies expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein tagged Arr1 (Arr1-eGFP) and explored its trafficking in live photoreceptors. We show that Arr1-eGFP is localized in the cytoplasm and displays light-dependent translocation to the rhabdomere possibly by interacting with photoactivated rhodopsin 1 (Rh1*). In the adult, translocation of Arr1-eGFP occurs with slower kinetics when compared with that of Arr2-eGFP. This slower kinetic activity may be attributable to a reduced level of phosphorylated Rh1*. Indeed, a reduced level of phosphorylated Rh1* recruits a lower level of Arr1-eGFP to rhabdomeres. To investigate whether Arr1 is required for the deactivation of phosphorylated Rh1*, we show that in flies with reduced Arr1 prolonged depolarizing afterpotential can be triggered with fewer light pulses, indicating that inactivation of phosphorylated Rh1* is compromised when the Arr1 level is reduced. Consistently, Arr1 is no longer required for deactivation of Rh1 in flies expressing phosphorylation-deficient Rh1. Previously it was reported that Arr1 displays light-dependent internalization. Unexpectedly, in adult photoreceptors we failed to observe endocytosis of Arr1-eGFP. In contrast, we show that in pupal photoreceptors Arr1-eGFP becomes internalized and sequestered in vesicles within the cytoplasm. Taken together, we propose that Arr1 plays distinct roles during development and adulthood. Arr1 orchestrates the recycling of phosphorylated Rh1* in pupae whereas it regulates the deactivation in adult.