cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spending allocation and entrepreneurship

The continuous interest that researchers show toward entrepreneurship rests with the importance attached to it by both academia and lawmakers who link it to economic growth and job creation. Assuming that in certain circumstances entrepreneurship activity leads to economic growth, it is, then, important to see how the entrepreneurial activity is affected by different factors. One very important factor is the allocation of resources between the public and private sectors. Indeed, while some researchers maintain that large governments are detrimental for economic growth, others see government spending as a possible tool for spurring it. This study examines how the spending allocation amongst the private and public sector influences entrepreneurial activity. With the help of panel data for a large number of countries, this paper looks at the relationship between several measures of entrepreneurial activity and several measures of government spending. The main findings are that entrepreneurial activity is negatively related to both shares of general government final consumption expenditure and government expense out of GDP. Moreover, the results are robust across different model specifications and samples.
The use of pore parameters for monitoring process and property variations in gas separation membranes

Abstract We used nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion to examine the morphology of asymmetric, hollow fiber, gas separation membranes. The pore parameters from these tests statistically correlated with processing variations. In addition, those from nitrogen adsorption correlated with permeation performance. Wet spinning gave fibers with significantly larger pore volumes and average pore diameters than did dry-jet wet spinning. This resulted in higher fluxes but lower selectivities.
Thermotherapy of potato leafroll

Heat treatment at 35 C for 56 days or at 36 C for 39 days completely eliminated leafroll virus from tubers of several potato varieties. Tuber size had little effect on ability to survive the treatment or on the time required for the elimination of leafroll. Tuber losses after heat treatment range from slight to as high as 50%. Heat treatment materially delayed development of sprouts and consequent plant emergence. It appeared to have little effect on either virus X or spindle-tuber virus. An equation and graph are presented to show the relationship of time and temperature to the elimination of leafroll virus in these experiments and some conducted by others. Heat treatment has proven of value in the elimination of leafroll virus from small lots of seed of special value in a breeding program.
Effects of midbrain, bulbar and combined morphine microinjections and systemic injections on orofacial nociception and rostral trigeminal stimulation: independent midbrain and bulbar opiate analgesia systems?

Abstract Microinjections of 0.35 μg and 0.7 μg morphine were made into rat nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis and ventral central gray respectively. When injected simultaneously, the analgesic effect on orofacial thermal pain was significantly greater than the effect of either injection alone, suggesting a summation mechanism for the two sites. No microinjection affected the threshold for aversive response to main sensory trigeminal nuclear stimulation. This threshold was, however, profoundly elevated by 10 mg/kg systemic injection.
Investigations into the biochemical basis of neuromodulation by 2-phenylethylamine: Effect on microtubule protein

In order to understand the role of 2-phenylethylamine (PE) on neuronal responses, membrane changes have been studied using ESR probes. We report that the anticipated change in lipid membrane fluidity generally implicated in signal transduction has not been observed when PE is added to synaptosomes. As cytoskeletal architecture of presynaptic terminals appears to be involved in synaptic transmission, we non-specifically labeled synaptosomal membrane proeins with the sulfhydryl spin probe N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl-4-yl) maleimide (4-MAL-TEMPO). The addition of 2-phenylethylamine was found to induce conformational changes, in decreasing the ratio of weakly to strongly immobilized spin label (W/S) to 65% of the control. Of the membrane proteins labeled, 70–90% of the 4-MAL-TEMPO is covelently incorporated into cytoskeletal proteins. In isolated synaptosomes, incorporated with spin-labeled tubulin, the addition of PE reduced the W/S ratio to 51.6% of that obtained for polymerized microtubules.In vitro, PE reduced τR of polymerized microtubules by 37%. We propose that the PE interaction with tubulin changes microtubule dynamics which may lead to its neuromodulatory action. The state of microtubular assembly can modulate the responsiveness of second messengers in the cell to the effect of stimulatory agents. The nature and physiological significance of PE interaction with tubulin is currently under investigation.
An Automated Algorithm to Detect the Trabecular-Cortical Bone Interface in Micro-Computed Tomographic Images

Micro-computed tomography (microCT) has become a standard tool for the evaluation of bone morphology in preclinical studies. Unfortunately, the user-dependent definition of contour lines that separate trabecular from cortical bone is not only extremely time-consuming but may also represent a source of data bias and increased variability. Here, an automated image segmentation technique was developed and tested over a large range of bone phenotypes. The principal steps of the algorithm involve blurring, segmentation at different thresholds, and volumetric component labeling to first identify the periosteal edge and then create a cortical mask, the inner edge of which defines the trabecular-cortical interface. The algorithm was tested against (1) eight skilled microCT operators who manually defined the trabecular bone within the distal femur of four adult mice as well as (2) contour lines drawn by a single user in femurs from 71 rodents. Across the four femurs, the coefficient of variation between users was 9% for bone volume fraction, 13% for connectivity density, and 3% for trabecular thickness. Morphometric data produced by the algorithm were within 2% of the mean values of the eight operators. Across the 71 femurs, the slope and intercept of the regressions between morphometric automatic and user data were, with the exception of trabecular thickness, not significantly different from 1 and 0, respectively. Because of the excellent match with the current gold-standard technique, this algorithm may present a valuable tool for the standardized and automated evaluation of bone morphology without the time-consuming task of drawing contour lines.
Rbfox3 Controls the Biogenesis of a Subset of MicroRNAs

The RNA-binding protein Rbfox is an established regulator of alternative splicing. Here, Kawamoto and colleagues identify transcriptome-wide targets of Rbfox3 in neuronal cells and tissues to uncover an unexpected role in pri-miRNA processing
Analytic K-theory on manifolds with corners

Let Y be a compact manifold. In [ 1 ] Atiyah proposed an analytic delinition of the K-homology groups K,(Y), defined abstractly as the dual theory to the Atiyah-Hirzebruch K(cohomology)-theory. These ideas were developed by Kasparov [15] and Brown, Douglas, and Fillmore [lo]. Cycles for this analytic K-homology theory are “abstract elliptic operators,” i.e., bounded linear operators between Hilbert spaces satisfying additional conditions derived from the properties of elliptic (pseudo-) differential operators. In particular elliptic pseudodifferential operators between sections of vector bundles define such cycles. The homology class of the cycle depends only on the principal symbol and indeed only on the K-cohomology class it represents on the cotangent bundle. In fact it had already been shown, in essence, by Atiyah that the resulting map
Did God make me this way? Expanding psychological research on queer religiosity and spirituality to include intersex and transgender individuals

The purpose of this article is to traverse the fields of psychology, human sexuality and religion to find themes of commonality that can be used to shed light on how faith forms the unique life journeys of intersex and transgender people. The specific aims of this article are twofold: (1) to begin to explore the role that religion and spirituality may play in the lives of transgender and intersex individuals and (2) to provide a roadmap for psychologists and other social scientists to conduct future research in this area. We began by conducting a literature review of intersex and transgender religiosity and spirituality. After summarising the articles uncovered, we then offer suggestions on how current psychological methods and theories – including spiritual journeys, empowerment, positive psychology and stress-related growth – can be used to advance research on the role that religious and spiritual beliefs play in intersex and transgender lives. Our hope is that this article will expand the psychological...
Observation of thermally activated flux motion in weak link structures

Abstract We have measured the time rate of magnetic flux motion through an array of weak links present in the wall of a hollow cylinder of ceramic YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . We observe a logarithmic time dependence of the magnetic field in the center of the tube with an applied field of 28 Oe at 75K. Analysis of the logarithmic creep rate with a standard phenomenological model yields an activation energy of ∼ 1.55 eV for the motion of Josephson vortices through the weak links in the structure.
Undriven Bead Diffusion Through Extracellular Matrix

The dense interwoven laminin and collagen sheets that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM) can be a difficult medium for various drug delivery methods to move through efficiently and consistently. We employ rhodamine-conjugated dextran molecules of various molecular weights as in vitro probes and present data indicating how probe diameter affects the effective diffusion constant, Deff, of the molecule. Polydimethylsiloxane wells create a controlled geometry for the diffusion experiments. We optically observe the florescent bead front diffuse through ECM and take time-lapse images of the diffusion in action. This image sequence is used to characterize the medium's diffusion properties; fluorescence intensity is plotted with respect to time over the dimensions of the channel. The goal of this research is to understand how bead diameter alters Deff and determine if there is a cut-off diameter at which diffusion constant increases drastically.
Some Uses of Point Processes in Multiple Stochastic Integration

We discuss a number of topics relating to multiple stochastic integration, where notions and ideas from point process theory seem particularly useful. Thus we give conditions for summability of certain multiple random series in terms of associated Poisson integrals, prove a decoupling result for divergence in probability to infinity, and give conditions for the existence of certain multiple integrals with respect to compensated POISSON and asymmetric LEVY processes. In particular, the existence criteria for multiple p-stable integrals are shown to be independent of the skewness parameter.
Evaluating the effects of a nurse preceptorship programme

Nurse preceptorship programmes have evolved as a means to ease the turmoil of transition from student nurse to staff nurse. In this era of economic retrenchment, it is possible that such programmes might be eliminated. Conversely, it is also possible that preceptorship programmes represent an important mechanism for recruitment and retention; issues that also pervade the contemporary health care arena. This study was conducted, therefore, to evaluate the transition process of new graduates who participated in a preceptorship programme. While the objective measures used in this investigation did not support the common belief that the transition from student nurse to staff nurse is an emotion-laden experience, the preceptees did verbalize feelings of psychosocial discomfort. Several explanations are proposed to account for these findings, including that the effectiveness of the programme may have sustained the more positive affective states. The authors conclude that preceptorship programmes remain important and necessary interventions to facilitate integrating and enacting the professional nurse role.
Dystocia in cattle a review and implications

Abstract The economic importance of dystocia in terms of calf losses and subsequent impaired reproductive performance has been well documented (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). The incidence of dystocia must be minimized to improve reproductive performance and maximize profits. The occurrence of dystocia in primiparous heifers is primarily a function of two factors: size of the calf and pelvic area of the dam (6, 7, 8, 9). There are medical (ie- late abortion, hydrops, monsters) and hormonal reasons for dystocia these will not be reviewed in this paper. Primarily, the relationship of calf size and pelvic area and the factors which affect them will be reviewed.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORIES OF QUASICRYSTAL FORMATION

On discute la classe des theories de champ moyen proposees recemment pour expliquer la formation et la stabilite des quasicristaux
Data hiding capacity in the presence of an imperfectly known channel

We consider a data hiding channel in this paper that is not perfectly known by the encoder and the decoder. The imperfect knowledge could be due to the channel estimation error, time-varying active adversary etc. A mathematical model for this scenario is proposed. Many important attacks such as scaling, geometrical transformations etc. fall under the proposed mathematical model. Minimal assumptions are made regarding the probability distributions of the data-hiding channel. Lower and upper bounds on the data hiding capacity are derived. It is shown that the popular additive Gaussian noise channel model may not suffice in real-world scenarios; the capacity estimates using the additive Gaussian channel model tend to either over- or under-estimate the capacity under different scenarios. Asymptotic value of the capacity as the signal to noise ratio becomes arbitrarily large is also given. Many existing data hiding capacity estimates are observed to be a special case of the formulas derived in this paper. We also observe that the proposed mathematical model can be applied to real-life applications such as data hiding in image/video. Theoretical results are further explained using numerical values.
Characterization of stochastic uncertainty in the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

The 1996 performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) maintains a separation between stochastic (i.e., aleatory) and subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty, with stochastic uncertainty arising from the possible disruptions that could occur at the WIPP over the 10,000 yr regulatory period specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR 191,40 CFR 194) and subjective uncertainty arising from an inability to uniquely characterize many of the inputs required in the 1996 WIPP PA. The characterization of subjective uncertainty is discussed, including assignment of distributions, uncertain variables selected for inclusion in analysis, correlation control, sample size, statistical confidence on mean complementary cumulative distribution functions, generation of Latin hypercube samples, sensitivity analysis techniques, and scenarios involving stochastic and subjective uncertainty.
Primary hyperparathyroidism presenting as fever of unknown origin with unremitting headache.

Excerpt Hyperparathyroidism, classically characterized by hypercalcemia, bone demineralization, and nephrolithiasis, is increasingly associated with more protean manifestations (1). We describe a p...
The use of Folsomia fimetaria and Drosophila melanogaster as test insects for the detection of insecticide residues.

The use of Folsomia fimetaria (L.) as an additional test insect for the detection of toxic insecticidal residues was of advantage when Drosophila melanogaster Meigen was relatively resistant to some insecticides. A rearing method for, and bioassay method with F. fimetaria is described. It was found that F. fimetaria was more susceptible to the organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, and D. melanogaster was more susceptible to the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides tested. With parathion and diazinon, 1.2 to 2.7 times larger amounts had to be used with D. melanogaster to obtain the same toxicity effects as with F. fimetaria . With Temik® (2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) a 9 times higher dosage had to be used, while with carbaryl almost no mortalities of D. melanogaster could be obtained. However, with the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, F. fimetaria was more resistant and it took a 33 times higher dosage of aldrin to obtain the same LD50 as observed with D. melanogaster. These differences were considerably reduced with lindane, and only a double dosage of this insecticide was necessary to obtain the same LD50 value with F. fimetaria . Both species were rather resistant to DDT.
Emerging roles of SIRT1 deacetylase in regulating cardiomyocyte survival and hypertrophy

Abstract Calorie restriction is considered to be the best environmental intervention providing health benefits to mammals. The underlying mechanism of this intervention seems to be controlled by a group of NAD-dependent deacetylases, collectively called sirtuins. In mammals, there are seven sirtuin analogs, SIRT1–SIRT7. The founding member of this family, SIRT1, is shown to protect cardiomyocytes from apoptosis and age-dependent degeneration in a dose dependent manner—protecting cells at low doses but showing detrimental effects at high doses. Studies performed with overexpression or knockdown of SIRT1 indicated that, although it protects cells from oxidative stress and ischemia–reperfusion injury, it promotes hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Activation of endogenous SIRT1 by resveratrol also displayed pro-survival and pro-hypertrophic activity of SIRT1. In this article, we review recent findings documenting the role of SIRT1 in regulating cardiac myocyte growth and survival under stress, and the proposed mechanism behind its cardioprotective effects. We also briefly discuss two other sirtuin analogs which have been shown to have cardioprotective effects. This article is part of a special issue entitled "Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure".
Optimization of media processing workflows with adaptive operator behaviors

In this paper, we present the ARIA media processing workflow architecture that processes, filters, and fuses sensory inputs and actuates responses in real-time. The components of the architecture are programmable and adaptable; i.e. the delay, size, and quality/precision characteristics of the individual operators can be controlled via a number of parameters. Each data object processed by qStream components is subject to transformations based on the parameter values. For instance, the quality of an output data object and the corresponding processing delay and resource usage depend on the values assigned to parameters of the operators in the object flow path. In Candan, Peng, Ryu, Chatha, Mayer (Efficient stream routing in quality- and resource-adaptive flow architectures. In: Workshop on multimedia information systems, 2004), we introduced a class of flow optimization problems that promote creation and delivery of small delay or small resource-usage objects to the actuators in single-sensor, single-actuator workflows. In this paper, we extend our attention to multi-sensor media processing workflow scenarios. The algorithms we present take into account the implicit dependencies between various system parameters, such as resource consumption and object sizes. We experimentally show the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithms.
Regulation of pulmonary venous tone in response to muscarinic receptor activation.

We investigated cellular mechanisms that mediate or modulate the vascular response to muscarinic receptor activation (ACh) in pulmonary veins (PV). Isometric tension was measured in isolated canine...
The making of a spam zombie army. Dissecting the Sobig worms

On 25 June 2003, a new mass-mailing worm, Sobig.E, emerged. The worm was highly successful at infecting computer systems. It is the fifth revision of a worm that first raised its ugly head in January 2003. There is strong evidence that spammers use infected computers to relay unsolicited commercial e-mail.
The improvement program for higher intensity and better quality in the Princeton University cyclotron

A new design of the second-harmonic central region for the Princeton cyclotron has been carried out. Extensive beam extraction studies based on the new design have also been performed. These studies suggest that modifications to the shape of the electrostatic deflector can lead to greater extraction efficiency. This result is consistent with the observed burn marks created by the beam in the present extraction region. Further improvements will also be introduced to increase the power dissipation that can be tolerated in the extraction septum. >
LIM Kinase Mediates Estrogen Action on the Actin Depolymerization Factor Cofilin

The ovarian hormone estrogen increases the axospinous synapse density in the hippocampal CA1 region of young female rats but fails to do so in aged rats. This estrogen-mediated alteration of spine synapse structures suggests the coincident requirement for the structural reorganization of the underlying actin cytoskeleton network. Actin reorganization is known to require the deactivation of Cofilin, an actin depolymerization factor. Cofilin is deactivated by LIM kinase (LIMK), and LIMK activity is modulated by the phosphorylation of specific residues. We have previously demonstrated that estrogen is able to increase phosphorylated LIMK (pLIMK) immunoreactivity (IR) in the hippocampus in vivo and that this estrogen-stimulated pLIMK-IR is decreased in the aged brain. Because Cofilin phosphorylation allows for actin filament elongation and spine synapse growth, we sought to determine if estrogen acts through Cofilin and if such estrogen action requires the observed LIMK activity. Using both hippocampal neurons and the NG108-15 neuroblastoma cell line, we demonstrate here that estrogen stimulates the phosphorylation of Cofilin in vitro. Furthermore, this estrogen action on Cofilin requires LIMK. Lastly, while initiating the phosphorylation of LIMK and Cofilin, estrogen can also stimulate the formation of filopodial extensions, an early step in the formation of nascent spines, demonstrating that estrogen can alter the actin-dependent neuronal morphology. This linkage of estrogen communication to Cofilin via LIMK provides the functionality to the age-sensitive pLIMK-IR that we have observed in vivo.
The Memory-Function Technique for the Calculation of Pulsed-Gradient NMR Signals in Confined Geometries

Abstract An approximation technique for the calculation of pulsed-gradient NMR signals in confined spaces is introduced on the basis of a memory-function formalism and compared to the well-known cumulant expansion technique. The validity of the technique is investigated for the cases of a time-independent field gradient and a gradient consisting of two pulses of finite duration. It is found that the validity is governed by the ratio of two characteristic times: the time for the spins to traverse the dimensions of the confining space through diffusion and the reciprocal of the extreme difference between values of the precession frequency of the spin. Oscillations in the time evolution of the signal for the constant gradient, as well as oscillations in the (gradient) field dependence for the two-pulse gradient, which are both characteristic of the exact signals, are predicted by the new technique but not by the cumulant technique. The cumulant results are shown to arise as an approximate consequence of the memory results.
Model analysis for growth response of soybean

The expanded growth model was developed to describe accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients with time for annual and perennial crops. It incorporates an environmental driving function and an intrinsic growth function. Previous analysis has shown that the model applies to the annual corn (Zea mays L.) and the warm-season perennial bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.). In this article the model is used to describe accumulation of dry matter and plant nitrogen (N) by soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). The model describes dry matter accumulation by the vegetative component of the plant followed by accumulation of dry matter and plant N with time by seeds and pods. Strong dependence of yields and plant N uptake on seasonal rainfall is illustrated.
Quantum-Dot Intermixing Enhancement using UV Laser Irradiation

We report the development of an intermixing technique in InGaAs/GaAs quantum-dot (QD) structure using the combination effects of pulsed UV laser irradiation and dielectric induced layer intermixing. Using this method, the quantum-dot intermixing rate is greatly enhanced by group-III vacancies generated by the dielectric cap during annealing. A bandgap shift as large as 180 meV has been measured from a sample exposed to 480 mJ/cm2, 150 pulses of 248 nm UV light, and annealed with a 200 nm thick SiO2 encapsulant layer. Under similar annealing conditions, the non-irradiated SiO2 and Si xNy encapsulated QDs only exhibit bandgap shifts of 18 meV and 91 meV, respectively
Performance characterization of large and long fibre channel arbitrated loops

The bandwidth performance of a Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FCAL) is roughly defined to be 100 MegaBytes (100 bytes) per second. Furthermore, FCAL is capable of a theoretical peak of 40,000 I/O operations (transactions) per second. These performance levels, however, are largely not realized by the applications that use Fibre Channel as an interface to disk subsystems. The bandwidth and transaction performance of an Arbitrated Loop is sensitive to both the number of devices on the loop as well as the physical length of the loop. This study focuses on the effects of these two factors on the observed performance of Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop as the number of nodes is scaled from 2 to 97 devices and as the physical length of the loop is scaled from 50 meters to several kilometers in length. To summarize, this study shows that the performance decreases significantly for very long loops and explains how this can be partially avoided. Also, the loop propagation delay on loops with many devices has only a moderate affect on performance. Finally, the effects of length tend to dominate the effects of population for very long, highly populated loops.
Experimental results from FLEXnav: an expert rule-based dead-reckoning system for Mars rovers

This paper presents a proprioceptive position estimation system (PPE) with inertial measurement unit (IMU) uses fuzzy logic operations in conjunction with the expert rules for finer gradation called fuzzy logic expert navigation (FLEXnav) PPE system. The detailed experimental results obtained with our FLEXnav system integrated with our Mars rover clone Fluffy and operating in a Mars-like environment. The paper also introduces new methods for wheel slippage detection and correction, along with preliminary experimental results.
Sensor Web Technologies for NASA Earth Science

Recent technological advancements in microelectronics, wireless communications, intelligent systems and networking have led to the conceptualized notion of a "web" of sensors, interconnected and interacting with one another to provide observations and measurements of geophysical phenomena, and routing data (or information) directly to researchers, scientists and other destinations (including forecast models and data archives). This is the concept that we call the "sensor web." A vision for NASA sensor webs for Earth science is to enable "on-demand sensing of a broad array of environmental and ecological phenomena across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from a heterogeneous suite of sensors both in situ and in orbit." This paper takes a high level view of sensor webs, describing their characteristics and giving examples of how NASA sees these systems contributing to our knowledge of the world in which we live. Examples of sensor web prototypes and research highlights will be presented from some of the research projects recently funded by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office and currently underway in universities, industries and NASA research centers throughout the country. The paper concludes by imagining how sensor webs will be used in the future and describing the key research technologies that will be needed to fully realize this vision.
OHMS: Enhancing Access to Oral History for Free

A recent effort at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky Libraries has sought to make using oral histories online more efficient and fluid. The Oral History Metadata Synchronizer (OHMS), a web-based system, provides users with word-level search capability and a time-correlated transcript or index, connecting the textual search term to the corresponding moment in the recorded interview online. This article reflects on the creation of OHMS and recent attempts to address its two original shortcomings: its inability to handle untranscribed interviews and its incompatibility with archives beyond the Kentucky Digital Library.
A Genetics Primer for Social Health Research

The recently completed sequencing of the human genome heralds a new era in the study of social influences upon health. Because the interactions between genes and the environment are bidirectional, expertise in the areas of psychosocial processes and health behaviors will be necessary for elucidating how genes, behavior, and the environment interact to affect health outcomes. For investigators whose primary background is in social health research, the terminology used by geneticists may seem like a foreign language. To help navigate this foreign territory, the nature of genetic variation and gene action is presented in non-technical terms using the serotonin transporter gene as an example because it is thought to influence sensitivity to the social environment. In addition, we describe several methodological pitfalls to be avoided when associating genetic variation with psychosocial and behavioral risk factors for poor health outcomes.
Oscillatory forcing of flow through porous media. Part 1. Steady flow

Numerical computations are employed to study the phenomenon of oscillatory forcing of flow through porous media. The Galerkin finite element method is used to solve the time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations to determine the unsteady velocity field and the mean flow rate subject to the combined action of a mean pressure gradient and an oscillatory body force. With strong forcing in the form of sinusoidal oscillations, the mean flow rate may be reduced to 40% of its unforced steady-state value. The effectiveness of the oscillatory forcing is a strong function of the dimensionless forcing level, which is inversely proportional to the square of the fluid viscosity. For a porous medium occupied by two fluids with disparate viscosities, oscillatory forcing may be used to reduce the flow rate of the less viscous fluid, with negligible effect on the more viscous fluid. The temporal waveform of the oscillatory forcing function has a significant impact on the effectiveness of this technique. A spike/plateau waveform is found to be much more efficient than a simple sinusoidal profile. With strong forcing, the spike waveform can induce a mean axial flow in the absence of a mean pressure gradient. In the presence of a mean pressure gradient, the spike waveform may be employed to reverse the direction of flow and drive a fluid against the direction of the mean pressure gradient. Owing to the viscosity dependence of the dimensionless forcing level, this mechanism may be employed as an oscillatory filter to separate two fluids of different viscosities, driving them in opposite directions in the porous medium. Possible applications of these mechanisms in enhanced oil recovery processes are discussed.
Vascular-targeted photothermal therapy of an orthotopic murine glioma model

Aim: To develop nanoshells for vascular-targeted photothermal therapy of glioma. Materials & methods: The ability of nanoshells conjugated to VEGF and/or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to thermally ablate VEGF receptor-2-positive endothelial cells upon near-infrared laser irradiation was evaluated in vitro. Subsequent in vivo studies evaluated therapy in mice bearing intracerebral glioma tumors by exposing tumors to near-infrared light after systemically delivering saline, PEG-coated nanoshells, or VEGF-coated nanoshells. The treatment effect was monitored with intravital microscopy and histology. Results: VEGF-coated but not PEG-coated nanoshells bound VEGF receptor-2-positive cells in vitro to enable targeted photothermal ablation. In vivo, VEGF targeting doubled the proportion of nanoshells bound to tumor vessels and vasculature was disrupted following laser exposure. Vessels were not disrupted in mice that received saline. The normal brain was unharmed in all treatment and control mice. Conclusion: Nanos...
THE COLOR LINE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION: Race, Resources, and Student Achievement

Despite the rhetoric of American equality, the school experiences of African American and other “minority” students in the United States continue to be substantially separate and unequal. Dramatically different learning opportunities—especially disparities in access to well-qualified teachers, high quality curriculum, and small schools and classes—are strongly related to differences in student achievement. Standards-based reforms have been launched throughout the United States with promises of greater equity, but, while students are held to common standards—and increasingly experience serious sanctions if they fail to achieve them—few states have equalized funding and access to the key educational resources needed for learning. The result of this collision of new standards with old inequities is less access to education for many students of color, rather than more. This article outlines current disparities in educational access, illustrates the relationships among race, educational resources, and student achievement, and proposes reforms needed to equalize opportunities to learn.
Transgenic mouse models of HIV-1/AIDS and cardiac performance

Cardiomyopathy (CM) associated with HIV/AIDS is important clinically and increasingly may impact the epidemic of AIDS as survival with HIV/AIDS increases due to effective antiretroviral therapies. Animal models offer sophisticated in vivo biological systems to recapitulate many direct and indirect effects of HIV-1 infection or the effects of therapeutics on the host. Few small animal models are available to investigate cardiovascular parameters associated with HIV/AIDS or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Unlike nonhuman primates, murine models of AIDS offer a safe, cost-effective approach to evaluate cardiac structure and function in AIDS CM. Experimentally, the mouse serves as perhaps the foremost laboratory mammal for genetic and immunological research. Several models utilize the wellestablished approach of transgenesis for general expression or specific, cardiac-targeted expression of viral genes. Gene targeting to generate gain or loss of function mutations in the mouse has yielded remarkable advances in understanding the roles played by specific gene products. This chapter focuses on mechanisms of CM in AIDS through the use of transgenic murine (TG) models as an important biological tool to study the impact of HIV-1, its gene products, and antiretroviral therapy on the pathophysiology of CM.
The Origins of Restrictions on Access To Personal Papers at the Library of Congress and the National Archives

Two very different access policies for donated papers have developed within the two major traditions of American archival administration, the historical manuscripts tradition and the public archives tradition. Within the former, the policy was founded on an agreement between the repository and the donor that exchanged possession of the papers for restrictions on their use. The donor maintained control of access to some or all of his papers, and the archivist administered the restrictions. A quite different access policy developed within the public archives tradition, based on the assumption that papers with a high public policy content should be open. Restrictions were regarded as necessary, but undesirable.This article focuses on the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress and the presidential libraries system of the National Archives and Records Administration. The author examines the strengths and limitations of the access policies employed by both these institutions and encourages archivists to...
Efficacy of a suicide detection scale in determining lethality of ideation among hospitalized veterans: a case study.

Active suicidal ideation, its underlying psychopathology, concomitant stressors, and ultimate self-destructive behaviors can compromise the combat readiness of the military. An investigation into the clinical utility of a pre-suicidal detection scale (Suicide Probability Scale (SPS. was recently undertaken at the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hampton, Virginia. A record review of 1,397 patients who were administered the SPS was conducted. Data indicate that 100% of a sample of patients were accurately identified as either imminently or chronically suicidal. The incidence of false negatives was 50%. Results suggest that while the SPS appears to accurately identify patients who have potentially dangerous levels of suicidal ideation, it does not adequately determine lethality or chronicity of suicidal ideation without intent. Potential uses of the SPS are discussed, military health care environments in which its use may be warranted are considered, and future directions are examined. Language: en
Gene Transfection for Stem Cell Therapy

Genetic engineering of stem cells is a strategy that holds promise for realizing the potential therapeutic benefits of stem cell therapy. Through precise control of the stem cell genome, stem cells can replace or repair damaged tissues as well as serve as a depot for the sustained delivery of therapeutic molecules. Various individual genes, genome editing techniques, and transfection agents have been studied and developed for use in stem cell gene transfection. The goal for this review is to introduce specific genes and editing techniques used in stem cell therapy. Diverse gene transfection agents such as liposomes, polymers, dendrimers, peptides, inorganic nanoparticles, and physical transfection agents are also discussed with particular focus on stem cell considerations.
Effect of Prontosil on Blood Cells

Conclusions1. Prontosil given to rabbits in a dosage of 0.25 gm. per kilo of body weight causes no numerical change in the cellular elements of the blood in 21 days. 2. An increase in stippled erythrocytes and eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells occurs, suggesting mild bone marrow depression, 3. The parenchymatous organs show congestion of the spleen and an increase of eosinophiles in the bone marrow, suggesting again an early bone marrow depression.
Influence of Hypothalamus on Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in the Rat.

SummaryIn rats with anterior hypothalamic lesions the maximal circulating thyrotropin levels after goitrogen feeding are lower than in control animals as measured by bio-assay based upon hormonal iodine discharge from chick thyroids. The discharge of labelled hormone from the thyroid of lesioned and control rats is inhibited by equal doses of exogenous thyroxine. This indicates that the thyroid-pituitary feedback system controlling TSH release is independent of the hypothalamus. Finally, in electrolytically lesioned rats with destruction of the thyroid-controlling hypothalamic area there do not appear to be major changes in the relative amounts of iodinated tyrosines and thyronines in the thyroid as have been shown to occur in cyclotron-lesioned rats by Blanquet and Tobias.
The Amsel frustration effect in monkeys

Four adolescent stumptail macaques were tested in a discrete-trials retractable-lever analogue of the double runway commonly used to study frustration effects in rats. Each trial consisted of fixed-ratio responding on a left lever followed by an identical contingency on a right lever. In agreement with runway data in rats, right-lever responses were faster following nonrein-forcement than following reinforcement of left-lever responses.
Cardiac Diagnostic Testing Past, Present, and Future

Cardiovascular disease affects more than 71 million Americans and will cost an estimated $403 billion in 2006.1 Each year about 700 000 Americans experience their first myocardial infarction (MI), 500 000 have recurrent MI, and 175 000 have a silent MI.2 With increasing life spans and a growing population, more than 1 million Americans with a congenital heart defect will require an increasing number of cardiac diagnostics.1 From 1979 to 2003, the number of inpatient cardiovascular operations and procedures increased 470% to an estimated 6.8 million in 2003.2 Accurate assessment of cardiovascular disease and risk is crucial to improving patient outcomes. Nurses caring for patients being tested for these disorders must be familiar with imaging techniques. This article reviews developments in cardiovascular diagnostic imaging, with an emphasis on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and echocardiography.
Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets.

Objective To evaluate vitamin D concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets. Design Prospective cohort study. Animals 21 llamas (14 with rickets, 7 clinically normal) and 9 alpacas (6 with rickets, 3 clinically normal). Procedures Blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and prior to the initiation of treatment. Serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D3) were determined on all samples. Comparisons were completed for disease status, age, sex, species, month of birth, and all interactions. Results Serum concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D were lower in affected llamas and alpacas than in clinically normal llamas and alpacas, even when mean concentrations were adjusted for age differences. Species (llama or alpaca), sex, and age did not affect any of the metabolite concentrations within this study population. Month of birth influenced vitamin D concentrations and number of affected llamas and alpacas per month. The greatest number of affected llamas and alpacas was identified between January through March, suggesting a seasonal pattern to this syndrome. Treatment of affected llamas and alpacas with vitamin D resulted in increased concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D. Serum phosphorus concentration was best predicted by 2 independent variables (serum vitamin D concentration and month of birth). Clinical implications We believe vitamin D deficiency is the primary cause of hypophosphatemic-rickets of growing camelids, and the observed hypophosphatemia is secondary to a primary deficiency of vitamin D. Appropriate treatment with vitamin D supplements can correct hypophosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency in camelids.
Photon Counting Statistics of Squeezed Light

With the experimental realization of squeezed states of light increasing attention is being paid to their photon counting properties1–3. In general there is no direct relationship between squeezing and counting statistics. But, for Gaussian fields, counting statistics and the spectrum of squeezing are closely related. The light coming out from the degenerate parametric oscillator (DPO) operating below threshold can be described in terms of Gaussian fields3. The performance of the DPO in producing squeezed light has been unsurpassed4. Here we wish to consider the photon statistics of squeezed light produced by the subthreshold DPO.
mmWave based vs 2 GHz networks: What is more energy efficient?

The demand for increasingly challenging data rates in cellular networks has motivated the pursuit to exploit abundant bandwidth at the millimeter waves (mmWave) spectrum, which offers large bandwidths and near free-space path loss for line of sight links. However, this solution comes at the cost of limited communication range. Thus, mmWave basestations (BS) are expected to be densely deployed to maximize offered service. As the energy consumed in a network is roughly proportional to the number of nodes, how energy efficient a mmWave network will be is a question that remains unanswered so far. In this paper, we compare the performance of mmWave cellular networks in terms of energy efficiency (EE) to that of networks operating at 2 GHz. We start from the link budget to determine the average cell radius of two mmWave systems operating at 28 GHz and 60 GHz. Afterwards, intensity of a Poisson Point Process that models mmWave BS locations pertaining to expected operational network parameters is calculated. The probability of coverage offered by investigated systems is evaluated using analytical expressions. Finally, EE is calculated using consumed power model that assumes actual mmWave components. Results suggest that when the deployment environment allows for high signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) to be achieved at the receiver, mmWave system EE outperforms a 2 GHz system. Conversely, when only low SINR is achievable, 2 GHz system EE is superior to mmW system.
Recognizing Coherent Narrative Blog Content

Interactive storytelling applications have at their disposal massive numbers of human-authored stories, in the form of narrative weblog posts, from which story content could be harvested and repurposed. Such repurposing is currently inhibited, however, in that many blog narratives are not sufficiently coherent for use in these applications. In a narrative that is not coherent, the order of the events in the narrative is not clear given the text of the story. We present the results of a study exploring automatic methods for estimating the coherence of narrative blog posts. In the end, our simplest model—one that only considers the degree to which story text is capitalized and punctuated—vastly outperformed a baseline model and, curiously, a series of more sophisticated models. Future work may use this simple model as a baseline, or may use it along with the classifier that it extends to automatically extract large numbers of narrative blog posts from the web for purposes such as interactive storytelling.
Jimmy’s Songs: Listening over James Baldwin’s Shoulder

Black music played a crucial role in the work and life of James Baldwin. What Baldwin heard in the music guided his sense of political reality and human possibility, his invention of character, his shifting analytical point of view, and his decisions about what to do, when, and how to do it during his life in private and career in public. The music, therefore, also offers his critics and his readers important insight and guidance in their own experience and interpretation of his work. This brief essay accounts for some of the most basic connections between Baldwin and black music; it serves here as an introduction to a list of songs, some of which offered Baldwin important guidance and some of which offer his readers access to deeper meanings in his work. A playlist of songs, curated by Ed Pavlic and Justin A. Joyce, is available on YouTube at www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtSYQ5bCX-C-IZkeQ_PX7ncsbdjI32HSy