cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DSI: A model for distributed multimedia semantic indexing and content integration

Considerable research has been done on the content-based multimedia delivery and access in distributed data repositories. As noted in the literature, there is always a trade-off between multimedia quality and access speed. In addition, the overall performance is greatly determined by the distribution of the multimedia data. In this article, an unsupervised multimedia semantic integration approach for a distributed infrastructure, the Distributed Semantic Indexing (DSI), is presented that addresses both the data quality and search performance. With the ability of summarizing content information and guiding data distribution, the proposed approach is distinguished by: (1) logic-based representation and concise abstraction of the semantic contents of multimedia data, which are further integrated to form a general overview of a multimedia data repository—content signature; (2) application of linguistic relationships to construct a hierarchical metadata based on the content signatures allowing imprecise queries; and (3) achieving the optimal performance in terms of search cost. The fundamental structure of the proposed model is presented. The proposed scheme has been simulated and the simulation results are analyzed and compared against several other approaches that have been advocated in the literature.
Diagnosis and treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a major side effect secondary to the administration of heparin. This syndrome is serious and potentially life threatening. This response is the result of antibodies formed against the platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complex. The incidence of this immune-mediated syndrome has been estimated to be 1 ] /3% of all patients receiving heparin therapy. The occurrence of HIT in patients requiring full anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), therefore, presents a serious challenge to the cardiac surgery team. The diagnosis of HIT should be based on both clinical and laboratory evidence. While functional assays, platelet aggregation tests, and the serotonin release assay can be used to support the diagnosis, the negative predictive value of these tests is generally less than 50%. In contrast, although non-functional antibody detection assays are more sensitive, they have a low specificity. HIT can be treated in several ways, including cessation of all heparin and giving an alternative thrombin inhibitor, platelet inhibition followed by heparin infusion, and the use of low molecular weight heparins. In this presentation, the pathology and current diagnostic tests, as well as the successful management of patients with HIT undergoing CPB at New York Presbyterian Hospital, are reviewed. Perfusion (2003) 18, 47]/53.
Estimation of nonlinearities in parabolic models for growth, predation, and dispersal of populations

A convergence theory is given for approximation techniques to treat inverse problems involving systems of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations. These techniques can be used to estimate density-dependent dispersal coefficients in population models, as well as nonlinear growth and predation terms. Numerical experiences with the resulting algorithms on both conventional (scalar) and vector computers are reported along with an indication of performance of the methods with field data from prey-predator experiments.
Methane adsorbed on graphite. II. A model of the commensurate-incommensurate transitions

A two-structure model is presented for the pressure- and temperature-driven commensurate-incommensurate ($C\ensuremath{-}I$) transitions of an adlayer of methane adsorbed on the basal plane of graphite. The statistical-thermodynamic properties of the system are calculated from an empirical intermolecular potential with substrate-mediated effects. Free-energy constructions predict transition temperatures and pressures in agreement with experiment. The quantitative anharmonic finite-temperature model demonstrates directly that the zero-temperature configuration is a $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ registered phase. The $C\ensuremath{-}I$ transitions of the model are first order, and the incommensurate phases (compressed and expanded) are free-floating two-dimensional "solids" without domain walls. The model results are consistent with existing static theories of "misfit dislocations" in that a transition to a free-floating unwalled phase preempts the system from reaching the critical misfit necessary for the spontaneous formation of domain walls.
A boundary‐element method with mesh refinement for a weakly singular integral equation

A weakly singular integral equation of the first kind on an open, smooth surface piece Γ in R 3 is solved approximately via the Galerkin method. Owing to the singular behaviour of the solution of the integral equation near the edge of Γ, the Galerkin approximations converge only with order O(h 1/2−e ), e>0, if a quasiuniform mesh is used on Γ. We show how to compensate the effect of the edge singularities by using an appropriately graded mesh. Numerical experiments for the Galerkin method, using piecewise constant and piecewise linear functions on triangles, demonstrate the effect of graded meshes and show experimental rates of convergence which underline the theoretical results
Liver Regeneration From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Are induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells capable of regenerating an injured organ? A recent study by Espejel et al.1 published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation indicates that the answer to this question is yes. In this study, hepatocytes derived from chimeric mice generated with iPS cells were analyzed functionally in vivo. IPS cell–derived hepatocytes were found to regenerate after a two-thirds hepatectomy in a manner similar to that of normal hepatocytes and displayed repopulation ability equivalent to that of normal hepatocytes in a competitive liver-reconstitution model. These findings indicate the full potency of iPS cell–derived hepatocytes in liver regeneration and function. Although exciting as a proof of principle, these studies utilized a chimeric mouse model to generate the hepatocytes, which is not a viable option for the generation of hepatocytes from human iPS cells and highlights the need to optimize methods for the in vitro generation of functional hepatocytes from iPS cells before clinical use of these cells can become a reality.
EEZ bathymetry: Ship time opportunities

A recent interagency agreement offers the prospect of ship time for federal and nonfederal researchers. Under the agreement, recently signed by John V. Byrne, Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Dallas L. Peck, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the two federal agencies have agreed to a joint program of bathymetric mapping of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (Eos, June 12, 1984, p. 393). These cruises will present the opportunity for other investigators to gather data in conjunction with the bathymetric surveys. NOAA ships, employing modern multibeam sonars and the best available navigation, will conduct the field surveys and process the data. The data and other products will be used by NOAA for their nautical charting program and by the USGS for their geological and geophysical marine map series. NOAA plans to produce a new series of high resolution bathymetric maps based on these data. The data will also be available to others via NOAA's data center in Boulder (National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303).
Ancient Tree Ring Archives in the U.S. Great Lakes Region

Rather than being a seamless transition from Late Glacial Maximum to the start of the Holocene between 15,000 and 8000 years ago, the warming during this period was punctuated by abrupt climatic instabilities. These include the Younger Dryas cold event, the Preboreal Oscillation, and an isolated cooling event around 8200 years ago (see Figure 1, bottom right).
SUPPRESSION OF SECRETION AND CONTROL OF PAIN IN PANCREATITIS.

We have no ideal treatment for the suppression of hormonal secretory mechanisms and neural secretory mechanisms, or for the control of pain. These must await a better understanding of the exact mechanisms leading to the production of pancreatitis. Suppression of secretion is probably best maintained by gastric suction in severe cases, accompanied by parenteral anticholinergic drugs. The usual pain with pancreatitis is best controlled by Demerol, and more severe pain by repeated use of epidural local anesthetic block. Steroids are not commonly used because their danger is greater than their helpfulness. Diamox and other less commonly used drugs, though theoretically helpful, have not been tried frequently enough in patients with pancreatitis to assay their real value in this disease.
Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in entangled polymer solutions.

Abstract Electrophoretic separations of DNA restriction fragments were performed in solutions of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) using capillary electrophoresis. Rheological studies confirmed that the entanglement threshold (Φ*) for the solution is ca. 0.003 g/ml, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A mesh size an order of magnitude smaller than that found in agarose gels was calculated using polymer-entanglement theory and was confirmed by electrophoretic measurements. Electrophoretic migration was shown to follow the Ogston regime under most conditions. An approach for obtaining smaller mesh sizes is presented.
Cardiovascular research in transgenic animals

The ability to alter specifically the expression or activity of known gene products in intact animals provides a powerful experimental system to study pathophysiology. These animal models can now be readily generated using transgenic technology. Traditional transgenic approaches rely on gain-of-function alterations, and several experimental paradigms have recently been established based on this attribute. These include assessment of promoter function, overexpression of physiologically important gene products, targeted oncogenesis, and insertional mutagenesis. Technical and practical issues relevant to the generation of such models are discussed here. In addition, several recent transgenic models germane to the cardiovascular system are presented. These experiments provide exciting new model systems to study clinical issues that heretofore have been difficult, if not impossible, to address.
Operation of a long-pulse backward-wave oscillator using a disk cathode

Recent work at the University of New Mexico has studied the use of a circular disk cathode as the electron source in a long-pulse Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) experiment. The use of this cathode was motivated by recent studies by Loza and Strelkov of the General Physics Institute in Russia that demonstrated that a relativistic electron beam with stable cross section could be sustained for over one microsecond. In our first investigations using this new cathode configuration we found that the microwave pulse length generated from a long pulse BWO increased somewhat compared to the case when a traditional annular `cookie-cutter' cathode was used. We attribute this pulse lengthening to the hypothesis that the disk cathode generates a relativistic electron beam that is less likely to radially expand, thereby minimizing wall interception and the generation of unwanted plasma. In this paper we describe details of work- in-progress relating to a comparison of microwave generation from a disk cathode and annular cathode in a long-pulse BWO.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of freeze-thaw events on mineralization of soil nitrogen

In humid regions of the United States there is considerable interest in the use of late spring (April–June) soil NO 3 − concentrations to estimate fertilizer N requirements. However, little information is available on the environmental factors that influence soil NO 3 − concentrations in late winter/early spring. The influence of freeze-thaw treatments on N mineralization was studied on several central Iowa soils. The soils were subjected to temperatures of-20°C or 5°C for 1 week followed by 0–20 days of incubation at various temperatures. The release of soluble ninhydrin-reactive N, the N mineralization rate, and net N mineralization (mineral N flush) were observed. The freeze-thaw treatment resulted in a significant increase in the N mineralization rate and mineral N flush. The N mineralization rate in the freeze-thaw treated soils remained higher than in non-frozen soils for 3–6 days when thawed soils were incubated at 25°C and for up to 20 days in thawed soils incubated at 5°C. The freeze-thaw treatments resulted in a significant release of ninhydrin-reactive N. These values were closely correlated with the mineral N flush (r 2=0.84). The release of ninhydrin-reactive N was more closely correlated with biomass N (r 2=0.80) than total N (r 2=0.65). Our results suggest that freeze-thaw events in soil disrupt microbial tissues in a similar way to drying and re-wetting or chloroform fumigation. Thus the level of mineral N released was directly related to the soil microbial biomass. We conclude that net N mineralization following a spring thaw may provide a significant portion of the total NO 3 − present in the soil profile.
Replication results for certain combinatorial configurations

Using matrix theoretic methods, bounds are obtained on the number of replications in certain combinatorial designs, some of which generalize previous results for multiplicative designs and @l-designs.
Two- and Three-Dimensional EBSD Measurement of Dislocation Density in Deformed Structures

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques have been used to measure the dislocation density tensor for various materials. Orientation data are typically obtained over a planar array of measurement positions and the minimum dislocation content required to produce the observed lattice curvature is calculated as the geometrically necessary (or excess) dislocation density. The present work shows a comparison of measurements in two-dimensions and three-dimensions using a dual beam instrument (focused ion beam, electron beam) to obtain the data. The two-dimensional estimate is obviously lower than that obtained from three-dimensional data since the 2D analysis necessarily assumes that the third dimension has no curvature in the lattice. Effects of the free-surface on EBSD measurements are discussed in conjunction with comparisons against X-ray microdiffraction experiments and a discrete dislocation dynamics model. It is observed that the EBSD measurements are sensitive to free-surface effects that may yield dislocation density observations that are not consistent with that of the bulk material.
‘Technopolises’ as a policy goal: a morphological study of the Wissenschaftsstadt Ulm

Abstract Our paper discusses whether so-called ‘Technopolises’ can be considered a goal of technology policy in order to further — mainly industrial — technological progress. First we investigate how the modern theory of innovation suggests a systems view of innovative activities. A major finding here is that cooperation among competing and non-competing firms within networks is a major source of technological innovation. Having in mind the famous example of Silicon Valley, policy makers attempt to construct such networks. In the second part we investigate whether the Wissenschaftsstadt Ulm (WSST), the first German technopolis, does morphologically fit into the theoretical frame developed in the first part. We show that already the fundamental construction and organization of the WSST could initiate a successful development.
Effectiveness of DTPA in Removing Plutonium from the Pig.

A single intravenous dose of diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) one hour after Pu administration resulted in excretion of approximately 90% of the plutonium. As compared with untreated controls, retention of Pu in the skeleton was reduced by a factor of 10 and retention in the liver was reduced by a factor of 30. Two pigs treated with 5 consecutive daily injections of DTPA excreted 11 and 19% of the Pu injected 60 days prior to treatment. (auth)
Phase transitions and the molecular mechanism of contraction

In this paper, the rotating cross-bridge mechanism for muscle contraction is discussed and much contradictory evidence is put forward. As an alternative, a model is given in which the motor of muscle contraction is placed in the myosin-rod hinge and/or in the actin filament. No definite choice for one of the proposed models can be made yet, although it is clear that some kind of phase transition plays an important role in the mechanism.
Obesity and Inflammation: Lessons From Bariatric Surgery

Background: Obesity is associated with a series of comorbid conditions that are characterized by an inflammatory state. The purpose of this review is to update knowledge about obesity, adipose tissue, and inflammation. Methods: Review of the published literature using search terms of adipose, inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance in combinations. Results: Adipose tissue elaborates proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, with greater secretion from the stromal vascular fraction than from adipocytes and with greater secretion from visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue sites. This proinflammatory state is associated with insulin resistance and ameliorated by weight loss, with concurrent increase in production of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. Conclusion: Although these associations between obesity and inflammation are clearly important, many questions remain unresolved. It is unclear if benefits of weight loss pertain only to those with a proinfl...
Earth science: just add more water.

Data from a different technique for probing events within the Earth, interpreted in terms of a new hypothesis about the effects of water at depth, raise tantalizing questions about recycling of a tectonic plate.
Isotropic−Nematic Phase Transition of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Strong Acids

We present the first quantitative assessment of the maximum amount of nanotubes that can exist in the isotropic phase ( ) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in Bronsted−Lowry acids. We employ a centrifugation technique in conjunction with UV−vis−nIR spectroscopy to quantify , which is also the critical concentration of the isotropic−nematic transition of SWNTs in strong acids. Centrifugation of biphasic dispersions of SWNTs, that is, acid dispersions consisting of an isotropic phase in equilibrium with an ordered nematic liquid crystalline phase, results in a clear phase separation, where the isotropic phase is supernatant. Dilution of the isotropic phase with a known amount of acid followed by UV−vis−nIR absorbance measurements yields , that is, the maximum concentration of SWNTs that can exist in the isotropic phase in a given acid for a given SWNTs' length distribution. At low SWNT concentration (below 200 ppm) in superacids, light absorbance in the range from 400 to 1400 nm scales linearly with...
Peritoneal dialysis indices: Weekly CrCl and weekly Kt/Vurea are linked

Abstract Peritoneal dialysis uses a biological “membrane,” the peritoneum, to control solute movement between the patient and the dialysate. Equilibrium thermodynamic models predict that the movement of small molecules across the peritoneum will be restricted in proportion to their permeability indices, the available membrane surface area, and the solute concentration gradient between plasma water and dialysate. During peritoneal dialysis, the membrane surface area, dialysate flow, and solute concentration gradients are quite similar for small solutes such as creatinine and urea. Hence, the clearances of creatinine and urea should be proportional to one another in a ratio equal to that of their membrane permeabilities; if that ratio is known, a peritoneal creatinine clearance could be derived for any known peritoneal urea clearance, and vice versa. Analysis of patient data supports this hypothesis and suggests that if disparate normalization procedures are avoided, peritoneal dialysis patients without residual renal function will have difficulty consistently attaining the weekly normalized creatinine clearance of > or =60 L/1.73 m2 recommended by the National Kidney Foundation-Dialysis Outcomes Quality Indicators (NKF-DOQI) without achieving a weekly Kt/Vurea of > or =2.5. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Mar;31(3):495-501)
Nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia is mediated via ascending spinal dorsal column projections

Peripheral nerve injury produces signs of neuropathic pain including tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, sensory modalities which may be associated with different neuronal pathways. Studies of spinally-transected, nerve-injured rats have led to suggestions that thermal hyperalgesia may be mediated predominately through local spinal circuitry whereas ascending input to supraspinal sites is critical to the manifestation of tactile allodynia. Here, the nature of ascending spinal input mediating tactile allodynia was explored using selective spinal lesions. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and ipsilateral or contralateral (relative to the SNL side) lesions including spinal hemisections and bilateral and unilateral dorsal column lesions. The rats were maintained in a sling and monitored for tactile allodynia by measuring withdrawal thresholds to probing with von Frey filaments 24 h after the hemisection. Rats receiving dorsal column lesions demonstrated no motor deficits while rats receiving spinal hemisection showed paralysis of the paw which nevertheless responded to strong noxious stimulation. Spinal hemisection ipsilateral, but not contralateral, to SNL completely abolished tactile allodynia while maintaining spinal nocifensive reflexes to noxious pinch. Bilateral and ipsilateral dorsal column lesions blocked tactile allodynia while contralateral dorsal column lesions did not. Administration of lidocaine into the nucleus gracilis ipsilateral to SNL also blocked tactile allodynia, but did not alter thermal hyperalgesia in SNL rats or increase thermal nociceptive responses in sham-operated rats. Lidocaine microinjected into the contralateral nucleus gracilis produced no changes in responses to tactile or thermal stimuli in either group. These results indicate that tactile allodynia after peripheral nerve injury is dependent upon inputs to supraspinal sites. Furthermore, it is apparent that afferent signals interpreted as tactile allodynia course through the ipsilateral dorsal columns and are relayed through the nucleus gracilis. This neuronal pathway is consistent with the interpretation that tactile allodynia pursuant to peripheral nerve injury is transmitted to the central nervous system by means of large diameter, myelinated fibers.
THREE GENERATIONS OF HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA (HC)

Hepatic porphyrias, disorders of heme synthesis, are rarely diagnosed in childhood. Two of three sons, ages 15 and 17 years, of a woman with longstanding neuromuscular disabilities eventually recognized to be associated with high urinary and fecal coproporphyrin (copro-P) exhibited similar biochemical findings. One son, DT, shows the typical porphyrin excretion pattern, whereas WT has only coproporphyrinuria. The mother took oral contraceptives over 10 years. How hormonal, nutritional and pharmacological factors contribute to the onset and clinical severity of the enzymatic defects in the porphyrias is not known. HC is rarely recorded (∼ 30 reported cases); to our knowledge the youngest was 10 years old. Thus, the incidence of latent carriers at risk is unknown.
An experimental investigation into impinging forced convection heat transfer from stationary isothermal circular disks

Extensive experimental and theoretical research has been conducted for forced convection heat transfer over many different geometries as indicated by dimensionless correlations presented in current heat transfer textbooks [1,2]. A geometry that is largely missing from these extensive lists is that of a simple circular disk, which is an important geometry when considering the cooling of disk-shaped electronic components and silicon wafers, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers with diskand-doughnut baffles [3], to name just a few. Some research has been performed with forced, natural and combined forced and natural (mixed) convection over stationary circular disks with the disk-axis perpendicular to the direction of the fluid flow [4] (crossflow). Research is also available in the archival literature involving a jet impinging locally on a stationary disk surface [5–7], as well as on one that is rotating [8,9]. However, no research exists, to the best knowledge of these authors, dealing with forced convection over a stationary threedimensional disk geometry with the disk-axis parallel to the direction of fluid flow (impinging flow). The difference between the characteristics of crossflow forced convection and that due to impinging flow is worthy of
Enhancing instruction in the practice of chemistry with the computer-assisted interactive videodisc

Abstract Computer-assisted videodisc lessons incorporating highly interactive laboratory simulations and tutorials are being used to provide individualized laboratory instruction to introductory chemistry students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The lessons prepare students for laboratory work and aid them in learning the concepts of chemistry.
The Revolution in Mathematics

To summarize, then, we have seen how mathematics has undergone revolutionary changes and an explosive development during the twentieth century; we have seen how it has simultaneously multiplied its...
Chemisorption of oxygen on Ni(100) by SIMS and XPS

Abstract The interaction of oxygen with a clean Ni(100) surface at room temperature has been studied using the static mode of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The O − yield as a function of coverage shows a fast adsorption at low coverage followed by a slow oxygen uptake between ∼1 and 8 L due to the low sticking coefficient of oxygen in this region. Before the O − intensity reaches its maximum at ∼300 L, a second plateau between ∼40 L and 50 L appears.The p(2 × 2) and c(2 × 2) LEED structures can be associated with the two plateau regions. At saturation two states of oxygen are apparent since XPS spectra show a doublet O 1s structure with peaks at 529.7 and 531.3 eV (peak height ratio of 3) which are correlated with NiO and Ni 2 O 3 , “defect oxide”, respectively. The Ni 2p 3 2 line with a binding energy of 852.8 eV is not altered by the adsorbed oxygen species, but strong changes are observed due to the formation of the NiO layer. Beside O − ions, the following secondary ions have been detected and investigated with SIMS: O 2 − , O + , O 2 + , Ni + , Ni 2 + , Ni 3 + , NiO − , NiO 2 − , Ni 2 O 3 − , NiO + , and Ni 2 O + . The dependence of Ni 2 + , and Ni 3 + , on the oxidation process yields evidence for the importance of the local atomic environment of the surface Ni atoms on the formation of these ions. Relatively high O 2 − , yields at low oxygen coverage suggest that O atoms do not migrate far from each other after chemisorption. NiO 2 − , and Ni 2 O + , are enhanced relative to NiO − , and NiO + , in the region when c(2 × 2) is formed. Ni 2 O 3 − , may be associated with the Ni 2 O 3 defect oxide. Comparison of results to recent calculations of secondary particle emission supports both close proximity requirements and formation of the molecular clusters by formation above the surface plane.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity against Tuberculosis: Implications for Vaccine Development

There is an urgent need for new and better vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Current vaccine design strategies are generally focused on the enhancement of cell-mediated immunity. Antibody-based approaches are not being considered, mostly due to the paradigm that humoral immunity plays little role in the protection against intracellular pathogens. Here, we reappraise and update the increasing evidence for antibody-mediated immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discuss the complexity of antibody responses to mycobacteria, and address mechanism of protection. Based on these findings and discussions, we challenge the common belief that immunity against M. tuberculosis relies solely on cellular defense mechanisms, and posit that induction of antibody-mediated immunity should be included in TB vaccine development strategies.
Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective To examine the techniques, reported experiences, and advantages and disadvantages associated with the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Design We review the endovascular techniques used for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms and the sequelae of subarachnoid hemorrhage, which have evolved during the past 10 years. Material and Methods Two broad categories of endovascular therapy for intracranial aneurysms are described: occlusion of the parent artery and preservation of the parent artery by selective occlusion of the aneurysm with balloons or metallic coils. The Mayo protocol for testing tolerance of patients before permanent balloon occlusion of the parent artery is described, as are the types of aneurysms most amenable to this treatment. In addition, use of balloon angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage is reviewed. Results Recent improvements in microcatheter technology have facilitated the safe navigation of percutaneously introduced catheters in the intracranial circulation and selective catheterization of intracranial aneurysms. Surgically difficult aneurysms are now being treated with endovascular techniques more frequently than in the past. Early results from animal experiments and human trials have shown that selective occlusion of aneurysms with metallic coils may have a role in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Balloon angioplasty of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm has demonstrated improvement in neurologic function in approximately 70% of patients. Conclusion As technology continues to improve and as greater experience is obtained, interventional neuroradiologists will continue to have an increasingly important role in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.
Three-dimensional measurement of fluid flow by steroscopic tracking

Convective motion in fluid dynamics and heat transfer is the most important phenomenon to be understood since it can greatly influence the performances of fluid and heat transfer systems in various manners. With the advances of modern technologies, new diagnostics for mapping 3D convective flow is veyr necessary for fundamentals of flow physics. Especially, modern computational modeling has been greatly advanced to demand 3D convective-flow diagnostics in order to verify and tune the methodologies and approaches. Conventional velocimetry is either pointwise or 2D. If available, 3D gross-field velocimetry can allow us unprecedented physical insight as well as the needed data for validation of numerical codes and understanding of funamental flow physics. In an effort to meet the need of 3D flow diagnostics, we have developed stereoscopic tracking velocimetry (STV). STV is based on the simultaneous stereoscopic monitoring of numerous particles dispersed in a carrier fluid. It can thus provide time-sequence velocity maps of an entire flow field. Here we briefly present the methodology of STV and its experimental measurement results of 3D flow fields including the traditional flow involving a free jet and the directional solidification for material processing.
Changes in blood pressure during isometric contractions to fatigue in the cat after brain stem lesions: effects of clonidine

Study objective – The aim was to determine whether areas in the periaqueductal grey matter, medial dorsal raphe, or ventrolateral medulla might be involved with the integration of blood pressure and heart rate during isometric exercise. Design – Cats were anaesthetised with α chloralose (75 mg·kg−1) and catheters inserted into the right jugular vein and carotid artery. Isometric contractions were generated using a microprocessor controlled stimulator and sleeve electrode around the tibial nerve. Bilateral lesions were made in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter (P1.0, LR 2.0, HD + 1.5 mm) or two sites in the ventrolateral medulla (P12.0, RL 2.0, HD -10 mm; or P12.0, RL 2.0, HD -8.5 mm). Lesions were also made in the medial dorsal raphe nuclei (P1.0, RL 0.0, HD +1.5 mm). Clonidine was injected into the cerebral aqueduct to determine whether it would exert an antipressor effect during muscle contraction after the lesions were made. Only one site of lesion was made in a group of animals. Bilateral injections of clonidine (250 ng in 0.5 μ l) were made into the intact ventrolateral medulla (P11.5, RL 4.0, HD -8.5 mm) to explore its role further. Fatiguing contractions were performed before and after the lesions were made, or clonidine was injected, and changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Verification of the lesion sites or the microinjection sites, and the extent of the lesion or spread of the clonidine, was made from histological examination of brain tissue after each experiment. Experimental material – Adult cats of either sex, n = 20, weight 2.4 (SD 0.4) kg, were used. Measurements and main results – Fatiguing isometric contractions in control conditions caused mean arterial pressure to increase by 45-50 mm Hg and heart rates by 20-25 beats·min−1. Bilateral lesions in the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter did not alter resting mean arterial pressure but attenuated the pressor response during contractions. Injections of clonidine into the cerebral aqueduct had no further antipressor effects after the lesions. Lesions of the medial dorsal raphe nuclei or injections of clonidine into the intact medial dorsal raphe nuclei did not affect the pressor response to fatiguing isometric contractions. Injections of clonidine into the intact ventrolateral medulla eliminated the pressor response to isometric contractions. Bilateral lesions of the ventrolateral medulla near the rostral lateral border of the inferior olivary tract nuclei (P12.0, LR 2.0, HD -10 mm) also attenuated the muscle pressor response, while subsequent injections of clonidine into the cerebral aqueduct depressed the changes in blood pressure further. Conclusions – Ergoreceptor information may be processed through the periaqueductal grey matter through the ventrolateral medulla to control arterial blood pressure during isometric exercise to fatigue.
Matrix protected organic matter in a river dominated margin: A possible mechanism to sequester terrestrial organic matter?

The provenance of organic matter in surface sediments from the northern Gulf of Mexico was investigated by analyzing the compositions of lipid biomarkers (n-alkanes, fatty acids, sterols) liberated after a series of chemical treatments designed to remove different organo-mineral matrix associations (i.e. freely extractable, base-hydrolyzable, unhydrolyzable). Bulk analyses of the organic matter (carbon content, carbon:nitrogen ratios, stable and radiocarbon isotopic analyses) were also performed on the intact sediments and their non-hydrolyzable, demineralized residue. We found recognizable lipids from distinct sources, including terrestrial vascular plants, bacteria and marine algae and zooplankton, within each of the isolated fractions. Based on the lipid signatures and bulk compositions, the organic matter within the unhydrolyzable fractions appeared to be the most diagenetically altered, was the oldest in age, and had the highest abundance of terrigenous lipids. In contrast, the base-hydrolyzable fraction was the most diagentically unaltered, had the youngest ages and was most enriched in N and marine lipids. Our results indicate that fresh, autochthonous organic matter is the most important contributor to base-hydrolyzable lipids, whereas highly altered allochthonous sources appear to be predominant source of unhydrolyzable lipids in the surface sediments from the Atchafalaya River shelf. Overall, the lipid biomarker signatures of intact sediments were biased towards the autochthonous source because many of the organic compounds indicative of degraded, terrigenous sources were protected from extraction and saponification by organo-mineral matrices. It is only after these protective matrices were removed by treatment with HCl and HF that these compounds became evident.
Controversial neuroendoscopic Monro foraminoplasty in the management of isolated lateral ventricle in an adult

Abstract This report describes the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, imaging characteristics, and current literature regarding the minimally invasive neuroendoscopic treatment of a rare condition: idiopathic unilateral hydrocephalus presenting late in adulthood. This paper also addresses the current controversy regarding septum pellucidotomy and/or Monro foraminoplasty as mono- or dual therapies for UH. A 63 year old African American female presented with headaches, blurry vision, and gait instability for six months. She was referred for neurosurgical consultation after an MRI demonstrated enlargement of the right lateral ventricle with left septal deviation. The patient underwent endoscopic transventricular fenestration of an idiopathic membrane occluding the foramen of Monro, as well as foraminoplasty of the foramen of Monro and septum pellucidotomy. Postoperatively the patient had transient difficulty with short term recall that improved rapidly, and she was discharged home on postoperative day 2. Follow-up one month later demonstrated complete resolution of her headache, blurry vision, and imbalance, as well as continued improvement of her memory. At six months, she had durable resolution of hydrocephalus and no short term memory complaints.
Multiple intelligences, multiculturalism, and the teaching of culture

Abstract This chapter proposes new ways to teach culture in second language classrooms. By appealing to students' multiple intelligences in a multicultural setting, students will learn more about their own culture and the target culture. Beginning with the past, present and future of cultural objectives, the proposed objective is cultural process skills. To achieve that objective, the chapter reports the findings about multiple intelligences and suggests strategies for students' diverse needs. Since culture shock and change raise the affective filter, strategies are presented to soften and stretch students' minds to encompass ideas outside their native cultural boundaries. Using multiple intelligences as a basis for discovering cultures, students are more immersed in the target culture and therefore achieve a holistic understanding.
Medical Consultation for Surgical Cases in the Era of Value-Based Care

18. Wijeysundera DN, Austin PC, Beattie WS, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Outcomes and processes of care related to preoperative medical consultation. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(15):1365-1374. 19. Wijeysundera DN, Austin PC, Beattie WS, Hux JE, Laupacis A. Variation in the practice of preoperative medical consultation for major elective noncardiac surgery: a population-based study. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(1):25-34.
Signal analysis of whole-body shortening behavior in Hirudo verbana

The European medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, is a complex predator with a substantial repertoire of behaviors, most of which can be observed in the isolated nerve cord as “fictive” motor patterns. Each of the 21 midbody segmental ganglia of ~400 neurons is highly iterated and controls an individual body segment. Propagating behaviors (such as swimming, crawling, and shortening) rely on inter-ganglionic communications routed through connective nerves. However, for some observed behaviors, it is not known if the entire behavioral circuit is contained within each individual ganglion or if input from distal ganglia (> 2 segments away) plays a role in the resulting motor action and timing. Specifically in whole-body shortening (WBS), motor output is generated with left-right symmetry and propagates extremely rapidly towards the posterior of the animal, resulting in intense and rapid contraction of the body wall. Using en passant recordings (in which an extracellular electrode records all signals passing a specific location in the connective nerves) with extracellular motor neuron recordings, we have characterized the onset and latencies of WBS as a function of stimulation site. Our results indicate that WBS is primarily initiated locally and radiates outward with a fixed rapid propagation velocity. A possible explanation for the speed of WBS is the recruitment of the fast-conducting S cell network, which is known to conduct signals quickly enough to match the speed of WBS. However, our experiments reveal that lesioning Favre’s nerve to disrupt the S cell network results in a fixed delay past the lesion and no change to the propagation velocity. This suggests that pathways traveling through the lateral connectives may be re-recruiting the S cell network past the lesion. In order to identify the source of these neural signals, we use a novel application of the smoothed nonlinear energy operator to detect spikes and then class them by energy amplitude. The hierarchically classed spikes can then be removed from the data in an iterative process. This preprocessing improves our ability to separate sources in our highly overconstrained system. After separating our sources, superparamagnetic clustering is used to objectively sort spike sources. By measuring the variation in the timing of the sorted spike trains as a function of stimulus location and lesion presence, we hope to localize sources to specific ganglia. We will also use the observed patterns and timings to statistically characterize WBS for future experiments.
Altocumulus Lenticularis Clouds over Flat Terrain

(1982). Altocumulus Lenticularis Clouds over Flat Terrain. Weatherwise: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 131-133.
Draft Genome Sequence of Sulfitobacter sp. CB2047, a Member of the Roseobacter Clade of Marine Bacteria, Isolated from an Emiliania huxleyi Bloom

ABSTRACT We announce the draft genome sequence of Sulfitobacter sp. strain CB2047, a marine bacterium of the Roseobacter clade, isolated from a phytoplankton bloom. The genome encodes pathways for the catabolism of aromatic compounds as well as transformations of carbon monoxide and sulfur species. The strain also encodes a prophage as well as the gene transfer agent (GTA), both of which are prevalent among members of the Rhodobacterales order.
An acrosome reaction in natantian sperm

Sperm of the natantian Sicyonia ingentis are highly polarized with a conical cap and single spike extending from a spherical main body. The acrosome consists of a spiraled spike and two glycoprotein cap components: the anterior granule and the membrane pouches. During sperm-egg interaction, the spike is lost and the cap membrane folds back, exposing the two glycoprotein acrosomal components. At this point, the anterior granule lies directly adjacent to the oolemma and has replaced the spike as the anterior end of the sperm. Treatment of sperm with ionophore A23187 initiates the acrosome reaction, thereby facilitating the experimental sequencing of the reaction. The ionophore-induced reaction begins with the spike's loss of its spiraled nature, the appearance of filaments in the spike core, and the immediate depolymerization of the spike into a granular mass. As the spike retracts, the membrane pouches swell. The cap membrane in the area of the retracted spike ruptures and begins to fold back. As seen during natural sperm-egg interaction, the anterior granule becomes the new anterior end of the sperm after loss of the spike. Several known artificial activators of sperm were tested, but only the divalent cation ionophore A23187 successfully induced the acrosome reaction. The use of artificial seawater with different ionic properties showed that the acrosome reaction is dependent on the influx of Ca++ ions.
Pre-service teachers’ thinking on research: implications for inquiry oriented teacher education

Abstract Many teacher educators are championing inquiry oriented approaches that ask pre-service teachers to engage in a variety of activities including becoming critical consumers of research and participating in action research. What is largely missing from the literature is a sense of how preservice teachers think about research. This study attempts to fill in this gap, and by doing so considers how pre-service teachers’ thinking on research might inform approaches to inquiry teacher education. Our findings indicate that it may be helpful to investigate with preservice teachers what is research, to provide student teaching placements that support research as a form of inquiry, and to utilize action research as a bridge to more traditional forms of research.
pH and Tenderness of Broiler Breast Meat Deboned Various Times After Chilling

Abstract The pH and tenderness of broiler breast meat deboned 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 hr after commercial chilling were determined. The Pectoralis major muscles of Group 0 were deboned immediately after chilling, and held on ice for 24 hr, while front halves from Group 24 were held on ice for 24 hr after chilling, deboned, and the P. majors cooked. Time after chilling and deboning totaled 24 hr for all of the groups; for example, front halves from Group 6 were held on ice for 6 hr after chilling, deboned, and P. majors held on ice for 18 hr prior to cooking. The weight and pH of each P. major was determined at the time of deboning. Pieces were water cooked and tenderness reported as force to shear. The postchilling time prior to deboning had a significant effect on pH and tenderness. Breast meat deboned immediately after chilling had a significantly higher pH and required more force to shear than the other groups. The most rapid pH decline was noted within 1 hr of chilling. There were no significant differences in pH or tenderness after a 4 hr postchilling time prior to deboning.