cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Xoán González-Millán and the Present Uses of the Past: Notes from a Study on Exile

This chapter engages with the contributions of Xoan Gonzalez-Millan to the field of Galician Studies and, more specifically, with the uses of the past in the struggles within a contemporary field. The notion of “National Patrimony” is explored as an artifact meant to define the limits of a national identity to be imposed in the present, when this National Patrimony takes shape. I use Gonzalez-Millan’s reflections to problematize the construction of a Galician national identity as articulated by Galician exiled intellectuals in Buenos Aires, including Luis Seoane and Ramon de Valenzuela. They were part of a group strongly invested in re-enacting Galician History with the aim of finding the role to be played by themselves, as exiles from the Spanish Civil War, in the upcoming stages of the Galician nation.
Detecting Population-Differentiation Copy Number Variants in Human Population Tree by Sparse Group Selection

Copy-number variants (CNVs) account for a substantial proportion of human genetic variations. Understanding the CNV diversities across populations is a computational challenge because CNV patterns are often present in several related populations and only occur in a subgroup of individuals within each of the population. This paper introduces a tree-guided sparse group selection algorithm (treeSGS) to detect population-differentiation CNV markers of subgroups across populations organized by a phylogenetic tree of human populations. The treeSGS algorithm detects CNV markers of populations associated with nodes from all levels of the tree such that the evolutionary relations among the populations are incorporated for more accurate detection of population-differentiation CNVs. We applied treeSGS algorithm to study the 1,179 samples from the 11 populations in Hapmap3 CNV data. The treeSGS algorithm accurately identifies CNV markers of each population and the collection of populations organized under the branches of the human population tree, validated by consistency among family trios and SNP characterizations of the CNV regions. Further comparison between the detected CNV markers and other population-differentiation CNVs reported in 1,000 genome data and other recent studies also shows that treeSGS can significantly improve the current annotations of population-differentiation CNV markers. TreeSGS package is available at https://github.com/kuanglab/treeSGS.
INFLUENCE OF CONCOMITANT CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION AND COLLATERAL FLOW ON SINGLE CUTOFF INSTANTANEOUS WAVE-FREE RATIO ON INTERMEDIATE CORONARY LESIONS: RESULTS FROM A SINGLE-CENTER REGISTRY

The instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) is a coronary artery pressure index measured in the wave-free period of diastole in absence of hyperemia. FFR is thought to reflect the size of the territory the vessel provides, but there is limited data with iFR. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
Making Free Trade Fair

Philosophers have done very little work on what makes trade fair. Perhaps the most extensive discussion is Malgorzata Kurjanska and Mathias Risse’s article, “Fairness in Trade II: export subsidies and the fair trade movement.”2 In their article, Kurjanska and Risse consider the case for trade subsidies and the Fair Trade movement. They suggest that it is not permissible for developed countries to give their producers subsidies because doing so does not strike an appropriate balance between meeting the needs of the global poor and protecting domestic workers (Kurjanska and Risse, 2008: 34). Kurjanska and Risse also argue that the case for Fair Trade hinges, primarily, on whether or not it is part of the best development strategy for poor countries. They do not think Fair Trade is part of the best development strategy and, so, they believe purchasing Fair Trade certified goods is only acceptable because doing so does not constitute a large share of the market in traded goods. This chapter argues that the case against subsidies and Fair Trade Kurjanska and Risse present is much weaker than they make out. To the contrary, it argues that giving some subsidies and purchasing some Fair Trade certified goods may even be necessary to make trade fair. Section 11.2 starts by saying a few words about the normative framework Kurjanska and Risse adopt.
The Effects of CO2, CO and H2 Co-Reactants on Methane Reactions Catalyzed by Mo/H-ZSM-5

The effects of CO2, CO and H2 co-reactants on CH4 pyrolysis reactions catalyzed by Mo/H-ZSM-5 were investigated as a function of reaction temperatures and co-reactant and CH4 concentrations. Total CH4 conversion rates were not affected by CO2 co-reactants, except at high CO2 pressures, which led to the oxidation of the active MoCx species, but CHx intermediates formed in rate-determining C–H bond activation steps increasingly formed CO instead of hydrocarbons as CO2 concentrations increased. CO formation rates increased with increasing CO2 partial pressure; all entering CO2 molecules reacted with CH4 within the catalyst bed to form two CO molecules at 950-1033 K. In contrast, hydrocarbon formation rates decreased linearly with increasing CO2 partial pressure and reached undetectable levels at CO2/CH4 ratios above 0.075 at 950 K. CO formation continued for a short period of time at these CO2/CH4 molar ratios, but then all catalytic activity ceased, apparently as a result of the conversion of active carbide structures to MoOx. The removal of CO2 from the CH4 stream led to gradual catalyst reactivation via reduction-carburization processes similar to those observed during the initial activation of MoOx/H-ZSM-5 precursors in CH4. The CO2/CH4 molar ratios required to inhibit hydrocarbon synthesis were independent of CH4 pressure because of the first-order kinetic dependencies of both CH4 and CO2 activation steps. These ratios increased from 0.075 to 0.143 as reaction temperatures increased from 950 to 1033 K. This temperature dependence reflects higher activation energies for reductant (CH4) than for oxidant (CO2) activation, leading to catalyst oxidation at higher relative oxidant concentrations as temperature increases. The scavenging of CHx intermediates by CO2-derived species leads also to lower chain growth probabilities and to a significant inhibition of catalyst deactivation via oligomerization pathways responsible for the formation of highly unsaturated unreactive deposits. CO co-reactants did not influence the rate or selectivity of CH4 pyrolysis reactions on Mo/H-ZSM-5; therefore, CO formed during reactions of CO2/CH4 mixtures are not responsible for the observed effects of CO2 on reaction rates and selectivities, or in catalyst deactivation rates during CH4 reactions. H2 addition studies showed that H2 formed during CH4/CO2 reactions near the bed inlet led to inhibited catalyst deactivation in downstream catalyst regions, even after CO2 co-reactants were depleted.
Continuous and Noninvasive Blood Pressure Estimation by Two-Sensor Measurement of Pulse Transit Time

Continuous and noninvasive monitoring of blood pressure is of vital importance in critical care. Its role in management of patients with or at risk of cardiovascular disease is ever increasing. Pulse-transit-time based approaches for estimation of blood pressure hold potential to provide a convenient solution, however there is a need to improve their accuracy. We employ a novel two-sensor technique using photoplethysmogram and piezo sensors for a more accurate measurement of pulse transit time (PTT). PTT is then mapped to arterial blood pressure via calibration process. We implement two different techniques for the PTT measurement. The first technique uses two pulse sensors, while the second technique makes use of one pulse sensor and one piezo element. Clinical data is collected from 46 subjects in the form of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure to provide a reference for the calibration step in two techniques. The results show decrease in error of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) for the second technique. The root mean square (RMS) error, measured for the calibration equations, reduced from 7.72 mm Hg to 5.26 mm Hg for SAP and from 7.07 mm Hg to 6.30 mm Hg for MAP. RMS error, measured by leave-one-out method, reduced from 8.45 mm Hg to 5.77 mm Hg for SAP and from 7.67 mm Hg to 6.90 mm Hg for MAP.
Assessing the Potential of Chitosan/Polylactide Nanoparticles for Delivery of Therapeutics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment

Patients diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) typically have a poor prognosis with limited therapeutic options. Due to the lack of common hormone receptors (estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors) on TNBC cells, therapeutics that target these hormone receptors are ineffective for TNBC. Thus, alternative modalities for treating TNBC are sought. Namely, nanoparticle-based drug delivery methods have been explored for cancer therapy, as nanoparticles are able to target tumor cells through means other than surface hormone receptors. Here, we fabricated chitosan (CS)/polylactide (PLA) nanoparticles to deliver tamoxifen, an anticancer compound, to treat TNBC. The nanoparticles were prepared via a solvent evaporation method and characterized using dynamic light scattering and FTIR. The encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release were measured at relevant physiological conditions. In addition, the viability of breast cancer cells was observed using Alamar Blue® cell viability assay, PicoGreen® DNA assay, and FITC Annexin V apoptosis assay after treatment. The average nanoparticle size for the tamoxifen-loaded nanoparticles was 146 ± 6.5 nm. TNBC cell death and cell cycle arrest was observed with increased drug-loaded nanoparticle concentration. The results of this work indicate that CS/PLA nanoparticles can be used as potential drug delivery vehicles to deliver anticancer drugs, resulting in increased efficacy for treating triple-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer that is resistant to and cannot be killed with commonly used cancer drugs. This is problematic as the cancer will continue to grow uncontrollably, leading to more patient deaths each year. African-Americans are diagnosed more often with aggressive forms of TNBC that spread throughout the body; however, TNBC affects people of all ethnicities. To counter this problem, we prepared small particles containing a cancer drug and evaluated the success of these particles to effectively kill TNBC cells. The drug is gradually released into the TNBC environment affecting how they behave, which in turn kills the cancer cells.
Exaggerated BMP4 signalling alters human airway basal progenitor cell differentiation to cigarette smoking-related phenotypes.

Airway remodelling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) originates, in part, from smoking-induced changes in airway basal stem/progenitor cells (BCs). Based on the knowledge that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) influences epithelial progenitor function in the developing and adult mouse lung, we hypothesised that BMP4 signalling may regulate the biology of adult human airway BCs relevant to COPD.BMP4 signalling components in human airway epithelium were analysed at the mRNA and protein levels, and the differentiation of BCs was assessed using the BC expansion and air-liquid interface models in the absence/presence of BMP4, BMP receptor inhibitor and/or small interfering RNAs against BMP receptors and downstream signalling.The data demonstrate that in cigarette smokers, BMP4 is upregulated in ciliated and intermediate undifferentiated cells, and expression of the BMP4 receptor BMPR1A is enriched in BCs. BMP4 induced BCs to acquire a smoking-related abnormal phenotype in vitro mediated by BMPR1A/Smad signalling, characterised by decreased capacity to differentiate into normal mucociliary epithelium, while generating squamous metaplasia.Exaggerated BMP4 signalling promotes cigarette smoking-relevant airway epithelial remodelling by inducing abnormal phenotypes in human airway BCs. Targeting of BMP4 signalling in airway BCs may represent a novel target to prevent/treat COPD-associated airway disease.
GENETIC MECHANISMS IN METAL-MICROBE INTERACTIONS

The genetic bases of the interaction of microorganisms with metals have been reviewed. Many microorganisms develop resistance to toxic concentrations of inorganic or organic forms of heavy metals by reducing them to elemental metal. Genes specifying such reduction steps have been shown to be plasmid-borne in several instances. Plasmid-specified resistance to cadmium, on the other hand, is due to reduced uptake of this metal by the resistant cells. Microorganisms are also known to accumulate certain metal ions, which are rendered innocuous because of their binding with the intracellular protein. This ability has also been shown to be due to plasmid-borne genes in some instances. Finally, plasmids have also been implicated in enhancing methylation of metals such as mercury. Although nothing is known about the genetic basis of metal leaching by the Thiobacilli group of bacteria, some areas where potential genetic improvements can be made with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are suggested.
Abstract 810: Structural and Electrophysiological Maturation of Human iPSC-Derived Atrial Cardiomyocytes to Serve as a Platform to Model Atrial Fibrillation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most globally common arrhythmia requiring treatment, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) are most ...
Sleep Oscillations and Psychiatric Disorders

Scalp-recorded EEG oscillations are rhythmic activities within a specific frequency range generated by underlying neuronal populations. In recent years, neuronal oscillations have been shown to be implicated in critical healthy brain functions, including memory, learning, and plasticity. Furthermore, numerous studies have established abnormal neural oscillations in neuropsychiatric conditions, thus suggesting the implication of oscillation-related underlying neuronal circuits in the neurobiology of those disorders. Sleep offers important advantages for investigating dysfunctions of brain circuits in neuropsychiatric patients. Sleep recordings minimize waking-related confounding factors, including fluctuation in attention, reduced cognitive ability, and presence of psychiatric symptoms. Additionally, the two main NREM sleep oscillations, slow waves and spindles, reflect the activity of complementary thalamocortical circuits. In this chapter we will describe the main characteristics of neuronal oscillations, including frequency and topography, with particular emphasis on slow waves and sleep spindles. We will then review the evidence for abnormal sleep oscillations in psychiatric disorders. Finally, we will discuss how these findings inform our current understanding of the neurobiology of brain disorders, and especially major depression and schizophrenia, and how future sleep studies may provide biological “signatures” to inform the diagnosis, prognosis, as well as treatment of psychiatric patients.
Iris Versus Skin

As was mentioned in previous chapters, the unique structure and characteristics of iris can be better understood by comparing it to the skin. This chapter is to consolidate the information on these differences and present it in a table in order to simplify the concepts.
Roles of fragment crystallizable-mediated effector functions in broadly neutralizing antibody activity against HIV

Purpose of review 'Broadly neutralizing antibodies' (bNAbs), are rare HIV-specific antibodies which exhibit the atypical ability to potently neutralize diverse viral isolates. While efforts to elicit bNAbs through vaccination have yet to succeed, recent years have seen remarkable preclinical and clinical advancements of passive immunization approaches targeting both HIV prevention and cure. We focus here on the potential to build upon this success by moving beyond neutralization to additionally harness the diverse effector functionalities available to antibodies via fragment crystallizable-effector (Fc) functions. Recent findings Recent studies have leveraged the ability to engineer bNAb Fc domains to either enhance or abrogate particular effector functions to demonstrate that activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity contribute substantially to in-vivo antiviral activity. Intriguingly, recent studies in both nonhuman primates and in humans have suggested that passive bNAb infusion can lead to durable immunity by enhancing virus-specific T-cell responses through a 'vaccinal effect'. Summary The combination of antibody engineering strategies designed to enhance effector functions, with the broad and potent antigen recognition profile of bNAbs, has the potential to give rise to powerful new therapeutics for HIV. We aim to provide a timely review of recent advances to catalyze this development.
Quitting social media: a qualitative exploration of communication outcomes

Qualitative interviews (N = 20) were conducted to investigate how individuals who previously used social media but had since quit perceived the benefits and drawbacks of nonuse. Findings from the i...
Andrew Koppelman's Proposal: A Lose-Lose Solution for Religious Liberty and Gay Rights

This is a critical review of Andrew Koppelman’s new book Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty: The Unnecessary Conflict. In it Koppelman assumes the role of a moderator brokering a compromise agreement regarding the issue of religious objections to providing products and services for same-sex weddings. This review evaluates the likely ineffectiveness of Koppelman’s proposed solution, along with the strategic downsides of such a compromise strategy from the standpoint of gay rights advocates.
Functional fragmentation in city hall and Twitter communication during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Atlanta, San Francisco, and Washington, DC

Abstract The organization of city government into specialized departments allows cities to accomplish an array of service delivery tasks. Government reformers argue this fragmentation creates coordination challenges when problems spillover the lines of specialized agencies. Functional fragmentation also poses coordination challenges for government communication with the public through social media. The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and COVID-19 disease provide an opportunity to investigate the consequences of functional fragmentation in city government for social media communication about public health and pandemic response. A comparative case analysis of three cities using data from city agency Twitter accounts and key informant interviews demonstrates the consequences of fragmentation for internal coordination, as well as public outreach. The experiences of Atlanta, San Francisco, and Washington, DC in the early days of the pandemic provide pragmatic insights for city officials and illustrate the theoretical importance of giving attention to whole of government approaches to city social media communication.
Integrated Psychosocial Group Treatment: A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Harm Reduction and Preventive Approach for Patients with Chronic Pain at Risk of Opioid Misuse.

Objective To examine the benefits of an integrated psychosocial group treatment (IPGT) model for patients with chronic pain at risk of opioid misuse. Design This study was a small-scale, single-blinded, two-group randomized controlled trial. Setting Outpatient. Subjects Adults with chronic pain of >3 months' duration who were currently prescribed opioid medication and were at risk of opioid misuse. Methods Patients with chronic pain who were at risk of opioid misuse (n = 30) were randomly assigned to IPGT or treatment as usual. IPGT consists of six group sessions of psychoeducation, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and peer support. Participants were assessed at baseline, first follow-up at 6 weeks, and a posttreatment follow-up at 9 weeks. Outcomes included feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy. Data were analyzed with descriptive and multivariate analyses. Results All intervention components were delivered to 87% of the participants, and IPGT recipients reported a high level of satisfaction. Results of the multivariate analyses demonstrated nonsignificant improvements in pain severity (β = 0.22, 95% CI: -0.24 to 0.66, P = 0.35). However, we observed significant treatment × time interactions on pain interference (β = 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 6.65, P = 0.05) and pain catastrophizing (β = 2.74, 95% CI: 0.49 to 4.99, P = 0.02). Lastly, we detected no significant differences in opioid misuse (adjusted odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: -0.26 to 1.64, P = 0.16). Conclusion This study provides support for the IPGT intervention being acceptable and feasible for delivery in patients with chronic pain at risk of opioid misuse. Efficacy was achieved in pain interference and pain catastrophizing.
Mandatory Minimum Entrenchment and the Controlled Substances Act

Since their enactment in the mid-1980s, mandatory minimum sentencing provisions have been a prominent feature of the Controlled Substances Act. Observers argue that these mandatory minimum provisions generate unjustifiably harsh sentences for many federal criminal defendants convicted of drug offenses and significantly contribute to racial inequality in the federal criminal system. This essay describes another important characteristic of these mandatory minimums—their reach beyond cases in which they are actually charged. I call this phenomenon and its attendant institutional framework mandatory minimum entrenchment. Rather than conceptualizing mandatory minimums as a binary component of a defendant’s case that either applies or does not, I argue it is more realistic to confront mandatory minimums as a primary element in a larger sentencing framework. This essay first describes the emergence of mandatory minimums, which Congress added to the Controlled Substances Act roughly fifteen years after its passage. Part II describes how mandatory minimums were hastily created in response to political and public pressure. Part III explains how mandatory minimums then became entrenched in federal sentencing of defendants convicted of drug offenses. Entrenchment flourished as the mandatory minimums for drug offenses influenced the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s drug guidelines, to which prosecutors and judges are formally and behaviorally tethered. Part III then presents a case study that illustrates mandatory minimum entrenchment: showing that sentences for low-level, nonviolent drug defendants remained relatively stable despite a sweeping 2013 policy change that meaningfully reduced mandatory minimum charging in this group. The essay ends in Part IV, which calls on Congress to amend the Controlled Substances Act to either eliminate or reduce its mandatory minimum provisions.
Immunological Comparison of Pregnant Dahl Salt-Sensitive and Sprague Dawley Rats Commonly Used to Model Characteristics of Preeclampsia.

The pregnant Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat is an established preclinical model of superimposed spontaneous preeclampsia characterized by exacerbated hypertension, increased urinary protein excretion,...
Directionality of Electron Transfer in Type I Reaction Center Proteins: High-Frequency EPR Study of PS I with Removed Iron-Sulfur Centers.

A key step of photosynthetic solar energy conversion involves rapid light-induced sequential electron-transfer steps that result in the formation of a stabilized charge-separated state. These primary reactions take place in large integral membrane reaction center (RC) proteins, wherein a series of donor/acceptor cofactors are specifically positioned for efficient electron transfer. RCs can be divided in two classes, Type I and Type II and examples of both types, photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II), are involved in the oxygenic photosynthesis of higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae. High-resolution X-ray crystal structures reveal that PS I and PS II contain two nearly symmetric branches of redox cofactors, termed the A and B branches. While unidirectional ET along the A branch in Type II RCs is well established, there is still a debate of whether primary photochemistry in Type I RCs is unidirectional along the A branch or bidirectional proceeding down both of the A and B branches. Light-indu...
Analysis of the H(+)-ATPase and other proteins of the Arabidopsis plasma membrane.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of the H + -ATPase and other proteins of the Arabidopsis plasma membrane. The plasma membrane serves as a boundary between the plant cell and its environment and is the primary location for proteins involved in transport and signal transduction. Plasma membrane proteins have a wide range of structural and functional characteristics, with no single defining feature other than location. Most of the protein faces the cytoplasm or is embedded in the membrane, with only a minimal extracellular portion. In contrast, the receptor-like protein kinases contain only a single transmembrane domain, but have large cytoplasmic and extracellular domains. Lacking transmembrane domains, they may contain hydrophobic or lipidated regions capable of membrane association or may instead interact with membrane-anchored proteins. Ease of genetic analysis, not biochemical purification, has established Arabidopsis thaliana as an important model system for the study of plant development. Arabidopsis has a short life cycle and one of the smallest genome sizes of any plant, which facilitates the generation and screening of mutant populations, as well as the cloning of genes.
Adaptive sparse linear solvers for implicit CFD using Newton-Krylov algorithms

We consider the simulation of three-dimensional transonic Euler flow using pseudo-transient Newton-Krylov methods (8,9). The main computation involves solving a large, sparse linear system at each Newton (nonlinear) iteration. We develop a technique for adaptively selecting the linear solver method to match better the numeric properties of the linear systems as they evolve during the course of the nonlinear iterations. We show how such adaptive methods can be implemented using advanced software environments, leading to significant improvements in simulation time. Implicit solution methods play a critical role in compu- tational dynamics (CFD) applications modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with different temporal and spatial scales. We consider the solution of the classical problem of three-dimensional transonic Euler about an ONERA M6 wing using pseudo-transient Newton-Krylov methods (8). The majority of computation time in these simulations is spent on solving a large, sparse linear system at each nonlinear iteration, and the numeric properties of these linear systems evolve during the course of the non- linear iterations. In this paper, we develop an approach for adaptively selecting linear solvers to match more closely the evolving numeric properties of the linear systems. We discuss the instantiation of such adaptive methods using advanced software environments, and we report on experi- ments that demonstrate significant improvements in overall simulation time through adaptive methods. Section 2 contains a description of our transonic ap- plication. Section 3 describes the Newton-Krylov algorith- mic framework for the solution of such PDE-based CFD problems and its implementation using advanced software
Eugenics: Contemporary Echoes

Eugenics, the attempt to influence human breeding in the collective to ‘better’ human genetic stock, was popular between 1890 and 1938 in both the United States and Europe. Latent and subtle elements of eugenic thinking still persist in genetic screening and testing, and in genetic-marker profiles of criminal suspects in forensic science. Keywords: eugenics; human betterment; genetic screening
Interstellar Dust in the Solar System

Interstellar (IS) dust has been detected passing through the Solar System in the current epoch, and it is found preserved from the pre-solar epoch in meteorites and comet fragments.
Distraction produces over-additive increases in the degree to which alcohol impairs driving performance.

Rationale Research indicates that alcohol intoxication and increased demands on drivers’ attention from distractions (e.g., passengers and cell phones) contribute to poor driving performance and increased rates of traffic accidents and fatalities.
Gibberellin Phytohormone Metabolism

Gibberellin (GA) phytohormones are potent and complex diterpenoids biosynthesized by a phylogenetically diverse group of organisms. Originally discovered in the phytopathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, it is now appreciated that analogous metabolism exists in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Intriguingly, each of these broad groups of organisms appears to have independently evolved biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of these complex natural products. Our current understanding of the diverse GA metabolism in each group is presented here, with an emphasis on the characteristics, particularly relevant enzymatic type, that differentiate their GA biosynthetic pathways from each other. Furthermore, in plants GA biosynthesis shares steps in common with other isoprenoid and related diterpenoid natural products, and an overview is provided of the necessary metabolic integration as well as various catabolic process involved in breaking down bioactive GAs in planta.
‘Rushing the growler’: can rushing and working-class politicization in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

This study examines the working-class custom of “can rushing,” a.k.a. “rushing the growler,” which was the common saloon-era practice of carrying alcohol (usually beer) from a saloon in a pail for consumption elsewhere. The ubiquitous saloon served as one of the most contentious spaces between the middle class and a burgeoning working class during the Gilded Age/Progressive Era, and reformers attacked it as a blight on their communities and working-class drinking customs as a threat to a moral and orderly society. Reformers' efforts to restrict can rushing was part of a larger effort to impose middle-class control over workers' leisure activities and their parental prerogatives. For much of the working class the saloon and the cultural mores that surrounded it were a mainstay of their culture. While men were the primary customers of the saloon's interior, “rushing the growler” turned women and children into saloon customers as well. Reformers portrayed this practice as the lowest form of saloon patronage ...
A comparison of the skeletal effects of intermittent and continuous administration of calcitonin in ovariectomized rats

The study was designed to compare the skeletal effects of intermittent and continuous administration of calcitonin (CT) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Female rats were sham operated or OVX at 3 months of age and treated for 6 weeks with vehicle or salmon CT. Sham-operated control rats were injected subcutaneously with vehicle on alternate days. One group of OVX rats was treated with vehicle intermittently by subcutaneous injection or continuously via Alzet osmotic minipumps. The remaining OVX rats were treated with CT by either subcutaneous injections (16 U/kg) on alternate days or by continuous infusion via minipumps at a daily dose of 8 U/kg. OVX rats treated with CT continuously were mildly hypocalcemic compared with all other groups. The proximal tibial metaphyses of vehicle-treated OVX rats were osteopenic with a cancellous bone volume at only 28% of the vehicle-treated control level. This bone loss was associated with increased indices of bone turnover such as osteoclast surface, osteoblast surface, and bone formation rate. Cancellous bone volume in OVX rats treated with CT either intermittently or continuously was significantly higher than that of vehicle-treated OVX rats, but lower than that of vehicle-treated control rats. Treatment of OVX rats with intermittent or continuous CT significantly decreased all indices of bone turnover compared with vehicle-treated OVX rats. However, osteoclast and osteoblast surfaces of OVX rats treated with CT continuously were still significantly higher than those of vehicle-treated control rats. These results indicate that intermittent and continuous administration of CT had similar skeletal effects in OVX rats. Both treatment regimens depressed bone turnover and partially prevented cancellous bone loss in the estrogen-deplete skeleton.
A Force-Directed Scheduling based architecture generation algorithm and design tool for FPGAs

The derivation of efficient, custom architectures for implementing algorithms on Field Programmable Gate Array platforms presents several research challenges. We focus on the derivation of efficient streaming architectures from dataflow graphs, targeting multi-cycle, fully pipelined functional units. In this paper, we present a Force-Directed Scheduling based algorithm for deriving area-efficient architectures from dataflow graphs based on replication and critical path relaxation. We have implemented this algorithm in a design tool called CHARGER, which integrates schedule generation with post-schedule communications infrastructure generation and Hardware Description Language generation. We compare the performance of our algorithm against that of a traditional Force-Directed Scheduling approach by generating architectures from algorithms selected from embedded computing and scientific computing.
Shikimate-derived metabolites. 10. Synthetic studies on the biosynthesis of para-aminobenzoic acid.

Abstract The total synthesis of trans -4-amino-3-hydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene carboxylic acid 7 , an hypothetical intermediate in the biosynthesis of p -aminobenzoic acid, has been achieved.
Expression and purification of recombinant human tyrosine hydroxylase as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli

Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine and is tightly regulated. Previous studies have shown it to be covalently modified and potently inhibited by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), an endogenous neurotoxin via dopamine catabolism which is relevant to Parkinson's disease. In order to elucidate the mechanism of enzyme inhibition, a source of pure, active tyrosine hydroxylase was necessary. The cloning and novel purification of human recombinant TH from Escherichia coli is described here. This procedure led to the recovery of ~23 mg of pure, active and stable enzyme exhibiting a specific activity of ~17 nmol/min/mg. The enzyme produced with this procedure can be used to delineate the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition by DOPAL and its relationship to Parkinson's disease. This procedure improves upon previous methods because the fusion protein gives rise to high expression and convenient affinity-capture, and the cleaved and highly purified hTH makes the product useful for a wider variety of applications.
Distribution of serum bilirubin conjugates in pediatric hepatobiliary diseases.

We used a highly specific method, alkaline methanolysis-high performance liquid chromatography, for determining the concentration and patterns of the unconjugated and esterified bilirubin fractions in the sera of pediatric patients with hepatobiliary disease. Bilirubin-protein conjugates were assayed using a new method that selectively removes bilirubin reversibly bound to protein, allowing measurement of the tightly bound bilirubin-protein conjugates by use of a diazo method. Fifty-two serum samples from children with varying bilirubin concentrations and diagnoses were studied. Whereas no conjugated pigment was detectable in the serum samples of healthy children or in individuals with Gilbert syndrome or Crigler-Najjar syndrome, bilirubin monoester and diester conjugates and bilirubin-protein conjugates were present in the sera of children with cholestatic liver disease, and accounted for 69%±15% of the total bilirubin in these samples. Bilirubin fractional analysis was incapable of differentiating extrahepatic biliary obstruction from hepatocellular disease, because of overlap between the groups. The presence of bilirubin-protein conjugates in serum always coincided with detection of bilirubin monoester and diester conjugates. The distribution of bilirubin and its conjugates in sera provides a sensitive, although nonspecific, measure of hepatic disease.
Endovascular management of secondary aortoduodenal fistula: the importance of gut restoration.

Secondary aortoenteric fistula (SAEF) is a rare, life-threatening complication of aortic reconstructive surgery. Graft excision associated with gut repair and extra-anatomic bypass or in situ aortic reconstruction is the best option. However, it is associated with high mortality rates, especially when undertaken in unstable patients with severe comorbidities. We present a case of SAEF successfully treated by endovascular repair and gut restoration. After laparotomy, a dense inflammatory “frozen” mass was found around the involved part of the duodenum and the aortic sac. Because of his comorbidities, the difficulty in dissection of the aortic sac and the risk of damage in adjacent organs, the initial plan for aortic reconstruction was abandoned. A surgical isolation of the third portion of the duodenum and a duodenum–jejunal anastomosis were performed. An Endurant endograft 32–16–16 mm (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) was implanted to achieve aortic continuity. Twenty months postdischarge, the patient remains in good general condition, afebrile, and with normal laboratory tests and inflammation markers. In high-risk patients, endovascular intervention combined with gut repair without further aortic reconstruction can be a permanent solution requiring, however, close surveillance.
Multifractal and intermittent nature of substorm-associated magnetic turbulence in the magnetotail

Abstract Analysis is performed on the magnetic field fluctuations for three events in the near-Earth tail to examine the multifractal and intermittent nature of current disruption. The three events encompass observations being made from very near the cross-tail current sheet center (neutral sheet) to some distance away from the neutral sheet. It is found that near the neutral sheet, the scaling properties of the components related to the intensity of the cross-tail current ( B v ) and the field-aligned current ( B d ) are similar. However, at some distance from the neutral sheet, the scaling properties of the components related to the global magnetic field reconfiguration ( B h ) and the field-aligned current are similar. The intermittency coefficient, which is different for components with different scaling properties, ranges from 0.18 to 0.42. This result implies that the intermittency correction needed to apply to the power spectral index for comparison with turbulence theory prediction is ∼0.06–0.14, which is significant in comparison with the difference required to distinguish between fluid and MHD turbulence.
First-Matsubara-frequency rule in a Fermi liquid. II. Optical conductivity and comparison to experiment

Motivated by recent optical measurements on a number of strongly correlated electron systems, we revisit the dependence of the conductivity of a Fermi liquid, \sigma(\Omega,T), on the frequency \Omega and temperature T. Using the Kubo formalism and taking full account of vertex corrections, we show that the Fermi liquid form Re\sigma^{-1}(\Omega,T)\propto \Omega^2+4\pi^2T^2 holds under very general conditions, namely in any dimensionality above one, for a Fermi surface of an arbitrary shape (but away from nesting and van Hove singularities), and to any order in the electron-electron interaction. We also show that the scaling form of Re\sigma^{-1}(\Omega,T) is determined by the analytic properties of the conductivity along the Matsubara axis. If a system contains not only itinerant electrons but also localized degrees of freedom which scatter electrons elastically, e.g., magnetic moments or resonant levels, the scaling form changes to Re\sigma^{-1}(\Omega,T)\propto \Omega^2+b\pi^2T^2, with 1\leq b<\infty. For purely elastic scattering, b =1. Our analysis implies that the value of b\approx 1, reported for URu_2Si_2 and some rare-earth based doped Mott insulators, indicates that the optical conductivity in these materials is controlled by an elastic scattering mechanism, whereas the values of b\approx 2.3 and b\approx 5.6, reported for underdoped cuprates and organics, correspondingly, imply that both elastic and inelastic mechanisms contribute to the optical conductivity.
Promoting Change in Secondary Schools

This writer offers four strategies for use by principals who would like to make their schools more responsive to change. The most successful prin cipals, he says, are those who estab lish systems to capitalize on change throughout the organization.
Weak Lefschetz for Chow groups: Infinitesimal lifting

Let X be a smooth projective variety over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero and Y ⊂ X a smooth ample hyperplane section. The Weak Lefschetz conjecture for Chow groups states that the natural restriction map CH(X)Q → CH(Y )Q is an isomorphism for all p < dim(Y )/2. In this note, we revisit a strategy introduced by Grothendieck to attack this problem by using the Bloch-Quillen formula to factor this morphism through a continuous K-cohomology group on the formal completing of X along Y . This splits the conjecture into two smaller conjectures: one consisting of an algebraization problem and the other dealing with infinitesimal liftings of algebraic cycles. We give a complete proof of the infinitesimal part of the conjecture.
Glucose catabolism in cancer cells. The type II hexokinase promoter contains functionally active response elements for the tumor suppressor p53

The p53 tumor suppressor is found to be mutated and abundant in a wide variety of tumors. Within tumors showing rapid growth, the Type II isoform of hexokinase is also highly expressed to facilitate high rates of glucose catabolism, which in turn promote their rapid proliferation. We previously reported isolation of the proximal promoter of the Type II hexokinase gene from the highly glycolytic hepatoma AS-30D (Mathupala, S. P., Rempel, A., and Pedersen, P. L. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16918–16925). Here, we show that a p53 protein, exhibiting two point mutations in its cDNA, is abundantly expressed in the AS-30D hepatoma. Co-expression studies showed that p53 overexpression significantly and reproducibly activated the Type II hexokinase promoter. Two functional p53 motifs were identified within this promoter by footprint and gel retardation analyses. Presence of functional p53 response elements on the Type II hexokinase promoter and the positive regulatory effect on the promoter by the mutant p53 indicates that in rapidly growing liver tumors, and perhaps in many other tumors as well, this highly abundant p53 protein plays a role in maintaining a high glycolytic rate. This is the first report of a possible link between loss of cell cycle control in rapidly growing cancer cells and their high glycolytic phenotype.
Synthesis of(E)7‐[[2‐[4‐(m‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐3α and 3β‐hydroxy‐1‐butenyl]‐5‐oxo‐1 ‐pyrrolidinyl]]heptanoic acids

The synthesis of an 8-aza-PGE1 analog, (E)-7-[[2-[4-(m-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3α and 3β-hydroxy-1-butenyl]-5-oxo-pyrrolidinyl]]heptanoic acids is reported.
Variation in Job Creation and Destruction across the States Through Boom and Bust: Could Minimum Wage Matter?

This study explores variation in the employment growth of US states between 2003 and 2010, by investigating factors affecting rates of job creation, job destruction, and net job creation separately. It considers the role of minimum wage within a context controlling for variables commonly used in growth analyses. It contributes to the minimum wage literature by taking into account the endogeneity of minimum wage increases. It finds that larger increases in minimum wages lead to significantly lower rates of job creation the following year, all else unchanged. The effect on net job creation is not quite statistically significant, however.
Motility of select ovarian cancer cell lines: effect of extra-cellular matrix proteins and the involvement of PAK2

The interaction between tumor cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins influences cell migration and the invasive behavior of cancer cells. In this study, we provide experimental evidence that collagen I and fibronectin affect ovarian cancer cell migration. In vitro wound healing assays and transwell migration assays were used to measure both total wound healing and directionality of individually migrating OV2008 and C13 ovarian cancer cells on glass, collagen I and fibronectin. Involvement of p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) in the motility of these cell lines was investigated using a chemical inhibitor as well as siRNA transfection. Culturing ovarian cancer cells on collagen type I (COLL) increased the migratory ability of OV2008 and C13 cells by increasing the directional migration of cells. In contrast, fibronectin (FN) decreased the migratory ability of OV2008 cells by reducing their ability to migrate directionally. When both cell lines are cultured on COLL and treated with increasing concentrations of a PAK inhibitor (IPA-3), there is a dose-dependent response such that there is a decrease in migration with an increase in inhibitor concentration. Further experiments utilizing PAK2 knockdown via siRNA transfection demonstrated significantly reduced migration of OV2008 cells on COLL as compared to those receiving control siRNA. In conclusion, our results indicate that FN and COLL affect the motility of the selected ovarian cancer cells lines and the effect of COLL is likely mediated, at least in part, by PAK2. A better understanding of the molecular events that contribute to tumor invasion and metastasis is crucial for developing novel treatment strategies to improve the long-term survival of women with ovarian cancer. As PAK2 is involved in motility, it should be further explored as a pro-metastatic gene in ovarian cancer.
MUC1 Knockdown With RNA Interference Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth.

MUC1, a tumor associated glycoprotein over-expressed in 95% of pancreatic cancers, has been shown to be associated with a worse prognosis. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of loss of MUC1 expression on pancreatic tumor growth. PANC1 human pancreatic carcinoma cells with stable “knockdown” MUC1 expression were created using a MUC1 specific short interfering RNA (siRNA). PANC1 cells with “knockdown” MUC1 expression had decreased in vitro proliferation compared with PANC1 wild type and control cells. PANC1-MUC1siRNA cells grew significantly slower in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice compared with wild type and negative controls. Our data suggested that decreasing MUC1 tumor expression by RNA interference may be a novel molecular approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Out on the street: a public health and policy agenda for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless.

A disproportionate number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience homelessness each year in the United States. LGBT youth who are homeless have particularly high rates of mental health and substance use problems, suicidal acts, violent victimization, and a range of HIV risk behaviors. Given the intense needs of LGBT youth experiencing homelessness, it is imperative to understand their unique experiences and develop responsive practices and policies. The range and severity of health risks vary across subgroups of all homeless LGBT youth, and because the population is nonhomogeneous, their particular needs must be identified and addressed. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review the causes of homelessness among LGBT youth, discuss the mental health and victimization risks faced by this population, address differences among homeless LGBT subgoups, and recommend effective interventions and best practices. The authors conclude by discussing promising future research and public policy directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en