cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deriving directions through procedural task analysis.

Task analysis is one of the essential components of activity analysis. Procedural task analysis involves breaking down an activity into a sequence of steps. Directions are the sequence of steps resulting from the task analysis (i.e., the product of the task analysis). Directions become a guide for caregivers or trainers use in teaching clients a specific skill. However, occupational therapy students often have difficulty in writing directions that are clear enough for caregivers or trainers to carry out. Books on activity analysis only provide examples of directions without giving guidelines on how to perform the writing process. The purposes of this paper are to describe the process of procedural task analysis and to provide a guideline for writing steps of directions.
Algebraic Models for the Cube Connected Cycles and Shuffle Exchange Graphs

Interconnection networks often constrain the performance of multi-cores chips or parallel computers. Cube Connected Cycles (CCC) is an attractive interconnection network because of its symmetry, small constant node degree and a small diameter. This paper develops an algebraic model for the CCC using the direct product of a cyclic group and a finite field. This model allows the use of powerful algebraic techniques to study the structural properties of the network. This paper exploits these techniques to find optimal paths in the CCC and to explore the relationships between the Cube Connected Cycles, the Shuffle Exchange and the deBruijn networks.
A Risk Model to Determine Surgical Treatment in Patients with Thyroid Nodules with Indeterminate Cytology

Thyroid nodules are present in 19–67 % of the population and have a 5–10 % risk of malignancy. Fine needle aspiration biopsies are indeterminate in 20–30 % of patients, often necessitating thyroid surgery for diagnosis. We hypothesized that developing a risk model incorporating factors associated with malignancy could help predict the risk of malignancy in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. We identified 151 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of follicular neoplasm (Bethesda IV) who progressed to surgery. We retrospectively analyzed demographic, clinical, sonographic, and cytological variables in relation to thyroid carcinoma. Of 151 patients, 51 (33.8 %) had a final diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. Papillary carcinoma was diagnosed in 34 patients (66.7 %), follicular carcinoma in 15 (29.4 %), and Hurthle cell carcinoma in 2 (3.9 %). On univariate analysis, younger age, male gender, tobacco use, larger nodule size, and calcifications on ultrasound, nuclear atypia on cytology, and suspicious frozen section were associated with the presence of malignancy. When determining odds ratios, four factors were most predictive of malignancy: nodule calcification [odds ratio (OR) 6.37, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.62–25.1, p < 0.01] and nodule size (OR 1.75, 95 % CI 1.19–2.57, p < 0.01) on ultrasound, nuclear atypia on cytology (OR 4.91, 95 % CI 1.90–12.66, p < 0.01), and tobacco use (OR 4.59, 95 % CI 1.30–16.27, p < 0.02). A multivariable model based on these four factors resulted in a c-statistic of 0.82. A multivariable model based on calcification, nodule size, nuclear atypia, and tobacco use may predict the risk of thyroid cancer requiring a total thyroidectomy in patients with thyroid nodules of indeterminate cytology.
High Order Vectorial Analysis of Waveguides With Curved Dielectric Interfaces

This letter introduces a novel full vectorial higher order finite difference method for the modal analysis of optical waveguides with smoothly curved dielectric interfaces. Based on a simple Cartesian grid, a new matched interface and boundary formulation is derived to enforce the interface conditions so that the staircasing error can be eliminated. Benchmark problems are employed to validate the proposed method. A fourth order convergence is numerically confirmed irrespective of the presence of the step-index interfaces.
What is Inherent Variability in Syntax

Ralph W Fasold, Georgetown University, LSA Annual Meeting Poster Session, 2010 Problem Variationist linguists typically insist that variation in language—more than one way of saying (more-or-less) the same thing—is inherent, that is, a design feature of language. Formal syntacticians concentrate on structures that are or are not possible, without taking an interest in which possible (near-synonymous) utterances occur under what conditions. Generative grammar allows for parameter setting, but it is sometimes not explicit exactly what one set paremeter versus another looks like in a grammar. Syntactic variation for variationists is often about selecting one form rather than another, like a WH-form, O or that in a relative clause (Tagliamonte, Smith and Lawrence 2005).
Computerized System to Predict Threaded Product Mismatch

The emerging use of metric-sized threaded fasteners in North American manufactured products has given rise to concern for inadvertent assembly of metric fasteners with dimensionally similar inch fasteners. To prevent the possibility of mismatched assemblies, it is necessary to determine which thread combinations can be assembled so that proper care may be taken with stock identification and handling procedures. A computer program called THDFIT has been generated to analyze any mismatched combination of Unified National threads, ISO metric threads, and ANSI-OMFS threads for determining the maximum possible degree of thread engagement and the resulting assembly strength. The logic of the computer program is described and the results of the analysis are presented.
Phase I trial of gemcitabine and CPT-11 given weekly for four weeks every six weeks

Summary occurred in one and three patients, respectively. Hematologic toxicity resulted in > 2 missed doses of treatment in two out of six patients and was therefore dose limiting at gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and CPT-11 125 mg/m2. Grade 3 and 4 diarrhea occurred in two and one patients, respectively. Other moderate non-hematologic toxicities included alopecia, anorexia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Conclusions: The maximum tolerated dose for this study recommended for phase II testing is gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and CPT-11 100 mg/m2. A partial response was seen in transi- tional cell carcinoma.
The Transfer Function

Many biological processes, especially those involving the functioning of the central nervous system, behave as self-regulatory devices or servomechanisms [34,44]. The pupil reflex to light is an example of such a process. This paper approaches the problem of a quantitative study of applying servoanalytic concepts and techniques [4, 11]. A servomechanism is an automatic regulatory device actuated by the difference of “error” between a desired or reference input and the actual value of output. A controlled quantity is maintained dependent upon reference input despite disturbances within and external to the system. A “loop” is formed as the output quantity is fed back to the input. In Fig. 1 a block diagram of a simple servosystem resembling the pupil reflex is shown. The amount of light flux falling on the retina is the controlled quantity (L C ). A reference light flux quantity (LREF) exists which is compared with actual light (L C ) falling on the retina. Any difference or error (L C -LREF) which occurs is measured, and it is this quantity which actuates the control system, or pupil neuromuscular apparatus. The control system then operates, varying pupil size and so changing controlled light (L C ) to reduce error.
Steady-State Theories for Drainage

Steady-state drainage theories since about 1955 are reviewed for ponded, artesian, and steady rain (or equivalent excess irrigation) water, when the water seeps into drain tiles, ditches or wells; or through dams. Reviews of work before 1955 are cited. The paper is primarily concerned with the presentation and examination of nine recently developed approximate theories for the seepage of steady rainfall into drain tile or ditches when the soil to be drained is underlain by a barrier at finite depth; in the last third of the paper an exact theory for this problem is presented.
A mentor for every student: One challenge for instructional software

Computational instruction provides engaging material for learners, personalizes instruction, assesses individual effort, and measures students' needs for assistance. Such instruction makes learning available and accessible, and therefore actionable. This paper describes two promising approaches for using digital instruction to personalize teaching. First, we describe computational instruction that adapts the curricula and computer responses to reflect an individual student's learning needs and emotions. Second, we report on data science for education that is used to reason about the dynamics of the knowledge process for an individual student and, on a larger scale, has the potential to improve research, evaluation, and accountability. This paper also describes MathSpring as an example online tutor that has made contributions to both research areas, based on several years of experimentation and real-world experience.
MULTIPLE COULOMB SCATTERING OF HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES IN NUCLEAR EMULSIONS.

Ilford G-5 emulsions were exposed to four primary proton beams of momentum 5, 8, 12 and 24 GeV/c at different angles in the same emulsion for the study of the scattering constant at higher cell sizes. The effect of higher-order differences has been considered along with the relative scattering method to remove spurious scattering. The results appear to indicate the necessity for a slight modification in the theory of multiple Coulomb scatterings at large cell lengths.
The regulation of myocardial perfusion in health and disease.

The regulation of myocardial perfusion is a multifaceted process with major roles attributable to metabolic and hormonal factors, to extravascular compressive forces, and to autoregulation. Understanding of these complex interactions is enhanced by a growing knowledge of the coronary collateral circulation and of the effects of cardiac hypertrophy and coronary obstruction on coronary reserve.
TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF PLASMAPHERESIS ON SERUM PROTEINS IN HORSES

The temporal response of blood and serum proteins to chronic plasmapheresis was determined in 8 horses used in a commercial antibody enterprise. Plasmapheresis of between 4 and 11 L induced significant decreases in total protein, albumin, and IgG values. With the exception of a high hematocrit value for the first postplasmapheresis blood sample, there were no changes in erythrocyte or leukocyte measurements, and no changes in the proportions of serum protein in an electrophoretic profile. Regression equations generated for recovery of proteins after plasmapheresis indicated a return to preplasmapheresis values of total protein and albumin at approximately 1 month. Complications of repeated plasmapheresis were not detected when plasma extractions were done between 7 and 19 times at 30-day intervals.
Cine magnetic resonance imaging: tomographic analysis of left ventricular function.

Cine magnetic resonance imaging has the attributes that enable its use as a method for quantitating the three-dimensional functional geometry of the ventricles. The completely noninvasive nature of this technique is advantageous for sequential studies needed to monitor evolution of cardiac disease and response to therapy. This article reviews the authors’ experiences with this technique for the evaluation of left ventricular and valvular function.
Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik von Digoxin nach chronischer und akuter Verabreichung

Obwohl zur Pharmakokinetik von Digoxin zahlreiche Untersuchungen vorliegen, die vor allem von Doherty u. Mitarb. (s. Ubersicht 1968) nach einmaliger Gabe des Tritium-markierten Glykosids durchgefuhrt wurden, gibt es kaum Studien wahrend repetitiver Anwendung von Digoxin. Derartige Untersuchungen wurden durch neue, empfindliche und praktikable Bestimmungsmethoden — wie den von Smith u. Mitarb. (1969, 1970) entwickelten Radioimmunoassay — erleichtert, die es ermoglichen, Digoxin direkt, ohne Einschaltung von Extraktionsverfahren in Blut und Urin zu messen.
Mimicking Photosynthesis with Electrode-Supported Lipid Nanoassemblies.

ConspectusThe grand scale, ultimate efficiency, and sustainability of natural photosynthesis have inspired generations of researchers in biomimetic light energy utilization. As an essential and ubiquitous component in all photosynthetic machinery, lipids and their assemblies have long been recognized as powerful molecular scaffolds in building artificial photosynthetic systems. Model lipid bilayers, such as black lipid membranes and liposomes (vesicles), have been extensively used to host natural as well as synthetic photo- and redox-active species, thereby enabling key photosynthetic processes, such as energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer, to be examined in well-defined, natural-like membrane settings. Despite their long history, these lipid models remain highly relevant and still enjoy wide practice today.In this Account, we share with the reader our recent effort of introducing electrode-supported lipid nanoassemblies as new lipid models into photosynthesis biomimicking. This line of rese...
Adaptive optimal output regulation via output-feedback: An adaptive dynamic programing approach

This paper studies the problem of adaptive optimal output regulation for discrete-time linear systems. A data-driven output-feedback control approach is developed via approximate/adaptive dynamic programming (ADP). Different from the existing literature of ADP and output regulation theory, the optimal controller design proposed in this paper does not require the knowledge of the plant and exosystem dynamics. Theoretical analysis and an application on an inverted pendulum system show that the proposed methodology serves as an effective tool for solving adaptive optimal output regulation problems.
Kinetic Theory of Electronic Transport in Random Magnetic Fields

We present the theory of quasiparticle transport in perturbatively small inhomogeneous magnetic fields across the ballistic-to-hydrodynamic crossover. In the hydrodynamic limit, the resistivity ρ generically grows proportionally to the rate of momentum-conserving electron-electron collisions at large enough temperatures T. In particular, the resulting flow of electrons provides a simple scenario where viscous effects suppress conductance below the ballistic value. This new mechanism for ρ∝T^{2} resistivity in a Fermi liquid may describe low T transport in single-band SrTiO_{3}.
Filtering Erroneous Soundings from Multibeam Survey Data

As part of its continuing efforts to improve data quality, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has recently implemented a "prefiltering" procedure designed to identify and remove erroneous or questionable soundings from multibeam sonar data collected in support of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone Bathymetric Mapping Programme. Since the start of the 1991 field season, a simple, yet effective, prefiltering algorithm has been incorporated into the standard post-processing software used aboard NOAA ships equipped with MicroVAX-based survey systems. In addition, the prefiltering routine is also being utilized as part of NOAA's current effort to convert its archive of older PDP-11 multibeam surveys to standard full-resolution "beam" format. The sounding verification criteria employed by the prefiltering algorithm is discussed in detail and statistical results from the first season of its implementation are presented.
Endotracheal tube malposition within the pediatric population: a common event despite clinical evidence of correct placement.

Purpose: To ensure that the endotracheal tube (ETT) is ideally placed for proper ventilation, radiographic confirmation of ETT placement is frequently used to supplement clinical examination in the intensive care unit setting. However, fluoroscopy rarely serves the same role during surgery, despite the fact that portable units are often present in the operating room. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the value of fluoroscopy in determining ETT malposition among the pediatric surgical population.
Poor Correlation Between Left and Right Ventricular Ejection Fractions in Patients With Normal Ventricular Function

Ejection fraction (EF) has been commonly used as a measure of cardiac performance. It is well known that EF is pre- and afterload dependent. Furthermore, in addition to left ventricular dysfunction, decreased right ventricular EF (RVEF) is an independent predictor of mortality (1–3). However, direct correlation between RVEF and left ventricular EF (LVEF) in the same patients has been studied in only a small number of patients with moderate to severe cardiomyopathy (4,5). Other studies (6) have been performed in selected patients, such as those with severe pulmonary disease, revealing a poor correlation between RVEF and LVEF. The goal of the present study was to evaluate any correlation between RVEF and LVEF in a large unselected population with low or normal biventricular functions who underwent blood pool scintigraphy for clinical reasons.
Pharmacokinetic basis for dosing high-dose methotrexate in infants and young children with malignant brain tumours

Aims No population pharmacokinetic studies of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) have been conducted in infants with brain tumours, which are a vulnerable population. The aim of this study was to evaluate HDMTX disposition in these children to provide a rational basis for MTX dosing. Methods Patients received 4 monthly courses of HDMTX (5 g/m2 or 2.5 g/m2 for infants aged ≤31 days) as a 24-h infusion. Serial samples were analysed for MTX by an enzyme immunoassay method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects population modelling. Demographics, concomitant medications and genetic polymorphisms were considered as pharmacokinetic covariates while MTX exposure and patient age were considered as covariates for Grade 3 and 4 toxicities. Results The population pharmacokinetics of HDMTX were estimated in 178 patients (age range 0.02-4.7 years) in 648 courses. The population clearance and volume were 90 mL/min/m2 and 14.4 L/m2 , respectively. Significant covariates on body surface area adjusted MTX clearance included estimated glomerular filtration rate and co-treatment with dexamethasone or vancomycin. No significant association was observed between MTX toxicity and MTX exposure, patient age, leucovorin dosage or duration. MTX clearance in infants ≤31 days at enrolment was 44% lower than in older infants, but their incidence of toxicity was not higher since they also received a lower MTX dosage. Conclusions By aggressively following institutional clinical guidelines, HDMTX-related toxicities were low, and using covariates from the population pharmacokinetic model enabled the calculation of a rational dosage for this patient population for future clinical trials.
Soft-switched Single-stage Isolated AC-DC Converter for High Power Applications

This paper proposes a soft-switched single-stage isolated AC-DC converter with a regenerative clamp circuit for high power applications. The proposed converter consists of a front-end diode bridge rectifier followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The regenerative clamp circuit is connected across the primary winding of the high frequency transformer. It provides seamless commutation for the current flowing through the AC side filter inductor and the leakage inductor of the isolating transformer. Additionally, it recycles the energy stored in the clamp capacitor back to the DC bus capacitor twice in a switching cycle. All the devices present in the converter and the clamp circuit experience soft-switching during both turn-on and turnoff switching transients. The combination of the soft-switching and regeneration operation provides very high power conversion efficiency. The operation of the proposed single-stage isolated AC-DC converter is demonstrated in a SiC MOSFET based 1.5 kW laboratory prototype.
Optimizing Cercospora Leaf Spot Control in Table Beet Using Action Thresholds and Disease Forecasting

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the dominant foliar disease affecting table-beet production in New York. CLS epidemics occur annually and, if uncontrolled, will rapidly lead to defoliation. In broad-acre production, season-long maintenance of healthy leaves is important to facilitate harvest by top-pulling. Fungicides are the dominant means of CLS control and applications are initiated at an action threshold of 1 CLS lesion/leaf. Regular fungicide application occurs thereafter without regard for scheduling based on weather-based risk. The current action threshold was evaluated with selected fungicides in two replicated field trials. Copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide and propiconazole significantly improved CLS control if initiated prior to infection. Pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole significantly reduced area under the disease progress stairs compared with other fungicides tested and was most efficacious when applications began at 1 CLS lesion/leaf. Six replicated field trials also evaluated the utility of scheduling fungicides on weather-based risk rather than a calendar approach. Two risk thresholds (moderate and high) integrating the accumulation of daily infection values based on temperature and relative humidity from a forecaster for CLS in sugar beet were evaluated. Applications of pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole were reduced from three to two by using the forecaster at either risk threshold compared with calendar applications without affecting CLS control. For propiconazole, the moderate risk threshold provided CLS control equivalent to calendar applications and saved one spray per season. Thus, there was substantial scope to reduce spray frequency by scheduling based on weather-based risk rather than calendar applications. The optimal risk thresholds for pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole and propiconazole were high and moderate, respectively. In these trials, periods of high risk occurred less frequently than moderate risk, increasing the reapplication intervals and, hence, represented a less conservative approach to disease management.
25.1 A Fully Synthesizable Distributed and Scalable All-Digital LDO in 10nm CMOS

Integrated LDOs cost-effectively enable fine-grain voltage regulation for digital IP blocks. A distributed LDO architecture, where a number of dispersed LDO units supply a single domain with shared power delivery network (PDN), has been recently proposed for point-of-load regulation improving both local IR-drop and transient droop response across the IP domain [1]–[3]. However, previous distributed LDOs used custom communication between a global controller and local distributed LDO controllers [1], custom communication between neighboring LDO controllers [2], and/or analog voltage sensors with associated shared $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{REF}}$ generation and routing [1]–[3]. This paper presents a fully synthesizable, Distributed, and scalable all-Digital LDO (D-DLDO) voltage regulator (Fig. 25.1.1) with the following salient features: (1) fast single-cycle voltage monitoring using a Digital Supply-Voltage Sensor (DSVS), (2) fast digital PID-based controller, and (3) APR-friendly and tile-able design without the need to generate or route any global or inter-LDO digital/analog signals. A test-chip is implemented with 9 DLDO units in 10nm CMOS (Fig. 25.1.7). Each DLDO unit, including its power gates (PGs), DSVS, and controller, was fully synthesized using standard library cells and industry-standard automatic placement-and-routing (APR) tools.
Xylose Assimilation for the Efficient Production of Biofuels and Chemicals by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Microbial conversion of plant biomass into fuels and chemicals offers a practical solution to global concerns over limited natural resources, environmental pollution, and climate change. Pursuant to these goals, researchers have put tremendous efforts and resources toward engineering the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to efficiently convert xylose, the second most abundant sugar in lignocellulosic biomass, into various fuels and chemicals. Here, recent advances in metabolic engineering of yeast is summarized to address bottlenecks on xylose assimilation and to enable simultaneous co-utilization of xylose and other substrates in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Distinct characteristics of xylose metabolism that can be harnessed to produce advanced biofuels and chemicals are also highlighted. Although many challenges remain, recent research investments have facilitated the efficient fermentation of xylose and simultaneous co-consumption of xylose and glucose. In particular, understanding xylose-induced metabolic rewiring in engineered yeast has encouraged the use of xylose as a carbon source for producing various non-ethanol bioproducts. To boost the lignocellulosic biomass-based bioeconomy, much attention is expected to promote xylose-utilizing efficiency via reprogramming cellular regulatory networks, to attain robust co-fermentation of xylose and other cellulosic carbon sources under industrial conditions, and to exploit the advantageous traits of yeast xylose metabolism for producing diverse fuels and chemicals.
Regional Redistribution through the US Mortgage Market

Abstract Regional shocks are an important feature of the US economy. Households' ability to self-insure against these shocks depends on how they affect local interest rates. In the United States, m...
Glycemic Control Predicts Severity of Hepatocyte Ballooning and Hepatic Fibrosis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Whether glycemic control, as opposed to diabetes status, is associated with the severity of NAFLD is open for study. We aimed to evaluate whether degree of glycemic control in the years preceding liver biopsy predicts the histological severity of NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using the Duke NAFLD Clinical Database, we examined patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD/NASH (n = 713) and the association of liver injury with glycemic control as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The study cohort was predominantly female (59%) and White (84%) with median (interquartile range) age of 50 (42, 58) years; 49% had diabetes (n = 348). Generalized linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, diabetes, body mass index, and hyperlipidemia were used to assess the association between mean HbA1c over the year preceding liver biopsy and severity of histological features of NAFLD/NASH. Histological features were graded and staged according to the NASH Clinical Research Network system. Group-based trajectory analysis was used to examine patients with at least three HbA1c (n = 298) measures over 5 years preceding clinically indicated liver biopsy. Higher mean HbA1c was associated with higher grade of steatosis and ballooned hepatocytes, but not lobular inflammation. Every 1% increase in mean HbA1c was associated with 15% higher odds of increased fibrosis stage (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.01, 1.31). As compared with good glycemic control, moderate control was significantly associated with increased severity of ballooned hepatocytes (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01, 3.01; P = 0.048) and hepatic fibrosis (HF; OR, 4.59; 95% CI, 2.33, 9.06; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Glycemic control predicts severity of ballooned hepatocytes and HF in NAFLD/NASH, and thus optimizing glycemic control may be a means of modifying risk of NASH-related fibrosis progression.
Evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of pesticides. 2. Methidathion.

The carcinogenic potential of methidathion, a dimethoxyorganic phosphorus pesticide and cholinesterase inhibitor, was evaluated by the Health Effects Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs using a consensus peer review process and the EPA's guidelines for risk assessment. Methidathion was categorized as a Group C (possible human) carcinogen based upon evidence of an increased incidence of benign and malignant hepatocellular tumors, alone and in combination, in a single study involving male Chr-CD-1 mice. The compound was not carcinogenic in female Chr-CD-1 mice in the same study or in Sprague-Dawley rats of either sex in a second study. Methidathion was not genotoxic in a variety of in vitro or in vivo tests designed to detect DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, gene mutations, and sister chromatid exchange. Although methidathion was identified as being structurally similar to two other organophosphate insecticides, prothidathion and lythidathion, no toxicological data were available on either of these agents for comparative purposes. The biological information on methidathion was reviewed by the agency's FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel who agreed with the category C designation for methidathion. The data were not found to be sufficient to quantify human risk to methidathion.
Explaining and Understanding Early Literacy

The last decade has brought a growing consensus on the range of skills that serve as the foundation for reading and writing ability (Neuman & Dickinson, 2011). To become a skilled reader, children need a rich language and conceptual knowledge base, a broad and deep vocabulary, and verbal reasoning abilities to understand messages that are conveyed through print. Children also must develop code-related skills, an understanding that spoken words are composed of smaller elements of speech (phonological awareness); the idea that letters represent these sounds (the alphabetic principle), the many systematic correspondences between sounds and spellings, and a repertoire of highly familiar words that can be easily and automatically recognized. But to attain a high level of skill, young children need opportunities to develop these strands, not in isolation, but interactively. Meaning, not sounds or letters, motivates children’s earliest experiences with print. Consequently, it is important to recognize that in practice, children acquire these skills in coordination and interaction with meaningful experiences. Given the tremendous attention that early literacy has received recently and the increasing diversity of the child population in most countries, it is important and timely to take stock of these critical dimensions as well as the strengths and gaps in our ability to measure these skills effectively. In the following sections, I describe the critical dimensions of early literacy and the implications for high quality practices in the early childhood setting.
A Screen of Random Sequences for those that Alter the Trafficking of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin In Vivo

In order to determine if the sequence patterns known to specify internalization represent the majority of possible internalization signals, we identified random sequences capable of causing a reporter protein to be internalized at least several-fold faster than the rate of non-selective internalization of membrane by clathrin-coated pits. A library of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, bearing short random sequences in place of the wild-type cytoplasmic domain, was prepared in recombinant SV40 virus. The library was expressed and screened for HAs that could internalize anti-HA antibody from the medium. The cytoplasmic sequences of the selected proteins were determined. From a small sample of sequences, we detected several that did not resemble those previously identified. The known internalization signals must represent only a subset of the sequences that can serve as internalization signals.
Thermal network analysis in MV GIS design

This paper presents our experiences of using thermal network analysis in the design and development of medium voltage switchgears. A thermal network model is created for a four-panel temperature rise test. The simulation result is compared to the measurement. Taking a GIS with a rated current of 2500A, a single phase simulation is done within a few seconds with a deviation as low as 2 Kelvin.
Intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn's disease and their healthy relatives

The healthy relatives of patients with Crohn's disease were previously found to have increased intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol 400. To determine whether the abnormal permeability is uniquely detectable by polyethylene glycol 400, we studied the intestinal permeability of three new probes (lactulose, rhamnose, and mannitol) in 25 patients with Crohn's disease, 41 of their healthy relatives, and 29 normal controls without a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with Crohn's disease had increased lactulose permeability when compared with relatives or controls. Lactulose absorption by patients with Crohn's disease was 0.41% +/- 0.07% (mean +/- SE), whereas that of their relatives and unrelated controls was 0.28% +/- 0.03% and 0.26% +/- 0.03%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the relatives and controls, but both groups differed from the patients (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.025, respectively). The patients' lactulose/rhamnose ratio was 70.5% +/- 9.2% vs. 37.2% +/- 3.3% in relatives and 40.6% +/- 5.7% in unrelated controls (p less than 0.0005 and p less than 0.0025, respectively). The two intermediate-sized probes, rhamnose and mannitol, did not detect permeability differences among the three groups. The inability of lactulose, rhamnose, or mannitol to detect permeability abnormalities in healthy relatives of patients with Crohn's disease suggests that these probes penetrate the intestinal barrier by routes or mechanisms that are different from those of polyethylene glycol 400. Lactulose, in particular, detects permeability changes in patients with intestinal inflammation, and polyethylene glycol 400 is able to detect permeability changes in the health relatives of our patients. These data indicate that permeability may be abnormal as a secondary result of inflammation, or as a result of a primary genetic abnormality.
Toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the mode of action of several well-characterized mitochondrial toxins, and discusses their effects in contrast with mechanisms of cell death in various degenerative disorders. The majority of known toxins specifically target components of mitochondrial metabolic pathways. The chapter describes the grouping of toxic agents in terms of their principal target site within the mitochondria, often reflecting effects on components of the mitochondrial respiratory system. In several cases, however, these agents have multiple sites of action because of their affinity for certain chemical moieties present in multiple mitochondrial proteins, demonstrated by cyanide's propensity for Fe 3+ containing enzymes which include both complexes II and IV of the electron-transport chain (ETC). The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) irreversibly inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, a metabolic enzyme that participates in both the tricarboxylic-acid (TCA) cycle and in complexes II–III of the ETC. Systemic administration of this agent to humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents results in central nervous system (CNS) lesions that selectively target subpopulations of striatal neurons, closely replicating the nature and regional specificity of pathological events seen in Huntington's disease (HD).
Trends and predictors of resection of the primary tumor for patients with stage IV colorectal cancer.

Background and Objectives Over 130,000 patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer annually, with approximately 20% presenting with unresectable metastatic disease. Recent consensus guidelines recommend against primary tumor resection for asymptomatic patients with unresectable metastases. Our goal was to examine the trends and predictors of surgical resection. Methods Cases of colorectal cancer with synchronous metastases diagnosed between 1988–2010 were identified using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Database. Associations between resection and clinicopathologic variables were sought using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Overall, 68% of patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer underwent primary tumor resection. Resection rates were as high as 76% in the earliest time period (1988–1992) and steadily dropped to 60% in the most recent period (2008–2010). Socioeconomic factors associated with resection on univariate analysis included age, race, gender, marital status, insurance status, and geographic region. Clinicopathologic characteristics associated with resection included tumor location, grade, size, and CEA level. In the multivariate model, gender, geographic region, insurance status, tumor location, grade and CEA level were independent predictors of primary tumor resection. Conclusions Surgical resection of the primary site remains common practice for patients with synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer. Treatment disparities are associated with socioeconomic as well as clinicopathologic factors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:911–916. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversal of Aging-Related Neuronal Ca2+ Dysregulation and Cognitive Impairment by Delivery of a Transgene Encoding FK506-Binding Protein 12.6/1b to the Hippocampus

Brain Ca2+ regulatory processes are altered during aging, disrupting neuronal, and cognitive functions. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, the Ca2+-dependent slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) exhibits an increase with aging, which correlates with memory impairment. The increased sAHP results from elevated L-type Ca2+ channel activity and ryanodine receptor (RyR)-mediated Ca2+ release, but underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Previously, we found that expression of the gene encoding FK506-binding protein 12.6/1b (FKBP1b), a small immunophilin that stabilizes RyR-mediated Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes, declines in hippocampus of aged rats and Alzheimer's disease subjects. Additionally, knockdown/disruption of hippocampal FKBP1b in young rats augments neuronal Ca2+ responses. Here, we test the hypothesis that declining FKBP1b underlies aging-related hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation. Using microinjection of adeno-associated viral vector bearing a transgene encoding FKBP1b into the hippocampus of aged male rats, we assessed the critical prediction that overexpressing FKBP1b should reverse Ca2+-mediated manifestations of brain aging. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR confirmed hippocampal FKBP1b overexpression 4–6 weeks after injection. Compared to aged vector controls, aged rats overexpressing FKBP1b showed dramatic enhancement of spatial memory, which correlated with marked reduction of sAHP magnitude. Furthermore, simultaneous electrophysiological recording and Ca2+ imaging in hippocampal neurons revealed that the sAHP reduction was associated with a decrease in parallel RyR-mediated Ca2+ transients. Thus, hippocampal FKBP1b overexpression reversed key aspects of Ca2+ dysregulation and cognitive impairment in aging rats, supporting the novel hypothesis that declining FKBP1b is a molecular mechanism underlying aging-related Ca2+ dysregulation and unhealthy brain aging and pointing to FKBP1b as a potential therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This paper reports critical tests of a novel hypothesis that proposes a molecular mechanism of unhealthy brain aging and possibly, Alzheimer's disease. For more than 30 years, evidence has been accumulating that brain aging is associated with dysregulation of calcium in neurons. Recently, we found that FK506-binding protein 12.6/1b (FKBP1b), a small protein that regulates calcium, declines with aging in the hippocampus, a brain region important for memory. Here we used gene therapy approaches and found that raising FKBP1b reversed calcium dysregulation and memory impairment in aging rats, allowing them to perform a memory task as well as young rats. These studies identify a potential molecular mechanism of brain aging and may also have implications for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Reflections on Brady v. Maryland

Part I of this Article describes the evolution of the Brady rule over the past forty-three years. Part I sketches the origins of the rule and its doctrinal developments. Part II closely examines Brady's impact on constitutional criminal procedure. Part II suggests that Brady's essential goal has been eroded by the courts, subverted by prosecutors, and ignored by disciplinary bodies. Part III proposes that only through expanding a defendant's right to discovery can the goal of Brady be realized. The Article concludes that Brady, more than any other rule of constitutional criminal procedure, has been the most fertile and widespread source of misconduct by prosecutors and, more than any other rule of constitutional criminal procedure, has exposed the deficiencies in the truth-serving function of the criminal trial.
Simulation-based design of protection schemes for shipboard power systems

This paper shows the development of a simulation based prototype system to facilitate the design of protection schemes for a new shipboard power system (SPS). The paper shows that by building on an existing state-of-the-art simulation package for power systems, a prototype system can be developed. This system can then be used to investigate the protection issues on the new system and develop new schemes. The use of existing models facilitates the development of the prototype, but incorporating new models into the program becomes the main issue. The paper shows that nevertheless this approach provides a very cost effective means of conducting initial feasibility analysis and determining prototype designs for a new system before actually building/developing the actual component or subsystem.
Behavioral Model of Chronic Tinnitus in Rats

An animal model of tinnitus was developed to study chronic salicylate-induced tinnitus in rats. Novel features of the model included oral dosing of salicylate, test stimuli that included a range of pure tones and silence, and assessment of tinnitus for several months. Experimental subjects were given sodium salicylate in their drinking water while control subjects received normal tap water. Subjects were conditioned to press a lever for food in the presence of continuous white noise. At random intervals, offset of the noise was paired with a noxious stimulus, resulting in cessation of lever pressing during the silent test periods. At other randomly scheduled intervals, a test tone was substituted for the white noise, unpaired with noxious stimuli. When the test stimuli were pure tones, the salicylate-treated subjects suppressed less than the control subjects. One explanation for this result is that the experimental subjects' sensations of tones were noisier than those of the controls because experimental subjects were experiencing tinnitus.
The research queueing package: past, present, and future

Queueing networks are important as performance models of systems where performance is principally affected by contention for resources. Such systems include computer systems, communication networks, office systems and manufacturing lines. In order to effectively use queueing networks as performance models, appropriate software is necessary for definition of the networks to be solved, for solution of the networks (by numerical, approximate and/or simulation methods) and for examination of the performance measures obtained. One of the most widely known and influential pieces of queueing network software is the Research Queueing Package (RESQ). This paper discusses the evolution of RESQ and plans for further RESQ development.
The Mixed Dirichlet–Neumann–Cauchy Problem for Second Order Hyperbolic Operators

Abstract A hyperbolic mixed initial boundary-value problem is investigated in which the Neumann condition and the Dirichlet condition are given on complementary parts of the boundary. An existence and uniqueness result in Sobolev spaces with additional differentiation in the tangential directions to the interface is proved by obtaining energy estimates and applying a duality argument. The goal is the eventual analysis by the Wiener–Hopf method of the asymptotic behavior of the solution near the interface.
States of matter inside the planets

Interiors of the Planets. By A.H. Cook. Pp.348. ISBN 0-521-23214-7. (Cambridge University Press: 1980.) £25, $59.50.
Effects of Pt Coverage in Pt@PdCu5/C Core–Shell Electrocatalysts on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Methanol Tolerance

Carbon-supported Pt@PdCu5 core–shell nanoparticles (Pt@PdCu5/C) with Pt contents from 14 to 49 atom % have been synthesized by first preparing the PdCu5/C cores by polyol reduction followed by an aqueous galvanic displacement reaction to obtain the Pt-rich shell. The effect of Pt coverage on oxygen reduction reaction and methanol tolerance was investigated. Pt surface enrichment has been confirmed by comparing the near surface to bulk metal composition. Initial cyclic voltammograms show less Cu dissolution from Pt@PdCu5/C with 49% Pt compared to samples with less Pt, consistent with estimates of Pt coverage. The methanol tolerance of the Pt@PdCu5/C series decreases with increasing Pt content as indicated by the negatively shifting CO oxidation potential. For Pt@PdCu5/C – 14% Pt, the positively shifted CO oxidation potential indicates the presence of surface Pd leading to increased methanol tolerance compared to Pt/C. Cu dissolution from Pt@PdCu5/C in the membrane-electrode assembly greatly affects the sin...
Clinical uncertainty of prostate cancer genetic risk panels.

![Figure][1] Mark Pomerantz, M.D. CREDIT: SAM OGDEN/DANA-FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE Over the past 7 years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed thousands of inherited variants associated with hundreds of phenotypes. To date, nearly 80 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Preparation of trimethylsilyl alkyne complexes of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium, (η5-C5Me5)2Zr(RC≡CSiMe3), and their regioselective reactions with nitrous oxide

Abstract Benzene solutions of Cp*2ZrCl2 (1) (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) react with the alkynes Me3SiC≡CPh, Me3SiC≡C(c-C5H9) and Me3SiC≡CCMe3 in the presence of Na/Hg amalgam to afford high yields of the respective alkyne complexes Cp*2Zr(Me3SiC≡CPh) (2), Cp*2Zr{Me3SiC≡C(c-C5H9)} (3) and Cp*2Zr(Me3SiC≡CCMe3) (4) as crystalline compounds. Complex 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with a = 9.791(6), b = 10.466(6), c = 15.756(12) A, α = 86.09 (5), β = 72.09(5), γ = 72.06(4)° and Z = 2. The least-squares refinement converged to R(F) = 0.0604 and R(wF) = 0.0628 for the 3655 unique data with Fo > 4σ (Fo). Salient metrical parameters of the bound alkyne include the following: C(30)-C(31) = 1.340(9) A; Zr-C(30) = 2.178(6) A; Zr-C(31) = 2.219(5) A; C(30)-C(31)-Si = 141.0(5)°; C(31)-C(30)-C(26) = 135.5(5)°. Nitrous oxide reacts with 2 or 3 to afford C p * 2 Z r ( O C R = ⎴ C S i M e 3 ) ((5) R = Ph; (6) R = c-C5H9) and 1 equiv. of N2 via an intermediate, C p * 2 Z r { N ( O ) N C R = ⎴ C S i M e 3 } , which is unstable with respect to loss of dinitrogen to give the oxametallacyclobutene derivatives 5 and 6. The oxygen-atom insertion is regiospecific for the Zr-C bond that is attached to the carbyl (Ph or c-C5H9) substituent. Under similar conditions, complex 4, in which the alkyne is particularly labile, gives a myriad of products in its reaction with N2O.
Agon and Ag Ec: Styles of Persuasion in Agricultural Economics

It is a tradition that these addresses be given by an outsider. I speak as an outsider in praise of agricultural economics. An outsider presuming to praise could be accused of condescension, but I assure you I come by a favorable opinion of the field honestly. I am practically an insider. Maternal relations own farms in Illinois, near Watseka. The same Roger Gray, of the Food Research Institute, whom President-Elect Johnston mentions in his paper, is my second cousin once removed. In England I have worked as an agricultural laborer. Once, in Vermont, I milked a cow. Ag econ is in my blood.