cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for two separate Ca2+ pathways in smooth muscle plasmalemma

The activation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle was studied by two most widely used vascular smooth muscle stimulants: α-adrenoceptor activation by norepinephrine (NE) and high-K+ depolarization. This was studied by measurements of isometric contractions and net as well as unidirectional Ca2+ fluxes. These parameters showed markedly differential sensitivities towards two smooth muscle inhibitors used in this study: D 600 and amrinone. By choosing an appropriate concentration of D 600 or amrinone, Ca2+ uptake or Ca2+ influx induced by high K+ or NE could be selectively inhibited. Furthermore, by using unidirectional flux measurements it was demonstrated that Ca2+ influx stimulated by NE and high K+ were additive in nature. The data from the addivity experiment exclude the interpretation of a common Ca2+ pathway with two separate mechanisms for opening it. The data on three criteria employed in this study provide evidence for the existence of two independent Ca2+ pathways, one for each mode of activation, for Ca2+ influx known to be associated with these contractions.
Media, affect, concession, and agreement in negotiation: IM versus telephone

The communication of affect, the exchange of offers, and the goal of reaching agreement are factors that play key roles in negotiation processes. Although instant messaging (IM) and phone are used for these processes, not much is known about how they influence these key factors. The present study is focused on this issue. By examining natural communication between negotiators who use these media, we find that computer mediation reduces both the amount of affect communicated and concession, which in turn decreases the likelihood of agreement. We also find that the efficacy of affect communicated is significantly reduced by computer mediation.
Polarized fluorescence photobleaching recovery for measuring rotational diffusion in solutions and membranes

A variation of fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) suitable for measuring the rate of rotational molecular diffusion in solution and cell membranes is presented in theory and experimental practice for epi-illumination microscopy. In this technique, a brief flash of polarized laser light creates an anisotropic distribution of unbleached fluorophores which relaxes by rotational diffusion, leading to a time-dependent postbleach fluorescence. Polarized FPR (PFPR) is applicable to any time scales from seconds to microseconds. However, at fast (microsecond) time scales, a partial recovery independent of molecular orientation tends to obscure rotational effects. The theory here presents a method for overcoming this reversible photobleaching, and includes explicit results for practical geometries, fast wobble of fluorophores, and arbitrary bleaching depth. This variation of a polarized luminescence "pump-and-probe" technique is compared with prior ones and with "pump-only" time-resolved luminescence anisotropy decay methods. The technique is experimentally verified on small latex beads with a variety of diameters, common fluorophore labels, and solvent viscosities. Preliminary measurements on a protein (acetylcholine receptor) in the membrane of nondeoxygenated cells in live culture (rat myotubes) show a difference in rotational diffusion between clustered and nonclustered receptors. In most experiments, signal averaging, high laser power, and automated sample translation must be employed to achieve adequate statistical accuracy.
Transdermal controlled delivery of verapamil: characterization of in vitro skin permeation

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of transdermal delivery of verapamil by studying its in vitro skin permeation characteristics. Skin permeation experiments were carried out using excised skin from hairless mice mounted in an in vitro permeation system. The effects of age, sex and site of skin excised, as well as the influence of pH and of drug concentration in the donor solution on the permeation rate of verapamil were studied. Successive stripping of the stratum corneum was observed to increase the permeation rate until the stratum corneum was completely removed, suggesting that stratum corneum plays a rate-limiting role in the skin permeation of verapamil. The physico-chemical properties of verapamil, viz., diffusivity, partition coefficient and solubility, in stratum corneum and viable skin were determined based on the bilayer skin model.
Thin film Al2O3:TiO2 composite dielectric

Composite dielectric thin films of various combinations of Al2O3 and TiO2 were deposited by e-beam evaporation and co-sputtering. Composition control and dielectric properties are found to be superior for the co-sputtered films. A composition near 55 mole percent TiO2 gives optimum dielectric properties, dielectric constant of 40 and dissipation near .01.
Release, establishment, and initial spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in island populations of Lymantria dispar

Abstract Biological invasions represent a major threat to the function and composition of ecosystems. Although the degree of invasion success of a non-native species and the consequent damage it causes can vary among and within invading species, the absence or presence of natural enemies associated with the invader can also play roles in the invasion dynamics. We used newly established, spatially isolated populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), on some of the islands within the archipelago of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore in northwestern Wisconsin, USA, to study the establishment and initial spread of two releases of the entomophthoralean fungus Entomophaga maimaiga . We also explored patterns in rates of infection by the L. dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus, which was also released on three islands, and in the rates of parasitism by generalist parasitoids. The mean initial rate of spread by E. maimaiga following its successful establishment was 0.8 km year −1 , although it was detected as far as 6.1 km from a release site after one year. Infection rates by both entomopathogens were highest on those islands where they were released; however, rates of parasitism by larval parasitoids were highest where neither pathogen had been released, suggesting that pathogens outcompete larval parasitoids. Understanding the intricate relationship between an invading host species and their associated pathogens during the early stages of invasion could enhance the use of biological control in invasive species management.
Large Scale Integration of MOS Complex Logic: A Layout Method

Large scale integration of complex logic is generally assumed to be a compromise between two conflicting cost factors, i.e., reduced design time through layout standardization, and increased yield through high circuit density, A unique but rather simple layout method is described that combines layout standardization with high circuit density generally expected from customized layout. At the same time, the design of the personality (the desired interconnection pattern) is simplified, while using a single layer of metallization. The method has been applied to complex logic using MOS NOR circuits.
Postpartum preeclampsia occurring after resolution of antepartum preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a syndrome characterized by hypertension, proteinuria and edema in a pregnant female after 20 weeks of gestation, including occuring in the postpartum period. Delivery of the infant is usually considered the definitive treatment for preeclampsia. Preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy. However, it is unusual for preeclampsia to resolve with delivery of the infant and then recur in the same pregnancy in the postpartum period. We present here a case report of a woman who had antepartum preeclampsia treated with delivery. She then had a recurrence of the classic signs of preeclampsia in the postpartum period. Ultimately she was admitted and treated with magnesium with a final diagnosis of recurrent preeclampsia.
Analytical and Computational Studies of Resonance Width near the Intersection of Two Resonances

When the working point (?x, ?y) lies near the intersection of two sum resonances that arise from the same nonlinear multipole field, the width of each resonance is modified by the presence of the other. Taking the two third-integer resonances 3?X= N and ?X+ 2?y= N as an example, we have developed an analytical treatment of this problem and its predictions have been compared with numerical results.
THE EFFECT OF STATE SECURITIES STATUTES ON TENDER OFFER ACTIVITY

The Williams Act passed in 1968, established Federal regulation of cash tender offers. Despite the additional constraints on tender offers provided by this federal legislation, thirty-six states have enacted more stringent securities laws since then. This paper briefly investigates the motivation for the state statutes, and then empirically tests the deterrent effects of these laws on tender offer activity for firms headquartered in the states affected. The evidence indicates that the presence of state statutes does deter tender offers, and that the recently enacted SEC tender offer rules will, ceteris paribus, decrease the total number of offers made by 8%.
Evaluation of the H-Bonding Properties of CH...O Interactions Based upon NMR Spectra

Abstract The question as to whether the CH⋯O interaction constitutes a true H-bond is examined from the perspective of calculated NMR chemical shieldings. Fluorinated methane derivatives F n H 3− n CH are taken as proton donors; H 2 O, CH 3 OH and H 2 CO serve as acceptors. The shifts in the isotropic chemical shieldings of the bridging proton that occur upon formation of the complex are all within the fairly narrow range of −1.0 to −1.5 ppm. These shifts become more negative as the donor is made more acidic, following the order H 3 CH 2 CH 2 HCH. The carbonyl oxygen of the H 2 CO acceptor induces the most negative shift, followed in order by H 2 O and then the CH 3 OH. The magnitudes of the anisotropic shifts are much larger, indicating that the tensor components perpendicular to the H-bond axis are more sensitive to formation of an H-bond than is the parallel analog. The isotropic shift of the donor atom is quite sensitive to its separation from the acceptor molecule, even reversing sign as this distance changes. The carbonyl and hydroxyl acceptor O atoms exhibit shifts of their isotropic shielding of opposite sign, a distinction due to the perpendicular component. The behavior of the bridging proton in these CH⋯O complexes is quite similar to the water dimer with its conventional H-bond. On the other hand, the classification of the CH⋯O interaction on the basis of the donor and acceptor atoms, is less conclusive, as these atoms undergo more complex behavior, and are more sensitive to the specific level of theory applied.
Photochemical Generation of Aziridinium Imides: Are AIs Bystanders or Perpetrators in the Ene Reaction?

A non-equilibrating mixture of two aziridinium imides (AIs) resulting from the photoaddition of N-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and cycloheptene has been prepared. Warming the AIs produces only the product of the expected ene reaction with no back-reaction to starting materials. Even though one of the pair does not have the geometry necessary for hydrogen abstraction, both AIs disappear at essentially the same rate, showing that AIs cannot be the direct precursors of the ene product.
Neutron irradiation in activation analysis: A new rabbit for the NBSR

For accurate activation analysis, it is necessary to understand the neutron and gamma-ray environment experienced by a sample during irradiation. A new irradiation position was recently installed in the RT2 thimble of the NIST reactor. Modeling by MCNP was used to select the radial location in the reflector thimble and the size of the D2O shielding tank. After installation, the new rabbit was characterized for thermal, epithermal, and fast fluence rates, spectral parameters f and α, temporal stability, axial and radial flux gradients, and temperature.
Asymmetric waveguide devices with buried AlO x cladding layers

We demonstrate a highly asymmetric waveguide filter for wavelength division multiplexing applications using wet oxidation of AlAs to form low-index cladding layers. The dual waveguide structure consists of a low-index polymer waveguide coupled to a lossy high-index AlGaAs waveguide. The high asymmetry between the polymer and AlGaAs yields high resolution at small device lengths. The light is coupled in and out of the polymer guide and exhibits Fabry-Perot-like resonances as the light couples to different modes of the AlGaAs. With a device length of 400 /spl mu/m, we observe resonances with a width of about 1 nm at 800 nm, agreeing with theoretical expectations. In addition to the simple filter demonstrated here, such a structure could be used to form active light emitting or detector devices.
Feasible Schedules for Rotating Transmissions

Motivated by a scheduling problem that arises in the study of optical networks, we prove the following result, which is a variation of a conjecture of Haxell, Wilfong and Winkler.Let $k,n$ be two positive integers, let $w_{sj}, 1 \leq s \leq n, 1 \leq j \leq k$ be nonnegative reals satisfying $\sum_{j=1}^k w_{sj}< 1/n$ for every $1 \leq s \leq n$ and let $d_{sj}$ be arbitrary nonnegative reals. Then there are real numbers $x_1, x_2, {\ldots}\,,x_n$ such that for every $j$, $1 \leq j \leq k$, the $n$ cyclic closed intervals $I_s^{(j)}=[x_s+d_{sj},x_s+d_{sj}+w_{sj}]$, $(1 \leq s \leq n)$, where the endpoints are reduced modulo 1, are pairwise disjoint on the unit circle.The proof is based on some properties of multivariate polynomials and on the validity of the Dyson conjecture.
Sequence and expression patterns of a human EMAP-related protein-2 (HuEMAP-2).

Abstract Until recently, the microtubule-associated protein, EMAP, was identified only in echinoderms such as sea urchin, starfish and sand dollar. Sea urchin EMAP localizes to the mitotic apparatus in vivo and modifies the assembly dynamics of microtubules in vitro. To identify domains important for EMAP function, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs for an EMAP-related protein in human. The nucleotide sequence of a human EMAP-related protein-2 (HuEMAP-2) encodes a protein of 649 amino acids in length. The translated polypeptide sequence and domain structure of sea urchin EMAP and HuEMAP-2 are highly conserved, with greater than 57% identity and 77% similarity at the translated amino acid level. Southern blot analysis is consistent with the presence of a single HuEMAP-2 gene in the human genome. Moreover, HuEMAP-2 is a member of a larger protein family with at least four HuEMAP sequences in the NCBI databases. One of these, HuEMAP-1, is identified as the candidate gene for the Usher syndrome 1 a locus (Genomics 43:104–106, 1997). Northern blot analysis indicates that HuEMAP-1, and HuEMAP-2 are expressed in different human tissues. In addition, these RNA blots indicate that HuEMAP-2 transcripts may be differentially spliced in neuronal tissues.
Implementing vehicle routing algorithms

Heuristic programming algorithms frequently address large problems and require manipulation and operation on massive data sets. The algorithms can be improved by using efficient data structures. With this in mind, we consider heuristic algorithms for vehicle routing, comparing techniques of Clarke and Wright, Gillett and Miller, and Tyagi, and presenting modifications and extensions which permit problems involving hundreds of demand points to be solved in a matter of seconds. In addition, a multi-depot routing algorithm is developed. The results are illustrated with a routing study for an urban newspaper with an evening circulation exceeding 100,000.
Openness to Experience as a Basic Dimension of Personality

In this article I trace some of the historic roots of the concept of Openness to Experience and provide data on the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of Openness in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Factor analyses demonstrate that facet scales measuring Openness to Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, Actions, Ideas, and Values covary to define a broad dimension of personality; these scales are weakly and inconsistently related to psychometric measures of intelligence and to self-report measures of Intellectance that emphasize academic ability. I illustrate the construct of Openness with a case study and conclude with suggestions for exploring the role of Openness in understanding cognitive traits, consciousness and mental processes, and the interface between cognition and emotion.
“Victor the Wild Boy” as a Teaching Tool for the History of Psychology

The article describes an innovative technique for teaching the History of Psychology (HoP) using the story of Victor the “Wild Boy” of Aveyron. Students were given both a traditional history textbo...
A novel retroviral gene therapy approach to inhibit specific antibody production and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by MOG and MBP

Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, serves as a system for testing potential therapeutic approaches for human multiple sclerosis (MS). Our group has previously shown that peripheral tolerance of both T H 1 and T H 2 compartments can be induced using retrovirally transduced B cells that express myelin basic protein (MBP). With this treatment, passive transfer of clinical EAE can be blocked. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of antibody production specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and suppression of chronic EAE induced by MOG in susceptible mice can be elicited by MOG-Ig gene therapy. Moreover, using a full-length MBP construct, we observed a delayed disease onset and/or decreased severity in Ac1–11 induced EAE. This suggests the possibility of tailoring immune response without knowing the specific epitope per se. Of special interest is that we are able to detect the transduced B cells not only in the spleen but also in the CNS. Our results indicate that utilizing retrovirally transduced B cells as vehicle may be a feasible approach for tolerance induction in patients with MS.
Molecular interactions in macrophage activation

Macrophage activation, broadly defined as the acquisition of competence to execute a complex function, continues to intrigue biologists, because of its fundamental importance to the host and the fascinating scientific challenges it poses. A recent meeting emphasized the considerable progress made in this area since the topic was last considered in such a workshop. The workshop focused sharply on one aspect of the field: the molecular basis of macrophage activation, and covered the multiple, specific signals that induce and suppress activation, how these signals are transduced and thus affect macrophage behaviour and how induced funtion, in turn, is effected.
Bivariate path analysis of familial resemblance for reading ability and symbol processing speed.

A bivariate path model which incorporates measures of phenotypic assortative and cross-assortative mating is formulated for the analysis of familial resemblance for two characters in nuclear families (parents and at least one child). The model facilitates the partitioning of phenotypic variances for the two characters and their covariance into components due to transmissible familial (genetic and/or family environmental) influences and specific, nontransmissible environmental influences. The model is applied to the joint transmission of reading ability and symbol processing speed in families with a reading-disabled child and in those with children of normal reading ability. Although the model is not adequate to explain data on families with a reading-disabled child, it provides an acceptable fit to the data on control families, and parameter estimates obtained for the two data sets are very similar. Familial sources of variation are important for both reading ability and symbol processing speed, and more than half of the phenotypic correlation between the two variables is due to familial influences.
Microvascular occlusion by platelet emboli after transfusion and shock

Abstract Following hemorrhagic shock and transfusions of stored blood in anesthetized dogs, we observed increases in the arterial-alveolar carbon dioxide tension difference (indicating an increase in alveolar dead space) and gross hemorrhages in the lungs (at subsequent autopsy). The increase in alveolar dead space constitutes an evidence of regional pulmonary vascular obstruction which is correlated with an increase in platelet adhesiveness/aggregation as measured by the screen filtration pressure. When heparin was administered during hemorrhagic shock, the increase in alveolar dead space and the post-mortem hemorrhage was lessened. When a serotonin antagonist was administered during hemorrhagic shock, the increase in alveolar dead space and post-mortem hemorrhage was abolished. Regional pulmonary vascular obstruction caused by platelet aggregates and perhaps enlarged by fibrin during shock is probably due in large part to the action of serotonin.
Suppression of corticosterone synthesis alters the behavior of hippocampally lesioned rats

The suppression of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone (25 mg/kg) reduced the hyperactivity and altered the exploratory activity of hippocampally lesioned animals (HPC) in the open field to the level of cortical and sham controls (Experiment 1). In a second experiment, corticosterone (600 μg/kg) pretreatment 2 h, but not 1 h, before metyrapone partially restored the hyperactivity of HPC animals that had been decreased by the corticosteroid-suppressant drug. Alterations in exploratory behavior induced by metyrapone were also prevented by corticosterone pretreatment. The results suggest that the suppression of corticosterone in hippocampally lesioned animals produces a normalization of behavior that can be prevented by pretreatment with corticosterone.
Interface magnetism of metallic superlattices: CrAu

Abstract Magnetism of CrAu(001) superlattices is investigated using local spin density energy band approach. Sizable ferromagnetic moments (3μB) are found on Cr in superlattices with monolayer Cr, independent of Au thickness. For thicker Cr layers, the moment of the interface Cr is reduced but remains much larger than the bulk value.
Sinus Node Recovery After 25 Years of Atrial Flutter

PALMA, E.C., et al.: Sinus Node Recovery After 25 Years of Atrial Flutter. This case report demonstrates that the sinus node can recover relatively quickly even after being suppressed by atrial flutter for 25 years, and that a permanent pacemaker may not always be necessary in all patients with sinus arrest after a successful atrial flutter ablation.
The ligament augmentation device in hamstring grafts for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament

Twenty-eight patients who had reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament with a ligament augmentation device in the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were compared with 32 patients who had reconstructions with semitendinosus and gracilis tendons alone. Pre operatively, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups with respect to age, sex, Tegner activity level, and time from injury to operation. Mean postop erative followup was 31.4 months for the augmentation group and 32.3 months for the nonaugmentation group. At postoperative evaluation, there was no difference in the 2 groups with respect to Lysholm knee scores, re turn to activity as measured by Tegner levels, KT-1000 arthrometer laxity testing, presence of pivot shift or Lachman sign, range of motion, and the patient's sub jective overall rating of the surgery. Twenty-six of the 28 patients (93%) with augmentation rated their results as either "good" or "excellent" compared with 30 of the 32 patients (94%) with no ligament augme...
Molecular details of α-synuclein membrane association revealed by neutrons and photons.

α-Synuclein (α-syn) is an abundant neuronal protein associated with Parkinson's disease that is disordered in solution, but it exists in equilibrium between a bent-helix and an elongated-helix on negatively charged membranes. Here, neutron reflectometry (NR) and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to uncover molecular details of the interaction between α-syn and two anionic lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Both NR and site-specific Trp measurements indicate that penetration depth of α-syn is similar for either PA- or PS-containing membranes (∼9-11 A from bilayer center) even though there is a preference for α-syn binding to PA. However, closer examination of the individual Trp quenching profiles by brominated lipids reveals differences into local membrane interactions especially at position 39 where conformational heterogeneity was observed. The data also indicate that while W94 penetrates the bilayer as deeply as W4, W94 resides in a more polar surrounding. Taken together, we suggest the N- and C-terminal regions near positions 4 and 94 are anchored to the membrane, while the putative linker spanning residue 39 samples multiple conformations, which are sensitive to the chemical nature of the membrane surface. This flexibility may enable α-syn to bind diverse biomembranes in vivo.
Guidelines for return of research results from pediatric genomic studies: deliberations of the Boston Children's Hospital Gene Partnership Informed Cohort Oversight Board

Guidelines for return of research results from pediatric genomic studies: deliberations of the Boston Children’s Hospital Gene Partnership Informed Cohort Oversight Board
Design of multicast packet switches for high-speed multi-service networks

The paper describes a multicast switch architecture for multi service networks that supports multi destination packet delivery at high data transfer rates (/spl ap/150 mb/sec for full motion video) and allows large aggregate data carrying capacity (/spl ap/1000 mb/sec). The switch architecture is made extensible by adopting a network oriented design whereby the switch functions are cast with the requirements of a canonical network model for packet multicasting. The requirements are routing and priority based scheduling of packets from the input to output link(s) of each multicast channel segment supported by a switch. Packet routing is efficiently implementable in hardware by maintaining the information about all channel segments supported by the switch in a fast associative store. Our architecture yields high switching efficiency by using high speed link processors, distributed associative store, and parallel execution of routing and scheduling activities. The paper describes various functional elements of the switch architecture, and identifies the performance boundaries of switch realization on high speed processor and communication components.
Radiologic-pathologic correlation of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with internal radiation using yttrium-90 microspheres.

We present the correlation between radiologic and pathologic findings in HCC patients who underwent radioembolization with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres prior to resection or transplantation. Thirty-five patients with a total of 38 lesions who underwent liver explantation after 90Y radioembolization were studied. Imaging surrogates following treatment were evaluated; the explants were examined for assessment of necrosis by pathology. The correlation betwen radiologic and histologic findings of the treated lesions was analyzed. Twenty-three of 38 (61%) target lesions showed complete pathologic necrosis. All target lesions demonstrated some degree of histologic necrosis at explant. Complete histologic necrosis was seen in 89% of lesions with pretreatment size <3 cm. Complete pathologic necrosis was seen in 100%, 78%, and 93% of the lesions that were shown to have complete response by European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) necrosis criteria, partial response by World Health Organizaton (WHO) criteria, or thin rim enhancement on posttreatment imaging, respectively. In contrast, complete pathologic necrosis was seen in only 52% and 38% of the lesions that showed partial response by EASL criteria and peripheral nodular enhancement, respectively. Conclusion: Post-radioembolization imaging findings of response by EASL and WHO criteria are predictive of the degree of pathologic necrosis. Rim enhancement was an imaging characteristic that correlated well with histologic necrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2009.)
Chorioamnionitis and uterine function

Abstract Objective: To clarify the relationships between intrapartum chorioamnionitis and abnormalities of uterine function, including labor abnormalities, cesarean delivery, and hemorrhage during parturition. Methods: We did a retrospective cohort study on 16,226 deliveries between 1986 and 1996 that were identified from the University of California, San Francisco Perinatal Database. Variables included maternal age, parity, birth weight, gestational age, epidural usage, oxytocin usage, cesarean delivery, labor abnormalities, length of labor stages, estimated blood loss, and chorioamnionitis status. Analyses included χ2, Student t test, and logistic regression. Results: In the chorioamnionitis group, there was a statistically significantly higher proportion of women with labor abnormalities (relative risks [RRs] 2.6–4.1), cesarean delivery (RR 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0, 3.5), hemorrhage after cesarean (RR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1, 1.3), and hemorrhage after vaginal delivery (RR 2.1; 95% CI 1.9, 2.4) compared with the nonchorioamnionitis group. Those findings stayed significant after multivariate analysis for various labor abnormalities (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] ranged 1.3–2.1), cesarean delivery (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5, 2.1), hemorrhage after cesarean (adjusted OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2, 1.8), and hemorrhage after vaginal delivery (adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.5, 2.1). Conclusion: Adverse associations between chorioamnionitis and labor abnormalities, cesarean rate, and hemorrhage during parturition appear to be significant, suggesting a deleterious effect of chorioamnionitis on uterine function.
Taking Time Seriously

Dramatic world change has stimulated interest in research questions about the dynamics of politics. We have seen increases in the number of time series data sets and the length of typical time series. But three shortcomings are prevalent in published time series analysis. First, analysts often estimate models without testing restrictions implied by their specification. Second, researchers link the theoretical concept of equilibrium with cointegration and error correction models. Third, analysts often do a poor job of interpreting results. The consequences include weak connections between theory and tests, biased estimates, and incorrect inferences. We outline techniques for estimating linear dynamic regressions with stationary data and weakly exogenous regressors. We recommend analysts (1) start with general dynamic models and test restrictions before adopting a particular specification and (2) use the wide array of information available from dynamic specifications. We illustrate this strategy with data on Congressional approval and tax rates across OECD countries.
Immunoprevention of Cancer

This article discusses the current understanding of the interactions between tumors and cells of the immune system, particularly at the early stages of carcinogenesis. A growing body of data suggests that these interactions help shape the eventual development of tumors. Inflammation is a common feature of several cancers, and the immune system can serve as a two-edged sword against cancer, capable of supporting and suppressing cancer. Data from human studies show that the immune system is capable of detecting the smallest expansions of transformed cells, well before the development of clinical cancer. These advances suggest a need to change the current emphasis for harnessing antitumor immunity from therapy to prevention of cancers.
Radar video sweep-time reduction

Alpha-numerics are used to identify broadband radar targets on a p.p.i. display for air traffic controllers. A technique for writing the broadband data is described which reduces the time required to a constant time independent of radar display range. This constant time can be chosen so that adequate time is allotted for the writing of radar target associated alpha-numeric data. For alpha-numerics to be usable some method of association must be provided between the alpha-numerics and the radar target. The digital conversion techniques will allow for target detection outside the time domain.
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development in White Mothers of Biracial, Black-White Children:

This article reports on a qualitative research study of the racial and ethnic identity of 11 White mothers who were married to Black (specifically African American) men and were raising biracial children. The uniqueness of these women’s lives, as Whites with an intimate knowledge of the Black experience, makes it difficult to place them within the levels described by current models of racial identity. Through their parenting of biracial children, the mothers had come to a greater sense of their own racial identity and to recognize White privilege and their own White identity. Their specific ethnic identity, as ethnic Whites, has not been passed on to their children.
Dialect-Neutral Indices of Narrative Cohesion and Evaluation

Purpose This study compared the development of essential elements of narrative skill in children from African American English (AAE)- and general American English (GAE)-speaking communities using a...
Long-term consequences of pubertal timing for youth depression: Identifying personal and contextual pathways of risk

This research explored sex differences in the pathways linking pubertal timing to depression across 4 years. A sample of 167 youth (M age = 12.41 years, SD = 1.19) and their caregivers completed measures of puberty and semistructured interviews of interpersonal stress and youth depression. Youth reported on psychological (negative self-focus, anxious arousal) and social–behavioral (coping) characteristics; parents reported on youths’ social–behavioral characteristics (withdrawal/social problems) and deviant peer affiliations. Early maturation predicted stable high trajectories of depression in girls; although early maturing boys showed low initial levels of depression, they did not differ from girls by the final wave of the study. Latent growth curve analyses identified several psychological, social–behavioral, and interpersonal pathways accounting for the contribution of pubertal timing to initial and enduring risk for depression in girls as well as emerging risk for depression in boys. These findings provide novel insight into multilevel processes accounting for sex differences in depression across the adolescent transition.
A Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Dependent Pathway Can Regulate Net Hepatic Glucose Uptake in Vivo

We previously showed that hepatic nitric oxide regulates net hepatic glucose uptake (NHGU), an effect that can be eliminated by inhibiting hepatic soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), suggesting that the sGC pathway is involved in the regulation of NHGU. The aim of the current study was to determine whether hepatic cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) reduces NHGU. Studies were performed on conscious dogs with transhepatic catheters. A hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was established in the presence of portal vein glucose infusion. 8-Br-cGMP (50 µg/kg/min) was delivered intraportally, and either the glucose load to the liver (CGMP/GLC; n = 5) or the glucose concentration entering the liver (CGMP/GCC; n = 5) was clamped at 2× basal. In the control group, saline was given intraportally (SAL; n = 10), and the hepatic glucose concentration and load were doubled. 8-Br-cGMP increased portal blood flow, necessitating the two approaches to glucose clamping in the cGMP groups. NHGU (mg/kg/min) was 5.8 ± 0.5, 2.7 ± 0.5, and 4.8 ± 0.3, whereas the fractional extraction of glucose was 11.0 ± 1, 5.5 ± 1, and 8.5 ± 1% during the last hour of the study in SAL, CGMP/GLC, and CGMP/GCC, respectively. The reduction of NHGU in response to 8-Br-cGMP was associated with increased AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. These data indicate that changes in liver cGMP can regulate NHGU under postprandial conditions.
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Long-term Survivors.

The number of Leukemia patients and survivors is growing. This review summarizes what is known regarding the Health Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) and medical complications associated with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) disease and treatment and highlights understudied aspects of adult AML survivorship care, and potential novel areas for intervention.
Striatonigral projection neurons: A retrograde labeling study of the percentages that contain substance P or enkephalin in pigeons

Two largely separate populations of neuropeptide-containing striatonigral projection neurons have been distinguished in pigeons, one population whose neurons contain substance P (SP) and dynorphin (DYN) and a second population whose neurons contain enkephalin (ENK) (Reiner, '86a; Anderson and Reiner, '90a). In the present study, we investigated the abundance of these two types of neurons relative to all striatonigral projection neurons by combining retrograde labeling by the fluorescent dye fluorogold with immunofluorescence labeling for SP and ENK. Pigeons received large intranigral injections of fluorogold to retrogradely label the striatonigral projection neurons, and several days later they were treated with colchicine (32 hours before transcardial perfusion). Adjacent series of sections through the basal ganglia were labeled for SP and ENK using immunofluorescence techniques. The tissue was examined using fluorescence microscopy and the percentages of retrogradely labeled neurons containing either SP or ENK were quantified. We found that 85-95% of the fluorogold-labeled striatonigral neurons were SP+, whereas only 1-4% were ENK+. Thus the majority of striatonigral projection neurons in pigeons appear to contain SP, whereas a small percentage contain ENK. Only a small percentage of striatonigral neurons did not contain either. Since striatal projection neurons also contain GABA (Reiner, '86b), the present results suggest that a high percentage of striatonigral projection neurons coexpress SP, DYN and GABA, whereas a small fraction coexpress ENK and GABA. The available data are consistent with the conclusion that this is true in reptilian and mammalian species as well.
Zeta potential and electroosmotic mobility in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers: 2. Slip and interfacial water structure

We discuss the structure of water at hydrophobic interfaces from the standpoint of its impact on electrokinetic phenomena in microfluidic devices fabricated from hydrophobic polymers such as Teflon® or Zeonor®. Water structuring at hydrophobic interfaces has been described as a source of interfacial charge (see Part 1, this issue), and dewetting phenomena, whether via depletion layers or nanobubbles, contribute to slip and enhanced apparent electrokinetic potentials. Issues concerning the impact of hydrodynamic slip and the role of diffuse interfacial structures are discussed. These issues are coupled with each other and with interfacial charge concerns, providing challenges for measurements of individual parameters.
Core Elements of Consultation Service Delivery for Special Service Personnel: Rationale, Practice, and Some Directions for the Future

This article reviews core elements of school-based consultation models for special service personnel. Contemporary factors enhancing the need for consultative services are detailed, as are conceptual and procedural elements that are perceived to be central to this approach. Selected future directions are considered, including Conjoint Behavioral Consultation, communication technology, and pressing research agendas. Given the increasing number, complexity, and severity of educational problems, it is concluded that consultation will become an increasingly important role for special service personnel.
An adaptive virtual node algorithm with robust mesh cutting

We present a novel virtual node algorithm (VNA) for changing tetrahedron mesh topology to represent arbitrary cutting triangulated surfaces. Our approach addresses a number of shortcomings in the original VNA of [MBF04]. First, we generalize the VNA so that cuts can pass through tetrahedron mesh vertices and lie on mesh edges and faces. The original algorithm did not make sense for these cases and required often ambiguous perturbation of the cutting surface to avoid them. Second, we develop an adaptive approach to the definition of embedded material used for element duplication. The original algorithm could only handle a limited number of configurations which restricted cut surfaces to have curvature at the scale of the tetrahedron elements. Our adaptive approach allows for cut surfaces with curvatures independent of the embedding tetrahedron mesh resolution. Finally, we present a novel, provably-robust floating point mesh intersection routine that accurately registers triangulated surface cuts against the background tetrahedron mesh without the need for exact arithmetic.
Regenerative Wound Healing: The Role of Interleukin-10.

Significance: Postnatal wounds heal with characteristic scar formation. In contrast, the mid-gestational fetus is capable of regenerative healing, which results in wound repair that is indistinguishable from uninjured skin. However, the underlying mechanisms of fetal regenerative phenotype are unknown. Recent Advances: The potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), plays an essential role in the ability of the fetus to heal regeneratively and has been shown to recapitulate scarless healing in postnatal tissue. IL-10's ability to facilitate regenerative healing is likely a result of pleiotropic effects, through regulation of the inflammatory response, as well as novel roles as a regulator of the extracellular matrix, fibroblast cellular function, and endothelial progenitor cells. Overexpression of IL-10 using a variety of methods has been demonstrated to recapitulate the fetal regenerative phenotype in post-natal tissue, in conjunction with promising results of Phase II clinical trials usin...
Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practice in South Africa

Nightsong: Performance, Power, and Practice in South Africa. VEIT ERLMANN. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. xxv + 446 pp., notes, discography, glossary, references, index, figures, musical examples, VHS cassette.
Computational Modeling of Gas-Surface Interactions for High-Enthalpy Reacting Flows

aected by the physical and chemical interactions that occur between the planetary entry vehicle surface and the hypersonic atmospheric gas. To study these processes, a gas-surface interaction model is used in the present numerical analysis that accounts for surface catalytic reactions and surface participating reactions. The study examines the eects of gas-surface interactions for graphite exposed to high enthalpy reacting nitrogen ow. The processes analyzed are the catalytic recombination of nitrogen atoms to molecules at the surface and the carbon nitridation reaction where nitrogen atoms react with the surface carbon to form gaseous CN. The results obtained using a computational uid dynamic (CFD) code are assessed using data from experimental tests conducted in a 30 kW Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Torch Facility at the University of Vermont. The species concentration gradient in the boundary layer and heat ux transferred to the surface are strongly aected by the surface reactions. The rate of carbon mass removal due to carbon nitridation is also calculated and compared to the measured value.
Pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol in critically ill neonates.

Study Objective. To determine the pharmacokinetic outcomes of a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates. Design. Retrospective medical record review with pharmacokinetic analysis. Setting. Two neonatal intensive care units in a pediatric tertiary care system. Patients. Sequential sample of 644 critically ill neonates less than 7 days old without evidence of renal dysfunction who received gentamicin, dosed by using a simplified, weight-based, extended-interval dosing protocol, on the first day of life for suspected sepsis between February 2003 and January 2008, and who had subsequent gentamicin plasma concentrations measured during their first week of life. Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected on birth weight, gestational age at birth, serum creatinine concentration during the first 10 days of life, medical conditions, and concomitant drugs. Gentamicin dosing and its pharmacokinetic parameters were noted for each patient. A mean dose of 3.96 mg/kg/dose of gentamicin was administered intravenously every 48 hours in neonates weighing less than 1250 g at birth and every 24 hours in those weighing 1250 g or more. If the neonate received concurrent indomethacin, however, gentamicin was given every 48 hours. Protocol success was defined as a peak gentamicin plasma concentration of 7–10 mg/L and a trough concentration less than 2 mg/L. Mean gentamicin peak and trough concentrations were 9.38 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.24–9.52 mg/L) and 1.00 mg/L (95% CI 0.96–1.04 mg/L), respectively. With use of the protocol, 361 neonates (56.1%) achieved gentamicin peak plasma concentrations in the range defined as successful and 610 neonates (94.7%) achieved successful trough concentrations. The mean gentamicin apparent volume of distribution and half-life were 0.48 L/kg (95% CI 0.47–0.49 L/kg) and 8.31 hours (95% CI 8.09–8.52 hrs), respectively. Conclusion. This simplified, weight-based, extended -interval gentamicin dosing protocol for critically ill neonates was effective in achieving therapeutic peak plasma concentrations of gentamicin in most of the patients and, as a high proportion of patients had acceptable trough concentrations, may minimize the potential for toxicity.
2 Gbps SerDes design based on IBM Cu-11 (130nm) standard cell technology

This paper introduces a standard cell based design for a Serializer and Deserializer (SerDes) communication link. The proposed design is area, power and design time efficient as compared to conventional SerDes Designs, making it very attractive for modest budget multi-core and multi-processor ASICs with wide communication buses that are difficult to accommodate within the pin count of commonly available packaging. The design employs a "Statistical Random Sampling Technique" to observe and adjust the synchronization and serialization signals at start up rather than using a resource-heavy PLL or DLL based frequency multiplier/synthesizer and clock data recovery circuits. The serialization and deserialization logic is based on standard cell technology that makes the design highly portable. Multiple serial lines are bundled with a strobe that is used as a reference signal for deserialization. Data-to-strobe timing skew is compensated by adjusting the launch times of strobe and data symbols at the sender side. The edges of the strobe are set within the eye of data symbols to have maximum timing margin, which makes the design inherently tolerant of jitter. Power consumption of the proposed SerDes design is 30 mW per serial link targeted to IBM Cu-11(130 nm) Technology, nearly a 2.5x improvement over the conventional design with a 60% less area requirement.