cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incomplete assembly of IgA2m(2) in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Myeloma and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are frequently used for the production of recombinant antibodies. With increasing interest in producing recombinant IgA for protection against infectious agents, it is essential to characterize the IgA produced in these cells. Here we show that while myeloma cells secrete IgA2m(2) predominantly as H(2)L(2), CHO cells secrete H(2)L and H(2) in addition to fully assembled H(2)L(2). When the CHO cells also synthesize J chain and secretory component (SC), polymeric IgA and secretory IgA in which SC is disulfide bonded to the polymeric IgA are produced. Blocking cysteines on purified IgA2m(2) protein by alkylating with iodoacetamide stabilizes the disulfide bonds between the H and L chains suggesting that the disulfide bonds between H and L chains are unstable. Taken together our results suggest that the covalent assembly of IgA2m(2) is different in myeloma and CHO cells.
Social life networks: a multimedia problem?

Connecting people to the resources they need is a fundamental task for any society. We present the idea of a technology that can be used by the middle tier of a society so that it uses people's mobile devices and social networks to connect the needy with providers. We conceive of a world observatory called the Social Life Network (SLN) that connects together people and things and monitors for people's needs as their life situations evolve. To enable such a system we need SLN to register and recognize situations by combining people's activities and data streaming from personal devices and environment sensors, and based on the situations make the connections when possible. But is this a multimedia problem? We show that many pattern recognition, machine learning, sensor fusion and information retrieval techniques used in multimedia-related research are deeply connected to the SLN problem. We sketch the functional architecture of such a system and show the place for these techniques.
Local persistent homology based distance between maps

We define a topology-based distance metric between road networks embedded in the plane. This distance measure is based on local persistent homology, and employs a local distance signature that enables identification and visualization of local differences between the road networks. This paper is motivated by the need to recognize changes in road networks over time and to assess the quality of different map construction algorithms. One particular challenge is evaluating the results when no ground truth is known. However, we demonstrate that we can overcome this hurdle by using a statistical technique known as the bootstrap.
Peroxo aminopolycarboxylato vanadate(V) of an unusually low toxicity: synthesis and structure of the very stable K2[VO(O2)(C6H6NO6)]·2H2O

The synthesis and structure of a monoperoxo vanadate(V) of the formula K2[VO(O2)NTA]·2H[2O, where NTA = C6H6NO6 3−, the nitrilotriacetate, is described. This stable compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group Pna21): a = 7.621(1), b = 13.002(3), c = 13.155(1) A. A tetradentate NTA encloses vanadium in a distorted pentagonal bipyramid with an apical V = O group. Cis to it, in the pentagonal plane, a non-symmetrically coordinated peroxo group is located with an (OO) bond length of 1.438(4) A. Complex IR spectra display rich absorption due to coordinated NTA, in addition to the characteristic V = O and (OO) stretching vibrations. Aqueous solutions of the complex show a (peroxo → V(V)) charge transfer band at γmax = 425 nm.
Single-stranded DNA-protein interactions in canine parvovirus.

Abstract Background: Parvoviruses are small icosahedral single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses which replicate in rapidly proliferating cells, causing a variety of serious and often lethal diseases in mammals, including humans. The structure of canine parvovirus (CPV) showed an 11-nucleotide oligomeric fragment of its genome bound to 60 equivalent binding sites on the inside surface of the capsid. This provides an opportunity to study the conformation of ssDNA, its interactions with protein, and its role in viral assembly. Results The icosahedrally ordered part of CPV ssDNA has an unusual loop conformation with the bases pointing outwards and the phosphates surrounding metal ions on the inside. The protein interacts with the bases, making 15 putative hydrogen bonds. The DNA electron density indicates preferences for particular base types in parts of the binding site. Statistical analysis of the genome yields ∼30 regions with sequences similar to that observed in the structure, demonstrating a low level of sequence specificity for binding to capsid protein. Conclusion ssDNA can adopt unusual conformations upon association with protein by using phosphoribose backbone rotamers that are found in tRNA, but not in DNA duplexes. The CPV DNA–protein interactions differ from the non-specific backbone interactions seen in some plant and insect viruses. The sequence specificity, albeit low level, of the protein for CPV DNA may contribute both to distinguishing the viral DNA from other nucleic acids and to the DNA packaging process during viral assembly.
Distinguishing tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma from usual variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in cytologic specimens.

Tall cell variant (TCV) is an aggressive form of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), usually associated with higher local recurrence and distant metastasis. Some authors have suggested that TCV can be effectively diagnosed on thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA); this diagnosis may help clinicians plan a more effective treatment regimen. The objective of this study was to compare the FNA specimens of TCV with those of usual variant of PTC (UV-PTC) and to define a set of distinguishing cytologic features. Thirty FNA specimens of histologically proven TCV were compared with 32 FNA specimens of histologically proven UV-PTC. All specimens were evaluated for the following features: papillary groups (PG), elongated/tall cells (EL/TC), oncocytic cytoplasm (OC), distinct cell borders (DCB), prominent central nucleoli (PCN), intranuclear grooves (NG), and intranuclear inclusions (NI). These features were semiquantitatively measured on a sliding scale of 0-4 in both air-dried Diff-Quik-stained and ethanol-fixed Papanicolaou-stained preparations. TCV showed distinctive cytologic features, which can distinguish them from UV-PTC. These included EL/TC, OC, and DCB and were also found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). No significant differences were noted for PG and NG. The NIs in TCV cases were qualitatively different than those in UV-PTC. In TCV there were multiple inclusions within the same nucleus imparting a "soap bubble appearance" to the nucleus. This feature was seen in almost all cases of TCV and was rarely seen in usual PTC. On the basis of the above-mentioned cytologic features, TCV can be distinguished from usual PTC in FNA specimens.
Increased pulmonary susceptibility to streptococcal infection following inhalation of manganese oxide

Abstract In this study, laboratory mice exposed to manganese oxide aerosols, then infected with airborne Streptococcus pyogenes , showed greater mortality rates than infected control animals. Maximum mortality rates were determined from acute manganese oxide exposures of 2-hr duration. A consistent dose—response relationship was observed between the amount of manganese retained by the mouse lungs and the enhanced mortality rates. The toxicological consequences of the manganese oxide inhalation were also indicated by reduced initial clearance and subsequent enhanced growth of the streptococci in the manganese-exposed animals, compared to those of the control animals. Streptococcal septicemia occurred earlier in manganese-exposed mice than in control mice, paralleling the increase in subsequent mortality. Immunity against streptococci did not counteract the toxic effects of manganese oxide inhalation and streptococcal infection.
Inferring query aspects from reformulations using clustering

When the information need is not clear from the user query, a good strategy would be to return documents that cover as many aspects of the query as possible. To do this, the possible aspects of the query need to be automatically identified. In this paper, we propose to do this by clustering reformulated queries generated from publicly available resources and using each cluster to represent an aspect of the query. Our results show that the automatically generated reformulations for the TREC Web Track queries match up quite well with actual sub-topics of these queries identified by TREC experts. Moreover, agglomerative clustering using query-to-query similarity based on co-occurrence in text passages can provide clusters of high quality that potentially can be used to identify aspects.
Mutagenesis and lethality following S phase irradiation of xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human diploid fibroblasts with ultraviolet light

The mutagenic and lethal effects of u.v. light exposure in the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle were determined in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), and a normal, foreskin derived cell strain (AG1522). For AG1522, an increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of u.v. light (survival curve D0 . 3.2 J/m2) was observed as compared to previous findings for confluent, non-proliferating cultures (D0 . 4.2 J/m2). XP-A fibroblasts were markedly hypersensitive (D0 . 0.5 J/m2) and ACR fibroblasts exhibited an intermediate response (D0 . 2.0 J/m2). The mutagenic response of ACR fibroblasts, however, was similar to normal fibroblasts. A threshold of 1.5-2 J/m2 was observed for u.v. induced mutagenesis in normal and ACR fibroblasts. XP fibroblasts, on the other hand, were strikingly hypermutable and demonstrated little or no threshold. When S phase mutagenesis was considered as a function of survival level rather than u.v. light dose, XP fibroblasts remained significantly hypermutable as compared with normal fibroblasts at all survival levels. Previous mutagenesis results with confluent, nonproliferating cultures of XP and normal fibroblasts were reanalyzed as a function of cytotoxicity; XP hypermutability at all survival levels was also observed.
Dynamic versus Static Hadronic Structure Functions

'Static' structure functions are the probabilistic distributions computed from the square of the light-front wavefunctions of the target hadron. In contrast, the 'dynamic' structure functions measured in deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering include the effects of rescattering associated with the Wilson line. Initial- and final-state rescattering, neglected in the parton model, can have a profound effect in QCD hard-scattering reactions, producing single-spin asymmetries, diffractive deep inelastic scattering, diffractive hard hadronic reactions, the breakdown of the Lam-Tung relation in Drell-Yan reactions, nuclear shadowing, and non-universal nuclear antishadowing|novel leading-twist physics not incorporated in the light-front wavefunctions of the target computed in isolation. I also review how 'direct' higher-twist processes--where a proton is produced in the hard subprocess itself--can explain the anomalous proton-to-pion ratio seen in high centrality heavy ion collisions.
Spectrally similar periodic and non-periodic optic flows evoke different postural sway responses.

The present study investigated the effect of optic flow periodicity on postural sway. Head and center-of-pressure (COP) displacements in response to an oscillating full-field bullseye-and-checkerboard pattern were recorded in six healthy adults. Scene movement was driven by one of five signals: (1) 0.1 Hz sinusoid, (2) 0.3 Hz sinusoid, (3) 0.5 Hz sinusoid, (4) the periodic sum of these three sinusoids (PSUM), or (5) a non-periodic counterpart (NPSUM = 0.1 + π/10 + 0.5 Hz). Sway response power at the various stimulus frequencies were compared: (1) among the three pure sinusoidal groups; and (2) between the two sum-of-sinusoid groups. Head and COP responses displayed similar spectral content, though sway magnitude was larger for the head. Sway responses to the moving scenes were significantly larger than those observed during quiet stance. Each sinusoidal moving scene evoked a strong response at the stimulus frequency, as well as increased sway at non-stimulus frequencies, primarily below 0.2 Hz. For the sum-of-sinusoids stimuli, both PSUM and NPSUM signals elicited sway responses at each of their component frequencies. The amplitudes of these responses were similar to one another at 0.1 and 0.3 Hz, but significantly different at 0.5 Hz, with PSUM responses on average four times larger than those for NPSUM. These findings indicate that spectrally similar periodic and non-periodic stimuli elicit quantitatively different sway responses. The observed behaviors may be due to postural sensitivity to the predictability of visual motion, or due to other nonlinear and/or time-varying mechanisms in the postural control system.
An MBA: the utility and effect on physicians' careers.

Background: Higher economic, legislative, legal, and administrative constraints in health-care services in the United States have led to an increase in physician dissatisfaction and a decrease in physician morale. In this study, we attempted to understand the motivation for a physician to enroll in a business school, and to discover the utility of the Master of Business Administration degree and how it changed the career path for the practicing clinician. Method: We conducted a retrospective study in which a twenty-seven-question survey was distributed by the United States Postal Service and by e-mail to 161 physician graduates of three East Coast business schools. The results were evaluated, and a statistical analysis was performed. Results: Eighty-seven physicians (54%) responded. Eight surveys were discarded because of incomplete data or stray marks, leaving seventy-nine surveys. The average age of the respondents was 41.4 years. The major motivations for going back to school included learning the business aspects of the health-care system (fifty-three respondents; 67%) and obtaining a more interesting job (forty-one respondents; 52%). The time that the respondents allocated for health-care-related activities before and after obtaining the degree was 58.3% and 31.8%, respectively, for patient care (p < 0.001); 8.5% and 3.68% for teaching (p < 0.001); 4.57% and 1.46% for basic-science research (p = 0.11); 4.23% and 4.55% for clinical research (p = 0.90); and 11.8% and 33.5% for administrative responsibilities (p < 0.001). The physicians stated that the most pertinent skills they had acquired were those related to evaluating systems operations and implementing improvements (thirty-nine respondents; 49%), learning how to be an effective leader (thirty-five; 44%), comprehending financial principles (thirty-three; 42%), working within a team (twenty-seven; 34%), and negotiating effectively (twenty-five; 32%). Sixty-four physicians (81%) believed that their business degree had been very useful or essential in the advancement of their careers. Conclusions: Many physicians decide to acquire a Master of Business Administration degree to understand the business of medicine. After they complete the degree program, their practice patterns substantially change, which is reflected particularly by an increase in time spent on administrative responsibilities. In order for physicians to overcome the multifaceted challenges of the evolving health-care system, it is essential to continue educating a proportion of physicians in both medicine and business.
Load forecasting using Twin Gaussian Process model

Load forecasting is an attractive and complicated application of machine learning theory and algorithms. Continuous efforts have been made from both academics and industry, by using various methods such as Regression, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Time Series Models like Auto Regressive Moving Average Models (ARMA), Gaussian Process (GP) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The non-parametric models are not widely used in the forecasting domain, yet the promising results from the recent applications of Gaussian Process have indicated a potential value for this kind of algorithms. In this paper, we describe a very recently proposed machine learning algorithm, Twin Gaussian Process (TGP) and apply it to the load forecasting task. Different from the Gaussian Process Model, the Twin Gaussian Process uses Gaussian Process (GP) priors on both covariance as well as responses, and obtain the output via Kullback-Leibler divergence minimization between two GP modeled as normal distributions over finite index sets of training and testing examples. As a result, TGP is able to account for the correlations of both inputs and outputs. In our case study, TGP is evaluated and compared with other widely used algorithms. And experimental results show that TGP can be a useful tool for load forecasting.
Study of a Vector-Meson Bootstrap Model

Some self-consistent solutions of a simplified bootstrap model are studied. Self-consistency is imposed through properties of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The method of solution and properties of the self-consistent sets of particles are described.
Conversion of the Haydn symphonies into electronic form using automatic score recognition: a pilot study

As part of the development of an automatic recognition system for printed music scores, a series of `real-world' tasks are being undertaken. The first of these involves the production of a new edition of an existing 104-page, engraved, chamber-music score for Oxford University Press. The next substantial project, which is described here, has begun with a pilot study with a view to conversion of the 104 Haydn symphonies from a printed edition into machine- readable form. The score recognition system is based on a structural decomposition approach which provides advantages in terms of speed and tolerance of significant variations in font, scale, rotation and noise. Inevitably, some editing of the output data files is required, partially due to the limited vocabulary of symbols supported by the system and their permitted superimpositions. However, the possibility of automatically processing the bulk of the contents of over 600 pages of orchestral score in less than a day of compute time makes the conversion task manageable. The influence that this undertaking is having on the future direction of system development also is discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fitting Nmr Spectra For Retrieving Fluid Distributions

The de-convolution of low field NMR spectra, especially those obtained from borehole logging tools, is a very important procedure that can unveil information hidden in the T1, T2 or Diffusion. This information is associated with the determination of the spectral components present in the distributions that can be used to identify reservoir rock quality and fluid types. The fitting method presented in this paper uses as input only spectral data already available after inverting the NMR echo trains; it identifies the bins where the spectral components are located and quantifies them in terms of height, mean and variance corresponding to the selected fitting curves. The method has been tested with simulated T2 distribution data, considering combination of different amounts of heavy oil, clay-bound water, capillary-bound water, movable water and oil-based mud filtrate. The versatility of the method relies on its applicability to any kind of spectral distribution whether coming from lab measurements or from the borehole. The results shown in this paper reveal that individual components could be detected down to a two-percent porosity units and the spectral resolution is about one unit more than the standard deviation when fitting with a Standard Gaussian curve.
A Multicomponent Insulin Response Sequence Mediates a Strong Repression of Mouse Glucose-6-phosphatase Gene Transcription by Insulin

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalyzes the final step in the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic pathways. The transcription of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of G6Pase is stimulated by glucocorticoids, whereas insulin strongly inhibits both basal G6Pase gene transcription and the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids. To identify the insulin response sequence (IRS) in the G6Pase promoter through which insulin mediates its action, we have analyzed the effect of insulin on the basal expression of mouse G6Pase-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion genes transiently expressed in hepatoma cells. Deletion of the G6Pase promoter sequence between −271 and −199 partially reduces the inhibitory effect of insulin, whereas deletion of additional sequence between −198 and −159 completely abolishes the insulin response. The presence of this multicomponent IRS may explain why insulin potently inhibits basal G6Pase-CAT expression. The G6Pase promoter region between −198 and −159 contains an IRS, since it can confer an inhibitory effect of insulin on the expression of a heterologous fusion gene. This region contains three copies of the T(G/A)TTTTG sequence, which is the core motif of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene IRS. This suggests that a coordinate increase in both G6Pase and PEPCK gene transcription is likely to contribute to the increased hepatic glucose production characteristic of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
INSPIRED broadening participation: first year experience and lessons learned

The Increasing Student Participation in Research Development Program ('INSPIRED') is designed to increase participation of women and underrepresented minorities in computing. It is a comprehensive program whose goals are to attract, retain and transition these students into careers or advanced study in computing. This paper focuses on the program's first year experience, including the results of a formal assessment of the program's effectiveness. It describes the strategies used to attain the goals and the rationale for using these strategies. It also includes lessons learned for the benefit of those who are considering adopting these strategies at their institutions.
Leukopenia-Induction Capacity of 6-MP Palladium Complex in the Chick

SummaryA series of experiments was conducted with 5-day-old White Leghorn (Hy-Line) cockerels. Six-mercaptopurine and a palladium complex of this compound were administered orally to 5-day-old chicks at equal dosage levels on a milligram basis for 10 days. At equal dosage levels, the leukopenia induction capacity of the two compounds was essentially the same at the end of the 10-day treatment period. The palladium complex was less toxic, as demonstrated by greater weight gain and lower mortality. At equimolar dosage levels, results were similar to those observed when evaluation of equal dosage levels was conducted.
Innovative smart micro sensors for Army weaponry applications

Micro sensors offer the potential solution to cost, size, and weight issues associated with smart networked sensor systems designed for environmental/missile health monitoring and rocket out-gassing/fuel leak detection, as well as situational awareness on the battlefield. In collaboration with the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville), University of Alabama (Tuscaloosa and Birmingham), Alabama A&M University (Normal), and Streamline Automation (Huntsville, AL), scientists and engineers at the Army Aviation & Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) are investigating several nano-based technologies to solve the problem of sensing extremely small levels of toxic gases associated with both chemical warfare agents (in air and liquids) and potential rocket motor leaks. Innovative techniques are being devised to adapt voltammetry, which is a well established technique for the detection and quantification of substances dissolved in liquids, to low-cost micro sensors for detecting airborne chemical agents and potential missile propellant leakages. In addition, a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, which enhances Raman scattered light by excitation of surface plasmons on nanoporous metal surfaces (nanospheres), is being investigated to develop novel smart sensors for the detection of chemical agents (including rocket motor out-gassing) and potential detection of home-made explosive devices. In this paper, results are delineated that are associated with experimental studies, which are conducted for the aforementioned cases and for several other nano-based technology approaches. The design challenges of each micro sensor technology approach are discussed. Finally, a comparative analysis of the various innovative micro-sensor techniques is provided.
Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition Measurements Using NO2 approaches NO Photo-dissociation Tagging Velocimetry

Measurements of instantaneous and mean streamwise velocity profiles in a hypersonic laminar boundary layer as well as a boundary layer undergoing laminar-to-turbulent transition were obtained over a 10-degree half-angle wedge model. A molecular tagging velocimetry technique consisting of a NO2 approaches?NO photo-dissociation reaction and two subsequent excitations of NO was used. The measurement of the transitional boundary layer velocity profiles was made downstream of a 1-mm tall, 4-mm diameter cylindrical trip along several lines lying within a streamwise measurement plane normal to the model surface and offset 6-mm from the model centerline. For laminar and transitional boundary layer measurements, the magnitudes of streamwise velocity fluctuations are compared. In the transitional boundary layer the fluctuations were, in general, 2-4 times larger than those in the laminar boundary layer. Of particular interest were fluctuations corresponding to a height of approximately 50% of the laminar boundary layer thickness having a magnitude of nearly 30% of the mean measured velocity. For comparison, the measured fluctuations in the laminar boundary layer were approximately 5% of the mean measured velocity at the same location. For the highest 10% signal-to-noise ratio data, average single-shot uncertainties using a 1 ?Es and 50 ?Es interframe delay were ~115 m/s and ~3 m/s, respectively. By averaging single-shot measurements of the transitional boundary layer, uncertainties in mean velocity as low as 39 m/s were obtained in the wind tunnel. The wall-normal and streamwise spatial resolutions were 0.14-mm (2 pixel) and 0.82-mm (~11 pixels), respectively. These measurements were performed in the 31-inch Mach 10 Air Wind Tunnel at the NASA Langley Research Center.
Effect of headgroup on the supramolecular morphology of diacetylenic aldonamides

This report describes the initial characterization of supramolecular morphology of diacetylenic aldonamides where the headgroup has been systematically varied from hexose, pentose, to tetrose. The electron-dense diacetylenes allow direct electron microscopic imaging of the assembly morphology without the aid of staining reagents. The electron micrographs reveal a dramatic change in supramolecular morphology upon the simple changing the headgroup from D-galactose to L-arabinose. Possible reasons for the change in morphology are discussed.
Hemodynamic studies in children with congenital atrioventricular block

Abstract Eleven children with isolated congenital complete atrioventricular (A-V) block, 3 weeks to 21 years of age, underwent cardiac catheterization, including electrical pacing and isoproterenol infusion studies. The resting ventricular rates of the infants ranged from 60 to 90/min; those of the rest 40 to 55/min. The resting intracardiac pressures were normal or minimally increased. Mean cardiac index was low normal (3.3 liters/min per m2 ± 0.8 SD), but stroke index was abnormally high (65.6 ml/m2 ± 12.1 SD). Electrical pacing of the right ventricle to rates of 60 to 120 beats/min resulted in increased cardiac index (+26 percent), left ventricular minute work (+31 percent) and left ventricular stroke output impedance (+63 percent), but reduced stroke index (−32 percent), left ventricular stroke work (−37 percent), and tension-time index per beat (−36 percent). No significant changes in systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular ejection rate or output/tension-time ratio were observed. Isoproterenol infusion resulted in greater rise in cardiac index (+65 percent), left ventricular ejection rate (+57 percent) and output/tension-time ratio (+45 percent), no change in stroke index, and reduced systemic vascular resistance (−39 percent). The hemodynamic improvement due to isoproterenol infusion reflects the agent's combined inotropic, chronotropic and peripheral vasodilatory effects. The overall hemodynamic findings in children with congenital A-V block are better than in adults with acquired block. It is suggested that intrinsic myocardial disease may be a significant feature in symptomatic subjects with this disease.
Improving contact realism through event-based haptic feedback

Tapping on surfaces in a typical virtual environment feels like contact with soft foam rather than a hard object. The realism of such interactions can be dramatically improved by superimposing event-based, high-frequency transient forces over traditional position-based feedback. When scaled by impact velocity, hand-tuned pulses and decaying sinusoids produce haptic cues that resemble those experienced during real impacts. Our new method for generating appropriate transients inverts a dynamic model of the haptic device to determine the motor forces required to create prerecorded acceleration profiles at the user's fingertips. After development, the event-based haptic paradigm and the method of acceleration matching were evaluated in a carefully controlled user study. Sixteen individuals blindly tapped on nine virtual and three real samples, rating the degree to which each felt like real wood. Event-based feedback achieved significantly higher realism ratings than the traditional rendering method. The display of transient signals made virtual objects feel similar to a real sample of wood on a foam substrate, while position feedback alone received ratings similar to those of foam. This work provides an important new avenue for increasing the realism of contact in haptic interactions.
A conceptual overview of wideband code division multiple access

In this paper, we discuss various characteristics of wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) waveforms that make them attractive for high data rate transmission over wireless and mobile channels. More specifically, we discuss how some of the waveforms being considered for cellular-type WCDMA systems differ from those in use in the narrowband CDMA cellular system.
Military Entrepreneurs: Patterns in Latin America

Despite the recent shift to democratic regimes and market-based economies, in many Latin American countries the military retains important economic roles as owner, manager, and stakeholder in economic enterprises. Such military entrepreneurship poses a challenge to the development of democratic civil-military relations and, by extension, to the development of liberal democracy in the region. While scholars have noted this situation with concern, they have given little attention to distinguishing the different types of military entrepreneurship, which reflect distinct historical patterns and implications. This article identifies two major types of military entrepreneurs in Latin America: industrializers, determined to build national defense capabilities and compete for international prestige; and nation builders, seeking to promote economic development that can foster social development and cohesion. Case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Ecuador demonstrate important differences between these two types in their origins, paths, and political consequences.
Comparison of outcomes in patients with stage III versus limited stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

Standard therapy for metastatic non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) includes palliative systemic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Recent studies of patients with limited metastases treated with curative-intent stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have shown encouraging survival. We hypothesized that patients treated with SBRT for limited metastases have comparable outcomes with those treated with curative-intent radiation for Stage III NSCLC. We retrospectively reviewed the records of NSCLC patients treated with curative-intent radiotherapy at the University of Rochester from 2000-2008. We identified 3 groups of patients with NSCLC: stage III, stage IV, and recurrent stage IV (initial stage I-II). All stage IV NSCLC patients treated with SBRT had ≤ 8 lesions. Of 146 patients, 88% had KPS ≥ 80%, 30% had > 5% weight loss, and 95% were smokers. The 5-year OS from date of NSCLC diagnosis for stage III, initial stage IV and recurrent stage IV was 7%, 14%, and 27% respectively. The 5-year OS from date of metastatic diagnosis was significantly (p < 0.00001) superior among those with limited metastases (≤ 8 lesions) versus stage III patients who developed extensive metastases not amenable to SBRT (14% vs. 0%). Stage IV NSCLC is a heterogeneous patient population, with a selected cohort apparently faring better than Stage III patients. Though patients with limited metastases are favorably selected by virtue of more indolent disease and/or less bulky disease burden, perhaps staging these patients differently is appropriate for prognostic and treatment characterization. Aggressive local therapy may be indicated in these patients, though prospective clinical studies are needed.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN II. Analysis of the Kinetic Curve and Inhibition by Specific Antibody

Marucci, Americo A. (Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, N.Y.). Mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. II. Analysis of the kinetic curve and inhibition by specific antibody. J. Bacteriol. 86:1189–1195. 1963.—At least two steps are necessary before the rabbit erythrocyte is lysed by staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin. The first step involves the reaction of alpha-hemolysin with the red cell. The second step, leading to the release of hemoglobin, is an intrinsic reaction of the damaged red cell and takes place without further participation of hemolysin. The speed of this intrinsic reaction is temperature-dependent. Erythrocytes taken from the same rabbit do not vary in their susceptibility to the alpha-hemolysin. From the results of the experiments described herein, a preliminary hypothesis on the mechanism of action of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin is given.
A numerical model for MOSFET's from liquid-nitrogen temperature to room temperature

A two-dimensional Gummel model is developed to simulate the electrical behavior of silicon MOSFET's in the temperature range of 77 to 300 degrees Kelvin. In this paper, first a short description of the simulator is presented. Then, we study differences between the results when Fermi-Dirac distribution is used and when Boltzmann distribution is used for mobile carriers in calculating the ionized dopant concentrations and the current densities for moderately doped n- and p-channel enhancement-mode MOSFETs. We also investigate the differences between the results when the two different distribution functions are used for mobile carriers in calculating the ionized impurities at high channel concentration and the current densities for moderately doped n-channel depletion-mode MOSFET's. There are no differences for drain currents using these two different statistics. Moreover, using Boltzmann statistics, reduces the computational effort by 40 to 50 percent in this model. In addition, we evaluate the boundary conditions using these two different distribution functions. The differences between the obtained currents in linear and saturation regions for an n-channel enhancement mode MOSFET is less than 8 percent. Some I-V results attained from the simulation of buried-channel NMOS transistors are presented and compared with the experimental data in the literature. The model is also checked for comparison with some experimental data reported in the literature for a PMOS, an NMOS, and a CMOS inverter specially designed for low temperature operation. In addition, the I-V characteristics obtained by our calculations are compared with those of Selberherr's to check for the validity and accuracy of the simulator. Reasonable agreement between the simulated and experimental data is obtained. >
Bandwidth reduction for controller area networks using adaptive sampling

This paper presents a method by which controllers operating on real-time networks such as the Controller Area Network (CAN) can reduce their bandwidth requirements in response to periods of high network traffic from sporadic sources. The method derives from advances in the theory of dynamic systems on time scales.
Locating Faults in the Southern Mesilla Bolson, West Texas and Southern New Mexico, Using 3-D Modeling of Precision Gravity Data

In this study, we have used precision gravity surveys to investigate the subsurface structure of groundwater basins in the El Paso, Texas region. This study focused on finding smaller faults within the Mesilla bolson (basin), which are believed to be a major control on ground water flow. The Mesilla bolson serves as one of two major aquifers for the city/county of El Paso. A previous 2-D gravity modeling study of data collected along three east-west trending lines had suggested that the eastern boundary of the Mesilla bolson is controlled by a series of smaller faults, rather than a single large one. Our study uses 3-D modeling techniques to more accurately locate these faults. Additional gravity data were also collected along three north-south trending lines. In our gravity modeling approach, topography and near surface geology were included in the model to better determine the detailed structure lying below the surface. The results of this study show that the locations of some of the previously identified faults that likely control groundwater recharge from the surrounding mountains as well as the flow of saline water in the southernmost bolson need to be modified.
Nonlinear Optical Processes and Applications in the Infrared with Nematic Liquid Crystals

Nematic liquid crystal films possess several unique characteristics for applications in optical wave mixings and beam amplifications in the infrared spectral region. We present new theoretical understandings of optical multiwave mixing and beam amplifications in nematic liquid crystal films. Low power laser beams, with intensities of the order of a few Watts/cm2, are found to be sufficient to generate large useful effects, in conjunction with the director axis reorientational and thermal nonlinearities.
Aggressive behavior in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Little is known about the manifestation of aggressive behavior in children with autism, although it is commonly cited as a significant problem. Existing reports in autism do not emphasize subtypes of aggression, whereas distinguishing forms of aggression is commonplace in the typically developing literature. This study compared a sample of 121 children aged 3–20 years with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to 244 children with other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD; age 4–21 years). Item- and subscale-level data from the Children's Scale for Hostility and Aggression: Reactive/Proactive (C-SHARP) were reported. Children with ASDs received higher ratings than those with IDD on several subscales tapping physical and reactive aggression. Within the ASD group, children with Asperger's disorder were rated significantly higher than children with autism on subscales tapping covert and verbal behaviors. Results indicate that at least some types of aggression were more common in children with ASDs than those with IDDs.
Exercise attenuates the metabolic effects of dim light at night.

Abstract Most organisms display circadian rhythms that coordinate complex physiological and behavioral processes to optimize energy acquisition, storage, and expenditure. Disruptions to the circadian system with environmental manipulations such as nighttime light exposure alter metabolic energy homeostasis. Exercise is known to strengthen circadian rhythms and to prevent weight gain. Therefore, we hypothesized providing mice a running wheel for voluntary exercise would buffer against the effects of light at night (LAN) on weight gain. Mice were maintained in either dark (LD) or dim (dLAN) nights and provided either a running wheel or a locked wheel. Mice exposed to dim, rather than dark, nights increased weight gain. Access to a functional running wheel prevented body mass gain in mice exposed to dLAN. Voluntary exercise appeared to limit weight gain independently of rescuing changes to the circadian system caused by dLAN; increases in daytime food intake induced by dLAN were not diminished by increased voluntary exercise. Furthermore, although all of the LD mice displayed a 24 h rhythm in wheel running, nearly half (4 out of 9) of the dLAN mice did not display a dominant 24 h rhythm in wheel running. These results indicate that voluntary exercise can prevent weight gain induced by dLAN without rescuing circadian rhythm disruptions.
What Does the Generalist Need to Know About HIV Infection

Despite recent improvements in the efficacy, safety, tolerability, and convenience of antiretroviral therapy for patients, the management of HIV infection remains complex for clinicians. Multiple studies have shown better clinical outcomes and lower cost of care when HIV-infected patients are managed by experts. However, generalists are frequently involved in the care of patients with HIV infection, in many cases providing primary care in collaboration with an HIV expert. Generalists also play a critical role in the diagnosis and prevention of HIV infection. Generalists managing HIV-infected patients should be aware of the components of the initial patient evaluation. They should be familiar with the general principles of antiretroviral therapy and opportunistic infection prevention. They should be able to recognize antiretroviral toxicity and should be aware of common drug-drug interactions involving antiretroviral agents.
Nickel-hydrogen battery testing for Hubble Space Telescope

The authors identify objectives and provide data from several nickel-hydrogen battery tests designed to evaluate the possibility of launching Ni-H/sub 2/ batteries on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Test results from a 14 cell battery, a 12 cell battery, and a 4 cell pack are presented. Results of a thermal vacuum test to verify the battery-module/bay heat rejection capacity are reported. A 6-battery system simulation breadboard is described, and test results are presented. >
Strategies for Metagenomic-Guided Whole-Community Proteomics of Complex Microbial Environments

Accurate protein identification in large-scale proteomics experiments relies upon a detailed, accurate protein catalogue, which is derived from predictions of open reading frames based on genome sequence data. Integration of mass spectrometry-based proteomics data with computational proteome predictions from environmental metagenomic sequences has been challenging because of the variable overlap between proteomic datasets and corresponding short-read nucleotide sequence data. In this study, we have benchmarked several strategies for increasing microbial peptide spectral matching in metaproteomic datasets using protein predictions generated from matched metagenomic sequences from the same human fecal samples. Additionally, we investigated the impact of mass spectrometry-based filters (high mass accuracy, delta correlation), and de novo peptide sequencing on the number and robustness of peptide-spectrum assignments in these complex datasets. In summary, we find that high mass accuracy peptide measurements searched against non-assembled reads from DNA sequencing of the same samples significantly increased identifiable proteins without sacrificing accuracy.
Discrete mechanics and variational integrators

This paper gives a review of integration algorithms for finite dimensional mechanical systems that are based on discrete variational principles. The variational technique gives a unified treatment of many symplectic schemes, including those of higher order, as well as a natural treatment of the discrete Noether theorem. The approach also allows us to include forces, dissipation and constraints in a natural way. Amongst the many specific schemes treated as examples, the Verlet, SHAKE, RATTLE, Newmark, and the symplectic partitioned Runge–Kutta schemes are presented.
Flies across the water: genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation in allopatric desert Drosophila.

Between sister species of Drosophila, both pre- and postzygotic reproductive isolation commonly appear by the time a Nei's genetic distance of 0.5 is observed. The degree of genetic differentiation present when allopatric populations of the same Drosophila species exhibit incipient reproductive isolation has not been systematically in- vestigated. Here we compare the relationship between genetic differentiation and pre- and postzygotic isolation among allopatric populations of three cactophilic desert Drosophila: D. mettleri, D. nigrospiracula, and D. mojavensis. The range of all three is interrupted by the Gulf of California, while two species, D. mettleri and D. mojavensis, have additional allopatric populations residing on distant Santa Catalina Island, off the coast of southern California. Sig- nificant population structure exists within all three species, but only for allopatric populations of D. mojavensis is significant isolation at the prezygotic level observed. The genetic distances for the relevant populations of D. mojavensis were in the range of 0.12, similar to that for D. mettleri whose greatest D 5 0.11 was unassociated with any form of isolation. These observations suggest further investigations of Drosophila populations with genetic distances in this range be undertaken to identify any potential patterns in the relationship between degree of genetic differentiation and the appearance of pre- and/or postzygotic isolation.
Individual Recognition in Stomatopods

Many stomatopod species seem capable of individual recognition. This ability appears most often in species that face severe competition for shelter, or that create shelters that are costly to reproduce. Mantis shrimp identify specific individuals (conspecific or otherwise), and adapt their defensive or offensive strategies in response to previous encounters with that opponent. Stomatopods also use individual recognition in reproductive contexts: to recognize current mates and young, and to avoid previous mates. Current thinking is that individual recognition serves to limit lethal aggression, always a risk due to the legendary strikes of their powerful raptorial appendages. The most aggressive species, with the most complex behavioral repertoires, appear to be most capable in this arena. This chapter describes the well-developed visual and chemical senses and the learning that supports this survival strategy, and then focuses on the evidence supporting chemically-mediated individual recognition. This is followed by accounts of the roles played by visual and auditory cues in individual recognition.