cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Genetics: Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria

Overview During reproductive cycles genetic information is transferred vertically from parent to offspring, and from progenitor to descendant. Genes can also be transferred horizontally between contemporaneous individuals. In this book, horizontal gene transfer is defined in a broad, inclusive way: the incorporation of DNA from any external source into the genome of the recipient life form – a cell, a virus, a mitochondrion, but excluding genomes of parasites that invade a cell. This chapter focuses on horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Types of Horizontal Transfer In bacteria, there are three kinds of transfer of genes between cells: Transformation – the cell takes up exogenous DNA directly from the surrounding medium Conjugation – two cells join and a donor cell transfers DNA, usually a plasmid, to a recipient cell Transduction – bacteriophages transport DNA from one cell to another Mitochondria transfer genes horizontally infrequently, when two genetically different mitochondria fuse and their chromosomes undergo recombination. The same is true of chloroplasts. Viruses can exchange genes by recombination, following infection of the host cell by two or more genetically different virions. Transformation Transformation is the alteration of a cell's genome by acquiring exogenous DNA. In nature, the acquired DNA is integrated into a main chromosome. The three major events of natural transformation are as follows: Binding of double-stranded DNA to receptor proteins Uptake of a single strand of the bound DNA Integration of that DNA into the genome Transformation does not include viral infection and does not occur by cell contact.
Membership Lists, Metadata, and Freedom of Association's Specificity Requirement

Revelations of massive aggregation of telephone call records by the NSA have led to widespread debate about the legality, effectiveness, and normative desirability of such broad-based government data collection. This article contends that mass collection of so-called “metadata” as a means to investigate associations impinges on the First Amendment right to associate freely. Such programs thus should, like government demands for membership lists of expressive associations, be subjected to First Amendment scrutiny. While the Fourth Amendment has been the focus of much of the debate about metadata surveillance, the right to freedom of association may provide independent and potentially stronger protection against overreaching government metadata mining. This article contends that the First Amendment subjects metadata surveillance to specificity requirements somewhat akin to the Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirements and that the NSA’s Section 215 data collection does not appear to meet those requirements.
Essentials of stem cell biology

First developed as an accessible abridgement of the successful Handbook of Stem Cells, Essentials of Stem Cell Biology serves the needs of the evolving population of scientists, researchers, practitioners and students that are embracing the latest advances in stem cells. Representing the combined effort of seven editors and more than 200 scholars and scientists whose pioneering work has defined our understanding of stem cells, this book combines the prerequisites for a general understanding of adult and embryonic stem cells with a presentation by the world's experts of the latest research information about specific organ systems. From basic biology/mechanisms, early development, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, methods to application of stem cells to specific human diseases, regulation and ethics, and patient perspectives, no topic in the field of stem cells is left uncovered. * Selected for inclusion in Doody's Core Titles 2013, an essential collection development tool for health sciences libraries* Contributions by Nobel Laureates and leading international investigators* Includes two entirely new chapters devoted exclusively to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells written by the scientists who made the breakthrough* Edited by a world-renowned author and researcher to present a complete story of stem cells in research, in application, and as the subject of political debate* Presented in full color with glossary, highlighted terms, and bibliographic entries replacing references
The Mahābhārata’s Infernal Paradise: On the Pre-modern Condition:

This article looks at the closing books of the Mahābhārata with attention to the contradictions it keeps in place at its conclusion. I bring a partially synchronic attention to the valences of a fe...
Public/private sector cooperation to promote industrial energy efficiency: Allied partners and the US Department of Energy

Since 1996, the US Department of Energy’s Office of Industrial Technologies (USDOE) has been involved in a unique voluntary collaboration with industry called the Allied Partner program. Initially developed under the Motor Challenge program, the partnership concept continues as a central element of USDOE’s BestPractices, which in 2001 integrated all of USDOE’s near-term industrial program offerings including those in motors, compressed air, pump, fan, process heating and steam systems.
Plasma 25(OH)D concentration in children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in communication and social reciprocity, and by the presence of restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors.1 The prevalence of ASD is currently estimated to be 6.7 per 1000 school-age children in the United States,2 making ASD and co-occurring conditions an important public health issue. One condition that may occur more often in children with ASD than in children with typical development is vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, long known to be important in calcium homeostasis and bone health. As evidence has accumulated that vitamin D receptors are present in a wide variety of tissues, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in numerous disease states.3 Having ASD could potentially put a child at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency secondary to dietary restrictions or decreased exposure to sunlight. Children with ASD may limit their own diet because of sensory aversions or restricted interests. The diet may also be restricted by parents to eliminate exposure to certain dietary proteins, such as the milk protein casein, in an attempt to treat the ASD symptoms.4 Children with ASD may have decreased exposure to sunlight because their after-school hours are often devoted to table-based therapies, they do not commonly participate in organized outdoor sports, and their preferred leisure activities often involve video game, computer, or TV screens in an indoor setting. We previously reported that children with ASD have decreased mean metacarpal bone cortical thickness (BCT) compared with a reference population.5 Based on this, our overarching hypothesis is that children with ASD are at risk of decreased bone mineral density compared with typically developing children. For this study our focus was limited to one component contributing to bone mineral density, vitamin D. The aim was to test the hypothesis that children with ASD have a lower concentration of circulating vitamin D – plasma 25(OH)D. We compared plasma concentration of 25(OH)D in Caucasian males with and without ASD and 25(OH)D concentration in males with ASD with and without a casein-free diet.
Effects of Disordered Ru Substitution in BaFe 2 As 2 : Possible Realization of Superdiffusion in Real Materials

An unexpected insensitivity of the Fermi surface to impurity scattering is found in Ru substituted ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ from first-principles theory, offering a natural explanation of the unusual resilience of transport and superconductivity to a high level of disordered substitution in this material. This robustness is shown to originate from a coherent interference of correlated on-site and intersite impurity scattering, similar in spirit to the microscopic mechanism of superdiffusion in one dimension. Our result also demonstrates a strong substitution dependence of the Fermi surface and carrier concentration and provides a resolution to current discrepancies in recent photoelectron spectroscopy. These effects offer a natural explanation of the diminishing long-range magnetic, orbital, and superconducting orders with high substitution.
A Comparative Study of Rebound Tonometry With Tonopen and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry Following Vitreoretinal Surgery.

Purpose To investigate agreement in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements among Icare rebound tonometry, Tonopen tonometry, and Goldmann applanation tonometry following vitreoretinal surgery. Design Reliability analysis of tonometers. Methods Fifty-eyes of 50 adults undergoing vitreoretinal surgery were enrolled. IOP was measured on first postoperative day using Icare (Tiolat, Helsinki, Finland), followed by Tonopen (Reichert, Depew, New York, USA) and Goldmann (Haag-Streit USA, Mason, Ohio, USA) in randomized order. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were calculated for all subcategories. Results Icare successfully measured IOP in all eyes, while Goldmann was unmeasurable in 6 eyes (12%) and Tonopen in 1 eye (2%). Mean IOP by Icare, Tonopen, and Goldmann was 15.9 ± 8.9, 16.9 ± 6.2, and 16.0 ± 7.3 mm Hg, respectively ( P = .76). Type of intraocular tamponade, status of lens, status of cornea, gauge of instrumentation, and history of prior vitrectomy did not result in significant differences among the 3 tonometers. ICC was excellent (>0.75) in all subgroups, except at IOP P = .01) compared to Goldmann (2.0 ± 2.1) and Tonopen (3.5 ± 2.4), whereas at IOP ≥23 mm Hg Icare was overestimated ( P = .01) compared to Goldmann (3.77 ± 3.49) and Tonopen (4.97 ± 3.33). Overall, differences in IOP were ≤3 mm Hg in 58% of eyes for Icare-Tonopen, 72% for Tonopen-Goldmann, and 62% for Icare-Goldmann. Conclusion IOP measurements using Icare rebound tonometry, Tonopen, and Goldmann tonometry are in excellent agreement following vitreoretinal surgery. However, Icare overestimates at IOP ≥23 and underestimates at IOP
Stabilizing Hierarchical Compensation for Locally Controlled Large Flexible Structures

A two-level hierarchical control strategy is proposed for large flexible space structures. The lower level consists of a set of local controllers. The higher level is a stabilizing compensator to account for any instabilities caused by controller-structure interaction with unmodeled dynamics. The advantage of this hierarchical strategy is that the lower level can be designed to meet the performance requirements and the higher level designed independently to produce overall stability.
Root Hair Development

Root hairs are projections from the epidermal cells of the root that are thought to increase its effective surface area for nutrient and water uptake, enlarge the volume of exploited soil, and aid in anchoring the plant to the soil. Their formation occurs as a series of developmental processes starting with cell fate specification in the meristem. The root-hair-forming epidermal cell, or trichoblast, then participates in the diffuse growth phase associated with the elongation of the main root axis. After the fully elongated trichoblast exits the elongation zone, growth is reorganized and localized to the side in the process of root hair initiation. Initiation is then followed by a sustained phase of tip growth until the hair reaches its mature length. Thus, root hairs provide insight into a range of developmental processes from cell fate determination to growth control. The theme emerging from the molecular analysis of the control of root hair formation is that many regulators act at several stages of development. Root hair formation is also responsive to a multitude of nutrient and other environmental stimuli. Therefore, one explanation for the presence of the complex networks that regulate root hair morphogenesis may lie in the need to coordinate their highly plastic developmental program and entrain it to the current soil microenvironment being explored by the root.
Virtual sources: organized interests and democratization by the Web

Abstract Journalism advertorials, a form of outside lobbying by organized interests, are directed at members of the working press to influence the news they produce to create a favorable policy and public opinion environment in which organized interests can pursue their objectives. Political actors, including organized interests, adapt to changes in communication technology. Research has shown a precipitous decline in the number of advertorials in the two most prominent professional journalism periodicals. However, organized interests continue to care how they are portrayed in the press. We hypothesize that organized interests have adapted and now use journalist friendly Web sites to assist the working press. We examined the Web to see if 368 organized interests (classified into five types) that sponsored 2,510 advertorials between 1985 and 2000 had Web sites, and whether those sites contained Media Centers and nine other features that would serve journalists in the production of news stories. We found almost all organized interests had Web sites, most had Media Centers (economic organized interests utilized them more than other types), and organized interests with Media Centers provided more journalist-friendly elements than sites without Media Centers. We found parity among the five types of organized interests in terms the number of elements provided and their overall friendliness to journalists. We conclude that the organized interests migrated to the Web, contributing to a more level playing field among sectors of organized interests.
Application Of Nonstationary Wiener Filtering To Differential Absorption Lidar Concentration Estimation

We describe and illustrate the use of nonstationary Wiener filtering for smoothing and differentiating path-integrated concentration estimates provided by the DIAL technique. The primary advantage of the method lies in its ability to provide filtered estimates that are smoothed relative to the local uncertainty in the input data. The approach is derived and illustrated on both synthetic and actual lidar data.
Some effects of colchicine on cells of Chlamydomonas eugametos Moewus.

Abstract Subjection of vegetative cells of Chlamydomonas eugametos Moewus to 0.2 per cent colchicine incorporated into inorganic agar medium resulted in marked cytoplasmic and nuclear effects, most of which were initiated by 10–14 hours' exposure at 800 foot-candles of continuous illumination. Enlargement of cells occurred up to 78 hours' exposure, at which time the largest cells measured about 48 μ in diameter, as compared with the largest untreated cells which average about 9 μ by 12 μ. Increase in cell size was accompanied by an increase in nuclear mass, many nuclei attaining a high degree of polyploidy. Transfer of enlarged cells with polyploid nuclei to colchicine-free media resulted in a process of recovery in a small percentage of the cells. Somatic reduction of such nuclei continued until all daughter cells eventually possessed haploid nuclei. No stable polyploid strains of C. eugametos were isolated from cells which had been treated with colchicine.
Photo-induced degradation of selected polyimides in the presence of oxygen: a rapid decomposition process

The photo-oxidation of certain polyimides has been found to be extremely efficient provided that the photolysis is conducted in the presence of oxygen. The apparent rate of decomposition depends on the chemical composition of the components composing the polyimide backbone as well as the spectral properties of the light source. In the case of polyimides which are made from a hexafluorinated dianhydride and a hexafluorinated diamine, the photo-oxidation process is extremely rapid. The photolysis mechanism is quite complicated, but analysis of model compound photochemistry by conventional methods indicates that a variety of products, which themselves are photolabile, are generated in the primary photochemical process.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
C12E2 Reverse Micelle: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to study the microscopic properties of a reverse micelle of the poly(oxyethylene) surfactant C12E2 in nonpolar environments (decane and vac...
Defect chemistry and charge transport in SrBi2Nb2O9

Equilibrium dc conductivity and thermopower measurements at 650–800°C on undoped and 1% acceptor-doped SrBi2Nb2O9, SBN, indicate that the n-type conductivity is similar to that of a simple transition metal oxide that contains 1–2% donor excess. The donor content is attributed to the presence of Bi+3 on Sr+2 sites in the perovskite-like layers of the structure. These centers arise from cation place exchange between these ions in the alternating layers of the crystal. This exchange is apparently not completely self-compensating, and there is local charge compensation in each layer. While the equilibrium conductivity of SrBi2Ta2O9, SBT, is dominated by ionic conduction in the Bi layers, in SBN conduction by electrons in the perovskite-like layers prevails. The difference in behavior is attributed to the expected smaller band gap of the niobate. The electron mobility in SBN is extremely small, of the order of 10−5 cm2/v · sec at 750°C, and is highly activated with an activation energy of about 1.6 eV. The resulting low mobility at ambient temperatures is proposed as the basis for the observed resistance to ferroelectric fatigue. Reports of metallic Bi on the surface of SBT and SBN by XPS analysis are shown to result from the highly reducing atmosphere of the XPS apparatus.
The modulation of sporadic-E layers by Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the neutral atmosphere

Abstract Modulation of electron densities in ion layers between 90 and 150 km altitude has been observed using a number of ionospheric diagnostic measurements including scatter of VHF radar waves, artificially pumped optical emissions, scintillations of satellite beacon transmissions. Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) turbulence driven by a sheared wind profile is a strong candidate for the source of these modulations. A two-dimensional numerical model is used to calculate the nonlinear evolution of ion layers in ionosphere near 100 and 120 km altitude in response to neutral turbulence driven by a wind shear. The amplitude of a K–H billow is allowed to grow as a linear perturbation on the neutral atmosphere to a level that is 10% of the wind shear. The time dependent model of the ionosphere responds to neutral wind perturbation initially by imposing a quasi-sinusoidal modulation near the altitude of the ion layer. This is followed by compression of the initially stratified layer into structures with the wavelength of the K–H instability. These structures are uniform strips in the meridian perpendicular to the direction of the zonal wind. Near 120 km , where the ion gyro frequency (ωi) is about equal to the ion collision frequency (νi), the equilibrium solutions are clumps at the altitude of the shear. Near 100 km , two stable, rippled layers are produced with a separation of about 1 km . The amplitudes of the density modulations in the ion layers vary by as much as 500% throughout the simulation. The simulations illustrate the complex evolution of the ion layer structures from small-amplitude, K–H wind turbulence.
Coupled quasiparticle-boson systems: The semiclassical approximation and discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

The validity of the semiclassical approximation is studied for a system comprising one quasiparticle coupled to a boson degree of freedom. Using a two-site Holstein model as an example, it is shown that the semiclassical approximation becomes exact in a nontrivial adiabatic limit. Furthermore, in the model`s polaron regime, there exists a hierarchy of time scales that rationalizes the quantum dynamics of the Holstein model. For the single-mode case considered, the discrete nonlinear Schroedinger equation is found to be valid only in a highly limited antiadiabatic regime.
Intermolecular charge transfer in organic donor-acceptor systems for optical storage applications

Organic molecules with novel optical and electronic properties are of great potential in the development of alternable, high density, and high-speed optical memory deices (OMD) with molecular resolution. During the course of our investigations, we have observed new optical and electric properties of some organic donor-acceptor systems in solution. The result obtained with Proton Sponge (PS)/Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and Phenanthrene/Tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) systems are presented, as they have been observed to provide examples of two extreme cases. The separate solutions of PS and TCNQ in acetonitrile are colorless and exhibit no electric conductivity. When they are mixed, however, the color of the mixture turns green. Its optical absorption spectrum shows a new band in the wavelength region of 600 nm - 900 nm, with a relatively high peak molar absorptivity at 850 nm. The mixture also exhibits large and almost concentration independent molar conductivity, thus indicating that complete charge transfer and charge separation have occurred among all molecules in the solution. For TCNE system, although a new optical absorption band centered at 490 nm has been observed, the electric conductivity of the mixed solution remains zero. The observed complete charge transfer and charge separation, stable charge trapping, and new adsorption band with large molar absorptivity are taken as indicators for the feasibility of developing alterable, high density OMD based on organic donor and acceptor molecular.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Possible roles for nitric oxide in AIDS and associated pathology

The endogenous free radical, nitric oxide (NO), plays a neurotransmitter-like role in vascular endothelium, a second-messenger role in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-responsive neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), a neurotoxic role after its release from these neurons, and a cytotoxic role after its release by macrophages. NO also derives from exogenous sources, such as the nitrite inhalants, amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite. There is evidence that abuse of nitrite inhalants can affect immunomodulation, and epidemiological studies suggest that such abuse may be a cofactor in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hitherto, however, the potential role of NO in such pathogenesis has not been examined. This paper presents some current evidence that implicates both endogenous and exogenous sources of NO in AIDS and associated pathology.
RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase activity in hepatic nuclei isolated from rats fed the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract An assessment was made of the activity of RNA polymerase I and the capacity for RNA synthesis, under conditions optimized for RNA polymerase I activity, in hepatic nuclei isolated from rats fed a diet containing the hepatic carcinogen AAF. Animals were maintained on the carcinogenic diet for either 4, 7 or 14 days. RNA polymerase activity progressively increased with time on the carcinogenic diet. However, the capacity for RNA synthesis remained quite constant. These results are suggestive of a progressive inhibition of DNA template activity during the early stages of AAF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The “permanance” of the increase in polymerase activity was examined by switching carcinogen fed animals to a control diet for either 2 or 5 days prior to making an assessment of the above parameters.
The role of catecholamines in the release of anterior pituitary prolactin in vitro.

Rat hypothalamic extracts, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (EP), were incubated with rat pituitary tissue in medium 199. In all cases rat hypothalamic extracts significantly inhibited pituitary prolactin (PRL) release in vitro. When the hypothalamic extracts were subjected to preincubation with a rat brain monoamine oxidase enzyme preparation (MAO) or ot aluminum oxide (alumina) catecholamine adsorption, the hypothalamic extracts lost their ability to inhibit PRL release in vitro Pepsin pretreatment did not impair the inhibition of PRL release by hypothalamic extracts and iproniazid 10 μg/ml of medium blocked the effect of MAO on the hypothalamic extracts. The DA and NE content of MAO treated and untreated hypothalamic extracts was measured by a fluorometric technique. The catecholamine containing acid eluate from the alumina adsorption procedure was able to inhibit PRL release to the same degree as untreated hypothalamic extracts. Dopamine (5.26 × 10−9 to 5.26 × 10−7M) and NE (2.42 × ...
Extending the orbital services model beyond computing, communications and sensing

An orbital services model has previously been proposed which is conceptualized in terms of providing orbital services related to a remote sensing mission, typical of a sensornet (e.g., computing, communications and sensing services). This model, however, can be extended to support additional services provided in the orbital environment, which could become available in the near to mid-term future. Examples of these services include power (such as might be provided by a solar power satellite), physical servicing (such as described by the DARPA Phoenix project and others), orbital maneuvering or raising and actuation of other remote craft capabilities.
Ordering and anisotropy of the magnetic sublevels of the phosphorescent triplet of pyrimidine

Abstract A microwave-optical double resonance technique is used to observe and analyze the EPR of pyrimidine molecules randomly oriented in EPA glass and photoselectively excited to their metastable triplet state by polarized light. A complete identification of the pyrimidine fine structure tensor is obtained. The principal values X = 0.0627 ± 0.001 cm-1, Y = 0.0406 ± 0.001 cm-1, and Z = -0.1033 ± 0.001 cm-1 are associated with the axis normal to the molecular plane, the axis parallel to the line joining the nitrogen nuclei, and the inplane axis perpendicular to this line, respectively. The interpretation which Kuan, Tinti, and El-Sayed have placed upon their experiments on pyrimidine in benzene is shown to be inconsistent with these results. The cause of this inconsistency is pointed out and the most highly radiative of the spin sublevels is shown to be associated with the eigenvalue Z.
Elicited Response in the Pre-Kindergarten Setting with a Dual Language Program: Good or Bad Idea?.

Abstract While both positive and negative implications of bilingual educational programs on school children have been widely observed, the aspect of elicited response in a student’s weakest language has virtually been ignored. Even with evidence that shows how vital it is to maintain a child’s natural language and culture through dual language programs, bilingual teachers still fail to question the necessity of or focus on the practical elements of eliciting response from students, i.e., using different strategies such as code switching or peer scaffolding to get students to use their native language, in this case Spanish. Through the use of the Language Experience Approach, this study examines the role of elicited response with a small sample of English and Spanish speaking participants in an early childhood classroom. In addition, this article provides an overview of differing philosophies and reasons behind questioning the importance of elicited response and the role a teacher plays in this process. Se...
Re-Examining Cognition during Student-Centered, Web-Based Learning.

During student-centered learning, the individual assumes responsibility for determining learning goals, monitoring progress toward meeting goals, adjusting or adapting approaches as warranted, and determining when individual goals have been adequately addressed. This can be particularly challenging while learning from the World-Wide Web, where billions of resources address a variety of needs. The individual must identify which tools and resources are available and appropriate, how to assemble them, and how to manage and support their unique learning goals. We analyze the applicability of cognitive principles to learning from Web-based multimedia, review and critically analyze issues related to cognition and student-centered learning from Web-based multimedia, and describe implications for design research and practice.
Deep Vein Thrombosis Treated With Streptokinase or Heparin Follow-Up of a Randomized Study

Twenty-seven patients with deep vein thrombosis whose primary therapy was randomized between streptokinase and heparin were reevaluated clinically and by ascending venography after a mean period of 7 months. Normal venograms were found in 6 (40%) of the streptokinase-treated patients and in 1 patient (8%) who had heparin therapy. Segmental valve preservation was found in 1 patient from each group. All patients with complete or partial valve preservation became asymptomatic. Vein recanalization without preservation of valves occurred in 18 patients: 8 (54%) of those on streptokinase, and 10 (83%) of those on heparin. At the time of follow-up, 11 of these 18 patients, including 8 who had had prior thrombosis, reported peripheral edema; the postphlebitic syndrome developed in 1. Factors favoring a good outcome of acute venous thrombosis were (1) no prior thrombotic disease, (2) localized thrombosis, and (3) prompt streptokinase therapy.
Circadian-dependent and circadian-independent behavioral actions of hypocretin/orexin.

Abstract The hypocretins/orexins modulate behavioral state as well as a variety of state-dependent behaviors. Levels of hypocretin-1 and prepro-hypocretin mRNA vary in a circadian fashion, suggesting that hypocretin neurotransmission may vary across the circadian cycle. To better assess the circadian dependency of the behavioral actions of hypocretin-1, the behavioral effects of intracerebroventricular hypocretin-1 administration (3.0 nmol/2 μl) were examined at differing portions of the circadian cycle, when animals display either low levels of waking (light-period) or high levels of waking (dark-period). In addition, mediation analyses were conducted to better assess the contribution of the wake-promoting actions to other behavioral actions of hypocretin-1. During the light-period, hypocretin-1 administration increased time spent awake, grooming, feeding, locomotor activity and chewing of inedible material, a stress-related behavior. Comparable effects of hypocretin-1 on time spent awake, locomotor activity and the chewing of inedible material were observed during the dark-period. In contrast, hypocretin-1-induced feeding and drinking appeared largely circadian-dependent: hypocretin-1 had minimal effects on these behaviors during the dark-period. Hypocretin-1-induced increases in grooming appeared moderately circadian-dependent. These observations suggest that the previously described ability of hypocretin to increase feeding and drinking during the light-period may reflect, at least in part, a general behavioral activation associated with waking. Results from the mediation analyses support these conclusions, indicating that hypocretin-1-induced increases in waking largely account for hypocretin-1-induced increases in feeding and drinking. Additionally, given that chewing and grooming are stress-related behaviors, these observations provide further support for a possible function of HCRT in stress.
The enzymatic synthesis of the phosphomannan of Hansenula capsulata.

Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of a phosphorylated mannan has been investigated. Particulate fractions from Hansenula capsulata have been used as an enzyme source, and guanosine 5′-diphosphate mannose has been shown to serve as the substrate for this synthesis in the presence of Mn 2+ as a co-factor. Both mannosyl and phosphoryl residues of the polymer appear to be derived from the nucleotide. Evidence is reported which indicates that the product formed in the reaction is similar to the exocellular polysaccharide formed by this organism. The similarities that have been established are with respect to the stoichiometry of mannose and phosphate, the products formed by mild acid hydrolysis, and the products formed by acetylosis. In addition, the two polymers appear to have similar reactivities with the plant agglutinin concanavalin A.
Regularizations of the plane restricted three- body problem.

Abstract It is shown that the two nonessential but temovable singularities of the plane circular restricted three-body problem can be removed simultaneously by a coordinate transformation, which is defined by the conformal mapping Z = 1 4 [ζ n + ( 1 ζ n )] , where n is any finite and nonzero real number. Another regularization is obtained by the mapping Z = 1 2 cos nζ which is related to the preceding one by substituting eiζ for ζ. The first mapping gives Birkhoff's transformation when n = 1. But when n has the value 2, this transformation is related to a coordinate system which has been introduced by G. Lemaitre in the general three-body problem. This transformation for n = 2 is also essentially equivalent to the regularization introduced by R.F. Arenstorf. The second transformation gives Thiele's well-known regularization when n takes the value + 1.
Early monaural occlusion alters the neural map of interaural level differences in the inferior colliculus of the barn owl.

Abstract Monaural occlusion during early life causes adaptive changes in the tuning of units in the owl's optic tectum to interaural level differences (ILD) that tend to align teh auditory with the visual map of space. We investigated whether these changes could be due to experience-dependent plasticity occuring in the auditory pathway prior to the optic tectum. Units were recorded in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx), which is a major source of auditory input to the optic tectum. The tuning of ICx units to ILD was measured in normal barn owls and in barn owls raised with one ear occluded. ILD tuning at each recording site was measured with dichotic noise bursts, presented at a constant average binaural level, 20 dB above threshold. The best ILD at each site was defined as the midpoint of the range of ILD values which elicited more than 50% of the maximum response. A physiological map of ILD was found in the ICx of normal owls: best ILDs changed systematically from right-ear-greater to left-ear-greater as the electrode progressed from dorsal to ventral. Best ILDs ranged from 13 dB right-ear-greater to 15 dB left-ear-greater and progressed at an average rate of 12 dB/mm. The representations of ILD were similar on both sides of the brain. In the ICx of owls raised with one ear occluded, the map of ILD was shifted in the adaptive direction: ILD tuning was shifted towards values favoring the non-occluded ear (the direction that would restore a normal space map). The average magnitude of the shift was on the order of 8–10 dB in each of 4 owls. In one owl, the mean shift in ILD tuning was almost identical on both sides of the brain. In another owl, the mean shift was much larger on the side ipsilateral to the occlusion than on the contralateral side. In both cases, the mean shifts measured in each ICx were comparable to the mean shifts measured in the optic tectum on the same sides of the brain. Thus, the adjustments in ILD tuning that have been observed in the optic tectum in response to monaural occlusion are almost entirely due to adaptive mechanisms that operate at or before the level of the ICx.
Identification of dye carrier chemicals by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A thin-layer chromatography technique is described for the analysis of 14 dye carrier chemicals. Silica gel layers conditioned between 50 and 70% relative humidity are developed with hexane—diethyl ether (98:2). Ultraviolet light, antimony pentachloride or iodine vapor are used for detection. The method represents a simple investigative and quality control method that could be adopted by textile plants and chemical suppliers.
The Mindreading Debate and the Cognitive Science of Religion

The relationship between understanding other natural minds, often labeled ‘mindreading,’ and putative understanding of the supernatural is a critical one for the dialogue centering on the cognitive science of religion (CSR). A basic tenet of much of CSR is that cognitive mechanisms that typically operate in the ‘natural’ domain are co-opted so as to generate representations of the extra-natural. The most important mechanisms invoked are, arguably, the ones that detect agency, represent actions, predicate beliefs and desires of others, and track social hierarchies, coalitions, and exchanges. In this essay, I show that where one lands on the interdisciplinary debate over the nature of mindreading has a significant impact on parts of CSR that invoke social cognition. I focus my essay on the case of CSR explanations of religious experiences in terms of a hyperactive agency detective device (HADD).
Abstract IA25: Metastasis pathways

The mechanisms that turn disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) into metastasis-initiating seeds are largely unknown. We recently identified molecular sensors and stromal factors that amplify cell survival and stem cell pathways in DTCs from breast, lung, and renal cancers. These mechanisms prime tumor cells for metastasis in animal models and are associated with relapse in patients. For example, SRC primes triple-negative (TN) breast cancer DTCs for a robust response of the PI3K-Akt pathway to CXCL12 and IGF1 in the bone marrow. The leukocyte-tethering receptor VCAM-1 primes TN DTCs for PI3K-Akt activation in the lungs. For stem cell fitness, the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC) forms micrometastatic niches that amplify WNT and NOTCH signaling in TN breast cancer cells. A CXCL1-S100A8 paracrine loop protects DTCs from the stresses of metastasis and chemotherapy, suggesting a link for the clinically coupled phenomena of relapse and chemoresistance. Though encouraging, this progress has only accentuated an old puzzle: How do organ-specific metastatic traits emerge in primary tumors? We identified a role of the breast tumor stroma in selecting cancer cells in TN breast cancers that are primed for metastasis to bone. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TN breast tumors skew heterogeneous cancer cell populations towards a predominance of clones that thrive on the CAF-derived factors CXCL12 and IGF1. Carcinoma clones selected in this manner are primed for metastasis in the CXCL12-rich microenvironment of the bone marrow. Coupled with processes of tumour self-seeding, whereby DTCs may recirculate, reseed and expand in their tumors of origin, the process of metastatic seed pre-selection may further sway the organotropic metastatic traits of tumors. We conclude that stromal signals resembling those of a distant organ select for cancer cells that are primed for metastasis in that organ, thus illuminating the evolution of metastatic traits in a primary tumour and its distant metastases. In related studies we identified mediators of brain metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma and breast cancer. Citation Format: Joan Massague. Metastasis pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA25.
Adult emergency visits for chronic cardiorespiratory disease: does dyspnea matter?

BACKGROUND Dyspnea is among the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits, yet little is known about how it is associated with visit characteristics and disposition or about how such associations differ across diagnoses. OBJECTIVES To characterize ED visits for chronic cardiorespiratory diseases in which dyspnea is a prominent symptom. Visit demographics and relations among reasons for presenting, visit urgency, medications, and visit disposition were examined. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional descriptive-exploratory study came from the 1992 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. All adult ED visits in the dataset for asthma (n = 395), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; n = 239), and congestive heart failure (CHF; n = 320), as well as for mixed and restrictive chronic lung diseases (n = 18 and n = 14, respectively), were analyzed. RESULTS Dyspnea was the most common reason for ED visit across diagnoses, and was associated with an approximate twofold increase in likelihood of admission for patients with COPD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, p < .04), and, controlling for age, CHF (OR = 1.7, p = .035). Dyspnea, alone or controlling for age, did not significantly increase the likelihood of admission for asthma. However, across all diagnoses, dyspnea was associated with a two- to threefold increase in the likelihood of receiving intravenous (i.v.) fluids (p < or = .006), whereas receiving an i.v. markedly increased the likelihood of admission (OR = 10.0, p < .0001 for COPD; OR = 10.2, p < .0001 for asthma; and OR = 3.8; p < .0001 for CHF). Age independently predicted admission for asthma and CHF, but not COPD. The percentage of nonurgent visits resulting in admission was markedly higher for COPD (19%) and CHF (41%) than for asthma (4%) or adult visits in general (6%). CONCLUSIONS Reports of dyspnea increased the likelihood of admission from the ED either directly or indirectly, depending on diagnosis. Judgments of nonurgency may be less dependable in ED visits for COPD and CHF than for asthma or adult visits generally.
Combination lipid-lowering therapy with statins: safety issues in the postcerivastatin era.

Combination lipid-altering regimens represent an emerging clinical paradigm to meet increasingly stringent consensus lipoprotein targets for coronary prevention. This practice, together with escalating prevalences of coronary artery disease in certain ageing (western industrial) populations, polypharmacy in the elderly and the recent voluntary market withdrawal of cerivastatin, warrants a re-examination of the safety profiles of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (i.e., statins). These agents are exceedingly well-tolerated in the vast majority of patients, very infrequently precipitating musculoskeletal symptoms and/or signs. Statins vary in their pharmacological profiles, leading to distinct levels of systemic exposure and capacities to penetrate skeletal myocytes. Pharmacokinetic interactions with certain agents increase the likelihood of statin-induced myopathy and, in exceedingly rare instances, potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria and renal failure. As with other medical decisions, the anticipated benefits of long-term statin therapy, with or without other lipid-altering agents, need to be weighed against the prospects of clinically significant drug interactions. In clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance, the two statins that are not metabolised by the cytochrome P450 3A4 system (fluvastatin and pravastatin) have exhibited very low propensities to elicit myopathy when combined with other agents. These agents should be considered initially when contemplating combination lipid-lowering regimens for coronary prevention.
Leadership Behavior of Male and Female Managers, 1984-2002.

Abstract Using data collected from 1984 to 2002 from 2,371 male and 1,768 female middle and senior managers in the United States, the authors of this article demonstrate not only that traditional gender role stereotypes do not hold up, but also that counterstereotypical patterns exist. Using the Connective Leadership Model, based on nine sets of achieving styles, the authors found that the traditional gender gap in competitiveness has decreased sharply, but for an unanticipated reason: Men's competitive scores have dropped, whereas women's have remained rather stable. Men's collaborative and contributory behaviors also have decreased significantly, whereas women's have increased.
Developing and implementing the Active Design Guidelines in New York City

Physical inactivity is a leading cause of death in the United States and globally and is also associated with several additional leading causes of death, including obesity, high blood pressure and high blood glucose. The built environment plays a critical role in promoting or discouraging physical activity among adults and children. To create a healthier and more physically active city, a working group comprising several New York City agencies, including the Departments of Design and Construction, Health and Mental Hygiene, Transportation and City Planning, and in collaboration with design organizations and academics, published the Active Design Guidelines (ADG; 〈www.nyc.gov/adg〉) in January 2010. The ADG is a manual of evidence-based and best-practice strategies for increasing physical activity in the design and construction of neighborhoods, streets and buildings. The commentary discusses key activities and events leading up to the publication as well as current implementation activities. It also shares the lessons learned that could assist other communities interested in improving their built environments in developing and implementing similar activities and initiatives.
Suppurative cervical adenitis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was isolated on culture of an aspirate from a 36-year-old woman with unilateral cervical adenitis. We believe this to be the first report of A. actinomycetemcomitans causing suppurative cervical adenitis.
Distinguishing a benzodiazepine agonist (triazolam) from a nonagonist anxiolytic (buspirone) by electroencephalography: Kinetic‐dynamic studies

Background and objectives Benzodiazepine agonists and azaperone derivatives are used clinically as anxiolytics but have different neuroreceptor mechanisms of action. This study evaluated clinical pharmacodynamic approaches to distinguishing these two classes of compounds. Methods Healthy volunteers received single oral doses of placebo, the benzodiazepine agonist triazolam (0.25 mg) or the azaperone anxiolytic buspirone (20 mg), in a double-blind, three-way crossover study. Ratings of mood and sedation, performance on the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), and quantitative measures of electroencephalographic (EEG) beta activity (13 to 31.75 cycles/sec) determined by fast-Fourier transform were obtained at multiple times after dosage. Results Triazolam significantly increased self- and observer-rated sedation, impaired DSST performance, impaired recall, and increased EEG beta activity. Pharmacodynamic changes were significantly intercor-related; all effects were maximal 1 to 2 hours after dosage but were indistinguishable from placebo by 8 hours. Buspirone did not alter the EEG or DSST performance but did increase self-ratings of sedation and feeling “spacey” and impaired memory function; these effects generally were quantitatively less than with triazolam. Peak plasma triazolam concentrations preceded maximum pharmacodynamic effects; the mean plasma effect site equilibration half-life was 9.4 minutes. Kinetic-dynamic modeling procedures yielded significant relationships between hypothetical effect site triazolam concentrations and pharmacodynamic changes. Conclusions Quantitative analysis of the EEG clearly distinguishes a typical benzodiazepine agonist from a nonagonist anxiolytic, in clinically relevant dosage, whose pharmacodynamic actions do not involve benzodiazepine receptor occupancy. EEG effects associated with triazolam are intercorrelated with other pharmacodynamic measures. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 56, 100–111; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.106