cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-arteriovenous malformations: significant hemorrhage from small arteriovenous shunts.

OBJECTIVE: Micro-arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent approximately 8 to 10% of surgically treated brain AVMs. We examined the clinical presentations, radiological features, principles of surgical resection, and factors affecting outcomes for micro-AVM lesions. METHODS: Twelve patients with micro-AVMs that had been treated by surgical resection were retrospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up monitoring period was 35 months (range, 2-76 mo). Outcomes, as assessed in follow-up visits and telephone interviews (using a questionnaire), were classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: All 12 patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage, which was intraparenchymal and superficially situated in 10 patients (83%) and intraventricular in 2 patients (17%). Hemorrhages were large (mean volume, 23 ml 3 ; range, 1-58 ml 3 ) and were associated with neurological deficits for 10 of 12 patients (83%). The identification of an arterialized draining vein during surgery and stereotactic angiography greatly facilitated surgical localization of the lesions. One patient (8%) developed a mild permanent deficit as a result of surgery. Although Glasgow Outcome Scale scores were excellent for all except one patient, nine patients (75%) experienced long-term neurological problems. CONCLUSION: Micro-AVMs typically present with large hemorrhages and are associated with significant neurological deficits. If a superficial clot is present, surgical resection of the lesion is strongly advocated. The ultimate clinical outcomes are determined primarily by deficits present after the initial hemorrhaging episodes.
Anaphylaxis to cat in a child with exclusive sensitivity to Fel d 1

TO THE EDITOR: Allergy to dogs and cats is a widespread clinical problem, with cat allergies about twice as common as dog allergies. Cat allergen is more pervasive of the pet allergens and can be abundantly present even where a cat does not live. Much is known about allergic reactions to pets and especially cats, but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of anaphylaxis after exposure to a cat. A 4-year-old boy was referred to our center for evaluation of systemic allergic reactions that occurred on 2 separate occasions after playing with a cat. On the first occasion, he developed hives, periorbital swelling, cough, and dyspnea with wheezing within minutes after contact with a cat at a friend’s house. Before the initial episode he was asymptomatic without prodromal illness. His symptoms completely resolved within 1 to 2 hours after receiving oral diphenhydramine by his parents. On the second cat exposure, his symptom onset was rapid and more severe, including generalized hives, marked difficulty breathing with wheezing, and abdominal pain, despite administering oral diphenhydramine (Figure 1). In view of the dramatic onset and severity of symptoms, anaphylaxis was suspected, although blood pressure was reported to be stable. While in the emergency department, he received intramuscular epinephrine,
Scope and Patterns of Metropolitan Governance in Urban America Probing the Complexities in the Kansas City Region

The author explores the scope and patterns of metropolitan governance in the Kansas City region by examining how 46 cities deliver 28 different public services. The hypotheses that intergovernmental service-delivery arrangements will be more common than in-house delivery and contracting with the nongovernmental sector, that intergovernmental service-delivery arrangements will be more common for system maintenance services than for lifestyle services, and that central cities and at-risk suburbs will be more likely to enter into intergovernmental service-delivery arrangements than are bedroom developing and affluent job centers are examined and tested. The findings support the first hypothesis but not the last two hypotheses.
Muscarinic receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area attenuates cocaine enhancement of laterodorsal tegmentum stimulation-evoked accumbens dopamine efflux in the mouse.

The reinforcing properties of cocaine have been related to increased extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) on dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) facilitate mesoaccumbens dopamine transmission and are critically involved in mediating natural and drug reinforcement. We investigated the effects of pharmacological blockade of mAChRs in the VTA on cocaine's ability to enhance electrically evoked NAc dopamine efflux. Using fixed potential amperometry together with carbon fiber recording microelectrodes positioned in the NAc core, we quantified dopamine oxidation currents (dopamine efflux) evoked by brief stimulation (15 monophasic pulses at 50 Hz every 30 s) of the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) in urethane (1.5 g/kg, i.p.) anesthetized mice. Compared to predrug baseline responses, cocaine (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently enhanced LDT stimulation-evoked NAc dopamine efflux, whereas the nonsubtype selective mAChR antagonist scopolamine (10 μg/0.5 μl) microinfused into the VTA diminished LDT-evoked NAc dopamine efflux. Preinfusion of scopolamine into the VTA diminished the facilitatory actions of cocaine on LDT stimulation-evoked NAc dopamine efflux, and when infused at the peak effect of cocaine attenuated LDT-evoked dopamine efflux to below predrug baseline levels. These findings suggest that LDT cholinergic inputs to dopamine neurons in the VTA, via activation of mAChRs (probably of the M5 subtype), are involved in modulating the facilitatory effects of cocaine on NAc dopamine neurotransmission. They also suggest that the development of antagonists aimed at selectively disrupting M5 receptor function may be valuable in reducing abuse liability of psychostimulants. Synapse 64:216–223, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The response of heterotrophic activity and carbon cycling to nitrogen additions and warming in two tropical soils

Nitrogen (N) deposition is projected to increase significantly in tropical regions in the coming decades, where changes in climate are also expected. Additional N and warming each have the potential to alter soil carbon (C) storage via changes in microbial activity and decomposition, but little is known about the combined effects of these global change factors in tropical ecosystems. In this study, we used controlled laboratory incubations of soils from a long-term N fertilization experiment to explore the sensitivity of soil C to increased N in two N-rich tropical forests. We found that fertilization corresponded to significant increases in bulk soil C concentrations, and decreases in C loss via heterotrophic respiration (P< 0.05). The increase in soil C was not uniform among C pools, however. The active soil C pool decomposed faster with fertilization, while slowly cycling C pools had longer turnover times. These changes in soil C cycling with N additions corresponded to the responses of two groups of microbial extracellular enzymes. Smaller active C pools corresponded to increased hydrolytic enzyme activities; longer turnover times of the slowly cycling C pool corresponded to reduced activity of oxidative enzymes, which degrade more complex C compounds, in fertilized soils. Warming increased soil respiration overall, and N fertilization significantly increased the temperature sensitivity of slowly cycling C pools in both forests. In the lower elevation forest, respired CO2 from fertilized cores had significantly higher Δ14C values than control soils, indicating losses of relatively older soil C. These results indicate that soil C storage is sensitive to both N deposition and warming in N-rich tropical soils, with interacting effects of these two global change factors. N deposition has the potential to increase total soil C stocks in tropical forests, but the long-term stability of this added C will likely depend on future changes in temperature.
Evaluating the Power to Detect Temporal Trends in Fishery-Independent Surveys: A Case Study Based on Gill Nets Set in the Ohio Waters of Lake Erie for Walleyes

Abstract Fishery-independent (FI) surveys provide critical information used for the sustainable management and conservation of fish populations. Because fisheries management often requires the effects of management actions to be evaluated and detected within a relatively short time frame, it is important that research be directed toward FI survey evaluation, especially with respect to the ability to detect temporal trends. Using annual FI gill-net survey data for Lake Erie walleyes Sander vitreus collected from 1978 to 2006 as a case study, our goals were to (1) highlight the usefulness of hierarchical models for estimating spatial and temporal sources of variation in catch per effort (CPE); (2) demonstrate how the resulting variance estimates can be used to examine the statistical power to detect temporal trends in CPE in relation to sample size, duration of sampling, and decisions regarding what data are most appropriate for analysis; and (3) discuss recommendations for evaluating FI surveys and analyzi...
Note on the Unbiased Estimation of a Function of the Parameter of the Geometric Distribution

Kolmogorov studied the problem of whether a function of the parameter p of the Bernoulli distribution Bernoulli[p] has an unbiased estimator based on a sample X1;X2; : : : ;Xn of size n and proved that exactly the polynomial functions of degree at most n can be estimated. For the geometric distribution Geometric[p], we prove that exactly the functions that are analytic at p = 1 have unbiased estimators and present the best estimators.
THE VICTORIAN GRAND SIÈCLE: IDEOLOGY AS ART HISTORY

The true greatness of this great century consists . . . not in its vain wars, and formal stage, and stilted eloquence, and pompous palaces, and grandiose art, but in the formation and working out of the political and social system of which these things were the first fruits. It is idle to indulge in academical discussions as to the merits of this system. We have inherited it, it has penetrated our lives in every direction, we act, we think under its invisible pressure, and its study is pregnant with teaching.— Emilia Dilke, Art in the Modern StateFUSING AESTHETIC INQUIRY WITH POLITICAL THEORY, Emilia Dilke’s Art in the Modern State heralds a shift in the evolving discipline of art history. Published in 1888, the book succeeds her well-received The Renaissance of Art in France (1879) and anticipates by a decade her multi-volume study of the arts of eighteenth-century France. Methodologically, however, Art in the Modern State stands apart from her other books. Predicated upon the supposition that art — indeed all cultural production — derives from and serves the “invisible pressure” of ideology, the book points to a new direction in Victorian aesthetic theory. Specifically, the book offers the first direct application of Marxist philosophy in an art historical text. That this innovation met and continues to meet with critical as well as popular indifference appears, at first, extraordinary. Considered within the context of Victorian art writing and materialist art history, however, the sources of this critical neglect begin to emerge.
Logic synthesis for large pass transistor circuits

Pass transistor logic (PTL) can be a promising alternative to static CMOS for deep sub-micron design. In this work, we motivate the need for CAD algorithms for PTL circuit design and propose decomposed BDDs as a suitable logic level representation for synthesis of PTL networks. Decomposed BDDs can represent large, arbitrary functions as a multi-stage circuit and can exploit the natural, efficient mapping of a BDD to PTL. A comprehensive synthesis flow based on decomposed BDDs is outlined for PTL design. We show that the proposed approach allows us to make logic-level optimizations similar to the traditional multi- level network based synthesis flow for static CMOS, and also makes possible optimizations with a direct impact on area, delay and power of the final circuit implementation which do not have any equivalent in the traditional approach. We also present a set of heuristical algorithms to synthesize PTL circuits optimized for area, delay and power which are key to the proposed synthesis flow. Experimental results on ISCAS benchmark circuits show that our technique yields PTL circuits with substantial improvements over static CMOS designs. In addition, to the best of our knowledge this is the first time PTL circuits have been synthesized for the entire ISCAS benchmark set.
12/15-Lipoxygenase activity increases the degradation of macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporter G1.

Objective— The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15LO) in macrophage ABCG1 expression and function associated with cholesterol efflux. Methods and Results— 12/15LO was stably overexpressed in J774 macrophages. 12/15LO-overexpressing macrophages had a 30% reduction in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, corresponding with significantly reduced ABCG1 protein expression. Treatment of 12/15LO-overexpressing macrophages with a 12/15LO ribozyme to reduce 12/15LO restored HDL-mediated efflux and ABCG1 protein expression. Treating macrophages with 12/15LO unsaturated fatty acid substrates or eicosanoid products also reduced HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. Additionally, both 12/15LO overexpression in macrophages and incubation of macrophages with eicosanoids reduced ABCG1 protein, but not mRNA, expression. However, incubation of macrophages with linoleic or arachidonic acids significantly reduced both ABCG1 mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that 12/15LO substrates and eicosanoid products differentially regulate ABCG1 expression. 12/15LO fatty acids did not decrease ABCG1 translation; however, 12/15LO fatty acids increased ABCG1 degradation when blocked by cyclohexidmide. ABCG1 degradation may be regulated through posttranslational modifications. Treatment with the 12/15LO eicosanoid product 12SHETE increased serine phosphorylation of ABCG1. Conclusions— We conclude that serine phosphorylation may increase the degradation rate of ABCG1, and as a result cause macrophage cholesterol accumulation. These findings provide evidence that 12/15LO activity in the vessel wall contributes to atherogenesis by impairing the macrophage ABCG1 cholesterol efflux pathway.
Vasculopathies of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen Disease)

Vasculopathies are the least publicized but most important manifestation of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, or, von Recklinghausen disease) as the cause of morbidity and mortality in children and young adults afflicted with the disease. Occlusive or aneurysmal disease of arteries of all sizes may occur almost anywhere in the body. Coarctation or segmental hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta with or without renal artery ostial stenosis is a common cause of renovascular hypertension. Although rare, occlusive coronary artery disease in NF1 may result in myocardial infarction and sudden unexpected death. Visceral vasculopathy causes ischemic bowel disease; and catastrophic retroperitoneal or abdominal hemorrhage has been attributed to spontaneously ruptured arterial aneurysms. Peripheral vascular disease in NF1 with limb ischemia requiring an amputation is described for the first time here. Scanty information exists in the current pathology literature on NF1 vasculopathies, hence the presentation of this review.
Authoritarian Legal Ethics: Bradley Wendel and the Positivist Turn

Bradley Wendel's LAWYERS AND FIDELITY TO LAW exemplifies recent pushback against theories of legal ethics that require lawyers to make and act on complex judgments about the justice of their actions. Critics worry that such responsibility threatens either social order or the respect citizens of a democratic polity owe to constituted authority. Wendel elaborates these concerns and develops them jurisprudentially by connecting them to Legal Positivism. In this review, I argue that Wendel’s move toward Positivism leads him to underestimate the extent to which social order and democratic legitimacy depend on informal as well as formal norms and to adopt a utopian attitude toward constituted power. In addition, the book persistently treats as analytical propositions what are in fact empirical assertions for which Wendel has no evidence.
The promise and peril of genomic screening in the general population

Utilization of sequencing to screen the general population for preventable monogenic conditions is receiving substantial attention because of its potential to decrease morbidity and mortality. However, the selection of which variants to return is a serious implementation challenge. Procedures must be investigated to ensure optimal test characteristics and avoidance of harm from false-positive test results. We scanned exome sequences from 478 well-phenotyped individuals for potentially pathogenic variants in 17 genes representing 11 conditions that are among the most medically actionable Mendelian disorders in adults. We developed five variant selection algorithms with increasing sensitivity and measured their specificity in these 17 genes. Variant selection algorithms with increasing sensitivity exhibited decreased specificity, and performance was highly dependent on the genes analyzed. The most sensitive algorithm ranged from 88.8 to 99.6% specificity among the 17 genes. For conditions with very low prevalence, small reductions in specificity greatly increase false positives. This inescapable test characteristic governs the predictive value of genomic sequencing in the general population. To address this issue, test performance must be evaluated systematically for each condition so that the false negatives and false positives can be tailored for optimal outcomes, depending on the downstream clinical consequences. Genet Med 18 6, 593–599.
Replacing the Federal Income Tax with a Postpaid Consumption Tax: Preliminary Thoughts Regarding a Government Matching Program for Wealthy Investors and a New Tax Policy Lens

In recent years, proposals have been made to replace the federal income tax with a postpaid consumption tax - that is, a federal value added tax ("VAT"), a federal retail sales tax ("RST"), or a federal cash-flow (consumed income) tax. Because these taxes can be constructed so that they are indistinguishable at the level of the ultimate consumer in terms of their principal effects, and because a prominent recent proposal is the RST approach, I have written this article in terms of an RST/income tax comparison. The analysis, however, would be mostly the same if the income tax was compared with the other forms of postpaid consumption taxes. Commentators and analysts have often noted that complete replacement of the federal income tax with a consumption tax regime would cause a substantial downward shifting of the federal tax burden to low and middle income taxpayers. This article, however, does not deal with that important point. Instead, it argues that complete replacement would create an unlimited federal obligation to match all private saving, regardless of the amount or purpose of that saving and regardless of the saver's income level, and that the wealthiest taxpayers would benefit from the largest match. This argument produces a new lens through which to examine other facets of the income tax versus consumption tax debate and this scrutiny shows that a postpaid consumption tax with progressive rates arguably does not impose any greater burden on investment income than a flat-rate postpaid consumption tax and that the wage tax/postpaid consumption tax equivalence is not essential to an understanding of the effects of a postpaid consumption tax. Using the new lens, the article also re-examines familiar matters that are generally related to the debate over whether investment income is taxed once under a comprehensive income tax and not at all under a postpaid consumption tax, or is taxed twice under a comprehensive income tax and once under a postpaid consumption tax. I conclude that within its premises, the income tax does not double-tax investment income.
A DATA SET FOR COMPUTATIONAL STUDIES OF SCHENKERIAN ANALYSIS

Schenkerian analysis, a kind of hierarchical music analysis, is widely used by music theorists. Though it is part of the standard repertoire of analytical techniques, computational studies of Schenkerian analysis have been hindered by the lack of available data sets containing both musical compositions and ground-truth analyses of those compositions. Without such data sets, it is difficult to empirically study the patterns that arise in analyses or rigorously evaluate the performance of intelligent systems for this kind of analysis. To combat this, we introduce the first publicly available large-scale data set of computer-processable Schenkerian analyses. We discuss the choice of musical selections in the data set, the encoding of the music and the corresponding ground-truth analyses, and the possible uses of these data. As an example of the utility of the data set, we present an algorithm that transforms the Schenkerian analyses into hierarchically-organized data structures that are easily manipulated in software.
Studies on bacterial pyrogenicity. I. Quantitative basis.

SummaryMultiple tests on solutions to which have been added known numbers of various bacterial species, suggest that 1000 or more organisms/ml must be present before the U.S.P. rabbit pyrogen test will yield a positive result. The potentiality is inferred of a simple culture procedure as a screen test for pyrogenicity of solutions to be employed for parenterl infusion.
The Application of Hilbert Demodulation Analysis in Fault Diagnosis of Power Mill Machines

Mill machine is a major equipment in milling system of power plant.Once problem occurs,it is bound to increase the probability of plant non-stop.Gearbox is an important part of the mill,its poor working conditions lead to frequent failures.However,malfunction audio is submerged due to the noise of equipment operation,which disturbs fault diagnosis.The traditional time-domain analysis is difficult to meet fault diagnosis requirements.To solve the above problems,demodulation analysis has been used,which can extract fault audio components submerged in the background noise effectively and achieve gear fault diagnosis.
Instinct, History of

The concept of ‘instinct’ has served as an influential way to conceptualize the recurrent forms, the ultimate motivations, and the possible heritability of human behaviors. Theories of instinct had a strong influence on nineteenth century psychology and social science. By the 1920s, however, instinct theories were the target of considerable criticism, which questioned whether it represented a single, scientifically valid, and observable phenomenon and whether it was relevant to the explanation of complex human behavior. The notion fell out of favor in the social and behavioral sciences by the 1930s, despite sporadic attempts to defend and rehabilitate it.
Social Network Models

Three models are often invoked to capture the structure of social networks: (i) Erdos-Renyi random graphs (which are tractable for theoretical analysis), (ii) small-world constructions, and (iii) multi-scale (or scale-free) graphs constructed with preferential attachments of new nodes. We show that none of these three choices are adequate models by themselves, and suggest an alternative, which is a relatively simple modification of the preferential attachment construction.
The role of affective associations in self-regulation of cancer-related dietary behaviors.

A27 Purpose: The likelihood of suffering from several cancers is influenced by individuals9 dietary practices (e.g., dietary fat, fruit/vegetable consumption). Given this, understanding how individuals self-regulate their behavioral practices is an important step towards developing effective cancer prevention interventions targeting dietary behaviors. Recent research has demonstrated that the feelings associated with particular health behaviors (e.g., positive affect associated with comfort foods) influence decision making (Kiviniemi, Voss-Humke and Seifert, in press). In this study we investigated how affective associations with specific dietary practices which are related to cancer risk influenced ongoing engagement in the dietary behavior. In addition, we examined whether those factors influencing actual dietary behavior were the same as or distinct from those predicting intentions to change the behavior. Methods: Participants (N=166) were asked questions about four general food categories (e.g., high fat foods; fruits/vegetables) and ten specific food items (e.g., hamburgers, carrots). For each food category/item, participants completed measures of: a) affective associations; b) cognitive beliefs about the utility of engaging in the behavior; c) ongoing engagement in the behavior; and d) plans to change the behavior in the near future. Results: For each behavior, participants9 current engagement in the behavior was predicted by their affective associations with the behavior; moreover, the influences of cognitive beliefs about utility on behavioral practices were mediated through affective associations. Individuals associating more positive affect with a behavior were more likely to engage in the behavior. By contrast, intentions to change behavior were predicted by cognitive beliefs about behavior alone; affective associations with the behavioral practices did not influence intentions. Summary: These results indicate that affective associations with cancer-related behaviors play a central role in individuals9 decision making about those behaviors. Moreover, they show a disconnect between the factors leading individuals to form intentions to change cancer-related behaviors and those factors that influence ongoing behavioral practices. These results have implications for both understanding the processes involved in health behavior decision making and for interventions designed to change cancer-related behavioral practices.
The Transaction Index: A Method for Standardizing Comparisons of Transaction Characteristics Across Different Contexts

This article develops a transaction index (TI), a new method that facilitates comparisons of pricing behavior between reference and target groups of transactors across different types of transactions. The TI compares the target price, derived from the target group, to a transaction zone, which is a range of plausible prices in a negotiation established by the reference groups. These two groups should be conceptually related, for example, through a social association. Statistically, the index can bring transactions at widely differing price levels to a common level and standardize price volatility to facilitate comparisons across transactions. Conceptually, it incorporates a comparison of two groups into a single measure so that their relationship can be analyzed in terms of other variables. An application of a TI to friends' and strangers' pricing decisions reveals richer associations than those observed through more traditional analytic approaches.
Sleep Surgery in the Elderly: Lessons from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

ObjectiveAssess the frequency and nature of postoperative complications following sleep surgery. Examine these issues specifically in elderly patients to provide guidance for their perioperative ca...
Vorinostat, temozolomide, and bevacizumab for patients with recurrent glioblastoma: A phase I/II trial.

2027 Background: Prognosis for recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor with median survival between 3 to 6 months. Use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, bevacizumab (BEV), has...
Removal of nutrients from urban stormwater runoff by storm-pulsed and seasonally pulsed created wetlands in the subtropics

Abstract Few studies have documented urban stormwater nutrient retention by subtropical and tropical wetlands. Freedom Park, in Naples, Florida, USA, is a 4.6-ha created wetland system designed to treat urban stormwater runoff before it impacts downstream ecosystems. The wetland system was specifically designed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the water column, especially during the wet season, when the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) averages 80 cm week −1 compared to the dry season average of 9 cm week −1 . Water samples were taken every other week at 12 locations along these treatment basins over the period March 2, 2016–February 28, 2017 and analyzed for nutrients [total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), nitrates, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen] and turbidity. Additionally, storm-event samples were taken every 6 h through and after a series of major rain-event in September 2016 to determine the wetlands’ effect during short-term pulsing events. From May 2016 through February 2017, 948,000 m 3 were pumped in from the stormwater ditch and from the downstream Gordon River, resulting in an average hydraulic loading rate (HLR) to the wetland/pond system of 51.3 cm week −1 . Overall, the Freedom Park wetlands are significant sinks of nutrients with phosphorus concentrations decreasing by 55% and nitrogen concentrations by 26%. There are statistically significant decreases between the inflow and outflow of total phosphorus (inflow = 0.111 ± 0.023 mg-P L −1 ; outflow = 0.051 ± 0.010 mg-P L −1 p −1 ; outflow = 0.862 ± 0.051 mg-N L −1 p −1 and total nitrogen (p −1 at the inflow of the system followed by a decrease to ambient levels 12 h afterwards. The wetland system appears to be working efficiently in removing nutrients for both high and low input concentrations and has been doing so for almost a decade. Processes that may be responsible for the decreases in nutrients—specifically sedimentation and vegetation uptake—and the difference between wet and dry season concentrations are discussed including ways to enhance these processes and the hydrology to optimize future stormwater nutrient retention.
Oxygen and Nutrient Exchanges at the Sediment-Water Interface: a Global Synthesis and Critique of Estuarine and Coastal Data

Estuarine and coastal marine sediment-water fluxes are considered to be important ecological features, but a global-scale assessment has yet to be developed. Goals of this work were to assemble a global-scale database of net sediment-water flux measurements, examine measurement techniques, characterize the geographic distribution and magnitude of sediment fluxes, explore the data for controls on sediment flux magnitude, and assess the importance of sediment fluxes in ecosystem-level metabolism and primary production. We examined 480 peer-reviewed sources and found sediment flux data for 167 estuarine and coastal systems. Most measurements were made in North America, Europe, and Australia. Fluxes varied widely among systems, some by several orders of magnitude. Inter-annual variability within sites was less than an order of magnitude but time series flux data to evaluate this were rare. However, limited time series data exhibited large and rapid responses to decreased external nutrient loading rates, climate change effects (possible temperature effects), and variability in trophic conditions. Comparative analyses indicated organic matter supply to sediments set the upper limits of flux magnitude, with other factors playing secondary roles. Two metrics were developed to assess ecosystem-level importance of sediment-water fluxes. Sediments represented 30% or more of depth-integrated rates of aerobic system respiration at depths of <10 m. An annual phytoplankton production data set was used to estimate N and P demand; sediments supplied an average of 15–32% of N and 17–100% of P demand and, in some cases, was as large or larger than external nutrient inputs. The percent of demand supplied by sediments was highest in temperate latitudes and lower in high and tropical latitudes.
Foot and Ankle Joint Biomechanical Adaptations to an Unpredictable Coronally Uneven Surface

Coronally uneven terrain, a common yet challenging feature encountered in daily ambulation, exposes individuals to an increased risk of falling. The foot-ankle complex may adapt to improve balance on uneven terrains, a recovery strategy which may be more challenging in patients with foot-ankle pathologies. A multisegment foot model (MSFM) was used to study the biomechanical adaptations of the foot and ankle joints during a step on a visually obscured, coronally uneven surface. Kinematic, kinetic and in-shoe pressure data were collected as ten participants walked on an instrumented walkway with a surface randomly positioned ±15 deg or 0 deg in the coronal plane. Coronally uneven surfaces altered hindfoot-tibia loading, with more conformation to the surface in early than late stance. Distinct loading changes occurred for the forefoot-hindfoot joint in early and late stance, despite smaller surface conformations. Hindfoot-tibia power at opposite heel contact (@OHC) was generated and increased on both uneven surfaces, whereas forefoot-hindfoot power was absorbed and remained consistent across surfaces. Push-off work increased for the hindfoot-tibia joint on the everted surface and for the forefoot-hindfoot joint on the inverted surface. Net work across joints was generated for both uneven surfaces, while absorbed on flat terrain. The partial decoupling and joint-specific biomechanical adaptations on uneven surfaces suggest that multi-articulating interventions such as prosthetic devices and arthroplasty may improve ambulation for mobility-impaired individuals on coronally uneven terrain.
New Measurements of the Rate Constants of the Reactions of Pentenal, Hexenal, Heptenal, and Nonenal with Ozone, OH Radicals, and Br Atoms

Rate constants for the reactions of oxygenated volatile organic compounds, namely unsaturated aldehydes, with environmentally relevant oxidants such as OH radicals, ozone, and bromine are measured by FTIR spectroscopy in chamber studies.
Irreversible Hydrolysis of PCP-Supported Rhenium(V)Acetates

Complexes (PCPR)Re(O)(OAc)2 [R = iPr (4a) and tBu (4b); PCP = κ3-P,C,P-2,6-(R2PCH2)2C6H3] undergo unexpected irreversible hydrolysis to yield (PCPR)Re(O)(OAc)(OH) (3a/3b) and free AcOH. 3a and 3b are highly fluxional in solution, possibly via AcOH loss and the intermediacy of (PCPR)Re(O)2, which was isolated for R = tBu (5b).
Ab initio formation energies and time-dependent density functional theory excitation energies for nickel-nitrogen defect sites in diamond nanoparticles

Diamond stands out in its ability to host hundreds of color centers, the most studied of which may be the nitrogen-vacancy and NE8 centers. The NE8 center, in particular, can generate single photons at an energy of 1.56 eV, but synthesis efforts are low yield and lack precise control of the defect structure and resulting optical properties. Complementing a bottom-up synthesis effort, we develop a rapid-screening computational approach for screening potential color centers in nanodiamond, focusing here on the nickel-nitrogen complexes. Formation and optical absorption energies are characterized with respect to defect stoichiometry and structure.
Oral antibiotic therapy in infective endocarditis.

The mortality of IE remains fairly high despite the aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics. Oral treatment of IE is an intriguing concept with many potential advantages over conventional intravenous therapy. Unfortunately, there are insufficient data to justify predominantly oral regimens for the treatment of IE. Trials have shown that oral therapy may have a role in follow-up to short courses of parenteral antibiotics, but these trials are limited by the small number of patients studied. It is important to note that most data for oral treatment of IE have been obtained from studies in patients with histories of IVDA and right-sided S. aureus endocarditis. As mentioned previously, the course of IE in this patient population tends to be less severe, which makes extrapolation of these data to the general population difficult. A need exist for the development of oral antimicrobials with the properties previously mentioned, making them appropriate for use in IE. Currently available oral agents require further study before general recommendations regarding their use in patients with IE can be made. Although successful oral treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis has been reported, such patients in general should not be considered as appropriate candidates for oral therapy. For now, oral antimicrobial therapy may be appropriate only as follow-up to short-course intravenous therapy, or use in combination with intravenous therapy for IE in select populations whose disease course is less severe or in whom prolonged intravenous therapy is impractical (i.e., intravenous drug users).
Comparison of two thermoplastic immobilization mask systems in daily volumetric image guided radiation therapy for head and neck cancers

Introduction; Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) requires exquisite set-up reproducibility for precise RT dose delivery in head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. Set-up reproducibility is commonly ensured with the utilization of thermoplastic immobilization mask systems, daily image guidance, and positional corrections made by linear accelerator treatment tables. This study compared two thermoplastic mask systems in set-up reproducibility and dosimetric impact using a daily volumetric image guided 4 degree of freedom (DOF) table. Methods and Materials; A retrospective study of 22 patients, eleven in each mask system A and B, was performed to compare set-up reproducibility and dosimetric impact. Mean absolute positional shifts in 6 DOF, including medio-lateral (ML), superior-inferior (SI), antero-posterior (AP), pitch, yaw, and roll were compared between mask systems utilizing mixed effects linear regression. Mean percent errors in planned versus recalculated RT doses for 27 HN dose parameters (9 planned target volume (PTV) and 18 normal tissue) were compared using two-sample t-tests. Results; There were no statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics thought to impact daily RT set-up reproducibility between mask groups A and B. The mean absolute positional shifts in ML, SI, AP, pitch, yaw, roll for mask group A was 1.51 mm, 2.06 mm, 6.11 mm, 0.43°, 0.39°, 0.27°, respectively, and for mask group B was 1.43 mm, 1.93 mm, 6.48 mm, 0.33°, 0.47°, 0.29°, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between groups. The range of mean percent errors in dose parameters evaluated was less than +/−4% between planned and recalculated. No differences were seen in mean percent errors for any of the 27 HN dosimetric parameters evaluated between groups. Conclusions; Set-up reproducibility and dosimetric impact after 4 DOF volumetric image guidance based corrections were minimal and similar between thermoplastic mask systems.
And the Band Keeps Marching On.

Before the onset of hearing, activity in the developing auditory system is dominated by periodic bursts of action potentials that originate in the cochlea from where they propagate up the central auditory pathway. In this issue of Neuron, Babola et al. (2018) provide new insight into the spatiotemporal organization of prehearing activity in vivo and its homeostatic control.
A Double-Input Three-Level Quasi-Z Source Converter Using GaN Switches with Reduced Voltage Stress for Multiple Energy Interface

A step-up double-input three-level quasi-Z source DC-DC converter (DITLQZC) using Gallium Nitride (GaN) is proposed in this paper to deal with the problem of the mismatched voltage levels between the dynamic lower voltage of the photovoltaic and the constant voltage of the de-link bus for renewable energy system, which is derived from the conventional three-level flying-capacitor boost converter. It can increase the voltage gain highly without utilizing any transformer, and reduce the voltage stress of switches as well. The steady-state operation and the control strategy for a wide range voltage-gain performance are investigated based on the actual switching sequence of the converter. To do so, the correlation between the modulation index, the output voltage, and the quasi-Z source net capacitor voltages is studied. Then, to understand the dynamic and the static behavior of proposed converter, the fundamental concept of self-balance operation of the flying-capacitor voltage is expressed. To increase both the efficiency and power density, GaN switches with small drain-source resistance $\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{DS(ON)}}$ are employed, which inherit the outstanding advantage in terms of small size. Finally, a 1kW prototype has been simulated using the actual model of switches provided by the company in LTSpice to verify the operating principles and theoretical analysis.
Longitudinal change in the diet's monetary value is associated with its change in quality and micronutrient adequacy among urban adults.

Background Reducing diet costs may lead to the selection of energy-dense foods, such as refined grains or foods high in added sugars and/or fats, which can lower overall dietary quality. We examined the longitudinal association between the monetary value of the diet (MVD) and the overall dietary quality across sex, race and income groups. Methods and findings Longitudinal data from 1,466 adult urban participants from Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study were used. Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI–2010) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) were computed and a national food price database was used to estimate MVD. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted linking annual rates of change (Δ) in MVD to ΔHEI-2010 and ΔMAR, stratifying by sex, race and income groups. Among key findings, ΔHEI-2010 was comparable across socio-demographic groups, while ΔMAR was higher among women and individuals above poverty. Adjusting for key covariates, ΔMVD was positively associated with both ΔHEI-2010 and ΔMAR, and with a consistently stronger association among individuals above poverty, specifically for the total proteins and empty calories components of HEI-2010 and several nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs: vitamins C, E, B-6 and Zinc). ΔMVD-ΔMAR association was stronger in women, mainly influenced by ΔMVD’s positive associations with B-vitamins, copper, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus NARs. ΔMVD-Δvitamin D NAR’s positive relationship was stronger among Whites, while ΔMVD-Δvitamin B-12 NAR’s association was stronger among African-Americans. Conclusions In sum, a potential increase in MVD may have a stronger impact on dietary quality among urban adult women and above-poverty individuals.
Subsymmetries and Their Properties

We introduce a subsymmetry of a differential system as an infinitesimal transformation of a subset of the system that leaves the subset invariant on the solution set of the entire system. We discuss the geometric meaning and properties of subsymmetries and also an algorithm for finding subsymmetries of a system. We show that a subsymmetry is a significantly more powerful tool than a regular symmetry with regard to deformation of conservation laws. We demonstrate that all lower conservation laws of the nonlinear telegraph system can be generated by system subsymmetries.
The Historical Record on Active vs. Passive Mutual Fund Performance

This study examines the risk-adjusted performance of actively managed mutual funds vs. passively managed mutual funds between 1991 and 2019 and finds that there is no statistically significant difference in performance between the two types of funds when the passively managed funds are compared to competitively priced actively managed funds. The practical implication of this study is that, setting tax considerations aside, as long as investors are cost-conscious in their fund selection process, investing in passively managed funds does not meaningfully improve investor outcomes.
Nutrition in Pediatric AKI and Critical Illness

Critically ill children frequently expressed AKI as a component of their organ dysfunction. This additional metabolic stress is superimposed upon the already altered metabolism of the acute critical illness, hallmarked by the phases of the neuroendocrine axis changes during critical illness.
The Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Genitourinary Cancers

A steroid hormone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is well known to play a critical role in maintaining normal homeostasis in the body primarily via regulating ionic and water transports. Indeed, MR antagonists have been prescribed to the patients as diuretic drugs. Meanwhile, emerging evidence has indicated that MR signaling, with or without functional interplay with glucocorticoid receptor or androgen receptor, contributes to modulating the development and progression of several types of neoplasms including genitourinary malignancies. This review summarizes the available data suggesting the involvement of MR signaling in renal cell carcinoma, prostatic adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and other malignancies, and highlights potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
WeldANA: Welding decision support tool for conceptual design

Abstract This paper describes a methodology and reference implementation created to aid design engineers in the early phases of design for a new discrete product. The decision support tool is used to understand design decisions and their relation to manufacturability considerations, in particular, the weldability of a design. As such, we have defined four metrics (partability, setup/orientation, accessibility, and preparation) that encapsulate good structural weldment design. Those metrics have been codified in a software tool that interacts directly with a commercial CAD package as part of a manufacturability analysis decision support tool suite that also includes machining and casting assessment capabilities. This paper focuses on weldment manufacturability analysis, WeldANA. Several common use cases are used to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the approach for use in the early stages of the design process.
Catholic Fasting Literature in a Context of Body Hatred: A Feminist Critique

Some concerned Catholic theologians and popular writers have addressed the ubiquity of body hatred in the United States in their prescriptive considerations of liturgical fasting. This essay brings a feminist theological lens to their writings to argue that this Catholic fasting literature presents dualistic and decontextualized accounts of embodiment and of sacramental practice that reify the discursive structures of body hatred in the US context. In response, the author advocates for a shift in Catholic theological discourse about fasting as one attempt to resist body hatred and support more liberative possibilities for embodiment in this context.*
National Academy of Sciences: Move with the times.

The US National Academy of Sciences has to become more nimble and responsive if it is to survive another 150 years, says Marjory S. Blumenthal.
Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease

Organic solvents are common chemicals used in industry throughout the world, however, there is evidence for adverse health effects from exposure to these compounds. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated solvent that has been used as a degreasing agent since the early 20th century. Due to its widespread use, TCE remains one of the most significant environmental contaminants in the US, and extensive research suggests TCE is a causative factor in a number of diseases, including cancer, fetal cardiac development, and neurotoxicity. TCE has also been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is variable concordance across multiple occupational epidemiological studies assessing TCE (or solvent) exposure and risk for PD. In addition, there remains a degree of uncertainty about how TCE elicits toxicity to the dopaminergic system. To this end, we review the specific neurotoxic mechanisms of TCE in the context of selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, we consider the complexity of combined risk factors that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration and discuss the limitations of single-factor exposure assessments.