cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Design Automation Conference

We are pleased to report that on this 29th Anniversary of SIGIR, the Conference of Research and Development on Information Retrieval has attracted a record-breaking number of papers. There were 399 paper submissions representing the work of IR researchers in more than 35 countries. Seventy four (18.5%) of the submitted papers were accepted, representing the different geographic areas as follows: 49 from the Americas, 11 from Europe and 14 from Asia - Pacific. In addition to the full papers, 63 posters, 11 demonstrations, 8 tutorials and 9 workshops were accepted for inclusion in the technical program. A doctoral consortium with 9 PhD candidates is also part of the technical program. It is also worth noting that more than half of the accepted papers have a student as the first author, an encouraging sign for the growth and vitality of the community. The contributions in these proceedings represent a diverse and comprehensive coverage of IR research including theoretical models, techniques related to specific tasks (e.g. filtering, summarization, text categorization, question answering, and indexing), system performance, approaches to query formulation, retrieval in different environments (e.g. the Web, the enterprise, the desktop, multilingual, and multimedia), evaluation, and user studies.The selection of quality contributions for the SIGIR conference is dependent on a robust and equitable two tier reviewing process. The PC Chairs and 30 area coordinators for the 13 main topic areas in the call for papers, nominated nearly 250 primary reviewers. Each reviewer was semi-automatically assigned between 3 and 8 papers by the PC chairs in accordance to reviewers' stated subject expertise and each paper was allocated three reviewers. In cases where there was a wide range of scores or incomplete information, several primary reviewers helped us out with a number of additional reviews. The role of the area coordinators was to oversee the process for their topic area, by resolving disagreements between reviewers and producing a meta review for each paper drawn from the primary reviews. The meta reviews served as the basis of discussion at the Programme Committee meeting. Most area coordinators were responsible for 15 or more papers / meta reviews, and some bravely represented nearly 30 papers at the PC meeting, when a colleague was taken ill. Area coordinators were selected for their subject expertise in the different topic areas and attention was also paid to geographic representation and PC Committee experience. All the reviewing was double blind with the identity of authors being released only after the selection of papers was completed.
Model Corrected Low Rank Ptychography

In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithmic framework for sub-diffractive super-resolution imaging of dynamic, time-varying targets. We extend recent works in low rank Fourier ptychographic imaging, to incorporate model-correction schemes, which correct for errors propagated due to inaccuracies in fitting an exact low rank model to the target video acquired. Through our algorithm, we are able to demonstrate superior reconstruction quality of video from phaseless Fourier ptychographic measurements, at low sample complexities, as compared to conventional ptychographic setups.
Upper Extremity Friction Burns in the Pediatric Patient: A 10-year Review.

Background Upper extremity friction burn due to powered home equipment is a growing problem in the pediatric population. The purpose of this study was to review the etiology, presentation, characteristics, and treatment of this particular type of pediatric mechanism of injury. Methods A retrospective chart review using International Classification of Diseases, version 9, codes for patients treated at a large tertiary care, free-standing children's hospital was performed to identify all patients presenting with an upper extremity friction burn from 2003 to 2012. Results Sixty-nine patients sustained upper extremity friction burns. The average age at the time of injury was 3.3 years (range, 0.7-10.6) with presentation to our center occurring 16.6 days (range, 0-365 days) following injury. Mean follow-up was 23.3 months (range, 2-104). Mechanism of injury included treadmills (n = 63) and vacuum cleaners (n = 6). Twenty-eight operations were performed on 21 patients (30%). All patients requiring a surgical intervention sustained injury via treadmill mechanism (P = 0.0001). Unlike treadmill burns, vacuum cleaner injuries affected the dorsal hand or a single digit (P = 0.00004). Scar hyperpigmentation was more prevalent in these patients compared with the treadmill group (P = 0.003). All vacuum-induced burn patients had full range of motion and function with conservative treatment alone, whereas only 55.6% of treadmill burn patients had full recovery of range of motion and 50.8% recovery of full hand function. Conclusions Friction burns from vacuum cleaners are less prevalent, have different injury patterns, and can be treated conservatively with excellent functional outcomes. Treadmill friction burns result in more significant injury and risk for dysfunction, requiring surgical intervention.
Abstract P228: Text-Facilitated Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Qualitative Analysis of Health Behavior Change

Uncontrolled hypertension constitutes a major challenge for healthcare systems. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) is widely recommended and may lower BP when combined with other supports. Howev...
Wideband 10.6-μm single-sideband electrooptic modulator characteristics: experimental results

A single-sideband (SSB) electrooptic modulator with three segmented [111]-cut CdTe crystals totaling 11.6 cm in length inside a Ku band 5.46-mm square waveguide was fabricated with broadband microwave matching structures capable of highpower pulsed operation. For accurate centering of microwave modulation frequency, the segmented crystals were gold plated on all sides to eliminate air gaps which otherwise would be present between the walls and crystal medium. For a microwave power of 10 kW at a pulse width of 5–10 μs, SSB conversion efficiency of >25% was achieved with a 3-dB bandwidth of ~1.5 GHz. The measured conversion efficiency as a function of modulation frequency fits exceedingly well over the 14–18-GHz range with the calculated results using an extended version of the coupled-mode theory reported by Carter and Haus1 for a dielectric constant value of 10.25 measured by us and a refractive index of 2.672 for CdTe.
Statistical Parameters of Bistatic Sea Clutter: Models and Measurements

This paper compares the predictions of a physics-based model with measurements of the amplitude distributions of sea clutter bistatic scattered fields. The primary objective is to understand changes in the amplitude distribution and its statistical parameters with different bistatic configurations and sea conditions. Existing measurements of bistatic sea clutter from the S-band NetRAD radar system are used having out-of-plane geometries with bistatic angles varying from 30° to 90°. The physics-based model uses a Monte Carlo simulation for the same geometries to predict the amplitude distribution of bistatic sea clutter. Results show that the statistical parameters of the scattered field amplitude distribution have similar trends versus geometry in the measured and modeled datasets.
HgCl2-induced alteration of actin filaments in cultured primary rat proximal tubule epithelial cells labelled with fluorescein phalloidin.

When proximal tubule epithelial cells are exposed to HgCl2, cytoplasmic blebs are formed. These represent on early, potentially reversible response to injury. These blebs are accompanied by reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins, and pre-sumably by alternations in cytoskeletal-plasma membrane interactions. Ca2+-activated proteinases, such as calpain, are known to affect cytoskeletal proteins and to be involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the role of calpains in cytotoxicity d due to HgCl2 is unknown. To determine the relationship between Factin, calpain, and HgCl2 toxicity, cells were stained with fluorescein phalloidin before and after treatment with HgCl2. Cells were grown on coverslips and exposed to HgCl2 (10 or 25 μM) in the presence or absence of the calpain inhibitor, leupeptin. Untreated cells were flat, polygonal, and contained many fluorescent-stained cables of actin filaments. Generally, cells exposed to HgCl2 became pleomorphic and contracted as the blebs formed. These cells showed fewer actin cables and fluorescence was seen mostly as either compact areas of dense stain or as peripheral rings. In many cells, actin cables and filaments were completely absent. Disappearance of F-actin was initially seen by 2 min after exposure to HgCl2. Thus, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and blebbing were found to be early events in HgCl2 toxicity. When leupeptin was used with HgCl2 treatment, the actin staining appeared similar to that of untreated cells. These findings clearly illustrate that HgCl2 injury to proximal tubule epithelial cells causes rearrangement and alteration of F-actin which may involve the activation of calpain.
DEMYSTIFYING THE SOAI REACTION

The extraordinary Soai reaction has profoundly impacted chemists’ perspective of chiral symmetry breaking, absolute asymmetric synthesis and its role in the origin of biological homochirality. Herein, we describe the unprecedented observation of asymmetry amplifying autocatalysis in the alkylation of 5-(trimethylsilylethynyl)pyridine-3-carbaldehyde using diisopropylzinc. Kinetic studies with a “Trojan-horse” substrate and spectroscopic analysis of a series of zinc-alkoxides that incorporate specific structural mutations reveal a ‘pyridine-assisted cube escape’. The new cluster functions as a catalyst that activates the ‘floor-to-floor’ bound aldehyde and poises a coordinated diisopropylzinc moiety for alkyl group transfer. Transitionstate models leading to both the homochiral and heterochiral products were validated by density functional theory calculations. Moreover, experimental and computational analysis of the heterochiral complex provides a definitive explanation for the non-linear behavior of this system. Our deconstruction of the Soai system contributes substantially to understanding the mechanism of this transformation that has stood as a longstanding challenge in chemistry.
Rapid Open Development and Clinical Validation of Multiple New 3D-Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused a severe international shortage of the nasopharyngeal swabs that are required for collection of optimal specimens, creating a critical bottleneck in the way of high-sensitivity virological testing for COVID-19. To address this crisis, we designed and executed an innovative, radically cooperative, rapid-response translational-research program that brought together healthcare workers, manufacturers, and scientists to emergently develop and clinically validate new swabs for immediate mass production by 3D printing. We performed a rigorous multi-step preclinical evaluation on 160 swab designs and 48 materials from 24 companies, laboratories, and individuals, and shared results and other feedback via a public data repository (http://github.com/rarnaout/Covidswab/). We validated four prototypes through an institutional review board (IRB)-approved clinical trial that involved 276 outpatient volunteers who presented to our hospital's drive-through testing center with symptoms suspicious for COVID-19. Each participant was swabbed with a reference swab (the control) and a prototype, and SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results were compared. All prototypes displayed excellent concordance with the control (κ=0.85-0.89). Cycle-threshold (Ct) values were not significantly different between each prototype and the control, supporting the new swabs' non-inferiority (Mann-Whitney U [MWU] p>0.05). Study staff preferred one of the prototypes over the others and the control swab overall. The total time elapsed between identification of the problem and validation of the first prototype was 22 days. The swabs are available to order (http://printedswabs.org). Our experience holds lessons for the rapid development, validation, and deployment of new technology for this pandemic and beyond.
Product Owners at Hesburgh Libraries: Increasing Stakeholder Engagement and Accountability through Continuous Organizational Enhancement

The hierarchical decision making structure of academic libraries and consequently established cultural norms can affect the implementation of project management, hindering effective stakeholder eng...
Examining Risk Factors of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Central America: A Snapshot of Guatemala and Honduras.

The current study examines country-specific risk factors of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Guatemalan and Honduran women. More specifically, we examine if (in)equality between ...
One Year Real-World Use of the Control-IQ Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop Technology.

Background: The t:slim X2™ insulin pump with Control-IQ® technology from Tandem Diabetes Care is an advanced hybrid closed-loop system that was first commercialized in the United States in January ...
Resolution of a neurotrophic keratopathy associated hypopyon with cenegermin.

Abstract Purpose We present a novel case of a neurotrophic keratopathy associated inflammatory hypopyon that resolved after initiation of therapy with cenegermin (Oxervate; Dompe, Milan, Italy), a recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF). This finding illustrates the potential of cenegermin in advanced inflammatory neurotrophic disease. Observations A 60-year-old female with a history of herpes zoster keratitis was evaluated in our clinic for stage 2 neurotrophic keratopathy. One month later, she presented emergently with a large epithelial defect, infiltrate, and hypopyon. Three separate sets of corneal cultures returned negative. She was treated with oral antivirals and aggressive topical antibiotics with no clinical improvement. Given the presumed diagnosis of stage 3 neurotrophic keratopathy with a sterile hypopyon, she was started on cenegermin 6 times daily for 8 weeks in the absence of a corticosteroid. By 2 weeks after starting cenegermin, the epithelial defect, infiltrate, and hypopyon sizes had improved. Within 4 weeks of starting cenegermin, the hypopyon had clinically resolved. The patient was subsequently started on topical corticosteroid drops for the last 4 weeks of cenegermin therapy. Examination at the conclusion of 8 weeks of cenegermin treatment revealed a closed epithelium and minimal scar. Best-corrected visual acuity with contact lens overrefraction was 20/70. Over the course of 7 months of continued follow-up, the cornea remained epithelialized without recurrent corneal infiltration or hypopyon. Conclusions and importance While cenegermin has been previously shown to be an effective treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy associated epithelial defects, resolution of a neurotrophic keratopathy associated inflammatory hypopyon with cenegermin is novel.
Combined Effects of Masking and Distance on Aerosol Exposure Potential.

Abstract Objective To quantify the efficacy of masking and “social distancing” on the transmission of airborne particles from a phantom aerosol source (simulating an infected individual) to a nearby target (simulating a healthy bystander) in a well-controlled setting. Methods An aerosol was created using monodisperse polystyrene latex beads in place of infectious respiratory secretions. Detection was by aerodynamic particle spectrometry. Both reusable cloth masks and disposable paper masks were studied. Transmission was simulated indoors during a 3-minute interval to eliminate the effect of variable ventilation rate on aerosol exposure. The study commenced on September 16, 2020, and concluded on December 15, 2020. Results Compared with a baseline of 1-foot separation with no masks employed, particle count was reduced by 84% at 3 feet of separation and 97% at 6 feet. A modest decrease in particle count was observed when only the receiver was masked. The most substantial exposure reduction occurred when the aerosol source was masked (or both parties were masked). When both the source and target were masked, particle count was reduced by more than 99.5% of baseline, regardless of separation distance or which type of mask was employed. Conclusion These results support the principle of layered protection to mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, and other respiratory viruses and emphasize the importance of controlling the spread of aerosol at its source. The combination of masking and distancing reduced the exposure to exhaled particulates more than any individual measure. Combined measures remain the most effective way to combat the spread of respiratory infection.
Discussion: “Synchronicity, Acausal Connection, and the Fractal Dynamics of Clinical Practice”

A discussion of Marks-Tarlow and Shapiro’s model of fractal epistemology as clinically useful in the exploration of uncanny resonances in clinical dialogue. Arguing for the relevance of fractal epi...
Replication of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus I. Some Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Viral Ribonucleic Acid

Abstract The ribonucleic acid (RNA) from Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virions sedimented through sucrose gradients with a sedimentation coefficient of 40S. Another viral RNA which was always associated with infected cells possessed a sedimentation coefficient of 26S. Both 40S and 26S RNA had identical base compositions and densities. The 40S RNA displayed a hyperchromic effect when heated with a Tm of 57.5 C. When 40S RNA was heated at 90 C and cooled rapidly, it sedimented with a coefficient of 26S. Dialysis of 40S RNA against distilled water changed its sedimentation coefficient to 26S. The presence of 8 m urea or 50% dimethyl sulfoxide in the gradients also altered the sedimentation rate of 40S RNA to 26S. In the latter case, the 26S RNA retained 10% of the infectivity originally added as 40S RNA. Dialysis of 26S RNA against 0.5 m NaCl or 0.05 m acetate buffer at pH 4.0 altered it so that about 50% of the radioactivity sedimented with a coefficient of 40S. Chromatography on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns failed to separate 40S RNA from 26S RNA. Viral RNA either exists in two conformations which sediment differently in sucrose or contains an extremely labile portion near the center and is easily broken into two equal pieces.
Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology

It is our pleasure to welcome you to Seattle for UIST 2005, the Eighteenth Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. UIST 2005 continues in the tradition of being the premier forum for presentation of research innovations in the software and technology of human-computer interfaces. Sponsored by ACM's special interest groups on computer-human interaction (SIGCHI) and computer graphics (SIGGRAPH), UIST brings together researchers and practitioners from diverse areas that include traditional graphical & web user interfaces, tangible & ubiquitous computing, virtual & augmented reality, multimedia, new input & output devices, and CSCW. The intimate size, the single track, and comfortable surroundings make this symposium an ideal opportunity to exchange research results and implementation experiences.The call for papers attracted 158 full paper and TechNote submissions from 14 countries. The program committee accepted 30 of them (19%) that cover a variety of exciting topics, including mobile, physical, and voice interfaces, mouse & touch screen interaction, customization, and projector-based systems. In addition, the program includes a keynote from Gary Starkweather on personal computing in the 21st Century and two invited surveys by Susan Dray and Ken Goldberg on ethnography and the design of networked, interactive artworks, respectively. Posters, demos, and our third annual Doctoral Consortium will complete the program. You can find these contributions in the UIST conference companion, which is distributed at the conference. The UIST proceedings continue to be prepared in color and we hope that they serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners. We have supplemented the proceedings with a DVD containing videos as appropriate for the papers, TechNotes, posters and demonstrations.
The Brain Is For Action: Embodiment, Causality, and Conceptual Learning with Video Games to Improve Reading Comprehension and Scientific Problem Solving.

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. December 2011. Major: Education, Curriculum and Instruction. Advisor: David G. O’Brien. 1 computer file (PDF); vi, 218 pages, appendices A-J.
Selective endoscopic decompression of the orbital apex for dysthyroid optic neuropathy

Objectives/Hypothesis: To introduce the concept of selective endoscopic decompression of the orbital apex for dysthyroid optic neuropathy and present surgical outcomes. Study Design: Prospective case series. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing urgent endoscopic orbital apex decompression for dysthyroid optic neuropathy were studied prospectively. Surgical indications consisted of retrobulbar optic neuropathy with radiologic evidence of apical crowding in the setting of Graves' disease. Pre- and postoperative parameters assessed included exophthalmometry, visual acuity, presence or absence of exposure keratitis, diplopia, an afferent papillary defect, and Ishihara color plate testing. Results: In all patients, visual acuity was improved or was stabilized by selective orbital apex decompression. Preoperative afferent papillary defects were reversed in all but one patient. Patients with decreased color vision by Ishihara color plate testing had postoperative improvement in their scores. No patients developed postoperative diplopia. An average of 3.1 mm of ocular recession was achieved. Conclusions: Selective decompression of the orbital apex spares the anteromedial and inferior orbital walls that are typically removed in a standard endoscopic orbital decompression. This focused approach successfully addresses compressive optic neuropathy, while minimizing the risk of postoperative diplopia or delayed sinus outflow obstruction. In patients with progressing dysthyroid optic neuropathy without diplopia this modified procedure should be considered. Laryngoscope, 2009
In Vitro Synthesis of Adenovirus Core Proteins

Abstract mRNA extracted from polysomes of KB cells at late stages of productive infection with adenovirus type 2 was translated in a cell-free system derived from Krebs II ascites cells. Two of the polypeptides obtained in this reaction corresponded to the adenovirus core protein V and the precursor to core protein VII. The following criteria were used to establish identity between the in vitro products and the virion proteins: comigration during sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cochromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate-hydroxyapatite, specific immunoprecipitation of the precursor to core protein VII, and tryptic peptide analysis.
Nucleotide binding to the isolated beta subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase.

The beta subunit isolated from the chloroplast ATP synthase F1 (CF1) has a single dissociable nucleotide binding site, consistent with the proposed function of this subunit in nucleotide binding and catalysis. The beta subunit bound the nucleotide analogs trinitrophenyl-ATP (TNP-ATP) or trinitrophenyl-ADP (TNP-ADP) with nearly equal affinities (Kd = 1-2 microM) but did not bind trinitrophenyl-AMP. Both ATP and ADP effectively competed with TNP-ATP for binding. Other nucleoside triphosphates were also able to compete with TNP-ATP for binding to beta; their order of effectiveness (ATP greater than GTP, ITP greater than CTP) mimicked the normal substrate specificity of CF1. The single nucleotide binding site on the isolated beta subunit very closely resembles the low affinity catalytic site (site 3) of CF1 (Bruist, M.F., and Hammes, G. G. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 6298-6305), suggesting that tight nucleotide binding by other sites on the enzyme involves other CF1 subunits in addition to the beta subunit. The results are inconsistent with an earlier report (Frasch, W.D., Green, J., Caguial, J., and Mejia, A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 5064-5069), which suggested more than one nucleotide binding site per beta subunit. Binding of nucleotides to the isolated beta subunit was eliminated by a brief heat treatment (40 degrees C for 10 min) of the protein. A small change in the circular dichroism spectrum of beta accompanied the heat treatment indicating that a localized (rather than global) change in the folding of beta, involving at least part of the nucleotide binding domain, had occurred. Also accompanying the loss of nucleotide binding was a loss of the reconstitutive capacity of the beta subunit. ATP protected against the effects of the heat treatment.
Effectiveness of Regular Online Quizzing in Increasing Class Participation and Preparation.

Research suggests that frequent, regularly scheduled quizzing is associated with pedagogically desirable outcomes such as higher performance on exams. It was hypothesized that requiring students to complete brief scheduled online quizzes on assigned reading material before class would also result in increases in both the number of in-class questions and comments and the number of students who read the material prior to class. For each of 3 semesters, students in 1 section of introductory psychology who took time-limited, out-of-class, “open-book” WebCT quizzes on daily readings were compared to students in another section who did not take quizzes during that unit. Because each section participated in quizzing during 2 units and no quizzing during 2 units, within-section comparisons were also made. Analyses indicated that quizzing was associated with increases in both the number of student questions and comments made at the beginning of class and the number of students who reported that they came to class having read the assigned material. It was suggested that the immediate feedback provided by quizzes is particularly efficient in identifying areas of misunderstanding and in challenging students’ “illusion of knowing” the material. Spontaneous, anonymous comments on end-of-unit surveys also suggested that a primary value of online quizzing is in helping students maintain a regular reading and study schedule.
The rotational mobility of pyridoxamine 5-phosphate.

Abstract The technique of fluorescence polarization was used to study the degree of mobility of the cofactor pyridoxamine 5-phosphate bound to the catalytic site of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase. While the cofactor of the phosphopyridoxamine form of the enzyme exhibits rotational mobility, the pyridoxyl 5-phosphate residues of the reduced enzyme are rigidly bound to the enzyme surface. These results have direct bearing on the question of the functional role played by pyridoxamine 5-phosphate during enzymatic transamination.
On the Use of Quasi-Newton-Based Training of a Feedforward Neural Network for Time Series Forecasting

This article examines the effectiveness of using a quasi-Newton-based training of a feedforward neural network for forecasting. We have developed a novel quasi-Newton-based training algorithm using a generalised logistic function. We have shown that a well-designed feedforward structure can lead to a good forecast without the use of the more complicated feedback/feedforward structure of the recurrent network.
A comprehensive database of verified experimental data on protein folding kinetics

Insights into protein folding rely increasingly on the synergy between experimental and theoretical approaches. Developing successful computational models requires access to experimental data of sufficient quantity and high quality. We compiled folding rate constants for what initially appeared to be 184 proteins from 15 published collections/web databases. To generate the highest confidence in the dataset, we verified the reported lnkf value and exact experimental construct and conditions from the original experimental report(s). The resulting comprehensive database of 126 verified entries, ACPro, will serve as a freely accessible resource (https://www.ats. amherst.edu/protein/) for the protein folding community to enable confident testing of predictive models. In addition, we provide a streamlined submission form for researchers to add new folding kinetics results, requiring specification of all the relevant experimental information according to the standards proposed in 2005 by the protein folding consortium organized by Plaxco. As the number and diversity of proteins whose folding kinetics are studied expands, our curated database will enable efficient and confident incorporation of new experimental results into a standardized collection. This database will support a more robust symbiosis between experiment and theory, leading ultimately to more rapid and accurate insights into protein folding, stability, and dynamics.
Light Energy Transduction in Halobacterium halobium

Halobacteria depend on high concentrations of NaC1 for growth and survival. They occur naturally in environments such as salt lakes, where the salt concentration due to evaporation is near or at saturation. Typically, the temperature and solar radiation density are high in such locations, at least during the day, and the O2 concentration in the brine must be low unless O2-producing halophilic algae are present. Most halobacteria do not contain chlorophyll, and it was rather puzzling to observe that many of them do not ferment sugars either and appear to rely entirely on oxidative phosphorylation as their energy source (for a review, see LARSEN, 1963, 1967). The solution to this puzzle has been provided by the observation that halobacteria can use light energy to drive metabolic processes through a chlorophyll-independent mechanism.
The analysis of several 2× 2 contingency tables

SUMMARY Consider data arranged into k 2 x 2 contingency tables. The principal result is the derivation of a statistical test for making an inference on whether each of the k contingency tables has the same relative risk. The test is based on a conditional reference set and can be regarded as an extension of the Fisher-Irwin treatment of a single 2 x 2 contingency table. Both exact and asymptotic procedures are presented. The analysis of k 2 x 2 contingency tables is required in several contexts. The two principal ones are (i) the comparison of binary response random variables, i.e. random variables taking on the values zero or one, for two treatments, over a spectrum of different conditions or populations; and (ii) the comparison of the degree of association among two binary random variables over k different populations. Cochran (1954) has investigated this problem with respect to testing if the success probability for each of two treatments is the same for every contingency table. Cochran's recommendation is that the equality of the two success probabilities should be tested using the total number, summed over all tables, of successes for one of the treatments. Cochran considers the asymptotic distribution of the total number of successes, for one of the treatments, conditional on all marginals being fixed in every table. He recommends this technique whenever the difference between the two populations on a logistic or probit scale is nearly constant for each contingency table. The constant logistic difference is equivalent to the relative risk being equal for each table. Mantel & Haenlszel (1959), in an important paper discussing retrospective studies, have also proposed an asymptotic method for analysing several 2 x 2 contingency tables. Their worlk on this problem was evidently done independently of Cochran, for their method is exactly the same as Cochran's except for a modification dealing with the correction factor associated with a finite population. Birch (1964) and Cox (1966) clarified the problem by showing, that under the assumption of constant logistic differences for each table, same relative risk, the conditional distribution of the total number of successes, for one of the treatments, leads to a uniformly most powerful unbiased test. Birch and Cox also derived the exact probability distribution of this conditional random variable under the given model. In this paper, we investigate the more general situation where the difference between the logits in each table is not necessarily constant. Procedures are derived for making an inference with regard to the hypothesis of constant logistic differences. Both the exact and asymptotic distributions are derived for the null and nonnull cases. This problem has been discussed by several investigators. A constant logistic difference corresponds to no interaction between the treatments and the k populations. The case k = 2 corresponds to one in which Bartlett (1935) has derived both an exact and an asymptotic procedure. Norton (1945)
Tinea faciei in infants caused by Trichophyton tonsurans.

: Tinea faciei has been observed periodically in children, however, it is a relatively rare occurrence in infancy. We examined three infants with tinea faciei caused by Tichophyton tonsurans. Two of the patients were potassium hydroxide (KOH) negative for fungal hyphae but culture positive, while the third was both KOH and culture positive. Trichophyton tonsurans was isolated from the scalp of family members in two of the three infants.
Validated age estimates for large white sharks of the northeastern Pacific Ocean: altered perceptions of vertebral growth shed light on complicated bomb Δ14C results

Age validation studies of large shark species using bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating have revealed that the growth of vertebrae can cease in adults. In a previous study of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) of the northeastern Pacific Ocean the latest growth material (leading edge of the corpus calcareum) was assigned a known date-of-formation assumed to coincide with the individual’s date of capture. This perspective prevented the assignment of older years of formation (a shift in age) to this material, leading to complicated results and no validated age estimates. A reanalysis of the bomb 14C data, in light of the recent findings for other species, has led to a validated lifespan estimate exceeding 30 years for white sharks of the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
P2-S1.17 Evaluating native STAND: a peer education curriculum for healthy decision-making for native youth

Background American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionately affected by a myriad of health and social conditions. Compared to other US teens, AI/AN youth have higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, teen pregnancies, tobacco use, alcohol use, and substance use. Native STAND (Native Students Together Against Negative Decisions), a 29-session peer educator curriculum was developed to address a range of sexual and reproductive health topics, including important communication and peer education skills. It is the first peer educator curriculum for healthy decision making developed for AI/AN youth. Methods Eighty students attending four Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) boarding schools were selected to be trained as peer educators. The curriculum was delivered by trained adult staff at each school and the sessions occurred over the course of the school year with each session approximately 90 min in length. A pre- and post-test using Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI) was administered to the participants. At the end of the program, focus groups with peer educators and school staff and key informant interviews with facilitators and school administration were conducted to identify programmatic strengths and weaknesses and inform final program revisions. Results Overall, analysis of pre- and post-test CASI data showed students at all four schools experienced increases in talking to peers about sexual health; in STI/HIV prevention and reproductive health knowledge; in the intention to use condoms to avoid pregnancy and STIs; and in condom self-efficacy indices. Focus groups and key informant interviews revealed that facilitators and students felt they learnt a lot through the curriculum and enjoyed the program; they saw the program as a badly needed source of clear and honest information; and they voiced their desire to have the program continue. Conclusions Native STAND was well-received at all four sites by students, facilitators, and school administrators. Almost everyone felt that no topics should be eliminated and that all the curriculum9s activities were relevant and important to include to address the unique needs of Native youth. We will incorporate findings from the evaluation into the curriculum and make it widely available.
Age‐related changes in testosterone and SHBG among Turkana males

To determine age-related changes in biologically available testosterone (T) among men in a subsistence society and their relationship to energetic status, T, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and anthropometric measures were compared among nomadic and settled Turkana pastoralists of northern Kenya. Hormonal measures were available for 104 nomadic men and 72 settled men, estimated ages 20–90 years. Comparison of the two subpopulations revealed significantly higher blood T (32.7 ± 15.1 vs. 23.4 ± 15.2nM) and SHBG (53.8 ± 19.5 vs. 39.7 ± 20.nM) but not free testosterone index (FTI) (65.6 ± 39.3 vs.66.3 ± 45.9) among the nomads. Total blood T did not exhibit a significant linear decline with age in either subgroup, while SHBG values showed a significant linear increase among the nomads. When controlled for energetic status, FTI showed a significant decrease with age among the nomads, but not the settled males. Total blood T was negatively associated with waist circumference among the nomads, but not the settled males. FTI showed a marginally significant negative association with waist circumference, suprailiac skinfold, and % body fat among the nomads but no associations with body composition among the settled group. These results add additional evidence that T is related to energetic status under conditions of negative energy balance and suggest that cross-population variation in the slope of age-related declines in free serum T and salivary T may be related to energetic status through the effects of SHBG. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:71–82, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probabilistic optimum inspection planning of steel bridges with multiple fatigue sensitive details

Abstract Inspection planning of fatigue sensitive bridges is a complex process. This, in part, is due to various uncertainties associated with the damage propagation and the detection technique used to perform inspections. The planning process starts with identifying the most critical locations of fatigue damage occurrence. In this context, non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, applied at different times along the service life, can be used to monitor the crack growth and support the fatigue life estimation. The next step is to establish an inspection plan which considers the available budget and the target performance level of the investigated bridge. This paper proposes a probabilistic approach for providing effective inspection plans for fatigue critical bridges. The proposed approach considers multiple fatigue critical locations in the bridge and chooses the best inspection option among a set of predefined types of non-destructive inspections for each detail. Uncertainties in the damage propagation are considered in addition to the uncertainties in the damage detection process. A multi-objective optimization problem, which accounts for various critical details in the bridge, is formulated to find the optimum inspection times and the required NDT technique for each inspection. An existing fatigue critical steel bridge is used to illustrate the proposed probabilistic approach.
Development of Luminescence Procedures to Evaluate Permeation of Multi-Ring Polyaromatic Compounds Through Protective Materials

This study describes two practical and simple luminescence techniques developed to evaluate the efficacy of protective clothing materials against permeation of multi-ring polyaromatic compounds contained in heavy oil and petroleum products. The procedures use a rapid and simple technique based on room temperature phosphorimetry and fluorescence detection in which a portable flberoptics luminoscope was used.
An Interpretation of Small-Ion Effects on the Electrostatics of the λ Repressor DNA Complex

Monte Carlo simulations of the interactions of Na+ and Cl- ions with λ repressor protein and its DNA operator site have revealed an interesting effect [Jayaram, B.; DiCapua, F. M.; Beveridge, D. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 5211−5215]. When the protein is close to its binding site on DNA, the presence of the small ions strengthens the electrostatic net attractive force between the formally charged protein residues and the phosphate groups on DNA. The effect has been interpreted as a manifestation of the release of counterions condensed on DNA. We show that although counterions are indeed released, the enhancement of the attractive force at short distances has a different origin. There is a direct attraction between DNA phosphates and positively charged protein residues, and a direct repulsion between DNA phosphates and negatively charged protein residues. Close to the DNA, the net direct force is attractive. By weakening the direct repulsion between DNA phosphates and the negatively charged glutamate a...
Future Wind Power Scenario Synthesis Through Power Spectral Density Analysis

Scenarios of near future wind power are synthesized by considering the power spectral density (PSD), statistical characteristics, and the future capacity. The PSD of the wind power follows different power laws over different frequency ranges and is approximated by a piecewise function. A scaling exponent of the power law for a particular piece can be approximated by the slope of an affine function fitted to a logarithmic plot of the PSD. Each piece of the function has a different trend as the total capacity increases. Slope trends, the first PSD value, and the last PSD value are trained to forecast the PSD. Then, future wind power scenarios are synthesized from the forecasted PSD. In this process, phase angles are searched using a genetic algorithm while satisfying forecasted statistical characteristics for the given capacity. Our approach is simulated and validated for wind power for seven years in ERCOT and is used to synthesize a future wind power scenario at 10,000 MW capacity. Our approach could also be used to generate wind power scenarios at present capacity for many stochastic optimization problems in power systems.
Pre-planned multicast protection approaches in WDM mesh networks

This work proposes new protection schemes that optimize the routing heuristics to provision survivable unicast and multicast connection requests in WDM-mesh networks. (2 pages)
Exercise and executive function in individuals with chronic stroke: a pilot study.

Background and Purpose—Emerging evidence suggests that exercise may improve cognitive function in older adults. The purpose of this pilot research project was to describe changes in measures of cognition and executive function in individuals with chronic stroke following participation in aerobic and strengthening exercise. Methods—A single group pre-test post-test design was used. Nine individuals with chronic stroke (mean age 63.7±9.1, mean time since stroke 50.4±37.9 months) completed a 12-week program of aerobic and strengthening exercise, 3 days per week. The primary outcome measures examined executive function (digit span backwards and Flanker tests). Secondary measures examined various aspects of aerobic fitness (VO2peak, 6-minute walk distance) and function (Fugl-Meyer, 10-meter walk speed). Results—Following the intervention significant improvements were found in the digit span backwards test (mean change = 0.56±0.9 digits; p=0.05), Fugl-Meyer score (mean change = 3.6±5.7; p=0.05), and SIS total score (mean change = 33.8±38.5; p =0.02). A significant correlation was found between improved aerobic capacity and improved performance on the Flanker test (r=0.74; p=0.02). Discussion—The results of this pilot study indicate that a 12-week aerobic and strengthening exercise program improved selected measures of executive function and functional capacity in people with stroke. Limitations of this study include the small sample size and lack of a comparison group. Conclusions—This pilot study contributes to the emerging evidence that exercise is associated with improved cognition in people with stroke. These benefits indicate the need for future study with a larger group to have sufficient power to further explore these relationships. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Genetic Regulation of Hypothalamic Cocaine and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) in BxD Inbred Mice

Cocaine and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) peptides are implicated in a wide range of behaviors including in the reinforcing properties of psychostimulants, feeding and energy balance and stress and anxiety responses. We conducted a complex trait analysis to examine natural variation in the regulation of CART transcript abundance (CARTta) in the hypothalamus. CART transcript abundance was measured in total hypothalamic RNA from 26 BxD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains and in the C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) progenitor strains. The strain distribution pattern for CARTta was continuous across the RI panel, which is consistent with this being a quantitative trait. Marker regression and interval mapping revealed significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) on mouse chromosome 4 (around 58.2 cM) and chromosome 11 (between 20-36 cM) that influence CARTta and account for 31% of the between strain variance in this phenotype. There are numerous candidate genes and QTL in these chromosomal regions that may indicate shared genetic regulation between CART expression and other neurobiological processes referable to known actions of this neuropeptide.
Research challenges for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are currently receiving significant attention due to their unlimited potential. However, it is still very early in the lifetime of such systems and many research challenges exist. In this brief article, I concentrate on six key research challenges for wireless sensor networks. I conclude with a brief mention of a number of other research challenges that must be met before WSN become pervasive.
Iterative solvers by substructuring for the p -version finite element method

We study a class of substructuring methods well-suited for iterative solution of large systems of linear equations arising from the p-version finite element method. The p-version offers a natural decomposition with every element treated as a substructure. We use the preconditioned conjugate gradient method with preconditioning constructed by a decomposition of the local function space on each element. We develop an elementary theory giving bounds on the condition numbers which do not depend on the number of elements if a sparse system with only few variables per element is solved in each iteration. This bound can be evaluated considering one element at a time and we compute such condition numbers numerically for various elements.
Whitman vs. Parton

From a portion of material acquired by the univerrsity, Dr. Coad has been able to fill out the story of a much-debated controversy concerning a debt of Whitman.
Power and politics in hyperreality: The critical project of Jean Baudrillard

This article describes and examines the critical thinking of Jean Baudrillard, especially in relation to his views of modernity and postmodernity. At the center of his critique of modern and postmo...