cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Natural Radioactivity of In 115

An investigation of the possible natural radioactivities of the ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$-${\mathrm{In}}^{113}$ and ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$-${\mathrm{Sn}}^{115}$ pairs of adjacent isobars gave evidence for a natural beta-radioactivity of indium. Four samples of indium differing in geographical origin were subjected to radiochemical purification and then examined in a screen wall counter arranged with anticoincidence counters and steel shielding. Absorption measurements on these samples gave reproducible results indicative of an energetic natural beta-radiation. The energy was measured by comparing the absorption characteristics of the indium radiation with those of ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{204}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{60}$, whose beta-energies have been measured spectroscopically. Measurement of isotopically enriched samples of indium gave conclusive evidence that the origin of the beta-radiation is the ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ isotope. Limits were placed on possible accompanying gamma-radiation. The results indicate that ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ emits a natural beta-radiation of 0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03-Mev energy with a half-life of 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ years.
On a Villanelle by Elizabeth Bishop

THE NEW YORKER M A G A ZIN E published a masterpiece on April 26, 1976. Elizabeth Bishop's "One Art," later reproduced in her Geography HI, is a convincingly drastic approach to the archaic French form. It shows what drabness may do for an all-too-golden repetitive form. It is superior to the maudlin manias of Thomas, finer than the cerebrations of Empson and still severe, and takes its place along with those of Auden, James Schuyler, and a few other premonitory practitioners' specimen stanzas. The title is "One Art," and it identifies for us the integrity and lack of integrity that remain the polarizing tensions of the poem. It is indeed a poem of explicit art, of many-minded cunningness. The poem reminds us, as Freud does in his chapters upon the theme of forgetting in The Psycho pathology of Everyday Life, that the most buried life corresponds in its dynamic aspects to writing, to expression. The poem is necessarily self referential and self-reflexive whilst it never gives up its bitter burden of referentiality. The art of losing seems a mere theme, but it is also the central and active theme of themelessness, affording such a space of absence to the poem. The title is reserved and masterful. In a poem which conceives of mastery in the most negatively thrilling terms, it stands as a Keatsian "lone star" of hermitage over the poem. The title is an unadorned handle and forgets nothing. A villanelle may be said to be the classic form of repetition and persistence. Like Kierkegaard, Bishop broods about the possible repetitions possible upon this mortal earth. She is part of the "dreaming tribe" Keats brooded about and nearly deposes in his "Fall of Hyperion" and she persists in brooding. The poem is both an homage to poetry, a defense of poetry, and a terrifying lament about the weaknesses of poetry in relation to mortalia that touch us in the Virgilian sense. Each repetition furnishes a new twist of suffering. Rather than producing a stream of repetitions to remind us of voice or consciousness in Stein's explicit meanderings, she composes and decomposes with repetition and persistence to give us a very palpable thickness (in Jakobson's senses) of attention. The poem is filled with palpable dissonances of off-rhymes that link Bishop with the tradition of orality, desire, and dissonance, in Dickinson and Moore: fluster/master; gesture/master. These dissonances each lead to the incongruous congruent rhyme of master and disaster. It IS disaster that is the large fate of the master. As Heidegger has it of Nietzsche, so Bishop of herself, the topoi are the circle and suffering. The poem is a circle from which we cannot escape anymore than Borges can escape from Odin's disk in his phantasmal story. The poem and its archaistic form are themselves a fine and almost comical fate. One modulates from dissonance to dissonance, as in Charles Rosen's sense of the "classical style," too often perceived as a
Do Firms Time Equity Offerings? Evidence from the 1930s and 1940s

We investigate whether the timing of equity sales to exploit market overvaluation may account for the reported poor post-offer stock performance of firms issuing equity. We posit that rights offers, targeted to a firm's current shareholders, are less likely to be timed to exploit overvaluation. Our study compares firm commitment and rights offerings during 1933-1949 when rights offers were common. We find that abnormal returns for firms electing the firm commitment method were significantly negative over the year following the offer, while those for firms using rights were not. This suggests that firm commitments were timed, while rights offers were not.
Ubiquitin Genes in Trypanosomatidae

A ubiquitin encoding cDNA from Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan cause of Chagas' disease, was isolated by immunoscreening a lambda gt11 expression library with serum from a mouse chronically infected with this parasite. The cDNA encodes a precursor protein consisting of four tandem repeats of ubiquitin differing from that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in four positions, followed by an unrelated 52-amino acid tail containing a putative metal and nucleic acid binding domain. Southern and Northern blots of DNA and RNA from various strains of T. cruzi and from several African trypanosome and Leishmania isolates revealed dramatic differences in the numbers and sizes of ubiquitin genes and transcripts. One of the T. cruzi isolates examined has as many as 10 ubiquitin genes, while a strain of Leishmania donovani appears to have only 1. Forty or more tandemly arranged ubiquitin coding repeats are present in some genes, while others have only two or three. Evidence for stage-specific expression of a ubiquitin transcript was found in one strain, but no stress-induced changes in the pattern of transcripts were detected in the one isolate examined. Thus the cellular requirements for ubiquitin in trypanosomatids can be supplied by diversely organized genes containing highly variable numbers of ubiquitin coding repeats.
The efficient generation of random programs and their applications

My project is investigating the efficient generation of random programs and their applications. A computer program is typically viewed as a specific set of instructions written to perform a certain task and it is developed through many iterations of careful planning, coding, debugging and testing. However, more fundamentally, a program is just a tree-shaped datum and, as such, can be analyzed and created by other programs. For example, compilers, type checkers and parser generators are programs that either take other programs as inputs or yield programs as results. Since programs can be easily represented as trees, the problem of generating programs is really the problem of constructing legal trees.
The Ambiguous Virtues of Federalism in Corporate Law

Recent contributions to the literature on U.S. corporate federalism question whether any competition between states actually exists for corporate charters. The existence of network effects calls into question whether serious competition is possible or even desirable. This paper argues that network effects do limit competition, but some competition does remain, and it is desirable. One benefit is that competition provides a range of laws, with differing laws appealing to differing business organizations. State competition also still encourages increased legal innovation and adaptation. It is probably true that most states other than Delaware do not actively compete to become a destination for corporate charters. However, all states still have good reasons for updating their corporate laws to better serve the companies which do incorporate within their jurisdiction. Delaware has strong incentives to respond to improvements made by other states. All states also get an important informational benefit from state competition - they can observe how forty-nine other states are adapting their laws, and how companies respond to those changes. The federal government also makes much important corporate law, and the threat of federal intervention limits what Delaware can do. Since the federal government is likely to be somewhat less pro-management than Delaware, its presence helps stop overly pro-managerial developments in state law while still leaving room for much lawmaking and experimentation at the state level. The federal system of incorporation thus does a rather elegant job of achieving the efficiencies of network effects while still remaining dynamic and flexible. But the achievement is always messy and ambiguous, because there is no good way to achieve everything which we would like to achieve in setting corporate law.
Characterization of nuclear proteins that bind the EFII enhancer sequence in the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat.

The EFII cis element is a 38-bp sequence at the 59 end of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, extending from nucleotides -229 to -192 (with respect to the viral transcription start site), which is recognized by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins in avian fibroblast nuclear extracts (L. Sealy and R. Chalkley, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:787-798, 1987). We demonstrate that multiple copies of the EFII cis element strongly activate transcription of a reporter gene in vivo. We correlate the region of the EFII cis element which activates transcription in vivo with the in vitro binding site for three nuclear factors, EFIIa, EFIIb, and EFIIc. The sequence motif recognized by EFIIa, -b, and -c is also found in consensus binding sites for members of a rapidly growing family of transcription factors related to the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP). EFIIa, -b, and -c are present in fibroblast and epithelial cell lines from various species but are much less abundant in differentiated rat liver and kidney cells. The EFIIa binding activity is particularly abundant in an avian B-cell lymphoma line. As judged from molecular weight analysis, cell type distribution, and sequence recognition properties, the EFII factors under study appear to differ from most of the previously described C/EBP-related factors and thus may expand the diversity of the C/EBP family. Images
Inhibition of neuronal uptake of 3H-biogenic amines into rat cerebral cortex by partially and fully saturated derivatives of imipramine and desipramine. The importance of the aromatic ring in adrenergic amines--part 3.

Abstract In order to assess the importance of the aromatic rings in inhibition of neuronal amine uptake produced by tricyclic antidepressant drugs, derivatives of imipramine (IMI) and dcsipramine (DMI) were prepared in which either one (IMIH, DMIH) or both (IMIH2, DMIH2) of the aromatic rings were fully reduced to cyclohexane rings. The relative abilities of these compounds to inhibit the uptake of l-[ 3 H ]- norepinephrine (NE), [ 3 H]-dopamine (DA) and [ 3 H]-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into chopped tissue of rat cerebral cortex were determined. Reduction of one or both aromatic rings did not alter significantly the inhibition of uptake of [ 3 H]-DA or [ 3 H]5-HT produced by either IMI or DMI ( IC 50 values 25–80 μM). However, saturation of one or both rings abolished the selectivitv of DMI for inhibition of NE uptake ( IC 50 0.12 μM). decreasing potency 150-fold ( IC 50 18.3 μM) and 250-fold ( IC 50 29.4 μM) respectively. The effect of aromatic ring reduction on the IMI-induced inhibition of NE uptake was much less pronounced. The results suggest that hydrophobic rather than π-electron attractive forces are involved in the interaction of DMI or IMI with DA or 5-HT uptake sites. However, the loss in selectivity for inhibition of NE uptake upon reduction of DMI may reflect loss of π-electron interactions in the binding of DMI to the NE uptake site, or may reflect increased sensitivity to spatial disposition of the hydrophobic binding areas of the drug relative to that found at the DA or 5-HT amine uptake sites.
Making a difference in curriculum reform and decision-making processes.

Context Although firmly grounded in Flexner's legacy of ideas, today's medical curriculum, as both an entity and a process, has become more and more complex. The curriculum as an entity is portrayed according to five key elements: the expected competencies and roles; the learners at the centre of the enterprise; assessment linking competencies and learners; the conditions and resources for learning; and a multifaceted socio-politico-cultural context in which the learning occurs. Significant developments have also occurred in the disciplines of curriculum studies, cognitive psychology and organisational change over the past century, as well as in institutional best practices, that help us to better understand and plan curricular innovations. Discussion Practical advice is offered to help curriculum developers in designing or reforming the medical curriculum. The key points of this are: (i) while focusing reform and innovation on specific elements of the curriculum, consider how those elements affect other elements and vice versa, in positive and negative ways; (ii) while grounding the reform or innovation in sound conceptual frameworks, seize any opportunities to formulate a research agenda that can build upon and advance our understanding of curricular innovations, and, (iii) moving beyond considering the curriculum as an entity, use deliberative and leadership processes that can lead to enduring curriculum reform.
A numerical study of the thermally-induced response of decomposing, expanding polymer composites

A numerical study of the thermally-induced response of two similar decomposing, expanding glass-filled polymer composites has been conducted. The study was performed using a newly developed numerical model, the accuracy of which was established by comparing predicted and experimental temperature profiles for one of the composites of interest. The results of the study were used to evaluate the effects of composition and processing history on the response of the materials.
Measurement of the Branching Ratio ( K L → γ γ ) ( K L → 3 π 0 )

We have measured the branching ratio $\frac{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}$ to be (2.24 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.28) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Combined with a recently reported branching ratio $\frac{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all}\mathrm{modes})}=0.209\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011$, we find $\frac{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{({K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all}\mathrm{modes})}$ to be (4.68 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.64) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$.
Finding “Their Own”: Revitalizing Buryat Culture Through Shamanic Practices in Ulan-Ude

The shamans working at the Tengeri Shamans’ Organization in Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, claim that their work is devoted to reviving “traditional” Buryat culture, despite local criticism of the “nontraditional” institutional nature of their practices. Ethnographic and survey data collected in 2012 confirm that this is in fact the case for the urban Buryats who are drawn to the organization. Shamanic healing at Tengeri requires patients to learn family genealogies and revive clan rituals, and it offers both practical opportunities and encouragement for the use of the Buryat language, thereby providing a locus for cultural revitalization.
Selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition blocks furosemide-stimulated renin secretion in vivo

The macula densa is a regulatory site for renin. It contains exclusively the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), suggesting NO could stimulate renin secretion through the macula densa ...
Targeting vascular sprouts

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer ( 1 ). Its functional importance for the manifestation and progression of tumors has been validated by the therapeutic effects of angiogenesis inhibitors. However, the overall effectiveness of several approved therapies that target the proangiogenic pathways controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have had rather modest and transient effects in the clinic ( 2 ). This is because tumors can activate alternative pathways to adapt to vascular growth restrictions. Emerging evidence ( 3 – 5 ) indicates that targeting metabolic pathways in blood vessel endothelial cells may be a new and promising strategy because metabolism in these cells not only fuels vascular expansion, but also regulates the very formation of blood vessels.
Control and Cross‐Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown

This paper uses the notion of control from programming languages to look at the organization of mental code. Data for the analysis comes principally from language breakdown. The paper first outlines the well known distinction between logic and control in algorithms and argues that the same distinction holds in mental code. Discussion then focuses mainly on control—the management of data flow—and shows that a variety of language disorders affect either the logic component of the mental algorithms for language (e.g., Specific Language Impairment) or the control component (e.g., Williams syndrome and Turner syndrome). A comparative study of the loss of morphology in Williams syndrome and Specific Language Impairment reinforces the logic/control split as an accurate guide to the explanation of linguistic behavior in these disorders. The data, moreover, are not accountable to sheer performance factors, but to the way the disorders disrupt the structure of mental algorithms. The paper closes with a discussion of how control and the management of cross-domain computation fit into recent theories of modular mental architecture and proposals about the explicitness of representations and their availability to working memory.
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of spermatozoa from the boar, ram, goat and bull.

Abstract 1. 1. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 31 P-NMR) was utilized to examine semen and spermatozoa isolated from boars, rams, goats and bulls. 2. 2. Whole semen was found to contain high but variable levels of glycerylphosphocholine, most of which was located in the seminal plasma rather than in the spermatozoa. 3. 3. Spermatozoa concentrated into a pellet were found to contain resonances for inorganic phosphate, phosphomonoesters including fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, and free nucleotide triphosphate peaks. 4. 4. A broad resonance was observed from 30 to −25 ppm which originated partly from nucleotide tri-and diphosphates. 5. 5. No high energy molecules such as phosphoarginine or phosphocreatine which could act as energy shuttles were observed.
Cost‐reduction location strategies

Increasing competition in the market causes continued pressures for many companies to control or reduce costs. This has led to various responses by companies to seek more efficient operating models, in which the location where activities are performed has become a key determinant. The fast pace at which many low‐cost regions are developing into acceptable business environments has offered enormous opportunities for companies to change their geographic network of operations. The result is an ongoing shift of activities from welldeveloped, but high‐cost areas to low‐cost locations elsewhere in the world. This paper describes the relocation trends in the last decade, the drivers for cost reduction and the responses of companies. A location evaluation approach is described which helps to understand the cost and quality of doing business in various locations. Typically, there is a trade‐off between those two dimensions: low‐cost locations offer lower quality, whereas higher‐quality locations are more expensive...
Discrete-time adaptive control of systems with unknown deadzones

An adaptive deadzone inverse approach is developed for control of discrete-time systems with unknown deadzones at the input of linear dynamics. The proposed controller consists of an adaptive deadzone inverse, whose parameters are updated to cancel the effect of the deadzone, and a linear part, which is designed to achieve tracking of a reference signal by the system output. When the linear part of the system is known, its parameters are used to specify the parameters of the linear part of the controller. When the linear part of the plant is unknown, the linear control parameters are adaptively estimated. The control error caused by the adaptive deadzone inverse is expressed as a linearly parametrizable part plus a bounded disturbance. Adaptive laws which employ parameter projection are used to update the controller parameters. They are robust with respect to the bounded disturbance, and they result in parameter estimates needed to implement an adaptive deadzone inverse. We prove the closed-loop signal bo...
Developing Moral Responsibleness through Professional Education.

Suggesting that a technical or means orientation prevails in the professional preparation and practice of counselors, the authors state that more attention must be given to development of critical reflectiveness about valued ends when making professional judgments. They describe an instructional model designed to further students' capacities and motivations for making rational moral judgments in counseling. Instructional strategies involving independent-learning modules, critique, and dialogue are used to promote reflection on self and examination of moral questions. A pretest-posttest evaluation of a 10-week application of the teaching model found significant student gains in moral sensitivity.
A sucrose-based maintenance diet increases sensitivity to appetite suppressant effects of naloxone.

Abstract Rats maintained under restricted access to food (but at 100% free-feeding weights) received one of two diets in their home cages: a palatable sucrose-based diet, or regular chow (grain based diet), and could respond for either sucrose- or grain-based reinforcers under an FR 40 reinforcement schedule (crossover design). Naloxone (0, 0.1,0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) was more potent in reducing operant-chamber responding in rats maintained on a sucrose-based diet in their home cages than those fed a grain-based diet, regardless of the type of pellets available in the operant chambers. Whereas naloxone decreased response rate over the session, it had no effect on initiation of responding. Results support the hypothesis that opioids are involved in the maintenance, but not the initiation of consummatory behavior. Furthermore, increased potency of naloxone following chronic ingestion of palatable food is similar to that observed following chronic opiate administration, suggesting a relationship between palatability and opioids.
A cluster-gene: evidence for one gene, one polypeptide, five enzymes.

Abstract Five enzymes catalyzing consecutive steps in the central pathway leading to the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids in Neurospora are physically associated. Previous structural analysis of this enzyme system suggested that the 300,000 dalton native protein consisted of at least four distinct polypeptide chains. Genetic studies conducted in another laboratory indicated that the genes specifying these putative polypeptides are tightly linked. Recently we found that the “subunit” structure observed earlier for this system was created during its isolation and purification by the action of resident proteolytic activity. Here we show that when the enzyme system is purified rapidly by affinity chromatography in the presence of protease inhibitor a single 150,000 dalton band is obtained in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Without these precautions, four or more distinct bands with lower molecular weights are obtained. From these results we conclude that the arom enzyme system is a 300,000 dalton dimer consisting of identical 150,000 dalton peptides. Based on the one gene, one polypeptide concept, the arom system appears to represent a case of one gene specifying five enzyme activities rather than five separate genes as previously conceived. The term cluster-gene is proposed to signify a gene encoding a polypeptide with discrete multiple functions.
How much evidence should one collect

A number of philosophers of science and statisticians have attempted to justify conclusions drawn from a finite sequence of evidence by appealing to results about what happens if the length of that sequence tends to infinity. If their justifications are to be successful, they need to rely on the finite sequence being either indefinitely increasing or of a large size. These assumptions are often not met in practice. This paper analyzes a simple model of collecting evidence and finds that the practice of collecting only very small sets of evidence before taking a question to be settled is rationally justified. This shows that the appeal to long run results can be used neither to explain the success of actual scientific practice nor to give a rational reconstruction of that practice.
Recent experiences with error estimation and adaptivity. Part I: Review of error estimators for scalar elliptic problems

Abstract In this paper we review two classes of methods for the a posteriori estimation of the error in finite element approximations of elliptic boundary value problems, namely residual and flux-projection error estimators. Several versions of the residual method and a popular version of the flux projection method were implemented for approximations of a scalar elliptic model problem defined on uniform grids of triangles with hierarchic shape functions of polynomial order p (1⩽ p ⩽7). Numerical experiments indicate that flux projection schemes, which are now in use in several commercial finite element codes, are not asymptotically exact and may lead to very poor predictions of the error for even-order finite element approximations. Fortunately residual estimates, which are theoretically justified, provide asymptotically exact estimators of the global energy norm of the error. Both classes of error estimates may fail to give uniformly accurate estimates of the local distribution of error over the grid.
The modification of socially detrimental behavior

Abstract Maladaptive behaviors of retarded persons which lead to immediately self-injurious or disruptive consequences have received much clinical-experimental attention. However, there is a broader class of behaviors which, while not so immediately dramatic, can exert a seriously detrimental influence on the social adjustment of retarded individuals because other people find the actions unpleasant or disquieting. In an own-control paradigm, the high frequency tongue-extension of a poorly functioning child was the target for modification. When tongue thrusts were reduced, the child showed greatly increased social responsiveness and others showed more positive reactions to her. The need is discussed for giving further attention to less dramatic but socially detrimental behaviors in retarded children.
Cefditoren activity against nearly 1000 non-fastidious bacterial isolates and the development of in vitro susceptibility test methods.

Abstract Cefditoren (formerly ME-1206) is an investigational, orally administered cephalosporin ester with bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive and -negative organisms. Cefditoren potency against nearly 1000 non-fastidious species was determined by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) reference broth microdilution and standardized disk diffusion methods. Against staphylococci, usable cefditoren activity was completely correlated with oxacillin with respect to potency and susceptibility interpretation ( mec A -negative strains). Cefditoren was very active against Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli (MIC 90 range, 0.12–1 μg/ml; median zone, 23–26 mm). Cefditoren had more limited activity against Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, and indole-positive Proteae (MIC 50 range, 0.12–1 μg/ml; MIC 90 , > 16 μg/ml; median zone, 18–25 mm). Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp., and other non-fermentors, cefditoren was inactive (MIC 90 , > 16 μg/ml; zone, 6 mm). Pharmacokinetic analysis of cefditoren showed that utilized dosages produce a plasma concentration that exceeds 0.5 μg/ml for 5 to 8 h and 1 μg/ml for 4 to 6 hours (T 1/2 ranges from 1.5–2 h). The following interpretive criteria were suggested: ≤ 2 μg/ml or ≥ 15 mm (susceptible) and ≥ 8 μg/ml or ≤ 11 mm (resistance) that yielded an intermethod categorical agreement of 95.8% and very major or major error rates of 0.7% and 0.3%, respectively. Alternatively, ≤ 1 μg/ml or ≥ 18 mm (susceptible) and ≥ 4 μg/ml or ≤ 14 mm (resistant) breakpoints resulted in 96.2% accuracy and combined serious errors of only 1.1%. Cefditoren was observed to be a very active cephalosporin ranking among the most potent available orally active β-lactams for use against a wide variety of pathogens.
Technology as Responsibility: Failure, Food Animals, and Lab-grown Meat

As we become more aware of the various problems associated with technologically mediated meat production (e.g., the lives of the animals, the human health effects of consuming meat, the ecological impacts of large-scale animal farming), we also confront a variety of technologically mediated potential fixes (e.g., in vitro meat technologies). Rather than comparing bad and good technologies in the context of meat, I want instead to explore the dynamics of the human-animal relationships expressed within specific approaches. This method, I suggest, illustrates the technological aspects of the relationships, which reflect an orientation to the world (in the form of the animal body and the surrounding ecologies) that mediates human interaction with the environment. It also helps to show that the more we try to take responsibility for those bodies—in terms of knowledge, in terms of energy—the more we require the environment to reflect our conditions and the less tolerant we become of failure.
Evolution of Primary Hemostasis in Early Vertebrates

Hemostasis is a defense mechanism which protects the organism in the event of injury to stop bleeding. Recently, we established that all the known major mammalian hemostatic factors are conserved in early vertebrates. However, since their highly vascularized gills experience high blood pressure and are exposed to the environment, even very small injuries could be fatal to fish. Since trypsins are forerunners for coagulation proteases and are expressed by many extrapancreatic cells such as endothelial cells and epithelial cells, we hypothesized that trypsin or trypsin-like proteases from gill epithelial cells may protect these animals from gill bleeding following injuries. In this paper we identified the release of three different trypsins from fish gills into water under stress or injury, which have tenfold greater serine protease activity compared to bovine trypsin. We found that these trypsins activate the thrombocytes and protect the fish from gill bleeding. We found 27 protease-activated receptors (PARs) by analyzing zebrafish genome and classified them into five groups, based on tethering peptides, and two families, PAR1 and PAR2, based on homologies. We also found a canonical member of PAR2 family, PAR2-21A which is activated more readily by trypsin, and PAR2-21A tethering peptide stops gill bleeding just as trypsin. This finding provides evidence that trypsin cleaves a PAR2 member on thrombocyte surface. In conclusion, we believe that the gills are evolutionarily selected to produce trypsin to activate PAR2 on thrombocyte surface and protect the gills from bleeding. We also speculate that trypsin may also protect the fish from bleeding from other body injuries due to quick contact with the thrombocytes. Thus, this finding provides evidence for the role of trypsins in primary hemostasis in early vertebrates.
Quantifying group problem solving with stochastic analysis

Quantifying the relationship between group dynamics and group performance is a key issue of increasing group performance. In this paper, we will discuss how group performance is related to several heuristics about group dynamics in performing several typical tasks. We will also give our novel stochastic modeling in learning the structure of group dynamics. Our performance estimators account for between 40 and 60% of the variance across range of group problem solving tasks.
Angiostatin inhibits coronary angiogenesis during impaired production of nitric oxide.

Background— The in vivo mechanism by which inhibition of NO synthase impairs ischemia-induced coronary vascular growth is unknown. We hypothesized that production of the growth inhibitor angiostatin increases during decreased NO production, blunting angiogenesis and collateral growth. Methods and Results— Measurements were made in myocardial tissue or interstitial fluid (MIF) from dogs undergoing repetitive coronary occlusions under control conditions or during antagonism of NO synthase (NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester [L-NAME]) for 7, 14, or 21 days. A sham group was instrumented identically but received no occlusions. In controls, capillary density in the ischemic zone increased initially but returned to baseline at the later times. In the L-NAME group, capillary density was lower at 7 days compared with that of controls. MIF from control dogs induced in vitro endothelial tube formation and cell proliferation, significantly greater than that from the L-NAME group. MIF from shams did not stimulate tube ...
Decoding neural activity from an intracortical implant in humans with tetraplegia

This work was part of a pilot clinical study that involved the placement of an intracortical implant in the primary motor cortex of human subjects. The study, the first of its kind, involved the implantation of a 96 electrode array in the human brain for up to a full year. The work described here involved two of the subjects in the study, one of which was a stroke victim, and the other had ALS. Both subjects were tetraplegic and also unable to speak. The intent of this work was to determine if intended/imagined movements would evoke neural activity that could be successfully decoded and allow the subjects to control various devices in their environment and communicate through a personal computer. Neural decoding algorithms were developed to interpret the intracortical activity in the primary motor cortex of both subjects. Adaptive support vector machine methods were developed and employed during this study. A large set of intended/imagined movements was successfully decoded and discriminated between with the first subject. Also, both imagined shoulder and wrist movements were decoded in the second subject. Finally, the algorithms developed in this work allowed, for the first time, control of a motorized wheelchair through intended/imagined movements in a human with an intracortical electrode array implant.
Toxicity of gases generated from smoldering cellulose insulation

An apparatus and procedure are described for evaluating the toxicity of the gases evolved from the smoldering combustion of cellulose insulation. The method combines initiation of smoldering combustion in cellulose insulation by a lighted cigarette and exposure of laboratory animals to the gases evolved. The toxicity of the gases evolved appears to be a function of the amount of cellulose insuiption consumed by smoldering. Non-smoldering cellulose insulation does not appear to present any toxic hazard under these particular test conditions.
Physiologic Conditions Affect Toxicity of Ingested Industrial Fluoride

The effects of calcium ion and broad pH ranges on free fluoride ion aqueous concentrations were measured directly and computed theoretically. Solubility calculations indicate that blood fluoride concentrations that occur in lethal poisonings would decrease calcium below prevailing levels. Acute lethal poisoning and also many of the chronic effects of fluoride involve alterations in the chemical activity of calcium by the fluoride ion. Natural calcium fluoride with low solubility and toxicity from ingestion is distinct from fully soluble toxic industrial fluorides. The toxicity of fluoride is determined by environmental conditions and the positive cations present. At a pH typical of gastric juice, fluoride is largely protonated as hydrofluoric acid HF. Industrial fluoride ingested from treated water enters saliva at levels too low to affect dental caries. Blood levels during lifelong consumption can harm heart, bone, brain, and even developing teeth enamel. The widespread policy known as water fluoridation is discussed in light of these findings.
Measurement of the correlation radius in oil-in-water microemulsions by dynamic light scattering

Abstract The diffusion coefficient and correlation radius associated with the droplet particles in oil-in-water microemulsions (CTAB, octane, butanol, NaBr and water) were determined by dynamic light scattering- Unlike the case of CTAB micelles, there is a maximum in the correlation radius versus temperature plot.
Joseph Basil Girard, an early botanical collector in Arizona

Girard, a career army surgeon, known as a botanical collector chiefly through a few citations by Rothrock (1879), proves to have collected a considerable series in Arizona, probably in 1874. The probable source of the specimens is discussed. The collection is now deposited at MICH.
El Niño Flavors and Their Simulated Impacts on Atmospheric Circulation in the High Southern Latitudes

AbstractTwo El Nino flavors have been defined based on whether warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are located in the central or eastern tropical Pacific (CP or EP). This study further characterizes the impacts on atmospheric circulation in the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere associated with these types of El Nino events though a series of numerical simulations using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Comparing results with the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), CAM simulates well the known changes to blocking over Australia and a southward shift in the subtropical jet stream across the eastern Pacific basin during CP events. More importantly for the high southern latitudes, CAM simulates a westward shift in upper-level divergence in the tropical Pacific, which causes the Pacific–South American stationary wave pattern to shift toward the west across the entire South Pacific. These changes to the Rossby wave source region impact the South...
Pluronic polyol: A potential alloplastic keratorefractive material

Abstract Pluronic polyol possesses a negative temperature coefficient of gelation; it is liquid at low temperatures and gelatinous at high temperatures. Pluronic F108 was evaluated as a potential material for alloplastic keratorefractive surgery: 0.3 ml of the material in a liquid state was injected into a surgically prepared axial 7 mm mid-stromal corneal bed in 17 rabbits, fellow eyes in the rabbits were shamoperated but not injected. Postoperatively, rabbits were clinically evaluated with biomicroscopy, keratometry, and pachymetry at regular intervals up to three months following surgery. Animals were periodically sacrificed and corneas were studied by light and electron microscopy. The material appeared to be well tolerated by the cornea. Both control and pluronic eyes showed an initial increase in corneal thickness peaking at one week postoperatively, with return to near normal levels by the end of the third week. Refractive flattening of approximately three diopters was noted in the experimental group, while no change was seen in the control group.
Effects of heavy ions on rabbit tissues: damage to the forebrain.

SummaryAs part of a study of progressive radiation effects in normal tissues, the forebrains of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (about 6 weeks old) were irradiated locally with single acute doses of 60Co γ-photons (LET∞ = 0·3 keV/μm), Ne ions (LET∞ = 35 ± 3 keV/μm) or Ar ions (LET∞ = 90 ± 5 keV/μm). Other rabbits received fractionated doses of 60Co γ-photons according to a standard radiotherapeutic protocol. Irradiated rabbits and appropriately aged controls were sacrificed at selected intervals, and whole sagittal sections of their brains were examined for pathological changes. Forebrain damage was scored with subjective indices based on histological differences between the anterior (irradiated) and posterior (unirradiated) regions of the brain. Those indices ranged from zero (no apparent damage) to five (severe infarctions, etc.). At intermediate levels of forebrain damage, the relative biological effectiveness (r.b.e.) of each heavy ion was similar to that found for alopecia and catar...
High-Speed Phase Modulation for Multimode Fiber Endoscope

We present a reconfigurable high-speed phase modulation system based on a digital light projector for application in endoscopic multimode fibers. A custom driver and FPGA reduce data transfer enabling adaptive wavefront shaping at kilohertz rates.
Neurotrophic and hepatotrophic stimulation of proliferation of embryonic chick muscle cells in vitro: Assay and partial characterization of mitogenic activity in chick embryonic organ and tissue extracts☆

Whole embryo extract is routinely employed as a growth-promoting supplement in chick embryonic muscle cell cultures. In assessing the effect of the extract on muscle cell cultures, extracts of various embryonic tissues and organs were substituted for whole embryo extract and the effects on proliferation of dissociated 12-day chick embryonic leg muscle cells were observed. The effects were measured according to [3H]thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and were confirmed with total cell counts. Brain and liver extracts were found to be especially effective in stimulating muscle cell proliferation. The extracts were found to be heat and trypsin labile. Further analysis of activity in the extracts by dialysis and Sephadex G-25 fractionation revealed the presence of at least two classes of activity—one of high molecular weight (>5000) and one of low molecular weight (<5000)—which must be present together to yield the full activity of crude extracts from embryonic liver and brain. The results are discussed against the background of our interest in the neurotrophic phenomenon.
Cellular image profile analysis of apples exhibiting corking disorders as related to calcium and potassium

Abstract Cellular characterization and electron microprobe studies of apple fruit cultivars ‘Starking Delicious’ and ‘Spigold’ were made in relation to corking as the fruit approached maturation. Profiles of tissue development and subsequent breakdown indicate that this physiollogical disorder has developed in formative and developmental stages of growth, with extensive tissue breakdown. Cultivar differences were noted, with ‘Spigold’ having larger cortical cells than ‘Starking’, although both had similar anomalies in cellular development. These were characterized by extensive cell proliferation throughout the cortex and extending between the hypodermis and the core-line bundle. Numerous large lacunae were found, with smaller ones being interspersed contiguous to small, supporting, senescent vascular bundles. Both potassium and calcium were low in all affected tissues, although the potassium level was higher than calcium in most of the sampled areas.
Coalescing binary systems of compact objects to (post)5/2-Newtonian order. V. Spin effects.

We examine the effects of spin-orbit and spin-spin couplings on the inspiral of a coalescing binary system of spinning compact objects and on the gravitational radiation emitted therefrom. Using a formalism developed by Blanchet, Damour, and Iyer we calculate the contributions due to the spins of the bodies to the symmetric trace-free radiative multipole moments which are used to calculate the waveform, energy loss, and angular momentum loss from the inspiraling binary. Using equations of motion which include terms due to spin-orbit and spin-spin couplings we evolve the orbit of a coalescing binary and use the orbit to calculate the emitted gravitational waveform. We find the spins of the bodies affect the waveform in several ways: (1) the spin terms contribute to the orbital decay of the binary, and thus to the accumulated phase of the gravitational waveform; (2) the spins cause the orbital plane to precess, which changes the orientation of the orbital plane with respect to an observer, thus causing the shape of the waveform to be modulated; (3) the spins contribute directly to the amplitude of the waveform. We discuss the size and importance of spin effects for the case of two coalescing neutron stars, and for the case of a neutron star orbiting a rapidly rotating 10${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}}$ black hole.
Thermocurable Hyperbranched Polystyrenes for Ultrathin Polymer Dielectrics

Thermocurable hyperbranched polystyrenes were successfully synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization and exhibited superior ultrathin film formation capabilities in comparison with the...
Investigation of the Electron Energy Spectrum in a Three Dimensional Regimented Tetragonal Quantum Dot Superlattice

We analyze the electron energy spectrum in three-dimensional regimented arrays of semiconductor quantum dots. The coupling among quantum dots results in formation of three- dimensional electron mini-bands. Changing the size of quantum dots, inter-dot distance, barrier height and regimentation, one can control the electronic band structure of this quantum dot superlattice, which can also be referred to as quantum dot crystal due to its structure and energy spectrum that resemble those of a real crystal. Results of computer simulations carried out for a tetragonal InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattice show that the electron density of states, effective mass tensor and other properties are different from those of bulk and conventional quantum well superlattices.
Efficient and Stable Transgene Expression in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Transposon‐Mediated Gene Transfer

Efficient and stable genetic modification of human embryonic stem (ES) cells is required to realize the full scientific and potential therapeutic use of these cells. Currently, only limited success toward this goal has been achieved without using a viral vector. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system mediates nonviral gene insertion and stable expression in target cells and tissues. Here, we demonstrate use of the nonviral SB transposon system to effectively mediate stable gene transfer in human ES cells. Transposons encoding (a) green fluorescent protein coupled to the zeocin gene or (b) the firefly luciferase (luc) gene were effectively delivered to undifferentiated human ES cells with either a DNA or RNA source of transposase. Only human ES cells cotransfected with transposon- and transposase-encoding sequences exhibited transgene expression after 1 week in culture. Molecular analysis of transposon integrants indicated that 98% of stable gene transfer resulted from transposition. Stable luc expression was observed up to 5 months in human ES cells cotransfected with a transposon along with either DNA or RNA encoding SB transposase. Genetically engineered human ES cells demonstrated the ability to differentiate into teratomas in vivo and mature hematopoietic cells in vitro while maintaining stable transgene expression. We conclude that the SB transposon system provides an effective approach with several advantages for genetic manipulation and durable gene expression in human ES cells.