cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental helium generation cross sections for fast neutrons

Abstract Total helium generation cross sections of Al, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zr, Mo, Au, and the separated isotopes of Fe, Ni, Cu, and Mo have been measured for ∼14.8-MeV T(d,n) neutrons and for a ∼0–32 MeV Be(d,n) neutron field. The results, obtained using high-sensitivity gas mass spectrometry, are presented in this paper along with a summary of our previous T(d,n) helium generation cross section measurements.
Oxalate Removal by Hemodialysis in End-Stage Renal Disease

Because of mounting evidence of precipitation of calcium oxalate in the soft tissues of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis, the plasma oxalate concentrations and calculated dialysis removal of oxalate were studied in seven patients without evidence of either primary or absorption hyperoxaluria prior to ESRD. A reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to quantitate serum oxalate. Mean value ± SE in four healthy controls was 28 ± 5 μmol/L, and in the seven patients it was 187 ± 15 μmol/L predialysis and 89 ± 11 μmol/L postdialysis. Oxalate deposition in the soft tissues of ESRD patients is the consequence of sustained hyperoxalemia. Oxalate removal by dialysis was calculated from the four-hour oxalate clearance. Since the ionic radii of phosphate and oxalate are similar, total oxalate clearance was calculated from the known phosphate clearance of the dialyzer and the logarithmically interpolated serum oxalate at the midpoint of dialysis. Mean oxalate removal/dialysis was 3.01 ± 0.283 mmol. On a daily basis this value was 1.645 ± 0.155 mmol, which is about threefold the normal oxalate excretion rate. It is not significantly different from the excretion rate in absorption oxalurias but is less than that in primary hyperoxaluria. Therefore, it is concluded that hyperoxalemia in ESRD results from loss of renal excretion, failure of hemodialysis to remove enough oxalate to maintain a normal serum concentration, and increased intestinal absorption of oxalate and/or increased endogenous production.
Intermedia: issues, strategies, and tactics in the design of a hypermedia document system

A hypermedia system provides a tool for cooperative work by allowing writers and designers to share a network of linked documents where they can create documents, link their own and others' documents together, and leave notes for one another. This paper discusses issues that designers need to address in the development of hypermedia systems. Major issues involve what kind of linking, contexts, and visual modeling the system provides. The composite of the answers to these issues determines the nature of the hypermedia system and how useful it is to those using it as a tool for cooperative work. The following presents a variety of solutions including those that developers at the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship implemented in the creation of Intermedia.
PREPARATION OF EPOXYOLEFINS EMPLOYING DIMETHYLOXOSULFONIUM METHYLIDE

Durch Umsetzung der Aldehyde (I), (III) und (V) mit Dimethyloxosulfoniummethylid (hergestellt aus Trimethyloxosulfoniumjodid und Natriumhydrid) in Dimethylsulfoxid unter Luft- und Feuchtigkeitsausschlus werden in 51-68%iger Ausbeute Gemische der diastereoisomeren Epoxide (II), (IV) bzw. (VI) erhalten.
Thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars: A synthesis from HiRISE, Phoenix, and terrestrial analog studies

Thermal contraction crack polygons are complex landforms that have begun to be deciphered on Earth and Mars by the combined investigative efforts of geomorphology, environmental monitoring, physical models, paleoclimate reconstruction, and geochemistry. Thermal contraction crack polygons are excellent indicators of the current or past presence of ground ice, ranging in ice content from weakly cemented soils to debris-covered massive ice. Relative to larger topographic features, polygons may form rapidly, and reflect climate conditions at the time of formation—preserving climate information as relict landforms in the geological record. Polygon morphology and internal textural characteristics can be used to distinguish surfaces modified by the seasonal presence of a wet active layer or dry active layer, and to delimit subsurface ice conditions. Analysis of martian polygon morphology and distribution indicates that geologically-recent thermal contraction crack polygons on Mars form predominantly in an ice-rich latitude-dependent mantle, more likely composed of massive ice deposited by precipitation than by cyclical vapor diffusion into regolith. Regional and local heterogeneities in polygon morphology can be used to distinguish variations in ice content, deposition and modification history, and to assess microclimate variation on timescales of ka to Ma. Analyses of martian polygon morphology, guided by investigations of terrestrial analog thermal contraction crack polygons, strongly suggest the importance of excess ice in the formation and development of many martian thermal contraction crack polygons—implying the presence of an ice-rich substrate that was fractured during and subsequent to obliquity-driven depositional periods and continually modified by ongoing vapor equilibration processes.
Striving for comfort: “Positive” construction of dating cultures among second-generation Chinese American youths

This article explores the ways that second-generation Chinese American youths (from both mainland and Taiwan origins) construct their dating attitudes and behaviors. Based on an analysis of 20 in-depth interviews, this study finds that respondents use both Chinese and American lenses to construct their dating attitudes and behaviors. Chinese and American dating are constructed as oppositional among the respondents. When discussing parents' roles, commitment, premarital sex, and gender expectations, second-generation Chinese American youths pick and choose from their constructions of Chinese and American dating cultures. In so doing, they cope with discomfort and attempt to present a “positive” image of themselves in front of both Chinese and American dating cultures, thereby inventing a “positive” culture of dating.
"Love isn't there in your stomach": a moral economy of medical citizenship among Nicaraguan community health workers.

Drawing on participant-observation in Nicaraguan dengue prevention campaigns and a series of semistructured interviews with Nicaraguan health ministry personnel, this article shows how community health workers (CHWs) balanced two kinds of “medical citizenship.” In some situations, CHWs acted as professional monitors and models of hygienic behavior. At other times, CHWs acted as compassionate advocates for their poor neighbors. In 2008, Nicaragua's Sandinista government moved to end a long-standing policy of paying CHWs, recasting them as citizen–volunteers in a “popular struggle” against dengue. Although CHWs approved of the revival of grassroots advocacy, they were hostile to the elimination of compensation. Framing this ambivalence as part of CHWs’ desire to serve as “brokers” between the poor and the state, I suggest that attention to medical citizenship provides insight into the sometimes contradictory ways in which CHWs engage the participatory health policies now taking hold in Latin America and elsewhere.
Equally Inclined Spheres

If five spheres in 3-space are such that each pair is inclined at the same non-zero angle θ, then where b1, …, b5 (the ‘bends’ (1) of the spheres) are the reciprocals of their radii. To prove this result, establish a system of rectangular cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and let the spheres have centres (xi, yi, zi) and radii , where i = 1,…, 5. Then for x5, y5, z5, r5 we have the equations which, on subtraction, yield three linear equations and one quadratic equation. Solving the three linear equations for x5, y5, z5 and substituting, we see that the required relation is algebraic (indeed quadratic) in r5 and hence in b5. Since it is also symmetric in b1,…, b5, it follows that it can be expressed as a polynomial relation in the elementary symmetric functions p1, …, p5 in b5, …, b5.
Current management of ventricular septal defect.

At this time, the current practice for treatment of patients with isolated ventricular septal defect is infrequently studied. With this in mind, it was our intent to assess the current management of ventricular septal defect at a single center, The Children's Hospital, Denver. We reviewed the practice at this institution to determine if there is an evidence base for when or if a patient with an isolated ventricular septal defect requires surgical repair. With approval from the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board (protocol # 06-0097), we reviewed the data on patients with isolated ventricular septal defect seen during the calendar years of 2004 and 2005, determining the state of the patients, and the level of intervention through December 31, 2005.
Impact of residual right ventricular outflow tract obstruction on biventricular strain and synchrony in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking study

Objectives Residual right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction (RVOTO) is considered beneficial in patients after repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) although underlying mechanisms are unknown. We sought to elucidate differences in myocardial strain and dyssynchrony parameters in patients after TOF repair with and without residual RVOTO using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) feature-tracking (CMR-FT) analysis. Methods Fifty-four patients (mean age 16.4 ± 8.4 years) were assessed by CMR 14.2 ± 7.3 years after repair of TOF. Residual RVOTO on echocardiography was defined as a peak systolic RVOT gradient >25 mmHg and was present in 27 patients (no RVOTO in n = 27 patients). Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) strain measurements were performed using CMR-FT software. Results The two groups were well matched for age at CMR scan, time and type of surgical repair. There was no difference in the degree of pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and RV end-diastolic volume. Patients with RVOTO showed significant higher RV circumferential strain (CS) (P = 0.02) and RV radial strain (RS) (P = 0.02) values, whereas RV longitudinal strain (LS) did not differ between the two groups (P = 0.39). The degree of RVOTO showed a significant correlation with RV-CS (r = 0.37; P = 0.006) and RV-RS (r = 0.30; P = 0.03) while RV-LS was unrelated to RVOTO (r = 0.06; P = 0.68). Significant relationships between RV and LV strain parameters were only found in the RVOTO group. Interventricular dyssynchrony was significantly higher in the group without RVOTO (P = 0.03) while LV-LS (P = 0.03) and LV intraventricular synchrony (P = 0.05) were impaired in the RVOTO group. Conclusions In patients after TOF repair, residual RVOTO seems to preserve RV strain and results in stronger RV-LV interactions and less interventricular dyssynchrony and may therefore possess an early protective effect on RV remodelling. However, the potential negative impact of residual pulmonary stenosis on LV strain and intraventricular synchrony needs further investigation.
The germinal isozyme of angiotensin-converting enzyme can substitute for the somatic isozyme in maintaining normal renal structure and functions.

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene encodes two structurally related isozymes, somatic ACE and germinal ACE, that are uniquely expressed in discrete locations in the body. The importance of ACE in these cell types was revealed by generating Ace −/− mice, which exhibit multiple abnormalities including renal structural defects and functions, hypotension, and male sterility. To test the hypothesis that specific physiological functions of ACE are mediated by isozyme-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns, we have used a transgenic approach to develop mouse strains that express just one ACE isoform in the target tissue of Ace −/− mice. The mice described in this report produce germinal ACE in sperm and serum. These mice were as healthy as wild type mice, and the males were fertile. Interestingly, they had normal kidney structure, fluid homeostasis, and partially restored urine concentration despite having low blood pressure. This result demonstrated that circulating germinal ACE is sufficient for maintaining normal kidney structure and fluid homeostasis but insufficient for restoring blood pressure to normal levels.
A new wireless network medium access protocol based on cooperation

In this paper, we propose a new media access protocol for wireless networks, that due to its ability to resolve collisions can achieve high throughput. We view the wireless network as a spatially distributed antenna with antenna elements linked via the wireless channel. When there is a collision, the collided packets are saved in a buffer. In the slots following the collision, a set of nodes designated as nonregenerative relays retransmit the signal that they received during the collision slot. By processing the originally collided packets and the signals forwarded by the relays, the destination node can recover the original packets. The proposed scheme maintains the benefits of ALOHA systems, i.e., needs no scheduling overhead and is suitable for bursty sources, such as multimedia sources. It also offers the benefits of multi-antenna systems, i.e., spatial diversity while employing a single transmit/receive antenna at each node. Spatial diversity enables it to be robust to the wireless channel. The proposed approach achieves higher throughput and energy savings than existing techniques that allow for multiple packet reception.
A BAM with increased information storage capacity

The commonly encountered version of B. Kosko's bidirectional associative memory (BAM) (1988) is generalized to include nonzero thresholds. This modified neural network is referred to as the nonhomogeneous BAM. It is shown that the nonhomogeneous BAM can have any number of stable states between 1 and 2/sup n/, where n is the lowest dimension of either layer of the BAM. Nonhomogeneous BAMs with 1,2, . . ., 2/sup n/-1, 2/sup n/ stable states are constructed. The storage capacity of the BAM is the number of stable states, selected by the user at random from some specified subset of stable states, that can be implemented by the BAM for some matrix selection and some set of thresholds. It is shown that the capacity of the nonhomogeneous BAM can greatly exceed the number of processing elements in the network. This is accomplished without violating information theory, because these stable states utilize a sparse code in which little information is stored in each state. >
Robert Cell-Based Optical Delay Elements for White Cell True-Time Delay Devices

A low-loss and compact optical delay element is devised to be integrated into existing White cell-based true-time delay systems. The delay element is based on a multiple-bounce cell that consists of simple optical components, which was initially described by Claude Robert for spectroscopy. We hereby provide a comprehensive analysis of the Robert cell and propose that it can be modified in a number of ways to produce discrete and variable time delays up to hundreds of ns. The Robert cell show appealing traits compared to traditional optical delay devices because it relies on reflections within a system of mirrors to produce time delays, and this mechanism reduces the physical size and optical losses compared to traditional approaches for long delays. We also illustrate how modified Robert cells can be designed such that they can be compatibly combined with White cell-based true-time delay systems.
Unsteady Flow Computation Using a Harmonic Balance Approach Implemented about the OVERFLOW 2 Flow Solver

A novel approach for implementing a nonlinear unsteady frequency domain harmonic balance solution technique about existing implicit computational fluid dynamic flow solvers is presented. This approach uses an explicit discretization of the harmonic balance source term, which enables the harmonic balance method to be applied to existing implicit flow solvers with minimal need for modification to the underlying implicit flow solver code. The resulting harmonic balance solver can then be used for modeling nonlinear periodic unsteady flows. The methodology is applied to the OVERFLOW 2 flow solver code, and results are presented for transonic viscous flow past an unsteady pitching airfoil section. Unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic results for the F-16 fighter wing are also presented.
Waveband routing on logical topologies constructed over a ring network

Aggregation of individual wavelengths into wavebands for their subsequent switching and routing as a single group is an attractive way for scalable and cost-efficient routing in optical networks. Our objective is to minimize the switching cost by employing a waveband hierarchy subject to physical constraints. To that extent, we establish the equivalence between the waveband routing/assignment problem and the logical topology design problem. We provide a general model for logical topology design using an integer linear programming formulation. We propose a heuristic-based algorithm for the case of ring networks and use extensive simulation results to describe the performance of this algorithm towards our general goal of minimizing the switching cost.
Exploring the design space of a superscalar implementation

Instruction set architecture, processor implementation, compiler, performance, and cost all influence the design of a superscalar implementation of a pipelined processor. The authors focus on processor implementation and performance by presenting a methodology to explore the superscalar implementation design space. After the parameters in the design space have been identified, this methodology is applied to the Intel 80960CA instruction set architecture and compiler to produce performance curves to obtain performance differences of various implementation features. For a given performance range, regions of the design space which do not satisfy the performance requirements are discarded, and regions of the design space which do satisfy the performance requirements need to be examined further. The performance curves serve as a guide to reducing the design space. >
FDFD analysis of electromagnetic scattering in anisotropic media using unconstrained triangular meshes

A method using finite differences in the frequency domain (FDFD) for modeling field interaction and propagation in anisotropic media with generalized tensor permittivity and permeability, and with complex geometry, is presented. The method uses an unconstrained mesh with triangular cells, which provides an efficient discrete approximation of curved surfaces. The two-dimensional problem with transverse field excitation is studied. Computed results comparing this algorithm to published data for the former case show excellent agreement. The analysis provides information for all view angles simultaneously at a single frequency. The method can be adapted to a time-domain formulation to analyze the effects of wave pulses and multiple frequencies at a single observation angle. >
GDSS laboratory experiments and field studies: closing the gap

The authors highlight key differences between previous experimental use of GDSS (group decision support systems) and the previous use of GDSS by business groups, and to discuss the implications that these differences have for researchers in designing future GDSS research. The authors examine previous GDSS laboratory studies and field studies. They then highlight key differences for researchers between these experimental sessions and business group sessions. These differences include organizational context, group characteristics, group size, task, GDSS support, information management needs, and group work process. They discuss two sets of implications for researchers that follow these key differences. First, the need to embark on a synergistic program of research that combines experimental research with field studies is examined. Secondly, the authors present a series of suggestions for enhancing experimental and field study GDSS research. >
Impact of contact lens zone geometry and ocular optics on bifocal retinal image quality.

Purpose To examine the separate and combined influences of zone geometry, pupil size, diffraction, apodisation and spherical aberration on the optical performance of concentric zonal bifocals. Methods Zonal bifocal pupil functions representing eye + ophthalmic correction were defined by interleaving wavefronts from separate optical zones of the bifocal. A two-zone design (a central circular inner zone surrounded by an annular outer-zone which is bounded by the pupil) and a five-zone design (a central small circular zone surrounded by four concentric annuli) were configured with programmable zone geometry, wavefront phase and pupil transmission characteristics. Using computational methods, we examined the effects of diffraction, Stiles Crawford apodisation, pupil size and spherical aberration on optical transfer functions for different target distances. Results Apodisation alters the relative weighting of each zone, and thus the balance of near and distance optical quality. When spherical aberration is included, the effective distance correction, add power and image quality depend on zone-geometry and Stiles Crawford Effect apodisation. When the outer zone width is narrow, diffraction limits the available image contrast when focused, but as pupil dilates and outer zone width increases, aberrations will limit the best achievable image quality. With two-zone designs, balancing near and distance image quality is not achieved with equal area inner and outer zones. With significant levels of spherical aberration, multi-zone designs effectively become multifocals. Conclusion Wave optics and pupil varying ocular optics significantly affect the imaging capabilities of different optical zones of concentric bifocals. With two-zone bifocal designs, diffraction, pupil apodisation spherical aberration, and zone size influence both the effective add power and the pupil size required to balance near and distance image quality. Five-zone bifocal designs achieve a high degree of pupil size independence, and thus will provide more consistent performance as pupil size varies with light level and convergence amplitude.
TEMPORARY PACKAGING OF PZT THIN-FILM MICROACTUATORS

ABSTRACT This paper is to demonstrate a temporary encapsulating technique that uses photoresist to package PZT thin-film microactuators for an experimental inner ear implant. The microactuator consists of a diaphragm suspension, a bottom electrode, a PZT thin film, and a top electrode. The dimensions of the microactuator and the diaphragm suspension are 3 mm × 3 mm × 400 μ m and 900 μ m × 900 μ m × 0.95 μ m, respectively. A layer of photoresist (AZ1512) with a thickness around 4–16 μ m is brushed over the diaphragm suspension as the packaging material. The advantage of this temporary packaging technique is twofold. First, it does not substantially increase the size of the PZT thin-film microactuators. Second, it is waterproof thus allowing the microactuators to function in aqueous environments. To evaluate how the temporary package affects the performance of the microactuator, a function generator drives the microactuator at 1, 3, 5, and 10 kHz and a laser vibrometer measures the vibration of the diaphrag...
Taking Nature's Pulse

Alas, collecting on this promise will require considerable work. It is scarcely professionally reputable to see nature as a single immense organism, and even the notion that ecosystems naturally tend toward a stable, "healthy" climax state is no longer uncritically assumed. Simply identifying what counts as an individual ecosystem is far from a straightforward matter. If, therefore, health is only metaphorically appliEcosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Ed. Robert Costanza, Bryan G. Norton, and Benjamin D. Haskell. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1992. x + 269 pp. $40.00 cloth, $22.00 paper.
Role of perceptual organization in chromatic induction.

Color matches between two small patches were made in a display containing ten larger regions of different chromaticities. The spatial organization of the ten regions was varied while keeping constant the immediate surround of each patch as well as the space-average chromaticity of the entire stimulus. Different spatial arrangements were designed to alter the perceptual organization inferred by the observer without changing the ensemble of chromaticities actually in view. For example, one arrangement of the ten regions was consistent with five surfaces under two distinct illuminations, with one edge within the display (an “apparent illumination edge”) dividing the stimulus into two areas, one under illuminant A and the other under illuminant C. Another spatial arrangement had the ten regions configured to induce an observer to infer ten surfaces under a single illumination. When the ten regions were arranged with an apparent illumination edge, the patch within the area of illuminant C was perceived as bluer than when the same patch and immediate surround were presented without an apparent illumination edge. The results are accounted for by positing that observers group together regions sharing the same inferred illumination, with a consequent effect on color perception: A fixed patch-within-surround shifts in hue and saturation toward the perceived illumination. We suggest that the change in color perception in a complex scene that results from a difference in real illumination may be caused by the inferred illumination at the perceptual level, not directly by the physical change in the light absorbed by photoreceptors.
Associations between cigarette smoking and mitochondrial DNA abnormalities in buccal cells

DNA alterations in mitochondria are believed to play a role in carcinogenesis and are found in smoking-related cancers. We sought to replicate earlier findings for the association of smoking with increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in buccal cells and further hypothesized that there would be an increased number of somatic mtDNA mutations in smokers. Buccal cells and blood lymphocytes were studied from 42 healthy smokers and 30 non-smokers. Temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis screening and sequencing was used to identify mtDNA mutations. The relative mtDNA content was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Assuming that mtDNA in lymphocytes represents the inherited sequence, it was found that 31% of smokers harbored at least one somatic mtDNA mutation in buccal cells with a total of 39 point mutations and 8 short deletions/insertions. In contrast, only 23% of non-smokers possessed mutations with a total of 10 point mutations and no insertions/deletions detected. mtDNA somatic mutation density was higher in smokers (0.68/10 000 bp per person) than in non-smokers (0.2/10 000 bp per person). There was a statistically significant difference in the pattern of homoplasmy and heteroplasmy mutation changes between smokers and non-smokers. Whereas non-smokers had the most mutations in D-loop region (70%), smokers had mutations in both messenger RNA encoding gene (36%) and D-loop region (49%). The mean ratio of buccal cells to lymphocytes of mtDNA content in smokers was increased (2.81) when compared with non-smokers (0.46). These results indicate that cigarette smoke exposure affects mtDNA in buccal cells of smokers. Additional studies are needed to determine if mitochondrial mutation assays provide new or complementary information for estimating cigarette smoke exposure at the cellular level or as a cancer risk biomarker.
High-resolution fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled benzyl and p-methylbenzyl radicals

Abstract High-resolution, rotationally resolved, laser-induced, fluorescence excitation spectra of the A1 and 6a10 bands of benzyl and the 000 band of p-methylbenzyl radicals were obtained in supersonic expansions. All three spectra were assigned and fit, using the rigid rotor Hamiltonian as well as methyl group internal rotation theory. The results of the rotational analysis provide good rotation constants for benzyl and p-methylbenzyl and establish unambiguously that the symmetry of the excited electronic state in this transition of p-methylbenzyl is 2A2 (in C2v). The heights of torsional barriers that hinder the internal rotation of the methyl group in p-methylbenzyl also are determined. The torsional results are compared to those obtained previously for this radical in a vibrational analysis and to other open shell radicals.
Neuropathy and Ankle Mobility Abnormalities in Patients With Chronic Venous Disease

Importance How complications associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) develop is not clear. The central source of the complications is likely a dysfunction of the calf muscle pump, which includes veins and their valves, the gastrocnemius and other lower leg and foot muscles as well as the nerves supplying the muscles, and ankle mobility limitations. The least well-studied source of complications is the relationship between range of ankle movement (ROAM), neuropathy, and the clinical severity of the disease. Objective To study sensory neuropathic changes and ankle mobility in patients with CVI to help elucidate the pathophysiologic development of venous ulcers. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study took place from August 2011 to August 2012 at the outpatient wound clinic and the wound healing research clinic at the University of Miami Hospital. Sixty-four limbs from 42 individuals were evaluated and individually classified according to the clinical aspect of the clinical-etiology-anatomy-pathophysiology classification for CVI. Main Outcomes and Measures Range of ankle movement was measured using goniometry, measuring active ankle combined plantarflexion and dorsiflexion and combined inversion and eversion. Peripheral neuropathy was measured subjectively through the Neuropathy Symptom Score and objectively through the Neuropathy Disability Score scales. Results More patients with severe CVI had reduced plantarflexion-dorsiflexion ROAM compared with patients with mild CVI (25 [89%] vs 11 [31%]; P P Conclusions and Relevance We found a relationship between reduced ROAM and worse neuropathy with increased severity of CVI. Management in patients with CVI should include testing for neuropathy and improving ankle mobility.
Prediction of Vehicle Velocity for Model Predictive Control

Abstract In model predictive control, knowledge about the future trajectories of the set points or disturbances is used to optimize the overall system performance, Camacho and Bordons (2007). For hybrid electric vehicles, by predicting the future Driver's Desired Velocity (DDV), fuel economy, or emissions can be improved, Debert et al. (2010). For predicting DDV, different approaches have been suggested, for example, artificial neural networks, Fotouhi et al. (2011), statistical methods, or methods based on GPS and Geographical Information Systems(GIS), Keulen et al. (2009). In this work, some of these approaches are introduced and autoregressive methods with GPS/GIS information are evaluated.
A Symposium on the Legacy of the Rehnquist Court: Rehnquist, Racism, and Race Jurisprudence

More questions have been raised about the race bias of the late Chief Justice William Rehnquist than of any other recent member of the Supreme Court. A judge's race bias may be reflected in his race jurisprudence. This contention turns out to be surprisingly difficult to prove. When a Supreme Court Justice writes an opinion, he explains himself in a way that lends itself to insulation from charges of bias. Even widely reviled decisions like Dred Scott and Korematsu do not read as overtly racist. This article explores the possible connections between the considerable evidence that Rehnquist was race-biased and the fact that he ruled against African-American and Latino litigants in virtually every civil rights case during his three decades on the Supreme Court. It evaluates the claims that (1) the racism charge is unfair, (2) race bias is irrelevant to the work of Supreme Court justices, (3) unconscious racial bias colored Rehnquist's decision making, (4) overt bias determined Rehnquist's decisions, and (5) Rehnquist's decisions were consistent with his conservative ideology and non-race-based. The article uses Rehnquist to draw lessons for evaluations of other judges and judicial candidates. Often conservative judges and race-biased judges would come out the same way in civil rights cases, but most people would evaluate those judges quite differently. Racist intent may matter more than some scholars suggest it should. Recent developments in social science cast light on the power of unconscious racism; these advances raise concerns about pragmatic judges and minimalist opinions.
Formulation and numerical analysis of a fully-coupled dynamically deforming electromagnetic wire

Abstract An electromagnetic beam model is developed for the simulation of actuated electronic textiles. The beam is solved using a nonlinear director-based kinematic description with additional temperature and electric potential fields along its length. The three fields are fully coupled by mutual dependences on the deformation, Lorenz force, back electromotive force, temperature dependent constitutive responses, and the Seebeck effect. Instead of solving Maxwell’s equations in full detail, a quasistatic approximation is used to solve the electric potential in the presence of a moving material medium. The current-carrying beam approximation is used to further simplify the solution space for the potential. While this formulation alleviates the spatial and temporal discretization restrictions, the coupled problem is an index-1 semi-explicit Differential Algebraic Equation requiring special treatment. The time dependent problem is solved using different Runge–Kutta methods. Diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta methods and explicit Runge–Kutta methods using implicit solution of the electric potential problem are explored. The finite element model is implemented using the open source package FEniCS, which is able to automatically generate the linearizations of the multiphysics equations required for the implicit solutions. A model problem is constructed with which to test and analyze the physical formulation and numerical solution techniques. The time stepping methods are verified using the convergence orders of the higher-order Runge–Kutta methods. Runtime comparisons show that the explicit methods are generally more computationally efficient than the implicit schemes used for this problem. For the implicit schemes, a staggered solution is significantly faster than a monolithic solution at most time step sizes. However, at very large time steps, such as those that would be used for dynamic relaxation, the monolithic solution can be more efficient than the staggered solution.
Diffusion of Fluorine at High Concentration in Silicon: Experiments and Models

We have developed a model for high concentration fluorine diffusion and fluorine diffusion in amorphous silicon. In this context, we define high concentration fluorine to mean fluorine doses above the threshold of amorphization for implantation into silicon, which is approximately 1×1015/cm2 dose. We pre-amorphized with silicon to create a continuous amorphous region, and samples were subsequently implanted with the fluorine conditions of 16keV at 2×1015cm−2 dose, 30keV at 2×1014 cm−2 dose, or 16keV at 8×1015cm−2 dose. Samples were annealed by either conventional furnace or RTA with an N2 ambient for various times at temperatures of 550-750 °C. SIMS was used for depth profiling, and TEM images were also taken of the samples to check for defects and amorphous depth. We then created the model for the data by extending the fluorine model presented in our previous work, and it models the profile motion and the time dependence well. The model is also still capable of describing our previous work and fits it very well.
Role of Cyclic Deformation in Controlling Grain Boundary Fracture in Fatigue

Recent studies of long life fatigue have shown fractures to initiate primarily at grain boundaries, even in copper. This is considered surprising in light of early work where crack nucleation in persistent slip bands (PSB´s) seemed to be the rule. To investigate the causes of this behavior, studies have been carried out on polycrystalline copper with emphasis on the following factors: grain size, environment, method of starting the test, frequency and mode of test control. The results show that the cyclic plasticity is the controlling factor in grain boundary initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. These conducted in load or strain control, even at low amplitudes, homogenized the deformation and cause grain boundary failure. Tests started by ramp loading emphasize localized strain, PSB formation and thus, transgranular cracking. An aggressive environment stimulates intergranular failure but is not controlling. Likewise a small grain size tends to promote strain localization.
Alvimopan Provides Additional Improvement in Outcomes and Cost Savings in Enhanced Recovery Colorectal Surgery.

Objective:To examine the impact of alvimopan on outcomes and costs in a rigorous enhanced recovery colorectal surgery protocol.Background:Postoperative ileus remains a major source of morbidity and costs in colorectal surgery. Alvimopan has been shown to reduce incidence of postoperative ileus in en
The Effects of Process Conditions on Reliability of Silicon Nanowires

Material reliability is among the crucial factors that impact the performance of devices. In order to predict material reliability, an accelerated ageing study to predict material shelf life when subjected to temperature and humidity was performed on silicon nanowires (SiNWs). We investigated the effects of process conditions on the diameter and the quality of SiNWs using Atomic Force Microscopy followed by statistical analysis. The experimental results revealed that diameter of SiNWs has a linear relationship with changing temperature and humidity. These results are of significant importance and will be a critical design consideration for the manufacture of nanoelectromechanical systems involving SiNWs.
Sentence Processing in Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence From the P600

Purpose Sentence processing can be affected following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to linguistic or cognitive deficits. Language-related event-related potentials (ERPs), particularly the P600...
Qualitative Analysis Reconsidered

[A]n interpreter can no longer claim to teach the reader the meaning of a text, for without a subjective contribution and a context there is no such thing. Far more instructive will be an analysis of what actually happens when one is reading a text, for that is when the text begins to unfold its potential; it is in the reader that the text comes to life. . . . In reading we are able to experience things that no longer exist and to understand things that are totally unfamiliar to us; and it is this astonishing process that now needs to be investigated. Iser, 1980, p. 19 We have seen that standard practice in qualitative research – semistructured interviews followed by analysis through coding – embodies contradictory ontological commitments and notions of subject and object and of subjectivity and objectivity. On the one hand, each person is assumed to be a separate individual with personal and private experiences, beliefs, thoughts, and desires. On the other hand, scientific knowledge is assumed to be objective and general, impersonal and detached, with all personal elements eliminated. How, then, can scientific knowledge be derived from subjective experience? The qualitative research interview also draws confusingly from two models of language: discourse as a joint construction and language as a conduit. In the conduit model, what someone says is an “expression” of their experience or subjectivity. In the joint practice model, what is said is a product of two people, interviewer and interviewee. The semistructured interview uses the collaborative resources of language asymmetrically to render the interviewer invisible and encourage “disclosure” by the interviewee. The interviewee is encouraged to contemplate and reminisce about a topic outside the here and now, to confess to a patient but skeptical listener. In this respect, the interviewee’s subjectivity is an effect of the semistructured interview, not a preexisting, independent personal experience that is the content expressed in what is said.
Special Relativity — Kinematics

Material objects have mass and move in response to forces; kinematics is that part of the study of motion that does not take force and mass into account. Since kinematics is the simplest part of dynamics, and since some of the most basic ideas of special relativity are kinematic in nature, we look at them first.
Systemic and individual factors in the buprenorphine treatment-seeking process: a qualitative study

Opioid use is a significant problem in Alaska. Medication-assisted treatment for opioid use, including buprenorphine, reduces withdrawal symptoms and the harm associated with opioid abuse. Understanding consumers’ treatment-seeking process is important for addressing barriers to treatment, facilitating effective service utilization, and informing policy. To understand treatment-seeking behavior, we examined the attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge of those who would benefit from the medication-assisted treatment (MAT) buprenorphine. Qualitative data from 2 focus groups (each including 4 participants) and 3 in-depth interviews with people who have used or considered using buprenorphine in treatment for an opioid use disorder were analyzed using grounded theory and directed content analysis approaches. Key findings suggest that individual (withdrawal process, individual motivation) and systemic (sociocultural, political, societal values) factors frame the treatment seeking process. Participants’ progress on the treatment-seeking road was affected by models of addiction and MAT, which related to facilitators and barriers encountered in seeking treatment (e.g. support, resources, treatment structure). These factors shaped the longer-term road to recovery, which was seen as on ongoing process. The findings of this study suggest it is crucial for interventionists to take a contextual approach that considers individual and systemic factors involved in opioid addiction, treatment, and recovery. This study highlights ways policy makers and treatment providers can address the barriers consumers face in their treatment-seeking process in order to increase treatment access.
Public receptiveness to policies promoting plant-based diets: framing effects and social psychological and structural influences

ABSTRACTGovernmental and non-governmental organizations, social movements, and academics have called for reductions in meat consumption due to the environmental, animal welfare, and public health consequences of industrial animal agribusiness. An impactful move toward plant-based diets would require changes in public policy. First, we assess if there are different social and structural factors that influence support for policies that promote plant-based diets. We look at four categories of policies (action frames) that will likely reduce meat consumption: environmental, animal welfare, public health, and direct meat reduction. Second, we use a manipulation rhetorical frame to see if support can be altered by providing individuals with information about meat reduction, framing the issue in terms of environmental protection, animal welfare, or public health. Different social and structural factors predict support for different policy groupings, meaning that it matters how policies are enclosed in action fra...
Saving the Dead.

Prabhu, Parker, and DeVita (2017) are correct that the similarities between emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) and uncontrolled donation after cardiac determination of death (uDCDD) pre...
Spontaneous C. septicum gas gangrene: A literature review

As the infectious disease paradigm undergoes a subtle shift, unusual infections associated with malignancy and immunosuppression are being increasingly reported. Spontaneous or non-traumatic Clostridium septicum infection is one such unusual infection which has gained prominence. This article aims to understand the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and current trends in diagnosing and treating this rare but deadly infection. To understand the multifactorial causation of this infection a review of published cases of spontaneous C. septicum gas gangrene was performed and a total of 94 such cases were identified. Several factors were analyzed for each case: age, infection location and underlying illness, presenting signs and symptoms, neutropenia, gross pathology of the colon, antibiotic use, surgical intervention, and survival. A known or occult malignancy was present in 71% patients and an overall mortality of 67% was observed.
Fistula Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Proposed Classification and Algorithm for Optimal Management

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an accepted restrictive procedure with a hormonal component. There is no definitive course of treatment for post-LSG fistula; it remains a feared complication. We aimed to classify post-LSG fistulas and propose an algorithm to optimize their treatment. Following primary and revisional LSG in obese patients, a retrospective observational study of fistulas was undertaken. Radiological studies were performed to identify anatomically distinct types of fistulas. An algorithm was elaborated for the classification and evolving treatment of each type of fistula. Twenty post-LSG fistulas were studied (13 [2.5%] from our center, 7 referred) with a mean body mass index of 43.1 ± 10.2 kg/m2 (32.0–76.0) and mean age of 33.1 ± 11.4 years (20.0–56.0). In all cases, the clinically suspected diagnosis was radiologically confirmed by water-soluble upper gastrointestinal series and double-contrast abdomino-pelvic CT scan. Three anatomical fistula types were characterized: type I, a small leak with no collection; type II, a leak with associated intra-abdominal abscess; and type III, a leak with multiple internal or external abscesses, a complex fistula. In accord with our algorithm, patients without sepsis received conservative treatment initially; this was sufficient for type I leaks. Type II abscesses received internal or external percutaneous drainage, and in some cases, stenting or endoprosthesis. Surgery was reserved for failure of conservative options and type III fistula. In cases of sepsis, surgery was mandatory. A radiologically defined, anatomically based classification system and treatment algorithm proved effective in clinical management of post-LSG fistula.
Evaluación de tres métodos para la recuperación de metales pesados en fertilizantes

Fertilizers are essential for agriculture but can produce contamination with heavy metals and affect the health of humans and farm animals. Reliable methods to measure these metals are important.We evaluated the recovery of the analytical method employed in a services laboratory in Costa Rica for the quantification of nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, selenium and mercury in fertilizers. A phosphate and a nitrogenous matrix were studied separately, enriched at three concentration levels within the working range, to establish the accuracy of the analysis procedure based on AOAC for the validation of analytical methods (80- 110%). In the quantitative study both cadmium and chromium for the two matrices presented optimum results from the point of view of recovery; lead also had positive accuracy (except at low concentration). On the other hand, nickel in the phosphate matrix was slightly above the maximum permissible limit, but not the nitrogen, Finally in the metals arsenic, selenium and mercury there was no recovery for both samples using the e stablished procedure.