cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Araucanian Patri‐Organization and the Omaha System

T HE thesis of this paper is that Araucanian society has been patrilineally organized since the time of the Conquest, but that the appearance of the Omaha system is a very recent development and not fully representative of Araucanian society. It is concerned, therefore, with the development of Araucanian social organization under four sections: (1) brief review of two basic assumptions about the development of Araucanian kinship and social organization; (2) examination of historic kinship terminology and other data on social organization, in connection with these assumptions; (3) presentation of data obtained in the field in 1953, and other recent material on Araucanian kinship and social organization; and (4) an interpretation of the development of Araucanian social organization on the basis of historical material and the present pattern of distribution. For about three centuries the Araucanian Indians of Chile withstood the large-scale colonization of their native habitat, Araucania. These so-called "fighting Araucanians" came to be known by the generic term "Mapuche" which means, in their language, "people of the land." During the period of Spanish colonization the Mapuche lived between the Bio-Bio River and an ill-defined boundary north of the town of Valdivia, in a rather thickly forested area which lies between the Andes and the Pacific. North of the Bio-Bio River lived the Picunche Indians, who were closely related to the Mapuche and were part of the over-all Araucanian group. From the environs of Valdivia south to the Island of Chilo6, the more open country was inhabited by the Huilliche Araucanians or "people of the south." These cultural subgroups shared a common language, Araucanian, the regional dialects of which were mutually intelligible. Today only the Mapuche remain as a large, easily definable ethnic group in southern Middle Chile. The Picunche were rapidly acculturated during the early colonial period. The Huilliche, for the most part, have been absorbed into the mestizo population between the southern limits of Araucania and the Island of Chilo6. Perhaps the most ambitious thesis dealing with the evolution of Araucanian society was presented by Ricardo E. Latcham (1924), who drew heavily on colonial documents for supplementation to field work he conducted among the Mapuche in Cautin Province, the heart of Araucania. The premises upon Which Latcham based his fundamental arguments in favor of matrilineal organization do not bear close scrutiny. Nevertheless, he stands out with Guevara Silva as one of the most assiduous students of Araucanian culture who wrote in the early decades of the twentieth century. American anthropologists have recently shown interest in exploring histor-
The bush doctrine and the UN charter frame

(2002). The bush doctrine and the UN charter frame. The International Spectator: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 91-100.
Reverse plasticity in single crystal silicon nanospheres

Nanoparticles in the range of 20 to 100 nm in size can be deposited, isolated, and individually probed for their mechanical properties. With a hypersonic plasma particle deposition technique, this has been successfully accomplished for silicon and titanium. We have already shown that silicon nanoparticles are superhard in the 30 to 50 GPa range after work hardening (Gerberich, W.W., Mook, W.M., Perrey, C.R., Carter, C.B., Baskes, M.I., Mukherjee, R., Gidwani, A., Heberlein, J., McMurry, P.H., Girshick, S.L., 2003a. Superhard silicon nanospheres. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 51, 979). At the same time when small nanospheres are compressed, a fraction of the plastic strain is reversed after unloading. Initially, the amount of reverse dislocation motion was small but appeared to accelerate once a threshold strain was reached. The cumulative reverse plastic strain from repeated loading of the same nanosphere appeared to increase from less than 0.04 to approximately 0.4 as cumulative strain increased from 0.2 to 0.6. For large strains then, it appears that a greater amount of plastic strain is recovered after unloading. This can at least partially be understood in terms of the enormous back stress developed at the small scale when dislocations are only a few nm apart. As the ramifications to nanoscopic features on MEMS, micromachines and magnetic recording devices is considerable, it is desirable to understand if a length scale can be developed for such phenomena. In terms of classic dislocation theory an attempt is made. Problems and prospects are discussed with regards to predictive models for hardness and reverse plasticity.
A stabilised tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane adduct in reduced collagen.

The reduction of collagen with sodium [3H] borohydride in the presence of Tris buffer results in the stabilization of a Schiff base adduct which is formed between allysine residues and tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane. The reduced, radioactive derivative of this adduct has been identified in hydrolyzates of reduced collagen. It elutes before hydroxylysine on an amino acid analyzer column close to the position of dihydroxylysinonorleucine. Similar artifacts may occur when aldehydes present in or added to proteins react with Tris or other amines prior to reduction.
Lung-volume reduction surgery for pulmonary emphysema: Improvement in body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index after 1 year.

Objectives: We hypothesized that lung-volume reduction surgery for pulmonary emphysema would improve body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index, a multidimensional predictor of survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We also aimed to identify preoperative predictors of improvement in the BODE index. Methods: In a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing lung-volume reduction surgery at our center, with the methodology of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial, we compared clinical characteristics before and 1 year after surgery with the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Changes in the BODE index were correlated with preoperative variables with the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Twenty-three patients with predominantly upper-lobe pulmonary emphysema underwent lung-volume reduction surgery (14 by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, 9 by median sternotomy). There were no postoperative or follow-up deaths. The BODE index improved from a median of 5 (interquartile range 4-5) before surgery to 3 (interquartile range 2-4) 1 year after surgery (P .0001). Improvements were seen in the lung function and dyspnea components of the BODE index. Lower preoperative 6-minute walk distance and lower postwalk Borg fatigue scores were each associated with greater improvement in the BODE index after 1 year. Conclusion: Lung-volume reduction surgery for pulmonary emphysema improved the BODE index in patients with predominantly upper-lobe disease. Lower preoperative 6-minute walk distance correlated with greater improvement in the BODE index.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW‐FAT, HIGH ADDED‐WATER FRANKFURTERS MANUFACTURED WITH PREBLENDS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATE4

Frankfurters were formulated at 30% fat/10% added water (AW) or 10% fat/25% AW, and manufactured according to one of three modified connective tissue (MCT) treatment methods: no phosphate, no modified connective tissue (CONT); sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and MCT added separately (PCT); MCT preblended with STP (PB). Preblending did not affect smokehouse yield, purge loss, collagen values, hardness, cohesiveness or springiness. Emulsion stability fluid and gel loss increased (P<0.01) due to preblending versus separate addition of MCT and STP. The magnitude of color differences between treatments was greater within the 30% fat/10% AW formulations than the 10% fat/25% AW formulas. The PCT treatments were lighter and less red than CONT and preblending intensified these problems. Cured color intensity was reduced when STP and MCT were added, regardless of preblending, but improved during storage. Preblending MCT and STP is not beneficial. However, separate addition of these ingredients, which would allow utilization of MCT, may be feasible after addressing color issues.
Hypothalamic Lesions by Electrocauterization: Disinhibition of Feeding and Self-Stimulation

Contrary to a recent report, destruction of the medial hypothalamus by electrocauterization with radio-frequency current consistently produced overeating and obesity in rats. This confirms the earlier consensus that destruction in the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus releases feeding from normal inhibition. In addition to augmenting feeding, the same lesions increased the rate of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation after food satiation had depressed it. Thus the medial hypothalamus, when intact, inhibits both feeding and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.
AIX NetView/6000

AIX® NetView®/6000 is a network management system that manages simple network management protocol (SNMP) devices developed by IBM and other vendors. It provides configuration, fault, and perfor-mance applications integrated into an advanced end-user interface (EUI), which incorporates a graphic display of network topology and performance as well as system management functions accessible from both graphic and character-based devices. An application builder and event configurator allow users to generate performance applications and provide automation of management tasks specific to their networks. In addition to providing stand-alone distributed network management, AIX NetView/6000 also provides a bidirectional connection to IBM's mainframe-based NetView product to enable central management of the enterprise network from System/370™ and System/390™ NetView.
Spatial variation in the littoral vertebrate community of a reservoir relative to physical and biological gradients

Reservoirs possess gradients in conditions and resources along their long (deep-shallow) axis, but the response of littoral vertebrates (fish and turtles) to these gradients is poorly understood. We have quantified the littoral vertebrate communities throughout a small reservoir in Southeastern Ohio during July and August using traps, and related community composition to environmental variables using NMDS ordination. Ordination revealed that fish and turtles were broadly separated in ordination space, and three distinctly different environmental gradients were significantly associated with the underlying observed species abundances. Observed turtle abundance was explained by measurements of bathymetry, turbidity, and benthic resources, but none of these environmental variables were a reliable predictor of observed fish abundance. Temperature was a poor predictor of observed abundance for both fish and turtles independently, but when fish and turtles were considered together, it became apparent that there were cold areas of the reservoir where observed fish and turtle abundances were different than in other areas of the reservoir. These results suggest that the predictor (environmental) variables we used were appropriate for investigating turtle ecology in reservoirs, but that observed fish abundance is mediated by factors that were not modeled. The efficacy of using traps, the ecological implications of considering fish and turtles together as sympatric and potentially competing species, and directions for future study are discussed.
Making sense out of motivation: A systematic model to consolidate motivational constructs across theories

Theories of motivation frequently conflict with one another, not only in their basic assumptions, but also in their interpretation of similar phenomena. Consequently, the teacher of educational psychology faces the arduous task of reasonably clarifying for students some means of transferring this contrasting information into a usable format \ of guidelines and principles. The Time Continuum Model of Motivation directly assists this process by systematically consolidating motivational constructs across theories. This model organizes six major factors — attitude, need, stimulation, affect, competence and reinforcement — along a time sequence. The instructor of educational psychology can use the model to demonstrate the applicability of different motivational theories to a variety of learning situations. In addition, the key questions of how and when to use the basic elements from different motivational theories can be systematically approached for optimal student learning and transfer to applied settings.
Continuous chemical amplification of single- and multi-mode lasers in the visible region

Abstract The chemiluminescent spectrum for the Na3 + Br→Na2* + NaBr reaction has been analyzed to determine that optical gain through stimulated emission characterizes certain distinct visible spectral regions. Broadband (0.5 cm−1) laser gain measurements performed across the spectral region extending from 420 to 600 nm demonstrate gain in the regions of ≈527, ≈492, and ≈460.5 nm, the maximum gain at ≈527 nm being 1% of the input laser power. Single-mode (0.007 cm−1) laser gain measurements extending from 527.03 to 526.63 nm demonstrate that amplification involves four to seven rovibronic levels in this region. A maximum gain close to 3% is recorded in the single-mode studies.
A multipurpose microperfusion chamber.

Abstract The microperfusion chamber described is designed for use with normal phase and interference optics at all magnifications on either regular or inverted microscopes. It can be used to grow cells with gas or liquid perfusion, for the dialysis culture of tissues and microorganisms, and as a device for flattening cells by pressure while under observation. Its stainless steel design is simple, durable, and flexible enough for application to research on many cell types. A detailed tabulation of this and previous chamber designs is presented.
A simultaneous multithreading simulator

The simultaneous multithreaded [1] architecture is an extension of the single-threaded architecture that helps hide the performance penalty created by long-latency instructions, branch mispredictions, and memory accesses. Simultaneous multithreaded architectures use a more flexible parallelism, which takes advantage of both instruction-level, and thread-level parallelism. Additionally, it tends to promote better utilization of available functional units. A model of a simultaneous multithreaded architecture was designed, simulated, and analyzed in order to evaluate design alternatives. The simulator was created by modifying a version of the Simple Scalar tool set, developed at the University of Wisconsin. The simulations provide documentation for an overall system performance improvement of a simultaneous multithreaded architecture. In early simulation results, performed with the same number of functional units, an improvement in the number of instructions per cycle (IPC) of between 43% and 58% was found using four threads versus a single thread.
Reasoning about continuations with control effects

We present a new static analysis method for first-class continuations that uses an effect system to classify the control domain behavior of expressions in a typed polymorphic language. We introduce two new control effects, goto and comefrom, that describe the control flow properties of expressions. An expression that does not have a goto effect is said to be continuation following because it will always call its passed return continuation. An expression that does not have a comefrom effect is said to be continuation discarding because it will never preserve its return continuation for later use. Unobservable control effects can be masked by the effect system. Control effect soundness theorems guarantee that the effects computed statically by the effect system are a conservative approximation of the dynamic behavior of an expression.The effect system that we describe performs certain kinds of control flow analysis that were not previously feasible. We discuss how this analysis can enable a variety of compiler optimizations, including parallel expression scheduling in the presence of complex control structures, and stack allocation of continuations. The effect system we describe has been implemented as an extension to the FX-87 programming language.
Structural and Electrical Characterization of Diatom Pinnularia sp. Biosilica Coated with CdS Thin Film

Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae that live in marine and freshwater environments. The cell walls of diatoms are composed of biosilica and have exceedingly hierarchical ornate nanostructures. Consequently, these nanostructures have long been regarded as the paradigm for future silica nanotechnology. We have coated diatom Pinnularia sp. biosilica with a thin film of CdS using a chemical bath deposition technique. Possible uses for these CdS coated diatoms include the development of new nanodevice fabrication techniques and optoelectronic applications. Electron microscopy techniques were utilized to study their morphologies. Their electrical characteristics were investigated using an Agilent 4156C precision semiconductor parameter analyzer and a Cascade probe station. The CdS coating was found to be dense, adherent and nanostructured. The diatoms coated with CdS exhibited both metallic and semiconductor diode behavior.
Calculations on folding of segment B1 of streptococcal protein G.

Abstract We present an investigation of the folding thermodynamics and mechanism of segment B1 of streptococcal protein G. Molecular dynamics simulations of the fully solvated protein are used to probe thermodynamically significant states at different stages of folding. We performed several unfolding simulations to generate a database of initial conditions. The database is analyzed and clustered. The cluster centers extracted from this database were then used as starting points for umbrella sampling of the folding free energy landscape under folding conditions. The resulting sampling was combined with the weighted histogram analysis method. One and two-dimensional free energy surfaces were constructed along several order parameters and used to analyze the folding process. Our findings indicate that an initial collapse precedes the formation of significant native structure. Elements of local structure originate in the regions of the protein shown to have higher H/2H exchange protection factors in early stages of folding. A non-native contact, observed experimentally at the N terminus of the α-helix in a peptide excised from the protein, is seen to pre-organize the chain in early stages of folding. Collapse and early structure formation yields a compact globule with a significant number of water molecules present. Desolvation of the protein core is coincident with the final stages of folding from the compact state.
Spot and mark-size characterization in magneto-optic recording

The attainable performance of a magnetooptic (MO) recording system is determined by the laser intensity profile and the size and shape of the written magnetic domain. The authors present a computer model that provides MO readout waveforms based on an overlap integral of the scanning laser spot and the written domains. This model and regression analysis are applied to experimental magnetooptic readout waveforms, and the laser profile and mark size are determined. A nonlinear least-squares fit of readout data yields a unique determination of the laser-spot profile and written-domain size. The effects of groove width and thermal blooming on domain shape can be included in the modeling. The results are compared to those of other spot and domain measurements, and close agreement is obtained. >
The Heat Equation and Stein's Identity: Connections, Applications

This article presents two expectation identities and a series of applications. One of the identities uses the heat equation, and we show that in some families of distributions the identity characterizes the normal distribution. We also show that it is essentially equivalent to Stein's identity. The applications we have presented are of a broad range. They include exact formulas and bounds for moments, an improvement and a reversal of Jensen's inequality, linking unbiased estimation to elliptic partial differential equations, applications to decision theory and Bayesian statistics, and an application to counting matchings in graph theory. Some examples are also given.
A Plasma Membrane Localization Signal in the HIV-1 Envelope Cytoplasmic Domain Prevents Localization at Sites of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Budding and Incorporation into VSV Virions

Previous studies showed that the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein was not incorporated into vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions unless its cytoplasmic tail was replaced with that of the VSV glycoprotein (G). To determine whether the G tail provided a positive incorporation signal for Env, or if sequences in the Env tail prevented incorporation, we generated mutants of Env with its 150-amino-acid tail shortened to 29, 10, or 3 amino acids (Envtr mutants). Cells infected with VSV recombinants expressing these proteins or an Env-G tail hybrid showed similar amounts of Env protein at the surface. The Env-G tail hybrid or the Envtr3 mutant were incorporated at the highest levels into budding VSV virions. In contrast, the Envtr29 or Envtr10 mutants were incorporated poorly. These results defined a signal preventing incorporation within the 10 membrane-proximal amino acids of the Env tail. Confocal microscopy revealed that this signal functioned by causing localization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env to plasma membrane domains distinct from the VSV budding sites, where VSV proteins were concentrated.
Studies on Bovine Natural Actomyosin 1. Relationship of ATPase and Contractility to Tenderness of Muscle

SUMMARY: The effects of muscle tenderness classification and of aging muscle postmortem on ATPase activity and superprecipitation of natural actomyosin were studied. Actomyosin from muscle 12- and 24-hr postmortem had higher ATPase activity than that from 0-hr, 5-day aged or 10-day aged muscle. However, ATPase activity did not usually return to the 0-hr level. No consistent differences were found in actomyosin ATPase activity after the various periods of aging for actomyosins from tough and tender muscle. Superprecipitation of actomyosin was used as a measure of contractility. Actmyosin from 12- and 24-hr postmortem muscle superprecipitated faster than that from 0-hr muscle. However, actomyosin from 5 and 10-day aged muscle superprecipitated less rapidly than that from 12- and 24-hr postmortem muscle. Superprecipitation was more rapid in actomyosin from tough muscle than tender muscle at low KCI concentrations, but this was not true at high KCI concentrations. This observation suggested that actomyosin from tough muscle had a stronger interaction or higher amounts of some protein factor such as α-actinin than did tender muscle.
Fast and parallel webpage layout

The web browser is a CPU-intensive program. Especially on mobile devices, webpages load too slowly, expending significant time in processing a document's appearance. Due to power constraints, most hardware-driven speedups will come in the form of parallel architectures. This is also true of mobile devices such as phones and e-books. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms for CSS selector matching, layout solving, and font rendering, which represent key components for a fast layout engine. Evaluation on popular sites shows speedups as high as 80x. We also formulate the layout problem with attribute grammars, enabling us to not only parallelize our algorithm but prove that it computes in O(log) time and without reflow.
Love Canal and the return of paper prophets: a social critique of mainstream accounting

USA is inflicting severe damage upon both the environment and its inhabitants. In 1979, the EPA estimated that in the USA there were as many as 51,000 sites containing potentially hazardous waste. The number of sites with ‘significant problems’ was anywhere. The EPA noted, “Industry has shown a laxity, not infrequently to the point of criminal neglect, in soiling the land and adulterating the waters with toxins”. The story of Love Canal is but one example of the consequences of inadequate waste disposal practices. Although usually portrayed as a failure of public policy and/or as a regulation or pollution problem, Love Canal was also an accounting problem.
Public History: An ERIC/ChESS Sample.

The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education, is the largest and oldest education information system in the world. The ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education (ERIC/ChESS) is one of sixteen subject-oriented clearinghouses that compose the ERIC system. The heart of this system, the ERIC database of education-related literature, contains nearly one million citations with abstracts, drawn from a variety of disciplines. Citations to journal articles, teaching and curriculum guides, bibliographies, research re ports, and conference papers are included. The ERIC database is available free in many large public and university libraries and on the Internet. The listings below are drawn from the ERIC database and include both teaching materials and general background informa tion on the topic. The key to obtaining the full text of the materials cited below is the unique ERIC number assigned to each item in the database. Journal articles, denoted by "EJ" numbers (for example, EJ549890) can be copied at most academic libraries, borrowed through interlibrary loan, or purchased from article reprint services such as UnCover, UMI, and ISI. Research reports, conference papers, and other materials besides journal articles are denoted by "ED" numbers (for example, ED398110); paper or microfiche copies of most of these documents can be purchased from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS), 7420 Fullerton Road, Suite 110, Springfield, VA 22153-2852; (800) 443-3742; (703) 440-1400; ; ; or copied from an ERIC microfiche collection, avail able at many libraries. ERIC/ChESS welcomes requests for general information or sample database searches on topics within the social studies, social sciences, and music and art education. Contact ERIC/ChESS by telephone at (800) 266-3815 or (812) 855-3838, or by e-mail at .
A chance to cut is not always a chance to cure- fasciotomy in the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation: A retrospective poison center study

Abstract Background Fasciotomy has been described in the treatment of rattlesnake-envenomation. We sought to compare the characteristics of patients undergoing fasciotomy with those where fasciotomy was discussed but not performed. Methods A retrospective case-series constructed from a single-statewide-poison-system electronic database for cases of fasciotomy discussion or completion in rattlesnake-envenomation between January 2001 and May 2012. Age, gender, bite location, antivenom administered, compartment pressure measurements, Snakebite Severity Score (SSS) and length of hospitalization (LOS) were recorded. Comparisons were made between fasciotomy completed and where fasciotomy was only discussed. Results One-hundred-five cases of fasciotomy discussion or completion were identified. Fasciotomy was performed in 28 cases (27%). There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between groups in age, gender, bite site, SSS, and total number of vials of antivenom administered. Only 2 of 28 (7%) had compartment pressure measurements. Patients undergoing fasciotomy spent an additional 2 days in the hospital. Conclusions Fasciotomies continue to take place, without compartment pressure measurements, and without repeat dosing of antivenom. In the absence of clear objective evidence that limb-threatening compartment syndrome occurs despite adequate antivenom administration, fasciotomy does not favorably impact morbidity and may be associated with increased costs for care following rattlesnake envenomation.
Estrogen synthetase (aromatase). The cytochrome P-450 component of the human placental enzyme is a glycoprotein.

Abstract Estrogen synthetase (aromatase) is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme system which converts androgens to estrogens. Although this enzyme has been purified and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence elucidated, very little is known regarding post-translational modifications of this physiologically crucial enzyme. We show here that the cytochrome P-450 component, P-450ES, purified from human term placental microsomes, is a glycoprotein based on the following evidence: its molecular weight is decreased following treatment with endoglycosidase F, concanavalin A-biotin specifically binds to this protein immobilized on nitrocellulose, and its oligosaccharide composition is consistent with a single N-linked fucosylated complex type carbohydrate chain. In a reconstitution system, the aromatase activity using the endoglycosidase F-treated P-450ES was reduced by about 35–40% relative to the native form, regardless of whether androstenedione or testosterone was used as substrate.
Lack of evidence for cell death among avian spinal cord interneurons during normal development and following removal of targets and afferents

Chick embryos and posthatched chicks were examined at several ages for the presence of pyknotic interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Because no pyknotic interneurons were found, direct cell counts of healthy interneurons were carried out and a comparison made between early- and late-stage embryos and hatchlings. There was no decrease in the number of interneurons in the ventral intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord between embryonic day (E) 8 and 2 weeks posthatching (PH) or in the dorsal horn between E10 and 2 weeks PH. To study whether interneuron survival is regulated by targets or afferents, a situation known to exist in other developing neural populations, early embryos were subjected to (1) removal of one limb, resulting in the loss of lateral motor column motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion sensory afferents; (2) transection of the thoracic spinal cord, thereby removing both descending afferents and rostral targets of spinal interneurons, or (3) a combination of the two operations. No reductions in interneuron numbers were found as a result of these operations. Furthermore, morphometric analysis also revealed no change in neuronal size following these experimental manipulations. By contrast, there was a slight decrease in the total area of spinal gray matter that was most prominent in the dorsal region following limb bud removal. Our results indicate (1) that spinal interneurons fail to exhibit the massive naturally occurring death of postmitotic neurons that has been observed for several other populations of spinal neurons, and (2) spinal interneurons appear to be relatively resistant to induced cell death following the removal of substantial numbers of afferent inputs and targets.
Zen, Emotion, and Social Engagement

Some common conceptions of Buddhist meditative practice emphasize the elimi- nation of emotion and desire in the interest of attaining tranquility and spiritual per- fection. But to place too strong an emphasis on this is to miss an important social element emphasized by major figures in the Mahayana and Chan-Zen Buddhist tra- ditions who are sharply critical of these quietistic elements and who stress instead, as Peter Hershock puts it, ''total immersion in the flux of daily life and never a private and necessarily transcendental retreat from it'' (Hershock 1996, p. 86; cf. Hershock 2003 and 2005, chap. 6). This understanding of enlightenment emphasizes enriched sociality and a flexible readiness to engage, not avoid, life's fluctuations in fortune and essential impermanence. I shall argue that we can understand the insights of these criticisms of quietism by considering some relatively recent advances in the phi- losophy and psychology of the emotions. Just as this recent literature challenges the idea that emotions are largely impediments to clear thinking, it can support Chan's concern that emotions not be understood as mere impediments to enlightenment. In the past two decades a number of researchers in psychology, cognitive science, and philosophy have converged on a different understanding of the place of the emotions in action, one which emphasizes the important role they play in framing the context of decision making: sorting the relevant from the irrelevant, iden- tifying salience, and directing decisions when uncertainty prevents definitive judg- ment. I shall argue that this view of the more complex integration of reason and emotion makes clearer why self-liberation is fundamentally a matter of liberation from judgmental habit and inflexibility, and lends support to Hershock's advocacy of a Mahayana view that emphasizes compassionate engagement with others. I shall also argue that it enables us to avoid suggestions that the cognitive transformation involved in liberation amounts to a mere emptying of the mind of structure, and sheds some light on the rationale for certain traditional Chan and Zen teaching tac- tics, such as those involving koan (gong-an, kung-an) introspection. Finally, insofar as this new understanding of the emotions clarifies their evolutionary advantages, it suggests that there are important common elements that ancient Chan and contem- porary Western Zen share, despite wide divergence in social context and despite wide historical and cultural variation with respect to the character of the emotions, their roles in spiritual and social life, and their relationships to cognition. I
The insurance effect of IPO underpricing on litigation risk revisit: a discussion of instrumental variables

The litigation risk hypothesis of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing suggests that issuers underprice IPOs in an effort to avoid costly litigation, and, therefore, that underpricing should be greater for issuers with ex-ante higher levels of litigation risk. Using passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act in 1995 and lawsuit growth rate as instrumental variables, we find that the reported systematic link between litigation risk and IPO underpricing no longer exists in the sample of either traditional IPO cases or IPO allocation cases. Furthermore, we illustrate that the previously found significant relationship between these two is not persistent but rather is driven primarily by the choice of the instrumental variable.
A review of feral cat control

Animal overpopulation including feral cats is an important global problem. There are many stakeholders involved in the feral cat debate over ‘what to do about the problem’, including those who consider them a nuisance, the public at risk from zoonotic disease, people who are concerned about the welfare of feral cats, those concerned with wildlife impacts, and the cats themselves. How best to control this population is controversial and has ranged from culling, relocation, and more recently ‘trap neuter return’ (TNR) methods. Data support the success of TNR in reducing cat populations, but to have a large impact it will have to be adopted on a far greater scale than it is currently practised. Non-surgical contraception is a realistic future goal. Because the feral cat problem was created by humans, concerted educational efforts on responsible pet ownership and the intrinsic value of animals is an integral part of a solution.
Spinal deformity correction in Marfan syndrome versus adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: learning from the differences.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case control study. OBJECTIVE To compare patients with Marfan syndrome and matched patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) to illustrate the differences and identify areas for potential surgical improvement. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patients with Marfan syndrome commonly require spinal deformity surgery, but practice guidelines and results are not as established as those for patients with AIS. METHODS We matched 34 adolescents with Marfan syndrome with patients with AIS (ratio, 1:2) for age, sex, and degree of major deformity. Overall mean age was 14 ± 2 years and mean curves were 51° thoracic and 46° lumbar. Mean follow-up was 5.3 and 3.6 years, respectively. RESULTS The Marfan syndrome group had significantly more thoracolumbar kyphosis correction (9.5° vs. 0.1°, P = 0.05), significantly more levels fused (12 ± 2 vs. 9 ± 3, P ≤ 0.01), significantly more fusions to the pelvis (7 vs. 0, P = 0.01), and significantly more correction of sagittal imbalance (2.4 vs. -0.6 cm, P = 0.035). The Marfan syndrome group also had more intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks (3 vs. 0, P = 0.01), significantly more instrumentation complications (3 vs. 1, P = 0.007), more reoperations for indications [such as fixation failure, distal degeneration, and spine fracture (9 vs. 0, P = 0.01)], and lower SRS-22 total (3.9 vs. 4.5, P = 0.01) and partial (P < 0.015) subscores. There were no significant differences between the groups in progression of unfused proximal thoracic curves, blood loss, neurological deficit, hospital stay, percent correction, or infection rate. CONCLUSION Patients with Marfan syndrome differ in several ways from those with AIS: they require more levels of surgical correction, more distal fusion, greater correction of sagittal balance, and more reoperations, and they have more intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks and instrumentation-related complications. Knowledge of these differences is important for planning surgery.
Mechanical properties of anterior malleolar ligament from experimental measurement and material modeling analysis

In this paper, mechanical properties of the anterior malleolar ligament (AML) of human middle ear were studied through the uniaxial tensile, stress relaxation and failure tests. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to assess the boundary effect in experiments and calculate the strain on specimens. The constitutive behavior of the AML was described by a transversely isotropic hyperelastic model which consists of a first-order Ogden model augmented by a I(4)-type reinforcing term. The material parameters of the model were estimated and the viscoelasticity of the AML was illustrated by hysteresis phenomena and stress relaxation function. The mechanical strength of the AML was obtained through the failure test and the mean ultimate stress and stretch ratio were measured as 1.05 MPa and 1.51, respectively. Finally, a linear Young's modulus-stress relationship of the AML was derived based on constitutive equation of the AML within a stress range of 0-0.5 MPa.
Eliminating scope of practice and licensing laws to improve health care.

Entry into the practice of medicine is heavily regulated through scope of practice and licensing laws that make it illegal for nonlicensed individuals to perform many medical services. As institutions are structured at the beginning of the twenty-first century, most regulation takes place at the state level, through state departments of health that establish criteria for performing different types of medical activities, and that restrict allowable activities for various types of health care professionals. The regulations over the activities of physicians are more uniform across states than for other health care professionals because, although the regulation is done by individual state governments, the standards for physicians are set by the National Board of Medical Examiners, a group controlled by physicians themselves. The justification for this regulation is that it produces higher quality health care. Some would make an even stronger argument that regulation is necessary because patients do not have sufficient knowledge to distinguish effective practitioners from ineffective ones.
Comparison of the cardiostimulatory effects of acetylcholine and nicotine on the working guinea-pig heart.

The isolated working guinea-pig heart was used to compare the cardiostimulatory effects of acetylcholine and nicotine observed in the presence of atropine. Both agonists increased aortic pressure, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt, cardiac output, and ventricular cyclic AMP levels. These responses were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the effects of exogenous norepinephrine. Hexamethonium treatment abolished the responses to acetylcholine and to nicotine. However, several differences in the responses of the two agonists were also observed with respect to: 1) the effect of propranolol pretreatment, 2) selective effects on coronary and aortic flow rates, 3) coefficients of correlation between ventricular cyclic AMP and changes in dP/dt, and 4) the “autoinhibition” effect. The results support the view that the cardiostimulatory effects of acetylcholine are due entirely to endogenous catecholamine release, but that the effects of nicotine may involve an additional action.
Arene-metal complexes. IX. Carbon-13 NMR spectra of benzonorbornadiene, syn-(η6-benzonorbornadiene)tricarbonylchromium, and (η8-benzonorbornadiene)dicarbonylchromim

Abstract As part of an effort to delineate the structure and properties of (arene-chelate) dicarbonylchromium compounds, carbon-13 NMR spectral parameters for benzonorbornadiene ( 1 ), syn -(η 6 -benzonorbornadiene)tricarbonylchromium ( 2 ), and (η 8 -benzonorbornadiene)dicarbonylchromium (3) have been recorded. These data suggest that while little molecular distortion accompanies the formation of 2 from 1, the introduction of appreciable strain in the alkyl portion of the arene-olefin ligand is concomitant with the conversion of 2 to 3. Further, interaction of the arene moiety with the metal is modified by this transformation. The complexed carbon-carbon double bond of 3 functions as a good π-donor and is strongly bound by the metal atom.
Computer enhancement of scalp-sphenoidal ictal EEG in patients with complex partial seizures.

Abstract Color topographic maps of scalp/sphenoidal ictal EEG records were computer-generated in 5 patients with medically refractory complex partial seizures of suspected temporal lobe origin. Seven ictal EEG records were analyzed by parsing them into a series of 1.28 sec epochs. User-interactives, computer techniques were utilized to replace eye movement and other artifactual segments in the peri-actal records with nearby uncontaminated EEG segments. Artifacts replacement techniques were designed to minimize or eliminate EEG discontinuities in those epochs in which artifact was removed. Significance probability maps consisting of z scores were constructed by comparing theta band power for each 1.28 sec epoch composing the peri-ictal period with the mean and standard deviation of theta power computed from a pre-ictal baseline period consisting of 50–75 epochs. The resulting maps were compared with available independent clinical measures in order to validate their usefulness. The independent measures consisted of non-invasive data (visual impressions of raw scalp/sphenoidal ictal EEGs and positron emission tomography) and invasive data (depth ictal recordings, pathological findings in resected temporal lobes, and surgical outcome). Ictal topographic maps appeared to either confirm or provide new localizing information in all5 patients. In 3 of 5 patients, several seconds of localized theta suppression preceded localized theta augmentation during the peri-ictal period. The transition between the 2 states was very rapid (approximately 2 sec). The spatial locus of suppression was always in agreement with the spatial locus of augmentation. In general, the maps were considerably easier to interpret than the raw scalp/sphenoidal ictal EEGs: (1) Localized theta suppression in the maps was not evident from visual inspection of the raw ictal scalp/sphenoidal EEG. (2) Clear localized theta augmentation in the maps occurred well before the appearance of unambiguous phase reversals in the raw scalp/sphenoidal icta EEG. (3) mapping data were correctly lateralizing in 1 patient in whom visual interpretation of the raw scalp/sphenoidal ictal EEGs was considered non-localizing but often suggestive of a seizure origin in the hemisphere contralateral to that implicated by depth recordings, PET, and pathological data. These results suggest that topographic mapping of scalp/sphenoidal ictal EEGs in patients with complex partial seizures may eventually probe to be a useful adjunct to the interpretation of raw ictal recordings.
M2IS (modular miniature imaging sensor) for law enforcement applications

Raytheon Electronics Systems, under contract from the DARPA Advanced Technology Office, has designed, fabricated and delivered the Modular Miniature Imaging Sensor (M2IS). M2IS is a rifle- or tripod-mountable system that integrates a high-performance multispectral sensor with an eyesafe laser rangefinder and a digital compass. A cooled 480 X 640 InSb focal plane array and dual-FOV reflective optics provide capability to acquire and identify targets at ranges of several kilometers. The LRF and compass facilitate reporting target location. M2IP provides the law enforcement officer an integrated surveillance and targeting system that consumes less than 6.5 W and weighs less than 7.5 lbs. This paper describes measured performance and capabilities of the system.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermally induced stresses in a trilayered system

The objective of this investigation is to conduct a parametric study of thermally induced stresses in trilayered media. In particular, the resulting shear and normal stresses along the media interfaces is analyzed. Because this investigation is concerned only with the failure at the bonding surfaces, the results of bending stresses, although calculated, are not presented. A finite element model utilizing a recently developed element that provides for both axial and lateral displacement continuity is employed. First, the effect of the material property, that is, coefficient of thermal expansion, is examined. Then the effect of geometric configuration, that is, the length and thickness dimensions of the midlayer, is analyzed. Finally, a study of the effect of a nonuniform temperature field on the trimaterial medium is conducted.
Stridulated soft song by singing insects

The study of low-amplitude or ‘soft’ songs and calls has largely been limited to organisms that produce multiple call types that fall neatly into a bimodal distribution with respect to amplitude. The soft vocalizations of many of these animals, including birds and mammals, have proven to be extremely difficult to collect data on due to difficulty in hearing and recording such songs in the wild, the lack of production of these sounds in captivity, and the difficulty in standardizing measurements of the amplitude produced by free-moving animals. Here I suggest we consistently expand the working definition of soft song to allow for the inclusion of insects and other organisms whose calls do not easily fit into a ‘high-amplitude’ versus ‘low-amplitude’ signal paradigm. For instance, some species of moths produce extremely quiet ultrasonic courtship songs without also producing a high-amplitude song, and field crickets sing courtship songs that contain both relatively loud and quiet elements within the same song. Soft-singing moths and crickets may not only prove more practical to work with, but may also provide answers to heretofore untestable hypotheses about the function and evolution of soft song.