cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the potential for child maltreatment: The reliability and validity of the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory—2

OBJECTIVE: The field of child protection needs reliable and valid methods of assessing the potential for child abuse and neglect. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory--2 (AAPI-2), Form B, using a sample of 309 low-income, rural families in a southern state. METHOD: The AAPI-2 is a 40-item survey designed to assess the parenting and child rearing attitudes of adult and adolescent parent and pre-parent populations. Each of the five AAPI-2 scales was (a) examined using factor analysis in order to determine the unidimensionality of the scale, (b) evaluated based on estimates of the scales reliability in order to determine the consistency with which the construct was measured, and (c) when possible, examined to determine if it is related to other constructs in meaningful and expected ways. RESULTS: While the factor structure reported by the developer was not fully confirmed in this sample, there is some evidence that the instrument is measuring at least two of the constructs it purports to measure and that the total score may be useful. Correlations with other instruments measuring parenting behavior and child behavior were significant, and in the expected direction, offering some support for the validity of the AAPI-2. CONCLUSIONS: While the AAPI-2 appears to measure attitudes related to harsh or neglectful parenting, caution should be used in the interpretation of the individual AAPI-2 scales. Language: en
FSH levels in relation to hysterectomy and to unilateral oophorectomy.

Abstract Objective: To examine the association between hysterectomy, unilateral oophorectomy, and ovarian status, measured by FSH concentrations, in women aged 35–49 years. Methods: From the National Health and Examination Survey III, 1716 women aged 35–49 years were studied. Information on menopausal status, surgical history (hysterectomy, single or bilateral oophorectomy), smoking, and other characteristics was collected in a structured interview, height and weight were measured, and one blood sample was collected. We used logistic regression to analyze FSH concentration in relation to hysterectomy and oophorectomy, controlling for age, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, education, nulligravidity, and exercise. Results: Hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy was associated with an increased prevalence of elevated FSH (above 20 IU/L) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 4.6) compared with women who had not had hysterectomies or oophorectomies. Among women with two ovaries, hysterectomy was associated with increased prevalence of elevated FSH (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.5). As a comparison of the effect size, the observed association between hysterectomy and elevated FSH was smaller than the association between FSH and current smoking (OR 2.0), a factor associated with a 1–2 year decrease in mean age at natural menopause. Conclusion: Although the differences in FSH levels were small, there was evidence of elevated FSH in women who have had hysterectomies, even if at least one ovary remained.
Hematocrit, plasma osmolality, and plasma protein concentration as estimators of plasma volume in hooded rats during food and water deprivation.

Abstract Hematocrit, plasma osmolality, and plasma protein were measured simultaneously with plasma volume in male hooded rats under food, water, or food and water deprivation. All three types of deprivation produced reductions in plasma volume and carcass water. Correlation coefficients and regression equations were calculated for the relationships of the three blood measurements with plasma volume. These data showed that all three measures may be used as estimators of plasma volume during water deprivation, but only hematocrit may be used for food deprivation or simultaneous food and water deprivation.
Runaway State-Building: Patronage Politics and Democratic Development

Runaway State-Building: Patronage Politics and Democratic Development. By Conor O'Dwyer. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. 278p. $49.95. This first book by Conor O'Dwyer adds to a growing and impressive collection of works on state building in postcommunist countries. In it he seeks to explain the variation in the growth of large patronage networks in state administrations in three central European countries—Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In doing so, he looks to the relationship between the establishment of strong party systems and the ability of states to withstand the emergence of extensive patronage networks. Specifically, he posits (p. 13) that “the magnitude and character of administrative expansion is determined by the capacity of party competition to constrain patronage.” He concludes that taking all considerations into account, it is the presence or absence of a strongly competitive party system that most clearly explains the sleek state administrative structures in the Czech Republic and the bloated bureaucracy in Poland and Slovakia. The failure of these two countries, whose leaders had so keenly sought to dismantle the communist nomenklatura system, to gain control of what O'Dwyer calls “runaway state-building” is richly detailed and persuasively argued in this excellent book.
COMPUTER IDENTIFICATION OF MASS SPECTRA

Automation of the interpretation of unknown mass spectra is a necessity in many laboratories. Two types of computer programs have been developed for this “retrieval” systems compare the unknown against a file of reference spectra, while “interpretation” programs identify various molecular features to aid the interpreter. Particular emphasis here will be placed on systems of each of these types developed at Cornell, the “Probability Based Matching” and “Self-Training Interpretive and Retrieval System”.
Cretaceous pollen in Pliocene rocks: Implications for Pliocene climate in the southwestern United States

Pliocene rocks of the Imperial and Palm Spring Formations in southern California contain reworked Cretaceous pollen that helps determine the timing of erosion of Cretaceous rocks on the Colorado Plateau. The stratigraphic distribution of reworked pollen in the Imperial and Palm Spring Formations suggests that erosion of Cretaceous rocks in the southern part of the Colorado Plateau began by 4.5 Ma. Erosion of Cretaceous rocks in the northern part of the plateau began at 3.9 Ma. This erosional history indicates that rapid and extensive erosion of the Colorado Plateau occurred during the Pliocene and supports the hypothesis that much of the Grand Canyon was cut during the Pliocene, rather than earlier in the Tertiary. Rapid erosion and transport from the Colorado Plateau require the climate in that region during the Pliocene to have been significantly wetter than it is today.
Piglet Models of Acute or Chronic Clostridium difficile Illness

We examined the piglet model of Clostridium difficile illness (CDI) in humans, because swine are naturally susceptible to C. difficile. The piglet is a reproducible model of acute or chronic CDI with characteristic pseudomembranous colitis. Germ-free piglets were consistently and extensively colonized after oral challenge with the human strain 027/BI/NAP1, establishing an infectious dose-age relationship. This allowed a demarcation between acute fatal and chronic models. The clinical manifestations of disease inclusive of gastrointestinal and systemic symptoms and characteristic mucosal lesions of the large bowel (including pseudomembranous colitis) are described. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of toxins in feces, body fluids, and serum and a significant elevation in interleukin 8 levels in animals with severe disease. We conclude that piglets infected with C. difficile mimic many of the key characteristics observed in humans with CDI and are suitable animals in which to investigate the role played by virulence attributes, drug efficacy, and vaccine candidates.
Tips on how to write a paper

Academics involve the search, education, and communication of knowledge. The credibility, advancement, and prestige of any specialty, program, or person involved in academics is enhanced by the quality of papers published. This occurs in the form of peer-reviewed research, along with observations and wisdom from institutional and private practice. Learning and mentoring medical manuscript writing skills is a process that improves with training and doing. The purpose of this manuscript is to serve as a guide with tips to aide the process of better writing, which may be particularly helpful to those in search of writing skills mentorship.
Epigenetic inheritance systems act as a bridge between ecological and evolutionary timescales

A long-standing problem in biology is reconciling phenotypic change and stability. Organisms are extraordinarily plastic, responding to life-stage transitions, seasonal cues, and environmental change. Some of these changes are permanent and some are reversible occurring thousands of times during a lifetime. Yet, at the same time, phenotypic stability is equally evident, enabling reliable assignment of individuals into morphs, populations, and species. A key question in evolution is how these timescales of phenotypic change are linked. The traditional view is that they are not such that there is a dichotomy of “ephemeral environmental effects” and “stable genetic effects” with only the latter relevant to evolutionary change. However, as Ledon-Rettig et al.’s review shows, this view needs to be updated as we learn more about the proximate mechanisms behind genetic and epigenetic determinants of phenotypic variation. Purely environmental influences on the phenotype are often assumed to be more transient than genetic effects and thus not important for long-term evolutionary change. However, environmental influences on the phenotype are often more stable then genetic influences—the most extreme example being the influence of gravitational forces—a factor that has consistently influenced the form and function of all organisms. However, genetic influences on the phenotype are often assumed to be the most stable. Yet, genetic variants that map onto phenotypic variation consistently irrespective of the environmental and genetic context are extremely rare. Instead, the phenotypic effects of specific DNA sequences is often highly variable from one generation to the next depending on both genetic background and environmental context. Similarly, as Ledon-Rettig et al. show, the stability of epigenetic effects are also not easily categorized and can range from transitory cell state modifications that can change over the course of development to multigenerational influences of a mother’s behavior on her descendants. These observations show that there is not a simple dichotomy in the timescales of phenotypic expression and that a more realistic view is of a gradation of stability that does not map onto genes versus environment in a simple way.
Cascading Deep Pipelines to Achieve High Throughput in Numerical Reduction Operations

This work proposes a cascaded and pipelined (CAP) reconfigurable architecture to achieve high throughput in executing numerical reduction operations commonly found in many scientific computations by (1) cascading multiple deeply-pipelined floating-point arithmetic cores to match the inherent computing structure underlying target operations, (2) interleaving multiple computing threads to eliminate the data hazards caused by the feedback connection around long pipelines, and (3) judiciously balancing the granularity of grouping pipelines with overall achievable throughput. A CAP machine with 28 processing nodes was implemented with a Virtex-5 FPGA (XCV5LX155T-2) on a BEE3 (Berkeley Emulation Engine) platform. For a wide variety of convex optimization problems found in the decoding stage of compressive sensing, when comparing running the L1-MAGIC software package [1] on a 2.4 GHz Core 2 Duo Intel processor, the CAP demonstrates a 50x speedup on average, with a peak throughput of 6.34 GFLOPS (Giga Floating-Point Operations per Second).
Dose comparison of megavoltage cone-beam and orthogonal-pair portal images

The technique of megavoltage cone-beam computed tomography (MV CBCT) is available for image-guided radiation therapy to improve the accuracy of patient setup and tumor localization. However, development of strategies to efficiently and effectively implement this technique or to replace the current orthogonal portal images technique remains challenging in the clinical environment. It is useful to compare the difference in absorbed dose between the MV CBCT technique and the orthogonal portal images technique, the current standard practice for treatment verification. Our study analyzed the doses generated from these two imaging techniques for six treatment sites (pelvis, abdomen, lung, head and neck, breast, prostate). The analysis was made by simulating the MV CBCT technique with an arc beam and a beam-on time of 9 monitor units (MUs), and the orthogonal pair technique with a double-exposure anterior-posterior and lateral pair and a beam-on time of 4 MUs. The results are presented as dose per MU (cGy/MU) and absolute dose (cGy). The isocenter doses, integral doses, maximum doses, and mean doses to tumor and critical organs, and the two-dimensional isodose distributions and dose-volume histograms of each critical organ were investigated. The absolute dose difference between MV CBCT and orthogonal pair at the isocenter was 4.02 +/- 0.59 cGy. Major differences were seen between the two techniques in critical organs whose locations are away from the tumor. These organs, such as the contralateral breast (difference: 0.17 +/- 0.10 cGy/MU) and lung (difference: 0.15 +/- 0.20 cGy/MU), receive a higher dose from MV CBCT images than from orthogonal portal images. Additionally, higher doses and larger dose areas involving more normal tissues were observed for MV CBCT images than for orthogonal portal images in our analysis methodology, which used 200 beam projections delivered from various angles for the MV CBCT simulation and from just two perpendicular angles for the orthogonal pair simulation. In our selected clinical cases, the high-dose area from the orthogonal pair technique was always located inside the tumor; with MV CBCT, the high-dose area will most likely be outside the tumor. Therefore, the potentially higher doses to critical organs from MV CBCT images should be properly analyzed to ensure that they do not exceed the tolerance dose when therapy is delivered using that technique. On the other hand, to obtain good image quality, the higher MUs with MV CBCT images may be necessary. The absorbed dose for the tumor and for other critical organs should be calculated accordingly in the treatment plans. Images by MV CBCT are a great tool for three-dimensional verification of patient treatment position. The trade-off is that the MV CBCT technique for patient treatment verification might have a higher chance of increasing the dose to normal tissue during image acquisition.
Trafficking in tobacco farm culture: Tobacco companies use of video imagery to undermine health policy

The cigarette companies and their lobbying organization used tobacco industry-produced films and videos about tobacco farming to support their political, public relations, and public policy goals. Critical discourse analysis shows how tobacco companies utilized film and video imagery and narratives of tobacco farmers and tobacco economies for lobbying politicians and influencing consumers, industry-allied groups, and retail shop owners to oppose tobacco control measures and counter publicity on the health hazards, social problems, and environmental effects of tobacco growing. Imagery and narratives of tobacco farmers, tobacco barns, and agricultural landscapes in industry videos constituted a tobacco industry strategy to construct a corporate vision of tobacco farm culture that privileges the economic benefits of tobacco. The positive discursive representations of tobacco farming ignored actual behavior of tobacco companies to promote relationships of dependency and subordination for tobacco farmers and to contribute to tobacco-related poverty, child labor, and deforestation in tobacco growing countries. While showing tobacco farming as a family and a national tradition and a source of jobs, tobacco companies portrayed tobacco as a tradition to be protected instead of an industry to be regulated and denormalized.
An experimentation workbench for replayable networking research

The networked and distributed systems research communities have an increasing need for "replayable" research, but our current experimentation resources fall short of satisfying this need. Replayable activities are those that can be re-executed, either as-is or in modified form, yielding new results that can be compared to previous ones. Replayability requires complete records of experiment processes and data, of course, but it also requires facilities that allow those processes to actually be examined, repeated, modified, and reused. We are now evolving Emulab, our popular network testbed management system, to be the basis of a new experimentation workbench in support of realistic, largescale, replayable research. We have implemented a new model of testbed-based experiments that allows people to move forward and backward through their experimentation processes. Integrated tools help researchers manage their activities (both planned and unplanned), software artifacts, data, and analyses. We present the workbench, describe its implementation, and report how it has been used by early adopters. Our initial case studies highlight both the utility of the current workbench and additional usability challenges that must be addressed.
Cerebrospinal fluid cultures and analysis

Prompt and accurate diagnosis of acute central nervous system infections is of vital importance to the emergency physician. With the advent of modern antimicrobial therapy, the nearly uniformly fatal outcome of untreated bacterial meningitis can be reduced substantially. Proper test selection is crucial in arriving at a correct and timely diagnosis. A variety of tests are currently available for evaluation of the patient with an acute central nervous system infection. We review the current state of the art in central nervous system testing. Cost considerations and an algorithm for efficient selection of appropriate tests are presented.
The Share Of People With High Medical Costs Increased Prior To Implementation Of The Affordable Care Act

The percentage of Americans with high medical cost burdens—those who spend more than 10 percent of their family income on out-of-pocket expenses for health care—increased to 19.2 percent in 2011, after having stabilized at 18.2 percent during the Great Recession of 2007–09. The increase was driven primarily by growth in premium expenses in 2009–11 for people with employer-sponsored coverage. Out-of-pocket spending on health services, especially for prescription drugs, continued to decrease between 2007–09 and 2011. Medical cost burdens were highest for income groups most likely to benefit from the Affordable Care Act’s coverage expansions, including people with private insurance coverage. Those who purchased nongroup coverage before the implementation of the health insurance Marketplaces in 2014 spent an especially high proportion of their income on health care, and over half of these people will qualify for premium subsidies in the Marketplaces. Federal subsidies will substantially reduce medical cost bu...
Mammary Tumorigenesis Induced by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Requires Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is an oncoprotein with known involvement in mammary tumorigenesis. To understand how FGFR1 signaling promotes mammary tumorigenesis, an inducible FGFR1 (iFGFR1) system was created previously. Previous studies have demonstrated that upon iFGFR1 activation in vivo, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligands amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG) are upregulated. Both AREG and EREG interact with the EGF receptor (EGFR). Here, we investigated whether the FGFR1-induced increase in AREG and EREG expression might coordinately increase EGFR signaling to promote mammary tumorigenesis. Treatment of mouse mammary epithelial cells with either AREG or EREG conferred a greater migratory potential, increased cellular proliferation and increased extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. These effects could be blocked with the EGFR-specific inhibitor erlotinib, suggesting that they are EGFR-dependent. In transgenic mice with iFGFR1 under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, iFGFR1 activation also led to increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation that was inhibited with erlotinib. Taken together, these data suggest that AREG and EREG mediate tumorigenic phenotypes by activating EGFR signaling, and that the oncogenic potential of FGFR1 requires EGFR activation to promote mammary tumorigenesis.
Electronic word of mouth (eWOM)

This study explores whether and how different online platforms to which electronic word of mouth (eWOM) communication is posted influence consumers’ judgements of reviewed products. Additionally, this study examines the moderating role of the valence of eWOM on the platforms–consumer product judgement relationship. Our findings indicated that, other things being equal, participants exposed to the review posted on the personal blog were more likely to attribute the review to circumstances and less likely to recommend the product to friends than those who were exposed to the review either on the independent review website or the brand’s website. The effect of the eWOM platforms on consumer willingness to recommend the product to friends was found only when the review was positive. When the review was negative, however, there were detrimental effects on consumer willingness to recommend the product to friends regardless of the eWOM platform. Practical and theoretical implications of the findings were discussed.
The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A reconnaissance and conceptual framework

Abstract We present a conceptual framework for metropolitan opportunity and a model of individual decision making about issues affecting youth's future socioeco‐nomic status. Decision making and its geographic context have objective and subjective aspects. Objective spatial variations occur in the metropolitan opportunity structure—social systems, markets, and institutions that aid upward mobility. Decisions are based on the decision‐maker's values, aspirations, preferences, and subjective perceptions of possible outcomes, which are all shaped by the local social network (e.g., kin, neighbors, and friends). We also review the psychological literature on decision making. We hypothesize that the decision‐making method varies with the range of opportunities considered: Those with fewer options adopt a less considered method wherein mistakes and short‐term focus are more likely. Our review also finds empirical evidence that the local social network has an important effect on youth's decisions regarding educat...
The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes

Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are autoimmune conditions in which dietary gluten has been proven or suggested to play a pathogenic role. In CD; gluten is established as the instigator of autoimmunity; the autoimmune process is halted by removing gluten from the diet; which allows for resolution of celiac autoimmune enteropathy and subsequent normalization of serological markers of the disease. However; an analogous causative agent has not yet been identified for T1D. Nevertheless; the role of dietary gluten in development of T1D and the potentially beneficial effect of removing gluten from the diet of patients with T1D are still debated. In this review; we discuss the comorbid occurrence of CD and T1D and explore current evidences for the specific role of gluten in both conditions; specifically focusing on current evidence on the effect of gluten on the immune system and the gut microbiota.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy reduces total hospital costs in head-injured patients

Abstract Background: Gastrostomies provide reliable long-term enteral access in patients with traumatic brain injuries. The impact of technique of gastrostomy on total hospital cost is not known. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients who sustained head trauma and required gastrostomies for long-term enteral access between 1 July 1990 and 1 July 1996 was performed. Results: The patients who received percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomies (PEG) were similar to patients who received Stamm gastrostomies (OPEN) with respect to age, injury severity score, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, complication rates, and deaths. Total hospital costs ($ × 10 3 ) were lower for patients who had PEGs placed in the intensive care unit (78.2 ± 37.4) or endoscopy suite (71.9 ± 37.7) compared with PEGs placed in the operating room (122.4 ± 75.7) or OPEN gastrostomies (119.8 ± 65.1). Conclusions: In head-injured patients, PEGs are a reliable method of obtaining long-term enteral access with a complication rate equivalent to Stamm gastrostomies. If performed in either the intensive care unit or the endoscopy suite, PEGs are associated with significantly reduced total hospital costs.
Need I remind you? Monitoring with collective memory

We consider a team setting where forgetful players with limited memories have costly but socially ecient tasks to complete. Each teammate promises to complete some subset of the tasks, and strategically memorizes her own promises as well as a subset of her teammates’ promises. She can be contractually punished for an unfullled promise only if another player remembers it. Hence the team’s collective memory serves as a costly monitoring device. We show that linear contracts are the optimal way to ensure that a player completes as many promises as she remembers, and characterize the optimal linear contract when players’ memories dier in size and quality. Linear contracts are indeed optimal if players are not very forgetful. However, when players are more forgetful, an optimal equilibrium has empty promises; these are promises a player might not complete even if she remembers them. The corresponding optimal non-linear contract will \forgive" some failures. As players become more forgetful, they make more empty promises and devote more of their memories to monitoring.
A randomized controlled trial of dance exergaming for exercise training in overweight and obese adolescent girls.

SummaryBackground Structured exergaming with prescribed moderate intensity physical activity has reduced adiposity among adolescents. The extent to which adolescents reduce adiposity when allowed to self-select intensity level is not known. Objective The objective of the study was to examine the influence of exergaming on adolescent girls' body composition and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods This randomized controlled trial assigned 41 overweight and obese girls aged 14 to 18 years to group-based dance exergaming (36 h over 3 months) or to a self-directed care control condition. Body size and composition were measured by anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [%fat and bone mineral density {BMD}] and magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovascular risk factors included blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin. Results Attrition was 5%. Using analysis of covariance controlling for baseline value, age and race, there were no significant condition differences. Per protocol (attended >75%), the intervention group significantly decreased abdominal subcutaneous adiposity and increased trunk and spine BMD (ps 2600 steps/session), the intervention group significantly decreased leg %fat and decreased abdominal subcutaneous and total adiposity (ps < 0.05). Conclusion Exergaming reduced body fat and increased BMD among those adolescent girls who adhered. Further research is required before exergaming is recommended in clinical settings.
GSK3β regulates AKT-induced central nervous system axon regeneration via an eIF2Bε-dependent, mTORC1-independent pathway

Axons fail to regenerate after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Modulation of the PTEN/mTORC1 pathway in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) promotes axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Here, we report that AKT activation, downstream of Pten deletion, promotes axon regeneration and RGC survival. We further demonstrate that GSK3β plays an indispensable role in mediating AKT-induced axon regeneration. Deletion or inactivation of GSK3β promotes axon regeneration independently of the mTORC1 pathway, whereas constitutive activation of GSK3β reduces AKT-induced axon regeneration. Importantly, we have identified eIF2Be as a novel downstream effector of GSK3β in regulating axon regeneration. Inactivation of eIF2Be reduces both GSK3β and AKT-mediated effects on axon regeneration. Constitutive activation of eIF2Be is sufficient to promote axon regeneration. Our results reveal a key role of the AKT-GSK3β-eIF2Be signaling module in regulating axon regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS.
Effect of Methamidophos on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) During Alfalfa Pollination

Mortality and foraging activity of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were determined before and for 3 d after treatment of alfalfa with methamidophos applied at 14 g/ha (0.75lb/acre). In colonies at the field edge, mortality was low and, on the second day after treatment, returned to levels approximately equal to those before treatment. Flight activity at the hive entrances diminished to about 25% of levels before treatment. After spray application before dawn, many bees continued to forage actively on alfalfa, indicating that bees may not be repelled by methamidophos. Foraging virtually ceased during the afternoon. The population of bees that collected sugar syrup at uncontaminated feeding stations within the treated field was reduced to about 10% of levels before treatment. Sublethal levels of intoxication or avoidance learning (or both) might account for reduced foraging activity. Methamidophos appears to have a severe effect on honey bee foraging and pollination efficiency.
The FDA's Assessment of Two Drugs for Chronic Weight Management

After weighing the risks and benefits, the FDA recently approved two new drugs as adjuncts to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in obese or overweight adults with at least one weight-related coexisting condition.
CT and MR appearance of recurrent malignant head and neck neoplasms after resection and flap reconstruction.

PURPOSE To describe the appearance of recurrent malignant neoplasms in patients who have undergone resection of primary head and neck tumors with flap reconstruction. METHODS Thirty-two examinations, 26 CT and 6 MR scans, were retrospectively reviewed in 25 patients with documented recurrent malignant neoplasms. Confirmation of disease was by biopsy or disease progression. The flaps included 15 myocutaneous, 6 free composite, 2 jejunal free grafts, and 2 combined jejunal and myocutaneous flaps. RESULTS The most common location of recurrence was in the primary tumor bed involving the undersurface or suture line of the reconstruction flaps, 14 of 32 scans; both nodal and flap recurrence was seen in 12 of 32 scans. CONCLUSIONS When examining patients who may have recurrent disease after flap reconstruction, the radiologist should be aware of the type of flap used and the expected appearance. Tumor recurrence in this patient population is manifest either as a focal recurrent mass at or near the suture line of the reconstruction flap, or nodal disease, usually in the contralateral neck.
Psychoeducational Aspects of Classroom Management

A clinical episode is used as an illustration of psychoeducational aspects of classroom management. These aspects include: (a) a psychoeducational orientation, (b) classroom structure, (c) teaching and management styles, (d) program planning in general and for specific children, and (e) behavioral management.
Student-Valued Measurable Teaching Behaviors of Award-Winning Pharmacy Preceptors.

Objective. To identify specific preceptor teaching-coaching, role modeling, and facilitating behaviors valued by pharmacy students and to develop measures of those behaviors that can be used for an experiential education quality assurance program. Methods. Using a qualitative research approach, we conducted a thematic analysis of student comments about excellent preceptors to identify behaviors exhibited by those preceptors. Identified behaviors were sorted according to the preceptor’s role as role model, teacher/coach, or learning facilitator; measurable descriptors for each behavior were then developed. Results. Data analysis resulted in identification of 15 measurable behavior themes, the most frequent being: having an interest in student learning and success, making time for students, and displaying a positive preceptor attitude. Measureable descriptors were developed for 5 role-modeling behaviors, 6 teaching-coaching behaviors, and 4 facilitating behaviors. Conclusion. Preceptors may need to be evaluated in their separate roles as teacher-coach, role model, and learning facilitator. The developed measures in this report could be used in site quality evaluation.
P06.06 Azythromycin treatment for chlamydia trachomatis is associated with vaginal microbiota lacking protective lactobacillus spp

Introduction Recurrence rate of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is frustratingly high (~25%). While re-exposure is thought to be the main reason. We hypothesised that after and because of azithromycin treatment, the vaginal microbiota is not optimally restored to a protective Lactobacillus spp. dominated state, resulting in enhanced susceptibility to C. trachomatis re-infection. Methods We characterised the composition, structure and metagenome of the vaginal microbiomes in a cohort of 129 C. trachomatis -positive (CT+) women followed longitudinally before and after azithromycin treatment. We established in vitro susceptibility patterns to azithromycin and doxycycline of vaginal bacteria, including Lactobacillus crispatus , L. iners , L. gasseri , L. jensenii , and Gardnerella vaginalis . Results Before treatment, CT+ women harbour communities that comprised either a complex assemblage of strict anaerobes, including G. vaginalis , with low proportions of Lactobacillus spp. or a high abundance of L. iners . After azithromycin treatment, we observed an increased proportion of women with communities dominated by high abundance of G. vaginalis and other strict anaerobes, or dominated by L. iners . Antibiotic resistance assays showed that certain types of L. iners and G. vaginalis are highly resistant to azithromycin and to lesser extents to doxycycline. Analysis of L. iners genomes reconstructed from vaginal microbial communities metagenomes showed that multiple phylogenetic clades of L. iners exist. One of these clades is not associated with CT+ women, and is characterised by low number of phage genes as well as unique secondary metabolites gene clusters, all of which could contribute to their resilience. Conclusion These findings suggest azithromycin treatment is likely to restore a vaginal microbiota with low protective properties, increasing the risk to C. trachomatis re-infection. Disclosure of interest statement Project funded by NIH-NIAID-STI-CRC U19 AI084044 “Eco-Pathogenomics of Chlamydial Reproductive Tract Infection”. No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.
Sand bedded freestall and compost bedded pack effects on cow hygiene, locomotion, and mastitis indicators

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess differences between compost bedded pack (CBP) and sand freestall barns (SFB) for mastitis indicators (herd clinical mastitis, SCC, high SCC prevalence (% of herd ≥200,000 cells/mL SCC), and BTSCC), and locomotion, hygiene, and hock scores. This study was conducted on commercial Kentucky dairy farms using CBP (n=8) or SFB (n=7) as the primary lactating cow housing facility from May 2013 to May 2014. To indicate good management practices, eligible herds had to maintain a yearly mean SCC
Bias Voltage Control in Pulsed Applications for Mach–Zehnder Electrooptic Intensity Modulators

Mach–Zehnder electrooptic intensity modulators (EOM) provide efficient intensity modulation in optical systems and can be used to shape laser pulses. It is necessary to avoid a low extinction ratio—which can cause a significant prepulse—by maintaining a low base modulation. The EOM’s modulation can be modeled by its nonlinear transfer function and is dependent on environmental conditions. A feedback algorithm was devised to regulate the EOM’s base intensity output and account for these dynamic environmental conditions. The field programmable gate array-based control algorithm interlaces a set of diagnostic pulses between the laser’s main pulses to map the transfer function. After mapping, the algorithm utilizes curve fitting to accurately target the minimum of the EOM’s transfer function and maintain the EOM’s highest possible extinction ratio. Testing demonstrated the effectiveness of the algorithm in maintaining a high extinction ratio in response to both the temperature and temporal drift of the transfer function.
RE-p-halobenzoic acid–terpyridine complexes, Part II: structural diversity, supramolecular assembly, and luminescence properties in a series of p-bromobenzoic acid rare-earth hybrid materials

Twenty-four new rare-earth p-bromobenzoic acid complexes, [RE(L1)3(L2)(H2O)]2 (RE = La3+ (1), Ce3+ (2), Pr3+ (3), Nd3+ (4)), [RE(L1)3(L2)(H2O)]2 (RE = La3+ (1′), Ce3+ (2′), Pr3+ (3′), Nd3+ (4′)), [RE(L1)3(L2)]2·H2O (RE = Sm3+ (5), Eu3+ (6), Gd3+ (7), Tb3+ (8)), RE(L1)3(L2)(H2O) (RE = Gd3+ (7′), Tb3+ (8′), Dy3+ (9), Ho3+ (10), Er3+ (11), Tm3+ (12), Yb3+ (13), Lu3+ (14), Y3+ (15)), and RE2(L1)4(L2)2(Ox) (RE = Tm3+ (12′), Yb3+ (13′) Lu3+ (14′)); L1: p-bromobenzoic acid; L2: 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine; Ox: oxalic acid, have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. The series includes binuclear molecular complexes [(La3+–Nd3+), (La′3+–Nd′3+), (Sm3+–Tb3+)], which transition to pseudo-dimeric units (Gd3+–Y3+) as a result of the lanthanide contraction. The range of structures is completed by distinct oxalate-bridged binuclear complexes (Tm3+–Lu3+), formed via in situ synthesis, that appear only with the smallest lanthanides and only from higher temperature syntheses. There are subtle differences in coordination environments between the five structure types as a result of the lanthanide contraction, despite all complexes in this study containing binuclear units. All twenty-four complexes feature halogen- and π-based supramolecular interactions which assemble the molecular complexes into one, two, and three dimensions. Visible and near-IR solid state luminescence spectra were collected on complexes 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8′, 9, 12, and 13 and characteristic terpyridine sensitized luminescence was observed.
The Silent Generation: 1964

The narratives illustrate women’s agency both silently through manipulation and directly through the legal system. Women in a joint family are subject to their mothers-in-law, in contrast to those in a nuclear family. Married women express no opinions in public. The Brahmin men’s establishment of a nursery school with an unmarried woman as the teacher suggests male initiative in education and female empowerment. Women in 1964 are subservient to their fathers, then their husbands, and, as widows, to their sons. A difference of opinion, a husband’s dissatisfaction, and visits out of town without his permission have all led to beatings. Silence, the most adaptive approach for women in this period, may mean respect, but it also may signify capitulation and recognition of one’s powerlessness.
Hearsay Law: Recent Developments in Maryland and in the Supreme Court

This paper was prepared as a CLE handout for a presentation for the Anne Arundel County Bar Association, and is in outline form. In brief, the paper deals with Hearsay Law: Both Civil and Criminal Cases, in Part 1, and The Confrontation Right after Crawford v. Washington: Criminal Cases, in Part 2. In more detail, Part 1 addresses the following: Generally, Evidence Not Offered as Substantive Evidence Cannot Be Hearsay; The Two Elements of “Out-of-Court” “Statement,” Making and Meeting Hearsay Objections; “TOMA?” or Nonhearsay?; Important Recent Maryland Decisions: Implied Assertions; Specific Exceptions. In more detail, Part 2 addresses the following: Texts of the U.S. and Maryland Clauses; Citations to U.S. Supreme Court and Maryland Court of Appeals Cases; When Does the Clause Apply?; How Can the Clause Be Satisfied?; How Does the Confrontation Clause Relate to the Hearsay Rule?; What If the Hearsay Evidence is Nontestimonial?; What Did Crawford and Davis Hold as to Whether a Statement is Testimonial or Nontestirnonial?; How Can We Analyze Whether Statements Outside the Holdings of Crawford and Davis are Testimonial?; How Did the Maryland Court of Appeals Interpret Crawford in Snowden?; What About “Business Records” of the State?; Dying Declarations; How Are Prosecutors and Domestic Violence Victim-Advocates Likely to Adapt to these Changes?; Forfeiture of Right to Object; Hypotheticals.
Understanding and Encouraging Values-Based Action in Response to Sexual Harassment

Despite significant expenditures on sexual harassment awareness training, sexual harassment is a persistent challenge for organizations. In accordance with the theme of "Opening Governance," we arg...
On the uniqueness of maximal immediate extensions of valued differential fields

Abstract So far there exist just a few results about the uniqueness of maximal immediate valued differential field extensions and about the relationship between differential-algebraic maximality and differential-henselianity; see [1, Chapter 7] . We remove here the assumption of monotonicity in these results but replace it with the assumption that the value group is the union of its convex subgroups of finite (archimedean) rank. We also show the existence and uniqueness of differential-henselizations of asymptotic fields with such a value group.
Rare Examples of Fe(IV) Alkyl-Imide Migratory Insertions: Impact of Fe—C Covalency in (Me2IPr)Fe(═NAd)R2 (R = neoPe, 1-nor)

The iron(IV) imide complexes, (Me2IPr)–R2Fe=NAd (R = neoPe (3a), 1-nor (3b)) undergo migratory insertion to iron(II) amides (Me2IPr)RFe{NR(Ad)} (R = neoPe (4a), 1-nor (4b)) without evidence of imidyl or free nitrene character. By increasing the field strength about iron, odd-electron reactivity was circumvented via increased covalency.
Oil spill clean-up using immersed metal wool

Abstract This study analyzes the burning behavior of a fuel immersed in porous metal wool with the ultimate goal of designing a method for faster cleanup of hazardous spills on water. The experiment comprises of burning a thin layer of fuel (dodecane) floating on water with the presence of metal-wool immersed inside the fuel layer. As the fuel burns, the metal wool heats up and consequently enhances the fuel vaporization rate. Different metal-wool thicknesses are used to investigate its impact on the burning rate. The experiments are used to validate a numerical model, which is then used to perform a parametric study. The predicted temperature transients and mass loss rate show good agreement with the experimental results. The simulation results indicate that the optimum metal wool thickness is a function of effective nucleation area.
Income Inequality and Household Labor

Income inequality has increased dramatically in the United States since the mid-1970s. This remarkable change in the distribution of household income has spurred a great deal of research on the social and economic consequences of exposure to high inequality. However, the empirical record on the effects of income inequality is mixed. In this paper, we suggest that previous research has generally overlooked a simple but important pathway through which inequality might manifest in daily life: inequality shapes the ability of women to outsource domestic labor by hiring others to perform it. One important venue where such dynamics might then manifest is in time spent on housework, and in particular in the time divide in housework between women of high and low socio-economic status. We combine microdata from the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey with area-level data on income inequality to show that the class divide in housework time between women with a college degree and from high-earning households and women of lower socioeconomic status is wider in more unequal places. We further assess whether this gap can be explained by domestic outsourcing by combining micro-data from the 2003–2013 Consumer Expenditure Survey with area-level data on income inequality and show that the gap in spending for household services between households of high and low socio-economic status also increases in contexts of higher inequality.
Microhaplotypes provide increased power from short‐read DNA sequences for relationship inference

The accelerating rate at which DNA sequence data are now generated by high-throughput sequencing instruments provides both opportunities and challenges for population genetic and ecological investigations of animals and plants. We show here how the common practice of calling genotypes from a single SNP per sequenced region ignores substantial additional information in the phased short-read sequences that are provided by these sequencing instruments. We target sequenced regions with multiple SNPs in kelp rockfish (Sebastes atrovirens) to determine "microhaplotypes" and then call these microhaplotypes as alleles at each locus. We then demonstrate how these multi-allelic marker data from such loci dramatically increase power for relationship inference. The microhaplotype approach decreases false-positive rates by several orders of magnitude, relative to calling bi-allelic SNPs, for two challenging analytical procedures, full-sibling and single parent-offspring pair identification. We also show how the identification of half-sibling pairs requires so much data that physical linkage becomes a consideration, and that most published studies that attempt to do so are dramatically underpowered. The advent of phased short-read DNA sequence data, in conjunction with emerging analytical tools for their analysis, promises to improve efficiency by reducing the number of loci necessary for a particular level of statistical confidence, thereby lowering the cost of data collection and reducing the degree of physical linkage amongst markers used for relationship estimation. Such advances will facilitate collaborative research and management for migratory and other widespread species.