cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Methodology for Describing the Cultural Character of Psychology

The foregoing tenets of cultural psychology frame the problems that qualitative cultural psychological methodology must address. Our methodology does not simply investigate psychological phenomena in different cultures; the goal is to comprehend culture in psychological phenomena. Qualitative cultural psychological methodology aims to investigate the concrete cultural character of psychological phenomena that derives from particular practical socially organized activities. These activities are organized within a particular social system.
Biochemical Production with Purified Cell-Free Systems

Abstract Bioprocesses offer a powerful set of opportunities for current chemical process innovation. Such conversions provide opportunities to employ process intensification strategies and the right characteristics to scale down and harness the power of modular process design, but strain engineering and the use of microbial systems for industrial biochemicals production remain unpredictable and expensive. Purified cell-free technologies, in which complex enzyme reaction cascades are used to catalyze bioconversions of interest, can be designed to mitigate these limitations. Such systems allow predictive kinetic modeling and full control of reaction conductions, enabling a dramatically increased design-built-test cycle iteration rate. When sufficiently robust engineered enzymes are used, opportunities to leverage harsh reaction conditions, long-term recycling strategies, and hybridization with chemical catalysis can be used to dramatically improve the value proposition of biochemicals production. Further research is required to realize the potential of these approaches and to address the current platform-limiting challenges around cofactor cost and reuse.
Towards Context-Aware Cyber-Physical Systems

In this paper, we provide a brief discussion on using context as a new class of information that can be used to aid estimation/detection approaches to ensuring the safety and security of modern CPS. These systems typically have access to multiple information sources that cannot be directly related to the system state (e.g., mapping oxygen saturation measurements to the overall blood oxygen content is challenging). At the same time, this information is correlated with the system's state (e.g., if the saturation is below a certain threshold, then so is the overall oxygen content). Thus, if formalized properly, context can be used in a way similar to standard measurements.
Division With Common and Decimal Fractional Numbers.

arguments to be neat and convincing, there is a real question as to whether students, particularly ayerage and below-average students, find them to be neat and convincing. We are inclined to think that this is not the case; that these arguments are not convincing and amount to mere "symbol pushing." They are pot related in any way to the usual student concept of division that of partitioning. In any case, these arguments seldom work. Most students do not achieve success with division of common and decimal fractional numbers.
Collateral Uterine Arterial Supply in the Setting of Various Uterine Pathologies

In most patients, bilateral uterine arteries supply the uterus exclusively. However, collateral arterial supply to the uterus has been described, predominantly in the context of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for fibroid treatment. This may lead to incomplete embolization, which can impact clinical outcomes. Therefore, identification of potential collateral supply to the uterus is essential for achieving optimal clinical results. The authors report three cases of collateral uterine arterial supply from the ovarian and round ligament arteries in the setting of uterine arteriovenous fistula (uAVF), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and symptomatic fibroids. Aortography from the level of the renal arteries was performed for initial evaluation of uterine arterial supply in all patients and identified hypertrophied, tortuous ovarian artery collaterals. Selective angiography of the external iliac artery was required to identify round ligament collateral uterine supply. Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CT) was also used to visualize vascular distribution of bilateral uterine arteries and an ovarian collateral feeding a uAVF. In regard to outcomes, identification of collateral uterine arterial supply allowed for single-session complete embolization in fibroid patients with collateralized round ligament or ovarian arteries and in the PPH patient in disseminated intravascular coagulation with predominantly ovarian artery supply to the uterus. Identification of collateral uterine arterial supply facilitated technical success in all patients. In the setting of various uterine pathologies, identification of collateral uterine arterial supply is essential to optimize clinical success of UAE.
Benchmarking Event-Driven Neuromorphic Architectures

Neuromorphic architectures are represented by a broad class of hardware, with artificial neural network (ANN) architectures at one extreme and event-driven spiking architectures at another. Algorithms and applications efficiently processed by one neuromorphic architecture may be unsuitable for another, but it is challenging to compare various neuromorphic architectures among themselves and with traditional computer architectures. In this position paper, we take inspiration from architectural characterizations in scientific computing and motivate the need for neuromorphic architecture comparison techniques, outline relevant performance metrics and analysis tools, and describe cognitive workloads to meaningfully exercise neuromorphic architectures. Additionally, we propose a simulation-based framework for benchmarking a wide range of neuromorphic workloads. While this work is applicable to neuromorphic development in general, we focus on event-driven architectures, as they offer both unique performance characteristics and evaluation challenges.
Contemporary Results and Clinical Utility of Renal Mass Biopsies in the Setting of Ablative Therapy: A single center experience

Abstract Purpose Clinical guidelines have recently included renal mass biopsy (RMB) in management algorithms, especially in the setting of small renal masses ≤ 4 cm (SRM) and ablative therapy. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic rates of RMB, factors associated with a non-diagnostic biopsy, its clinical utility, and its safety profile in the setting of ablative therapy. Materials and Methods A total of 174 RMB from 167 patients, performed in a tertiary academic center from 01/2015 to 01/2019, were included. Patient demographics, radiographic mass size, RMB diagnoses, subsequent clinical management, and complications were retrospectively reviewed. RMBs were classified as diagnostic or non-diagnostic based on set criteria. Results The mean mass size was 3.0 cm (range: 0.5-15.3 cm) and 140 biopsies (80%) were SRM. Among all RMB, 159 (91%) were diagnostic and 15 (9%) were non-diagnostic. Non-diagnostic biopsies were associated with small mass size, the presence of a cystic component (p Conclusions RMB is useful for definitive diagnosis and clinical management in the setting of ablative therapy. Small mass size, cystic lesions, and fewer number of passes obtained are associated with non-diagnostic biopsies. When a renal mass diagnosis is particularly critical, a separate biopsy procedure prior to ablative therapy is recommended.
Variation in Intensive Care Unit Intubation Practices in Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine Fellowship.

Background: Endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a high-risk procedure. Competence in endotracheal intubation is a requirement for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM)...
A Beautiful Struggle: Reimagining Neighborhood Schools in Urban Communities:

Background/ContextHistorians of education have chronicled the essential link between schools and communities from a variety of perspectives, exploring how ideology, material conditions, and politic...
Scalable and Efficient MoE Training for Multitask Multilingual Models.

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers opportunities for drastically growing model size with significant accuracy gain while consuming much lower compute budget. However, supporting large scale MoE training also has its own set of system and modeling challenges. To overcome the challenges and embrace the opportunities of MoE, we first develop a system capable of scaling MoE models efficiently to trillions of parameters. It combines multi-dimensional parallelism and heterogeneous memory technologies harmoniously with MoE to empower 8x larger models on the same hardware compared with existing work. Besides boosting system efficiency, we also present new training methods to improve MoE sample efficiency and leverage expert pruning strategy to improve inference time efficiency. By combining the efficient system and training methods, we are able to significantly scale up large multitask multilingual models for language generation which results in a great improvement in model accuracy. A model trained with 10 billion parameters on 50 languages can achieve state-of-the-art performance in Machine Translation (MT) and multilingual natural language generation tasks. The system support of efficient MoE training has been implemented and open-sourced with the DeepSpeed library.
Purposes and Approaches of Selected Mentors in School-Based Mentoring: A Collective Case Study.

Over the last decade, community leaders have connected with students through school-based mentoring (SBM) programs (e.g., adults who mentor at-risk students). However, research in the area of SBM is only on the cusp of understanding relationship elements for impacting youth. In this collective case study, we examined the perceptions and experiences of 11 selected mentors in dyadic relationships (i.e., mentee and mentor) to understand better ways to retain and to engage mentors for longer-lasting mentoring relationships, providing a sense of connectedness for students. Specifically, we investigated purposes and approaches of mentoring through the voices and experiences of mentors working with elementary-aged students in SBM. Results revealed self-sustaining synergy within the dyads (with little or no program support) and themes of consistency, commitment, spirituality, playfulness, the use of self-disclosure, creativity, and emphasis on the present. In addition, implications for cross-cultural and, in particular, cross-age mentoring are discussed. One exemplar case illustrates specific profile characteristics used to bridge age, gender, and cultural differences.
The challenge of infant mortality: have we reached a plateau?

Objectives.Infant mortality is a major indicator of the health of a nation. We analyzed recent patterns and trends in U.S. infant mortality, with an emphasis on two of the greatest challenges: (1) ...
Chronic Hemodialysis in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

The Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) has dialyzed >320 patients with ESRD since 1993. Objective: To identify differences, and their causes, in the practice of dialysis between Nigerian state-owned dialysis units and U.S.A. Methods: We analyzed the characteristics of chronic dialysis at JUTH. Results: At JUTH, chronic dialysis is started at development of frank uremia (K/DOQI standard: creatinine clearance >10 mL/min, no overt uremia). Frequency of hemodialysis was 3 times weekly in 2 patients, twice weekly in 1 and once weekly or longer in 7 patients. Breakdowns in the dialysis machinery, which is outdated, forced additional decreases in the frequency of dialysis. Duration of a dialysis session was 4 h by prescription, but much longer in several sessions because of dialysis machine breakdown during the session (US standard: 4 h). 2 patients were dialyzed through arterio-venous fistulas and 8 patients were dialyzed though temporary femoral vein dialysis catheters removed after each dialysis session. A vascular surgeon was unavailable. The urea reduction ratio was 45.38.6% (U.S.A target: 65%). The cost of the first dialysis session at JUTH is $160. With reuse of dialysis supplies, including dialyzers, dialysis tubing, femoral catheters, and guide wires, the cost of each subsequent dialysis session is $33. The minimal cost of dialysis with 3 dialysis sessions weekly and a new dialyzer every week is $501 per month. The cost of dialysis is borne exclusively by the patient. For comparison, average monthly income is $74 for unskilled laborers, $222 for dialysis technicians, $296 for dialysis nurses, and $889 for academic nephrologists. The low dose of dialysis has adverse effects on patient quality of life (frequent admissions with uremia). Despite notable exceptions (2 patients on dialysis for 12 and 9 years, respectively), survival of dialysis patients at JUTH appears to be poor. Conclusions: Underdialysis is frequent in Nigeria and is the consequence of socioeconomic conditions and technologic deficits. Removal of the economic burden of dialysis from the patients with ESRD is the first logical step toward correction of underdialysis.
Palestinian Arab Music: A Maqâm Tradition in Practice

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Dalia Cohen and Ruth Katz Year: 2006 Pages: 416 Details: includes CD Publisher: University of Chicago Press ISBN: 226112993 (soft cover). Prices: $60.00 US / £38.00(soft cover).
A calculus approach to minimum energy transmission policies with quality of service guarantees

We consider a queueing system with controllable service rate; for example, a transmitter whose rate can be controlled by varying the transmission power. For such a system we obtain optimal data transmission policies that satisfy given quality of service (QoS) constraints and also minimize the total transmission energy expenditure. First, we consider the deterministic case of known arrivals and present a formulation based on a calculus approach using arrival and minimum departure curves. The problem is posed as a continuous time optimization and an optimal solution is obtained for general arrival curves and QoS constraints. In the latter half of the paper, we consider a stochastic arrival process (Poisson process) and a single deadline constraint. The objective is to obtain a transmission policy that minimizes the expected energy expenditure. The problem is formulated as a stochastic optimal control problem and an explicit solution is obtained with some relaxation. Finally, simulation results comparing various policies are presented.
ID: 8: Innate immune defense against influenza virus infection

The mucosal surfaces represent major sites of entry for numerous infectious agents. Consequently, the vast mucosal surfaces are intricately lined with cells and lymphoid organs specialized in providing protective antibody and cellular immunity. Our laboratory’s goal is to understand how immunity is initiated and maintained at the mucosal surfaces that serve as natural portals of entry for pathogens of significant health concerns in the world. In this study, we focused on understanding how viruses are recognized by the innate immune system and how that information is used to generate protective immunity. The myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) is a dynamin-like GTPase that blocks primary transcription of influenza presumably by binding to viral nucleoproteins. Many inbred laboratory mouse strains have mutations in the Mx1 gene including the C57BL/6 mice. By using mice that have intact Mx1, we demonstrate the critical role of innate sensors in viral control. Further, we reveal a lethal consequence of triggering caspase-1 activation in the absence of innate resistance. Therefore, our results demonstrate that caspase-1 in the absence of antiviral resistance can trigger lethal disease and such conditions may underlie vulnerability to IAV disease in humans.
Performance gain analysis for adding vertex view to standard SPECT

A vertex view can be used to supplement a radially acquired Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) data set for improved image reconstruction performance. In this paper we use Shannon's Mutual Information and the Cramer-Rao (CR) bound to quantify the intrinsic performance gain achievable by using the vertex view. For a simple system consisting of a single image plane and one noise plane the gain in mutual information can be as high as 50%. The reduction in the estimator variance predicted by CR bound can be as much as a factor of 5. The CR bound can be directly related to the estimator variance and the mutual information is directly related to the trade-off between resolution and sensitivity. >
Cohort efficacy study of natural family planning among perimenopause age women.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the efficacy of using natural family planning (NFP) methods to avoid unintended pregnancy among women of perimenopause age (i.e., age 40–55 years). Design A secondary analysis of subset data from two prospective observational cohort studies. Setting A university based in‐person and online NFP service program. Participants One hundred and sixty couples who used either a website or an in‐person NFP service to learn how to avoid pregnancy from January 2001 to November 2012. Methods A prospective 12‐month effectiveness study among 160 women (between ages 40–55) who used NFP to avoid pregnancy. The women used either a hormonal fertility monitor, cervical mucus monitoring, or both to estimate the fertile phase of their menstrual cycles. Survival analysis was used to determine the pregnancy rate over 12 months of use. Results There were a total of five unintended pregnancies among the participants. The typical use pregnancy rate was six per 100 women over 12 months. The monitor alone participants ( n = 35) had a 12‐month pregnancy rate of three, the participants ( n = 73) who used mucus alone had a pregnancy rate of four, and the participants ( n = 42) who used the fertility monitor plus mucus had a pregnancy rate of six. Conclusion Natural family planning methods can be effective for older women to avoid an unintended pregnancy with correct use and adequate instructions. The pregnancy rate most likely was affected by diminished fertility and motivation to limit family size.
Mapping the London 2012 Olympics

The London 2012 Olympic Games was a true spectacle of sporting achievement. It also provided the impetus for official organisations, news media and individuals to turn the vast amount of data into map form. This paper provides an outline of some of the cartographic highlights (and one or two lowlights) that the Olympics inspired. There were some great maps on view and also some interesting trends emerging, particularly in terms of web maps and web maps used as infographics. In particular, the Dorling cartogram saw widespread use, particularly to map medal tallies by online news media.
Informational analysis of imitation: Further comments

Abstract An informational analysis of imitation as proposed by Liebert and Fernandez (1970a) is examined. Based on the Liebert and Fernandez data and statistical procedures, as well as inconsistent findings in other studies in the area, at least certain components of the informational heuristic would appear to have serious limitations. In particular, the proposal that both vicarious reward and punishment, relative to no vicarious consequences, will increase recall of the model's acts is questioned.
Isolation of Unique STAT5 Targets by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-based Gene Identification

STAT5a and STAT5b are two highly related transcription factors that control essential cellular functions. Several STAT5 targets are known, although it is likely that most remain uncharacterized. To identify a more complete set of STAT5-regulated genes, we used a modification of the chromatin immunoprecipitation procedure, which does not presuppose any information regarding these targets. Employing Ba/f3 cells in which STAT5 is activated by interleukin-3, we have identified novel STAT5 binding sites that may be regulatory regions for nearby genes. These sites are typically found far from transcription start sites, and most do not contain CpG islands, indicating that they are not in traditional promoter regions. Nonetheless, when the expression of genes near these STAT5 binding sites was examined, all were expressed in Ba/f3 cells, and most were modulated by interleukin-3. Furthermore, genes identified by this strategy show unique expression patterns in acute leukemias, tumors characterized by activated STAT5. Whereas both STAT5 isoforms bound to all promoters tested, STAT5a and STAT5b bound with different kinetics, suggesting that at least some of the differences between the functions of these two proteins are mediated by their DNA binding activity. Therefore, this method of transcription factor target identification represents an effective strategy to isolate transcription factor targets in an unbiased fashion, and it has revealed many novel STAT5-dependent regulatory regions outside of traditional promoters.
Methyl chloride transferase: a carbocation route for biosynthesis of halometabolites

Enzymatic synthesis of methyl halides through an S-adenosyl methionine transfer mechanism has been detected in cell extracts of Phellinus promaceus (a white rot fungus), Endocladia muricata (a marine red algae), and Mesembryanthemum crystallium (ice plant). This mechanism represents a novel pathway for the formation of halometabolites. The Michaelis constants for chloride and bromide ion and for S-adenosyl methionine in the reaction have been determined for the enzyme from E. muricata. A recent survey of marine algae indicates that there may be a broad distribution of this enzyme among marine algae.
Integrin signaling links protein kinase Cepsilon to the protein kinase B/Akt survival pathway in recurrent prostate cancer cells.

Integrin signaling links protein kinase C ɛ to the protein kinase B/Akt survival pathway in recurrent prostate cancer cells
Functional asymmetry in a five-link 3D bipedal walker

This paper uses a symmetrical five-link 3D biped model to computationally investigate the cause, function, and benefit of gait asymmetry. We show that for a range of mass distributions, this model has asymmetric walking patterns between the left and right legs, which is due to a phenomenon known as period-doubling bifurcation. The ground reaction forces of each leg reflect different roles, roughly corresponding to support, propulsion, and motion control as proposed by the hypothesis of functional asymmetry in human walking. These results suggest that natural mechanics could be responsible for asymmetry in able-bodied walking, rather than neurophysiological mechanisms such as leg dominance.
A note on the structure of tail hairs from a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis)

The pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), like the Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), defecates by backing into vertical objects while making a series of rapid, propellerlike tail movements that spread a mixture of urine and feces in a wide swath. Split hairs from the distal ventral surface of the pygmy hippopotamus tail were studied with the scanning electron microscope to determine whether the splitting was a normal character of the hair or was due to damage. The results suggest that splitting is a normal feature of the hair that may facilitate the dispersal of urine and feces.
A three-dimensional conjugate model with realistic boundary conditions for flow and heat transfer in an industry scale hydrothermal autoclave

This paper presents a conjugate heat transfer model for industry size hydrothermal autoclaves. The electric heating on the wall outside surfaces is represented by constant heat fluxes. The circumferential heat flux deviation is introduced for the asymmetric factors from the surroundings. The results indicate that the temperature at the solution/wall interface is far from uniform. Circumferential temperature deviation is large enough to establish an asymmetric flow. To accurately simulate flows in industry autoclaves, one needs to use the conjugate model. The growth environment in current industry autoclaves, however, can be improved by establishing a uniform temperature on the wall/solution interface.
Economic implications of manganese neurotoxicity

Manganese neurotoxicity is linked primarily to inhalation exposure, and its clinical features are almost totally based on high doses, such as those experienced by miners. Manifestations of lower level exposures can take two forms. One is the appearance of neurobehavioral deficits. A second, equally subtle, form is as a promoter, borrowing the term used in carcinogenesis, of neurodegenerative disease. Such low-level environmental exposures may be more potent than expected if they occur as ultrafine particles able to penetrate directly into the brain. The neurological disorder linked most closely to manganese is Parkinson's disease (PD). Although most observers recognize that the features of manganese-induced parkinsonism differ from those of idiopathic PD, they overlap considerably. The overlaps should be expected because the underlying lesions, although distinguishable, are closely linked because they belong to structures with complex interdependent circuitry. Such interdependence makes it feasible to undertake an analysis of how manganese neurotoxicity might elevate the risks of PD. A relatively small increment in risk, expressed as a leftward shift in the age prevalence of PD, incurs significant economic costs.
Surface profilometric study of the kinetics of the intercalation of graphite

Abstract The kinetics of the intercalation of graphite was investigated by measuring the c -face surface profiles during the intercalation of Br 2 into highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite cylindrical discs at room temperature. A sharp intercalate front was observed to advance while the surface profile evolved from a bucket-shape to a V-shape, as predicted by the model of interface-controlled intercalation proposed by the authors [11]. The average magnitude of the steady velocity of the front was ~ 15 A/see; the initial period was marked by a larger velocity attributed to an edge effect. The same behavior was observed during ICI intercalation at room temperature. During desorption, inverted surface profiles were obtained, indicating that desorption may be the reverse of intercalation. In the case of HNO 3 intercalation at room temperature, bowl-shaped surface profiles were observed. Preliminary profile measurements were made during ICI intercalation at 50°C, at which the intercalate layers are known to be disordered.
Selective Mutism: Practice and Intervention Strategies for Children.

The onset of selective mutism (SM) is usually between the ages of three and five years, when the children first go to preschool. However, these children are most conimonly referred for treatment between the ages of six and 11, when they are entering the elementary school system. Early detection and eady intervention is suggested for effective SM treatment and to prevent long-lasting complications, such as socialization and leaming problems. This article presents a brief literature review of SM; intervention approaches that have been used; and one SM case study that includes intervention strategies, experiences, and lessons leamed firom working with a child with SM. The authors' goal was to provide school social workers and teachen with a better understanding of the features of children with SM to enable early detection and early intervention in preschool and early grades in elementary school.
The yellow brick company: An instructional case for integrating the teaching of tax and managerial accounting

Abstract In recent years, the emphasis in accounting education has shifted from technical instruction to a broader understanding of the role of accounting in decision-making. One outgrowth of this new emphasis has been an integration of the accounting curriculum, whereby courses assimilate and explore the interrelationships among the various accounting subareas as well as with other disciplines. The aim of this instructional case is to help bridge the gap that typically exists between tax and management accounting teaching. Through the evaluation of three mutually exclusive alternatives, students are systematically introduced to the ways that implicit taxes, alternate tax structures, and the treatment of net operating losses (NOLs) can alter the relative profitability and risk of alternative courses of action. The case thereby helps students who do not take courses in taxation to appreciate that taxes are not simply payments to the government after the fact. Rather, they play an important and integral role in managerial decision-making.
Semiclassical stochastic trajectory investigation of vibrational-rotational-translational-phonon energy transfer: The role of attractive forces

Abstract A semiclassical stochastic trajectory (SST) approach to the study of collision induced transitions in gas molecule-solid surface scattering is used to investigate vibrational-rotational-transiational-phonon energy transfer in the H 2 , D 2 , HD-(smooth)Pt systems. State-to-state rotationally and ro-vibrationally inelastic transition probabilities are determined using interaction potentials with varying strength of the long-range attractive component. Rigid and non-rigid surfaces are considered, the latter via the generalized Langevin-ghost atom technique. The results demonstrate that addition of a significant attractive interaction broadens the rotationally and ro-vibralionally inelastic probability distributions. This leads in the latter case to the replacement of the near-resonant vibration-rotation mechanism for vibrational relaxation by a much more effective and uniform vibration-rotation, translation mechanism.
Pax-2 is a DNA-binding protein expressed in embryonic kidney and Wilms tumor

The murine Pax-2 gene contains a protein coding domain homologous to the Drosophila paired-box, first described in certain developmental control genes of the segmentation type. Polyclonal antibodies recognize two Pax-2 proteins that are encoded by differentially spliced mRNAs. The Pax-2 proteins can bind a DNA sequence known to interact with the paired domain of a Drosophila protein. By immunocytochemistry, expression of Pax-2 could be localized to the nuclei of condensing mesenchyme cells and their epithelial derivatives in the developing kidney. Expression is abruptly down-regulated as the tubular epithelium differentiates. High levels of Pax-2 expression could also be detected in the epithelial cells of human Wilms tumors. These data suggest that Pax-2 is a transcription factor active during the mesenchyme-to-epithelium transition in early kidney development and in Wilms tumor.
Genes, environment, and dyslexia the 2005 Norman Geschwind memorial lecture

This article presents an overview of some methods and results from our continuing studies of genetic and environmental influences on dyslexia, and on individual differences across the normal range that have been conducted over the past 25 years in the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) and in related projects. CLDRC investigators compare the similarities of identical twin pairs who share all their genes and fraternal twins who share half their segregating genes to assess the balance of genetic, shared family environment, and nonshared environment influences on dyslexia and on individual differences across the normal range. We have learned that among the children we have studied in Colorado, group deficits in reading (dyslexia) and individual differences in reading across the normal range are primarily due to genetic influences, and these genetic influences are often shared with some of the same genetic influences on deficits and individual differences in language and ADHD. We have also learned from our molecular-genetic linkage studies that there are regions on several chromosomes likely to contain genes that influence dyslexia. Several specific genes within these regions have been tentatively identified through molecular-genetic association analyses, but much more research is needed to understand the pathways among specific genes, regions of noncoding DNA that regulate the activity of those genes, the brain, and dyslexia. I conclude with a discussion of our research on individual differences in early reading development, on the role of early learning constraints in dyslexia, and on how genetic influences are expressed through their interaction and correlation with the environment.
Colestipol hydrochloride prophylaxis of diarrhea during pelvic radiotherapy

Thirty-three patients were randomized prior to pelvic radiotherapy to receive the bile acid-sequestering resin colestipol hydrochloride, 5 grams qid, during the entire time of their therapy or diphenoxylate hydrochloride and atropine sulfate 2.5-20 mg per day (control) if they experienced diarrhea. The colestipol patients also took diphenoxylate if they had diarrhea. The patients in the colestipol group often experienced nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and 8 were forced to discontinue the drug. There was no difference in the weekly stool frequency between the colestipol and the control patients but the colestipol patients who took at least 50% of the prescribed dose required fewer diphenoxylate tablets than the controls. The data suggest that colestipol hydrochloride is not of value in preventing radiation-induced diarrhea because of the side effects associated with the drug, but the theory on which the use of bile acid-sequestering agents is based may be correct.
Completing Partial Latin Squares with Blocks of Non-empty Cells

In this paper we develop two methods for completing partial latin squares and prove the following. Let $$A$$A be a partial latin square of order $$nr$$nr in which all non-empty cells occur in at most $$n-1$$n-1$$r\times r$$r×r squares. If $$t_1,\ldots , t_m$$t1,?,tm are positive integers for which $$n\geqslant t_1^2+t_2^2+\cdots +t_m^2+1$$n?t12+t22+?+tm2+1 and if $$A$$A is the union of $$m$$m subsquares each with order $$rt_i$$rti, then $$A$$A can be completed. We additionally show that if $$n\geqslant r+1$$n?r+1 and $$A$$A is the union of $$n$$n identical $$r\times r$$r×r squares with disjoint rows and columns, then $$A$$A can be completed. For smaller values of $$n$$n we show that a completion does not always exist.
Forecasting spring wheat yield using time series analysis: a case study for the Canadian prairies.

Techniques commonly used for wheat yield estimation employ weather data over the growing season. However, yield estimates are also required before w heat is sown - particularly by the grain exporting agencies to help them deter mine, in advance, wheat-export targets. In that case, time series techniques relying only on past y ield data can be used for yield forecasting. In this paper, a procedure for applying time series an alysis to forecast yield is described. A few relevant techniques (linear trend, quadratic trend, simple exponential smoothing, double exponential smoothing, simple moving averaging, and double moving averaging) are tested to model the average spring wheat yield series for Sa skatchewan, Canada. Using 1975-1993, 19751994, and 1975-1995 spring wheat yield data, yields were forecasted for 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively. Based on a deterministic measure (i.e ., mean squared error), it was found that the quadratic model produced most accurate forecast during the model development periods (197593, 1975-94, and 1975-95) and model testing periods (1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively). Nonetheless, on the basis of stochastic measures (c oefficient of determination, R 2 , DurbanWatsun statistic, and coefficient of autocorrelatio n), the simple moving averaging technique was found to be the best during the model development p eriod. Further, a discussion is provided on improving the forecast by dividing the heterogeneou s cropping region of Saskatchewan into rather yield-based homogeneous regions using spatia l analysis tool of geographic information system software. Abbreviations: AR, autoregressive; ARMA, auto regressive moving average; ARIMA, auto regressive integrated moving average; MSE, mean squared error, GIS, geographic information system.
Lexical inhibition and attentional allocation during speech perception: Evidence from phoneme monitoring

Abstract The TRACE model (McClelland & Elman, 1986) predicts lexically-driven inhibition at the phonemic level. This is due to the combination of top-down excitatory connections from the lexical to the phonemic level, and inhibitory connections between competing units within the phonemic level. Frauenfelder, Segui, and Dijkstra (1990, Experiment 2) tested this prediction in French and found no evidence of such inhibition. Experiment 1 of the current study replicated their results with English stimuli: Instead of having longer reaction times (RTs), targets in Inhibiting Nonwords (INWs) were detected just as fast as targets in control nonwords. Our Experiment 2 improved the design of the original experiment by adding a more appropriate control condition, increasing the number of critical items, and employing balanced target locations and conditional target probabilities. Under these conditions, RTs to INWs were significantlyfasterthan baseline RTs, an effect opposite in direction to the hypothesized inhibition. Experiment 3 used a dual-task paradigm to examine the attentional demands of processing different types of nonwords. In addition to performing the phoneme monitoring task as before, subjects also monitored a pure tone for frequency modulations. The RT advantage for INWs was replicated in this experiment for both phoneme and modulation targets. In Experiment 4 we replicated the INW advantage for both phoneme and modulation targets, and found that the advantage disappeared for stimuli that carriedbothtypes of targets. The results suggest that both lexical inhibition and attentional allocation affect phoneme perception; their interaction can mask the effect of each.
Cardioacceleration in alloparents in response to stimuli from prairie vole pups: The significance of thermoregulation

Abstract Autonomic responses, including changes in heart rate and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) can provide indications of emotional reactivity to social stimuli in mammals. We have previously reported that male prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) spontaneously care for unfamiliar infants, showing a robust and sustained increase in heart rate in the presence of a pup, thus providing an opportunity to examine the physiology of care-giving in reproductively naive animals. However, the purpose of such heart rate increases has not been explained by previous efforts. In the present study, we first compared male and female prairie vole cardiac responses in the presence of a pup and found no evidence of sex differences in heart rate or RSA. Using male prairie voles, we then examined the characteristics of pups that were capable of eliciting physiological responses, including age of the pup and pup odors. As prairie vole pups increased in age they vocalized less and there was an associated decline in alloparental cardioacceleration. Exposure to pup-related odors induced cardioacceleration in adult males, and this effect also diminished with increasing pup age. Finally, we were able to block the cardioacceleratory effect when the testing environment was warmed to a temperature of 36 °C [vs ambient room temperature (approximately 22 °C)]. These findings suggest that pup-induced cardioacceleration is a robust phenomenon across alloparental prairie voles of both sexes, and depends on multi-modal processing of different stimuli from the pups. Young pups require care-giving behavior, which appears to drive cardioacceleration in the alloparents. This study also supports the usefulness of autonomic measures in the evaluation of social experiences.
Building Smaller Sized Surrogate Models of Complex Bipartite Networks Based on Degree Distributions

This paper presents an approach for generating surrogate bipartite networks with varying sizes based on degree distributions of given bipartite networks. The resulting surrogate networks can be used for problems such as design of algorithms for similarity search, community detection and clustering, and recommender systems. The primary advantage of using smaller surrogate networks over original large-scale networks is the reduction in associated computational expense. Degree distribution is chosen because of its widespread acceptance, simplicity, and prior literature suggesting its ability to better capture large-scale network properties. The approach is illustrated using a bipartite network from an open-source software development repository. The network consists of nodes representing people and projects, and edges representing people working on different projects. A comparison between the surrogate networks and the original networks is presented. The results show that the resized networks obtained using the proposed approach can be used to match the original degree distribution. A comparison of seven other network characteristics is also provided.
Multiple regimes and cross‐country growth behaviour

This paper provides some new evidence on the behaviour of cross-country growth rates. We reject the linear model commonly used to study cross-country growth behaviour in favour of a multiple regime alternative in which different economies obey different linear models when grouped according to initial conditions. Further, the marginal product of capital is shown to vary with the level of economic development. These results are consistent with growth models which exhibit multiple steady states. Our results call into question inferences that have been made in favour of the convergence hypothesis and further suggest that the explanatory power of the Solow growth model may be enhanced with a theory of aggregate production function differences.
Rock Music in American Schools: Positions and Practices Since the 1960s

The challenge that rock music has historically faced in achieving widespread acceptance within American music education can be attributed to six common arguments: 1) Rock music is aesthetically inferior; 2) Rock music is damaging to the health of youth; 3) School time cannot be spent on the vernacular; 4) Music teachers are not trained in rock; 5) Rock music encourages rebelliousness and anti-educational behavior; and 6) Rock music curriculum is difficult to acquire. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these six claims is herein analyzed, and the authors’ conclusions discuss the potential benefits of rock music studies.Popular music as such need not, must not be taught in the public classrooms. This music will carry itself. The music educator's job is to perpetuate Western art music and to open doors to its perception in the minds of the children of the nation (Anderson 1968, p. 87).
The kinetics of the oxidation of several antioxidants in oxidizing fats

The deterioration of hydroquinone, catechol, NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), and gallic acid in lard oxidizing at 100° C. has been quantitatively studied. Initial concentrations of 0.02, 0.1, and 0.5% were used.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Natural History, Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, and Morbidity

Topic The incidence and morbidity of herpes zoster (HZ) and HZ ophthalmicus (HZO), and the potential impact of varicella vaccine on their epidemiology. Clinical Relevance Herpes zoster affects 20% to 30% of the population at some point in their lifetime; approximately 10% to 20% of these individuals will have HZO. Methods The peer-reviewed literature published from 1865 to the present was reviewed. Results Herpes zoster is the second clinical manifestation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The incidence and severity of HZ increase with advancing age. Varicella-zoster virus–specific cell-mediated immunity, which keeps latent VZV in check and is boosted by periodic reexposure to VZV, is an important mechanism in preventing VZV reactivation as zoster. Thus, widespread varicella vaccination may change the epidemiology of HZ. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs when HZ presents in the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve. Ocular involvement occurs in approximately 50% of HZ patients without the use of antiviral therapy. There is a long list of complications from HZ, including those that involve the optic nerve and retina in HZO, but the most frequent and debilitating complication of HZ regardless of dermatomal distribution is postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a neuropathic pain syndrome that persists or develops after the zoster rash has resolved. The main risk factor for PHN is advancing age; other risk factors include severe acute zoster pain and rash, a painful prodrome, and ocular involvement. Many cases of HZ, HZO, and PHN can be prevented with the zoster vaccine. Conclusion Vaccination is key to preventing HZ, HZO, and PHN, but strategies for both varicella and HZ vaccines will need to be evaluated and adjusted periodically as changes in the epidemiology of these VZV diseases become more evident.
Imaging of the Anterior Skull Base

This article briefly discusses the imaging approach to lesions of the anterior skull base. A brief review of normal anatomy and imaging techniques is followed by a discussion about common neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies involving this region.
AATS 2012: "To model excellence".

In Dr Schaff’s exceedingly generous introduction, you have learned more than you need to know about this 60-year-old smiling public man. These introductions often evoke 2 reactions: of predestination and inevitability, looking back, or uncertainty, even impossibility, when trying to imagine looking forward from the past. I score myself highly on the impossibilities. Not that many years ago, I stood in the back of this meeting and very sincerely doubted that I would ever be a member, let alone your President, and for this miracle I am humbly grateful to you all—and, like everyone who has stood here before, I owe much of my good fortune to many, many others, who I cannot begin to enumerate. A select few include my administrative staff (Figure 1), our physician’s assistants (Figure 2), the cardiac anesthesia team (Figure 3), and the perfusion team (Figure 4). Seymour Schwartz is an amazing, multitalented man who convinced me to train at Columbia Presbyterian—once he accepted that I could not be dissuaded from what he called ‘‘that cardiac junk’’ (Figure 5). At Columbia, I had the good fortune to be trained by many outstanding surgeons—Henry Spotnitz, Tom King, and Fred Jaretzki and, in very special ways, by Eric Rose and Fred Bowman (Figure 6). I also had the privilege of training under 2 previous American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) presidents, Jim Malm and Keith Reemtsma (Figure 7). Dr Malm was my host at my first AATS meeting, and I am honored that he and Connie are here today. Standing out, even among these standouts, are the 4 people who make it all work every day, and I am flattered that Angie, Suzanne, Dana, and Larry are also here today (Figure 8). Last, but not least, I thank the outstanding group of
Metabolic engineering of cephalosporin biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus

The biosynthesis of s-lactams is one of the most thoroughly studied antibiotic pathways. The availability of the characteristics and the time profiles of activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis allows one to critically evaluate the potential rate limiting steps in its production. Our approach to understanding the control of s-lactam biosynthesis has been pursued using a two stage strategy: 1) to predict the rate-limiting steps using a kinetic model and 2) to relax the rate limiting steps by engineering the biosynthetic pathway or by altering the kinetic parameters of the predicted key rate-limiting enzyme. Here we summarize the results of our kinetic analysis and the effect of amplifying the gene of a key limiting enzyme (lysine e-aminotransferase (lat). The insertion of a single additional copy of lat into the chromosome resulted in major increase in antibiotic production.