cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conflict Resolution in a Preschool Constructivist Classroom: A Case Study in Negotiation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to document a child's development of conflict resolution skills when a peer problem-solving model was used in a constructivist-designed classroom. At a laboratory preschool in an upper middle-class community, a 4-year, 11-month-old male, Stephen, was observed through audio- and videotaping 3 times weekly for 9 months by his preschool teacher. Findings revealed that Stephen progressed from a power assertion style of conflict resolution to a more sophisticated form of negotiation. Although only suggestive, this research supports current thinking that young children will engage in more developmentally advanced conflict resolution strategies when provided with opportunities to practice these skills. The emphasis that constructivist-oriented classrooms place on fostering more autonomous moral development is discussed.
Dynamic Behavior of Hepatitis C Virus in Chronically Infected Patients Receiving Liver Graft from Infected Donors

We studied the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 14 patients with end-stage HCV-related liver disease who received HCV-positive liver allografts. Viral sequences specific for donor and recipient were established by direct sequencing of PCR products from the NS5 region and by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Within a few months after transplantation the donor strain took over the recipient strain in 8 patients while in 6 patients it was the recipient strain which ultimately prevailed. Donor and recipient were infected by identical genotypes in 6 donor/recipient pairs and by different genotypes in the remaining 8 pairs. Subtype 1b and type 1 (1a + 1b) became the predominant strains in all recipient/donor pairs in which they were present. Patients retaining their own strain were found to have significantly more active liver disease than those infected by the donor strain. We show that HCV superinfection and overtake phenomena occur in humans and suggest that genotypes 1b and 1 (1a + 1b) may possess replicative advantages over other genotypes. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the existence of interference preventing simultaneous continuous infection even by the same genotype strains. The development of active liver disease associated with recipient strain infection and mild or no disease associated with infection from the donor suggests various pathogenic abilities of different HCV strains.
Phenobarbital during pregnancy alters operant behavior of offspring in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract Offspring of C57BL/6J injected daily with phenobarbital for the last third of pregnancy responded less than control animals when maintained on various fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. The response decrement became more pronounced as the schedule demands were increased and was noted in offspring of both sexes. The highest dose (80 mg/kg) was less effective than the 2 lower doses (20 mg and 40 mg/kg) in producing the decrement which may reflect a selection factor due to high neonatal mortality previously reported at this dose. The study provides no evidence of the mechanism mediating the long term behavioral abnormality but does clearly extend the findings of such changes to doses which do not produce increased neonatal mortality or noticeable morphological changes.
Phase 2 trial of erlotinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent glioblastoma

We evaluated the anti-tumor activity and safety of erlotinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor, plus sirolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, among patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) in a phase 2, open-label, single-arm trial. Thirty-two patients received daily erlotinib and sirolimus. The doses of erlotinib and sirolimus were 150 mg and 5 mg for patients not on concurrent CYP3A-inducing anti-epileptics (EIAEDS), and 450 mg and 10 mg for patients on EIAEDS. Evaluations were performed every two months. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival and secondary endpoints included safety and overall survival. Archival tumor samples were assessed for EGFR, EGFRvIII, PTEN, pAKT and pS6. Enrolled patients were heavily pre-treated including 53% who had received three or more prior chemotherapy agents and 28% who had received prior bevacizumab therapy. The most common grade ≥2 adverse events were rash (59%), mucositis (34%) and diarrhea (31%). Grade 3 or higher events were rare. Best radiographic response included stable disease in 15 patients (47%); no patients achieved either a CR or PR. The estimated 6-month progression-free survival was 3.1% for all patients. Progression-free survival was better for patients not on EIAEDs (P = 0.03). Tumor markers failed to show an association with PFS except for increased pAKT expression which achieved borderline significance (P = 0.045). Although neither rash nor diarrhea had an association with outcome, hyperlipidemia was associated with longer PFS (P = 0.029). Erlotinib plus sirolimus was well tolerated but had negligible activity among unselected recurrent GBM patients. (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT0062243).
Synthesis, structure, and catalytic reactions of dioxycarbene complexes of iron and osmium

Os3(CO)12 reacts with ethylene oxide in the presence of Br− to give two of the few known dioxycarbene cluster compounds, Os3(CO)11(=COCH2CH2O) (I) and Os3(CO)10(=COCH2CH2O)2 (II). The structure of II, established by X-ray diffraction studies, shows the dioxycarbene ligands to be in terminal, equatorial positions. Investigations of reactions of the dioxycarbene ligand showed that Fe(CO)4(=COCH2CH2O) (III) decomposes with evolution of CO2 and ethylene, but reacts with oxidizing agents, Me3NO or O2, to produce ethylene carbonate. The reaction of III with H2 gas gives 1,3-dioxolane. In exploratory studies, ethylene oxide, CO and H2 in the presence of Pt, Pd and Rh catalysts were found to give 1,4-dioxane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane and 2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane.
Development of intraverbal behavior in mentally retarded individuals through transfer of stimulus control procedures: Classification of verbal responses

Intraverbal behavior, in which an antecedent verbal stimulus is followed by a verbal response that lacks point-to-point correspondence with that stimulus, is often lacking in mentally retarded individuals. The present studies examine the use of transfer of stimulus control procedures for developing one type of intraverbal responding (classification of verbal responses) in mentally retarded participants who employed manual signs as their primary mode of verbal communication. In Experiment 1, a delayed prompting procedure was used to transfer control from nonverbal stimuli (pictures) to verbal stimuli (signs). This procedure was modified so that transfer of stimulus control was effected without errors in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, a delayed prompting procedure was employed to train intraverbal behavior that involved a conditional discrimination. In all cases, transfer of stimulus control procedures produced rapid and enduring improvement in participants' intraverbal responding.
Basophilic Lamellar Systems in the Crayfish Spermatocyte

Histochemical procedures for the demonstration of RNA have shown the presence of intensely basophilic bodies in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes of the crayfish, Cambarus virilis. The staining of thick sections, cut alternately with thin sections for electron microscopy, has permitted identification of the basophilic bodies with two types of lamellar systems. One of these, a set of straight annulate lamellae, is restricted to meiotic prophase. The second type of lamellar systems has been found from late prophase to early spermatid stages. It consists of an ellipsoidal lamellar set which intersects a number of straight lamellae. Within the region of intersection, the ellipsoidal lamellae break up into an array of small tubules of about 150 A diameter. The term tubulate lamellar system was chosen to designate this type of lamellar complex. Small RNA-containing granules could not be detected in annulate lamellar systems. While there are a few granules in the marginal regions of the tubulate lamellar system, their distribution cannot be responsible for the basophilia which is intense within all regions of the lamellar body.
Chiral symmetry in odd-odd neutron-deficient Pr nuclei

We investigate the features of the electromagnetic transitions in the chiral 132Pr and 134Pr within the framework of particle rotor model, to understand why the measured B(M1)/B(E2) ratios for the yrare band are almost an order of magnitude larger than the corresponding ratios for the yrast band at low spins.
A tale of two systems: flexibility of usage of Kraken and Nautilus at the National Institute for Computational Sciences

The National Institute for Computational Sciences (NICS) at the University of Tennessee currently operates two computational resources for the eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), Kraken, a 112,896-core Cray XT5 for general purpose computation, and Nautilus, a 1,024-core SGI Altix UV 1000 for data analysis and visualization. We analyze a year's worth of accounting logs for Kraken and Nautilus to understand how users take advantage of these two systems and how analysis jobs differ from general HPC computation We find that researchers take advantage of the flexibility offered by these systems, running a wide variety of jobs at many scales and using the full range of core counts and available memory for their jobs. The jobs on Nautilus tend to use less walltime and more memory per core than the jobs run on Kraken. Additionally, researchers are more likely to run interactive jobs on Nautilus than on Kraken. Small jobs experience a good quality of service on both systems. This information can be used for the management and allocation of time on existing HPC and analysis systems as well as for planning for deploying future HPC and analysis systems.
Some relationships among articulation, auditory abilities, and certain other variables.

Relationships between articulation and other variables, including auditory abilities and memory, were examined through correlational techniques. Subjects were 47 native-born monolingual college stu...
Thermal stability and hardness of new polyacrylate-SiO2 hybrid sol-gel materials

Abstract The thermal stability, density and hardness of new polyacrylate-SiO2 hybrid glasses, derived from poly [methyl methacrylate-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate] or poly [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate] and tetraethyl orthosilicate via the sol-gel approach, were found to depend greatly on the organic-inorganic composition and the thermal history of the materials but little on the copolymer composition. Higher stability, density and hardness can be achieved by increasing the content of SiO2 in the hybrid materials. Thermal treatment of the materials at 200°C increased the bulk density and hardness by ≈ 16% and by factor of 2–3, respectively, without decomposition of the polymer backbones.
Aldosterone in fluid and electrolyte disorders: hyper- and hypoaldosteronism.

Abstract Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating the amount of sodium and potassium in the body through its direct effects on the renal tubule. When hypersecretion of aldosterone occurs in an otherwise normal subject, a syndrome characterized by hypertension and by potassium depletion is produced. Marked hypersecretion of aldosterone occurs in the edematous states of cirrhosis and nephrosis. The means by which this hypersecretion occurs is not known, but it is clearly secondary to disturbances in the circulation which promote transudation. Hypersecretion in this setting leads instead to marked and sustained renal retention of sodium. Hypertension and potassium depletion are not produced. In patients with advanced congestive heart failure, hypersecretion may not be present. This finding perhaps suggests a fundamental difference in the nature of the stimulus to aldosterone secretion in heart failure as compared with that in nephrosis and cirrhosis. The secretion of aldosterone is related directly or indirectly to potassium balance, to blood volume change, and perhaps to ACTH. These factors do not adequately account, however, for the hypersecretion of aldosterone noted in various clinical and experimental situations. There is now evidence which suggests that pressure changes within the vascular tree, not necessarily related to over-all volume change, may serve as an important stimulus. The relationship between pressure changes and electrolyte metabolism is obscure, but it is clear that aldosterone can participate in acute hemodynamic adjustment and that it may play a role in the maintenance of blood pressure. Recent work indicates that the syndrome of malignant hypertension is often associated with hypersecretion of aldosterone. In contrast, the secretion of aldosterone has been found to be normal in benign hypertension. Hypersecretion of aldosterone in human malignant hypertension could prove to be a secondary phenomenon, but the possibility that it plays a causal role cannot be excluded. A word about the role of aldosterone in homeostasis may be in order. It is important to remember that the secretion of aldosterone falls to very low, addisonism-like levels when the dietary sodium content is high and, also, that certain adrenalectomized patients given cortisone do not require mineralocorticoid for well-being. Thus, aldosterone secretion may become important only when the body is threatened by hypotension, by sodium and water depletion, or by excessive accumulation of potassium. Accordingly, the syndrome of pure hypoaldosteronism may be difficult to identify.
Creating, characterizing, and controlling chemistry with SERS hot spots

In this perspective we discuss the roles of hot spots in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). After giving background and defining the hot spot, we evaluate a variety of SERS substrates which often contain hot spots. We compare and discuss the differentiating properties of each substrate. We then provide a thorough analysis of the hot spot contribution to the observed SERS signal both in ensemble-averaged and single-molecule conditions. We also enumerate rules for determining the SERS enhancement factor (EF) to clarify the use of this common metric. Finally, we present a forward-looking overview of applications and uses of hot spots for controlling chemistry on the nanoscale. Although not exhaustive, this perspective is a review of some of the most interesting and promising methodologies for creating, controlling, and using hot spots for electromagnetic amplification.
Role of p120-catenin in cadherin trafficking.

Abstract p120-catenin (p120) has emerged over the past several years as an important regulatory component of the cadherin adhesive complex. A core function of p120 in mammalian cells is to stabilize cadherins at the cell membrane by modulating cadherin membrane trafficking and degradation. In this way, p120 levels act as a set point mechanism that tunes cell–cell adhesive interactions. The primary control point for this regulatory activity appears to be at the level of cadherin internalization from the plasma membrane, although p120 may also impact other aspects of cadherin trafficking and turnover. In the following review, the general mechanisms of cadherin trafficking are discussed, and models for how p120 may influence cadherin membrane dynamics are presented. In one model, p120 may function as a “cap” to bind the cadherin cytoplasmic tail and prevent cadherin interactions with endocytic membrane trafficking machinery. Alternatively, p120 may stabilize cell junctions or regulate membrane trafficking machinery through interactions with small GTPases such as Rho A, Rac and Cdc42. Through these mechanisms p120 exerts influence over a wide range of biological processes that are dependent upon tight regulation of cell surface cadherin levels.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Pancreatic β-Cells

The destruction and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells are at the root of diabetes mellitus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI ), a non-invasive imaging modality, may play an important role in assessing transplanted islets as well as β-cell mass and function. In addition to conventional MRI of anatomical structure and function, recent advances have led to the development and application of MRI for targeted molecular and cellular imaging. Pancreatic islets incubated ex vivo with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles can be visualized as signal hypointensity on MR images, which allows monitoring of viable transplanted islets. β-cells labelled in vivo with Mn2+ ions can be measured as signal hyperintensity on MR images, since Mn2+ ions enter β-cells through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Compartmental models that describe Mn2+ distribution in the pancreas may provide quantitative measurements of β-cell mass and function.
Choice theory and data base

The choice problem, choosing an alternative to maximize some index (e.g. utility), constitutes the majority of decision problems encountered. The decision maker’s payoff depends upon the state of the world and the choice made. To solve the choice problem, the decision maker gathers information to determine the true state of the world, and then selects the best available alternative. In choosing a durable good, such as a VCR, the possible states of the world consist of the possible VCRs. The] decision maker gathers information on the VCRs by reading Consumer Reports, talking to salesclerks, reading the trade magazines, etc. By gathering information, the decision maker reduces his/her uncertainty about which alternative is best; therefore allowing him/her to make a better choice.
Mandatory supply controls versus flexibility policy options for encouraging sustainable farming systems

We analyzed two sets of farm policy options, representing different ideological approaches to government involvement in agriculture, to estimate their effects on the relative economic attractiveness of “sustainable” and “conventional” farming systems. The mandatory supply control approach, through strict acreage limitations on program crops, represents a strong government role in commodity supply management. The Normal Crop Acreage approach, on the other hand, allows farmers greater flexibility in deciding what crops to grow. We used economic models of five pairs of case study farms in different agroclimatic areas of South Dakota, covering corn-soybean, spring wheat, and winter wheat growing regions. Mandatory restrictions on the planted acreage of “program” crops, including soybeans, were found to favor the conventional systems, because they induced high prices for crops that predominate in conventional systems, especially com, soybeans, and wheat. In principle, however, mandatory acreage controls could require compliance with certain sustainable agriculture practices. Normal Crop Acreage (NCA) proposals can encourage greater use of sustainable farming systems. Where conventional corn and soybean production is relatively profitable, as in parts of eastern South Dakota, NCA options by themselves appear insufficient to induce changeovers to sustainable cropping systems. In wheat growing areas of northern and western South Dakota, however, where the two systems oflen are about equally profitable, NCA policies could promote sustainable systems, particularly if deficiency payments are not reduced for harvesting legumes and other non-program crops on NCA base. To have this positive effect, NCA policies must be introduced gradually and structured to limit adverse effects on the markets for legumes and other non-program crops that are important in sustainable rotations.
International Software Engineering University Consortium (ISEUC): a glimpse into the future of university and industry collaboration

ISEUC is a consortium of universities and colleges around the world who will provide software engineering (SE) courses to students globally via distance learning, primarily using the asynchronous mode of the Internet. ISEUC members, currently numbering 35 from Australia, Canada, the UK, and the USA, already have established programs and/or degrees in software engineering. ISEUC serves as a broker for its members to provide additional students for existing and future Web-enabled courses, and is not a degree-granting organization. ISEUC will have both faculty and professional advisory boards. The primary markets are corporations that employ professionals trying to develop reliable, robust, and useful software products in a timely and efficient fashion, but who do not currently have state-of-the-art knowledge or skills. The paper gives a short description of why ISEUC has come into existence, what it looks like, results of personal visits, and what would be involved to become a member.
Review of Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity (University of Illinois Press, 2014)

This is a review of Banu Subramaniam's monograph, Ghost Stories for Darwin: The Science of Variation and the Politics of Diversity (University of Illinois Press, 2014).
Direct Access: Factors That Affect Physical Therapist Practice in the State of Ohio

Background Direct access to physical therapist services is permitted by law in the majority of states and across all practice settings. Ohio enacted such legislation in 2004; however, it was unknown how direct access had affected actual clinical practice. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe physical therapist and physical therapist practice environment factors that affect direct access practice. Design A 2-phase, mixed-method descriptive study was conducted. Methods In the first phase, focus group interviews with 32 purposively selected physical therapists were completed, which resulted in 8 themes for an electronically distributed questionnaire. In the second phase, survey questionnaires were distributed to physical therapists with an e-mail address on file with the Ohio licensing board. An adjusted return rate of 23% was achieved. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics. A constant comparative method assessed open-ended questions for common themes and patterns. Results Thirty-one percent of the respondents reported using direct access in physical therapist practice; however; 80% reported they would practice direct access if provided the opportunity. Physical therapists who practiced direct access were more likely to be in practice 6 years or more and hold advanced degrees beyond the entry level, were American Physical Therapy Association members, and had supportive management and organizational practice policies. The direct access physical therapist practice was generally a locally owned suburban private practice or a school-based clinic that saw approximately 6% to 10% of its patients by direct access. The majority of patients treated were adults with musculoskeletal or neuromuscular impairments. Limitations Non-response from e-mail may be associated with sample frame bias. Conclusions Implementation of a direct access physical therapist practice model is evident in Ohio. Factors related to reimbursement and organizational policy appear to impede the process.
What Should We Do with a Hidden Curriculum When We Find One

(1976). What Should We Do with a Hidden Curriculum When We Find One? Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 135-151.
Exploring the meaning of context for health: Community influences on child health in South India

Much research attention has been devoted to community context and health. Communities are often defined as residential spaces, such as neighborhoods, or as social groupings, such as caste in India. Using data from a group of tea estates in South India, we attempt to address important methodological challenges in the identification of neighborhood effects on child health. We find significant neighborhood effects for weight for age at age one, including a protective role for community-level women's education, but none for birth weight. In contrast to the usual pattern in rural India, caste disparities in child health are also eliminated in this setting.
Role of Vaptans in the Management of Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia, the most commonly encountered electrolyte abnormality, affects as many as 30% of hospitalized patients. It is a powerful predictor of poor outcomes, especially in patients with congestive heart failure or cirrhosis. The failure to excrete electrolyte-free water that results from persistent secretion of antidiuretic hormone despite low serum osmolality usually underlies the development of hyponatremia. Treatment depends on several factors, including the cause, overall volume status of the patient, severity of hyponatremic symptoms, and duration of hyponatremia at presentation. This review focuses on the role of the vasopressin receptor antagonists, or vaptans, in the treatment of hyponatremia. These recently introduced agents have the unique ability to induce an aquaresis, the excretion of electrolyte-free water without accompanying solutes. After a brief historical perspective and discussion of pharmacologic characteristics of vaptans, we review the accumulated experience with vaptans for the treatment of hyponatremia. Vaptans have been shown to increase serum sodium concentrations in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia in a reproducible manner, but their safe use requires full understanding of their indications and contraindications.
Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis of the Posterior Elements

Lone pyogenic involvement of the posterior elements of the vertebrae is a rare event. We present two cases of isolated lumbar vertebral infection of the posterior elements and review 13 cases previously reported in the literature. Clinical presentation, laboratory and radiographic findings, microbiological etiology, and treatment were evaluated. Back pain, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were most useful in identifying the presence and extent of infection. Antibiotic therapy with or without surgical intervention was successful in all cases.
YIELD AND PALATABILITY OF HOT‐PROCESSED, PHOSPHATE‐INJECTED PORK

Hot-processed pork carcass sides yielded 1.6% more retail cuts, had 1.8% less cutting and chilling loss and required 42.7% less heat energy and 39.5% less refrigeration energy than sides chilled to 4°C before being processed. Hot processing did not affect any cooking or palatability trait studied. Injection of loins to 110% of their weight with a 5% solution of sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate produced juicier, more tender, heavier chops with more thaw loss, less browning during cooking, less desirable flavor, and higher microbial numbers than conventional handling of loins (P < 0.05). Phosphate injection did not affect (P < 0.05) overall acceptability or cooking losses of the loin chops but flavor desirability declined with storage time.
Parentification and mental health symptoms: mediator effects of perceived unfairness and differentiation of self

Existing research indicates that parentification can result in positive and negative outcomes for individuals; however, little is known about the mechanisms that account for the variability. This study tested a theoretical model of the relation between parentification tasks and mental health symptoms, with perceived unfairness and differentiation of self (DoS) as mediators. The results supported the proposed model in a sample of 783 college students. A significant total indirect effect existed between the latent construct of parentification and that of mental health symptoms. Significant specific indirect effects were observed between parentification and mental health symptoms with perceived unfairness as a mediator; between parentification and DoS with perceived unfairness as a mediator and between perceived unfairness and mental health symptoms mediated by DoS. Implications for clinical work with adult clients who have experienced parentification in their family of origin are addressed.
In vivo imaging of neuromodulatory synaptic transmission using PET: A review of relevant neurophysiology

Recent data from positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies suggest the possibility of studying synaptic transmission in vivo in humans. The approach will require a synthesis of two established techniques: brain activation studies (conventionally performed by measuring regional cerebral blood flow or metabolism) and neurotransmitter receptor imaging (using radiolabelled ligands that bind to specific neuroreceptors). By comparing neuroreceptor binding in subjects at rest and while performing an activation task, it may be possible to determine whether a particular neurotransmitter is involved in performance of the task. The underlying principle is that endogenous neurotransmitter competes with the injected radioligand for the same receptors, thereby inhibiting ligand binding. This effect will be even more pronounced during activation, as the synaptic concentration of transmitter rises. Thus, activation of a specific neurotransmitter will be detected as a decrease in specific binding of the radioligand. In this paper we review neurophysiological and biochemical literature to estimate the endogenous neurotransmitter concentration changes that will be expected to occur during an activation task, using the dopamine system as an example. We calculate that the average synaptic dopamine concentration is =lo0 nM and that it approximately doubles during activation. This, along with consideration of the concentration of radioligand and affinities of the ligand and dopamine for dopamine receptors, suggests that physiological activation of a specific neurotransmitter system is likely to be detectable with PET. D 1995 wiley-Liss, inc.
Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis

Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis Eric R. Wolf. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Coronary Artery Evaluation

For centuries the coronary arteries have been known to medical practitioners only from cadaveric anatomic evaluations while in training. In living patients with chest pain syndromes they remained hidden, protected like “crown jewels”, akin to that from which their names derives from the Latin “corōnārius” meaning “belonging to a wreath or crown”. Though the understanding of the dual circulation of the body had been unraveled over the preceding centuries, the main use of catheters had been in animal experiments to understand pressure and volume issues of the circulatory system.
In Search of Noah's Ark for Solutions

How do solutions find problems? Problem solving is usually viewed as a process that begins with the identification of a problem and ends with a solution. It is interesting, however, to consider the reverse perspective, according to which problem solving begins with the identification of a solution rather than a problem. Cohen et al. (1972) recognized this view and used a “garbage can” metaphor to describe how organizations are essentially collections of solutions and problems looking for each other. In this paper, I want to explain the value of this reverse perspective on problem solving and discuss several mechanisms by which solutions can be collectively harnessed before suitable problems are identified. The context of my discussion is not limited to organizational boundaries but rather pertains to the society at large.
The Penn Democracy Project: What Has Been Learned About Democratic and Civic Education from Surveys of Penn Undergraduates?

This is a report on research conducted at the University of Pennsylvania from 2004-2009 under the name, Penn Democracy Project, by undergraduate students enrolled in a political science department research seminar, PS. 291 Citizenship and Democratic Political Development. A student survey is at the core of what is done in the seminar to assess changing concepts of democracy and values and practices of democratic citizenship among undergraduates. This is a presentation focused on a limited number of Penn programs to further civic education through services learning and West Philadelphiavoluntary engagements of undergraduates.
Polarization Effects in the Reaction p + p → π + + d

The reaction $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+d$ is represented by a matrix operating on the initial spin state on the assumption that the pion leaves only in $s$- and $p$-waves. This matrix is determined by five real parameters which may be experimentally determined by measurements of the different types of polarization of the outgoing deuterons and also of the asymmetry produced by incident polarized protons. Some effects of $d$-waves on the latter are considered.
The Use of Engel's Laws as a Basis for Predicting Consumer Expenditures

added to the "discretionary spending power" possessed by the great mass of consumers, has increased the pressure to find tools for predicting the volume and direction of consumer expenditures. Under this duress, increased attention has been given of late to the so-called "Engel's Laws." As is known, these "laws" originated nearly ioo years ago from some researches conducted by Ernst Engel, a German statistician. Engel investigated the expenditures of different income groups for broad classes of commodities. His studies led to some rough conclusions as to the effect of income on
Results From the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Houston's Anthropomorphic Phantoms Used for Proton Therapy Clinical Trial Credentialing

Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize the findings of anthropomorphic proton phantom irradiations analyzed by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Houston QA Center (IROC Houston). Methods and Materials A total of 103 phantoms were irradiated by proton therapy centers participating in clinical trials. The anthropomorphic phantoms simulated heterogeneous anatomy of a head, liver, lung, prostate, and spine. Treatment plans included those for scattered, uniform scanning, and pencil beam scanning beam delivery modalities using 5 different treatment planning systems. For every phantom irradiation, point doses and planar doses were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) and film, respectively. Differences between measured and planned doses were studied as a function of phantom, beam delivery modality, motion, repeat attempt, treatment planning system, and date of irradiation. Results The phantom pass rate (overall, 79%) was high for simple phantoms and lower for phantoms that introduced higher levels of difficulty, such as motion, multiple targets, or increased heterogeneity. All treatment planning systems overestimated dose to the target, compared to TLD measurements. Errors in range calculation resulted in several failed phantoms. There was no correlation between treatment planning system and pass rate. The pass rates for each individual phantom are not improving over time, but when individual institutions received feedback about failed phantom irradiations, pass rates did improve. Conclusions The proton phantom pass rates are not as high as desired and emphasize potential deficiencies in proton therapy planning and/or delivery. There are many areas for improvement with the proton phantom irradiations, such as treatment planning system dose agreement, range calculations, accounting for motion, and irradiation of multiple targets.
Computer Controlled Mass Spectrometer Monitoring of Fermentations

Previous work has shown that computer controlled mass spectrometer (MS) monitoring in real time of dissolved aqueous phase volatile compounds and the same compounds in the gas phase appears feasible (1–3). If multicompound monitoring capability is realized, a significant problem in fermentation monitoring will have been solved. The mass spectrometer and its interface consist of a system whose output is proportional to the gas or liquid phase concentrations of volatile compounds of interest, but with linear interferences.
Practical optical characterization of fretted surfaces

Nominally smooth surfaces subjected to repeated contact may develop characteristic fretted textures. An important example concerns fretted surfaces that may develop on disk dovetail joints that secure fan blades in turbine engines. These surfaces may form sites for crack nucleation and subsequent catastrophic disk and engine failure. Thus a practical and reliable method for the nondestructive evaluation of such fretted surfaces is critically needed. In this paper straightforward optical techniques are considered for identifying and quantifying fretted (and other surface damaged) regions. For example, digital images of candidate surfaces may be processed to separate fretted from unfretted regions and to evaluate the relative degree of fretting. Ideally, optical characterization should be rapid, convenient, inexpensive, reliable, and insensitive to details of lighting and image capture.
The Itinerary of an Identity

In 1975, Primo Levi published a troubling description about what his Jewish identity meant to him in the year 1941. This passage appears in The Periodic Table, the story of his life as a chemist: “In truth, until precisely those months it had not meant much to me that I was a Jew: to myself, and in contacts with my Christian friends, I had always considered my origins as an almost insignificant but odd fact, a small cheerful anomaly, like having a crooked nose or freckles; a Jew is somebody who at Christmas does not decorate a tree, who should not eat salami but eats it anyway, who has learned a bit of Hebrew at thirteen and then has forgotten it”1 The political scene at the time was rapidly shifting. The Fascist racialist doctrine of the purported impurity of Jews had become diffuse. Levi was learning what exclusion meant for Jews, as it became difficult for him to remain at the university because of the antisemitic Racial Laws of 1938–1939. Despite the claims he makes to the contrary, the fact of being Jewish was already much more significant than the “small cheerful anomaly” he notes, as not only Levi but also the entire Jewish community of Turin was then suffering under laws eliminating Italian Jews’ civil rights.
Appropriateness of Plasma Transfusion: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of Guidelines, Waste, and Serious Adverse Events.

Context.— Plasma transfusion guidelines support patient care and safety, management of product wastage, and compliance; yet, there is little information across multiple institutions about use of and adherence to plasma transfusion guidelines. Objective.— To survey multiple institutions regarding their plasma transfusion guidelines and compliance, plasma wastage rates, and incidence of transfusion reactions associated with plasma transfusion. Design.— The College of American Pathologists Q-Probes model was used to collect data from 89 participating institutions. Each site was asked to provide data relevant to its most recent 40 adult patient plasma transfusion episodes, and complete a questionnaire regarding plasma transfusion guidelines, utilization and wastage of plasma, and transfusion reactions related to plasma transfusion. Results.— The participating institutions reported a total of 3383 evaluable plasma transfusion episodes with transfusion of 9060 units of plasma. Compliance with institution-specif...
A new mining method to detect real time substance use events from wearable biosensor data stream

Detecting real time substance use is a critical step for optimizing behavioral interventions to prevent drug abuse. Traditional methods based on self-reporting or urine screening are inefficient or intrusive for drug use detection, and inappropriate for timely interventions. For example, self-report suffers from distortion or recall bias; while urine screening often detects drug use that occurred only within the previous 72 hours. Methods for real-time substance use detection are severely underdeveloped, partly due to the novelty of wearable biosensor technique and the lack of substantive clinical data for evaluation. We propose a new real-time drug use event detection method using data obtained from wearable biosensors. Specifically, this method is built upon the slide window technique to process the data stream, and a distance-based outlier detection method to identify substance use events. This novel method is designed to examine how to detect and set up the thresholds of parameters in real-time drug use event detection for wearable biosensor data streams. Our numerical analyses empirically identified the thresholds of parameters used to detect the cocaine use and showed that this proposed method could be adapted to detect other substance use events.
The Greek System: How Gender Inequality and Class Privilege Perpetuate Rape Culture

Sexual assault on college campuses is a pervasive public health issue. It is important to examine factors particular to universities that influence occurrences of sexual assault and people's perceptions of sexual assault. Using a lens of socialist feminism, we argue that institutional and sociocultural factors related to gender and class privilege on college campuses are due to patterns of power and control in university systems that contribute to the occurrence and facilitation of sexual assault. Our synthesis of the literature focuses on the male-dominated party culture of the primarily White Greek system in American universities, which is reinforced by the university as an institution. We discuss how patterns of power and control dictate and influence contemporary campus norms in relation to gender and class, which then perpetuate sexual assault. We provide recommendations for policies and procedures regarding class and gender inequities in the scope of sexual violence on college campuses.
Ancient bacterial endosymbionts of insects: Genomes as sources of insight and springboards for inquiry

Ancient associations between insects and bacteria provide models to study intimate host-microbe interactions. Currently, a wealth of genome sequence data for long-term, obligately intracellular (primary) endosymbionts of insects reveals profound genomic consequences of this specialized bacterial lifestyle. Those consequences include severe genome reduction and extreme base compositions. This minireview highlights the utility of genome sequence data to understand how, and why, endosymbionts have been pushed to such extremes, and to illuminate the functional consequences of such extensive genome change. While the static snapshots provided by individual endosymbiont genomes are valuable, comparative analyses of multiple genomes have shed light on evolutionary mechanisms. Namely, genome comparisons have told us that selection is important in fine-tuning gene content, but at the same time, mutational pressure and genetic drift contribute to genome degradation. Examples from Blochmannia, the primary endosymbiont of the ant tribe Camponotini, illustrate the value and constraints of genome sequence data, and exemplify how genomes can serve as a springboard for further comparative and experimental inquiry.
The Narrative Mood of Jean Rhys' Quartet

This article centers on the application of dominant institutional discourses in the analysis of literary fiction, such as psychoanalysis and psychopathological categories. I take up the case of Jean Rhys and her 1929 novel, Quartet. Both author and novel have been analyzed through the concept of masochism, as creating masochistic characters or a masochistic aesthetic, in the words of one critic. But what do we mean when we so classify or "diagnose” authors of literature, or fictional characters, as in the case of Rhys’ and Quartet’s protagonist? Against this mode of reading, I argue that Rhys’ novel asks us, in various ways, to understand it on its own terms. It enjoins the reader to “understand” rather than to “classify” the famously problematic Rhys “heroine.” Ultimately, Quartet foregrounds the instability of moral and social positions, implicitly arguing against what it calls the “mania for classification” employed by the novel’s antagonists. Quartet cautions against diagnostic interpretations by dramatizing scenes of hypothetical focalization, emphasizing the modal nature of reality and providing the novel with its characteristically shadowy mood.
Putting the “family” in family child care: The alignment between familismo (familism) and family child care providers’ descriptions of their work

Abstract Latinx children under five years of age are more likely to experience home-based than center-based care (Crosby, Mendez, Guzman, & Lopez, 2016). A large and growing literature documents familismo (i.e., familism) and compadrazgo (literally, co-parenting) as common beliefs among Latino/a families who are themselves diverse in many ways including national origin, generational status, and SES. Using a cultural model framework ( Quinn & Holland, 1987 ) and Eco(logical)-cultural Theory ( Weisner, 2002 , Weisner, 2005 ), previous research indicated that family child care (FCC) providers’ descriptions of their work reflected varying prioritization of a Love and Affection cultural model. In this paper, we aimed to (a) explore the relevance of familismo and compadrazgo for FCC, and (b) refine and confirm the Love and Affection cultural model in a second sample of FCC providers. To do so, we conducted qualitative analyses of in-depth, semi-structured interviews as part of a larger study including licensed FCC providers serving children in selected areas of Los Angeles County. Many providers’ descriptions of their work contained elements of familismo and compadrazgo in ways that were quite compatible with a Love and Affection cultural model. We also identified barriers to Love and Affection. Local communities may be better able to meet the needs of Latino/a families by helping ECE professionals communicate and advertise their beliefs, as well as help Latino/a families identify ECE settings that prioritize Love and Affection.
Data Perturbation Analysis for IS Project Management Based on a Single Time Estimate

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most widely used tool for project management; however, it requires three estimates for the duration of each activity as its input. This is too much uncertain input requirement from the managers, making the critical path (CP) unstable causing major difficulties for the manager. A linear programming formulation of the project network is proposed for determining a CP, based on making one estimate for the duration of each activity. Upon finding the CP, data perturbation analysis (DPA) is performed using the constraints of the dual problem. This DPA set of uncertainties provides the manager with a tool to deal with the simultaneous, independent, or dependent changes of the input estimates that will preserve the current CP. The proposed procedure is easy to understand, easy to implement, and provides useful information for the manager. A numerical example illustrates the process.
Cooperation between self-interested agents in normal form games

We study how to achieve cooperation between two self-interested agents that play repeated randomly generated normal form games. We take inspiration from a model originally designed to identify cooperative actions by humans who play a game, but we use the model in a prescriptive rather than descriptive manner. To identify cooperative intent, agents use a particle filter to learn the parameters of the model.