cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monovalent Cation Dependence on the Kinase Activity of Salmonella Typhimurium CheA: Experiment and Modeling

CheA is a multi-domain histidine kinase which has been demonstrated to play a role in the chemosensory array in Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Thermotoga maritima and related enterobacteria. The P4 domain of CheA is of particular interest due to its role in catalyzing ATP/ADP conversion, a process which involves Mg2+ in the ATP-binding pocket of the enzyme. Recent studies in GHKL superfamily members MutL (from E coli) and BCK (from Rattus norvegicus) demonstrate improved activity in the presence of monovalent cations Na+ and K+. Here we present results from a combined experimental and computational analysis to assess the effect of monovalent cations on the activity of Salmonella typhimurium CheA and subsequent phosphor-transfer to response regulator CheY.
Land Evaluation and Ancient Maya Land Use in the Upper Belize River Area, Belize, Central America

In this study I examine local-scale associations between land resources and the density distribution of Maya residential sites for the prehistoric population maxima of the Late Classic period (ca. A. D. 600-900). Methods involve agricultural land evaluation following USDA guidelines, under assumptions of hand-cultivation technology. I give specific attention to the issue of concordance between the geographic scale of household agricultural production and the scale at which agricultural land evaluation is conducted. The focus is the upper Belize River area of Belize, Central America, where intensive archaeological survey and local-scale land-resource mapping provide the data necessary for a detailed analysis of ancient land-use patterns. The analysis reveals a strong and consistent relationship between prehistoric Maya settlement density and the agricultural productive capability of local soil types. For each land type, I discuss the amount of land available for each residential locus and probable cultivation methods used. I argue that the ability to identify clearly and quantitatively the association (or lack of association) between household settlement pattern and agricultural land capability is a necessary component of regional studies that seek to test models of Maya political economy and social change.
Effect of CryIIIA Protein Production in Nodules on Pea-Pea Leaf Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Interactions

Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to determine the effects of genetically engineered strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum that contain the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis cry IIIA gene attached to a constitutive lacZ promoter (Cl-pBtt-LZ), a conditional nifH promoter (Cl-pBtt-nH), or that contained the host plasmid without the cnj III gene (Cl-pRK311) on viability of pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L), larvae and compensatory growth of pea plants. CryIIIA protein production in pea nodules decreased survival and development of S. lineatus larvae and nodule damage. Strain Cl-pBtt-nH, which expresses CryIII protein only during nitrogen fixation, was more effective than Cl-pBtt-LZ. An experiment was conducted with hydroponically grown peas to determine the effects of rhizobial strain, 50% denodulation, and 50% defoliation on compensatory growth of foliage and nodules. Results indicated that nodule biomass was lowest and highest in plants inoculated with Cl-pBtt-LZ and C1-pBtt-nH, respectively. Denodulation had no effect on shoot biomass of control plants, but reduced shoot biomass of plants expressing the cry III gene. Denodulation also reduced standing nodule biomass. Defoliation had no significant effect on shoot biomass of plants inoculated with the control strains and Cl-pBtt-LZ, but was reduced in plants inoculated with Cl-pBtt-nH and that had not been defoliated. Defoliation had no affect on nodule biomass. Final root biomass was reduced by defoliation, but was not affected by rhizobial strain or denodulation.
Metastatic Carcinoma Of The Penis: Complete Remissionafter High Dose Methotrexate Chemotherapy

A case of extensive metastatic epidermoid carcinoma of the penis is reported. Disseminated disease developed after penectomy and lymphadenectomy and it continued to progress while the patient received radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with high dose methotrexate followed by citrovorum factor rescue was instituted. After completion of 10 weekly cycles of treatment there was biopsy-proved complete regression of all lesions, which lasted 9 months when the patient suddenly died of pneumonia completely unrelated to the tumor or chemotherapy treatment. This chemotherapeutic approach deserves additional trial in patients with advanced stages of penile carcinoma.
A diagnostic dilemma for chronic rhinosinusitis: definition accuracy and validity.

BACKGROUND The current definition of chronic rhinosinusitis is a symptom-based definition with minimal reliance on objective information. Based on this definition, patients are diagnosed and treatedl with medical therapy. A computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained only if the patient is not improved after medical therapy. No study is available evaluating in an evidence-based manner the accuracy of the current definition and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. METHODS This study represents 78 patients evaluated in a prospective fashion who met the subjective criteria for the definition of chronic rhinosinusitis. All patients underwent a complete history with a questionnaire evaluating symptom severity, a physical exam including anterior rhinoscopy and endoscopy, and a CT scan obtained on the day of their initial visit. Objective CT scan findings were compared with the subjective findings and related to the ultimate diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. RESULTS Only 37/78 (47%) had a positive (+) CT scan, indicating demonstrable sinusitis. There also was no real diffrence in symptom severity between patients with positive (+) and negative (-) CT scanning. CONCLUSION The current symptom-based definition of chronic sinusitis poorly predicts whether a patient truly has chronic sinusitis and needs reevaluation.
Unskilled and unaware in the classroom: College students’ desired grades predict their biased grade predictions

People tend to be overconfident when predicting their performance on a variety of physical and mental tasks (i.e., they predict they will perform better than they actually do). Such a pattern is commonly found in educational settings, in which many students greatly overestimate how well they will perform on exams. In particular, the lowest-performing students tend to show the greatest overconfidence (i.e., the “unskilled-and-unaware” effect). Such overconfidence can have deleterious effects on the efficacy of students’ short-term study behaviors (i.e., underpreparing for exams) and long-term academic decisions (i.e., changing one’s academic major to an “easier” topic or dropping out of school completely). To help understand why students’ grade predictions are often overconfident, we examined the hypothesis that students’ grade predictions are biased by their desired levels of performance, which are often much higher than their actual levels of performance. Across three studies in which actual students made predictions about their exam performance in their courses, we demonstrated that students’ grade predictions are highly biased by their desired grades on those exams. We obtained this result when students predicted their exam grades over a week before the exam (Study 1), immediately after taking the exam (Study 2), and across the four course exams in a single semester (Study 3). These results are informative for understanding why the “unskilled-and-unaware” pattern of performance predictions occurs, and why people in general tend to be overconfident when making both physical and mental performance predictions.
Integration of distributed energy resources in the operation of energy management systems

The presence of distributed generation poses new challenges in the management and operation of electrical grids. Distributed generation (wind, combined heat and power, etc.) already accounts for 20% or more of total generation in some electric utilities and this figure is constantly increasing worldwide. TSOs, DSOs and energy markets need to have some visibility on a large number of small power injections. This paper presents solutions to adapt classical tools and processes so that energy management systems can efficiently supervise and manage distributed generation.
Biodiversidad y pobreza en Colombia: un análisis desde el enfoque institucional

La biodiversidad es crucial para la produccion de bienes y servicios comercializables y no comercializables. En Colombia, la biodiversidad ha contribuido de forma importante al desarrollo economico y al alivio de la pobreza. A partir de una completa revision de literatura y un enfoque transdisciplinar, se abordan las siguientes preguntas: ?Por que si un mejor estado de la biodiversidad disminuye la pobreza, su gestion no es una prioridad real en nuestro pais? ?Que factores determinan que la importancia economica y social de la biodiversidad no sea visible? ?Por que nuestras politicas publicas ambientales no se han implementado, o que ha pasado con sus impactos esperados? Finalmente, se formulan algunas recomendaciones para abordar la relacion biodiversidad – pobreza en Colombia en un potencial escenario de posconflicto.
Calibration of a Digital Camera for Rapid Auditing of In Situ Intersection Illumination

The regular auditing of installed roadway lighting performance is essential in ensuring that in situ light levels are within design specifications despite the effects of lamp deterioration or changes in roadway functional class. However, existing guidelines for measuring roadway lighting performance are tedious and often impractical for transportation agencies and municipalities, which are already faced with time and resource constraints. A method for calibrating a digital single lens reflex camera for rapid assessment of illumination levels at roadway intersections is developed in this paper. The method uses an image analysis approach to extract pixel information in a digital image and link it to the scene luminance. It uses high-precision light meters to perform an initial calibration of the digital camera that has proved to be stable over long periods. The method was tested with field data, and the results indicate that average scene luminance derived from this method differs by less than 4% from the a...
Online Weighted Matching: Breaking the $\frac{1}{2}$ Barrier

Online matching and its variants are some of the most fundamental problems in the online algorithms literature. In this paper, we study the online weighted bipartite matching problem. Karp et al. (STOC 1990) gave an elegant algorithm in the unweighted case that achieves a tight competitive ratio of $1-1/e$. In the weighted case, however, we can easily show that no competitive ratio is obtainable without the commonly accepted free disposal assumption. Under this assumption, it is not hard to prove that the greedy algorithm is $1/2$ competitive, and that this is tight for deterministic algorithms. We present the first randomized algorithm that breaks this long-standing $1/2$ barrier and achieves a competitive ratio of at least $0.501$. In light of the hardness result of Kapralov et al. (SODA 2013) that restricts beating a $1/2$ competitive ratio for the monotone submodular welfare maximization problem, our result can be seen as strong evidence that solving the weighted bipartite matching problem is strictly easier than submodular welfare maximization in the online setting. Our approach relies on a very controlled use of randomness, which allows our algorithm to safely make adaptive decisions based on its previous assignments.
Review of stochastic hybrid systems with applications in biological systems modeling and analysis

Stochastic hybrid systems (SHS) have attracted a lot of research interests in recent years. In this paper, we review some of the recent applications of SHS to biological systems modeling and analysis. Due to the nature of molecular interactions, many biological processes can be conveniently described as a mixture of continuous and discrete phenomena employing SHS models. With the advancement of SHS theory, it is expected that insights can be obtained about biological processes such as drug effects on gene regulation. Furthermore, combining with advanced experimental methods, in silico simulations using SHS modeling techniques can be carried out for massive and rapid verification or falsification of biological hypotheses. The hope is to substitute costly and time-consuming in vitro or in vivo experiments or provide guidance for those experiments and generate better hypotheses.
Single-chip source-free terahertz spectroscope across 0.04-0.99 THz: combining sub-wavelength near-field sensing and regression analysis.

This paper demonstrates a methodology to miniaturize THz spectroscopes into a single silicon chip by eliminating traditional solid-state architectural components such as complex tunable THz and optical sources, nonlinear mixing and amplifiers. The proposed method achieves this by extracting incident THz spectral signatures from the surface of an on-chip antenna itself. The information is sensed through the spectrally-sensitive 2D distribution of the impressed current surface under the THz incident field. By converting the antenna from a single-port to a massively multi-port architecture with integrated electronics and deep subwavelength sensing, THz spectral estimation is converted into a linear estimation problem. We employ rigorous regression techniques and analysis to demonstrate a single silicon chip system operating at room temperature across 0.04–0.99 THz with 10 MHz accuracy in spectrum estimation of THz tones across the entire spectrum.
Variables associated with intimate partner violence in a deploying military sample.

ABSTRACT Variables associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) were examined within a sample of military personnel preparing to deploy. Soldiers with intimate relationships processed for mobilization through Fort Bliss, Texas, completed a questionnaire that queried demographic information, relationship satisfaction, stress, risky alcohol use behaviors, and tactics used during intimate relationship conflict. Four hundred forty-nine deploying soldiers (15.8% of 2,841 with usable data) reported IPV in the past year. Younger age, less education, less relationship satisfaction, more stress, and risky alcohol use behaviors were significant individual predictors of engaging in IPV. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their implications for targeting efforts to reduce IPV among military personnel.
Analysis of Neural Precursor Cells in the Context of Origin of Brain Tumors, Their Treatment, and Repair of Treatment-Associated Damage

The treatment of any disease always begins with a correct diagnosis. It is here, before any treatment has been initiated, that enormous problems are faced by those involved in investigating brain tumors. Despite longstanding attempts to generate unambiguous diagnostic criteria for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), the extent of disagreement between neuropathologists diagnosing the same tumor is often considerable (17,47,53,91). The importance of this disagreement cannot be understated. If pathologists are going to place identical tumors in different categories, then further analyses of outcomes as they pertain to diagnosis are severely compromised.
A neighborhood relevance model for entity linking

Entity Linking is the task of mapping a string in a document to its entity in a knowledge base. One of the crucial tasks is to identify disambiguating context; joint assignment models leverage the relationships within the knowledge base. We demonstrate how joint assignment models can be approximated with information retrieval. We introduce the neighborhood relevance model which uses relevance feedback techniques to identify the salience of entity context using cross-document evidence. We show that this model is more effective than local document models for ranking KB entities. Experiments on the TAC KBP entity linking task demonstrate that our model is the best performing system for strings that are linkable to the knowledge base.
The Non-Verbal Communication of the Physical Handicapped

This paper explores the types of problems which may arise as a function of a physical disability and its effects on non-verbal communication. Examples of social interaction problems were obtained through participant observation at a physical rehabilitation hospital. The author assumes that social skills based on communication through and by the body need to be conceptualized and have implications for their use in therapeutic settings. Numerous writers and observers of daily life have commented upon the strained interactions between the physically disabled and the nondisabled. This tension has been attributed to negative stereotypes associated with disability (Barker et al., 1953), deviant status (Freidson, 1966; Davis, 1962) and stigma (Goffman, 1963). Here, this flawed interaction is discussed as a function of distortions, interruptions, and erroneous information conveyed by the presence of the disability. This means that the disability takes on social meanings and consequences which impinge on the ability to communicate. This paper is an exploratory study to apply the concepts of nonverbal communication to the problem of social interaction between the disabled and the non-disabled. Due to the need to first define the problem, it is not possible here to suggest a program for direct action. Despite this time and space limitation, it is important to note that the author assumes that social skills based on communication through and by the body need to be conceptualized and taught to the disabled in a manner similar to the therapies developed for rehabilitating impaired motor and speech skills. This research is a step in that direction. METHODOLOGY Participant observation was done at a large, urban physical rehabilitation hospital serving both in-patients and out-patients. The volunteer role was used in this setting from June, 1973 to March, 1974 (Deegan and Nutt, 1975). Observations were made in approximately two
HEARING AND LATERAL LINE | Psychoacoustics: What Fish Hear

The ears of all fishes function like accelerometers and respond to acoustic particle motion. Some species, in addition, have sensitivity to sound pressure via an otophysic connection between the ears and a bubble of gas in the body. All fishes can hear within a frequency range extending from below 50 Hz to as high as 5000 Hz for some species. Most species have a best sensitivity in the range from 100 to about 1000 Hz. All fishes can discriminate between different frequencies with moderate accuracy, and sound detection in all fishes is subject to masking, or interference by external noise.
The Teahouse Tempest: The U.S. Occupation of Okinawa and The Teahouse of August Moon

The United States occupied the Japanese island of Okinawa as a colony in everything but name for twenty-seven years after World War II ended in August 1945. This action ran counter to the avowed U.S. foreign policy principle of self-determination. Novelist Vern Sneider, a former U.S. Army civil affairs officer who had been stationed on the island during the postwar years, was a critic of the occupation. For that reason he chose to use his first novel The Teahouse of the August Moon, published in 1951, to offer a critique of policies that he believed were ethnocentric and counterproductive to U.S. national interests. Although Teahouse grew in popularity in the United States as it became a play and then a theatrical film, it failed to have any influence on U.S. foreign policy. This was because playwright John Patrick removed the critique as he adapted the story for these different media formats. The Teahouse story does show, however, how world affairs can provide issues that engage large sections of the American public at many different levels.
Survival disparity and racial differences in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) compared with primary debulking surgery (PDS) in women with ovarian cancer.

e17099Background: Studies demonstrate racial disparity in ovarian cancer survival though survival differences seem to be mitigated when patients receive similar care. We sought to identify whether ...
Migraine Headache: Updates and Future Developments

Migraine is a common disabling condition that is frequently managed by primary care providers. In recent years, the growing array of migraine therapies has added complexity to patient care. This article serves as a succinct review of pertinent updates and future directions regarding migraine. Our understanding of pathophysiology has progressed along with new advances in biomarkers and genetics. These discoveries have led to a wealth of new options for treatment, many of which are specifically targeted against molecules implicated in migraine headache such as calcitonin gene-related peptide. These treatments include several monoclonal antibodies, calcitonin-gene related peptide receptor antagonists, and 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonists; new options such as these are important for the large population falling out of eligibility for triptans. Furthermore, various nonpharmacological options including noninvasive brain stimulation have joined the arsenal of therapies used for treating migraine.
Renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction of oleaginous yeast and residual lignin from bioconversion of corn stover

Abstract Oleaginous yeast can produce high yields of lipids from hydrolyzed lignocellulosic carbohydrates, but the difficulty and cost of extracting the lipids from the bioreactor broth, as well as the lack of profitable options for valorizing feedstock lignin are major barriers to cost-competitive production of renewable diesel from corn stover via bioconversion. Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass effectively breaks down and converts lignin into biocrude oil products, but provides relatively low yields of biocrude from feedstock carbohydrates. In the present study, bioconversion and hydrothermal liquefaction were integrated in a new hybrid approach that combines the advantages of both processes to produce a high quality distillate fuel blendstock. Eight bioreactor cultures of the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi were grown in pretreated corn stover hydrolysate or simulated hydrolysate media, with dry cell mass yields from sugar of up to 0.43 g/g, and yields of intracellular triglyceride lipids from sugar (measured as fatty acid methyl esters) of up to 0.26 g/g. The lipid-rich cell mass in the bioreactor broth was pooled and mixed with pretreated corn stover lignin to produce a slurry intermediate with a total mass of 23.5 kg. The slurry was fed to a continuous hydrothermal liquefaction reactor at a dry solids loading of 16.3% to produce biocrude oil with a carbon yield of 55% and a mass yield of 40% from the feedstock. The biocrude was then hydrotreated to produce a renewable hydrocarbon fuel blendstock, with the majority of the product boiling in the distillate range. Techno-economic analysis suggested that a biorefinery employing this integrated, hybrid conversion approach could produce approximately twice as much distillate fuel blendstock than contemporary biorefinery designs that rely solely on lipids solvent-extracted from oleaginous yeast for production of distillate blendstocks from corn stover hydrolysate. Sensitivity analysis of the proposed biorefinery design suggested that the cost of production could be reduced to $3/gasoline gallon equivalent or less by addressing identified research gaps, such as optimizing the separation of biocrude to recover additional hydrocarbon from the aqueous phase of the reactor effluent. Our results provide a proof-of-concept for a new hybrid biorefinery design that could enhance domestic production of renewable diesel, jet, and marine fuel from corn stover or other forms of lignocellulosic biomass.
Ultrarestrictive Opioid Prescription Protocol for Pain Management After Gynecologic and Abdominal Surgery.

Importance Opioids are routinely prescribed for postoperative home pain management for most patients in the United States, with limited evidence of the amount needed to be dispensed. Opioid-based treatment often adversely affects recovery. Prescribed opioids increase the risk of chronic opioid use, abuse, and diversion and contribute to the current opioid epidemic. Objective To evaluate whether after hospital discharge, postsurgical acute pain can be effectively managed with a markedly reduced number of opioid doses. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control cohort study, an ultrarestrictive opioid prescription protocol (UROPP) was designed and implemented from June 26, 2017, through June 30, 2018, at a single tertiary-care comprehensive cancer center. All patients undergoing gynecologic oncology surgery were included. Patients undergoing ambulatory or minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic or robotic approach) were not prescribed opioids at discharge unless they required more than 5 doses of oral or intravenous opioids while in the hospital. Patients who underwent a laparotomy were provided a 3-day opioid pain medication supply at discharge. Main Outcomes and Measures Total number of opioid pain medications prescribed in the 60-day perioperative period, requests for opioid prescription refills, and postoperative pain scores and complications were evaluated. Factors associated with increased postoperative pain, preoperative and postoperative pain scores, inpatient status, prior opioid use, and all opioid prescriptions within the 60-day perioperative window were monitored among the case patients and compared with those from consecutive control patients treated at the center in the 12 months before the UROPP was implemented. Results Patient demographics and procedure characteristics were not statistically different between the 2 cohorts of women (605 cases: mean [SD] age, 56.3 [14.5] years; 626 controls: mean [SD] age, 55.5 [13.9] years). The mean (SD) number of opioid tablets given at discharge after a laparotomy was 43.6 (17.0) before implementation of the UROPP and 12.1 (8.9) after implementation (P Conclusions and Relevance Implementation of a UROPP was associated with a significant decrease in the overall amount of opioids prescribed to patients after gynecologic and abdominal surgery at the time of discharge for all patients, and for the entire perioperative time for opioid-naive patients without changes in pain scores, complications, or medication refill requests.
Leaf Disc Assays for Rapid Measurement of Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidant levels are key parameters for studies of food quality, stress responses, and plant health. Herein, we have demonstrated that excised leaf disc has both radical scavenging activity and reducing power, and used this concept to develop 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and potassium permanganate reduction (PPR) leaf disc assays. Reaction time and reagent concentration for these assays were optimized using leaves from spinach, kale, collards, mustard, and watermelon. Further, these assays were validated for linearity and intra-assay precision. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS) was used for phytochemical profiling and studying relative abundances of certain phenolic compounds in various leaf discs suspended and cell-free extracts. The mass spectral analysis showed that leaf disc suspended methanolic extracts had almost same phytochemical profiles to those of cell-free extracts. The DPPH leaf disc assay demonstrated better radical scavenging potential than the conventional cell-free extract method. By contrast, the observed antioxidant activity values in ABTS and PPR leaf disc assays were lower than those of conventional cell-free extract-based methods. In conclusion, the developed leaf disc assays are simple and rapid for the qualitative and comparative assessment of the antioxidant potential of leaf samples, as well as can be a good alternative to conventional cell-free extract based methods.
Transaxillary First Rib Resection

Transaxillary first rib resection is performed for patients with thoracic outlet obstruction. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
From Empowerment to Advocacy: Innominate Identity Politics as Feminist Advocacy in Iran

Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation of a nongovernmental organization in Iran dedicated to advocacy for marginalized women, I demonstrate that in the absence of political opportunity for “rights” advocacy in Iran, unconventional modes of identity politics have emerged. My data suggest that some practices of identity politics in Iran depart in framing, strategy, and organization from conventional practices of identity politics prevalent in liberal democratic contexts where identities are invoked, deployed, and tied to a universal conception of “rights.” I introduce the term “innominate identity politics” to reveal a creative utilization of the framework of “capabilities” for identity-based advocacy where “rights” advocacy and group identity formation are not tolerated by the government. Identities, hence, are innominate (unnamed), yet fought for. This article explains the organization’s departure from the common practices of identity politics by examining three factors which necessitated the adoption of new frames and strategies: (1) the repressive politics of the state which had rendered the “rights” framework costly and inaccessible, (2) the social construction of the organization’s clients as “bare life” due to the intersection of multiple systems of inequality, and (3) the social actors’ perception of what constitutes effective advocacy.
A Ka / V Band-Switchable LNA With 2.8/3.4 dB Noise Figure

A $0.13~\mu \text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS band-switchable low noise amplifier (LNA) is developed which can be operated at 28 or 60 GHz. The LNA employs an LC tank at the input to perform dual-band impedance matching, while the output is switched from one band to the other using a tunable stub. The stub is made tunable by using an HBT switch, which reduces the stub’s length when turned on shifting the LNA between 28 and 60 GHz modes. The switch has 1.2 dB ON- and 0.7 dB OFF-state losses. The measured results are /15 dB small signal gain, 2.8/3.4 dB noise figure, and −12/−7 dBm compression point (P1dB) at 28/60 GHz, respectively. The band-switchable compact LNA has a chip size of $0.48\times0.48$ mm2 and consumes a dc power of 8.2/21 mW at 2.5 V supply voltage. Among the research studies, this is the first demonstration of a 28/60 GHz dual-band LNA with a performance comparable to dedicated LNAs in each band.
Measuring the Influence of Political Actors on the Federal Budget

When estimating the political determinants of the federal budget, scholars face a choice between using measures of funding and measures of spending as their outcome of interest. We examine the consequences of this choice. In particular, we argue that spending outcomes may serve as a poor test of the research questions scholars seek to answer, since spending data conflate competing budgetary influences, are downstream measures of the appropriations that originated them, and induce measurement error. To test our claim, we compare the spending data used in a recent study (Berry and Fowler 2016: American Journal of Political Science 60 (3): 692–708) with an original data set of military construction appropriations. While an analysis of the spending data produces a null result, the same analysis using the appropriations data provides strong evidence that legislators use their committee positions to distribute pork. Our findings have broad implications for studies that use measures of spending in the congressional and presidency literatures.
Identification Of A Molecular Basis For The Juvenile Sleep State

Across species, sleep in young animals is critical for normal brain maturation. The molecular determinants of early life sleep remain unknown. Through an RNAi-based screen, we identified a gene, pdm3, required for sleep maturation in Drosophila. Pdm3, a transcription factor, coordinates an early developmental program that prepares the brain to later execute high levels of juvenile adult sleep. PDM3 controls the wiring of wake-promoting dopaminergic (DA) neurites to a sleep-promoting region, and loss of PDM3 prematurely increases DA inhibition of the sleep center, abolishing the juvenile sleep state. RNA-Seq/ChIP-Seq and a subsequent modifier screen reveal that pdm3 represses expression of the synaptogenesis gene Msp300 to establish the appropriate window for DA innervation. These studies define the molecular cues governing sleep behavioral and circuit development, and suggest sleep disorders may be of neurodevelopmental origin.
Racial Difference in the Relationship Between Health and Happiness in the United States

Background Although health is a prerequisite for happiness, the salience of health for maintaining happiness may be diminished for Blacks when compared to Whites, a phenomenon which can be explained by the Black-White mental health paradox and ﻿minorities' ﻿diminished ﻿returns. Aim To understand if Black and White adult Americans differ in the effects of self-rated health (SRH) on happiness. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the General Social Survey (GSS; 1972-2018), a nationally representative survey in the US. Our analytical sample included 42,201 Black and White adults. The independent variable was SRH. Happiness was the dependent variable. Sociodemographic factors were covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data without and with interaction terms between race and SRH. Results Overall, good SRH was positively associated with happiness, however, there was a significant interaction between race/ethnicity and good SRH on the outcome (i.e. happiness) . This finding suggested that the boosting effect of good SRH on happiness is weaker for Black than White people. Conclusion In the United States, due to a weaker concordance between good health and happiness, Blacks who have poor SRH are more likely to report happiness. At the same time, Whites who are healthy report happiness, however, Blacks who are healthy do not necessarily report happiness. Disjointed link between health and happiness may be due to different racial, ethnic, and cultural perceptions of physical health and happiness as well as salience of physical health as a component of happiness. This may be an adaptive response of Blacks to sociopolitical as well as health-related adversities over centuries as a result of the combination of oppression, injustice, and poverty.
The genesis of a football field: urban football in Soweto, South Africa

The township of Soweto is formally a part of the Johannesburg Metropole and is home to an estimated 1.3 million people. While this famous high-density suburb has served as a subject for a broad spe...
Effects of Computerized Decision Support Systems on Practitioner Performance and Patient Outcomes: Systematic Review

Background: Computerized decision support systems (CDSSs) are software programs that support the decision making of practitioners and other staff. Other reviews have analyzed the relationship between CDSSs, practitioner performance, and patient outcomes. These reviews reported positive practitioner performance in over half the articles analyzed, but very little information was found for patient outcomes. Objective: The purpose of this review was to analyze the relationship between CDSSs, practitioner performance, and patient medical outcomes. PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were queried. Methods: Articles were chosen based on year published (last 10 years), high quality, peer-reviewed sources, and discussion of the relationship between the use of CDSS as an intervention and links to practitioner performance or patient outcomes. Reviewers used an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation) to collect information on the relationship between CDSSs and practitioner performance or patient outcomes. Reviewers also collected observations of participants, intervention, comparison with control group, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) along with those showing implicit bias. Articles were analyzed by multiple reviewers following the Kruse protocol for systematic reviews. Data were organized into multiple tables for analysis and reporting. Results: Themes were identified for both practitioner performance (n=38) and medical outcomes (n=36). A total of 66% (25/38) of articles had occurrences of positive practitioner performance, 13% (5/38) found no difference in practitioner performance, and 21% (8/38) did not report or discuss practitioner performance. Zero articles reported negative practitioner performance. A total of 61% (22/36) of articles had occurrences of positive patient medical outcomes, 8% (3/36) found no statistically significant difference in medical outcomes between intervention and control groups, and 31% (11/36) did not report or discuss medical outcomes. Zero articles found negative patient medical outcomes attributed to using CDSSs. Conclusions: Results of this review are commensurate with previous reviews with similar objectives, but unlike these reviews we found a high level of reporting of positive effects on patient medical outcomes.
Information Disclosure in Strategic Management

The information that managers voluntarily disclose to outsiders can have important performance implications for the firm. Information disclosure is therefore an important decision for managers and ...
Crisis of the nomological model, expectation of diligence and criminally relevant conduct. Comparative aspects on the definition of punishable fault

Under what conditions or based on which evaluation criteria a conduct that offends or does not prevent the injury of fundamental legal assets such as life and physical integrity of the person can be said not only "harmful" but also "negligent" for the criminal law? The present survey starts from a question of enormous importance that seeks the characters of conceptual categories related to the objective element of the culpable offense (the relative "typical fact"), on the method of concretizing the "duty" of diligence "(which constitutes the normative heart of this element) and the criteria of judgment on the basis of which it can be considered unnoticed. The study is based on the experience gained in both countries in the areas of medical responsibility and prevention of occupational risks (health and safety in the workplace), contexts in which the current "crisis" of criminal code is particularly evident."Nomological model", i.e. the causal explanation method of neo-positivist imprint and the reconstructive criterion of the precautionary norms based on "scientific laws". In both dimensions of the judgment on the typicality of the fact, the obfuscation of the image of science on which the theory of culpable offense was built during the twentieth century has already led contemporary criminal law to reevaluate its peculiar argumentative and evaluative approach, abandoning the inferential-nomological-deductive demonstrative scheme and questioning the method by which to define the concrete margins of the "allowed risk".
Effect of an isometric exercise on force and fatigue in a skeletal muscle.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a 2-min. isometric exercise training program on force and fatigue in a skeletal muscle. The subjects (N=60) were divided into two equal groups, control and experimental. The control group was tested twice, once at the beginning of the experiment and again after 20 days. The subjects in the experimental group were tested before embarked on a 20-day period of isometric training. held the tension for 2 min. in the morning and again in the afternoon. Periodic tests were on the 5th, 10th, 15th, and 20th days. Large gains of initial strength were recorded on the 5th day. Isometric training continued beyond five days produced no significant gains in initial strength althoughe was a significant increase in isometric endurance. Isometric exercise continued longer than 15 days resulted in a significant decrease in initial strength and isometric endurance.
Augmented exercise pressor response during maximal treadmill exercise is not related to systemic inflammation in stroke survivors.

Stroke survivors have exercise intolerance that contributes to reduced quality of life and survival. While exaggerated blood pressure responses during exercise have been documented in other chronic...
The role of expenditure duration in fiscal multipliers over the business cycle

Abstract Projects funded by the Department of Transportation that are authorized to begin construction during periods of slack are completed more quickly than during expansions. The results suggest fiscal multipliers of authorized funds may vary over the business cycle.
Control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) regrowth following failed applications of glufosinate and fomesafen

Rapid vegetative growth and adverse application conditions are common factors leading to the failure of postemergence herbicides on Palmer amaranth. A sequential herbicide application, or respray, is often necessary to control weeds that have survived the initial herbicide application to protect crop yield and minimize weed seed production. The optimum timing after the initial application and the most effective herbicide for control of Palmer amaranth has not been characterized. The objectives of these experiments were to determine the optimum herbicide for treating Palmer amaranth regrowth, the optimum timing for each of those herbicides, and how the initial failed herbicide might affect efficacy of a second herbicide application. Bare ground field experiments were performed in 2017 and 2018 in which glufosinate or fomesafen herbicide failure was induced on Palmer amaranth plants that were 30 cm in height. Respray treatments of glufosinate, fomesafen, lactofen, 2,4-D, and dicamba were applied once at timings of 4 to 5 d, 7 d, or 11 d after the initial spray application. Nearly all herbicide treatment and timing combinations increased control by at least 13 percentage points compared to no respray herbicide treatment. Regardless of initial herbicide, glufosinate applied as a respray treatment was the most consistent and efficacious with up to 97% control. The specific herbicide used in the second application impacted final weed control more so than timing of the respray application. For instance, control by glufosinate respray treatments was 10 to 18 percentage points greater than control from lactofen respray treatments, whereas control decreased by 3 percentage points when respray applications of any herbicide were made 11 d after initial application of glufosinate compared to 4 to 5 and 7 d after initial application of glufosinate. In the event of failure to control Palmer amaranth with glufosinate or fomesafen, glufosinate should be applied in order to maximize control.
General two Higgs doublet model (2HDM-G) and Large Hadron Collider data

We study the consistency of two Higgs doublet models in light of the new bosonic particle discovery at the LHC. We work within a general setup that we call here the general two Higgs doublet model, in which the quarks couple to both scalar doublets with aligned couplings such that flavor-changing neutral currents are absent at tree level. The framework encompasses the traditional type I, type II, lepton specific, and flipped models but also provides for more general possibilities. The best fit to the current data is given in the general scenario with specific parameter choices; however, a good fit is also obtained within a democratic model in which both the up-type and down-type quarks couple to each doublet with equal strengths. The approach provides a general framework in which to interpret future LHC Higgs data within extensions of the Standard Model with two Higgs doublets.
The effect of static pressure-wind covariance on vertical carbon dioxide exchange at a windy subalpine forest site

Abstract Accounting for turbulent temperature and water vapor fluctuations on the vertical flux of CO 2 measured by an open-path infrared gas analyzer are commonly known as the Webb–Pearman–Leuning (WPL) corrections. Static pressure fluctuations also affect air sample density, but the magnitude and effect of these changes on CO 2 flux is not usually considered. In our study, the turbulent static pressure p and the vertical wind component w covariance w ′ p ′ ¯ from just-above a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest are examined. The magnitude of w ′ p ′ ¯ was highly correlated to the mean horizontal wind speed U with similar characteristics during the daytime and nighttime. The pressure term was calculated from w ′ p ′ ¯ and compared to other terms in the equation for the vertical net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 (NEE). We found the following: (1) for U ≲ 6 m s − 1 , the pressure term was small, (2) as U increased beyond 6 m s − 1 , the pressure term became more and more important reaching a magnitude of ≈ 2 μ mol m − 2 s − 1 at U of 12 m s − 1 (for leaf area index LAI ≈ 2.6 m 2 m − 2 ), (3) for a more dense forest (LAI ≈ 4.8 m 2 m − 2 ), the magnitude of the pressure term at U of 12 m s − 1 was ≈ 1 μ mol m − 2 s − 1 , or about half the open forest value, and (4) based on 14 years of measurements, the interannual mean and standard deviation of the yearly cumulative pressure and NEE terms were − 32.8 ± 24.5 g C m − 2 year − 1 and − 147.4 ± 231.7 g C m − 2 year − 1 , respectively. Therefore, on average, including the pressure term in the NEE calculation reduces the annual carbon uptake by the GLEES forest from 147.4 g C m − 2 year − 1 to 114.6 g C m − 2 year − 1 . This implies that carbon uptake by forests in windy locations that ignore the pressure term can be overestimated by as much as 20%. However, the year-to-year variability of both NEE and the pressure term was large due to changes in the forest structure and LAI from beetle attack and tree die-off. Finally, we present results from sensor-manipulation experiments examining the effect of tilting the quad-disk pressure ports on the turbulent static pressure.
Molecular Features Underlying Shp1/Shp2 Discrimination by Immune Checkpoint Receptors

Numerous inhibitory immunoreceptors operate by recruiting phosphatase effectors Shp1 and Shp2 through conserved motifs ITIM and ITSM. Despite the similarity, these receptors exhibit distinct effector binding specificities, as exemplified by PD-1 and BTLA, which preferentially recruit Shp2 and Shp1 respectively. The molecular basis of Shp1/Shp2 discrimination is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that optimal PD-1 and BTLA binding to both Shp1 and Shp2 occurs via a bivalent, parallel mode that involves both SH2 domains of Shp1/Shp2. Moreover, PD-1 mainly uses its ITSM to discriminate Shp2 from Shp1 via their C-terminal SH2 domains. Supportive of this model, swapping the Shp1-cSH2 with Shp2-cSH2 enabled PD-1:Shp1 association in T cells. In contrast, BTLA primarily utilizes its ITIM to discriminate Shp1 from Shp2 via their N-terminal SH2 domains. Substitution of glycine at pY+1 position of the PD-1-ITIM with alanine, a residue conserved in several Shp1-recruiting receptors, was sufficient to induce PD-1:Shp1 interaction in T cells. Finally, mutagenesis screening shows that Shp1 recruitment exhibits a bell-shaped dependence on the side chain volume of the pY+1 residue of ITIM. Collectively, we provide a molecular interpretation of the Shp1/Shp2-binding specificities of PD-1 and BTLA, with general implications for the mechanism of effector discrimination by inhibitory receptors.