cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling analysis of multilevel interconnect temperatures for high-performance ICs

This paper presents a comprehensive thermal scaling analysis of multilevel interconnects in deep nanometer scale CMOS technologies based on technological, structural, and material data from the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Numerical simulations have been performed using three-dimensional electrothermal finite element methods, combined with accurate calculations of temperature- and size-dependent Cu resistivity and thermal conductivity of low-/spl kappa/ interlayer dielectrics (ILD) based on fully physical models. The simulations also incorporate various scaling factors from fundamental material level to system level: the via-density-dependent effective ILD thermal conductivity, the hierarchically varying root mean square current stress based on SPICE simulations, and the thermal resistance of flip-chip package. It is shown that even after considering densely embedded vias, the interconnect temperature is expected to increase significantly with scaling, due to increasing current density, increasing surface and grain boundary contributions to metal resistivity, and decreasing ILD thermal conductivity.
Chyle Leaks: Consensus on Management?

Lymphatic injury leading to leakage of chyle is a potential complication that may arise from trauma or surgery in the chest, abdomen, or neck. Although the incidence of chyle leak post surgery is low (1%-4%), this complication can present significant challenges. Multiple approaches to the treatment of chyle leak have emerged, including nutrition, surgical, and pharmacological therapies. Although there are strong feelings among clinicians about the use of bowel rest, parenteral nutrition, or a low-fat enteral formula for the treatment of chyle leak, definitive evidence supporting one nutrition therapy over another does not exist. The lack of a clear consensus on the optimal management of chyle leaks makes this an area that is ripe for prospective analysis.
Deprivation of maternal care has long-lasting consequences for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of zebra finches

Early-life stress caused by the deprivation of maternal care has been shown to have long-lasting effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in offspring of uniparental mammalian species. We asked if deprivation of maternal care in biparental species alters stress responsiveness of offspring, using a biparental avian species—the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata. In our experiment, one group of birds was raised by both male and female parents (control), and another was raised by males alone (maternally deprived). During adulthood, offspring of both groups were subjected to two stressors (restraint and isolation), and corticosterone concentrations were measured. Additionally, we measured baseline levels of the two corticosteroid receptors—glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)—in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and cerebellum. Our results suggest that maternally deprived offspring are hyper-responsive to isolation in comparison with controls. Furthermore, mRNA levels of both GR and MR receptors are altered in maternally deprived offspring in comparison with controls. Thus, absence of maternal care has lasting consequences for HPA function in a biparental species where paternal care is available.
Immunobiology of lipid-modulated UV-carcinogenesis

Previous studies have demonstrated that high levels of dietary fat exacerbate UV-carcinogenic expression and suppress immunoresponsiveness. The latter may account for the former response. We have explored this possibility through T-lymphocyte transfer studies. Groups of HRA.HRII-c/+/Skh hairless mice were fed isocaloric diets containing high (12%, wt./wt.) or low (0.75%) levels of corn oil and irradiated 5 days/week (1.0 J cm-2/day) for 11 weeks with filtered FS-40 sunlamps. At weeks nine and 12, enriched T-cells from high-fat donors that had received 11 weeks of UV were transferred intravenously to low-fat recipients. Median tumor times for high-fat, low-fat recipient, and low-fat groups were 15.8, 18.5, and 21.6 weeks, respectively. The significantly (P < 0.03) shortened primary tumor latent period in low-fat-fed animals resulting from transfer of relatively low levels of T-cells derived from chronically irradiated high-fat donors demonstrates that the influence of dietary fat upon UV-carcinogenic expression is, at least partially, mediated via immunologic mechanisms. Further studies suggest that fat-modulated carcinogenesis can, itself, be regulated immunologically. A soluble T-14 (mouse squamous carcinoma cell line) cell-free fraction was injected subcutaneously at axillae and inguen of animals fed the high-fat diet during the first three weeks of UV or immediately post-UV. At week four post-UV, animals were challenged with T-14 cells injected subcutaneously at both flanks. 21 days post-challenge the tumor volumes of low-fat and high-fat immunized animals were zero versus 593 mm3 for the high-fat group (P < 0.007). Such treatment significantly (P < 0.03) increases the latent period of UV-induced primary tumors as well, when compared to non-treated high-fat-fed animals.
Effects of immediate vs. delayed massage-like loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise

Abstract Background This study compared immediate versus delayed massage-like compressive loading on skeletal muscle viscoelastic properties following eccentric exercise. Methods Eighteen rabbits were surgically instrumented with peroneal nerve cuffs for stimulation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Rabbits were randomly assigned to a massage loading protocol applied immediately post exercise (n = 6), commencing 48 h post exercise (n = 6), or exercised no-massage control (n = 6). Viscoelastic properties were evaluated in vivo by performing a stress-relaxation test pre- and post-exercise and daily pre- and post-massage for four consecutive days of massage loading. A quasi-linear viscoelastic approach modeled the instantaneous elastic response ( AG 0 ), fast ( g 1 p ) and slow ( g 2 p ) relaxation coefficients, and the corresponding relaxation time constants τ 1 and τ 2 . Findings Exercise increased AG 0 in all groups ( P AG 0 was not significant in the immediate ( P = 0.021) or delayed ( P = 0.048) group compared to the control group following four days of massage. However, within-day (pre- to post-massage) analysis revealed a decrease in AG 0 in both massage groups. Following exercise, g 1 p increased and g 2 p and τ 1 decreased for all groups ( P τ 2 ( P > 0.05). After four days of massage, there was no significant recovery of the relaxation parameters for either massage loading group compared to the control group. Interpretation Our findings suggest that massage loading following eccentric exercise has a greater effect on reducing muscle stiffness, estimated by AG 0 , within-day rather than affecting recovery over multiple days. Massage loading also has little effect on the relaxation response.
Nested Loop Tiling for Distributed Memory Machines

This paper addresses the problem of compiling nested loops for distributed memory machines. The relatively high communication start-up costs in these machines renders frequent communication very expensive. Motivated by this, we present a method for aggregating a number of loop iterations into tiles where the tiles execute atomically - a processor executing the iteration belonging to a tile receives all the data it needs before executing any one of the iterations in the tile, executes all the iterations in the tile and then sends the data needed by other processors. Since synchronizations are not allowed during the execution of a tile, partitioning the iterations into tiles must not lead to deadlock. Given a perfectly nested loop to be executed on a multicomputer with given execution and communication costs, the tile shape and size have to be chosen to optimize the performance; in addition, the tiles must be assigned to processors to minimize communication costs and reduce processor idle times. We present an approach to determine the shape, size, allocation and scheduling of tiles for 2-level nested loops on distributed memory machines.
Variations in care for cottontop tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, infants as a function of parental experience and group size

We examined the effects of parental experience and group size on infant care and development. Ten cottontop tamarin families were followed across three consecutive births of offspring to examine differences in survival, quality of care, developmental maturation and physical development for infants in two experimental conditions: (1) in large groups with previous parenting experience and (2) in small groups with little or no parenting experience. Although we found no differences in infant mortality, parents treated infants differently between conditions. However, when we examined the cumulative care provided by parents and sibling helpers together across experimental conditions, there were no differences in the rates of retrieval or rejection of infants. Overall levels of infant transport and food transfers were similar between conditions, with fathers and sibling helpers contributing the bulk of care. Fathers in small groups carried infants and transferred food with infants much more than helpers but, as group size increased, helpers augmented this role. Infant development varied with the experience of the family both between conditions and within a family. The results indicate that infants receive similar levels of care regardless of group size and parenting experience, although the individual contributions of family members change with both factors. Parental experience with previous infants had effects on early infant development, but only for the first sets of infants.
Collaborative Scientific Workflows Supporting Collaborative Science

Collaboration has become a dominant feature of modern science. Many scientific problems are beyond the realm of individual discipline or scientist to solve and hence require collaborative efforts. Meanwhile, today's science becomes increasingly more data- intensive, resulting in a rapid transition from computational science to e-Science (or digital science). Recently, scientific workflows have emerged for scientists to integrate distributed computations, datasets, and analysis tools to enable and accelerate scientific discovery. The convergence of the above two trends naturally leads to the concept of collaborative scientific workflows. This paper presents a disciplinary definition of this term, discusses the opportunities, requirements, and challenges of collaborative scientific workflows for the enablement of scientific collaboration, and concludes with our ongoing work in this direction.
Dynamics of the Conformational Ensemble of Partially Folded Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor

A single-disulfide variant of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), (14-38) Abu, is a partially folded ensemble which includes two, and in one case three, conformations that interconvert slowly enough to exhibit separate cross-peaks in the amide region of homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR spectra. Each conformation is itself composed of many subconformations in rapid equilibrium. Partially folded BPTI undergoes local motions that are slow, noncooperative, independent fluctuations of short segments within the chain. Cooperative global unfolding of the ensemble is also observed. Heteronuclear NMR has been used to measure interconversion rate constants of partially folded conformational substates; the rate constants differ for each residue and vary over an order of magnitude. For local fluctuation, the forward rate constants for amide protons of the antiparallel ‚-sheet are significantly smaller than the rest of the molecule, consistent with other indications that this is the most stable part of the partially folded protein. The reverse rate constants also vary; they are the highest for Ala 27 in the turn between the strands in the sheet and for Phe 33 in the antiparallel ‚-sheet. Global unfolding interconversion rate constants vary over a 3-fold range, consistent with previously observed deviations from two-state behavior. Fast backbone dynamics, from T1, T2, and NOE relaxation parameters, are obtained for the slowly interchanging conformations in the partially folded ensemble. Clear differences are observed between the two conformations; one is more flexible and less compact than the other. In the more flexible and disordered partially folded conformation, intermediate exchange is detected for some backbone amides, namely, those in the central ‚-sheet and the turn. These same sheet and turn residues are more ordered in the globally denatured ensemble as well. Our results suggest that the turn initiates formation of a partially folded ensemble in which the slow-exchange core is the most stable region and in which segmental fluctuations reflect multiple nuclei for folding of the rest of the molecule.
Vapor-phase synthesis and surface passivation of ZnSe nanocrystals

The vapor-phase synthesis of II–VI nanocrystals (quantum dots) has several advantages over traditional liquid-phase techniques, including better compatibility with existing operations in the microelectronics industry. On the other hand, it makes size control and surface passivation a more challenging task. In this paper we report the synthesis and surface passivation of luminescent ZnSe nanocrystals by reacting vapors of dimethylzinc:triethylamine (DMZ–TEA) adduct with hydrogen selenide gas (both diluted in hydrogen) in a counterflow jet reactor operating at 300 K and low pressures (120--60 Torr). The two reactants flow into a cylindrical chamber from separate inlets of a vertical opposed-flow configuration. Homogeneous nucleation of ZnSe occurs through an irreversible reaction between the precursors. The nuclei subsequently grow by surface reactions and cluster--luster coalescence to form nanocrystals that exhibit size-dependent luminescence. Surface passivation was achieved by introducing vapors of 1-pentanethiol into the reactor. The thiol vapors do not interfere with the nucleation and growth of the primary nanocrystals, but significantly change the morphology and size of the final coagulated particles collected on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids. The chemisorption of thiol vapors on the surface of the nanocrystals also leads to smaller degradation of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity after 1 month. Structural and morphological characterization of the particles was performed using HR-TEM, stoichiometric analysis using electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), while PL and Raman spectroscopy were used to study their size-dependent optical properties.
Positive and negative TAF(II) functions that suggest a dynamic TFIID structure and elicit synergy with traps in activator-induced transcription.

Human transcription factor TFIID contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and several TBP-associated factors (TAFIIs). To elucidate the structural organization and function of TFIID, we expressed and characterized the product of a cloned cDNA encoding human TAFII135 (hTAFII135). Comparative far Western blots have shown that hTAFII135 interacts strongly with hTAFII20, moderately with hTAFII150, and weakly with hTAFII43 and hTAFII250. Consistent with these observations and with sequence relationships of hTAFII20 and hTAFII135 to histones H2B and H2A, respectively, TFIID preparations that contain higher levels of hTAFII135 also contain higher levels of hTAFII20, and the interaction between hTAFII20 and hTAFII135 is critical for human TFIID assembly in vitro. From a functional standpoint, hTAFII135 has been found to interact strongly and directly with hTFIIA and (within a complex that also contains hTBP and hTAFII250) to specifically cooperate with TFIIA to relieve TAFII250-mediated repression of TBP binding and function on core promoters. Finally, we report a functional synergism between TAFIIs and the TRAP/Mediator complex in activated transcription, manifested as hTAFII-mediated inhibition of basal transcription and a consequent TRAP requirement for both a high absolute level of activated transcription and a high and more physiological activated/basal transcription ratio. These results suggest a dynamic TFIID structure in which the switch from a basal hTAFII-enhanced repression state to an activator-mediated activated state on a promoter may be mediated in part through activator or coactivator interactions with hTAFII135.
Glacial-Marine or Subglacial Origin of Diamicton Units from the Southwest and North Iceland Shelf: Implications for the Glacial History of Iceland

Abstract The extent and timing of ice advances onto the north and southwest Iceland shelf is reconstructed by identifying the depositional environment of four diamicton units present in two marine cores from shelf troughs. We analyze a combination of properties, including sedimentological parameters, microfabric analyses, radiocarbon dates, and foraminiferal assemblage data. This multi-proxy approach for understanding depositional environments of diamicton units is critical in areas where ice sheets extended into the marine environment. The two cores studied contain a lower diamicton unit that is interpreted as subglacial till and an overlying diamicton unit that is interpreted as glacial-marine sediment. Our analysis showed that in general, till is classified by lower water content, lower total organic carbon, and coarser grain size than glacial-marine sediment. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility shows that the till has a sheared fabric, low inclination of the short (K3) axis, whereas the glacial-marine sediment has a high inclination of the short (K3) axis and a more random, unsheared fabric. Grain counts on the 106–1000 μm fraction in till contain a higher percentage of basalt, whereas the glacial-marine sediments contain a higher percentage of quartz, volcanic glass, and foraminifera. Foraminiferal assemblage data support the interpretations from the sedimentology and microfabric data. Radiocarbon dates on shells and/or foraminifera in sediments directly above the diamicton units show that the ice retreated from these shelf areas by approximately 13 ka.
Pedagogical Agents as Learning Companions: The Role of Agent Competency and Type of Interaction

This study was designed to examine the effects of the competency (low vs. high) and interaction type (proactive vs. responsive) of pedagogical agents as learning companions (PALs) on learning, self-efficacy, and attitudes. Participants were 72 undergraduates in an introductory computer-literacy course who were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: Low-Proactive, Low-Responsive, High-Proactive, and High-Responsive. Results indicated a main effect for PAL competency. Students who worked with the high-competency PAL in both proactive and responsive conditions achieved higher scores in applying what they had learned and showed more positive attitudes toward the PAL. However, students who worked with the low-competency PAL reported significantly enhanced self-efficacy beliefs in the learning tasks. Also, there was a main effect far PAL interaction type. A proactive PAL had a significantly positive impact on recall. These different results on learning and motivational outcomes suggest that the competency and interaction type of a PAL should be designed according to the desired learning and motivational goals.
Spectroscopy of multiply charged titanium ions in high-density magnetic fusion plasmas

The M-shell line emission from multiply charged titanium ions has been investigated at the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment in Livermore. Titanium was introduced into the relatively low-temperature, high-density magnetically confined spheromak plasmas using a titanium gettering system. The measurements were done using a high-resolution grazing-incidence spectrometer with a 1200 lines/mm grating and a Photometrics charged-coupled device camera. Spectral lines from the transition array 3s23pk - 3s23pk-13d in argon-like Ti4+, chlorine-like Ti5+, and sulfur-like Ti6+ have been observed in the 240 - 370 A interval.
Direct effects of selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors alone or with other vasodilators on the erectile response in cats.

Purpose: Zaprinast, dipyridamole and sildenafil were injected into the corpora cavernosa of cats to determine whether changes in the steady state level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) induced by inhibiting type 5 phosphodiesterase would cause an erectile response.Materials and Methods: Increases in intracavernous pressure, penile length and erectile response duration were determined after intracavernous injection of the type 5 cGMP specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors zaprinast, dipyridamole and sildenafil as well as combined zaprinast and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), and zaprinast and sodium nitroprusside. Systemic arterial pressure was concurrently assessed in these experiments. All responses to phosphodiesterase inhibitors were compared to a control triple drug combination of 1.65 mg. papaverine, 0.5 μg. PGE1 and 25 μg. phentolamine.Results: Each selective type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor caused dose related increases in intracorporeal pressure and penile length. However, none of the compounds ...
Hemoperfusion in a Child who Ingested Diquat and Died from Pontine Infarction and Hemorrhage

A 2 1/2 year old boy accidentally ingested the herbicide diquat. Progressive neurologic dysfunction preceded his death 143 hours after poisoning. Brain stem infarction and purpura were noted at post mortem and closely resembled the brain stem pathology in 3 of 7 adults who died after diquat ingestion. Renal, gastrointestinal and pulmonary involvement in this child also resembled that seen in adults after ingestion of diquat. Hemoperfusion was performed six times in an effort to lower the body diquat burden. Cellulose-coated, activated charcoal was first employed 40 hours postingestion and removed diquat from serum with clearances of 104 and 39 ml/minute at the initiation of hemoperfusion and 6 hours later, respectively. Serum diquat concentrations decreased rapidly during charcoal hemoperfusion. However, marked rebound in serum diquat concentrations were noted between charcoal treatments, indicating extensive sequestration of diquat by tissues. Thrombocytopenia and hypocalcemia, the major complications of charcoal hemoperfusion, were easily treated. Unlike charcoal, Amberlite XAD-4 resin hemoperfusion did not remove diquat from serum. Charcoal hemoperfusion may temporarily reduce serum diquat concentrations. Whether the early institution and daily performance of charcoal hemoperfusion will minimize diquat-induced damage to brain and other organs is not clear from this case and will only be determined in future studies.
Path planning and the topology of configuration space

This work considers the path planning problem for planar revolute manipulators operating in a workspace of polygonal obstacles. This problem is solved by determining the topological characteristics of obstacles in configuration space, thereby determining where feasible paths can be found. A collision-free path is then calculated by using the mathematical description of the boundaries of only those configuration space obstacles with which collisions are possible. The key to this technique is a simple test for determining whether two disjoint obstacles are connected in configuration space. This test allows the path planner to restrict its calculations to regions in which collision-free paths are guaranteed a priori, thus avoiding unnecessary computations and resulting in an efficient implementation. Typical timing results for environments consisting of four polyhedral obstacles comprising a total of 27 vertices are of the order of 22 ms on a SPARC-IPC workstation. >
Trust-building measures: a review of consumer health portals

Health Web sites are employ a medley of trust-building approaches. But does a definitive formula exist for winning consumer trust?
Design and validation of non-metal oxo complexes for C-H activation.

We use our recent discovery of the reduction-coupled oxo activation (ROA) principle to design a series of organometallic molecules that activate C–H bonds through this unique proton/electron-decoupled hydrogen abstraction mechanism, in which the main group oxo moiety binds to the proton while the electron is transferred to the transition metal. Here we illustrate this general class of catalyst clusters with several examples that are validated through quantum mechanics calculations.
Change We Can Believe In Using Perceptions of Changeability to Promote System-Change Motives Over System-Justification Motives in Information Search

People are motivated to defend and rationalize the status quo, a phenomenon known as system justification. We propose the existence of a second, countervailing system-level motivation: system-change motivation, which is concerned with bettering the status quo over time. The opportunity to receive diagnostic information about the status quo pits the two system-level motives against each other. Whereas system justification promotes a preference for positive information about the status quo, system-change motivation promotes a preference for negative information about the status quo. In three experiments, we found that people preferred negative over positive feedback about the status quo when it was presented as being changeable. Our findings are the first to suggest the operation of a system-change motive.
Recovery from Schizophrenia in Community-Based Psychosocial Rehabilitation Settings: Rates and Predictors.

Objective:We assessed the rate of recovery from schizophrenia in community-based psychosocial rehabilitation and whether psychosocial attributes predicted the achievement of recovery beyond demographic and clinical characteristics.Methods:We used data from 246 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after admission to psychosocial rehabilitation.Results:The proportion of participants who showed recovery during either 6-month period and the full 1-year period was 19.86% and 7.53%, respectively. Although predictors of recovery for the 1-year period could not be reliably estimated due to its low rate, higher levels of intrinsic motivation and more positive family relationships at baseline predicted recovery for either 6-month period after controlling for initial functioning capacity.Conclusions:One in five individuals with schizophrenia who engage in intensive community-based psychosocial rehabilitation can achieve periods of recovery during treatment. Ps...
BER performance of MIMO diffuse free-space optical systems

In this paper, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology is applied to diffuse free-space optical (DFSO) links. We compare the theoretical BER performance of simulated MIMO and Single-Input Single-output (SISO) optical links in an indoor office environment. An iterative site-based simulation tool is used to determine the impulse response of wireless infrared (IR) channels for specified locations within a room. For our purposes, we use a MIMO 4x4 orthogonal space-time block code. Using this scheme a BER calculation is done based on received signal power and the corresponding channel gains. By setting a BER threshold within which the system can operate, we are able to see the coverage area provided by MIMO and SISO DFSO system architecture. We simulate a stationary transmitter while the receiver is moved through 735 different locations in the room, resulting in a BER contour plot of the system for a specified room. Simulation results show that by using 4-element arrays at both ends of the link, along with space-time block coding techniques, allows the effective coverage area to be increased by approximately 4 times. Also, when operating with a BER threshold of 10 -3 , the MIMO architecture requires up to 15dB less signal power than the SISO architecture to remain below the threshold. An optical testbed is used to begin hardware validation of our theory, both with and without optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques. We provide initial measurement results for the proposed optical system.
The cinema and its shadow: race and technology in early cinema

This book is a captivating and stimulating account of how race is intricately intertwined and interwoven throughout the origin of cinema and its technology. In many ways, the book speaks to and off...
A claims-made study of knee injuries due to football in high school athletes.

This article is an analysis of the insurance claims for injuries sustained in high school football for the 1965, 1975-1977, and 1983-1985 football seasons. Thirteen percent of all injuries each season involved the knee. In 1965, 12% of patients were treated operatively, and, in 1985, 33% underwent surgery. Follow-up questionnaires completed by 446 (68%) of the players injured during 1975, 1976, and 1977, after a mean of 10 years, showed that 25% of players with ligament injuries, 30% with internal derangement of the knee, and 17% with patellar injuries claim disability for some athletic pursuits. Language: en
Inexpensive quantitative flow visualization

In many aerodynamic studies where the flow patterns need to be identified, flow visualization is a tool that is commonly used. Some of the classic forms of flow visualization are the use of smoke, tuffs, oils, and in water, dye injection, hydrogen bubbles, and light sheets. Typically the main purpose of flow visualization is to gather qualitative information not quantitative data. Because of developments in PC based image acquisition and analysis, quantitative data has potentially become simplified and inexpensive to obtain. In this project a method was developed to gather quantitative data from flow visualization using off-the-self consumer based imaging hardware and an author developed image processing code. This method was developed to measure the velocity profile, and estimate the circulation of a vortex wake in a water tunnel, using a hydrogen bubble sheet with cross sections illuminated by a laser light sheet. Introduction Flow visualization methods such as smoke, tuffs, oils and in water, dye injection, hydrogen bubbles, and light sheets are great tools to better understand the flow characteristics around a body. All of these methods produce important qualitative information and “pretty pictures” but they do not typically result in any quantitative data (e.g., velocities, lift,. . .). There are however, enhanced flow visualization methods that are quantitative such as Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). With this method it is possible to visualize the flow behavior and to obtain accurate velocity measurements. PIV is a very powerful method, but it requires very expensive cameras, high dollar scanning or photo capture boards, and considerable amounts of data reduction before any quantitative data can be obtained. 1. Graduate Student, Student Member of AIAA 2. Graduate Student, Student Member of AIAA Copyright
Simulation of Thermally Activated Metal Forming Process With Meso-Scale Crystal Plasticity

Under thermally activated deformation conditions many engineering metals (steels, aluminum and magnesium alloys) exhibit much enhanced formability; thus, thermal forming has received increasing interests by automotive industries. The thermally activated material constitutive behaviors are not only strain dependent, but also strain rate and temperature dependent, and it is sensitive to in-situ microstructure evolution. In addition, non-steady-state deformation at a high strain rate (in the order of 10−2 s−1 or above) introduces additional challenges in forming simulation. In this case, von Mises based macroscopic plasticity are often not sufficient to describe material behaviors with complex thermomechanical history. In this paper, the rate-dependent crystal plasticity model [1] was applied to the high temperature and high strain rate deformation that is dominated by dislocation creep. A user material subroutine was developed and used for FEA metal forming simulation using commercial ABAQUS/Dynamic code. In the simulation, material behavior was computed based on crystal plasticity at each strain increment without using von-Mises equation or a look-up table of material testing data. By inputting different slip systems or their combinations, and by matching the predicted crystallographic textures with experimentally obtained ones, the active slip systems responsible for the deformation was identified. Then, the material parameters were best fitted to the tensile curves obtained at various strain rates and temperatures. The model was applied for more complex multi-axial metal forming processes. The material behavior, along with its crystallographic texture development, was obtained and validated. As a demonstration, this paper also provides an analysis of a newly developed thrmal forming process [2] with this meso-scale crystal plasticity approach. This forming process involves diameter expansion of a tubular workpiece under combined internal pressure and axial loading and at elevated temperatures.© 2003 ASME
The Effect of Using Different Imputation Methods for Economic Variables in Aging Surveys

We study the sensitivity of analyses on income and wealth to the methods of imputation for missing data. We do so by implementing a conditional hot-deck imputation, based on the method used by the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, in the Health and Retirement Study. We compare marginal and joint distributions and regression models estimated from data using these imputations to the same statistics estimated from the RAND HRS data, which use a much more elaborate imputation method, and to estimates from data using an intermediate method. Although many results are qualitatively or quantitatively similar, there are also notable differences.
Development and Important Supporting Technology of Integrated Avionics System

The developing process and trend of integrated avionics system construction are summarized. The significance and purpose of avionics integration are discussed. Finally, the key technology of avionics integration is brought forward and probed.
Study on determination of pigments in food by single wavelength spectrophotometer and dual wavelength spectrophotometer

The single wavelength spectrophotometer was used to determine both ponceaue and brilliant blue of beverage. The results showed a good linear relationship for ponceaue at 0.2 ~ 80mg/L and for brilliant blue at 0.1~20mg/L,the recovery was between 98% and 108%. Both single wavelength and dual wavelength spectrophotometer were used to determine tartrazine and sunset yellow in beverage simultaneously. The results showed a good linear relationship for the tartrazine at 0.1~70mg/L and sunset yellow at 0.2 ~ 60mg/L also,and the recovery was between 95% and 110%. The two methods were time efficient,accurate and easy to handle. The dual wavelength spectrophotometer was used to determine tartrazine,sunset yellow,and ponceaue in fruit-flavored soda. The results showed a good linear relationship for tartrazine at 0.1~60mg/L,sunset yellow at 0.8~90mg/L,and ponceaue at 0.2~80mg/L. The average recovery was 100.5%,102.4%,and 101.8% respectively.
Investigation on a case of viral encephalitis caused by vaccination of measles mumps and rubilla vaccine live

Any of the vaccines are not absolutely safe,although vaccination is the effective measure to prevention and control against infectious diseases. The vaccinated adverse reactions would occur in a few of people while they have immune response. This paper reports a rare case about viral encephalitis caused by measles mumps and rubilla vaccine live. The case tells us to think about the presence of adverse reactions in any vaccine inoculation. Medical personnel must pay attention to any rare reaction and acquire the knowledge about how to prevent it,and make sure practical implementation of pre examination and information system.
Available Hours, Lossing Hours and Their Application in Technical-Economic Evaluation of Power Transmission

In order to obtain the investments of power transmission and transformation projects, it is normally needed to estimate the annual mean transmission capacity and the relating line resistance loss in operation. In this paper, the relationship between the the loss hourt and the utilization hour τ in both AC and DC transmission systems was analyzed and obtained through theoretical derivation and actual data analysis. For the AC transmission systems, τ≈te 2/T0and for the DC transmission systems, τ≈te-1 000.
Construction and evaluation of an Edwardsiella ictaluri virulence protein F mutant

Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a devastating disease causing millions of dollars production losses and treatment costs. E. ictaluri has variety of distinct mechanisms to survive in the stressful host environment. Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is involved in survival of intracellular bacteria inside the host immune cells. However, the role of T6SS in E. ictaluri virulence is not known yet. Thus, the purpose of this research was to understand the extent to which T6SS is involved in E. ictaluri virulence. To this aim, we generated an E. ictaluri T6SS mutant (EiΔevpF) and assessed its virulence in channel catfish. The fish trials indicated that EiΔevpF is highly attenuated in channel catfish. Also, vaccination of catfish using the EiΔevpF mutant provided a good protection against wild-type E. ictaluri infection in catfish.
Lethality of Adenosine for Cultured Mammalian Cells by Interference With Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

Adenosine at low concentration is toxic to mammalian cells in culture. This may escape notice because some sera (such as calf or human) commonly used in culture media, contain adenosine deaminase. In the absence of serum deaminase, adenosine produced inhibition of growth of a number of established cell lines at concentrations as low as 5 x 10 -6 M, and killed at 2 x 10 -5 M. This effect required the presence of cellular adenosine kinase, since a mutant line deficient in this enzyme was 70-fold less sensitive to adenosine. The toxic substance is therefore derived from adenosine by phosphorylation, and is probably one of the adenosine nucleotides. The toxic effect of adenosine in concentrations up to 2 x 10 -4 M was completely prevented by the addition of uridine or of pyrimidines potentially convertible to uridine, suggesting that the adenosine was interfering with endogenous synthesis of uridylate. In the presence of adenosine, the conversion of labelled aspartate to uridine nucleotides was reduced by 80-85%, and labelled orotate accumulated in both the cells and in the culture medium. The lethality of adenosine results from inhibition by one of its nucleotide products of the synthesis of uridylate at the stage of phosphoribosylation of orotate.
Contemplating the Participatory Turn in Rhetorical Criticism

This essay concludes the special issue on the intersections between qualitative and rhetorical inquiry by responding to each of the essays. We highlight the productive tensions between rhetorical a...
Local Structure of Pseudobinary Alloys

The local structural distortions around impurity atoms in alloys have, until recently, been outside the realm of direct experimental determination. Previously, they were inferred from their effects on the intensities of Bragg diffraction peaks and the associated diffuse scattering. EXAFS, on the other hand, provides a direct measure of the near-neighbor environment. Because of its spectroscopic and local nature, EXAFS is an ideal structural probe for determining the distortions of the host lattice in the vicinity of impurities in dilute binary alloys [1–5], as well as the near-neighbor environment in ternary and quaternary solid solutions [6–9].
Process Over Product: A Pedagogical Focus on Email as a Means of Refining Legal Analysis

The prevalence of emails in law practice alone provides a compelling reason for assigning emails in the 1L legal writing course. Law students should learn how to write the types of documents they will be expected to write in law practice. Not surprisingly, over the past several years, email communications have increasingly become part of legal writing curricula. This Article offers another reason why the legal writing curriculum should include emails: writing emails can help students refine their legal analysis skills in a way that writing the traditional, long-form memorandum does not. This Article advocates for assigning email writing as part of the writing process and not purely as a final written product for the sake of giving students experience with a prevalent mode of lawyer communication. Email writing should join free writing and oral presentation as valuable tools for helping students develop analytical skills. Having students write in a medium they are comfortable with will help them feel more liberated and more at ease. They may make creative associations they otherwise would not make. They might also develop a keen awareness of the shortcomings and strengths of their analysis. Email writing can help students engage more closely with their legal analysis and write more effectively. Ultimately, legal writing professors’ strategic assignment of emails will enrich students’ writing and learning experiences, and provide them with a lifelong writing tool. Part II.A discusses how legal writing teaching developed to emphasize process over product. Part II.B explores the connection between oral argument and legal writing teaching. Part II.C explores the connection between free writing and legal writing teaching. Part III, against the backdrop of reasons for assigning oral argument and free writing, explains the benefits to the legal writing process of assigning email writing. Part IV proposes ways to integrate email writing into the 1L legal writing course to maximize its benefits to the legal writing process.
Efficient and verifiable service function chaining in NFV: Current solutions and emerging challenges

The ability to deploy Service Function Chains (SFC) efficiently and correctly is important in Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) infrastructures. This talk discusses the challenges and proposed solutions for scalable instantiation and verification of SFCs.
Poor reproductive success of Gray Vireos in a declining California population

Since the 1940s, populations of Gray Vireos (Vireo vicinior) in California have collapsed, presumably because of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). In 2012 and 2013, we studied the vireo's nesting ecology to assess factors affecting two of California's largest remaining populations in the chaparral of San Diego County. Nest success was extremely low, with a model-averaged probability of nest survival of only 0.08 (N = 95). More nest failures were due to predation (83%) than to cowbird parasitism (13%). Video-recording at 30 nests revealed that California Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) were the most common nest predator (67%). Of eight variables tested, height of shrubs surrounding the nest had the strongest negative influence on nest survival, but was more strongly correlated with cowbird parasitism than with jay predation. Despite frequent renesting, seasonal productivity was well below the level required to sustain a population, especially in northern San Diego County where we found no Gray Vireos at six of seven sites where they had been present from 1997 to 2001 and where cowbird parasitism was more frequent. The vireo's continuing range collapse contrasts with recent climate-change models predicting a range expansion, highlighting the importance of demographic studies. Low nest success is likely contributing to population declines in California, and the additive effect of cowbird parasitism suppresses productivity. Conservation of Gray Vireos in California will likely require development of alternative approaches to cowbird and scrub-jay control appropriate to sites widely scattered in rugged chaparral.
Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Responses in a 3D in Vitro Tumor Angiogenesis Model Correlate with Metastatic Capacity

Many tools from the field of tissue engineering can be used to develop novel model systems to study cancer. We have utilized biomimetic synthetic hydrogels, based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) modified with cell adhesive peptides (RGDS) and peptides sensitive to degradation by matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (GGGPQGIWGQGK), as highly controlled 3D substrates for cell culture. We have previously shown that this hydrogel can support growth of tumor cells and also growth and assembly of microvascular networks. Based on this technology, a 3D in vitro tumor angiogenesis model was developed using a dual layer PEG-based hydrogel comprised of vascular cells (endothelial cells, pericytes) and lung adenocarcinoma cells in separate layers to support recapitulation of the vessel recruitment process as it occurs in vivo. This model was previously used to study highly metastatic murine 344SQ cells and in this paper was used to investigate 2 additional types of lung adenocarcinoma cells: nonmetastatic murine 393P cel...
Toward multi-area distributed network of implanted neural interrogators

As we aim to improve our understanding of the brain, it is critical that researchers have simultaneous multi-area, large-scale access to the brain. Information processing in the brain occurs through close and distant coupling of functional sub-domains, as opposed to within isolated single neurons. However, commercially available neural interfaces capable of sensing electrophysiology of single neurons, currently allow access to only a small, mm3 volume of cortical cells, are not scalable to recording from orders of magnitude more neurons, and leverage bulky, skull mounted hardware and cabling sensitive to relative movements of the skull and brain. In this work, we propose a system capable of recording from many individual distributed neural interrogator nodes, untethered from any external electronics. Using an array of epidural inductive coils to wirelessly power the implanted electronics, the system is intended to be agnostic to the surgical placement of any individual node. Here, we demonstrate the ability to transmit nearly 15mW of power with greater than 50% power transfer eﬃciency, benchtop testing of individual subcircuit system components showing successful digitization of neural signals, and wireless transmission currently supporting a data rate of 3.84Mbps. We leverage a software deﬁned radio based RF receiver to demodulate the data which can be stored in memory for later retrieval. Finally, we introduce a packaging technology capable of isolating active electronics from the surrounding tissue while providing capability for electrical feed-through assemblies for external neural interfacing. We expect, based on the presented preliminary ﬁndings, that the system can be integrated into a platform technology for the study of the intricate interactions between cortical domains.
The method of confocal mirror design

We provide an overview of the method of confocal mirror design and report new advances with respect to pupil imagery. One example illustrates the design of a system confocal of the object and image, and another illustrates the design of a system confocal of the pupils. Stop shifting formulae are provided.
Efficient generation of networks with given expected degrees

We present an efficient algorithm to generate random graphs with a given sequence of expected degrees. Existing algorithms run in O(N2) time where N is the number of nodes. We prove that our algorithm runs in O(N +M) expected time where M is the expected number of edges. If the expected degrees are chosen from a distribution with finite mean, this is O(N) as N → ∞.
Air Flow Visualizaton Using Titanium Tetrachloride

The titanium tetrachloride method of air flow visualization is traced to its beginnings. The method is described in detail to prospective users. Recent progress in visualizing unsteady separated vortex flows by means of this method is documented by many examples.