cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Relative Gait Impairment in Commonly Diagnosed Pediatric Conditions.

BACKGROUND Gait indices were developed to represent the magnitude of impairment extracted from a gait analysis with a single value. The Gillette Gait Index (GGI), and the Gait Deviation Index (GDI) are 2 widely used indices that represent gait impairment differently based on their statistical properties. Our purpose was to (1) report on the results of gait analysis for a broad spectrum of pediatric conditions using the GGI and GDI, and (2) identify the parameters that dominate impairment. METHODS A total of 1439 children with 13 different diagnoses with a complete, baseline gait analysis were identified. The GGI and its 16 parameters were calculated in all cases, and the GDI was calculated from a smaller subset. T tests, and z-scores were used to compare each of these values to typically developing children for each diagnosis. A separate linear regression controlling for age, sex, and use of an orthosis, or assistive device was performed for the GGI. RESULTS In our series, there were 71 typically developing children with a GGI of 31. We qualify relative gait impairment as severe, mild, or moderate as based on the GGI, and propose that values 200 represents severe impairment. On the basis of strong correlation between the GGI and GDI, we suggest that GDI values >80 represent mild, and values <70 represent severe impairment. T tests and z-scores demonstrated that both the number and magnitude of abnormal parameters increase the GGI. These tests also identified the most clinically relevant parameters contributing to functional impairment for each diagnosis. Multivariate linear regression showed that all diagnoses except flatfoot and scoliosis demonstrated statistically significant differences in GGI scores. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to apply these gait indices to a large population of diverse pediatric conditions. We propose GGI and GDI values to qualify gait impairment among these conditions as severe, moderate, or mild. Furthermore, impairment in gait reflects both the number and magnitude of abnormal parameters within each condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-retrospective comparative study.
Classical Language Equations and the Substitution Property

We define classical language equations and relate them to nondeterministic finite automata. Then, we give two quite different solution approaches, both constructive. One is based on syntactic properties of the equations and essentially yields regular expressions as solutions. The other is by construction of nondeterministic finite automata. Advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed; the second method (construction of a nondeterministic finite automaton) prepares us for the construction of a different kind of finite automaton (namely boolean) in the next chapter. The first method (construction of a regular expression) motivates a discussion of the substitution property, a property that holds for our solutions if OP does not contain the complementation or the intersection operator. We conclude this chapter by commenting on context-free grammars and the equations they engender.
A VLSI Design for Neuromorphic Computing

Dynamic Adaptive Neural Network Arrays (DANNAs) are neuromorphic systems that exhibit spiking behaviors and can be designed using evolutionary optimization. Array elements are rapidly reconfigurable and can function as either neurons, synapses or fan-out elements with programmable interconnections and parameters. Currently, DANNAs are implemented using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and are constrained in capacity and performance by this technology. To alleviate these constraints and introduce new and improved features, a semi-custom Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) design has been created. This VLSI design improves upon the FPGA implementations in three key areas: 50x improvement in element capacity, 10x improvement in clock speed, and a significant reduction in power consumption. Finally, the VLSI design allows for near real time monitoring of the individual elements in the array.
System level optimization in wireless networks with uncertain customer arrival rates

We consider a system-level approach to interference management in a cellular broadband system operating in an interference-limited and highly dynamic regime, as put forth. Here, base stations in neighboring cells (partially) coordinate their transmission schedules in an attempt to avoid simultaneous transmission to their mutual cell edge. Limits on communication overhead and use of the backhaul require base station coordination to occur at a slower time scale than the arriving customers. Depending on the overhead restrictions, the slower time scale could be on the scale of minutes or even hours. Thus base stations coordinate using only the statistics of customer arrival, while they serve users based on the actual realizations. The central challenge is to properly structure coordination decisions at the slow time scale, as these subsequently restrict the actions of each base station until the next coordination period. A further challenge comes from the fact that over longer coordination intervals, the statistics of the arriving customers, e.g., the load, may themselves vary or be only approximately known. Indeed, we show through simulation that while the approach is effective for a broad range of arriving load, performance rapidly degrades as the variation of the arriving load from the nominal (or assured) arriving load grows. We show this is true even when the variations are neutral, namely when the aggregate load is fixed, but there are local variations. In this paper we show that a two-stage robust optimization framework is a natural way to model two time-scale decision problems. We provide tractable formulations for the base- station coordination problem, and show that our formulation is robust to fluctuations (uncertainties) in the arriving load. This tolerance to load fluctuation also serves to reduce the need for frequent re-optimization across base stations, thus helping minimize the communication overhead required for system level interference reduction. Building in robustness to load variation comes at the potential cost of somewhat degraded performance when variations happen to be very small. Our robust optimization formulations are flexible, allowing us to control the conservatism of the solution. Our simulations show that we can build in robustness without significant degradation of nominal performance.
The subunit structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor IIIC probed with a novel photocrosslinking reagent.

A photocrosslinking nucleotide, 5-[N-(p-azidobenzoyl)-3-aminoallyl]-deoxyuridine monophosphate (N3Rd-UMP), has been used to identify four polypeptides that are associated with the large Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase III transcription factor TFIIIC, and to map the locations of these subunits along DNA when TFIIIC binds to the S.cerevisiae SUP4 tRNA(Tyr) gene. The 145 kd subunit of TFIIIC is primarily accessible to photocrosslinking from the vicinity of the box B + internal promoter element; 95 and 55 kd subunits are located on opposite sides of the DNA helix in the vicinity of the box A internal promoter element; a 135 kd subunit is less strongly crosslinked to the box A region and to a DNA segment between boxes B and A. DNA probes containing more than one N3RdUMP residue can form crosslinks between polypeptide chains. The specific circumstances of formation and the apparent mol. wts of two of these products lead to the tentative suggestion that a protomer of TFIIIC may contain two 95 kd subunits.
Factors Associated With Radiographic Trapeziometacarpal Arthrosis in Patients Not Seeking Care for This Condition.

Background: A common adage among hand surgeons is that the symptoms of trapeziometacarpal (TMC) arthrosis vary among patients independent of the radiographic severity. We studied factors associated...
Student Perceptions of the Pharmacist’s Approach Across the Varying Levels of Medication Therapy Management Services

Objective. To explore third-year pharmacy (P3) student perceptions of medication therapy management (MTM) after an introduction to the various levels of MTM services within an MTM course.Methods. A qualitative survey was conducted of 158 P3 students. Open-ended questions were used to explore students’ thoughts, feelings, and perceptions related to the pharmacist’s approach in MTM following a lecture establishing differences in roles and responsibilities between the varying levels of MTM. Emphasis was placed on the pharmacist’s role when providing comprehensive medication management (CMM). CMM is a higher-level direct patient care service with a whole-patient focus that goes beyond medication or disease specific focuses of either a comprehensive medication review (CMR) or targeted medication review (TMR). Thematic analysis was performed and an inductive approach to data analysis was used.Results. The following five themes were identified: misperceptions entering the course, efficient delivery of MTM depend...
General Anesthesia for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Total Intravenous Anesthesia is Associated with Less Delirium as Compared to Volatile Agent Technique.

Objective Investigate the effect of volatile anesthesia versus total intravenous anesthesia on the incidence of postoperative delirium and length of stay in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement under general anesthesia. Design Retrospective study. Setting Single institution, academic medical center. Participants Adult patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement under general anesthesia between November 2014 and February 2017. Interventions This study was not an interventional study. Measurements and Main Results Electronic medical records were reviewed for intraoperative maintenance anesthetic technique, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, 30-day mortality, and documentation of delirium. Delirium was defined as either 1) positive Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit score or 2) documentation of delirium or confusion by the care team within 2 days of surgery. Overall, 116 patients were included and 84 (72%) received a total intravenous anesthesia technique. Twenty-three patients (20%) had postoperative delirium. The odds of delirium were lower in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement with total intravenous anesthesia, compared with volatile anesthesia, even after adjusting for procedure approach (odds ratio 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.79, p = 0.02). No significant difference in hospital or intensive care unit length of stay was seen after adjusting for procedural characteristics. Conclusions While postoperative delirium is a complex and multifactorial problem, the type of general anesthetic maintenance may contribute to the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and total intravenous anesthesia may be an attractive alternative to volatile-based general anesthesia maintenance.
The Past and Future of Co-Creation: An Abstract

This research critically examines the current understanding of co-creation in light of its preceding and associated concepts. Tracing co-creation back to its origins and precursors within and beyond the marketing literature helps position co-creation and capture its complexity and potential. Drawing on this review and stakeholder theory, the paper develops propositions that expand co-creation beyond its current scope. These propositions offer (1) an extended definition of co-creation including all stakeholders, (2) a broadened understanding of value directly and indirectly co-created by stakeholders, and (3) a triadic framework in which the company, contractual stakeholders, and community stakeholders co-create value in an overarching social system. The paper concludes with implications and directions for further research.
Social Insects: A Model System for Network Dynamics

Social insect colonies (ants, bees, wasps, and termites) show sophisticated collective problem-solving in the face of variable constraints. Individuals exchange information and materials such as food. The resulting network structure and dynamics can inform us about the mechanisms by which the insects achieve particular collective behaviors and these can be transposed to man-made and social networks. We discuss how network analysis can answer important questions about social insects, such as how effective task allocation or information flow is realized. We put forward the idea that network analysis methods are under-utilized in social insect research, and that they can provide novel ways to view the complexity of collective behavior, particularly if network dynamics are taken into account. To illustrate this, we present an example of network tasks performed by ant workers, linked by instances of workers switching from one task to another. We show how temporal network analysis can propose and test new hypotheses on mechanisms of task allocation, and how adding temporal elements to static networks can drastically change results. We discuss the benefits of using social insects as models for complex systems in general. There are multiple opportunities emergent technologies and analysis methods in facilitating research on social insect network. The potential for interdisciplinary work could significantly advance diverse fields such as behavioral ecology, computer sciences, and engineering.
Experimental verification of roller-integrated compaction technologies

The feasibility of using variable feedback control intelligent compaction to evaluate the properties of subgrade and granular pavement layers was investigated at US 14 in Minnesota. The study was comprised of proof testing strips using an Ammann vibratory smooth drum roller. The soil of the test strips was then evaluated with the various portable testing devices commonly used for quality control and acceptance. The research findings documented in this paper focused on: (1) relationships between intelligent compaction rollermeasured soil stiffness and various in-situ measurement values, (2) performance of variable feedback control of amplitude and frequency, and (3) comparison of roller-measured stiffness with rut depth from test rolling. The study findings show that roller-measured stiffness can be empirically related to in-situ compaction measurements, but that the strength of correlation depends heavily on the range of values over which the measurements are taken. The intelligent compaction system also identified areas of unstable subgrade material similar to test rolling.
SPATIAL STATISTICS OF TEXTONS

Texture classification is one of the most studied and challenging problems in computer vision. A key re- quirement of successful texture classification algorithms is their ability to quantify the complex nature and diversity of real world textures. Recent developments in automatic texture classification have demonstrated the effectiveness of modeling texture elements as cluster centers of responses of a filter bank. Such methods rely primarily on similarity measurements of frequency histograms of vector quantized versions of the target texture. A main problem with these approaches is that pure frequency histograms fail to explicitly account for important spatial interaction between learned texture elements. Spatial interaction is key to classification when analyzing textures that have similar texture element frequency but differ in the way the texture elements are distributed across the image. In this paper, we propose the use of co-occurrence statistics to account for the spatial interaction among learned texture elements. This is accomplished by calculating spatial co-occurrence statistics on the maps of the learned texture elements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on images from the Brodatz album as well as natural textures from a tropical pollen database. We also present a comparison with a state-of-the-art method for texture classication. Finally, our experiments show that the use of spatial statistics help improve the classification rates for certain textures that present sparse and statistically non-stationary texture elements such as pollen grain textures.
Correlates of smoking status in cancer survivors

To determine the characteristics associated with cancer survivors which indicate continued cigarette smoking at or around the time of cancer diagnosis. A total of 631 survivors were recruited in four cancer centers in Memphis, TN, between March 2015 and June 2016. To increase the probability of accurate reporting, surveys were conducted anonymously. A total of 112 respondents reported they were current smokers and 202 reported they were former smokers (n = 314), who comprised the sample. We found that the rate of daily e-cigarette use among cancer survivors who smoked was 15.2% versus 3.9% in cancer survivors who no longer smoked. The national rate of adult e-cigarette use is 3.5%. Multivariate models correlated the characteristics of current versus former smokers and revealed that increasing age (aOR = 0.97, p < .0001), decreasing education (aOR = 2.39, p < .02), and current use of e-cigarettes (aOR = 3.74, p < .00045) were frequently associated with current cigarette smoking. While age and gender were associated with continued smoking, current use of e-cigarettes was associated with almost four times higher odds of being a current smoker. Further research is needed to determine if use of e-cigarettes deters or promotes the smoking cessation process, at least in cancer survivors. Among cancer survivors who continue to smoke after a cancer diagnosis, use of e-cigarettes is highly prevalent; research is needed to determine whether use of e-cigarettes promotes, has no effect, or hinders smoking cessation efforts among this vulnerable population.
Abstract 130: Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Subsequent Risk of Arterial Thromboembolism

Introduction: Ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (MI) have been reported as complications after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but it is unclear if ICH is an independent risk factor f...
Subambient Cooling of Water: Toward Real-World Applications of Daytime Radiative Cooling

Summary Real-world applications of radiative sky cooling require thoughtful design of the system, along with clear understanding of weather effects on system performance. This work explores application of radiative sky cooling based upon a low-cost radiative cooling metamaterial that can be scalably manufactured. A radiative cooled-cold collection (RadiCold) module is developed to cool water to 10.6°C below ambient at noon under stationary conditions. The effects of different weather conditions (wind speed, precipitable water, and cloud cover) on the performance of radiative cooling have been investigated. A kilowatt (kW)-scale RadiCold system with 13.5 m2 radiative cooling surface area is then built and demonstrated to provide a maximum cooling power of 1,296 W at night, and an average cooling power of 607 W at noon (12–2 p.m.) under 952 W/m2 average solar irradiance at 26.5 L/(h⋅m2) volumetric flow rate. A building-integrated RadiCold system is proposed to provide continuous day-and-night cooling.
Anesthesia considerations and post-operative pain management in pregnant women with chronic opioid use

The prevalence of opioid use disorder in pregnancy has escalated markedly in recent years. Chronic opioid use during pregnancy poses several challenges for providing adequate analgesia and anesthesia in the peripartum period. These challenges include the potential for withdrawal, opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Here we discuss alterations in analgesic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics that are associated with chronic opioid use. In addition, when treating pain in patients with opioid use disorder it is important to distinguish between different subgroups. In this review, we will discuss practical management strategies for parturients with (1) untreated opioid use disorder, (2) parturients on medication-assisted treatment (methadone, buprenorphine) and (3) patients recovering from opioid use disorder that are currently abstinent. Finally, we offer an overview of non-opioid strategies that may be utilized as part of a multimodal approach to providing optimal analgesia in this patient population.
MR and CT Imaging Techniques of the Bowel

MR and CT enterography play an integral role in managing patients with a variety of gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), non-IBD enteritis, small bowel and mesenteric masses, intermittent or low-grade small bowel obstruction, obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, and celiac disease. However, to facilitate optimal interpretation, high-quality state-of-the-art imaging is necessary. In this chapter, we provide a detailed review of the techniques for performing both MR and CT enterography. The authors have implemented these MR and CT protocols on a variety of MR and CT clinical scanners.
Does habitual endurance exercise protect endothelial function against acute exposure to oscillatory shear stress

Introduction: Acute exposure to increases in oscillatory shear stress (increased retrograde shear stress and decreased mean shear stress) reduces flow-mediated dilation (FMD). This impairment may be mediated via increased oxidative stress. Habitual endurance exercise training results in increased antioxidant protection. However, it is currently unknown whether these adaptations protect against oscillatory shear stress-induced impairments in FMD. Purpose and Hypothesis: The purpose of this study is to determine whether lower limb endurance-trained athletes have protection against oscillatory shear stress-induced impairments in FMD compared to sedentary individuals. It is hypothesized that athletes will have a preserved FMD after an acute oscillatory shear stress intervention, compared to their sedentary counterparts. Methods: Healthy, young adult volunteers (18-29 years old) will be screened for physical activity (PA) through a physical activity recall questionnaire. 12 sedentary individuals (<3h of structured PA/week) and 12 lower limb endurance athletes will be recruited to participate. All participants will complete a VO2 peak test to objectively measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants will visit the laboratory twice in the same week for vascular testing. Both 90-minute visits will begin with 45 minutes of supine rest, followed by a brachial artery FMD test before and after 30 minutes of either imposed oscillatory shear stress (forearm cuff inflated to 70 mmHg) or a 30 min rest period (control). Significance: This will be the first study to investigate whether endurance-trained athletes are resistant to oscillatory shear-stress induced impairments in endothelial function. This will provide insight into mechanism contributing to the vasoprotective effects of habitual endurance exercise.
Evaluating Time to In-Hospital Venous Thromboembolism in Obese Patients.

Background:Currently, no consensus approach exists for optimal venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) patients. Time to development of in-hospital VTE is not well studied...
Full Memory Encryption with Magnetoelectric In-Memory Computing

We propose an in-memory computing architecture based on the magneto-electric random access memory (MeRAM). The unique precessional magnetism of MeRAM is utilized to carry out XOR encryption of the device state with a key, allowing for encryption without readout of the device state, thus saving a significant energy and delay over computing-in-memory architectures. Furthermore, parallel encryption of memory blocks provides additional orders of improvement in encryption time. We simulate the proposed encryption scheme using a 28nm CMOS process and a macrospin LLG MTJ model, then evaluate the energy and latency of full-memory encryption on a $512 \mathrm{x} 512$ array. The proposed scheme achieves up to 7.4x and 1024x in energy and latency over computing in memory architectures, respectively.
Citing you on behalf of an other digital geographical imagination

In replying to Natalie Oswin’s ‘An Other Geography’, I extend Oswin’s argument for ‘solidarities across modes of difference’ to the place of the scholarly Internet, through the specific case of cit...
Proposing a Fast and Scalable Systolic Array for Matrix Multiplication

Matrix multiplication (MM) has several applications in fields such as statistics, physics, economics, and computer science. For instance, the main computation behind deep neural networks (DNNs) is a convolution that can be implemented as MM. The increasing demand for executing MM quickly has motivated several proposals to design specialized hardware for it. Among the proposals, systolic arrays [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] have seen significant interest mainly because of their unique interconnections that satisfies the unique requirement of data reuse in MM. Systolic arrays are networks of connected compute units that independently compute partial results as a function of the input and pass data within their structure.
Sexual minority tobacco use disparities across adolescence and the transition to young adulthood

Abstract Introduction Sexual minority (SM; e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual) youth are disproportionately more likely to use tobacco than non-SM youth, yet there exist several critical gaps in knowledge. This study assessed (a) the timing of SM tobacco use disparities (e.g., during adolescence or early adulthood), (b) whether disparities generalize across different tobacco products, and (c) whether disparities differ by sex. Methods Data were from a 6-year prospective cohort of diverse high school students from Southern California who were followed into early adulthood (9 waves, 2013–2019). SM (vs. non-SM) differences in past 6-month use were assessed for: any tobacco products, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, other products (e.g., hookah), and multiple products. Disparities were modeled longitudinally across adolescence (high school) and the transition to early adulthood (end of high school to post-high school). Differences were tested by sex. Results Among females, SM disparities were evident for all outcomes during both adolescence and early adulthood; no differences were observed among males. For example, SM (vs. non-SM) females had higher odds of cigarette (aOR = 4.4 [3.0–6.5]) and e-cigarette (aOR = 1.7 [1.2–2.4]) use, averaged across adolescence. The timing of disparities varied by product. For example, cigarette use disparities emerged prior to high school and persisted through adolescence and young adulthood, while e-cigarette use disparities were present in early adolescence and young adulthood only. Conclusions Young SM females are at especially high risk for tobacco use, across various tobacco products, throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Interventions must consider differences in the timing of disparities by product type.
A direct excitatory action of lactate ions in the central respiratory network.

Chemoreceptors that detect O2 and CO2/pH regulate ventilation. However, recent work shows that lactate ions activate arterial chemoreceptors independent of pH to stimulate breathing. Although lactate rises in the central nervous system (CNS) during metabolic challenges, the ability for lactate ions to enhance ventilation by directly targeting the central respiratory network remains unclear. To address this possibility, we isolated the amphibian brainstem-spinal cord and found that small increases in CNS lactate stimulate motor output that causes breathing. In addition, lactate potentiated the excitatory postsynaptic strength of respiratory motor neurons, thereby coupling central lactate to the excitatory drive of neurons that trigger muscle contraction. Lactate did not affect motor output through pH or pyruvate metabolism, arguing for sensitivity to lactate anions per se. In sum, these results introduce a mechanism whereby lactate ions in the CNS match respiratory motor output to metabolic demands.
Impact of Treatment for Nasal Cavity Disorders on Sleep Quality: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of treatment for patients with nasal obstruction secondary to allergic rhinitis (AR) and nasal septal deviation (NSD) on sleep quality.Data SourcesPrimary studies w...
True Resilience: A Look Inside COVID's Effect on Children with Medical Complexity and Their Families.

Purpose of review Vulnerable children with medical complexity are silent victims of the COVID-19 pandemic, impacted by lack of resources and sick caregivers. In this article, we examine ways in which the pandemic has increased the significant difficulties already experienced by these patients and their families. Increased awareness will lead to improvement in the disparities experienced by this population and improve the ability of healthcare providers to care for them. Recent findings The number of children living with medical complexity is rapidly increasing. They face unique circumstances which can lead to compromise in care. This population is especially at risk for complications related to COVID, so may have a more prolonged admission with more morbidities. Children of ethnic minorities are also more impacted by severe illness and death. Finally, access to palliative care has been limited, which is a huge part in caring for these children who have life-long medical care needs. Summary Children with medical complexity have unique circumstances and the entirety of the effect of the coronavirus pandemic on this group is unknown. While the medical world has found ways to adapt, these changes can increase disparities for this population. Given the increase in number of children with medical complexity living in the USA, it is important to continue to consider the unique challenges they face in the current pandemic and improve the care delivery for both the child and his or her family.
Measuring Bus Stops Toward a Sustainable Urban Environment

This paper describes how a bus stop measuring system can be developed not only to achieve transit operation efficiency but also to collaborate proactively with urban planners and traffic engineers on transit–land use interface activities. The measuring system was developed by identifying transit performance variants at the bus stop level with the use of a dynamic composite weighting factor approach on a geographic information system platform. A tier structure framework was used to categorize the composite scores of bus stops into six groups. Specific transit improvement actions were then tailored on the basis of their bus stop characteristics. Two project application examples are presented in this paper. One is a bus stop thinning project for speed improvement, and the other is for prioritizing capital project improvements. As various active transportation programs emerge to encourage local jurisdictions to plan transit connectivity with other community gathering places, this bus stop measuring approach p...
Lower risk of hypoglycemia with insulin detemir than with neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in older persons with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of phase III trials.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of insulin detemir with that of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in older (aged ≥65) and younger (aged 18–64) persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN: Pooled, post hoc analysis of data from three open-label, randomized studies. SETTING: Three multinational Phase III trials. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred sixteen older and 880 younger persons with DM, treated for 22 to 26 weeks with basal insulin plus mealtime insulin or oral agents. MEASUREMENTS: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, glucose variability, hypoglycemic episodes. RESULTS: Mean treatment difference for HbA1c (insulin detemir–NPH insulin) indicated that insulin detemir was not inferior to NPH insulin for both age groups (0.035%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−0.114–0.183 and 0.100%, 95% CI=−0.017–0.217, for older and younger persons, respectively). Relative risk of all hypoglycemic episodes (insulin detemir/NPH insulin) was 0.59 (95% CI-0.42–0.83) for older persons and 0.75 (95% CI-0.59–0.96) for younger persons. Adverse events were similar between treatments. Fasting plasma glucose was similar between treatments (mean treatment difference 0.97 mg/dL, 95% CI=−8.01–9.95, and 4.69 mg/dL, 95% CI=−2.30–11.67, for older and younger persons, respectively). Mean treatment difference for weight was −1.02 kg (95% CI −1.61 to −0.42) and −1.13 (95% CI −1.58 to −0.69) for older and younger persons, respectively. CONCLUSION: Previously reported benefits of insulin detemir, particularly less hypoglycemia and less weight gain, compared with NPH insulin, were the same for older and younger persons with DM at similar levels of HbA1c.
Additional Watson-Crick Interactions Suggest a Structural Core in Large Subunit Ribosomal RNA

Abstract Two new Watson-Crick type interactions in 23S-like ribosomal RNA have been identified by comparative sequence analysis. These interactions, A1269/U2011 and C1270/G2010 (E.coli numbering) along with the previously proposed A1262/U2017 suggest an anti-parallel helical arrangement characteristic of secondary structure in the 1265/2015 region of 23S rRNA. Nested within these three interactions are three universal juxtapositons which in principle allow the formation of an irregular helix containing two additonal A-G interactions and a universal A-U pair. Whether or not this extended helix is biologically significant is uncertain. The preponderance of interactions in the 1265/2015 region and its location relative to the known structural domains of 23S rRNA suggest that this region may be part of a central structural core similar to that already known in 16S rRNA.
Gain-clamped S-band discrete Raman amplifier

In summary, we have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a gain-clamped discrete Raman amplifier in the S-band. The device achieves peak net gain over 22 dB, and a gain variation of only 0.3 dB for signal input power ranging from -20 dBm to 2.7 dBm. Unlike conventional gain-clamping designs, an extinction ratio between signal and lasing wavelength of over 30 dB is achieved. This new technique suppresses instability due to randomly-polarized ASE and double Rayleigh scattering (DRS) (hence noise figure) for small signal input power under high pump power, as well as power surges due to transient effects in Raman amplifiers. This promises a viable technology to provide gain bands not currently available from traditional doped fiber amplifiers.
Allergenicity of cow's milk proteins

Summary Double-gel-diffusion precipitation analysis of the relationship between cow's and goat's milk reveals: 1. Cow's milk and goat's milk casein have precipitin patterns of almost complete identity with each other. This tends to confirm previous opinions that goat's casein is closely related to cow's casein, antigenically. 2. Although it had been generally accepted that the whey proteins of the goat and cow are species specific, our precipitation-in-gel experiments indicate that goat's lactoglobulin and lactalbumin are immunologically related to bovine lactoglobulin and lactalbumin. 3. Our experiments cast doubt on the value of substituting raw goat's milk for cow's milk preparations in the treatment of infants and children allergic to cow's milk.
Using Hybrid Search and Query for E-discovery Identification

We investigated the use of a hybrid search and query for locating enterprise data relevant to a requesting party's legal case (e-discovery identification). We extended the query capabilities of SPARQL with search capabilities to provide integrated access to structured, semi-structured and unstructured data sources. Every data source in the enterprise is potentially within the scope of e-discovery identification. So we use some common enterprise structured data sources that provide product and organizational information to guide the search and restrict it to a manageable scale. We use hybrid search and query to conduct a rich high-level search, which identifies the key people and products to coarsely locate relevant data-sources. Furthermore the product and organizational data sources are also used to increase recall which is a key requirement for e-discovery Identification.
Two-photon interference in an EIT system

The possibility of storing and retrieving a single photon of SPDC entangled photon pairs is examined by using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The theory of a proof of principle two-photon interferometer demonstrates new features.
Event-related fMRI of auditory and visual oddball tasks

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate the spatial distribution of cortical activation in frontal and parietal lobes during auditory and visual oddball tasks in 10 healthy subjects. The purpose of the study was to compare activation within auditory and visual modalities and identify common patterns of activation across these modalities. Each subject was scanned eight times, four times each for the auditory and visual conditions. The tasks consisted of a series of trials presented every 1500 ms of which 4-6% were target trials. Subjects kept a silent count of the number of targets detected during each scan. The data were analyzed by correlating the fMRI signal response of each pixel to a reference hemodynamic response function that modeled expected responses to each target stimulus. The auditory and visual targets produced target-related activation in frontal and parietal cortices with high spatial overlap particularly in the middle frontal gyrus and in the anterior cingulate. Similar convergence zones were detected in parietal cortex. Temporal differences were detected in the onset of the activation in frontal and parietal areas with an earlier onset in parietal areas than in the middle frontal areas. Based on consistent findings with previous event-related oddball tasks, the high degree of spatial overlap in frontal and parietal areas appears to be due to modality independent or amodal processes related to procedural aspects of the tasks that may involve memory updating and non-specific response organization.
Ionization of ethane, butane, and octane in strong laser fields

Strong-field photoionization of ethane, butane, and octane are reported at intensities from 10{sup 14} to 10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2}. The molecular fragment ions, C{sup +} and C{sup 2+}, are created in an intensity window from 10{sup 14} to 10{sup 15} W/cm{sup 2} and have intensity-dependent yields similar to the molecular fragments C{sub m}H{sub n}{sup +} and C{sub m}H{sub n}{sup 2+}. In the case of C{sup +}, the yield is independent of the molecular parent chain length. The ionization of more tightly bound valence electrons in carbon (C{sup 3+} and C{sup 4+}) has at least two contributing mechanisms, one influenced by the parent molecule size and one resulting from the tunneling ionization of the carbon ion.
“Your Body Is God’s Temple”: The Spiritualization of Health Beliefs in Multigenerational African American Families

This qualitative study of 17 coresident, three-generation African American families provides a generational- and family-level comparison of religion and health beliefs. Four themes emerged from the generational analysis: divine healing, divine healing through doctors, divine healing through health or religious behavior modification, and acceptance of health outcomes. Three categories of religion and health beliefs—coping, behavior-focused, and multidimensional—emerged from the family-level analysis. A grounded theory analysis of the emergent themes suggests that the families affirm God’s sovereignty over their health by spiritualizing, rather than medicalizing, their health beliefs. The families also function as a health maintenance system, transmitting faith-based health beliefs and modeling health behaviors across generations. The findings have implications for the further study of the family context of religion and health among African Americans and the need for a faith-based, family-oriented approach ...
Human body fluid proteome analysis

The focus of this article is to review the recent advances in proteome analysis of human body fluids, including plasma/serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, synovial fluid, nipple aspirate fluid, tear fluid, and amniotic fluid, as well as its applications to human disease biomarker discovery. We aim to summarize the proteomics technologies currently used for global identification and quantification of body fluid proteins, and elaborate the putative biomarkers discovered for a variety of human diseases through human body fluid proteome (HBFP) analysis. Some critical concerns and perspectives in this emerging field are also discussed. With the advances made in proteomics technologies, the impact of HBFP analysis in the search for clinically relevant disease biomarkers would be realized in the future.
FRACTAL STRUCTURES AND CORRELATIONS IN HADRONIC MULTIPARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS

Multihadron rapidity distributions exhibit highly irregular (perhaps fractal) event structure. Application of methods used in nonlinear dynamics to hadronic data is made uncertain by the relatively small number of particles in a given event. We analyze three standard methods to assess their applicability: the Hausdorff (box-counting) method, the correlation dimension, and the information dimension. The Hausdorff method can work for large multiplicities if the fractal set (strange attractor) has simple self-similar behavior. It is noted that addition of points from different events will doubtless erase sponge-like structure characteristic of the attractor. This defect is even greater for the information dimension, whose proper definition requires probabilities whose evaluation involves event averaging. For a fixed attractor, this is of no consequence; however, individual collisions differ by a "noise" effect. The correlation dimension, which has the merit of rapid computational convergence, depends only on relative rapidities |yi − yj| and therefore should not depend on overall rapidity shifts between events. Possible statistical independence of different subsets of a given partition of n particles is analyzed using factorial cumulant moments and information entropy. Additivity of constituent cumulants and entropies is characteristic of statistical independence. Conditional entropies are introduced and used to generalize conventional definitions of information entropy and its (Renyi) generalization.
Oral Touch in Young Infants: Response to Variations of Nipple Characteristics in the First Months of Life

Newborns, and one, and four month olders, were presented for 90 sec with nipples varying in shape and in shape plus material. Pressure variations applied by the infant to the nipples were recorded. Overall activity as well as sucking and exploratory patterns of response were studied by observation of the polygraph records. Results suggest that a developmental trend exists, showing an increase in oral exploration and a decrease in sucking. Further, this age trend is influenced by the type of nipple. For the younger infants the addition of the novel material appears to be the basis of a differential response. For the older infants, global shape appears to be a relevant stimulus characteristic. These findings support the contention that there is a double function of the mouth: nutritive as well as perceptual. The tactual capacity revealed here is present within the first months of life and evolves relative to certain stimulus characteristics.
An option pricing approach to the valuation of rubber and palm oil producers

Advances in the option pricing literature have important implications for more basic valuation problems. An option pricing approach to the valuation of risky firms can accommodate uncertainty about product market conditions and managerial decisions more readily than a discounted cash flow approach. This paper adapts the stock option pricing approach of Black and Scholes (1973) to the valuation of shares of rubber and palm oil producers. A case study assesses the power of an option-based model to predict market share prices of a rubber and palm oil producer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore.
Spatial and temporal coordination of junction potentials in circular muscle of guinea‐pig distal colon

1. In isolated, stretched, flat-sheet preparations of guinea-pig distal colon, simultaneous intracellular recordings were made from pairs of circular muscle (CM) cells to map the region of smooth muscle at which spontaneous junction potentials (sJPs) were coordinated in both space and time. 2. Spontaneous inhibitory junction potentials (sIJPs) and excitatory junction potentials (sEJPs) were recorded from all animals with varying frequencies and amplitudes (up to 25 mV). 3. Large amplitude (> or = 9 mV) sIJPs or sEJPs with near-identical amplitudes and time courses were recorded synchronously from two CM cells, even when the two electrodes were separated by up to 11 mm in the circumferential axis and or = 2 mm in the longitudinal axis. 5. Current injection (up to 8 nA) into a single CM cell elicited electrotonic potentials in neighbouring CM cells, only when the two electrodes were separated by less than 100 microm circumferentially. Beyond 50 microm electronic potentials were rarely detected. 6. Tetrodotoxin (TTX; 1 microM) abolished all sJPs, whereas hexamethonium (300 microM) either abolished, or substantially reduced all sJPs. 7. Nitro-L-arginine (L-NA; 100 microM) abolished the slow repolarisation phase of sIJPs without any apparent effect on the amplitude of sIJPs. Apamin abolished the fast, initial component of sIJPs, suggesting synchronous release of two inhibitory neurotransmitters during the sIJP. Atropine (1 microM) abolished sEJPs. 8. No sJPs were recorded from the CM layer when it was separated from the myenteric plexus. 9. In conclusion, sIJPs and sEJPs in colonic CM occur synchronously over large regions of the smooth muscle syncitium. The results are discussed in relation to the idea that spontaneous junction potentials in colonic CM are not monoquantal events, but are generated by the simultaneous release of transmitter from many release sites, due to the synchronous activation of many enteric motor neurons.
Synergistic effects of neurotensin and β-adrenergic agonist on 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation and DNA synthesis in prostate cancer PC3 cells

Abstract Since neurotensin is often co-stored with catecholamines and since it can excite the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, responses to this peptide might depend upon the activity of catecholaminergic systems. In this study, we used prostate cancer PC3 cells, which express neurotensin receptors and β 2 -adrenergic receptors, to demonstrate that neurotensin can potentiate the effects of isoproterenol on 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation and on inhibition of DNA synthesis. While neurotensin had only a slight effect on basal cAMP levels, it nearly doubled the response to isoproterenol even at maximal levels without altering potency. Neurotensin increased the rate of cAMP accumulation and the steady-state level achieved. Consistent with the known antimitogenic action of dibutyryl-cAMP in PC3 cells, isoproterenol was found to inhibit DNA synthesis concentration-dependently, measured using [ 3 H]thymidine. Neurotensin enhanced DNA synthesis when given alone. However, it inhibited DNA synthesis when given with a threshold level of isoproterenol, which by itself had no significant effect. These results, demonstrating cross-talk in the neurotensin and β-adrenergic signaling pathways, suggest that there may be other physiologic instances of similar interactions between neurotensin and catecholamines.