cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medication Reconciliation and Hypertension Control

Abstract Background Discrepancies between the medical record and patient medication list are common. The relationship of discrepancies to chronic disease control has not been established. Methods To determine the frequency and type of antihypertensive medication discrepancies between patient-named antihypertensive medications and the medical record, we performed a cross-sectional study of 315 adults with medically treated hypertension from 6 safety-net clinics in 3 states. We determined the association between medication discrepancies and uncontrolled blood pressure (≥140/90 mm Hg or ≥130/80 mm Hg if diabetes) using multivariate logistic regression models. Results Discrepancies were present for 75.2% of patients; 25.7% of patients could not provide the name of any antihypertensive medication they took; 49.5% could name 1 or more antihypertensive medications but had discrepancies between patient-reported antihypertensive medications and those listed in the medical record. Both patients who were unable to name any of their antihypertensive medications and patients with discrepancies between patient-named medications and the medical record were significantly more likely to have uncontrolled blood pressure than patients who named the same medications as the medical record in adjusted analyses, adjusted risk ratios 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.10) and 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.07), respectively. Twelve percent of patients reporting medications took antihypertensive medication that altered potassium metabolism that was not in their medical record. Conclusions Among patients at safety-net clinics, inability to name one's antihypertensive medications and discrepancies between patient-reported medications and the medical record were very common. Both were strongly associated with inadequate hypertension control. Performing medication reconciliation at the point of care may be an important way to identify patients at high risk for inadequate disease control or safety problems.
Tumorigenicity of morphologically distinct transformed foci induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in BALB/c-3T3 cells.

Abstract Studies have been performed in our laboratory to determine the preneoplastic and neoplastic potential of cells from morphologically different types of transformed foci. Transformed foci induced by 3-methylcholanthrene in BALB/c-3T3 cells were classified into five morphologically distinct types based on size (2–3, 3–4 and >4 mm in diameter), invasiveness (smooth vs. invading margins) and other properties (piling vs. spread). In our previous report, we showed that cells from all five types grew in soft agar, transformed normal NIH 3T3 cells and formed foci on normal layer of BALB/c-3T3 cells. In this study, the neoplastic/tumorigenic potential of cells from the five different types of transformed foci was investigated in nude mice. About two million cells from each transformed focus were injected into 4-week-old nude mice. Non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells were used as control. The results of this study indicate that all the 45 athymic mice injected with different transformants developed tumors between 2 and 4 weeks after injection. Tumors were not observed in eight mice injected with non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells. All tumors were histopathologically confirmed fibrosarcomas. These findings indicate that all five morphologically different foci show tumorigenicity and that any foci of size ≥2 mm regardless of invasiveness and piling could be scored as positive during the cell transformation assay.
Heavy ion irradiation and unloading effects on mouse lumbar vertebral microarchitecture, mechanical properties and tissue stresses

Astronauts are exposed to both musculoskeletal disuse and heavy ion radiation in space. Disuse alters the magnitude and direction of forces placed upon the skeleton causing bone remodeling, while energy deposited by ionizing radiation causes free radical formation and can lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative damage to tissues. Radiation and disuse each result in a net loss of mineralized tissue in the adult, although the combined effects, subsequent consequences for mechanical properties and potential for recovery may differ. First, we examined how a high dose (2 Gy) of heavy ion radiation ((56)Fe) causes loss of mineralized tissue in the lumbar vertebrae of skeletally mature (4 months old), male, C57BL/6 mice using microcomputed tomography and determined the influence of structural changes on mechanical properties using whole bone compression tests and finite element analyses. Next, we tested if a low dose (0.5 Gy) of heavy particle radiation prevents skeletal recovery from a 14-day period of hindlimb unloading. Irradiation with a high dose of (56)Fe (2 Gy) caused bone loss (-14%) in the cancellous-rich centrum of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) 1 month later, increased trabecular stresses (+27%), increased the propensity for trabecular buckling and shifted stresses to the cortex. As expected, hindlimb unloading (14 days) alone adversely affected microarchitectural and mechanical stiffness of lumbar vertebrae, although the reduction in yield force was not statistically significant (-17%). Irradiation with a low dose of (56)Fe (0.5 Gy) did not affect vertebrae in normally loaded mice, but significantly reduced compressive yield force in vertebrae of unloaded mice relative to sham-irradiated controls (-24%). Irradiation did not impair the recovery of trabecular bone volume fraction that occurs after hindlimb unloaded mice are released to ambulate normally, although microarchitectural differences persisted 28 days later (96% increase in ratio of rod- to plate-like trabeculae). In summary, (56)Fe irradiation (0.5 Gy) of unloaded mice contributed to a reduction in compressive strength and partially prevented recovery of cancellous microarchitecture from adaptive responses of lumbar vertebrae to skeletal unloading. Thus, irradiation with heavy ions may accelerate or worsen the loss of skeletal integrity triggered by musculoskeletal disuse.
QUANTIFICATION OF PLASMA CORTISOL AND URINARY 6β-HYDROXYCORTISOL IN MOTHER-INFANT PAIRS

A simple rapid procedure for the quantitative extraction of plasma cortisol and urinary 67β-hydroxycortisol using an ammonium carbonate-ethyl acetate extraction procedure has been developed; 1-2 ml of plasma and 20 ml of urine were used. The extracted steroids were converted to methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives and quantified by selective ion detection using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer system. By means of this technique cortisol and 6β-hydroxycortisol can be detected in nanogram quantities. In one mother-infant pair the concentration of cortisol was 725 ng/ml in maternal plasma, 130 ng/ml in neonatal plasma (29 hr after birth) and 190 ng/ml in placental venous plasma. The concentration of 6β-hydroxycortisol in the neonatal urine dropped from 32 μg/24 hr on day 2 to 3 μg/24 hr on day 15; the concentration in a sample of maternal urine collected at delivery was 7 μg/ml. Comparable results were obtained with other mother-infant pairs.
Evaluation of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) production in North America in recent years has been seriously threatened by epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch]. Deployment of FHB-resistant cultivars has been considered the most effective and cost-effi cient strategy to combat this disease; however, progress in developing FHB-resistant durum wheat cultivars has been hindered by a lack of effective sources of resistance. The objective of this study is to identify tetraploid wheat germplasm that could be used to enhance FHB resistance in durum wheat. We evaluated FHB reactions in 376 accessions of fi ve cultivated subspecies of T. turgidum, including Persian wheat [T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum (Nevski) A. Love and D. Love], cultivated emmer wheat [T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schubler) Thell.], Polish wheat [T. turgidum subsp. polonicum (L.) Thell.], Oriental wheat [T. turgidum subsp. turanicum (Jakubz.) A. Love and D. Love], and Poulard wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum). We used point inoculation to evaluate resistance to the spread of infection over three greenhouse seasons and used the grain inoculum method of inoculation to evaluate putatively resistant accessions in two fi eld locations. Preliminary evaluation data showed that 16 T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum and 4 T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum accessions consistently exhibited resistance or moderate resistance to FHB. These accessions likely carry genetic resistance to FHB and could be used directly in breeding programs to enhance FHB resistance in durum wheat.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibition in Traumatic Brain Injury: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects:

The authors provide the first in vitro and in vivo evidence that perturbations in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal-transduction pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. In primary rat cortical cultures, mechanical trauma induced a rapid and selective phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase, whereas there was no detectable change in the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Treatment with PD98059, which inhibits MAPK/ERK 1/2, the upstream activator of ERK, significantly increased cell survival in vitro. The p38 kinase and JNK inhibitor SB203580 had no protective effect. Similar results were obtained in vivo using a controlled cortical impact model of traumatic injury in mouse brain. Rapid and selective upregulation occurred in ERK and p38 pathways with no detectable changes in JNK. Confocal immunohistochemistry showed that phospho-ERK colocalized with the neuronal nuclei marker but not the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. Inhibition of the ERK pathway with PD98059 resulted in a significant reduction of cortical lesion volumes 7 days after trauma. The p38 kinase and JNK inhibitor SB203580 had no detectable beneficial effect. These data indicate that critical perturbations in MAPK pathways mediate cerebral damage after acute injury, and further suggest that ERK is a novel therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury.
Fluid dynamics analysis of channel flow geometries for materials characterization in microfluidic devices

The fluid dynamics of geometries for liquid state materials characterization in microfluidic devices are investigated. Numerical simulation together with flow classification criteria are used to explore combinations of geometry and boundary conditions for which the flow type can be adjusted between simple shear and extension, while providing adequate flow strength and a stable environment for material observation. Two classes of flow geometries are identified. Both make use of opposing, laterally offset fluid streams that produce a stagnation point in the center of the geometry. In the first class, the flow type is manipulated by changing parameters inherent to the base geometry. This first case serves as a basis for identifying a second class in which the flow type is manipulated by changing the pressure boundary conditions, while keeping the geometry constant.
Finding minimal enclosing boxes

The problem of finding minimal volume boxes circumscribing a given set of three-dimensional points is investigated. It is shown that it is not necessary for a minimum volume box to have any sides flush with a face of the convex hull of the set of points, which makes a naive search problematic. Nevertheless, it is proven that at least two adjacent box sides are flush with edges of the hull, and this characterization enables anO(n3) algorithm to find all minimal boxes for a set ofn points.
Android keylogging threat

The openness of Android platform has attracted users, developers and attackers. Android offers bunch of capabilities and flexibilities, for instance, developers can write their own keyboard service-similar to Android soft keyboards-using the KeyboardView class. This class is available since api level 3.0 and can be part of the layout of an activity. Users prefer to download and install third-party keyboards that offer better experience and capabilities. However, there are security risks related to users installing and using these custom keyboards. Attackers can build or take advantage of existing third-party keyboards to create keyloggers to spy on smartphones users. Third-party keyboard once activated would substitute the Android standard keyboard, so all keys events pass this app. As results, many attacks can be launched identified by the permissions granted to these apps. The objective of this paper is to present these attacks, analyze their causes, and provide possible solutions.
Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence to Informal Social Support Network Members: A Review of the Literature

This article presents a review of the published literature to date on rates, experiences, and correlates of victims' disclosure of or help seeking for intimate partner violence to informal social support network members (e.g., friends, family, classmates, and coworkers). Research indicates that the majority of individuals disclose to at least one informal support and that victims' disclosure is associated with a number of demographic (e.g., victims' sex, age, race), intrapersonal (e.g., victims' feelings of shame/embarrassment, perception of control over abuse), and situational (e.g., violence frequency and severity, if abuse is witnessed) factors. Following disclosure, victims experience a wide range of positive (e.g., believing the victim's reports, validating the victim's experiences) and negative (e.g. disbelieving, blaming the victim) social reactions, with positive reactions rated as the most common and most helpful forms of support by victims. Finally, a review of psychological correlates associated with reactions to disclosure indicates that positive social reactions are associated with more psychological health benefits and fewer negative health symptoms, whereas negative social reactions were associated with increased negative psychological health symptoms. Future research methodologies and implications for violence prevention, intervention, and policy are discussed.
Volatile anesthetic agents and vascular communication in the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch

BACKGROUND There is communication between tissue and the vascular network involved in regulating distribution of blood flow. Signals generated by the tissue are communicated upstream to create a coordinated network response in unison with other controllers of blood flow, such as myogenic and flow-dependent responses. METHODS This vascular communication was modeled with the microapplication of methacholine (10(-4) M) or potassium chloride solution (KCl; 100 mM) to arterioles (40-60 microm in diameter) of the cheek pouch of anesthetized hamsters and viewed with videomicroscopy. Local and conducted (500 microm upstream) responses were measured. Halothane or isoflurane (1%, 2%, and 3%) was equilibrated with the superfusion solution and applied to the entire tissue. Responses to KCl and methacholine were then repeated in the presence of an anesthetic agent. RESULTS Halothane and isoflurane increased the resting diameter of the arterioles. They also decreased the methacholine-initiated dilations. To test for the effects of increased resting diameter on the dilations, 0%, 5% and 10% oxygen alone was applied to the pouch to alter the tone, and the methacholine responses were repeated. The dilations decreased with oxygen-induced increases in resting diameter, but the conducted dilation decreased to a lesser extent than was seen with the volatile anesthetic agents. Neither halothane nor isoflurane decreased constrictions caused by KCl. CONCLUSIONS Decreased methacholine-initiated conducted dilations caused by halothane and isoflurane were not due to decreases in cell-cell communication because KCl conducted responses persisted. Therefore, cell-cell vascular communication appears intact in the presence of clinical concentrations of halothane and isoflurane.
First Report of Choanephora Flower Spot and Blight of Periwinkle

Periwinkle or vinca (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don) is widely planted as a flowering annual in home and business landscapes in hardiness zones 9 and 10 and the southernmost portions of zone 8. Many improved selections, such as those in the Pacifica, Tropicana, and Cooler cultivar series, are currently available. Dark gray flower spots that often coalesced and led to blighting of flowers under conditions of high humidity, were observed on all of 18 periwinkle cultivars in a variety trial at Burden Research Plantation in September 1997. The disease affected only the flowers and was also observed on periwinkle in commercial landscape plantings around Baton Rouge. Fungi were isolated from flower spots by plating necrotic tissue on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal isolates were maintained on PDA and 20% V8 juice agar under continuous fluorescent light. A fungus that produced cottony, white mycelium and black spore masses was consistently isolated from diseased tissue. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by misting a spore suspension (70,000 per ml produced on V8 juice agar) onto detached flowers held in a moist chamber and to flowers on intact plants. Inoculated plants were held for 24 h in a dew chamber at 25°C. Typical irregular dark spots appeared on attached and detached flowers within 18 h after inoculation and flowers held for longer periods under high humidity developed a soft rot. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating the fungal pathogen, which was identified as Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (1). This is the first report of the occurrence of C. cucurbitarum on periwinkle. Reference: (1) P. M. Kirk. Mycol. Pap. 152:1, 1984.
Evaluation of Blood Vessel Mimic Development with Optical Coherence Tomography

An endoscope for optical coherence tomography was developed to acquire cross-sectional images of tissue engineered blood vessels. This device was used to examine how the scaffold material affects the development of the cellular lining.
γ-Hydroxybutyrate: Cerebral Metabolic, Vascular, and Protective Effects

The cerebral protection afforded by each of several preparations of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) was examined in the hypoxic (FiO2 = 0.05) mouse model. The greatest increase in survival time (85%) occurred after pretreatment with 300 mg/kg given as buffered gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Compared with previous studies employing the same hypoxic model, this increase was less than that observed with certain barbiturates and equal to that observed with certain anesthetics. The cerebral and systemic metabolic and vascular effects of each of several preparations of GHB were examined in a canine model. The cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) tended to increase after GHB 100 mg/kg, then progressively decreased after cumulative doses of 600 mg/kg and 1100 mg/kg. The greatest depression in CMRO2 (48%) occurred with 1100 mg/kg given as unbuffered GBL. With each preparation and at every dose, a reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF) exceeded the reduction in CMRO2. The major systemic effect was an almost two-thirds reduction in cardiac output at the largest doses. Assuming no species difference the cerebral protection observed with GHB is probably limited by both the reduction in cardiac output and the unfavorable relationship of cerebral oxygen supply to demand (CBF/CMRO2). Brain biopsies taken after the cumulative dose of GHB 1100 mg/kg showed a trend toward lower phosphocreatine levels and higher lactate and lactate/pyruvate levels than in untreated dogs.
Role of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa and Microflora in the Bioactivation of Dietary and Environmental Mutagens or Carcinogens

(1992). Role of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa and Microflora in the Bioactivation of Dietary and Environmental Mutagens or Carcinogens. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 425-492.
Preliminary guidelines for designing one-handed material handling tasks

Abstract Mital, A., 1985. Preliminary guidelines for designing one-handed material handling tasks. Journal of Occupational Accidents , 7: 33–40. The purpose of this paper is to propose physiological and psychophysical performance ceilings to reduce overexertion in one-handed industrial tasks. Three recent scientific studies, dealing with one-handed industrial tasks such as lifting at the work-station or carrying items during the course of production or assembly line operations, are briefly reviewed to establish some preliminary guidelines. In the absence of any extensive work in this area, these guidelines should prove useful to industry in optimizing human performance.
The 3′-Terminus and the Replication of Phage RNA

Studies with Qβ RNA confirm Kamen's finding, with R17 RNA, that the terminal adenylate is not necessary for infectivity. It is now demonstrated that the in vitro template activity of Qβ RNA is not destroyed by removal of the adenylate and a scheme is put forward to account for the presence of 3′-terminal adenosine in the product of replication.
The Family Context of Relational Aggression in “Difficult to Treat” Female Juvenile Offenders

Female juvenile offenders often engage in socially aggressive behaviors that make them more difficult to treat than male juvenile offenders. This social (i.e., relational) aggression may be developed or maintained through transactions with family members. To investigate this issue, we measured relational aggression in the family interactions of 140 adolescents divided by gender and offender status into four equal-sized groups (female juvenile offenders, male juvenile offenders, female nonoffenders, and male nonoffenders). Adolescents and caregivers completed a family discussion task, and raters coded relationally aggressive behaviors at the dyadic level. Results showed that female juvenile offenders and their mothers directed more relational aggression toward each other than did mother-adolescent dyads in the other groups. Implications of these results for treatment and research are discussed.
Searching the Web

We offer an overview of current Web search engine design. After introducing a generic search engine architecture, we examine each engine component in turn. We cover crawling, local Web page storage, indexing, and the use of link analysis for boosting search performance. The most common design and implementation techniques for each of these components are presented. For this presentation we draw from the literature and from our own experimental search engine testbed. Emphasis is on introducing the fundamental concepts and the results of several performance analyses we conducted to compare different designs.
A comparison of preplan transrectal ultrasound with preplan-CT in assessing volume and number of seeds needed for real-time ultrasound-based intra-operative planning in prostate 125I seed implantation

Abstract Purpose Intra-operative (real-time) treatment planning has been adapted by many institutions for low–dose rate prostate brachytherapy. Although this allows dosimetric planning to be done during the procedure, preplan imaging to obtain a prostate volume is essential to identify the number of seeds to ensure adequate volume coverage. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate imaging to obtain this information. We conducted a retrospective study to compare how volumes obtained from preplan CT (p-CT) scans or preplan transrectal ultrasound (p-TRUS) correlated with real-time ultrasound and postimplant CT volumes and the difference in accuracy of seed estimation between these techniques. Methods and Materials Ninety-two patients underwent 125 I permanent seed implants at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital between February 2002 and August 2008. Fifty-one patients underwent p-TRUS before intra-operative planning and 41 patients were evaluated by p-CT. Results The median difference in volume between preimplant imaging and the intra-operative planning ultrasound was 3.59 and 5.2 cc for patients who underwent p-TRUS and p-CT, respectively. p-TRUS volumes more closely correlated with real-time intra-operative volumes ( R = 0.84 in all patients and R = 0.91 in hormone-naive patients) vs. p-CT ( R = 0.82). The median number of seeds wasted using p-CT was 18 vs. 7 using volumes derived from p-TRUS. Conclusions The number of seeds ordered could be more accurately obtained from p-TRUS volumes, and this translated into less seed wastage. Our findings indicate that p-TRUS is a more accurate and an economically superior alternative to p-CT imaging in the era of real-time ultrasound planning.
2F1 antigen, the mouse homolog of the rat "mast cell function-associated antigen", is a lectin-like type II transmembrane receptor expressed by natural killer cells.

Inhibitory lectin-like receptors expressed on the surface of hematopoietic cells are critically involved in regulation of their effector functions. Here we report that a novel mAb specific for mouse NK cells, 2F1, recognizes the mouse homolog of the mast cell function-associated antigen (MAFA), an inhibitory lectin-like transmembrane receptor expressed on rat mast cells. The 2F1 antigen (2F1-Ag) and rat MAFA are structurally highly conserved and contain a cytoplasmic motif similar to the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif that is presumably utilized for inhibitory signaling. We also identified a human homolog that is closely related to the rodent MAFA/2F1-Ag proteins. Like rat MAFA, 2F1-Ag is probably encoded by a single gene, which exhibits relatively little polymorphism. Strikingly, while rat MAFA is considered a mast cell antigen, we have been unable to detect cell surface expression of 2F1-Ag by mouse mast cell lines, bone marrow-derived mast cells, or peritoneal mast cells. Furthermore, mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells were devoid of 2F1-Ag mRNA. Instead, we find that approximately 40 % of mouse NK cells express 2F1-Ag. Thus, MAFA/2F1-Ag may modulate immunological responses on at least two different cell types bridging the specific and innate immune system.
A microdissection study of the protoplasm of vacuolated spirostomum

1. A type of Spirostomum ambiguum major is described which becomes highly vacuolated under its optimum conditions, in contradistinction to the general rule in ciliates. 2. The vacuolated region of this animal makes up the entire bulk save for a very thin outer cytoplasmic layer. 3. The vacuolar system was found to be very stable under efforts to break it down with the microneedle. 4. The walls of the vacuoles were difficult to pierce and were extremely elastic. 5. Food balls and the sausagelike macronucleus are suspended in the meshwork and were manipulated through it by the microneedle without disturbing the system. 6. The macronucleus showed definite optical structure and was of high consistency. 7. The protoplasm did not show movement but food balls were able in some manner to circulate through it. 8. The cytoplasmic inclusions were distributed through the outer layer and the vacuolated protoplasm, occurring in the latter only at inter-sections. They could not be driven out of the vacuolar walls by the needle but in one instance could be pushed some distance between them. In disintegrating animals, however, inclusions were found to break into the the fluid vacuolar interiors in optically unchanged areas some distance from the point of injury.
CT-based simulation with laser patient marking.

A CT‐based simulator has been assembled based on a commercial CT scanner, virtual simulation software developed at the University of North Carolina and a laser drawing device to transfer the radiation portals from the virtual simulator to the patient. The simulation process can be completed in approximately 1 h; under most cases, the treatment portals can be designed and the patient marked in one session. The device has an inherent accuracy of ±1 mm. The portal projection accuracy in clinical cases is observed to be better than 2 mm.
Statistical analysis of data from coundercurrent distribution. III. the biliary and urinary excretion patterns of estriol in a human subject

Abstract The application of the previously reported (1,2), new mathematical approach for the analysis in countercurrent distribution data, to the determination of the percentage and number of compounds in the whole CCD train rather than to individual peaks is found to be very successful. The utility of the method is typically examplified by the analysis of biliary and urinary excretion patterns of estriol-6, 7-H 3 in a human subject. The fractionation of these biological media was also performed by CCD, but without prior treatment of any type. This assured both minimal artifact formation and no loss of radioactivity. The combination of mathematical approach and CCD therefore provides a truer picture of the excretion pattern than has been hitherto possible.
Seeing justice in poverty: The belief in a just world and ideas about inequalities (1)

The aim of this research was to empirically link the belief in a just world to a variety of ideas about social inequalities. Drawing from cognitive dissonance theory, it was argued that adherents of the Just World Belief redefine and reinterpret perceived inequalities in order to reduce or eliminate the contradiction between the two cognitions. Using data from a probability sample of adults, six hypotheses were formally stated and empirically tested. All six were supported. The greater the acceptance of the Just World Belief, the greater the likelihood of perceiving inequalities as fair, inevitable, and immutable. Also, the belief was positively related to the odds of derogating the poor, praising the wealthy, and favoring individualistic explanations of inequalities over structural ones. Lastly, the Just World Belief was inversely related to the likelihood of perceiving inequalities as extensive.
Visualizing Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain

Sexually dimorphic behaviors are likely to involve neural pathways that express the androgen receptor (AR). We have genetically modified the AR locus to visualize dimorphisms in neuronal populations that express AR. Analysis of AR-positive neurons reveals both known dimorphisms in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as well as novel dimorphic islands in the basal forebrain with a clarity unencumbered by the vast population of AR-negative neurons. This genetic approach allows the visualization of dimorphic subpopulations of AR-positive neurons along with their projections and may ultimately permit an association between neural circuits and specific dimorphic behaviors.
On the reliability of the U.S. surface temperature record

[1] Recent photographic documentation of poor siting conditions at stations in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN) has led to questions regarding the reliability of surface temperature trends over the conterminous United States (CONUS). To evaluate the potential impact of poor siting/instrument exposure on CONUS temperatures, trends derived from poor and well sited USHCN stations were compared. Results indicate that there is a mean bias associated with poor exposure sites relative to good exposure sites; however, this bias is consistent with previously documented changes associated with the widespread conversion to electronic sensors in the USHCN during the last 25 years. Moreover, the sign of the bias is counterintuitive to photographic documentation of poor exposure because associated instrument changes have led to an artificial negative (“cool”) bias in maximum temperatures and only a slight positive (“warm”) bias in minimum temperatures. These results underscore the need to consider all changes in observation practice when determining the impacts of siting irregularities. Further, the influence of nonstandard siting on temperature trends can only be quantified through an analysis of the data. Adjustments applied to USHCN Version 2 data largely account for the impact of instrument and siting changes, although a small overall residual negative (“cool”) bias appears to remain in the adjusted maximum temperature series. Nevertheless, the adjusted USHCN temperatures are extremely well aligned with recent measurements from instruments whose exposure characteristics meet the highest standards for climate monitoring. In summary, we find no evidence that the CONUS average temperature trends are inflated due to poor station siting.
Aging impairs galanin expression in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons: effect of ovariectomy and/or estradiol treatment

In the medial preoptic area and the diagonal band of Broca, a subset of LHRH neurons coexpresses galanin at a 4- to 5-fold higher rate in female than male rats, suggesting that estradiol (E2) plays a key role in galanin gene expression within LHRH neurons. In the present studies we investigated the incidence of colocalization of these peptides in different age groups, i.e. 2-, 10-, 18-, and 24-month-old intact female Fisher rats; 24-month-old E2-treated rats; 24-month-old ovariectomized (OVX) rats; and 24-month-old OVX E2-treated rats with single or double labeling immunocytochemistry. For cell counting, we took advantage of the typical fusiform morphology of galanin-immunoreactive neurons that colocalize LHRH. The presence of both peptides in the same perikaryon was substantiated by double staining representative sections from each brain. Our observations indicate that the number of galanin/LHRH-coexpressing perikarya dramatically decreased with age. Although in 18-month-old rats a moderate decline was o...
Reduced conduction velocity of retinal Y-cell axons following early partial removal of their synaptic targets.

Abstract Following unilateral visual cortex ablation in neonatal kittens, the extraretinal conduction velocities of retina Y-cell axons projecting to the lesioned hemisphere were measured and compared to the velocities of Y-cell axons projecting to the intact hemisphere. The extraretinal velocities of Y-cells projecting to the lesioned hemisphere were 16–28% lower than the velocities of Y-cells projecting to the intact hemisphere. This effect was seen in axons originating in both the ipsilateral and contralateral retinae. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that one factor regulating axon size is the amount of synaptic territory which is available to the cell. When the velocities of the unmyelinated intraretinal portions of Y-axons were examined in experimental animals, no significant differences could be detected between axons projecting to the lesioned hemisphere and those projecting to the intact hemisphere.
Boron annulation in organic synthesis. 3. Stereoselectivity and the formal synthesis of (±)-helenalin

Abstract Stereochemical aspects of boron cycloheptanone annulation and an improved formal total synthesis of (±)-helenalin are described.
Ergonomic Assessment of a Critical Care Unit

Although direct patient care providers in all settings suffer musculoskeletal injuries at unacceptable rates, high-risk tasks in nursing homes are the most frequently researched. Less is known about the high-risk tasks performed by critical care nurses. To identify the tasks in critical care that differ from those in nursing homes, this qualitative study used the Ergonomic Workplace Assessment Protocol for Patient Care Environments to assess a medical ICU. Results and recommendations for change are presented.
Admission levels and early changes in serum interleukin‐10 are predictive of poor outcome in acute liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis

Backround & Aim: Immunoparesis contributes to prognosis in acute liver failure (ALF) and decompensated cirrhosis, a phenomenon thought to be mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. We investigated the prognostic value of admission IL-10 levels and their evolution during the early phase of treatment in intensive care, in comparison to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Methods: We measured these cytokines within 48 h of admission in 51 ALF and 39 decompensated cirrhosis patients admitted to intensive care, and obtained follow-up measurement a median of 2 days later in 35 patients. Results: Levels of all cytokines were higher in those with a poor outcome. IL-10 performed as well as TNF-α and IL-6 in the whole cohort (area under receiver operator curve 0.73 vs 0.66 and 0.72). However IL-10 outperfomed pro-inflammatory cytokines in the subgroups with ALF (0.80 vs 0.63 and 0.70) and acetaminophen-induced ALF (0.92 vs 0.67 and 0.81). Levels of all cytokines rose significantly in non-surviving patients (n=15); IL-10 by a factor of 2, TNF-α by 2.6 and IL-6 by 1.13. No significant changes were seen in the surviving patients. In ALF, IL-10 was an independent predictor of outcome in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The magnitude of the compensatory anti-inflammatory response at admission, and its development during the early phase of treatment, predicts outcome as well as the pro-inflammatory response in acute hepatic syndromes and supports a vital role for this immunological phenomenon in the outcome of these patients.
A pilot study in numerical techniques for predicting air pollutant distribution downwind from a line stack

Abstract A numerical simulation is used to study the influence of meteorological conditions on the air pollutant distribution downwind from a line source which produces pollutants, heat and momentum. The problem is treated as an initial value problem. The interaction between the atmosphere and the source is investigated. The wind speed, the atmospheric stability and the strength of the heat source are found significant to the pollutant distribution. In this initial study, a constant diffusion coefficient was used.
'Fighting the Corsetless Evil': Shaping Corsets and Culture, 1900-1930

During the nineteenth century virtually all free-born women in the United States wore corsets. Yet from mid-century onward, the purpose and meaning of the corset generated heated debate. In the early twentieth century, these debates intensified as women began to reject Victorian restrictions upon their mobility. Corset defenders gained a powerful new ally in 1907, the well-organized Corset Manufacturers Association. Arguments supporting corset use changed as a result. By 1930, the shapely "womanly" figure returned to fashion. Corset debates, waged with words and bodies, reveal how the corset works as an instrument of cultural hegemony. U.S. manufacturers and retailers were forced to adapt, but also fought to control fashion changes.
Theory of flame spread above solids

A theory for flame spread above a solid fuel is presented. The special case is considered whereby the oxidation is an exothermic surface reaction. The spreading rate is predicted as a function of the thermochemical properties, fuel-bed thickness, and convective velocity. Also, the theory predicts temperature, mass fraction, and heat flux as a function of position.
Decreased hypothalamic epinephrine concentration by quipazine and other serotonin agonists in rats

Abstract Epinephrine concentrations in rat hypothalamus were decreased after the injection of quipazine, a direct-acting serotonin (5-HT) agonist. The decrease was statistically significant and dosedependent from 0.1 to 10mg/kg, s.c., was apparent within 1hr, and persisted for 8 hr but not 24 hr. There was no decrease in epinephrine concentrations in rat medulla oblongata, a region containing epinephrine cell bodies. Epinephrine concentrations in rat hypothalamus were also decreased by 1-( m -trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine (TFMPP) and by 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), other direct-acting 5-HT agonists, and by d -fenfluramine, a 5-HT-releasing drug. The decrease evoked by quipazine was prevented by pretreatment with metergoline, ketanserin or LY53857 (6-methyl-1-[methylethyl]-ergoline-8-carboxylic acid 2-hydroxy-1-methyl-propyl ester), centrally acting 5-HT antagonists. The lowering of rat hypothalamic epinephrine concentrations by 8-OH-DPAT was prevented by pretreatment with pindolol, a centrally acting 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist. These data suggest that serotonergic drugs affect epinephrine concentrations in rat hypothalamus.
Expanding the Anarchist Range: a critical reappraisal of Rothbard's contribution to the contemporary theory of anarchism

Anarchism is usually conceived as a libertarian rejection of the state combined with a socialist rejection of the market. The ideal anarchist system would be self-managed and comprehensively planned. Murray Rothbard, a member of the Austrian School of economics, disagreed lie argued that anarchism would work only as a free-market capitalist economy without a state. The present paper examines, and rejects, Rothbard's welfare-economics case against the state and also his theoretical case against self-managed enterprise, Rothbardian, right-wing anarchism correctly argues that contemporary left-wing anarchist theory (best represented by Murray Bookchin) is flawed because it fails to recognize the ‘knowledge problem’ that occurs when markets for the means of production are abolished. But Rothbard's corresponding call for the necessity of ‘anarcho-capitalism’ does not persuade. While the present paper affirms, with Rothbard, that anarchism must be market-based, it also seeks to expand the range of firms that op...
Performance-Governing Transport Mechanisms for Heat Pipes at Ultrathin Form Factors

Heat pipes and vapor chamber heat spreaders offer a potential solution to the increasing thermal management challenges in thin-form-factor mobile computing platforms, where efficient spreading is required to simultaneously prevent overheating of internal components and formation of hot regions on the device exterior surfaces. Heat pipe performance limitations unique to such ultrathin form factors and the key heat transfer mechanisms governing the performance must be characterized. A thermal resistance network model and a detailed 2-D numerical model are used to analyze the performance of heat pipes under these conditions. A broad parametric study of geometries and heat inputs using the reduced-order model helps delineate the performance thresholds within which the effectiveness of a heat pipe is greater than a comparable solid heat spreader. A vapor-phase threshold unique to ultrathin heat pipes operating at low-power inputs is observed. At this threshold, the vapor-phase thermal resistance imposed by the saturation pressure/temperature gradient in the heat pipe causes a crossover in the thermal resistance relative to a solid heat spreader. The higher fidelity numerical model is used to assess the accuracy of the resistance network model and to verify the validity and applicability of each assumption made regarding the transport mechanisms. Key heat transfer mechanisms not captured by the reduced-order thermal network models are identified. These include the effects of boundary conditions on the interface mass flux profile, convective effects on the vapor core temperature drop, and 2-D conduction on smearing of evaporation/condensation mass flux into the adiabatic section.
Precision-Cut Crystalline Silicon Nanodots and Nanorods from Nanowires and Direct Visualization of Cross Sections and Growth Orientations of Silicon Nanowires

An easy and convenient method, using the well-established microtome technique, has been developed to precision cut nanowires into nanodots of well-defined sizes and shapes. The technique allows the determination of the growth direction, the shape of the cross section, the internal atomic structure (including twinning or other stacking faults, if any) of single nanowires. In our experiments, both the coaxial structure of vertical cross section of normal silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and horizontal cross section of necklace-like SiNWs were obtained and examined under TEM.
Single- and double-hot arm asymmetrical polysilicon surface micromachined electrothermal microactuators applied to realize a microengine

Abstract This research focuses on the design and experimental characterization of two types of MEMS asymmetrical electrothermal microactuators. The motivation is to present a description of the behavior of the electrothermal microactuator to facilitate its adaptation to a variety of MEMS applications. Both MEMS polysilicon electrothermal microactuator design variants use resistive (Joule) heating to generate thermal expansion and movement. In a conventional electrothermal microactuator, the ‘hot’ arm is positioned parallel to a ‘cold’ arm, but since the ‘hot’ arm is narrower than the ‘cold’ arm, the electrical resistance of the ‘hot’ arm is larger. When an electrical current passes through the microactuator (through the series connected electrical resistance of the ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ arms), the ‘hot’ arm is heated to a higher temperature than the ‘cold’ arm. This temperature increase causes the ‘hot’ arm to expand along its length, thus forcing the tip of the device to rotate about a mechanical flexure element. A new electrothermal actuator design eliminates the parasitic electrical resistance of the ‘cold’ arm by incorporating an additional ‘hot’ arm. The second ‘hot’ arm results in an improvement in electrical efficiency by providing an active return current path. Additionally, the ‘cold’ arm can now have a narrower flexure compared with the conventional single-‘hot’ arm device because it does not have to pass an electric current. A narrower flexure element manifests improved mechanical efficiency. Deflection and force measurements of both electrothermal actuators as a function of applied electrical power are presented. Also described is the practical integration of the electrothermal microactuators in a monolithic microengine that is capable of rotating a set of gears.
Acute bronchiectatic abscesses simulating empyema

Summary Obstructive emphysema in acute respiratory disease in infants is reviewed. Three cases are presented in which bronchial infection superimposed on obstructive emphysema led to an erroneous diagnosis of empyema. In two cases, thoracotomy was performed before the pulmonary condition was recognized. The theory is proposed that bronchial infection, superimposed on obstructive emphysema, may be the pathologic physiologic factor in the etiology of certain cases of bronchiectasis. Roentgen films showing bronchi containing air in the periphery of the lung should suggest that the infection may be entirely intrapulmonary. A thoracotomy with rib resection will, however, usually be necessary to rule out empyema. Intrabronchial suction is advocated in all cases of severe obstructive emphysema since improved bronchial drainage is most important in cases in which the emphysematous lung has become filled with secretions.
The Role of Contact and Information in Racial Attitude Change among White College Students

While much research has been done on the determinants of change in prejudice among whites, relatively little is known about the process of change in contemporary racial attitudes, variously described as symbolic racism, laissez-faire racism, or color-blind racism. This article uses data from a sample of white college students to examine the impact of intergroup contact and exposure to information about racial issues on changes in contemporary racial attitudes and feelings toward blacks (a key component of prejudice), using Pettigrew's (1998) model of the process by which contact produces change in racial attitudes. Results provide support for Pettigrew's model, showing while contact is important in changing whites' feelings about blacks, both contact and exposure to information about race are important predictors of changes in contemporary racial attitudes. A comparison of longitudinal and cross-sectional models of contemporary racial attitudes suggests that contact, especially in setting with "friendship potential," has an impact on attitudes both directly and indirectly, through providing avenues through which racial information can be obtained as well as by providing motivation to pay attention to it.