cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine structure of partially demineralized enamel.

Abstract Certain technical innovations were introduced in the fixation of enamel which improved the preservation of the matrix and aided in its visualization by electron microscopy. These were: 1. The use of reactive dyes as fixatives and stains of the protein matrix. 2. The use of formic acid in demincralization fixation. 3. Control of the ratio of tooth material to volume and concentration of acid used. The fine structure of enamel rods was examined in longitudinal and transverse orientation. In cross-section, adult enamel rods appeared arcade shaped with a projection extending between rods in subjacent layers. Deciduous enamel rods appeared as distinct circular units or incomplete rods separated by an extensive interrod area. Structural alterations contributing to the formation of striae of Retzius, Hunter-Schreger bands, striations, tufts, lamellae and caries were examined. Sections stained with phosphotungstic acid following partial demineralization revealed an organic substructure which appeared to differ in morphology with varying location in a single tooth or between different teeth. On the basis of contributory histochemical evidence of protein distribution and acid solubility, it was considered that micrographs accurately represented organic matrix in varying states of aggregation. Some difficulty in interpretation was encountered which may have resulted from loss of soluble protein, reprecipitation, blocking of reactive groups of protein by dehydrating and embedding media, and reaction of the embedding medium with phosphotungstic acid.
HIV/AIDS, income loss and economic survival in Botswana

In countries facing severe HIV/AIDS epidemics, the overwhelming majority of those who are infected and affected by HIV are already living in poverty. Further income loss can threaten the ability to meet basic needs such as food, education and access to healthcare. Due to this, understanding the impact of HIV infection and caregiving on household income is essential to improving the health and welfare of HIV-affected individuals and families. This qualitative study examines how HIV infection and HIV caregiving affect household income in a population located within Botswana, a country with high HIV prevalence. We find that extended unpaid leave from work or job loss are common consequences and are associated with failure to meet basic needs in the short and long-term. We make recommendations for policy and programme support, including workplace adaptations and public sector support for meeting health and basic needs of HIV-affected families.
Atrially Based Pericardial Tunnel for Central Pulmonary Artery Construction

Discontinuity of central intrapericardial pulmonary arteries requires reconstruction of a pulmonary artery confluence before cavopulmonary connection, whether this connection be by bidirectional Glenn or Fontan procedure. Reconstruction of the central pulmonary arteries has previously been described using material of poor or no growth potential. A method is described for central pulmonary artery reconstruction that provides growth potential and is based on previous experience with Fontan lateral tunnel construction.
Development of Human Neuronal Cell Lines

Abstract The availability of in vitro cell culture systems demonstrating differentiated, mature phenotypes is crucial for the understanding of cellular functions and their regulation. Complex, heterogeneous systems such as the central nervous system had been refractory to this type of analysis. Recently, however, technical advances in molecular biology and a better understanding of the spectrum of growth factors required by neurons has facilitated the development of neuronal cell lines and primary cultures. More recently, these techniques have been applied to human tissue with some success. Aspects of these culture methods are considered in this review, including selection of human tissue and establishment of human neuronal cell lines.
Contraception for the adolescent and young adult with congenital heart disease.

Early diagnosis and surgical advances have ensured that infants born with congenital heart disease (CHD) will reach adolescence. As the population of adolescent female patients with CHD continues to grow health professionals must be prepared to advise not only their patients but also the patients parents and primary care providers about the contraceptive choices that may be safely prescribed. This article discusses contraceptive issues to consider as teens with CHD begin to transition into young adults and begin engaging in adult behaviors. (authors)
Great Expectations: The Negative Consequences of Falling Short1

The present study shows conditions under which a positive stereotypic belief–Asians are good in mathematics–can have negative consequences. Participants graded a poorly performed mathematical assignment that they believed was the work of an Asian or a White target person. Under no accuracy instructions, participants who spent less time grading (unmotivated participants) assigned fewer points to the Asian than the White target. There was no difference in assignment of points to the Asian or the White target when participants were given accuracy instructions or spent more time grading (motivated participants). The findings suggest that group members may experience negative consequences when they fall short of “great expectations” stemming from a positive stereotypic belief about their group.
Volatile processes in Triton's atmosphere and surface

A basic model for latitudinal transport of nitrogen is reviewed focusing on its limitations and some complications associated with surface and atmospheric physics. Data obtained by 1989 Voyager encounter with the Neptune system revealed the complexity in the pure nitrogen transport which is caused by the nonuniform albedo of the frosts. It is concluded that Triton is similar to Mars in terms of the complexity of volatile transport and to understand Triton's surface-atmosphere system, Mars may be a very good analog.
Controls on the spatial and temporal variability of vadose dripwater geochemistry: Edwards aquifer, central Texas

Abstract A 4-yr study of spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry of vadose groundwaters from caves within the Edwards aquifer region of central Texas offers new insights into controls on vadose groundwater evolution, the relationship between vadose and phreatic groundwaters, and the fundamental influence of soil composition on groundwater geochemistry. Variations in Sr isotopes and trace elements (Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios) of dripwaters and soils from different caves, as well as phreatic groundwaters, provide the potential to distinguish between local variability and regional processes controlling fluid geochemistry, and a framework for understanding the links between climatic and hydrologic processes. The Sr isotope compositions of vadose cave dripwaters (mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7087) and phreatic groundwaters (mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7079) generally fall between values for host carbonates (mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7076) and exchangeable Sr in overlying soils (mean 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7088). Dripwaters have lower Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios, and higher 87Sr/86Sr values than phreatic groundwaters. Dripwater 87Sr/86Sr values also inversely correlate with both Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios. Mass-balance modeling combined with these geochemical relationships suggest that variations in fluid compositions are predominantly controlled by groundwater residence times, and water-rock interaction with overlying soils and host aquifer carbonate rocks. Consistent differences in dripwater geochemistry (i.e., 87Sr/86Sr, Mg/Ca, and Sr/Ca) between individual caves are similar to compositional differences in soils above the caves. While these differences appear to exert significant control on local fluid evolution, geochemical and isotopic variations suggest that the controlling processes are regionally extensive. Temporal variations in 87Sr/86Sr values and Mg/Ca ratios of dripwaters from some sites over the 4-yr interval correspond with changes in both aquifer and climatic parameters. These results have important implications for the interpretation of trace element and isotopic variations in speleothems as paleoclimate records, as well as the understanding of controls on water chemistry for both present-day and ancient carbonate aquifers.
Creep behavior in interlaminar shear of a Hi-Nicalon™/ SiC-B4C composite at 1200 ◦ C in air and in steam

Abstract Creep behavior in interlaminar shear of a non-oxide ceramic composite with a multilayered matrix was investigated at 1200 °C in laboratory air and in steam environment. The composite was produced via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). The composite had an oxidation inhibited matrix, which consisted of alternating layers of silicon carbide and boron carbide and was reinforced with laminated Hi-Nicalon™ fibers woven in a five-harness-satin weave. Fiber preforms had pyrolytic carbon fiber coating with boron carbon overlay applied. The interlaminar shear properties were measured. The creep behavior was examined for interlaminar shear stresses in the 16–22 MPa range. Primary and secondary creep regimes were observed in all tests conducted in air and in steam. In air and in steam, creep run-out defined as 100 h at creep stress was achieved at 16 MPa. Similar creep strains were accumulated in air and in steam. Furthermore, creep strain rates and creep lifetimes were only moderately affected by the presence of steam. The retained properties of all specimens that achieved run-out were characterized. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated. The tested specimens were also examined using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) with wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed significant surface oxidation, but only trace amounts of boron and carbon. Cross sectional analysis showed increasing boron concentration in the specimen interior.
Opportunities and Impediments for Risk‐Based Standards: Some Views from a Workshop

Techniques for performing scientific risk assessments for a wide variety of chemical and radiological hazards present in the environment and workplace are available. Speakers at a workshop sponsored by the Environmental and Public/Occupational Health Standard's Steering Group addressed both the state-of-the-art in risk assessment and areas of difficulty that require further research. The Steering Group concluded that within the limits of the available data, risk-assessment techniques are a useful tool in decision-making. In the past, many government agencies have not been effective either in listening to public concerns or in communicating technical or scientific information about risks. This has been true at all levels of government. Workshop speakers discussed some ways that government agencies can more effectively communicate with the public. The Steering Group concluded that major efforts must be made to ensure that two-way communication takes place. Thus the results of the workshop show that effective management of risk requires both a scientific assessment of risk and a responsive consideration of the public's perception of risk. Intensive efforts must be made to ensure that effective two-way communication takes place between members of the public and the appropriate government agencies.
Nickel, copper, and zinc centered ruthenium-substituted porphyrins: effect of transition metals on photoinduced DNA cleavage and photoinduced melanoma cell toxicity

Coordination of two [Ru(bipy)2Cl]+ moieties (where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) to the pyridyl nitrogens in the 5,10-positions of meso-5,10,15-(4-pyridyl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin gives the diruthenium porphyrin complex I. Insertion of nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) into the porphyrin center gives the complexes II–IV, respectively. Electronic transitions associated with the ruthenium porphyrin include an intense Soret band and four less intense Q-bands in the visible region of the spectrum. An intense π–π* transition in the UV region associated with the bipyridyl groups and a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band appearing as a shoulder to the Soret band are also observed. A shift of the Soret band and collapse of the Q-bands into one band is observed upon insertion of the metal ions into the porphyrin center. Electrochemical properties associated with the complexes include a redox couple in the cathodic region attributed to the porphyrin and a redox couple in the anodic region due to the RuIII/II couple. DNA titrations of the complexes indicate that they interact strongly with DNA potentially through an intercalation mechanism. Irradiation of aqueous solutions of the complexes and supercoiled DNA at a 5 : 1 base pair to complex ratio with visible light above 400 nm shows nicking of DNA for the nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes and photocleavage of DNA for the zinc(II) complex. Cell studies with dermal skin (normal) fibroblast and melanoma cells indicate that the free base porphyrin(I) is toxic to both normal and melanoma cells, while the nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes, II and III, are non-toxic to both cell lines when irradiated with a tungsten lamp. The zinc(II) complex, IV, is non-toxic to normal cells but toxic to melanoma cells when irradiated under the same conditions.
An Instructional Adaptation For Gifted Students: The Non‐direct Instruction Pattern

Abstract To identify and operationalize an appropriate instructional adaptation to match the unique characteristics of gifted students is essential for their optimal learning. The intent of the present article is to translate and synthesize research concerning non‐direct instruction into a workable teaching pattern by: 1) clustering related teacher behaviours included in instructional organization and management; 2) describing the teacher who provides the instructional content but allows pupils to both organize this content and to be the centre of attention. Further, a rationale which includes both a description and examples of how the non‐direct instruction pattern may be used, together with an observation instrument to code behaviours and to monitor the operation of this instructional strategy ia discussed.
Use of Cr Kα radiation to enhance the signal from anomalous scatterers including sulfur

The anomalous signals from scatterers such as sulfur (S) and arsenic (As) were compared in diffraction data sets collected from an X-ray source with three different targets, Au, Cu and Cr, on a multi-target rotating anode. HIV-1 integrase crystals served as the test case for this study. The crystalline specimen of HIV-1 integrase contains in each protein molecule two As atoms, each covalently bound to a cysteine S atom, and two additional S atoms derived from methionine. It was found that the Cr Kα radiation gave the clearest peaks in anomalous difference Fourier maps, although the signal-to-noise ratios of the anomalous signal for the Cu Kα and Cr Kα data were similar but better than that for Au Lα. This result was in spite of the fourfold higher flux from the Cu anode versus the Cr anode. For all three X-ray wavelengths, anomalous difference Fourier maps calculated with bias-removed phases derived from the known atomic model revealed clear peaks at the two As sites. However, only in the map calculated using the Cr Kα data were both peaks of the expected ellipsoidal shape, enveloping the As atom and the adjacent S atom. None of the S sites was apparent in difference maps calculated using the Au Lα data. The ability to enhance the S-derived anomalous signal using Cr Kα radiation has particularly useful applications in the structure determination of proteins, for example in resolving ambiguities in the chain tracing of a protein with numerous disulfide bonds and in assigning amino acid identities. Additionally, anomalous difference Patterson maps calculated from the Cr Kα data were sufficiently clear to identify the As-related peaks. These results form the groundwork for in-house phase determination with the multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction method.
An invasive tree fern alters soil and plant nutrient dynamics in Hawaii

Invasive species that alter ecosystems are often successful competitors due to their effects on nutrient cycling. Sphaeropteris cooperi (Cyatheaceae; Australian tree fern) has been invading intact Hawaiian rainforests for decades and displacing the dominant native tree fern Cibotium glaucum (Cibotiaceae). S. cooperi produces more leaves that grow faster, contain more N and P, and decompose faster than C. glaucum leaves. Our experiment tested the effects of additions of leaf litter from native and non-native tree ferns on the growth and nutrient content of four native angiosperm species in forest (N-rich) and landslide (P-rich) soils. Both litter treatments inhibited growth initially in all species, but subsequent responses were species-specific. Compared to control treatments, the increase in biomass was highest in the fast-growing Carex wahuensis and Hibiscus arnottianus with S. cooperi litter in landslide soil. Leaf N in C. wahuensis was higher with S. cooperi litter and in forest soil, as expected, but other leaf nutrient responses showed some evidence of nutrient immobilization from litter addition. Several growth measures were higher with S. cooperi than C. glaucum litter and in forest than landslide soil, suggesting that N availability is the strongest driver of growth. Our results show that S. cooperi can alter nutrient cycling in Hawaiian plants, sometimes with positive effects on growth. However, under natural conditions, native plants must compete for these additional nutrients with S. cooperi and other invasive species. This study contributes to invasion biology as the first to examine the impact of leaf litter of an invasive fern on native species.
Achieving high encoding efficiency with partial dynamic LFSR reseeding

Previous forms of LFSR reseeding have been static (i.e., test application is stopped while each seed is loaded) and have required full reseeding (i.e., the length of the seed is equal to the length of the LFSR). A new form of LFSR reseeding is described here that is dynamic (i.e., the seed is incrementally modified while test application proceeds) and allows partial reseeding (i.e. length of the seed is less than that of the LFSR). In addition to providing better encoding efficiency, partial dynamic LFSR reseeding has a simpler hardware implementation than previous schemes based on multiple-polynomial LFSRs.
Relationship between the gingival sulcus depth and interleukin-1 isoform concentrations within the adjacent gingival tissue.

Background and Objective: While there is substantial information concerning the concentrations of interleukin-1 isoforms within gingival crevicular fluid, there is little information concerning their concentrations within either normal or diseased gingival tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentrations of gingival interleukin-1 isoforms and the adjacent sulcular depth. Material and Methods: Interdental gingival papillae were excised and grouped based on adjacent pocket depth and the presence of bleeding on probing. Gingiva adjacent to a sulcus of ≤ 3 mm without bleeding on probing were classified as ‘normal’; gingiva adjacent to a 3-mm sulcus with bleeding on probing were classified as ‘diseased-slight’; gingiva adjacent to a 4–6-mm sulcus featuring bleeding on probing were classified as ‘diseased-moderate’; and gingiva adjacent to a sulcus of > 6 mm featuring bleeding on probing were classified as ‘diseased-severe’. Tissues were solublized and the concentrations of interleukin-1β, interleukin-1α, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-6 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance, the post-hoc Tukey test and the Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Gingival concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-1α- and interleukin-1β were significantly greater at diseased-severe sites than at normal, diseased-slight, or diseased-moderate sites (p < 0.05); the gingival concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1α were significantly greater at diseased-severe than at diseased-moderate sites (p < 0.05). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist concentrations were significantly correlated with both interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β concentrations. The ratios of concentrations of the interleukin-1 isoforms were different at the various stages of inflammation. Conclusion: Our data indicated a progressive increase in gingival concentrations of interleukin-1 isoforms with increased adjacent sulcular depth. However, within ‘diseased’ tissues, the proportional concentrations of interleukin-1α and -β to interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were lowest within diseased-severe tissues.
Electromagnetic transition rates in 60Ni

Abstract The lifetimes of fourteen states in 60 Ni, ranging in excitation energy between 3.0 and 4.3 MeV, were measured through the Doppler-shift attenuation method. In addition a lower limit was set for the lifetime of the 2626.2 keV 3+ 1 level. The states were excited through the 60 Ni(p, ṕγ) reaction with 7 MeV protons. Singles γ-ray spectra were obtained with a 55 cm 3 Ge(Li) detector at θ γ = 0°, 90° and 160°. Since the recoil direction of the 60 Ni★ nuclei was undefined in these measurements, an averaging of the attenuation factor was performed and the influence of this averaging on the error limits was explored. The averaged attenuation factor was also calibrated with respect to known lifetimes in 58 Ni. With the help of recent information on electromagnetic decay properties in 60 Ni, transition strengths were calculated for the levels considered in this experiment.
Ernst Schmidt's approach to fin optimization: an extension to fins with variable conductivity and the design of ducts for fluid flow

Abstract In the first part of the paper, Ernst Schmidt's intuitive argument for choosing the optimum fin shape for least material is translated into analysis using the method of variational calculus. It is shown that even when the thermal conductivity of the fin is a function of temperature, the optimum shape of an individual ‘heat tube’ of the fin is the uniform shape, i.e. the tube the geometry of which does not vary with the longitudinal position. This generalization of Schmidt's argument is used in the search of optimum shapes for fins the materials of which have temperature-dependent conductivities. In the second part of the paper the analutical generalization of Schmidt's argument is applied to the design of ducts for fluid flow. It is shown that the shape of a duct the flow pattern or temperature of which varies with the longitudinal position can be selected optimally such that the overall flow resistance of the duct is minimized. The optimization of the duct shapes illustrated in this paper is conducted subject to one of two constraints, constant total duct volume or constant total duct wall surface.
GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN WITH PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY: TREATMENT WITH AN LHRH ANALOGUE

Sex steroid hormones can accelerate linear growth in children with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) without GH therapy. Therefore, GHD may not be suspected in children who are in puberty. LHRH analogue (LHRHa) therapy in children with precocious puberty (PP) has been demonstrated to decelerate the rapid growth velocity associated with elevated sex steroid hormones. We report two children below with PP in whom GHD was diagnosed after their linear growth was decelerated by intranasal administratior of LHRHa (Nafarelin). CA=chronological age in years; BA=bone age in years; GR=growth rate in cm/year: a=before LHRHa therapy, b=during LHRHa therapy, c=combined LHRHa and GH therapy GHD in children with PP may be more common than suspected previously. Recognition of this fact is important since a major complication of PP is short stature as an adult. The combination of GH and LHRHa therapy provided a more normal growth velocity for these children. These findings suggest that for some children with GHD, LHRHa therapy may be indicated to optimize their final adult height. (Supported by FD-R-000097 and USPH RR-00188)
Quality of Care in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Medicare recently proposed quality-of-care measures for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this analysis of national data, only about 20% of patients with HCV received all recommended ca...
Validation of a Hamilton subscale for endogenomorphic depression

Abstract The current study examined the validity of a subscale for endogenomorphic depression derived from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. In a sample of 147 women outpatients with primary depression, subscale (HES) scores were bimodally distributed around the mean score of 7.38. High-HES patients had significantly elevated scores on measures of depressive symptomatology, generalized symptomatic distress, and social impairment relative to low-HES patients. Classifications based on HES scores significantly predicted RDC and DSM-III subtype diagnoses of endogenous and nonendogenous depression. Diagnostic predictions based on the subscale's items were superior to predictions made using the ‘non-endogenomorphic’ Hamilton items. Potential applications for research are discussed.
Time-dependent chemisorption on a semiconductor surface

Abstract The microscopic aspects of interfacial growth are only crudely accessible to experiment. We have therefore developed a technique for computer-experimental studies of atoms and molecules deposited on solid surfaces, in which forces are determined from the electronic structure rather than atomic potentials. Here we report simulations of Cl, O, Se, N, As, Si, Ge, Al, Ga, Zn, Hg, Cu, and Au on the (1 1 0) surface of GaAs. The results exhibit non-trivial variety in both the dynamics and final bonding sites.
On the numerical verification of the asymptotic expansion of duffing's equation

In this paper a numerical method is implemented for the verification of the order of the asymptotic expansion of Duffing's equation. The technique is illustrated by considering the perturbation solution of the equation at some particular values.
Copy tape parameters for thermomagnetic duplication

Thermomagnetic duplication (TMD) of video program material, using mirror master tape with high Curie T. (>500°C) and chromium dioxide copy tape (Curie T. 130°C), was performed at a speed of 4 m/sec using a neodymium YAG laser as heat source to optimize tape parameters for TMD mode, and to study differences between TMD and conventional helical-scan video recording. Optimum TMD copy tape uses CrO 2 with high Hc, diluted with some non-magnetic pigment in a thin coating. TMD has greater latitude than realtime recording in chroma output and S/N. Dilution (from 50% to 20% by volume) causes 8 dB loss of chroma output in realtime but only 3, 4dB in TMD. The same dilution causes chroma (AM) S/N to drop by 3 dB in realtime, whereas TMD mode maintains a constant value of +4 dB. Very low coverage (30 mg CrO 2 /dm2or less) copy tapes appear to be within practical reach.
Superlattice of rodlike virus particles formed in aqueous solution through like-charge attraction.

Rodlike tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been found to assemble into a 2D superlattice in aqueous solution with hexagonally packed structures in the presence of Ba2+ through like-charge attraction wh...
Studies of Blastocystis hominis.

SYNOPSIS Blastocystis hominis, grown in Boeck-Drbohlav culture medium, modified by the omission of rice starch and the addition of 20% human serum and mineral oil cover to the Locke's solution overlay, can assume 3 morphologic forms. In the absence of human serum the vacuolated form, which divides by binary fission predominates. In medium with high serum content the granular form appears, with 3 types of granules. Spheroid or more elongate cytoplasmic granules predominate. In older organisms, lipid granules are found either in the peripheral cytoplasm or in the central vacuolar space. In occasional cells, variable numbers of reproductive granules develop in the central vacuolar space. These latter granules are released from the organism and give rise to typical B. hominis cells. The 3rd form, the ameba form, appears in small numbers in older cultures and in those treated with antibiotics. Ameba forms feed on bacteria and have slow pseudopodial activity. Exposure to oxygen causes rapid damage to cell membrane, with resulting leakage and collapse.
The use of computers and on-line services in conducting sexuality research with people who have physical disabilities

The sexuality of individuals with severe physical disabilities is an extremely under-studied topic area. Part of the difficulty in conducting research in this domain involves overcoming many of the obstacles in gaining access to this population in addition to designing the methodology in such a way that it is possible for these individuals to participate. One promising technique that addresses many of these difficulties is the use of “on-line” computer services. Obtaining subjects in this manner has several advantages that are of particular importance with this population.
The residual nilpotence of verbal wreath products

We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for residual nilpotence of verbal wreath products. We study also residual nilpotence of the groups of the formF/V(N), whereF is a free groupN◃F, andV(N) is a verbal subgroup ofN.
Perforin-mediated myocardial damage in acute myocarditis.

Abstract Endomyocardial specimens were obtained from 7 patients with acute myocarditis. Immunohistochemical examination of the mononuclear infiltrate showed mainly cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Perforin (a pore-forming protein found in cytotoxic lymphocytes) was identified in this myocardial lymphocytic infiltrate and electron microscopy showed myocardial cell damage that may have been associated with these perforin containing lymphocytes. The results indicate that in acute idiopathic and viral myocarditis, myocardial damage may be due to the action of perforin-secretinq lymphocytes.
Cloud-free shortwave aerosol radiative effect over oceans: Strategies for identifying anthropogenic forcing from Terra satellite measurements

[1] Using the Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) data that combines the multi-spectral Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud and aerosol products with the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) top of atmosphere broadband radiative fluxes, we first provide observational estimates of the instantaneous cloud-free shortwave aerosol radiative forcing (SWARF) over the global oceans. Different from our previous research, we corrected for both the sample biases and the diurnal cycle of SWARF and the cloud-free diurnally averaged SWARF is −5.3 ± 1.7 Wm−2, a value that is consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, we partition the CERES shortwave flux as a function of MODIS aerosol optical thickness and the fraction of fine mode aerosol to the total aerosol optical depth (η). Since η is related to particle size and is a good surrogate for aerosol type, we present strategies for estimating the radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols from MODIS and CERES measurements that is important for quantifying the climate forcing of aerosols.
The Celescope Survey and the Galactic Distribution of Interstellar Absorption

The Celescope experiment consisted of four 31 cm aperture telescopes equipped with digital television photometers, installed in the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, launched 7 December 1968. We used this instrument to conduct a survey in four ultraviolet colours: U l (2100-3200 A), U2 (1550—3200 A), U3 (1350— 2150 A) and U4 (1050-2150 A). We have published the observational results in the Celescope catalog of ultraviolet stellar observations (Davis, Deutschman & Haramundanis 1973). I have studied these results, together with relevant ground-based data, to determine the distribution of interstellar dust and variations of the interstellar extinction law with the position in the galaxy. Results from the data contained in the Celescope catalogue have been prepared for publication (Peytremann & Davis 1974)- These results have now been refined and expanded to include new ground-based U, B, V, and H(3 photometry acquired at Kitt Peak National Observatory, as well as new observations by W. A. Deutschman and R. Schild at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
Land use feedback on clear sky downward longwave radiation: a land use adapted model

The existing models for downwelling longwave (LW) radiation employ different formulations for clear sky emissivity calculation. Even though both the temperature and water vapor affect emissivity, most models use either a lump humidity parameter or only one of these effects because of existing correlation between the two parameters. These parameters are further affected by heterogeneous land use patterns and temporal changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. In this paper, a model considering the nonlinear temperature and water vapor pressure effects superpositioned in one equation to account for the net impact on clear sky emissivity is investigated. Furthermore, the developed model is enhanced to become robust and adaptable for different land uses. Ground radiometer and meteorological data applicable in the subtropical climate of Saint Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), FL, during the spring season are utilized for model development. The new model is tested against pyrgeometer data gathered above a crop in Bondville, IL, a rangeland in Ft. Peck, MT, and an urban setting in Deland, FL. When the new parameterization is validated using 24 h average downwelling LW flux, it yields a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) greater than 0.5, normalized Mean Bias Errors (MBE), and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of less than 5% and 7%, respectively, with the latter being the smallest deviations with respect to existing formulations. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains

Analysis of data collected on 131 species of primates, bats, and insectivores showed that the sizes of brain components, from medulla to forebrain, are highly predictable from absolute brain size by a nonlinear function. The order of neurogenesis was found to be highly conserved across a wide range of mammals and to correlate with the relative enlargement of structures as brain size increases, with disproportionately large growth occurring in late-generated structures. Because the order of neurogenesis is conserved, the most likely brain alteration resulting from selection for any behavioral ability may be a coordinated enlargement of the entire nonolfactory brain.
An E-field Eigenvalue Method for Computing Waveguides and Photonic Band-Gap Properties

A new direct vectorial two-dimensional solution based on an eigenvalue method is implemented to analyze waveguides and photonic band-gap structures based on a simpler E-field formulation unlike the H-field formulation.
Molecular characterization of stress-inducible GmNAC genes in soybean

Drought is detrimental to plant growth and development, and often results in significant losses to the yields of economically important crops such as soybeans (Glycine max L.). NAC transcription factors (TFs), which consist of a large family of plant-specific TFs, have been reported to enhance drought tolerance in a number of plants. In this study, 31 unigenes that contain the complete open reading frames encoding GmNAC proteins were identified and cloned from soybean. Analysis of C-terminal regulatory domain using yeast one-hybrid system indicated that among 31 GmNAC proteins, 28 have transcriptional activation activity. Expression analysis of these GmNAC genes showed that they are differentially expressed in different organs, suggesting that they have diverse functions during plant growth and development. To search for the drought-inducible GmNAC genes, we prescreened and re-confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis that nine GmNAC genes are induced by dehydration stress with differential induction levels in both shoot and root. The expression profiles of these nine GmNAC genes were also examined under other stresses such as high salinity, cold and with abscisic acid hormone treatments. Phylogenetic analysis of the GmNAC proteins with previously reported drought-inducible NAC proteins of Arabidopsis and rice revealed that the nine drought-inducible GmNAC proteins belong to the “stress-inducible” NAC group. The results of this systematic analysis of the GmNAC family will provide novel tools and resources for the development of improved drought tolerant transgenic soybean cultivars.
Two-Particle Cluster Theory of Antiferromagnetism

The two-spin cluster theory of Strieb, Callen and Horwitz, previously applied by the present authors to ferromagnets, is extended to antiferromagnets. The theory is formulated to include nearest and next-nearest neighbor exchange ( J 1 and J 2 ) and to apply to those types of antiferromagnetic Neel phases in which equal numbers of spins are nominally “up” and “down”. When J 2 =0 the theory reduces to the antiferromagnetic constant coupling theory of Kasteleijn and van Kranendonk. Consequently the theory suffers from the defect of an anti-Neel transition at low temperatures.
The Effective Number of Pulses Per Beamwidth for a Scanning Radar

The effective number of pulses received when a radar scans past a target is analyzed in terms of the integration of a train of pulses of amplitudes determined by the antenna beam pattern. It has been customary to take for this number the pulses occurring in the half-power beamwidth, s, and to assume that these pulses were all of full (mid-beam) amplitude (this assumption roughly compensating for the discard of pulses outside the half-power points). The present analysis is based on the existence of an optimum integration angle, which gives a greater improvement of signal-to-noise ratio than integration over greater or lesser arcs. This optimum is found to be 0.84s for a Gaussian-shaped beam. Integration over this angle gives the same signal-to-noise improvement as integration over a rectangular-shaped beam of width 0.47s. Thus the equivalent number of full-amplitude pulses is 0.47 times the number usually assumed, representing a reduction in calculated radar system sensitivity of 1.6 db.
2D and 3D Bayesian displacement estimation

Bayesian displacement estimation has been previously demonstrated in 1D and shown to reduce estimation and jitter and often bias. Here it is shown that the 1D implementation is directly extendable to 2D and 3D. 2D simulations are used to determine the validity of the perturbed likelihood function and empirically determine values for the scaling term α. 3D translation stage and in vivo cardiac experiments are used to examine the algorithm's performance for estimating displacements. The 2D simulations determined that a cap should be placed on the full scaling term (SNR/α). The 3D translation stage experiments show better performance in all three dimensions, and the 3D in vivo results show significant qualitative improvements as well as improvements in estimated levels of estimation variance.
Intravascular ultrasound as a clinical adjunct for carotid plaque characterization

Objective Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH IVUS) is valuable for estimating minimal lumen diameter and plaque characterization. The clinical use of IVUS in carotid intervention is not well characterized. We aim to evaluate the role of IVUS in carotid plaque characterization and determine whether it could be predictive of procedure-related microemboli. Methods From July 2010, patients with severe carotid stenosis who underwent elective carotid stenting procedures were prospectively enrolled. IVUS evaluation was performed before stent placement. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative images were recorded. Comparison of pre- and postoperative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images was used to identify the number of procedure-related microemboli. IVUS-derived minimal lumen diameter and vessel wall plaque characteristics were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to search for associations between IVUS-derived VH data and incidence of microemboli. Results A total of 38 high-risk patients receiving carotid stenting were enrolled. Among them, 25 patients had type I aortic arches and 17 of the patients were symptomatic (preoperative stroke or transient ischemic attack). VH IVUS data did not show strong associations with microemboli, however, a trend was found between the area of fibrous tissue and median or more incidence of microemboli ( P = .099). IVUS-defined vessel diameter maximum was associated with median or more incidence of microemboli ( P = .042). In addition, median or more incidence of microemboli showed trends with proximal common carotid artery calcification ( P = .056) and with being over the age of 80 ( P = .06). Contralateral carotid occlusion or high-grade stenosis was associated with postoperative contralateral microemboli ( P = .036). Conclusions We demonstrate that periprocedural carotid IVUS is clinically feasible. VH IVUS may be helpful in better understanding plaque morphology and determining optimal stent placement. However, its use in predicting microembolization remains limited.
A monoclonal antibody inhibits calcium accumulation and skeleton formation in cultured embryonic cells of the sea urchin.

Summary The assembly of the spicules (primitive skeleton) of the sea urchin embryo is being studied in primary mesenchyme cells cultured in vitro. A monoclonal antibody (1223) has been prepared that inhibits the deposition of CaCO 3 into the spicules. This antibody reacts with a 130,000 M r cell-surface protein that is concentrated on the surface of approximately 5% of the cells of dissociated gastrula stage embryos. When primary mesenchyme cells in the embryo or cells cultured in vitro are examined, the 1223 antigen is detected on the surface of the cells and on the extracellular material associated with the spicule. We conclude that the 1223 antibody recognizes a cell-surface protein that plays an essential role in spicule formation.
The electrochemical oxidation of p-dimethylaminophenol in aqueous solution

Summary The electrochemical oxidation of p-dimethylaminophenol (PDAP) has been studied over its stable pH-range. In acidic media, a chemical transformation of the protonated p-dimethylaminophenol to the free base precedes electron transfer. The product of this two-electron oxidation, p-N,N-dimethylbenzoquinoneimine, then undergoes hydrolysis to give benzoquinone and dimethylamine. The oxidation of PDAP in the pH-range 6–9 is a four-electron process which yields 2-dimethylamino-p-benzoquinone as the product. The intermediates and reactions which lead to this product have been identified by electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. In basic media, oxidation proceeds in two one-electron steps, giving first the phenoxy radical, and then the quinoneimine.
Is tolerance the result of engaging surface Ig of B cells in cycle

B-cell lymphomas, neonatal B cells and recently stimulated memory precursor B cells are all susceptible to tolerance induction. A property common to these cells is that they are all cycling. In this article, David Scott and Norman Klinman propose that tolerance is induced by the binding of a B cell's slg at a critical point in early G1 phase of the cell cycle. They make predictions from their hypothesis and invite suggestions for testing it.
Ventricular endomyocardial pathology produced by chronic cardiac lymphatic obstruction in the dog.

Chronic impairment of cardiac lymph flow was successfully accomplished in 22 dogs after preliminary anatomic studies revealed a feasible surgical technic. The anatomic and surgical details are presented. Gross and microscopic studies were possible in 19 of the operated animals, 3 of which died spontaneously, and 16 of which were sacrificed at varying time intervals between 2 and 16 weeks after surgery. Two of the 19 dogs were completely normal on gross and histologic examination. Abnormalities found in the remaining 17 animals included left and right ventricular subendocardial hemorrhages, increased elastic and fibrous tissue in the left ventricular endocardium, and opacification of the mitral valve leaflets. It is concluded that chronic impairment of cardiac lymph drainage is productive of significant endomyocardial pathology. These observations are considered to be important as possible etiologic mechanisms in endomyocardial fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis. The cardiac lymphatics merit continued...
Aspects of the Cannibalism Controversy: Comments on Merrilee Salmon

Access to full text is restricted. WSU Libraries provides access to electronic copy of this article via commercial databases and library online catalog. A link to the journal: http://libcat.wichita.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1442529
Grain growth in electrodeposited nanocrystalline fcc Ni–Fe alloys

The thermal stability and grain growth kinetics of two high purity electrodeposited nanocrystalline face-centered cubic Ni–Fe alloys were investigated. Microstructural studies reveal limited abnormal grain growth in these alloys. The results indicate two regimes of grain growth with different grain growth exponents. At low and high temperature regimes, the calculated activation energies are comparable to those for grain boundary and lattice diffusions, respectively.
Local area networks supporting speech traffic

Abstract This paper presents a new analytical model for estimating the average queue length and the average queueing delay of data packets in a SENET-like integrated voice and data system. The analytical model also computes the mean queue lengths and average queueing delays of data packets for every number of calls allowed in the system. The analysis uses the fluid flow approximation of data queues. The equations used to represent the integrated system provide further insight into the system behavior and can be useful to similar systems. The method presented here is easy to apply, avoids the numerical difficulties of other methods in the literature, and yields estimates in very good agreement with simulation results. Also presented is a new flow control procedure that significantly improves the delay performance and considerably reduces the mean data queue length.
Industrial parallel computing with real codes

Abstract The significant amount of work required to move large commercial application programs to parallel architectures in a portable way has stalled the take up of parallel technology in industry, thereby preventing the extra competitiveness of this technology from being fully utilized. Therefore, the European Commission has decided to promote European industry through the Europort initiative (within the ESPRIT III programme) by partially funding the porting of 38 industrially relevant codes to parallel computers. The goal is to demonstrate the benefit and cost-effectiveness of such systems and foster their industrial use. This paper presents current trends and first official benchmark results in the area of fluid dynamics and structural mechanics (Europort-1). These clearly show that it is not necessary to develop new codes in order to be able to gain essential benefit from the power of parallel architectures. In spite of serious constraints which come along with the porting of commercial codes in an industrial environment, all parallel codes will outperform their sequential counterpart at a considerably better price-performance ratio.
Rent-seeking with asymmetric valuations: Addition or deletion of a player

We consider an extension of Tullock's (1980) N-player contest under which prize valuations may vary across players. We show that the pure-strategy equilibrium of this contest is unique. We also establish the following results: rent dissipation increases, individual winning probabilities decrease, and individual spending either increases or decreases with the addition of a player.