cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Snapshot Estimators of Recent Hiv Incidence Rates

The recent HIV incidence rate (or hazard rate for infection) is an important quantity for use in monitoring the HIV/AIDS epidemic, evaluating HIV prevention programs, and allocating HIV prevention resources. Direct measurement of HIV incidence is difficult and time consuming, while estimating HIV incidence via backcalculation (deconvolution) using AIDS incidence data and the (presumed known) HIV incubation time distribution yields little information about recent infection. We propose a method for estimating recent HIV incidence in a population via a single sample at a single point in time. The method relies on understanding the progression of certain markers such as CD4 counts following infection. The actual formulas derived for the point and interval estimates of HIV incidence are simple and easy to use while the sample sizes needed to implement our approach are reasonable. We present two applications of our approach, comparing our results to those obtained from more conventional methods where possible.
Does Optic Nerve Head Size Variation Affect Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurement by Optical Coherence Tomography

PURPOSE To determine the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, optic disc size, and image magnification. METHODS The cohort consisted of 196 normal eyes of 101 participants in the Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study (AIGS), a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal study to develop advanced imaging technologies for glaucoma diagnosis. Scanning laser tomography was used to measure disc size. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to perform circumpapillary RNFL thickness measurements using the standard fixed 3.46-mm nominal scan diameter. A theoretical model of magnification effects was developed to relate RNFL thickness (overall average) with axial length and magnification. RESULTS Multivariate regression showed no significant correlation between RNFL thickness and optic disc area (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.9 to 4.1 μm/mm², P = 0.21). Linear regression showed that RNFL thickness depended significantly on axial length (slope = -3.1 μm/mm, 95% CI = -4.9 to -1.3, P = 0.001) and age (slope = -0.3 μm/y, 95% CI = -0.5 to -0.2, P = 0.0002). The slope values agreed closely with the values predicted by the magnification model. CONCLUSIONS There is no significant association between RNFL thickness and optic disc area. Previous publications that showed such an association may have been biased by the effect of axial length on fundus image magnification and, therefore, both measured RNFL thickness and apparent disc area. The true diameter of the circumpapillary OCT scan is larger for a longer eye (more myopic eye), leading to a thinner RNFL measurement. Adjustment of measured RNFL thickness by axial length, in addition to age, may lead to a tighter normative range and improve the detection of RNFL thinning due to glaucoma.
How to grow large crystals of linear macromolecules

Abstract Flexible linear macromolecules are shown to make up one of the three classes of materials. Their crystal growth has been neglected in the past. Presently the difficulties of crystallization from the random state of the macromolecules are understood. Only on perfection or annealing of the always first formed folded chain crystals is growth to larger and more perfect crystals possible. Crystallization during polymerization is the answer to large crystals of flexible linear macromolecules. In this case the random state of the macromolecule is bypassed and normal crystal growing techniques may be applicable.
First Sale, Digital Copyright, and Libraries

Abstract This column addresses challenges posed to libraries by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), specifically related to the doctrine of first sale. First sale has allowed libraries to lend books and otherwise disseminate information in various ways, but these practices may be endangered by the DMCA.
Fabrication and tribological properties of composite coatings produced by lithographic and microbeading methods

Abstract The deposition of composite coatings for tribological applications is reviewed in this article. The focus of recent research has been to fabricate hard coatings that incorporate noble metals with the goal of reducing friction in dry contact. In the present case, we consider coating systems intended for applications in temperature regimes where oxidation and thermal structural evolution is limited. Deposition of coatings with immiscible components (such as TiC/Ag) results in a composite-structured coating that under certain conditions (such as vacuum or high temperatures) has demonstrated reduced friction. Another approach is to pattern coatings by artificial methods such as masking, laser drilling, or photolithography. Our recent work has focused on photolithographic methods, as well as a new masking approach which we refer to as microbeading. Evaluation of microreservoir-containing coatings fabricated by the microbeading method was carried out by depositing a TiN film and using graphite as the solid lubricant. Pin-on-disk tests using an alumina counterface showed that substantial reductions in friction coefficients were obtained for the larger bead sizes (5–10 µm). The microbeading coating method was also implemented on cutting tools for machining where indium was used as the solid lubricant. Turning tests were conducted by high-speed machining of hardened 4340 steel, and the TiN–In coated inserts showed flank wear (in liquid lubricated machining conditions) of up to 4 times longer wear life than a TiN coating without indium. However, the role of the microreservoirs was not clear as the In coated TiN sample without microreservoirs also showed a significant performance improvement over TiN alone. Additional studies were made on samples using photolithography (TiN coatings incorporating either 4 or 9 µm reservoirs) and tested with various solid lubricants using a pin-on-disk test. We observed lubricant entrapment (within the reservoirs) of graphite, but also found examples of debris collection, both from the counterface (a steel ball) and hard coating (TiO2 transformed from TiN).
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy for in vivo retinal imaging

We have developed a non-invasive photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) for in vivo retinal imaging. PAOM detects the photoacoustic signal induced by pulsed laser light shined onto the retina. By using a stationary ultrasonic transducer in contact with the eyelids and scanning only the laser light across the retina, PAOM provides volumetric imaging of the retinal micro-vasculature and retinal pigment epithelium at a high speed. For B-scan frames containing 256 A-lines, the current PAOM has a frame rate of 93 Hz, which is comparable with state-of-the-art commercial spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). By integrating PAOM with SD-OCT, we further achieved OCT-guided PAOM, which can provide multi-modal retinal imaging simultaneously. The capabilities of this novel technology were demonstrated by imaging both the microanatomy and microvasculature of the rat retina in vivo.
Media Bias, Public Opinion, and Policy Liberalism from 1956 to 2004: A Second-Level Agenda-Setting Study

This study aims to explore second-level agenda-setting at the national level. In particular, it examines the relationships among the citation bias of the New York Times, national level public opinion, and Congressional policies from 1956 to 2004 in order to better understand mass media's role in national policymaking. In addition, it also tests one important intervening variable of the relationships among the three attribute agendas (the media agenda, the public agenda, and the policy agenda)—the president's policy liberalism.
Polyphenylene resin and its composites

A brief outline of various methods of polyphenylene preparation is given, but the products obtained are often either impure or impossible to process. A synthesis based on an arylation reaction has been developed which can be carried out in two stages, thus allowing a processing stage to be introduced. The reaction involves the thermal decomposition of a difunctional sulphonyl chloride and can be interrupted at the prepolymer stage. The final composites obtained have good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance which means that they have great potential for bearings, chemical plant and aerospace applications.
Usage-Based Approaches to Language and Their Applications to Second Language Learning

Over the past 20 years, many in the field of second language learning and pedagogy have become familiar with models of language that emphasize its communicative nature. These models are often referred to as usage-based because they emphasize the notion that actual language use is a primary shaper of linguistic form. Supporters of these models also argue that making meaning, that is, the use to which language is put, is central to how language is configured. Usage-based models share several other underlying assumptions as well. While these usage models have a number of ideas in common, several distinct approaches have emerged. They often use similar terms, such as cognition and metaphor, but the precise interpretations can vary from model to model. The overall result is that without extensive reading, it is not always clear just how these models differ and what unique insights each offer. This article attempts to address this situation by examining three major usage-based models—systemic functional linguistics, discourse functionalism, and cognitive linguistics. First, the common, underlying tenets shared by the three models are discussed. Second, an overview of the unique tenets and concerns of each approach is presented in order to distinguish key differences among them. Within the discussion of each approach, I also discuss various attempts to apply the model to issues in second language learning.
Histological Response to Ivory Implanted in Rabbit Mandibles

Ivory rod implants were found to be biologically unacceptable in rabbit mandibles. Fibrous connective-tissue capsules containing numerous multinucleated giant cells formed around the implants. Resorption of the ivory was also apparent. In addition, osteoid deposition and ankylosis at the experimental sites were not evident.
The Evolution of the Field of Biomechanics Through the Lens of Experimental Mechanics

Biomechanics is a young field that entails the study of the mechanical aspects of the life and health sciences. The growth of this field can be attributed to the growth of cutting-edge technologies that enable scientists to investigate the mechanics of life with increasing acuity. Founded in 1961, the journal Experimental Mechanics (EM) has had an important role in the growth and scholarship of the field of biomechanics. From the mid-1960’s to mid-1970’s, relevant publications in EM focused on characterizing potential bioimplants and exploring the mechanical properties of connective tissues. The next two decades witnessed a clear drop in biomechanics papers in EM, perhaps due to the rise of biomechanics-specific societies and journals that offered a more dedicated audience while EM sought a more varied readership. More recently, there has been a resurgence of biomechanics publications in EM, including 3 recent special issues devoted to the subject. The journal has brought forth an impressive range of biomechanics related papers including cellular and nanoscale studies, characterization of biological tissues and novel biomaterials, and most importantly, the development of novel technologies and devices that are applicable across the entire field. Digital image correlation and digital volume correlation are examples of techniques presented in EM that have been applied to numerous biomechanics problems. Although the field has exhibited exponential growth in the past 15 years, a myriad of scientific questions, especially on the cellular and subcellular level, remain to be answered. EM should cultivate its future role in shaping this exciting field.
Natives Röntgen vom Rückfuß und Saltzman-Aufnahme

Zusammenfassung Die radiologische Bildgebung gehort zum wichtigen Bestandteil der praoperativen Untersuchung bei den Patienten mit Erkrankungen des Fuses und/oder des Sprunggelenks. Man beginnt in der Regel mit den konventionellen Rontgenbildern: Dabei empfehlen wir die standardmasige „Vierer-Serie“ inklusive Fus dorso-plantar und lateral, oberes Sprunggelenk antero-posterior und Saltzman-Aufnahme unter Belastung. Die Rontgenaufnahmen sollten unter Belastung im Stehen angefertigt werden. Zu den Ausnahmen hierbei gehoren die Patienten mit einem akuten Trauma vom Fus und/oder Sprunggelenk sowie die Patienten in der fruhen postoperativen Phase. Bei Bedarf konnen dann weitere Rontgenaufnahmen angefertigt werden.
Congenital tricuspid atresia associated with interauricular and interventricular septal defects.

Abstract 1. 1. A case of congenital tricuspid atresia with associated defects is presented. 2. 2. The clinical picture is typical and easily distinguishes this condition from other congenital malformations in the cyanotic group. 3. 3. This is the forty-first reported case.
Effect of Acid and Alkaline Pyrophosphate Blends on the Natural Flora of a Cooked Meat System

Cooked pork sausage was prepared by using tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) and sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) at 0 and 0.4% of the meat weight either separately or in different combinations. Samples were vacuum packaged and held in a refrigerated display case at 5°C for 21 days. Samples were also stored at room temperature (20-22°C) for 24 and 48 hr. Neither phosphate had an effect on microbial counts during refrigerated storage up to 21 days, but SAPP caused significantly lower counts of mesophilic and facultative anaerobic organisms after 48 hr of temperature abuse. The organisms affected were streptococci or very similar coccobacilli.
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE TO BENZENE : AN UPDATE

Abstract During the 1990s, several large-scale studies of benzene concentrations in air, food, and blood have added to our knowledge of its environmental occurrence. In general, the new studies have confirmed the earlier findings of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) studies and other large-scale studies in Germany and the Netherlands concerning the levels of exposure and major sources. For example, the new studies found that personal exposures exceeded indoor concentrations of benzene, which in turn exceeded outdoor concentrations. The new studies of food concentrations have confirmed earlier indications that food is not an important pathway for benzene exposure. The results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on blood levels in a nationwide sample of 883 persons are in good agreement with the concentrations in exhaled breath measured in about 800 persons a decade earlier in the TEAM studies. Major sources of exposure continue to be active and passive smoking, auto exhaust, and driving or riding in automobiles. New methods in breath and blood sampling and analysis offer opportunities to investigate short-term peak exposures and resulting body burden under almost any conceivable field conditions.
Boundary derivatives of minimal surfaces

Let F be a closed rectifiable Jordan curve in Euclidean 3-space. We shall call S a generalized minimal surface spanning F if S is represented by a vector F(z)--{u(z), v(z), w(z)} defined in the disk I z l < l ( z = x + i y = r e ~~ with the following properties: (i) u(z), v(z), w(z) are harmonic in I zl < 1 and continuous in I zl ___< 1; (ii) x, y are isothermal parameters in I z l < 1, that is,
THE CORRELATION OF GOLGI ACTIVITY AND POLYSACCHARIDE SECRETION IN PORPHYRIDIUM12

SUMMARY Quantitative morphometric measurements were made of the area occupied by the Golgi complex in log and stationary phase cells. The technique involved the cutting out and weighing of cellular compartments from electron micrographs of median cell sections. Data from the morphometric measurements combined with physiological measurements of secretory activity yielded a simple model for the involvement of the Golgi complex in the biogenesis of cell surface polysaccharides. Golgi were larger and more numerous in log phase, perhaps indicating a higher rate of polysaccharide synthesis than in stationary phase. In log phase, polysaccharide-containing vesicles accumulate adjacent to the cell membrane. In stationary phase, the polysaccharide is secreted to the cell surface by exocytosis, giving rise to a capsule. Thus the shift from log to stationary phase results in structural and functional cellular differentiation, eg, from a thin to a thick capsule. The ecological implications of capsule formation are discussed.
Dependence of performance of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells with low platinum loading on morphologic characteristics of the electrodes

This paper describes the results of transmission electron microscopic, scanning electron microscopic and/or Rutherford backscattering spectroscopic analyses of platinum electrocatalysts supported on carbon, and of low catalyst loading gas-diffusion electrodes used in proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cells. We looked for correlations between the performance of PEM fuel cells and the morphology of low-catalyst-loading electrodes, taking into account the thickness of the catalyst layers, the crystallite sizes of the platinum electrocatalyst supported on carbon and the increased Pt catalyst content near the front of the electrodes. We reached the conclusion that the use of electrodes with thin catalyst layers (made by using platinum on carbon electrocatalysts with a high Pt/C weight ratio) and with more platinum localized near the front surface had the effect of diminishing the overpotentials in PEM fuel cells.
Standardized Seawater Rearing of Chinook Salmon Smolts to Evaluate Hatchery Practices Showed Low Statistical Power

Abstract We examined, under standardized conditions, seawater survival of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at the smolt stage to evaluate the experimental hatchery practices applied to their rearing. The experimental rearing practices included rearing fish at different densities; attempting to control bacterial kidney disease with broodstock segregation, erythromycin injection, and an experimental diet; rearing fish on different water sources; and freeze branding the fish. After application of experimental rearing practices in hatcheries, smolts were transported to a rearing facility for about 2–3 months of seawater rearing. Of 16 experiments, 4 yielded statistically significant differences in seawater survival. In general we found that high variability among replicates, plus the low numbers of replicates available, resulted in low statistical power. We recommend including four or five replicates and using α = 0.10 in 1-tailed tests of hatchery experiments to try to increase the statistical power t...
Spectral-Ripple Resolution Correlates with Speech Reception in Noise in Cochlear Implant Users

Speech perception ability in noise is one of the most practical measures of success with a cochlear implant; however, with experience, this ability can change dramatically over time, making it a less than ideal tool for comparing performance among different processing strategies. This study examined performance on a spectral discrimination task and compared it to speech perception in noise. An adaptive procedure was used to determine the spectral-ripple density that subjects could discriminate. A closed-set, forced-choice adaptive procedure was used to determine speech reception thresholds for words in two-talker babble and in speech-shaped, steady-state noise. Spectral-ripple thresholds (ripples/octave) were significantly correlated with speech reception thresholds (dB SNR) in noise for 29 cochlear implant users (r = −0.55, p = 0.002 in two-talker babble; r = −0.62, p = 0.0004 in steady-state noise), demonstrating that better spectral resolution was associated with better speech perception in noise. A significant correlation was also found between the spectral-ripple discrimination ability and word recognition in quiet (r = 0.50, p = 0.009). In addition, test–retest reliability for spectral-ripple discrimination was good, and no learning was observed. The present study demonstrates that the spectral-ripple discrimination test, which is time efficient and nonlinguistic, would be a useful tool to evaluate cochlear implant performance with different signal processing strategies.
Genetic Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although the vast majority of PD cases are idiopathic in nature, there is a subset that contains genetic links. Of the genes that have been linked to PD, α-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 have been used to develop transgenic rat models of the disease. In this paper we focused on the various transgenic rat models of PD in terms of their ability to mimic key symptoms of PD in a progressive manner. In general, we found that most of these models provided useful tools for the early stages of PD, but the development of new transgenic rats that present significant neuropathologic and motoric deficits in a progressive manner that more accurately mimics PD is needed.
Large gap joining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with mixed powder interlayers

AbstractTitanium based brazing alloys containing chromium, iron, copper, and nickel as β stabilisers have been studied for joining the titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V. Two of these alloys were selected for use in producing large gap joints. The first brazing alloy, Ti–12Zr–14Cr–12Cu–12Ni (type 1), can be used to braze Ti–6Al–4V below its β transus temperature. Joints of thickness up to 150 μm can be made in a normal brazing cycle without prolonged holding. The interlayer consists of a β titanium alloy with no precipitation of intermetallic compounds. The second brazing alloy, Ti–12Zr–14Cr–6Fe–5Cu–5Ni (type 2), has to be brazed above the β transus temperature of Ti–6Al–4V. Its powders were mixed with pure titanium and Ti–6Al–4V powders and the mixture was used as the joining interlayer. Interlayers 5 mm in thickness were used to produce joints for microstructural examination and mechanical testing. It was found that residual pores in the interlayers were related to the amount of the brazing alloy in the interlaye...
22. Galectin-9 is increased during cuprizone intoxication and promotes remyelination

Demyelination and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) results from inflammatory processes that are perpetuated by activated glia and infiltrating leukocytes. Galectins are beta-galactoside binding lectins, capable of modulating immune responses. The function of galectin-9 (Gal-9) upregulation in MS is important since it has been reported to promote innate immune responses while at the same time inhibit autoimmunity. Cuprizone intoxication causes reproducible demyelination of the caudal corpus callosum that is associated with reactive gliosis. Removal of cuprizone from the diet results in remyelination. Using wild-type (WT) and galectin-9 null ( Lgals9 − / −) mice we investigated the effects Gal-9 on the pathogenesis of this model of MS. Gal-9 was increased in the corpus callosum during cuprizone intoxication where it localized to both GFAP+ astrocytes and Iba-1+ microglia. However, the degree of demyelination and reactive gliosis were similar between genotypes. Likewise, reactive gliosis did not differ between WT and Lgals9 − / − mice during a time-frame corresponding to remyelination. In contrast, WT mice displayed enhance remyelination when compared to Lgals9 − / − mice as determined by oil Red O staining for myelin. Interestingly, Lgals9 − / − mice had significantly fewer mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) (CC1+) than their WT counterparts while the numbers of total OLs (Olig2+) did not differ between genotype. Finally, treatment of mixed glial cultures with recombinant Gal-9 promoted OL maturation. Together these data indicate galectin-9 promotes oligodendrocyte maturation remyelination.
A note on the structure of the transient behaviour of chemical reactors

Abstract Conclusions that might be drawn in an abstract way concerning the structure of solutions representing the transient behaviour of chemical reactors are discussed.
[Relation of the adrenal gland, lymphatic diathesis, status thymico-lymphaticus].

Nach neueren experimentellen und klinischen Erkenntnissen ist die Ausbildung des thymolymphatischen Systems direkt abhangig von der Nebennierenfunktion. Eine hohe Sekretion von Glucocorticoiden fuhrt zur Involution, eine verminderte zur Hyperplasie.
Electrophoretic Comparison of Human and Catfish Plasma Proteins

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electropherograms of the sera of 13 Ictalurids and one Ariid were compared with that of human serum. Electrophoresis was combined with precipitation to identify albumins and globulins, and with differential staining to identify lipoproteins, glycoproteins, cytochrome oxidase, and haptoglobins. Parallel electrophoresis of serum and plasma from the same individual fishes was used to locate fibrinogen. Albumins and globulins were present in all catfish sera. The electrophoretic patterns of the ictalurids were quite similar to one another and to the serum pattern of the Ariid although the latter was still distinctive. Catfish serum patterns are unlike that of human serum. Human albumin migrates more rapidly, but it is chemically similar to one of the albumins of catfish in being composed of both lipoprotein, glycoprotein, and having cytochrome oxidase activity. Human and catfish albumin evidently differ in their nonspecific binding abilities. Human and catfish sera differ in their ...
Antiinflammatory Activities of Lactoferrin

Lactoferrin is a non-heme iron binding glycoprotein produced during lactation and by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. The protein is a prominent component of the first line of mammalian host defense and its expression is upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this paper, the antibacterial and immune modulatory properties of lactoferrin that contribute to host defense are reviewed. In addition, the results of recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating that lactoferrin acts as an inhibitor of dermal inflammatory cytokine production are summarized. The results indicate that lactoferrin may act as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
New images support proposal for water ice on Mercury

Two decades ago, radio telescope observations showed radar-bright features in Mercury's polar regions. The radar characteristics are similar to those of the icy satellites of Jupiter and at the south polar ice cap on Mars. The radarbright spots on Mercury were therefore believed to be water ice, and images from MESSENGER provide new support for this idea. MESSENGER, the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury, has provided a view of Mercury's south polar terrain over a full Mercury day that makes it possible to identify areas in permanent shadow. Chabot et al. compared the MESSENGER images of craters in the south pole region with the distribution of radarbright features from previous radio telescope studies.
Parity Rates of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in a Female-retaining Ovitrap

Parity rates of field-collected Aedes triseriatus were studied at a La Crosse encephalitis (LAC) virus endemic site in southern Wisconsin. A simple and inexpensive trap designed to retain ovipositing A. triseriatus allowed direct sampling of the ovipositing population. During the 4 yr of the study, 1,715 females were collected, 1,490 of which were successfully age-graded. Most (84%) were determined to be uniparous. The data support the conclusion that horizontal transmission to and from vertebrate amplifiers plays a minor role in the maintenance of LAC virus endemicity at the site studied.
Beyond “flavor of the month” Institutionalizing problem‐oriented policing (POP) in the CMPD

Purpose – The process of institutionalizing police reform has been relatively ignored in the policing literature. Owing to this, there is no established framework for institutionalizing police reform. This article seeks to add to the knowledge regarding the institutionalization of police reform by presenting the results from a study that examined the institutionalization of problem‐oriented policing (POP) in the CMPD.Design/methodology/approach – The research was guided by the limited amount of organizational change in policing research and the limited amount of organizational development literature pertaining to institutionalization. The research utilized captain interviews and rank‐and‐file surveys to determine officer knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes towards POP in the CMPD. The CMPD's policies, procedures, and practices pertaining to POP were also outlined.Findings – It was found that POP has become institutionalized in the CMPD. POP principles are evident in the captain's culture, rank‐and‐file's ...
Measurement of mercury isotopic ratio in stone meteorites by neutron activation analysis

196Hg and202Hg isotopes have been measured by neutron activation analysis in samples of twelve stone meteorites. Hg is extracted from an irradiated sample by stepwise heating. The mercury concentrations vary from 0.07 to 33 ppm. While most of the samples give196Hg/202Hg ratios similar to terrestrial value within error limits, in some cases large anomalies are observed. A number of control experiments have been devised, that show the absence of experimental artifacts, during sample preparation, neutron irradiation, chemical separation and counting stages. Several anomalous and normal Hg distillate have been re-irradiated as Hg-diethyl-dithio-carbamate complex to eliminate the influence of neutron self shielding and interfering reactions from matrix elements. The isotopic ratio patterns persist in the distillates too proving that any artifacts during meteorite irradiation and measurement are essentially absent. Both positive and negative anomalies are observed; however, the negative anomalies are much more frequent and abundant. In an extreme case of fine grained magnetic particles of Ambapur Nagla the196Hg is apparently absent in the Hg released at 100 °C. A 2σ196Hg/202Hg value is only 6% relative to the monitor. This experiment shows the robustness of neutron activation analysis and suggest some constrains on the formation history of stone meteorites.
Cell-type specificity of preconditioning in an in vitro model

We investigated whether preconditioning could protect several cultured cell lines, to determine whether the protection is specific for cells derived from different myogenic and non-myogenic sources. Ischemia was simulated by centrifugation of cells into a pellet, and cell viability was determined by hypotonic trypan blue solution. Preconditioning was produced by brief exposures to either glucose-free solution or metabolic inhibition. Freshly isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes were studied to confirm that preconditioning occurs in this model. We then compared these results to those in several cultured cell lines, including HEK 293 cells derived from human embryonic kidney, HIT-T15 cells from Syrian hamster pancreatic islets, and C2C12 cells from mouse skeletal muscle. In the latter cell line, we also determined whether differentiation alters preconditioning. Preconditioning protected rabbit ventricular myocytes: the percentage of dead cells was decreased from 36.8±4.7% in the control group to 23.0±5.2% in the preconditioned group after 60 min and from 50.7±2.1% in the control group to 25.5±4.5% in the preconditioned group after 120 min ischemia (p<0.02). In contrast, there was no protection from preconditioning in HEK 293 cells or HIT-T15 cells. Preconditioning did not protect C2C12 myoblasts either. Interestingly, after C2C12 myoblasts had differentiated into myotubes (induced by exposing the cells to low-serum medium), they could then be protected by preconditioning (46.3±3.6% in the control group vs 26.0±2.7% in the preconditioned group after 60 min and 67.4±3.6% in the control group vs 46.0±4.6% in the preconditioned group after 120 min ischemia; p<0.05). In conclusion, protection from preconditioning is cell-type specific. The presence of endogenous KATP channels (which are plentiful in HIT-T15 cells) is insufficient to enable preconditioning of the cell. Among the various cell types studied, only differentiated muscle cells (rabbit ventricular myocytes and C2C12 myotubes) exhibited preconditioning.
Nature of the Intermediate Formed in the Reduction of O2 to H2O at the Trinuclear Copper Cluster Active Site in Native Laccase

The multicopper oxidases contain at least four copper atoms and catalyze the four-electron reduction of O2 to H2O at a trinuclear copper cluster. An intermediate, termed native intermediate, has been trapped by a rapid freeze-quench technique from Rhus vernicifera laccase when the fully reduced form reacts with dioxygen. This intermediate had been described as an oxygen-radical bound to the trinuclear copper cluster with one Cu site reduced. XAS, however, shows that all copper atoms are oxidized in this intermediate. A combination of EXAFS, multifrequency EPR, and VTVH MCD has been used to understand how this fully oxidized trinuclear Cu cluster relates to the fully oxidized resting form of the enzyme. It is determined that in the native intermediate all copper atoms of the cluster are bridged by the product of full O2 reduction. In contrast, the resting form has one copper atom of the cluster (the T2 Cu) magnetically isolated from the others. The native intermediate decays to the resting oxidized form wi...
Behavioral responses of bulls kept under artificial breeding conditions to compounds presented for olfaction, taste or with topical nasal application

The objective of this study was to test practical ways of influencing the sexual behavior of bulls used for artificial insemination. Dairy bulls that were sexually active with regular semen collections were compared with sexually inactive bulls housed elsewhere, after being sampled in artificial breeding as yearlings. The behavior of bulls in response to various volatile compounds and mixtures was recorded. These behaviors included sniffing, licking of sample, tongue manipulation, vocalization and flehmen. Single compounds found as volatile compounds in estrous blood did not evoke appreciable responses. Mixtures of these compounds evoked some response, but the most powerful stimulus was urine collected from teaser bulls. Most sexually active and inactive bulls responded quickly to urine soaked cloths brought near them. They would attempt to reach the urine sample, sniff it and lick it, followed usually by a strong flehmen. Sexually active bulls while in their familiar semen collection area with mount bulls paid little attention to the urine as compared with licking the teaser bulls. Thus, with this visual stimulus the effect of olfaction stimulus on sexual arousal of dairy bulls was minimal.
Social Adjustment, Social Performance, and Social Skills: A Tri-Component Model of Social Competence

Analyzes social competence, an often used yet elusive concept. Although complex, it need not be incomprehensible or unwieldy. Child and adolescent clients often engage in maladaptive social behavior in order to meet their emerging needs. A tri-component model, viewing social competence as a multilevel construct made up of social adjustment, social performance, and social skills, can be a useful heuristic for clinicians and researchers seeking to modify, predict, or explain children's social functioning. The implications for assessing social competence in this way are discussed.
Membrane-fusions and cytoplasmic bridges in the cells of the developing cerebellum.

In the developing cerebellum of the neonate rats membranefusions and cytoplasmic bridges between cells were observed. These membrane-fusions were characterized by the presence of loops of membrane and cytoplasmic bridges between the two limits of the membrane-fusions. They were found between Purkinje cells, Purkinje cells and the migratory cells, mitotically potent cells of the external granular layer, and differentiating granule cells of the internal granular layer. The membrane-fusions were found to be a transient developmental phenomenon. Issues pertaining to the universality of membrane-fusions, their significance in the induction for cell differentiation, and the problem of fixation artifacts are discussed.
A moment equation description of magnetic reversals in the earth

Abstract Low order moments of the alpha dynamo equations in a geophysical regime are related to the dependent variables in a reversing disk dynamo. The link suggests that nonperiodic reversal is an intrinsic feature of the alpha dynamo equations provided the forcing is vigorous and the toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields are sufficiently out of phase. The nonuniformities in reversal frequency are then attributable to subcritical instability.
A nomenclature for fungal PCR primers with examples from intron-containing SSU rDNA

We present a compilation of polymerase chain reaction primers (oligonucleotides) used to amplify and sequence the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To simplify use of these primers we designed a nomenclature that defines the location of each relative to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. With these primers we have developed strategies for selectively amplifying the diverse ribosomal DNA repeat types found in lichens; either between symbionts or be-
Psychologists’ Search for the Good Life:

Psychologists working in three settings (academia, university counseling centers, and community mental health) completed three measures of the “good life” as part of a study examining psychologists...
Deformed grids for single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of specimens exhibiting a preferred orientation

For biological samples showing a preferred orientation on the carbon support film of an electron microscope (EM) grid, accurate three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions by single-particle cryo-EM require data collection in which the specimen grids are tilted in the microscope, to obtain adequate numbers of particles that cover the high-degree angular distribution. However, image drift caused by the electron beam interacting with the cryo specimen becomes severe when grids are tilted to high angles (>30°). We produced deformed grids by applying a deliberate mechanical deformation to EM grids containing a thin carbon film supported by a thick holey carbon film. We applied cryo-EM using deformed grids to the isolated cardiac ryanodine receptor, an ion channel complex known to assume a preferred orientation on the carbon support film. These grids contained more particles having high Euler angle orientations without the need to tilt the specimen grids. Meanwhile, the drifting that was apparent in the images was reduced from that typical of images from tilted regular EM grids. This was achieved by imaging particles in holes close to the deformed areas, where carbon films were locally bent, offering planes of inclination with various angles. The deformed grids improve the efficiency and quality of data collection for single-particle cryo-EM of samples showing a limited range of orientations.
Electromagnetic interactions and the relativistic infinite-component wave equation for hydrogen

We examine the problem of incorporating external electromagnetic interactions into the theory of the relativistic infinite-component SO(4,2) wave equation for the hydrogen atom proposed by Barut. We introduce the simplest set of covariant interaction terms modeled after the nonrelativistic SO(4,2) theory as an alternative to the complicated array of terms obtained from the formal replacement ${P}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{P}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}e{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. Using a covariant perturbation theory, we calculate the electric and magnetic polarizabilities of the ground state of the hydrogen atom in uniform fields and show that they have the correct nonrelativistic reductions.
Direct Realism, Intentionality, and the Objective Being of Ideas

My aim is to arrive at a better understanding of the distinction between direct realism and representationalism by offering a critical analysis of Steven Nadler’s account in Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas. I argue contrary to Nadler that Descartes and Arnauld are representationalists, and I also argue that Aquinas is a representationalist.
A systematic approach to the assessment of impact in a professional doctorate

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present one approach to the measurement of impact in a professional doctorate in education that encompasses discipline-based coursework and practice-embedded research. Design/methodology/approach – Quantitative and qualitative data on the impact of the doctoral program were collected at regular intervals, with a focus on students’ application of program content in their professional practice and on students’ professional growth. Findings – The research design and the findings are discussed in the context of the larger debate surrounding the measurement of doctoral impact and the value of online doctoral degrees for practitioners. Originality/value – This paper presents the systematic collection of data over four years in a newly developed professional doctorate in education.
Isolation and characterization of a protein C activator from tropical moccasin venom.

Abstract A protease from the venom of the tropical moccasin (Agkistrodon bilineatus) that activates protein C was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The purified protease is a glycoprotein, and exhibited a molecular weight of 35,000 and 38,000 in SDS-PAGE under non-reducing and reducing conditions, respectively. The purified protease readily activated human protein C and steady-state kinetic parameters indicated an apparent Km for human protein C of 1.7 μM and an apparent kcat of 0.02 sec−1. Calcium inhibited the activation of human protein C by the venom protease (K1=93 μM). Amino-terminal sequence analysis revealed that the tropical moccasin protein C activator was highly homologous to the protein C activator isolated from Southern copperhead venom.
Thermal stability and compatibility of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with an oxidizer and pyrotechnic blend

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a relatively new high temperature engineering thermoplastic. The stability of neat and fiberglass reinforced PEEK towards air, KClO4, and TiH1.65/KClO4 blend was studied by the surface sensitive technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and bulk technique of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Both of these examinations revealed no oxidation in the presence of air or KClO4 at temperatures of 60 or 120°C. In addition, no reduction of PEEK was observed in the presence of a reducing agent such as TiH1.65. The TG results also showed no air oxidation between 120 and 500°C.
Lore of the token ring

Token-ring LANs defined by the IEEE 802.5 and American National Standards Institute X3T9.5 Committees are considered. The author addresses several myths surrounding token-ring networks and offers supporting technical evidence to the contrary. He discusses token-ring protocols, the star-wired configuration, ring access via tokens, multiplexing of ring connections, and the significant recovery mechanisms allowed by the ring.
Activation studies with an iron fischer‐tropsch catalyst in fixed bed and stirred tank slurry reactors

A precipitated iron catalyst (100 Fe/5 Cu/4.2 K/25 SiO2 on a mass basis) was tested in a fixed bed reactor and a stirred tank slurry reactor under the same process conditions (250°C, 1.48 MPa, 2 L (STP)/gcat · h, H2 : CO = 2:3). Two different pretreatment procedures were employed (hydrogen reduction at 220°C and carbon monoxide activation at 280°C) in each of the two reactor types. In the stirred tank slurry reactor tests the activity (based on an apparent first order reaction rate constant) of the carbon monoxide pretreated catalyst was about 25% higher than that of hydrogen reduced catalyst, due to incomplete reduction of the latter. In all tests the catalyst selectivity changed slowly with time on stream. Hydrocarbon distribution shifted toward lower molar mass products, and secondary reactions (l-olefin hydrogenation, isomerization and readsorption) increased with time. The secondary reactions were the most pronounced on the hydrogen reduced catalyst in the fixed bed reactor. On a teste un catalyseur de fer precipite (100 Fe/5 Cu/4,2 K/25 SiO2 sur une base massique) dans un reacteur a lit fixe et un reacteur de suspensions en cuve agitee dans les měmes conditions de fonctionnement (250°C, 1,48 Mpa, 2 L (STP)/gcat·h, H2 : CO = 2:3). Deux procedures de pretraitement differentes ont ete employees (reduction de l'hydrogene a 220°C et activation du monoxyde de carbone a 280°C) dans chacun des reacteurs. Dans le reacteur en cuve agitee, l'activite du catalyseur pretraite du monoxyde de carbone (d'apres la constante de la vitesse de reaction apparente du premier ordre) est de 25% superieure a celle du catalyseur reduit par l'hydrogene, en raison d'une reduction incomplete de ce dernier. Dans tous les essais, la selectivite du catalyseur se modifie lentement avec la duree d'operation. La distribution des hydrocarbures se decale vers des produits de masse molaire inferieur, et les reactions secondaires (hydrogenation, isomerisation et readsorption des l-olefines) augmentent dans le temps. Les reactions secondaires sont plus prononcees sur le catalyseur reduit par l'hydrogene dans le reacteur a lit fixe.
The impact of asthma action plans on quality of life and other asthma outcomes

Abstract Rationale Asthma action plans (AAPs) are recommended for asthma self-management. Our purpose was to determine if the use of AAP impacts on asthma outcome measures. Methods This study is part of an investigation of nebulizer use in inner city, minority children ages (2-8 yrs). Data were collected from primary caregivers interviews about their use of AAC as well as PO steroids, hospitalizations, ED visits and controller medication use. Caregiver quality of life (QOL) was assessed using Juniper scale. Caregivers of 221 asthmatic children were recruited from sub-specialty clinics, emergency department, inpatient floors and community care sites. Results There were no differences in age or asthma severity among subjects with AAP (n=85) and without AAP (n=136). Subjects with AAPs reported more courses of PO steroids within the last year (3.54, range, 0-33) compared to those without AAP (mean 2.39, range 0-12, p=0.02) and fewer hospitalizations (0.19, range 0-3) than those without AAP (0.49, range 0-5, p=0.002). ED visits for subjects with AAPs averaged 1.75 visits within last 6 months (range 0-20) compared to 2.08 for those with no AAP (range 0-20, p=0.39). Controller medication use was reported in 84.7% of subjects with AAP and 76.4% of subjects without AAP (p=0.14). Subjects with AAPs had higher Mean QOL of scores (5.25, range 2.0-7.0) compared to those without AAP (4.59, range 1.31-7.0, p=0.001). Conclusions Caregivers of subjects with AAPs report improved QOL scores, more PO steroid use and fewer admissions than those without AAPs. AAP use did not impact significantly on ED visits or controller medication use.