cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversity in Statistics Education at Postsecondary Institutions

Statistics classes are required for postsecondary students in a variety of majors, in addition to students who are statistics majors themselves. Although many students will experience statistics class during college, there is very little research examining the state of diversity within these classes and within statistics programs. This study uses enrollment data from a large Midwestern university as well as nationally (USA) representative data collected from the United States National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) through the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to examine the status of diversity within postsecondary statistics education. Results indicate that the distribution of statistics majors by gender is fairly equitable although females may be somewhat underrepresented. In addition, Black, Hispanic, and White students are shown to be underrepresented compared to the student population, while Asian students and International students are shown to be overrepresented among statistics majors when compared to the student population. Students majoring in the social sciences are often required to take statistics classes as well; results regarding these students indicate that males are underrepresented but that these students are fairly diverse with regard to race/ethnicity. Implications and associated pedagogical guidance are explored.
Temperature and Emission-Measure Profiles along Long-lived Solar Coronal Loops Observed with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer

We report an initial study of temperature and emission-measure distributions along four steady loops observed with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer at the limb of the Sun. The temperature diagnostic is the filter ratio of the extreme-ultraviolet 171 and 195 A passbands. The emission-measure diagnostic is the count rate in the 171 A passband. We find essentially no temperature variation along the loops. We compare the observed loop structure with theoretical isothermal and nonisothermal static loop structure.
Copi y el teatro camp: el acto de vestir y desvestir como una ontología de la identidad en la obra teatral Eva Perón

La obra literaria del escritor y dramaturgo franco-argentino, Raul Damonte Botana (1939-1987) —mejor conocido por el pseudonimo de Copi—, ha despertado opiniones divididas entre la critica literaria. Quienes se han ocupado de analizar la narrativa y el teatro de Copi argumentan que sus creaciones gestan en el lector cierta impresion de desasosiego al enfrentarse a un universo narrativo caotico y excesivo, plagado de incongruencias y personajes siniestros. Si bien es cierto que el teatro de Copi puede conceptualizarse como un esfuerzo, quizas fallido, que pretende romper con toda escuela, influencia o tradicion, existen tambien una serie de elementos distintivos en el teatro de Copi que nos permite examinar sus obras bajo la optica del camp —un tipo de sensibilidad asociada con la identidad queer que se caracteriza por ser frivolo, extravagante, pretencioso, incongruente, ademas de exhibir una fascinacion por el disfraz y la ornamentacion estetica; pero en el fondo, representa un gesto genuino a traves del cual se revela una verdad. Como estrategia, el camp nos brinda una novedosa propuesta que nos permite reconocer el valor de las inusuales creaciones de Copi, mas alla de catalogar el teatro de Copi como un caso accidental o aislado. Para lograr este cometido analizo Eva Peron , la cual nos presenta una Eva Peron drag queen y desmesurada, muy al estilo camp , obsesionada con la moda y sus extravagantes vestidos. Propongo ademas que en la obra teatral Eva Peron , Copi nos brinda a los espectadores un tratado ontologico en el que la identidad es planteada esencialmente como un ornamento estetico, vestimenta o disfraz, y el ser queda manifestad a traves del acto de vestir y desvestir. En el presente estudio, primero, exploro las definiciones del camp y trazo una breve historiografia para enfocarme despues en el llamado teatro camp . Posteriormente, analizo la puesta en escena de Eva Peron centrandome en las recurrentes referencias esteticas en torno a la creacion de la identidad.
Coal‐mining intensity influences species and trait distributions of stream fishes in two Central Appalachian watersheds

Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Appalachian Research Institute for Environmental Science [000900]
Micromechanics modeling and homogenization of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites subject to synergistic deterioration

Abstract Composites have been successfully adopted in manufacturing and aerospace applications and are rapidly expanding into civil infrastructure. This paper develops an experimentally-validated 3D multi-physics finite element model for predicting the synergistic effects of combined physical/chemical degradation processes of UV radiation and water condensation at elevated temperatures in representative volume elements of glass fiber reinforced polymeric matrix composites subjected to environmental exposure and mechanical loading. Validation studies are conducted by comparing the results of multi-physics FEM simulations with accelerated exposure experiments. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the effect of mesh density on the accuracy of results. The effects of woven structure, diffusive parameters, and matter loss flux on the evolution of deterioration are analyzed on both a local and global scale.
Toward Safe Dose Delivery in Plasma Medicine using Projected Neural Network-based Fast Approximate NMPC

Abstract Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are increasingly used for biomedical applications. Reproducible and effective operation of APPJs hinges on controlling the nonlinear effects of plasma on a target substrate in the face of intrinsic variabilities of the plasma as well as exogenous disturbances. This paper presents a low-memory fast approximate nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy for an APPJ with prototypical applications in plasma medicine. The NMPC objective is to regulate the delivery of the cumulative thermal effects of plasma to a substrate, while adhering to constraints pertaining to a patient’s safety and comfort. Deep neural networks are used to approximate the implicit NMPC law with a cheap-to-evaluate explicit control law that has low memory requirements. Robust constraint satisfaction is guaranteed by projecting the output of the neural network onto a set that ensures the state stays within an appropriately defined invariant set. Closed-loop simulations and real-time control experiments indicate that the proposed approximate NMPC strategy is effective in handling nonlinear control costs at fast sampling times, while guaranteeing satisfaction of safety-critical system constraints. This work takes a crucial step toward fast NMPC of safety-critical plasma applications using resource-limited embedded control hardware.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of Nickel Using Sequential Chlorination and Ligand-Addition Reactions

The thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) of nickel was demonstrated using sequential chlorination and ligand-addition reactions. Nickel chlorination was achieved using SO2Cl2 (sulfuryl chloride) as t...
Municipal Bonds in Bankruptcy§902(2) and the Proper Scope of“Special Revenues” in Chapter 9

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 956II. Laying Out the Problem: the Muddled Treatment of Bonds in Bankruptcy 962A. The Mechanics of the Bond Market Pre-Bankruptcy 9631. General Obligation Bonds 9632. Revenue Bonds 9683. Short-Term Debt Securities 9714. Securing Bonds with Statutory Liens 9725. Summarizing Pre-Bankruptcy Expectations 975B. Reversing Expectations: The Mechanics of theBond Market Post-Bankruptcy 9761. Impairing Contractual Rights 9772. Impairing Property Rights 9803. Lien Survival and the 1988 Amendments 986a. Contractual Lien Survival and the § 552(a) Problem 987b. Continued Bondholder Payments and the Automatic Stay Problem 989c. Limiting Bondholder Recourse to Other Municipal Assets 9934. Summarizing the Treatment of Bonds in Bankruptcy 995III. Getting Through the Doorway: Qualifying as "Special Revenue" 997A. The Breadth of the Doorway: The FiveCategories of Special Revenue 9971. Non-Tax Receivables 9972. Tax Revenue Streams 10023. Summarizing the Types of Municipal Financing that § 902(2) Captures 1007B. Opening the Doorway to § 902(2)(E): In reHeffernan 10091. The Opinion 10092. The Collier Explanation 10113. Assessing Heffernan: Do Tax Transfer Payments Fit Within § 902(2)(E)? 1013IV. Broadening the Doorway: Redefining Special Revenues 1015A. Redesigning § 902(2) 1017B. Legislative Revision to Chapter 9 1023C. Judicial and Market Revision of Chapter 9 1026V. Conclusion 1031I. IntroductionIn July of 2011, the city of Central Falls, Rhode Island, was on a path towards municipal bankruptcy.1 It carried a structural budget deficit of approximately $6 million per year and had no cash on hand to pay the $80 million in pension and health insurance benefits it owed to its retired police officers and firefighters.2 Its principal creditors included pensioners, municipal employees, and general obligation (GO) bondholders.3In Providence, state legislators were concerned about the economic consequences that might follow if the city made the politically popular choice: filing for bankruptcy, then cutting bondholder repayments (as opposed to current and former employee benefits).4 In an attempt to "lure investors to bonds that will be sold by other Rhode Island municipalities," the General Assembly passed a law guaranteeing that Central Fall's bondholders would be repaid in full in the event of a municipal bankruptcy-a contingency that occurred when the city filed its petition two weeks later.5Ultimately, the plan worked.6 After a year in bankruptcy, a federal judge approved Central Falls' reorganization plan, which repaid GO bondholders in full while slashing some pensions by up to fifty-five percent. …
Non-stoichiometry, grain boundary transport and chemical stability of proton conducting perovskites

The interrelationship between defect chemistry, non-stoichiometry, grain boundary transport and chemical stability of proton conducting perovskites (doped alkaline earth cerates and zirconates) has been investigated. Non-stoichiometry, defined as the deviation of the A : M molar ratio in AMO3 from 1 : 1, dramatically impacts conductivity, sinterability and chemical stability with respect to reaction with CO2. In particular, alkaline earth deficiency encourages dopant incorporation onto the A-atom site, rather than the intended M-atom site, reducing the concentration of oxygen vacancies. Transport along grain boundaries is, in general, less favorable than transport through the bulk, and thus only in fine-grained materials does microstructure impact the overall electrical properties. The chemical stability of high conductivity cerates is enhanced by the introduction of Zr. The conductivity of BaCe0.9−x Zr x M0.1O3 perovskites monotonically decreases with increasing x (increasing Zr content), with the impact of Zr substitution increasing in the order M = Yb → Gd → Nd. Furthermore, the magnitude of the conductivity follows the same sequence for a given zirconium content. This result is interpreted in terms of dopant ion incorporation onto the divalent ion site.
Social Perspectives: Abortion and Female Behavior

ed from AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, WHO SHALL LIVE? 108-109 (1970) (footnotes omitted). The following table indicates various doctrines regarding sexual activity and the groups which would espouse those doctrines. The captions "left," "center" and "right" indicate only the spectrum of viewpoints, not any political associations. 1972] Valparaiso University Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 3 [1972], Art. 3 http://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol6/iss3/3 314 VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 6
Estimating tidal effects in spring discharge: A multiscale method using correlated phenomena

[1] Modeling groundwater flow within a coastal karst aquifer is a difficult task because of the influences of rainfall, sinking streams, lunisolar tides, and storm tides. A primary goal of modeling this flow is the accurate simulation of discharge due to rainfall and sinking streams. A necessary preliminary step to accomplish this is to remove from the discharge signal that portion resulting from the influence of tides. This paper presents a new wavelet method for separating these two signals. The statistical concept of correlation is used as a threshold parameter to accomplish the separation.
A veil of controversy

A decade ago in France, debate over Muslim girls attending school in hidjebs erupted into ‘l'affaire du tchador’. As the controversy raged in the press, a community of nations was coming together in western Europe, while communist regimes throughout eastern Europe were falling apart. Perhaps most significantly, a divided Germany was in the process of reuniting. This article mounts an applique of clippings to suggest that there is a correlation between the polemics over the hidjeb in France and these larger events simultaneously transpiring across Europe. Discursive opposition to the wearing of the hidjeb commonly took the form of claims that this practice transgressed two tenets of French republican tradition: that of equality (in this case of women) and that of secularism. This study contends that the widespread invocation of these values as inalienable French principles can be powerfully challenged. To arrive at such an understanding, it seeks out the hidden shape of that which presented itself as one-d...
Protein synthesis by human platelets.

Abstract The present studies show that human platelets can incorporate uniformly labeled 14C-l-leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material. This material is digested by Pronase but not by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. Acid hydrolysis of the material liberates a compound with chromatographic properties identical with those of authentic l-leucine. The incorporation of uniformly labeled 14C-l-leucine by platelets is inhibited by puromycin but not by actinomycin D. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first definite demonstration that mammalian platelets can synthesize protein.
Simple Realism and Canonically Conjugate Observables in Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

In this paper we list some minimal requirements for a physically natural, straightforwardly realist interpretation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. The goal is to characterize what one might call a ‘simple realism’ of quantum systems, and of the observables associated with them.
Exact Computation Sequences

Exact computation sequences are sequences of the form $$ \mathop - \limits^{S_1 } > \mathop - \limits^{S_2 } > ...\mathop - \limits^{S_n } > ,$$ , where L0 is a free algebra, A0 is a set of conditional equations over L0, Si is a "step function", L i =S i (L i −1), and A i =S i (A i −1). Each step function is the top-down reduction extension of a set of confluent and noetherian rewrite rules. These sequences are used in solving the word problem for free algebras, since for any pair of terms t1,t2 in L, $$t_1 = _{A_0 } t_2 iff S_n o...oS_1 \left( {t_1 } \right) = S_n o...oS_1 \left( {t_2 } \right).$$
Ontogenetic Development of Intestinal Digestive Functions in White Pekin Ducks

The ontogenetic development of intestinal digestive functions for avian species other than the domesticated chicken are not well documented. Therefore, this study was conducted to resolve the developmental patterns of some intestinal digestive functions in White Pekin ducks. The ducks were killed and their intestines harvested when they were 1, 3, 5 and 7 wk old. Several small intestinal tissue characteristics, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of homogenates from the small intestine mucosa were measured, and the small intestinal L-threonine uptake capacities were estimated with brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the corresponding age groups. Between 1 wk (0.37 +/- 0.04 kg) and 7 wk (3.79 +/- 0.06), posthatch ducks exhibited relative body growth rates of 352, 77 and 28% from 1 to 3, 3 to 5 and 5 to 7 wk, respectively. Allometric changes in small intestine weight indicated that the small intestine grew in direct proportion to the duck's metabolic body weight. Total homogenate sucrase activity per unit body weight did not differ (P > 0.05) among the age groups studied. Total homogenate ALP activity per body weight was lower at 3 wk than at 1 wk (P 0.05) among 3, 5 and 7 wk-old ducks. The development pattern of L-threonine uptake capacities normalized to body weights paralleled the course of relative body growth rates.
Negative certainty independence without betweenness

Abstract Dillenberger (2010) introduced the negative certainty independence (NCI) axiom, which captures the certainty effect phenomenon. He left open the question of whether there are continuous and monotone preference relations over simple lotteries that satisfy NCI but do not belong to the betweenness class of preferences considered by Chew (1989) and Dekel (1986) . We answer this question in the affirmative.
Dynamic recrystallization and phase mixing in experimentally deformed peridotite

Article history: Ductile shear zones evolve through complex feedbacks between microstructure and rheology. In the mantle, shear zones often display mylonitic or ultramylonitic microstructures, characterized by extensive grain-size reduction and well-mixed polymineralic domains. The feedback between the formation of these microstructures and grain-size sensitive deformation is often considered an important weakening mechanism in high-temperature mantle shear zones. To understand better the processes that transform coarse-grained tectonites into fine-grained and well-mixed mylonites, we have performed triaxial deformation experiments on synthetic peridotite samples comprised of mm-scale olivine and orthopyroxene clasts. Experiments were conducted in a Griggs apparatus at a confining pressure of ∼1 GPa, temperatures of 1400 to 1550 K and strain rates of 10 − 5 -10 − 6 s − 1 under nominally dry conditions. Experiments yield deformed samples with macroscopic natural strains ranging from 0.31 to 0.74. Samples are partially recrystallized, with neoblasts ranging in grain size from 2-25 μm. At these deformation conditions, unrecrystallized mm-sized clasts deform by grain-size insensitive dislocation creep, while recrystallized grains deform by grain-size sensitive dislocation accommodated grain boundary sliding (disGBS). Using electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD) we investigate the interfaces between recrystallized olivine and orthopyroxene domains. At the majority of these interfaces no mixing is observed. However, many boundaries are serrated, which is interpreted to be the result of surface tension driven phase boundary migration. In a few cases we observe small degrees of mixing, with enclaves of one phase completely surrounded by the other phase. This mixing occurs only within a few recrystallized grain length scales of the interface. These results demonstrate that the serial processes of dynamic recrystallization, phase boundary migration and disGBS deformation are a plausible mechanism for solid-state phase mixing. However, more extensive deformation may be needed to reproduce the near steady-state microstructure observed in highly deformed mantle shear zones.
Pucellina of Blois: Romantic Myths and Narrative Conventions

On 26 May 1171 (20 Sivan 4931), between thirty-one and thirty-three Jews were burned at the stake in the northern French town of Blois. Although the Hebrew prose texts describing the event give a central role to one of the martyrs, Pucellina, 1 that role is gradually revised to suggest Pucellina was the paramour of Count Thibaut of Blois. An "amorous relationship gone sour," in Robert Chazan's description, "bore the seeds of disaster" for the prosperous Jewish community. 2 Thwarted by the jealous Countess Alix and popular animosity, Pucellina's fairy-tale fall from favor ended in death for herself and more than thirty other Jews. As the first case of a murder libel vigorously prosecuted by the secular authorities - in this case Count Thibaut, with an Augustinian advisor Blois set an ominous precedent for persecutions to come. 3 Pucellina herself marks a milestone of sorts: as the medieval conventions of Jewish martyrology took shape, the depiction of independent activity by Jewish women decreased. This development contrasts sharply with the prominence of women martyrs in the earlier prose chronicles of the 1096 persecutions. The shift is markedly evident in Blois; where most of the martyrs were women. In the following pages I will focus on three Hebrew prose texts describing Pucellina's role in the events leading up to the Blois libel: the Orl6ans letter written following the martyrdom; 4 the account of Ephraim of Bonn, written in the late 1190s; 5 and Yosef HaCohen's Renaissance version. 61 am ~ concerned here with the ways in which, beginning with Ephraim of Bonn, accounts of the Blois story increasingly strive to conform Pucellina to a type of failed romantic heroine. Despite this, the earliest account, the Orl6ans letter, suggests a more complicated reality: Pucellina's provocative actions imply a figure of considerable power in Blois, a power derived from what I believe was her activity as a moneylender. The literary preference for stereotypical characters illustrated in these texts
Written On Our Hearts : Tswana Christians and the 'Word of God' in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The adoption of Christianity by Tswana people in southern Africa during the nineteenth century generally involved being inspired in some way by stories and ideas presented in the Bible, but the role of Christian scripture varied according to local and personal circumstances. Although European missionaries introduced Christianity to the Tswana, they had little control over the different ways that early Tswana converts perceived, adapted and proclaimed the new teaching. This was particularly true among western and northern Tswana in the mid-nineteenth century before the extension of colonial rule into the interior, as many Tswana communities remained largely intact and were able to accommodate Christianity on their own terms. Rather than being simply a European-made tool, the ' lefoko la Modimo ' (word of God) was also an expression of Tswana beliefs and aspirations, composed not on passive objects of missionary evangelism, colonial rule or scholarly inquiry 'but on tablets of human hearts'.
Stochastic optimal enhancement of distributed formation control using Kalman smoothers

Beginning with a deterministic distributed feedback control for nonholonomic vehicle formations, we develop a stochastic optimal control approach for agents to enhance their non-optimal controls with additive correction terms based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, making them optimal and robust to uncertainties. In order to avoid discretization of the high-dimensional cost-to-go function, we exploit the stochasticity of the distributed nature of the problem to develop an equivalent Kalman smoothing problem in a continuous state space using a path integral representation. Our approach is illustrated by numerical examples in which agents achieve a formation with their neighbors using only local observations.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and reactivity of alkali and silver salts of sulfonated imidazoles

Abstract Both 2-methylimidazole and 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole were monosulfonated with oleum in the five position. In crystals of the monohydrate of 2-methylimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a 3-dimensional network, while in crystals of 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole-5-sulfonic acid, corrugated 2-dimensional layers are present. The Li and Ag salts and the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole-5-sulfonic acid were prepared, and there is evidence for doubly deprotonated imidazolesulfonate in aqueous solution. The monohydrate of the Li salt and the Ag salt also form a 3-dimensional, H-bonded network. Only in the Ag salt does the asymmetric unit consist of more than one basic formula unit. One Ag atom is 2-coordinate and links two nitrogen atoms, while the other Ag atom has distorted tetrahedral coordination and links the sulfonate groups into an infinite chain. Reactions of the silver salt with 1,4-dibromobutane in non-protic solvents such as 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were used to link two of the imidazolesulfonic acid units with a 4-carbon chain at the nitrogens.
Iterative inter-lattice interpolation

The author introduces an iterative algorithm for interpolating an image when the sampling lattice is not uniform, but differs from block to block. This technique may find applications in adaptive sub-sampling for image coding.
Toxicity of chlorpyrifos adsorbed on humic colloids to larval walleye (Stizostedion vitreum).

After application, organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) are often strongly adsorbed to soil constituents. Because of their relatively low water solubility, OPs may be transferred from field to stream adsorbed on suspended solids. However, we are not aware of research done to evaluate the bioavailability (i.e., toxicity) of OPs transported on suspended solids to fish. We conducted 48-h static toxicity tests to determine the toxicity of chlorpyrifos in aqueous solution and adsorbed on calcium-saturated humic acid (HA) to three larval stages of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Three concentrations of chlorpyrifos adsorbed on HA, a HA control, and a chlorpyrifos-only treatment were tested. Fish that survived the 48-h static toxicity tests were analyzed to determine total cholinesterase (ChE) activity. In general, survival of all larval stages of walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos-HA complexes was less than that of walleye exposed to HA controls and the chlorpyrifos-only treatment, which were not toxic to walleye. Cholinesterase inhibition of larval walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos-HA complexes was similar to the ChE inhibition observed in larval walleye exposed to chlorpyrifos in the aqueous phase. These laboratory experiments indicate potential toxicity of chlorpyrifos-soil complexes to larval fish.
Cross-sectional analysis of psychological adaptation to chronic hemodialysis.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL stresses accompanying kidney failure and chronic hemodialysis have been well documented in recent years. Wright, Sand and Livingston [I J classify such stresses into three main types: (a) actual or threatened loss of body parts or function, group membership, financial status and job; (b) injury or threat of injury associated with cannula maintenance; and (c) frustration of instinctual drives related to sex, aggression and eating. In addition, there are the problems of changes in physical appearance (skin discoloration), an unpredictable medical condition due to extra-renal physical complications, severe dependency-independency conflicts, and ambivalence between a ‘fear of death’ and ‘fear of life’ [2]. Several authors [3-51 have suggested a pattern of psychological adaptation, characterized by increased ego defensiveness and lessened affect, associated with the longitudinal course of chronic dialysis. Short and Wilson present MMPI profiles typifving the emotional state of patients at various time periods in dialysis, which reflect the dialysands’ increased tendency to deny (elevations on scales 1, 2, 3 and F-K ratio) and repress (elevated R subscale) the unpleasant reality of their current life situation, i.e., serious illness, loss of functioning, chronic frustration and dependency, and imminent death. These authors also report a reduction in anxiety (lowered A subscale) over time, demonstrating the effectiveness of these defense mechanisms. Wright et al, report similar MMPl findings as well as self-ratings of happiness, which suggest a significant degree of denial and absence of depression in patients retested after a lengthy period of dialysis. Finally, Glassman and Siegal note a discrepancy between the low level of depression and anxiety reported by long-term dialysis patients and their appearance as ‘lethargic, depressed, suffering from generalized pruritus and peripheral neuropathies of varying magnitude, and persistent shunt infections’, which they attribute to massive denial on the part of the patient. A number of shortcomings, however, characterize the studies cited above, which make it difficult to accept unequivocally the generalization concerning defensiveness and affective experience throughout the course of dialysis. One study fails to provide
Pressure based flux-split solutions for incompressible and compressible internal flows

Abstract Two primitive variable, pressure based, flux-split, RNS/NS solution procedures for viscous flows are presented. Both methods are uniformly valid across the full Mach number range, i.e. from the incompressible limit to high supersonic speeds. The first method is an `optimized' version of a previously developed global pressure relaxation RNS procedure. Considerable reduction in the number of relatively expensive matrix inversions, and thereby in the computational time, has been achieved with this procedure. CPU times are reduced by a factor of 15 for predominantly elliptic flows (incompressible and low subsonic). The second method is a time-marching, `linearized' convection RNS/NS procedure. The key to the efficiency of this procedure is the reduction to a single LU inversion at the inflow cross-plane. The remainder of the algorithm simply requires backsubstitution with this LU and the corresponding residual vector at any cross-plane location. This method is not time-consistent, but has a convective-type CFL stability limitation. Both formulations are robust and provide accurate solutions for a variety of internal viscous flows to be provided herein.
Basis of substrate binding by the chaperonin GroEL.

The molecular chaperonins are essential proteins involved in protein folding, complex assembly, and polypeptide translocation. While there is abundant structural information about the machinery and the mechanistic details of its action are well studied, it is yet unresolved how chaperonins recognize a large number of structurally unrelated polypeptides in their unfolded or partially folded forms. To determine the nature of chaperonin-substrate recognition, we have characterized by NMR methods the interactions of GroEL with synthetic peptides that mimic segments of unfolded proteins. In previous work, we found using transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (trNOE) analysis that two 13 amino acid peptides bound GroEL in an amphipathic α-helical conformation. By extending the study to a variety of peptides with differing sequence motifs, we have observed that peptides can adopt conformations other than α-helix when bound to GroEL. Furthermore, peptides of the same composition exhibited significantly different a...
Suppression of Metal-Insulator Transition in VO2 by Electric Field–Induced Oxygen Vacancy Formation

Electrolyte gating with ionic liquids is a powerful tool for inducing novel conducting phases in correlated insulators. An archetypal correlated material is vanadium dioxide (VO2), which is insulating only at temperatures below a characteristic phase transition temperature. We show that electrolyte gating of epitaxial thin films of VO2 suppresses the metal-to-insulator transition and stabilizes the metallic phase to temperatures below 5 kelvin, even after the ionic liquid is completely removed. We found that electrolyte gating of VO2 leads not to electrostatically induced carriers but instead to the electric field–induced creation of oxygen vacancies, with consequent migration of oxygen from the oxide film into the ionic liquid. This mechanism should be taken into account in the interpretation of ionic liquid gating experiments.
The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985

The liberals believed that economic interdependence, as well as democracy, would reduce the incidence of interstate conflict. In this article, we test both their economic and their political prescriptions for peace, using pooled-regression analyses of politically relevant dyads for the Cold War era. We find that the pacific benefits of trade, both total and dyadic, have not been sufficiently appreciated. We also offer clear evidence that democracies are relatively unlikely to become involved in militarized disputes with other democracies, while autocracies and democracies are prone to conflict with each other. Since democratic dyads are more peaceful than autocratic dyads, it follows that democracies are more peaceful than autocratic states generally, ceteris paribus. Previous research at the national level of analysis, which led most to conclude that democracies have been no more peaceful than other states, did not consider that the incidence of conflict depends importantly upon the number of contiguous states, the character of their political regimes, and other factors. In addition, we find no evidence that states that have recently undergone regime changes, whether in the democratic or autocratic direction, are particularly conflict prone. Our results suggest the basis for a broader formulation of expected–utility theories of interstate conflict.
Polarization-selective femtosecond Raman spectroscopy of low-frequency motions in hydrated protein films

Abstract We investigated the vibrational dynamics of proteins in amorphous hydrated films of lysozyme and myoglobin using polarization-selective time-domain Raman spectroscopy. The anisotropic spectra for these proteins all have a broad peak due to librational motion of side chains at 90 cm −1 and a background that may arise from bound water. The isotropic spectrum of lysozyme is similar to that of myoglobin, and has peaks at 240 and 500 cm −1 that are likely due to secondary structure fluctuations. These results suggest that low-frequency deformations of the protein molecule may contribute to the solvation dynamics of proteins in aqueous solution.
Automated trendline generation for accurate software effort estimation

It is well-known that accurate effort estimation is one of the key factors in deciding the success of a software project. However, as any project manager knows, generating accurate estimates has proven to be extremely difficult in practice. Even well-known estimation techniques such as COCOMO or SLIMare not guaranteed to work all the time. One key issue in estimation is the selection of the appropriate historical project data set as a frame of reference against which the estimation can be generated. In our experience in working with software projects in IBM, we have found this to be the most crucial deciding factor for the success of a software estimate; indeed, choosing the wrong project data set during estimation could be disastrous for the software project in question. This is because the trendlines (charts of effort vis-a-vis size) generated from the historical data determine the estimate for the software project, and wrong trendlines could result in wrong estimates.To that end, in this paper, we present an automated trendline generation technique for improving effort estimation in software projects. Our technique makes use of a novel data structure that we have designed called Estimation Key-Map, which represents project data in a multi-dimensional format. This format enables dynamic analysis and clustering of project data into appropriate subsets that can be selected as historical data for estimation of the software project in question. We present the results of validation of our technique against reported actual data, by evaluating it against a large project data set from IBM; therein, we show how our technique enables the selection of the appropriate trendline, thereby enabling more accurate effort estimates.
Is Ideal Cardiovascular Health Attainable

> “But I have promises to keep, > > And miles to go before I sleep, > > And miles to go before I sleep.” > > —Robert Frost, “Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening” In 2000, the American Heart Association (AHA) embarked on an ambitious goal-setting process that ultimately targeted a 25% reduction in risk and death due to coronary heart disease by 2010. This was an audacious, perhaps even dream-like, goal when first conceived, but was vigorously adopted by the AHA and later harmonized with the Healthy People 2010 goal. Concerted attention was subsequently focused on goal attainment. A period of fortuitous discoveries ensued that dramatically impacted the care of patients with acute coronary syndromes. By 2008, the reduction in deaths due to coronary artery disease eclipsed 35%, and the reduction in deaths due to stroke exceeded 30%.1 Over a similar timeframe, reductions in deaths due to all forms of cancer (the number 2 cause of death in the United States) were 21% for men and 12.3% for women from 1990 to 2006,2 whereas for chronic obstructive lung disease, (the number 3 cause of death) death rates have actually increased.3 Thus, the reductions in deaths due to coronary heart disease and stroke were considerably greater than the other leading chronic diseases. This is an extraordinary statement on the indefatigable efforts of the basic and clinical research communities to fervently address the leading cause of death and disability in this country. Our success has been so remarkable that stroke, previously the third-leading cause of death, may now be fourth.1,4 We shouldn't rest on our laurels, given that the combination of heart disease and stroke remains the leading cause of death, but kudos to the cardiovascular community on our progress to date. What further amplifies the extent of this goal accomplishment is the imperfect approach to acute coronary syndromes …
Resolutions of Several Puzzles at Intermediate pT and Recent Developments in Correlation

Some of the puzzles on hadron production at intermediate p T found at RHIC are explained as natural consequences of parton recombination. In that framework for hadronization the correlation among hadrons produced in jets can be calculated. Some new results on both near-side and away-side jet structures are presented.
For members only: local and robust group management in DTNS

Effectively utilizing groups in delay tolerant networks (DTNs) can both improve the throughput of unicast routing protocols and open the door for a wide range of paradigms, such as anycast and multicast. Unfortunately, in DTN environments, there is no centralized entity that can quickly and reliably transmit group membership lists, and hence group information must be disseminated through unreliable and potentially malicious nodes. In this paper, we propose a local and robust group information dissemination and consolidation protocol, called MembersOnly, that both quickly and accurately transmits group membership information to all nodes in the network, even if multiple malicious nodes attempt to disrupt the process. We show via analysis and simulations that MembersOnly is able to withstand multiple types of attacks, with only very limited periods of vulnerability that disappear relatively quickly. This is in contrast to current techniques that cannot withstand many of these attacks, resulting in quick and thorough corruption of group membership lists. In addition, we show via simulation that even the most basic routing protocols can gain a performance advantage when using MembersOnly.
Robustness of stochastic stability in game theoretic learning

The notion of stochastic stability is used in game theoretic learning to characterize which joint actions of players exhibit high probabilities of occurrence in the long run. This paper examines the impact of two types of errors on stochastic stability: i) small unstructured uncertainty in the game parameters and ii) slow time variations of the game parameters. In the first case, we derive a continuity result bounds the effects of small uncertainties. In the second case, we show that game play tracks drifting stochastically stable states under sufficiently slow time variations. The analysis is in terms of Markov chains and hence is applicable to a variety of game theoretic learning rules. Nonetheless, the approach is illustrated on the widely studied rule of log-linear learning. Finally, the results are applied in both simulation and laboratory experiments to distributed area coverage with mobile robots.
Elevated temperature fracture resistance of a sic whisker reinforced/polycrystalline Al2O3 matrix composite

Abstract The fracture resistance of a SiC whisker/Al2O3 matrix composite for the test temperature range of 20° to 1400°C was determined using chevron-notched and straightnotched, three-point bend specimens. Crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) was continuously monitored throughout the fracture tests, using a laser interferometric strain gage (LISG). The crack growth resistance curves ( R- curves ) were determined from previously established relations between the CMOD compliance, effective crack length, and the load point displacement (LPD).
Decision making in incompletely known stochastic systems

Abstract This paper is a study of decision making in a discrete-state discrete-time system whose state transitions constitute a Markov chain with unknown stationary transition matrix P. The states of the system cannot be observed. The decision at each stage is based on observables whose conditional probability distribution given the state of the system is known. We consider a class of problems in which the successive observations can be employed to form estimates of P , with the estimate at time n, n = 0, 1, 2, …, then used as a basis for making a decision at time n. The estimates and the corresponding decisions must have the property that as n → ∞, the decision based on the estimate of P tends to the optimal decision rule which would be used throughout if P were known.
Vitamin E protects against Alzheimer's amyloid peptide (25-35)-induced changes in neocortical synaptosomal membrane lipid structure and composition.

magnetic resonance EPR spin trapping and spin labeling, measuring A b-induced protein and lipid oxidation, and investigating effects of A b on oxidation of and dysfunc- tions in proteins of brain membranes and neuronal cultures wx and their prevention by free radical antioxidants 2,6,7 . We proposed that A b-associated free radical lipid per- oxidation and the peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal .HNE may be related to the primary mechanism for brain wx
Imagery and meaning in semantic memory

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the potential role of imagery and meaning in semantic memory. Through the use of the lexical decision task, facilitation was found for all conditions in two experiments, whereas inhibition was not obtained for any condition. Results are interpreted as consistent with predictions about the value of imagery and meaning in the extraction of information and inconsistent with the two-process model of semantic memory.
A method of investigation of hot electron transport through thin metal films using the metal-base triode configuration☆

Abstract The metal-base triode sandwich was used to measure the current transfer ratio in a Schottky-barrier triode structure. The transfer ratio is discussed considering two distinct current types: that through the base metal and that through pinholes.
Flood surfaces and deflation surfaces within the Cutler Formation and Cedar Mesa Sandstone (Permian), southeastern Utah

Areally extensive erosion surfaces in eolian deposits have been interpreted as long hiatuses in eolian deposition. Such erosion surfaces form during deflationary episodes or during periods of erg stabilization or contraction. They are called "super surfaces" and can be useful for stratigraphic correlation because of their regional extent. The Permian Cedar Mesa Sandstone and Cutler Formation contain a type off super surface (herein termed "flood surfaces"), ∼10-400+ km2. Flood surfaces form as a result of fluvial floods into active dune seas. The surfaces may expand through nonclimbing migration of eolian dunes but do not imply long hiatuses in eolian deposition as do other types of super surfaces. Cutler and Cedar Mesa flood surfaces are overlain by shales and sandstones which thicken laterally and merge with fluvial channel-fill deposits. Flooding of active dune fields in the Cedar Mesa Sandstone is suggested by intertonguing of eolian dune and fluvial deposits. Flood surfaces can easily be mistaken for deflationary super surfaces but are distinguished by evidence of dune migration coincident with flood events and by an increase in the number of surfaces adjacent to associated aqueous deposits.
Tracheoesophageal Fistula Formation in Intubated Patients: Risk Factors and Treatment with High-Frequency Jet Ventilation

Two ventilator dependent patients developed tracheoesophageal fistulas. Their subsequent treatment using high frequency jet ventilation resulted in transient clinical improvement. Risk factors for the development of tracheoesophageal fistulas in intubated patients are discussed and preventive measures are outlined. High frequency jet ventilation may be useful in managing these patients by preventing death from respiratory failure and allows time for definitive therapy. (Chest 1990; 98:161-64)
Simultaneity, conventialism, general covariance, and the special theory of relativity

In a recent article, De Ritis and Guccioni claimed to give an easy way of falsifying the conventionalist interpretation of the definition of simultaneity of distant events within an inertial system. For a particular closed light path, they derived a necessary condition and claimed that it could be violated by a nonstandard choice of the definition of simultaneity. It is pointed out here that (as shown by many authors) the possibility of a nonstandard definition is implicitly contained in a generally covariant formulation of the special theory of relativity, and it is shown that conditions such as the one they derived are satisfied automatically. The most general position-independent definition of simultaneity is given, and an example of a position- as well as direction-dependent definition is exhibited in an Appendix. A number of objections against the possibility of a nonstandard definition of simultaneity raised by various authors are discussed and are found to lack any physical or mathematical justification.
Student evaluations of college professors: When gender matters.

Student evaluations completed over a 4-year period at a private liberal arts college were analyzed for the effets of teacher gender, student gender, and divisional affiliation. A significant multivariate intereaction between teacher gender and student gender was found for each of the 4 semesters examined. Overall, the ratings of male professors appeared to be unaffected by student gender. In contrast, female professors tended to receive their highest ratings form female students and their lowest ratings form male students. This interaction generally remained when possible confounding factors (such as teacher rank) were partialed out. The mean ratings received by female and male professors also varied as a function of the divisional affiliation of the course. Implications of these findings are discussed.