cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the self-assembly of silica-templated nanoparticles in the initial stages of zeolite formation.

The reaction ensemble Monte Carlo method was used to model the self-assembly and structure of silica nanoparticles found in the initial stages of the clear-solution synthesis of the silicalite-1 zeolite. Such nanoparticles, which comprise both silica and organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs), are believed to play a crucial role in the formation of silica nanoporous materials, yet very limited atomic-level structural information is available for these nanoparticles. We have modeled silica monomers as flexible tetrahedra with spring constants fitted in previous work to silica bulk moduli and OSDAs as spheres attracted to anionic silica monomers. We have studied one-step and two-step formation mechanisms, the latter involving the initial association of silica species and OSDAs driven by physical solution forces, followed by silica condensation/hydrolysis reactions simulated with reaction ensemble Monte Carlo. The two-step process with preassociation was found to be crucial for generating nearly spherica...
Interaction of Theory and Practice to Assess External Validity.

Background:Variations in local context bedevil the assessment of external validity: the ability to generalize about effects of treatments. For evaluation, the challenges of assessing external validity are intimately tied to the translation and spread of evidence-based interventions. This makes external validity a question for decision makers, who need to determine whether to endorse, fund, or adopt interventions that were found to be effective and how to ensure high quality once they spread.Objective:To present the rationale for using theory to assess external validity and the value of more systematic interaction of theory and practice.Methods:We review advances in external validity, program theory, practitioner expertise, and local adaptation. Examples are provided for program theory, its adaptation to diverse contexts, and generalizing to contexts that have not yet been studied. The often critical role of practitioner experience is illustrated in these examples. Work is described that the Robert Wood Jo...
Realization of mid-infrared graphene hyperbolic metamaterials

While metal is the most common conducting constituent element in the fabrication of metamaterials, graphene provides another useful building block, that is, a truly two-dimensional conducting sheet whose conductivity can be controlled by doping. Here we report the experimental realization of a multilayer structure of alternating graphene and Al2O3 layers, a structure similar to the metal-dielectric multilayers commonly used in creating visible wavelength hyperbolic metamaterials. Chemical vapour deposited graphene rather than exfoliated or epitaxial graphene is used, because layer transfer methods are easily applied in fabrication. We employ a method of doping to increase the layer conductivity, and our analysis shows that the doped chemical vapour deposited graphene has good optical properties in the mid-infrared range. We therefore design the metamaterial for mid-infrared operation; our characterization with an infrared ellipsometer demonstrates that the metamaterial experiences an optical topological transition from elliptic to hyperbolic dispersion at a wavelength of 4.5 μm.
Enteric Neurobiology: Discoveries and Directions

Discovery and documentation of noncholinergic-nonadrenergic neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system started a revolution in mechanisms of neural control of the digestive tract that continues into a twenty-first century era of translational gastroenterology, which is now firmly embedded in the term, neurogastroenterology. This chapter, on Enteric Neurobiology: Discoveries and Directions, tracks the step-by-step advances in enteric neuronal electrophysiology and synaptic behavior and progresses to the higher order functions of central pattern generators, hard wired synaptic circuits and libraries of neural programs in the brain-in-the-gut that underlie the several different patterns of motility and secretory behaviors that occur in the specialized, serially-connected compartments extending from the esophagus to the anus.
Race, Age, and Mental Health: Expanding on the Transactional Model of Development to Include the Impact of Racial Group Membership

There should now be little doubt in the thoughtful reader’s mind that empirical study of race and ethnicity in relation to mental health has been granted elevated status, particularly in recent years. This seems to reflect a growing and deepening acknowledgement of the variations in experience that members of differing social groups have in American society (Anderson and Nickerson 2005). In particular, the research reviewed throughout the preceding chapters highlighted how greater value is being placed on uncovering differences in typical mental and emotional stability in various groups, and how this topic is receiving increased attention in research and clinical settings. Authors contributing to the present volume collectively reinforced how every major event in the life cycle of mental disorder can be impacted—positively or negatively—by one’s racial group status. Specifically, the distribution of risk and protective factors for mental disorders; experience of activating events such as reduced healthcare or trauma exposure; issues involving the diagnostic process; choices made regarding treatment and administration of services; and the quality of relapse prevention care all appear to be moderated, at least in part, by issues of race. In addition, the preceding review illustrated how these differences are already apparent early in the lifespan (e.g., childhood; also see Tamminen 2006, for further discussion) and often persist throughout adulthood and into older age.
Exploring the Information Source Preferences Among Canadian Adult Golf League Members

With an aging demographic, and the abundance of physical inactivity in Canada, sport professionals need to understand how best to recruit and retain adults in sport and recreational activities, namely, golf leagues. Canadian golf league participants (N = 419; Mage = 62 years old) completed an online survey detailing their propensity to utilize a variety of information sources prior to making the decision to join a golf league. Results from a principal component analysis of a revised Information Sources Inventory, suggested that golfers in this sample were most likely to utilize Personal and Social sources of information associated with their league participation decision. While no differences emerged in information source preferences across Age or levels of Involvement, women (m = 4.12, SD = 1.30) were significantly more likely to utilize Public information sources than were men (m = 3.64, SD = 1.26). Implications from the information source preferences are discussed with the goal of generating more effective marketing strategies to recruit new golfers, lapsed golfers, or golfers who do not currently engage in league play.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth of High Crystalline Quality LiNbO3

Lithium niobate is a multi-functional material with wide reaching applications in acoustics, optics, and electronics. Commercial applications for lithium niobate require high crystalline quality currently limited to bulk and ion sliced material. Thin film lithium niobate is an attractive option for a variety of integrated devices, but the research effort has been stagnant due to poor material quality. Both lattice matched and mismatched lithium niobate are grown by molecular beam epitaxy and studied to understand the role of substrate and temperature on nucleation conditions and material quality. Growth on sapphire produces partially coalesced columnar grains with atomically flat plateaus and no twin planes. A symmetric rocking curve shows a narrow linewidth with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 8.6 arcsec (0.0024°), which is comparable to the 5.8 arcsec rocking curve FWHM of the substrate, while the film asymmetric rocking curve is 510 arcsec FWHM. These values indicate that the individual grains are relatively free of long-range disorder detectable by x-ray diffraction with minimal measurable tilt and twist and represents the highest structural quality epitaxial material grown on lattice mismatched sapphire without twin planes. Lithium niobate is also grown on lithium tantalate producing high quality coalesced material without twin planes and with a symmetric rocking curve of 193 arcsec, which is nearly equal to the substrate rocking curve of 194 arcsec. The surface morphology of lithium niobate on lithium tantalate is shown to be atomically flat by atomic force microscopy.
Collagen Fiber Orientation and Dispersion in the Upper Cervix of Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Women.

The structural integrity of the cervix in pregnancy is necessary for carrying a pregnancy until term, and the organization of human cervical tissue collagen likely plays an important role in the tissue’s structural function. Collagen fibers in the cervical extracellular matrix exhibit preferential directionality, and this collagen network ultrastructure is hypothesized to reorient and remodel during cervical softening and dilation at time of parturition. Within the cervix, the upper half is substantially loaded during pregnancy and is where the premature funneling starts to happen. To characterize the cervical collagen ultrastructure for the upper half of the human cervix, we imaged whole axial tissue slices from non-pregnant and pregnant women undergoing hysterectomy or cesarean hysterectomy respectively using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and implemented a pixel-wise fiber orientation tracking method to measure the distribution of fiber orientation. The collagen fiber orientation maps show that there are two radial zones and the preferential fiber direction is circumferential in a dominant outer radial zone. The OCT data also reveal that there are two anatomic regions with distinct fiber orientation and dispersion properties. These regions are labeled: Region 1—the posterior and anterior quadrants in the outer radial zone and Region 2—the left and right quadrants in the outer radial zone and all quadrants in the inner radial zone. When comparing samples from nulliparous vs multiparous women, no differences in these fiber properties were noted. Pregnant tissue samples exhibit an overall higher fiber dispersion and more heterogeneous fiber properties within the sample than non-pregnant tissue. Collectively, these OCT data suggest that collagen fiber dispersion and directionality may play a role in cervical remodeling during pregnancy, where distinct remodeling properties exist according to anatomical quadrant.
An emotional step toward automated trust detection in crisis social media

ABSTRACTTo this date, research on crisis informatics has focused on the detection of trust in Twitter data through the use of message structure, sentiment, propagation and author. Little research has examined the usefulness of these messages in the crisis response domain. In this paper, we characterize tweets, which are perceived useful or trustworthy, and determine their main features as one possible dimension to identify useful messages in case of crisis. In addition, we examine perceived emotions of these messages and how the different emotions affect the perceived usefulness and trustworthiness. Our analysis is carried out on two datasets gathered from Twitter concerning Hurricane Sandy in 2012 and the Boston Bombings in 2013. The results indicate that there is a high correlation between trustworthiness and usefulness, and, interestingly, that there is a significant difference in the perceived emotions that contribute to each of these. Our findings are poised to impact how messages from social media d...
TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE-IN-RING IMPLANTATION AFTER FAILURE OF SURGICAL MITRAL RING ANNULOPLASTY

Background: Transcatheter mitral valve-in-ring implantation (TVIR) after failed surgical ring annuloplasty may offer a lower risk alternative treatment in patients deemed high risk for surgical reoperation. We sought to evaluate the relationship between post-TVIR echocardiographic data, brain
Childhood Sleep Disturbances

“Getting a good night’s sleep” and other phrases in common parlance illustrate a truism with which everyone would agree: the quality of one’s sleep life is, subjectively, highly correlated with one’s general quality of life and sense of well-being. Thus sleeping well at night is often stated (by adults) to be a benefit of a good life or a life free from excessive worry, and disturbed sleep, on the other hand, is sometimes thought to result from having to make a difficult decision, “taking one’s job to bed,” or having a troubled conscience. In contrast to these commonsense conceptions of adult sleep, the phrase “sleep like a baby” expresses a conception of childhood as less troubled by the things which might disturb sleep (excepting, of course, such sleep-disrupting influences as the anticipation of Christmas morning or movies about monsters and nuclear disaster).
Fifty Years of the Psychology of Personality

As we are fond of saying about psychology in general, the study of personality has a long past but only a short history. The proposal to specify 1937 as the date of origin for modern personality psychology has a certain plausibility: Gordon Allport and I both published formal textbooks on personality in that year, giving shape and academic respectability to the field; and Henry Murray’s Explorations in Personality (1938) came out less than 12 months later. It seems proper, therefore, to designate 1987 as the 50th year of the psychology of personality.
Down-regulation of Inwardly Rectifying K+ Currents in Astrocytes Derived from Patients with Monge's Disease.

Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) or Monge's disease is a disease in highlanders. These patients have a variety of neurologic symptoms such as migraine, mental fatigue, confusion, dizziness, loss of appetite, memory loss and neuronal degeneration. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CMS neuropathology is not understood. In the previous study, we demonstrated that neurons derived from CMS patients' fibroblasts have a decreased expression and altered gating properties of voltage-gated sodium channel. In this study, we further characterize the electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived astrocytes from CMS patients. We found that the current densities of the inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels in CMS astrocytes (-5.7 ± 2.2 pA/pF at -140 mV) were significantly decreased as compared to non-CMS (-28.4 ± 3.4 pA/pF at -140 mV) and sea level subjects (-28.3 ± 5.3 pA/pF at -140 mV). We further demonstrated that the reduced Kir current densities in CMS astrocytes were caused by their decreased protein expression of Kir4.1 and Kir2.3 channels, while single channel properties (i.e., Po, conductance) of Kir channel in CMS astrocytes were not altered. In addition, we found no significant differences of outward potassium currents between CMS and non-CMS astrocytes. As compared to non-CMS and sea level subjects, the K+ uptake ability in CMS astrocytes was significantly decreased. Taken together, our results suggest that down-regulation of Kir channels and the resulting decreased K+ uptake ability in astrocytes could be one of the major molecular mechanisms underlying the neurologic manifestations in CMS patients.
Racism and Neo-racisms

“Racism” as prejudice and discrimination came after races were posited and racism was practiced. Racism occurs in discourse (speech, gesture, symbols) and in action. Hearts-and-minds racism pertains to deliberate individual action. Racist hate crimes are a classic, broadly despised example of racist action, but racist action is more widespread than hate crimes that require immediate racist motives. Institutional racism affects millions and may lack individual intent. Still, its victims, such as poor nonwhite school children and minorities incarcerated for minor crimes or crimes they did not commit, may be harmed as much or more than with racist intent. Implicit racism includes white privilege, micro-aggression, and epistemic injustice.
Maximizing industrial IoT network lifetime under latency constraints through edge data distribution

Maintaining critical data access latency requirements and ensuring efficient energy consumption on the field devices are two important challenges of Industry 4.0. The traditional, centralized industrial networks which offer primitive data distribution functions, might be incapable of meeting such strict requirements. In this paper, in order to overcome this issue, we focus on a network of resource constraint IoT devices, and exploit the presence of a few more capable Edge nodes that act as distributed local data storing proxies for all IoT devices. We show that, given the proxy locations in the network, the initial energy supplies of the nodes, a pattern of data requests from IoT devices, and the maximum access latency that consumer nodes can tolerate, the problem of finding how to distribute the data on the Edge nodes maximizing the network lifetime is computationally hard. We design an offline centralized heuristic algorithm for identifying which paths in the network the data should follow and on which proxies they should be cached, in order to meet the data access latency constraint and to maximize the network lifetime. We implement the method and evaluate its performance using a testbed of IEEE 802.15.4-enabled network nodes. We demonstrate that the proposed heuristic (i) guarantees data access latency below the given threshold, and (ii) performs well in terms of network lifetime with respect to a theoretically optimal solution.
Isolation and characterisation of the φX174 ribosome binding sites

Sequence information for four RNA ribosome binding sites has been obtained from φX174 φRNA synthesised in vitro. The ribosome binding sites have been assigned to sites on the φX174 genome by comparison with known DNA sequence data.
Sorption and Transport of Organic Pollutants at Waste Disposal Sites

Chemodynamic properties of organic pollutants, such as solubility, sorption, and transport, have usually been characterized with water and /or aqueous electrolyte solutions as the solvent and with single organic solute systems. We define here complex mixtures as those systems having multiple solutes and multiple solvents. The solute mixtures of interest may consist of various combinations of nonpolar hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC), hydrophobic ionizable organic chemicals (HIOC), and ionizable organic chemicals (IOC). The solvent may be a mixture of water and one or more of completely-miscible organic solvents (CMOS) and partially-miscible organic solvents (PMOS). We denote solvents consisting only of water and CMOS in a single homogeneous liquid phase as mixed solvents. Those solvents with water plus PMOS and CMOS and form at least two distinct liquid phases will be referred to as multi-phase solvents. Numerous examples of complex mixtures, as defined above, are found at or near all hazardous waste disposal and spill sites. Thus, examining the chemodynamics of complex mixtures is essential for predicting the environmental impact from the disposal of hazardous wastes on land.
Claiming Livorno: Citizenship, Commerce, and Culture in the Italian Jewish Diaspora

This chapter examines the dense economic, social, and cultural ties that connected overlapping Jewish communities in Livorno and Tunisia. Through a close case study of the Moreno family, the chapter explores the transnational lives of Livornese Jews in Tunisia. Livornese Jews in Tunisia participated in commercial networks and social and cultural milieus that reinforced their connections to Italy, relying on these economic and cultural practices to make claims of Italian citizenship. In the complicated imperial landscape of nineteenth-century Tunisia, Livornese Jews maneuvered within instrumental understandings of citizenship, while also becoming architects of cultural and affective meanings of Italian citizenship abroad.
Anti-Markovnikov terminal and gem-olefin hydrosilylation using a κ 4 -diimine nickel catalyst: selectivity for alkene hydrosilylation over ether C-O bond cleavage

The phosphine-substituted α-diimine Ni precursor, (Ph2PPrDI)Ni, has been found to catalyze alkene hydrosilylation in the presence of Ph2SiH2 with turnover frequencies of up to 124 h-1 at 25 °C (990 h-1 at 60 °C). Moreover, the selective hydrosilylation of allylic and vinylic ethers has been demonstrated, even though (Ph2PPrDI)Ni is known to catalyze allyl ester C-O bond hydrosilylation. At 70 °C, this catalyst has been found to mediate the hydrosilylation of ten different gem-olefins, with turnover numbers of up to 740 under neat conditions. Prior and current mechanistic observations suggest that alkene hydrosilylation takes place though a Chalk-Harrod mechanism following phosphine donor dissociation.
Absence of frequency ranges of undirectional propagation in nonreciprocal plasmonics

Surface plasmon-polaritons at a metal-dielectric interface are believed to support a unidirectional frequency range under a magnetic field, where a violation of the time-bandwidth constraint is possible. We show that such unidirectionality is nonphysical. © 2019 The Author(s)
Identifying, Discussing, and Responding to Gender Bias in the Legal Profession

This article begins with highlights from a few stories by real estate practitioners describing their real-world experiences. It then provides a brief overview of the statistics of women in the legal profession, as well as some federal and California state laws and rules impacting gender discrimination. It is important to keep in mind that there are different legal standards for gender discrimination and sexual harassment and this article focuses on gender discrimination rather than sexual harassment. Section IV analyzes certain patterns of behavior and responses to gender bias and sexual harassment. Finally, Section V identifies some best practices and evaluates response strategies.
3D printed three-dimensional metallic microlattices with controlled and tunable mechanical properties

Abstract Three-dimensional metallic microlattice structures are critical for advancements in areas such as energy storage and conversion, high-sensitivity sensors, light-weight structures, bone implants, and high-efficiency catalysts. In this paper, Aerosol Jet 3D nanoparticle printing (Saleh et al., 2017) [23] is utilized to fabricate novel highly complex three dimensional (3D) metallic microlattice materials having near-solid truss members with diameters of 30–60 µm and unit sizes of 100–400 µm. Three types of lattice structures having densities from 5% to 26% of the bulk metal are designed to deform via bending-dominated and buckling-dominated mechanisms under compressive loads. The mechanical response of these microlattices could be tuned by changing the structure density as well as making simple changes to the cell architecture. It is shown that AM related local defects in the 3D structures did not significantly influence their global stress-strain response. A modified semi-empirical foam deformation model is proposed to capture the oscillating hardening and softening mechanical behavior of ordered structures in the plateau stress region and is fit to all three lattice structures printed in this study. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the deformation using 3D beam elements was also performed, which showed an agreement with the experimental observations for both the global stress-strain response and the local deformation for structures that deform by bending. A theoretical model of general applicability is also proposed that captures the periodic hardening and softening behavior of the microlattice structures in the plateau region of their stress-strain plots. The research results establish that AJ printing can be used to fabricate a novel class of microlattice structures with tunable and controlled mechanical response.
Effect of Membrane Properties on the Carbonation of Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) are potentially very low-cost replacements for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, AEMFCs suffer from one very serious drawback: significant performance loss when CO2 is present in the reacting oxidant gas (e.g., air) due to carbonation. Although the chemical mechanisms for how carbonation leads to voltage loss in operating AEMFCs are known, the way those mechanisms are affected by the properties of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) has not been elucidated. Therefore, this work studies AEMFC carbonation using numerous high-functioning AEMs from the literature and it was found that the ionic conductivity of the AEM plays the most critical role in the CO2-related voltage loss from carbonation, with the degree of AEM crystallinity playing a minor role. In short, higher conductivity-resulting either from a reduction in the membrane thickness or a change in the polymer chemistry-results in faster CO2 migration and emission from the anode side. Although this does lead to a lower overall degree of carbonation in the polymer, it also increases CO2-related voltage loss. Additionally, an operando neutron imaging cell is used to show that as AEMFCs become increasingly carbonated their water content is reduced, which further drives down cell performance.
Trend Analysis of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Lip From 1975 to 2016.

Importance Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common nonmelanoma skin cancer and commonly affects the head and neck. Increasing regional reports of aggressive cases warrant an analysis of population-based trends of cSCC of the head and neck. Objective To assess demographic, clinical, and survival trends among patients with cSCC of the external lip. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective, population-based cohort study of 15 171 cases of cSCC of the external lip registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1975 and 2016. Statistical analyses were conducted in October 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was clinical characteristics (tumor site, stage, and tumor grade). Demographic characteristics, incidence, treatment characteristics, and survival outcomes were also assessed. Results In total, 15 171 cases of cSCC were extracted from the SEER database (80.3% of patients were male, and 97.0% identified as being of White race/ethnicity). Incidence among male patients decreased from 4.4 to 0.8 per 100 000 during the study period, whereas the female patients’ share cases increased from 8.4% in 1975 to 1979 to 26.1% by 2016. Cases increased in the US Pacific Coast and eastern regions, and along the 30° to 39° N latitudinal range, while decreasing in the southwestern region. Of 15 171 cases, 51.2% cases presented at stage I, and 96.2% were nonmetastatic. Cases of grade II and grade III tumors increased between 1975 and 2016. Five-year disease-specific survival remained stable at 95.9%; however, patients older than 75 years experienced worse disease-specific survival (93.2%) associated with decreasing survival trends among patients older than 85 years. Conclusion and Relevance This population-based cohort study found that incidence of cSCC of the external lip decreased among men; however, cases increased along US coastal regions and in more northern US latitudes. Tumor grades were increasingly advanced, and patients older than 85 years should be given special prognosis and treatment consideration.
The Impact of Altitude at Birth on Perinatal Respiratory Support for Neonates with Trisomy 21

Objective Both high altitude and trisomy 21 (T21) status can negatively impact respiratory outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine the association between altitude and perinatal respiratory support in neonates with T21 compared with those without T21. Study Design This retrospective cohort study used the United States all-county natality files that included live, singleton, in-hospital births from 2015 to 2019. Descriptive statistics for neonates with and without the primary outcome of sustained assisted ventilation (>6 hours) were compared using t-tests and Chi-squared analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between respiratory support and the presence of T21, and included an interaction term to determine whether the association between respiratory support and the presence of T21 was modified by elevation at delivery. Results A total of 17,939,006 neonates, 4,059 (0.02%) with T21 and 17,934,947 (99.98%) without, were included in the study. The odds of requiring sustained respiratory support following delivery were 5.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.31, 6.66), 4.06 (95% CI: 2.39, 6.89), 2.36 (95% CI: 1.64, 3.40), and 5.04 (95% CI: 1.54, 16.54) times as high for neonates with T21 than without T21 when born at low, medium, high, and very high elevations, respectively. The odds of requiring immediate ventilation support following delivery were 5.01 (95% CI: 4.59, 5.46), 5.90 (95% CI: 4.16, 8.36), 2.86 (95% CI: 2.15, 3.80), and 12.08 (95% CI: 6.78, 21.51) times as high for neonates with T21 than without T21 when born at low, medium, high, and very high elevation, respectively. Conclusion Neonates with T21 have increased odds of requiring respiratory support following delivery when compared with neonates without T21 at all categories of altitude. However, the odds ratios did not increase monotonically with altitude which indicates additional research is critical in understanding the effects of altitude on neonates with T21. Key Points
Barriers Against the Implementation of Mental Health Care in Primary Settings

Until now, this series of papers has focused on numerous strategies for successfully initiating mental health care in primary settings. These have included specific programs developed for the primary purpose of making mental health care accessible to populations which otherwise would not receive these services, or increasing the capability of those who work in primary settings to deliver mental health services to individuals who choose not to go to available mental health care settings.
Message integrity model for wireless sensor networks

WSNs are susceptible to a variety of attacks. These attacks vary in the way they are performed and executed; they include but not limited to node capture, physical tampering, denial of service, and message alteration. It is of paramount importance to protect gathered data by WSNs and defend the network against illegal access and malicious insertion of data that would alter the entire integrity of the system. The severe resource constraints in each sensor make it a challenge to secure the network. The need for new security ideas was the main inspiration and motivation of this research. While there has been a remarkable progress in many enabling technologies for sensor networking, the integrity of information received by the system has received less attention [50]. For instance, while many methods have been developed for selforganizing the network functions, less attention was paid to ensure high data integrity. While most the security mechanisms focus on confidentiality, we focus on integrity and freshness of the message. In order to achieve a secure system, security has to be integrated into every component. Sometimes security is viewed as a standalone component of a system’s architecture, where a separate module provides security. This separation is a very flawed approach to network security. Components designed without security in mind can become a point of attack. The integrity model describes how data items in the system should be kept valid from one state of the system to the next. To define a security model, it requires specifying both the security requirements and the threat model.
Section V: Knee degeneration.

Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the five leading causes of disability among elderly men and women. The papers in this section present the topic of degeneration of the knee from the perspective of both diagnosis and treatment (with a focus on knee arthroplasty). Radiographs are the current clinical tools used in diagnosing osteoarthritis. Radiographic joint-space narrowing is the only structural end point currently accepted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency (EMEA) for phase-III clinical trials. However, radiography is limited because it can only provide information about osseous changes at very late stages of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging represents an advance in technology because it can provide information regarding cartilage morphology and matrix biochemistry as well as information about other features of osteoarthritis, including bone-marrow abnormalities, synovitis, and damage to menisci and ligaments. The first two papers in this section provide an overview on the diagnosis of osteoarthritis with use of radiography and magnetic resonance imaging and on the tracking of longitudinal degenerative changes in the knee with use of magnetic resonance imaging. Currently, no disease-modifying drugs are available to stop, slow down, or prevent cartilage degeneration during the course of osteoarthritis. When the disease becomes severe, joint replacement is the primary treatment option. In the second part of this section, advances in navigated total knee arthroplasty and unicondylar knee arthroplasty are reviewed. With emerging techniques, navigated total knee arthroplasty has become not only an important surgical tool but also a measurement tool and teaching tool in operating rooms and laboratories. Technique advancement in unicondylar arthroplasty of the knee includes robotic unicompartmental arthroplasty and unicompartmental arthroplasty with use of resurfacing implants and personalized jigs. With further development, these computer-assisted surgical techniques will greatly improve our ability to treat degeneration of the knees.
Effect of intravenous oxytocin for induction and stimulation of labor on the incidence of cesarean section.

T H E use of intravenous oxytocin in the induction and stimulation of labor has continued to increase since 1950.1m3 It is well established as a successful treatment for inertia uteri and is being utilized more frequently for the induction of labor in the presence of certain medical and obstetric indications.‘-5 During the same period the incidence of cesarean section has dropped and a realignment has occurred in the order of indications for this operation. Study of the records from the Obstetrical Service of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania reveals a coincident relationship between the increased use of intravenous oxytocin and the decrease in primary cesarean section rate from 1953 through 1959. Furthermore, a great reduction of certain indications for cesarean section has occurred during the same period. This paper is a summary of an analysis of these statistics with conclusions. The records of all primary cesarean sections performed at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from Jan. 1, 1946, to Jan. 1, 1960, were reviewed. Statistics were also used from the study of intravenous oxytocin in the indicated induction and stimulation of labor which has been in progress at this institution since Jan. 1, 1950.
Returns, Risk, and Financial Due Diligence

Financial due diligence is the process by which investors try to ascertain, among other things, the potential risks and returns of a contemplated investment. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used to determine whether the investment offers a fair risk/return tradeoff (and what that tradeoff is). In this paper, we first review basic concepts of risk and return in financial economics with an eye toward the quantitative aspects of financial due diligence. We then illustrate the applications of these concepts in financial due diligence using the example of Bernard Madoff Investment Securities.
The Bibliographic Management of Web Documents in Digital and Hybrid Libraries

Web documents present digital and hybrid librarians with a set of bibliographic management issues heretofore of no or minor significance for materials in print. These include frequent content change as well as the rate at which Web documents are removed or moved by their authors or creators. There have been a number of author-side and cataloger-side initiatives to assist in the management of Web documents, but these do not adequately address change. This paper explores some of those options. It addresses the impact of document change and demise on digital and hybrid collections. It offers suggestions on the management of the change and demise phenomena.
Inferential modeling in pharmaceutical crystallization

The main limitation to improving the online operation of crystallization processes for the past twenty years has been the lack of reliable and informative real-time sensors. Inferential models are developed to fill this need. The inferential modeling problem for these processes is especially challenging due to the low quantity of data relative to the dimensionality of the measurement vector that serves as the input to the inferential model. Quantifying prediction intervals is critical in these applications, which involves more sophisticated chemometric analysis techniques than those popular in the process control literature. The principles and techniques are illustrated through application to the batch crystallization of a pharmaceutical chemical.
Lensfree holographic cytometry using plasmonic nanoparticles

Cellular contrast was demonstrated for the first time in lensfree on-chip holography by employing antibody-conjugated gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) as contrast agents. Cytometric differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was achieved, after NP labeling, using machine learning algorithms.
Hemoglobin/O2Systems: Using Short-lived Intermediates for Mechanistic Discrimination

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of hemoglobin with molecular oxygen, in which rapid mixing is followed by a very fast temperature jump, is numerically simulated. Four different mechanisms are considered. In two of them, oxygen reacts with theα-chains first, in the other two with theβ-chains first. Furthermore, either the third or the fourth measured (Adair) dissociation constant is composed of the product of a local dissociation constant and an allosteric interconversion constant. We explore whether these alternative mechanisms may be distinguished experimentally. We show that reaction steps not resolvable by rapid mixing can be resolved by chemical relaxation at appropriate points in time. Discrimination under experimental conditions is possible at higher oxygen concentrations (above 100 μM), but high resolution in time and concentration amplitude are required.
Women and Religion: The Transformation of Leadership Roles

This paper explores women's leadership roles in the sociology of religion. I focus on the women presidents of three social science research organizations that specialize in the study of religious phenomena: the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, the Association for the Sociology of Religion, and the Religious Research Association, and make some comparisons with women presidents of the American Sociological Association. This paper draws on the work of Marie Augusta Neal for a sociological perspective on women and religion. It suggests policy implications for women and other marginalized groups, and concludes with personal reflections on the transformation process.
LONG TERM MINOXIDIL THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH REFRACTORY HYPERTENSION

Fifteen children, 1-16 years of age, with severe hypertension uncontrolled by other drugs were treated with minoxidil (Mn) for periods of 1 to 69 months (mean 14.7 mo.). Hypertension was associated with transplant rejection in 6, dialysis in 5, glomerulonephritis in 3, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in 1. The mean maintenance dose of Mn was 0.29 mg/kg/day (range 0.05 to 1.88 mg/kg). All patients received propranolol and those with appreciable renal function also received furosemide. Before Mn therapy the mean blood pressure (BP) level was 160/112 with Mn therapy the mean BP level was 135/92. (difference in systolic BP, p < 0.001; difference in diastolic BP p < 0.001). In 13 patients, there was a fall in diastolic BP of 9 to 33 mm Hg whereas in 2 patients there was no response due to inadequate dose of drug in one and progressive transplant rejection and high plasma renin activity (PRA) in the other. In 10 patients treated for a mean of 21 months, the BP levels were significantly lower than the pre-Mn level at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months. Four dialysis patients with severe hypertension and high PRA responded and were able to avoid bilateral nephrectomy. Side effects included hirsutism in all patients treated longer than one month; one patient developed congestive heart failure, one developed pericarditis (a dialysis patient), and one had precipitous decrease in renal function with achievement of normotension. It is concluded that Mn is a highly effective and valuable drug in the treatment of severe hypertension in children with renal disease.
Spray pyrolysis of CuInSe2 and related ternary semiconducting compounds

Abstract CuInSe 2 and related compounds and alloys, which are promising for solar cell applications, were produced in thin polycrystalline sphalerite structure layers by spray pyrolysis in both p- and n-type forms with various resistivities. Complete sphalerite structure solid solution is indicated for the entire four-component system CuGaS 2 -CuInS 2 -CuInSe 2 -CuGaSe 2 which suggests the possibility of tailoring properties such as lattice parameter, energy gap and conductivity type to produce heterojunctions suitable for low cost solar cells by spray pyrolysis.
Effect of particulates on metabolism and mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene

Mechanisms of co-carcinogenicity of particulates, such as iron oxide and asbestos, and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are not completely understood. Particulates dramatically alter rates of uptake of B[a]P into membranes, a factor which could account for co-carcinogenicity. However, B[a]P must be activated to reactive forms to be carcinogenic and mutagenic so alterations in metabolism of B[a]P by particulates also could result in co-carcinogenesis. To elucidate mechanisms of particulate-B[a]P co-carcinogenesis, we have correlated rates of uptake of B[a]P into microsomes with metabolism of B[a]P and with mutagenicity of B[a]P in the Ames test. In general, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity paralleled rates of uptake of B[a]P, though some inhibition of AHH activity by particulates which was not attributable to availability of B[a]P was evident. This inhibition was studied further by assaying separately mixed function oxidase and epoxide hydrase activities in the presence of particulates. Both chrysotile and iron oxide inhibited O-deethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin and hydration of B[a]P-4,5-oxide. To determine effects of this inhibition on activation of B[a]P to reactive forms, we studied profiles of metabolites of B[a]P and mutagenicity of B[a]P. The only alteration in profiles of B[a]P metabolites produced by particulates was that due to effects on rates of uptake. Similarly, mutagenicity of B[a]P was positively correlated with rates of uptake into microsomes. We conclude that the predominant effects of chrysotile and iron oxide are in altering rates of uptake of particle-adsorbed B[a]P. Changes in uptake rates then result in alterations of B[a]P metabolism and mutagenicity.
Cooperative binding of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate to cytochrome c and the resultant change in protein conformation

The binding of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTAC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to cytochrome c was determined by potentiometric titration and the corresponding changes in protein conformation by circular dichroism (CD). The binding isotherms were biphasic; about 20 surfactant cations or anions were bound to cytochrome c in the first phase. Another 30 or so HTA+ ions were bound in the second phase, which was below the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant, but the binding of dodecyl sulfate ions in the second phase increased sharply near the critical micelle concentration. The binding of both surfactants was highly cooperative and was endothermic; the data in the first phase fitted the Hill plot. The corresponding change in the secondary structure of cytochrome c was small; the CD spectra in the ultraviolet region showed a moderate increase in the helicity in HTAC solution and some changes in conformation in SDS solution. However, the CD spectra for the Soret band indicated a marked change in the local conformation around the heme.
Risk of Hepatitis B in Dental Care Providers: A Contact Study

In providing dental care, 19 persons were exposed to the blood and saliva of three persons with hepatitis B. All available providers were reexamined at six months to determine clinical or serologic evidence of the virus. Percutaneous inoculation of blood and saliva through needle puncture or open cuts may produce transmission.
Structural insights into the binding of the human receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) by S100B, as revealed by an S100B-RAGE-derived peptide complex.

S100B is a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that, when released into the extracellular milieu, triggers initiation of the inflammatory response through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Recognition of S100B is accomplished via the amino-terminal variable immunoglobulin domain (V-domain) of RAGE. To gain insights into this interaction, a complex between S100B and a 15-amino-acid peptide derived from residues 54–68 of the V-domain was crystallized. The X-ray crystal structure was solved to 2.55 A resolution. There are two dimers of S100B and one peptide in the asymmetric unit. The binding interface of this peptide is compared with that found in the complex between S100B and the 12-amino-acid CapZ-derived peptide TRTK-12. This comparison reveals that although the peptides adopt completely different backbone structures, the residues buried at the interface interact with S100B in similar regions to form stable complexes. The binding affinities of S100B for the intact wild-type V-domain and a W61A V-domain mutant were determined to be 2.7 ± 0.5 and 1.3 ± 0.7 µM, respectively, using fluorescence titration experiments. These observations lead to a model whereby conformational flexibility in the RAGE receptor allows the adoption of a binding conformation for interaction with the stable hydrophobic groove on the surface of S100B.