cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification, partial purification, and localization of a neutral sphingomyelinase in rabbit skeletal muscle: Neutral sphingomyelinase in skeletal muscle

We have investigated the presence of neutral sphingomyelinases present in rabbit skeletal muscle fractions. Neutral sphingomyelinase activity measurements and immunoblot analysis of various skeletal muscle fractions indicated that most of the neutral sphingomyelinase was associated with the junctional transverse tubules. Activity gel analysis of the detergent solubilized transverse tubule fraction revealed two distinct bands corresponding to molecular weight on the order of approximately 92 and 53 kDa. Moreover, monospecific antibody raised against pure neutral sphingomyelinase recognized both the 53 and the 92 kDa protein. Peptide mapping studies revealed that both neutral sphingomyelinase isoforms were similar. Moreover, both the enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to phosphocholine and ceramide. Lithium stimulated and Cu2+ inhibited the activity of both of the enzyme isoforms. However, the 53 kDa isoform was insensitive to activation by Mg2+, and thus differed from the 92 kDa isoform of neutral sphingomyelinase. The localization of neutral sphingomyelinase in skeletal muscle transverse tubule membrane is consistent with transverse tubule production of the sphingomyelin-derived second messenger, sphingosine. Since sphingosine has been shown to modulate calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes (Sabbadini et al. (1992) J Biol Chem 207: 15473-15684), our work suggests that neutral sphingomyelinase/sphingosine signaling system may be a physiologically relevant regulator of calcium levels in skeletal muscle.
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for multi-layer ocean modeling: Viscosity and thin layers

Abstract The work described here is part of a continuing project to develop, analyze, and test some procedures for using discontinuous Galerkin (DG) numerical methods in multi-layer, isopycnic models of ocean circulation. The steps taken in the present paper include the following. (1) Develop an implementation of horizontal viscosity for usage in DG methods for multi-layer models. This step involves a formulation of the local DG method that can be used in the context of barotropic-baroclinic splitting, a widely-used approach to handling the multiple time scales in ocean circulation models. (2) Develop techniques that enable a layered model to exhibit thin layers without computational failures. Layers with negligible thickness can develop in situations that include coastal upwelling, outcropping of surfaces of constant density to the upper boundary of the fluid due to lateral variations in temperature, or intersections of density surfaces with bottom topography. For the sake of DG computations involving thin layers, this paper develops (i) implementations of wind stress, bottom stress, and interfacial shear stress that do not provoke spuriously large velocities, and (ii) a limiter that maintains nonnegative layer thicknesses in DG solutions. (3) Test the above techniques in numerical experiments involving model problems.
Ontogeny of locomotion in mouse lemurs: Implications for primate evolution

Abstract The environment of juvenile primates is very challenging. They have to forage and move on the same substrates as adults do and escape the same predators, despite their immature state. In this study, we explore the developmental strategies that may provide effective locomotor abilities early in life. This could provide new insights into the selective pressures acting on juvenile primates and into evolution of primate locomotion. We conducted an ontogenetic study of 36 arboreal gray mouse lemurs from birth to adulthood (6 months of age). The investigated parameters were, for both limbs, (1) grasping behavior during locomotion (i.e., grip postures), (2) grasping performance (i.e., pull strength), and (3) motor coordination (i.e., rotarod test). Our results show that 8-day-old babies are able to climb substrates of various slopes and diameters outside of their nest. Although juveniles cannot successfully complete a motor coordination test before 30 days of age, young individuals display relative pull strengths that are very high or even on par with adults, guaranteeing stability on narrow substrates. These powerful grasps highlight the importance of the grasping function for these juveniles that are not carried and move independently on arboreal substrates shortly after their first week of life. Moreover, the pedal grasping provides a secure grasp on all substrates across ontogeny; however, manual secure grasps decrease during development, being highly used only shortly after birth on vertical and narrow substrates. These results first suggest different functional roles of the hands and feet, with the hind limbs ensuring body balance on the substrates, freeing the upper limbs for manipulation. They further show vertical and narrow branches to be especially challenging, requiring strong grasps, which suggests that they may drive the evolution of strong grasping abilities in primates.
Diffuse optical imaging and tomography

Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is applied to the local measurement of the optical properties of scattering media, whereas diffuse optical imaging (DOI) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) are used to characterize or image the spatial distribution of the properties. These methods can be converged into powerful spectral imaging measurements that combine information on the wavelength dependence of the optical properties of the scattering medium (which are relevant for the characterization of its composition and microscopic scattering properties) and on their spatial dependence (which provides localization of regions of interest and indications on large-scale organization). A quantitative description of the volume probed by an interrogating optical signal in a scattering medium is significant for both spectroscopy and imaging measurements. In spectroscopy (localized measurements) it specifies the sampled region, whereas in imaging (spatially resolved measurements) it gives information on the spatial resolution. Such a quantitative description, leading to the definition of a region of sensitivity in the scattering medium, is presented in detail in this chapter. There are numerous methods for diffuse optical imaging, ranging from straightforward backprojection and optical topography (i.e., 2D projections from diffuse reflectance data) to more complex linear and nonlinear image reconstruction schemes. Some of these methods (for example topography and backprojection) directly translate the measured optical data into an image of the investigated tissue. Other methods (such as linear image reconstruction approaches) translate the imaging problem into an algebraic matrix inversion that can be performed with numerical methods. The most powerful tomographic approaches are nonlinear iterative techniques that make use of forward solvers to calculate the optical signals that correspond to a given spatial distribution of the tissue optical properties. An initial estimate of a spatial distribution is iteratively updated until its associated optical signals match, to within a given tolerance level, the measured optical signals and constitute the desired reconstructed optical image. These imaging methods have their relative strengths and weaknesses, and are subject to different trade-offs among robustness, simplicity, power, and accuracy. Our goal in this chapter is to describe the basic principles and quantitative methods for diffuse optical imaging techniques that are frequently used in the study of biological tissues.
Vapor Pressure and Heats of Vaporization and Sublimation of Liquids and Solids of Interest in Cryogenics below 1-atm Pressure

A series of research reports were prepared several years ago for the National Bureau of Standards in which the vapor pressure and heats of vaporization and sublimation of liquids and solids of cryogenic interest below 1-atm pressure were computed as functions of the thermodynamic temperature from appropriate thermodynamic relations using what was then considered to be the best available physical property data. The results of these calculations were presented in tabular form as a function of absolute temperature from approximately the normal boiling point of the condensed gas to approximately the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the solid is about 10−15 torr. The original reports referred to in the references for this paper should be consulted for details.
Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Covid-19.

RAAS Inhibitors and Covid-19 The editors comment on three Journal articles that provide observational data about whether ACE inhibitors and ARBs are harmful in the context of the Covid-19 epidemic....
Time to meaningful clinical response in reduction of itch in atopic dermatitis.

Introduction: Itch is a distressing atopic dermatitis (AD) symptom that impacts quality of life. With the emergence of multiple new agents for the treatment of AD, the ability and speed with which ...
Text Normalization for Low-Resource Languages of Africa.

Training data for machine learning models can come from many different sources, which can be of dubious quality. For resource-rich languages like English, there is a lot of data available, so we can afford to throw out the dubious data. For low-resource languages where there is much less data available, we can't necessarily afford to throw out the dubious data, in case we end up with a training set which is too small to train a model. In this study, we examine the effects of text normalization and data set quality for a set of low-resource languages of Africa -- Afrikaans, Amharic, Hausa, Igbo, Malagasy, Somali, Swahili, and Zulu. We describe our text normalizer which we built in the Pynini framework, a Python library for finite state transducers, and our experiments in training language models for African languages using the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK), an open-source Python library for NLP.
The Logic and Limits of Political Reform in China

In the 1990s China embarked on a series of political reforms intended to increase, however modestly, political participation to reduce the abuse of power by local officials. Although there was initial progress, these reforms have largely stalled and, in many cases, gone backward. If there were sufficient incentives to inaugurate reform, why wasn't there enough momentum to continue and deepen them? This book approaches this question by looking at a number of promising reforms, understanding the incentives of officials at different levels, and the way the Chinese Communist Party operates at the local level. The short answer is that the sort of reforms necessary to make local officials more responsible to the citizens they govern cut too deeply into the organizational structure of the party.
In vivo actions of atypical antipsychotic drug on serotonergic and dopaminergic systems

Atypical antipsychotic drugs related to clozapine, improve psychosis, cognition and negative symptoms, while producing minimal extrapyramidal side effects, in patients with schizophrenia. This appears to be mediated mainly through the combined effect of relatively more potent blockade of 5-HT(2A) receptors, located on cortical and hippocampal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, as well as cell bodies of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine (DA) neurons, and weaker blockade of D(2) receptors in the ventral and dorsal striatum and pyramidal neurons in cortical areas, as well as the cell bodies of DA neurons. This combination of effects is important to their ability to enhance cortical and hippocampal DA efflux, which, while producing less increase of DA efflux in the striatum. Selective inverse agonists of 5-HT(2A) receptors alone, or in combination with subthreshold doses of atypical antipsychotic drugs have shown effects similar to those of atypicals in both animal models and clinical trials in patients with schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have been found to prevent or reverse acute and chronic effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate non-competitive antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), including cognitive impairment, in part through enhancing the turnover of DA in cortex. PET, postmortem and genetic studies, as well as clinical studies with 5-HT(2A) hallucinogens, strongly support the importance of 5-HT(2A) receptor blockade in the action of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Their 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonism, produced directly or indirectly, also contributes to enhancement of efflux of DA in cortical regions. Other serotonergic actions, e.g. 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(6) and possibly 5-HT(7) antagonism, may also contribute to their efficacy or, in the case of 5-HT(2C) antagonism, side effects such as weight gain.
IEEE Wireless Local‐Area Network Standards

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction IEEE 802.11 and WLANs IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Questions Problems Projects
Raman Spectroscopic Imaging of Cholesterol and Docosahexaenoic Acid Distribution in the Retinal Rod Outer Segment

Raman vibrational spectroscopic imaging was performed on retinal rod cells isolated from bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). The Raman spectra enable determination of the lipid and protein rich rod outer segment (ROS) from the nucleus and inner segment of the cell. Peak fitting analysis of spectra obtained from individual rod photoreceptor cells show characteristic vibrational modes that can be associated with cholesterol and docosahexaenoic acid containing lipids. These results provide direct observations of biomolecular gradients in the rod photoreceptor cells, which, thus far, have been based on indirect detergent extracts and histochemical analysis with indicators such as filipin. The detected biomolecules are associated with regulation of the integral membrane protein rhodopsin, and methods capable direct observation of these biomolecules offer new routes to exploring their role in the regulation of cellular processes.
The differentiation of chick embryonic skin. An electron microscopic study with a description of a peculiar epidermal cytoplasmic ultrastructure

Abstract The ontogeny of chick embryonic skin was studied at the electron microscopic level. An earlier onset and gradual differentiation of the dermis contrast the later and expedient epidermal differentiation. The fate of the two epidermal cell types is very different. Pericytes and their derivatives constitute a transient embryonic structure whereas basal cells and their derivatives form the adult keratinizing epidermis. The differences in ultrastructural morphology of the two epidermal cell types are slight on the 12th day of incubation but thereafter become increasingly apparent as differentiation proceeds. The ultrastructure of basal cells and their derivatives suggests that these cells exert a secretory function felt to be related to production of filaments.
A Language of Song: Journeys in the Musical World of the African Diaspora

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Samuel Charters Year: 2009 Pages: 368 Publisher: Duke University Press ISBN: 978-0-8223-4358-5 (hard cover). Prices: $89.95 USD(hard cover).
Role of Leuconostoc mesenteroides in Leavening the Batter of Idli, a Fermented Food of India

The fermentation of the batter of idli, a fermented food of India, was studied. The microorganisms responsible for the characteristic changes in the batter were isolated and identified. Although there is a sequential change in the bacterial flora, the predominant microorganism responsible for souring, as well as for gas production, was found to be Leuconostoc mesenteroides. In the later stages of fermentation, growth of Streptococcus faecalis and, still later, of Pediococcus cerevisiae becomes significant. The fermentation of idli demonstrates a leavening action caused by the activity of the heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium, L. mesenteroides. As far as is known, this is the first record of a leavening action produced exclusively by the activity of a lactic acid bacterium.
Magnetic properties of a molecular-based spin-ladder system: ( 5 IAP ) 2 CuBr 4 ⋅ 2 H 2 O

We have synthesized and characterized a spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic ladder: bis 5-iodo-2-aminopyridinium tetrabromocuprate (II) dihydrate. X-ray diffraction studies show the structure of the compound to consist of well isolated stacked ladders and the interaction between the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ atoms to be due to direct $\mathrm{Br}\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\cdot}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathrm{Br}$ contacts. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization studies show the compound to be in the strong-coupling limit, with the interaction along the rungs ${(J}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\approx}13\mathrm{K})$ much greater than the interaction along the rails $(J\ensuremath{\approx}1\mathrm{K}).$ Magnetic critical fields are observed near 8.3 and 10.4 T, respectively, establishing the existence of the energy gap.
Genetically Controlled Variation of "Acid" β-Galactosidase Detected in Rattus norvegicus by Isoelectric Focusing

Two genetically variant forms of rat "acid" β-galactosidase were found to differ in isoelectric point and pH dependence, but not in thermostability or sensitivity to inhibition by p-mercuribenzoate (PMB). The results of two backcrosses and an intercross indicated that the isoelectric focusing phenotypes are controlled by two codominant alleles at a single autosomal locus, for which we propose the name Glb-1. No significant linkage between Glb-1 and albino (LG I), brown (LG II), or hooded (LG VI) was observed. Strain-specific differences in total levels of kidney β-galactosidase were detected, but it is not yet known whether the variation is controlled by genes linked to Glb-1. Experiments in which organ homogenates were incubated with neuraminidase indicated that the genetically variant forms do not result from differences in sialylation, though sialylation does appear to be largely responsible for the presence of multiple bands within each phenotype and for differences in the banding patterns of β-galactosidases derived from different organs. The β-galactosidase present in the bands used for Glb-1 typing resembles human GM1 gangliosidase (GLB1) with respect to pH optimum, substrate specificity, and susceptibility to inhibition by PMB. It also appears that Glb-1 is homologous with the Bgl-e locus of the mouse. In rats as in mice the genetically variant bands of β-galactosidase are active at acid pH and have relatively high isoelectric points. In both species these bands are readily detectable in kidney homogenates, and can be revealed in homogenates of liver or spleen following treatment with neuraminidase. The presence of the same β-galactosidase bands in homogenates of rat kidney and small intestine as well as in neuraminidase-treated homogenates of liver and spleen suggests that the Glb-1 variants differ by one or more point mutations in the structural gene for "acid" β-galactosidase.
Hybrid position/Force control of multi-arm cooperating robots

This paper extends the theory of hybrid position/force control to the case of multiarm cooperating robots. Cooperation between n robot arms is achieved by controlling each arm such that the burden of actuation is shared between the arms in a non-conflicting way as they control the position of and force on a designated point on an object. The object which may or may not be in contact with a rigid environment, is assumed to be held rigidly by n robot end-effectors. Natural and artificial position and force constraints are defined for a point on the object and two selection matrices are obtained to control the arms. The position control loops are designed based on each manipulator's Cartesian space dynamic equations. In the position control subspace, a feature is provided which allows the robot arms to exert additional forces/torques to achieve compression, tension, or torsion in the object without affecting the execution of the motion trajectories. In the force control subspace, a method is introduced to minimize the total force/torque magnitude square while realizing the net desired force/ torque on the environment.
Use of microcomputers to copy information: Effects on free recall

Abstract Copying time and the immediate recall of information following copying was investigated as a function of copying method (i.e., copying by microcomputer or by hand), Gender (males and females), and Trials (four copying trials). Twenty-nine male and thirty female undergraduate students were assigned randomly to one of four groups: copy by microcomputer, males and females, and copy by hand, males and females. Each subject copied four passages and immediate recall of total words, key words, and ideas was assessed for each passage. Overall, there were few significant differences between either the two copying methods or gender, although a significant method by gender interaction was found for the total number of words recalled. Significant differences across trials for total words recalled and numbers of ideas were taken as an indication that subjects in this study were “learning to learn”. It was also found that copying material by microcomputer was faster than by hand. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Asymmetry in the static and dynamic charge density wave states of NbSe3: Heat and electrical current flow

Abstract The dynamic and static states of the charge density wave (CDW) in NbSe 3 have been measured by narrow band noise and differential resistance measurements, in the presence of a symmetry-breaking temperature gradient. In the dynamic state, the CDW velocity is sensitive to the relative direction of heat and electrical current flow. In the pinned state, metastable state structure with dramatic hysteresis is observed. Our results are consistent with predictions of a phase strain model of CDW motion in the presence of a temperature gradient.
Comparing two methods for quantifying soil-borne Entomophaga maimaiga resting spores.

Abstract To improve usability of methods for quantifying environmentally persistent entomophthoralean resting spores in soil, we modified and tested two methods using resting spores (azygospores) of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga . Both methods were effective for recovering resting spores at concentrations >100 resting spores/g dry soil. While a modification of a method originally described by Weseloh and Andreadis (2002) recovered more resting spores than a modified method based on Percoll density gradients, the ability to estimate true densities from counts was similar for both methods. Regression equations are provided for predicting true resting spore densities from counts, with R 2 values for both methods ⩾0.90.
Temperature and frequency dependence of the nuclear relaxation rate in Qn(TCNQ)2

Abstract The magnitude, frequency dependence and temperature dependence of the proton relaxation rates in Qn(TCNQ) 2 are explained in terms of a theory which treats the short wavelength response as coherent and one-dimensional, while the long wavelength response is dominated by anisotropic (intrachain vs interchain) diffusion. The diffusive character of the response near q = 0 is consistent with recent attempts to understand the electronic properties of Qn(TCNQ) 2 in terms of weak localization of states in one-dimension. Analysis of the data leads to the conclusion that the effective screened Coulomb interaction is relatively weak.
Studies on the role of ribonucleic acid in the growth of bacteria.

Measurements have been made of the protein, the RNA, and the DNA composition of cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes during balanced growth at different rates. The results indicate that at a given temperature the RNA/protein ratio of a cultures is a direct function of the growth rate and that these two variables are linearly related at growth rates greater than 0.6 doublings per h. The RNA of these cultures is approximately 14% soluble and 86% ribosomal at all growth rates examined. In the transition from a high to a lower growth rate the decrease in the rate of synthesis is immediate and marked for RNA and more gradual for protein and for DNA. The rate of RNA synthesis increases to the level characteristic of the new low growth rate only after the RNA/protein ratio has been reduced by preferential protein synthesis to the value normally observed during balanced growth at this new rate. In the transition from a low to a higher growth rate, the response of RNA synthesis is again more rapid than that of protein and DNA. The synthesis of RNA during this transition period proceds at a rate greater than that finally to be established. The pattern of incorporation radioactive guanine revealed that the usual proportion of soluble and of sedimentable RNA is made during this period, and the pattern of incorporation of radioactive leucine indicated that the sedimentable RNA consists of complete ribosomes. The significance of these results in understanding the control of bacterial growth is discussed.
The effect of information feedback and reference tones on d′and L: A further analysis of Nash and Adamson’s data

A signal detection theory analysis of the data reported by Nash and Adamson leads to somewhat different conclusions. For example, sensory sensitivity (d′) is not altered by feedback in the no-anchor condition. The analysis also reveals that Ss chose a conservative response criterion (large value of Lx) when confronted with a combination of no feedback and no anchor stimuli.
Broadband low-loss analog fiber-optic link for concurrent detection and downconversion of microwave signals

Optical fiber is an excellent medium for transmission of microwave-modulated optical signals from a remote antenna to the receiver.1 After reception, these signals are typically downconverted to a lower intermediate frequency (i.f.) to recover the baseband signal. Recently,2 we demonstrated that a pair of external interferometric modulators, cascaded in series and both biased at quadrature, may be used to concurrently receive and downconvert rf signals. Here we adapt this architecture to demonstrate a downconverting fiber-optic link, for remote operation of an antenna, in satellite,1 and wireless communication systems.
[Pattern, stability and relationship among electroencephalographic activation techniques].

Abstract Distribution, stability and correlates of EEG activity were recorded during photic stimulation, hyperventilation, and sleep in a total class (182) of young male graduate students with the following findings: 1. 1. On the examination of the total, 4.4 per cent showed an extreme activation response during photic stimulation, 14.0 per cent showed a similar response during hyperventilation and of 38 sleep records, 10.2 per cent were classified as abnormal. The same subject did not activate on all techniques. 2. 2. On the second examination of the total sample the photic stimulation distribution was similar to that of the initial examination but there was more activation during the second hyperventilation examination. 3. 3. During photic stimulation extreme activation is rare below 10 c/sec. 4. 4. On 9 occasions, over a period of 3 years, marked shifts occurred in the amount of activation during both photic stimulation and hyperventilation. 5. 5. There was a significant increase in activation from records 1 to 9 during hyperventilation. Hyperventilation was found more variable and more unstable over time than photic stimulation. 6. 6. On record number 1 a low relationship was found between photic and hyperventilation activation. On the second record this relationship was not found, however, indicating that activation is not predictable from photic stimulation to hyperventilation. 7. 7. Activation during sleep was also not consistently related to activation produced by the other two techniques. 8. 8. Neither photic activation, hyperventilation nor sleep was found to relate significantly to conventional clinical classification of the resting EEG, changes in blood pressure, manifest anxiety or to positive items in personal or family neuropsychiatric history. 9. 9. Using a quantitative activation scale for evaluation of the resting EEG, subjects classified as showing moderate or marked irregularity in their resting EEG showed significantly more extreme activation responses during both hyperventilation and photic stimulation than did subjects whose resting EEG was classified as having no or only slight irregularity. 10. 10. Of the 182 subjects examined, only 14 showed activation during both photicf stimulation and hyperventilation. No relationship to conventional clinical classification of the resting EEG or to positive personal or family neuropsychiatric history was found in these 14 subjects. Using the activation scale only 9 of the 14 were classified as having moderate or greater irregularity in their resing EEG. 11. 11. A plea for caution is made in the clinical interpretation of such “activation” techniques. The term activation is suggested to imply a level of general brain excitability rather than any specific clinical entity.
Sensitivity of bacteriophage RB69 DNA polymerase to N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-2'-deoxyguanosine nucleotides.

Abstract The response of bacteriophage RB69 DNA polymerase to N2-(p-n-butylphenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate (BuPdGTP), related nucleotides and non-nucleoside inhibitors was measured and compared to values obtained for the closely related DNA polymerase from bacteriophage T4. Both enzymes showed similar responses to inhibitors in terms of Ki values and the ability to utilize BuPdGTP as a substrate. These results provide the relevance of using the recent crystal structure of RB69 DNA polymerase for analysis of BuPdGTP/B family DNA polymerase interactions.
THE DENSITY OF DISCRIMINANTS OF S3-SEXTIC NUMBER FIELDS

. We prove an asymptotic formula for the number of sextic number fields with Galois group S 3 and absolute discriminant < X. In addition, we give an interpretation of the constant in the formula in terms of the asymptotic densities of given local completions among these sextic fields. Our proof gives analogous results when we count S 3 -sextic extensions of any number field, and also when finitely many local completions have been specified for the sextic extensions.
A comparison of irradiance and phosphorus effects on the growth of three submerged macrophytes

Abstract A fully factorial pond experiment was designed using two irradiance levels and two phosphorus concentrations to investigate irradiance and phosphorus effects on the growth of three submerged macrophytes: common waterweed ( Elodea canadensis ), Eurasian water milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), and water stargrass ( Zosterella dubia ). Results revealed that higher irradiance (230 μmol s −1 m −2 vs. 113 μmol s −1 m −2 at 2 m depth) had significant positive effects on submerged macrophyte growth: increasing the number of individuals (seven-fold), the number of species surviving (two-fold), aboveground biomass (11-fold), belowground biomass (10-fold), and total biomass (11-fold), whereas elevated sediment phosphorus (2.1–3.3 mg g −1 vs. 0.7 mg g −1 dry sediment) did not have any significant impact. However, responses to irradiance differ among macrophyte species due to their morphology and physiology. Waterweed increased in numbers of individuals and total biomass under high irradiance while biomass per individual remained the same (∼0.02 g). The other species increased both in numbers and biomass per individual. These results suggest that increased irradiance rather than decreased phosphorus loading is the main driver of changes in submerged macrophytes in North American temperate lake ecosystems.
Switching of Extra-High-Voltage Circuits I-System Requirements for Circuit Breakers

The dynamic growth of utility systems has resulted in demands for power circuit breakers with faster interrupting times as well as higher interrupting capacities and continuous-current loadings. The rapid speed at which 500-kv system plans have developed and the current, interrupting megavrolt-ampere (mva), and insulation requirements which these systems have imposed on the circuit breaker designer are particularly significant.
FoxA transcription factors are essential for the development of dorsal axial structures

In vertebrates, embryonic structures present at the dorsal midline, prechordal plate, notochord, hypochord and floor plate share a common embryonic origin. In zebrafish, they derive from a pool of progenitors located within the embryonic shield at the onset of gastrulation. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the common development of these structures remain unknown. Based on their spatial and temporal expression, transcription factors of the Forkhead box A (FoxA) family appeared to be good candidates to play such a role. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found that simultaneous knockdown of FoxA2 and FoxA3 abolish the formation of all axial derivatives, while overexpression of these transcription factors strongly enlarges dorsal mesodermal territories. We establish that, in FoxA2-FoxA3 double morphants, precursors of axial tissues are correctly induced at early gastrula stage, but their dorsal midline identity is not maintained during development and we found that progenitors of these tissues are cell-autonomously re-specified to form muscle fibers as well as cells of the ventral neural tube. Our study provides the first example of a specific loss of all dorsal midline tissues and demonstrates that members of the FoxA family have redundant functions essential to maintain the axial identity of prechordal plate, notochord, floor plate and hypochord progenitors during gastrulation.
Stability of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor α1 subunit mRNA expression in reeler mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells during postnatal development

Abstract A [ 35 S]cRNA probe was used for the visualization of GABA A /benzodiazepine (GABA A /BZ) receptor α 1 subunit mRNA in developing reeler mutant mouse cerebellum. A clear hybridization signal was observed throughout the malformed reeler cerebellum from birth. Labeling was associated with Purkinje cell bodies located in three subcortical masses. Additional labeled Purkinje cells were observed within the granule cell layer and at their normal position at the interface between the molecular and granule cell layers. All reeler Purkinje cells had comparable levels of grain density, regardless of their location within the cerebellar cortex. These results indicate that Purkinje cell malpositioning, and the resulting absence of a major complement of afferents throughout development, does not impair the expression of mRNA coding for the α 1 subunit of the GABA A /BZ receptor.
Boron analogues of amino acids VI. Synthesis and characterization of di- and tripeptide analogues as antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic agents

Abstract A number of boron-containing dipeptides with the general formulation Me3NBH2C(O)NHCH(R)COOR′ and a tripeptide, Me3NBH2C(O)NHCH2C(O)NHCH2COOEt were synthesized by condensation of Me3NBH2COOH with the corresponding NH2CH(R)COOR′ (NH2CH2C(O)NHCH2COOEt in case of tripeptide) in the presence of PPh3 and CCl4. Further reaction with liquid NH3 afforded NH3BH2C(O)NHCH(R)CONH2 (NH3BH2C(O)NHCH2C(O)NHCH2C(O)NH2 in the case of tripeptide) or NH3BH2C(O)NHCH(R)COOMe. These peptides proved to have antineoplastic, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity in mice. The antineoplastic activity was weak. The anti-inflammatory activity was similar to that of phenylbutazone, although at a lower dosage, ie 8 mg/kg × 2 was required for activity. IC50 values were in the range of 7.0–29.0 mg/kg × 2. The compounds were most effective as hypolipidemic agents, significantly lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels at a dose of 8 mg/kg per day. After 16 days administration, this activity was far superior to known clinical therapeutic agents used to treat atherosclerosis.
General semantics and “human relations”;

Separate studies of both general semantics and human relations suggest considerable interaction between the two fields. Hence, the thesis of this article: The human relations movement has been significantly influenced by general semantics. The author also suggests that transactions between general semantics and human relations (and perhaps communication) will be made.
An ab initio calculation of the molecular structure and properties of hypofluorous acid

Abstract An ab initio LCAO MO SCF calculation has been carried out on hypofluorous acid (HOF) in order to study the electronic structure, geometry and other one-electron properties of this molecule. The minimum energy geometry was found to be ROF = 1.450 A, ROH = 1.080 A, and θ = 100.8°, which is in good agreement with experiment. In general, the bonds in HOF appear to be similar to the analogous bonds in H2O and F2O. The first three ionization potentials 13.97, 14.94, and 17.16 eV compare well with recent photoelectron spectroscopic data.
Spatial distribution of mRNA during pre-fertilization ovule development in Capsella bursa-pastoris

In situ hybridization of sections of the ovary and ovule of Capsella bursa-pastoris with 3H-polyuridylic acid [3H-poly(U)] showed the presence of polyadenylic acid-containing RNA [poly(A) + RNA] in the cells of the placenta and nucellus. During megasporogenesis there was a decrease in 3H-poly(U) binding activity of the nucellar cells concomitant with the appearance of poly(A) + RNA in the integuments. As the typical eight-nucleate embryo sac was formed, 3H-poly(U) binding was not apparent around the quartet of nuclei at the chalazal end, while it persisted at the micropylar end. Both the egg and synergids as well as the chalazal proliferating tissue showed high concentrations of poly(A) + RNA in their cytoplasm. The results suggest a role for transient localizations of poly(A) + RNA during female sporogenesis and gametogenesis in C. bursa-pastoris.
Investigations into the chemical forms of electrically fixed nitrogen

Abstract Nitrous acid was the only soluble species initially formed when the effluent of electrical discharges in air was passed through distilled water. The nitrous acid was about 5 % of the total amount of NO x (NO + NO 2 ) produced by these electrical discharges.
Enabling access-privacy for random walk based data analysis applications

Random walk graph and Markov chain based models are used heavily in many data and system analysis domains, including web, bioinformatics, and queuing. These models enable the description and analysis of various behaviors of stochastic systems. If the system being modeled has certain properties, such as if it is irreducible and aperiodic, close form formulations corresponding to its stationary behavior can be used to analyze its behavior. However, if the system does not have these properties or if the user is not interested in the stationary behavior, then an iterative approach needs to be used to determine potential outcomes based on the initial probability distribution inputs to the model. In this paper, we focus on access-privacy enabled outsourced Markov chain based data analysis applications, where a non-trusted service provider takes (hidden) user queries that are described in terms of initial state distributions, and evaluates them iteratively in an oblivious manner. We show that this iterative process can leak information regarding the possible values of the hidden input if the server has a priori knowledge about the underlying Markovian process. Hence as opposed to simple obfuscation mechanisms, we develop an algorithm based on methodical addition of extra states, which guarantees unbounded feasible regions for the inputs, thus preventing a malicious host from having an informed guess regarding the inputs. In particular, we show that if the underlying transition matrix is diagonalizable then we can compute the exact number of states needed for access-privacy, while if the matrix is non-diagonalizable, then only a lower-bound can be computed.
In-fiber fabrication of size-controllable structured particles

We present an approach for fabricating single-material and multi-material structured spherical particles in the size range 1 millimeter to 50 nanometers that makes use of the Plateau-Rayleigh capillary instability in a multi-material fiber.
Texas college students' opinions of no-smoking policies, secondhand smoke, and smoking in public places.

The authors examined college student opinions of no-smoking policies, secondhand smoke, and smoking in public places. A convenience sample of 1,188 (66.4% female; 26.9% White, 64.1% Black, and 9.0% Hispanic) students attending 5 Texas colleges volunteered to complete a 60-item anonymous survey on tobacco attitudes and behaviors. Results of our study showed that women, Black students, and nonsmoking students reported the most favorable attitudes toward no smoking. Male students, white students, and students who smoked in the past 30 days (current smokers) reported the least favorable attitudes. The lowest level of agreement by all subgroups was provided for prohibiting smoking everywhere on campus (inside and outside of buildings). Implications for tobacco control on college campuses are discussed.
A randomized comparison study of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in a paramedic system.

A prospective, randomized study using either bretylium tosylate (BT) or lidocaine (L) as the first-line antiarrhythmic for patients in refractory ventricular fibrillation was conducted using the Milwaukee County Paramedic System. If the patient did not respond to the initial American Heart Association protocol, BT (10 to 30 mg/kg total) or L (2 to 3 mg/kg total) was given randomly as the first antiarrhythmic. If the patient failed to convert, the alternate antiarrhythmic was given. In the L group, 81% (39/48) of the patients obtained an organized electrical rhythm and 56% (27/48) converted to a rhythm with a pulse. The resuscitation rate (admission to an emergency department with pulse) was 23% (11/48), and the save rate was 10.4% (5/48). In the BT group, 74% (32/43) obtained an organized electrical rhythm, 35% (15/43) were converted, 23% (10/43) were resuscitated, and 5% (2/43) were saved. The only significant difference in outcome was that L converted patients better than did BT (P less than .05). Of the 24 patients known to be on digitalis preparations prior to arrest, 41% (5/12) in the L group were resuscitated and 16% (2/12) were resuscitated in the BT group. Data were analyzed for witnessed arrest outcome and for patients given multiple antiarrhythmics.
Psychological Adjustment of Navy Mothers Experiencing Deployment

This research examined the psychological adjustment and correlates of psychological well-being of deployed Navy mothers compared with a nondeployed control group of Navy women during the same perio...
Temperature Effects on Interdiffusion at Glassy/Rubbery Interfaces

Abstract Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy was used to measure interdiffusion at a model glassy/ rubbery interface consisting of polystyrene (PS) below its glass transition temperature in contact with poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME). PVME swelled PS at temperatures ranging from 60 to 95°C, corresponding to 41 to 6°C below the glass transition of PS. This swelling was confirmed with dynamic mechanical analysis using glassy crosslinked PS in contact with PVME. The swelling process was characterized by an interfacial velocity as the PVME swelled PS. The relaxation time for the swelling process was determined from the interface velocity as a function of temperature and the results indicated that the swelling process is controlled by the relaxation time of the slowly diffusing component (PS). The relaxation time ranged from 141 min at 60°C to 16.8 s at 95°C. The activation energy for the relaxation of the PS matrix was determined as 40.9/pm 2.6 kcal/mol using the Arrhenius expression, in good a...
Expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits in native human retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract Previously, we demonstrated that the inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channel subunit Kir7.1 is highly expressed in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The purpose of this study was to determine whether any of the 14 other members of the Kir gene family are expressed in native human RPE. Conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that in addition to Kir7.1, seven other Kir channel subunits (Kir1.1, Kir2.1, Kir2.2, Kir3.1, Kir3.4, Kir4.2 and Kir6.1) are expressed in the RPE, whereas in neural retina, all 14 of the Kir channel subunits examined are expressed. The identities of RT-PCR products in the RPE were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed, however, that transcripts of these channels are significantly less abundant than Kir7.1 in the RPE. Western blot analysis of the Kir channel subunits detected in the RPE by RT-PCR revealed the expression of Kir2.1, Kir3.1, Kir3.4, Kir4.2, Kir6.1, and possibly Kir2.2, but not Kir1.1, in both human RPE and neural retina. Our results indicate that human RPE expresses at least five other Kir channel subtypes in addition to Kir7.1, suggesting that multiple members of the Kir channel family may function in this epithelium.
Cognitive inhibition in individuals prone to homophobia.

Individuals scoring either High, Medium, or Low on the Homosexism Short-Form scale (Hansen, 1982) made speeded decisions to neutral (N), mildly provocative (MP), or very provocative (VP) statements regarding issues relating to homophobia. These three groups did not differ on age, education, reading rate, or vocabulary ability. It was predicted that individuals High in homophobia would produce faster reaction times to the VP sentences than those individuals scoring Medium or Low in homophobia. Results indicated the opposite pattern. Individuals scoring High in homophobia actually had slower reaction times to VP sentences than did either the Medium or Low homophobia individuals. Results are discussed within an inhibitory framework related to the High homophobia individuals' overall homophobia schema. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 155–162, 1998.
The effect of informed consent procedures on respondents' reactions to surveys.

Do the procedures used to elicit informed consent in a national survey affect respondents' evaluations of the interview? With one exception, they do not. The exception is the assurance of confidentiality, which enhances evaluations of most aspects of the interview. However, appraisals were less favorable after a lapse of time.
Sensitivity and detection limit of concentration and adsorption measurements by laser-induced surface-plasmon resonance.

The shot noise limitation as well as other factors that influence the sensitivity of measurements with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor are considered. It is demonstrated that minute changes in the refractive index of a medium close to the surface of a metal film can be detected owing to a shift in the resonance angle. In particular, changes in the adsorption layer of only a fraction of a biomolecular monolayer could be measured. Data for SPRare presented with adjacent media of air, water, as well as aqueous solutions of ethanol and sodium chloride at different concentrations. The immobilization of the protein bovine serum albumin to a specially prepared surface was monitored with the SPR technique. Specific responses to changes in the concentration and thickness of the adsorption layer were determined. The angular resolution of the present apparatus is approximately 1 millidegree, corresponding to a detection limit for an adsorbed protein layer of 15pg/mm2, which is still 2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than the shot-noise limit, and therefore a further improvement in sensitivity is possible.