cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO/sub 2/ capture cost estimates from a state perspective: part I - regulation on GHG emissions & technologies

These are two joint papers on CO/sub 2/ capture cost and price estimates for new power plants. Part I of the joint papers first discusses recent regulatory development in green house gasses (GHG) emissions. It shows that regional CO/sub 2/ cap & trade systems may be in place in a few years in the US despite the fact that the US federal government has failed to pass any law on the issue. It then reviews current technologies for CO/sub 2/ emissions control, especially those for new coal power plants. Capital and O&M cost estimates are also provided. Part II provides the estimates of electricity cost for the state of Indiana under various assumptions.
Photochemistry in heterogeneous media: A Fourier transform-EPR study

Abstract Fourier transform-electron paramagnetic resonance (FT-EPR) is a novel spectroscopic technique that is ideally suited for the study of transient free radicals generated in photochemical reactions. The salient features of the application of FT-EPR in this field of research are the following. (1) The high spectral resolution of the technique makes it possible to identify free radicals. (2) The time evolution of spectra can be monitored over a time regime extending from nanoseconds to milliseconds. Hence, spectral data can give rate constants of radical formation and decay. (3) Signal intensities can reflect chemically induced electron polarization effects that provide information on the mechanism of radical formation. (4) Measurement of spin-relaxation rates gives an insight into molecular motion. In this paper the application of the technique in a time-resolved study of photoinduced electron transfer in micellar solutions and in the pores of silica gel is presented. Measurements on micellar solutions concern electron transfer from photoexcited tetrasulfonated zinc tetraphenylporphyrin to duroquinone. The study of silica gel systems focused on electron transfer from zinc tetraphenylporphyrin to benzoquinone. The results of the investigation show that the technique can provide valuable insights into photochemical reactions in heterogeneous media. The time evolution of the spectra provides information on the formation and decay of radical pairs and free radicals. The data reflect the spatial distribution of reactants and products. Linewidths and relaxation data give information on the location and motional freedom of free radicals.
The kinetics of oxygen adsorption on the /112/ and /110/ planes of tungsten.

Low energy electron diffraction oxygen adsorption kinetics on planes of tungsten at coverages below monolayer and work function measurements
The role of US novelty in retention interval effects in single-element taste-aversion learning

Retention interval effects are seen in taste-aversion learning when single-element aversions are significantly weaker 24 h after conditioning compared with tests at later intervals. This report contains three experiments which suggest that the source of the increased drinking at the 1-day interval is nonassociative interference produced by the novel conditioning episode. In Experiment 1, a parametric analysis demonstrated that aversion strength increased monotonically over a 30-h period following conditioning, and that by 48 h after conditioning it was stabilized. In Experiment 2, a single US preexposure was used to reduce the novelty of the US prior to conditioning. As a result, animals preexposed to the US had stronger taste aversions than did non-preexposed controls at a 1-day retention interval; however, no differences were seen at a 5-day interval. Experiment 3 investigated whether the counterintuitive outcome of Experiment 2 was due to the summation of environment-illness and taste-illness associations at the 1-day test. The results ruled out the summation argument; the US preexposure did not need to be presented in the conditioning context to strengthen the aversion at the 1-day interval. Collectively, these results suggest that the presentation of a surprising US can interfere with the retrieval of the taste-illness association for a short period after conditioning, and that this contributes to the retention interval effect.
The existence of a protracted course in crescentic glomerulonephritis

The existence of a protracted course in crescentic glomerulonephritis. We describe a spectrum of clinical and morphologic features which may occur in idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis. Of note are patients who pursue a more indolent course to renal failure in contrast to typical rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). Patients following this protracted course have an insidious presentation with hematuria and renal insufficiency, and at the time of renal biopsy (usually after many months of clinical illness) show less extensive involvement with crescents, which are often in both cellular and fibrous stages. This form of crescentic glomerulonephritis is further distinguished from RPGN by frequent hypertension and the nephrotic syndrome, the absence of oligo-anuria and progression to renal failure over many months or even years.
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer with ursodeoxycholic acid: cons.

Summary Animal and human data suggest a relationship between bile acids, especially secondary bile acids, and colorectal cancer. Ursodeoxycholic acid, a synthetic bile acid, has been shown in animal and in vitro studies to reduce the risk of colonic dysplasia and cancer development. Human trials have focused on patients with history of adenoma, inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis. Some studies suggest that ursodeoxycholic may reduce the colorectal cancer risk, but to date the studies are small, mostly retrospective, and lacking in solid evidence to support use of UDCA for colorectal cancer chemoprophylaxis.
Quench sensitivity of 2219-T87 aluminum alloy plate

Abstract The quench sensitivity of 6.4 mm thick 2219-T87 plate was investigated by using the improved quench factor analysis method and the data of Swartzendruber et al. (NBSIR 80-2069, National Bureau of Standards, 1980). This study was exceptional for the breadth and quality of the investigations. The close integration of the quench factor analysis (QFA) with such a broad and deep independent study of commercial material, was significant in establishing awareness and credibility of QFA. The report by Swartzendruber et al., by the very breadth and depth, exposed some limitations of the QFA. The report did not include emphasizing these limitations nor attempting a remedy. The intention of the present paper is to demonstrate how the QFA can be extended to deal with the limitations implicitly exposed by Swartzendruber et al. The quench sensitivity of the alloy's yield strength was modeled by three C-curves which represented loss of solute by precipitation of (i) θ phase on grain boundaries, (ii) θ phase in the matrix, and (iii) θ ′ phase on matrix dislocations, which is consistent with previous findings reported in the literature. The model and the implications of the results are discussed in the paper.
Promoter-restricted histone code, not the differentially methylated DNA regions or antisense transcripts, marks the imprinting status of IGF2R in human and mouse

Imprinting of the mouse lgf2r depends upon an intronic differentially methylated DNA region (DMR) and the presence of the Air antisense transcript. However, biallelic expression of mouse lgf2r in brain occurs despite the presence of Air, and biallelic expression of human IGF2R in peripheral tissues occurs despite the presence of an intronic DMR. We examined histone modifications throughout the mouse and human Igf2rl IGF2R using chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) assays in combination with quantitative real time PCR. Methylation of Lys4 and Lys9 of histone H3 in the promoter regions marks the active and silenced alleles, respectively. We measured di- and tri-methyl Lys4 and Lys9 across the lgf2r and Air promoters. While both di- and tri-methyl Lys4 marked the active lgf2r and the active Air allele, tri-methyl Lys9, but not di-methyl Lys9, marked the suppressed Air allele. We show here that enrichment of parental allele-specific histone modifications in the promoter region, rather than the presence of DNA methylation or antisense transcription, correctly identifies the tissue- and species- specific imprinting status of Igf2rlIGF2R. We discuss these findings in light of recent progress in identifying specific components of the epigenetic marks in imprinted genes.
Innovation in food service technology and its strategic role

Abstract Innovation in food service technology offers differentiation and cost leadership in strategic terms. The majority of food service businesses do not have research and development laboratories. At present, the innovations in equipment design and layout, packaging and service techniques are of a defensive or reactive nature. Examples of defensive innovation include faster and better preparation methods, improved temperature control, even heating, energy and labour savings, less waste, better sanitation, faster service and flexibility. In contrast, developments in offensive or pro-active innovation, which can radically change current practices, are rare. Novel food service processes can evolve as a result of adoption of technological breakthroughs in “high tech” fields of the economy. This justifies investments in offensive research and highlights the importance of technical competencies for a food service professional.
Auto-adaptive response modification in moment-resisting frame structures

The response of the simplified moment resisting frame structure discussed in this paper is characterized by relatively large elastic deflection capacity with reduced residual deflections, auto-adaptive system stiffness modification, and considerable energy dissipation. The suggested structural system is assembled from particular column and beam elements with elastic and elastic/plastic load-deformation characteristics utilizing advanced composite materials and common construction technology without use of mechanical devices. Conventional frame structures, exclusively utilizing steel reinforced concrete members, ultimately form a collapse mechanism upon formation of plastic hinges in the beam and column members. While the flexural strength of the columns in the proposed system exceeds that of the beam as required in seismic design provisions, the relative stiffness of the frame members changes upon formation of plastic hinges in the beam element. This switching mechanism and the resulting modification of frame stiffness are inherent structural properties of the system, which can be adjusted to specific requirements in the design process. Although extensive inelastic rotation occurs in the beam element, plastic hinges at the column base are not required in order to initiate and utilize the energy dissipation potential of the beam element. In this frame configuration, the auto-adaptive stiffness modification is expected to reduce structural demand in terms of base shear forces under dynamic excitations while the formation of a kinemetic mechanism is prevented.
Modeling type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices using empirical tight-binding method: new aspects

The recent advances in the experimental work on the Type II InAs/GaSb superlattices necessitate a modeling that can handle arbitrary layer thickness as well as different types of interfaces in order to guide the superlattice design. The empirical tight-binding method (ETBM) is a very good candidate since it builds up the Hamiltonian atom by atom. There has been a lot of research work on the modeling of Type II InAs/GaSb superlattices using the ETBM. However, different groups generate very different accuracy comparing with experimental results. We have recently identified two major aspects in the modeling: the antimony segregation and the interface effects. These two aspects turned out to be of crucial importance governing the superlattice properties, especially the bandgap. We build the superlattice Hamiltonian using antimony segregated atomic profile taking into account the interface. Our calculations agree with our experimental results within growth uncertainties. In addition we introduced the concept of GaxIn1-x type interface engineering, which will add another design freedom especially in the mid-wavelength infrared range (3~7 μm) in order to reduce the lattice mismatch.
Grid computing for all

The deployment of a general purpose utility grid can aggregate otherwise disparate and autonomous resources and provide access to grid technology for researchers, faculty and students for learning about grids, testing grid capabilities, deploying applications. Using inter-institutional collaboration to build cooperative, grid computing for all can advance grid technology.Grids for "big science" or specific applications tend to be deployed for long term needs, with significant investment of project specific resources, and perhaps with less concern for integration with enterprise infrastructures. Indeed, such big science grids are "enterprises" in their own right, establishing solutions that sit as a layer of services above, outside and distinct from a researcher's locally affiliated enterprise. There is a need for a utility grid that is differentiated from such application specific grids. Deploying such a utility grid would be a step toward the vision described by Foster et alia in The Physiology of the Grid: An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration - serving the "need to integrate services across distributed, heterogeneous, dynamic 'virtual organizations' formed from the disparate resources within a single enterprise and/or from external resource sharing and service provider relationships."Work begun as part of the NSF Middleware Initiative Integration Testbed Program has evolved from deploying individual campus grids to the work of SURAGrid. SURAGrid is engaging a broader collaboration of researchers, educators and students across the southeast and beyond to create a model of cooperative grid computing infrastructure and disseminate exemplars of technology, best practices, policy solutions and grid applications.
Crystal structure of the 4H BaCrO3 polytype

Abstract The structure of the four-layer hexagonal BaCrO 3 polytype, prepared at high temperature and high pressure, was determined utilizing a Picker FACS-I diffractometer. The hexagonal black crystal was found to crystallize with a four-layer stacking sequence in space group P6 3 mmc having unit cell parameters a = 5.660(1) and c = 9.357(1) A. The structure was determined from 668 independent reflections of which 605 were considered observed. Equivalent reflections were averaged and this operation yielded 130 unique, observed reflections. Refinement of the structure by least-squares methods gave a conventional R value of 3.0%. The structure consists of a four-layer stacking sequence of close-packed BaO 3 layers containing tetravalent chromium in all the octahedral oxygen interstices. The compound was found to be isostructural with β-BaMnO 3 and the recently reported BaRhO 3 and SrMnO 3 .
Performance of Nine External Tags on Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout

Abstract We evaluated nine commercially available tags to determine their suitability for marking yearling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in raceways and circular tanks. The tags tested were Floy vinyl tubing tags FD-67 anchor, FT-2 dart, FT-4 cinch-up, and FT-4 lock-on; modified Carlin; modified Petersen disk; Monel strap 4-1005; Monel butt end 4-1242; and Stoffel fish seal. After 9 months, tag losses from raceway fish were lowest (8%) for the FT-4 lock-on tag; in tanks, none of the FT-2 dart, FT-4 cinch-up, FT-4 lock-on, or the Monel butt end tags were lost. At 90 d after tagging, raceway fish marked with the Monel strap or the modified Carlin tags showed significantly less growth than did fish marked with the FD-67 anchor tag; the converse was true for fish in tanks. After 9 months, raceway fish marked with the Monel butt end tag and tank fish marked with the FD-67 anchor tag were least injured. Injury was greater in raceways than in tanks for all tag types. Judged by overall performance, the...
Reduced left ventricular systolic pump performance and depressed myocardial contractile function in patients > 65 years of age with normal ejection fraction and a high relative wall thickness

We studied the relation between relative wall thickness, left ventricular systolic pump performance, and myocardial contractile function in 77 older patients with normal ejection fraction who were free of valvular and myocardial ischemic disease. Group 1 comprised 49 patients with relative wall thickness > or = 0.45; group 2 (n = 28) had normal relative wall thickness. Pump performance was characterized by stroke volume index, cardiac index, and stroke work; myocardial function was characterized by midwall shortening and circumferential stress versus shortening relations. Group 1 patients had lower end-diastolic volume (83 +/- 3 vs 124 +/- 5 ml, p < 0.05), cardiac index (2.6 +/- 0.2 vs 3.5 +/- 0.1 L/min/m2, p < 0.05), and stroke work/100 g left ventricular mass (43 +/- 2 vs 53 +/- 3 g-m/100 g, p < 0.005). Although there was no significant difference with regard to ejection fraction or fractional shortening at the endocardium, fractional shortening at the midwall was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 (16 +/- 1% vs 19 +/- 1%, p < 0.005). This lower value for midwall shortening was observed despite lower values for endsystolic stress, implying decreased myocardial contractile function. Lower stroke volume index in group 1 patients, likely due to small chamber size, was not offset by increased heart rate, resulting in a low-normal cardiac index; in 33% of group 1 patients, cardiac index was < 2.2 L/min/m2, indicating reduced pump performance. Our data indicate an abnormality in pump performance and myocardial function in patients who have high relative wall thickness and normal ejection fraction.
Effect of Glucose on Recovery of Energy Metabolism following Hypoxia—Oligemia in Mouse Brain: Dose-Dependence and Carbohydrate Specificity

Unilateral cerebral hypoxia-oligemia was produced in anesthetized mice using carotid artery occlusion combined with systemic hypoxia (10% O2). In the cerebral cortex ipsilateral to the carotid occlusion, ATP levels were depleted during a 30-min insult, but were restored to 64% of control during 60 min of recovery. Pretreatment of animals with glucose diminished the restoration of ATP in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, when blood glucose levels exceeded 12-13 mM (225 mg/dl), ATP recovery was greatly impaired. Neither galactose nor 3-O-methylglucose mimicked the detrimental effect of glucose. However, pretreatment with mannose, which is readily metabolized by brain, impaired restoration of ATP. The impairment, therefore, appears to be specific for substrates of cerebral metabolism. The ischemic accumulation of lactate in the ipsilateral cortex was augmented by only 30% at blood glucose levels well above the threshold for ATP recovery. Thus, unless recovery of energy metabolism is sensitive to small increments in brain lactate, it is difficult to explain the glucose-induced energy failure on the basis of enhanced lactic acidosis. Ipsilateral cerebral blood flow (CBF), measured with [14C]iodoantipyrine during hypoxia and recovery, was lower in glucose-pretreated than in saline-pretreated animals. However, the poor correlation between CBF and ATP, measured in the same tissue samples at 15 min recovery, failed to substantiate that regeneration of ATP was flow-limited early in recovery.
Protein adsorption on low-temperature isotropic carbon: I. Protein conformational change probed by differential scanning calorimetry

This is the first of a set of articles on protein adsorption on low-temperature isotropic carbon (LTIC), a reputed blood compatible material. Surface-induced conformational changes of albumin, fibrinogen, and some small proteins were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on LTIC powders and colloidal silica. The LTIC surface significantly alters the DSC response (denaturation?) in proteins studied in different buffer solutions. We use the term "denaturation" to refer to altered protein behavior in the adsorbed state. Hydrophobic interactions between LTIC and the proteins are thought to be the major driving force. The presence of air at the water-carbon interface seems to prevent the surface denaturation of fibrinogen. The silica surface greatly denatures albumin but only slightly denatures fibrinogen. Because LTIC is considered to be a nonthrombogenic material, but silica is considered to be a thrombogenic one, whether a surface denatures adsorbed proteins cannot be the sole criterion for its blood compatibility. The latter largely depends on what protein the surface denatures, and in what sequences.
A Dynamic Sensing-and-Modeling Approach to Three-Dimensional Point- and Area-Sensor Integration

The recent advancement of 3D non-contact laser scanners enables fast measurement of parts by generating a huge amount of coordinate data for a large surface area in a short time. In contrast, traditional tactile probes in the coordinate measurement machines can generate more accurate coordinate data points at a much slower pace. Therefore, the combination of laser scanners and touch probes can potentially lead to more accurate, faster, and denser measurements. In this paper, we develop a dynamic sensing-andmodeling approach for integrating a tactile point sensor and an area laser scanner to improve the measurement speed and quality. A part is first laser scanned to capture its overall shape. It is then probed via a tactile sensor where the probing positions are dynamically determined to reduce the measurement uncertainty based on a novel nextbest-point formulation. Technically, we use the Kalman filter to fuse laser-scanned point cloud and tactile points and to incrementally update the surface model based on the dynamically probed points. We solve the next-best-point problem by transforming the B-spline surface’s uncertainty distribution into a higher dimensional uncertainty surface so that the convex hull property of the B-spline surface can be utilized to dramatically reduce the search speed and to guarantee the optimality of the resulting point. Three examples in this paper demonstrate that the dynamic sensing-and-modeling effectively integrates the area laser scanner and the point touch probe and leads to a significant amount of measurement time saving (at least several times faster in all three cases). This dynamic approach’s further benefits include reducing surface uncertainty due to the maximum uncertainty control through the next-best-point sensing and improving surface accuracy in surface reconstruction through the use of Kalman filter to account various sensor noise. DOI: 10.1115/1.2714585
Online Survey Research: Can Response Factors Be Improved?

ABSTRACT The use of the Internet and online methods for data collection brings about new challenges for academic and managerial researchers. Our objective is to advance our level of knowledge regarding online data collection through an experiment. Using a local organization's e-mail list, we evaluate survey introductory elements such as invitation from a known leader and introductory length. We evaluate resulting levels of response rate, response quality, and respondent satisfaction to assess the effects of modified survey introductory designs. Findings reveal that an invitation from a known leader leads to improved levels of response quality while shorter introductions result in a quicker response from survey participants.
How do thoughts differ from feelings? Putting the differences into words

The present study addressed the question of why people find it easy to distinguish their thoughts from their feelings. In three datasets, we compared the linguistic content of self-reported thoughts and feelings by using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software. Theoretical ideas proposed by Klinger led us to predict—and find—that thoughts, when compared to feelings, tend to be (1) present- or future-directed, as opposed to past-directed; (2) relatively open-ended and indefinite, as opposed to completed and definite; and (3) complexly contextualised. More specifically, we found that reported thoughts contain a greater percentage of (1) present- and future-tense verbs; (2) question marks and “discrepancy words” such as should, would, and could; and (3) words (such as verbs, pronouns, and prepositions) that track people's actions and changing locations. In summary, thoughts and feelings appear to have characteristic “linguistic markers” that enable lay perceivers to readily distinguish them.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of nonserotypable Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O147.

Abstract Nonserotypable Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains (n = 72) from the collection of the E. coli Reference Center were O typed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–restriction fragment length polymorphism method, and those that exhibited similar profiles (n = 17) were chosen for the study. These isolates, derived from pigs, carried genes for Shiga toxin variant 2e (100%), heat stable enterotoxins STa and STb (70% and 76%, respectively), and F107 (F18) fimbriae (82%). DNA sequencing and analysis of the O-antigen gene cluster of one of the nonserotypable strains exhibited 100% homology with O-antigen cluster of E. coli O147 although the lipopolysaccharide profiles differed significantly between the nonserotypable strains and O147 reference control strain normally used for antibody production. Scanning electron micrographs of the nonserotypable strains showed altered morphology as compared to E. coli O147. Therefore, nonserotypable strains may share 100% homology with O-antigen gene ...
Language Barriers in Health Care

Imagine yourself in a place far from home. Perhaps you are visiting China’s beautiful Yunnan Province. You are in a small town, preparing to tour a region many claim to be the fabled Shangri-La. You have had a bit of a cough for a few days, but yesterday you began feeling decidedly unwell. You feel feverish, cold, weak, light-headed. Your cough is getting worse, and you are now bringing up dark, yellowish sputum, and occasionally small amounts of blood. You feel out of breath going up just 1 flight of stairs. The right side of your chest aches with each cough.
The vertical distribution of black carbon in CMIP5 models: Comparison to observations and the importance of convective transport

Large uncertainty in the direct radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) exists, with published estimates ranging from 0.25 to 0.9 W m−2. A significant source of this uncertainty relates to the vertical distribution of BC, particularly relative to cloud layers. We first compare the vertical distribution of BC in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models to aircraft measurements and find that models tend to overestimate upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UT/LS) BC, particularly over the central Pacific from Hiaper Pole-to-Pole Observations Flight 1 (HIPPO1). However, CMIP5 generally underestimates Arctic BC from the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites campaign, implying a geographically dependent bias. Factors controlling the vertical distribution of BC in CMIP5 models, such as wet and dry deposition, precipitation, and convective mass flux (MC), are subsequently investigated. We also perform a series of sensitivity experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5, including prescribed meteorology, enhanced vertical resolution, and altered convective wet scavenging efficiency and deep convection. We find that convective mass flux has opposing effects on the amount of black carbon in the atmosphere. More MC is associated with more convective precipitation, enhanced wet removal, and less BC below 500 hPa. However, more MC, particularly above 500 hPa, yield more BC aloft due to enhanced convective lofting. These relationships—particularly MC versus BC below 500 hPa—are generally stronger in the tropics. Compared to the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, most CMIP5 models overestimate MC, with all models overestimating MC above 500 hPa. Our results suggest that excessive convective transport is one of the reasons for CMIP5 overestimation of UT/LS BC.
A survey of robotic applications in wireless sensor networks

Robotics can have many applications in wireless sensor networks. Robotics can be used to help solve many problems in wireless sensor networks, such as localizing nodes, acting as data mules, repositioning nodes, detecting and reacting to sensor failure, aggregate sensor data, and even sometimes provide mobile battery chargers for the nodes. Inversely, wireless sensor networks can help solve many problems in robotics, such as localization of the robot, path planning, mapping, and sensing.
Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison☆

Abstract This cross-cultural study examines the effects of individual characteristics (i.e., consumers' need for uniqueness and self-monitoring) and brand-associated variables (i.e., social-function attitudes toward luxury brands and affective attitude) on U.S. and Chinese consumers' purchase intention for luxury brands. A total of 394 college students in U.S. and China participated in the survey. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), this study finds that U.S. and Chinese consumers' self-monitoring positively influences social-function attitudes toward luxury brands. Social-function attitudes toward luxury brands positively influence consumers' purchase intention through affective attitude. Attitude plays an important mediating role between social-function attitudes toward luxury brands and purchase intentions. The article closes with theoretical and practical implications.
Neuronal specification in the spinal cord: inductive signals and transcriptional codes

Neural circuits are assembled with remarkable precision during embryonic development, and the selectivity inherent in their formation helps to define the behavioural repertoire of the mature organism. In the vertebrate central nervous system, this developmental program begins with the differentiation of distinct classes of neurons from progenitor cells located at defined positions within the neural tube. The mechanisms that specify the identity of neural cells have been examined in many regions of the nervous system and reveal a high degree of conservation in the specification of cell fate by key signalling molecules.
Designing long-term, large-scale forestry experiments with research objectives at multiple scales.

Abstract A number of large-scale manipulative studies (LSMEs) have been installed in recent decades. They were designed to test operationally practical silvicultural treatments on large tracts of forest land and over long periods of time. The interdisciplinary nature of LSMEs and the associated variety of research objectives provide special challenges in study design and implementation that usually do not occur in the setup of traditionally smaller-scaled research studies. We present and discuss these issues, including the development of a prioritized list of objectives with explicit spatial and temporal scales and clear definitions of the scope of inference for each objective. In this context we discuss the variation within large experimental units; the choice of replications; treatment definitions, including multiple manipulations over time; and the choice, scale, and timing of measurements. Above all, it appears that agreeing on a clear hierarchy of study objectives will prevent future conflicts betwee...
Mutant human fibroblast clones able to grow on homocysteine instead of cyst(e)ine.

Abstract Mutant clones able to grow on homocysteine or cystathionine in place of cyst(e)ine have been isolated from a diploid human fibroblast strain. These mutants are stable and retain normal fibroblast morphology and a near-diploid chromosome complement. Cystathionase activity does not appear to be increased, so that the biochemical nature of the mutation(s) is as yet unknown.
Heterogeneously sensed imagery radiometric response normalization for citrus grove change detection

Citrus grove change detection is of great importance to citrus production inventory monitoring. Using remotely sensed imagery to detect the land use and land coverage is one of the most widely-used, cost-effective approaches. However, there is little published research on citrus grove change detection using remotely sensed multi-spectral imagery, especially for those acquired by heterogeneous sensors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the citrus change detection based on the histogram matching normalization to the heterogeneously sensed imagery. In this paper, it is found that different reference image and band selection will result in different normalization performance. Based on this finding, a concept of finding optimal reference image and best spectral band for normalization in terms of the minimum Manhattan distance measure is presented. In this paper, the comparison of change detection results of unnormalized and histogram matching normalized images is presented. The experimental results show that histogram matching normalization significantly improves the image differencing based change detection results of the heterogeneously sensed citrus images, and the optimal reference image and band found with proposed optimization algorithm gives the best change detection results.
Sensory decision theory methods in pain research: A reply to Rollman☆

Abstract Positive reviews of the developing literature on Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) pain research have been provided by Lloyd and Appel [21] and Hall [17]. In contrast, Rollman [24] has criticized the application of SDT methodology to the study of pain, arguing that it is “an error in logic to utilize SDT parameters to reach definitive conclusions about mechanisms altered during pain modulation”, and he has attacked the procedures employed by decision theory researchers in data collection and analysis. This paper is a response to Rollman written from the perspective of a single group of SDT pain researchers. I will first bring to issue certain fundamental statements that appear recurrently throughout Rollman's paper, and I will argue that many of his criticisms lack substance because these assertions are inappropriate. In addition, I will deal briefly with some of Rollman's specific methodologic criticisms, limiting my comments to those points that are salient to the multidisciplinary audience of this journal, and I will briefly describe the pain model that has been implicit in the work of our laboratory group.
Introduction to special issue on science, policy and social inequity

Science and technology have been heralded as important strategies for addressing the inequities that exist in modern societies. A number of studies, however, have demonstrated that they do not always achieve this goal and in some cases they exacerbate existing, or create new, inequities. A handful of scholars have argued that the problem is not simply a result of poor attempts at implementation, but may have roots in science and technology policy. This special issue explores the opportunities for, and difficulties with, addressing inequities through science policy. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Object-oriented programming with class dictionaries

A class dictionary defines all data structures that appear in a program as well as a language for describing data specified by the data structures. We demonstrate that class dictionaries are ideal for simplifying object-oriented programming. Our class dictionary-based approach to object-oriented programming is independent of any particular programming language, so it is applicable to a large variety of object-oriented systems. The experience in designing and using over one hundred class dictionaries has resulted in a set of useful design techniques. This novel approach to object-oriented programming makes interesting links between language design, data structure design, and data-base design.
From Action to Interaction: Infant Object Exploration and Mothers' Contingent Responsiveness

We examined maternal contingent responsiveness to infant object exploration in 190 mother-infant pairs from diverse cultural communities. Dyads were video-recorded during book-sharing and play when infants were 14 mo. Researchers coded the temporal onsets and offsets of infant and mother object exploration and mothers' referential (e.g., “That's a bead”) and regulatory (e.g., “Stop it”) language. The times when infant or mother were neither exploring objects nor communicating were classified as “off task.” Sequential analysis was used to examine whether certain maternal behaviors were more (or less) likely to follow infant object exploration relative to chance, to one another, and to times when infants were off task. Mothers were more likely to explore objects and use referential language in response to infant object exploration than to use regulatory language or be off task, and maternal behaviors were reduced in the context of infants being off task. Additionally, mothers coordinated their object exploration with referential language specifically; thus, mothers' responses to infants were didactic and multimodal. Infant object exploration elicits reciprocal object exploration and informative verbal input from mothers, illustrating the active role infants play in their social experiences.
A synthetic hydrologic-response dataset

Synthetic data have long been employed in hydrology for model development and testing. The objective of this study was to generate a synthetic dataset of hydrologic response with higher spatial and temporal resolution than could presently be obtained in the field, spanning a longer period than the typical duration of monitoring campaigns in experimental catchments. The synthetic dataset was generated for a rangeland catchment with the Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), and is presented for future use by the community. The InHM boundary-value problem is based upon the previously reported hypothetical reality of Tarrawarra-like hydrologic response. Whereas the emphasis in developing the hypothetical reality was on parameterising InHM to reproduce observations from the Tarrawarra catchment, the emphasis in generating the synthetic dataset is on developing an internally valid hydrologic-response dataset that extends well beyond the period of observations at Tarrawarra. The synthetic dataset spans 11 years of continuous forcing and response data (e.g. integrated response, distributed fluxes, state variable dynamics). The dataset should be useful for a wide range of problems including evaluation of simple rainfall runoff modelling techniques, design of measurement networks, development of data-assimilation algorithms, and studies on information theory. The dataset is available at: ftp://pangea.stanford.edu/pub/loague/. Copyright  2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Females Choose Multiple Mates in the Lekking Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido)

ABSTRACT. In lek mating systems, females visit aggregations of displaying males and appear to have unrestricted opportunity to choose and mate with any male. Behavioral observations of lekking birds indicate that females generally mate once and that only a small percentage of males gain a majority of copulations. However, genetic analyses of paternity have revealed that multiple males sometimes sire young within one brood. We analyzed paternity of 25 broods of Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) breeding in an isolated population in central Wisconsin. We found multiple paternity in 44% of broods (1–4 sires brood-1) and a positive relationship between the number of sires and female home-range size prior to nesting. Multiple paternity was apparently not influenced by local breeding experience: native Wisconsin and translocated females from Minnesota did not differ in the likelihood of multiple mating. The high incidence of multiple paternity may reduce the variance in male reproductive su...
The What and How of prefrontal cortical organization

How is the prefrontal cortex (PFC) organized such that it is capable of making people more flexible and in control of their behavior? Is there any systematic organization across the many diverse areas that comprise the PFC, or is it uniquely adaptive such that no fixed representational structure can develop? Going against the current tide, this paper argues that there is indeed a systematic organization across PFC areas, with an important functional distinction between ventral and dorsal regions characterized as processing What versus How information, respectively. This distinction has implications for the rostro-caudal and medial–lateral axes of organization as well. The resulting large-scale functional map of PFC could prove useful in integrating diverse data, and in generating novel predictions.
Novel Magnetoresistive Structures Using Self-Assembly and Nanowires on Si

Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) was grown both as free-standing membranes and as integrated layers on Si as templates for arrays of magnetoresistive nanowires. These structures will be useful for applications such as current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) sensors, magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and microwave oscillator arrays. As the AAO was formed, using a two-step anodization process, columnar nanopores self-assembled inside the oxide to form a close-packed array. The pore diameters could be varied from 10-60nm by changing the anodization conditions. As the diameter of the AAO nanopores decreased, the distance between the nanopores also decreased. The free-standing membranes had pores with lengths of 17um. The pores that were grown directly onto Si with an adhesion layer of Ti were 600nm in length. In addition to growing these latter pores directly onto Si, they were also grown onto Co/Cu/Co thin films that were evaporated onto the Si. Au nanocontacts were electroplated into these nanopores to study point-contact magnetoresistance and microwave response. For the magnetoresistive nanostructures, multilayered Co/Cu nanowires were fabricated via electrochemical deposition. The samples were measured with vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and also using ac and dc magnetotransport systems. The highest magnetoresistance was found in nanowires that had hysteresis loops that were identical as measured in plane and perpendicular to the plane. The highest measured MR (Delta R/R = 11%) of the multilayers was calculated as 33% by subtracting the resistance of the Cu leads on either side of the multilayers from the denominator. Shorter wires are currently under construction to avoid this effect. Spin transfer torque (STT) was also measured in the samples. For 10-60nm diameter nanowires, the change in resistance due to STT was around 6% which represents the full magnetoresistance of the larger wires, but only half that of the smaller nanowires. It is therefore concluded that the 10-nm Co layers do not align antiparallel to parallel as fully at the switching current density of JAP-P = 2.7 × 108 A/cm2 compared to the larger wires which switch at JAP-P = 3.2 × 107 A/cm2. With diameters in the 10-60 nm range and integration with Si, these nanostructures have great potential for future nanosensors, MRAM and microwave oscillator arrays.
Protective Efficacy of H Antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Histoplasmosis

We previously reported that immunization with H antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum did not protect mice against an intravenous challenge with yeasts. Here, we investigated the utility of H antigen to protect mice in a model of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Mice immunized with H antigen and challenged intranasally 4 weeks postvaccination were protected against sublethal and lethal challenges with H. capsulatum yeasts. If the challenge was performed 3 months after vaccination, there was a reduction in fungal burden following sublethal challenge and a modest delay in mortality in mice given a lethal inoculum. Vaccination was associated with production of gamma interferon, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 by splenocytes. Vaccination with H antigen was not accompanied by a major expansion of CD4+ or CD8+ cells in spleens of mice. These results demonstrate that H antigen may be useful as a protective immunogen against pulmonary exposure to H. capsulatum.
Abstract 4958: Fluorescent barcoding offers increased dimensionality in tracking tumor cells in vitro and in vivo

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Fluorescent or luminescent imaging of tumors in animal models is a critical element in dynamic and longitudinal monitoring of tumor burden, tumor growth, and metastatic dissemination. Currently, most imaging strategies are limited to one or two different colors per animal. To improve utility of current imaging technologies, we have developed a library of fluorescent and luminescent tracking vectors designed to expand the color dimensions possible within a single model through a multi-label approach to fluorescent barcoding. The library was built using Multisite Gateway® Cloning technology, which offers a fast and simple recombination-based cloning approach that allows for efficient expression of several genes driven by one promoter on a single vector backbone. Our lentiviral-based vectors express firefly luciferase and one of seven spectrally unique fluorescent proteins covering the entire fluorescent protein color palette from blue to far-red. We have stably labeled bone-derived MDA-MB-231 cells with the vectors by viral transduction. Using these individually colored cell lines, we have demonstrated that the seven FPs are uniquely identifiable by spectral un-mixing with the Maestro Q Imaging System and by flow cytometry. The combination of luciferase and fluorescent labeling allows us to monitor tumor growth by luciferase activity and distinguish individual cell populations by their fluorescent label. We are currently verifying that the cells retain stable expression of the vectors in mouse models; preliminary results are promising. In the future, this system will be used to develop an elegant multi-label-based fluorescent barcoding strategy that will allow us to identify individual cell populations from a heterogeneous environment in vivo. By exploiting combinations of the seven fluorescent proteins, we could potentially create over 200 uniquely identifiable cells populations. This ability will not only reduce the number of animals necessary per experiment (as control and several experimental populations can be individually analyzed in a single mouse); but will also allow us to mimic the heterogeneous environment common to all human tumors. Citation Format: Katie E. Hebron, Tatiana Ketova, Shanna Arnold, H. Charles Manning, Julie Sterling, Florent Elefteriou, Andries Zijsltra. Fluorescent barcoding offers increased dimensionality in tracking tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4958. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4958