cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Bioirrigation and Salinity on Arsenic Distributions in Ferruginous Concretions from Salt Marsh Sediment Cores (Southern Brazil)

Arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents were measured in sediment nodules and associated pore waters obtained from sediment cores collected from a salt marsh on Polvora Island (southern Brazil). Sediment cores were obtained when brackish water dominated the estuary, at two different environments: an unvegetated mudflat colonized by crabs (Neohelice granulata), and a low intertidal stand vegetated by Spartina alterniflora. We determined the percentage of nodules in each depth interval of the cores, along with redox potential, and As, Fe, and Mn contents of the nodules. The mineralogy of the nodules was investigated, and results showed they are mainly composed by quartz, phyllosilicates, and amorphous Fe–Mn oxides/oxyhydroxides. Pore water results showed that bioturbation by local crabs supports oxygen penetration to depths of ca. 25 cm below the salt marsh surface, with lower Fe contents in pore water associated with the brackish period. However, S. alterniflora growth appears to have a greater impact on sediment geochemistry of Fe, Mn, and possibly As due to sulfate reduction and the associated decrease in pore water pH. Higher Fe concentrations were observed in the pore waters during the period of brackish water dominance, which also corresponded to the S. alterniflora growth season. The study demonstrates that differences in geochemical conditions (e.g., Fe content) that can develop in salt marsh sediments owing to different types of bioirrigation processes (i.e., bioirrigation driven by crabs versus that related to the growth of S. alterniflora) play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of As.
Viscophobic turning regulates microalgae transport in viscosity gradients

Gradients in fluid viscosity characterize microbiomes ranging from mucus layers on marine organisms and human viscera to biofilms. While such environments are widely recognized for their protective effects against pathogens and their ability to influence cell motility, the physical mechanisms controlling cell transport in viscosity gradients remain elusive, primarily due to a lack of quantitative observations. Through microfluidic experiments with a model biflagellated microalga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), we show that cells accumulate in high viscosity regions of weak gradients as expected, stemming from their locally reduced swimming speed. However, this expectation is subverted in strong viscosity gradients, where a novel viscophobic turning motility - consistent with a flagellar thrust imbalance - reorients the swimmers down the gradient and causes striking accumulation in low viscosity zones. Corroborated by Langevin simulations and a three-point force model of cell propulsion, our results illustrate how the competition between viscophobic turning and viscous slowdown ultimately dictates the fate of population scale microbial transport in viscosity gradients.
Electromigration immortality check considering joule heating effect for multisegment wires

Electromigration (EM) is still the most important reliability concern for VLSI systems, especially at the nanometer regime. EM immortality check is an important step for full-chip EM signoff analysis. In this paper, we propose a new electromigration (EM) immortality check method for multi-segment interconnect considering the impacts of Joule heating induced temperature gradient. Temperature gradients from metal Joule heating, called thermal migration, can be a significant force for the metal atomic migrations, and these impacts get more significant as technology scales down. Compared to existing methods, the new method can consider the spatial temperature gradient due to Joule heating for multi-segment wires for the first time. We derive the analytic solution for the resulting steady-state EM-thermal migration stress distribution problem. Then we develop the new temperature-aware voltage-based EM immortality check method considering the multi-segment temperature migration effects, which carries all the benefits of the recently proposed voltage-based EM immortality method for multi-segment interconnects. Numerical results on an IBM power grid and self synthesized power delivery networks show that the proposed temperature-aware EM immortality check method is much more accurate than recently proposed state of the art EM immortality method.
What’s a nice narrative historian like me doing at a conference like this?

This is the text of a talk I was scheduled to deliver at a Wesleyan University conference in April 2020 (canceled due to Covid-19) devoted to the memory and work of Hayden White. Based on issues su...
Islamophobia and the Far-Right in Modern Germany, 2008–2018: An Introduction

Any and all immigrants face challenges of adjustment and adaptation but those who identify themselves as “Muslims” coming to Germany face unique challenges because many media sources see Islam through a political lens loaded with negative preconceptions. Tragically, Islamophobic ideas are sometimes translated into violent actions against Muslims in Germany. The vast majority of Germans reject racist and Far-Right passive and active attacks against Muslims in Germany which reflects an extremist approach to extremism. On the other hand, small microaggressions, such as housing advertisements that read “Germans-Only” create a general climate where the logic of active violence can find footing. In addition to actual acts of physical violence, this chapter will conclude with a discussion of what the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu calls “symbolic violence” which is expressed through “cognition and misrecognition, knowledge and sentiment, with the unwitting consent of the dominated.” Those marginalized in society can often be humiliated through a constant stream of microaggressions which are then internalized into a seething broth of both anger and inferiority.
The shifting shape of genomes: dynamics of heterochromatin interactions at the nuclear lamina

The nucleus is a highly structured organelle with many chromatin and protein compartments that partition the genome into regulatory domains. One such a compartment within the mammalian nucleus is the microenvironment underlying the nuclear envelope (NE) where intermediate filament proteins, lamins, act as a link between cytoskeletal and inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins, chromatin binders and modifiers, and heterochromatin. These dynamic interactions regulate many cellular processes and, when they are perturbed, can lead to genome dysregulation and disease.
Science as a Way of Life: Perplexities of a Physician-Scientist

In this essay adapted from his Presidential Address to the AAAS annual meeting, Floyd Bloom makes the case that today9s profound advances in biomedical research may never be effectively transformed into better health care for society, unless steps are taken immediately to restore the American health system. He analyzes the state of the American health care system and describes how events of the 20th century have produced a system that cannot incorporate or implement new knowledge for the diagnosis or treatment of disease. Bloom advocates the creation of a translational health system in which research discoveries flow to clinical trials to best-practice standards of care in the clinic.
An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation.

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.
Influence of Forage Phenolics on Ruminal Fibrolytic Bacteria and In Vitro Fiber Degradation

In vitro cultures of ruminal microorganisms were used to determine the effect of cinnamic acid and vanillin on the digestibility of cellulose and xylan. Cinnamic acid and vanillin depressed in vitro dry matter disappearance of cellulose 14 and 49%, respectively, when rumen fluid was the inoculum. The number of viable Bacteroides succinogenes cells, the predominant cellulolytic organism, was threefold higher for fermentations which contained vanillin than for control fermentations. When xylan replaced cellulose as the substrate, a 14% decrease in the digestibility of xylan was observed with vanillin added; however, the number of viable xylanolytic bacteria cultured from the batch fermentation was 10-fold greater than that of control fermentations. The doubling time of B. succinogenes was increased from 2.32 to 2.58 h when vanillin was added to cellobiose medium, and absorbance was one-half that of controls after 18 h. The growth rate of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens was inhibited more by p-coumaric acid than by vanillin, although no reduction of final absorbance was observed in their growth cycles. Vanillin, and to a lesser extent cinnamic acid, appeared to prevent the attachment of B. succinogenes cells to cellulose particles, but did not affect dissociation of cells from the particles. B. succinogenes, R. albus, R. flavefaciens, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens all modified the parent monomers cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin, with B. fibrisolvens causing the most extensive modification. These results suggest that phenolic monomers can inhibit digestibility of cellulose and xylan, possibly by influencing attachment of the fibrolytic microorganisms to fiber particles. The reduced bacterial attachment to structural carbohydrates in the presence of vanillin may generate more free-floating fibrolytic organisms, thus giving a deceptively higher viable count.
Early Metabolic Markers That Anticipate Loss of Insulin Independence in Type 1 Diabetic Islet Allograft Recipients

The objective of this study was to identify predictors of insulin independence and to establish the best clinical tools to follow patients after pancreatic islet transplantation (PIT). Sequential metabolic responses to intravenous (I.V.) glucose (I.V. glucose tolerance test [IVGTT]), arginine and glucose-potentiated arginine (glucose-potentiated arginine-induced insulin secretion [GPAIS]) were obtained from 30 patients. We determined the correlation between transplanted islet mass and islet engraftment and tested the ability of each assay to predict return to exogenous insulin therapy. We found transplanted islet mass within an average of 16 709 islet equivalents per kg body weight (IEQ/kg BW; range between 6602 and 29 614 IEQ/kg BW) to be a poor predictor of insulin independence at 1 year, having a poor correlation between transplanted islet mass and islet engraftment. Acute insulin response to IVGTT (AIRGLU) and GPAIS (AIRmax) were the most accurate methods to determine suboptimal islet mass engraftment. AIRGLU performed 3 months after transplant also proved to be a robust early metabolic marker to predict return to insulin therapy and its value was positively correlated with duration of insulin independence. In conclusion, AIRGLU is an early metabolic assay capable of anticipating loss of insulin independence at 1 year in T1D patients undergoing PIT and constitutes a valuable, simple and reliable method to follow patients after transplant.
Hyperbaric oxygen pre-treatment impairs anoxic tolerance but improves hyperglycemic tolerance in peripheral nerve.

Summary Prior research has suggested that treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) may change energy metabolism in the peripheral nerve, potentially resulting in improved tolerance to hyperglycemia and anoxia. In this paper, the in vitro rat sciatic nerve model was used to explore the effects of a single 90 min treatment with either 1 or 3 atmospheres of: oxygen, nitrogen or air on the ability of the peripheral nerve to tolerate intermittent anoxia or hyperglycemia. After this treatment, the nerve was placed in a perfusion system where the nerve action potential (NAP) was continuously recorded over the duration of a 16 h experiment. The amplitude, paired pulse response, velocity and duration of the NAP were used as markers of peripheral nerve function. The perfusate contained either 5 mmol/L or 55 mmol/L glucose and was either continuously oxygenated or intermittently replaced by an oxygen free solution of identical composition. HBO treatment primarily affected the amplitude and duration of the NAP. HBO improved the NAP in continuously oxygenated nerves exposed to the 55 mmol/L glucose perfusate but not the 5 mmol/L. However, it worsened the NAP in nerves exposed to intermittent anoxia and increased the rate at which the amplitude of the NAP declined during anoxia. Pressure had an effect on the NAP only for oxygen but not nitrogen or air. The effect of the HBO treatment persisted more than 1 h after the end of the treatment.
Colonic Conservation of Malabsorbed Carbohydrate

Abstract [ 14 C]Sucrose absorption was studied in 4 healthy controls and 4 patients after jejunoileal bypass using an ileal perfusion technique which made it possible to distinguish 14 C-absorption in the small bowel from that occurring in the colon. Healthy controls failed to absorb 2–4% of a 50-g dose of [ 14 C]sucrose in the small bowel; however, virtually none of the [ 14 C] appeared in feces in a dialyzable form with appreciable osmotic activity. In bypass patients, the small bowel failed to absorb 29–84% of the 50-g dose of [ 14 C]sucrose. Approximately two-thirds of the nonabsorbed [ 14 C] was in the form of sucrose and the remainder was nearly all present as monosaccharides. A mean of only 42% of the [ 14 C] not absorbed in the small bowel appeared in the feces and only about one-third of this fecal [ 14 C] was in a dialyzable form with appreciable osmotic activity. Thus, the colon plays an important role in carbohydrate malabsorption by salvaging carbohydrate and reducing osmotic activity of the nonabsorbed sugar. This colonic function appears to depend upon bacterial metabolism of the carbohydrate, and individual variations in diarrhea and weight loss associated with carbohydrate malabsorption could reflect individual differences in the bacterial flora of the colon.
Distribution of a random walk with an application to a truncated nonparametric sequential test

Explicit expressions for the probability of reaching a given position at each stage of a random walk are derived for the case of absorbing boundaries. Utilizing these results, exact expressions for the power function and the average sample number function of a truncated nonparametric sequential test are obtained. Some numerical examples are also given.
Environmental enrichment attenuates locomotor sensitization, but not in vitro dopamine release, induced by amphetamine

Rats were raised from weanling until young adulthood in either an enriched condition (EC) or isolated condition (IC). Following this, the locomotor and rewarding effects of amphetamine were determined using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. EC rats were more sensitive to the acute locomotor stimulant effect and rewarding effect of amphetamine relative to IC rats. In contrast, EC rats were less sensitive than IC rats to the locomotor sensitization effect obtained across repeated amphetamine injections. To determine the effect of environmental enrichment on alteration of brain dopamine (DA) function induced by amphetamine, the effect of amphetamine on electrically evoked release of DA and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) was determined in vitro using tissue slices from the nucleus accumbens and striatum of EC and IC rats. No differences between EC and IC rats in release of DA or DOPAC were evident, suggesting that the environmentally induced difference in sensitivity to the behavioral effects of amphetamine involves a neural mechanism extrinsic to the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal terminal field regions.
Dependency and patienthood

A review of laboratory and clinical studies of dependency reveals that a dependent personality orientation is associated with several traits that are likely to influence psychotherapy process and outcome (i.e., compliance with rules and authorities, sensitivity to interpersonal cues, and desire for help and support from others). Because empirical studies of dependency have produced highly consistent findings, strong conclusions may be drawn from the converging results of these investigations. After a review of the clinical and experimental literature on dependency, the implications of patient dependency for several areas of patient-related behaviors (i.e., willingness to seek treatment, behavior during psychotherapy, and the dynamics of treatment termination) are discussed.
The Photochemistry of Riboflavin Tetraacetate and Nucleosides. A Study Using Density Functional Theory, Laser Flash Photolysis, Fluorescence, UV−Vis, and Time Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

The photoreaction between riboflavin tetraacetate and nucleosides was investigated using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR), laser flash photolysis with UV−vis detection, fluorescence quenching, absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Riboflavin tetraacetate (RBTA) was studied experimentally with indole and with Sheu and Foote's organic soluble silylated guanosine (G‘). Lumiflavin and (R)-2-amino-(S)-4-hydroxy-(R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydrofuran were used as computational models for RBTA and for the sugar moiety of the nucleoside, respectively, using density functional theory calculations (B3LYP/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31+G**). Vibrational spectra were also calculated for the transient species. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopic data obtained using RBTA are in excellent agreement with the calculated spectra for the triplet flavin, and in the presence of silylated guanosine, with the formation of the most stable hydroflavin radical, RBTH, by an electron transfer−proton t...
Contrasting effects of oncogene expression on two carrier-mediated systems internalizing folate compounds in Fisher rat 3T3 cells.

Folate compound transport into Fisher rat 3T3 (FR3T3) cells at physiological pH occurs predominantly by an acid pH-dependent, mobile carrier system. However, influx of [3H]MTX by this system is 3–4-fold higher at pH 6 than at pH 7.5, the optimum for RFC-1–mediated folate compound transport. This acid pH dependency reflects an alteration of influx Vmax rather than of influx Km in these cells at different pH. Acid pH-dependent folate compound transport interacts effectively with MTX, 5lLCHO-folateH4, 5lLCH3-folateH4 and folic acid as permeants (influx Ki = 2.7–5.3 μM). The relative inhibition of influx of [3H]MTX by the organic anions, probenecid, and PO4 was different than for RFC-1 mediated influx. The folate requirements for growth in culture of FR3T3 cells and cytotoxicity of MTX compared to L1210 cells reflects the interactions of these folate compounds with acid pH-dependent folate transport. 5lLCHO-folateH4 and PO4 act as exchange anions for this system but their transpositioning has variable effects on transport. 5lLCHO-folateH4 inhibits influx (decelerative equilibrium exchange) but stimulates efflux of [3H]MTX (accelerative equilibrium exchange) while PO4 inhibits efflux. In FR3T3 cells transfected with cmyc and Hras, influx Vmax for [3H]MTX is downregulated 4-fold and 9-fold, respectively. At the same time, RFC-1 expression, which is detectable in FR3T3 cells at the level of its mRNA and RFC-1 mediated folate compound transport, is increased 3–5-fold in these transfectants. The increase in RFC-1 expression in FR3T3Hras cells appears to result from a higher rate of transcription of the gene in these cells as determined by a luciferase reporter gene assay of RFC-1 promoter activity. This downregulation of the acid pH dependent system and concomitant upregulation of the RFC-1 mediated system markedly altered pH dependency for influx of [3H]MTX in these transfectants compared to that seen in untransfected cells. We conclude that the major route for internalization at a physiological pH of folate compounds in FR3T3 cells is by an acid pH-dependent carrier-mediated system independent of RFC-1 expression and is downregulated by oncogene expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 184:364–372, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infrared video pupillometry: A method used to measure the pupillary effects of drugs in small laboratory animals in real time

Abstract Pupillometry in clinical investigation and in basic research often requires dynamic measurement of pupil size. Static methods, i.e. direct observation and still photography, are often used because of the high cost of commercial infrared pupillometers and problems with pupil-iris contrast in small animals. This report describes an improved infrared video pupillometer (IVP) which accurately measures the pupil area of small animals in real time (30 samples/sec). Two components of the pupillometer were designed and built by the authors: a “bright-pupil” infrared illumination system and a digital video signal processor (VSP). The use of a standard closed-circuit television camera to produce the pupil image signal results in a device that is relatively economical to construct. The IVP is sensitive enough to accurately track pupil are in the study of the pupil light reflex or pupillary oscillations. Several applications for the IVP are illustrated, including analysis of the transient response to light flashes and intravenous injections of drug, and analysis of spontaneous and drug-induced pupillary fluctuation. Pupillography has been applied in the bioassay of various psychopharmacologic compounds and in the assessment of narcotic dependency. This IVP is being used in this laboratory to study the pupillary action of opiates in the rabbit and rat.
A new kinetic walk and percolation perimeters

We introduce the smart kinetic walk (SKW), a new kinetic-walk model which is in a different universality class from other such models. The SKW is strictly self-avoiding, yet is never forced to terminate, because it never starts down a path which would lead to its being trapped. We show that a ring-forming version of the model in two dimensions traces out the external perimeter of critical percolation clusters. Using previous results on these perimeters, we find that the SKW fractal dimension is ${D}_{\mathrm{SKW}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\approxeq}}}$1.75. The equivalence between the walk and percolation perimeters leads to a scaling form for the number of N-step rings. Finally, we see that the walk with a bias to turn to the left more often than to the right (or vice versa) traces out the perimeter of clusters that are not at the percolation threshold. This implies a maximum ring size depending upon the strength of the bias.
Sensitivity of pion interferometry to the microscopic dynamics of freeze-out

We study the HBT interferometry of ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions using a freeze-out model in which free pions emerge in the course of the last binary collisions in the hadron gas. We show that the HBT correlators of both identical and nonidentical pions change with respect to the case of independent pion production. Practical consequences for the design of the event generator with the built in Bose-Einstein correlations are discussed. We argue that the scheme of inclusive measurement of the HBT correlation function does not require the symmetrization of the multipion transition amplitudes (wave functions). {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Time for Congress to embrace risk analysis

In this editorial, the author expresses the opinion that Congress should incorporate the principles of risk analysis and management when allocating resources for environmental policy. He provides an agenda for Congress and the President to implement a risk-based approach to environmental policy. Examples are given of situations where risk analysis could be applied. 19 refs.
Negative pion capture on 4He with emission of neutron-proton, neutron-deuteron and neutron-triton pairs

Abstract The energies and opening angles for neutron-proton, and neutron-deuteron pairs emitted after π− capture in 4He have been measured. The data are compared to available theoretical calculations. Both energetic protons and deuterons are strongly correlated in direction with an energetic neutron, being emitted at approximately 180° to each other. A strong enhancement at the high-energy end of the deuteron spectrum is attributed to a strong final state interaction between the remaining two neutrons.
Narrative strategies for case reports

This paper explores what for many qualitative researchers is their most difficult task: writing a qualitative research report or case study. It explores the time and space conditions of two writing genres: narration and description. It argues that the new journalism, along with the nonfiction novel and ethnography, are useful narrative models for case reports. Several techniques managed well by new journalists and other narrative writers are discussed: (a) scene‐by‐scene construction; (b) characterization through ample use of dialogue; (c) point of view; (d) full rendering of details; (e) interior monologue; and (f) composite characterization. Two sample narratives illustrate the possible application of narrative techniques in a case report.
Thermogravimetric Determination of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Aluminum Nitride

A thermogravimetric method for the measurement of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in aluminum nitride is described. Since carbon oxidation occurs at lower temperatures than the oxidation of the aluminum compounds, thermogravimetric analyses in the respective temperature regimes can yield measurement of the oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon content. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed on mixtures of aluminum nitride and carbon with various concentrations in order to evaluate the accuracy of this method. The results were compared with those obtained by the hot gas extraction method. Errors produced by overlapping of the temperature ranges of the reactions were evaluated and experimental conditions were optimized to minimize error. This method can produce reliable results at elemental concentrations higher than a few percent. The absolute errors of the C/AI, N/Al, and O/Al atomic ratios were less then 0.02. The detection limit was evaluated to 0.2 wt% of each element. The applicability of the method to the study of the kinetics of the nitridation reaction was demonstrated.
Impact of Cognitive Task Complexity on Drivers' Visual Tunneling

Cognitive distractions have been shown to affect drivers adversely and are a leading cause of accidents. Research indicates that drivers alter how they allocate their visual attention while engaging in secondary cognitive tasks. To evaluate the potential impact of secondary cognitive tasks on the allocation of drivers' visual attention and on vehicle control, drivers were presented with increasingly complex forms of an auditory cognitive task while driving an instrumented vehicle. Measures of vehicle performance and eye gaze were assessed. Consistent with theories of visual tunneling, gaze distributions were significantly smaller while drivers performed certain levels of the secondary task; peripheral vision was thereby reduced. During the most difficult level of the secondary task, gaze dispersion was smaller than during any other level of the task. Changes in visual attention may provide earlier indications of cognitive distraction than changes in vehicle control, the latter of which were observed only ...
Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of Ultrasonography for Fatty Degeneration of the Rotator Cuff Muscles

Background: Diagnostic evaluation of rotator cuff muscle quality is important to determine indications for potential operative repair. Ultrasonography has developed into an accepted and useful tool for evaluating rotator cuff tendon tears; however, its use for evaluating rotator muscle quality has not been well established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic performance and observer reliability of ultrasonography in grading fatty degeneration of the posterior and superior rotator cuff muscles. Methods: The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles were prospectively evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography in eighty patients with shoulder pain. The degree of fatty degeneration on MRI was graded by four independent raters on the basis of the modified Goutallier grading system. Ultrasonographic evaluation of fatty degeneration was performed by one of three radiologists with use of a three-point scale. The two scoring systems were compared to determine the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability of MRI grading by the four raters were determined. The interobserver reliability of ultrasonography among the three radiologists was determined in a separate group of thirty study subjects. The weighted Cohen kappa, percentage agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results: The accuracy of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty degeneration, as assessed on the basis of the percentage agreement with MRI, was 92.5% for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles and 87.5% for the teres minor. The sensitivity was 84.6% for the supraspinatus, 95.6% for the infraspinatus, and 87.5% for the teres minor. The specificity was 96.3% for the supraspinatus, 91.2% for the infraspinatus, and 87.5% for the teres minor. The agreement between MRI and ultrasonography was substantial for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus (kappa = 0.78 and 0.71, respectively) and moderate for the teres minor (kappa = 0.47). The interobserver reliability for MRI was substantial for the supraspinatus and infraspinatus (kappa = 0.76 and 0.77, respectively) and moderate for the teres minor (kappa = 0.59). For ultrasonography, the interobserver reliability was substantial for all three muscles (kappa = 0.71 for the supraspinatus, 0.65 for the infraspinatus, and 0.72 for the teres minor). Conclusions: The diagnostic performance of ultrasonography in identifying and grading fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles was comparable with that of MRI. Ultrasonography can be used as the primary diagnostic imaging modality for fatty changes in rotator cuff muscles. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Weakly secure data exchange with Generalized Reed Solomon codes

We focus on secure data exchange among a group of wireless clients. The clients exchange data by broadcasting linear combinations of packets over a lossless channel. The data exchange is performed in the presence of an eavesdropper who has access to the channel and can obtain all transmitted data. Our goal is to develop a weakly secure coding scheme that prevents the eavesdropper from being able to decode any of the original packets held by the clients. We present a randomized algorithm based on Generalized Reed-Solomon (GRS) codes. The algorithm has two key advantages over the previous solutions: it operates over a small (polynomial-size) finite field and provides a way to verify that constructed code is feasible. In contrast, the previous approaches require exponential field size and do not provide an efficient (polynomial-time) algorithm to verify the secrecy properties of the constructed code. We formulate an algebraic-geometric conjecture that implies the correctness of our algorithm and prove its validity for special cases. Our simulation results indicate that the algorithm is efficient in practical settings.
Observability analysis for state estimation using Hachtel’s augmented matrix method

Abstract This paper presents algorithms of observability analysis for state estimation when Hachtel’s augmented matrix method is used in the formulation of state estimation. It is shown that the authors’ previously presented algorithms for determining observable islands and deciding multiple measurement placement for gain matrix are ready to be extended to Hachtel’s augmented matrix method, which is commonly used in power networks due to its robustness. Triangular factors updating with multiple rank is also presented, and the updated factors of Hachtel’s augmented matrix can be directly used by state estimator if the real data are used by observability analysis. The proposed algorithms have been tested on IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 118 systems. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the details of the proposed algorithms. The simplicity and efficiency of proposed algorithms make possible their on-line application for current power networks.
Colonialism as a Problem in American Foreign Policy

Colonialism has been a sore spot in the handling of American foreign policy in the post-World War II period largely because of ambivalent forces, domestic and foreign, which have been tugging at the United States. At the heart of the colonial problem which has faced this country is the central issue of eventual political status for colonial territories. On this question United States policy has traditionally been and continues to be one of condemnation of colonialism and in favor of independence for colonial peoples, with certain reservations added in small print—the grant of independence should not be too hurried and it should be given only to peoples who desire it and are capable of assuming the responsibilities involved.
Design and implementation of a nuclear cardiology testing facility in a private-practice cardiology office setting☆

Nuclear cardiology services increasingly are being provided in private-practice cardiology office settings. Because training programs are hospital based, trainees in nuclear cardiology may find only limited guidance on how to set up a private-practice nuclear laboratory. Furthermore, there is no literature to date advancing “models” for such facilities that might be useful for practice managers. The purpose of this review is to address common issues related to setting up and administering a nuclear cardiology, laboratory in a private-practice cardiology office.
Latent herpes simplex virus reactivation in the guinea pig. An animal model for recurrent disease.

: The purpose of this investigation was to establish an animal model by which latent herpetic disease could be mechanically reactivated, yielding an adequate number of recurrent clinical lesions in the guinea pig. To determine strain virulence, hairless guinea pigs were inoculated with three different strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) using a spring-loaded multiple puncture apparatus. HSV-1 strains SC-16 and McKrae produced an average of 21 and 8 lesions per infected area, respectively. The HSV-2 strain (333) produced the lowest number at an average of 3 lesions per site. Following the determination of strain virulence, a larger number of guinea pigs, Hartley and hairless, were inoculated with the same HSV strains in a similar fashion as previously described. The primary infection was evident from 6 to 12 hours postinfection (PI) by the initial appearance of small pustules, which peaked by day 2, seen as dome-shaped fluid-filled sacs. These initial lesions burst, crusted (day 6 PI), and had resolved and flattened between days 9 and 12 PI. At 4-6 weeks PI the inoculated areas were stripped 6 times per area with cellophane tape. Recurrent lesions were seen in the majority of the stripped areas (89–100%). The best results were achieved with the HSV-1 (SC-16) strain in hairless guinea pigs, which peaked on day 3 poststripping, producing an average of 12.25 lesions per area. The hairless guinea pig is ideal for this type of experiment because its use eliminates the trauma associated with denudation, a procedure necessary when using haired (Hartley) animals. Using our model for recurrent cutaneous HSV, the number of lesions produced allows this method to be suitable for quantitive analysis.
Sound speed measurements on gas mixtures of natural gas components using a cylindrical resonator

A description of a fixed-path length acoustic resonator which uses electrostatic transducers for sound generation and detection is given. Also, a summary of the measurements on 13 binary and 4 multicomponent gas mixtures of natural gas components is given. Data were obtained at pressures to 10 MPa for five isotherms at 25 K increments from 250 to 350 K. The binary mixtures are primarily methane-rich, with either ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or propane as the second constituent. The multicomponent mixture compositions represent four naturally occurring natural gas mixtures.
A theoretical investigation of two-stream instability in two hollow relativistic electron beam

Summary form only given. The two-stream klystron has been proposed to enhance the current modulation, thereby improving the performance of relativistic klystron amplifiers. In the two-stream klystron amplifier, two hollow electron beams propagate in the downstream region. A charge bunching of one beam compensates for that of the other beam, considerably reducing the influence of the self-electric field arising from this bunching. In addition, the self-growing mechanism of the charge bunching due to the two-stream instability of the two beams enhances further current modulation. The two-stream klystron is subjected to various physical phenomena, including the influence of the axial momentum spread on the longitudinal two-stream instability and effects of the transverse two-stream instability on beam propagation.
Habitat Partitioning, Body Size, and Timing of Parturition in Pygmy Shrews and Associated Soricids

A total of 388 shrews of four species was captured during 14 months of pitfall trapping on 20 sites located in five habitat types on Land Between the Lakes, in western Kentucky and Tennessee. The soricid community was made up of one large species ( Blarina brevicauda ), one medium-sized species ( Cryptotis parva ), and two small species ( Sorex hoyi and S. longirostris ). All species showed significant differences in frequency of capture in four of the five habitats, although there was considerable interspecific overlap in habitat use. Based on estimated age and time of capture, the major period of parturition for pygmy shrews was January through early March. Individuals entered the trappable population ca. 8 weeks later. Young pygmy shrews had attained adult body size by the time they entered the trappable population. Parturition also occurred from August through December, but at a lower rate, with few individuals born in June and July. Ninety-three pygmy shrews were captured, most from March through May. No pygmy shrews were captured from June through August, a period when 30.2% of 43 southeastern shrews were captured. These two species of small shrews, which were not significantly different in size on Land Between the Lakes, may partially segregate during summer, with pygmy shrews much less active above ground.
Effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and net CO2 exchange in a high-CO2-requiring mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was determined by CO2 exchange studies at three, limiting CO2 concentrations with a ca-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardiii. This mutant accumulates a large internal inorganic carbon pool in the light which apparently is unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. Although steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation did not respond to the varying photon flux densities because of CO2 limitation, components of inorganic-carbon accumulation were not clearly light saturated even at 1100 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1), indicating a substantial energy requirement for inorganic carbon transport and accumulation. Steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation responded to external CO2 concentrations but not to changing internal inorganic carbon concentrations, confirming that diffusion of CO2 into the cells supplies most of the CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation and that the internal inorganic carbon pool is essentially unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. The estimated concentration of the internal inorganic carbon pool was found to be relatively insensitive to the external CO2 concentration over the small range tested, as would be expected if the concentration of this pool is limited by the internal to external inorganic carbon gradient. An attempt to use this CO2 exchange method to determine whether inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation compete for energy at low photon flux densities proved inconclusive.
Leg lengthening in children—a retrospective review of anaesthetic management in 61 children including 14 with achondroplasia

Summary The peri-operative anaesthetic management of 61 children undergoing leg lengthening procedures on 72 occasions has been analysed retrospectively. The findings are discussed and the operations performed are described. Twenty-one anaesthetics were administered to 14 achondroplastic children with no major problems. The main challenge for the anaesthetist is the management of postoperative pain to gain the confidence of the patient whose co-operation is vital during a protracted leg lengthening programme.
Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii

Trace metal concentrations in soils and in stream and estuarine sediments from a subtropical urban watershed in Hawaii are presented. The results are placed in the context of historical studies of environmental quality (water, soils, and sediment) in Hawaii to elucidate sources of trace elements and the processes responsible for their distribution. This work builds on earlier studies on sediments of Ala Wai Canal of urban Honolulu by examining spatial and temporal variations in the trace elements throughout the watershed. Natural processes and anthropogenic activity in urban Honolulu contribute to spatial and temporal variations of trace element concentrations throughout the watershed. Enrichment of trace elements in watershed soils result, in some cases, from contributions attributed to the weathering of volcanic rocks, as well as to a more variable anthropogenic input that reflects changes in land use in Honolulu. Varying concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments reflect about 60 a of anthropogenic activity in Honolulu. Land use has a strong impact on the spatial distribution and abundance of selected trace elements in soils and stream sediments. As noted in continental US settings, the phasing out of Pb-alkyl fuel additives has decreased Pb inputs to recently deposited estuarine sediments. Yet, a substantial historical anthropogenic Pb inventory remains in soils of the watershed and erosion of surface soils continues to contribute to its enrichment in estuarine sediments. Concentrations of other elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), however, have not decreased with time, suggesting continued active inputs. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Ni, V and U, although elevated in some cases, typically reflect greater proportions attributed to natural sources rather than anthropogenic input.
Using Large-scale Parser Output to Guide Grammar Development

This paper reports on guiding parser development by extracting information from output of a large-scale parser applied to Wikipedia documents. Data-driven parser improvement is especially important for applications where the corpus may differ from that originally used to develop the core grammar and where efficiency concerns affect whether a new construction should be added, or existing analyses modified. The large size of the corpus in question also brings scalability concerns to the foreground.
Providing end-to-end delay guarantees for multi-hop wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have been increasingly used for real-time surveillance over large areas. In such applications, it is important to support end-to-end delay constraints for packet deliveries even when the corresponding flows require multi-hop transmissions. In addition to delay constraints, each flow of real-time surveillance may require some guarantees on throughput of packets that meet the delay constraints. Further, as wireless sensor networks are usually deployed in challenging environments, it is important to specifically consider the effects of unreliable wireless transmissions. In this paper, we study the problem of providing end-to-end delay guarantees for multi-hop wireless networks. We propose a model that jointly considers the end-to-end delay constraints and throughput requirements of flows, the need for multi-hop transmissions, and the unreliable nature of wireless transmissions. We develop scheduling policies for two types of systems and prove that they are optimal. We also conduct extensive simulations to show that our policies outperform other policies by large margins.
Problems and interventions of a pediatric psychology clinic in a medical setting: A retrospective analysis

This article provides descriptive information of an outpatient pediatric psychology clinic in a major medical center in a metropolitan area. The characteristics of 250 patients were coded from archived files, representing a random sample of 10% of all cases referred. The majority of patients were boys between 2 and 12 years of age and the most frequent presenting problems were externalizing problems, such as noncompliance, attention problems, hyperactivity, and aggression. Behavioral treatments were administered for the majority of the patients. This study demonstrates the practice patterns of a psychology unit in a pediatric setting. The findings belie a characterization of the field of pediatric psychology as only medically related applications, but point to issues of successfully fulfilling the needs of referral sources and expanding marketing niches.