cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on the life history of the clam shrimp, Eulimnadia texana

Several life history measures (growth rate, egg production, molt frequency, age at maturity and lifespan) were measured on several clam shrimp hermaphrodites (Eulimnadia texana Packard) grown in a laboratory setting under optimal growth conditions. Growth rates were high early in life, and then dropped dramatically when egg production began (day 5–6). Early egg production was low, and increased until approximately day 7, after which production leveled off for several days. Reproductive senescence was noted after day 17, with clutch sizes continuously dropping until death. Average molts per day was approximately 1.1, and molting seemed to be more closely associated with egg production than with growth. Growth and egg production were negatively correlated, indicating a possible trade-off between these two traits. No other trade-offs were detected. These shrimp show typical early-colonist life history traits, displaying high initial growth, early reproduction at a high rate, and then early senescence and death.
Principal component analysis on human development indicators of China

In this study, we used the weightedprincipal component analysis to measure and analyzethe progress of human development inChinese provinces since 1990. The trends of thehuman development in the period of markettransition in several provincesof China were discussed in terms of the impact on public health as well aseconomic development. The associationof the main principal component obtained from our studyand the human development indexreported by the United Nations Development Programme was estimated by theSpearman's rank correlation coefficient.
VLSI CMOS fabrication modules combine with power device methods to produce 40 m/spl Omega/ and 65 m/spl Omega/, 7 V logic level P-power FETs

In this paper, results are discussed from work completed on logic level low voltage power PMOS switches. The devices were fabricated using base line 7 V rated PMOS from an existing scaleable technology and applying power device design techniques to the structure. The goals were to demonstrate area efficient high current low on resistance switches with fast switching and robust performance in an SO8 form factor. Device performance achieved was R/sub dscn/=65 m/spl Omega/@V/sub gs/=-5.0 V, I/sub ds/=-6 A with UIS switching up to 40 A at V/sub dd/=-6 V; this device is shown alongside an 80% shrunk version. A 40 m/spl Omega/ @ V/sub gs/=-5.0 V, I/sub ds/=-12 A version was demonstrated and is also reported in this work. Competitive R/sub sp/ was characterized for both N and P channel 7 V rated devices.
Making Mission Statements Operational: Perceptions of Principals from Tri-Association Schools.

Researchers and theorists in the management and educational leadership fields have debated the importance of mission statements. This study investigated this issue within the context of American sc...
Transvenous Stimulation of the Renal Sympathetic Nerves Increases Systemic Blood Pressure: A Potential New Treatment Option for Neurocardiogenic Syncope

Renal Vein Stimulation Increases Blood Pressure Background Neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) is a common and sometimes debilitating disorder, with no consistently effective treatment. NCS is due to a combination of bradycardia and vasodilation leading to syncope. Although pacemaker devices have been tried in treating the bradycardic aspect of NCS, no device-based therapy exists to treat the coexistent vasodilation that occurs. The renal sympathetic innervation has been the target of denervation to treat hypertension. We hypothesized that stimulation of the renal sympathetic nerves can increase blood pressure and counteract vasodilation in NCS. Methods and Results High-frequency stimulation (800–900 pps, 10 V, 30–200 seconds) was performed using a quadripolar catheter in the renal vein of 7 dogs and 1 baboon. A significant increase in blood pressure (BP; mean [SD] systolic BP 117 [±28] vs. 128 [±33], diastolic BP 75 [±19] vs. 87 [±29] mmHg) was noted during the stimulation, which returned to baseline after cessation of stimulation. The mean increase in systolic and diastolic BP was 13.0 (±3.3) (P = 0.006) and 10.2 (±4.6) (P = 0.08), respectively. Conclusion We report the first ever study of feasibility and safety of high-frequency electrical stimulation of the renal sympathetic innervation to increase BP in animal models. This has potential applications in the treatment of hypotensive states such as NCS.
Coronary risk factors and their pathway of action through coronary raised lesions, coronary stenoses and coronary death: multivariate statistical analysis of an autopsy series: the Oslo study

From 1972 to 1973, 16,202 Oslo men, aged 40 to 49 years, were examined for cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. This report describes the results of autopsy examinations from 204 of 471 men who died in this cohort with regard to associations between selected risk factors and (1) raised coronary atherosclerotic lesions (RL), (2) coronary artery stenosis, and (3) CHD death. Total serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels were positively associated with all 3 measures of coronary atherosclerosis and its complications, both in univariate and multivariate analyses, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was highly and inversely related. Triglyceride levels, cigarette smoking, social class and physical activity at work and at leisure were not significantly associated with either of the 3 measures. When RL was added to the model with stenosis as the dependent variable, the risk factors no longer appeared as independent; this is consistent with the hypothesis that these factors, when significant, work through the development of RL to produce stenosis. HDL cholesterol was the only risk factor independently and significantly associated with CHD death when RL or stenosis or both were put into the model for CHD. This points to the possibility of HDL cholesterol also working through mechanisms other than the prevention of RL and stenosis toward CHD death.
Functional Streams and Local Connections of Layer 4C Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex of the Macaque Monkey

The primate visual system is composed of multiple, functionally specialized cortical areas. The functional diversity among areas is thought to reflect different contributions from early parallel visual pathways to the area V1 neurons providing input to “higher” cortical areas. The M pathway is believed to provide information about motion and contrast, via layer 4B of V1, to dorsal visual areas. The P pathway is believed to provide information about shape and color, via layer 2/3 of V1, to ventral visual areas, with specialized contributions from cytochrome-oxidase (CO) blob versus interblob neurons. However, the detailed anatomical relationships between the M and P pathways and the neurons in V1 that provide input to higher extrastriate cortical areas are poorly understood. To study these relationships, spiny stellate neurons in the M- and P-recipient layers of V1, 4Cα and 4Cβ, respectively, were intracellularly labeled, and their axonal and dendritic arbors were reconstructed. We find that neurons with dendrites in upper layer 4Cα project axons to layer 4B and CO blobs in layer 2/3, thus relaying M input to these regions. Other neurons in lower layer 4Cα provide M input to interblobs. These cells have either (1) dendrites restricted to lower layer 4Cα and axons specifically targeting layer 2/3 interblobs, or (2) dendrites in lower 4Cα and 4Cβ and axons targeting blobs and interblobs. P-recipient layer 4Cβ neurons have dense axonal arbors in both blobs and interblobs but not layer 4B. Quantitative analyses reveal that 4Cα cells provide approximately five times more synapses than 4Cβ cells to layer 4B, whereas 4Cβ cells provide five times more synapses than 4Cα cells to layer 2/3. These observations imply that M input is dominant in layer 4B. In layer 2/3, both blobs and interblobs receive M and P input, but the P input is dominant, and M input to interblobs derives exclusively from a subpopulation of M afferents that targets lower 4Cα, not from afferents targeting only upper 4Cα (cf. Blasdel and Lund, 1983). We speculate that the M and P pathways to interblobs are “X-like” linear systems, whereas blobs also receive nonlinear “Y-like” M input.
Diurnal variations in the spectrum of direct beam visible radiation at urban and rural locations at Milwaukee

Measurements of direct beam visible radiation by spectral band on several days during the summer of 1975 at Milwaukee indicate significant variations in urban depletion. Diurnal variations in spectral radiation were greatest on moderately polluted days when variations in pollution concentration caused changes in direct beam radiation intensity. Lack of variation on slight days was due to particulate concentration consistency, and on dense days to the thickness of the haze layer. Wavelengths less than 525 nm were affected most by urban pollutants. Afternoon direct beam fluxes were 5–20% lower than morning fluxes on slight and moderate days due to increased particulate concentrations in a more turbulent boundary layer, the result of solar heating. On dense days, the reverse situation occurred, with higher afternoon fluxes due to water evaporation from heating the haze layer. On all days, differences in direct beam radiation between urban and rural sites was greatest at 400–425 nm (45%) and at least at 700–725 nm (10%), indicating that the effect of the urban area on regional air quality is significant and constant.
Sensitivity and accuracy analysis of pulse diffusivity measurements on layered samples

Measurement by the laser pulse technique of the thermal diffusivity of an unknown layer in a planar layered sample consisting of two or three materials requires knowledge of the thermal properties and thicknesses of the remaining sample layers. This paper examines the sensitivity of the technique to uncertainties in the known parameters of the adjacent layers, and applies the results of the sensitivity analysis to the topic of sample selection and assessment of the overall accuracy of the calculated thermal diffusivity. Methods of estimating and bounding the error in the calculated diffusivity are also discussed. Finally, some typical cases for two- and three-layer samples are presented, and some observations regarding the cases are discussed.
On the convergence of reflectionless approximations to confining potentials

The construction of reflectionless potentials supporting a prescribed spectrum of Schrodinger bound states is discussed and related to the inverse problem for confining potentials. A simple formula is derived for the Jost solution in a one-dimensional reflection-less potential with N bound states. This leads to compact expressions for the potential and the bound-state wavefunctions in terms of the bound-state energies. For symmetric potentials, N-fold product formulas are obtained for bound-state wavefunctions and their slopes at the origin. Corresponding quantities in a confining potential are given by infinite products. Comparison of the finite-product and infinite-product expressions allows a demonstration of the convergence of the reflectionless results to the confining potential results as N → ∞. Several sum rules satisfied by the reflectionless potential at the origin are applied to numerical studies of convergence.
Maternal nutrition and risk of obesity in offspring: The Trojan horse of developmental plasticity

Mammalian embryos have evolved to adjust their organ and tissue development in response to an atypical environment. This adaptation, called phenotypic plasticity, allows the organism to thrive in the anticipated environment in which the fetus will emerge. Barker and colleagues proposed that if the environment in which the fetus emerges differs from that in which it develops, phenotypic plasticity may provide an underlying mechanism for disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that humans born small- or large-for-gestational-age, have a higher likelihood of developing obesity as adults. The amount and quality of food that the mother consumes during gestation influences birth weight, and therefore susceptibility of progeny to disease in later life. Studies in experimental animals support these observations, and find that obesity occurs as a result of maternal nutrient-restriction during gestation, followed by rapid compensatory growth associated with ad libitum food consumption. Therefore, obesity associated with maternal nutritional restriction has a developmental origin. Based on this phenomenon, one might predict that gestational exposure to a westernized diet would protect against future obesity in offspring. However, evidence from experimental models indicates that, like maternal dietary restriction, maternal consumption of a westernized diet during gestation and lactation interacts with an adult obesogenic diet to induce further obesity. Mechanistically, restriction of nutrients or consumption of a high fat diet during gestation may promote obesity in progeny by altering hypothalamic neuropeptide production and thereby increasing hyperphagia in offspring. In addition to changes in food intake these animals may also direct energy from muscle toward storage in adipose tissue. Surprisingly, generational inheritance studies in rodents have further indicated that effects on body length, body weight, and glucose tolerance appear to be propagated to subsequent generations. Together, the findings discussed herein highlight the concept that maternal nutrition contributes to a legacy of obesity. Thus, ensuring adequate supplies of a complete and balanced diet during and after pregnancy should be a priority for public health worldwide. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
Mobility and Cooperation Among Nomadic Shepherds: The Case of the Raikas

This paper describes and then analyzes the decision-making arrangements that prevail among the Raikas—nomadic shepherds from Western India. The paper suggests, using a simple analytical framework, that the existing distribution of decision-making during migration helps the Raikasto utilize available economies of scale, represent the different interest groups in their collectives, and control their decision-makers. At the same time, the ordinary shepherds in the camp are able to extract a comfortable subsistence from a complex and harsh environment by delegating much of their decision-making responsibilities to the leaders in the camp. To the extent shepherds in other parts of the world migrate over long distances and must confront similar issues of delegation of responsibilities and control over decision-makers, the analysis holds general relevance.
Iodine Imaging Using Three Energy Spectra

The visualization of blood vessels using noninvasive administration of contrast agents is clearly a desirable clinical goal. It opens up the opportunity for mass screening of vessel disease and the study of asymptomatic people who are at high risk. A number of approaches have been taken to view vessels noninvasively. In this paper we present some initial considerations of a system using measurements at three broad energy spectra.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantum cloning and multi-photon quantum cryptography

Summary form only given. Multi-photon states from stimulated parametric down~canverrionc an be entangled both in polarization and photon number. Maximally high-dimemion entanglement can be concentrated from these states via photon-counting. We show experimental results for the concentration of a ratational symmetric four-photon entangled state obtained by stimulated emission of the familiar anti-symmetric two-particle Bell state.
Work in progress: Identification of misconceptions governed by emergent phenomena in photovoltaics content using the Delphi Method

With the emphasis and growth of solar energy, there is a rising need to educate students to perform in PV engineering. However, the curriculum for PV Engineering has not been well-articulated — needing both a focus on what that content is, and also what learning challenges students face when they learn it. Misconceptions, primarily those resulting from a limited understanding of emergent phenomena, can act as significant barriers to learning, and as such should be considered in curriculum development. The purpose of this work-in-progress is to use the Delphi Method to identify emergent phenomena in PV that is critical to the understanding of PV, while highlighting the resulting misconceptions that can result when students learn this content.
LENDA: A low energy neutron detector array for experiments with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics

Abstract The Low Energy Neutron Detector Array (LENDA) is a neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer developed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) for use in inverse kinematics experiments with rare isotope beams. Its design has been motivated by the need to study the spin–isospin response of unstable nuclei using (p,n) charge-exchange reactions at intermediate energies ( > 100 MeV / u ). It can be used, however, for any reaction study that involves emission of low energy neutrons (150 keV to 10 MeV). The array consists of 24 plastic scintillator bars and is capable of registering the recoiling neutron energy and angle with high detection efficiency. The neutron energy is determined by the time-of-flight technique, while the position of interaction is deduced using the timing and energy information from the two photomultipliers of each bar. A simple test setup utilizing radioactive sources has been used to characterize the array. Results of test measurements are compared with simulations. A neutron energy threshold of 150 keV , an intrinsic time (position) resolution of ∼ 400 ps ( ∼ 6 cm) and an efficiency > 20 % for neutrons below 4 MeV have been obtained.
Growth twins in Bi 2 Ca 1 Sr 2 Cu 2 O 8 superconductor single crystals

Large-scale twin structures in single crystal Bi{sub 2}Ca{sub 1}Sr{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8}(2122) are reported for the first time. Symmetrical 90{degree} (i.e., {ital a}-{ital b}) twins with a (110) type twin boundary were observed. A characteristic layer-growth morphology and jagged twin walls suggests that twin formation occurred layer by layer during crystal growth, i.e., the twins were growth twins. Hot-stage optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy results are discussed with reference to twin morphology.
Thigmomorphogenesis: on the mechanical properties of mechanically perturbed bean plants

The mechanical properties of control and mechanically perturbed (MP) bean stems (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Cherokee wax) were compared. The rubbed plants were greatly hardened against mechanical rupture by previous MP. This hardening was due to a dramatic increase in the flexibility of the stems, but not in their stiffness. The MP-plants were able to bend more than 90 degree without breaking, whereas the control plants broke after just slight bending. A comparison with other work reveals that different species utilize different tactics for achieving similar resistance to rupture due to mechanical stress.
VIV and galloping of single circular cylinder with surface roughness at 3.0×104≤Re≤1.2×105

Abstract Passive Turbulence Control (PTC) in the form of selectively distributed surface roughness is used to alter Flow Induced Motion (FIM) of a circular cylinder in a steady flow. The objective is to enhance FIM's synchronization range and amplitude, thus maximizing conversion of hydrokinetic energy into mechanical energy by oscillator in vortex-induced vibration and/or galloping. Through additional viscous damping, mechanical energy is converted to electrical harnessing clean and renewable energy from ocean/river currents. High Reynolds numbers ( Re ) are required to reach the high-lift TrSL3 (Transition-Shear-Layer-3) flow regime. PTC trips flow separation and energizes the boundary layer, thus inducing higher vorticity and consequently lift. Roughness location, surface coverage, and size are studied using systematic model tests with broad-field laser visualization at 3.0×10 4 Re 5 in the low-turbulence free-surface water-channel of the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory of the University of Michigan. Test results show that 16° roughness coverage is effective in the range (10°–80°) inducing reduced vortex-induced vibration (VIV), enhanced VIV, or galloping. Range of synchronization may increase or decrease, galloping amplitude of oscillation reaches three diameters; wake structures change dramatically reaching up to ten vortices per cycle. Conversion of hydrokinetic energy to mechanical is enhanced strongly with proper PTC.
Regionalism in US retailing

This paper presents a broad spatial analysis of the domestic patterns of major US retail chains. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistics examine the degree to which 50 of the largest chains are deployed regionally versus nationally. We investigate whether factors such as the age of the chain, store count, or the size of the markets in which stores are located (or founded) are related to the level of regional concentration. Regional bias is found to be associated with store counts, small market deployment, and the location of the founding store, but not the age of the chain. Also, chains that started in smaller markets deploy more stores in other small markets and vice versa for chains that started in larger markets.
Choosing a Measure of Occupational Standing: How Useful are Composite Measures in Analyses of Gender Inequality in Occupational Attainment?

Does the choice of measure of occupational standing affect inferences about gender differences in occupational attainment? The authors use data from the 1994 General Social Survey and the 1986-1988 Survey of Income and Program Participation to analyze the role of gender in the process of occupational attainment 15 times, each time using a different measure of occupational standing. Composite indexes of occupational standing are too heterogeneous to be useful in studies of occupational stratification, especially studies of gender differences. Women often have higher levels of education than men in the same occupation, while the opposite is true for earnings. Thus, using a composite index, the relative standing of men's and women's occupations is an arbitrary function of the weights given to occupational education and earnings. It is preferable to index occupations separately by each of their socioeconomic characteristics, or to use other, more direct measures of occupational characteristics.
Optimal design in automotive engineering with scattering design variables

The development of a passenger car is a multidisciplinary task. The vehicle has to fulfill demands out of different attributes like vehicle dynamics, driveability, acoustics, thermal and heat management, safety, durability, crash and economics. One main problem is the variability of mechanical quantities responsible for the performance and customer perception of a car. To overcome this, the extension of the conventional deterministic oriented development process to a process which includes stochastic quantities is necessary. In this paper the current deterministic approach is described briefly. It is not possible to perform the extension in a single step. In a first extended version of the process the variability of material parameters is included. In further steps the formulation and solution of stochastic optimization problems for sub-problems is necessary. Finally the complete approach should fully integrate the variability of stochastic quantities.
Responsibility for Career Transition Preparation.

The continuing need and desire for assistance in planning for, entering, and progressing in a career is well-documented over the past decade. Although assistance with finding and securing a job is a part of this need, it is but one aspect of the competencies needed by students to be aware of the world of work and how this world differs from the educational world they are leaving. The ability of students to adjust and contribute to many roles in their post-high school world is crucial for a successful and lasting transition.
A low-temperature research facility for space

Abstract The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is proposing to NASA a new initiative to construct a Low Temperature Research Facility for use in space. The facility is described, together with some details of timing and support. An advisory group has been form which seeks to advise JPL and NASA of the capabilities required in this facility and to invite investigators to propose experiments which require the combination of low temperature and reduced gravity to be successful.
Interaction of aluminum and iron oxides and clay minerals and their effect on soil physical properties: A review

Abstract Amorphous and crystalline aluminum and iron oxide minerals play a major role in stabilizing soil structure as measured by aggregate stability and clay dispersion. Aluminum and iron oxide interactions with clays are pH dependent. At low pH, where the oxides carry sufficient positive charge, they precipitate on clay surfaces. These coatings, once formed, are stable at higher pHs. Precipitation of oxides at high pH occurs as phases separate from the clays. Aluminum and iron oxides stabilize clay minerals by decreasing critical coagulation concentration, clay dispersion, water uptake, and clay swelling and by increasing microaggregation. The presence of aluminum and iron oxide minerals in soils has a favorable effect on soil physical properties, increasing aggregate stability, permeability, friability, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity, and reducing swelling, clay dispersion, bulk density, and modulus of rupture.
Outcomes in patients with unusually high maternal serum α-fetoprotein levels

In a study group of 1,66 patients with unusually high maternal serum α-fetoprotein values ≥5 multiples of the median, 110 (66%) patients had a condition affecting obstetric care compared with 14% in the 2.5 to 2,9 range, 26% in the 3.0 to 3.9 range, and 30% in the 4 to 4.9 range of multiples of the median. Fetal anomalies composed a significantly greater proportion (p
Ab Initio Theory of NMR Chemical Shifts in Solids and Liquids.

We present a theory for the {ital ab} {ital initio} computation of NMR chemical shifts ({sigma}) in condensed matter systems, using periodic boundary conditions. Our approach can be applied to periodic systems such as crystals, surfaces, or polymers and, with a supercell technique, to nonperiodic systems such as amorphous materials, liquids, or solids with defects. We have computed the hydrogen {sigma} for a set of free molecules, for an ionic crystal LiH, and for a H-bonded crystal HF, using density functional theory in the local density approximation. The results are in excellent agreement with experimental data. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Modelling of selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of silicon in SiH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/-HCl-H/sub 2/ system

A semi-empirical model for the growth rate of selective epitaxial silicon (SEG) in the dichlorosilane HCl-H/sub 2/ system was obtained from 820-1020/spl deg/C and 40-150 Torr and over a range of gas flows and pressures. The growth rate expression was considered to be the sum of a growth term, dependent on the partial pressures of dichlorosilane and hydrogen, and an etch term that varies as the partial pressure of HCl. The growth and etch terms were found to have an Arrhenius relation with temperature, with activation energies of 52 kcal/mol and 36 kcal/mol respectively.
Note on Estimation of Vertical Motion by the Omega Equation

Abstract An interpretation of the ω-equation shows that upward motion is closely related to the advection of vorticity in the upper troposphere and to warm advection in the lower troposphere. Examples are presented to illustrate both effects.
The Clearance of Mannitol and Erythritol In Rat Bile.

SummaryIn the rat, as in the guinea pig, dehydrocholate choleresis leads to increased excretion of mannitol and erythritol, but in the rat the amounts of the solutes appearing in bile are greater. This difference is much more pronounced for the larger solute, mannitol. For mannitol, but not for erythritol, the rate of change of clearance following dehydrocholate is also greater in the rat. Unlike its effect in the guinea pig, secretin produces only a trivial choleresis in the rat. Despite a previous report that mannitol is concentrated in rat bile, bile: plasma concentration ratios greater than unity were not observed in the present studies for either mannitol or erythritol. In both the rat and the guinea pig the extracellular fluid volume of skeletal muscle as estimated from the plasma equivalent tissue space of mannitol is twice as large for muscle from the abdominal wall as for gastrocnemius. The discrepancy is attributed to differences in connective tissue content.
Prostate cancer sampled on sextant needle biopsy: significance of cancer on multiple cores from different areas of the prostate ☆

Abstract Objectives. To determine the relationship between the location of positive sites, when more than one sextant site shows prostate cancer in a given patient, and pathologic stage, tumor volume, and margin status if radical prostatectomy is performed. Methods. We performed biopsies using a spring-loaded biopsy gun on 343 Stage T1c (nonpalpable) radical prostatectomy specimens from each sextant site. Results. In 56 cases, carcinoma was identified in two separate sextant sites. In 38 cases, the sites were vertical to each other (ie, left apex, left mid); in 8 cases, the sites were diagonal (ie, left apex, right mid); in 5 cases, the sites were horizontal (ie, left apex, right apex); and in 5 cases, they were not contiguous but were separated by an uninvolved sextant site (ie, left apex, left base). Tumors were more likely to be multifocal in cases with diagonally positive biopsies (P Conclusions. When more than one sextant site shows cancer, there are differences in terms of whether the tumors sampled are multifocal versus solitary depending on which sites are positive. However, no significant differences were found in predicting pathologic stage and margin positivity.
Design, syntheses, and evaluation of Taspase1 inhibitors

Taspase1 is a threonine protease responsible for cleaving MLL (Mixed-Lineage Leukemia) to achieve proper HOX gene expression. Subsequent studies identified additional Taspase1 substrates including Transcription Factor IIA (TFIIA) and Drosophila HCF. Taspase1 is essential for cell proliferation and is overexpressed in many cancer cell lines. Currently no small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme have been described. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of vinyl sulfone, vinyl ketone, epoxy ketone, and boronic acid inhibitors designed based on the preferred Taspase1 cleavage site (Ac-Ile-Ser-Gln-Leu-Asp). Specifically, we evaluated compounds in which the reactive warhead is positioned in place of the P1 aspartic acid side chain as well as at the C-terminus of the peptide. Interestingly, both classes of inhibitors were effective and vinyl ketones and vinyl sulfones showed the greatest potency for the target protease. These results suggest that Taspase1 has unique substrate recognition properties that could potentially be exploited in the design of potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme.
Post-Operative Hypertension after Total Knee Arthroplasty and the Effects on Transfusion Rates

Transfusions are a cause of significant patient morbidity as well as expense. Anesthesia literature has examined controlled intraoperative hypotension as a means for reducing blood loss and transfusions. Our hypothesis is that inversely increased blood pressure post-operatively would then lead to increased blood loss and transfusions.We examined 105 consecutive patients who underwent TKA. We found a significant odds ratio of 1.123 for pre-operative hematocrit. For post-operative blood pressure, we calculated an insignificant odds ratio of 1.007, proving no relationship between post-operative blood pressure and transfusions.This is the first study to examine increased post-operative blood pressure's contribution to transfusion rates. Although we confirmed that low pre-operative hematocrit contributes to increased transfusions, we did not find a relationship between post-operative blood pressure and transfusions.
The importance of psychotherapy for athletic-related orthopedic injuries among adults.

Abstract With increasing adult interest and participation in recreational and nonprofessional athletics, health care professionals need to understand the psychologic and social implications of orthopedic injuries during these activities. We will discuss the symbolic meanings of athletics as a reflection of socialization and adult adjustment and suggest specific areas of concern in providing comprehensive biopsychosocial therapy.
Constant ventilation age of thermocline water in the eastern subtropical North Pacific Ocean from chlorofluorocarbon measurements over a 12‐year period

Northeastern Pacific chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) data collected between 1982 and 1994 near Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) station 1 (28.5°N, 122.5°W) record decadal timescale ventilation processes of the subtropical thermocline in this region. The CFC-12 concentration age field versus potential density has been remarkably constant over the 12-year period, although CFC concentrations in the upper kilometer of the water column have increased with time. Results from a simple one-dimensional advection-diffusion model are consistent with an advection velocity of ca. 0.8–0.9 cm s−1 from the source area. The influence of the 1982–83 El Nino is noticeable in the 1983 observations. While the main stream of subarctic source water appears to spread southward at a constant rate, during El Nino years the influence of comparatively CFC-free tropical thermocline waters is enhanced in this region, leading to reduced vertical inventories of CFCs, but without changing the apparent CFC ages as functions of potential density. Apparent oxygen utilization rates decrease with increasing CFC age, and also appear not to have changed significantly over the 12-year measurement period.
Rainbow scattering for Ar+ + Ar and Xe+ + Xe

Elastic differential scattering measurements have been performed on Ar+ + Ar and Xe+ + Xe. The rainbow scattering angle is found at τ = Eθ ≈ 115 eV deg for Ar+2 and τ ≈ 93 eV deg for Xe+2. These data are consistent with a potential well depth of 1.25 eV for Ar+2 and 0.97 eV for Xe+2.
Sustained visual attention in deaf and hearing adults

Benedetti and Loeb (1972) have established that loss of vision (blindness) can be associated with enhancement in the quality of auditory vigilance. The present study demonstrates that loss of hearing (deafness) can result in an analogous enhancement with regard to visual vigilance. Legally deaf and normal-hearing adults monitored a visual display continuously for 45 min. Critical signals for detection were occasional increments in the horizontal movements of a bar of light. The deaf observers detected significantly more signals with no higher false alarm rates than the normals. The superiority of the deaf is attributed to the transfer of practiced variables related to more efficient utilization of visual information.
Blood chemistry and nutritional balance of wild and captive armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus L.)

Abstract 1. 1. Nutritional components and blood chemistry for wild and captive, colony-adapted armadillos ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) were compared. 2. 2. Ash, protein and fiber fractions varied seasonally in stomach contents and feces of wild animals. Wild males had lower fecal energy than females. 3. 3. Colony armadillos on a cat chow diet assimilated about 225 kJ (kg· day) −1 above maintenance requirements. Digestive efficiencies were 84 and 86% for wild and laboratory animals, respectively. 4. 4. Mean cholesterol was lowest in winter, whereas alkaline phosphatase was highest in spring in wild animals. Colony armadillos had lower phosphorus, urea nitrogen, uric acid, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase than wild animals. 5. 5. Changes in dietary components and restricted activity produces altered nutrient utilization and blood chemistry in colony armadillos.
Consistency relation for single scalar inflation

Single scalar field inflation with a generic, nonquadratic in derivatives, field Lagrangian is considered. It is shown that non-Gaussianity of curvature perturbations is characterized by two dimensionless amplitudes. One of these amplitudes can be expressed in terms of the usual inflationary observables--the scalar power, the tensor power, and the tensor index. This consistency relation provides an observational test for the single scalar inflation.
Comorbidity and Service Utilization Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

ABSTRACT Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth have been associated with both internalizing and externalizing disorders. This study examined the prevalence of PTSD and comorbid disorders in a sample of 377 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Adolescents diagnosed with PTSD had higher rates of comorbid major depressive disorder and conduct disorder as compared to adolescents without PTSD. In addition, adolescents with PTSD reported more suicidal ideations and utilized more hospital services than their non-PTSD counterparts. Findings indicate that psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents with PTSD are in need of more intensive and extended treatment services than their peers without PTSD.
Developmental Biology Meets Ecology

Outside a controlled lab environment, organisms confront a multitude of challenges in the natural world, such as temperature fluctuations, food shortages, pesticides, and predators. A new textbook, Ecological Developmental Biology, by the developmental biologists Scott Gilbert of Swarthmore College and David Epel of Stanford University focuses on how these ecological factors impact and guide normal organismal development. This new view of developmental biology highlights the relationship of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
Locomotory activity patterns of Crangon vulgaris (fabricius) (crustacea, natantia)

Asbtract The diellocomotory rhythm of Crangon vulgaris from a non-tidal area was investigated by means of photocells. Crangon was found to be nocturnal with the light-dark change acting as a Zeitgeber. The activity level did not change significantly during the year, but the activity pattern changed considerably. In winter (nLD 8: 16) Crangon showed two or three activity peaks, in summer (nLD 17: 7) only one. It was possible to shift the period of activity to any time of the day by displacing the dark period. If the lighted period was prolonged to more than 22 hours Crangon showed a phase-shift to a diurnal activity. At the same time the level of activity decreased markedly. No free-running rhythm persists in constant darkness. The rhythm was shown to be of a fully external origin. Certain environmental conditions, for instance the absence of a correct substratum, completely break down the rhytm. Such conditions exert a stronger influence than the Zeitgeber.
Simulation and Dissimulation: Religious Hybridity in a Morisco Fatwa

Catholic religiosity became the central premise for law and order in sixteenth century Spain. Consequently, many Muslims left the Peninsula, and those that remained were forced to choose between renouncing Islam and becoming martyrs. In 1504, the Mufti of Oran wrote a fatwa to the Moriscos in Spain allowing them to simulate a Catholic religiosity while dissimulating an Islamic religiosity. He declared that even without formally practicing Islam, they were true Muslims as long as the “intention of their hearts” was pure. Mediated by simulation and dissimulation, gestures of guilt ensued as many subjects undermined dominant ideologies in order to preserve their traditions. This essay reads these movements between Christianity and Islam as signs of hybrid religiosity, theorizing that, contrary to what the Church-State prescribed then and what cultural and political historians have concluded thereafter, the notion of religiosity in Spain transcended institutionalized dogma. The Appendix at the end of this study includes an unedited version of this fatwa, transcribed, translated, and with paleographical commentary. I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Devin J. Stewart, who inspired me to seek out this lost version of the fatwa of the Mufti of Oran.
Tenofovir: Once-daily Dosage in the Management of HIV Infection:

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a prodrug of tenofovir, is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is administered orally at 300 mg once daily in combination with an additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), typically emtricitabine, and an additional antiretroviral such as a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), an integrase inhibitor or a protease inhibitor (PI). After hydrolysis in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, tenofovir is taken up by cells and subsequently phosphorylated to the active tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) moiety. TFV-DP is incorporated into viral DNA and terminates DNA elongation. Tenofovir is excreted by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Although few drug-drug interactions occur, tenofovir plasma concentrations may increase in the presence of other renally eliminated drugs. Safety and efficacy of TDF have been demonstrated in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. Although generally well tolerated, some studies suggest an increased risk for adverse events, such as bone toxicity and/or nephrotoxicity with long term TDF use. Patient adherence to TDF-containing regimens is improved over other antiretrovirals due to its once daily administration and low toxicity profile. Its use as pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV is currently being investigated.
Hunting and Fishing Focus Among the Miskito Indians, Eastern Nicaragua

The amounts of native animals taken in hunting and fishing by Amerind peoples are almost unknown. The interrelationships of cultural and ecological systems determine to a large extent hunting and fishing returns, focus, and strategies. This study presents data obtained in a coastal Miskito Indian village in eastern Nicaragua. Measurements were made of meat yields by species and of the time and distance inputs involved in securing fish and game. Hunting and fishing focus and strategies are adaptive mechanisms enabling the Miskito to achieve high and dependable returns from a limited number of species. Several factors are examined which influence hunting and fishing focus: dietary preferences and prohibitions, costs involved, differential productivity and dependability of particular species, seasonality and scheduling, and the impact of cash market opportunities for faunal resources. Under the impetus of population growth and rising aspirations, the Miskito's efforts to secure increasing numbers of animals for both subsistence and market are leading to severe pressures on selected species and to cultural and ecological disruptions.
Mri of the Head and Neck

The thoroughly revised and updated Second Edition of this text is part of the popular "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins MRI Teaching File Series". The book presents 100 actual case studies that cover a wide range of head and neck disorders and demonstrate the use of current MRI techniques and contrast enhancement agents to aid in diagnosis. Each case study is illustrated with high-resolution MR images and presented in an easy-to-follow format on a two-page spread.On the left-hand page are the images and the clinical history. On the right-hand page are concise descriptions of the radiographic findings, the diagnosis, and the pathology. This format is ideal for teaching readers how to interpret MR images or for everyday reference at the view box. Praise for the previous edition: 'The book is packed with pearls...It should be useful to residents and generalists in radiology and to those in other disciplines in which MR imaging is used...This book is well worth the investment' - "American Journal of Roentgenology".
Site remediation techniques supporting environmental restoration activities: a review

Abstract A variety of techniques for environmental remediation have been compiled and summarized. The paper is intended to provide an overview of remediation methods currently utilized at various hazardous waste sites. Specific examples of method application are given, when possible, and references for each technique are provided should mpre detailed information be desired. Remediation methods, categorized as biological, chemical, or physical, are covered for contaminated soils and environmental waters.
Optimization strategies in robust engineering design and computer‐aided design

This paper reviews the fundamental ideas involved in robust engineering design (RED), and how they relate to computer-aided design. There are several areas of RED that may be successfully resolved by the use of statistical methods or ideas. This paper gives a general overview of several popular statistical strategies in RED and discusses how these strategies approach the statistical problems involved.
The Social Life of Firearms in Tokugawa Japan

Guns were surprisingly common in the villages of Tokugawa Japan. This article examines the ‘social life’ of firearms, focusing particularly on the hinterland of Edo. It traces the evolution of institutions governing peasants' possession of guns and examines prevailing conceptions of the uses of firearms. Building on the work of Tsukamoto Manabu, it argues that for much of the period guns were perceived to be farm implements rather than weapons per se: they were used to frighten or kill animals that damaged crops but not in conflicts among people. Starting in the 1840s, however, guns came to acquire an unequivocal character as weapons. This transformation came in response to anxiety over the proliferation of masterless samurai, unregistered commoners, and other disorderly elements, whose activities were seen as undermining the fabric of rural society.
Prolyl Endopeptidase: Inhibition In Vivo by N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-Prolyl-Prolinal

The activity of prolyl endopeptidase in homogenates of mouse tissues was determined 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-prolyl-prolinal (1.25 mg/kg), a potent transition state analog inhibitor (K1 = 14 nM) of prolyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). A more than 85% decrease of enzyme activity was obtained in all tissues. The in vivo degradation of potential prolyl endopeptidase substrates was studied by following the release of sulfamethoxazole from N-benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-prolyl-sulfamethoxazole, a model synthetic substrate of the enzyme. When this substrate was given intraperitoneally, its enzymatic degradation was blocked after administration of the inhibitor in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating inhibition of the enzyme in vivo. Of interest is the long duration of the inhibition. After a relatively low inhibitor dose (5 mg/kg) significant inhibition was seen in most tissues even after 6 h. The brain was particularly sensitive to the effect of the inhibitor. Since prolyl endopeptidase readily degrades many proline-containing neuropeptides, the inhibitor should be of value in studies on the role of the enzyme in neuropeptide metabolism.