cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of synthetic pigment in health foods by HPLC

Objective:High performance liquid chromatography method(HPLC)was established to test 8 kinds of synthetic pigment in heath foods.Methods: After being extracted with ammonia and ethanol,purified by polyamide powder adsorption,the samples were separated by C18 column using mobile phase of Ammonium acetate solution(0.02 mol/L) and methanol,and analyzed by HPLC.The sample quantification was carried out by external method and peak area,while the qualitative analysis was carried out by retention time and spectra gram.Results: The detection limits were 0.12 mg/kg～1.0 mg/kg,the calibration curves were liner in the range of 1.0 mg/L～50.0 mg/L,the rate of recovery were 80.0% to 99.5%.Conclusion: The proposed method was simple,sensitive.Recovery of 8 kinds synthetic pigment is satisfactory.The method is suitable for testing synthetic pigment in health foods.
Simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in food safety risk monitoring in 2011 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective: To establish a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method for simultaneous determination of pesticide residues in food safety risk monitoring samples.The pesticides include 9 kinds of organophosphorus,1 kind of organochlorine pesticides,3 kinds of carbamates and 4 kinds of pyrethroids.Methods: Samples were extracted using acetonitrile and then rotary evaporated to nearly dryness,the concentrated extract was dissolved with acetone and methylene chloride mixture and dehydrated with anhydrous Na2SO4 and finally purified with Carb/NH2 column and silicon magnesium column,the purified solution was concentrated before analyzed by GC.MS.Results: The results showed that the detection limit was 0.01 mg/L~0.05 mg/L for organophosphorus,0.005 mg/L for organochlorines,0.03 mg/L for carbomates and 0.005 mg/L~0.01 mg/L for pyrethroids.The linear coefficient was ≥0.995 with recoveries of 67.6%~108.3%,and the RSD was 2.5%~8.3%.Conclusion: This method is able to determine all pesticide residues in food safety risk monitoring samples in 2011 at the same chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions,and the method is sensitive and reproducible with high accuracy and precision,which can be used in the actual testing analysis.
Enhancing response speed of primary frequency regulation in thermal power unit

Fast response speed is required for the primary frequency regulation based on its role and functions.The necessity was analyzed on the base of principle and function of frequency regulation.Systemic control strategies were proposed to enhance the response speed of primary frequency regulation.Application results of the units in Guangdong province showed that the proposed strategy improved the quality of primary frequency regulation.It is valuable for the similar units to enhance their primary frequency regulation performance.
TIME AND MOTION ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE FREESTYLE SWIMMING TURNS.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to analyze two methods of performing freestyle swimming turns, and to determine which of the two is fastest and most efficient. A group of 47 swimmers, aged 14–24 years, were initially instructed and timed on the modified flip turn followed by a two-arm glide, which is the universally accepted method. The subjects were then instructed and timed in the new experimental flip turn followed by a one-arm glide. Results of the study indicated that the experimental method of turning was faster than the modified method. From a visual analysis it was determined that four distinct body movements are eliminated while using the experimental turn followed by the one-arm glide.
Managing for diversity: harvest gap size drives complex light, vegetation, and deer herbivory impacts on tree seedlings

Many managed northern hardwood forests are characterized by low-diversity tree regeneration. Small harvest gaps, competition from shrub–herb vegetation, and browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contribute to this pattern, but we know little about how these factors interact. With a stand-scale experiment, we examined the effects of gap size (0-3234 m2), vegetation (weeded:unweeded), and deer (fenced:unfenced) on seedling growth and survival for 18 tree species. With increasing gap size and light, shrub–herb vegetation density increased, while deer browsing on seedlings in unweeded plots decreased. Fenced:weeded seedlings of all species increased in height up to 35-45% light, with optimal growth in large-group selection and patch cut harvest gaps. Height growth rank order among tree species changed between gap sizes, but growth varied little in small, low-light gaps. Instead, a low-light survival (i.e., shade tolerance) vs. high-light growth tradeoff we observed is likely more important for species sorting of gap sizes. Shrub–herb vegetation decreased seedling survival and growth, especially in larger harvest gaps, shifting gap size optima to smaller gaps, but had little effect on growth/survival rank order among species. In contrast, deer had strong impacts on growth rank order, especially in larger gaps where species differences in growth potential were trumped by differences in deer browsing pressure responses. However, contrary to their consistently negative main effects, vegetation and deer had two positive interacting effects: dense shrub–herb vegetation in large gaps protected seedlings of faster-growing species from browsing and deer browsing of shrub–herb vegetation modestly increased light and growth of short, suppressed, browsing-avoided species. In summary, harvest gap size-mediated light availability, shrub–herb vegetation, and deer herbivory had strong interacting effects on tree seedling interspecific performance ranks and intraspecific optimal gap sizes. For management, a broad range of harvest gap sizes and rapid establishment of tree regeneration (naturally or planted) to minimize shrub–herb competition should increase tree diversity in forests with few deer. However, with deer browsing pressure, a more limited set of lesser-browsed species are likely to recruit successfully regardless of gap size, except in large patch cut gaps, where recruitment of faster-growing, shade-intolerant species is possible.
Parachemistries: Colonial chemopolitics in a zone of contest:

The globalization of modern chemistry through European colonialism resulted, by the end of the nineteenth century, in the emergence of a number of parachemical knowledges. Parachemistries were bodies of non-European knowledge which came to be related to modern chemistry within particular historical milieux. Their relationship with modern chemistry was not necessarily epistemic and structural, but historical and performative. Actual historically located intellectuals posited their relationship. Such relationships were not merely abstract intellectual exercises; at a time when the practical uses of modern chemistry in statecraft were growing, the existence of these rival, competing parachemical knowledges challenged modern chemistry's regulatory deployments. Colonial locations emerged then not as mere 'contact zones', but as 'zones of conflict' where colonial chemopolitics was interrupted by the continued legitimacy and practice of parachemistries such as rasayana, kimiya, and neidan.
COMPARISON OF IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES OF TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT IN MEN AND WOMEN

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is standard of care for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis in high-risk surgical patients. Gender differences in outcomes of TAVR have been suggested. Methods: We compared outcomes of TAVR in women (n=4,603) and men (n=4,275) using 2011-
LABOR MARKETS AND REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS: THE CASE OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS. AN INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW

Labor market issues are reviewed in terms of mobility and policy resulting from transportation improvements. Research on Meso level regional adjustment versus micro level search processes are reviewed. A spatial interaction approach to assessing changes in regional access and regional industrial mix is outlined. Hypotheses with respect to transportation and labor markets are discussed. Empirical evidence of the impact of high-speed rail on labor markets and their structure is reviewed. Conclusions are drawn and new research questions are identified.
A Great Reckoning in a Little Room: Elizabeth, Essex, and Royal Interruptions

On September 28, 1599, the Earl of Essex, having returned from Ireland without Elizabeth I’s permission, burst into the royal bedchamber. Contemporary accounts offer competing explanations of Essex’s actions: a personal appeal to the queen, an attempted coup d’etat, a desperate ploy to distract Elizabeth from his failure to conquer Ireland. This essay examines the political and sexual implications of the Earl’s actions, analyzing the ways in which discourse of courtly love and passion veers into discourse of rape. The essay concludes by noting the parallels between Essex’s intrusion and the one faced by Queen Elizabeth II in 1982.
A new multi-layer approach for progressive damage simulation in composite laminates based on isogeometric analysis and Kirchhoff–Love shells. Part I: basic theory and modeling of delamination and transverse shear

In this two-part paper we introduce a new formulation for modeling progressive damage in laminated composite structures. We adopt a multi-layer modeling approach, based on Isogeometric Analysis (IGA), where each ply or lamina is represented by a spline surface, and modeled as a Kirchhoff–Love thin shell. Continuum Damage Mechanics is used to model intralaminar damage, and a new zero-thickness cohesive-interface formulation is introduced to model delamination as well as permitting laminate-level transverse shear compliance. In Part I of this series we focus on the presentation of the modeling framework, validation of the framework using standard Mode I and Mode II delamination tests, and assessment of its suitability for modeling thick laminates. In Part II of this series we focus on the application of the proposed framework to modeling and simulation of damage in composite laminates resulting from impact. The proposed approach has significant accuracy and efficiency advantages over existing methods for modeling impact damage. These stem from the use of IGA-based Kirchhoff–Love shells to represent the individual plies of the composite laminate, while the compliant cohesive interfaces enable transverse shear deformation of the laminate. Kirchhoff–Love shells give a faithful representation of the ply deformation behavior, and, unlike solids or traditional shear-deformable shells, do not suffer from transverse-shear locking in the limit of vanishing thickness. This, in combination with higher-order accurate and smooth representation of the shell midsurface displacement field, allows us to adopt relatively coarse in-plane discretizations without sacrificing solution accuracy. Furthermore, the thin-shell formulation employed does not use rotational degrees of freedom, which gives additional efficiency benefits relative to more standard shell formulations.
Quantitative assessment of cerebral venous blood T2 in mouse at 11.7T: Implementation, optimization, and age effect.

PURPOSE To develop a non-contrast-agent MRI technique to quantify cerebral venous T2 in mice. METHODS We implemented and optimized a T2 -relaxation-under-spin-tagging (TRUST) sequence on an 11.7 Tesla animal imaging system. A flow-sensitive-alternating-inversion-recovery (FAIR) module was used to generate control and label images, pair-wise subtraction of which yielded blood signals. Then, a T2 -preparation module was applied to produce T2 -weighted images, from which blood T2 was quantified. We conducted a series of technical studies to optimize the imaging slice position, inversion slab thickness, post-labeling delay (PLD), and repetition time. We also performed three physiological studies to examine the venous T2 dependence on hyperoxia (N = 4), anesthesia (N = 3), and brain aging (N = 5). RESULTS Our technical studies suggested that, for efficient data acquisition with minimal bias in estimated T2 , a preferred TRUST protocol was to place the imaging slice at the confluence of sagittal sinuses with an inversion-slab thickness of 2.5-mm, a PLD of 1000 ms and a repetition time of 3.5 s. Venous T2 values under normoxia and hyperoxia (inhaling pure oxygen) were 26.9 ± 1.7 and 32.3 ± 2.2 ms, respectively. Moreover, standard isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a higher venous T2 compared with dexmedetomidine anesthesia (N = 3; P = 0.01) which is more commonly used in animal functional MRI studies to preserve brain function. Venous T2 exhibited a decrease with age (N = 5; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We have developed and optimized a noninvasive method to quantify cerebral venous blood T2 in mouse at 11.7 T. This method may prove useful in studies of brain physiology and pathophysiology in animal models. Magn Reson Med 80:521-528, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in a child with Leigh syndrome.

We present the case of a 6-year old girl with Leigh syndrome and an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma and describe her clinical course and our multidisciplinary approach to treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of rhabdomyosarcoma in a patient with Leigh syndrome.
Responsibility in Public Administration Ethics

The principle that public administrators act in a responsible manner has been fundamental to the development of the field of public administration as a profession and scholarly discipline since its...
The Human Brain: The Ultimate Scarce, Efficient, and Rational Resource

There is a growing divide between neoclassical and behavioral economics. This divide can be partially reconciled by recognizing that the critically scarce resources in all economic inquiries are inside the human brain, mainly neurons and energy that need to be rationally allocated by the brain itself in order to maximize achievement of competing internal demands. The brain must resolve its internal optimization problems before it can optimize the allocation of external resources with alternative uses. Accordingly, the brain will never seek perfect rationality in decision-making, mainly because it could not have evolved to be perfectly rational, in neoclassical terms. Rather, it will refine (and only perfect) its decisions so long as the added value of doing so is worth the added cost. It will also devise decision rules (heuristics) that work as well as is economical, but which will lead to decision errors. Decision errors can be a source of decision efficiency and welfare enhancement above what would be achieved under perfect rationality (if perfect rationality were possible, which it can’t be).
Pathogenetic Considerations of Type II Diabetes

The hypothesis that idiopathic diabetes is a result of insufficient secretion of insulin seemed to be confirmed by many earlier experimental studies carried out around the turn of the century. This viewpoint was based on the studies of von Mering and Minkowski1 who, in 1889, were the first to observe that removal of the pancreas causes diabetes in the dog. The discovery of insulin by Banting and Best2 in 1922 seemed to support this hypothesis, as the administration of pancreatic extracts could correct the metabolic abnormalities in diabetes. This was in keeping with the frequently observed atrophy of the pancreatic islets,3–7 the decrease of extractable insulin8–10 in the pancreases of juvenile diabetics, and the occurrence of interacinar fibrosis, insular fibrosis, and hyalinization in the pancreases of maturity-onset diabetics.11 Moreover, quantitative studies by various investigators indicated a relative increase of A cells in many diabetic pancreases associated with a concomitant decrease of B cells.7,12–14 On the other hand, in more recent studies,14ait was observed that in type II diabetes the mass of B, D, and PP cells was unchanged, while that of A cells was increased. The hyperplasia of A cells led to decreased B/A and D/A cell ratios. This discrepancy of observations, it was conjectured,14a may be due to the fact that in the latter studies more sensitive immunocytochemical techniques were used that permitted the detection of poorly granulated B cells and/or that the population of patients used in these various studies may have been different.
Photography of bloodstains visualized by luminol.

The chemical tests for blood currently in use depend upon the detection of hemoglobin or one of its derivatives [1]. Hemoglobin has several properties which make it suitable for this purpose. The most important, due to its sensitivity, is the peroxidase activity of hemoglobin heme which forms the basis of the benzidine, leuco-malachite green, phenolphthalein, and luminol tests for blood. The luminol test, which is based on the visual observation of chemiluminescence, is particularly useful forensically because of its sensitivity; as a spray reagent, it also permits the detection and observation of the shape and fine structure of the bloodstains which would otherwise be invisible to the naked eye [2–5].
Chapter 2 Conation, affect, and cognition in personality

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses conation, affect, and cognition in personality. It discusses (1) their historical origins, (2) their changing description across time, (3) their conceptualization, and (4) a recommended update of their meaning. Conation (or motivation) includes components that propel or move the organism such as the hunger drive or the need for achievement. The affect group—in particular, emotion—includes basic feelings such as anger and happiness along with the mental programs for emotional facial expressions. The cognition group—thought-related processes and mechanisms—includes elements such as working memory, judgment, and reasoning. The chapter clarifies the meaning of this tripartite division. It examines general systems model of personality. This model's further development relies on the distinction among classes of conative, affective, and cognitive components.
A Rare Cause of Shoulder Pain in Pediatrics

Introduction Synovial osteochondromatosis is a rare, usually benign condition characterized by metaplastic changes in the synovial membrane. The most common location is in the synovium-lined joints and rarely the tendon sheaths and bursae. We report a case of synovial osteochondromatosis affecting the glenohumeral joint in a 12-year-old child. Case Report A 12-year-old boy with no past medical history presented to sports medicine clinic with a 6-month history of worsening right shoulder pain. Pain started after throwing a light weight shotput in gym class. Pain located on the anterior and lateral aspects of …
Chronic HIV-1 Tat exposure alters anterior cingulate cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical synaptic circuitry, associated behavioral control, and immune regulation in male mice

Abstract HIV-1 selectively disrupts neuronal integrity within specific brain regions, reflecting differences in viral tropism and/or the regional differences in the vulnerability of distinct neuronal subpopulations within the CNS. Deficits in prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated executive function and the resultant loss of behavioral control are a particularly debilitating consequence of neuroHIV. To explore how HIV-1 disrupts executive function, we investigated the effects of 48 h, 2 and/or 8 weeks of HIV-1 Tat exposure on behavioral control, synaptic connectivity, and neuroimmune function in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and associated cortico-basal ganglia (BG)-thalamocortical circuitry in adult, Tat transgenic male mice. HIV-1 Tat exposure increased novelty-exploration in response to novel food, flavor, and environmental stimuli, suggesting that Tat triggers increased novelty-exploration in situations of competing motivation (e.g., drive to feed or explore vs. fear of novel, brightly lit open areas). Furthermore, Tat induced adaptability in response to an environmental stressor and pre-attentive filtering deficits. The behavioral insufficiencies coincided with decreases in the inhibitory pre- and post- synaptic proteins, synaptotagmin 2 and gephyrin, respectively, in the ACC, and alterations in specific pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines out of 23 assayed. The interaction of Tat exposure and the resultant time-dependent, selective alterations in CCL4, CXCL1, IL-12p40, and IL-17A levels in the PFC significantly predicted decreases in adaptability. Tat decreased dendritic spine density and cortical VGLUT1 inputs, while increasing IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5, and CCL11 in the striatum. Alternatively, IL-1α, CCL5, and IL-13 were decreased in the mediodorsal thalamus despite the absence of synaptic changes. Thus, HIV-1 Tat appears to uniquely and systematically disrupt immune regulation and the inhibitory and excitatory synaptic balance throughout the ACC-BG-thalamocortical circuitry resulting in a loss of behavioral control.
Study on the Influence of Converter Transformer Magnetizing Inrush Current on the Low-order AC Filter

The converter transformer magnetizing inrush current issue affects the safe and stable operation of the HVDC system. The characteristics of magnetizing inrush current are analyzed based on actual HVDC project faults. The important factors affecting the magnetizing inrush current are analyzed from three aspects: closing angle, residual magnetism and AC system characteristics. Aiming at the weak AC system, the mechanism of the magnetizing inrush current affecting to the low-order AC filter of the converter station is studied. The low-order harmonic transmission process between the AC system, AC filter, converter transformer and the DC system is analyzed. Base on the actual HVDC project, the energy requirements of the low-order AC filter resistors are analyzed under the different AC system operation mode and AC Filter combination. The mechanism of magnetizing inrush current on low-order filters under weak AC system is studied, which provides guidance for HVDC system design.
Splenic trauma: endovascular treatment approach

The spleen is a commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Splenic preservation, however, is important for immune function and prevention of overwhelming infection from encapsulated organisms. Splenic artery embolization (SAE) for high-grade splenic injury has, therefore, increasingly become an important component of non-operative management (NOM). SAE decreases the blood pressure to the spleen to allow healing, but preserves splenic perfusion via robust collateral pathways. SAE can be performed proximally in the main splenic artery, more distally in specific injured branches, or a combination of both proximal and distal embolization. No definitive evidence from available data supports benefits of one strategy over the other. Particles, coils and vascular plugs are the major embolic agents used. Incorporation of SAE in the management of blunt splenic trauma has significantly improved success rates of NOM and spleen salvage. Failure rates generally increase with higher injury severity grades; however, current management results in overall spleen salvage rates of over 85%. Complication rates are low, and primarily consist of rebleeding, parenchymal infarction or abscess. Splenic immune function is felt to be preserved after embolization with no guidelines for prophylactic vaccination against encapsulated bacteria; however, a complete understanding of post-embolization immune changes remains an area in need of further investigation. This review describes the history of SAE from its inception to its current role and indications in the management of splenic trauma. The endovascular approach, technical details, and outcomes are described with relevant examples. SAE is has become an important part of a multidisciplinary strategy for management of complex trauma patients.
Do school buses make school choice work

Abstract While school choice has been well studied, there is little existing research exploring the role of transportation, in general, and school buses, in particular, to school choice decisions. We examine the effect of school buses on school choice decisions using data on kindergarten students and their eligibility for transportation assistance in New York City public schools in 2017. Using both conditional logit school choice models and regression discontinuity designs, we provide both descriptive and credibly causal evidence on the impact of school proximity, bus eligibility, and their interaction on school choice decisions. Our results indicate that proximity and buses both matter. Specifically, while distance significantly deters choice, school bus eligibility increases the likelihood of choosing a school by 1.4–4 percentage points (or 12-30 percent). Compared to a high-quality school, we find that bus eligibility has twice as large an impact on reducing the negative distance effect in the 0.5 to 1 mile range from school (27 versus 12 percent). These results will be useful for policy makers looking to leverage school transportation policy to improve school choice decisions, and ultimately student outcomes.
A Rapid Microlensing Event in the Q0957+561 A,B Gravitational Lens System

We re-analyze brightness data sampled intensively over 5 nights at two epochs separated by the quasar lens time delay, to examine the nature of the observed microlensing. We find strong evidence for a microlensing event with an amplitude of 1% and a time scale of twelve hours. The existence of such rapid microlensing, albeit at low amplitude, imposes constraints on the nature of the quasar and of the baryonic dark matter.
Pregnancy Associated Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Risk Factors and Maternal Morbidity.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular conditions are leading contributors to increasing maternal morbidity and mortality. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) results in the majority of HF admissions in women, yet its impact in pregnancy is unknown. We examined the prevalence rates, risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with HFpEF during pregnancy-related hospitalizations in the United States. Methods and Results We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of pregnancy-related hospitalizations from 2002 through 2014 using the National Inpatient Sample. HFpEF cases were identified using the 428.3 International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, Clinical Modification code. Weighting variables were used to provide national estimates, unconditional survey logistic regression to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) representing adjusted associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes and Joinpoint regression to estimate temporal trends. Among 58,732,977 hospitalizations, there were 3840 HFpEF cases, an overall rate of 7 cases per 100,000 pregnancy-related hospitalizations; 56% occurred postpartum, 27% during delivery, and 17% antepartum. The temporal trend for hospitalization increased throughout the timeframe by 19.4% (95% CI 13.9–25.1). HFpEF hospitalizations were more common for Black, older, or poor women. Risk factors included hypertension (chronic hypertension and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy), anemia, obesity, diabetes, renal disease and coronary atherosclerosis; all known risk factors for HFpEF. Women with HFpEF were 2.61–6.47 times more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions The pregnancy-related HFpEF hospitalization prevalence has increased and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Risk factors resemble those outside pregnancy, emphasizing the need for screening and monitoring women with risk factors during pregnancy for HFpEF.
Community conversations on relationship violence: town variations in prevention perceptions through concept mapping

To further develop domestic and sexual violence (DSV) prevention strategies at the community level requires an understanding of how community members in towns think about prevention. Using concept mapping, this study sought to better understand community members' perspectives about what DSV prevention strategies would be most feasible, most effective, and generate the greatest community support within their town. Data were collected across four rural Northern England towns. Participants (>90% White) in each town (total sample size = 119) brainstormed, sorted, and rated between 67 and 90 statements per town (x = 75). Based on the results, a 5-cluster solution of school settings, conversations, individual direct action, community building, and community awareness was identified across all four towns as DSV prevention strategies with one town identifying an additional cluster solution of governance. Despite identifying similar prevention strategies, participants from each town rated these clusters of strategies differently on how feasible, effective, and supported they would be in their community. Overall, our results suggest that there were interesting consistencies across four towns in a similar geographic region in terms of how DSV prevention was described. However, individual communities differed in their views of the feasibility and acceptability of the different strategies. These results suggest that different strategies and higher-level actions may be required to address and prevent DSV within different towns and communities and that community narratives can clarify which specific strategies may encounter fewer barriers to implementation.
Phase separation versus aggregation behavior for model disordered proteins

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is widely utilized by the cell to organize and regulate various biochemical processes. Although the LLPS of proteins is known to occur in a sequence dependent manner, it is unclear how sequence properties dictate the nature of the phase transition and thereby influence condensed phase morphology. In this work, we have utilized grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for a simple coarse-grained model of disordered proteins to systematically investigate how sequence distribution, sticker fraction and chain length influence the phase behavior and regulate the formation of finite-size aggregates preempting macroscopic phase separation for some sequences. We demonstrate that a normalized sequence charge decoration (SCD) parameter establishes a "soft" criterion for predicting the underlying phase transition of a model protein. Additionally, we find that this order parameter is strongly correlated to the critical density for phase separation, highlighting an unambiguous connection between sequence distribution and condensed phase density. Results obtained from an analysis of the order parameter reveals that at sufficiently long chain lengths, the vast majority of sequences are likely to phase separate. Our results predict that classical LLPS should be the dominant phase transition for disordered proteins and suggests a possible reason behind recent findings of widespread phase separation throughout living cells.
Site-specific generation of excited state wavepackets with high-intensity attosecond x rays.

High-intensity attosecond x rays can produce coherent superpositions of valence-excited states through two-photon Raman transitions. The broad-bandwidth, high-field nature of the pulses results in a multitude of accessible excited states. Multiconfigurational quantum chemistry with the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is used to examine population transfer dynamics in stimulated x-ray Raman scattering of the nitric oxide oxygen and nitrogen K-edges. Two pulse schemes initiate wavepackets of different characters and demonstrate how chemical differences between core-excitation pathways affect the dynamics. The population transfer to valence-excited states is found to be sensitive to the electronic structure and pulse conditions, highlighting complexities attributed to the Rabi frequency. The orthogonally polarized two-color-pulse setup has increased selectivity while facilitating longer, less intense pulses than the one-pulse setup. Population transfer in the 1s → Rydberg region is more effective but less selective at the nitrogen K-edge; the selectivity is reduced by double core-excited states. Result interpretation is aided by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering maps.
Are Drug Companies Living Up to Their Human Rights Responsibilities? Moving Towards Assessment

Background to the debate: The human rights responsibilities of drug companies have been considered for years by nongovernmental organizations, but were most sharply defined in a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to health, submitted to the United Nations General Assembly in August 2008. The, ‘‘Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines,’’ include responsibilities for transparency, management, monitoring and accountability, pricing, and ethical marketing, and against lobbying for more protection in intellectual property laws, applying for patents for trivial modifications of existing medicines, inappropriate drug promotion, and excessive pricing. Two years after the release of the Guidelines, the PLoS Medicine Debate asks whether drug companies are living up to their human rights responsibilities. Sofia Gruskin and Zyde Raad from the Harvard School of Public Health say more assessment is needed of such responsibilities; Geralyn Ritter, Vice President of Global Public Policy and Corporate Responsibility at Merck & Co. argues that multiple stakeholders could do more to help States deliver the right to health; and Paul Hunt and Rajat Khosla introduce Mr. Hunt’s work as the UN Special Rapporteur on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, regarding the human rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies and access to medicines.
Abuse of Regulatory Power: a step forward in the journey towards effective competition advocacy in the public sector, regulatory improvement and oversight?

Section 1 summarizes the development of competition advocacy in the public sector/“public advocacy” in Brazil (GUIMARAES 2015). Section 2 highlights the problem/lack of effectiveness of SEAE competition advocacy nonbinding opinions, and reports significant stakeholder engagement addressing the problem for the last 10 years (IBRAC 2016 and OAB 2012). Section 3 describes additional public advocacy developments by means of the work carried out by the OPP in 2016-18, notably the Guidelines and Guidebook for Regulatory Impact Analysis – RIA (OPP 2018), which raised the issue of (at least) occasional need for antitrust analysis in the RIA proceedings, by either SEAE or CADE. After the paper’s exploration of the necessary preceding developments, the core abuse of regulatory power issues are addressed in section 4 and its subsections: 4.1 analyses the congressional scrutiny of the abuse, again based on IBRAC 2016 and OAB 2012, but this time adding the legislative proposals PLV 17/2019 / PL 6517/2019 to the comparison; 4.2 summarizes the alternative chosen by SEAE to make the abuse enforceable, the SEAE Regulation (Normative Instruction) 97/20; 4.3 reports the significant criticism the abuse of regulatory power and SEAE Regulation has been facing from the Brazilian regulatory and antitrust communities, is spite of the Secretariat’s choice of the least solid legal instrument to make the abuse an effective legal provision; 4.4, mostly based on OECD 2019, brings comparative law and policy experiences on how competition and regulatory authorities interact regarding laws and regulations enforced and designed by the latter; 4.5 closes the paper briefly exploring Brazil’s possibilities of establishing a regulatory oversight body (ROB), not only based on comparative experiences, but also in light of the early developments of the issue in the country (IBRAC 2019).
Flexible filtering by neural inputs supports motion computation across states and stimuli.

Summary Sensory systems flexibly adapt their processing properties across a wide range of environmental and behavioral conditions. Such variable processing complicates attempts to extract a mechanistic understanding of sensory computations. This is evident in the highly constrained, canonical Drosophila motion detection circuit, where the core computation underlying direction selectivity is still debated despite extensive studies. Here we measured the filtering properties of neural inputs to the OFF motion-detecting T5 cell in Drosophila. We report state- and stimulus-dependent changes in the shape of these signals, which become more biphasic under specific conditions. Summing these inputs within the framework of a connectomic-constrained model of the circuit demonstrates that these shapes are sufficient to explain T5 responses to various motion stimuli. Thus, our stimulus- and state-dependent measurements reconcile motion computation with the anatomy of the circuit. These findings provide a clear example of how a basic circuit supports flexible sensory computation.
Anti-Inflammatory or Proinflammatory Effect of an Adenosine Receptor Agonist on the Th17 Autoimmune Response Is Inflammatory Environment–Dependent

Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including immune system function and inflammation. Studies have shown that adenosine receptor (AR) agonists can be either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory in immune responses and in inflammation, and the clarification of the mechanisms causing these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. Whereas previous studies mostly examined the effects of AR agonists on Th1-type immune responses, in this study, we compared their effect on Th17 and Th1 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis, a mouse model of human uveitis induced by immunization with the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptides 1-20. We showed that injection of mice with a nonselective AR agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), at an early stage after immunization had an inhibitory effect on both Th1 and Th17 responses, whereas injection of the same amount of NECA at a late stage inhibited the Th1 response but had an enhancing effect on the Th17 response. We also showed that the effects of NECA on Th1 and Th17 responses were completely dissociated, that the enhancing effect of NECA on Th17 responses was modulated by γδ T cells, and that the response of γδ T cells to NECA was determined by their activation status. We conclude that the inflammatory environment has a strong impact on converting the effect of AR agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Our observation should help in the designing of better AR-targeted therapies.
Point/Counterpoint: Crafting a Counter-Argument

How to write an effective counter argument with the right structure, wording, and tone without giving your opponent’s argument too much weight.
Teaching Our Teachers: Lessons from Abroad

he common sense truism “You can’t teach what you T don’t know” is taken seriously by countries that are our major competitors in the world economy. In a recent survey of teacher education in the United States, Canada, Denmark, England, Japan, and Germany, I found that most of the other countries have teacher education policies that produce teachers well grounded in their academic fields. Particularly in Germany, Japan, and Denmark, aspiring teachers typically receive a more rigorous academic training that their American counterparts. This difference in training is reflected in a recent international study (Poppleton 1990) of teachers’ perceptions of their qualifications to teach their assigned subjects. In the area of physical science, for example, only 47 percent of American teachers assigned to teach this course felt qualified to teach it. The corresponding numbers for the other countries surveyed were 80 percent of teachers in England, 95 percent of Japanese teachers, and 91 percent of German teachers. Forty-two percent of American teachers felt qualified for their math teaching assignments. Corresponding percentages for the other countries were 8 1 percent for English teachers, 77 percent for Japanese teachers, and 89 percent for German teachers. Clearly, a large proportion of America’s teachers of math and science believe that their academic training is deficient. Similar levels of concern are expressed by American teachers of other subjects such as foreign languages, history, and language arts. My survey (McAdams 1993) revealed other major differences between the United States and the other six countries studied.
Unfolding Prismatoids as Convex Patches: Counterexamples and Positive Results

We address the unsolved problem of unfolding prismatoids in a new context, viewing a "topless prismatoid" as a convex patch---a polyhedral subset of the surface of a convex polyhedron homeomorphic to a disk. We show that several natural strategies for unfolding a prismatoid can fail, but obtain a positive result for "petal unfolding" topless prismatoids. We also show that the natural extension to a convex patch consisting of a face of a polyhedron and all its incident faces, does not always have a nonoverlapping petal unfolding. However, we obtain a positive result by excluding the problematical patches. This then leads a positive result for restricted prismatoids. Finally, we suggest suggest studying the unfolding of convex patches in general, and offer some possible lines of investigation.
Alleles of APC modulate the frequency and classes of mutations that lead to colon polyps.

Most inherited mutant alleles of the adenomatosis polyposis coli gene ( APC ) cause the appearance of large numbers of colon polyps 1, 2, 3, 4 , the familial polyposis syndrome. (These mutant alleles are designated APC P alleles.) A subset of APC mutations, the attenuated or APC AP alleles, predispose to only a few colon polyps 5 . This leads to the hypothesis that if mutation of the inherited normal allele is rate limiting in polyp development, the increased number of polyps associated with the APC P allele indicates that the frequency of mutations that can lead to polyp formation is higher among APC P carriers than among APC AP carriers. We have previously suggested that the APC protein might modulate the frequency of mutations, such as loss of heterozygosity 6 (LOH), necessary for colon polyp formation 5 . We thus reasoned that tumours from patients who carry an APC AP allele might show a reduced frequency of LOH compared with tumours from patients who carry an APC P allele. Loss of AAPC mutant alleles is designated as LOH AP . Screening of tumours from APC AP carriers revealed a reduction of LOH compared with that of an unselected group of polyposis patients 7 . In fact, no loss of the inherited APC N allele was observed, although sequencing showed that the inherited APC N allele had frequently undergone point mutations and small deletions in the tumours. A low frequency loss of the inherited APC AP allele was seen. These findings support the suggestion that the APC AP allele has residual gene activity and that this activity modulates the spectrum and frequency of mutations that lead to adenoma formation.
Invasive plants may promote predator‐mediated feedback that inhibits further invasion

Understanding the impacts of invasive species requires placing invasion within a full community context. Plant invaders are often considered in the context of herbivores that may drive invasion by avoiding invaders while consuming natives (enemy escape), or inhibit invasion by consuming invaders (biotic resistance). However, predators that attack those herbivores are rarely considered as major players in invasion. Invasive plants often promote predators, generally by providing improved habitat. Here, we show that predator-promoting invaders may initiate a negative feedback loop that inhibits invasion. By enabling top-down control of herbivores, predator-promoting invaders lose any advantage gained through enemy escape, indirectly favoring natives. In cases where palatable invaders encounter biotic resistance, predator promotion may allow an invader to persist, but not dominate. Overall, results indicate that placing invaders in a full community context may reveal reduced impacts of invaders compared to expectations based on simple plant–plant or plant–herbivore subsystems.
Central Venous Catheter Intravascular Malpositioning: Causes, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Correction

Despite the level of skill of the operator and the use of ultrasound guidance, central venous catheter (CVC) placement can result in CVC malpositioning, an unintended placement of the catheter tip in an inadequate vessel. CVC malpositioning is not a complication of central line insertion; however, undiagnosed CVC malpositioning can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this review were to describe factors associated with intravascular malpositioning of CVCs inserted via the neck and chest and to offer ways of preventing, identifying, and correcting such malpositioning. A literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MD Consult was performed in June 2014. By searching for “Central line malposition” and then for “Central venous catheters intravascular malposition,” we found 178 articles written in English. Of those, we found that 39 were relevant to our objectives and included them in our review. According to those articles, intravascular CVC malpositioning is associated with the presence of congenital and acquired anatomical variants, catheter insertion in left thoracic venous system, inappropriate bevel orientation upon needle insertion, and patient’s body habitus variants. Although plain chest radiography is the standard imaging modality for confirming catheter tip location, signs and symptoms of CVC malpositioning even in presence of normal or inconclusive conventional radiography findings should prompt the use of additional diagnostic methods to confirm or rule out CVC malpositioning. With very few exceptions, the recommendation in cases of intravascular CVC malpositioning is to remove and relocate the catheter. Knowing the mechanisms of CVC malpositioning and how to prevent, identify, and correct CVC malpositioning could decrease harm to patients with this condition.
Self-employment and trade shock mitigation

This paper investigates the moderating effects of entrepreneurial activity on the impact of trade penetration. Entrepreneurs may help to mitigate adverse trade shocks through several mechanisms, i.e., more flexible output structure, diversified economic portfolio, and higher knowledge spillovers from trade-induced R&D activities. Our empirical work embeds the analysis of entrepreneurship, measured using self-employment rates, into a framework of international trade and local labor markets. The empirical results show that the marginal impacts of Chinese import penetration on job losses are dampened in localities with higher self-employment rates, which suggests self-employment or entrepreneurial activities can mitigate the adverse impacts of trade penetration from low-income countries. Our study provides a novel perspective on entrepreneurs’ benefits on economic well-being: Besides their direct contribution to economic growth documented in earlier research, they can also enhance the resilience of a local economy in the face of external shocks.