cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DG1: THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIABETES SYMPTOMS AND HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE

OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationship between diabetes symptom burden and patients' perceptions of health-related quality of life (HRQL). METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 3,716 adults with diabetes enrolled in a managed care organization in West Virginia and southeastern Ohio. Diabetes symptom burden was measured using a 17-item scale (Diabetes TyPE, Form 2.1). The Health Status Questionaire (HSQ-12), Version 3.0 was utilized to measure patients' perception of their HRQL. Analyses focused on six domains from the HSQ-12: General Health Perception (GHP), Physical Functioning (PF), Bodily Pain (BP), Energy/Fatigue (EF), Social Functioning (SF), and Mental Health (MH). Linear regression was used to examine the impact of diabetes symptoms on each of the HRQL domains. RESULTS: Usable responses were obtained from 1,027 persons with diabetes (27.6% response rate). The summated scale of diabetes symptom burden had acceptable internal consistency (alpha = 0.90). Analyses revealed a significant inverse relationship between diabetes symptom burden and each of the six domains from the HSQ-12, when controlling for gender, age, and education. Overall symptom burden was found to be most highly associated with Social Functioning (r = −.57), while somewhat less strongly associated with the other five domains: GHP (r = −.52); PF (r = −.49); BP (r = −.51); EF (r = −.54); MH (r = −.50). As overall symptom burden increases, the patients' perception of health across all six HRQL domains decreases. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes symptom burden is inversely related to health-related quality of life. Thus, interventions targeted towards the alleviation of diabetes symptoms should also lead to improvements in patients' perceptions of their health and well-being.
Relationship of the Azygos Venous System to Normal Atrial Situs in Levocardia

Levocardia with abdominal visceral situs inversus is associated with complex intracardiac malformation and most often with inversion of the atria. In patients with levocardia, if the azygos venous system replaces the inferior vena cava as the principal or only avenue of venous return from below the diaphragm, the position of the right and left atria may be normal. Patients with levocardia associated with simple ostium secundum atrial septal defects that were surgically corrected are briefly presented.
Direct observation of the critical state field profile in a YBa2Cu3O7-y single crystal.

We report direct imaging of the critical state in a ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ single crystal. The self-field profiles are obtained by mechanically scanning a high-spatial-resolution Hall-probe array above the crystal surface. The measured field distributions confirm Bean's assumption of homogeneity, setting the relevant length scale for the evaluation of the critical currents as the sample size, and are a proof against the weak-link behavior in such crystals.
Conservative Versus Liberal Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study)

Red blood cell transfusion is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, observational data suggest that this practice may be associated with worse clinical outcomes and data from clinical trials are lacking in this population. We conducted a prospective multicenter randomized pilot trial in which 45 patients with AMI and a hematocrit level ≤30% were randomized to a liberal (transfuse when hematocrit <30% to maintain 30% to 33%) or a conservative (transfuse when hematocrit <24% to maintain 24% to 27%) transfusion strategy. Baseline hematocrit was similar in those in the liberal and conservative arms (26.9% vs 27.5%, p = 0.4). Average daily hematocrits were 30.6% in the liberal arm and 27.9% in the conservative arm, a difference of 2.7% (p <0.001). More patients in the liberal arm than in the conservative arm were transfused (100% vs 54%, p <0.001) and the average number of units transfused per patient tended to be higher in the liberal arm than in the conservative arm (2.5 vs 1.6, p = 0.07). The primary clinical safety measurement of in-hospital death, recurrent MI, or new or worsening congestive heart failure occurred in 8 patients in the liberal arm and 3 in the conservative arm (38% vs 13%, p = 0.046). In conclusion, compared to a conservative transfusion strategy, treating anemic patients with AMI according to a liberal transfusion strategy results in more patients receiving transfusions and higher hematocrit levels. However, this may be associated with worse clinical outcomes. A large-scale definitive trial addressing this issue is urgently required.
Stimulant Treatment Reduces Lapses in Attention among Children with ADHD: The Effects of Methylphenidate on Intra-Individual Response Time Distributions.

Recent research has suggested that intra-individual variability in reaction time (RT) distributions of children with ADHD is characterized by a particularly large rightward skew that may reflect lapses in attention. The purpose of the study was to provide the first randomized, placebo-controlled test of the effects of the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) on this tail and other RT distribution characteristics. Participants were 49 9- to 12-year-old children with ADHD. Children participated in a 3-day double-blind, placebo-controlled medication assessment during which they received long-acting MPH (Concerta®), with the nearest equivalents of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg t.i.d. immediate-release MPH. Children completed a simple two-choice speeded discrimination task on and off of medication. Mode RT and deviation from the mode were used to examine the peak and skew, respectively, of RT distributions. MPH significantly reduced the peak and skew of RT distributions. Importantly, the two medication effects were uncorrelated suggesting that MPH works to improve both the speed and variability in responding. The improvement in variability with stimulant treatment is interpreted as a reduction in lapses in attention. This, in turn, may reflect stimulant enhancement of self-regulatory processes theorized to be at the core of ADHD.
Catastrophizing and Untimely Death

Participants in the Terman Life-Cycle Study completed open-ended questionnaires in 1936 and 1940, and these responses were blindly scored for explanatory style by content analysis. Catastrophizing (attributing bad events to global causes) predicted mortality as of 1991, especially among males, and predicted accidental or violent deaths especially well. These results are the first to show that a dimension of explanatory style is a risk factor for mortality in a large sample of initially healthy individuals, and they imply that one of the mechanisms linking explanatory style and death involves lifestyle.
A note on the frictional strength of laumontite from Cajon Pass, California

Laumontite mineralization is pervasive in joints and shear zones encountered in the Cajon Pass drillhole in southern California. In order to determine whether a gouge composed of this hydrated mineral affects shear strength in a manner similar to low-strength, day-rich fault gouges, frictional sliding experiments were performed under dry, saturated and high pore pressure conditions at effective pressures up to 450 MPa. Coefficients of friction ranged between 0.66 and 0.84, consistent with most crustal rocks and well above the values typical of clay-rich San Andreas fault gouges. Saturation state had no effect on strength or sliding stability. These results suggest that the presence of laumontite in shear zones at Cajon Pass will not affect the shear strength of the rock in a way that can account for the inferred low ambient shear stresses.
Is sex a factor in determining whether acute coronary syndrome patients with renal insufficiency undergo diagnostic cardiac catheterization

Study objectives: Multiple authors have reported that treating physicians are less aggressive in the evaluation of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in women compared with men. We suspect that if there were a higher risk-benefit ratio, the bias toward more aggressive evaluations in men would be greater. We attempt to determine whether women with a history of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) who present to the emergency department (ED) with ACS undergo diagnostic cardiac catheterization as frequently as men with CRI and ACS. Methods: We performed an institutional review board–approved, retrospective medical record review of patients who presented to 2 EDs with symptoms of ACS. Trained reviewers extracted data in a standardized format. Demographic information, laboratory data, and hospital course were recorded. Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used to analyze the data. This study was conducted at 2 EDs (a suburban academic teaching hospital and a community hospital). Data were collected from a departmental Performance Improvement initiative. Results: Between February 2002 and September 2003, a total of 493 (302 from a university teaching hospital and 191 from a community hospital) consecutive patient records with the diagnosis of ACS were reviewed. Forty-six percent (70/151) of men and 33% (50/151) of women underwent catheterization. There were 20 men and 11 women with a history of renal insufficiency. One patient was excluded because of a lack of complete data. Forty-five percent (9/20) of men with CRI underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. No (0/10) women with CRI underwent catheterization ( P =.01). Patients who were younger underwent percutaneous intervention more frequently (catheterization: age 70.0 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 63.8 to 76.2 years; no catheterization: age 79.1 years, 95% CI 74.9 to 83.2 years; P =.02). There were no statistical differences of creatinine levels between men and women or between patients who did and did not undergo catheterization. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the rates of diagnostic cardiac catheterization between men and women with ACS and CRI. No women with ACS and CRI underwent catheterization. Future studies will need to investigate why this group did not undergo catheterization.
Cross polarization with high-speed magic-angle spinning

Abstract Cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning 13 C NMR has become an important analytical method for the study of organic solids. At high field strengths, the high magic-angle-sample-spinning (MASS) rates required to suppress spinning sidebands can substantially suppress the dipolar couplings among the abundant protons. This results in dramatic changes in the cross-polarization (CP) dynamics. For samples with both weak homonuclear and heteronuclear dipolar couplings, the matching condition is only 1 ∼ 2 kHz wide at 10 kHz MASS rates. The maximum CP signal for a sample which fills the receiver coil is also rather weak, with an amplitude which is nearly the same as the Bloch decay signal. In addition, intensity distortions are observed in CP spectra due to resonance-offset effects. In this paper it is shown that if the phases of the two RF channels are simultaneously inverted many times during the CP contact, the matching width can be broadened to about 8 kHz, the S magnetization doubled, and intensity distortions significantly reduced. These useful features of rapid simultaneous phase-inversion CP with high-speed MASS are shown by theory to be the result of spin dynamics different than those encountered in static samples where slower phase inversion is employed.
MELTING OF THE ELECTRON GLASS

A model of spinless interacting electrons in the presence of disorder is examined using an extended dynamical mean-field formulation. When the interaction strength is large compared to the Fermi energy, a low temperature glassy phase is identified, which in our formulation corresponds to a replica symmetry breaking instability. The glassy phase is characterized by a pseudogap in the single-particle density of states, reminiscent of the Coulomb gap of Efros and Shklovskii. Because of ergodicity breaking, the ``zero-field-cooled'' compressibility of this electron glass vanishes at $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$, consistent with absence of screening. When the Fermi energy exceeds a critical value, the glassy phase is suppressed, and normal metallic behavior is recovered.
Angioedema in Heart Failure: Occurrence With ACE Inhibitors and Safety of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy

Angioedema is a well-known side effect of treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and one that we have been willing to accept in view of the incidence of the problem and the clear benefits of this class of agents in numerous clinical situations. Angioedema is also seen with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy but much less frequently than with ACE inhibitors. The mechanism for angioedema with ARB therapy remains poorly defined. ACE inhibitor-related angioedema occurs more commonly in black patients. The basis for an increased risk of angioedema in black patients remains unclear. Angioedema can be life-threatening but more times than not it can be managed with conservative treatment measures including specifically the discontinuation of the medication and/or administration of an antihistamine and/or epinephrine. Occasionally, maneuvers to protect the integrity of the airway may be needed. In a heart failure patient having previously experienced ACE inhibitor-related angioedema, ARBs should be used cautiously since angioedema has been reported with ARB therapy in heart failure patients. The need to reduce renin-angiotensin aldosterone system activity in a heart failure patient would seem to justify the small risk of angioedema with ARB therapy in a patient having previously experienced ACE inhibitor-related angioedema.
IMPROVING DIETARY PRACTICES OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS: THE POWER OF PROMPTING, FEEDBACK, AND SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT

Three intervention packages consisting of (a) enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement; (b) a lottery; and (c) serving as a confederate were added and removed in sequence as adjacent conditions in an extended withdrawal design to assess their effects on the dietary choices of elderly persons. Participants were 3 elderly residents of an independent living facility who were identified as making consistently poor dietary choices and who had medical conditions that necessitated changes in their eating habits. All 3 participants demonstrated a marked increase in healthy choices of food items in response to the package of enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement. No additional increase occurred with the introduction of the lottery and serving as a confederate. Food-choice data indicated that most of these improvements could be attributed to healthier entree and dessert choices. Group data for all residents suggested small improvements in dietary practices during the three intervention conditions, with the largest proportion of the group's healthy choices occurring when the lottery was added to enhanced prompts, feedback, and social reinforcement. Food-choice data indicated that most of these improvements could be attributed to healthier dessert choices alone.
Intra-Muslim Debates on Ecology: Is Shari'a Still Relevant?

A survey of the proliferating literature by Muslims on ecology indicates that the majority favors some role for traditional Islamic law in order to solve the current environmental crisis. And so what is the meaning of the word “Shari’a” that appears so often? A close look at this discourse reveals an inherent fuzziness in its use of Shari’a. All of the scholar/activists surveyed in this paper, though on the conservative end of the spectrum, chiefly refer to “Shari’a” as a source of ethical values. The first to address these issues was Iranian-American philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr whose pluralist theology is hospitable to the spiritual input of all faiths; yet the most influential environmentalists today are the British scholars Mawil Izzi Dien and Fazlun Khalid, whose writings and campaigns have impacted millions of Muslims worldwide. Their appeal to past norms of eco-friendly Shari’a norms and their desire to update them in the present context fits nicely with the Earth’s Charter call for “a sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace.”
Accelerating preschoolers' early literacy development through classroom-based teacher-child storybook reading and explicit print referencing

Purpose This study examined the impact of teacher use of a print referencing style during classroom-based storybook reading sessions conducted over an academic year. Impacts on preschoolers' early literacy development were examined, focusing specifically on the domain of print knowledge. Method This randomized, controlled trial examined the effects of a print referencing style on 106 preschool children attending 23 classrooms serving disadvantaged preschoolers. Following random assignment, teachers in 14 classrooms used a print referencing style during 120 large-group storybook reading sessions during a 30-week period. Teachers in 9 comparison classrooms read at the same frequency and with the same storybooks but used their normal style of reading. Results Children whose teachers used a print referencing style showed larger gains on 3 standardized measures of print knowledge: print concept knowledge, alphabet knowledge, and name writing, with medium-sized effects. Clinical Implications The convergence of ...
Interplay of climate seasonality and soil moisture‐rainfall feedback

The soil moisture-rainfall feedback (SMRF) may significantly impact hydro-climatic dynamics, inducing persistent weather conditions that are responsible for prolonged droughts or abnormally wet states. However, externally driven seasonal variability in rainfall and potential evapotranspiration, with the associated patterns of wet and dry conditions, may both interact with such an SMRF. In this study, seasonal variations in radiation and precipitation forcing are included in a stochastic SMRF model with the assumption of a soil moisture-dependent average rainfall frequency to explore their effects on the soil moisture probabilistic structure. The theoretical model results, based on a parameterization using data for soil moisture and climate in Illinois, show that average rainfall frequency peaks in late spring when both the soil condition and the SMRF strength favor convective rainfall triggering. Under such conditions, the soil moisture tends to exhibit bimodal behavior until the SMRF strength becomes weak again toward the end of the growing season. Such a behavior is reminiscent of the dynamics of a system undergoing a periodic, stochastically forced pitchfork bifurcation. The presence of bimodal soil moisture behavior is also verified using nonparametric statistical tests on soil moisture data. The analysis of wet-to-wet and dry-to-dry soil moisture transitions in the joint probability distribution of soil moisture further corroborates the presence of hydro-climatic persistence in the spring-to-summer transition.
InteractiveVirtual Simulation for Multiple Camera Placement

Camera placement plays an integral role in image-based 3D object reconstruction. Poor camera placement can lead to poor reconstruction if important silhouette or texture details are not captured in one view, if a camera is too close and the object silhouette is clipped, or if a camera is too far to provide a high-resolution capture. Some of these constraints are in contention. Manually adjusting real world cameras to satisfy these criteria is difficult and tedious as cameras may have to be unmounted and moved, their output checked for fitness of view, then readjusted. An interactive virtual camera positioning utility is presented that helps the reconstructor quickly and easily choose intuitively good positions, with emphasis on preventing clipping and resolution loss by visualizing the camera-set's mutual viewable volume
Delay-dependent H ∞ control for LPV systems with fast-varying time delays

Presented in this paper is a method for stabilization and induced L 2 -gain (or H ∞ norm) control of Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems with fast-varying time delays. The Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is used to derive the delay-dependent stability analysis and control synthesis conditions. In order to formulate the synthesis conditions as Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), a relaxation method using slack variables is proposed. The introduction of slack variables along with the delay-dependent bounded real lemma conditions results in reduced conservatism with the proposed method. Sufficiency conditions that guarantee the existence of a parameter-dependent state feedback control law are then provided. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed results and compare with recent work in the literature to show the improvements achieved.
Echocardiographic Quantitation of Pericardial Effusion

This study was undertaken to test the validity of M-mode echocardiographic quantitation of pericardial effusion. M-mode estimate of the volume of pericardial effusion in 27 patients was compared with the actual volume of pericardial effusion removed during surgical pericardial drainage. The 16 two-dimensional echocardiographic studies in patients with small, moderate, and large pericardial effusions were reviewed to examine the distribution of pericardial fluid around the heart. Although there was good correlation between the echocardiographic estimate and the actual volume removed during surgery (r = 0.78), significant overestimation and underestimation were noted. Our findings suggest that the errors in the estimate could be attributed in part to difficulties in precise measurement of the epicardial and pericardial landmarks and in part to nonuniform distribution of pericardial fluid around the heart.
An Efficient Low-Power Repeater-Insertion Scheme

Previous repeater-insertion algorithms for power minimization of realistic interconnect trees under given timing budgets are often time consuming. In this paper, the problem of runtime reduction for low-power repeater insertion is investigated. Specifically, a power-sensitivity analysis that links the algorithm runtime and the power dissipation result to the selection of repeater library and candidate repeater locations is performed. Based on the analysis, possible repeater locations and potential repeater widths are selected to increase the efficiency of the low-power repeater-insertion algorithm, achieving a judicious tradeoff between runtime and power savings. Moreover, a novel repeater-insertion algorithm based on the Lagrangian relaxation framework is proposed. The proposed algorithm combines a local optimizer based on the dynamic programming (DP) technique and a fast global search engine using the "ellipsoid method." As a result, the proposed approach is capable of producing high-quality solutions at a very fast speed and without manual tuning of the algorithm parameters. A repeater-insertion tool called Freeze, which uses the proposed algorithm, is developed and applied to various interconnect trees with different timing targets. Experimental results demonstrate the high effectiveness of the proposed approach. In comparison with the state-of-the-art low-power repeater-insertion schemes, Freeze requires 5.8 times fewer iterations on the average, achieving a speedup of up to 9.1 times with even better power savings. When compared with a DP-based scheme, which guarantees the optimal solution, the proposed tool delivers a speedup of up to 14.6 times with less than 2% power increase on the average
Chlorophyll Excitations in Photosystem I of Synechococcus elongatus

The Qy excitation energies of the 96 chlorophyll molecules in photosystem I of Synechococcus elongatus, both in and out of their protein environments, were obtained by using the semiempirical INDO/S method and the crystal structure geometries. The dipole-dipole approximation was used to calculate the coupling between the Qy states of chlorophylls; in the case of closely separated chlorophylls INDO/S dimer calculations were used to determine the couplings. The effective Hamiltonian for chlorophyll Qy excitations was constructed, enabling tentative assignment of red chlorophylls and calculation of the absorption spectrum of PSI.
Population Dynamics and Potential for Biological Control of an Exotic Invasive Shrub in Hawaiian Rainforests

Introduction of biological control agents to reduce the abundance of exotic invasive plant species is often considered necessary but risky. I used matrix projection models to investigate the current population dynamics of Clidemia hirta (Melastomataceae), an invasive shrub, in two rainforest stands on the island of Hawaii and to predict the efficacy of hypothetical biological control agents in reducing population growth rates. Stage-structured matrix models were parameterized with field data collected over 3 years from 2906 C. hirta plants in a recently invaded forest with an open overstory (Laupahoehoe) and 600 plants in a less recently invaded forest with a closed canopy (Waiakea). Asymptotic population growth rates (λ) for both populations in all years were greater than one, demonstrating that both populations were growing. Composite elasticities were high for the seedling life-history stage and fecundity, and near-term demographic elasticities suggested that changes in seedling survival would have the largest effect on population size in the short term. However, simulations showed that almost 100% of seedlings or new recruits produced per reproductive adult would have to be destroyed to cause populations to go locally extinct under current environmental conditions. Herbivores or pathogens that decrease survival across all vegetative stages by 12% at Waiakea and 64% at Laupahoehoe were projected to cause the populations to decline. Thus, biocontrol agents that reduce survival of multiple life-history stages rather than seed production should be pursued to control C. hirta in Hawaiian rainforests.
Ambiguity function, polynomial phase signals and higher-order cyclostationarity

By establishing a relationship between the classical ambiguity function and the sample cyclic cross correlation, it is shown that the former provides consistent estimates of delay and Doppler when the target echoes are observed in stationary noise. A novel fourth-order ambiguity function is proposed for estimating the delay and Doppler from random modulated Doppler-spread echoes. It is also shown that the conventional yields inconsistent estimates when the modulating process is zero-mean. Next, a method exploiting cyclostationarity of the signal is proposed for estimating the position and track of a generally maneuvering target or source. The received signal in this case can be modeled as a random amplitude polynomial phase process. Because of the statistical framework, the proposed approach also allows multiple signals, is theoretically insensitive to any stationary noise and provides a sequential estimation procedure. >
Analysis of Packet Error Probability in Delay Constrained Communication Over Fading Channels

Future wireless networks are expected to provide quality of service (QoS) guarantees. QoS requirements at the networking layers include data rate, delay bound, and packet error probability. However, these QoS requirements pose significant challenges since wireless fading channels may cause severe QoS violations. To mitigate fading effects, adaptive schemes such as transmission rate control and power control are usually used. In this paper, we study a wireless communication system that adapts the transmission rate; we assume that the channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter side, and the transmission power is fixed. The system under study consists of 1) a discrete-time queueing system on the link layer, and 2) a channel coding system on the physical layer. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship among packet error probability, data rate, delay bound, and buffer size. In our analysis, we consider three types of packet errors, i.e., 1) packet drop due to full buffer, 2) packet drop due to delay bound violation, and 3) packet decoding error due to channel noise. We derive packet drop probability and decoding error probability for our system, and obtain an upper bound on the packet error probability. Furthermore, by minimizing the packet error probability over the transmission rate, we obtain an optimal rate control law that guarantees the user-specified data rate and delay bound. Our results show that our analysis agrees well with simulation.
Professor or Producer: The Two Faces of Academic Man

In the present analysis the sociologist is seen as a member of two distinct professional communities within which he plays two separate roles. Utilizing a sample of 262 sociologists receiving the Ph.D. in the period 1945 through 1949, their membership in a community of disciplinary specialists is analysed through publication output, membership in the American Sociological Association and current institutional affiliation. These kinds of data reflect a different orientation to the community of disciplinary specialists as compared to the community of college teaching. High productivity, membership in the Association and affiliation with a major university connote strong situational pressures and personal orientation to the community of disciplinary specialists. Persons who do not publish are less likely to affiliate with the Association and are more likely to be affiliated with four-year colleges and to be primarily committed to the community of college teaching. T HIS paper is concerned with the academic sociologist as a member of two professional communities: the community of college teaching and the community of disciplinary specialists. Inherent in these two distinct communities are roles which call for quite different kinds of behavior, a fact which has been obscured because often the same persons are actors in both. Further complicating matters, in-migration into both communities usually takes place at the same time, the credentials for membership in the communities are comparable, and often role performance in one of the communities has a bearing on the evaluation of a man in the other, this despite the dissimilarity between role requirements. Nevertheless each of the communities may be treated as an independent one in its own right by virtue of the following characteristics: ". . .1) Its members are bound by a sense of identity. 2) Once in it, few leave, so that it is a terminal or continuing status for the most part. 3) Its members share values in common. 4) Its role definitions vis-a-vis both members and non-members are agreed upon and are the same for all members. 5) Within the areas of communal action there is a common language, which is understood only partially by outsiders. 6) The community has power over its members. 7) Its limits are reasonably clear, though they are not (usually) physical and geographic, but social. 8) Though it does not produce the next generation biologically, it does so socially through its control over the selection of professional trainees. and through its training process it This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Wed, 31 Aug 2016 05:03:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Ultrastructure of the posterior half of the intestine of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

The posterior half of the channel catfish intestine has a similar histological organization to that of other teleost fishes. This region is organized into a muscosa, a submucosa, a double layered muscularis and a serosa. A "stratum compactum" of dense connective tissue was confirmed for the submucosa. In its histology and cytology, the midgut resembles the hindgut, except that in the hindgut the muscularis is thicker, the microvilli are shorter, there are fewer absorptive inclusions in the columnar cells and there are more goblet cells. With the exception of the serosa, the tissue layers of the intestine of the 6 cm juvenile catfish are fully developed. The most notable difference between the intestines of the juvenile and adult catfish occurs in the columnar epithelial cells. The mucosal cells of the juvenile catfish contain an abundance of large clear vacuoles while the mucosal cells of the mature catfish contain smaller dense granules. With few exceptions, the ultrastructural details of the cells in the catfish intestine are identical to those of the same cell types of the mammalian intestine.
DO SEEDS HINDER DIGESTIVE PROCESSING OF FRUIT PULP? IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANT/FRUGIVORE MUTUALISMS

The seeds of bird-dispersed fruits could impose significant costs on frugi- vores if seed bulk reduces the effective capacity of the gut and, hence, reduces the rate of nutrient intake. This has led to the notion that avian frugivores pass food through their di- gestive tracts rapidly to minimize the effects of seeds on nutrient acquisition. Consequently, avian frugivores are thought to utilize fruit sugars inefficiently, because this permits higher intake and sugar-assimilation rates from a supposedly energy-dilute food. I evaluated the influence of seed bulk on intake and absorption of sugars from chokecherry fruits (Prunus virginiana) by Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum), American Robins (Turdus migratorius ), Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina), Gray-cheeked Thrushes (Catharus minimus), and Her- mit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus). I compared Cedar Waxwings with thrushes to determine if they differed in how seed bulk affects digestion of fruit. Cedar Waxwings have higher mass-specific intake rates of sugary fruits than do thrushes; because waxwings defecate all seeds, whereas thrushes regurgitate many seeds, the difference in intake of sugary fruits between waxwings and thrushes may result from ingestion/fruit-processing limitations as- sociated with mode of seed processing. For all species, seeds did not reduce rates of intake and sugar absorption from chokecherry fruit pulp. All birds assimilated sugars from choke- cherry fruits efficiently, and digestive processing of seeds did not reduce sugar absorption. Rates of fruit processing were closely tied to rates of sugar absorption, rather than to the physical composition of the diet. My results suggest that current models of digestive func- tion in avian frugivores are seriously flawed. Because differences in intake rates of sugary fruits between waxwings and thrushes were independent of the presence of seeds, these differences were not due to different modes of seed processing. Received 13 January 1997,
Aberrant glycosylation associated with enzymes as cancer biomarkers.

Background One of the new roles for enzymes in personalized medicine builds on a rational approach to cancer biomarker discovery using enzyme-associated aberrant glycosylation. A hallmark of cancer, aberrant glycosylation is associated with differential expressions of enzymes such as glycosyltransferase and glycosidases. The aberrant expressions of the enzymes in turn cause cancer cells to produce glycoproteins with specific cancer-associated aberrations in glycan structures.
Rewritable nanoscale oxide photodetector

Researchers report rewritable nanoscale photodetectors that exploit 2–3 nm nanowire junctions. Large electromagnetic fields in the gap region aid the detector response, which is electric-field-tunable and spans the visible to near-infrared regime.
c = 1 - 6(n - 1) 2 /n, Theories Coupled to Gravity: A Comment on their Possible Lattice Models Realizations

We discuss the recently proposed logarithmic violation of scaling for c = 1 − 6(n − 1)2/n theories in the light of lattice models. We study for this purpose the Q state Potts model in its antiferromagnetic regime eK − 1 = −Q1/2, coupled to gravity. Setting Q1/2 = 2 cosπ/t, this model is known to have a generic central charge c = 1 − 6(t − 1)2/t. Summing over all possible planar graphs allows us to make connection with Kostov's solution of IRF models, and to calculate the genus zero properties along the critical line. Except for n = 1, 2 we do not get indications of logarithmic violations. The apparent regularity of the thermodynamic properties (γstr = −(n − 1) = integer) is explained by a discontinuity of the free energy of the Potts model when Q crosses the Beraha numbers , n ≥ 3 in the antiferromagnetic region. Such behavior was recently observed for some regular lattices. The logarithmic terms for n = 2, c = −2 appear simply because a derivative with respect to Q has to be taken to define a non-vanishing partition function. Only the n = 1, c = 1 logarithmic terms seem to have a non-trivial origin.
Fee-for-Service Drug Information Centers:

Many university and hospital-based drug information centers have implemented fee-for-service systems. However, it is unclear how the services are operated and contracted, and how clients are recruited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate university and hospital-based drug information centers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States that had fee-for-service systems. A survey consisting of 14 questions (United States and Canada) or 15 questions (United Kingdom) was sent to 221 drug information centers. Ninety four drug information centers responded (43%), 17 (18%) of which had implemented a fee-for-service system. The data were entered and Microsoft Access and Excel programs were used to analyze them. The findings include that clients are usually recruited by word-of-mouth, and that fees charged vary among drug information centers and are highly dependent on the project and the situation.
Understanding the barriers to recruiting women in engineering and technology programs

The traditional model for interesting young women in technical careers involves alluding to the "adventure" or "uniqueness" of the career field and emphasizes hardware or products. This may actually be a de-motivator. The traditional recruiting model ignores the internal needs of young women who are conscious of self-image and self worth. At a time when they are coming to grips with these factors, teenage women are bombarded with imagery of what is considered successful. This leads to perceptions that by entering technical career fields women are going to be perceived as less feminine. Additionally, interviews find young women still assume males have superior technical knowledge. Young women indicate a desire for a career where there is professionalism, camaraderie, support, and courtesy. Young women's anxieties are normal, but they cause women to purposely not seek technical careers. This study examines perceptions young women have regarding what factors they perceive are nonsupportive.
Classifying protein-protein interaction articles using word and syntactic features

Background: Identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) from literature is an important step in mining the function of individual proteins as well as their biological network. Since it is known that PPIs have distinctive patterns in text, machine learning approaches have been successfully applied to mine these patterns. However, the complex nature of PPI description makes the extraction process difficult. Results: Our approach utilizes both word and syntactic features to effectively capture PPI patterns from biomedical literature. The proposed method automatically identifies gene names by a Priority Model, then extracts grammar relations using a dependency parser. A large margin classifier with Huber loss function learns from the extracted features, and unknown articles are predicted using this data-driven model. For the BioCreative III ACT evaluation, our official runs were ranked in top positions by obtaining maximum 89.15% accuracy, 61.42% F1 score, 0.55306 MCC score, and 67.98% AUC iP/R score. Conclusions: Even though problems still remain, utilizing syntactic information for article-level filtering helps improve PPI ranking performance. The proposed system is a revision of previously developed algorithms in our group for the ACT evaluation. Our approach is valuable in showing how to use grammatical relations for PPI article filtering, in particular, with a limited training corpus. While current performance is far from satisfactory as an annotation tool, it is already useful for a PPI article search engine since users are mainly focused on highly-ranked results.
Snowfall Associated with a Terrain-Generated Convergence Zone during the Winter Icing and Storm Project

Abstract The Longmont anticyclone, a region of low-level anticyclonic turning and convergence during episodes of northerly winds along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, is documented for a snow event that occurred during the Winter Icing and Storms Project. The complex terrain in this region, especially the barrier to the west and the sloping Cheyenne Ridge to the north, is critical for the formation of this mesoscale feature. Upward motions related to this persistent convergent region downstream of the Cheyenne Ridge can strongly influence local snowfall distributions. The particular event studied in this manuscript was weakly forced on the synoptic scale. Through close examination of Doppler radar, special sounding and surface mesonetwork data, the effects of the Longmont anticyclone on snowfall were determined. The results of the analyses suggest that the convergence triggered convective snowbands in a region of delayed postfrontal cold advection at low levels. A series of mesoscale model simulat...
Fiberglass Vs. Synthetic Air Filtration Media

This paper deals with ASHRAE filters used in air filtration applications and summarizes, on the basis of current research work, some of the reasons for the disagreement that exists among filter manufacturers concerning the properties and performance of various types of air filter media in general, glass and synthetic media in particular. Attention is also drawn to some important items that need to be incorporated in test methods and to some factors that could be affecting filter performance
Volunteer driven home safety intervention results in significant reduction in pediatric injuries: A model for community based injury reduction ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background Home based injuries account for a significant number of injuries to children between 1 and 5years old. Evidence-based safety interventions delivered in the home with installation of safety equipment have been demonstrated to reduce injury rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a community based volunteer implemented home safety intervention. Methods In partnership with a community with high injury rates for children between 1 and 5years old, a home safety bundle was developed and implemented by volunteers. The safety bundle included installing evidence based safety equipment. Monthly community emergency room attended injury rates as well as emergency room attended injuries occurring in intervention and nonintervention homes was tracked throughout the study. Results Between May 2012 and May 2014 a total of 207 homes with children 1–5years old received the home safety bundle. The baseline monthly emergency room attended injury rate for children aged 1–5years within our target community was 11.3/1000 and that within our county was 8.7/1000. Following the intervention current rates are now 10.3/1000 and 9.2/1000 respectively. Within intervention homes the injury rate decreased to 4.2/1000 while the rate in the homes not receiving the intervention experienced an increase in injury rate to 12/1000 ( p p Conclusion Children in homes that received a volunteer-provided, free home safety bundle experienced 59% fewer injuries than would have been expected. By partnering with community leaders and organizing volunteers, proven home safety interventions were successfully provided to 207 homes during a two-year period, and a decline in community injury rates for children younger than 5years was observed compared to county wide injury rates.
Computing Two-Dimensional Dam-Break Flood Waves

A mathematical model of two-dimensional unsteady flow through a breached dam is developed. The numerical method of characteristics in three independent variables is used to construct an algorithm correct to second order with respect to time. The solution progresses at specified time intervals. At any time, the flow conditions are obtained by extending characteristic conoids back to a previously computed time plane and allowing information to propagate along the curvilinear rays of these conoids. Both the negative wave propagating into the reservoir and the jet emerging from the breach and eventually inundating the valley downstream of the dam are modeled in detail. Arbitrary dam geometry and channel topography can be taken into account. Propagation of the wave fronts is simulated by a computational grid moving with time. The exact computed results of the model are presented graphically as axonometric projects for the depth, and as plan-view, two-dimensional vector fields for the flow velocities.
2,4-Di­chloro-1-iodo-6-nitro­benzene

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H2Cl2INO2, there are weak C—H⋯Cl inter­actions and I⋯O [3.387 (4) A] close contacts. These inter­actions form sheets in the ac plane, with the closest contact between adjacent planes occurring between inversion-related nitro O atoms [3.025 (8) A]. The molecule possesses mirror symmetry, with the halogen, N and C atoms all lying in the mirror plane. Hence, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the nitro group is 90°.
Sites of Liberation or Sites of Despair?: The Challenges and Possibilities of Democratic Education in an Urban Public School in New York City

This article considers the possibilities of critical democratic education through the lived experiences of students at an urban U.S. public school. I show how students shape their own educational trajectories amid larger meta-narratives about schooling to illuminate the complexities and paradoxes of democratic schools. I argue that democratic schools are neither sites of transformation nor sites of despair, but rather sites where agency is negotiated, contested, and remade, often in unexpected, unassuming, and contradictory ways.
Structure Determination of Lipids: Comparison of Classical Methods and New Approaches Involving Charge-Remote Fragmentation

Classical methods for determining structure of complex lipids are briefly reviewed. The practical aspects of FAB MS and FAB MS/MS coupled with charge-remote fragmentation for analysis of lipids are discussed. FAB MS is useful for obtaining molecular weight information. Phosphoglycerides can be successfully analyzed by FAB MS in the negative ion mode directly without derivitization. Free fatty acids or those liberated from complex lipids can be analyzed directly without the need for a reference standard by using FAB MS/MS and charge-remote fragmentation.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Supramolecular Donor–Acceptor Peptide Nanostructures under Aqueous Conditions

We report the synthesis, self-assembly, and electron transfer capabilities of peptide-based electron donor–acceptor molecules and supramolecular nanostructures. These modified peptides contain π-conjugated oligothiophene electron donor cores that are peripherally substituted with naphthalene diimide electron acceptors installed via imidation of site-specific lysine residues. These molecules self-assemble into one-dimensional nanostructures in aqueous media, as shown through steady-state absorption, photoluminescence, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as transmission electron microscopy. Excitation of the oligothiophene donor moieties results in electron transfer to the acceptor units, ultimately creating polar, charge-separated states that persist for over a nanosecond as observed with transient absorption spectroscopy. This study demonstrates how transient electric fields can be engineered into aqueous nanomaterials of biomedical relevance through external, temporally controlled photonic inputs.