cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MHD simulations of oppositely propagating Alfvén waves in the magnetosheath and solar wind

Recent WIND and GEOTAIL observations indicate that Alfven waves can reverse their direction of propagation relative to the ambient magnetic field when they cross the bow shock [Sibeck et al., 1997]. To investigate this effect, we use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to study an Alfven wave (AW) propagating into the magnetosheath. Our results are consistent with the observations. The AW is set to propagate with a wave vector k pointing anti-sunward and largely opposite to the magnetic field direction, i.e. B · k < 0. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is given a typical Parker spiral angle. The primary Alfven wave that is transmitted into the magnetosheath (AW′) continues to propagate anti-sunward. In the dusk magnetosheath, AW′ largely maintains this propagation direction through its entire passage through the magnetosheath. On the dawn side, however, AW′ changes propagation direction relative to the magnetic field so that it propagates along the magnetic field instead of against it, i.e. B · k becomes positive. This effect is strongest in the region of the magnetosheath where field line draping forces the x component of the ambient IMF to change sign. The reversal of B · k is the end result of a phase shift between the velocity and magnetic field perturbations that occurs smoothly as the wave propagates toward the magnetopause.
Immune control of Babesia bovis infection

Babesia bovis causes an acute and often fatal infection in adult cattle, which if resolved, leads to a state of persistent infection in otherwise clinically healthy cattle. Persistently infected cattle are generally resistant to reinfection with related parasite strains, and this resistance in the face of infection is termed concomitant immunity. Young animals are generally more resistant than adults to B. bovis infection, which is dependent on the spleen. Despite the discovery of B. bovis over a century ago, there are still no safe and effective vaccines that protect cattle against this most virulent of babesial pathogens. Immunodominant antigens identified by serological reactivity and dominant T-cell antigens have failed to protect cattle against challenge. This review describes the innate and acquired immune mechanisms that define resistance in young calves and correlate with the development of concomitant immunity in older cattle following recovery from clinical disease. The first sections will discuss the innate immune responses by peripheral blood- and spleen-derived macrophages in cattle induced by B. bovis merozoites and their products that limit parasite replication, and comparison of natural killer cell responses in the spleens of young (resistant) and adult (susceptible) cattle. Later sections will describe a proteomic approach to discover novel antigens, especially those recognized by immune CD4+ T lymphocytes. Because immunodominant antigens have failed to stimulate protective immunity, identification of subdominant antigens may prove to be important for effective vaccines. Identification of CD4+ T-cell immunogenic proteins and their epitopes, together with the MHC class II restricting elements, now makes possible the development of MHC class II tetramers and application of this technology to both quantify antigen-specific lymphocytes during infection and discover novel antigenic epitopes. Finally, with the imminent completion of the B. bovis genome-sequencing project, strategies using combined genomic and proteomic approaches to identify novel vaccine candidates will be reviewed. The availability of an annotated B. bovis genome will, for the first time, enable identification of non-immunodominant proteins that may stimulate protective immunity.
Improving quality of public domain digital elevation models through data fusion

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) fusion was investigated for improving the overall accuracy of DEMs. The approach was applied to two public domain products: Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) DEM. The ASTER relative DEM was co-registered to the SRTM co-ordinates and converted to an absolute DEM by shifting the histogram to the average elevation of the SRTM DEM. The voids in the DEMs were filled through an erosion technique using the slope and aspect from the other DEM and the elevation of surrounding pixels. Finally, the DEMs were converted to the frequency domain and an ideal low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.024 m −1 was applied to the ASTER DEM and a high-pass filter with the same cut-off frequency was applied to the SRTM DEM to filter out errors in the respective frequency ranges. The filtered DEM spectra were then summed in the frequency domain before being converted back to the spatial domain. This approach was tested in a 6000 ha test site with fairly complex topography located in the central region of Nepal. The fused DEM had a 42% improvement in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The approach showed promise for improving DEM accuracy and completeness while maintaining the highest resolution of the input DEMs. This approach increased the reliability and applicability of public domain DEMs produced by Optical and Radar remote sensing technologies.
Measuring the Human Capital Intensity of Government Spending and its Impact on Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries

This paper contradicts previous findings of a lack of relationship between government spending and long run economic growth. The paper argues that government spending has several opposing effects on growth. I focus on one of these, ‘relative wage effects,’ involving the human capital intensity of government spending. The paper constructs two rough measures of this variable for a diverse cross-section of countries, and uses them to disentangle relative wage effects from other effects of government spending. The paper finds that, after netting out relative wage effects, government spending is positively correlated with growth across countries. Furthermore, as the theory predicts, relative wage effects appear to be empirically important in countries where (a) government spending comprises a sufficiently large share of aggregate spending, and (b) government spending is particularly human capital-intensive.
Detection of Rotavirus RNA in Hospital Air Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • 828

Detection of Rotavirus RNA in Hospital Air Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) • 828
Kierkegaard on belief without justification

Some years ago, while reading Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript, it struck me that there was a rational argument imbedded in the central section which claims that truth is subjectivity. Apparently, at about the same time, it must also have struck Louis P. Pojman of Christ Church, Oxford, since I have recently come across a paper of his entitled "Kierkegaard on Justification of Belief" which argues to that effect.1 Upon careful reading of his article, however, it seemed more and more to me that our views were not actually similar, or if so, only on the surface. In fact, I finally sensed that Mr. Pojman had misused the argument of the Postscript I had been so intent to delimit. In order, then, to defend that argument against a possible abuse, and reassert what I take to be the position of the Postscript itself, I hope here to examine certain matters in an attempt to offer an extensive criticism of Pojman's account which might both convincingly refute his position as well as clarify my own. Since I have already developed a fairly specific version of the argument of the Postscript elsewhere, I will try to present that account as briefly as possible.2 1 took the argument to be aimed, according to its author's own admission, at the task of making "the necessity of the paradox evident,"3 and claimed the logic of that reasoning, which led to the positing of the absurd, to be moving according to the following design, here summarized into 14 points.
Blockholder Scarcity, Takeovers, and Ownership Structures

Agency problems in firms are prevalent because of a scarcity of wealthy principals with corporate govern-ance ability, whom we call "restructuring specialists". We investigate how this scarce resource, "agency cost-free capital," is allocated. We show that the restructuring specialists may acquire blocks only in those states of the world in which they can increase firm value the most, which corresponds to a takeover. Firms with dispersed ownership and firms with a financial intermediary as a blockholder can coexist, although they are otherwise identical. The model can explain differences in corporate ownership structures and re-structuring mechanisms across economies.
Optical frequency shifter for heterodyne interferometers using multiple rotating polarization retarders.

Twyman-Green. This Letter describes a method by which the frequency shift equals 4N times the rotation rate, where N is the number of rotating components available. The advantage of this method over previously described methods is that a higher heterodyne frequency is possible than with the previously described techniques. Let the light entering an interferometer, shown in Fig. 1, be separated into two orthogonal linear polarizations using, for example, a polarization beam splitter P. Each component travels a separate path through the interferometer cavity seeing a different optical phase retardation. Upon recombination the light passes through the frequency shifter and onto a detector plane, where the temporally varying optical signal has a phase equal to the net phase difference between the two paths inside the interferometer. The frequency shifter, which we shall describe using Jones calculus 3 and the complex wave representation of light, consists of a stationary quarterwave plate (QS) followed by a series of rotating halfwave plates (Hr) separated by stationary halfwave plates (HS), followed by a stationary linear polarizer (LS). The following analysis demonstrates a frequency shift of eight times the rotation rate of the halfwave plates. We begin by treating the horizontal (X) component, which we represent by
Searchlight: helping mobile devices find their neighbors

The rapid deployment of millions of handheld communication devices has resulted in a demand for physical proximity-based opportunistic networking. However, the success of these emerging ad hoc networks requires that a device should be able to search and find other devices in its vicinity without infrastructure support, without consuming too much battery power, and preferably without requiring clock synchronization. While approaches exist to solve this problem of energy-efficient asynchronous neighbor discovery, they present an unpleasant trade-off between good average-case performance (probabilistic approaches) and strict bound on worst-case discovery latency (deterministic approaches). In response to these limitations, we present Searchlight, an asynchronous neighbor discovery protocol that has both deterministic and probabilistic components, a novel combination that enables it to have both good average-case performance and the best worst-case bound for any given energy budget.
Infrared spectroscopic measurements of the ethane (C2H6) total column abundance above Mauna Loa, Hawaii -- seasonal variations

About 200 i.r. solar spectra recorded at 0.01/ cm resolution on 71 days between November 1991 and July 1993 at the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) station at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (latitude 19.53 deg N, longitude 155.58 deg W, elevation 3.459 km) have been analyzed with a nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting technique to study temporal variations in the total column of atmospheric ethane (C2H6) above the site. The results were derived from the analysis of the unresolved nu(sub 7) band (sup P)Q(sub 3) subbranch at 2976.8/cm. A distinct seasonal cycle is observed with a factor of 2 variation, a maximum total column of 1.1 6 x 10(exp 16) mol /sq cm at the end of winter, and a minimum total column of 0.53 x 10(exp 16) mol/sq cm at the end of summer. Our measurements are compared with previous observations and model predictions.
Current directions in computer-enhanced radiology.

— A review of the current on-line systems and developmental research in applications of computers to clinical radiology indicates considerable use in therapeutic and nuclear radiology today. The most discussed new use in diagnostic radiology is computer-generated reports, with advantages including time-saving and retrievability and disadvantages including cost and potential difficulty in teaching.
New structural information on a humic acid from two-dimensional 1H-13C correlation solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance.

New information on the chemical structure of a peat humic acid has been obtained using a series of two-dimensional 1H-13C heteronuclear correlation solid-state NMR (HETCOR) experiments with different contact times and with spectral editing by dipolar dephasing and 13C transverse relaxation filtering. Carbon-bonded methyl groups (C-CH3) are found to be near both aliphatic and O-alkyl but not aromatic groups. The spectra prove that most OCH3 groups are connected directly with the aromatic rings, as is typical in lignin. As a result, about one-third of the aromatic C-O groups is not phenolic C-OH but C-OCH3. Both protonated and unprotonated anomeric O-C-O carbons are identified in the one- and two-dimensional spectra. COO groups are found predominantly in OCHn-COO environments, but some are also bonded to aromatic rings and aliphatic groups. All models of humic acids in the literature lack at least some of the features observed here. Compositional heterogeneity was studied by introducing 1H spin diffusion in...
Rat lens choline and ethanolamine kinases : independent kinetics in intact tissue-competition in homogenates

In the committed step of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, choline and ethanolamine are phosphorylated to form phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine. Studies of rat tissues in several laboratories attribute these two kinase activities to a single enzyme for which choline and ethanolamine are competing alternative substrates. However, in this study of intact cultured lenses, choline and ethanolamine were phosphorylated independently, and neither compound inhibited phosphorylation of the other, even at high lenticular concentrations. In contrast, choline kinase in lens homogenates was competitively inhibited by ethanolamine (Ki = 2.3 mM), and choline strongly inhibited ethanolamine kinase activity. The results suggest a fragile metabolic compartmentation or organization of kinase enzyme(s) or substrates within the intact, physiologically integrated lens which results in striking changes in kinetic characteristics when the biological organization of the lens is disrupted.
A technique for the continuous indication of waveguide reflection coefficient, impedance or admittance

Apparatus is described which yields a continuous indication of the complex reflection coefficient of a waveguide component, presented in the form of a cathode-ray tube display. The indication is derived from the simultaneous observation of the standing-wave pattern at three or more suitably spaced points by means of a multiple-detector arrangement. A special bolometer element has been developed for this purpose. The equipment is particularly useful for the rapid measurement of v.s.w.r. values close to unity, the accuracy attainable being of the same order as that of a good-quality slotted-section standing-wave indicator. The only specialized microwave component used is the multiple-detector section, a relatively simple and inexpensive unit. Any one detector section may be used over a ±20% range of guide wavelength and the display unit does not require modification.
Isolation of transcribed DNA sequences from chromosome 21 using mouse fetal cDNA

A technique for isolating DNA sequences that are likely to be transcriptionally active in both humans and mice has been developed. This method is based on the screening of a human genomic DNA library with single stranded cDNA prepared from late gestation mouse fetal RNA. Using a human chromosome 21 DNA library, we have isolated and characterized two clones which are entirely composed of single copy human DNA sequences and are 2.7 and 6.7 kilobases in length. The 2.7 kilobase clone is homologous to a transcript found predominantly in nonpolyadenylated human fibroblast RNA. It also shows homology to mouse genomic DNA and recognises several polyadenylated RNAs in mouse testis. This cloned sequence has been mapped by in situ hybridization to the distal third of chromosome 21, the region involved in the causation of Down syndrome.
Lactate production by human monocytes/macrophages determined by proton mr spectroscopy

Elevated brain lactate has been observed by in vivo proton MRS in different pathological situations. The origin of this lactate remains controversial. The possibility that it was produced by the metabolism of phagocytic cells has been proposed. To investigate this hypothesis, the authors have employed high-resolution proton MRS to monitor changes in glucose, lactate, and other metabolites in the medium used to culture human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. Results show that the differentiation of human monocytes/macrophages in the presence of physiological stimulating factors (M-CSF or GM-CSF) was associated with an increase in lactate production and glucose utilization. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that lactate detected by proton MRS in vivo may be produced by the metabolism of macrophages when infiltrates of these cells are present. The possible extrapolation of the authors' finding to the in vivo situation and its relevance are discussed.
A Simple Liquid Chromatographic Method for Quantitative Extraction of Hydrophobic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract We are reporting a rapid, high-capacity liquid chromatographic method for quantitative extraction and concentration of hydrophobic compounds from biological fluids and aqueous solutions. Samples are injected into commerically-available cartridges (Sep-Pak C18R) containing a microparticulate, reversed phase packing which retains hydrophobic compounds. Inorganic salts and organic hydrophilic contaminants are removed with a water wash. Hydrophobic compounds are eluted quantitatively with minimal volumes (∼5 ml) of organic solvents. As demonstrated with radiolabeled taurocholate, thin-layer chromatography, enzymatic fluorimetry and capillary gas chromatography, complete recovery of bile salts from large volumes of urine, serum, amniotic fluid and hydrolysis reaction mixtures was achieved at flow rates up to 20 ml/min. A single cartridge concentrated approximately 50 mg of either taurocholate or the more polar bile salt, taurolithocholate sulfate. The technique is simple and applicable to the isolatio...
Age-Specific Survival of Tundra Swans on the Lower Alaska Peninsula

Abstract. The population of Tundra Swans (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) breeding on the lower Alaska Peninsula represents the southern extremity of the species' range and is uniquely nonmigratory. We used data on recaptures, resightings, and recoveries of neck-collared Tundra Swans on the lower Alaska Peninsula to estimate collar loss, annual apparent survival, and other demographic parameters for the years 1978– 1989. Annual collar loss was greater for adult males fitted with either the thinner collar type (0.34) or the thicker collar type (0.15) than for other age/sex classes (thinner: 0.10, thicker: 0.04). The apparent mean probability of survival of adults (0.61) was higher than that of immatures (0.41) and for both age classes varied considerably by year (adult range: 0.44–0.95, immature range: 0.25–0.90). To assess effects of permanent emigration by age and breeding class, we analyzed post hoc the encounter histories of swans known to breed in our study area. The apparent mean survival of known br...
Bifurcation Phenomena in Burner-Stabilized Premixed Flames

Abstract The one-dimensional stability of an isobaric burner-stabilized premixed flame is investigated for arbitrary Lewis number and stoichiometry in the asymptotic limit of large activation energy. Assuming a one-step irreversible chemical reaction in which fuel and oxidizer react to form a product, a linear stability analysis is Used to calculate the neutral stability boundary in Lewis number-activation energy space as a function of incoming flow velocity (or equivalently, the burned temperature) The major result is that although a steady-state adiabatic flame is likely to be stable for typical parameter values, a value of the incoming flow velocity sufficiently less than the adiabatic flame speed is destabilizing to the extent that the unstable region becomes feasible for many flames. Consequently, if all other parameters are fixed, there exists for such flames a critical value of the incoming flow velocity at which the time-asymptotic solution to the time-dependent problem bifurcates from the nontriv...
Marginalization and health: children's asthma on the Texas‐Mexico border

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate children's vulnerability to asthma and its relationship with marginalized locations. More specifically, the effects of zip code level social predictors on children's asthma and their conditionality on location in the Texas‐Mexico border region are explored. The border region is perhaps the most marginalized in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – Data for analysis comes from the State of Texas and the US Bureau of the Census. Negative binomial regression models are used to predict asthma hospitalizations using a set of social predictors. Then, interaction effects are used to test if social predictors are conditional on border location.Findings – Within the state of Texas, location in a metropolitan area, location along the US‐Mexico border, percent Hispanic, percent African American and percent Native American are positive and significant predictors of asthma hospitalizations; social class is negative and significant. The effects of proportion of Hisp...
Using An Exponential Equation to Describe Adsorption/Desorption Processes of Water on Composite Soil at Constant Pressure

Using the assumption that adsorption as a function of time may be expressed by an exponential equation, viz. ΔM = g + he -t/τ, it is possible to obtain the amount of water vapour adsorbed by a composite soil without waiting for equilibrium, which usually takes a long time. Given the experimental data for the amounts adsorbed versus time, one can determine g, h and τ, together with the amounts adsorbed at equilibrium by extrapolating the above equation to t → ∞. It is also possible to calculate the error trends in these parameters as a function of time by comparing the values at time t with those obtained for the longest experimental time. The error trends of the equation with time arise from the comparison of the experimental values with those predicted by the exponential equation. We have discovered that although different lengths of time are necessary for different pressures, generally a time between 1.5τ and 2τ is sufficient to obtain reliable results with errors less than 5%. We have also found that t...
Impossibilities of Reconciliation: Validity in Mixed Theory Projects

This article discusses how validity and truth claims, which are often based on singular theoretical and philosophical assumptions, are negotiated within qualitative research practices created at th...
FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CERTAIN SPECIES AS INFLUENCED BY X-RADIATION OF BUDS.

X-radiation of susceptible plants which are nearing the reproductive stage usually causes abscission of buds or certain types of anomalies in flower structure. An earlier paper by the writer (3) reports the occurrence of abnormalities of floral parts including the production of double flowers when tomato plants were given three X-ray doses previous to blossoming. A single heavy dose usually causes bud abscission ; later growth may produce blossoms some of which are normal, while others are double or triple. Goodspeed (1) noted that in Nicotiana langsdorffi buds of the terminal inflorescence were abscissed immediately after treatment and all the first flowers on laterals were abnormal. After a short time, only normal flowers were produced. Moore and Haskins (4) reported that irradiated petunia buds gave rise to blossoms displaying various anomalies. The present article discusses various types of abnormalities in flower structure which result when young buds are irradiated with one medium dose. A rather extended analysis of the relationship found to exist between the degree of bud development at the time of treatment and the occurrence and character of the anomalies produced will be given for one of the species used in the experimentation.
INDUCED COLORS AND COLORS PRODUCED BY CHROMATIC ILLUMINATION MAY HAVE SIMILAR PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES

Summa~y.-Thirteen 0s obtained afterimages of each of two targets. The "induced" target was a green ring surrounding an achromatic (but phenomenally magenta) disk; the "neutralized" target was the same as the induced one, except that chromatic green illumination was added to the disk so as to make it phenomenally achromatic. Two findings support the conjecture that the retinal process underlying perception of induced colors is similar to that underlying perception of colors produced by chromatic illumiaation: (1) an induced magenta can be mixed with a green produced by chromatic illumination so as to yield a phenomenally neutral color, and (2) the green in the afterimage of the disk in the induced target was more saturated than the green in the afterimage of the disk in the neutralized target. Induced colors are typically reported in an achromatic area that is surrounded by a colored one. The induced colors are similar in hue to the complementary of the inducing or surrounding color. Self (1959) found that the saturation of the induced color is approximated by a linear function of the saturation of the inducing color. Self suggests that a process described by Schouten and Ornstein (1939) may be the neural mechanism underlying color induction. These authors found that stimulation of a retinal area with a chromatic light lowered the sensitivity of the surrounding retina for light of the same hue. This effect stabilized within .01 sec., making lateral neural inhibition a plausible mechanism. Since that time, several investigators using modern electrophysiological techniques have obtained direct evidence for such an inhibitory process in the retina (Kuffler, 1952; Ratliff & Mueller, 1957; Hartline, Racliff, & Miller, 1961). Lateral inhibition may cause induced colors in the following manner. Inhibition from the inducing area blocks neural impulses arising from receptors which normally are most sensitive to the inducing color; this blocking may occur on the retinal level of the ganglion cells (Kuffler, 1952). If light energy now falls on this "inhibited area," the most responsive receptors will be those which normally respond to the hue that is complementary to the inducing hue. The resulting neural output from the retina will be dominated by this complementary and will produce the sensation of the induced color. This explanation assumes first, that no induced color will be reported unless the induced retinal area is illuminated; and second, that the induced color will be similar to the complementary of the inducing color (if the illumination is achromatic).
Further properties of nonzero-sum differential games

Nonzero-sum differential games characteristics, generalizing optimal control concepts, discussing Nash equilibrium and noninferior set solutions
Kinematic constraints on the production of magnetic monopoles

A strict lower limit is derived for the laboratory kinetic energy of a magnetic monopole produced from a target at rest. The production of a monopole-antimonopole pair via the collision of a projectile with a target at rest in the laboratory is analyzed in terms of the velocity of the zero-momentum frame, the velocity of the monopole in that frame, and the velocity of the monopole in the laboratory. The limit obtained is applied to the data of Price et al. (1975), and almost all means of producing the monopole in the atmosphere immediately above the balloon-borne detectors are ruled out. Some mechanisms for slowing a monopole following its production are briefly considered.
Correction of the disease phenotype in canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency using ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy

Canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) represents the canine counter-part of the human disease leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD). Defects in the leukocyte integrin CD18 adhesion molecule in both CLAD and LAD lead to recurrent, life-threatening bacterial infections. We evaluated ex vivo retroviral-mediated gene therapy in CLAD using 2 nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens—200 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) or 10 mg/kg busulfan—with or without posttransplantation immunosuppression. In 6 of 11 treated CLAD dogs, therapeutic levels of CD18+ leukocytes were achieved. Conditioning with either TBI or busulfan allowed long-term engraftment, and immunosuppression was not required for efficacy. The percentage of CD18+ leukocytes in the peripheral blood progressively increased over 6 to 8 months after infusion to levels ranging from 1.26% to 8.37% at 1-year follow-up in the 6 dogs. These levels resulted in reversal or moderation of the severe CLAD phenotype. Linear amplification–mediated polymerase chain reaction assays indicated polyclonality of insertion sites. These results describe ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer in a disease-specific, large animal model using 2 clinically applicable conditioning regimens, and they provide support for the use of nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens in preclinical protocols of retroviral-mediated gene transfer for nonmalignant hematopoietic diseases such as LAD.
Embedding problems with local conditions

LetY→X be a connectedG-Galois cover of affine varieties in characteristicp, and supposeG=Γ/P for somep-groupP. We show that there is a connected Γ-Galois coverZ→X dominatingY→X, and thatZ→X can be chosen to have prescribed behavior over a given closed subset ofX. There are several versions of this result, depending on whether ramification is permitted, and whether adelic behavior is prescribed. The results are deduced from a general assertion about embedding problems, which is proven for profinite groups.
Carboracycles: Macrocyclic Compounds Composed of Carborane Icosahedra Linked by Organic Bridging Groups.

A family of macrocyclic compounds are described, together with their precursors. These cycles are composed of icosahedral carboranes linked via their carbon vertices through 1,3-trimethylene, α,α‘-1,3-xylylene, or α,α‘-2,6-lutidylene groups. The compounds cyclo-(1,3-trimethylene-1‘,2‘-closo-1‘,2‘-C2B10H10)4 (6a), cyclo-(1,3-trimethylene-1‘,2‘-closo-9‘,12‘-dimethyl-1‘,2‘-C2B10H8)4 (6b), cyclo-(1,3-trimethylene-1‘,2‘-closo-1‘,2‘-C2B10H10)3 (9), cyclo-(α,α‘-1,3-xylylene-1‘,2‘-closo-1‘,2‘-C2B10H10)2 (11a), cyclo-(α,α‘-1,3-xylylene-1‘,7‘-closo-1‘,7‘-C2B10H10)2 (11b), cyclo-(α,α‘-1,3-xylylene-1‘,7‘-closo-9‘,10‘-dimethyl-1,7-C2B10H8)2 (11c), cyclo-(α,α‘-1,3-xylylene-1‘,2‘-closo-1‘,2‘-C2B10H10)4 (12), cyclo-(α,α‘-1,3-xylylene-1‘,7‘-closo-1‘,7‘-C2B10H10)3 (13), cyclo-(α,α‘-2,6-lutidylene-1‘,7‘-closo-1‘,7‘-C2B10H10)2 (19), and cyclo-(α,α‘-2,6-lutidylene N-oxide−1‘,7‘-closo-1‘,7‘-C2B10H10)2 (20) have been synthesized. The structures of 6a, 6b, 9, 11a, 11b, 11c, 12, and 19 have been determined by X-ray crystallograph...
Evidence for a soluble protein factor specific for the interaction between aminoacylated transfer RNA's and the 40 s subunit of mammalian ribosomes.

Abstract Crude soluble preparations obtained from rat liver homogenates stimulate the codon-directed interaction between cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein particles and various transfer RNA's, in solutions containing relatively low concentrations of MgCl 2 . The binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to 80 s ribosomes, and of phenylalanyl tRNA or N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to 40 s subunits, is stimulated by partially purified supernatant fractions. Chromatography on DEAE/Sephadex yields two binding activities, well resolved from each other. One of these (aminoacyltransferase I, T-I) is the binding factor required for peptide chain elongation, which catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA's to the A site of ribosomes adjacent to nascent peptidyl-tRNA. This factor is specific for aminoacyl tRNA's and 80 s ribosomes, requires GTP, and is inactive with 40 s subunits or with N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. The other factor (T-X) stimulates the poly(U)-dependent binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and N -acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA to 40 s subunits; it does not require GTP and is inactive with 80 s ribosomes. T-X also stimulates the binding of Escherichia coli fMet-tRNA to rat liver 40 s subunits in the presence of ApUpG or MS2 RNA. T-I chromatographs differently from T-X on DEAE/Sephadex, it is insensitive to sulfhydryl reagents whereas T-X is sensitive, and it inhibits the T-X stimulated binding reaction to 40 s subunits. The addition of 60 s subunits to a binding reaction mixture containing T-X, 40 s subunits and poly(U), markedly inhibits binding. If 60 s subunits are added after binding has been allowed to occur, significant amounts of N -acylaminoacyl-tRNA are retained on the particle, particularly if the reaction mixture is concomitantly supplemented with phenylalanyl-tRNA and T-I.
Speech and bimanual hand organization in adult stutterers and nonstutterers

Abstract A multivariate approach was used to investigate the relationship between speech fluency and bimanual handwriting in right-handed male stutterers and nonstutterers. Handedness was determined by the Harris Test of Lateral Dominance. Subjects were required to write the numbers 1 through 12 simultaneously, as quickly as possible. Speech measures were derived from the Stuttering Severity Instrument and from a reading passage. Stutterers performed more poorly than nonstutterers on all speech measures. There were no differences in bimanual handwriting performance for the dominant hand. However, stutterers performed more poorly than nonstutterers in nondominant handwriting. There were no relationships between speech measures and bimanual handwriting for stutterers or nonstutterers. Some stutterers performed better on the handwriting task than did some nonstutterers. It is suggested that disorganization in interhemispheric integration functions may be a more fundamental problem in stuttering than is incomplete cerebral dominance.
Four-Loop β-Function for the N = 1 And N = 2 Supersymmetric Non-Linear Sigma Model In Two Dimensions

A superspace calculation of the four-loop βT-function is presented for two-dimensional N = 1, 2 supersymmetric non-linear αG-models. It is concluded that besides the one-loop contribution which vanishes on Ricci-flat manifolds, the βT-function receives four-loop contributions which do not vanish in the Ricci-flat case. Implications for the superstring are discussed.
Arrestin binding determines the rate of inactivation of the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin in vivo

G protein-coupled receptor inactivation is a crucial feature of cellular signaling systems; this process determines the catalytic lifetime of the activated receptor and is necessary for response termination. Although previous work has indicated a class of models in which several sequential steps are required for receptor inactivation, the rate-limiting event is still unclear. In this paper, we develop a theory that describes the kinetics of inactivation of the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin based on the rate of arrestin binding and test the theory using a combination of genetic and electrophysiological techniques in Drosophila photoreceptors. The theory quantitatively describes the inactivation kinetics of activated rhodopsin in vivo and can be independently tested with molecular and spectroscopic data. The results demonstrate that the rate of arrestin binding determines the kinetics of receptor inactivation in vivo and thus is the event that controls signal amplification at the first step of this G protein-coupled transduction cascade.
Temperatures in the cothill habitat of Panaxia (Callimorpha) dominula L. (the scarlet tiger moth).

Temperatures were monitored in precisely the places in Cothill Fen in which larvae of Panaxia dominula pupate. At the critical time in June, the temperatures in the litter layer are diurnally often much higher than those used in previous constant temperature experiments. Moreover, the daily mean temperature in the shaded litter layer is also higher than the shaded air temperature at 0.4 m, both temperatures being higher than the estimate of 12°C used as baseline by others. The effects of fluctuating temperatures in the natural habitat on the phenotypic expression of wing patterns of the moth appear to be minimal and do not parallel the results of laboratory experiments.
Inhibition of both stage I and stage II skin tumor promotion in SENCAR mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea : inhibition depends on the duration of polyphenol treatment

The polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) is a potent inhibitor of phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin. In this study, we assessed the effect of GTP on both stage I and stage II skin tumor promotion, and also analyzed the effect of duration of GTP treatment on skin tumor promotion in SENCAR mice. Topical application of GTP (6 mg/animal) concurrently with each application of either TPA (3.2 nmol) or mezerein (3.2 nmol) in stage I or stage II of the murine skin tumor promotion protocol, respectively, resulted in significant protection against skin papilloma formation in terms of both tumor multiplicity (42-50%) and tumor growth (43-54%). More profound and sustained protective effects of GTP were evident when it was applied continuously during both stage I and stage II of the skin tumor promotion protocol concurrently with TPA or mezerein treatments, respectively. Under this treatment regimen, compared to non-GTP-treated positive controls, GTP application showed 71%, 37% and 74% protection in terms of tumor multiplicity, tumor incidence and tumor growth, respectively. These data indicate that GTP inhibits both stage I and stage II of skin tumor promotion and that the inhibition of tumor promotion depends on the duration of GTP treatment.
Psychiatric diagnosis and criminality.

Examining the distribution of various offenses among various psychiatric diagnosis armed robbery was the leading offense among the total sample of 451 indicted felons adjudicated unfit to stand trial as well as among those 347 diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and 39 personality disorders. Schizophrenia was the leading psychiatric diagnosis among the total population as well as among the accused for each and every type of offense except arson. Organic brain syndromes were associated exclusively with crimes of high degree of violence, whereas mental retardation was found primarily among those accused of minor crimes.
The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Resistance exercise increases muscular strength and endurance, which prevents injuries associated with musculoskeletal disorders, favorably alters muscle fiber type distribution, and up-regulates the genetic expression of certain enzymes seen in dysfunctional skeletal muscles. Although the benefits of resistance exercise are well documented in the literature, this form of exercise is not routinely recommended for patients with heart failure for fear of symptom exacerbation, and because of poor understanding of how best to prescribe this type of exercise. Because muscle atrophy and deconditioning states are common findings in patients with heart failure, these patients stand to benefit substantially from resistance training because this type of physical activity results in functional adaptations in the neuromuscular system. This article addresses changes in skeletal muscle pathophysiology that occur in patients with heart failure and the potential role resistance training may play in reversing this sequela, and recommends a weight lifting exercise prescription for these patients.
Vibrational modes of carbon nanotubes and nanoropes

The vibrational modes of carbon nanotubes and nanoropes are studied. The Raman and infrared active modes are determined for armchair, zigzag, and chiral nanotubes. High-energy Raman and infrared modes exhibit distinct characteristic patterns for armchair, zigzag, and chiral tubes. In the nanorope the intertube interactions shifts the energy of certain vibrational modes dramatically. This has implications when using the vibrational spectra to identify tubes. In the nanorope we find Raman modes exhibit shifts under a change in pressure which differ from the corresponding shifts found in graphite. [copyright] [ital 1999] [ital The American Physical Society]
Identifying caring behaviors of pharmacists through observations and interviews

ABSTRACT Objective To identify caring behaviors of community pharmacists demonstrated in the pharmacist-patient interaction. Design Qualitative research. Setting Five community pharmacies in the Greater Chicago area. Participants 8 pharmacists identified as “caring pharmacists” by corporate managers and 13 pharmacy technicians. Interventions Observations of pharmacy personnel interacting with patients and interviews of 2 pharmacists. Main Outcome Measures Caring behaviors. Results Four categories of caring behaviors emerged from the observation field notes: physical behaviors (leaning toward patient, smiling, looking patient in eye), relationship behaviors (greeting patients, knowing name, making small talk), task behaviors—nonpharmacy (explaining receipt and money transaction), and task behaviors—pharmacy (providing information, calling physician, asking about allergies and explaining interactions). In interviews, pharmacists said that a caring pharmacist was about “being for the patient,” and both noted that caring pharmacists greet the patient, inquire about the patient’s health and family, and are sincerely interested in the patient. Mentors and family members are important in developing caring pharmacists, the pharmacists said. Conclusion Specific caring behaviors identifiable among pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. These behaviors can be modeled by pharmacy managers and should be taught in pharmacy schools.
Effectiveness and provability

The report details a facet of current logical work, namely characterizing the provably total functions of weak theories for analysis. That is described paradigmatically for a theory introduced by H. Friedman. However, the connection to broader foundational concerns is emphasized throughout.
Formation of a Successive (Sign-Differentiated-Position) Learning Set in Stumptail Monkeys:

Nine stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) were trained on a successive discrimination learning set where each 2-choice problem was in the paradigm: AA, go Left—BB, go Right. Each S was given 5 uniqu...
Macroscopic and spectroscopic characterization of selenate, selenite, and chromate adsorption at the solid–water interface of γ-Al2O3

The interaction of selenate, selenite, and chromate with the hydrated surface of c-Al2O3 was studied using a combination of macroscopic pH edge data, electrophoretic mobility measurements, and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses. The pH edge data show generally increased oxyanion adsorption with decreasing pH, and indicate ionic strength-(in)dependent adsorption of chromate and selenate across the pH range 4–9, and ionic strength-(in)dependent adsorption of selenite in this pH range. The adsorption of chromate peaks at pH 5.0, whereas for selenate and selenite no pH adsorption maxima are observed. Electrophoretic mobility measurements show that all three oxyanions decrease the zeta potential of c-Al2O3 upon adsorption; however, only selenite decreased the pHPZC of the c-Al2O3 sorbent. EXAFS data indicate that selenite ions are coordinated in a bridging bidentate fashion to surface AlO6 octahedra, whereas no second-neighbor Al scattering was observed for adsorbed selenate ions. Combined, the results presented here show that pH is a major factor in determining the extent of adsorption of selenate, selenite, and chromate on hydrated c-Al2O3. The results point to substantial differences between these anions as to the mode of adsorption at the hydrated c-Al2O3 surface, with selenate adsorbing as nonprotonated outer-sphere complexes, chromate forming a mixture of monoprotonated and nonprotonated outersphere adsorption complexes, and selenite coordinating as inner-sphere surface complexes in bridging configuration.
Purists Need Not Apply The Case for Pragmatism in Mixed Methods Research

The purpose of this column is to describe several different ways of conducting mixed method research. The paradigms that underpin both qualitative and quantitative research are also considered along with a cursory review of classical pragmatism as it relates conducting mixed methods studies. Finally, the idea of loosely coupled systems as a means to support mixed methods studies is proposed along with several caveats to researchers who desire to use this new way of obtaining knowledge.
Perturbation Analysis of Spindle Speed Variation in Machine Tool Chatter

Spindle speed variation has been shown to be an effective method for chatter control. In this paper, a single-degree-of-freedom regenerative type chatter equation is treated using perturbation methods. Rather than using the time coordinate, the angle of revolution is taken as the independent coordinate for maintaining a constant delay in the equations. The spindle speed is taken to be harmonically varying about a constant mean speed. Approximate analytical solutions are sought using the method of strained parameters, a perturbation technique. The amplitude of speed fluctuations (e) is assumed to be small, and solutions are constructed using this parameter as the perturbation parameter. The stability lobes for constant spindle speeds are calculated exactly. By using the approximate perturbation analysis, the gain in stability is calculated for variable spindle speeds. The analysis is valid for (e) values up to 0.02 (i.e., 2% of the constant mean speed). Solutions are verified using numerical simulations of...
The old IPE and the new

The ‘old’ IPE of the 1960s and 1970s explored the political implications of economic interdependence, in an analytically loose but creative way. The ‘new IPE’, as embodied in the open economy politics approach, is more rigorous and has the virtue of integrating comparative and international political economy into a common framework. But it pays too little attention both to how interests are constructed and how policies are subject to processes of international diffusion, and it is remarkably reluctant to focus on major changes taking place in world politics. IPE should come to grips with the fact that genuine economic development is taking place on a global scale; on the role of China, on volatility in financial and energy markets; on the role of actor other than states, and on the implications of the Internet for the analysis of power.