cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial differences in ductal carcinomas of the breast and DCIS

A74 Ductal carcinomas of the breast (BCa) are reported to be more aggressive lesions in African-Americans (AAs) than in Caucasian Americans (CAs); therefore, we studied the pathophysiological and molecular differences in BCas between AAs and CAs in order to characterize factors leading to differences in aggressiveness. Background: BCas with higher grades (poorer differentiation) and higher stages (e.g., tumors with metastases) have in general a poorer outcome than BCas with lower stages and grades. Also, BCas have been reported to occur at younger ages in AAs than in CAs. Methods: We randomly selected cases from archival cases from the University of Alabama within the following constraints: 100 females, pre-menopausal with BCa, grade matched as to their BCas with 100 post-menopausal cases with BCas. Paraffin blocks were collected and brightfield immunohistochemistry was performed on these case and the results analyzed based on race. Results: Within our selection criteria, our results indicate that in younger (pre-menopausal) AAs, higher grade lesions are more common (85%) than in CAs (39%). Similarly, in the case of BCa in post-menopausal women, AAs still have a greater proportion of higher grade lesions (64.5%) than CAs (39%). We found that estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) were significantly (p ≤ 0.005) more positive in CAs than in AAs and that Bcl-2, and membrane expression of p185 erbB-2 was higher significantly (p ≤ 0.03) in BCas from CAs than in BCas from AAs. We found no racial differences in p53, p27, Ki67, cytoplasmic or membrane expression of EGFr and cytoplasmic expression of p185 erbB-2 or size of the tumors or lymph node involvement. Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 in BCas have been reported to be inversely related. We found this to be the case for all patients (AA + CA, p = 0.002) and for CAs (p = 0.022). Because the number of African-Americans were low, n = 47, their association did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.071) even though the pattern of association in AAs was very similar to that in CAs. In conclusion, we identified several factors that would predict a poorer outcome of AAs with BCas including high grade lesions, lower expression of ER and PR and lower expression of Bcl-2. The higher expression of p185 erbB-2 on cellular membranes in CAs would not support BCas in AAs being more aggressive than BCas in CAs. Evaluation of DCIS is underway and will be reported. Sponsored in part by the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation Grant to William E. Grizzle (BCTR0600484) and Upender Manne (POP0601383) and the Early Detection Research Network Grant to William E. Grizzle (5U24CA086359).
Improving Search Engines via Large-Scale Physiological Sensing

Result ranking in commercial web search engines is based on a wide array of signals, from keywords appearing on web pages to behavioral (clickthrough) data aggregated across many users or from the current user only. The recent emergence of wearable devices has enabled the collection of physiological data such as heart rate, skin temperature, and galvanic skin response at a population scale. These data are useful for many public health tasks, but they may also provide novel clues about people's interests and intentions as they engage in online activities. In this paper, we focus on heart rate and show that there are strong relationships between heart rate and various measures of user interest in a search result. We integrate features of heart rate, including heart rate dynamics, as additional attributes in a competitive machine-learned web search ranking algorithm. We show that we can obtain significant relevance improvements from this physiological sensing that vary depending on the search topic.
The Critical Role of Mitochondria in Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare form of liver injury that occurs in patients taking therapeutic doses of drugs. While idiosyncratic hepatotoxic drugs are not structurally or chemically related, most drugs that cause DILI have been shown to “stress” mitochondria through inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and other changes that disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis. In most cases, hepatocytes adapt to drug-induced mitochondrial stress by activating adaptation signaling pathways, including mitochondrial adaptive responses such as autophagy/mitophagy, mitochondrial remodeling, and alterations in mitochondrial fusion-fission. Due to these adaptations, drug intake alone is not sufficient to cause liver injury, with acetaminophen being the notable exception. Idiosyncratic DILI involves other extrinsic factors, including inflammation and the adaptive immune system. Inflammation may promote DILI because mitochondrial stress (i.e., increased mitochondrial ROS generation) induced by hepatotoxic drugs can inhibit adaptation/survival signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, needed to withstand the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) released during inflammation. If mitochondrial and hepatocellular injury reach a critical threshold, death signaling pathways involving c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) that target mitochondria become activated. Binding of activated JNK to mitochondria triggers the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) that results in hepatocyte death and liver injury. Mitochondria, therefore, play a critical role in all stages of DILI.
Bone morphogenic protein-2 use in revision total hip arthroplasty with acetabular defects

The restoration of acetabular bone stock during revision hip arthroplasty remains a challenge. There have been no clinical series reporting the efficacy of bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in the revision hip setting. We retrospectively reviewed the radiographs and records of 15 patients who received rhBMP-2 mixed with allograft bone chips (+BMP), and 14 who received allograft bone chips alone (−BMP) for their acetabular defect during revision total hip arthroplasty with a mean two-year follow up. Radiographs were evaluated for acetabular defect size, superior cup migration, and changes in the lateral cup abduction angle. Modified Harris hip scores were used for evaluation of clinical outcomes. Patients in the +BMP group compared to the –BMP group had significantly larger amounts of cancellous bone chips used (72.1 ± 35.5 cc vs. 38.6 ± 14.1 cc; p = 0.003). Mean rhBMP-2 used per case was 7.4 ± 3.1 mg in the +BMP group. Three patients in the –BMP group had cup migration which was not observed in the +BMP group. Mean Harris hip scores (HHS) improved post-operatively in both groups (40.1 ± 20.9 to 71.9 ± 19, p < .0001). No local adverse reaction was noted in the +BMP group. rhBMP-2 had modest clinical benefit in the setting of revision THA. Cost of this synthetic biologic versus the added clinical benefit should be carefully considered when being used in the revision hip setting.
Scientific user behavior and data-sharing trends in a petascale file system

The Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) runs the No. 4 supercomputer in the world, supported by a petascale file system, to facilitate scientific discovery. In this paper, using the daily file system metadata snapshots collected over 500 days, we have studied the behavioral trends of 1, 362 active users and 380 projects across 35 science domains. In particular, we have analyzed both individual and collective behavior of users and projects, highlighting needs from individual communities and the overall requirements to operate the file system. We have analyzed the metadata across three dimensions, namely (i) the projects' file generation and usage trends, using quantitative file system-centric metrics, (ii) scientific user behavior on the file system, and (iii) the data sharing trends of users and projects. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first of its kind to provide comprehensive insights on user behavior from multiple science domains through metadata analysis of a large-scale shared file system. We envision that this OLCF case study will provide valuable insights for the design, operation, and management of storage systems at scale, and also encourage other HPC centers to undertake similar such efforts.
Trace Element Binding Ligands in Human Milk: Function in Trace Element Utilization

Several essential trace elements are present in human milk in much lower concentrations than in milk from other species or in other infant diets.1 However, recent research has shown that the bioavailability of these trace elements (iron, zinc, copper and manganese) is very high from. human milk.2 As a consequence, trace element deficiency in breast-fed infants is rare.
Origins of Portal Hypertension in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) advanced to cirrhosis is often complicated by clinically significant portal hypertension, which is primarily caused by increased intrahepatic vascular resistance. Liver fibrosis has been identified as a critical determinant of this process. However, there is evidence that portal venous pressure may begin to rise in the earliest stages of NAFLD when fibrosis is far less advanced or absent. The biological and clinical significance of these early changes in sinusoidal homeostasis remains unclear. Experimental and human observations indicate that sinusoidal space restriction due to hepatocellular lipid accumulation and ballooning may impair sinusoidal flow and generate shear stress, increasingly disrupting sinusoidal microcirculation. Sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and Kupffer cells are key partners of hepatocytes affected by NAFLD in promoting endothelial dysfunction through enhanced contractility, capillarization, adhesion and entrapment of blood cells, extracellular matrix deposition, and neovascularization. These biomechanical and rheological changes are aggravated by a dysfunctional gut-liver axis and splanchnic vasoregulation, culminating in fibrosis and clinically significant portal hypertension. We may speculate that increased portal venous pressure is an essential element of the pathogenesis across the entire spectrum of NAFLD. Improved methods of noninvasive portal venous pressure monitoring will hopefully give new insights into the pathobiology of NAFLD and help efforts to identify patients at increased risk for adverse outcomes. In addition, novel drug candidates targeting reversible components of aberrant sinusoidal circulation may prevent progression in NAFLD.
IKKα deficiency disrupts the development of marginal zone and follicular B cells

Only few genes have been confidently identified to be involved in the Follicular (FO) and Marginal Zone (MZ) B cell differentiation, migration, and retention in the periphery. Our group previously observed that IKKα kinase inactive mutant mice IKKαK44A/K44A have significantly lower number of MZ B cells whereas FO B cell numbers appeared relatively normal. Because kinase dead IKKα can retain some of its biological functions that may interfere in revealing its actual role in the MZ and FO B cell differentiation. Therefore, in the current study, we genetically deleted IKKα from the pro-B cell lineage that revealed novel functions of IKKα in the MZ and FO B lymphocyte development. The loss of IKKα produces a significant decline in the percentage of immature B lymphocytes, mature marginal zone B cells, and follicular B cells along with a severe disruption of splenic architecture of marginal and follicular zones. IKKα deficiency affect the recirculation of mature B cells through bone marrow. A transplant of IKKα knockout fetal liver cells into Rag−/− mice shows a significant reduction compared to control in the B cells recirculating through bone marrow. To reveal the genes important in the B cell migration, a high throughput gene expression analysis was performed on the IKKα deficient recirculating mature B cells (B220+IgMhi). That revealed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in the B lymphocyte survival, homing and migration. And several among those genes identified belong to G protein family. Taken together, this study demonstrates that IKKα forms a vial axis controlling the genes involved in MZ and FO B cell differentiation and migration.
Controllability of Bilinear Systems

The systems we study are homogeneous bilinear, single-input: $$\dot{x}=(A+{{u}_{t}}B)x$$ (1.1) $${{x}_{k+1}}=(A+{{u}_{k}}B){{x}_{k}}$$ (1.2) where the state space is R 0 n = Rn - {0} (since the origin is an isolated equilibrium point), and the controls u are scalar. We are concerned with conditions, sufficient or necessary, for state controllability of these systems for bounded or unbounded controls.
Gene Interactions Between Krüppel-like Factors in Development

Kruppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors involved in differentiation and development. EKLF (or KLF1), KLF2, and KLF4 belong to a subclass of KLFs that are similar in regard to their zinc finger DNA-binding domains. EKLF knockout (KO) mouse embryos die between embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) and E16.5 due to anemia. KLF2 KO embryos die between E12.5 and E14.5 and exhibit heart failure and hemorrhaging. KLF4 KO mice die perinatally owing to a loss of skin-barrier function. EKLF is expressed in erythroid cells, but KLF2 and KLF4 are expressed in multiple tissues. Our laboratory has analyzed compound mutant embryos for EKLF and KLF2 and for KLF2 and KLF4. The double KO embryos have more severe erythroid and/or cardiovascular defects and die earlier than do single knockouts. This indicates that there are interactions between these pairs of KLF genes during development. The phenotypes of the compound mutants and the possible mechanisms for KLF gene interactions are discussed.
Neurological Prognostication After Cardiac Arrest in the Era of Hypothermia

Despite recent improvements in resuscitation techniques and post-resuscitation care, cardiac arrest still has a poor prognosis. Mortality exceeds 80 %–90 % and more than one quarter of those who survive to hospital discharge have severe persistent neurological dysfunction [1]. Prediction of poor neurological outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest is important, both to give correct information to their relatives and to avoid futile care. In 2006, the criteria for prediction of poor outcome in those patients were codified in the landmark review from the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) [2]. According to that review, myoclonus status epilepticus on day 1 after cardiac arrest, an absent N20 wave of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) or a serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) > 33 µg/l from day 1 to day 3, and absent pupillary or corneal reflexes or an extensor or absent motor response on day 3 accurately predicted a poor outcome, defined as death or unconsciousness after 1 month, or unconsciousness or severe disability after 6 months. In that review, electroencephalogram (EEG) and imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were considered promising, but not ready for routine clinical use.
INTEGRATED PROCESS CONTROL FOR STARTUP OPERATIONS

We focus on transient period monitoring and adjustment of systems undergoing a startup operation (e.g., a new production run or resuming production after shut-down, etc.). We design an integrated process control mechanism based on a proportional-integra..
Verification for Electronic Balloting Systems

Electronic balloting systems are subject to a wide range of vulnerabilities thatresult in an inability to assure correctness in vote recording and tabulation. Risks that pertain to system design, misuse, and sociological factors are discussed in detail. Some standards that could assist in the design and testing of voting systems are cited. The difficulties in performing validation of fully computerized election equipment are described, with even greater concerns for Internet-based systems. A method whereby physical verifiability can be added to increase assurances of correctness is detailed.
The Psychology of Disposition-Based Theories of Media Enjoyment

As the other chapters in this volume attest, the enjoyment of media entertainment is indeed a complex phenomenon. Seeking to understand “why we like what we like” is a goal shared by social scientists and media content providers alike. In this quest, one thing has become abundantly clear: Enjoyment-perhaps not in all, but surely in many ways-is an individuallevel phenomenon, with personality traits and subjective evaluations playing key roles. One leading explanation of the media-enjoyment process centers on how individuals evaluate and form affiliations with media characters and how enjoyment is impacted by what happens with and to those characters. Collectively these explanations have been referred to in several ways: disposition theory, disposition theories, affective disposition theory, and disposition-based theories.
BayesOWL: Uncertainty Modeling in Semantic Web Ontologies

It is always essential but di±cult to capture incomplete, partial or uncertain knowledge when using ontologies to conceptualize an application domain or to achieve semantic interoperability among heterogeneous systems. This chapter presents an on-going research on developing a framework which augments and supplements the semantic web ontology language OWL for representing and reasoning with uncertainty based on Bayesian networks (BN), and its application in ontology mapping.
Novel Delivery of Meaningful EMS and Disaster Medicine Content to Residents and Medical Students

Introduction:Residency education delivery in the United States has migrated from conventional lectures to alternative educational models that include mini-lectures, small group, and learner lead discussions. As training programs struggle with mandated hours of content, prehospital (EMS) and disaster medicine are given limited focus. While the need for prehospital and disaster medicine education in emergency training is understood, no standard curriculum delivery has been proposed and little research has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of any particular model.Aim:To demonstrate a four-hour multi-modal curriculum that includes lecture based discussions and small group exercises, culminating in an interactive multidisciplinary competition that integrates the previously taught information.Methods:EMS and disaster faculty were surveyed on the previous disaster and prehospital educational day experiences to evaluate course content, level of engagement, and participation by faculty. Based on this feedback, the EMS/Disaster divisions developed a schedule for the four hour EMS and Disaster Day that incorporated vital concepts while addressing the pitfalls previously identified. Sessions included traditional lectures, question and answer sessions, small group exercises, and a tabletop competition. Structured similarly to a strategy board game, the tabletop exercise challenged residents to take into account both medical and ethical considerations during a traditional triage exercise.Results:Compared to past reviews by emergency medical faculty, residents, and medical students, there was a precipitous increase in satisfaction scores on the part of all participants.Discussion:This curriculum deviates from the conventional education model and has been successfully implemented at our 3-year residency program of 66 residents. This EMS and Disaster Day promotes active learning, resident and faculty participation, and retention of important concepts while also fostering relationships between disaster managers and the Department of Emergency Medicine.
The mediating effect of positive psychological capital between autonomous work environment and self-directed behavior: Evidence from South Korea

ABSTRACTDeveloping self-directed employees is often regarded as a key factor for achieving sustainable and continual organizational success in business. Recently, some leading business organization...
Chronic low back pain influences trunk neuromuscular control during unstable sitting among persons with lower-limb loss.

Abstract Background Persons with unilateral lower-limb loss are at increased risk for developing chronic low back pain. Aberrant trunk and pelvis motor behavior secondary to lower-limb loss potentially alters trunk postural control and increases demands on the trunk musculature for stability. However, it is unclear whether trunk postural control is associated with the presence or chronicity of low back pain within this population. Research question Is there a potential role of impaired trunk postural control among persons with lower limb loss and chronic low back pain? Methods Two groups of males with unilateral lower-limb loss (n = 18 with chronic low back pain; n = 13 without pain) performed an unstable sitting task. Trunk postural control was characterized using traditional and non-linear measures derived from center-of-pressure time series, as well as trunk kinematics and the ratio of lumbar to thoracic erector spinae muscle activations. Results Traditional and non-linear center-of-pressure measures and trunk muscle activation ratios were similar between groups, while participants with chronic low back pain demonstrated greater trunk motion and reduced local dynamic stability. Significance Our results suggest that persons with both lower-limb loss and chronic low back pain exhibit impaired trunk postural control compared to those with limb loss but without pain. Aberrant trunk motor behavior may be a response to altered functional requirements of walking with a prosthesis. An inability to adequately control the trunk could lead to spinal instability and pain in the presence of repetitive exposure to aberrant motor behavior of these proximal structures during everyday activities.
Relationship Between Baseline Patient-reported Outcomes and Demographic, Psychosocial, and Clinical Characteristics: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction Alternative payment models in total lower extremity joint replacement (TJR) increasingly emphasize patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to link the latter to value-based payments. It is unclear to what extent demographic, psychosocial, and clinical characteristics are related to PROs measured preoperatively with the commonly used Hip/Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (HOOS/KOOS) and the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) questionnaires. We aim to identify (1) the preoperative relationship between HOOS/KOOS and VR-12 scores and several demographic, psychosocial, and clinical patient characteristics and (2) the best modifiable factors for optimization, which may result in improved baseline PROs before TJR. Methods All TJR cases performed in 2017 at the two highest-volume hospitals within an urban academic health system were queried. Preoperative HOOS/KOOS and VR-12 surveys were administered through an e-collection platform. VR-12 physical and mental component scores (PCS, MCS) were generated. Patient information was extracted from the electronic health record. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results In univariate analysis, patients with HOOS/KOOS, VR-12 PCS, and MCS in the ≤25th percentile group were more likely to have an ASA score of ≥3 compared with those with higher scores. In multivariate analysis, increased and decreased odds of low HOOS/KOOS were associated with a one-unit increase in Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR, 1.16) and VR-12 MCS (OR, 0.97), respectively. Increased odds of low baseline VR-12 PCS and MCS were associated with ASA class ≥3 (OR, 1.65 and 1.40). Decreased odds of a low MCS were associated with an increase in HOOS/KOOS (OR, 0.98) (P ≤ 0.05 for all). Conclusion Of the factors that are associated with low baseline PRO scores, preoperatively addressing mismanaged comorbidities, mental health, and physical function were identified as the best modifiable factors for optimization, which may result in improved baseline PROs before TJR.
Psychotherapy: A Clinical Perspective

In this chapter, we discuss the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of adolescents holding diverse gender identities. We begin by reviewing the process of exploring gender identity and expression in transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth presenting to psychotherapy. We discuss the assessment for psychosocial stressors and sources of support. Readers will develop an understanding of mental health concerns that may stem from psychosocial stressors, including minority stress. We include recommendations for treatment planning and intervention in providing care for TGD youth. This includes a review of modalities, case management, gender-affirming practices, and the process of referring for feminizing/masculinizing medical and surgical procedures.
How Vertical Integration Affects Firm Innovation: Quasi-Experimental Evidence

Although it is well established that vertical integration decisions have important consequences for firms, direct evidence on how vertical integration matters to firm innovation has been scarce. Th...
Beatrice Heuser, Brexit in History: Sovereignty or a European Union?: London: Hurst & Company, 206 pp., $29.95, ISBN 9781787381261, Publication Date: November 2019

From its opening sentence, where the author states that “this book explains Brexit … in the context of centuries of struggle about the European order” (1), the two significant tensions that define ...
Invariant Measures and Global Well Posedness for the SQG Equation

We construct an invariant measure $$\mu $$ for the Surface Quasi-Geostrophic (SQG) equation and show that almost all functions in the support of $$\mu $$ are initial conditions of global, unique solutions of SQG that depend continuously on the initial data. In addition, we show that the support of $$\mu $$ is infinite dimensional, meaning that it is not locally a subset of any compact set with finite Hausdorff dimension. Also, there are global solutions that have arbitrarily large initial condition. The measure a $$\mu $$ is obtained via fluctuation–dissipation method, that is, as a limit of invariant measures for stochastic SQG with a carefully chosen dissipation and random forcing.
A structured RNA motif locks Argonaute2:miR-122 onto the 5’ end of the HCV genome

microRNAs (miRNAs) form regulatory networks in metazoans. Viruses engage miRNA networks in numerous ways, with Flaviviridae members exploiting direct interactions of their RNA genomes with host miRNAs. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), binding of liver-abundant miR-122 stabilizes the viral RNA and regulates viral translation. Here, we investigate the structural basis for these activities, taking into consideration that miRNAs function in complex with Argonaute (Ago) proteins. The crystal structure of the Ago2:miR-122:HCV complex reveals a structured RNA motif that traps Ago2 on the viral RNA, masking its 5' end from enzymatic attack. The trapped Ago2 can recruit host factor PCBP2, implicated in viral translation, while binding of a second Ago2:miR-122 competes with PCBP2, creating a potential molecular switch for translational control. Combined results reveal a viral RNA structure that modulates Ago2:miR-122 dynamics and repurposes host proteins to generate a functional analog of the mRNA cap-binding complex.
The Generation of Three-Dimensional Structures from NMR-Derived Constraints

NMR is capable of providing many types of information about ligands, macromolecules, and their complexes. In recent years, the generation of solution structures based on NMR observations has become widespread. While these methods hold the promise of providing nearly as precise information for molecules in solution as X-ray methods do for crystals, they differ from X-ray in that the experimental observations do not reveal the ensemble of positions of all the heavy atoms, but rather the distances between certain pairs of atoms. Consequently, one needs to find tools that enable transformation from a set of pairwise distances [distance space] to Cartesian coordinate space in order to build usable structural models. These tools rely on an existing body of knowledge that describes reasonable geometries for covalently bonded atoms in amino acids and nucleotides. Most methods currently in use have their roots in molecular modeling, where computational methods have been developed to study the conformation of molecules and the relationship of conformation to biological activity.
'Turn Around', 'Bend Over', 'Squat', and 'Cough': The Supreme Court Strips the Fourth Amendment 'Naked' in Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders

This case note criticizes the Supreme Court’s decision in Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County. of Burlington, 132 U.S 1510 (2012), which held that under the Fourth Amendment, jail administrators can require all arrestees admitted to the general population of a jail to undergo a visual strip/cavity search, even for minor offenses and even without reasonable suspicion to believe the arrestee is in possession of a concealed weapon or contraband. Particularly, the case note follows a historical development of the Fourth Amendment and the complexity of defining reasonable searches by circuit courts. Additionally, it examines the “tug of war” among the circuits leading up to the Florence decision. Furthermore, it explores the inconsistent and mixed applications of Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520 (1979), to Fourth Amendment jail-strip-search cases by circuit courts. Bell considered for the first time the constitutionality of a search performed on a pre-trial detainee inside prison walls vis-a-vis a blanket strip-search jail policy. In addition to providing a detailed explanation of the facts, procedural history, and disposition of the Florence case, including all concurring and dissenting opinions, this note further analyzes and critiques Florence’s questionable holding and rationale. Specifically, it addresses three distinct issues: (1) the Supreme Court’s failure to address the manner of the strip searches, which could in turn transform arrestees into victims of sexual violence and abuse; (2) the Supreme Court’s failure to consider current state laws and federal policies requiring reasonable suspicion to strip search a prison detainee; and (3) the Supreme Court’s troublesome conclusion that blanket strip-search policies actually serve as an effective deterrent against weapon and contraband concealment by prison detainees.
Impact of implementation on XTP throughput performance

An analysis of the throughput performance of a software implementation of the Xpress Transfer Protocol (XTP) is presented. An instruction level simulator is used to measure performance of the XTP software. Instruction paths that make up the send and receive threads of protocol processing as well as checksum processing are timed to provide measurements of the minimum delay in the transfer layer. The sensitivity of the throughput to variations in several implementation related parameter values is examined. It is shown that the dominant parameter determining performance is the per byte processing. Additionally, it is shown that implementation of the checksum calculation in software imposes a significant penalty on throughput. It is also shown that the effect of per packet and per message processing delays increases with reduced per byte processing, and the effect of packet sizes is examined. The order of improvement in these parameters that will be needed to achieve 100Mb/s or higher speeds is studied. >
Oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids by soybean lipoxygenase.

Lipoxygenase catalyzes its own destruction during oxygenation of fatty acid substrates. The destruction is first order with respect to enzyme. The rate constant for this inactivation (κ2) has a characteristic value for each fatty acid substrate. The values are greater for acids having correspondingly higher degrees of unsaturation. In the presence of product, the enzyme loses activity 10 times faster with both substrates, fatty acid and oxygen, present than with either alone. We have confirmed that oxygenation of fatty acids by lipoxygenase occurs with a kinetic lag period which can be abolished by adding product hydroperoxides. Product hydroperoxides play an essential role in the over-all autocatalytic reaction. We have further shown that the lag period may be extended as a result of inhibition of the enzyme by polyenoic acid substrates. The previously reported inhibition of lipoxygenase by GSH peroxidase in the presence of glutathione appears to be due to the removal of the hydroperoxide product. These findings as well as those of others may be accommodated by a kinetic model in which distinct roles exist for both the product and the fatty acid substrate in a manner allowing product binding only at the product site whereas fatty acid substrates may bind at either site.
Analyzing errors and referral pairs to characterize common problems and improve web reliability

In this paper, we analyze web server error logs and the corresponding referral pairs from web access logs to identify and characterize common web errors. We identify missing files as the primary type of web errors and classify them according to their incoming referral links into internal, external, and user errors. We also identify major missing file types within each error category. Based on these analysis results, we recommend different quality assurance initiatives to deal with different types of web problems for the effective improvement to web reliability.
Studies of brain aminotransferase and psychotropic agents. I. Interaction of B-B'-iminodipropionitrile and rat brain aromatic aminotransferases.

Abstract Rat cerebral phenyl (tyrosine and phenylalanine) and indolyl (tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan) aminotransferases used in this study were separated and partially purified from acetone precipitation extracts on hydroxyapatite chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration columns eluted with phosphate buffers of increasing molarity. The substrate specificity and kinetics of these aromatic aminotransferases have been determined. The effect of various concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate on both the enzymic activity and the stability were investigated. The administration in vivo of β-β'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) was found to markedly decrease the specific activity of L -5-hydroxytryptophan:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, whereas phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan aminotransferases remained unaltered. Studies in vitro showed that IDPN inhibits the aminotransferases in the following order—5-HTP-T > Tyr-T > Phe-T ⩾ Tryp-T. On the basis of kinetic studies, IDPN was found to inhibit the Tyr-T and 5-HTP-T in competition with its substrate, the K i for these reactions being 4.3 × 10 −3 M (Tyr at pH 8.35) and 3.8 × 10 −3 M (5-HTP at pH 8.30). The possibility of IDPN competing with the amino group acceptors (2-oxoglutarate or oxalacetate) or with its coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate, has been eliminated. In addition, it was shown that IDPN produced a greater inhibitory effect on these aminotransferases than a structurally similar compound, β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). It is suggested therefore that this observation may account for their dissimilar physiological role; IDPN is a psychotropic agent, whereas BAPN is an osteolathyrogen.
Effect of intraduodenal administration of essential amino acids and sodium oleate on motor activity of the sigmoid colon.

The effects of the intraduodenal administration of solutions of essential amino acids and 5% sodium oleate on motor activity of the sigmoid colon was studied in 11 normal subjects and in 1 patient with a previous antrectomy. A marked increase in motor activity was observed during administration of both solutions in all subjects, including the patient with antrectomy. Intravenous infusion of pentagastrin, in a dose of 0.6 μg per kg per hr, in 6 subjects did not influence motor activity of the sigmoid colon significantly. These observations suggest that the increased motor activity of the sigmoid colon, observed in response to exposure of the duodenum to essential amino acids and sodium oleate, could result from release of endogenous cholecystokinin.
An Exploratory Study of Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive Cognitive Processes.

Abstract Although there has been a considerable amount of research on simultaneous and successive processing (Luria's second functional unit) by Das and others, there have been relatively few investigations into the measurement of attention and planning (the first and third functional units, respectively). The purpose of this investigation was to examine the factorial validity of tasks designed to measure cognitive processing in each of Luria's three functional units. A sample of 112 normal fourth- and fifth-grade students were administered nine experimental tasks chosen or developed according to the theoretical components of planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive processes. Principal factor analyses (orthogonal and oblique) with rotation of four factors resulted in solutions that closely matched the anticipated groupings based on a structural analysis of the tasks. General support for the feasibility of measurement of Luria's cognitive processing model, and the need to further develop and refine these and other experimental tasks, was obtained.
Phase diagram for the ternary system CaCl2KClCaCrO4

Abstract The phase diagram for the system CaCl 2 KClCaCrO 4 has been determined using differential thermal analysis in conjunction with X-ray diffraction. CaCl 2  KClCaCrO 4 has been shown to be a stable diagonal section of the Ca,K//Cl, CrO 4 reciprocal ternary system. The 3 binary systems are: CaCl 2 KCl which exhibits a congruently melting compound (CaKCl 3 ) melting at 741 °C with eutectics at 24.0 mole % KCl (m.p. 615°C) and 74.3 mole % KCl (m.p. 594°C); CaCl 2 CaCrO 4 which shows a eutectic at 23.4 mole % CaCrO 4 (m.p. 660°C); and KClCaCrO 4 with a eutectic at 24.2 mole % CaCrO 4 (m.p. 651°C). The binary congruently melting compound separates the ternary system into 2 pseudoternary subsystems. A binary eutectic exists in the pseudobinary system CaKCl 3 CaCrO 4 at 12.9 mole % CaCrO 4 (m.p. 672°C). Ternary' eutectics exist at 71.8 mole % CACl 2 -17.3% KCl-10.9% CaCrO 4 (m.p. 575°C) and 23.2 mole % CACl 2 -71.2% KCl-5.6% CaCrO 4 (m.p. 573°C). Isotherms are shown for the liquidus surface (primary crystallization) and for the secondary crystallization surface. Isothermal and vertical sections through the phase diagram are also shown.
The Sagnac effect and the chirality of space time

It is known from measurements of beat frequencies of beam pairs extracted from single mode dual polarized ring lasers that the optical cavity can support four different phase velocities depending on left or right polarization and on clockwise or anticlockwise direction of travel. The topological theory of singular solutions to Maxwell's equations has demonstrated that these four modes are due to different Spinor pairs. Moreover, the theory demonstrates that the Lorentz Vacuum and the Chiral Vacuum can be formally indistinguishable, except for the impedance of free space (which can related to the determinant of a dynamic constitutive tensor and therefore to the chiral polarization and expansion coefficients involving Optical Activity and Faraday rotation). It is suggested that modifications of the dual polarized Sagnac ring laser with its resonance Q of 10+18 might permit the experimental detection of any chiral properties of space-time induced by intransitive motions (those with fixed points of rotation and expansion) that are not induced by transitive motions (translations).
Superplasticity of 5083 alloys produced by spray deposition

Spray deposited 5083 alloys exhibited an equiaxed grain morphology with an average grain size of 15.2 μm and porosity in the range of < 5 vol.%. Zr addition led to additional grain refinement. Spray deposited materials were completely densified during TMP treatment when the rolling reduction exceeded 50%. The grain sizes were further refined during thermomechanical treatment. The present results show that spray deposited and thermomechanically processed 5083 alloys exhibited a low flow stress with tensile elongations at 550 ° C in the 191~295% range. The presence of unwelded pore surfaces is considered to be a limiting factor for superplasticity.
TH-C-351-05: Quantitative Methods for Contouring On PET-CT Images

Purpose: FDG‐PET imaging is routinely used to diagnose and stage cancer patients. It is also gaining wide acceptance as a tool to assist in tumor delineation in radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning. However, target volume definition is subject to inter‐observer variability. The objective of this study was to evaluate several existing auto‐contouring methods and develop a technique that would reduce inter‐observer variability. Method and Materials: Eighteen rectal and anal cancer patients who had undergone PET‐CT imaging and received RT were retrospectively reviewed. For each patient, a FDG‐PET avid (AVID) region was contoured by an experienced clinician without the use of the CT scan. The AVID volume was compared to volumes derived by the automated methods. Three automated methods were used: a fixed SUV cutoff of 2.5, previously suggested in the literature, a percentage of the maximum SUV (%SUVmax), and an in‐house derived mathematical technique. A 43% threshold was found for %SUVmax using a phantom study with cylinders of known volumes filled with varying concentrations of FDG. The mathematical approach generated 3D volumes using a Confidence Connected Region Growing (CCRG) technique that calculated the mean and standard deviation from pixel intensities contained in a 3D volume grown from a seed pixel. Results: The class solution of using a single value of SUV or a %SUVmax proved limited. These two methods depend on the correct threshold being applied and need to be different for each patient. The resulting volume differences ranged from 1%–129%. The CCRG based volumes were within 8% of the AVID volumes with a range of 1%–23%. Conclusion: Assuming that the same seed pixel is chosen, the CCRG method reduces inter‐observer contouring variability on FDG‐PET images and provides a viable clinical solution by always growing the same volume. Research partially supported by Siemens Medical Solutions.
Three semesters of CSO using Java: assignments and experiences

A CSO class with heavy lab emphasis was developed at the University of Utah in the summer of 1998. It has been taught three times by different instructors to students who were diverse in background, gender, and skill level. The culmination of these efforts is a set of original labs which can be divided into several chronological categories: a gentle introduction, computation and events, interaction and graphical user interfaces, algorithms, object-oriented programming, and Java specific issues. These labs encompassed several themes which guided the curriculum in all three semesters: creativity, visual and interactive methods, and breadth. This paper is a combined summary of these experiences.
Opposing roles for glypicans in Hedgehog signalling

Glypican members of the heparan sulphate proteoglycan family regulate several developmental signalling pathways, such as those involving Hedgehog, Wnt, BMP and FGF. Two studies reveal opposite effects of glypicans on Hedgehog signalling and show how their core protein domains and GPI anchor contribute to their versatile biological functions.
Jamin and "True" Meniscal Resistances: A Single Meniscus Apparatus

Meniscal resistance to movement of aqueous liquids in glass capillary tubes is due either to soiled walls or to dissolved surface-active agents. With the latter there are sharp maxima at concentrations of ¼ to ½ gram per liter. Blood serum and plasma exhibit significant "true" meniscal resistance.
Molecular Modeling Approach to Prediction of Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Thermoset Polymer Networks

Molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics simulations have been used to study thermo-mechanical response of highly cross-linked polymers composed of epoxy resin DGEBA and hardener DETDA. The effective cross-linking approach used in this work allowed construction of a set of stress-free molecular models with high conversion degree containing up to 35000 atoms. The generated structures were used to investigate the influence of model size, length of epoxy strands, and degree of cure on thermo-mechanical properties. The calculated densities, coefficients of thermal expansion, and glass transition temperatures of the systems are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The computationally efficient static deformation approach we used to calculate elastic constants of the systems successfully compensated for the large scattering of the mechanical properties data due to nanoscopically small volume of simulation cells and allowed comparison of properties of similar polymeric networks having minor di...
Reproducibility of ambulatory blood pressure changes from the initial values on two different days

OBJECTIVE: We tested the reproducibility of changes in the ambulatory blood pressure (BP) from the initial values, an indicator of BP reactivity and cardiovascular health outcomes, in young, healthy adults. METHOD: The subjects wore an ambulatory BP monitor attached by the same investigator at the same time of day until the next morning on two different days (day 1 and day 2) separated by a week. We compared the ambulatory BP change from the initial values at hourly intervals over 24 waking and sleeping hours on days 1 and 2 using linear regression and repeated measures analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The subjects comprised 88 men and 57 women (mean age±SE 22.4±0.3 years) with normal BP (118.3±0.9/69.7±0.6 mmHg). For the total sample, the correlation between the ambulatory BP change on day 1 vs. day 2 over 24, waking, and sleeping hours ranged from 0.37-0.61; among women, the correlation was 0.38-0.71, and among men, it was 0.24-0.52. Among women, the ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP change was greater by 3.1±1.0/2.4±0.8 mmHg over 24 hours and by 3.0±1.1/2.4±0.8 mmHg over waking hours on day 1 than on day 2. The diastolic ambulatory BP change during sleeping hours was greater by 2.2±0.9 mmHg on day 1 than on day 2, but the systolic ambulatory BP change during sleeping hours on days 1 and 2 did not differ. Among men, the ambulatory BP change on days 1 and 2 did not differ. CONCLUSION: Our primary findings were that the ambulatory BP change from the initial values was moderately reproducible; however, it was more reproducible in men than in women. These results suggest that women, but not men, may experience an alerting reaction to initially wearing the ambulatory BP monitor.
Solubilization in aqueous mixed micellar solutions: Water-potassium oleate-1-pentanol-benzene

Spectral parameters of the UV absorption and emission spectrum of benzene dissolved in aqueous solutions of potassium oleate and 1-pentanol were measured. By comparing these parameters with those for solutions of benzene in hydrocarbon solvents, it was concluded that the major portion of the benzene solubilized in the mixed micelles was in a relatively nonpolar environment. These results agree with previous studies of benzene dissolved in sodium lauryl sulfate solutions. Estimations of the energy of transfer of benzene from water to the mixed micelle also support this conclusion.
Nature of the primary photoexcitations in poly(arylene-vinylenes)

Abstract We present an overview of the optical properties and related experimental results obtained from poly( para -phenylene vinylene), PPV, and its soluble derivatives, and we critically examine the interpretation of these data in the context of both the band model and the exciton model of the electronic structure of these semiconducting and luminescent polymers. Results obtained from highly oriented and structurally ordered PPVs demonstrate that the observed disparities between the physical properties of PPV and the polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are not due to disorder; these differences are intrinsic and arise from the fundamental difference in the nature of the low energy photoexcited states: excitons in the PDAs and free carriers in the PPVs.