cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Reward Motivation on Directed Forgetting in Younger and Older Adults

An important feature of the memory system is the ability to forget, but aging is associated with declines in the ability to intentionally forget potentially due to declines in cognitive control. Despite cognitive deficits, older adults are sensitive to affective manipulations, such as reward motivation, and reward anticipation can improve older adults' memory performance. The goal of the current studies was to examine the effect of reward motivation on directed remembering and forgetting. Participants were healthy CloudResearch/Turk Prime workers aged 18-35 and 60-85. In Experiment 1, we conducted a typical item-method directed forgetting task using neutral words presented one at a time followed by a to-be-remembered (TBR) or to-be-forgotten (TBF) cue. A recognition memory test followed that included all words from the encoding task, as well as new words. We replicated prior findings of better memory for TBR compared to TBF items, but not typical age-related differences in recognition of TBF items. In Experiments 2-4, we repeated this paradigm except that in the second block of trials, each word was presented with a high ($0.75) or low ($0.01) reward cue indicating the value that could be earned if the item was successfully Remembered or Forgotten (depending on cue). During recognition, correct responses to target items (both TBR and TBF) resulted in the associated reward, but incorrect "old" responses resulted in a loss of $0.50. In three experiments, high rewards led to better memory for younger and older adults compared to low rewards, regardless of the directed cue to remember or forget the word. In Experiments 3 and 4, older adults showed typical deficits in directed forgetting, but this was across reward conditions. For older adults, there was no evidence that including reward motivation improved cognitive control abilities as high value reward anticipation did not improve directed forgetting. Instead, in line with hypotheses, high compared to low value reward anticipation leads to engagement of processes that result in better memory regardless of the TBR or TBF cue, and reward anticipation bolsters memory in a relatively automatic, rather than strategic, fashion that overrides one's ability to cognitively control encoding processes.
Effects of Release Height on σy and σz in Daytime Conditions

A statistical diffusion model is used to estimate the variation of σy and σz with height in daytime conditions. The existing literature is reviewed, showing inconsistencies among the few field data. The statistical Monte Carlo-type model is described in detail and some asymptotic predictions of the theory are outlined. For example, the usefulness of the formulas σy = σ θ x and σz = σe x are shown, where and σθ σe are the standard deviations of the horizontal and vertical wind directions.
Abstract 1478: Endothelial-specific loss of glutaminase normalizes tumor blood vessels and inhibits tumor growth

Abnormal tumor blood vessels with chaotic angiogenic sprouting result in spontaneous hemorrhages and increased interstitial fluid pressure in the tumor microenvironment. These defects of intra-tumoral vessels lead to poor leukocyte trafficking and drug delivery. Although there is a solid published premise for tumor blood vessel normalization, mechanisms of improved tumor vessel quality are only beginning to be investigated. Because tumor vascular endothelial cells are fast growing, they require nutrients to generate biomass that support their proliferative program. Indeed, inhibition of glucose metabolism has been shown to normalize tumor vasculature and improve drug delivery. In addition to glucose, glutamine is also essential for endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenic sprouting. Thus, we hypothesized that tumor associated endothelium may require glutamine metabolism to support their rapid proliferation and blocking glutaminolysis would normalize tumor vasculature. To test this hypothesis, we crossed glutaminase (GLS) floxed (GLS f/f) animals with CDH5 (VE-Cad)-CreER transgenic mice to induce endothelial-specific deletion of GLS upon tamoxifen administration (GLSECKO). We found that there is a decrease in tumor growth in GLSECKO animals compared to WT recipients. Loss of GLS in endothelium leads to a decrease in CD31+ angiogenic sprouts, and a better coverage of SMA+ pericytes in capillaries. We also observed an increase in tomato-lectin perfused blood vessels and a decrease in tissue hypoxia, as judged by pimonidazole stain. Together, these results suggest that endothelial-specific loss of glutaminase normalizes tumor blood vessels. We are currently investigating the effects of endothelial-specific deletion of GLS on endothelial cell metabolism, tumor metastasis, lymphocytes infiltration, and the response to chemotherapy. Success of this project will uncover the role of endothelial glutaminase in tumor vessels. Further, chemotherapies are currently the main treatment for TNBC patients, so improvements in drug delivery will have significant clinical impact. Finally, TNBCs lacking tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) are poorly responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Investigating ways to normalize tumor blood vessels will lay foundation for developing novel therapeutics to increase TILs in immunologically cold TNBCs to increase their response to ICIs. Citation Format: Verra Ngwa, Deanna Edwards, Jin Chen. Endothelial-specific loss of glutaminase normalizes tumor blood vessels and inhibits tumor growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1478.
Asymmetric synchronization in lattices of pinned spiral waves

Networks of coupled oscillators show a wealth of fascinating dynamics and are capable of storing and processing information. In biological and social networks, the coupling is often asymmetric. We use the chirality of rotating spiral waves to introduce this asymmetry in an excitable reaction-diffusion model. The individual vortices are pinned to unexcitable disks and arranged at a constant spacing $L$ along straight lines or simple geometric patterns. In the case of periodic boundaries or pinning disks arranged along the edge of a closed shape, small $L$ values lead to synchronization via repeated wave collisions. The rate of synchronization as a function of $L$ shows a single maximum and is determined by the dispersion behavior of a continuous wave train traveling along the system boundary. For finite systems, spirals are affected by their upstream neighbor, and a single dominant spiral exists along each chain. Specific initial conditions can decouple neighboring vortices even for small $L$ values. We also present a time-delay differential equation that reproduces the phase dynamics in periodic systems.
"I'll Cooperate Provided You Cooperate":An Application of Sen's Assurance Rule to the Cooperative Behavior on the Chinese Commune

In social interaction a person’s behaviour may be bounded by a variety of"com-mitment"in that she may sometimes suspend her relentless pursuit of selfinterest, contrary towhat a"completely individualistic"player does in the classic Prisoners'Dilemma game. Commit-ment can have diverse"shades". In a situation requiring cooperation between two agents, one mayagree to cooperate whenassuredthat the other does also (Sen, 1969, 1974). Where cooperationis required between more than two agents (n2), one may agree to cooperate if one other, twoothers,..., or all (n-1) others cooperate. Finally an agent may agree to unilaterally and uncon-ditionally cooperate. My paper aims to analyze different shades of commitment by collective mem-bers on China's communes (1958-1978). Depending on configurations of members'commit-ments, different outcomes of cooperation become possible and were sometimes observed. This in-terpretation of the nature of the cooperation problem on communes is contrasted with two models(Lin, 1990 and 1993; Dong and Dow 1993) which only admit selfinterest as a determinant of col-lective members'effort choice.
Microbial vesicle-mediated communication: convergence to understand interactions within and between domains of life

All cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). These biological packages contain complex mixtures of molecular cargo and have a variety of functions, including interkingdom communication. Recent discoveries highlight the roles microbial EVs may play in the environment with respect to interactions with plants as well as nutrient cycling. These studies have also identified molecules present within EVs and associated with EV surfaces that contribute to these functions. In parallel, studies of engineered nanomaterials have developed methods to track and model small particle behavior in complex systems and measure the relative importance of various surface features on transport and function. While studies of EV behavior in complex environmental conditions have not yet employed transdisciplinary approaches, it is increasingly clear that expertise from disparate fields will be critical to understand the role of EVs in these systems. Here, we outline how the convergence of biology, soil geochemistry, and colloid science can both develop and address questions surrounding the basic principles governing EV-mediated interkingdom interactions.
Disparity in Context: Understanding how monocular image content interacts with disparity processing in human visual cortex

Abstract Horizontal disparities between the two eyes’ retinal images are the primary cue for depth. Commonly used random ot tereograms (RDS) intentionally camouflage the disparity cue, breaking the correlations between monocular image structure and the depth map that are present in natural images. Because of the nonlinear nature of visual processing, it is unlikely that simple computational rules derived from RDS will be sufficient to explain binocular vision in natural environments. In order to understand the interplay between natural scene structure and disparity encoding, we used a depth-image-based-rendering technique and a library of natural 3D stereo pairs to synthesize two novel stereogram types in which monocular scene content was manipulated independent of scene depth information. The half-images of the novel stereograms comprised either random-dots or scrambled natural scenes, each with the same depth maps as the corresponding natural scene stereograms. Using these stereograms in a simultaneous Event-Related Potential and behavioral discrimination task, we identified multiple disparity-contingent encoding stages between 100 ~ 500 msec. The first disparity sensitive evoked potential was observed at ~100 msec after an earlier evoked potential (between ~50-100 msec) that was sensitive to the structure of the monocular half-images but blind to disparity. Starting at ~150 msec, disparity responses were stereogram-specific and predictive of perceptual depth. Complex features associated with natural scene content are thus at least partially coded prior to disparity information, but these features and possibly others associated with natural scene content interact with disparity information only after an intermediate, 2D scene-independent disparity processing stage.
Effects of Data Corruption on Network Identification using Directed Information

Complex networked systems can be modeled and represented as graphs, with nodes representing the agents and the links describing the dynamic coupling between them. The fundamental objective of network identification for dynamic systems is to identify causal influence pathways. However, dynamically related data-streams that originate from different sources are prone to corruption caused by asynchronous time-stamps, packet drops, and noise. In this article, we show that identifying causal structure using corrupt measurements results in the inference of spurious links. A necessary and sufficient condition that delineates the effects of corruption on a set of nodes is obtained. Our theory applies to nonlinear systems, and systems with feedback loops. Our results are obtained by the analysis of conditional directed information in dynamic Bayesian networks. We provide consistency results for the conditional directed information estimator that we use by showing almost-sure convergence.
Natural history of an immediately detectable PSA following radical prostatectomy in a contemporary cohort.

Background A detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) following radical prostatectomy (RP) is an unfavorable prognostic factor. However, not all men with a detectable PSA experience recurrence. We describe the natural history and outcomes in men with a detectable PSA following RP in a contemporary cohort. Methods A retrospective analysis of men who underwent RP for non-metastatic prostate cancer at the University of California, San Francisco from 2000 to 2020 was performed. A detectable PSA was defined as PSA ≥ 0.03 ng/ml within 6 months of RP. Cox regression models tested the effect of detectable PSA on the development of metastasis, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and overall survival. Results We identified 2941 men who had RP with 408 (13.9%) with a detectable PSA within the first 6 months. The median follow-up was 4.42 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.58-8.00). In total, 296 (72.5%) men with a detectable PSA had salvage treatment at a median of 6 months (IQR, 4-11). One hundred sixteen of these men had PSA failure after salvage treatment at a median of 2.0 years (IQR, 0.7-3.8). On multivariable Cox regression, the risk of development of metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.09; p = .01), prostate cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.21; p = .0005), and overall mortality (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.12; p = .002) was associated with PSA velocity after salvage treatment in men with a detectable PSA. Conclusions Men with a detectable PSA after RP may have excellent long-term outcomes. PSA velocity after salvage treatment may be an important predictor for the development of metastasis, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and overall mortality.
Governors in Control: Executive Orders, State-Local Preemption, and the COVID-19 Pandemic

The nation's governors took strong and decisive action in responding to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, often directly affecting their local governments. These actions allow us to examine this question: Will governors' actions in an unprecedented emergency situation centralize the authority of the state or rely on local governments to deal with localized problems? Additionally, what factors affect those decisions? We examine all governors' executive orders affecting local governments in the first five months of the 2020 pandemic. We find that preemption did occur, especially in the early months of the pandemic. States that gave their localities more autonomy were associated with preemption throughout the pandemic; the governor's party affiliation and her ideological match with local officials were associated with greater preemption in some phases of the pandemic but not others.
Deep Slip Rates on the San Andreas Fault

Parkfield, California, is located along the San Andreas fault and has been the site of a long-term earthquake prediction study since 1985. Microearthquake clustering provides detailed insights into the mechanisms of fault slippage and its connection to earthquakes. A study by Nadeau and McEvilly (page 718) illustrates the insights that can be gained from the Parkfield dataset. Slip rates at depth, rather than at the surface, can be deduced and can be correlated with earthquake occurrences. The results have implications for other fault areas that show both creep and major earthquakes.
Unusual dysrhythmia in a normal child

Abstract Ventricular parasystole arising from a high septal or junctional focus is reported in an apparently healthy 8 year old girl.
Understanding the Impact of Network Impairments over Internet-Based Telemedicine Video Traffic

The Internet is designed to provide best effort service, which is not suitable for real-time applications. Therefore, carrying real-time applications over the Internet presents a number of challenges. While quality of service technologies can overcome some of these challenges, most medical facilities and patient homes do not utilize them since there is a high cost associated. Telemedicine and related technologies provide a promising opportunity to improve our healthcare reach to wider populations. The low cost and ubiquity of the Internet can help deliver healthcare to a wider population. However, the unreliable connection properties of packet-based systems hamper the quality of Internet-based telemedicine applications. This research is aimed to explore the delay, jitter, and drop cutoff points for Internet-based videoconferencing applications where video quality stays above the acceptable peak-signal-to-noise-ratio value (25dB). An experimental study is conducted on our testbed where behavior of the Internet is emulated on a Linux PC using NIST Net, a network emulation tool. Video file utilized during these experiments is an ophthalmology telemedicine session and it was obtained from the Regenstrief Institute for Health Care. Video quality measurements are computed using Video Quality Metric (VQM) software, which was developed by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS). Our analysis and results indicate that jitter has a severe effect on the video quality whereas the effect of delay is almost invisible. Drop effects are similar to jitter with less impact on video quality. Results presented in this paper include the cutoff points for these variables as well.
Foreign Office International Legal History

This chapter focuses on the key inquiry of what styles of international legal historiography are within the realm of acceptable scholarship, advocacy, and judicial decision. In this manner, it opens a discussion as to the best practices and methods of international legal history. The chapter first charts the criticisms that have come to be levelled against many forms of legal history, as practiced by lawyers, judges, and (some) scholars. Next, it offers up two case studies, Sosa v. Alverez-Machain case and Kasikili/Sedudu Island case, of relatively recent judicial decisions (one domestic and one international) in which international legal history figures prominently in the resolution of albeit very different kinds of disputes. The purpose of these two case studies was to illustrate possible uses and abuses of history in particular litigation or forensic contexts. Keywords: foreign office international legal history; international law doctrines; judicial decision; Kasikili/Sedudu island case; Sosa v. Alverez-Machain case
Interleukin-12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of 44-kD mitogen-activated protein kinase in human T cells.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a novel cytokine that enhances numerous functional activities of human T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The present studies were undertaken to characterize some of the early signaling events following IL-12 stimulation of mitogen-activated normal T cells. In these cells, IL-12 induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins of 21, 44, and 54 kD. However, IL-12 does not induce tyrosine phosphorylation in normal resting T cells. In conjunction with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of several substrates, IL-12 stimulation resulted in increased in vitro kinase activity of immunoprecipitated tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. The 44- kD protein has been characterized as one isoform of the mitogen- activated protein (MAP) kinase family. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase following IL-12 stimulation was also associated with enhanced enzymatic activity of this protein in vitro as measured by myelin basic protein phosphotransferase assay. These studies identify MAP kinase as one of the intracellular elements of the IL-12 signaling pathway in human T cells.
Transport of surface mannose 6-phosphate receptor to the Golgi complex in cultured human cells.

Abstract The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPRCI) functions in the packaging of both newly made and extracellular lysosomal enzymes into lysosomes. The subcellular location of MPRCI reflects these two functions; receptor is found in the Golgi complex, in endosomes, and on the cell surface. To learn about the intracellular pathway followed by surface receptor and to study the relationship between the receptor pools, we examined the entry of the surface MPRCI into Golgi compartments that contain sialyltransferase. Sialic acid was removed from surface-labeled K562 cultured human erythroleukemia cells by neuraminidase treatment. When the cells were returned to culture at 37 degrees C, surface MPRCI was resialylated by the cells with a half-time of 1-2 h. Resialylation was inhibited by reduced temperature, a treatment that allows surface molecules to reach endosomes but blocks further transport. These results indicate that surface MPRCI is transported to the sialyltransferase compartment in the Golgi complex. After culture at 37 degrees C, a small fraction (10-20%) of the resialylated receptor was found on the cell surface. Because a similar fraction of the total receptor pool is found on the cell surface, it is likely that cell surface MPRCI mixes with the cellular pool after resialylation. These data also support the idea that extracellular and newly made lysosomal enzymes are transported to lysosomes through a common compartment.
Down syndrome consequent to a cryptic maternal 12p;21q chromosome translocation

Abstract Screening of families clinically ascertained for the fragile X syndrome phenotype revealed two mentally impaired males who were cytogenetically negative for the fragile X chromosome. In both cases, screening for the FMR1 trinucleotide expansion mutation revealed a rearrangement within the FMR1 gene. In the first case, a 660-bp deletion is present in 40% of peripheral lymphocytes. PCR and sequence analysis revealed it to include the CpG island and the CGG trinucleotide repeat, thus removing the FMR1 promoter region and putative mRNA start site. In the second case, PCR analysis demonstrated that a deletion extended from a point proximal to FMR1 to 25 kb into the gene, removing all the region 5' to exon 11. The distal breakpoint was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and localized to a 600-bp region, and FMR1-mRNA analysis in a cell line established from this individual confirmed the lack of a transcript. These deletion patients provide further confirmatory evidence that loss of FMR1 gene expression is indeed responsible for mental retardation. Additionally, these cases highlight the need for the careful examination of the FMR1 gene, even in the absence of cytogenetic expression, particularly when several fragile X-like clinical features are present.
Scheduling parallel applications in distributed networks

Prophet is a run-time scheduling system designed to support the efficient execution of parallel applications written in the Mentat programming language (Grimshaw, 1993). Prior results demonstrated that SPMD applications could be scheduled automatically in an ethernet-based local-area workstation network with good performance (Weissman and Grimshaw, 1994 and 1995). This paper describes our recent efforts to extend Prophet along several dimensions: improved overhead control, greater resource sharing, greater resource heterogeneity, wide-area scheduling, and new application types. We show that both SPMD and task parallel applications can be scheduled effectively in a shared heterogeneous LAN environment containing ethernet and ATM networks by exploiting the application structure and dynamic run-time information.
Biochemical Pesticides: Green Chemistry Designs by Nature

The sections in this article are Introduction The Historical Path to Safer Pesticides Reduced-Risk Conventional Pesticides The Biopesticide Alternative: an Overview Biochemical Pesticides Natural Occurrence Nontoxic Mode of Action Against the Target Pest Plant Regulators Semiochemicals Biological Barriers Induced Plant Resistance History of Nontoxic Exposure to Humans and the Environment Are Biochemical Pesticides the Wave of the Future? Conclusion Disclaimer Keywords: biochemical pesticides; toxicity; safer chemicals; green chemistry
The Rediscovery of Caecidotea nickajackensis in Tennessee and Alabama

Normal.dotm 0 0 1 71 405 University of the South 3 1 497 12.0 0 false 18 pt 18 pt 0 0 false false false /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Nickajack Cave in Marion County, Tennessee is the type locality for the isopod Caecidotea nickajackensis Packard 1881. The cave was flooded after the completion of Nickajack Dam in 1967, leaving only a portion of the entrance above water. The flooding of the cave caused the disappearance of the only known habitat of C. nickajackensis and the species was presumed extinct. This paper amends that record in light of the rediscovery of C. nickajackensis from sites in Alabama and Tennessee.
Ambulatory Care Use among the Noninstitutionalized Elderly A Causal Model

While it is recognized that need for care is the dominant factor influencing utilization of health services, little is known regarding the determinants of ambulatory care use by the noninstitutionalized elderly. It is important to examine the relationships among need factors and how physical and mental dysfunctions influence use of services. This study uses a LISREL model to identify the extent to which ambulatory care use was affected by physical or mental functioning and whether strong linkages would be exhibited by both factors.
Relative to the general US population, chronic diseases are associated with poorer health-related quality of life as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)

Abstract Objectives The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) allows assessment of the impact of chronic conditions on health-related quality of life (HRQL) across diseases. We report on the HRQL impact of individual and comorbid conditions as well as conditions that are described as limiting activity. Study Design and Setting Data were collected through online and clinic recruitment as part of the PROMIS item calibration sample ( n =21,133). Participants reported the presence or absence of 24 chronic health conditions and whether their activity was limited by each condition. Results Across health status domains, the presence of a chronic condition was associated with poorer scores than those without a diagnosis, particularly for those individuals who reported that their condition was disabling. The magnitude of detriment in HRQL was more pronounced for individuals with two or more chronic conditions and could not be explained by sociodemographic factors. Patterns of HRQL deficits varied across disease and comorbidity status. Conclusion The impact of chronic conditions, particularly when experienced with comorbid disease, is associated with detriments in HRQL. The negative impact on HRQL varies across symptoms and functional areas within a given condition.
Aftereffects of Sustained Vertical Divergence: Induced Vertical Phoria and Illusory Target Height

Maintaining vertical divergence of about 2 diopters for 6, 8, or 10 min was shown to yield an induced vertical phoria (IVP). IVP increased with the duration of the inducing period and decayed with time in the dark, though not completely. Decay of IVP decreased with duration of induction period and increased as a result of maintaining the normal fusional response for 30 s. Vertical eye movements in the dark, however, were ineffective in reducing IVP. Some evidence also was provided for eye-specific errors in the perception of elevation of a visible target that were appropriate to the direction of the induced phoria. It was proposed that IVP may be modulated by resetting the output of the system used to induce the original effect.
Trust in videoconferencing

People associate poor eye contact with deception. This perception may have hurt large-scale adoption of videoconferencing technology.
Absorption probability distributions of Random paths from finite populations

The sum of observations from a population is an important statistic. However its distribution in a sequential analysis is usually mathematically untractable when the stopping rule depends on the observed outcomes, which makes statistical analyses difficult. To overcome the difficulty, a new method is proposed to obtain absorption probability distributions of random paths on any boundaries or barrier sets, where the random path is a sequence of partial sums of observations from the population. By this method, sanlple spaces for sequential rules are interpreted as partitions of a common sample space. The absorption probability on the boundary is the product of a latent function and the likelihood function of the random path, where the latent function is defined as the conditional absorption probability. Latent functions for a variety of stopp~ng rules are given as iterative convolutions over boundaries. Though this method is general, our discussion is focused on finite populations. Advantages of the method ...
Improving the effectiveness of warnings by increasing the appropriateness of their information content: some hypotheses about human compliance

Abstract The ways that warnings are administered vary greatly. A warning may come as a message broadcast on the radio about severe weather, as a flashing light in the cockpit of an airplane, or as an audible smoke alarm. Typically, warnings provide an auditory or visual signal to assist in the detection of an anticipated stimulus. However, warnings tend to operate in an all or none mode: either the warning is present, or it is not. Consequently, the information they provide is limited. If warnings are provided too often, their information content becomes even lower and frequent false alarms render them ineffective because of the “cry-wolf” effect. On the other hand, if warnings are not administered frequently enough, they result in too many potentially costly misses. In this conceptual paper, it is argued that the effectiveness of warnings might be significantly improved if warnings are made more “intelligent” by providing information about the likelihood of the occurrence of the stimulus. Several representative cases are discussed and analyzed in order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methods.
Juvenile Life Without the Possibility of Parole: Constitutional But Complicated

Abstract The Supreme Court's recent decision in Miller v. Alabama found that juvenile life without the possibility of parole sentences for homicide crimes was unconstitutional if mandated by state law. Thus, allowing this sentence only after an individualized decision determines the sanction proportional given the circumstances of the offense and mitigating factors. This decision, for a number of reasons, does not go far enough in protecting those youthful offenders afflicted with maltreatment victimizations, mental health problems, and/or learning disabilities — all potential links for some adolescents to serious offending and potentially homicide. While the Supreme Court has not protected these youthful offenders from a potential life sentence, there are early interventions and preventative programming that can help decrease serious adolescent offending behaviors. So while many states will, post Miller, allow this life imprisonment sentence, it is only just, in light of the extensive difficulties for many of these adolescents, that their future allows at least the possibility of a parole hearing.
Synthesis of classical and a nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-6-methyl-5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate inhibitors of thymidylate synthase.

Compounds 2−5 were designed as potential antifolate nonpolyglutamatable inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (TS). These analogues are structurally related to 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted quinazolines and 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines which have shown excellent inhibition of TS and, for the quinazoline, significant promise as clinically useful antitumor agents. Compounds 2−4 were synthesized by appropriate amine exchange reactions on pivaloyl-protected 5-dimethylaminomethyl-substituted 6-methyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 7 which in turn was obtained from the Mannich reaction of pivaloylated-6-methyl pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 6. In instances where the amine exchange reaction was sluggish, the Mannich base was quaternized with methyl iodide which afforded much faster exchange reaction with improved yields. For compound 5, 4-mercaptopyridine was used as the nucleophile and reacted with 7. The analogues 2−4 inhibited Lactobacillus casei (lc) TS and recombinant human (h) TS with IC50 in the 1...
IMPROVING THE ANALYTICAL AND DATA FRAMEWORK OF THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR FOR NATIONAL GOALS ACCOUNTING

Provision of “market goods” follows the decision rules of traditional microeconomics; pricing and resource allocation for such goods tend towards Pareto optimality. The provision of “collective goods,” by contrast, depends on political (or quasi-political) collective decision processes; beneficiaries often receive a share of collective goods free of charge or well below average or marginal (private or social) costs. No inherent tendency towards optimality may be presumed and separate analysis of collective goods becomes an essential part of national goals accounting. The national-income-accounts (NIA) distinction between personal consumption expenditures (PCE) and government purchases of goods and services corresponds roughly to a division between market goods bought by the consumer and a major category of “collective goods” (i.e. “public goods” provided by government). However, a significant proportion of PCE represents “collective goods” paid for by government, business, or nonprofit organizations and provided on behalf of the consumer, whereas a part of NIA government purchases represents services paid for by the consumer (i.e. “market goods”). This article develops operationally meaningful distinctions among “market goods,”“collective goods,” and “tied aid” (a mixed category with market-good and collective-good characteristics). These distinctions are determined by the nature of the decision processes–rather than by the characteristics of the beneficiary or the supplier. This classification is related to the national income accounts and major discrepancies are pinpointed. The blurring of the distinction among market goods, collective goods and tied aid is found to be most consequential in the NIA treatment of “education” and “medical care” services. NIA data for these two services are restructured for national goals accounting purposes in order to illustrate both the quantitative importance and the empirical feasibility of classifying benefits by their respective decision processes.
NATIVE PLANT DIVERSITY RESISTS INVASION AT BOTH LOW AND HIGH RESOURCE LEVELS

Human modification of the environment is causing both loss of species and changes in resource availability. While studies have examined how species loss at the local level can influence invasion resistance, interactions between species loss and other components of environmental change remain poorly studied. In particular, the manner in which native diversity interacts with resource availability to influence invasion resistance is not well understood. We created experimental plant assemblages that varied in native species (1-16 species) and/or functional richness (defined by rooting morphology and phenology; one to five functional groups). We crossed these diversity treatments with resource (water) addition to determine their interactive effects on invasion resistance to spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), a potent exotic invader in the intermountain West of the United States. We also determined how native diversity and resource addition influenced plant-available soil nitrogen, soil moisture, and light. Assemblages with lower species and functional diversity were more heavily invaded than assemblages with greater species and functional diversity. In uninvaded assemblages, experimental addition of water increased soil moisture and plant-available nitrogen and decreased light availability. The availability of these resources generally declined with increasing native plant diversity. Although water addition increased susceptibility to invasion, it did not fundamentally change the negative relationship between diversity and invasibility. Thus, native diversity provided strong invasion resistance even under high resource availability. These results suggest that the effects of local diversity can remain robust despite enhanced resource levels that are predicted under scenarios of global change.
Development of a general intertrip monitoring system for the NGC network

Abstract For some time now, National Grid Company (NGC) has been developing on-line transient stability analysis tools. A particular need is the development of a facility that will help in the monitoring of intertrip schemes. This paper, therefore, describes the features of the General Intertrip Monitoring System (GIMS) facility developed for the NGC system and currently running on-line at the National Control Centre. The paper also demonstrates the operational experience in using this tool.
An improved theoretical model for hollow-fiber enzyme reactors

Abstract An analysis of hollow-fiber enzyme reactors is presented, for first-order kinetics, which leads to explicit expressions for the concentration fields on both the enzyme and substrate sides. These expressions are easily evaluated numerically. Results are presented which show that the substrate-side profiles of bulk concentration versus axial distance can be expressed as functions of a single parameter (an overall mass transfer resistance). Limiting forms of the equations and of system behavior which arise for very low and very high values of the Thiele modulus (corresponding to the reaction-controlled and diffusion-controlled limits) are discussed in some detail. The method of analysis presented is shown to be applicable to other “conjugated boundary value” problems of a similar nature.
Design of a segmented half-loop antenna

A half-loop antenna is considered, placed perpendicularly to an infinite ground plane. By partitioning antenna's conductor into short segments interconnected with lumped capacitances and/or inductances it is possible to produce an omnidirectional radiation pattern in a vertical plane and at the same time match the input impedance(s). The described segmentation-design procedure is convenient for the printed-circuit antennas and it can also be applied to other types of printed-circuit antennas.
Sturm–Liouville Problems with Finite Spectrum

Abstract For every positive integer n, we construct a class of regular self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint Sturm–Liouville problems with exactly n eigenvalues. These n eigenvalues can be located anywhere in the complex plane in the non-self-adjoint case and anywhere along the real line in the self-adjoint case. The latter complements the well-known general result for right-definite Sturm–Liouville problems with an infinite number of eigenvalues, which must go to infinity asymptotically like n2 does. With an appropriate and natural interpretation of a “zero,” the eigenfunctions have the usual zero properties.
Effective thread management on network processors with compiler analysis

Mapping packet processing tasks on network processor micro-engines involves complex tradeoffs that relating to maximizing parallelism and pipelining. Due to an increase in the size of the code store and complexity of the application requirements, network processors are being programmed with heterogeneous threads that may execute code belonging to different tasks on a given micro-engine. Also, most network applications are streaming applications that are typically processed in a pipelined fashion. Thus, the tasks on different micro-engines are pipelined in such a way as to maximize the throughput. Tasks themselves could have different run time performance demands. Traditionally, runtime management involving processor sharing, real-time scheduling etc. is provided by the runtime environment (typically an operating system) using the hardware support for timers and interrupts that allows time slicing the resource amongst the tasks. However, due to stringent performance requirements on network processors (which process packets from very high speed network traffic), neither OS nor hardware mechanisms are typically feasible/available.In this paper, we show that it is very difficult and inefficient for the programmer to meet the constraints of runtime management by coding them statically. Due to the infeasibility of hardware or OS solution (even in the near future), the only choice left is a compiler approach.We propose a complete compiler solution to automatically insert explicit context switch (ctx) instructions provided on the processors so that the execution of programs is better manipulated at runtime to meet their constraints. We show that such an approach is feasible opening new application domains that would need heterogeneous thread programming. Such approaches would in general become important for multi-core processors.
A new bathymetric chart of the Windward Passage sill

Abstract The submarine ridge between the eastern tip of Cuba and the northwestern tip of Haiti forms the sill of the Windward Passage and is the topographic barrier between the deep water of the Atlantic Ocean and that of the Cayman Basin in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The controlling depth of this ridge was shown to be 1560 m by a bathymetric survey using a precision radar ranging system.The results agree with previous estimates based on temperature distribution and bathymetric surveys.
Queuing Network Modeling of a Real-Time Psychophysiological Index of Mental Workload—P300 Amplitude in Event-Related Potential (ERP)

The P300 amplitude of a secondary task is found to decrease in dual task situations compared with the corresponding single task situation of performing the secondary task alone, and is regarded as an effective real-time index of mental workload. In this article we describe a successful extension and application of the queueing network human performance model to quantify and model this major finding in P300, based on the neurophysiological mechanisms of P300. A comparison of the simulation results of the model with the corresponding experimental results in the literature indicates that the model quantifies human performance and the change of P300 amplitude in single and dual task conditions accurately. The model has not only a solid basis in its biological mechanism, but also potential value in real time workload prediction and application. Further developments of the model in simulating other dimensions of mental workload and its potential applications in adaptive system design are discussed.
Random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a digital micromirror device

We developed random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using a digital micromirror device. This system can rapidly scan arbitrarily shaped regions of interest within a 40 μm×40 μm imaging area with a lateral resolution of 3.6 μm. To identify a region of interest, a global structural image is first acquired, then the selected region is scanned. The random-access ability was demonstrated by imaging two static samples, a carbon fiber cross and a monolayer of red blood cells, with an acquisition rate up to 4 kHz. The system was then used to monitor blood flow in vivo in real time within user-selected capillaries in a mouse ear. By imaging only the capillary of interest, the frame rate was increased by up to 9.2 times.
Diffuse interface between polymers: Structure and kinetics

The interfacial structure and diffusion kinetics of two compatible polymers, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) are studied in the melt. The interdiffusion rates of the two components are found to be unequal, giving unequal diffusion coefficients, a net mass flow across the interface, and an asymmetric interfacial composition profile. The structure and kinetics confirm the predictions of the reptation theory. The interfacial thickness d grows with t1/2, and the interdiffusion coefficient is proportional to M−2, where t is the time and M is the molecular weight. The scaling law for the interfacial thickness is therefore d ∝ M−1t1/2. The number of chains per unit area crossing the original interface reaches a constant value independent of diffusion time after a short induction time on the order of the tube disengagement time (about 0.1–10 s in the present cases depending on the molecular weights). The adhesive bond strength σ is scaled by σ ∝ t1/4M−1/2 and σ/σ∞ ∝ t1/4M−1/2 [1- (Mc/M)]−1, where σ ∞is the σ at infinite molecular weight and Mc is the entanglement molecular weight.
Rheology, Optical Microscopy, and Electron Microscopy of Cationic Surfactant Gels

Abstract A cationic surfactant mixture is studied in aqueous solution by rheological and imaging techniques. We find that the system becomes gel-like above a threshold surfactant concentration, as evidenced by the appearance of an apparent yield stress and a viscosity which is highly non-Newtonian. Hysteresis is observed in the shear stress vs shear rate measurements: the formation of shear-induced microstructures at high shear rates may cause shear thickening. Electron micrographs indicate three distinct structures in the sample: lamellae, large onion-like globules, and small nodules. These structures are discussed in the context of the rheological data. The density of the globular structures in sheared samples is observed to be larger than in unsheared samples.
The one-phase Hele-Shaw problem with singularities

In this article we analyze viscosity solutions of the one phase Hele-Shaw problem in the plane and the corresponding free boundaries near a singularity. We find, up to order of magnitude, the speed at which the free boundary moves starting from a wedge, cusp, or finger-type singularity. Maximum principle-type arguments play a key role in the analysis.
Pulmonary Embolism Incidence Is Increasing with Use of Spiral Computed Tomography

Abstract Background Pulmonary embolism causes significant morbidity in hospitalized patients, yet few studies have explored the impact of spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning on diagnosis and clinical outcome. Methods Incidence rates of pulmonary embolism, chest and spiral CT rates, D-dimer assay, anticoagulation, and in-hospital mortality were assessed on statewide pulmonary embolism discharge data (1997-2001) from the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council. Results The incidence of pulmonary embolism increased from 47 to 63 per 100,000 patients from 1997 to 2001 (mean of 0.004% per year, P Conclusion The incidence of pulmonary embolism is increasing with the increasing use of spiral CT scans, with a lower severity of illness and lower mortality, suggesting the increase is due to earlier diagnosis.