cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A picture of strength: Preschool competencies mediate the effects of early behavior problems on later academic and social adjustment for Head Start children

In the current study, the authors tested the hypothesis that the relationship between early behavior problems and later academic and social outcomes is mediated by children's evidence of strengths during the transition to school. A locally representative and predominantly African American sample of 162 Head Start children was assessed at the end of children's Head Start experience and again at the end of their first grade year. Findings based on structural equation modeling revealed that both the partial and full mediation models better explained the data than the direct effects model, suggesting that the influence of preschool behavior problems is more fully understood in the context of children's concomitant strengths. The authors conclude with a discussion of the practical and policy implications of these findings and how they extend prior research on the relationship between early problem behavior and later school adjustment.
Fear of success, achievement‐related motives and behavior in black college women1

This study was designed to test the hypothesis, derived from past research, that Fear of Success should be an insignificant motivational determinant among black college women. Fifty-five black undergraduates from Radcliffe College participated in two one-hour sessions where motive and performance measures in a series of achievement-related situations were obtained. Among middle-class women, nAchievement was the major positive determinant of the achievement-related behaviors under investigation while Fear of Success, measured by Horner's new experimentally derived scoring system, facilitated rather than inhibited performance. For women of working-class origin, Fear of Success exerted the strongest influence on behavior and inhibited achievement-striving in nontraditional directions. The findings among middle-class women support the prevailing opinion that black women are more achievement-oriented than their white counterparts, but the results for working-class women challenge the findings of earlier studies based upon the original measure of Fear of Success imagery and suggest that an internalized conflict over achievement and feminine identity may be a salient motivation among some black women.
Feeding evoked by electrical stimulation in collared lizards

Feeding was evoked in collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris, using electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB). Stimulation sites were tested in the forebrain and midbrain of 39 animals. Six stimulation loci were localized in the septal, preoptic, hypothalamic, and thalamic areas from which ESB feeding was evoked. Feeding could be elicited by ESB over several test days, but the number of feeding bouts per test session was usually low. However, several animals ate or approached food consistently when stimulated.
Distance Estimation of Switched Capacitor Banks in Utility Distribution Feeders

This paper proposes an efficient and accurate technique for estimating the location of an energized capacitor bank downline from a monitoring equipment. The proposed technique is based on fundamental circuit theory and works with existing capacitor switching transient data of radial power distribution systems. Once the direction of a switched capacitor bank is found to be downstream from a power quality monitoring point, the feeder line reactance is estimated using the initial voltage change. The efficacy of the proposed technique is demonstrated with system data from IEEE test feeders modeled in a commercial time-domain modeling software package.
Secular changes among the Western Apache.

Norman Gabel measured 355 Western Apache men in 1940. This provided an excellent set of data with which to initiate a study of secular change. One hundred forty-three sons of the men measured in 1940 were included in a 1967 survey. Correlation analysis of those under age 27 confirmed the view that the onset of maturity was reached earlier in 1940 than in 1967. Correction for immaturity was done by regression analysis. Each son's measurements were corrected by subtracting the present age from the arbitrarily chosen but useful age of 27, multiplying the result by the regression coefficient, and adding the product to the original measurement. The univariate analysis compared each son to his father, with the 1940 sample being weighted according to the number of sons in the 1967 sample. The major changes between 1940 and 1967 are in longer heads (an increase of 3.5 mm), increased stature (plus 13.0 mm) and increased weight (plus 12.9 pounds). Variables associated with weight and stature have shown corresponding changes. The utility of this approach is discussed and evaluated.
Inhibitory action of furosemide on the active chloride transport of papillary heart muscle in rabbit.

Abstract The action of furosemide on the intracellular chloride activity, a i (Cl), of rabbit papillary muscle was investigated with Cl ion selective microelectrodes. With furosemide concentrations greater than 1 μM, a i (Cl) decreased. Furthermore, the decrease in a i (Cl) was larger as the furosenide concentration increased. Lowering the extracellular sodium concentration, [Na] o , by replacing Na with choline, significantly reduced the effect of furosemide on a i (Cl). The results provide evidence that the membrane of rabbit heart cells possess a furosemide sensitive chloride transport mechanism related to [Na] o .
An Ultrasonic Angle Beam Method for in situ Sizing of Fastener Hole Cracks

Ultrasonic testing is generally recognized as being the preferred nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method for measuring the size of cracks in metals, particularly when access is restricted. Using ultrasonic methods for structural health monitoring imposes the requirement of fixed transducers, which limits the articulation of transducers that is common for NDE. Here we consider the specific problem of in situ sizing of fatigue cracks emanating from fastener holes in aluminum structural components. A dual angle beam through transmission technique is employed whereby the regions of expected crack initiation are interrogated with vertically polarized shear waves. Fatigue cracks partially block the leaky creeping wave spiralling around the hole, and thus reduce the energy of the received signal. The reduction in received energy is directly related to the extent and shape of any open cracks, and this energy is modulated by the applied load as the cracks open and close. The ratio of energy received from the specimen under load to that received under no load is monitored, and this ratio is empirically related to the total crack area. A model is developed to explain this relationship for known crack shapes by assuming an ultrasonic energy profile in the plane of the crack. Data calculated from the model show very good agreement with the experimental results.
Qualitative research: an introduction to methods and designs

At over 500 pages, Qualitative Research: An Introduction to Methods and Design is long and the title, while accurate, is not particularly engaging. In fact, the book’s size and its title clearly su...
PKC δ and βII regulate angiotensin II-mediated fibrosis through p38: a mechanism of RV fibrosis in pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) eventually leads to right ventricular (RV) fibrosis and dysfunction that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although angiotensin II plays an important role in RV remodeling associated with hypoxic PH, the molecular mechanisms underlying RV fibrosis in PH largely remain unresolved. We hypothesized that PKC-p38 signaling is involved in RV collagen accumulation in PH and in response to angiotensin II stimulation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 3 wk of normoxia or hypoxia (10% FiO2 ) as a model of PH. Hypoxic rats developed RV hypertrophy and fibrosis associated with an increase in PKC βII and δ protein expression and p38 dephosphorylation in freshly isolated RV cardiac fibroblasts. Further mechanistic studies were performed in cultured primary cardiac fibroblasts stimulated with angiotensin II, a key activator of ventricular fibrosis in PH. Angiotensin II induced a reduction in p38 phosphorylation that was attenuated following chemical inhibition of PKC βII and δ. Molecular and chemical inhibition of PKC βII and δ abrogated angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in vitro. The effects of PKC inhibition on proliferation and fibrosis were reversed by chemical inhibition of p38. Conversely, constitutive activation of p38 attenuated angiotensin II-induced increase of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen accumulation. PKC βII- and δ-dependent inactivation of p38 regulates cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition in response to angiotensin II, which suggests that the PKC-p38 signaling in cardiac fibroblasts may be involved and important in the pathophysiology of RV fibrosis in PH.
Self-administered procedures in changing pronunciation dialect.

Improvement in intelligibility and in general merit of speaking was demonstrated among 88 speakers of four groups who used the Self-Administered Intelligibility Testing-Training Unit programmed wit...
Using discriminant analysis to classify satisfaction data to facilitate planning in a franchise context

Using service-dominant logic as a framework, a process for classification and analysis of satisfaction data is developed with the objective of enabling a franchisor (management) to clearly differentiate between service preferences of franchisees (customers) with the same level of tenure with the organization, yet at substantially different revenue levels. The marketer can subsequently design service offerings that effectively meet the needs of the segment. Using discriminant analysis with satisfaction data, collected with an online survey of US franchisees of a multi-national firm, offers an opportunity to isolate the service preferences that most differentiate performance segments. Franchise marketers can more effectively design programs to meet franchisee needs based on tenure/revenue segments, and create an environment which encourages growth based on the experiences and preferences of higher performers. The contribution is the development of a process for effectively designing service offerings using ...
Beam intensity uniformization by mirror folding

Abstract It is often desirable to have an optical means for modifying a non-uniform intensity distribution. We describe a technique employing beam folding through the use of a wedged mirror tunnel to produce intensity distributions approaching the flat-top case. Computer simulation of the device performance is described and experimental results are shown in which the intensity variations are reduced to ±1.5 percent.
Crystal structure of the hCASK PDZ domain reveals the structural basis of class II PDZ domain target recognition

PDZ domain containing proteins assist formation of cell-cell junctions and localization of membrane protein receptors and ion channels. PDZ domains interact with the C-terminal residues of a particular target membrane protein. Based on their binding specificities and sequence homologies, PDZ domains fall into two classes. The first crystal structure of a class II PDZ domain, that of hCASK, has been solved by multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing. Complex formation with the C-terminus of a neighboring non-crystallographically related PDZ domain reveals interactions between hCASK and its ligand. Class II PDZ domains differ from class I domains by formation of a second hydrophobic binding pocket. The C-terminal carboxylate binding loop of the PDZ domain is structurally conserved in both classes suggesting a generalized carboxylate binding motif (h-Gly-h) where h is a hydrophobic residue.
On Symmetry and Multiple-View Geometry: Structure, Pose, and Calibration from a Single Image

In this paper, we provide a principled explanation of how knowledge in global 3-D structural invariants, typically captured by a group action on a symmetric structure, can dramatically facilitate the task of reconstructing a 3-D scene from one or more images. More importantly, since every symmetric structure admits a “canonical” coordinate frame with respect to which the group action can be naturally represented, the canonical pose between the viewer and this canonical frame can be recovered too, which explains why symmetric objects (e.g., buildings) provide us overwhelming clues to their orientation and position. We give the necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the symmetry (group) admitted by a structure under which this pose can be uniquely determined. We also characterize, when such conditions are not satisfied, to what extent this pose can be recovered. We show how algorithms from conventional multiple-view geometry, after properly modified and extended, can be directly applied to perform such recovery, from all “hidden images” of one image of the symmetric structure. We also apply our results to a wide range of applications in computer vision and image processing such as camera self-calibration, image segmentation and global orientation, large baseline feature matching, image rendering and photo editing, as well as visual illusions (caused by symmetry if incorrectly assumed).
Wind loading on trees across a forest edge : A large eddy simulation

Wind loadings on trees, quantified by wind moment, are studied at a forest edge by employing a large eddy simulation. Trees at the forest edge are subject to large mean values of wind moment. If the relative magnitude of wind moment is concerned, however, wind moment appears to be more violent in the equilibrium region far downstream of the forest edge. This is explained by that wind moments at locations further than eight tree heights downwind of the edge are characterized by larger maximum-to-mean ratios, greater intensities of fluctuation and skewness, and higher frequency of extreme value than in the edge zone. These distinct spatial features between the absolute magnitude and relative magnitude of wind moment have different implications in regard to stand vulnerabilities between young and old forests. Two approaches are used to investigate the controlling mechanisms for wind moment: (1) cross-correlation analysis and (2) comparison of extreme values in wind moment to those in flow-driving terms. The results demonstrate that pressure gradient force and streamwise advection of upstream momentum are highly correlated with, and likely induce the extreme values in wind moment at the forest edge. In the equilibrium region, however, intermittent impulsive downward momentum fluxes associated with the passage of coherent structures are the ultimate mechanism in causing extremes in wind moment.
Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster reaches its maximum in Ethiopia and correlates most strongly with ultra-violet radiation in sub-Saharan Africa

Pigmentation has a long history of investigation in evolutionary biology. In Drosophila melanogaster, latitudinal and altitudinal clines have been found but their underlying causes remain unclear. Moreover, most studies were conducted on cosmopolitan populations which have a relatively low level of genetic structure and diversity compared to sub-Saharan African populations. We investigated: 1) the correlation between pigmentation traits within and between the thorax and the fourth abdominal segment, and 2) their associations with different geographical and ecological variables, using 710 lines belonging to 30 sub-Saharan and cosmopolitan populations. Pigmentation clines substantially differed between sub-Saharan and cosmopolitan populations. While positive correlations with latitude have previously been described in Europe, India and Australia, in agreement with Bogert's rule or the thermal melanism hypothesis, we found a significant negative correlation in Africa. This correlation persisted even after correction for altitude, which in its turn showed a positive correlation with pigmentation independently from latitude. More importantly, we found that thoracic pigmentation reaches its maximal values in this species in high-altitude populations of Ethiopia (1,600-3,100 m). Ethiopian flies have a diffuse wide thoracic trident making the mesonotum and the head almost black, a phenotype that is absent from all other sub-Saharan or cosmopolitan populations including high-altitude flies from Peru (~3,400 m). Ecological analyses indicated that the variable most predictive of pigmentation in Africa, especially for the thorax, was ultra-violet (UV) intensity, consistent with the so-called Gloger's rule invoking a role of melanin in UV protection. Our data suggest that different environmental factors may shape clinal variation in tropical and temperate regions, and may lead to the evolution of different degrees of melanism in different high altitude populations in the tropics.
Synthesis and molecular structures of R(Me3CCH2)2In · E(SiMe3)3 (R=Me3CCH2, E = P or As; R = Me, E = P).

Abstract Combining P(SiMe 3 ) 3 or As(SiMe 3 ) 3 with (Me 3 CCH 2 ) 3 In in a 1:1 mole ratio yields simple adducts (Me 3 CCH 2 ) 3 In·P(SiMe 3 ) 3 ( I ) and (Me 3 CCH 2 ) 3 In·As(SiMe 3 ) 3 ( II ), respectively. Addition of (Me 3 CCH 2 ) 2 InCl to a diethyl ether solution of LiP(SiMe 3 ) 2 produces Me(Me 3 CCH 2 ) 2 In·P(SiMe 3 ) 3 ( III ). X-ray crystal structures have been determined for compounds ( I ), ( II ) and ( III ).
Fast local mapping to support navigation and object localization

A robot must have an internal representation of the local space it occupies to use for both navigation and obstacle localization. In addition, it must be possible to build and update the map in real-time so that it can be used in feedback control loops. A robot's notion of local space must bridge the gap between symbolic and continuous control. To satisfy both real-time constraints and the needs of high-level navigation and object recognition, the map building system must use a simple representation that can be computed quickly yet will support the construction of more involved maps over longer timescales. A complete system also requires control behaviors that can use the simple representation to drive the robot through its immediate surroundings in service of higher-level local navigation goals generated from the more detailed map. This paper describes a system based on building simple geometric occupancy maps from multiple sensors in real-time and using them for control. The mapping and local navigation algorithms presented were used to control the University of Chicago mobile robot at the AAAI-92 Robot Competition.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multi-source kernel k-means for clustering heterogeneous biomedical data

In recent years, huge different biological databases have been stored in various locations. Using distinct data sets from multiple sources results in more reliable data analysis. However, it is so difficult to combine heterogeneous data in one single server. The most obvious reasons include data privacy, large data sizes, costs, and different geographical locations of data sources. In this paper, we present two new algorithms for clustering data from multiple remote data sources using kernel k-means. The first algorithm is the center-based algorithm built on k-means algorithm. The second algorithm uses distributed kernel k-means over multiple data sources. In the distributed scheme, clustering methods are executed only on their local data sources themselves. Partial clustering results are synched between data sources. To evaluate performance of our proposed algorithms, we merged all data from different sources into one large data set to perform kernel k-means. The results showed that our center-based algorithm greatly reduced transmission data between data sources while still yielding acceptable clustering results. Our distributed kernel k-means algorithm achieved even better performance. The clustering results are very close to those generated by kernel k-means on one merged data set.
Regenerative switching characteristics of a novel electrical or optical base-controlled AlGaAs/GaAs quantum-well heterojunction bipolar transistor

A report is presented on the regenerative switching characteristics of a novel AlGaAs/GaAs quantum-well heterojunction bipolar transistor (QWHBT) with an electrically or optically controlled base grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). This double-barrier QWHBT exhibits excellent electrical switching characteristics of 7 V and 0.03 A/cm/sup 2/ at the switching condition and 4.5 V and 3.2 A/cm/sup 2/ at the holding condition. When the device is operating as an optical switch, the optical base-controlled sensitivity is 6*10/sup -3/ V/ mu W. The effects of temperature on the device performance were evaluated at 77 and 300 K. The results show that it may be used as an all-optical switch (flip-flop) for optical parallel image processing. >
Creating a Network for Queer Audiences at Logo TV

Using Lisa Parks' concepts of “postbroadcasting” and “flexible microcasting,” I examine how Viacom and MTV Networks developed Logo TV as a cable channel catering to gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) audiences. Through an examination of the trade press, MTV Networks' and Logo's programming strategies, and the series Noah's Arc and Round Trip Ticket, I argue that Logo's attempts to market itself to a diverse queer audience are undermined by textual choices in specific programs that reinscribe class, race, and national hierarchies in queer cultures. The article begins with an examination of how Logo executives constructed a queer audience in the age of media convergence and then moves to consider the promotional, programming, and scheduling strategies that were developed to target queer audiences. Using Noah's Arc and Round Trip Ticket, I analyze limitations in Logo's programming regarding the channel's representations of gender, race, and nationality.
Hofmeister Salts Recover a Misfolded Multiprotein Complex for Subsequent Structural Measurements in the Gas Phase

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, the functions of which are largely predicated on their structures and dynamics. Detailed knowledge of these attributes has enabled countless breakthroughs in human health and disease.[1] Many aspects, however, of protein structure remain poorly understood, including their high-order interactions.[2] This knowledge gap drives the development of new tools capable of protein structure characterization, some of which operate by measuring desolvated protein structure.[3] While desolvation enables the application of powerful analytical techniques that cannot be used in a solvated environment, and recent results indicate that many features of native protein structure survive in the gas-phase,[4] desolvation may also act to obfuscate critical details of protein conformation.8 Recently, multiple strategies have emerged for observing labile protein structures in the absence of bulk water and have proven useful in stabilizing protein-small molecule interactions, globular proteins, and their complexes.[5] Here, we report the first evidence that a misfolded protein complex, which exists both in solution and in the gas-phase, can be recovered back to a ‘native-like’ structure through the addition of salts prior to desorption/ionization. These data represent the first time that such a solution-phase multiprotein folding equilibrium is captured by gas-phase measurements.
Intensive indoor versus outdoor swine production systems: genotype and supplemental iron effects on blood hemoglobin and selected immune measures in young pigs.

The objectives of Exp. 1 were to determine the effects of production system and geno- type on pig performance and health. Sows were bred, gestated, farrowed, and lactated in either an intensive indoor or an intensive outdoor production system. The three dam genotypes of pigs used in each environment were PIC Camborough-15 (C-15), PIC Camborough Blue (CB), and Yorkshire × Landrace (YL). All pigs received 100 mg of iron dextran at d 3 of age. Pigs raised in the outdoor unit had higher blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations on d 28 of age than pigs raised indoors (11.5 ± .22 vs 8.16 ± .26 g/dL, P < .0001). Outdoor-reared pigs had more white blood cells (WBC) on d 3 than indoor-reared pigs (9.7 ± .38 vs 8.04 ± .38 cells/mL × 10 3 , P < .05), but outdoor pigs had fewer WBC on d 28 of age than indoor-reared pigs (9.8 ± .5 vs 11.1 ± .45 cells/mL × 10 3 , P < .05). Genetic
NEUTRAL VECTOR-MESON PRODUCTION FROM AN ELECTRON--POSITRON COLLIDING BEAM AS A TEST OF C NONINVARIANCE IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION.

The production of a pair of identical neutral vector mesons from a colliding electron-positron beam is studied. Processes from both $C$-noninvariant and $C$-invariant interactions (i.e., $1\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ intermediate states) are considered, and differential and total cross sections are calculated. The correlation of the decay products from the vector mesons is also calculated for the $C$-noninvariant process.
Intermediate filament staining in the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of canine skin and soft tissue tumors.

Formalin-fixed histologic and acetone-fixed cytologic preparations from 87 surgically removed subcutaneous and soft tissue canine tumors were examined for immunoreactivity to cytokeratin, desmin, and vimentin. The avidin-biotin complex (ABC) technique demonstrated immunoreactivity in both preparations, but the intensity and specificity o~t~~~~~ on t he mimary antibody. __ Polyclonal antibodies to cytokeratin were more consislentinimmunoreactivity than were polyclonal desmin or vimentin antibodies. ThFmTnoclonal antibody proved more sat~~~toryfor~de ~nstr~ti~~vim~~~ ~~~an the polyclonakmtibody. Greater dilutions of primary antibodies may be used on cytologic preparations than on histologic sections. Evaluation of cytologic preparations may be inconclusive due to background staining, scant cellularity, or poor cytoplasmic preservation. -__
Interdiffusion of Al and Ga in (Al,Ga)As/GaAs Quantum Wells

We have employed photoluminescence spectroscopy to determine the interdiffusion of Al and Ga in (Al,Ga)As/GaAs quantum wells. The luminescence due to the n=l electron to heavy hole transition in these wells before and after anneal was measured. A variational calculation was employed to determine the expected position of this luminescence peak both before and after the anneal. A single diffusion coefficient, D , was used to model the interdiffusion of the Al and Ga and from the shifted position of the luminescence peaks under various anneal conditions of time and temperature its value was determined. These measurements were performed as a function of temperature to yield ΔE where D = D 0 e -ΔE/KT. This diffusion coefficient was also studied as a function of the initial Al composition in the cladding layers which ranged from 0.3 to 1.0.
A monoclonal antibody from a mother of a child with autism resulted in cortical and behavioral alterations in male but not in female mice

lular proteases of the PA system, is elevated in an area of inflammation, and plays a role in inflammatory neurological disorders. Our study focuses on the involvement of tPA in the animal model for Multiple Sclerosis Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), and in Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG). Our results show that mice lacking tPA developed markedly more severe diseases. To further understand the underlying mechanisms resulting in the severe disease in tPA−/− mice (in EAMG), a whole genome micro-array was performed. Differentially expressed genes were clustered in pathways connected to the immune system such as; NF kappa B and TNF family, antigen presentation pathway, complement and the BAFF pathway. Consistent with the higher level of pathogenic antibodies and the more severe disease manifestation, expression of BAFF and BAFF-receptor increased while B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) expression reduced. Given the pivotal role of T regulatory (Treg) in maintaining self-tolerance, we tested the Treg population and found a significant reduction in Tregs in EAE and EAMG in tPA−/− mice quantitatively but not functionally. Furthermore, a correlation between tPA deficiency and a decrease in TGFbeta gene expression was found, which may explain the impairment in Tregs and the more severe diseases. Finally, using components derived from the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and mutant tPA proteins without catalytic activity, treatment of EAE and EAMG mice resulted in a marked suppression of both diseases. Cumulatively these results suggest a role for tPA in autoimmune pathogenesis and propose it as a potential site for therapeutic intervention.
Adaptation of the Biological Simulation Model MAESTRA for Use in a Generic User Interface

Application of process-based models beyond the research community has been limited, in part because they do not operate in an intuitive graphical user-friendly environment. This article describes the procedure of adapting a spatially explicit biological-process model, MAESTRA (Multi-Array Evaporation Stand Tree Radiation A), to run in a standard graphical user interface (GUI). The methods used to adapt the MAESTRA model are generally applicable to other individual tree process-based models and, therefore, should simplify other coupling attempts. The three primary changes to MAESTRA were the placement of the MAESTRA code inside a Microsoft Windows API (application programming interface) function called WINMAIN, rearrangement of the input file structure to fit the hierarchical file structure used by the Graphical User Interface for Crop Simulations (GUICS), and the addition of iteration counters to read array-based data read for each array within the MAESTRA input files. The procedure of adapting MAESTRA’s input structure and interface design should allow other forest stand process-based models to work within GUICS.
Cortisol Secretion Is Inhibited during Sleep in Normal Man

In order to test the hypothesis that cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep, six healthy young men (ages 18-24) were studied in a 4-day protocol. A baseline nocturnal sleep period was followed by one night's total sleep deprivation, then sleep at 180 degrees phase shift, and then return to a normal nocturnal sleep episode (SP-3). Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured every 20 min (obtained by an indwelling venous catheter), rectal temperature was measured every minute, and sleep was polygraphically defined. During the first 4 h of sustained sleep, cortisol secretion was decreased even when sleep occurred during a time when the subject was usually awake; conversely, it was elevated if awake at the usual daily time of sleeping. This was not the case for the last 4 h of sleep. Body temperature was also decreased but during each entire 7- to 8-h sleep period. Meals produced only a small brief rise of cortisol and produced no change in body temperature. Stage 4 sleep was increased during the 180 degrees inverted sleep episode and decreased during SP-3, REM sleep however was increased during SP-3. A reciprocal relationship was found between REM and stages 3 and 4 for the second, third, and fourth, and sixth h of sleep for SP-3. These results demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the behavioral complex of sleeping on cortisol secretion superimposed on its endogenous circadian and ultradian rhythm. These neurophysiological events may be used to entrain and time the period and phase of biological rhythms in relation to shift work, sleep deprivation, and transmeridian jet travel.
Ratings of Parent-Infant Interaction Raising Questions of Cultural Validity

Interactions with caregivers appear to have a special role in infant development. Much attention has been given to determining the characteristics of optimal interaction and to translating what is known into intervention practice. To assist in this process, a number of parent-infant interaction rating scales have been developed. This article examines the assumption that the same interactive characteristics are meaningful and important across cultures, using literature from very different cultures to illustrate relationships among cultural values, views of good parenting, and parents' interactions with their infants. Given this literature, questions are raised concerning the validity of current parent-infant interaction rating scales.
Hatching synchronization and polymorphism in the eggs of Ploceus cucullatus and P. nigerrimus with data on nest parasitism

Summary Hatching synchronization and polymorphism in the eggs of black-headed village weaver and Vieillot's black weaver were established from discarded egg shells on the University of Ife campus, Nigeria in the 1983 and 1984 breeding seasons. The frequencies of seven polymorphic egg types of the black-headed village weaver in nine colonies were classified as: Light Blue with small specks (34·8%), Light Blue (28·5%), White with small specks (13·0%), White (11·3%), Light blue with large specks (7·3%), White with large specks (2·9%) and Dense Blue-blotched (2·2%). The average widths and weights of the eggs of the Vieillot's black weaver (termed Immaculate Blue) were significantly larger than those of the black-headed village weaver (t-test, P< 0.05). There were also significant differences (F-test, P< 0.001) in lengths and weights of four polytypic eggs of the black-headed weaver. The didric cuckoo parasitized the nests of the Vieillot's black weaver more often than those of the other species. The eviction pattern of whole eggs from the nests was similar in both species. The most frequently evicted eggs were the most abundant forms in the populations. Resume On a etabli la synchronisation des eclosions et le polymorphisme des oeufs chez le tisserin gendarme et le tisserin noir de Vieillot a partir des debris de coquilles ramasses sur le campus de I'Universite de Ife, au Nigeria, pendant les saisons de reproduction de 1983 et 1984. On a classifie la frequence de 7 types polymorphiques d'oeufs de tisserins gendarmes de neuf colonies: bleu clair tachete. (34,8%), blancs tachetes (13%), blancs (11,3%), bleu clair avec grandes taches (7,3%), blancs avec grandes taches (2,9%), bleu intense marbre (2,2%). La taille et le poids moyens des oeufs des tisserins noirs de Vieillot (classes bleu immacule) sont significativement plus gros que ceux du tisserin gendarme (t-test, P < 0,05). Il y avait aussi des differences significatives (F-test, P < 0,001) dans la longueur et le poids de quatre oeufs polytypiques du tisserin gendarme. Le coucou didric parasitait les nids de tisserins noirs de Vieillot plus souvent que ceux des autres especes. Le schema d'eviction de tous les oeufs du nid etait semblable pour les deux especes. Les oeufs les plus frequemment elimines etaient ceux des especes qui etaient les plus abondantes.
Models for Estimating Bayes Factors with Applications to Phylogeny and Tests of Monophyly

Summary. Bayes factors comparing two or more competing hypotheses are often estimated by constructing a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampler to explore the joint space of the hypotheses. To obtain ecien t Bayes factor estimates, Carlin and Chib (1995) suggest adjusting the prior odds of the competing hypotheses so that the posterior odds are approximately one, then estimating the Bayes factor by simple division. A byproduct is that one often produces several independent MCMC chains, only one of which is actually used for estimation. We extend this approach to incorporate output from multiple chains by proposing three statistical models. The rst assumes independent sampler draws and models the hypothesis indicator function using logistic regression for various choices of the prior odds. The two more complex models relax the independence assumption by allowing for higherlag dependence within the MCMC output. These models allow us to estimate the uncertainty in our Bayes Factor calculation and to fully use several dieren t MCMC chains even when the prior odds of the hypotheses vary from chain to chain. We apply these methods to calculate Bayes factors for tests of monophyly in two phylogenetic
Receiver designs for UWB differential transmitted reference systems with multiple access interference

Most existing differential transmitted reference (DTR) receivers employ Gaussian approximation to multiple access interference (MAI). However, for a system with small number of active users, significant performance degradation is found for DTR receivers due to the impreciseness of Gaussian approximation on impulsive MAI. In this paper, we propose a new DTR receiver based on the generalized Gaussian (GG) distribution (named as GG-DTR receiver), which subsumes Gaussian distribution and Laplace distribution as special cases. A soft-limiting DTR (SL-DTR) receiver is also proposed, which is optimal when MAI is Laplace distributed. Simulation shows that GG distribution approximates MAI well. Numerical results are conducted to demonstrate the superior performance of both receivers over the existing DTR receiver when the number of active user is small, where GG-DTR receiver has the best error performance and SL-DTR receiver is slightly worse than GG-DTR one but requires less parametric information.
Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients

Study objective: To compare two related pharmacological agents used for the chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Design and setting: A randomized, double-blind, prospective study was carried out in patients requiring physical restraint in a university hospital emergency department. Participants: Sixty-eight violent or agitated adult patients whom the attending physician believed would benefit from chemical restraint to protect the patient and staff and to expedite evaluation. Intervention: Twenty-one participants were administered 5 mg haloperidol IM; 26 were administered 5 mg droperidol IM; 12 were administered haloperidol IV; and nine were administered 5 mg droperidol IV. Results: All patients were rated on a five-point combativeness scale at five, ten, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the study drug was given. Vital signs also were recorded at these times. IM droperidol decreased combativeness significantly more than IM haloperidol at ten ( P = .006), 15 ( P = .01), and 30 ( P = .04) minutes. There was no significant difference between the two drugs when given by the IV route (β at the 5% confidence level, P = .78). Conclusion: In equal IM doses (5 mg), droperidol results in more rapid control of agitated patients than haloperidol, without any increase in undesirable side effects.
Latent-Variable Modeling of String Transductions with Finite-State Methods

String-to-string transduction is a central problem in computational linguistics and natural language processing. It occurs in tasks as diverse as name transliteration, spelling correction, pronunciation modeling and inflectional morphology. We present a conditional loglinear model for string-to-string transduction, which employs overlapping features over latent alignment sequences, and which learns latent classes and latent string pair regions from incomplete training data. We evaluate our approach on morphological tasks and demonstrate that latent variables can dramatically improve results, even when trained on small data sets. On the task of generating morphological forms, we outperform a baseline method reducing the error rate by up to 48%. On a lemmatization task, we reduce the error rates in Wicentowski (2002) by 38--92%.
Devoted to the lagging strand—the χ subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contacts SSB to promote processive elongation and sliding clamp assembly

Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme contains 10 different subunits which assort into three functional components: a core catalytic unit containing DNA polymerase activity, the beta sliding clamp that encircles DNA for processive replication, and a multisubunit clamp loader apparatus called gamma complex that uses ATP to assemble the beta clamp onto DNA. We examine here the function of the psi subunit of the gamma complex clamp loader. Omission of psi from the holoenzyme prevents contact with single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) and lowers the efficiency of clamp loading and chain elongation under conditions of elevated salt. We also show that the product of a classic point mutant of SSB, SSB-113, lacks strong affinity for psi and is defective in promoting clamp loading and processive replication at elevated ionic strength. SSB-113 carries a single amino acid replacement at the penultimate residue of the C-terminus, indicating the C-terminus as a site of interaction with psi. Indeed, a peptide of the 15 C-terminal residues of SSB is sufficient to bind to psi. These results establish a role for the psi subunit in contacting SSB, thus enhancing the clamp loading and processivity of synthesis of the holoenzyme, presumably by helping to localize the holoenzyme to sites of SSB-coated ssDNA.
A Java Based Web Application for Performing Chemical Equilibrium Analysis in Thermodynamics Courses

The topic of chemical equilibrium is frequently covered in thermodynamics courses. In assignments, students are often presented with simple problems in which the quantities of a few reacting species are specified. The student is asked to calculate the molar composition of the product mixture at a particular temperature and pressure when the mixture has reached an equilibrium state. For problems involving three or four species, students can hand calculate the equilibrium composition with reasonable effort using equilibrium constants. In problems involving many species, using equilibrium constants is not practical and specialized software is required. Instructors will commonly introduce their students to STANJAN, CEA, Cantera, or CHEMKINtrade. These packages are cumbersome to use relative to the contemporary Internet, point-and-click environment students now expect. In this work we have implemented a Java applet based on the numerical method employed by CEA to calculate the equilibrium composition of a mixture of ideal gases and integrated the applet into the expert system for thermodynamics (www.thermofluids.net) developed at San Diego State University
What’s in an Evolved Name? The Evolution of Modularity via Tag-Based Reference

Programming languages provide a variety of mechanisms to associate names with values, and these mechanisms play a central role in programming practice. For example, they allow multiple references to the same storage location or function in different parts of a complex program. By contrast, the representations used in current genetic programming systems provide few if any naming mechanisms, and it is therefore generally not possible for evolved programs to use names in sophisticated ways. In this chapter we describe a new approach to names in genetic programming that is based on Holland’s concept of tags. We demonstrate the use of tag-based names, we describe some of the ways in which they may help to extend the power and reach of genetic programming systems, and we look at the ways that tag-based names are actually used in an evolved program that solves a robot navigation problem.
Mechanism of capsaicin-induced relaxation in equine tracheal smooth muscle

The effects of capsaicin and neuropeptides were examined in equine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). Neither capsaicin nor substance P (SP) contracted TSM. Capsaicin (100 μM) elicited relaxation in TSM...
A Conflict between Religion and Science

So far we have had several opportunities to mention the claim that religion requires that some human choices are, in principle, unpredictable. First, it was in connection with the notion of reward and punishment which are not justified unless people could be held responsible for their actions. This implies that people have free will and many philosophers take this to mean that some human choices are, in principle, unpredictable. Then, in two different contexts, the question was raised why God does not create only such men whom he knows in advance will never choose to do evil and the answer, to which a very great number of philosophers subscribe, is that the freedom of men entails that even God cannot exactly predict what they might do. In addition, in the last chapter we claimed that God’s benevolence expresses itself in creating agents endowed with free will. In short, a great majority of theists insist, for a variety of reasons, that human dignity and autonomy, and man’s status of having been created in the image of God — through the benevolence of the latter — and the fact people are held responsible for the way they conduct their lives demand that at least some human choices are basically unpredictable.
Democratic Diffusion and the Perils of Violence: Lessons from Nigeria

Although there was euphoria in the 1990s about the return to democratic rule in many African countries, the realities on the ground, after over two decades of transition to civil rule suggests increasing local frustrations and anxiety about the prospects for consolidation, human security and inclusive development. Several countries that transited from either military autocracy or one party rule have witnessed the erosion of not only civil and political rights; but even more disturbing, the outbreak of violent conflicts. Countries such as Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Kenya, DR-Congo and Zimbabwe have all witnessed violent conflicts that have led to "ethnic cleansing", war crimes and displacement of the citizenry. What are the causes and implications of these developments to the trajectory of democratization in Africa? This paper interrogates the root causes of political violence in post-colonial Africa by arguing that: while the return to democratic rule may have opened the political space, it has paradoxically unleashed identity driven violence that threaten to undermine the nation-building project in the continent. I draw empirical data through the case study of Nigeria to substantiate the theoretical claims in the paper.
Leveraging MOOCs for Credit-Granting Institutions: Results from a Community College Pilot Study.

Despite widespread interest, excitement, and skepticism about massive online open courses (MOOCs) from the post-secondary educational community, few studies describe the ways MOOCs have been implemented in residential classes and their impacts. This paper explores the development, implementation, and evaluation results from an initial empirical study exploring the efficacy of integrating massive online open course (MOOC) content in a traditional, for-credit community college setting. In addition to demonstrating the “proof-of-concept” of this “blended” approach with students, the paper highlights some of the learning conditions, obstacles, and opportunities in using MOOC resources in residential learning, particularly for underserved student populations.
ECHS1 Deficiency as a Cause of Severe Neonatal Lactic Acidosis.

Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase deficiency (ECHS1D) is caused by mutations in ECHS1 (OMIM 602292) and is a recently identified inborn error of valine and fatty acid metabolism. This defect leads to secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. The majority of previously reported patients had the Leigh syndrome, with a median life expectancy of approximately 2 years. We report two siblings born 3 years apart with prenatal findings including facial dysmorphia, oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature delivery. They had severe lactic acidosis with onset within the first hours of life, had congenital dilated cardiomyopathy, and died at 16 h of life and 2 days of life, respectively.