cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Inclusion/Exclusion: Critical Discourse Analysis on Multicultural Education Policy Documents in South Korea.

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the politics of inclusion and exclusion embedded in South Korea’s multicultural education documents. The study examines eight multicultural education policy documents published annually from 2006 to 2013; it focuses on what strategies the government chooses to acculturate multicultural families and students. As a methodology for analyzing text, this study applies critical discourse analysis (CDA). It is capable of highlighting the (un)avoidable result of the process of abjection between Korea’s majority and the minority-a bifurcation depicted in Korean society and evidenced in governmental policy documents. Thus, this paper explores how multicultural education policy documents articulate the politics of inclusion/exclusion. An integration strategy is indeed signaled in the basic idea of multicultural education. Throughout the governmental policy documents, however, practical plans and programs are deeply engaged with the assimilation and/or the segregation strategy. ...
Imposed and inherent mucosal activity patterns. Their composite representation of olfactory stimuli.

Both regional differences in mucosal sensitivity and a gas chromatography-like process along the mucosal sheet have been separately proposed in two sets of earlier studies to produce different odorant-dependent activity patterns across the olfactory mucosa. This investigation evaluated, in one study, whether and to what degree these two mechanisms contribute to the generation of these activity patterns. Summated multiunit discharges were simultaneously recorded from lateral (LN) and medial (MN) sites on the bullfrog's olfactory nerve to sample the mucosal activity occurring near the internal and external nares, respectively. Precisely controlled sniffs of four odorants (benzaldehyde, butanol, geraniol, and octane) were drawn through the frog's olfactory sac in both the forward (H1) and reverse (H2) hale directions. By combining the four resulting measurements, LNH1, LNH2, MNH1, and MNH2, in different mathematical expressions, indexes reflecting the relative effects of the chromatographic process, regional sensitivity, and hale direction could be calculated. Most importantly, the chromatographic process and the regional sensitivity differences both contributed significantly to the mucosal activity patterns. However, their relative roles varied markedly among the four odorants, ranging from complete dominance by either one to substantial contributions from each. In general, the more strongly an odorant was sorbed by the mucosa, the greater was the relative effect of the chromatographic process; the weaker the sorption, the greater the relative effect of regional sensitivity. Similarly, the greater an odorant's sorption, the greater was the effect of hale direction. Other stimulus variables (sniff volume, sniff duration, and the number of molecules within the sniff) had marked effects upon the overall size of the response. For strongly sorbed odorants, the effect of increasing volume was positive; for a weakly sorbed odorant, it was negative. The reverse may be true for duration. In contrast, the effect of increasing the number of molecules was uniformly positive for all four odorants. However, there was little evidence that these other stimulus variables had a major influence upon the effects of the chromatographic process and regional sensitivity differences in their generation of mucosal activity patterns.
Design of artificial transcription factors to selectively regulate the pro‐apoptotic bax gene

The tumor suppressor p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers. Active p53 is able to stimulate the transcription of a variety of genes including the pro-apoptotic gene bax, as well as p21, a cell cycle regulator. In this study we produced novel zinc finger transcription factors that would selectively increase the expression of bax, but not of other p53 targets. Reporter gene assays in p53-negative Saos-2 cells showed that the novel zinc finger proteins stimulated transcription driven by a minimal bax promoter, but not that driven by a minimal p21 promoter. Moreover, electromobility shift assays demonstrated that the novel transcription factors could bind the bax promoter sequence with high affinity and selectivity. Expression of a five zinc finger protein (5ZFAV) in COS-7 cells resulted in an increase in Bax protein levels, indicating that this novel transcription factor could act on endogenous gene expression. Expression of 5ZFAV also drastically reduced Saos-2 cell survival; this effect could be reversed by the general caspase inhibitor B-D-FMK. These data suggest that 5ZFAV is able to induce apoptosis through increased Bax expression. Further, while expression of 5ZFAV in p53-deficient Saos-2 cells reduced cell survival, there was little effect on U-2 OS cells which have wild-type p53. Thus the selective induction of the pro-apoptotic bax gene may be a valuable adjunct to cancer chemotherapy by diminishing survival of p53-deficient tumor cells.
Anatomical studies of the fetal genitalia: surgical reconstructive implications.

Under the influence of the SRY gene, testes determining factor, and androgens fetal differentiation precedes to form the normal male genitalia. Genetic and environmental abnormalities can disrupt normal development leading to an ambiguous state of the genitalia. In most societies it is the accepted norm; that the genitalia either look male, or female, with an ambiguous state not being socially acceptable. Based on societal norms, the previous standard of care was to surgically recreate either the male or the female physical appearance. Long-term data validating this approach, however, is lacking and recently there has been an effort to document the optimal treatment for patients who do not fit into either a classic male or female category. The new concept that is gradually being embraced is that sex assignment is not an irrevocable phenomena. In other words, it is not a social or medical emergency to assign a sex immediately after birth, and in fact, the sex of the patient may actually change during life depending on genotypic, phenotypic and environmental conditions. This awareness has been initiated by both physicians as well as advocate groups with the hope that difficult but correct decisions can be made for patients with ambiguous states in the future.
A sequential sampling rule for selecting the most probable multinomial event

A sequential sampling rule is given for selecting the most probable event from a multinomial distribution withk cells. A random number of observations is taken from the given multinomial distribution at each stage of sampling, where the number is distributed according to a Poisson distribution with mean λ. The sampling is stopped when the count in any cell is greater than or equal to a given positive integerN. The cell with the highest count is selected for the most probable event. The mathematical analysis of the problem is simplified as a result of the statistical independence of the cell frequencies due to the randomization of the sample number. The expected value of the stage when the sampling terminates is decreasing in λ. The sequential sampling scheme in which one observation is taken at a time until the highest cell count is equal toN, corresponds to λ→0. A table is given showing some properties of the given selection procedure.
Perspectives on incorporating human neurobehavioral end points in risk assessments.

Three topics are addressed: (1) measurement issues (e.g., the reliability and validity of neurobehavioral test scores), (2) general principles of assessment, including test selection, and (3) interpretation of scores. Psychological tests generally perform as well as medical tests in terms of reliability and validity. Test manuals, assessment textbooks, and psychologists are useful resources to the risk assessor. The variety of different tests employed in neurobehavioral studies complicates interstudy comparisons. In addition, tests that ostensibly assess the same general domain of function might assess somewhat different abilities within that domain. Although a uniform battery for use in all studies seems desirable, the battery appropriate for a specific study depends on study goals, knowledge about the mechanism(s) of neurotoxicity, nature of the study population, and pattern of exposure. Exposure-related neurobehavioral deficits are generally indicators of "altered function" rather than of "clinical disease." Limiting concern to end points corresponding to clinical disease might not be appropriate. Many neurobehavioral diagnoses are phenomenological and a neurotoxicant might cause a unique pattern of deficits for which no label has been created. The concern that a small shift in the central tendency of a distribution of test scores has no significance for the individual should be reexamined in light of the prevention paradox, formulated on the basis of epidemiologic studies of chronic disease. Poor performance on a neurobehavioral test does not necessarily map clearly onto underlying behavioral or neural substrate. The absence of such linkages, given current knowledge about brain-behavior relationships, should not reduce confidence in neurobehavioral end points. Use of neurobehavioral test scores involves considerations that differ little from those that the risk assessor routinely addresses in using end points commonly used in research on other topics in environmental epidemiology.
Minimizing the Number of Vehicles to Meet a Fixed Periodic Schedule: An Application of Periodic Posets

In this paper we consider countably infinite partially ordered sets posets in which the order relations occur periodically. We show that the problem of determining the minimum number of chains completely ordered subsets needed to cover all of the elements may be solved efficiently as a finite network flow problem. A special case of the chain-cover problem for periodic posets is the problem of minimizing the number of individuals to meet a fixed periodically repeating set of tasks with set-up times between tasks. For example, if we interpret tasks as flights and individuals as airplanes, the resulting problem is to minimize the number of airplanes needed to fly a fixed daily repeating schedule of flights, where deadheading between airports is allowed.
METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS

The effect of an organic material, commercially known as Plasticade, on the physical properties of several clays was studied. Plasticade is principally an organic compound with a tannin and lignin base and is an acid in its reactions. It has a marked effect on all of the physical properties of the clays studied. Its effect was studied first in the laboratory and then determined from plant trials.
Q locked loop to tune a high-Q high-frequency bandpass filter

A novel quality factor tuning scheme to tune a high-Q, high-frequency G/sub m/C bandpass filter is presented. The proposed Q tuning loop tunes the filter phase characteristics inside a phase locked loop system to tune its quality factor. Filter is used as a voltage controlled oscillator of the phase locked loop system. The proposed tuning scheme starts the 70MHz filter from a low-Q region (/spl sim/ 10) and tunes its quality factor to /spl sim/50. The mathematical analysis and the loop stability of the proposed scheme is presented and analyzed. The proposed Q locked loop is simulated in 0.25/spl mu/m CMOS process and simulation results are presented.
Acquisition of variable rules:/s/-lenition in the speech of Chilean Spanish-speaking children and their caregivers

This paper examines the acquisition of the variable rules constraining Spanish syllable-final /s/-lenition in Chilean Spanish–speaking children, and whether adult-to-adult speech differs from child-directed speech in the production of s-lenition. The data of 10 children (ages 2;04–5;09) and their caregivers is presented. Tokens of syllable final /s/ were coded for pronunciation and a variable-rule analysis examining the effect of various linguistic and extralinguistic constraints was carried out. The results show that child and caregiver use of s-lenition is similar to that found in adult-to-adult speech; however, two of the youngest children showed near-categorical behavior. This paper highlights the important role of caregiver input on acquisition of s-lenition and proposes that production of s-lenition in utterance-final position in the input (caregiver's speech) is linked to young children's acquisition of s-lenition; young children exposed to an input with high rates of [s] in utterance-final position acquire s-lenition earlier.
Comparison of Two Different Strengths of Carbol Fuchsin in Ziehl-Neelsen Staining for Detecting Acid-Fast Bacilli

Selvakumar et al. ([5][1]) compared smear staining of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) by two different strengths of carbol fuchsin in Ziehl-Neelsen staining. First we would like to applaud the authors for providing a study on an important test method, the Ziehl-Neelsen AFB staining procedure, which receives
An ultrasensitive CMOS magnetic biosensor array with correlated double counting noise suppression

This paper presents a scalable and ultrasensitive frequency-shift magnetic biosensing array scheme. The theoretical limit of the sensor noise floor is shown to be dominated by the phase noise of the sensing oscillators. To increase the sensitivity, a noise suppression technique, Correlated Double Counting (CDC), is proposed with no extra power overhead. As an implementation example, a 64-cell sensor array is designed in a standard 65nm CMOS process. The CDC scheme achieves an additional 6dB noise suppression. The magnetic sensing capability of the presented sensor is verified by detecting micron size magnetic particles with an SNR of 14.6dB for a single bead and an effective dynamic range of at least 74.5dB.
Egg Development in a High-Density Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromacuIatus) Population

ABSTRACT Female black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) were collected from Richmond Lake, South Dakota, and egg-diameter frequencies were examined to document spawning strategy during 1994. Two hundred and sixteen adult females [mean total length (TL) ± SE = 204 ± 1 mm] were collected and 85,572 egg diameters were measured. Female black crappie gonadosomatic-index (GSI) values exceeded 8% from 18 May to 22 June 1994, and the density of larval black crappie caught with an ichthyoplankton net peaked on 8 June 1994. The GSI values and larval catches indicated that the population, as a whole, had a single extended spawn from mid-May through mid-June. However, patterns of egg-diameter distributions were inconsistent among individual female black crappie. It appeared that some females spawned only once during 1994, while others probably spawned twice.
Upper extremity injuries in skiing

In a six-year study, 1,711 ski injuries and 998 controls at Sugarbush North Ski Area were studied. Upper extremity injuries, which constituted 25% of all ski injuries, did not increase in frequency. Men and women were at equal risk of injury. When edging conditions were poor, upper extremity injuries were more common than lower extremity injuries. Forty percent of all upper extremity injuries involved the thumb (85% included injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint). Twenty- five percent of 405 skiers interviewed had, at one time, injured their thumbs while skiing but only one- quarter of these reported their injury. Our study sug gests that injury to the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint may be the most frequent in skiing and that gripping the ski pole outside the strap may prevent these injuries.
Network-scale dynamics of grain-size sorting: implications for downstream fining, stream-profile concavity, and drainage basin morphology

We explore the link between channel-bed texture and river basin concavity in equilibrium catchments using a numerical landscape evolution model. Theory from homogeneous sediment transport predicts that river basin concavity directly increases with bed sediment size. If the effective grain size on a river bed governs its concavity, then natural phenomena such as grain-size sorting and channel armouring should be linked to concavity. We examine this hypothesis by allowing the bed sediment texture to evolve in a transport-limited regime using a two grain-size mixture of sand and gravel. Downstream fining through selective particle erosion is produced in equilibrium. As the channel-bed texture adjusts downstream so does the local slope. Our model predicts that it is not the texture of the original sediment mixture that governs basin concavity. Rather, concavity is linked to the texture of the sorted surface layer. Two different textural regimes are produced in the experiments: a transitional regime where the mobility of sand and gravel changes with channel-bed texture, and a sanddominated region where the mobility of sand and gravel is constant. The concavity of these regions varies depending on the median gravel- or sand-grain size, erosion rate, and precipitation rate. The results highlight the importance of adjustments in both surface texture and slope in natural rivers in response to changes in fluvial and sediment inputs throughout a drainage network. This adjustment can only be captured numerically using multiple grain sizes or empirical downstream fining rules. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardware-Assisted Scanning for Signature Patterns in Image File Fragments

The ability to detect fragments of deleted image files and to reconstruct these image files from all available fragments on disk is an important activity in the field of digital forensics. Although reconstruction of image files from the file fragments on disk can be accomplished by simply comparing the content of sectors on disk with the content of known files, this brute-force approach can be time consuming. This paper presents results from research into the use of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in detecting specific image file byte patterns in disk clusters. Unique identifying pattern for each disk sector is compared against patterns in known images. A pattern match indicates the potential presence of an image and flags the disk sector for further in-depth examination to confirm the match. The FPGA-based implementation outperforms the software implementation by a significant margin
The growth of YBCO films with high critical current at reduced pressures using the BaF2 ex situ process

The growth of 0.9–1.0 µm thick Y Ba2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films on biaxially textured Ni–3 at.% W (NiW) substrates using the BaF2 ex situ process was investigated at reduced pressures. By varying the water vapour pressure (PH2O), Y–BaF2–Cu–O (YBFCO) precursor films deposited by e-beam co-evaporation were converted at a reduced total pressure (Ptotal) of 50–55 Torr and conversion temperature (TS) of 740 °C for a wet conversion time (tW) of 60 min. Critical current density (JC) values greater than 1 MA cm−2 for the thick YBCO films were obtained under the condition of varying PH2O from low pressure to 10 Torr. The transition temperatures (TC) of the samples were over 90 K with ΔTC = 1.8–2.5 K. Pre-heat treatment of the precursor films on CeO2/Y SZ/Y2O3/Ni/NiW substrates under an O2 atmosphere condition before the conversion resulted in smooth surfaces without large secondary phase particles embedded in the films.
A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of the injection pain and anesthetic onset of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine buffered with 5% and 10% sodium bicarbonate in maxillary infiltrations.

Abstract Introduction Local anesthetics can be buffered to a physiological pH before injection to decrease the time of onset and reduce injection pain. Methods Thirty subjects with intact maxillary canines were included. The subjects randomly received, in a double-blind manner, 1 of the 3 maxillary infiltration injections of 1.8 mL 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine buffered at 5% and 10% with sodium bicarbonate by volume at 3 separate appointments. Pain on needle penetration and deposition of anesthetic solution was recorded by using a Heft-Parker visual analogue scale. Anesthetic onset was determined by 2 consecutive negative responses to electronic pulp test. Results The mean anesthetic onset for nonbuffered anesthetics was 119 seconds, 116 seconds for the 5% buffered solutions, and 121 seconds for the 10% buffered solutions. There was no significant difference between the 3 groups. There was also no significant difference in pain on needle penetration or anesthetic deposition between the 3 anesthetic solutions tested. Conclusions Two percent lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine buffered with 5% or 10% sodium bicarbonate did not differ from nonbuffered solutions in anesthetic onset or injection pain in maxillary infiltrations of canines with healthy pulps.
Plant genotype differences to ferrous and total iron in emerging leaves. II. Dry beans and soybeans

Abstract Ferrous iron (Iron2+ and Fe2+) and total Fe were determined in “Fe‐tolerant”; and “Fe‐susceptible”; dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.; UI 59 and PI 165078) and soybean (Glycine max L.; A2, T203, and Hawkeye) genotypes to evaluate their differential responses to Fe deficiency stress. Plants were grown in growth chambers in solutions with Fe (+Fe) and without Fe (‐Fe). Once Fe deficiencies appeared in plants grown in ‐Fe solutions, samples of the emerging trifoliate leaves were collected daily for analysis. After plants showed relatively severe Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms when grown in ‐Fe solutions, supplemental Fe was added to plants grown in each treatment solution. Iron2+ in the newly emerging trifoliate leaves, whether chlorotic or green and regardless of time plants were in treatment, remained relatively constant. However, total Fe changed almost daily dependent on Fe deficiency stress and genotype. When grown in ‐Fe solutions, total Fe in both dry bean and soybean genotypes decreased unti...
Performance limitations in resistive-capacitive porous supercapacitor electrodes

This work presents the first demonstration of a one-dimensional (1-D), "resistive-capacitive" porous electrode study both analytically and experimentally for faradaic (pseudo) supercapacitors, including an analysis of supercapacitor performance limitations. Resistive-capacitive model predictions for metal oxide pseudocapacitors (high and low conductivity oxides) and conducting polymer pseudocapacitors are compared with experimental results to determine the validity of model assumptions. Specific accomplishments compared to the state-of-the-art include: (1) a macroscale approach for ohmically-limited porous supercapacitor electrodes; (2) experimental validation for metal oxide- and conducting polymer-carbon nanotube (CNT) pseudocapacitors; and (3) identification of performance-limiting factors. As such, this work could open up a new methodology for guiding performance enhancements in the field of pseudocapacitor energy storage.
Morning or Afternoon: Does It Make a Difference in Early Childhood Programs?

Young children are often enrolled in either AM (morning) or PM (afternoon) sessions in early childhood programs. However, little research is available on this routine practice. We used multilevel a...
Is Our Understanding of Other-Emerging Markets Blurred by Bric-focused Market Characteristics? Sheth Revisited

Global business practitioners and international marketing researchers tend to popularize and overgeneralize the prevalent market characteristics in BRIC emerging markets to “other-emerging markets.” BRIC emerging markets include Brazil, Russia, India and China. According to Sheth (2011), other-emerging markets include countries in the Middle East, Latin America, Central Asia and Africa. The popularization and overgeneralization of market characteristics prevalent in BRIC emerging markets may be attributed to three factors: (1) the relevance of BRIC markets to Western multinational companies who use these markets to set-up low cost manufacturing operations; (2) the increased importance of the BRIC countries in the global economy and (3) the extensive integration of BRIC topics in the global business curriculum of top business schools in Western countries. However, by overgeneralizing the prevalent market characteristics in BRIC emerging markets researchers and practitioners may draw incorrect conclusions about marketing decisions in other-emerging markets.
Varietal Resistance of Beans to the Mexican Bean Beetle

Sixty varieties of 2 species of bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. (snap beans) and P. lunatus L. (lima beans), were field tested for resistance to injury by the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. Snap bean varieties least damaged were Idaho Refugee, Wade, Logan, Supergreen, Black Valentine, and Refugee U. S. no. 5. Lima bean varieties least damaged were Baby fordhook Bush Lima, Triumph, Burpee’s Bush Lima, Evergreen, and Henderson's Bush. Under controlled conditions in the laboratory, beetles laid fewer eggs on resistant than on susceptible varieties. The fecundity of beetles reared on resistant varieties was significantly less than of those reared on susceptible varieties. Bean variety had no effect on the rate of insect development. Females reared on resistant varieties in the field and laboratory were smaller and weighed less than females reared on susceptible varieties.
Copulatory Behavior and Mate Selection in the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Choice experiments were used to determine if alate males or females of the California harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex californicus (Buckley) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates during mating efforts. Males mount nestmates and non-nestmates with equal frequency, and no difference in their behavior towards these two female classes was noted. Receptive females copulate with nestmates and non-nestmates, showing no selectivity on the basis of male origin. These results are interpreted in the context of the sexual behavior of P. californicus in the field, and the possible costs of inbreeding.
Real-Time Dynamic Parameter Estimation for an Exponential Dynamic Load Model

This paper is concerned about real-time modeling and identification of dynamically changing loads in power systems. An exponential dynamic load model was proposed earlier and was well accepted by several investigators who worked on this paper. This paper considers this model and identifies its parameters in real-time based on synchronously sampled measurements. An unscented Kalman filter is used to track the unknown parameters of the exponential dynamic load model. This paper first implements and tests the proposed method using simulated measurements. The method is then applied to actual recorded utility measurements to identify and track the bus load of the utility. The results are found to be promising, suggesting viability of tracking dynamic load models for online applications.
Biometrics study based on human gait feature

Human walking gait are important biological features,and there are many advantages for biological identifying based on gait features.On the basis of analyzing gait features,the technology for video image acquirement,object extraction and gait features detection,classifying and identifying are discussed in the paper and radar gait signal and features are studied and the result by using time-frequency analysis on gait signal is presented.The main difficult point in current research is analyzed and the new multi sensor data fusion method based on video and radar is also proposed.Finally the application of gait biometrics is discussed in this paper.
Is the Tunnel Technique More Effective Than Open Augmentation With a Titanium-Reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane for Horizontal Ridge Augmentation?

Purpose Studies have shown that horizontal ridge augmentation with a nonresorbable membrane is subject to a relatively frequent occurrence of dehiscence and loss of the graft. This study was designed to compare the outcomes of a tunnel technique versus an open technique using a titanium-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study, in which the data were collected by chart review, was designed to compare patients who had undergone horizontal ridge augmentation with a 1:1 ratio of mineralized freeze-dried allograft and particulate bovine hydroxyapatite by the tunnel technique with patients who had undergone an open technique with a titanium-reinforced PTFE membrane. The incidence of wound dehiscence or membrane exposure, the number of postoperative visits required, and the number of systemic antibiotic courses needed, as well as the number of grafted sites that subsequently were amenable to routine implant placement after graft maturation, were compared between the 2 techniques. The differences in implants placed between the 2 methods were analyzed with the Fisher exact test. The secondary hypothesis (regarding wound dehiscence, number of postoperative visits, and number of systemic antibiotic courses) was analyzed by Poisson regression. Results The chart review found 52 patients, with 21 treated by the tunnel technique and 31 treated with the open technique. Within 6 months after bone grafting, 18 patients (86%) treated with tunnel technique grafts received dental implants whereas 22 patients (71%) treated with the open technique received dental implants. Dehiscence developed in a greater proportion of ridge augmentations with the PTFE method (52% vs 19%). There was a trend toward an increased number of courses of antibiotics prescribed for this group (P = .11), as well as a significant increase in the number of postoperative visits required (P = .003). Conclusions For horizontal defects amenable to either technique, the findings of this study show the tunnel technique is a more cost-effective option with similar success to the open technique.
Are your patients ready for electronic communication

This simple survey will help you gauge patients' ability to interact with your practice via the Internet.
Another Paradox: The Business School in Ruins

Similar to the critics who see a “university in ruins,” critics of the business school see a “business school in ruins.” This is not to say that the business school is about to disappear; parallel to the university, the business school continues to enroll increasing numbers of students. However, the purposes pursued by the business school are not those desired by the critics; that is why they see an institution in ruins. Critics see concerns; yet the status quo has changed very little. This final chapter concludes with a discussion of potential threats to the status quo which could cause change in the university-based business school.
Revisiting Nonmass Enhancement in Breast MRI: Analysis of Outcomes and Follow-Up Using the Updated BI-RADS Atlas

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study is to assess the frequency of reclassification of nonmass enhancement (NME) as background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) and to determine positive predictive values (PPVs) of NME descriptors using the revised BI-RADS atlas. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of our institution's MRI database from January 1, 2009, through March 30, 2012, identified 6220 contrast-enhanced breast MRI examinations. All findings prospectively assessed as NME and rated as BI-RADS categories 3, 4, and 5 (n = 386) were rereviewed in consensus by two radiologists who were blinded to pathologic findings with the fifth edition of the BI-RADS lexicon. Findings considered as postsurgical, associated with known cancers, NME given a BI-RADS category 3 assessment before 2009, previously biopsied, and those reclassified as BPE, focus, or mass were excluded (n = 181). Medical records were reviewed for demographics and outcomes. RESULTS. Two hundred five women were included (mean age, 48.8 year...
Successful nonoperative management of uncomplicated appendicitis: predictors and outcomes.

Abstract Background Our objective was to identify predictors of successful nonoperative management (NOM) of uncomplicated appendicitis. We hypothesized that the absence of diabetes, absence of an appendicolith, short duration of symptoms, absence of systemic inflammation, and low modified Alvarado score would predict successful NOM. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 81 consecutive patients who underwent NOM of uncomplicated appendicitis. Successful NOM was defined as resolution of appendicitis with antibiotics alone and no recurrent appendicitis within 180 days. Patients with successful NOM (n = 36) were compared with patients who failed NOM (n = 45). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of successful NOM, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Model strength was assessed by calculating area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results Patient age (35 years), the American Society of Anesthesiologists class (2.0), and Charlson comorbidity index (0.0) were similar between groups. Independent predictors of successful NOM were duration of symptoms prior to admission >25 hours: OR 4.17 (1.42-12.24), maximum temperature within 6 hours of admission Conclusions Patients with a longer duration of symptoms prior to admission were more likely to have successful NOM. Other independent predictors of successful NOM included lower temperature, lower modified Alvarado score, and smaller appendiceal diameter. These findings provide a framework for clinical decision-making and large-scale derivation and validation of a model to predict successful NOM of uncomplicated appendicitis.
What, How, and Why of Gender Differences from an Evolutionary Perspective

will discuss some issues and concepts regarding evolutionary models adequate to deal with reproduction, with a special focus on issues related to gender. I hope to introduce those of you who do not track current trends in evolutionary theory to some of the basic concepts and controversies rather than present a review of basic principles involved in evolutionary processes. From an evolutionary perspective one would expect to find gender differences in relation to general intra-and inter-sexual relationships, specific courtship patterns, mating behaviors, patterns of parental care, and life-history strategies. I want to stress a few things I think are important to keep in focus when considering issues related to gender. Steve Gaulin (this volume) very clearly covered some of the pertinent issues regarding sexual selection, and male and female reproductive strategies, and I will avoid repetition of that material. All of the concerns I will raise here will involve questions in human evolutionary psychology, and will be driven by a construal of the ultimate questions in evolution, where the currency is differential reproductive success. At the end of this paper I will discuss my first steps toward constructing a human moral ethogram. First, a message from our basic evolutionary sponsor, which will set the stage for talking about the evolution of human nature.
Maritime Heritage on Display: Underwater Examples from South Carolina

Two recently created interpretive paddling and diving trails on the Ashley and Cooper Rivers near Charleston, South Carolina, allow both the diver and non-diver access to remnants of the state’s riverine and coastal maritime heritage. Located in South Carolina’s Lowcountry, the trails meander through swamps and marshlands inhabited by an array of wildlife including ospreys, bald eagles, ducks, alligators, and fish, especially large catfish. Archaeological sites on the trails include the remains of sailing ships, steamboats, and ferry and plantation landings. These sites are situated in a culturally modified landscape altered from a prehistoric environment of hardwood swamps to one conducive to colonial rice agriculture, and to modern water-control devices including a dam. These sites range in age from the early English colonial period to the beginning of the twentieth century. The purpose of each trail is to communicate to the visitor the historical and archaeological significance of these vestiges of the state’s maritime heritage and surrounding maritime cultural landscape. In a more utilitarian sense, the trails also are intended to help stimulate historical tourism to the area.
Reliability of Wearable Sensors to Detect Agitation in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Study

Wearable sensors have become increasingly accurate in measuring various aspects of health monitoring in humans. Individuals living with dementia often experience problematic agitated behaviors. There are many proven methods to intervene during agitated behavior outbursts, and the earlier these methods are used the better the results. We are using off-the-shelf technology, smart watches and phones, to monitor the location of individuals in the facility and to measure physical and physiological changes such as limb movements, vocalizations, and heart rate that happens during agitation state. In this paper, we describe the results of an experiment where we have instrumented eight individuals in an assisted living facility with smart sensors running the software we developed. We compare our software's detection of agitation with observations made by trained students using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). While the sensor data was collected, each patient was observed by one nurse and one computer science student for four or more hours to record manual observations. As the software and selection of sensors is only a prototype system to investigate feasibility, the experiment was a success as several of the data streams correlated well with the students' observations. We identified the need for individual profiles of patients so that deviations from the normal behavior can be identified on a patient by patient basis.
Implantable Cardioverter and Defibrillator Therapy

Internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is extremely effective in terminating ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and reducing total mortality in select populations. Common indications for ICDs include survival of prior cardiac arrest, unexplained syncope with inducible VT/VF on electrophysiology study, ischemic cardiomyopathy with EF ≤30 % in patients who are more than 40 days post-myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy (ischemic or nonischemic) with EF ≤35 % and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II–III heart failure symptoms. ICDs may also be indicated in certain individuals from special populations who suffer from inherited conditions which predispose to sudden cardiac death such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, and cardiac sarcoidosis.
War, Political Violence, and Effects on Children

The changing nature of war and political violence has increased the likelihood that children will be impacted either directly or indirectly by armed conflict. The study of children in contexts of war and political violence is transdisciplinary, with our knowledge about the effects of these events coming out of psychology, sociology, political science, public health, and anthropology, among other disciplines. Exposure to war and political violence is related to a range of responses including negative, neutral, and even positive adaptation. This article will overview the current knowledge regarding the complexity of children's responses to war and political violence.
Grazing rotation on restored rangeland as a new tool for medusahead control

Intake of medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski) by livestock is typically low given the poor nutritional quality of the weed, but utilization may increase through the provision of supplemental nutrients. This study compared cattle that initially grazed on a supplemented pasture (SUP) of established cool-season perennial grasses and forbs to nonsupplemented cattle that grazed only medusahead-infested rangeland (NSUP) in order to determine whether supplemental nutrients could increase use of medusahead. The quality of different forage types in the plant community and grazing events on these forage types were assessed. Supplemented animals grazed medusahead to a greater extent than NSUP animals in the medusahead-infested pastures (P = 0.003). Thus, grazing of improved pastures in close temporal proximity to grazing of medusahead-infested rangeland may represent a management tool that contributes to enhancing medusahead utilization by cattle. However, future long-term studies need to be conducted in order to examine whether medusahead use by cattle can be used as a practical, low-cost tool for medusahead management.
Methylmercury induces transgenerationally transmissible epigenetic changes influencing zebrafish behavior

Abstract Methylmercury (MeHg) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that humans are primarily exposed to through contaminated fish consumption. Developmental MeHg exposure can lead to impaired neurological development and result in a variety of defects ranging from severe mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and blindness to subtle deficiencies in motor function, sensory responses, learning and memory. Although MeHg is a well-documented developmental neurotoxicant, the molecular mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. It has been suggested that exposure to toxicants, including MeHg, has the capacity to deplete cellular glutathione levels, disrupting the delicate balance between the synthesis of methionine (essential for DNA methylation) and glutathione. Recent studies have suggested altered DNA methylation as the epigenetic mechanism responsible for transgenerational inheritance and the developmental origins of adult defects. In this chapter, we describe our work on MeHg-induced persistent neurological defects that are inherited by (at least two) subsequent generations. This transgenerational inheritance is accompanied by extraordinary changes in DNA methylation across the genome demonstrating the need to understand environment–genome–epigenome–transcriptome interactions that lead to behavioral defects.
Dermal adipocyte lipolysis and myofibroblast conversion are required for efficient skin repair

Mature adipocytes store fatty acids and are a common component of tissue stroma. Adipocyte function in regulating bone marrow, skin, muscle, and mammary gland biology is emerging, but the role of adipocyte-derived lipids in tissue homeostasis and repair is poorly understood. Here, we identify an essential role for adipocyte lipolysis in regulating inflammation and repair after injury in skin. Genetic mouse studies revealed that dermal adipocytes are necessary to initiate inflammation after injury and promote subsequent repair. We find through histological, ultrastructural, lipidomic, and genetic experiments in mice that adipocytes adjacent to skin injury initiate lipid release necessary for macrophage inflammation. Tamoxifen-inducible genetic lineage tracing of mature adipocytes and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that dermal adipocytes alter their fate and generate ECM-producing myofibroblasts within wounds. Thus, adipocytes regulate multiple aspects of repair and may be therapeutic for inflammatory diseases and defective wound healing associated with aging and diabetes.
Novice and Experienced EAP Practitioners’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Teachers’ Cognitions and Students’ Perceptions

The significance of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) has been accentuated since the late 1980s. However, evaluation of this knowledge from both teachers’ and students’ perspectives, especially in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) contexts has not received due attention. To shed more light on this topic, 200 undergraduates were invited to reflect, via a questionnaire, on four dimensions of their EAP teachers’ PCK. Meanwhile, four novice and experienced ELT (English Language Teaching) instructors and content teachers were interviewed to explore their cognition. The results of content analysis manifested noticeable discrepancies in the teachers’ cognitions. Results of a one-way ANOVA, on students’ questionnaire, revealed no significant difference between ELT instructors and content teachers. While students viewed both teachers as being Subject-Matter experts, they less positively assessed their mastery in other aspects of their PCK, which could imply the superiority of EAP teachers’ content expertise over their pedagogical knowledge.
Bayesian Optimization for Selecting Efficient Machine Learning Models.

The performance of many machine learning models depends on their hyper-parameter settings. Bayesian Optimization has become a successful tool for hyper-parameter optimization of machine learning algorithms, which aims to identify optimal hyper-parameters during an iterative sequential process. However, most of the Bayesian Optimization algorithms are designed to select models for effectiveness only and ignore the important issue of model training efficiency. Given that both model effectiveness and training time are important for real-world applications, models selected for effectiveness may not meet the strict training time requirements necessary to deploy in a production environment. In this work, we present a unified Bayesian Optimization framework for jointly optimizing models for both prediction effectiveness and training efficiency. We propose an objective that captures the tradeoff between these two metrics and demonstrate how we can jointly optimize them in a principled Bayesian Optimization framework. Experiments on model selection for recommendation tasks indicate models selected this way significantly improves model training efficiency while maintaining strong effectiveness as compared to state-of-the-art Bayesian Optimization algorithms.
Researching Schools: Where to Apply

Choosing where to apply is one of the most important steps in the MD/PhD application process, but there is very little guidance available. The three most important factors applicants generally consider when applying to MD/PhD programs are the research strengths of the program, location, and program size. While important for all medical school applicants, these criteria have greater significance for MD/PhD applicants, which will be explored in this chapter. However, it is equally important to apply to enough schools in order to have a reasonable chance of being accepted. Therefore, it is paramount for applicants to critically and objectively self-examine their applications. Applying to 20–30 schools in total is advisable. Lastly, considering this step of the application process is heavily influenced by personal preferences, the authors provide first-hand perspectives to demonstrate the multitude of other factors one may consider.
Control of Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by potassium lactate and sodium diacetate in ham containing reduced sodium chloride

Abstract The effect of potassium lactate and sodium diacetate mixture (Opti.Form PD4®) on Clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth during abusive cooling of reduced sodium ham was evaluated. A ham formulation containing NaNO2 (0 or 100 ppm), NaCl (1 or 2%) and Opti.Form PD4® (0, 1.5 or 2.5%) was prepared. Meat (10 g) was vacuum-packaged, stored under refrigeration (5 °C) for 3 or 24 h and inoculated with a three-strain C. perfringens spore cocktail. Samples were vacuum-packaged, heat treated (75 °C, 20 min) and cooled from 54.4 °C to 7.2 °C within 9, 15 or 21 h. C. perfringens population increases of 5.18 and 4.26 log CFU/g were observed in non-cured ham (control; stored for 3 h) formulated with 1 or 2% of NaCl, respectively and cooled exponentially within 21 h. Incorporation of Opti.Form PD4® (1.5%) inhibited C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth regardless of the cooling rate (9, 15 or 21 h). Addition of NaNO2 (100 ppm) enhanced antimicrobial activity of Opti.Form PD4®. In general, abusive cooling (≥15 h) of ham after 24 h of storage resulted in greater populations of C. perfringens. Addition of NaNO2, Opti.Form PD4® and processing immediately resulted in greater inhibition of C. perfringens spore germination and outgrowth.