cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase continuous radar test set

A method of generating phase-continuous, coherent radar target returns is described which leverages existing Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Radio Frequency (RF) channel simulator technology. This hardware-in-the-loop system avoids the generation of unintentional spurious signals due to the discrete range steps typically utilized in traditional radar test sets. The time delay, Doppler, and amplitude variations are entirely phase continuous, replicating the true analog behavior of a real target return. Digital signal processing techniques are employed to interpolate the RF propagation and scattering effects. The interpolation smoothes the motion dynamics to ensure a pure analog signal return to the radar. The radar test set also provides physics-compliant Doppler characteristics by time domain expansion/compression of the modulation as well as the RF carrier. Often, Doppler is simply emulated with a shift in the carrier frequency only. Doppler shifts on the modulation result in degradations in radar signal processing such as pulse compression fidelity. Without properly imparting time domain expansion/compression, these degrading effects are not tested. Further, the radar test set provides correlated range/Doppler dynamic motion without discrete phase discontinuity artifacts enabling superior test performance.
N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)heterobiarylcarboxamides with functionalized linking chains as high affinity and enantioselective D3 receptor antagonists.

In the present report, the D3 receptor pharmacophore is modified in the 2,3-diCl-and 2-OCH3-phenyl piperazine class of compounds with the goal to improve D3 receptor affinity and selectivity. This extension of structure-activity relationships (SAR) has resulted in the identification of the first enantioselective D3 antagonists (R- and S-22) to be reported, wherein enantioselectivity is more pronounced at D3 than at D2, and that a binding region on the second extracellular loop (E2) may play a role in both enantioselectivity and D3 receptor selectivity. Moreover, we have discovered some of the most D3-selective compounds reported to date that show high affinity (Ki =1 nM) for D3 and ∼400-fold selectivity over the D2 receptor subtype. Several of these analogues showed exquisite selectivity for D3 receptors over >60 other receptors further underscoring their value as in vivo research tools. These lead compounds also have appropriate physical characteristics for in vivo exploration and therefore will be useful in determining how intrinsic activity at D3 receptors tested in vitro is related to behaviors in animal models of addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
Increased signals seen in globus pallidus in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotics are not suggestive of chronic hepatic encephalopathy.

Increased, symmetrical signals of varying intensity in the globus pallidi on T1-weighted (T1W) images, without corresponding signals on T2-weighted (T2W) images, have been reported previously in chronic hepatic failure. It has been suggested that these signals are characteristic of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the relationship of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities with ammonia, albumin, bilirubin, prothrombin time, ascites, clinical encephalopathy, and neuropsychological tests in 46 patients (16 with alcohol-induced cirrhosis and 30 with non-alcohol-induced cirrhosis). T1W signal and cortical atrophy were graded by a neuroradiologist in a blinded fashion. Eleven patients had no T1W signal, 18 had minimal T1W signal, and 17 had high T1W signal. Twenty-five patients had no cortical atrophy, 14 had mild atrophy, and 7 had moderate atrophy. Cortical atrophy was noted more commonly in patients with alcohol-induced liver disease. The neuropsychological tests correlated significantly with albumin, prothrombin time, Child-Pugh's score, clinical encephalopathy, and ammonia. T1W signal and cortical atrophy did not correlate with the neuropsychological tests, clinical encephalopathy, ascites, albumin, prothrombin time, ammonia, or Child-Pugh's score. Patients with high T1W signal showed significant correlation with bilirubin (P < .005). This study suggests that globus pallidus signal in T1W images observed in liver disease are not indicators of chronic hepatic encephalopathy as previously assumed.
Compatibilism can resist prepunishment: a reply to Smilansky

Bernstein, A. R. and F. Wattenberg. 1969. Non-standard measure theory. In Appli cations of Model Theory of Algebra, Analysis, and Probability, ed. W. A. J. Luxemburg. New York: Holt, Rinehard and Winston. Lewis, D. 1980. A subjectivist's guide to objective probability. In Ifs: Conditionals, Belief, Decision, Chance and Time, ed. W. L. Harper, R. Stalnaker and G. Pearce, 1981: 267-97. Boston: Reidel. Williamson, T. 2007. How probable is an infinite sequence of heads? Analysis 67: 173-80.
Characterization of microendoscopic imaging systems for tissue spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Micro-endoscopes based on a fiber optic conduit and thin rod lens are investigated for applications in tissuediagnostics and studies of fluid transport in tissue-like matrices. The design, evaluation and implementationof these moderate to high resolution optical instruments is presented. The optical configurationemploys amicro-endoscopic probe, an objective lens and a commercial color CCD. The flexible micro-endoscope is 2.65 meters in length, with an outer diameter of 1 .5 mm and is employed to quantitatively measure EBTtransport through a tissue-like substrate. The determined resolution is 20 line-pairs/mm (LP/mm).Calibration is accomplished by measuring absorbance of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye against a reflectivebackground. Fluorescence detection of fluorescein is evaluated using a thin rod lens micro-endoscope. Therod lens is 210 mm in length, 3 mm in outside diameter and can resolve 160 LP/mm. This resolutionallows imaging of cellular organelles having a diameter of 2.8 rim. The limit of detection of the rod lensendoscopic system is approximately 20 pmol for fluorescein.Key Words: Fiber Optics, Micro-Endoscopy, Time-Sequenced Imaging, Fluid Transport, Field of View,Contrast Modulation, Aerial Image Modulation, Aborbance, Fluorescence.
Emergency medical services transfer of patient information to emergency department personnel

Study objectives: Emergency medical care often begins in the out-of-hospital setting. Information from this setting may be important for emergency department (ED)–based health care providers. We observe the rate of transfer of medical information from emergency medical services (EMS) to ED personnel. Methods: A survey of hospital-based emergency medical personnel (nurse and physician) was performed, focusing on 7 scenarios: chest pain, dyspnea, seizure, stroke, fall from a height, assault, and motor vehicle crash. From approximately 30 clinical data points, the personnel were asked to select the 15 most important data points, which were then used as the required data for the study. Investigators observed transfers of patients from EMS to ED personnel, recording the clinical data reported by EMS to the ED-based health care provider. After arrival in the ED, the treating physician was questioned as to the satisfaction about the out-of-hospital information. Results: Two hundred ninety-six patients were used for data analysis, with the following presentations: 27% chest pain, 26% motor vehicle crash, 16% dyspnea, 15% fall, 11% seizure, 5% stroke, and 1% assault. One thousand nine hundred forty-seven data points were transferred from a total of possible 4,425; of the transferred information, 1,649 (37%) data points were initially offered by EMS, and an additional 298 (7%) data points were requested by ED personnel. Of the 7 scenarios, assault had the highest rate of information transfer, with an average of 6.3 data points per case; the other scenarios with related data transfer included fall (6.01), chest pain (5.96), seizure (5.94), motor vehicle crash (5.25), dyspnea (5.13), and stroke (3.93). ED satisfaction was highest in the assault presentation, with 100% of physicians expressing a positive opinion; the other positive physician satisfaction rates included motor vehicle crash (60%), seizure (58%), fall (56%), stroke (50%), chest pain (44%), and dyspnea (37%). The ED personnel receiving the EMS report were physicians in 18%, nurses in 69%, and technicians in 13%. No relationship was noted between rates of satisfaction and amount of information transferred ( P =.85). Conclusion: Using health care personnel–derived clinical data, information is incompletely transferred from EMS to ED personnel. Physician satisfaction, however, with the transfer of information was not related to the quantitative amount of clinical data relayed. Perhaps the quality, and not the quantity, of the information transferred is more important.
Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and tunicamycin on glycoprotein synthesis in an insect cell line

Treatment of CH-MRRL cells with either 20-hydroxyecdysone or tunicamycin resulted in a decrease in the incorporation of labeled sugars into glycoproteins. This change appears to be largely quantitative, as few qualitative changes in protein bands were apparent as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Tunicamycin caused a greater change in the amount of labeled sugar incorporated into specific glycoproteins than did 20-hydroxyecdysone. This was more apparent in [14C]-mannose-labeled than in [14C]-N-acetylglucosamine-labeled glycoproteins. Both compounds caused changes in cell surface glycoproteins. These changes are discussed in relation to previous work on binding of lectins to the cell surface and on the mode of action of tunicamycin.
Hybrid Spectral Domain Method for Attenuation Slope Estimation

Attenuation estimation methods for medical ultrasound are important because attenuation properties of soft tissue can be used to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors and to detect diffuse disease. The classical spectral shift method and the spectral difference method are the most commonly used methods for the estimation of the attenuation; however, they both have specific limitations. Classical spectral shift approaches for estimating ultrasonic attenuation are more sensitive to local spectral noise artifacts and have difficulty in compensating for diffraction effects because of beam focusing. Spectral difference approaches, on the other hand, fail to accurately estimate attenuation coefficient values at tissue boundaries that also possess variations in the backscatter. In this paper, we propose a hybrid attenuation estimation method that combines the advantages of the spectral difference and spectral shift methods to overcome their specific limitations. The proposed hybrid method initially uses the spectral difference approach to reduce the impact of system-dependent parameters including diffraction effects. The normalized power spectrum that includes variations because of backscatter changes is then filtered using a Gaussian filter centered at the transmit center frequency of the system. A spectral shift method, namely the spectral cross-correlation algorithm is then used to compute spectral shifts from these filtered power spectra to estimate the attenuation coefficient. Ultrasound simulation results demonstrate that the estimation accuracy of the hybrid method is better than the centroid downshift method (spectral shift method), in uniformly attenuating regions. In addition, this method is also stable at boundaries with variations in the backscatter when compared with the reference phantom method (spectral difference method). Experimental results using tissue-mimicking phantom also illustrate that the hybrid method is more robust and provides accurate attenuation estimates in both uniformly attenuating regions and across boundaries with backscatter variations. The proposed hybrid method preserves the advantages of both the spectral shift and spectral difference approaches while eliminating the disadvantages associated with each of these methods, thereby improving the accuracy and robustness of the attenuation estimation.
Deceased donor management and demographic factors related to kidney allograft rejection and graft survival.

Abstract Background There is agreement that the number of organ donors and the number of organs recovered per donor are not maximized despite promotion of awareness and new guidelines for transplant teams. A single standard for donor management does not exist, in part because there is no consensus with respect to donor factors and management effect on transplant outcomes. Methods This retrospective study analyzed the long-term outcomes of 402 deceased donor kidney transplant recipients with respect to donor factors. This study differed from previous studies in that all recipients were treated with the same selection and immunosuppressive protocols. Results Factors associated with improved graft survival included cause of death, more organs donated, and lower peak sodium ( P P P P Conclusion The effect of donor variables on kidney transplant outcomes is important and may not be consistent with traditional expectations. Additional data collection and assessment of both short- and long-term transplant outcomes are critical to improve our understanding of the impact of deceased donor factors and management.
Synthetic studies on palytoxin. Stereocontrolled, practical synthesis of the C.101-C.115 segment

Abstract A stereocontrolled 12-step synthesis of the C.85-C.98 segment of palytoxin is described.
Stereoselective synthesis of 1-O-β-feruloyl and 1-O-β-sinapoyl glucopyranoses

1-O-β-Feruloyl and 1-O-β-sinapoyl glucopyranoses are two common substrates for serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases and serve as acyl donors in the biosynthesis of numerous secondary metabolites. In addition, they are involved in plant cell wall cross-linking and are also ideal substrates for studying the kinetics of lignification involving hydroxycinnamates. We report the first chemical (and multi-gram scale) synthesis of 1-O-β-feruloyl and 1-O-β-sinapoyl glucopyranoses.
Norm-relaxed method of feasible directions for solving nonlinear programming problems

A variation of the Polak method of feasible directions for solving nonlinear programming problems is shown to be related to the Topkis and Veinott method of feasible directions. This new method is proven to converge to a Fritz John point under rather weak assumptions. Finally, numerical results show that the method converges with fewer iterations than that of Polak with a proper choice of parameters.
Physico-chemical properties of water insoluble polymers important to mucin/epithelial adhesion☆

Non-covalent binding of polymers to a mucin/epithelial surface has been demonstrated for a variety of polymers on a variety of biological surfaces. Structural features of the polymer which are important for bioadhesion have been explored using a copolymer of acrylic and methacrylic acid with variation in charge density and hydrophobicity of the molecules. Both charge density and hydrophobicity have been calculated and determined experimentally and both were related to bioadhesion of the polymer to the mucosal surface of fresh rabbit stomach. The more important parameter is charge density. In addition to structural features of the adhesive polymer, physical aspects such as degree and rate of hydration as well as particle size are important to bioadhesion, especially in an in vivo situation. Rates of hydration were determined by a labor intensive microscopic technique, as a function of pH and particle size. Lastly, intrinsic bioadhesion for a series of insoluble carboxylic acid polymers were determined. An estimated cohesive strength of the stomach glycoprotein was obtained from kinetic studies.
Bacillus subtilis GabR, a protein with DNA-binding and aminotransferase domains, is a PLP-dependent transcriptional regulator.

Abstract Bacillus subtilis GabR is a member of a poorly characterized but widespread family of chimeric bacterial proteins that have apparent DNA binding and aminotransferase domains. GabR positively regulates expression of the gabTD operon responsible for utilization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and represses the divergently transcribed gabR gene. Purified GabR bound specifically to the DNA region overlapping the −35 region of the gabT promoter and the −10 and +1 regions of the gabR promoter. Two 6 bp direct repeats located at the ends of this region appeared to be essential for GabR binding. In transcription reactions in vitro, GabR alone repressed expression from the gabR promoter but activated expression from the gabT promoter only in the presence of GABA and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, an essential cofactor of aminotransferases. A similar requirement for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate and GABA for GabR-mediated transcription activation was shown in vivo. In vitro this requirement could be partially satisfied with pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate and succinic semialdehyde, the products of a GABA-dependent aminotransferase half-reaction. We hypothesize that the GabR-catalyzed aminotransferase-like reaction between GABA and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is essential for GabR action as a transcriptional activator.
Testability Considerotions in Microprocessor-Based Design

Microprocessors are difficult to test–many failure modes exist and access to internal components is limited. Design techniques that enhance testability can reduce the impact of these constraints.
Single-Sized CdSe Nanocrystals with Bandgap Photoemission via a Noninjection One-Pot Approach

The manuscript addresses the synthesis and characterization of one colloidal CdSe single-sized nanocrystal ensemble exhibiting bandgap absorption and emission peaking at 463 and 465 nm, respectively, with full width at half-maximum of ca. 8 nm. This ensemble is called Family 463; also, these single-sized quantum dots (QDs) are termed as magic-sized quantum dots (MSQDs). A magic-sized quantum dot (MSQD) ensemble is similar to a regular quantum dot (RQD) ensemble but consisting of single-sized nanocrystals; meanwhile, MSQDs do not grow in size any more with longer reaction periods or higher temperature, after their well development during synthesis. The CdSe MSQDs were synthesized via a noninjection one-pot approach with long reaction periods at elevated temperature, with cadmium acetate dihydrate (Cd(OAc)2·2H2O) and elemental selenium as Cd and Se sources, respectively, one long-chain fatty acid as ligands, and 1-octadecene (ODE) as a reaction medium. Different carboxylic acids with the carbon-chain length...
Left and right topography of F-actin filaments

Abstract F-actin filaments have been found to adopt conformations with both right handed and lefthanded topographies, as revealed by AFM imaging in air. The left handed conformation has not been observed previously by either AFM or electron microscopy. Either handedness can be produced by controlling the conditions under which the molecules are deposited for imaging byScanning Force Microscopy or Transmission Electron Microscopy. Low salt conditions favor the left handed form, and high salt conditions favor the right handed form. The ability of Factin toundergo large changes may still reflect smaller changes that take place under physiological conditions. Introduction F-actin is a filamentous protein of central importance in many forms of biomechanical motion. In muscle tissue, parallel arrays of actin filaments interdigitated with myosin filamentsslide past each other, shortening the overall length of the array and generating contractile forces. Innon-muscle cells, actin networks generate cellular movements, help maintain cell shape, transport
Gastrointestinal Distress to Serotonergic Challenge: A Risk Marker for Emotional Disorder?

Objective Serotonin is an important mediator of gut sensation and motility. The authors' aim was to determine whether inadvertent gastrointestinal (GI) distress to serotonergic challenge predicted future major depressive and/or anxiety disorders in exposed children. Method l-5-hydroxytryptophan was administered to 119 prepubertal children free of psychiatric disorder as part of a psychobiological cohort study initially designed to examine familial loading for mood disorder as the exposure of interest. Subjects were followed longitudinally with standardized psychiatric interviews to identify new-onset mood and anxiety disorders over 90.3 ± 29.2 months, with the average assessment interval being 16.6 ± 6.2 months. Reports of GI distress in a subgroup during serotonergic challenge led the authors to examine GI distress to infusion as an exposure post hoc and to perform survival analysis using major depressive and/or anxiety disorders as the outcomes of interest. Results GI distress to serotonergic challenge was experienced by 23 subjects, with 7 (30.4%) developing an emotional disorder during follow-up in comparison to 12 (10.4%) of 96 nondistressed subjects. The distressed group was at significantly greater risk of subsequent major depression and/or anxiety ( p = .026), even after controlling for family history of psychiatric disorder. Conclusions GI distress to serotonergic challenge in childhood is associated with heightened risk for subsequent major depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Studies of serotonergic neurotransmission may aid our understanding of nonrandom associations between functional GI symptoms and emotional symptoms and disorders.
Evoked-potential changes following discrimination learning involving complex sounds

Abstract Objective Perceptual sensitivities are malleable via learning, even in adults. We trained adults to discriminate complex sounds (periodic, frequency-modulated sweep trains) using two different training procedures, and used psychoacoustic tests and evoked potential measures (the N1–P2 complex) to assess changes in both perceptual and neural sensitivities. Methods Training took place either on a single day, or daily across eight days, and involved discrimination of pairs of stimuli using a single-interval, forced-choice task. In some participants, training started with dissimilar pairs that became progressively more similar across sessions, whereas in others training was constant, involving only one, highly similar, stimulus pair. Results Participants were better able to discriminate the complex sounds after training, particularly after progressive training, and the evoked potentials elicited by some of the sounds increased in amplitude following training. Significant amplitude changes were restricted to the P2 peak. Conclusions Our findings indicate that changes in perceptual sensitivities parallel enhanced neural processing. Significance These results are consistent with the proposal that changes in perceptual abilities arise from the brain’s capacity to adaptively modify cortical representations of sensory stimuli, and that different training regimens can lead to differences in cortical sensitivities, even after relatively short periods of training.
Comparison of soil samples by high performance liquid chromatography augmented by absorbance ratioing

Abstract The study of the potential of soil comparisons by high performance liquid chromatography of organic extracts is continued with the inclusion of additional parameters viz. ratiograms and absorbance ratio values of prominent components. These additional markers allow for a more confident comparison without unduly complicating the analysis. On the basis of chromatographic profiles, ratiograms and absorbance ratio values of prominent peaks, soils are classified as chromatographically equivalent, quantitatively different or qualitatively different. The basis for this classification is discussed.
Resolution of hemifacial spasm after surgical obliteration of a tentorial arteriovenous fistula: case report.

Objective and importance We describe a patient with a tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula who presented with ipsilateral hemifacial spasm. Clinical presentation A 50-year-old man sought treatment for left facial twitching that worsened over 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging and catheter angiography demonstrated a left tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula. Intervention The patient underwent a retrosigmoid craniotomy and ligation of the draining vein at the site of the fistula. Intraoperative angiography showed complete obliteration of the fistula. The patient's hemifacial spasm improved significantly after the fistula was obliterated. Conclusion Posterior fossa arteriovenous fistulas can present with a hemifacial spasm related to compression of the facial nerve by arterialized leptomeningeal veins. Microsurgical obliteration of the fistula can resolve the related symptoms.
Welfare states and immigrant poverty: Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom in comparative perspective

This article examines immigrant poverty across three institutionally distinct European states: Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Focusing on 33 immigrant groups and controlling for sending country in addition to human capital and family characteristics, the analysis explores host country variation in (1) immigrant/native-born poverty gaps and (2) the underlying poverty levels at which these gaps occur. Findings reveal the largest poverty gaps in Sweden and demonstrate that this is due to immigrants’ comparatively severe labor market disadvantages. However, underlying poverty levels are also lowest in Sweden because of a two-pronged policy strategy of enabling work (particularly among women, immigrant and native-born alike) and reducing poverty through income support. Thus, immigrants in Sweden live at lower levels of poverty than their immigrant counterparts elsewhere, despite facing higher levels of inequality vis-a-vis native-born Swedes. The conclusion considers implications of poverty gaps and ...
Stimulus control of immunization against chronic learned helplessness

Two experiments investigated the effectiveness of multiple (five) sessions ofsignaled escapable­ shock pretraining in preventing (immunizing against) the shock-escape impairment produced by an equal number of sessions of signaled inescapable shock. In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to 50 pairings per session of a white-noise stimulus with escapable shock during the immuniza­ tion phase. Subsequently, they were exposed to 50 pairings per session of a different (houselight) stimulus with inescapable shock. Shock-escape performance in a shuttlebox test with constant illumination revealed no evidence of immunization relative to the performance ofrats given five prior sessions of light-signaled inescapable shock only. Experiment 2 was identical in a11 respects to Experiment 1, except that both the escapable- and the inescapable-shock phases for animals in the immunization treatment group involved the same stimulus (houselight) as a shock signal. Under these circumstances, the prior escapable-shock training significantly reduced the shuttle­ box escape deficit engendered by chronic exposure to signaled inescapable shock; performance in the shuttlebox was not reliably different from that ofrats exposed to signaled escapable shock alone. These findings suggest that, under chronic conditions, the development of stimulus con­ trol using Pavlovian conditioning procedures may serve to modulate the normally prophylactic influence on later shock-escape acquisition of serial exposure to escapable and inescapable shocks.
The Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 Tax Protein Regulates the Activity of the IκB Kinase Complex

Abstract Two cytokine-inducible kinases, IKKα and IKKβ, are components of a 700-kDa kinase complex that specifically phosphorylates IκB. Phosphorylation of IκB by IKK leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, resulting in the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The oncogenic protein Tax, encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), stimulates IKK activity to result in constitutive nuclear levels of NF-κB. In an attempt to gain insights into the mechanism by which Tax mediates constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway, we analyzed the chromatographic distribution of IKK proteins using cellular extracts prepared from three T lymphocytes either lacking or containing Tax. IKK kinase activity and the distribution of proteins in the IKK complex were characterized. In extracts prepared from cells containing Tax, the activity of both IKKα and IKKβ present in the 700-kDa IKK complex were increased. Surprisingly, cell lines expressing Tax also contained an additional peak of IKKβ, but not IKKα activity, that migrated at 300 kDa rather than at 700 kDa. We noted that extracts containing Tax had extremely low levels of IκBβ, but not IκBα, and contained predominantly a truncated form of the MAP3K MEKK1. These results suggest that Tax may target several components of the NF-κB pathway leading to constitutive activation of this important regulator of cellular gene expression.
230Th232Th systematics in the central Pacific Ocean: The sources and the fates of thorium

^(232)Th and ^(230)Th of unfiltered and filtered sea water samples were measured along a depth profile of the central Pacific Ocean using isotopic dilution and thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The ^(232)Th concentration is rather constant from below 25 m down to over 2000 m (45–60 × 10^6 atom cm^(−3)) and it then increases rapidly towards the bottom (119–360 × 10^6 atom cm^(−3) at 4000 m). The ^(230)Th concentration increases linearly with depth from 3 × 10^3 atom cm^(−3) at 25 m to 110 × 10^3 atom cm^(−3) at 4000 m. The reproducibility of replicate analyses and the regularity of the profiles demonstrate the reliability of the procedure. However, some lack of reproducibility among different samples from the same depth has to be explained by natural variability or by contamination during sample collection. Due to the very low ^(232)Th concentrations and relatively high ^(230)Th concentrations, the ^(230)Th/^(232)Th ratios can be as high as 1.6 × 10^(−3). The ratio of the amount of Th on particles (> 0.2 μm) to the amount of Th in solution is significantly higher for ^(232)Th (≈ 0.37) than for ^(230)Th (≈ 0.18). These data are interpreted in terms of a model that specifically treats particle transport assuming local equilibrium between particles and sea water. The relatively high ^(230)Th concentrations and ^(230)Th/^(232)Th ratios measured at 25 m are consistent with a mixed layer of about 100 m. The linear increase in ^(230)Th with depth implies that the effect of eddy diffusion is negligible for most of the water column over the Th removal time scale. This profile is consistent with transport of ^(230)Th by reversible uptake on particles settling with a constant velocity. The ^(232)Th data are inconsistent with this model and they suggest that particles carrying ^(232)Th experience 70% of mass loss between the surface and 4000 m and must follow different transport rules. This difference in the transport of ^(230)Th and ^(232)Th demonstrates the distinctive behavior of these isotopes during particle formation and subsequent remineralization and repackaging in the water column. Different speciation of ^(230)Th and ^(232)Th may be explained by their distinctive sources in the ocean (as ^(230)Th is produced in solution and ^(232)Th is carried by detrital material) and by their respective packaging mechanisms, which are not yet known.
Generating basis sets of double differences

When a collection of double differences is used to compute global-positioning-system satellite orbits from a permanent network of receiving stations, linear dependence among the double-differenced observations reduces the number of double differences that contribute new information to the computations. A maximal linearly independent subset of a large collection of double differences contains all the information content of the full set. If r is the number of receivers and s is the number of satellites, the original collection of double differences may have size O(r2s2), whereas the linearly independent subset has size no greater than O(rs). Only such a smaller independent subset needs to participate in the more expensive double-precision matrix computations to correctly correlate all double differences, detect cycle slips, resolve ambiguities, and compute satellite orbits and station positions and relative velocities. Dependence among double differences is characterized using vector space methods together with geometric characterizations of Boolean matrices. These characterizations lend themselves to fast, robust algorithms for computing maximal linearly independent sets (bases) of double differences. An algorithm is given for constructing a generating independent set of double differences from the Boolean array of receiving-station/satellite connections. Characterizations of generator equivalence allow alternative generating sets to be identified and selected. An updating algorithm to handle local changes in the satellite–receiver connection matrix is also described.
Coil pack design for the 20.4 MWh SMES/ETM system

The conceptual design of an engineering test model (ETM) of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system that will demonstrate the efficacy of large scale production systems is described. Large-scale SMES systems are likely to store 1000 to 10000 MWh of electricity in a solenoid winding 300 to 1500 m in diameter. The conceptual design of the ETM coil pack is presented. The design approach taken to reduce technical risk has been to aim at simplicity, to avoid unproven manufacturing methods, to apply conservative safety factors when establishing design allowables, and to develop and test to prove efficacy.
Projections from the pretectal complex to the thalamic lateral dorsal nucleus of the cat.

The subcortical projections to the lateral dorsal nucleus (LD) of the cat thalamus were studied with retrograde transport techniques. Deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent tracers were placed unilaterally in LD of adult cats, using electrophoretic or pressure injection techniques. Following post-injection survival periods of 1, 2 or 3 days, HRP retrogradely labeled cells were identified in sections reacted with benzidine dihydrochloride; fluorescent labeled cells were identified by fluorescent microscopy. Injections in LD result in retrogradely labeled neurons in all nuclei of the pretectal complex, including the nucleus of the optic tract (NTO), the posterior pretectal nucleus (NPP), the anterior pretectal nucleus (NPA), the pretectal olivary nucleus (NOL), and the medial pretectal nucleus (NPM). Small electrophoretic injections of HRP were used to investigate a possible topographic organization of the pretectal projections. Results from a variety of injection sites indicate only a subtle rostral-caudal gradient. That is, small injection sites in rostral LD result in retrograde labeling of neuron somata in the rostral parts of NTO, NPA and NPP, and throughout NPM. Injections in caudal LD result in labeled cells more caudally situated in NTO, NPA, NPP, and throughout NPM. Injections in the pulvinar (Pul) also result in retrogradely labeled cells in the pretectal complex, particularly NTO, NPP, and NOL. Experiments with injections of distinguishable fluorescent tracers in LD and Pul reveal that many more cells project to Pul than to LD. These experiments also reveal that while neurons that project to LD are intermingled with neurons that project to Pul, the two projections originate from separate sub-populations of cells. These results are discussed in regard to phylogenetic comparison of pretectal projections and subcortical pathways of sensory input to the limbic system.
Hypothalamic evoked responses altered by pentobarbital in freely behaving rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Average acoustically evoked responses (AAERs) were recorded in naterir hypothaalmus (AH) and in vetnromedial hypothalamus (VMH) simultaneously from freely behaving rats which had been implanted with permanent semimicroelectrodes 6–8 days earlier. 2. 2. Ifattention was distracted from the stimulus. the overall amplitude of the AAER to that stimulus usulally fell, mainly in AH: if on the other hand, attention was concentrated upon the stimulus, the amplitude of teh AAER became greater. 3. 3. The neural recovery function obtained by paired click stimuli separated by varying time intervals was studied and showed differences in recovery function between AH and VMH. 4. 4. Low doses of pentobarbital increased the AAER and imrpoved the neural recovery, both in AG and VMH. Higher doses of pentobarbital attenuated and diminished the AAER. Differences in sensitivity to pentobarbiral were found between AH and VMH. 5. 5. The role of the reticular formation, which is known to have a tonic inhibitory effect on the classical sensory pathway was discussed. 6. 6. The afferetn acoustic projection to the hypothalamus is polysynaptic, extending through the midbrain reticular formation. The data indicated that this projection to AH adn VMH is modified differently which raises the possibility that the acoustic projections to AH and VMH are not the same.
The Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Poverty on Children's Intellectual Development *

Although adverse consequences of poverty for children are documented widely, little is understood about the mechanisms through which the effects of poverty disadvantage young children. In this analysis we investigate multiple mechanisms through which poverty affects a child’s intellectual development. Using data from the NLSY and structural equation models, we have constructed five latent factors (cognitive stimulation, parenting style, physical environment, child’s ill health at birth, and ill health in childhood) and have allowed these factors, along with child care, to mediate the effects of poverty and other exogenous variables. We produce two main findings. First, the influence of family poverty on children’s intellectual development is mediated completely by the intervening mechanisms measured by our latent factors. Second, our analysis points to cognitive stimulation in the home, and (to a lesser extent) to parenting style, physical environment of the home, and poor child health at birth, as mediating factors that are affected by lack of income and that influence children’s intellectual development.
PROSPECTIVE ELEMENTARY TEACHERS' INTENSITY AND AMBIVALENCE OF BELIEFS ABOUT MATHEMATICS AND MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTION

This report, in two parts, presents (a) study of beliefs about mathematics and instruction in mathematics possessed by prospective elementary teachers and (b) the introduction and application of a measure of ambivalence. The application is offered as an illustration of how an ambivalence quotient can be used to study attitudes or beliefs. The Study of Beliefs Traditionally, mathematics programs at the elementary school level have emphasized the formal content of mathematics, often at the expense of helping children see the creative and investigative nature of mathematics. At a time when mathematics education seems to be experiencing a shift in emphasis from a formal to a less formal view of school mathematics, attention is being focused on beliefs of the elementary teacher. The study reported here examined the beliefs toward mathematics and mathematics instruction of prospective elementary teachers using scales which measured a formal-informal dimension of belief. The Scales of Belief Two Likert-type scales were constructed using a procedure described by Nunnally (1967). The scale items are given in Table 1. A panel of judges selected 80 items from an item pool. Twenty items were judged as describing mathematics as informal; 20 items described mathematics as formal; 20 items described mathematics instruction as formal; and 20 items described mathematics instruction as informal. The items were pilot tested using 200 students in elementary education, 50 students from each of four stages of mathematics preparation. The four stages were: I-prior to taking any college mathematics; II-after completion of one content course; III-after completion of two content courses; and IV-after completion of two content courses and a methods course. An item analysis was used to select the items in the scales from the pilot items. The data from the pilot study were used to compute a measure of internal consistency for the scales. The technique used was that de
Mechanism of electrical conductivity in Nickel-Iron Ferrite

Measurements of the frequency dependence of the dielectric conductivity, Hall mobility, and thermal EMF as a function of temperature on polycrystalline Ni 0.6 Fe 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 indicate that these data can be interpreted in terms of the band model. Previous analyses of the semiconductor properties of ferrites according to the hopping model assume that the number of carriers n is identical with the concentration of divalent iron ions. Hall measurements indicate that this is not the case here, and that n is best described by the equation n^{2} = (N_{D}-n)N_{0}[\frac{m*}{m}]^{3/2} g^{-1} \exp (\frac{-E_{D}}{kT}) . Assigning a value of 2 to g , m*/m is 9.3, and E D is 0.034 eV.
Characterization of Unconventional Response of Gray Zone Lymphoma to Conventional Radiation Treatment

• A retrospective review of patient charts, radiation treatment plans, and imaging was performed. • From 2006 to 2011, 9 patients with a pathological diagnosis of GZL received radiation therapy at our institution. The median age at diagnosis was 32.5 years (range 18 to 44). • Seven of the nine patients were stage II by Ann Arbor criteria and two were stage IV. • All patients had mediastinal disease at diagnosis. • All patients had been treated with chemotherapy and subsequently found to have recurrence at the time of presentation. • Four patients had undergone stem cell transplant. • Patients were treated to 36 to 45 Gy in 1.5 to 1.8 Gy daily fractions. • The radiation plans were reviewed and analyzed for dose distribution and location of recurrence. Materials/Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging of the Amine–Proton EXchange (APEX) dependent contrast

Chemical exchange between water and labile protons from amino-acids, proteins and other molecules can be exploited to provide tissue contrast with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Using an off-resonance Spin-Locking (SL) scheme for signal preparation is advantageous because the image contrast can be tuned to specific exchange rates by adjusting SL pulse parameters. While the amide-proton transfer (APT) contrast is obtained optimally with steady-state preparation, using a low power and long irradiation pulse, image contrast from the faster amine-water proton exchange (APEX) is optimized in the transient state with a higher power and a shorter SL pulse. Our phantom experiments show that the APEX contrast is sensitive to protein and amino acid concentration, as well as pH. In vivo 9.4-T SL MRI data of rat brains with irradiation parameters optimized to slow exchange rates have a sharp peak at 3.5 ppm and also broad peak at -2 to -5 ppm, inducing negative contrast in APT-weighted images, while the APEX image has large positive signal resulting from a weighted summation of many different amine-groups. Brain ischemia induced by cardiac arrest decreases pure APT signal from ~1.7% to ~0%, and increases the APEX signal from ~8% to ~16%. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, the APEX signal shows different spatial and temporal patterns with large inter-animal variations compared to APT and water diffusion maps. Because of the similarity between the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and SL techniques, APEX contrast can also be obtained by a CEST approach using similar irradiation parameters. APEX may provide useful information for many diseases involving a change in levels of proteins, peptides, amino-acids, or pH, and may serve as a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker.
The Mullins effect in compressible solids

Abstract A general constitutive theory of stress-softening in isotropic, compressible materials based on a two phase microstructural damage model is presented. Stress-softening induced by an uniaxial stretch of the material is analyzed, and some general analytical results consonant with experimental observations are obtained. It is shown for compressible stress-softening materials that the Poisson function for the elastic stress-softened material generally will differ from that for the virgin material. Some general characteristics of the physical response of equi-Poisson materials are described, and an example of a general class of these materials is presented. It is shown that the physical response of isotropic, compressible stress-softening materials parallels that described in earlier papers on its incompressible counterpart. For illustration, a special subclass of stress-softening hyperelastic parent materials and an exponential softening function are introduced. The general results are then described graphically for uniaxial tension and compression of a special class of Blatz–Ko parent material models developed from experiments on polyurethane foamed rubbers.
The interval number of a planar graph: Three intervals suffice

Abstract Suppose each vertex of a graph G is assigned a subset of the real line consisting of at most t closed intervals. This assignment is called a t -interval representation of G when vertex v is adjacent to vertex w if and only if some interval for v intersects some interval for w . The interval number i ( G ) of a graph G is the smallest number t such that G has a t -interval representation. It is proved that i ( G ) ≤ 3 whenever G is planar and that this bound is the best possible. The related concepts of displayed interval number and depth- r interval number are discussed and their maximum values for certain classes of planar graphs are found.
Management of the Hospitalized Patient Experiencing Acute on Chronic Pain: A Case Study

The ability to balance the patient's level of comfort while minimizing adverse outcomes related to overdosing remains the key to providing excellent post operative care for the patient with chronic pain. This article presents the case of a hospitalized patient with severe pain and the challenges her care presented to the nursing staff.
Process Moments of Trust: Analysis and Strategy

Service delivery systems create and deliver a service to customers by performing many front and backroom activities. In many cases, the process is the service. Three types of process activities are frontroom, backroom, and instantaneous process moments of trust. These terms are defined, quantified, and used to develop strategic premises about service process positioning strategies. Examples are used to demonstrate a new way of thinking about designing and managing the service delivery process and formulating service firm strategy.
Asymmetric routes to the trisporic acids via chiral bicyclic lactams

Abstract Two synthetic approaches to the title compounds using the chiral non-racemic lactam 3 via additions to the lactam carbonyl lead to the requisite chiral cyclohexen-2-ones.
Dynamic analysis of ring-stiffened circular cylindrical shells

Abstract A numerical method is developed for the dynamic analysis of ring-stiffened circular cylindrical thin elastic shells. Only circular symmetric vibrations of the shell segments and radial and torsional vibrations of the rings are considered. The geometric and material properties of the shell segments and the rings may vary from segment to segment. Free vibrations or forced vibrations due to harmonic pressure loading are treated with the aid of dynamic stiffness influence coefficients for shell segments and rings. Forced vibrations due to transient pressure loading are treated with the aid of dynamic stiffness influence coefficients for shell segments and rings defined in the Laplace transform domain. The time domain response is then obtained by a numerical inversion of the transformed solution. The effect of external viscous or internal viscoelastic damping is also investigated by the proposed method. In all the cases, the dynamic problem is reduced to a static-like form and the “exact” solution of the problem is numerically obtained.