cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A tale of two paradigms

There are many opinions as to the best way to present objects and the concepts of object-oriented programming within the CS1 and CS2 curriculum. This paper seeks to analyze the benefits for student performance using two different groups of students. Both groups were introductory programming students using Java and both groups were exposed to the idea of objects over the duration of the course. However, one group was exposed to an objects emphasized/objects thematic approach, while the other group was presented with a procedurally thematic approach. An experiment was conducted to see which group of students performed better in an object-oriented CS2. The results will be discussed, interpreted, and compared with other evidence presented in the literature.
Hip external and internal rotation strength: Consistency over time and between sides

Little research has focused on the measurement of both hip external and internal rotation strength. The purpose of this study was to describe the consistency of isometric hip rotation forces measured by hand-held dyanamometry. Specifically, we described the consistency over time and between sides. For 15 subjects measured during 2 sessions one week apart, rotation forces and force ratios did not differ significantly. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were high (0.836-0.944) except for the external to internal rotation force ratio on the right side (0.367). For 32 subjects measured during I session, hip external rotation forces and rotation force ratios did, but hip internal rotation forces did not, differ between sides. The between-side ICCs were high for the force measures (0.897&0.901) but not for the force ratio (0.337). Unlike force ratios, isometric force measurements obtained during a previous test session or from the other side provide a basis for measurement interpretation. The method errors and coefficients of variation of the method error that we report may be helpful in such interpretation.
Deficient nonhomologous end-joining activity in cell-free extracts from Brca1-null fibroblasts.

BRCA1 ensures genomic stability, at least in part, through a functional role in DNA damage repair. BRCA1 interacts with the Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 complex that occupies a central role in DNA double-strand break repair mediated by homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ can be catalyzed by mammalian whole cell extract in a reaction dependent upon DNA ligase IV, Xrcc4, Ku70, Ku80, and DNA-PKcs. Here, we show that under identical cell-free reaction conditions, the addition of antibodies specific for BRCA1 and Rad 50 but not Rad51, inhibits end-joining activity. Cell extracts derived from Brca1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit reduced end-joining activity independent of the endogenous protein amounts of DNA ligase IV, Ku80, and Ku70. The Brca1-dependent NHEJ activity predominates at the lower concentrations of Mg2+ (0.5 mm); elevated Mg2+ or Mn2+ concentrations (10 mm) dramatically increase overall end-joining activity and abrogates the requirement for Brca1, Xrcc4, and Ku70. The addition of partially purified BRCA1, in association with Rad50/Mre11/Nbs1 complex, complements the NHEJ deficiency of Brca1-null fibroblast extracts. These results suggest a role for Brca1 in NHEJ and in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Carbonylation and Decarbonylation of γ-Al2O3-Supported Hexarhodium Clusters: Characterization by Infrared, 13C NMR, and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopies

Rh6(CO)16 adsorbed on γ-Al2O3 that had been calcined at 400 °C was decarbonylated in steps by treatment in He at increasing temperatures. The metal frame in the supported clusters remained largely intact during the decarbonylation process as evidenced by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The face-bridging CO ligands were removed first when the temperature was raised to 100 °C and held for 2 h, as shown by infrared and 13C NMR data. Treatment in He at 300 °C led to complete removal of the carbonyl ligands and the formation of supported rhodium clusters with structures modeled on the basis of EXAFS data as Rh6 (along with some other species inferred to be cationic rhodium). These clusters were stable in He at temperatures as high as 400 °C. The infrared and 13C NMR data show that when the fully decarbonylated Rh6 clusters were exposed to CO at 25−200 °C, they were partially recarbonylated. Subsequent treatment of the partially recarbonylated clusters in He at 300 °C again led to...
Network Influences on Dissemination of Evidence-Based Guidelines in State Tobacco Control Programs

Little is known regarding the social network relationships that influence dissemination of evidence-based public health practices and policies. In public health, it is critical that evidence-based guidelines, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs, are effectively and efficiently disseminated to intended stakeholders. To determine the organizational and network predictors of dissemination among state tobacco control programs, interviews with members of tobacco control networks across eight states were conducted between August 2009 and September 2010. Measures included partner attributes (e.g., agency type) and relationships among network members (frequency of contact, extent of collaboration, and dissemination of Best Practices). Exponential random graph modeling was used to examine attribute and structural predictors of collaboration and dissemination among partners in each network. Although density and centralization of dissemin...
“Weather Girls” on the Big Screen: Stereotypes, Sex Appeal, and Science

Women currently in the broadcasting meteorology field have dealt with—and continue to deal with—restrictive stereotypes based on the public's perception of their physical appearance and intelligence, largely stemming from the “weather girl” stereotype developed in the 1950s. This sexist stereotype is best seen and often exaggerated in cinematic films and television shows; however, the public's ability to distinguish the truthful and fictitious aspects of these stereotypes is important because these stereotypes limit the level of trust established between female weathercasters and viewers while consequently impeding the public response to dangerous weather situations. This study will evaluate the origin of the weather girl stereotype associated with female broadcast meteorologists throughout history and use this information to further understand the representation of women weathercasters in several films and television episodes, in order to determine if the weather girl stereotype is further perpetrated in...
EFFECTIVENESS OF A SOCIAL REINFORCEMENT IN ISOLATION AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH A CONFLICTING TASK REINFORCEMENT

Summary.-An attempt was made to extend the generality of an earlier finding that a model's emorional reactions can function as effective "social" reinforcers. The effects of rwo partial social reinforcement schedules on the level of imitation were examined both in isolation and in conjunction with a task reinforcement. The two social reinforcement schedules, a constant probability of a negative reinforcement for imiration and an increasing probability of a negative reinforcement for imitation were incongruent with the task reinforcement schedule in which the probability of a positive reinforcement for imitation was .8. Ss predicted whether a red or green light would be illuminated after being informed of the prediction allegedly made by a partner. For half the Ss the event to be predicted was actually seen, along with the presentation of a GSR reading purportedly reflecting the emotional state of the partner, immediately after each prediction. Only the GSR readings were presented at that time for the remaining Ss, the events to be predicted supposedly occurring on a machine in another room. As predicted, a significantly higher level of imitation was obtained under a .8 task reinforcement for imitation than in the absence of task reinforcement. The expected generalization failed to occur, however. Since many of the previous situational conditions had been simultaneously altered for the present study, it was impossible to determine which of the changes was critical. Examination of relevant literature concerning the effects of these variables failed to clarify the situation. Another inexplicable finding was the incongruity berween Ss' behavior while performing the experimental task and their subsequent behavior in completing questionnaires. It was suggested that individual differences in social responsiveness, in part determined by personality variables, might account for the difficulties in controlling imiration and opposition with social reinforcers. The extent to which one individual will imitate another has been found ro depend in part upon the model's emotional reactions to such behavior (Lanzetta & Kanareff, 1961). Imicacion increased when the model's emotional reactions, indicated on a pseudogalvanometer, were consistently positive (denoting a pleased reaction) following imitation and consistently negative (denoting a displeased reaction) following opposition; when the model's GSR
Chronic relapsing polyradiculoneuritis in a dog. A clinical, light- and electron-microscopic study

A 6-year-old dog was afflicted with a paresis that developed insidiously and abated during a temporary remission. Clinical findings included: tetraparesis, diminished or absent reflexes, muscle wasting, albuminocytologic dissociation, muscle denervation potentials, and delayed peripheral nerve conduction velocities. The pathologic changes were those of a longstanding demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis. Segmental myelin breakdown, which occurred in the presence of invading cells, and apparently in their absence, was accompanied by some Wallerian degeneration. Reparative changes were noted in numerous small onion bulb formations. Myelin was restored to demyelinated axon segments in the cores of the onion bulbs, while axon sprouts appeared in the peripheral Schwann cell lamellae. This polyradiculoneuritis was unlike spontaneous canine neuritides previously reported, and was compared with experimentally induced peripheral nerve disorders and spontaneous poly-neuritides in man.
Quaternionic Analysis and the Schrödinger Model for the Minimal Representation of O(3,3)

In the series of papers [FL1, FL2] we approach quaternionic analysis from the point of view of representation theory of the conformal group SL(2,HC) ≃ SL(4,C) and its real forms. This approach has proven very fruitful and pushed further the parallel with complex analysis and develop a rich theory. In [FL2] we study the counterparts of Cauchy-Fueter and Poisson formulas on the spaces of split quaternions HR and Minkowski space M and show that they solve the problem of separation of the discrete and continuous series on SL(2,R) and the imaginary Lobachevski space SL(2,C)/SL(2,R). In particular, we introduce an operator PlR, compute its effect on the discrete and continuous series components of the space of functions H(H + ) and obtain a surprising formula for the Plancherel measure of SL(2,R). The proof is based on a transition to the Minkowski space M and some pretty lengthy computations. In this paper we introduce an operator d dR PlR on H(H + R ) and show that its effect on the discrete and continuous series components can be easily computed
Comparative study of crystallization rates by d.s.c. and depolarization microscopy

Abstract Markedly slower crystallization half times for poly(butylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) are found by d.s.c. than by depolarization microscopy although similar values are obtained for isotactic polypropylene. In both the microscopic and calorimetric experiments an Avrami analysis of data on each polymer gives n ∼ 3 (predetermined nucleation, spherulitic growth), over the range of crystallization temperatures investigated. Possible reasons for the observed discrepancies are discussed.
Bipartite Patella in a Young Athlete

The patient was a 12-year-old male with a chief complaint of right anterior knee pain for the past 3 months. The patient was referred to physical therapy by an orthopaedic surgeon with a diagnosis of patellofemoral pain and bipartite patella. The patient was advised to avoid painful activities and a quadriceps-strengthening program was initiated. At the time of discharge, the patient had normal quadriceps strength and pain-free knee range of motion. Often an asymptomatic and incidental finding, bipartite patella results when secondary ossification centers do not fuse to form a single bone. Treatment typically entails rest and conservative management; however, in individuals with persistent symptoms that are not responsive to conservative measures, surgical intervention may be necessary. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;39(7):560. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.0407
Two-layer sparse compression of dense-weight blend skinning

Weighted linear interpolation has been widely used in many skinning techniques including linear blend skinning, dual quaternion blend skinning, and cage based deformation. To speed up performance, these skinning models typically employ a sparseness constraint, in which each 3D model vertex has a small fixed number of non-zero weights. However, the sparseness constraint also imposes certain limitations to skinning models and their various applications. This paper introduces an efficient two-layer sparse compression technique to substantially reduce the computational cost of a dense-weight skinning model, with insignificant loss of its visual quality. It can directly work on dense skinning weights or use example-based skinning decomposition to further improve its accuracy. Experiments and comparisons demonstrate that the introduced sparse compression model can significantly outperform state of the art weight reduction algorithms, as well as skinning decomposition algorithms with a sparseness constraint.
Genome Sequence of Lineage III Listeria monocytogenes Strain HCC23

More than 98% of reported human listeriosis cases are caused by Listeria monocytogenes serotypes within lineages I and II. Serotypes within lineage III (4a and 4c) are commonly isolated from environmental and food specimens. We report the first complete genome sequence of a lineage III isolate, HCC23, which will be used for comparative analysis.
Dual effects of response blocking following avoidance learning

Abstract It was shown that either enhanced or decreased avoidance responding by rats could be produced by the same response blocking procedure occurring after avoidance training. The particular result produced depended on (1) the duration of the blocking trial and (2) when during the retention interval the blocking trial occurred. Results were interpreted in terms of a memory reactivation explanation and implications for the therapeutic uses of extinction were discussed.
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion

The large GTPase dynamin, long known for its role in endocytosis, has most recently been implicated as a facilitator of cell migration and invasion. Recent observations link dynamin to the cycle of membrane expansion and retraction essential for cell motility. Its role in actin polymerization, membrane deformation and vesiculation, and focal adhesion dynamics are all important for this process, and the new findings provide exciting directions for studies of this ubiquitous and diverse protein family.
Emissions Reductions Using Hydrogen from Plasmatron Fuel Converters

Abstract Improvements in internal combustion engine and aftertreatment technologies are needed to meet future environmental quality goals. Systems using recently developed compact plasmatron fuel converters in conjunction with state-of-the-art engines and aftertreatment catalysts could provide new opportunities for obtaining substantial emissions reductions. Plasmatron fuel converters provide a rapid response, compact means to transform a wide range of hydrocarbon fuels (including gasoline, natural gas and diesel fuel) into hydrogen-rich gas. Hydrogen-rich gas can be used as an additive to provide NOx reductions of more than 80% in spark ignition gasoline engine vehicles by enabling very lean operation or heavy exhaust engine recirculation. It may also be employed for cold start hydrocarbon reduction. If certain requirements are met, it may also be possible to achieve higher spark ignition engine efficiencies (e.g., up to 95% of those of diesel engines). These requirements include the attainment of ultra lean, high compression ratio, open throttle operation using only a modest amount of hydrogen addition. For diesel engines, use of compact plasmatron reformers to produce hydrogen-rich gas for the regeneration of NOx absorber/adsorbers and particulate traps for diesel engine exhaust aftertreatment could provide significant advantages. Recent tests of conversion of diesel fuel to hydrogen-rich gas using a low current plasmatron fuel converter with non-equilibrium plasma features are described.
Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)‐FcγRIIB engagement via immune complexes induces the activated FDC phenotype associated with secondary follicle development

Follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-FcγRIIB levels are up-regulated 1–3 days after challenge of actively immunized mice with Ag. This kinetics suggested that memory cells are not driving this response, prompting the hypothesis that immune complex (IC)-FDC interactions lead to FDC activation. To test this, mice passively immunized with anti-OVA Ab were OVA challenged to produce IC. After 3 days, levels of IC, FcγRIIB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 on FDC were analyzed. FDC were also stimulated with IC in vitro, and mRNA for FcγRIIB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR. IC labeling in passively immunized WT and FcγRIIB–/– mice revealed five to six FDC-reticula per LN midsagittal section. In WT mice, these IC-bearing FDC-reticula corresponded with FDC-reticula labeling for FcγRIIB, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1. Increases in these molecules on IC-stimulated FDC were confirmed by flow cytometry. In marked contrast, in FcγRIIB–/– mice, no increased VCAM-1 or ICAM-1 was seen on IC-bearing FDC-reticula or on purified FDC. Addition of IC in vitro resulted in dramatic increases in mRNA for FcγRIIB, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in WT FDC, but not in FDC from FcγRIIB–/– mice, 2.4G2-pretreated WT FDC, B cells, or macrophages. Thus, although FDC-FcγRIIB was not essential for IC trapping, engagement of FDC-FcγRIIB with IC initiated an FDC activation pathway.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of efflux substrate–metal chelator conjugates as potential antimicrobial agents

Maintaining a proper balance of metal concentrations is critical to the survival of bacteria. We have designed and synthesized a series of conjugates of metal chelators and efflux transporter substrates aimed at disrupting bacterial metal homeostasis to achieve bacterial killing. Biological studies showed that two of the compounds had very significant antimicrobial effect with an MIC value of 7.8 μg/mL against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis.
Simultaneous Characterization of the Reductive Unfolding Pathways of RNase B Isoforms by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry

A novel method for characterization of the simultaneous reductive unfolding pathways of five isoforms of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease B (RNase B) is demonstrated. The results indicate that each isoform unfolds reductively through two three-disulfide-containing structured intermediates before proceeding to the fully reduced form, as in the reductive unfolding pathways of the A variant lacking the carbohydrate chain. The rates of reduction of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and RNase B and the formation and consumption of their reductive intermediates are identical, indicating that the unfolding events necessary to expose disulfide bonds for reduction are not affected by the oligosaccharide. The method utilizes top-down mass spectrometry and a naturally occurring tag on the protein, viz. the carbohydrate moiety, to obtain unfolding information of an ensemble of protein isoforms and is a generally applicable methodological advance for conducting folding studies on mixtures of different proteins.
Emotions Experienced by Students Taking Online and Classroom Quizzes.

Emotions experienced during online academic examinations may differ from emotions experienced in the traditional classroom testing situation. Students in a Psychology of Learning course (n = 61) co...
Cross-National Gender Variation in Environmental Behaviors*

Objective. This article presents a cross-national examination of gender variations in environmental behaviors. Research on environmental concern reveals modest distinctions between men and women, with women typically displaying higher levels of environmental concern and behavioral adjustments relative to men. Additionally, some prior research suggests that women appear more engaged in household-oriented (private) pro-environment behaviors (e.g., recycling), and men in community/society-oriented (public) pro-environment behaviors (e.g., protests). The analysis provided here offers an important extension to existing research through its cross-cultural, comparative perspective. Method. We make use of the 1993 International Social Survey to explore gender differences in “private” and “public” environmentally-oriented behaviors across 22 nations. Results. It is shown that women tend to engage in more environmental behaviors than men in many nations, particularly private behaviors. In addition, both women and men tend to engage in relatively more private environmental behaviors as opposed to public ones. Conclusion. The cross-national analysis provides support for gender distinctions with regard to some environmental behaviors within most of the incorporated 22 national contexts. Gender differences in level of private environmental behaviors tend to be more consistent within nations at the upper end of the wealth distribution.
Diatom paleolimnological evidence for lake acidification in the trail ridge region of Florida

As part of the PIRLA projects, diatom-pH transfer equations were used to infer past lakewater chemistries from dated sediment cores. Diatom inferred lakewater acidification appeared to show a strong subregional pattern within Florida. Five lakes were examined from in or near the Trail Ridge region (in the north-central peninsula) and all showed some evidence of recent acidification (>.20 pH units decrease) probably related to acidic deposition. Lakes hi the Panhandle region and the Ocala National Forest (south of Gainesville) did not show evidence of recent anthropogenic acidification, although few acidic clearwater lakes hi the Panhandle were examined. Paleolimnological studies have provided strong evidence for acidification due to acidic deposition in a small subset of lakes from various regions of the United States. This subset is defined geographically by different acidic deposition rates and bedrock types, and by the many limnological factors that contribute to lake pH and buffering capacity. Unfortunately, it is also defined by the small numbers of lakes that have so far been studied.
Sub-National Authorities in the EU's Post-Socialist States: Joining the Multi-Level Polity?

Abstract This paper gauges the extent to which sub‐national authorities (SNAs) from the EU’s post‐socialist member states are attempting to affect EU policy making and considers whether their efforts heretofore have proven successful. The paper finds (a) that SNAs are engaging four of the five ‘channels of representation’, (b) that significant cross‐national and intra‐country variation characterizes emerging patterns of mobilization, and (c) that territorial balances of power in post‐socialist states remain heavily tipped in the favour of central states. SNAs from central and eastern Europe are rapidly integrating into the EU’s multi‐level polity, but the pre‐eminence of central state authority in the region is not fundamentally threatened.
Evaluating data for atmospheric models, an example: CH3O2 + NO2 = CH3O2NO2

Data in both directions for the title reaction have been statistically fit (weighted nonlinear least squares) to the different formalisms used by the NASA and IUPAC data evaluation panels. The data are well represented by either formalism. Master equation/RRKM methods were then employed in an attempt to reconcile the statistical formulae with theory. This was possible within reasonable bounds using the NASA formulation but more difficult using the IUPAC results. There are sufficient assumptions and unknowns in this attempt, such that the real “bottom line” is that while assuring reasonable agreement with theory is satisfying, spending much time and energy on details needed to represent pressure-dependent rate coefficients for use in atmospheric or other models of “engineering” problems is not terribly worthwhile. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 625–632, 2005
Useful adjuncts to harvest split-thickness skin grafts.

Background. Split-thickness skin grafts are useful for repair of defects that are not amenable to primary closure or secondary intention healing. Because of the thinness of split-thickness skin grafts, damage to the graft and curling are common with standard harvesting techniques. Adjunctive methods for harvesting split-thickness skin grafts have not been well elucidated in the literature. Methods. Lubrication and a tongue depressor facilitate even harvesting of the split-thickness skin graft. A semipermeable membrane is applied to the split-thickness skin graft donor site before harvesting the skin graft. This aids with harvesting and minimizes trauma to the graft. Conclusion. Use of lubrication, a tongue depressor, and a semipermeable membrane are useful adjuncts to harvesting split-thickness skin grafts.
Fracture toughness measurements on SiC/Al2O3 composite

Three test techniques are addressed for the measurements of plane strain critical stress intensity factors,KIC, on monolithic Al2O3 and SiC-whisker/Al2O3 composite: a four-point test on chevron-notched bend bars; a four-point test on single edge-notched bend bars; and a fractometric test on chevron-notched short bars. The tests were performed on 99.80% Al2O3 and 30 vol % SiC whisker-reinforced Al2O3. Bend bar test techniques yielded more realistic stress intensity factors,KIC, on the SiC-whisker/Al2O3 composite than the short-bar test results. Chevron-notched bend-bar tests yielded relatively higher critical stress intensity factors, on both Al2O3 and SiC/Al2O3, possibly due toR-curve effects, suggesting the use of stress intensity factor as a function of crack length instead of using the minimum value. Ambiguous results,KIC, obtained from short-bar tests on SiC/Al2O3 composite, strongly suggests the need to run compliance calibration tests on ceramic composites to determine an appropriateK-factor.
The effect of powder/liquid ratio on the in vivo solubility of polycar☐ylate cement

Abstract A clinical evaluation on polycar☐ylate cement indicates that using a powder/ liquid ratio of less than 1.5:1 can triple the solubility of the cement.
SU-E-J-05: Validation of an Iterative Tomosynthesis Algorithm for Low Dose on Board Cone Beam CT Patient Localization.

Purpose: Cone beam CT(CBCT) is a well established technique to localize patients using bone and soft tissueanatomy. Current protocols are limited to one weekly CBCT due to the considerable imaging dose delivered to the patient. The purpose of this project is to develop and validate a low dose CBCT algorithm to reduce dose and imaging time of current 3D imaging localization procedures using a novel iterative tomosynthesis algorithm to allow daily CBCT for patient positioning and target localization. Methods: The algorithm is based on the combination of a tomosynthesis filtered back propagation (TFBP) acquisition geometry algorithm and a maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) iterative reconstruction. Circular or arc acquisition trajectory, projection number, and angular projection position are optimized according to the anatomical treatment site and region of interest. The TFBP method provides the first 3D image estimate, and the MLEM improves its quality. In this study, we focused on head and neck treatment localization imaging.Results: We studied the performance of our tomosynthesis algorithm imaging resolution on an anthropomorphic head and neck phantom to determine image quality as a function of dose reduction techniques. Reconstructedanatomy shows that a 1/8 dose reduction provides similar image quality and resolution as current CBCT protocols. Seven iterations show an optimal compromise between image quality and reconstruction time. Tomosynthesisimages provide digitally reconstructedradiographs with similar resolution and contrast as full CBCT. We verified that the iterative process eliminates phantom images originated by the acquired sparse angular data projections. Conclusions: We developed and validated an iterative algorithm for low dose cone beam CT based on circular or arc tomosynthesis geometries and iterative reconstruction techniques. The algorithm combines the strengths of both techniques to provide a novel low dose method to image patient anatomy for patient positioning and target localization.
MICEST: A potential tool for non-invasive detection of molecular changes in Alzheimer's disease

Myo-inositol (mIns) is a marker of glial cells proliferation and has been shown to increase in early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. mIns exhibits a concentration dependent chemical-exchange-saturation-transfer (CEST) effect (MICEST) between its hydroxyl groups and bulk water protons. Using the endogenous MICEST technique brain mIns concentration and glial cells proliferation can be mapped at high spatial resolution. The high resolution mapping of mIns was performed using MICEST technique on ∼20 months old APP-PS1 transgenic mouse model of AD as well as on age matched wild type (WT) control (n=5). The APP-PS1 mice show ∼50% higher MICEST contrast than WT control with concomitant increase in mIns concentration as measured through proton spectroscopy. Immunostaining against glial-fibric-acidic protein also depicts proliferative glial cells in larger extent in APP-PS1 than WT mice, which correspond to the higher mIns concentration. Potential significance of MICEST in early detection of AD pathology is discussed in detail.
Secondary Surfactant Deficiency in Neonates

Surfactant treatment has become the standard of care in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and atelectasis have been shown to liberate inflammatory mediators and plasma proteins, which damage type II pneumocytes and inactivate surfactant. These disease processes may, therefore, lead to a secondary surfactant inactivation or deficiency, which can be an unrecognized cause of respiratory decompensation after initial recovery from RDS in this vulnerable population. This is a descriptive report of three cases, which had acute respiratory decompensation between 1 and 3 weeks of age. All three infants demonstrated a response to secondary doses of surfactant. We submit that the diagnosis and treatment of secondary surfactant deficiency in the critically ill premature neonate warrants further study.
Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity and reactivity to alcohol cues among hazardous drinkers

Previous research has suggested that Behavioral Activation System (BAS) sensitivity may be associated with stronger appetitive responses to alcohol cues. This study was conducted to explore whether those with higher BAS sensitivity showed greater urge and affective responses to alcohol cues and whether different types of appetitive cues moderated the magnitude of these associations. One hundred eighty-eight hazardous drinkers (90 women) were exposed to the sight and smell of their favorite alcoholic beverage during a cue exposure procedure. Participants were asked to either lean towards the beverage (Cue Only) when signaled by tones, or lift the beverage towards them (Cue+Action). BAS sensitivity was significantly associated with baseline ratings of urge and affect, and was found to be a significant predictor of urge and affect reactivity; however significant interaction effects with cue type were not observed. Results provide further evidence for the influence of individual differences in reward responsiveness on alcohol use and abuse.
STOCHASTIC PROPERTIES OF TRICHEL-PULSE CORONA : A NON-MARKOVIAN RANDOM POINT PROCESS

The stochastic properties of negative, point-to-plane, Trichel-pulse corona discharges are completely characterized in terms of a set of measured conditional and unconditional discharge pulse-amplitude and pulse-time-separation distributions. The Trichel-pulse phenomenon is shown to be a clear example of a non-Markovian, marked random point process in which memory effects play an important role. Strong correlations are shown to exist among the amplitudes and time separations of successive discharge pulses that indicate how initiation and growth of a discharge pulse are affected by the presence of residual ion space charge and metastable species from previous pulses. The analysis required to assess consistency among the various measured probability distributions is discussed and used to interpret observed variations in distribution profiles. Because of the observed dependence of discharge pulse amplitude on both the amplitude of and time separation from the previous pulse, memory can propagate indefinitely back in time. The experimental limitations to verifying the extent of memory propagation are analyzed.
Surgical perspectives to control bleeding in trauma

Summary Control of blood loss is one of the most important priorities in the trauma patient. Several methods of obtaining hemostasis have been discussed. These include standard surgical techniques such as digital pressure and sutures and pharmacological methods, specifically topical hemostatic agents. Each of these hemostatic agents has particular advantages and disadvantages and must be applied to the appropriate situation. There are other invasive techniques for hemorrhage control that may not be performed by the surgeon but that must be orchestrated by the surgeon into a clear strategy to stop the bleeding. The anesthesiologist has an important role in helping to control hemorrhage by appropriate transfusion therapy and maintaining normal patient body temperature. Effective communication between the surgeon and anesthesiologist must be a high priority.
Breast imaging and breast cancer prevention

Earlier detection of breast cancer through periodic screening is the only currently available intervention likely to reduce breast cancer-related mortality in the near term; prevention would be preferable. The alteration of proliferative changes and the assessment of intermediate endpoints may establish some interventions as more likely than others to interrupt the progression to lethal cancer. However, since not all breast cancers are fatal, the endpoint that will ultimately be accepted as proof of prevention success will be a reduction in breast cancer mortality. Methods of detection and monitoring must be carefully tailored so that the influences of the detection techniques do not alter the prevention results.
Amygdalectomy and mixed reinforcement schedule contrast effects

Four controls and four amygdalectomized rats were trained to leverpress on a mixed schedule of reinforcement in which 5 min of variable-interval reinforcement alternated with 5 min of extinction. Control animals increased responding in the variable-interval component over baseline rates (i.e., behavioral contrast), whereas amygdalectomized animals did not. No significant differences between groups were found during extinction. The lack of contrast effects in amygdaloid animals was attributed to a reduction in extinction-induced frustration.
Note on the complement of a (minimal) linear language

We exhibit a “pathological” minimal linear language and prove that its complement is not context free. This settles two open problems posed by Chomsky.
Abstract 2817: The contribution of bone marrow cells to carcinogenesis in the chronic inflammatory lung conditions.

The role of inflammation in lung carcinogenesis is suggested by the independent association between chronic obstructive lung disease, a systemic inflammatory process, and lung cancer risk. To investigate that chronic inflammation in the lung potentiates tobacco smoke-induced lung carcinogenesis, we utilized two murine models of chronic lung inflammation: a model of sustained intranasal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a transgenic model of inducible interleukin-1β overexpression in the lung. In preliminary experiments, nicotine-derived nitrosamine (NNK) tobacco carcinogen induced tumor multiplicity is significantly increased in stress markers in the lung tumors with chronic inflammation. To determine the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDCs) in mediating the oxidative stress response in this model of chronic lung inflammation, we performed lineage tracing experiments. BMDCs are capable of self-renewal and recruited to the end organs where they differentiate into various terminal cells. In inflammation-associated gastric cancer, BMDCs contribute to the tumor microenvironment both by direct proliferation of epithelial cells and by differentiation into α-SMA positive cancer-associated fibroblasts. We hypothesize that BMDCs are recruited to inflammatory sites and contribute to the process of lung carcinogenesis through differentiation. We performed bone marrow transplantation from male GFP tagged donors to female chronic lung inflammation models. We investigated the localization and quantification of BMDCs contributions to subsequent lung tumors by immunohistochemistry of GFP and FISH for the Y chromosome. Additionally, we examined the differentiation of BMDCs in the tumor and associated microenvironment. This study has the potential to identify novel pathways of lung carcinogenesis in cigarette carcinogen-induced lung cancers arising in the setting of chronic inflammation. Citation Format: Sachiko Takikawa, Charles Powell. The contribution of bone marrow cells to carcinogenesis in the chronic inflammatory lung conditions. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2817. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2817
Crystal structure of the histone acetyltransferase domain of the human PCAF transcriptional regulator bound to coenzyme A.

The human p300/CBP‐associating factor, PCAF, mediates transcriptional activation through its ability to acetylate nucleosomal histone substrates as well as transcriptional activators such as p53. We have determined the 2.3 A crystal structure of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of PCAF bound to coenzyme A. The structure reveals a central protein core associated with coenzyme A binding and a pronounced cleft that sits over the protein core and is flanked on opposite sides by the N‐ and C‐terminal protein segments. A correlation of the structure with the extensive mutagenesis data for PCAF and the homologous yeast GCN5 protein implicates the cleft and the N‐ and C‐terminal protein segments as playing an important role in histone substrate binding, and a glutamate residue in the protein core as playing an essential catalytic role. A structural comparison with the coenzyme‐bound forms of the related N ‐acetyltransferases, HAT1 (yeast histone acetyltransferase 1) and SmAAT ( Serratia marcescens aminoglycoside 3‐ N ‐acetyltransferase), suggests the mode of substrate binding and catalysis by these enzymes and establishes a paradigm for understanding the structure–function relationships of other enzymes that acetylate histones and transcriptional regulators to promote activated transcription.
The Protestant community in Ulster, 1825–45: a society in transition

Daragh Curran's The Protestant Community in Ulster is an important contribution to the growing historiography of Ulster between the Act of Union and the Famine. Based in part upon his doctoral thes...
Quantitative analysis of the measuring capabilities of the KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer

The KT-1000 arthrometer was evaluated in vitro and in vivo to determine accuracy and quantify effects of potential error sources in clinical application. The KT-1000 arthrometer in vitro accuracy was evaluated by making 30 measurements of 13 known displacements (range, +15 to -15 mm). The effect of applied force on malalignment measurements was evaluated in vitro by making repeated measurements with force applied 5 degrees, 10 degrees, and 15 degrees from the vertical position. The effect of malpositioning the device along the joint line was evaluated in vivo by making repeated measurements 1 cm proximal and 1 cm distal to the joint line. The KT-1000 arthrometer was accurate in vitro (average error, 0.13 mm; SD, 0.12 mm). The range of measurements increased when the angle of force application was increased. Positioning the device 1 cm proximal to the joint line produced larger anterior translation measurements in vivo than those at the joint line (5.8 versus 5.4 mm), while positioning it 1 cm distal produced smaller measurements (4.4 mm). The KT-1000 arthrometer's accuracy indicates great potential for clinical application, but one must ensure that the displacing force is directed properly and the device is positioned accurately over the joint line.
Consensus for belief functions and related uncertainty measures

We extend previous work of Lehrer and Wagner, and of McConway, on the consensus of probabilities, showing under axioms similar to theirs that (1) a belief function consensus of belief functions on a set with at least three members and (2) a belief function consensus of Bayesian belief functions on a set with at least four members must take the form of a weighted arithmetic mean. We observe that these results are unchanged when consensual uncertainty measures are allowed to take the form of Choquet capacities of low order monotonicity.
The Political Philosophy of Science Policy

The tensions between modern science and democracy have created a variety of political dilemmas: science symbolizes and promotes liberaldemocratic values such as transparency, skepticism, and collective problem-solving, and yet also challenges these values through its exclusivity and elitism. Science contributes to the wealth and security upon which modern democracy depends, and yet also produces technological risks. Science helps make politics and policy more rational and effective, but is used to exclude those deemed irrational, and to restrict democratic procedures thought ineffective.1 During much of the postwar period, these tensions were held in check by what is commonly called a 'social contract for science', according to which a self-governing 'republic of science' received generous funding and wide-reaching freedom from political control in exchange for medical, military, and consumer technologies.2 In recent decades, however, the 'contract' has become the subject of careful scrutiny, and the tensions between science and democracy have come to play a central role in the daily politics of advanced industrial societies. Today, it appears to some that these tensions are being resolved in favour of
Stephanie Barrientos, Anna Bee, Ann Matear, and Isabel Vogel, Women and Agribusiness: Working Miracles in the Chilean Fruit Export Sector . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. xv + 231 pp. $72.00 cloth.

Since the late 1970s, US and European consumers have enjoyed year-round availability of fresh grapes, pears, apples, and peaches in their local supermarkets—fruits that, in the winter months, come disproportionally from Chile. As the authors of Women and Agribusiness: Working Miracles in the Chilean Fruit Export Sector make crystal clear, this First World bounty is made possible through international agribusiness's hyper-exploitation of predominantly female labor in the Third World. Chile's highly profitable fruit-export industry was nurtured during Augosto Pinochet's military dictatorship (1973-1989), which promoted a radical liberalization of the economy and ruthlessly silenced a once powerful rural labor movement. Women comprise just over half of the estimated 300,000 temporeros/as (temporary workers) who labor for poverty wages under seasonal contracts in the industry's orchards, vineyards, and fruit-packaging plants. By the mid-1980s, the fruit industry's profits reached a half-billion dollars, making fresh fruit Chile's third most important source of foreign currency and prompting The Wall Street Journal to hail Chile's “economic miracle.”
Justice and the Political in Organizational Life A Narrative Inquiry

This article explores the link between justice and the political in organizational life. In contrast to the traditional organizational justice literature, the authors assume that justice experience cannot exist without political consciousness and use a narrative approach to explore this link. They draw from interviews with members of a human relations committee about organizational justice within their experience. Analyzing transcripts of these interviews, they read for narrative structures and themes. The discussion focuses on the political nature of justice in participants' stories as revealed in three themes: paradoxical implementation, cultural context, and personal intervention. The authors critique theories of organizational justice as being incomplete without consideration of political concerns and dynamics.
Monitoring process parameters with pre-control

Abstract Many manufacturers have reported success in using Pre-Control (PC) procedures to monitor their processes. The reported success has been attributed to the fact that the operators, who usually implement PC procedure, find it simple. Beside simplicity, PC has several other advantages over conventional control charts ( X , R, X charts, etc.). PC ensures operator control of a process as well as product quality, an essential factor in operator empowerment. The procedure can also be effectively used on short production runs; it ensures quick process qualification; provides quick feedback of information on a process; and is very economical to operate because it requires minimum paperwork and mathematical calculations. The simplicity of use is attributed to the fact that, in its easiest and most common mode of implementation, PC requires no numerical recording or scaled plotting of data. For these same reasons it has been difficult, in this mode of implementation, to evaluate the values of the process parameters (mean and variability). In the other mode of PC implementation where numerical recording and plotting of data is routinely required, the simplicity advantage is lost. Because of the inability to evaluate the process parameters, manufacturers using the common mode of PC implementation are frustrated because they are unable to demonstrate that their processes are capable of, and are in fact producing, products of high quality. In this paper we propose two models for evaluating process parameters without the need to record any numerical measurement of product characteristics. Although the two models are jointly executed, the first evaluates process variability, and the second process mean. Common PC procedure normally uses indicator gages with zones colored identically as the zones of the ‘charts’. We show that the only additional requirement to execute the models is to subdivide each of the four zones on the gage into two. The ‘chart’ itself needs not be drawn to scale. The operator can draw the required lines on the ‘chart’ free-hand. Points representing zones indicated by the gage's “measurements” are marked anywhere in a “box” on the chart without the need for accurately locating the points. We conducted a simulation analysis to evaluate the accuracy of our models (measured by the absolute percent error of the estimates of the process parameters from the actual). We report that our models perform favorably compared with traditional measures of variability and mean. For manufacturers who use the simple PC procedures we believe that the proposed models now provide a means to also quantify the process capability.