cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Selective Radiopharmaceutical Targeting via Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis of Gallium-67-Deferoxamine-Folate

UNLABELLED The receptor-mediated endocytosis uptake pathway for the vitamin folate was investigated as a target for tumor-selective radiopharmaceutical delivery. The molecular target for this delivery mechanism is a membrane-associated folate binding protein (FBP) that is overexpressed by a variety of malignant cell lines. METHODS The ability of a 67Ga-labeled deferoxamine-folate conjugate (67Ga-DF-folate) to target tumor cells in vivo was examined using an athymic mouse tumor model. Subcutaneous inoculation of approximately 4 X 10(6) folate-receptor-positive KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) cells into athymic mice yielded approximately 0.20 g tumors in 15 days, at which time either 67Ga-DF-folate, 67Ga-deferoxamine (67Ga-DF) or 67Ga-citrate was administered by intravenous injection. RESULTS The 67Ga-DF-folate conjugate showed marked tumor-specific deposition in vivo, with 1.0 +/- 0.3% of the injected dose (%ID) in tumor at 4 hr postinjection (equating to 5.2 +/- 1.5 %ID/g tumor; n = 3 mice). Corresponding tumor-to-background ratios at 4 hr postinjection were: tumor/blood = 409 +/- 195; tumor/muscle = 124 +/- 47; tumor/liver = 11 +/- 3; and tumor/kidney = 2.6+/-0.9. Tumor uptake of 67Ga-DF-folate conjugate was effectively blocked by co-injection of 2.4+/-1.0 mg free folate. In control experiments, 67Ga-citrate exhibited tumor uptake of 2.2 +/- 0.4% of the injected dose (10.9 +/- 0.2 %ID/g tumor), but very poor target-to-background contrast (tumor/blood = 0.84 +/- 0.19; tumor/muscle = 5.4 +/- 0.7; tumor/liver = 2.3 +/- 0.2; and tumor/kidney = 2.4 +/- 0.3). Unconjugated 67Ga-deferoxamine showed no tumor affinity. CONCLUSION Receptor-mediated endocytosis of radiolabeled folate-conjugates may offer a suitable mechanism for selectively delivering radiopharmaceuticals to tumors for diagnostic imaging and/or radiation therapy.
Kinetic Model of Mg2+ Induced RNA Tertiary Folding from Stopped Flow Fluorescence Data

Many of the biological processes that involve RNA rely on its ability to form complex tertiary structures. The process of how these molecules fold into these tertiary structures is not well understood, in part due to the unpredictability and complexity of the interactions among nucleotides that define the tertiary structures. To better understand RNA folding we are investigating the prokaryotic rRNA GTPase center, a 60 nucleotide RNA which folds in to a complex tertiary structure in the presence of Mg2+ ions. Its tertiary interactions include formation of base triples, a triloop, as well as long-range nucleobase stacking interactions. To monitor its folding process we have replaced key adenine residues with the fluorescent base analog 2-aminopurine in different positions of this RNA to probe distinct local environments. Stopped flow kinetics techniques were used to examine the coordination of these different elements in the context of global folding. Data from the stopped flow experiments were used to refine a theoretical model of the folding pathway of this RNA. Our model consists of four temporally resolved kinetic steps with approximate rate constants. This work was funded by the NIH R01-GM098102 to KBH. Labeled RNA molecules were contributed by Agilent.
Emotional maltreatment in family of origin and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction: A dyadic data analysis

The aims of the current study were to use dyadic data analysis to examine the associations of history of childhood emotional maltreatment to current relationship satisfaction among young adult roma...
Visualization of ex vivo human ciliated epithelium and induced flow using optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

The ciliated epithelium is important to the human respiratory system because it clears mucus that contains harmful microorganisms and particulate matter. We report the ex vivo visualization of human trachea/bronchi ciliated epithelium and induced flow characterized by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A total number of 17 samples from 7 patients were imaged. Samples were obtained from Columbia University Department of Anesthesiology’s tissue bank. After excision, the samples were placed in Gibco Medium 199 solution with oxygen at 4°C until imaging. The samples were maintained at 36.7°C throughout the experiment. The imaging protocol included obtaining 3D volumes and 200 consecutive B-scans parallel to the head-to-feet direction (superior-inferior axis) of the airway, using Thorlabs Telesto system at 1300 nm at 28 kHz A-line rate and a custom built high resolution SDOCT system at 800nm at 32 kHz A-line rate. After imaging, samples were processed with H and E histology. Speckle variance of the time resolved datasets demonstrate significant contrast at the ciliated epithelium sites. Flow images were also obtained after injecting 10μm polyester beads into the solution, which shows beads traveling trajectories near the ciliated epithelium areas. In contrary, flow images taken in the orthogonal plane show no beads traveling trajectories. This observation is in line with our expectation that cilia drive flow predominantly along the superior-inferior axis. We also observed the protective function of the mucus, shielding the epithelium from the invasion of foreign objects such as microspheres. Further studies will be focused on the cilia’s physiological response to environmental changes such as drug administration and physical injury.
Bahamian Flank Margin Caves as Hypogene Caves

Fieldwork in the Bahamian Archipelago in the 1970s and 1980s identified a new cave type, the flank margin cave, as macroscopic dissolutional voids developed in the margin of a freshwater lens, under the flank of the enclosing landmass. These voids are produced by three conditions that exist at the lens margin: mixing dissolution, organic decay horizons, and the increase in freshwater flow rate. The water flow enters flank margin caves as diffuse flow and exits as diffuse flow, a flow regime that produces dissolutional sculpture lacking turbulent flow features, such as asymmetric scallops. The caves are tied to sea level, which controls the freshwater lens position, and as such are excellent indicators of past sea-level position. The caves form without entrances and become accessible only after subaerial erosion has breached their ceilings or walls. Flank margin caves initiate as individual globular dissolutional voids that then intersect as the voids enlarge, increasing cave size in a sudden stepwise manner. As cave development is restricted to the lens margin, the largest flank margin caves acquire a linear shape as voids interconnect parallel to the lens margin. Flank margin caves are hypogene caves based on their diffuse, slow-flow regimes, because the dissolutional aggressiveness is generated below the surface by mixing, and the ascending marine water following the base of the lens to the site of dissolution at the lens margin. Because these caves form rapidly at shallow depths, there is a debate as to their hypogene classification, but they meet all criteria for hypogene speleogenesis.
Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis

An American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference was held in Northbrook in August 1991 with the goal of agreeing on a set of definitions that could be applied to patients with sepsis and its sequelae. New definitions were offered for some terms, while others were discarded. Broad definitions of sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome were proposed, along with detailed physiologic parameters by which a patient may be categorized. Definitions for severe sepsis, septic shock, hypotension, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were also offered. The use of severity scoring methods when dealing with septic patients was recommended as an adjunctive tool to assess mortality. Appropriate methods and applications for the use and testing of new therapies were recommended. The use of these terms and techniques should assist clinicians and researchers who deal with sepsis and its sequelae.
Obstacle detection in outdoor scenes based on multi-valued stereo disparity maps

In this paper, we propose a methodology for robust obstacle detection in outdoor scenes for autonomous driving applications using a multi-valued stereo disparity approach. Traditionally, disparity maps computed from stereo pairs only provide a single estimated disparity value for each pixel. However, disparity computation suffers heavily from reflections, lack of texture and repetitive patterns of objects. This may lead to wrong estimates, which can introduce some bias on obstacle detection approaches that make use of the disparity map. To overcome this problem, instead of a single-valued disparity estimation, we propose making use of multiple candidates per pixel. The candidates are selected from a statistical analysis that characterizes the performance of the underlying matching cost function based on two metrics: The number of candidates extracted, and the distance from these candidates to the true disparity value. Then, we construct an aggregate occupancy map in u-disparity space from which obstacle detection is obtained. Experiments show that our approach can recover the correct structure of obstacles on the scene when traditional estimation approaches fail.
Association Between 30-Day Episode Payments and Acute Myocardial Infarction Outcomes Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

Background: Recent policy efforts have focused on improving the value of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) care. Medicare payment programs, for example, increasingly evaluate hospital performance based on spending, as determined by payments made to institutions and providers, and outcome measures for a longitudinal episode of AMI care. Little is known about the relationship between total 30-day payments—both in the inpatient and immediate postdischarge timeframe—and outcomes after an admission for AMI. Methods and Results: Using Medicare claims data, we identified Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries ≥65 years of age who were hospitalized at an acute-care hospital for AMI between July 1, 2011, and June 30, 2014, and examined the association between hospital-level 30-day payments for an episode of AMI care and patient 30-day mortality using mixed regression models with a logit link function and random hospital intercepts. Our cohort included 642 105 index hospitalizations for AMI at 2319 acute-care hospitals. Overall mean 30-day episode payments per beneficiary were $22 128 (SD, $1750). The observed 30-day mortality rate was 12.9%. Higher 30-day payments were associated with lower 30-day mortality after adjustment for patient characteristics and comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio for additional $1000 payments, 0.986; 95% confidence interval, 0.979–0.992; P P Conclusions: Higher hospital-level 30-day payments—both inpatient and in multiple settings after discharge—for AMI care were associated with lower 30-day mortality among beneficiaries. This may have implications for payment programs that incent reduction in payments without considering value.
BORON COMPOUNDS: TOPICS, 1979

Abstract Symmetry crossings, extended basis calculations, classical intermediates and structures, corrections for electron correlation, electron counting procedures, localized molecular orbitals and experimental electron densities are considered here in their relationship to structure and reactions of polyboranes and their derivatives.
The MiddGo project

The ancient game of go, still the most popular strategy game in the Far East, has proven very challenging for artificial intelligence (AI) researchers trying to develop go-playing programs. In contrast to the best chess, checkers, backgammon, Othello, and Scrabble programs, all of which play at or better than the level of the top human players, the best go programs play only at the level of advanced beginners. The MiddGo project, begun in the Fall of 1999, aims to better understand the challenges posed by go and to investigate approaches for improving the performance of go-playing systems.
Early Monitoring of Serum Cardiac Troponin I for Assessment of Coronary Reperfusion Following Thrombolytic Therapy

The authors report the use of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) for the early, noninvasive determination of coronary reperfusion following thrombolytic therapy. Cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin concentrations were measured in early serum specimens at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after initiation of therapy (0 minutes) in 25 consecutive patients given front-loaded rt-PA during acute myocardial infarction. Angiography, determined at 90 minutes after therapy, was used to classify patients as follows: group I (n = 17) reperfusion (TIMI flow grade 2, 3); and group 2 (n = 8) absence of reperfusion (TIMI flow grade 0, 1). The authors calculated the ratio increase in cTnI (delta cTnI), CK-MB (delta CK-MB), and myoglobin (delta myoglobin) 90 minutes after therapy in group 1 and 2. Serum cTnI, CK-MB and myoglobin concentrations significantly increased at 60 and 90 minutes in group 1, but not in group 2. Delta cTnI, delta CK-MB, and delta myoglobin levels were significantly increased in group 1 versus group 2 at 90 minutes. Further, delta cTnI was significantly greater at 90 minutes within group 1 compared to delta CK-MB and delta myoglobin. The sensitivity for detecting reperfusion at 90 minutes angiography using threshold values of 6.0 for delta cTnI, 7.0 for delta CK-MB, and 5.0 for delta myoglobin were: delta cTnI 82.4%; delta CK-MB 64.7%; delta myoglobin 76.5%; respectively. This study indicates that early serial measurements of cTnI were a more accurate predictor of early coronary artery reperfusion 90 minutes after thrombolytic therapy compared to CK-MB and myoglobin. Larger population studies will be necessary to confirm these finding.
Polare Additionen an ungesättigte Systeme

Durch die Anlagerung von HC1 an das optisch aktive 1-Methyl-2-methylen-norbornan 1 in Pentan bei tiefer Temperatur entstand das optisch aktive 1,2-Dimethyl-exo-2-norbornylchlorid 3.
Magnetotail Dynamics: Survey of Recent Progress

This survey focuses on three topics of magnetotail dynamics which constitute the vast majority of publications on tail dynamics in the period of this survey, from about mid 2007 to mid 2009: (1) the formation and properties of thin current sheets, (2) the timing of characteristic features around substorm onset, and (3) the properties of fast plasma flows, commonly denoted “bursty bulk flows” (BBFs), and associated dipolarization events. It is concluded that current sheet thinning from external deformation, accompanied by a reduction of B z provides a viable mechanism for the onset of current sheet activity. After the first THEMIS results, the substorm onset timing remains controversial. However, it can be concluded that the onset arc brightening cannot be the consequence of dipolarization (current disruption) or reconnection and that there is a strong connection between earthward flow bursts and dipolarization events.
Real-world treatment patterns in adult patients (pts) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) in first hematologic complete remission (CR1) with and without minimal residual disease (MRD).

e18517Background: B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL) is a rare and debilitating hematologic cancer. Among patients (pts) in complete remission (CR), minimal residual disease (M...
Structural basis of chemokine interactions with heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate

Chemokines play diverse roles in human pathophysiology, ranging from trafficking leukocytes and immunosurveillance to the regulation of metabolism and neural function. Chemokine function is intimately coupled to binding tissue glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and dermatan sulfate (DS). Currently, very little is known about how the structural features and sequences of a given chemokine, the structure and sulfation pattern of a given GAG, and structural differences among GAGs and among chemokines impact binding interactions. In this study, we used solution NMR spectroscopy to characterize the binding interactions of two related neutrophil-activating chemokines, CXCL1 and CXCL5, with HS, CS, and DS. For both chemokines, the dimer bound all three GAGs with higher affinity than did the monomer, and affinities of the chemokines for CS and DS were lower than for HS. NMR-based structural models reveal diverse binding geometries and show that the binding surfaces for each of the three GAGs were different between the two chemokines. However, a given chemokine had similar binding interactions with CS and DS that were different from HS. Considering the fact that CXCL1 and CXCL5 activate the same CXCR2 receptor, we conclude that GAG interactions play a role in determining the nature of chemokine gradients, levels of free chemokine available for receptor activation, how chemokines bind their receptors, and that differences in these interactions determine chemokine-specific function.
Managing the Future of the Electricity Grid: Modernizing Rate Design

Advancing energy technology, increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, and climate change concerns are forcing a transformation of the electricity grid. And, this transformation is making the economic inefficiency of the current rate designs increasingly more apparent. Today’s typical rate designs not only fail to provide efficient price signals for electricity consumption, leading to inefficiently high capital expenditures and air pollution, but also fail to incentivize distributed energy resources, such as solar panels and energy storage, in a socially beneficial manner. As a result, reforming rates to accurately reflect the underlying costs, including external costs related to the emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, is becoming an urgent endeavor. In this Article, we first explain how current electricity rate designs hamper economic efficiency because they break the link between price signals and underlying costs, especially the costs related to environmental externalities. Based on an economic framework, we highlight how better rate designs would improve economic efficiency, provide accurate price signals for distributed energy resources, and advance the seemingly conflicting interests of the relevant stakeholders. We provide a historical context to show that for almost 140 years of electricity rate design discussions, economic efficiency principles have mostly been ignored; yet, problems that stem from inefficient rate designs have continued to be salient. We then argue that the electricity sector is at a critical juncture, and that a shift to a paradigm with a long-term vision with better, economically efficient rate designs is necessary if we want to realize the clean energy future that the modern grid promises us.
Simulation studies of strongly turbulent stimulated Brillouin backscattering during ionospheric heating

ABSTRACTRecent experimental observations of stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) during ionospheric heating have shown that the SEE spectrum produced as a result of the stimulated Brillouin b...
When jurors' moral judgments result in jury nullification: moral outrage at the law as a mediator of euthanasia attitudes on verdicts

In a mock-trial study, jurors read evidence about a doctor who had killed a terminally ill patient at the patient's request. We tested whether instructing jurors about jury nullification (ie jurors' power to return a not-guilty verdict even when legal guilt is beyond doubt, often because the law would result in unjust convictions) would exacerbate the effect of pre-trial euthanasia attitudes on their verdicts - compared to standard, pattern jury instructions. We also hypothesized that anti-euthanasia pre-trial attitudes would result in moral outrage at the defendant and higher conviction rates, but pro-euthanasia attitudes would prompt feelings of moral outrage at the law and lower conviction rates. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that nullification instructions bolstered the effect of attitudes on verdicts by encouraging jurors to rely on their feelings of moral outrage toward the defendant. Jurors' moral outrage toward the law mediated the effect of attitudes on verdicts regardless of nullification instructions.
Size effect and friction in cutting of metals on the small scale

Abstract An experimental study of the “size effect” in machining – substantial increase in the specific cutting energy with decrease in chip size – is described. An instrumented ultramicrotomy technique employing “ideally” sharp glass and diamond knives is developed to characterize the forces and specific energies in slow-speed orthogonal cutting of pure copper, with depths of cut in the range of 30 nm to a few micrometers. The increased role of friction and intermolecular adhesion at small-scale tool-chip contacts is shown to be the primary factor underlying the size effect. Implications for using machining chip-formation to explore the mechanics of adhesive (plastic) sliding contacts are discussed.
The Treatment of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Biologic Therapies.

Biologics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been transformative to the therapeutic goals in the pediatric population. We review the biologics used to treat IBD, highlighting the importance of patient selection, dosing considerations, and therapeutic drug monitoring in children. Infliximab is well-established as a safe and efficacious therapy for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both dose escalation strategies and therapeutic drug monitoring increase the likelihood of response to anti-TNFα therapies. Early real-world experience of vedolizumab and ustekinumab in pediatric IBD shows promising results, including clinical response rates comparable to what is seen in adults, but there are limited data using them as first-line therapies. Biologic therapies have improved outcomes in pediatric IBD, including achieving mucosal healing as well as improved growth and pubertal development. Therapeutic drug monitoring improves likelihood of response to anti-TNFα therapies, but further studies for vedolizumab and ustekinumab are necessary.
Costs of Immunization Programs for 10 Vaccines in 94 Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2011 to 2030.

Abstract Objectives Understanding the level of investment needed for the 2021-2030 decade is important as the global community faces the next strategic period for vaccines and immunization programs. To assist with this goal, we estimated the aggregate costs of immunization programs for ten vaccines in 94 low- and middle-income countries from 2011 to 2030. Method We calculated vaccine, immunization delivery and stockpile costs for 94 low- and middle-income countries leveraging the latest available data sources. We conducted scenario analyses to vary assumptions about the relationship between delivery cost and coverage as well as vaccine prices for fully self-financing countries. Results The total aggregate cost of immunization programs in 94 countries for 10 vaccines from 2011 to 2030 is $70.8 billion (confidence interval: $56.6-$93.3) under the base case scenario and $84.1 billion ($72.8-$102.7) under an incremental delivery cost scenario, with an increasing trend over two decades. The relative proportion of vaccine and delivery costs for pneumococcal conjugate, human papillomavirus, and rotavirus vaccines increase as more countries introduce these vaccines. Nine countries in accelerated transition phase bear the highest burden of the costs in the next decade, and uncertainty with vaccine prices for the 17 fully self-financing countries could lead to total costs that are 1.3-13.1 times higher than the base case scenario. Conclusion Resource mobilization efforts at the global and country levels will be needed to reach the level of investment needed for the coming decade. Global-level initiatives and targeted strategies for transitioning countries will help ensure the sustainability of immunization programs.
Voltaire and the politicization of medicine and science.

The 17th and 18th centuries witnessed an intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment that made possible future revolutions such as the scientific. No person better characterizes the Enlightenment than Voltaire (1696-1976) who, in his book Philosophical Letters published in 1734, venerated the liberalism of English institutions while criticizing the ancien regime of France. He was convinced that the personal freedom the English enjoyed was responsible for their country's success, pointing to inoculation for smallpox and advances in science as evidence. His choice of smallpox inoculation and science as exemplars of empiricism, which maintained that knowledge is obtained through sensory experience, is revealing as it pinpoints political flashpoints that persist to this day. This paper explores how inoculation and science were employed by Voltaire to advance his political idea of liberty.
A history of organizational behavior management

Organizational behavior management (OBM) arose as early behavior analysts decided to use data in earnest to make the world a better place, first through education, then workplace training, and even...
The Role of Social Trust in Citizen Mobility During COVID-19

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide have implemented physical distancing requirements, such as stay-at-home orders, to reduce people’s mobility in order to contain the spread of the virus. However, to this date it is still unclear as to what drives people's compliance with such government interventions. This paper provides preliminary evidence that social trust plays a key role in the response of citizens to the COVID-19 pandemic. I document that citizen mobility reduced significantly more in countries with low social trust, even when controlling for a number of confounding factors.
The International Library of Leadership

In their preface to this three-volume set, the three editors (all affiliated with the Jepson School of Leadership Studies, U. of Richmond) tell of eagerly jumping on the opportunity to create a reference collection that approaches the subject of leadership with a deep and broad view--eschewing the plethora of popular press treatments and seeking ou
Performance information services for computational Grids

Grid schedulers or resource allocators (whether they be human or automatic scheduling programs) must choose the right combination of resources from the available resource pool while the performance and availability characteristics of the individual resources within the pool change from moment to moment. Moreover, the scheduling decision for each application component must be made before the component is executed making scheduling a predictive activity. A Grid scheduler, therefore, must be able to predict what the deliverable resource performance will be for the time period in which a particular application component will eventually use the resource.In this chapter, we describe techniques for dynamically characterizing resources according to their predicted performance response to enable Grid scheduling and resource allocation. These techniques rely on three fundamental capabilities: extensible and non-intrusive performance monitoring, fast prediction models, and a flexible and high-performance reporting interface. We discuss these challenges in the context of the Network Weather Service (NWS) - an on-line performance monitoring and forecasting service developed for Grid environments. The NWS uses adaptive monitoring techniques to control intrusiveness, and non-parametric forecasting methods that are lightweight enough to generate forecasts in real-time. In addition, the service infrastructure used by the NWS is portable among all currently available Grid resources and is compatible with extant Grid middleware such as Globus, Legion, and Condor.
Membranes in the plant cell

1. Direct evidence for the existence of distinct osmotic membranes in the living plant protoplast has not hitherto been presented. The presence of a vacuole interferes with efforts to answer the question by indirect methods. 2. Epidermal cells of onion, root hairs ofTrianea, and the coenocytic cells of the algaGriffithsia were used as material for microinjection. 3. It was found that acid dyes which do not penetrate the protoplast immersed in them during its life likewise fail to penetrate the protoplast when injected into the vacuole. On the other hand, when injected into the mesoplasm itself, they were able to spread in the protoplast but unable to pass through the tonoplast into the vacuole or through the plasmalemma into the external solution. 4. This evidence for the existence of osmotic membranes at cytoplasm-wall and cytoplasm-sap interfaces is given further support by color changes of injected indicator dyes, explanation of which is possible only if a membrane differentially permeable to electrolytes occurs at each of these interfaces. 5. It seems reasonably certain that local injury to the cytoplasm did not enter into the results obtained.
A Web-Based Online Collaboration Tool for Formulating Senior Design Projects

A well formed senior design project is known to have significant benefits in terms of project outcome, student motivation, team cohesiveness, engagement, and student learning. Defining a good problem statement, forming a team of compatible and appropriately skilled students, and selecting an appropriate faculty mentor are critical aspects of project formation. Therefore, students in Mechanical Engineering at Purdue University are encouraged to suggest project ideas, form teams, and have them approved by the course coordinator before the semester starts. While there is significant literature on senior design projects, most of the existing work is focused on activities after the problem is defined and the teams are formed. There is a lack of mechanisms and tools to guide the project formation phase in senior design projects, which makes it challenging for students and faculty to collaboratively develop and refine project ideas and to establish appropriate teams. To address this challenge, we have implemented an online collaboration tool to share, discuss and obtain feedback on project ideas, and to facilitate collaboration among students and faculty prior to the start of the semester. Through an online survey and questionnaire to students, we are exploring the impact of the collaboration tool on the senior design project formation process. In this paper we present the design of the tool and the results from our ongoing study in the senior design class at Purdue Mechanical Engineering.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Water, Nitrogen and Ion Balance in the African Treefrog Chiromantis petersi Boulenger (Anura: Rhacophoridae), With Comments on the Structure of the Integument

Physiological and anatomical investigations were carried out onChiromantis petersi, an African rhacophorid treefrog, with the following results:
Society for the Teaching of Psychology

The Society for the Teaching of Psychology (STP), also known as Division 2 of the American Psychological Association (APA), was founded in 1945–1946 and was one of APA's original 19 divisions. As per its mission statement, STP's raison d'etre is to promote excellence in teaching and learning as they pertain to psychology. In realizing this goal, STP has evolved into an expansive organization that supplies teachers at all levels (high school, community college, college, and university) with a vast array of resources and services, as well as numerous opportunities for professional development. Keywords: teaching; education; division 2 of APA
Parallelizing an algorithm to find communities using the Jaccard metric

Given a graph, there are many different reasons for finding communities in a graph. Numerous algorithms have been proposed for finding communities on graphs. Many of those algorithms are time consuming. The Jaccard metric, introduced in the context of the geographic location of botanical species, has been used to find communities. An algorithm to find communities based on the Jaccard metric was parallelized using OpenMP. Performance results are reported.
Large-scale identification of genes important for apical growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed allele replacement technology (DART) screening.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, apical bud growth occurs for a brief period in G1 when the deposition of membrane and cell wall is restricted to the tip of the growing bud. To identify genes important for apical bud growth, we have utilized a novel transposon-based mutagenesis system termed DART (Directed Allele Replacement Technology) that allows the rapid transfer of defined insertion alleles into any strain background. A total of 4,810 insertion alleles affecting 1,392 different yeast genes were transferred into a cdc34-2 mutant strain that arrests in the apical growth phase when grown at the restrictive temperature of 37 °C. We identified 29 insertion alleles, containing mutations in 17 different genes (SMY1, SPA2, PAN1, SLA1, SLA2, CBK1, SEC22, FAB1, VPS36, VID22, RAS2, ECM33, OPI3, API1/YDR372c, API2/YDR525w, API3/YKR020w, and API4/YNL051w), which alter the elongated bud morphology of cdc34-2 cells arrested in the apical growth phase. Upon treatment with mating pheromone at 25°C, cells containing insertion alleles affecting ten of these genes (SMY1, SPA2, PAN1, SLA1, SLA2, CBK1, FAB1, VPS36, VID22, and API2/YDR525w) form abnormal mating projections. Additionally, cells containing insertion alleles affecting SEC22, RAS2, API1/YDR372c, API3/YKR020w, and API4/YNL051 display severe mating projection formation defects at the elevated temperature of 37°C. DART mutagenesis has many advantages over traditional mutagenesis methods and will be a useful tool for dissecting gene networks important for biological processes.
Structural properties of cyanobacterial hemoglobins: the unusual heme-protein cross-link of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Hb and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 Hb

The truncated hemoglobins from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 ligate the heme iron with two axial histidines (HisF8 and HisE10). In addition, these two proteins are able to form a heme-protein cross-link between a vinyl substituent and a histidine at position 16 of the H helix. The product is a protein with improved resistance to thermal and acid denaturation.
Intramolecular thermal allenyne [2 + 2] cycloadditions; facile construction of the 5-6-4 ring core of sterpurene

Abstract A variety of 1-allenyl-2-propargyl-substituted cyclopentanol derivatives were found to undergo facile intramolecular microwave-assisted [2+2] allenyne cycloaddition reactions to generate tricyclic 5–6–4 ring systems present in the sterpurenes.
Design of a positionally sensitive laser-heated thermoluminescent detector system

The design and performance of a positionally sensitive system for the laser read-out of dosimetric information contained in LiF chips and a specially designed composite detector having a thin LiF layer is reported. A 2 cm X 3 cm X 0.254 mm LiF layer was successfully manufactured with a glass backing;' however, this was subject to thermal cracking at high temperatures encountered with laser heating. Multiple spot heating of this plate resulted in dosimetric images having a spatial resolution of approximately 2.5 mm, limited primarily by the laser beam radius, a homogeneity of better than 10%, a reproducibility of less than 7%, and a minimum detectable dose of approximately 3.12 X 10 -4 C kg-I (1.21 R). Observed glow curves were consistent with those predicted theoretically using a first-order kinetic model and assuming rapid heating conditions. Several images of positional radiation dose produced using an x-ray machine are presented.
Characterizing vasopressin and other vasoactive mediators released during resuscitation of trauma patients

BACKGROUNDWe sought to perform the first characterization of vasopressin and other vasoactive mediators released during resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients.METHODSThis institutional review board–approved study was conducted under waiver of consent. Adults with clinical evidence of acute tra
Alcohol, ethnicity, and violence: The role of alcohol availability for Latino and black aggravated assaults and robberies

This article is one of the first to assess the impact of alcohol availability, an important but understudied neighborhood element, and other social disorganization measures for Latino and black aggravated assault and robbery victimizations. Using data from Miami, Florida, for 1996 and 1997, we find that although most predictors have similar effects on the outcomes for both groups, higher alcohol availability rates are associated with more Latino but not black victims. To explain this finding, we relate the criminogenic influence of alcohol to contextual features of Latino and black neighborhoods, thereby integrating qualitative observations and quantitative data. Higher concentrations of recent immigrants are also related to fewer black assault victims, more Latino assault victims, but not to robberies for either group.
Approximate MLE's of the parameters of a discrete Weibull distribution with type I censored data

Abstract Approximate Maximum Likelihood Estimators of the parameters of a discrete Weibull distribution under censoring is discussed. These approximations are obtained by approximating the likelihood functions at a set of estimators which are easy to obtain. Simulations are carried cut to illustrate the performance of the suggested procedure.
994-93 Single Dose Pre-treatment Prevents Adverse Events Associated with the Use of Ionic Contrast Agents

The use of ionic contrast (IC) is reported to have increased incidence of adverse events (AE) compared to non-ionic (NI) agents. Many of these AE may be histamine (H) mediated. A randomized double-blind study compared AE in 4 groups (75 cardiac catheterization patients each): 1) loxaglate (Ix) + placebo (P), 2) Ix + pre-treatment with diphenhydramine + cimetidine, 3) lohexol (lo) + P, 4) lo + pre-treatment. Most AE were related to nausea (N), vomiting (V), urticaria (URT) and pruritis (PRU). Pts, with Ix + P Ix + PT lo + P lo + PT Any AE 20 (20%) * † 7 (9%) ‡ 3 (4%) 2 (3%) N a V 10 (13%) * † 3 (4%) ‡ 0 0 URT a PRU 12 (16%) * † 3 (4%) ‡ 3 (4%) 0 * p l 0.02 Ix + Pvs. Ix + pre-treatment † p l 0.02 Ix + Pvs. 10 + P ‡ ns Ix + pre-treatment vs. lo + P Pre-treatment with combined H 1 and H 2 blockers given 30 minutes prior to contrast injection decreased the incidence of AE with IC to an incidence similar to NI agents. Conclusions Many adverse events appear to be histamine mediated. Ionic contrast may be used with a similar side effect profile to non-ionic agents.
Production Principles for Turn-Taking Rules in Social Interaction: Socially Anxious vs. Socially Secure Persons:

Turn-taking rules are one of the social abilities that are widely shared among social actors. Mutual adherence to these rules allows social interactions to proceed smoothly as the back and forth flow of speaking and listening roles are regulated. Evidence reviewed here suggests that certain behaviours involved in turn-taking rules, in particular eye gaze aversion, body-focused gesture, and pausing, are employed differently by socially anxious and socially secure persons. Possible reasons for such differences in the production of these behaviours by these two groups are discussed. The cognitive load experienced by socially anxious persons may explain why high anxious persons would exhibit more of these behaviours than low socially anxious persons. A secondary data analysis is reported testing this hypothesis on high and low socially anxious persons under conditions of greater and lesser cognitive load. Results supportive of the hypothesis were obtained for gesture and for pausing (but only for males) indic...
Improved method of porcine pancreas procurement with arterial flush and ductal injection enhances islet isolation outcome.

Abstract Background Several pancreas procurement procedures have been used for porcine islet isolation; however, their impact on outcomes has not been extensively studied. We evaluated an advanced procurement technique for porcine islet isolation designed to reduce warm ischemia, to remove blood content, and enhance cooling of the pancreas by implementing a vascular flush and ductal preservation. Method Pancreata procured from adult Landrace pigs were divided into 3 different surgical protocols: Pancreatectomy utilizing only surface cooling (group 1; n = 24); surface cooling and ductal injection with cold preservation solution before pancreatectomy (group 2; n = 12); or surface cooling, ductal injection, and an approach by selectively flushing through the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (group 3; n = 14). We assessed the islet isolation results and quality using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results Significantly higher overall yield and islet yield per gram pancreas were obtained from group 3 pigs compared with the other groups. Measurements of islet viability after 7 days of culture, as assessed by oxygen consumption rate per DNA, showed that group 3 islets displayed the highest values. Sustained normoglycemia was observed in diabetic nude mice transplanted with 2000 islet equivalents from all 3 groups. Discussion This study demonstrated that an advanced pancreas procurement technique including ductal preservation and selective arterial flush with cold preservation solution provided significant improvements in porcine islet isolation outcomes.
Preparation of ferrocenes with high fluorous-phase affinities

Abstract The reaction of 1,1′-bis(pentafluorophenyl)ferrocene with fluorous alkoxides having the general formula NaOCH2(CF2)nCF3 (n = 0, 2, 5, 7, and 8) afforded a series of ferrocenes of general formula {η5-4-[CF3(CF2)nCH2O]C6F4C5H4}2Fe (1). The reaction of 1,1′-bis(4-tetrafluoropyridyl)ferrocene with the same fluorous alkoxides afforded a series of ferrocenes of general formula (η5-4-{2,6-[CF3(CF2)nCH2O]2C5F2N}C5H4)2Fe (2). Perfluoro(methylcyclohexane)/toluene partition coefficients increase with the number (2 or 4) and length (n) of the fluorous substituent. Complexes 1a and 2a (both n = 0) were structurally characterized.
A Model of Intra-Organizational Mobility

The mobility of personnel through an organization is important to both the organization and the individual. We present a model and nine related propositions that integrate research on this topic. The model shows environmental, organizational, and workforce characteristics as influencing opportunities, criteria for mobility, and actual mobility. These variables in turn influence perceptions of mobility, other attitudes such as satisfaction and commitment, and work behaviors. Research to date has examined only bivariate relationships; more work is needed to determine the combined and relative influence of the several independent variables on each dependent variable.
Comparison of continuous versus pulsed CO2 and Nd:YAG laser-induced pulmonary parenchymal lung injury in a rabbit model

Background and Objective Laser techniques have recently been described for treatment of patients with emphysema and bullous lung disease. Laser exposure of the pulmonary parenchyma during these procedures is complicated by laser-induced lung injury with substantial associated morbidity. Animal investigations are needed to develop methods that reduce lung injury. We hypothesized that the depth of injury could be reduced by pulsing laser exposures, with the goal of limiting thermal effects to more superficial tissue levels. In this study, we compared acute and chronic histologic injury resulting from pulsed- versus continuous-mode CO2 and Nd:YAG laser pulmonary parenchymal exposures in rabbits. Study Design/Materials and Methods A total of 40 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits underwent thoracotomy followed by exposure with CO2 laser (n = 10 continuous vs. n = 10 pulsed at 250 Hz with duty cycle 0.15 ms) or ND:YAG laser (n = 10 continuous vs. n = 10 pulsed at 10 Hz with duty cycle 0.10 sec) to the visceral pleural surface using 1 minute of laser exposure (5 watts, defocused to 70 W/cm2 power density) to the exposed lung surface. Rabbits were sacrificed at 4 and 21 days post-injury, and lungs were examined histologically. Results CO2 and Nd:YAG laser treatment resulted in substantial pulmonary parenchymal injury. While CO2 laser-induced damage was distinct from Nd:YAG histologically, pulsed-mode laser exposures did not reduce lung injury for either laser. Acute edema occurred to depths of 1180 ± 338 μm for continuous-mode CO2 laser exposures compared to 1,340 ± 430 μm in pulsed mode (p = .77). For Nd:YAG laser exposure, acute edema depth was 750 ± 748 μm continuous versus 1120 ± 367 μm pulsed mode (p = .65). Chronic lung fibrosis depth was 450 ± 164 μm for CO2 continuous Injury From Pulsed- Vs. Continuous-Mode Laser mode compared to 575 ± 170 μm in pulsed mode (p = .61). Lung fibrosis depth for Nd:YAG was 550 ± 96 μm, continuous versus 484 ± 180 μm pulsed mode (p = .76). Conclusion The similarity in injury between pulsed- and continuous-mode exposures suggests that thermal relaxation times are long relative to the selected pulse frequencies in intact living rabbit lungs. Alternatively, brief high-energy pulsations may increase focal temperatures with a tendency to increase injury depth relative to the penetration of the laser light. Thus, pulsed laser modes in these settings appear to be ineffective in reducing laser-induced lung injury in clinical settings. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on behavior of monkeys in peer groups

Adult female rhesus monkeys were fed diets containing 0, 5, or 25 ppt 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for approximately 4 years. They were bred to unexposed males during TCDD exposure (Experiment 1) and again after TCDD exposure ended (Experiment 2). Offspring from both experiments were weaned at 4 months and socialized for 1.5 h/day in groups of four monkeys each beginning at approximately 8 months of age. Each social group contained both control and TCDD-exposed monkeys. In Experiment 2, the offspring were later placed in new social groups containing only monkeys from the same TCDD exposure condition. The TCDD-exposed offspring born concurrent with maternal TCDD exposure (Experiment 1) initiated more rough-tumble play, retreated less during play bouts, and were less often displaced from preferred positions in the playroom. They also engaged in more self-directed behaviors. The behavior of offspring born after maternal TCDD exposure ended (Experiment 2) was not altered when they were socialized with control monkeys. However, some behavioral changes did emerge when they were placed in social groups containing only TCDD-exposed monkeys.
Induction of sporulation in food-spoilage yeasts

Four yeasts, Hansenula anomala, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Lodderomyces elongisporus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were cultured in two presporulation media at 30 ° C. Media consisted of yeast extract — peptone — acetate and yeast extract — peptone — dextrose broths. Except for K. fragilis, the test yeasts reached a high degree of sporulation when transferred to acetate- and ethanol-supplemented sporulation media. The percentage of S. cerevisiae cells forming asci was as high as 79% after 24 h incubation. H. anomala and L. elongisporus sporulated more rapidly in ethanol- compared to acetate-containing medium. Within test parameters, the concentration of acetate or ethanol, pH, and incubation temperature (25 ° C and 30 ° C) did not substantially influence the extent of sporulation.