cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature physics: A chilling effect for molecules

Cold and ultracold molecules provide fertile grounds for scientific discoveries. A method of cooling polyatomic molecules has been demonstrated that will allow researchers to explore the vast potential of these entities. See Letter p.570 Ultracold polar molecules are of interest for various fundamental studies, including quantum-information science, ultracold chemistry and physics beyond the standard model. However, a general method for cooling polyatomic molecules to ultracold temperatures has been lacking. This paper demonstrates an optoelectrical cooling technique that can reduce the temperature of about a million methyl fluoride (CH3F) molecules by a factor of more than ten. The scheme removes kinetic energy by means of a 'Sisyphus effect' that causes the molecules to continually 'climb' a hill of potential energy. In contrast to other cooling mechanisms, it proceeds in a trap, cools in all three dimensions and should work for a large variety of polar molecules. The chip-like trap and guide architecture used in this work are well suited to use in quantum-information processing with cold and ultracold molecules.
Production and Loss of Dissolved Gaseous Mercury in Coastal Seawater

The formation of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM, mainly composed of elemental mercury, Hg0) in the surface ocean and its subsequent removal through volatilization is an important component of the global mercury (Hg) cycle. We studied DGM production and loss in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico using 4−26 h in situ incubation experiments. DGM production was only induced in the presence of sunlight. Once produced, DGM was rapidly lost from solution (with a first order rate constant of k = 0.1 h-1), apparently as a result of oxidation. Furthermore, labora tory experiments showed that dissolved gaseous Hg0 could be rapidly oxidized in the presence of chloride. In the field, most DGM production (about 60%) was associated with the dissolved and colloidal Hg(II) phases. Spiking of samples with inorganic Hg(II) prior to in situ incubation greatly increased DGM production rates, suggesting that photoreducible Hg(II) complexes were limiting DGM production. Diurnally, DGM seems to be formed through photoprodu...
Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO 2 measurements

THROUGHOUT the Northern Hemisphere the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises in winter and declines in summer, mainly in response to the seasonal growth in land vegetation1–4. In the far north the amplitude of the seasonal cycle, peak to trough, is between 15 and 20 parts per million by volume5. The annual amplitude diminishes southwards to about 3 p.p.m. near the Equator, owing to the diminishing seasonally of plant activity towards the tropics. In spite of atmospheric mixing processes, enough spatial variability is retained in the seasonal cycle of CO2 to reveal considerable regional detail in seasonal plant activity6. Here we report that the annual amplitude of the seasonal CO2 cycle has increased by 20%, as measured in Hawaii, and by 40% in the Arctic, since the early 1960s. These increases are accompanied by phase advances of about 7 days during the declining phase of the cycle, suggesting a lengthening of the growing season. In addition, the annual amplitudes show maxima which appear to reflect a sensitivity to global warming episodes that peaked in 1981 and 1990. We propose that the amplitude increases reflect increasing assimilation of CO2 by land plants in response to climate changes accompanying recent rapid increases in temperature.
Studies on the diurnal pattern of serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.

Seventeen subjects, including 12 mildly obese women, were investigated to determine the presence of a diurnal variation in serum T3 levels. A subset of 8 subjects was studied after fasting for 6 days, while another subset of 5 subjects was studied 2 days after receiving 3 mg T4, orally, to suppress TSH secretion. To negate the influence of hemoconcentration produced by ambulation, serum T3 (toT4 ratios (nanograms per μg) rather than total T3 values were used for analysis. A synchronous (diurnal rhythm for mean serum T3 to T4 ratios and TSH values was found, with mean nighttime increases of 7.8% and 49.5%, respectively. The timing of the T3 to T4 and TSH nocturnal peaks for individual subjects, however, were not correlated,(suggesting that T3 (to T4 ratios changes were not caused by TSH stimulation of thyroid T3 release. During fasting, the diurnal rhythm of serum T3 to T4 was obliterated within 24 h of beginning the fast, although TSH rhythmicity persisted. After the 3-mg oral (T)4 dose, serum TSH became ...
Influence of the alkyl tail on the solubility of poly(alkyl acrylates) in ethylene and CO2 at high pressures: Experiments and modeling

Cloud point data to 230°C and 2200 bar are presented for poly(acrylate)–ethylene mixtures. When the length of the alkyl tail is increased, the cloud point curve is shifted towards lower pressure, but this trend switches when going from poly(ethyl hexyl) to poly(octadecyl) acrylate. It is apparent that there is an optimum alkyl tail length that balances energetic acrylate–acrylate, ethylene–ethylene, and ethylene–acrylate interactions and free-volume, entropic effects. Both ethylene–poly(acrylate) and CO2–poly(acrylate) data are modeled by the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT) equation of state. A pseudogroup contribution method is developed for the calculation of the following pure polymer characteristic parameters: m, the number of segments, and v00, the volume of a segment. This method cannot be applied for u0/k, the attractive energy of a segment, which changes in a nonlinear manner with changes in the structure of the acrylate repeat group. The energy parameter is then calculated from monomer data or fitted directly to one cloud point curve. The experimental data are represented well, even if little predictive power is obtained since a temperature-independent interaction parameter kij is needed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1979–1991, 1999
Effects of Medical Crisis Intervention on Anxiety, Depression, and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of 11 studies (N=2124) investigating the impact of individual crisis intervention with medical patients yielded a significant, overall moderate effect size, d=0.44. The strongest effect of individual crisis intervention was on posttraumatic stress symptoms (d=0.57) and anxiety symptoms (d=0.52). Specific moderating factors, such as single versus multiple sessions, single versus multiple components of intervention, and level of interventionists' training, were also analyzed. In sum, the results support highly trained interventionists continuing to provide multi-session interventions in order to mitigate posttraumatic symptomatology following traumatic events.
Disordered drug delivery: destiny, dynamics and the Deborah number.

Disordered drug delivery is an innovative approach to improving the performance of new chemical entities delivered to the human body. In this technique, the molecules of the drug and/or its delivery system are kinetically trapped in a high energy non-crystalline state. The resulting disordered or amorphous material offers potential increases in solubility and biological activity of many thousand fold compared with more conventional crystalline forms of the drug. Despite having a molecular level structure akin to that of liquids, amorphous materials have macroscopic properties that are typical of solids and thus they may be presented to the patient in the form of a convenient solid dosage form. Significant advances in the fundamental understanding of amorphous pharmaceutical materials in the past ten years have permitted major steps forward in the rational design of disordered drug delivery systems. Recognition of significant levels of molecular mobility in the glassy regime and an in-depth appreciation of molecular relaxation times and their distributions have enabled rapid progress to be made in this field. Needs for the future include analytical techniques that can elucidate the complex, dynamic and heterogeneous structure of amorphous materials and reliable models to predict the physical stability and in-vivo performance of disordered drug delivery systems. There are also significant opportunities for the production of disordered drug delivery systems with tailor-made properties through the careful engineering of custom amorphous alloys.
Spectral characteristics of airway opening and chest wall tidal flows in spontaneously breathing preterm infants

We compared the harmonic content of tidal flows measured simultaneously at the mouth and chest wall in spontaneously breathing very low birth weight infants (n = 16, 1,114 ± 230 g, gestation age: 2...
CaMKII binding to GluN2B is important for massed spatial learning in the Morris water maze.

Learning and memory as well as long-term potentiation (LTP) depend on Ca 2+ influx through the NMDA-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) and the resulting activation of the Ca 2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII). Ca 2+ influx via the NMDAR triggers CaMKII binding to the NMDAR for enhanced CaMKII accumulation at post-synaptic sites that experience heightened activity as occurring during LTP. Previously, we generated knock-in (KI) mice in which we replaced two residues in the NMDAR GluN2B subunit to impair CaMKII binding to GluN2B. Various forms of LTP at the Schaffer collateral synapses in CA1 are reduced by 50%. Nevertheless, working memory in the win-shift 8 arm maze and learning of the Morris water maze (MWM) task was normal in the KI mice although recall of the task was impaired in these mice during the period of early memory consolidation. We now show that massed training in the MWM task within a single day resulted in impaired learning. However, learning and recall of the Barnes maze task and contextual fear conditioning over one or multiple days were surprisingly unaffected. The differences observed in the MWM compared to the Barnes maze and contextual fear conditioning suggest a differential involvement of CaMKII and the specific interaction with GluN2B, probably depending on varying degrees of stress, cognitive demand or even potentially different plasticity mechanisms associated with the diverse tasks.
The Tian–Yau–Zelditch Theorem and Toeplitz Operators

Zelditch's proof of the Tian–Yau–Zelditch Theorem makes use of the Boutet de Monvel–Sjostrand results on the asymptotic properties of Szego projectors for strictly pseudoconvex domains. However, as we will show below, the theorem is also closely related to another theorem of Boutet de Monvel's, namely his wave trace formula for Toeplitz operators. Finally, we will derive, for the pseudoconvex manifolds considered by Zelditch in his proof of the Tian–Yau–Zelditch Theorem, an analogue of another result of Boutet de Monvel's, the extendability theorem of Berndtsson for holomorphic functions on Grauert tubes.
Effect of processing variables on the thermophysical properties of polybenzimidazole foams

The relationships are described among prepolymer purity, processing parameters, and additives to the thermophysical and chemical properties of polybenzimidazole foams in the density range from 24 to 80 kg/cu m. Foam properties are shown to be affected by differences in prepolymer purity, curing schedule, and the presence of additives in the foam. High-temperature compressive properties were improved by postcuring at 527 C. Surfactant additives were found to improve uniformity of cell size. Foams were characterized according to high-temperature mechanical properties, density, porosity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat.
Dietary fish oil supplementation inhibits formation of endometriosis-associated adhesions in a chimeric mouse model

Objective To examine whether dietary fish oil supplementation reduces development of spontaneous endometriosis-associated adhesions using an established model. Design Laboratory-based study. Setting Medical center research laboratory. Patient(s)/Animal(s) Disease-free women of reproductive age and nude mice. Intervention(s) Women were not provided any intervention. Mice were randomized to receive fish oil supplementation or control diet. Main Outcome Measure(s) Experimental endometriosis was established in mice via injection of human endometrial tissue within 16 hours of ovariectomy. Mice were provided standard or menhaden fish oil–supplemented diets for ≥2 weeks before initiation of experimental endometriosis and until killing them 1 week later. At necropsy, mice were examined for the presence and extent of adhesions and endometriotic-like lesions. Tissues were excised and morphologically characterized. Result(s) Adhesions/lesions were reduced in mice provided with dietary fish oil compared with control animals. Leukocytes were more numerous within the adhesions/lesions of the mice maintained on the standard diet compared with animals provided with fish oil. As indicated by staining intensity, collagen deposition was greater at adhesion sites within control mice compared with fish oil–supplemented animals. Conclusion(s) Wound-healing associated with surgery created an inflammatory peritoneal microenvironment that promoted the development of both experimental endometriosis and adhesions in a murine model. Targeting excessive inflammation with fish oil may be an effective adjuvant therapy to reduce the development of postsurgical adhesions related to endometriosis.
Association Control in Mobile Wireless Networks

As mobile nodes roam in a wireless network, they continuously associate with different access points and perform handoff operations. However, frequent handoffs can potentially incur unacceptable delays and even interruptions for interactive applications. To alleviate these negative impacts, we present novel association control algorithms that can minimize the frequency of handoffs occurred to mobile devices. Specifically, we show that a greedy LookAhead algorithm is optimal in the offline setting, where the user's future mobility is known. Inspired by such optimality, we further propose two online algorithms, namely LookBack and Track, that operate without any future mobility information. Instead, they seek to predict the lifetime of an association using randomization and statistical approaches, respectively. We evaluate the performance of these algorithms using both analysis and trace-driven simulations. The results show that the simple LookBack algorithm has surprisingly a competitive ratio .of (log k + 2), where k is the maximum number of APs that a user can hear at any time, and the Track algorithm can achieve near-optimal performance in practical scenarios.
Different Signaling and Cell Death Roles of Heterotrimeric G Protein α and β Subunits in the Arabidopsis Oxidative Stress Response to Ozone

Arabidopsis thaliana plants with null mutations in the genes encoding the α and β subunits of the single heterotrimeric G protein are less and more sensitive, respectively, to O3 damage than wild-type Columbia-0 plants. The first peak of the bimodal oxidative burst elicited by O3 in wild-type plants is almost entirely missing in both mutants. The late peak is normal in plants lacking the Gβ protein but missing in plants lacking the Gα protein. Endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) are first detectable in chloroplasts of leaf epidermal guard cells. ROS production in adjacent cells is triggered by extracellular ROS signals produced by guard cell membrane-associated NADPH oxidases encoded by the AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes. The late, tissue damage–associated component of the oxidative burst requires only the Gα protein and arises from multiple cellular sources. The early component of the oxidative burst, arising primarily from chloroplasts, requires signaling through the heterotrimer (or the Gβγ complex) and is separable from Gα-mediated activation of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases necessary for both intercellular signaling and cell death.
Parameterization of the Spatial Variability of Rain for Large-Scale Models and Remote Sensing

AbstractThe spatial variability of rain rate R is evaluated by using both radar observations and cloud-resolving model output, focusing on the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE) period. In general, the model-predicted rain-rate probability distributions agree well with those estimated from the radar data across a wide range of spatial scales. The spatial variability in R, which is defined according to the standard deviation of R (for R greater than a predefined threshold Rmin) σ(R), is found to vary according to both the average of R over a given footprint μ(R) and the footprint size or averaging scale Δ. There is good agreement between area-averaged model output and radar data at a height of 2.5 km. The model output at the surface is used to construct a scale-dependent parameterization of σ(R) as a function of μ(R) and Δ that can be readily implemented into large-scale numerical models. The variability in both the rainwater mixing ratio qr and R as a function of height is also ex...
Donor site evaluation for fibula free flap transfer

Purpose: The role of routine preoperative angiography.in patients undergoing fibula flap transfer remains controversial. A recent surrey of experienced microvascular surgeons indicated that routine angiography may be unnecessary in patients with no symptoms of peripheral vascular disease and normal lower extremity pulses. To study the necessity of performing preoperative vascular imaging studies, the incidence of congenital and acquired vascular anomalies that prevented the harvest of a fibula flap is reported in a series of patients undergoing evaluation for oromandibular reconstruction Patients and Methods: A series of 19 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative lower extremity vascular imaging studies in anticipation of performing a fibula free flap is presented. Results: Angiographic findings significantly altered the surgical reconstruction that was performed in 4 of 19 (21 %) patients. Three patients with a history or examination suggestive of peripheral vascular disease were excluded on the basis of the findings at the time of radiographic study. In a fourth patient, the contralateral leg was used for reconstruction when preoperative angiography showed a dominant peroneal artery supplying the foot in the extremity initially considered for flap harvest. Conclusion: History and physical examination are not helpful in detecting most congenital vascular anomalies that would place the foot at risk for ischemia if the peroneal artery is sacrificed. The findings of this small series are consistent with the previously documented incidence of anomalous blood supply to the foot and demonstrate the need for preoperative vascular imaging studies in patients undergoing fibula free flap transfer to avoid a potentially catastrophic complication.
Short-Termism at Its Worst: How Short-Termism Invites Corruption… and What to Do About It

Researchers and business leaders have long decried short-termism: the excessive focus of executives of publicly traded companies — along with fund managers and other investors — on short-term results. The central concern is that short-termism discourages long-term investments, threatening the performance of both individual firms and the U.S. economy.I argue in this paper that short-termism also invites institutional corruption. Institutional corruption in the present context refers to institutionally supported behavior that, while not necessarily unlawful, erodes public trust and undermines a company’s legitimate processes, core values, and capacity to achieve espoused goals. Institutional corruption in business typically entails gaming society’s laws and regulations, tolerating conflicts of interest, and persistently violating accepted norms of fairness, among other things.Section 1 introduces the twin problems of short-termism and institutional corruption and shows how the latter has led to a diminution of public trust in many of our leading firms and industries. Section 2 presents an illuminating example — just one of many possibilities — of short-termism and institutional corruption, namely the gaming of Securities and Exchange Commission rules by Citigroup’s mortgage-banking desk in 2007. Section 3, building on the Citigroup example, identifies the principal types of gaming and demonstrates just how pervasive gaming of society’s rules has become in recent decades. Section 4 explains how short-termism invites gaming and other forms of institutional corruption, and draws attention to seven significant sources of short-termism including: shifting beliefs about the purposes and responsibilities of the modern corporation; the concomitant rise of a new financial culture; misapplied performance metrics; perverse incentives; our vulnerability to hard-wired behavioral biases; the decreasing tenure of institutional leaders; and the bounded knowledge of corporate directors, which prevents effective board oversight. Section 5 addresses what is to be done about short-termism and the institutional corruption it invites. Recommendations and suggested reforms relate to the improvement of board oversight; the adoption of compensation principles and practices that can help mitigate the destructive effects of inappropriate metrics, perverse incentives, and hard-wired preferences for immediate satisfactions; the termination of quarterly earnings guidance; and the elimination of the built-in, short-term bias embedded in our current capital gains tax regime.
The Bioarchaeology of Structural Violence and Dissection in the 19th‐Century United States

Structural violence is harm done to individuals or groups through the normalization of social inequalities in political-economic organization. Researchers working in both modern and prehistoric contexts focus on the lived experiences of individuals and the health disparities that arise from such violence. With this article, I seek to contribute to this literature by considering how skeletal evidence of dissection from the 19th-century United States reflects structural violence. I focus on “death experiences” and suggest that studies of structural violence must consider not only how inequality may be embodied as health disparities in the living but also “disembodiment” and the treatment and fate of the dead body.
Psychopathology of drug abusers: sex and ethnic considerations.

A cross-validation approach was used to explore potential differences in degree and type of psychopathology among sex and race subgroups of 428 drug abusers applying to two geographically distant treatment programs. Dimensions of psychopathology were measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and analyses of covariance and chi-square procedures were used to compare subgroups on scale elevations and types of psychopathology. Personality characteristics were highly similar across treatment programs, and applicants were characterized by antisocial, passive-dependent, and psychotic symptomatology. Men and women differed little in extent or type of psychopathology, suggesting that women were no more psychologically aberrant than men. White drug abusers were more antisocial, behaviorally deviant, and neurotic than Blacks, but subgroups did not differ in type of psychopathology. Interpreted in the context of other research, results suggest that there are important differences in personal...
Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of rock varnish

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating off rock varnish provides minimum-limiting ages for landforms and archaeological artifacts in arid and semiarid lands that are undatable by conventional radiocarbon methods. Experiments on sample collection, the effect of different individuals preparing samples, the influence of different chemical-extraction procedures, the incorporation of carbonate detritus, possible contamination from rock underlying varnish, the role of bio-geochemical erosion of varnish, and other influences reveal procedures that yield reproducible results. Conventional radiocarbon dates from charcoal beneath lava flows of Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii, and from arid sites in western North America provide controls to test varnish radiocarbon dating. AMS radio-carbon ages on the very bottom layer of varnishes are typically ≤10% younger than the 14C ages of these controls. Applications are illustrated here for fluvial, aeolian, peri-glacial, hillslope, lacustrine, and glacial geo-morphology, as well as rock-art research in archaeology.
A Retroperitoneal Mass in an Elderly Woman

71-year-old nun living in a convent was seen by her primary physician because of persistent left abdominal flank discomfort during the previous 6 months. This was accompanied by a 15-lb weight loss and left lower extremity weakness, numbness, and pain on ambulation. Except for systemic hypertension, her past medical history was unremarkable. On physical examination, a tender mass was palpated in her left lower abdomen. The pain elicited by palpation radiated to the left hip and groin areas. There was also contracture of the left hip that was painful on straightening. Results of laboratory examinations were within normal limits. Computed tomographic scanning revealed a large enhancing left retroperitoneal soft tissue mass juxtaposed to the left iliac bone that involved the left iliopsoas and the inferior extent of the left psoas muscle (Figure 1). A subsequent computed tomography‐guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the retroperitoneal mass was consistent with a malignant neoplasm. The patient was referred to Loyola University Medical Center for surgical management, and the radiologic survey for metastatic lesion was negative. Preoperative embolization of 2 lumbar vessels and a branch of the iliac artery that supplied the tumor was performed. During the surgical resection, the retroperitoneal mass was noted to be closely associated with the left iliacus and left psoas muscles and to be encasing a segment of the left femoral nerve. Except for extrinsic compression, the adjacent visceral organs, including the lumbosacral vertebrae, were not involved by the tumor.
Trapped in the Law: Legal Actors' Attitudes Toward Legal Practice as a Solution for Social Problems

Courtroom dynamics literature has studied the interactions within the 'courtroom workgroup' - prosecutors, defense attorneys and judges, attributing legal practices in the courtroom to the effects of power struggles and professional interest conflicts between the actors. This paper reintroduces into the picture the important factor of formal law and legal indoctrination, claiming that much of the actors' opinions and behaviors can be attributed to their inability to introduce external perceptions of the problems they address into the legal framework within which they operate. The paper is based on 40 in-depth interviews with prosecutors, defense attorneys and ex-judges in the Israeli military justice system about cases involving disobedience to military service - desertion, unauthorized absences and conscientious objection. The interviews reveal the overpowering effect of legal indoctrination on the perception of these problems and their solutions. Almost all interviewees use the doctrinal legal categorization as the main definition of the problems they deal with, despite their understanding of the political and socio-economic dimensions of the problems. Their policy suggestions are equally limited. Almost all interviewees perceive a tension between their perception and the broader, social definitions of the problem, and have different ways of resolving it: loyalism, bureaucratic thinking, idealism, cynicism and limited innovation. The findings shed light on the impact of legal communications and disciplinary discourse on individual perceptions, and support the usage of discursive theory - focusing on Luhmann and Teubner's autopoiesis - as a strong explanation of professional behavior and interaction, even at the individual level.
Nonsecreted intracellular Clusterin isoform acts as a chemosensitizer in the ovarian cancer cell line, OVK-18 .

A195 Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein associated either with cell survival or apoptosis as well as sensitivity to chemotherapy in many different types of cancer. Here we show the effect of exogenous expression of truncated non-secreted intacellular Clusterin(ic-CLU) on the response to paclitaxel (TX) in, OVK-18, ovarian cancer cell line. In this study we established tet-inducible clone expressing non-secreted intracellular CLU, after deletion of the ER-signaling peptide, form the ovarian cancer cell line, OVK-18 , which is relatively resistant to TX and express an extremely limited endogenous CLU. Truncated CLU was neither secreted to media nor gycosylated in the cells. Expression of ic-CLU was monitored by western blot and confocal microscopy. Effect of ic-CLU induction on cell morphology, cell viability and cell cycle was studied. We finally studied the effect of expression of ic-CLU on the response to TX. In these results, western analysis confirmed the induction of about 46 kDa ic-CLU isoform lacking the ER-signaling peptide in the established clone form OVK-18 cells. Over-expression of ic-CLU resulted in cell growth inhibition then, G1 arrest followed by apoptosis when compared with the induced control or mock clone. Compromised amount of this CLU isoform did not affect the growth rate significantly but clearly sensitized the OVK-18 cells to TX. This sensitization was cell cycle-independently as confirmed in the synchronized cells when treated with paclitxol. Despite the available data that secreted CLU is cytoprotective, our data reveal a possible role of the non-secreted, intracellular, CLU in the chemo-sensitization. Prevalence of ic-CLU accumulation appears to cause cell death while limited amount of ic-CLU may facilitate TX-induced toxicity. CLU gene products could be a novel target for therapeutic intervention to enhance chemo-sensitivity in ovarian cancer cells.
Pathophysiology and Management of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation

Functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) is an increasingly recognized cause of morbidity and mortality. This clinical entity is most frequently encountered during operations for left-sided heart valve disease, particularly in the setting of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). Failure to recognize the importance of FTR correction during mitral valve surgery often leads to poor early and late outcomes due to progression of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and subsequent right heart failure. Consequently, the 2012 ESC/EACTS and 2014 ACC/AHA valvular heart disease guidelines favor a proactive approach to TR correction and highlight the shifting consensus towards more liberal application of surgical therapy. Randomized trials are needed to bolster guideline recommendations further, which are based entirely on retrospective studies. Rigid annuloplasty rings have superior durability and should be used in favor of flexible bands or DeVega-style repairs. Preoperative determinants of clinical outcomes now include echocardiographic parameters of tricuspid valve tenting area and associated right ventricular size and function. Newer percutaneous therapies for FTR may allow less invasive management at the time of percutaneous mitral valve repair or in patients who develop TR late and are at high risk for reoperation. The purpose of this chapter is to review the pathophysiology and current surgical management of functional tricuspid regurgitation, as well as emerging transcatheter therapies.
The gradualizer: a methodology and algorithm for generating gradual type systems

Many languages are beginning to integrate dynamic and static typing. Siek and Taha offered gradual typing as an approach to this integration that provides a coherent and full-span migration between the two disciplines. However, the literature lacks a general methodology for designing gradually typed languages. Our first contribution is to provide a methodology for deriving the gradual type system and the compilation to the cast calculus. Based on this methodology, we present the Gradualizer, an algorithm that generates a gradual type system from a well-formed type system and also generates a compiler to the cast calculus. Our algorithm handles a large class of type systems and generates systems that are correct with respect to the formal criteria of gradual typing. We also report on an implementation of the Gradualizer that takes a type system expressed in lambda-prolog and outputs its gradually typed version and a compiler to the cast calculus in lambda-prolog.
Temperature-Dependent Resistive Switching in Bulk Silver Nanowire−Polystyrene Composites

We describe the temperature-dependent characterization of resistive switching behavior in bulk silver nanowire−polystyrene composites between 10 and 300 K. We propose that the resistive switching behavior is caused by the electroformation of silver filaments between adjacent nanowire clusters, resulting in an extension of the electrical percolation network in the on state. This process is reversible above 200 K, and irreversible below 100 K. The switching fields are shown to depend strongly on sample composition (i.e., proximity to the electrical percolation threshold), as well as measurement temperature.
Understanding Asian International College Students’ Values and Beliefs, their Acculturative Stress and Coping Strategies

Asian international students face a lot of adjustment issues while pursuing a college degree in the United States. Although they are confronted with different challenges and stress, they underutilize the mental health services. Even if they are willing to come to counseling, there is a tendency for Asian international students to prematurely terminate the service. This paper explores the values and beliefs, acculturative stress and coping strategies of Asian international students. Recommendations to college counselors and faculty advisors to support Asian international students are provided in the paper.
Formation of trace byproducts in the premixed flames of CH3Cl/C2H4

The chemical structure of an atmospheric pressure, fuel-rich (equivalence ratio 3.06), flat flame of a chloromethane and ethylene (CH3Cl/C2H4 = 1.99) has been studied experimentally using both heated microprobe and cold trap sampling techniques followed by high-resolution gas chro matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The identities and absolute concentrations of more than 50 major and minor hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon species have been established, including a large number of aromatics, substituted aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although some chlorinated PAHs were also detected, unsubstituted aromatics dominated the PAH product distribution. Mole fractions determined were in the range of 0.45−2.0 × 10-7, with the heaviest PAHs at mass 226 (C18H10, benzo[ghi]fluoranthene and cyclopenta- [cd]pyrene). The measurements indicated the selective suppression of certain PAHs, e.g., cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, in the presence of HCl when compared to regular hydrocarbon flames. Heated...
“A Myth to Be Alive”: James Welch’s Fools Crow

"Let glory go the way of all sad things./ Children need a myth that tells them be alive," pleads the speaker of James Welch's poem "Blackfeet, Blood, and Piegan Hunters" (Riding the Earthboy 40 36). In his historical novel Fools Crow, Welch creates that myth. Although the text includes the historical events leading to the massacre of a band of Blackfeet by the United States Cavalry on January 23, 1870,' Welch tells this history, for the most part, from the Blackfeet point of view. This perspective both admirably conveys the social and cultural lives of the Pikuni tribe of Blackfeet2 and, given the visionary nature of Plains Indian culture, allows Welch to create a survival myth within the historical genre. Indeed, Welch develops his novel as prose epic when he presents a hero who must survive for his people, retells and extends traditional Blackfeet myths, and connects his hero to these myths and to historical events.3 Significantly, this epic development serves to emphasize the importance of the survival myth as it redefines Native American heroism in spiritual and psychological terms. The myth of Fools Crow adheres to Claude Levi-Strauss's dictum that "on the one hand, a myth always refers to events alleged to have taken place long ago. But what gives the myth an operational value is that the specific pattern described is timeless; it explains the past as well as the future" (Structural Anthropology 205). Within the nineteenthcentury time frame of the novel, Welch evokes the past by retelling ancient Blackfeet myths, describes the present by implicitly paralleling Fools Crow's life to the lives of his contemporaries and to a certain extent to culture hero myths, and predicts the future by explicitly connecting his hero to an extension of the myth of Feather Womanthe Woman-who-married-the-star. The myth of Fools Crow is timeless in that even now Native Americans are called upon to embody a courage not unlike Fools Crow's to achieve cultural survival. Fools Crow's life shows parallels to the lives of culture heroes who bring back sacred ceremonies from supernatural beings.4 For example, in the novel Fools Crow says that "Scarface is most like us" and there are some significant parallels to the Scarface myth and Fools Crow's
Gait and Posture Control Impairments Predict Falls in Parkinson's Disease (P06.049)

Objective: To determine whether Unified Parkinson9s disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) subtests on gait and postural stability (PS) can be used to predict falls in Parkinson9s disease (PD). Background Falls is a major problem in people with PD even during medication-on state, especially in the later stages of the disease. Therefore, there is a need to identify falls risk predictors in PD to develop better treatments and interventions. Design/Methods: We studied 103 consecutive non-demented PD patients of which 17 patients had 3 or more falls per month. All patients were examined in an on-medication state using UPDRS subtests of Gait, Freezing of Gait (FOG), and PS. Ten patients, including five with falls, underwent medication-on/medication-off testing. The t-test and chi-square tests were used to compare appropriate variables. Sensitivities and specificities of these measures in predicting falls were obtained using a logistic regression model. Results: The 17 patients who fell (fallers) had a higher UPDRS motor score. A significantly higher portion of fallers scored ≥ 2 on the gait, FOG, and PS. Gait ≥ 2 had a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 74.4% in predicting falls and PS ≥ 2 had a sensitivity of 88.2% and specificity of 45.4%. FOG numbers were too few to obtain reliable prediction. A combination of PS and Gait ≥ 2 had a better sensitivity of 70.6% and specificity 77.9 %. During medication-on testing total UPDRS and gait scores improved, but PS did not improve. Conclusions: Falls in PD can be predicted by gait and PS scores of ≥ 2, and the predictability improved when they are combined. As gait responds to dopaminergic drugs, falls can, in part, be improved by adjustment of dopaminergic drugs (and by deep brain stimulation). The challenge will be to define and treat the non-dopaminergic aspects of falls. Disclosure: Dr. Salins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krishnamurthi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Santiago has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhall has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Pharmacuticals as a speaker. Dr. Moguel-Cobos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sadreddin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Husain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhanani has nothing to disclose.
A Survey on Coverage Rates of EPI and Hepatitis B Vaccination in Children from Areas of Different Economic Levels in Guangdong Province in 1999

Objective To evaluate the vaccination status of EPI and hepatits B vaccine in children from areas of different economic levels in Guangdong province.Methods A stratified multistage random sampling method was used to select 844 children born in 1997 from 120 villages in 89 county-level cities,counties and districts. Results The coverage rates of BCG、OPV、DPT and MV were 98.5%、97.8%、97.4% and 96.8% respectively and the “Four vaccine”whole course coverage was 94.3%. The coverage rate for HB was 73.6%. The rate of establishing immunization reqister was 98.5% and the rate of establishing immunization certificates was 94.8%. The matched rate of these two was 89.7%. EPI isurance rate was 56.2% and BCG scar rate was 88.2%. Conclustion There was no siqnificant difference in EPI vaccination rates among areas from different economic levels,but the Hepatits B vaccination rate was higher in developed areas than that in underdeveloped areas.
THE USE OF FLUORESCEIN DYE TO STUDY THE MOVEMENT OF WATER INTO WHEAT KERNELS

The dispersion of fluorescein dye in water was investigated during the tempering process in wheat kernedls.Durum and soft wheat kernels were immersed in fluorescein (free acid crystalline) solution(1%,pH7.54) for 12,24 and 48 hours.The fluorescein pattern showed that the dye solution entered the grain primarily through the distal end or germ,then progressed toward the proximal end.Dye accumulations on the dorsal side of the kernels suggest either a faster rate of penetration or greater accumulation in these areas.The apoplast including microcapillary spaces in the cell wall serve as water distribution channels.The movement pattern of the fluorescein was similar for both durum and soft wheat.However,the rate of penetration or degree of accumulation appeared to be greater in the soft wheat.This dye technique is simple,fast,and does not require complicated skills.It may be used to study dye water distribution within other cereal grains.
[Epidemiological situation and the E gene evolution of dengue virus in Guangzhou, 2011].

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Dengue and the E gene of the new isolated strains.Methods Epidemiological data and serum samples were collected.Serotypes were detected by real-time PCR and virus was isolated in C6/36.E gene of the new isolated strains were sequenced and analyzed by Mega 4.0.Results The cases of Dengue reached at the peak during September and November,with Serotype 1,2 and 4 were involved.Five strains of serotype 1 were isolated,with 4 of them fell into the clad of Asia genotype,and 1 belonged to America/Africa genotype.Conclusion The strains isolated in Guangzhou showed a high identity to the Southeast Asian strains.There seemed high risk of outbreak of Dengue in this area,However,the Dengue virus might have already been localized. Key words: Dengue virus; E gene; Epidemiological characters
Dopaminergic neurons write and update memories with cell-type-specific rules

Associative learning is thought to involve parallel and distributed mechanisms of memory formation and storage. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of associative odor memory formation. Previously we described the anatomy of the adult MB and defined 20 types of dopaminergic neurons (DANs) that each innervate distinct MB compartments (Aso et al., 2014a, 2014b). Here we compare the properties of memories formed by optogenetic activation of individual DAN cell types. We found extensive differences in training requirements for memory formation, decay dynamics, storage capacity and flexibility to learn new associations. Even a single DAN cell type can either write or reduce an aversive memory, or write an appetitive memory, depending on when it is activated relative to odor delivery. Our results show that different learning rules are executed in seemingly parallel memory systems, providing multiple distinct circuit-based strategies to predict future events from past experiences.
Abstract 5061: Evaluating the role of durotactic migration in the tumor microenvironment

Durotaxis is a mechanism of directional migration in which cells respond to a stiffness gradient in their local microenvironment. While durotaxis has been characterized primarily in cells of mesenchymal origin, its role in cancer biology has not been clearly defined. At a cellular and molecular level, evidence suggests cancer cells sense and respond to the stiffening tumor microenvironment in a manner that promotes malignant and invasive characteristics. Given the gradual stiffening of tumors, it is interesting to speculate how durotaxis might contribute to cell flux to and from primary tumors and metastatic sites. We hypothesize that a durotactic mechanism may, in part, contribute to the dissemination of cancer cells into the stiffened microenvironment associated with primary tumors and also possibly with pre-metastatic sites. To directly characterize the impact of local stiffness on directional migration, cancer cells were cultured on a hydrogel possessing a stiffness gradient, then imaged by time-lapse microscopy and tracked using custom automated tracking software. Automated cell tracking allows for unbiased, accurate, and high-speed generation of large migratory datasets not feasible with conventional manual tracking and enables more robust analysis of cell populations. Preliminary data reveal that multiple cancer cell lines respond to a stiffness gradient with directed migration towards the stiffer part of the gel. The strength of the directional migratory response to stiffness gradients was found to depend on the magnitude of stiffness a cell encounters. By manipulating stiffness gradients to accurately reflect stiffness encountered by cancer subtypes, we will better understand if a durotactic mechanism has a global or cancer-specific impact on disease progression. Citation Format: Brian J. DuChez, Kenneth M. Yamada. Evaluating the role of durotactic migration in the tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5061.
Interobserver reliability for computed tomography findings of adnexal torsion

Pelvic pain is a common presenting symptom in the emergency room, and prompt diagnosis of adnexal torsion is essential to reduce the risk of irreversible ovarian ischemia. Although ultrasound has been the study of choice for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion, patients with pelvic pain may often be imaged first with computed tomography given the prevalent use of computed tomography in the emergency department. Therefore, it is essential to be familiar with the computed tomography signs of adnexal torsion. A retrospective study of 40 patients with adnexal torsion with and without an adnexal mass was conducted to evaluate interobserver reliability for the computed tomography signs of adnexal torsion. With the exception of deviation of the uterus to the twisted side, interobserver reliability was fair for all computed tomography signs of adnexal torsion. There was no difference in interobserver reliability for most signs between patients with a mass and those without. However, for a twisted vascular pedicle, there was moderate agreement in patients with a mass and no agreement for patients without a mass. Although many computed tomography signs of adnexal torsion have been described, interobserver reliability for most of these signs was found to be fair.