cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replacing sedentary time with sleep, light, or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: effects on self-regulation and executive functioning.

Recent attention has highlighted the importance of reducing sedentary time for maintaining health and quality of life. However, it is unclear how changing sedentary behavior may influence executive functions and self-regulatory strategy use, which are vital for the long-term maintenance of a health behavior regimen. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the estimated self-regulatory and executive functioning effects of substituting 30 min of sedentary behavior with 30 min of light activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or sleep in a sample of older adults. This study reports baseline data collected from low-active healthy older adults (N = 247, mean age 65.4 ± 4.6 years) recruited to participate in a 6 month randomized controlled exercise trial examining the effects of various modes of exercise on brain health and function. Each participant completed assessments of physical activity self-regulatory strategy use (i.e., self-monitoring, goal-setting, social support, reinforcement, time management, and relapse prevention) and executive functioning. Physical activity and sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers during waking hours for seven consecutive days at each time point. Isotemporal substitution analyses were conducted to examine the effect on self-regulation and executive functioning should an individual substitute sedentary time with light activity, MVPA, or sleep. The substitution of sedentary time with both sleep and MVPA influenced both self-regulatory strategy use and executive functioning. Sleep was associated with greater self-monitoring (B = .23, p = .02), goal-setting (B = .32, p < .01), and social support (B = .18, p = .01) behaviors. Substitution of sedentary time with MVPA was associated with higher accuracy on 2-item (B = .03, p = .01) and 3-item (B = .02, p = .04) spatial working memory tasks, and with faster reaction times on single (B = −23.12, p = .03) and mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = −27.06, p = .04). Substitution of sedentary time with sleep was associated with marginally faster reaction time on mixed-repeated task-switching blocks (B = −12.20, p = .07) and faster reaction time on mixed-switch blocks (B = 17.21, p = .05), as well as reduced global reaction time switch cost (B = −16.86, p = .01). Substitution for light intensity physical activity did not produce significant effects. By replacing sedentary time with sleep and MVPA, individuals may bolster several important domains of self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning. This has important implications for the design of long-lasting health behavior interventions. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00438347.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX : I. ISOLATION OF A FILTERABLE AGENT: ITS PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES.

A filterable agent was isolated from 7 cases of spontaneous rabbit pox by the intratesticular injection in rabbits of a variety of tissues. The virus was transmitted for 15 consecutive testicle to testicle passages in rabbits by Berkefeld V filtrates of testicular tissue emulsions. Unfiltered emulsions were more potent than filtrates. The virulence of the virus was maintained by ice box storage of infected tissues for as long as 127 days. The pathogenic properties of the virus persisted under conditions of animal passage for the 9 months from January to October, 1933, covered by these studies. The reaction produced in rabbits by the inoculation of tissue-virus emulsions was of two principal types, the first of which has been described and analyzed in the present paper. In the case of intratesticular injections, particularly of testicular tissue inocula, an acute fulminating and rapidly fatal condition regularly developed. The outstanding features were a massive hemorrhagic orchitis with marked scrotal edema, fever, and death within a week. The second type of reaction which is taken up in the next paper of this series (1) was observed under conditions in which the animal survived a week or longer. Occasional examples occurred in rabbits of the so called intratesticular series. The reaction was characterized by the development of a disease syndrome with a diversity of clinical manifestations which, it may be stated here for the sake of continuity, was indistinguishable from spontaneous rabbit pox.
The Pathway Logic formal modeling system: Diverse views of a formal representation of signal transduction

The core of the Pathway Logic signal transduction model (STM) is a theory in the rewriting logic language Maude. This theory provides a language for representing the signaling state of a cell and its components, and rewrite rules representing possible signaling events. Used as a theory in rewriting logic, statements about signal propagation can be proved. The theory can also be viewed as a database that can be queried, for example, to find the events in which a given protein might participate or to retrieve all signaling events (rules) of a given type. Given a representation of a cell state, an executable model can be derived from the theory. This model can be executed to observe a possible behavior, or model checked to study properties of signal propagation pathways. Finally, the theory can be viewed as term in the meta-theory. Using reflection, the theory can be mapped to terms in other formalisms, to access additional reasoning tools; to annotated grapical representations for visualization; or to an external representation such as JSON, SBML or BIOPAX for sharing with other formal systems. The talk will begin with a perspective on formal modeling. We will then discuss identification and representation of elements of a theory of signal transduction motivated by experimental evidence. Finally we show how the views of the resulting theory are used in practice and how the ideas generalize to modeling other cellular processes such as glycosylation and immune system.
The safety of drugs for supraventricular tachycardia

To minimize drug problems in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias, it is important to understand the spectrum of adverse events and to identify patients at high risk for these problems. Adverse cardiac and non-cardiac effects are associated, to varying degrees, with currently available antiarrhythmics. Cardiac adverse events include the development of rhythm disturbances or exacerbation of heart failure. Serious rhythm disturbances, such as ventricular tachycardia or torsades des pointes, may result in syncope or death. In a meta-analysis of six randomized trials of quinidine vs placebo for atrial fibrillation, 1-8% of quinidine-treated patients died as opposed to 0-3% of placebo-treated patients. This increase in mortality was also noted in patients enrolled in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Trial who were treated with type I antiarrhythmics. This increase in mortality was confined primarily to patients with a history of congestive heart failure. In a randomized trial of propafenone and sotalol for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, two out of 50 patients receiving sotalol died suddenly, one of whom had hypokalaemiaassociated torsades des pointes. No patient receiving propafenone died during this trial. In a meta-analysis of propafenone's effect in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in over 3100 adult patients, overall mortality was extremely low at 0-3%.
Systematic Review of the Clinical Application of Exposure Techniques to Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Anxiety.

Objectives: Although exposure techniques are a first-line intervention for anxiety, clear evidence is lacking for their efficacy in treating the prevalent and debilitating condition of late life an...
White Matter Fiber-based Analysis of T1w/T2w Ratio Map.

Purpose: To develop, test, evaluate and apply a novel tool for the white matter fiber-based analysis of T1w/T2w ratio maps quantifying myelin content. Background: The cerebral white matter in the human brain develops from a mostly non-myelinated state to a nearly fully mature white matter myelination within the first few years of life. High resolution T1w/T2w ratio maps are believed to be effective in quantitatively estimating myelin content on a voxel-wise basis. We propose the use of a fiber-tract-based analysis of such T1w/T2w ratio data, as it allows us to separate fiber bundles that a common regional analysis imprecisely groups together, and to associate effects to specific tracts rather than large, broad regions. Methods: We developed an intuitive, open source tool to facilitate such fiber-based studies of T1w/T2w ratio maps. Via its Graphical User Interface (GUI) the tool is accessible to non-technical users. The framework uses calibrated T1w/T2w ratio maps and a prior fiber atlas as an input to generate profiles of T1w/T2w values. The resulting fiber profiles are used in a statistical analysis that performs along-tract functional statistical analysis. We applied this approach to a preliminary study of early brain development in neonates. Results: We developed an open-source tool for the fiber based analysis of T1w/T2w ratio maps and tested it in a study of brain development.
Time to plan for the next generation of nuclear technology

The Carter administration's call for international cooperation to evaluate nuclear fuel cycle alternatives
Lyme Disease and YouTubeTM: A Cross-Sectional Study of Video Contents

Objectives Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease. People seek health information on Lyme disease from YouTubeTM videos. In this study, we investigated if the contents of Lyme disease-related YouTubeTM videos varied by their sources. Methods Most viewed English YouTubeTM videos (n = 100) were identified and manually coded for contents and sources. Results Within the sample, 40 videos were consumer-generated, 31 were internet-based news, 16 were professional, and 13 were TV news. Compared with consumer-generated videos, TV news videos were more likely to mention celebrities (odds ratio [OR], 10.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.13-52.58), prevention of Lyme disease through wearing protective clothing (OR, 5.63; 95% CI, 1.23-25.76), and spraying insecticides (OR, 7.71; 95% CI, 1.52-39.05). Conclusion A majority of the most popular Lyme disease-related YouTube TM videos were not created by public health professionals. Responsible reporting and creative video-making facilitate Lyme disease education. Partnership with YouTubeTM celebrities to co-develop educational videos may be a future direction.
EDSV: Emerging Defect Surveillance for Vehicles

We present early findings on building a proof of concept for an automated system to identify emerging trends regarding vehicle defects. The proposed system functions by continuously collecting and monitoring publicly available data from several heterogeneous channels ranging from online social media to vehicle enthusiast forums and consumer reporting sites. By mining the collected data, the system would provide real-time detection of ongoing consumer issues with vehicles. In addition, our system has special emphasis on detecting early signals prior to the widespread knowledge of the general public. One of the system components involves estimating a baseline statistical distribution governing the frequency of observing specific types of vehicle defective complaints from our data sources and subsequently identifying irregular deviations from this distribution. A web interface is made available to visualize descriptive statistics derived from various channels, with the intent to provide timely insights for human analysts.
Current Efforts to Make Bikeshare More Equitable: Survey of System Owners and Operators:

The number of public bikeshare systems has been increasing rapidly across the United States over the past 5 to 10 years. To date, most academic research around bikeshare systems in the United States has focused on the logistics of planning and operationalizing successful systems. Investigations of system users and effects on the local community are less common, and studies that are focused on efforts to engage underserved communities in bikeshare systems are rarer still. This paper relies on a survey of representatives from 56 U.S. bikeshare systems to better understand and document current approaches toward serving low-income and minority populations. The survey asked about equity policies and metrics, the degree to which equity considerations affect a variety of system practices, what the existing barriers to utilizing bikeshare are for target populations, and what challenges the bikeshare system entity faces in addressing those barriers. Results indicate that nearly one in four bikeshare systems has wr...
Mixed level modelling and simulation of large scale HW/SW systems

Current large-scale computing systems consist of computation-intensive application software, a huge computational platform, possibly other system components such as sensors and actuators, and other performance instrumentation components. The new system architectures being proposed are huge distributed and parallel systems with thousands of processors distributed widely over space and executing large applications. Significant emphasis has been placed on the evaluation of the performance of these systems. The following paper surveys some of the recent performance evaluation tools that have been developed to evaluate the performance of such large scale parallel and distributed systems. A new methodology of performance evaluation using mixed level modelling techniques is proposed and its advantages over other existing tools is discussed.
Earth Outgassing of Methane

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and a variety of other phenomena all point to a spasmodic release of gases generated at deep levels in the Earth. Methane (CH4) appears to be a major component, as would be expected if the present meteorites are an indication of the source material that formed the Earth.
BootQC: Bootstrap for Robust Analysis of Aviation Safety Data

Effective regulation of air traffic and safety requires a comprehensive aviation safety analysis plan. Most of the existing statistical analysis methods prescribed in the current aviation safety databases are parametric in nature, and thus their applicability is much restricted. A nonparametric alternative based on bootstrap methods is pursued in this paper. By assigning proper false alarm rates to the bootstrap control charts proposed in Liu and Tang (1996), a meaningful threshold system is developed for the purpose of regulating and monitoring aviation safety. The threshold system can serve as a set of standards for evaluating the performance of aviation entities, and provide guidelines for identifying unexpected performances and for assigning appropriate corrective measures. Both bootstrap control charts and threshold systems are demonstrated in an analysis of surveillance results collected by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) from several air carriers. The demonstration uses the software BootQC developed in Liu and Teng (2000).
Effective Refractive Index Values and Single Scattering Albedo Implications for Dry-Generated Clays As Retrieved from Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy.

Despite the widespread atmospheric presence of mineral dust and clay aerosol, there is still much uncertainty associated with their contribution to climate forcing especially as related to their nonspherical shape and rough surface. This paper provides a method for retrieving effective refractive indices for a series of clay aerosols produced via dry-generation, which more closely captures natural emission mechanisms. Aerosols were generated using a wrist-action shaker, size determined via tandem differential mobility analysis and optically interrogated with a cavity ring-down spectrometer. The three specific aerosols studied are montmorillonite, Na-rich montmorillonite, and illite. The retrieved refractive indices at 532 nm, room temperature, and <2% relative humidity are m = 1.55(3) + 0.15(6)i, m = 1.60(2) + 0.00(4)i, and m = 1.27(4) + 0.31(7)i, respectively. The effective and bulk refractive index values were then used to calculate single scattering albedo, which shows the changed warming potential of ...
Tethered to texting: Reliance on texting and emotional attachment to cell phones

Due to the ubiquity of cell phones, a myriad of studies have been conducted relating to human interaction with the devices. Though prior studies have indicated individuals have behavioral and physiological anxiety when separated from their phone, previous studies have not examined participants rating their relationship to their phone with intimate words reserved for close relationships. We had 175 students from a Midwestern university in the United States complete the Self-Perception of Text-Message Dependence Scale (SPTMDS) and the Emotional Attachment Scale. All four subscales of the SPTMDS (emotional reaction, excessive use, relationship maintenance, and psychological/behavioral symptoms) were significantly and positively correlated with emotional attachment. In addition, emotional attachment, age, and gender explained 22.8% of variance of the texting reliance scores. How an individual feels toward their phone appears to relate to how reliant an individual is on texting in their day-to-day lives. Implications for future studies are discussed.
Online Provision of Part D Medication Therapy Management Program Information

BACKGROUND: Low rates of beneficiary participation in medication therapy management (MTM) programs may be partly due to lack of awareness and understanding of the MTM program. To address this, the ...
Unraveling the Intermediate Species of Co3O4 Hollow Spheres for CO2 Photoreduction by In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Nanostructured hollow materials have emerged as a promising class of materials for energy conversion and storage. In this work, we report a Co3O4 hollow sphere nanostructure that can serve as a CO2...
Companionate leadership: A shemswian perspective

Given the calls for theories and models of leadership unique to Africa, I leverage insight from African historical, anthropological, and philosophical accounts to propose one type of indigenous lea...
Correlation Between CardioMEMS and HeartLogic in Predicting Heart Failure Events.

A 59-year-old male was admitted with acute on chronic decompensated heart failure. Review of his CardioMEMS (Abbott Laboratories, Atlanta, Georgia) device and HeartLogic (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts) index were helpful in guiding management of his volume status. This paper highlights the correlation between 2 monitoring systems which could be used to predict heart failure events. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).
Should I stay or should I go? The decision to flee or stay home during civil war

The literature on forced migration reveals a linkage between conflict-related violence and displacement. However, it often neglects the potential that variable forms of violence have differential i...
One Typology for a Big Word: Office of Diversity

Architecture’s original project was the invention of interiority, an enclosed area delimited from its context and made available for a narrowly defined public, function, and meaning. This original project was expanded during the Enlightenment with the concept of type as a method for producing architecture and establishing social institutions for molding subjectivities. This quest for interiority has reached its completion with world capitalism and its associated complexes, which, as Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have argued, are an interior without any possible or imaginable outside. In response to this condition, this essay argues that the original project of architecture—the conception and design of interiority—needs to be replaced by a new one: the conception and design of openings. To demonstrate this, I have assembled Typologies for Big Words, a series of projects that redefines the concept of type through a selection of building and landscape types proposed as openings within this global interior. Using Byung Chul-Han’s portrayal of contemporary society as an achievement society occupied by achievement-subjects, I present one of these projects as an example, Office of Diversity, as an opening for the production of non-paradigmatic subjectivities.
Bishops, Clerks, and Diocesan Governance in Thirteenth-Century England: Reward and Punishment

This book investigates how bishops deployed reward and punishment to control their administrative subordinates in thirteenth-century England. Bishops had few effective avenues available to them for disciplining their clerks and rarely pursued them, preferring to secure their service and loyalty through rewards. The chief reward was the benefice, often granted for life. Episcopal administrators' security of tenure in these benefices, however, made them free agents, allowing them to transfer from diocese to diocese or even leave administration altogether; they did not constitute a standing episcopal civil service. This tenuous bureaucratic relationship made the personal relationship between bishop and clerk more important. Ultimately, many bishops communicated in terms of friendship with their administrators, who responded with expressions of devotion. Michael Burger's study brings together ecclesiastical, social, legal and cultural history, producing the first synoptic study of thirteenth-century English diocesan administration in decades. His research provides an ecclesiastical counterpoint to numerous studies of bastard feudalism in secular contexts.
Manpower Placement and Comprehensive Training : The IMPACT of Indiana's work first model

Abstract This paper revisits theories of the welfare state as they center on the family ethic and the work ethic, juxtaposing these cultural belief systems with prevailing discourses of welfare reform: “welfare dependency,” “self-sufficiency,” and “personal responsibility.” These three discursive frameworks are interrogated in terms of their articulation through the Indiana Manpower Placement and Comprehensive Training Program (IMPACT)-Indiana's “work first” response to women's growing experience of poverty.
Effect of the Prophage and Penicillinase Plasmid of the Recipient Strain Upon the Transduction and the Stability of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Transduction of a methicillin-resistance determinant (mec) in Staphylococcus aureus RN450 was dependent on its prior lysogenization with an appropriate temperate phage. In addition, an appropriate transduced penicillinase plasmid was usually required. Some phage 80-resistant variants of RN450 or of its parental lysogenic strain, NCTC 8325, were also effective recipients for transduction of mec. Elimination of prophage from RN450 abrogated its effectiveness as a transductional recipient of mec. Elimination of prophage from a methicillin-resistant transductant of RN450 reduced resistance to undetectable levels in six of seven phage-eliminated strains. In four of these a variable number of clones again became phenotypically resistant after lysogenization alone or lysogenization combined with reintroduction of a penicillinase plasmid. In two prophage-eliminated strains, no evidence of residual mec could be adduced. The establishment, expression, or stability of the transduced mec in strain RN450 appeared to depend on some function determined by a prophage or a prophage and a penicillinase plasmid.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Urechis caupo, a representative of the phylum Echiura

Background: Mitochondria contain small genomes that are physically separate from those of nuclei. Their comparison serves as a model system for understanding the processes of genome evolution. Although hundreds of these genome sequences have been reported, the taxonomic sampling is highly biased toward vertebrates and arthropods, with many whole phyla remaining unstudied. This is the first description of a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a representative of the phylum Echiura, that of the fat innkeeper worm, Urechis caupo. Results: This mtDNA is 15,113 nts in length and 62% A+T. It contains the 37 genes that are typical for animal mtDNAs in an arrangement somewhat similar to that of annelid worms. All genes are encoded by the same DNA strand which is rich in A and C relative to the opposite strand. Codons ending with the dinucleotide GG are more frequent than would be expected from apparent mutational biases. The largest non-coding region is only 282 nts long, is 71% A+T, and has potential for secondary structures. Conclusions: Urechis caupo mtDNA shares many features with those of the few studied annelids, including the common usage of ATG start codons, unusual among animal mtDNAs, as well as gene arrangements, tRNA structures, and codon usage biases.
Error Analysis of the Elements of an Eclipsing Binary System in Frequency Domain

The fundamental ideas involved in the frequency domain approach to the analysis of light curves were described by Kopal (1975) in the first of a sequence of papers devoted to the subject. Details of the procedure have been elaborated upon ever since and the current state of its development is summarized in Kopal’s monograph (1979a) “Language of the Stars.”
Regulation of neuron function and metabolism by acyl-CoA hydrolysis (476.1)

Numerous neurological diseases are associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism; however, the regulation of fatty acid metabolism in neurons has been largely unexplored. The control of cellular fa...
Disk-Crossing Orbits

We study orbits in simplified models of galaxies which consist of two components, a disk and a halo. The disk is idealized as razor-thin, though we present evidence that this simplifying assumption is not critical. We find that the presence of the disk causes many more resonances than have been found in similar smooth potentials. Those resonances grow at relatively modest values of energy, overlap, and give rise to many stochastic orbits. A significant range of regular orbits remain and show smooth KAM curves, even though the discontinuous potential due to the razor-thin disk means that current versions of the KAM theorem do not apply.
Approximating Global Quadratic Optimization with Convex Quadratic Constraints

We consider the problem of approximating the global maximum of a quadratic program (QP) subject to convex non-homogeneous quadratic constraints. We prove an approximation quality bound that is related to a condition number of the convex feasible set; and it is the currently best for approximating certain problems, such as quadratic optimization over the assignment polytope, according to the best of our knowledge.
Acetylcholine Receptors of Cultured Muscle Cells Demonstrated with Ferritin-α-Bungarotoxin Conjugates

α-Bungarotoxin-ferritin conjugates were used to visualize by freeze-fracture and thin-section electron microscopy toxin-binding sites, presumably acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, in membranes of muscle cells grown in tissue culture. Toxin conjugated to ferritin by a glutaraldehyde reaction and purified by column chromatography in a buffer of high ionic strength remains active in blocking the effect of iontophoretically applied ACh. The potency of the conjugates was decreased 5-10 times compared to native α-bungarotoxin. Toxin-ferritin conjugates were identified in small clusters which were not uniformly distributed over the surface membrane. Binding was inhibited by preincubation in D-tubocurare or unconjugated toxin. The relation of the clusters to the non-uniform distribution of ACh sensitivity and α-bungarotoxin binding on cultured muscle fibres is discussed.
Effect of Incubation with Rat Tissues on Bovine Pituitary Growth Hormone

Bovine growth hormone was incubated with homogenates of rat liver, thymus, kidney and spleen. These tissues were found to exert proteolytic activity; limited digestion of the hormone with the tissue enzyme (s) did not have any appreciable effect on its biologic activity.
Stimulus change detection in phasic auditory units in the frog midbrain: frequency and ear specific adaptation

Neural adaptation, a reduction in the response to a maintained stimulus, is an important mechanism for detecting stimulus change. Contributing to change detection is the fact that adaptation is often stimulus specific: adaptation to a particular stimulus reduces excitability to a specific subset of stimuli, while the ability to respond to other stimuli is unaffected. Phasic cells (e.g., cells responding to stimulus onset) are good candidates for detecting the most rapid changes in natural auditory scenes, as they exhibit fast and complete adaptation to an initial stimulus presentation. We made recordings of single phasic auditory units in the frog midbrain to determine if adaptation was specific to stimulus frequency and ear of input. In response to an instantaneous frequency step in a tone, 28 % of phasic cells exhibited frequency specific adaptation based on a relative frequency change (delta-f = ±16 %). Frequency specific adaptation was not limited to frequency steps, however, as adaptation was also overcome during continuous frequency modulated stimuli and in response to spectral transients interrupting tones. The results suggest that adaptation is separated for peripheral (e.g., frequency) channels. This was tested directly using dichotic stimuli. In 45 % of binaural phasic units, adaptation was ear specific: adaptation to stimulation of one ear did not affect responses to stimulation of the other ear. Thus, adaptation exhibited specificity for stimulus frequency and lateralization at the level of the midbrain. This mechanism could be employed to detect rapid stimulus change within and between sound sources in complex acoustic environments.
Selecting the Optimal Hardware Prefetching Algorithm for Parallel Workloads (Abstract Only)

Prefetching is a commonly used technique of improving low-level cache usage that predicts memory requests ahead of time and thus, improves performance by hiding memory latency. Several prefetching algorithms are implemented in hardware. For example, the Intel Core2 processor has 4 different prefetchers, each of which serves a different type of data access pattern. These prefetchers are enabled by default, based on the assumption that the prefetch unit will be triggered when it can successfully prefetch data. However, we have discovered that this assumption is incorrect and can at times hurt performance by up to 11%. We present a simple and easy-to-use framework that determines which hardware-prefetching configuration should be used for a specific workload. The guiding principle of this work that sets it apart from other similar ones is that it fits well within the development process of an average programmer possessing no detailed hardware specific knowledge. For two programs in the PARSEC benchmark, on an Intel Core2 machine, our framework results in an effective speedup of 19% compared to the baseline default setting of using all available prefetchers.
Etiology and treatment of acquired coagulopathies in the critically ill patient

Excessive bleeding frequently complicates the care of critically-ill patients. Except in the case of trauma or in patients with known coagulopathies (e.g., hemophilia), the bleeding is generally not directly related to the illness that results in admission to the intensive care unit. In general, the causes of the bleeding can be divided into 3 categories: consumptive coagulopathies (e.g., DIC), bleeding related to ``hepatic issues'' (i.e., liver dysfunction, vitamin K deficiency), and iatrogenic causes. This review will discuss the more common causes of bleeding in the critically-ill patient and outline diagnostic and treatment approaches for these patients. New experimental data linking activation of the coagulation and inflammatory systems with the development of multisystem organ failure is briefly discussed.
Aluminum oxynitride's resistance to impact and erosion

Aluminum oxynitride (ALON) is a polycrystalline ceramic material useful for windows, domes, and other optical elements. It is transparent in the visible to mid-wavelength infrared. Data is presented on the affects of impacts with sand and water particles on polished surfaces. Velocities up to 690 m/sec were used.
Integrating a Neurosequential Approach in the Treatment of Traumatized Children: An Interview With Eliana Gil, Part II

In this article, Catherine Ford Sori interviews Dr. Eliana Gil regarding how to incorporate recent findings in interpersonal neurobiology with current attachment-enhancing play therapy approaches. Dr. Gil discusses how to incorporate the work of Daniel Siegel and Bruce Perry’s groundbreaking neurosequential model into clinical practice in the treatment of abused and traumatized children and their families.
Pyroxene whiskers and platelets in interplanetary dust - Evidence of vapour phase growth

Enstatite crystals with whisker and platelet morphologies have been observed within chondritic porous micrometeorites. Samples of such crystals collected from the stratosphere are described. The samples display unique crystal morphologies and microstructures, such as axial screw dislocations, that strongly suggest that they are primary vapor phase condensates which could have formed either in the solar nebula or in presolar environments. The relationship between the crystal polymorphism and the thermal conditions of growth is discussed, adopting the view that protoenstatite and orthoenstatite are the stable high and low temperature forms, respectively. The kinetic aspects and mechanisms of whisker and platelet growth are considered, and the nature of the likely growth medium for the crystals is addressed. It is concluded that growth from a relatively low-pressure vapor phase is the most likely mode of growth.
Induction of highly proliferative phenotypes in cultured glomerular mesangial cells by benzo[a]pyrene alone or in combination with methoxamine.

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that aromatic hydrocarbons can initiate glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) injury and contribute to the onset of renal disease. The present studies were conducted to assess the impact of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP), a ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, on the proliferation of GMCs. Challenge of cultured GMCs with BaP (0.3–30 μ M ) for 24 h was associated with concentration-dependent decreases in DNA synthesis, a response mediated by selective interference with early G 1 cell cycle progression. One cycle of sequential treatment with 3 μ M BaP for 24 h followed by challenge with 10 μ M methoxamine (MeoA), a growth-promoting α 1 -adrenergic agonist, for an additional 24 h attenuated the inhibitory response elicited by BaP alone. Following three rounds of sequential treatment with BaP and MeoA, GMCs exposed to BaP alone or BaP/MeoA exhibited enhanced proliferation rates relative to controls. BaP/MeoA cells acquired the greatest proliferative enhancement and exhibited unregulated c-jun and c-fos gene expression under growth-arrested and serum-stimulated conditions. Marked increases in specific AP-1 binding to a synthetic oligonucleotide were observed upon serum stimulation of quiescent cultures of BaP/MeoA cells relative to controls or any of the other treatment groups. These data demonstrate that sequential treatment with BaP in combination with MeoA is associated with induction of highly proliferative phenotypes in GMCs characterized by differential expression of growth-related protooncogenes.
Hybrid Monte Carlo Algorithm on the Connection Machine

This paper is divided into three parts: an introduction to the Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm; a detailed discussion of its implementation for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in CMIS on the Connection Machine (CM-2); and a summary of recent analytic results on the behavior of HMC for free field theory. We present a detailed description of the architecture of the CM-2 and explain how it can execute the Conjugate Gradient (CG) solver for HMC at 6.35 GFlops/s.
Diamond as a nanomedical agent for versatile applications in drug delivery, imaging, and sensing

A spectrum of materials has been explored as potential platforms for nanomedicine in the areas of drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostics/sensing. Depending upon the application required, the therapeutic compound being delivered, or the imaging agent being modified, certain nanoparticulate materials offer specific advantages that may uniquely enhance efficiency. Among the classes of particles being investigated, diamond-based platforms have emerged as promising vehicles for drug delivery and imaging following several recent studies that demonstrate their ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy, particularly for anthracyclines, mediate markedly improved magnetic resonance imaging contrast and photostable fluorescence, possess scalable processing parameters, and exhibit biocompatibility, among many other important attributes. More specifically, detonation NDs have faceted surfaces that can mediate potent interactions with surrounding water molecules or therapeutic compounds. This attribute can mitigate premature drug release to prevent major side effects such as myelosuppression, while water molecule recruitment can increase the relaxivity of covalently conjugated gadolinium. These properties of NDs and diamond-based devices will be discussed in this article, with a focus on therapeutic delivery in addition to insight on their use in imaging, devices, implants/coatings, and biocompatibility. Key areas of potential, where advances in biology and medicine can be realized through the continued development of this platform as well as requisite future studies, will also be highlighted.
Effect of ambient air on transformer temperature

THE TEMPERATURE RISE of all self-cooled apparatus is based upon the rise above the surrounding or ambient air temperature.
Magnetic resonance imaging study of solid rocket propellants and liners

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to study solid rocket propellants and liner material. The samples studied were simulants, used mainly for safety reasons, of real systems using ammonium sulfate in place of the energetic materials. The polymeric binder was hydroxy-terminated poly(butadiene) (HTPB) reacted with isopherone diisocyanate. MRI was used to observe variations in intensity in the simulant samples due to differing percentages of solids loading. It also showed the homogeneous intensity obtained for an unfilled sample used for comparison with the 82% filled material. The liner material, HTPB and dimeryl diisocyanate, was imaged despite its relative rigidity observed from its short T2 value. Samples of poly(alkylene) oxide simulants were imaged, and various bubbles and regions of filler inhomogeneity were observed. These defects were correlated with photo-micrographs of the sample. MRI can be used to image real systems of solid rocket components. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Caspase activation and apoptosis induction by adalimumab: demonstration in vitro and in vivo in a chimeric mouse model.

Background: Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which was recently introduced as a therapy for Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Besides neutralization, induction of apoptosis of monocytes/macrophages and T cells is thought to be an important mechanism of action of the anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody infliximab, at least in Crohn's disease therapy. Aim: To study caspase activation and the induction of apoptosis by adalimumab and the effect of a caspase inhibitor in vivo. Methods: For in vitro studies, THP-1 cells (human monocytic cell line) were incubated with adalimumab, infliximab, or human immunoglobulin G, and annexin V + propidium iodide, Apo2.7, and 7-amino actinomycin-D were used to study apoptosis on the cell membrane, mitochodrial, and DNA level, respectively. Active caspase-3 was detected by intracellular staining. For in vivo studies, a chimeric human-mouse model was used, in which THP-1 cells were injected intraperitoneally in SCID-Beige mice followed by treatment with adalimumab, infliximab, or human immunoglobulin G. Effects of a pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyketone on apoptosis induction were evaluated. Results:In vitro analysis revealed that apoptosis could be induced in THP-1 cells by both adalimumab and infliximab. Activation of caspase-3 after incubation with adalimumab was demonstrated by intracellular staining. In addition, in the chimeric mouse model, a higher percentage of residual THP-1 cells were apoptotic, and lower cell numbers were recovered in the adalimumab- or infliximab-treated mouse. Apoptosis induction by adalimumab could be abrogated through in vivo pretreatment of mice with the pan-caspase inhibitor. Conclusions: Adalimumab, besides neutralizing tumor necrosis factor, also induces apoptosis of transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-positive THP-1 cells by activating intracellular caspases. This activity is likely to be important for the clinical effect of this biodrug.
Regionalized models for the thermal evolution of the Earth

Abstract Traditional models for the heat loss in oceanic and continental regions are combined into a regionalized model for the thermal evolution of the Earth. The need for regionalization is obvious when one considers that the mantle loses 3 to 4 times as much heat per unit area in oceanic regions than in continental areas. The present-day rate of heat loss together with a geochemical estimate of the concentration of heat-producing elements in the Earth fixes the response time of the thermally convecting mantle. The response time in turn can be used to select the most reasonable representation for mantle convection in terms of the sensitivity of viscosity on temperature and layering versus mantle-wide circulation. Present geochemical estimates of the bulk composition of the Earth are most easily reconciled with the observed heat flow if the mantle is layered and its rheology is slightly less temperature dependent than generally assumed. The layered system can produce sufficiently high temperatures to explain the high-magnesian komatiites of the Archean. One difficulty with the models is that they predict widespread melting at shallow depth in the early stages of Earth history but do not address how such melting affects and alters the heat transfer mechanisms.
Theory of hysteresis-motor torque

THE object of this study is the development of a quantitative theory of hysteresis-motor torque, especially in relation to magnetic properties and dimensions. The theory is interpreted physically in an idealized case, and applied to a particular motor to verify the result experimentally.
Monitoring Transistor Degradation in Power Inverters Through Pole Shifts

In a power inverter configuration with pull-up and pull-down transistors, ringing that occurs on the high-to-low and low-to-high transitions can be used to track aging or degradation of the transistors and potentially predict failures. Changes in a transistor's equivalent resistance and capacitance can affect the frequency and damping factor of the characteristic ringing detected on the inverter's output. In this paper, the matrix pencil method is used to locate the poles associated with this ringing, and detect shifts in position that indicate transistor degradation.
A comparison of abrasion resistance of dental stones

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the abrasion resistance of gypsum dental die stones. A review of literature of previous evaluations of gypsum products is presented, and the relevancy of the various tests is discussed. Testing was done at 24 h and 7 days after mixing. There are significant differences between die stones, and aging from 24 h to 7 days makes a substantial difference with some stones.
A water quality model for a river receiving paper mill effluents and conventional sewage

Abstract During low flow periods in summer, portions of the Pigeon River, North Carolina, have experienced depressed dissolved oxygen concentrations. The Pigeon River receives multiple point source effluents from several wastewater treatment facilities and a large kraft paper mill located in Canton, NC which contribute the oxygen-demanding and nutrient loads to the river. A water quality model was constructed, from survey data specifically collected to meet the model's requirements, to examine the processes and sources contributing to the observed oxygen declines and the evaluate specific management alternatives. The model was validated using two independent data sets. Simulations showed that relatively little of the CBOD materials released by the mill were degraded within the river and were subsequently ‘deposited’ in the reservoir at the end of the modelled river segment. Reductions in CBOD concentrations could be generally accounted for by tributary dilution. However, nitrogenous oxygen demanding materials released by the mill (e.g., NH3) created a considerable demand for oxygen within the modelled segment of the river. Model results showed this relatively rapid degradation of NBOD could depress oxygen levels to low levels (i.e.,
The effects of different health risk appraisal feedback on health-related behaviors in a worksite population

Three commonly used health risk appraisals (HRAs) and a control were utilized in a worksite population to determine their impact on employees' health-related behaviors. A generic questionnaire was developed which included non-redundant items from three different HRA instruments, and was distributed to all 495 employees of an insurance company. Two hundred employees returned usable questionnaires and were randomly allocated into three HRA groups and a control. Each HRA group received different HRA-generated computer feedback while the control group received general health information. A follow-up questionnaire was distributed 3 weeks after employees received HRA or control feedback to measure reported healthrelated behaviors and satisfaction with the feedback. Statistical analyses revealed no differences between the HRA feedback conditions and the control with regard to changes in employees' reported health behavior.
Literacy in the 21st Century: Emergent Themes

The most difficult task facing policymakers is to understand that the strong feelings on both sides of the reading debate may not be truly reflective of the choices before them. It is not a choice between teaching reading through phonics or whole language. A good whole-language program must include phonics. And good direct-phonics instruction, while essential, is only one part of an effective program. Policymakers should seek to walk the fine line between the more single-minded positions on either side of the reading debate to promote an approach that really is based on strong evidence of effectiveness. The practice of teaching reading, like the practice of scientific medicine, never should cease to be, in the most positive sense of the term, a work in progress. (p. 6)
Two-Dimensional Radiative Equilibrium: A Semi-Infinite Medium Subjected to Cosine Varying Radiation

Abstract Exact numerical solutions are presented for the radiative flux and emissive power at the boundary of a semi-infinite, two-dimensional, planar, absorbing-emitting, gray medium subjected to cosine-varying collimated and cosine-varying diffuse boundary radiation, respectively. The emissive power at the boundary due to the cosine varying collimated boundary condition is shown to be a generalized H -function which is analogous to the H -function of Chandrasekhar. The nonlinear integral equation of the Chandrasekhar type is developed for the generalized H -function and solved for a wide range of the parameters. The emissive power and radiative flux at the boundary for the cosine-varying diffuse model, as well as the radiative flux for the cosine-varying collimated model, are expressed in terms of the generalized H -function and solved numerically.