cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of subsurface polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the Deepwater Horizon site

[1] Here, we report the initial observations of distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in subsurface waters near the Deepwater Horizon oil well site (also referred to as the Macondo, Mississippi Canyon Block 252 or MC252 well). Profiles of in situ fluorescence and beam attenuation conducted during 9-16 May 2010 were characterized by distinct peaks at depths greater than 1000 m, with highest intensities close to the wellhead and decreasing intensities with increasing distance from the wellhead. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of water samples coinciding with the deep fluorescence and beam attenuation anomalies confirmed the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at concentrations reaching 189 μg L−1 (ppb). Subsurface exposure to PAH at levels considered to be toxic to marine organisms would have occurred in discrete depth layers between 1000 and 1400 m in the region southwest of the wellhead site and extending at least as far as 13 km.
Direct numerical simulation of passive scalar transport in transverse jets

Direct numerical simulation is used to study passive scalar transport and mixing in a round turbulent jet, in a laminar crossflow. The ratio of the jet velocity to that of the crossflow is 5.7, the Schmidt number of the scalar is 1.49, and the jet-exit Reynolds number is 5000. The scalar field is used to compute entrainment of the crossflow fluid by the jet. It is shown that the bulk of this entrainment occurs on the downstream side of the jet. Also, the transverse jet entrains more fluid than a regular jet even when the jet has not yet bent into the crossflow. The transverse jet's enhanced entrainment is explained in terms of the pressure field around the jet. The acceleration imposed by the crossflow deforms the jet cross-section on the downstream side, which sets up a pressure gradient that drives downstream crossflow fluid toward the jet. The simulation results are used to comment on the applicability of the gradient–diffusion hypothesis to compute passive scalar mixing in this flow field. Computed values of the eddy diffusivity show significant scatter, and a pronounced anisotropy. The near field also exhibits counter gradient diffusion.
Parametric keyframe interpolation incorporating kinetic adjustment and phrasing control

Parametric keyframing is a popular animation technique where values for parameters which control the position, orientation, size, and shape of modeled objects are determined at key times, then interpolated for smooth animation. Typically the parameter values defined by the keyframes are interpolated by spline techniques with the result that the parameter change kinetics are implicitly defined by the given keyframe times and data points. Existing interpolation systems for animation are examined and found to lack certain desirable features such as continuity of acceleration or convenient kinetic control. The requirements of interpolation for animation are analyzed in order to determine the characteristics of a satisfactory system. A new interpolation system is developed and implemented which incorporates second-derivative continuity (continuity of acceleration), local control, convenient kinetic control, and joining and phrasing of successive motions. Phrasing control includes the ability to parametrically control the degree and extent of smooth motion flow between separately defined motions.
Strategic Space: Exclusion and Inclusion in Wildland Policies in Late Imperial China

Wildlands have attracted the attention of national governments, not only for the natural resources they contain, but also as land available for settlement or as the home of marginalized populations, a potential source of disorder. Some countries have attempted to maintain control over wildlands and their resources by excluding people from them. The historical record of government policies towards wildlands in Late Imperial China shows that wildlands had more symbolic and strategic value to the authorities than economic value. In this case, policies adopted an alternative strategy of filling the 'strategic space' represented by wildlands, bringing them more closely into the cultural and economic orbit of the centre by settlement--the policy of inclusion. Wildlands and the State Wildlands are lands which are believed to be predominantly in their original state, before human settlement. They are usually in mountainous, arid, or waterlogged areas. They tend to be marginal in terms of productivity and in terms of their populations who are often ethnic minorities closely dependent on the surrounding natural resources, or migrants displaced from the lowlands and more densely populated regions. Wildlands have been, and they continue today to be, a 'strategic space' and a potential source of disorder, but they are also a potential source of unexploited essential resources. In spite of their remoteness and low productivity, wildlands have attracted the attenoo26-749X/92/$5.oo + .00 ) 1992 Cambridge University Press
An efficient moving mesh spectral method for the phase-field model of two-phase flows

We develop in this paper a moving mesh spectral method for the phase-field model of two-phase flows with non-periodic boundary conditions. The method is based on a variational moving mesh PDE for the phase function, coupled with efficient semi-implicit treatments for advancing the mesh function, the phase function and the velocity and pressure in a decoupled manner. Ample numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the moving mesh spectral method.
Breeding system variation in 10 evening primroses (Oenothera sections Anogra and Kleinia; Onagraceae)

 Premise of the study: We examined two accounts of the relationship between breeding system and life history variation in a clade of evening primroses ( Oenothera , Onagraceae): (1) selection for reproductive assurance should generate an association between self-compatibility and monocarpy and (2) phylogenetic conservatism leads to retention of breeding system and life history traits among closely related taxa.  Methods: We performed over 4000 hand pollinations under greenhouse conditions to determine the compatibility of 10 Oenothera taxa (sections Anogra [17 taxa] and Kleinia [2 taxa)] for which breeding systems had not previously been reported. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the infl uence of pollination treatment, parents, and population on fruiting success.  Key results: Among the taxa tested, six were self-incompatible, two were variable in compatibility, and two were self-compatible. We combined these data with published studies in Anogra and Kleinia and mapped breeding system and life history onto a published phylogeny.  Conclusions: We found no evidence for phylogenetic conservatism, but detected considerable evolutionary lability in both traits. Additionally, we found no evidence for a consistent relationship between breeding system and life history. Only eight of 19 taxa followed the predicted association between self-incompatibility and polycarpy vs. self-compatibility and monocarpy. Instead, many taxa have retained self-incompatibility, regardless of monocarpy or polycarpy.
Treatment of spontaneous coronary artery dissection with intracoronary stenting

ever, because of a clear l ife-threatening situation, RF ablation therapy was used in this case. The only alternative t rea tment in this pat ient would have been surgical ablation. This case study indicates that the VT was possibly caused by an automatic focus or triggered activity origina t ing from near the cardiac tumor. The fact tha t ablation at a single site abolished this polymorphic VT implied that it could be unifocal with multiple exit routes. The precise location of the site of ablation was achieved by mechanical ablation, pace-mapping, and locating the earliest site of the ventricular depolarization of the VT. The power setting of 15 W was empiric, but a temperature-controlled RF lesion generator may help guide energy delivery level and duration with more precision. This case report offers a nonsurgical mode of t rea tment in infants with cardiac tumors and life-threatening VT. The pat ient needs long-term follow-up to determine the outcome of the tumors.
Factors Associated With Participation of Children With Mental Health Problems in Structured Youth Development Programs

Comprehensive community care principles emphasize the importance of positive community-based activities for children with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), and caregivers frequently indicate the need for recreation and after-school programs.This study examined the involvement of children with EBD in positive youth development programs and investigated factors associated with their participation. From a sample of children in an urban public mental health system, interviews with the child and primary caregiver assessed child behavior and mental health, family functioning, and social demographic status. At 6 month follow-up, caregivers reported child participation in structured recreational/educational activities. Participation was positively associated with parents' level of education and negatively associated with child problem behaviors. An interaction effect involving parent education and child externalizing behaviors was identified. Also, controlling for child behavior, activity participation wa...
Reaching rural areas with financial services : lessons from financial cooperatives in Brazil, Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Sri Lanka

This paper presents four cases of financial cooperative networks in developing countries with significant rural outreach. The four cases are SICREDI (Sistema de Cooperativa de Credito) in Brazil, SANASA in Sri Lanka, RCPB (Reseau des Caisses Populaires du Burkina) in Burkina Faso, and KERUSSU (Kenya Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Union) in Kenya. These cases represent examples of FC networks with significant outreach in rural areas, but operating in widely varying economic contexts. Access to financial services contributes to rural development and poverty reduction by promoting income-enhancing and vulnerability-reducing investments, enabling better management of cash flows and risk, and facilitating remittances. However, financial access is limited in most rural areas in developing countries because of high transaction costs and risks attributed to low levels of economic activity, poor infrastructure, high levels of production and price risks in agriculture, and poor public policies, such as interest-rate caps and debt write-offs. Through a case study approach, this paper attempts to answer such questions as: Can FCs provide financial services in rural areas in developing countries and still be profitable? Do FCs provide services to low-income clients? How does the regulatory environment affect FC performance? How does the business model of FC networks affect FC performance?
Signatures of Protein-DNA Recognition in Free DNA Binding Sites

Abstract One obstacle to achieving complete understanding of the principles underlying sequence-dependent recognition of DNA is the paucity of structural data for DNA recognition sequences in their free (unbound) state. Here, we carried out crystallization screening of 50 DNA duplexes containing cognate protein binding sites and obtained new crystal structures of free DNA binding sites for three distinct modes of DNA recognition: anti-parallel β strands (MetR), helix-turn-helix motif + hinge helices (PurR), and zinc fingers (Zif268). Structural changes between free and protein-bound DNA are manifested differently in each case. The new DNA structures reveal that distinctive sequence-dependent DNA geometry dominates recognition by MetR, protein-induced bending of DNA dictates recognition by PurR, and deformability of DNA along the A - B continuum is important in recognition by Zif268. Together, our findings show that crystal structures of free DNA binding sites provide new information about the nature of protein–DNA interactions and thus lend insights towards a structural code for DNA recognition.
Hail growth and recirculation in a multicellular hailstorm observed during VORTEX-95

The first recorded evaluations of hailstone growth trajectories postulated hailstones were formed through a process of recycling of the hailstone through the updraft several times. This concept was refined using Doppler radar data to identify three stages of hailstone growth. These three stages are described. This paper re-examines the hail growth process using new high resolution airborne Doppler radar data, and relates the formation of giant hail to hailstorm structure. The analysis is based on data collected during VORTEX in 1995. VORTEX used highly mobile airborne Doppler radars and ground chase teams, to provide unique, high-resolution observations of severe tornadic storms and hailstorms. The severe hailstorm discussed in this paper occurred on 12-13 May 1995, and produced baseball-sized hail in northeastern Kansas. The data discussed herein were collected by the NCARELDORA airborne Doppler radar which produced high spatial resolution observations of the hailstorm over a three hour period while the aircraft flew back and forth across the storm inflow region in a racetrack pattern. The radar is a side-scanning Doppler radar with dual beams 18/spl deg/ fore and aft of normal to the flight track.
High Bandwidth Analog Applications Of Photonics: Present Capabilities And Future Possibilities

Experimenters involved in measuring single-shot, fast-transient phenomena are fast turning toward photonics to meet their experimental needs. Photonics is the technology of generating and using light in detection, diagnostics, communications, and information processing systems. This technology includes light generation, transmission, deflection, amplification, detection, and recording and includes areas of lasers and other light sources, fiber optics, electro-optical instrumentation, and optical components and instrumentation. Photonics systems offer immense advantages and possibilities over ,Systems that use electrical signals. The advantages realized by photonics systems include increased data quality (in terms of bandwidth, resolution, reliability, and often accuracy and precision), increased data quantity, and economic and operational benefits. Single-shot, fast--transient analog measurement techniques introduce some special considerations and challenges for the experimenter that are not encountered in telecommunication applications of photonics. This overview explores some of these issues with emphasis placed on photonic sensors and data recorders. A sampling of photonics diagnostic systems is presented along with a discussion of future possibilities and challenges facing the experimenter. This exciting new field is in its infancy, and many of the diagnostic techniques presented are still evolving into yet more powerful tools for the experimenter. Single-shot, fast-transient analog photonics diagnostic techniques have experienced an almost exponential growth over the past few years and are expected to have a major impact on governmental, industrial, and academic communities involved with such measurements.
Investigating alternative concepts of operations for a maritime security system of systems

For complex systems of systems, such as those required to perform maritime security, system architects have numerous choices they may select from, both in the components and in the way the system operates. Component choices, such as the length of a wing or the number of ground control stations, are often considered in tradespace studies, but this paper highlights the operational choices that are often overlooked. Using an unmanned vehicle system of systems as an example, the importance of considering operational choices as well as the highly interdependent nature of operational and component choices is demonstrated, further strengthening the case for careful consideration of operational variables early in the concept phase of the design process. Finally, a high-level methodology for generating and evaluating operational choices is introduced.
Easypod™ a new electronic injection device for growth hormone

The easypod™ is the first automated electronic injection device for growth hormone delivery. To save user’s time and reduce administration error, the dose is preset by a physician or nurse; in addition, to allow patient adherence to be monitored, the time, date and dose (mg) of each injection is recorded. Details of the last injection and number of doses remaining in the cartridge are also displayed in order to help patients manage the injection schedule. Drug use can be optimized by splitting the dose over two cartridges, with an automatic compensation facility to avoid under-dosing. Patients can customize the depth, speed and duration of the injection. In a user trial, easypod was very well accepted. This review places easypod in the context of current and future growth hormone devices.
Peromyscus maniculatus in eastern Colorado: a subspecies with lower prevalence of Sin Nombre virus infection

Data collected over the past 15 years in Colorado show that deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) collected in southeastern Colorado have a significantly lower Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antibody prevalence than mice from western Colorado. Based on mitochondrial sequences, P. maniculatus was recently subdivided into 6 clades. Clade 1a occurs throughout the mountainous regions of western Colorado and clade 2 crosses the short-grass steppe in southeastern Colorado. We used mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from this earlier study and 14 nuclear SNPs to test the hypothesis that clade 2 mice consist of a separate subspecies. Little genetic differentiation was detected (FST 5 0.027) among 435 deer mice collected from 8 locations in western Colorado. In contrast, 171 deer mice collected from 4 locations in eastern Colorado were genetically differentiated from one another (FST 5 0.168) and from those captured in western Colorado (FST 5 0.256). During this survey we identified a single locality in central Colorado where both clade 1a and 2 mice are sympatric and have a high SNV seropositivity (52.2% in 2006; 24.4% in 2009). Antibody prevalence was 21.1% among clade 2 mice, lower than the 32.4% rate among clade 1a mice, suggesting that clade 2 mice may, for both genetic and environmental reasons, have lower susceptibility to SNV infection.
Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, codeine, and the codeine metabolites morphine and codeine‐6‐glucuronide in healthy Greyhound dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of codeine and the active metabolites morphine and codeine-6-glucuronide after i.v. codeine administration and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen (APAP), codeine, morphine, and codeine-6-glucuronide after oral administration of combination product containing acetaminophen and codeine to dogs. Six healthy Greyhound dogs were administered 0.734 mg/kg codeine i.v. and acetaminophen (10.46 mg/kg mean dose) with codeine (1.43 mg/kg mean dose) orally. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for the determination of codeine, morphine, and codeine-6-glucuronide plasma concentrations by LC/MS and acetaminophen by HPLC with UV detection. Codeine was rapidly eliminated after i.v. administration (T(1/2) = 1.22 h; clearance = 29.94 mL/min/kg; volume of distribution = 3.17 L/kg) with negligible amounts of morphine present, but large amounts of codeine-6-glucuronide (C(max) = 735.75 ng/mL) were detected. The oral bioavailability of codeine was 4%, morphine concentrations were negligible, but large amounts of codeine-6-glucuronide (C(max) = 1952.86 ng/mL) were detected suggesting substantial first pass metabolism. Acetaminophen was rapidly absorbed (C(max) = 6.74 microg/mL; T(max) = 0.85 h) and eliminated (T(1/2) = 0.96 h). In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of codeine was similar to other opioids in dogs with a short half-life, rapid clearance, large volume of distribution, and poor oral bioavailability. High concentrations of codeine-6-glucuronide were detected after i.v. and oral administration.
Of heretics and heroes

![][1] The Heretic in Darwin's Court: The Life of Alfred Russel Wallaceby Ross A. SlottenColumbia University Press, New York,NY, USA602 pp, $39.50ISBN 0231130104 Long ago and far away, there lived a humble collector of birds and insects who, during a bout of malaria, had a flash of insight that helped to change the world. That man was Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), and the insight was the nature of the force for biological change known as natural selection. Excited by his discovery, he dashed off an essay on the idea and sent it to a man he hardly knew, Charles Darwin, who he hoped might think it worthy of forwarding to a then even more prominent naturalist, the geologist Charles Lyell, who Wallace felt might find the subject interesting. Little did he know that Darwin had entertained similar ideas for some 20 years, although he had not yet put his thoughts in print. Darwin was dumbstruck: a major threat to his priority now loomed. He appealed to Lyell and another of his naturalist friends, the botanist Joseph Hooker, for advice on what to do. They intervened on his behalf, attaching a couple of Darwin's unpublished descriptions of natural selection to Wallace's manuscript, and presented the lot at the next meeting of the Linnean Society of London, UK, on 1 July … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Use of electrolyte cathode glow discharge (ELCAD) for the analysis of complex mixtures

Use of an electrolyte-cathode glow discharge (ELCAD) with complex samples is explored. The present state of knowledge in this regard is briefly reviewed and several previously undocumented effects are examined. Remedies to various interferences are proposed and evaluated. The implications of the results to the mechanistic understanding of ELCAD are discussed.
Cross-Protection by Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Under Controlled Experimental Conditions

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) cross-protection trials were performed in healthy chickens maintained under controlled environmental conditions. Chickens primed or primed and boosted with a Massachusetts (Mass)-type attenuated vaccine were subsequently challenged with either IBV Arkansas (Ark) or GA13-type virulent strains. In addition, Ark-vaccinated chickens were challenged with IBV GA13. Spike protein 1 (S1) amino acid identities between IBV vaccine and challenge strains varied from 76.0% to 77.3%. Contrary to expectations, assessments of clinical signs, viral load, and histopathology indicated a significant level of cross-protection among these antigenically distant IBV strains. Moreover, prime and booster vaccination with Mass protected against GA13 and improved protection against Ark when compared with Mass single vaccination. These results emphasize the need to include both single vaccination control groups and control groups primed and boosted with a single serotype when testing the efficacy of IBV protectotypes and/or novel IBV vaccine combinations against heterologous serotypes under controlled experimental conditions. Such controls are of distinct importance in experiments supporting the introduction of attenuated IBV vaccine strains exotic to regions, since these exotic strains may provide new genetic material for recombination and emergence of novel IBV strains.
Mourning dove hunting regulation strategy based on annual harvest statistics and banding data

Although managers should strive to base game bird harvest management strategies on mechanistic population models, monitoring programs required to build and continuously update these models may not be in place. Alternatively, if estimates of total harvest and harvest rates are available, then population estimates derived from these harvest data can serve as the basis for making hunting regulation decisions based on population growth rates derived from these estimates. I present a statistically rigorous approach for regulation decision-making using a hypothesis-testing framework and an assumed framework of 3 hunting regulation alternatives. I illustrate and evaluate the technique with historical data on the mid-continent mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) population. I evaluate the statistical properties of the hypothesis-testing framework using the best available data on mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). I use these results to discuss practical implementation of the technique as an interim harvest strategy for mourning doves until reliable mechanistic population models and associated monitoring programs are developed.
Wiped-Film Evaporators for Evaporating Alkaline Light Water Reactor Radioactive Wastes

Evaporation tests with synthetic alkaline wastes typical of intermediate-level waste streams from the processing of spent reactor fuel were made at the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) with two smal...
Building Trust in the Internet of Things

This paper will assess what governments can do to promote consumer acceptance of Internet-mediated services that use sensors and machine-to-machine links. The Internet of Things (“IoT”) adds intelligence and continuous monitoring capabilities for a wide variety of fixed and mobile devices including cars, roads and other types of infrastructure, refrigerators, smoke detectors, thermostats and health monitors. Recent highly publicized hacks and disruptions have called into question the adequacy of consumer protection and privacy as well as the vulnerability of sensors to potentially devastating intrusions. Arguably, invasions of monitoring devices have significantly greater potential for harm than disrupting and interfering bitstreams. The paper will consider whether and how governments should become more active in standard setting, regulation and identification of best practices for IoT devices and services. Currently IoT test and demonstration projects operate largely free of government oversight in an atmosphere that promotes innovation free of having to secure public, or private approval. However, some experiments have evidenced vulnerability to disruption by outsiders intent on mischief, or worse. The IoT also raises questions about privacy protection in light of the potential for widespread intrusion into areas and activities commonly considered private. Just as drone aircraft can cross into private property and other types of restricted airspace, embedded sensors can track individuals, machines and devices as they move within, across and between private spaces. The paper will focus on the use of quite small, “cubesats” that will offer many of the functions available from drones without detection in light of the higher orbital locations used. Widespread activation of sensors, without consent of parties subject to surveillance and reporting, raises questions about what constitutes a reasonable expectation of privacy and non-intrusion. Additionally, a robust marketplace for IoT applications and services may create incentives for vendors to establish and comply with best practices, or regulations designed to prevent or mitigate harm. The potential for ubiquitous monitoring also raises questions about who has lawful regulatory authority and whether such power can and should be shared as monitors and sensors cross borders. The paper will provide recommendations on how governments can promote permission- less innovation and risky experiments, but also protect consumers.
Reactions in the System Basalt/Simulated Spent Fuel/Water

The Grande Ronde Basalts underlying the Hanford Site are being evaluated as a possible site for a high-level nuclear waste repository. Experiments, in which basalt from the Umtanun flow of the Grande Ronde Basalt and basalt with simulated spent fuel were reacted with synthetic Hanford groundwater, were conducted to determine steady state concentrations which can be used in radionuclide release-rate models. Tests were performed at temperatures of 100°, 200°, and 300°C; 30 MPa pressure, and a solution:solid mass ratio of 10:1 for durations up to 7,000 hr. Solution aliquots were extracted periodically during the experiments for analysis. The pH was measured at 250°C and recalculated to higher temperatures. In the basalt-water system the stable high-temperature pH values achieved were 7.2 (100°C), 7.5 (200°C), and 7.6 (300°C). Solution composition variations are due to mesostasis (glass) dissolution and precipitation of secondary phases. Solution measurements indicate a redox potential (Eh) of about -0.7 volts at 300°C. Secondary phases produced include silica, potassium feldspar, iron oxides, clays, scapolite, and zeolites. Tests in the basalt + simulated spent fuel + water systen show that calculated pH values stabilized near 7.6 (100°C), 7.2 (200°C), and 7.7 (300°C). At higher temperatures, solution concentrations were controlled by secondary phases similar to those found in basalt-water tests. Less than 1% of uranium, thorium, samarium, rhenium, cerium, and palladium were released to solution while somewhat higher amounts of iodine, molybdenum, and cesium were released. The UO 2 component was unreactive; however, other components (e.g., cesium-bearing phases) were almost completely dissolved. Secondary phases incorporating radionuclide-analog elements include clays, palladium sulfide, powellite, coffinite, and a potassium-uranium silicate.
Teaching Professional Skills Through Clinical Simulations

Simulations designed to place students and laboratory professionals in realistic settings are invaluable educational training aides. Simulated scenarios created for confronting problems are safe environments in which to exercise inquiry, decision making, and action taking. In this article, educational processes are discussed and written simulations are provided to help students and laboratory professionals seeking to strengthen and continue their education to develop critical thinking skills necessary for effective and autonomous on-the-job performance.
MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF PAIRING SUCCESS, EXTRA-PAIR COPULATIONS AND MATE QUALITY ON THE OPPORTUNITY FOR SEXUAL SELECTION

Sexual selection can act through variation in the number of social mates obtained, variation in mate quality, or variation in success at obtaining extra-pair fertilizations. Because within-pair fertilizations (WPF) and extra-pair fertilizations (EPF) are alternate routes of reproduction, they are additive, rather than multiplicative, components of fitness. We present a method for partitioning total variance in reproductive success (a measure of the opportunity for selection) when fitness components are both additive and multiplicative and use it to partition the variance into components that correspond to each mechanism of sexual selection. Computer simulations show that extra-pair fertilizations can either increase or decrease total variance, depending on the covariance between within-pair and extra-pair success. Simulations also suggest that for socially monogamous species, extra-pair fertilizations have a greater effect than variation in mate quality or pairing status on the opportunity for selection. Application of our model to data gathered for a population of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) indicates that most of the variance in male reproductive success was attributable to within-pair sources of variance. Nevertheless, extra-pair copulations increased the opportunity for selection because males varied both in the proportion of their social young that they sired and in the number of extra-pair mates that they obtained. Furthermore, large and positive covariances existed between the number of extra-pair mates a male obtained and both social pairing success and within-pair paternity, indicating that, in this population, males preferred as social mates also were preferred as extra-pair mates.
Literature and Church Discipline in Early Modern England

That English literature is suffused with religion is news to no one; the English language is throughout history part of the structure of the Church or churches. But there is a way in which Church history and English literature have been missing each other for a good many years. This is in part because, until recently, religion in literature has been the preserve of relatively small groups of enthusiasts with partisan views. Their work has appeared unattractive or irrelevant to a largely secular mainstream that has been preoccupied with the ‘political’ (as opposed to the religious) in early modern literary studies (this is especially so with regard to the drama). But we now have an account of Church history that is more sophisticated and variegated, more attuned to confessional variety and its politics, local and national. This is crying out for engagement with literary studies in ways that literary scholars would find compelling, not least in offering many solutions to the kinds of questions they have come to ask. To some extent the dialogue has already begun, and indeed several exemplary studies are cited in what follows. Nonetheless, we are at the beginning of what may well be a long and extremely fruitful interdisciplinary encounter.
84 BRUCK SYNDROME: A RARE COMBINATION OF CONGENITAL CONTRACTURES AND BONE FRAGILITY.

There are 21 reported cases of Bruck syndrome (BS), a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by congenital contractures affecting the large joints, generalized osteopenia, and bone fragility. Genome-wide homozygosity studies of a large family demonstrated linkage to chromosome 17p12 (BS type 1); however, no causative gene has been identified in this region. Mapping studies in other families implicated a region on chromosome 3q23-q24 (BS type 2) that contains the PLOD2 gene, a lysyl hydroxylase isoform involved in the cross-linking of collagen telopeptides. Two families have had homozygous, missense mutations identified in exon 17 of PLOD2, whereas the initial family showing linkage to 17p12 had no identifiable mutations in PLOD2, indicating genetic heterogeneity in BS. Our patient, S.K., is a 12-year-old male who presented with a diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) based on radiographic findings of generalized osteopenia, incomplete fractures of the tibia, and compression fractures of the vertebrae. Photographs and parental interview revealed a history of bilateral congenital knee contractures and significant bowing of the tibias. S.K. has undergone extensive physical therapy for his contractures and had two hamstring release procedures during his early childhood to improve mobility in his knees. More recently, he has had bilateral osteoplasties to correct malunion of his tibia/fibula. Based on the rare combination of OI and a physical examination that showed joint contractures of both the knees and the elbows, S.K. was diagnosed with Bruck syndrome. Commercial testing for Bruck syndrome is not currently available, and we will undertake sequence analysis of exon 17 in the PLOD2 gene, a proposed mutation hotspot in BS type 2. We will also analyze urine to validate a biochemical diagnostic algorithm proposed by Vin Ha et al (Am J Med Genet 2004) using the quantitation of several key products of collagen degradation (hydroxylysylpyridinoline, lysylpyridinoline, and hydroxyproline) to differentiate Bruck syndrome from OI and Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI. The results of these tests, a review of the clinical features of Bruck syndrome, and the biological mechanisms of PLOD2 gene action that cause this phenotype will be discussed.
Distribution of effective synaptic currents underlying recurrent inhibition in cat triceps surae motoneurons.

1. Steady-state recurrent (Renshaw) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (RIPSPs) were evoked in cat triceps surae motoneurons by stimulating the heteronymous muscle nerve at 100 Hz after dorsal root...
Does the relationship between fishermen and enforcers impact regulatory compliance

Abstract The focus of US fisheries regulations has changed from expanding fishing effort to protecting resources for current and future use. Regulations, enforcement, and compliance have changed and grown over the last forty years. Members of both the enforcement and commercial trawl fishing communities speculate and complain about regulatory compliance, often from opposite perspectives. A small research project in Oregon studied the relationship between these communities and regulation compliance. Although a difference was noted in the relationships between the varied levels of enforcement and trawl fishermen, this did not constitute a shift in compliance; compliance remained high with participants from both communities reporting that the fishermen have “little choice but to follow the rules.” What varied was communication within and between these communities, and the amount of control participants’ felt they had in regulation development. A small glimpse into the relationships within and between these communities offers insights into the factors that may impact fisheries, regulation development and enforcement, and communication within and between these interdependent, occupational communities.
Critical periods of prenatal toxicity.

Toxic agents may cause mortality or morbidity at any time from gametogenesis through birth up to the time of weaning from breast feeding. Effects may vary from congenital malformation to abortion to postnatal behavioral retardation, depending upon the agent and the timing of its administration during development.
Prospective observational study on central line–associated bloodstream infections and central venous catheter occlusions using a negative displacement connector with an alcohol disinfecting cap

Background Major complications of central venous catheter (CVC) use include bloodstream infection and occlusion. We performed a prospective, observational study to determine the rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and CVC occlusion using a negative displacement connector with an alcohol disinfecting cap. Methods Patients were followed from the time of CVC insertion through 2 days after removal, at the time of hospital discharge if there was no documentation of removal, or 90 days after the insertion of the CVC if it was not removed. CLABSI was defined using National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Data for evidence of lumen occlusions were extracted from the electronic health record. Direct observations were performed to assess adherence to hospital policy regarding CVC insertion practice. Results A total of 2,512 catheters from 2,264 patients were enrolled for this study. There were 21 CLABSIs (0.84%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48%-1.19%; 0.62 per 1,000 line days) and 378 occlusions (15.05%; 95% CI, 13.65%-16.45%; 11.23 per 1,000 line days). Eighty-five direct observations demonstrated insertion protocol adherence in 881 of 925 (95.24%; 95% CI, 93.87%-96.61%) measured criteria. Conclusions Lines placed following a standardized protocol using a negative displacement connector with an alcohol cap have low rates of infection compared with historically published findings. We also established that the occlusion rate is >15-fold the CLABSI rate.
Gastric acid secretion.

Purpose of reviewThe present review summarizes the past year's literature, both clinical and basic science, regarding neuroendocrine and intracellular regulation of gastric acid secretion and proper use of antisecretory medications.Recent findingsGastric acid kills microorganisms, modulates the gut
Abstract 1897: Metformin as a chemoprevention agent for lung squamous cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of lung cancer and accounts for about 25-30% of all non-small cell lung cancers. Metformin is a drug commonly prescribed as first-line treatment for type-2 diabetes, with some evidence showing that the drug can also act directly on cancer cells. One of the mechanisms of action is through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which is involved in control of energy homeostasis in cells. The goal of this study was to determine metformin response in different cell lines and different cellular contexts, and to use that information to work towards the generation of a metformin “sensitivity index” that could be used guide individualized chemoprevention. Methods: We performed cell survival analysis on squamous cell carcinoma lines, skin fibroblast lines and differentiated IPS cell lines to identify differences in metformin response both for different cell lines and for cells in different cell context. Microarray profiling was used to determine differentially expressed genes that are regulated by metformin treatment in order to generate signatures of metformin response. Results: Cell survival analysis showed that different cell lines respond differently to metformin, and cells of identical genotypes in a variety of differentiated states or cellular contexts also show differential response to metformin. Gene expression profiling of metformin treated cells identified differentially expressed genes that may mediate metformin response. Conclusion: Differences in response to metformin treatment across a variety of cell lines and cellular contexts suggest heterogeneity that may be patient-specific. Using genes that are differentially expressed following metformin treatment, we identified a 55-gene set that can be used as a metformin “sensitivity index” to stratify patients into metformin responders and non-responders and guide individualized chemoprevention. Citation Format: Michael K. Asiedu, Matthew R. Barron, Marie Christine Aubry, Dennis Wigle. Metformin as a chemoprevention agent for lung squamous cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1897. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1897
The Lower Limit of Regulatory CD4 + Foxp3 + TCRβ Repertoire Diversity Required To Control Autoimmunity.

The TCR repertoire of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is highly diverse. The relevance of this diversity to maintain self-tolerance remains unknown. We established a model where the TCR repertoire of normal polyclonal Tregs was limited by serial transfers into IL-2Rβ-/- mice, which lack functional Tregs. After a primary transfer, the donor Treg TCR repertoire was substantially narrowed, yet the recipients remained autoimmune-free. Importantly, upon purification and transfer of donor-derived Tregs from an individual primary recipient into neonatal IL-2Rβ-/- mice, the secondary recipients developed autoimmunity. In this study, the Treg TCRβ repertoire was reshaped and further narrowed. In contrast, secondary IL-2Rβ recipients showed fewer symptoms of autoimmunity when they received donor Tregs that were premixed from several primary recipients to increase their TCRβ repertoire diversity. About 8-11% of the Treg TCRβ repertoire was estimated to be the minimum required to establish and maintain tolerance in primary IL-2Rβ-/- recipients. Collectively, these data quantify where limitations imposed on the Treg TCRβ repertoire results in a population of Tregs that cannot fully suppress polyclonal autoreactive T cells. Our data favor a model where the high diversity of the Treg TCR provides a mechanism for Tregs to actively adapt and effectively suppress autoreactive T cells, which are not fixed, but are evolving as they encounter self-antigens.
Globalization: Some Reflections and the Road Ahead—A Panel

This chapter is based on a transcription of the panel “Globalization: Some Reflections and the Road Ahead,” moderated by Carsten Kowalczyk, Tufts University, on November 11, 2011, at the Aarhus University conference Globalization: Strategies and Effects, Hotel Koldingfjord, Denmark. Remarks by Avinash Dixit on the collapse of trade after the financial crisis, bad governance as a trade barrier, and the interaction between internet use and globalization are in Sect. 1, remarks by Ronald W. Jones on globalization and the “sclerotic economy” are in Sect. 2, and remarks by Dale T. Mortensen on unemployment, reallocation, and frictions are in Sect. 3. A transcription of the panel discussion is in Sect. 4.
The power of policy networks in authoritarian regimes: Changing environmental policy in China

In this article, I examine how civil society organizations (CSOs) in China created policy networks among government officials to change environmental policies. I contend that these networks work in similar ways to those in democracies, despite the focus in the literature on how policymaking in authoritarian regimes lacks societal participation. China adopted strict regulations to control CSOs by requiring registration with a supervisory agency. However, CSOs exploit the regulations to use the supervisory agency as an access point to policymakers whom they otherwise could not reach. I use case studies to demonstrate how the strategies used to construct policy networks determined their success in changing policy. This finding represents an initial step in theorizing bottom-up sources of policymaking in authoritarian regimes given that these regimes all create mechanisms for government control over CSOs, have difficulty accessing good information for policymaking from society, and a policy process formally closed to citizen participation.
Researching Hizbullah in Lebanon

As one of the Middle East's more open countries, Lebanon is fairly congenial to foreign researchers. Classified as “partly free” by Freedom House, it ranks ahead of all the region's countries, except Israel, Tunisia, and Turkey. However, when it comes to researching Hizbullah, this openness and congeniality subsides. While Hizbullah contains political and social branches, it is first and foremost a military and guerilla organization—the self-proclaimed Islamic Resistance in Lebanon (al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya fi Lubnan). Like any military and guerrilla organization—especially one that is subjected to Western terrorist designations and economic sanctions—Hizbullah is innately and justifiably secretive, vigilant, and suspicious of foreigners and outsiders, including academics, scholars, and researchers. Based on my personal experiences researching Hizbullah in Lebanon, these characteristics have ebbed and flowed with its organizational evolution and situational context. At the international, regional, and local levels, the complexities and dynamics of the politics surrounding Hizbullah have shaped my experiences as a researcher in Lebanon and have demonstrated the importance of being aware of these politics and adapting to them. These convoluted and shifting politics have also revealed the inherent merits and challenges of ethnography—a rigorous, informal, and improvisational endeavor and process that necessitates, above all else, flexibility.
Medicine 2.0: Ethical Challenges of Social Media for the Health Profession

Social media (“web 2.0”) is profoundly changing the way people interact with, and relate to, the internet. The success of Facebook, with over 800 million active users, surely indicates that social media is not a fad. Healthcare will not go untouched by social media. The combination of social media and healthcare (medicine 2.0) will be a powerful one. Social media will impact healthcare in many ways, including reducing information asymmetry, increasing access to, and portability of, personal health information and altering the doctor–patient relationship. Adoption of social media in healthcare will be driven both by patient preferences and by economic forces. The challenge for the health profession is to understand the impacts and drivers of the phenomenon, including the ethical issues raised by this new form of human interaction, and respond appropriately.
Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, Volumes I & II By Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway

(1986). Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, Volumes I & II By Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 5, pp. 411-414.