cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Perspective on Therapies of Lymphatic Vessels.

Significance: Growth of distinctive blood vessels of granulation tissue is a central step in the post-developmental tissue remodeling. Even though lymphangiogenesis is a part of the regeneration process, the significance of the controlled restoration of lymphatic vessels has only recently been recognized. Recent Advances: Identification of lymphatic markers and growth factors paved the way for the exploration of the roles of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. Emerging pro-lymphangiogenic therapies use vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C to combat fluid retention disorders such as lymphedema and to enhance the local healing process. Critical Issues: The relevance of recently identified lymphatic functions awaits verification by their association with pathologic conditions. Further, despite a century of research, the complete etiology of secondary lymphedema, a fluid retention disorder directly linked to the lymphatic function, is not understood. Finally, the specificity of pro-lymphangiogenic...
The Problem With Decontextualized Approaches

In this paper we respond to Lobel and Ibrahim's (2018), Miles-Cohen's (2018), Standeven, Osborne, and Payne's (2018), and Mauthner's (2018) commentaries on our article (Vaswani, Karter, Cosgrove, P...
Tissue-associated self-antigens containing exosomes: Role in allograft rejection

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that express self-antigens (SAgs) and donor human leukocyte antigens. Tissue-specific exosomes can be detected in the circulation following lung, heart, kidney and islet cell transplantations. We collected serum samples from patients who had undergone lung (n = 30), heart (n = 8), or kidney (n = 15) transplantations to isolate circulating exosomes. Exosome purity was analyzed by Western blot, using CD9 exosome-specific markers. Tissue-associated lung SAgs, collagen V (Col-V) and K-alpha 1 tubulin (Kα1T), heart SAgs, myosin and vimentin, and kidney SAgs, fibronectin and collagen IV (Col-IV), were identified using western blot. Lung transplant recipients diagnosed with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome had exosomes with higher expression of Col-V (4.2-fold) and Kα1T (37.1-fold) than stable. Exosomes isolated from heart transplant recipients diagnosed with coronary artery vasculopathy had a 3.9-fold increase in myosin and a 4.7-fold increase in vimentin compared with stable. Further, Kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with transplant glomerulopathy had circulating exosomes with a 2-fold increased expression of fibronectin and 2.5-fold increase in Col-IV compared with stable. We conclude that circulating exosomes with tissue associated SAgs have the potential to be a noninvasive biomarker for allograft rejection.
Break in Supply Main Brings Permanent Improvement in the Quality of Water

In spite of the rapid advancement in the treatment of water supplies for domestic and industrial use the consumer is frequently justified in criticizing the quality of water delivered. The reason is obvious. Control and maintenance of the distribution system which is an integral part of water supply has been almost universally neglected. Within recent years the practice of correcting aggressive waters is notable. Had the recent drought not developed the chlorine-ammonia treatment, the means of maintaining chlorine residuals in remote sections of water supply distribution systems would probably not have been at hand. Present thought is concentrated on the development of protective coatings for the existing metal distribution system and possibilities of material that is noncorrosive. Such trends unfortunately retard the more vital studies of this phase of water supply. Regardless of the type of distributing mains the delivery of satisfactory water to every consumer is not possible unless there is proper control of the distribution system. The dead end and low draft sections of any system develop difficulties with water regardless of its character. A clear understanding of the behavior of water organisms in distributing mains and the chemistry of chemically treated water suggests that mere lime correction of aggressive water and chlorination are not sufficient. Water held in distributing mains beyond certain limits deteriorates regardless of its original quality. Water ionizes very little. The methods of treatment, however, to which most supplied are subjected, increases this process tremendously and when it is put into a carrying system of metal you cannot expect to receive the same water at the tap as you deliver from the treatment works.
Soft X-Ray Appearance Potential Spectroscopy of 70Yb

The soft x-ray appearance-potential spectra (SXAPS) of ytterbium (Yb) in Yb203 have been obtained in the 160–600 eV range with a nondispersive spectrometer, which measures the derivative of the total x-ray intensity of the anode surface as a function of energy of incident electrons. The spectra represent the differential excitation probability of 4d core levels and give detailed information regarding the self-convolution of the density of unoccupied conduction band states in ytterbium ions in the surface region. The N4,5 c spectrum is a complex structure superimposed on a broad band of 12.7 eV base width. The broad band exhibits two peaks above the threshold, 3.1 eV apart. The spectral features have been related to the exchange coupling between the 4f electrons and 4d vacancies in Yb.
Self-Focusing in Underdense Ultraviolet Laser-Produced Plasmas

Ultraviolet laser-matter interaction processes are of considerable interest to laser fusion. Among these processes, filamentation (or self-focusing) is of particular importance, since it could prevent attainment of the illumination uniformity required for high target compression. In addition self-focusing may complicate the interpretation of target interaction experiments. For our experimental conditions we expect thermal self- focusing to be dominant over ponderomotive self-focusing, at least in the formation stages.
Electron-Deficient Molybdenum/Cobalt/Sulfido Clusters: Chemistry Related to Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) Catalysis

The author's work on the reactions of Cp2Mo2Co2S3(CO)4 (1) and Cp2Mo2 Co2S4(CO)2 (2) with organosulfur compounds is reviewed. Reaction pathways that lead to C S bond scission are proposed, and the relexance of these results to HDS reactions mer commercial “CoMoS” catalysts is discussed.
The Critical Role of Communities of Practice and Peer Learning in Scaling Hydroclimatic Information Adoption

AbstractSignificant effort has been put into advancing the use and usability of information products to support adaptation to drought and climate variability, particularly for the water supply sect...
SYNTHESIS OF 2-, AND 3-NITROBENZANTHRONE VIA DIRECT NITRATION OF BENZANTHRONE WITH NITRIC ACID/ACETIC ACID

Abstract Three mono-nitrobenzanthrone isomers (1-, 2-, and 3-nitrobenzanthrone; 1-, 2-, and 3-NBA) were synthesized by reacting benzanthrone (BA) with nitric acid (HNO3) in acetic anhydride at ice-...
Effect of window-to-wall ratio on measured energy consumption in US office buildings

Abstract Windows can significantly affect building performance, and the window-to-wall ratio (WWR) describes the portion of an exterior wall that consists of windows. Previous research on the effects of WWR and efforts to determine optimal WWR generally rely on iterative simulation or algorithmic optimization. This study seeks to understand the effects of WWR in actual office buildings using survey data reported in the 2012 CBECS (Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey). Both total annual energy use and four discrete end-uses (heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation) were characterized, and 32 categorical and numerical building characteristic variables were selected for linear regression analysis. Descriptive statistics for energy use intensity (EUI) in ∼1000 office buildings across 6 WWR intervals show increased median total EUI with increasing fenestration, driven by increasing cooling loads. Total EUI generally decreases with year of construction, regardless of WWR. Single-variable regression finds consistent statistical significance for WWR on cooling, lighting, and ventilation energy use, but with a maximum goodness of fit R2=0.04. In contrast, the single variable with the largest explanatory power is cooling degree days (R2=0.22 for cooling energy use). Multi-regression modeling finds a maximum R2 value of 0.34, with WWR appearing as a significant variable in the regression equations for cooling and lighting. In sum, the 2012 CBECS microdata for office buildings suggests that WWR is a significant predictor of energy use for cooling, and to a lesser extent lighting and ventilation, but to a much lower degree than has been found by purely simulation studies.
A cultura como mercadoria: reflexões sobre o processo de mercantilização cultural no modo de produção capitalista

The article proposes a reflection on the role of culture in the reproduction of the capitalist system, as well as on the process of cultural commodification based on the bibliographical revision of important exponent of Cultural Studies, Raymond Williams, and thinkers of the Frankfurt School, among them Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Starting from the problematization of the very concept of culture, which can be understood both as an expression of a way of life constructed by an economic system and as a constituent element of the configuration of society itself, this work proposes a procedural reflection on how culture became a commodity in the capitalist mode of production. Changes in the cultural field from the end of feudalism to the emergence of the mass media, as well as the impact of these transformations on life in society are presented. The recovery of this trajectory demonstrates, in the perspective of the theorist Fredric Jameson, that logic of capitalism in the present time is cultural, since the merchandise has flooded all the elements of the social life, including the own culture.
Optimizing Save Score for Intraoperative Complications

Purpose Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is an effective support therapy for refractory cardiogenic shock and can be used as a bridge to more definitive therapy. However, VA ECMO has high rates of complications and requires considerable financial and human resources. Selecting patients most likely to benefit from ECMO is controversial. The Survival After Veno-arterial ECMO (SAVE) Score is a tool developed by Schmidt et al. to predict survival for patients receiving ECMO therapy for cardiogenic shock. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study to validate the relationship between SAVE scores and survival rates, and to identify additional factors that can predict prognosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all cardiogenic shock patients who received VA-ECMO therapy at our institution between 2016 - 2019. We collected patient variables/outcomes, ECMO data, and calculated SAVE scores. Results We identified 66 cardiogenic shock patients treated with VA-ECMO and stratified them by SAVE score risk categories and measured survival to discharge with the following results: 33.33% (4/12) in category V (SAVE score ≤-10; 18% predicted survival); 29.63% (8/27) in category IV (SAVE score -9 to -5; 30% predicted survival); 36.84% (7/19) in category III (SAVE score -4 to 0; 42% predicted survival); 57.14% (4/7) in category II (SAVE score 1 to 5; 58% predicted survival); 0% (0/1) in category I (SAVE score >5; 75% predicted survival). Overall survival was 34.85% (23/66). When patients with an intraoperative complication causing hemodynamic compromise as the etiology of their cardiogenic shock were isolated (18 total) and a -2 SAVE score modifier applied, the following changes to overall survival patterns were seen: 28.57% (4/14) in category V patients, and 41.18% (7/17) in category III patients. Conclusion Overall, the survival rates predicted by SAVE score risk categories matched well when applied to the patient population at our institution. Of note, risk category I was not considered in analysis due to limited sample size (n = 1). Applying a negative score modifier to intraoperative complication patients brought measured survival rates closer to predicted, suggesting this etiology of cardiogenic shock portends worse survival than reflected in original SAVE score. Further study to identify patterns of complications and survival may aid in more accurate risk stratification.
A systematic review in prosthetics and orthotics education research.

Background:Formal prosthetic/orthotic education has evolved greatly since its inception in the 1950s. The International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics has established guidelines and recognit...
Extracting and analyzing micro-Doppler from ladar signatures

Ladar and other 3D imaging modalities have the capability of creating 3D micro-Doppler to analyze the micro-motions of human subjects. An additional capability to the recognition of micro-motion is the recognition of the moving part, such as the hand or arm. Combined with measured RCS values of the body, ladar imaging can be used to ground-truth the more sensitive radar micro-Doppler measurements and associate the moving part of the subject with the measured Doppler and RCS from the radar system. The 3D ladar signatures can also be used to classify activities and actions on their own, achieving an 86% accuracy using a micro-Doppler based classification strategy.
Latin American Politics and the Subnational Comparative Method: Vertical and Horizontal Challenges

Decentralization has triggered widespread use of the subnational comparative method in the study of Latin American politics. Simultaneously, it has created challenges for this method that deserve careful attention. While subnational governments after decentralization can often be treated as potentially autonomous policy jurisdictions, their autonomy is also subject to new constraints and incursions, which may limit scholars’ ability to treat them as relatively independent units. By taking stock of the vibrant literature that has emerged in recent years, this article explores three major challenges that complicate the use of the subnational comparative method. Two are vertical in nature: how to theorize national causes of subnational variation, and how the varied linkages between subnational governments and transnational actors can be conceptualized in work that compares subnational units. The third challenge is horizontal, referring to interactions between governments at the same subnational level that can either enhance or subvert autonomy.
Federalism in a Time of Plague: How Federal Systems Cope With Pandemic

This article compares and constrasts the responses of Australia, Canada, Germany, and the United States to the COVID-19 outbreak and spread. The pandemic has posed special challenges to these federal systems. Although federal systems typically have many advantages—they can adapt policies to local conditions, for example, and experiment with different solutions to problems—pandemics and people cross regional borders, and controlling contagion requires a great deal of national coordination and intergovernmental cooperation. The four federal systems vary in their relative distribution of powers between regional and national governments, in the way that health care is administered, and in the variation in policies across regions. We focus on the early responses to COVID-19, from January through early May 2020. Three of these countries—Australia, Canada, and Germany—have done well in the crisis. They have acted quickly, done extensive testing and contact tracing, and had a relatively uniform set of policies across the country. The United States, in contrast, has had a disastrous response, wasting months at the start of the virus outbreak, with limited testing, poor intergovernmental cooperation, and widely divergent policies across the states and even within some states. The article seeks to explain both the relative uniform responses of these three very different federal systems, and the sharply divergent response of the United States.
A chromosome-scale reference genome of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) provides insights into disease resistance, cold tolerance and genome evolution in Citrus.

Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), a deciduous close relative of evergreen Citrus, has important traits for citrus production, including tolerance/resistance to citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing, HLB) and other major diseases, and cold tolerance. It has been one of the most important rootstocks, and one of the most valuable sources of resistance and tolerance genes for citrus. Here we present a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly of P. trifoliata. The 264.9-Mb assembly contains nine chromosomal pseudomolecules with 25 538 protein-coding genes, covering 97.2% of the estimated gene space. Comparative analyses of P. trifoliata and nine Citrus genomes revealed 605 species-specific genes and six rapidly evolving gene families in the P. trifoliata genome. Poncirus trifoliata has evolved specific adaptation in the C-repeat/DREB binding factor (CBF)-dependent and CBF-independent cold signaling pathways to tolerate cold. We identified candidate genes within quantitative trait loci for HLB tolerance, and at the loci for resistance to citrus tristeza virus and citrus nematode. Genetic diversity analysis of Poncirus accessions and Poncirus/Citrus hybrids shows a narrow genetic base in the US germplasm collection, and points to the importance of collecting and preserving more natural genetic variation. Two phenotypically divergent Poncirus accessions are found to be clonally related, supporting a previous conjecture that dwarf Flying Dragon originated as a mutant of a non-dwarfing type. The high-quality genome reveals features and evolutionary insights of Poncirus, and it will serve as a valuable resource for genetic, genomic and molecular research and manipulation in citrus.
Creating a Culture of Shared Responsibility for Climate Action in Guatemala Through Education

Guatemala is a country particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Residents of the country are increasingly experiencing frequent natural hazards, witnessing rising temperatures, and grappling with maintaining sources of income and nutrition. For these and other reasons, it is crucial that Guatemalans have access to effective climate change education in order to be equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to appropriately adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change in their communities. With Atitlan Multicultural Academy, a K-12 school located in Guatemala’s Western Highlands, as our pilot school, we have created the blueprint for a region-specific guidebook focused on incorporating the spirit of climate action into the areas of leadership, curriculum, community partnerships, and professional development within the school. It is our hope that this guidebook can continually be adjusted and made relevant for schools around the globe as they work to create a culture of shared responsibility for climate action.
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Transitions Into Housing Instability Among Women Veterans.

Introduction: Preventing and ending homelessness for women veterans, a priority of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), can be aided by identifying factors that increase their risk for housing instability. Methods: This study relied on data from the Veterans Health Administration9s universal screen for housing instability from Fiscal Year 2013 to 2016, and administrative data from electronic medical records. Using logistic regression, we compared 2 groups of women veterans: those who consistently had stable housing and those who transitioned to unstable housing after a period of housing stability. Results: We found that a history of military sexual trauma, lack of access to VA benefits and other financial resources, and single or divorced marital status were significant risk factors for women veterans9 housing instability. These findings are consistent with an existing theoretical model of housing instability and homelessness among women veterans, which highlights the importance of traumatic and adverse events and isolation as risk factors. Conclusions: These risk factors and their effect on women veterans9 housing instability can be mitigated by new and increased supportive interventions, targeted to those at highest risk.
Vorsehung bei Gott und Mensch. Ein Vorschlag zur aktuellen Debatte über Gottes Vorsehung und Handeln

Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die theologische Debatte der letzten Jahrzehnte uber das Handeln Gottes kritisch und thematisiert insbesondere das in der sogenannten divine action debate vorausgesetzte Verstandnis der Vorsehung. Im Kontrast zum dort vorherrschenden handlungsbasierten ( action-based ) Modell wird ein tugendbasierter ( virtue-based ) Ansatz ausgearbeitet, der Gottes Vorsehung konsequent teleologisch auslegt. Ziel des Artikels ist es, den operativen Vorsehungsbegriff verstarkt in den Blick zu nehmen, um eine wesentliche Voraussetzung der aktuellen theologischen Debatte und deren Begrundungswurdigkeit aufzuzeigen. Die These des Artikels lautet, dass der handlungsbasierte Vorsehungsbegriff nur eine unter mehreren Optionen ist; der tugendbasierte Ansatz bietet hier eine nicht nur geschichtlich bedeutsame, sondern auch systematisch interessante Alternative. This article examines the theological debate about God’s action in recent decades, focusing in particular on the conception of providence presupposed in the so-called divine action debate. The aim of the article is to draw closer attention to the operative concept of providence inherent in the theological debate and to reveal it as an essential premise in need of justification. In contrast to the prevailing model of providence, which will be characterized as action-based, the article presents a virtue-based approach that consistently interprets God’s providence teleologically. It is argued that the action-based concept of providence is merely one among several options; the virtue-based approach presents an alternative that is not only of historic relevance, but is also interesting from a systematic point of view.
Regulation of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen cyclin and thymidine kinase mRNA levels by growth factors.

The enzymes of the DNA synthesizing machinery constitute a group of gene products that are generally expressed co-ordinately at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle. We have investigated how growth factors regulate the steady-state mRNA levels of two of these genes, the PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen)/cyclin and the thymidine kinase genes. To detect the PCNA/cyclin mRNA, we isolated a cDNA clone from a human library. Two different cell lines were used for these studies: BALB/c3T3 cells, which are exquisitely sensitive to growth factors, and ts13 cells, a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of the cell cycle, which arrests in G1 at the restrictive temperature. The steady-state levels of the RNAs for these two genes under different growth conditions were also compared with the levels of histone H3 RNA which are good indicators of the fraction of cells in S phase. Both PCNA/cyclin and thymidine kinase genes share two fundamental characteristics, i.e. they are not inducible in a G1-specific ts mutant of the cell cycle at the restrictive temperature and their expression is inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating that unlike early growth-regulated genes, they require the previous expression of other growth-regulated genes. However, the two genes also show differences, the most notable being that PCNA/cyclin is inducible by epidermal growth factor alone, while thymidine kinase is not.
Another Length Scale in String Theory

We suggest that some of the remarkable results on stringy dynamics which have been found recently indicate the existence of another dynamical length scale in string theory that, at weak coupling, is much shorter than the string scale. This additional scale corresponds to a mass $\sim m_{\rm s}/g_{\rm s}$ where $m_{\rm s}$ is the square root of the string tension and $g_{\rm s}$ is the string coupling constant. In four dimensions this coincides with the Planck mass.
Towards a Behavioral Foundation of Mathematical Proofs

The logical theory of mathematical proofs has been developed intensively and with great success in this century. I do not need to review for a colloquium audience in Warsaw the main outlines of this development. What is surprising is that so little has been written about the psychological theory of mathematical proofs. However interesting they may be as literary documents, I am not willing to count as scientific psychology mathematicians' testimonials of how they made discoveries. It is not that this material is not interesting. It is just that it holds very little promise scientifically. The psychological phenomena which lie at the base of any genuinely new mathematical discovery are surely as complicated and intellectually involved as any in the whole range of human behavior. Introspective accounts of these phenomena are as difficult to work with as basic data, as are the descriptions of nature lovers of sunsets and storms in developing the science of meteorology.
The long-term variability of luminous blue variables

The stars known as Luminous Blue Variables include two very distinctive subgroups — the S Dor-type variables which basically define what we call an LBV and the much rarer ‘giant eruption” LBV’s which include famous stars like η Car and P Cyg. The distinctive characteristics and long term variability of these two groups is reviewed. The lesser 1890 eruption of η Car is shown to have been much more significant than previously believed and resembles the second peak seen in the historic light curve of P Cyg. Because so many, if not all, stars in certain parts of the HR diagram appear to be luminous, blue, and variable, I suggest returning to our previous designation — S Dor variables and η Car variables for these two important groups of stars.
Another Reason to Search For Solar g-Modes and New Limits from Solar Ellipticity Measurements

Observations of solar g-modes will teach us some gravitational physics. The present sensitivity of the Princeton Solar Distortion Telescope and other recent claims of solar g-modes suggest that these low frequency modes should be observable in shape measurements. From about 250 days and nearly 1000 hours of observations we find no evidence for significant spectral power that can be associated with g-modes and no sign of the elusive 160.01 min period solar oscillation.
Measuring edge scattering from finite-sized samples using a Gaussian beam

In this paper, we examine the possibility of measuring edge scattering from a material by using a Gaussian beam together with a finite-sized sample of the material. A practical implementation for measuring edge scattering is shown. Here a focused beam system, consisting of a horn antenna and a lens, produces a beam that closely resembles a Gaussian beam. The waist of the beam is centered on one edge of a finite-sized object. The object is often a thin, flat rectangular plate of some material that is being investigated for the purpose of minimizing edge scattering. The scattered field is measured, either close to or far from the object, to determine the characteristics of the edge scattering. With this system, various treatments can be applied to the edge while observing the change in the scattering. In this paper, we analyze a canonical problem. Results from this analysis are used to obtain guidelines for the conditions under which the scattering from the illuminated edge can be isolated from the scattering from the remainder of the object, viz, from the other edges of the plate.
Empty electronic states of graphite and the growth of Au and Pd clusters.

The empty electronic states of Au and Pd clusters grown on the basal plane of cleaved, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite have been probed with inverse photoemission. Momentum-resolved inverse photoelectron spectroscopy of the clean surface prior to metal deposition shows an interlayer band and several nondispersing features at ${E}_{F}$+3.5eV, ${E}_{F}$+9.5 eV, and ${E}_{F}$+13.1 eV, which have been attributed to the empty states of graphite. Fixed photon-energy features at 14.7, 18.8, and 20.3 eV are associated with graphite plasmon luminescence, and resonant enhancement of empty-state features is observed. Thereafter, the coverage-dependent inverse photoemission spectra for cluster growth show that hybridization between the initially-empty s and the filled metal d states increases with cluster size as the d character evolves from the ${d}^{10}$ configuration of the isolated atom to a more bandlike configuration. This hybridization is significant after the deposition of 2 A\r{} of Pd or 4 A\r{} of Au. At higher coverage, we show the convergence of the empty states to those representative of the bulk metals. These results indicate that the electronic structure near the Fermi level is significantly affected by metal cluster size in the early stage of metal deposition. This dependence on the cluster sizes is estimated by using a simple growth model.
Fine structure analysis of a eukaryotic multifunctional gene.

The ilv 1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains functions associated with both structural and regulatory genes and therefore is termed a multifunctional gene. The ilv 1 gene product catalyses the first step in isoleucine biosynthesis and is involved in repression of the isoleucine-valine pathway. The intracistronic discrimination of the two functions is presented.
Contradicting Coach or Grumbling to Teammates: Exploring Dissent Expression in the Coach–Athlete Relationship

The purpose of this study was to examine dissent expressed by athletes. Seventy-three former high school or college athletes from a variety of sports completed an online survey. Results indicated that athlete status and coaches’ openness to feedback associated with upward dissent expressed to coaches. And that for high school coaches a lack of openness to athlete feedback and less time spent in a starting role associated with lateral dissent expressed to teammates. Overall the findings suggest that dissent functions similarly within the coach–athlete/sport context as it does within the superior–subordinate/organizational context, particularly with regard to high school athletics.
Heat Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels with 15% Chromium for Automobile Exhaust System

The high-temperature strength and thermal fatigue properties of Fe-Cr-Nb-Mo ferritic stainless steel (FSSNEW) developed for automobile exhaust system were investigated. The results show that the high-temperature tensile strength and yield strength of FSSNEW are better than or equal to those of the presently applied ferritic stainless steels. The thermal fatigue cracks nucleate at the V-notch. The inclusions along grain boundaries become prior regions for initiation of the cracks. The inclusions distributed at the defects make the formation of cracks in the materials easily through the effects of cycle thermal stress and thermal strain. The length and propagated rate of thermal fatigue cracks increase with the maximum tested temperature increasing. When the maximum temperature arrives at 900°C, the high-temperature oxidation is serious along the grain boundaries, which aggravates the cracks propagating along the grain boundaries. The principle mechanism of stress assisted grain boundary oxygen (SAGBO) embrittlement can be applied to illustrate the effects of external stress on aggravating the damage caused by environmental factors. Therefore, the high-temperature oxidation is the main reason for the propagation of thermal fatigue cracks. The FSSNEW is satisfied for the applied requirement of high-temperature strength in the hot side of the automobile exhaust system.
Two orientational features of compact bone as predictors of split‐line patterns

Ways of determining orientation patterns in compact bone are needed for specimens which are not available for split-line analysis. Weathering cracks have been shown to be essentially identical in orientation to split-lines, but they are more often than not absent or very few in number. Two other features of compact bone which promise to extend the range of orientational analysis are illustrated and described. These are (1) red or brown lines near the surface, and (2) numerous light-colored filaments, at or near the surface, laid parallel to each other. The latter manifestation has been observed more frequently and usually gives a more complete picture of orientational patterns. Specimens showing the two indicators were decalcified and processed for split-line patterns, which were essentially identical to the indicators in orientation. The first type of indicator is shown microscopically to be a manifestation of resorption spaces and immature osteons containing coagulated blood. The second represents oriented mature osteons in monkey pelves, but the microscopic basis in a cat pelvic bone is not clear.
The bizarre mnemonic

Five experiments measured effects of bizarre contexts on the free recall of noun triplets after brief retention intervals. More triplets were remembered from bizarre than from common contexts in short mixed lists (12 sentences) when the sentences were presented at a controlled (10 seconds/sentence) rate, regardless of incidental task (rating images for bizarreness, vividness, or memorability). The average number of words/sentence recalled, however, tended to be higher for common than for bizarre contexts. No memory benefit from bizarreness was found for pure lists nor for lists containing more than six triplets in bizarre contexts. The bizarreness effect was less when the subject controlled the rate of presentation. A sixth experiment, which tested recall after immediate and two-day retention intervals, found that the Bizarre/Common Context by Pure/Mixed List interaction increased over longer retention intervals.
Engineering Test Codes and Standards for Motors, Controllers, Switchgear, and Transformers

There are many standards, which apply to electric equipment, such as ANSI, IEEE, NEMA, UL, and IEC. These standards cover factors such as design, installation, performance, and testing of both components and assemblies of components. To consider all of these factors would be a major undertaking. Only the performance and conformance testing of assemblies such as induction and synchronous motors in integral horsepower ratings, controllers for 600-V and 5000-V classes, low-voltage and medium-voltage switchgear assemblies, and transformers for load centers and substations are covered. The tests which are performed, whether the tests are routine, design, or by request only, and the standards which specify the requirements and test codes are shown.
In vitro measurements of potassium loss from gastrocnemius muscles of short and long bout hibernators

Abstract 1. 1. In vitro rates of potassium loss from gastrocnemius muscles of short and long bout hibernators were measured. 2. 2. Short and long bout hibernators do not differ in muscle wet weight, muscle water content, or potassium content/g dry muscle weight. 3. 3. Short and long bout hibernators do not differ in potassium loss rate measured in vitro. 4. 4. Although short and long bout hibernators have the same total amount of potassium in their gastrocnemius muscles, the intra and extracellular distribution is different.
Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).

Reciprocal crosses between Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin from Massachusetts and Ixodes scapularis Say from Georgia produced offspring through the F3 generation when the experiment was discontinued. Reciprocal I. dammini × Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls (California) and I. scapularis × I. pacificus crosses produced F1 progeny; however, all progeny were sterile. Assortative mating experiments between I. dammini and I. scapularis indicated that males and females of both species mated with the opposite sex of heterospecific or conspecific ticks when there was a choice. Conventional discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements of ticks from Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts, and two populations of F1 hybrids indicated that there were recognizable differences. However, size-free (sheared) discriminant analysis indicated that these differences were largely size-dependent, with much overlap of the four eastern and two hybrid populations but no overlap with I. pacificus from California. Analysis of chromosomes (morphology and C band) indicated no differences between the Georgia and Massachusetts populations but showed a difference between them and the California population of I. pacificus. Analysis of isozymes showed that the genetic identity value for the Georgia and Massachusetts populations was within the normal range for conspecific populations, whereas the California population indicated congeneric but not conspecific relatedness to the Georgia and Massachusetts populations. Life cycle data collected under similar laboratory conditions showed no differences in length of feeding and molting periods among Georgia, Massachusetts, and California populations. These data and results of the work of other authors on tick host preferences and vector competence indicate that I. dammini is not a valid species separate from I. scapularis. Because the name Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821, has priority over the name Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin, 1979, I. dammini is relegated to a junior subjective synonym of I. scapularis (based on Article 23 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature).
coarsening of δ′(Al3Li) precipitates in binary Al-Li alloys

Abstract This paper describes the results of a quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation of the coarsening process of the metastable δ′(Al3Li) phase in a series of binary Al-Li alloys containing between 2.4 and 4.5 wt% Li. Isothermal aging times were varied from 12 h to 10 days at 200 and 225°C. The coarsening of δ′ was found to obey Ostwald ripening kinetics. Increasing the amount of lithium accelerated the coarsening rate of δ′. Furthermore, increasing the volume fraction of δ′ increases the number of particles whose aspect ratio significantly differed from 1.0. However, increasing the aging time results in particles whose aspect ratio tends toward 1; (i.e. the δ′ particles tend to become more spherical with increased artificial aging). A comparison of the observed results with those predicted by the existing coarsening theories indicates that for an accurate modeling of the coarsening process, especially at high volume fractions of δ′, the coalescence mechanism needs to be taken into account. None of the existing theories can predict the observed coarsening rate and particle size distributions observed in this investigation.
Monotonic responses in radiology education evaluations.

N o one likes monotony. For one thing, it’s boring. For another, it’s boring. And then there’s the unfortunate fact that it’s boring. Monotony literally means ‘‘one tone’’, and musically and rhetorically it can apply to a variety of different variables (or in this case, nonvariables), including pitch, intonation, and inflection. How many presentations at meetings have we sat through where the speakers seemed simply to drone on and on, grinding through the text of one interminable slide after another? Monotony implies sameness and tediousness, a wearisome and unending succession with no alteration. It also tends to be quite uninformative, offering no new lessons. We typically glean little or nothing new from the same old routine. A degree of fluctuation and novelty are required to engage and enlighten the mind. Something similar might be said about educational evaluation. Accrediting organizations such as the Liaison Committee on Medical Education and Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education require that programs conduct regular evaluations of their educational programs, but in many cases such data turn out to be less than scintillating. Consider the case of educational evaluation in radiology residency programs, which generates vast quantities of data. Conservatively, assuming 1000 training positions each year
Reverse iteration in chemical process simulation

A new technique for generating approximations of Julia sets, called reverse iteration, is proposed. The concept of reverse iteration is simple and based on the idea of solving an iterative map of the general form Z k =G(Z k-1 ,p) for Z k-1 instead of Z k . It is shown that if the process of reverse iteration is initiated at any singular point, the collection of inverse images must be members of the Julia set since singular points are in the Julia set and the Julia set is closed. This sequence of reverse iterates, say {Z k-1 }, is necessarily distributed throughout the basin boundaries. It is also shown that reverse iteration can have multiple inverse images and a tree structure for the Julia set but that the associated potential combinatorial computational demand is easily resolved by exploiting the fractal nature of any Julia set. From this, practical ways generating initial values that converge to solutions to the given model equations are proposed. Several examples and geometric illustrations are used to elucidate key concepts.
Research on human multistage probabilistic inference processes

Abstract In two experiments subjects performed a probabilistic inference task on the basis of their own unreliable observations of events in a binomial class. Their inferences, in the form of posterior odds estimates, were compared with posterior odds calculated from a theoretical performance standard which combines information about a subject's observational reliability with information about the inferential impact of the events being observed. In both experiments subjects' odds estimates were usually excessive compared with the calculated odds. One explanation is that the subjects failed to reduce the inferential impact of their observations by an amount consistent with their observational reliability. In the second experiment subjects were asked to make direct estimates of the inferential impact in their unreliable observations. These impact estimates were compared with a theoretical standard which prescribes ideal inferential impact values for observations of binomial events when the observer's reliability can be estimated. Subjects' direct estimates of impact in their observations became increasingly excessive as the true impact of the events being observed was increased. The apparently nonobvious feature of inferences based on unreliable observations is that the impact in observations of events with large inferential impact should be degraded more drastically, for a fixed reduction in observational reliability, than the impact in observations of events with lower inferential impact. The implications of these results for probabilistic information processing systems are discussed and the particulars of the two experiments are examined in a larger context.
Gluon operator coefficients in electroproduction

Abstract We compute the Wilson coefficients of the twist-two gluon operators which are relevant to the W2 tensor structure in electroproduction. We find that the simple Green functions used to define the renormalization of the operators each have two independent tensor structures. This gives rise to varying renormalization conditions. We choose conditions which are different from those of other authors, and which simplify the computations. Taking these differences into account, we show that almost all of the published results are equivalent.
Bounds on evacuation time for deflection routing

Upper bounds are given on the time T needed to evacuate k packets from a synchronous packet network using deflection routing, whereby all packets that arrive at a node during one time slot leave the node during the next slot. For example, T ≤ n + 2(k-1) for a binary n-cube network when priority is given to packets closer to their destination, and for a single destination network T is less than or equal to the network diameter plus k-1 times the network deflection index. Deflection routing for one pass through an omega network is also considered.
Consistency of Energy and Material Balances for Bidisperse Particles in Fixed-Bed Adsorption and Related Applications

This paper develops material and energy balances for fixed-bed adsorption of a multicomponent nonideal gas in bidisperse particles by defining enthalpies from thermodynamic paths chosen such that t...
'Sick people' and 'trolls': a contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of physician explanatory models.

This paper describes and interprets a case in which the mutual influences of countertransference and physician explanatory model (EM) are identified, as are their roles in negotiating the clinical relationship and in clinical decision-making (assessment, diagnosis, treatment, expectations of outcome). The author argues that physicians' EMs do not derive exclusively from the official and professionally ideal biomedical model, but are shaped by situational, historical, and subjective influences. Patient-typing (e.g., the widespread distinction between “sick people” and “trolls”), together with its associated emotions (e.g., empathy and disdain, respectively), pervades medical education and practice, and often supersedes the biomedical model. Physicians' subjective responses to patients can affect biomedical diagnosis. Failed empathy can lead to missed diagnosis. Finally, the case study illustrates the validity and vitality of the ethnographic approach in clinical teaching and supervision, both in eliciting physicians' own complex EMs, and in facilitating the process of reinterpretation as well.
The Principal as Leader: Two Major Responsibilities

As educational leaders, principals must wear several hats. In addition to being instructional leaders and climate managers, they must also promote and protect values and empower teach ers. These two major responsibilities are examined here.
Effect of impurity content on boundary sliding behavior in the superplastic Zn–22% Al alloy

Abstract A detailed investigation was conducted on the superplastic Zn–22% Al alloy to study the effect of impurity content on grain boundary sliding behavior in region I (low strain rate region), and region II (intermediate strain rate region, or the superplastic region) of the sigmoidal plot between stress and strain rate that was previously reported for the alloy. In conducting the investigation, three grades of Zn–22% Al were used; grades 1 and 2 contain 180 and 100 p.p.m. of impurities, respectively, whereas grade 3 is a high-purity grade containing 6 p.p.m. of impurities. The experimental results show that at intermediate strain rates (region II), the sliding behavior of the three grades of Zn–22% Al is similar and that the contribution of boundary sliding to the total strain, ξ , is about 60%. By contrast, the experimental data reveal that at low strain rates, the three grades exhibit significant differences regarding the sliding contribution. These differences are manifested in the following observations: (i) ξ in grade 3 at low strain rates is essentially equal to that at intermediate strain rates (region II), (ii) ξ in grade 1 or grade 2 is considerably lower than that at intermediate strain rates, and (iii) for the same low strain rate, ξ in grade 2 is higher than that in grade 1. The above observations regarding the effect of impurity level on boundary sliding behavior in Zn–22% Al are consistent with the concept of the interpretation of superplastic flow at low strain rates (low stresses) in terms of boundary segregation.