cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrokinetic properties of dissociated chick embryo cells. II. Calcium ion binding by neural retinal cells

Since embryonic cells may be bound together by calcium ions forming bridges between negatively charged sites on the cellular surfaces, it is important to show that embryonic cells can bind calcium ions and to learn something of that binding. Neural retinal cells from seven-day chick embryos have been dissociated and prepared for microscopic electrophoresis in three different ways. Their electrophoretic mobilities and surface charge densities have been determined over a range of calcium concentrations. The progressive reduction of charge density with increasing calcium concentration, with ionic strength held constant, clearly indicates calcium binding at the cellular surface. The data contained herein permit one to calculate a binding constant for the calcium-binding site complex, the number of sites per cell surface, the average distance between them, the percentage of sites occupied by calcium ions at physiological calcium concentration, and the fraction of anionic sites on the cell surface which bind calcium. They also indicated that trypsin dissociation may remove calciumbinding material from cellular surfaces and suggest that that material may be regenerated during incubation in culture medium.
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Psychosocial Risk, Protection, and Adolescent Alcohol Use

Theoretical models suggest that many diverse psychosocial factors contribute to the etiology of substance use among youth. It has been suggested that substance use is a function of the total number of etiologic factors, rather than a specific type or set of factors. This study examined whether cumulative psychosocial risk and protection measured in the 7th grade predicted alcohol use in the 9th grade across ethnically diverse samples of adolescents. Participants consisted of black (n = 775) and Hispanic (n = 467) inner-city youth and white suburban youth (n = 708). Prevalence rates for alcohol use and risk/protection varied more widely based on ethnic group compared to gender. Black youth reported the fewest risk factors and lowest levels of alcohol use, white youth reported the most risk factors and highest levels of alcohol use, and Hispanic youth reported the fewest protective factors and intermediate levels of alcohol use. Despite these differences, structural equation modeling indicated that a latent factor consisting of cumulative risk, protection, and their interaction significantly predicted later alcohol use for the combined sample as well as for each ethnic/gender subgroup. However, the proportion of variance explained in alcohol use varied across subgroups, and moderator analyses indicated that protection significantly buffered the effects of risk differentially across subgroups. The strongest protective effects were observed among black inner-city youth. Findings suggest that prevention approaches should focus on enhancing protection in addition to reducing risk, particularly among youth with lower levels of psychosocial protection.
Pretest prediction of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation by risk counselors and the computer model BRCAPRO.

Background Because BRCA gene mutation testing is costly, occasionally uninformative, and frequently associated with ethical and legal issues, careful patient selection is required prior to testing. Estimation of BRCA gene mutation probability is an important component of pretest counseling, but the accuracy of these estimates is currently unknown. We measured the performance of eight cancer risk counselors and of a computer model, BRCAPRO, at identifying families likely to carry a BRCA gene mutation. Methods Eight cancer risk counselors and the computer model BRCAPRO estimated BRCA gene mutation probabilities for 148 pedigrees selected from an initial sample of 272 pedigrees. The final sample was limited to pedigrees with a proband affected by breast or ovarian cancer and BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene sequencing results unequivocally reported as negative or positive for a deleterious mutation. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and areas under receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated for each risk counselor and for BRCAPRO. All statistical tests were two sided. Results Using a greater-than-10% BRCA gene mutation probability threshold, the median sensitivity for identifying mutation carriers was 94% (range = 81% to 98%) for the eight risk counselors and 92% (range = 91% to 92%) for BRCAPRO. Median specificity at this threshold was 16% (range = 6% to 34%) for the risk counselors and 32% (range = 30% to 34%) for BRCAPRO (P =.04). Median area under the ROC curves was 0.671 for the risk counselors (range = 0.620 to 0.717) and 0.712 (range = 0.706 to 0.720) for BRCAPRO (P =.04). There was a slight, but not statistically significant, improvement in all counselor performance measures when BRCAPRO-assigned gene mutation probability information was included with the pedigrees. Conclusions Sensitivity for identifying BRCA gene mutation carriers is similar for experienced risk counselors and the computer model BRCAPRO. Because the computer model consistently demonstrated superior specificity, overall discrimination between BRCA gene mutation carriers and BRCA gene mutation noncarriers was slightly better for BRCAPRO.
Mapping Black Theology Globally

This essay is a survey of the global presence of black theology in three regions of the world: South Africa, Britain, and the Caribbean. The essay privileges theological anthropology as a framework within which black theology has emerged as a critique of modern racist views of the human self. By showing the globality of black theology it not only aims at dispelling a common misunderstanding that black theology is a peculiarly African–American phenomenon, it also constructs its international presence as a summons to recognize the extent to which black theology itself is riven by the internal differences which always constitute it in the specific idiom of its local responses to the ubiquity of racism in modernity. It is suggested that we take the global reality of black theology as heralding the end of white history and its false (racist) narratives of a universal humanism.
High-frequency water level fluctuations in Lake Michigan

During certain meteorological events, water level oscillations up to 1.5 m with periods of less tha n 2 h have been observed in the Great Lakes. The squall line events of 7-11 March 1998, 29 May-2 June 1998, and 8 -12 November 1998 in Lake Michigan, are analyzed by spectral and analytical methods. Dominant periods of less than 2 h are identified in the spectra of water level fluctuations and coherencies among the spectral peaks of water levels of different station pairs are calculated to determine whether the oscillations are localized or basin wide. Explicit numerical calculations of normal mode periods and structures using a Lanczos procedure show that the dominant periods in the observed data are consistent with the structures and periods of some of the calculated modes. The March 1998 and the November 1998 episodes show higher surges with a gradual rise of water level, while the episode of May 1998 shows an abrupt rise in the water level at Calumet Harbor and about ten times higher spectral signature than the former two. Many of the high-frequency modes have large amplitude at or near Calumet Harbor and the periods are close to the periods of edge waves that would be generated by a squall line similar to the May 1998 squall line. The trapping of energy and localized higher modes in a water body can work together to excite edge waves and localized seiches causing abrupt water level fluctuations.
Parallel adaptive solution of coupled Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni problems with the Navier‐slip

SUMMARY This study deals with modeling certain nonlinear interactions that give rise to cellular flow in heated thin fluid layers with thermocapillary surface-tension at the free surface. Of particular interest in these Rayleigh-Benard-Marangoni (RBM) studies is the effect of varying roughness (stick and slip) on the base or sides of the fluid container. This stick-slip behavior at container boundaries and thermocapillary shear stress at the free surface may lead to strongly varying local gradients in the solution that are addressed here using local adaptive mesh refinement. In turn, these local effects influence the global structure of cell patterns resulting from competing buoyancy, surface-tension and stick-slip effects. This behavior is illustrated by the results of numerical simulations of cellular flow structure in containers of varying aspect ratio and with spatially varying base boundary treatments. Details of the Navier-slip approximation and the adaptive mesh refinement strategy are given, together with a brief description of the relevant features of the parallel adaptive software framework, LibMesh, and associated algorithms employed in the present simulations. Copyright q 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probability of Detection and False Detection for Subsea Leak Detection Systems: Model and Analysis

Ensuring the integrity of subsea process components is one of the primary business objectives of the oil and gas industry. Leak detection system (LDS) is one type of system used to safeguard reliability of a pipeline. Different types of LDS use different technologies for detecting and locating leaks in pipelines. One technology, which is gaining wide acceptance by the industry, is the fiber optic-based LDS. This technology has great potential for subsea pipeline applications. It is the most suited for underwater applications due to the ease of installation and reliable sensing capabilities. Having pipelines underwater in the deep sea presents a great challenge and a potential threat to the environment and operation. Thus, there is a need to have a reliable and effective system to provide the assurances that the monitored subsea pipeline is safe and functioning as per operating conditions. Two important performance parameters that are of concern to operators are the probability of detection and probability of false alarm. This paper presents a probabilistic formulation of the probability of detection and probability of false detection for a fiber optic-based LDS.
Comparative study of organic matter chemical characterization using negative and positive mode electrospray ionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry

The chemical characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is critical for understanding carbon sequestration processes in soils. This work evaluated the use of electrospray ionization in both negative ion mode (ESI−) and positive ion mode (ESI+) for the characterization of DOM extracted from nine terrestrial sources using Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). The compositing of the peaks from ESI− to ESI+ modes increased the total assigned formulas from 23 to 63 % as compared to the traditional use of ESI− alone for DOM characterization. In general, there was a preferential increase in the number of assignments for the aliphatic and carbohydrate-like DOM components in the ESI+ mode. The soil-extracted DOM specifically exhibited greater increases in the aliphatic and carbohydrate-like DOM components with the combined use of ESI− and ESI+ modes likely due to the greater presence of aromatic DOM molecules that suppressed the ionization of these entities in ESI− mode. On the basis of these findings, we show that improved characterization of DOM is possible through the combined use of ESI− and ESI+ modes for FT-ICR-MS analysis, especially for samples rich in condensed aromatic and aromatic molecules.
Spontaneous Tuberculosis in Salt Water Fish

Spontaneous tuberculosis in cold blooded animals has been noted by Sibley 1 in a ringed snake (Tropidonotus natrix), by Bataillon, Dubard and Terre2 in a carp (Cyprinus carpio), by Friedmann 3 in turtles (Chelone corticata), and by Rupprecht4 in a frog. The spontaneous occurrence in salt water fish of lesions associated with acidfast bacilli was first described by Alexander 5 in lupus like ulcers of a cod fish (Gadus callarias) and by Sutherland6 in the subcutaneous tissue and organs of a halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). In neither case was the organism isolated. Through the kindness of Dr. Henry Winsor I have had the opportunity of studying a number of salt water fish which have died in the tanks of the Philadelphia Aquarium. At necropsy numerous tubercles were found in the different organs and from these organs I have isolated an acidfast bacillus. The tissue was digested with 2% solution of sodium hydroxide during from 30 minutes to 1 hour at 37 C. and the sediment was neutralized with a 6*^ solution of hydrochloric acid. After centrifugation, the sediment was inoculated on different culture mediums. The tubercles were found in the spleen and liver of all of the fish examined and in the gills, kidneys, roe, pericardium and eye of some of the fish and in one case the organism was isolated from the tissue of an intestinal ulcer. Nodules have varied in size from less than 1 mm. to 8 mm. in diameter. They had a grayish white color, were elevated, sharply circumscribed, firm, and on section have presented a uniform appearance. The intestinal ulcer measured 6 mm. in diameter. The edges and sides were ragged and irregular.
Nasal fractures in children.

Neglected or inadequately treated nasal injury often has serious physiologic and psychologic effects. To postpone correction in the hope that time and growth will bring improvement is to invite the development of a worse defect that is far harder to correct.
Harnessing The Power Of Recombineering To Interrogate The Virulome Of Escherichia albertii

The causal link between a pathogen’s gene and virulence can be established by fulfilling Molecular Koch’s Postulates, which, in turn, requires the engineering of targeted mutations in the predicted gene of interest. Within the past decade, the paradigm-shifting and revolutionary technology of recombineering has enabled bacteriologists to construct virtually every conceivable mutation in many enteric bacteria. Recombineering exploits the function of bacteriophage-encoded recombinases to bring about allelic replacement. In recombineering, a linear double stranded or single stranded DNA molecule with terminal homology arms, identical to the region upstream and downstream of a genetic locus of interest, is introduced into hyperrecombinogenic bacteria. Recombinases catalyze the replacement of the endogenous allele with the introduced allele by means of a double crossover event. Using this technique, researchers have methodically dissected the virulence repertoire of the attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohermorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and Citrobacter rodentium . In contrast, the virulome of the most recent family member, E. albertii , remains unmapped, despite metagenomic sequencing revealing that the bacterium possesses an impressive arsenal of virulence determinants. Moreover, numerous retrospective studies have incriminated E. albertii as the etiologic agent of multiple disease outbreaks in both developed and developing countries. Yet, its pathogenic potential remains cryptic. Therefore, it is imperative to initiate studies to interrogate its virulence mechanisms for developing effective interventions. With this in mind, we developed a lambda red-mediated recombineering protocol to identify and characterize virulence genes in the bacterium. The versatility of recombineering for targeted mutagenesis was demonstrated by allelic replacement of multiple unlinked genetic loci, with a noted role in the virulence of related A/E pathogens. Our protocol will enable researchers to mutagenize any gene in E. albertii to have a concrete understanding of its contribution to bacterial physiology and virulence.
W. M. Keck Observatory primary mirror segment repair project: overview and status

The W. M. Keck Observatory Segment Repair Project is repairing stress-induced fractures near the support points in the primary mirror segments. The cracks are believed to result from deficiencies in the original design and implementation of the adhesive joints connecting the Invar support components to the ZERODUR mirror. Stresses caused by temperature cycling over 20 years of service drove cracks that developed at the glass-metal interfaces. Over the last few years the extent and cause of the cracks have been studied, and new supports have been designed. Repair of the damaged glass required development of specialized tools and procedures for: (1) transport of the segments; (2) pre-repair metrology to establish the initial condition; (3) removal of support hardware assemblies; (4) removal of the original supports; (5) grinding and re-surfacing the damaged glass areas; (6) etching to remove sub-surface damage; (7) bonding new supports; (8) re-installation of support assemblies; and (9) post-repair metrology. Repair of the first segment demonstrated the new tools and processes. On-sky measurements before and after repair verified compliance with the requirements. This paper summarizes the repair process, on-sky results, and transportation system, and also provides an update on the project status and schedule for repairing all 84 mirror segments. Strategies for maintaining quality and ensuring that repairs are done consistently are also presented.
Trends and disparities in the prevalence of physicians' counseling on exercise among the U.S. adult population, 2000-2010

Recognizing the undisputed health benefits of exercise, physicians' counseling has been included in the Healthy People Objectives since 2000. To address the paucity of data on such counseling at the national level, we examined changing trends and disparities in receiving physicians' counseling on exercise among the physically-able, non-institutionalized U.S. adult population. Data from the 2000, 2005, and 2010 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) were examined using logistic regression that included race/ethnicity, age, gender, education, insurance status, number of physician visits in the past year, and body mass index. In 2000, only 22.9% of NIHS respondents had received counseling on exercise, increasing to 33.6% in 2010. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks were 27% less likely to receive exercise advice in 2000 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.87). In later years, they were equally likely to receive advice. Although decreased over the years, male respondents were significantly (34% to 23%) less likely to report receipt of exercise counseling than female patients (in 2010: AOR 0.77, CI 0.72-0.83). Uninsured respondents were 35% less likely to report receiving exercise advice from their provider in all study years (2010: AOR 0.64, CI 0.59-0.72). Patients with increasing levels of education were increasingly more likely to report receipt of counseling in each successive survey year. The overall prevalence of physicians' counseling on exercise increased moderately between 2000 and 2010. Some disparities narrowed and even reversed but significant disparities continue to exist across gender, insurance status, and education level.
Noncontact optical coherence elastography of the posterior porcine sclera in situ as a function of IOP

Recent work has shown that the biomechanical properties of tissues in the posterior eye have are critical for understanding the etiology and progression of ocular diseases. For instance, the primary risk for glaucoma is an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Weak tissues will deform under the large pressure, causing damage to vital tissues. In addition, scleral elasticity can influence the shape of the eye-globe, altering the axial length. In this work, we utilize a noncontact form of optical coherence elastography (OCE) to quantify the spatial distribution of biomechanical properties of the optic nerve, its surrounding tissues, and posterior sclera on the exterior of in situ porcine eyes in the whole eyeglobe configuration. The OCE measurements were taken at various IOPs to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the tissues as a function of IOP. The air-pulse induced dynamic response of the tissues was linked to Young’s modulus by a simple kinematic equation by quantified the damped natural frequency (DNF). The results show that the posterior sclera is not as stiff as the optic nerve and its surrounding tissues (~460 Hz and ~894 Hz at 10 mmHg IOP, respectively). Moreover, the scleral stiffness was generally unaffected by IOP (~460 Hz at 10 mmHg IOP as compared to ~516 Hz at 20 mmHg), whereas the optic nerve and its surrounding tissues stiffened as IOP was increased (~894 Hz at 10 mmHg to ~1221 Hz at 20 mmHg).
Methylene blue for postcardiopulmonary bypass vasoplegic syndrome: A cohort study.

Background: Methylene blue (MB) has been used to treat refractory hypotension in a variety of settings. Aims: We sought to determine whether MB improved blood pressure in postcardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) vasoplegic syndrome (VS) in a complex cardiac surgery population. Furthermore, to determine variables that predicted response to MB. Setting and Design: This was conducted in a tertiary care medical center; this study was a retrospective cohort study. Materials and Methods: Adult cardiac surgery patients who received MB for post-CPB VS over a 2-year period were studied. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and vasopressor doses were compared before and after MB, and logistic regression was used to model which variables predicted response. Results: Eighty-eight patients received MB for post-CPB VS during the study period. MB administration was associated with an 8 mmHg increase in MAP (P = 0.004), and peak response occurred at 2 h. Variables that were associated with a positive drug response were deep hypothermic circulatory arrest during surgery and higher MAP at the time of drug administration (P = 0.006 and 0.02). A positive response had no correlation with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.09). Conclusions: MB modestly increases MAP in cardiac surgery patients with VS. Higher MAP at the time of drug administration and surgery with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest predict a greater drug response.
Drawing for Promoting Learning and Engagement with Dynamic Visualizations

In recent years multiple design frameworks have been proposed to improve student learning with dynamic visualizations in science classrooms. These design frameworks commonly argue for including learning activities that promote student engagement and learning through animations or simulations of scientific phenomena. This chapter reviews the underlying mechanisms by which drawing activities might offer unique benefits for promoting science learning when coupled with dynamic visualizations in innovative design frameworks. The chapter also considers the potential of drawing as an activity to increase student engagement with the epistemic practices in science to promote deep learning and interest. These two roles for drawing are illustrated by example activities of The Connected Chemistry Curriculum, a technology-infused curriculum that emphasizes drawing with molecular-level simulations.
Hicks's IS LM Interpretation of the IS-LM Model in J M Keynes's Chapter 15 of the General Theory: Partly Wrong in 1937 and Partly Wrong in 1981

Hicks’s 1937 interpretation of Keynes’s IS-LM model in chapter 15 of the General Theory was inferior to Champernowne’s 1936 interpretation which correctly incorporated variables, denoted by Champernowne as Q and Q’, that stood for “The State of the News”, investor nervousness, uncertainty, or the confidence a decision maker had in his expectations. These variables appeared in both the IS and LM functions as independent variables that could shift both curves simultaneously. Only Champernowne’s work in 1936 incorporated these variables. No economist in the time period 1936 -2017 has acknowledged Champernowne’s unique and far sighted accomplishment although his article has been cited repeatedly since 1936. Hicks deliberately removed these variables from his own 1937 paper in Econometrica because it would have prevented him from creating what he called the general, general theory. In 1981, after wasting much of his readers time talking about different time periods and fix prices (money wages) versus flex prices (money wages), Hicks finally admits, at the very end of his 1981 recantation-retraction of his 1937 IS LM paper in an article published in the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, that the problem with IS LM is that it does not incorporate Keynes’s concerns with uncertainty into the LM curve. Nowhere is the reader told that it was Hicks himself who had deliberately removed the uncertainty variable explicitly when presenting his interpretation of Keynes’s IS – LM curves from chapter 15 of the General Theory. Hicks’s 1981 paper’s citation of Shackle on uncertainty demonstrates that he was still confused and did not understand that Keynes’s definition of uncertainty, on p.148 of the General Theory, was that uncertainty was a unique function of Keynes’s weight of the evidence variable only. Keynes integrated uncertainty explicitly into decision theory with his indeterminate, interval valued probability approach, based on Boole, in chapters 3, 5, 10, 15, 16, 17, 20 and 22 of the A Treatise on Probability, and in his conventional coefficient of weight and risk, c, from chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability. Keynes dealt with imprecise probability in chapter 29 with his suggested use of Chebyshev’s Inequality as a lower bound. Since the Liquidity Preference LM curve is built on Keynes’s decision theory from the A Treatise on Probability, Hicks needed to have stated that he had no idea about what Keynes meant by uncertainty in either 1937 or 1981, but that uncertainty, as a function of the weight of the evidence, needed to be reintegrated into the IS LM model in both the IS curve and the LM curve.
Evaluation of echocardiography and cardiac biomarker concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus

Objective To assess abnormalities in concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in relation to arrhythmias, echocardiographic measurements, and survival in dogs with gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV). Design Prospective observational study. Setting University hospital. Animals Twenty-two dogs with naturally occurring GDV. Samples Concentrations of cTnI, plasma lactate, and NT-proBNP were recorded at presentation to the emergency room, the time closest to echocardiography, and the highest recorded concentrations during hospitalization. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Cardiac rhythms were categorized on a 0–4 scale (0 = no ventricular premature complexes [VPCs], 1 = single VPCs, 2 = bigeminy or trigeminy, 3 = couplets or triplets, and 4 = R-on-T phenomenon or ventricular tachycardia). Echocardiography was performed 6–18 hours postoperatively. Fifteen dogs had ventricular arrhythmias during hospitalization (Grade 1 [n = 9], Grade 4 [n = 6]). The highest recorded cTnI concentration was significantly higher in the dogs with Grade 4 (P = 0.002) or Grade 1 (P = 0.001) arrhythmias compared to dogs without arrhythmias. Plasma lactate was significantly correlated with left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (r = −0.52, P = 0.01) and systole (r = −0.57, P = 0.006), left ventricular free wall in diastole (LWDd, r = 0.59, P = 0.004), and interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVDs, r = 0.65, P = 0.001). Dogs that did not survive to 1 week postdischarge (3/22) had a significantly thicker LVWd (P = 0.04) and IVSd (P = 0.05), and received significantly less fluids in the first 24 (P = 0.02) and 48 hours (P = 0.03) of hospitalization. Conclusions Concentrations of cTnI and NT-proBNP increased during hospitalization, but only cTnI concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with a higher arrhythmia grade. Additional research on the potential role of serial measurement of biomarkers in dogs with GDV is warranted.
Industrial Control as Programmable Controllers

Programmable controllers have come a long way since their original application in the control of the production of automobile parts. Todays programmable controllers are a viable tool when considering cost and ease of application for industrial manufacturing and process control systems.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Technology Pricing and Economic Evaluation

The price of technology depends to a large extent on its usefulness, effectiveness, desirability, competitiveness, and acceptability. The price may also be affected by the publicity the technology has received, and the strategy of the owner of the technology, which will usually be influenced by expected developments impacting on the position of the technology. Developments which must be considered are: a. the characteristics, extent, and development of the demand for the technology This in turn will be affected by b. emergency of competing technologies or improvements in existing technologies, and c. the resulting competitive position, both short and longer term, of the new technology.
Cognitive Development During and After the Preconceptual Period

At the heart of structural developmental theory is the thesis that long-term, ontogenetic progress is a self-generated process of equilibration. Equilibration requires both coordination within the subject’s functional structures and interaction between the functional structures of the subject and his objects of cognition—the physical, social, and personal environment.
Stress ulcer prophylaxis upon discharge from intensive care units in an academic medical center

Context: Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) has become the standard of care in the intensive care unit (ICU) but is often continued inappropriately at discharge. Aims: The primary aim was to evaluate the impact of granting clinical privileges to assess appropriate discontinuation of SUP in the ICU. Settings and Design: This study was a single-center, retrospective, observational study. Materials and Methods: Patients admitted to medical or surgical ICUs in January 2015 (pregroup) were compared to January 2016 (postgroup). Statistical Analysis Used: Continuous parametric data were analyzed with Student's t-test, continuous nonparametric data were analyzed with Mann–Whitney U-test, and dichotomous variables were analyzed with Fisher's exact method. Results: One hundred and sixty patients were included (80 per group). Over 50% of patients had documented home acid suppression therapy use (52.5% pregroup vs. 58.8% postgroup, P = 0.53) and approximately 30% had gastroesophageal reflux disease documented as a problem in their medical record (27.5% pregroup vs. 31.3% postgroup, P = 0.73). The rate of inappropriate continuation of acid suppression therapy was not different between groups (15.4% vs. 14.9%, P = 0.999). The major reason for appropriate continuation of acid suppressive therapy was the presence of a chronic condition that provided a reasonable indication for therapy (46.1% vs. 60.0%, P = 0.228). Conclusions: Overall we found no difference in continuation of SUP at ICU discharge, but this was confounded by a high rate of reported home acid suppression. Targets for education and improvement have been identified, especially the need for attention to documentation and medication reconciliation across the spectrum of patient care to allow for acid suppression therapy deprescribing. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, Systems-based practice
The Impact of Cyberbullying on Physical and Psychological Health of Arab American Adolescents.

Utilizing a community-based, cross-sectional design, the present study explored Arab American adolescents’ experiences in cyberbullying and its effect on their health. A convenience sample of 150 Arab American adolescents, ages 12–16, were recruited from two community centers located at Southeast Michigan. The survey focused on cyberbullying victimization and perpetration in the past year including frequencies and types of technology used. Thirty-four percent of adolescents reported cyberbullying victimization and 26.7% reported cyberbullying perpetration at least once in the past year. Males were significantly more involved in both victimization and perpetration. Text messaging, Instagram and Facebook were most commonly used. Perpetration predicted physical complaints (p = .001), whereas, victimization predicted psychological distress (p = .014) after controlling for all demographic variables. Arab American adolescents reported significant cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Perpetrators experienced more physical symptoms while victims experienced more psychological distress. Implications for future research are discussed.
Amos Wilson (1940–1995)

This chapter highlights the accomplishments and historical significance of Amos Wilson who was a child psychologist and educator. The chapter also offers a critical analysis of the role Dr. Wilson had in contributing to the growth and development of education in the African American community, especially as it relates to education policies and practices in the latter part of the twentieth-century America through the early twenty-first century in America.
Refractive outcomes among glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract extraction with and without Kahook Dual Blade goniotomy.

Glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification alone have a higher rate of refractive surprise compared to patients without glaucoma. This risk is further increased with combined filtering procedures. Indeed, there are few and conflicting reports on the effect of combined phacoemulsification and micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Here, we look at refractive outcomes of glaucoma patients undergoing phacoemulsification with and without Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) goniotomy. Retrospective chart review of 385 glaucomatous eyes of 281 patients, which underwent either phacoemulsification alone (n = 309) or phacoemulsification with KDB goniotomy (n = 76, phaco-KDB) at the University of Colorado. The main outcome was refractive surprise defined as the difference in target and postoperative refraction spherical equivalent greater than ±0.5 Diopter (D). Refractive surprise greater than ±0.5 D occurred in 26.3% of eyes in the phaco-KDB group and 36.2% in the phacoemulsification group (p = 0.11). Refractive surprise greater than ±1.0 D occurred in 6.6% for the phaco-KDB group and 9.7% for the phacoemulsification group (p = 0.08). There was no significant difference in risk of refractive surprise when pre-operative IOP, axial length, keratometry or performance of KDB goniotomy were assessed in univariate analyses. There was no difference between refractive outcomes of glaucomatous patients undergoing phacoemulsification with or without KDB goniotomy.
Viral host-range evolvability changes in response to fluctuating selection

The concept of evolvability (the capacity of populations to evolve) has deep historical roots in evolutionary biology. Interest in the subject has been renewed recently by innovations in microbiology that permit direct tests of the causes of evolvability, and with the acknowledgement that evolvability of pathogens has important implications for human health. Here, we investigate how fluctuating selection on the virus, Bacteriophage {lambda}, affects its evolvability. We imposed dynamic selection by altering the expression of two host outer membrane receptors. This, in turn, selected phage to alternately infect the host via a single, or multiple, receptors. Our selection regime resulted in two orthogonal evolutionary behaviors, namely enhanced or reduced evolvability. Strains with enhanced evolvability readily evolved between receptors, losing and gaining the ability to bind multiple receptors more quickly than the ancestral {lambda}. This suggests the receptor-binding protein retained a genetic memory of past states and that evolutionary history can be used to predict future adaptation. Strains with reduced evolvability were refractory to re-specialization and remained generalists on both receptors. Consistent with this behavior, unevolvable strains had reduced rates of molecular evolution in the receptor-binding protein compared to their evolvable counterparts. We found a single mutation in the receptor-binding protein was sufficient to render these strains resistant to evolution and did so by counteracting a receptor-binding trade-off associated with generalism. In this way, cost-free generalization allowed for reduced evolution and evolvability while maximizing success in both environments. Our results suggest the response to fluctuating selection is contingent and can lead to distinct differences in evolvability. These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the causes and consequences of evolvability and have important implications for infectious disease management.
Adoption Discontinuity in Intensive Out-of-Home Care Settings

AbstractThis study sought to understand previous adoption experiences of youth placed in residential, group, and treatment foster care settings. A secondary analysis of an existing point-in-time pr...
Rehabilitation and the Visually Handicapped Consumer

Since it is the Visually Handicapped Consumer who makes possible the existence of specialized social and educational institutions for the blind, he or she must be free to exercise certain rights. A...
EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market and ISP Liability: What's Next at International Level?

The recent approval of the Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive) by the European Union has caused a considerable storm among the internet users, scholars, practitioners and industries. Particularly controversial was the original obligation of ISPs to filter the content upload by platforms users with the purpose of avoiding copyright infringements in the draft of Article 13. For this reason, the Directive has been even named the “death of the internet”. The final text (renumbered in Art. 17) provides for no general monitoring obligation, however, the ISPs will likely be required to implement filtering measures to avoid liability for unauthorized acts of communication to the public, including making available to the public, of copyright-protected works. Therefore, the DSM Directive has introduced a European regime of ISPs liability that stands in contrast with the existing laws in countries outside the EU. This lack of harmonization will have a negative impact in the ISPs and will eventually lead to a slowdown of internet at a global scale. In order to limit these consequences, this Article proposes the adoption of an International Treaty in the WIPO that sets forth minimum standards on the role of the ISPs, the liability of the ISPs and safe harbors. The proposed Treaty gives freedom to States to require or not filtering obligations. Any filtering requirements should be specific, limited, subject to human review, and should not impose substantial costs on ISPs.
Deep learning and multi-contrast-based denoising for low-SNR Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) is a popular non-invasive neuroimaging technique to use MRI for quantitatively Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) mapping. However, ASL usually suffers from poor signal quality and repeated measurements are typically acquired to improve signal quality through averaging at the cost of long scan time. In this work, a deep learning algorithm is proposed to leverage both convolutional neural network (CNN) based image enhancement as well as combining complementary/mutual information from multiple tissue contrasts in ASL acquisition. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluation demonstrate the performance and stability of the proposed algorithm and its superiority over conventional denoising algorithms and standard deep learning based denoising. The results demonstrate the feasibility of efficient and high-quality ASL measurements from average-free fast acquisition which will enable broader clinical application of ASL.
Elucidating the fundamental fibrotic processes driving abdominal adhesion formation

Adhesions are fibrotic scars that form between abdominal organs following surgery or infection, and may cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or infertility. Our understanding of adhesion biology is limited, which explains the paucity of anti-adhesion treatments. Here we present a systematic analysis of mouse and human adhesion tissues. First, we show that adhesions derive primarily from the visceral peritoneum, consistent with our clinical experience that adhesions form primarily following laparotomy rather than laparoscopy. Second, adhesions are formed by poly-clonal proliferating tissue-resident fibroblasts. Third, using single cell RNA-sequencing, we identify heterogeneity among adhesion fibroblasts, which is more pronounced at early timepoints. Fourth, JUN promotes adhesion formation and results in upregulation of PDGFRA expression. With JUN suppression, adhesion formation is diminished. Our findings support JUN as a therapeutic target to prevent adhesions. An anti-JUN therapy that could be applied intra-operatively to prevent adhesion formation could dramatically improve the lives of surgical patients. Abdominal adhesions are a common cause of bowel obstruction, but knowledge regarding adhesion biology and anti-adhesion therapies remains limited. Here the authors report a systematic analysis of mouse and human adhesion tissues demonstrating that visceral fibroblast JUN and associated PDGFRA expression promote adhesions, and JUN suppression can prevent adhesion formation.
Vehicular and Edge Computing for Emerging Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Applications

Emerging connected and autonomous vehicles involve complex applications requiring not only optimal computing resource allocations but also efficient computing architectures. In this paper, we unfold the critical performance metrics required for emerging vehicular computing applications and show with preliminary experimental results, how optimal choices can be made to satisfy the static and dynamic computing requirements in terms of the performance metrics. We also discuss the feasibility of edge computing architectures for vehicular computing and show tradeoffs for different offloading strategies. The paper shows directions for light weight, high performance and low power computing paradigms, architectures and design-space exploration tools to satisfy evolving applications and requirements for connected and autonomous vehicles.
Interpretation of ambiguous pronouns in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Background Pronouns are referentially ambiguous (e.g. she could refer to any female), yet they are common in everyday conversations. Individuals with typical development (TD) employ several strategies to avoid pronoun interpretation errors, including the subject bias - an assumption that a pronoun typically refers to the subject (or, with the closely related order-of-mention bias, the first-mentioned character) of the previous sentence. However, it is unknown if adults with intellectual disability (ID) share this strategy or the extent to which the subject bias is associated with non-verbal abilities or receptive vocabulary. Methods We tested 22 adults with mixed-aetiology ID on their interpretation of ambiguous pronouns using the visual world eye-tracking paradigm and by asking a follow-up pronoun interpretation question. A group of TD adults was also tested to establish the strength of the subject bias with our materials and task. Results Adults with ID did demonstrate the subject bias, but it was significantly less robust than that seen in TD. For participants with ID, the subject bias was influenced by non-verbal IQ and receptive vocabulary at different stages of processing. Conclusions Given the frequency of pronouns in conversation, strengthening the subject bias may help alleviate discourse and reading comprehension challenges for individuals with ID, particularly those with lower non-verbal and/or vocabulary skills.
Functionalization of stainless steel 316L with corrosion resistant polymer films

Abstract Stainless steel 316L (SS316L) is a commonly employed alloy with high corrosion resistance due to its chromium content. However, in marine environments it is susceptible to pitting corrosion because of the presence of chloride ions, which leads to a breakdown of the passive oxide layer. Here, we present a surface modification which impedes corrosion by employing surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization utilizing three common monomers, styrene, methyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate via an improved surface-initiated polymerization route. The organic films were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle goniometry. The electrochemical activity of the surface was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Modifications resulted in up to 99.9% fractional surface coverage and protection efficiencies of up to 99.3% with no decrease in coating coverage in saline conditions over a 72 hour period . Furthermore, SEM analysis of the polymer modified substrates indicated no pitting after simulated corrosion. These electrochemical and imaging results indicate that these new films could be effective in protecting against corrosion.
A Simple, Effective and Extendible Approach to Deep Multi-task Learning

Existing solutions to multi-task learning typically rely on manually enumerating multiple network architectures to find the optimal structure, which incurs a heavy design workload. In addition, extending these models to new tasks is difficult in many cases, since it often requires a network redesign for achieving the best performance. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we propose a novel principle for multitask learning, which focuses on the learning process itself. For each task, we consider its feature as a state, and treat the learning problem as a state transformation process, which is driven by a task-specific gradient. Specifically, we introduce a Gradient Modification Unit (GMU), which consists of a Gradient Estimation Network (GEN) (shared among all tasks) and multiple tiny task-specific gradient correctors (one for each task). At each iteration, for any task $\mathcal{T}$, the corresponding gradient corrector modifies the gradient estimated by the GEN to produce the desired task-specific gradient tensor that is applied to update the state of task $\mathcal{T}$. Our solution has several benefits including automatic end-to-end learning of the optimal transformation process, simplification of network design and high expansibility to new tasks. We demonstrate the superiority of our approach over existing solutions on a variety of datasets, across both image classification and image retrieval tasks.
Radiation concerns in frequent flyer patients: should imaging history influence decisions about recurrent imaging?

Radiation risks from diagnostic imaging have captured the attention of patients and medical practitioners alike, yet it remains unclear how these considerations can best be incorporated into clinic...
Designing Interface Aids to Assist Collaborative Robot Operators in Attention Management

As collaborative robots become increasingly widespread in manufacturing settings, there is a greater need for tools and interfaces to support operators who integrate, supervise, and troubleshoot these systems. In this paper, we present an application of the Robot Attention Demand (RAD) metric for use in the design of user interfaces to support operators in collaborative manufacturing scenarios. Building on prior work that introduced RAD, we designed and implemented prototype timeline and countdown-timer interfaces to be used within a collaborative assembly-inspection task where an operator is also responsible for a separate sorting task. We performed a user evaluation to investigate the effects of displaying predictive RAD information on operator performance and perceptions of the task. Our results show lower perceived task load and increased usability scores compared to baseline condition without an interface. These findings suggest that predictive RAD should be used by designers and engineers developing operator interfaces for collaborative robot applications in manufacturing.