cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poverty Comparisons Over Time and Across Countries in Africa

Abstract We use Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to compare “poverty” at two or more points in time within and between African countries. Our welfare measure is an index resulting from a factor analysis of various household characteristics, durables, and household heads’ education. An advantage of this measure is that for intertemporal and intraregional comparisons, we need not rely on suspect price deflators and currency conversion factors. The wide availability and similarity of questionnaires of the DHS facilitate comparisons over both time and countries. Our results generally show declines in poverty during the previous decade, largely due to improvements in rural areas.
A cross-cultural analysis of factors influencing choice in volunteering activities

Purpose – This study aims to offer insights into the contextual and situational variables that influence volunteering choices. Design/methodology/approach – An analysis of European and US business students’ volunteering experiences is performed. Cross-cultural and experiential outcomes are compared and contrasted at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Findings – A majority of volunteering decisions are made without thoughtful reflection, based on convenience in an effort to reduce personal hardship, and influenced heavily by institutional and organizational structures. Originality/value – These results call into question the notion that volunteering-related choices are deeply personal, purposeful and/or reflective decisions. Moreover, the findings begin to explain why volunteerism continues to be dogged by labels such as “ineffective”, “inefficient” or “lacking in value” when benchmarked against expectations.
Fluorescence decay kinetics of “Polyester yellow” in solutions and in polymers

Abstract We present some studies of the fluorescence decay kinetics of “polyester yellow” in benzene, glycerol and polymethyl methacrylate. The fluorescence of the dye in glycerol showed the presence of three dominant components, which correspond to three conformers differing in the orientations of the malononitrile group with respect to the dialkylaminophenyl group. At high concentrations of the dye, a ground state dimerization was observed for the first time in nonpolar solvents and in polymers. Two different configurations were identified from their fluorescence decay kinetics.
Design and Operational Influences on Thermal Performance of “Solaris” Solar Collector

Thermal performance characteristics of the “Solaris” water-trickle collector have been experimentally determined using the University of Virginia Solar Energy Research Facility. A theoretical model of the collector has also been used to examine the thermal performance of the collector. The model and experimental measurements were used to determine the sensitivity of the collector’s performance to such variables as ambient temperature, mass flow rate, insolation rate, wind, and glazing cleanliness. It was found that ambient temperature and wind are the two major variables which influence collector performance. Experimental measurements and the model also were used to demonstrate how design changes, such as glazing spacing, glazing material, double glazing, and condensate suppression influence and the performance of the water-trickle collector. Various glazing materials and double glazing were found to greatly change the collector’s performance. Changes in performance are reported in terms of the performance parameters FR , (τα)e and UL and graphically illustrated with plots of collection efficiency versus (Ti − Ta )/I.
A pragmatic analysis of Epitomization: Topicalization it's not∗

Abstract A type of OSV word order, Epitomization, is identified and analyzed. This type, previously unaccounted for, is distinguished on the basis of its discourse function. The left‐most (preposed) NP is a proper noun whose referent represents the epitome (superlative value) of some scalar attribute, while the referent of the subject NP is salient in the context. Use of Epitomization conveys a belief on the part of the speaker that the referent of the subject NP is negatively evaluated with respect to the referent of the left‐most NP on a scale representing the attribute in question.
Information-theoretic bounds for adaptive sparse recovery

We derive an information-theoretic lower bound for sample complexity in sparse recovery problems where inputs can be chosen sequentially and adaptively. This lower bound is in terms of a simple mutual information expression and unifies many different linear and nonlinear observation models. Using this formula we derive bounds for adaptive compressive sensing (CS), group testing and 1-bit CS problems. We show that adaptivity cannot decrease sample complexity in group testing, 1-bit CS and CS with linear sparsity. In contrast, we show there might be mild performance gains for CS in the sublinear regime. Our unified analysis also allows characterization of gains due to adaptivity from a wider perspective on sparse problems.
Can we use asymptotic analytic amplitude analysis in the energy region 5-1800 GeV?

Abstract We make an asymptotic analytic amplitude analysis of the t=0 parameters (σtot and ϱ-values) for p p and pp collisions, in the energy region s =5−1800 GeV . The parameters of all fits are essentially determined by the data at ISR energies and below. We find that, with or without a maximal odderon present: (1) the best fit with log 2 ( s s 0 ) dependence, does not fit the higher-energy cross-section data; (2) a log ( s s 0 ) dependence fits all the cross-section data well, but not the UA4 ϱ-value at 546 GeV. Our general conclusion is that such asymptotic fits do not lend support to either a log2s behavior for the total cross-section, or to the hypothesis of an asymptotically maximal odderon. We also emphasize that in all likelihood the energy region studied is simply too low to be in “asymptopia”.
Merit figures for fast estimating tolerance sensitivity in lens systems

We propose two parameters CS and AS for fast estimating sensitivities to constant coma and linear astigmatism in a misaligned lens system. We show that these figures correlate well with actual tolerancing of some lens systems.
High Temperature Tensile Creep of Magnesium Oxide Single Crystals

The creep behavior and the dislocation substructure developed during creep were investigated for 〈011〉 oriented MgO single crystals creep tested in tension. Creep deformation was studied over stress and temperature ranges of 29.0 to 86.2 MN/m2 and 1200 to 1500°C, and the minimum creep rate, e, was found to obey the relation: where σ= applied tensile stress, k= the Boltzmann constant, T= absolute temperature, n= 3.8 to 4.5, and A = ll × 10−2 (MN/m2)-4 s-1. Dislocation substructures developed during creep were studied by transmission electron microscopy and etch pitting techniques. At 1400°C, the dislocation density, ρ, at 0.10 tensile creep strain depended on applied stress as ρασ2.1. Numerous dislocation loops and long straight dislocations were present, but subboundaries were seldom observed. The results are discussed in terms of two possible operative creep mechanisms: (1) a recovery process based on annealing out of dislocation dipoles and loops, and (2) dislocation glide limited by atmospheres of charged defects surrounding dislocations.
Sodium percarbonate: A convenient reagent for efficiently oxidizing organoboranes

Abstract Sodium percarbonate, a readily available, inexpensive and easy to handle reagent, efficiently oxidizes organoboranes. The yields of alcohols are essentially identical to those obtained using standard oxidation procedure.
An Optimal Algorithm for Computing Visibility in the Plane

The authors give an algorithm to compute the visibility polygon from a point among a set of $h$ pairwise-disjoint polygonal obstacles with a total of $n$ vertices. Our algorithm uses $O(n)$ space and runs in optimal time $\Theta(n+h\log h)$, improving the previous upper bound of $O(n\log n)$. A direct consequence of the algorithm is an $O(n+h\log h)$ time algorithm for computing the convex hull of $h$ disjoint simple polygons.
Mirror symmetry is T duality

Abstract It is argued that every Calabi-Yau manifold X with a mirror Y admits a family of supersymmetric toroidal 3-cycles. Moreover the moduli space of such cycles together with their flat connections is precisely the space Y . The mirror transformation is equivalent to T -duality on the 3-cycles. The geometry of moduli space is addressed in a general framework. Several examples are discussed.
Disrupting Deliberative Discourse: Strategic Political Incivility at the Local Level

This article focuses on strategic political incivility intended to shut down or disrupt local arenas for public discourse. Professional facilitators who design and manage public discourse and democratic deliberation are the subject of this survey research. Survey questions elicited specific incidences of strategic political incivility and facilitators’ responses to these events. The results from this exploratory study suggest that strategic political incivility at the local level may not be as unmanageable a problem for professional facilitators as media reports purport. Recommendations for improving practice emerge from this study, along with promising avenues for future research on uncivil discourse.
Bloom’s Syndrome

D1Z2 is a highly polymorphic DNA locus composed of a tandem of repetitive units. Its molecular constitution has been examined in 61 clonal cell lines selected at random from two lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), each of which had been proliferating in vitro for several hundred days. Thirty-three of the cells were selected from an LCL derived from the blood of a person with Bloom's syndrome (BS), and the others from a normal person. A total of 20 distinctive band alterations in D1Z2 were observed, all in BS cells: appearance of a novel band(s); disappearance of a band(s), or alterations in the intensity of a band(s). Unequal sister-chromatid exchange giving rise to intra-locus mutation is considered the most plausible explanation for the accumulation of the changes detected.
Cycles of the Logistic Map

The onset and bifurcation points of n-cycles of several polynomial maps are located through a characteristic equation connecting cyclic polynomials of the cycle points. The polynomials satisfied by the parameters of the logistic, Henon, and cubic maps at the onset and bifurcation points are obtained for n up to 14, 9, and 9, respectively.
Synthesis of 6-azacholesten-3-ones: Potent inhibitors of 5α-reductase

Abstract 4-Cholesten-3-one was converted into 6-azacholesten-3-ones (7, 14 and 15). These compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of both type 1 and 2 human 5α-reductase.
Lithio-1,3,5-trithiane Erzeugung, Umsetzung mit Elektrophilen und Verwendung als nucleophile Acylierungsmittel

1,3,5-Trithian selbst sowie 2-mono- und 2,4,6- trisubstituierte Trithiane lassen sich mit n-Butyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran metallieren. Umsetzung der Lithiumderivate mit Elektrophilen fuhrt zu hoher substituierten Trithianen, die teilweise in reiner Form isoliert werden konnen. Die NMR-Spektren der erhaltenen Produkte bei Raumtemperatur werden beschrieben. Quecksilber(II)-assistierte Solvolyse von alkylierten Trithianen fuhrt zu Carbonyl-verbindungen oder deren O-Acetalen unter „Herauslosung” des hochstsubstituierten C-Atoms, was die Verwendung von Lithiotrithianen als nucleophile Acylierungsmittel ermoglicht. Vor- und Nachteile gegenuber der Dithian-Methode werden diskutiert.
The Optical Constants of Polished and Sputtered Molybdenum Surfaces

The optical constants of molybdenum are determined by Drude’s method for opaque films sputtered in air and in hydrogen, and for mirrors of massive metal, at wave-lengths 0.578μ, 0.546μ and 0.436μ. The indices of refraction and absorption, and the computed reflectivity are found to vary with the conditions of sputtering, and to be considerably less than for the massive metal. To eliminate any possible effect due to surface films formed by chemical action of the atmosphere, the final stage of polishing one of the bulk metal mirrors is carried out under kerosene, and the mirror is observed while immersed in kerosene. The results are not appreciably different when the same mirror is observed in air.
Nanog-like regulates endoderm formation through the Mxtx2-nodal pathway

In mammalian embryonic stem cells, the acquisition of pluripotency is dependent on Nanog, but the in vivo analysis of Nanog has been hampered by its requirement for early mouse development. In an effort to examine the role of Nanog in vivo, we identified a zebrafish Nanog ortholog and found that its knockdown impaired endoderm formation. Genome-wide transcription analysis revealed that nanog-like morphants fail to develop the extraembryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL), which produces Nodal, required for endoderm induction. We examined the genes that were regulated by Nanog-like and identified the homeobox gene mxtx2, which is both necessary and sufficient for YSL induction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and genetic studies indicated that Nanog-like directly activates mxtx2, which, in turn, specifies the YSL lineage by directly activating YSL genes. Our study identifies a Nanog-like-Mxtx2-Nodal pathway and establishes a role for Nanog-like in regulating the formation of the extraembryonic tissue required for endoderm induction.
Aerosolization of Two Strains (Ice+ and Ice–) of Pseudomonas syringae in a Collison Nebulizer at Different Temperatures

The aerosolization of microorganisms from aquatic environments is understudied. This article describes a study in which an ice nucleation active (ice+) strain and a nonice nucleation active (ice−) strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae were aerosolized from aqueous suspensions under artificial laboratory conditions using a collison nebulizer. The aerosolization of P. syringae was not influenced by water temperatures between 5° and 30°C. In general, the culturability (viability) of P. syringae in aerosols increased with temperature between 5 and 30°C. The ice+ strain was aerosolized in greater numbers than the ice– strain at all temperatures studied, suggesting a possible connection between the ice nucleation phenotype and aerosol production. Together, our results suggest that P. syringae has the potential to be aerosolized from natural aquatic environments, such as streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes; known reservoirs of P. syringae. Future work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of aerosolization ...
ON THE ESTIMATION OF SYSTEMATIC UNCERTAINTIES OF STAR FORMATION HISTORIES

In most star formation history (SFH) measurements, the reported uncertainties are those due to effects whose sizes can be readily measured: Poisson noise, adopted distance and extinction, and binning choices in the solution itself. However, the largest source of error, systematics in the adopted isochrones, is usually ignored and very rarely explicitly incorporated into the uncertainties. I propose a process by which estimates of the uncertainties due to evolutionary models can be incorporated into the SFH uncertainties. This process relies on application of shifts in temperature and luminosity, the sizes of which must be calibrated for the data being analyzed. While there are inherent limitations, the ability to estimate the effect of systematic errors and include them in the overall uncertainty is significant. The effects of this are most notable in the case of shallow photometry, with which SFH measurements rely on evolved stars.
Scientific objectives of a Solar Probe mission

The Solar Probe is a mission of exploration and discovery in an uninvestigated region near the sun. The Solar Probe can enhance general understanding of the corona and the solar wind. The first in situ measurements of coronal particles and fields are expected to provide definitive discriminators among many currently proposed models of processes that shape the structure and dynamics of the outer corona and solar wind. In addition, observations of the development of turbulence, nonlinear wave processes, plasma heating, and particle acceleration in the corona can advance these areas of plasma physics in a regime neither duplicated by earth-based laboratories nor by previous space exploration. It also fills the last gap between knowledge of the terrestrial response to solar output as well as provide insight for interpreting observations of general stellar envelopes.
Energy flux near the junction of two Ising chains at different temperatures

We consider a system in a non-equilibrium steady state by joining two semi-infinite Ising chains coupled to thermal reservoirs with different temperatures, T and T'. To compute the energy flux from the hot bath through our system into the cold bath, we exploit Glauber heat-bath dynamics to derive an exact equation for the two-spin correlations, which we solve for T'=∞ and arbitrary T. We find that, in the T'=∞ sector, the in-flux occurs only at the first spin. In the T<∞ sector (sites x=1, 2, ...), the out-flux shows a non-trivial profile: F(x). Far from the junction of the two chains, F(x) decays as e−x/ξ, where ξ is twice the correlation length of the equilibrium Ising chain. As T→0, this decay crosses over to a power law (x−3) and resembles a "critical" system. Simulations affirm our analytic results.
Infrared Emission from Interstellar Dust. IV. The Silicate-Graphite-PAH Model in the Post-Spitzer Era

IR emission spectra are calculated for dust heated by starlight, for mixtures of amorphous silicate and graphitic grains, including varying amounts of PAH particles. The models are constrained to reproduce the average Milky Way extinction curve. The calculations include the effects of single-photon heating. Updated IR absorption properties for the PAHs are presented that are consistent with observed emission spectra, including those newly obtained by Spitzer. We find a size distribution for the PAHs giving emission band ratios consistent with the observed spectra of the Milky Way and other galaxies. Emission spectra are presented for a wide range of starlight intensities. We calculate how the efficiency of emission into different IR bands depends on PAH size; the strong 7.7 μm emission feature is produced mainly by PAH particles containing Umin. We present graphical procedures using Spitzer IRAC and MIPS photometry to estimate the parameters qPAH, Umin, and γ, the fraction fPDR of the dust luminosity coming from photodissociation regions with U > 100, and the total dust mass Mdust.
Pu2O3 and the plutonium hydriding process

Abstract The role of cubic Pu 2 O 3 in the corrosion of PuO 2 -coated Pu by H 2 was investigated. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate that nucleation of hydriding is promoted by formation of Pu 2 O 3 sites in the oxide layer. The nucleation mechanism based on diffusion of hydrogen through the PuO 2 layer was evaluated and an alternative mechanism based on formation of catalytic Pu 2 O 3 sites via the Pu–PuO 2 reaction is proposed. The possibility of active participation of other impurities and inclusions in the dioxide is also discussed.
On Localization of A Non-Cooperative Target with Non-Coherent Binary Detectors

Localization of a non-cooperative target with binary detectors is considered. A general expression for the Fisher information for estimation of target location and power is developed. This general expression is then used to derive closed-form approximations for the Cramer-Rao bound for the case of non-coherent detectors. Simulations show that the approximations are quite consistent with the exact bounds.
Maternal Smoking and the Timing of WIC Enrollment

Objective: To investigate the association between the timing of enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and smoking among prenatal WIC participants. Methods: We use WIC data from eight states participating in the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS). We adjust the association between the timing of WIC participation and smoking behavior with a rich set of maternal characteristics. Results: Women who enroll in WIC in the first trimester of pregnancy are 2.7% points more likely to be smoking at intake than women who enroll in the third trimester. Among participants who smoked before pregnancy and at prenatal WIC enrollment, those who enrolled in the first trimester are 4.5% points more likely to quit smoking 3 months before delivery and 3.4% points more likely to quit by postpartum registration, compared with women who do not enroll in WIC until the third trimester. However, among pregravid smokers who report quitting by the first prenatal WIC visit, first-trimester enrollment is associated with a 2% point increase in relapse by postpartum registration. These results differ by race/ethnicity; white women who enroll early are 3.6% points more likely to relapse, while black women are 2.5% points less likely to relapse. Conclusions: Early WIC enrollment is associated with higher quit rates, although changes are modest when compared to the results from smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women. Given the prevalence of prenatal smoking among WIC participants, efforts to intensify WIC’s role in smoking cessation through more frequent, and more focused counseling should be encouraged.
Xenotransplantation and the future of renal replacement.

Transplantation of the kidney first became feasible in the early years of the 20th century ([1][1]). Experimental surgeons had recently devised the vascular anastomosis as a way of repairing the cut end of blood vessels, and that advance created the field of vascular surgery ([2,3][2][⇓][3]).
Extension of sections via adjoint ideals

We prove theorems on extending sections of line bundles from divisors to the ambient space, inspired by various results of Siu, Kawamata, and especially Hacon–McKernan and Takayama. We include applications to basepoint-freeness, to the invariance of analogues of plurigenera and of part of the boundary of the pseudo-effective cone in families, and to a slightly simplified approach to results of Hacon–McKernan towards the existence of flips.
SEEMORE: a view-based approach to 3-D object recognition using multiple visual cues

A view-based, high-dimensional feature-space recognition system called SEEMORE was developed as a testbed to explore the representational trade-offs that arise when a simple feedforward neural architecture is challenged with a difficult 3D object recognition problem. Particular emphasis was placed on designing an object representation that could: 1) cope with a large number of real 3D objects of many different types; 2) operate directly on input images without shift, scale, or other object pre-normalization steps; 3) integrate multiple visual cues; and 4) recognize objects over 6 degrees of freedom of viewpoint, gross non-rigid shape distortions, and/or partial occulsion. Recognition results were obtained using a set of 102 color and shape feature channels, each designed to be invariant to image plane shifts and rotations, and only modestly sensitive to orientation in depth. In response to a test set of 600 novel test views of 100 objects presented individually in color video images, SEEMORE identified the object correctly 97% of the time using a nearest neighbour classifier. Similar levels of performance were obtained for the subset of 15 non-rigid objects.
Total synthesis of endothelin-converting enzyme antagonist WS75624 B

Abstract A concise synthesis of endothelin-converting enzyme antagonist WS75624 B is reported. The natural product was prepared in seven steps from 2,4-dibromothiazole.
N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl galactosamine imidate as a glycosyl donor for the efficient synthesis of mucin core-2 analogue.

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the mucin core-2 analogue 1a Download : Download high-res image (83KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . This C-2 position is blocked for commonly occurring α(1,2)- l -fucosyltransferase. was accomplished using N-p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl(PNZ)-protected trichloroacetimidate 4 Download : Download high-res image (134KB) Download : Download full-size image Scheme 2 . Reagents and conditions: (i) 4 (1.5 equiv), TESOTf (0.24 equiv), CH2Cl2, 4 A molecular sieves, rt, 15 min, 89%; (ii) Na2S2O4 (8 equiv), MeCN:EtOH:H2O (v/v/v 1:1:1), 10 min; (iii) Ac2O–MeOH; (iv) 75% acetic acid, 45 °C, 2 h, 90%; (v) 80% acetic acid, 40 °C, 2 h, 92%; (vi) 4 (1.2 equiv), TESOTf, CH2Cl2, −65 °C, 1 h, 78%; (vii) pyridine–Ac2O, DMAP; (viii) 4 (1.2 equiv), BF3·Et2O (0.5 equiv), CH2Cl2, −60 °C, 30 min, 82%. as a novel glycosyl donor.
Silver Ion Catalyzed Cyclization of Allenic Phosphonic Acids to 1,2-Oxaphospholenes

Abstract We have previously described a general synthetic route to 1,2-oxaphosphol-3-ene 2-oxides (3) from propargyl alcohols (1), 1–4 proceeding via isolable allenic phosphoryl derivatives (2).1–4 We found2 that phosphonic acids (2, R[dbnd]H) where both R2 and R3 were alkyl groups underwent spontaneous (but slow) cyclization to give 3 (R[dbnd]H). This reaction could also be catalyzed by any strong Bronsted acid. By contrast, if either R2 or R3 (or both) were hydrogen, 2 (R[dbnd]H) was completely inert toward concentrated acids even after prolonged exposure high temperature 1, 2 Still, all derivatives of 2, including esters, could be cyclized by such electrophilic reagents as Br2, Hg(OAC)2, ArSCl, and ArSeCl3, 4
In Vivo Measurement of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter in Schizophrenia

Given evidence for excessive striatal dopamine activity in schizophrenia, we sought to test the hypothesis that dopaminergic innervation in the striatum is abnormally elevated, and a secondary hypothesis that age-related loss is accelerated. Twelve schizophrenic subjects on stable doses of medications, along with 12 age and sex-matched healthy control subjects, underwent positron emission tomography (PET) studies with [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), which binds to the vesicular monoamine transporter, type 2 (VMAT2). DTBZ binding reflects principally dopaminergic projections in the striatum and appears in animal models, over treatment periods as long as two weeks, not to be regulated by antipsychotic drugs. Using an equilibrium analysis, we obtained measurements of the binding potential (BP) of [11C]DTBZ, as well as a transport (K1) measure, corresponding to regional cerebral blood flow. BP in the striatum showed no difference between the patient and control groups, and no differential effect of age. We did not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that excessive dopamine activity in schizophrenia could be explained by increased density of striatal dopamine terminals.
Dynamical realization of macroscopic superposition states of cold bosons in a tilted double well

We present exact expressions for the quantum sloshing of Bose-Einstein condensates in a tilted two-well potential. Tunneling is suppressed by a small potential difference between wells, or tilt. However, tunneling resonances occur for critical values of the tilt when the barrier is high. At resonance, tunneling times on the order of 10–100 ms are possible. Furthermore, such tilted resonances lead to a dynamical scheme for creating few-body NOON-like macroscopic superposition states which are protected by the many-body wave function against potential fluctuations.
STRIPES, PSEUDOGAPS, AND SO(6) IN THE CUPRATE SUPERCONDUCTORS

Abstract This talk will briefly summarize two related calculations. First, we demonstrate that the instabilities (either nesting or pairing) associated with the high- T c cuprates can be described by an SO (6) transformation group. There are two independent, six-dimensional representations (`superspins'). One superspin combines Zhang's five-component superspin with a flux phase instability; the other involves a charge density wave, s-wave superconductivity, and an exotic spin current. The second calculation is a self-consistent slave boson calculation, which provides a good description of the doping dependence of the photoemission dispersion in terms of dynamic striped phases. The stripes are stabilized by strong electron–phonon coupling, and provide evidence for a doping-dependent crossover between the two superspin groundstates.
Effects of thalamic deep brain stimulation based on tremor type and diagnosis

It has been suggested that deep brain stimulation (DBS) is less effective in alleviating proximal than distal postural arm tremor reduction is said to be less in essential tremor (ET) than in Parkinson's disease (PD). We analyzed blinded rater's tremor scores and subjects' disability ratings at 3-month follow-up to examine the effects of DBS based on tremor type (rest, kinetic, distal postural, proximal postural) and diagnosis (ET, PD). An independent examiner provided tremor scores using randomized videotaped footage of 19 ET and 10 PD subjects at baseline and at follow-up with DBS "on." Subjects provided self-ratings of disability at baseline and at follow-up. Comparisons of baseline and follow-up tremor scores and disability ratings were made using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon rank sum W test; correlation analyses were performed using Spearman rank order correlation test. There were significant and essentially equal improvements in tremor scores of test, kinetic, distal postural, and proximal postural tremor at follow-up. Only one subject had no improvement in tremor. Tremor improved significantly and to the same extent in ET and PD subjects in each position except "at rest," which was most improved in PD (p = 0.0003). ET and PD subjects did not differ in the extent of disability improvement. Improved disability correlated only with improved postural tremor scores; proximal postural and distal postural (r = 0.41, p = 0.03; r = 0.47, p = 0.01). DBS is effective in alleviating tremor and disability in both ET and PD. Resting, kinetic, distal postural, and proximal postural tremor can be reduced to an equal degree. However, DBS produces the greatest improvement in disability in association with improved postural tremor in both ET and PD.
New Silicon Valleys or a new species? Commoditization of knowledge work and the rise of knowledge services clusters

This paper explores knowledge services clusters (KSCs) as a distinct and increasingly important form of geographic cluster, in particular in developing countries: KSCs are defined as geographic concentrations of lower-cost skills serving global demand for increasingly commoditized knowledge services. Based on prior research on clusters and services offshoring, and data from the Offshoring Research Network (ORN), major properties and contingencies of KSC growth are discussed and compared with both high-tech clusters and low-cost manufacturing clusters. Special emphasis is put on the ambivalent effect of commoditization of knowledge work on KSC growth: It is proposed that KSCs attract most client projects if service commoditization is medium, whereas higher or lower commoditization either increases global competitive pressure or lowers demand and economies of scale and scope. KSC attractiveness is further related to the perceived availability of skills at relatively low costs, and cluster connectedness with client economies through corporate networks and professional communities. Findings not only advance current debates on clusters, global services sourcing, and the geography of knowledge production, but also have important policy implications.
Whither the Marriage tax

We use household data from the Current Population Survey to calculate how the real value of the so-called “marriage tax” or “marriage subsidy” in the federal individual income tax has changed over the period 1969 to 2009. We examine three issues: the magnitude of the marriage tax/subsidy and its evolution over time, its effects on the distribution of income (including the effects of different demographic characteristics on the magnitudes and trends), and the causal factors in its evolution (e.g., tax changes, demographic changes). We find that the tax treatment of the family has changed significantly over time, from a large average marriage bonus in 1969, to a large marriage tax in much of the 1990s and early 2000s, to a large marriage subsidy since 2003. We also find that the marriage tax varies significantly and systematically by income level, as well as by the number of children in the family, the earnings ratios of the spouses, the race of the family, and the age of the household head. Finally, we find that changes in income and family composition have influenced the magnitudes and trends of marriage taxes and subsidies, but that adjustments in the federal income tax code account for most of the observed changes.
A complex hyperbolic structure for moduli of cubic surfaces

Abstract We show that the moduli space M of marked cubic surfaces is biholomorphic to ( B 4 − H )/Г, where B 4 is complex hyperbolic four-space, Γ is a specific group generated by complex reflections, and H is the union of reflection hyperplanes for Γ. Thus M has a complex hyperbolic structure, i.e., an (incomplete) metric of constant negative holomorphic sectional curvature.
Sustainability and the astrobiological perspective: Framing human futures in a planetary context

Abstract We explore how questions related to developing a sustainable human civilization can be cast in terms of astrobiology. In particular we show how ongoing astrobiological studies of the coupled relationship between life, planets and their co-evolution can inform new perspectives and direct new studies in sustainability science. Using the Drake Equation as a vehicle to explore the gamut of astrobiology, we focus on its most import factor for sustainability: the mean lifetime L ¯ of an ensemble of Species with Energy-Intensive Technology (SWEIT). We cast the problem into the language of dynamical system theory and introduce the concept of a trajectory bundle for SWEIT evolution. We then discuss how astrobiological results usefully inform the creation of dynamical equations, their constraints and initial conditions. Three specific examples of how astrobiological considerations can be folded into discussions of sustainability are discussed: (1) concepts of planetary habitability, (2) mass extinctions and their possible relation to the current, so-called Anthropocene epoch, and (3) today's changes in atmospheric chemistry (and the climate change it entails) in the context of pervious epochs of biosphere-driven atmospheric and climate alteration (i.e. the Great Oxidation Event).
Realization of permutations on generalized INDRA networks

Abstract The realization of permutations of data on a class of redundant-path interconnection networks, called generalized INDRA networks, is studied. This class of networks is constructed by combining L layers (copies) of subnetworks in parallel preceded by a distribution stage, the subnetwork chosen being a delta network constructed from R × R switching elements. Redundant links are provided on the input side of the network so that failures in the distribution stage could be sustained. The problem of realizing an arbitrary permutation on such networks has a one-to-one correspondence with the problem of performing the same permutation in multiple passes on a delta network. This problem is reduced to that of finding a vertex coloring for the conflict graph of the permutation. Although the general problem of finding optimal colorings for graphs of arbitrary permutations is unsolved, classes of permutations with some regularity can be mapped optimally; we illustrate this with the BPC class of permutations. Conflicts in a permutation in the BPC class are described by means of conflict cubes, and these cubes are used to obtain an optimal mapping of the permutation on the network using a minimum number of layers. Several examples are provided to illustrate the underlying concepts of our work.
The Effect of College Applications on Enrollment

This article investigates determinants of the number of four-year colleges to which students apply and how the number of applications affects their probabilities of enrollment. To estimate the effect on enrollment, I use a novel instrument: the adoption rate of the Common Application near a student’s home. I find that applying to one additional college increases students’ likelihood of enrollment, but only for those applying to very few colleges. Going from one to two applications and two to three applications increases students’ probabilities of enrollment by 40% and 10%, respectively. This is partially due to the increase in the probability of being accepted to some college but also due to the increase in the probability of choosing to enroll, conditional on being accepted.
Natural topcolor assisted technicolor

Abstract We construct a prototype of topcolor-assisted technicolor in which, although both top and bottom quarks acquire some mass from extended technicolor, strong U (1) couplings of technifermions are isospin symmetric and all gauge anomalies vanish. There is a mechanism for mixing between the light and heavy generations and there need be no very light pseudo-Goldstone bosons.
Gonadotropin and testosterone measurements after estrogen administration to adult men, prepubertal and pubertal boys, and men with hypogonadotropism: evidence for maturation of positive feedback in the male.

Extract: Nineteen male subjects were given five daily injections of 17β-estradiol and circulating levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and gonadotropins were determined by radioimmunoassay before, during, and after the steroid course. Peak levels of E2 attained during the 5 days of treatment ranged from 173–577 pg/ml. Four of seven normal adult men and one castrate man demonstrated suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) with a subsequent rise in LH (positive feedback) while E2 levels remained elevated. A rise in T was associated with the LH increment in the four normal men. Nine pre-, early, or midpubertal boys and two men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism displayed only gonadotropin suppression after E2 administration. The difference in LH response to estrogen (i.e., positive feedback) between the adult men with normal or elevated gonadotropin levels as compared with the endocrinologically normal boys is significant (P < 0.01). Speculation: Positive feedback between estrogen and LH is present in intact adult men, although the magnitude and consistency of this response is less than in women. Testosterone in men may act like progester-one in the female rhesus monkey to blunt the magnitude of the LH rise during estrogen administration. The potential for positive feedback appears to be a maturational event occurring during puberty in men as well as in women.
Toward improved photon-atom scattering predictions

Photon-atom scattering is important in a variety of applications, but scattering from a composite system depends on the accurate characterization of the scattering from an isolated atom or ion. We have been examining the validity of simpler approximations of elastic scattering in the light of second-order S-matrix theory. Partitioning the many-body amplitude into Rayleigh and Delbrueck components, processes beyond photoionization contribute. Subtracted cross sections for bound-bound atomic transitions, bound pair annihilation, and bound pair production are required in anomalous scattering factors for: (1) convergence of the dispersion integral; (2) agreement with predictions of the more sophisticated S-matrix approach; (3) satisfying the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule. New accurate tabulations of anomalous scattering factors have been prepared for all Z, for energies 0--10,000 keV, within the independent particle approximation (IPA) using a Dirac-Slater model of the atom. Separately, experimental atomic photoabsorption threshold information has been used to modify these IPA predictions for improved comparison with experiment.
Radiationless decay from the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer state in the blue copper protein plastocyanin

Abstract The cysteine S(p π ) → Cu 2+ d x 2 − y 2 ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) state in plastocyanin exhibits a time-resolved pump-probe spectrum that has excited-state absorption and stimulated-emission components to the blue and red, respectively, of the absorption maximum. The LMCT state returns to the ground state by populating the d xz + yz → d x 2 − y 2 ligand-field (LF) state. The lack of hole-burned features in the time-resolved spectra implies the presence of intramolecular vibrational redistribution and/or protein-matrix solvation dynamics on a time scale that is shorter than the 125 fs lifetime of the LMCT state.
COUNTING CURVES WITH MODULAR FORMS

Abstract We consider the type IIA string compactified on the Calabi-Yau space given by a degree 12 hypersurface in the weighted projective space P4(1,1,2,2,6). We express the prepotential of the low-energy effective supergravity theory in terms of a set of functions that transform covariantly under PSL(2, Z) modular transformations. These functions are then determined by monodromy properties, by singularities at the massless monopole point of the moduli space, and by S → T exchange symmetry.
Prevalence of penetration and aspiration on videofluoroscopy in normal individuals without dysphagia.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of penetration and aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) in normal individuals without dysphagia.Study Design: Case series with planned data collection.Setting: A tertiary urban university hospital.Subjects and Methods: Normal adult volunteers without dysphagia, neurological disease, or previous surgery underwent VFSS. Studies were recorded and then reviewed for evidence of penetration or aspiration. The degree of penetration was assessed with the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS). The effect of age, bolus size, and consistency was evaluated.Results: A total of 149 VFSS (596 swallows) were reviewed. The mean age of the cohort was 57 years (±19 years); 56 percent were female. Only one (0.6%) individual aspirated on VFSS. Seventeen (11.4%) individuals demonstrated penetration. The mean PAS for the entire cohort was 1.17 (±0.66). Prevalence of penetration by swallow was 2.85 percent (17/596). Prevalence of penetration was 9.3 percent in elderly individ...
Synthesis and Antiviral Studies of Unsaturated Analogues of Isomeric Dideoxynucleosides

Novel isomeric dideoxynucleosides with unsaturation in the carbohydrate moiety have been synthesized. For example, isod4A was synthesized through a rearrangement reaction involving a cyclonucleoside. Support for the structures of both purine and pyrimidine d4 compounds came from UV, NMR, HRMS and single crystal X-ray data. Interestingly, the single crystal X-ray data for isod4C shows that the base is almost orthogonal to the carbon-carbon double bond of the sugar moiety. Consistent with this is the observation that the UV data of this compound does not show a bathochromic shift compared to the saturated compound implying that the pi-bond is not in conjugation with the pyrimidine base.
Atypical 18p- syndrome associated with partial trisomy 16p in a chromosomally unbalanced child of consanguineous parents with an identical balanced translocation

A 2 month old male infant was found to have mild growth retardation, prominent forehead, low set ears, low nasal bridge, rounded facies, cleft palate, webbed neck, shawl scrotum, and absent right kidney. The propositus, a product of a consanguineous marriage, had extremely rare abnormal cytogenetic findings. His karyotype contained three derivative chromosomes that originated from a familial translocation, t(16;18)(p13.3;p11.2) carried by both parents. Based on parental studies, the infant's unbalanced karyotype was defined as: [46,XY,t(16;18)(p13.3;p11.2), der(18)t(16;18).ish t(16;18)(16ptel-,16qtel+,18ptel+,wcp16+,wcp18+;16ptel+,18ptel-,wcp16+,wcp18+), der(18)t(16;18)(16ptel+,18ptel-,wcp16+,wcp18+)]. We describe this child at 2 months of age with a follow up at 4 1/2 years, exhibiting a mixed clinical picture with features of both 18p- and partial trisomy 16p13.3.
AC/DC: An Adaptive Data Cache Prefetcher

AC/DC is an adaptive method for prefetching data from main memory. The basic prefetch method divides the memory address space into equal-sized concentration zones (CZones), and uses a global history buffer to track and detect patterns in miss address "deltas" (differences between consecutive addresses) within each CZone. When simulated with a realistic desktop memory system, CZone prefetching with delta correlations (C/DC) outperforms four other previously proposed prefetching methods. C/DC yields an average performance improvement of 23 percent when compared with no prefetching. Adaptivity is then added to the basic method. A tuning algorithm dynamically configures the CZone size and prefetch degree (i.e. the amount of data pre-fetched) on a per program-phase basis. Adaptive reconfiguration provides additional performance improvements of 4% over C/DC. Overall, the adaptive CZone / delta correlation (AC/DC) method outperforms other methods studied by 10%.
Tetrazole-substituted ureas as inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT). A novel preparation of ureas from weakly nucleophilic amines

Abstract A novel series of tetrazole-substituted ureas 2 were prepared from weakly nucleophilic amines using a new coupling method. The ureas were found to potently inhibit liver ACAT in vitro and lower total serum cholesterol in vivo. A comparison of urea 2b and the anti-atherosclerotic CI-976 in a long-term model of atherosclerosis indicates the importance of inhibiting arterial ACAT for reducing lesion size.
Assessment of thermoelectric module with nanofluid heat exchanger

Abstract For applications such as cooling of electronic devices, it is a common practice to sandwich the thermoelectric module between an integrated chip and a heat exchanger, with the cold-side of the module attached to the chip. This configuration results thermal contact resistances in series between the chip, module, and heat exchanger. In this paper, an appraisal of thermal augmentation of thermoelectric module using nanofluid-based heat exchanger is presented. The system under consideration uses commercially available thermoelectric module, 27 nm Al2O3–H2O nanofluid, and a heat source to replicate the chip. The volume fraction of nanofluid is varied between 0% and 2%. At optimum input current conditions, experimental simulations were performed to measure the transient and steady-state thermal response of the module to imposed isoflux conditions. Data collected from the nanofluid-based exchanger is compared with that of deionized water. Results show that there exist a lag-time in thermal response between the module and the heat exchanger. This is attributed to thermal contact resistance between the two components. A comparison of nanofluid and deionized water data reveals that the temperature difference between the hot- and cold-side, ΔT = Th − Tc ≈ 0, is almost zero for nanofluid whereas ΔT > 0 for water. When ΔT ≈ 0, the contribution of Fourier effect to the overall heating is approximately zero hence enhancing the module cooling capacity. Experimental evidence further shows that temperature gradient across the thermal paste that bonds the chip and heat exchanger is much lower for the nanofluid than for deionized water. Low temperature gradient results in low resistance to the flow of heat across the thermal paste. The average thermal contact resistance, R = ΔT/Q, is 0.18 and 0.12 °C/W, respectively for the deionized water and nanofluid. For the range of optimum current, 1.2 ⩽ current ⩽ 4.1 A, considered in this study, the COP ranges between 1.96 and 0.68.