cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study

Persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease can be effectively identified from a measurement of their serum cholesterol and blood pressure, a smoking history, an electrocardiogram and a determination of glucose intolerance. One general function for identifying persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease is also effective in identifying persons at risk for each of the specific diseases, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication, even though the variables used have a different impact on each particular disease. The 10 percent of persons identified with use of this function as at highest risk accounted for about one fifth of the 8 year incidence of coronary heart disease and about one third of the 8 year incidence of atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication. Hence the function provides an economic and efficient method of identifying persons at high cardiovascular risk who need preventive treatment and persons at low risk who need not be alarmed about one moderately elevated risk characteristic.
Arc restrike in the rail accelerator

One of the causes of the degradation in rail accelerator performance is the formation of a secondary arc. Experimental evidence of arc restrike and the subsequent growth of this secondary arc is presented. A simple analytical treatment of arc restrike is developed in terms of breakdown of residual vapor atoms. It is found that after the passage of the primary arc, the bore volume contains a large number of residual neutral vapor atoms. If the density of these atoms is in excess of the critical density, then for a certain length of time the condition exists in the bore for the formation of a secondary arc. Evaporation of atoms from the bore surfaces cannot provide a sufficient number of atoms for an arc restrike. A likely source of the high residual atom density is the leakage of a portion of the ablated material that is added to the trailing edge of the primary arc. >
Polymer Solar Cells That Use Self‐Assembled‐Monolayer‐ Modified ZnO/Metals as Cathodes

valuesoriginatefromthelossofchargecarriersthroughleakagepathsincluding pinholes in the ﬁlms and the recombination andtrapping of the carriers during their transit through the cell,leading to a decrease in device performance.Modiﬁcation of electrodes has been commonly employed toimprove the contact between the active organic layer andelectrodes. At the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode side, a thinbuffer layer of a conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxylene thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PED-OT:PSS), is often used to increase the work-function of ITOfor effective hole collection.
Social, cultural, and medical factors that influence maternal breastfeeding.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANSchool of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USAWhile breastfeeding is one of the oldest natural practices, breast milk feedi...
FIELD NOTES ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE BOLIVIAN ANDES

Summary The paper includes data from Bolivia on fourteen rare or little known species of Andean birds. The display of Gallinago stricklandii is described; the ecology and distribution of Uropsalis segmentata, Aeronautes andecolus, Leptasthenura yanacensis, Asthenes pudibunda, Xolmis rufipennis, Oreopsar bolivianus, Oreomanes fraseri, Idiopsar brachyurus, and Compsospiza garleppi are outlined; the feeding behaviour of Chalcostigma olivaceum is described; the nests of Leptasthenura yanacensis, Schizoeaca harterti, Ampelion rubrocristatus, and Phrygilus plebejus are described (those of the first three species apparently for the first time). The species of Furnariidae that are known to breed with incompletely pneumatized skull are listed.
Binding of catechol estrogens to the estrogen receptor of dimethylbenz(a) anthracene induced rat mammary tumors

Abstract The effect of 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol and estriol on binding to cytosol receptors of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary tumors was investigated. All three steroids bind to a high affinity estrogen receptor with 2-hydroxyestradiol having twice the affinity for tumor cytosol receptors than estriol or 2-hydroxyestrone. Both 2-hydroxyestradiol and estriol were able to translocate tumor cytosol receptor to the nucleus. Furthermore, experiments on the in vivo effect of these steroids on the nuclear accumulation and retention of estrogen receptors by rat uterus showed that 2-hydroxyestradiol and estriol caused significant nuclear receptor translocation with short retention time which is paralleled by a corresponding short term uterine growth responses. However, 2-hydroxyestrone was unable to induce receptor translocation or uterine growth effects.
Morphologies of Solid Surfaces Produced far from Equilibrium

We present the first quantitative experimental study of the morphology of amorphous solid surfaces formed by non-equilibrium processes and compare the results with theories developed to explain the formation of such surfaces.
A host-dependent hybrid plasmid suitable as a suicidal carrier for transposable elements.

Abstract Plasmid pAS8Tc s rep -1::Tn7 (abbreviated pAS8Rep-1), a derivative of the RP4-ColE1 hybrid plasmid pAS8 displaying ColE1-dependent replication/maintenance, was found capable of the introduction of transposon Tn7 into the genome of phytopathogenic Pseudomonas . The plasmid is potentially useful as a general purpose suicidal Tn carrier for bacteria that do not support stable replication/maintenance of ColE1 but are within the conjugational host range of RP4.
Production of Small, Monodispersed Alginate Beads for Cell Immobilization

Gel entrapment retains suspension cells in a bioreactor for high-density operations without the difficulties of cell separation. To achieve and sustain high cell densities in animal cell culture, beads under 1 mm in diameter are desirable to minimize diffusional limitations. The challenge is to develop a controllable, scaleable process to produce small, monodispersed beads for cell immobilization. In this work, alginate bead populations were produced in the 0.5–1 mm size range with less than 10% standard deviation by destabilizing a viscous jet with a controlled disturbance. Systematic study of the drop formation with this “vibration” method demonstrated that Weber's theory for the instability of viscous jets qualitatively applies to the alginate system and provides a predictive tool for selecting the wavelength of disturbance for controlled bead formation. Nonlinear theory also provided guidance in establishing proper operating conditions to avoid satellite drop formation which decreases bead uniformity. A viscosity range 150–500 cp was found to be optimum for bead formation and served to rapidly establish the appropriate alginate concentration for the wide variety of commercial alginates. Through an understanding of the interaction of viscosity, linear velocity, nozzle diameter, and frequency of disturbance used to destabilize the jet, the predictable formation of small, uniform alginate beads was demonstrated with this method. As an example of scaleup, a 10-nozzle manifold can process 3–50 L of alginate/h, depending on the desired bead size.
Pneumonitis associated with mTOR inhibitors therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Incidence, radiographic findings and correlation with clinical outcome

Abstract Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are approved for use in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and are under investigation in several other malignancies. We assessed the incidence, clinical presentation and computed tomography (CT) findings of pneumonitis associated with mTOR inhibitors in mRCC. Correlation between radiological findings of pneumonitis and clinical outcome was also determined. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and serial CT scans from patients with mRCC treated with either temsirolimus or everolimus. Serial chest CT scans were reviewed in consensus, read by two independent radiologists for the presence of pneumonitis, and corresponding clinical data were reviewed for symptoms and clinical outcome. The baseline and follow up CTs were reviewed to assess outcome to therapy. Results The study population consisted of 46pts, 21 treated with temsirolimus and 25 with everolimus (M:F 2.5:1; median 63years, range 31–79years). CT evidence of pneumonitis was seen in 14/46pts (30%), at a median of 56days on mTOR inhibitor treatment (range 31–214days). Respiratory symptoms at the time of radiographically detected pneumonitis, were observed in 7pts. Stable disease (SD) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) was achieved in 12/14pts (86%) who developed radiographic pneumonitis compared to 14/32 (44%) without pneumonitis ( p =0.01) The mean change of tumour long axis size for target lesions by RECIST, normalised for 30days on therapy was –2.9% in the pneumonitis group and +4.3% in the non-pneumonitis group ( p =.002). Conclusions Preliminary data suggest that pneumonitis may be a marker of stable disease by RECIST and therefore, of therapeutic benefit. Careful patient assessment should be undertaken before the drug is discontinued.
Dual-headed SPECT for awake animal brain imaging

Motion-corrected awake animal imaging is needed for normal-state investigations of models of neurological disease and brain activity. The awake animal brain SPECT/CT system, AwakeSPECT at Johns Hopkins University has in the past used a single gamma camera for imaging. Enhancements have been made by adding a pinhole collimator to the second gamma camera at the opposite side which has been previously equipped parallel hole collimator. Geometry calibration was performed using a custom built quality control phantom containing three Co-57 point sources and applied to the tomographic reconstruction code. Hot-rod phantom scans with Tc-99m were performed to test sensitivity and resolution improvements. The reconstruction results show significant resolution and sensitivity improvements.
Inactivation of deoxyribonuclease by x-rays. II. The kinetics of inactivation in aqueous solution.

Abstract 1. 1. The following three phenomena were observed in relation to the inactivation of concentrations of DNase by X-rays: 1.1. (a) The D37 dose decreases as the enzyme concentration diminishes and becomes constant in the lower concentration range where 20% of the enzyme (0.5 μg./ml.) was inactivated by 100 r. of x-ray. 1.2. (b) The ionic yield decreases with decreasing enzyme concentration. The “dilution effect,” i.e., a constant ionic yield with varying concentrations of solute, is found in the intermediate concentrations of the enzyme (8.14 × 10−5M and 8.14 × 10−6M). 1.3. (c) The degree of enzyme inactivation relative to the x-ray dose is an exponential function at concentrations ranging from 8.14 × 10−9 to 8.14 × 10−5M. 2. 2. The three afore-mentioned phenomena can be interpreted satisfactorily on the basis of the kinetics developed on the assumption of a prevailing steady state. 3. 3. The ionic yield at concentrations at which the “dilution effect” occurs is about 0.14 and the G value at the same range of concentrations is approximately 0.42. The kinetics suggest that only one in 9.3 free radicals which react with one enzyme molecule is effective in causing loss of enzymatic activity. 4. 4. The deactivation reaction of free radicals, which is the reaction competing with the enzyme for the destruction of the free radicals, was of the first order rather than the second order. 5. 5. The per cent of the effective free radicals, i.e., 100 times the ratio of free radicals which reacted with the enzyme to total number of free radicals produced, increased with the concentration.
ULTRAPETALA1 encodes a SAND domain putative transcriptional regulator that controls shoot and floral meristem activity in Arabidopsis.

The higher-plant shoot apical meristem is a dynamic structure continuously producing cells that become incorporated into new leaves, stems and flowers. The maintenance of a constant flow of cells through the meristem depends on coordination of two antagonistic processes: self-renewal of the stem cell population and initiation of the lateral organs. This coordination is stringently controlled by gene networks that contain both positive and negative components. We have previously defined the ULTRAPETALA1 ( ULT1 ) gene as a key negative regulator of cell accumulation in Arabidopsis shoot and floral meristems, because mutations in ULT1 cause the enlargement of inflorescence and floral meristems, the production of supernumerary flowers and floral organs, and a delay in floral meristem termination. Here, we show that ULT1 negatively regulates the size of the WUSCHEL ( WUS )-expressing organizing center in inflorescence meristems. We have cloned the ULT1 gene and find that it encodes a small protein containing a B-box-like motif and a SAND domain, a DNA-binding motif previously reported only in animal transcription factors. ULT1 and its Arabidopsis paralog ULT2 define a novel small gene family in plants. ULT1 and ULT2 are expressed coordinately in embryonic shoot apical meristems, in inflorescence and floral meristems, and in developing stamens, carpels and ovules. Additionally, ULT1 is expressed in vegetative meristems and leaf primordia. ULT2 protein can compensate for mutant ULT1 protein when overexpressed in an ult1 background, indicating that the two genes may regulate a common set of targets during plant development. Downregulation of both ULT genes can lead to shoot apical meristem arrest shortly after germination, revealing a requirement for ULT activity in early development.
Aerodynamic Design to Increase Pressure Ratio of Centrifugal Compressors for Turbochargers

This paper describes the ways to increase pressure ratio of centrifugal compressors on condition of fixed impeller diameter. The compressors discussed in the paper were designed for turbochargers applied to 500kW class Diesel engines and their impeller diameters were about 140mm. Pressure ratio was increased from 3.6 to 4.8 at first and then increased from 4.8 to 5.7. The pressure was raised by means of increase in rotational speed together with additional increase in pressure coefficient. The pressure coefficient was increased by means of increase in work coefficient. The increases in rotational speed and work coefficient lead to increase in relative Mach number at inducer. However, the relative Mach number at inducer of the compressor with a pressure ratio of 3.6 already exceeded 1.3. Therefore, it was expected that complicated flow features related to the occurrence of shock wave would deteriorate the new compressors’ efficiency and operating range. In order to avoid this problem, following new measures were taken with conventional design methods. (1) Reduction of a blade loading — an increase in number of blade by means of double splitter (two adjoining splitters). (2) Introduction of technologies to enhance an operating range — recirculation device. (3) Selection of a proper diffuser to convert kinetic energy at an impeller exit to static pressure — vaned diffuser with elliptic leading edge. Newly designed compressors realized expected performance, stage pressure ratio and efficiency. Suitability of these measures was confirmed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Substage Illumination Device for Restraining Flight of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Positively Phototactic Insects

A portable substage illumination device is described for restraining flight during the sorting and handling of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., and other flying, positively phototactic insects under laboratory conditions. Flight activity is nearly eliminated by using substage illumination in combination with darkness and misting the insects with water prior to release in a manipulation arena. This method provides an alternative to the use of carbon dioxide narcotization, which can induce undesirable long-term physiological and behavioral effects.
Sink-to-sensors reliability in sensor networks

The issue of relability, thus far, has not been addressed throughly to any extent in sensor networking research. To the best of our knowledge the first such work that focused on some aspect of reliable communication in sensor networks appeared only in [1]. In this paper, we focus on the problem of communication reliability from the sink to the sensors in a static network.
Considerations for the performance of radionuclide procedures in children

A valid informed consent must be obtainedby the admitting physician for routine hospital services, diagnostic procedures, and medical treatment. The matter of consent for children for radionuclide studies is considered comparable to that for routine roentgenographic procedures and thus is covered by the general consent form signed by the parent upon admission to the hospital. A second consent must be obtained for the therapeutic use of radionuclides and for the use of radionuclides for research in children. Therapeutic research, implying the probability of immediate or delayed benefit to the child studied, requires a separate consent. Parental consent may not be valid for nontherapeutic research, i.e., research where there is little probability of benefit to the child studied. Recommendations for preparation of children for nuclear imaging are given in this review. Dosage tables for radiopharmaceuticals used in routine imaging studies, and potassium perchlorate and Lugol's solution dosage schedules are offered. Pediatric dosimetry is discussed elsewhere in this seminar. A sedation technique for younger children, including dosage schedule, is described. Children cannot be treated as small adults. They present special problems that relate to their age and stage of development. This review attempts to place these unique requirements in perspective and to help the reader become aware of them.
Does a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin strategy improve outcomes after cardiothoracic surgery

Does a combined intravenous and subcutaneous insulin strategy improve outcomes after cardiothoracic surgery?
The Hospital for Special Surgery 1955 to 1972: T. Campbell Thompson Serves as Sixth Surgeon-in-Chief 1955-1963 Followed by Robert Lee Patterson, Jr. the Seventh Surgeon-in-Chief 1963-1972.

After two decades as the fifth Surgeon-in-Chief (1935–1955) of The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS), Philip Duncan Wilson, MD (1886–1969) retired, having implemented, during his administration, major changes in the hospital. The first most important accomplishment was finalizing a formal affiliation with New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in 1955 and moving adjacent to the medical campus at 535 East 70th Street. The second was changing the name of the Hospital in 1940 from The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled to The Hospital for Special Surgery. During the two decades as Surgeon-in-Chief, Dr. Wilson was able to reestablish the hospital as a foremost hospital in the orthopedic world. The Board of Managers of the New York Society for the Relief of the Ruptured and Crippled appointed T. Campbell Thompson, MD (1902–1986), as the sixth Surgeon-in-Chief of The Hospital for Special Surgery. He assumed that office on July 1, 1955. During the previous year, Dr. Thompson served as President of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Philip D. Wilson, upon his retirement as Surgeon-in-Chief, took on a newly created role as Director of Research at HSS. In 1962, adverse relations between The Hospital for Special Surgery and New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center seriously threatened the continued affiliation agreement between the two hospitals. Because of difficulties over a faculty and staff appointment, Dr. Thompson resigned from the office of Surgeon-in-Chief. He was replaced in1963 by Robert Lee Patterson, Jr., MD (1907–1994), who had first joined the staff of The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in 1936 as a Visiting Surgeon.
Preferences of female barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa, for larger males: univariate and composite tests

Body size is an important determinant of male mating success, and acoustic signals often contain information about size. Most playback experiments that have tested for female preferences for larger males have manipulated only single characteristics, even though size is often correlated with multiple signal attributes. We first determined which characteristics of the advertisement calls of male barking treefrogs were correlated with body size, then we used two-choice playback experiments to determine whether female choice for larger males was influenced by these characteristics. In univariate tests, we varied only one of three size-correlated call parameters (fundamental frequency, call amplitude, call duration) at a time. In composite tests, we varied all three characteristics simultaneously, using univariate regressions of each parameter on size to predict the values expected for each characteristic for small, medium and large males. In univariate tests, females preferred large over small males for call amplitude and duration, medium over small males for amplitude and fundamental frequency, and large over medium males for call amplitude. In composite playbacks, females preferred large males over medium and small males, and medium males over small males. Females thus showed clear preferences for larger males, especially in the composite tests. Comparisons between the results of the univariate and composite tests indicated that female preferences for larger males are mediated by a combination of call characteristics rather than any single trait. Reliance on a combination of traits may function to increase the probability that females select larger males despite weak correlations between body size and individual call characteristics.
Optical, Vibrational and Surface Properties of SiC

A short historical introduction concentrates on key experimental and theoretical developments prior to the mid-seventies which form the basis of our present understanding of the semiconducting and optical properties of the polytypes of SiC. Selected research of the last decade is reviewed. Finally, we discuss our on-going surface and defect studies in both epitaxial single crystal films of 3C SiC and other hexagonal SiC polytypes.
A ONE‐SIDED TRIMMED MEAN ESTIMATOR FOR THE MEAN OF POSITIVELY SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS

Summary This article proposes estimating the mean of positively skewed distributions by a one-sided trimmed mean estimator, called the upper-mean, and uses it to assess soil contact exposures at sites with toxic contamination. An optimal upper-mean is found by maximising the probability of the estimator falling in a target range. Monte Carlo studies are conducted for several positively skewed distributions and for a distribution obtained from real data. The simulation results show that the upper-mean is a better estimator than the upper 95% confidence limit estimator currently used, because it is more probable that the estimator is covered by the target range.
Marginal man, the tether of tradition, and intentional social system therapy.

The concept of marginal man and his relationship to traditional society is explored as a background for presenting the theory of intentional social system therapy and description of the “In-Vivo Therapeutic Community through Task Groups” project, which involves a particular subgroup of marginal man, the hospitalized mental patient. Concepts and approaches evolving out of work with this subgroup are presented and discussed in order to throw light on the possibilities of using the experiences in the mental hospital in other societal organizations.
Adapting peer-to-peer topologies to improve system performance

Proposals for improving the performance of peer-to-peer file sharing systems like Gnutella often simply involve changes to the distributed search protocol. Since the effectiveness of any routing protocol is dependent on the P2P overlay network's interconnection topology, simultaneously controlling the network topology should enable performance enhancements as well. We consider how locally adaptive behaviors can lead to globally robust, scalable, and efficient P2P networks. We adapt topologies using operations of edge thinning, the removal of redundant links based on message passing utilities, and diameter folding, the selective addition of short-cut links between nodes at or near the diameter of the graph. Using network simulations, we establish how these locally selfish behaviors might help explain the ubiquitous natural occurrence of scale-free networks, and demonstrate how P2P networks that adapt their topologies toward more regular degree distributions improve in both performance and robustness.
Roles of intracellular and extracellular calcium in the kinetic profile of adrenocorticotropin secretion by perifused rat anterior pituitary cells. II. Arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, and angiotensin-II stimulation.

We examined the effects of removing extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+e), depleting intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i), inhibiting cAMP-dependent calmodulin, and blocking voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels on the secretion of ACTH by perifused dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. The cells were stimulated with synthetic arginine vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), and angiotensin- II (All), all of which are thought to act via the Ca2+/inositol phosphate-dependent protein kinase-C pathway, with synthetic ovine CRF, which acts via the cAMP-dependent protein kinase- A pathway, and with dioctanoylglycerol, which directly activates protein kinase-C. All three secretagogues elicited an initial spike phase ACTH secretory response that peaked within 1 or 2 min and ended within 6 min. AVP and OT also elicited a sustained plateau phase response that lasted for as long as the cells were exposed to the secretagogue, but All did not. Removal of Ca2+e diminished the initial spike phase by 30-50%, but depletion of Ca2+i virtually abolished...
Synchronous Pulmonary Carcinoma and Pleural Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma

Synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma is rare. Cases from the archives of 2 large referral centers were reviewed to identify cases of synchronously occurring pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Three cases of synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma were identified from more than 16,000 pleuropulmonary cases and were reviewed for demographic, clinical, radiographic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings. The patients were men who were 63, 67, and 77 years old. Two had positive smoking histories; the smoking history of the other patient is unknown. One patient had a positive history of asbestos exposure; one patient had no history of asbestos exposure; and one patient's history of asbestos exposure is unknown. The patients underwent surgery for treatment of adenocarcinoma that was diagnosed preoperatively. Two of the adenocarcinomas were of a predominantly bronchioloalveolar pattern. No diffuse malignant mesothelioma was identified preoperatively. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma was suspected on the basis of pleural involvement by tumor with histology differing from that of the adenocarcinoma. Tumor immunostaining supported the diagnoses. The average survival after diagnosis was 6 weeks or less. In summary, the paucity of cases at 2 large referral centers and the paucity of cases reported in the English language literature highlights the rarity of synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma. These synchronous neoplasms occur in patients who have risk factors for both neoplasms independently. Length of survival following diagnosis is bleak.
A Conformal, Bio-Interfaced Class of Silicon Electronics for Mapping Cardiac Electrophysiology

In all current implantable medical devices such as pacemakers, deep brain stimulators, and epilepsy treatment devices, each electrode is independently connected to separate control systems. The ability of these devices to sample and stimulate tissues is hindered by this configuration and by the rigid, planar nature of the electronics and the electrode-tissue interfaces. Here, we report the development of a class of mechanically flexible silicon electronics for multiplexed measurement of signals in an intimate, conformal integrated mode on the dynamic, three-dimensional surfaces of soft tissues in the human body. We demonstrate this technology in sensor systems composed of 2016 silicon nanomembrane transistors configured to record electrical activity directly from the curved, wet surface of a beating porcine heart in vivo. The devices sample with simultaneous submillimeter and submillisecond resolution through 288 amplified and multiplexed channels. We use this system to map the spread of spontaneous and paced ventricular depolarization in real time, at high resolution, on the epicardial surface in a porcine animal model. This demonstration is one example of many possible uses of this technology in minimally invasive medical devices.
Radiation Enhanced Diffusion (RED) in a Sputtered Ag/Ni Layered System

The layered Ag/Ni system has been shown to exhibit surface segregation of Ag when an Ag layer buried between two Ni layers is sputter profiled at room temperature [1]. While that study was directed to the analysis of radiation induced segregation (RIS), it showed also the role of diffusion in the transport of Ag atoms to the surface. The segregation rate was shown to obey first order kinetic equations, and segregation rates for 1 keV and 4 keV sputtering were determined.
Wirkungsmechanismen der Kortikoidstoß-therapie bei multipler Sklerose

Eine kausale Therapie der multiplen Sklerose existiert bislang nicht. Symptomatische Behandlungsversuche im Verlauf eines akuten Entzun-dungsschubs - bzw. einer Verschlechterung bei chronisch-progredientem Verlauf - basieren auf der Vorstellung, das eine fruhzeitige Abschwachung der Entzundungsreaktion geeignet ist, den Schaden zu begrenzen, so das nachfolgende regeneratorische Vorgange eine gunstigere Aus-gangsbasis haben. Das dies prinzipiell moglich ist, demonstrieren die keineswegs seltenen MS-Patienten, deren wiederholte Schube mehr oder weniger ausheilen, so das auch nach langerem Verlauf keine bleibende Behinderung nach Abklingen des jeweiligen Schubs zuruckbleibt. Als Erklarung hierfur mus man annehmen, das die strukturellen Lasionen innerhalb der Entzundungsherde in diesen Fallen so gering bleiben, das eine vollige oder weitgehende Regeneration moglich wird. Aber auch nach eingetretenen strukturellen Lasionen kann man von einer begrezenzten Regenerationstendenz ausgehen, die evtl. durch therapeutische Masnahmen unterstutzt werden kann.
Novel Binding Sites for Regulatory Factors in the Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Enhancer and Promoter Identified by In Vivo Footprinting

The E6 and E7 genes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with anogenital cancers are largely responsible for the oncogenic activity of these viruses, and regulation of these genes has been intensively studied. Transcription of the E6 and E7 genes is controlled by the viral upstream regulatory region (URR). We have used in vivo footprinting to examine the occupancy by regulatory factors of the HPV type 18 (HPV18) URR enhancer and promoter in the cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa and C4-II. While corroborating occupancy in vivo of all of the elements previously implicated in the transcriptional control of the HPV18 E6 and E7 genes by in vitro DNase I footprinting, gel retardation assays, and transfection studies, we also detect occupancy in vivo of several enhancer and promoter sequences which have not been previously identified as HPV18 URR regulatory elements. Our data suggest that the HPV18 enhancer and promoter are more densely occupied by DNA-binding proteins than previously thought and raise the possibility that additional, possibly novel factors contribute to transcription of the HPV18 early genes.
Skin tissue water and laser Doppler blood flow during a menstrual cycle.

Summary Previous work offers conflicting evidence concerning whether basal skin blood flow (SBF) varies with the menstrual cycle. Our goal was to determine the extent of cycledependent changes in forearm SBF parameters and if they are linked to local tissue water content and arm volume changes. Both arms of 10 premenopausal women were evaluated three times during their cycle (days 4, 12 and 22) and 10 postmenopausal women were evaluated once. Each evaluation included laser Doppler blood flow parameters (perfusion, volume and velocity), skin temperature, arm volume and local tissue water determined by a new tissue dielectric constant method. Estradiol and progesterone concentrations were determined at each visit by using saliva samples and analysis showed the expected pattern of variation over the cycle. Main results showed no significant cycle-dependent variations in any SBF parameter, temperature, tissue water or arm volume. Postmenopausal women had significantly less estradiol levels, but did not differ with respect to premenopausal women in any measured parameter except for a slightly less blood velocity (P<0AE01). We hypothesize that that the absence of changes in tissue water and arm volume in our group may account for the constancy of the measured SBF parameters. However, in other populations, hormonally induced tissue changes may occur and contribute to the cycle-dependent changes in resting blood perfusion that have been reported. This possibility suggests that it may be useful to measure and report a skin tissue water index when serial changes in blood perfusion are being investigated.
Correcting Optical-Axis Calculation in Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography

Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) has found many applications in imaging birefringence tissue samples. Polarization-sensitive detection is often implemented by utilizing a circularly polarized incident light and detecting the two orthogonal horizontal- and vertical-polarized interference components. However, the obtained optical axes images were inappropriately represented as depth-dependent periodic maps in all reported studies. A detailed analysis confirmed that this misrepresentation was caused by the accumulation of optical retardation with depth. A simple method was proposed to numerically correct this optical-axis calculation. Experimental studies in tendon tissue demonstrated that this method can be applied to map the 2-D optical-axis distributions in enface PSOCT images.
Cysts and symbionts of Staurojoenina assimilis Kirby from Neotermes

Staurojoenina assimilis Kirby, a hindgut hypermastigote parabasalid symbiont in two kalotermitids (Neotermes mona St. John, US Virgin Islands and N. jouteli Puerto Rico) was studied live and by electron microscopy. In this first description of hypermastigote protist cysts in termite intestines we report numerous of these translucent walled spheres in a population of S. assimilis in the hindgut of one pseudergate from a Puerto Rican mangrove community. Tightly adhering, regularly spaced rod bacteria were observed on the surfaces of all live S. assimilis cells. The bacterial nature of these ectosymbiotic rods was verified by TEM and SEM. They are present on the four anterior lobes and most of the rest of the surface of this hypermastigote. The processes by which these ectosymbionts may be retained after ingestion, propagated and transported to the protist's outer membrane are suggested. The ultrastructure of other unknown symbionts, endonuclear microbes that resemble Caryococcus, perhaps pleiomorphic Gram negative bacteria, is also described.
Imaging Mitochondrial Organization in Living Primate Oocytes and Embryos using Multiphoton Microscopy

We employed multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) to image changes in mitochondrial distribution in living rhesus monkey embryos. This method of imaging does not impair development; thus, the same specimen can be visualized multiple times at various developmental stages. Not only does this increase the amount of information that can be gathered on a single specimen but it permits the correlation of early events with subsequent development in the same specimen. Here we demonstrate the utility of MPLSM for determining changes in mitochondrial organization at various developmental stages and show that rhesus zygotes possess a distinct accumulation of mitochondria between the pronuclei prior to syngamy. We present evidence that suggests that this pronuclear accumulation may be positively correlated with development to the blastocyst stage-in the same embryo-thereby illustrating how MPLSM can be used to correlate cellular dynamics of primate oocytes and early embryos with their developmental potential. Understanding the relationship between mitochondrial distribution and the subsequent development of mammalian embryos, particularly primates, will increase our ability to improve embryo culture technologies, including those used for human assisted reproduction.
“Little Old Ladies and Dangerous Women”: Women's Peace and Social Justice Activism in Chicago, 1960–1975

The predominant image of women peace activists in 1960s and 1970s peace and anti–Vietnam War historiography is maternal, in particular drawing on Amy Swerdlow's research on Women Strike for Peace (WSP). This essay analyzes the peace and social justice activism of two single-sex organizations in Chicago: Women for Peace (the Chicago chapter of WSP) and Women Mobilized for Change. These women activists used “women as citizen” and maternal rationales as well as their gender, age, and class to legitimize their activism. Using oral history and organizational sources, this essay also investigates how women activists' tactics to recruit members and confront male authorities were shaped by pre-feminist gender norms and violent police resistance in Vietnam-era Chicago.
Waterborne Transport Modeling of Radioactivity from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident

Japan has approximately systems 17,000 public water systems, of which 97.5 % serve less than 50,000 people. Of the systems that serve less than 50,000 people, 93.8 % serve less than 5,000 people. Therefore, most of the water utilities in Japan could be classified as small (JWWA 2009). Once water supplies and systems are established they may be vulnerable to drought, earthquakes, and terrorism. Unlike droughts which are described as a creeping phenomenon, the damage associated with earthquakes is concentrated in time and space. This paper describes the development of a model that was used to simulate the surface water transport of radioactivity released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant after the tsunami and earthquake. It provides an example of an approach that might have direct application to the failure of other critical infra-structure such as water supply systems during natural or manmade disasters.
Automatic error diagnosis and correction for RTL designs

Recent improvements in design verification strive to automate the error-detection process and greatly enhance engineers' ability to detect functional errors. However, the process of diagnosing the cause of these errors and fixing them remains difficult and requires significant ad-hoc manual effort. Our work proposes improvements to this aspect of verification by presenting novel constructs and algorithms to automate the error-repair process at the Register-Transfer Level (RTL), where most development occurs. Our contributions include a new RTL error model and scalable error-repair algorithms. Empirical results show that our solution can diagnose and correct errors in just a handful of minutes even for complex designs o/up to several thousand lines of RTL code in minutes. This demonstrates the superior scalability and efficiency of our approach compared to previous work.
Transtympanic electrode positioning: manubrium is a poor guide.

Background Although a transtympanic electrode is commonly used for electrocochleography and electrically evoked auditory brainstem response, the variability of responses among healthy subjects is wide. The manubrium is the typical guidepost for electrode placement. This study addresses the hypothesis that electrode position relative to the round window niche is widely variable. Study design : Postmortem anatomic dissection of 41 bequeathed adult crania (82 temporal bones). Methods Drill marks were made on the medial wall of the mesotympanum from 2 manubrium-based positions: 1.5 to 2 mm posterior to the umbo, and halfway between the umbo and the annulus posteroinferior. Results Distances to the lip of the round window niche ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 mm and from 1.8 to 4.5 mm for the 2 electrode sites, respectively. The posteriorly determined site was uniform on the promontory, but the posteroinferior site was into hypotympanic trabeculations in 81% of ears and into the jugular plate in 6%. Distances from the electrode sites to round window niche were not obviously associated with either the orientation of the manubrium in the head or the mastoid size. Conclusion The location of a transtympanic positioned electrode using the manubrium as guidepost is not accurately predictable relative to the round window niche.
Prison wardens' perceptions of sex offenders, sex offender registration, community notification, and residency restrictions.

There is relatively little known about how criminal justice system actors perceive sex offenders and the fairness, efficacy, and scope of policies aimed at sex offenders. Similarly, there is sparse research that specifically examines the attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of prison wardens. Following in the footsteps of earlier research (Tewksbury & Mustaine, 2011; Tewksbury, Mustaine, & Payne, 2011, in press), the present study addresses these gaps by considering the attitudes and beliefs toward sex offenders held by wardens. This examination includes perceptions about sex offenders as prison inmates, sex offender registration, community notification, and residency restrictions. Further, this research assesses the utility of the 18-item Community Attitudes Toward Sex Offenders (CATSO) scale (Church, Wakeman, Miller, Clements, & Sun, 2008), which was advocated for use with criminal justice system actors, to determine whether or not the instrument can be effectively utilized with wardens. Findings and policy implications are discussed.
Automated system partitioning for synthesis of multi-chip modules

We present a system-level partitioning technique for the synthesis of multi-chip modules. It is based on the stochastic evolution heuristic, which is an effective heuristic for solving several combinatorial optimization problems. We perform the partitioning at the behavioral level. The advantage of partitioning at the behavioral level is that both area and time constraints can be taken care of at the system level and also that scheduling/allocation can be applied concurrently to system-level partitioning. We formulate the partitioning problem as an extension to the network-bisectioning problem for which the stochastic evolution heuristic has been shown to provide better results than the simulated annealing technique. Preliminary scheduling/allocation and pin sharing are also performed simultaneously to estimate the area and pincount of each of the partitions. Efficient partitions are obtained for some of the digital signal processing applications in reasonable CPU time. >
The Basic French Vocabulary and Its Use1

M OST of my readers have heard all about how various kinds of vocabulary lists are made up, called "minimum," "selected," "standard," "basic," and other trade names. Moreover, I shall assume that you have read the description of the labors of the committee, originally sponsored by this body, which prepared "A Basic French Vocabulary," first published in the January, 1934, issue of the Modern Language Journal and later reprinted under the auspices of the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers as No. 2 of the Modern Language Journal Supplementary Series. If all of you have read also the article in the April, 1934, issue of the Modern Language Journal, by Professor B. Q. Morgan, entitled "Derivatives in the New Basic French Vocabulary," you will understand more fully the remarks I am about to make. These remarks are not so much an answer to the excellent
Altered isozyme patterns of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase in disease states.

SUMMARY. Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) is a granulocyte enzyme whose concentration varies in disease states. In order to determine whether the pattern of expression is altered in leukaemic granulocytes, we have analysed the LAP isozyme pattern of a series of normal subjects and patients with various haematological diseases. Electrophoretic patterns of partially purified LAP samples were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of Triton X-1 00. These patterns were reproducible on repeated samples from the same patient. Presence of the LAPr and LAP, isozymes were determined after staining with the dye Fast Blue BB. Granulocytes were obtained from 15 normal subjects. Thirteen of these samples had only the LAP, isozyme. The other two had LAP,, plus a small amount ( 6 10% of total) of LAPr activity. Eight patients with stable phase chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) had only smalI amounts of the normal LAP, isozyme and no evidence of LAPr. Of 11 patients with CGL who clinically had blast crisis, 10 had both LAP, and LAPr. The eleventh patient who was Ph' negative had only LAP,. Three of five patients with polycythaemia Vera had only the LAP, isozyme while two had both isozymes. Six patients with non-malignant leucocytosis had only LAP,. We interpret this data to indicate that the increased levels of LAP activity in some CGI, blast crisis patients are primarily related to synthesis of the LAPf isozyme. Isozyme determinations have proved clinically useful in several instances. Creatine phosphokinase isozyme patterns are important in identifying organ-specific enzyme sources (Roberts 81 Sobel, 1978). Previous electrophoretic studies of LAP (Trubowitz & Miller, 1966: Lyons et al, 1968; Bottomley et al, 1969: Klein et al, 1966; Robinson et al, 1966) have demonstrated several LAP isozymes. These studies compared the starch gel electrophoretic patterns of LAP isolated from normal and diseased granulocytes. No consistent differences
Myelofibrosis in Cats with Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Bone marrow sections from 44 cats with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were graded for reticulin content using light microscopic methods. Twenty-seven (61%) of the cats had slight to marked reticulin myelofibrosis. The association of myelofibrosis with possible pathogenetic factors, including megakaryocyte count, intramedullary lymphoid follicles, hemosiderin content, and FeLV antigenemia, was examined. No evidence was found that indicated a causal relationship between myelofibrosis and any of these factors.