cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders

Authoritative classification systems for psychopathology such as the DSM and ICD are shifting toward more dimensional approaches in the field of personality disorders (PDs). In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the dimensionally oriented DSM-5 alternative model of PDs (AMPD). Since its publication in 2013, the AMPD has inspired a substantial number of studies, underlining its generative influence on the field. Generally speaking, this literature illustrates both the reliability and validity of the constructs delineated in the AMPD. The literature also illustrates empirical challenges to the conceptual clarity of the AMPD, such as evidence of substantial correlations between indices of personality functioning (criterion A in the AMPD) and maladaptive personality traits (criterion B in the AMPD). Key future directions pertain to linking the AMPD literature with applied efforts to improve the lives of persons who suffer from PDs, and surmounting challenges germane to the evolution of the DSM itself.
Irreversible Electroporation for De-epithelialization of Murine Small Intestine.

Abstract Background Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) has been shown to ablate the small intestinal epithelium while maintaining submucosal and muscularis propriae integrity. NTIRE is used here in a first-in-mouse study to eliminate the native intestinal stem cell population to understand optimal parameters and timeline of mucosal regeneration. Methods Adult C57 background mice underwent laparotomy and electroporation of 1.5 cm of jejunum using a BTX 830 ECM electroporator and electrode calipers. Parameters were varied by voltage, pulse number, interval, and duration to determine optimal de-epithelialization. Electroporated segments were extracted 1 to 3 d after intervention with same-animal control segment. Cross sections were preserved, and measurements were taken to compare effects of parameters on villi height, crypt depth, crypt obliteration, and serosal thickness. Results Morbidity was limited at a standard set of electroporation parameters (14%), and increased with higher voltage, longer interval, and shorter or longer pulses. Serosa/muscularis thickness was unaffected by varying interventions. Crypt depth and obliterated crypts were most affected by modulating pulse number, intervals, and duration. Villi height was most significantly shortened by altering pulse duration, with limited recovery by day 3, otherwise mucosal regeneration was observed in most cases by this point. Conclusions NTIRE is an effective method of denuding small intestinal epithelium in mice and temporarily ablating crypts while sparing the support scaffold for native regeneration. This first-in-mouse study of electroporation suggests it is a practical tool that can be utilized in a small mammalian system.
Groundwater and Drought Resilience in the SGMA Era

Projections are that climate change will increase drought risk and intensity globally. Groundwater is critical during drought, but worldwide aquifers are experiencing unrecoverable groundwater decl...
The effect of transport temperature and time on the recovery of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales in stool

Abstract Surveillance for antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria is challenging. We evaluated AR Enterobacterales survival in stool over various transport conditions. Stool in Cary–Blair medium was spiked with AR Enterobacterales, held at 3 °C, 20 °C, or 37 °C, and cultured on days 3, 8, and 15. Stool from US international travelers sent through the US mail was also screened. We compared recovery rates using Fisher’s exact tests and linear regression models. AR Enterobacterales recovery reduced with time (86% versus 75% versus 61% at days 3, 8, and 15; Beta for linear trend=−0.02, r2=0.99, P=0.02) and colder temperatures [56% (3 °C) versus 89% (20 °C) versus 86% (37 °C); P=0.003]. Traveler sample recovery also reduced with transport time (Beta for linear trend=−0.03, r2=0.70, P=0.01) but not with season [20% (cold) versus 22% (warm), P=0.7]. AR Enterobacterales are found over variable transport conditions, providing rationale for expanding surveillance sample processing timelines.
In-plane hexagonal antiferromagnet in the Cu-Mn-As system Cu 0.82 Mn 1.18 As

We report the single-crystal growth and characterization of a hexagonal phase ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.82}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{1.18}\mathrm{As}$, in the Cu-Mn-As system. This compound contains the same square-pyramidal ${\mathrm{MnAs}}_{5}$ units as the tetragonal and orthorhombic polymorphs of CuMnAs. Calorimetry, magnetometry, and neutron diffraction measurements reveal antiferromagnetic ordering at 270 K. The magnetic structure consists of a triangular arrangement of spins in the $ab$ plane. Hexagonal ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.82}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{1.18}\mathrm{As}$ shows resistivity that varies only weakly from 5 to 300 K, and is many times higher than tetragonal CuMnAs, indicative of a strongly scattering metal. First-principles calculations confirm the metallic band structure with a small density of states at the Fermi energy. The neutron-refined magnetic ground state is close to the computationally determined minimum energy configuration. This compound should serve as a clear control when disentangling the effects of current-driven N\'eel switching of metallic antiferromagnets since it exhibits in-plane spins but the magnetic ordering does not break degeneracy along the $a$ and $b$ directions, unlike tetragonal CuMnAs.
Presigmoid Transpetrosal Approach for Superficial Temporal Artery to Distal Posterior Cerebral Artery Bypass and Trapping of Aneurysm.

Background and importance Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are uncommon, estimated at less than 1% of all cerebral aneurysms, and less than half occur distal to the P1/2 junction. Unfortunately, the conventional bypass approach for PCA aneurysms-primarily occipital artery to distal PCA cortical branches-has a history of unsatisfying results. Clinical presentation A 42-yr-old female presented with Fisher 3 Hunt-Hess 2 subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to ruptured distal PCA aneurysm. She was initially evaluated by the endovascular service, but due to recent subarachnoid hemorrhage, endovascular treatment with flow diversion and/or vessel sacrifice was felt to be relatively contraindicated and the patient was referred for surgical evaluation for possible bypass. The patient subsequently underwent surgery for trapping of aneurysm and concomitant superficial artery to distal PCA bypass. Conclusion A novel approach for the treatment of a ruptured distal PCA aneurysm is described, consisting of posterior transpetrosal exposure and division of the tentorium with superficial temporal artery to P3 bypass.
The Doctor Will "See" You Now - Unmet Expectations of Telemedicine in Plastic Surgery.

ABSTRACT: Social distancing protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in a rapid expansion of telemedicine. It has allowed patients to save time and money on clinic visits, and physicians to communicate with patients who live remotely. Telemedicine has also been valuable in plastic surgery during initial consultations, transfers, and follow up visits. However, given the often-sensitive nature of plastic surgery, the professionalism and expectations of telemedicine have to be reviewed. A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted for studies published through October 2020 with multiple search terms related to telemedicine and its use in plastic surgery. Data on the effectiveness, challenges, and professionalism of telemedicine were collected. Our review suggests that telemedicine can be an effective mode of communication in many realms of plastic surgery, including cleft care and craniofacial deformities. However, many plastic surgeons are unfamiliar with the existing platforms, and there are no clear guidelines on the most optimal platforms. Physicians have to recognize that patients might have low digital health literacy or may not even possess digital device for telemedicine. There also needs to be an overall improvement in patient education. Given that telemedicine use will continue to increase after the COVID-19 pandemic, regulations on Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant platforms and specific guidelines on telemedicine visits, such as undressing, chaperones, privacy matters, need to be established while maintaining a professional relationship between the patient and the physician.
Climate Adaptation as a Racial Project: An Analysis of Color-Blind Flood Resilience Efforts in Austin, Texas

ABSTRACT As awareness of climate change increases, U.S. cities are beginning to implement climate mitigation and adaptation initiatives to reduce population vulnerabilities to climate risks. This s...
Temperature Variation and Host Immunity Regulate Viral Persistence in a Salmonid Host

Environmental variation has important effects on host-pathogen interactions, affecting large-scale ecological processes such as the severity and frequency of epidemics. However, less is known about how the environment interacts with host immunity to modulate virus fitness within hosts. Here, we studied the interaction between host immune responses and water temperature on the long-term persistence of a model vertebrate virus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We first used cell culture methods to factor out strong host immune responses, allowing us to test the effect of temperature on viral replication. We found that 15 ∘C water temperature accelerated IHNV replication compared to the colder 10 and 8 ∘C temperatures. We then conducted in vivo experiments to quantify the effect of 6, 10, and 15 ∘C water temperatures on IHNV persistence over 8 months. Fish held at 15 and 10 ∘C were found to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies compared to fish held at 6 ∘C. We found that IHNV persisted for a shorter time at warmer temperatures and resulted in an overall lower fish mortality compared to colder temperatures. These results support the hypothesis that temperature and host immune responses interact to modulate virus persistence within hosts. When immune responses were minimized (i.e., in vitro) virus replication was higher at warmer temperatures. However, with a full potential for host immune responses (i.e., in vivo experiments) longer virus persistence and higher long-term virulence was favored in colder temperatures. We also found that the viral RNA that persisted at later time points (179 and 270 days post-exposure) was mostly localized in the kidney and spleen tissues. These tissues are composed of hematopoietic cells that are favored targets of the virus. By partitioning the effect of temperature on host and pathogen responses, our results help to better understand environmental drivers of host-pathogen interactions within hosts, providing insights into potential host-pathogen responses to climate change.
A Work-Centered Approach to System User-Evaluation:

New systems are often based on optimistic assumptions of how they will improve human performance. In the cognitive engineering tradition, these assumed benefits are regarded as hypotheses that need...
United States Emergency Department Use of Medications with Pharmacogenetic Recommendations.

Introduction: Emergency departments (ED) use many medications with a range of therapeutic efficacy and potential significant side effects, and many medications have dosage adjustment recommendations based on the patient’s specific genotype. How frequently medications with such pharmaco-genetic recommendations are used in United States (US) EDs has not been studied. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2010–2015 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). We reported the proportion of ED visits in which at least one medication with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) recommendation of Level A or B evidence was ordered. Secondary comparisons included distributions and 95% confidence intervals of age, gender, race/ethnicity, ED disposition, geographical region, immediacy, and insurance status between all ED visits and those involving a CPIC medication. Results: From 165,155 entries representing 805,726,000 US ED visits in the 2010–2015 NHAMCS, 148,243,000 ED visits (18.4%) led to orders of CPIC medications. The most common CPIC medication was tramadol (6.3%). Visits involving CPIC medications had higher proportions of patients who were female, had private insurance and self-pay, and were discharged from the ED. They also involved lower proportions of patients with Medicare and Medicaid. Conclusion: Almost one fifth of US ED visits involve a medication with a pharmacogenetic recommendation that may impact the efficacy and toxicity for individual patients. While direct application of genotyping is still in development, it is important for emergency care providers to understand and support this technology given its potential to improve individualized, patient- centered care.
Synthesis and spectrophotometric study of 2-[2-(3,5-dibromopyridyl,)azo] -5-dimethylaminobenzoic acid as an analytical reagent: Determination of nickel

Abstract 2-[2-(3,5-Dibrornopyridyl)azo]-5-dimethyIam;nobenzoic acid (3,5-diBr-PAMB) has been synthesized and its potential for the spectrophotometric determination of metals studied. It reacts sensitively with nickel, cobalt, iron and copper, and is particularly useful for nickel. The apparent molar absorptivity in chloroform is 1.50 × 10 5 l mol -1 cm -1 and the Sandell sensitivity is 0.4 ng Ni cm -2 . Nickel reacts with 3.5-diBr-PAMB at pH 4–10; at pH 4–7 the complex can be extracted into chloroform to give a stable purple solution. The optimal calibration range is 0.04–0.4 ppm Ni. Only Cu, Co, Fe, Pd and V interfere seriously but Pd, Cu and V can be masked by thiourea.
Function-oriented chip approach for real-time vision

Function-oriented chips are playing increasing roles to make vision systems faster without increasing their system costs. The vision chips are categorized into digital, analog, and hybrid chips. This paper overviews trends in function-oriented vision chips for real-time visual processing. Several examples are also included. >
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Tumorigenesis of the Endocrine System

Tumor formation is a multistep process that involves uncoupling of the interdependent mechanisms of cell proliferation and differentiation. Mutations of either protooncogenes or tumor suppressor genes may confer a growth advantage to mutant cells, enabling them to proliferate more rapidly than normal cells, and to alter their interaction with their surroundings, resulting in local invasion and or distant metastases. Studies of cellular protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes during the past decade have yielded major advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis. This chapter focuses on the role of these genes in development of tumors of the endocrine system.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Publisher Summary Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a technique for measuring the distance between two points which are separated by approximately 10–75 A°. The technique is valuable because measurements can be made under physiological (or other) conditions with near angstrom resolution and with the exquisite sensitivity of fluorescence measurements. For these reasons, FRET has found wide use in polymer science, biochemistry, and structural biology. The extent of energy transfer can be measured because the fluorescence of the donor (both intensity and lifetime) decreases, or is quenched, and the acceptor, if fluorescent, increases its fluorescence, or becomes “sensitized,” with energy transfer. These changes in fluorescence can be measured by comparing a complex labeled with both donor and acceptor to ones labeled only with donor and only with acceptor. The ability to measure intensities and lifetimes of both donor and acceptor emission with high accuracy and excellent signal-to-background, coupled with the unusually large R0s, makes luminescence resonance energy transfer a potentially powerful technique for measuring distances in biological systems.
A randomized controlled study of upper airway stimulation therapy withdrawal effect in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

Introduction: Upper Airway Stimulation is a promising treatment option for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the therapy withdrawal effect on polysomnographic (PSG) and quality of life (QOL) outcome measures. Methods: The STAR trial enrolled participants with moderate to severe OSA. Participants with BMI Results: In the therapy ON (Tx ON) maintenance group, all outcome measures remained unchanged at one week. In the therapy OFF (Tx OFF) withdrawal group, all outcome measures returned towards baseline levels after one week (Table). Conclusions: Acute withdrawal of therapy resulted in a return of OSA severity and a decline in quality of life measures compared to therapy maintenance after 12 months of upper airway stimulation treatment. Support: Inspire Medical Systems, Minnesota. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01161420)
Visual awareness is limited by the representational architecture of the visual system

Visual perception and awareness have strict limitations. We suggest that one source of these limitations is the representational architecture of the visual system. Under this view, the extent to which items activate the same neural channels constrains the amount of information that can be processed by the visual system and ultimately reach awareness. Here, we measured how well stimuli from different categories e.g., faces and cars blocked one another from reaching awareness using two distinct paradigms that render stimuli invisible: visual masking and continuous flash suppression. Next, we used fMRI to measure the similarity of the neural responses elicited by these categories across the entire visual hierarchy. Overall, we found strong brain-behavior correlations within the ventral pathway, weaker correlations in the dorsal pathway, and no correlations in early visual cortex V1-V3. These results suggest that the organization of higher level visual cortex constrains visual awareness and the overall processing capacity of visual cognition.
Specimen geometry effect on the accuracy of constitutive relations in a superplastic 5083 aluminum alloy

Current experimental methods are influenced by the end effects that cause non-uniform strain rates in the gauge section and material flow within the grips. A series of tension tests and finite element models confirm this for an Al-5083 alloy. Both the tests and the finite element simulations predict that the actual strain rate begins at about 60 percent of the desired strain rate and increases gradually with strain. Material flow from the grips into the gauge effectively ``slows`` the strain rate at the initial stages of the test. As the test proceeds thinning of the gauge section occurs and most of the strain occurs in the gauge section due to the relative cross-sectional areas of the grip and gauge section. Testing and models were also run comparing specimens with and without alignment holes in the grips. It was shown that alignment holes increase flow from the grips and thus introduce additional error in the tests. Further modeling was performed to evaluate the improved accuracy of specimens with increased length-to-width ratios. This work showed that a specimen with 50% reduction in the standard gauge width and double the standard gauge length (4:1 increase in length-to-width ratio) gave strain rates within 10%more » of the desired value throughout the test.« less
Assessing the Denominational Identity of American Evangelical Colleges and Universities, Part I: Denominational Patronage and Institutional Policy

In an effort to better understand the role of denominational identity among its member institutions, the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU) commissioned a three phase study of its institutions, faculty, and students. This article provides an overview of the study as a whole, as well as an in depth examination into the responses from the institutional portion of the study. Seventy-nine of the CCCU's member institutions in the United States responded to the online survey, yielding a response rate of 72%. Results suggest that a number of policies and practices currently in place at many church-related colleges serve to maintain denominational identity. In particular, college governance practices, annual appropriations from ecclesiastical bodies, and employment policies were generally found to support the denominational character of the institutions sampled. However, longitudinal trends suggest potential challenges on the horizon, as denominations have provided smaller annual appropriations ...
Inhibition of analgesia by C-terminal deletion analogs of human β-endorphin

Summary Human β-endorphin (βh-EP) analogs of variable chain lengths have been investigated for their potency in inhibiting analgesia induced by βh-EP or by the potent opiate etorphine. It was found that βh-EP-(1–28) inhibits the analgesic effect of βh-EP and etorphine when co-injected intracerebroventricularly into mice. Antagonism by competition at same opioid receptor subtypes is suggested from parallel shifts of the dose-response curve of etorphine or βh-EP in the presence of increasing doses of βh-EP-(1–28). On a molar basis, βh-EP-(1–28) is nearly 10 times more potent than naloxone. The reduction of the chain length from residues 1–28 to 1–27 lowered the antagonist potency while further reduction of the peptide chain led to a complete loss of inhibitory activity. From comparison of the opioidreceptor binding affinity, analgesic activity and antagonist potency, it is concluded that the C-terminus of β-EP is critical to the biological efficacy of the molecule and that the antagonist activity of C-terminal deletion analogs is probably mediated through residues 27 and 28.
Forensic investigations of torture and ill-treatment in Mexico. A follow-up study after the implementation of the Istanbul Protocol.

Torture and ill-treatment have been documented in Mexico,1 despite the clear prohibition of these practices under international treaties ratified by Mexico2and the Mexican Constitution.3 Torture is...
Solid-State White-Light Laser Using LiF:F2+** Color Center Crystals

Development of a solid-state, white-light laser using the color center laser medium, LiF:F2+**, is discussed. Spectroscopic analysis reveals LiF:F2+** is an excellent medium for superbroadband (800-1300 nm) or white-light (400-650 nm) lasing. Two color centers, standard F2+** and a new F2+**-like center, are shown to be responsible for this superbroadband range of tunability. Under proper pump excitation from an Alexandrite laser, both centers can be simultaneously excited to theoretically produce superbroadband lasing in the infrared (800-1300 nm) from a single active medium. Second harmonic generation of this fundamental output produces superbroadband lasing in the visible spectral region (400-650 nm). The experimental lasing results provide good agreement with theory.
Bythocypris Promoza N. Sp., and Males of Zabythocypris Helicina and Bairdoppilata Hirsuta (Ostracoda, Podocopida)

[Dans l'echantillon "Eltanin" 25 (dans l'Ocean Pacifique, pres des iles Galapagos, a la profondeur de 2489 metres) se trouvent de nombreux exemplaires d'une nouvelle espece d'Ostracode, Bythocypris promoza, qui est le premier membre du groupe B. mozambiquensis dont les pattes peuvent etre decrites. L'ensemble comprend aussi des mâles de Zabythocypris helicina Maddocks et Bairdoppilata hirsuta, autrefois inconnus, Saipanetta bensoni Maddocks, Macrocypris sp., et quelques Cytheracea., Dans l'echantillon "Eltanin" 25 (dans l'Ocean Pacifique, pres des iles Galapagos, a la profondeur de 2489 metres) se trouvent de nombreux exemplaires d'une nouvelle espece d'Ostracode, Bythocypris promoza, qui est le premier membre du groupe B. mozambiquensis dont les pattes peuvent etre decrites. L'ensemble comprend aussi des mâles de Zabythocypris helicina Maddocks et Bairdoppilata hirsuta, autrefois inconnus, Saipanetta bensoni Maddocks, Macrocypris sp., et quelques Cytheracea.]
Sensitivity and performance time in MRI dephasing artifact reduction methods.

Although shimming can improve static field inhomogeneity, local field imperfections induced by tissue susceptibility differences cannot be completely corrected and can cause substantial signal loss in gradient echo images through intravoxel dephasing. Dephasing increases with voxel size so that one simple method of reducing the effect is to use thin slices. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can then be increased by averaging over the subslices to form the final, thick slice. We call this method subslice averaging or SSAVE. Alternatively, a range of different amplitude slice select rephase gradients can be used to compensate for different susceptibility induced gradient offsets. The final image can then be formed by combining individual images in a variety of ways: summation, summation of the squares of the images, forming the maximum intensity projection of the image set, and Fourier transformation followed by summation. We show here that, contrary to previous claims, the theoretical sensitivity (i.e., SNR divided by the square root of the imaging time) of all these alternative methods is very similar. However, performance time (i.e., minimum-imaging time) of the simplest method, SSAVE, is much shorter than that of alternatives. This is confirmed experimentally on phantoms and anesthetized mice. Magn Reson Med 45:470-476, 2001.
Condis Crystals of Small Molecules I. The Concept and Limitations

Abstract The concept of condis crystals (conformationally disordered crystals) is displayed as it applies to small, flexible molecules. Nematic liquid crystals are shown to be always conformationally disordered. Smectic liquid crystals, particularly in the more ordered polymorphs, need reexamination relative to their condis character. Plastic crystals of flexible molecules present a special problem since they may have varying degrees of conformational and orientational freedom. The transition into the condis state on increasing the temperature is shown to be either gradual or abrupt.
Synthesis of tantalum pentoxide films by pulsed laser deposition: material characterization and scale-up

Tantalum oxide (TaOx) films were grown on silicon substrates using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The beam of a KrF excimer laser was used to ablate Ta2O5 targets in an oxygen background gas. The composition, structure, and optical properties of the films were investigated as functions of the O2 pressure (1–40 mTorr) and substrate temperature (150–800°C). Stoichiometric Ta2O5 films were obtained, with indices of refraction higher than 2.15 and extinction coefficients less than 10−4. Amorphous-like coatings were produced at deposition temperatures of 150, 250 and 400°C. At 650°C, a transition towards a polycrystalline structure was observed for O2 pressures higher than 1 mTorr. This transition involved β-Ta2O5 and an unidentified structure. At 800°C and an O2 pressure higher than 20 mTorr, β-Ta2O5 was the predominant phase. An investigation of the TaOx/silicon interface revealed the presence of an ultra-thin Ta-rich silicon oxide interlayer (∼2 nm) and a shallow Ta-rich silicon layer (<2 nm) at the silicon substrate surface. Within the processing window that led to stoichiometric Ta2O5, films were deposited on 75 mm diameter silicon wafers. The coatings were found to be uniform over the entire area in terms of thickness, composition, structure, and optical properties.
Erythrocyte membrane alterations due to infection with Plasmodium berghei.

Abstract 1. 1. The membrane peptide components of erythrocytes from normal mice and animals infected with Plasmodium berghei have been analyzed by sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrilamide electrophoresis. 2. 2. Parasitemia produces significant degration of the “spectrin” bands of the membranes, as well as of another component with an apparent molecular weight of 112 000. This is associated with the appearance of certain new components which most likely represent split-products rather than parasite constituents. 3. 3. The biochemical changes correlate with major surface deformations demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. 4. 4. We suggest that normal erythrocyte topology requires the integrity of certain protens at the inner membrane surface and that the prelytic topologic alterations of the erythrocyte surfaces arise from the degradation of these proteins.
An electrophysiological study of the forebrain projection of nucleus commissuralis: Preliminary identification of presumed A2 catecholaminergic neurons

Using a double-labeling technique (HRP combined with catecholamine fluorescence), up to 80% of all CA-containing neurons visualized in the nucleus commissuralis were found to project to or through the median forebrain bundle area (MFB). In addition at least 90% of all nucleus commissuralis neurons projecting through the MFB were found to be catecholaminergic. In a series of chloral hydrate-anesthetized rats, nucleus commissuralis neurons projecting through the MFB were identified with single-unit recordings by antidromic (AD) activation. These cells had a conduction velocity of about 0.5 m/s and a firing rate of 0-14 spikes/s. The pattern of discharge of these neurons was not correlated with the heart rate; they were unaffected by single-unit stimulation applied to the sciatic nerve but were powerfully excited by vagus nerve stimulation. For comparative purposes, NE-containing neurons were also recorded in the locus coeruleus (A6) in the course of the same experiments; in contrast with MFB-activated commissuralis neurons, A6 neurons were excited by both visceral (vagus nerve) and somatic (sciatic nerve) stimulation. The spontaneous firing rate of MFB-activated commissuralis neurons was inhibited by the intravenous administration of a low dose of the centrally acting antihypertensive agent clonidine (ED50: 28 micrograms/kg).
The numerical solution of Cauchy singular integral equations with application to fracture

The present study investigates a numerical algorithm for solving systems of Cauchy singular integral equations of the second kind such as those which often occur in the analysis of interface crack problems. The algorithm takes advantage of many standard subroutines for performing numerical integrations and can be easily applied to equations which are defined over different intervals of the dependent variable. The solution technique is illustrated by analyzing two homogeneous center cracked panels: one loaded in tension and the other loaded in shear and bending. In the second example problem, the presence of crack face friction strongly couples the underlying singular integral equations. The numerical results are compared to closed form elasticity solutions and are shown to be extremely accurate. In addition, the study also illustrates the feasibility of using various assumed forms of the undetermined functions. By assuming these slightly altered forms, many rather complex problems are either solved directly or reduced in complexity.
Power assisted fuel cell

A hybrid fuel cell demonstrated pulse power capability at pulse power load simulations synonymous with electronics and communications equipment. The hybrid consisted of a 25.0 W Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack in parallel with a two-cell lead-acid battery. Performance of the hybrid PEMFC was superior to either the battery or fuel cell stack alone at the 18.0 W load. The hybrid delivered a flat discharge voltage profile of about 4.0 V over a 5 h radio continuous transmit mode of 18.0 W.
Internal energies of ion-sputtered neutral tryptophan and thymine molecules determined by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization.

Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization coupled to secondary neutral mass spectrometry (VUV-SNMS) of deposited tryptophan and thymine films are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline. The resulting mass spectra show that while the intensity of the VUV-SNMS signal is lower than the corresponding secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) signal, the mass spectra are significantly simplified in VUV-SNMS. A detailed examination of tryptophan and thymine neutral molecules sputtered by 25 keV Bi3+ indicates that the ion-sputtered parent molecules have ∼2.5 eV of internal energy. While this internal energy shifts the appearance energy of the photofragment ions for both tryptophan and thymine, it does not change the characteristic photoionizaton efficiency (PIE) curves of thymine versus photon energy. Further analysis of the mass spectral signals indicate that approximately 80 neutral thymine molecules and 400 tryptophan molecules are sputtered per incident Bi3+ ion. The simplified mass spectra and significant chara...
Professionalizing Body Art: A Marginalized Occupational Group’s Use of Informal and Formal Strategies of Control

When confronted with situations of increasing size and popularity, previously marginalized occupational groups struggle to maintain control over two spheres related to business: the persons involved in the process, and standards for producing products. This analysis applies the concept of control to professionalization strategies used by a sample of body art practitioners in King County, WA. The study findings depict a situation where occupational practitioners pick and choose among informal and formal strategies in order to restructure themselves in response to threats to their control. These practitioners do not follow a set pattern of professionalization, which demonstrates the need to expand dominant ideas of the professions.
Seat belt aorta.

This review of 11 cases of seat-belt associated blunt abdominal aortic trauma, includes nine cases reported in the literature and two new cases. Lap-type seat belts were the cause of this injury in eight of the 11 patients (73%). Clinical presentation was acute in 73% of the cases, with symptoms of acute arterial insufficiency, or an acute abdomen or neurologic deficits. Chronic manifestations, such as, persistent abdominal pain, claudication, abdominal mass with a bruit and decreased distal pulses, presented as late as nine months after the injury occurred. The mechanism producing the injury is discussed and a classification system for the different types of abdominal aortic injuries is put forth. Circumferential intimal disruption was the most common aortic defect. The majority of these were located distal to the inferior mesenteric artery. Diagnosis involves a high degree of suspicion in a victim wearing a seat belt with neurologic deficits, signs of acute arterial insufficiency, or a pulsatile abdominal mass. The mortality rate was 18% (2/11 patients), and occurred in patients wearing lap belts. Overall outcome depends on prompt recognition followed by appropriate surgical intervention.
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulus evoked potentials: Physiological and therapeutic implications

The effect of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on cortical electroencephalographic activity was examined in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease and 4 patients with epilepsy. Evoked potentials were created by time-locking electroencephalography to the onset of electrical stimulation delivered through the lead implanted in the STN of patients who had previously undergone deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. The effect of different patterns of stimulation on the evoked response, including single- and paired-pulse as well as burst stimulation, was explored. Cortical evoked potentials to single pulses were observed with latencies as short as 1 to 2 msec after a single pulse of stimulation, with activity continuing, in some cases, for up to 400 msec. Paired-pulse experiments revealed refractory periods on the order of 0.5 msec, suggesting that stimulation of axons contributed to the generation of at least some portion of the evoked potential waveform. Evoked potentials were also present in response to 100-msec bursts of stimulation, with some evidence that the potential was initiated within the burst artifact. The potential implications of the types of responses observed as well as potential applications are discussed.
Tissue-specific and substrate-specific detection of aldehyde and pyridoxal oxidase in larval and imaginal tissues of Drosophila melanogaster

The substrate specificities of aldehyde and pyridoxal oxidases in Drosophila melanogaster have been determined with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. This analysis has led to the discovery that 2,4,5-trimethoxy-benzaldehyde is a specific substrate for pyridoxal oxidase, as based on the histochemical distribution of oxidase activity, the absence of enzymatic activity in the lpo 1strains, and the dosage dependence on the number of lpo +genes present. The tissue-specific localization of aldehyde oxidase (AO) and pyridoxal oxidase (PO) in the larval and adult structures showed that AO was present in all the major internal organs of the larvae and adults, including brain, imaginal discs, Malpighian tubules, digestive system, and reproductive structures. Pyridoxal oxidase is present in many of the same structures which possess AO, but is missing from the cardia, crop, imaginal discs, ovarian follicle cells, paragonia, pericardial cells, and wreath cells. The only structure which possesses PO but lacks AO is the larval salivary gland. These histochemical differences in AO and PO distribution were also confirmed by enzymatic analysis of the activities present in homogenates of ovaries, paragonia, and salivary glands. The general pattern of enzyme expression appears to be established during embryogenesis and maintained throughout the life of the individual.
Calculation of the ‘seeing length’ of an incore neutron detector in a BWR

Abstract Using the correlation of the fluctuating signals of in-core neutron detectors located in the same instrument guide tube one can measure the void-propagation velocity in the bundles. Since the instrument guide tubes are located in the bypass region between four bundles, the neutron detector “sees” the void-fraction fluctuations in different regions of the neighboring bundles with different weights. Neutrons transport theory methods were used to evaluate the weight-function that determines the signal contribution of disturbances acting at different spatial regions. The weight function results have been combined with subchannel predictions to evaluate the cross-spectrum between two in-core detectors.
Long-term Changes in Quality of Life After Surgery for Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective To study long-term changes in quality of life in children after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) documented by polysomnography. Design and Setting Prospective study of children with OSA at the University of New Mexico Children's Hospital, Albuquerque. Methods Children who met inclusion criteria underwent adenotonsillectomy. Caregivers were asked to complete the OSA-18 quality of life survey prior to surgery (survey 1), within 7 months after surgery (short-term) (survey 2), and between 9 and 24 months after surgery (long-term) (survey 3). Scores from the preoperative and postoperative surveys were compared using the paired t test. Results The study population included 34 children, 27 (79%) of whom were male. The mean age of the children at the time of inclusion in the study was 6.7 years (range, 3.0-16.8 years). The mean total score for survey 1 (76.7) was significantly higher ( P P ≤.005) in survey 2 than in survey 3. The differences in the domains of emotional distress, daytime problems, and caregiver concerns between survey 2 and survey 3 were not statistically significant. Conclusions Caregivers perceive a long-term improvement in quality of life after adenotonsillectomy for OSA although these improvements are more pronounced in the short-term than in the long-term and are not uniform across all domains of the OSA-18 survey.
Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: regulation and potential roles in the CNS.

Roles proposed for nitric oxide (NO) in CNS pathophysiology are increasingly diverse and range from intercellular signaling, through necrotic killing of cells and invading pathogens, to the involvement of NO in apoptosis and tissue remodeling. In vitro evidence and observations from experimental animal models of a variety of human neuropathologies, including stroke, indicate that glial cells can produce NO. Regulation of at least one of the NO synthase genes (NOS-2) in glia has been well described; however, apart from hints emerging out of co-culture studies and extrapolation based upon the reactivity of NO, we are a long way from identifying functions for glial-derived NO in the CNS. Although the assumption is that NO is very often cytotoxic, it is evident that NO production does not always equate with tissue damage, and that both the cellular source of NO and the timing of NO production are important factors in terms of its effects. With the development of strategies to transfer or manipulate expression of the NOS genes in specific cells in situ, the ability to deliver NO into the CNS via long-lived chemical donors, and the emergence of more selective NOS inhibitors, an appreciation of the significance of glial-derived NO will change.
Plant-Pollinator Interactions over 120 Years: Loss of Species, Co-Occurrence and Function

Using historic data sets, we quantified the degree to which global change over 120 years disrupted plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate forest understory community in Illinois, USA. We found degradation of interaction network structure and function and extirpation of 50% of bee species. Network changes can be attributed to shifts in forb and bee phenologies resulting in temporal mismatches, nonrandom species extinctions, and loss of spatial co-occurrences between extant species in modified landscapes. Quantity and quality of pollination services have declined through time. The historic network showed flexibility in response to disturbance; however, our data suggest that networks will be less resilient to future changes.
Hydrophilic–hydrophobic multiblock copolymers based on poly(arylene ether sulfone)s as novel proton exchange membranes – Part B

Abstract There has been growing evidence, both experimental and theoretical, that block copolymer systems with well-defined sulfonated regions may provide enhanced proton transport, especially at low relative humidity. We have recently demonstrated a novel way to make hydrocarbon hydrophobic–hydrophilic block copolymers. While the chemical structure and chemical compositions are very similar to random copolymers, the microstructure and the morphology are very different. The self-diffusion coefficients of water, as measured by Pulse Gradient Stimulated Echo (PGSE) NMR techniques, have indicated a significant improvement in water transport after reaching a particular block length. At that block length (10 kg/mol:10 kg/mol), the multiblocks display better proton conductivity under partially hydrated conditions than the random copolymers. The presence of increased free water content in the multiblocks with increasing block lengths was confirmed by states of water analysis. A significant change in the distribution of three types of water was also observed compared to the random copolymers. This paper will discuss the structure–property relationships of these multiblock copolymers for potential application as proton exchange membranes.
Practice Guidelines: Rapprochement or Estrangement Between Social Work Practitioners and Researchers

The authors take issue with the claims made by Howard and Jenson and raise concerns regarding practice guidelines within social work practice, implications for social work education, and ethical issues. Cautions are made as to the role of the National Association of Social Workers in the development of practice guidelines. Collaboration is urged among social work professional organizations, schools of social work, social service agencies, and practitioners to meet the challenges of practice guideline implementation. Only with collaboration between the practice and research communities can practice guidelines serve as an opportunity to heal the chasm between practitioners and researchers.
Psychologists and the Ethical Use of Enhanced Interrogation Techniques to Save Lives

Arrigo, DeBatto, Rockwood, and Mawe (2015) take issue with a number of arguments in our previous article (O’Donohue et al., 2014). We respond in four major ways: (a) pointing out that they never really take on, let alone refute, the key argument in our article—that utilitarian, deontic, and virtue ethical theories are not only consistent with the use of enhanced interrogation and torture in the ticking time bomb scenario but these prescribe it; (b) there are numerous other exegetical problems in their article; (c) they make unsubstantiated claims about the ineffectiveness of EITSLs techniques that we argue are much too strong; and (d) they conflate the ethical with the legal and but even in doing so miss many important issues regarding the legality of EITSLs in the war on terrorism.
Domestic Violence Screening Among Medical Residents Is the Message Getting Through

The present study examined the rate of documentation of inquiry about domestic violence status by 3rd year internal medicine residents who participated in an ambulatory and inpatient general medicine consult service. Between 6 and 16 consults for each resident were randomly selected and reviewed for the presence of somatic complaints that are believed to be markers of potential domestic violence (DV). Of the 674 consults reviewed for documentation of inquiries regarding whether the woman was or had been a victim of DV, 92.7% were classified as appropriate for domestic violence screening. In only 9 of the 674 consults reviewed was the presence or absence of DV noted. The findings of this study suggest that third year residents on consultative services at our center are not documenting DV screening as part of their evaluation of women with somatic complaints that have been associated with DV.
Preconvective Mesoscale Analysis over Irregular Terrain with a Satellite-Model Coupled System

Abstract Influences on the mesoscale distribution of summertime convective cloud development in the northeastern Colorado region are described using a new system for time-continuous mesoscale analysis. The analysis system is distinctive in that there is an intimate coupling between integration of a numerical model and retrieval of temperature and water vapor concentrations from VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) data. We present a case study to compare results of the coupled analysis method with those of related methods, focusing on the roles of variations in ground surface temperatures and water vapor concentrations. The horizontal and time variations represented in satellite-based (coupled) surface temperature analyses closely corresponded to information from conventional shelter temperature observations, but had much greater detail. In contrast, temperature based on energy balance computations tended to increase too quickly during the morning and were lacking in mesoscale feature. In the water vapor analy...