cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interactive model of anxiety sensitivity relevant to suicide attempt history and future suicidal ideation

Recent reports of increasing suicide rates among military personnel indicate a need for increased work in understanding processes relevant to suicide risk in the military. Anxiety, along with anxiety-related risk factors have been implicated in suicidality as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One such risk factor, anxiety sensitivity (AS), refers to fear of anxiety-related symptoms. Subfactors of AS, notably the physical and cognitive concerns factors, appear to be relevant to the construct of acquired capability for suicidal behavior, a risk factor for death by suicide postulated by the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010). Study 1 examined the interaction of AS-cognitive concerns and AS-physical concerns in an outpatient sample with PTSD symptomatology (N = 128). Analyses were consistent with our a priori model and indicated that the interaction of AS-cognitive concerns by AS-physical concerns predicted previous suicide attempt. Specifically, those with high AS-cognitive concerns and low AS-physical concerns were at increased risk for suicide attempt. Study 2 prospectively examined the associations between AS and suicidal ideation in a sample of military cadets undergoing basic training (N = 1081). A similar interaction emerged such that high AS-cognitive and low AS-physical scores at Time 1 significantly predicted suicidal ideation several months later, even after controlling for Time 1 suicidal ideation and psychopathology. These findings suggest that suicide potential may be related to interactions between cognitive risk factors for anxiety among individuals with PTSD symptomatology as well as individuals experiencing stressful life events.
Relationship of the expression of the S20 and L34 ribosomal proteins to polyamine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Polyamine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally. Antizyme and ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 participate in post-translational inhibition of the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes ornithine and arginine decarboxylase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the significance of S20 and L34 in polyamine regulation in vivo. In vivo overexpression of S20 and L34 lowered the activities of ornithine and arginine decarboxylases and decreased total polyamine production. The levels of cadaverine, a related diamine whose synthesis is not regulated by S20 and L34, did not decrease but increased. The diminished ornithine and arginine decarboxylase activities are shown to result from reversible post-translational inhibition since the enzymes could be reactivated to normal levels upon titration of the inhibitors. The effects were specific as overexpression of eight other ribosomal proteins had no influence. Overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase results in elevated polyamine production and it increases S20 and L34 levels but not those of other ribosomal proteins. Ornithine depletion decreases S20 and L34 to normal levels in the ornithine decarboxylase overproducing cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments coupled with immunoblots indicated that ornithine and arginine decarboxylases physically interact with S20 and L34. This study shows that ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 can inhibit ornithine and arginine decarboxylases and polyamine biosynthesis in vivo. It is concluded that, unlike other basic ribosomal proteins and polycationic compounds which inhibit the activities of these enzymes only in vitro, S20 and L34 are biologically relevant in the regulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.
Disfluencies in the conversations of young children who stutter: some answers about questions.

Parents of children who stutter are often advised to reduce the number of questions they ask their children. Implicit in this advice is the assumption that children who stutter will be more disflue...
Ingredient quality and its impact on digestion and absorption in poultry.

Abstract All ingredients used in poultry diets undergo some type of processing. This processing can be as simple as drying and grinding or more complex, involving heat, pressure, solvent extraction, and/or blending to generate the final feedstuff. Some type of heating or cooking is an initial step in the evolution of feed grade fats and high protein ingredients, and the extent of under- or overheating will have a direct bearing on the nutritional quality of a given ingredient. This paper will cover environmental effects on the nutrient content of corn and processing influences on the nutritional quality of feed grade fats and common protein sources.
ENZYME-GENERATED INTERMEDIATES DERIVED FROM 4-ANDR0STENE-3,6,17-TRI0NE AND 1,4,6-ANDR0STATRIENE-3,17-DI0NE CAUSE A TIME-DEPENDENT DECREASE IN HUMAN PLACENTAL AROMATASE ACTIVITY

Kinetic evidence is presented for a time-dependent decrease in human placental aromatase activity by enzyme-generated intermediates derived from two widely used steroids previously described as competitive inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis. Thus, 4-androstene-3,6,17-trione binds to the enzyme with an apparent of 0.43 pM and has a pseudo-first order overall rate constant for decrease in activity of 4.03×10-3sec-1 while 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione has an apparent Kii of 0.18 μM and a pseudo-first order overall rate constant for decrease in activity of 1.10×10-3sec-1. These findings imply that the potent inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis caused by these steroids results primarily from a decrease in enzyme activity caused by enzyme–generated intermediates derived from the parent steroids.
Progressive changes in articulatory patterns in verbal apraxia: A longitudinal case study

Abstract This research reports findings in a 10-year study of an apraxic adult, who was one of five subjects described by Shankweiler and Harris, ( Cortex , ,2 277–292, 1966). Confusion matrices and feature analysis were used to compare 1965 and 1975 performances. Results indicate that over the 10-year period, errors of place, manner, and omission were markedly reduced. Voicing errors, however, while reduced in total number, still constituted a significant percentage of the patient's residual errors. Implications of these findings are discussed.
In Vitro Evaluation of Flow Divertors in an Elastase-Induced Saccular Aneurysm Model in Rabbit

Endovascular coiling is an acceptable treatment of intracranial aneurysms, yet long term follow-ups suggest that endovascular coiling fails to achieve complete aneurysm occlusions particularly in wide-neck and giant aneurysms. Placing of a stentlike device across the aneurysm neck may be sufficient to occlude the aneurysm by promoting intra-aneurysmal thrombosis; however, conclusive evidence of its efficacy is still lacking. In this study, we investigate in vitro the efficacy of custom designed flow divertors that will be subsequently implanted in a large cohort of animals. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed database against which in vivo results can be analyzed. Six custom designed flow divertors were fabricated and tested in vitro. The design matrix included three different porosities (75%, 70%, and 65%). For each porosity, there were two divertors with one having a nominal pore density double than that of the other. To quantify efficacy, the divertors were implanted in a compliant elastomeric model of an elastase-induced aneurysm model in rabbit and intra-aneurysmal flow changes were evaluated by particle image velocimetry (PIV). PIV results indicate a marked reduction in intra-aneurysmal flow activity after divertor implantation in the innominate artery across the aneurysm neck. The mean hydrodynamic circulation after divertor implantation was reduced to 14% or less of the mean circulation in the control and the mean intra-aneurysmal kinetic energy was reduced to 29% or less of its value in the control. The intra-aneurysmal wall shear rate in this model is low and implantation of the flow divertor did not change the wall shear rate magnitude appreciably. This in vitro experiment evaluates the characteristics of local flow phenomena such as hydrodynamic circulation, kinetic energy, wall shear rate, perforator flow, and changes of these parameters as a result of implantation of stentlike flow divertors in an elastomeric replica of elastase-induced saccular aneurysm model in rabbit. These initial findings offer a database for evaluation of in vivo implantations of such devices in the animal model and help in further development of cerebral aneurysm bypass devices.
Achieving efficient flooding by utilizing link correlation in wireless sensor networks

Although existing flooding protocols can provide efficient and reliable communication in wireless sensor networks on some level, further performance improvement has been hampered by the assumption of link independence, which requires costly acknowledgments (ACKs) from every receiver. In this paper, we present collective flooding (CF), which exploits the link correlation to achieve flooding reliability using the concept of collective ACKs. CF requires only 1-hop information at each node, making the design highly distributed and scalable with low complexity. We evaluate CF extensively in real-world settings, using three different types of testbeds: a single-hop network with 20 MICAz nodes, a multihop network with 37 nodes, and a linear outdoor network with 48 nodes along a 326-m-long bridge. System evaluation and extensive simulation show that CF achieves the same reliability as state-of-the-art solutions while reducing the total number of packet transmission and the dissemination delay by 30%-50% and 35%-50%, respectively.
A class of adaptive control problems solved via stochastic control

Abstract Following a set up investigated by Rishel [7], we consider an adaptive control problem with unknown parameter x as a partially observed stochastic control problem. Exploiting the finite dimensionality of the estimator, we transform it to a fully observed stochastic optimal control problem to which we then find ϵ-optimal randomized feedback policies.
Chromatography in the ancient world

Indications that already in the Ancient World, methods based on chromatographic principles were utilized, are discussed. As pointed out, they had little to do with chromatography.
The extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by benzyl-alkylamines

Abstract The effects of amine structure and organic solvent on the extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by benzyl-alkylamines have been investigated. Also, the mechanism of uranium extraction by benzyl dodecylamine has been studied.
Anaerobic reductive titrations with solid diluted sodium dithionite in an apparatus suitable for EPR spectroscopy

Summary A procedure using sodium dithionite diluted with KCl and small amounts of base has been developed for anaerobic reductive titrations of proteins in conjunction with EPR and light spectroscopy. The reductant is kept dry in a glass capsule until deoxygenation of the protein solution is completed. When 1:100 and 1:300 dilutions of dithionite were tested with solutions of FMN and cytochrome c, the data indicated titers of 88.6 ± 1.7 (S.D.) and 23.7 ± 1.2 (S.D.) nanoequivalents of electrons per mg, respectively. These figures represent recoveries of 92 and 81% of values calculated from the titer of the undiluted dithionite. The random errors associated with such titrations appear to be commensurate with those encountered with quantitative EPR spectroscopy. This procedure has been applied to small (
Effect of anatomical fine structure on the dispersion of solutes in the spinal subarachnoid space

The dispersion of a solute bolus is calculated for cerebrospinal fluid undergoing oscillatory flow in the subarachnoid space of the spine. The fine structure of the subarachnoid space (nerves and trabeculae) enhances both longitudinal and transverse dispersions five to ten times over a simple model with an open annular space. Overall, dispersion is > 10 3 times simple molecular diffusion. The result of enhanced dispersion is rapid spread and dilution of the bolus, effectively stirred by fluid movement around the fine structure.
Quinoxaline Excision: A Novel Approach to Tri- and Diquinoxaline Cavitands

Selective excision of one or two quinoxaline units from tetraquinoxaline cavitand using catechol and base in DMF yields tri- and diquinoxaline cavitands in yields of up to 71%.
Caring for the Caregivers: An Investigation of Factors Related to Well-Being Among Parents Caring for a Child with Smith-Magenis Syndrome

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a complex disorder characterized by numerous challenges, including intellectual disability, speech delay, decreased pain sensitivity, sleep disturbances, hyperactivity, mood instability, and self-injury. Caregivers must readily adapt to the ever-changing needs of the child. Due to these demands, caregivers may encounter difficulties maintaining their own level of well-being. Thus, a total of 112 primary caregivers (i.e., parents) of individuals diagnosed with SMS responded to online questionnaires to assess demographic and psychosocial factors, such as perceptions of child health vulnerability, benefit finding, sleep behaviors, anxiety and depression symptomatology, and caregiver satisfaction and self-efficacy, which may be related to caregiver well-being. Results show that, among mothers, caregiver well-being was directly related to perceived child health vulnerability, caregiver satisfaction, and benefit finding, and a significant moderating effect was observed for depression/anxiety counseling after beginning the caregiver role on the relationship between anxiety symptomatology and caregiver well-being. Results further suggest that maternal caregivers who report high levels of anxiety but do not seek counseling fair the worst in terms of well-being. Among fathers, lower depression symptoms and greater benefit finding were related to higher levels of caregiver well-being. These data show that many factors play roles in influencing coping and well-being among SMS caregivers. Investigating these variables and relationships may reveal additional resources and interventions to assist primary caregivers.
Inhibition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Ketoacyl ACP synthase by isoniazid

Although isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) is widely used for the treatment of tuberculosis, its molecular target has remained elusive. In response to INH treatment, saturated hexacosanoic acid (C26:0) accumulated on a 12-kilodalton acyl carrier protein (AcpM) that normally carried mycolic acid precursors as long as C50. A protein species purified from INH-treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis was shown to consist of a covalent complex of INH, AcpM, and a beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase, KasA. Amino acid-altering mutations in the KasA protein were identified in INH-resistant patient isolates that lacked other mutations associated with resistance to this drug.
Influence of traps on the characteristics of thin film transistors

In this paper we present numerical simulations, in good agreement with experimental data, of the characteristics and performance of a range of thin film transistors used in large area electronics. All these devices, whether fabricated from amorphous, micro or poly-crystalline silicon, have characteristics which are determined by the relatively high density of localized states or traps in the band gap of the material. Very good fits to the experimental data of the current-voltage characteristics of n-channel a-Si devices, as well as both n and p channel polycrystalline TFTs, are obtained by modeling all these materials assuming an effective medium approach. Finally we show how the traps have a strong impact on their bipolar bevaviour, in particular the “kink” effect of polysilicon TFTs and the photoconductivity of amorphous silicon devices.
SEXUALIZED SPACES IN PUBLIC PLACES: IRIGARAY, LEVINAS, AND AN ETHICS OF THE EROTIC

Discourse pertaining to the erotic is absent in our current educational culture. In this essay Shaireen Rasheed elucidates how Luce Irigaray, through her discussion of the erotic, has challenged the conception of language and otherness that underpins modern education. In undertaking a comparative analysis of Irigaray’s work on the erotic and Emmanuel Levinas’s account of Eros, Rasheed emphasizes that the implications of Irigaray’s critique suggest not only a reevaluation of Levinas’s “Phenomenology of Eros,” but a revaluation of the role of the sexualized body in philosophy. Rasheed concludes by urging educators to think ethically about what discourses of difference mean in the classroom. A pedagogy contextualized within an ethics of the erotic attempts to develop pedagogies to link ideas, practices, and values in order to create discursive spaces where the unutterable could be articulated, where so-called marginalized images could be represented, and where efforts could be made to rethink forms of subjectivity and relations within the oppressive confines of the always heterosexualized classroom.
Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) of salivary testosterone: correlation with free and total serum testosterone.

Abstract Simple and sensitive direct RIA for determination of salivary testosterone was developed by using RSL NOSOLVEX TM (125 1) kit produced by Radioassay System Laboratories (Carson, California). In addition, a relationship between salivary and serum free and total testosterone concentrations was studied in randomly selected 45 healthy subjects, 5 females on oral contraceptive pills and 28 hypertensive patients on various treatment regimens. The lowest weight of testosterone detectable by our modified method was equivalent to 1 pg/ml of saliva, taking into account analytical variability. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.09±2.7% and 8.2±5.9% respectively. Statistically significant correlations were found between salivary and serum free testosterone (r=0.97) and salivary and serum total testosterone concentrations (r=0.70−0.87). The exception to this was a group of hypertensive females in which no correlation (r=0.14) between salivary and total serum testosterone was found. It is also of interest that, while salivary testosterone was significantly increased in subjects taking oral contraceptives and most of the hypertensive patients the total serum testosterone concentration was in normal range. Our findings suggest that determination of salivary testosterone is a reliable method to detect changes in the concentration of available biologically active hormone in the circulation.
Compartmentation and exchange of potassium in the toad bladder.

Abstract 1. 1. The urinary bladder of Bufo marinus was studied to determine the principal barrier to K + diffusion across the bladder. 2. 2. The K + content is 37.6 μequiv/g wet weight of whole bladder. The K + content of the serosal portion of bladder is 13.1 μequiv/g wet weight. The K + content of the epithelial cells is calculated to be 24.5μequiv/g wet weight. 3. 3. Exchange between bladder K + and 42 K + in the mucosal bath was determined at 2, 6 and 24 h. In 6 h exchange approaches a steady-state value representing 1.12 μequiv/g of whole bladder. 4. 4. The exchange between bladder K + and 42 K + in the serosal bath was determined at intervals from 0.08 to 6 h. There is a complex rate of exchange which is not at a steady state at 6 h. At 1 h the exchange is not accounted for by exchange with serosal tissue K + alone. 5. 5. The data indicate that the major barrier to diffusion to K + is near the mucosal side of the epithelial cell.
Integrated NiSi waveguide heaters for CMOS-compatible silicon thermo-optic devices

We report the performance of NiSi-based heaters integrated with submicrometer silicon waveguides. The heaters were fabricated using a standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) silicidation process on a thin silicon slab laterally connected with a silicon rib waveguide. The intrinsic properties of such NiSi waveguide heaters were characterized by using them as thermo-optic phase shifters in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The power consumption Pπ for obtaining a π phase shift was measured to be as low as 20 mW, using CMOS-compatible drive voltages. The time constant of the thermo-optic response was less than 2.8 μs. Simulations suggest that a further reduction in the power consumption Pπ is feasible.
Mathematical model supporting the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity

Abstract The discovery of superoxide dismutase was followed by a proposal that superoxide anion radical (O 2 •− ) is a major factor in oxygen toxicity. The knowledge of superoxide chemistry, however, led some chemists to conclude that since O 2 •− is not very reactive in aqueous solution, the more reactive hydroxyl radical (HO • ) was most likely to be the major damage causing species. Some have defended the superoxide theory by emphasizing that nonidiscriminate and selective reactivity could provide more toxicity than would high, indiscriminate reactivity. In the present study, network thermodynamic simulation was used to create a situation in which O 2 •− would selectively reaction with a substrate in a hypothetical sequence of subreactions supporting biological processes. In this situation, when the simulation of the chemical reactions was carried out using reasonable parametric values found in the literature, the selective reaction of O 2 •− to one molecule in the sequence caused a 95% disruption of the observable process, whereas indiscriminately targeted HO • attack caused only 0 to 35% inhibition. The major cause of the weak effect of HO • was found, in this particular model, to be a lack of sufficient availability of HO • due to both its slow generation by the Fenton reaction and a large demand for reactions with inconsequential targets. This model supports the superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity by demonstrating that a simple set of circumstances can quantitatively lead to the proposed selective superoxide toxicity. The present study also advocates the use of novel network thermodynamic simulation techniques for solving problems concerning biological oxidants and antioxidants.
Simulated crystalline structures of aromatic polyimides

Semicrystalline structures involving molecular packing and optimized chain conformations of three polyimides [N(CO) 2 Ph(CO) 2 N-X] n (X= PhOPh, Ph) [N(CO) 2 Ph-Ph(CO) 2 N-Ph] n have been obtained with the CHARMM molecular-dynamics program, and their densities calculated. An eclipsed conformation of face-to-face stacking of polymer chains with a relative shift is observed, and the shift is found to depend upon the molecular characteristics of the planar unit and chain linearity. Three-dimensional structures obtained by calculating the optimized edge-on conformation of the stacked units yield the smallest calculated density for PMDA-ODA, namely 1.515 g/cm 3 , followed by BPDA-PDA with 1.644 g/cm 3 and PMDA-PDA with 1.712 g/cm 3
Reactions of n-butyltin hydrides with n-butyltin halides

Abstract Tri-n-butyltin hydride reacts with di-n-butyltin difluoride, di-n-butyltin di-chloride, di-n-butyltin dibromide, and di-n-butyltin diiodide in a I:I mole ratio to give the respective di-n-butyltin halide hydrides. Subsequent reactions with tri-n-butyltin hydride yield di-n-butyltin dihydride in each case. Reactions of excess tri-n-butyltin hydride, di-n-butyltin dihydride or di-n-butyltin chloride hydride, respectively, with n-butyltin trichloride give n-butyltin trihydride. When excess n-butyltin trichloride is mixed with each of these three hydrides a new, highly unstable organotin hydride is produced which, from IR and NMR data, is believed to be n-butyltin dichloride hydride. The same hydride is obtained in the reaction of n-butyltin tri-hydride with n-butyltin trichloride. In some reactions of hydrides with n-butyltin trichloride, IR and NMR absorptions were found at positions predicted for n-butyltin chloride dihydride.
Carsharing and the Built Environment: Geographic Information System–Based Study of One U.S. Operator

A geographic information system-based multivariate regression study of an urban U.S. carsharing operator compared the use of carsharing vehicles for 16 months in 2006 and 2007 to built-environment and demographic factors. Carsharing is a relatively new transportation industry in which companies provide members with short-term vehicle access from distributed neighborhood locations. The number of registered carsharing members in North America has doubled every year or two to a current level of approximately 320,000. Researchers have long supposed that public transit access is a key factor driving demand for carsharing. The results of the study, however, find an ambiguous relationship between the activity at carsharing locations and public transit access. Light rail availability is found to have a significant and positive relationship to carsharing demand. Regional rail availability is found to be weakly and negatively associated with carsharing demand, although limitations in the available data make it impo...
Quantitative telomerase enzyme activity determination using droplet digital PCR with single cell resolution

The telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) for the human reverse transcriptase, telomerase, is a PCR-based assay developed two decades ago and is still used for routine determination of telomerase activity. The TRAP assay can only reproducibly detect ∼ 2-fold differences and is only quantitative when compared to internal standards and reference cell lines. The method generally involves laborious radioactive gel electrophoresis and is not conducive to high-throughput analyzes. Recently droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) technologies have become available that allow for absolute quantification of input deoxyribonucleic acid molecules following PCR. We describe the reproducibility and provide several examples of a droplet digital TRAP (ddTRAP) assay for telomerase activity, including quantitation of telomerase activity in single cells, telomerase activity across several common telomerase positive cancer cells lines and in human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells following mitogen stimulation. Adaptation of the TRAP assay to digital format allows accurate and reproducible quantification of the number of telomerase-extended products (i.e. telomerase activity; 57.8 ± 7.5) in a single HeLa cell. The tools developed in this study allow changes in telomerase enzyme activity to be monitored on a single cell basis and may have utility in designing novel therapeutic approaches that target telomerase.
Plastic anisotropy in aluminum and copper pre-strained by equal channel angular extrusion

The mechanical response of as-processed equal channel angular extrusion materials is anisotropic, depending on both direction and sense of straining. The stress–strain curves exhibit hardening characteristics different from the usual work hardening responses, e.g., Stages I–IV, expected in annealed fcc metals under monotonic loading. In this work, the anisotropic flow responses of two pure fcc metals, Al and Cu, processed by route Bc are evaluated and compared based on pre-strain level (number of passes), direction of reloading, sense of straining (i.e., compression versus tension), and their propensity to generate subgrain microstructures and to rearrange, should the slip activity change. In most cases, either macroscopic work softening or strain intervals with little to no work hardening are observed. Application of a crystallographically based single-crystal hardening law for strain-path changes [Beyerlein and Tome, Int. J. Plasticity (2007)] incorporated into a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model supports the hypothesis that suppression of work hardening is due to reversal or cross effects operating at the grain level.
Physical Chemistry in Practice: Evaluation of DVD Modules

The Physical Chemistry in Practice (PCIP) DVD contains video programs (modules) and experimental data that present the research of scientists working in applications of physical chemistry. The DVD allows students to learn about cutting edge research in physical chemistry while making connections to the theoretical concepts learned in lecture. PCIP-DVD allows students to build verbal and pictorial models of the experiments, instrumentation, and data that can be integrated with the material covered in lecture. For each of the modules implemented students were tested in a pre/post test fashion over content related objectives. For every module the students demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in their understanding.
Heat capacity of the quantum magnet TiOCl

Measurements of the heat capacity $C(T,H)$ of the one-dimensional quantum magnet TiOCl are presented for temperatures $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}lTl300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and magnetic fields up to 5 T. Distinct anomalies at 91 and 67 K signal two subsequent phase transitions. The lower of these transitions clearly is of first order and seems to be related to the spin degrees of freedom and the lattice. The transition at 91 K is of second order. A detailed analysis of the data reveals that the entropy change $\ensuremath{\Delta}S$ through both transitions is surprisingly small $(\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{R})$, pointing towards the existence of strong fluctuations well into the nonordered high-temperature phase.
The business role of the development engineer

One of the problems with UK industry today is that engineers do not usually take sufficient interest in the market suitability of their products. This article outlines the mechanism IBM uses to tackle this problem
Reducing the complexity of photoreaction pathway of pyrazoles: photochemistry of 4,5-cycloalkanopyrazoles

Abstract Products from photoirradiation of 4,5-cycloalkanopyrazoles have been isolated and characterized. The simpler product mixtures relative to the parent systems are in agreement with the hypothesis that the extra carbocyclic ring could reduce the possible number of reaction pathways. Relative reactivities and secondary photoreaction pathways have also been determined.
Construction of the functional integral representation for fermion Green's functions

A direct derivation is given of the functional integral representation for the Green's functions of quantum theories built from a finite number of canonical fermion operators Q/sub ..cap alpha../, Q/sub ..cap alpha..//sup +/ with (Q/sub ..cap alpha../, Q/sub ..beta..//sup +/) = delta/sub ..cap alpha beta../. 4 references.
Trends in the Management of Truncal Valve Insufficiency

Abstract Background . The single semilunar valve in patients with truncus arteriosus frequently is dysplastic and dysfunctional. Truncal valve insufficiency has been associated with poor outcome. Although the management of truncal valve insufficiency has evolved over the years, approaches to this problem vary considerably and remain a serious dilemma in many cases. Methods . We reviewed the records of 89 patients with unrepaired truncus arteriosus and mild (n = 37), moderate (n = 33), or severe (n = 19) truncal valve insufficiency who were admitted to our institution between 1975 and 1995. Eight patients (7 neonates) with moderate or severe insufficiency died before surgical intervention, and 4 patients underwent palliative pulmonary artery banding. The remaining 77 patients underwent repair. The median age at repair was 3.2 months (range, 2 days to 15 years; 83% infants), and it decreased from 4 months between 1975 and 1985 to 1 month between 1986 and 1995. Truncal valve replacement (mechanical = 6, allograft=4) was performed in 10 patients, and 5 patients underwent valve repair. Results . All 4 patients who underwent pulmonary artery banding died either early or late. The hospital (or 30-day) mortality rate after repair was 34% (26/77). At a median follow-up of 10 years, 11 hospital survivors had died, with overall 1- and 10-year actuarial survival rates of 56% and 48%, respectively, and poorer survival among patients with severe truncal valve insufficiency ( p = 0.02). Late truncal valve replacement (n = 24) had been performed in 21 patients. Freedom from truncal valve replacement was better in patients with mild truncal insufficiency than in those with moderate or severe preoperative insufficiency ( p Conclusions . The prospects for patients with truncal valve insufficiency have been improving over time. Nevertheless, the results in patients with severe insufficiency continue to be poor.
Auto- and allo-grooming in pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Grooming was observed in mixed-sex pairs of voles after one vole had been unilaterally soiled with a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gel. In Experiment 1, soiled pine voles spent more time grooming than did clean voles, and groomed the soiled side of their bodies more than the clean side. Soiled voles of both species head-groomed more than did clean voles. Addition of tastants to CMC gel did not alter grooming durations in either species, and there were no sex differences. In Experiment 2, both vole species (taken together) auto-groomed more than they allo-groomed, although clean voles groomed their soiled partners more than themselves. These studies suggest that soiled fur is a powerful stimulus for auto- and allo-grooming.
Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted polysiloxane monolayers for control of protein binding

Two new grafted polysiloxane polymers, a copolysiloxane and a terpolysiloxane, have been synthesized. Both polysiloxane backbones are grafted with dialkyl disulfide chains and 600 MW methoxy-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, while the terpolysiloxane also has 3400 MW PEG side chains terminated with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactive ester groups. The two polymers spontaneously form monolayers on gold surfaces with estimated thicknesses of 23 and 31 A, respectively. Combined analysis with angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry showed that most grafted dialkyl disulfide side chains were bound to the gold surface, forming multiple molecular linkages at the monolayer/gold interface. The PEG-grafted chains were concentrated in the outermost exposed region of the monolayers. Protein adsorption on the two immobilized polymer monolayers was examined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The copolymer-covered surface resisted protein...
From Fordism to Flexible Accumulation: Technology, Competitive Strategies, and International Location:

Aspects of the transition from Fordism to what has been labeled a regime of flexible accumulation are analyzed. First the nature of the current crisis of Fordism is considered, with special emphasis on two elements of this crisis. The first has to do with the internationalization of Fordist production techniques without the corresponding elaboration of characteristically Fordist consumption patterns in the countries involved. The second has to do with the forms of competition that have arisen in conjunction with the Fordist regime of accumulation in the core countries. Both of these factors, it is argued, have played a significant role in the current predicament facing many advanced industrial nations. The shift to a regime of flexible accumulation is then considered with particular attention paid to the rise of new technologies and new ways of organizing production. These factors are related to changing competitive strategies and the spatial organization of production on an international scale.
Apolipoprotein E genotype as a determinant of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells requires sustained activation of the antiapoptotic PI-3-K/Akt pathway, and many therapies for CLL cause leukemia cell death by triggering apoptosis. Blood lipoprotein particles are either pro- or antiapoptotic. High-density lipoprotein particles are antiapoptotic through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3-mediated activation of the PI-3-K/Akt pathway. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4)-very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) increase apoptosis, but the apoE2-VLDL and apoE3-VLDL isoforms do not. As increased B-cell apoptosis favors longer survival of CLL patients, we hypothesized that APOE4 genotype would beneficially influence the clinical course of CLL. We report here that women (but not men) with an APOE4 genotype had markedly longer survival than non-APOE4 patients. VLDL is metabolized to low-density lipoprotein through lipoprotein lipase. Higher levels of lipoprotein lipase mRNA in these CLL patients correlated with shorter survival. The beneficial effect of APOE4 in CLL survival is likely mediated through APOE4 allele-specific regulation of leukemia cell apoptosis. The APOE allele and genotype distribution in these CLL patients is the same as in unaffected control populations, suggesting that although APOE genotype influences CLL outcome and response to therapy, it does not alter susceptibility to developing this disease.
Pulmonary artery angiosarcoma: a clinicopathologic and radiological correlation

A 69-year-old man presented with cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue. He was initially treated for allergies and then for pulmonary embolism. Radiologically, a tumor mass was found to occlude the right pulmonary artery and involve the pulmonary trunk. A right pneumonectomy was performed. Histologically, a cellular malignant spindle and epithelioid tumor with areas of necrosis and brisk mitotic activity was seen. In some areas, the tumor appeared to form vascular channels. Focal osteosarcomatous differentiation was present. Immunohistochemical studies were performed including vimentin, smooth muscle actin, desmin, CD31, CD34, S100, and pan-cytokeratin. The tumor cells were positive for CD31 and vimentin and negative for pan-cytokeratin, CD34, and S100. Two months after surgery, the patient was alive and well.
Culture and characterization of lymphocytic infiltrates from endomyocardial biopsies of patients with idiopathic myocarditis

Immune reactions are thought to be of primary importance in the pathogenesis of idiopathic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. Based on the experimental data and histological findings, we have hypothesized that infiltrating T lymphocytes are a key element in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. In order to obtain infiltrating T lymphocytes from myocardium for study, we subjected tissue from 169 consecutive non-transplant endomyocardial biopsies from 135 patients to tissue culture in the presence of human recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2). Overall, 40 (24%) biopsies from 33 patients gave rise to CD3+ cells. Phenotyping of 31 expanded cultures was performed by flow cytometry and revealed 19 CD4+ predominant cultures, and CD8+ predominance in the remaining 12. Sixteen of the expanded lymphocyte cultures were tested for lymphokine production and all produced IL2 and a macrophage-stimulating factor (ILO) in varying amounts. Each of 14 cultures tested demonstrated variable degrees of cytotoxicity against NK-target K562 cells and an NK-resistant tumour cell line. Neither the amount of lymphokine production nor the degree of cytotoxicity correlated with the phenotypic predominance of the cultures. Thus activated T lymphocytes can be derived from human endomyocardial biopsies, and these cells are capable of being stimulated and expanded in vitro. Although their specificity remains to be determined, myocardially derived T lymphocytes are probably intimately related to the pathogenesis of myocarditis.
Raman Scattering and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Gallium Nitride Films Grown on (100) Gallium Arsenide

Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction are used to characterize Gallium Nitride (GaN) films grown on (100) Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrates. Reflection X-ray diffraction data from (200) planes of GaAs and cubic GaN are presented. The linewidth of the cubic GaN diffraction peak is shown to be a strong function of the growth temperature. Raman spectra are presented for a series of samples grown at different temperatures. Raman scattering is characterized by strong peaks at 560 cm-1 and at 736 cm-1, corresponding to TO and LO phonon modes of cubic GaN, respectively. An additional, unexplained feature at 768 cm-1 is clearly observed in Raman spectra of c-GaN samples grown at lower temperatures. The polarization dependence of the intensity of the GaN LO phonon mode is presented and compared with the GaAs LO phonon mode to establish the relative orientation of the c-GaN epitaxy on GaAs.
History of the National Kidney Foundation.

Abstract Stimulated by a mother's desire to find a cure for her child's disease, the National Kidney Foundation has grown from a small local group of interested lay persons and medical professionals into a major national organization with affiliates around the country and national and international programming in renal research funding, patient and family services, public and professional education, and public policy advocacy.
Seismic attribute -assisted structure analysis of the Mackay dome transpressional system, Bighorn basin, southern Montana: Evidence for reservoir compartmentalization

S ummary The M ackay dome field is found in southern M ontana, in the northern most section of the Bighorn basin. It is characterized by a transpressional positive flower structure that lies above the left lateral Nye Bowler lineament. The main reservoir is the Cretaceous Greybull sandstone, which is sourced by the lower Permian Phosphoria. The reservoir has been divided into two main compartments, but complicated faulting could have divided it into a more segmented reservoir. The seismic attributes most extreme curvature, variance, and ant tracking were applied to the Greybull reservoir in order to delineate bounding and segmenting faults of the reservoir. These attributes identified minor faults that divide the reservoir into five fault block compartments, more than the two previously discovered. Detailed investigation indicates various sets of faults and fractures with distinct mode, orientation, intensity, and scale that should affect the migration potential and sealing capacity of oil and gas. By looking at lateral amplitude changes, the nature of the seal, static or dynamic, can be inferred. Our seismic attribute-assisted structure analysis is instrumental in evaluating reservoir geometry and continuity which can be used to determine whether the compartment is a good target for drilling wells.
THE METABOLISM OF GLYCOGEN IN THE LUNGS OF THE FETAL RABBIT.

Abstract A developmental study of glycogen and activities of three related enzymes, UDP-glucose glycogen transglucosylase, phosphorylase, and phosphatase, was undertaken in lungs of rabbit fetus from 20 to 31 days of gestational age. A maximal concentration of glycogen was found from the 24th to the 26th day. Activity of UDP-glucose glycogen transglucosylase was present at all stages and showed a significant decline after the 27th day. The activity of phosphorylase showed a gradual increase, with a maximum from the 27th to 30th day. Activity of phosphatase had a sharp rise at 26 days and a fall after the 27th day. Histochemical studies indicated that glycogen was localized in primitive bronchial epithelium and, after the 26th day, in increasing amounts in the stroma. Phosphorylase was studied with respect to its response to stimulation with adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP), and activation by the hormones epinephrine and glucagon. A moderate stimulation by 5′-AMP was found (average 16%). The enzyme of fetal lung thus resembled the enzyme of adult liver more closely than that of adult muscle. No activation by glucagon or epinephrine was obsered. Phosphatase in fetal lung was evaluated with regard to its substrate specificity and activity at different hydrogen ion concentrations. The data indicate that this enzyme was a nonspecific phosphatase.
Concurrent and Sequential Acquisition of Different Genital Human Papillomavirus Types

Coinfection with multiple types of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) has been reported, but how frequently it occurs and whether prior infection with specific HPV types inhibits subsequent infection by related types are not known. To address this, 518 women were followed for an average of 2.9 years, and behavioral information and cervical and vulvovaginal swabs for HPV DNA assay were obtained at 4-month intervals. A polymerase chain reaction-based method was used to detect types frequently found in cervical cancers (HPV 16, 18, 31, and 45) and in genital warts (HPV 6 and 11). Concurrent acquisition of multiple types occurred more often than expected by chance. However, no 2 types were more or less likely to be acquired concurrently than any other 2 types. When considering sequential acquisition of HPV types, we found that risk of acquiring a new HPV type was not decreased among those with prior infection by a phylogenetically related or unrelated type (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.0 [0.4-3.0] and 1.3 [0.8-2.1], respectively).
Injured Athletes' Perceived Loss of Identity: Educational Implications for Athletic Trainers.

Context: As educators, athletic trainers should familiarize athletes with the concepts of self-acceptance self-esteem and identity to assuage psychological trauma accompanying injury because the mo...
Involving Parents How and Why

Since parent involvement in a child's schoolwork usually means higher achieving students, teachers should encourage parental participation.
The Genus Atomosia MacQuart (Diptera: Asilidae) in North America North of Mexico

Abstract Atomosia arkansensis, new species, is described from specimens collected in blackland prairie in southern Arkansas, and Atomosia tibialis is reported the first time from North America north of Mexico. A new key to Nearctic Atomosia species is presented. Atomosia melanopogon and A. mucida are noted to be sexually dimorphic. In addition to more standard characters, the open or closed condition of cell r5 and the length of the pedicel and flagellum relative to the length of the scape are used to distinguish similar species. Lectotypes are designated for Atomosia mucida, Atomosia puella, and Atomosia sayii. Atomosia echemon is synonymized with A. puella (new synonymy), and A. mucidoides is synonymized with A. sayii (new synonymy).
E-Cigarette Use Among Never-Smoking California Students

We determined the extent to which adolescents who have never used tobacco try e-cigarettes. Data on the prevalence and correlates of e-cigarette use among 482,179 California middle and high school students are from the 2013-2014 California Healthy Kids Survey. Overall, 24.4% had ever used e-cigarettes (13.4% have never used tobacco and 11.0% have used tobacco), and 12.9% were current e-cigarette users (5.9% have never used tobacco). Among those who have never used tobacco, males and older students were more likely to use e-cigarettes than females and younger students. Hispanics (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; confidence interval [CI] = 1.53, 1.67) and those of other races (OR = 1.24; CI = 1.19, 1.29) were more likely than Whites to have ever used e-cigarettes, but only among those who had never used smokeless tobacco and never smoked a whole cigarette. E-cigarette use is very prevalent among California students who have never smoked tobacco, especially among Hispanic and other race students, males, and older students.