cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interoceptive deficits moderate the relationship between bulimia symptoms and suicide risk

OBJECTIVE Interoceptive deficits have been linked to suicidality and eating disorders. The relationship between disordered eating symptoms and suicidality may depend on the level of interoceptive deficits. It was expected that interoceptive deficits would moderate the relationship between disordered eating symptoms (oral control, dieting, and bulimia) and suicidality (suicide attempts, ideation, and communication) when interoceptive deficits were high. Methods: University students (N = 417, Mage = 19.75, 78.2% white, 72.4% female) completed self-report measures that assessed disordered eating, interoceptive deficits, and suicide history. Results: Interoceptive deficits emerged as a significant moderator only in the association between bulimia symptoms and suicidality, when interoceptive deficits were high. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that bulimia symptoms may have a unique interaction with interoceptive deficits and suicidality. Future research should focus on targeting interoceptive deficits in treatment to help reduce disordered eating symptoms and suicide risk, particularly for students with bulimia symptoms.
Physics-Informed Data-Driven Surrogate Modeling for Full-Field 3D Microstructure and Micromechanical Field Evolution of Polycrystalline Materials

We have developed a machine learning-based crystal plasticity surrogate model (CP-SM) that can directly learn highly nonlinear material behavior during plastic deformation. CP-SM provides fast inference of spatially resolved three-dimensional (3D) microstructure and micromechanical fields and their evolution during plastic deformation, predicting the 22-dimensional material characteristics including a four-dimensional (4D) quaternion-based representation of crystal orientation, six-dimensional (6D) elastic and plastic strain tensors, and 6D stress at each location in the 3D structure. The predictions from CP-SM are orders of magnitude faster than and show good agreement with the deformation fields predicted by performing direct numerical simulations using spectral solvers. The fidelity of the CP-SM is further tested by assessing how well physics-based constraints are satisfied by the predicted 3D fields. We demonstrate our results on numerical simulations of uniaxially loaded copper.
Empire's Children: Child Emigration, Welfare, and the Decline of the British World, 1869–1967

Between 1869 and 1967, government-funded British charities sent nearly 100,000 British children to start new lives in the settler empire. This pioneering study tells the story of the rise and fall of child emigration to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Rhodesia. In the mid-Victorian period, the book reveals, the concept of a global British race had a profound impact on the practice of charity work, the evolution of child welfare, and the experiences of poor children. During the twentieth century, however, rising nationalism in the dominions, alongside the emergence of new, psychological theories of child welfare, eroded faith in the 'British world' and brought child emigration into question. Combining archival sources with original oral histories, Empire's Children not only explores the powerful influence of empire on child-centered social policy, it also uncovers how the lives of ordinary children and families were forever transformed by imperial forces and settler nationalism.
Electric Energy Supply into 21st Century: Challenges and Changes

Present forecasts for the total United States energy consumption for the year 2000 range to 192 quadrillion Btu indicating need for an annual energy supply about twice current consumption. Future growth in electricity demand and use patterns are affected by total economic growth, substitution, rate structures, and load management activities. The United States is now dependent on foreign sources for nearly half its oil supply. Greater use of the more plentiful fuels (coal and uranium), conservation of less plentiful fuels (oil and gas), and reduction of dependence on foreign sources are achieved by converting the more plentiful fuels into electricity. Coal production must double; new mines must be developed; emission limits on its use must be met. To fail to develop nuclear power could adversely impact the energy options of the future.
Just Following Orders: The Fifth Circuit's Incomplete Analysis of Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Cramdown in In re Village at Camp Bowie

On February 26, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in In re Village at Camp Bowie held that the Bankruptcy Code cramdown requirement in 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(10) that at least one impaired class accept the reorganization plan did not distinguish between economic and discretionary impairment. Rejecting the Eighth Circuit’s holding that § 1129(a)(10) included a motive inquiry, the Fifth Circuit instead held that no policy implications could be read into the plain language of the provision. This Comment argues that the Fifth Circuit correctly interpreted § 1129(a)(10) as allowing artificial impairment, but missed the opportunity to influence other courts by not adequately supporting its conclusion with an analysis of the Bankruptcy Code’s structure or historical de-
Reforming Our Wasteful Hazardous Waste Policy

Federal hazardous waste regulation and cleanup programs suffer from poor prioritization, insufficient flexibility, high costs, and questionable benefits. Many of these problems are a result of excessive regulatory centralization. With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Emergency Response, Cleanup and Liability Act (CERCLA, aka "Superfund") Congress centralized environmental policy questions that are, in many respects, inherently local in nature. This produced a "mismatch" between those jurisdictions with regulatory primacy and the nature of the environmental problems at issue. Contamination of soil and groundwater are site-specific, rarely crossing state lines. Due to the local nature of hazardous waste problems, state governments should be given the opportunity to assume leadership of hazardous waste regulation and cleanup. While the federal government has an important role to play in the regulation and management of hazardous wastes, this role requires more targeted and specialized efforts than the adoption and maintenance of a comprehensive cradle-to-grave regulatory system and a large scale waste site cleanup program that impose federal standards on local communities. Through technical guidance federal agencies can inform local waste management and cleanup decisions without imposing uniform federal standards that fit few jurisdictions well. With federal efforts confined to those areas in which the federal government possesses a comparative advantage, state governments will be freed to reassume leadership in hazardous waste policy and tailor state policies to local needs and concerns. This, in turn, could foster greater recognition of and accountability for the trade-offs inherent in hazardous waste policy, and a more justifiable regulatory regime for hazardous waste.
Alcohol, GABAA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex, and Aggression

Neurobiological investigations have become productive since experimental protocols were developed that engender large increases in aggressive behavior after acute alcohol challenges in individual experimental animals. Recent developments extended the heightened aggressive behavior to rats that self-administered alcohol shortly before the social confrontation. Quantitative ethological analysis revealed that alcohol prolongs “bursts” of aggressive acts and displays and disrupts communication between the aggressive animal and the opponent who defends, submits, or flees. Pharmacological modulation of the GABA, receptor with benzodiazepine agonists and neuroactive steroids results in dose-dependent biphasic changes in aggressive behavior that mimic the dose-effect function of alcohol; benzodiazepines potentiate the aggression-heightening effects of alcohol as well as the behaviorally suppressive effects; and antagonists at benzodiazepine receptors prevented the aggression-heightening effects o f alcohol. The maturational and experiential origins for potentially distinctive GABA, receptor characteristics in individuals who exhibit heightened aggressive behavior await identification.
Uruguay, Gateway to Nineteenth‐Century Cultural History of the Río de la Plata

Argentina occupies a prominent place in Latin American historiography. Latin Americanists as well as historians of other world regions are less familiar, though, with the intensity of cultural, political, and economic flows that defined the broader region of the Rio de la Plata, comprising today’s Uruguay and Argentina specifically, as well as Paraguay and southern Brazil more generally. Such exchanges of goods, ideas, and people were especially true of the late colonial period and the nineteenth century. Yet in this equation studies of Uruguay have remained on the margins in historical scholarship. This essay focuses on three core areas of research in the recent historiography of Uruguay as a gateway to nineteenth-century cultural history of the Rio de la Plata region. These areas are: (1) the African diaspora and blackness; (2) political culture and cultural history; and (3) a revitalized political history that draws from intellectual history and new energy surrounding the bicentennials of independence throughout Latin America. Knowledge of the historical forces shaping nineteenth-century Uruguay not only contributes to a more complete understanding of the region’s cultural history; it also allows for the development of a historical perspective that is much more in tune with the historical experience of the region’s inhabitants throughout the long nineteenth century. Moreover, students and scholars of Argentina will note some parallels in research problems, though seeing them through the Uruguay prism can yield alternative approaches and point to previously unknown or under-utilized source bases.
Responding Creatively to Family Needs of Hospital Staff: Caring for Children of Caretakers During a Disaster

AUGUST 29: LANDFALL: We were ready for any disaster. As Hurricane Katrina headed straight for the Mississippi Gulf Coast, our hospital braced for what we knew would be a real disaster. The University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMC) had just revamped the disaster plan, adding an often overlooked child mental health piece that was primarily written by our social worker in the child development clinic. Our division of developmental and behavioral medicine had identified the needs and strategies for service in 3 major areas: one group would cover the emergency department to help with anxiety, grief, and separation issues; another would serve as a holding service for children not requiring hospitalization whose parents were missing or required hospitalization; the final group was in charge of any more severely affected children who required more intensive psychological services. I met with our division; we reviewed our plan and made assignments. We were very proud of our plan and ready to implement it. The UMC administration encouraged nonessential personnel to go home to be with their families as the weather worsened in Jackson, Mississippi, 200 miles from the Gulf Coast. Katrina was predicted to still be a hurricane when it got to Jackson, which tested our plans for the UMC to remain open. ### Child Care Needs The UMC did remain open, but the schools and child care centers closed. Suddenly, our hospital was no longer focused on just how to care for the evacuees but also how to get essential personnel in to work, not only physically but also emotionally. We quickly found out that if the clinics and floors were all to stay open, there was a very large number of staff that was essential to the running … Address correspondence to Susan Buttross, MD, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, Child Development Clinic, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216. E-mail: sbuttross{at}ped.umsmed.edu
Invited Review: redox modulation of skeletal muscle contraction: what we know and what we don't

Over the past decade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives have been established as physiological modulators of skeletal muscle function. This mini-review addresses the roles of these molecules as endogenous regulators of muscle contraction. The article is organized in two parts. First, established concepts are briefly outlined. This section provides an overview of ROS production by muscle, antioxidant buffers that oppose ROS effects, enzymatic synthesis of NO in muscle, the effects of endogenous ROS on contractile function, and NO as a contractile modulator. Second, a selected group of unresolved topics are highlighted. These more controversial issues include putative source(s) of regulatory ROS, the relative importance of the two NO synthase isoforms constitutively coexpressed by muscle fibers, molecular mechanisms of ROS and NO action, and the physiological relevance of redox regulation. By discussing current questions, as well as the established paradigm, this article is intended to further debate and stimulate research in this area.
UML-based analysis of embedded systems using a mapping to VHDL

Methods for developing and modeling embedded systems and rigorously verifying behavior before committing to code are increasingly important. A number of object-oriented techniques and notations have been introduced but recently, it appears that the Unified Modeling Language (UML) could be a notation broad enough in scope to represent a variety of domains and gain widespread use. Currently, however, UML is only a notation, with no formal semantics attached to the individual diagrams. In order to address this problem, we have developed a framework for deriving VHDL specifications from the class and state diagrams in order to capture the structure and the behavior of embedded systems. The derived VHDL specifications enable us to perform behavior simulation of the UML models.
Getting a Grip on the Classroom: From Psychological to Phenomenological Curriculum Development in Teacher Education Programs

AbstractA major field of psychological research in education concerns the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their practices. A contested yet fairly consistent assumption underlying this literature is that the beliefs that teachers hold concerning the educational profession directly and/or indirectly affect their practices in actual classrooms. Because of the assumed causal power of beliefs, teacher education programs should therefore help students clarify their beliefs concerning best practices, which in turn will help foster more consistent and reasonable practices in their future classrooms. Thus the underlying model of excellence is a critically self‐reflective teacher. Using a phenomenological lens, we argue that this approach to teacher education is flawed in two respects: (1) the intellectualist approach misses prepropositional forms of meaningful coping and dealing with an environment that define everyday teaching and (2) does not adequately describe what constitutes “excellence.” In concl...
An empirical analysis of air pollution dose-response curves

Abstract The authors combine information from 2 million death certificates and 2 million observations from the Public Use Sample. With several strategies for controlling extraneous variation, the authors explore these data in order to measure the chronic effects of several air pollutants on white mortality rates. In the United States, approximately 140,000 deaths a year (Wo of all deaths) may be associated with air pollution. The size of this effect increases dramatically with age, with children displaying no detectable associations. Some pollutants, especially sulfate, are closely associated with many deaths, whereas other pollutants, especially ozone and nitrogen dioxide, have no apparent effect on expected lifetimes.
Thermal-Electric Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Validation of Bipolar Electrosurgical Cautery

Cautery is a process to coagulate tissues and seal blood vessels using heat. In this study, finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to analyze temperature distribution in biological tissue subject to a bipolar electrosurgical technique. FEM can provide detailed insight into the tissue heat transfer to reduce the collateral thermal damage and improve the safety of cautery surgical procedures. A coupled thermal-electric FEM module was applied with temperature-dependent electrical and thermal properties for the tissue. Tissue temperature was measured using microthermistors at different locations during the electrosurgical experiments and compared to FEM results with good agreement. The temperature- and compression-dependent electrical conductivity has a significant effect on temperature profiles. In comparison, the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity does not impact heat transfer as much as the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity. Detailed results of temperature distribution were obtained from the model. The FEM results show that the temperature distribution can be changed with different electrode geometries. A flat electrode was modeled that focuses the current density at the midline of the instrument profile resulting in higher peak temperature than that of the grooved electrode (105 versus 96°C). DOI: 10.1115/1.2902858
Subcellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase activity in the gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus

Differential centrifugation and density gradient ultracentrifugation were used to separate a basal–lateral membrane fraction from the cytoplasm in the gills of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. For both anterior and posterior gills of animals acclimated to 35 or 12 parts per thousand salinity the basal–lateral membrane fraction of the gill possessed significant levels of carbonic anhydrase activity. Membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity was uniformly distributed between anterior and posterior gills, and it was only slightly sensitive to changes in salinity. This activity was not significantly altered by freeze-thawing or sonication, but it was virtually eliminated after treatment with detergent. Stability of CA activity stored in vitro was not influenced by the presence of reducing agents. Protein-specific CA activity in the membrane fraction was equal to or greater than that in the cytoplasmic fraction in all cases. Cytoplasmic CA activity in the posterior gills was highly sensitive to environmental salinity, increasing over 10-fold. These data show that, in addition to a large cytoplasmic pool of CA activity, there is also a significant amount of CA activity associated with the basal–lateral membrane. The membrane associated CA is potentially available to catalyse the dehydration of hemolymph HCO3− to CO2 and thus facilitate CO2 excretion, while the role of cytoplasmic CA in ion regulation is confirmed.
Kinetic changes in microsomal drug metabolism with age and diphenylhydantoin treatment

Changes in the kinetic parameters (Vmax and apparent Km) and the spectral characteristics (ΔEmax and Ks) of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase system have been studied at three different ages in the rat and after pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin (DPH). The Vmax of aniline hydroxylase did not change with age while the Vmax of (+)-benzphetamine demethylase increased with age. The apparent Km of aniline hydroxylase increased with animal maturation while the apparent Km for (+)-benzphetamine demethylase was not different at the animal ages studied. The ΔEmax of the (+)-benzphetamine and the aniline-microsomal difference spectra increased with maturation, but the pattern of development was different. The Ks of the (+)-benzphetamine-microsomal difference spectrum increased while the Ks of the aniline-microsomal difference spectrum was not altered during the first month of life. DPH treatment increased NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, NADPH oxidase activity, cytochrome P-450 content of microsomes and many kinetic and spectral constants of the drug metabolizing systems.
Perspective: incision revision.

Antiviral medication is leading surgeons to re-evaluate how they treat hepatitis-induced liver cancer, writes Myron Schwartz.
Therapeutic silencing of Bcl-2 by systemically administered siRNA nanotherapeutics inhibits tumor growth by autophagy and apoptosis and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy in orthotopic xenograft models of ER (-) and ER (+) breast cancer

Bcl-2 is overexpressed in about a half of human cancers and 50–70% of breast cancer patients, thereby conferring resistance to conventional therapies and making it an excellent therapeutic target. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers novel and powerful tools for specific gene silencing and molecularly targeted therapy. Here, we show that therapeutic silencing of Bcl-2 by systemically administered nanoliposomal (NL)-Bcl-2 siRNA (0.15 mg siRNA/kg, intravenous) twice a week leads to significant antitumor activity and suppression of growth in both estrogen receptor-negative (ER(−)) MDA-MB-231 and ER-positive (+) MCF7 breast tumors in orthotopic xenograft models (P < 0.05). A single intravenous injection of NL-Bcl-2-siRNA provided robust and persistent silencing of the target gene expression in xenograft tumors. NL-Bcl-2-siRNA treatment significantly increased the efficacy of chemotherapy when combined with doxorubicin in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 animal models (P < 0.05). NL-Bcl-2-siRNA treatment-induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death, and inhibited cyclin D1, HIF1α and Src/Fak signaling in tumors. In conclusion, our data provide the first evidence that in vivo therapeutic targeting Bcl-2 by systemically administered nanoliposomal-siRNA significantly inhibits growth of both ER(−) and ER(+) breast tumors and enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy, suggesting that therapeutic silencing of Bcl-2 by siRNA is a viable approach in breast cancers.
The role of nontimber tree products in household food procurement strategies : profile of a Sri Lankan village

Reliance on nontimber forest products from homegardens and forests in a Sri Lankan village is presented. Land and tree tenure in this village adjacent to the Sinharaja Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Reserve have shifted dramatically because of changing priorities in forest management recently shifting from utilization toward complete forest protection. Local residents must adapt to a new set of social circumstances. Household demographics, access to land, and income from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and external employment are examined as pertinent to household food acquisition. Linear correlations show significant associations between income generated from the sale of agricultural produce and nontimber forest products and the amount of money allocated to food purchases. Fifty-five edible plant species were found in homegardens. Four forest tree species provide food regularly. Case studies are essential in increasing the natural resource manager's awareness about the role of agroforestry in protected areas management and his or her understnading of promoting protection without compromising subsistence needs.
Partitioning of biomass in well-watered and water-stressed cotton plants treated with mepiquat chloride

Most of the research investigating the effect of mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride) on the growth of cotton (L.) has been limited to well-irrigated plants and has been focused primarily on the growth of aboveground organs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mepiquat chloride (MC) on the partitioning of biomass in whole cotton plants grown in controlled-environment test chambers under well-irrigated and water-deficient conditions. Single plants of ‘Stoneville 825’ were transferred from a nursery room into test chambers when they reached a leaf area of ≈500 cm and were then exposed to the following treatments: (i) sprayed at a recommended rate for commercial crops with 12 ± 1 mL plant of a MC solution (27.3 mg L a.i.) and maintained well irrigated, (ii) not sprayed with MC and maintained well irrigated, (iii) sprayed with MC and not irrigated, and (iv) not sprayed with MC and not irrigated. Durations of experiments varied from 11 to 14 d. Tests were replicated four times. Environmental conditions in the test chambers were typical of sunny and humid summer days in central Texas. Leaf area was measured daily during the tests. At the end of each test, the plants were harvested and separated into various categories of plant organs, oven-dried and weighed. Water deficits inhibited the accumulation of plant biomass through inhibition of leaf lamina, petiole, and branch growth. The MC, on the other hand, did not affect the accumulation of biomass on a whole-plant basis, but did affect biomass partitioning by inhibiting growth of branches and stem and by promoting growth of fine roots; MC also inhibited expansion of leaves and extension of stem internodes and petioles, which led to the development of a more compact canopy structure. These effects of MC on biomass partitioning and size of plant organs may result in decreased plant photosynthesis rates, but also may induce a water-conservative behavior.
Some Fundamental Considerations concerning Noise Reduction and Range in Radar and Communication

A general analysis based upon information theory and the mathematical theory of probability is used to investigate the fundamental principles involved in the transmission of signals through a background of random noise. Three general theorems governing the probability relations between signal and noise are proved, and one is applied to investigate the effect of pulse length and repetition rate on radar range. The concept of "generalized selectivity" is introduced, and it is shown how and why extra bandwidth can be used for noise reduction. It is pointed out that most noise-improvement systems are based upon coherent repetition of the message information either in time or in the frequency spectrum. It is also pointed out why more powerful noise-improvement systems should be possible than have so far been made. The general mechanism of noise-improvement thresholds is discussed, and it is shown how they depend upon the establishment of a coherence standard. The reason for and the limitation of the apparent law that the maximum operating range of a communications system, for a given average power, is independent of the type of modulation used is then explained. General ways in which improvements in range of radar and communication systems may be made are also discussed. The possibility of using extra bandwidth to reduce distortion is pointed out. Finally, some possible relations of this work to biology and psychology are described.
Two-degree-of-freedom analysis of power line galloping by describing function methods

Abstract Estimates of maximum amplitudes of conductor galloping are needed in order to determine appropriate phase-to-phase clearances of overhead power lines. A new method for computing these estimates is obtained by the use of mathematical models of conductor galloping that include both vertical and torsional motion. The method gives estimates of the maximum gallop amplitude and frequency for various wind speeds. The stability of the predicted gallop limit cycle is determined by perturbation of the limit cycle parameters. Computer simulations show good agreement with the maximum amplitude and frequency estimates predicted by the model. The maximum gallop amplitudes predicted by the model also conform well with those observed on actual galloping lines. In addition, this analysis verifies what a number of galloping conductor researchers had long expected, namely, that torsional conductor motion limits maximum gallop amplitudes.
An MR image-guided, voxel-based partial volume correction method for PET images.

images. Methods: By modeling partial volume effect as a convolution of point spread function of the PET scanner, the reconstructed PET images are corrected by iterative deconvolution with an edgepreserving smoothness constraint. The constraint is constructed to restore discontinuities extracted from coregistered MR images but maintains the smoothness in radioactivity distribution. The correction is implemented in a Bayesian deconvolution framework and is solved by a conjugate gradient method. The performance of the method was compared with the geometric transfer matrix (GTM) method on a simulated dataset. The method was evaluated on synthesized brain FDG‐PET data and phantom MRI‐PET experiments. Results: The true PET activity of objects with a size of greater than the full-width at half maximum of the point spread function has been effectively restored in the simulated data. The partial volume correction method is quantitatively comparable to the GTM method. For synthesized FDG‐PET with true activity 0 lci/cc for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 228 lci/cc for white matter (WM), and 621 lci/cc for gray matter (GM), the method has improved the radioactivity quantification from 186 616 lci/cc to 30 67 lci/cc in CSF, 317 615 lci/cc to 236 610 lci/cc for WM, 438 64 lci/ cc to 592 65 lci/cc for GM. Both visual and quantitative assessments show improvement of partial volume correction in the synthesized and phantom experiments. Conclusions: The partial volume correction method improves the quantification of PET images. The method is comparable to the GTM method but does not need MR image segmentation or prior tracer distribution information. The voxel-based method can be particularly useful for combined PET/MRI studies. V C 2012 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3665704]
Evaluational Language Processes in the Deaf

Locus of Control and Evaluation Scales were administered to 137 deaf Ss at the Tennessee School for the Deaf and to 302 control Ss from the public schools of Williamson County, Tennessee. The results strongly supported the hypothesis that the deaf rely very heavily on others for evaluative judgments as well as behavioral decisions. The data were consistent with the frequently made observation that the deaf adolescent is more immature and dependent both in educational level and social-emotional growth. The problem of the importance of evaluational vocabulary for evaluational judgments was discussed.
An axiomatization of the ratio/difference representation

Abstract If ≥ r and ≥ d are two quaternary relations on an arbitrary set A , a ratio/difference representation for ≥ r and ≥ d is defined to be a function f that represents ≥ r as an ordering of numerical ratios and ≥ d as an ordering of numerical differences. Krantz, Luce, Suppes and Tversky (1971, Foundations of Measurement . New York, Academic Press) proposed an axiomatization of the ratio/difference representation, but their axiomatization contains an error. After describing a counterexample to their axiomatization, Theorem 1 of the present article shows that it actually implies a weaker result: if ≥ r and ≥ d are two quaternary retations satisfying the axiomatization proposed by Krantz et al. (1971), and if ≥ r′ and ≥ d′ are the relations that are inverse to ≥ r and ≥ d , respectively, then either there exists a ratio/difference representation for ≥ r and ≥ d , or there exists a ratio/difference representation for ≥ r′ and ≥ d′ , but not both. Theorem 2 identifies a new condition which, when added to the axioms of Krantz et al. (1971), yields the existence of a ratio/difference representation for relations ≥ r and ≥ d .
Acidomonas Methanolica-Associated Necrotizing Lymphadenitis in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Purpose Adenitis for which no causative organism can be isolated is a common occurrence in patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Here we identify Acidomonas methanolica as a pathogen associated with adenitis in a patient with CGD.
The Relationship between Drug Therapy Noncompliance and Patient Characteristics, Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Health Care Costs

The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between drug therapy compliance and risk of hospitalization and economic outcomes, and to identify potential indicators of compliance. We used computerized prescription records from 1054 patients at high risk for drug-related problems. We calculated a compliance ratio for a 12-month period and correlated it with health care use, demographic variables, drug-related variables, and scores for health-related quality of life. Univariate results suggested that increased age (p=0.05), high number of chronic conditions (p<0.001), and high number of concurrent drugs (p<0.001) were positively correlated with compliance. That is, increased values for these variables were associated with better compliance. Using logistic regression, the odds of being noncompliant was 0.665 as the number of chronic conditions increased. Compliance was not a predictor of concurrent or future hospitalizations or mortality, nor was it a significant predictor of health care costs.
The Multiple Meanings of Work for Welfare-Reliant Women

Based on ethnographic and interview data collected at two welfare to work offices, this paper explores the various meanings that welfare-reliant women give to paid work. Although studies show that welfare-reliant women support work requirements and believe that welfare receipt should be temporary, even Progressives often fail to see the multiple meanings work has for poor women, and how similar these are to the meanings most Americans attach to work. Not only do poor women want to work for basic economic survival, but they view paid work as a means to family security, a path to fulfilling personal aspirations, and as their civic responsibility.
Social Work Practice with People with Disabilities in the Era of Disability Rights

Social workers, especially those in health care and rehabilitation systems, must consider practice changes necessitated by recent legislation and the growing activism of disability rights groups. The authors review essential elements of the emerging sense of both oppression and empowerment that is occurring for many people with disabilities and groups; consider key aspects of ADA and other perti nent legislation that place new emphases on the self-determination of people with disabilities; and discuss what implications changing practice roles might have for social workers' relationships and patterns of interaction with other professionals in medical, health care and rehabilitation settings. The authors outline a beginning effort at designing a conceptual framework that promotes practice that: (1) maximizes clients' involvement in exploring an expanded range of options and choices; (2) prepares clients to be more effective in dealings with professionals, bureaucrats and agencies that often do not understand nor appreciate their need for self-determination; and (3) at the organizing level, mobilizes and helps to empower groups of people with disabilities to consider policy and program alternatives that can improve their situation. This framework may also be useful in work with people who have other long term care needs, chronic conditions.
Choosing race: Multiracial ancestry and identification

Abstract Social scientists have become increasingly interested in the racial identification choices of multiracial individuals, partly as a result of the federal government’s new “check all that apply” method of racial identification. However, the majority of work to date has narrowly defined the population of multiracial individuals as the “biracial” children of single-race parents. In this article, we use the open-ended ancestry questions on the 1990 and 2000 5% samples of the US Census to identify a multiracial population that is potentially broader in its understanding of multiraciality. Relative to other studies, we find stronger historical continuity in the patterns of hypodescent and hyperdescent for part-black and part-American Indian ancestry individuals respectively, while we find that multiple-race identification is the modal category for those of part-Asian ancestry. We interpret this as evidence of a new, more flexible classification regime for groups rooted in more recent immigration. Our results suggest that future work on multiracial identification must pay closer attention to the varied histories of specific multiracial ancestry groups.
PM-05ARHGAP36 AS A NOVEL DRIVER IN HIGH-RISK HUMAN MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent childhood malignancy of the CNS. Current trials aim to identify effective treatments with reduced side effects, but lack of knowledge regarding drivers prevents development of more precise therapies. MB is divided into four subgroups based on gene expression, histology and developmental origin: SHH, WNT, Group 3 and Group 4. Our lab identified a novel driver of MB using Sleeping Beauty (SB) insertional mutagenesis. Rho GTPase Activating Protein 36 (Arhgap36) was the top candidate to emerge from this screen, with activating insertions in 14/22 MB harvest (Larson et al., submitted). Preliminary studies with qRT-PCR, tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry showed ARHGAP36 overexpression in Group 3/4 human MB. We are employing multiple genetic techniques to elucidate the role of Arhgap36 in MB tumorigenesis. We have overexpressed ARHGAP36 in a non-tumor forming immortalized mouse cerebellar cell line (C17.2) and several human MB cell lines (Daoy, Med8A, Ons76 and two primary lines). We will also knockout ARHGAP36 expression in these lines using stable integration of the CRISPR/Cas system. We will use these lines to monitor changes in proliferation, migration, anchorage independent growth, and tumor formation in response to alterations in ARHGAP36 expression. Lastly, the novelty of ARHGAP36 warrants a non-biased approach, so we will analyze cell-wide signaling changes in cells with low, medium and high levels of ARHGAP36 expression using RNA sequencing and MicroWesterns. Arhgap36 overexpression is strongly associated with MB, and our findings indicate that it may play a driving role in Group 3 and Group 4 MB tumorigenesis. Furthermore, Arhgap36 may represent a novel target for therapeutic efforts aimed at treating patients with MB.
Comparison of in situ methods to measure N mineralization rates in forest soils

Abstract Nitrogen mineralization is a critical ecosystem process that is difficult to measure. Among several in situ methods used to estimate N mineralization rates in soils, the buried bag and covered-cylinder methods are two of the most common. Few studies have compared N mineralization rates from these two in situ methods, and it is still unclear if they provide analogous results. We compared both techniques, and two different core diameters, to determine if the different methods produce comparable results. Contrary to our expectations, larger cores were not more representative than smaller due to the importance of site-specific soil characteristics, especially rockiness. Dissimilarities in means, and weak and inconsistent correlations between methods, suggested that the different methods may not be equivalent. Our results suggest that the method optimization depends on specific site conditions, at least in forest soils, and that comparison among studies using different in situ methods should be made with caution until more standardization is achieved.
Self-Determination and Student Transition Planning Knowledge and Skills: Predicting Involvement

Abstract Promoting active student involvement in transition planning has become best practice in promoting self-determination. This study examined the contribution of self-determination to transition planning knowledge and skills for 180 students with disabilities. Utilizing multiple regression analyses, the study found that global self-determination was a significant predictor of overall transition planning knowledge and skills, as well as of transition planning factors related to knowledge and skills about the individualized education program team process, goals, and decision making. Furthermore, when self-determination was broken into its component elements and included in the analyses, those elements, particularly self-regulation and self-awareness/self-knowledge, became the sole predictors of transition planning knowledge and skills.
André-Quillen cohomology and the homotopy groups of mapping spaces: understanding the E2-term of the Bousfield-Kan spectral sequence

Abstract Let X and Y be two topological spaces. We note that a discussion of the homotopy groups of the space of continuous functions from X to Y leads to a discussion of the algebra derivations from the cohomology algebra of Y to the cohomology algebra of X . This observation, and the Bousfield-Kan spectral sequence, allow us to apply the commutative algebra cohomology of Andre and Quillen to the study of the homotopy type of spaces of maps.
Lake Erie Thermocline Model Results: Comparison with 1967–1982 Data and Relation to Anoxic Occurrences

A one-dimensional thermocline model is presented which is used to estimate daily vertical temperature distributions, thermal layer thicknesses, thermal interface depths, and vertical diffusion. Comparison of computed temperature with observed vertical profile data (1967–1982) for the three basins shows good agreement. The median relative error between observed and computed mean temperature for the central basin hypolimnion is approximately 5 percent. These computed temperature profiles are used to derive statistical distributions which can be useful for designing sampling frequencies in the Great Lakes Surveillance Program. In particular, analyses are presented on the frequency of occurrence of certain thermal structures particularly favorable for the development of anoxia. It is found that, for a hypolimnion thickness of less than 4-m depth and a turbulent diffusivity less than 1 cm2/s, there is a high likelihood of anoxia development in the central basin of Lake Erie.
Bromacil and diuron herbicides: toxicity, uptake, and elimination in freshwater fish.

Fathead minnows, 30 days old, were exposed to technical grade bromacil and diuron in flow-through tests to determine acute toxicity. LC50 values for bromacil were 185, 183, 182 and 167 mg/L at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hr, respectively; and for diuron, 23.3, 19.9, 14.2, and 7.7 mg/L at 24, 48, 96, and 192 hr, respectively. Eggs, newly hatched fry, and juvenile fish were continuously exposed to lower concentrations of the herbicides for 64 days. Growth was significantly reduced (p ⩽ 0.01) at the lowest bromacil exposure of 1.0 mg/L. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a “no effect” concentration. The “no effect” concentration for diuron was 33.4 μg/L, while the lowest concentration which resulted in adverse effects was 78.0 μg/L. Adverse effects at 78.0 μg/L were an increased incidence of abnormal or dead fry immediately after hatch (p ⩽ 0.01) and decreased survival throughout the exposure period (p ⩽ 0.05). Neither herbicide accumulated significantly in fish tissue, as bioconcentration factors were <3.2 and 2.0 for bromacil and diuron, respectively. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) injected with radiolabeled bromacil or diuron eliminated over 90% of the radioactivity within 24 hr. Parent compound and metabolites were detected in the aquarium water in both cases. Metabolites of diuron recovered from the water included 3,4-dichloroaniline and several demethylated products.
Genetic recombination between avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses. Experimental variables and the frequencies of recombination.

Abstract Several variables which may affect recombination frequencies between avian oncornaviruses have been investigated. Different chicken embryos, order of infection, and time of viral harvest did not influence the recombination frequencies between transformation and host range markers, provided harvests were taken after the fourth day of double infection, when a plateau in the recombination frequencies had been reached. Earlier harvests showed considerable variation of recombination frequencies, including a peak at 24–72 hr. Different clones of doubly infected cells also showed different recombination frequencies suggesting an effect of the cell on viral recombination. These observations are discussed in relation to current ideas on the mechanism of recombination between avian oncornaviruses.
The Indian ocean and the status of Gondwanaland

Abstract The “Gondwanaland” concept of Suess is the community of southern hemisphere lands which were drawn together by bonds of common geological history, and the Indian Ocean became, therefore, a classic site of “lost continents”, sunken “land bridges”, or a great scar of “continental drift”. Geophysical deductions have rejected each postulate, but recent discoveries beginning with the Albatross work permit a complete reappraisal, notably the bringing of the concept of new subocean crust, associated with continental spreading and mantle expansion. Collectively, the new material suggests that the old idea of a solid Gondwanaland extending for 15,000 miles is positively dead. Rather, we see clusters of early Precambrian sialic nuclei which had become progressively fused into a more or less cohesive Gondwana continent (never more than 7000 miles across) by about Cambrian time, since when it has progressively become “unstuck” by rifting, drifting and “regeneration” (crustal thinning and collapse). It may always have been divided by geosynclinal troughs, for late Precambrian—early Cambrian seaways extended N-S through Madagascar and Western Australia. Many of the “Gondwana characteristics” are due to a long Mesozoic-Tertiary evolution in similar climatic belts, dominated by the tropics and southern subtropics, and a Paleozoic evolution largely in polar and subpolar latitudes.
The science literacy gap: A Karplus lecture

The great American experiment in mass higher education has failed completely in the sciences, where we have a small educated elite and an illiterate general public. Our graduate education in science is the best in the world, and contrary to the belief of some, we do not face a future shortage of scientists. However, the rest of our educational system is bad enough to constitute a threat to the ideal of Jeffersonian democracy. “The Mechanical Universe,” a video series produced by Caltech and aimed at high school physics teachers, is described. Although that project has been very successful, much more must be done. The educational infrastructure must be strengthened to the point where science can be taught gradually, throughout the school years and beyond. Furthermore, those of us who are professional teachers of science must become better teachers, both by increasing our own mastery of our subjects and by better understanding the difficulties our students have in learning science.
Anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia: the symptom experience.

Objectives: To review the symptoms of anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia and to provide information on nutritional assessment and interventions. Data sources: Published studies of anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia, research abstracts, and review articles. Conclusions: Anorexia, cachexia, and dysphagia can cause severe alterations in nutrition in cancer patients that may lead to irreversible nutritional compromise and death. Nursing research must focus on symptom management of these three symptoms, the needs of the patient and family, and the impact of dysphagia on quality of life. Implications for nursing practice: Assessment, objective evaluation, pharmacological interventions, and nutritional counseling are important interventions for patients with anorexia and cachexia. Swallowing therapy, food intake adjustments, oral hygiene, and supportive care are important measures needed by the patient with dysphagia.