cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of neural circuits underlying auditory and visual object categorization.

Knowledge about environmental objects derives from representations of multiple object features both within and across sensory modalities. While our understanding of the neural basis for visual object representation in the human and nonhuman primate brain is well advanced, a similar understanding of auditory objects is in its infancy. We used a name verification task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize the neural circuits that are activated as human subjects match visually presented words with either simultaneously presented pictures or environmental sounds. The difficulty of the matching judgment was manipulated by varying the level of semantic detail at which the words and objects were compared. We found that blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal was modulated in ventral and dorsal regions of the inferior frontal gyrus of both hemispheres during auditory and visual object categorization, potentially implicating these areas as sites for integrating polymodal object representations with concepts in semantic memory. As expected, BOLD signal increases in the fusiform gyrus varied with the semantic level of object categorization, though this effect was weak and restricted to the left hemisphere in the case of auditory objects.
Predicting School Problems from Preschool Developmental Screening: A Four-Year Follow-Up of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test and the Role of Parent Report

The following study compared the effectiveness of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test (RDDST) with parental reports of developmental concerns in predicting school problems 4 years follo...
Adjuvant arthritis as a model of inflammatory cachexia.

Objective. To determine whether adjuvant arthritis (AA) leads to changes in body composition and cytokine production similar to those seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods. AA was induced in Lewis rats using Freund's complete adjuvant. Body cell mass was measured by determining the concentration of total exchangeable potassium using 42K gavage. Splenocyte production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was measured by bioassay. Weight and food intake were also measured. Results. Animals that developed AA lost 6% of their body weight by the onset of clinically evident arthritis (day 14; P < 0.01) and lost 20% by the end of the inflammatory phase of AA (day 28; P < 0.0001). Body cell mass fell 24.7 ± 8.6% (mean ± SEM) in animals with AA, but did not change significantly in controls (increase of 6.3 ± 7.9%) (P < 0.03). Pair-fed animals lost one-fourth of the weight lost by the animals with AA (P < 0.01), indicating that anorexia alone does not explain inflammatory cachexia. Weight loss was correlated with TNFα production by spleen mononuclear cells (r = 0.68, P < 0.007), and a weaker correlation was seen with IL-1 production (r = 0.45, P < 0.04). Conclusion. AA in rats is a useful model of inflammatory cachexia that mimics the human pathophysiology in important ways, and is consistent with cytokine-driven cachexia in chronic inflammatory arthritis.
Global Agro-Food Corporations and the State: The Ferruzzi Case

The relationship between transnational corporations (TNCs) in the agro-food sector and the nation-state in the context of global post-Fordism is examined through a case study of recent events involving the Ferruzzi transnational corporation. TNCs have a complex and contradictory set of relations with the state that are affected by competition among TNCs, by TNCs' internal disagreements, and by the fragmented nature of the state. The state assists TNCs through formal and informal channels. In this specific case, the informality of the system is underscored by the openly illegal arrangement that was operated for years by Ferruzzi officials and members of the officialdom of the state. However, the state also has the capacity to counter the actions of TNCs and to enforce the interests of subordinate groups.
Energy-Aware Load Direction for Servers: A Feasibility Study

We address the problem of improving the energy efficiency of servers that provide web-based services, including services provided through clouds. We propose an automated technique for allocating workload to servers to operate the fewest number of servers that are needed to cope with the instantaneous workload, leaving some headroom for workload surges. The technique requires no a priori knowledge about individual workloads and manages the server states explicitly. We use synthetic scripts, a small server setup and actual energy consumption measurements to show that the proposed system achieves non-trivial energy savings at typical operating regions of traditional server configurations.
Use of coda waves for the study of microearthquake source mechanism

A method was devised to extract useful information about the earthquake source from the coda of local small earthquakes. The method is based on the assumption that the power spectrum of coda waves of a local earthquake is only a function of time measured from the earthquake origin time and is independent of distance and details of wave path to the station. Evidence supporting this assumption is presented using the data on aftershocks of the Parkfield earthquakes of June 28, 1966. A simple statistical model of the wave medium, which accounts for the observations on the coda, is proposed. By applying the method to many Parkfield aftershocks, the relation between the seismic moment Mo and local magnitude ML is determined as log Mo (dyne cm) = 15.8 + 1.5ML The size of a microearthquake with magnitude zero is estimated as 10m×10m.
A new method for side pumping of double-clad fiber sources

We report a new method for pumping of double-clad, rare-earth-doped fiber sources using diode lasers, diode bars, or fiber-coupled pump sources. In this technique, the pump beam is launched by reflection from a mirror that is embedded in a channel cut into the inner cladding. The mirror may be curved to reduce the divergence of the pump beam, thereby allowing the use of highly divergent pump sources and low-numerical-aperture inner claddings. Additional advantages include high coupling efficiency, little loss of brightness in coupling the pump beam, relatively low sensitivity to misalignment, no obstruction of the fiber ends, no loss for light propagating in the core, simplicity (low parts count), compact and rugged packaging, scalability to high power, and low cost. Because of the large alignment tolerances, the technique is uniquely well suited to the direct coupling of the output of a diode bar into one or more double-clad fibers. We present a detailed description and characterization of the technique. We also describe the performance of Yb-doped and Er-Yb-doped fiber amplifiers constructed with this method, including amplifiers with saturated output powers of 5.2 W (1064-nm wavelength) and 2.6 W (1550 nm) when pumped with two laser diodes.
Adolescents and Adults with Autism with and without Co-morbid Psychiatric Disorders: Differences in Maternal Well-Being

This study investigated the associations between the characteristics of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and maternal well-being. Two groups were compared: mothers of adolescents and adults with ASD and co-morbid psychiatric disorders (n = 142) and mothers whose sons or daughters had a single diagnosis of ASD (n = 130). Individuals with co-morbid psychiatric disorders had higher levels of repetitive behaviors, asocial behavior, and unpredictability of behavior than their counterparts with ASD only. They also had poorer rated health as well as more frequent gastrointestinal problems and sleep problems. Mothers of sons and daughters with ASD and co-morbid psychiatric disorders reported higher levels of burden and a poorer quality parent-child relationship than mothers of sons and daughters with ASD only. Higher levels of asocial behavior, unpredictability of behavior, and poorer health in sons and daughters with ASD were predictive of greater burden in mothers and a poorer quality parent-child relationship.
Case Study of a First-Year University Voice Major: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective

This case study of globus hyster icus documents the vocal problems, adjustments to university life, and the career ambivalence of a first-year voice major enrolled at a large university school of music. The case was investigated using data obtained from (a) subject's self-perceptions; (h) evaluation by the subject's voice teacher; (c) interview with the subject's mother; (d) medical diagnosis; (e) evaluations of a voice clinician and clinical supervisor; (I) behavioural data obtained in ten voice therapy sessions; (g) psychological measures of motivation, self concept and personality; and (h) academic records. The case was studied within the context of ten one-hour voice therapy sessions that occurred across one term and two follow-up interviews that occurred during the second term. Therapy involved modification of targeted vocal behaviours and counselling. Counselling focused on psychosocial factors related to the client's vocal problems and cognitive restructuring associated with her transition from sec...
The role of working memory abilities in lecture note-taking

Abstract The utility of lecture note-taking is well documented, with most studies dedicated to understanding how to maximize the benefits of note-taking. Far less attention has been focused on understanding the cognitive processes that underlie note-taking and how the benefits of note-taking vary with individual differences in the ability to carry out these processes. One cognitive ability that has been hypothesized to be important for note-taking is working memory: the ability to temporarily store and manipulate limited amounts of information. The current paper addresses why working memory is important for lecture note-taking and reviews studies that have examined the relationship between individual differences in working memory abilities and individual differences in note-taking. There is currently a lack of consensus regarding the nature of this relationship, and this review addresses possible reasons for what may appear to be inconsistent results, including differences in how working memory and its role in note-taking have been assessed, note-taking modality, and individual differences in note-taking strategy.
UNRAVELLING TANGLED GRAPHS

Motivated by proposed entangled molecular structures known as ravels, we introduce a method for constructing such entanglements from 2-string tangles. We then show that for most (but not all) arborescent tangles this construction yields either a planar θ4 graph or contains a knot.
Nicotinic Receptor Subtype-Selective Circuit Patterns in the Subthalamic Nucleus

The glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) exerts control over motor output through nuclei of the basal ganglia. High-frequency electrical stimuli in the STN effectively alleviate motor symptoms in movement disorders, and cholinergic stimulation boosts this effect. To gain knowledge about the mechanisms of cholinergic modulation in the STN, we studied cellular and circuit aspects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in mouse STN. We discovered two largely divergent microcircuits in the STN; these are regulated in part by either α4β2 or α7 nAChRs. STN neurons containing α4β2 nAChRs (α4β2 neurons) received more glutamatergic inputs, and preferentially innervated GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In contrast, STN neurons containing α7 nAChRs (α7 neurons) received more GABAergic inputs, and preferentially innervated dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Interestingly, local electrical stimuli excited a majority (79%) of α4β2 neurons but exerted strong inhibition in 58% of α7 neurons, indicating an additional diversity of STN neurons: responses to electrical stimulation. Chronic exposure to nicotine selectively affects α4β2 nAChRs in STN: this treatment increased the number of α4β2 neurons, upregulated α4-containing nAChR number and sensitivity, and enhanced the basal firing rate of α4β2 neurons both ex vivo and in vivo. Thus, chronic nicotine enhances the function of the microcircuit involving α4β2 nAChRs. This indicates chronic exposure to nicotinic agonist as a potential pharmacological intervention to alter selectively the balance between these two microcircuits, and may provide a means to inhibit substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons.
Inhibition of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Protects Against Atherosclerosis and Vascular Calcification

Rationale: The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of morphogens, have been implicated as mediators of calcification and inflammation in the vascular wall. Objective: To investigate the effect of altered expression of matrix Gla protein (MGP), an inhibitor of BMP, on vascular disease. Methods and Results: We used MGP transgenic or MGP-deficient mice bred to apolipoprotein E mice, a model of atherosclerosis. MGP overexpression reduced vascular BMP activity, atherosclerotic lesion size, intimal and medial calcification, and inflammation. It also reduced expression of the activin-like kinase receptor 1 and the vascular endothelial growth factor, part of a BMP-activated pathway that regulates angiogenesis and may enhance lesion formation and calcification. Conversely, MGP deficiency increased BMP activity, which may explain the diffuse calcification of vascular medial cells in MGP deficient aortas and the increase in expression of activin-like kinase receptor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Unexpectedly, atherosclerotic lesion formation was decreased in MGP-deficient mice, which may be explained by a dramatic reduction in expression of endothelial adhesion molecules limiting monocyte infiltration of the artery wall. Conclusions: Our results indicate that BMP signaling is a key regulator of vascular disease, requiring careful control to maintain normal vascular homeostasis. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-39}
Sharing Meaning Across Occupational Communities: The Transformation of Understanding on a Production Floor

This paper suggests that knowledge is shared in organizations through the transformation of occupational communities' situated understandings of their work. In this paper, I link the misunderstandings between engineers, technicians, and assemblers on a production floor to their work contexts, and demonstrate how members of these communities overcome such problems by cocreating common ground that transforms their understanding of the product and the production process. In particular, I find that the communities' knowledge-sharing difficulties are rooted in differences in their language, the locus of their practice, and their conceptualization of the product. When communication problems arise, if members of these communities provide solutions which invoke the differences in the work contexts and create common ground between the communities, they can transform the understandings of others and generate a richer understanding of the product and the problems they face.
Fracture Mechanics of Fatigue of Structural Ceramics

Stable crack growth under cyclic loading has been observed in many structural ceramics which exhibit a rising toughness (R-curve) behavior.1-7 Although the growth is sometimes enhanced by the environmental factors, it can also proceed in vacuum where the environmental assistance is absent.6 This phenomenon has been extensively documented in recent years so that it is now possible to give a fairly general description of its mechanisms and kinetics. The purpose of this article is to incorporate the main body of the phenomenology into a micromechanical framework, within which the current understanding of the R-curve behavior and fatigue is fully reconciled.
The emerging role of the Nrf2–Keap1 signaling pathway in cancer

The Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2 [NF-E2]-related factor 2 [Nrf2])-Keap1 (Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology [ECH]-associated protein 1) signaling pathway is one of the most important cell defense and survival pathways. Nrf2 can protect cells and tissues from a variety of toxicants and carcinogens by increasing the expression of a number of cytoprotective genes. As a result, several Nrf2 activators are currently being tested as chemopreventive compounds in clinical trials. Just as Nrf2 protects normal cells, studies have shown that Nrf2 may also protect cancer cells from chemotherapeutic agents and facilitate cancer progression. Nrf2 is aberrantly accumulated in many types of cancer, and its expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients. In addition, Nrf2 expression is induced during the course of drug resistance. Collectively, these studies suggest that Nrf2 contributes to both intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance. This discovery has opened up a broad spectrum of research geared toward a better understanding of the role of Nrf2 in cancer. This review provides an overview of (1) the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway, (2) the dual role of Nrf2 in cancer, (3) the molecular basis of Nrf2 activation in cancer cells, and (4) the challenges in the development of Nrf2-based drugs for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Strategy Consultants

The demand for strategy consultants to actively contribute to the improvement of cor porate performance has increased in recent years. This demand has brought a growing need to examine the appropri...
FRACTURES OF THE DISTAL PHALANX AND ASSOCIATED SOFT TISSUE AND OSSEOUS ABNORMALITIES IN 22 HORSES WITH OSSIFIED SCLEROTIC UNGUAL CARTILAGES DIAGNOSED WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Ungual cartilage ossification in the forelimb is a common finding in horses. Subtle abnormalities associated with the ungual cartilages can be difficult to identify on radiographs. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of 22 horses (23 forelimbs) with a fracture of the distal phalanx and ossified ungual cartilage were characterized and graded. All horses had a forelimb fracture. Eleven involved a left forelimb (seven medial; four lateral), and 12 involved a right forelimb (five medial; seven lateral). All fractures were nonarticular, simple in configuration, and nondisplaced. The fractures were oriented in an axial proximal to abaxial distal and palmar to dorsal direction, and extended from the base of the ossified ungual cartilage into the distal phalanx. The fracture involved the fossa of the collateral ligament on the distal phalanx in 17 of 23 limbs. The palmar process and ossified ungual cartilage was abnormally mineralized in all horses. Ligaments and soft tissues adjacent to the ossified ungual cartilages were affected in all horses. The routine site of fracture in this study at the base of the ossified ungual cartilage extending into the distal phalanx suggests a biomechanical cause or focal stress point from cycling. The ligamentous structures associated with the ungual cartilages were often affected, showed altered signal intensity as well as enlargement and were thought to be contributing to the lameness. In conclusion, ossified ungual cartilages may lead to fracture of the palmar process of the distal phalanx and injury of the ungual cartilage ligaments.
Trigeminal neuralgia post-styloidectomy in Eagle syndrome: a case report

Eagle syndrome is a condition characterized by an elongated (>3cm) styloid process with associated symptoms of recurrent facial or throat pain. In this report we present a case of Eagle syndrome exhibiting the typical findings of glossopharyngeal nerve involvement, as well as unusual involvement of the trigeminal nerve. Notably, this patient developed a classical trigeminal neuralgia post-styloidectomy. A 68-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 25-year history of dull pain along the right side of her throat, lateral neck, and jaw. Her symptoms were poorly controlled with medication until 15 years ago when she was diagnosed with Eagle syndrome, and underwent a manual fracture of her styloid process. This provided symptomatic relief until 5 years ago when the pain recurred and progressed. She underwent a styloidectomy via a lateral neck approach, which resolved the pain once again. However, 6 months ago a new onset of triggerable, electric shock-like facial pain began within the right V1 and V2 distributions. Eagle syndrome is distressing to patients and often difficult to diagnose due to its wide variability in symptoms. It is easily confused with dental pain or temporomandibular joint disorder, leading to missed diagnoses and unnecessary procedures. Pain along the jaw and temple is an unusual but possible consequence of Eagle syndrome. An elongated styloid process should be considered a possible etiology of dull facial pain in the trigeminal distributions, in particular V3.
Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition in sepsis

Acute endotoxemia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory cells and the generation of proinflammatory cytokines. This systemic inflammatory response can lead to tissue damage, and end-organ injury. Modulation of this enhanced inflammatory response may have clinical utility in the treatment of sepsis. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been studied for its immunomodulatory effects. PTX has previously been shown to decrease neutrophil activation, cytokine production, and organ injury following sepsis and hemorrhagic shock. This review will outline the research done in our laboratory to elucidate the effects of phosphodiesterase inhibition with PTX in endotoxemia.
THE STABILITY OF BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS : VI. THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE SUSPENSION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF SALT REQUIRED TO CAUSE COMPLETE AGGLUTINATION.

1. The concentrations of various salts required to agglutinate different concentrations for a suspension of typhoid bacilli sensitized with immune serum have been determined. 2. The electrolytes may be divided into two classes; (1) those with which the concentration required to agglutinate is independent of the concentration of the suspension; and (2) those with which the agglutinating concentration increases in proportion to the concentration of the suspension. 3. The salts comprised under (1) do not reverse the sign of the charge of the suspension. 4. The salts of Class (2) (with the exception of ZnSO 4 ) do reverse the sign of the charge.
A protein patterning technique and Its application in bio-inspired self-assembly

Protein patterning techniques are crucial for the development of antibody-based biosensor and the study of controlled cell growth. This paper discusses a protein patterning technique based on microelectronic fabrication, DNA hybridization and biotin-streptavidin pair. A gold-on-silicon-dioxide substrate with micron size pattern was fabricated with photolithography and lift-off process. The average surface roughness of the gold pattern is 4.3 nm, measured by contact mode AFM. Thiol derivatized single stranded DNA was attached to the gold pattern surface by the chemical bonding between gold atom and sulfur atom. Surface attached DNA was then hybridized with a biotin conjugated complementary DNA sequence. Thus, the gold pattern was translated into a biotin pattern with similar resolution. Fluorescein conjugated streptavidin was patterned as demonstration. Fluorescence microscopy shows relative uniform streptavidin coverage of micron resolution and low background non-specific binding. The proposed protein patterning technique takes advantage of the high resolution of modern microelectronic fabrication. It has the potential of reaching sub-micron resolution. The biotin-streptavidin pair provides extremely specific and stable linking for protein immobilization. To show its application in biological inspired self-assembly, this technique was used successfully in the self-assembly of 20 nm streptavidin conjugated gold particles.
Photoradiation of rabbit ocular malignant melanoma sensitized with hematoporphyrin derivative

Photoradiation therapy (PRT) against the Greene-Harvey amelanotic malignant melanoma on the rabbit iris was effectively used to cause tumor regression. A dose of 2.5 mg/kg of hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) given intravenously, followed by photoradiation at a wavelength of 632 nm and a power density as low as 71 mW/cm2 for 24 minutes (102 J/cm2) was found to be lethal for tumors 4 mm in diameter with an acceptable level of reversible toxicity to the surrounding tissues. This was best accomplished with a dye laser as the source of light because of its very narrow expanding cone of light, as emitted from a fiber optic. A 1000 Watt xenon arc lamp was also effective but not as efficient. Because of this tumor's exceptionally rapid growth rate, it was necessary to compromise one important variable - the 3 to 4 day period between injection of HPD and photoradiation to allow for HPD depletion from normal tissues. Thus, the best tumor death responses were achieved when the light was given 1 to 16 hours after administering HPD. It is surmised that with this rapidly growing tumor, new cell progeny possess insufficient concentrations of HPD to be killed by the radiant energy. At such a short delay period, toxicity to normal tissues was observed mainly as conjunctivitis and conjunctival chemosis. A dose level of HPD at 5 mg/kg was very close to the threshold where minor increases in light intensity would cause strong inflammatory reactions. Higher doses, at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg were excessive. A dose of 23 mg/kg accompanied by mild light energy exposures, even after 30 days, caused massive damage to normal tissues.
Improving music algorithm using BSS

This paper presents a framework for improving performance of the popular MUSIC algorithm using blind source separation. Whether it is used for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation or for spectral estimation, the performance of the MUSIC algorithm can be improved via BSS. This paper shows the impact of BSS on spectral estimation via MUSIC and examines scenarios where the sources are corrupted with additive Gaussian noise, differ significantly in strength, and scenarios where the sources are correlated. This paper also examines the impact of spatial smoothing prior to BSS on the resolution performance of correlated sources. BSS does not offer the spectral resolution attained by MUSIC but does enhance its performance in noise.
A novel phospholipase D2-Grb2-WASp heterotrimer regulates leukocyte phagocytosis in a two-step mechanism.

Phagocytosis is a primary innate response of both macrophages and neutrophils involving the formation of filamentous actin (F-actin)-rich protrusions that are extended around opsonized pathogens to form a phagocytic cup, resulting in their subsequent internalization. The molecular mechanism for this is still not completely understood. We now show for the first time that phospholipase D2 (PLD2) binds to growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) and to the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) to form a heterotrimer complex, PLD2-Grb2-WASp, and present the mechanism of interaction. Grb2 binds to the Y169/Y179 residues of PLD2 using its only SH2 domain, and it interacts with the poly-proline region of WASp using its two SH3 domains. The PLD2-Grb2-WASp heterotrimer can be visualized in early phagocytic cups of macrophages ingesting opsonized red blood cells, where it associates with polymerized actin. Cup colocalization and phagocytosis are disrupted with mutants that alter binding at either of the two proteins or by silencing Grb2 with RNA interference (RNAi). WASp association to PLD2-K758R, a lipase-inactive mutant, still occurs, albeit at lower levels, indicating that PLD2 plays a second role in phagocytosis, which is the production of phosphatidic acid (PA) and activation of phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase (PI5K) with subsequent synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The latter can be blocked with RNAi, which negates phagocytosis. Lastly, a constitutively “open” active form of WASp (WASp-L270P) brings phagocytosis to its maximum level, which can be mimicked with WASp-WT plus PLD2 or plus PA. Since neither a protein-protein disruption nor lack of PLD activity completely negates cup formation or phagocytosis, we posit a two-step mechanism: PLD2 anchors WASp at the phagocytic cup through Grb2 following protein-protein interactions and also activates it, making key lipids available locally. The heterotrimer PLD2-Grb2-WASp then enables actin nucleation at the phagocytic cup and phagocytosis, which are at the center of the innate immune system function.
Editorial Commentary: Be Careful about Drawing Big Conclusions from Big Data.

comes of Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Stage IV Thymoma: A Population-Based Analysis of 282 Patients, this issue) is an analysis of the outcomes of 282 patients with metastatic thymoma from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database from 1988-2000. The study encompasses both surgically managed (39%) and nonsurgically managed patients, in contrast to most singleinstitution series that involve primarily a surgical cohort only and are much smaller. Surgical management involved a variety of procedures, ranging from complete (R0) resection to an array of partial resections (but excluding a biopsy only). Overall survival (OS) was better in the surgically managed patients (5-year OS of 69% vs 26% and 10-year OS of 35% vs 19%). Among the surgically managed patients, OS was better for complete vs incomplete resection (5-year OS of 78% vs 50% and 10-year OS of 47% vs 21%). The SEER database provides data on age, sex, race, and the use of radiotherapy but not on comorbidities or the use of chemotherapy. The SEER database also has limited information on tumor burden (we only know these patients had “discontinuous metastases” that may have involved pleural nodules, lymph nodes, or distant metastases). Histologic
Neurosecretory Supply to Extrahypothalamic Structures: Choroid Plexus, Circumventricular Organs, and Limbic System

These prescient words expressed by the late Sir Francis KNOWLES in his introduction to the last International Symposium on Neurosecretion both remind and foretell that the concept of neurosecretory neurons as predominantly residing within the hypothalamohypophyseal pathway should be expanded to include an extensive system of neurosecretory fibers involved in numerous brain functions.
Pain in children.

The assessment and management of children's pain is a topic that has received a great deal of attention since the late 1970s. Nurse researchers have played a dominant role in all areas of pediatric pain relief and likely will continue to do so. There are currently a number of pediatric pain assessment instruments developed that are used in selected practice settings, but their use should be extended to document the existence of pediatric pain and its relief. Pharmacologic interventions for pediatric pain relief have been hampered by incorrect beliefs about analgesic risks, prescribing and administrating habits, and a virtual explosion of information in the area of analgesics. Although nurses have traditionally used nonpharmacologic interventions for pain relief, these methods have not been well researched. Continued research efforts in this important area will result in improved diagnosis and management of pediatric pain.
Aerodynamics of flapping flight with application to insects.

1. General formulae are derived giving the lift, thrust and power when the wing motion is specified. The formulae are applied to twenty-five insects for which quantitative data are available. Average values for lift and drag coefficients, C L and C D , are derived by equating the weight to the vertical force and the thrust to the horizontal drag of the body. 2. The large drag and lift coefficients obtained for insect flight are attributed to acceleration effects. There is a distinct correlation between (C 2 L ,+ C 2 ) D ) ½ and the ratio of the flapping velocity of the wings to the linear velocity of flight. When this ratio and therefore the accelerations are small, the force coefficients do not exceed those to be expected for flat plates. Owing to the nature of the assumptions and approximations made, the values derived for C D , C L and C D /C L are minimum values. 3. Other characteristics of insect flight are discussed. In general, insects fly in such a way as to minimize the mechanical power required. In most, but not all cases, the useful force is the one perpendicular rather than parallel to the relative wind. The wing tips should move in a figure 8, the down beat should be slower than the up beat, and the majority of the necessary force must be supplied on the down beat. 4. Figures are given using the data from the twenty-five insects considered, showing average relations between power, specific power, mass, acceleration forces, force coefficients and geometrical dimensions. The power per gram, the ‘wasted power’, and the force coefficients all increase as the importance of the acceleration forcesincreases. 5. When plotted as functions of mass, quantities involving the power show much less dispersion than quantities involving the geometrical dimensions. This is taken to mean that despite the diversity of insect form, as ‘power plants’, they are all essentially similar. 6. A table of the observed or adopted flight parameters (frequency of beating, mass, wing area, velocity of flight, amplitude and orientation of wing motion) is appended.
Survey of Interpretations of Consumer Behavior by Social Scientists in the Postwar Period

This survey article attempts to integrate major theoretical and empirical developments in the social science disciplines pertinent to analysis of consumer behavior at both the micro and macro levels. Four themes are identified in such developments in the postwar periods: differentiation among people and products, recognition and analysis of the effects of interpersonal relationships, consideration of the dynamics of behavior of individuals and of large population groups, and appraisal of phases in processes and interrelationships among processes within dimensions of the structure of consumption. A multidisciplinary statement coordinates the various aspects of consumer behavior. The article concludes with a list of the criteria for conceptual frameworks needed for economic analysis of the relationships of behavioral and economic phenomena to the processes and structure of consumption. SINCE World War II, theories in the social sciences pertinent to explanation and prediction of consumer behavior have become increasingly complex. In the 1930's, psychologists relied heavily on behavioralism, sociologists on institutional description, anthropologists on close observation of primitive cultures, and economists on neoclassical utility theory. During the last 20 years, social scientists in each of the major disciplines have developed studies of differentiation among groups and products, interpersonal relationships, and dynamics, and have been concerned with both processes and structure and how they are interrelated. Although empirical researchers on consumer behavior have borrowed ideas from other social science disciplines, there has been relatively little effort to integrate the variety of theoretical contributions to understanding consumer behavior. Toward this end, this article reviews major pertinent theoretical and empirical developments in the postwar period and considers the necessary characteristics of interdisciplinary theory which would integrate contributions of all the social sciences to understanding major aspects of consumer behavior. Major aspects of consumer behavior may be delineated thus: (1) The psychological, sociological, anthropological, and economic phenom
The Date of Edward III

HE play of Edward III continues to attract attention as the most remarkable of the Shakespearian apocrypha, though opinion is still divided as to the possibility that Shakespeare had a hand in it. There have been several critical discussions of the theme in recent years. According to Tillyard, the play is homogeneous in style and was evidently written not by a professional dramatist but by a university-trained courtier who had been greatly influenced by Shakespeare's idiom.' O'Connor likewise asserts that the piece is of single authorship, but he finds clear evidence of Shakespeare's craftsmanship throughout the work.2 Muir believes that the play is of double authorship: the love scenes are probably from Shakespeare's pen and the historical scenes (which are not only bad but unlike Shakespeare) from that of a collaborator.3 Ribner notes an increasing tendency among modern scholars to acknowledge Shakespeare's presence in the play; he himself feels that the dramatist's use of historical material is characteristic of Shakespeare's canonical work and concludes that not merely the love element but a good deal more of the play is probably Shakespearian in origin.4 The arguments against Shakespeare's authorship of the piece are based principally, of course, on its stylistic inferiority-an inferiority that is only too apparent when Edward III is compared, for example, with Henry V. To a certain extent, however, these arguments depend for their effect on the assumed date of composition. If the drama was written in I594-95,5 the argument that Shakespeare could not have been the author of the historical scenes is much stronger than it would be if the play had been written as early as 1589-90. The evidence for dating therefore needs close scrutiny. The bibliographical data offer a clear terminus ad quem: the play was registered for printing on December I, 1595, and it appeared in quarto in 1596.6 As far as is known, there is no other external evidence. One piece of internal evidence provides a terminus a quo: an allusion to the battle of the Armada in 1588. In the play, King Edward's landing in France
InGaAsP/InP Based Flattened Ring Resonators with Etched Beam Splitters

A novel flattened ring resonator design utilizing Etched Beam Splitters (EBS) in InGaAsP/InP is purposed and demonstrated. A multiple-thickness hard mask that compensates for RIE-lag realizes waveguides and EBS in a single etch step.
Diagnostic approach to restricted-diffusion patterns on MR imaging

The vast majority of restricted-diffusion abnormalities result from acute stroke, and as such, the diagnosis may be problematic when this MRI feature results from other causes. Distinct patterns of restricted diffusion seen with various disease conditions can play an important diagnostic role. The association of certain diseases with a given restricted-diffusion pattern allows for a focused assessment to determine a specific etiology.
Some Observations on Experimental Arteriovenous Aneurysm.

Arteriovenous aneurysm experimentally produced in the dog has been the subject of many studies, but we feel that there are still some mooted questions to be elucidated and many interesting facts to be established. Clinical experiences, under the stimulating influence of Professor Rudolph Matas, with his intense enthusiasm in this subject, have prompted our experiments. The earlier experiments were disappointing because of the almost invariable thrombosis of the vessels, but one of us (Gage) has now perfected the technique to the point where a functioning arteriovenous aneurysm always results. A technique of the operation, roughly comparable to that of side-to-side intestinal anastomosia has yielded uniformly successful fistulae. The common carotid artery and external jugular vein were the chief vessels in which anastomoses were accomplished.Arteriovenous aneurysm has been successfully produced in 8 dogs. The clinical observations on these, 4 of which have died, will form the basis of this report. The lesi...
Chromosome 22q Abnormalities

‘22q11.2 deletion syndrome’ includes a variety of previous distinct clinical entities (DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, congenital thymic aplasia, and others) now believed to be different points on the separate of a heterogeneous spectrum caused by deletion of all or a part of the long arm of chromosome 22. The size and span of the hemizygous deletion varies but usually includes TBX1 , a T-box transcription factor, and DGCR2 , an adhesion molecule. Altered gene dosage(s) may contribute to aberrant neural crest migration and pharyngeal pouch development. The mnemonic ‘CATCH-22’ is sometimes used to capture the major features of this sequence: cardiac anomalies, abnormal facies, thymic aplasia/hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, and hypoparathyroidism associated with a deletion on chromosome 22.
Summarizing of Energy Quality & its Measurement System

This paper sums up the background, current state, harm and improvement measures of energy quality. The measurement of energy quality is described in detail. The paper introduces several analysis methods of energy quality and its measurement system, mentions the novel technique of energy quality measurement system.
Study on Methods of Establishing Spastic Cerebral Palsy Model by Electronic Injury in Rats and Identifying Animal Model

Objective To establish one-side extremity spastic cerebral palsy model in rats by electronic injury of pyramidal tract and identify the animal model,and to identify with spastic cerebral palsy model rats.Methods Sixty Wistar rats were divided into three groups(A:normal control group;B and C:experiment group,n=20 in each group).The rats' pyramidal tract in groups B were injured by electric current 2 mA for 20 s,once,but rats in group C were injured by electric current 2.5 mA for 30 s,twice.The neural behaviors of all animals were tes-ted.Rats with cerebral palsy were checked for 30 days.Results Sixteen rats in group C(16/20 cases)developed cerebral palsy,but only 7 rats developed cerebral palsy in group B(7/20 cases),no rat in control group developed cerebral palsy.Cerebral plasy rats showed abnormality of posture and muscle tension.Conclusions An animal model for investigation of spastic cerebral palsy is established by electronic injury of pyramidal tract.A method for identifying rats with spastic cerebral palsy is successfully established.
Radiation safety training program at the National Institutes of Health.

At the U.S. Public Health Service's National Institutes of Health (NIH), one of the world's largest biomedical and clinical research institutions, 70 to 80% of all research is performed using radiation or radioactive materials. To maintain a safe environment and minimize risks to the health and safety of the employees, patients, visitors, and the surrounding community, a radiation protection program is required. Under U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission licenses and NIH policies, the Radiation Safety Branch (RSB), Division of Safety, administers a comprehensive radiation safety program covering over 3,500 NIH laboratories and some 7,000 laboratory and ancillary staff workers. The NIH radiation protection program provides for the effective supervision, control, and monitoring of all radioactive materials and radiation sources at NIH. This includes activities such as radiation exposure monitoring, laboratory inspections, waste management, consulting, environmental monitoring, and training. Training is considered an integral part of the radiation safety program. RSB offers an extensive training program with over 20 different training courses each year. For example, in 1993 some 6,700 employees attended 243 classes.
Public Theology, Private Religion?.

What does one say in a presidential address? First of all, and as always, it is good, and very good, for us to be here as we come together to renew the bonds of collegial respect and affection that make our Society unique. Looking back on the events of the past two years, however, “difficult” hardly begins to describe them. That short period saw the bishops of the United States acquiesce to Rome's demand for a juridical implementation of canon 812, and we have been wrestling both individually and as a society with the ramifications of that decision. Then, dwarfing all else, there burst upon us the towering horror of 9/11 with its awful images of fiery destruction and plummeting human bodies. Where that leaves us as a nation remains to be seen, but the specious practicality of Realpolitik seems to be the order of the day. An Afghan wedding party becomes “collateral damage,” while a spiral of violence sweeps over the Holy Land, engulfing even Bethlehem, birthplace of the Prince of Peace. At the same time the church that looks to him as its founder staggers through a sordid scandal of clerical sexual abuse and hierarchic cover up. We mourn and lament as even our heroes sink into the quagmire. On a personal level, this two-year term began with news that my father had fallen ill, and I attended his deathbed shortly before our board meeting last November. These have been a difficult two years.
The Role of Reflective Functioning in Predicting Marital and Coparenting Quality

Reflective functioning (RF) is a measure of mentalization—the capacity to think about one’s own and others’ thoughts and feelings and to understand the connections between mental states and behaviors. Previous research indicates a decline in marital quality across the transition to parenthood, and some studies have found that parents are less happy than non-parents. Thus, researchers have called for research into possible moderators of these patterns. RF may help couples navigate this transition by more easily taking each other’s (and the infant’s) perspective and understanding each other’s behaviors. Much of the research on RF has focused on mothering behavior; research has not yet examined associations between RF and other family interactions. We examined associations between RF and marital and coparenting quality for both wives and husbands. Reflective functioning was coded from Adult Attachment Interviews conducted during pregnancy. We assessed marital quality at 3.5 months, and coparenting quality at 13 months, after the birth of the target child. Wives’ higher RF was associated with higher levels of positive—and lower levels of negative—marital and coparenting interactions. Wives who were better able to reflect on their early experiences with their parents were involved in marital interactions that were more positive and supportive and less conflicted and undermining. Husbands’ RF did not predict marital or coparenting quality. These findings highlight the importance of reflective functioning in understanding family functioning.
Effect of Trace Water on the Growth of Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots

We report that trace amounts of water impurities in indium myristate precursors can negatively impact indium phosphide nanoparticle growth by limiting its size tunability. Without water, the growth can be effectively tuned by growth temperature and time with the first absorption peak reaching 620 nm; with water, the growth presents a “focused” behavior with the first absorption peak remaining around 550 nm. The results imply that water impurities, either from indium acetate derived indium precursors or generated in situ during nanoparticle growth, may be the cause of the currently observed inhibited growth behavior of indium phosphide quantum dots. We use multistage microfluidic reactors to show that this inhibiting effect occurs at the late stage of particle growth, following precursor depletion. We extend our study by showing that trace amounts of free hydroxide can also inhibit nanoparticle growth. We attribute the inhibited growth behavior to the hydroxylation effect of water or free hydroxide.