cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Surveillance for Arboviral Infections in the Arizona Border Region

The goal of this project is to enhance surveillance for Arboviruses by establish a baseline for the emerging threat of Dengue fever the border region of Arizona. This will be accomplished by: enhancement and exchange of dengue laboratory testing techniques, a seroprevalence sentinel-hospital site study of symptomatic patients, and mapping techniques to better understand the presence of mosquito vectors.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Multiphysics Modeling

Fueled by breakthroughs in both hardware and algorithm development, the past few decades have witnessed an explosive growth in computational power, which has led to remarkable advances in various fields of science and technology, such as the mapping of the human genome. It also set the stage for addressing even more ambitious goals, many of which can't be achieved through hardware developments alone. Because conventional modeling strategies are typically based on single physical descriptions, they're simply unable to capture the relevant phenomena occurring over many space and time scales. This special issue brings together five articles that address the coming challenges.
Silicon-carbide/boron-containing coatings for the oxidation protection of graphite

Abstract Silicon carbide with its excellent oxidation resistance and chemical compatibility with carbon is an attractive coating material for the high-temperature oxidation protection of graphite and carbon-carbon composites. One of the major challenges in the development of protective SiC coatings is preventing oxidation of the graphite substrate due to crack formation in the SiC coating. A boron-containing inner layer can prevent significant oxidation through cracks in a SiC outer layer in 1 atm oxygen for up to nine days at 1500 °C. The consistency of the oxidation protection is sensitive to the quality and uniformity of the coatings.
Transgenic Models of Alzheimer's Disease: Learning from Animals

As the scope of the problem of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) grows due to an aging population, research into the devastating condition has taken on added urgency. Rare inherited forms of AD provide insight into the molecular pathways leading to degeneration and have made possible the development of transgenic animal models. Several of these models are based on the overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilins, or tau to cause production and accumulation of amyloid-β into plaques or hyperphosphorylated tau into neurofibrillary tangles. Producing these characteristic neuropathological lesions in animals causes progressive neurodegeneration and in some cases similar behavioral disruptions to those seen in AD patients. Knockout models of proteins involved in AD have also been generated to explore the native functions of these genes and examine whether pathogenesis is due to loss of function or toxic gain of function in these systems. Although none of the transgenic lines models the human condition exactly, the ability to study similar pathological processes in living animals have provided numerous insights into disease mechanisms and opportunities to test therapeutic agents. This chapter reviews animal models of AD and their contributions to developing therapeutic approaches for AD.
Kin discrimination and reproductive behavior in muroid rodents.

The literature on nonreproductive behavior includes much theory and many data showing preferential association with and treatment of kin. However, there are both costs and benefits to mating with kin. This leaves the experimenter with neither firm predictions nor tightly constrained interpretations of data. The mixed nature of the data on kinship and reproductive behavior in muroid rodents suggests the existence of a balance between the costs and the benefits of inbreeding and outbreeding.
Type V collagen during granulation tissue development

The collagen content, as determined by hydroxyproline assay, of experimental granulation tissue in rats was observed to increase rapidly 21 days, and less rapidly to 90 days of tissue development. Resistance of the collagen to pepsin digestion reached a maximum at 21 days, suggesting more extensive or more stable crosslinking at that time. Type V collagen and the expected collagen types I and III were present in pepsin extracts of the granulation tissue as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Over 3 months of tissue development the relative quantity of type V collagen, as evidenced by changes in the alpha B chain, varied in parallel with the changing vascularity of the tissue, suggesting an association with capillary endothelial cells and angiogenesis.
Do viral chemokines modulate Kaposi's sarcoma?

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angiogenic tumor of mixed cellularity most commonly found in homosexual men infected with HIV. Both molecular and epidemiologic evidence has linked a newly described herpesvirus to this disease. This virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), encodes a number of cellular homologues, including two genes that share remarkable similarity to the human chemokine macrophage inhibitory factor-1α. Recently, studies have begun to shed light on the roles these viral chemokines (vMIP-I and vMIP-II) may play in the complex pathogenesis of KS.1–3 The vMIP peptides may contribute to the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularization), inhibit infection by certain strains of HIV-1 and modify the cellular immune response. BioEssays20:367–370, 1998.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
A comparison among partial adjustment, rational expectations and error correction estimates of the canadian demand for money

Starting from a dynamic optimization principle, the currently most popular approaches to modelling money demand functions are derived. The partial adjustment/adaptive expectations, rational expectations, and error correction mechanism formulations are then estimated using a common data set. The error correction mechanism equation is found to dominate the others either because their implicit restrictions are rejected (rational expectations) or by employing the encompassing principle (partial adjustment/adaptive expectations). Surprisingly all three forms have similar long-run solutions. Since the short-run dynamics differ substantially, the results have important implications for the conduct of monetary policy.
Multiple Roles of Highly Vibrationally Excited Molecules in the Reaction Zones of Detonation Waves

Recent experimental and theoretical advances in the understanding of high-pressure, high-temperature chemical kinetics are used to extend the nonequilibrium Zeldovich−von Neumann−Doring (NEZND) theory of self-sustaining detonation in liquid and solid explosives. The attainment of vibrational equilibrium behind the leading shock front by multiphonon up-pumping and internal vibrational energy redistribution establishes a high-temperature, high-density transition state or series of transition states through which the chemical decomposition proceeds. The reaction rate constants for the initial unimolecular decomposition steps are accurately calculated using high-temperature, high-density transition-state theory. These early reactions are endothermic or weakly exothermic, but they channel most of the available energy into excited vibrational states of intermediate product species. The intermediate products transfer some of their vibrational energy back into the transition states, accelerating the overall react...
Multiple-Choice Feedback by Categorization of Errors

Students in three advanced classes (replications) were given specific graphical feedback (n = 35) concerning errors made on a paper-and-pencil multiple-choice test. When compared with a control group who were not given information (n = 40), Ss performed more poorly when given specific graphical feedback.
Methoctramine, a cardioselective muscarinic antagonist, stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract The cardioselective muscarinic antagonist methoctramine antagonized carbamylcholine-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in a concentration-dependent fashion in dissociated rat cerebrocortical cells. However, as the concentration of methoctramine was increased above 5 μM, there was a reversal of the antagonism of the PI response. In the absence of carbamylcholine, methoctramine by itself significantly increased PI hydrolysis with a maximal effect at 30 μM. Various classes of receptor antagonists, including atropine, and ion-channel blockers were unable to block methoctramine-stimulated PI hydrolysis.
Exo70 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and regulates cell migration

The exocyst is a multiprotein complex essential for tethering secretory vesicles to specific domains of the plasma membrane for exocytosis. Here, we report that the exocyst component Exo70 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex, a key regulator of actin polymerization. We further show that the exocyst-Arp2/3 interaction is regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) signalling. Inhibition of Exo70 by RNA interference (RNAi) or antibody microinjection blocks the formation of actin-based membrane protrusions and affects various aspects of cell motility. We propose that Exo70, in addition to functioning in exocytosis, also regulates actin at the leading edges of migrating cells, therefore coordinating cytoskeleton and membrane traffic during cell migration.
Cholecystokinin octapeptide analogues stable to brain proteolysis

Abstract Based on recent findings identifying the initial degradative cleavage of CCK-8 at the Met 3 -Gly 4 bond by a metalloendopeptidase, two analogues of CCK-8 with D-Ala and D-Trp substitutions at the Gly 4 position were synthesized as stable analogues. Their stability to proteolysis by brain membranes and their binding potency at central CCK receptors were quantified. Both peptides are stable to degradation by peptidases in cortical synaptic membrane preparations. The analogues are nearly equipotent to CCK-8 in their affinities for inhibition of 125 1-CCK-33 binding to guinea pig cortical membranes. L-Ala and L-Trp substituted peptides were synthesized for comparison. Both these peptides are degraded by synaptic membranes and the L-Trp substituted peptide possesses a greatly reduced affinity for central CCK receptors. Therefore, the structure of CCK due to the D conformation of Gly is more capable of interacting with brain CCK receptors. Further conformational analysis will establish whether the stabilized structure is a β-bend or a β-turn. Since these peptides are highly potent and stable to brain proteolysis they may be useful as stable CCK analogues for in vivo application.
Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 1 (SFRP1) Protects Fibroblasts from Ceramide-induced Apoptosis

Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) are soluble proteins that have highly restricted tissue distribution. Although not fully understood, a role of SFRP1 in the regulation of apoptosis has been suggested. Our previous study disclosed a much greater level of SFRP1 expression in periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs), which have been suggested to maintain a reduced level of apoptosis compared with gingival fibroblasts. We have tested the role of SFRP1 in the regulation of fibroblast apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that SFRP1 was significantly up-regulated in cultured human PDLFs during ceramide-induced apoptosis. In vivo study demonstrated an increased SFRP1 expression in mice periodontal ligament during force-induced apoptosis. While inhibition of endogenous SFRP1 increased the percentage of cell death in cultured human PDLFs, exogenous SFRP1 substantially reduced apoptosis in cultured human gingival fibroblasts, which do not maintain a high level of endogenous SFRP1 expression. The effect of SFRP1 on apoptosis was linked to the regulation of several apoptosis-related genes, including p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and BCL-2-interacting killer (BIK). Furthermore our results indicated that the addition of exogenous SFRP1 could reduce the level of apoptosis in dermal fibroblasts in vivo, and this effect was also linked to the regulation of similar apoptosis-related genes as observed in in vitro studies. Collectively our results suggest that the constitutive up-regulation of SFRP1 could be an adaptive cell survival mechanism inherent to functionally specialized fibroblasts, and the addition of SFRP1 may contribute to the inhibition of apoptosis in fibroblast-related cells.
Leadership opportunities within ASHP for new practitioners

New practitioners have the opportunity to serve in a variety of leadership positions within ASHP. These leadership opportunities give new practitioners a chance to directly affect the ASHP policymaking process. The positions also provide great opportunities for networking and professional
Impact of insurance status on access to care and out-of-pocket costs for U.S. individuals with epilepsy

Abstract We analyzed data from the 2002–2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to assess whether individuals with epilepsy who are uninsured and those who have Medicaid coverage experience differences in medical resource utilization or out-of-pocket costs compared with those having other types of insurance. With sociodemographic characteristics controlled for, uninsured individuals had significantly fewer outpatient visits, fewer visits with neurologists, and greater antiepileptic drug costs than did those with private insurance. Individuals with Medicaid coverage had similar medical resource utilization rates but lower out-of-pocket costs compared with privately insured individuals. These findings indicate substantial barriers to receipt of appropriate medical care for uninsured individuals with epilepsy, but not for those with Medicaid coverage. Future studies should evaluate whether ongoing changes to the US health care system are able to address the differences in care we found among uninsured individuals with epilepsy and should incorporate measures of disease severity and unmet need.
Inferring the interplanetary magnetic field by observing the polar geomagnetic field

Svalgaard (1968, 1972) and Mansurov (1969) have shown that it is possible to infer the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field quite reliably from observations of the diurnal variation of polar geomagnetic fields. The effect is most prominent in the vertical component of geomagnetic observatories near the geomagnetic poles during several hours near noon. The interplanetary magnetic field observed with spacecraft near the earth is very similar to the mean solar magnetic field (i.e., the sun observed as though it were a star); thus the fact that observations of the polar geomagnetic field have existed without interruption since 1926 at the Danish Meteorological Institute station at Godhavn, Greenland, means that in effect the inferred solar magnetic field during five sunspot cycles is available for analysis.-
Subendothelial retention of lipoprotein (a). Evidence that reduced heparan sulfate promotes lipoprotein binding to subendothelial matrix.

Vessel wall subendothelial extracellular matrix, a dense mesh formed of collagens, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans, has important roles in lipid and lipoprotein retention and cell adhesion. In atherosclerosis, vessel wall heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are decreased and we therefore tested whether selective loss of HSPG affects lipoprotein retention. A matrix synthesized by aortic endothelial cells and a commercially available matrix (Matrigel; , Rutherford, NJ) were used. Treatment of matrix with heparinase/heparitinase (1 U/ml each) increased LDL binding by approximately 1.5-fold. Binding of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] to both subendothelial matrix and Matrigel(R) increased 2-10-fold when the HSPG were removed by heparinase treatment. Incubation of endothelial cells with oxidized LDL (OxLDL) or lysolecithin resulted in decreased matrix proteoglycans and increased Lp(a) retention by matrix. The effect of OxLDL or lysolecithin on endothelial PG was abolished in the presence of HDL. The decrease in matrix HSPG was associated with production of a heparanase-like activity by OxLDL-stimulated endothelial cells. To test whether removal of HSPG exposes fibronectin, a candidate Lp(a) binding protein in the matrix, antifibronectin antibodies were used. The increased Lp(a) binding after HSPG removal was inhibited 60% by antifibronectin antibodies. Similarly, the increased Lp(a) binding to matrix from OxLDL-treated endothelial cells was inhibited by antifibronectin antibodies. We hypothesize that atherogenic lipoproteins stimulate endothelial cell production of heparanase. This enzyme reduces HSPG which in turn promotes Lp(a) retention.
The potential application of the blackboard model of problem solving to multidisciplinary design

The potential application of the blackboard model of problem solving to multidisciplinary design is discussed. Multidisciplinary design problems are complex, poorly structured, and lack a predetermined decision path from the initial starting point to the final solution. The final solution is achieved using data from different engineering disciplines. Ideally, for the final solution to be the optimum solution, there must be a significant amount of communication among the different disciplines plus intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary optimization. In reality, this is not what happens in today's sequential approach to multidisciplinary design. Therefore it is highly unlikely that the final solution is the true optimum solution from an interdisciplinary optimization standpoint. A multilevel decomposition approach is suggested as a technique to overcome the problems associated with the sequential approach, but no tool currently exists with which to fully implement this technique. A system based on the blackboard model of problem solving appears to be an ideal tool for implementing this technique because it offers an incremental problem solving approach that requires no a priori determined reasoning path. Thus it has the potential of finding a more optimum solution for the multidisciplinary design problems found in today's aerospace industries.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS PROTEIN FRACTIONS ON Z- AND M-LINE RECONSTITUTION

Extraction of thin, glycerinated bundles of rabbit psoas muscle with a low ionic strength solvent results in removal first of M lines and then of Z lines. When these extracted myofibrillar bundles are allowed to interact, at adjusted ionic conditions, with the dilute myofibrillar extract or with the fractions obtained at 40% ammonium sulfate saturation from either the myofibrillar extract or from the Bailey extract of natural actomyosin, reconstitution of Z lines occurs. The ammonium sulfate fraction from the Bailey extract of natural actomyosin restores the tetragonal lattice structure of the Z line. Other structural features such as I-band tufts or cross-bridges, M lines and H-zone binding also occur with some of the proteins used for recombination. Although it has not yet been possible to identify exactly the protein(s) constituting the Z line, it appears unlikely that tropomyosin or troponin alone is the major protein of the Z line. A more likely candidate is α-actinin or a combination of α-actinin with another protein(s). In addition, this study demonstrates that basic morphological differences exist between cross-sections through the Z-line lattice and cross-sections through tropomyosin crystals.
Immunohistochemistry as a surrogate to molecular diagnosis in pancreatic tumors

Abstract Molecular and genomic characterization of the major neoplasms of the pancreas has produced a wealth of information and insight into the genetics involved in tumor initiation and progression. Many of these genetic discoveries can be interrogated with cost-effective immunohistochemical stains, which include: p53, Smad4, and mismatch repair proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas; DAXX and ATRX in well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; β-catenin and LEF1 in solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms; and, STAT6 in intrapancreatic solitary fibrous tumors. When combined with the gross and morphologic findings, the aforementioned immunohistochemical markers can enhance the diagnosis and prognostication of these neoplasms. The focus of this review is to explore the key molecular and genomic alterations that can be reliably assessed by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic neoplasms and discuss their clinical and pathologic applications.
Obstetric antecedents to apparent stillbirth (Apgar score zero at 1 minute only)

Abstract Objective: To identify antecedent risk factors for the delivery of an infant with an Apgar score of 0 at 1 minute who is subsequently successfully resuscitated. Methods: Infants born between January 1986 and February 1999 with 1-minute Apgar score of 0 followed by 5-minute Apgar score above 0 were studied. Each eligible infant was randomly matched with two control infants, born in the same year, with 1-minute Apgar score greater than 0. Hospital records of their mothers were reviewed. The variables were compared between the groups by univariate analysis. Those factors demonstrating significant differences were then analyzed by logistic regression. P Results: Seventy-four of 81,603 infants (0.9:1000 births) born with an Apgar score of 0 at 1 minute only were compared with 148 control babies. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between study and control group regarding: gestational age, abruptio placentae, preterm premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, small-for-gestational age, male gender, bradycardia, and abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) other than bradycardia, respectively. Logistic regression of these factors found gestational age, bradycardia, and abnormal FHR to be independent risk factors for the delivery of an apparent stillborn infant. After exclusion of FHR criteria, logistic regression found gestational age (odds ratio [OR] 0.8 per week), male gender (OR 2.5), preeclampsia (OR 3.9), and abruptio placentae (OR 13.6) to be independent risk factors for the delivery of an apparent stillborn infant. Conclusion: Preterm birth, male gender, preeclampsia, and abruptio placentae are independently associated with an increased risk of apparent stillbirth.
The Public Health, Safety and Welfare: An Analysis of the Social Responsibilities of Engineers

What obligations does an engineer have to protect the public interest in the creation and use of new technologies? How can the engineer best act so as to fulfill his or her responsibilities to the public? This paper considers these questions from the point of view of social ethics, by means of case studies of engineers in the nuclear power industry. An ethical framework is presented that allows us to define the social responsibilities of engineers. The modes of action generally available to engineers for fulfilling those responsibilities are then analyzed. All of these are judged to be inadequate, leading to the conclusion that unless the decision-making structures for the use of technology are changed, engineers will continue to be frustrated in their ability to ensure the responsible use of technology.
Tribrissen® and tiamulin for control of enteric redmouth disease

. Fifteen drugs were tested for in vitro control of Yersinia ruckeri. Those drugs yielding in vitro control were subsequently tested for in vivo control of induced enteric redmouth disease in rainbow trout. Two of the drugs, Tribrissen®v and tiamulin, controlled Y. nickeri in vivo under laboratory conditions. The effective doses used in this study were 1–0 mg of Tribrissen/kg fish/day and 5–0 mg of tiamulin/kg fish/day, when the compounds were administered orally for 14 days. No toxic effects were noted at these dose levels, or from Tribrissen given at 15 times the above effective dose.
New tools to track HIV

The HIV drug raltegravir, which blocks viral integration into the genome, results in a transient increase in episomes, circularized HIV DNA. The findings suggest that persistent HIV replication occurs in people on antiretroviral therapy. Measuring episomes may also offer a new method to study viral persistence and latency and to gauge the effectiveness of antiviral regimens (pages 460–465).
Flux creep in cation deficient Bi/sub 2/(Sr,Ca)/sub 3/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8+d/

Flux pinning in Bi/sub 2/(Sr,Ca)/sub 3-x/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8+d/ was investigated as a function of cation deficiency and thermal history. A comparison of polycrystalline samples of cation stoichiometric and highly alkaline earth deficient composition (x=0.3) shows a marked difference in the magnetization hysteresis ( Delta M) and time-dependent decay of magnetization at temperatures below 40 K. The pinning energy (95-140 meV at 10-20 K) derived from flux creep data for an x=0.3 cation-deficient composition is 4-7 times greater than that for a stoichiometric composition. The difference in Delta M between stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric compositions increases with increasing field out to 5.5 T and is greatest at 20 K, but still significant at 40 K. The intragranular J/sub c/ of an x=0.3 composition exceeds that of the stoichiometric by >10/sup 2/ at a field of 1 T. The dependence of pinning characteristics in cation-deficient samples on thermal history suggests that defect clustering or incipient precipitation plays an important role in improving pinning.
Upper-mantle diapirism: Evidence from analogous features in alpine peridotite and ultramafic inclusions in basalt

Ultramafic xenoliths in basalt from the western United States are dominantly spinel Iherzolite in which at least four types of gabbroic and pyroxene-rich bands have formed. These bands closely resemble compositional bands in some alpine peridotite, and we infer a similar mode of origin: partial fusion over a range of T-P conditions during diapiric rise of a part of the upper mantle. The sequence of formation of bands, established by crosscutting relationships, is appropriate to crystallization of the products of melting in spinel Iherzolite that has risen from a level of spinel- and garnet-pyroxenite stability in the upper mantle to the lower crust where gabbroids are stable. Both the textures and compositions of the bands have been modified by repeated deformation and partial melting.
Increased secretion of amylin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To investigate amylin secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Prospective, case–control study. Setting Academic institution. Patient(s) Twenty women with PCOS and 10 with ovulatory cycles who matched for body mass index. Intervention(s) An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and glucose, insulin, and amylin levels were measured at fasting and after glucose ingestion. The area under the curve for insulin, amylin, and glucose was calculated. Ten women with PCOS were treated with metformin and 10 women with rosiglitazone for 6 months. Amylin levels were measured before and after treatment. Result(s) Fasting amylin levels and amylin response to oral glucose were significantly increased in women with PCOS. At fasting, there was significant positive correlation between insulin and amylin levels both in women with PCOS and control subjects. After glucose ingestion, amylin response correlated with the glucose response in women with PCOS. Amylin levels decreased with metformin but not with rosiglitazone treatment. Conclusion(s) In women with PCOS, [1] there is increased secretion of amylin, [2] insulin and amylin secretion is coregulated in the fasting state, [3] after glucose ingestion, glucose levels regulate amylin release, and [4] the insulin-sensitizing agent metformin, but not rosiglitazone, reduces amylin secretion.
The power function of range and studentized range tests in normal samples

where X = EXi/n. Without loss of generality, we take EEi = 0 and 61 ... 6 ,T. Note that unlike the distribution of x'2, which is a noncentral x2 with n 1 degrees of freedom depending only on E62 the cumulative distribution function (1) depends on n 1 differences of the Ei, for example 7 61 (h = 2, ..., n). For a few selected cases (1) was evaluated by David (1953) in the course of an investigation of the power of short-cut tests, based on the range, of the hypothesis, Ho, of equality of the Ei. It was seen that, for a configuration of the 6 favourable to the range, W' could give a more powerful test than x'2. It may also be lnoted that, in an empirical study of various tests of homogeneity of variance in normal populations, Pearson (1966) found Smax/Smin and Wmax/Wmin to be as good as the standard 111 test for certain patterns of the population variances. These results are closely related to the behaviour of the range in nonnormal samples since, for example,
Dielectric loaded waveguides as particle separators

Abstract Rectangular and circular dielectric loaded waveguides support propagating modes which have transverse deflecting fields which enable them to be used as rf particle separators for elementary particle beams. Electric fields in excess of 4.0 MV/m have been achieved in sample structures. The spark limit of these structures is as yet undetermined. Possible applications include traveling wave separators for beams of 1.0 to 5.0 GeV/ c and “quasi”-point deflectors for beams in excess of 20 GeV/ c .
On the Test and Power of Zero Drift on First Passage Times in Brownian Motion

Thcs problem of finding the power of the hypothesis test of no drift versus the alternative of positive linear drift in a one-dimensional Brownian motion process is considered. The tests are based on an observed sample of first passage or failure times under this process. The distribution of the test statktie of Nadas [1] under thr alternative hypothesis has been found. Power of the test is given in a closed series form for odd Silmple size.
Surface Cooling after Cardiac Arrest: Effectiveness, Skin Safety, and Adverse Events in Routine Clinical Practice

Effectiveness of cooling and adverse events (AEs) involving skin have not been intensively evaluated in cardiac arrest survivors treated with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) when induced and maintained with a servomechanism-regulated surface cooling system. Retrospective review of sixty-nine cardiac arrest survivor-events admitted from April 2006–September 2008 who underwent TH using the Medivance Arctic Sun Temperature Management System. A TH database and medical records were reviewed, and nursing interviews conducted. Primary endpoint was time from initiation to target temperature (TT; 32–34°C). Secondary endpoints were cooling rate, percentage of hypothermia maintenance phase at TT, effect of body-mass index (BMI) on rate of cooling, and AEs. Mean time to the target temperature (TT) was 2.78 h; 80% of patients achieved TT within 4 h; all did within 8 h. Patients were at TT for 96.7% of hypothermia maintenance; 17% of patients had >1 hourly temperature measurement outside TT range. Mean cooling rate during induction phase was 1.1°C/h, and was not associated with BMI. Minor skin injury occurred in 14 (20%) patients; 4 (6%) were device-related. Skin injuries were associated with shock (P = 0.04), and decubitus ulcers were associated with left ventricular ejection fraction <45% (P = 0.004). AEs included shivering (94%), hypokalemia (81%), hyperglycemia (57%), pneumonia (23%), bleeding (22%), post-cooling fever (17%), and bacteremia (9%). The Arctic Sun Temperature Management System was an effective means of performing therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Infrequent skin injuries were associated with vasopressor use and low ejection fraction.
Integrating Computer Applications Into Economics Electives

Abstract Typically, undergraduate economics electives focus on content rather than methods, in spite of the fact that empirical work is fundamental to the practice of economics. This article describes an alternative approach to teaching content by using computer applications that emphasise the empirical testing or applications of the theory. Students enjoy economics courses more when they are taught in this way and lab assignments provide opportunities to teach a broad skill set that is important to many undergraduate economics majors.
α2-Adrenergic receptor binding in canine Purkinje fibers

Abstract Autoradiograms were developed from free running strands of Purkinje fibers and from left ventricular myocardium of dog hearts exposed to [7-methoxy-3H]prazosin or [O-methyl-3H]yohimbine in the presence or absence of excessive non-radioactive ligands. Both Purkinje fiber and ventricular myocardium showed high density, tissue-specific binding to [3H]prazosin. In contrast, high density, tissue-specific binding to [3H]yohimbine was present in Purkinje fibers but not in ventricular myocardium. Membrane fractions showed high affinity, saturable, and displaceable binding with [3H]yohimbine in preparations from canine cardiac Purkinje fibers but not those from canine cardiac ventricular myocardium. Scatchard analysis of the canine Purkinje membrane α2-adrenergic receptor binding showed a Bmax of 54.9 fmol/mg protein with a Kd of 6.25 nM. These results confirm the electrophysiological findings that post-junctional α2-adrenergic receptors are present in Purkinje fibers.
A Step-Mountain Coordinate General Circulation Model: Description and Validation of Medium-Range Forecasts

Abstract The step-mountain or eta vertical coordinate has been a proposed solution for eliminating the numerical errors encountered when calculating the pressure gradient force along sloping surfaces. The main objectives of this paper are to describe the development of a global general circulation model using the eta coordinate and to verify the capabilities of the model for medium-range forecasts. First, the treatment of the polar boundary and the polar filtering are presented. To verify the polar treatment, numerical results using the shallow-water equations are presented. Second, various physical parameterizations are incorporated into the multilevel eta coordinate model. Model integrations for several January cases are presented to validate the model. The similarity of the eta coordinate formulation to the terrain-following sigma coordinate allows the model to be run using either vertical coordinate. Thus, model comparisons are performed with the eta and sigma coordinate versions of the general circul...
Making (mixed-)race: census politics and the emergence of multiracial multiculturalism in the United States, Great Britain and Canada

Abstract During the same time period, the United States, Great Britain and Canada all moved towards ‘counting’ mixed-race on their national censuses. In the United States, this move is largely attributed to the existence of a mixed-race social movement that pushed Congress for the change – but similar developments in Canada and Britain occurred without the presence of a politically active civil society devoted to making the change. Why the convergence? This article argues that demographic trends, increasingly unsettled perceptions about discrete racial categories, and a transnational norm surrounding the primacy of racial self-identification in census-taking culminated in a normative shift towards multiracial multiculturalism. Therein, mixed-race identities are acknowledged as part of – rather than problematic within – diverse societies. These elements enabled mixed-race to be promoted, at times strategically, as a corollary of multiculturalism in these three countries.
Cell kinetic studies of in situ human brain tumors with bromodeoxyuridine.

At the time of surgery, 18 patients with various brain tumors were given a 1-h i.v. infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), 150-200 mg/m2. At an infusion rate of 200 mg/m2/h, serum BrdUrd levels of 8 microM were achieved. After the infusion, tumor tissue was obtained and divided into two portions. One portion was fixed in 70% ethanol, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned; the sections were deparaffinized, denatured with 2 N HCl, and reacted with monoclonal antibodies against BrdUrd (anti-BrdUrd MAb). BrdUrd-labeled nuclei were demonstrated satisfactorily by an indirect peroxidase method. The other portion was dissociated into single cells with a DNase enzyme cocktail and reacted with FITC-conjugated anti-BrdUrd MAb to determine the percentage of BrdUrd-labeled cells or with chromomycin A3 for DNA analysis. The single-cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry. The fraction of S-phase cells in the tissue sections was similar to both the percentage of BrdUrd-labeled nuclei and the S-phase fraction determined by flow cytometric analysis. The results obtained with BrdUrd-labeled nuclei were similar to those obtained from previous autoradiographic studies of various brain tumors exposed to a pulse of 3H-thymidine. Since BrdUrd is not radioactive and is nontoxic at the dosage used, these techniques, together with the histopathological diagnosis, may help to predict the biological malignancy of individual tumors.
The Influences of Teacher Delivery and Student Progress on Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions of Teaching Effectiveness:

The purpose of this replication and extension study was to examine how teacher delivery and student progress influenced experienced teachers’ perceptions of overall teaching effectiveness. Participants (N = 60 experienced music teachers) viewed 12 private lesson excerpts that included four separate conditions: (a) high teacher delivery and more student progress, (b) high teacher delivery and less student progress, (c) low teacher delivery and more student progress, and (d) low teacher delivery and less student progress. Participants rated teacher delivery, student progress, student musicianship, teacher knowledge of subject matter, and overall teaching effectiveness for each private lesson excerpt. Teaching excerpts with high teacher delivery were rated as more effective than excerpts with low teacher delivery, irrespective of student progress. Results of a multiple regression indicated that teacher delivery was the largest predictor for experienced teachers’ ratings of overall teaching effectiveness, followed closely by student progress.
“I Just Don't like That Kid”: Confronting and Managing Personal Feelings about Children

(2008). “I Just Don't like That Kid”: Confronting and Managing Personal Feelings about Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 147-149.
A Proper Diet: Medicine and History in Crescas Caslari's "Esther"

A pair of early-fourteenth-century texts by a Jewish physician offers an unusual glimpse of Jewish acculturation in medieval Provence. Their fate, moreover, illustrates the complexity of Jewish identity and memory, built on scaffolding assembled and reassembled over years of dislocation. Composed around 1327 in Avignon, Crescas Caslari's two verse narratives recount the biblical story of Esther. One version, in rhymed couplets, is the vernacular used by Provencal Jews, and the other version is in Hebrew. The Romance version survives in two incomplete fragments, enough to demonstrate a lively adaptation of romance narrative conventions and a sure literary hand. Except as a curiosity, it very quickly faded from sight. The Hebrew version, albeit complete, has had only a slightly securer footing in history. One manuscript copy, dated 1402 and now in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, survives in an anthology of Purim parodies and hymns copied in a Provencal hand; another, now in the British Library, is preserved in an eighteenth-century festival prayer book of the Avignon rite. A printed version containing some striking variants appeared in Salonika, on the press of Isaac Jehun, in 1853.
Urocortin, but not urocortin II, protects cultured hippocampal neurons from oxidative and excitotoxic cell death via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I.

Urocortin and urocortin II are members of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family of neuropeptides that function to regulate stress responses. Two high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified that bind CRH and/or urocortin I and II, designated CRHR1 and CRHR2, both of which are present in hippocampal regions of mammalian brain. The hippocampus plays an important role in regulating stress responses and is a brain region in which neurons are vulnerable during disease and stress conditions, including cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and anxiety disorders. Here we report that urocortin exerts a potent protective action in cultured rat hippocampal neurons with concentrations in the range of 0.5–5.0 pm, increasing the resistance of the cells to oxidative (amyloid β-peptide, 4-hydroxynonenal, ferrous sulfate) and excitotoxic (glutamate) insults. We observed that urocortin is 10-fold more potent than CRH in protecting hippocampal neurons from insult, whereas urocortin II is ineffective. RT-PCR and sequencing analyses revealed the presence of both CRHR1 and CRHR2 in the hippocampal cultures, with CRHR1 being expressed at much higher levels than CRHR2. Using subtype-selective CRH receptor antagonists, we provide evidence that the neuroprotective effect of exogenously added urocortin is mediated by CRHR1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the signaling pathway that mediates the neuroprotective effect of urocortin involves cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. This is the first demonstration of a biological activity of urocortin in hippocampal neurons, suggesting a role for the peptide in adaptive responses of hippocampal neurons to potentially lethal oxidative and excitotoxic insults.
Feasibility of Heart Rate Variability Measurement from Quadrature Doppler Radar Using Arctangent Demodulation with DC Offset Compensation

This paper describes the experimental results of the beat-to-beat interval measurement from a quadrature Doppler radar system utilizing arctangent demodulation with DC offset compensation techniques. The comparison in SDNN and in RMSDD of both signals demonstrates the potential of using quadrature Doppler radar for HRV analysis.
Chirped-pulse amplification in Ti:sapphire beyond 1 /spl mu/m

Chirped-pulse amplification in Ti:sapphire in the low-gain region above /spl mu/m is described. Direct measurement of the stimulated emission cross section shows that the value is nearly 50% lower in this region than previously reported based on extrapolation from fluorescence data at shorter wavelengths. We have developed a TEM/sub 00/ Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier exhibiting a net gain of 10/sup 9/ (from 10 pJ to 9 mJ) at 1053 nm with extremely stable energy output (/spl plusmn/3%). Further amplification in a ring amplifier produces in excess of 60 mJ at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The performance of these amplifiers is compared with a theoretical model which includes whole-beam self-focusing, mode-size variation due to a radial gain profile, and spectra-temporal saturation. >
The global land grab meta-narrative, Asian money laundering and elite capture: : reconsidering the Cambodian context

The dramatic expansion of large-scale economic land concessions and acquisitions in the Global South has generated considerable concern amongst activists, journalists and academics recently. This has led to the increased prevalence of the term ‘global land grabbing’, which I argue represents a particular type of meta-narrative. In this article the global land grab meta-narrative is considered in relation to recent land alienation of Indigenous Peoples in the northeastern Cambodia province of Ratanakiri. While land grabbing is certainly a crucial problem, it is insufficient to explain the circumstances in Ratanakiri or in Cambodia more generally as ‘global land grabbing’. While foreign capital is associated with land grabbing in Cambodia, there are various other factors that also require consideration. Specifically, the role of Asian money laundering and elite capture requires increased attention. This article contributes to better understanding the particular ways that land dispossession plays out in part...
Alteration of HIV epitope processing and presentation by HIV protease inhibitors

Background Epitopes displayed by MHC-I come from the multistep degradation of proteins by intracellular peptidases such as proteasome and aminopeptidases or cathepsins in the exogenous pathway. We hypothesize that due to structural homologies HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) used in antiretroviral therapies may affect activities of cellular peptidases involved in epitope processing and may affect epitope presentation to immune cells. Methods Using a fluorogenic assay the effect of 5 HIV-1 PIs (Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Nelfinavir, Indinavir, Atazanavir) on proteasome, aminopeptidase and cathepsin activities was tested in PBMCs from at least 6 healthy donors. Using PBMC cytosol as a source of peptidases and HPLC and mass spectrometry to define and quantify the degradation products, the effect of HIV PIs on HIV peptide processing kinetics and HIV epitope half-life was assessed. Finally we assessed the impact of PIs on the endogenous processing and presentation of epitopes by infected cells to CD8 T cells using a fluorescence-based cytotoxicity assay. Results HIV PIs variably altered proteasome, post-proteasomal aminopeptidases and cathepsin activities. Depending on the PI, some activities were inhibited (from 1.1 to 5 folds, p<0.001), enhanced (1.2 to 9 folds, p<0.001), and others not changed. These PI-induced changes in protease activities modified HIV peptide processing patterns and HIV epitope intracellular half-life prior to MHC-I loading. Depending on the PI and the epitope the halflife was increased 1.5 fold (p<0.01) or decreased 1.3 fold (p<0.05). Furthermore HIV PI altered (from 2.2 fold decrease to 1.3 fold increase, p<0.01) the presentation of HIV epitopes and recognition by epitope-specific CD8 T cells. Conclusion These findings suggest that in HIV-infected patients an antiretroviral therapy including PIs might -by altering host proteases function- modify the pattern of epitope presentation, leading to the elicitation of additional CTL responses against HIV and potentially against other pathogens co-infecting HIV+ persons. This project was supported by NIH-NIAID grant R01A1084106.