cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of the rate of regolith production using and from an alpine hillslope

Abstract The production of regolith is a fundamental geomorphic process because most surface processes transport only unconsolidated material. We use concentrations of the cosmogenic radionuclides (CRNs) 10 Be and 26 Al in regolith and bedrock to deduce the rate of production of regolith on an alpine hillslope in the Wind River Range, WY. These calculations are based on a theoretical model which we develop here. This model shows that it is important to consider dissolution of regolith in regolith production and in basin-averaged erosion rate studies. Rates of production of regolith are uniform along the hillslope and the mean rates for the entire hillslope deduced from 10 Be and 26 Al are 14.3±4.0 and 13.0±4.0 m Ma−1, respectively. Rates of production of regolith deduced from 10 Be concentrations in regolith-mantled bedrock support the rates deduced from regolith concentrations. In the alpine environment examined here, the rate of production of regolith beneath ∼90 cm of regolith is nearly twice as fast as the average rate of production of regolith on bare rock surfaces, which Small et al. [Small, E.E., Anderson, R.S., Repka, J.L., Finkel, R., 1997. Erosion rates of alpine bedrock summit surfaces deduced from in situ 10 Be and 26 Al . Earth and Planetary Science Letters 150, 413–425] previously documented. Rock-mantled with regolith probably weathers more rapidly than bare rock because the water required for frost weathering is limited on bare rock surfaces. Because the hillslope examined here is convex with constant curvature and regolith production and thickness are uniform down the slope, the regolith volume flux must be proportional to the local slope of the hillside. Therefore, our results are consistent with Gilbert's [Gilbert, G.K., 1909. The convexity of hilltops. Journal of Geology 17, 344–350] steady state hillslope hypothesis. If tor height and the difference between rates of weathering on bare and regolith-mantled rock provide a fair estimate of the age of summit flats, steady-state hillslope conditions have been attained in less than several million years.
The Man with No Heart

As I was en route to the parking lot on a cold autumn night, my pager started beeping. I was a new renal fellow on call, and this was an all-too-familiar, yet still unnerving, occurrence. The numbe...
Sex and Race Homogeneity in Naturally Occurring Groups

We generate a number of hypotheses about face-to-face groups using the energy distribution principle: the frequency of an event is inversely related to the amount of energy expended in that event. The principle predicts that (1) the size of groups will be inversely related to the frequency of their occurrence; (2) at any group size, the composition of social positions will be less heterogeneous than chance; and, (3) as group size increases, observed compositional homogeneity will decline at a slower rate than chance. We test these hypotheses using data on more than 100,000 naturally occurrin& public, face-to-face groups gathered in sampling sweeps through two communities over a three-year period. The data support the hypotheses and yield interesting differences in the strength of sex and race heterogeneity. We discuss thefindings as they relate to the general energy distribution principle and to other sociological perspectives.
A Sketch of North Syrian Economic Relations in the Middle Bronze Age

Professor Jack Sasson provides a "sketch" of northern Syrian commerce during the Bronze Age. In developing this sketch of the economy of Syria, he relied on the archaeological documents from Mari and Alalah VII.
Clinical findings in C5-C6 and C5-C7 root palsies with brachial plexus traction lesions

Stretch injuries of the C5-C7 roots of the brachial plexus traditionally have been associated with palsies of shoulder abduction/external rotation, elbow flexion/extension, and wrist, thumb, and finger extension. Based on current myotome maps we hypothesized that, as far as motion is concerned, palsies involving C5-C6 and C5-C7 root injuries should be similar. In 38 patients with upper-type palsies of the brachial plexus, we examined for correlations between clinical findings and root injury level, as documented by CT tomomyeloscan. Contrary to commonly held beliefs, C5-C7 root injuries were not associated with loss of extension of the elbow, wrist, thumb, or fingers, but residual hand strength was much lower with C5-C7 vs C5-C6 lesions.
Optical absorption and electrical relaxation in alkaline earth fluorides doped with uranium

Abstract This work is concerned with optical absorption and electrical relaxation studies of calcium, barium, and strontium fluorides containing uranium up to the 0.5% doping level. The optical absorption spectra indicate the existence of both U 4+ and U 3+ ions but there is no evidence of any U 2+ ions. Each sample exhibits two or more electrical relaxation peaks. By comparison with previous work on the alkaline earth fluorides containing known tetravalent and trivalent ions, some relaxations can be attributed to trivalent uranium and others to tetravalent uranium and thus both the electrical relaxation and optical absorption data reveal the presence of both U 4+ and U 3+ ions.
Tempering effects in θ-phase martensite in Ni-Mn alloys

Abstract The effect of annealing θ-phase Ni-Mn martensites at intermediate temperatures and the behavior of Ni-Mn alloys upon slow cooling from the β-phase range have been studied using transmission electron microscopy. It was found that effectively the same process, recrystallization of the martensite, occurs during annealing or slow cooling. The process takes place at or above 400°C, and involves the shrinkage of internal transformation twins followed by the nucleation and growth of relatively defect-free crystals along grain boundaries and intervariant interfaces. Eventually, a “flat,” essentially noncrystallographic microstructure evolves that features occasional {1 1 1} θ thin twins that intersect and cross each other.
Media Violence, Catholic Mystery, and Counter-fundamentalism: A Post-9/11 Rhetoric of Flexibility in Don DeLillo's Point Omega

This article considers Don DeLillo's Point Omega as a tacit response to 9/11 in which violence assumes an aura of Catholic mystery. In the novel, DeLillo screens violence from view to critique replayed, on-screen media violence and fanatical fundamentalist terrorism. He thus reinvigorates the novelist as a visionary rhetorical force that fosters contemplation via questions and advocates for compromise rather than extremism.
The effect of abdominal aortography on proximal renal tubule function.

Summary The influence of the contrast media used in abdominal aortography on renal para-aminohippuric acid extraction, a measure of proximal tubular function, has been assessed. In dosages of 0.5 and 1.0 ml. per kilogram of body weight Angio-CONRAY 80%, Hypaque M-90%, Renovist 69%, and Renografin 76% caused no significant change in PAH extraction. In contrast, Urokon 70% in 0.5 ml. per kilogram dosage caused immediate, severe, but transitory impairment of PAH extraction. Urokon 70% in 1.0 ml. per kilogram dosage caused immediate, severe, and lasting impairment of PAH extraction.
Government archivists and government automation: The odd couple☆

Abstract Automated information no longer is simply an appendage to the main body of an organization's records. Two new automated applications have significantly changed the character of organizational records. First of all, organizations have introduced database management systems (dbms). And secondly they have begun using automated systems which can process full textual information. As an organization's use of automation changes, so must the archivist's approach. This article evaluates the archival impact of a number of the new automated applications, identifies some initiatives underway to solve the problems archivists will face, and highlights some solutions already proposed.
Non-Linear Vibration and Instabilities of Elastically Supported Beams With Axial Restraints

Abstract The research reported here deals with the non-linear vibration and the static and flutter instabilities of a uniform beam that is elastically supported by a horizontal and vertical spring at each of the two ends of the member. The beam is also subjected to axial and transverse restraints. The axial compressive restraint is applied at the horizontal springs by an initial displacement x 0 , and the transverse restraint is composed of an initial static displacement y st . The equations of motion take into consideration the rotary and shear effects, but damping is neglected. Deflection variations before and after buckling have been examined by varying the axial and vertical restraints x 0 and y st , respectively. The effects of these restraints on the vibration of the beam are also examined in detail for a wide range of values of the spring constants, and the creation of regions of static and flutter instabilities, as well as the location of double points of instability, are investigated in detail.
Effects of spinal nerve ligation on immunohistochemically identified neurons in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia of the rat

This study examined the effect of spinal nerve ligation on different populations of immunohistochemically identified neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat. The optical fractionator method was used to count neurons in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRG 1-20 weeks after ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves, sham surgery, or no surgery. One week after ligation, neurons in the L5 DRG that were labeled by IB4, a marker of unmyelinated primary afferent neurons, were largely absent. The numbers of IB4-labeled neurons then progressively increased to reach control values by 20 weeks. A smaller, sustained decrease occurred in the number of small-, medium- and large-sized neurons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a marker for peptidergic primary afferents, in the L5 DRG. There was a proportionately greater decrease in the numbers of medium- to large-sized CGRP-like immunoreactive neurons. The number of myelinated afferents in the L5 DRG, identified by their staining for neurofilament protein (N52), did not change after ligation. However, closer examination revealed a significant decrease in the numbers of large-sized neurons, coupled with an increase in the numbers of small- to medium-sized neurons, and the appearance of a novel population of very small-sized neurons labeled by N52. The numbers and cell size distributions of IB4-labeled, CGRP-like immunoreactive, and N52-labeled neurons were unchanged in the adjacent L4 DRG. Unlike the L5 DRG, injury-induced changes in the expression of various receptors, neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in the L4 DRG are not confounded by a change in the immunohistochemical phenotype of primary afferent neurons.
Sexual Development of Prepubertal Children

Abstract Studies of childhood sexuality are scarce and often focus on sexual abuse. In this review, an attempt is made to establish what is known, from empirical studies, about sexual behaviors (solitary and interpersonal) and feelings in pre-pubertal boys and girls. In addition, the research methods used will be described and evaluated. The findings of this review can be used to guide future research. In the conclusions, knowledge gaps with respect to sexual behavior and development of children are identified and advantages and disadvantages of different research methods to study childhood sexuality are discussed.
Microstructure of pulsed laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films on yttria-stabilized zirconia/CeO2 buffered biaxially textured Ni substrates

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure of pulsed laser deposited YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) layers on four different biaxially textured Ni-substrates with epitaxial oxide buffer layers. The oxide layer sequence, YBCO/YSZ/CeO 2 /Ni (YSZ signifies yttria-stabilized zirconia) was the same in each sample, but different deposition techniques were used to deposit the buffer layers. The thicknesses of all three oxide layers varied from sample to sample. A columnar sub-grain structure composed of equiaxed sub-grains in the plane of the film was observed in the YBCO layer of each sample. The sub-grain shape and local mosaic spread (∼3°) appeared to be largely insensitive to the surface topography, density, or method of depositing the YSZ layer immediately below. The sub-grain size (0.2–1.2 μm) increased with film thickness (0.2–2.3 μm), but showed no obvious correlation with the microstructure of the underlying YSZ. The measured misorientation angles ( θ ) at individual sub-grain boundaries suggested that a large fraction of the boundaries in the sub-grain boundary network have θ in the range of 2–3°. For most boundaries, the measured θ was below the 5° “threshold” angle for weak link behavior. Thus, a representative picture of the sub-grain boundary network above a single grain of nickel in a film of sub-micron thickness might be a honeycomb shaped arrangement of 2.5° [0 0 1] tilt boundaries spaced 0.25 μm apart and containing dislocations at a spacing of 10 nm. This structure probably has consequences for the structure of grain boundaries in the YBCO that are replicated from the Ni template below. The superposition of the Ni grain boundary network with the grain boundary network due to mosaic spread almost certainly introduces substantial variations of θ along such boundaries on the sub-micron to micron length scale.
Place identity: symbols of self in the urban fabric

Abstract The urban fabric contains symbols (icons) that tell us something about ourselves and something about those to whom the symbols belong. This aspect of the urban fabric has been called the glue that bonds people to place. The contention of this paper is that these icons deserve special attention in urban design decisions because they contribute to place identity and ultimately to self identify, health, sense of community and sense of place. To explore the nature of these place-based meanings, data were collected from residents of Charleston, SC following hurricane Hugo in 1989. Residents were asked to describe what they had lost to the storm, not just the physical features blown away by winds or damaged by rains, but the memories and meanings embodied by these features. Residents identified several types of features as icons of special significance: urban forest (30%), churches (27%), homes (19%), public buildings (6%), places associated with historic events (6%) and retail structures (5%). Residents' explanation for why these icons were special fell into six major categories. The icons: provided connections to residents' pasts; symbolize the social groups to which residents belonged or with which they identified; gave the community its distinctive character; satisfied important functional needs; evoked emotions or feelings; and served as reminders of personal accomplishments and concerns. We concluded that place identity, although subjective and subtle, can be assessed and managed through sensitive land development efforts.
Significance of subclassifying high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions into moderate dysplasia/CIN II versus severe dysplasia/CIN III/CIS in the Bethesda system terminology

Recent revisions of the Bethesda System (TBS III) did not modify the original two-tiered low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL/HSIL) terminology and continued to offer the option of subclassifying HSIL into moderate dysplasia/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II) and severe dysplasia/CIN III. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of the HSIL moderate dysplasia/CIN II subclassification and the causes of Pap test-biopsy discordance for this subclassification. HSIL/moderate dysplasia/CIN II Pap tests were identified from the University of California Davis Medical Center laboratory file for a 5-yr period (1997-2001) and correlated with follow-up cervical biopsies. Cervical biopsies with CIN II diagnoses were identified from the laboratory file for the same time period, and correlated with their preceding Pap test. Discordant Pap test-biopsy pairs from either group were reviewed by two pathologists for the following causes for discordance: cytologic overcall or undercall, biopsy overcall or undercall, and sampling error or possible lesion regression. During the review period, 161 of 378 total HSIL Pap tests had a HSIL/CIN II result (42%), and 81/161 (50%) had a follow-up cervical biopsy. 38/81 (47%) were concordant, and 43 (53%) were discordant; 39/43 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. CIN I was the most common discordant biopsy diagnosis. Sampling error was the most common cause of discordance and was three times more common than the other causes; 536 CIN cervical biopsies with CIN were identified in the laboratory files during this review period, and 108/536 (20%) received a diagnosis of CIN II. Sixty-seven of 108 (62%) had a preceding Pap test result available; 32 of the 67 (48%) had a concordant preceding Pap test with a HSIL/CIN II result, and 35 (52%) were discordant; 32/35 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. LSIL was the most common discordant Pap test diagnosis. Sampling error was also the most common cause of discordance, and was also three time more frequent than any other cause for discordance. HSIL/CIN II is a meaningful subclassification in our laboratory. We support the TBS III recommendation for optional subclassification of HSIL and suggest that individual laboratories may wish to monitor use of this subclassification through internal correlation studies.
Restoration of immunologic competence of neonatally thymectomized mice by isogeneic and xenogeneic thymic grafts.

ConclusionsThe effectiveness of intraperitoneal grafts of thymus and other tissues was tested by observing their ability to restore to neonatally thymectomized C57BL/6 mice their ability to reject the Walker 256 carcino-sarcoma of rats. Grafts of isogeneic thymic tissue, both free and in cell-impermeable Millipore chambers, were effective. Grafts of isogeneic splenic tissue from 14-day-old mice were effective if transplanted free but not if enclosed in Millipore chambers. Free grafts of splenic tissue from neonatally thymectomized mice were ineffective. Free grafts of isogeneic duodenum, lung, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and submaxillary and thyroid glands were ineffective. Free grafts of xenogeneic thymus tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats, either neonatal or 14 days of age, were effective. The effectiveness of thymic grafts in this model increased as the mass of tissue transplanted was increased and was independent of the finding of histologically normal thymic tissue at the end of the period of observ...
Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Study of Co 2+ in CdS

Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times, ${T}_{1}$, have been measured over a temperature range $T=(1.1\ensuremath{-}300) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and frequency range $\ensuremath{\nu}=2\ensuremath{-}15$ MHz in a single crystal of CdS doped with 13-ppm cobalt. Minima in ${T}_{1}$ vs $T$ are observed, and absolute values of the effective electron relaxation time, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$, may be calculated at the temperatures of the minima, e.g., at 14 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}=8.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec. At low temperatures, $T\ensuremath{\lesssim}5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$ is dominated by a resonant Orbach process involving the two ground-state Kramers doublets ($S=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{3}{2}$ and $S=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{2}$) which, according to our measurements, are split by $\ensuremath{\Delta}=(4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1) \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K at zero magnetic field. At higher temperatures, $T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}$ is dominated by a nonresonant process, and these data are well fitted from 40 to 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{5}{J}_{4}(\frac{210}{T})$, where ${J}_{4}$ is a transport integral and 210 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is the CdS Debye temperature.
Dependence of elbow joint stiffness measurements on speed, angle, and muscle contraction level

Elbow joint stiffness is critical to positioning the hand. Abnormal elbow joint stiffness may affect a person's ability to participate in activities of daily living. In this work, elbow joint stiffness was measured in ten healthy young adults with a device adapted from one previously used to measure stiffness in other joints. Measurements of elbow stiffness involved applying a constant-velocity rotational movement to the elbow and measuring the resultant displacement, torque, and acceleration. Elbow stiffness was then computed using a previously-established model for joint stiffness. Measurements were made at two unique elbow joint angles, two speeds, and two forearm muscle contraction levels. The results indicate that the elbow joint stiffness is significantly affected by both rotational speed and forearm muscle contraction level.
Vertex operators in the polyakov path integral

Abstract We give a scheme for renormalizing vertex operators in the string path integral which has all the advantages of the conformal field theory, in particular the absence of regulators. We explain why invariance under the conformal group is sufficient for invariance under the full two-dimensional coordinate ⋇ Weyl group.
Cation Binding Predictions of Surface Complexation Models: Effects of pH, Ionic Strength, Cation Loading, Surface Complex, and Model Fit

Surface complexation models (SCMs) are commonly used to replicate observed acid/base and ion binding behaviors of mineral surfaces. A variety of models have been employed; the constructs can differ in representation of both the surface and the interfacial region. Little effort has been made to assess how or why model response depends on the model employed or the surface complexes considered. We have examined three SCMs and determined how model-predicted cation partitioning and proton release depend on pH, ionic strength, cation loading, model, model fit, and proposed surface complex. Significant differences were observed, between models, for comparable complexes. On the other hand, triple-layer model responses for several different complexes were almost identical over certain ranges. Model properties that contribute to the observed behaviors were considered.
Directional Etching Methods for Realizing Woodpile Photonic Crystal with Different Crystal Orientations

High-precision three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystal and high-quality-factor nanocavities in various crystal orientations are fabricated with two types of directional etching methods in a simple two-patterning process.
Frequency and Spectrum of Errors in Final Radiology Reports Generated With Automatic Speech Recognition Technology

Purpose Automatic speech recognition technology has a high frequency of transcription errors, necessitating careful proofreading and report editing. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and spectrum of significant dictation errors in finalized radiology reports generated with speech recognition technology. Methods All 265 radiology reports that were reviewed in preparation for 12 consecutive weekly multidisciplinary thoracic oncology group conferences were examined for significant dictation errors; reports were compared with the corresponding imaging studies. In addition, departmental radiologists were surveyed regarding their estimates of overall and individual report error rates. Results Two hundred six of 265 (78%) reports contained no significant errors, and 59 (22%) contained errors. Report error rates by individual radiologists ranged from 0% to 100%. There were no significant differences in error rates between native and nonnative English speakers ( P > .8) or between reports dictated by faculty members alone and those dictated by trainees and signed by faculty members ( P > .3). The most frequent types of errors were wrong-word substitution, nonsense phrases, and missing words. Fifty-five of 88 radiologists (63%) believed that overall error rates did not exceed 10%, and 67 of 88 radiologists (76%) believed that their own individual error rates did not exceed 10%. Conclusions More than 20% of our reports contained potentially confusing errors, and most radiologists believed that report error rates were much lower than they actually were. Knowledge of the frequency and spectrum of errors should raise awareness of this issue and facilitate methods for report improvement.
Applications of purification reactions for minimizing reaction‐generated enzyme poisoniong

A mathematical model has been employed to examine the interplay of reaction and mass transfer in immobilized enzyme systems involving reaction-generated enzyme poisons. Deactivation rates can be significantly reduced in some cases by catalyzing a purification reaction in which the poison is transformed into an innocuous substance. This conclusion is illustrated experimentally for reaction-generated H2O2 in a continuous-flow stirred slurry reactor containing glucose oxidase immobilized on activated carbon.
Estimation of in vivo human brain-to-skull conductivity ratio from simultaneous extra- and intra-cranial electrical potential recordings

Abstract Objective The present study aims to accurately estimate the in vivo brain-to-skull conductivity ratio by means of cortical imaging technique. Simultaneous extra- and intra-cranial potential recordings induced by subdural current stimulation were analyzed to get the estimation. Methods The effective brain-to-skull conductivity ratio was estimated in vivo for 5 epilepsy patients. The estimation was performed using multi-channel simultaneously recorded scalp and cortical electrical potentials during subdural electrical stimulation. The cortical imaging technique was used to compute the inverse cortical potential distribution from the scalp recorded potentials using a 3-shell head volume conductor model. The brain-to-skull conductivity ratio, which leads to the most consistent cortical potential estimates with respect to the direct intra-cranial measurements, is considered to be the effective brain-to-skull conductivity ratio. Results The present estimation provided consistent results in 5 human subjects studied. The in vivo effective brain-to-skull conductivity ratio ranged from 18 to 34 in the 5 epilepsy patients. Conclusions The effective brain-to-skull conductivity ratio can be estimated from simultaneous intra- and extra-cranial potential recordings and the averaged value/standard deviation is 25±7. Significance The present results provide important experimental data on the brain-to-skull conductivity ratio, which is of significance for accurate brain source localization using piece-wise homogeneous head models.
Enhancement of spontaneous emission rate in an InGaN quantum dot coupled to a plasmonic cavity

An enhanced spontaneous emission rate was experimentally observed from a single semiconductor quantum dot, exhibiting photon antibunching, coupled to a silver plasmonic cavity.
AFRL trusted layered sensing knowledge base

Military trust technology research requires an up-to-date state-of-the-art body of resources from the available trust knowledgebase that is readily accessible. AFRL Knowledge Repository (AKR) Lite satisfies the important need for awareness of current research by providing visionary data mining technologies in information and knowledge to search, find, categorize, and catalog links to current and cutting edge hardware, software, networks, systems, and global knowledge trustworthiness initiatives, research, and technologies. The resulting compiled resources are included in an efficient, secure, responsive, and meaningful taxonomy and knowledgebase enabling AFRL research.
Assisting Performance in Teaching and Learning

Although Vygotskian principles involving the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) are hailed as tenets undergirding teaching and learning within a constructivist setting, these principals have not been implemented widely within school classrooms. Tharp and Gallimore, building on the notion that learning can be maximized when a teacher has a heightened awareness of a student's ZPD and stimulates new learning based upon this understanding, argue that true teaching is a matter of “assisting performance”. This study examines the efforts of one university instructor to assist the performance of her graduate students as they learned to teach, scaffold and support struggling readers. The findings suggest that the university instructor successfully assisted her students by providing supportive feedback, extending their learning and providing appropriate resources through ongoing Email correspondence and face‐to‐face meetings and tutoring sessions. Success was attributed to the instructor's extensive knowledge of su...
Interannual and regional variations in body length, weight and energy content of age‐0 Pacific herring from Prince William Sound, Alaska

Age-0 Pacific herring were surveyed in October of 4 years in a large northern Gulf of Alaska estuary, to determine the range of variations in length, weight and whole body energy content (WBEC). These parameters reflect their preparedness for surviving their first winter's fast. During the surveys there were distinct regional and interannual variations in all three parameters for individual groups of herring in Prince William Sound. Likewise, with each collection there was typically a large range of size and WBEC values. The average standard length was (±S.D.) 80±13 mm (range=40–118), the mean whole body wet weight was 5·7±3·0 g (range=0·7–29·2) and the average WBEC of all age-0 herring captured, regardless of year or site (n=1471), was 5·4± 1·0 kJ g−1 wet weight (range=2·4–9·4). The large range of WBEC and size indicates that age-0 herring at different capture sites were not all equally prepared for surviving their first winter.
Planar deformation of amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) by stretching and forging

The planar deformation of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was performed by stretching and by forging under comparable conditions at a series of constant temperatures, 80, 90, 100, and 110°C. The highest planar draw ratios of 4.5 × 4.5 and 3.5 × 3.5 were obtained by forging and stretching, respectively. Samples were studied before and after deformation by wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density measurements, and elastic recovery at 100°C. A distinct difference in efficiency of draw between these two techniques is found, as judged mainly by the straininduced crystallization. The forging is more effective than stretching in achieving stabilized planar draw under comparable process conditions.
Efficient recovery in Harp (replicated Unix file system)

Harp is a replicated Unix file system accessible via the VFS interface. It provides highly available and reliable storage for files and guarantees that file operations are executed atomically in spite of concurrency and failures. Replication enables Harp to safely trade disk accesses for network communication and thus to provide good performance both during normal operation and during recovery. The authors focus on the techniques Harp uses to achieve efficient recovery. >
THE SARACEN'S HEAD

In 1529, Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, descendant of the Timurid dynasty and founder of the Mughal empire, wept at the sight of melons. A mere fruit had reminded Babur of the homeland he had left behind in central Asia. In a letter to Khwaja Kalan, the emperor writes of the drudgeries of a ruler in a foreign land, who is forced to do without the tastes of home: “How can one forget the pleasures of that country? . . . Recently a melon was brought, and as I cut it and ate it I was oddly affected. I wept the whole time I was eating it” (423). The Baburnama, a personal record of the establishment of a new empire in the subcontinent, might seem like an unusual place to begin an essay on Victorian India. But Babur's nostalgia for the home left behind in Samarkand poignantly anticipates some of the hidden longings of the British as Company Raj gave way to Crown Raj in India. While the East India Company attempted to oust the Mughal rulers between the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century, after India was incorporated into the Empire, the British would also attempt to don the mantle of the Mughals. On 1 November 1858, when India officially became part of Queen Victoria's Empire, the British inherited the Mughal's melons. Whether it was roast beef or mulligatawny, a pint of pale ale or a chhota peg, the British discovered their own versions of Babur's melons over time – an idea of homeland contained in a mouthful.
Differential absorption and Raman lidar for water vapor profile measurements; A review

Differential absorption lidar and Raman lidar have been applied to the range-resolved measurements of water vapor density for more than 20 years. During this period, there have been considerable advances in laser and lidar technology, as well as in the understanding of the factors required to optimize both lidar techniques for water vapor measurements. Results have been obtained using both lidar techniques that have led to improved understanding of water vapor distributions in the atmosphere. This paper reviews the theory of the measurements, including the sources of systematic and random error; the progress in lidar technology and techniques during that period, including a brief look at some of the lidar systems in development or proposed; and the steps being taken to improve such lidar systems.
A neural network approach to forecasting model selection

Abstract The literature has shown that no one model provides the most accurate forecasts. The focus has instead shifted to identifying the characteristics of the time series in order to provide guidelines for choosing the most appropriate extrapolation model. In this paper we test the feasibility of employing the neural network structure for model selection. To accomplish this objective, a set of time series characteristics, representing the domain knowledge, is established. A back propagation neural network is then constructed with eleven input nodes representing six time series characteristics. The output nodes of the neural network represent nine time series forecasting methods grouped into three categories. The results indicate that the neural network approach can assist the practitioner in the selection of the appropriate forecast model.
BBU design of linear induction accelerator cells for radiography application

There is an ongoing effort to develop accelerating modules for high-current electron accelerators for advanced radiography application. Accelerating modules with low beam-cavity coupling impedances along with gap designs with acceptable field stresses comprise a set of fundamental design criteria. We examine improved cell designs which have been developed for accelerator application in several radiographic operating regimes. We evaluate interaction impedances, analyze the effects of beam structure coupling on beam dynamics (beam breakup instability and corkscrew motion). We also provide estimates of coupling through interesting new high-gradient insulators and evaluate their potential future application in induction cells.
The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on premature cancer mortality in Switzerland, 1995–2012

The premature cancer mortality rate has been declining in Switzerland, but there has been considerable variation in the rate of decline across cancer sites (e.g., breast or digestive organs). I analyze the effect that pharmaceutical innovation had on premature cancer mortality in Switzerland during the period 1995–2012 by investigating whether the cancer sites that experienced more pharmaceutical innovation had larger declines in premature mortality, controlling for the number of people diagnosed and mean age at diagnosis. Premature cancer mortality before ages 75 and 65 is significantly inversely related to the cumulative number of drugs registered 5, 10, and 15 years earlier. The number of drugs registered during 1980–1997 explains 63 % of the variation across cancer sites in the 1995–2012 log change in the premature (before age 75) mortality rate. Controlling for the cumulative number of drugs, the cumulative number of chemical subgroups does not have a statistically significant effect on premature mortality. This suggests that drugs (chemical substances) within the same class (chemical subgroup) are not “therapeutically equivalent”. Over 17,000 life-years before age 75 were gained in 2012 due to drugs registered during 1990–2007. The number of life-years before age 75 gained in 2012 from drugs registered during two earlier periods (1985–2002 and 1980–1997) were more than twice as great. Since mean utilization of new drugs is much lower than mean utilization of older drugs, more recent drug registrations may have a smaller effect on premature mortality than earlier drug registrations even if the average quality of newer drugs is higher. Estimates of the cost per life-year gained before ages 75 and 65 in 2012 from drugs registered during 1990–2007 are $21,228 and $28,673, respectively. These figures are below even the lowest estimates from the value-of-life literature of the value of a quality-adjusted life-year. The estimates indicate that the cost per life-year before age 75 gained from drugs registered during earlier periods (1985–2002 and 1980–1997) were considerably lower: $5299 and $3218, respectively. The largest reductions in premature mortality occur at least a decade after drugs are registered, when their utilization increases significantly. This suggests that if Switzerland is to obtain substantial additional reductions in premature cancer mortality in the future (a decade or more from now) at a modest cost, pharmaceutical innovation (registration of new drugs) is needed today.
Simulation of single tether systems

A simulation of an orbiting single tether system composed of two subsatellites and a connecting tether is developed. The dynamics of the tethered system is modelled using a series of mass beads interconnected by springs and dash pots. The bead model allows the tether to become slack (no tension) and to deform to an arbitrary shape. Simulation results are presented and discussed for two types of motion: (1) tether vibrations and (2) end mass retrieval.
Underwater observations of gelatinous zooplankton : Sampling problems, feeding biology, and behavior1

Observations by SCUBA divers on the distribution and biology of gelatinous zooplankton have stimulated speculations about the structure of tropical oceanic ecosystems. The gelatinous group represents one of four apparent strategies for survival in pelagic animals. Conventional plankton collection probably does not sample these organisms accurately due to their patchy distribution, fragility, and escape responses. Many gelatinous plankters filter feed using mucous structures; these mechanisms are important because of their efficiency in collecting particulate material, and because mucus is a source of organic aggregates in the sea. Such aggregates are often large, irregularly distributed, and of complex composition; these properties are rarely discerned by conventional sampling gear. The aggregates contribute considerable spatial heterogeneity to a seemingly homogeneous environment. An entire category of pelagic animals lives in association with these floating substrates. The diversity and trophic complexity of epipelagic plankton communities have been underestimated by previous investigators.
Reconstructing attractors from scalar time series: A comparison of singular system and redundancy criteria

Abstract A delay-vector phase space reconstruction in which the delay time satisfiesa minimum redundancy criterion is compared with a reconstruction obtained using a singular system approach. Minimum redundancy produces the better reconstruction. The reconstructions are compared using a distortion functional D which measures how well the location of a point in the original phase space can be determined on the basis of its image under the reconstruction process. The superiority of the redundancy analysis over the singular system analysis is found to arise from the former's foundation on the notion of general independence as opposed to the latter's foundation on the notion of linear independence.
Reading Lolita in the Classroom

Herner Saeverot’s engagement with Richard Rorty and Vladimir Nabokov on the topic of moral education brings an illuminating perspective to the use of literature and art in classrooms. There is much to value and reflect on in Saeverot’s nuanced discussion, especially his emphasis on the unexpected as an educative phenomenon and the space he opens for consideration of the educator’s role in the encounter between reader and text. So I begin with a qualified endorsement of the essay’s central claim that moral education is inherently a matter of contingency. That being said, my primary aim here is to develop two considerations that render that endorsement “qualified.” The first concerns an interpretation, overlooked by Rorty and Saeverot, of Nabokov’s view of the relationship between the four essential qualities of art. Tracing the implication of this interpretation, I suggest a more robust role for educators seeking to draw on literature in the service of moral education.
The Effect of Influenza Vaccine Administration on Tuberculin Skin Sensitivity

1The effect of influenza vaccine immunization on pre-existent tuberculin reactivity was carried out in 21 subjects. Nine of these reacted strongly to intermediate strength purified protein derivative; the other 12 were positive only to second strength purified protein derivative. 2There was modest depression of the skin reaction in some individuals. However, in only two subjects, both with less pronounced baseline reactivity, did the tuberculin skin test become transiently negative. There was no correlation between alteration of skin reactivity and antibody response. 3It was concluded that under the circumstances of these studies, influenza vaccine administration did not generally alter the diagnostic significance of tuberculin skin testing.
Oxidation of raloxifene to quinoids: potential toxic pathways via a diquinone methide and o-quinones.

Raloxifene was approved in 1997 by the FDA for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and it is currently in clinical trials for the chemoprevention of breast cancer. Before widespread use as a chemopreventive agent in healthy women, the potential cytotoxic mechanisms of raloxifene should be investigated. In the current study, raloxifene was incubated with GSH and either rat or human liver microsomes, and the metabolites and GSH conjugates were characterized using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Raloxifene was converted to raloxifene diquinone methide GSH conjugates, raloxifene o-quinone GSH conjugates, and raloxifene catechols. For comparison, three raloxifene catechols were synthesized and characterized. In particular, 7-hydroxyraloxifene was found to oxidize to the 6,7-o-quinone. As compared with raloxifene diquinone methide, which has a half-life of less than 1 s in phosphate buffer, the half-life of raloxifene 6,7-o-quinone was much longer at t1/2 = 69 ± 2.5 min. The s...
Listening to what is said ― transcribing what is heard: the impact of speech recognition technology (SRT) on the practice of medical transcription (MT)

Medical records have become central to nearly all aspects of healthcare. However, little research exists on their creation. Using data from an ongoing ethnographic study of healthcare documentation production, this paper examines the process of medical record creation through the use of speech recognition technology (SRT) and subsequent editing by medical transcriptionists (MTs). Informed by ethnomethodology (EM) and conversation analysis (CA), the results demonstrate the professional knowledge involved in the work of medical transcription, which includes a combination of skilled worksite practices and an orientation toward the social order properties of recorded dictation. Furthermore, we examine how the advantages and limitations of SRTs can impact the work of transcription. We conclude with strategic recommendations for using SRTs to support medical records production and recommend against total automation.
Ultra low-dose single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging

Background: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) provides excellent diagnostic and prognostic information. A primary limitation of SPECT is radiation exposure. New cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) technology has allowed for reduced radiation exposure. Methods: A cohort of 414 consecutive patients undergoing very low-dose SPECT MPI utilizing CZT technology was analyzed. Patients received rest/stress dosing strategies of 111/333, 148/444, 222/666, 296/888, 370/1110 Megabecquerels (MBq) (3/9, 4/12, 6/18, 8/24, 10/30 millicuries) depending on their weight and body mass index. Image quality was visually assessed by the reading cardiologist (scale: 1 = poor; 2 = fair; 3 = good; 4 = excellent). Results: 58% of patients received 111/333MBq, 22% received 148/444MBq, 13% received 222/666MBq, 6% received 296/888MBq, and 1% received 370/1110MBq. The estimated radiation dose was 3.6, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6, and 12 millisieverts respectively. The average image quality for the cohort was 3.3 ± 0.7. The rest/stress counts (10 3 ) for 111/333 and 148/444 groups were 532 ± 212/1718 ± 525 and 545 ± 177/1748 ± 399, while the rest/stress counts (10 3 ) for the 222/666 and 296/888 groups were 673 ± 178/2235 ± 923 and 764 ± 249/2588 ± 788 respectively. The 111/333 and 148/444 groups had significantly lower counts than the 222/666 and 296/888 groups, but only the 296/888 group had a significant difference in image quality when compared to the 111/333 group, with the 111/333 group having better image quality. Conclusion: CZT technology permits rapid, very low-dose MPI studies to be performed, thus, reducing the radiation exposure for patients, while still providing high quality, diagnostic perfusion results. The majority of our patients were imaged at less than 4mSv.