cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for the alkaline hydrolysis of dibromodifluoromethane-alkene adducts to α,β-unsaturated carboxylates

Abstract Alternative mechanisms for the title reactions are probed. The previously-reported pathway involving double dehydrobromination to a difluorodiene is operative in at least one case, but this route is specifically excluded for systems that cannot dehydrobrominate to dienes yet still yield carboxylates upon alkaline hydrolysis. Although S N 2, S N 1, S RN 1, and monoelimination–addition processes appear formally possible, an S N 2′ mechanism is implicated by studies on model compounds.
New drug candidates and therapeutic targets for tuberculosis therapy

Despite advances in chemotherapy and the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine, tuberculosis remains a significant infectious disease. Although it can be cured, the therapy takes at least 6-9 months, and the laborious and lengthy treatment brings with it dangers of noncompliance, significant toxicity and drug resistance. The increasing emergence of drug resistance and the problem of mycobacterial persistence highlight the need to develop novel TB drugs that are active against drug resistant bacteria but, more importantly, kill persistent bacteria and shorten the length of treatment. Recent new and exciting developments in tuberculosis drug discovery show good promise of a possible revolution in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
Use of Neomysis mercedis (Crustacea: Mysidacea) for Estuarine Toxicity Tests

Abstract The mysid Neomysis mercedis was examined as a test organism for use in acute toxicity tests at intermediate salinities characteristic of estuarine waters. Several sensitive invertebrate species are available for marine assessments (mysids) and freshwater tests (cladocerans), but few are available for estuarine toxicity tests. Observations in the laboratory indicate that Neomysis mercedis can be reared successfully at a temperature of 17°C, a salinity of 2‰, and a population density less than 5/L. Brine shrimp nauplii Artemia salina, algae, and commercial foods were used to sustain mysid cultures. Neomysis mercedis is viviparous and can complete its life cycle in 3–4 months. Neomysis mercedis is as sensitive as or more sensitive to toxicants than the marine mysid Mysidopsis bahia and the freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Simocephalus serrulatus. The mean 96-h LC50 values (concentrations lethal to half the test animals) for N. mercedis, in increasing order, were 0.20 μg/...
Traumatic brain injury: networks and neuropathology

Although identification of pathological changes in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) has posed challenges, 2012 has also been a year of advances and debate. Patients with mild TBI or concussion are generally thought to have a form of diffuse axonal injury, but this so-called stealth pathology is invisible to conventional imaging techniques.1 However, diffusion tensor imaging shows promise in elucidation of disruption of white matter tracts consistent with diffuse axonal injury. Previous diffusion tensor imaging studies were often based on the premise that damage to white-matter tracts was spatially homogeneous, meaning that signal changes were uniform among basic imaging units (voxels) along individual tracts. However, analysis of individual voxels within a region of interest in 28 patients with mild TBI showed that only a cluster of voxels had abnormal fractional anisotropy compared with voxels in the area of interest in 28 healthy participants.2 By adding the clusters of voxels from disparate regions of interest with abnormal fractional anisotropy, this research group calculated a white-matter injury load that differentiated patients with mild TBI imaged within 21 days after the injury from uninjured individuals. The cluster approach to diffusion tensor imaging analysis has also received support from a study of mild TBI due to blasts in military personnel.3
Psychotherapy of mother and son producing chain reactions in untreated family members.

Frustration of the psychiatrist's best efforts—or even disaster-can result from failure to pay close attention to a patient's family members.
Tutorial overview of model predictive control

The paper provides a reasonably accessible and self-contained tutorial exposition on model predictive control (MPC). It is aimed at readers with control expertise, particularly practitioners, who wish to broaden their perspective in the MPC area of control technology. We introduce the concepts, provide a framework in which the critical issues can be expressed and analyzed, and point out how MPC allows practitioners to address the trade-offs that must be considered in implementing a control technology.
Densely embedded graphs

Abstract Let G be a graph embedded in a surface S . The face-width of the embedding is the minimum size | C ⋔ G | over all noncontractible cycles C in S . The face-width measures how densely a graph is embedded in a surface, equivalently, how well an embedded graph represents a surface. In this paper we present a construction of densely embedded graphs with a variety of interesting properties. The first application is the construction of embeddings where both the primal and the dual graph have large girth. A second application is the construction of a graph with embeddings on two different surfaces, each embedding of large face-width. These embeddings are counterexamples to a conjecture by Robertson and Vitray. In the third application we examine the number of triangles needed to triangulate a surface S such that every noncontractible cycle is of length at least k . Surprisingly, for large g the number is approximately 4 g , regardless of k . The fourth application is the construction of trivalent polygonal graphs. We close with some observations and directions for further research.
Modes of behavior

Abstract This paper introduces a model of behavior in which people are seen as behaving in different ways (modes) at different times and in different contexts. The existence of these modes of behavior creates pressures for the creation of distinct institutional structures which reflect the difference between the modes. The proposed model is a combination or synthesis of models used by economists and other social scientists; it attempts to bring together analyses ordinarily separated by academic discipline lines.
High Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Integrons among Shigella Isolates in Eastern China

A total of 747 Shigella isolates were collected from hospitals in Jiangsu Province of China. Susceptibilities to antimicrobials and integrons were tested. A total of 78.3% of S. flexneri isolates and a total of 74.3% S. sonei isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Of the Shigella isolates, 74.7% had integron I and 82.6% had integron II. The conjunction of the high prevalence of integrons in Shigella and high resistance to antimicrobials will lead to rapid dissemination of resistant genes in this region.
Effect of Temperature on Feeding and Survival of Mysis relicta

During their diel vertical migration, Mysis relicta can experience temperatures from 4°C to about 15°C. High temperatures may limit the ascent due to direct effects on survival or through decreased feeding rates. Mysis relicta survival (over 8 hours) was high up to 17°C (93%) and decreased with an increase in temperature over 18°C to 0% at 26°C. Feeding rates on newly hatched nauplii of Artemia salina were measured in 4-hour experiments at temperatures between 4 and 20°C. Feeding rates for 13 to 16 mm mysids were highest at 12°C and decreased at both higher and lower temperatures to 40% of peak feeding rates at 18 to 20°C and to 75% of peak feeding rates at 4°C. Smaller mysids (average length 10.5 mm) had peak feeding rates at 14°C. These results are consistent with field observations. Mysids seldom occur in temperatures above 15°C and smaller mysids are often found higher in the water column than larger animals. Consumption rates at both higher and lower temperatures were higher relative to peak consumption than assumed in a published bioenergetics model for Mysis (Rudstam 1989).
High-accuracy RF amplitude comparator

The linearity of an RF amplifier system employing envelope feedback depends crucially on the accuracy of the RF amplitude comparator. The accuracy of the comparator described here is substantially insensitive to nonlinearities in the RF detector(s), unlike traditional comparators. This is because the two RF signal amplitudes are compared prior to, rather than subsequent to, the potentially nonlinear detection process. The circuit is also substantially insensitive to the relative phase of the two RF signals.
Dynamically biased RRKM model of activated gas-surface reactivity: vibrational efficacy and rotation as a spectator in the dissociative chemisorption of CH4 on Pt(111)

The reactivity of CH4 impinging on a Pt(111) surface was examined using a precursor-mediated microcanonical trapping model of dissociative chemisorption wherein the effects of rotational and vibrational energy could be explored. Dissociative sticking coefficients for a diverse range of non-equilibrium effusive beam, supersonic beam, and eigenstate-resolved experiments were simulated and an average relative discrepancy between theory and experiment of better than 50% was achieved by treating molecular rotations and translation parallel to the surface as spectator degrees of freedom, and introducing a dynamically-biased vibrational efficacy. The model parameters are {E0 = 57.9 kJ mol−1, s = 2, ηv = 0.40} where E0 is the apparent threshold energy for reaction, s is the number of surface oscillators participating in energy exchange within each gas-surface collision complex formed, and ηv is the mean vibrational efficacy for reaction relative to normal translational energy which figures in the assembly of the active exchangeable energy which is available to surmount the activation barrier to dissociative chemisorption. GGA-DFT electronic structure calculations provided vibrational frequencies for the transition state for dissociative chemisorption. The asymmetry of the rotational state populations in supersonic and effusive molecular beam experiments allowed kinetic analysis to establish that taking rotation as a spectator degree of freedom is a good approximation. Surface phonons, rather than the incident molecules, are calculated to play the dominant role in supplying the energy required to overcome the activation barrier for dissociative chemisorption under the thermal equilibrium conditions relevant to high pressure catalysis. Over the temperature range 300 K ≤ T ≤ 1000 K, the thermal dissociative sticking coefficient is predicted to be well described by S(T) = S0 exp(−Ea/RT) where S0 = 0.62 and Ea = 62.6 kJ mol−1.
Structural changes in the solid solution (Ti1−xVx)2O3 as x varies from zero to one

Abstract The crystal structures of (Ti1−xVx)2O3, x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.07, 0.30, 0.50, 0.70, and 0.90, have been determined from X-ray diffraction data collected from single crystals. The compounds are rhombohedral, space group R 3 c , and are isomorphous with α-alumina. The hexagonal cell dimensions range from a = 5.1549(6)A, c = 13.627(2)A, for (Ti0.995V0.005)2O3 to a = 4.9813(2)A, c = 13.996 (1)A for (Ti0.10V0.90)2O3. The most pronounced effects of V3+ substitution occur in the 0 to 7 at% V range and can be described as an increase in the metal-metal distance along the c axis from 2.578(2) A in pure Ti2O3 to 2.652(1) A in (Ti0.93V0.07)2O3 coupled with reorganization of the structure in order to maintain constant metal-oxygen distances. These structural changes have been related to both the change from semiconducting to metallic behavior and the disappearance of the 150–350°C resistivity drop which occur with increasing vanadium content in (Ti1−xVx)2O3 as x increases from 0.0 to about 0.07. They are consistent with the band theory proposed by others for this system. Indications of unusual structural behavior in the 90–100 at% V range are also noted.
The promise of genomics for a “next generation” of advances in higher-level legume molecular systematics

Abstract The years since the first International Legume Conference in 1978 have seen a veritable revolution in molecular phylogenetics. The first two volumes of Advances in Legume Systematics series, which were based on that conference, contained no information on DNA-level variation. The next volume in the series, in 1987, had a chapter on the potential of DNA approaches and results of some early studies that used restriction enzyme mapping. The 1990s saw the application of chloroplast gene sequencing to family-level phylogenetic problems that culminated in the studies from the first decade of the present century that have provided the working phylogenetic hypotheses for the family. The first full legume nuclear genome sequences have appeared more recently, and, fueled by the advent of “next-generation” sequencing in the late 2000s, there is now a flood of genomic and transcriptomic data that is again revolutionizing biology in the way that the molecular revolution did previously. How to take advantage of this opportunity is a key question for legume systematists, particularly its own “next generation”. The mere availability of massive amounts of data does not guarantee that all phylogenetic problems in legumes will be resolved once and for all; “megadata” is not a panacea, and the apparent rapid radiation of the family and its constituent clades represents a serious technical challenge. Moreover, major analytical controversies are simmering, notably between proponents of concatenation – the conventional way to analyze genome-scale data – and those who favor a coalescent-based species tree approach. Assuming that a stable, well-resolved phylogeny based on the nuclear genome is eventually produced, it will be useful not only for classification, but also for addressing questions involving homoplasy, such as the potential multiple origins of nodulation in the family. The rich legacy of the International Legume Conferences, embodied in the Advances in Legume Systematics, is that the increasing refinement of phylogenetic hypotheses serves the full range of comparative studies on the myriad facets of this huge, diverse, and fascinating family.
Genes encoding actin-related proteins of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Recently, several laboratories have described protein of yeasts, mammals and Drosophila melanogaster that are 35 to 55% identical to conventional actins, but, as yet, little is known about their functions. We have initiated a systematic study by using degenerate oligonucleotides specifying two highly conserved nucleotide-binding peptides of actin, in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction techniques, to isolate Drosophila genes that encode actin-related proteins. Here we summarize the isolation of four such genes and compare the sequences of the proteins that they encode. Computer searches of databases revealed that three of the encoded proteins are homologs of yeast or mammalian actin-related protein, implying that the corresponding proteins participate in functions common to many cell types. The fourth gene encodes a novel protein that, apparently is expressed within testes. The four genes are located within the 14D, 53D, 66B and 87C subdivisions of polytene chromosomes.
The Associations of High-Density Lipoprotein Subclasses With Insulin and Glucose Levels, Physical Activity, Resting Heart Rate, and Regional Adiposity in Men With Coronary Artery Disease: The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project Baseline Survey

We used nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis to examine the associations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses with adiposity, physical activity, resting heart rate (an indicator of sympathetic drive), and plasma insulin and glucose levels in 97 men with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. These men neither smoked nor used medications known to affect lipoproteins. The absorbency of protein stain was used as an index of mass concentrations at intervals of 0.01 nm within five HDL subclasses: HDL3c (7.2 to 7.8 nm), HDL3b (7.8 to 8.2 nm), HDL3a (8.2 to 8.8 nm), HDL2a (8.8 to 9.7 nm), and HDL2b (9.7 to 12 nm). HDL peak diameter was determined from the predominant peak of the HDL particle distribution when plotted against particle diameter. Four men who were non-insulin-dependent diabetics as defined by a fasting glucose exceeding 140 mg/dL had significantly higher plasma HDL3b levels and significantly smaller HDL peak diameters than nondiabetic men, and were therefore excluded from further analyses. In the remaining 93 nondiabetic men, plasma HDL3b levels correlated positively with indices of truncal obesity (waist to hip ratio and subscapular skinfold), whereas plasma HDL2b levels correlated negatively with indices of total adiposity (body mass index [BMI]) and truncal obesity (subscapular and abdominal skinfold). Fasting plasma insulin levels correlated negatively with HDL3a, HDL2a, and HDL2b. Obesity significantly affected the relationships of resting heart rate with insulin and HDL subclasses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Altered Enzymes in Drug-Resistant Variants of Mammalian Tissue Culture Cells

Abstract Two selective procedures are compared in an effort to isolate variants of mouse L cells containing structural gene mutations. Among the resulting variant cloned cell lines are found two types of alterations in the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.8) (1): enzyme with altered kinetic constants causing in vivo and in vitro resistance to 8-azaguanine; and (2) enzyme with altered heat sensitivity in vitro. These results support the view that tissue culture cell variants can arise from structural gene mutations.
Abnormal visual resolution in the Siamese cat

When tested behaviorally, Siamese cats display marked differences in contrast sensitivity compared to ordinary cats. Overall sensitivity is depressed, the high-frequency cutoff point is lower, and there is less falloff in sensitivity at low spatial frequencies. Optical factors may contribute to these differences, or they may be attributable to the well-established anatomical abnormalities within the visual system of the Siamese cat.
Valved homograft conduit repair of the right heart in early infancy.

Abstract Background . Valved homograft conduit repair in neonates and young infants creates a physiologically normal biventricular circulation, and unlike shunts, avoids surgery on the branch pulmonary. Methods . Retrospective chart review was used for 84 patients operated on between 1990 and 1995 (mean age 26 ± 28 days, mean weight 3.3 ± 0.8 kg) undergoing homograft conduit repair in the first 3 months of life. Cases were divided into simple and complex, eg, absent pulmonary valve syndrome or associated interrupted arch. Mean homograft size was 9.0 ± 2 mm. Results . Early mortality was 4.7% (simple) and 30% (complex). Mean hospital stay was 18 days. Mean follow-up was 34 months. Thirty-seven (47%) patients underwent conduit replacement. Median time to reoperation was 3.1 years. Mean size of replacement homograft was 17 ± 2 mm. There were no deaths at reoperation. Mean hospital stay at conduit change was 6.3 days. Probability of survival at 5 years is 75%. Conclusions . Biventricular repair employing a conduit can be performed safely in noncomplex anomalies in the first 3 months of life. Time interval until repeat surgery is relatively short but equal or greater than that with most palliative procedures.
Regulation of dopamine uptake in rat striatal tissue by NMDA receptors as measured using rotating disk electrode voltammetry.

Abstract Rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry was used to examine the effect of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) on the initial velocity of dopamine (DA) uptake in suspensions of rat striatal tissue. Transport velocities were determined by measuring the rate of clearance of 2 μM DA added to the tissue suspension. NMDA (200 μM) was found to increase the initial velocity of DA transport from 548 ± 28 to 803 ± 63 pmol/s per g tissue (mean ± SEM; P r = 0.96; P P
Effect of tricyclic antidepressants on the somatosensory evoked potential in man.

The effect of orally administered single doses of placebo, imipramine and amitriptyline on the human Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) was investigated in three matched groups of 10 male normal volunteers each. In contrast to placebo, the two antidepressants induced characteristic and systematic changes in the evoked response: imipramine as well as amitriptyline decreased the latency in the first three SEP peaks, but increased the latency in the subsequent peaks. The amplitudes were attenuated (especially in the latter part of the response) with the exception of peaks 3–4. The drug profiles seem to be characteristic for tricyclic antidepressants and differ appreciably from those of major tranquilizers, minor tranquilizers and stimulants. Interestingly, the latency decrease was significantly greater after imipramine than after amitriptyline, while the latency increase was more marked after amitriptyline than after imipramine. In addition, the former drug produced more amplitude attenuation than the latter. This indicates that of the two antidepressants, amitriptyline has more sedative properties, whereas imipramine has more stimulatory qualities. Based on these findings as well as on our past experiences with representatives of other psychopharmacological classes, it was concluded that the SEP technique in conjunction with quantitative and statistical evaluation methods seems to be a promising tool for the classification of psychotropic agents.
A simple system for extracellular micro-electrode recording from awake animals.

Abstract An extracellular micro-electrode recording system is described for use in unanesthetized cats or monkeys. The system is simpler than previous ones, can be built from readily available components without specialized tools or any machining of metal, and is so inexpensive that the microdrive itself is disposable. The heart of the system is a micro-drive made from a 3 ml disposable hospital syringe, a standard machine screw and a length of fine wire. For recording it plugs onto an agar-filled plexiglas cylinder which is implanted in the experimental animal along with ground and indifferent electrodes and head restraints. Recording wires lead not directly from the micro-drive but from a removable plug which contains sockets for ground and indifferent leads as well as a field-effect transistor head stage for conversion from high to low impedance. The high-impedance leads are kept short, minimizing electrical noise. Ground, indifferent, and transistor leads go together from this plug to the amplifiers. For maximum experimental flexibility several micro-drive mounting cylinders can be implanted successively or simultaneously. The system has been tested in cats and rhesus monkeys, where single cells can be held for over an hour and several dozen cells can be recorded over several months from a single animal.
Case report: cat scratch disease: an infection beyond the lymph node

Cat scratch disease is a cause of regional lymphadenitis that usually pursues a benign course. Most patients with cat scratch disease are children or adolescents. We report an adult patient with cat scratch disease complicated by osteomyelitis of the thoracic spine.
Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of transtracheal highfrequency jet ventilation during difficult intubation

Abstract Study Objective: To evaluate the hemodynamic and respiratory effects of percutaneous transtracheal high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) during difficult intubation using fiberoptic bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Surgical patients scheduled for general anesthesia at the Medical College of Virginia Hospital. Patients: Eight patients with known difficult airways. Three patients had deformed facial structures. One patient had temporomandibularjoint impairment. Four patients had tumors of the oral cavity with deformed upper airways. Interventions: A 13-gauge cricothyroidotomy jet ventilation cannula was inserted percutaneously under local anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with etomidate 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg, alfentanil 15 to 20 Ag/kg, and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg. HFJV was started with 100% oxygen at 30 to 35 pounds per square inch of driving pressure, 100 cycles per minute, and an inspiratorylexpiratory ratio of 25%. Thoracic electrical bioimpedonce was used to measure cardiac index (CI) and ejection fraction (EF). Measurements and Main Results: Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), CI, and EF were measured before induction of anesthesia; after 1 minute of HFJV, 5 minutes of HFJV, and 10 minutes of HFJV; and during positive pressure ventilation following fiberoptic intubation. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained before induction of anesthesia and after 10 minutes of HFJV. HR decreased significantly after 5 minutes of HFJV, after 10 minutes of HFJV, and after intubation ( p p p p Conclusions: Transtracheal HFJV under general anesthesia with etomidate, alfentanil, and vecuronium provided satisfactory hemodynamic conditions and pulmonary gas exchange. Percutaneous transtracheal HFJV can be used safely to manage patients with a difficult airway under general anesthesia using fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Myositis complicating viridans streptococcal sepsis in childhood leukemia

Hematogenous focal infections are a rare complication of bacteremia or sepsis caused by viridans-group streptococci. We describe two patients with acute leukemia who developed myositis during α-hemolytic streptococcal bacteremia. Children complaining of severe muscle pain associated with viridans streptococcal infections should be carefully evaluated for the presence of focal pyogenic complications and rhabdomyolysis. The severity of infectious myositis is highly variable, depending on the etiologic organism and host immunity, making individualized treatment the most effective approach. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The River Blindness Genome Project

We wish to give special thanks to TIGR for the cluster analysis of the EST data. The authors would also like to recognize the financial support of the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, the Blakeslee Fund for Genetics Research at Smith College and the generous support to Smith College of the A.K. Watson Trust.
The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on x-ray conditioned saccharin aversion

Ganzkorperbestrahlung von Ratten mit 100 R fuhrt zu einer ausgepragten Aversion gegen Na-Saccharinlosung. Die Vorbehandlung mit Dimethylsulfoxyd (DMSO) lasst diese Aversion 6–8 Tage nach der Bestrahlung wieder verschwinden.
Benefit cost analysis of gel solar ponds

Abstract A benefit to cost (B/C) analysis was performed on gel ponds based on experimental data collected from the circular demonstration gel pond (5 m dia × 1.25 m depth) located at UNM. The measured transmissivity, predicted temperature profile, and calculated surface heat losses with volumetric heat generation were used as physical data in the coded design model (GPDM) used for sizing the solar pond. These data were used in the coded economical analysis model (GPEA) to calculate capital, operation, life cycle, and cost of delivered energy for a specific pond. A general case study was considered to demonstrate the potential and economical feasibility of gel ponds as a source of hot water (45°C) for domestic use in five regions in the United States. An optimized gel pond showed B/C values as high as 1.35 for high insolation areas (Southwest, Puerto Rico) and as low as 0.45 for low insolation areas (Great Lakes, Atlantic NE) compared to 0.96 and 0.48 for salt gradient ponds of the same size and location. In a special case study to demonstrate industrial applicability of gel ponds as a source of hot water (65°C) for a textile mill (Cairo, Egypt), the optimized pond had a B/C value of 1.07 compared to 0.93 for an optimized salt gradient pond of the same load output. In general, for the same size (400 m2 × 4 m deep), location (southwest) and extraction temperature (45°C), in gel and salt gradient ponds, the gel has higher capital cost (19%), lower operating cost (53%), lower delivered energy cost (26.4%), and higher extraction efficiency (32.5%). While, for the same load output (150 kW thermal) and location (Cairo), a gel pond has higher capital cost (21.5%), lower operating cost (63.5%), smaller surface area (21%), shallower depth (28.6%), and lower delivered energy costs (13%). Using GPDM (Gel Pond Design Model) and GPEA (Gel Pond Economic Analysis) computer programs, a sufficient engineering and economic analysis can be performed for gel and salt gradient ponds, respectively.
The Relationship Between Motor Proficiency and Physical Activity in Children

OBJECTIVES. Youth with better motor abilities may find it easier to be physically active and may be more likely to engage in physical activity compared with peers with poorer motor competence. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in 8- to 10-year-old children. Self-efficacy toward physical activity was also assessed. METHODS. Sixty-five children (34 girls and 31 boys) were studied. Children9s physical activity was assessed by the Manufacturing Technologies Incorporated/Computer Science and Applications Incorporated model 7164 accelerometer, and their motor proficiency was determined by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. The Children9s Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity scale measured children9s self-perceptions of adequacy in performing and desire to participate in physical activities. RESULTS. Children9s motor proficiency was positively associated with activity counts and percentage of time in moderate and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and inversely related to percentage of time in sedentary activity. Children in the greatest quartile of motor proficiency were the most physically active compared with children with lower levels of motor proficiency who had similar levels of physical activity. Children with greater standardized BMI were less physically active, more sedentary, and had poorer motor proficiency compared with children with a lower standardized BMI. Children9s Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity scores were positively associated with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency standard score for boys. Children9s motor proficiency explained an additional 8.7% of the variance in physical activity in multiple linear regression after controlling for factors that may influence physical activity. CONCLUSIONS. Motor proficiency is positively associated with physical activity and inversely associated with sedentary activity in children, but there may be a threshold of motor proficiency above which children may be the most physically active. Children9s motor proficiency may be an appropriate target for increasing physical activity in youth.
Airway Remodeling from Bench to Bedside: Current Perspectives

Bronchospasm and airway inflammation can lead to a constellation of irreversible changes in airway structure termed remodeling. Remodeling theory offers insight into the permanent biomechanical and pathologic alterations of asthmatic airways. Structural changes seen in asthmatic patients can include thickening of the airway wall reticular basement membrane (RBM), the presence of an abnormal elastic fiber network, and alterations in airway cartilage structure. Although steroid therapy is helpful in symptomatic control, it does not remedy structural alterations or many aspects of the inflammatory milieu. This article discusses several studies and supports the need for further investigation.
Composite Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s) of the Spleen in a Previously Untreated Patient

Clinicopathologic features of a patient presenting with Hodgkin’s disease and histiocytic lymphoma in the spleen are presented. To our knowledge, this is the third case report of such an association.
Acid sphingomyelinase is required for lipid Raft TLR4 complex formation.

Background: Lipid rafts, composed of sphingolipids, are critical to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) assembly during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure as a result of phosphokinase C (PKC)-ζ activation. ...
The Shields-Harary numbers of Km,n for continuous concave cost functions vanishing at 1

It is shown that the Shields-Harary index of vulnerability of the complete bipartite graph K"m","n, with respect to the cost function f(x)=1-x, 0==m+2m, and [email protected]?(n+m)^[email protected]?, if m==m+2m, and between [email protected]?(n+m)^[email protected]?f(0) and mf(0), if m=
Replies to Selim Berker and Karl Schafer

I respond to six objections, raised by Selim Berker and Karl Schafer, against the theory offered in my Empiricism and Experience: (1) that the theory needs a problematic notion of subjective character of experience; (2) that the transition from the hypothetical to the categorical fails because of a logical difficulty; (3) that the constraints imposed on admissible views are too weak; (4) that the theory does not deserve the label ‘empiricism’; (5) that the motivations provided for the Reliability constraint are insufficient; and (6) that convergence is bound to fail since epistemic entitlements are permissions.
Structural Basis for the Recognition of Methylated Histone H3K36 by the Eaf3 Subunit of Histone Deacetylase Complex Rpd3S

Deacetylation of nucleosomes by the Rpd3S histone deacetylase along the path of transcribing RNA polymerase II regulates access to DNA, contributing to faithful gene transcription. The association of Rpd3S with chromatin requires its Eaf3 subunit, which binds histone H3 methylated at lysine 36 (H3K36). Eaf3 is also part of NuA4 acetyltransferase that recognizes methylated H3K4. Here we show that Eaf3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a chromo barrel-related domain that binds methylated peptides, including H3K36 and H3K4, with low specificity and millimolar-range affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance structure determination of Eaf3 bound to methylated H3K36 was accomplished by engineering a linked Eaf3-H3K36 molecule with a chemically incorporated methyllysine analog. Our study uncovers the molecular details of Eaf3-methylated H3K36 complex formation, and suggests that, in the cell, Eaf3 can only function within a framework of combinatorial interactions. This work also provides a general method for structure determination of low-affinity protein complexes implicated in methyllysine recognition.
Models of the early life history of Euphausia superba—Part I. Time and temperature dependence during the descent-ascent cycle

Abstract A time- and temperature-dependent model was developed to simulate the descent-ascent behavior of the embryos and early larval stages of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. This model combines laboratory measurements of temperature effects on developmental times, density and physiology of krill embryos and larvae and the observed water temperature structure in the Bransfield Strait-South Shetland Islands region. Simulations with observed vertical temperature profiles from this region show that embryos that develop at temperatures less than 0°C hatch relatively deep (≈1000 m) or hit the bottom before hatching. The presence of warm (1–2°C) Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), between 200 and 700 m, results in hatching depths of about 700 m. The sinking rate pattern characteristic of the embryos of Euphausia superba retains the embryos in the CDW, where development is accelerated. Larval ascent rate through the CDW is rapid, so larvae reach the surface before metamorphosing into the first feeding stage, and have sufficient carbon reserves to drift at the surface for several weeks before needing to find food. These results suggest that the sinking rate pattern characteristic of embryos of Antarctic krill may be part of a reproductive strategy that evolved in response to the thermal structure of its environment. The complementary component of this reproductive strategy is the observed correlation between the distribution of krill schools containing reproducing individuals and the presence of CDW. With this reproductive strategy, the spawning regions of Antarctic krill are in areas where oceanic conditions enhance the probability of survival of its embryos and non-feeding larvae.
Effects of insulin on the uptake of D-galactose by isolated rat epididymal fat cells.

Abstract In muscle, insulin stimulates uptake of d -galactose as well as d -glucose and certain other sugar isomers (Kono, T. and Colowick, S.P. (1961) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93, 514–519). In fat cells, the hormone also stimulates uptake of d -glucose and certain other monosaccharides. Nonetheless, the hormone does not increase the uptake, as determined by the utilization, of d -galactose by fat cells (Ball, E.G. and Cooper, O. (1960) J. Biol. Chem. 235, 584–588; Kuo, J.F. and Dill, I.K. (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 17–26). As pointed out by Ball and Cooper, this does not necessarily indicate that insulin has no effect on the membrane transport of d -galactose in fat cells. The possible effect of the hormone on transport may not be seen in the utilization data if the intracellular metabolism is considerably slower than the rate of transport and insensitive to insulin.
The spectrum of hair loss in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

Background Alopecia can be a manifestation of mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS), but the prevalence is unknown. Objective We sought to describe the clinicopathologic presentation and molecular features of alopecia in patients with MF/SS. Methods A retrospective chart review of a prospectively collected MF/SS database was used to identify patients with alopecia. The National Alopecia Areata Registry was used to identify patients with self-reported cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Results Among 1550 patients with MF/SS, 38 patients with patchy, total-scalp, or universal alopecia were identified. Thirteen of 38 (34%) had patchy alopecia clinically identical to alopecia areata. Scalp biopsy specimens were available in 5 of the 13 patients. Specimens from 4 patients had atypical T lymphocytes within the follicular epithelium or epidermis, and that from two patients had a histology of follicular mucinosis. The remaining 25 of 38 (66%) patients with MF/SS included 20 with alopecia within discreet patch/plaque or follicular lesions of MF and 5 with total-body hair loss, which presented only in those with generalized erythroderma and SS. Limitations This was a retrospective study done at one cancer center. Biopsy specimens of alopecia were not available for every patient. Conclusions Alopecia was observed in 2.5% of patients with MF/SS, with alopecia areata–like patchy loss in 34% and alopecia within MF lesions in 66%.
Pleuro-pulmonary endometriosis in baboons (Papio spp.): insights into pathogenesis.

Background Human pleuro-pulmonary endometriosis (PPE) is rare. Recently, we identified several cases of abdominal endometriosis in baboons that developed PPE. Materials and Methods Ten cases of PPE and four of intra-abdominal endometriosis (three simultaneous) were identified at necropsy in baboons (Papio spp.) found dead due to natural causes. The endometriotic lesions were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results The stromal (CD10+) and epithelial cells in intra-abdominal cases were estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) positive and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) negative similar to that seen in humans. In contrast, the PPE cases displayed TTF-1-positive epithelium lining the cystic spaces, while the stroma was ER/PR positive similar to that in abdominal endometriosis. Both lymph nodes and spindle cell rests in lung interstitium contained ER/PR-positive stromal cells. Conclusions The lung lesions were different from the abdominal lesions in having a TTF-1-positive lining epithelium. The deep pulmonary interstitial and lymph node endometrial stromal rests probably arrive via lymphatic route. The endometrial stroma is the driving force in PPE upon which the lung-specific epithelium condenses and may require a novel approach to therapy.
Isolation of UBP3, encoding a de-ubiquitinating enzyme, as a multicopy suppressor of a heat-shock mutant strain of S. cerevisiae

Yeast strains lacking functional copies of the two genes SSA1 and SSA2, which encode cytosolic molecular chaperones, are temperature-sensitive. In this report, we describe the isolation of a high-copy suppressor of this temperature sensitivity, UBP3, which encodes a de-ubiquitinating enzyme. We show that ubp3 mutant yeast strains have a mild slow-growth phenotype and accumulate ubiquitin-protein conjugates. We propose a model in which Ubp3p acts in vivo to reverse the ubiquitination of substrate proteins, allowing temporarily misfolded proteins an opportunity to fold correctly.
Arsonists and Firefighters: The Perpetual Inflammatory Civil War for Survival

A major pharmaceutical success story of the late 20th century was the introduction of statins into clinical medicine. This class of drugs (the firefighters) has contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by lowering total cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the arsonists), and also by raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, albeit less dramatically.1 Triglyceride levels may also be reduced. The success of this approach in older adults has also led to the controversial proposal to begin statin therapy even earlier in younger individuals with elevated lipid levels.2 Other benefits have also been attributed to statins, including the effects on inflammatory and immune responses after myocardial infarction.3 Despite this success story, statins are not a panacea. Some patients experience adverse reactions such as myositis that preclude their taking optimal doses and, in some instances, prevent statin use altogether. Much less commonly, statins can lead to rhabdomyolysis, especially in combination with drugs such as gemfibrozil.4 More recently, the US Food and Drug Administration mandated a change in labeling that warns consumers that statins can lead to poorer control of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.5 Alternative approaches to the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels, for example, therapy with niacin or drugs that influence cholesterol metabolism such as ezetimibe, have either failed in randomized clinical trials6 or fallen out of favor because of the relatively weak strength of evidence.7 Article see p 2403 In this issue of Circulation , Chatterjee et al8 describe an additive or alternative experimental approach to statin therapy. Sphingosine is an unsaturated18-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of sphingolipids, which are essential for normal cell membrane structure and function. Sphingolipid metabolites include ceramide and …
Piaget's Equilibration Theory and the Young Gifted Child: A Balancing Act.

This article describes the value of Piaget's equilibration theory for understanding characteristics of the young gifted child. Key elements of equilibration theory are discussed. Differences in the equilibration patterns in gifted children are described and application of equilibration to other than cognitive systems is considered. The article concludes with some ideas for teachers and parents to help gifted young children search for equilibrium.
The NSm proteins of Rift Valley fever virus are dispensable for maturation, replication and infection

Abstract Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus belongs to the Bunyaviridae family of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses and causes mosquito-borne disease in sub-Saharan Africa. We report the development of a T7 RNA polymerase-driven plasmid-based genetic system for the virulent Egyptian isolate, ZH501. We have used this system to rescue a virus that has a 387 nucleotide deletion on the genomic M segment that eliminates the coding region for two non-structural proteins known as NSm. This virus, ΔNSm rZH501, is indistinguishable from the parental ZH501 strain with respect to expression of structural proteins and growth in cultured mammalian cells.
Athletic Participation and Wellness: Implications for Counseling College Student-Athletes

This study used a holistic wellness paradigm to explore the adjustment of student-athletes and nonathletes at a Division I institution. Results were that nonathletes reported higher levels of wellness than did student-athletes. The authors discuss the ways in which wellness may affect student-athletes' physical and mental health at different points in time during their collegiate experience. Implications for college counselors and other student affairs professionals who support student-athletes are presented.
The permeability of heart mitochondria to creatine.

Abstract Isolated beef heart mitochondria contain substantial amounts of creatine (over 20 nmol/mg of protein) which appears to be sequestered in the matrix compartment. In contrast, rat heart mitochondria contain very little creatine (less than 2 nmol/mg). The inner membrane of both rat and beef heart mitochondria is relatively impermeable to creatine in the cold but shows a measurable permeability at 37 °C. Entrance of creatine into the matrix does not appear to be carrier-mediated or to depend on the metabolic state of the mitochondrion. The evidence suggests that the concentration of creatine in the intermembrane space increases in the ischemic period following the death of the animal and, since ATP from oxidative phosphorylation is not available for the normal conversion to creatine phosphate in this compartment, the creatine diffuses into the matrix, a compartment in which it has no metabolic role. Once the preparation of mitocnondria has begun, the low temperature of the isolation medium prevents further movement of creatine across the inner membrane in either direction. The presence of substantial amounts of creatine in an otherwise functional mitochondrion is therefore an indication that the organelle has survived a period of ischemia sufficient to produce an extensive alteration of cellular metabolism.
Tunneling magnetoresistance in FeCo/MgO/FeCo tunneling junctions depending on FeCo/MgO interface state

This article discusses the TMR, tunneling resistance, and I-V characteristic in FeCo/MgO/FeCo MTJs with various FeCo/MgO interface state by using wedged-film deposition technique.
The library scaling problem and the limits of concrete component reuse

The growth of component libraries puts them on a collision course with a key reuse problem-the difficulty in scaling reuse libraries in both component sizes and feature variations. Because of the concreteness of conventional, mainstream programming languages, one is torn between combinatorial growth of reuse libraries containing components with good run-time performance, or linear growth with poor performance. The paper identifies the extensions necessary to solve the scaling problem, notably 1) factored component libraries based on a "layers of abstraction " notion, 2) a composition operator and compile-time generator to manufacture combinatorially many custom components from compositions of factors, and 3) extra-linguistic attributes associated with individual programming constructs to make inter-factor dependencies explicit and machine processable. This paper analyses and compares existing reuse systems that contain instances of these extensions and indicates the directions for factored component libraries. >