cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Antitumor Activity of LY2835219, a New Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, in Mice Bearing Human Tumor Xenografts

Purpose: Selective inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) represents a promising therapeutic strategy. However, despite documented evidence of clinical activity, limited information is available on the optimal dosing strategy of CDK4/6 inhibitors. Here, we present an integrated semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to characterize the quantitative pharmacology of LY2835219, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, in xenograft tumors. Experimental Design: LY2835219 plasma concentrations were connected to CDK4/6 inhibition and cell cycle arrest in colo-205 human colorectal xenografts by incorporating the biomarkers, phospho-(ser780)-Rb, topoisomerase II α and phosphohistone H3, into a precursor-dependent transit compartment model. This biomarker model was then connected to tumor growth inhibition (TGI) by i) relating the rate of tumor growth to mitotic cell density, and ii) incorporating a concentration-dependent mixed cytostatic/cytotoxic effect driving quiescence and cell death at high doses. Model validation was evaluated by predicting LY2835219-mediated anti-tumor effect in A375 human melanoma xenografts. Results: The model successfully described LY2835219-mediated CDK4/6 inhibition, cell cycle arrest and TGI in colo-205, and was validated in A375. The model also demonstrated that a chronic dosing strategy achieving minimum steady state trough plasma concentrations of 200 ng/mL is required to maintain durable cell cycle arrest. Quiescence and cell death can be induced by further increasing LY2835219 plasma concentrations. Conclusions: Our model provides mechanistic insight into the quantitative pharmacology of LY2835219 and supports the therapeutic dose and chronic dosing strategy currently adopted in clinical studies.
PCE: Piecewise Convex Endmember Detection

A new hyperspectral endmember detection method that represents endmembers as distributions, autonomously partitions the input data set into several convex regions, and simultaneously determines endmember distributions (EDs) and proportion values for each convex region is presented. Spectral unmixing methods that treat endmembers as distributions or hyperspectral images as piecewise convex data sets have not been previously developed. Piecewise convex endmember (PCE) detection can be viewed in two parts. The first part, the ED detection algorithm, estimates a distribution for each endmember rather than estimating a single spectrum. By using EDs, PCE can incorporate an endmember's inherent spectral variation and the variation due to changing environmental conditions. ED uses a new sparsity-promoting polynomial prior while estimating abundance values. The second part of PCE partitions the input hyperspectral data set into convex regions and estimates EDs and proportions for each of these regions. The number of convex regions is determined autonomously using the Dirichlet process. PCE is effective at handling highly mixed hyperspectral images where all of the pixels in the scene contain mixtures of multiple endmembers. Furthermore, each convex region found by PCE conforms to the convex geometry model for hyperspectral imagery. This model requires that the proportions associated with a pixel be nonnegative and sum to one. Algorithm results on hyperspectral data indicate that PCE produces endmembers that represent the true ground-truth classes of the input data set. The algorithm can also effectively represent endmembers as distributions, thus incorporating an endmember's spectral variability.
Raman and Rayleigh spectroscopy and molecular motions

Extensive measurements of vibrational and, in a few cases, pure rotational Raman spectra of HCl, DCl, HBr and DBr dissolved in SF6, C2F6, CCl4 and SO2 have been carried out at room temperature. Band profiles of both isotropic and anisotropic scattering have been studied and discussed in the light of existing theories on molecular motions in liquids. From isotropic scattering band-fitting it is concluded that, in the case of the three non-polar solvents, broadening due to vibrational fluctuations is small and that the band shape comes essentially from vibration-rotation coupling. Thus information about reorientational motions can be obtained directly from anisotropic scattering. For SO2 solutions this statement is no longer valid because of the important contribution of vibrational fluctuations to the profile of the isotropic scattering. In this case the rotational correlation function can be determined, as for pure liquid hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids, by elimination of the vibrational correlation fu...
An Indoor Probabilistic Localization Method Using Prior Information

In this paper, we propose a new probabilistic method for determining the position of an unknown node in an indoor environment. Our analysis shows that using a small subset of sensors reduces the error in comparison to larger sets. The best subset of sensors is determined by matching the power received by all of the sensors and comparing it to prior measurements. We present experimental measurements made that show the efficacy of this approach and compare this method to previously published techniques. Our analysis shows that the new method, Prior Measurement Comparison (PMC), yields greater estimation accuracy resulting in lower error.
A rhombohedral phase of lipid containing a membrane fusion intermediate structure.

We constructed the electron density distribution from the x-ray diffraction of a phase of phospholipid that exhibited rhombohedral symmetry. To determine the phases of the diffraction amplitudes, we first extended the well-known one- dimensional swelling method for planar bilayers to a three-dimensional method applicable to a layered system containing in- plane structures, such as rhombohedral structures. The complete phase determination was accomplished by a combination of the swelling method and Luzzati's pattern recognition method. The constructed electron density distribution showed that in each unit cell, two apposed monolayers merged across the water layer and developed into an hourglass structure consistent with a postulated membrane fusion intermediate state called a stalk. The observation of the stalk structure lends a strong support to the stalk hypothesis for membrane fusion and opens a way to measure the structural parameters in the fusion pathway. INTRODUCTION Diphytanoyl (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic) phospha- tidylcholine (DPhPC) was found to exhibit a structure of rhombohedral symmetry between a lamellar phase and an inverted hexagonal phase as a function of hydration. In this paper we report the x-ray experiment that recorded the diffraction patterns of rhombohedral symmetry and the sub- sequent reconstruction of the electron density distribution from the data. We made use of a small range of hydration in which the rhombohedral structure existed, and applied a swelling method to help determine the relative phases of the diffraction peaks along the crystal axis perpendicular to the hexagonal base. Together with Luzzati's pattern recog- nition method, we determined the most reasonable phases for the diffraction amplitudes and reconstructed the electron density distribution of the rhombohedral phase. The density
Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria

Background: Studies in experimental animals have implicated the mesolimbic dopaminergic projections into the ventral striatum in the neural processes underlying behavioral reinforcement and motivated behavior; however, understanding the relationship between subjective emotional experience and ventral striatal dopamine (DA) release has awaited human studies. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we correlated the change in endogenous dopamine concentrations following dextroamphetamine (AMPH) administration with the associated hedonic response in human subjects and compared the strength of this correlation across striatal subregions. Methods: We obtained PET measures of [ 11 C]raclopride specific binding to DA D2/D3 receptors before and after AMPH injection (0.3 mg/kg IV) in seven healthy subjects. The change in [ 11 C]raclopride binding potential (DBP) induced by AMPH pretreatment and the correlation between DBP and the euphoric response to AMPH were compared between the anteroventral striatum (AVS; comprised of accumbens area, ventromedial caudate, and anteroventral putamen) and the dorsal caudate (DCA) using an MRI-based region of interest analysis of the PET data. Results: The mean DBP was greater in the AVS than in the DCA (p , .05). The AMPH-induced changes in euphoria analog scale scores correlated inversely with DBP in the AVS (r 52 .95; p , .001), but not in the DCA (r 5 .30, ns). Post hoc assessments showed that changes in tension‐anxiety ratings correlated positively withDBP in the AVS (r 5 .80; p [uncorrected] , .05) and that similar relationships may exist betweenDBP and emotion ratings in the ventral putamen (as were found in the AVS). Conclusions: The preferential sensitivity of the ventral striatum to the DA releasing effects of AMPH previously demonstrated in experimental animals extends to humans. The magnitude of ventral striatal DA release correlates positively with the hedonic response to AMPH. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:81‐96 © 2001 Society of Biological Psychiatry
Adaptive Caches: Effective Shaping of Cache Behavior to Workloads

We present and evaluate the idea of adaptive processor cache management. Specifically, we describe a novel and general scheme by which we can combine any two cache management algorithms (e.g., LRU, LFU, FIFO, Random) and adaptively switch between them, closely tracking the locality characteristics of a given program. The scheme is inspired by recent work in virtual memory management at the operating system level, which has shown that it is possible to adapt over two replacement policies to provide an aggregate policy that always performs within a constant factor of the better component policy. A hardware implementation of adaptivity requires very simple logic but duplicate tag structures. To reduce the overhead, we use partial tags, which achieve good performance with a small hardware cost. In particular, adapting between LRU and LFU replacement policies on an 8-way 512KB L2 cache yields a 12.7% improvement in average CPI on applications that exhibit a non-negligible L2 miss ratio. Our approach increases total cache storage by 4.0%, but it still provides slightly better performance than a conventional 10-way setassociative 640KB cache which requires 25% more storage.
Real‐time monitoring and control of glucose and lactate concentrations in a mammalian cell perfusion reactor

On-line monitoring and control of cell culture fermentation is important for optimal and consistent production of biologicals. In this work, glucose and lactate concentrations are monitored on-line using a commercially available analyzer (Model 2700, Yellow Springs Instruments, Yellow Springs, OH) during batch and perfusion hybridoma cell fermentation. Cell free samples from the reactor are obtained using a 0.45 mum hollow fiber filtering system placed in a circulation loop. The samples were analyzed at specified times and the data are collected on a computer. A process control strategy was developed to control the concentrations of glucose and lactate in a perfusion reactor where the feed rate is adjusted to maintain their concentrations at desired set points. Hybridoma cells (A10G10) were cultivated in a high density perfusion culture where cell density increased from 2 to 14 million cells/mL. During this period the control algorithm successfully adjusted the perfusion rate while maintaining constant glucose and lactate concentrations. Glucose consumption and lactate accumulation rates as well as net lactate yield on glucose were monitored continuously during perfusion culture. These metabolic rates were observed to be independent of cell concentration and were used for the estimation of viable cell density in the reactor. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 53: 372-378, 1997.
Towards simultaneous delay-fault built-in self-test and partial-scan insertion

We propose a novel hardware model to reconfigure a sequential ULSI circuit for partial-scanned delay-fault built-in self-test (BIST). We modify the standard stuck-fault BIST model to ensure highly robust delay tests by inserting hardware to avoid circuit hazards that invalidate delay tests. The model treats un-scanned flip-flops and latches as inverters or buffers. We propose a novel minimum feedback vertex set (FVS) algorithm based on quadratic 0-1 programming (which has O(n/sup 2/) complexity) for partial-scan flip-flop selection. We obtain a pipelined sequential circuit and insert parity-flippers to remove hazards during testing. We avoid placing hardware on time-critical paths. We find the FVS and insert deglitching hardware for all of the 1989 ISCAS circuits.
Primary linitis plastica of the colon

Linitis plastica describes a diffuse, infiltrating carcinoma of a hollow viscus that becomes rigid and contracted secondary to a significant desmoplastic response. This appearance has been typically associated with gastric adenocarcinoma but may also be seen with gallbladder and colorectal malignancies. Lesions involving the colon are usually secondary to metastatic spread and most often originate from the stomach.1 In a series of 12,000 cases of colon cancer reviewed by Fahl et al.,2 only 11 cases of primary linitis plastica of the colon were found, an incidence of less than 1 per 1000 cases. The submucosal nature of the lesion may occasionally result in negative biopsy specimens and a delayed diagnosis.3 Endoscopic ultrasonography has emerged as an accurate method ofassessing subsurface features of the gastrointestinal wall that may potentially assist in the diagnosis of this lesion. A case of primary linitis plastica of the rectum is presented with the endosonography findings. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of primary colorectal linitis plastica are reviewed.
Aquaporin water channels in transepithelial fluid transport

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane water channels that are involved in a diverse set of functions in mammalian physiology including epithelial fluid transport, brain water balance, cell migration, cell proliferation, neuroexcitation, fat metabolism, epidermal hydration, and others. Phenotype analysis of knockout mice has demonstrated an important role for AQPs in transepithelial fluid transport in kidney tubules, salivary and airway submucosal glands, choroid plexus and ciliary epithelium. The physiological functions of these epithelia, such as absorption of glomerular filtrate by proximal tubule and secretion of saliva by salivary gland, involve rapid transcellular water transport across epithelial cell barriers. Studies in knockout mice have also provided evidence that AQPs are not physiologically important in some epithelia where they are expressed, including lacrimal gland, sweat gland, gallbladder, alveoli and airways. Rates of transepithelial fluid transport per unit membrane surface area in these epithelia are substantially lower than transepithelial fluid transport rates in proximal tubule and salivary gland. Pharmacological inhibition of AQP water permeability in epithelia, with consequent reduced fluid transport, offers potential therapy for human diseases involving water imbalance such as congestive heart failure, hypertension and glaucoma.
Poly(methacrylate) Precursors to Forsterite

A novel polymer precursor method for the preparation of silicates including enstatite-free forsterite is being investigated. Precursors to crystalline materials were prepared via the copolymerization of the K and/or Mg salts of methacrylic acid with various combinations of a siloxane-methacrylate and a methoxysilyl-methacrylate Thermogravimetric/differential thermal, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction analyses were used to monitor the conversion of the precursors to inorganic oxide during air pyrolysis. Some precursors to crystalline oxides showed yields as high as 77% of theoretical.
Complications and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis.

Hyperleukocytosis (greater than or equal to 100 x 10(9) leukocytes/L) was identified at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 64 of 358 patients enrolled on St Jude Total Therapy Study XI from February 1984 to September 1988. These children received a seven-drug induction regimen followed by high-dose methotrexate, cranial irradiation at 1 year of remission, and 120 weeks of continuation therapy with rotational administration of four drug pairs. The 27 patients with leukocyte counts greater than or equal to 200 x 10(9)/L underwent initial cytoreduction via leukapheresis or exchange transfusions. The complete remission rate for patients with hyperleukocytosis (94%) was similar to that for the overall series (96%). Stepwise regression analysis showed that hyperleukocytosis was significantly associated with age less than 1 year at diagnosis, T-cell immunophenotype, leukemic cell ploidy less than or equal to 50 chromosomes, organomegaly, and elevated lactic dehydrogenase. The 27 patients with extreme hyperleukocytosis (greater than 200 x 10(9)/L) different from the other 37 children only in a higher frequency of French-American-British (FAB) L2 morphology. Estimated 4-year event-free survival (EFS) was 52% +/- 8% (SE) for patients with hyperleukocytosis versus 79% +/- 4% for patients with leukemic counts less than 100 x 10(9)/L (P less than .0001). Patients with leukocyte counts of 100 to 200 x 10(9)/L had a significantly better EFS than those with counts greater than 200 x 10(9)/L (64% +/- 10% v 34% +/- 14%; P = .04). Thus, the therapy in this trial proved satisfactory for children with leukocyte counts of 100 to 200 x 10(9)/L; further study is needed to improve the outlook for children with counts greater than 200 x 10(9)/L.
Expression of Moral Emotions in Cooperating Agents

Moral emotions have been argued to play a central role in the emergence of cooperation in human-human interactions. This work describes an experiment which tests whether this insight carries to virtual human-human interactions. In particular, the paper describes a repeated-measures experiment where subjects play the iterated prisoner's dilemma with two versions of the virtual human: (a) neutral, which is the control condition; (b) moral, which is identical to the control condition except that the virtual human expresses gratitude, distress, remorse, reproach and anger through the face according to the action history of the game. Our results indicate that subjects cooperate more with the virtual human in the moral condition and that they perceive it to be more human-like. We discuss the relevance these results have for building agents which are successful in cooperating with humans.
An application of metric conjoint analysis for the evaluation of top managers' individual strategic decision making processes: A research note

This research note suggests metric conjoint analysis (Louviere, 1988) as a tool for evaluating the decision policies employed by top managers in making strategic decisions. As an example of the technique, a descriptive field study is presented wherein the decision rules for stategy-structure-environment alignment used by the chief executives of 33 autonomous, nondiverstfied manufacturing firms are examined. Implications for future strategy research on managerial cognitions are discussed.
Natural remedies for anxiety disorders: potential use and clinical applications

Background: Natural remedies have been widely used and generally accepted as established treatments of depressive disorders, leading to the investigation of their potential role and efficacy in the treatment of the various anxiety disorders. Methods: Numerous case reports, open-label, and placebo-controlled trials investigating the use of natural remedies in the treatment of anxiety disorders have yielded some encouraging results. Results: Overall, these studies have indicated a potential role for natural remedies in the treatment of anxiety and suggest that such agents may possess a safer side effects profile when compared to conventional agents. However, these early findings, albeit promising, are yet to be supported by further investigation in large-scale, placebo-controlled studies. Conclusions: This article reviews past and present research being performed in this area of clinical interest, while also revealing a remarkable paucity of data. Depression and Anxiety 26:259–265, 2009. r 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Digital Nerve Entrapment

The digital nerves, extensions of the ulnar and median nerves, can be entrapped in the intermetacarpal tunnel. The patients complain of pain usually in one or two adjoining fingers, generally made more severe by pressure or palpation of the respective metacarpal head. Hyperextension of the fingers bringing the nerve against the edge of the metacarpal ligament is said to be responsible for the disturbance. It must be remembered that the individual nerve carries sensation over the fingertips to the dorsum as far as the distal interphalangeal joint.
Bonded to the Abuser: How Victims Make Sense of Childhood Abuse, by A. J. L. Baker, & M. Schneiderman

Rowman and Littlefield published Bonded to the Abuser: How Victims Make Sense of Childhood Abuse written by Amy J. L. Baker and Mel Schneiderman in 2015. The unique layout of this book allows its a...
The Clinical Pictures of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is characterized by shortened red blood cell survival and a positive Coombs test. The responsible autoantibodies may be either warm reactive or cold reactive. The rate of hemolysis and the severity of the anemia may vary from mild to severe and life-threatening. Diagnosis is made in the laboratory by the findings of anemia, reticulocytosis, a positive Coombs test, and specific serologic tests. The prognosis is generally good but renal failure and death sometimes occur, especially in cases mediated by drugs.
The Three-Parameter Logistic Model

In a few words, item response theory (IRT) postulates that (a) examinee test performance can be predicted (or explained) by a set of factors called traits, latent traits, or abilities, and (b) the relationship between examinee item performance and the set of traits assumed to be influencing item performance can be described by a monotonically increasing function called an item characteristic function. This function specifies that examinees with higher scores on the traits have higher expected probabilities for answering an item correctly than examinees with lower scores on the traits. In applying item response theory to measurement problems, a common assumption is that there is one dominant factor or ability which can account for item performance. In the one-trait or one-dimensional model, the item characteristic function is called an item characteristic curve (ICC) and it provides the probability of examinees answering an item correctly for examinees at different points on the ability scale defined for the trait measured by the test.
Serotonin Metabolism in Paralysis Agitans.

SummaryUrinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole compounds before and after 5-hy-droxytryptophan infusion was studied in paralysis agitans and a control group of other neurological disorders. The findings appear to rule out a systemic defect of serotonin metabolism associated with basal ganglia dysfunction in these patients. However, a localized biochemical or physiological lesion within the central nervous system involving 5-hydroxyindoles remains a speculative possibility.
Vulnerability and Resiliency of African American Youth: Revelations and Challenges to Theory and Research

Increased attention in recent years has focused on theoretical orientations, considerations of environmental influences, and progressively nuanced methodological and statistical approaches for analyzing complex phenomena. Despite advances and recommendations, outcomes for many African American youth have declined in education, in physical health, in mental health, and in more general well-being. To address these contradictory trends, this chapter provides a sociohistorical framing in reviewing research that has informed the field, with specific attention on African American youth vulnerability and resilience. The phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory affords a strategy for examining the vulnerability status and resiliency patterns of African American children and youth while acknowledging the role of the American Creed and historical contributions on their social contexts and patterned outcomes. An alternative strategy for examining vulnerability and resiliency among African American youth is introduced along with findings on typical and atypical developmental. These reports represent and focus on several central research themes for youth of African American descent that are further considered in explaining methodological controversies. The scope of risk and attributes of resiliency are raised in understanding mechanisms by which protective factors mitigate risks and extend current translational practices. Keywords: African American; risks; vulnerability; resiliency; sociohistorical; colorism; translational practices
Telomere Shortening and Genomic Instability: Primary Cells from Patients with Telomere Repair Complex Mutations Are Susceptible to End-to-End Chromosome Fusion and Aneuploidy.

Abstract Telomeres that cap the ends of chromosomes, protect them from recombination, end-to-end fusion, and recognition as damaged DNA. Telomere shorteningmay result in cell cycle arrest and senescence or in genomic instability that precedes malignancy. Maintenance of the integrity of telomeres requires the telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex, mainly the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and its integral RNA template (TERC). Mutations in TERC and TERT cause progressive telomere shortening; short telomeres are found in constitutional marrow failure syndromes and also in apparently acquired aplastic anemia (Fogarty PF et al, Lancet 362:1628, 2003;. Yamaguchi H et al, NEJM 352:1413, 2005). Myelodysplasia and acute leukemia are often present in these kindreds and associated with pathogenic mutations. The mechanism resulting in genomic instability in TERT and TERC-deficient individuals is unclear. End-to-end chromosome fusion in TERT-”knock-out” embryonic mouse stem cells are seen after multiple passages in culture and are associated with profound telomere shortening and the development of aneuploidy (Lee HW et al. Nature 9:569–74, 1998). End-to-end fusion of sister chromatids presumably results in disruption of chromosome segregation during metaphase. In the present study, we examined blood and marrow cells from 7 patients with TERT, and TERC gene mutations; 10 healthy young controls; and 2 individuals older than age 60 years of age, as well as 6 umbilical cord bloods. Leukocytes with TERT or TERC mutations had short telomeres as previously measured by flow-fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and confirmed by Southern hybridization (mean telomere shortening in comparison to age-matched controls, 3.4 ± 1.7 kb) and low telomerase enzymatic activity (144±13 vs. 270±56 respectively; P
CEO Pay at Valeant: Does Extreme Compensation Create Extreme Risk?

The litmus test for an effective compensation program is whether it provides “pay for performance.” While the concept of pay for performance is simple, its implementation is not. In particular, boards must consider not only whether a compensation plan encourages executives to pursue corporate objectives and build shareholder value but also the unintended consequences of pay. We consider these issues through the example of Valeant Pharmaceuticals, whose CEO received a compensation package that offered exponential rewards for exceptional long-term performance. We ask:How can shareholders tell whether the right balance has been struck between “pay for performance” and risk? • To what extent were the problems that occurred at Valeant directly a result of the incentives placed on its CEO? Would they have occurred if the incentives were less aggressive?• Did the board fail to identify red flags that should have warned them that the company’s approach was not sustainable? Did a rising share price make them complacent in their oversight?The Stanford Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance and executive leadership. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the books Corporate Governance Matters and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
A Model Based Systems Engineering Approach Towards Developing a Rapid Analysis and Trades Environment

In this work, an integrated and end-to-end modeling environment was developed to assess the system-level impacts of evolving requirements and design parameters. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology’s Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL) collaborated with JPL engineers to develop, implement, and test a modeling environment to assess design changes to a notional Europa Mission called the Jupiter Europa Buzzer (JEB). This environment was developed using a Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach and consists of three major components: the Systems Model, the Mission Simulator, and the Web Based Interactive Dashboard.
Lattice Boltzmann method for solving non-equilibrium radiative transport problems

Abstract Recently developed lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) framework (Bindra et al., 2012; McCulloch and Bindra, 2016 ) for radiation transport is extended to solve time-dependent non-equilibrium radiative and neutron transport problems. Dynamics of radiation and material energy exchange is modeled by coupling radiation transport equation with the material energy equation in a one-dimensional isotropically scattering homogenous medium. The LBE solutions are compared against the existing semi-analytical P 1 benchmark and show good agreement for different times. Furthermore, a two-dimensional D 2 Q 8 lattice Boltzmann method is proposed for solving the neutron transport equation in a heterogenous media (e.g., checkerboard lattice with pure scattering and absorbing cells). The results obtained with LBE are in good agreement with the existing discrete ordinate method results for the benchmark problem.
Teaching and integrating social and professional issues into a small college Computer Science curriculum: tutorial presentation

ACM and IEEE support the inclusion of social and professional issues in the computer science curriculum in the 2001 Computing Curricula Computer Science volume and the recent C2008 Computing Curricula Computer Science volume. The IEEE-CS/ACM Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula note: Undergraduates also need to understand the basic cultural, social, legal, and ethical issues inherent in the discipline of computing. They should understand where the discipline has been, where it is, and where it is heading. They should also understand their individual roles in this process, as well as appreciate the philosophical questions, technical problems, and aesthetic values that play an important part in the development of the discipline. ([4], p. 152)
The Importance of Carbon Sequestration in Forest Ecosystems

Forests are important components of the terrestrial C cycle, and store large amounts of C in vegetation, detritus, and soil. Thus, C sequestration in sustainably managed forests can contribute to the drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Substitution of fossil fuel based products with forest biomass for heat and power generation, and liquid transport fuels can contribute to abrupt climate change (ACC) mitigation through sustainable forest management. Forest biomass for bioenergy can be derived from forest residues and dedicated energy plantations of fast-growing, high-yielding tree species. However, harvest of forest residues must not result in the depletion of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool due to decrease in C input and decrease in net primary production (NPP) associated with nutrient export. Judicious soil management is essential to sustainable productivity in short-rotation woody plantations dedicated to bioenergy production. Furthermore, negative impacts of large-scale plantations on the hydrological cycle must be minimized through conservation of water resources. Tree improvement by traditional breeding techniques and biotechnology can contribute to meet the increasing demand for renewable energy production from woody biomass.
Monolithic distributed power management for systems-on-Chip (SoC)

With increasing drive towards higher level of integration, lower cost, and longer battery life in wireless applications, there is a need for efficient monolithicdc-dc power converters. This tutorial paper summarizes the topology tradeoffs that are involved in the implementation of monolithic distributed power management in the future generations of SoCs for portable wireless applications. These circuits have a broad range of requirements including high power density, high energy efficiency, low noise, small size, and low cost. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the competing topologies, namely low-dropout linear, switched-capacitor, and switched-modedc-dc converters are examined in light of these requirements.
Dynamic Raman Line Shapes on an Evolving Excited-State Landscape: Insights from Tunable Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Tracking molecular motions in real time remains a formidable challenge in science and engineering fields because the experimental methodology requires simultaneously high spatial and temporal resolutions. Building on early successes and future potential of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) as a structural dynamics technique, we present a comprehensive study of stimulated Raman line shapes of a photosensitive molecule in solution with tunable Raman pump and probe pulses. Following femtosecond 400 nm electronic excitation, the model photoacid pyranine exhibits dynamic and mode-dependent Raman line shapes when the Raman pump is tuned from the red side toward and across the excited-state absorption (ESA) band (e.g., from S1) with varying resonance conditions. On the anti-Stokes FSRS side, low-frequency modes below ∼1000 cm–1 exhibit a line shape change from gain to dispersive to loss, whereas the dispersive intermediate is much less notable for high-frequency modes. The characteristic mode freq...
Promoting the Adjustment of Parentally Bereaved Children

The death of a parent is one of the most stressful life events to encounter during childhood. Given its detrimental impact on psychological development, a better understanding of outcomes associated with childhood bereavement and factors that affect these outcomes is necessary. The adjustment of bereaved children is linked to such factors as age of the child, sex of child and parent, circumstances of parent death, and the adjustment of the surviving caregiver. In this article I highlight considerations that may increase children's positive adjustment to parental death and also discuss specific treatment recommendations.
New Technology for Controlling Turnover

This paper suggest some improvements in the technology for controlling personnel turnover. Systems for controlling turnover are potentially very useful because, as it is widely recognized, turnover can be very costly to an organization. For example, Frantzreb (1979) cites a number of studies calculating the cost to an organization of the loss of a manager or professional to range from $6,000 to $40,000. Deutsch (1982) even speculates that part of the success of the Japanese production system in recent years may, in part, be due to lower rates of turnover in that country. Not all turnover is undesirable. Some turnover has desirable consequences, not only from an organizational but individual perspective as well. Control then, means effective management of turnover.
Transfer hospitalizations for pediatric severe sepsis or septic shock: resource use and outcomes.

Sepsis is a major cause of child mortality and morbidity. To enhance outcomes, children with severe sepsis or septic shock often require escalated care for organ support, sometimes necessitating interhospital transfer. The association between transfer admission for the care of pediatric severe sepsis or septic shock and in-hospital patient survival and resource use is poorly understood. Retrospective study of children 0–20 years old hospitalized for severe sepsis or septic shock, using the 2012 Kids’ Inpatient Database. After descriptive and bivariate analysis, multivariate regression methods assessed the independent relationship between transfer status and outcomes of in-hospital mortality, duration of hospitalization, and hospital charges, after adjustment for potential confounders including illness severity. Of an estimated 11,922 hospitalizations (with transfer information) for pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock nationally in 2012, 25% were transferred, most often to urban teaching hospitals. Compared to non-transferred children, transferred children were younger, and had a higher frequency of extreme illness severity (84% vs. 75%, p < .01), and of multiple organ dysfunction (32% vs. 24%, p < .01). They also had higher use of invasive medical devices including arterial catheters, invasive mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheters; and of specialized technology, including renal replacement therapy (6.2% vs. 4.6%, p < .01) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (5.7% vs. 1.8%, p < .01). Transferred children had longer hospitalization and accrued higher charges than non-transferred children (p < .01). Crude mortality was higher among transferred than non-transferred children (21.4% vs.15.0%, p < .01), a difference no longer statistically significant after multivariate adjustment for potential confounders (Odds Ratio:1.04, 95% Confidence interval: 0.88–1.24). Similarly, adjusted length of hospital stay and hospital charges were not statistically different by transfer status. One in four children with severe sepsis or septic shock required interhospital transfer for specialized care associated with greater use of invasive medical devices and specialized technology. Despite higher crude mortality and resource consumption among transferred children, adjusted mortality and resource use did not differ by transfer status. Further research should identify quality-of-care factors at the receiving hospitals that influence clinical outcomes and resource use.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A SODIUM SORPTION COMPLEX OF ZEOLITE X CONTAINING LINEAR NA32+ CLUSTERS

An anhydrous single crystal of sodium zeolite X, Na92Si100Al92O384, was exposed for 48 h to Na vapor at 225 °C. Its structure was determined by X-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group Fd3; a = 25.100(11) A at 22 °C; R1 = 0.071 and R2 = 0.088 for the 544 reflections for which I > 3σ(I). A total of 106 sodiums are found per unit cell, 14 more than the number of Na+ ions required to balance the negative charge of the zeolite framework. The same number, 14, of Na atoms are found at the very centers of 12-oxygen rings, far from the zeolite framework. It appears that each Na atom has been captured by a pair of Na+ ions to form linear Na32+ clusters that nearly fill the 12-oxygen rings. Each terminal sodium approaches two oxygens of an AlO4 tetrahedron of the zeolite framework with Na−O distances of 2.33(3) and 2.83(4) A. Although some delocalization of the single valence electron over this cluster must occur, it is recognized, from the sodium approach distances to framework oxygens, that the termina...
Meningitis Due to Streptococcus viridans Following Differential Spinal Block

This report deals with an adult patient with chronic pain in whom meningitis, due to Streptococcus viridans developed following differential spinal block performed for diagnostic purposes. This case emphasizes the importance of 1) considering bacterial meningitis in the setting of illness after diagnostic spinal procedures which are prolonged and performed outside of an operating room and 2) maintenance of strict sterile technique during differential spinal blocks and similar procedures.
Compact, Very High Voltage Capacitor Development Based on Advanced Machinable, NanoDielectric Materials

The University of Missouri has been developing compact capacitors for use in high voltage pulsed power/directed energy applications. The dielectric employed in this development is a proprietary nanocomposite, nanodielectric material - MU100. The material was originally developed for use in dielectric loaded antennas; however, due to various material properties, the nanocomposite has shown promise in development of compact high voltage capacitors. Prior work has shown small scale samples of the high permittivity nanocomposite dielectric material to have an average dielectric strength of 225 kV/cm with peak breakdown fields in excess of 325 kV/cm. When scaling up to accommodate application specific voltages, failure modes become more pronounced due to volume effects of the nanocomposite and field enhancement factors at the electrode dielectric interfaces. This paper describes how the material was scaled from small scale samples up to compact capacitor prototypes capable of repeatable performance at 250 kV to 500 kV with lifetimes greater than 104 shots.
Use of Benefit Enhancement Strategies among 5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) Users: Associations with Mystical, Challenging, and Enduring Effects

5-Methoxy-N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a potent, fast-acting psychedelic. Anecdotal reports from 5-MeO-DMT users suggest that they employ a variety of benefit enhancement (BE) strategies a...
Surgical techniques for reconstruction of chronic insufficiency of the triceps: ROTATION FLAP USING ANCONEUS AND TENDO ACHILLIS ALLOGRAFT

Seven patients with chronic insufficiency of the triceps were treated by either a rotation flap using anconeus (4) or an allograft of tendo Achillis (3). The latter procedure was selected for patients with a large defect in whom the anconeus muscle had been devitalised. Five disruptions were in patients who had previously undergone an elbow replacement. The patients were assessed for subjective satisfaction, pain, range of movement and strength, and the results were graded using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). The mean follow-up was for 33 months (9 to 63). One rotation flap failed six months after operation. At the most recent follow-up, the remaining six patients had no or slight pain, restoration of a functional arc of movement and normal or slightly decreased power of extension. All six were satisfied with the outcome and were able to resume their daily activities with no limitations other than those imposed by the previous elbow replacement. The final MEPS was 100 points in five patients and 75 in one.
Speciation‐by‐depth on coral reefs: sympatric divergence with gene flow or cryptic transient isolation?

The distributions of many sister species in the sea overlap geographically but are partitioned along depth gradients. The genetic changes leading to depth segregation may evolve in geographic isolation as a prerequisite to coexistence or may emerge during primary divergence leading to new species. These alternatives can now be distinguished via the power endowed by the thousands of scorable loci provided by second-generation sequence data. Here, we revisit the case of two depth-segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the nominal Caribbean candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa. Previous analyses based on a handful of markers could not distinguish between models of genetic exchange after a period of isolation (consistent with secondary contact) and divergence with gene flow (consistent with primary divergence). Analyses of the history of isolation, genetic exchange and population size based on 15,640 new SNP markers derived from RNAseq data best support models where divergence began 800K BP and include epochs of divergence with gene flow, but with an intermediate period of transient isolation. Results also supported the previous conclusion that recent exchange between the ecotypes occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow lineage to the Deep. Parallel analyses of data from two other corals with depth-segregated populations (Agaricia fragilis and Pocillopora damicornis) suggest divergence leading to depth-segregated populations may begin with a period of symmetric exchange, but that an epoch of population isolation precedes more complete isolation marked by asymmetric introgression. Thus, while divergence-with-gene flow may account for much of the differentiation that separates closely related, depth-segregated species, it remains to be seen whether any critical steps in the speciation process only occur when populations are isolated.
Selective Nonoperative and Delayed Management of Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis.

Abstract Objectives Although intervention is generally the standard of care for severe (80-99%) asymptomatic carotid stenosis, conservative management may be appropriate for a subset of patients. Our goal was to assess reasons for and outcomes of non-operative/delayed operative management of asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Methods Institutional vascular laboratory data from 2010-2018 was queried for all patients who underwent a carotid duplex ultrasonography. Patients with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis (80-99%) were included. Such stenosis was defined by an end diastolic velocity >140 cm/sec on duplex ultrasound in patients without transient ischemic attacks (TIA)/strokes 6 months prior to imaging. Non-operative/delayed operative management was defined as not undergone carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) 6 months after imaging. Reasons for non-operative management or delayed intervention as well as subsequent TIA/stroke and survival were determined. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate survival. Results Among 211 patients with severe carotid stenosis, 35 (16.6%) were managed non-operatively or with delayed operation. Mean age in this subset was 72.6 ± 11.4 years and the majority were female (57.1%), had a smoking history (74.3%), and were on statins (91.4%) at time of index duplex ultrasound. Reasons for no/delayed intervention were classified as severe medical comorbidities (37.1%), advanced age (17.1%), no referral for intervention (14.3%), patient refusal (14.3%), other severe concomitant cerebrovascular disease (11.4%), and active/advanced cancer (5.7%). Over a median follow-up of 35.2 months, no patients experienced TIAs/strokes attributable to carotid stenosis. One patient had a multifocal bilateral stroke after a cardiac arrest and prolonged resuscitation. A subset of patients underwent delayed CEA (8.6%) or CAS (2.9%). Four-year survival after initial imaging was 79%. Conclusions Reasons for non-operative and delayed operative management in our cohort of asymptomatic carotid stenosis were commonly due to comorbidities and advanced age. However, a subset of patients was never referred to vascular surgeons/interventionalists. Adverse neurologic events due to carotid stenosis were not observed during follow-up and patients had relatively high long-term survival.