cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Role for IOP1 in Mammalian Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Protein Biogenesis

The biogenesis of cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins in mammalian cells is poorly understood. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is a pathway dedicated to cytosolic Fe-S protein maturation that involves several essential proteins. One of these is Nar1, which intriguingly is homologous to iron-only hydrogenases, ancient enzymes that catalyze the formation of hydrogen gas in anaerobic bacteria. There are two orthologues of Nar1 in mammalian cells, iron-only hydrogenase-like protein 1 (IOP1) and IOP2 (also known as nuclear prelamin A recognition factor). We examined IOP1 for a potential role in mammalian cytosolic Fe-S protein biogenesis. We found that knockdown of IOP1 in both HeLa and Hep3B cells decreases the activity of cytosolic aconitase, an Fe-S protein, but not that of mitochondrial aconitase. Knockdown of IOP2, in contrast, had no effect on either. The decrease in aconitase activity upon IOP1 knockdown is rescued by expression of a small interference RNA-resistant version of IOP1. Upon loss of its Fe-S cluster, cytosolic aconitase is known to be converted to iron regulatory protein 1, and consistent with this, we found that IOP1 knockdown increases transferrin receptor 1 mRNA levels and decreases ferritin heavy chain protein levels. IOP1 knockdown also leads to a decrease in activity of xanthine oxidase, a distinct cytosolic Fe-S protein. Taken together, these results provide evidence that IOP1 is involved in mammalian cytosolic Fe-S protein maturation.
Neural network model for human visual perception of 3-D curvilinear motion

Neural network model for human visual perceptionof 3D curvilinear motionXiaoming Wang and Kathleen TuranoWilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21205ABSTRAOTThis paper presents a neural network model to emulate the ability of the human visualsystem to detect changes in heading direction, i.e. curvilinear motion. The network consists ofthree layers. The input to the network is a two-dimensional velocity field, and the output is a signalrepresenting the magnitude and the direction of the rotational component in the flow. The first layerof the network computes local difference vectors of the velocity field to define the orientation of thetranslational field lines. The second layer of the network extracts the instantaneous headingdirection from the translational component of the velocity field. And the third layer determines therotational component of the velocity field. The magnitude of perceived curvilinear motion isdirectly proportional to the magnitude of the rotational component. The simulation results matchpsychophysical data of four human subjects at both slow (2.Om/s) and fast (26.4m/s) locomotionspeeds. The biological feasibility of this neural network is supported by findings in biologicalvision systems.1. INTRODUCTIONIn order for a human observer to move successfully within an environment, he/she must beable to detect small changes in the direction of forward motion (i.e. detect 3D curvilinear motion).Gibson first introduced the concept of optical flow as the transformation of the light intensitypattern at the eye of a moving observer1 .
Vapor Phase Synthesis of Tungsten Nanowires

A concept is presented for synthesizing metal nanowires directly from the vapor phase using chemical vapor transport to temperatures higher than the corresponding metal oxide decomposition temperature. Specifically, this concept is demonstrated with the synthesis of tungsten metal nanowires with sizes ranging from 70 to 40 nm by increasing the condensation temperature. The simultaneous condensation and decomposition of the tungsten oxide species during nucleation and growth is suggested for 1-D growth of metallic tungsten nanowires. This synthesis concept could potentially be extended to the vapor phase synthesis of metal nanowires of several other nonvolatile and refractory metals. The tungsten nanowires could find potential applications in gas sensors and as electron sources in electron microscopes.
Ethics of Human Subjects Research

This article presents a review of the book “Ethics of Human Subjects Research,” edited by Allan J. Kimmel.
The Mechanism of Biotin-Dependent Enzymes

TRANSFORMATIONS THAT REQUIRE BIOTIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 195 Structural Similarities . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Functional Similarities . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 THE CARBOXYLATION OF BIOTIN . . . . . . . . . , 199 B icarbonate or Carbon Dioxide as Substrate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Nor O .. Carboxybiotin as Product? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Some Suggested Mechanisms and Efforts to Discriminate Amongst Them . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 The Mechanism of Biotin Carboxylation 206 THE CARBOXYLATION OF CARBON ACCEPTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Is the Carboxyl Transfer Stepwise or Concerted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Tritium Transfer in Transcarboxylase . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 THE MECHANISTIC PATHWAY FOR CARBOXYLASES _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 WHY BIOTIN?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . .. ....... 216
Reassessment of the definition of castrate levels of testosterone: implications for clinical decision making

Abstract Objectives. Based on methods introduced in the late 1960s and no longer used, serum testosterone level in men after surgical castration was reported to be 50 ng/dL or less. Radioimmunoassay and, subsequently, chemiluminescent methods have supplanted the early analytic methods because of their improved accuracy and ease of testing. The purpose of this study was to define the castrate testosterone level in the era of chemiluminescent testing. Methods. After bilateral orchiectomy, serum testosterone (total) levels were measured prospectively in 35 prostate cancer patients. Results. The median testosterone value in this patient cohort was 15 ng/dL (0.5 nmol/L; 95% confidence interval 12 to 17 ng/dL). Conclusions. In a contemporary series, castrate testosterone should be defined as less than 20 ng/dL (0.7 nmol/L). The important biologic and economic implications are discussed.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND ASPECTS OF IDENTITY

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between public and private self-consciousness and social and personal aspects of identity. As predicted by self-consciousness theory, public self-consciousness correlated significantly more strongly with social than with personal aspects of identity, and private self-consciousness correlated significantly more strongly with personal than with social aspects of identity. Implications for the psychology of identity are discussed.
Pathogenesis of Age- Related Macular Degeneration

Epidemiological, histopathological and biochemical evidence indicates that AMD is associated with oxidative damage, lipofuscin accumulation, chronic inflammation, and mutations in the complement system. Molecular targets have been identified that may serve as the basis for developing new, better treatments for AMD including prophylactic therapy and treatments for the late stage complications of geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel Age- related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the industrialized world. Detailed reviews of its pathogenesis have been published [1– 3]. In this chapter, the author will review epidemiological, biochemical, histological, and molecular biological data that shed light on the pathogenesis of this disease. The basic principles that emerge from this review are that AMD pathogenesis involves oxidative damage, lipofuscin accumulation, chronic inflammation, and mutations in the complement system with associated apoptosis.
Growing impact of restenosis on the surgical treatment of peripheral arterial disease

Background Patients with peripheral arterial disease often experience treatment failure from restenosis at the site of a prior peripheral endovascular intervention (PVI) or lower extremity bypass (LEB). The impact of these treatment failures on the utilization and outcomes of secondary interventions is poorly understood. Methods and Results In our regional vascular quality improvement collaborative, we compared 2350 patients undergoing primary infrainguinal LEB with 1154 patients undergoing secondary infrainguinal LEB (LEB performed after previous revascularization in the index limb) between 2003 and 2011. The proportion of patients undergoing secondary LEB increased by 72% during the study period (22% of all LEBs in 2003 to 38% in 2011, P <0.001). In-hospital outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, death, and amputation, were similar between primary and secondary LEB groups. However, in both crude and propensity-weighted analyses, secondary LEB was associated with significantly inferior 1-year outcomes, including major adverse limb event-free survival (composite of death, new bypass graft, surgical bypass graft revision, thrombectomy/thrombolysis, or above-ankle amputation; Secondary LEB MALE-free survival = 61.6% vs primary LEB MALE-free survival = 67.5%, P =0.002) and reintervention or amputation-free survival (composite of death, reintervention, or above-ankle amputation; Secondary LEB RAO-free survival = 58.9% vs Primary LEB RAO-free survival 64.1%, P =0.003). Inferior outcomes for secondary LEB were observed regardless of the prior failed treatment type (PVI or LEB). Conclusions In an era of increasing utilization of PVI, a growing proportion of patients undergo LEB in the setting of a prior failed PVI or surgical bypass. When caring for patients with peripheral arterial disease, physicians should recognize that first treatment failure (PVI or LEB) affects the success of subsequent revascularizations.
STIMULUS-RESPONSE SIMILARITY AND CHILDREN'S MATCHING PERFORMANCE

The matching behavior of preschool children was studied with a match-to-sample task to evaluate the thesis that the relational stimulus of behavioral similarity serves a reinforcing function. Ss were trained to match a standard in one physical position and to mismatch a standard in a second position. Subsequently, Ss were given the opportunity to match or mismatch a probe standard in an intermediate physical position, i.e., in the absence of cues for matching or mismatching. Ss tended to match the first probe stimulus. This result is consistent with the view that the experimental setting served the special discriminative function of signalling an occasion for reinforcement by the relational stimulus of similarity.
Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed During Heat Shock Treatment in Aedes aegypti

Temperature is important for mosquito development and physiological response. Several genes of heat shock protein (HSP) families are known to be expressed in mosquitoes and may be crucial in responding to stress induced by elevated temperature. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to identify target transcripts to heat shock treatment in female Aedes aegypti. Subtraction was performed in both directions enriching for cDNAs differentially expressed between a non- heat shock control and heat shock treatment. Heat shock treatment of female Ae. aegypti was carried out for 1 h at 42°C. Clones from differentially expressed genes were evaluated by sequencing. Target transcripts up-regulated by heat shock included five different HSP gene families and 27 other genes, such as cytochrome c oxidase, serine-type endopeptidase, and glutamyl aminopeptidase. Additionally, some novel genes, cytoskeleton and ribosomal genes, were found to be differentially expressed, and three novel up-regulated sequences belonging to a low-abundance class of transcripts were obtained. Up-regulated/down-regulated transcripts from heat shock treatment were further confirmed and quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High temperatures can alter the gene expression of a vector mosquito population, and further characterization of these differentially expressed genes will provide information useful in understanding the genetic response to heat shock treatment, which can be used to develop novel approaches to genetic control.
Myeloablative, but not Reduced-Intensity, Conditioning Overcomes the Negative Effect of Flow-Cytometric Evidence of Leukemia in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Stringent complete remission (CR) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) requires the absence of both morphologic and flow cytometric evidence of disease. We have previously shown that persistent AML detected by flow cytometry (FC+) before reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) was associated with significantly increased relapse, shorter disease-free survival (DFS), and poorer overall survival (OS), independent of morphologic blast count. We evaluated the effect of FC status on outcomes of alloHCT for AML after either myeloablative conditioning (MAC) or RIC regimens in 203 patients (MAC, n = 80, and RIC, n = 123) with no morphologic evidence of persistent AML pretransplant on marrow biopsy. The allografts included 130 umbilical cord blood (UCB) and 73 sibling donors. We performed central review of pretransplant standard sensitivity FC to identify detectable FC+. Twenty-five patients were FC+, including 15 (18.7%) receiving MAC and 10 (8.1%) RIC alloHCT. Among RIC patients FC+ was associated with significantly inferior relapse, DFS, and OS (multiple regression HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.7; P < .01 for relapse; HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.9; P < .01 for DFS; and HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 7; P < .01 for OS). In contrast, FC+ status was not associated with relapse or decreased OS after MAC. These data suggest that MAC, but not RIC, overcomes the negative effect of pretransplant FC+ after sibling or UCB alloHCT. Therefore, a deeper pretransplant leukemia-free state is preferred for those treated with RIC.
Performance of AlGaSb/InAs TFETs With Gate Electric Field and Tunneling Direction Aligned

The current-voltage characteristics of AlGaSb/InAs staggered-gap n-channel tunnel field-effect transistors are simulated in a geometry in which the gate electric field is oriented to be in the same direction as the tunnel junction internal field. It is shown that this geometry can also support low-voltage operation and low subthreshold swing. In the absence of a simple analytic theory for this transistor to allow direct analytic comparisons, two-dimensional numerical simulations are used to explore the electrostatic and geometrical design considerations including dependence on gate length, gate underlap, gate undercut, and equivalent oxide thickness.
Latent pyramidal regions for recognizing scenes

In this paper we propose a simple but efficient image representation for solving the scene classification problem. Our new representation combines the benefits of spatial pyramid representation using nonlinear feature coding and latent Support Vector Machine (LSVM) to train a set of Latent Pyramidal Regions (LPR). Each of our LPRs captures a discriminative characteristic of the scenes and is trained by searching over all possible sub-windows of the images in a latent SVM training procedure. Each LPR is represented in a spatial pyramid and uses non-linear locality constraint coding for learning both shape and texture patterns of the scene. The final response of the LPRs form a single feature vector which we call the LPR representation and can be used for the classification task. We tested our proposed scene representation model in three datasets which contain a variety of scene categories (15-Scenes, UIUC-Sports and MIT-indoor). Our LPR representation obtains state-of-the-art results on all these datasets which shows that it can simultaneously model the global and local scene characteristics in a single framework and is general enough to be used for both indoor and outdoor scene classification.
Fluorescent labeled anti-EGFR antibody for identification of regional and distant metastasis in a preclinical xenograft model.

Detection of regional and distant metastatic disease has significant implications for patient management. The vast majority of distant metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) occurs in the chest and, when present, is a contraindication to surgical therapy. Development of regional metastasis from HNSCC is associated with a 50% reduction in patient survival.1 Complete removal of cervical lymph nodes is performed in patients with head and neck cancer for prognostic and therapeutic reasons; however, cervical lymphadectomy is associated with significant morbidity and operative time. Noninvasive imaging modalities used for detecting metastatic disease are CT, MR, and 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). The most sensitive and specific modality of imaging pulmonary metastasis is currently performed by PET-CT imaging, followed by lung or mediastinal lymph node biopsy.2 Unfortunately, these modalities cannot be used in real time to guide surgical resection or biopsy. Furthermore, unlike many radiological techniques, optical imaging allows simultaneous viewing of the anatomical surface and the fluorescent image in real time. Accurate detection and pathologic confirmation of metastatic disease during surgical procedure may improve patient outcomes by promoting minimally invasive procedures. The coupling of fluorescent dyes to tumor-specific probes for the purposes of optical imaging is a rapidly emerging imaging modality because of its high sensitivity and spatial resolution.3,4 The selective property of therapeutic antibodies for tumor cells makes this an optimal method for imaging. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 80% to 90% of head and neck cancers and is upregulated during the early stages of tumor development.5,6 Cetuximab (Erbitux, ImClone Systems, Branchburg, New Jersey) is a therapeutic antibody directed against EGFR and approved for treatment of head and neck cancer.7 We hypothesize that fluorescently labeled cetuximab would localize in small islands of pulmonary or cervical metastasis due to the abundance of EGFR in HNSCC compared with the surrounding normal cells. We hypothesize that this technique can detect and guide the removal of regional and distant metastatic disease. We have previously demonstrated that the fluorescently labeled antibody is specific to head and neck cancer xenografts in a preclinical murine model.8–10 The purpose of this study is to determine if the fluorescently labeled cetuximab could be used in head and neck cancer to detect metastatic disease. To address feasibility of this hypothesis, we assessed fluorescence imaging of metastatic head and neck cancer in the lung and neck in a preclinical murine model.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Plasma and Genital Secretions during the Menstrual Cycle

Six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women were studied weekly over 8 weeks to detect HIV RNA in plasma and cervical secretions and proviral DNA in cervical, vaginal, and cervicovaginal lavage samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques. In cervical swab samples, cell-free HIV RNA was detected more frequently than cell-associated HIV proviral DNA (22/48 vs. 7/48, respectively). Cervical HIV RNA was consistently detected in 2 women with plasma HIV RNA>100,000 copies/mL but was not detected in 2 women with plasma HIV RNA < 10,000 copies/mL, regardless of menstruation status. HIV -specific IgA was detected in the plasma of 2 women and in at least 1 cervicovaginal lavage sample from all 6 women. Thus, quantitation of cervical HIV RNA can be accomplished by PCR techniques and may be useful in evaluating genital viral shedding. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pro­ vides evidence that virus is present in genital secretions of women. HIV has been isolated from cells and cell-free fluids from female genital secretions [1-3] and cell-associated HIV proviral DNA has been detected by polymerase chain reaction (Pf.R) amplification ofcells from the genital tract in association with oral contraceptive use, cervical mucopus, cervical ectopy, pregnancy, and inflammation [4, 5]. However, genital tract shedding ofcell-free HIV RNA in virions has not been reported in HIV-infected women. Whether hormonal cycling and men­ struation or local immune responses, including HIV-specific IgA antibodies in genital secretions [6], affect shedding ofHIV RNA in genital secretions has not been defined. Six HIV­ seropositive women were followed weekly over 8 weeks to detect HIV RNA in plasma and cervical secretions, HIV provi­ ral DNA in cells from cervical and vaginal swabs and cervico­ vaginal lavage samples, and HIV-specific IgA antibodies in plasma and cervicovaginal lavage samples.
Verification of propylene glycol preparation from glycerol via the acetol pathway by in situ hydrogenolysis

Background: Propylene glycol (PG) is one value-added product that can be produced from glycerol through catalytic hydrogenolysis, which conventionally requires external supply of costly hydrogen. This study investigated PG preparation from glycerol through the acetol pathway by Raney nickel-catalyzed hydrogenolysis without an external hydrogen supply. Results: Experiments were designed to examine the glycerol conversion with specific reactant formulations. Thermodynamic analysis was also conducted on species at equilibrium to investigate the pathway from another angle. Conclusion: Acetol is the intermediate in glycerol conversion to PG and hydrogen is internally generated from reformation reactions. The reaction rate of acetol hydrogenolysis dictates the PG yield. PG would be further converted to ethanol through hydrogenolysis if the reaction time were extended.
Enhanced flexor tendon healing through controlled delivery of PDGF-BB

A fibrin/heparin-based delivery system was used to provide controlled delivery of PDGF-BB in an animal model of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair. We hypothesized that PDGF-BB, administered in this manner, would stimulate cell proliferation and matrix remodeling, leading to improvements in the sutured tendon’s functional and structural properties. Fifty-six flexor digitorum profundus tendons were injured and repaired in 28 dogs. Three groups were compared: 1) controlled delivery of PDGF-BB using a fibrin/heparin-based delivery system, 2) delivery system carrier control, and 3) repair only control. The operated forelimbs were treated with controlled passive motion rehabilitation. The animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 42 days, at which time the tendons were assessed using histologic (hyaluronic acid content, cellularity, and inflammation), biochemical (total DNA and reducible collagen crosslink levels), and biomechanical (gliding and tensile properties) assays. We found that cell activity (as determined by total DNA, collagen crosslink analyses, and hyaluronic acid content) was accelerated due to PDGF-BB at 14 days. Proximal interphalangeal joint rotation and tendon excursion (i.e., tendon gliding properties) were significantly higher for the PDGF-BB treated tendons compared to the repair alone tendons at 42 days. Improvements in tensile properties were not achieved, possibly due to sub-optimal release kinetics or other factors. In conclusion, PDGF-BB treatment consistently improved the functional but not the structural properties of sutured intrasynovial tendons through 42 days following repair.
Antioxidant deactivation on graphenic nanocarbon surfaces

This article reports a direct chemical pathway for antioxidant deactivation on the surfaces of carbon nanomaterials. In the absence of cells, carbon nanotubes are shown to deplete the key physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in a reaction involving dissolved dioxygen that yields the oxidized dimer, GSSG, as the primary product. In both chemical and electrochemical experiments, oxygen is only consumed at a significant steady-state rate in the presence of both nanotubes and GSH. GSH deactivation occurs for single- and multi-walled nanotubes, graphene oxide, nanohorns, and carbon black at varying rates that are characteristic of the material. The GSH depletion rates can be partially unified by surface area normalization, are accelerated by nitrogen doping, and suppressed by defect annealing or addition of proteins or surfactants. It is proposed that dioxygen reacts with active sites on graphenic carbon surfaces to produce surface-bound oxygen intermediates that react heterogeneously with glutathione to restore the carbon surface and complete a catalytic cycle. The direct catalytic reaction between nanomaterial surfaces and antioxidants may contribute to oxidative stress pathways in nanotoxicity, and the dependence on surface area and structural defects suggest strategies for safe material design.
Vroom's expectancy theory and the public library customer motivation model

Purpose – The puropse of this paper is to understand the components of Vroom's expectancy theory; to create or develop a public library customer motivation model using Vroom's expectancy theory; to suggest appropriate public library services marketing mindset which public libraries can employ to enhance customers’ perceived expectancy and instrumentality of public library services to motivate customers to use public library services more frequently based on the proposed public library customer motivation model; and to suggest appropriate public library services marketing strategies to motivate customers to use public library services more frequently based on the proposed public library customer motivation model.Design/methodology/approach – Research paper based on expectancy theory.Findings – Customer‐centered mindset is the most important factor to motivate public library customers. Furthermore, the suggested marketing strategies can be also achieved through a customer‐centered marketing mindset. In conc...
Combination Therapy with Amphotericin B Lipid Complex and Caspofungin Acetate of Disseminated Zygomycosis in Diabetic Ketoacidotic Mice

We studied the combination of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) and caspofungin in mice with disseminated Rhizopus oryzae. Combination therapy improved survival compared to that of mice given monotherapy and that of untreated controls (P < 0.05) but did not improve organ clearance. In addition, prophylactic combination therapy was not more effective than prophylactic ABLC alone.
Pseudo-amplitude scan sonar maps

This paper analyzes a novel sonar mapping procedure that displays the amplitude of the echoes using the conventional Polaroid 6500 ranging module. By resetting the module immediately after an echo indication is observed, the number of indications produced by the module is related to the echo amplitude. We then generate pseudo-amplitude scan (PAS) sonar maps that display more information than conventional maps. The ranging module operation is described and verified experimentally. The improved information content of PAS sonar maps is illustrated by scanning simple objects having different reflecting strengths. Artifacts resulting from interactions between objects are discussed.
Numerical investigation of 't Hooft electric flux☆

Abstract By Monte Carlo simulation I calculate energy ratios for different units of 't Hooft electric flux. Good agreement is found with recent analytical predictions by Koller and van Baal. This supports the validity of their “adiabatic approximation” for non-abelian gauge theories in intermediate volumes. I also tried to check their T2 + glueball result.
ESD testing of equipment matures: review and current status

The newest ESD (electrostatic discharge) test standards are considered. They correct many problems that existed in previous standards. Care has been taken to harmonize new standards developed for the USA, Europe, and the rest of the world. As a result, it is possible to meet the new IEC, ANSI, and ECMA test requirements by using just one ESD test procedure that includes a simulation of personnel ESD and a simulation of furniture ESD. >
Observational learning by individuals with autism: A review of teaching strategies:

Observational learning is the process used to explain the acquisition of novel behaviors or performance of previously acquired behaviors under novel conditions after observing the behavior of another person and the consequences that follow the behavior. Many learners with autism do not attend to environmental stimuli at a level sufficient to learn a range of prosocial behaviors through observation of others. Modeling, group or dyadic instruction, and explicit observation training can improve the extent to which individuals with autism learn through observation. This article reviews previous research that involved observational learning by individuals with autism and outlines future research that could benefit instructional practices.
Absorption and Luminescence Properties of Sequentially Random- and Defined Copolymers Based on Poly(fluorene-benzothiadiazole)

The emission wavelength in conjugated copolymers is determined by the various monomers used, their sequence in the polymer backbone, the effective conjugation length of the material, and intra- and intermolecular interactions of the different units. This paper will discuss the influence of conjugation length as well as the influence of intramolecular charge-transfer on the absorption and emission properties. Fluorene, benzothiadiazole and a third comonomer (fluorene, xylene or triphenylamine) were used as building blocks. The influence of monomer sequence is probed as well by comparing sequentially random copolymers to their sequentially defined ones with identical monomer ratios. Model oligomers were also made for comparison.
The Next Threshold in Medical Monitoring: Subclinical Injury and Tobacco Litigation

Tobacco litigation has been with us for 6 ½ decades. The related field of Toxic Torts is 3 decades old. Both have common and overlapping issues of causation, damages, discovery, and theories of relief, but with the exception of a few cases involving asbestos and tobacco, they have generally existed in parallel legal universes. A recent Massachusetts opinion, Donovan v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. has finally woven them together in a novel case applying the Toxic Torts remedy of medical monitoring for sub-clinical injuries in a tobacco case.
Cross-Section Measurement for the 52Cr(n,p)52V Reaction Near Threshold

Cross sections for the /sup 52/Cr(n,p)/sup 52/V reaction have been determined in the 5.3- to 9-MeV range using a previously reported pulsed-accelerator technique to measure gamma-ray activity from 3.75-m /sup 52/V. Very few experimental data have been reported for this reaction, and little was known about the threshold region prior to the present experiment. The results of this work (in conjunction with other available cross section information) have been used in the computation of fission-spectrum averages, which are of interest for reactor applications.
Modeling and implementation of direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine based on generator parameter conversion

Accurate wind turbine model is the basis of studying its dynamic physical process and performance characteristics. In order to resolve the difficulties in modeling direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine (DD-PMWT) because of the absence of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) model in some existing power system analysis software, the method to interconversion between electrical excitation synchronous generator (EESG) and PMSG was presented as well as the parameter conversion formulas and procedure were provided on the basis of their mathematical model and equivalent circuit in this paper. In additon, the model of DD-PMWT was built in DIgSILENT PowerFactory by means of replacing PMSG with EESG. Finally, based on the typical test system provided by Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), the dynamic characteristics of DD-PMWT were analyzed. The simulation results verified the validity of the proposed method and the rationality of the established DD-PMWT model.
Effects of radiation on metastasis and tumor cell migration

It is well known that tumor cells migrate from the primary lesion to distant sites to form metastases and that these lesions limit patient outcome in a majority of cases. However, the extent to which radiation influences this process and to which migration in turn alters radiation response remains controversial. There are preclinical and clinical reports showing that focal radiotherapy can both increase the development of distant metastasis, as well as that it can induce the regression of established metastases through the abscopal effect. More recently, preclinical studies have suggested that radiation can attract migrating tumor cells and may, thereby, facilitate tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize these phenomena and their potential mechanisms of action, and evaluate their significance for modern radiation therapy strategies.
The story of INH.

In choosing a title for what is so grandly entitled "an address" I chose to follow our esteemed past president, Dr. Rammelkamp, and speak of some of the early days of antimicrobial therapy. In so doing, however, it became immediately clear to me that both he and I had been perhaps unwittingly defining the prime function of the president of this society-a function best expressed by what a friend of mine says the New York Times says in an obituary for someone about whom there really is little to be said, namely, "he formed an interesting link with the past." In 1951 it was demonstrated simultaneously and independently in 3 different laboratories that a remarkably simple chemical compound, isoniazid, first synthesized some 40 years previously, had a high degree of antituberculous activity in the test tube and in laboratory animals. The history of science is filled with instances of independent and simultaneous discoveries of importance. Yet, no matter how often this phenomenon occurs, it is a cause for wonderment. This is particularly the case when the discovery takes the form of a highly important use for a previously known but unused substance. This oft-recurrent phenomenon has been discussed by Rene Dubos in his life of Pasteur, in the chapter "Mechanisms of Discoveries." He develops the theme that the particular preoccupations of the age play a most important role in discoveries and goes on to say: "One cannot doubt that discovery is always an expression of the intellectual, social, and economic pressure of the environment in which it is born" [1]. Hans Meyer and Josef Mally [2] synthesized isoniazid in 1912 in Prague. They were not looking for an antituberculous drug; they were satis-
386 MEASURING THE IMPACT OF A CLINICAL VIGNETTE WORKSHOP: DIFFERING PERCEPTIONS BETWEEN FACULTY AND TRAINEES.

Background and Objective Scholarly productivity is an important criterion for promotion of clinician-educator medical faculty and is sufficiently important to training that the ACGME requires residents to have access to scholarly opportunities. Presenting a clinical vignette is one such way to demonstrate scholarly activity. Clinical vignettes can be drawn from patient care experiences, but formal training in writing a vignette is uncommon. We assessed learning outcomes from a clinical vignette skills workshop, and how outcomes differed between faculty and trainees. Methods We conducted five workshops (national and local) on how to publish a clinical vignette. In a pre- and postdesign using a 5-point Likert scale, we compared faculty and trainees in their perceived (1) competence to write a vignette, (2) career benefit from sharing a vignette through a meeting or publication, and (3) likelihood of submitting to a meeting or publication. Results The 106 participants were from 22 states and Canada. Participants were trainees (61%), faculty (33%), and others (6%). Forty percent of participants had never presented a vignette, and 72% had never published one. Competence for writing a vignette improved for both faculty and trainees. Faculty scores improved from 2.9 to 3.9 (a 0.92 change; 95% CI 0.7, 1.2, p .05). Conclusions Although the workshop increased competence for both faculty and trainees, the perceived value for producing scholarly activity was higher for faculty than for trainees. Improving trainees9 competence may not have perceived value in their current role but may provide benefit later in their careers.
Compliance checks for underage cigarette and alcohol purchase attempts and associated factors in retail outlets in Hawaii

AbstractAims: Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable death, and alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth. Adolescents acquire cigarettes and alcohol through the retail environment. This paper investigates the relationships between underage cigarette and alcohol sales resulting from compliance checks and associated factors in Hawaii. Methods: Four hundred and two retail establishments were inspected by minors for compliance to underage cigarette and alcohol age restrictions. Findings: The overall compliance rate for selling cigarettes to a minor was 93% and alcohol was 84% from April 2012 to March 2013. There were 5.7% of stores that sold cigarettes only, 14.4% that sold alcohol only, 1.7% that sold both and 78.1% that did not sell any. No similarities between the gender of the minor or the gender of the clerk were found. Selling cigarettes and alcohol to a minor was significantly associated with whether identification or age was asked of the minor. Selling alcohol to a m...
REJOINING OF DNA STRAND BREAKS IN NONDIVIDING CELLS IRRADIATED IN SITU

ABSTRACT If the radiation dose of 60 Co γ-rays (LET∞= 0.3 keV/μm) or neon ions (LET∞∼35 keV/μm) is kept below that at which the electroretinogram is destroyed, retinal photoreceptor cells rejoin at least 99.9% of the strand breaks introduced into their DNA in situ ; however, the rejoined DNA does seem to degenerate subsequently. Provided the radiation doses are kept within the prescribed limits, the ability of photoreceptor cells to rejoin DNA strand breaks is not influenced by the age of the animal.
Creating a More Compassionate Narrative: Undoing Desconocimiento Through Embodied Intimacy in Helena María Viramontes’ Under the Feet of Jesus and Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway

“Creating a More Compassionate Narrative: Undoing Desconocimiento through Embodied Intimacy in Helena Maria Viramontes’ Under the Feet of Jesus and Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway,” Christina Garcia Lopez, University of San Francisco.
Current directions in wheelchair research.

® ver the past several years, there has been increasing interest in the wheelchair among inventors, design engineers, and the general public. This is probably because the wheelchair has come to symbolize the person with handicaps . For example, the national symbol for handicapped access is an abstract image of a person in a wheelchair . It is a tangible and understandable object, and in recent years has become the focus of a great many ideas and suggestions for improvement. In contrast, the major manufacturers of wheelchairs have been rather conservative in introducing new ideas and have instead been content with minor product improvements, particularly with regard to powered wheelchairs . The exception has been the production of the sports-type wheelchair, which was first conceived and developed in response to competitions in racing, basketball, and other sports for athletes with disabilities . Sports-type wheelchairs for general use were first introduced by new companies such as Quadra and Motion Designs, but are now offered by all major manufacturers . The revolution in lightweight wheelchair design and styling is a credit to the spirit and vitality of the people behind this movement, many of whom have disabilities. However, problems of liability and the rather low overall market demand has contributed to a conservative attitude among manufacturers . Although the amount of research done by wheelchair manufacturers is not public information, it is doubtful that much effort is being devoted to this area by them . Some universities are appropriately staffed and equipped to carry out research on wheelchairs, paving the way for greater innovations in component design. For example, a major research effort at the University of Virginia Rehabilitation Engineering Center has focused on the basic principles associated with the functional and structural characteristics of wheelchairs. These include ergonomics of propulsion, rolling resistance, seating configuration, structural analysis, controller design, motor efficiency, and battery capacity . Research efforts, such as those at UVA, are providing the theoretical framework which will result in designs that will meet the needs of disabled users for specific activities. The definition of the user population and their activities, both customary and desired, needs to be known. To date, there has been very little research in this area, but some information can be obtained from surveys conducted by the University of Virginia (1) and the Paralyzed Veterans of America (2).
A comparison of genetic based extraction methods for periocular recognition

The periocular biometric has been shown to be a biometric that is rich in texture and detail. These traits are important for biometric recognition, specifically from the feature extraction module. Traditional texture based feature extraction techniques extract features from an entire biometric image. However, a genetic and evolutionary extraction technique has been created that optimizes the location and dimensions of extraction on biometric images. Optimization occurs on a training set of biometric images that are separated akin to a biometric identification system. Images are placed in a probe set or gallery set and the probe set images are compared to the gallery set images. In this work, a novel variation of the genetic based extraction technique is introduced. The main component of this variation is that the training set is not represented as a traditional identification system, but rather every image in the set is compared with every other set. The results show a superior performance of the variation for periocular identification and verification compared to the traditional genetic approach.
On the role of statistical significance in exploratory data analysis

Recently, an approach to knowledge discovery, called Attribute Focusing, has been used by software development teams to discover such knowledge from categorical defect data as allows them to improve their process of software development in real time. This feedback is provided by computing the difference of the observed proportion within a selected category from an expected proportion for that category, and then, by studying those differences to identify their causes in the context of the process and product. In this paper, we consider the possibility that some differences may simply have occurred by chance, i.e., as a consequence of some random effect in the process generating the data. We develop an approach based on statistical significance to identify such differences. Preliminary, empirical results are presented which indicate that knowledge of statistical significance should be used carefully when selecting differences to be studied to identify causes. Conventional wisdom would suggest that all differences that lie beyond some small level of statistical significance be eliminated from consideration. Our results show that such elimination is not a good idea. They also show that information on statistical significance can be useful in the process of identifying a cause.
Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with prior ipsilateral carotid artery stenting.

Abstract Objective In-stent restenosis is a recognized complication of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS), and it is associated with an increased risk of stroke. Few case series have reported outcomes separately following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and CAS for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. In this study, we perform an evaluation of redo-CAS vs CEA in a large contemporary cohort of patients who underwent prior ipsilateral CAS. Methods We studied all patients in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) database, who underwent CEA or CAS between January 1, 2003, and April 30, 2016, after prior ipsilateral CAS. Univariate methods ( χ 2 , t -test), Kaplan-Meier, logistic, and Cox regression analyses adjusting for patient characteristics were employed to evaluate stroke, death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke/death, and stroke/death/MI within 30 days and up to 1 year following the procedure. Results There were 645 carotid interventions (CEA, 134 [21%] and redo-CAS, 511 [79%]) performed in this cohort of patients with prior ipsilateral CAS. Postoperative stroke within 30 days comparing CEA vs CAS was 0% vs 0.3% ( P = .61) for asymptomatic patients and 4.4% vs 3.5% ( P = .79) for symptomatic patients for an overall stroke rate of 1.5% vs 1.4%. MI was 2.3% vs 1.2% ( P = .35), 30-day mortality was 3.7% vs 0.9% ( P = .02) following CEA vs CAS, whereas the composite of perioperative stroke/death was 4.5% vs 1.9% ( P = .09). Freedom from stroke/death at 1 year was 91% for CEA and 92% for redo-CAS ( P = .76). After risk adjustment, there was no significant difference in 30-day stroke (odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-4.48; P = .82), mortality (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 0.54-9.11; P = .27), or stroke/death (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.26-3.84; P = .99) as well as 1-year stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.13-2.85; P = .52), mortality (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.42-1.65; P = .60), or stroke/death (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.43-1.49; P = .48) comparing CEA with CAS. The significant predictors of perioperative stroke/death were older age, diabetes, active smoking, and preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV status (all P Conclusions We have reported adverse event rates for CEA and CAS after prior CAS and shown no significant difference in perioperative and 1-year outcomes between both groups. However, CEA is offered to patients who are more severely ill than redo-CAS, resulting in significantly higher absolute mortality. We recommend avoidance of CEA especially in asymptomatic patients with serious systemic disease. Tight management of diabetes and smoking cessation remain potent targets for outcomes improvement in redo-CAS patients.
What Is Law and What Counts as Law? The Separation Thesis in Context

The separation thesis associated with the legal positivist tradition in legal philosophy holds that the legal validity of norms depends only on their sources, not on considerations of merit or value. In this essay I show that the separation thesis comes under pressure from cases in which an answer to the question: Is o an F? partly depends on the values associated with the nature of F. This is certainly the case when we try to determine whether an object is a work of art, for example. In response, proponents of the separation thesis would want to resist the analogy with art, and maintain that the ascription of legal validity to a norm does not involve any evaluative dimensions. I argue that this line of response is not very firm, and a better way to defend the separation thesis is to see it as an answer to the question of what makes it the case that an o counts as an F in the relevant society. I try to show that this latter type of question follows from the theoretical context in which the separation thesis comes up, namely, a reductionist explanation of legal validity. My purpose here is to show how a proper construal of the separation thesis, in the context of legal positivism’s reductionist ambition, goes a long way in supporting its truth.