cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combinatorial strategy for metallic glass design via laser deposition

Abstract In this work, compositionally-graded CuxZr100−x specimens with x ranging 61–76 were fabricated by a direct laser additive manufacturing process. Topographically featureless surface regions, which suggest the possibility of a non-crystalline structure, were observed over the range 62–67 at% Cu using differential interference contrast light microscopy. Electron diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry verified that these regions were primarily amorphous. By varying the laser power and thereby the heating and cooling rate of the specimen, we show that the most stable glass-forming composition within the explored range is Cu64.7Zr35.3, in excellent agreement with the previously reported optimum composition of Cu64.5Zr35.5 that was identified by trial and error.
Mechanistic insights into the use of oxide nanoparticles coated asymmetric electrodes for capacitive deionization

Abstract Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water desalination method, which employs high surface area porous electrode materials for electro-sorption of ions. We used an asymmetric CDI cell constructed with alumina and silica nanoparticle (NP) coated electrodes and KCl as a probe electrolyte to gain insights into electro-sorption behavior and elucidate underlying process mechanisms. This CDI system is efficient for use in desalination and up to 15 to 60 μmol/g (total electrode) sorption capacity was achieved. Higher removal of K + compared to Cl − was obtained attributable to competition between OH − and Cl − . The presence of NPs not only creates highly accessible surface area but also increases the charge efficiency by shifting the applied potential to a high efficiency range due to protonation/deprotonation occurring on metal oxide surfaces. Data were described using both mechanistic electrical double layer (EDL) based Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS) formulation and empirical Freundlich equations. Our results suggest that the presence of metal oxide NPs can effectively modify the isoelectric points and an increase in planar charge efficiency of up to 20% could be achieved. However, global charge efficiency was still severely constrained by backward thermal diffusion and mass transfer limitations. EDL over-lapping effect plays an important role in determining critical pore size for electro-sorption. The GCS model revealed that only BJH associated (pore size: 1.5–50 nm) surface area is effective for electro-sorption. Though the Freundlich equation adequately described the sorption data, we attribute this sorption behavior to reduction in micropore overlapping effects and an increase in mass transfer caused by higher concentration gradients. Our results are expected to guide the design and development of appropriate electrode materials for CDI.
Age-related differences in cochlear microcirculation and auditory brain stem response.

Objective: To examine possible age-related differences in auditory sensitivity and cochlear vascular properties. Design: This study is designed to provide information regarding cochlear function using physiological and audiological measures. Each animal underwent intravital microscopic evaluation of red blood cell velocity, vessel diameter, and vascular permeability in the second turn of the cochlear lateral wall. Auditory brain stem responses were used to determine hearing sensitivity. Subjects: Four age ranges of male Fischer rats were studied: young, 2 to 4 months (n=9); mid-young, 9 to 11 months (n=8); mid-old, 18 to 20 months (n=6); and old, 30 to 34 months (n=10). Results: Auditory brain stem response testing showed an age-related decrease in auditory sensitivity. Intravital microscopic analysis showed age-related statistically significant decreases in red blood cell velocity and increased vascular permeability with a trend for reduced capillary diameters. Conclusions: The process of aging is associated with many biochemical and physiological changes that include decrease in cellular water concentration, ionic changes, and decreased elasticity of cellular membranes. One contributing factor to this process may be altered vascular characteristics, such as reduced flow and vascular plasticity, as well as increased vascular permeability. These age-related changes may result in reductions in oxygen and nutrient delivery, and also waste elimination. Our results suggest that progressive age-associated vascular compromise may be a contributing factor in presbycusis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:1221-1226
Stopped-flow studies of the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by organophosphates in the presence of substrate

Abstract The stopped-flow technique has been applied to the determination of dissociation, phosphorylation, and bimolecular reaction constants for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by a potent organophosphate in the presence of a chromogenic substrate. The advantages of the method for inhibition studies are compared with those of an earlier spectrophotometric technique.
Narrative Matters: The Power of the Personal Essay in Health Policy

Edited by Fitzhugh Mullan, Ellen Ficklen, and Kyna Rubin Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD 21218-4363. 2006. 293 p. Price $40.00. A friend is fighting cancer for the third time. He is a father of three young children, a husband, and a patient; most of all, he is a
What are the origins of stress relaxation behaviors in step shear of entangled polymer solutions

We apply a recently developed particle-tracking velocimetric (PTV) method along with conventional rheometric measurements to elucidate the nature of one class of nonlinear behavior of entangled polymer solutions under shear. At a fixed degree of chain entanglement, i.e., with the same parent polymer at 10 wt % concentration, we use different liquid media as the solvent to control the upper bound of interfacial wall slip. Contrary to the common perception that these solutions would undergo quiescent relaxation after experiencing a sudden shear strain, we observe macroscopic motions either in the sample interior or at the sample/wall interfaces, corresponding to type A or C behavior, respectively. These macroscopic motions cause the residual stress to decline faster than relaxation due to quiescent molecular diffusion. We illustrate that a continuous range of relaxation behavior can be observed for solutions of the same level of chain entanglement, with one thing in common that the sufficiently strained pol...
Plasma-Surface Reactions at a Spinning Wall

We report a new method for studying surface reactions and kinetics at moderately high pressures ($l10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\text{Torr}}$) in near real time. A cylindrical substrate in a reactor wall is rotated at up to 200 000 rpm, allowing the surface to be periodically exposed to a reactive environment and then analyzed by a triple-differentially pumped mass spectrometer in as little as $150\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ thereafter. We used this method to study oxygen plasma reactions on anodized aluminum. When the substrate is spun with the plasma on, a large increase in ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ signal at $m/e=32$ is observed with increasing rotation frequency, due to O atoms that impinge and stick on the surface when it is in the plasma, and then recombine over the $\ensuremath{\sim}0.7$ to 40 ms period probed by changing the rotation frequency. Simulations of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ signal versus rotation frequency indicate a wide range of recombination rate constants, ascribed to a range of O-binding energies.
Consistency oriented programming

Most innovation is incremental, which can be very creative but usually on a small scale. However, radical novel creative advances, the paradigm shifts, do not arise out of nothing. They typically arise from a novel combination of existing technologies to solve an existing problem, a problem that no one had previously thought to address using those technologies.
Development of two new thick-film photoresists

This paper describes the development of two advanced new thick film photoresists. Statistical experimental design was used to investigate the performance characteristics of a select group of novolak resins and diazonaphthoquinone photoactive compounds. After these initial formulation experiments, evaluations of the best candidate were carried out on an Ultratech stepper using current production photoresists as a benchmark. The main evaluation criteria were used as outputs of the designed experiment (resolution, side-wall profile, t-topping, and photosensitivity) and then correlated with resin characteristics and relative photosensitizer concentration. The results of these studies led to the development of two formulations for specific photoresist thicknesses: EXP AZR 9147 photoresist for 5 micrometer and EXP AZR 9262 photoresist of 24 micrometer. These final formulations show improvements in all evaluated performance fields versus the current production benchmarks.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flame photometric studies of helminths: calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in Hymenolepis diminuta.

o 1. The cations Ca, Mg, K, and Na in freeze-dried Hymenolepis diminuta have been determined by emission spectroscopy. 2. In anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of dried worms percentages of Ca were 0.097±.010, 0.086±.007, 0.061±.004; of Mg were 0.063±.002, 0.058±.002, 0.064±.001; of K were 0.896±.022, 0.869±.040, 0.771±.025; and percentages of Na in the same thirds were 0.260±.016, 0.318±.017, 0.345±.018. 3. The sum of percentages of the four cations in dried anterior thirds was 1.32±.04, in middle thirds was 1.33±.05, and in posterior thirds was 1.24±.04. 4. In absolute amounts (percent × dry weight, in mg), the cations in anterior, middle, and posterior thirds, respectively, were for Ca 0.019, 0.043, 0.031; for Mg were 0.013, 0.029, 0.033; for K were 0.190, 0.446, 0.390; and for Na were 0.056, 0.164, 0.177. Whole dried worms contained 0.092 mg (0.075%) of Ca, 0.075 mg (0.061%) of Mg, 1.027 mg (0.836%) of K, and 0.397 mg (0.323%) of Na. The composite absolute amount of these four cations in dried H. diminuta was 1.591 mg, or 1.296%. 5. Dried H. diminuta, like dried host liver and mammalian red blood cells (but unlike serum), had similar quantitative excesses of K over Na and Mg; however, Ca although occurring in lesser amounts than K, was not present in similar K:Ca ratios in tapeworms and host tissues.
Protease Inhibitor Resistance Update: Where Are We Now?

ABSTRACT The introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs) and highly active antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s dramatically altered the treatment of HIV infection, enabling suppression of viral replication to undetectable levels and preventing disease progression. Most PIs present a strong barrier against viral resistance; the accumulation of multiple mutations is often required to produce resistance. However, there is variability of resistance within the PI class, as demonstrated by the fact that some PIs require fewer mutations to confer resistance compared with others. Resistance to individual PIs as well as the development of broad cross-resistance to multiple agents in this class remain major challenges in clinical practice. Resistance to PIs may involve primary or secondary mutations in the protease gene in addition to mutations outside of protease in the gag cleavage and noncleavage sites. Primary mutations may be sufficient to confer resistance to select PIs. Secondary mutations may be required ...
A NEW SYNTHESIS FINALLY ARRIVING

Review of: Stern, D. L. 2011. Evolution, Development & the Predictable Genome. Roberts and Co. Publishers, Greenwood Village, CO. ISBN: 978193622101 1. $45.00 When developmental biology reached the level of maturity and the technical capabilities to return to questions of organic evolution, after nearly a century of separation from evolutionary questions, the event was greeted with much anticipation. In the air was the expectation of a new level of synthetic understanding of evolution. Sadly, though, the meeting between evolutionary and developmental biologists was not a meeting of like minds. To the evolutionary biologists, the arrival of developmental types in their territory felt more like an invasion by space aliens with their transgenic monstrosities and glowing embryos. What exactly do we learn from a transgenic mouse without a head and flies with four wings? And the developmental biologist who ventured out of his/her homeland of experimental biology to evolution felt like he or she is visiting some strange tribe that practices a form a mathematical Voodoo with counting flies and bristles. How do the equations of population genetics relate to the molecular reality of heredity? There was little that the two groups really understood about each other, leading to skeptical voices, like that of Ron Amundson (2005), who questioned whether the chasm between evolutionary and developmental biology will ever be bridged. This of course is a cartoon, and does not do justice to the amount of positive work done by many at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology. But nevertheless, at a deeper conceptual level, the rapprochement was and is still difficult. Is a new synthesis really necessary as, for instance, Massimo Pigliucci argues (2007), or is it perhaps even impossible, as Amundson suggests? It seems obvious that a true integration of developmental and evolutionary biology will have to come from scientists equally at home in population genetic theory as in the experimental culture of developmental biology. Unfortunately for our science, the number of people so trained is still small, but David Stern in certainly one of them. Stern was trained as an evolutionary behavioral ecologist but then got postdoctoral training as a developmental Drosophila geneticist. Hence it is a good idea to listen closely when Stern is summarizing his thinking about a developmental perspective on evolution. To cut a long story short, Stern's approach is based on two key insights. The first comes from population genetics and concerns the factors that determine the chance that a mu-
On a determination of certain real quadratic fields of class number two

We use the Siegel-Tatuzawa theorem to determine real quadratic fields Q(√m2+4) and Q(√m2+1) which have class number two.
Optimal embeddings of butterfly-like graphs in the hypercube

We present optimal embeddings of three genres of butterfly-like graphs in the (boolean) hypercube; each embedding is specified via a linear-time algorithm. Our first embedding finds an instance of the FFT graph as a subgraph of the smallest hypercube that is big enough to hold it; thus, we embed then-level FFT graph, which has (n+1)2 n vertices, in the (n+⌈log2(n+1)⌉)-dimensional hypercube, with unit dilation. This embedding yields a mapping of the pipelined FFT algorithm on the hypercube architecture, which is optimal in all resources (time, processor utilization, load balancing, etc.) and which is on-line in the sense that inputs can be added to the transform even during the computation. Second, we find optimal embeddings of then-level butterfly graph and then-level cube-connected cycles graph, each of which hasn2 n vertices, in the (n+⌈log2 n⌉)-dimensional hypercube. These embeddings, too, have optimal dilation, congestion, and expansion. The dilation is 1+(n mod 2), which is best possible. Our embeddings indicate that these two bounded-degree approximations to the hypercube do not have any communication power that is not already present in the hypercube.
Hydroxylation of Enolates with Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(Pyridine)(Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide), MoO5·Py·HMPA(MoOPH): 3‐Hydroxy‐1,7,7‐Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]Heptan‐2‐one

Hydroxylation of enolates with oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)(hexamethylphosphoric triamide), MoO5·Py·HMPA(MoOPH): 3-hydroxy-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one intermediate: Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(aqua)(hexamethylphosphoric triamide), MoO5·H2O·HMPA intermediate: Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)(hexamethylphosphoric triamide) MoO5·Py·HMPAMoOPH product: 1,7,7-trimethyl-3-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.1]-heptan-2-one Keywords: hydroxylation; oxidation, CH2 CHOH and CHOR; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; pyridine; tetrahydrofuran; hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), toxicity; methanol; MoOPH
The Impact of Occupation on Self-Rated Health: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey

Background. The objective of this study is to estimate occupational differences in self-rated health, both in crosssection and over time, among older individuals. Methods. We use hierarchical linear models to estimate self-reported health as a function of 8 occupational categories and key covariates. We examine self-reported health status over 7 waves (12 years) of the Health and Retirement Study. Our study sample includes 9,586 individuals with 55,389 observations. Longest occupation is used to measure the cumulative impact of occupation, address the potential for reverse causality, and allow the inclusion of all older individuals, including those no longer working.
Modelling of Parkinson's disease in mice

Although progress has been made in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease since the discovery of L-dopa in the 1960s, no neuroprotective therapy is yet available. Absence of adequate animal models of the disease that enable prediction of clinical success of potential treatments is often cited as a major impediment to progress and discourages researchers and pharmaceutical companies from investing resources to develop such treatments. Classic models are still widely used, but have been disappointing, and development of genetic models has given new hope. However, can a human disease be faithfully reproduced in a mouse? In this Review we summarise evidence that some genetic mouse models do reproduce key features of Parkinson's disease and show that much can be learned from even imperfect models. The hope is that this information could be used to advance the search for neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease.
Stability margin relative to stratified uncertainty space

This paper develops a differential topological analysis of robust stability. The uncertainty is assumed to be a cube, viewed as a stratified manifold. The basic fact is that the boundary of the template is an interconnection of images of edges and critical value curves in the sense of the stratified Morse theory.
Microdermatology: cell surface in the interaction of microbes with the external world.

For many microbiologists, including the present author, the greatest attraction of the field of microbiology is our ability to analyze at the molecular level the physiological and ecological responses of microbes to the environment, thanks to the unicellular nature of most of these organisms. Thus,
Lighting for improving balance in older adults with and without risk for falls

SIR—The visual system acquires sensory information about self-position and location of objects in the environment and, together with sensory input from the vestibular and somatosensory systems, helps maintain balance. The dependence on visual information for the maintenance of postural stability and control increases with age due to age-related changes that occur in the vestibular and somatosensory systems [1–10]. Lighting that enhances veridical visual information about the environment for older adults could be a practical and effective intervention to reduce falls risk. Figueiro et al. [11] showed that, in healthy, non-faller older adults, a wall-plug nightlight (NL) was associated with significantly greater sway in the early phase of the sit-to-stand (STS) test than was found with a novel NL system providing low-level ambient illumination and enhanced horizontal and vertical (H/V) visual information. The present study aimed to extend these findings by testing the effectiveness of a similar NL system on another measure, the weight transfer time (WTT), in two groups of older adults, those with and without fall risks. A longer WTT should be associated with more difficulty in getting up [12–14]. It was hypothesised that compared with wall-plug NLs, WTT in the STS test would be better with the novel NL system for both groups, and that the effect would be larger for fallers than for non-fallers. It was also hypothesised that a high contrast (black on white versus white on white) veridical stimulus would be better for postural stability and control than a low contrast stimulus.
Flavonoids and Cancer Prevention: A Review of the Evidence

The objective of this work is to review data from epidemiological and preclinical studies addressing the potential benefits of diets based on flavonoids for cancer prevention. Flavonoids are subdivided into subclasses including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones. Epidemiological studies suggest dietary intake of flavonoids may reduce the risk of tumors of the breast, colon, lung, prostate, and pancreas. However, some studies have reported inconclusive or even harmful associations. A major challenge in the interpretation of epidemiological studies is that most of the data originate from case-control studies and retrospective acquisition of flavonoid intake. Differences in agricultural, sociodemographics, and lifestyle factors contribute to the heterogeneity in the intake of flavonoids among populations residing in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Dose and timing of exposure may influence the anticancer response to flavonoid-rich diets. A limited number of intervention trials of flavonoids have documented cancer preventative effects. Proposed anticancer mechanisms for flavonoids are inhibition of proliferation, inflammation, invasion, metastasis, and activation of apoptosis. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to develop biomarkers of flavonoid intake and effect. Mechanistic studies are needed to ascertain how flavonoid-rich diets influence gene regulation for cancer prevention.
Thioridazine lacks bactericidal activity in an animal model of extracellular tuberculosis

Objectives The antipsychotic drug thioridazine is active in the murine model of tuberculosis infection, which is predominantly intracellular in nature. Recent clinical reports suggest that thioridazine may play a role in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. We studied the tuberculocidal activity of thioridazine in guinea pigs, which develop necrotic lung granulomas histologically resembling their human counterparts. Methods Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in guinea pigs to establish human-equivalent doses of thioridazine. Guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with ∼100 bacilli of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and single-drug treatment was started 4 weeks later with a range of thioridazine doses daily (5 days/week) for up to 4 weeks. Control animals received no treatment or 60 mg/kg isoniazid. Results The human-equivalent dose of thioridazine was determined to be 5 mg/kg with saturable absorption noted above 50 mg/kg. At the start of treatment, the lung bacterial burden was ∼6.2 log10 cfu. Although isoniazid reduced bacillary counts more than 10-fold, thioridazine monotherapy showed limited killing over the range of doses tested, reducing lung bacillary counts by 0.3-0.5 log10 following 1 month of treatment. Thioridazine was tolerated up to 40 mg/kg. Conclusions Thioridazine has limited bactericidal activity against extracellular bacilli within necrotic granulomas. Its contribution to the sterilizing activity of combination regimens against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis remains to be determined.
The Influence of the Perception of Mood and Self-Consciousness on the Selection of Clothing

This study investigated the relationships between perception of mood, self consciousness, and the selection of clothing among male and female students. The statistical analysis of surveys of l4l fe...
Optimization of Hexadecylpyridinium Chloride Decontamination for Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from Milk

A protocol was optimized for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from milk and colostrum, with parameters including chemical decontamination, antibiotics, and different culture media. This study demonstrates that the efficiency of MAP recovery from milk is highly dependent upon the culturing protocol, and such protocols should be optimized to ensure that low concentrations of MAP in milk can be detected.
Graph-based ranking algorithms for sentence extraction, applied to text summarization

This paper presents an innovative unsupervised method for automatic sentence extraction using graph-based ranking algorithms. We evaluate the method in the context of a text summarization task, and show that the results obtained compare favorably with previously published results on established benchmarks.
Spatial and temporal independent component analysis of functional MRI data containing a pair of task-related waveforms.

r r Abstract: Independent component analysis (ICA) is a technique that attempts to separate data into maximally independent groups. Achieving maximal independence in space or time yields two varieties of ICA mean- ingful for functional MRI (fMRI) applications: spatial ICA (SICA) and temporal ICA (TICA). SICA has so far dominated the application of ICA to fMRI. The objective of these experiments was to study ICA with two predictable components present and evaluate the importance of the underlying independence assumption in the application of ICA. Four novel visual activation paradigms were designed, each consisting of two spatiotemporal components that were either spatially dependent, temporally dependent, both spatially and temporally dependent, or spatially and temporally uncorrelated, respectively. Simulated data were generated and fMRI data from six subjects were acquired using these paradigms. Data from each paradigm were analyzed with regression analysis in order to determine if the signal was occurring as expected. Spatial and temporal ICA were then applied to these data, with the general result that ICA found components only where expected, e.g., S(T)ICA "failed" (i.e., yielded independent components unrelated to the "self-evident" com- ponents) for paradigms that were spatially (temporally) dependent, and "worked" otherwise. Regression analysis proved a useful "check" for these data, however strong hypotheses will not always be available, and a strength of ICA is that it can characterize data without making specific modeling assumptions. We report a careful examination of some of the assumptions behind ICA methodologies, provide examples of when applying ICA would provide difficult-to-interpret results, and offer suggestions for applying ICA to fMRI data especially when more than one task-related component is present in the data. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:43-53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Mixed Methods Approach to Assessing Roaming Reference Services

Abstract Objective – The objectives of this research are threefold: a) to assess the students’ perception of the roaming service at the point of service; b) to assess the librarians’ perception of the service; and, c) to solicit librarian feedback and observations on their roaming experience and perceived user reactions. Ultimately, this data was used to inform and identify best practices for the improvement of the roaming service. Methods – A combination of quantitative and qualitative survey methodologies were used to collect data regarding patron and librarian service perceptions. Patrons and librarians were asked to complete a survey at the conclusion of each reference transaction. In addition at the end of the first semester of the implementation, librarians were asked to provide feedback on the overall program by responding to five open-ended questions. Results – The findings indicate that our students typically seek assistance from the librarians once a term (58%), but the majority (71%) indicated that they would seek a librarian’s assistance more frequently, if one were available on the various floors of the library. Overall, our users indicated that they were “Satisfied” (36%) to “Very Satisfied” (43%) with the roaming service. Librarian responses indicate overall enthusiasm and positive feelings about the program, but cautioned that additional enhancements are needed to ensure the continued development and effectiveness of the service. Conclusion – Overall, patrons were satisfied with the service delivered by the roaming reference librarian. The roaming librarians also provided positive feedback regarding the delivery of service. Data collected from both groups is also in agreement on two major program aspects needing improvement: marketing of the service and a means by which to easily identify the roaming librarian.
Surfactant metabolic consequences of overexpression of GM-CSF in the epithelium of GM-CSF-deficient mice

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a regulator of surfactant metabolism because GM-CSF-deficient mice have abnormally slow clearance and catabolism of saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC) and surfactant protein (SP)-A in airspaces and lung tissue. Overexpression of GM-CSF only in respiratory epithelial cells of mice deficient in GM-CSF using the SP-C promotor (GM-/-,SP-C-GM+/+) resulted in increased type II cell numbers and normalization of alveolar Sat PC pool sizes. Metabolic measurements demonstrated that incorporation of radiolabeled choline and palmitate was increased more than twofold, but the amount of radiolabeled Sat PC that accumulated in airspaces relative to the amount incorporated was decreased by 50% relative to normal GM+/+ mice. The clearance of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and SP-B from the airspaces was more rapid for GM-/-,SP-C-GM+/+ mice than for GM+/+ mice. Loss of Sat PC and SP-B from the lungs (alveolar plus lung tissue) was similar in the two strains of mice. The normal surfactant pools in the GM-/-,SP-C-GM+/+ mice were achieved by the net effects of increases in type II cell numbers, increased incorporation, decreased accumulation, and increased reuptake rates for surfactant components, demonstrating the multiple effects of GM-CSF on surfactant metabolism.
Jeffrey Kaplan. Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism: Terrorism's Fifth Wave

Jeffrey Kaplan explores the strategies and objectives of contemporary terrorist movements that aim for a utopian world through genocide. The book draws from David Rapoport's categories of modern te...
Stopwatch Calibrations, Part II: The Totalize Method

In a previous Tech Tips, the Direct Comparison Method for calibrating stopwatches using an external traceable time source was discussed. In this issue, we will talk about another calibration method...
LIMO: learning programming using interactive map activities

Advances in geographic information, interactive two- and three-dimensional map visualization accompanied with the proliferation of mobile devices and location data have tremendously benefited the development of geo-educational applications. We demonstrate LIMO; a web-based programming environment that is centered around operations on interactive geographical maps, location-oriented data, and the operations of synthetic objects that move on the maps. LIMO materializes a low-cost open-ended environment that integrates interactive maps and spatial data (e.g., OpenStreetMap). The unique advantage of LIMO is that it relates programming concepts to interactive geographical maps and location data. LIMO offers an environment for students to learn how to program by providing: 1. An easy-to-program library of map and spatial operations, 2. High-quality interactive map graphics, and 3. Example programs that introduce users to writing programs in the LIMO environment.
The CO2–H2O system: IV. Empirical, isothermal equations for representing vapor-liquid equilibria at 110–350 °C, P ≤ 150 MPa

Empirical formulae are presented for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) in the CO 2 -H 2 O system at 10 temperatures between 110 and 350 °C. At each temperature, separate functions are used to represent the bubble- and dew-point boundary curves that: originate at the saturation vapor pressure of water (P H 2 O s a t ) at X C O 2 = 0 ; diverge with increasing pressure up to ∼P(X m a x C O 2 ) where ∂P/∂X C O 2 = +∞ along the dew-point curve; then converge with increasing pressure above P(X m a x C O 2 ). At temperatures below 265 °C and pressures > F(X m a x C O 2 ), the compositions of coexisting liquid and vapor [X L ( V ) C O 2 and X V ( L ) C O 2 ] do not converge completely with increasing pressure due to the absence of critical behavior. Thus, relatively simple functions suffice to accurately represent VLE at those temperatures. In contrast, at T > 265 °C, X L ( V ) C O 2 and X V ( L ) C O 2 converge rapidly as P approaches P c (the critical pressure in the CO 2 -H 2 O system at a given temperature between 265 and 374 °C and P ≤ 215 MPa). For those temperatures, therefore, more complex VLE formulae are required to achieve close representation of phase relations. For dew-point equations, this includes adding an exponential "correction term" to ensure that ∂P/∂X C O 2 = 0 at the critical points indicated by corresponding bubble-point functions. Stable liquid-vapor coexistence in mixed-volatile systems requires f L i = f V I (isofugacity conditions) for all "i" (volatile components) in the two fluid phases. Thus, the equations presented in this paper specify numerous P-T-X conditions where f L H 2 O = f V H 2 O and f L C O 2 = f V C O 2 in the CO 2 -H 2 O system. These results have important applications in the ongoing effort to develop a more rigorous thermodynamic model for CO 2 -H 2 O fluids at geologically relevant temperatures and pressures.
Astroconodon, the Cretaceous Triconodont

New fossil material of the only known Cretaceous triconodont, Astroconodon denisoni Patterson, adds to our knowledge of the form and demonstrates a closer relationship with Triconodon than with other Jurassic genera. Comparison of Astroconodon with other carnivorous mammalian groups suggests that triconodonts may have been fish-eating, semi-aquatic mammals. the fish faunas associated with Astroconodon at five Texas localities tend to strengthen the suggestion.
Synthesis of series of pure polyethylene glycol ethers based onn‐tridecanol,7‐tridecanol, and oxo‐process tridecyl alcohol

Puren-tridecyl, 7-tridecyl andoxo-tridecyl polyethylene glycol monoethers, C13H27O (C2H4O)nH, were made by the Williamson reaction with n=4,6,8,10 and 12. Related crystalline diethers derived fromn-tridecanol were made in the range of 4–16 oxyethylene units. The compounds were extensively purified by crystallization (where applicable) or by chromatography and distillation. The final products are new compounds important for comparative studies of surface properties. Characterizing constants and physical properties including those of a large number of pure intermediates are reported. All but the lowest member of then-tridecyl monoether series are crystalline, melting between 26 and 40C. The related diethers melting between 37 and 50C have a minimum melting point when they contain between 6 and 8 oxyethylene units. Theoxo-tridecyl and 7-tridecyl monoethers are liquids.
The Acceleration Effect in Forecasting Industrial Shipments

The level of consumption of many industrial products is closely related to the general level of industrial activity. Yet forecasts of industrial activity are generally more accurate than forecasts ...
Gleichzeitige Ereignisse und synchronisierte Uhren

Die Verwunderung, mit der wir die Tatsache aufnehmen, dass ein gegebener Lichtpuls sowohl im Bezugssystem der Schienen als auch in dem des Zugs dieselbe Geschwindigkeit hat, lasst sich auf einen tief verwurzelten Irrglauben uber das Wesen der Zeit zuruckfuhren. Solange wir es nicht besser wissen – und vor Einsteins „Wunderjahr“ 1905 wusste es niemand besser –, gehen wir ohne daruber nachzudenken davon aus, dass die „Gleichzeitigkeit“ von zwei an unterschiedlichen Orten stattfindenden Ereignissen eine absolute, vom Beobachter bzw. dessen Bezugssystem unabhangige Bedeutung haben musste. Diese Annahme durchdringt unser Weltbild so vollstandig, dass unsere Sprache es kaum zulasst, auch nur daruber nachzudenken, was „Gleichzeitigkeit“ eigentlich wirklich bedeutet.
Setup and positioning in robotic colorectal surgery

Preparation for robotic colorectal surgery is more complicated than open and laparoscopy approaches. The colorectal surgeon interested in robotic training should be familiar with and well prepared for robotic draping, positioning of the operating table, the patient cart, the vision cart, the surgeon console, and other operating equipment. Port placement requires more strategy than for the laparoscopic platform and differs depending on the type of robotic system utilized. Anesthesia personnel should be prepared for potential airway issues related to operating table and patient positioning. Robotic technology is complex and, though the system checks itself at an enormously rapid rate, there is a low incidence of robotic malfunction. All operating room personnel should be familiar with these malfunctions and how to resolve them.
Recommended dietary allowances: are they what we think they are?

Recommended Dietary Allowances are designed to meet physiologic needs of most people. They exceed average requirements but may be less than amounts usually consumed.
Conservative care for patellofemoral pain.

SUMMARY Patellofemoral pain is the most common presenting complaint about the knee joint. The explanation for this pain is not entirely clear. The four schools of thought concerning the etiology are divided among explanations based on anatomy, biomechanics, and biochemistry. The treatment for the disease is compromised by the lack of a clear causative agent. Exercises, braces, activity modification, and some medications form the basic protocol for treatment. Until the etiology becomes clear, these approaches represent the only reasonable therapy.
Determination of radioactive sulfur in biological materials.

This paper describes a method readily adaptable to the routine analysis of a large number of samples and applicable to a wide variety of S35-containing substances. The method offers a relatively high counting efficiency (49%). Nonradioactive materials present in the samples do not interfere with the observed counting rate, thus eliminating the necessity of isolating the active compounds.
Static and Pulsed Reactivity Measurements on Large Uranium-235 Fuel Forms in Water

Subcritical multiplication constants have been derived from static and pulsed measurements for arrays of large, hollow cylinders of uranium-aluminum alloy. The cylinders were of two types: 11.21-cm...
THE SYMMETRIC ORGANIZATION OF PARALLEL CORTICAL SYSTEMS FOR FORM AND MOTION PERCEPTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the computational properties that clarify why the parallel cortical systems V1→V2, V1→MT and V1→V2→MT exist for the perceptual processing of static visual forms and moving visual forms. It describes a symmetry principle, called FM Symmetry, that is predicted to govern the development of these parallel cortical systems by computing all possible ways of symmetrically gating sustained cells with transient cells and organizing these sustained-transient cells into opponent pairs of on-cells and off-cells whose output signals are insensitive to the direction-of-contrast. This symmetric organization explains how the static boundary contour system that models the V1→V2 static form system generates emergent boundary segmentations whose outputs are insensitive to the direction-of-contrast and insensitive to the direction-of-motion, whereas the motion boundary contour system that models the V1→MT motion form system generates emergent boundary segmentations whose outputs are insensitive to the direction-of-contrast but sensitive to the direction-of-motion. FACADE Theory became possible through the discovery of several new principles of uncertainty, complementarity, symmetry, and resonance. The uncertainty principles show what combinations of visual properties cannot, in principle, be computed at a single processing stage. Hierarchical interactions are illustrated by the interactions of simple cells, complex cells, and hypercomplex cells to overcome, using hyper complex end cuts, the computational uncertainties implied by the fact that the receptive fields of simple cells are oriented.
Parathyroid Ultrasound: Certification and Accreditation

Office-based ultrasound has become an important component of many endocrinology and surgical practices that treat parathyroid disease. The skills of performing and interpreting ultrasound are increasingly being taught during otolaryngology and surgery residencies and postgraduate subspecialty training, especially in endocrinology, endocrine, and head and neck surgery fellowships. Additional training is often pursued through 1- to 2-day basic or advanced ultrasound courses, most commonly associated with professional society meetings such as the American College of Surgeons, American Academy of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.
A model for niche differentiation in Lower Mississippian crinoid communities

Crinoid niche differentiation is examined within Lower Mississippian epifaunal suspension-feeding communities. Three levels-low (0 to 15-20 cm above the substrate), intermediate (1520 to 50), and high (50 to 100)-are recognized in these communities. This tiering effect is a firstorder niche differentiation. Second-order niche differentiation is accomplished by food-size selection within each level. Paleozoic stalked crinoids are interpreted as low-energy rheophiles, as are modern stalked crinoids. Feeding behavior is considered analogous between these two groups. A biometric analysis of Lower Mississippian crinoids demonstrates that crinoid arms were adapted to take the best advantage of the physical and hydrodynamic properties oi their arms as filters. From this analysis a crinoid niche differentiation spectrum is proposed. Although there is some overlap, different major groups of crinoids occupy different positions on this spectrum. In taxonomically distinct contemporaneous communities, the entire niche spectrum is occupied. Concentrations of taxa on the niche spectrum and the major taxonomic composition of the community is controlled by food-size availability. Evidence is provided to suggest that niches were established and maintained by diffuse interspecific competition. Pinnulation is considered to be an adaptation for a specific range of food.
A match made in heaven: posthumous fatherhood and postmenopausal motherhood.

Posthumous fatherhood and postmenopausal motherhood raise a multitude of legal, ethical, and social concerns that the law and regulatory agencies have not been able to adequately address to date. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Heterogeneity of systolic dysfunction in patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved ejection fraction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Left ventricular (LV) systolic strain has been shown to be an early marker of LV dysfunction in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) despite preserved ejection fraction (EF). Echocardiography has provided useful data on regional LV strain patterns, but is not as sensitive as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). No prior studies have used MRI-based strain analysis to characterize regional three-dimensional strain in patients with severe AS. METHODS Twelve patients with severe AS and preserved EF underwent MRI-based multiparametric strain analysis. Circumferential and longitudinal strain values were calculated at individual points throughout the LV and analyzed in 12 discrete regions. Strain values were compared to a database of normal controls. RESULTS Compared to control patients, circumferential strain in AS patients was significantly reduced at the base (P = 0.002), mid (P = 0.042), and inferior walls (P < 0.001). Longitudinal strain was significantly reduced at the base (P < 0.001), mid (P < 0.001), anterior (P < 0.001), and septal (P < 0.001) walls. Among patients with AS, there was heterogeneity in the location and severity of abnormalities in circumferential and longitudinal strains despite the presence of a preserved EF and lack of prior myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS LV systolic strain is significantly impaired in patients with AS and preserved EF compared to healthy volunteers. Abnormalities in circumferential and longitudinal strains were heterogeneously distributed across the LV of patients with AS, allowing us to identify sentinel regions that may reflect the earliest signs of developing LV dysfunction.
Dethroning democratic legitimacy

The chapter considers the contributions made by democratic legitimacy and social justice to the question of what may permissibly be enforced. According to the conventional view, democratic decisions forfeit their claim to permissible enforceability only when they are gravely unjust. That view is rejected here as unduly restrictive, with a “balancing” view proposed instead, according to which the two considerations need to be balanced on a case-by-case basis. Both the provenance and the content of decisions yield pro tanto reasons: which determines the permissibility of enforcement depends on whether we have greater reason in any given case to advance legitimacy or justice. A democratically legitimate law or policy need not be gravely unjust for it to be wrong to enforce it.
Increased detection of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal dysplasia with adjunctive use of wide-area transepithelial sample with three-dimensional computer-assisted analysis (WATS).

BackgroundBarrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal dysplasia (ED) are frequently missed during screening and surveillance esophagoscopy because of sampling error associated with four-quadrant random forceps biopsy (FB).AimThe aim of this article is to determine if wide-area transepithelial sampling with three-dimensional computer-assisted analysis (WATS) used adjunctively with FB can increase the detection of BE and ED.MethodsIn this multicenter prospective trial, patients screened for suspected BE and those with known BE undergoing surveillance were enrolled. Patients at 25 community-based practices underwent WATS adjunctively to targeted FB and random four-quadrant FB.ResultsOf 4203 patients, 594 were diagnosed with BE by FB alone, and 493 additional cases were detected by adding WATS, increasing the overall detection of BE by 83% (493/594, 95% CI 74%–93%). Low-grade dysplasia (LGD) was diagnosed in 26 patients by FB alone, and 23 additional cases were detected by adding WATS, increasing the detection of...
Rethinking the Definition of Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Early Childhood Development

Half a century of research has documented that early childhood interventions can produce positive outcomes in multiple domains, but impacts are typically small to moderate, and few programs have been scaled effectively. Peacock-Chambers et al1 have reviewed the past 2 decades of pediatric-based interventions between birth and age 3, and in their findings they underscore 2 challenges facing the early childhood field: the urgent need for new strategies that produce larger, scalable impacts on important dimensions of child development, and the equally compelling need to revisit the criteria for defining a program as “evidence-based.” The conventional definition, which simply requires a statistically significant difference between a treatment and comparison group on any of a wide range of child and/or parent outcomes, is highly problematic. When interventions are not linked to specific impacts based on explicit causal hypotheses, the variability of effects on multiple measures at different points in time is impossible to interpret and is rarely replicated. A focus on average effects also obscures what may be working exceptionally well for some (which should trigger targeted replication and scaling) and poorly for … Address correspondence to Jack P. Shonkoff, MD, Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, 50 Church St, Cambridge, MA 02138. E-mail: jack_shonkoff{at}harvard.edu