cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Populations vulnerable to the ethics of caring

This paper presents the argument that any patient population which can be perceived as being culpable for the pain they are in is vulnerable to the ethics of caring. First, both the ethics of caring and justice are reviewed, and the inadequacies of each, with regard to nursing, are discussed. The problems of the ethics of caring are demonstrated empirically and with interviews done by the author. Then the impacted populations are reviewed. The conclusion presents an emerging vision of synthesis between the moral concepts of caring and justice.
Problems of long‐range weather‐forecasting for the Pacific coast

Many urgent requests for some advance information regarding the weather along our Pacific Coast indicate both a great economic need of long-range forecasting and a general belief in the possibility of meeting that need. In long-range forecasting the interval may be one or several months or even years, and the procedure is essentially different from that used in making daily forecasts. We are unable to meet the exacting conditions, both as regards observations and our understanding of the physical processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean, that would be required to make such forecasts in the satisfactory manner typical of the solution of problems in physics or astronomy. Nevertheless, there is convincing evidence that all phenomena, in both the sea and atmosphere, do proceed according to fundamental physical principles. Accurate and reliable forecasting is in general the final achievement in scientific investigations, and the agreement between predictions and observations is the crucial test of theory, but economic needs cannot usually wait until such a stage of completeness has been attained. This is especially true of weather-forecasting for short intervals as well as for longer periods, that is, months or years. Accordingly, in order to do something toward meeting present demands for such long-range forecasts, we are compelled to proceed without a thorough knowledge of all of the details involved. Consequently, present forecasts must be of a general empirical character corresponding to a region rather than to a specified point. However unsatisfactory this situation may be, attention is called to the important fact that all attempts at forecasting are of practical importance if the men directly interested, for example, engineers or those engaged in agriculture, can carry on their work so as to yield better results by considering the forecasts rather than merely preparing for the same average values.
Theoretical assessment of cross sections for cantilevered implant-supported prostheses.

Purpose Occlusal forces concentrate at the cantilevered section(s) of fixed implant-supported prostheses. Investigators in early clinical applications of these prostheses described fractures of the metal alloy framework at the cantilevered-distal abutment junction. Improved performance was noticed when the framework's cross-sectional area was increased and the metal alloys used had an increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. Long-term service of a cantilevered implant-supported prosthesis is directly dependent on the fatigue life of the metal alloy framework. Two fatigue durability factors that are alterable by the technician/clinician are the framework material and the cross-sectional design of the structure. These factors can increase rigidity and alter the stress distribution through the framework. The importance of cross-sectional design on the rigidity may become more critical in situations with decreased intermaxillary space, especially if lengthened cantilevers are required or patients show discernible parafunctional habits. The theoretical aspects of beam deflection and the cross-sectional design of cantilevered structures under stress were investigated in this study. A subsequent report will provide results from experimental evaluations of designs similar to those assessed in this study. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional designs considered are an L, I, U and a nearly elliptical-shaped configuration. The size of the framework was determined by approximating the total cross-sectional space available for the restoration, minus the space required for artificial teeth in severe restrictions. All theoretical and actual specimens were modeled within these confines. Some allowance for the contours of the inferior surface of the artificial teeth was made to optimize the dimensions of each framework. Calculations enabled comparison of relative deflection and stress characteristics of each design group and predictions of fatigue durability. Results The displacements of each cantilever were found to be dependent upon the heights of each framework. As evaluated, the L and elliptical designs experienced larger maximum end deflections than the I- and U-shaped designs. The maximum normal stresses were observed to be less in the I and elliptical sections than in the U and L sections. Conclusions The space restrictions for limited intermaxillary conditions reveal that the I cross-sectional design may provide the least displacement and smallest maximuim normal stress under conditions in which each framework is subjected to an identical load. Each of the framework cross sections considered, however, is a viable candidate for use. The effectiveness of any particular shape in an intraoral environment cannot be easily assessed from the simple statical analysis. Limitations of the predictability with statical analysis as opposed to actual mechanical testing or in vivo use was noted. Less severe space restrictions would probably improve the estimated performance of the other designs.
The Potential for Transmission of BCG from Orally Vaccinated White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to Cattle (Bos taurus) through a Contaminated Environment: Experimental Findings

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) experimentally infected with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis have been shown to transmit the bacterium to other deer and cattle (Bos taurus) by sharing of pen waste and feed. The risk of transmission of M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine from orally vaccinated white-tailed deer to other deer and cattle, however, is not well understood. In order to evaluate this risk, we orally vaccinated 14 white-tailed deer with 1×109 colony forming units BCG in lipid-formulated baits and housed them with nine non-vaccinated deer. Each day we exposed the same seven naive cattle to pen space utilized by the deer to look for transmission between the two species. Before vaccination and every 60 days until the end of the study, we performed tuberculin skin testing on deer and cattle, as well as interferon-gamma testing in cattle, to detect cellular immune response to BCG exposure. At approximately 27 weeks all cattle and deer were euthanized and necropsied. None of the cattle converted on either caudal fold, comparative cervical tests, or interferon-gamma assay. None of the cattle were culture positive for BCG. Although there was immunological evidence that BCG transmission occurred from deer to deer, we were unable to detect immunological or microbiological evidence of transmission to cattle. This study suggests that the risk is likely to be low that BCG-vaccinated white-tailed deer would cause domestic cattle to react to the tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma test through exposure to a BCG-contaminated environment.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION BY SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GUINEA PIG AMYLOID FIBRILS

Amyloidosis was produced experimentally in guinea pigs by multiple casein injections. Amyloid fibrils were isolated and fractionated and a protein obtained that had an amino acid composition comparable with A protein, a unique nonimmunoglobulin constituent of secondary amyloid deposits. N-terminal sequence analysis demonstrated a sequence homologous with that of A proteins from human and monkey preparations but preceded by a 5-residue peptide which had an N-terminal histidine. A definite species specificity in A protein from human and guinea pig was identified on immunologic analysis.
Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference of HMGA1 Promotes Chemosensitivity to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

The high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins are overexpressed in pancreatic cancers. They are architectural nuclear proteins, which regulate expression of multiple genes implicated in the malignant phenotype. In this study, we hypothesized that HMG A1 silencing will promote chemosensitivity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We studied highly malignant pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (MiaPaCa2 and PANC1). Lentiviral short-hairpin RNA (shHMGA1) expression vectors targeting HMGA1 were used for generation of lentiviral particles. Stable transfectants were developed after lentiviral transduction. Nuclear expression of HMGA1 was assayed using Western blot analysis. Chemosensitivity to gemcitabine was determined by IC50 analysis. Caspase activity was quantitated using fluorometric caspase profiling. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference resulted in 90% silencing of HMGA1 expression in each of MiaPaCa2 and PANC1 cell lines. HMGA1 silencing enhanced chemosensitivity to gemcitabine with an approximately 50% reduction in IC50 in each cell line. Lentivirus-mediated HMGA1 silencing promoted the activation of caspases 3, 2, 9, and 8, on exposure to gemcitabine. HMGA1 silencing resulted in reduction in Akt kinase activity. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference of HMGA1 promoted chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. HMGA1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Root growth and phosphorus and potassium uptake by two corn genotypes in the field

In a field study P and K uptake by two corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes which differed in root growth was investigated. The effect of differences in root growth on P and K uptake was assessed using a mechanistic-mathematical model which describes nutrient uptake by growing plant roots in soil. Nitrogen was applied at 0 and 227 kg ha−1 to Pioneer 3732 and B73xMo17 corn grown on Raub silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) and at 227 kg N ha−1 to these two genotypes on Chalmers silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquoll). Root growth and P and K uptake by the two corn genotypes was measured 31, 47, 75 and 91 d after planting on the Raub and 31, 47, 61 and 75 d after planting on the Chalmers soil. Root growth and P and K uptake by B73xMo17 was greater than that of Pioneer 3732 on N-fertilized Raub soil. On Chalmers soil the difference in root growth between the two genotypes resulted in an increase in K but not P uptake. The higher soil P level of the Chalmers appears to have offset possible differences in P uptake due to root size. There were no differences between the two genotypes in either the percentage of roots with root hairs, or the density or length of root hairs. Phosphorus and K uptake calculated with the simulation models for both corn genotypes on both soils over each of three growth periods agreed with observed P (Y = 0.68X + 1.71; r = 0.944**) and K (Y = 0.88X + 15.52; r = 0.928**) uptake. Differences in P and K uptake between B73xMo17 and Pioneer 3732 resulted primarily from the difference in root growth in the topsoil. A high correlation was found between root surface area and P (r = 0.893**) and K (r = 0.928**) uptake by both corn genotypes on both the soils.
Patients with Alzheimer disease have lower levels of serum anti-amyloid peptide antibodies than healthy elderly individuals

Active immunization with the human amyloid peptide (Aβ42) or passive immunization with anti-Aβ42 antibodies protects mice that express a mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgene from cerebral amyloid deposits. If anti-Aβ42 antibodies protect APP-transgenic mice, a model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a high titer of anti-Aβ42 antibodies may protect humans from AD. The titer of anti-Aβ42 antibodies in serum from individuals with and without late onset AD was measured using an ELISA. The titer of Ig (IgM, IgG and IgA) and IgG anti-Aβ42 peptide antibodies was significantly higher in serum from elderly controls than AD patients. Furthermore, IgG but not Ig anti-Aβ42 antibodies distinguished sera from AD patients and elderly controls that did not have the apolipoprotein E4 allele. The low titer of anti-Aβ42 antibodies in AD patients does not reflect the well-established, age-associated defect in the antibody response to most protein antigens, as there was no positive correlation between the serum titer of anti-Aβ42 antibodies and anti-influenza hemagglutinin antibodies induced by influenza vaccine in elderly humans. The lower titer of serum anti-Aβ42 peptide antibodies in AD patients may reflect the reported specific impairment of helper T cell activity for B cells that produce anti-amyloid-β42 peptide antibodies in APP-transgenic mice.
Heat transfer from oxygen-enhanced/natural gas flames impinging normal to a plane surface

Abstract This study investigated the heat transfer from oxygen-enhanced/natural gas flames impinging normal to a plane surface. The objective was to determine the effects of the burner firing rate ( q f =5–25 kW), the oxidizer composition ( Ω =0.21–1.00), and the axial ( L =0.5–6.0) and radial ( R eff =0.16–1.04) positions of the surface. A round flame, from a flame-working torch burner, impinged onto a water-cooled metal disk ( d b =135 mm) that was segmented into six concentric calorimetric rings. The heat flux from the flame to the plane surface increased by 78–280% by increasing the firing rate from 5 to 25 kW. The thermal efficiency decreased with the firing rate. The heat flux increased 54% to 230% by increasing Ω from 0.30 to 1.00. For higher purity oxidizers (large Ω ), the peak flux always occurred at the stagnation point ( R eff =0.16) and the closest axial spacing ( L =0.5). For lower purity oxidizers (small Ω ), the peak flux occurred at about L =1–2 and a radial spacing of about R eff =0.6. The thermal efficiency increased with the oxidizer purity. This is the first study to investigate the range of oxidizer compositions between air ( Ω =0.21) and pure O 2 ( Ω =1.00).
Rat liver histidyl-tRNA synthetase. Purification and inhibition by the myositis-specific anti-Jo-1 autoantibody

Abstract Myositis is an autoimmune inflammatory muscle disease of unknown etiology. We demonstrate directly that the antigen to the myositis-specific anti-Jo-1 antibody is histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The anti-Jo-1 antibody inhibits human HeLa and rat liver histidyl-tRNA synthetase. Using conventional and immunoaffinity chromatography with immobilized anti-Jo-1 antibody, we have purified rat liver histidyl-tRNA synthetase which has a subunit M r 64,000 and an estimated native M r suggesting an α 2 structure. The evidence indicates that the Jo-1 antigen is histidyl-tRNA synthetase, and that some of the histidyl-tRNA synthetase structure are conserved across species.
Chapter 4; Arthritis Pain

SUMMARY Arthritic pain is a common and disabling problem for many older adults. There is widespread evidence that despite its prevalance and debilitating effects on the physical, emotional and cognitive status of older adults, arthritic pain remains under-treated in those age 65 and older. This condition significantly and negatively impacts older adults' quality of life and is a critical problem that requires the attention of gerontological social work. This chapter provides a brief summary of arthritic pain in older adults. It also discusses the treatment efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psycho-educational programs for older adults with this type of pain.
Depositional Environment of White Rim Sandstone (Permian), Canyonlands National Park, Utah: ABSTRACT

The White Rim Sandstone of Leonardian age forms prominent topographic benches west of the Colorado River in Canyonlands National Park. Its origin has been interpreted as eolian or marginal marine by various authors without specific evidence other than the large-scale cross-stratification which is generally conspicuous. A detailed study of the gross geometry, cross-stratification, ripple marks, trace fossils, and facies relations of the sandstone revealed a subaqueous environment of deposition which was probably sub-littoral marine. The formation contains numerous offshore bars that were constructed by surf and longshore currents moving from the northwest as shown by bar trends and cross-stratification analyses. Numerous small bars with 10-20 feet of relief occur in a northwesterly trending swarm northeast of Elaterite basin near the Green River. A larger elongate bar with 200 feet of relief extends in an arcuate northwesterly direction for about 10 miles through Elaterite basin. Excellent exposures of sedimentary structures reveal that the original geometric configuration of the bar is preserved. Th sandstone grades abruptly into fine-grained lagoonal redbeds just east of the Elaterite bar, forming a stratigraphic oil trap that has been exposed by Recent erosion. The shallow-water bar apparently was constructed on the nose of the Monument upwarp which was mildly positive, providing shoal conditions at the time of sedimentation. Pre-Triassic (Hoskinnini?) redbeds were deposited across the White Rim Sandstone, draping over the bars preserved at its upper surface. Subsequent erosion prior to Moenkopi (Triassic) sedimentation produced local angular unconformities along the margins of the bars. End_of_Article - Last_Page 453------------
On‐line searching and the hospitality industry: An evaluation of databases

Abstract This study compares seven databases which contain bibliographic references in the business and leisure fields: ABI/IN‐FORM, CAB ABSTRACTS, MANAGEMENT CONTENTS, PTS F&S INDEX, PTS MARKETING & ADVERTISING REFERENCE SERVICE, PTS PROMT, and TRADE & INDUSTRY INDEXTM. First a comparison of databases based on coverage of industry specific journals was made. CAB ABSTRACTS and TRADE & INDUSTRY INDEXTM have the most thorough coverage. Then four research questions were searched, and the results were compared to identify the most productive database and to determine the degree of overlap among the databases. Results for the four questions researched indicate that PTS PROMT is the most productive database for hospitality questions. However, if used alone, over 50% of the citations available will not be retrieved. A combination of databases is recommended. The questions used in this study indicate that TRADE & INDUSTRY INDEXTM is the best companion database for PTS PROMT.
Monte Carlo EM for missing covariates in parametric regression models.

We propose a method for estimating parameters for general parametric regression models with an arbitrary number of missing covariates. We allow any pattern of missing data and assume that the missing data mechanism is ignorable throughout. When the missing covariates are categorical, a useful technique for obtaining parameter estimates is the EM algorithm by the method of weights proposed in Ibrahim (1990, Journal of the American Statistical Association85, 765â769). We extend this method t o continuous or mixed categorical and continuous covariates, and for arbitrary parametric regression models, by adapting a Monte Carlo version of the EM algorithm as discussed by Wei and Tanner (1990, Journal of the American Statistical Association85, 699â704). In addition, we discuss the Gibbs sampler for sampling from the conditional distribution of the missing covariates given the observed data and show that the appropriate complete conditionals are logâconcave. The logâconcavity property of the conditional distributions will facilitate a straightforward implementation of the Gibbs sampler via the adaptive rejection algorithm of Gilks and Wild (1992, Applied Statistics41, 337â348). We assume the model for the response given the covariates is an arbitrary parametric regression model, such as a generalized linear model, a parametric survival model, or a nonlinear model. We model the marginal distribution of the covariates as a product of oneâdimensional conditional distributions. This allows us a great deal of flexibility in modeling the distribution of the covariates and reduces the number of nuisance parameters that are introduced in the Eâstep. We present examples involving both simulated and real data.
Short Note On in 2 Kings 9:37

Reading whyt in 2 Kgs 9:37 as “destruction” avoids emendation and resolves the problem of the absence in 1 Kgs 21:23 of anything corresponding to 2 Kgs 9:37.
Instrumentation for Measurement of Cosmic Noise at 2.0 and 2.5 MHz from a Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory

This paper describes the radio astronomy instrument flown on both Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatories II and IV (OGO-II and OGO-IV). The instrument was designed to map the brightness distribution of cosmic noise over the sky at 2.0 and 2.5 MHz by using the theoretically predicted ionospheric focusing of an electrically short antenna. An antenna impedance bridge was included as a necessary part of the system. The system is unusual because the impedance bridge and the 2.5-MHz radiometer operate simultaneously at the same frequency. OGO-II was launched on October 14, 1965, and the instrument operated normally until the spacecraft was turned off November 1, 1967. During this period the instrument was operated for 4495 hours with many on-off cycles. OGO-IV was launched July 28, 1967, and the instrument operated properly for 18 330 hours prior to termination of spacecraft operations on October 23, 1969. Results of these experiments are published separately [5], [6].
NaCl-Tolerant Tobacco Plants from Cultured Cells

Summary We have obtained NaCl-tolerant cell lines by exposing tobacco cell suspensions to increasing levels of NaCl. Tolerance to 8.8 g/l NaCl is the maximum obtainable in cell suspensions. Normal lines are tolerant to about 1.6 g/l NaCl. Plants regenerated from resistant cell lines transmit tolerance to two subsequent generations. The level of NaCI-resistance in regenerated plants is higher than that of cell cultures. Few nontolerant F2 plants survive watering with solutions containing more than 15.4 gil NaCI whereas most tolerant plants survive 33.4 g/l NaCl.
An improved core-in-shell sorbent for desulfurizing hot coal gas

Abstract Work on an advanced calcium-based sorbent for desulfurizing hot coal gas has led to the development of a unique material in the form of spherical pellets, which have a limestone-based core encased in a strong supporting shell. Strong pellets are prepared by incorporating some calcium aluminate cement in the core and a larger amount in the shell, together with limestone. The pellets are prepared by a two-step pelletizing method, followed by steam curing and heat treatment. The pellets are capable of absorbing relatively large amounts of hydrogen sulfide at high temperature (e.g. 1150–1200 K) and can be regenerated by a cyclic oxidation and reduction process.
Successful Treatment of Sclerosing Cervicitis and Fibrosing Mediastinitis With Tamoxifen

Fibrosing mediastinitis and sclerosing cervicitis are fibrosclerotic disorders akin to retroperitoneal fibrosis, with presenting symptoms related to local pain or viscus obstruction or both. No definitive treatment is known. This is the first report of these disorders dramatically responding to tamoxifen citrate and prednisone.
Synchronization of pulsation rates in isolated cardiac myocytes

Abstract Cells dissociated from seven-day embryonic chick hearts were cultured at low density in low-potassium medium for 4–24 h. Pairs of spontaneously beating myocytes, attached 2–5 μm apart to the bottom of the culture dish were observed until they first established physical contact with each other, and then until they synchronized their separate beats to a common rhythm. The cells were immediately fixed, stained and embedded on the plate, and prepared for electron microscopy. The interval between initial contact and synchrony was determined in 15 cell pairs to range from 4–38 min (mean = 16.5 min). Of 25 cell pairs that attained synchronous rhythms, only eight entrained at a rate equal to the faster member of the pair. Eleven pairs synchronized at a rhythm equal to or slower than that of the slower member; six had intermediate rates. Electron micrographs of the region of contact revealed small sites of close membrane apposition.
Studies of a genetic disease of Trifolium repens simulating a virosis.

SEVERAL STUDIES have been made of plant diseases where genetic factors cause deformities similar to those caused by pathogenic agents. A correct diagnosis of such a condition occasionally proves difficult, particularly if the principal symptoms consist of irregular mottling of the leaves, but such cases are of especial interest to biologists, since they provide good examples of the fact that either environmental or heritable factors may induce a similar type of morphological response. One of the first cases of a heritable leaf blotch was reported by Emerson (1923) in corn, where a single recessive factor is principally responsible for considerable areas of the leaves turning yellow and dying. Many variations in the degree of blotching were observed, caused in part by the action of modifying factors, but in general the symptoms resembled those associated with particular leaf-spot diseases of certain fruit trees. A similar condition was described by Ferdinandsen and Winge (1930) in oats, but in this case the inheritance was attributed to cytoplasmic rather than chromosomal factors. More recently a well defined case was described in Datura. Blakeslee (1921) found first a type called "quercina," which subsequently was ascribed to a virus disease. Later Blakeslee and Avery (1941) reported a recessive gene mutation, which was induced through X-ray treatment of seeds. Both the virus and ,the mutant gene caused elimination of spines from the capsule, separation of the tubular corolla into individual petals, extension of the stigmatic surface on the pistils, and production of narrow, eroded leaves. Several authors have reported abnormalities resembling symptoms of virus infection in the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. Burkholder and Muller (1926) described a recessive hereditary abnormality which they called "pseudo-mosaic" because of its close resemblance to true mosaic of bean. Parker (1934), studying a leaf variegation of beans that was not transmitted artificially, concluded that the inheritance of the abnormality was governed by the cytoplasm or its inclusions. Zaumyer (1938) investigated a leaf variegation resembling mosaic in hybrid beans. The symptoms appeared when the variety
Utilization of seed zinc by Zea mays seedlings.

Abstract Under field conditions, Zea mays seedlings may be in Zn stress at a stage of development when Zn should still be available from the seed. To determine the extent of seed 65Zn distribution among seedling tissue, seedlings were grown in sand cultures using 65Zn labelled seeds. Plants were harvested at 13, 19, and 26 days after emergence (dae), and divided into leaves, upper and lower stalk, root, and seed‐residue material. At 13 dae, 85% of the seed 65Zn had been translocated to the shoots and roots, with shoot content being about three times greater than root contents. Relative dry matter loss from seeds was similar to the relative movement of 65Zn from seeds, and most of these changes occurred during the first 16 days after moistening the seeds. Seed Zn is efficiently translocated to shoots and root tissue of seedlings. Zinc stress in corn seedlings may be related to microbial activity, antagonism through nutrient imbalance, or abnormally low levels of Zn in seeds.
Financial Decision Making Across Adulthood

Choices about money have serious consequences both for individuals and society, as reckless spending by young adults and financial scamming of the elderly all too clearly demonstrate. Recent evidence from psychology and neuroscience suggests that financial decision making capacity may peak at middle age, with unique vulnerabilities manifesting early and late in life. In this chapter, we review age differences in performance on a series of financial decision making tasks, including those involving monetary gain and loss, learning and risk, and intertemporal choice. Taken together, the evidence suggests that older adults do well when making decisions that rely on accumulated life experience and perform suboptimally in uncertain and novel environments that require fluid learning. Brain imaging reveals declines in frontostriatal function in the elderly that may explain the observed challenges on these dynamic behavioral decision tasks. In an effort to translate these findings from the lab to society, a small and growing literature has identified real-world financial decision correlates of performance on laboratory tasks. Such studies hold enormous promise for developing tools that can identify individuals at greater risk for poor financial decision making.
Narrowband FM cellular system

The voice and data transmission parameters of a spectrally-efficient analog frequency division multiple access (FDMA) cellular system with 12.5 kHz channel assignments are described. Low-speed 100 bit/s Manchester data is transmitted during voice activity and provides channel control. In addition, 200 bit/s baseband data patterns support channel supervision. The use of this subaudible signaling method has yielded improved system operation. Eliminating the high-frequency supervisory audio tone has reduced adjacent-channel interference and has allowed increased voice deviation. Using the low-speed data for control messages does not require interruption of the voice activity. The handoff and disconnect protocols have improved falsing protection over current systems. >
Variability in Repeated Consecutive Measurements of Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA in Persons Receiving Stable Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy or No Treatment

Plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels correlate closely with clinical prognosis in both treated and untreated HIV-infected persons and are widely used to guide clinical practice and as a primary end point in clinical trials. Thus, variability in these measurements may significantly affect their interpretation in clinical practice and research. The variability in consecutive measurements of plasma HIV RNA levels was studied in 387 subjects receiving either stable nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy or no treatment. The Pearson's correlation coefficient between baseline measures 2 weeks apart was 0.92. The mean SD in consecutive measurements 1 month apart was 0.31 log 10 copies/mL with a 95% tolerance limit of 0.7 log 10 copieslmL (5-fold). Two-thirds of the total variance in consecutive measures 1 month apart was due to biologic fluctuation; one-third was due to assay variance. The biologic variance increased proportionately with the number of weeks between assessments. Clinicians and investigators should be aware of the magnitude of variability in viral RNA levels in the HIV-infected population.
Mutual information scheduling for ranking

In this paper, an efficient and flexible scheduling algorithm for estimating the ranking of n objects through pairwise comparisons is proposed. By successively picking pairs for comparison such that the mutual information between the parameter(s) of interest and the outcome of the comparison is maximized, we quickly obtain a good approximation of these parameters using few comparisons. In simulation, this scheduling algorithm performs better than randomly selecting pairs for comparison or selecting pairs according to a natural heuristic previously proposed. However, a main advantage to this principled approach is that it appropriately adapts to a variety of models and parameters.
Parametric Subpixel Matchpoint Recovery with Uncertainty Estimation: A Statistical Approach

We present a novel matchpoint acquisition method capable of producing accurate correspondences at subpixel precision. Given the known representation of the point to be matched, such as a projected fiducial in a structured light system, the method estimates the fiducial location and its expected uncertainty. Improved matchpoint precision has application in a number of calibration tasks, and uncertainty estimates can be used to significantly improve overall calibration results. A simple parametric model captures the relationship between the known fiducial and its corresponding position, shape, and intensity on the image plane. For each match-point pair, these unknown model parameters are recovered using maximum likelihood estimation to determine a sub-pixel center for the fiducial. The uncertainty of the match-point center is estimated by performing forward error analysis on the expected image noise. Uncertainty estimates used in conjunction with the accurate matchpoints can improve calibration accuracy for multi-view systems.
An analysis of formally published usability and Web usability definitions

Usability in general and web usability in particular are complex concepts with multiple dimensions and elements/attributes. What is more, there is no comprehensive definition that takes into account the varying aspects of usability. This leads to discrepancies in policies/standards/guidelines which facilitate good usability practices. To initially address this problem, we took the first step of systematically analyzing the terms represented in formally published definitions from a number of sources in the subject areas of library & information science and computer science/information systems. Our results reveal that there are approximately 11 elements/attributes of usability and web usability addressed within these sources. The top five attributes are: learnability, effectiveness, user-related attributes, users' attitude/satisfaction, and efficiency. However, other critical usability attributes received little to no attention in publications of either discipline.
Weighted Sums of Random Kitchen Sinks: Replacing minimization with randomization in learning

Randomized neural networks are immortalized in this AI Koan: In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6. "What are you doing?" asked Minsky. "I am training a randomly wired neural net to play tic-tac-toe," Sussman replied. "Why is the net wired randomly?" asked Minsky. Sussman replied, "I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play." Minsky then shut his eyes. "Why do you close your eyes?" Sussman asked his teacher. "So that the room will be empty," replied Minsky. At that moment, Sussman was enlightened. We analyze shallow random networks with the help of concentration of measure inequalities. Specifically, we consider architectures that compute a weighted sum of their inputs after passing them through a bank of arbitrary randomized nonlinearities. We identify conditions under which these networks exhibit good classification performance, and bound their test error in terms of the size of the dataset and the number of random nonlinearities.
Land and ice applications of SeaWinds data

While originally designed for wind vector measurements over the ocean, past and present scatterometers have been demonstrated to be effective for large scale monitoring of the Earth's land and ice surfaces. SeaWinds is the next generation of Ku-band scatterometers. The wide swath of SeaWinds enables much more frequent coverage of the Earth's surface than has previously been possible. SeaWinds is already finding new practical land and ice applications. In this paper some sample land and ice results from SeaWinds on QuikScat are presented. These are based on applying the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (SIR) algorithm to produce enhanced resolution /spl sigma//sup 0/ images. Backscatter images with effective resolutions as fine as 4 km are possible using SeaWinds data. Images can be produced on much shorter time scales (1 day in the polar regions) than previously possible.
P2D-6 Efficiency and Sensitivity Analysis of Chirplet Signal Decomposition for Ultrasonic NDE Applications

In this investigation, a chirplet signal decomposition algorithm has been studied by decomposing highly convoluted ultrasonic signals into a linear expansion of chirplets, and successively estimates all the echo parameters. The efficiency of the algorithm is essential for real-time NDE applications. Therefore, we have evaluated the estimation efficiency and the behavior of the chirplet parameters and their influence on the reconstruction error. The sensitivity analysis of chirplet parameters confirms the successive order for parameter estimation developed by the mathematical analysis of the algorithm. Moreover, a fast implementation of the chirplet signal decomposition algorithm is presented. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated in order to characterize the ultrasonic echoes backscattered from reverberant multilayered materials. Through extensive experimental studies, we have shown that the reverberation model of thin layers coupled with the chirplet signal decomposition allows for a very accurate estimation of transmission and reflection coefficients of each layer and also leads to an accurate estimation of the thickness of the layers by an order of magnitude beyond the resolution of the ultrasonic measuring system.
Violence Against Women: Examining Ethnic Differences and Commonalities

Ethnic differences and commonalities rarely have been the focus of community-based research on violence against women. The few existing studies typically used survey instruments developed on and used with Anglos and simply applied them to members of other ethnic groups. The proposed conceptual framework is based on a review of the published literature and on information gleaned from focus groups conducted with women and men from four ethnic groups (Black, White, Asian, and Latino). Ethnicity and culture--along with broad social factors and institutions, gender role definitions, kin and friendship networks, and individual life-course factors--influence what behaviors are acceptable in an intimate relationship. The intersection of gender and ethnicity is hypothesized to influence the options that a woman perceives, the help she seeks, and the nature and scope of violence she experiences in an intimate relationship. Observations relevant to research, policy, and service provision are offered.
In vivo ultrasound electrode displacement strain imaging

The incidence of primary and secondary liver tumors has increased significantly over the last two decades. Due to poor liver function and/or distribution of lesions, surgery is often not an option for affected patients. An alternative to surgical resection, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is often used to thermally destroy the tumor in situ. Radiofrequency ablation is evolving into one of the more popular minimally-invasive treatments for hepatic tumors. Monitoring the treated region is an important factor in the success of radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound elastography could become a convenient, cost-effective means to delineate the thermal lesion boundaries for clinical personnel during the procedure. This study assesses “electrode displacement” strain imaging for monitoring abdominal radiofrequency ablation procedures. We present results utilizing a novel approach of displacing the ablation electrode itself to introduce the mechanical stimuli required for strain imaging. Utilizing a Siemens Antares clinical ultrasound scanner equipped with a research interface, ultrasound radiofrequency data were acquired immediately following radiofrequency ablation of porcine liver. The porcine liver was excised following the procedure, and the dimensions of the thermal lesion in the imaging plane measured by slicing though the lesion. Strain images of the lesions were produced offline using axial guidance based block-matching and multi-level motion tracking algorithms. The area of the lesion on the strain image was compared to the area of the lesion in pathology images obtained from eight separate lesions. The estimated linear correlation coefficient between the pathology image and the strain image was r = 0.961 (p ≪ .001) for manual segmentation using 4 observers. The area of the lesion in the strain image slightly underestimates the area of the lesion in the pathology image for all slices, agreeing with earlier ex-vivo experiments.
Study of conformational rearrangement and refinement of structural homology models by the use of heteronuclear dipolar couplings.

For an increasing fraction of proteins whose structures are being studied, sequence homology to known structures permits building of low resolution structural models. It is demonstrated that dipolar couplings, measured in a liquid crystalline medium, not only can validate such structural models, but also refine them. Here, experimental 1H-15N, 1Hα-13Cα, and 13C′-13Cα dipolar couplings are shown to decrease the backbone rmsd between various homology models of calmodulin (CaM) and its crystal structure. Starting from a model of the Ca2+-saturated C-terminal domain of CaM, built from the structure of Ca2+-free recoverin on the basis of remote sequence homology, dipolar couplings are used to decrease the rmsd between the model and the crystal structure from 5.0 to 1.25 A. A better starting model, built from the crystal structure of Ca2+-saturated parvalbumin, decreases in rmsd from 1.25 to 0.93 A. Similarly, starting from the structure of the Ca2+-ligated CaM N-terminal domain, experimental dipolar couplings measured for the Ca2+-free form decrease the backbone rmsd relative to the refined solution structure of apo-CaM from 4.2 to 1.0 A.
Geomechanical Properties of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs

Production from unconventional reservoirs has gained an increased attention among operators in North America during past years and is believed to secure the energy demand for next decades. Economic production from unconventional reservoirs is mainly attributed to realizing the complexities and key fundamentals of reservoir formation properties. Geomechanical well logs (including well logs such as total minimum horizontal stress, Poisson’s ratio, and Young, shear, and bulk modulus) are secured source to obtain these substantial shale rock properties. However, running these geomechanical well logs for the entire asset is not a common practice that is associated with the cost of obtaining these well logs. In this study, synthetic geomechanical well logs for a Marcellus shale asset located in southern Pennsylvania are generated using data-driven modeling. Full-field geomechanical distributions (map and volumes) of this asset for five geomechanical properties are also created using general geostatistical methods coupled with data-driven modeling. The results showed that synthetic geomechanical well logs and real field logs fall into each other when the input dataset has not seen the real field well logs. Geomechanical distributions of the Marcellus shale improved significantly when full-field data is incorporated in the geostatistical calculations.
Accounting for Interrupts in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems

The importance of accounting for interrupts in multiprocessor real-time schedulability analsysis is discussed. Three interrupt accounting methods, two of which are newly described here, are analyzed and compared.
Heavy Construction Systems Specialists, Inc. (HCSS)

Heavy Construction Systems Specialists, Inc. [HCSS] designs and sells hi-tech software to the heavy/highway construction industry. The case describes a unique corporate culture that has made HCSS a business success in a highly competitive industry. The company‟s employees discuss in detail why they bought into the concept of employee ownership while Mike Rydin, the firm‟s CEO, explains the advantages but also the limits of this very successful business model.
General Microscopic Changes and Findings to Ignore

The second chapter in the stomach portion of the atlas describes general microscopic changes and findings that can be a part of many different clinicopathological conditions. These changes are typically a response to mucosal injury of one sort or another, and they will be encountered again throughout the ensuing chapters. In addition, there are several findings that, while eye-catching, are probably best “ignored” in the context of the pathology report (ie, they may be included in the category of “no significant abnormality”).
The American Bar Association and Legal Education in the United States

Since its inception in 1878, the American Bar Association (ABA) has been concerned with improving the quality of U.S. legal education. Following numerous studies of educational law programs available at the end of the 19th century, it was determined that a national process must be developed to ensure the quality of the education of a prospective lawyer. By 1921, the ABA had adopted a statement for minimum standards of legal education and published a list of law schools that complied with those standards. John A. Sebert, consultant on Legal Education to the American Bar Association, administers the ABA accreditation process, supervising a full-time staff of 13. In this overview, Sebert looks at how the ABA has shaped legal education in the U.S. over time and how law schools are accredited by the Council of the ABA Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar.
Economic Systems and Rates of Polygyny

This paper examines the roles of primary subsistence base and womens contributions to food production in the etiology of polygyny. Cross-cultural data from the Ethnographic Atlas are employed....The results show that polygyny is very likely to be allowed but infrequently practiced in exploitative and incipient agriculture economies. It is most likely to be widespread in herding and extensive agriculture economies but decreases in frequency as agricultural technology develops further. These patterns are explained by variation in the roles of men and women in subsistence production in combination with variation in the labor-intensiveness of subsistence activities. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Using Marine CSEM Method

Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (MCSEM) technology has been successfully established as an effective tool for offshore hydrocarbon (HC) exploration. In this paper we consider another application of the MCSEM method for HC reservoir monitoring. We demonstrate that EM methods can also be used for the monitoring of producing wells in connection with the enhanced recovery of hydrocarbons. We have developed a powerful new EM modeling technique based on the integral equation method with an inhomogeneous background conductivity (IE IBC). This new method and the corresponding computer software make it possible to model the EM response over a realistic complex model of a sea-bottom HC reservoir. The numerical modeling results demonstrate that the MCSEM method has the ability to map changes in resistivity caused by the production of hydrocarbons over time. In addition, the EM data help to visualize changes in the location of the oil-water contact within the reservoir. This result opens the possibility for practical application of the EM method in HC reservoir monitoring.
Measurements of the specific heats, Cs, and Cv, of dense gaseous and liquid ethane

The specific heats of saturated liquid ethane, Cσ , have been measured at 106 temperatures in the temperature range 93 to 301 K. The specific heats at constant volume, Cv have been measured at 19 densities ranging from 0.2 to 3.1 times the critical density, at temperatures between 91 and 330 K, with pressures to 33 MPa, at 200 PVT states in all. The uncertainty of most of the measurements is estimated to be less than 2.0 percent. As the critical point is approached the uncertainty rises to about 5.0 percent. The measurements were performed to provide input data for accurate calculations of the thermodynamic properties for ethane. They are believed to be the most comprehensive specific heat measurements available for the liquid and vapor states of ethane.