cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Where and When of Intention

Although a subjective urge-or intention-to act appears to precede a voluntary action by almost a quarter of a second, neuroscientists have not had a clear picture of the brain activity that underlies this intentional state. In his Perspective, [Eagleman][1] discusses new work ([ Lau et al .][2]) that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish brain areas that are activated in response to the intention to move versus the actual movement. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5661/1144 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/303/5661/1208
An End-of-Life Quandary in Need of a Statutory Response: When Patients Demand Life-Sustaining Treatment That Physicians are Unwilling to Provide

For decades, the pressing end-of-life treatment issue was whether patients had the right to decline life-sustaining medical treatment. They do, and that right is now firmly established. A significant patient autonomy issue, however, remains unresolved: do patients have the right to demand and receive life-sustaining treatment when such treatment is contrary to the standard of care? Current precedent in the area provides uncertain guidance for health care professionals struggling to ascertain their obligations, as well as for patients wanting to know their rights. Yet, patient-physician disagreement on end-of-life care will continue, especially as medical technology improves. A process-based statute provides the best Framework for addressing patient demands for care that are opposed by physicians and hospitals. This Note contends that the Texas Advance Directives Act is an effective model.
Managing virtual paths on Xunet III: architecture, experimental platform and performance

An architecture for integrating the Virtual Path service into the network management system of future broadband networks is presented. Complete definitions and behavioral descriptions of Managed Object Classes are given. An experimental platform on top of the XUNET III ATM network provides the proof of concept. The Xunet manager is equipped with the necessary monitoring tools for evaluating the performance of the network and controls for changing the parameters of the VP connection services. Performance data from Xunet is presented to highlight the issues underlying the fundamentals of the operation of the VP management model such as the trade-off between throughput and call processing load.
Gentleman George Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America

Review of: ""Gentleman George" Hunt Pendleton: Party Politics and Ideological Identity in Nineteenth-Century America," by Thomas S. Mach.
The Optical/Near-IR Colors of Broad Absorption Line Quasars, Including the Candidate Radio-Loud BAL Quasar 1556+3517

A candidate radio-loud broad absorption line quasar (RLBAL) has been reported by Becker et al. (1997). We present JHK observations of this object and three other radio-detected BALs taken with the new Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT/Ohio State/Aladdin IR Camera (MOSAIC) on the KPNO 4-meter. The candidate RLBAL 1556+3517 has B-K=6.63, redder than all but one or two known z>1 quasars. This strongly suggests the observed continuum of this quasar is reddened by dust. Even when this extreme reddening is taken into account 1556+3517 is still probably radio-loud, although near-IR spectroscopy to measure its Balmer decrement will be needed to verify this. In addition, since it is a flat-spectrum object, VLBI observations to determine the extent (if any) to which beaming affects our estimate of its radio luminosity will be needed before 1556+3517 can be unequivocally declared a radio-loud BAL. We also use our data and data from the literature to show that optically selected BALs as a class have B-K colors consistent with the observed distribution for optically selected quasars as a whole. Thus there is currently no evidence that the tendency of optically selected BALs to be preferentially radio-intermediate (Hooper, Francis, & Impey 1993) is due to extinction artificially lowering estimated BAL optical luminosities. However, as most quasar surveys, both radio and optical, would be insensitive to a population of reddened radio-quiet BALs, the existence of a large population of reddened BALs similar to 1556+3517 cannot yet be ruled out.
Intelligent Tools for Planning Knowledge Base Development and Verification

A key obstacle hampering fielding of AI planning applications is the considerable expense of developing, verifying, updating, and maintaining the planning knowledge base (KB). Planning systems must be able to compare favorably in terms of software lifecycle costs to other means of automation such as scripts or rule-based expert systems. Consequently, in order to field real systems, planning practitioners must be able to provide: 1. tools to allow domain experts to create and debug their own planning knowledge bases; 2. tools for software verification, validation, and testing; and 3. tools to facilitate updates and maintenance of the planning knowledge base. This paper describes two types of tools for planning knowledge base development: static KB analysis techniques to detect certain classes of syntactic errors in a planning knowledge base; and completion analysis techniques, to interactively debug the planning knowledge base. We describe these knowledge development tools and describe empirical results documenting the usefulness of these tools.
Ten asthma pearls every primary care physician should know.

Asthma is often easily identified and effectively treated. However, presenting symptoms are variable, and many cases of asthma may not be obvious or typical. Since asthma affects about 5% of the US population, primary care physicians should be prepared to identify and manage both atypical and classic types. Atypical symptoms include disturbed sleep, chest tightness, and persistent cough without audible wheezing. Occupational factors should be suspected in all cases of adult-onset asthma. The patient's history and results of simple pulmonary function tests are useful in diagnosing, staging, and managing asthma. A beta 2 agonist delivered by metered-dose inhaler (e.g., albuterol) should provide prompt relief of most exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroid therapy delivered via a spacer helps prevent exacerbations and has an important role in long-term control of moderate and severe asthma. If symptoms do not improve with the use of standard asthma medications, alternative diagnoses should be considered.
Toward an Understanding of the Metropolis: I. Some Speculations Regarding the Economic Basis of Urban Concentration

Introductory — Changed scope of city planning and the resulting need for economic assistance, 180. — The problem of an efficient "pattern of population" considered abstractly, 183. — Fundamental importance of transportation advantages in assembling assortments of consumption goods, 186. — Advantages in distributing such assortments, 187. — Consumption advantages of non-urban locations, 188. — Effects upon location of perishability and variation in weight and bulk of goods, 190. — Family unit and location, 193. — Influence of trade-union "exactions," 195. — General factors of retardation and distortion, 196. — Variations in the factors influencing the pattern, 197. — Correlation between growth and variations in relative transportation advantages in history of New York City, 204.
1581 EARLY EFFECTS OF A NEPHROTOXIC CEPHALOSPORIN ON RENAL CORTICAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM (CA) CONTENT AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION

Cephaloglycin (CG) is one of several nephrotoxic drugs in the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. The mechanism of injury produced by these drugs is uncertain. Since CA has been implicated in the damage sustained by the kidney following a variety of insults, the effects of CG on CA accumulation in the cortex (CTX) and cortical mitochondria (MITO) and the relationship of mitochondrial oxygen consumption to tissue CA content were studied. The CA content of whole renal CTX and renal cortical MITO was measured two hours after a toxic dose of CG (200mg/kg IV) in control (CTRL) and experimental (EXPT) rabbits. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption supported by succinate in the presence of ADP or CA was measured from the same preparations. Data are expressed as nanomoles/mg protein and as means±SD, n=6-10, *p<.05 or better compared to CTRL. CG leads to early accumulation of CA in the renal CTX and cortical MITO. There is a parallel decline in mitochondrial respiratory function. These results suggest that CA may play an important role in the proximal tubular necrosis and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by CG.
An IR spatial interferometer at 10 μm wavelength and measurement of stellar dust shells

Abstract The University of California Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI) for the 10 μm wavelength region is briefly described and results obtained on 13 prominent stars and on atmospheric phenomena are discussed. The interferometer has two movable telescopes of 1.65 m aperture and operates in principle like a modern radio interferometer, using heterodyne detection, CO 2 laser local oscillators, RF delay lines, and lobe rotation to maintain a fixed-frequency fringe rate. Extensive measurements have been made on atmospheric pathlength or phase fluctuation characteristics. These show substantial deviations from the Kolmogorov-Taylor model, fortunately in a direction favoring adaptive optics, long baselines, and the use of infrared wavelengths. Outer scales as small as about 10m occur under good seeing conditions. Visibility results on the 13 stars show that six of them have dust shells rather far from the star and provide evidence for episodic emission of gas with times between emissions of a number of decades. Other stars also vary with time, but are characterized by cyclic variations typical of long-term variables and more continuous emission with dust formation near the stars at temperatures as high as 1300K.
Transient Overvoltages Caused by Monopolar Ground Fault on Bipolar DC Line: Theory and Simulation

A short circuit from one pole to ground on a bipolar overhead dc line can produce an overvoltage factor as high as 2.2 per unit on the unfaulted pole, which may cause flashover of line insulation, thus converting a monopolar fault into a bipolar one. This is undesirable because a bipolar fault causes a greater disturbance to the power system than does a monopolar fault.
Improved procedure to test causality of tabulated S-parameters

Tabulated S-parameters are often tested for causality to ensure successful transient simulation. Existing approaches for this test either are not robust or have limited resolution in detecting noncausality. In this paper, a new approach for this test is proposed. The proposed approach is more robust and has better resolution than existing approaches.
Conformational Dynamics of the Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase Manager Proteins UmuD and UmuD

Abstract The expression of Escherichia coli umuD gene products is upregulated as part of the SOS response to DNA damage. UmuD is initially produced as a 139-amino-acid protein, which subsequently cleaves off its N-terminal 24 amino acids in a reaction dependent on RecA/single-stranded DNA, giving UmuD′. The two forms of the umuD gene products play different roles in the cell. UmuD is implicated in a primitive DNA damage checkpoint and prevents DNA polymerase IV-dependent − 1 frameshift mutagenesis, while the cleaved form facilitates UmuC-dependent mutagenesis via formation of DNA polymerase V (UmuD′ 2 C). Thus, the cleavage of UmuD is a crucial switch that regulates replication and mutagenesis via numerous protein–protein interactions. A UmuD variant, UmuD3A, which is noncleavable but is a partial biological mimic of the cleaved form UmuD′, has been identified. We used hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS) to probe the conformations of UmuD, UmuD′, and UmuD3A. In HXMS experiments, backbone amide hydrogens that are solvent accessible or not involved in hydrogen bonding become labeled with deuterium over time. Our HXMS results reveal that the N-terminal arm of UmuD, which is truncated in the cleaved form UmuD′, is dynamic. Residues that are likely to contact the N-terminal arm show more deuterium exchange in UmuD′ and UmuD3A than in UmuD. These observations suggest that noncleavable UmuD3A mimics the cleaved form UmuD′ because, in both cases, the arms are relatively unbound from the globular domain. Gas-phase hydrogen exchange experiments, which specifically probe the exchange of side-chain hydrogens and are carried out on shorter timescales than solution experiments, show that UmuD′ incorporates more deuterium than either UmuD or UmuD3A. This work indicates that these three forms of the UmuD gene products are highly flexible, which is of critical importance for their many protein interactions.
Variability, accuracy, and taxonomic costs of rapid assessment approaches in benthic macroinvertebrate biomonitoring

Abstract Twenty population and community measures (with structural measures including richness, diversity indices, and biotic indices, and functional measures including functional feeding‐group components) that have been proposed for use in benthic biomonitoring were examined in terms of within‐habitat variability (using coefficients of variation), accuracy (i.e., indications of impact when impact occurred; no indications of impact when impact did not occur), and taxonomic effort required (e.g., from simple discrimination among taxa to generic identification of taxa and determination of trophic status). Based on 54 samples from a uniform riffle of a California mountain stream, coefficients of variation ranged from 7% for Simpson's diversity index to greater than 100% for several measures. Richness measures, Margalef s diversity index, the Family Biotic Index, and the ratio of individuals of the scraper functional‐feeding group to total number of individuals were accurate in detecting acid and thermal stre...
Review of literature on diseases of the colon and rectum

Alto, T. and Licznerski, G. The intestinal polyposes. Clinics in Gastroenterol., 2: 577-602, 1973. Anderson, C. and Giuffrida, J. T. Diarrhea and a "shaggy" polyp in the colon. J. M. A. Georg-ia, 62: 309-310, 1973. Bhargava, B. N. and Gangwal. K. C. Peutz.Jeghers syndrome. J. Indian M. A., 61: 316, 1973. '. Chally, C. H. and Blackwood, W. D. Polypectocay using the fiberoptic colonoscope. Minnesota Med., 56: 850-853, 1973. Crespi, M. and Di Matteo, S. Frequence de l'hyper-plasie de la muqueuse et de la polypose du rectosigmoide dans une population saine soumise h un dfpistage: importance des facteurs familiaux. Rev. Med., 14: 2266-2270, 1973. Crismer, R. and Ramioul, H. La radiotherapie de contact dans le traitement des tumeurs villeuses et des cancers de l 'ampoule rectale. Rev. Med., 14: 2285-2289, 1973. Deredzhian, A. Some problems in the surgical treatment of pseudopolyposis and polyposis of the colon and rectum. Khirurgiia, 26: 159-165, 1973. (Bul) Dolan, K. D., Seibert, J. and Seibert, R. W. Gardner's syndrome: a model for correlative radiology. Am. J. Roentgenol., 119: 359-364, 1973. Dozois, R. R., Dahlin, D. C. and Bartholomew, L. G. Ovarian tumors associated with the PeutzJeghers syndrome. Prog. Clin. Cancer, 5: 187-193, 1973. G6ral, R., Salwa-Kubasik, W. and SzymaL J. Classification of polyps of the large intestine. Pol. Przegl. Chir., 45: 779-788, 1973. (Pol) Guastavino, E. Juvenile polyps. Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam., 5: 43-44, 1973. (Spa.) Hanna, R. W. Familial multiple polyposis. J. South Carolina M. A., 69: 367-369, 1973. Kharchenko, V. O. A case of ileocecal invagination as a result of an ileal polyp. Kiln. Khir., 3: 71, 1973. (Rus) Kobayashi, S., Niizuma, S. and Yamamoto, M. Radiographic study of polyploid lesion of the colon and the rectum. Jap. J. Clin. Radiol., 48: 559-570, 1973. (Jap) Lebedeva, G. A. Intestinal polyps occurring under
Catalyst decomposition during temperature programmed desorption of bases from promoted sulfated zirconias

Results from temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, pyridine, and benzene from sulfated zirconia catalysts promoted with Fe, Mn, and Ni are compared. Without adsorbates, catalysts are thermally stable below 900 K. With adsorbates, catalysts decompose partially or completely between 700 and 900 K. It is shown that previously reported conclusions regarding acid strength distributions for promoted sulfated zirconia catalysts that were based on the results of ammonia and benzene thermal desorption studies are likely incorrect because the decomposition of adsorbates and the catalyst were not considered.
Determination of Cs-Cs interaction parameters using Feshbach spectroscopy

We measure high-resolution Feshbach resonance spectra for ultracold cesium atoms colliding in different hyperfine and magnetic sublevels. More than 25 Feshbach resonances are observed for magnetic fields below 230 G in the elastic and inelastic ground state collision cross sections, as well as in the cross section for light-assisted collisions. From these spectra a consistent set of ground state molecular interaction parameters for cesium is extracted, including singlet and triplet scattering lengths of A(s) = (280 +/- 10)alpha (0) and A(t) = (2400 +/- 100)alpha (0), a van der Waals coefficient C-6 (6890 +/- 35) a.u., as well as the strength of the indirect spin-spin coupling. This set of parameters allows for the first time a complete characterization of cesium's ultracold-collision properties. (C) 2001 Academie des sciences/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.
The 1,4-phenylenediisocyanide dimer: gas-phase properties and insights into organic self-assembled monolayers

The 1,4-phenylenediisocyanide (PDI) dimer serves as an intriguing case of the substituted benzene dimer, as well as a prototype system for self-assembled monolayers of organic isocyanide complexes. Structures and binding energies are explored using recently developed dual-basis second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory energies and gradients. The structures are dictated by a combination of dispersion and electrostatics, a combination not properly treated with local or gradient-corrected density functionals. The PDI dimer binds more than twice as strongly as unsubstituted benzene dimers in several configurations, and greater directional specificity between parallel-displaced and T-shaped structures is observed. A rotated-parallel structure is the predicted lowest-energy, gas-phase configuration, in which the isocyanide ligands are staggered on the monomers. Relevant potential energy curves of the dimer are also presented, and insights into PDI monolayer formation on metal surfaces are explored via simple two-body models. Based on the adsorbate interaction alone, a high-coverage configuration and non-vertical tilt are predicted to be favorable, although the total binding for PDI in these configurations is still insufficient to form ordered monolayers, a result consistent with previous experimental findings. Additional phenyl rings (biphenyldiisocyanide, triphenyldiisocyanide) significantly stabilize the interaction and provide the additional dispersion necessary for an ordered monolayer.
Quantitative determination of tolazoline in serum and urine

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the analysis of tolazoline in serum and urine. This assay procedure is suitable for the analysis of microsamples (50 or 100 μl serum and 100 μl urine). Samples are extracted in a single step and injected into a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system for detection at 210 nm. The clinical applicability of this assay is demonstrated by the determination of tolazoline serum and urine concentrations in neonates. In addition, the presence of urine conjugates and the extent of serum protein binding were investigated. This assay procedure has the required sensitivity (0.1 μg/ml), accuracy and precision for both routine monitoring and pharmacokinetic characterization of tolazoline in neonates and adults.
Application of Quality Control to Resistance Welding

This paper describes a system of quality control of resistance welding that has been used successfully for the past few years in manufacturing switchgear cubicles and equipment. Standard samples of material identical with production parts are periodically inserted in the welding machine and welded without disturbing the settings and then tested to destruction in a torsion device. The diameter, torque, and angle of twist at failure all are measured and combined into a single figure indicative of weld quality. This number is plotted on control charts, and corrective action is taken whenever the control limits are exceeded. By setting these limits well within allowable values the quality of production parts is assured.
D-region nonlinearities observed using cross-modulation experiments

HF cross modulation is employed as a technique to probe the D-region ionosphere during modulated HF heating experiments at the High frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) observatory in Gakona, Alaska. The presented technique is a modified version of a more typical pulsed HF cross modulation experiment, based on Fejer's method, in which a low power pulsed radio wave probes the D-region ionosphere that is modulated by a second high power pulsed radio wave. During the modulated heating experiments discussed herein, the ionosphere is heated with amplitude modulated (AM) waves at a large number of different HF power levels. It has previously been established that careful measurements of the amplitude and phase of cross-modulated signals can be used to quantify the HAARP-modified characteristics (i.e., the conductivity) of the D-region ionosphere with high time resolution. Past experiments were used to demonstrate that the modified conductivity could produce an additional 5–6 dB of HF signal attenuation and additionally could produce rapidly varying cross modulation phase equivalent to Doppler shifts of several 10's of km/sec. We apply the same concept in this paper, analyzing the depth of cross modulation as a function of the power of the modifying HF signal. Our results are consistent with a saturation effect that has previously been observed during ELF/VLF wave generation experiments. We compare these past ELF/VLF experimental observations with new HF cross modulation observations performed using sinusoidal AM waveforms at 2.5 kHz. The HF cross modulation experiments were performed during HF heating campaigns at HAARP in March 2013.
Principles of Microsurgery

The surgical principles and techniques used in ophthalmic microsurgery differ considerably from those used in general surgery. Successful ophthalmic microsurgery requires that the surgeon understand not only the design and complexities of the operating microscope, but how tissues are affected by minute manipulations with microsurgical instruments. Furthermore, ophthalmic microsurgery requires a detailed understanding of how microsurgical techniques need to be adjusted to accommodate the unique features of ocular tissues such as conjunctiva, cornea, and lens. A diligent effort to master the principles of ophthalmic microsurgery is probably the single most important prerequisite to becoming an accomplished ophthalmic surgeon.
Simulation of reactive geochemical transport in groundwater using a semi-analytical screening model

Abstract A reactive geochemical transport model, based on a semi-analytical solution to the advective-dispersive transport equation in two dimensions, is developed as a screening tool for evaluating the impact of reactive contaminants on aquifer hydrogeochemistry. Because the model utilizes an analytical solution to the transport equation, it is less computationally intensive than models based on numerical transport schemes, is faster, and it is not subject to numerical dispersion effects. Although the assumptions used to construct the model preclude consideration of reactions between the aqueous and solid phases, thermodynamic mineral saturation indices are calculated to provide qualitative insight into such reactions. Test problems involving acid mine drainage and hydrocarbon biodegradation signatures illustrate the utility of the model in simulating essential hydrogeochemical phenomena.
Ground-state energy of the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard model calculated by the method of Singwi, Tosi, Land, and Sjölander

By using the classic approximation method of Singwi, Tosi, Land, and Sj\"olander (STLS), we calculate the ground-state energy of the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard model in the half-filled antiferromagnetic state. In the one-dimensional case, by comparison with the exact result of Lieb and Wu, we find that the STLS correlation energy is generally better than that obtained from the random-phase approximation (RPA) and competes in quality with the best values obtained from variational calculations based on the antiferromagnetic Gutzwiller wave function (AFGWF). In particular, the STLS approximation yields a maximum in the absolute value of the correlation energy as a function of U, which is also found in the exact treatment, but not in the RPA. However, the numerical values of the STLS correlation energy are not as accurate as in the case of the uniform electron gas. In two dimensions, where the exact energy is not known, we find a similar relationship between the results of STLS, RPA, and AFGWF calculations, but the absolute value of the correlation energy is smaller. For large values of U, in both dimensions, the STLS method (like the RPA) runs into difficulties, due to the insufficient treatment of transverse spin fluctuations.
DNA microarrays: revolutionary insight into the living genome.

cine is without a doubt the completion of the human genome sequence. This milestone provides a framework of knowledge that will allow further exploration of our genetic code. However, a full understanding of the genetic determinants of both human health and disease processes requires an understanding of the entire set of genes that are expressed by distinct cell populations at a particular time. Several wellestablished techniques exist that can detect the expression of genes in a tissueor cell-specific manner. The majority of these methodologies, which include Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and conventional polymerase chain reaction, analyze only 1 specific gene or region of the chromosome at a time. Therefore, these techniques fail to provide detailed insight
Anterior segment complications of a nutritional supplement

A patient who had been taking an oral L-arginine-based body-building supplement developed bilateral diffuse subconjunctival hemorrhages, circumcorneal dilated vessels, and peripheral corneal infiltrates after bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis. There is limited information regarding the efficacy, safety, and constituents of nutritional supplements because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates them differently than prescription medications, and they do not require approval prior to marketing. These products may result in adverse effects as evidenced by the subconjunctival hemorrhages (an exaggerated vasodilator and antithrombotic effect of nitric oxide formed from arginine) and peripheral corneal infiltrates in this case. The case highlights the importance of eliciting a history of nutritional supplement and/or herbal medication use, especially in patients scheduled to have surgery.
Expression of transforming growth factor-β receptor type II and tumorigenicity in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells

To analyze transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) response during MCF-7 cell progression, early passage (MCF-7E, 500 passage) cells were compared. MCF-7E cells showed an IC50 of approximately 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta1, whereas MCF-7L cells were insensitive. MCF-7E cells contained approximately threefold higher levels of TGF-beta receptor type II (TbetaRII) mRNA than MCF-7L, but their TbetaRI levels were similar. MCF-7E parental cells showed higher TbetaRII promoter activity than MCF-7L cells, which could be attributed to changes in Sp1 nuclear protein levels. Receptor cross-linking studies indicated that the cell surface receptor levels parallel mRNA levels in both cell lines. Limiting dilution clones of MCF-7E cells were established to determine the heterogeneity of TbetaRII expression in this cell line, and they showed varying degrees of TbetaRII expression. Fibronectin was induced at higher levels in cells expressing higher TbetaRII levels. All three TGF-beta isoforms were detected in limiting dilution clones and parental cells, but TGF-beta1 was more abundant relative to TGF-beta2 or 3, and no correlation between TGF-beta isoform profile with TGF-beta sensitivity was found. MCF-7L cells were tumorigenic and formed xenografts rapidly and progressively, whereas MCF-7E parental and limiting dilution clonal cells showed transient tumor formation followed by regression. These results indicate that decreased TbetaRII transcription in breast cancer cells leads to a loss of TbetaRII expression, resulting in cellular resistance to TGF-beta which contributes to escape from negative growth regulation and tumor progression.
Optimal pricing for an unbounded queue

The maximization of expected reward is considered for an Mp/M/s queuing system with unlimited queue capacity. The system is controlled by dynamically changing the price charged for the facility's service in order to discourage or encourage the arrival of customers. For the finite queue capacity problem, it has been shown that all optimal policies possess a certain monotonicity property, namely, that the optimal price to advertise is a non-decreasing function of the number of customers in the system. The main result presented here is that for the unlimited capacity problem, there exist optimal stationary policies at least one of which is monotone. Also, an algorithm is presented, with numerical results, which will produce an Ɛ-optimal policy for any Ɛ > 0, and an optimal policy if a simple condition is satisfied.
Efficiency dilution: long-term exergy conversion trends in Japan.

This analysis characterizes century-scale trends in exergy efficiency in Japan. Exergy efficiency captures the degree to which energy inputs (such as coal) are converted into useful work (such as electricity or power to move a vehicle). This approach enables the estimation of net efficiencies which aggregate different technologies. Sectors specifically analyzed are electricity generation, transport, steel production, and residential space heating. One result is that the aggregate exergy efficiency of the Japanese economy declined slightly over the last half of the 20th century, reaching a high of around 38% in the late 1970s and falling to around 33% by 1998. The explanation for this is that while individual technologies improved dramatically over the century, less exergy-efficient ones were progressively adopted, yielding a net stabilization or decline. In the electricity sector, for instance, adoption of hydropower was followed by fossil-fired plants and then by nuclear power, each technology being successively less efficient from an exergy perspective. The underlying dynamic of this trend is analogous to declining ore grades in the mining sector. Increasing demand for exergy services requires expended utilization of resources from which it is more difficult to extract utility (e.g., falling water versus coal). We term this phenomenon efficiencymore » dilution. 30 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less
Fish Total Length Measurement Error from Recreational Anglers: Causes and Contribution to Noncompliance for the Mille Lacs Walleye Fishery

Abstract To estimate angler noncompliance with size limits due to measurement error by anglers, we used estimates of measurement error derived from (1) lengths of walleye Sander vitreus tagged and measured by biologists subsequently caught and voluntarily measured by anglers and (2) from dead walleyes of known length that anglers voluntarily measured during interviews at lake access sites. We also investigated the potential for postmortem changes in fish length. Monte Carlo simulations suggested that angler measurement error accounted for 41–100% of observed angler noncompliance with a 14-in to 16-in harvest slot limit for Mille Lacs lake, Minnesota. Simulations underestimated harvest (retention) rates for walleyes of lengths approaching the harvest slot boundaries compared with actual measures by anglers of the tagged fish they caught; this suggests greater attentiveness of anglers at measuring fish near the slot limits or angler intent to retain protected fish. When reporting total lengths of the tagged...
A program package for quantitative analysis of histologic structure and remodeling dynamics of bone

Quantitative bone histology has become an increasingly valuable tool for the management and diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. A new computer-assisted method for quantitative analysis of bone histology which combines the advantages of discriminatory input by the investigator with a significant reduction of evaluation time is presented. These programs allow the analysis of a sufficient number of subjects from different populations for the establishment of normative data, and are useful in the diagnosis and documentation of the treatment of metabolic bone disease.
1311 CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO INCREASED CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRESSURE (CSFP) BY SIMULATED INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) IN 1 DAY OLD PIGLETS

The adult Cushing reflex is an increase in blood pressure (BP) and a decrease in heart rate (HR) in response to elevated CSFP. Is this response seen in neonates during IVH? Cardiovascular responses to simulated IVH were studied in anesthetized piglets ≤24 hours old. CSFP, BP, HR and phasic femoral, carotid and renal flows were recorded; resistance (R) was calculated as BP/mean flow. Every 10 minutes 0.5ml of the animal's own blood (IVH,n=6) or artificial CSF (n=3) was injected into the right lateral ventricle. With IVH, CSFP increased 10-20cm H2O with each injection; peak CSFP was 90cm H2O with IVH and 40cm H2O with CSF. HR responses were variable. Consistent changes in BP were not elicited until a total volume of 2.5ml had been injected in all animals. Immediate increases in BP after IVH were 28%, 53% and 95% with totals of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5ml of blood injected, while with CSF, the BP increases averaged 21% with 2.5-7.5ml injected. Femoral R increased 37%, 101% and 168% and renal increased 37%, 88% and 153% with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5ml respectively. With CSF, femoral and renal R were variable. Carotid R increased in all animals. Our results indicate that the HR decrease accompanying the BP increase with elevated CSFP is not consistently present in neonates. Thus, the adult Cushing reflex is not obtained in neonates. Furthermore, careful monitoring of cardiovascular parameters is essential in the care of infants susceptible to IVH.
Chemical microscopy of 1,5-naphthyridine: Reactions with platinum metals and gold

Abstract As summarized in Table 1, by the formation of characteristic crystalline derivatives under the microscope a hydrochloric acid solution of 1,5-naphthyridine may serve as a reagent to identify low concentrations of platinum(IV), gold(III), and palladium(II) in acid solutions of their chlorides, whereas rhodium(III), ruthenium (III), and osmium(VI) do not form corresponding precipitates. As a reagent for the noble metals, therefore, naphthyridine appears more versatile than the related compound, pyridine, when applied under similar conditions. As shown previously ( 3 ), gold was the only member of the group to yield a crystalline precipitate with the pyridine reagent. Unfortunately it is not always feasible to identify platinum, gold, or palladium in a mixture of precious metal ions. In most instances the presence of one of the metals which do not form a precipitate with the reagent will interfere with the identification of platinum, palladium, and gold (Table 2).
Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized, High Risk Prostate Cancer: Critical Analysis of Risk Assessment Methods

Purpose: Standardized criteria are lacking to define high risk, clinically localized prostate cancer before definitive treatment. Reliance on simple risk stratification schemes to define high risk cancers has led many physicians and patients toward therapeutic nihilism, inappropriately selecting androgen deprivation instead of definitive local therapy. Of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy we identified those at high risk based on 8 previously described definitions. We examined pathological characteristics and prostate specific antigen outcomes.Materials and Methods: The study population included 4,708 men treated with radical prostatectomy alone between 1985 and 2004. Estimates of prostate specific antigen relapse for patients at high risk were generated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the HR for recurrence in high risk vs nonhigh risk cohorts.Results: Depending on the definition used patients at high risk composed 3% to 38% of the study popul...
Tract-based morphometry for white matter group analysis.

We introduce an automatic method that we call tract-based morphometry, or TBM, for measurement and analysis of diffusion MRI data along white matter fiber tracts. Using subject-specific tractography bundle segmentations, we generate an arc length parameterization of the bundle with point correspondences across all fibers and all subjects, allowing tract-based measurement and analysis. In this paper we present a quantitative comparison of fiber coordinate systems from the literature and we introduce an improved optimal match method that reduces spatial distortion and improves intra- and inter-subject variability of FA measurements. We propose a method for generating arc length correspondences across hemispheres, enabling a TBM study of interhemispheric diffusion asymmetries in the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and cingulum bundle (CB). The results of this study demonstrate that TBM can detect differences that may not be found by measuring means of scalar invariants in entire tracts, such as the mean diffusivity (MD) differences found in AF. We report TBM results of higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left hemisphere in AF (caused primarily by lower λ3, the smallest eigenvalue of the diffusion tensor, in the left AF), and higher left hemisphere FA in CB (related to higher λ1, the largest eigenvalue of the diffusion tensor, in the left CB). By mapping the significance levels onto the tractography trajectories for each structure, we demonstrate the anatomical locations of the interhemispheric differences. The TBM approach brings analysis of DTI data into the clinically and neuroanatomically relevant framework of the tract anatomy.
Mutational analysis of the phage T4 morphogenetic 31 gene, whose product interacts with the Escherichia coli GroEL protein

The phage T4 morphogenetic gene 31 has been sequenced. Its deduced gene product is a polypeptide of 111 aa, with a predicted Mr of 12064 and a pI of 4.88. The proof that the assigned open reading frame (ORF) encodes Gp31 rests on the sequencing of two known gene 31 amber mutations, amN54 and NG71, demonstrating that these mutations result in translational termination within the assigned ORF. Furthermore, the sequencing of four different T4 epsilon mutations, isolated on the basis of allowing the phage to propagate on Escherichia coli groEL- hosts, showed that they are either missense mutations or 3-bp deletions in the gene 31 reading frame. The sequencing of neighboring DNA revealed the presence of five other ORFs, one of which overlaps gene 31 substantially, but in the opposite orientation.
AGE DISTRIBUTION AND THE STABLE EQUIVALENT

Some populations, like that of the United States in the 1950’s, have a smaller proportion of women of reproductive age than they would ultimately attain with continuance of their age-specific birth and deaths rates, a continuance which produces the condition known in demography as stability. Others, like that of the United States in the 1930’s, have relatively more women of reproductive age than they would ultimately attain with stability. A way of studying ages is to calculate how many women of stable age distribution would be equivalent from the viewpoint of reproduction to the women observed. This stable equivalent was 69,535,000 or 16 percent below the observed United States female population in 1955, and 12 percent above the observed in 1935. The stable equivalent is a measure of fertility potential, closely related to R. A. Fisher’s reproductive value. Calculations for four countries illustrate how a fall of the birth rate, for example in demographic transition, occasions an age distribution in which the stable equivalent is greater than the observed number of women. The notion of stable equivalent is useful for comparison because changes in it are nearly invariant with respect to the age-pattern of fertility used. The statement that the United States stable equivalent increased by 11 percent between 1960 and 1965 holds irrespective of whether the 1960 or the 1965 age-specific fertility and mortality rates are used as standard.
Time-varying betas and risk premia in the pricing of forward foreign exchange contracts

Abstract This paper specifies the single-beta capital asset pricing model for the pricing of forward foreign exchange contracts from the point of view of a U.S. investor. Parametric specification of the betas as ARCH-like processes explicitly allows for time variation as well as sign variation of the risk premium in the forward foreign exchange market. I estimate the model jointly for four currencies, using a generalized method of moments procedure. The results show significant time variation for the betas and tests of the overidentifying restrictions are generally favorable to the model.
Parity for Whom? Exemptions and the Extent of State Mental Health Parity Legislation

Between 1997 and 2003, the share of workers subject to mental health parity laws greatly increased. But because of exemptions for self-insured firms and small firms, coverage is much lower than a simple tally of state mandates would suggest. Limits on the types of conditions covered further weaken these laws. This paper summarizes the extent and scope of state parity legislation in terms of the number of insured private-sector employees covered. It explicitly accounts for the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) exemption for self-insured plans, exemptions for small employers, and the range of conditions covered by the law.
Children with co-morbid Recurrent Abdominal Pain and anxiety disorders: Results from a multiple-baseline intervention study:

Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP), one of the most common complaints of childhood, is associated with many adverse outcomes. However, few treatment studies have been conducted, especially for children with co-morbid RAP and anxiety disorders. The primary aim of the present study was to explore the utility of a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and a treatment that combined both CBT and family-based approaches in a community sample of children with co-morbid anxiety and RAP. A multiple-baseline across participants design utilizing repeated measures of anxiety and pain was implemented (n = 8 families). An examination of the clinical significance of both treatment approaches is suggestive of their utility in the treatment of anxiety and pain symptoms in children with RAP. More research is warranted in RAP treatment outcome research, particularly with family-based approaches to treatment.
Exafs Study of Co/Cu Multilayers: Mbe Versus Sputtered

EXAFS data are used to probe the local structure of Co/Cu multilayers having comparable dimensions but prepared by two different techniques, MBE and sputtering. Significant differences are found. The nearest neighbor distance in all Co layers increases about the same amount relative to the bulk value and MBE Co layers are less disordered than sputtered Co layers. Nearest neighbor distances in thinner Cu layers are less than bulk values but approach bulk value for thicker Cu layers. Nearest neighbor distances in thin MBE Cu layers are more contracted and have a more rapid thickness dependence than in sputtered Cu layers.
Thin-film processing and nonlinear optical properties of novel axially modified phthalocyanine derivatives

A series of new silicon phthalocyanine monomers containing two or more hydroxyl groups has been synthesized by axial etherification of [PcSi(OH)2] with various polyfunctional alcohols, where R is a residue generated from an appropriate alcohol namely, ethylene glycol, glycerol, triethanolamine, triethylene glycol, 1,4-bis(2- hydroxyethyl)piperazine and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) isonicotinamide. All derivatives are soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform and dioxane, and exhibit low absorptions in the visible spectral region. The dimer [RO(SiPcO)2R] and trimer [RO(SiPcO)3R] of triethanolamine have also been synthesized to investigate structure-property relationships. The above derivatives can be processes into thin polymeric films either by reacting with a diisocyanate compound or with a reactive polysiloxane. Third- order nonlinear optical properties of the above derivatives are described.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computer Design of Custom Femoral Stem Prostheses

Improved implant-bone fit appears to increase the longevity of cementless total joints. This article describes design software that uses 3D bone models generated from X-ray computerized tomography to produce optimal-fit hip stems for individual femurs. The result is an implant designed to optimize load transfer and minimize stem motion within a given bone.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOYS: A METALLURGICAL APPLICATION OF THE PIXE TECHNIQUE

A simple method for determining thermodynamic mixing parameters for alloys is described. The method takes advantage of small solubilities of alloy components in a high-temperature molten silicate solvent and utilizes the trace element analytical capabilities of the PIXE technique. PIXE analyses were obtained on glasses for a series of (Au, Pd) alloys which had been equilibrated with a fixed composition silicate melt at 1450 °C. Concentrations of Au and Pd in glass obtained from high-temperature experiments record a quantity directly proportional to the vapor pressure of the alloy components when the concentrations are low enough to have constant activity coefficients in the melt. Small negative deviations from ideal mixing were found in liquid and solid solutions for the (Au, Pd) binary. The ability to make good precision analyses at low concentrations, essential to the method, is enabled by PIXE. The advantage of the method lies in its simplicity and because mixing properties may be investigated for expe...
Radiation from a periodically bent dielectric cylinder with a graded-index profile

The scattering of guided modes on a dielectric cylinder is investigated for periodically bent cylinders. The graded-index cylinders, in which the relative permittivity changes along the cylinder radius, are treated. Analytical expressions for the amplitude and phase variations of the radiation cylindrical waves are found in a uniform and self-consistent way. Fibers with arbitrary values of the core and cladding index of refraction have been investigated. The general analysis of periodic and nonperiodic deformations of small amplitudes are presented and the special cases of sinusoidally and helically bent fibers, having parabolic index profiles, are considered in detail. The two types of fiber perturbations yield similar characteristics with more radiation losses resulting from a helically bent fiber. A weak inhomogeneity of relative permittivity does not effect the characteristics significantly modifying the phase, but not the amplitude variations of interacting modes. The conversion between guided and radiation modes of different polarizations is stronger in cylinders of smaller radii. The higher order modes of a uniform cylinder are scattered stronger than the lower order modes, and the radiation losses decrease with the increasing cylinder radius.