cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The MicroRNA miR-1 Regulates a MEF-2-Dependent Retrograde Signal at Neuromuscular Junctions

We show that miR-1, a conserved muscle-specific microRNA, regulates aspects of both pre- and postsynaptic function at C. elegans neuromuscular junctions. miR-1 regulates the expression level of two nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits (UNC-29 and UNC-63), thereby altering muscle sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh). miR-1 also regulates the muscle transcription factor MEF-2, which results in altered presynaptic ACh secretion, suggesting that MEF-2 activity in muscles controls a retrograde signal. The effect of the MEF-2-dependent retrograde signal on secretion is mediated by the synaptic vesicle protein RAB-3. Finally, acute activation of levamisole-sensitive nAChRs stimulates MEF-2-dependent transcriptional responses and induces the MEF-2-dependent retrograde signal. We propose that miR-1 refines synaptic function by coupling changes in muscle activity to changes in presynaptic function.
Persistence and stability of species-specific haemagglutinogens in cultivated mammalian cells

Persistence and Stability Of Species-Specific HaeMagglutinogens in Cultivated Mammalian Cells
Dioxygen-bridged and monomeric cobalt(III) complexes with 1,3-Diamino-2-(aminomethyl) propane and ethylenediamine

Abstract Use of ethylenediamine (en) and the tripod ligand 1,3-diamino-2-(aminomethyl)propane (daap) results in cobalt(III)-pentamine complexes with obligate configuration. Optimization of the synthesis of [(en)(daap)Co] 2 O 2 4+ suggests that daap must undergo conformational change for complete coordination. Ultraviolet and visible spectra of [(en)(daap)Co] 2 O 2 4+ , [(en)(daap)Co] 2 O 2 5+ , [Co(daap)(enOH] 2+ , and Co-(daap)(en)H 2 O] 3+ are consistent with those of similar complexes. NMR spectra for [(en)(daap)Co] 2 O 2 4+ and for paramagnetic [(en)(daap)Co] 2 O 2 5+ were observed and assigned. The aqueous acidity of the cation [Co(daap)(en)H 2 O] 3+ was obtained at various ionic strengths.
Autocrine regulation of neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells by nerve growth factor.

The PC12 cell line may be used as a model of NGF-induced neuronal differentiation. Exposure to NGF is accompanied by extension of neurites, cessation of growth and differentiation into cells resembling sympathetic neurons. In this study neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells was induced in serum-free, NGF-free medium conditions. Neurite outgrowth in serum-free conditions was abolished by exposure to anti-NGF antisera. Reverse transcription combined with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization of PC12 cells in serum-free medium conditions revealed NGF transcripts. Western blot analysis of these cells revealed tyrosine phosphorylation of the high affinity NGF receptor (TrkA/gp140) and activation of a downstream signal cascade element, ERK-1/MAP kinase. NGF was also detected by a specific enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) revealing picogram levels of protein in conditioned medium and cell lysates. Survival of embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion neurons was maintained in cultures grown in this serum-free conditioned medium. This demonstrated that NGF may act as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor for PC12 cell differentiation.
United States National Cancer Institute Radiotherapy Development Program

Summary The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) has long supported research in radiotherapy since its establishment by an act of Congress in 1937. One of the first grants for research awarded in 1938 was to support work in developing a cyclotron for conducting clinical research on therapeutic uses of neutrons and radioactive isotopes. Support for training cancer specialists was given high priority in the early days of NCI. In 1961, the Cancer Centers Program was instituted which included a radiation research program that became the primary source of grant support for radiotherapy clinical research centers in the US. There is a need for radiotherapy research because approximately 50–60% of people with newly diagnosed cancers will receive radiotherapy at some time during their disease. In 1979, the Radiotherapy Development Branch (RDP) assumed responsibility for all radiation program grants including radiation physics, radiobiology, and radiotherapy. The RDB manages a portfolio of grants and contracts with an annual budget of over $45 million. In fiscal year (FY) 1984, research support for individual investigator grants, program project grants, and contracts amounted to $22, 15, and 6 million, respectively. The accomplishments of NCI research grantees and contractors in radiotherapy-related areas have been considerable over the past 45 years. It is essential that NCI continue its commitment to radiotherapy research and development.
A process model for understanding victim responses to worksite/function closure

Abstract A review of the downsizing literature suggests that, compared to general downsizing situations, there has been little theoretical work on the collective emotional processes and responses of worksite/function closure victims. A model is described for studying the collective employees' emotional process for grieving the closure, using Kubler-Ross's [Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. Macmillan, New York.] stages of dying. The model also discusses two different types of victim responses during the closure process, and responses after closure. Formal model propositions are given. Boundary conditions of the proposed model and methodological issues are briefly discussed, to help stimulate future testing of this model.
Application of Dynamic Programming to Countercurrent Flow Processes

This paper shows how the methods of dynamic programming may be applied to the problem of optimal design and operation of countercurrent flow processes. The physical relations involved are summarized by a set of transformations describing the technology of the process. The dynamic programming recursive maximum return functions are then used to generate a set of optimal technologies. The stages above and below the feed stage are treated as independent dynamic programming problems that are then coupled through the feed stage technology. The optimal design of a complex of chemical plants is used as an illustrative example.
Some properties of linear systems

The concept of linear systems given by Mesarovic and Takahara (1975) is generalized to the model of general systems introduced by Ma and Lin (1987). Examples are given to show the difference between the old and the new concepts of linear systems. The fundamental theorem of linear systems theory proved by Mesarovic and Takahara (1975) is verified in a new way. An equivalent description of the concept that an input-output system is a linear system, and the stability and uniform stability of input-output linear systems are studied.
Record of a Female Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus, and Young in Syracuse, New York

On July 1, 1953, the writer received a freshly killed female hoary bat with two well-grown young. The young bats were attached to the mother's nipples when captured and it is believed that she was flying with them. Table 1 presents weights and …
Probability Distributions Associated with Power Series Having Non-negative Coefficients

Using an idea of Khinchin, we show how to associate to a power series with non-negative coefficients a one-parameter family of probability distributions. The limit theorems of probability yield asymptotic formulas for coefficients, sections, and other functionals of the power series. This generalizes results of Hayman and Edrei and has applications to the partition function. Given a sequence of normalized probability distributions, it is shown how to construct a power series whose associated distributions are asymptotic to the given distributions for a certain sequence of parameter values.
Sequence Kernel Association Test for Quantitative Traits in Family Samples

A large number of rare genetic variants have been discovered with the development in sequencing technology and the lowering of sequencing costs. Rare variant analysis may help identify novel genes associated with diseases and quantitative traits, adding to our knowledge of explaining heritability of these phenotypes. Many statistical methods for rare variant analysis have been developed in recent years, but some of them require the strong assumption that all rare variants in the analysis share the same direction of effect, and others requiring permutation to calculate the P-values are computer intensive. Among these methods, the sequence kernel association test (SKAT) is a powerful method under many different scenarios. It does not require any assumption on the directionality of effects, and statistical significance is computed analytically. In this paper, we extend SKAT to be applicable to family data. The family-based SKAT (famSKAT) has a different test statistic and null distribution compared to SKAT, but is equivalent to SKAT when there is no familial correlation. Our simulation studies show that SKAT has inflated type I error if familial correlation is inappropriately ignored, but has appropriate type I error if applied to a single individual per family to obtain an unrelated subset. In contrast, famSKAT has the correct type I error when analyzing correlated observations, and it has higher power than competing methods in many different scenarios. We illustrate our approach to analyze the association of rare genetic variants using glycemic traits from the Framingham Heart Study.
A new version of the Monty Hall Dilemma with unequal probabilities

In the Monty Hall Dilemma (MHD), a contestant makes a guess as to which door conceals a prize. The host then reveals the contents of an unchosen, incorrect door, and then gives the contestant a choice of sticking with the initial guess or switching to the remaining door. Given certain crucial assumptions, the rational solution is to switch. In the present study, subjects played 60 trials of either a standard four-door MHD or a new version of the MHD with unequal probabilities. Each has a counterintuitive solution. Subjects showed a strong tendency to stick when they should switch. Some learning took place, but switching in the standard condition reached a plateau. The results indicate that the equal probability condition is more suitable for studying satisficing, while the unequal probability condition is better for studying insightful learning.
Opportunities to improve recruitment into medical genetics residency programs: survey results of program directors and medical genetics residents.

Opportunities to improve recruitment into medical genetics residency programs: survey results of program directors and medical genetics residents
Optical phase conjugation using optically addressed chiral smectic liquid crystal spatial light modulators

Abstract Optical phase conjugation using two new optically addressed chiral smectic liquid crystal spatial light modulators as phase conjugate mirrors are investigated. These two devices employ SmA and SmC liquid crystals and perform optical phase conjugation with optical response times of 40 μs and 155 μs, respectively, with total incident beam intensities of less than 1 mW/cm2. The measured diffraction efficiencies are 1.8% and 8.5%, respectively.
Spreading of Aqueous Trisiloxane Surfactant Solutions over Liquid Hydrophobic Substrates

Systematic studies of trisiloxane surfactant aqueous solutions spreading over hydrophobic liquids are performed by videomicroscopy. Three trisiloxane nonionic surfactants M(D‘E n)M with different ethoxy-chain lengths are investigated. In addition to surfactant concentration, the spreading rate strongly depends on surfactant solubility in the organic liquid substrate, even when the initial spreading coefficient is essentially constant. In contrast to previously studied DDAB solutions' spreading (Svitova, T.; Hill, R.; Radke, C. Langmuir 1999, 15 (21), 7392), two different spreading regimes are found. At relatively low surfactant concentrations, the spreading rate is limited by surfactant mass transport toward stretching interfaces, as in the case of DDAB solutions. At concentrations greater than 0.5 wt %, however, the maximum rate increases to a level for which viscous dissipation by the substrate starts to play an important role, along with surfactant mass transport limitations. For all liquid substrates ...
POSTINDUSTRIAL MANUFACTURING IN A SUNBELT METROPOLIS: WHERE ARE FACTORIES LOCATED IN PHOENIX?

Manufacturing establishments are integral to the spatial structure of fast-growing Sunbelt metropolitan areas, but most concepts and theories of intrametropolitan location were largely developed for an earlier technological era and different spatial contexts. This article investigates the location of nine disaggregated manufacturing sectors in Phoenix, Arizona, showing varying degrees of central core concentration and metropolitan-wide clustering. Distinct sectoral co-location patterns are also evident. We interpret our results as evidence that the intrametropolitan location of postindustrial manufacturing is best understood as a series of spatial distributions with varying concentration, centralization, clustering, and other order-based characteristics. There is little evidence that randomly scattered discrete industrial zones have developed nor that spatial patterns are uniform. Enduring lock-in effects tied to transportation infrastructure are pivotal to understanding the locational distribution of man...
Psychiatric comorbidity in fibromyalgia

This review examines the current literature regarding psychiatric comorbidities associated with fibromyalgia. The aim of this review is to enhance understanding of psychiatric disorders that, alone or in combination with other physiologic (eg, neuroendocrine dysfunction) and psychosocial factors (eg, poor coping skills), may contribute to abnormal pain sensitivity and other illness behaviors of individuals with fibromyalgia. The review first identifies the psychiatric comorbidities that are associated most often with fibromyalgia and tend to aggregate within families of individuals with this disorder. It then examines the literature regarding the extent to which psychiatric illness, environmental stressors, or other psychosocial factors may contribute to the development of fibromyalgia. The review also presents recent findings concerning the extent to which psychosocial factors may contribute to treatment-related outcomes in pain and other health status variables among patients with fibromyalgia.
A nearshore model to investigate the effects of seagrass bed geometry on wave attenuation and suspended sediment transport

The effects of seagrass bed geometry on wave attenuation and suspended sediment transport were investigated using a modified Nearshore Community Model (NearCoM). The model was enhanced to account for cohesive sediment erosion and deposition, sediment transport, combined wave and current shear stresses, and seagrass effects on drag. Expressions for seagrass drag as a function of seagrass shoot density and canopy height were derived from published flume studies of model vegetation. The predicted reduction of volume flux for steady flow through a bed agreed reasonably well with a separate flume study. Predicted wave attenuation qualitatively captured seasonal patterns observed in the field: wave attenuation peaked during the flowering season and decreased as shoot density and canopy height decreased. Model scenarios with idealized bathymetries demonstrated that, when wave orbital velocities and the seagrass canopy interact, increasing seagrass bed width in the direction of wave propagation results in higher wave attenuation, and increasing incoming wave height results in higher relative wave attenuation. The model also predicted lower skin friction, reduced erosion rates, and higher bottom sediment accumulation within and behind the bed. Reduced erosion rates within seagrass beds have been reported, but reductions in stress behind the bed require further studies for verification. Model results suggest that the mechanism of sediment trapping by seagrass beds is more complex than reduced erosion rates alone; it also requires suspended sediment sources outside of the bed and horizontal transport into the bed.
Growth Plate Formation and Development in Alligator and Mouse Metapodials: Evolutionary and Functional Implications

Mammalian metapodials (metacarpals and metatarsals), unlike most long bones, form a single growth plate, and undergo longitudinal growth at only one end. The growth dynamics of non-mammalian tetrapod metapodials have not been systematically examined in order to determine if unidirectional growth is unique to mammals. Here we compare murine metapodial ossification in growth stages that parallel those of embryonic, juvenile and subadult American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Safranin O staining was used for qualitative histology, and chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation were assessed via immunohistochemistry for type X collagen and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We establish that growth plates form at both ends of alligator metapodials and are maintained in the subadult. PCNA results show that alligators and mice share common patterns of chondrocyte proliferation during growth plate formation. In addition, while alligators and mice differ initially in the degree of organization and pace of chondrocyte differentiation, these parameters are largely similar in established growth plates. However, the replacement of cartilage by bone is highly irregular throughout growth in the alligator, in contrast to the more uniform process in the mouse. These results indicate that while alligators and mammals share common mechanisms of chondrocyte regulation, they differ substantially in their processes of ossification. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the direct ossification of one epiphysis and reliance on a single growth plate is a derived character (synapomorphy) in therian mammals and likely indicates an adaptation for erect quadrupedal gait.
The immunologic basis for the treatment of psoriasis with new biologic agents

Abstract Psoriasis vulgaris is the most prevalent T-cell-mediated inflammatory disease in humans. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is linked to activation of several types of leukocytes that control cellular immunity and to a T-cell-dependent inflammatory process in skin that accelerates the growth of epidermal and vascular cells in psoriasis lesions. Critical steps in immunologic activation include Langerhans cell maturation (activation), T-cell activation, differentiation and expansion of type 1 T cells, selective trafficking of activated T cells to skin, and induction of an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine cascade in skin lesions. In turn, each of these steps offers an opportunity for intervention with engineered biologic therapeutics. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:1-23.) Learning objective: By reading this article, the participant will be able to understand molecules involved in regulating immune responses and the ways in which rationally designed biologic agents may be used to intercept pathologic immune activation.
Persistent occult hypoperfusion is associated with a significant increase in infection rate and mortality in major trauma patients.

Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that occult hypoperfusion (OH) is associated with infectious episodes in major trauma patients. Methods: Data were collected prospectively on all adult trauma patients admitted to the Surgical/Trauma Intensive Care Unit from November of 1996 to December of 1998. Treatment was managed by a single physician according to a defined resuscitation protocol directed at correcting OH (lactic acid [LA] > 2.4 mmol/L). Results: Of a total of 381 consecutive patients, 118 never developed OH and 263 patients exhibited OH. Seventeen patients were excluded because their LA never corrected, and they all subsequently died. One hundred seventy-six infectious episodes occurred in 97 of the 364 patients remaining. The infection rate in patients with no elevation of LA was 13.6% (n = 118) compared with 12.7% (n = 110) in patients whose LA corrected by 12 hours, 40.5% (n = 79; p 12 hours were independently predictive of infection. Conclusion: A clear increase in infections occurred in patients with OH whose lactate levels did not correct by 12 hours, with an associated increase in length of stay, days in surgical/trauma intensive care unit, hospital charges, and mortality.
Mass transfer to a rotating fluid. Part II. Transport from the base of an agitated cylindrical tank

Mass transfer to the base of an unbaffled cylindrical tank which is agitated by an axially-mounted impeller is studied experimentally and theoretically. Measured local mass transfer coefficients vary with radial position and fall within theoretical bounds derived for the case of a fluid undergoing solid body rotation above the boundary layer on the base. Average mass transfer coefficients and torque delivered to the base are fitted by consistent theoretical expressions, and an empirical correlation is developed for calculating the average liquid phase mass transfer coefficient.
On the So-Called War on Terrorism

Abstract: Since the terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, the country has embarked on a so-called war on terrorism. This essay argues that so-called war on terrorism has used the pretext of responding to terrorist attacks in the U.S. in September 2001 to wage wars in Afghanistan and Iraq that have objectives other than stamping out terrorism. It further argues that war requires a moral justification that cannot be provided for either the war in Afghanistan or the war in Iraq.
A decrease in ethanol preference in rats resulting from forced ethanol drinking under fluid deprivation

Abstract The effects of forced drinking of 5% and 10% ethanol under conditions of fluid deprivation on subsequent 5% and 10% ethanol vs. water preference were studied. Two groups each having ten male Sprague Dawley rats (aged 120–160 days) with comparable 5% and 10% ethanol vs. water preferences were used. Forced drinking of 5% ethanol for 30 min per day for 10 days under conditions of total fluid deprivation did not affect the subsequent 5% ethanol vs. water preference, but similar forced deprivation drinking of 10% ethanol for 10 days significantly ( p
Weight-loss practices and asthma: findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.

Objective: To describe weight-control practices and receipt of weight-loss advice among obese people with asthma. Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Results: Among 13,953 participants with current asthma, 27.3% had a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m2. Overall, 48.1% of participants with asthma reported trying to lose weight (64.1% among overweight or obese participants and 72.9% among obese participants). Among participants with asthma who were trying to lose or maintain weight, 74.7% reported trying to reduce their energy and/or fat intake, and 57.8% reported using physical activity. Approximately 29.7% were using the recommended combination of energy and/or fat intake reduction and physical activity of ≥150 min/wk. During the 12 months before the interview, 16.2% of overweight and 44.9% of obese participants with asthma reported receiving advice to lose weight. Among obese participants receiving weight-loss advice, 82.9% reported trying to lose weight compared to 63.8% of participants who did not receive such advice. Discussion: Health professionals can play an important role in educating their patients with asthma about the importance of weight control and assisting their overweight and obese patients in setting appropriate weight goals and helping them achieve those goals.
The scavenging of superoxide radical by manganous complexes: In vitro☆

Abstract Dialyzable manganese has been shown to be present in millimolar concentrations within cells of Lactobacillus plantarum and related lactic acid bacteria. This unusual accumulation of Mn appears to serve the same function as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), conferring hyperbaric oxygen and Superoxide tolerance on these SOD-free organisms. The form of the Mn in the lactic acid bacteria and the mechanisms whereby it protects the cell from oxygen damage are unknown. This report examines the mechanisms by which Mn catalytically scavenges O2−, both in the xanthine oxidase/cytochrome c SOD assay and in a number of in vitro systems relevant to the in vivo situation. In all the reaction mixtures examined, Mn(II) is first oxidized by O2− to Mn(III), and H2O2 is formed. In pyrophosphate buffer the Mn(III) thus formed is re-reduced to Mn(II) by a second O2−, making the reaction a true metal-catalyzed dismutation like that catalyzed by SOD. Alternatively, if the reaction takes place in orthophosphate or a number of other buffers, the Mn(III) is preferentially reduced largely by reductants other than O2−, such as thiols, urate, hydroquinone, or H2O2. H2O2, a common product of the lactic acid bacteria, reacted rapidly with Mn(III) to form O2, apparently without intermediate O2 release. Free hexaquo Mn(II) ions were shown by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and activity assays in noncomplexing buffers to be poorly reactive with O2−. In contrast, Mn(II) formed complexes having a high catalytic activity in scavenging O2− with a number of organic acids, including malate, pyruvate, propionate, succinate, and lactate, with the Mn-lactate complex showing the greatest activity.
CEO and board leadership: The influence of organizational performance, board composition, and retirement on ceo successor origin

Abstract This study examined the impact of organizational performance, the composition of the board of directors, and the age of the CEO on the appointment of an internal or external successor in 240 firms to CEOs who left between 1978 and 1984. Poor performance, as measured by abnormal security returns, and a smaller proportion of internal members on the board of directors were associated with an external successor when the departing CEO was younger than traditional retirement age. No significant relationships were found for departing CEOs who had reached retirement age. The results are discussed in the context of leadership exercised by chief executive officers and boards of directors.
Behaviors and corresponding functions addressed via functional assessment

One-hundred seventy-three studies that employed functional assessment were evaluated with respect to types of challenging behaviors studied and the functions identified that maintained those behaviors. For most studies, two to three behaviors were targeted. Of the 38 different challenging behaviors identified, self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression were by far the most studied. Other commonly studied behaviors were tantrums, stereotypies, property destruction, bizarre/inappropriate speech/vocalizations, and disruptive behaviors. The most commonly identified functions for both SIB and aggressions were attention and escape/demands. The implications of these and other data complied on target behaviors and maintaining variables are discussed.
Area-time lower-bound techniques with applications to sorting

Thearea-time complexity of VLSI computations is constrained by the flow and the storage of information in the two-dimensional chip. We study here the information exchanged across the boundary of the cells of asquare-tessellation of the layout. When the information exchange is due to thefunctional dependence between variables respectively input and output on opposite sides of a cell boundary, lower bounds are obtained on theAT2 measure (which subsume bisection bounds as a special case). When information exchange is due to thestorage saturation of the tessellation cells, a new type of lower bound is obtained on theAT measure.
Minimum cost component test plans for evaluating reliability of a highly reliable parallel system

One approach to evaluating system reliability is the use of system based component test plans. Such plans have numerous advantages over complete system level tests, primarily in terms of time and cost savings. This paper considers one of the two basic building blocks of many complex systems, namely a system of n parallel components, and develops minimum cost component test plans for evaluating the reliability of such a system when the component reliabilities are known to be high. Two different decision rules are considered and the corresponding optimization problems are formulated and solved using techniques from mathematical programming.
Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: The how and the impacts of going international

Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 1239–1240. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.53 This issue of JIBS consists of eight articles, seven of which were originally submitted under former Editor-in-Chief Arie Y. Lewin and then transferred to my editorial team, and a research note. Three topics are covered under the general research question of the how and the impacts of going international: international entrepreneurship, cross-border acquisitions and cultural/human resource management (HRM) implications of going international. Entrepreneurship has been defined as the identification and exploitation of previously unexploited opportunities. Often, additional funding is needed to bring new opportunities to market, so entrepreneurs turn to venture capitalists. Scholars tend to think of venture capitalists as local firms that provide financing for new businesses (e.g., through loans, angel investors and initial public offerings (IPOs)). However, ‘‘Understanding global flows of venture capital: Human networks as the ‘carrier wave’ of globalization,’’ by Madhavan and Iriyama argues that venture capital has now become a cross-border activity. The authors contend that industry drivers for globalization are both economic and network based. Economic pressures cause venture capital to be drawn to large economies and correlated with cross-border investment flows. Socio-cultural drivers are generated by transnational technical communities that form a ‘‘community of practice,’’ creating intensive, trust-laded interactions that facilitate cross-border venture capital flows. Examining US outbound venture capital flows for 1982–2002, the authors find support for both the economic and network arguments. One of the major activities of venture capitalists is helping entrepreneurs launch an IPO. An IPO can be a springboard for rapid internationalization of sales by the newly listed firm. ‘‘R&D, internationalization and growth of newly listed firms: European evidence’’ by Filatotchev and Piesse investigates the growth of foreign sales by newly listed firms in the UK, Germany, Italy and France during 1985–2004. The authors find that R&D intensity is positively correlated with internationalization of newly listed firms. Both R&D and export intensities are positively related to overall sales growth. The next three articles examine cross-border acquisitions. Chari and Chang in ‘‘Determinants of the share of equity sought in cross-border acquisitions’’ argue that foreign firms will seek a lower equity share if the acquisition involves adverse selection hazards in valuation, post-acquisition costs related to cultural distance, unbundling costs of selling non-desired assets and the real-options Journal of International Business Studies 40, 1239–1240 & 2009 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506
Symmetry properties of an imaging system and consistency conditions in image space

A general definition for a symmetry group of an imaging system is given. A key requirement is that the operators that represent the symmetries in data space are conformal. The result is that the space of consistency conditions is invariant under the action of the given symmetry group. Via the theory of group representations, this fact provides information about the possible forms that these consistency conditions can take. The theory is illustrated by example for the 2D and 3D Radon transforms, the cone-beam transform on a circular orbit and the 2D attenuated Radon transform.
Type I collagen, fibrin and PuraMatrix matrices provide permissive environments for human endothelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells to form neovascular networks

The field of tissue engineering seeks to create metabolically demanding, functional tissues, which will require blood vessel networks capable of forming rapidly in a variety of extracellular matrix (ECM) environments. We tested whether human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) could form microvascular networks in type I collagen, fibrin and an engineered peptide hydrogel, PuraMatrix, in 7 days in vivo in immune-deficient mice. These results are compared to those previously published, based on the Matrigel ECM. Perfused blood vessels formed in all three types of ECM within 7 days. Collagen at 5 and 6 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml fibrin supported vessel formation at 30-60 vessels/mm(2), and PuraMatrix enabled vessel formation to 160 vessels/mm(2), significantly greater than collagen or fibrin. Vessels were composed of EPCs with perivascular cells on their abluminal surfaces. EPCs injected alone formed a low density of blood vessels in collagen and PuraMatrix, while MPCs injected alone resulted in sparse vessel networks in all ECMs tested. A rheometer was used to determine whether the ECMs which supported vascularization had bulk physical properties similar to or distinct from Matrigel. Collagen and fibrin were the stiffest matrices to support extensive vascularization, with storage moduli in the range 385-510 Pa, while Matrigel, at 80 Pa, and PuraMatrix, at 5 Pa, were far more compliant. Thus, EPCs and MPCs were capable of vasculogenesis in environments having disparate physical properties, although vascular density was greater in more compliant ECMs. We propose that EPC/MPC-mediated vascularization is a versatile technology which may enable the development of engineered organs.
Nuclear localization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase in type II alveolar epithelial cells in normal and fibrotic lung.

Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase catalyzes the final step in leukotriene B4 (LTB4) synthesis. In addition to its role in LTB4 synthesis, the enzyme possesses aminopeptidase activity. In this study, ...
Expression of OBCAM-related cDNA clones in Cos 1 cells: evidence for a phosphatidylinositol linkage to the cell membrane

Previously, our laboratory purified and isolated the cDNA for OBCAM (opioid binding cell adhesion molecule) from bovine brain, as well as two highly homologous rat brain cDNA clones, SG13 and DUZ-1. Structural similarities with members of the immunoglobulin superfamily suggest a possible role for OBCAM in cell adhesion and recognition, while studies in our own laboratory suggest that OBCAM is important in the regulation of opioid binding and signal transduction. However, OBCAM lacks a putative transmembrane domain, and its possible mode of linkage to the cellular membrane has not been studied. Upon transfection of Cos 1 cells with SG13 and DUZ-1 cDNAs, the OBCAM-homologous proteins were expressed on the surface of the Cos 1 cells. These proteins were released from the membrane of the Cos 1 cells upon digestion with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), demonstrating that they are linked to the membrane via a phosphatidylinositol (PI) linkage. These results are consistent with a role for OBCAM in cell recognition and adhesion, as well as in cellular signaling.
Adolescent maltreatment, negative emotion, and delinquency: An assessment of general strain theory and family-based strain

This study used data from a national sample of youth (N = 1,423) to test hypotheses derived from Robert Agnew's (1992, 2001) general strain theory concerning the relationship between adolescent maltreatment and delinquent behavior. Specifically, it focused on the extent to which the effect of maltreatment on general delinquency, serious delinquency, and substance use was mediated by negative emotions in the form of anger, anxiety, and depression. Results lend partial support to the theory. Confirming the importance of parent-child problems as a source of strain leading to delinquency, findings from ordinary least squares regression models revealed a significant association between maltreatment and all three forms of delinquent behavior. Although findings also showed that negative emotions are key intervening mechanisms influencing the magnitude of the direct effect of strain, maltreatment continued to exert significant effects even after controlling for negative emotions and both individual and family characteristics.
Spherical indentation of compositionally graded materials : Theory and experiments

Computational and experimental results on the evolution of stresses and deformation fields due to indentation from a rigid spherical indenter on a graded substrate are presented. The analyses address the variations in Young's modulus, E, of the substrate as a function of depth, z, beneath the indented surface for an exponential law, E = E0eαz, where E0 is Young's modulus at the surface and 1α is a length parameter. The finite element simulations are used to check the analytical theory of Giannakopoulos and Suresh [Int. J. Solids Struct. (in press)], and are used to gain further insights into the effects of the variation in Poisson ratio, v, with depth. The theoretically predicted force-indenter penetration (P-h) curves are also compared with direct experimental measurements made on compositionally graded NiAl2O3 and TiAlY2O3-stabilized TZP composites of known composition gradients. A new method is proposed for the estimation of Young's modulus variations through a compositionally graded layer by recourse to spherical indentation.
Identification of functional angiotensin II receptors on rat cardiac fibroblasts.

BACKGROUNDCardiac hypertrophy results in an increased deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and collagen. Recent evidence indicates that angiotensin II (Ang II) might have an important role in the development of myocardial fibrosis accompanying cardiac hypertrophy. We sought to determine whether fibroblasts of cardiac origin (isolated from neonatal and adult animals) express receptors for Ang II and to examine the ability of this peptide to regulate fibronectin and collagen gene expression in a cultured adult cardiac fibroblast cell preparation.METHODS AND RESULTSBinding of 125I-Ang II to both neonatal and adult cardiac fibroblasts in culture was specific, reversible, and saturable, with the receptor evenly distributed over the cell population. Competition binding experiments with receptor-specific antagonists indicate that Ang II receptors found on both fibroblast types were of the AT1 subtype. Analysis of mRNA levels for the AT1 receptor indicates that adult cardiac fibroblas...
Integrating forest biomass and distance from channel to develop an indicator of riparian condition

Abstract Living and detrital biomass in a riparian buffer zones ameliorate diffuse-source pollution originating from adjacent landscapes, with higher nutrient removal potential, particularly with respect to nitrogen and sediments, associated with more biomass (i.e., older forests). Pollution removal is mediated by sediment trapping and uptake of nitrogen by plants and by denitrification by microbial communities in root zones using organic matter and root exudates as energy sources. However, as a consequence of various land management activities, the amount of biomass of most forest riparian zones is much lower than its potential, which is mature forest. This makes restoration of riparian buffer zones to mature forest an ideal way to both improve water quality and increase carbon sequestration. This study measures the amount of biomass aboveground and in soils for a variety of common, age-related condition-types associated with riparian buffer zones along low order (headwater) streams in agricultural landscapes of Coastal Plain North Carolina. The data are used to determine pollution removal potential in relation to stand age and distance from channel and a basis for developing an indicator of riparian condition. Mean biomass for common riparian cover types were Mature Forest (>50 y old): 483 Mg/ha; Young Forest (25–50 y old): 257 Mg/ha; Regenerating Forest (5–25 y old): 205 Mg/ha; recently Harvested Forest (0–5 y old): 165 Mg/ha; Perennial Herb: 67 Mg/ha; Shrub/Sapling: 63 Mg/ha; and Annual Rowcrop: 36 Mg/ha. Trees contained >96% of all aboveground biomass and >58% of total biomass present in the forested conditions. Biomass in recently harvested forests were >97% detrital, mostly due to the large amount of slash left after harvesting and the mostly intact soil organic matter. Most (>80%) of the biomass in non-forest cover types was stored in the detrital pool. By partitioning the riparian zone into inverse distance-weighted subzones based on distance from stream channel, we developed an indicator for determining riparian condition based on both biomass and proximity of biomass to channel.
Processing, structure, and properties of mullite fiber/mullite matrix composites

Abstract Oxide fiber/oxide matrix composites form an important and very attractive subpart of ceramic matrix composites because of their inherent stability in oxidizing atmospheres at high temperature. In particular, mullite fiber/mullite matrix composites have the potential of high temperature usage in oxidizing atmospheres. The interface in mullite fiber/mullite matrix was engineered by using thick BN (1 μm) or BN/SiC double coating on mullite fibers, such that deformation mechanisms conducive to toughness enhancement could be brought to play. Significant improvements in the room temperature mechanical properties of these mullite fiber/mullite matrix composites could be achieved by incorporation of these interfacial coatings and by using a colloidal processing route to make dense mullite matrix.
Effects of various agents in cleaning cut dentine.

Summary The effectiveness of various agents in cleaning cut dentine surfaces was investigated. Attempts to remove the smeared layer of dentine after the preparation of a cavity showed that a polyacrylic acid (Durelon liquid) gave the best result, flour of pumice or a prophylaxis paste (Prevodontic) used with a rubber cup were effective, but 3% hydrogen peroxide and a cavity cleaner (Cavilax) were not. The only effective agents following the use of a zinc oxide eugenol temporary cement were the flour of pumice and prophy paste.
Physical pain, common psychiatric and substance use disorders, and the non-medical use of prescription analgesics in the United States

This study investigated the link between physical pain and non-medical prescription analgesic use (NMPAU), as well as the degree to which this association may vary by the presence of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative, in-person probability sample of adults (n = 43,093) aged 18 or older in the United States (2001–2002). Face-to-face interviews were used to gather information on past-year levels of physical pain (i.e., low, medium, high), in addition to DSM-IV classifications for mood, anxiety, substance use problems (i.e., abuse and/or dependence), and personality disorders. Within the analytic sample of those with valid data (n = 42,734), the past-year rate of NMPAU was 1.8%, of which 20% met the DSM-IV criteria for abuse/dependence. Among past-year NMPAUs, 53% was incidental (e.g., less than monthly), but daily use was substantial (13% of NMPAUs). Accounting for our target confounding factors, pain was positively associated (p < 0.05) with an increased probability of non-disordered (i.e., no abuse and/or dependence) and disordered (i.e., abuse and/or dependence) NMPAU in the past year. Within each level of pain, the odds of past-year non-disordered and disordered NMPAU were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for those with disordered alcohol use compared with non-disordered users. This pattern was similar for illicit drugs, although marginally significant (p = 0.060) and specific to disordered NMPAU. In contrast, psychiatric disorders increased the probability of both types of NMPAU, but these associations did not differ by levels of pain. These findings suggest that pain is an independent risk factor for non-disordered and disordered NMPAU, yet its effects are substantially modified by patterns of substance use.
Testing the Biobehavioral Family Model in Pediatric Asthma: Pathways of Effect

This study uses a laboratory-based multiinformant, multimethod approach to test the hypothesis that a negative family emotional climate (NFEC) contributes to asthma disease severity by way of child depressive symptoms, and that parent-child relational insecurity mediates the effect. Children with asthma (n = 199; aged 7-17; 55% male) reported parental conflict, parent-child relational security, and depressive symptoms. Parent(s) reported demographics, asthma history, and symptoms. Asthma diagnosis was confirmed by clinical evaluation and pulmonary function tests, with disease severity rated by an asthma clinician according to NHLBI guidelines. Family interactions were evoked using the Family Process Assessment Protocol, and rated using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales. Path analysis indicated a good fit of data to the hypothesized model (chi2[1] = .11, p =.74, NFI = .99, RMSEA = .00). Observed NFEC predicted child depression (beta = .19, p < .01), which predicted asthma disease severity beta = .23, p < .01). Relational security inversely predicted depressive symptoms (p = -.40, p < .001), and was not a mediator as predicted, but rather an independent contributor. The findings are consistent with the Biobehavioral Family Model, which suggests a psychobiologic influence of specific family relational processes on asthma disease severity by way of child depressive symptoms.
Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of cats. An anatomical study with the horseradish peroxidase technique

The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used to label cortical neurons which give origin to descending projections to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) in kittens and adult cats. HRP was injected unilaterally or bilaterally into the dorsal medulla at, or rostral to, the level of the obex, and, in most cases, retrogradely transported HRP was visualized in cortical neurons by incubation of serial 40 μm coronal or sagittal frozen sections. In the remaining cases, 1 mm coronal or sagittal slabs through the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere were cut and incubated en bloc, and embedded in celloidin for sectioning (40 μm). HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortical projections to the DCN were layer V pyramidal cells whose largest diameter ranged from 20 to 45 μm: no “giant” cells were labelled. The cells appeared concentrated in the fore-and hindlimb regions of the sensorimotor cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the second somatosensory area contralateral to the injected side. Labelled neurons were especially numerous in the upper bank of the cruciate sulcus and in the medial wall of the posterior sigmoid gyrus which respectively form parts of areas 4 and 3a (Hassler and Muhs-Clement, '64). The number of labelled neurons progressively diminished in the first somatosensory area proper (areas 3b, 1 and 2). Ipsilaterally, fewer labelled neurons were present, mainly in areas 4 and 3a. These results are in general agreement with previous anatomical and electrophysiological studies. It is suggested that previous results based upon lesions or electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in cats have failed to reveal adequately the cortical regions containing the bulk of the cells projecting to the DCN, since these regions have escaped selective experimental manipulation due to their relative inaccessibility.
Plant Self-Incompatibility: Ancient System Becomes a New Tool

Summary Expressing a pollen self-incompatibility gene from Papaver rhoeas (poppy) in Arabidopsis thaliana renders the latter sensitive to an exquisitely precise induced cell death response. This simple system may have wide application in biotechnology and research.