cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical Expression of Cyclin D1, Cytokeratin 20, and Uroplakin III in Proliferative Urinary Bladder Lesions Induced by o-Nitroanisole in Fischer 344/N Rats

o-Nitroanisole is an intermediate in the manufacture of azo dyes. In a National Toxicology Program stop-exposure study,o-nitroanisole induced hyperplasia, papillomas, and papillary carcinomas in the urinary bladder of Fischer 344/N rats.o-Nitroanisole was investigated since occupational or environmental exposure to aniline and azo dyes is a risk factor for urinary bladder cancer in humans. The current study describes the morphology of urinary bladder neoplasms seen in rats with respect to those observed in humans. This study also evaluated immunohistochemical expression of the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin D1 and p53 and the differentiation markers cytokeratin 20 and uroplakin III in hyperplastic (n= 11) and neoplastic (n= 6 papillomas,n= 11 carcinomas) lesions of the urinary bladder epithelium from rats treated with o-nitroanisole and in normal (n= 6) urinary bladders from untreated rats. The tumors observed were more similar to the papillary type rather than the muscle-invasive type of urinary bladder cancer in humans. The preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions observed suggest progression from hyperplasia to papilloma to papillary carcinoma. With neoplastic progression (hyperplasia to papilloma to carcinoma), cyclin D1 immunoreactivity progressively increased in intensity, percentage of cells staining, and distribution. Overexpression of p53 was not found. Cytokeratin 20 staining decreased in superficial cells, while uroplakin III staining increased in intermediate and basal cells with progression from hyperplasia to carcinoma. The results are consistent with increased cell cycle dysregulation or proliferation (cyclin D1), decreased differentiation (cytokeratin 20), and abnormal differentiation (uroplakin III) as lesions progress toward malignancy.
Neural communication in posttraumatic growth.

Posttraumatic growth (PTG), or positive psychological changes following exposure to traumatic events, is commonly reported among trauma survivors. In the present study, we examined neural correlates of PTG in 106 veterans with PTSD and 193 veteran controls using task-free magnetoencephalography (MEG), diagnostic interviews and measures of PTG, and traumatic event exposure. Global synchronous neural interactions (SNIs) were significantly modulated downward with increasing PTG scores in controls (p = .005), but not in veterans with PTSD (p = .601). This effect was primarily characterized by negative slopes in local neural networks, was strongest in the medial prefrontal cortex, and was much stronger and more extensive in the control than the PTSD group. The present study complements previous research highlighting the role of neural adaptation in healthy functioning.
Culture calling: where is CHI?

Despite some incredible books and works on culture in the past decade by wonderful designers, anthropologists and thinkers like Kenji Ekuan, Genevieve Bell and Howard Rheingold, the CHI community is still sparse on conversations and publications surrounding the place and significance of world cultures on design and HCI. [4, 6, 12] Culture as a lifestyle, a set of beliefs and value systems that shape everyday life in countries around the world, is at the core of understanding what our community calls 'the user'. It is the context that explains all data and inspiration we use in our design and creative processes. This SIG provides members of HCI & Design communities with an opportunity to explore and discuss different ways in which we can integrate culture as an essential aspect of our thinking, research and design of products, services and systems.
Familial goiter due to an organification defect in euthyroid siblings.

Abstract The present report presents data on a family in which 3 of 5 euthyroid siblings with goiters had elevated uptakes of radioiodine dischargeable by thiocyanate. Studies in the parents and nongoitrous siblings yielded normal results. The patients were not deaf. The laboratory and clinical data suggested that all the subjects were euthyroid. These goitrous patients probably represent further examples of an incomplete form of familial goiter secondary to a partial organification defect.
Surgical management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

Abstract Children born with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum continue to present challenging surgical management problems. This congenital cardiac defect is associated with a wide spectrum of anatomic and morphologic malformations. Surgical therapy is based primarily on the classification of the size and morphology of the right ventricle. Outcomes from surgical therapy continue to improve, with increasing long-term survival from both biventricular repairs and the Fontan procedure. The following report reviews the current surgical approach and operative techniques used for the management of these patients.
Adolescent opioid exposure in female rats: transgenerational effects on morphine analgesia and anxiety-like behavior in adult offspring.

The use of narcotics by adolescent females is a growing problem, yet very little is known about the long-term consequences for either the user or her future offspring. In the current study, we utilized an animal model to examine the transgenerational consequences of opiate exposure occurring during this sensitive period. Female rats were exposed to increasing doses of morphine or its saline vehicle twice daily during adolescent development (postnatal days 30–40), after which they remained drug free. At 60 days of age, all females were mated and their adult offspring were tested for anxiety-like behavior and sensitivity to morphine. Specifically, offspring of adolescent morphine (MOR-F1)- or saline (SAL-F1)-exposed mothers were tested for acute locomotor responses in an open field, followed by testing of acute or chronic morphine analgesia on the hot plate. Open field testing indicated alterations in anxiety-like behavior in MOR-F1 female offspring, with effects dependent upon the stage of the estrus cycle. Hot plate testing revealed sex differences in baseline pain threshold and morphine sensitivity in all offspring, regardless of maternal exposure. However, when compared to their SAL-F1 counterparts, MOR-F1 male offspring demonstrated significantly increased sensitivity to the analgesic effects of acute morphine, and developed analgesic tolerance more rapidly following chronic morphine treatment. The findings indicate that prior opiate exposure during early adolescence in females produces sex-specific alterations of both emotionality and morphine sensitivity in their progeny.
Descriptions and records of bees. XXXI

(1910). XVI.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 6, No. 32, pp. 160-168.
Social Support, Stress, and Blood Pressure in Black Adults

Psychosocial factors arising from socioeconomic disadvantage and discrimination may contribute to the excess risk of elevated blood pressure in African-Americans. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of social support and stress with blood pressure in a community-based sample of 25-to 50-year-old black adults in Pitt County, NC. A stratified random sample of dwellings was selected in 1988, and 1,784 black adults (80% of those eligible) were interviewed. Analyses were sex specific and adjusted for age, obesity, and waist/hip ratio. In separate analyses of emotional support, instrumental support, and stress with blood pressure, all associations were in the predicted direction (inverse for support, direct for stress) but were stronger for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. Differences in systolic blood pressure associated with low support or high stress ranged from 5.2 to 3.6 mmHg in women and 3.5 to 2.5 mmHg in men. In simultaneous regression analyses of support and stress, each of the separate effects was reduced for women, but a sizable aggregate effect of low support and high stress remained [+7.2 mmHg (95% confidence limits = +1.3, +13.1) for systolic blood pressure and +4.0 mmHg (95% confidence limits = +0.1, +7.9) for diastolic blood pressure.
Tracking Changes: One Library's Homepage Over Time—Findings from Usability Testing and Reflections on Staffing

A strong Webmaster, additions and reorganizations of staff, a library commitment to providing the user with an effective site, changes in the site's focus, and external factors such as technological improvements and changes in user expectations are all factors that can trigger changes in a library Web site's design. Yet these changes are not necessarily always progressive evolutions. This case study examines the various iterations of the University of Nevada-Las Vegas Libraries Web site from 1996 to the present, noting issues with each version, reasons leading to change, the people responsible for Web site decision-making, and the specific changes incorporated over time. In particular, the authors reviewed the usability test results for each of the tested designs, noting whether the identified problems were addressed in the redesign process and highlighting the usability problems that found their way back into the site in later redesigns. This study, which speculates on reasons for the reoccurrence of usa...
Agricultural and institutional development in the Sahelian countries of West Africa: A real challenge in technical co-operation

Abstract In recent years the drought in the Sahelian region of West Africa has reduced food and livestock production, and large imports of basic grains were needed for emergency relief. West African countries have requested continued food grain assistance and also technical co-operation in building viable agricultural development institutions for teaching, research and extension. This paper examines the problems of building up such institutions and successfully integrating them into the social and economic infrastructure, so that Sahelian agriculture can build up the output needed to recover from the drought and face future, adverse climatic conditions with more confidence.
The Intersections of Sexuality, Gender, and Race: Identity Research at the Crossroads

Psychology’s engagement with an intersectional perspective on social identities continues to grow. This special issue is significant in its use of intersectionality to complicate thinking about sexual orientation as a singular, homogenous category. Furthermore, it spotlights how intersectional positions within the range of sexual minority identities articulate with multiple other dimensions of identity, including gender, racial ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age. In addition to recognizing the important contributions of this issue’s authors, in this commentary we relate their efforts to current trends in intersectionality research, including the contrasting ways intersectionality is applied in psychology. We observe that the authors portray intersectionality as either primarily concerned with multiple marginalized identities or as a more generalized theory of identity, and the authors use intersectionality as a framework, a theory, and an approach to social justice. We then address critiques of intersectionality theory that appear in the field of feminist/gender studies, showing how articles in this special issue both exemplify and challenge those critiques. Last, we focus on next steps in intersectionality research, focusing especially on the question of how intersectionality can best inform theory and methods in psychology.
Endogenous sex hormones: Impact on lipids, lipoproteins, and insulin

Estrogen use has been reported to decrease triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Estrogen use increases the secretion of large, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and also stimulates the uptake of VLDL-C by the liver and increases the catabolism of LDL-C in the liver. Sex hormones may affect several enzymes involved in the metabolism of HDL-C and triglyceride and may also affect lipolysis. In both pre- and postmenopausal women, several studies have shown that increased glucose and insulin concentrations are associated with increased free testosterone and decreased sex hormone binding globulin. The temporal direction of this relationship in premenopausal women is not clear, however. In contrast to women, increased androgen concentrations in men do not seem to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors, although testosterone concentrations are associated with increased HDL-C and decreased insulin concentrations. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) appear to be associated with improved cardiovascular risk factors in men, but this connection in women is less clear.
How to Make Naturalism Safe for Supernaturalism: An Evaluation of Willem Drees's Supernaturalistic Naturalism

Naturalism is often considered to be antithetical to theology and genuine religion. However, in a series of recent books and articles, Willem Drees has proposed a scientifically informed naturalistic account of religion, which, he contends, is not only compatible with supernaturalistic religion and theology but provides a better account of both than either purely naturalistic or purely supernaturalistic accounts. While rejecting both epistemological and methodological naturalism, Drees maintains that ontological naturalism offers the best philosophical account of the natural world and that, in addition, it provides the opening for a supernaturalistic understanding of religion and theology, one that best fits the condition of epistemic and moral distance from the transcendent characteristic of religious wonderers and wanderers. In this paper I examine Drees's claim and argue that it is seriously flawed. I show that Drees's naturalism is, in fact, both methodologically and epistemologically naturalistic. I also show that his attempts to limit naturalism to the sphere of the natural world by means of the phenomena of limit questions and under-determination fail. Arguing for a more optimistic, but also, I contend, more empirically accurate account of human epistemic and moral capacities, I propose a full-fledged scientifically based naturalistic account of theology.
Tuberculous Fistulae in Ano: A Case Report and Literature Review

Tuberculosis can present anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract; however, anorectal tuberculosis has been reported rarely. We present a case report of tuberculous fistulae in ano and review the extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis.
Addressing the Health Needs of the Aged in the U.S.A.

The segment of the population consisting of those sixty-five years of age and older will continue to grow in both absolute and relative terms. The fastest rate of growth will occur among those in the oldest age brackets where there is a greater amount of disability. Certain health problems are associated with behavioral factors that are sometimes amenable to educational interventions. This paper discusses structural aspects of the health care system that make such intervention efforts more difficult. An incomplete array of health programs, inadequate benefits, and lack of suitable training for health professionals are among the items considered. Language: en
Horizontal Well Productivity and Risk Assessment

A fast and accurate method was developed for predicting long term horizontal well performance. Heterogeneous, anisotropic geology close to the wellbore were considered in addition to pressure loss through the completion. Speed and accuracy were achieved by replacing the well and reservoir simulation with a semi-analytical network approach, and by upscaling reservoir properties for radial flow. Comparison to fine grid reservoir simulations verify that both total well productivity and flux profile along the well are maintained for the simplified approach. Computational efficiency and comprehensive treatment of the horizontal well problem make the method suitable for complete incorporation of uncertainties connected to the completion, the near wellbore geology and formation damage. The procedure was applied to illustrate how uncertainties in geology and completion efficiency affect the distribution of total well productivity for finite and infinite conductivity horizontal wells of different lengths. The method proved to be very efficient for this type of study, and indicated positively skewed (log-normal like) productivity distributions for short wells, normal distributions for long wells and a tendency for negative skewness of the productivity distribution from pressure loss in the wellbore.
THE LATERAL CERVICAL NUCLEUS OF THE RACCOON.

Abstract The lateral cervical nucleus of the raccoon, Procyon lotor, was studied with histological methods and its afferent inflow analyzed with microelectrode techniques. The nucleus is larger, contains three times as many cells and extends more caudally than in the cat. Extracellular responses of the neurons studied were elicited by tactile and pressure stimuli on the ipsilateral side of the body from the neck down exclusively. Neurons responding to joint movement were not found. The majority of peripheral receptive fields activating single neurons of the nucleus were restricted and located in the distal parts of the limbs, with some prevalence of the forepaw over the hindpaw. Large receptive fields extending to more than one segment of a limb and a few very large fields occupying either the anterior or the posterior half of the body, or both limbs, were also found. Findings indicate that the organization of sensory input to the lateral cervical nucleus of the raccoon is similar to that of the medial lemniscus system.
Novel antipsychotics and new onset diabetes

Abstract Background: The new antipsychotics induce minimal extrapyramidal side effects, probably due to their relatively greater affinity for certain nondopaminergic receptors than their older, conventional counterparts; however, this polyreceptor affinity may be responsible for the development of other adverse effects. One serious adverse effect that may be linked to these effects is non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Methods: We summarize 6 new cases of clozapine- and olanzapine-associated diabetes that we have documented in our clinic. We compare our cases to previous reports and tabulate the pertinent similarities among cases. Results: Two of the cases were olanzapine-associated and 4 were clozapine-associated diabetes. Five of our 6 patients had risk factors for diabetes, as have 7 of the 9 previously reported in the literature. Four of our 6 patients, and 2 of the 4 prior cases in which such data were reported, experienced substantial weight gain after starting their antipsychotics. Conclusions: Novel antipsychotics should be administered with great care to patients with risk factors for diabetes. Although the precise mechanism of the novel antipsychotic-associated diabetes is unclear, we hypothesize that histaminic and possibly serotonergic antagonism induces weight gain, which in turn leads to changes in glucose homeostasis. Additionally, serotonin 1A antagonism might decrease pancreatic β-cell responsiveness, resulting in inappropriately low insulin and hyperglycemia.
Personalized and inquiry‐oriented teacher education: an analysis of two approaches to the development of curriculum for field‐based experiences

This paper analyzes two strategies for the development of curriculum for field‐based experiences in pre‐service teacher education: ‘personalized’ and ‘inquiry‐oriented’. It is argued that, given the self and survival concerns of many student teachers and the role that schools now seem to play in the perpetuation of social and economic inequalities in the USA, a personalized approach to field‐based experiences is misguided. An inquiry‐oriented approach to student teaching is presented and defended on the grounds that it is ethically more justifiable than a personalized approach. Finally, an inquiry‐oriented approach to student teaching is illustrated by examples from the elementary teacher‐education program at the University of Wisconsin.
Mutations in the Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin–Neuraminidase Protein That Interfere with Its Ability to Interact with the Homologous F Protein in the Promotion of Fusion

Recent evidence suggests that the attachment (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus interact at the cell surface in a virus-specific manner to promote syncytium formation. Consistent with the existence of such an interaction, we have shown that it is possible to coimmunoprecipitate (co-IP) the two proteins from the surface of transiently expressing cells using a monoclonal antibody to either protein. Further, we show that a point mutation in the globular domain of HN that abolishes its receptor recognition and neuraminidase (NA) and fusion activities also abolishes its ability to interact with F in the co-IP assay. The mechanism by which this mutation might interfere with the interaction between the two proteins is discussed in terms of the postulate that recognition by HN of cellular receptors triggers its interaction with F and the apparently conflicting evidence for an interaction between the two proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, characterization of a set of chimeric HN proteins, having short overlapping sequences from a heterologous HN protein in the F-specific domain in the protein stalk, reveals that a weakened interaction between HN and F is still sufficient to trigger fusion.
Influence of surfactants on potassium uptake and yield response of cotton to foliar potassium nitrate

Abstract Foliar potassium (K) applications are intended to supplement soil K uptake, and thereby, increase cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields. Considerable research has been conducted to evaluate yield response to foliar K, but research evaluating surfactant effects on foliar uptake has been limited. Research was initiated in West Tennessee in 1991 to evaluate effects of foliar applied potassium nitrate (KNO3) with and without surfactants on leaf and petiole K concentrations and on lint yield. Field research was conducted on three sites over a four year period using upland cotton ‘DPL 50’. Treatments included a check (no foliar treatment), 4.1 kg K/ha in water, 4.1 kg K/ha with Penetrator Plus, 4.1 kg K/ha with X‐77, 2.0 kg K/ha with Penetrator Plus, and 2.0 kg K/ha with X‐77. Surfactants were added to KNO3 solutions at 1.25% v/v for Penetrator Plus and 0.5% v/v for X‐77. Kinetic was substituted for X‐77 after 1991 and was applied at 0.12% v/v. Cotton leaves and petioles were collected one, three, and ...
Thermoregulatory changes to cholinomimetics and angiotensin II, but not to the monoamines microinjected into the brain stem of the rabbit.

Abstract A brain mapping study that assessed the sites of drug action was carried out by microinjecting the monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine), carbachol, acetylcholine, eserine and angiotensin II into several basal forebrain and brain stem sites in the restrained and unrestrained rabbit. The monoamines (0.75–100 μg) failed to evoke a consistent change in either brain or colonic temperature when microinjected in several preoptic, diencephalic, mesencephalic and lower brain stem sites. Carbachol (0.375–6 μg) produced a dose-dependent rise in temperature when microinjected into the medial and lateral preoptic areas, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anterior and posterior hypothalamic area and the mesencephalic and pontine central gray. In a few experiments, microinjections of the cholinomimetics into the fourth ventricle evoked a consistent fall in temperature. Angiotensin II (0.05–1.5μg) produced a dose-dependent fall in body temperature when microinjected in the lateral basal forebrain and medial aspects of the hypothalamus, thalamus, midbrain and pons. Neither the restraint nor changes in behavioral and physiological responses contributed significantly to the temperature changes following microinjections of cholinomimetics and angiotensin II. These results suggest that the central monoamines serve either no role or a minor one, in the central control of themoregulation in the rabbit. Central cholinergic systems appear to function in heat-gain and possibly heat-loss mechanisms. The angiotensin II-induced hypothermia supports the involvement of angiotensin II in the activation of heat-loss mechanisms.
Simultaneous Thermochromic Liquid Crystal Calibration and Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficients

The use of thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) to indicate surface temperature in transient experiments designed to measure heat transfer coefficients requires careful calibration of the crystals. The calibration can be affected by lighting and viewing angles, light source spectral characteristics, surface preparation, and application procedure of the TLCs. A method is proposed whereby the calibration of the TLCs and calculation of heat transfer coefficients are conducted simultaneously using inverse techniques for the case of a suddenly heated semi-infinite wall. The calibration inherently accounts for the problems typically associated with the use of liquid crystals and results from simulated experiments indicate accuracy to within five percent is possible.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Long-term survivors with HIV-1 infection: Incubation period and longitudinal patterns of CD4+ lymphocytes

To characterize long-term survival with HIV-1, we need to estimate the proportion of seroconverters remaining free from clinical AIDS for long periods. We predict that approximately 13% of homosexual/bisexual men infected at a young age may remain so for > 20 years. Since studies have not followed individuals for such periods, long-term survivors must be characterized using stability of immunologic markers. In a cohort of 1,809 seropositive men followed since 1984-85, 15% (187/1,214) of those with at least two consecutive visits early in the study showed no decline in CD4+ cell count. From these, 67 men with long follow-up and no use of zidovudine were identified as cases to investigate correlates of protection against HIV-1-induced immunodepletion. Two matched control subgroups, one with moderate and one with rapid CD4+ lymphocyte decline, produced 56 triplets of individuals to be contrasted. Analysis of data from early in the study on demographics, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted diseases revealed no significant differences among the three groups. Men showing no decline in CD4+ lymphocytes persistently showed a healthier profile with respect to onset of clinical AIDS, survival, and concomitant hematologic variables. Moderate decliners had rates of clinical AIDS and death significantly higher than those in the stable group but lower than the fast decliners.
Development and Application of Useful Equations to Predict Corrosion Inhibition by Different Surfactants in Various Aqueous Environments

Abstract Effective use of surfactants for corrosion inhibition requires appropriate information about the application environment as well as the ability of the surfactant to adsorb onto the desired metal surface and reduce the rate of corrosion. The ability of a surfactant molecule to physically adsorb onto a metal substrate is dependent on the properties of the surfactant as well as the properties of the solution. This paper presents a methodology and appropriate formulas that allow for the prediction of corrosion inhibition using surfactants of varying chain lengths in solutions with varying ionic strengths.
Plasma and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Red blood cell and plasma cholinesterases were evaluated in control subjects and patients with the major forms of adult, sporadic motor neuron disease. For the purposes of this communication, the patients were considered as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or its subtypes. Cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities were evaluated and separated by dose response to their respective inhibitors. No kinetic differences were observed comparing red blood cell or plasma enzyme activities using either inhibitor. As found in previous studies, acetylcholinesterase accounted for more than 90% of acetylcholine hydrolysis in red blood cells. The plasma data were more complicated to evaluate, but at least 20% of total activity could be attributed to acetylcholinesterase. When red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activities of patients and controls were compared, no statistically significant difference was found. However, when plasma acetylcholinesterase activity was compared between the 2 groups, a statistically significant increase, almost twice the control value, was found in the ALS patients. These data may ultimately be important in the prognosis of this disease and, conceivably, could aid in understanding its pathogenesis.
Investigation of charge transfer in low energy D2+ + H collisions using merged beams

The hydrogen – hydrogen (deuterium) molecular ion is the most fundamental ion-molecule two-electron system. Charge transfer proceeds through dynamically coupled electronic, vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom. Using the ion-atom merged-beams apparatus at Oak Ridge National Laboratory absolute charge transfer cross sections for D2+ + H are measured from keV/u collision energies where the collision is considered ro-vibrationally frozen to meV/u energies where collision times are long enough to sample vibrational and rotational modes. The measurements benchmark high energy theory and vibrationally specific adiabatic theory.
Facile Synthesis of Clickable, Water-soluble and Degradable Polyphosphoesters

“Click” chemistry is a library of efficient and reliable reactions, which have been used to functionalize various classes of bio- and synthetic macromolecular systems for the incorporation of designed properties and functions. In this report, azide–alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition and thiol-yne reactions, two classical “click” chemistries, were employed to functionalize biodegradable, clickable polyphosphoester homopolymers, and their water-soluble copolymers. A stable alkyne-functionalized phospholane monomer was synthesized, its organocatalyzed polymerization kinetics were evaluated, and the resulting (co)polymers were utilized to develop this facile method that provides the synthesis of clickable, water-soluble, and degradable polyphosphoesters, which can be adapted for various applications.
The G2 DNA Damage Checkpoint Delays Expression of Genes Encoding Mitotic Regulators

Transcriptional control of gene expression contributes to the regulation of diverse cellular processes including cell cycle progression and the cellular response to DNA damage. Global gene expression profiling was performed using p53-deficient human cells to identify genes with G2/M-specific and DNA damage-responsive expression. Numerous cell cycle-regulated genes were identified, but surprisingly the analysis failed to identify genes activated by ionizing radiation. Instead, significant delays in expression of G2/M-specific genes, including known mitotic regulators, were observed following DNA damage. Thus, in the absence of p53, gene induction does not contribute to the G2 arrest following DNA damage. Rather, the DNA damage checkpoint elicits a G2 cell cycle arrest, in part, by delaying accumulation of proteins required in mitosis.
A new look at demographic and technological changes: England, 1550 to 1839

Abstract The aim of this paper is to explain English population and technological changes from 1550 to 1839. The model developed in this paper endogenizes technological change and urbanization and incorporates both the rural and the urban sectors of the economy. Regression results contrast with the findings of neo-Malthusian approaches. Boserupian causality (demographic change determines technological change) is found to be dominant. Exogenous mortality changes drive the growth of population either directly or via the fertility rate. The growth of population, in turn, drives technological changes that support further demographic changes as a feedback. The implications of the Boserupian causality are found to be different in the two sectors.
Generating daily land surface temperature at Landsat resolution by fusing Landsat and MODIS data

Abstract Land surface temperature (LST) is a crucial parameter in investigating environmental, ecological processes and climate change at various scales, and is also valuable in the studies of evapotranspiration, soil moisture conditions, surface energy balance, and urban heat islands. These studies require thermal infrared (TIR) images at both high temporal and spatial resolution to retrieve LST. However, currently, no single satellite sensors can deliver TIR data at both high temporal and spatial resolution. Thus, various algorithms/models have been developed to enhance the spatial or the temporal resolution of TIR data, but rare of those can enhance both spatial and temporal details. This paper presents a new data fusion algorithm for producing Landsat-like LST data by blending daily MODIS and periodic Landsat TM datasets. The original Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) was improved and modified for predicting thermal radiance and LST data by considering annual temperature cycle (ATC) and urban thermal landscape heterogeneity. The technique of linear spectral mixture analysis was employed to relate the Landsat radiance with the MODIS one, so that the temporal changes in radiance can be incorporated in the fusion model. This paper details the theoretical basis and the implementation procedures of the proposed data fusion algorithm, Spatio-temporal Adaptive Data Fusion Algorithm for Temperature mapping (SADFAT). A case study was conducted that predicted LSTs of five dates in 2005 from July to October in Los Angeles County, California. The results indicate that the prediction accuracy for the whole study area ranged from 1.3 K to 2 K. Like existing spatio-temporal data fusion models, the SADFAT method has a limitation in predicting LST changes that were not recorded in the MODIS and/or Landsat pixels due to the model assumption.
Pituitary and ovarian hormone activity during the 7-day hormone-free interval of various combined oral contraceptive regimens.

Abstract Objective The objective was to investigate changes in luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P) during the hormone-free interval (HFI) of 6 combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Design Blood samples were obtained from 62 women. Results When COCs were grouped by ethinyl estradiol (EE) dose, there was a significant positive mean slope for LH and FSH during the HFI for the 30- and 35 mcg-EE doses, whereas 20 showed a gradual nonsignificant slope. All E 2 slopes were significant. P remained suppressed with all doses. Conclusion A more rapid rebound of gonadotropin levels is found with higher doses of EE during the HFI. Implications This study showed a more rapid rebound of pituitary hormone levels among women using higher-EE-dosage formulations, which was demonstrated by the statistically significant slope for mean LH and FSH from day 1 to day 7 of the HFI. The degree of suppression did not vary across progestin generations. It remains to be established whether women who experience side effects during their HFI may benefit from using a COC with a lower EE dose to minimize changes in endogenous pituitary hormone levels.
Multi-market trading in the Eurodollar futures market

On March 18, 2004, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange launched trading in Eurodollar futures contracts in an attempt to compete with a U.S. rival, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange responded to the challenge by introducing several policy changes that aided the transfer of its trading volume in Eurodollar futures from open outcry to the electronic trading platform, Globex, thereby retaining its market share. We compare trading volume, effective spread, and price discovery in Eurodollar futures at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange before and after the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange began trading the same contract. We find a general increase in trading volume on Globex beginning October 2003, way before the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange launched its contract. Globex provides greater price discovery than open outcry during the entire time period under study. Our research thus supports the global trend of conversion of traditional open outcry systems into electronic exchanges.
Evidence of degradation of polybrominated biphenyls in soil samples from michigan

Soil samples obtained from the former polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) manufacturing site in Michigan were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The results indicate significant degradation of the PBB residue in the soil sample. The soil sample with the highest concentration of PBB had the greatest degree of degradation. Principal degradation products include 2,3', 4,4', 5-pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 5-pentabromobiphenyl and two unidentified tetrabromobiphenyls. The degradation pattern observed supports a photochemical decomposition mechanism. These degraded residues may be more toxic than the original Firemaster residues. The implications of the results are discussed.
Cyclosporine for Ocular Inflammatory Diseases

Purpose To evaluate the clinical outcomes of cyclosporine treatment for noninfectious ocular inflammation. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants A total of 373 patients with noninfectious ocular inflammation managed at 4 tertiary ocular inflammation clinics in the United States observed to use cyclosporine as a single noncorticosteroid immunosuppressive agent to their treatment regimen, between 1979 and 2007 inclusive. Methods Participants were identified from the Systemic Immunosuppressive Therapy for Eye Diseases Cohort Study. Demographic and clinical characteristics, including dosage of cyclosporine and main outcome measures, were obtained for every eye of every patient at every visit via medical record review by trained expert reviewers. Main Outcome Measures Control of inflammation, sustained control after reducing corticosteroid dosages, and discontinuation of therapy because of toxicity. Results Of the 373 patients (681 eyes) initiating cyclosporine monotherapy, 33.4% by 6 months and 51.9% by 1 year gained sustained, complete control of inflammation over at least 2 visits spanning at least 28 days. Approximately 25% more improved to a level of slight inflammatory activity by each of these time points. Corticosteroid-sparing success (completely controlled inflammation for at least 28 days with prednisone ≤ 10 mg/day) was achieved by 22.1% by 6 months and 36.1% within 1 year. Toxicity led to discontinuation of therapy within 1 year by 10.7% of the population. Patients aged more than 55 years were more than 3-fold more likely to discontinue therapy because of toxicity than patients aged 18 to 39 years. Doses of 151 to 250 mg/day tended to be more successful than lower doses and were not associated with a higher discontinuation for toxicity rate; higher doses did not seem to offer a therapeutic advantage. Conclusions Cyclosporine, with corticosteroid therapy as indicated, was modestly effective for controlling ocular inflammation. Our data support a preference for cyclosporine adult dosing between 151 and 250 mg/day. Although cyclosporine was tolerated by the majority of patients, toxicity was more frequent with increasing age; alternative agents may be preferred for patients aged more than 55 years. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Diffusivity and dissolution rate in polymeric solutions

AbstractThe diffusivity of benzoic acid was measured in various concentrations of aqueous solutions of methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and guar gum. An increase in concentration of the polymer increases the viscosity of the polymeric solution to a greater degree than it decreases diffusivity. Dissolution rates of benzoic acid in various concentrations of polymeric solutions were measured. An equation is presented for calculating the relative dissolution rates in polymeric solutions.
ER vs. ED: a comparison of televised and real-life emergency medicine.

Abstract Background Although accurate health-related representations of medical situations on television can be valuable, inaccurate portrayals can engender misinformation. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare sociodemographic and medical characteristics of patients depicted on television vs. actual United States (US) Emergency Department (ED) patients. Methods Two independently working coders analyzed all 22 programs in one complete year of the popular "emergency room" drama ER . Inter-rater reliability was excellent, and all initial coding differences were easily adjudicated. Actual health data were obtained from the National Heath and Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from the same year. Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests were used to compare televised vs. real distribution across key sociodemographic and medical variables. Results Ages at the extremes of age (i.e., ≤ 4 and≥45 years) were less commonly represented on television compared with reality. Characters on television vs. reality were less commonly women (31.2% vs. 52.9%, respectively), African-American (12.7% vs. 20.3%), or Hispanic (7.1% vs. 12.5%). The two most common acuity categories for television were the extreme categories "non-urgent" and "emergent," whereas the two most common categories for reality were the middle categories "semi-urgent" and "urgent." Televised visits compared with reality were most commonly due to injury (63.5% vs. 37.0%, respectively), and televised injuries were less commonly work-related (4.2% vs. 14.8%, respectively). Conclusions Comparison of represented and actual characteristics of ED patients may be valuable in helping us determine what types of patient misperceptions may exist, as well as what types of interventions may be beneficial in correcting that potential misinformation.
A synthetic lecithin containing branched-chain fatty acids: Physical properties and membrane studies

Abstract A phosphatidylcholine containing branched-chain, saturated acyl moieties has been prepared by a simple and inexpensive synthesis. Bilayer membranes formed from this phospholipid are non-autoxidizable and quite stable over a wide temperature range. The resistance is typically 1·108 Ω/cm2 for moderate voltages. The specific capacitance is 0.42μF/cm2. Calorimetric and optical studies of lipid-water dispersions showed no phase transitions over the range −30–+75 °C. A phase change from an anisotropic to an isotropic phase over the range 75–95 °C was observed optically.
The Role of Grief in Dementia Caregiving

The literature examining issues of caregiver stress, burden, or depression has focused on the stress-process model of caregiving, which posits that there are characteristics inherent in dementia an...
Optical nanoantennas and their applications

In this talk, we review the design and applications of optical antennas. After an overview on the use and technology of nanoantennas, we will discuss the concepts of loading, impedance matching, tuning and sensitivity of various nanoantenna geometries using the nanocircuit concepts. We analyze various nanoantenna devices with theory and full-wave numerical simulations, and apply our findings to optimize printed plasmonic nanoantenna designs to explore their use in biosensing applications. We show that the equivalent nanocircuit model of optical antennas can be an efficient tool to design and tailor to a large degree their response. The presented numerical simulations verify the accuracy of this model, providing excellent agreement with nanocircuit theory.
Teaching Intersections, Not Assessments: Celebrating the Surprise of Gift Giving and Gift Getting in the Cultural Commons

Unlike current assessment protocols, which emphasize prediction and control—often at the expense of engagement with the unknown, emergent, and new—we explore here our experiences as professors opening to surprise, in pedagogical interactions that have unpredictable outcomes. We imagine and advocate for institutional structures that, rather than predetermining goals and measuring how well we have achieved them, necessitate surprise and strengthen us to respond creatively and liberally to it. Without room for surprise, we argue, education is denied, and distorted by the loss of, one of its central energies: the circulation of the gifts of chance and serendipity.
HYPOPHYSECTOMY, REPLACEMENT THERAPY, AND THE TOLERANCE OF THE EURYHALINE KILLIFISH, FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS, TO HYPOTONIC MEDIA.

Abstract Hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus, as previously reported, survive only a few days after transfer from salt to fresh water. Survival time is the same when fish are tested 2 weeks or 2 months after hypophysectomy. Gradual dilution of the external medium produces failure at an average salinity of 0.26% (0.67-0.02%). This salinity is comparable to that causing failure after abrupt transfer. Although failure is associated with hypochloremia, daily inlections of a balanced salt solution or 0.6% NaCl shorten survival. Daily injections of teleostean neurohypophysial peptides, arginine vasotocin (2.25 and 0.0225 pressor mU per gram) and isotocin (1.32 and 0.026 oxytocic mU per gram) do not prolong survival. An extract of candal neurosecretory tissue (urophysis) from male Tilapia mossambica had no beneficial action at doses of 50 μg per gram every other day. Purified ovine prolactin, 105 mU per gram on alternate days, maintained survival of 10 of 11 fish for the duration of the 28-day test period in fresh water, irrespective of the period of pretreatment is salt water. Purified bovine prolactin prolonged survival and 2 of 6 fish were maintained for 28 days. Purified bovine growth hormone was ineffective. Monkey growth hormone containing 2 U per milligram of prolactin activity, administered at a dose of 20 μg per gram (equivalent to 40 mU per gram prolactin activity), prolonged survival. Human growth hormone containing 4 U per milligram of prolactin activity, at a dose of 20 μg per gram (equivalent to 80 mU per gram prolactin activity) also prolonged survival and 4 of 6 fish were maintained for 28 days. The ability of pituitary preparations to protect hypophysectomized F. heteroclitus from failure in fresh water appears to be related to their prolactin activity and not to their content of neurohypophysial peptides. This suggests that an adenohypophysial hormone resembling mammalian prolactin is essential for survival of this fish in hypotonic external media. Carp pituitary preparations do not protect hypophysectomized F. heteroclitus although F. heteroclitus pituitaries are known to be effective.
Reproductive success and the energetic cost of parental care in male smallmouth bass

Direct field measurements of the energetic expenditure on parental care and within-nest reproductive success of individual male smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui were determined by measuring the change in total body mass as well as by total body electroconductivity analysis (TOBEC™). With TOBEC, the change in total body lean mass of the same live individual was measured non-destructively at the beginning and end of the parental care period. Lean mass was the primary source of energy utilized during parental care indicating starvation and potential loss of future reproduction. Individual loss in lean mass was related positively to reproductive success suggesting that the energy expended during parental care does affect individual fitness.