cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History of nurse-midwifery in reproductive health care

From the maternity cycle to the primary health care of women, this article traces the expansion of the role of midwives in reproductive health care over the past 3 decades. Included are the recollections of Shirley Okrent about the early development of this role expansion and a few of the author's personal memories.
Computerized optical fiber variable pressure sensing system

A computerized optical fiber variable pressure sensing system has been developed. The approach is based on the birefringence effect on a single mode fiber and uses a computer data collection system with 486 DX PC computer, a DAS 1600 A/D converter, linear amplifier and the GUI software for graphic processing. The system works very well over a wide temperature range from -50°C to 150°C.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new phase shedding scheme for improved transient behavior of interleaved Boost PFC converters

This paper proposes a new phase shedding scheme for interleaved Boost PFC converter to improve the light load efficiency. In the proposed scheme, the power level in the slave channels is reduced linearly as the output loading drops for optimization of light load efficiency. The new scheme also prevents the PFC slaves from switching between the ON and OFF states immediately after phase shedding, thereby improving the load transient behavior of the system. The proposed scheme is verified on a universal input, 390V output, 2.5KW 3-phase interleaved Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) Boost power factor correction (PFC) converter and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the improved light load efficiency and output voltage stability during load transient.
The Economics of Science and Technology

This paper provides a non-technical, accessible introduction to various topics in the burgeoning literature on the economics of science and technology. This is an interdisciplinary literature, drawing on the work of scholars in the fields of economics, public policy, sociology and management. The aim of this paper is to foster a deeper appreciation of the economic importance of science and technology issues. We also hope to stimulate additional research on these topics.
Pain management in the elderly and cognitively impaired patient: the role of regional anesthesia and analgesia.

Purpose of review To review the rational for use of the many regional anesthetic/analgesic techniques and acute pain management modalities in the elderly and cognitively impaired high-risk patients, as increasing numbers of older adults are presenting for surgery. Recent findings There are numerous studies examining short and long-term consequences of regional anesthesia/analgesia along with identification of the many potential advantages, but those studying the influence and potential benefits in elderly and cognitively impaired patients are only beginning to be developed as issues related to cognitive dysfunction associated with surgery/anesthesia are beginning to be observed. Summary Pain management therapy, including regional anesthesia, along with multimodal analgesia may help reduce the risk of negative influences in the elderly patient along with reducing postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Improvements in analgesic efficacy with regional anesthesia may attenuate pathophysiological surgical responses, reduce the length of hospitalization, and accelerate patient rehabilitation and recovery. Analgesic techniques that provide optimal pain control and low side effect profiles with minimal opioid exposure should always be considered for elderly high-risk and cognitively impaired patients.
Embedded Space-Time and Particle Symmetries

The bootstrap yields the strong-interactions symmetry provided the hadron currents participating in nonstrong interactions are first fed into it; the alternative course, in which the bootstrap is required to generate the entire symmetry uniquely, with no a priori information from the nonstrong interactions, seems to lie beyond the present techniques and would also leave unexplained the subsequent emergence of the weaker couplings. We suggest that "internal" symmetries may have a geometrical origin, corresponding to transformations in the global embedding space of the four-dimensional physical Riemann universe. These would be the unitary or orthogonal transformations of the normal subspace, since the latter do transform a small region of curved space-time into itself. This picture fits in with the short ranges of the strong interactions. Cosmological and astrophysical implications are noted.
The Medicare Reform Debate: What Is the Next Step?

Medicare costs are rising faster than projected revenues. Action to close the emerging deficit is inescapable. We propose converting Medicare from a "service reimbursement" system to a "premium support" system. These changes would resemble many that are now reshaping private employer-based insurance. Our reform would encompass not just the "public" Medicare program but also the "real" Medicare, which includes the supplemental plans to which most Medicare beneficiaries have access. Approved plans would have to offer stipulated services. We review numerous technical issues in moving to a new system that cannot be solved quickly and that preclude quick budget savings.
Bringing the State Back In: Retrospect and Prospect The 2007 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture

Taking off from theoretical and research agendas encouraged in the 1985 book Bringing the State Back In, this article traces developments in several areas of scholarship: studies of social revolutions and regime transformations; studies of the development of welfare states; and studies of social capital and democratic effectiveness. In all of these literatures, the author's own research and the research of many other scholars has been enriched by analyses of state-building and of the changing capacities of states to achieve particular goals, as well as by tracing ‘policy feedbacks’ over time. The original scholarly program called for a ‘Weberian’ approach to states as independent actors and for a ‘Tocquevillian’ emphasis on the ways that state structures and actions indirectly affect the ideas, goals and capacities of social groups in politics. The former approach remains relevant, and the latter has proved increasingly fruitful. Particularly vibrant areas of state-society research now focus on the struggles over social policies in mature welfare states and on the political, as well as sociocultural, roots of social capital and democratic citizen engagement.
Argumenthood and English prepositional phrase attachment.

Abstract Two self-paced reading experiments are presented to assess how temporary ambiguities in prepositional phrase attachment are resolved in English verb–noun-phrase–prepositional-phrase sequences. The hypothesis tested is a preference to maximize argument relations, in contrast to an overall verb phrase attachment preference (cf. Minimal Attachment). Five syntactic argumenthood diagnostics were used to construct noun phrase argument and verb phrase modifier completions of sentences, differing by one word and controlled for frequency. It was found that (1) noun phrase argument completions were read significantly faster in the disambiguating region and (2) unambiguous verb phrase modifiers were read as quickly as noun phrase arguments and faster than ambiguous verb phrase modifiers. These results suggest that argument relations are maximized in initial comprehension of the target ambiguity. Alternative potential explanations for the findings are evaluated, including a recency-based account and a lexical-frequency treatment.
The Metaphysical Roots of Cartesian Physics: The Law of Rectilinear Motion

This paper presents a detailed account of Descartes' derivation of his second law of nature—the law of rectilinear motion—from a priori metaphysical principles. Unlike the other laws the proof of the second depends essentially on a metaphysical assumption about the temporal immediacy of God's operation. Recent commentators (e.g., Des Chene and Garber) have not adequately explained the precise role of this assumption in the proof and Descartes' reasoning has continued to seem somewhat arbitrary as a result. My account better reveals the dependence of the second law on fundamental principles about time and causality.
Thermopower of Pure Aluminum

The thermopower of 99.999% pure, polycrystalline aluminum has been measured from 4.2 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using Pb as the standard, and from 300 to above 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using Au and Cu as alternative standards. The thermopower is negative at all temperatures with a phonon-drag peak occurring at about 75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. From 200 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the thermopower $S$ is well-described by the relation $S=\ensuremath{-}2.34\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}T\ensuremath{-}\frac{284}{{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The thermopowers determined against Au and Cu are not quite the same above 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, showing a difference of about 0.1 \ensuremath{\mu}V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. However, each set of data is consistent with the form $S=\ensuremath{-}AT\ensuremath{-}\frac{B}{T}$ ($A$ and $B$ are positive constants); and a reasonable average for the two standards is given by $S=\ensuremath{-}3.00\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}T\ensuremath{-}\frac{229}{{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$V/\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, for $Tg300$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These two terms are interpreted as representing diffusion thermopower and phonon-drag thermopower contributions, respectively. If this interpretation is correct, it represents the first clear example of a nonzero phonon-drag thermopower in a metal at temperatures above 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Objective measurement of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease using a force plate†

Clinical investigation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited because of lack of objective measurements and no consensus on use of a standard measuring tool. Currently, clinical trials use subject-completed diaries of dyskinesia throughout the day or investigator-administered clinical rating scales. An objective and valid method of measuring LID would reduce bias, variability, and decrease the time and number needed in trials of potential anti-dyskinetic agents. We have investigated using a force plate under standing subjects, which records movement of the center of pressure (CoP) to quantify LID over a levodopa (L-dopa) cycle. Twenty-two PD subjects (15 with LID, 7 without LID) admitted to an inpatient research facility had their PD meds withheld overnight, followed by a 2 hours intravenous L-dopa infusion the next day. The root mean squared of the velocity in the anterior-posterior direction (RMSV) derived from an analysis of the CoP, and, the modified Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (mAIMS) were performed repeatedly for 6 hours, initially as subjects were OFF before the infusion, through infusion until OFF again. There was a high correlation between the area under the curve (AUC) of the mAIMS and the RMSV within and between subjects. As a measure of LID, RMSV had excellent validity and reliability between subjects, and using a force plate was feasible. Sensitivity to changes in LID was initially demonstrated but should be repeated. Thus, CoP recordings on a force plate can objectively quantify LID in PD and may be very useful in clinical trials or other investigations of dyskinesia.
Dynamic Contractual Enforcement: A Model of Strikes

This paper provides a theory of strikes as part of a constrained efficient enforcement mechanism for an implicit contractual agreement. A firm possessing contemporaneously private information about demand engages in an enduring relationship with its workforce. If the information becomes perfectly observable subsequently, then, modulo discounting, the first-best is implementable, but strikes are always off the equilibrium path. If the observations of the workforce are imperfect strikes occur in equilibrium. The dynamic contracting problem is modeled as a repeated game with imperfect monitoring. The equilibrium exhibits production inefficiency and incomplete insurance to mitigate the inefficiencies caused by strikes.
Comparison of Colvard pupillometer and infrared digital photography for measurement of the dark-adapted pupil diameter.

Purpose To investigate the accuracy of pupil diameter measurement using the Colvard pupillometer and to determine the learning curve for inexperienced examiners. Setting Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. Methods In this population study, subjects with normal pupillary behavior were tested by 1 of 2 investigators (examiner A, examiner B). After 5 minutes of dark adaptation at 1 lux, digital infrared pupil photography of the right eye was performed, followed by measurement of the horizontal pupil diameter and vertical pupil diameter with the Colvard pupillometer. The photographs were digitally analyzed to determine the horizontal and vertical pupil diameters. During phase I of the study, examiners were masked to the results of infrared pupil photography; during phase II, they reviewed the infrared pupil photography results after each testing session. Bland-Altman plots were created to detect measurement bias; results were graphed by subject test sequence to assess learning. A test difference of less than ±0.5 mm was considered clinically acceptable. Results Fifty-nine subjects were tested in phase I, of whom 39 had adequate infrared pupil photography for analysis; 40 were tested in phase II, of whom 34 were included. The mean age of the analyzed subjects was 27 years (range 18 to 44 years). For all subjects, the infrared pupil photography median horizontal pupil diameter was 7.09 mm ± 0.75 (SD) (range 5.44 to 8.79 mm); the median vertical pupil diameter was 7.22 ± 0.79 mm (range 5.45 to 9.10 mm). Examiner A initially had a negative bias (Colvard pupillometer value less than infrared pupil photography value) for both horizontal and vertical pupil diameter measurements, which resolved during phase I after 23 subjects were tested; 18 of the final 19 subjects tested (11 phase I, 8 phase II) showed a test difference of less than 0.5 mm for all readings. The pupil diameter did not affect the bias. Examiner B had a strong positive bias that persisted throughout the study. Testing 26 subjects in 5 sessions during phase II did not improve the accuracy. During the final testing session, 3 of 8 subjects had a test difference of 0.5 mm or more in at least 1 dimension. The pupil diameter did not affect the bias. Conclusion The Colvard pupillometer is susceptible to user errors causing unidirectional bias and seems to have a steep and variable learning curve.
Potential long-term consequences of fad diets on health, cancer, and longevity: lessons learned from model organism studies

While much of the third world starves, many in the first world are undergoing an obesity epidemic, and the related epidemics of type II diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases associated with obesity. The amount of economic wealth being directly related to a decline in health by obesity is ironic because rich countries contribute billions of dollars to improve the health of their citizens. Nevertheless, nutritional experiments in model organisms such as yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila, and mice confirm that "caloric restriction" (CR), which is defined generally as a 30-40% decrease in caloric intake, a famine-like condition for humans seen only in the poorest of countries, promotes good health and increases longevity in model organisms. Because caloric restriction, and dieting in general, requires a great deal of will power to deal with the feelings of deprivation, many fad diets, such as the Atkins, South Beach, and Protein Power, have been developed which allow people to lose weight purportedly without the severe feelings of deprivation. However, the long-term effects of such fad diets are not known and few experiments have been performed in the laboratory to investigate possible side affects and adverse consequences. In this paper, we review studies with fad-like dietary conditions in humans and model organisms, and we propose a "Dietary Ames Test" to rapidly screen fad diets, dietary supplements, and drugs for potential long-term health consequences in model organisms.
A NOTE ON REAL WAGE RIGIDITY AND STATE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

This paper extends the research of Hyclak and Johnes (1989) in analyzing the relationship between the rigidity in real wages and state unemployment rates. It presents evidence contrary to the empirical findings of Hyclak and Johnes in that measures of real wage rigidity are not robust over time in explaining changes in state unemployment rates. Moreover, an alternative proxy accounting for divergent growth patterns across states does not significantly affect changes in state unemployment rates.
Reachability Analysis of Nonlinear Systems Using Matrix Measures

Matrix measures, also known as logarithmic norms, have historically been used to provide bounds on the divergence of trajectories of a system of ordinary differential equations. In this technical note we use them to compute guaranteed overapproximations of reachable sets for nonlinear continuous-time systems using numerically simulated trajectories and to bound the accumulation of numerical simulation errors along simulation traces. Our method employs a user-supplied bound on the matrix measure of the system's Jacobian matrix to compute bounds on the behavior of nearby trajectories, leading to efficient computation of reachable sets when such bounds are available. We demonstrate that the proposed technique scales well to systems with a large number of states.
Shear hysteretic elasto‐plastic earthquake response of soil systems

An analytical/numerical procedure is developed to calculate the shear hysteretic elasto-plastic earthquake response of soil systems. Dynamic level ground response as well as earth-dam response is evaluated on the basis of the analytical one-dimensional (ID) shear-beam and shear-wedge models respectively. Soil is modelled as an elasto-plastic hysteretic material following the principles of flow or incremental plasticity. Stiffness and strength degradation of this material may be specified as a function of accumulated plastic strain and associated pore-pressure build-up. The entire numerical procedure may be executed on a personal computer and consequently qualifies as a versatile tool in conducting preliminary design calculations or parametric-type investigations. Using this procedure, the responses of the Mexico City SCT site during the September 19, 1985 earthquake, and the California Wildlife site during the November 24, 1987 earthquake are computed and compared to those actually observed.
Myofibrosarcoma of the Head and Neck in Children

We have identified a distinctive malignant soft tissue neoplasm that occurred in the head and neck region of six children. Histologically, these neoplasms presented an array of features ranging fro...
Differential Sensitivity of Interleukin-1α and -β Precursor Proteins to Cleavage by Calpain, a Calcium-dependent Protease

Abstract In view of the observations that the calcium ionophores, A23187 and ionomycin, enhance the processing and secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1α) and IL-1β from macrophages, and IL-1α processing is mediated by calpain, a calcium-dependent protease, we evaluated the possibility that calpain might also play a role in the processing of IL-1β. Whereas calpain-containing P388D1 macrophage lysates and purified calpain processed precursor IL-1α to its mature 17-kDa form, precursor IL-1β was degraded by both sources of calpain. However, the activation of calpain in P388D1 cells that were transiently transfected with a cDNA expression vector encoding the precursor form of IL-1β did not result in the degradation of precursor IL-1β, but did result in the processing and secretion of IL-1α, implying that precursor IL-1β is protected from calpain degradation in vivo. Furthermore, calpain did not enhance the processing of the IL-1β precursor by the IL-1β-converting enzyme. These results indicate that calpain is not involved in the processing of precursor IL-1β in vitro or in vivo. The IL-1β precursor may be protected from calpain degradation by a sequestering mechanism that involves a cytoplasmic factor(s) that reduces the sensitivity of IL-1β to attack by calpain or localizes IL-1β to a site that precludes any interaction with the protease. Although MDL 28,170, a calpain inhibitor, prevented the ionomycin-induced processing of precursor IL-1α to the mature protein in P388D1 cells, it did not inhibit the ionomycin-induced secretion of the mature IL-1α and -β proteins expressed in these cells. These results indicate that a calcium-dependent factor other than calpain is involved in the secretion of the mature IL-1 proteins.
Reassessing the Returns to Analysts' Stock Recommendations

After a string of years in which security analysts' top stock picks significantly outperformed their pans, the years 2000 and 2001 were disasters. During those two years, the stocks least favored by analysts earned an average annualized market-adjusted return of 13.44 percent whereas the stocks most highly recommended underperformed the market by 7.06 percent, a return difference of more than 20 percentage points. This pattern prevailed during most months of 2000 and 2001 and was observed for both technology and nontechnology stocks. Additional analysis suggests that these poor results were driven, at least in part, by analysts' tendency to recommend small-capitalization growth stocks during those years, despite the fall of those stocks from favor. Whether or not this preference was motivated by a desire to attract and retain the most lucrative investment banking clients, our findings should add to the debate over the usefulness of analyst stock recommendations. They should also serve to alert researchers...
Spectrally inhomogeneous BOLD contrast changes detected in rodent tumors with high spectral and spatial resolution MRI

MRI detects changes in blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) contrast in tumors caused by tumor oxygenating agents. These changes can be used to guide the design of improved tumor oxygenating treatments (TOXs). The conventional approach to detection of BOLD effects assumes that the water resonance is a single, homogeneously broadened Lorentzian line, and that changes in the T2* of this line owing to changes in deoxyhemoglobin are spectrally homogeneous. This model may not adequately describe BOLD contrast changes in complex water resonances that are often detected in tumors. The present work investigated: (a) whether changes in the water resonance in very small voxels caused by tumor oxygenating agents are spectrally inhomogeneous; and (b) whether high spectral and spatial resolution (HiSS) MRI of the water and fat resonances detects these changes more accurately than conventional gradient-recalled echo (GRE) imaging. Carbogen (95% oxygen, 5% CO2) was used to increase tumor oxygenation. In two tumor models [mammary adenocarcinoma (R3230Ac; n=5) and rhabdomyosarcoma (BA1112; n=5)] proton signals were often complex and inhomogeneously broadened. Spectrally inhomogeneous changes during carbogen breathing occurred in at least 10% of the R3230AC tumor voxels that responded to carbogen and 18% of BA1112 tumor voxels. The largest changes during carbogen breathing in many voxels occurred at frequencies that were significantly different from the frequency of the primary water peak. Carbogen-induced changes in proton T2* detected by simulated GRE and HiSS differed by more than 75% in 67% of voxels in R3230Ac tumors and in 65% of voxels in BA1112 tumors. The spectrally inhomogeneous effects of tumor oxygenating agents may reflect changes in sub-voxelar microenvironements and thus may be important for accurate evaluation of the effects of therapy.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF COBIT AS AN INTERNAL CONTROL FRAMEWORK FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Abstract One commonly used framework for developing and evaluating technology intensive information systems is CobiT. This framework was originally a benchmark of best control practices developed and maintained by the Information Technology Governance Institute, the umbrella organization to the Information Systems Audit and Control Association. We empirically examine the conceptual model that underlies the CobiT internal control framework as it applies to an audit setting (including operational, compliance, and financial audit settings). We find that superimposing CobiT's conceptual model onto audit relevant assessments made by a panel of highly experienced IT auditors confirms the internal consistency between the underlying constructs of CobiT. Furthermore, we find that CobiT's conceptual model predicts auditor behavior in the field related to their seeking help and giving help as evidenced by their postings to a general IT audit listserv. Given the results of this study, we propose future research aimed at developing a general theory of internal control applicable to information technology based on CobiT.
Wheels in a land of camels: another look at the chariot in Arabia

A rock drawing in north-west Arabia shows a rider, a chariot and a foot soldier in battle. It is exceptional not only for its subject (at present unique) but for its use of a mixture of the artistic conventions employed in Arabian rock art and those used in Neo-Assyrian and Egyptian art. The three different parts of the composition have ‘captions’ in the Thamudic B script identifying the artists and the subjects, including the first occurrence of an Ancient North Arabian word for chariot.
Time urgency and the Type A behavior pattern: Implications for time investment and psychological entrapment☆

Abstract Type A's have been described as more time urgent than Type B's, and research indicates that they underestimate the passage of fixed time intervals. The present study examined the implications of these differences in time perception for decisions where time is a resource that can be invested. Type A's and B's were given an initial stake of $4 and provided the opportunity to invest some or all of that amount for the chance to win an additional $2. Investment occurred as a function of time, with subjects believing they would win the additional $2 if a counter reached a randomly determined number. Each unit increment on the counter also resulted in the loss of 1¢ from the initial stake, thus as the counter progressed, goal attainment became more certain, but expenses also increased. Subjects could stop the counter at any time and keep the remainder of their initial stake or continue to invest until the initial stake was depleted (the counter was programmed to never hit the “jackpot”). Half of the subjects could monitor the counter directly, while the other half could not and had to rely on their subjective time estimates. Results indicated that when objective time passage cues were present, Type A's and B's did not differ in their investment decisions. When subjects had to estimate time passage, however, Type A's invested far more than Type B's. These results indicate that under appropriate conditions, Type A's are more susceptible than Type B's to psychological entrapment.
Capture of particles by drops falling at high speeds

Abstract The capture of the diffusing particles of radius a by a falling droplet of radius A is investigated theoretically. The droplet is assumed to be falling at a high speed with a consequent neglect of the viscous terms in the momentum equations, and the capture is treated as occurring due to the diffusion of particles through the concentration boundary layer around the droplet. The present analysis uses the Karman—Polhausen's integral method to reduce the particulate convective diffusion equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation which is solved numerically. According to the present theory, the collection efficiency for finite particles is given by the relation η = 2.18Pe − 1 2 + 2I for I ≤ 0.3Pe − 1 2 compared to 3.18Pe − 2 3 for slowly falling drops, where Pe is the Peclet number defined as Au∞/D, and I the ratio of the particle and the droplet radii. In the above equation, the term 2I accounts for the capture due to interception of the finite particles. The efficiencies for I up to 0.3Pe − 1 2 only are reported, because this value of I corresponds to a particle radius which is about 10% of the average concentration boundary layer thickness. For particles larger than this size, it is felt that their effect on the flow field around the droplet must be considered. Comparison is made between the predictions from the present theory and the experimental data available in literature for an average Reynolds number of 142. The present theory does provide a much better agreement with such data than the earlier theories based on creeping flow around the droplet.
Optical image storage in ion implanted PLZT ceramics

Abstract We have demonstrated that optical images can be stored in transparent lead-lanthanum-zirconate-titanate (PLZT) ceramics by exposure to near-UV light with photon energies greater than the band gap energy of ∼3.35 eV. The image storage process relies on optically induced changes in the switching properties of ferroelectric domains (photoferroelectric effect). Stored images are nonvolatile but can be erased by uniform UV illumination and simultaneous application of an electric field. Although high quality images, with contrast variation of ⩾100 : 1 and spatial resolution of ∼10 μm, can be stored using the photoferroelectric effect, relatively high exposure energies (∼100 mJ/cm 2 ) are required to storethese images. This large exposure energy severely limits the range of possible applications of nonvoltile image storage in PLZT ceramics. We have recently found from studies of H, He and Ar implanted PLZT that thephotosensitivity can be significantly increased by ion implantation into the surface to be exposed. For example, the photosensitivity after implantation with 5 × 10 14 500 KeV Ar/cm 2 is increased by about three orders of magnitude over that of unimplanted PLZT. The image storage process and the effect of ion implantation is presented along with a phenomenological model which describes the enhancement in photosensitivity obtained by ion implantation. This model takes into account both light- and ion implantation-induced changes in conductivity and gives quantitative agreement with the measured changes in the coercive voltage with light intensity for ion implanted PLZT.
Physiological and emotional responses to subjective social evaluative threat in daily life.

Background and Objectives: This study examined concurrent and delayed emotional and cardiovascular correlates of naturally occurring experiences with subjective social evaluative threat (SSET) and tested whether individual differences in social interaction anxiety moderated those associations. Methods: Sixty-eight participants wore ambulatory blood pressure monitors for three days. Following each blood pressure reading, participants reported on SSET and negative emotions, yielding 1770 momentary measures. Results: Multilevel modeling suggested that reports of greater SSET uniquely predicted elevations in anxiety and embarrassment, with elevations in anxiety, embarrassment, and shame extending to the hour following SSET. Reports of concurrent and previous-hour SSET also predicted cardiovascular elevations. Linkages between SSET and anxiety and shame, but not cardiovascular measures, were moderated by social interaction anxiety. Those higher in social interaction anxiety showed especially strong association...
Alterations of spatio-tactile discrimination after lesions of primate spinal cord

Summary Macaca speciosa monkeys were trained to produce psychophysical thresholds for tactile size discrimination. The stimuli were Plexiglass discs of varying sizes that were impressed onto the sole of either foot. The monkeys learned to make one response when touched with the smallest (standard) stimulus and to respond differently when contacted by any of the larger (comparison) stimuli. Thoracic dorsal column lesions produced large, ipsilateral deficits that endured more than 2 months, and then gradual recovery to preoperative levels was observed over succeeding months of testing. Subsequent addition of homolateral-dorsolateral column lesions returned the large deficits for several months. Another gradual recovery period followed, but thresholds did not reach normal values after nearly a year of testing. Although the impairments after dorsal column lesions were not permanent, these results are interpreted to mean that certain forms of information leading to distinct somesthetic sensations have their spinal conduction restricted exclusively to the dorsal white columns.
Median cleft of the upper lip associated with lipomas of the central nervous system and cutaneous polyps

An unusual combination of three rare developmental anomalies, ie, complete median cleft lip, cutaneous polyps, and midline lipomas of the central nervous system, was discovered in a male newborn. Inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism, and clinodactyly of the fifth fingers were other features. His mother was found to have clinodactyly, antimongoloid slant to her palpebral fissures, and computed tomography (CT) scan evidence of asymptomatic hydrocephaly. Family history and clinical investigations did not reveal any clues to etiology. This combination of findings may represent a new syndrome or another expression of frontonasal dysplasia.
Endurance and Failure Characteristics of Modified Vasco X-2, CBS 600 and AISI 9310 Spur Gears

Gear endurance tests and rolling-element fatigue tests were conducted to compare the performance of spur gears made from AISI 9310, CBS 600 and modified Vasco X-2 and to compare the pitting fatigue lives of these three materials. Gears manufactured from CBS 600 exhibited lives longer than those manufactured from AISI 9310. However, rolling-element fatigue tests resulted in statistically equivalent lives. Modified Vasco X-2 exhibited statistically equivalent lives to AISI 9310. CBS 600 and modified Vasco X-2 gears exhibited the potential of tooth fracture occurring at a tooth surface fatigue pit. Case carburization of all gear surfaces for the modified Vasco X-2 gears results in fracture at the tips of the gears.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some rare earth carbides by direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of carbides in the binary systems Sc-C, Y-C and La-C have been determined by direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473 ± 2 K. The following values are reported: ΔH f 0 (Sc 2 C) = −45.5 ± 1.6 kJ (g atom) −1 ; ΔH f 0 (Y 2 C) = −31.8 ± 1.3 kJ (g atom) −1 and ΔH f 0 (LaC 2 ) = −27.2 ± 1.4 kJ (g atom) −1 . The results are compared with earlier experimental data and with values predicted from Miedema's semi-empirical model. The enthalpies of formation for the carbides considered are also compared with the corresponding data for silicides and germanides.
On the fourier-stieltjes coefficients of cantor-type distributions

For a givenn-tuple of non-negative numbers (p 0,p 1,...,p n−1) whose sum is equal to unity let μ(t) denote the probability that Σ = 1/∞ X j /n j ≦t, where the independent random variablesX j assume the values 0,1,...,n−1 with probabilitiesp 0,p 1,...,p n−1 respectively. For mostn-tuples we obtain upper and lower bounds on |u(m)|; these estimates involve then-ary representation ofm, or in some cases of 2m, so that a very simple and explicit characterization of the sequences on whichu(m) approaches zero can be given. In particular, for the Cantor middle-third measure, corresponding to the triple (1/2, 0, 1/2), the following criterion is obtained.u(m) approaches zero on a sequenceT of integers if and only if Ω(2m) approaches infinity onT, where Ω(k) is the sum of the following three quantities associated with the ternary representation ofk: the number of runs of zeros, the number of runs of twos and the number of ones. The results obtained are easily extended to the case when then-tuple varies withj (subject to certain mild restrictions).
Movement disorders induced in monkeys by chronic haloperidol treatment

After several months of treatment, Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Saimiri sciurea monkeys maintained on haloperidol, in doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg orally 5 days per week, began to display severe movement disorders, typically 1–6 h post-drug. Cebus monkeys exhibited violent, uncontrolled movements that flung the animals about the cage. Such episodes usually lasted only a few minutes, recurring several times during the period following drug ingestion. Writhing and bizarre postures dominated the response in S. sciurea. Cessation of drug treatment produced no distinctive after-effects. When tested as long as 508 days after the last administration, however, Cebus monkeys responded to haloperidol with several episodes of hyperkinesis, even at challenge doses considerably lower than those in the original treatment.
Anterior Decompression in Cervical Spine Trauma: Does the Timing of Surgery Affect the Outcome?

To clarify the ideal timing of anterior decompression and stabilization for all patients with cervical spine trauma as well as its efficacy for patients with complete deficits, we reviewed the records of 103 consecutive patients with cervical spine trauma (50 incomplete deficits, Group A; 53 complete deficits, Group B) who underwent this procedure during a 5-year period at the Shock Trauma Center. We subdivided each group according to time of surgery: early and delayed (less than 24 and greater than 24 hours past injury, respectively). In Group A, 10 patients underwent early surgery and 40 patients underwent delayed surgery (range, 2 to 77 days past injury; mean, 13 days). One patient (2.5%) in the delayed group died. The following data refer to the early and delayed subgroups, respectively: average acute hospitalization, 20 and 22 days; patient motor score improvement (at discharge), 37.2 and 45.0%; functional grade improvement (at discharge), 5 (50.0%) and 9 (22.5%) patients. At 1-year follow-up, every patient who had had a deficit had progressed to a higher functional grade. In Group B, 35 patients underwent early surgery and 18 underwent delayed surgery (range, 2 to 45 days past injury; mean, 13 days). One patient (2.9%) in the early group died. The following data refer to the early and delayed subgroups, respectively: average acute hospitalization, 38.7 and 45.2 days (P less than 0.05); respiratory care (number of daily suction procedures), 6.0 and 9.86 (P less than 0.05); patient motor score improvement (at discharge), 3.9 and 4.5%; functional grade improvement (at discharge), 4 (11.4%) and 1 (5.6%) patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of exposure reduction on the diagnosis of caries: An ex vivo comparison of film and a CMOS digital imaging system

Objectives: To determine the effect on caries diagnosis of exposure reduction on intraoral digital radiographs compared with optimally exposed film images. Materials and Methods: F-speed film radiographs of 61 extracted molars and premolars were made with optimal exposure parameters. The teeth were radiographed using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) digital system with exposures equal to 50%, 30%, 20%, 10%, and 5% of the film exposure. Five observers, who were permitted to adjust brightness and contrast on the digital images, scored the proximal and occlusal surfaces for the presence of caries using a 5-point confidence scale. Areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves represented accuracy of caries detection. Sensitivity and specificity were also calculated. The significance level was P = 0.05. Results: All digital images resulted in lower diagnostic accuracy than film images for all lesions (P ≤ 0.036) and for caries in enamel only (P ≤ 0.030). With dentin caries, there were no significant differences between film and any digital radiographs (P ≥ 0.065) except the 5% exposures (P ≤ 0.034). Digital radiographs of 5% of the exposure of film were significantly poorer than all other exposure categories (P ≤ 0.014) except for the 10% exposures for accuracy for all lesion sizes and for dentin lesions only. Exposures at 10% and 20% resulted in lower sensitivity scores for enamel caries, while 50% exposures were associated with the poorest specificity. Conclusions: Exposures of 30% of optimal F-speed film exposure settings appear to balance acceptable levels of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for caries detection. Observer-controlled enhancements were ineffective at extremely high and low exposures.
Enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood: a flow cytometric study.

Abstract Micronuclei (MN) are routinely enumerated in mouse peripheral blood to index genotoxicity. Recent data from the Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT) [CSGMT (The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test), Evaluation of the rat micronucleus test with bone marrow and peripheral blood: summary of the 9th collaborative study by CSGMT/JEMS MMS, Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 32 (1998) 84–100] suggest that rat peripheral blood may also be appropriate for the enumeration of MN, if scoring is limited to the youngest fraction of reticulocytes. The experiments described herein were designed to test whether modifications to a flow cytometric scoring procedure for measuring micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RET) in mouse peripheral blood could be extended to accurately enumerate MN in rat peripheral blood. Rats were treated with saline or one of three genotoxic agents (6-mercaptopurine, ethyl methanesulfonate or propane sultone) in an acute dosing protocol. Peripheral blood samples were subsequently collected for both microscopic and flow cytometric analysis. Micronucleus frequencies were scored in the youngest fraction of reticulocytes: scoring by microscopy was restricted to the types I and II reticulocytes based on RNA content utilizing acridine orange supravital staining; flow cytometric measurements were restricted to the youngest fraction of reticulocytes based on transferrin receptor (CD71) staining. A statistically significant dose-related increase in the incidence of MN was observed, irrespective of scoring method. A higher level of statistical discrimination between control and genotoxin-treated groups was observed for the flow cytometric data and can most likely be explained by the increased number of cells scored (10× more than microscopy) and the lower scoring variability. Together, these data suggest that (i) rat peripheral blood represents an appropriate compartment for evaluating genotoxin-induced MN when the analysis is restricted to young reticulocytes, and (ii) the measurement of MN in rat peripheral blood reticulocytes benefits from the high throughput methodology of flow cytometry.
A porphyrin–ruthenium photosensitizer as a potential photodynamic therapy agent

Abstract The binding constant of a novel ruthenium–porphyrin to calf thymus DNA is reported. In addition, the ruthenium–porphyrin photocleaves circular plasmid DNA in buffered solutions when irradiated with a 50 W tungsten-halogen lamp. The ruthenium–porphyrin shows the ability to diffuse into normal and skin cancer cells and over a 6 day period in the absence of light shows no toxicity, however, complete cell death is observed when these cells are irradiated for 1 h with a 60 W tungsten lamp.
Comparison of the Properties of Xenon, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Hydrates from Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations†

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to characterize the hydrates of Xe, methane, and CO2, allowing for a systematic comparison of the structural and dynamical properties for these three hydrates. Although the host−guest interaction energy for the T = 0 K structures is most attractive in the case of Xe, other structural and dynamical properties from the simulations indicate that, in fact, host−guest coupling is most important for the CO2 hydrate. Specifically, the host lattice of CO2 hydrate expands more with increasing temperature than do the lattices of the xenon and methane hydrates, and the translational and rotational dynamics of the water molecules are predicted to be most perturbed in the CO2 hydrate. The simulations predict that the CO2 and xenon hydrates have lower speed of sound values and lower themal conductivities than methane hydrate or the empty lattice.
Sulfide Treatment of ZnO Single Crystals and Nanorods and the Effect on P3HT-ZnO Photovoltaic Device Properties

Surface chemical changes or passivation can be used to enhance the electrical performance of device structures. The solution-based (NH4)2Sx treatment of ZnO single crystals of (0001), (1010), and (0001) orientations as well as ZnO nanorods was studied by using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS). The (1010) and (0001)-oriented single crystals and ZnO nanorods each showed evidence that the ZnO was consumed, forming a ZnS layer at the surface. In contrast, the ZnO (0001) crystal did not substantially react with the sulfide solution. However, the surface hydroxyl species were displaced by a sulfide passivation layer of 0.21 ML. This process resulted in an apparent increase in upward band bending by ∼0.1−0.3 eV. P3HT−ZnO photovoltaic devices fabricated on O-polar single crystals showed electrical properties which can be correlated with ZnS formation due to the sulfide treatment.
Carbon Monoxide Production by Algae.

Carbon monoxide production has been demonstrated in Egregia menzies, several other algae and in the higher plants, Zostera marina and Medicago saliva. The ability to produce carbon monoxide is not destroyed by heating the tissues. Oxygen is required for carbon monoxide production by Egregia menzies. A carbon monoxide-producing compound can be extracted by refluxing the macerated algal tissues in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid or by hydrolysis; with 6 M sulfuric acid. An anionic, carbon monoxide-producing compound with the properties of a polyphenol has been isolated from a sulfuric acid hydrolyzate. The elemental analysis and the molecular weight, 381 +/- 20, for a benzoyl derivative of the compound are reported.