cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Stress Enzymes Are Required for DAF-16-Mediated Immunity Due to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has recently been developed as a model for microbial pathogenesis, yet little is known about its immunological defenses. Previous work implicated insulin signaling in mediating pathogen resistance in a manner dependent on the transcriptional regulator DAF-16, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. We present evidence that C. elegans, like mammalian phagocytes, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogens. Signs of oxidative stress occur in the intestine—the site of the host–pathogen interface—suggesting that ROS release is localized to this tissue. Evidence includes the accumulation of lipofuscin, a pigment resulting from oxidative damage, at this site. In addition, SOD-3, a superoxide dismutase regulated by DAF-16, is induced in intestinal tissue after exposure to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, we show that the oxidative stress response genes sod-3 and ctl-2 are required for DAF-16-mediated resistance to Enterococcus faecalis using a C. elegans killing assay. We propose a model whereby C. elegans responds to pathogens by producing ROS in the intestine while simultaneously inducing a DAF-16-dependent oxidative stress response to protect adjacent tissues. Because insulin-signaling mutants overproduce oxidative stress response enzymes, the model provides an explanation for their increased resistance to pathogens.
AN EMBARRASSMENT OF RICHES: CONFRONTING OMITTED VARIABLE BIAS AND MULTISCALE CAPITALIZATION IN HEDONIC PRICE MODELS

Abstract Many researchers have addressed concerns of omitted variable bias in hedonic price models through the use of spatial fixed effects. We argue that this approach does not consider the biases introduced by effects that overlap the zone of capitalization for nonmarket goods. We show this bias can dominate the usual omitted variable bias using data on developer-provided open space. We control for multiscale capitalization and omitted variables simultaneously by extending the Hausman-Taylor estimator where the panel component of the estimator is defined over repeated transactions within neighborhoods rather than the traditional definition following a unique cross-sectional unit through time.
Acute painful scrotum.

The acute painful scrotum, which is the most common urologic emergency, may present a diagnostic challenge even to experienced clinicians. Imaging is used mainly to identify patients requiring surgical treatment to reduce the rate of unnecessary testicular exploration. Gray-scale ultrasound combined with color and pulsed Doppler modes is the method of choice for patients presenting with acute scrotal pain. This article describes the ultrasound features of scrotal pathologies associated with a painful scrotum and the pitfalls of a relevant scrotal ultrasound examination.
Mathematical models of binary spherical-motion encoders

This paper presents several algorithms that solve the problem of determining the orientation of a freely rotating ball that is partially enclosed in a housing. The ball is painted in two colors (black and white) and the housing has a number of sensors that detect these colors. The question which we attempt to answer is: knowing how the ball is painted, knowing the location of the sensors, and given a complete set of sensor measurements, how does one determine the orientation of the ball to within an acceptable error threshold? The algorithms we present to solve this problem are based on methods and terminology from geometric control theory. Essentially, we generate dynamical systems that evolve on the group SO(3). These dynamical systems are constructed so as to attract the computed orientation of the ball to the actual one being detected by the sensors. Solving this spherical decoding problem is important in applications where the spherical motion must be detected. One such application is the feedback control of spherical motors.
Towards a general distribution model for flowsheet design

Proper analysis of washability data can lead to the development of a maximum yield coal preparation plant flow sheet. Simulations, as simple as spreadsheet mass and water balancing, are important in examining yield maximization and middlings liberation. Key to such attribute tracking flow sheet simulations is the distribution model, expressing the probability of a species reporting to the product stream. There are many such equations proposed in the literature. This paper examines a functional form that can represent or fit most of the proposed distribution functions. Such a general function is very convenient in a general simulator, because the user need only define the relevant parameters instead of the appropriate equation and parameters.
Synthetic conversion of a graded receptor signal into a tunable, reversible switch

The ability to engineer an all‐or‐none cellular response to a given signaling ligand is important in applications ranging from biosensing to tissue engineering. However, synthetic gene network ‘switches’ have been limited in their applicability and tunability due to their reliance on specific components to function. Here, we present a strategy for reversible switch design that instead relies only on a robust, easily constructed network topology with two positive feedback loops and we apply the method to create highly ultrasensitive ( n H>20), bistable cellular responses to a synthetic ligand/receptor complex. Independent modulation of the two feedback strengths enables rational tuning and some decoupling of steady‐state (ultrasensitivity, signal amplitude, switching threshold, and bistability) and kinetic (rates of system activation and deactivation) response properties. Our integrated computational and synthetic biology approach elucidates design rules for building cellular switches with desired properties, which may be of utility in engineering signal‐transduction pathways. Mol Syst Biol. 7: 480
Fiber pathways and cortical connections of preoccipital areas in rhesus monkeys

An understanding of visual function at the cerebral cortical level requires detailed knowledge of anatomical connectivity. Cortical association pathways and terminations of preoccipital visual areas were investigated in rhesus monkeys by using the autoradiographic tracing technique. Medial and adjacent dorsomedial preoccipital regions project via the occipitofrontal fascicle to the frontal lobe (dorsal area 6, and areas 8Ad, 8B, and 46); via the dorsal portion of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF) to dorsal area 6, area 9, and the supplementary motor area; and via the cingulate fascicle to area 24. In addition, medial and dorsomedial preoccipital areas send projections to parietal (areas PGm, PEa, PG-Opt, and POa) and superior temporal (areas MST and MT) regions. In contrast, connections from the dorsolateral, annectant, and ventral preoccipital regions are conveyed via the inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF) to the parietal lobe (areas POa and IPd), superior temporal sulcus (areas MT, MST, FST, V4t, and IPa), inferotemporal region (areas TEO and TE1–TE3), and parahippocampal gyrus (areas TF, TH, and TL). The central-lateral preoccipital region projects via an ILF-SLF pathway to frontal area 8Av. The preoccipital areas also have caudal connections to occipital areas V1, V2, and V3. Finally, preoccipital regions are interconnected via different intrinsic pathways. These findings provide further insight into the nature of preoccipital fiber pathways and the connectional organization of the visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3725–3751, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sarcomere control mechanisms and the dynamics of the cardiac cycle

This review focuses on recent developments in the molecular mechanisms by which Ca activates cardiac sarcomeres and how these mechanisms play out in the cardiac cycle. I emphasize the role of mechanisms intrinsic to the sarcomeres as significant determinants of systolic elastance and ventricular stiffening during ejection. Data are presented supporting the idea that processes intrinsic to the thin filaments may promote cooperative activation of the sarcomeres and be an important factor in maintaining and modifying systolic elastance. Application of these ideas to translational medicine and rationale drug design forms an important rationale for detailed understanding of these processes.
The role of the olfactory recess in olfactory airflow

The olfactory recess – a blind pocket at the back of the nasal airway – is thought to play an important role in mammalian olfaction by sequestering air outside of the main airstream, thus giving odorants time to re-circulate. Several studies have shown that species with large olfactory recesses tend to have a well-developed sense of smell. However, no study has investigated how the size of the olfactory recess relates to air circulation near the olfactory epithelium. Here we used a computer model of the nasal cavity from a bat (Carollia perspicillata) to test the hypothesis that a larger olfactory recess improves olfactory airflow. We predicted that during inhalation, models with an enlarged olfactory recess would have slower rates of flow through the olfactory region (i.e. the olfactory recess plus airspace around the olfactory epithelium), while during exhalation these models would have little to no flow through the olfactory recess. To test these predictions, we experimentally modified the size of the olfactory recess while holding the rest of the morphology constant. During inhalation, we found that an enlarged olfactory recess resulted in lower rates of flow in the olfactory region. Upon exhalation, air flowed through the olfactory recess at a lower rate in the model with an enlarged olfactory recess. Taken together, these results indicate that an enlarged olfactory recess improves olfactory airflow during both inhalation and exhalation. These findings add to our growing understanding of how the morphology of the nasal cavity may relate to function in this understudied region of the skull.
ILP Based Gate Leakage Optimization Using DKCMOS Library during RTL Synthesis

In this paper dual-K (DKCMOS) technology is proposed as a method for gate leakage power reduction. An integer linear programming (ILP) based algorithm is proposed for its optimization during architectural synthesis. The algorithm uses device-level gate leakage models for precharacterizing register-transfer level (RTL) datapath component library and minimizes the leakage delay product (LDP). The proposed algorithm is tested for several circuits for 45nm CMOS technology node. The experiments show that average gate leakage reduction are 67.7 % and 80.8 % for SiO2- SiON and SiO2-Si3N4, respectively.
Chronologic echogenicity changes and histologic correlates in experimental blood clots: a serial sonographic study.

OBJECTIVES We performed this study to identify echogenicity changes in clots and their correlations with histologic characteristics over time. METHODS B-mode sonography was performed at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after clot formation in venous blood from healthy donors. Analysis of echogenicity was performed by grayscale median measurement with normalization. We classified clots into 3 groups: dense, intermediate, and loose according to red blood cell (RBC) density on hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS Statistically significant chronologic changes in the grayscale median measurements were shown, with a trough at 6 hours and a peak at 24 hours (mean ± SD: 2 hours, 46.8 ± 4.1; 6 hours, 32.2 ± 13.1; 24 hours, 55.4 ± 9.9; 48 hours, 49.0 ± 13.9; P = .027). The grayscale median value was higher in dense RBC clots and lower in loose RBC clots (dense, 61.0 ± 10.6; intermediate, 49.4 ± 13.1; loose, 34.0 ± 12.1; P < .0353). CONCLUSIONS Sonography using the grayscale median showed chronologic echogenicity changes in clots over a 48-hour period, and the grayscale median correlated with RBC density.
Ejection load changes in aortic stenosis : observations made after balloon aortic valvuloplasty

To investigate complementarity and competitiveness between the intrinsic and extrinsic components of the total left ventricular systolic load, hemodynamic data from 18 elderly subjects with severe aortic stenosis were analyzed before and after balloon dilation of the stenosed aortic valve. Multisensor micromanometric pressure measurements allowed calculation (simplified Bernoulli equation) of the ejection velocity and aortic input impedance spectra. Despite a 32% increase in the aortic valve area (from 0.56 +/- 0.04 to 0.74 +/- 0.05 cm2 [mean +/- SEM], p < 0.01), the peak left ventricular systolic pressure fell by only 12% (from 189 +/- 10 to 167 +/- 8 mm Hg, p < 0.01). This was accompanied by an increase in the impedance at the same cardiac output. In a subset of patients (n = 9) in whom the peak aortic systolic pressure rose after valvuloplasty (from 115 +/- 10 to 128 +/- 12 mm Hg, p < 0.01), a 40% increase in the aortic valve area was accompanied by a marked increase in the aortic input impedance. In this subset, the steady component of the aortic input impedance increased by 24% (from 960 +/- 96 to 1,188 +/- 134 dyne.sec/ml, p < 0.05), and the characteristic impedance increased by 25% (from 106 +/- 13 to 132 +/- 19 dyne.sec/ml, p < 0.05). Because of an increased aortic impedance acutely following the procedure, the total left ventricular systolic load after balloon dilation of the stenotic valve was only slightly decreased despite a significant increase in aortic valve area. This represents an example of complementarity and competitiveness between the intrinsic and extrinsic components of the total systolic ventricular load. It may explain why improvement in left ventricular performance may be modest acutely following balloon aortic valvuloplasty.
Assessing program outcomes from the bottom‐up approach: An innovative perspective to outcome evaluation

The traditional top-down approach to program outcome evaluation stresses the need for strong evidence to establish an intervention's effectuality. This approach's principles and methodology are rooted in Campbellian typology and have been applied intensively in outcome evaluation. Yet lessons learned from such applications suggest that in addressing stakeholders' interests and needs, this approach has limitations. To be stakeholder responsive, evaluation must go beyond the top-down approach's focus and strategies. This chapter proposes an integrative validity model and a bottom-up approach as an alternative perspective to outcome evaluation. The new perspective enables evaluations to meet both scientific and practical requirements and enhances evaluations' usefulness. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.1
Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in smooth muscle cells of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Abstract Context.—The etiology of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is unknown. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects smooth muscle cells and is associated with leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas of immunocompromised persons, including persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Objective.—To determine whether EBV is causally associated with IHPS. Design.—Biopsy samples of the pylorus were obtained from 10 infants with projectile vomiting and pyloric hypertrophy on ultrasound, with confirmation of hypertrophy at the time of pyloromyotomy. The presence of EBV infection was tested by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) in smooth muscle cells of IHPS. Setting.—Biopsy specimens were obtained from children treated for IHPS at a tertiary referral hospital and were tested in a clinical molecular diagnostics laboratory. Results.—All of the 10 smooth muscle biopsies were negative for EBER1. Cellular U6 RNA was detected in all smooth muscle samples, confirming that the RNA in the speci...
Canine and Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells Grown in Serum Free Media Have Altered Immunophenotype

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is being increasingly used to treat dogs and horses with naturally-occurring diseases. However these animals also serve as critical large animal models for ongoing translation of cell therapy products to the human market. MSC manufacture for clinical use mandates improvement in cell culture systems to meet demands for higher MSC numbers and removal of xeno-proteins (i.e. fetal bovine serum, FBS). While serum-free media (SFM) is commercially available, its affects on MSC phenotype and immunomodulatory functions are not fully known. The objective of this study was to determine if specific MSC culture conditions, MSC expansion in HYPERFlasks® or MSC expansion in a commercially available SFM, would alter MSC proliferation, phenotype or immunomodulatory properties in vitro. MSCs cultured in HYPERFlasks® were similar in phenotype, proliferative capacity and immunomodulatory functions to MSCs grown in standard flasks however MSC yield was markedly increased. HYPERFlasks® therefore provide a viable option to generate greater cell numbers in a streamlined manner. Canine and equine MSCs expanded in SFM displayed similar proliferation, surface phenotype and inhibitory effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. However, MSCs cultured in the absence of FBS secreted significantly less PGE2, and were significantly less able to inhibit IFNγ secretion by activated T-cells. Immunomodulatory functions altered by expansion in SFM were species dependent. Unlike equine MSCs, in canine adipose-derived MSCs, the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was not principally modulated by PGE2. The removal of FBS from both canine and equine MSC culture systems resulted in altered immunomodulatory properties in vitro and warrants further investigation prior to moving towards FBS-free culture conditions.
The Historian's Presence, or, There and Back Again

This chapter is an investigation of a Tacitean metaphor for historiography and its implications for the historian's role in history. The metaphor of the historian's physical proximity to his subject matter, which is found in the Annals 4 digression contrasting Tacitus's work with that of historians of earlier periods, is an offshoot of the enargeia that often enlivens a narrative. It is also one of the many connections between this digression and both Tacitus's account of the trial of the historian Cremutius Cordus (4.34-35) and what he suggests about his own work as historian.
Knowledge-based probabilistic logic learning

Advice giving has been long explored in artificial intelligence to build robust learning algorithms. We consider advice giving in relational domains where the noise is systematic. The advice is provided as logical statements that are then explicitly considered by the learning algorithm at every update. Our empirical evidence proves that human advice can effectively accelerate learning in noisy structured domains where so far humans have been merely used as labelers or as designers of initial structure of the model.
CONCLUSIONS DRAWN AND PROBLEMS UNSOLVED

Students are a product of their social environment. They are also able, consciously or unconsciously, to produce changes within the social environment. This necessitates the awareness of the impact of constraints within the educational structure upon the socioeconomic structure of groups. This chapter discusses some of the underlying principles in the societal model of change in social class terms. This model of change has particular application for large-scale organizations. It is represented by twin interlocking ellipses. The left-hand ellipse represents the change path of organizations sharing the basic structural quality of shared power or authority and the right-hand ellipse represents the change path of organizations sharing the basic structural quality of centralized power or authority, often in the person of a supreme head. The left-hand ellipse has an elliptical progression from Traditional Collegiate type organizations to Rational Collegiate type organizations. The right-hand ellipse has a progression from Traditional Monocratic to Rational Monocratic. However, as the process is curvilinear, the progression could be the other way. The chapter discusses the major findings about social class relations of students in the survey of Edinburgh University, Durham University, and Newcastle University and their structural model.
Further Exploration of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Social Desirability

Rocter (1966) has reported correlations between the Internality-Externality (I-E) dimensions of his Locus of Control scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale that range from -.07 to -.35. Cone (1971) reported a series of significant correlations ranging from -.29 to -.70 using the Edwards (1957) Social Desirability scale. Phares (1976) suggested such higher correlations occur in situations in which subjects perceive it to be to their advanrage to be seen in a socially desirable light. In the present smdy 224 (141 female and 83 male) students in introductory psychology routinely completed the Rotter's and Edwards's scales for which they received partial course credit. Subjects were primarily of rural middle-class background. They were assured their responses would be anonymous. The Pearson correlation between these scores was -.408, which suggests that the internality dimension of Rotter's scale is associated with social desirability (Rotter's M = 9.7, SD = 3.7; Edwards's M = 27.4, SD = 5.4). These data do not support Phnres's (1976) hyporhesis that positive correlations between Rotter's scale and social desirability are based on reinforcements to "look good" in the testing condition and suggest st least two alternatives: (a) Rotter's scale may not be very robust as it is confounded with a socially desirable response set or (b) a tendency to respond in a socially desirable manner may be a personalicy trait that covaries with general locus of concrol rather than simply a response set (Paulhus, 1984). The fact that scores on Rotcer's scale correlate higher with scores from Edwards's scale than the Marlowe-Crowne scale supports Paulhus's (1984) contention that social desirability is composed of che factors of self-deception and impression management. It appears that Edwards's scale measures the former factor (Paulhus, 1984).
Statistical Distribution of the Peak Maximum Amplitude of the Forced Response of a Mistuned Bladed Disk: Some Investigations and Applications of Neural Networks

This paper examines the nature of the statistical distribution of the peak maximum amplitude of the forced response of a mistuned bladed disk. Monte Carlo simulations are performed for a range of values of the structural coupling between blades and the standard deviation of mistuning. First, it is determined if the statistical distribution of a peak maximum amplitude can be called three-parameter Weibull in general. Next, using a neural network, a functional relationship between the statistics of the peak maximum amplitude ;e.g., parameters of Weibull distribution, statistical moments, 99 percentile amplitude, and input parameters (structural coupling between blades and standard deviation of mistuning) is developed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The relationship of spatial concept development to the acquisition of locative understanding.

A cross-sectional study of children in the preoperational period was conducted to investigate the potential constraints of spatial concept development on children's understanding of spatial prepositions. A battery of Piagetian tasks and a locative comprehension measure were administered to 60 children, ranging in age from 2 to 7 years. In general, children were functioning in Stage II on the Piagetian spatial tasks before they comprehended the prepositions, in front of and behind, in terms of their own perspective using nonfronted objects. The findings also indicated that the children were functioning in Stage III--i.e., they had projective/Euclidean understanding--before they could comprehend in front of and behind when these terms involved projective/Euclidean spatial notions. The majority of children accounted for the front/back features of the object in placing an object in front of or behind a fronted object. The results suggest that as the child's conception of space changes, his comprehension of spatial prepositions also changes.
An Unsteady Flow Analysis in Gas Transmission Pipeline Based on Theory of Functional Analysis

Branch-like pipeline is a common structure in gas transmission pipeline. In the light of the constituent properties of natural gas branch-like pipeline system, the system can be divided into fundamental constituent units. This paper presents a realistic unsteady flow model consisting of simple models of pipeline units and connecting conditions, boundary conditions and initial condition associated with units by using system analysis method. The solutions in wide sense are obtained by theory of functional analysis and operator series method. Such a method has the properties of both analytical solution and numerical solution methods. When the divided pipeline unit is larger, an intuitive approximate analytical solution may be obtained; while the one is smaller, a more accurate numerical solution may be acquired. Based on this, a general computer program has been developed for this model and solutions have been used successfully in a local natural gas transmission network in Sichuan. It is proved that the model and algorithm proposed in this paper are of the advantages of convenient calculation, high precision, time saving and wide application range by way of analysis and application.
Tension model test study on grouting bolts of fractured rock mass foundation for transmission lines

The paper considers the jointed and fractured rock foundation for transmission lines,and a tension model test of grouting bolts is carried out according to the similarity theory.Five factors including the rock modulus of elasticity,the embedded depth of the anchor,the slurry strength,the joint angle and the joint trace length are chosen to carry out the orthogonal test.The test results show that the destruction forms are mainly slip-split failure and slip-shear failure,and that the influences of the rock modulus of elasticity and the embedded depth of the anchor on the uplift bearing capacity are significant.The force transferring mechanism of the anchor is also obtained.
Optimization of Tension Computing Based on Particle Swarm Optimization for Cold Rolling

For the phenomenon of easy slipping of the steel in cold rolling,the physical process of this slipping was analyzed and the model of the factor of slipping was built which was used to represent the probability of this slipping.After that,the model was used to build the optimizing algorithm of the tension computing between the rollers based on particle swarm optimization.With the real data collected from some cold rolling processes,the optimization simulation experiment was carried out.The simulation results show that the factor of slipping decreases to zero apparently after optimizing.The probability of the slipping just also decreases after the optimization for slipping factor.It shows that the steel slipping problem can be controlled through tension optimization.
Westmere Xeon-56xx "Tick" CPU

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on Intel's Westmere Xeon-56XX CPU. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features, system specifications, and system design for these products; system architectures; applications for use; platforms supported; performance scalability; security capabilities; power/processing capabilities; memory capabilities; and targeted markets.
Dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation.

Essentials Prothrombin converts slowly to thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. Histone H4 may also affect the reactivity of prothrombin toward factor Xa. Histone H4 enhances or inhibits activation by factor Xa depending on cofactor Va. The results reveal an unanticipated dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by factor Xa. SummaryBackground Recent studies have documented the ability of prothrombin to convert to the mature protease thrombin upon interaction with histone H4. The effect is abrogated by mutation of the catalytic Ser and requires the Gla domain. Objectives To explore the effect of histone H4 on the reactivity of prothrombin to its physiological activator factor (F) Xa, free or assembled in the prothrombinase complex. Methods The effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation by FXa and prothrombinase is studied with kinetic assays. The potential epitope of prothrombin recognizing histone H4 is explored with electrostatic calculations using recent crystal structures. Results and Conclusions Binding of histone H4 has a dual effect on prothrombin activation by FXa that is of mechanistic significance: it enhances the reaction > 10-fold in the absence of cofactor Va, but produces complete inhibition in the presence of cofactor. Histone H4 binding to prothrombin produces very slow autoactivation independent of the coagulation cascade and promotes slow thrombin generation by FXa in the absence of phospholipids. In addition, histone H4 has a rapid and drastic inhibitory effect on prothrombin activation by prothrombinase that is likely to dominate pathophysiology.
Competition for Nodulation Between Strains of Leucaena Rhizobia in Oxisol and Mollisol Soils

The successful nodulation of legume by certain strain of rhizobia is determined by the competition between the desired strain and the mixture of other native and inoculant rhizobia. The competitive ability of six Leucaena rhizobia strains in single and multistrain inoculants were studied. For this purpose field inoculation trails were conducted in oxisol and mollisol soils. Strain specific fluorescent antibodies (FA) were used for the identification of the strains in Leucaena nodules. Mixture of three Leucaena rhizobia strains recommended by NifTAL for INLIT trials (TAL 82, TAL 582, TAL 1145) were used as peat based inoculants either along or with one of the other three strains: B213, B214 and B215. Each of the last three strains was also used as single strain inoculum to study their competition with the native rhizobia in the two soil systems. In oxisol soil, strains B215 and B213, when used as single inocula, outcompeted the native rhizobia and formed 92% and 62% of the nodules respectively. Strain B214 however was the least competitor in oxisol (30% of the nodules) and the best in mollisol soil (70% of the nodules). The most successful competitor for nodulation in mixed strain inoculants was the strain TAL 1145. This strain out-competed native and inoculant Leucaena rhizobia in both soils. None of the strains in single or multistrain inoculants was capable to overwhelm all the resident Leucaena rhizobia which gave 4–24% of the total nodules in oxisol and 21–32% in mollisol.
Multilineage transduction of resident lung cells in vivo by AAV2/8 for α1-antitrypsin gene therapy

In vivo gene delivery has long represented an appealing potential treatment approach for monogenic diseases such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) but has proven challenging to achieve in practice. Alternate pseudotyping of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is producing vectors with increasingly heterogeneous tropic specificity, giving researchers the ability to target numerous end-organs affected by disease. Herein, we describe sustained pulmonary transgene expression for at least 52 weeks after a single intratracheal instillation of AAV2/8 and characterize the multiple cell types transduced within the lung utilizing this approach. We demonstrate that lung-directed AAV2/8 is able to achieve therapeutic α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein levels within the lung epithelial lining fluid and that AAT gene delivery ameliorates the severity of experimental emphysema in mice. We find that AAV2/8 efficiently transduces hepatocytes in vivo after intratracheal administration, a finding that may have significance for AAV-based human gene therapy studies. These results support direct transgene delivery to the lung as a potential alternative approach to achieve the goal of developing a gene therapy for AATD.
Needs on information related to influenza pandemic by the public

Objective To understand the information needs on human infection with avian influenza (H5N1), A (H1N1) and influenza pandemic in different time periods and create welltargeted messages by the public, so as to develop communication with the public effectively when human infection with avian influenza (H5N1), A (H1N1) and influenza pandemic occur. Methods Data were collected through questionnaire over telephone calls. The questionnaire was self-designed, revised after pilot testing. Results The effective response rate in this telephone survey was 54.33%, higher than those in Beijing and Shanghai. The respondents felt that government' s propaganda during the influenza virus-active period was more helpful and instructive than those in the period when influenza was relatively inactive (χ2= 17.41, P = 0.000). Trust to the government by the public was higher in the influenza virus-active than in the relatively inactive period (χ2=8.15, P=0.004). As to the information needs, the respondents reflected that during the time period of relative influenza inactivity, they viewed the basic knowledge of human infection with avian influenza (H5N1) as their top priority, while in the influenza virus-active period, the feasible preventive measures was their top priority. The pandemic-related information needs in the influenza virus-active period and in the time period of relative influenza inactivity were similar, demonstrating that the respondents had no perceptual knowledge of influenza pandemic and had poor awareness on the pandemic. The respondents were not used to wear a mask to cover their mouths and noses when sneezing, but were quite knowledgeable about the following preventive measures as: avoid going out and at the crowded areas, wash hands frequently etc. Around 2% to 6% of the respondents did not have any information needs. Conclusion The response rate in this telephone survey was fairly high, indicating that telephone survey was well accepted by Guangzhou residents. The public was satisfied with the government' s propaganda activities and trusting the government. Public health professionals should develop communication messages closely related to the epidemic situation to target the information needs from the public. Key words: Influenza; Pandemic; Information needs; Telephone survey
Treating Adult and Atypical Procrastination

In Chapter 9 we presented a theory-based, structured therapeutic program aimed at reducing procrastination. This time-limited program was primarily relevant to treatment of procrastinating college students. The premises regarding the etiologies of procrastination that we introduce in this book were used to shape the content of those interventions. Specifically, we stated that procrastination is most typically caused by two distinct and apparently independent etiologies: (1) neurotic overarousal, which causes task avoidance because of anxiousness or fear associated with undertaking specific projects or class assignments; and (2) a lack of conscientiousness associated with not giving sufficient forethought to deadlines, under-arousal regarding upcoming goals, and possibly also impulsiveness. We also presented some preliminary outcome data suggesting that the brief interventions highlighted in the preceding Chapter had some efficacy over and above an attention-placebo treatment group, traditional psychotherapy, or a simple study-skills training group.
Current Research on Prospective Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Field Experiences

The abstract is listed below: Field experiences provide PSMTs with the opportunity to demonstrate their content and pedagogical knowledge while working with students under the supervision of a mentor teacher and a university supervisor in most situations. The studies included in this survey focused on different aspects of field experiences provided to PSMTs—field experiences connected to methods courses, use of video cases as a virtual field experiences, and summative student teaching experiences. These studies provide useful insights into effective field experiences for PSMTs. 17 articles were examined and most of them are qualitative in nature. The survey also revealed that there is a need for more studies related to field experiences and their impact on PSMTs’ development.
What Does It Mean to Be a “Breadwinner” Mother?:

Historically, breadwinning is linked to cultural ideologies about masculinity and fatherhood, suggesting contemporary breadwinner mothers confront a gendered cultural ideal. I draw on 42 in-depth i...
Breakthrough Disease in Pediatric MS

Many pediatric patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis experience breakthrough disease despite appropriate therapy. Although many options are available to reduce disease activity, none are considered fully effective, and therapies are switched when disease control is suboptimal. However, there are no universally accepted criteria for treatment failure. Two clinical cases are presented that illustrate failure of disease control despite first-line treatment. This chapter explores the clinical and radiological criteria employed to help define disease activity and the approaches toward treatment, including timing of switching therapy, alternating between first-line therapies, and advancing to more aggressive therapies. A brief review of currently available drugs used for pediatric MS with inadequate clinical response is also included.
Pathology and radiology correlation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

By nature, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias have been diagnosed in a multidisciplinary manner. As classifications have been subject to significant refinement over the last decade, the importance of correlating clinical, radiologic, and pathologic information to arrive at a diagnosis, which will predict prognosis in any given patient, has become increasingly recognized. In 2013, the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society updated the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias classification scheme, addressing the most recent updates in the field. The purpose of this review is to highlight the correlations between radiologic and pathologic findings in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias while using updated classification schemes and naming conventions.
Offstream water and trace mineral salt as management strategies for improved cattle distribution.

The objective of this study was to test the combined effect of offstream water and trace mineral salt on cattle distribution in a riparian meadow and its adjacent uplands. From July 15 to August 26, 1996 and 1997, three treatments were each randomly assigned to one pasture in each of three blocks. Sixty cow/calf pairs were then randomly allotted to the grazed pastures. The treatments included 1) stream access and access to offstream water and trace-mineral salt (offstream), 2) stream access and no access to offstream water or trace-mineral salt (no-offstream), and 3) ungrazed control. The response of cattle was measured through visual observations of cattle distribution, grazing activity and travel distance, cow/calf performance, and fecal deposit distribution. Distribution patterns of the cattle, measured as the distance of cattle from the stream, was characterized by a time of day x treatment x time in grazing period x year interaction (P < 0.05). No-offstream cattle began the day further from the stream than offstream cattle but consistently moved closer to the stream after the morning grazing period (0600 to 0900). Differences in distribution patterns between the two treatments were more pronounced early in the grazing period than late in the grazing period. Grazing activity, fecal deposit distribution, and travel distance of cattle were not affected by the presence of offstream water and trace-mineral salt. Cows and calves with offstream water and trace-mineral salt gained 11.5 kg and 0.14 kg/d more, respectively, than no-offstream cows and calves averaged across years (P < 0.05). Overall, cattle distribution patterns and cow/ calf performance were influenced by the presence of offstream water and trace-mineral salt. Changes in distribution were most pronounced early in the grazing season.
Residue analysis of smoking pipe fragments from the Feltus archaeological site, Southeastern North America

Abstract The practice of pipe smoking was commonplace among indigenous cultures of the Eastern Woodlands of North America. However, many questions remain concerning what materials were smoked and when tobacco first became a part of this smoking tradition. Chemical analysis of organic residues extracted from archaeological smoking pipes is an encouraging avenue of research into answering questions regarding the development of a smoking complex within indigenous cultures of the Eastern Woodlands. In the right environmental conditions, absorbed organic compounds within artifacts can remain structurally stable for millennia, allowing analyses of organic matter to be performed on relics of advanced age. In this study, organic matter from six pipe fragments derived from the prehistoric Feltus site in Mississippi was extracted and analyzed via GC-MS, a process that allows for the identification of compounds in a complex mixture. Preliminary experiments tested the effects of pH on the efficacy of our extraction solvent to maximize the detectability of alkaloids such as nicotine. Several notable compounds were identified, including nicotine, which serves as a biomarker for tobacco.
A Snapshot of FOIA Administration: Examining Recent Trends to Inform Future Research:

This article provides a snapshot of the administration of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in the U.S. federal government. Specifically, using data from all federal government agencies from 2008 to 2016, the article examines indicators of FOIA caseloads, including requests, exemptions, denials, appeals, and backlogs, and FOIA management capacity, including staff, financial issues, and processing times. The snapshot not only highlights recent trends in the administration of FOIA but also informs future research by identifying areas that deserve additional attention, revealing potential sampling or case identification strategies for empirical work, and shedding light on variables that may have implications for theory building.
Evaluation of series with binomial sums

We present three formulas for summation in closed form (or certain transformation) of series constructed with binomial expressions. Examples and application are provided, involving the Hurwitz zeta function, the dilogarithm, and the digamma function.
On a circle placement problem

We consider the following circle placement problem: given a set of pointsp i ,i=1,2, ...,n, each of weightw i , in the plane, and a fixed disk of radiusr, find a location to place the disk such that the total weight of the points covered by the disk is maximized. The problem is equivalent to the so-called maximum weighted clique problem for circle intersection graphs. That is, given a setS ofn circles,D i ,i=1,2, ...,n, of the same radiusr, each of weightw i , find a subset ofS whose common intersection is nonempty and whose total weight is maximum. AnO (n 2) algorithm is presented for the maximum clique problem. The algorithm is better than a previously known algorithm which is based on sorting and runs inO (n 2 logn) time.
Synthesis and Characterization of Perfectly Alternating Segmented Fully Cyclized Polyimide Siloxane Copolymers

Perfectly alternating segmented, fully cyclized, poly(siloxane-imide) copolymers were synthesized and characterized as new materials. The reaction utilized the transimidization of aminopropyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane oligomers with aminopyridine capped polyimides based on oxydiphthalic anhydride and bisaniline P. The reaction was conducted in refluxing chlorobenzene at about 130°C. Transimidization processes appear to be quite rapid under these conditions, and high molecular weight copolymers were achieved in times as short as 10 minutes. The resulting copolymers could be cast or melt pressed into transparent films whose mechanical properties reflected the compositions and block molecular weights. In general, the reactions proceeded smoothly under homogeneous conditions in chlorobenzene and produced materials with glass temperatures somewhat depressed from the 240°C value of the controlled polyimide. The method allows excellent control of the microphase morphology, which is a function of block size and interaction parameters. The synthesis and characterization of these materials will be discussed and compared to the more widely studied randomly segmented copolymers which had been prepared in our labs and elsewhere.
Systemstruktur und -entwicklung

Eine Verklemmung liegt vor, wenn Prozesse auf Betriebsmittel warten, die niemals freigegeben werden. Die einfachste Form einer Verklemmung besteht darin, das ein Prozes P1 im Besitz eines Betriebsmittels a ist und auf die Zuteilung eines Betriebsmittels B wartet, wahrend ein anderer Prozes P2 im Besitz von B ist und auf A wartet. Im Abschnitt 3.5 haben wir gesehen, wie zwei Prozesse in eine solche Situation geraten konnen: der eine Prozes fuhrt ‘P(A); P(B)’ aus, der andere ‘P(B); P(A)’, wobei die Semaphore A,B mit 1 initialisiert sind. Verallgemeinert: jeder Prozes in einer Gruppe von Prozessen wartet auf ein Betriebsmittel, das gerade von einem anderen Prozes der Gruppe benutzt wird.
Approaches for Handling Uncertainty in Decision Making

Uncertainty affects a wide range of decisions managers, engineers, and other decision makers have to make. Uncertainty in price, labor and other production costs, as well as in the availability of needed raw material supplies, complicates the task of a production manager in planning the mix of products to be produced. Uncertainty in future cash flows makes investment decisions in long term projects difficult. Resource allocation decisions in product development projects are affected by the uncertain nature of some of the development tasks (use of new or untested materials, development of new production processes), the response and the growth of the market for the new product, potential future changes in consumer tastes, competitors reactions (through pricing and/or introduction of new products), the emergence of new processing technologies that make the product concept obsolete, and even uncertain macroeconomic conditions (for example, inflationary conditions can affect the purchasing behavior of customers). Facility location decisions are affected by demand uncertainty in the considered location region.
A Faculty Led Response to the Crisis in Scholarly Communications

Oregon State University’s recent response to the crisis in scholarly communications recognizes that teaching faculty must be involved in communicating an appropriate response to their faculty colleagues. As authors, editors, and peer reviewers, direct faculty action can encourage publishers to lower costs and can enhance the availability of research. The author discusses the work of a faculty-led task force that communicates information about unsustainable journal costs to faculty peers and the actions that can be taken to counteract this trend. In particular, the author discusses the use of academic unit publication reviews to effectively communicate journal cost variations to faculty. Introduction and Background Academic librarians have long been intimately familiar with the cost inflation and monopolization of scholarly journals and the resulting, negative effects on the ability of libraries to collect the materials crucial to the research needs of their faculty and students. Libraries have been informing their faculty about journal cost inflation for at least 20 years to little effect. The recent Oregon State University (OSU) response to the crisis recognizes that libraries cannot effect change to the scholarly communication process without the direct participation of the teaching faculty in their roles as authors, editors, peer reviewers, and members of promotion and tenure committees. In this paper I discuss faculty involvement in the work of a Scholarly Communication Task Force. The OSU Faculty Senate appointed prominent faculty from natural sciences, humanities, social sciences, the university research office and two library faculty to the