cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact Solitary Water Waves with Vorticity

The solitary water wave problem is to find steady free surface waves which approach a constant level of depth in the far field. The main result is the existence of a family of exact solitary waves of small amplitude for an arbitrary vorticity. Each solution has a supercritical parameter value and decays exponentially at infinity. The proof is based on a generalized implicit function theorem of the Nash–Moser type. The first approximation to the surface profile is given by the “KdV” equation. With a supercritical value of the surface tension coefficient, a family of small amplitude solitary waves of depression with subcritical parameter values is constructed for an arbitrary vorticity.
Ethiopian Macroeconomic Modeling in Historical Perspective: Bringing Gebre-Hiwot and His Contemporaries to the Ethiopian Macroeconomics Realm

Much of the macroeconomic analysis in Ethiopia is hardly linked to the country’s pioneer development thinkers. The latter, however, articulated the Ethiopian development problems and what should be the appropriate policy direction to address them nearly a century ago. This articulated development thinkers of the early 20 th century Ethiopia had captured the imagination of prominent Ethiopian historians and their students. Ethiopian economists seem to lag behind in appreciating the theoretical insight of these pioneer development thinkers. This article is aimed at bridging this gap. The paper will, first, reviews the economic ideas of theses reformer-intellectuals and then build a linear model based on the synthesis of their development thinking. The model is then solved to render analytically solutions that will give theoretical insights on historic and contemporary macroeconomic issues in Ethiopia. I argue that some important development concepts such as the deterioration of the terms of trade of developing countries, the vicious circle of poverty and structuralist analysis of North-South macro economic interaction has, contrary to the statement in existing development literature, has its origin in early 20 th century Ethiopian Development thinking.
Z-Selective Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Cationic Vanadium Bisimido Complex**

Early-transition-metal hydrogenation catalysts have received less attention than comparable late-transition-metal systems, particularly since the discovery of Wilkinson s catalyst. This emphasis on late-transition-metal systems has been largely driven by practical concerns including functional-group tolerance and ease of handling. Further examination of early-transition-metal systems is particularly attractive from two viewpoints: 1) the identification and elucidation of unusual mechanisms of dihydrogen activation and 2) the application of the intrinsic properties of early transition metals, in particular high-valent complexes, to the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to Z alkenes. This transformation is typically accomplished by Lindlar s catalyst, and is practically difficult to employ and suffers, particularly in the case of conjugated aromatic systems, from E/Z isomerization and over-hydrogenation. The development of effective molecular catalysts for this transformation remains an area of intense research with recent notable success. We previously reported the intermediacy of a 1,2-addition of a Si H s bond to an oxo ligand of [ReIO2(PPh3)2] in the catalytic hydrosilylation of ketones. We hypothesized that a properly ligated Group 5 analogue of [ReIO2(PPh3)2] could afford the activation of dihydrogen and discriminate between alkenes and alkynes, as alkenes are particularly poor ligands for d complexes. The 1,2-addition of H2 to metal–ligand multiple bonds (e.g. LnM=X; X=O, [5] S, NR) is a relatively rare transformation and its potential in catalysis has not been rigorously pursued. To combine the previously established early-transition-metal activation of H2 by polarized metal–ligand multiple bonds with catalytic reduction of organic substrates, we sought a vanadium bisimide supported by labile ligands. Herein we report the synthesis of the cationic vanadium bisimido complex [V(NtBu)2(PMe3)3][Al(PFTB)4] (1, PFTB= perfluoro-tert-butoxide, Scheme 1) and its application to the selective catalytic hydrogenation of alkynes to Z alkenes. Addition of a solution of [VCl(PMe3)2(NtBu)2] and 3 equivalents of PMe3 in chlorobenzene (PhCl) to a slurry of Li[Al(PFTB)4] in PhCl afforded 1 as bright yellow crystals in 75% yield after crystallization. Complexes 1 and [VCl(PMe3)2(NtBu)2] are rare examples of vanadium bisimido complexes, and 1 is the first cationic Group 5 bisimido complex (Figure 1 depicts complex 1, see Supporting Information for details and structural characterization of [VCl(PMe3)2(NtBu)2]). [9] Notably, 1 does not require bulky ancillary ligands or imides to kinetically stabilize the complex with respect to dimerization.
The evolution of user-centered focus in the human-computer interaction field

About 20 years have passed since the first conferences dedicated to human-computer interaction (HCI) were held. In that time many changes have occurred in how we think about making use of data gathered from users of technology to guide the process of designing and developing new hardware and software systems. Throughout this process there has been a productive dialog among academic and industry-based researchers and usability engineering practitioners. Academic research has provided insights into methods for understanding and modeling user behavior, and industry has provided a wide range of exciting technologies for consideration by researchers in HCI. This paper looks at the evolution of the field from the behavioral science perspective. We consider the evolution of the field within professional groups, such as the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (ACM SIGCHI) and the International Federation for Information Processing Technical Committee (IFIP TC13), academic departments (primarily in computer science departments), and industry (primarily within IBM). In this paper we offer a view of this journey of 20 years, along with some visions and challenges of the future.
Changes in instrumentally and classically conditioned limb-flexion responses following inferior olivary lesions and olivocerebellar tractotomy in the cat

Lesions were placed in various parts of the inferior olivary nucleus and olivocerebellar tract in an attempt to define further the role of the inferior olive in the performance of a conditioned limb-flexion response (LFR) in cats. Thirty-two cats were trained to make an LFR using either classical or instrumental conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was a tone, and the unconditioned stimulus (US), a shock to the forelimb. Following training, lesions were placed in various parts of the inferior olivary nucleus in 20 animals (radio frequency lesions, 17; electrolytic lesions, 3). Midline section of the olivocerebellar tract was carried out in 12 animals. The degree of conditioned-response (CR) loss resulting from a given lesion was closely related to the precise locus of the lesion. Rostromedial olivary lesions, which included the spino- and cortico-olivary forelimb projection zones and the olivocerebellar projection area, resulted in varying degrees of CR loss (from partial to near total), deregulation of response latency, and a significant reduction of response amplitude. The CR deficit and degree of post-operative CR recovery were directly related to the extent of damage to this part of the rostromedial olive. Lesions restricted to the caudal olive or to caudal levels of the olivo-cerebellar tract resulted in no postoperative CR deficits. Animals with caudal lesions, however, showed more severe general motor deficits postoperatively than did those with rostromedial lesions and loss of the CR. Prolonged training of animals with the most complete CR deficits resulted in some relearning, but response patterns were typified by long-latency, low-amplitude CRs and a highly unstable response pattern.
Bowel Disorders Impair Functional Status and Quality of Life in the Elderly: A Population-Based Study

Background Little is known about the relationship between chronic colonic symptoms and quality of life in the elderly. Our aim was to evaluate whether functional bowel symptoms are associated with impaired functional status and well-being. Methods A random sample of 704 Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents 65 years of age or older was identified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. They were mailed a valid symptom questionnaire which included the Medical Outcomes Survey. Colonic and non-colonic symptoms and health care-seeking behavior for gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by the Elderly Bowel Symptom Questionnaire. Scores for physical, role and social functioning, mental health, bodily pain, and health perception were obtained from the Medical Outcomes Survey (MOS). Results The response rate was 75%. Irritable bowel syndrome and non-colonic symptoms were associated with overall poorer function. The following, in addition to age, gender, and overall functioning score, were found to discriminate asymptomatic controls from symptomatic groups: for constipation, only pain; for diarrhea, only role functioning; and for fecal incontinence, role functioning and current health. The presence of other chronic illness, defined by medication use and impact on activities, did not confound the relationship between colonic symptoms and MOS scores. Conclusions Functional bowel disorders appear to interfere with daily living and quality of life in elderly persons.
A multilevel analysis of race, community disadvantage, and body mass index among adults in the US

This study examined the contributions of both individual socioeconomic status (SES) and community disadvantage in explaining the higher body mass index (BMI) of black adults in the US. Data from a national survey of adults (1986 American's Changing Lives Study) were combined with tract-level community data from the 1980 census. Results of multilevel regression analyses showed that black women had an age-adjusted BMI score three points higher than non-black women. Individual SES (income, education, assets) was negatively associated with BMI in women, but it only reduced the association between race and BMI from 2.99 to 2.50. Adding community socioeconomic disadvantage index further reduced the race coefficient slightly from 2.50 to 2.21. Nevertheless, living in communities with higher socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with higher BMI net of age, race, individual SES, smoking, physical activity, stress, and social support. Community income inequality (Gini) had an independent positive association with BMI, but did not substantially reduce racial differences among women. Community percent black was not associated with BMI. Results for men demonstrated no statistically significant racial differences in BMI, and no association between BMI and either individual SES or community disadvantage. Although individual SES and community socioeconomic disadvantage each partly explained the higher average BMI among black women, clear racial disparities persisted. Moreover, race, individual SES, community socioeconomic disadvantage, and individual health behaviors were each independent predictors of BMI among women. Unexplained within- and between-community variance in BMI remained among both women and men, with most unexplained variation due to within-community variance. Because our evidence for women suggests that the determinants of obesity are multiple and multilevel, attempts to address this growing social problem will similarly require a multi-faceted and multilevel approach.
Color photographic-image deblurring utilizing white-light processing technique

A white-light processing technique for smeared color photographic image deblurring is described. A simple technique of synthesizing complex spatial filters for color image deblurring is also given. An experimental demonstration of smeared color image deblurring with white-light processing technique is provided. Since the white-light source contains all the visible wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, it is particularly suitable for color image processing. The authors also note that the white-light processing technique is simple and economical to operate and it offers the advantage of artifact noise suppression.
Boundary Role Conflict: Negotiation as Dual Responsiveness

The boundary role conflict suggests two types of functions in negotiations: monitoring the other side for evidence of movement and monitoring one’s own side for evidence of preferences. These functions differ in terms of focus and information-processing. This paper addresses these functions in terms of two general models, referred to as the negotiator as bargainer and the negotiator as representative. The negotiator-as-bargainer model assumes responsiveness between opposite-number negotiators. Two v:rsions of this model showed that responsiveness can be based on both one’s own previous concessions and the other’s concessions or it can be a more complex function of expectations and evaluations. Each of the versions was supported in part by the data which suggested that these may be early and late processes in negotiation. The negotiator-as-representative model assumes responsiveness between the negotiator and his constituents. Such responsiveness is depicted in the form of a utility model where the negotiator attempts to balance n-components of value in the process of building a package. He is concerned with maximizing the value of the package in terms of both his own and his constituents’ priorities. Experimental results suggest that the model accounts for a significant portion of variance in actual decisions. Finally, implications are drawn toward a reconceptualization of the boundary role conflict.
Developmental Regulation of Apoptosis in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

The survival of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, both in vivo and in vitro, is dependent on the availability of nerve growth factor (NGF) for a transient period early in development after which these neurons become independent of NGF for survival. The precise molecular mechanism by which developing DRG neurons gain independence from NGF has not been determined. We used an in vitro model of DRG neuronal development to test hypotheses that independence from NGF in mature DRG neurons could be caused by developmental regulation of either elements of the NGF withdrawal signal transduction pathway or of proteins important for activation of the apoptosis output pathway. Interruption of phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase activation, by treatment with the specific inhibitor LY294002, resulted in apoptosis in immature but not mature DRG neurons in a manner similar to that observed with NGF withdrawal. Further downstream along the signal transduction pathway, c-JUN phosphorylation occurred in both immature and mature DRG neurons after NGF withdrawal or treatment with LY294002, despite the fact that the older neurons did not undergo apoptosis. In contrast, the ratio of expression of the proapoptotic gene bax to antiapoptotic gene bcl-xL was many times higher in immature than mature neurons, both in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that developmental regulation of NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis in DRG occurs via control of the relative level of expression of members of the bcl-2 gene family.
PTTG: an important target gene for ovarian cancer therapy

Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), also known as securin is an important gene involved in many biological functions including inhibition of sister chromatid separation, DNA repair, organ development, and expression and secretion of angiogenic and metastatic factors. Proliferating cancer cells and most tumors express high levels of PTTG. Overexpression of PTTG in vitro induces cellular transformation and development of tumors in nude mice. The PTTG expression levels have been correlated with tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Recent studies show that down regulation of PTTG in tumor cell lines and tumors in vivo results in suppression of tumor growth, suggesting its important role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on PTTG structure, sub-cellular distribution, cellular functions, and role in tumor progression with suggestions on possible exploration of this gene for cancer therapy.
Role of sodium/calcium exchange in heart failure-induced arrhythmias: a potential therapeutic target.

S c t S t r a w Sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias is an important source of mortality in patients with congestive heart failure. Rapid ventricular arrhythmias also occur in small animal models of heart failure. Prolongation of the action potential in failing hearts is thought to be an important arrhythmia mechanism. Prolongation of the ventricular action potential plateau sometimes causes reactivation of the voltage-dependent calcium current leading to an “early afterdepolarization” (EAD). Experimental methods of proucing EADs include the use of cesium or a class III ntiarrhythmic drug (such as quinidine or sotalol) to block epolarizing potassium current, the use of catecholamines to ncrease the calcium current, or the use of veratrine to revent the inactivation of fast sodium channels and inrease the sodium-channel “window current.” When EADs are sufficiently large, they can cause regenrative activation of inward-current channels, leading to a econd upstroke of the action potential, which is followed y a somewhat abbreviated action potential duration (APD). his process can be self-perpetuating, leading to a triggered rrhythmia consisting of several or a dozen such action otentials. In 2001, Cordeiro et al used confocal fluoresent imaging of cellular calcium to show that during such a rain of EADs there were transient increases in cytosolic alcium just below the surface of the cell membrane during ach action potential upstroke. The decline of local calcium etween EADs indicated that the calcium was being reoved. An important known mechanism for this removal is he sodium/calcium exchanger located in the surface memrane, which transports 3 sodium ions into the cell for each alcium ion removed. The ability of subsarcolemmal calcium to generate inard current through sodium/calcium exchange had first een recognized in connection with delayed afterdepolarzations, observed during calcium overload. The discovery of delayed afterdepolarizations occurred soon after the recognition that there were calcium-activated potassium channels in the nervous system. When the voltage clamp was used to hold membrane potential constant, a transient in-
Nanocomputing with delays

The push to obtain smaller and denser circuits solely based on lithography and silicon technology is quickly reaching limits imposed by device physics and processing technology. It is anticipated that these limits will invalidate Moore's law and lead to unacceptable manufacturing costs, unreliable devices, and hard-to-manage power dissipation and interconnect problems. Nanotechnologies that rely on self-assembly, biomolecular components, and nanoelectronics are promising alternatives to silicon-based microelectronics. They will eventually enable levels of integration that exceed that of today's silicon-based microelectronics by three orders of magnitude. These nascent technologies present intriguing challenges and exciting opportunities to use biologically inspired solutions to address system architecture questions. This paper discusses recent results of an ongoing collaborative research effort by nanotechnologists, neurocomputing experts, and computer and circuit designers to explore novel architectures for nanoscale neuromorphic systems. The focus is placed on implementations whose behavior depends on how propagation delays affect communication among system components. The components under consideration are reminiscent of spiking neurons and, unlike in classical systems, interconnect is used for computation as well as communication purposes. Hybrid systems are also briefly discussed.
Initial conditions and economic growth in the US states

Abstract This paper uses regression trees to examine the role of initial conditions in the economic development of the US states since 1950. We seek to ascertain whether existing differences in state per capita incomes reflect temporary deviations from a common stochastic steady state or the permanent effects of differences in initial conditions. We assume that the states share a common set of economic fundamentals so that, absent differences in initial conditions, they ought to share a common steady state. We allow the members of a large set of potentially important initial conditions to define convergence clubs among the states.
Effect of heart rate on hemodynamics in mitral stenosis

Abstract A patient with mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation and complete heart block has been presented. Hemodynamic studies were performed to examine the effect on the mitral diastolic pressure gradient of changes in the diastolic filling period induced by artificial ventricular pacing over a rate range of 32 to 150 per minute. An increase in the heart rate was accompanied by a decrease in the diastolic filling period, increase in the mitral valve flow, and an increase in the pressure gradient across the mitral valve. Low cardiac output associated with a long diastolic filling period probably explains the absence of a history of pulmonary edema despite the presence of significant mitral stenosis. During the first study, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure rose slightly and the systemic arterial pressure fell slightly during pacing at a rate of 146 per minute, whereas during the second study hypotension (presumably secondary to a fall in cardiac output) and a slight fall in pulmonary artery wedge pressure occurred during pacing at 150 per minute. The type of response to a rapid ventricular rate that will occur in a patient with mitral stenosis and the factors governing these responses are not known.
In the Beginning: Saul Gass and Other Pioneers

This paper is an abridged and edited transcription of the author’s lecture given on February 25th, 2006, in honor of Saul Gass.
Cigarette Tax Increases: Cautions and Considerations

The author considers some of the drawbacks of cigarette tax increases. She is supportive of the idea of using cigarette taxes to discourage smoking, but she writes that cigarette taxes may not be an appropriate revenue source for every purpose because the revenue from cigarette taxes declines rather than grows over time. She also notes that cigarette taxes are regresssive and says that it may be advisable to offset an increase in that tax with a measure that increases tax benefits for the poor.
Plate with Hole under Uniform End Load Synthesis with Stress Constraints

The paper considers plane stress elements with stress constraints synthesis application. Plane stress elements are one type of elements included among others in a large-scale optimization finite element program by the writer called DESAP 1.
Associative strength and degree of competition in verbal paired-associate learning

The present study dealt with paired-associate learning in elementary school age children as a function of associative strength and degree of competition. Two conditions were compared, each involving S-R pairs mediated by weak as well as strong associative strengths. The pairs mediated by strong associative strengths were identical in both conditions. In Condition I the S-R pairs mediated by weak associative strengths were constructed so as to maximize generalization of their response items to the stimulus items for the strongly associated S-R pairs. Performance on these latter S-R pairs in Condition I was found to be significantly poorer in comparison to identical S-R items in Condition II which minimized the presence of competing associations.
The Relationship between the Intracellular Globulin and the Toxin of Cl. Botulinum

A knowledge of the relationship borne by the vital protein constituents of a bacterial cell to its toxin would be of great assistance in determining the metabolic sources of the latter. A study of C. botulinum was recently undertaken with such an aim in mind. Results of previous work done by the author lead him to believe that in the specific intracellular globulin one would find a protein element vitally concerned in bacterial metabolism. For this reason the problem as stated has seemed to involve the questions: Are the toxins identical with the intracellular globulin; or is toxin a secretion produced from elements of the nutritive pabulum and related to the globulin only by association?
Species variation in the disposition of nalbuphine and its acetylsalicylate ester analogue.

1. The disposition of (-)17-(cyclobutylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxymorphinan-3,6α, 14-triol (Nalbuphine, Nubain) and its 3-acetylsalicylate ester has been studied in rat and dog to determine whether this analogue can improve the oral bioavailability of nalbuphine.2. In dog, administration of the acetylsalicylate analogue increased nalbuphine bioavailability 5-fold to 16% and this correlated with an increase in analgesic activity.3. The disposition of the analogue in rat was characterized by low oral bioavailability and a short plasma half-life.4. Although nalbuphine acetylsalicylate was rapidly hydrolysed to nalbuphine in rat, nalbuphine bioavailability was not increased in this species.5. Other studies have shown that these conflicting results are due to species differences in nalbuphine metabolism. Conjugation at the 3-hydroxyl position is the major metabolic pathway for nalbuphine in dog but not rat. Consequently, 3-hydroxyl esters are ineffective prodrugs for nalbuphine in rat and probably man.
White Space Allocation

Congestion is an important indicator of routability in placement, and it has become dominant for large, tight designs. Previous works addressed the congestion problem using various methods. Mayrhofer and Lauther [105] combine congestion function in cut minimization. Cheng [30] employs a congestion model in simulated annealing approach. Wang et. al [160] propose a post-processing step to remove congestion for a wirelength optimized placement. These methods attempt to reduce congestion by obtaining a placement with less gathered wires and are successful for improving routability.
Does Collaboration Make Any Difference? Linking Collaborative Watershed Groups to Environmental Outcomes.

This paper addresses addresses two research questions: (1) Do publicly supported collaborative environmental management groups improve environmental outcomes?; and (2) How do collaborative groups with different levels of responsibility, formalization, and representativeness compare in this regard? Using a representative watershed quality data series, the EPA’s National Rivers and Streams Assessment (NRSA) and Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA), in conjunction with a watershed management regime database coded for this analysis, it tests the relationship between collaborative governance and watershed quality for 357 watersheds. Since these are observational data, a multilevel propensity score matching method is used to control for selection bias. Using the augmented inverse propensity weighted estimator (AIPW), I estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATE) for six different water quality and habitat condition metrics. Collaborative watershed groups are found to improve water chemistry and in-stream habitat conditions. I then use hierarchical linear regression modeling (HLM) to examine how group responsibilities, inclusivity with regard to membership, and formalization affect the predicted impact of a collaborative group. Groups that engage in management activities (in comparison to coordination or planning) are found to achieve greater environmental gains. Limited differentiation is found with regards to the presence of a group coordinator, increased goal specificity, or greater stakeholder diversity.
Patterned ion-sliced lithium niobate for hybrid photonic integration on silicon

A method to realize patterned ion-sliced lithium niobate is presented for hybrid photonic integration on silicon. The process involves indirect wafer bonding and dry etching to produce patterns with controllable size, shape, and orientation. The patterns are released by sacrificial wet etching and transferred to silicon waveguides using a pick-and-place process. To demonstrate the technique, a hybrid silicon and lithium niobate racetrack resonator with co-planar electrodes is presented with a measured tunability of 5.2 pm/V. The method enhances flexibility in design and control of fabrication yield for the realization of hybrid silicon and lithium niobate integrated optic devices.
Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921-1939

In December 1921, France broadcast its first public radio program from a transmitter on the Eiffel Tower. In the decade that followed, radio evolved into a mass media capable of reaching millions. Crowds flocked to loudspeakers on city streets to listen to propaganda, children clustered around classroom radios, and families tuned in from their living rooms. Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 examines the impact of this auditory culture on French society and politics, revealing how broadcasting became a new platform for political engagement, transforming the act of listening into an important, if highly contested, practice of citizenship. Rejecting models of broadcasting as the weapon of totalitarian regimes or a tool for forging democracy from above, the book offers a more nuanced picture of the politics of radio by uncovering competing interpretations of listening and diverse uses of broadcast sound that flourished between the world wars.
Reevaluating stereotactic radiosurgery for glioblastoma: new potential for targeted dose-escalation

Countless therapeutic strategies have been explored over many decades to prevent or slow the progression of glioblastoma. Despite radical changes in radiation management in other malignancies, there have been no major advances in the radiotherapeutic approach to glioblastoma in over 30 years. Past hopes to overcome inherent radioresistance with escalating doses have been met with frustration. However, prior clinical trials were performed before temozolomide, a radiosensitizer, altered the standard of care and this has renewed interest in dose escalation. Immunotherapy has led to further excitement, given the substantial responses that have been observed in other cancers when combined with high-dose radiation. In addition, advances in molecular profiling and neuroimaging have created new opportunities to improve patient selection for the most appropriate course of treatment. In this review, we outline past attempts to utilize radiosurgery in glioblastoma and focus on the potential to reintroduce this modality of dose escalation in the setting of modern and emerging systemic agents, molecular studies and imaging analyses.
Carbamazepine-Induced Diarrhea

Intractable diarrhea induced by carbamazepine (CBZ) in 3 patients and necessitating discontinuation of the drug is reported from the Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky.
Implementation issues for fast initial position and magnet polarity identification of PM synchronous machines with near zero saliency

This paper presents a significant discussion of implementation details of an enhanced fast initial position and magnet polarity estimation method for low saliency PM synchronous machines. The carrier frequency operating-point model of the machine has been extended to include the effect of cross-saturation as part of the non-linear interactions of the machine inductance to an applied rotating voltage vector. The resulting carrier signal current components are isolated using synchronous reference frame filtering and the initial position and magnet polarity is estimated using a dual-vector tracking state filter. The paper also provides an extended discussion of design tradeoffs in tuning of the synchronous reference frame filters in conjunction with the dual-vector tracking state filter bandwidth. Experimental results demonstrate fast, reliable initial position and magnet polarity estimation with improved accuracy and speed of convergence
Estimation of dilution of a Fast Faraday Cup response due to the finite particles speed

Deviation of the Fast Faraday Cup signal from the longitudinal shape of the measured bunch is estimated, and a simple formula for the increase of the signal rms width is suggested.
Did Contraceptive Use Patterns Change after the Affordable Care Act? A Descriptive Analysis

Abstract Background The Affordable Care Act (ACA) substantially increased rates of insurance coverage within the first year of implementation, including among women of reproductive age. The ACA also requires that private insurance plans cover contraceptives without any out-of-pocket costs. These provisions may have led more women to start using prescription contraception. Study Design We conducted two cross-sectional studies, collecting data from 8,062 women aged 18 to 39 in the fall 2012 and spring 2015. We examined contraceptive use patterns during both time periods. We used logistic regression to determine whether differences between the two time periods were significant, adjusting for the demographic characteristics of respondents. Results We observed no changes in contraceptive use patterns among sexually active women. However, use of the pill nearly doubled, from 21% to 40%, among young women aged 18 to 24 who had not had sex in the last month. Many of these women cited benefits of the pill in addition to pregnancy prevention. Conclusions It may be that the ACA has yet to affect contraceptive use patterns, and it is possible that it will do so in the future, but the evidence thus far suggests the importance of further research into contraceptive access and sources of care.
Adhesive Systems Based on Functionalized Block Copolymers

Functionalized block copolymers were synthesized as adhesion promoters using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP). They were designed for glass/epoxy and copper/epoxy interfaces. The former contained triethoxysilane groups in the first block and secondary amine groups in the second. The latter contained imidazole groups in the first and amine groups in the second block. These block copolymers were shown to form ordered monolayers on the respective glass and copper surfaces using neutron reflectivity. Adhesion measurements showed an enhancement of adhesion after application of these block copolymers.
Three-dimensional location of target fish by monocular infrared imaging sensor based on a L–z correlation model

Abstract Monitoring of fish behavior has drawn extensive attention in pharmacological research, water environmental assessment, bio-inspired robot design and aquaculture. Given that an infrared sensor is low cost, no illumination limitation and electromagnetic interference, interest in its use in behavior monitoring has grown considerably, especially in 3D trajectory monitoring to quantify fish behavior on the basis of near infrared absorption of water. However, precise position of vertical dimension (z) remains a challenge, which greatly impacts on infrared tracking system accuracy. Hence, an intensity (L) and coordinate (z) correlation model was proposed to overcome the limitation. In the modelling process, two cameras (top view and side view) were employed synchronously to identify the 3D coordinate of each fish (x-y and z, respectively), and the major challenges were the distortion caused by the perspective effect and the refraction at water boundaries. Therefore, a coordinate correction formulation was designed firstly for the calibration. Then the L–z correlation model was established based on Lambert's absorption law and statistical data analysis, and the model was estimated through monitoring 3D trajectories of four fishes during the day and night. Finally, variations of individuals and limits of the depth detection of the model were discussed. Compared with previous studies, the favorable prediction performance of the model is achieved for 3D trajectory monitoring, which could provide some inspirations for fish behavior monitoring, especially for nocturnal behavior study.
Daphne du Maurier's Mary Anne: Rewriting the Regency Romance as Feminist History

This article rereads Daphne du Maurier's Regency novel Mary Anne (1954) as feminist history, using recent theoretical work on women's historical fiction as well as archival research into the du Maurier papers at Exeter University. The novel is based on the life and writings of du Maurier's own great-great-grandmother, a courtesan whose affair with the Duke of York in the early 1800s had seriously destabilized the British government. Mary Anne reworks the popular genre of Regency romance into an ironic and often witty critique of royalist and patriarchal assumptions – a bold manoeuvre in 1950s Britain. Simultaneously, it rewrites its author's family history as a matrilineal literary romance, enabling du Maurier to reposition herself in relation to her formidably creative father and grandfather. Generally overshadowed by du Maurier's Gothic thrillers, Mary Anne (over fifty years after its initial publication) deserves recognition as one of her most adventurous and feminist works.
Interventions to Improve Movement and Functional Outcomes in Adult Stroke Rehabilitation: Review and Evidence Summary.

Background: Patients who have had a stroke may not be familiar with the terminology nor have the resources to efficiently search for evidence-based rehabilitation therapies to restore movement and functional outcomes. Recognizing that a thorough systematic review on this topic is beyond the scope of this article, we conducted a rapid review evidence summary to determine the level of evidence for common rehabilitation interventions to improve movement/motor and functional outcomes in adults who have had a stroke. Objective: The objective of this study was to find evidence for common rehabilitation interventions to improve movement/motor and functional outcomes in adults who have had a stroke. Methods: Medline Complete, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Database, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source, Dissertation Abstracts International, and National Guideline Clearinghouse, from 1996 to April of 2016, were searched. From 348 articles, 173 met the following inclusion criteria: (1) published systematic reviews or meta-analyses, (2) outcomes target functional movement or motor skills of the upper and lower limbs, (3) non-pharmacological interventions that are commonly delivered to post-stroke population (acute and chronic), (4) human studies, and (5) English. Evidence tables were created to analyze the findings of systematic reviews and meta-analyses by category of interventions and outcomes. Results: This rapid review found that the following interventions possess credible evidence to improve functional movement of persons with stroke: cardiorespiratory training, therapeutic exercise (ie, strengthening), task-oriented training (task-specific training), constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), mental practice, and mirror therapy. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (ie, functional electrical stimulation) shows promise as an intervention for stroke survivors. Conclusions: Most commonly delivered therapeutic interventions to improve motor recovery after a stroke possess moderate quality evidence and are effective. Future research recommendations, such as optimal timing and dosage, would help rehabilitation professionals tailor interventions to achieve the best outcomes for stroke survivors.
Title IX, Tax-Exemption, and Transgender Students: Using Federal Guidelines to Determine the Tax-Exempt Status of Single-Sex Institutions

The current test for determining tax-exemption status, that an organization must be in compliance with “fundamental public policy,” is outdated and unclear for a variety of organizations, including single-sex institutions. Without specific guidelines for determining what constitutes “fundamental public policy,” and with the IRS refusing to state whether gender discrimination is in violation of “fundamental public policy,” single-sex institutions are left unsure of whether they will be able to continue their status as tax-exempt organizations in the future. This uncertainty becomes especially frightening with the recent policy push for the rights of students that fall outside of the gender binary. Should the IRS maintain their current test of simply being in violation of fundamental public policy as grounds to revoke any organization’s tax-exempt status, single-sex schools are increasingly at risk of losing their status as public policy quickly progresses. Before losing their status as tax-exempt organizations, single-sex schools should be able to readily determine whether they are in violation of the abstract notion of “fundamental public policy.” This Article argues for a change in the current tax-exemption test, specifically asserting that the requirements for single-sex schools already incorporated in Title IX should be balanced as factors in determining whether a single-sex institution adheres to the notion of “fundamental public policy.” Most scholars have focused either on proposing a variety of potential solutions to the test for tax-exemption or have explored the experience of transgender individuals at single-sex institutions. Though these articles provide important context, the articles fail to address these intertwining concerns in tandem. In examining the tax-exemption status of single-sex institutions, it is crucial to analyze the current Title IX requirements for these schools as well as how these policy shifts could affect single-sex institutions in more appropriately accommodating their diverse population climates. This Article demonstrates the problems with previously suggested solutions to the tax-exemption test and proposes instead an update to the “fundamental public policy” requirement by viewing the issue through the lens of current requirements for single-sex education.
Ventricular Assist Device Utilization in Heart Transplant Candidates: Nationwide Variability and Impact on Waitlist Outcomes

Background:Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) have become a standard treatment choice in advanced heart failure patients. We hypothesized that practice patterns with regards...
p-/sup 4/He elastic scattering at 1. 05 GeV. [Differential cross sections, interference]

The elastic differential cross sections of 7.0-GeV/c /sup 4/He scattered from hydrogen (equivalent T/sub p/ = 1.05 GeV) has been measured over a range 0.17 < or = - t < or = 0.85(GeV/c)/sup 2/. The experiment has very low background (< or = 2%), adequate t resolution (< or = 5%), a good absolute normalization (15%), and a statistical accuracy in the interference region of about 3%. The data show a shallow first minimum and a shape very similar to the recent data from Centres d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay.
The free-Lagrange method on the connection machine

The three dimensional time-dependent free-Lagrange hydrodynamics code (X3D) has been implemented on the massively parallel Connection Machine CM2. This data parallel computer represents the state of the art in a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) processor with peak performance rates of 10 Gflops for well structured problems. While the performance on the CM2 of the free-Lagrange method (FLM) did not attain this remarkable peak rate, we did achieve Cray Y-MP performance levels. The implementation of the FLM with its unstructured grid and global connectivity matrix presents problems on all computer architectures, especially on the distributed memory CM2. The hydrodynamics portion of the code, which is written in a “long vector” style on the Y-MP and optimized for that machine, presented few problems when implemented on the CM2. However, to achieve the higher degree of parallelization required on the 64K processor CM2 over the 8 processor Y-MP, we had to take a different approach from the multitasked version on the Y-MP. We describe new data structures and algorithms that solve the problems of equation-of-state table lookup, parallelization of accumulation loops, and solution of large unstructured sparse linear systems. We also present timing results and comparisons with the Y-MP for various parts of the FLM and discuss CM2 techniques that are different from traditional techniques on multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) machines. Almost all of the code is written in CM2 Fortran, a language that is under development; we have seen and expect improvements in performance as the compiler matures.
Infections of the central nervous system in the neurosurgical patient.

Abstract Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in the neurosurgical patient, although infrequent, can increase morbidity and mortality. Highest risk of postoperative infection is associated with ventricular shunt, followed by spinal fusion and laminectomy, craniectomy, brain biopsy, and peripheral nerve surgery. Clinical presentation of CNS infection in any postoperative neurosurgical patient may mimic clinical symptoms caused by a noninfectious etiology, such as shunt malfunction or aseptic meningitis. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formula and cultures of CSF and blood, in concert with clinical evaluation, provides the highest likelihood of detecting CNS infection. When a postoperative infection is suspected, it should be treated with appropriate antibiotics. Given the widespread usage of sterile technique and perioperative antibiotics, future reductions in the rate of postoperative infectious complications are likely to be small; antibiotic-impregnated catheters may provide an additional reduction. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of CNS infection following placement of a shunt or draining catheter, craniotomy, craniocerebral injury, or dural puncture.
Response to Groarke : Figuring Sound

This essay notes the tendency to reduce sound to a cause of something else. Such a position constrains theory construction to only cause and effect schemes. I argue that we should expand our understanding of sound to include what I term sound figures, which acknowledge that sounds can represent the world. I conclude by offering an understanding of sound fig-ures tied to their resonance.
64 – Diabetes in Women

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States as well in other countries. The overwhelming majority of cases in the United States are of type 2 diabetes. While rates of type 2 diabetes are similar in men and women, the relative risk of coronary heart disease—one of the leading and most serious health consequences of diabetes—is greater in women than in men. Women with pre-existing diabetes are at increased risk for complications during pregnancy, and pregnant women without diagnosed diabetes are at risk of developing gestational diabetes. Despite the clear role of genetics, a growing body of evidence indicates that modifiable risk factors account for a substantial proportion of cases of type 2 diabetes. Improvements in the population-wide prevalence of these factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, dietary intake patterns, and cigarette smoking, will contribute to the prevention of diabetes. Similarly, favorable modification of these risk factors by women with diabetes in conjunction with good glycemic control and appropriate additional pharmacologic therapy should reduce the risk of adverse health consequences of this disease.