cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insensitivity of the distance ladder Hubble constant determination to Cepheid calibration modelling choices

Recent determination of the Hubble constant via Cepheid-calibrated supernovae by \citet{riess_2.4_2016} (R16) find $\sim 3\sigma$ tension with inferences based on cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization measurements from $Planck$. This tension could be an indication of inadequacies in the concordance $\Lambda$CDM model. Here we investigate the possibility that the discrepancy could instead be due to systematic bias or uncertainty in the Cepheid calibration step of the distance ladder measurement by R16. We consider variations in total-to-selective extinction of Cepheid flux as a function of line-of-sight, hidden structure in the period-luminosity relationship, and potentially different intrinsic color distributions of Cepheids as a function of host galaxy. Considering all potential sources of error, our final determination of $H_0 = 73.3 \pm 1.7~{\rm km/s/Mpc}$ (not including systematic errors from the treatment of geometric distances or Type Ia Supernovae) shows remarkable robustness and agreement with R16. We conclude systematics from the modeling of Cepheid photometry, including Cepheid selection criteria, cannot explain the observed tension between Cepheid-variable and CMB-based inferences of the Hubble constant. Considering a `model-independent' approach to relating Cepheids in galaxies with known distances to Cepheids in galaxies hosting a Type Ia supernova and finding agreement with the R16 result, we conclude no generalization of the model relating anchor and host Cepheid magnitude measurements can introduce significant bias in the $H_0$ inference.
“To Promote That Demand”: Toward a History of the Marketing White Paper as a Genre

Although various types of documents are called white papers, in technical marketing communication the white paper is usually a document that describes a new or improved technology in order to gener...
Identification of Potentially Unmanageable Ice Features

Satellite remote sensing technology plays an important role in ice monitoring and characterization in support of ice management operations for Arctic floating drilling that previously have been des ...
Economic operation of electric power system under environmental impacts

This paper presents a generally formulated Mixed-Integer Programming model in order to optimize economic-environmental oriented operational objectives of an electric power system with thermal generation. Different company-specific requirements in the context of environmental impacts can be considered in different models. Modelling is done by extracting the necessary model elements from the general model presented herein in order to describe a real-world power system. These models are clearly structured and easily to understand by both practical experienced energy-engineers and dispatching personnel as well. These models are primarily oriented towards short-term optimization (day, weekend) and on-line application but may be applied to every other planning horizon (from years to minutes) as well. The solutions of economic-environmental optimization problems should be the proper basis for decision making in the real-life practice of responsible power system dispatching.
Phage Puppet Masters of the Marine Microbial Realm

Viruses numerically dominate our oceans; however, we have only just begun to document the diversity, host range and infection dynamics of marine viruses, as well as the subsequent effects of infection on both host cell metabolism and oceanic biogeochemistry. Bacteriophages (that is, phages: viruses that infect bacteria) are highly abundant and are known to play critical roles in bacterial mortality, biogeochemical cycling and horizontal gene transfer. This Review Article summarizes current knowledge of marine viral ecology and highlights the importance of phage particles to the dissolved organic matter pool, as well as the complex interactions between phages and their bacterial hosts. We emphasize the newly recognized roles of phages as puppet masters of their bacterial hosts, where phages are capable of altering the metabolism of infected bacteria through the expression of auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of host gene expression patterns. Finally, we propose the 'royal family model' as a hypothesis to describe successional patterns of bacteria and phages over time in marine systems, where despite high richness and significant seasonal differences, only a small number of phages appear to continually dominate a given marine ecosystem. Although further testing is required, this model provides a framework for assessing the specificity and ecological consequences of phage-host dynamics.
Does religion always help the poor? Variations in religion and social class in the west and societies in the global south

From Marx’s famous dictum that religion is “the opium of the people” to Weber’s recognition of the dignity reaped by the “religiously musical,” disagreement about both the prosocial and deleterious—even violent—effects of religious beliefs and practices has been a long discussion in social theory. The social scientific literature shows that religion is shaped by social structures—including economic and political structures—and also that, as an integral element of many cultures, it can shape those same structures in turn. This article discusses the dialectical relationship between religion and social structures to consider when and how religion has the capacity to alleviate poverty and where it might figure in inequality’s endurance or exacerbation. The range of the empirical cases considered here not only suggests the power of religion to address poverty, but also and importantly, the ways in which religion can be co-opted in sustaining the status quo for poor and politically subjugated groups. Taking a global view in case selection, this article shows that although differences in these processes do exist based on global location, there are many similarities that cross national and religious lines.
Prevalence and Natural History of Barrett's Esophagus in Lung Transplant: A Single-Center Experience

Background Barrett's esophagus (BE)—intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus—may progress to low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and ultimately, invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The course of BE in immunosuppressed lung transplant recipients is unknown. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent lung transplant at a single center, Norton Thoracic Institute in Phoenix, Arizona, between January 1, 2010 and October 31, 2016. Pretransplant esophagram, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring, high-resolution manometry, and gastric emptying studies were analyzed. Results Of the 466 patients who underwent lung transplant during the study period, 54 (11.59%) had BE on pretransplant esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Of these, 1 patient had HGD before lung transplant. The median age of patients was 64 years (interquartile range, 58.25 to 68.75 years); 66.7% were men. Median follow-up duration was 29.48 months (interquartile range, 19.69 to 37.98 months). Sixteen of 54 patients (29.62%) underwent antireflux surgery after lung transplant. LGD or EAC developed in 3 patients during posttransplant surveillance. One patient had a diagnosis of HGD 24 months after retransplant. She underwent complete endoscopic ablation and was dysplasia-free for 5 months, but ultimately the condition recurred, and she underwent esophagectomy for invasive cancer. Two patients had a diagnosis of LGD 7 and 13 months after lung transplant and were successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation. The rate of progression to dysplasia or EAC was 2.3% per patient-year. Conclusions BE seems to be more prevalent in lung transplant recipients than in the general population. The study findings suggest that patients with BE have a higher risk of BE-to-EAC progression after lung transplant and that HGD may progress rapidly in immunosuppressed patients. More intensive surveillance endoscopy may be required in patients with BE after lung transplant.
Functional Organization Contributing to Carbohydrate Economy

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the functional organization that contributes to carbohydrate economy, which is governed by controlled, chronological operations resulting from relations at the level of membrane-associated, organized molecular events. Digestion of carbohydrates can be segregated into two stages, which are characterized by the identity of the foodstuff and enzymes involved and also the locale and organization of the catalytic events. The two stages of carbohydrate digestion are not separate from one another but an amalgamation of both. The second stage occurs at the mucosal membrane surface of the enterocytes, which is in proximity to the absorptive systems for monosaccharides. It is catalyzed by enzymes, which form an essential part of the complex brush-border membrane.
Disparities in prostate cancer survival in Appalachian Kentucky: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common male cancer in the USA. When comparing the incidence and mortality rates of PC, the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data of 2005-2014 show that Appalachian Kentucky had a lower incidence (113/100 000 v 137/100 000) but a higher mortality rate (23.8% v 21.8%) when compared to non-Appalachian Kentucky. The aim of this study was to further characterize the survival disparities of PC between Appalachian and non-Appalachian Kentucky. METHODS All stages of PC patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 were collected through the Kentucky Cancer Registry. Baseline characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between Appalachian Kentucky and non-Appalachian Kentucky, using Pearson χ2 and Cox regression analyses in this population-based analysis. RESULTS Of 12 871 patients studied, 3482 (26.8%) were from Appalachian Kentucky whereas 8489 (73.2%) were from non-Appalachian Kentucky. Caucasians predominated in both groups. Most Appalachian Kentucky patients were aged 65-74 years. Appalachian Kentucky patients had a higher Gleason score, higher prostate specific antigen (PSA), more aggressive histologic grade, more distant disease, higher comorbidity score, lower education, and higher poverty compared to patients from non-Appalachian Kentucky. There was a 5-year survival difference between Appalachian Kentucky and non-Appalachian Kentucky in unadjusted analysis (p<0.001) that disappeared after adjusting with Cox regression analysis (p=0.4). However, worsened survival was still seen with higher Gleason score, higher PSA, distant stage disease, higher Charlson comorbidity index, and very low high school education (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In this population-based analysis, this study shows a significant difference in PC survival between Appalachian and non-Appalachian Kentucky. The difference was not related to geographic location, but rather to high comorbidity score, high poverty rate, and low education. Additional research is needed to understand the healthcare restraints for Appalachian Kentucky.
Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. II. Electroosmotic flow and transference number measurements for hairless mouse skin.

Previous studies suggest that bulk fluid flow by electroosmosis is a significant factor in iontophoresis and may provide an explanation for the observed enhanced transport of neutral species. In a charged membrane, the solution carries a net charge and thus experiences a volume force in an electric field, which causes volume flow (Jv in the direction of counterion flow. Jv data were obtained for hairless mouse skin (HM) as a function of pH, concentration of NaCl, current density, and time. Volume flow was measured by timing fluid movement in horizontal capillary tubes attached to the anode and cathode (Ag/AgCl) compartments. By convention, the sign of Jv is taken as positive when the volume flow is in the same direction as positive current flow. Experimental mean values were in the range 0 to + 37 µl/cm2 hr, depending on the experimental conditions. Volume flow of this magnitude is large enough to have significant impact on flow of both ions and neutral species. The positive sign for Jv indicates that HMS is negative in the pH range studied (3.8–8.3). Jv decrease with time, decrease with increasing NaCl concentration, are much lower at pH 3.8 than at the higher pH's, and increase with current density. Effective transference numbers, determined from membrane potential measurements, showed significant pH dependence, consistent with a small negative charge on the membrane at mid pH's and charge reversal around pH 4. Both electrical resistance and Jv data indicate changes in transport properties occur when HMS is subjected to an electric field.
Targeting Fall Risk in CKD.

High rates of falls and serious fall injuries are documented in multiple studies of patients with CKD, dialysis-dependent and non-dialysis-dependent ([1][1]–[3][2]). A serious fall injury can precipitate functional decline, loss of independence, nursing home placement, and death. Is there a window
Abstract 2416: Vitamin D concentration and the risks of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study

Background Epidemiological studies on circulating concentrations of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and risks of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have shown conflicting results. Here we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study to determine the associations between circulating concentrations of 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and risks of EAC and its precursor, Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Methods We conducted a MR study using a two-sample (summary data) approach. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3755967, rs10741657, rs12785878, rs10745742, rs8018720 and rs17216707) associated with circulating 25(OH)D concentrations were used as instrumental variables. Data from 6,167 BE patients, 4,112 EAC patients and 17,159 control participants were from studies participating in the Barrett’s and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON), as well as studies from Bonn, Germany, and Cambridge and Oxford, United Kingdom. Analyses were performed separately for BE and EAC. Results Overall, we found no evidence for an association between genetically estimated 25(OH)D concentrations and the risk of BE or EAC. The odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation unit increase in genetically estimated 25(OH)D concentrations for BE risk estimated by combining the individual SNP association using inverse variance weighting was 1.21 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.77-1.92; P = 0.41). The OR for EAC risk estimated by combining the individual SNP association using inverse variance weighting was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.39-1.19; P = 0.18). Conclusions This Mendelian randomization study found that genetically estimated low 25(OH)D concentrations were not associated with increased risks of BE or EAC. Citation Format: Jing Dong, Aaron Thrift. Vitamin D concentration and the risks of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2416.
Is Adolescent Employment Still a Risk Factor for High School Dropout

Past cohorts of teenagers who spent long hours in jobs were more likely to drop out of high school than those who worked moderate hours or did not work at all. This article examines the association between employment intensity and dropout among adolescents in the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 who traversed high school during a time of decreased prevalence of both employment and dropout relative to earlier cohorts. Analyses reveal that a relatively small percentage of teenagers nowadays are characterized as either intensive workers or dropouts (around 11% each). Yet, despite declines in intensive employment and dropout, disadvantaged youth remain overrepresented in both groups, and intensive work is still a risk factor for poor grades and dropout.
The Kidney Biopsy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A View of the Past and a Vision of the Future

The kidney biopsy advanced our understanding of kidney disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. It allowed for better recognition and classification of lupus nephritis (LN). Several LN classifications have been devised in an effort to inform treatment decision and predict prognosis, and these are being further updated. In this review, we will examine the role of diagnostic as well as repeat kidney biopsy in the management of LN, including the potential role of molecular interrogation as a step forward beyond conventional histology to guide the discovery of novel biomarkers and a precision medicine approach to the management of LN.
WHAT IS COMMUNICABLE? Unaccounted Injuries and “Catching” Diabetes in an Illegible Epidemic

Long-accepted models of causality cast diseases into the binary of either “contagious” or “non-communicable,” typically with institutional resources focused primarily on interrupting infectious disease transmission. But in southern Belize, as in much of the world today, epidemic diabetes has become a leading cause of death and a notorious contributor to organ failure and amputated limbs. This ethnographic essay follows caregivers’ and families’ work to survive in-between public health categories, and asks what responses a bifurcated model of infectious versus non-communicable disease structures or incapacitates in practice. It proposes an alternative focus on diabetes as a “para-communicable” condition—materially transmitted as bodies and ecologies intimately shape each other over time, with unequal and compounding effects for historically situated groups of people. The article closes by querying how communicability relates to community, and why it matters to reframe narratives about contributing causalities in relation to struggles for treatment access.
A case of left atrial compression secondary to angioedema

Angioedema due to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is an uncommon, but deadly adverse reaction with an overall incidence of 0.1%-0.2%. Rapid accumulation of interstitial fluid and vasodilation classically involves the mucus membranes of the mouth and face but has the ability to affect other areas. We describe a case of angioedema secondary to ACE inhibitor that affected the esophagus causing left atrial compression and hemodynamic compromise.
Dilp-2-mediated PI3-kinase activation coordinates reactivation of quiescent neuroblasts with growth of their glial stem cell niche.

Dietary nutrients provide macromolecules necessary for organism growth and development. In response to animal feeding, evolutionarily conserved growth signaling pathways are activated, leading to increased rates of cell proliferation and tissue growth. It remains unclear how different cell types within developing tissues coordinate growth in response to dietary nutrients and whether coordinated growth of different cell types is necessary for proper tissue function. Here, we report that Drosophila neural stem cells, known as neuroblasts, reactivate from developmental quiescence in a dietary-nutrient–dependent manner. Neuroblast reactivation in the brain requires nonautonomous activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) signaling from cortex glia and tracheal processes, both of which are closely associated with neuroblasts. Furthermore, PI3-kinase activation in neuroblasts is required nonautonomously for glial membrane expansion and robust neuroblast–glial contact. Finally, PI3-kinase is required cell autonomously for nutrient-dependent growth of neuroblasts, glia, and trachea. Of the 7 Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Dilps), we find that Dilp-2 is required for PI3-kinase activation and growth coordination between neuroblasts and glia in the brain. Dilp-2 induces brain cortex glia to initiate membrane growth and make first contact with quiescent neuroblasts. After contact, neuroblasts increase in size and reenter S-phase. Once reactivated from quiescence, neuroblasts promote growth of cortex glia, which, in turn, form a selective membrane barrier around neuroblasts and their newborn progeny. Our results highlight the importance of bidirectional growth signaling between neural stem cells and surrounding cell types in the brain in response to nutrition and demonstrate how coordinated growth among different cell types drives tissue morphogenesis and function.
The Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SESCAS): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation:

Adjustment to the interpersonal and environmental contexts of a host country is critical for sojourners. Founded in social cognitive career theory, the Self-Efficacy for Sociocultural Adaptation Sc...
Using E.P. Thompson to think about South African history: notes on a personal journey

My 1986 article, ‘The moral economy of the black miners’ strike of 1946’, is probably the clearest public affirmation of Edward Thompson’s influence on my understanding of South African social hist...
Optics and neural adaptation jointly limit human stereovision.

Stereovision is the ability to perceive fine depth variations from small differences in the two eyes’ images. Using adaptive optics, we show that even minute optical aberrations that are not clinically correctable, and go unnoticed in everyday vision, can affect stereo acuity. Hence, the human binocular system is capable of using fine details that are not experienced in everyday vision. Interestingly, stereo acuity varied considerably across individuals even when they were provided identical perfect optics. We also found that individuals’ stereo acuity is better when viewing with their habitual optics rather than someone else’s (better) optics. Together, these findings suggest that the visual system compensates for habitual optical aberrations through neural adaptation and thereby optimizes stereovision uniquely for each individual. Thus, stereovision is limited by small optical aberrations and by neural adaptation to one’s own optics.
Programmable DNA-augmented hydrogels for controlled activation of human lymphocytes

Abstract Contractile forces within the planar interface between T cell and antigen-presenting surface mechanically stimulate T cell receptors (TCR) in the mature immune synapses. However, the origin of mechanical stimulation during the initial, i.e., presynaptic, microvilli-based TCR activation in the course of immune surveillance remains unknown and new tools to help address this problem are needed. In this work, we develop nucleic acid nanoassembly (NAN)-based technology for functionalization of hydrogels using isothermal toehold-mediated reassociation of RNA/DNA heteroduplexes. Resulting platform allows for regulation with NAN linkers of 3D force momentum along the TCR mechanical axis, whereas hydrogels contribute to modulation of 2D shear modulus. By utilizing different lengths of NAN linkers conjugated to polyacrylamide gels of different shear moduli, we demonstrate an efficient capture of human T lymphocytes and tunable activation of TCR, as confirmed by T-cell spreading and pY foci.
Applications to Holomorphic Curves in Pn

In this chapter we start with Borel’s theorem of 1897, concerning linear relations between entire functions without zeros. Its proof depends only on a very easy and brief application of Jensen’s formula via Lemmas 3.2 and 3.7, and could consequently be done in standard basic courses in complex variables.
Mutual vibrational quenching in CO + H2 collisions

Abstract Vibrational quenching of CO and H2 is studied quantum mechanically for collisions where both molecules are vibrationally excited. A five-dimensional (5D) coupled states (CS) approximation is used to formulate the dynamics. The approximation is tested against six-dimensional (6D) results for CO + H2 with single vibrational excitation using both the CS approximation and the full close-coupling (CC) method. The 5D approximation is shown to provide a practical and reliable numerical approach for obtaining state-to-state cross sections in the computationally challenging case of mutual rovibrational de-excitation. State-resolved and partially-summed cross sections are presented for this astrophysically important collision system over a wide range of energies, and prospects for developing a database of rovibrational quenching rate coefficients are discussed.
Differentiability and compactness of the C0-semigroup generated by the reparable system with finite repair time

Abstract This paper addresses the properties of the C 0 -semigroup generated by the reparable system with finite repair time. In particular, it can be shown that the C 0 -semigroup is eventually differentiable and eventually compact, which is not true for the case when the repair time is infinite, as discussed in [9] and [11] .
단일 지진관측소의 지반가속도 구간 누적값 및 최대값 파라미터를 이용한 실시간 지진규모 추정 연구

In industrial facilities sites, the conventional method determining the earthquake magnitude (M) using earthquake ground-motion records is generally not applicable due to the poor quality of data. Therefore, a new methodology is proposed for determining the earthquake magnitude in real-time based on the amplitude measures of the ground-motion acceleration mostly from S-wave packets with the higher signal-to-ratios, given the Vs30 of the site. The amplitude measures include the bracketed cumulative parameters and peak ground acceleration (As). The cumulative parameter is either CAV (Cumulative Absolute Velocity) with 100 SPS (sampling per second) or BSPGA (Bracketed Summation of the PGAs) with 1 SPS. The arithmetic equations to determine the earthquake magnitude are derived from the CAV(BSPGA)-As-M relations. For the application to broad ranges of earthquake magnitude and distance, the multiple relations of CAV(BSPGA)-As-M are derived based on worldwide earthquake records and successfully used to determine the earthquake magnitude with a standard deviation of ±0.6M.
Differentiation of myeloid dendritic cells into CD8α-positive dendritic cells in vivo

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) represent a family of antigen-presenting cells (APC) with varying phenotypes. For example, in mice, CD8α+ and CD8α− DC are thought to represent cells of lymphoid and myeloid origin, respectively. Langerhans cells (LC) of the epidermis are typical myeloid DC; they do not express CD8α, but they do express high levels of myeloid antigens such as CD11b and FcγR. By contrast, thymic DC, which derive from a lymphoid-related progenitor, express CD8α but only low levels of myeloid antigens. CD8α+ DC are also found in the spleen and lymph nodes (LN), but the origin of these cells has not been determined. By activating and labeling CD8α− epidermal LC in vivo, it was found that these cells expressed CD8α on migration to the draining LN. Similarly, CD8α− LC generated in vitro from a CD8 wild-type mouse and injected into the skin of a CD8αKO mouse expressed CD8α when they reached the draining LN. The results also show that CD8α+ LC are potent APC. After migration from skin, they localized in the T-cell areas of LN, secreted high levels of interleukin-12, interferon-γ, and chemokine-attracting T cells, and they induced antigen-specific T-cell activation. These results demonstrate that myeloid DC in the periphery can express CD8α when they migrate to the draining LN. CD8α expression on these DC appears to reflect a state of activation, mobilization, or both, rather than lineage.
Distribution of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria in Wetland and Woodland Habitats of Central and Northern Minnesota

Enrichment cultures for purple nonsulfur and sulfur photosynthetic bacteria were prepared from soil samples collected in central and northern Minnesota. The purple nonsulfur bacteria were found in most wetland soils sampled but were uncommon in woodland and grassland soils. The pH range of the soils in which these bacteria occurred was 3.8 to 7.8, and the oxidation-reduction potential (E(h)) range was +510 to -65 mV. Soils with a pH below 5.0 or an E(h) above +370 mV had few purple nonsulfur bacteria (<10/g of soil). Rhodopseudomonas viridis, a photosynthetic bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll b, and the purple sulfur bacteria were common only in low-acidity wetland soils that were usually being reduced.
Control of yeast cell type by the mating type locus. I. Identification and control of expression of the a-specific gene BAR1.

Abstract The MATα allele of the yeast mating type locus confers the α mating phenotype and contains two complementation groups, MATα1 and MATα2. The α1–α2 hypothesis proposes that MATα1 is a positive regulator of α-specific genes and that MATα2 is a negative regulator of a-specific genes. According to this hypothesis, matα2 mutants, which are defective in mating and in production of extracellular α-factor, express both a-specific functions (because they lack MATα2 product) and α-specific functions (because they contain MATα1 product). Failure to produce extracellular α-factor results from antagonism between these functions; in particular, because α-factor (an α-specific function) is degraded by an a-specific function. If this view is correct, matα2 mutants should acquire the ability to produce α-factor if they also carry a defect in the gene(s) responsible for α-factor degradation. We have isolated a derivative of a matα2 mutant that produces α-factor and have characterized the suppressor mutation in this strain. (1) This strain carries a mutation (bar1-1) tightly linked to HIS6 (on chromosome IX) that allows matα2 mutants to produce α-factor. (2) It does not allow matα1 mutants to produce α-factor. (3) Haploids of the a mating type bearing the bar1-1 mutation still mate, but are unable to act as a barrier to the diffusion of α-factor. MATa bar1-1 cells display increased sensitivity to α-factor. (4) A mutation (sst1−2) that causes increased sensitivity to α-factor is allelic to bar1-1 and also allows α-factor synthesis by matα2 mutants. The ability of matα2 bar1 double mutants to produce extracellular α-factor indicates that matα2 mutants do produce α-factor but that it is degraded by the Barrier function. These results suggest that BAR1 is normally expressed only in a cells, and is negatively regulated in α cells by the MATα2 product.
Mining generalized substructures from a set of labeled graphs

The problem of mining frequent itemsets in transactional data has been studied frequently and has yielded several algorithms that can find the itemsets within a limited amount of time. Some of them can derive "generalized" frequent itemsets consisting of items at any level of a taxonomy (Srikant and Agrawal, 1995). Several approaches have been proposed to mine frequent substructures (patterns) from a set of labeled graphs. The graph mining approaches are easily extended to mine generalized patterns where some vertices and/or edges have labels at any level of a taxonomy of the labels by extending the definition of "subgraph". However, the extended method outputs a massive set of the patterns most of which are over-generalized, which causes computation explosion. In this paper, an efficient method is proposed to discover all frequent patterns which are not over-generalized from labeled graphs, when taxonomies on vertex and edge labels are available.
New Perspectives from The Sky

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a technology now impacting on many fields, including journalism and mass communication. Also referred to as drones, these small remotely-guided aircraft have gained prominence through their increased use in the hunt for Al Qaeda leaders in Afghanistan and Pakistan. With increasingly sophisticated navigation systems and dramatically decreased costs, drones are now being purchased and put to use by commercial organizations and private citizens. Traditional journalists and citizen journalists alike are using drones to obtain aerial footage in a variety of locations around the world. The implications for the field of journalism and mass communication are numerous, with practical, theoretical and ethical dimensions. This paper explores these dimensions using an inductive, qualitative approach. This research paper offers a brief history of UAVs, the results of our canvass of cases that could be categorized as drone journalism, the themes that emerge from this case analysis, a...
Cytomegalovirus Antibody Elevation in Bipolar Disorder: Relation to Elevated Mood States

The neurobiology of mood states is complicated by exposure to everyday stressors (e.g., psychosocial, ubiquitous environmental infections like CMV), each fluctuating between latency and reactivation. CMV reactivation induces proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) associated with induction of neurotoxic metabolites and the presence of mood states in bipolar disorder (BD). Whether CMV reactivation is associated with bipolar diagnoses (trait) or specific mood states is unclear. We investigated 139 BD type I and 99 healthy controls to determine if concentrations of IgG antibodies to Herpesviridae (e.g., CMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2) were associated with BD-I diagnosis and specific mood states. We found higher CMV antibody concentration in BD-I than in healthy controls (, ; ) but no difference in HSV-1 () or HSV-2 (). Compared to euthymic BD-I volunteers, CMV IgG was higher in BD-I volunteers with elevated moods () but not different in depressed moods (). While relationships presented between BD-I diagnosis, mood states, and CMV antibodies are encouraging, they are limited by the study’s cross sectional nature. Nevertheless, further testing is warranted to replicate findings and determine whether reactivation of CMV infection exacerbates elevated mood states in BD-I.
TLR9 restricts survival of anergic anti-DNA B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus yet is also required for their activation (BA4P.219)

Anti-DNA autoantibodies are a clinical hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nucleic acid reactive B cells arise in the bone marrow even in healthy individuals, but are tolerized by mechanisms including receptor editing, functional anergy, and/or deletion. TLR9, a sensor of endosomal dsDNA, both promotes and regulates systemic autoimmunity in vivo, but the mechanisms of its apparently contradictory roles in autoimmunity remained unclear. Here, using the 3H9 anti-DNA B cell receptor (BCR) transgene in the autoimmune-prone MRL.Fas-lpr mouse model of lupus, we identify the stages at which TLR9 contributes to establishing and breaking B cell tolerance. Although TLR9 is dispensable for editing and establishment of anergy, TLR9 limits anti-DNA B cell lifespan in the periphery and is thus tolerogenic. In the absence of TLR9, anti-DNA B cells have much longer lifespans and accumulate in the follicle, neither activated nor deleted. These cells retain some characteristics of anergic cells, in that they have elevated basal BCR signaling but impaired induced responses and downregulate their cell surface BCR expression. Nonetheless, in older autoimmune-prone animals, TLR9 is required for spontaneous peripheral activation of anti-DNA B cells and their differentiation into AFCs via an extrafollicular pathway. Thus, TLR9 has paradoxical roles in regulating anti-DNA B cells: it helps purge the peripheral repertoire of autoreactive cells yet is also required for their activation.
Predictive caching strategy for on-demand routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks

Route caching strategy is important in on-demand routing protocols in wireless ad hoc networks. While high routing overhead usually has a significant performance impact in low bandwidth wireless networks, a good route caching strategy can reduce routing overheads by making use of the available route information more efficiently. In this paper, we first study the effects of two cache schemes, "link cache" and "path cache", on the performance of on-demand routing protocols through simulations based on the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. Since the "path cache" DSR has been extensively studied, we focus in this paper on the "link cache" DSR in combination with timer-based stale link expiry mechanisms. The effects of different link lifetime values on the performance of routing protocol in terms of routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and packet latency are investigated. A caching strategy incorporating adaptive link timeout is then proposed, which aims at tracking the "optimal" link lifetime under various node mobility levels by adaptively adjusting the link lifetime based on the real link lifetime statistics. The performance of the proposed strategy is then compared with the conventional "path cache" DSR. The results show that without a timeout mechanism, a link cache scheme may suffer severe performance degradation due to the use of broken routes, while the proposed adaptive "link cache" strategy achieves significantly improved performance by reducing the routing overhead when the network traffic load is high.
Spatiotemporal normalization for longitudinal analysis of gray matter atrophy in frontotemporal dementia

We present a unified method, based on symmetric diffeomorphisms, for studying longitudinal neurodegeneration. Our method first uses symmetric diffeomorphic normalization to find a spatiotemporal parameterization of an individual's image time series. The second step involves mapping a representative image or set of images from the time series into an optimal template space. The template mapping is then combined with the intrasubject spatiotemporal map to enable pairwise statistical tests to be performed on a population of normalized time series images. Here, we apply this longitudinal analysis protocol to study the gray matter atrophy patterns induced by frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We sample our normalized spatiotemporal maps at baseline (time zero) and time one year to generate an annualized atrophy map (AAM) that estimates the annual effect of FTD. This spatiotemporal normalization enables us to locate neuroanatomical regions that consistently undergo significant annual gray matter atrophy across the population. We found the majority of annual atrophy to occur in the frontal and temporal lobes in our population of 20 subjects. We also found significant effects in the hippocampus, insula and cingulate gyrus. Our novel results, significant at p < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction, are represented in local template space but also assigned Talairach coordinates and Brodmann and Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) labels. This paper shows the statistical power of symmetric diffeomorphic normalization for performing deformation-based studies of longitudinal atrophy.
Shock Viscosity and the Calculation of Steady Shock Wave Profiles

A model is developed which incorporates experimental data on viscous-like behavior of solids during large amplitude compressive stress-wave propagation. Maximum strain rate in the plastic wave has been determined for wave profiles in eight materials obtained with velocity interferometry methods. A plot of strain rate versus Hugoniot stress for each material is described by \(\dot \eta = a{\sigma ^4}\). The model is capable of reproducing the experimental data for steady-wave profiles and correctly predicts the evolution of the waves as they approach steady state.
Chapter 5 Analysis of Glycoconjugates Using High-pH Anion-Exchange Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analysis of monosaccharide and oligosaccharide of glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans, and glycosylphosphoinositol (GPI) anchors using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). HPAEC with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) does not require the derivatization and associated sample preparation steps that are needed for gas chromatography and other high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) approaches. This relative simplicity of HPAEC with PAD for the composition analysis of glycoconjugates has made this fundamental analysis more generally accessible. The analysis of monosaccharides commonly found in the acid hydrolyzates of glycoproteins using isocratic elution (16 mM NaOH) on a Dionex AS-6 ion exchange column is reported in this chapter. Because PAD detects compounds other than carbohydrates, interfering and extraneous peaks can be observed. Quantitative monosaccharide composition is often the initial analysis toward the structural elucidation of glycoprotein glycans. An accurate molar ratio of covalently linked sugars relative to protein (1) provides direct proof that the polypeptide is glycosylated, (2) provides the global basis for strategies for identifying key structural features, (3) suggests classes of oligosaccharide chains, (4) can indicate changes in biosynthetic pathways, and (5) can be used as a quality control measure for therapeutic glycoproteins and glycoconjugates.
Tremor during ice-stream stick slip

Abstract. During the 200 km-scale stick slip of the Whillans Ice Plain (WIP), West Antarctica, seismic tremor episodes occur at the ice–bed interface. We interpret these tremor episodes as swarms of small repeating earthquakes. The earthquakes are evenly spaced in time, and this even spacing gives rise to spectral peaks at integer multiples of the recurrence frequency ∼ 10–20 Hz. We conduct numerical simulations of the tremor episodes that include the balance of forces acting on the fault, the evolution of rate- and state-dependent fault friction, and wave propagation from the fault patch to a seismometer located on the ice. The ice slides as an elastic block loaded by the push of the upstream ice, and so the simulated basal fault patch experiences a loading velocity equal to the velocity observed by GPS receivers on the surface of the WIP. By matching synthetic seismograms to observed seismograms, we infer fault patch area ∼ 10 m2, bed shear modulus ∼ 20 MPa, effective pressure ∼ 10 kPa, and frictional state evolution distance ∼ 1 μm. Large-scale slip events often occur twice daily, although skipped events have been increasing in frequency over the last decade. The amplitude of tremor (recorded by seismometers on the ice surface) is greater during the double wait time events that follow skipped events. The physical mechanism responsible for these elevated amplitudes may provide a window into near-future subglacial conditions and the processes that occur during ice-stream stagnation.
Growth performance, vitamin E status, and proximate and fatty acid composition of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, fed diets containing various levels of fish oil and vitamin E.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary levels of fish oil on vitamin E requirement and their effect on growth performance, liver vitamin E status, and tissue proximate and fatty acid compositions of channel catfish. Basal purified diets (42% protein and 3,800 kcal DE/kg) supplemented with 6, 10, and 14% menhaden fish oil were each supplemented with 50, 100, and 200 mg vitamin E/kg (3 × 3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish in three random aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio were not affected by dietary levels of fish oil, vitamin E, or their interaction. Survival rate at the end of week 12 was significantly lower for fish fed diets containing 14% fish oil, regardless of vitamin E content. Whole-body moisture significantly decreased and lipid increased when dietary lipid levels were increased to 10 or 14%. Dietary vitamin E levels had no effect on body proximate composition. Lipid content of liver was not influenced by dietary levels of fish oil and vitamin E or their interaction. Hepatosomatic index significantly decreased with increasing lipid levels but was not affected by dietary levels of vitamin E. Liver vitamin E increased with increasing dietary vitamin E but decreased with increasing fish oil levels. Fatty acid composition of whole body and liver reflected that of dietary lipid but was not influenced by dietary levels of vitamin E. Whole-body saturates increased, whereas MUFA decreased with increasing dietary levels of fish oil. Liver saturates were not affected by fish oil levels, but MUFA and n-6 decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing fish oil levels. Total n-3 and n-3 HUFA in both tissues increased with increasing fish oil levels in diets, but liver stored much higher levels of these fatty acids.
What's Wrong With This Picture? Solid Waste

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Americans generated 250 million tons of trash in 2010. According to one estimate (Chameides 2013), with just over 316 million p...
Diagnostic Challenges of Hepatitis C

A healthy woman in her 50s without diabetes or obesity presented for an annual physical examination. Her primary care physician recommended hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing because she was born between 1945 and 1965, screening parameters based on recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF).1,2 The patient’s hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) result was positive. Additional tests performed to evaluate the extent of liver disease were unremarkable: alanine aminotransferase of 34 U/L (reference range, 7–35), aspartate aminotransferase of 28 U/L (reference range, 8–30), total bilirubin of 0.4 mg/dL (reference range, 0.2–1.2), alkaline phosphatase of 95 IU/L (reference range, 30–130), and albumin of 4.0 g/dL (reference range, 30–130). She had a hemoglobin level of 14.5 g/dL (reference range, 12–16), white blood cell count of 7.1 × 109/L (reference range, 4–10), platelet count of 210 ×109/L (reference range, 150–400), and INR of 1.0. A baseline abdominal ultrasound to look for features of cirrhosis showed mild increased echogenicity of the liver. The liver was not nodular and the spleen not enlarged. The patient was asymptomatic. Other laboratory values are shown in the Table. Table Laboratory Values for Hepatitis and HIV
Specific Overground Walking Kinematic Measures are Related to Degree of Spinal Injury in the Rat

After incomplete spinal cord thoracic injury (iSCI) rodents retain locomotor capability. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of retained function would be related to the sparing of spinal tissue. Hindlimb stance width, hindfoot rotation, stride length, and velocity during overground walking and qualitative Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scores were obtained in 5 rats with mild-moderate iSCI (T10 injury caused by 10 gm, 2 mm New York University impactor probe dropped from 12.5 mm). The extent of injury was estimated from histological sections stained for myelin by calculating percent volumes of gray matter (%GM) and white matter (%WM) spared for a 9 mm cord section. The white and grey matter volumes were 19.6+/-3.9 (mean+/-SD) and 4.5+/-1.8 cubic mm respectively. This resulted in 47.6+/-6.5 %WM and 10.9+/-4.0 %GM being spared. Kinematic measures of stance width and hindfoot limb rotation showed a significant negative correlation with %WM spared (r=-0.924 and -0.87 8). All other measures did not show significant correlation. BBB showed a significant positive correlation with %WM spared (r=0.93). None of the measures showed significant correlations with %GM spared. The data indicate that impairment of specific features of overground walking is related to the loss of axonal connections after iSCI.
Acoustic Differentiation of Laryngeal, Esophageal, and Tracheoesophageal Speech

This investigation was designed to determine if a multivariate acoustic classifier could effectively discriminate group membership for 15 tracheoesophageal, esophageal, and laryngeal speakers. Seven intensity, 10 frequency, and 13 duration measures were quantified from recorded voice samples. Using principal components analysis, a subset of the 13 least redundant acoustic and temporal measures was systematically selected from the 30 original measures and analyzed singly and jointly in terms of its ability to discriminate among the three speaker groups. Discriminant function analysis revealed perfect categorization of the 45 subjects, indicating that the three methods of speech production are acoustically and temporally distinct from one another. The relative importance of the selected variables which, in combination, significantly differentiated the three groups is discussed in relation to physiologic differences among groups and clinical application for postlaryngectomy vocal rehabilitation.