cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caring for the woman who's had a mastectomy.

tt a s aosa Linton, age 49, will be arriving on a vr f ^ your unit shortly. She just had a modi_,,^g" nfied radical mastectomy. The report from -'-~ ~ tthe postanesthesia care unit includes the i~ f,^ ,usual rundown on vital signs, IV, level of consciousness, and so on. What it doesn't tell you is who Mrs. Linton is and what she's been through over the past few weeks. After a suspicious mammogram, she had a biopsy done on a lump in her right breast. The results were devastating. Mrs. Linton was told she had cancer; she was told that her breast would have to be removed. She's had many blood samples drawn and chest X-rays taken. She underwent a bone scan to detect bone metastases. (Fortunately, none were found.) Through all of this, Mrs. Linton continued to work as a school teacher and to carry out her responsibilities as a wife and the mother of two children. This morning, Mrs. Linton got out of bed and, without eating or drinking anything, came to the hospital with her husband. She changed from her clothes to a hospital gown, stopping to take a last look at her right breast. Then she was helped onto a stretcher, her preop IV medication was started, and she was taken to surgery for an operation that would save her life. Now she's being transferred to your unit, still groggy and half asleep. You're the first person she'll be seeing, the first person who'll be seeing her as she is now. A lot depends on how you interact with her. What do you do? What do you say? How do you help this woman take her first steps on the road to recovery?
Developmental delay in young children with sleep-disordered breathing before and after tonsil and adenoid surgery.

Abstract Objective Our objective was to determine the developmental status of young children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) as measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) and to evaluate improvement after treatment. Methods The ASQ-3 was completed at entry, 3 months and 6 months after adenotonsillectomy or adenoidectomy. The questionnaire consists of 30 items that assess five domains: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving and personal-social. Domain scores were compared with normative values: abnormal ≥2 SDs and borderline ≥1 but Results 80 children, mean (SD) age 3.0 (0.94) years, 62.5% male, 77.5% African American, were enrolled. Median (range) apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) was 12.6 (1.4–178.5). At entry, 22 (27.5%) children scored in the abnormal range in at least one developmental area and an additional 23 (28.8%) had at least one borderline score. A generalized linear model including gender, AHI, maternal education and prematurity showed that only prematurity was an independent predictor of at least one abnormal or borderline entry score (likelihood ratio test p p = 0.015). Conclusions The 27.5% baseline prevalence of abnormal ASQ scores in children with SDB indicates it is a risk factor for developmental delay. Significant improvements in score classifications were found 6 months after surgery.
Effect of Bile Upon Gastric Mucosa.

Summary1. A full-thickness graft of the stomach, with preservation of its vascular supply, was implanted into the fundus of the gallbladder in each of 8 dogs. 2. Gastritis did not develop in any of the grafts studied 1 to 12 months after their preparation. Cholecystitis occurred in all dogs. 3. Perfusion of the gastric mucosa with pure bile does not appear to be a significant factor in production of gastritis.
Comparing Optic Nerve Head Rim Width, Rim Area, and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness to Axon Count in Experimental Glaucoma.

Purpose We compare spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) measurements of minimum rim width (MRW), minimum rim area (MRA), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) to complete orbital optic nerve axon counts in nonhuman primates (NHP) with unilateral experimental glaucoma (EG). Methods Biweekly SDOCT measurements of MRW, MRA, and RNFLT were acquired under manometric IOP control (10 mm Hg) in 51 NHP during baseline (mean ± SD, 5.0 ± 1.6 sessions) and after laser photocoagulation was applied to the trabecular meshwork of one eye to induce chronic IOP elevation. At the study endpoint (predefined for each NHP), 100% axon counts were obtained from each optic nerve. Results For SDOCT parameters at baseline, the correlation between the two eyes of each animal was strongest for RNFLT (R = 0.97) and MRW (R = 0.97), but lower for MRA (R = 0.85). At the final time point, average values in EG eyes relative to control eyes were: -22% for RNFLT, -38% for MRW, -36% for MRA, and -36% for optic nerve axons. The correlation with axon counts was strongest for RNFLT (R = 0.81), compared to MRW (R = 0.72, P = 0.001) or MRA (R = 0.70, P = 0.001). Diagnostic sensitivity was 75% for RNFLT, 90% for MRW, and 88% for MRA; all had 100% specificity. Conclusions Peripapillary RNFLT was correlated more closely with total orbital optic nerve axon count than were the ONH parameters MRW or MRA. This is likely because glaucomatous deformation (beyond axon loss alone) has a greater influence on the ONH parameters MRW and MRA than on RNFLT.
Hot-Fat Trimming Effects on the Microbiological Quality of Beef Carcasses and Subprimals

Subcutaneous and kidney-pelvic-heart fat were trimmed from one side of each beef carcass (n = 9) immediately after cold water washing. Both sides were sampled for aerobic plate counts (APCs) before being moved to the chill room (0 h) and after 72 h of cold storage. The mean APCs (log 10 colony-forming units (CFU/cm 2 ) of trimmed (HFT) sides at 0 or 72 h were not different (P > 0.05) from those of the nontrimmed (NFT) sides. All sides at 72 h had reduced microbial counts compared to 0 h. By 72 h, HFT sides had numerically lower counts than NFT sides, indicating that the microbial reduction effect of the chill temperature may have been greater on fat-trimmed carcasses than on nontrimmed carcasses. Subprimals from HFT and NFT sides that were trimmed to 0.64-cm fat thickness were microbiologically analyzed before (0 days) and after (14 days) vacuum storage. APCs of all subprimals were slightly reduced after 14 d ; however, no difference (P > 0.05) occurred in treatment effect. The mean APC was higher for HFT-side subprimals than for NFT-side subprimals at both 0 and 14 days. This difference probably was due to the fat trimming required for NFT-side subprimals at day 0 as compared to minimal or no trimming of HFT-side subprimals. Those HFT subprimals which were not subsequently trimmed may have picked up additional microorganisms from contact surfaces during fabrication. Based on our trimming protocol, although HFT did not show any negative impact on the microbial quality of carcasses, the higher APC of HFT-side subprimals indicated that extensive trimming may not be effective in improving the microbial quality of meat.
Probing Backbone Flexibility Within the Active Site of Glutaredoxin 3

Disulfide oxidoreductases such as thioredoxin and glutaredoxin are ubiquitous and used for a wide array of activities within the cell. The diversity of the redox potentials in these proteins is accommodated by the characteristic Cys-Xaa-Yaa-Cys active site disulfide. One of the less understood factors responsible for this diversity is the differential stability of the disulfide bond between different proteins in the family; formation of a disulfide bond can significantly stabilize or destabilize the protein [1,2]. Backbone flexibility has been shown to increase or decrease upon the formation of a disulfide bond depending on the family member [3,4]. To better determine the contribution of backbone flexibility within the active site to the redox potential, we have incorporated several unnatural imino acids that are variants of proline, azetidine (Aze) and pipecolic acid (Pip) in the place of proline (the i+2 position) in the active site of glutaredoxin 3. Both should alter the backbone flexibility within the active site, which has the characteristic sequence Cys-Pro-Tyr-Cys and approximates a Type I β-turn [5].
Subfields of Simple Algebras

In this chapter we set the stage for a systematic study of the Brauer group. The details of the program will be worked out in the next chapter, using two main tools: the cohomology theory that was introduced in Chapter 11, and the properties of subfields of central simple algebras which will be established in the first five sections of this chapter. The last section of the chapter gives appUcations of the theory, including Wedderbum’s Theorem on Finite Division Algebras, and the Cartan-Brauer-Hua Theorem.
Hydrologic response to stormwater control measures in urban watersheds

Abstract Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are designed to mitigate deleterious effects of urbanization on river networks, but our ability to predict the cumulative effect of multiple SCMs at watershed scales is limited. The most widely used metric to quantify impacts of urban development, total imperviousness (TI), does not contain information about the extent of stormwater control. We analyzed the discharge records of 16 urban watersheds in Charlotte, NC spanning a range of TI (4.1–54%) and area mitigated with SCMs (1.3–89%). We then tested multiple watershed metrics that quantify the degree of urban impact and SCM mitigation to determine which best predicted hydrologic response across sites. At the event time scale, linear models showed TI to be the best predictor of both peak unit discharge and rainfall-runoff ratios across a range of storm sizes. TI was also a strong driver of both a watershed’s capacity to buffer small (e.g., 1–10 mm) rain events, and the relationship between peak discharge and precipitation once that buffering capacity is exceeded. Metrics containing information about SCMs did not appear as primary predictors of event hydrologic response, suggesting that the level of SCM mitigation in many urban watersheds is insufficient to influence hydrologic response. Over annual timescales, impervious surfaces unmitigated by SCMs and tree coverage were best correlated with streamflow flashiness and water yield, respectively. The shift in controls from the event scale to the annual scale has important implications for water resource management, suggesting that overall limitation of watershed imperviousness rather than partial mitigation by SCMs may be necessary to alleviate the hydrologic impacts of urbanization.
From Source to Evidence? Teachers' Use of Historical Sources in Their Classrooms

ABSTRACTTo explore questions in history and to construct historical narratives, historians work with evidence from the past. This approach to teaching history (inquiry involving the use of evidence) is an accepted part of the research on history teaching and is promoted widely in standards frameworks and practitioner publications as “good history instruction.” What happens in a standards-based setting where teachers are covering large bodies of content? Do teachers use sources as part of their daily instruction? If so, how? We were afforded the unique opportunity to spend time observing what 35 teachers do by analyzing 352 videos submitted over a 4-year time span. We observed a spectrum of source use within and across teacher practice. In this article we share what we noticed.
Review of Henry P. Stapp's Book: Mindful Universe: Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer (The Frontiers Collection)

Stapp gives a very deep and scientific account of his ideas, that must now be taken serious. He is far from a New Age quantum guru here, even as he ventures into philosophy. Stapp finds agreement with Whitehead`s ontology, and with this revelation Stapp`s theory is now found more far reaching than what even Stapp is willing to admit. For example, Stapp makes heavy reference to an agent that carries intention and causal efficacy, but I am afraid that even Stapp`s very mature quantum mechanics is unable to define this agent into existence. I need only follow Whitehead to the logical conclusion. You can find this book at Amazon: Mindful Universe: Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer (The Frontiers Collection) .
Bilateral Complete Cleft Lip Repair and Primary Semi-open Rhinoplasty

The reconstruction of a symmetrical bilateral cleft lip and a natural looking nose with adequate columella length is a difficult challenge. The integrated multidisciplinary approach with presurgical nasoaveolar molding, modification of surgical techniques, and postoperative scar management and maintenance of the reconstructed nasal shape can give a more consistent better result. Better understandings of the primary pathology and refined surgical technique have resulted in a decrease of severity in secondary deformities and the classic stigmata of the repaired cleft. The key surgical principles and steps are presented in this chapter.
National Land Use Policy

This chapter provides an explanation of American land use policy from 1893 to 1945 by examining the dynamics of economic growth and decline in that period. Three phases of economic growth and decline are examined: an accelerated phase from 1893 to 1914, a period of superspeculation and decelerated growth from 1915 to 1929, and depression and decline from 1929 to 1945. Three types of land use policy were produced in these phases: one of limited land use regulation that allowed the most rapid rate of capital investment in land, another during the period of superspeculation that aimed to develop new land markets and to rationalize inefficient ones, and finally a land use policy that developed new regulatory and governmental structures in order to shore up good land investments from abandoned and unproductive ones. From these three economic phases and their effects upon the production of a land use policy, we can then predict the contours of our current land use policy in the wave of economic growth and decline from 1945 to the 1980s.
Cooperation between a hierarchical set of recruitment sites targets the X chromosome for dosage compensation.

The DNA inside living cells is organized in structures called chromosomes. In many animals, females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have only one. To ensure that females do not end up with a double dose of the proteins encoded by the genes on the X chromosome, animals use a process called dosage compensation to correct this imbalance. The mechanisms underlying this process vary between species, but they typically involve a regulatory complex that binds to the X chromosomes of one sex to modify gene expression. Caenorhabditis elegans, for example, is a species of nematode worm in which individuals with two X chromosomes are hermaphrodites and those with one X chromosome are males. In C. elegans, a regulatory complex, called the dosage compensation complex, attaches to both X chromosomes of a hermaphrodite, and reduces the expression of the genes on each by half to match the level seen in the males. Previous research has shown that short DNA sequences, known as motifs, recruit the dosage compensation complex to the X chromosomes. However, these sequences are also found on the other chromosomes and, until now, it was not known why the complex was only recruited to the X chromosomes. Albritton et al. now show the X chromosomes have a ‘hierarchical’ recruitment system. A few sites on the X chromosomes contain clusters of a specific DNA motif, which initiate the process and attract the dosage compensation complex more strongly than other sites. These ‘strong’ recruitment sites are placed across the length of the X chromosomes and cooperate with several ‘weaker’ ones located in between. This way, multiple recruitment sites can cooperate over a long distance, while non-sex chromosomes, which have only one or two stronger recruitment sites, do not have thisadvantage. Hierarchy and cooperativity may be general features of gene expression, in which proteins are targeted to chromosomes without the need for having specific motifs at every recruitment site. The way DNA sequences are distributed across the genome may give us clues about their role. Thus, knowing how genomes are structured will help us identify disrupted areas in diseases such as cancer.
New Molluscan Faunas from the Eocene of South Carolina

Over 80 Eocene molluscan species have been identified from the Southern Aggregates Orangeburg quarry near Cross, South Carolina, doubling the total reported fauna from the Santee Limestone. Use of latex peels and casts greatly facilitated the identification of leached aragonitic species. Some supposed endemics proved to be synonymous with Gulf Coast species. About 50%of the molluscan species collected at this quarry are also found in the Cook Mountain Formation and 35% are found in the Gosport Sand. The faunule from the nearby Martin Marietta Berkeley quarry is similar. The chronological ranges of some species found at these localities differ between South Carolina and the Gulf Coast. Some distinctive endemics are present, including a new genus, Santeevoluta (Volutidae), as well as taxa previously known solely from the Gulf Coast or Florida. Younger deposits are present in the Giant Portland quarry, near Harleyville, South Carolina. Taxa include the new species Batequeus ducenticostatus (Pectinidae). Additional materia l from the Martin Marietta Georgetown and Southern Aggregates Jamestown quarries, near Jamestown South Carolina, represents a deeper water facies of the Santee Limestone.
Transplantation and Transfusion

Chimeras are commonly created as part of medical treatment via organ transplantation and blood product transfusion. Microchimerism has been found in patients after receiving blood products. These transient cell populations generally become undetectable in immunocompetent patients within seven days of transfusion. Extended longevity of donor leukocytes is seen in transfused trauma patient including combat casualties and can be detected decades posttransfusion.
Magnetic Hyperfine Interactions in Some Spinel Ferrites

It is found that it is not possible to explain consistently the relative magnitudes of the hyperfine fields at the A and B sites in ferritic spinels in terms of the relative covalence of the Fe3+−O2− bonds alone. While the behavior of Heff(B) at high temperatures has been explained on the basis of a local molecular field model, this model does not account for the presence of several, different B site fields at T/TN, <.1. From measurements on nominally diamagnetic Sb5+ and Sn4+ it is shown that the “super” transferred hyperfine interactions may possibly be used to explain consistently the trends observed in the hyperfine fields in spinel ferrites.
Tumors of Soft Tissue

Except for the skeleton, the rest of the human body is made of “soft” tissues. However, in a more restrictive way, the term of soft tissue is synonymous to soft connective tissue, most of which is mesenchymal origin. In addition to the skeletal system and the somatic compartments of the body, soft connective tissue also exists in all the visceral organs of the body. Therefore, soft-tissue tumors can also occur in all visceral organs. For practical purpose, the term of soft-tissue tumors is restricted to tumors primarily originating in the soft tissues of the somatic compartments. Because bone is also part of the connective tissue originating from mesenchyme, some tumors of bone and the soft tissues share a similar histology and biology. Thus, differentiating a bone from a soft-tissue origin in these tumors is difficult if not impossible on histologic ground alone because the same tumor can arise independently in either soft tissue or bone and subsequently involve the other. The distinction of primary site in these cases can only be resolved by clinical and radiologic correlation. Nevertheless, many tumors of mesenchymal origin are more prone to arise either in soft tissue or bone and histologic evaluation can help to determine the primary site and extent of the disease with appropriate clinical correlation. The knowledge of soft-tissue tumors can surely benefit the pathologists who frequently deal with bone tumors or tumor-like condition in bone. This chapter is primarily written with this purpose in mind to complement the rest of the contents of the book and not to replace any other major monographs of soft-tissue tumor pathology as bench references for surgical pathologists.
WKB solutions to the quasi 1-D acoustic wave equation in ducts with non-uniform cross-section and inhomogeneous mean flow properties – Acoustic field and combustion instability

Abstract Linear modal analysis based on the spatio-temporal harmonic representation of acoustic fluctuations is a well-known reduced order method to predict combustion instability frequencies. However, a limitation of this method is that it is only applicable to domains with homogeneous mean properties. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method facilitates the development of approximate analytical solutions to the one-dimensional (1-D) acoustic wave equation in domains with inhomogeneous mean properties. The “classical” form of the WKB solution to the wave equation is based on the assumption of high frequency (or, short wavelength), and is applicable to uniform cross-section ducts with a mean temperature gradient, but no mean flow. Subsequently, the WKB method was extended to include uniform mean velocity as well. In the current study, we derive a WKB-type solution to the generalized Helmholtz equation in quasi 1-D ducts with non-uniform cross-sectional areas and inhomogeneities in mean flow properties such as the velocity, temperature, density, and pressure. The WKB solution is applicable under the assumptions of high frequency and slowly varying mean properties. In deriving this solution, a novel approach has been developed to relate the first and second spatial derivatives of the axial velocity fluctuations to the pressure fluctuations (and its derivatives). A second WKB-type solution (referred to as the WKB2 solution) is also obtained by relaxing the slowly-varying mean property assumption, but retaining the high frequency approximation. Thirdly, the Helmholtz equation for pressure is solved numerically without invoking the two WKB assumptions. The WKB, WKB2 and numerical solutions are compared for a number of cases involving combinations of non-uniform duct areas and axially varying mean properties. Finally, we apply the WKB solution to predict the longitudinal combustion instabilities in a 1-D combustor characterized by a sudden expansion, with uniform mean flow in each of the two ducts comprising the combustor, and a linear temperature profile downstream of a compact, planar flame.
Mobility Sharing as a Preference Matching Problem

Traffic congestion, dominated by single-occupancy vehicles, reflects not only transportation system inefficiency and negative externalities but also a sociological state of human isolation. Advances in information and communication technology are enabling the growth of real-time ridesharing to improve system efficiency. While most ridesharing algorithms optimize fellow passenger matching based on efficiency criteria (maximum number of paired trips, minimum total vehicle-time, or vehicle-distance traveled), very few explicitly consider passengers’ preference for their peers as the matching objective. The existing literature either considers the bipartite driver–passenger matching problem, which is structurally different from the monopartite passenger–passenger matching, or only considers the passenger–passenger problem in a simplified one-origin–multiple-destination setting. We formulate a general monopartite passenger matching model in a road network and illustrate the model by pairing 301 430 taxi trips in Manhattan in two scenarios: one considering 1000 randomly generated preference orders and the other considering four sets of group-based preference orders. In both scenarios, compared with efficiency-based matching models, preference-based matching improves the average ranking of paired fellow passenger to the near-top position of people’s preference orders with only a small efficiency loss at the individual level and a moderate loss at the aggregate level. The near-top-ranking results fall in a narrow range even with the random variance of passenger preference as inputs.
Application of Numerical Atmospheric Models

Intense storms, or extreme rainfall events as they shall be called in this chapter hereafter, pose challenges to infrastructure management and design, and trigger other catastrophic events such as floods, landslides, and dam failures. They are also the cornerstone of engineering design and risk assessment of large infrastructures such as dams, levees, and power plants (Stratz and Hossain 2014). Therefore, it is of great societal interest to physically predict and understand the occurrence and magnitude of such extreme events for both design and operation of engineering infrastructures, and testing their resilience
Dynamics of spike generation may underly in vivo spike train statistics

In this work we propose a novel biophysical explanation for the highly variable statistics of in vivo cortical spike trains reported in Softky1, Dean2, McCormick3. Previously, numerous explanations have been proposed: random spike generation4,6,5, active dendrites1 balanced inhibition/excitation7,8, network dynamics9,10 and high gain integrate-and-fire neurons11.
Predicting wildlife distribution patterns in New England USA with expert elicitation techniques

Abstract Understanding the impacts of landscape change on species distributions can help inform decision-making and conservation planning. Unfortunately, empirical data that span large spatial extents across multiple taxa are limited. In this study, we used expert elicitation techniques to develop species distribution models (SDMs) for harvested wildlife species (n = 10) in the New England region of the northeastern United States. We administered an online survey that elicited opinions from wildlife experts on the probability of species occurrence throughout the study region. We collected 3396 probability of occurrence estimates from 46 experts, and used linear mixed-effects methods and landcover variables at multiple spatial extents to develop SDMs. The models were in general agreement with the literature and provided effect sizes for variables that shape species occurrence. With the exception of gray fox, models performed well when validated against crowdsourced empirical data. We applied models to rasters (30 × 30 m cells) of the New England region to map each species’ distribution. Average regional occurrence probability was highest for coyote (0.92) and white-tailed deer (0.89) and lowest for gray fox (0.42) and moose (0.52). We then stacked distribution maps of each species to estimate and map focal species richness. Species richness (s) varied across New England, with highest average richness in the least developed states of Vermont (s = 7.47) and Maine (s = 7.32), and lowest average richness in the most developed states of Rhode Island (s = 6.13) and Massachusetts (s = 6.61). Our expert-based approach provided relatively inexpensive, comprehensive information that would have otherwise been difficult to obtain given the spatial extent and range of species being assessed. The results provide valuable information about the current distribution of wildlife species and offer a means of exploring how climate and land-use change may impact wildlife in the future.
Utility-Owned Combined Heat and Power: Improving Reliability and Lessening Environmental Impact

Problem Definition: Combined heat and power (CHP) plants generate electricity and useful heat at the same time, reaching high efficiencies. There are many benefits to utilities of having CHP plants in their portfolio, including increasing power reliability, reducing transmission losses, and meeting environmental regulations. Despite these benefits, only 3% of all CHP capacity in the U.S. is utility owned. We study the economics of utility ownership of CHP plants and examine the impact of regulatory policies on such investments. Academic/Practical Relevance: There is little research on the economics of utility ownership of CHP. Given the low CHP adoption rate in the U.S., particularly by utilities, it is of general interest to understand the economics of CHP and how policies affect CHP adoption. Methodology: We solve for the optimal form of investment and dispatch decisions using analytic economic modeling. Following this, we present a numerical study calibrated with real data from three different utilities in the U.S., including their existing generation portfolio, uncertainties in demand and fuel prices, granular renewable intermittency, and grid reliability. Results: A utility’s investment in different generating technologies follows an Invest/Stay Put/Disinvest (ISD) policy for a given siting decision of CHP plants. Numerically, we find investment in many CHP plants to be attractive to utilities, even without regulatory policy intervention. A low to moderate emissions tax makes CHP even more attractive for utilities. Managerial Implications: There is significant interest in energy sustainability in the industrial and academic communities. We shed light on a technology that is well known to practitioners but less explored in academia and demonstrate its benefits rigorously. We show that utilities should seriously consider adopting CHP in their generation portfolios, and our model framework can aid such decisions.
Chemical Stability of Reconstituted Sincalide in Sterile Water Under 2 Different Storage Conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical stability of sincalide at 2 common storage conditions-room temperature and refrigeration-in an attempt to simulate the conditions faced during centralized reconstitution and subsequent distribution to regional clinical facilities. Sincalide is a peptide hormone product administered parenterally as an aid for diagnostic imaging of hepatobiliary conditions. With an estimated postreconstitution shelf-life of 8 h (updated by the manufacturer in 2014 with limited supporting data) and frequent shortages due to an intermittent supply, there is both clinical and economic value in the experimental determination of the true chemical stability of this agent. Methods: Sincalide was reconstituted and stored at both temperatures (n = 4 each), and samples were collected at predetermined time points. A validated high-performance liquid chromatography analytic method was used for quantification of the active ingredient in these samples. Results: Little to no chemical degradation of sincalide was observed for the duration of study, over 8 d, after reconstitution and storage at room temperature. A trend toward a cyclic fluctuation in concentration was also shared among all samples. A similar trend toward little to no chemical degradation and cyclic pattern was observed for the duration of study, over 8 d, after reconstitution and storage in refrigeration. Conclusion: This study supports that from a chemical standpoint, sincalide may potentially be used up to at least 8 d after reconstitution with sterile water, thus providing convenience and cost-saving benefits to medical institutions using the product. The findings of this study, however, warrant microbial testing over this storage duration before any recommendations for extended use can be made.
Legislating for Game Integrity as U.S. States Legalize Sports Betting

With its May 2018 decision in Murphy v. NCAA, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the federal Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) that prohibited states from allowing sports betting. The ruling did not legalize sports gambling, but allowed states to do so within their own borders, if they comply with other existing federal laws. In Murphy’s aftermath, the 50 states began considering whether to permit sports betting and if so, how to regulate it. From the date of the Murphy decision through August 2019, thirteen states have enacted legal sports betting, seven more jurisdictions have passed legislation that is pending launch, and over 20 more have introduced sports gambling bills.One thing these legislative efforts have in common is that they do not adequately address the game integrity concerns flagged by the sports leagues and other entities that create the contests on which bets are being placed. Rather, the legislative texts have largely sidestepped the increased risk of match-fixing and in-play manipulation associated with expanded sports betting. This article explores the budding threat to the honesty of U.S. athletic competitions and possible approaches to addressing it.
A Comparison of Extremal Optimization, Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization Methods for Well Placement Design in Groundwater Management

When designing a well field for efficiently extracting groundwater or petroleum, it is common for designers to rely on computational optimization methods to determine the optimal placement of wells. The goal of these methods is to find a well-field solution that maximizes the value of a defined objective function, and to do so while utilizing the least amount of computational effort. To achieve this, researchers have developed algorithms based on a wide range of heuristics. Within groundwater management, popular methods include particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms such as differential evolution (DE). This study seeks to investigate a recently developed method called Extremal Optimization for Well Placement Problems (EO-WPP), and to compare its performance with established methods like PSO and DE. EO-WPP is an optimization method based on the extremal optimization (EO) algorithm. EO optimizes by iteratively identifying and modifying the least effective components of a solution. By following this heuristic, the EO algorithm has the potential to quickly find optimal solutions while requiring minimal computational effort. To test this, the performance of DE, PSO and EO-WPP was compared on four benchmark problems. Two of these are the Rastrigin and the Rosenbrock benchmark functions. These functions were used because of their quick evaluation and their popularity in optimization literature. The third benchmark is a synthetic groundwater model, built to test the methods under the context of groundwater management. The final benchmark is a field problem using the Aberdeen groundwater model in South Dakota. The results reveal that EO-WPP was able to outperform DE and PSO on all tested benchmarks. EO-WPP is an effective and efficient optimization tool for well placement design in groundwater management.
Rheologic properties of soft tissue fillers and implications for clinical use.

Background The use of injectable soft-tissue fillers has become an essential tool in esthetic rejuvenation. Rheology, the study of flow of matter, helps to understand the function of these products. Aims The purpose of this article is to review the rheologic properties of soft-tissue fillers currently available in the United States and to evaluate how these properties relate to clinical performance. Methods This article explains basic rheologic terms and describes how rheologic properties of specific soft-tissue fillers affect filler performance. Results The currently available soft-tissue fillers have unique rheologic and physicochemical properties that influence performance and cosmetic outcome. These properties determine that filler product is most appropriate based on degree of soft-tissue defect and anatomic location. Conclusion It is imperative for physicians to have an in-depth understanding of the rheologic properties of soft-tissue fillers in order to appropriately select and utilize these products for the desired cosmetic outcome.
Comparing Students' Clinical Grades to Scores on a Standardized Patient Note-Writing Task.

Few assessments capture the diagnostic impressions medical students form immediately following patient encounters. However, notes written for objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) allow learners to document their clinical reasoning in real time. The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine (UIC-COM) has developed a rubric for scoring patient notes (PNs) in their OSCE for senior students. To validate the UIC-COM PN Scoring Rubric as a measure of clinical reasoning by comparing PN scores from a similar exam at the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (VP&S) to clinical rotation performance. Cross-sectional analysis. From a total of 146 third-year medical students who completed the OSCE at VP&S in spring 2017, we selected 60 at random, 20 from each tertile of clinical rotation performance. We scored these students’ PNs using the rubric’s four sections—Documentation, Differential Diagnosis, Justification, and Workup, each scored from 1 to 4—and calculated a composite score (maximum 100). We used one-way ANOVA to examine differences in scores between clinical rotation performance tertiles. Students in the bottom, middle, and top clinical rotation performance tertiles had mean Documentation scores of 2.54, 2.63, and 2.88, respectively (p = 0.02, bottom vs. top tertile). Mean composite scores were 61.98, 64.05, and 67.86, respectively (p = 0.02, bottom vs. top tertile). We showed an association between PN scores and clinical rotation performance. Since clinical rotation grades incorporate multiple types of assessments of students’ clinical reasoning skills, we believe that this correlation lends validity evidence to using the note-writing task as a measure of clinical reasoning. Future directions include expanding the task to different stages of learners, to real life patient encounters, and to formative rather than summative assessments of note-writing skills.
A Critique on Psychiatric Inpatient Admissions for Suicidality in Youth.

ABSTRACT For the last few decades, psychiatric inpatient admissions for the treatment of suicidality in US youth have been increasing. Nonetheless, since 2007, the national rate of completed suicides by youth has steadily and sizably increased. Therefore, a literature review was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the psychiatric inpatient admission of suicidal youths. The analysis concluded that suicidality is surprisingly common in youth, completed suicide is very uncommon in early adolescence, suicidal ideation is a major reason in early adolescence for inpatient admission, girls are admitted to psychiatric inpatient units three times more than boys even though boys complete suicide four times more than girls, inpatient stays average 6 days and are quite expensive, and repeat attempts after inpatient treatment are common. Thus, filling more beds for youth with suicidality lacks evidence of a public health, long-term benefit. Expanding the focus in psychiatry to population efforts including means reductions is recommended.
MRI Evaluation of Radiofrequency, Cryothermal, and Laser Left Atrial Lesion Formation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Background Catheter ablation utilizing radiofrequency (RF), Cryothermal (Cryo), or Laser energy is effective for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) has been used to estimate the burden of left atrial (LA) fibrosis, but no data exist regarding structural changes following each modality. We sought to compare the baseline to postprocedure change in LA scar burden following RF, Cryo, or Laser ablation for treatment of AF. Methods Seventeen patients with AF underwent initial pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) using RF (n = 7), Cryo (n = 5), and Laser (n = 5). LGE-MRI was performed prior to and at 24 hours and 3 months after PVI. Results In a linear mixed-effects model, accounting for intrapatient clustering of data and interpatient differences in baseline scar, LGE extent was significantly increased at 24 hours postablation (+14.6 ± 1.9% of LA myocardium, P < 0.001), and remained stable from 24 hours to 3 months (+0.12 ± 1.9%, P = 0.951). There was no statistically significant difference between the postablation scar extent among ablation modalities when compared to RF (Cryo +4.5 ± 3.0%, P = 0.123; Laser −3.2 ± 3.0%, P = 0.291). The PV antral LGE intensity was increased by 25.1 ± 3.8% (P<0.001) 24 hours after ablation and additionally increased by 8.1 ± 3.8 at 3 months (P = 0.033). Conclusions Radiofrequency, Cryo, and laser ablation result in increased LGE extent and intensity at 24 hours and 3 months postablation. No statistically significant difference was noted in the extent of fibrosis induced by any modality.
On-chip modulation in the mid-infrared with silicon-on-lithium-niobate photonics

Mid-infrared (3.39 μm) optical modulators are demonstrated for the first time on the silicon-on-lithium-niobate platform, with a V π ·L of 26 V·cm, extinction ratio of 8 dB, and on-chip insertion losses of 3.3 dB.
Cross-generational transmission of aggressive parent behavior: a prospective, mediational examination.

The intergenerational transmission of aggressive parenting behavior was examined within the context of a prospective longitudinal study of adolescent and young adult adjustment. Thirty-nine young adults (G2; 33 females, 6 males) who had participated in early phases of this study with their parents (G1) continued their involvement with their young children (G3; 17 females, 22 males, mean age = 2.6) several years later. Data included direct observation of parent–adolescent (G1–G2) and parent–child (G2–G3) interactions as well as self-reports. Analyses demonstrated directly observed cross-generational continuity in aggressive parenting from G1 to G2 some 6–7 years later. However, the results also showed that adolescent aggressive behavior served as the mediational link reducing the direct path from G1 to G2 aggressive parenting to nonsignificant levels. The results are consistent with a social interactional model of intergenerational continuity of parenting behavior.
Larry Stempel, Showtime: A History of the Broadway Musical Theater

The cover image of attentive Broadway theater-goers watching the magic of the stage on Larry Stempel's Showtime is an apt visual metaphor for how engrossed readers will become in this history of Br...
Insights from a Global Engineering Outreach Course

A two-semester multi-disciplinary Global Engineering Outreach (GEO) course was initiated in 2007 to provide an opportunity for junior and senior-level engineering and technology students to design and implement humanitarian-based engineering projects in developing communities. Recently, the course was integrated with a sociology course to enhance the educational opportunities between social scientists and engineers. During the GEO course, students work on small-scale projects that are selected in conjunction with members of the developing communities. Students regularly interact with community members during project development. Following the GEO course, students participate in a two-week implementation trip. Learning outcomes associated with the course are described and assessment results show that many aspects of the learning outcomes are being met but there is room for improvement. In addition, following years of experience, several insights have been identified to help improve the course, community engagement, and implementation trip. Finally, several key aspects that are noteworthy for involving students in designing and implementing projects in developing communities are described.
All or none? The dilemma of handling WiFi broadcast traffic in smartphone suspend mode

Smartphones save energy by entering a low power suspend mode ( 120mW). As a result, power consumption increases dramatically. To improve energy efficiency, some phones employ a hardware broadcast filter in the WiFi driver. All UDP broadcast frames other than Multicast DNS frames are blocked, thus none is received by upper layer applications. So, we have a dilemma of handling WiFi broadcast traffic during smartphone suspend mode: either receive all of them suffering high power consumption, or receive none of them sacrificing functionalities. In this paper, we propose Software Broadcast Filter (SBF) to address the dilemma. SBF is smarter than the hardware broadcast filter as it only filters out useless broadcast frames and does not impair functionalities of applications. SBF is also more energy efficient than the “receive all” method. Our trace driven evaluation shows that SBF can save up to 52% energy consumption than the “receive all” method.
AntenNet: a Web-based method of moments solver for antenna education

This paper describes AntenNet, a plug-in to WebMath that permits students to simulate arbitrarily shaped wire antennas and arrays thereof through a Web-based interface. Computer aided design environments-the majority of which are Web-based-are being developed in many electrical engineering subfields. AntenNet allows students to define structures comprised of an arbitrary number of straight or curved, joined or disjoined wires. These wires can be fed by one or more voltage sources and loaded with lumped impedances. AntenNet, upon rigorously analyzing the antenna currents using the method of moments (MoM), permits students to extract the antenna's input impedance and visualize the antenna's geometry along with its radiation patterns. Output from AntenNet can be postprocessed and/or combined with that of all other antenna analysis tools supported by the WebMath environment.
Three-dimensional Finite Difference-Time Domain Solution of Dirac Equation

The Dirac equation is solved using three-dimensional Finite Difference-Time Domain (FDTD) method. $Zitterbewegung$ and the dynamics of a well-localized electron are used as examples of FDTD application to the case of free electrons.
Inducible Macrophage Cytotoxins. II. Tumor Lysis Mechanism Involving Target Cell-Binding Proteases

Thioglycollate-elicited C57BL/6 peritoneal exudate macrophage monolayers (PEMM) stimulated with poly I . poly C or LPS released a macrophage cytotoxin (MCT) that rapidly bound to syngeneic (EL 4) or allogeneic (NS-1, YAC-1) tumor cells but did not bind to normal splenocytes. No binding to human (K562) tumor cells was observed. PEMM stimulated with poly I . poly C destroyed allogeneic tumor cells (NS-1) when separated by cell-impermeable Millipore filters in vitro; in contrast, PEMM not stimulated with poly I . poly C were incapable of lysing targets when separated by membranes. The reversible inhibitors N alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester and soybean trypsin inhibitor and the irreversible inhibitors N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, of trypsin-like proteases, significantly or totally inhibited MCT cell-lytic activity for L-929 cells in vitro. Furthermore, modification of MCT-associated arginine residues by 1,2-cyclohexanedione completely blocked lytic activity. MCT was concluded to be an inducible nonspecific cell-lytic effector molecule elaborated by activated macrophages, which could bind to potential target cells, and was itself or was associated with a protease.
Higher Education and Its Contingent Faculty of the Future

University program administrators use contingent academics for a number of reasons, each of which has a different effect on higher education and the contingent workers themselves.
Discrete Morse theory and the cohomology ring

In Morse Theory for Cell Complexes, we presented a discrete Morse theory that can be applied to general cell complexes. In particular, we defined the notion of a discrete Morse function, along with its associated set of critical cells. We also constructed a discrete Morse cocomplex, built from the critical cells and the gradient paths between them, which has the same cohomology as the underlying cell complex. In this paper we show how various cohomological operations are induced by maps between Morse cocomplexes. For example, given three discrete Morse functions, we construct a map from the tensor product of the first two Morse cocomplexes to the third Morse cocomplex which induces the cup product on cohomology. All maps are constructed by counting certain configurations of gradient paths. This work is closely related to the corresponding formulas in the smooth category as presented by Betz and Cohen and by Fukaya.