cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stationary distributions of stochastically modeled reaction systems

We consider stationary distributions for stochastic models of chemical reaction networks. We provide conditions that guarantee a model admits a stationary distribution that is a product of Poissons.
Intraspinal Electrical Stimulation Reliably Triggers Respiratory Activity in the in situ Rodent Model

Cervical spinal cord injury impairs ventilation by preventing brainstem generated respiratory activity from reaching motor pools in the spinal cord which drive respiratory pump muscles. Epidural high frequency thoracic spinal cord stimulation is a method of producing respiratory efforts independent of centrally generated signals, which is effective at eliciting diaphragmatic EMG in anesthetized animal preparations. However, the exact spinal pathways and circuitry involved in producing these respiratory efforts are unknown. We hypothesize that targeted electrical stimulation within the spinal cord will identify pathways relaying the stimulus to the phrenic motoneurons. To investigate this, we monitored bilateral phrenic nerve activity (PNA) in the in situ rat preparation (n=6) and applied either bipolar epidural or intraspinal stimulation (ISS) (300ms, 100-300Hz, 200μs pd) in the rostral thoracic spinal cord (T2-6). Our initial findings demonstrated that epidural stimulation was only intermittently effecti...
Breastfeeding, Bed-Sharing, and Maternal Cortisol

Prior studies have found that close mother-child sleep proximity helps increase rates of breastfeeding, and breastfeeding itself is linked to better maternal and infant health. In this study, we examine whether breastfeeding and infant bed-sharing are related to daily rhythms of the stress-responsive hormone cortisol. We found that bed-sharing was related to flatter diurnal cortisol slopes, and there was a marginal effect for breastfeeding to predict steeper cortisol slopes. Furthermore, mothers who breastfeed but do not bed-share had the steepest diurnal cortisol slopes, whereas mothers who bed-shared and did not breastfeed had the flattest slopes (P < .05). These results were significant after controlling for subjective sleep quality, perceived stress, depression, socioeconomic status, race, and maternal age. Findings from this study indicate that infant parenting choices recommended for infants (breastfeeding and separate sleep surfaces for babies) may also be associated with more optimal stress hormone profiles for mothers.
On the improvement of accuracy of recognition of handwritten numerals

The development of a technique based on unequal weights for topological features extracted from isolated numerals is described. This technique can be used for recognition of handwritten numerals. The technique is compared with existing techniques that propose binary trees for classification. A discussion on additional topological features is also included. These features were found to be useful in some classes of numerals. >
Early Feeding Abilities in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Parental Report Study

Purpose—The goals of this study were to 1) describe the feeding skills of young children with cerebral palsy (CP); and 2) elucidate the type and severity of feeding problems for children with and without oral-motor involvement. Method—Parents of 37 children (16 females, 21 males) with CP, who ranged in age from 11-58 months (mean age = 41 months), completed questionnaires regarding their child's past and current feeding abilities. Children were also clinically evaluated to determine whether each had evidence of oral-motor involvement. Results—Children with CP and oral-motor involvement had significantly more difficulty with selffeeding, increased frequency of coughing and choking, increased prevalence of swallowing evaluation and feeding therapy, and were introduced to solid food at a later age relative to children with CP who did not have oral-motor involvement. Both groups of children were similar in their history of tube feeding, bottle feeding, difficulty with solid foods, use of adaptive equipment, duration of mealtimes, and presence of choking, coughing, and gagging. Conclusions—Children with and without oral-motor involvement initially presented with similar feeding difficulties. However, feeding problems appeared to resolve to a greater extent in children without oral-motor involvement. The difficulties identified early in life, for children with oral-motor involvement, appeared to persist with development.
Development of a novel single-channel direction-finding method

Direction-finding (DF) techniques have classically been based on multiple antennas systems employing multiple receivers. Classic techniques such as MUSIC and ESPRIT use simultaneous phase information from each antenna to estimate the angle-of-arrival of the signal of interest. In many practical scenarios, however, multiple receivers are impractical. Thus single channel techniques are of interest, particularly in mobile scenarios. This paper presents a novel approach to single channel DF based on a vector of phase-locked loops in conjunction with a uniform circular array. Analysis of the algorithm's performance in an AWGN channel is presented using Matlab simulation results and compared to a proof-of-concept implementation on a software radio with an 8 element uniform circular array. The paper also investigates frequency offset compensation and metrics for segregating good and bad estimates.
Intestinal and hepatic apolipoprotein B gene expression in abetalipoproteinemia

Abstract A 20-year-old woman with abetalipoproteinemia underwent orthotopic liver transplantation for cirrhosis, affording access to her liver and small intestine for study. Before transplantation, her plasma apolipoprotein B concentration was d ≤ 1.063 g/mL lipoprotein rich in apolipoprotein E and a 1.063 g/mL ≤ d ≤ 1.21 g/mL lipoprotein containing apolipoproteins E and A-I with no immunodetectable apolipoprotein B in the culture medium. Normal hepatocytes secreted very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein B-100. Abetalipoproteinemic intestinal apolipoprotein B messenger RNA concentration was 4–5-fold higher than control values. However, the patient's liver apolipoprotein B messenger RNA level was one fifth that of control normal and cirrhotic liver. Analysis of the patient's intestinal and hepatic apolipoprotein B messenger RNA for posttranscriptional stop-codon insertion revealed normally edited transcripts. These results suggest that apolipoprotein B is synthesized as the product of a normally edited messenger RNA transcript, but not secreted, in abetalipoproteinemia.
Extracellular Matrix: A Solid-State Regulator of Cell form, Function, and Tissue Development

The sections in this article are: 1 Extracellular Matrix: Composition and Structure 2 Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Architecture 3 Functions of the Extracellular Matrix 3.1 Physiological Cell Attachment Foundation 3.2 Spatial Organizer of Polarized Epithelium 3.3 Solid-State Growth Regulator 3.4 Inducer of Differentiation 3.5 Tissue Boundary 3.6 Storage Site for Soluble Regulators 3.7 Scaffolding for Orderly Tissue Renewal and Repair 3.8 Target for Deregulation during Tumor Formation and Invasion 4 Transmembrane Signaling Across Matrix Receptors 4.1 Cell Surface Matrix Receptors 4.2 Chemical Signaling 4.3 Mechanical Signaling 4.4 Signal Integration 5 Conclusions
Distribution of polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes in intestinal adaptation

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the polyamines have been shown to be important for growth processes in the intestinal mucosa. The highest activity of ODC is found in the differentiated, nonproliferating villus-tip cells rather than in the rapidly proliferating undifferentiated crypt cells. During poststarvation refeeding and lactation, we now show that increases in ODC activity paralleled the time course of mucosal hyperplasia and thymidine incorporation. Increases in ODC (threefold) were similar in villus and crypt cells, and the villus-crypt gradient of decreasing ODC activity (40:1) was maintained. The activity of the other polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SDC), was highest in the crypt cells in the basal state and increased throughout the entire villus-crypt axis during refeeding and lactation, preserving a villus-crypt gradient opposite to that of ODC. During hyperplasia, all three polyamines increased. Putrescine was highest in the villus-tip cells, paralleling ODC activity, whereas spermidine and spermine were highest in the crypt cells and paralleled the distribution of SDC activity. Thus SDC activity and spermidine and spermine content may play a more important role than ODC and putrescine in regulation of intestinal mucosal proliferation. It is also possible that the threefold increases in the low levels of ODC in the crypt cells are adequate to trigger cell proliferation, whereas the higher ODC levels in villus cells may represent an association with the differentiation of the enterocytes.
Computational Modeling of Subdural Cortical Stimulation: A Quantitative Spatiotemporal Analysis of Action Potential Initiation in a High-Density Multicompartment Model.

Objective Computational modeling studies were performed to identify presynaptic elements of cortical neurons that are activated by subdural electrical stimulation. Materials and Methods The computer model consists of layers of multicompartmental neurons arranged in 3D space in an anatomically realistic fashion inside a 4.8 × 4.8 × 3.4 mm volume of gray matter modeled as a homogenous and isotropic medium. The model was subjected to an electric field generated by a circular disk electrode. Results The initiation of presynaptic action potentials (PAPs) in neurons takes place predominantly in the axon initial segment (AIS) or ectopically in axonal branch terminals. PAPs that were initiated in only one axonal terminal were typically followed by a second PAP (spike duplet) resulting from the activation of the AIS by the antidromically propagating initial PAP. There were significant time delays (up to 0.5 ms) in the propagation of these ectopically initiated PAPs along the axons to nonactivated axonal branches and, associated with these delays, latencies in the occurrence of spike duplets in different axonal terminals. The effect of the dendritic arbor 3D structure on the AIS activation threshold was contingent on whether the net axonal and somato-dendritic current flows made an antagonistic or synergetic contribution. Conclusions This study examines the effects of subdural electrical stimulation on a high-density network consisting of several populations of multicompartment cell types. The effect of dendritic arbor structure on the axonal activation threshold is prominent in the case of multipolar neurons with large-diameter symmetric dendrites (basal/apical) that are oriented parallel to the electric field lines. The timing of presynaptic terminal activation after stimulation is not determined solely by the axonal delay (orthodromic propagation) but depends on the details of the applied stimulation field and axonal branching structure, which may be important factors in characterizing the effects of electrical stimulation in neuromodulation systems.
YESS: a Y86 pipelined processor simulator

A popular approach to teaching computer organization and architecture is through the use of a simulator. Simulators enable students to experiment with machines that are unavailable or obsolete. Students gain an even deeper understanding of architecture by having to actually implement an architecture simulator. This paper discusses the Y86 simulator that students are required to implement during the lab component of a computer systems course. This project provides students with an in-depth understanding of pipelined processors and the opportunity to participate in the development of a relatively large software product.
Gaining More From Gamma Globulins

The use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), which is immunoglobulin G pooled from thousands of healthy donors, in the treatment of immunodeficient and autoimmune diseases has grown during the past 2 decades. Although its initial application was largely limited to replacement therapy in hypogammaglobulinemia, IVIg is gaining acceptance as therapy for autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura, and a number of other autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.1 Although the exact mechanisms underlying the protection conferred by IVIg in these immune disorders remain undefined, several potential molecular and cellular targets have been proposed. For example, IVIg can block Fc receptors on macrophages and effector cells to reduce the phagocytic capacity of these cells. IVIg may also regulate the immune response by reacting with a number of membrane receptors on T cells, B cells, and monocytes that are pertinent to autoreactivity and induction of tolerance to self.1 Recent work has also revealed a beneficial effect of IVIg in systemic inflammatory disorders such as sepsis and asthma. It has been suggested that IVIg may exert its antiinflammatory effects by attenuating complement-mediated attack,2 inducing antiinflammatory cytokines, and reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-13 (Figure). Many of these mechanistic studies of IVIg effects on the inflammatory response are based on in vitro models and in vivo data are lacking. Differential effects of IVIg on several steps in the inflammatory cascade: Numbers denote potential antiinflammatory actions of IVIg; letters denote possible adverse effects of IVIg that may worsen the inflammatory response. 1, Attenuation of complement deposition on vascular endothelium; 2, reduction of chemokine and cytokine generation; 3, attenuation of leukocyte recruitment at least in part via downregulation of adhesion molecules on leukocytes and inhibition of endothelial adhesion molecule upregulation; 4, abrogation of protein extravasation/vascular leak; 5, prevention …
Spatial and geometrical control of silicification using a patterned poly-L-lysine template

Abstract A simple process to achieve patterned silica films is described. The patterning of the catalyst poly- l -lysine via photolithography and liftoff enables the spatial and geometrical control of silicification. Microscopy and chemical characterization demonstrate that this process enables consistent patterning of silica with 10 μm resolution in a variety of geometries. In addition, the spatial and geometrical control of the silica is demonstrated under different reaction conditions and yields various silica morphologies. The ability to simultaneously pattern bio-inspired silica and control its morphology may allow the tailoring of silica and other silicon-based materials for future applications.
Acute hemiplegia in infancy.

Although acute infantile hemiplegia has been under scrutiny for more than a century, our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disabling condition remains limited. Previously healthy infants and small children become acutely ill and hemiplegic, often after having had prolonged focal seizures. What is the mechanism of the cere-brovascular compromise? In the neonate, do hemodynamic factors account for prenatal and perinatal vascular occlusions due to placental emboli? In the older infant, is a hypercoagulable state induced by the fever or a circulating toxin, or is autoregulation immature? At this time, intensive rehabilitation is the most appropriate way of remediating the problem. More effective means of preventing the morbidity of this disease may be devised when we obtain a better understanding of the patho-physiologic processes that are involved.
AN INVESTIGATION OF A SELECTED COLD VORTEX OVER NORTH AMERICA

Abstract An example of a cold vortex to the south of the maximum westerlies, with its entire life history within the network of aerological observations of the United States, is investigated. The conditions for the formation of such a cold vortex are found to be a rapid intrusion of cold air into the upper west-wind belt from the north, a strengthening and cyclonic rotation in time of the wind upstream, and a strong wind around the cold dome in the south. Such a situation leads to a creation of solenoids in the horizontal plane, a strong, unbalanced solenoid field in the vertical plane perpendicular to the boundary of the cold air, and most probably to a rapid descending motion of the cold air in the north; while in the south, conditions are more- or less balanced. This results in a residual cold dome. The further development and strengthening of such a cold vortex depends on the maintenance and the strengthening of the wind around and above the cold dome, which in turn depends on the energy supply upstre...
The development of a miniaturized disk bend test for the determination of postirradiation mechanical properties

Abstract A Miniaturized Disk Bend Test capable of extracting postirradiation mechanical behavior information from disk-shaped specimens no larger than those used for Transmission Electron Microscopy is currently being developed. Finite element analysis is performed to convert the experimentally measured load-deflection data into useful engineering information. Since neutron irradiation costs scale with specimen volume, successful development of miniaturized mechanical property tests could provide significant savings in irradiation testing costs for nuclear materials used in fusion and other nuclear technologies. In addition, it may be possible to provide mechanical behavior information which is not ordinarily obtainable due to space limitations in irradiation experiments.
Properties of the hypothalamic 5α-dihydroprogesterone NADH- and NADPH-linked 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activities

Abstract Rat hypothalamic 5α-dihydroprogesterone NADH-linked 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, (3α-HSD) activity, which is associated with plasma membranes, has a relatively sharp pH optimum of 5.5 and a temperature optimum range of 45–52°C. This enzyme exhibited apparent K m 's for the reductive reaction of 0.40 ± 0.09 μm and 29 ± 12 μ M for 5α-dihydroprogesterone and NADH, respectively. For the oxidative reaction, apparent K m 's of 0.11 ± 0.01 μ M and 84.3 ± 22.8 μ M were observed for 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and NAD + respectively. The NADPH-linked 3α-HSD activity, which is present in the cytosol, proceeded optimally between pH 6–10 and at a temperature of 45°C. This enzyme exhibited apparent K m 's for the reductive reaction of 0.083 ± 0.009 μ M and 0.71 ± 0.10 μ M for 5α-dihydroprogesterone and NADPH, respectively. For the oxidative reaction, apparent K m 's of 2.33 ± 0.15 μ M and 21.0 ± 3.1 μ M were observed for 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one and NADP + , respectively. The results suggest that the NADH-linked and NADPH-linked 5α-dihydroprogesterone 3α-HSD activities of female rat hypothalamus differ in their intra-cellular interconversion of 5α-dihydroprogesterone and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one.
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and King Wu’s First Great Pronouncement

Documents that legitimate the overthrow of an old regime and the establishment of a new one may look similar simply because of similar political needs. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence justifies rejection of the king and of monarchy itself. It shares a rhetorical structure with a Han-era reconstruction/forgery of a speech by King Wu, who overthrew the Shang dynasty and established the Zhou state in the name of a new, non-ancestral deity, Heaven. Scholars have traced many influences on Jefferson’s thinking and on the content of the Declaration, but none accounts for its structure. A full translation of the Shang Shu or Book of History/Documents was published in French several years before the Declaration was written. We know that Jefferson himself had already read about China before 1776, for we have a letter in which he recommends Chinese translations to a relative. It is possible - although it cannot be definitively shown - that he had read King Wu’s Pronouncement and had it in mind when writing the Declaration. Whether or not the connection exists, the comparison of the two texts can be pedagogically useful in history classes.
Bias-dependent STM image contrast study of phenyloctadecyl ethers physisorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

A homologous series of para-substituted phenyloctadecyl ethers (X-POEs, X = H, Cl, Br, and I) was prepared using Williamson's ether synthesis. The structure and purity of the ethers were confirmed using 1H NMR and GC/MS. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images were acquired from monolayers of the ethers which formed at the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite from a 2.5 wt % solution in phenylhexane. For all four ethers, the monolayers displayed a contrast which varied as a function of tip−sample bias. A comparison of STM images of the adsorbed ether molecules with electron density contours calculated using HyperChem suggested a bias-dependent participation to tunneling of individual bonding molecular orbitals (MOs). For example, at biases of −0.26 to −0.70 V, STM images of I-POE resembled the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) exhibiting two bright spots for the pair of lobes of the phenyl ring and one bright spot for the halogen atom. At higher biases, contrast was observed for the ph...
Sidestream cigarette smoke deposition in surrogate nasal models

Abstract It has been suggested that highly concentrated aerosols exhibit colligative behavior due to hydrodynamic interactions among particles. Such behavior includes enhanced settling rates (cloud settling) and possibly increased deposition efficiency upon inhalation. The purpose of our study was to determine whether or not concentrated sidestream cigarette smoke would deposit in an enhanced manner in hollow models that represented human nasal airways. Sidestream smoke wisps were generated by smoldering 1R3 University of Kentucky research cigarettes and were drawn horizontally through the models. The smoke aerosol had a mass median aerodynamic diameter of about 0.45 μm and a geometric standard deviation of about 1.3. Photographs indicated that the smoke consisted primarily of wisps that had characteristic diameters of about 0.3 mm and lengths that were typically greater than 1 cm. These wisps, which were surrounded by relatively particle-free air, were the entities that might exhibit cloud-like behavior. The average measured percentage deposition efficiency of cigarette smoke in the nasal casts was 4.5 ± 0.2 (SE). This value is close to what one would expect for particles of 0.45 μm aerodynamic diameter. Colligative behavior did not appear to produce measurably enhanced deposition in the surrogate nasal models.
The nature of error in adolescent student writing

This study examined the nature and frequency of error in high school native English speaker (L1) and English learner (L2) writing. Four main research questions were addressed: Are there significant differences in students’ error rates in English language arts (ELA) and social studies? Do the most common errors made by students differ in ELA and social studies? Are there significant differences in the error rates between L1 and L2 students in ELA? Do L1 and L2 students differ in how frequently they make the most common errors in ELA? Written work of 10th and 12th grade students in five states was collected. The sample included 178 essays (120 in ELA and 58 in social studies) from 67 students (33 10th graders and 34 12th graders; 49 native English speaking students and 18 English learners). Results indicate that there were significant differences in the frequencies of errors between ELA and social studies, with higher error rates in social studies. In addition, L2 writers had significantly higher error rates than L1 writers in ELA. Aside from a few types of errors (spelling, capitalization, and some punctuation errors), most types of errors appear relatively infrequently in school-sponsored writing. Moreover, the eight most common errors accounted for a little more than half of all errors, and these did not differ significantly between ELA and social studies writing or between L1 and L2 writers.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of early loaded free-standing dental implants with various coatings in beagle dogs.

Abstract Statement of problem. Immediate loading of implants may be a predictable treatment alternative when cross-arch stabilization with a fixed provisional is observed. Purpose. This study investigated the effect of immediate masticatory loading on the stability of single-standing dental implants with 4 different surfaces. Material and methods. A total of 40 solid screw implants (diameter 3.3 mm, length 8 mm) were placed in the mandibles of 4 beagle dogs. Test groups included 3 hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings of titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) implants. Implants with TPS alone served as control. Gold crowns were inserted 2 days after implant placement and the dogs were immediately put on a hard food diet. Implants were followed for 6 months after loading. Clinical and radiographic assessments of implants were performed at time of crown insertion (baseline) and after 1, 3, and 6 months of loading. The Periotest instrument was used for mobility measurements and radiographs were obtained for evaluation of peri-implant radiolucency and measurement of crestal bone changes. Results. Of 40 implants, 39 displayed no discernible mobility, corresponding to successful clinical function. Peri-implant radiolucencies were absent for all but the 1 mobile implant. The reduction in crestal bone levels adjacent to the implants between baseline and 6 months was statistically significant ( P Conclusion. In this study in beagle dogs, immediate masticatory loading of single-standing dental implants did not jeopardize tissue integration, provided the implants had excellent primary stability. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:428-35.)
Development of low‐cost imaging system for laser metal deposition processes

– The melt pool created by a laser is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of the deposit in a laser metal deposition (LMD) process. The high‐intensity infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the melt pool saturates a conventional camera sensor preventing useful data acquisition. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development of a low‐cost vision system to monitor the size of the melt pool for in‐process quality control of the deposit., – According to the black body radiation theory, there is no radiation emitted in the ultraviolet (UV) region from the melt pool created in the LMD process. IR radiation and visible light are the only radiations inherent to the LMD process. UV illumination is utilized along with narrow band pass filters on a USB camera to achieve a clear image of the melt pool while IR radiation of the process is blocked out. The melt pool size and shape were closely monitored during the deposition process., – A clear image of the melt pool was obtained using a relatively low‐cost imaging system during laser deposition process., – Traditional approaches to vision systems in high‐intensity processes use a high‐speed video camera fitted with IR filters to prevent saturation of the camera sensor. Such systems are usually complex and expensive to run and maintain. This paper demonstrates an alternative and lower cost method to achieve in process monitoring in an LMD process.
Tolerance of Efavirenz-Induced Central Nervous System Side Effects in HIV-Infected Individuals with a History of Substance Abuse

AbstractPurpose: There is no published data looking at tolerance of efavirenz (EFV) in patients who abuse cocaine or alcohol (EtOH). The objective of this study was to determine whether individuals with a current or past history of cocaine or EtOH abuse are more likely to experience EFV-induced central nervous system (CNS) side effects that warrant discontinuation of EFV compared with those who do not abuse substances. Method: Retrospective chart review of all patients who received a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) at an inner city Ryan White Title III-supported health clinic during 1992-2003. Results: During the study period, 99/279 (78% African American, 88% male) patients were prescribed an NNRTI. Patients on an NNRTI with either a history of or current substance abuse (SA) abused cocaine (30%), EtOH (70%), or marijuana (33%). Of these, 38% abused more than one substance. There were 39/63 EFV patients who were substance abusers compared with 16/36 patients not on EFV who were subs...
An implicit enthalpy solution for phase change problems: with application to a binary alloy solidification

Abstract An enthalpy method is developed for analysis of one-dimensional phase change problems under heat conduction. This technique is based on a fixed space grid but a variable time step is used to ensure that the phase front is always on a node point. The resulting numerical solution is implicit in nature and although iteration on the time step is needed at each time level, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm can be utilized within the iterations leading to efficient and accurate solutions. The node-jumping scheme is extended and a numerical solution to the well-known binary solidification model developed. This solution is implicit and performs well in respect to predicting discontinuities in the enthalpy and concentration fields and in predicting smooth non-oscillating temperature and concentration and histories.
Knowing Climate Change, Embodying Climate Praxis: Experiential Knowledge in Southern Appalachia

Whether used to support or impede action, scientific knowledge is now, more than ever, the primary framework for political discourse on climate change. As a consequence, science has become a hegemo...
Physical therapy for migraine-related vestibulopathy and vestibular dysfunction with history of migraine.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To assess the efficacy of physical therapy for patients with a diagnosis of migraine-related vestibulopathy (MRV) or vestibular dysfunction with a history of migraine headache. Study Design: Retrospective case series Methods: Thirty-nine patients were identified through a retrospective chart review, 14 with a diagnosis of MRV and 25 with migraine headache. The patients were treated with a custom-designed physical therapy exercise program for a mean of 4.9 visits over a mean duration of 4 months. Patients completed the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), and the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), reported the number of falls they had experienced in the past 4 weeks, and rated the severity of their dizziness on an analogue scale of 0 to 100 at initial evaluation and at discharge. Results: Significant differences were seen before and after therapy in each of the outcome measures used. The average decrease in DHI score was 12 points (P < .01). ABC scores increased an average of 14 points (P < .01). Subjects increased their DGI scores an average of 4 points (P < .01). The number of patients reporting more than one fall decreased by 78% at discharge. (P < .05). Baseline symptoms of dizziness decreased an average of 11 points (P < .05). Conclusions: Patients with MRV and migraine headache demonstrated improvement in physical performance measures and self
DSA: A New Internal Standard for NMR Studies in Aqueous Solution

The widely used internal standard for NMR studies in aqueous solution DSS (sodium 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonate) can interact with cationic peptides, diminishing its value for such studies. This paper introduces DSA (4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-ammonium trifluoroacetate) as a new internal standard that does not suffer from this problem.
The Effect of Electric Shock upon Subsequent Learning in the Rat

(1939). The Effect of Electric Shock upon Subsequent Learning in the Rat. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 333-336.
Nonenzymatic hydroxylations of proline and lysine by reduced oxygen derivatives.

The biosynthesis of trans-3- and trans-4-hydroxyprolines and 5-hydroxylysine in animal cells requires polypeptide proline or lysine, enzymes and cofactors including iron, and possibly involves peroxidatic intermediates1. Several laboratories have reported the presence of low-molecular-weight hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine peptides in cell and organ cultures2–5. We found that these small peptides contained the trans-3 and cis-4 isomers of hydroxyproline as well as trans-4 ones and that their production was not completely inhibited by α, α-dipyridyl, an iron chelator and effective inhibitor of enzyme-mediated hydroxylations5. It is known that oxygen or hydrogen peroxide in the presence of metal can hydroxylate proline and other aromatic compounds6–11. We show here that reduced oxygen derivatives can hydroxylate both free and poly peptide-bound proline and lysine, and that scavengers of hydroxyl radicals suppress, but do not completely inhibit, this reaction. Reduced oxygen derivatives can be generated in normal and pathological circumstances12, and some of the low-molecular-weight hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine peptides found in cell and organ cultures might be derived from these derivatives and therefore do not reflect collagen turnover, but rather some other cellular activity.
Ice Cream Structural Elements that Affect Melting Rate and Hardness

Statistical models were developed to reveal which structural elements of ice cream affect melting rate and hardness. Ice creams were frozen in a batch freezer with three types of sweetener, three levels of the emulsifier polysorbate 80, and two different draw temperatures to produce ice creams with a range of microstructures. Ice cream mixes were analyzed for viscosity, and finished ice creams were analyzed for air cell and ice crystal size, overrun, and fat destabilization. The ice phase volume of each ice cream were calculated based on the freezing point of the mix. Melting rate and hardness of each hardened ice cream was measured and correlated with the structural attributes by using analysis of variance and multiple linear regression. Fat destabilization, ice crystal size, and the consistency coefficient of the mix were found to affect the melting rate of ice cream, whereas hardness was influenced by ice phase volume, ice crystal size, overrun, fat destabilization, and the rheological properties of the mix.
Continuity and Discontinuity of Development in the Equilibrium Model.

(1971). Continuity and Discontinuity of Development in the Equilibrium Model. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 201-211.
946-109 Measurement of Right Ventricular Mass of Small and Large Hearts by Quantitative Volume-Rendered Three-dimensional Echocardiography Without the Use of Geometric Assumptions: Experimental Validation

Despite a need for a method to measure right ventricular (RV) mass, the unusual geometry of the RV has made application of common imaging approaches unreliable. Recent developments in volume-rendered threedimensional echocardiography (3DE) suggest that this technique could not only depict the anatomy but also aid in quantitation. Previously we have shown the utility of 3DE in obtaining RV cavity volumes. In this study we explored the accuracy of volume-rendered 3DE in estimating RV mass. Using a rotational imaging approach with a 5 MHz transducer, we obtained 2D images of 15 animal (dogs/pigs/cows) hearts of various sizes (simulating pediatric and adult hearts) in a watertank at every 2 degrees over a 180 degree span. Using various steps of 3D image processing (digital reformatting, thresholding and segmentation), 3DE images of the hearts were developed. Electronically, we sectioned each heart into 30 equidistant parallel slices that displayed all portions of the RV. The RV free wall volume was measured in each. Cumulative volume from these slices multiplied by myocardial density provided total RV wall mass. In addition, interobserver variability between 2 observers in RV mass estimation by 3DE was also assessed. These data were compared to the actual dry weight of the anatomic RV free wall measured by a third observer. Results The actual RV mass of the anatomic hearts was (M±SD) 72 ± 44 grams (range 25–175 grams); 3DE measured RV mass was 84 ± 55 grams (range 25–218). 3DE (y) derived RV mass had an excellent correlation with actual mass (x) : y = 1.22x – 5.4, r = 0.98, P l 0.0001. The interobserver concordance was also excellent (r = 0.97). In addition to such quantitative data, volume-rendered 3DE yielded tissue-depiction images of the RV interior, displaying the endocardial surface, papillary muscles and moderator band, and detailed visualization of the RV inflow and outflow regions in many cut-sections. 3DE projections also allowed visualization of the interventricular septum en face. We conclude that volume-rendered 3DE can be used to derive RV mass measurements accurately without unreliable geometric assumptions. This quantitative ability coupled to the capability of displaying RV anatomy enhances the clinical potential of 3-D echocardiography.
Reproductive Biology of the Lesser Cornstalk Borer. II. Cage Conditions and Sex Ratios for Mating

Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) mated in 40-dr clear plastic vials but not in 4-dr glass shell vials. In the 40-dr vials no significant differences in mating success occurred in cage position, cage top materials, and fed vs. unfed moths for a single mating per pair. Fed moths multiple mated significantly more frequently than unfed moths. No significant differences in male mating frequencies occurred when 1 male was exposed to 1 to 4 females. In the sex ratio test, males passed no more than 1 spermatophore per night.
Choice Rules and Sensitivity Analysis in Conjoint Simulators

Despite the widespread use of choice simulators in commercial conjoint applications, relatively little has been written about the applicability of various types of buyer choice rules and sensitivity analyses. This paper first discusses issues related to the selection of different buyer choice rules. We then propose six types of sensitivity analyses that can be implemented in buyer choice simulators, given the usual input data of respondents’ part worths, status quo product utilities, and background data.
Orientation dependence of shock-induced chemistry in diamond

Molecular dynamics simulations employing a reactive empirical bond order potential are used to study the orientational dependence of shock-induced chemistry in diamond. Even for strong shock waves, the mechanism of bond breaking and shock-induced transition to amorphous carbon is found to depend crucially on the direction of shock wave propagation. For $〈110〉$ oriented shock waves, high rate shear deformation causes the formation of layered carbon structures while $〈111〉$ shock waves favor the formation of diamond micrograins separated by amorphous carbon inclusions.
Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation.

Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence suggests that vitamin D may play a role in reducing breast cancer risk. Lack of exposure to ultraviolet sunlight can increase the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. This deficiency may place some populations at higher risk for breast cancer. The association between total average annual sunlight energy striking the ground and age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates in 87 regions of the United States was evaluated. Annual age-adjusted mortality rates for breast cancer varied over a 1.8-fold range, from 17-19 per 100,000 in the South and Southwest United States to 33 per 100,000 in the Northeast; the overall U.S. rate was 27.3 per 100,000. Risk of fatal breast cancer in the major urban areas of the United States was inversely proportional to intensity of local sunlight (r = -0.80, P = 0.0001); multiple regression with stratospheric ozone measurements, r = -0.82, P = 0.0001). Vitamin D from sunlight exposure may be associated with low risk for fatal breast cancer, and differences in ultraviolet light reaching the United States population may account for the striking regional differences in breast cancer mortality. The ecological nature of this study is emphasized, and the possibility that an indirect association with dietary and socioeconomic factors could explain these findings is discussed.
The use of information technology (IT) by electronic media workers in Delta State, Nigeria

Purpose – To find out the patterns of information technology (IT) use by electronic media workers in Delta State, Nigeria.Design/methodology/approach – The survey design using questionnaires to collect data is employed.Findings – These reveal the personal characteristics of the respondents – their sex, age, qualification, ranks/job titles, name of media organization; that all the respondents use IT facilities/components; most of them use computers system daily; a majority do not use internet/e‐mail nor fax machine but a majority use telephone; a good number of them use IT facilities to send message/news to their office; IT facilitates their sending/receiving of news/messages; frequent power outages among other factors militate against use of IT by the workers.Originality/value – The findings would assist electronic media organizations in developing countries to develop policies that could make media workers better users of IT.
Frictional models for stochastic simulations of proteins

As a first step toward a systematic parametrization of friction constants of atoms in proteins, a model in which frictional resistance is placed explicitly on each atom accessible to solvent is used to calculate overall translational and rotational diffusion constants. It is found that these quantities are relatively insensitive to the precise value of the atomic friction constant, as long as the effective hydrodynamic radius of the surface atoms is approximately 1 A. However, if only protein atoms are included in the calculation, no reasonable range atomic of radii can reproduce the experimental translational diffusion constant to better than 20% for lysozyme and 5% for ribonuclease. When a hydration shell of approximately 70% coverage for lysozyme and 20% for ribonuclease is included, there is quantitative agreement with experimental results. The sensitivity of peptide diffusion to levels of hydration is also investigated; it is found that for glycine, two bound waters are required to provide agreement with experiment. These findings imply that the effects of solvent damping will be underestimated in stochastic simulations of proteins and peptides unless bound waters are taken into account.
Technique for elevated release of sulfur hexafluoride tracer

Study of the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants has benefited greatly in the past from the use of artificial tracers. The study described in this paper used tethered balloons which carry one end of a hose aloft, through which a gaseous tracer can be dispensed. From the field tests it was concluded that the tandem balloon system is useful in atmospheric tracer experiments where a single balloon has insufficient lift to provide a release at the desired elevation. The SF/sub 6/ release system proved to be portable, easy to use, and suitable for simulating continuous elevated pollutant releases. 3 figures. (DP)
Educating Graduate Social Work Students in Disaster Response: A Real-Time Case Study

Social workers are mental health first-responders in disaster events, yet that role has been relatively underemphasized in social work curriculum for agency-based practice. The recent increasing number of disaster-related events has challenged schools of social work to respond with curriculum and field placements that meet the student demand for education in disaster behavior health. This paper describes how a real-time education and training program for disaster response was created and adopted into an existing graduate social work school curriculum. It also details how new field placements were created, and others were transformed to focus on mental health counseling and disaster relief following a significant weather-related event. This case study demonstrates how resources were developed and leveraged to address the immediate needs of devastated communities, and it provides strategic information on the way that social work students worked to address both acute and longer-term symptoms and needs of victims and survivors through clinical training and supervision. Through the historical lens of disaster response and behavioral health, resiliency-building is shown to be the cornerstone of effective community networking.
Un Acercamiento Cultural A La Edición De Textos Medievales: Método Y Mentalidad Nacional En Alemania, Francia Y España

The field of editorial philology is commonly divided according to the methodology utilized by specific editorial schools, such as the antithetical and the well known methodologies of Bedierism and Lachmannism. Yet despite the importance of these methodological differences, these editorial schools also appear to conglomerate along national lines. Thus Bedierism and Lachmannism are commonly and respectively considered as French and German schools of textual scholarship. Following these national lines, and working closely with two essays by Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, this article explores the relationship between editorial methodologies and national mentalities in the area of the medieval editorial philologies of Spain, Germany and France.
Metabolic Bioactivation and Toxicity of Ethyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate in Human SK-MEL-28 Melanoma Cells

The metabolism and toxicity of ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HEB) were investigated in vitro using tyrosinase enzyme, a melanoma molecular target, and CYP2E1 induced rat liver microsomes, and in human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells. The results were compared to 4-hydroxyanisole (4-HA). At 90 min, 4-HEB was metabolized 48% by tyrosinase and 26% by liver microsomes while the extent of 4-HA metabolism was 196% and 88%, respectively. The IC50 (day 2) of 4-HEB and 4-HA towards SK-MEL-28 cells were 75 and 50 microM, respectively. Dicoumarol, a diaphorase inhibitor, and 1-bromoheptane, a GSH depleting agent, increased 4-HEB toxicity towards SK-MEL-28 cells indicating o-quinone formation played an important role in 4-HEB induced cell toxicity. Addition of ascorbic acid and GSH to the media was effective in preventing 4-HEB cell toxicity. Cyclosporin A and trifluoperazine, inhibitors of permeability transition pore in mitochondria, were significantly potent in inhibiting 4-HEB cell toxicity. 4-HEB caused time-dependent decline in intracellular GSH concentration which preceded cell death. 4-HEB also led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in melanoma cells which exacerbated by dicoumarol and 1-bromoheptane whereas cyclosporin A and trifluoperazine prevented it. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of 4-HEB toxicity in SK-MEL-28 were o-quinone formation, intracellular GSH depletion, ROS formation and mitochondrial toxicity.
THE UPTAKE OF UREA BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

SUMMARY Half-saturation constants for urea uptake by 4 clones of neritic diatoms capable of utilizing urea were determined from short-term uptake studies with 15N-labeled urea. K8 values obtained were similar to those determined, earlier for ammonium, and since ammonium and urea concentrations are similar in the marine environment, it was concluded that these species are capable of utilizing ecologically significant concentrations of urea. Two of 3 species unable to grow on urea showed patterns of short-term uptake not unlike those of species capable of utilizing urea, which implies that, their assimilatory rather than uptake processes are defective with, regard to urea utilization. The third species initially took 15N (supplied as urea) into the cells but subsequently released it back into the medium.