cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender, the Service Sector, and U.S. Business History

Despite the importance of service-sector activities, both to women and to the U.S. economy, services have not figured prominently in business history. A consideration of the usefulness of this subject to business history is followed by a case study of household services in the nineteenth century, showing their social and economic value and the ways in which they exemplified the integral relations between women's work and business.
Glucose and Lactate Biosensors Based on Redox Polymer/Oxidoreductase Nanocomposite Thin Films

Glucose and lactate enzyme electrodes have been fabricated through the deposition of an anionic self-assembled monolayer and subsequent redox polymer/enzyme electrostatic complexation on gold substrates. These surfaces were functionalized with a negative charge using 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), followed by alternating immersions in cationic redox polymer solutions and anionic glucose oxidase (GOX) or lactate oxidase (LAX) solutions to build the nanocomposite structure. The presence of the multilayer structure was verified by ellipsometry and sensor function characterized electrochemically. Reproducible analyte response curves from 2 to 20 mM (GOX) and 2-10 mM (LAX) were generated with the standard deviation between multiple sensors between 12 and 17%, a direct result of the reproducibility of the fabrication technique. In the case of glucose enzyme electrodes, the multilayer structure was further stabilized through the introduction of covalent bonds within and between the layers. Chemical cross-linking was accomplished by exposing the thin film to glutaraldehyde vapors, inducing linkage formation between lysine and arginine residues present on the enzyme periphery with amine groups present on a novel redox polymer, poly[vinylpyridine Os(bisbipyridine)2Cl]-co-allylamine. Finally, an initial demonstration of thin-film patterning was performed as a precursor to the development of redundant sensor arrays. Microcontact printing was used to functionalize portions of a gold surface with a blocking agent, typically 1-hexadecanethiol. This was followed by immersion in MUA to functionalize the remaining portions of gold with negative charges. The multilayer deposition process was then followed, resulting in growth only on the regions containing MUA, resulting in a "positive"-type pattern. This technique may be used for fabrication of thin-film redundant sensor arrays, with thickness under 100 angstrom and lateral dimensions on a micrometer scale.
Intel Mote‐based sensor networks

The Intel Mote is a new sensor node platform motivated by several design goals: increased CPU performance, improved radio bandwidth and reliability, as well as the usage of commercial off-the-shelf components in order to maintain cost-effectiveness. This paper details the new platform architecture as well as practical experiences with the new mote regarding CPU and radio performance, networking algorithms, and battery life. The new platform is built around an integrated wireless microcontroller consisting of an ARM7 core, a Bluetooth radio, RAM and FLASH memory, as well as various I/O options. Due to the connection-oriented nature of Bluetooth, new network formation and maintenance algorithms that are optimized for this protocol have been created. In particular, the ‘scatternet’ mode of Bluetooth has been successfully adapted to form networks comprised of multiple piconets. The Intel Mote software architecture is based on an ARM port of TinyOS. Networking and routing layers have been created on top of the TinyOS base to provide the underlying multi-hop functionality. The network is self-organizing on startup and has mechanisms to repair failed links and circumvent failed nodes. Lower level functionality has been abstracted in the higher-level interface to allow the application programmer to utilize a virtual mesh network view without having to manage details of the Bluetooth operation. A reliable high bandwidth streaming transport layer has also been created. The Intel Mote was deployed in a pilot equipment monitoring application using industrial vibration sensors. This application was chosen since it benefits from the increased platform capabilities and network bandwidth of the Intel Mote platform. It also represents a potentially large market in the industrial monitoring and controls sector. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the observed network operation, packet transfer rates and power consumption. More importantly, a number of the technical features of this application can be extended to other areas such as building and structural monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity and age.

Excerpt To the editor: Moore and colleagues (1) found by univariate analysis that age did not correlate with the development of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. The age distribution of patients who d...
EXOSPORIAL MEMBRANE PLASTICITY OF CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES AND CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

Abstract This investigation examines the morphological alterations of the exosporial membranes of Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 3584 and Clostridium difficile ATCC 43594 and 9689 endospores in relation to their possible function during germination in the attachment/colonization process of these pathogenic bacteria. There is no reported function for the exosporial membrane, nor exposporial appendages, of clostridial endospores. Advances in high resolution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) permit the examination of these delicate, morphological projections on intact spores in the process of attachment. The morphological plasticity of the exosporial membrane projections during activation and germination was examined to determine whether the appearance of these exosporial projections coincided with attachment of the spores to the nutritive substrate, and whether this attachment could be altered by physical agitation, cation competition with Ba2+, chelation with EDTA, or treatment with colchicine. Following incubation, activated spores could not be removed from the agar surface by agitation in water (pH 7.2 or 9.1), nor by agitation in buffer or colchicine, indicating that some form of adherence or attachment to the agar had taken place. When agitated in the presence of Ba2+ or EDTA in phosphate buffered saline or EDTA in water, all activated spores detached from the agar and exhibited decreased exosporial projections and minimal, if any, attachment structures to the agar surface. Activated clostridial spores were found to attach to agar by delicate extensions of the exosporium that could be disrupted by EDTA or Ba2+ exposure, but were unchanged when shaken in buffer or water.
Acute Rheumatic Fever in a South Florida County Hospital, 1967-1971

It has been previously reported that the incidence of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in South Florida is less than in other metropolitan areas of the United States. It has been suggested that when acute rheumatic fever does occur the morbidity and mortality are significantly decreased. A five-year retrospective study of hospitalized cases revealed 98 episodes of ARF in 95 patients. The clinical manifestations paralleled data from recent surveys in two northern cities and included arthritis in 78 episodes, carditis in 54, chorea in two, and erythema marginatum and subcutaneous nodules in one case each. There were three deaths due to malignant pancarditis. Clinical, laboratory, and demographic data were also similar for this group and indicate rheumatic fever in Miami is not unlike the pattern of illness in other endemic areas of this country.
Liver transplant recipients' first year of posttransplant recovery: a longitudinal study.

A longitudinal study of 20 liver transplant recipients was conducted to investigate their posttransplant recovery experience. Data were collected using semistructured interviews at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after transplantation. Qualitative analysis of data revealed physical, psychological, social, economic, and spiritual dimensions of recovery. Findings reflect ongoing improvement of physical health and functionality for most recipients. Those with continuing health problems often suffered from preexisting health conditions. Psychological adjustment was uneven, with intermittent periods of fear, anxiety, and depression. Some recipients reported short-lived split identities and personality changes. Social support of family was critical in the hospital and at home. Economic issues became primary by the 1-year interview, with all recipients questioning whether they could afford ongoing healthcare and medicines. Spiritual needs were met in secular and nonsecular activities. Findings suggest that healthc...
Solidification around a cylinder in laminar cross flow

Abstract Liquid-solid phase change problems in convection heat transfer have many engineering applications. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been solved for transient laminar two-dimensional flow past a horizontal subcooled cylinder with outward solidification. The irregular, moving solid-liquid regions have been transformed into uniform squares for easier numerical problem solution using an ADI finite difference scheme. Results discussed are the unsteady thermal flow patterns, solid-liquid interface locations, Nusselt number distributions, and rates of ice formation for different Reynolds numbers, superheat parameters and Stefan numbers. After the initial phase of conduction-controlled ice layer growth, forced convection heat transfer may strongly affect the freezing process, potentially causing irregular shapes of ice formation.
Proline in the Vesicles and Sporelings of Valonia ventricosa and the Concept of Cell Wall Protein

THE mature vesicle of Valonia ventricosa was an early source of information about the nature of cellulose1 and the configuration of a cellulose cell wall2,3. Later it was used in one of the first investigations with the electron microscope of the way a plant cell wall develops at a naked protoplasmic surface4. The opportunity to make such a study was provided by the formation, at will, of aplanospores and by their subsequent development5. Aplanospores are small spherical masses of protoplasm, each with a nucleus, and they may form in very large numbers from the multinucleate, non-septate, protoplasm within a single vesicle. This system, therefore, has also provided an opportunity to allow sporelings to develop their cell walls while in contact with 14C-proline in sea-water. Current methods of autoradiography and electron microscopy make possible determination of the distribution of the radioactivity fixed from 14C-proline. This should test whether a developing cellulose cell wall incorporates substantial amounts of “cell wall protein” as indicated by radioactivity bound in the form of 14C-proline. Also the cell wall of mature vesicles of V. ventricosa can easily be obtained free of cytoplasm so that it is possible to ascertain, by direct analysis, how much total protein each contains and its content of proline and/or hydroxyproline.
The cell-cycle phase synthesis of non-histone proteins in mammalian cells.

Abstract The synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins was studied as a function of cell-cycle position in synchronized Chinese hamster cells. Although non-histones were synthesized in all phases of the cell cycle studied, non-histone synthesis was 3–5 fold higher in late G 1 phase when compared to any other phase. Furthermore, separation of non-histones into molecular weight subgroups, using sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, demonstrated that the high synthesis rates of late G 1 phase non-histones is principly characteristic of polypeptides larger than 45 000 daltons. Late G 1 cells inhibited from entering S phase for several hours by hydroxyurea, continued to synthesize non-histones at high rates. Upon removal of the hydroxyurea, non-histone synthesis rates decreased dramatically. This suggests that the synthesis of high molecular weight non-histone proteins is coupled to DNA synthesis.
Ultrasonographic patterns of reproductive organs in infants fed soy formula: comparisons to infants fed breast milk and milk formula.

Objective To determine if differences exist in hormone-sensitive organ size between infants who were fed soy formula (SF), milk formula (MF), or breast milk (BF). Study design Breast buds, uterus, ovaries, prostate, and testicular volumes were assessed by ultrasonography in 40 BF, 41 MF, and 39 SF infants at age 4 months. Results There were no significant feeding group effects in anthropometric or body composition. Among girls, there were no feeding group differences in breast bud or uterine volume. MF infants had greater (P Conclusions Our data do not support major diet-related differences in reproductive organ size as measured by ultrasound in infants at age 4 months, although there is some evidence that ovarian development may be advanced in MF-fed infants and that testicular development may be slower in both MF and SF infants as compared with BF. There was no evidence that feeding SF exerts any estrogenic effects on reproductive organs studied.
Familial Encephalopathy with Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies

We report on a new familial neurodegenerative disease with associated dementia that has presented clinically in the fifth decade, in both genders, and in each of several generations of a large family from New York State—a pattern of inheritance consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. A key pathological finding is the presence of neuronal inclusion bodies distributed throughout the gray matter of the cerebral cortex and in certain subcortical nuclei. These inclusions are distinct from any described previously and henceforth are identified as Collins bodies. The Collins bodies can be isolated by simple biochemical procedures and have a surprisingly simple composition; neuroserpin (a serine protease inhibitor) is their predominant component. An affinity-purified antibody against neuroserpin specifically labels the Collins bodies, confirming their chemical composition. Therefore, we propose a new disease entity—familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB). The conclusion that FENIB is a previously unrecognized neurodegenerative disease is supported by finding Collins bodies in a small kindred from Oregon with familial dementia who are unrelated to the New York family. The autosomal dominant inheritance strongly suggests that FENIB is caused by mutations in the neuroserpin gene, resulting in intracellular accumulation of the mutant protein.
Approaching a three‐day turnaround for e‐reserves: learning from Amtrak's mistakes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply the best practices defined by the Government Accounting Office (GAO) in its assessment of Amtrak to infrastructure improvements in electronic reserves at Columbia University Libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a 2004 GAO report, Intercity Passenger Rail, to set a framework for the handling of infrastructure improvement projects, and then examines a hypothetical electronic reserves project in light of that framework.Findings – This paper concludes that the best practices laid out in the GAO report, which include comprehensive planning, risk assessment, comprehensive financial management, accountability and oversight, and stakeholder involvement, are appropriate guidelines for any infrastructure improvement project. Many projects must address issues outside of infrastructure, however, and may benefit from outcomes‐based goals and policy adjustments.Originality/value – The paper is of benefit in the planning of library projects that inclu...
Resistance to herpetic stromal keratitis in immunized B-cell-deficient mice.

Abstract This study evaluates the role of antibody as an indicator of immunity to ocular challenge with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Two genotypes of mice, BALB/c or BALB/c with μ-chain knockout (μK/O; which lack functional B cells), were immunized systemically either with nonvirulent infectious virus or with a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding glycoprotein B (gB). Whereas naive μK/O mice were 10- to 100-fold more susceptible to HSV infection than BALB/c mice, following immunization both groups showed similar levels of resistance to ocular challenge. Thus both HSV-immunized groups cleared virus within 3 days and showed no signs of ocular lesions. gB DNA-immunized mice cleared virus less rapidly (5 days), and the incidence of lesions was 10 and 25% in BALB/c and μK/O mice, respectively. Since μK/O mice failed to produce detectable anti-HSV antibody, the mechanism of rapid viral removal was assumed to have a T cell basis. However, T cells would likely not mediate any protection directly since such cells were absent in infected corneas during clearance. A likely mechanism of immunity could involve innate defenses, perhaps enhanced by the action of cytokines released from antigen-reactive CD4+ cells in vascularized tissue adjacent to the cornea. Thus an abrupt inflammatory response consisting principally of neutrophils occurred in the corneal stroma in immune mice, and this subsided when virus disappeared. These data reveal that even though the deficiency in generating antibody renders mice more susceptible to HSV infection, once primed, resistance to disease expression is mediated solely by the cellular components and their products.
The future of user interface design tools

This workshop aims to gather researchers in the field of user interface design tools to identify important themes for the next decade of research. These tools aid in the design and development of interactive systems: they include interface builders, development environments for writing code, and toolkits that provide software architectures and building blocks to aid development. These tools have provided tremendous benefit for the designers and developers of graphical user interfaces. The CHI community has shown that the next generation of user interfaces is moving off the desktop: these emerging interfaces employ novel input techniques such as tangible, haptic, and camera-based interaction, access to vast information repositories and sensor networks, and information presentation to a wide range of devices. In this workshop, we will discuss common themes, conflicting ideas, and future directions for the next generation of software tools that will support ubiquitous computing.
A cartilaginous columellar strut in cleft lip rhinoplasties

Abstract Creation of an attractive nose for the older teenager with a cleft lip is difficult and particularly so with regard to the profile. Two reasons for this are the shortness of the columella in both unilateral and bilateral clefts, and failure of the alar cartilages to provide adequate tip support. The technique to be described was developed to correct both.
The Growth of Primary Low-Grade B-Cell Gastric Lymphoma Is Sustained by Helicobacter pylori

Background: The growth of primary low-grade B-cell gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an antigen-dependent process. Case: We were able to document the influence of Helicobacter pylori on the natural history of primary low-grade B-cell gastric MALT lymphoma in a case investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction for IgH rearrangement. In this case the presence or absence of the bacterium appeared to affect both clinical manifestations and histologic features of the neoplasia, with an acceleration or a slowing down of the neoplastic expansion, respectively. Conclusions: We identified H. pylori as an antigenic stimulus that supports the growth of MALT-type lymphoma. This finding enables us to make some considerations about the management of the disease.
Effects of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathies on kindling in the immature brain

The effects of hypoxia and ischemia on subsequent kindling in the immature animal were assessed using three experimental designs. In the first experiment, 15- and 30-day-old rats were exposed to either 15 or 30 min of 6% oxygen and then subsequently kindled. In the second experiment, 15- and 30-day-old rats underwent unilateral carotid ligation followed by kindling in the ipsilateral amygdala. In the third experiment, the Levine procedure was used (unilateral carotid ligation followed by exposure to 6% oxygen) and rats were subsequently kindled in the amygdala either ipsilateral or contralateral to the side of the carotid ligation. Hypoxia and carotid ligation alone failed to result in any significant difference from controls in rate of kindling. In rats that underwent the Levine procedure and were kindled in the amygdala ipsilateral to the side of the carotid ligation, there was a marked inhibition of kindling. These results suggest that although mild hypoxia or ischemia did not alter seizure susceptibility, moderate to severe hypoxia-ischemia inhibited the development of generalized seizures. The mechanism of this inhibition is not known.
Detergent extraction of cholera toxin and gangliosides from cultured cells and isolated membranes

Abstract Choleragen, when bound to various cultured cells, resisted extraction by Triton X-100 under conditions which retained the cytoskeletal framework of the cells. This resistance (> 75% of the bound toxin) was observed in Friend erythroleukemic, mouse neuroblastoma N18 and NB41A and rat glioma C6 cells even though the different cells varied over 1000-fold in the number of toxin receptors. The extent of extraction did not depend on whether the cells were in monolayer culture or in suspension or whether choleragen was bound at 0 or 37°C. A similar resistance to extraction was also observed in membranes isolated from toxin-treated cells. Using more drastic conditions and other non-ionic detergents, 90% of the bound choleragen was solubilized from cells and membranes. When rat glioma C6 cells, which bind only small amounts of choleragen, were incubated with the ganglioside GM1, toxin binding was increased and the bound toxin was also resistant to extraction. When these cells were incubated with [3H]GM1, up to 70% of the cell-associated GM1 was extracted under the mild conditions. When the GM1-labeled cells were incubated with choleragen or its B (binding) component, there was a significant reduction in the solubilization of GM1. Similar results were obtained with isolated membranes. When choleragen-receptor complexes were isolated from N18 cells labeled with [3H]galactose by immunoadsorption, only labeled GM1 was specifically recovered. These results suggest that it is the choleragen-ganglioside complex that is resistant to detergent extraction.
Strategic decision analysis: Applied decision analysis and its role in the strategic management process

This paper examines a role for applied decision analysis in the strategic management process. It is argued that decision analysis should be regarded both as a heuristic and a ‘thinking’ algorithm for decision structuring and problem diagnosis and, in addition, as an input to the process of policy dialogue. A policy dialogue paradigm using decision analysis is outlined, in which various viewpoints are reconciled by the questioning of analyses and assumptions. This dialogue paradigm is viewed as being compatible with approaches such as strategic assumptions analysis, which have been suggested in the literature as an aid for the processes of problem finding, formulation and solution.
Enantiodivergent Total Syntheses of (+)- and (−)-Scopadulcic Acid A

The first enantioselective total synthesis of scopadulcic acid A is described. The key step is a cascade intramolecular Heck reaction of a methylenecycloheptene iodide, which generates the B, C, and D rings of the scopadulan ring system in 90% yield as a single stereoisomer. A distinctive feature of these syntheses is the use of stereoselective enolization to dictate which enantiomer of the natural product is produced.
Successful preservation of Daphnia for chemical and physical analysis

Daphnia may be preserved without loss of phosphorus or carbon by filtering them onto screens and quickly freezing them in the absence of excess water. Length is unaffected by the process and eggs and young may be counted accurately.
710 IMMUNOLOGIC FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH IRON DEFICIENCY

To determine the effect of iron deficiency on immune function, cell mediated immunity and immunoglobulins were evaluated in iron deficient children. Nine children 8-30 months old appearing well nourished with heights and weights 3rd to 97th percentile and arm circumferences 5.25-7″, clinically in good health but with Hgb ≥8.8gm/dl were studied. CBC, immunoglobulins, E-rosettes, and candida, tetanus and PHA stimulation as well as skin tests were performed before and after oral iron replacement. Hemoglobin increased to 10.2-13.3gm/dl with treatment. Evaluating percentage change in E-rosettes [(E2-E1)/E1 × 100]; three children increased rosetting cells; 24.5, 38.6 and 45%. Three children increased E-rosette cells 11.7 to 15.2%. In two children there was no appreciable change and one child had a decrease in E-rosettes. There were no low values of IgG but several children had increases in IgG after iron replacement (200-400mg/dl greater). Changes in delayed hypersensitivity were noted with iron therapy, but pretreatment skin tests may have contributed to these changes. Six of nine iron deficient children showed increases in E-rosettes with oral iron replacement. The presence of subtle T-cell defects in these children may help explain the increased susceptibility to severe infections in anemic children.
Membrane potential regulates Ca2+ uptake and inositol phosphate generation in rat sublingual mucous acini

Abstract In salivary acinar cells, muscarinic-induced fluid secretion is associated with a 1,4,5-IP3 induced increase in the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which in turn activates Ca2+-dependent K+ and Cl− channels that modulate the membrane potential. In the present study the influence of the membrane potential on [Ca2+]i and inositol phosphates was monitored in rat sublingual mucous acini. Depolarization induced by switching from 5.8 mM extracellular K+ ([K+]e) to 116 mM [K+]e resulted in a transient increase in the [Ca2+]i measured using the Ca2+ sensitive fluorescent indicator Fura-2. This initial rapid ( t 1 2 ∼ 5 s ) increase (∼3-fold) in [Ca2+]i was dependent on extracellular Ca2+, insensitive to nifedipine, and followed by establishment of a ‘new’ resting [Ca2+]i, ∼35% higher than the level in physiological [K+]e. Depolarization also induced a significant rise in the resting cellular inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4) contents, but not 1,4,5-IP3 content. Stimulation with 10 μM carbachol (CCh, a muscarinic agonist) produced a biphasic increase in [Ca2+]i, the initial transient phase due to mobilization of Ca2+ from an intracellular pool, and a sustained phase mediated by an influx of Ca2+. Membrane depolarization had no effect on the initial phase, while, the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i was eliminated. The CCh-enhanced quench of the Fura-2 signal by Mn2+ (an index for divalent cation entry) was reversibly inhibited by depolarization. The enhanced Mn2+ uptake induced by inhibiting microsomal Ca2+-ATPase with thapsigargin was similarly inhibited by membrane depolarization, consistent with the effect of depolarization primarily acting on the Ca2+ entry pathway and not on receptor coupling. Depolarization did not alter the initial CCh-induced increases in IP3, IP4 or 1,4,5-IP3 content, or the sustained increase in 1,4,5-IP3, wheres, depolarization significantly blunted (> 70%) the sustained, CCh-induced generation of IP3 and IP4. The membrane potential, therefore, appears to modulate Ca2+ activated fluid secretion by controlling the driving force for Ca2+ entry via a depletion-activated Ca2+ entry pathway. Inositol phosphate metabolism is also influenced by the membrane potential, but this effect apparently plays a minor role in regulating [Ca2+]i since 1,4,5-IP3 levels were unchanged by depolarization.
A determination of the quadrupole tensors in a single crystal of dl-serine-d2 at 4.2 K

Abstract NMR transitions are detected by electron nuclear double resonance at 4.2 K in a single crystal of doubly deuterated dl -serine. Quadrupolar splittings are measured from spectra acquired at 5° intervals in three orthogonal planes. From the angular dependence of these splittings, the quadrupole tensor and the orientation of the principal axis system with respect to the crystal axes are determined for the methylene deuterons. The relationship between the C-D bond length and the quadrupole coupling constant is discussed. In general, based on data available to date, one might expect the typical methylene bond length to lie in the range of 1.095 ± 0.010 A and the quadrupole coupling constant to lie in the range 170 ± 10 kHz.
The time course of synthesis of poliovirus RNA.

The time course of the synthesis of viral RNA has been investigated in the poliovirus-HeLa cell system by two independent methods, which yield concordant results. Viral RNA synthesis begins no more than 12 hour before the first appearance of mature virus, and at no time is there a large amount of free viral RNA. The implications of these findings with respect to the mode of virus replication are discussed.
Body Mass Index, Dieting, Romance, and Sexual Activity in Adolescent Girls: Relationships Over Time

Romantic relationships constitute an important, but understudied, developmental context for accommodation to pubertal change. Using a nationally representative sample of 5,487 black, white, and Hispanic adolescent females, this study examined associations among body mass index, current romantic involvement, and dieting. For each one point increase in body mass-index (BMI), the probability of having a romantic relationship decreased by 6%. Further, involvement in a nonsexual romantic relationship—but not involvement in a sexual romantic relationship—was associated with a significant increase in the likelihood of dieting. Associations between relationship type and dieting did not vary by age, socioeconomic status, or race, but were stronger at higher BMIs. These findings confirm that weight has implications for romantic involvement, which is highly valued by adolescent girls, and that romantic relationships, in turn, are important contexts in which to consider psychological and behavioral accommodation to the physical changes of puberty.
Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children and Adults

Among the collagen vascular diseases neurologic manifestations have been most commonly recognized and well-studied in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus). Neurologic manifestations are less prevalent in other systemic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies of neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) in children and adults.
The effects of aromatase overexpression on mammary growth and gene expression in the aromatase x transforming growth factor alpha double transgenic mice.

Abstract The transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) and its receptor (EGFR) are expressed in many breast cancers. Typically, the progression of estrogen dependent primary breast cancers into a hormone-independent state, due to the loss of the estrogen receptor, is associated with increased levels of TGFα and EGFR, leading to aggressive breast carcinomas. The relationship between breast tumorigenesis and TGFα is evident in the transgenic mice overexpressing TGFα in the mammary glands. In the aromatase transgenic mice, the mammary glands exhibit preneoplastic developments but do not form frank tumors. To test the interactions between growth factor overexpression with tissue estrogen, we have crossed the aromatase transgenic mice with the TGFα transgenic mice to produce a double transgenic strain. The histological data for the mammary glands of aromatase x TGFα double transgenic mice show that these mice develop hyperplastic changes similar to the aromatase parental strain but no tumors are formed. Consistently, the expression of cyclin D1 and PCNA is diminished in the double transgenic strain as compared to the parental strains. In addition, the expression of TGFα, EGF and EGFR are also decreased in the double transgenic strain, suggesting that continuous estrogen presence in the tissue due to aromatase overexpression downregulates the expression of EGFR and its ligands.
Rational separability of the integral closure

We investigate the following question. Let K be a global field, i.e. a number field or an algebraic function field of one variable over a finite field of constants. Let WK be a set of primes of K, possibly infinite, such that in some fixed finite separable extension L of K, all the primes of WK do not have factors of relative degree 1. Let M be a finite extension of K and let WM be the set of all the M-primes above the primes of WK. Then does WM have the same property? The answer is “always” for one variable algebraic function fields over finite fields of constants and “not always” for number fields. In this paper we give a complete description of the conditions under which WM inherits and does not inherit the above described property.
Determination of cephalothin sodium by a chemiluminescence method

The cephalosporin antibiotic cephalothin has the ability to prolong and intensify the chemiluminescence derived from the cobalt(II)-luminol-hydrogen peroxide system. This is believed to result from the formation of a peroxide complex of cephalothin which is longer lived than the superoxide ion in aqueous solution. It can be used as the basis for the determination of cephalothin in the range 0.4–400 μm ml−1.
Hellström technique revisited: laparoscopic management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Abstract Objectives To present our experience with the treatment of adult ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction using a laparoscopic Hellstrom vascular relocation technique. Methods Transperitoneal laparoscopy was performed in 35 patients for the management of UPJ obstruction. In 9 cases, we identified crossing lower pole vessels and performed the Hellstrom technique. We discuss our indications, intraoperative techniques, and outcomes when performing only vascular relocation in these patients. Results All 9 patients presented with long-standing flank pain and were identified as having UPJ obstruction (7 primary, 2 secondary) on radiographic imaging. The intraoperative decision to perform the Hellstrom technique was based on the presence of the crossing vessels, a grossly normal appearance of the ureter and UPJ, and a small renal pelvis. The crossing vessels were completely mobilized, displaced cephalad, and fixed using intracorporeal sutures. The mean operative time and blood loss was 164 minutes and 15 mL, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 19 months (range 14 to 31), the patients were asymptomatic with no evidence of obstruction on Lasix nuclear renography. Conclusions Traditional treatment of UPJ obstruction, with or without crossing vessels, has been accomplished by pyeloplasty. Dismembered pyeloplasty is a standard method in cases of associated crossing vessels; however, we propose that the Hellstrom technique be considered in cases in which the ureter appears normal and the pelvic anatomy is unfavorable for transection and anterior reanastomosis of the ureter and pelvis. These considerations are particularly relevant during the laparoscopic approach in which intracorporeal suturing and knot tying are technically challenging.
Electromigration reliability of tungsten and aluminum vias and improvements under AC current stress

The reliability with respect to electromigration failure of tungsten and aluminum vias under DC, pulse-DC, and AC stressing has been studied using Kelvin test structures. The results indicate that although W-plug vias can eliminate the step coverage problem, this metallization system is not ideal because the intermetallic contact represents an undesirable flux divergence location for electromigration. Al vias are more reliable than W-plug vias with respect to electromigration failure. The unidirectional 50% duty factor pulse-DC lifetime is found to be twice the DC lifetime in the low-frequency region ( 10 kHz). The via lifetimes under bidirectional stressing current are found to be orders of magnitude longer than DC lifetimes under the same stressing current density for both W and Al vias. All the observations are in agreement with a vacancy relaxation model. >
A Cuban Spring? The Use of the Internet as a Tool of Democracy Promotion by United States Agency for International Development in Cuba

This paper is an exploration of the use of Internet technologies as tools that form a part of democracy promotion programs in authoritarian regimes by international development actors – in particular United States Agency for International Development. It discusses the role of development actors in democracy promotion, the role of the Internet and new media in democracy promotion and the impact this has had on Cuba's nascent Internet infrastructure. It discusses and asks questions about the role of development actors in the promotion of democracy, the emergence of online dissidents in Cuba and their impact on discussions pertaining to a so-called Cuban Spring and the challenges of introducing the Internet into Cuba.
A balun-free coax-fed helical antenna for minimally invasive microwave ablation

We present a coax-fed helical antenna for microwave ablation of tumors. In contrast to previously reported coaxial antenna designs, the proposed antenna achieves a localized specific absorption rate pattern at the desired frequency of operation without using a coaxial balun. Such baluns increase the outer diameter, and thus the invasiveness, of the antenna. Balun-free operation in the proposed antenna is achieved by operating the helical antenna at a frequency where its feed point impedance is intrinsically high. This efficiently chokes the currents excited on the outer surface of the feeding cable. Using a compact impedance matching network at the antenna feed point, we achieve an excellent impedance match between the antenna and the main feeding transmission line as demonstrated by the simulation and measurement results. This balun-free antenna design offers a promising solution for reducing the invasiveness of interstitial devices in microwave ablation.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and JC Virus-related disease in modern neurology practice

The natural history and clinical import of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy has changed enormously in the last thirty years. After a resurgence of PML during the HIV/AIDS epidemic, advances in the treatment of multiple sclerosis created another group of ‘at risk’ patients. With a focus on issues pertaining to the multiple sclerosis patient population, this review covers pathophysiology of the JC virus, causes of PML, mechanisms by which natalizumab increases the risk of PML, determinants of PML risk in natalizumab-treated patients, risks of natalizumab discontinuation, PML prevention and surveillance, PML imaging features, PML diagnosis and stumbling blocks to making the diagnosis, PML and PML-Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) treatment.
Diminished mitogen-induced calcium uptake by lymphocytes from Alzheimer patients.

Recent studies demonstrate diminished calcium uptake by cultured skin fibroblasts from Alzheimer patients. To determine if altered calcium homeostasis is also present in tissue taken from Alzheimer patients, calcium homeostasis was assessed in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Calcium uptake by lymphocytes from Alzheimer patients was 10%–15% lower (p < 0.002) than that of lymphocytes from age-matched controls. However, neither superficially bound nor total calcium was altered by Alzheimer's disease. These small differences in uptake may reflect larger differences in cytosolic calcium, in later calciummediated events, or in the response of particular subsets of lymphocytes. Their biological significance remains to be determined.
Comparison of Fresnel zone plates and uniformly redundant arrays

Several imaging systems in laser fusion, a-beam fusion, and astronomy employ a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) as a coded aperture. The recent development of uniformly redundant arrays (URAs) promises several improvements in these systems. The first advantage of the URA is the fact that its modulation transfer function (MTF) is the same as the MTF of a single pinhole, whereas the MTF of an FZP is an erratic function including some small values. This means that if inverse filtering is used, the URA will be less susceptible to noise. If a correlation analysis is used, the FZP will produce artifacts whereas the URA has no artifacts (assuming planar sources). Both the FZP and URA originated from functions which had flat MTFs. However, practical considerations in the implementation of the FZP detracted from its good characteristics whereas the URA was only mildly affected. The second advantage of the URA is that it better utilizes the available detector area. With the FZP, the aperture should be smaller than the detector in order to maintain the full angular resolution corresponding to the thinnest zone. The cyclic nature of the URA allows one to mosaic it in such a way that the entire detector area collects photons from all of the sources within the field of view while maintaining the full angular resolution. If the FZP is as large (or larger) than the detector, all parts of the source will not be resolved with the same resolution. The FZP does have some advantages, in particular its radial symmetry eases the alignment problem; it has a convenient optical decoding method; and higher diffraction order reconstruction might provide better spatial resolution.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study

Abstract Letter and lexical processing Operations were examined in an experimental case study of a letter-by-letter (LBL) reader. In a whole-report paradigm, lexical processing ability was shown to be largely intact by greater recognition accuracy for letters in words relative to pseudowords or nonwords. In a letter matching task, reaction time measures indicated impaired performance under simultaneous exposure conditions and in cross-case matching. The LBL reading deficit is discussed in terms of the inability to form abstract character representations of letters efficiently and in parallel.
Modernity, Community and the Landscape Idea:

Landscape has recently achieved a broad intellectual prominence as a theoretical concept across the arts, humanities, and social sciences. Its complex roots and meanings are scrutinized with particular attention given to the pictorial and scenic aspects of landscape, which are here historicized in relation to processes of cultural modernization. Landscape's roots in territorially based community governed by customary law have never been wholly destroyed and an analysis of the evolution of landscapes in Southern California suggests that they are being recovered in certain respects in the context of hypermodernity.
Antiviral activities of isometric dideoxynucleosides of D- and L-related stereochemistry

In summary, many isomeric analogs of ddNs of both D-related and L-related absolute stereochemistries have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activities. A few of these compounds exhibit potent antiviral activity and, interestingly, belong to both the D and L families. The synthetic methodologies developed will allow accessibility to many more novel modified nucleosides. While some structure-activity relationships are emerging from this work, it is clear that these chiral isomeric nucleosides have opened a new chapter in the field of antiviral nucleosides.
More on SI units

May I contribute some water to the ‘tempest in a teapot’ about SI units. In L K. Coachman in the September 4,1979, EOS, I found a kindred spirit. Other SI units, in addition to pascals, also lack the capability of being visualized and hence more comprehensible. My work in irrigation is primarily at the application level on the farm. The units of depth are commonly used, e.g. 23 mm of rain, 8 mm per day evapotranspiration, irrigation application of 100 mm, etc. Similarly, it is very practical to use a volume unit that involves depth, so the hectare meter is very logical. It also has many of the advantages of the old acre foot unit. The SI unit for volume is the m3. However, to say to a farmer to apply 7.5 x 103 m3 is rather abstract. To tell him to apply 100 mm on his 7.5 hectare field conveys a visual concept and is very understandable.
Cyclooxygenase‐2, prostaglandin E2 glycerol ester and nitric oxide are involved in muscarine‐induced presynaptic enhancement at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Previous work has demonstrated that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the lizard neuromuscular junction (NMJ) induces a biphasic modulation of evoked neurotransmitter release: an initial depression followed by a delayed enhancement. The depression is mediated by the release of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) from the muscle and its binding to cannabinoid type 1 receptors on the motor nerve terminal. The work presented here suggests that the delayed enhancement of neurotransmitter release is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as it converts 2-AG to the glycerol ester of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2-G). Using immunofluorescence, COX-2 was detected in the perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) surrounding the NMJ. Pretreatment with either of the selective COX-2 inhibitors, nimesulide or DuP 697, prevents the delayed increase in endplate potential (EPP) amplitude normally produced by muscarine. In keeping with its putative role as a mediator of the delayed muscarinic effect, PGE2-G enhances evoked neurotransmitter release. Specifically, PGE2-G increases the amplitude of EPPs without altering that of spontaneous miniature EPPs. As shown previously for the muscarinic effect, the enhancement of evoked neurotransmitter release by PGE2-G depends on nitric oxide (NO) as the response is abolished by application of either N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthesis, or carboxy-PTIO, a chelator of NO. Intriguingly, the enhancement is not prevented by AH6809, a prostaglandin receptor antagonist, but is blocked by capsazepine, a TRPV1 and TRPM8 receptor antagonist. Taken together, these results suggest that the conversion of 2-AG to PGE2-G by COX-2 underlies the muscarine-induced enhancement of neurotransmitter release at the vertebrate NMJ.
Bridgeless buck PFC rectifier

A new bridgeless buck PFC rectifier that substantially improves efficiency at low line of the universal line range is introduced. By eliminating input bridge diodes, the proposed rectifier's efficiency is further improved. Moreover, the rectifier doubles its output voltage, which extends useable energy of the bulk capacitor after a drop-out of the line voltage. The operation and performance of the proposed circuit was verified on a 700-W, universal-line experimental prototype operating at 65 kHz. The measured efficiencies at 50% load from 115-V and 230-V line are both close to 96.4%. The efficiency difference between low line and high line is less than 0.5% at full load. A second-stage half-bridge converter was also included to show that the combined power stages easily meet Climate Saver Computing Initiative Gold Standard.