cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein-Mediated DNA Loop Formation in Intrinsically Bent Substrates

The lac Repressor protein (LacI) binds to two distant operator sites along the substrate DNA, bending the intervening DNA into a loop. A set of intrinsically bent substrate DNA constructs, designed by Mehta and Kahn, were found to form loops which were stable for many hours to days in the presence of a 50-fold excess of competitor DNA in bulk in vitro experiments. Here, we present complimentary single-molecule measurements of loop formation and breakdown rates on these constructs, using Tethered Particle Motion (TPM). In this single-molecule format, we see loops continuing to form and breakdown on a time scale of minutes both in the presence and absence of the competitor DNA. The timescales are unexpectedly different from the bulk experiments, but the experiments confirm the surprising insensitivity of these protein-mediated DNA loops to the presence of excess competitor DNA. We will discuss potential explanations for these counterintuitive findings, and implications for our understanding of the kinetics of protein-mediated DNA looping in general.
The Estimation of Ridge Coefficients Using Regression Programs Without a Zero Intercept Option

The Criner and McElroy modification to computer programs that do not have a zero intercept regression option is used to obtain ridge regression coefficients.
Variations in the secondary metabolite camptothecin in relation to tissue age and season in Camptotheca acuminata

We investigated variation in concentration of the secondary metabolite, camptothecin (CPT), in relation to leaf, branch and tree age, season, and leaf drying method in Camptotheca acuminata Decaisne saplings. Younger leaves contained higher CPT concentrations than older leaves. Within a branch, there was a linear decline in CPT concentration from leaves at the apex of the branch down to Leaf 7. Comparing leaves of similar age, those from younger trees had higher CPT concentrations than those from older trees. Over the course of the growing season, there was a steady decline of 11% per month in leaf CPT concentration. Branches showed a similar seasonal decline in CPT concentration to leaves; however, the rate of decline was threefold greater in leaves than in branches. Freeze-dried tissues had a 27% higher CPT concentration than oven- or air-dried tissues, suggesting that oven- and air-drying caused degradation of CPT. The decline in CPT concentration with tissue aging may reflect a genetically determined mechanism whereby, in young trees, chemicals serve as a first line of defense against attacks by herbivores and pathogenic microorganisms until other mechanisms are developed and deployed. We hypothesize that chemical defense mechanisms are programmed for early ontogenic stages, whereas they are induced by biotic and abiotic factors during later ontogenic stages.
Studies of the Sentence Completion Test

(1953). Studies of the Sentence Completion Test. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 280-294.
Chemical and optical studies of glass shards in Pleistocene and Pliocene ash layers from DSDP site 192, Northwest Pacific Ocean

Abstract Thirty-four ash layers of Pleistocene and Pliocene age from DSDP Site 192, northwestern Pacific Ocean, have been subjected to detailed chemical and optical study to evaluate: (1) the chemical and optical variability in glass shards from deep-sea ash layers, and (2) secondary changes brought about by prolonged exposure to seawater. Glass shards from approximately half of the ash layers studied were found to have uniform compositions which approach the precision of the microprobe chemical analyses, whereas the remainder are compositionally diverse (e.g., SiO 2 , variations of 5–15% among shards from the same ash layer) and appear to be the eruptive products of compositionally zoned magma chambers. Optical studies of glass shards confirm the absence of devitrification or the formation of pervasive secondary alteration products. By contrast, chemical studies suggest that the glass shards have experienced progressive hydration with possible minor ion exchange of K, Mg, Ca and Si. The hydration occurs rapidly and leads to a rather uniform water content of 4.5–5% after several hundred thousands of years exposure to seawater. Step-wise heating dehydration experiments, optical effects, and published'oxygen isotope studies indicate that the water of hydration is incorporated uniformly within the glass. Systematic chemical differences between electron microprobe analyses of glass shard interiors and corresponding bulk chemical study by atomic absorption lead us to postulate that glass shard margins have undergone a minor chemical exchange with major cations in seawater. They have gained 0.10–0.20 wt. % K 2 0, MgO, and CaO while losing a corresponding amount of Si 2 O. Although the glass shards from DSDP Site 192 are hydrated and may have experienced subtle, surficial ion exchange, we stress that they are the most chemically representative samples available of magmas that were explosively erupted from volcanic arcs.
A gonioscopic study of fistulizing operations.

THE MECHANISM by which surgical procedures control glaucoma is not known, a fact which is not remarkable since the cause of the disease itself is not known. The present study is an attempt to demonstrate whether gonioscopy can shed light upon this point. Examination was made with the Koeppe lens and binocular gonioscope or with the Allen Gonioprism and slit lamp, the patients being unselected except for their having had fistulizing antiglaucoma operations. After the records with insufficient data or length of follow-up study had been discarded, there remained 91 eyes for analysis, all of which I had personally examined. None was followed for less than six months. All but 7 were followed over one year—48 from one to three years, 17 from three to five years, and 19 over five years. The generally accepted mode of action of fistulizing operations may best be described by quoting Duke-Elder.1 In
Rare-Earth Doped Epitaxial InGaP and its Optical Properties

The optical properties of rare-earth impurities in InGaP and the factors which influence their luminescence efficency are presented. Basic energy transfer processes are described. Practical devices that utilize characteristic rare-earth luminescence are reported.
Pharmaceutical marketing and the invention of the medical consumer.

Applbaum demystifies some of the assumptions at work in the "culture of marketing," toward the goal of explaining contemporary disease mongering.
A C84 selective porphyrin macrocycle with an adaptable cavity constructed through alkyne metathesis

A bisporphyrin macrocycle was constructed from a porphyrin-based diyne monomer in one step through alkyne metathesis. The fullerene binding studies (C60, C70 and C84) showed the highest binding affinity of the macrocycle for C84, which is in great contrast to its bisporphyrin four-armed cage analogue that showed the strongest binding with C70.
Impact of sociodemographic and hospital factors on attempts at vaginal birth after cesarean delivery

Abstract Objective To estimate the clinical and nonclinical factors associated with whether a patient attempts a trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery or elects to have a repeat cesarean delivery. Methods We conducted a retrospective, cohort study comparing all women with previous low transverse cesarean delivery who attempted a trial of labor with those who elected to have a repeat cesarean delivery. Data from 17 hospital sites for the period 1995–1998 were included, for a total of 15,172 patients. Bivariate, site-adjusted, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Results Odds of trial of labor by hospital were not uniform in the unadjusted or adjusted analyses. The odds of trial of labor decreased significantly with increasing age, gravidity, and number of previous cesarean deliveries. Medicaid patients had higher odds of trial of labor than did privately insured patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20, 1.55]). Patients with nonrecurrent indication for previous cesarean delivery had generally higher odds of trial of labor than did those with a recurrent indication. Black women were more likely to attempt trial of labor than were white women (OR 2.17 [95% CI 1.83, 2.56] for those with a nonrecurrent indication). Conclusion Clinical and nonclinical factors influence rates of attempted vaginal birth after cesarean delivery.
Determination of PCB Sources by a Principal Component Method with Nonnegative Constraints

An attempt was made to resolve major sources of PCB contamination to the sediments of the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary. A principal component analysis model (PCA) with nonnegative constraints was developed and applied to three dated sediment cores: VC 6 in the Kinnickinnic River, VC 9 in the Harbor Entrance Channel, and VC 12 in the Outer Harbor. The model operates on eight common PCB congeners. Prior to the analysis of real data, the PCA model was examined for suitability using a simulated data set. The data set was created by Monte Carlo simulation and was conceived to reflect PCB Aroclor sources affected by random variations in transport and particle association. The model appears to successfully reconstruct the original profiles. In the actual data set, Aroclor 1016 and 1242 were major contributors to PCBs in cores VC 9 and VC 12. There was no Aroclor 1016 in VC 6. Aroclor 1254 and 1260 were of minor significance, but were identified as sources in all three cores. Both factor loadings and factor scores w...
A Model Comparison: Numerical Simulations of the North and Equatorial Atlantic Oceanic Circulation in Depth and Isopycnic Coordinates

Abstract A series of medium-resolution (∼1°) numerical simulations for the equatorial and North Atlantic basin have been performed with two primitive equation models, one employing depth and the other density as the vertical coordinate. The models have been configured for this exercise in as similar a fashion as their basic formulations allow, and with fundamentally identical initialization, boundary conditions, and forcing functions for each of the experiments. The purpose of comparing the models’ results is twofold: 1) to understand the degree to which model-generated circulation fields depend on the particular model architecture by examining the rate of divergence of the solutions of an isopycnic and a depth coordinate model given the same initial conditions and 2) to uncover and remedy possible defects in either model design. The comparison is focused on the importance in each simulation of the choice of mixing parameterization, which has a crucial impact on the meridional overturning circulation, on ...
Detection of A t-complex antigen by secondary cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.

SUMMARY Because of the inconsistency in published results concerning the serological detection of cell surface antigens coded for by the t-complex, a cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML) assay, secondary CML, was used in a search for t-antigens. By sensitizing C3H.Ttf (C3H.Brachyury, tufted) with the congenic strain C3H.Ttf/tW" splenic cells, a response against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated splenic cells from C3H.Ttf/tw1* mice is obtained. The locus coding for the antigen detected by this reaction lies to the left of tf on the murine seventeenth chromosome. The secondary CML response to this antigen is H-2 restricted and detects an antigen on all t-haplotypes tested: fwl', twi8ff, ti*, t6, th2tf, and tW5.
Broad-bandwidth pulse amplification to the 10-μJ level in an ytterbium-doped germanosilicate fiber

The saturation characteristics of pulse amplification in an ytterbium-doped fiber are studied. The highest pulse energy obtained is 12 μJ at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Even with gain narrowing, the fiber is capable of amplifying the bandwidth of 100-fs pulses at 1 μm.
Injection, Transport and Removal of Gas Bubbles in Microchannels for Heat Transfer Enhancement

Liquid cooling is an efficient way to remove heat fluxes with magnitudes up to 10,000 W/cm2 . One limitation of single-phase microchannel heat transfer is the relatively low Nusselt number, due to laminar flow. Several methods have been used to improve the Nusselt number such as geometric obtrusions, pins and fins and nanofluids. In this talk, we experimentally investigate the heat transfer enhancement of a heat sink where air bubbles are periodically injected. The segmented flow pattern generates recirculation loops that enhance transport phenomena. We show that segmented flow can enhance the Nusselt number of laminar flows in short channels by a factor two. Also, we demonstrate a simple and high-throughput method for removing bubbles from microchannels, using a hydrophobic porous membrane. The role of the thin liquid film coating the bubbles in the heat transfer and the bubble removal is investigated.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Imaging XUV spectroscopy of a z-pinch plasma in the former Soviet Union

In 1991 a group of scientists from the Angara 5 pulsed power facility at the Kurchatov Institute in Troitsk, Russia had determined the thermal emission from an implosion of xenon gas onto an annular, molybdenum doped foam liner to be 30 TW/cm{sup 2}. This represents an extremely efficient conversion of energy into a high fluence radiation field. In order to verify this claim and better understand the process of producing radiation by means of a Z-pinch plasma device, a series of experiments were proposed through a collaboration from Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Due to previous experience with x-ray spectroscopic measurements in the XUV region, the team from Lawrence Livermore Lab took on the task of designing, constructing, and fielding the necessary diagnostic equipment to spatially and temporally resolve plasma temperatures throughout the implosion of the high Z foam target.
Convergent total synthesis of the racemic HIF-1 inhibitor laurenditerpenol

The convergent total synthesis of the HIF-1 inhibitor laurenditerpenol 1a is reported. The key step is the Julia olefination–reduction process between the two components, the sulfone 4 (prepared from the dimethylfuran-maleic anhydride Diels–Alder adduct) and the aldehyde 3 (prepared from 3-methylcyclohexenone).
Targeting glycogen synthase kinase-3 as an approach to develop novel mood-stabilising medications.

Historically, success in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder has arisen either from serendipitous findings or from studies with drugs (antipsychotics and anticonvulsants) developed for other indications (schizophrenia and epilepsy, respectively). Lithium has been in widespread clinical use in the treatment of bipolar disorder for > 30 years. Development of lithium-mimetic compounds has the potential to result in a more specific medication, with fewer side effects and a less narrow dose range. However, novel medications based upon a known mechanism of action of this drug are yet to be developed. Increasing evidence suggests that a next-generation lithium compound may derive from knowledge of a direct target of lithium, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 is an intracellular enzyme implicated as a critical component in many neuronal signalling pathways. However, despite the large body of preclinical data discussed in this review, definitive validation of GSK-3 as therapeutically relevant...
Growth of `black smoker' bacteria at temperatures of at least 250 °C

Complex communities of thermophilic bacteria have been cultured from the 350 °C waters emanating from sulphide chimneys, or ‘black smokers’, at 21 °N along the East Pacific Rise1. Several of the bacterial communities were shown to grow rapidly at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure, producing methane, hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. These gases are found in superheated vent water, having previously been attributed to abiogenic reactions. Before concluding that these ‘black smoker’ bacteria actually contribute to the chemistry of the superheated hydrothermal fluids, it was necessary to test their ability to grow and produce gases at in situ vent temperatures and pressures. Here we report that a bacterial community originally cultured from 306 °C water is capable of chemolithotrophic growth in a titanium growth chamber under in situ vent pressure of 265 atm and at temperatures of at least 250 °C. (At 265 atm, seawater remains liquid at temperatures of at least 460 °C2.) Transmission electron microscopy of thin sections of bacteria cultured at 250 °C has revealed the presence of at least two morphologically distinct organisms.
Gender Inequality in Labor Markets: The Role of Motherhood and Segregation

This article provides an overview of gender inequality in labor markets in the United States. I show trends in labor force participation, occupational segregation, and the pay gap. Though my main focus is the United States, I note where similar findings exist for other affluent nations. I explain what we know from past research about the causes of inequality and note the gaps in our knowledge. In broad brush strokes, the sex gap in pay in the United States has two major sources: the segregation of jobs and the effects of women's responsibility for childrearing. My major thesis is that at least in the United States, these two are largely unrelated. That is, the causes of segregation do not seem to be largely about women's mothering responsibilities, and the penalties for motherhood do not appear to flow largely through segregation. This thesis is at odds with much thinking among economists, who have seen segregation as a rational response by employers and employees to gender differences in intermittence of employment. In this economic view, women choose more "mother-friendly" jobs, which maximize their earnings conditional on intermittent and flexible employment but tradeoff on-the-job training, higher earnings, and steeper wage trajectories to do so.
Impact of Group Settings and Gender on Meals Purchased by College Students

This study examines the impact of social context and perception of weight on calories purchased by college students in a natural setting. Not only did women in mixed-gender groups purchase fewer calories than did women in same-gender groups, but significant interaction effects exist among the gender composition of groups, perception of being overweight, and gender of respondents. Men modified calories purchased across mixed-gender and same-gender groups, purchasing more when in mixed-gender groups. The study helps address theoretical and methodological gaps in prior research and frames the findings in terms of variation of gender salience across social relational contexts.
Economics : Instructional effectiveness, the Web, and economics

The initial introduction of microcomputers failed to change economics instruction because software was unable to duplicate the degree of understanding achieved through traditional methods in a cost-effective manner. The World Wide Web and complementary technologies have fundamentally altered the cost-effectiveness of different instructional methods, but learning information models of diffusion suggest that universities must adopt explicit policies to stimulate faculty Web use to overcome a learning externality associated with the new technology. Some issues of university organization related to Web technology also are discussed
Estimation of Allele Frequencies From High-Coverage Genome-Sequencing Projects

A new generation of high-throughput sequencing strategies will soon lead to the acquisition of high-coverage genomic profiles of hundreds to thousands of individuals within species, generating unprecedented levels of information on the frequencies of nucleotides segregating at individual sites. However, because these new technologies are error prone and yield uneven coverage of alleles in diploid individuals, they also introduce the need for novel methods for analyzing the raw read data. A maximum-likelihood method for the estimation of allele frequencies is developed, eliminating both the need to arbitrarily discard individuals with low coverage and the requirement for an extrinsic measure of the sequence error rate. The resultant estimates are nearly unbiased with asymptotically minimal sampling variance, thereby defining the limits to our ability to estimate population-genetic parameters and providing a logical basis for the optimal design of population-genomic surveys.
Amphibian cells in culture. II. Isolation of drug‐resistant variants and an asparagine‐independent variant

With L-15 as the base medium, drug-resistant variants were isolated from two amphibian tissue culture strains: the Xenopus laevis A8 diploid cell line and the ICR 2A cell line of Rana pipiens. Four different classes of variants were obtained: (1) A8 cells resistant to chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis; (2) A8 cells resistant to ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+-activated ATPase of the plasma membrane; (3) ICR 2A cells resistant to low (20 μg/ml) and high (300 μg/ml) levels of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), a thymidine analog which interferes with the pyrimidine salvage pathway; and (4) ICR 2A cells resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), an adenine analog which interferes with the purine salvage pathway. Unlike the other variants, isolation of BUdR resistant cells is a 2-step process. Resistance to low levels of BUdR is phenotypically expressed by a reduction in thymidine transport activities while resistance to high levels of this compound is evidenced by greatly reduced levels of thymidine kinase activity. DAP-resistant cells, which are characterized by reduced levels of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) activity, do not die in AAT (adenine, aminopterin, thymidine) selection medium. This suggests that these cells utilize adenine efficiently. With MEM as the base medium, an asparagine independent clone was isolated from the ICR 2A cell line. When compared with the wild type, this variant exhibited a slightly reduced growth rate in the presence or absence of asparagine.
Functions of Ceramide in Coordinating Cellular Responses to Stress

Sphingolipid metabolites participate in key events of signal transduction and cell regulation. In the sphingomyelin cycle, a number of extracellular agents and insults (such as tumor necrosis factor, Fas ligands, and chemotherapeutic agents) cause the activation of sphingomyelinases, which act on membrane sphingomyelin and release ceramide. Multiple experimental approaches suggest an important role for ceramide in regulating such diverse responses as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell senescence. In vitro, ceramide activates a serine-threonine protein phosphatase, and in cells it regulates protein phosphorylation as well as multiple downstream targets [such as interleukin converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases, stress-activated protein kinases, and the retinoblastoma gene product] that mediate its distinct cellular effects. This spectrum of inducers of ceramide accumulation and the nature of ceramide-mediated responses suggest that ceramide is a key component of intracellular stress response pathways.
CD163 Expression Is Present in Cutaneous Histiocytomas but Not in Atypical Fibroxanthomas

CD163, a hemoglobin scavenger receptor, is expressed in monocytes and macrophages. Recent work has shown that this marker is specific for neoplasms of histiocytic differentiation. Our aim was to test the ability of CD163 to separate cutaneous histiocytomas from their morphologic mimics. We tested the expression of CD163 in 78 cases, including 19 xanthogranulomas, 16 atypical fibroxanthomas, 6 reticulohistiocytomas, 8 epithelioid cell histiocytomas, 9 cases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 10 xanthomas, and 10 intradermal Spitz nevi. CD163 expression was seen in all xanthogranulomas and reticulohistiocytomas, 4 epithelioid cell histiocytomas, 2 cases of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and 8 xanthomas but was absent in atypical fibroxanthomas and Spitz nevi. CD163 is an excellent marker for confirming histiocytic differentiation and is useful in eliminating morphologic mimics such as Spitz nevi from the differential diagnosis. The lack of CD163 in atypical fibroxanthomas argues against a histiocytic origin for this tumor.
Beam divergence in magnetically-insulated ion diodes

Summary form only given. A number of experimental investigations of divergence in applied-B magnetically insulated ion diodes have recently been carried out at Sandia National Laboratories, Cornell University, and Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Germany. Several important conclusions can be drawn about the phenomenonology of beam divergence in these devices. The observations generally agree well with ideas developed from theoretical investigations and numerical simulation by researchers at Sandia and Cornell, which suggest mechanisms of divergence growth due to ion and electron dynamics in the diode accelerating gap. The possible effects on divergence of the anode plasma which supplies ions to the gap are perhaps less well understood at present. The author argues that anode plasma effects are important in minimizing beam divergence. New observations on the Lion divergence experiment at Cornell also suggest strongly that anode plasma conditions are implicated in the so-called "parasitic load", which is observed to divert a substantial fraction of the diode current from the beam in many high-power ion diodes.
Cactus Alkaloids VIII: Isolation of N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine from Ariocarpus fissuratus var. fissuratus

Ariocarpus fissuratus var. fissuratus (Engelmann) K. Schumann, commonly known as living rock, chaute, peyote, sunami, or dry whiskey, has an interesting history of folkloric medicinal uses. In previous phytochemical studies the alkaloids, hordenine and N-methyltyramine, have been identified in both the fissuratus and lloydii varieties of the species. In the present investigation, a new alkaloid was crystallized from the nonphenolic alkaloid fractions and identified as N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine HCl. This compound has previously been reported in three other cactus species.
Software Survivability: Where Safety and Security Converge

As safety-critical software moves from closed environments to open and commodity technologies, security threats will inevitably increase. Organizations dependent on mission-critical systems and networks are recognizing that the traditional “protect-detect-react” (PDR) strategy for countering intrusions and attacks is ineffective. A new information assurance and cybersecurity strategy is needed that augments PDR with the ability of systems and networks to “fight through” attacks. This article examines techniques that both security- and safety-critical software developers can leverage to increase their software’s survivability.
Effects of Interactions Between Filter Parasitics and Power Interconnects on EMI Filter Performance

This paper first analyzes the electrical parameters of differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) propagation on power interconnects. The impedance-transformation effects of the power interconnects are then investigated. The interactions between the parasitic parameters in electromagnetic-interference (EMI) filters and the transformed impedances by the power interconnects are explored in detail. It is found that the interactions can degrade EMI-filter performance at high frequencies. Simulations and experiments are finally carried out to verify the analysis.
FORMIN a link between kinetochores and microtubule ends

The mammalian diaphanous-related (mDia) formin proteins are well known for their actin-nucleation and filament-elongation activities in mediating actin dynamics. They also directly bind to microtubules and regulate microtubule stabilization at the leading edge of the cell during cell migration. Recently, the formin mDia3 was shown to associate with the kinetochore and to contribute to metaphase chromosome alignment, a process in which kinetochores form stable attachments with growing and shrinking microtubules. We suggest that the formin mDia3 could contribute to the regulation of kinetochore-bound microtubule dynamics, in coordination with attachment via its own microtubule-binding activity, as well as via its interaction with the tip-tracker EB1 (end-binding protein 1).
Adjustments of net photosynthesis in Solanum tuberosum in response to reciprocal changes in ambient and elevated growth CO2 partial pressures

Single leaf photosynthetic rates and various leaf components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were studied 1-3 days after reciprocally transferring plants between the ambient and elevated growth CO2 treatments. Plants were raised from individual tuber sections in controlled environment chambers at either ambient (36 Pa) or elevated (72 Pa) CO2. One half of the plants in each growth CO2 treatment were transferred to the opposite CO2 treatment 34 days after sowing (DAS). Net photosynthesis (Pn) rates and various leaf components were then measured 34, 35 and 37 DAS at both 36 and 72 Pa CO2. Three-day means of single leaf Pn rates, leaf starch, glucose, initial and total Rubisco activity, Rubisco protein, chlorophyll (a+b), chlorophyll (a/b), alpha-amino N, and nitrate levels differed significantly in the continuous ambient and elevated CO2 treatments. Acclimation of single leaf Pn rates was partially to completely reversed 3 days after elevated CO2-grown plants were shifted to ambient CO2, whereas there was little evidence of photosynthetic acclimation 3 days after ambient CO2-grown plants were shifted to elevated CO2. In a four-way comparison of the 36, 72, 36 to 72 (shifted up) and 72 to 36 (shifted down) Pa CO2 treatments 37 DAS, leaf starch, soluble carbohydrates, Rubisco protein and nitrate were the only photosynthetic factors that differed significantly. Simple and multiple regression analyses suggested that negative changes of Pn in response to growth CO2 treatment were most closely correlated with increased leaf starch levels.
Finite amplitude convection with changing mean temperature. Part 1. Theory

When a horizontal layer of fluid is heated from below and cooled from above with the mean temperature and physical parameters of the fluid constant, the two-dimensional roll is known to be the stable solution near the critical Rayleigh number. In this study, with the mean temperature changing steadily at a rate η, the Rayleigh number and the velocity and temperature fields governed by the Boussinesq equations are expanded in two parameters: η, and the amplitude e. Hexagons are shown to be the stable solution near the critical Rayleigh number. The direction of the motion depends upon the sign of η. A finite amplitude instability is possible with an associated hysteresis in the heat flux as the critical Rayleigh number is approached from below or from above.
SEROTONERGIC MODULATION OF BEHAVIOUR: A PHYLOGENETIC OVERVIEW

Serotonergic neurons are present in all phyla that possess nervous systems. In most of these phyla, serotonin modulates important behaviours, including feeding, sexual and aggressive behaviour. Serotonin exerts its effects by acting in three basic modes: as a classical neurotransmitter, as a neuromodulator, or as a neurohormone. In a number of invertebrate species, the neural circuitry underlying the effects of serotonin has been well characterized, whereas in vertebrates, the mechanisms by which serotonin affects behaviour are currently less fully understood. The following review examines the role played by serotonin in the generation and modulation of behaviour in successively more complex species, ranging from coelenterates to humans.
RIGID-PLASTIC CIRCULAR PLATES ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

A method for the solution of a rigid-ideally plastic circular plate resting on an elastic foundation has been developed. In case of axially symmetric loads, three distinctly different deformation modes are possible. For loads of low magnitude the plate penetrates the elastic half space as a rigid indenter. For higher load magnitudes, a plastic hinge develops at midspan and the plate deforms into a conical surface. For even higher values of external load, separation occurs at the plate half-space interface. Governing mixed boundary value problem is solved by reducing it to a system of dual integral equations. Simple closed-form formulas are derived for bending moments and deflections at each stage of deformation. It is rather remarkable that the results of this rigorous approach are just as simple as the results derived for various approximate models.
Activated platelets rapidly up-regulate CD40L expression and can effectively mature and activate autologous ex vivo differentiated DC

Background DC are a promising immunotherapeutic for treatment of infectious/malignant disease. For clinical trials, immature DC generated from precursor cells such as monocytes, using serum-free media containing GM – CSF and IL-4, can be matured with specific cytokines/factors. CD40 ligand (CD40L) plays an important role in DC activation/maturation but is not available for clinical applications. These studies evaluated the feasibility of using activated platelets with elevated CD40L surface expression to stimulate autologous DC maturation. Methods Pilot and clinical scale studies were executed using magnetic/centrifugal separation. Monocyte precursors were differentiated to immature DC with GM – CSF and IL-4 and the ability of activated autologous platelets to mature these cells was evaluated on the basis of phenotype and function. Results In small-scale studies, DC cultures stimulated with activated autologous platelets (CD40L-AP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or soluble CD40L (sCD40L) up-regulated expression of phenotype markers indicative of activation and maturation. CD86 expression was significantly enhanced (P Discussion These results demonstrate that thrombin-activated platelets express CD40L and are effective at inducing matured DC with potent immunogenic activity. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for clinical immunotherapeutic interventions.
Attenuation of skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor

Abstract Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) has been shown to play a role in pulmonary injury after lower-extremity ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, its role in direct skeletal muscle injury is poorly understood. The hypothesis that endogenous TNF production contributes to skeletal muscle injury after hindlimb I/R in rats was tested. Methods: Juvenile male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 4 hours of bilateral hindlimb ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion (IR) or sham operation (SHAM). A subset was treated with a soluble TNF receptor I construct (STNFRI, 10 mg/kg) 1 hour before ischemia (PRE) or at reperfusion (POST). Direct skeletal muscle injury (SMII) and muscle endothelial capillary permeability (MPI) were quantified by means of Tc 99 pyrophosphate and I 125 albumin uptake. Pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and hepatocellular injury were assessed by means of myeloperoxidase content (MPO) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations, respectively. Serum TNF bioactivity was measured with the WEHI bioassay. Results: Hindlimb I/R (IR vs SHAM) resulted in a significant ( P Conclusion: Acute hindlimb IR initiates a systemic TNF response during the ischemic period that is partly responsible for the associated skeletal muscle injury. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:370-6.)
Comparing Feature Selection Techniques for Software Quality Estimation Using Data-Sampling-Based Boosting Algorithms

Software defect prediction is a classification technique that utilizes software metrics and fault data collected during the software development process to identify fault-prone modules before the testing phase. It aims to optimize project resource allocation and eventually improve the quality of software products. However, two factors, high dimensionality and class imbalance, may cause low quality training data and subsequently degrade classification models. Feature (software metric) selection and data sampling are frequently used to overcome these problems. Feature selection (FS) is a process of choosing a subset of relevant features so that the quality of prediction models can be maintained or improved. Data sampling alters the dataset to change its balance level, therefore alleviating the problem of traditional classification models that are biased toward the overrepresented (majority) class. A recent study shows that another method, called boosting (building multiple models, with each model tuned to work better on instances misclassified by previous models), is also effective for addressing the class imbalance problem. In this paper, we present a technique that uses FS followed by a boosting algorithm in the context of software quality estimation. We investigate four FS approaches: individual FS, repetitive sampled FS, sampled ensemble FS, and repetitive sampled ensemble FS, and study the impact of the four approaches on the quality of the prediction models. Ten base feature ranking techniques are examined in the case study. We also employ the boosting algorithm to construct classification models with no FS and use the results as the baseline for further comparison. The empirical results demonstrate that (1) FS is important and necessary prior to the learning process; (2) the repetitive sampled FS method generally has similar performance to the individual FS technique; and (3) the ensemble filter (including sampled ensemble filter and repetitive sampled ensemble filter) performs better than or similarly to the average of the corresponding individual base rankers.
Abstract 2079: FGFR1/MAPK pathway regulates transcription factor brachyury-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Failure of treatment is attributed to recurrence, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. Previous studies have demonstrated that the transcription factor brachyury is a potential regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and plays a role in tumor resistance to conventional antitumor therapies. However, the mechanisms underlining brachyury-induced EMT are unknown. Recent studies have revealed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/ fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling is activated in lung cancer, and suppression of FGFR results in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. Here we investigated the role of FGFR signaling, a critical component of mesoderm induction during normal embryogenesis and a regulator of normal brachyury expression, in brachyury-driven lung cancer. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western Blot analysis showed that the chemotherapy-insensitive/metastatic lung cancer cell line H460 and adenocarcinoma tissues in patients had significantly high expressions of brachyury and FGFR1, 3 and 4 compared to the chemotherapy-sensitive/non-metastatic lung cancer cell line H440 and normal tissues adjacent to tumor. To further explore the association between FGFR and brachyury expression and its function, we specifically silenced FGFR using siRNAs for FGFR1, 2, 3 and 4 in H460 cells or overexpressed FGFR1, 3 and 4 in H441 cells. We found that only FGFR1 inhibition led to suppression of brachyury, whereas overexpression of FGFR1 induced brachyury expression, suggesting that brachyury is a potential target of FGFR1. Immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR showed that silencing of FGFR1 led to inhibitions of brachyury and EMT (an increased epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and decreased mesenchymal biomarker Snail expression) in H460 cells. Overexpression of FGFR1 promoted EMT in H441 cells, but this effect was suppressed by concomitant knockdown of brachyury. In addition, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD184352, suppressed FGF1-upregulated brachyury and Snail expressions and invasion in H460 cells. PD184352 also inhibited FGFR1 overexpression-induced brachyury expression, EMT and invasion in H440 cells, indicating an important regulatory role of FGFR1 in brachyury-driven EMT through MAPK/ERK. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of brachyury-driven EMT and highlight the FGFR1/MAPK/ERK pathway as a new therapeutic target for brachyury-driven lung cancer. Citation Format: Yunping Hu, Wesley Hsu. FGFR1/MAPK pathway regulates transcription factor brachyury-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2079. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2079
Abstract 28: Implementation of a Nationwide Health IT System for Cardiac Cath Labs in the VA Hospital System: the CART Program

Background. Despite growing availability of electronic health records (EHR) and interest in using health IT (HIT) applications within EHR’s to support clinical care, little is know about the factors associated with successful implementation of HIT applications. We evaluated the national implementation of the VA Clinical Assessment, Reporting and Tracking (CART) HIT system. Methods. The VA CART system is a clinical application embedded in the VA’s EHR that supports point of care procedure reports based on American College of Cardiology data standards, device surveillance, and real-time national quality of care oversight. CART was successfully implemented at the 75 VA cardiac catheterization hospitals, and remains in full clinical use for all sites. We evaluated the overall time for implementation and the four consecutive stages in the process (Initiation, Installation, Training, Clinical Use). We used Cox Proportional Hazards regression to evaluate the associations between full implementation time and urban location, academic affiliation, geographic region, size, and whether implementation was initiated before or after a memo of senior leadership support was issued. Results. CART was implemented at the 75 VA hospitals over 6.25 years, with a pattern of diffusion typical for successful HIT implementation based on prior studies (Figure 1). Median time per site for implementation was 14 ± 17 months (IQR 7, 33). Initiation, Installation, and Training stages exhibited relatively little variability in duration per site (Md = 2 ± 9, 4 ± 7, 2 ± 6 mos), while there was higher variability in the time required for full Clinical Use (5 ± 11; IQR 2, 14). In multivariable analysis, sites that initiated implementation after the senior leadership statement had significantly faster implementation (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29-0.83, P=0.008). Conclusions. The CART system was successfully implemented nationwide, achieving full use in the 75 VA cardiac cath labs. The final stage, full Clinical Use, took the longest and was most variable by site. These results reinforce that successful HIT implementation does not end with technical installation and training, and must support clinical use as part of routine care delivery. Our results also reinforce the importance of senior leadership support for HIT implementation to support clinical care. [[Unable to Display Character: ]] ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Developing and Testing a Spacecraft Phase Change Material Container for Water Ice Using Resilient Compressible Foam

The need for thermal control systems with the capability of storing energy and releasing it at known temperature ranges is growing in the spacecraft design field. Phase Change Materials (PCM) offer several advantages in this area. Some of the main advantages include their ability to store large amounts of energy in a relatively small volume with a low mass, to operate passively through many cycles of use and to keep a constant temperature during a change of phase. PCM was chosen as a thermal control solution for the Payload Containment and Thermal Control Unit (PCTCU) being designed by Paragon Space Development Corporation. The PCTCU is planned for use in the Small Payload Quick Return (SPQR) vehicle being developed by NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) to routinely return small thermally controlled payloads to Earth from the International Space Station (ISS). Because of a very high latent heat of fusion, and benign nature, water was chosen as the PCM for the system. The major downside to using water as a PCM is the very forceful expansion that occurs during the freezing process. A container system was developed to deal with that expansion using a ribbed aluminum case with water sealed inside and utilizing resilient compressible foam (patent pending) to cyclically accept the expansion of the water as it turns to ice and back to water while storing and releasing energy at close to 0°C during phase change. Several critical values needed to be theorized, developed and tested before successful use of this system could be anticipated. This study is investigating the pertinent features of designing a PCM container for use with water intended to operate in space, on earth, inside the ISS and during an atmospheric reentry.
The localization model of rubber elasticity and the stress-strain behavior of a network formed by cross-linking a deformed melt: II. Equibiaxial extension and pure shear

The localization model of rubber elasticity is applied to the deformation behavior of networks formed by cross-linking melts in various states of strain, including equibiaxial extension and pure shear.
A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surface-wave attenuation

A new global model of radial variations in intrinsic shear and compressional attenuation, Qμ ( r ) and Qκ ( r ), is presented. The model, called QL6, is derived from recent observations of long-period (150 < T < 300 sec) Rayleigh- and Love-wave attenuation and an extensive set of mode decay observations compiled from the literature. Our preferred model consists of six layers of constant Q , where the parameterization of Qμ ( r ) follows that of the anelastic component of the preliminary reference earth model (PREM). Relative to the commonly used models of PREM and QM1, lower values of Qμ are required in the upper 200 km of the mantle to explain observations of Love-wave attenuation. The observations require a finite level of compressional attenuation, preferentially located in the upper mantle. An analysis using continuous spline-basis functions supports the layered parameterization—with the recovered model possessing strong gradients in Qμ at the 670-km discontinuity; at the bottom of the asthenosphere; and to a lesser extent, at the base of the lithosphere. However, the continuous model does not have a significant discontinuity in Qμ at the 400-km phase boundary.
Women in the Middle: The Intersection of Domestic Violence and the Child Welfare System

In families affected by domestic violence, women are typically both the battered party and the parent most likely to be responsible for the caretaking of children. Although the domestic violence and child welfare service systems both work towards ending family violence, confl icting goals refl ect the historical tension between the woman-centered battered women’s movement and the child-centered child welfare system. This article considers the overlap between the domestic violence and child welfare service systems and women’s place at the intersection of these two spheres. Suggestions to improve policy and practice are made for social workers who serve battered women and children affected by family violence.
Traumatic Bilateral Renal Artery Thrombosis: Case Report and Review of Literature

AbstractWe present a case of traumatic bilateral renal artery thrombosis with successful revascularization and review 11 other cases previously reported in the literature. Etiology of this rare lesion appears to be blunt trauma from a posterior blow. Renal artery reconstruction should be attempted if the patient is seen less than 20 hours after trauma.