cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Content Analysis of U.S. and Indian Magazine Advertising

A comparative content analysis of U.S. and Indian magazine ads was conducted to determine the extent to which they were informative, the amount and types of information cues used, the types of products/services advertised, and the size of the ads. It was found that Indian magazine ads were more similar than different from U.S. magazine ads in the number of information cues per ad, the types of information cues utilized, the mix of products advertised, and the size of the magazine ads.
Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. I. Clinical and serologic response to primary vaccination.

Extract: A comparative study of two smallpox vaccines, standard calf lymph vaccine, and an attenuated vaccine, CVI-78, was performed in 95 children. Primary vaccination with CVI-78 resulted in a more attenuated response than primary vaccination with standard vaccine. Sixty-one percent of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 96% of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed a major dermal reaction; 16% of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 89% of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed postvaccination neutralizing antibodies. Twenty-seven percent of the children vaccinated with CVI-78 demonstrated neither a dermal nor serologic postvaccination response, whereas only 2% of those vaccinated with standard vaccination demonstrated no postvaccination response. Speculation: Smallpox vaccine strain CVI-78 produces a modified local and serologic reaction in children. This vaccine may be overattenuated and thus is not useful as a replacement for standard vaccine. The vaccine in limited circumstances may be useful as a protective vaccine for those who might be expected to develop complications after challenge with standard vaccine. This speculation requires further study.
The Absurd Quest and Black Humor in Ken Kesey's Sometimes a Great Notion

(1983). The Absurd Quest and Black Humor in Ken Kesey's Sometimes a Great Notion. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 228-240.
Ultraviolet light induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts

Abstract The UV induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTr) mutants in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum human fibroblasts has been quantitatively characterized. A concentration of diphtheria toxin at which DTr cells are cross-resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was determined and used in the selection of resistant mutants. Recovery of mutants was not influenced by the presence of wild-type cell densities of 1-8 x 10(5) per 9-cm plate, indicating no metabolic cooperation exists, in contrast to what is seen in the selection of some other variant phenotypes. Expression periods for UV-induced mutations differed with the severity of mutagen treatment and cell strain used. A relatively long (10-15 days after UV treatment) expression period was required for the maximum recovery of DTr mutants. Maximum recovery was followed by a decrease in mutation frequency on subsequent days evaluated. An apparent linear dose response within the dose range used was observed for UV-induced mutations in both normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. Our results indicate that xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts have higher UV-induced mutation frequencies per unit UV dose but similar frequencies per unit survival compared to normal cells within the range of UV doses tested.
Dynamic relations between natural vestibular inputs and activity of forelimb extensor muscles in the decerebrate cat. I. Motor output during sinusoidal linear accelerations.

Abstract Decerebrate cats were subjected to sinusoidal linear accelerations along the animal's horizontal and vertical axes, while recording the EMG activity of both triceps brachii muscles. This activity was found to be sinusoidally modulated in response to the accelerations and thus phase and gain relations between motor output and input acceleration could be obtained. They were found to be the same for accelerations along each of the three axes. In particular the gain dropped by 14–20 dB over a frequency range from 0.2 to 1.0 Hz and the phase of the motor output showed a lag of 40–60° at 1.0 Hz. Thus, it was concluded that (1) the dynamic behavior of utricular and saccular receptors is the same, (2) the changes in motor activity observed during accelerations along the vertical axis are mostly due to the activation of saccular afferents, and (3) the motor output cannot simply result from vestibular afferent activities being relayed directly to the spinal motoneurons via the vestibulo-spinal tracts.
X-ray and low-temperature magnetic studies of the compounds hexaammineeuropium (o), hexaammineytterbium (o), and their solid solutions☆

Abstract The compounds Eu(NH 3 ) 6 , Yb(NH 3 ) 6 , and their solid solutions have been synthesized by direct reaction of the metals with liquid ammonia. Low-temperature X-ray studies at 200K indicate that the unit-cell parameters are very close to those of Sr(NH 3 ) 6 , corresponding to a body-centered cubic array of octahedral molecules. A Wigner-Seitz metallic model involving delocalization of electrons through 7 s 7 p band formation is proposed. Magnetic studies have been carried out by a Faraday method over the range 2.2–300 K and up to 22 kilo-oersted. Eu(NH 3 ) 6 is found to be ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 5.5K, which does not change with dilution. Above 5.5K, the paramagnetic moment per europium is 10.15 BM; it changes to 7.9 BM above 47K. As expected, Yb(NH 3 ) 6 is found to be diamagnetic, but it crosses over to paramagnetic below 31K. A model for Eu(NH 3 ) 6 is proposed in which valence electrons, delocalized in a 7 s 7 p conduction band at higher temperature are progressively frozen out into localized 5 d orbitals below 47K. The extremely large distances over which the ferromagnetic coupling occurs suggests an indirect exchange mechanism via nondegenerate-gas electrons. At higher temperatures, the exchange appears to be of the degenerate-gas type; at very low temperatures, perhaps of the excitonic-insulator type.
Endoscopic suture removal at gastrojejunal anastomosis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to prevent marginal ulceration

Abstract Background After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, marginal ulcers develop in 3–23% of patients. Marginal ulcers can occur secondary to the use of nonabsorbable sutures to create the gastrojejunostomy. The suture can elicit a foreign body reaction that exposes it to the gastric lumen, irritating the mucosa. Surgical removal is mandated when medical therapy fails to resolve matters. Because endoscopic removal would be less invasive than laparotomy, a technique for the endoscopic removal of the suture was devised. Presented are the results of 6 patients who underwent this procedure. Methods A computer search of all patients who had undergone laparoscopic RYGB was done and found 6 women who had undergone endoscopic suture removal. After a double-lumen endoscope was inserted through the mouth, a grasper was used to placed the suture under tension before transecting it with blunt-tip endoshears. The suture was then removed without difficulty. All patients were evaluated at 2 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Results Of the patients who underwent laparoscopic RYGB between June 2003 and June 2005 and presented with epigastric pain, 6 women underwent endoscopic stitch removal. These women had a mean age of 57 years, a mean initial body mass index of 55 kg/m 2 , and had undergone laparoscopic RYGB a mean of 18 months before presentation. The patients, who had experienced new-onset epigastric pain and "heartburn," underwent endoscopic examination of the stomach, which showed visible suture at the gastrojejunal anastomosis, no ulceration, and edema, and underwent suture removal. No complications developed. At 6 months of follow-up, all patients were without symptoms and had normal findings on upper endoscopy. Conclusion The results of our study have shown that endoscopic suture removal is a feasible and effective means of treating epigastric pain and preventing the suture-induced marginal ulcers that can occur after RYGB.
Interactions of the alkyl-ether-phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF) with platelets, neural cells, and the psychotropic drugs triazolobenzodiazepines.

PAF-acether, a naturally occurring phospholipid, is a potent activator of various biological processes, including platelet aggregation. The mechanisms of action of PAF are largely unknown. We have found that the psychotropic triazolobenzodiazepine drugs, alprazolam and triazolam, potently (IC50 < lμM) inhibit PAF-induced shape change, aggregation and secretion of human platelets. These effects are specific for PAF-activation, since the responses of human platelets to other agonists (ADP, thrombin, epinephrine, collagen, arachidonate and the Ca++ ionophore, A23187) are not inhibited by these triazolobenzodiazepines. The action of triazolobenzodiazepines on PAF-induced platelet function has clinical relevance, especially in diseases where enhanced platelet aggregability may lead to thrombosis and atherosclerosis. In addition, the ability of triazolobenzodiazepines to inhibit other PAF-mediated cellular-responses, such as anaphylactic shock or bronchoconstriction, suggests that these drugs may be useful in preventing several known pathophysiological effects of PAF.
Representation of sharp rifts and faults mechanics in modeling ice shelf flow dynamics: Application to Brunt/Stancomb‐Wills Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Ice shelves play a major role in buttressing ice sheet flow into the ocean, hence the importance of accurate numerical modeling of their stress regime. Commonly used ice flow models assume a continuous medium and are therefore complicated by the presence of rupture features (crevasses, rifts, and faults) that significantly affect the overall flow patterns. Here we apply contact mechanics and penalty methods to develop a new ice shelf flow model that captures the impact of rifts and faults on the rheology and stress distribution of ice shelves. The model achieves a best fit solution to satellite observations of ice shelf velocities to infer the following: (1) a spatial distribution of contact and friction points along detected faults and rifts, (2) a more realistic spatial pattern of ice shelf rheology, and (3) a better representation of the stress balance in the immediate vicinity of faults and rifts. Thus, applying the model to the Brunt/Stancomb-Wills Ice Shelf, Antarctica, we quantify the state of friction inside faults and the opening rates of rifts and obtain an ice shelf rheology that remains relatively constant everywhere else on the ice shelf. We further demonstrate that better stress representation has widespread application in examining aspects affecting ice shelf structure and dynamics including the extent of ice melange in rifts and the change in fracture configurations. All are major applications for better insight into the important question of ice shelf stability.
Autism spectrum disorders: a review of measures for clinical, health services and cost-effectiveness applications.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication and behavioral functioning that can affect the health-related quality-of-life outcomes of the affected child and the family. ASDs have increased in prevalence, leading to a demand for improved understanding of the comparative effectiveness of different pharmacologic, behavioral, medical and alternative treatments for children as well as systems for providing services. This review describes outcome instruments that can be used for clinical, health services and cost–effectiveness applications. There is a pressing need to identify the most appropriate instruments for measuring health-related quality-of-life outcomes in this population. Studies evaluating the cost–effectiveness of interventions or treatments for children with ASDs using the cost per quality-adjusted life year metric are lacking. Researchers have the potential to contribute greatly to the field of autism by quantifying outcomes that can inform optimal treatment strategies.
A diagnostic interview for acute stress disorder for children and adolescents

The goal of this study was to develop a semistructured clinical interview for assessing acute stress disorder (ASD) in youth and test its psychometric properties. Youth (N = 168) with an acute burn or injury were administered the acute stress disorder module of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA-ASD). The DICA-ASD demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (alpha = .97) and perfect diagnostic interrater agreement (kappa = 1.00). Participants diagnosed with ASD scored significantly higher than those not diagnosed on validated traumatic stress symptomatology measures but not on other symptomatology measures, providing evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Preliminary evidence supports the reliability and validity of the first semistructured clinical interview for diagnosing ASD in youth.
Evaluation of Collocated Measurements of Radar Reflectivity and Particle Sizes in Ice Clouds

Measured 94-GHz reflectivity in midlevel, stratiform ice clouds was compared with reflectivity calculated from size distributions determined with a particle imaging probe. The radar and the particle probe were carried on the same aircraft, the Wyoming King Air, ensuring close spatial correspondence between the two measurements. Good overall agreement was found within the range from 218 to 116 dBZ, but there is an important degree of scatter in the results. Two different assumptions about particle density led to calculated values that bracket the observations. The agreement found for reflectivity supports the use of the data for establishing relationships between the measured reflectivity and ice water content and between precipitation rateandreflectivity.Theresultingequationforicewatercontent(IWCvsZ)agreeswiththeresultsofLiuand Illingworth within a factor of 2 over the range of overlap between the two datasets. The equation here reported for precipitation rate (PR vs Z) has a shallower slope in the power-law relationship than that reported by Matrosov as a consequence of sampling particles of greater densities. Because the radar and the particle probe were collocated on the same platform, errors arising from differences in sampling locations and volumes were minimized. Therefore it is concluded that the roughly factor-of-10 spread in IWC and in PR for given Z is, primarily, a result of variations in ice crystal shape and density. Retrievals of IWC and PR from cloud radar data can be expected to have that level of uncertainty.
The “Shoulds” and “Should Nots” of Moral Emotions: A Self-Regulatory Perspective on Shame and Guilt

A self-regulatory framework for distinguishing between shame and guilt was tested in three studies. Recently, two forms of moral regulation based on approach versus avoidance motivation have been proposed in the literature. Proscriptive regulation is sensitive to negative outcomes, inhibition based, and focused on what we should not do. Prescriptive regulation is sensitive to positive outcomes, activation based, and focused on what we should do. In the current research, consistent support was found for shame's proscriptive and guilt's prescriptive moral underpinnings. Study 1 found a positive association between avoidance orientation and shame proneness and between approach orientation and guilt proneness. In Study 2, priming a proscriptive orientation increased shame and priming a prescriptive orientation increased guilt. In Study 3, transgressions most apt to represent proscriptive and prescriptive violations predicted subsequent judgments of shame and guilt, respectively. This self-regulatory perspective provides a broad interpretive framework for understanding and extending past research findings.
Are Patients’ Ratings of Their Physicians Related to Health Outcomes?

PURPOSE Observational studies using patient reports suggest associations between physician interpersonal styles and patient outcomes. Possible confounding of these associations has not been carefully examined. METHODS Approximately 4,700 patients of 96 physicians completed a survey instrument that included reported health status changes during the previous year, perceptions of their physician (satisfaction, trust, knowledge of patient, and autonomy support), and sociodemographic and clinical covariates. We examined the adjusted relationship between patient perceptions of their physicians and reported health status changes. Using multilevel analyses, we then explored differences among physicians in patient perceptions of their physicians and whether these differences were explained by the relationship between patient perceptions and reported health status changes. RESULTS There were signifi cant adjusted relationships between patient perceptions of their physician and reported health status changes: better perceptions were associated with a smaller risk of health status decline (adjusted odds ratio = 1.14; 95% confi dence interval [CI], 1.05-1.24; P .99). CONCLUSIONS Using methods similar to those of previous studies, we found a relationship between patient perceptions of their physicians and reported health status declines. Multilevel analysis, however, suggested that this relationship is not a physician effect; it may refl ect unmeasured patient confounding. Multilevel analyses may help to examine the relationships between physician styles and outcomes.
Fast High-dimensional Kernel Summations Using the Monte Carlo Multipole Method

We propose a new fast Gaussian summation algorithm for high-dimensional datasets with high accuracy. First, we extend the original fast multipole-type methods to use approximation schemes with both hard and probabilistic error. Second, we utilize a new data structure called subspace tree which maps each data point in the node to its lower dimensional mapping as determined by any linear dimension reduction method such as PCA. This new data structure is suitable for reducing the cost of each pairwise distance computation, the most dominant cost in many kernel methods. Our algorithm guarantees probabilistic relative error on each kernel sum, and can be applied to high-dimensional Gaussian summations which are ubiquitous inside many kernel methods as the key computational bottleneck. We provide empirical speedup results on low to high-dimensional datasets up to 89 dimensions.
Science: Child of technology? Epistemic norms and practical intelligence *

from the uniqueness of the entities being studied fit perfectly into these leading values of machine culture. Again, (2) each part of a machine is entirely without intrinsic purpose or interests of its own, and the system as a whole has no inherent or immanent purpose. All purposes are supplied from "outside" the mechanical system, by the mysterious acts of mind. Modern scientific theory, systematically embarrassed by the suggestion of purpose in nature, is completely at home in such a context. Moreover, (3) machine culture, with its associated economic system, is dominated by the "bottom line" and the cult of quantity, both of product and of profit. The devotion of modern science to abstract mathematical forms, to Pythagoreanism without the qualitative associations of the numbers, is wholly in keeping with such a quantitative culture. Finally, (4) machine culture is founded on the need for constant and unlimited growth, the economic viability of each unit requiring constantly enlarging patterns of production, constant increases in standard of living (measured quantitatively), and the possibility in principle, at least, of a future characterized by unlimited progress. The great abstractions of Newtonian science, particularly the abstract theoretical paradigm of infinite straight-line motion, make norms of the Unlimited just the inverse of original Pythagoreanism into basic standards of good order. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.35 on Mon, 29 Aug 2016 05:07:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Optimal energy management of wind power generation system in islanded microgrid system

In remote district without power supply from bulk electric grid, wind energy can be utilized to generate a large quantity of power when power plants are installed in an islanded micro-grid. Due to fluctuations in wind speed and resulting variable wind power, a small-scale diesel generator assists the wind power generator in providing a stable, sustained and efficient power generation. In addition, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is capable of regulating its active power output in coordination with other generators to balance dynamic power demand and supply. Since the cost and efficiency is always the first issue for the control and operation of micro-grid in remote areas, energy management becomes the primary criterion in central control unit of micro-grids. The energy management of the wind power generator in micro-grid aims to optimize the system in terms of generation, cost, and load. Due to high uncertainty and volatility of wind speed, the Dynamic Programming Method (DPM) is employed in order to reduce the impact of wind speed uncertainty and fluctuation. For this purpose, a combined short term and long term optimization is studied in this paper. Meanwhile, a micro-grid system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB software.
Hardbound: architectural support for spatial safety of the C programming language

The C programming language is at least as well known for its absence of spatial memory safety guarantees (i.e., lack of bounds checking) as it is for its high performance. C's unchecked pointer arithmetic and array indexing allow simple programming mistakes to lead to erroneous executions, silent data corruption, and security vulnerabilities. Many prior proposals have tackled enforcing spatial safety in C programs by checking pointer and array accesses. However, existing software-only proposals have significant drawbacks that may prevent wide adoption, including: unacceptably high run-time overheads, lack of completeness, incompatible pointer representations, or need for non-trivial changes to existing C source code and compiler infrastructure.Inspired by the promise of these software-only approaches, this paper proposes a hardware bounded pointer architectural primitive that supports cooperative hardware/software enforcement of spatial memory safety for C programs. This bounded pointer is a new hardware primitive datatype for pointers that leaves the standard C pointer representation intact, but augments it with bounds information maintained separately and invisibly by the hardware. The bounds are initialized by the software, and they are then propagated and enforced transparently by the hardware, which automatically checks a pointer's bounds before it is dereferenced. One mode of use requires instrumenting only malloc, which enables enforcement of perallocation spatial safety for heap-allocated objects for existing binaries. When combined with simple intraprocedural compiler instrumentation, hardware bounded pointers enable a low-overhead approach for enforcing complete spatial memory safety in unmodified C programs.
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of site-specific 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine oligodeoxyribonucleotide adducts

The aim of the present study is to determine the chemical structure and conformation of DNA adducts formed by incubation of the bioactive form of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), N-acetoxy-PhIP, with a single-stranded 11mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Using conditions optimized to give the C8-dG-PhIP adduct as the major product, sufficient material was synthesized for NMR solution structure determination. The NMR data indicate that in duplex DNA this adduct exists in equilibrium between two different conformational states. In the main conformer, the covalently bound PhIP molecule intercalates in the helix, whilst in the minor conformation the PhIP ligand is probably solvent exposed. In addition to the C8-dG-PhIP adduct, at least eight polar adducts are found after reaction of N-acetoxy-PhIP with the oligonucleotide. Three of these were purified for further characterization and shown to exhibit lowest energy UV absorption bands in the range 342-347 nm, confirming the presence of PhIP or PhIP derivative. Accurate mass determination of two of the polar adducts by negative ion MALDI-TOF MS revealed ions consistent with a spirobisguanidino-PhIP derivative and a ring-opened adduct. The third adduct, which has the same mass as the C8-dG-PhIP oligonucleotide adduct, may contain PhIP bound to the N2 position of guanine.
Towards autonomic application-sensitive partitioning for SAMR applications

Distributed structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR) techniques offer the potential for accurate and cost-effective solutions of physically realistic models of complex physical phenomena. However, the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of SAMR applications results in significant runtime management challenges. This paper investigates autonomic application-sensitive SAMR runtime management strategies and presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of ARMaDA, a self-adapting and optimizing partitioning framework for SAMR applications. ARMaDA monitors and characterizes application runtime state, and dynamically selects and invokes appropriate partitioning mechanisms that match current SAMR state and optimize its computational and communication performance. The advantages of the autonomic partitioning capabilities provided by ARMaDA are experimentally demonstrated.
Representation and the dimensions of shape deformation

The author shows how a representation for visual shape can exploit knowledge of the ways in which shapes are related by deformation of their geometries. The approach is based not on generic rules or principles for interpreting shape deformation in general, but instead relies on careful analysis of shapes occurring in a specific domain. The representation uses a relatively large vocabulary of simple geometric descriptors, each of which resembles a template that deforms as a mechanical linkage. Because these descriptors are designed to name significant aspects of spatial deformation known to structure the target domain, the representation provides a rich vocabulary with which to perform shape classification, comparison, and other visual tasks involving subtle distinctions about objects' forms. The approach is illustrated for the two-dimensional shape world of fish dorsal fins. >
Our DNA family reunion.

As we begin to personalize our life to the string of four-letter code (GATC) that holds the secrets to our phenotypic differences based on our genetic variation, I believe the success of public health genomics will stem from our ability to be mindful of how connected we are to each other. 99.9% of our genomes are identical, and it is that which defines our humanity. I do not doubt that genomics will help us to live longer, healthier, and perhaps better than we did during the preHuman Genome Project era. The speed of sequencing technology will continue to improve as we expedite genomic information processing, the cost of the sequencing will be as low as a few hundred dollars, and the wealth of genomic data will increase to fuse new genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with possible implications for better medicine and health. Using GWAS we could personalize our diet based on our genes and epigenetic factors that influence the ‘on and off switch’ of our genes along with our behaviour. The potential use of genomics in health and medicine to prevent disease, reduce disease severity, delay diseasemanifestation and even avoid death may all be within our reach. When I teach my undergraduate course ‘Genomics in Public Health’, I ponder the take-home messages I want my students to remember after completing my course. Will they learn the history of the Human Genome Project? Will they understand the complexity of genomic information?Will they
Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistent global snapshots

Consistent global snapshots are important in many distributed applications. We prove the exact conditions for an arbitrary checkpoint, or a set of checkpoints, to belong to a consistent global snapshot, a previously open problem. To describe the conditions, we introduce a generalization of Lamport's (1978) happened-before relation called a zigzag path. >
LaDiCaoz and LiDARimager—MATLAB GUIs for LiDAR data handling and lateral displacement measurement

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), high-resolution topographic data sets enable remote identification of submeter-scale geomorphic features and have proven very valuable in geologic, paleoseismic, and geomorphologic investigations. They are also useful for studies of hydrology, timber evaluation, vegetation dynamics, coastal monitoring, hill-slope processes, or civil engineering. One application for LiDAR data is the measurement of tectonically displaced geomorphic markers to reconstruct paleoearthquake slip distributions—currently a cornerstone in the formulation of earthquake recurrence models and the understanding of seismic fault behavior. With this publication we provide two MATLAB-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and corresponding tutorials: LiDARimager—a tool for LiDAR data handling and visualization (e.g., data cropping, generation of map- and oblique-view plots of various digital elevation model [DEM] derivatives, storable as *.jpg or *.kmz files); and LaDiCaoz—a tool to determine lateral displacements of offset sublinear geomorphic features such as stream channels or alluvial fan edges. While application of LaDiCaoz is closely linked to tectonogeomorphic studies, LiDARimager may find application in a wide range of studies that utilize LiDAR data visualizations. A key feature of LaDiCaoz, not available in standard geographic information system (GIS) packages, is DEM slicing and (laterally) back slipping for visual offset reconstruction assessment, improving measurement accuracy and precision. Comparison of offset measurements, made by different individuals, showed good measurement repeatability with LaDiCaoz for morphologically simple channels. Offset estimates began to vary distinctly for morphologically more complex features, attributed to different assumptions of pre-earthquake morphology and underlining the importance of a sound understanding of pre-earthquake site morphology for meaningful offset measurements.
Investigating ultrasound imaging in the frequency domain for tissue characterisation

AbstractThe potential of ultrasound imaging for use in distinguishing structures present in soft materials is investigated. In this study, images were reconstructed using non-standard parameters, which have been shown to vary according to different tissue structures. Due to the previously determined dependence on material microstructure, we investigate the possibility of these parameters as a basis for imaging soft materials. The feasibility of imaging methods was first tested on a large scale using 0.5-MHz ultrasound transducers. Imaging was then extended to a smaller scale using small-diameter 25-MHz transducers. The resulting images were compared to conventional C-scans with minimal data processing and were found to be of at least similar quality. These initial results show the possibility of using nonconventional ultrasound measurements as another means of imaging tissue and other soft materials for the presence of internal inclusions.
Index of Suspicion in the NurseryCase 1: Unusual Cardiac Findings in a Neonate With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

A female infant born at 372/7 weeks’ gestational age with prenatally diagnosed left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is found shortly after birth to have left ventricular apical dysfunction. Her mother is 23 years old, and the pregnancy was complicated by oligohydramnios, hypothyroidism, and daily tobacco use. A birthing and surgical plan with possible need for extracorporeal membranous oxygenation had been discussed with the family. The infant is delivered vaginally after brief spontaneous rupture of membranes. The infant is successfully intubated in the delivery room, and Apgar scores are 5, 5, and 6 at 1, 5, and 10 minutes, respectively. No pharmacologic resuscitation is needed, and no vasoactive medications are administered. Initial examination findings are remarkable for mesomelic shortening of the left extremity, with left-sided syndactyly of the third and fourth digits and absence of the fifth digit. The patient is transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation is administered, and umbilical lines are inserted. Her complete blood cell count is unremarkable, and her first arterial blood gas is significant for a respiratory acidosis with a pH of 7.0, partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 86 mm Hg, and bicarbonate level of 20 mEq/L (20 mmol/L). Because …
Effect of Trypsin upon Blood Histamine of Rabbits

SummaryThe intravenous injection of trypsin into rabbits results in a prompt reduction in the total blood histamine with an associated leukopenia. The addition of trypsin to heparinized rabbit's blood in vitro results in a shift of histamine from cells to plasma. In both respects the effects of trypsin are similar to those produced by antigen in sensitized animals.
Active Subspaces Applied to Range Safety Analysis and Optimization

The commercial space transportation sector is rapidly evolving and growing. The expected increase in activity is reflected in the new types of vehicles being considered and the creation of new spaceports in different parts of the United States. This increases the importance of understanding the uncertainties and applicability of the current methodologies to assess the safety of the uninvolved public in case of a launch or reentry vehicle malfunction. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has a set of licensing analysis and procedures geared towards reducing the risks that commercial space vehicle could pose to the safety of the uninvolved public in case of a malfunction. These analysis and procedures are derived from the space shuttle era, and the possibility exists that they may be overly conservative. In practice, this type of analysis handles a large number of uncertain inputs. To quantify the risks, we are using a tool called Range Safety Assessment Tool (RSAT). In this paper we study the uncertainty effects on the safety metrics and perform optimizations that identify input parameter combinations that can lead to worst case scenarios. We have reformulated the safety assessment process as an optimization problem in which the goal is to decrease the risks to the uninvolved public. The computational cost of performing the optimization and uncertainty studies is high, which is why we are also exploring the use of an Active Subspace Method (ASM) couple with Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) to create a surrogate model which could replace the physical model.
Comment On: Clinical Trial: Vitamin D3 Treatment in Crohn's Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND Vitamin D has immune-regulatory functions in experimental colitis, and low vitamin D levels are present in Crohn's disease. METHODS We performed a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to assess the benefits of oral vitamin D3 treatment in Crohn's disease. We included 108 patients with Crohn's disease in remission, of which fourteen were excluded later. Patients were randomized to receive either 1200 IU vitamin D3 (n = 46) or placebo (n = 48) once daily during 12 months. The primary endpoint was clinical relapse. RESULTS Oral vitamin D3 treatment with 1200 IU daily increased serum 25OHD from a mean of 69 nmol/L [standard deviation (s.d.) 31 nmol/L] to a mean of 96 nmol/L (s.d. 27 nmol/L) after 3 months (P < 0.001). The relapse rate was lower among patients treated with vitamin D3 (6/46 or 13%) among patients treated with placebo (14/48 or 29%), (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Oral supplementation with 1200 IE vitamin D3 significantly increased serum vitamin D levels and insignificantly reduced the risk of relapse from 29% to 13%, (P = 0.06). Given that vitamin D3 treatment might be effective in Crohn's disease, larger studies are required in order to elucidate this matter further. (Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:377-383.).
The Causal Ordering of Prominence and Salience in Identity Theory: An Empirical Examination

Identity theory invokes two distinct but related concepts, identity salience and prominence, to explain how the organization of identities that make up the self impacts the probability that a given identity is situationally enacted. However, much extant research has failed to clearly distinguish between salience and prominence, and their empirical relationship has not been adequately investigated, impeding a solid understanding of the significance and role of each in a general theory of the self. This study examines their causal ordering using three waves of panel data from 48 universities focusing on respondents' identities as science students. Analyses strongly support a causal ordering from prominence to salience. We provide theoretical and empirical grounds to justify this ordering while acknowledging potential variation in its strength across identities. Finally, we offer recommendations about the use of prominence and salience when measures of one or both are available or when analyses use cross-sectional data.
Menopause and estrogen replacement therapy.

The menopause is emerging as a dominant transition point in women’s lives with greater implications for health care than previously realized. Alleviation of hot flushes and urogenital atrophy, along with prevention of osteoporosis with estrogen therapy, must be balanced with the attendant risks of endometrial cancer and gallbladder disease. Uncertainties remain regarding the attendant risks of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, but the overwhelming evidence to date suggests that estrogen does not increase breast cancer and may significantly decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. Tailored care for each menopausal woman remains a challenge to physicians today but may ultimately have a profound impact on long-term health and well-being.
The M2 Proteins of Influenza A and B Viruses are Single-Pass Proton Channels

This chapter summarizes and evaluates the evidence that the M2 proteins of influenza A and B viruses possess intrinsic ion channel activity that is essential to the life cycle of the virus. Both of these proteins are homotetramers with fewer than 100 residues per subunit, an N-terminal ectodomain and a single transmembrane (TM) domain. There is little amino acid homology between the two proteins other than a H-X-X-X-W motif in the TM domain. The proton selectivity of the A/M2 ion channel depends on the presence of a TM domain histidine residue, which serves as a “selectivity filter.” It is possible that this filter functions by binding protons and subsequently releasing them to the opposite side of the TM pore. Protons normally flow from the acidic medium bathing the ectodomain of the protein through the TM pore and then into the virion interior. Protons are prevented from flowing through the pore of the A/M2 channel in the opposite direction by a TM tryptophan residue, which serves as the activation “gate” that is closed if the medium bathing the ectodomain is neutral or alkaline. Thus, protons serve as both the activating stimulus and the conducted ion for the A/M2 channel. The BM2 protein has very little amino acid homology to the A/M2 protein, but it has ion channel activity that depends on TM histidine and tryptophan residues. Together, these proteins constitute the first-known members of the single-pass proton channel family.
MONOCLONAL IgM ANTIBODIES THAT INDUCE T CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY OF MURINE SARCOMA CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a study in which spleen cells from a tumor-bearing animal were fused to a nonproducer myeloma cell ten days after intramuscular injection into BALB/c mice. Tissue culture supernatants from the hybridoma colonies were tested for antibody binding to glutaraldehyde-fixed monolayers of tumor cells in microplates by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Colonies were selected that produce antibodies specific for two different MuSV-transformed tumor cell lines but were negative when tested against polyoma-transformed cells. Seven colonies of IgM-producing hybridomas were obtained whose antibodies react specifically with the MuSV-transformed cells. Tissue-culture supernatants from all the seven colonies produced significant antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the target cells transformed by murine sarcoma virus but not against polyoma-transformed cells. Active effector cells included spleen cells, lymph node cells, and thymocytes. Two of the hybridoma colonies producing IgM antibodies specific for murine sarcoma cells were subsequently cloned and expanded in ascites form. Similar results were produced by the monoclonal antibodies including 19S fractions containing only IgM. Enzyme-linked immunoassays using isotype-specific antisera showed that these monoclonal antibodies are μκ. Immunofluorescence studies with these monoclonal antibodies showed that they react with Moloney and Rauscher lymphoma cells but not with Gross virus-induced lymphoma cells. Thus, it is likely that the antibodies have specificity for a Friend–Moloney–Rauscher group-specific cell-surface antigen.
Noise is good for the brain

Scientists have long wondered how information is carried around the brain. It is clear that the nerve cells, known as neurons, play a key role, and recent research suggests that a nonlinear phenomenon called stochastic resonance may help to transfer information between the neurons. In stochastic resonance random noise optimizes a system's response to a weak signal.
Deconstructing Credibility: The Breaking of Monetary Policy Rules in Brazil

Abstract Can political interference deconstruct credibility that was hardly-earned through successful stabilization policy? We analyze the recent switch in the conduct of monetary policy by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB). Brazil is the largest Emerging Market Economy to formally target inflation, having adopted the Inflation Targeting (IT) regime in 1999. In the early years of IT, the BCB engaged in constructing credibility with price setting agents and succeeded to anchor inflation expectations to its target even under adverse conditions such as exchange rate crises. We argue that this effort to maintain IT rules-based policy ended in 2011, as a new country president and BCB board came to power. We then discuss the consequences of this credibility loss. Our main results can be summarized as follows: (i) we provide strong empirical evidence of the BCB’s shift toward looser, discretionary policy after 2011; (ii) preliminary evidence suggests that this shift has affected agents’ inflation expectations generating social and economic costs.
Know Thyself: A Prerequisite for Educational Leaders:

Several recent reports point to the need to create more responsive leadership preparation programs to better prepare school leaders for the 21st century. This manuscript describes a beginning learn...
Statistical model of partially ordered defects in a hypostoichiometric metal oxide

Abstract A statistical model is proposed to account for partial ordering of anion vacancies and reduced cations in a hypostoichiometric fluorite-type metal oxide. Both defect assemblages are considered to be divided into many subgroups, each corresponding to a specific repulsion energy level. The analysis provides approximate expressions for the relative partial molar entropy, enthalpy and free energy of oxygen in the solid, and gives the variation of these quantities with defect concentration. The resulting curves exhibit irregularities that become increasingly pronounced with falling temperature and mark the precipitation of a series of new phases from the original fluorite structure.
Grain Sorghum Drying Kinetics Under Isothermal Conditions Using Thermogravimetric Analyzer

This research aimed to determine the isothermal drying kinetic parameters of grain sorghum using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The kernels were placed in the TGA under isothermal drying conditions, i.e., 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. Changes in the sample weight were determined from the TGA and the data were used to determine the moisture ratio and the derivative of the weight loss curves. The moisture ratio data obtained experimentally were fitted to four well-known models, namely Page, Newton, Logarithmic, and Henderson, to determine the best-fit model for the experimental data. The goodness of fit criteria was used to determine the best-fit model. An increased drying temperature from 40 °C to 100 °C accelerated the drying process and decreased the moisture ratio from 0.6091 to 0.2909, after 1 h. The Page model was the best fit for 71.4% of the drying curves, whereas the Logarithmic and Henderson models were the best fit for 28.6% of the studied cases. Increasing the drying temperature from 40 °C to 100 °C increased the effective moisture diffusivity from 0.96 × 10−8 m2/s to 1.73 × 10−8 m2/s. The drying activation energy value reached 9.4 kJ/mol under isothermal drying conditions.
SOME CONSTRUCTIONS IN SEMI-DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some constructions in semidynamical systems (SDSs). The SDSs are continuous flows defined for all future time. Functional differential equations provide natural examples of these. SDSs provide some interesting notions that are not possible in dynamical systems. Bhatia and Hajek have extended some results to local SDSs. This chapter explores some of the constructions in SDSs. It discusses some preliminaries and then describes a family of SDSs. It elaborates direct sums of semidynamical system. Sub-semidynamical systems are also described. It is highlighted that not all properties of an SDS are hereditary. The chapter also explains the products of SDS.
Personality Characteristics of Parents

The relationship between parental personality characteristics and infantile autism has been viewed in various ways. When demonstrable personality characteristics or psychopathology are found in parents of autistic children, one interpretation of these results is that autism in the child is the result of the parents’ deviant personality characteristics. Within interpretation, there are a number of different hypotheses. An version is that deviant parents have created autism in a biologically normal child as a result of their isolation, coldness, rage, psychosis, etc. Goldfarb (1961) felt that this conceptualization was appropriate for only one subgroup of autistic children. Neurological impairment was seen as the primary etiological agent in the other subgroup. From Goldfarb’s point of view, deviant parents are only associated with a portion of the autistic children. A different parental-biological interaction hypothesis states that deviant parents exacerbate psychological abnormalities in children with special biological vulnerabilities. These parents may have failed to provide adequate support for the biologically vulnerable infant because of inadequate child-rearing practices. Thus, demonstrable personality characteristics have been interpreted as the cause of autistic development in the child.
Torsion Theories, Radicals, and Idempotent, Topologizing, and Multiplicative Sets

This chapter contains applications of the localizing functors, and quotient categories defined in the preceding chapter. The application 16.9 is to multiplicative subsets S of a ring R, and the corresponding (partial) ring of quotients R s with respect to S. Theorem 16.12 yields the Johnson maximal right quotient ring \(\widehat R\) of a right neat ring R (cf. Chapter 19). When R is semiprime, and satisfies the \({(acc)^ \bot }\) and (acc)⊕, then \(\widehat R\) is the classical right quoring.