cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients' Perceptions of Psychiatric Home Care

A qualitative study was designed to explore patients' perceptions of psychiatric home care. Nine patients receiving psychiatric home care from a private home-care agency were interviewed using a tool developed by the researcher. Demographic data was collected from the patients' charts. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze characteristics of the patients. Content analysis was conducted on interview transcripts. The aspects of psychiatric home care that patients described as most valuable include companionship, counseling, assistance with housework, and monitoring of vital signs. Patients described positive effects of psychiatric home care on their compliance with psychotropic medication regimens and on their relationships with family members. All patients in this sample received psychiatric services in addition to psychiatric home care. Psychiatric home care appeared to be a major factor in maintaining patients in the community. Nursing implications, limitations of the study, and recommendations for further research are presented.
UV Air Cleaners and Upper-Room Air Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation for Controlling Airborne Bacteria and Fungal Spores

In-room air cleaners (ACs) and upper-room air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) are engineering control technologies that can help reduce the concentrations of airborne bacteria and fungal spores in the indoor environment. This study investigated six different types of ACs and quantified their ability to remove and/or inactivate airborne bacteria and fungal spores.Four of the air cleaners incorporatedUVlamp(s) into their flow path. In addition, the efficacy of combining ACs with upper-room air UVGI was investigated. With the ventilation system providing zero or six air changes per hour, the air cleaners were tested separately or with the upperroom air UVGI system in operation in an 87−m3 test room. Active bacteria cells and fungal spores were aerosolized into the room such that their numbers and physiologic state were comparable both with and without air cleaning and upperroom air UVGI. In addition, the disinfection performance of a UV-C lamp internal to one of the ACs was evaluated by estimating ...
Economic reform and food prices: Evidence from markets in Ghana

Abstract This paper investigates trends in food prices in Ghana during 1970–1993. Regression results confirm that real wholesale prices of food have been declining since the 1970s. Price trends in the 1980s are characterized by a downward shift at the beginning of the postreform period and a subsequent continuing downward trend. Despite falling grain prices, we find that agricultural wage rates failed to provide an adequate basis for subsistence, particularly during periods of large seasonal price rises. Many farmers hold grain for both speculation and to smooth income. This view is supported by evidence regarding seasonal price spreads that have been increasing since 1984. We find no support, however, for conclusions of trader manipulation of marketing margins during the adjustment period.
Prograde temperature–time evolution in the Barrovian type–locality constrained by Sm/Nd garnet ages from Glen Clova, Scotland

Abstract: The timing of garnet growth during metamorphism associated with the Grampian Orogeny in the sillimanite zone of the Barrovian type-locality in Glen Clova, Scotland, was determined by Sm/Nd geochronology. Two high precision garnet-whole-rock ages were achieved by employing HF partial dissolution of garnet separates to optimize purity. Multiple garnet growth generations were identified on the basis of the geochronology and detailed textural and chemical data: an early stage, at 472.9 ± 2.9 Ma, during D 2 deformation under garnet zone conditions (c. 500–550 °C), and a later stage, at 464.8 ± 2.7 Ma, during or slightly after D 3 deformation mostly under sillimanite zone conditions (peak temperature of c. 660 °C), but possibly including some growth during kyanite zone conditions. When combined with recently published garnet ages from the kyanite and garnet zones the data suggest that peak metamorphic temperatures in at least these three of Barrow9s zones were achieved roughly contemporaneously. The difference between garnet zone and sillimanite zone peak temperature attainment is 2.8 ± 3.7 Ma. The near contemporaneity of peak temperature attainment in different metamorphic zones requires an additional source of heat beyond thermal relaxation of a variably over-thickened crust. We suggest that local igneous intrusions, with synmetamorphic ages, provided that additional heat.
AN OPTIMIZATION OF INTERMITTENT CORN DRYING IN A LABORATORY SCALE THIN LAYER DRYER

ABSTRACT An intermittent corn drying process of drying-tempering-drying in a laboratory scale thin layer dryer was optimized. A time lag function was developed to describe the influence of the tempering period on the drying rate in the post-tempering drying period. Three dryer control strategies (1) a drying-rate-first strategy, (2) an energy-efficiency-first strategy, and (3) an equal- importance (rate/efficiency) strategy were investigated. Results showed that intermittent drying processes were optimal except when a high drying rate was desired.
Ethanol Intake in the Juvenile, Adolescent, and Adult Rat: Effects of Age and Prior Exposure to Ethanol

Background: Initial ingestion of ethanol by naive rats has seemed to decrease dramatically with age. During the preweanling period, infant rats consume large quantities of high concentrations of ethanol without initiating procedures, in some instances exceeding doses required for severe motor incoordination. During adulthood, however, initial ingestion of ethanol without initiation procedures is low and infrequent. In the present study, the ontogeny of ethanol intake was measured in juvenile, adolescent and adult rats using a technique [consume off the floor (COF)] similar to that used to study intake during infancy. How this initial experience with ethanol affected subsequent affinity for ethanol intake was later assessed using 2-bottle choice preference tests. Methods: Independent ingestion of ethanol was measured at 3 developmental periods, the juvenile period (P22–P28), adolescence (P30–P34) and adulthood (P60–P64), with systematic variation in ethanol concentration (15 or 30% v/v) and palatability (sweetness) of ethanol. Blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were determined in all animals. This dependent variable served as an estimate of absolute ethanol ingestion. Three COF sessions were conducted for each age group. Following these sessions animals' ethanol consumption was also assessed using a 2-bottle choice test (water vs 15% v/v unsweetened ethanol). Results: In all experiments, groups consuming 30% v/v ethanol exhibited significantly higher BECs than those exposed to 15% v/v ethanol. Adding saccharin to the ethanol increased absolute ethanol ingestion in only the oldest animals. During the pre-exposure phase (COF sessions) of each experiment, absolute ethanol intake was found to decline with repeated exposures. Sex effects were particularly evident during later stages of ontogeny (adolescents and adults). The overall pattern of results indicated that juveniles relative to adults show a marked predisposition to consume highly concentrated ethanol solutions and that BECs derived from the COF sessions influenced ethanol acceptance patterns in the subsequent 2-bottle test. Conclusions: Using the (COF) technique with BECs as an estimate of intake, absolute ethanol consumption seems to be quite high early in ontogeny and decline gradually into adulthood. Adding saccharin to ethanol solutions at the concentration used in the present study (0.1%) was generally not sufficient to increase absolute ethanol intake from the floor, except during adulthood. The experimental strategy employed in this study represents a novel approach for examining ethanol acceptance patterns across ontogeny and how experience with the process of intoxication affects subsequent ethanol preferences.
Theoretical and experimental determination of residual stresses in plane joints

We have developed a mathematical model for determining residual stresses and stress concentration in the neighborhood of a plane joint of dissimilar materials and formulated variational statements of direct and inverse problems. The parameters of the stress–strain state of the object under study measured by nondestructive methods serve as input data for the inverse problem. We carry out a numerical analysis of solutions of the direct and inverse problems of determining stress concentration in the neighborhood of a joint of materials with different moduli. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the developed approach to the monitoring of the stress–strain state of joints in the course of their operation and to the evaluation of their residual life.
Polarized vibrational raman scattering lineshape parameters in liquid CO and liquid CO mixtures

Abstract Raman scattering measurements of the lindwidths and resonance frequencies of the polarized vibrational two-photon resonance of liquid CO and of liquid COO 2 , CON 2 and COAr mixtures are presented. A theoretical calculation of the dipole-dipole contribution to this linewidth is given; the results are in order to magnitude agreement with the experiment.
Combinations of water treatment residuals and biosolids affect two range grasses

The beneficial reuse of water treatment plant residuals (WTR) and biosolids via land co-application is of concern since the WTR is postulated to greatly reduce plant phosphorus (P) availability and, along with biosolids, possibly provide an additional source of trace metals to soil. Potential plant Al toxicity with increasing WTR rates, because of the Al content of WTR [Al2(SO4)3·14H2O], has also been speculated. In a greenhouse study we investigated the efficacy of co-application of WTR and biosolids to the native shortgrass prairie species blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K. Lag) and western wheatgrass [Agropyron smithii (Rydb.) A. Love]. Co-application rates were a factorial combination of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g kg− 1 of WTR and 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g kg− 1 of biosolids. Increasing WTR rate, averaged over biosolids rate, resulted in a decrease (p<0.10) in blue grama P concentration and an increase in Al concentration. Increasing biosolids rate, averaged over WTR rates, significantly affected most...
Parsing visual languages with picture layout grammars

Visual programming languages are languages for programming using visual expressions. Picture layout grammars are a mechanism for defining the syntax of visual languages. They allow the specification of both the logical structure and two-dimensinal layout of a visual language. Spatial parsing is the process of analysing an input picture to determine its syntactic structure. This paper describes a parsing algorithm for visual languages defined by picture layout grammars. The algorithm is a general parser for visual languages, in that both the grammar specification and the picture are inputs to the algorithm. The result of parsing is an augmented tree expressing the underlying structure of the input picture, according to the grammar specification.
Developing On‐Line Homework for Introductory Thermodynamics

Homework in engineering courses is used to develop problem-solving skills and to provide students with the practice they need in order to achieve mastery of essential concepts and procedures in their disciplines. We describe homework exercises that were developed for introductory thermodynamics and delivered to students via the Internet. Records of student use were created automatically by the computer server. The data revealed students' patterns of software usage in the context of the course; additional data from course instructors revealed the extent to which completing the on-line homework improved students' in-class test performance.
Societal phosphorus metabolism in future coastal environments: Insights from recent trends in Louisiana, USA

Abstract Successful adaptation to global environmental change will require confronting multiple unfolding challenges in concert. Coastal regions vulnerable to sea level rise and tropical storms will likely also be influenced by resource limitation in an uncertain future. In this paper, we explore the interrelated dynamics of coastal population migration, economic instability, and anthropogenic phosphorus (P) flows. Accounting for P flows and improving human P use efficiency are critical tasks given the finite global supply of phosphate rock and widespread eutrophication. We use material flow analysis to examine societal P metabolism in the Upper Pontchartrain Basin in coastal Louisiana, USA for two 5-y time periods (2001–2005 and 2006–2010) to capture the effects of fertilizer economics and population growth partially driven by the impact of Hurricane Katrina in the lower basin in 2005. Mass balances encompass human-mediated P fluxes in food production and consumption subsystems across agricultural, developed, and forested landscapes. Drastic reductions in locally purchased inorganic P fertilizer (78% decline between periods) were correlated to increases in fertilizer prices. Total P input to the study region decreased from 5452 to 3268 Mg P y−1 between periods. Changes in P flows were primarily driven by fertilizer economics, declining dairy production, and the influx of new residents, which has been characterized by decentralized settlement that limits P recycling. Societal P metabolic efficiency increased from 22% to 32% due largely to reduced fertilizer inputs. Leakage to the Pontchartrain Estuary and the Mississippi River represented 17–23% of total system P input, while the vast majority of P accumulated within soils, wastewater systems, and landfills. We discuss basin trends and management implications. A historic opportunity exists to encourage future coastal development characterized by synergies between local agriculture and human habitation to promote energy efficient nutrient recycling. The effect would be a decreased vulnerability to future fertilizer price spikes, along with the mitigation of current and future eutrophication.
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia observed after treatment of epidermoid carcinoma with mitomycin C and 5‐fluorouracil

Two patients with epidermoid carcinoma treated with mitomycin-C (Mit-C) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) developed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), renal failure, and altered mental status. Patient 1 was free of metastatic disease, on maintenance Mit-C and 5-FU when MAHA changes appeared. Patient 2 had recurrent carcinoma in the pelvic area when MAHA changes appeared. In both patients, MAHA changes and neurologic function improved after exchange plasmapheresis. This is the first report of epidermoid carcinoma manifesting MAHA changes after chemotherapy. Speculation as to pathogenesis and appropriate therapy are discussed.
Chemical solution deposited GaN films from oxygen- and nitrogen-based precursors

GaN films were produced by the chemical solution deposition method (CSD) using two different precursors—gallium dimethyl amide (GDA; containing gallium–nitrogen bonds) and gallium isopropoxide (GIP; containing gallium–oxygen bonds). Pyrolysis of the GDA film at 600 °C produced a continuous layer of GaN grains with a single orientational relation with the substrate [GaN (0001) ∥ Al2O3 (0001) and GaN (1010) ∥ Al2O3 (1120)], and an overlying polycrystalline film. At temperatures greater than 600 °C, the oriented grains consumed the polycrystalline layer via an evaporation–condensation mass transport. Pyrolysis of the GIP films at 600 °C produced a continuous layer of gallium oxynitride having the corundum structure [i.e., α–Ga2O(3−x)N2/3x] with an epitaxial relation to the substrate (α–Ga2O(3−x)N2/3x[0001] ∥ Al2O3 [0001] and α–Ga2O(3−x)N2/3x [1010] ∥ Al2O3 [1120]), and an overlaying polycrystalline gallium oxynitride film with a spinel structure. Increasing temperature caused growth of oriented grains in contact with the substrate and conversion of the oxynitride to wurtzite GaN at 800 °C. Room-temperature (300 K) and low-temperature(77 K) photoluminescence measurements behaved similarly to metal-organic chemical vapor deposition based GaN with additional photoluminescence most likely due to nitrogen vacancy impurities.
Diverse origins of fluid in magmatic inclusions at Bingham (Utah, USA), Butte (Montana, USA), St. Austell (Cornwall, UK), and Ascension Island (mid-Atlantic, UK), indicated by laser microprobe analysis of Cl, K, Br, I, Ba + Te, U, Ar, Kr, and Xe

Abstract Saline fluid inclusions (FI) trapped at close to the temperature of final solidification of a granitic melt occur in rocks from Bingham, Utah, Ascension Island, mid-Atlantic Ocean, and St. Austell, Cornwall. Slightly lower temperature FI occur at Butte, Montana. Argon, Kr, and Xe were extracted from FI by laser microprobe decrepitation of minute portions of the samples after neutron irradiation (along with synthetic FI of known composition), and measured in a low blank, high sensitivity, pulse-counting mass spectrometer. Results enable measurement of Cl, K, Br, and I simultaneously with 36r, 40Ar, 84Kr, and 129Xe, in ∼10−7 cc of fluid, the contents of a single spherical inclusion ∼57 μm in diameter. Average K Cl in Bingham and St. Austell FI are ∼0.25 and ∼0.15, respectively, broadly consistent with the composition of fluids equilibrated with rocks at temperatures close to the eutectic in the granite system (400–600°C and 0.5 – 2 Kb). Within-sample variations in K Cl are significant and may be a result of exsolution of fluids from magmas over a range of temperatures and/or pressures. Halogen ratios are confined to a narrow range, with I Cl and Br Cl in Bingham, Ascension, and some Butte FI ∼ 1 − 8 × 10−5 and 1 − 3 × 10−3, respectively, probably evidence of a common source of salinity, presumably part of the Earth's mantle. A component of salinity derived from continental crust may be indicated by higher I Cl and lower Br Cl in St. Austell Fl. Radiogenic 40Ar produced in situ from K in FI after trapping is usually insignificant. 40Are is defined as 40Ar in excess of the amounts attributable to atmospheric gases and that produced by decay of K in FI. Variations in 40 Ar e Cl in Bingham, Ascension, and St. Austell FI are greater than can be explained by just different Cl concentrations in FI, (typically between ∼5 × 10−7 and 8 × 10−6 ), probably because Ar and Cl have been fractionated within these systems by outgassing of a magma in the interval between exsolution of different FI generations. Concentrations of Ar and 84Kr in most Bingham, Ascension, and St. Austell FI are ∼2 orders of magnitude greater than in most lavas and granites, with 84 Kr 36 Ar ranging between ∼0.015 and ∼0.08, grossly consistent with the composition of fluids exsolved from magmas. Several distinct fluid types are present at Butte: (1) rare “magmatic” FI having halogen and noble gas abundances similar to Bingham and Ascension and (2) abundant FI having 36Ar and 84Kr concentrations similar to air-saturated fresh waters, with slightly lower Br Cl than FI at Bingham and Ascension (∼5–10 × 10−4) and relatively high 40 Ar e Cl (∼1 × 10−5 and 2.8 × 10−5). Mixing prior to trapping between fluid derived from magmas and meteoric water that acquired 40Are plus some halogens by interaction with country rocks is the most likely origin of most Butte FI.
Some developments in the characterization of material hardening and rate sensitivity for cyclic viscoplasticity models

Abstract Kinematic hardening rules with multiple kinematic hardening subvariables and an additive decomposition have been used successfully in viscoplasticity models. In this paper, a general framework for such rules is introduced. A method for determining total rate sensitivity, combined with a technique for measuring overstress using biaxial tests is introduced to compute backstress histories, and backstress rate histories. Using these results, special cases of the general kinematic hardening rule are evaluated for the case of room temperature cyclic behavior of Type 304 stainless steel. It is shown that the appropriate number of kinematic hardening subvariables may be determined, as well as the proper means for accounting for cyclic, isotropic hardening in a model. Model parameters are determined for two special cases and numerical results are compared to experimental results for strain-controlled proportional and nonproportional cycles. The results are discussed with reference to recent studies.
Characterization of a topoisomerase-like activity at specific hypersensitive sites in the Drosophila histone gene cluster

Abstract It is well known that treatment of DNA-topoisomerase complexes with SDS induces cleavage of the DNA by trapping a reactive intermediate in which the topoisomerase is covalently linked to the terminal phosphates of the cut DNA. I have used this technique to examine potential topoisomerase binding sites in the histone gene chromatin of Drosophila Kc cells. Treatment of Kc nuclei with SDS induces Mg++-dependent DNA cleavage near the borders of two nuclease-hypersensitive sites located 5′ and 3′ of histone H4. It is likely that the SDS-induced cleavage at these hypersensitive sites is due to a topoisomerase because protein becomes tightly bound to the ends of the cleaved DNA fragments. Preliminary experiments suggest that a type II topoisomerase may be responsible for the cleavage.
Rivalry as Synergy? The Japanese Automobile Companies' Export Expansion

The paper explores “rivalry” and “synergy” arguments to explain the export growth of Japanese auto manufacturers. Previous literature on competitive behavior, including Porter's [1985] discussion of “good” versus “bad” competitors, is used to develop a conceptual framework and empirical methodology to separate out alternative explanations for the Japanese success. Data on Japanese auto companies' sales in six different export markets (Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa) are examined for the period 1959-1987. The sales over the period are decomposed into three multiplicative components: a generic market growth factor, a synergy factor depicting the combined growth for the Japanese cars, and a rivalry factor representing competition within the Japanese strategic group. The data are used to estimate the magnitude of the growth elasticities for each of the three components.
Social-Psychological Processes that Perpetuate Racial Segregation: The Relationship between School and Employment Desegregation.

A few diverse studies show that racial segregation tends to be perpetuated over stages of the life cycle and across institutional settings (Braddock, 1980; Braddock and McPartland, 1982; Crain, 1970; McPartland and Crain, 1980; McPartland and Braddock, 1981; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1967: App. C5). Blacks who grow up in a largely segregated environment are more likely to lead their adult lives in segregated situations. And, at any given age, Blacks who are segregated in one institutional sphere-be it in education, residential location, employment, or informal social contacts-are also likely to have mostly segregated experiences in other institutional environments.
Functional glucocorticoid receptor modulates pancreatic carcinoma growth through an autocrine loop.

Several peptide hormones have been shown to influence growth and function in pancreatic carcinoma and have given evidence for an autocrine feedback loop governing the proliferation of these malignant cells. Conversely, steroid hormones including glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer cells; however, the prevalence of the glucocorticoid receptor or its mechanism of growth suppression in these tumors is unknown. The ability of growth factors thought to be active in this autocrine loop to reverse the glucocorticoid-induced growth inhibition was studied in vitro in a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HPAC) cell line with a well-characterized glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) inhibited growth in a dose-dependant manner as measured by a [3H]thymidine incorporation assay as well as an MTT cell proliferation assay. Maximal effects were seen within 48 hr at a concentration of 100 nM DEX, suppressing growth to approximately 18% of control. When the maximally suppressed DEX-treated cells were exposed to exogenous growth factors, they rapidly attained or exceeded the growth rate of control cells: insulin-like growth factor = 106%, transforming growth factor-α = 134%, insulin = 151%, and epidermal growth factor = 187% (all P < 0.05, Student's t test). In order to determine the frequency of the GR in pancreatic cancer and the clinical relevance of our findings, immunohistochemical staining for the GR was performed on 20 human tumors. Twelve (60%) of all cancers, as well as all normal pancreatic tissues (n = 4), stained positively for cytoplasmic and/or nuclear GR with expression correlating highly with degree of tumor differentiation (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.05). These data suggest that the GR is present in the normal pancreas and is lost in pancreatic carcinoma when less differentiated. The growth suppression seen in the HPAC cells when exposed to DEX may be due to interference with an autocrine feedback loop thought to be present in these tumors, since the addition of small amounts of exogenous growth factors easily reversed the suppressive effects of glucocorticoids.
Time cost analysis of parallel structures with multi-communication nodes in a shared memory

The time costs of several parallel computation structures are analyzed. These analyses are based on assumptions that the processes communicate implicitly via the shared memory and that a locking mechanism is imposed on the access to shared variables. In previous work, an approach to estimating a set of special parallel computation structures has been developed. The authors expand this approach and propose a new technique for covering more general parallel computation structures. >
Auditor independence: an international perspective

Examines the role of professional associations, governmental agencies, and international accounting and auditing bodies in promulgating standards to foster auditor independence domestically and abroad. Focuses specifically on the role played by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the Securities and Exchange Commission and the US Government Accounting Office. Also looks at other professional associations in banking, industry, and manufacturing sectors dealing with sensitive issues of auditors′ involvement in such matters as management advisory services, operating responsibilities, outsourcing, opinion shopping, auditor rotation, and other conflicts of interest which may impair auditor independence.
A versatile pulse programmer for pulse nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

A digital pulse programmer producing the standard pulse sequences required for pulse nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is described. In addition, a 'saturation burst' sequence, useful in the measurement of long relaxation times in solids, is provided. Both positive and negative 4 V trigger pulses are produced that are fully synchronous with a crystal-controlled time base, and the pulse programmer may be phase-locked with a maximum pulse jitter of 3ns to the oscillator of a coherent pulse spectrometer. Medium speed TTL integrated circuits are used throughout.
Exploiting emerging technologies for nanoscale photonic networks-on-chip

In this paper, we explore the use of emerging molecular scale devices to construct nanophotonic networks --- called Molecular-scale Network-on-Chip (mNoC). We leverage quantum dot LEDs, which provide electrical to optical signal modulation, and chromophores, which provide optical signal filtering for receivers. These devices replace the ring resonators and the external laser source used in contemporary nanophotonic NoCs. We present different crossbar structures such as Single Writer Multiple Reader (SWMR) etc. We also discuss implications of the new mNoC crossbar on overall system design. An mNoC SWMR crossbar can scale up to radix 256 and our preliminary evaluation shows that it reduces over 50% average packet latency and 40% power consumption compared with ring-based alternative.
Depletion and recovery of catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla and its relationship with dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

Exposure of rats to a stressing atmosphere containing 20% CO 2 for 5 h did not affect the level of adrenal catecholamines (CA) or dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Rats given reserpine showed a 40% decrease in adrenal CA in 5 h and a 90% decrease in 24 h, whereas rats given reserpine and then exposed to CO 2 for 5 h showed a decrease of 95% in adrenal CA at the end of the 5 h exposure as well as at 24 h. DBH activity was not altered either at 5 or 24 h after treatment with reserpine or reserpine plus CO 2 . Pretreatment with mecamylamine prior to the combined treatment with reserpine plus CO 2 prevented the maximum depleting effect of such treatment on adrenal CA. Following combined treatment with reser­pine plus CO 2 in unilaterally splanchnicotomized rats, levels of CA were unchanged in the adrenal gland with the nerve supply interrupted, while the content of CA in the right contralateral innervated gland was maximally depressed. Exposure of rats to CO 2 for 5 h immediately or 24 h after reserpine resulted in an additional lowering of adrenal CA when compared to the levels of CA in rats treated with reserpine alone. However, exposure to CO 2 48 h or more after reserpine injection resulted in no additional lowering of CA. The pattern of recovery of rat adrenal CA following depletion with reserpine plus CO 2 showed that levels of CA remained depressed from 5 to 48 h, followed by a modest recovery at 72 h and essentially complete recovery in about 6 days. In contrast, the recovery pattern following depletion with reserpine alone showed that levels of CA recovered to about half of normal 48 h and were essentially normal in 4–5 days. After treatment with reserpine alone, DBH activity was unchanged from the control level up to 1 day but it increased on the second day and remained high for 4–5 days, After reserpine + CO 2 , DBH activity was unchanged up to one day but it decreased below the control level on the second and third day.
Relative systemic hypertension in patients with sickle cell disease is associated with risk of pulmonary hypertension and renal insufficiency

We analyzed entry data from 163 adult hemoglobin SS and Sbeta(0) thalassemia patients enrolled in the prospective Sickle Cell Pulmonary Hypertension Screening Study and stratified their ECHO-determined tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) and serum creatinine concentration according to three systemic blood pressure categories. TRV was >or= 2.5 m/sec in 27% of the patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) <120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <70 mmHg, in 37% with SBP 120-139 mmHg or DBP 70-89 mmHg, and in 93% with SBP 140 mmHg or DBP 90 mmHg or higher (P<0.0005 for trend). Serum creatinine concentration was 1.0 mg/dL or higher in 7% of patients with SBP <120 mmHg and DBP <70 mmHg, in 17% with SBP 120-139 mmHg or DBP 70-89 mmHg and 50% with SBP 140 mmHg or DBP 90 mmHg or higher (P<0.0005 for trend). Over 2 years of follow-up, there were trends for more frequent progression to elevated TRV (P=0.073) or creatinine (P=0.037) values according to the higher systemic blood pressure categories. Our findings suggest that systemic SBP 120-139 mmHg or DBP 70-89 mmHg defines a category of relative systemic hypertension in patients with sickle cell disease that is associated with increased risk for pulmonary hypertension and renal dysfunction. Whether antihypertensive and/or nitric oxide donor therapy in sickle cell disease patients with relative hypertension prevents these and other complications should be determined by clinical trials.
Particle Interactions in Dry Powder Inhaler Unit Processes: A Review

Recent development and methods of designing and optimizing dry powder formulations have extended the therapeutic potential of inhaled dosage forms. Successful drug delivery as indicated by a high and reproducible fine particle fraction, required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing potential toxicity, depends on an understanding of the physico-chemical properties of powder blends, their performance and availability of adequate tools to screen and predict their behavior. The scope of this review includes three important perspectives for inhaled drug delivery: (1) Fundamental aspects of interparticulate interactions of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols at rest and in resuspension; (2) The influences of pharmaceutical processing including milling, mixing, filling and storage, and their influence on powder dispersion; (3) Current strategies for formulation optimization and methods for in vitro aerosolization performance prediction.
Crystallization and preliminary analysis of telokin, the C-terminal domain of myosin light chain kinase

Abstract Telokin, an acidic protein related to the C-terminal portion of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase from turkey gizzard has been crystallized in a form suitable for a high-resolution diffraction analysis. The crystals were grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 using the hanging-drop vapor diffusion method. They belong to the trigonal space group P 3 1 21 or P 3 2 21 with cell parameters a = 64.0 A , c = 59.4 A and diffract to at least 2.7 A resolution.
B74-19 Pattern Recognition Techniques

Pattern Recognition Techniques does just what the doctor ordered; it serves as a broad informal introduction for engineers, computer scientists, and biologists to the field of pattern recognition. All necessary background is developed within the text, which is illustrated in terms of character recognition. It would be difficult to find a more extensive bibliography. This greatly contributes to the usefulness of this book.
Physical model-based non-rigid registration incorporating statistical shape information

This paper describes two new atlas-based methods of 2D single modality non-rigid registration using the combined power of physical and statistical shape models. The transformations are constrained to be consistent with the physical properties of deformable elastic solids in the first method and those of viscous fluids in the second, to maintain smoothness and continuity. A Bayesian formulation, based on each physical model, an intensity similarity measure, and statistical shape information embedded in corresponding boundary points, is employed to derive more accurate and robust approaches to non-rigid registration. A dense set of forces arises from the intensity similarity measure to accommodate complex anatomical details. A sparse set of forces constrains consistency with statistical shape models derived from a training set. A number of experiments were performed on both synthetic and real medical images of the brain and heart to evaluate the approaches. It is shown that statistical boundary shape information significantly augments and improves physical model-based non-rigid registration and the two methods we present each have advantages under different conditions.
Magnetic Field Strength Fluctuations in the Heliosheath: Voyager 1 Observations During 2009

We analyze the microscale fluctuations of the magnetic field strength B on a scale of several hours observed by Voyager1 (V1) in the heliosheath during 2009. The microscale fluctuations of B range from coherent to stochastic structures. The amplitude of microscale fluctuations of B during 1 day is measured by the standard deviation (SD) of 48 s averages of B. The distribution of the daily values of SD is lognormal. SD(t) from day of year (DOY) 1 to 331, 2009, is very intermittent. SD(t) has a 1/f or "pink noise" spectrum on scales from 1 to 100 days, and it has a broad multifractal spectrum f(alpha) with 0.57 less than or equal to alpha less than or equal to 1.39. The time series of increments SD(t + tau) -- SD(t) has a pink noise spectrum with alpha(1) = 0.88 plus or minus 0.14 on scales from 1 to 100 days. The increments have a Tsallis (q-Gaussian) distribution on scales from 1 to 165 days, with an average q = 1.75 plus or minus 0.12. The skewness S and kurtosis K have Gaussian and lognormal distributions, respectively. The largest spikes in K(t) and S(t) are often associated with a change in B across a data gap and with identifiable physical structures. The "turbulence" observed by V1 during 2009 was weakly compressible on average but still very intermittent, highly variable, and highly compressible at times. The turbulence observed just behind the termination shock by Voyager 2 was twice as strong. These observations place strong constraints on any model of turbulence in the heliosheath.
Solubility of Benzil in Organic Nonelectrolyte Solvents. Comparison of Observed Versus Predicted Values Based upon Mobile Order Theory

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported at 25.0 °C for benzil dissolved in twenty three different organic nonelectrolyte solvents containing ester–, ether–, chloro–, hydroxy– and methyl–functional groups. Results of these measurements combined with our previously published benzil solubility data in benzene, toluene, dibutyl ether, carbon tetrachloride and saturated hydrocarbons, are used to test the applications and limitations of expressions derived from Mobile Order theory. For the 30 solvents for which predictions could be made computations show that Mobile Order theory does provide fairly reasonable (although by no means perfect) estimates of the saturation mole fraction solubilities. Average absolute deviation between predicted and observed values is circa 31%. In comparison, the average absolute deviation increases significantly to 1500% when ideal solution behavior is assumed.
Engaging timeshare owners in tourism destination management: tourism planning and tourism marketing implications.

It is important to understand tourists' willingness to participate in tourism planning and the factors influencing their willingness because they are an integral part of the destination and ultimately one of the main buyers of the product. Timeshare owners are a special group of tourists who have additional connections with the tourism destination through their timeshare. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among timeshare owners' perceptions of tourism planning, civic engagement, sense of place, and willingness to participate in tourism planning. This study was based on a questionnaire survey of U.S. timeshare owners. The total sample size was 302. A two‐stage structural equation modeling approach was applied in data analysis. Results from the measurement model suggested that the model fit the data quite well. Results from the structural model suggested that timeshare owners' perceptions of tourism planning, their past history of civic participation, and their sense of place si...
Diffractive spectroelectrochemistry: A sensitive probe of the electrochemical diffusion layer

Abstract The utility of diffracted light for monitoring species generated or consumed at an electrode surface was examined, based on theory presented earlier. When laser light diffracted by an electrode is used to make absorbance measurements, the resulting absorbance vs. time transients are sensitive to the presence of chromophore in the diffusion layer, within as little as 5 μm of a planar electrode surface. In both theory and experiment the absorbance reaches a constant value after about 200 ms, which is related to the concentration of an electrogenerated absorber via Beer's law. The path length for absorbance equals the electrode length along the optical axis, and was varied from 0.014 to 1.1 cm. The linear range of the method is 5 μM to 6 mM for test systems, and the observed response had the predicted dependence on diffraction angle, time, concentration, path length, and wavelength. A detection limit of 1.2 μM was established for electrogenerated trianisylamine cation radical. The method can be at least 400 times more sensitive than conventional spectroelectrochemical methods.
Modeling complex genetic and environmental influences on comorbid bipolar disorder with tobacco use disorder

Comorbidity of psychiatric and substance use disorders represents a significant complication in the clinical course of both disorders. Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by severe mood swings, ranging from mania to depression, and up to a 70% rate of comorbid Tobacco Use Disorder (TUD). We found epidemiological evidence consistent with a common underlying etiology for BD and TUD, as well as evidence of both genetic and environmental influences on BD and TUD. Therefore, we hypothesized a common underlying genetic etiology, interacting with nicotine exposure, influencing susceptibility to both BD and TUD. Using meta-analysis, we compared TUD rates for BD patients and the general population. We identified candidate genes showing statistically significant, replicated, evidence of association with both BD and TUD. We assessed commonality among these candidate genes and hypothesized broader, multi-gene network influences on the comorbidity. Using Fisher Exact tests we tested our hypothesized genetic networks for association with the comorbidity, then compared the inferences drawn with those derived from the commonality assessment. Finally, we prioritized candidate SNPs for validation. We estimate risk for TUD among BD patients at 2.4 times that of the general population. We found three candidate genes associated with both BD and TUD (COMT, SLC6A3, and SLC6A4) and commonality analysis suggests that these genes interact in predisposing psychiatric and substance use disorders. We identified a 69 gene network that influences neurotransmitter signaling and shows significant over-representation of genes associated with BD and TUD, as well as genes differentially expressed with exposure to tobacco smoke. Twenty four of these genes are known drug targets. This work highlights novel bioinformatics resources and demonstrates the effectiveness of using an integrated bioinformatics approach to improve our understanding of complex disease etiology. We illustrate the development and testing of hypotheses for a comorbidity predisposed by both genetic and environmental influences. Consistent with our hypothesis, the selected network models multiple interacting genetic influences on comorbid BD with TUD, as well as the environmental influence of nicotine. This network nominates candidate genes for validation and drug testing, and we offer a panel of SNPs prioritized for follow-up.
Properties of a specific glycolipid transfer protein from bovine brain

A transfer protein specific for glycolipids has been isolated from bovine brain. As judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the protein is 68% pure and has a molecular weight of 20 000. Three different assays were employed to study the protein's specificity and glycolipid binding properties. The protein transferred several different neutral glycosphingolipids and ganglioside GM1 equally well, but failed to accelerate phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin intervesicular movement. The protein's ability to interact with glycolipids was strongly influenced by the physical properties of the matrix phospholipid in which the glycolipids reside. Both the phase state of the phospholipid matrix and bilayer curvature affected glycolipid intervesicular transfer rates. Protein binding to phospholipid vesicles containing either tritium-labeled or pyrene-labeled glucosylceramide could not be demonstrated by density gradient centrifugation or fluorescence energy transfer measurements, respectively. A specific association of the transfer protein for pyrene-labeled glucosylceramide was found when the fluorescence emission of the pyrene excimer-to-monomer ratio was measured suggesting that a portion of the fluorescent glycolipid was being sequestered from the phospholipid vesicles and was binding to the freely soluble protein.
Observation and quantitation of metal-binding sites in the sex steroid-binding protein of human and rabbit sera using the luminescent probe terbium

The first direct evidence for specific metal-binding sites in pure human and pure rabbit sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) is obtained using the luminescent lanthanide terbium. Terbium, a probe for calcium sites in proteins, provided protection of the SBP steroid-binding activity in diluted human serum samples equivalent to that provided by calcium. Pure SBP, first treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, was dialyzed against buffer containing TbCl3. After gel filtration to remove nonspecifically bound terbium, the protein was denatured in urea. The amount of protein-bound terbium was determined by luminescence enhancement of the lanthanide using the chelator dipicolinate, yielding four metal-binding sites per mole of dimer protein from both species.
Indications and guidelines for pectus excavatum repair.

Purpose of reviewThe introduction of the Nuss procedure in 1997 for treatment of pectus excavatum, in conjunction with the ever-expanding body of medical information available on the internet, significantly raised the level of awareness for this deformity as both an anatomic and a functional problem
Health coaching in the teamlet model: a case study.

Primary care is often viewed as a team-based activity. Yet many practices have experienced difficulty implementing high-performing teams1. The larger the team, the more time and energy are spent communicating among team members and the greater the probability of fumbled handoffs. Smaller teams may have advantages.
Aggression: A characteristic of physically abused latency-age children

Aggression is a primary characteristic of physically abused children noted in the literature. The development of aggression in the normal child is traced and viewed in relation to the maltreated child. Some special dynamics of the abuse situation are identified and the affects on the perception of the abused child are suggested. Examples of abused children's aggressive behaviors in treatment groups are cited to illustrate both the overt and covert rage and anger which is present. Selected social work interventions utilized with these children are described.
Internal symmetry in acoustical ray theory

A connection between acoustic ray theory and differential geometry suggests the existence of a local symmetry within ray theory. The local symmetry, in this case conformal symmetry, is reminiscent of that encountered in the study of electromagnetic field theory, or more generally gauge theory. Acousticians can take advantage of this symmetry by choosing a gauge that best suits a given problem. In this paper, the symmetry is discussed in the most general context and the transformations for both ray theory and paraxial ray theory are given. When applied to the paraxial equations this transformation alters the stability parameters of the system. For low dimensional problems in ray theory, such as those including depth and range dependence in the local sound speed, the stability parameters become a property of the medium. Specific applications to layered media are presented and their consequences discussed.
Noble Gases and Earth's Accretion

Earth probably accreted in two stages corresponding to conditions before and after the removal of gas from the nebular disk. Helium and neon in the mantle primarily record a solarlike component likely incorporated during the first stage by solution into a magma ocean blanketed under a massive protoatmosphere of molecular hydrogen and helium. The heavier noble gases primarily reflect a meteoritic (planetary) component trapped in accreted planetesimals. This model provides a possible explanation for the reduced and oxidized accretion stages inferred from siderophile elements and may explain why the present mantle appears to be too oxidized to be in equilibrium with the core.