cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education, Learning and Information Theory

Suppose you are a teacher, and have to convey a set of object-property pairs ('lions eat meat', or 'aspirin is a blood-thinner'). A good teacher will convey a lot of information, with little effort on the student side. Specifically, given a list of objects (like animals or medical drugs) and their associated properties, what is the best and most intuitive way to convey this information to the student, without the student being overwhelmed? A related, harder problem is: how can we assign a numerical score to each lesson plan (i.e. way of conveying information)? Here, we give a formal definition of this problem of forming learning units and we provide a metric for comparing different approaches based on information theory. We also design a multi-pronged algorithm, HYTRA, for this problem. Our proposed HYTRA is scalable (near-linear in the dataset size), it is effective, achieving excellent results on real data, both with respect to our proposed metric, but also with respect to encoding length, and it is intuitive, conforming to well-known educational principles, such as grouping related concepts, and "comparing" and "contrasting". Experiments on real and synthetic datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of HYTRA.
Study on Nonlinear Optical Property of Amorphous Silicon

Enhanced free carrier nonlinearity due to midgap localized states in amorphous silicon is measured and discussed. We also propose a new waveguide structure to utilize this material in practical devices.
Clinical Analysis of Non-Convulsive Seizures in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objective To explore electroencephalogram(EEG) features and etiology of non-convulsive seizures(NCS) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit(PICU) through analysis of pediatric patients with NCS.Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all 226 pediatric patients who were admitted or transferred to the PICU,Shenzhen Children′s Hospital from Jun.2007 to Dec.2009 with decrease in the level of consciousness,and continuous electroencephalogram(CEEG) recordings were performed for 24 up to 76 hours.Diagnosis of NCS was based on EEG.Age distribution,previous history of NCS,and possible etiology of NCS for patients with a diagnosis of NCS were analyzed.The history of seizure of NCS patients 1 year old and that of NCS patients≥1 year old were compared.EEG recorded during seizure was analyzed for location of the foci of seizures.Results Forty-eight cases of 226 patients(21.2%)were found to have NCS.In the group of patients 1 year old,most of the cases(16/22 cases) had no preexisting epilepsy-related seizure prior to the onset of NCS.The etiology of NCS included intracranial infection,epilepsy-related seizure,hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,metabolic disorder,and trauma in turn.Epileptic foci was lateralized to the right side in 19 cases(39.6%),to the left side in 16 cases(33.3%),and were bilateral or localized in the central zone or could not be lateralized in 27.1% of cases according to the local EEG.The average duration between the start of EEG recording and the detection of first NCS seizure was 287 minutes(ranging from 13 to 907 minutes).Conclusions This report highlights the importance of clinical awareness of NCS in PICU,including CEEG monitoring of pediatric patients with an altered state of consciousness,in early detection and management of NCS.
Node Energy-balancing Optimization Method in Wireless Sensor Network

In wireless sensor networks(WSNs), energy limitation of the battery in a sensor node restricts its transmission distance. Fortunately, multi-hop transmission enables the sensor node to send its packets to the remote destination by forwarding the packets to other intermediate nodes hop by hop. In the WSN used for data aggregation, nodes which are adjacent to the data sink typically forward larger amount of traffi c and deplete their battery faster than the other nodes. Defi ning the lifetime of a WSN as the time that fi rst out-of-energy node is found since the WSN starts, this paper propose an energy balanced optimization scheme for two-dimensional WSNs based on the realistic energy model derived from measured data on Chipcon CC2420. According to the scheme, the optimal traffi c fl ow distribution can balance the energy consumptions of nodes, and then the lifetime of WSN is extended.
Origin and influence of academic contending from cold school and warm school of paediatric

The academic contending from cold school and warm school of pediatrics was derived from Qian Yi's and Chen Wenzhong's therapeutic opinions for measles and smallpox in the Song dynasty. The former claimed the use of cold and cool drugs, while the latter, maintained the use of warm and hot drugs. During the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, physicians continually revised and supplied their therapeutic methods and started the academic contending in almost all fields of pediatrics, including therapeutic opinion for measles and smallpox, exogenous pathogenic diseases of children, miscellaneous diseases of children etc., which improved the further research on basic theory of pediatrics, such as constitution, physiological and pathological characteristics of children, and also pushed forward the academic development of pediatrics of traditional Chinese medicine.
Application-driven computational imaging

This paper addresses how the image processing steps involved in computational imaging can be adapted to specific image-based recognition tasks, and how significant reductions in computational complexity can be achieved by leveraging the recognition algorithm's robustness to defocus, poor exposure, and the like. Unlike aesthetic applications of computational imaging, recognition systems need not produce the best possible image quality, but instead need only satisfy certain quality thresholds that allow for reliable recognition. The paper specifically addresses light field processing for barcode scanning, and presents three optimizations which bring light field processing within the complexity limits of low-powered embedded processors.
Mass Balance Assessment for Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides During Conventional Wastewater and Wetland Treatment: Nationwide Reconnaissance in United States Wastewater

Occurrence and removal of six high-production high-volume neonicotinoids was investigated in 13 conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and one engineered wetland. Flow-weighted daily composites were analyzed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, revealing the occurrence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and clothianidin at ng/L concentrations in WWTP influent (60.5 ± 40.0; 2.9 ± 1.9; 149.7 ± 289.5, respectively) and effluent (58.5 ± 29.1; 2.3 ± 1.4; 70.2 ± 121.8, respectively). A mass balance showed insignificant removal of imidacloprid (p = 0.09, CI = 95%) and limited removal of the sum of acetamiprid and its degradate, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (18 ± 4%, p = 0.01, CI = 95%). Clothianidin was found only intermittently, whereas thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and dinotefuran were never detected. In the wetland, no removal of imidacloprid or acetamiprid was observed. Extrapolation of data from 13 WWTPs to the nation as a whole suggests annual discharges on the order of 1000–340...
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Nipple-Areola Complex: A Comprehensive Review of the World Literature

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) usually occur in sun-exposed areas. However, they may also occur—albeit infrequently—in unusual locations, such as the nipple-areola complex. Using the PubMed database, an extensive literature search was performed for the following keywords: areola, basal cell carcinoma, and nipple. Papers and references cited in those papers were reviewed to accumulate reports of patients with BCC of the areola and nipple. BCC of the areola and nipple has been described in 55 individuals: 35 males and 20 females. The onset age ranged from 35 to 86 years. The median onset age in males was 61 years, whereas the median onset age in females was 66 years. BCC of the NAC predominantly occurred in Caucasians (75.7%). BCC of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) was observed on the left (54.9%) more frequently than the right (45.1%). Clinical presentation was variable and commonly included scaly or ulcerated plaques and nodules. This tumor was typically associated with the nodular (42.9%) or superficial (30.9%) subtype of BCC. The most common treatment was excision. There were three reported patients who had metastatic disease to their lymph nodes; one of the patients died from his tumor. The nipple and areola are uncommon sites of BCC. BCC of the nipple-areola complex is less frequently observed in females (36.4%), as this is more commonly a photo-protected site. BCC of the NAC has been considered to behave more aggressively than BCCs at other anatomical sites; however, the BCCs are frequently associated with a non-aggressive histologic subtype. Treatment usually involves complete excision of the BCC. Tumor recurrence was uncommon following successful treatment of the primary neoplasm.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Substrates

Photocatalytic oxidation of organic substrates occurs with high chemical yield on irradiated semiconductor surfaces. Photocatalysis is defined and exemplified and the theories of photoelectrochemistry are used to construct model cells. Mechanistic criteria needed to define a redox reaction pathway on a heterogeneous photocatalyst are reviewed, and a brief survey of functional group transformations which have been reported on semiconductor surfaces is given. The photocatalytic oxygenation of olefins is considered as a vehicle to illustrate these principles, and several practical applications of such investigations are cited.
Reducing emissions at land border crossings through queue reduction and expedited security processing

Abstract Vehicle border crossings between Mexico and the United States generate significant amounts of air pollution, which can pose health threats to personnel at the ports of entry (POEs) as well as drivers, pedestrians, and local inhabitants. Although these health risks could be substantial, there is little previous work quantifying detailed emission profiles at POEs. Using the Mariposa POE in Nogales, Arizona as a case study, light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle emissions were analyzed with the objective of identifying effective emission reduction strategies such as inspection streamlining, physical infrastructure improvements, and fuel switching. Historical traffic information as well as field data were used to establish a simulation model of vehicle movement in VISSIM. Four simulation scenarios with varied congestion levels were considered to represent real-world seasonal changes in traffic volume. Four additional simulations captured varying levels of expedited processing procedures. The VISSIM output was analyzed using the EPA’s MOVES emission simulation software for conventional air pollutants. For the highest congestion scenario, which includes a 200% increase in vehicle volume, total emissions increase by around 460% for PM2.5 and NOx, and 540% for CO, SO2, GHGs, and NMHC over uncongested conditions for a two-hour period. Expedited processing and queue reduction can reduce emissions in this highest congestion scenario by as much as 16% for PM2.5, 18% for NOx, 20% for NMHC, 7% for SO2 and 15% for GHGs and CO. Other potential mitigation strategies examined include fleet upgrades, fuel switching, and fuel upgrades. Adoption of some or all of these changes would not only reduce emissions at the Mariposa POE, but would have air-quality benefits for nearby populations in both the US and Mexico. Fleet-level changes could have far-reaching improvements in air quality on both sides of the border.
A temporally coherent neural algorithm for artistic style transfer

Within the fields of visual effects and animation, humans have historically spent painstaking hours mastering the skill of drawing frame-by-frame animations. One such animation technique that has been widely used is called “rotoscoping” and has allowed uniquely stylized animations to capture the motion of real life action sequences. Automating this arduous process would free animators from performing frame by frame stylization to concentrate on artistic contributions. We introduce a new artificial system based on an existing neural style transfer method which creates artistically stylized animations that simultaneously reproduce both the motion of the original videos that they are derived from and the unique style of a given artistic work. This system utilizes a convolutional neural network framework to extract a hierarchy of image features used for generating images that appear visually similar to a given artistic style while at the same time faithfully preserving temporal content. The use of optical flow allows the combination of style and content to be integrated directly with the apparent motion over frames of a video to produce smooth and visually appealing transitions. This implementation demonstrates how biologically-inspired systems such as convolutional neural networks are rapidly approaching human-level behavior in tasks that were once thought impossible. Further, this research provides unique insights into the way that humans who produce artistically stylized animations perceive temporal information.
Modeling Traffic Incident Duration Using Quantile Regression

Traffic incidents occur frequently on urban roadways and cause incident-induced congestion. Predicting incident duration is a key step in managing these events. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models can be estimated to relate the mean of incident duration data with its correlates. Because of the presence of larger incidents, duration distributions are often right-skewed; that is, the OLS model underpredicts the durations of larger incidents. Therefore, this study applies a modeling technique known as quantile regression to predict more accurately the skewed distribution of incident durations. Quantile regression estimates the relationships between correlates and a chosen percentile—for example, the 75th or 95th percentile—while the OLS regression is based on the mean of incident duration. With the use of incident data related to more than 85,000 (2013 to 2015) incidents for highways in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, quantile regression results indicate that the magnitudes of parameters and p...
Analgesia for Post-Cesarean Delivery Pain

Summary A recent survey by Gibbs et al27 indicates that of the cesarean sections performed in this country 41 per cent are conducted using general anesthesia, 34 per cent are conducted using spinal anesthesia, and 21 per cent are conducted using epidural anesthesia. This survey identifies three separate populations of patients and three different routes by which we may tailor the patient’s postoperative analgesia. These routes that involve epidural, intrathecal, and patient-controlled IV analgesic administration are gaining in popularity and are replacing traditional IM analgesics. It has become clear over the past few years that intraspinal narcotics and PCAs can provide the post-cesarean patient with superior analgesia compared with IM narcotics.24, 32 It has also become clear that these techniques can be delivered safely with very little risk to the patient, perhaps no greater than conventional analgesic techniques. The benefits of these new techniques is not limited to better analgesia. Patients given epidural morphine following cesarean section become ambulatory earlier than those given IV morphine for relief of pain.17 Epidural opiate analgesia has been shown to reduce morbidity in high-risk surgical patients and thereby improve outcome.48, 69 There is also evidence that even the low-risk cesarean section patients given intraspinal morphine for postoperative pain relief may have a shorter hospital stay than those given IV and IM narcotics.56 Finally, recent studies by Harrison et al32 and Eisenach et al24 have compared IM, PCA, and epidural narcotics for providing post-cesarean analgesia. They demonstrated that, in terms of providing analgesia, PCA was superior to IM narcotics, and that epidural narcotics were superior to PCA. A surprising finding, and one that deserves further study, was that even though those patients given epidural narcotics reported better analgesia than those given IM or PCA, those patients given PCA reported higher levels of satisfaction compared with prior cesarean deliveries than those patients given epidural narcotics.24 Again, it is not a direct comparison but an implied or inferred comparison. Thus, in those instances when epidural or intrathecal narcotic administration is impossible or undesirable, PCA can provide an attractive alternative, offering excellent analgesia and a high degree of patient satisfaction. In this article we reviewed the analgesic options available for the post-cesarean patient and attempted to outline the risks, benefits, and implementation of three new techniques for providing analgesia. With each new year these techniques have been finding, and will undoubtedly continue to find, wider clinical application, thereby improving the care for women having cesarean deliveries.
Problem Solving in the Early Years

Problem solving is recognized as a critical component to becoming a self-determined individual. The development of this skill should be fostered in the early years through the use of age-appropriat...
A Place for Technology in Parent Education: An Exploratory Study of Parent Perceptions

The current study sought to identify what parents would perceive to be helpful in terms of including technology topics in parent education programs, rather than assuming what would be best for pare...
Full Field Deformation Measurements in Tensile Kolsky Bar Experiments: Studies and Detailed Analysis of the Early Time History

The very early stages of high rate tensile loading are important when attempting to characterize the response of materials during the transient loading time. To improve understanding of the conditions imposed on the specimen during the transient stage, a series of high rate loading experiments are performed using a Kolsky tensile bar system. Specimen forces and velocities during the high rate loading experiment are obtained by performing a thorough method of characteristics analysis of the system employed in the experiments. The in-situ full-field specimen displacements, velocities and accelerations during the loading process are quantified using modern ultra-high-speed imaging systems to provide detailed measurements of specimen response, with emphasis on the earliest stages of loading. Detailed analysis of the image-based measurements confirms that conditions are nominally consistent with those necessary for use of the one-dimensional wave equation within the relatively thin, dog-bone shaped tensile specimen. Specifically, measurements and use of the one-dimensional wave equation show clearly that the specimen has low inertial stresses in comparison to the applied transmitted force. Though the accelerations of the specimen continue for up to 50 μs, measurements show that the specimen is essentially in force equilibrium beginning a few microseconds after initial loading. These local measurements contrast with predictions based on comparison of the wave-based incident force measurements, which suggest that equilibrium occurs much later, on the order of 40–50 μs .
Bruhat Orders and the Sequential Selection of Indivisible Items

For two players with identical preferences, cake-cutting procedures, such as Cutand-Choose (Brams & Taylor, 1996) and the Surplus Procedure (Brams, Jones, & Klamler, 2006), guarantee that each player receives exactly half of the cake, according to their preferences. In essence, receiving exactly half is a worst-case scenario because when their preferences are not identical, the opportunity often exists for both players to receive more than half of the cake, measured by their preferences. This potential reward is balanced by risk, as these differences in preferences provide an incentive for players to misrepresent their preferences in an effort to gain a more valuable piece. In contrast, players may not be able to exploit information about an opponent’s preferences when indivisible objects are allocated to two players, even when the players’ preferences are different. Our purpose is to determine the structure of, relationship between, and frequency of two players’ preferences for which players receive their worst or best possible outcomes when dividing a finite set of indivisible goods, independent of strategic behavior. Kohler and Chandrasekaharan (1971) pose and solve three optimization problems in which a finite set of players, with linear preference orders over the items, alternate taking turns selecting a number of items from a set of indivisible items. We adopt their framework, as Brams and Straffin (1979) do, to the case when two players alternate selecting a single item from a set of indivisible items. Although Kohler and Chandrasekaharan (1971) assume that players have values associated with each item and subsets are valued according to the sum of the values of its objects, like Brams and Straffin (1979), we assume that the players’ preferences for subsets of items are partially ordered, induced by the linear orders.
Multiple tree alignment with weights applied to carbohydrates to extract binding recognition patterns

The purpose of our research is the elucidation of glycan recognition patterns. Glycans are composed of monosaccharides and have complex structures with branches due to the fact that monosaccharides have multiple potential binding positions compared to amino acids. Each monosaccharide can potentially be bound by up to five other monosaccharides, compared to two for any amino acid. Glycans are often bound to proteins and lipids on the cell surface and play important roles in biological processes. Lectins in particular are proteins that recognize and bind to glycans. In general, lectins bind to the terminal monosaccharides of glycans on glycoconjugates. However, it is suggested that some lectins recognize not only terminal monosaccharides, but also internal monosaccharides, possibly influencing the binding affinity. Such analyses are difficult without novel bioinformatics techniques. Thus, in order to better understand the glycan recognition mechanism of such biomolecules, we have implemented a novel algorithm for aligning glycan tree structures, which we provide as a web tool called MCAW (Multiple Carbohydrate Alignment with Weights). From our web tool, we have analyzed several different lectins, and our results could confirm the existence of well-known glycan motifs. Our work can now be used in several other analyses of glycan structures, such as in the development of glycan score matrices as well as in state model determination of probabilistic tree models. Therefore, this work is a fundamental step in glycan pattern analysis to progress glycobiology research.
Effects of music therapy on mood and pain with patients hospitalized for bone marrow transplantation: a randomized effectiveness pilot study

Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) experience heightened anxiety and depression, which can negatively impact treatment outcomes. Music therapy is a non-invasive method of...
Medicolegal Aspects of Complications

Adverse events or outcomes are unwelcome occurrences. Unfortunately, adverse events will likely occur sometime during the physician’s lifetime in the practice of medicine. The possibility of such an event should be taken into account when planning and discussing treatment. Patients should be advised about the possibility of adverse events during the process of informed consent. An adverse event may occur despite all appropriate precautions being taken by the treating physician, but some adverse events are clearly preventable. An adverse event may trigger a malpractice action by a patient or patient’s family. This chapter will discuss the informed consent process, adverse events, malpractice claims, and the physician’s role in documentation and disclosure. The information that has been provided in this chapter is based on a review of publications on the subject. It should not be construed as legal advice. If as a healthcare provider you are involved in a legal case, get the direct advice of a risk manager or a lawyer.
Elongate mineral particles in the natural environment.

Abstract When considering elongate mineral particles (EMPs) in the natural environment it is important to first: 1) define what an elongate mineral is and 2) present what we as mineralogists and geologists know about their distribution. However, it is often very difficult to define the natural world, instead we physical scientists resort to describing it. For instance, we used 1,419 words spread over two pages of our mineralogy textbook (Dyar and Gunter, 2008) to describe a mineral. On the other hand, elongate has a rather simple non-quantitative definition as a particle longer than it is wide; however, to quantify it, we must select an aspect ratio. Cleary the term EMP was coined with the hopes to simplify some of the confusion resulting in the differing “meanings” of such words as asbestos, asbestiform, acicular, and most importantly “fiber” in the natural vs. built environment, especially when applied to amphiboles (Gunter, 2010), and non-regulated asbestiform amphibole species. This paper draws on three sources: 1) the USDA-NRCS soil database (Thompson et al., 2011), 2) soil mineralogical data from USGS (Smith et al., 2013), and 3) the mineral database created in conjunction with the Dyar and Gunter (2008) textbook in an attempt to show issues created by use of the term EMP.
Effect of electrolyte composition on rock salt surface degradation in NMC cathodes during high-voltage potentiostatic holds

Abstract Surface degradation of lithium-ion cathodes at high voltages represents a significant barrier to increasing the useable energy of conventional cathodes. Though much work has been focused on mitigating the detrimental effects of such phenomena, the complex and correlated mechanisms involved have made progress difficult. Herein, the effect of electrolyte identity on surface degradation is examined. LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532)/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) full cells were constructed using three different electrolytes: a baseline organic carbonate electrolyte, a baseline organic carbonate electrolyte with an oxidizable additive, and a fluorinated carbonate electrolyte. Each system was subjected to a 60 h potentiostatic hold at 3.05 V (4.6 V vs. Li+/Li) and subsequently deconstructed for characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Molecular simulations were carried out on each distinct component of the three electrolytes in contact with crystal surfaces of an NMC532 particle. Results indicate an affinity for the additive-containing electrolyte to extract atomic oxygen from the cathode surface, whereas the fluorinated electrolyte components have negligible interactions. Hydrogen abstraction from the baseline electrolyte is facilitated by the NMC532 surface. TEM analysis of cathode surfaces, after the potentiostatic holds, revealed that the NMC532 particles cycled with the additive-containing electrolyte underwent significant surface degradation, including changes to local crystal structure in a region penetrating 20–40 nm from the surface; consistent with oxygen and lithium loss from the cathode material. However, the NMC532 in contact with the fluorinated electrolyte showed a disordered layer of just a few nm in thickness, similar to the depth of crystal disorder observed in pristine NMC532 primary particles. EELS data of the oxygen K-edge also indicated transition metal (TM) reduction, consistent with oxygen loss and changes in crystal structure extending into the cathode surface for each of the electrolytes surveyed. These surface reactions, including oxygen loss, are shown to correlate well with elevated oxidation currents and surface reconstructions of cathode particles.
Clinical Practice Simulation for Blood Transfusion Reactions: An Interprofessional Approach

When an acute blood transfusion reaction occurs, clear communication, teamwork, and knowledge of the roles and responsibilities of each member of the healthcare team are essential. In this clinical practice simulation exercise, an interprofessional approach was used to teach appropriate recognition and response to an acute blood transfusion reaction. Students were given the opportunity to practice skills, apply knowledge, and effectively collaborate as they provided patient care. Realistic staging, interprofessional debrief sessions guided by expert faculty members, and reflective writing assignments were used to enhance the teaching-learning of this activity. Students responded very positively in their evaluations of the simulation and felt that they were better prepared to deal with a critical event and to interact with each other because of their participation in the simulation. ABBREVIATIONS:ACNP - Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, BSN - Bachelor of Science in Nursing, BP - Blood pressure, CNA - Certified Nurse Assistant, CoN - College of Nursing, HR - Heart Rate, IPE - Interprofessional education, MLS - Medical laboratory science, RN - Registered Nurse, SBAR - Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation,
Infant identical triplets' presentation of human parechovirus Type 3.

Abstract Introduction Human parechovirus (HPeV) infections appear common across age groups, and transmission is likely fecal-oral and through respiratory secretions. Cyclical and seasonal patterns have been described; however, HPeV has likely been previously underdiagnosed due to lack of commercially available diagnostic testing. Presentation of Case We present identical triplets contracting HPeV Type 3. Discussion The clinical presentation, similar to echoviruses, is broad and includes asymptomatic shedding, severe pulmonary and neurologic disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Neonates and young infants are particularly susceptible. In neonates, distinctive MRI brain findings have been described that, when combined with clinical presentation, suggest HPeV. Infection clusters have been described, and neonates with older siblings may be a risk factor. Conclusion This case suggests that HPeV has been under-recognized in the United States, and HPeV Type 3 prevalence is likely underestimated. The case highlights variation in presentation, including lack of fever and rash, which were previously documented as common HPeV symptoms.
A Low-Noise High-Channel-Count 20 GHz Passively Mode Locked Quantum Dot Laser Grown on Si

We report, for the first time, a low noise high-channel-count 20 GHz passively mode locked quantum dot laser grown on CMOS compatible on-axis (001) silicon substrate. The laser demonstrates a wide mode locking regime in the O-band. A record low timing jitter value of 82.7 fs (4–80 MHz) and a narrow RF 3-dB linewidth of 1.8 kHz are reported. A total of 58 wavelength channels within 3 dB optical bandwidth (80 lines within 10 dB) is also shown. The integrated average relative intensity noise values of the whole spectrum and a single channel are − 152 dB/Hz and − 133 dB/Hz in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 10 GHz, respectively.
The fluid hopkinson bar: Experiments in which waves are propagated through a fluid column are described. Simple analytical models of several features of the experiment are presented or derived and related to experimental results

Experiments in which pressure pulses are propagated in a column of fluid held in a stiff tube are described. A parameter, η, which characterizes the tube stiffness has been defined and a one-dimensional model of the wave propagation which includes dissipation both in the volume of the fluid and at the wall of the containing tube has been developed. It is found that dissipation at the wall dominates dissipation in the fluid volume for pulse lengths long compared to the tube radius. The experimental results delineate practical limits on the ratio of pulse length to tube radius for which the wave propagation can be characterized as one-dimensional. The validity of a one-dimensional representation of pulse transmission and reflection at a solid-fluid interface is also evaluated with the aid of experimental results. Finally, the dissipation model in combination with the experimental results leads to a simple expression for pressure pulse attenuation in terms of a nondimensional physical parameter, Ξ, and tube radius.
The epigenetic impacts of endocrine disruptors on female reproduction across generations

Humans and animals are repeatedly exposed to endocrine disruptors, many of which are ubiquitous in the environment. Endocrine disruptors interfere with hormone action; thus, causing non-monotonic dose responses that are atypical of standard toxicant exposures. The female reproductive system is particularly susceptible to the effects of endocrine disruptors. Likewise, exposures to endocrine disruptors during developmental periods are particularly concerning because programming during development can be adversely impacted by hormone level changes. Subsequently, developing reproductive tissues can be predisposed to diseases in adulthood and these diseases can be passed down to future generations. The mechanisms of action by which endocrine disruptors cause disease transmission to future generations are thought to include epigenetic modifications. This review highlights the effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system, with an emphasis on the multi- and transgenerational epigenetic effects of these exposures.
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy for evaluation of suspected lung cancer.

PurposeHistorically, mediastinoscopy has been the gold standard for lung cancer diagnosis and staging, but mediastinoscopy has many limitations including sensitivity, the limited number of lymph no...
Three Saints Harbor through the Lens of History

When Grigorii Shelikhov landed with two shiploads of men on the outer coast of Kodiak Island in August 1784, his mission was audacious and thoroughly commercial–to explore and conquer the coastal regions of southern Alaska, establish a permanent and self-sustaining Russian colony, systematize the exploitation of Alaska Native labor, harvest large quantities of sea otter pelts, and reap profits from the lucrative fur trade with China. Prospects for the success of this effort were far from certain. Russian traders had probed the Kodiak region for 20 years, but had been repeatedly discouraged by the wariness of the Qikertarmiut and their readiness to take the upper hand through surprise attacks. The relatively large Native population of the Kodiak archipelago, probably more than 8000 at the time of first Russian contact, contributed to both the attraction of the island group for trade, and the difficulties of bringing it under control. Qikertarmiut proficiency in warfare had been honed by centuries of seaborne raids and skirmishes against neighboring societies from the eastern Aleutian Islands to Prince William Sound. Shelikhov’s plan to conquer and colonize the island would require an unprecedented level of military force, as well as a skilled hand at coercion and political persuasion, if Native leaders were to be brought into alliance with a new Russian regime.
The distribution of density in supersonic turbulence

We propose a model for the statistics of the mass density in supersonic turbulence, which plays a crucial role in star formation and the physics of the interstellar medium (ISM). The model is derived by considering the density to be arranged as a collection of strong shocks of width ∼M^(-2), where M is the turbulent Mach number. With two physically motivated parameters, the model predicts all density statistics for M > 1 turbulence: the density probability distribution and its intermittency (deviation from lognormality), the density variance–Mach number relation, power spectra and structure functions. For the proposed model parameters, reasonable agreement is seen between model predictions and numerical simulations, albeit within the large uncertainties associated with current simulation results. More generally, the model could provide a useful framework for more detailed analysis of future simulations and observational data. Due to the simple physical motivations for the model in terms of shocks, it is straightforward to generalize to more complex physical processes, which will be helpful in future more detailed applications to the ISM. We see good qualitative agreement between such extensions and recent simulations of non-isothermal turbulence.
Rememorando a Violeta el día de su fuga: Identificaciones y reafirmaciones

espanolResumen: Este trabajo presenta un estudio socio historico de los homenajes rituales realizados por cantores, artistas y activistas de izquierda frente a la tumba de Violeta Parra cada 5 de febrero en Santiago de Chile. Los homenajes datan de los primeros anos despues de su muerte en 1967 y persistieron durante la dictadura militar, cuando adquirieron una importante carga politica y han seguido sin interrupcion hasta el presente dia. El analisis privilegia los conceptos de memoria colectiva, trauma cultural, generacion social y la importancia del canto en los movimientos sociales. EnglishAbstract: This paper presents a sociohistorical study of the ritual homages carried out by singers, artists, and left-wing activists at the graveside of Violeta Parra every February 5 in Santiago, Chile. The homages date from the years immediately following her death in 1967 and persisted during the military dictatorship, when they acquired an important political dimension. They have continued without interruption to the present day. The analysis privileges the concepts of collective memory, cultural trauma, social generation, and the importance of song in social movements.
Restoration Ecology: The Study of Applied Optimism

As a young trainee in the field of restoration ecology in the modern age, it is difficult to feel optimistic about our future. As many environmental protections are de‐regulated and the climate crisis heightens, I turned to restoration to find hope in a changing world. Restoration ecologists are the optimists of biology. We work every day to make the world a better place and our passion and forward thinking spurred the United Nation's “decade of restoration.” Learning about the successes of the hardworking members of this field gives me hope. As the earth moves toward an unimaginable future, we should continue to try to make the world a better place and encourage those around us to act and restore the environments they value, whether it be large‐scale restoration or preserving garden pollinator habitat. I am forever thankful to restoration ecology and the optimism the field provides.
Cognition in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa

Many studies have found some deficits in cognitive function in anorexia nervosa. While deficits in memory appear to be associated with anorexia nervosa, a more consistent finding is that anorexia nervosa appears to be associated with impairments in a variety of measures of executive function, and it is not clear how the cognitive impairments that are associated with anorexia might change with treatment and weight restoration. Overall, additional research is required to understand fully the associations between cognitive function and anorexia nervosa. The cognitive function of people with bulimia nervosa is even less clear. Many of the available studies show few if any differences between bulimia nervosa and healthy controls across a range of cognitive domains. Bulimia nervosa in the context of a history of anorexia nervosa might be associated with worse executive function than people with bulimia nervosa without a history of anorexia nervosa. Additional research is necessary to understand the relationships between bulimia nervosa and cognition.
Pyridoxine-responsive anemia.

1. Two patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia, hyperferremia, and hemosiderosis have been described .A partial hematologic remission was observed in both patients following the administration of pyridoxine. 2. Interruption of pyridoxine therapy resulted in reticulocytopenia, a decline in the concentration of hemoglobin and a decrease in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Increased excretion of kynurenine and kynurenic acid, but not xanthurenic acid, was observed in the urine of one of the patients following administration of tryptophane. The excretion of tryptophane metabolites was within normal limits in the second patient. 3. Reinstitution of pyridoxine therapy was followed by reticulocytosis, an increase in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and an increase in the concentration of hemoglobin. The excretion of tryptophane metabolites in the urine following the administration of tryptophane was within normal limits in both patients. However, microcytosis, hypochromia, anemia and hyperferremia persisted. 4. The administration of brewer’s yeast, Valentine’s liver extract, calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, ethinyl estradiol, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, glutamic acid and tryptophane failed to elicit a further hematologic response. 5. These patients have been compared with the seven other reported cases of "pyridoxine-responsive" anemia.
Social connectedness, depression symptoms, and health service utilization: a longitudinal study of Veterans Health Administration patients

Our study explored whether aspects of veterans’ social connectedness (social support, interpersonal conflict, loneliness, social norms, number of confidants) are associated with change in their depression symptoms and health services utilization over 1 year. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study of 262 military veterans who obtained primary care and other services at a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facility and screened positive for depression. Participants completed surveys at baseline and 12-month follow-up. We measured social connectedness variables using the NIH Toolbox Adult Social Relationship Scales. We used the Patient Health Questionnaire to assess depression symptoms and suicidal ideation and administrative medical record data for health services utilization. We calculated change scores to model outcomes over time using multivariable regressions. We found that higher levels of baseline loneliness were associated with decreased depression severity over 1 year (B = − 1.55, 95% CI [− 2.53, − .56], p < .01). We found a similar association for suicidal ideation. In contrast, higher baseline number of confidants was associated with increased depression (B = .55, 95% CI [.18, .92], p < .01). Higher levels of emotional support were associated with decreased mental health visits (B = − 3.88, 95% CI [− 6.80, − .96], p < .01). No significant associations were found between social connectedness variables and primary care visits. Emotional support may play an important role in reducing mental health treatment utilization among VHA-using veterans. Additional investigation as to how and why loneliness and number of confidants might be paradoxically associated with depression symptoms remains necessary.
Battery Energy Storage Models for Optimal Control

As batteries become more prevalent in grid energy storage applications, the controllers that decide when to charge and discharge become critical to maximizing their utilization. Controller design for these applications is based on models that mathematically represent the physical dynamics and constraints of batteries. Unrepresented dynamics in these models can lead to suboptimal control. Our goal is to examine the state-of-the-art with respect to the models used in optimal control of battery energy storage systems (BESSs). This review helps engineers navigate the range of available design choices and helps researchers by identifying gaps in the state-of-the-art. BESS models can be classified by physical domain: state-of-charge (SoC), temperature, and degradation. SoC models can be further classified by the units they use to define capacity: electrical energy, electrical charge, and chemical concentration. Most energy based SoC models are linear, with variations in ways of representing efficiency and the limits on power. The charge based SoC models include many variations of equivalent circuits for predicting battery string voltage. SoC models based on chemical concentrations use material properties and physical parameters in the cell design to predict battery voltage and charge capacity. Temperature is modeled through a combination of heat generation and heat transfer. Heat is generated through changes in entropy, overpotential losses, and resistive heating. Heat is transferred through conduction, radiation, and convection. Variations in thermal models are based on which generation and transfer mechanisms are represented and the number and physical significance of finite elements in the model. Modeling battery degradation can be done empirically or based on underlying physical mechanisms. Empirical stress factor models isolate the impacts of time, current, SoC, temperature, and depth-of-discharge (DoD) on battery state-of-health (SoH). Through a few simplifying assumptions, these stress factors can be represented using regularization norms. Physical degradation models can further be classified into models of side-reactions and those of material fatigue. This article demonstrates the importance of model selection to optimal control by providing several example controller designs. Simpler models may overestimate or underestimate the capabilities of the battery system. Adding details can improve accuracy at the expense of model complexity, and computation time. Our analysis identifies six gaps: deficiency of real-world data in control literature, lack of understanding in how to balance modeling detail with the number of representative cells, underdeveloped model uncertainty based risk-averse and robust control of BESS, underdevelopment of nonlinear energy based SoC models, lack of hysteresis in voltage models used for control, lack of entropy heating and cooling in thermal modeling, and deficiency of knowledge in what combination of empirical degradation stress factors is most accurate. These gaps are opportunities for future research.
Deliberation and Consociation: Joint Pathways to Peace in Divided Societies

In this short commentary, Arend Lijphart continues the conversation on the role of deliberation in promoting the “spirit of accommodation” in deeply divided societies. Jurg Steiner and Maria Clara Jaramillo started this discussion in their article “How to Arrive at Peace in Deeply Divided Societies? Using Deliberation to Refine Consociational Theory” published in this same issue.
Wind-Forced Variability of the Remote Meridional Overturning Circulation

AbstractThe mechanisms by which time-dependent wind stress anomalies at midlatitudes can force variability in the meridional overturning circulation at low latitudes are explored. It is shown that ...