cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PP-10 Adverse drug reactions in hospitalised children in an aca-demic hospital in the netherlands

Background In paediatrics, 80% of the prescribed drugs are off label or unlicensed. From previous research its known that the amount of adverse drug reactions (ADR’s) in off label or unlicensed drugs are higher in comparison to drugs who are registered.1 Reporting ADR’s in The Netherlands is voluntary and can be done at Lareb, the Dutch national network for collecting and investigating ADR’s. We aim to determine the quantity of reported and missed ADR’s in paediatric medium care wards in an aca-demic hospital in The Netherlands. Methods Retrospective study of all patients who were hospitalised in June 2016 on the paediatric medium care ward in an academic hospital. Two researchers in-dependently looked at discrepancy in the numbers of ADR’s which were reported in the medical file by medical doctors (MD’s), and the number of ADR’s the researchers found based on the medical file. MD’s working at the ward were not informed about the study. Results 323 patients were hospitalised in June 2016; 310 patients received one or more drugs. 57 ADR’s (possible ADR’s included) were reported in the medical file by MD’s. The researchers found 67 ‘missed’ ADR’s by reading the medical files. In total, 67 children (21.6%) suffered from one or more ADR’s (reported ADR’s and missed ADR’s added together). None of the ADR’s reported in the medi-cal file by MD’s, was reported to Lareb (the Dutch national network for collecting and investigating ADR’s). Conclusion more than 50% of (possible) ADR’s are not reported in the medical file. Possible explanations are: 1) the poor training in ADR recognition, 2) MD’s think expected ADR’s don’t need to be reported, and 3) MD’s may have struggle admitting ADR’s because they feel like causing them by prescribing the drug.
Design and evaluation of instructional systems

This paper was prepared in connection with the Earlham College Self-Instruction Project (M. Daniel Smith, coordinator) which is supported in part by a grant from the U. S. Office of Education (Grant No. 7-12-026.00). John Gilpin is research associate of this project. He wishes to thank John A. Barlow, previous coordinator of ECSIP, for providing the favorable conditions under which the work leading to this paper was carried out.
The new Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES): A test of rapid picture naming for concussion sized for the sidelines

Abstract Objective Measures of rapid automatized naming (RAN) have been used for over 50 years to capture vision-based aspects of cognition. The Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) is a test of rapid picture naming under investigation for detection of concussion and other neurological disorders. MULES was designed as a series of 54 grouped color photographs (fruits, random objects, animals) that integrates saccades, color perception and contextual object identification. Recent changes to the MULES test have been made to improve ease of use on the athletic sidelines. Originally an 11 × 17-inch single-sided paper, the test has been reduced to a laminated 8.5 × 11-inch double-sided version. We identified performance changes associated with transition to the new, MULES, now sized for the sidelines, and examined MULES on the sideline for sports-related concussion. Methods We administered the new laminated MULES to a group of adult office volunteers as well as youth and collegiate athletes during pre-season baseline testing. Athletes with concussion underwent sideline testing after injury. Time scores for the new laminated MULES were compared to those for the larger version (big MULES). Results Among 501 athletes and office volunteers (age 16 ± 7 years, range 6–59, 29% female), average test times at baseline were 44.4 ± 14.4 s for the new laminated MULES (n = 196) and 46.5 ± 16.3 s for big MULES (n = 248). Both versions were completed by 57 participants, with excellent agreement (p Conclusion The MULES test has been converted to an 11 × 8.5-inch laminated version, with excellent agreement between versions across age groups. Feasibly administered at pre-season and in an office setting, the MULES test shows preliminary evidence of capacity to identify athletes with sports-related concussion.
Combustion Instabilities of Ultra-Lean Premixed H2/Air Mixtures by Prechamber Turbulent Jet Ignition

Unstable combustion was observed in a dual-chamber combustor that mimics heavy-duty gas engines utilizing prechamber jet ignition. Prechamber combustion generated a hot turbulent jet that ignited t...
Modeling the myocardial dilution curve of a pure intravascular indicator

The dispersion and dilution of contrast medium through the myocardial vasculature is examined first with a serial model comprised of arterial, capillary, and venous components in series to determine their time-concentration curves (TCC) and the myocardial dilution curve (MDC). Analysis of general characteristics shows that the first moment of the MDC, adjusted for that of the aortic TCC and mean transit time (MTT) from the aorta to the first intramyocardial artery, is one-half the MTT of the myocardial vasculature and that the ratio of the area of the MDC and aortic TCC is the fractional myocardial blood volume (MBV). The use of known coronary vascular morphometry and a set of transport functions indicates that the temporal change in MDC is primarily controlled by the MTT. An analysis of several models with heterogeneous flow distributions justifies the procedures to calculate MTT and MBV from the measured MDC. Compared with previously described models, the present model is more general and provides a physical basis for the effects of flow dispersion and heterogeneity on the characteristics of the MDC.
A Theory of Discourse Structure for an Analysis of Abstract Entity Anaphora

The last chapter introduced the DR-theoretic approach to abstract entity anaphora, on which various DR-theoretic structures derived from the DRS construction algorithm or C-abstraction may furnish antecedents to discourse referents introduced by pronouns. To handle the full range of abstract object anaphoric phenomena, however, one must be able to refer anaphorically not only to DR-theoretic structures introduced by the construction procedure but also to DR- theoretic structures constructed from bits of text that “naturally hang together.” These segments generate DR-theoretic structures that also serve as anaphoric antecedents. The main task of this chapter is to develop a formal theory of discourse structure and discourse segmentation suitable for the analysis of abstract object anaphora.
Lids: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, Mucocutaneous Junction

The eyelids and eyeball are the focus of attention when we look at other people. The eyelid skin is the thinnest of any skin in the body. Even the slightest abnormality or asymmetry is thus immediately obvious to a casual examiner. The lid anatomy is fine and elegant but easily disrupted by pathology. This article explains the functional lid anatomy and discusses the common disorders affecting the lids. Treatment of these disorders is briefly explained.
Remote sensing of unhelpful resilience to sea level rise caused by mangrove expansion: A case study of islands in Florida Bay, USA

Abstract Previous studies have found that vegetated coastal areas can increase their elevation indicating resilience to inundation by sea level rise (SLR), but the potential resilience were ignored or showed controversial results (i.e., soil accretion of vegetated areas vs. SLR). To estimate the resilience influences on 15 islands in Florida Bay (Florida, U.S.), our study used indicators (areas of the 15 islands and their mangrove forests) by analyzing 61-yr high-resolution historical aerial photographs and a 27-yr time-series of Landsat images. In these islands, coastal fringes are dominated by mangroves, and inland parts are dominated by brackish or freshwater species. Our results showed that: (1) despite rising sea levels, these low-lying islands significantly increased in area; (2) all of these islands had significant mangrove expansion, and the landward part of expansion led to the replacement of inland non-mangrove habitats; (3) there was a positive relationship between the increase of island area and mangrove expansion in these islands; (4) without the mangrove expansion, simulations showed that all of the islands had decreased areas by 2014 compared with that in 1953. On the basis of our spatial analyses and previous field studies in our study areas, these islands showed resilience to inundation and the mangrove expansion contributed to processes stabilizing these islands under SLR. Meanwhile, the mangrove expansion were partly at the expense of the habitats previously covered by non-mangrove species, thus potentially leading to a loss of plant diversity. Therefore, the mangrove expansion increased unhelpful resilience to maintain islands in a degraded state losing biodiversity, which should be considered in conservation accounting for future SLR. Moreover, the unhelpful resilience can be monitored by remote sensing based indicators, such as island area.
Spatiotemporal light control with active metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces have provided us with extraordinary ways to control light by spatially structuring materials. The space-time duality in Maxwell's equations suggests that additional structuring of metasurfaces in the time domain can even further expand their impact on the field of optics. Advances toward this goal critically rely on the development of new materials and nanostructures that exhibit very large and fast changes in their optical properties in response to external stimuli. New physics is also emerging as ultrafast tuning of metasurfaces is becoming possible, including wavelength shifts that emulate the Doppler effect, Lorentz nonreciprocity, time-reversed optical behavior, and negative refraction. The large-scale manufacturing of dynamic flat optics has the potential to revolutionize many emerging technologies that require active wavefront shaping with lightweight, compact, and power-efficient components.
In-Plane Elastic Neutron Scattering from the Ternary Graphite Intercalation Compound K(ND3)4.38C24

In-plane elastic neutron scattering studies of K(ND3)XC24 were carried out to further test and refine the x-ray derived structural model [1] of the 2D K-NH3 liquid intercalant layers. Additional structural information was obtained because the neutron and x-ray scattering processes emphasize the different pair correlation functions of the K-ND3 disordered intercalant system.
Knowledge and Information

One task of data sonification is to provide a means by which listeners can obtain new ideas about the nature of the source of derived data. In so doing they can increase their knowledge and comprehension of that source and thus improve the efficiency, accuracy and/or quality of their knowledge acquisition and any decision-making based on it. The purpose of this chapter is to develop an historical understanding of what information is as a concept, how information can be represented in various forms as something that can be communicated with non-verbal sonic structures between its source and its (human) receiver and thus retained as knowledge. Whilst a complete philosophical and psychological overview of these issues is outside the scope of the chapter, it is important, in the context of developing computational design strategies that enable such communication, to gain an understanding of some of the basic concepts involved. A quasi-historical epistemology of human perception and the types of information these epistemologies engender is followed by a discussion of the phenomenal nature of sounds and sonic structures, and their ability to convey information of various sorts.
Pattern Formation in Dendritic Solidification

The growth of dendrites of NH4Br from supersaturated aqueous solution is studied in order to test recent theories of dendritic growth. The stability constant σ* is found to be 0.081 ± 0.02, in agreement with theoretical predictions. The mean initial sidebranch spacing λ is found to be proportional to the tip radius ρ, with λ/ρ = 5.2 ± 0.8, compared to the theoretical prediction of λ/ρ ≈ 3.7. These measurements are consistent with the hypothesis that steady state dendritic properties are determined by the surface tension anisotropy.
Asynchronous field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are chips that can be electronically programmed to function as an arbitrary digital circuit or system. They were originally used to replace discrete gates in interface electronics, and over the past three decades have evolved to being used in the place of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) in low volume and cost-constrained situations. Modern commercially available FPGAs are sophisticated integrated circuits capable of implementing digital chips with millions of gates. In addition, some of them also have special-purpose I/O macros to support memory interfaces, as well as serial links to support high-throughput communication. FPGAs are widely used to prototype digital logic. This chapter discusses some of the challenges with using standard FPGAs to prototype asynchronous logic and summarizes research efforts that have created alternate FPGA architectures for asynchronous logic.
From Inverse Design to Implementation of Practical Photonics

A computational photonics design based on gradient-based optimization, known as inverse design, is presented. Practical applications range from wavelength demultiplexer, to spatial mode demultiplexer, grating coupler, laser-driven accelerators and nonreciprocal pulse router.
Curcumin Protects against White Matter Injury through NF-κB and Nrf2 Cross Talk.

Inflammation and oxidative stress play a central role in the pathogenesis of white matter injury (WMI). Curcumin (Cur), a polyphenolic compound, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects ...
The explanatory breadth of pushmi-pullyu representations

The pushmi-pullyu representation (“PPR”) is a non-conjunctive representation with both descriptive and directive contents. Introduced by Millikan, the PPR is supposed to aid in explaining how organisms adapt behavior to environmental variance in the absence of intermediate inference. Until recently, it has led an uncontroversial theoretical life. However, Artiga has suggested that the PPR postulate conflicts with Millikan-style teleosemantics and, as a consequence, the PPR postulate should probably be set aside. I suggest here that the theoretical motivations for the PPR are independent of any specific theory of naturalized content. If Artiga is right about the PPR’s incompatibility with Millikan-style teleosemantics, then that only reveals the inadequacy of Millikan-style teleosemantics. The PPR has a clear role to play in explaining the primitive systems that dominate the biosphere. However, Millikan did not want to limit the explanatory utility of the PPR to primitive systems but suggested that it has explanatory work to play in the animal signaling of complex organisms, Gibsonian affordances, as well as with distinctively human mental life and language. Contra Millikan, I suggest that the PPR has no or at best a very limited explanatory role to play in such cases. Further, the non-inferential feature of the PPR suggests that it should be understood at best as a marginal or borderline representation.
M8R tropomyosin mutation disrupts actin binding and filament regulation: The beginning affects the middle and end.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is associated with mutations in cardiomyocyte sarcomeric proteins, including α-tropomyosin. In conjunction with troponin, tropomyosin shifts to regulate actomyosin interactions. Tropomyosin molecules overlap via tropomyosin–tropomyosin head-to-tail associations, forming a continuous strand along the thin filament. These associations are critical for propagation of tropomyosin's reconfiguration along the thin filament and key for the cooperative switching between heart muscle contraction and relaxation. Here, we tested perturbations in tropomyosin structure, biochemistry, and function caused by the DCM-linked mutation, M8R, which is located at the overlap junction. Localized and nonlocalized structural effects of the mutation were found in tropomyosin that ultimately perturb its thin filament regulatory function. Comparison of mutant and WT α-tropomyosin was carried out using in vitro motility assays, CD, actin co-sedimentation, and molecular dynamics simulations. Regulated thin filament velocity measurements showed that the presence of M8R tropomyosin decreased calcium sensitivity and thin filament cooperativity. The co-sedimentation of actin and tropomyosin showed weakening of actin-mutant tropomyosin binding. The binding of troponin T's N terminus to the actin-mutant tropomyosin complex was also weakened. CD and molecular dynamics indicate that the M8R mutation disrupts the four-helix bundle at the head-to-tail junction, leading to weaker tropomyosin–tropomyosin binding and weaker tropomyosin–actin binding. Molecular dynamics revealed that altered end-to-end bond formation has effects extending toward the central region of the tropomyosin molecule, which alter the azimuthal position of tropomyosin, likely disrupting the mutant thin filament response to calcium. These results demonstrate that mutation-induced alterations in tropomyosin–thin filament interactions underlie the altered regulatory phenotype and ultimately the pathogenesis of DCM.
Socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer screening behaviors in a vulnerable multiethnic population.

Despite some progress in recent years, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening adherence in the United States is still suboptimal, particularly among disadvantaged groups. In this study, we assessed the ...
Surgical resection of a large posttraumatic middle meningeal artery pseudoaneurysm with associated epidural hematoma.

Background Middle meningeal artery (MMA) pseudoaneurysms are rare but can occur secondary to trauma with an associated skull fracture and can present with a variety of hemorrhage patterns. Epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraparenchymal hematomas have all been reported. Given the wide range of clinical presentations and radiographic findings, multiple treatment strategies have been employed, including surgical removal, endovascular intervention, and conservative treatment. MMA pseudoaneurysms typically range from 2 to 5 mm in size and have been shown to have unpredictable growth patterns. Case description A 54-year-old male identifying as a Jehovah's Witness presented after a fall and was found to have an epidural hematoma with an accompanying temporal bone fracture. Imaging demonstrated a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the MMA. Given the patient's religious preferences, the emphasis was made during surgical planning for the minimization of blood loss. The epidural hematoma was evacuated, and the MMA pseudoaneurysm was directly visualized and surgically excised after ligation of its tributaries. The patient tolerated the procedure well without significant blood loss and made a complete neurological recovery. Conclusion A well-circumscribed hypodensity on CT within a surrounding hyperintense collection should raise suspicion of MMA pseudoaneurysm in the setting of overlying temporal bone fracture as supported by previous imaging findings of large MMA pseudoaneurysms. The early detection of MMA pseudoaneurysm is imperative, as the presence may dictate more urgent intervention and changes in operative technique. Although not much is known about the nature and progression of these lesions, surgical excision has remained a safe, reliable method of treatment.
The Lower Motor Neuron and the Descending Supraspinal Pathways

The motor neurons in the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei, the lower motor neurons (LMNs), represent the “final common path” for all the impulses that are transmitted to the striated muscles. All movements are brought about by influences that ultimately converge on these neurons from many sources, including both peripheral sensory receptors and structures in the CNS, e.g., cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. These latter structures exert their influence through the descending supraspinal pathways.
A Unified Approach to Biological and Social Organisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the unified approach to biological and social organisms. With the introduction of more phenomenological mathematical descriptions of some biological phenomena—descriptions that did not introduce specific physical models—a broader designation called “mathematical biology” became more advantageous. Mathematical biophysics is, thus, included in the broader concept of mathematical biology. The success of the new field has been remarkable. Hardly a branch of biology was left out from the mathematical approach. A number of quantitative aspects of biology were adequately represented by mathematical theory. In some cases, quantitative relations not hitherto observed were predicted by the theory and subsequently confirmed experimentally. This development led in a natural manner to a possible mathematical approach to social phenomena. Among other biological phenomena, mathematical biologists did study the various aspects of the behavior of an individual under the influence of different environmental stimuli.
The 6-O-Methylglucose-containing Lipopolysaccharides of Mycobacterium phlei LOCATIONS OF THE ACYL GROUPS

Abstract The methylglucose-containing lipopolysaccharide (MGLP) of Mycobacterium phlei is an acidic molecule with 18 hexose units, containing esterified acetate (3 moles), propionate (1 mole), isobutyrate (1 mole), octanoate (1 mole), and succinate (0 to 3 moles). The positions of acylation in the lipopolysaccharide have now been investigated to determine whether these groups are esterified at specific sites. Because of the lability of the acyl groups during the degradative reactions employed, they were specifically replaced with methyl ether groups. The methyl-replaced lipopolysaccharide was then degraded by sequential periodate oxidation, sodium borotritide reduction, and mild acid hydrolysis (Smith degradation). Radioactive fragments obtained in the Smith degradation were compared with those produced by similar treatment of the polysaccharide alone, and the newly formed methylated fragments served to identify positions of acylation. To distinguish between the methyl groups endogenous to the lipopolysaccharide and those arising from methyl replacement, a parallel experiment was performed on [methyl-3H]MGLP, prepared from cells grown in the presence of l-[methyl-3H]methionine. In a third study, the acyl groups of nonradioactive MGLP were replaced with radioactive methyl groups. These three complementary studies have demonstrated that the lipopolysaccharide does contain discrete sites for acylation. The form of the lipopolysaccharide with a total of eight acyl substituents (MGLP-III) was found to contain only eight positions of acylation. These were identified as position 3 of the glyceric acid, position 6 of 5 of the 7 glucose residues, and positions 4 and 6 of the terminal 3-O-methyl-glucose residue. The results indicate that the acyltransferases responsible for the incorporation of these groups possess a high degree of specificity, and also suggest that a rigidly defined structure must be important for the biological function of the lipopolysaccharide.
Systematic error and its elimination in the measurement of 10-femtosecond laser pulses

Measurements of extremely short (~10 fs) pulses are complicated by their large bandwidths: 100 nm is now common.
Practical Network Applications on a Lightweight Active Management Environment

The main focus of active networking research so far has been at the infrastructure level, facing the challenges of designing suitable node operating system structures and the study of different programming models. This has left exploration of the actual utility of active networks to rather simple applications that have yet to exploit the full potential of the programmable network.In this paper we present an application-driven study of active networks, identifying unique and practical applications that make full use of the active infrastructure. We explore a class of applications in network monitoring that indicate a clear need for programmability as offered by active networking technology.We have built several monitoring applications on an active substrate that is synthesized from off-the-shelf components. We demonstrate the flexibility provided while showing that for certain application workloads such a system can efficiently operate at modern backbone network speeds. Our performance study also leads to design considerations for scaling up the infrastructure to future network speeds.
A different perspective on scientific programming [review of "annotated algorithms in python; with applications in physics, biology, and finance" (di pierro, m.; 2013)]

This is an unconventional computer science book, as it’s not a textbook, tutorial, or reference. It’s an attempt to categorize the algorithms of quantitative programming and then make further remarks using a number of examples from each category. The objective, I would presume, is to strengthen the ability of the reader to recognize that their own programming challenges can be reduced to a combination of approximate and statistical approaches that must be pragmatic (so that the time length of execution is reasonable). The coding illustrations demonstrate common techniques for the ordering of algorithms. At the same time, it introduces the reader to Python, a language which is growing in popularity among engineers and scientists. The book excels as an introduction to the Python language for experienced programmers. It has an excellent chapter on parallel processing, an impressive random number generator discussion, and some fine biology and finance examples.
Computational Methodology for Integrated CFD-CSD Simulations of Fluid-Structure Interaction Problems

A newly developed computational methodology for high-fidelity prediction of fluid and structure dynamics and their unsteady interaction is presented. The present methodology combines an immersed-boundary method, which is capable of simulating flow over non-grid-conforming complex moving bodies and a structural dynamics solver, which is based on a finite-element method and is capable of predicting time-accurate dynamics of deforming solid structures. The pressure and velocity of fluid and geometric information of submerged structures are time-accurately coupled through an integration algorithm. The capability of the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–computational structure dynamics (CSD) coupling technique is assessed in a number of validation simulations.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The limited growth span of cell strains isolated from the chick embryo

Abstract Fibroblasts isolated from embryonic chick skin and muscle have been studied with respect to the following properties, using standard cell culture techniques and measurement of metabolite flux as well as quantitative biochemical assay: (1) Under our culture conditions these cells can undergo a maximum of 25 divisions during a culture period of about 2 months. (2) Cells isolated from 10–12-day-old embryos did not differ significantly in growth span from cells obtained from 18–20-day-old embryos. (3) A marked decrease in the number of cells present at confluency occurs between the early and late stages of culture. This decrease amounts to about 3·5 per cent generation if we assume a linear decrease in cell number. (4) The amount of DNA per cell decreases slightly at late culture stages while the ratio of RNA to DNA and of protein to DNA remains essentially constant. The lipid content per DNA appears to increase significantly. (5) The influx of glycine, leucine, and glucose, and the efflux of radioactivity from cells grown in medium containing 14 C-glycine was studied, but no significant differences were observed as a function of passage number. (6) Evidence is presented indicating that the inoculation density is an important determinant of division limitation and survival. An hypothesis explaining the phenomenon of growth limitation is advanced which is consistent with this finding and with the observations that feeder cell systems or conditioned medium increase the growth span of euploid cells in vitro .
SU-GG-I-128: Characterization and Identification of Artifacts for Helical 4D CT Image

Purpose: To characterize the artifacts occurring in helical 4D CTimaging and propose a method to identify the artifacts automatically. Method and Material:_Given two adjacent stacks obtained from same respiration phase, we seek to determine if there are artifacts between them. The proposed method uses a “bridge” stack strategy to connect two stacks. Using normalized cross correlation convolution (NCCC), two stacks are mapped to the “bridge” stack and the best matching positions can be located. Using the position information, the method can determine if there is an artifact or not between the two stacks. Furthermore, by combining the matching positions with NCCC values, the performance can be improved. To validate the method, sensitivity and specificity are used as the metrics to evaluate the method with 500 hundred stacks on five patients which are labeled by three physicists independently. Results: Three types of artifact sources are categorized: low frequency respiration, high amplitude period and low amplitude period. Low frequency respiration can cause blurring. Both amplitude period and low amplitude period can cause anatomy gap and overlap occur depend on different anatomy motion directions. The artifacts identification results show that four of the five patients' data are validated using the proposed method. The average sensitivity is about 83% and the average specificity 84%. Furthermore, the results show that the method improves sensitivity to 87.8% and specificity to 89% when combining matching positions with NCCC values. Conclusion: This study shows that the spatial artifacts during 4D CTimaging are characterized and can be located by the proposed method. It is valuable to quantify the quality of 4D CTimage and reduce the artifacts directly from the reconstructed images.
Students' Knowledge of Recallability of Sentences and Strategies for Recalling Textual Prose

College students read two passages and indicated which sentences would be difficult to recall. Based on these predictions, sentences were assigned to one of three predicted recallability categories (easy, medium, and difficult). Subsequently, 24 subjects read and recalled the passages. Analysis of variance indicated that actual recall scores varied as a function of categories of predicted recallability. Also, subjects adopted a strategy whereby they allocated more processing time to sentences which were categorized as difficult to recall.
Do Adverse Childhood Experiences Affect Surgical Weight Loss Outcomes

Bariatric surgery is an effective and enduring treatment for obesity; however, variation in weight loss may occur following surgery. Many factors beyond technical considerations may influence postoperative outcomes. A better understanding of the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on surgical weight loss may improve preoperative care. Demographic and preoperative and postoperative data were prospectively obtained for 223 patients undergoing bariatric surgery. All cases were completed laparoscopically without serious complication. Patients completed the ACE questionnaire, which assesses childhood maltreatment. Patients had an average age of 48 years and 77 % were female. There was a significant reduction from preoperative to 12-month postoperative BMI (45 to 31 kg/m2, p ≤ 0.01). The average ACE score was 2.9 and these patients were more likely than population norms to have an ACE score ≥4 (35.9 vs. 12.5 %, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the number of preoperative comorbidities and preoperative ACE score (R = 0.112, p = 0.09). Patients with a high ACE score (≥6) vs. patients low ACE scores had a higher postoperative BMI at 6-months (36.9 vs. 33.4 kg/m2, p = 0.03) and 12-months postoperatively (34.5 vs. 30.5 kg/m2, p = 0.07). High ACE patients had higher total cholesterol (191 vs. 169 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and LDL cholesterol (116 vs. 94 mg/dL, p = 0.02) than low ACE patients 12-months postoperatively. A high preoperative ACE score decreases weight loss following bariatric surgery and may warrant an increased preoperative counseling.
Near-threshold ion-induced defect production in graphite.

Subplantation of the noble-gas ions ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ into graphite in the energy range of 10--150 eV with doses in the range of 1--15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ ions/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and computer simulations. A technique based on AES line-shape analysis has been employed to describe quantitatively the ion-induced damage to the lattice. The carbon KLL AES line shapes and the AES spectra from subplanted Ne, Ar, and Kr were used to determine the ion penetration thresholds ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$, ion displacement thresholds ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{th}}$, and the lattice displacement energies ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d}}$. The ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$'s scale linearly with the atomic radius of the projectiles. Defect production begins at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}}$, although these energies are below ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{th}}$. A mechanism for defect production at energies below ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ based on noble-gas interstitials and lattice strain and distortion is developed. This process is modeled through the charmm molecular modeling program and the trim classical trajectory simulation.
Courtesy piggybacking: supporting differentiated services in multihop mobile ad hoc networks

Due to the salient characteristics such as the time-varying and error-prone wireless links, the dynamic and limited bandwidth, the time-varying traffic pattern and user locations, and the energy constraints, it is a challenging task to efficiently support heterogeneous traffic with different quality of service (CoS) requirements in multihop mobile ad hoc networks. In the last few years, many channel-dependent mechanisms are proposed to address this issue based on the cross-layer design philosophy. However, a lot of problems remain before more efficient solutions are found. One of the problems is how to alleviate the conflict between throughput and fairness for different prioritized traffic, especially how to avoid the bandwidth starvation problem for low-priority traffic when the high-priority traffic load is very high. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme named Courtesy Piggybacking to address this problem. With the recognition of interlayer coupling, our Courtesy Piggybacking scheme exploits the channel dynamics and stochastic traffic features to alleviate the conflict. The basic idea is to let the high-priority traffic help the low-priority traffic by sharing unused residual bandwidth with courtesy. Another noteworthy feature of the proposed scheme is its implementation simplicity: The scheme is easy to implement and is applicable in networks using either reservation-based or contention-based MAC protocols.
Manufacturability: from design to SPC limits through "corner-lot" characterization

Texas Instruments’ Digital Micro-mirror Device, is used in a wide variety of optical display applications ranging from fixed and portable projectors to high-definition television (HDTV) to digital cinema projection systems. A new DMD pixel architecture, called "FTP", was designed and qualified by Texas Instruments DLPTM TM Group in 2003 to meet increased performance objectives for brightness and contrast ratio. Coordination between design, test and fabrication groups was required to balance pixel performance requirements and manufacturing capability. "Corner Lot" designed experiments (DOE) were used to verify "fabrication space" available for the pixel design. The corner lot technique allows confirmation of manufacturability projections early in the design/qualification cycle. Through careful design and analysis of the corner-lot DOE, a balance of critical dimension (cd) "budgets" is possible so that specification and process control limits can be established that meet both customer and factory requirements. The application of corner-lot DOE is illustrated in a case history of the DMD "FTP" pixel. The process for balancing test parameter requirements with multiple critical dimension budgets is shown. MEMS/MOEMS device design and fabrication can use similar techniques to achieve agressive design-to-qualification goals.
The detection model of recognition using know and remember judgments

The signal detection model forknow andremember recognition judgments was tested in two experiments. In Experiment 1, two predictions of the model were tested: (1) that measures of memory sensitivity,A′, are equivalent in value when based on either the recognition (know or remember) criterion or on the remember criterion; and (2) that there is a positive correlation between recognition bias and the proportion of know judgments that are hits, but no correlation between recognition bias and proportion of remember hits (Donaldson, 1996). Both predictions were supported by the data. In Experiment 2, the context of test items was manipulated to make it more or less similar to learning context. The detection model requires that memory sensitivity be the same for both recognition and remember judgments, regardless of test context. Alternatively, if remember judgments reflect only the retrieval of episodic information from memory, the two measures of memory sensitivity should become more disparate in value as learning and test context are made more similar. Memory sensitivity was generally the same in value for recognition and remember criteria but different across context conditions, thus supporting the detection model. The nature of the memory continuum used in detection theory is also discussed.
Mechanical Strain Dependence of Thermal Transport in Amorphous Silicon Thin Films

Recent computational studies predict mechanical strain–induced changes in thermal transport, which is yet to be validated by experimental data. In this article, we present experimental evidence of an increase in thermal conductivity of nominally 200-nm-thick freestanding amorphous silicon thin films under externally applied tensile loading. Using a combination of nanomechanical testing and infrared microscopy, we show that 2.5% tensile strain can increase thermal conductivity from 1 to 2.4 W/m-K. We propose that such an increase in thermal conductivity might be due to strain-induced changes in microstructure and/or carrier density. Microstructural and optical reflectivity characterization through Raman and infrared spectroscopy are presented to investigate this hypothesis.
MicroRNA detection using magnetic separation and zinc-based nanolabels as signal transducers

In this work, a new microplate based assay for the detection of microRNA (miRNA) is described. The assay uses suspensions of paramagnetic beads immobilized with locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligonucleotide probes to capture miRNA. Poly(A) tails are generated on the captured miRNA using the poly(A) polymerase reaction. Poly(T)30 oligonucleotides hybridize with poly(A) tails and are subsequently labeled with ZnS nanoparticles through biotin–NeutrAvidin chemistry. For signal transduction, zinc ions from the ZnS nanoparticles are released to bind with and activate zinc-ion depleted carbonic anhydrase. The activated kinetics of carbonic anhydrase converts fluorescein diacetate to fluorescein for fluorescence measurement. This work presents a method combining polyadenylation, ion release of nanolabels, and enzyme activation for miRNA detection in a convenient, magnetic bead-based microplate assay format.
Members of the BMP, Shh and FGF morphogen families promote chicken statoacoustic ganglion neurite outgrowth and neuron survival in vitro

Mechanosensory hair cells of the chicken inner ear are innervated by the peripheral processes of statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) neurons. Members of several morphogen families are expressed within and surrounding the chick inner ear during stages of SAG axon outgrowth and pathfinding. On the basis of their localized expression patterns, we hypothesized that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), and sonic hedgehog (Shh) may function as guidance cues for growing axons and/or may function as trophic factors once axons have reached their targets. To test this hypothesis, three-dimensional collagen cultures were used to grow Embryonic Day 4 (E4) chick SAG explants for 24 h in the presence of purified proteins or beads soaked in proteins. The density of neurite outgrowth was quantified to determine effects on neurite outgrowth. Explants displayed enhanced neurite outgrowth when cultured in the presence of purified BMP4, BMP7, a low concentration of Shh, FGF8, FGF10, or FGF19. In contrast, SAG neurons appeared unresponsive to FGF2. Collagen gel cultures were labeled with terminal dUTP nick-end labeling and immunostained with anti-phosphohistone H3 to determine effects on neuron survival and proliferation, respectively. Treatments that increased neurite outgrowth also yielded significantly fewer apoptotic cells, with no effect on cell proliferation. When presented as focal sources, BMP4, Shh, and FGFs -8, -10, and -19 promoted asymmetric outgrowth from the ganglion in the direction of the beads. BMP7-soaked beads did not induce this response. These results suggest that a subset of morphogens enhance both survival and axon outgrowth of otic neurons.
Interannual variability of Gulf Stream warm-core rings in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation

Abstract Analysis of a quality-controlled database of Gulf Stream warm-core rings (WCRs) between 75° and 50°W during 1978–1999 demonstrates a significant correlation between WCR occurrences and variations in large-scale atmospheric forcing related to the state of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The mechanisms for linking the NAO with the rate of WCR occurrences are two-fold: (1) the influence of the NAO on Gulf Stream (GS) position, which could affect the interaction of the Gulf Stream with the New England Seamounts chain and thus allow for a higher/lower number of WCR occurrences; (2) the NAO-induced eddy kinetic energy (EKE) variability in the Gulf Stream region (GSR), which is indicative of the baroclinic instability processes necessary for WCR formation. Variability in GS movement is studied by analyzing annual mean positions of the Gulf Stream North Wall obtained from satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) frontal charts. Response of GSR EKE to fluctuations in the state of the NAO is examined with a numerical simulation of the North Atlantic basin from 1980–1999. The North Atlantic basin is simulated using a 1/6°-resolution eddy-resolving Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) model that spins up with Southampton Oceanography Center (SOC) ocean-atmosphere atlas-derived atmospheric forcing fields. Model-derived EKE estimates are observed to be in good agreement with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter-based EKE estimates as well as with results from other modeling studies for the North Atlantic basin. We suggest that lateral movement of the GS may not be the primary mechanism causing variation in the rate of WCR occurrences, because GS position is observed to respond at a lag of one year, whereas annual rates of WCR occurrences respond at 0-year lag to the NAO. Based on results from numerical simulations of the North Atlantic basin, adjustment to NAO-induced wind forcing is seen to impact the GSR EKE intensity and possibly the related baroclinic instability structure of the GS at 0-year lag. These results suggest that NAO-induced interannual variability in GSR EKE is the most likely mechanism affecting WCR occurrences. Numerical simulations show that high (low) phases in the state of the NAO exhibit higher (lower) EKE in the GSR, providing a greater (lesser) source of baroclinic instability to the GS front, possibly resulting in higher (lower) occurrences of WCRs.
Beneficial Effects of Imipramine on Tourette's Syndrome

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple involuntary motor and phonic tics associated with behavioural disturbances including obsessive-compulsive and aggressive behavior, depression and, rarely, psychosis. The relationship of GTS, presumed to be predominantly a dopaminergic disorder, and depression, presumed to be a noradrenergic-serotoninergic deficiency state, is currently poorly understood. The reports published to date on the effects of tricyclic antidepressants in GTS have been contradictory; while Messiha et al. (1976) used imipramine successfully in one GTS patient, Abuzzahab and Anderson (1973) and Fras (1978) on the other hand, found imipramine to exacerbate GTS symptoms and cautioned its usage in this syndrome. A more recent report suggested that imipramine is useful in GTS patients who exhibit symptoms of attention deficit disorder (Dillon et al., 1985). We report a patient with GTS whose depression and behaviour improved considerably when low-dose imipramine (Tofranil) was added to the regimen of anti-GTS medication. This report suggest that tricyclic antidepressants may be useful adjuncts in the management of GTS, and hints at norepinephrinergic and serotoninergic deficiencies as being components of the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
AIRS Level-1C and applications to cross-calibration with MODIS and CrIS

We introduce and illustrate applications of the AIRS Level-1C (L1C) data product. While each spectrum in the Level- 1B (L1B) calibrated radiances is represented by 2378 channels, each spectrum in the L1C product is represented by 2645 channels, with monotonically increasing frequency. Typically 2000 of the 2378 L1B channels are copied unchanged into the 2645 channel array used in L1C. The dead or noisy channels in the L1B and new channels in the spectral gaps of L1B are filled using a Principal Component technique. We illustrate two applications of AIRS L1C: 1) to integrate over the band of broadband instruments such as MODIS and 2) resampling to emulate other hyperspectral instruments such as CrIS. The L1C data product will greatly facilitate the use of AIRS data for cross-calibration with other instruments.
Density spectral array analysis of SREDA during EEG-video monitoring

Abstract Objective To report the temporal pattern of subclinical rhythmic electrographic discharge of adults (SREDA) and its response to lorazepam during EEG-video monitoring. Methods We recorded EEG-video for 3 days in a patient with SREDA, who was previously misdiagnosed with generalized epilepsy. Because SREDA had a very prominent signature on density spectral array (DSA), we used DSA to study the pattern of SREDA over the diurnal cycle, and the response to intravenous lorazepam. Results SREDA occurred in both waking and sleep, but tended to occur in single bursts in waking and in longer clusters during sleep. Lorazepam suppressed SREDA. Conclusions The temporal pattern of SREDA varies during the sleep–wake cycle. Lorazepam appears to suppress SREDA. Significance Response to lorazepam cannot distinguish SREDA from electrographic seizure activity.
Design of packed towers for selective chemical absorption

Abstract The selectivity obtained in industrial processes of gas treating with chemical solvents is of kinetic nature, and accurate procedures for designing the required packed height are therefore needed. A procedure for packed towers is presented here, which is based on the model of simultaneous absorption presented in a previous paper. The procedure takes into account the absorption of two gases, heat transfer and water evaporation.