cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Mass Index Does Not Affect Systematic D2 Lymph Node Dissection and Postoperative Morbidity in Gastric Cancer Patients

Background: The extent of standard lymph node dissection (D1, D2, or D3) in gastric cancer patients is still controversial. Several prospective European trials attained contradictory results. A generally increased body mass index (BMI) of the European patients was assumed to be one of the major causes for postoperative morbidity. Methods: We evaluated the effect of BMI on the quality of routine D2 lymph node dissection and on postoperative morbidity in patients with gastric cancer who underwent a potentially curative total gastrectomy. A total of 199 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent a total gastrectomy and a routine D2 lymph node dissection between 1992 and 2001 were included in the study. According to BMI, they were assigned to three groups: group A, with BMI 30 kg/m2 (obesity). Parameters such as complete histopathological staging, intraoperative blood loss, length of operation, and surgical and nonsurgical morbidity were recorded and correlated within the different groups. Results: No significant differences were found with regard to the number of examined lymph nodes, blood loss, length of operation, surgical complications, or length of stay in the intensive care unit. Conclusions:In contrast to comparable Japanese studies, our analysis reveals that even for overweight patients, a standard D2 lymph node dissection is justified without significantly increased morbidity.
Computation of the 2D system frequency response

A technique for the computation of the magnitude and phase of 2D systems is presented. This technique is based on the extension of a 1D algorithm. The algorithm does not require any complex arithmetic, and can easily be implemented a personal computer, on which it requires less storage than the 2D discrete Fourier transform algorithm. >
Comparison of vector potential and flux density based object functions in magnetic shape optimization

One classical example of electromagnetic device often used to demonstrate and validate electromagnetic optimization methods, is the pole face of a magnetic circuit. In many shape optimization problems, the performance measure is defined in terms of an object function. The object function in turn involves the magnetic flux density B. In a large subclass of these problems, the flux density may be defined in terms of derivatives of the magnetic vector potential A along a line or, by suitable inspection, simply by the vector potential itself along the line. The two cases are studied in the shape optimization of a pole face. The displacements of the nodes along the pole face are selected as the geometric design parameters. It is shown that where the object function is simply definable in terms of nodal potentials, a very powerful and efficient gradients-based optimization scheme results. Where derivatives of the potential are avoided, it is shown that the object function has a simpler dependence on the geometric parameters of the design because derivatives are strongly influenced by changes in shape. Using a simple nodal potential based object function, smooth geometric contours are obtained without the expense of more elaborate methods of ensuring the smoothness of the optimized geometry.
Stability-Indicating Methods for Quantitative Determination of Spironolactone Using High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography and Blue Tetrazolium Reaction

Stability-indicating methods for the quantitative determination of spironolactone were developed. The methods are based on high-pressure liquid chromatography and a reaction with blue tetrazolium. Both methods are accurate, precise, and sensitive and gave excellent results with commercial tablets, including those containing hydrochlorothiazide in addition to spironolactone. The blue tetrazolium method cannot be used in the presence of high concentrations of either polyethylene glycols or water. Spironolactone decomposition in water or polyethylene glycol appears to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The decomposition constant at 65° was 0.0253/day in water versus 0.115/day in polyethylene glycol ointment base USP.
Fictional representations of author–translator relationships

This paper explores the nature and spectrum of relationships between authors and translators as identified in a corpus of fictional representations. Author–translator relationships offer fertile ground for fiction writers because of the frequent entangling of these two roles. These fictional constructions have the potential to offer theoretical insights into the creative nature and limits of translatorship and its overlapping with authorship and also to question the superiority usually ascribed to the latter. They can problematize concepts such as creativity, original and translation by highlighting both the derivative aspects of “original” writing and the creative aspects of translation, and they can identify certain aspects that have not been fully explored in the theoretical literature, such as the affective impact of translators' work. They might also stimulate meditations on or provide alternative models for real-life relationships, highlight the need to counter misleading constructions, or operate p...
Rendering avatars in virtual reality: integrating a 3D model with 2D images

Image-based rendering uses images or photographs to replace geometric models. This technique achieves shorter modeling time, faster rendering speed, and more realism. It also addresses different approaches for turning images into models and then into renderings - including panoramas, image warping, and light fields. In this article, we introduce a hybrid approach that integrates a 3D avatar geometric model with 2D images to achieve more realistic avatars as well as speed up avatar rendering in realtime virtual environments.
Linearized least-squares training of multilayer feedforward neural networks

The authors develop a linearized least-squares formulation for estimating the weight coefficients of a neural network. Linearization of the nonlinear network about the most recent weight estimates leads to a conditional least-squares criterion which may be solved recursively in time. The resulting coefficient update equations resemble those of the recursive least-squares solution in adaptive filtering, much as the update equations for linearized stochastic gradient descent (backpropagation) resemble those of the least mean squares solution in adaptive filtering. Simulations on small logic mapping problems indicate a three- to tenfold increase in training efficiency for this technique as compared to gradient descent. >
Effect of Replacing Menhaden Oil with Catfish Oil on the Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

The effect of using a finishing diet containing menhaden fish oil on the fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, was evaluated in a 12-wk growth trial. Three isocaloric, isonitrogenous practical diets with three different sources of lipids (menhaden oil [MO], catfish oil [CO], or beef tallow [BT]) were formulated (35% crude protein). No differences in eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or arachidonic acid were observed to occur in catfish fed MO or CO diets; however, these fatty acids were significantly lower in fish fed BT diet. No differences were observed for unsaturated fatty acid content in channel catfish fed a diet containing MO for 8 or 12 wk. In addition, no differences in production characteristics were observed to occur when catfish were fed diets containing CO, MO, or BT as the dietary lipid source, which indicates that BT, CO, and MO are equally effective as sources of energy. It is apparent from these results that CO may be successfully substituted for MO in formulated diets without adversely affecting n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content in channel catfish.
Higher plants express 3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐octulosonate 8‐phosphate synthase

Abstract. The enzymatic activity of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDOP) synthase was detected in eight diverse plant species, thus providing enzymological data consistent with recent reports of the presence of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate in plant cell walls. KDOP synthase from spinach was partially purified and characterized. It possessed weak activity as 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase. In the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate, which conferred dramatic thermostability, KDOP synthase had a catalytic temperature optimum of about 53°C. The pH optimum was 6.2, and divalent cations were neither stimulatory nor required for activity. The Km values for arabinose 5-P and phosphoenolpyruvate were 0.27 mol m−3 and about 35 mmol m−3, respectively. The kinetics of periodate oxidation of KDOP formed by spinach KDOP synthase indicate that the same stereochemical configuration exists as with bacterial KDOP. The possibility that an unregulated species of DAHP synthase found in some bacteria might in fact be a KDOP synthase exhibiting substrate ambiguity of the type seen in higher plants was examined. However, the DAHP synthase isozyme, DS-O, from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was found to be specific for erythrose 4-P. The KDOP synthase of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was also found to be specific for arabinose 5-P.
Role of Artificial Viscosity in Euler and Navier-Stokes Solvers

A method is proposed to determine directly the amount of artificial viscosity needed for stability using an eigenvalue analysis for a finite difference representation of the Navier-Stokes equations. The stability and growth of small perturbations about a steady flow over airfoils are analyzed for various amounts of artificial viscosity. The eigenvalues were determined for a small time-dependent perturbation about a steady inviscid flow over an NACA 0012 airfoil at a Mach number of 0.8 and angle of attack of 0 deg. The method has been applied to inviscid flows here, but as discussed is also applicable to viscous flows. The movement of the eigenvalue constellation with respect to the amount of artificial viscosity is studied. The stability boundaries as a function of the amount of artificial viscosity from both the eigenvalue analysis and the time-marching scheme are also presented. The eigenvalue procedure not only allows for determining the effect of varying amounts of artificial viscosity, but also for the effects of different forms of artificial viscosity.
How efficient is a fish

![Figure][1] David Ellerby discusses Paul Webb's 1971 paper entitled ‘The swimming energetics of Trout. II. Oxygen consumption and swimming efficiency’. A copy of the paper can be obtained from Compared with other modes of
Affected arm use and cortical change in stroke patients exhibiting minimal hand movement.

Background and Purpose . Conventional electrical stimulation modalities are limited by their lack of opportunities for motor learning and, consequently, their impact on function. Other rehabilitative regimens necessitate affected hand and wrist movement for patients to be included, making them implausible for most patients. In light of these challenges, the current study examined the efficacy of a repetitive task-specific training (RTP) regimen using an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis in stroke patients exhibiting no affected wrist or hand movement. Method. Eight chronic stroke patients (mean = 46.5 months) with moderately affected arm motor deficits participated in 30-minute therapy sessions occurring every weekday for 8 weeks. During the sessions, they wore the neuroprosthesis to enable performance of valued activities identified largely by the patients. To ensure transfer to their real-world environments, most sessions were home based, with the patients coming to the clinic for “tune-up” session...
Spintronic memristor devices and application

Spintronic memristor devices based upon spin torque induced magnetization motion are presented and potential application examples are given. The structure and material of these proposed spin torque memristors are based upon existing (and/or commercialized) magnetic devices and can be easily integrated on top of a CMOS. This provides better controllability and flexibility to realize the promises of nanoscale memristors. Utilizing its unique device behavior, the paper explores spintronic memristor potential applications in multibit data storage and logic, novel sensing scheme, power management and information security.
Examining future changes in the character of Central U.S. warm‐season precipitation using dynamical downscaling

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of hydrological extremes, producing more droughts and heavy rainfall events globally. How warm-season precipitation extremes will change over the Central U.S. is unclear because most coarse spatial resolution global climate models inadequately simulate hydrological extremes resulting from convective precipitation. However, the higher spatial resolution from dynamical downscaling potentially enables improved projections of future changes in extreme rainfall events. In this study, we downscaled two models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-Phase 5 (CMIP5) using the Weather Research and Forecasting model for one historical period (1990–1999), two future periods (2040–2049, 2090–2099) in a midrange emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5), and one period (2090–2099) in a high emissions (RCP8.5) scenario. The diurnal cycle, extremes, and averages of precipitation in historical simulations compare well with observations. While the future change in the total amount of precipitation is unclear, model simulations suggest that summer rainfall will be less frequent, but more intense when precipitation does occur. Significant intensification of the heaviest rainfall events occurs in the models, with the greatest changes in the early warm season (April). Increases in total April–July rainfall and the enhancement of extreme rainfall events in the RCP8.5 2090s are related to a stronger Great Plains Low-Level Jet (GPLLJ) during those months. Conversely, late warm-season drying over the North Central U.S. is present in nearly all future simulations, with increased drought in August–September associated with a slight weakening of the GPLLJ. Simulated trends generally increase with stronger greenhouse gas forcing.
Control of the conductance of engineered protein nanopores through concerted loop motions.

Protein nanopores have attracted much interest for nucleic acid sequencing, chemical sensing, and protein folding at the single molecule level. The outer membrane protein OmpG from E. coli stands out because it forms a nanopore from a single polypeptide chain. This property allows the separate engineering of each of the seven extracellular loops that control access to the pore. The longest of these loops, loop 6, has been recognized as the main gating loop that closes the pore at low pH values and opens it at high pH values. A method was devised to pin each of the loops to the embedding membrane and measure the single-pore conductances of the resulting constructs. The electrophysiological and complementary NMR measurements show that the pinning of individual loops alters the structure and dynamics of neighboring and distant loops in a correlated fashion. Pinning loop 6 generates a constitutively open pore and patterns of concerted loop motions control access to the OmpG nanopore.
VICTORIAN JOURNALISM IN PLENTY

Although the OED's first citation for “journalism” is dated 1833 (it comes from Westminster Review), the current dramatic expansion of digital resources suggests that scholarly use of Victorian journals may be reaching a point of transition. In addition, the number, variety, breadth, and depth of recent studies, most of them finished before the new materials went online, is truly remarkable.
Increased myeloperoxidase and lipid peroxide-modified protein in gynecological malignancies.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer. Oxidants induce oncogenes and their products associated with cell growth. Even though epidemiological studies implicate oxidants in promoting cancer, there is still a lack of in vivo evidence for the same. In this study, we measured the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme associated with oxidation and autoantibodies to lipid peroxide-modified protein (LOOH-RSA), in the plasma of subjects with gynecological cancers. The gynecological cancer subjects (n = 201) had higher plasma MPO and LOOH-RSA levels compared with control subjects (n = 60). Immunohistochemical analysis of tissues revealed that immunostaining for MPO and LOOH-RSA was higher in cancer tissues compared with controls. The staining was specific to cell types and not ubiquitously present. Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and natural killer cells have been proposed to play a role in cancer promotion and progression. This study proposes a role for oxidative stres...
Influence of black-tailed prairie dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) on short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on the shortgrass steppe of Colorado

Abstract Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus; hereafter simply prairie dogs) strongly influence the structure and function of ecosystems, affecting several other species. Yet we know little about how arthropod populations respond to changes caused by prairie dogs. In this study, we examined the effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on the abundance and diversity of short-horned grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on the shortgrass steppe of the Pawnee National Grasslands in northeastern Colorado. We compared the abundance and diversity of grasshoppers on prairie dog colonies and comparable off-colony sites using hoop nets. We further sampled vegetation at all sites using Daubenmire frames. We captured significantly fewer grasshoppers on prairie dog colonies than on control plots. At the sub-family level, we found that prairie dog colonies supported significantly more grasshoppers in the sub-family Oedipodinae, while off-colony sites had a non-significant trend toward more Gomphocerinae grasshoppers. We found very similar mean site diversity (i.e., alpha diversity) on colony and off-colony sites, but relatively large differences in beta diversity (i.e., diversity across sites), suggesting that prairie dog colonies have an impact on short-horned grasshopper abundances and species composition on shortgrass steppe habitats.
Ease-of-Access, Home Prices, and Marketing Times: The Choice of Lockbox Type

Lockbox usage has been common in residential real estate for some time. Older-style lockboxes, which typically require a combination to access the property key, are being displaced by newer electro...
Imaging of Rodeo and Equestrian Injuries

Rodeos are competitive sporting events that are held throughout Canada, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Brazil. Many rodeo events have a high incidence of serious injury. Overall, the injuries in rodeo that most commonly require medical intervention are fractures, with fractures of the limbs the most common, followed by chest injuries and then brain trauma. Half of all rodeo event injuries are minor sprains and strains and contusions. Horseback riding is an extremely dangerous sport due to the size (average of 500 kg), speed (up to 65 km/h), and unpredictability of horses. An added element of danger is that the rider is elevated up to 3 m when riding. While the overall rate of injury from riding is considered low compared to other sports, the risk of severe injury is high. Horseback riding has higher hospitalization rates and thus is considered to be more dangerous than motorcycle riding, automobile racing, football, and skiing and at least as dangerous as rugby. In this chapter, we will review imaging features of rodeo and equestrian injuries.
Some Observations on Interpreting Measured Demand Elasticities

The purpose of this paper is to relate some of the problems encountered in measuring price and income elasticities to the interpretation of these measurements. Since this material is familiar to the demand analyst, the paper is addressed to users of elasticities. It draws heavily on empirical literature in demand analysis to indicate the relationship of empirical procedures to interpretation of results. The discussion should aid users of elasticities in reconciling some of the diverse estimates of a particular elasticity and be of assistance in choosing a relevant elasticity for specific decisionmaking problems.
PC12. Does the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) Successfully Demonstrate Quality of Care for Elective Open or Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

underwent open repair (n 1⁄4 48). The remaining patients were grouped as follows: i-TEVAR (n 1⁄4 32), d-TEVAR (n 1⁄4 16), and nonop (n 1⁄4 37). ISS was similar in all three groups (P 1⁄4 NS). TEVAR was performed a median of 5 days and a mean of 30 days after injury in the d-TEVAR group. Overall mortality was 15.6% in the i-TEVAR group at 3.1 years’ mean follow-up, 6% in the d-TEVAR group at 1.5 years, and 18.9% in the nonop group at 1.7 years (P 1⁄4 NS). Aortic-related mortality was 6% for i-TEVAR, 0% for d-TEVAR, and 3% in the nonoperative group (P 1⁄4 NS). Mean maximum pseudoaneurysm dimension was 33 mm for i-TEVAR,33mmford-TEVAR, and23mmin thenonop group (P 1⁄4 .0003 vs i-TEVAR, P 1⁄4 .005 vs d-TEVAR). Conclusions: Patients presenting with grade III BAI may be safely managed with a delayed operative or nonoperative approach in selected circumstances with minimal associated mortality. Delayed TEVAR provides a window of opportunity for selection of patients for TEVAR who do not succumb to their other traumatic injuries. Nonoperative management may be appropriate for patients presenting with smaller pseudoaneurysms, as we did not observe rupture in pseudoaneurysms measuring #31 mm in maximum diameter in patients managed nonoperatively. Mortality in all these groups was high, primarily as a result of other traumatic injuries, and therefore, appropriate selection of patients for TEVAR must rely on sound clinical judgement.
The Salish Sea: Using Wet and Dry Site Archaeology to Explore the Defining Temporal Characteristics of this Inland Sea

AbstractWaterlogged archaeological site exploration in the Salish Sea of North America has greatly expanded our understanding of this region's distinct cultural evolution. Much of this uniqueness involves ancient weaving traditions, in both basketry and blanket weaving equipment. The twelve main wet sites investigated are situated along the entire length of the newly defined Salish Sea, adding never-before-considered cultural historical time-depth complimenting the 2009 application of the Salish Sea name change. This time-depth stimulates the question – why has there been considerable continuity of the Salish Sea cultural tradition, as reflected in wet sites, over this vast area? What exchange-of-ideas and products are reflected in the evolution of non-textile versus textile artefacts throughout the region and beyond? The ancient basketry and blanket-weaving traditions in the Salish Sea appear to distinguish it through time from the Northern and Southern Northwest Coast arts and artefact traditions.
Observation of crystallization, precipitation, and phase transformation phenomena in Si rich titanium silicide thin films

Crystallization, precipitation, and phase transformation phenomena were observed in titanium suicide thin film samples during in situ heating experiments in a transmission electron microscope. The as-deposited TixSiy films were 110 nm in thickness with a composition of 1 Ti to 2.33 Si. Crystallization of the C49 phase was followed isothermally near the sputter deposition temperature. The movement of individual grain boundaries was recorded so that a “velocity of crystallization” could be calculated. The precipitation of excess silicon from the C49 phase was first observed in the 650°C to 750°C temperature range. The precipitates were predominantly of the incoherent type, with a smaller number existing at the grain boundaries. Ostwald ripening then occurred up to the C49 to C54 phase transformation which was accompanied by a dramatic increase in grain size. Grain boundary movement during the phase transformation was such that large precipitates, which were originally at C49-C49 boundaries, ended up within resulting C54 crystals. Many of these larger precipitates were found to exist as epitaxial “islands” at the TiSi2/Si substrate interface.
Incorporation of Polyaniline Into a Silica Gel Via the Sol-Gel Technique

The sol-gel process has been used to incorporate a conjugated polymer, polyaniline, in silica gel. The emeraldine base form of the polymer is partially solubility in aprotic polar solvents which are compatible with the sol. The effect of sol environment on the emeraldine base form of polyaniline was investigated. The soluble emeraldine base form is maintained at pH ≥ 2.4 enabling good optical quality gels to be synthesized. The type of alkoxysilane and the water ratio used in preparing the sol influence the solubility of the emeraldine base.
Anisotropic Electronic State via Spontaneous Phase Separation in Strained Vanadium Dioxide Films

We resolved the enigma of anisotropic electronic transport in strained vanadium dioxide (VO2) films by inquiring into the role that strain plays in the nanoscale phase separation in the vicinity of the insulator-to-metal transition. The root source of the anisotropy was visualized as the formation of a peculiar unidirectional stripe state which accompanies the phase transition. Furthermore, nanoscale infrared spectroscopy unveils distinct facets of electron-lattice interplay at three different stages of the phase transition. These stages include the initial formation of sparse nonpercolating metallic domains without noticeable involvement of the lattice followed by an electron-lattice coupled anisotropic stripe state close to percolation which ultimately evolves into a nearly isotropic rutile metallic phase. Our results provide a unique mesoscopic perspective for the tunable macroscopic phenomena in strained metal oxide films.
Analysis of a Transonic Alternating Flow Phenomenon Observed During Ares Wind Tunnel Tests

A transonic wind tunnel test of the Ares I-X Rigid Buffet Model (RBM) identified a Mach number regime where unusually large buffet loads are present. A subsequent investigation identified the cause of these loads to be an alternating flow phenomenon at the Crew Module-Service Module junction. The conical design of the Ares I-X Crew Module and the cylindrical design of the Service Module exposes the vehicle to unsteady pressure loads due to the sudden transition from separated to attached flow about the cone-cylinder junction with increasing Mach number. For locally transonic conditions at this junction, the flow randomly fluctuates back and forth between a subsonic separated flow and a supersonic attached flow. These fluctuations produce a square-wave like pattern in the pressure time histories which, upon integration result in large amplitude, impulsive buffet loads. Subsequent testing of the Ares I RBM found much lower buffet loads since the evolved Ares I design includes an ogive fairing that covers the Crew Module-Service Module junction, thereby making the vehicle less susceptible to the onset of alternating flow. An analysis of the alternating flow separation and attachment phenomenon indicates that the phenomenon is most severe at low angles of attack and exacerbated by the presence of vehicle protuberances. A launch vehicle may experience either a single or, at most, a few impulsive loads since it is constantly accelerating during ascent rather than dwelling at constant flow conditions in a wind tunnel. A comparison of a wind-tunnel-test-data-derived impulsive load to flight-test-data-derived load indicates a significant over-prediction in the magnitude and duration of the buffet load.
Standardverfahren der Leberresektion

Standardtechniken der Leberresektion umfassen alle, der segmentalen und lobaren Anatomie der Leber folgenden Eingriffe. Der Zugang erfolgt ausschlieslich uber eine abdominelle Inzision (Bilateral-subkostal). Nach palpatorischer Orientierung beginnt die Dissektion mit einer Hilus praparation und Unterbindung der entsprechenden Lebergefase (Arterie Pfortader und Gallengang). Vor der Parenchymdissektion erfolgt die Isolation und Ubernahung der abfuhrenden Lebervene. Entlang der Demarkationsgrenze wird das Parenchym in einer dem Chirurgen vertrauten Methode durchtrennt. Blutungen aus der Resektionsflache werden durch gezielte Umstechungen, Infrarotlichtkoagulation der Oberflachenversiegelung mit Gewebekleber versorgt. Erweiterte Hepatektomien (rechts- oder linksseitige), isolierte Segmentektomien, langere Eingriffe mit Pringle-Maneuver, Gefasrekonstruktionen oder Ex-situ Praparationen gehoren derzeit nicht zum Standardvorgehen sondern in die Hande erfahrener Spezialisten.
Committee for the Advancement of Tuberculosis Organization in Medicine: AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CHEST PHYSICIANS: Annual Report 1938-1939 for Northwestern States, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington

Summary While not unexpected, it is nevertheless gratifying to note that the tuberculosis deathrate for 1937 in all four states, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington, is well below that of the nation as a whole. Montana was the only state in the group that showed a slight increase in its rate, climbing from 41.4 in 1936 to 43.6 in 1937. The other three states were among those showing a decrease. The figures for 1938 are not yet available. The vast expanse of territory, 396,711 square miles, with an average population of 9.3 persons per square mile is undoubtedly a natural factor contributing to a low death rate. There is a racial factor, however, which affects the rate adversely. That is the Indian population which numbers 35,000 in the four states. The tuberculosis death rate in 1937 among the Indians of Washington was 550.9 per 100,000 compared to 46.3 for the state as a whole. Case finding efforts in the four states compare favorably with the standard which has been tentatively set nationally at two new cases reported to each death in any year. In 1937 this standard was exceeded by each one of the states in this district. In the territory covered, with an estimated 1937 population of 3,717,000, the number of tuberculosis deaths was 1,469, giving a death rate of 39.5; the number of new cases reported was 3,014, giving the rate of 2.05 cases per death for the entire area. Idaho and Oregon showed an increase in reported cases over the previous year while Montana and Washington decreased slightly. The sanatorium facilities for the four states provide 2,434 beds for the treatment of tuberculosis cases. Of this number 399 are for Indians only and 206 are maintained for the exclusive use of veterans. This number does not include provisions that are made for inmates of penal or mental institutions.
Behavioral or Biological: Taking a Closer Look at the Relationship Between HIV and Fertility

This chapter examines the relationship between HIV infection and fertility among women in eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The two most recent rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys, which links women to their HIV test results, were used to distinguish between potential mechanisms linking HIV and fertility. HIV positive women had significantly lower fertility. The magnitude of the association between HIV status and fertility was consistent for women over the entire childbearing age and with different years of education. While HIV positive women desired fewer children compared to HIV negative women, the preference for smaller family sizes was not driving the relationship between HIV status and fertility. The relationship between HIV status and fertility held even after controlling for several indicators of risky sexual behavior, suggesting that changes in these indicators were not driving the observed relationship. HIV positive women had significantly lower fertility even after restricting the sample to respondents who had never been tested for HIV prior to the survey i.e. were presumed to be unaware of their HIV status and, thus, unlikely to be changing their behavior in response to their HIV infection. This provides evidence for a direct physiological effect of HIV infection on fertility.
Block-orthogonal multivariate codes

Orthogonal space-time block codes do not maximally exploit the available frequency diversity in broadband fading multisensor channels. We propose block-orthogonal designs (which can be derived from existing orthogonal designs) to address this problem by considering symbol-vectors (i.e., data blocks) rather than symbols as transmission units.
Biomimetic hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue-engineering applications

Abstract: Hydrogels are widely used in biomedical applications, especially tissue engineering. This chapter discusses recent progress in design and synthesis of biomimetic hydrogels as scaffolds for tissue engineering. An overview is given of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a natural model for biomimetic modification of synthetic hydrogels, then bioactive molecules and approaches for preparing biomimetic hydrogels are described, followed by highlighting applications in bioengineering of various tissues. Finally, conclusions and perspectives are provided regarding biomimetic modification of hydrogels and challenges in developing biomimetic hydrogels as tissue-engineering scaffolds.
Speaking and Writing: An Essay on Differences and Unfinished Business

At one stage of the preparation of the present book, I circulated what I thought was a final draft of the book to a number of colleagues -- minus the present chapter. Gene Zech-meister (personal communication, June 2, 1987), one of my colleagues at Loyola University of Chicago, after carefully reading the entire manuscript, posed the following question: “Are temporal patterns of speech all that critical to the lessons that you wish the reader to draw?”
Surveillance: Diagnosis and Management of In-Stent Restenosis

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the preferred treatment for symptomatic [1–3] and asymptomatic [4, 5] patients with high-grade extracra-nial carotid stenosis, compared with the best medical therapy. The increase in the number of CEAs done worldwide has resulted in a number of post-CEA carotid restenosis (CR) cases. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has recently emerged as a less-invasive alternative to CEA for cerebral revascularization. Our institution [6–10], along with others [11–14], has demonstrated that CAS is technically feasible and safe in high-risk patients. Two randomized trials [14, 15] and results from the lead-in phase of the Carotid Revascularization, Endarterectomy vs. Stent Trial (CREST) [16] reported low periprocedural complication rates with CAS, indicating clinical equipoise between the two procedures. This resulted in the approval of CAS in the United States in high-risk patients with significant carotid stenosis (≥ 70%) and neurological symptoms (ipsilateral stroke, transient ischemic attack, and amaurosis fugax) [17]. Two additional randomized trials were not able to demonstrate equivalence of CAS with CEA with respect to postprocedural stroke, myocardial infarction, or death. These results notwithstanding, it is clear that the number of CAS procedures will continue to progressively increase until a more definitive answer is available from larger studies powered to assess superiority of one procedure over the other (e.g., the NIH-sponsored CREST).
Variation in use of postoperative chemoradiation following surgery for T1 and T2 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma; National Cancer Database.

Background and Objectives Primary surgical treatment of patients with early T-classification (T1-T2) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased. We sought to determine how often these patients receive postoperative chemoradiation (CRT). Methods Patients with T1-T2 OPSCC in the National Cancer Database who underwent primary surgery were evaluated for receipt of postoperative CRT. Postoperative CRT use was examined among patients with high risk factors (positive margins and/or extracapsular spread [ECS]), intermediate risk factors (negative margins, no ECS, and either pT3-4 and/or N2-N3), and no apparent risk factors. Results Of 4833 patients with T1-T2 OPSCC who underwent primary surgery, 43% had high risk pathologic factors, of whom only 63% received postoperative CRT. Another 31% had no apparent risk factors, of whom 16% nonetheless received postoperative CRT. On multivariable analysis, in addition to tumor and demographic factors, patients treated at community hospitals were more likely to receive postoperative CRT (O.R. 1.41 C.I. 1.18-1.87, P = 0.001). Conclusions Variation in postoperative CRT use indicates a lack of consensus and/or knowledge about its benefits and indications. Usage of postoperative CRT regardless of pathologic risk factors suggests an area where future efforts at implementation of best practices may be targeted.
Retrospective study of intra-anesthetic predictors of prolonged hospitalization, increased cost of care and mortality for canine patients at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of intraoperative anesthetic variables on the length of hospitalization, cost of care and mortality in dogs. Study design Retrospective, observational study. Animals A total of 235 dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Methods Medical records of dogs undergoing general anesthesia between 2007 and 2014 at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital were reviewed. Data collected included demographic data, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, type and duration of anesthesia, hemodynamic variables, temperature, ventilation, fluid therapy and adjunctive drugs administered. Outcome variables were length of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital charges and survival to discharge. Results The only factor significantly associated with duration of ICU care was higher ASA status (p Conclusions and clinical relevance Several intrinsic patient factors and intraoperative hemodynamic variables were significantly associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality in dogs. These factors might have prognostic value in conjunction with preoperative risk assessment, and patient outcome may be improved by stricter intraoperative control of these variables.
The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse Discovery on Caregivers and Families: A Qualitative Study:

In this qualitative study with nonoffending caregivers of suspected child sexual abuse victims, we aimed to explore the perceived impact of sexual abuse discovery on caregivers and their families, and caregivers' attitudes about mental health services for themselves. We conducted semistructured, in-person interviews with 22 nonoffending caregivers of suspected sexual abuse victims <13 years old seen at a child advocacy center in Philadelphia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using modified grounded theory. Recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached. We found that caregivers experienced significant emotional and psychological distress, characterized by anger, depressed mood, and guilt, after learning that their child may have been sexually abused. We identified four specific sources of caregiver distress: concerns about their child, negative beliefs about their parenting abilities, family members' actions and behaviors, and memories of their own past maltreatment experiences. Some caregivers described worsening family relationships after discovery of their child's sexual abuse, while others reported increased family cohesion. Finally, we found that most caregivers in this study believed that mental health services for themselves were necessary or beneficial to help them cope with the impact of their child's sexual abuse. These results highlight the need for professionals working with families affected by sexual abuse to assess the emotional and psychological needs of nonoffending caregivers and offer mental health services. Helping caregivers link to mental health services, tailored to their unique needs after sexual abuse discovery, may be an acceptable strategy to improve caregiver and child outcomes after sexual abuse.
Planning and Programming a Hotel

Excerpt] If you are planning a hotel you must balance functional, layout, and aesthetic issues to develop a property that simultaneously meets the needs of the guests, the staff, and the owner. In general, five-star properties have public areas that are heavily design oriented, with the functional aspects carefully integrated to enhance, yet not dominate the space. However, budget properties tend to favor function and layout over design, for maximum utility. Regardless of how the spaces are configured, the developer must consider and balance many conflicting needs before a design is ready for the contractor's hand. The best examples provide properties that inspire; are safe, efficient, and cost effective; and that maintain their utility and charm through time.
Potential return on investment of a family-centered early childhood intervention: a cost-effectiveness analysis

ParentCorps is a family-centered enhancement to pre-kindergarten programming in elementary schools and early education centers. When implemented in high-poverty, urban elementary schools serving primarily Black and Latino children, it has been found to yield benefits in childhood across domains of academic achievement, behavior problems, and obesity. However, its long-term cost-effectiveness is unknown. We determined the cost-effectiveness of ParentCorps in high-poverty, urban schools using a Markov Model projecting the long-term impact of ParentCorps compared to standard pre-kindergarten programming. We measured costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) resulting from the development of three disease states (i.e., drug abuse, obesity, and diabetes); from the health sequelae of these disease states; from graduation from high school; from interaction with the judiciary system; and opportunity costs of unemployment with a lifetime time horizon. The model was built, and analyses were performed in 2015–2016. ParentCorps was estimated to save $4387 per individual and increase each individual’s quality adjusted life expectancy by 0.27 QALYs. These benefits were primarily due to the impact of ParentCorps on childhood obesity and the subsequent predicted prevention of diabetes, and ParentCorps’ impact on childhood behavior problems and the subsequent predicted prevention of interaction with the judiciary system and unemployment. Results were robust on sensitivity analyses, with ParentCorps remaining cost saving and health generating under nearly all assumptions, except when schools had very small pre-kindergarten programs. Effective family-centered interventions early in life such as ParentCorps that impact academic, behavioral and health outcomes among children attending high-poverty, urban schools have the potential to result in longer-term health benefits and substantial cost savings.
10 – Motivational Interviewing for Health Behavior Problems

Publisher Summary Motivational interviewing (MI) is a therapeutic strategy developed to help the client explore ambivalence concerning harmful behaviors and to guide him or her toward change. In this chapter MI is discussed in the context of working with Scott, a young gay man reporting both marijuana and alcohol use, as well as unprotected sex. After a brief review of relevant research on MI and on substance use, sexual risk behavior, and the intersection of the two in gay men, a series of brief, hypothetical clinical vignettes illustrate how MI might be applied in psychotherapy with Scott.
Estimation of Community Usage of Drugs Utilizing Sewage Epidemiology

Drug abuse is considered to be a national epidemic in many countries including the USA, and is associated with impaired social indicators including economic loss and adverse public health. The conventional methods of estimation of drug usage in communities are based on self-reported surveys, overdose or toxicological reports, drug-related crime statistics, and hospital admissions. Conventional methods suffer from several shortcomings including cost and time intensiveness, nonresponse bias, bias in the selection of sample population, and consumer's unawareness on the actual composition of used drugs. Sewage epidemiology utilizes the mass load of drugs in wastewater influent to estimate the drug usage in a community. Despite several challenges to the determination of the human excretion profile of drugs, the stability of drugs in wastewater, the dynamics of the population, sewage epidemiology provides several opportunities, including a cost-effective, comprehensive, noninvasive, and nearly real-time measure of trends of drug use over time.
Effect of Specimen Size on the Buckling Behavior of Laminated Composites Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of specimen size on the buckling strains of composite laminates subjected to low-velocity projectile impact. The specimens were fabricated from a T300/5208 graphite/epoxy material with laminate configurations (+ or - 45,0,90)2s and (+ or - 45,0,90)4s. These 16- and 32-ply quasi-isotropic laminates were side-supported during testing. Specimens of three different length-to-width aspect ratios of 1, 1.5, and 2 were studied. The low-velocity projectile impact was provided by an air gun. The preload and impact energy combination necessary to cause catastrophic buckling failure was determined. The residual strength of specimens that survived the impact damage was also measured. The results were compared with those of a 48-ply laminate tested elsewhere. The present experimental results show that (1) specimen length does not seem to have any significant influence on the buckling strains at failure caused by projectile impact and (2) the influence of specimen thickness on strain at failure decreases as the velocity of the projectile increases.
Risk Factors for Low Pharmacy Refill Adherence Among Older Hypertensive Men and Women by Race

Abstract Background Sex-race stratification may lead to identification of risk factors for low antihypertensive medication adherence that are not apparent when assessing risk factors in women and men without race stratification. We examined risk factors associated with low pharmacy refill adherence across sex-race subgroups (white women, black women, white men, black men) within the Cohort Study of Medication Adherence among Older Adults (n = 2,122). Methods Pharmacy refill adherence was calculated as proportion of days covered using all antihypertensive prescriptions filled in the year prior to a baseline risk factor survey. Sex- and sex-race-stratified multivariable Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between participant characteristics and low adherence. Results Prevalence of low adherence was 22.9% vs. 40.7% in white vs. black women (P Conclusions Identification of sex-race-specific risk factors for low antihypertensive medication adherence may guide development and implementation of tailored interventions to increase antihypertensive medication adherence and blood pressure control among older patients.
A Missing Link: HIV-/AIDS-Related mHealth Interventions for Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Through a review of the peer-reviewed and gray literature on HIV mobile health (mHealth) tools for health workers and in-depth interviews with mHealth leaders in the field, we provide a synthesis of current work and propose mHealth research priorities for HIV prevention, care, and treatment. Significant investment in implementation research and bringing together researchers capable of identifying drivers of successful implementation and industry leaders capable of bringing efficacious tools to scale are needed to move this area forward. Effective and appropriate technologies to support health systems in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries are needed to improve the efficiency and quality of health service delivery and ultimately improve health outcomes. Although a growing number of HIV mHealth tools have been developed to support health workers, few of these tools have been rigorously evaluated and even fewer have been brought to scale.