cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balanced Influence Maximization in the Presence of Homophily

The goal of influence maximization is to select a set of seed users that will optimally diffuse information through a network. In this paper, we study how applying traditional influence maximization algorithms affects the balance between different audience categories (e.g., gender breakdown) who will eventually be exposed to a message. More specifically, we investigate how structural homophily (i.e., the tendency to connect to similar others) and influence diffusion homophily (i.e., the tendency to be influenced by similar others) affect the balance among the activated nodes. We find that even under mild levels of homophily, the balance among the exposed nodes is significantly worse than the balance among the overall population, resulting in a significant disadvantage for one group. To address this challenge, we propose an algorithm that jointly maximizes the influence and balance among nodes while still preserving the attractive theoretical guarantees of the traditional influence maximization algorithms. We run a series of experiments on multiple synthetic and four real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving the balance between different categories of exposed nodes.
Detection of rare events with uncertain outcomes

Abstract Choquet Expected Utility framework for decision making under uncertainty is compared with the Expected Utility framework in a scenario involving rare events with potentially catastrophic consequences. The scenario involves detection of suspected criminal activity in a surveillance system. The results of simulation studies show the advantages of using the Choquet framework to model pessimistic attitude of decision maker. The Choquet approach detects threats earlier and with higher probability of detection when compared to Expected Utility approach. The paper outlines the relevant decision theory, provides details of simulation design, and experimental results.
Exploring Lifestyle Activities to Reduce Internalized Ageism: Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Exercise, Volunteering, Computer Use, and Self-Perceptions of Aging:

The objective of this study is to test self-efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between three lifestyle activities (exercise, volunteering, and computer use) and self-perceptions of aging (SPA) among older adults. We hypothesize that increased self-efficacy will mediate the relationship between lifestyle activities and more positive SPA. This is a cross-sectional, secondary data analysis drawn from the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; n = 4,561). Bootstrapping procedures were applied to test the significance of the indirect effects of self-efficacy in the relationship between lifestyle activities and SPA. Results indicate significant direct effects between exercise, computer use, and self-efficacy. Direct effects were observed between exercise, volunteering, computer use, and SPA. Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between exercise, volunteering, computer use, and SPA. Implications for practitioners working with older adults are discussed. Future research should test formal intervention programs aimed at reducing internalized ageism through additional pathways.
Characterization of Paeniclostridium sordellii Metalloproteinase-1 in vitro and in an experimental model of infection.

Abstract Objective Paeniclostridium sordellii is a pathogen that causes rapidly fatal infections characterized by severe edema, extreme leukemoid reaction and lack of an innate immune response. We recently identified a metalloproteinase of P. sordellii-1 (Mcs1) that cleaves human vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, an adhesion molecule important to hematopoietic precursor retention and leukocyte diapedesis. In the current study, we further characterize Mcs1 activity and investigate its role in pathogenesis. Methods Mcs1 peptide cleavage sequence and activity conditions were identified using a semi-quantitative fluorescence-based reporter assay. Additional host targets for Mcs1 protease activity were tested and confirmed by gel electrophoreses and western blots. Finally, Mcs1 knock out (ΔMcs1) and complemented (cMcs1) strains were developed for assessment in our animal model of myonecrosis. Results Data show that Mcs1 prefers aliphatic amino acid residues, I or L, especially when adjacent to negatively charged or noncharged-polar residues. In vitro, Mcs1 cleaved or partially cleaved human cell adhesion molecules, E-selectin and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and mediators of innate immune infection defense, complement protein-3 and antimicrobial peptide LL-37. In vivo, infection with the ΔMcs1 P. sordellii strain had little effect on animal survival, tissue destruction or circulating white blood cell counts compared to wild type and cMcs1 strains. Conclusions Similar to proteolytic virulence factors from other pathogens, Mcs1 is a promiscuous protease that cleaves multiple human-host factors. Despite minimal impact of Mcs1 on the murine model of P. sordellii infection, it is worth considering its role in humans and other animal models.
Immunoengineering the Next Generation of Arthritis Therapies

Immunoengineering continues to revolutionize healthcare, generating new approaches for treating previously intractable diseases, particularly in regard to cancer immunotherapy. In joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), biomaterials and anti-cytokine treatments have previously been at that forefront of therapeutic innovation. However, while many of the existing anti-cytokine treatments are successful for a subset of patients, these treatments can also pose severe risks due to adverse events and off-target effects due to continuous delivery at high dosages or a lack of disease-specific targets. These limitations have motivated the development of new treatment strategies that are well-controlled, precisely targeted, safe, and efficacious, all of which may be addressed with the application of direct and mechanistically-driven immunoengineering approaches. Advances in the understanding of the immunomodulatory pathways involved in musculoskeletal disease, in combination with the growing emphasis on personalized medicine, stress the need for carefully considering the delivery strategies and therapeutic targets when designing therapeutics to better treat RA and OA. Here, we focus on recent advances in biomaterial and cell-based immunomodulation, in combination with genetic engineering, for therapeutic applications in joint diseases. The application of immunoengineering principles to the study of joint disease will not only help to elucidate the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis but will also generate novel disease-specific therapeutics by harnessing cellular and biomaterial responses.
The Real Issue Behind Stanford v. Roche : Faculty Conceptions of University Assignment Policies Stemming from the 1947 Biddle Report

The recent Supreme Court decision in Stanford v. Roche laid bare a faulty assumption of the federal research funding system. Government patent policy for federally funded research relies on “contractors” — the recipients of federal funding — to secure patent assignments from their employees. While this practice was routine for private firms and nonprofit research institutions, it was not for universities. This was in part based on the relationship of faculty and other researchers to universities that differed from industry employment relationships. The roots of this faulty assumption can be traced to the seminal 1947 Biddle Report. Detailed monographs drafted as appendices to the Biddle Report made plain these different practices. Yet the formal report glossed over the differences in favor of a summary that government research patent policy need only concern the relationship between the funding agencies and contractors. This left assignments between the contractors and their employees to the contractors. Despite regulations up through the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 that obliquely referenced the obligation of contractors to secure adequate rights to protect the government’s interests, universities never adopted the assignment practices of private industry. This Article traces the roots of this issue from the Biddle Report to the current government regulations in order to clarify challenges that funding agencies and universities face in securing adequate agreements from researchers in the wake of Stanford v. Roche.An earlier version of this paper was posted with the title “Mistaken Assumptions: The Roots of Stanford v. Roche in Post-War Government Patent Policy.”
Lack of spatial remapping of the visual field surrounding a monocular scotoma.

Background: Changes in cortical receptive fields following deafferentation raise the question of whether interruption of optic nerve fibres engenders spatial distortion in the region bordering the resulting scotoma. Methods: The regularity and uniformity of the spatial metric surrounding a monocular Bjerrum scotoma were studied in both the affected and unaffected eyes of a glaucoma patient, using rigorous psychometric measurements and Amsler grid observations. Results: No expansion of distances towards the edge of the scotoma was found; however, such a change occurs at the border of the normal blind spot, though not binocularly and not in the corresponding field of the other eye. Conclusion: The findings argue against cortical reorganisation following monocular retinal deafferentation in the adult.
AN INTEGRAL EQUATION OCCURRING IN PLASMA OSCILLATIONS

Stability of single hump velocity distributions in collisionless hot plasma without magnetic field expressed as integral equation
A Pronominal Approach to Binding and Computation

There has been a great deal of research on programming languages for computing with binding and scope (bound variables, *** -equivalence, capture-avoiding substitution). These languages are useful for a variety of tasks, such as implementing domain-specific languages and formalizing the metatheory of programming languages. Functional programming with binding and scope involves two different notions of function: functions-as-data and functions-as-computation . Functions-as-data, used to represent abstract syntax with variable binding, have an intensional, syntactic, character, in the sense that they can be inspected in ways other than function application. For example, many algorithms that process abstract syntax recur under binders, treating variables symbolically. On the other hand, functions-as-computation, the usual functions of functional programming, have an extensional character--a function from A to B is a black box that, when given an A , delivers a B .
Cell mediated immunity

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods useful for measuring the cell-mediated response to viruses in humans. All of the techniques are applicable to mouse systems, though the specific reagents and conditions are different. All procedures are carried out under sterile conditions at room temperature. It is possible to determine the major T cell epitopes for a given viral protein and study the characteristics of both a helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell response to that epitope. Two subsets of T helper cells have been described in the chapter, based on the cytokine profiles and function of T cell clones responding to a particular antigen. The usual source of human lymphocytes is peripheral blood. However, lymphocytes can be isolated from other tissues, such as lymph nodes, tonsils or spleen, if they are available.
A 64 Mb MROM with good pair selection architecture

The needs for high density mask programmable ROM (MROM) have increased rapidly due to the demand for storing the Kanji character fonts and dictionaries used in Japanese word processors. For example, desktop publishing uses MROMs for 80 M bits fixed data. The authors describe a 64 Mb MROM which employs a 'good pair selection' as a type of redundancy technique. Employing the technology a flat cell structure and a bank selection architecture and a 0.8 mu m CMOS process, they have developed high density 64 Mb MROM. >
A rigorous model to compute the radiation from printed circuit boards

A mixed (scalar and vector) potential surface integral equation formulation, originally developed for microstrip antennas by Mosig and Gardiol (1982), is used to compute the radiated emission from printed circuit traces that involve right-angular bends and gap discontinuities. Computed results for a gap-excited trace configuration loaded by a short circuit or an open circuit indicate good agreement between a quasistatic approximation of the trace current and a rigorous mixed-potential computation. >
Acute toxicity during external-beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: Comparison of different techniques☆

Abstract Purpose : The chronic and acute toxicities associated with conventional radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer are well documented. However, the degree and incidence of toxicities with conformal techniques are not known. Studying side effects associated with modern radiotherapeutic techniques is more important now since there has been a general trend to use computerized tomography-based techniques in recent years; beam's eye view-based conformal techniques are also becoming more commonplace. It is possible that the local disease control can be improved with the delivery of higher doses than currently used. Conformation of the treatment volume to the target volume may facilitate such dose-escalation. However, prior to such dose-escalation, it is important to know the toxicities associated with such techniques with conventional doses. Methods and Materials : We have compared week-by-week acute toxicities associated with conventional (Group A, 16 patients), computerized tomography-based, manual (Group B, 57 patients) and beam's eye view-based (Group C, 43 patients) techniques during 7 weeks of radiotherapy. Group B and C patients were treated contemporaneously (1988–1990). Results : Acute side effects gradually increased from week I through weeks 4–5 and generally declined or plateaued after that. The incidence of acute toxicities was significantly less with the beam's eye view/based technique than with the other two methods. For instance, the percentages of Grade 2 acute genitourinary toxicities for Groups A, B, and C were as follows: Week 1-0, 0, 0; Week 2–6, 0, 0; Week 3–6, 9, 2; Week 4–12, 14, 9; Week 5–35, 14, 9; Week 6–31, 16, 7; Week 7–33, 8, 8, respectively. The p values associated with differences in acute genitourinary toxicities for Weeks 1–7 using chi-square test were 0.072, 0.627, 0.389, 0.538, 0.123, 0.06, and 0.012; the p values for acute gastrointestinal toxicities were 0.512, 0.09, 0.031, 0.031, 0.003, Conclusion : The findings in this retrospective study need to be confirmed by other prospective studies.
Proposal for reading out anyon qubits in non-Abelian ν=12/5 quantum Hall state

To detect non-Abelian statistics in the $\ensuremath{\nu}=12∕5$ quantum Hall state through interferometry, we apply an analysis similar to the ones proposed for the non-Abelian $\ensuremath{\nu}=5∕2$ quantum Hall state. The result is that the amplitude of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillation of this interference is dependent on the internal states of quasiholes, but, in contrast to the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5∕2$ quantum Hall state, independent of the number of quasiholes. However, if the quasiholes are in a superposition state, it is necessary for the interferometer to have certain additional features to obtain the coefficients.
Human health risk assessment of endosulfan. I: Toxicology and hazard identification

Endosulfan is persistent in the environment and toxic to wildlife. Legal mandates necessitate that a risk assessments be performed for endosulfan by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This hazard identification (hazard ID) compared critical no-observed effect levels (NOEL) for acute, subchronic and chronic exposure intervals between the agencies. NOELs were discussed in light of their application to numerous exposure scenarios (occupational, general population and dietary). Only the acute oral NOELs differed between CDPR (0.7 mg/kg/day) and USEPA (1.5 mg/kg/day). Pregnant rabbits were considered by CDPR to be more responsive to low gavage doses of endosulfan than non-pregnant female or male rats in the acute study selected by USEPA. NOELs for other exposure routes and durations were similar between agencies. CDPR and USEPA concurred that a Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA, 1996) Safety Factor is not needed after evaluating all studies including a Developmental Neurotoxicity study. The SF was reduced to 1x. NOELs generated from this hazard ID will be used to calculate the Margins of Exposure for all scenarios and subsequently the risk characterization for endosulfan.
Thermodynamic treatment of interfacial curvature in electrocapillarity

Abstract The thermodynamic theory of electrocapillarity is extended to include the explicit dependence of the interfacial tension of an ideal polarized electrode on interfacial curvature. Interfacial curvature adds one additional independent variable to the electrocapillary equation. At any constant curvature, the form of the Lippmann equation, the other first partial differential coefficients of the interfacial tension and the relationship between interfacial tension and differential capacitance depend upon curvature. However, the second cross partial differential coefficients of interfacial tension and the Esin and Markov coefficient have the same form as for a planar electrode. The effect of varying curvature is investigated on the basis of a theory of Tolman, and the results obtained are applied to the estimation of the probable curvature dependence of a mercury electrode.
In Vitro Assembly of the Component Chains of Fibrinogen Requires Endoplasmic Reticulum Factors

Human fibrinogen (340 kDa) is a dimer, with each identical half-molecule composed of three different polypeptides (Aα, 66 kDa; Bβ, 55 kDa; and γ, 48 kDa). To understand the mechanisms of chain assembly, a coupled in vitro transcription translation system capable of assembling fibrinogen chains was developed. Fibrinogen chain assembly was assayed in an expression system coupled to rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence or absence of dog pancreas microsomal membranes. Fibrinogen chain assembly required microsomal membranes and oxidized glutathione. Co-expression of two of the chains, Bβ and γ or Aα and γ, yielded free chains and two-chain complexes. Unlike combinations of Aα with γ and Bβ with γ, co-expression of Aα and Bβ did not form a single two-chain complex but produced a mixture of two-chain complexes. Co-expression of all three chains yielded free chains, two-chain complexes, and higher molecular weight complexes that corresponded to a half-molecule and to fully formed fibrinogen. Upon treatment of this mixture with thrombin and factor XIIIa, a γ·γ dimer, similar to that obtained from cross-linked human fibrin, was produced, indicating that properly folded fibrinogen was formed in vitro. Molecular chaperones may participate in fibrinogen assembly, since antibodies to resident proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (BiP, Hsp90, protein disulfide isomerase, and calnexin) co-precipitated the chaperones together with nascent fibrinogen chains and complexes.
Models of particle dark matter

Predictions of dark matter detection rates for terrestial detectors are given within the framework of supergravity grand unified models with R parity invariance. These models predict that the lightest neutralino, gc 1 0 should be a component of the cold dark matter over almost the entire parameter space. Relic density calculations are described and the parameter space is limited to 0.1 ≤ Ω gc 1 0 h 2 ≤ 0.4. The effects of recent accelerator experiments (measurements of the top quark mass and b → s + γ decay) on predicted detector event rates is described. Detector event rates are shown to range from about (10 −5 to 10) events/dg da. Effects on the event rates by varying the bounds on Ω gc 1 0 h 2 and from non-universal soft breaking masses are discussed.
Effect of sulfuric and phosphoric acid pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover.

The pretreatment of corn stover with H2SO4 and H3PO4 was investigated. Pretreatments were carried out from 30 to 120 min in a batch reactor at 121°C, with acid concentrations ranging from 0 to 2% (w/v) at a solid concentration of 5% (w/v). Pretreated corn stover was washed with distilled water until the filtrate was adjusted to pH 7.0, followed by surfactant swelling of the cellulosic fraction in a 0–10% (w/v) solution of Tween-80 at room temperature for 12h. The dilute acid treatment proved to be a very effective method in terms of hemicellulose recovery and cellulose digestibility. Hemicellulose recovery was 62–90%, and enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose that remained in the solid was >80% with 2% (w/v) acid. In all cases studied, the performance of H2SO4 pretreatment (hemicellulose recovery and cellulose digestibility) was significantly better than obtained with H3PO4. Enzymatic hydrolysis was more effective using surfactant than without it, producing 10–20% more sugar. Furthermore, digestibility was investigated as a function of hemicellulose removal. It was found that digestibility was more directly related to hemicellulose removal than to delignification.
Conductivity of Triiodide Salts in Vapor-Swollen Commodity Polymers

Organic triiodide salts dispersed in PVC, PMMA, or other polymers exhibit low electrical conductivity in dry films. Exposed to organic vapors, the film conductivity rises by as much as 106. The mag...
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein Containing the Entire Green Fluorescent Protein on Its Cytoplasmic Domain Is Incorporated Efficiently into Virus Particles

The envelope glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) contains a short cytoplasmic domain of 29 amino acids. To determine whether VSV particle assembly could accommodate a G protein with a large cytoplasmic domain, we constructed a gene called G/GFP encoding the VSV G protein with the 27-kDa green fluorescent protein linked to its cytoplasmic domain. This gene was inserted into the infectious clone of VSV and we recovered a recombinant virus expressing G/GFP from this extra gene. This VSV-G/GFP virus grew to titers equivalent to that of wild-type virus and was stable upon passaging. The G/GFP protein formed mixed trimers containing an average of two wild-type G proteins and one G/GFP protein. This heterotrimeric protein was expressed on the cell surface, and was incorporated into virus particles with almost the same efficiency as wild-type VSV G protein. These results indicate that there is substantial space available between the viral membrane and the nucleocapsid that can accommodate such a large cytoplasmic domain. The green fluorescent virus particles were readily visualized by fluorescence microscopy and had a normal morphology by electron microscopy. To determine whether virus assembly could occur efficiently when all G proteins contained the GFP cytoplasmic domain, a VSV recombinant in which the G gene was completely replaced by the VSV-G/GFP gene was recovered. This virus rapidly lost expression of the GFP protein sequence through introduction of a stop codon within the sequence encoding the G cytoplasmic domain, indicating strong selection against homotrimeric G protein bearing such a large cytoplasmic domain.
Locating pine seed orchards in warmer climates: Benefits and risks

Abstract Research on locating seed orchards in warmer climates to promote early and abundant flowering is reviewed. In general, locating pine seed orchards in warmer climates increases flowering, but problems with reproductive phenology may limit transfer into sub-tropical climates unless supplemental mass pollination is used. ‘After-effects’ may render seed produced in southern locations unfit for use in northern locations, a point needing further investigation.
Enhancement of the Culvert Outlet Scour Estimation Equations

A study was conducted to simplify and broaden the procedures for estimating scour dimensions at culvert outlets. In addition, a means was sought to incorporate the influence of culvert shape, culvert slope, and culvert drop height into the scour prediction procedure. On the basis of a review of the literature and further analysis of existing outlet scour data, a general expression was developed relating the dimensions of scour to the culvert discharge, the hydraulic radius, time, and bed material gradation. Culvert-slope and drop-height coefficients were formulated and integrated into the outlet-scour prediction procedure. The results indicate that the 1983 HEC-14 scour calculation procedure can be more comprehensive and simplified for cohesionless materials.
Endurance time and physiological responses to prolonged arm lifting.

The main objective of this study was to, examine the effects of prolonged arm lifting tasks on endurance time and physiological responses. Ten male college students participated in the study. The independent variables were the frequency of handling and weight of load. The dependent variables were endurance time, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion of the shoulder, arm, back, leg and overall body. The results indicated that: (1) endurance time decreased with an increase in frequency or load; (2) oxygen consumption and heart rate limits were dependent on the interaction of frequency and load; (3) oxygen consumption and heart rate limits for arm lifting were generally lower than limits for leg lifting tasks; and (4) for arm work, average physiological responses recorded over short durations were not significantly different from those based on long durations.
Polarimetric SAR characterization of man-made structures in urban areas using normalized circular-pol correlation coefficients

Abstract Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter from man-made structures in urban areas is quite different than backscatter from predominantly natural areas. Backscatter from natural areas is often reflection symmetric; i.e., characterized by near zero values for covariance matrix off-diagonal terms of the form 〈 S HV S HH ⁎ 〉, 〈 S HV S VV ⁎ 〉 and their conjugates. A new approach is proposed to detect scattering from non-reflection symmetric structures using circular-pol, RR-LL, correlation coefficients, | ρ |. This method creates a normalization term, | ρ 0 |, and then forms a ratio, | ρ |/| ρ 0 |. The normalization term, | ρ 0 |, contains the same diagonal terms of the covariance matrix. The 〈 S HV S HH ⁎ 〉 and 〈 S HV S VV ⁎ 〉 off-diagonal terms and their conjugates are purposely set to zero. The ratio, | ρ |/| ρ 0 |, is rewritten as a product of separable helicity (τ) and orientation angle ( θ ) dependencies. The mathematical form of the τ dependence is a resonant singularity, or pole, term. This pole significantly enhances returns from man-made, high helicity, non-reflection symmetric structures. These structures have values of τ near the resonance value at τ = ± 1. Natural scatterers possess very strong RR / LL symmetry (τ ≈ 0) and the pole response for them is correspondingly weak. The dependence of | ρ |/| ρ 0 | on the orientation angle ( θ ) is known from previous studies to be useful for measuring urban building alignments (relative to the azimuth direction) and measuring surface topography. The ratio | ρ |/| ρ 0 | reduces much of the un-needed image detail of backscatter variations from natural areas of different surface roughness. This image simplification further facilitates detection of localized man-made targets.
Gravitational Lens Time Delays in CDM

In standard CDM halo models, the time delay of a gravitational lens is determined by the cold baryon mass fraction, f, of the visible galaxy relative to the overall halo. The observed time delays in PG1115+080, SBS1520+530, B1600+434 and HE2149-2745 give Hubble constants consistent with the HST Key Project value of H0=72+/-8 km/s Mpc only if f>0.2 (1-sided 68% confidence), which is larger than the upper bound of fmax=Omega_b/Omega_0=0.15+/-0.05 estimated from the CMB. If all available baryons cool and f=fmax then the time delays imply H0=65+/-6 km/s Mpc (95% confidence). If local inventories of cold baryons, f=0.013/h70, are correct, then H0=52+/-6 km/s Mpc and the halo parameters closely match isothermal mass models. Isothermal models are also consistent with strong and weak lens studies, stellar dynamics and X-ray observations on these scales, while significantly more centrally concentrated models are not. There is a a conflict between gravitational lens time delays, the local distance scale and standard CDM halo models.
Growth consequences of plasticity of plant traits in response to light conditions

We present a method for quantifying the growth advantage, if any, that results from the plasticity of plant traits in response to growth in high vs. low resource levels. The method, which uses two phenotypes and two resource levels, quantifies the average advantage that a phenotype has, in its own set of conditions, over the other phenotype. The method is applied to the growth of two phenotypes of Abutilon theophrasti, induced by high and low light intensity, in response to two levels of incident light intensity. We calculated the growth advantage first using relative growth rate, and second using whole-plant photosynthetic assimilation rate, as the response variable. Then we used the photosynthetic responses to changes in light intensity to calculate changes in growth rates of each phenotype when exposed to a change in light conditions. These three quantifications of growth advantage broadly agree with one another. Despite the great plasticity of its traits induced by growth in high vs. low light intensity, whole-plant plasticity did not allow Abutilon theophrasti to exhibit a significant growth advantage under these conditions. Indeed, the relative growth rate of the low light phenotype greatly exceeded that of the high light phenotype in high incident light conditions. This may have resulted from the higher leaf area ratio of the low light phenotype. Furthermore, the high light phenotype had significantly greater transpiration rate in both light conditions. For these reasons we suggest that light-induced plasticity of traits in Abutilon theophrasti may confer advantage in response to the variation in vapor pressure deficit that is associated with variation in light intensity. Light-induced plasticity may also be advantageous because under high incident light conditions the high-light phenotype has greater reproductive allocation than the low-light phenotype.
Segmentation and texture representation with vector quantizers

An algorithm for segmentation of cell images and the extraction of texture textons based on vector quantization is presented. Initially a few low dimensional code vectors are employed in a standard vector quantization algorithm to generate a coarse code book a procedure which is equivalent to histogram sharpening. Representative gray level value from each coarse code vector are used to construct a larger fine code book. Coding the original image with the fine code book produces a less distorted image and facilitates cell and nuclear extraction. Texture textons are extracted by application of the same algorithm to the cell area using a larger number of initial code vectors and fine code book. Applications of the algorithm to cytological specimen are presented.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proton Spectroscopy Detected Myoinositol in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury

Previous studies have shown that proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is useful in predicting neurologic prognosis in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Reductions in N-acetyl derived metabolites and presence of lactate have been predictive of poor outcomes. We examined another spectroscopy metabolite, myoinositol (mI), to determine whether it is altered after TBI. Found primarily in astrocytes, mI functions as an osmolyte and is involved in hormone response pathways and protein-kinase C activation. Myoinositol is elevated in the newborn brain and is increased in a variety of diseases. We studied 38 children (mean age 11 y; range 1.6–17 y) with TBI using quantitative short echo time occipital gray and parietal white matter proton MRS at a mean of 7 d (range 1–17 d) after injury. We found that occipital gray matter mI levels were increased in children with TBI (4.30 ± 0.73) compared with controls (3.53 ± 0.48; p = 0.003). We also found that patients with poor outcomes 6–12 mo after injury had higher mI levels (4.78 ± 0.68) than patients with good outcomes (4.15 ± 0.69; p < 0.05). Myoinositol is elevated after pediatric TBI and is associated with a poor neurologic outcome. The reasons for its elevation remain unclear but may be due to astrogliosis or to a disturbance in osmotic function.
Long‐term follow‐up (seven to fifteen years) of neocystectomy in survivors following multivisceral pelvic surgery

Both ileal conduit of the bladder and ureterosigmoidostomy appear to be satisfactory methods of urinary diversion when neocystectomy is required following radical surgery for advanced pelvic cancer. Maintenance of adequate renal function and continued satisfactory radiographic visualization of the kidneys in such long-term (7 to 15 years) survivors is documented. The advantages and indications for these two techniques are discussed. When advanced pelvic cancer can be controlled by radical pelvic multivisceral resection, sacrifice of the urinary bladder and transplantation of normal or hydronephrotic renal units should not result in deterioration of renal function.
Hydride transfer reactions of transition metal hydrides in the preparation of [Cp(CO)3W(η1-aldehyde)]+OTf− and [Cp(CO)3W(η1-ketone)]+OTf− complexes

Abstract The reaction of Ph(CO)Cl with Cp(CO)3WH and HOTf gives the η1-aldehyde complex [Cp(CO)3W(η1-PhCHO)]+OTf−. The structure of[Cp(CO)3W(η1-PhCHO)]+OTf− (C16H1lF3O7SW) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (triclinic, space group P 1 , a = 10.639(5), b = 10.752(4), c = 10.096(3) A, α = 91.38(3), β = 117.08(3), γ = 66.01(4)°, ζ = 2). Decomposition of this compound in CH2Cl2 solution follows first-order kinetics (k = 3.6(2) × 10−4 s−1 at 25°C) and produces free PhCHO and Cp(CO)3WOTf The η1-CH3CHO complex [Cp(CO)3W (η1-CH3CHO)]+OTf− was similarly prepared from the reaction of acetyl chloride with Cp(CO)3WH and HOTf. Hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldenydes by Cp(CO)3WH and HOTf produces [Cp(CO)3W(η1-RCHO)]+OTf− that were isolated and fully characterized; analogous reactions with α,β-unsaturated ketones gives [Cp(CO)3W(η1-O=CRR′)]+OTf− complexes. All of these aldehyde and ketone complexes with OTf- release free aldehyde or ketone in solution and produce Cp(CO)3WOTf, but [Cp(CO)3W(η1-2-butanone)]+BAr′4− (Ar′ = 3,5-bis(trifluoroniethyl)phenyl) is much more stable.
Haematological findings in pregnant, postparturient and nursing mares

Venous blood samples were collected from 16 Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse mares during late pregnancy (approximately one month before parturition), approximately 6 h after parturition, one month after parturition and 4 months after parturition when the foals were weaned. There were no significant differences over time for haematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, platelet count or mean platelet volume. The icterus index was significantly higher, and the total plasma protein concentration was slightly lower, during late pregnancy than when nursing. Plasma fibrinogen concentration and total leucocyte counts were highest shortly after birth. Results from differential leucocyte counts revealed that the increased total leucocyte count measured shortly after birth was the result of increased numbers of neutrophils. There were no significant differences in absolute lymphocyte, monocyte or basophil counts, but the number of eosinophils was significantly lower shortly after birth. Total serum iron concentration and percentage saturation of transferrin with iron were highest shortly after birth. There was no significant difference in iron binding capacity over time. Serum ferritin and cortisol concentrations were lowest during late pregnancy, but the mean ferritin value was not significantly different from other time periods. The addition of iron and other mineral supplements to the basic concentrate fed at the University of Florida Horse Research Unit did not have a measurable effect on any haematological parameter evaluated in mares.
Histone Structure: Asymmetric Distribution of Lysine Residues in Lysine-rich Histone

Structural studies on a very lysine-rich histone show that the carboxyl-terminal half of the molecule is enriched in lysine (and proline). which suggests that it is a site for binding to DNA. The amino-terminal half. containing most of the acidic residues. resembles small, nonhistone proteins and so might have specificity for factors other than DNA.
Kingdom Animalia: The Zoological Malaise from A Microbial Perspective

Pain and cognitive dissonance abounds amongst biologists: the plant-animal, botany-zoology wound has nearly healed and the new gash--revealed by department and budget reorganizations--is "molecular" vs. "organismic" biology. Here I contend that resolution of these tensions within zoology requires that an autopoietic-gaian view replace a mechanical-neodarwinian perspective; in the interest of brevity and since many points have been discussed elsewhere, rather than develop detailed arguments I must make staccato statements and refer to a burgeoning literature. The first central concept is that animals, all organisms developing from blastular embryos, evolved from single protist cells that were unable to reproduce their undulipodia. The second points to the usefulness of recognizing the analogy between cyclically established symbioses and meiotic sexuality.
Lesions and preferential initial localization of [S-methyl-3H]bleomycin A2 on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls and membranes.

Abstract Extensive lesions were produced in cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the bleomycin family of anticancer antibiotics (30 min to 4 h). Electron micrographs revealed that the alterations were most frequently large breaks and small interruptions or holes in cell walls, which sometimes extended into cell membranes. Large portions of cell walls were sometimes lost. Cell walls were frequently ruptured in one or more positions. More than 75% of bud scar regions in single-plane sections and all bud scars in serial sections exhibited many interruptions and breaks after 3 or 4 h of treatment. The discovery of extensive damage to cell walls was consistent with the preferential (approximately 70%) association of radiolabeled bleomycin with cell walls and perimeters of bud scar regions after short exposures (30 min). After longer exposures, the distribution of silver grains changed from a predominant association with cell walls (30 min) to an increased association with the cell cytoplasm (1 to 4 h). This correlated with increased ultrastructural damage, since damage to cell walls was generally more frequent and more severe with increasing length of treatment (30 min to 4 h) or dose (25 to 100 micrograms/ml). Although DNA lesions are believed to be the lethal properties of bleomycins, the lesions produced in cell walls are also lethal properties of the antibiotics. The distributions of lesions on cell walls suggested a generalized interaction of the antibiotic with a cell wall component. These results led us to hypothesize a mechanism of effective antifungal action for the bleomycin family of antibiotics.
Science Notebooks: Teachers’ Developing Beliefs, Practices, and Student Outcomes

This article compares the experiences of two elementary teachers, each of whom attended a traditional workshop on the development of conclusions within science notebooks. One teacher continued to expand her learning on this topic by participating in a lesson study group; the other did not. Through a qualitative case study, I explored the impact on teachers’ beliefs and practices and student outcomes as a result of participating in lesson study. Data from teacher interviews, video of classroom lessons, and student work were collected and analyzed. This study suggested that participation in lesson study may positively affect a teacher's beliefs and practices related to using science notebooks and, in turn, student outcomes.
Petascale algorithms for reactor hydrodynamics

We describe recent algorithmic developments that have enabled large eddy simulations of reactor flows on up to P = 65, 000 processors on the IBM BG/P at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility.
STUDY OF THE THERMAL PLASMA ON CLOSED FIELD LINES OUTSIDE THE PLASMASPHERE.

Thermal plasma model along magnetic field lines outside plasmasphere with sharp density gradient in equatorial plane, using OGO-4 ion composition measurements
Vision and the Photochemistry of Visual Purple

VISUAL purple extracted from frog retinae which is embedded in solid gelatine films (‘artificial retina’) reproduces on exposure to coloured light various phenomena of scotopic and photopic vision1,2,3. It is liable to ‘general bleaching’ or to ‘colour selectivity’ by photochemical processes. Both can be recorded by plotting the decrease of extinction against wave-length. If general bleaching occurs, the maximum of the graph (namely, at 530 mμ in the artificial retina) is independent of the spectral composition of the exposing light. In colour selectivity the maximum of the ‘colour graph’ coincides with the dominant wave-length of the coloured light for a normal trichromat. This forms the basis of an objective colorimetry3.
High energy neutrino astronomy: first light

Abstract We review: 1. The compelling case for doing neutrino astronomy, 2. Why we anticipate that we need kilometer-scale observatories to do the science, 3. The recent successful commissioning of the Lake Baikal and South Pole neutrino detectors.
Growth inhibition and compensation in response to neonatal hypoxia in rats

BackgroundHypoxia is an important disease mechanism in prematurity, childhood asthma and obesity. In children, hypoxia results in chronic inflammation.MethodsWe investigated the effects of hypoxia (Hx) (12% O2) during postnatal day 2 to 20 in rats. Control groups were normoxic (Nc), and normoxic growth restricted (14 pup liters) (Gr).ResultsHypoxia decreased growth similar Gr. Hx increased plasma TNFα and IL-6 and decreased IGF-I and VEGF. Hypoxia resulted in right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy but disproportionate decrements in limb skeletal muscle (SM) growth. miR206 was depressed in the hypertrophied RV of Hx rats while increased in growth retarded SM. Hx resulted in a decreased RV mRNA for myostatin but had no effect on SM myostatin. The mRNA for hypoxia sensitive factors such as HIFα was depressed in the RV of Hx rats suggesting negative feedback.ConclusionThe results indicate that Hx induces a proinflammatory state that depresses growth regulating mechanisms and that tissues critical for survival, such as the heart, can escape from this general regulatory program to sustain life. This study identifies accessible biomarkers for evaluating the impact of interventions designed to mitigate the long-term deleterious consequences of hypoxia that all too often occur in babies born prematurely.
Cutaneous water loss and lipids of the stratum corneum in two syntopic species of bats

The lipid matrix of the stratum corneum (SC), the outer layer of the epidermis of mammals and birds, constitutes the barrier to diffusion of water vapor through the skin. The lipids of the SC are structured in the intercellular spaces of the mammalian epidermis in ordered layers, called lamellae, which have been postulated to prevent water loss. Lipids in the mammalian SC are mainly cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides, the latter forming the structural support for the lamellae. However, knowledge on how the lipid composition of the SC alters cutaneous water loss (CWL) in mammals is rudimentary, and is largely derived from studies on laboratory animals and humans. We measured CWL of individuals of two species of syntopic bats, Tadarida brasiliensis and Myotis velifer. In the first study of its kind on wild mammals, we correlated CWL with the lipid composition of the SC, measured using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Surface-specific CWL was 20.6% higher in M. velifer than in T. brasiliensis, although differences were not significant. Compared with individuals of M. velifer, individuals of T. brasiliensis had more classes, and a higher proportion, of polar ceramides in the SC, a feature associated with lower CWL. Individuals of T. brasiliensis also had a class of non-polar ceramides that presumably spans the lamellae and gives more cohesiveness to the lipid matrix of the SC. We conclude that qualitative and quantitative modifications of the lipid composition of the SC contribute to regulate CWL of these two species of bats.
Effect of transmembrane pressure pulsing on concentration polarization

Abstract Previous research [Rodgers and Sparks, AIChE J., 37 (1991) 1517] on transmembrane pressure pulsing indicated that pulsing increased solute flux by as much as two orders of magnitude in crossflow ultrafiltration. While it was clear that pulsing reduced membrane fouling resistance, it was not certain how pulsing effected concentration polarization resistance. The objective of this study was to determine how pulsing affected concentration polarization resistance. This was done by examining the effects of oscillating transmembrane pressure in the ultrafiltration of a totally retained solute. Transmembrane pressure was oscillated by applying pulsatile positive pressure on the filtrate side of the ultrafiltration cell. Solutions of 1% BSA at 7.4 pH in 0.15 M NaCl buffered solution were ultrafiltered in a crossflow module using Amicon YM-30 cellulosic membranes. The studies were carried out at crossflow shear rates between 160 sec −1 and turbulent conditions. The operating pressures were 75 and 140 kPa. Transmembrane pressure pulsing was generated by increasing the filtrate pressure from 5 to 30 kPa above the respective operating pressure at frequencies ranging from 0 to 5 Hz. The results indicated that pulsing increased solvent flux in the ultrafiltration process with laminar crossflow. It was determined that transmembrane pressure pulsing altered the concentration polarization boundary layer by translation of body forces through the membrane and minute but significant membrane motion. This was not the mechanism observed for reduction of membrane fouling in the previous study.
Corporate Contributions As Managerial Masques: Reframing Corporate Contributions As Strategies to Influence Society*

Researchers have argued that corporate contributions serve as necessitated investments, social currency, or social responsibility efforts. This article integrates and extends these perspectives to develop a view of corporate contributions as managerial masques. It argues that managers use corporate contributions to influence various stakeholders including stockholders, consumers, employees, investors, publics and societal institutions. A strategic framework is used to explore how managers promote managerial and corporate interests through corporate contributions. the societal implications of managers' discretionary uses of corporate contributions are also discussed.
Teacher certification and endorsement in gifted education: A critical need

Albeit research supports the effectiveness of trained teachers in gifted education in specific programs over those lacking such instruction, a recent investigation into teacher certification revealed 27 states having a standard. Twenty‐four states require certification and three provide an option. Suggestions are offered for the establishment and/or upgrading of certification/endorsement in gifted education.