cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent kinetic energy and a possible hierarchy of length scales in a generalization of the Navier-Stokes α theory

We present a continuum-mechanical formulation and generalization of the Navier-Stokes $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ theory based on a general framework for fluid-dynamical theories with gradient dependencies. Our flow equation involves two additional problem-dependent length scales $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$. The first of these scales enters the theory through the internal kinetic energy, per unit mass, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\mid}\mathbf{D}\ensuremath{\mid}}^{2}$, where $\mathbf{D}$ is the symmetric part of the gradient of the filtered velocity. The remaining scale is associated with a dissipative hyperstress which depends linearly on the gradient of the filtered vorticity. When $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ are equal, our flow equation reduces to the Navier-Stokes $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ equation. In contrast to the original derivation of the Navier-Stokes $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ equation, which relies on Lagrangian averaging, our formulation delivers boundary conditions. For a confined flow, our boundary conditions involve an additional length scale $\ensuremath{\ell}$ characteristic of the eddies found near walls. Based on a comparison with direct numerical simulations for fully developed turbulent flow in a rectangular channel of height $2h$, we find that $\ensuremath{\alpha}∕\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\sim}{\mathrm{Re}}^{0.470}$ and $\ensuremath{\ell}∕h\ensuremath{\sim}{\mathrm{Re}}^{\ensuremath{-}0.772}$, where Re is the Reynolds number. The first result, which arises as a consequence of identifying the internal kinetic energy with the turbulent kinetic energy, indicates that the choice $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\beta}$ required to reduce our flow equation to the Navier-Stokes $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ equation is likely to be problematic. The second result evinces the classical scaling relation $\ensuremath{\eta}∕L\ensuremath{\sim}{\mathrm{Re}}^{\ensuremath{-}3∕4}$ for the ratio of the Kolmogorov microscale $\ensuremath{\eta}$ to the integral length scale $L$. The numerical data also suggests that $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\beta}$. We are therefore led to conjecture a tentative hierarchy, $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\beta}l\ensuremath{\alpha}$, involving the three length scales entering our theory.
Primary renal botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma: diagnosis and outcome

Primary renal rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare entity. We report on a pediatric patient who, despite having multiple metastases to the lung on presentation, is free of disease 28 months after radical nephrectomy combined with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Anisotropy of rare-earth magnets

Rare-earth intermetallics such as Nd2Fe14B and Sm-Co are widely used as high-performance permanent magnets, because they combine high magnetocrystalline anisotropy with reasonable magnetization and Curie temperature. The anisotropy is a combined effect of spin-orbit coupling and electrostatic crystal-field interactions. The main contribution comes from the rare-earth 4f electrons, which are well-screened from the crystalline environment but exhibit a strong spin-orbit coupling. In this limit, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy has a very transparent physical interpretation, the anisotropy energy essentially being equal to the energy of Hund's-rules 4f ion in the crystal field. The corresponding expression for the lowest-order uniaxial anisotropy constant K1 is used to discuss rare-earth substitutions, which have recently attracted renewed interest due to shifts in the rare-earth production and demand. Specific phenomena reviewed in this article are the enhancement of the anisotropy of Sm2Fe17 due to interstitial nitrogen, the use of Sm-Co magnets for high-temperature applications, and the comparison of rare-earth single-ion anisotropy with other single-ion and two-ion mechanisms.
Biomakers in the ovary

Alterations in specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that serve as surrogate makers of malignant transformation have been identified in ovarian cancers. Overexpression of the HER-2/neuoncogene occurs in approximately 30% of breast and ovarian cancers. In most studies, HER-2/neu overexpression has correlated with poor survival. Although mutation of the K-ras oncogene has been found in some mucinous ovarian cancers, mutations in this gene appear to be more common in borderline ovarian tumors. Amplification of c-myc occurs in approximately 30% of ovarian cancers and is more frequently seen in serous cancers. Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, with resultant over experssion of mutant p53 protein, occurs in 50% of stage III/IV and 15% of Stage I/II ovarian cancers. Most p53 mutations in ovarian cancers are transitations, which suggest that they arise spontaneously rather than due to exogenous carcinogens. In contrast to the acquired genetic alterations described above that are a feature of sporadic ovarian cancers, a small fraction of epithelial ovarian cancers arise due to inherited genetic defects. Recently, the BRCAI tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17q was identified and shown to be responsible for some cases of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Families in which mutations in this gene exist are usually characterized by early age of diease on set. Presently, it remains unclear what fraction of herediatry ovarian cancers are due to BRCAI mutations.
Lasso, Albrecht V, and the figure of job: Speculation on the history and function of Lasso's Sacrae lectiones ex propheta Iob and Vienna Mus. ms. 18.744

(1993). Lasso, Albrecht V, and the figure of job: Speculation on the history and function of Lasso's Sacrae lectiones ex propheta Iob and Vienna Mus. ms. 18.744. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 273-302.
Leachable trace elements in San Francisco bay sediments: Indicators of sources and estuarine processes

Geographic variations of leachable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, and Ni in San Francisco Bay sediments indicate that Fe, Mn, Co, and Ni are all predominantly supplied to bay sediments from the San Joaquin-Sacramento River system, with little evidence for direct contributions from municipal and industrial sources. In contrast, both Cu and Zn have significant sources within the Bay system, probably municipal and industrial discharges.
Globalization of Diabetes: The role of diet, lifestyle, and genes

Type 2 diabetes is a global public health crisis that threatens the economies of all nations, particularly developing countries. Fueled by rapid urbanization, nutrition transition, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles, the epidemic has grown in parallel with the worldwide rise in obesity. Asia's large population and rapid economic development have made it an epicenter of the epidemic. Asian populations tend to develop diabetes at younger ages and lower BMI levels than Caucasians. Several factors contribute to accelerated diabetes epidemic in Asians, including the “normal-weight metabolically obese” phenotype; high prevalence of smoking and heavy alcohol use; high intake of refined carbohydrates (e.g., white rice); and dramatically decreased physical activity levels. Poor nutrition in utero and in early life combined with overnutrition in later life may also play a role in Asia's diabetes epidemic. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies have contributed substantially to our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology, but currently identified genetic loci are insufficient to explain ethnic differences in diabetes risk. Nonetheless, interactions between Westernized diet and lifestyle and genetic background may accelerate the growth of diabetes in the context of rapid nutrition transition. Epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials show that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable through diet and lifestyle modifications. Translating these findings into practice, however, requires fundamental changes in public policies, the food and built environments, and health systems. To curb the escalating diabetes epidemic, primary prevention through promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle should be a global public policy priority.
Condensational enlargement as a supplement to particle control technologies

Abstract An experimental study has been undertaken at the Colorado School of Mines to evaluate the feasibility of using condensational enlargement to enhance the collection efficiency of existing dust control technologies for sub-micron particulates. Although the study was begun to consider the problem of respirable dust control in the underground coal mine environment, this enhancement technique shows promise for a more general class of applications. In the experiments to be reported on, particulates are injected into a continuous flow thermal diffusion chamber and subjected to varying environmental conditions; saturation ratio (rel. humidity), temperature, and residence time were the parameters. The results show that condensation on a dust nucleus (≈0.1 micron) can bring it to a size of several microns in a sufficiently short period of time as to indicate engineering applicability of the concept.
Fracture toughness tests of a rigid polyurethane foam

The results of some exploratory tests for determining the fracture toughness of a rigid polyurethane foam are presented. The specimen geometries used included centre- and double-edge-cracked plates, the single-edge-cracked tensile specimen and the double cantilever beam specimen. The validity of applying the concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics to the fracture of this foam is discussed. Some unique features of the fracture of foam are discussed.
A new finite element based Lax-Wendroff/Taylor-Galerkin methodology for computational dynamics

Abstract The present paper proposes the development of a new and effective methodology of computation for general computational dynamics. Fundamental concepts and characteristic features of the proposed Lax-Wendroff/Taylor-Galerkin algorithm are described and developed in technical detail. The methodology is based on first expressing the finite difference approximations of the transient time-derivative terms in conservation form in terms of a Taylor-series expansion including higher-order time derivatives, which are then evaluated from the governing dynamic equations also expressed in conservation form. The resulting expressions are discretized in space emploting classical Galerkin schemes and quite naturally we advocate the use of finite elements as the principal computational tool for general computational dynamic modeling/analysis. Therein, the concept of average velocity-based formulations is invoked for updating the necessary conservation variables. The stability characteristics and accuracy properties of the proposed formulations are also examined. Comparative sample test cases of numerical model test problems validate the proposed concepts for applicability to general linear/nonlinear computational dynamic problems.
Genetic analyses of putative two-element systems regulating somatic mutability in mutator-induced aleurone mutants of maize

The Mutator transposable element system (Mu) of maize has been responsible for the induction of numerous mutable aleurone mutants of maize. Unlike similar mutants induced by other transposable element systems, the mutability of Mu-induced mutants did not seem initially to be regulated by an independent autonomous or regulator element. However, in a continuing study of two Mu-induced a1 mutable mutants (a1-Mum2) and a1-Mum3, lines have been obtained that give evidence of an independently segregating regulator of somatic mutability. Data from several generations of crossing are presented indicating that intense somatic mutability in many of these stocks is under the control of an independent regulator. However, testing of other lines, which initially gave evidence of the presence of an independent regulator, were negative. Some of these latter lines could be expected to have Mutator elements that were modified (methylated) at sites recognized by certain restriction endonucleases. Modification of Mu elements, which is known to affect the expression of somatic mutability, might, at times, be responsible for producing conditions that mimic the segregation of an independent regulator. Lines with stable derivatives of the a1-Mum2 and a1-Mum3 can recover intense somatic mutability by crossing with germinally active Mutator stocks. Thus, active Mutator lines contain regulator elements and evidence is presented suggesting that such lines have multiple copies of these elements. Most a1- Mum2 and a1-Mum3 stocks segregating for a regulator do not have germinal Mutator activity. Thus the presence of one or a few putative regulator elements does not necessarily account for the high level of germinal activity in most Mutator stocks.
Mapping the structure of science through usage

Science has traditionally been mapped on the basis of authorship and citation data. Due to publication and citation delays such data represents the structure of science as it existed in the past. We propose to map science by proxy of journal relationships derived from usage data to determine research trends as they presently occur. This mapping is performed by applying a principal components analysis superimposed with a k-means cluster analysis on networks of journal relationships derived from a large set of article usage data collected for the Los Alamos National Laboratory research community. Results indicate that meaningful maps of the interests of a local scientific community can be derived from usage data. Subject groupings in the mappings corresponds to Thomson ISI subject categories. A comparison to maps resulting from the analysis of 2003 Thomson ISI Journal Citation Report data reveals interesting differences between the features of local usage and global citation data.
Synthesis of a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) building block from D-glucose via fermentation

Herein we report the first synthesis of a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) building block starting from glucose through pathway engineering of Escherichia coli and subsequent chemical modifications to provide an alternative method to produce KDO, found in plant and bacterial oligosaccharides.
AN EVALUATION OF THE THORNTHWAITE AND HOLDRIDGE CLASSIFICATIONS AS APPLIED TO THE MEDITERRANEAN BORDERLAND

(1966). AN EVALUATION OF THE THORNTHWAITE AND HOLDRIDGE CLASSIFICATIONS AS APPLIED TO THE MEDITERRANEAN BORDERLAND. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 358-364.
Why are scanning patterns so variable? An overlooked question in the study of anti-predator vigilance

Anti-predator vigilance describes how animals scan their environments for predators. For mathematical simplicity, theories of anti-predator vigilance have generally assumed that animals initiate scans with a constant probability for each unit of time spent feeding. Initiating scans in such a fashion would produce a wide distribution of intervals between scans. Because so much variation was assumed by theory, observations of variation have received little consideration. We show that the original theories of vigilance contain a conceptual discrepancy between the assumed predator and anti-predator tactics. Modified versions of the theory allow variation only under restrictive circumstances that seem unlikely to apply in nature. Plausible reasons for the observed variation in interscan interval are that theories of vigilance assume the wrong predator tactics or the wrong details of predator detection. These possibilities lead to testable predictions about how distributions of interscan intervals should change under different threat and detection conditions.
Cutaneous exposure to bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide results in neutrophil infiltration and increased solubility of 180,000 mr subepidermal collagens

Exposure to bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES; "sulfur mustard") causes delayed formation of slowly healing skin blisters. Although the histopathology of BCES injury is well characterized [reviewed in Smith et al., J Am Acad Dermatol 32: 767-776, 1995], little is known of the cutaneous toxicity at the molecular level. To identify biological markers of exposure, epidermal and subepidermal extracts were prepared from 48 individual hairless guinea pigs (HGP) at successive 3-hr intervals following exposure to BCES vapor, and compared using gel electrophoresis, and lectin- and antisera-binding. Inflammation was assessed by measuring edema and myeloperoxidase activity. Edema reached peak levels at 15-18 hr and remained elevated above controls at 24 hr. Recruitment of neutrophils, deduced from increased myeloperoxidase, occurred as early as 3 hr after BCES exposure with maximum infiltration at 6-12 hr. Binding of concanavalin-A lectin revealed increased amounts, relative to contralateral control sites, of two approximately 180,000 Mr polypeptides in subepidermal protein extracts from the BCES-exposed skin obtained > or = 12 hr after exposure. This alteration was not found in epidermal protein extracts prepared from the same animals. Based upon the determined amino acid compositions, both polypeptides had significant collagenous triple helical content (>75%). They could be distinguished immunologically from collagen types I, III, and IV by using polyclonal antisera. We conclude that exposure of HGP skin to BCES results in an early neutrophil infiltration that precedes epidermal-dermal separation and selective alterations of the subepidermal extracellular matrix.
Comparison of Seven Performance Measures in a Time-Delayed Manipulation Task

Real-time performance data was collected during a pick-up task carried out with a Rancho master-slave manipulator using a minicomputer-based data taker. Motions on all seven master and all seven slave joints as well as instantaneous electrical power consumed were continuously monitored. In addition to the usual task-time measurements, computer algorithms to integrate the energy consumed and to count and time the number of moves were implemented. In addition to these measures, several derived measures such as the fraction of time moving (MRATIO) and mean time per move (MBAR) were obtained in an off-line analysis. A major goal of these experiments is to compare the seven different measures of performance to determine which are best for evaluating particular experimental conditions. Preliminary results of the time delay experiment indicate that two new measures, MRATIO and MBAR, are almost an order of magnitude more sensitive than task time, the conventional measure, in determining performances changes with transmission delays in the range from 0.0 to 1.0s. Taking advantage of the operator's move-and-wait strategy, we also show how the energy consumed in carrying out a task can be reduced by a factor of three in the one-second transmission-delay case.
Peripheral Migrants: Haitians and Dominican Republic Sugar Plantations

Peripheral Migrants examines the circulation of labor from rural Haiti to the sugar estates of the Dominican Republic and its impact on the lives of migrants and their kin. The first such study to draw on community-based fieldwork in both countries, the book also shows how ethnographic and historical approaches can be combined to reconstruct patterns of seasonal and repeat migration." "Samuel Martinez pays close attention to the economic maneuvers Haitians adopt on both sides of the border as they use Dominican money to meet their present needs and to assure future subsistence at home in Haiti. The emigrants who adapt best, he finds, are those who maintain close ties to their home areas. Yet, in addition to showing how rural Haitians survive under severe poverty and oppression, Martinez reveals the risks they incur by crossing the border as cane workers: divided families, increased short-term deprivation and economic insecurity, and, all too often, early death. He further notes that labor circulation is not part of an unchanging cycle in rural Haiti but a source of income that is vulnerable to the downturns in the global economy." "Acknowledging various theoretical perspectives, the author compares the Haitian migrations with similar population displacements worldwide. As he shows, the Haitian workers exemplify an important, if seldom studied, category of migrants - those who neither move to the cities nor emigrate to countries of the North but circulate between rural areas of the Third World. Thus, this book serves to broaden our understanding of this "lower tier" of the world's migrants."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Solution clustering in random satisfiability

For a large number of random constraint satisfaction problems, such as random k-SAT and random graph and hypergraph coloring, we have very good estimates of the largest constraint density for which solutions exist. All known polynomial-time algorithms for these problems, though, fail to find solutions at much lower densities. To understand the origin of this gap we study how the structure of the space of solutions evolves in such problems as constraints are added. In particular, we show that in random k-SAT for k ≥ 8, much before solutions disappear, they organize into an exponential number of clusters, each of which is relatively small and far apart from all other clusters. Moreover, inside each cluster most variables are frozen, i.e., take only one value.
Self‐concept and teacher competency among early childhood student teachers

Relationships between self concept and teacher competency were examined among 22 female college students in an early childhood teacher training program. The Tennessee Self‐Concept Scale (TSCS) was used to assess subjects' self‐concepts, while the Preschool Teacher Competency Rating Scale (PTCRS) was used to assess aspects of subjects' teacher competency. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated subjects' self‐concept scores were significantly and positively related to their scores on the total PTCRS and its subscales Understanding Behavior, Guidance and Relating to Staff. These relationships also approached significance when teacher competency was assessed with the PTCRS subscales Relating to Children, the Program and Parents. No significant relationships were found between self‐concept and teacher competency when teacher competency was assessed with the PTCRS subscales Evaluating the Program, Staff and Self, although all coefficients were in the positive direction. Findings provided general support for...
Globalizing Method: The Problems of Doing Ethnography in Transnational Spaces

The thrust Of this article is to consider how globalizing methods might enable social scientists to better comprehend the complexity of transnational/transcultural spaces. Accordingly, I first describe the global forces that have resulted in increased transnational flows of West Africans to North America. I then present a brief portrait of the community of West African traders in New York City. This sociological portrait is followed by a discussion of how the specter of transnationalism in North America has compelled me to reconsider some previously-held epistemological and methodological assumptions. The article concludes with a brief consideration of how ethnographic confrontations in transnational spaces like New York City might affect future methods and concepts in anthropology.
Selective synchrony of cells of differing cycle times

Abstract If a growth inhibiting agent is applied periodically to a system of proliferating cells, travelling density waves in maturity space appear. These are synchrony waves; their group velocity depends on the average cycle time of the cells. If the cycle times of two types of cells differ significantly, only the type whose intermitotic period is close to the period at which the growth inhibitor is being applied comes into synchrony. A mathematical model is solved numerically to show the effect.
Exposing fetal drug exposure.

Pregnancy neither protects women from susceptibility to illness nor generally decreases drug dosage requirements of preexisting pharmacotherapy. Thus, a major concern of drug use during pregnancy is maintenance of maternal health while minimizing fetal drug exposure. Important assumptions in reproductive medicine are that fetal exposure to any medication can present risks in pregnancy—because not all risks are known, as little exposure as possible is desirable. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2011) 89 6, 786–788. doi:10.1038/clpt.2011.67
"Work ethic" in pigeons: reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward.

Stimuli associated with less effort or with shorter delays to reinforcement are generally preferred over those associated with greater effort or longer delays to reinforcement. However, the opposite appears to be true of stimuli thatfollow greater effort or longer delays. In training, a simple simultaneous discrimination followed a single peck to an initial stimulus (S+FR1 S−FR1) and a different simple simultaneous discrimination followed 20 pecks to the initial stimulus (S+FR20 S−FR20). On test trials, pigeons preferred S+FR20 over S+FR1 and S−FR20 over S−FR1. These data support the view that the state of the animal immediately prior to presentation of the discrimination affects the value of the reinforcement that follows it. This contrast effect is analogous to effects that when they occur in humans have been attributed to more complex cognitive and social factors.
Characterization of IBE 2254 Binding to Alpha - Adrenergic Receptors on Intact DDT Smooth Muscle Cells: Comparison with Membrane1 Binding and Correlation with Phosphoinositides Breakdown

AbstractThe binding of the antagonist IBE 2254 (IBE) to α -adrenergic receptors was characterized on intact DDT smooth muscle cells. IBE binding was rapid, reversible, stable and saturable: Bmax = 113000±13000 recetors/cell, K = 110±13 pM (n = 25). Saturation and competition experiments analysed by non linear curve fitting indicated a single population of binding sites with a pharmacological profile typical for α-adrenergic receptors. Antagonists competed for IBE binding sites in the following order: prazosin > phentolamine = phenoxybenzamine > yohimbine. The rank order for agonists was clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine. There was a significant correlation between IBE binding to intact cells, DDT1 membranes and rat cortex membranes. Neither agonists nor antagonists showed noticeable changes in their affinity for IBE binding on either system. There was also a good correlation between IBE binding and breakdown of phosphoinositides (PI) measured in intact cells.
Financing Patterns around the World : The Role of Institutions

Using a firm-level survey database covering 48 countries, the authors investigate whether differences in financial and legal development affect the way firms finance their investments. The results indicate that external financing of investments is not a function of institutions, although the form of external finance is. The authors identify two explanations for this. First, legal and financial institutions affect different types of external finance in offsetting ways. Second, firm size is an important determinant of whether firms can have access to different types of external finance. Larger firms with financing needs are more likely to use external finance compared with small firms. The results also indicate that these firms are more likely to use external finance in more developed financial systems, particularly debt and equity finance. The authors also find evidence consistent with the pecking order theory in financially developed countries, particularly for large firms.
High-temperature fiber optic cubic-zirconia pressure sensor

There is a critical need for pressure sensors that can operate reliably at high temperatures in many industrial segments such as in the combustion section of gas turbine engines for both transportation and power generation, coal gasifiers, coal fired boilers, etc. Optical-based sensors are particularly attractive for the measurement of a wide variety of physical and chemical parameters in high-temperature and high- pressure industrial environments due to their small size and immunity to electromagnetic interference. A fiber optic pressure sensor utilizing single-crystal cubic zirconia as the sensing element is reported. The pressure response of this sensor has been measured at temperatures up to 1000 °C. Additional experimental results show that cubic zirconia could be used for pressure sensing at temperatures over 1000 °C. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a novel cubic-zirconia sensor for pressure measurement at high temperatures. © 2005 Society of Photo-
Development of a digital high frequency ultrasound array imaging system

In order to improve the lateral resolution and extend the image view of the previously developed 16-channel digital beamformer for a 30MHz ultrasound linear array, the design of an ultrasound imaging system with a higher frame rate and increased channel count is reported in this paper. The system is composed of 256 channels of analog front-end pulser/receiver, 64 channels of Time-Gain Compensation (TGC), 64 channels of high-speed digitizer as well as a beamformer. A PC is used as user interface to display the real time images. This system is designed for imaging using up to 256 elements linear arrays. The system provides 64 channels of excitation pulsers while receiving simultaneously at a 20 MHz-500 MHz sampling rate with 12-bit resolution. The digitized data of all channels are first fed through FPGAs, and then stored in memories. Those raw data are accessed by the beamforming processor to rebuild the image or download to the PC for further processing. The beamformer that applies delays to the echoes of each channel is implemented with the strategy that combines coarse and fine delays. The coarse delays are integer multiple the sampling clock rate. They are achieved by controlling write enable pin of First-In-First-Out memory to obtain valid beamforming data. The fine delays are accomplished with interpolation filters. The design allows a maximum frame rate of 50 frames per second to be achieved. The wire phantom images show the spatial resolution of 146 μm (lateral) and 54 μm (axial). Images with excised rabbit and pig eyeball as well as mouse embryo were acquired.
The Application of a Dynamic Technique to the Study of Electromigration Kinetics

A temperature-ramp technique is presented that enables determination of the kinetic parameters for electromigration processes. With this method, pre-exponentials and activation energies can be measured in a single experiment requiring a few hours. The technique is applicable to both practical and fundamental studies of electromigration. For example, in terms of the former, reliability factors for conductor lifetimes can be readily determined. As far as the latter, new conductor compositions can be rapidly screened to ascertain their electromigration behavior. Temperature-ramp Resistance Analysis to Characterize Electromigration (TRACE) has been applied to thin-film aluminum conductors. Results have yielded activation energies in agreement with literature values. Furthermore, the TRACE results have been used, along with resistivity results from the literature, to determine the current density effect on the pre-exponential factor. The value of the current density exponent thus determined is in accord with the range reported in the literature for Mean Time to Failure (MTF) experiments. The TRACE technique has also been used to determine the effect of hydrogen ambients on electromigration damage (EMD) kinetics for both aluminum and Al-2%Cu thin-film conductors. The effects of hydrogen ambients on EMD kinetics have been determined to be more complex than suggested by prior results in the literature.
Taste-based or Statistical Discrimination: The Economics of Discrimination Returns to its Roots

We briefly review the evolution of empirical work on discrimination. We discuss why traditional regression-based approaches neither convincingly measure market discrimination nor disentangle the relative importance of animus versus statistical discrimination in explaining such discrimination as exists. We describe the development of modern correspondence studies. We argue that these studies have the promise to credibly identify the presence of discrimination if not its magnitude, can inform us about the underlying mechanism generating discrimination and can also point to avenues for new theoretical and empirical work on discrimination. We discuss two articles with exemplary applications of these new methods. At least since Becker (1957), economists have been deeply interested in the presence of discrimination in markets. In the 1970s and into the 1980s, there was an active debate in the literature about whether discrimination was better described by Becker’s taste-based discrimination model, or by Arrow and Phelps’ statistical discrimination model. That debate gave way to a theoretical literature that advanced each model separately and to an empirical literature focused on documenting the presence of disparities and the effects of policies designed to counteract discrimination. Only recently has the literature returned to the question of whether taste-based or statistical discrimination is a more appropriate description of the phenomenon. The two articles that follow are good examples of the move towards an understanding of the mechanisms underlying discrimination. In this article, we attempt to place the literature’s recent direction into context and to show how it is a natural place for economists studying discrimination to arrive, given where we began. In The Economics of Discrimination, Becker explored ways in which individual tastes for discrimination might interact in a market setting to produce discriminatory outcomes for market participants. Becker described three models, each considering a different source of discriminatory tastes: employers, co-workers and customers. The Economics of Discrimination included deep insights about discrimination. Becker clarified the distinction between individual tastes for discrimination and market discrimination, he clarified the difference between segregation and market discrimination and he showed how the market might produce incentives for those with discriminatory tastes to avoid interaction with those towards whom they harbour animus. 1
Multiple cuspal-coverage direct composite restorations: functional and esthetic guidelines.

UNLABELLED Many factors contribute to the achievement of clinical success with direct posterior composite restorations: (1) analysis of the occlusion and opposing dentition, (2) complete excavation of dental caries, (3) analysis of residual tooth structure, (4) control of polymerization stresses by using appropriate layering and curing techniques, (5) occlusal force equilibration, and (6) patient compliance to maintain good oral health. The goal of this paper was to provide a clinical protocol for the direct restoration of severely damaged posterior teeth, analyzing the benefit and limits of a similar procedure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This paper is intended to introduce specific esthetic and functional guidelines for the placement of cusp-capping restorations using resin-bonded composite.
Optofluidic ring resonator lasers: Principles and applications

Glass capillary and PDMS chip based optofluidic ring resonator lasers, along with their properties such as Q-factor, lasing threshold, out-coupling, and single-mode lasing, will be overviewed. Possible applications and future research directions will be discussed.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Fashion Counterfeits: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior:

This study examines consumer motivations that can explain attitudes toward purchasing fashion counterfeit goods and tests the underlying mechanism of intent to purchase fashion counterfeits based o...
Communities of Color Creating Healthy Environments to Combat Childhood Obesity

Ethnic and racial health disparities present an enduring challenge to community-based health promotion, which rarely targets their underlying population-level determinants (e.g., poverty, food insecurity, health care inequity). We present a novel 3-lens prescription for using community organizing to treat these determinants in communities of color based on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Communities Creating Healthy Environments initiative, the first national project to combat childhood obesity in communities of color using community organizing strategies. The lenses--Social Justice, Culture-Place, and Organizational Capacity-Organizing Approach--assist health professional-community partnerships in planning and evaluating community organizing-based health promotion programs. These programs activate community stakeholders to alter their community's disease-causing, population-level determinants through grassroots policy advocacy, potentially reducing health disparities affecting communities of color.
Cutting balloon angioplasty of autogenous infrainguinal bypasses: short-term safety and efficacy.

Purpose This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of cutting balloon angioplasty in the treatment of infrainguinal vein bypass graft stenosis. Methods Data from a prospective database, supplemented by chart review, were obtained on all patients who underwent cutting balloon angioplasty of lower extremity vein bypass grafts at a single institution during a 4-year period. Noninvasive duplex ultrasound imaging of grafts, along with measurement of ankle-brachial indices and digital pressures, was performed on all patients before and after treatment with the cutting balloon. Efficacy of cutting balloon angioplasty and procedural complications were analyzed. Data from noninvasive vascular testing were compared using the two-tailed paired Student t test. Patency rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences in patency rates were compared using the log-rank test. Results From July 2002 to February 2006, 109 cutting balloon angioplasties were performed on 70 bypasses in 61 patients. There were 12 complications in 109 procedures (11%), only one of which required immediate operative intervention. Initial technical success was 96%. Noninvasive vascular testing indicators significantly improved immediately after intervention: peak systolic graft velocity decreased from 360 ± 158 cm/s to 143 ± 67 cm/s ( P P P Conclusions Cutting balloon angioplasty of infrainguinal vein bypass graft stenosis is technically feasible but is associated with a relatively high complication rate and a relatively low short-term patency rate.
Parental investment and division of labor in the Midas Cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum)

The Midas cichlid (Cichlasoma citrinellum) is an aggressive, monogamous fish living in the Great Lakes of Nicaragua. Its breeding success rates are low due to intense competition for breeding sites and high levels of predation on the young. Male Midas cichlids devote a small portion of body weight to gonads and gametes compared with females. Males produce relatively small amounts of sperm perhaps because cichlid fertilization is very efficient and the male has a high certainty of paternity. While pair members invest equal amounts of time in parental care over the course of the breeding cycle, there is a clear division of labor. Males invest more in territorial protection than do females, whereas females provide more nurturance. Both parents are active over the course of the cycle but the male invests more intensely in the early stages of the cycle. About the time the eggs hatch, the burden of care shifts to the female and she continues to invest significantly more than the male over the remainder of the cycle. Females invest much more than do males when tissue investment and parental behavior are combined. Females also assume more of the burden of care as the brood matures. The male is not free to take advantage of this and leave his mate to initiate other broods because two parents are needed to defend the breeding site and brood. Monogamy with biparental care results.
The national nosocomial infections surveillance system: Plans for the 1990s and beyond

The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System is an ongoing collaborative surveillance system among the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and United States hospitals to obtain national data on nosocomial infections. This system provides comparative data for hospitals and can be used to identify changes in infection sites, risk factors, and pathogens, and develop efficient surveillance methods. Data are collected prospectively using four surveillance components: hospital-wide, intensive care unit, high-risk nursery, and surgical patient. The limitations of NNIS data include the variability in case-finding methods, infrequency or unavailability of culturing, and lack of consistent methods for post-discharge surveillance. Future plans include more routine feedback of data, studies on the validity of NNIS data, new components, a NNIS consultant group, and more rapid data exchange with NNIS hospitals. Increasing the number of NNIS hospitals and cooperating with other agencies to exchange data may allow NNIS data to be used better for generating benchmark nosocomial infection rates. The NNIS system will continue to evolve as it seeks to find more effective and efficient ways to measure the nosocomial infection experience and assess the influence of patient risk, changes in the delivery of hospital care, and changes in infection control practices on these measures.
Delayed Excretion of 3-Methylhistidine in Goats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) as an index of muscle protein degradation in dairy goats. The criterion for validation was the rapid and quantitative excretion of radiolabeled 3MH. Three adult dry does and four bucks were confined to metabolism cages and injected with 5 ml of L-3-(/sup 14/C)methylhistidine dihydrochloride (4 microCi/mL) diluted in normal saline. The does' urine was collected from catheters and the bucks' urine from stainless steel separators protected with fecal collection bags. The daily urine samples were analyzed for labeled amino acid. Urinary recovery of radioactivity from all does was less than 33% after 3 d and was proceeding at less than 5% d. After 9 d, total recovery was less than 50% of total dose for the does. Elimination rates were slightly higher and more variable for the yearling bucks (25-63% after 4 d). On the basis of these data, 3MH does not appear to be a valid index of muscle protein degradation in either male or female dairy goats.
Synthesis of Poly (2,2′-(1,4-phenylene) 5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (para-PBI) and Phosphoric Acid Doped Membrane for Fuel Cells†

A detailed investigation of the polymerisation conditions for poly(2,2! -(1,4-phenylene)5,5! -bibenzimidazole) (para-PBI) in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) led to the preparation of high molecular weight polymer. The polymer solutions could be used directly to produce phosphoric acid (PA)-doped PBI membranes by the PPA process. These membranes showed very high PA doping levels, i.e., up to " 30 moles of PA per mole of PBI repeat unit. The ionic conductivity of the membranes was 0.24 S cm ‐1 at 160 °C. Fuel cell performance was
The Dynamics of a one-dimensional Fault in the Presence of Friction

Summary The tearing and healing of a one-dimensional crack in a solid, in the presence of external tectonic forces, pre-stress, static friction, cohesion and dynamic friction is investigated. It is found that cohesive forces have a strong influence on the velocity of rupture; the velocity of rupture is always less than or equal to the velocity of sound. The extension of the crack ceases either when the crack enters a region with too high a cohesive force or when the difference between the tectonic stress and the dynamical shear stress becomes negative over a substantial region of space. For one simple model, a high displacement, high energy release event has been found, while in another model of the same fault length, a low displacement, low energy release event with the same stress drop takes place; the difference between the two models is in the mode of healing, and, in particular, whether the fault breaks out at the free surface of the Earth.
Increasing Wet Green Strength of Alumina Body During Microfabrication by Colloidal Isopressing

Colloidal Isopressing involves formulating a slurry with a weakly attractive particle network that can be pre-consolidated to a high relative density by pressure filtration and still retain fluid-like characteristics. The pre-consolidated slurry is injected into an elastomeric mold and isopressed. Isopressing rapidly converts the slurry into an elastic body that can be removed from the mold without shape distortion. Not only is this process rapid, but since the water saturated compact produced by this method does not shrink during drying, it can also be converted into a green body without a long drying period. It is demonstrated that micron-size surface features, such as 5 μm wide channels with a depth/width ratio of 2, can be rapidly produced on the surface of alumina powder compacts. The fracturing of thin vertical portions of a micro-patterned surface during pressure release and demolding has been an obstacle to obtaining micron-sized features with high aspect ratios. A method is shown here that enables the fabrication of such features by strengthening the saturated isopressed body. It is shown that concentration controlled gelation of a poly(vinyl alcohol)–Tyzor® Triethanolamine Tritanate (TE) additive effectively increases the strength of the elastic, isopressed body, saturated with water, while maintaining the low viscosity of the pre-consolidated slurry, which is required for transferring the pre-consolidated slurry into a rubber mold prior to isopressing.
Glucagon Receptor Blockade With a Human Antibody Normalizes Blood Glucose in Diabetic Mice and Monkeys

Antagonizing glucagon action represents an attractive therapeutic option for reducing hepatic glucose production in settings of hyperglycemia where glucagon excess plays a key pathophysiological role. We therefore generated REGN1193, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds and inhibits glucagon receptor (GCGR) signaling in vitro. REGN1193 administration to diabetic ob/ob and diet-induced obese mice lowered blood glucose to levels observed in GCGR-deficient mice. In diet-induced obese mice, REGN1193 reduced food intake, adipose tissue mass, and body weight. REGN1193 increased circulating levels of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1 and was associated with reversible expansion of pancreatic α-cell area. Hyperglucagonemia and α-cell hyperplasia was observed in fibroblast growth factor 21-deficient mice treated with REGN1193. Single administration of REGN1193 to diabetic cynomolgus monkeys normalized fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance and increased circulating levels of glucagon and amino acids. Finally, administration of REGN1193 for 8 weeks to normoglycemic cynomolgus monkeys did not cause hypoglycemia or increase pancreatic α-cell area. In summary, the GCGR-blocking antibody REGN1193 normalizes blood glucose in diabetic mice and monkeys but does not produce hypoglycemia in normoglycemic monkeys. Thus, REGN1193 provides a potential therapeutic modality for diabetes mellitus and acute hyperglycemic conditions.