cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of πp reactions in the LPS framework at Eπ = 6–18 GeV

Abstract The reactions γ p → π + π − p and γ p → π + π − π + π − p in the energy range Eγ = 6–18 GeV from the SLAC 2m streamer chamber are analyzed in terms of the longitudinal-phase-space (LPS) method. The 3-body LPS hexagonal plots show accumulations which reflect the dominant diffractive ϱ o production. The five-body final state is divided into sixteen LPS sectors. The partial cross sections, invariant-mass and momentum-transfer distributions of the four populous sectors are presented and discussed. Within this framework, we attempt to isolate and study the dissociations γ → π + π − , γ → π + π − π + π − and the double dissociations γ → π + π − , p → p π + π − . The proton dissociation p → p π + π − is found to be in approximate agreement with results from πp and pp reactions. Assuming that pomeron exchangedominates, this result is consistent with pomeron factorization.
Abstract 5416: Isolation of the PAX8 transcriptional complex to identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities for ovarian cancer

A central problem in the treatment of ovarian cancer remains the heterogeneity among ovarian tumors. DNA and RNA sequencing studies have demonstrated both intertumoral and intratumoral genetic variation. Despite efforts to elucidate common signaling pathways among various ovarian cancer subtypes, few have led to meaningful patient stratification or to truly individualized targeted molecular therapies. Our proposed set of experiments is a radical departure from the conventional approach to treating ovarian cancer. PAX8, a transcription factor that identifies nearly all high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs), is also the master regulator of fallopian tube development. Building off observations pointing to the fallopian tube epithelium as a major site of origin for HGSOCs, we propose targeting the fallopian tube developmental program as the basis for new therapies. This possibility is supported by the observation that knockdown of PAX8 leads to apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. We hypothesize that blocking the ability of PAX8 to influence its gene targets, either by interrupting PAX8 protein-protein interactions or by inhibiting the products of PAX8-driven signaling, has the potential to eliminate the primary growth stimulus for high-grade serous tumors. In order to achieve that goal, we have identified candidate PAX8-interacting partners using gel filtration chromatography and tandem-affinity immunopurification coupled with mass spectrometry analyses. Interactions have been validated by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and proximity ligation assay. We used ovarian cancer (KURAMOCHI, OVSAHO and OVCAR4) and fallopian tube (FT189, FT194 and FT246) cell lines to determine whether PAX8 protein partners changed between benign and malignant cells. Our preliminary results suggest that PAX8 interacts with other transcription factors such as TEAD4 and components of chromatin-remodeling complexes (RUVBL1, RUVBL2 and CHD4). Many of these factors are known to mediate the effects of oncogenes such as YAP, β-catenin and c-Myc. Further studies will be done in order to decipher the functional contribution of each candidate PAX8-interacting protein. Our ultimate goal is to determine how PAX8 regulates expression of its target genes and how PAX8-interacting proteins influence that function. Inhibition of certain protein-protein interactions may provide novel avenues to abrogate PAX8 function in ovarian cancer cells. Citation Format: Daniele Chaves-Moreira, Marilyn Mitchell, Simone Sidoli, Benjamin Garcia, Ronny Drapkin. Isolation of the PAX8 transcriptional complex to identify novel therapeutic vulnerabilities for ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5416.
Energy-Efficient Electrical Systems for Buildings

Energy-Efficient Electrical Systems for Buildings offers a systematic and practical analysis and design approaches for electrical distribution and utilization systems in buildings. In addition to meeting the minimal safety requirements set by the National Electrical Code (NEC), the design approach consider the life-cycle cost analysis of designing energy efficient electrical distribution systems as well as integrating renewable energy technologies into both residential and commercial buildings. The book first provides a general overview of basic power systems commonly available in buildings. Then, detailed discussions of various components of typical building electrical distribution system are outlined through several chapters including transformers, protection devices, conductors and conduits, power and lighting panels, and motor control centers. The book includes several illustrations and numerous examples and analysis exercises are included, along with detailed design examples.
Diversity and Ecological Roles of Prokaryotes in the Changing Antarctic Marine Environment

The Antarctic marine ecosystem is particularly vulnerable to climate change, with further exacerbation mainly deriving from the potential impacts of human activities at research stations. Anthropogenic changes in Antarctica pose a serious questioning about the ability of microbial communities to respond to environmental stresses in this extreme and fragile environment. Establishing the base-lines of Antarctic prokaryotic population composition and ecophysiological activities becomes essential to monitor the functioning of ecosystems and the effects of climate change. In this chapter, we present an overview of the prokaryotic communities in the Antarctic marine environment and the potential/current influence of climate change, mainly related to rising temperatures, on their composition and activities. A focus will be done on the role of prokaryotes in the changing polar carbon cycle in seawater, sea-ice and sediments.
Cross-cultural implications of evidence based dentistry

Evidence based dentistry is a process of systematic evaluation of the research evidence for directed implications and applications in the day-to-day reality of clinical practice. In order to be successful, the integration of research evidence into the practice of clinical dentistry relies on the ability of dentists to identify appropriately designed and conducted research, whose data are correctly analyzed. The current practice of dentistry must increasingly rest on the judicious utilization of the best available evidence. However, questions arise as to the validity of the published research to individual clinical needs in different socio- cultural environments, as to whether or not published research can indeed be trusted, and as to what might be the most readily protocols for the evaluation of published research evidence. These issues are discussed herein in the context of the practical example of the chewing sticks, often used in tropical countries as a preventive measure for oral health and hygiene.
Fabrication and performance of optical-interconnect analog-phase holograms made by electron-beam lithography

Free space optical interconnect phase holograms fabricated in poly-methyl methacrylate films by direct-write electron beam lithography have been characterized both physically and optically. Performance of holograms containing common fabrication errors is simulated using both Fourier optics and, for a simple one dimensional hologram, a numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation. The degradation of optical performance due to measured fabrication errors and design errors is discussed in view of the simulation results.
Direct Factorization of General ℋ 2 -Matrices with Controlled Accuracy and Concurrent Change of Cluster Bases for Large-Scale Circuit Extraction

The dense matrix resulting from an integral equation (IE) based solution of Maxwell’s equations can be compactly represented by an ℋ2-matrix with controlled accuracy. In this paper, we develop a new direct solution for general ℋ2-matrices. The new solution possesses not only explicitly controlled accuracy, but also a full change of cluster basis to efficiently account for the updates to the original matrix during the direct solution procedure. The change of cluster basis is performed concurrently with the direct solution, without increasing its computational complexity. Comparisons with state-of-the-art direct solutions have demonstrated a much reduced CPU run time of the new solution, in addition to a significantly improved accuracy, which is also controllable. Rapid and accurate linear-complexity direct solutions of millions of unknowns have been obtained for largescale circuit extraction on a single CPU core.
Broadcast and Trace with \(N^{\varepsilon }\) Ciphertext Size from Standard Assumptions

We construct a broadcast and trace scheme (also known as trace and revoke or broadcast, trace and revoke) with N users, where the ciphertext size can be made as low as \(O(N^\varepsilon )\), for any arbitrarily small constant \(\varepsilon >0\). This improves on the prior best construction of broadcast and trace under standard assumptions by Boneh and Waters (CCS ‘06), which had ciphertext size \(O(N^{1/2})\). While that construction relied on bilinear maps, ours uses a combination of the learning with errors (LWE) assumption and bilinear maps.
Beyond the Trigger Warning: Teaching Operas that Depict Sexual Violence

In recent years, it has become clear that sexual violence on college campuses has become an epidemic. In response, there has been a call for “trigger warnings,” a formal notification for students that the materials that will be studied may trigger traumatic memories. These are pressing issues for music historians: the operatic canon is rife with scenes of sexual violence and implied sexual violence. Even introductory music history textbooks frequently include Don Giovanni, Rigoletto, or Wozzeck. In this article, I outline four strategies for approaching sexual violence in opera. First, sexual violence must be named as such. Second, instructors need to prepare students for such discussions and allot classroom time for the reaction to and processing of these issues. Third, instructors need to be cognizant of the ways that particular productions shape students’ understanding of an opera’s meaning, and should choose productions carefully and discuss productions with students. Finally, I suggest that it is important to identify campus partners among the staff and faculty and to create dialogues about the best practices in conjunction with those campus partners. By thinking more holistically about the ways that we respond to operatic depictions of rape, I assert that we can retain important and powerful works in the courses that we teach, teach students to engage critically with operatic texts and relevant contemporary issues, and work to change rape culture on campus.
Accelerating the Estimation of Metabolic Cost Using Signal Derivatives: Implications for Optimization and Evaluation of Wearable Robots

A chief goal for lower-limb wearable robots (e.g., exoskeletons) is to augment the user's natural motion in a helpful, intuitive way. Accordingly, a common evaluation metric for such systems is the effect of the robotic assistance on the metabolic cost of the wearer. Recent hardware and control advancements have enabled researchers to achieve the challenging task of reducing the metabolic cost of walking below that of walking without an exoskeleton, using autonomous [1], [2], tethered [3], and even passive [4] devices. Although energy expenditure has long been used as an evaluation metric for device efficacy, it has also been proposed as a design specification (i.e., the Augmentation Factor [5]) and, recently, used as a physiological cost function for the realtime control of wearable robotic devices-a strategy known as body-in-the-loop or human-in-the-loop optimization . These algorithms use real-time estimates of metabolic cost to iteratively tune the actuation profile of an assistive device to minimize the wearer?s energetic cost [6]-[10].
Historiography and Historical Thought: Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian literary traditions, extant from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, included Chinese-style dynastic histories, narratives of Buddhist sacred sites, and royal chronicles influenced by both Buddhist and Islamic patterns. More modern types of religious and secular narrative developed by the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For some of these we can trace the external stimuli, but others appear to have developed autonomously. These traditions were overwhelmed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by Western narratives taught in colonial schools, often of a triumphalist imperial kind. These were adapted for their own purposes by Marxist and nationalist writers intent on change. Initially ignorant, embarrassed, or romantic about the older indigenous writing, Southeast Asia's new national historians rediscovered the great diversity of these traditions as they became professionalized with the development of university systems. International historians writing in English remain influential in these professional circles, particularly in the growing fields of social, cultural, and economic history, and transnational trends across the region.
Computer access of morning report/ Harrison Club PowerPoint presentations to the medicine residents has improved their confidence in management and in preparation for the monthly exams and for the American Board of Internal Medicine: an innovative education quality improvement project at Harlem Hospital center

Background: Morning report is an important conventional teaching activity of residency programs worldwide.Objectives: We aimed at creating a shared digital folder of the morning report/Harrison Clu...
Evolving Role of Renal Mass Biopsy: Myths, Facts, and Misconceptions

There are four reasons commonly offered by those opposed to the application of renal mass biopsy (RMB): (1) RMB is not useful because the lesion is almost certainly cancer; (2) RMB is not necessary because noninvasive techniques (i.e., cross-sectional imaging) are accurate enough to determine the risk of malignancy; (3) RMB is not safe; (4) RMB is not accurate. These are myths that can easily be debunked. There are three primary benefits to performing RMB: (1) RMB can help avoid intervention in cases of benign or nonaggressive tumor; (2) RMB may change the treatment plan if an unexpectedly aggressive renal malignancy is determined; (3) RMB might provide more assurance to both physician and patient regarding an active surveillance management plan. Overall, RMB should be considered in settings where this information would be useful, which is consistent with contemporary guidelines for the management of localized renal cancer. RMB is less useful in some patients at the extremes, such as an ill patient with a small renal mass where only an unusually aggressive malignancy would pose a threat or a patient with a long life expectancy and a larger renal mass where the lifetime risk of a missed malignancy is significant. In many patients, however, especially those aged 55–75 years and with masses 2–4 cm in size, RMB should be routinely offered.
Connecting Femtosecond Transient Absorption Microscopy with Spatially Coregistered Time Averaged Optical Imaging Modalities.

Multimodal all-optical imaging involving coregistered femtosecond transient absorption microscopy (TAM), time-integrated photoluminescence (PL), and steady-state modalities such as confocal reflectance and transmission offers an appealing approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of complex electronic excited-state phenomena in spatially heterogeneous systems. A unique combination of these modalities allows us to unravel not only the competing electronic excited-state dynamical processes but also the underlying morphological information with simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution. However, correlating the various images obtained from time-resolved and time-independent modalities is generally nontrivial and particularly challenging when the electronic dynamics under study evolve in both time and space. Here, we demonstrate a new approach for rationally correlating time-resolved microscopy with coregistered time-integrated or steady-state modalities. Specifically, our approach involves an extended global lifetime analysis of the time-resolved microscopic data set to separate distinct dynamical processes taking place on commensurate time scales, and the resulting decay-associated amplitude maps (DAAMs) were applied to explore correlations with the images acquired using time-independent modalities. The feasibility of our approach was validated through analyzing a multimodal data set acquired from a thin film of chloride-containing mixed lead halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) using femtosecond transient absorption, time-integrated PL, and confocal reflectance microscopies. Analysis of the results obtained enable us to gain new insight into the complex ultrafast relaxation dynamics in this highly heterogeneous system.
Correlates of reproductive coercion among college women in abusive relationships: baseline data from the college safety study

The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of reproductive coercion (RC) among a sample of college women in abusive relationships. Participants: 354 college students reporting a recent his...
Zero-field magnetic ground state of EuMg 2 Bi 2

Layered trigonal ${\mathrm{EuMg}}_{2}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$ is reported to be a topological semimetal that hosts multiple Dirac points that may be gapped or split by the onset of magnetic order. Here, we report zero-field single-crystal neutron-diffraction and bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements versus temperature $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ of ${\mathrm{EuMg}}_{2}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$ that show the intraplane ordering is ferromagnetic (${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}S=7/2$) with the moments aligned in the $ab$ plane while adjacent layers are aligned antiferromagnetically (i.e., A-type antiferromagnetism) below the N\'eel temperature.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Methamphetamine Associated Cardiomyopathy Patients Presenting with Cardiogenic Shock

Introduction: with the increasing use of methamphetamine in the United States, there is a growing prevalence of methamphetamine associated cardiomyopathy (MAC), including presentation with heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with MAC presenting with cardiogenic shock have not been previously described. compared to other non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) patients who presented with cardiogenic shock. Methods: In this retrospective case-control study of 140 patients with NICM admitted to our institution from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2018, we compared 41 patients with MAC to 99 with non-MAC NICM using univariate and multivariate regressions including Cox proportional hazards. Results: All baseline characteristics and inotrope use and dosing are summarized in Table 1. Patients with MAC had an average age of 49.7 years vs 61.3 years in NICM group (p
Investigating the compressive strength and strain localization of nanotwinned nickel alloys

Abstract Sputter deposited nickel-molybdenum-tungsten (Ni-Mo-W) thin films possess a beneficial suite of properties that stem from the extremely fine growth twins that form during the deposition process. Previously these materials were only characterized in tension, however, in this study in situ micropillar compression and post-mortem microstructural analysis of nanotwinned Ni84Mo11W5 micropillars were employed to measure the compressive response and elucidate the attendant deformation mechanisms. The pillars exhibit Hookean behavior to compressive strengths of 3-3.5 GPa and the onset of non-linear plastic flow was manifest by discrete strain bursts and highly localized shear bands. Plastic deformation was concentrated at the top of the pillar, while the bulk of the micropillar was nominally unaffected. Post-mortem investigations indicate that at sufficiently high stresses shear banding is triggered, resulting in intense and highly localized plastic deformation that led to the formation of twin-free nanocrystalline grains within highly deformed shear bands. By contrast, the regions adjacent to the shear bands were unaffected. The absence of detwinning and dislocation glide mechanisms was unexpected and in direct contrast to what has been observed in nanotwinned Cu-Al. Post-mortem observations of the Ni-Mo-W micropillars suggest that the ultrafine twins create a unique form of dislocation starvation and source-limited plasticity. The ultrahigh compressive strength is governed by the triggering of shear bands rather than the activation of dislocation glide. The specialized nature of plasticity in nanotwinned Ni-Mo-W is clear, even though the precise trigger for shear band formation in nanotwinned Ni-Mo-W remains to be identified.
The US and Extended Deterrence

The U.S. provides extended nuclear deterrence to allies in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. The 2018 NPR signals several potentially destabilizing policies, including lowering the threshold for use and adding low-yield capabilities, and it emphasizes the need for nuclear superiority. This chapter argues that the U.S. is changing its nuclear posture to address the growing challenge to U.S. conventional superiority. Extended nuclear deterrence is inherently dubious and the asymmetry between the U.S. on the one hand, and its allies and adversaries on the other, makes it doubly so. In the coming decades, this will continue to generate problems for the U.S. as long as it maintains its alliance commitments.
How and why auditors’ social exchange relationships with their firm, colleagues, and clients influence their attitudes and behaviors: Implications for audit quality

Abstract External auditors regularly interact with various parties at work such as their accounting firm, engagement team members, and clients. These interactions can help shape the nature of auditors’ social exchange relationships with these entities, which in turn may influence their behavior toward these targets. This installment of Accounting Matters draws from recently published research by Herda et al., (1) to explain how constructive auditor-target connections can develop and lead to beneficial outcomes like reduced auditor burnout and turnover intentions and more citizenship behavior, and (2) to discuss how these upshots might ultimately impact audit quality. This topic is important because audit quality translates into improved financial reporting which aids stakeholders who rely on audited financial statements to make informed business decisions. Specifically, we underscore the key role auditors’ perceptions of fair treatment from a relationship partner play in fostering a strong psychological bond with the target via perceived support. We further consider how auditors’ consequent commitment to the target can result in favorable organizational outcomes, including enhanced audit and financial reporting quality. Practical implications for accounting firms are discussed.
Elaborating the science of food choice for rapidly changing food systems in low-and middle-income countries

Abstract The world's food systems and environments have been changing dramatically, concomitant with changes in over- and undernutrition. We elaborate the science of food choice to better understand, analyze, and respond to relationships between changing food environments and food choice. The science of food choice is concerned with generating knowledge about causal drivers of food choice decision making processes and behavior within immediate food and social environments. Three fundamental and interconnected questions undergird this science; 1) what do people eat from the options available and accessible?; 2) how do people interact with food environments?; and 3) why do people decide to acquire, prepare, distribute, and consume foods as they do? Not all food choice behavior is rational, reflexive, or discrete, but is embedded in wider activities of daily lives. The science of food choice involves understanding influences from multiple systems that drive food choice for deriving sound, actionable policy, and programmatic recommendations.
Amino Acid-Restricted Diets in the Treatment of Mammary Adenocarcinoma in Mice

The effect of a diet moderately restricted in tryptophan on the tumor and the nutritional status of C3H mice bearing mammary adenocarcinoma was examined. Five groups of female tumor-bearing mice were fed ad libitum a diet containing 1) 15% casein, 2) 15% amino acid mixture, 3) 15% amino acid mixture restricted in tryptophan 4) 15% zein supplemented with lysine and tryptophan or 5) 15% zein supplemented with lysine and restricted in tryptophan. Another group of tumor-free mice of similar age fed 15% casein served as a control for the tumor-bearing group fed the 15% casein diet. Moderate restriction of tryptophan in the diet appeared to have no effect on the tumor status of the animal. Tumor burden usually induced malnutrition in the animal. However, tryptophan restriction did not further aggravate this malnutrition. The source of protein, whether casein, amino acid mixture or zein, appeared to make a difference in nutritional status of tumor-bearing animals though not in tumor status. Casein-fed animals generally tended to have higher values for all the nutritional markers studied than did animals fed the amino acid mixture or zein.
Implementation problems in Hadamard spectrometry

The multiplexing offered by Hadamard-transform spectrometry can improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a spectrometer. Traditionally, the inverse Hadamard transform (IHT) has been used to recover the individual spectral components, but the IHT does not take into account the nonidealities associated with the multiplexing process. A system model has been developed which addresses nonidealities in the multiplexer, noise introduced at the detector, and choice of method for spectrum recovery. A computer simulation of the model has been developed and can be used to examine the effect of certain nonidealities that may typically be encountered. Three different spectrum-recovery schemes are examined, and their relative performance is compared with regard to mean-square error and to the computational efficiency of the algorithms necessary to implement them. An example application is described, and the performance of the three spectrum-recovery schemes is discussed. >
Real‐time imaging of Toxoplasma‐infected human monocytes under fluidic shear stress reveals rapid translocation of intracellular parasites across endothelial barriers

Peripheral blood monocytes are actively infected by Toxoplasma gondii and can function as 'Trojan horses' for parasite spread in the bloodstream. Using dynamic live-cell imaging, we visualized the transendothelial migration (TEM) of T. gondii-infected primary human monocytes during the initial minutes following contact with human endothelium. On average, infected and uninfected monocytes required only 9.8 and 4.1 min, respectively, to complete TEM. Infection increased monocyte crawling distances and velocities on endothelium, but overall TEM frequencies were comparable between infected and uninfected cells. In the vasculature, monocytes adhere to endothelium under the conditions of shear stress found in rapidly flowing blood. Remarkably, the addition of fluidic shear stress increased the TEM frequency of infected monocytes 4.5-fold compared to static conditions (to 45.2% from 10.3%). Infection led to a modest increase in expression of the high-affinityconformation of the monocyte integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), and Mac-1 accumulated near endothelial junctions during TEM. Blocking Mac-1 inhibited the crawling and TEM of infected monocytes to a greater degree than uninfected monocytes, and blocking the Mac-1 ligand, ICAM-1, dramatically reduced crawling and TEM for both populations. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of parasite dissemination from the vasculature into tissues.
Pinhole SPECT vs. cone-beam SPECT

In single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pinhole and cone-beam collimators are used for small object imaging. It is accepted that a pinhole collimator should be used if the object is very small, and the cone-beam collimator should be used if the object is larger. This paper presents criteria to determine which collimation geometry is more advantageous in terms of spatial resolution and detection sensitivity.
A proposal for introducing model checking into an undergraduate software engineering curriculum

Model checking is a new pragmatic technology in formal methods. This paper presents a rationale and proposal for introducing model checking into an undergraduate software engineering curriculum. Supported by experiences in teaching model checking in a graduate program, we discuss a specific course design and solutions to potential problems in its implementation.
Microelectronics/nanoelectronics and the 21st century

The advent of nonphotolithographic lithography, new electronic materials, and the devices, circuits, and systems they enable will see the electronics revolution of the 20th century to continue well into the 21st century. New lithographic techniques using tools such as nano-imprint and AFM are expected to lead to electronic circuits with lateral spatial resolution under 10 nm. When coupled with innovative materials such as those exhibiting giant magnetoresistance, new ultradense, ultrafast, nonvolatile memory is expected to ensue. New records are expected to be set in solid state laser output power when new wide bandgap semiconductors are combined with concepts such as the quantum cascade laser. Differential etching techniques that have proven efficacious in the design of surface emitting lasers are expected to propel bipolar transistor switching speeds into the THz spectrum with resultant logic devices clocking at well over 100 GHz. This increase will lead to improved signal processing capability. New advances in control of the phase stability of local oscillators and amplifiers will lead to electromagnetic systems with much greater Doppler resolution for radar and much better spectral utilization for communications systems. Devices and ICs combining semiconductors and magnetic spin states are expected to lead to a new class of ICs whose functionality can be dynamically changed in order to adapt optimally to the computational or sensing requirements of the moment. Further advances are expected to accrue in the area of nanophotonics, where device sizes can be smaller than the wavelength of the light they emit or receive.
Simultaneous H2/H-infinity optimal control - The state feedback case

A simultaneous H2/H-infinity control problem is considered. This problem seeks to minimize the H2 norm of a closed-loop transfer matrix while simultaneously satisfying a prescribed H-infinity norm bound on some other closed-loop transfer matrix by utilizing dynamic state feedback controllers. Such a problem was formulated earlier by Rotea and Khargonekar (1991) who considered only so called regular problems. Here, for a class of singular problems, necessary and sufficient conditions are established so that the posed simultaneous H2/H-infinity problem is solvable by using state feedback controllers. The class of singular problems considered have a left invertible transfer function matrix from the control input to the controlled output which is used for the H2 norm performance measure. This class of problems subsumes the class of regular problems.
The effects of L0dopa, clonidine, and apomorphine on the acoustic startle reaction in rats.

The present investigation provides evidence for noradrenergic involvement in the elaboration of the acoustic startle reaction.
Mathematical model of mass transport through dispersed‐phase polymer networks

A mathematical model of mass transport through dispersed-phase networks to be used for the sustained release of drugs or other solutes at steady rates is presented. The drug is assumed to be encapsulated within the dispersed microdomains and transported to the bulk by diffusion across the interface. A drug is released to the surroundings by diffusion through the bulk. The results show that the desired steady flux of a drug to the surroundings may be obtained given appropriate values of structural properties of the network. These properties may be manipulated easily in the fabrication of dispersed-phase networks reported previously.
A genetic linkage map of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ) developed from a cross between two inbred, domesticated lines

We have constructed a genetic linkage map within the cultivated gene pool of cowpea (2n=2x=22) from an F8 recombinant inbred population (94 individuals) derived from a cross between the inbreds IT84S-2049 and 524B. These breeding lines, developed in Nigeria and California, show contrasting reactions against several pests and diseases and differ in several morphological traits. Parental lines were screened with 332 random RAPD decamers, 74 RFLP probes (bean, cowpea and mung bean genomic DNA clones), and 17 AFLP primer combinations. RAPD primers were twice as efficient as AFLP primers and RFLP probes in detecting polymorphisms in this cross. The map consists of 181 loci, comprising 133 RAPDs, 19 RFLPs, 25 AFLPs, three morphological/classical markers, and a biochemical marker (dehydrin). These markers identified 12 linkage groups spanning 972 cM with an average distance of 6.4 cM between markers. Linkage groups ranged from 3 to 257 cM in length and included from 2 to 41 markers, respectively. A gene for earliness was mapped on linkage group 2. Seed weight showed a significant association with a RAPD marker on linkage group 5. This map should facilitate the identification of markers that “tag” genes for pest and disease resistance and other traits in the cultivated gene pool of cowpea.
Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Epitaxial Semiconductor Nanostructures

We describe a new route to hierarchical assembly of semiconductor nanostructures, employing guided organization of self-assembling epitaxial quantum dot molecules in the GexSi1-x/Si(100) system. The quantum dot molecule comprises a shallow strain relieving pit, defined by {105} facets, and bounded by 4-fold {105}-faceted islands. Through topographic “forcing functions” fabricated on the substrate surface, the quantum dot molecules may be organized into arrays, enabling hierarchical structures spanning length scales from tens of nanometers to macroscopic dimensions.
Latent trajectory classes of depressive and anxiety disorders from adolescence to adulthood: descriptions of classes and associations with risk factors

This study used person-oriented analyses to identify subgroups of individuals who exhibit different patterns of depressive and anxiety disorders over the course of adolescence and young adulthood. Using latent class growth analysis, six trajectory classes were identified. Two classes were mainly characterized by depressive disorders; one class was mainly characterized by anxiety disorders; two classes were characterized by temporally different patterns of comorbidity; and one class was characterized by the absence of psychopathology. Classes characterized largely by depressive disorders differed in persistence and degree of comorbidity with anxiety disorders. Classes that were characterized by anxiety disorders differed in persistence, age of onset, and constellation of specific anxiety disorders. Female participants were more likely to belong to classes characterized by fluctuations in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders; sex differences were not observed in classes characterized by persistent depressive and anxiety disorders. Offspring of parents with depression were more likely to have a depressive course, whereas offspring of parents with anxiety disorders tended to have a course characterized by anxiety disorder. The findings indicate that several subgroups of adolescents exist with distinct longitudinal trajectories of depressive and anxiety disorders, and these trajectory classes are associated with different risk factors.
DPP-4 inhibitors: What may be the clinical differentiators?

Attenuation of the prandial incretin effect, mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), contributes to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since the launch of sitagliptin in 2006, a compelling body of evidence has accumulated showing that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which augment endogenous GLP-1 and GIP levels, represent an important advance in the management of T2DM. Currently, three DPP-4 inhibitors - sitagliptin, vildagliptin and saxagliptin - have been approved in various countries worldwide. Several other DPP-4 inhibitors, including linagliptin and alogliptin, are currently in clinical development. As understanding of, and experience with, the growing number of DPP-4 inhibitors broadens, increasing evidence suggests that the class may offer advantages over other antidiabetic drugs in particular patient populations. The expanding evidence base also suggests that certain differences between DPP-4 inhibitors may prove to be clinically significant. This therapeutic diversity should help clinicians tailor treatment to the individual patient, thereby increasing the proportion that safely attain target HbA(1c) levels, and reducing morbidity and mortality. This review offers an overview of DPP-4 inhibitors in T2DM and suggests some characteristics that may provide clinically relevant differentiators within this class.
Evaluating the effects of cognitive support on psychiatric clinical comprehension

Objective Clinicians’ attention is a precious resource, which in the current healthcare practice is consumed by the cognitive demands arising from complex patient conditions, information overload, time pressure, and the need to aggregate and synthesize information from disparate sources. The ability to organize information in ways that facilitate the generation of effective diagnostic solutions is a distinguishing characteristic of expert physicians, suggesting that automated systems that organize clinical information in a similar manner may augment physicians’ decision-making capabilities. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a theoretically driven cognitive support system (CSS) that assists psychiatrists in their interpretation of clinical cases. The system highlights, and provides the means to navigate to, text that is organized in accordance with a set of diagnostically and therapeutically meaningful higher-level concepts.
Solid Powder Heating Process With Vaporization Modeling in the Warm-Up Stage of Process Chamber

Part accuracy and quality in rapid prototyping process using solid powder in the part cake are typically dependent upon thermal system and powder properties. The part cake is a rectangular mild steel cylinder with movable part plate piston. For maximum thermal stress reduction in the part-building process, about 1.27 cm or 2.54 cm initial solid powder was uniformly laid in the part cake. The powder was then warmed to a certain temperature before sintering. The amount of moisture present in the solid powder will have significant impact on the required warm-up time. In the moisture vaporization process, solid powder temperature in the computational cell will remain at 100°C until the moisture mass fraction reaches zero. The warm-up time of the cell will increase as the moisture content of the powder increases. Reference data has yet to be published on warm-up times, therefore machine operators will find variances in warm-up times. To better predict the warm-up time for the solid powder heating process with moisture vaporization in the warm-up stage of the part cake, a vaporization code model was developed that can also simulate the heating process with vaporization for any solid particle mixed with any liquid agent.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Oxygen isotope ratios in N2O from different environments

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important ‘greenhouse’ gas (besides CO2 and CH4) and is also involved in the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. The relative importance of major sources and sinks of N2O for a global budget has yet to be assessed accurately. Measurements of the 15N/14N (refs 1, 2) and 18O/16O isotopic composition of N2O from different sources and the comparison with the isotopic composition of atmospheric N2O could lead to more accurate estimates of the contributions to the atmospheric pool by the different production mechanisms. Here we report the first results for 18O/16O ratios in N2O collected from different environments, measured by high-resolution infrared spectroscopy using tunable diode lasers. The results show a considerable range in δ18O (Table 1), which could eventually lead to an isotopic budget for atmospheric N2O.
The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course

This paper looks ahead, beyond the projected large-scale market penetration of vehicles containing advanced batteries, to the time when the spent batteries will be ready for final disposition. It describes a working system for recycling, using lead–acid battery recycling as a model. Recycling of automotive lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is more complicated and not yet established because few end-of-life batteries will need recycling for another decade. There is thus the opportunity now to obviate some of the technical, economic, and institutional roadblocks that might arise. The paper considers what actions can be started now to avoid the impediments to recycling and ensure that economical and sustainable options are available at the end of the batteries' useful life.
DNA polymerase activity in normal and malnourished rat placentas

DNA polymerase activity has been measured in placentas of normal and protein-restricted rats and correlated with the mean percent daily increase in DNA. During normal placental growth, increases in DNA fell rapidly from 13 to 19 days and polymerase activity using denatured DNA template showed a similar pattern falling from values of 10,000 μμ mols dAMP incorporated per mg DNA at 12 days of gestation to 3,100 at 19 days. Protein restriction during gestation reduced placental DNA content after 14 days; by 19 days the DNA content was 81% of normal. The increase in DNA between 13 and 19 days in placentas of malnourished animals paralleled the normal but was significantly lower. Malnutrition markedly reduced enzyme activity at 12, 14, and 16 days; at 19 days, when DNA synthesis has normally ceased, values of DNA polymerase were not different in control and malnourished placentas. Thus DNA polymerase activity using denatured DNA as template, as measured in vitro, was an index of proliferative cell growth in both normal and malnourished placentas. Furthermore, the decrease in enzyme activity in malnourished samples preceded by at least two days any measurable decrease in total placenta DNA content. It is suggested that future clinical application of this technique may provide an index of nutritional status in “at risk” pregnancies.
A Principal's Guide to Managing a School Writing Program.

Why do some teachers balk at teaching writing? What characterizes agood writing instruction program?Principals must have the answers tosuch questions if they are to ensurethat the programs in their schools areeffective.
Anticlusters and intersecting families of subsets

Abstract Given B ⊆ 2[n], where [n] = {(1,…, n)}, let ν(B) denote the maximum size of a family F ⊆ 2 [n] such that the intersection of any two sets in F contains some set in B. Chung, Frankl, Graham, and Shearer conjecture that for any X ⊆ [n], if B consists of all cyclic translates of X modulo n, then ν(B) = 2n−|X|. Here we solve the weaker problem of proving that ν(B) = 2n−|X| when B consists of all translates of X in [n] (not cyclic). We also show for all X that the conjecture of Chung et al. holds for infinitely many values of n. Our approach is to use linear algebra over Z2 to partition 2[n] into 2n−|X| families, called anticlusters, with the property that no set in B belongs to the intersection of any two sets in the same anticluster.
Nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in hail‐damaged soybeans 1

Abstract Hail damage to an experiment that was being used to investigate nitrogen (N) nutrition of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with 15N methodology provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of hail damage at the R3 stage of development on N uptake and partitioning through stage R5.8. Field plots were established on a silt loam soil (Typic Hapludol 1). Severely damaged (mean 72% leaf loss) and slightly damaged (mean 26% leaf loss) soybeans were compared for total reduced N and for 15N concentration in leaflets, petioles, stems, roots, pod walls, and seeds during the 28 days following the hailstrom. The concentration of total N and of 15N in all organs in both damage treatments declined significantly after the storm, but less in green leaflets (total N), and in green leaflets, green petioles, and pod walls (15N) of severely than of slightly damaged plants. Measurements on senesced leaflets and petioles showed that the concentration of 15N also decreased to a greater extent than that of the to...
Modeling chondrule melting using a resizing box_tree code

Abstract Current theories hold that chondrule formation results from the melting of clusters of relict grains in the protoplanetary nebula. Although it is possible to simulate the coagulation of dust particles in the protoplanetary nebula, the accuracy of such a simulation is dependent on the number of particles used. A larger number of particles yields a more accurate simulation, but comes at the expense of considerably longer CPU times. On the other hand, once the number of particles used by the simulation drops below a certain threshold, the model begins to lose relevance. box_tree is a program that divides the protoplanetary disk into self-similar patches or boxes. Boundary conditions on a box are imposed using twenty-six “ghost” boxes. box_tree utilizes tree code to deal with gravitational and electrostatic forces between particles within the ring. This paper introduces a scheme whereby the box_tree model can significantly enlarge its simulation parameters allowing for more realistic data generation.
Contact Fatigue Analysis of an Elastic-Plastic Layered Medium With a Surface Crack in Sliding Contact With a Fractal Surface

Contact fatigue of a layered medium consisting of an elastic surface layer and three elastic-plastic underlying layers in sliding contact with a rigid and rough surface was analyzed with the finite element method. To include multiscale roughness effects and self-affine surface features, the topography of the rough surface was characterized by scale-invariant fractal geometry. A contact algorithm was used to identify the critical segment of the rough surface to be used in the contact fatigue simulations. The tensile and shear stress intensity factors and the direction and dominant mode of crack growth were determined from the crack-tip stresses. The effect of surface cracking on the evolution of plasticity in the second layer and the significance of topography (fractal) parameters on crack growth are interpreted in terms of the contact pressure, stress intensity factors, and maximum equivalent plastic strain. It is shown that a transition from tensile to shear dominant mode of fatigue crack growth occurs as the crack tip approaches the interface, resulting in further crack growth almost parallel to the layer interface. The obtained results illustrate the important role of surface roughness in contact fatigue of layered media.