cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of an analytic element model in a stochastic analysis of infiltration into a complex unconfined aquifer system

A hydrologic model based on the Analytic Elements Method (AEM) has been developed for a phreatic aquifer in the General Separations Area (GSA), of the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, USA. The AEM is a semi-analytical method that relies on the superposition of individual closed-form solutions of elements representing the main hydrologic features of a site. Our study adopts techniques from the stochastic subsurface hydrology to assess the impact of precipitation (and consequently infiltration) variations on the flow field. The precipitation was considered as a random variable following a statistical model that was obtained from a record of the past 112 years. A measure of the variability of the hydraulic head field is obtained through Monte Carlo simulations and a discussion on the uncertainty in different regions of the model is provided. The ease of model development and the small processing power required by AEM models, make the method applicable not only to initial investigations for the identification of test parameters and boundary conditions but also as a tool that in a stochastic framework can provide initial estimations of uncertainty associated with certain model assumptions.
Solving Congestion Toll Pricing Models

Congestion toll pricing addresses the classic traffic assignment problem for which Wardrop enunciated two principles of traffic flow: user-optimal behavioral hypothesis and the notion and system-optimality. (See Florian and Hearn, 1995, for a recent review of the traffic assignment problem and Johnson and Mattson, 1992 for a recent volume of papers on road pricing.) The traditional objective of congestion pricing has been to determine link tolls which will cause the solution of the tolled user-optimal problem to be optimal for the untolled system problem (Arnott and Small, 1994). In most of the literature, the one choice given has been the vector of marginal social cost pricing tolls.
REST Repression of Neuronal Genes Requires Components of the hSWI·SNF Complex

A function of the transcription factor REST is to block the expression of neuronal phenotypic traits in non-neuronal cells. Previous studies have shown that REST-mediated repression requires histone deacetylase activity and that recruitment of deacetylases is mediated by two co-repressors, Sin3A and CoREST. In this study, we show that a repressor domain in CoREST interacts with BRG1-associated factor (BAF) 57, a component of the hSWI·SNF complex. In vivo, BAF57 occupies the neuronal sodium channel gene (Nav1.2) promoter, and targeting to this gene requires REST. In addition to BAF57, the ATPase BRG1 and BAF170, other members of the hSWI·SNF complex, are also present in the REST·CoREST repressor complex. Microinjection of specific antibodies against BRG1, BAF57, or BAF170 into Rat1 fibroblasts relieves repression of RE1 reporter genes. Together, our data suggest that ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as histone deacetylation, is needed for REST-mediated repression.
North Pacific fur Seal Convention

The northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, breeds in summer and fall on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska; Bering, Copper, and Commander Islands, off Kamchatka, USSR; and Robben Island, off Sakhalin, USSR. In winter and spring, for about nine months, the species is widely dispersed over the North Pacific Ocean, as far south as 30° N. Latitude, up to 3,000 miles from its breeding grounds. The Alaskan stock reaches an annual peak of abundance of about 1,250,000 animals late in summer after the pups are born. The Asian stocks have been estimated at about 250,000 seals.
Computability, Complexity, and Languages: Fundamentals of Theoretical Computer Science

Preliminaries. Computability: Programs and Computable Functions. Primitive Recursive Functions. A Universal Program. Calculations on Strings. Turing Machines. Processes and Grammars. Classifying Unsolvable Problems. Grammars and Automata: Regular Languages. Context-Free Languages. Context-Sensitive Languages. Logic: Propositional Calculus. Quantification Theory. Complexity: Abstract Complexity. Polynomial Time Computability. Semantics: Approximation Orderings. Denotational Semantics of Recursion Equations. Operational Semantics of Recursion Equations. Suggestions for Further Reading. Subject Index.
Spinal metastases from solid tumors. Analysis of factors affecting survival

Background. Factors affecting survival were determined for 109 patients with thoracic spine metastases and cord compression. Lung, prostate, and breast were the most common primary sites (78%). All patients had surgical decompression of the spinal cord, and 99% received radiotherapy. Methods. Survival was determined based on anatomic site of primary carcinoma, preoperative neurologic deficit, extent of disease, number of vertebral bodies involved, tumor location (site of cord compression), and age. The respective compounding weight of the negative prognostic factors also was analyzed in terms of survival. Results. The overall median survival was 10 months. Patients preoperatively ambulatory survived statistically significantly longer than nonambulatory patients or those with sphincter incontinence (P = 3.469 × 10−6). Patients with renal cell carcinoma survived the longest, followed by those with breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancer. Patients with breast cancer survived statistically longer than those with lung cancer (P = 0.039). Patients with one vertebral body involved survived statistically significantly longer than patients with multiple vertebral level involvement (P = 0.027). Extent of disease, age, and tumor location did not significantly influence survival. In patients with vertebral column disease, the presence of two or more poor prognostic indicators (leg strength 0/5-3/5, lung or colon cancer, multiple vertebral body involvement), had a compounding adverse effect on survival. Conclusions. For patients with spinal metastases and cord compression, the factors found to affect survival include preoperative neurological status, anatomic site of primary carcinoma, and number of vertebral bodies involved. Patients with vertebral column disease and two or more of the poor prognostic indicators have a short life expectancy, and, therefore, radical surgery is not recommended because the benefits may not be substantial.
Thalidomide-dexamethasone as primary therapy for advanced multiple myeloma.

The value of thalidomide-dexamethasone was assessed in 26 consecutive, previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma of high tumor mass. All showed Hgb 11.5 mg/dL, or both. The response rate was 73%, frequency of early death < 3 months was 5%, projected median survival was 30 months, and projected median remission time was 25 months. There were no occurrences of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia, so that serious infection occurred in only 12% of patients. Thalidomide-dexamethasone was useful for these patients with advanced disease because of the high response rate and acceptable survival, with a low frequency of serious complications.
Encircled Energy Performance Prediction Formula For Tolerancing

The performance of optical systems is often specified in terms of encircled energy. It is difficult to assign fabrication and assembly tolerances to such systems because there is no simple way to predict the combined effect of tolerances on encircled energy. This paper presents a new, simple formula which, while not exact, can be used to quickly give approximate answers to many tolerancing questions. It is based on diffraction theory and gives some interesting insights into how aberrations, surface figure tolerances, and environmental perturbatons affect encircled energy.
On utilizing information from a second sample in estimating variance

SUMMARY Estimators of the variance of a normal population are presented which combine the information from two samples obtained from populations with possibly different variances. One class of these estimators is based on a preliminary test of the equality of variances. Another class is obtained by minimizing the mean square error. The behaviour of these classes of estimators is examined from the point of view of efficiency and bias.
Comparison Of Measurements And Theory For Backscatter From Bare And Snow-covered Saline Ice

C-band radar backscatter measurements were made on artificially grown sea ice during the winters of 1987-1988 and 1988-1989. These measurements were made on smooth, rough, and snow-covered saline ice. The measured sigma-deg(theta) of smooth saline ice (rms height less than 0.05 cm) disagreed with small perturbation method (SPM) surface scattering predictions. Using physical parameters of the ice in a simple layer model, it us shown that this discrepancy can be explained by scattering from beneath the surface. A thin (7-cm) dry snow cover had a significant influence on backscatter from the smooth ice sheet. This influence was due to scattering from particles within the snow, and can be predicted by a commonly used empirical layer model for snow. The results of backscatter measurements of a moderately rough saline ice sheet were found to agree with SPM predictions.
Donor−Acceptor Nanohybrids of Zinc Naphthalocyanine or Zinc Porphyrin Noncovalently Linked to Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Electron Transfer

The occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer in donor−acceptor self-assembled zinc naphthalocyanine (ZnNc) or zinc porphyrin (ZnP) single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanohybrids has been demonstrated. The nanohybrids were constructed by solubilizing carbon nanotubes by π−π stacking of pyrene functionalized to bear an imidazole moiety, ImPy-SWNT. Through the use of the imidazole ligand of the soluble ImPy-SWNT, donor ZnNc and ZnP entities were axially coordinated to yield ZnNc−ImPy-SWNT and ZnP−ImPy-SWNT donor−acceptor nanohybrids. The nanohybrids thus obtained were fully characterized by using transmission electron microscopy, UV−visible-near infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. Steady-state and time-resolved emission studies revealed efficient fluorescence quenching of the donor, ZnP, and ZnNc entities in the nanohybrids. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra revealed that the photoexcitation of the ZnNc or ZnP moiety resulted in the one-electron oxidation of the donor unit with a si...
Scleroderma and sexuality

There is little literature for sexuality educators and therapists about the effects of scleroderma on sexuality, and other than this article, there is no comprehensive account of the effect of scle...
Tuned out but turned on: Boys' (dis)engaged reading in and out of school

The author reflects on contexts of language arts instruction that alienate boys from active engagement with academic literacy practices. He considers the impermeability of the language arts curriculum to students' vernacular literacy practices as a key factor in many boys' rejection of reading for academic purposes. Informed by experiences as a classroom teacher and a literacy researcher, the author shares the story of his own evolution from literature zealot to literacy consultant. He notes that as his classroom role changed to teacher as facilitator of individual students' literacy development, he observed many boys' re-engagement with reading as they saw increasing convergence between reading for academic and for recreational purposes in their literacy lives.
Trading Data Evaluating our Assumptions and Coding Rules

Some scholars have rushed to judgment about the nature of the relationship between trade and conflict, making strong assumptions about the data upon which their conclusions rest. In this paper, we ...
Seasonal and storm event nutrient removal by a created wetland in an agricultural watershed

Abstract This study examines the effectiveness of a 1.2-ha created/restored emergent marsh at reducing nutrients from a 17.0 ha agricultural and forested watershed in the Ohio River Basin in west central Ohio, USA, during base flow and storm flow conditions. The primary source of water to the wetland was surface inflow, estimated in water year 2000 (October 1999–September 2000) to be 646 cm/year. The wetland also received a significant amount of groundwater discharge at multiple locations within the site that was almost the same in quantity as the surface flow. The surface inflow had 2-year averages concentrations of 0.79, 0.033, and 0.16 mg L−1 for nitrate + nitrite (as N), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. Concentrations of nitrate–nitrite, SRP, and TP were 40, 56, and 59% lower, respectively, at the outflow than at the inflow to the wetland over the 2 years of the study. Concentrations of SRP and TP exported from the wetland increased significantly (α = 0.05) during precipitation events in 2000 compared to dry weather flows, but concentrations of nitrate–nitrite did not increase significantly. During these precipitation events the wetland retained 41% of the nitrate–nitrite, 74% of the SRP, and 28% of the TP (by mass). The wetland received an average of 50 g N m−2 per year of nitrate–nitrite and 7.1 g m−2 per year of TP in 2000. Retention rates for the wetland were 39 g N m−2 per year of nitrates and 6.2 g P m−2 per year. These are close to rates suggested in the literature for sustainable non-point source retention by wetlands. The design of this wetland appears to be suitable as it retained a significant portion of the influent nutrient load and did not lose much of its retention capacity during heavy precipitation events. Some suggestions are given for further design improvements.
Computing magnetospheric mass density from field line resonances in a realistic magnetic field geometry

[1] Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) field line resonances can be used to infer the mass density along magnetospheric magnetic field lines. By specifying how mass density is distributed along the magnetic field (usually a power law as a function of distance from the Earth) and a dipole magnetic field geometry, the MHD standing wave equation can be analytically solved and mass density inferred from observed field line eigenfrequencies. However, the geometry of the Earth's magnetic field can deviate significantly from a dipole, even at relatively low L shells and on the dayside magnetosphere. This study investigates the importance of including a realistic magnetic field geometry when computing plasma mass density from observed field line eigenfrequencies. A generalized version of the toroidal mode MHD standing wave equation is solved using the Tsyganenko (2002a, 2002b) empirical magnetic field model (T01). The results are compared to those found using a dipole. We find that assuming a dipole magnetic field geometry results in an overestimation of mass density. The overestimation is larger for more disturbed levels of geomagnetic activity. Our results have important implications for the inference of heavy ions in the magnetosphere. Namely, an increase in heavy ion concentration as a result of enhanced geomagnetic activity will be exaggerated unless the proper magnetic field geometry is taken into account when calculating mass density from field line eigenfrequencies.
Fatigue and Ratcheting Experimental Responses of Alloy 617 Under High Temperature Multiaxial Loading

Nickel based Alloy 617 is one of the leading candidate materials for intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) of the next generation nuclear plant (NGNP). The IHX is anticipated to operate at temperatures between 800–950°C, which is in the creep regime. In addition, system start-ups and shut-downs will induce low cycle fatigue (LCF) damages in the IHX components. Hence, designing IHX using Alloy 617 for NGNP construction will require a detailed understanding of the creep-fatigue and ratcheting responses. In this study, a broad set of multiaxial creep-fatigue and ratcheting experiments are performed and the results are critically evaluated. Experiments are conducted by prescribing multiaxial loading histories in axial and shear directions at 850°C and 950°C with different strain rates and strain amplitudes. Experimental results revealed that the axial strain ratcheting and cyclic hardening/softening responses of Alloy 617 vary significantly with temperature levels, strain rates and strain amplitudes indicating the dependence of creep-fatigue and ratcheting responses on these parameters. This necessitates the incorporation of strain rate and strain amplitude dependence and effect of loading non-proportionality and temperature in the unified constitutive modeling (UCM) for a better prediction of the material behavior. Development of a UCM is underway based on the experimental results developed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Bactericidal activities of tri- and penta-iodinated resins against Legionella pneumophila

Abstract Quaternary-ammonium-anion-exchange resins binding tri-iodides or penta-iodides were tested for their ability to disinfect water containing Legionella pneumophila . Results indicate that the iodinated resins are stable demand-release disinfectants. No residual iodine was detected by amperometric titration in the eluate from tri-iodinated or washed penta-iodinated resins. When an aqueous suspension containing 2.7 × 10 9 cfu of L. pneumophila per ml was passed through tri-iodinated resins, less than 0.004% were recovered. No viable cells were detected by direct plating from a suspension of 2.3 x 10 9 cfu per ml eluted through penta-iodinated resins (>99.99999% viability reduction). This disinfectant was less effective if legionellae were ingested by Tetrahymena pyriformis before exposure. Penta-iodinated resins were also less active at 4°C, when tested with water designed to inhibit halogen disinfectants and waters containing high concentrations of organic matter or total dissolved solids. Further study of penta-iodinated resins as a disinfectant of potable water containing L. pneumophila is warranted.
The Intrinsically Disordered Photosystem II Subunit, PsbO, is a Sensor for the Hydrogen Bonding Network in the Oxygen Evolving Complex

In Photosystem II (PSII), molecular oxygen is evolved from water after four sequential light-driven reactions, producing five oxidized states, Sn. PSII is composed of membrane-spanning subunits and an extrinsic subunit, PsbO. PsbO is intrinsically disordered and plays a role in facilitation of the water oxidizing cycle. Native PsbO can be removed and substituted with recombinant PsbO, thereby restoring steady-state activity. We used reaction-induced Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to obtain information concerning the role of PsbO during the S state cycle. Light-minus-dark difference spectra were acquired. A comparison of S2-minus-S spectra demonstrated that amide frequency and intensity changes were associated with PsbO removal. These data suggest that PsbO acts as an organizational template for the PSII reaction center. To identify any coupled conformational changes arising directly from PsbO, global 13C PsbO isotope-editing was employed. The reaction-induced FT-IR spectra of accessible S states provided evidence that PsbO spectral contributions are temperature (263 and 277 K) and S state dependent. These experiments suggest that PsbO samples a rough conformational landscape when bound to its target, the photosystem II reaction center.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The sensitivity of Medicare claims data for case ascertainment of six common cancers.

Background.Although Medicare claims data have been used to identify cases of cancer in older Americans, there are few data about their relative sensitivity.Objectives.To investigate the sensitivity of diagnostic and procedural coding for case ascertainment of breast, colorectal, endometrial, lung, p
Cytochrome c-linked reactions in Rhodopseudomonas palustris grown photosynthetically on thiosulfate

Abstract The nonsulfur purple bacterium Rps. palustris was adapted to grow photoautotrophically with thiosulfate as substrate. An isolated cell-free fraction catalyzed the enzymatic transfer of electrons from thiosulfate to endogenous and/or added mammalian cytochrome c . Antimycin A, NOQNO, rotenone, amytal and atebrin did not inhibit the thiosulfate-cytochrome c reductase. The products of thiosulfate oxidation were primarily tetrathionate, trithionate, and sulfate, suggesting oxidation via the polythionate pathway. Succinate, formate and NADH were also effective electron donors in this system showing Michaelis constants of 40, 30 and 0.025 m m , respectively for cytochrome c reduction. The NADH-cytochrome c reductase was not inhibited by flavoprotein inhibitors and by Antimycin A or NOQNO. The cell-free extracts also contained an active cytochrome c -O 2 oxidoreductase which was inhibited by cyanide, azide and EDTA, and these inhibitions were overcome by the addition of Cu 2+ . The oxidase activity was stimulated by the addition of uncoupling agents such as CCCP and DNP, as well as by Antimycin A and NOQNO. Reduced + CO minus reduced difference absorption spectra revealed the presence of cytochrome components of the a and o types which may function as the terminal oxidase(s).
Pch2 modulates chromatid partner choice during meiotic double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In most organisms, the segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division is dependent upon at least one crossover (CO) between each pair of homologous chromosomes. COs can result from chromosome double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are induced and preferentially repaired using the homologous chromosome as a template. The PCH2 gene of budding yeast is required to establish proper meiotic chromosome axis structure and to regulate meiotic interhomolog DSB repair outcomes. These roles appear conserved in the mouse ortholog of PCH2, Trip13, which is also involved in meiotic chromosome axis organization and the regulation of DSB repair. Using a combination of genetic and physical assays to monitor meiotic DSB repair, we present data consistent with pch2Δ mutants showing defects in suppressing intersister DSB repair. These defects appear most pronounced in dmc1Δ mutants, which are defective for interhomolog repair, and explain the previously reported observation that pch2Δdmc1Δ cells can complete meiosis. Results from genetic epistasis analyses involving spo13Δ, rad54Δ, and mek1/MEK1 alleles and an intersister recombination reporter assay are also consistent with Pch2 acting to limit intersister repair. We propose a model in which Pch2 is required to promote full Mek1 activity and thereby promotes interhomolog repair.
The three-dimensional structure of bovine calcium ion-bound osteocalcin using 1H NMR spectroscopy.

The family of vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxylated calcium binding proteins is important in a variety of tissues and cellular functions. The formation of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)1 in the liver derived blood clotting factors, for example, results in calcium-dependent conformational changes in the proteins and functionally important interactions with acidic phospholipid surfaces (1–3). The predominant Gla protein found in bone matrix is osteocalcin (4, 5), a small Ca2+ binding protein containing three Gla residues which are thought to facilitate the protein’s adsorption to hydroxy-apatite (6). Because of its unique calcium binding properties, early functional studies suggested that osteocalcin controlled the nucleation or deposition of mineral in bone (7–10). However, more recent evidence indicates that osteocalcin is not related to events which allow mineral deposition to occur but, rather, that it participates in regulation of mineralization or bone turnover. For example, several studies have suggested that osteocalcin functions as a matrix signal for resorption through the recruitment and differentiation of bone resorbing cells (11–15). On the other hand, the osteocalcin knock-out mouse has been shown to have an increased bone mass and increased bone formation rates, implying that osteocalcin may function to limit bone formation (16). Further studies on the knock-out mouse also suggest a role for osteocalcin in mineral maturation and bone remodeling (17). Despite the increase in functional knowledge, structural information on the protein is limited. In all species examined, the central portion of the molecule is strongly conserved (18). This region includes a disulfide loop (Cys23–Cys29) and three γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues (Gla) at positions 17, 21, and 24. Circular dichroism (CD) and 1H NMR studies show that the apo-protein is in a random coil conformation while the addition of millimolar levels of Ca2+ induces an R-helical conformation in the molecule (19–23). Empirical modeling predicts two antiparallel α-helical domains, several β-turns, and a β-sheet structure resulting in an accessible COOH terminus (19). In this model, spatial projections of the side chains of the three Gla residues coincide with the spacing between the Ca2+ atoms in the hydroxyapatite crystal (24) allowing for binding to the bone via uncoordinated Gla carboxyl groups. At present there is no high-resolution structure of osteocalcin nor of any noncollagenous bone protein. This is in sharp contrast to other calcium binding proteins such as calmodulin (25, 26), troponin C (27, 28), and calbindin (29) or other Gla-containing proteins (1–3). A high-resolution structure of Ca2+-osteocalcin will provide information on a new class of proteins. It may also shed light on the function of the protein and its interaction with bone mineral at the molecular level. The purpose of this study is to determine the high-resolution 3D structure of bovine Ca2+-osteocalcin using 2D 1H NMR techniques.
Status of the U.S.-Mexico Commercial Border Crossing Process: Analysis of Recent Studies and Research

The commercial border crossing process is an important element of the international transportation and supply-chain systems that influence greatly the national and international economies. Numerous research and analyses have identified issues and problems pertaining to the U.S.-Mexico commercial border crossing. The objective of this paper is to identify issues and problems that relate to the commercial border crossing process along the U.S.-Mexico border and to analyze, classify, and note the status of each issue. A brief description of the northbound commercial border crossing, the recently implemented security programs at the border, and the status of opening the border to Mexican trucks provide a background that facilitates the understanding of current conditions at commercial ports of entry. From the vast list of information on commercial border crossings, this paper presents a selection of reports and classifies issues and notes the status or change in the situation of each issue. Even though progre...
Multiple steady states in ionic membranes with negative conductance

Abstract Infinitesimal or negative polarization resistance can be induced by a negative ionic conductance in membranes. When the reactant or product have the “wrong” charge, they are respectively repelled or attracted, under the influence of the coulombic force, resulting in a negative conductance in the membrane, which in turn contributes to a negative component in the polarization resistance. The effects of diffusivity, concentration, supporting electrolyte, and fixed space charge on the conductance in the ionic membranes are also studied. An inverse concentration gradient may form as a result of the interaction between the ionic migration and the stoichiometric flux according to the reaction kinetics.
THE DEBT MATURITY CHOICE: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION

In this paper I develop and test three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses about the determinants of corporations' debt maturity choices using a sample of corporate bonds issued between 1982 and 1986. The empirical evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that firms use bond maturity to facilitate monitoring by outsiders (the monitoring hypothesis) and weakly supports the hypothesis that firms with high-quality projects use bond maturity to signal project quality (the signaling hypothesis). The evidence does not support the hypothesis that firms use bond maturity to achieve an optimal trade-off between interest tax shields and bankruptcy costs (the tax/bankruptcy cost hypothesis).
Long-term follow-up after allogeneic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor--primed bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) priming increases the number of progenitor cells in harvested bone marrow (BM) and has been used for allogeneic transplantation. Primed bone marrow (pBM) seems to offer faster engraftment than steady-state BM, but the stability of such engraftment has been questioned. The incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and disease relapse after pBM, compared with such incidence after BM or peripheral blood progenitor allotransplantation, has not been established. We studied the long-term outcome (median follow-up, 24 months) of sibling matched allografting with G-CSF pBM. Seventeen patients received pBM from matched sibling donors primed with G-CSF 10 microg/kg per day for 2 days before BM harvest. Conditioning consisted of total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide (CY); busulfan and CY; or total lymphoid irradiation, CY, and antithymocyte globulin. All infused grafts contained > or=3.5 to 4 x 10(8) mononuclear cells per kilogram. Ten of 17 patients received methotrexate as part of their GVHD prophylaxis. International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry definitions for engraftment were used. Control subjects consisted of 112 consecutive patients who received allogeneic transplantation at our institution with steady-state BM; control subjects for length of hospitalization consisted of the subset of patients who underwent transplantation during 1996. Neutrophil engraftment occurred a median of 7 days earlier in primed bone marrow transplantation (pBMT) patients when compared with steady-state BMT patients; this shortened hospitalization by a median of 11 days. The peritransplant mortality rate was 18% in pBMT patients and 25% in BMT patients (not significant). The rate of GVHD of grade > II and the rate of relapse were almost identical in pBMT and BMT patients ( GVHD: 18% and 19%, respectively; relapse: 14% and 13%, respectively). There were 4 transplant-related deaths within the first 100 days; 1 patient died of disease relapse on day 470. Twelve patients remained alive on days 430 through 1522 after BMT. Results showed that pBM allografts resulted in more rapid engraftment and shorter hospitalization. All patients maintained stable donor engraftment. In this cohort of patients, G-CSF pBMT resulted in rates of GVHD, disease relapse, and peritransplant mortality that were similar to those produced by conventional BMT. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(4A):428-33.
Homogeneous crystal nucleation in droplets as a method for determining the line tension of a crystal–liquid–vapor contact

Abstract The line tension of a three-phase contact is believed to play an important role in phase transition and phase equilibria in multiphase nanoscale systems hence the need in developing various methods for its experimental evaluation. In this paper we suggest an indirect experimental method for determining the line tension of a solid–liquid–vapor contact based on experiments on homogeneous crystallization of droplets. The underlying idea explores our recent finding that the line tension can give rise to an important contribution to the free energy of formation of a crystal nucleus in a surface-stimulated mode when one of its facets forms at the droplet surface and thus represents a “crystal–vapor” interface. The proposed method requires experimental data on the rate of homogeneous crystal nucleation as a function of droplet size. However, it can provide a rough estimate of line tension even if the rate is known only for one droplet size. Using the method to examine experimental data on homogeneous crystal nucleation in droplets of 19, 49, and 60 μ m radii at T = 237 K , we evaluated the line tension of ice–(liquid)water–(water)vapor contact to be positive and of the order of 10 - 11 N consistent with the current expectations.
Investigation of Prx1 protein expression provides evidence for conservation of cardiac-specific posttranscriptional regulation in vertebrates.

Gene targeting experiments have defined that the homeobox gene Prx1 is essential for normal craniofacial, limb, and vascular development. Although its RNA expression pattern is well established, Prx1 protein expression in the developing embryo has not been examined. A novel Prx1 antibody was produced to define the normal Prx1 protein expression pattern in the developing mouse embryo. In craniofacial and limb mesenchyme, Prx1 protein expression is consistent with previously published data on RNA localization. However, a remarkable discrepancy was found in cardiac tissue. Prx1 protein is undetectable in the murine embryonic and adult heart, despite the presence of Prx1 transcripts. These data demonstrate that Prx1 expression is posttranscriptionally regulated. This discrepancy between the presence of Prx1 transcript and the absence of detectable protein was also observed in embryonic chick heart, suggesting conservation of the regulatory mechanism in vertebrates. This observation provides a new explanation of why the Prx null mice lack cardiac malformations. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generation of Heterogeneous Distributed Architectures for Memory-Intensive Applications Through High-Level Synthesis

Memory-intensive applications present unique challenges to an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designer in terms of the choice of memory organization, memory size requirements, bandwidth and access latencies, etc. The high potential of single-chip distributed logic-memory architectures in addressing many of these issues has been recognized in general-purpose computing, and more recently, in ASIC design. The high-level synthesis (HLS) techniques presented in this paper are motivated by the fact that many memory-intensive applications exhibit irregular array data access patterns. Synthesis should, therefore, be capable of determining a partitioned architecture, wherein array data and computations may have to be heterogeneously distributed for achieving the best performance speed-up. We use a combination of clustering and min-cut style partitioning techniques to yield distributed architectures, based on simulation profiling while considering various factors including data access locality, balanced workloads, inter-partition communication, etc. Our experiments with several benchmark applications show that the proposed techniques yielded two-way partitioned architectures that can achieve upto 2.1 x (average of 1.9 x) performance speed-up over conventional HLS solutions, while achieving upto 1.5 x (average of 1.4 x) performance speed-up over the best homogeneous partitioning solution feasible. At the same time, the reduction in the energy-delay product over conventional single-memory designs is upto 2.7 x (average of 2.0 x). A larger amount of partitioning makes further system performance improvement achievable at the cost of chip area.
New approximations for Maximum Lifetime Coverage

In this article dedicated to Professor Yue Minyi on the occasion of his 95th birthday, we present a new polynomial-time approximation scheme for the well-known Maximum Lifetime Coverage problem in wireless sensor networks. For any , this scheme contains an approximation algorithm with performance , which improves the performance ratio of previously known approximation in the literature.
Effects of perceptual and conceptual similarity in lexical priming of young children who stutter: Preliminary findings

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of conceptual and perceptual properties of words on the speed and accuracy of lexical retrieval of children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) during a picture-naming task. Participants consisted of 13 3–5-year-old CWS and the same number of CWNS. All participants had speech, language, and hearing development within normal limits, with the exception of stuttering for CWS. Both talker groups participated in a picture-naming task where they named, one at a time, computer-presented, black-on-white drawings of common age-appropriate objects. These pictures were named during four auditory priming conditions: (a) a neutral prime consisting of a tone, (b) a word prime physically related to the target word, (c) a word prime functionally related to the target word, and (d) a word prime categorically related to the target word. Speech reaction time (SRT) was measured from the offset of presentation of the picture target to the onset of participant's verbal speech response. Results indicated that CWS were slower than CWNS across priming conditions (i.e., neutral, physical, function, category) and that the speed of lexical retrieval of CWS was more influenced by functional than perceptual aspects of target pictures named. Findings were taken to suggest that CWS tend to organize lexical information functionally more so than physically and that this tendency may relate to difficulties establishing normally fluent speech and language. Educational objectives : The reader will learn about and be able to (1) communicate the relevance of examining lexical retrieval in relation to childhood stuttering and (2) describe the method of measuring speech reaction times of accurate and fluent responses during a picture-naming task as a means of assessing lexical retrieval skills.
Atrazine fate on a tile drained field in northern New York: a case study

Abstract Only by understanding the transport and degradation mechanisms of atrazine on farms can measures be taken to minimize atrazine concentrations that reach natural environments. The fate of atrazine on a tile drained farm in northern New York during the spring was followed. The largest stream was sampled as well as individual tile lines from one field after snowmelt began in March 1994, until the flow ceased in early June 1994. Prior to the first application of atrazine on the farm in 1994, atrazine concentrations in the stream ranged between 0 and 0.4 μg L−1. Immediately following an 0.8 inch rainfall event, 6 days after the application of 1.4 kg of atrazine on 1 ha of a tile drained field, atrazine concentrations at a tile line outlet feeding into the stream reached 34.5 μg L−1 After mixing with other inflows, the atrazine concentration in the stream was 6.4 μg L−1 The atrazine concentration decreased along the 1450 foot stream. Analysis of eight tile lines which drained a research field showed a direct correlation between increased flow rates with increased atrazine concentration. No-tillage practices may lead to slightly higher concentrations of atrazine in the tile lines.
Validation and error in multiplicative utility functions

Abstract An approach to the concept of error in utility assessment is proposed. Four kinds of errors are considered and each kind is related to four separate elicitation methods - all in the context of a general multiplicative multiattribute utility model. The methods are a Keeney-Raiffa (1976) procedure; SMART, for Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (Edwards 1977); SJT, for a Social Judgment Theory based regression model (Hammond et al. 1975); and HOPE, for Holistic Orthogonal Parameter Estimation (Barron and Person 1979). The individual judgments elicited are either holistic - in which the entity to be evaluated is considered as a whole - or decomposed - in which attention is directed to one or two aspects at a time. If a general multiplicative model can be assumed to be an appropriate representation of the decision maker's basic preference structure, error can occur in the direct estimation of the scaling constants and univariate utility functions for decomposition methods (Keeney-Raiffa and SMART), or in the holistic assessments for holistic methods (SJT and HOPE). Individual estimates may be merely subject to random noise or may be substantially incorrect. The utility model may be incorrectly specified; finally, all four methods may be subject to systematic error. The four assessment methods are considered in conjunction with errors of each kind.
VITAMIN B12, THIAMINE, AND BIOTIN CONTENTS OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1

SUMMARY An extraction procedure was developed for determining vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin contents of marine phytoplankton. Phytoplankters were collected either by centrifugation or by retention on a glass fiber filter, then heated at 100 C for I hr in 100 ml of vitamin-free seawater acidified to pH 3.5 with HCl. The extract, after debris removal, was filter-sterilized and analyzed, for vitamin B12, thiamine, and biotin with standard vitamin assay procedures. The vitamin contents of haeodactylum tricornutum, Skeletonema costatum, Stephanopyxis turris, and occolithus liuxleyi were determined during growth in batch cultures. P. tricornutum (non-vitamin requirer) growing in aerated cultures contained 0.29–0.96 ng B12, 5–15 ng thiamine, and 0.45–1.70 ng biotin/mg C. Under similar conditions S. costatum (B12-requirer) contained about 0.06 ng B12, 5–36 ng thiamine, and 0.16–2.10 ng biotin/mg C. The concentrations of vitamin were generally similar during some portion of the growth curve, eg, logarithmic growth. The vitamin B12, content of S. costatum growing under nonaerated conditions decreased when medium B12, was reduced. The biotin content did not change when medium B12 was decreased. The thiamine content per unit weight of C. huxleyi (thiamine-requirer) growing with either 10 or 120 ng/liter thiamine decreased under both medium concentrations, indicating no net synthesis of the vitamin.
Paleomagnetism and tectonic significance of Albian and Cenomanian turbidites, Ochoco Basin, Mitchell Inlier, central Oregon

[1] Understanding continental growth and convergent margin dynamics associated with terrane accretion and modification of the Cordilleran margin of North America is prevented by conflicts in paleogeographic models for major terranes, oceanic plates, and the North American margin. We present new paleomagnetic data suggesting that the Blue Mountains superterrane, located at an inboard portion of the Cordilleran margin, has undergone substantial northward translation and clockwise rotation relative to North America since mid-Cretaceous time. Positive baked-contact, conglomerate, and fold tests, provide evidence that the magnetization of these rocks dates from their deposition. These results yield a mean direction of D = 10.8°, I = 58.5°, k = 127, α95 = 4.1°, and N = 11. Comparison of magnetic inclinations and magnetic fabrics shows no evidence for inclination error. A paleolatitude of 39.2° +4.8°/−4.3°N is obtained, indicating a paleolatitude anomaly of 15.9° ± 4.1° (northward translation of 1760 ± 460 km) and CW rotation of 37° ± 7.3° with respect to North America since circa 93 Ma. Application of an ad hoc 5° inclination error yields translation of 1200 ± 460 km. Through comparison with other units in the western Cordillera we infer that the Mitchell Inlier was located adjacent to the Sierra Nevada arc during mid-Cretaceous time and that the Blue Mountains province may correlate with the Intermontane superterrane in British Columbia. Other interpretations, such as large inclination errors or an independent displacement history for the Mitchell Inlier, are possible but unlikely. More work is needed to fully test these hypotheses and resolve major questions of Cordilleran tectonics.
The Fabric of Engagement: The Engagement and Personality of Managers and Professionals in Human and Developmental Disability Services

Employee engagement is a complex and dynamic process that reflects each individual's unique, personal relationship with work. Engaged employees have a clear and defining connection to the organization's mission and purpose, and employee engagement is reflected in behaviors that meet or exceed expectations of service in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between personality and engagement among professionals and managers providing services to people with developmental disabilities. In particular, the authors investigated relationships between the 5-factor model of personality (FFM) and William Kahn's model of employee engagement encompassing physical, emotional, and cognitive components.
Oxycodone N-oxide.

The title compound, (5R,9R,13S,14S,17R)-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-4,5-epoxymorphinan-6-one N-oxide, C(18)H(21)NO(5), has been prepared in a diastereomerically pure form by the reaction of oxycodone with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid and subsequent crystallization of the product from chloroform. The crystal packing shows that the molecule exhibits intramolecular O-H···O [D···A = 2.482 (2) A] hydrogen bonding. In addition, there are weak intermolecular C-H...O interactions which, along with van der Waals forces, stabilize the structure. The new chiral center at the 17-position is demonstrated to be R.
Sensitivity of Knee Replacement Contact Calculations to Kinematic Measurement Errors

The ability to measure in vivo knee kinematics accurately makes it tempting to calculate in vivo contact forces, pressures, and areas directly from kinematic data. However, the sensitivity of contact calculations to kinematic measurement errors has not been adequately investigated. To address this issue, we developed a series of sensitivity analyses derived from a validated in vivo computational simulation of gait. The simulation used an elastic foundation contact model to reproduce in vivo contact force, center of pressure, and fluoroscopic motion data collected from an instrumented knee replacement. Treating each degree of freedom (DOF) in the simulation as motion controlled, we first quantified how errors in measured relative pose of the implant components affected contact calculations. Pose variations of ±0.1 mm or degree over the entire gait cycle changed maximum contact force, pressure, and area by 204, 100, and 117%, respectively. Larger variations of ±0.5 mm or degree changed these same quantities by 1157, 108, and 578%, respectively. In both cases, the largest sensitivities were to errors in superior-inferior translation and varus-valgus rotation, with loss of contact occurring on one or both sides. We then quantified how switching the sensitive DOFs from motion to load control affected the sensitivity results. Pose variations of ±0.5 mm or degree in the remaining DOFs changed maximum contact quantities by at most 3%. These results suggest that accuracy on the order of microns and milliradians is needed to estimate contact forces, pressures, and areas directly from in vivo kinematic measurements, and that use of load rather than motion control for the sensitive DOFs may improve the accuracy of in vivo contact calculations. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1173–1179, 2008
A symbolic method for calculating the integral properties of arbitrary nonconvex polyhedra

A simple and systematic method is described for calculating the integral of a polynomial function over an arbitrary nonconvex polyhedron. First a general formula is presented for direct evaluation of the integral of a polynomial over a 3-D simplex. An integral over a polyhedron can then be easily calculated by using the central projection method and decomposing a polyhedron symmetrically into a set of simplices and accumulating the results from each simplex based on this formula. This method adopts a systematic and automatic decomposition. It is analytically exact, but the practical accuracy of the result is within the accuracy of floating-point arithmetic. Furthermore, the time complexity of this method is linearly proportional to the number of vertices of a polyhedron.