cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking outside the cell: how cadherins drive adhesion.

Cadherins are a superfamily of cell surface glycoproteins whose ectodomains contain multiple repeats of β-sandwich extracellular cadherin (EC) domains that adopt a similar fold to immunoglobulin domains. The best characterized cadherins are the vertebrate ‘classical' cadherins, which mediate adhesion via trans homodimerization between their membrane-distal EC1 domains that extend from apposed cells, and assemble intercellular adherens junctions through cis clustering. To form mature trans adhesive dimers, cadherin domains from apposed cells dimerize in a ‘strand-swapped' conformation. This occurs in a two-step binding process involving a fast-binding intermediate called the ‘X-dimer'. Trans dimers are less flexible than cadherin monomers, a factor that drives junction assembly following cell–cell contact by reducing the entropic cost associated with the formation of lateral cis oligomers. Cadherins outside the classical subfamily appear to have evolved distinct adhesive mechanisms that are only now beginning to be understood.
Ritalin usage: A challenge to teacher education

(1976). Ritalin usage: A challenge to teacher education. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 187-193.
Regularized Channel Distribution Inversion (RCDI) and Parameterization in the MIMO Broadcast Channel

Linear precoding (beamforming) techniques exist that maximize the sum rate in multi-antenna broadcast channels. Such algorithms require accurate channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and are performance sensitive to erroneous or outdated CSI. The current work focuses on adapting these algorithms to work on the statistics of the channel, rather than channel state, in order to provide more stable performance. This stable beamforming method is shown to require the full spatial correlation matrix thus suffering from high complexity in the feedback channel. Parameterization of the spatial correlation using popular channel models is also considered to make the proposed beamforming practical.
Oxygen Limitation within a Bacterial Aggregate

ABSTRACT Cells within biofilms exhibit physiological heterogeneity, in part because of chemical gradients existing within these spatially structured communities. Previous work has examined how chemical gradients develop in large biofilms containing >108 cells. However, many bacterial communities in nature are composed of small, densely packed aggregates of cells (≤105 bacteria). Using a gelatin-based three-dimensional (3D) printing strategy, we confined the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa within picoliter-sized 3D “microtraps” that are permeable to nutrients, waste products, and other bioactive small molecules. We show that as a single bacterium grows into a maximally dense (1012 cells ml−1) clonal population, a localized depletion of oxygen develops when it reaches a critical aggregate size of ~55 pl. Collectively, these data demonstrate that chemical and phenotypic heterogeneity exists on the micrometer scale within small aggregate populations. IMPORTANCE Before developing into large, complex communities, microbes initially cluster into aggregates, and it is unclear if chemical heterogeneity exists in these ubiquitous micrometer-scale aggregates. We chose to examine oxygen availability within an aggregate since oxygen concentration impacts a number of important bacterial processes, including metabolism, social behaviors, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. By determining that oxygen availability can vary within aggregates containing ≤105 bacteria, we establish that physiological heterogeneity exists within P. aeruginosa aggregates, suggesting that such heterogeneity frequently exists in many naturally occurring small populations.
Towards real-time dynamic spectrum auctions

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity auction framework to distribute spectrum in real-time among a large number of wireless users with dynamic traffic. Our design consists of a compact and highly expressive bidding format, two pricing models to control tradeoffs between revenue and fairness, and fast auction clearing algorithms to achieve conflict-free spectrum allocations that maximize auction revenue. We develop analytical bounds on algorithm performance and complexity to verify the efficiency of the proposed approach. We also use both simulated and real deployment traces to evaluate the auction framework. We conclude that pricing models and bidding behaviors have significant impact on auction outcomes and spectrum utilization. Any efficient spectrum auction system must consider demand and spectrum availability in local regions to maximize system-wide revenue and spectrum utilization.
Public Reason and the Moral Foundation of Liberalism

I argue against Rawls’s freestanding conception of liberalism. On my view, the moral foundation of liberalism can be defended in one of three ways: (1) as a conception one accepts as a result of one’s affirmation of political liberalism, (2) as a conception one must affirm as a presupposition for political liberalism, or (3) as a philosophical truth about practical reason and persons. The first option makes it impossible to distinguish a moral consensus from a modus vivendi. The second renders the moral foundation of liberalism dogmatic because it affirms a moral foundation for which no justification is provided. Since there are good reasons for rejecting (1) and (2), that leaves option (3). I argue that (3) should be the preferred option for liberals who advance liberalism as a political doctrine with a moral foundation.
Surrogate: A Simulation Apparatus for Continuous Integration Testing in Service Oriented Architecture

CIT (continuous integration testing) has been widely studied in the testing research field in order to start some levels of integration test as early as possible. One challenge of CIT lies in how to simulate the behavior of those unavailable components. Existing methods like stud and mock fail to provide the advanced component simulation capabilities required by CIT from perspectives like diversified program artifacts, behavior transitivity, and configurability. This paper proposes a new simulation apparatus, namely surrogate, to address this problem. The surrogate generator generates platform specific code skeleton from definition of the component to be simulated. The generated code communicates with surrogate engine and returns simulated platform specific behaviors. The surrogate engine simulates component behaviors including both output and possible invocation on dependent components. Moreover, it provides platform independent interfaces and configuration model. Early implementations of surrogate generator and surrogate engine are introduced in detail. To validate the value of surrogate technology in CIT, a case study has been carried out with careful analysis. The result shows that this technology really helps identify some bugs at early stage of development.
A 47 $\,\times\,$ 10 Gb/s 1.4 mW/Gb/s Parallel Interface in 45 nm CMOS

A 47 × 10 Gb/s chip-to-chip interface consuming 660 mW is demonstrated in 45 nm CMOS. The circuitry and interconnect are co-designed to minimize power and area for a wide parallel interface. Power is reduced by amortizing clocking, minimizing the span of clock signals and pairing a low-swing transmitter driver with a sensitive receiver sampler. The active silicon area is compressed by 64% relative to the C4 bumps using on-chip transmission line routing. A dense, top-side package connector and bridge enable both high off-chip interconnect density and low overall power by reducing equalization and deskew requirements. The interface also demonstrates fast power management for the I/O circuits. The receiver power can be reduced by 93% during standby and an integrated wake-up timer indicates that all lanes return reliably to active mode in <;5 ns. The interface operates at 470 Gb/s with an aggregate bit error ratio better than 2 ×10-18 while consuming 1.4 mW/Gb/s and occupies 3.2 mm2 active silicon area.
Guaranteed cost control for uncertain singular bilinear systems with time-delay

In the paper, complex systems that combine singular systems and bilinear systems with time-delay are studied. Guaranteed cost control for a class of uncertain singular bilinear system with time-delay is analysed by using spreaded Lyapunov function under the condition that a singular system is admissible. At the same time, stabilization for a uncertain singular bilinear system with time-delay is discussed. Considering the complexity of problems, the existing conditions of stable controlling and guaranteed cost controlling are given by using Lyapunov function and applying method of enlargement in the set domain simultaneously. Related theory for a singular bilinear system with time-delay lying between nonlinear and linear are solved.
Using a Bayesian latent growth curve model to identify trajectories of positive affect and negative events following myocardial infarction

Positive and negative affect data are often collected over time in psychiatric care settings, yet no generally accepted means are available to relate these data to useful diagnoses or treatments. Latent class analysis attempts data reduction by classifying subjects into one of K unobserved classes based on observed data. Latent class models have recently been extended to accommodate longitudinally observed data. We extend these approaches in a Bayesian framework to accommodate trajectories of both continuous and discrete data. We consider whether latent class models might be used to distinguish patients on the basis of trajectories of observed affect scores, reported events, and presence or absence of clinical depression.
Dynamic calibration of waveform recorders and oscilloscopes using pulse standards

The current methods used to calibrate oscilloscopes are briefly discussed, and the problems associated with oscilloscope vertical channel bandwidth testing are illustrated. A method is presented for the complete and correct calibration of an oscilloscope voltage channel. A solution that involves measuring and digitizing pulse signals and an NIST-developed deconvolution algorithm is shown. An example of the calibration of the vertical channel of a 20-GHz sampling oscilloscope is presented. >
Biogeography and morphological evolution in a Pacific island ant radiation.

While insular radiations are documented for many terrestrial arthropods, few examples are known for eusocial insects. This study seeks to ascertain whether the spinescence observed among Fijian Pheidole ants was inherited from an oversea ancestor or is evidence of ecological release from interspecific competitors. We broaden our understanding of morphological convergence, insular radiation and Pacific biogeography by testing three hypotheses proposed previously for the Fijian Pheidole roosevelti group: (i) the group is monophyletic; (ii) spinescence is a plesiomorphic trait inherited from an overseas ancestor; and (iii) the group is closely related to spinescent New Guinean relatives. The analysis included the fragments of two mitochondrial genes (COI, cytb) and two nuclear genes (H3, EF1a-F2) from 66 taxa, including all members of the roosevelti group, representatives from the spinescent subgenus Pheidolacanthinus, Fijian congeners and widespread Pacific congeners. Our results yield new insights into the biogeographic history of Fiji, reveal a fascinating example of convergent evolution and serve as a novel example of ecological release occurring within an insular eusocial insect lineage. These findings recover the history of a presumably unremarkable ant species that colonized a remote oceanic archipelago in the Miocene (17‐10 Ma) and radiated across the emerging islands into niche-space occupied elsewhere in the Pacific by distantly related spinescent congeners. We propose the radiation of Fijian Pheidole into spinescent morphotypes was the consequence of ecological opportunities afforded by the absence of competing ant lineages with conspicuous epigaeic foraging strategies.
Concentrated Solution Effects

Samples with large magnetization (concentrated solvents, hyperpolarized compounds, or even water in MRI) can exhibit behavior that differs drastically from more dilute solutions. Experimental effects have been investigated at field strengths from 0.015 to 25 T, in systems ranging from clusters of 600 hydrogen molecules to the human body, in disease models from tumors to Alzheimer's plaques, at temperatures from millikelvin to 100 °C, and with many different nuclei. Two major effects, radiation damping and interaction with the dipolar field, can produce unexpected additional peaks in two-dimensional experiments, which can be viewed as arising from nonlinear evolution. In addition, dipolar field effects can be understood to involve intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences between widely separated spins, with applications ranging from solvent suppression and chaotic dynamics in NMR to subvoxel structure elucidation and temperature imaging in MRI. The theoretical work has also led to a better understanding of dynamical fluctuations in magnetic resonance, a firmer grasp of the role of the high temperature approximation, and a clarification of the differences between coherence and correlation. Keywords: nonlinear dynamics; radiation damping; dipolar field effects; multiple-quantum coherences; novel contrast mechanisms
Confocal microscopy in the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome.

Aims—To report the appearances of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome from real time, white light confocal microscopy. Methods—Three consecutive patients, each with ICE syndrome, were examined prospectively. Corneal specular and confocal microscopic examinations were performed in all three patients. In the first patient, a penetrating keratoplasty was performed and the cornea was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. No surgery was performed in the remaining two patients. Results—In the first patient corneal oedema prevented endothelial specular microscopy. Confocal microscopy performed before penetrating keratoplasty successfully revealed abnormal epitheliallike endothelial cells. Histological examinations of the cornea following penetrating keratoplasty revealed the presence of multilayered endothelial cells with epithelial features (microvilli). In the remaining two patients, specular microscopy showed the presence of ICE cells with typical dark/light reversal. Confocal microscopy demonstrated groups of endothelial cells with epitheloid appearances. In all three patients, the contralateral endothelial appearance was normal by specular and confocal microscopy, except for moderate endothelial polymegathism in one patient. Epithelial-like endothelial cells were characterised by prominent nuclei on confocal microscopy. Conclusions—The application of confocal microscopy indicates that the ICE syndrome is characterised by epitheloid changes in the endothelium. Confocal microscopy may be used to diagnose the ICE syndrome by demonstrating epithelial-like endothelial cells with hyperreflective nuclei. This technique is especially of value in cases of corneal oedema, since specular microscopy may fail to image the endothelium in such cases. (Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:697‐702)
Space-charge effects on multipactor on a dielectric

Analyzes the effects of space charge shielding on the steady state of a multipactor discharge on a dielectric. Analytic methods are used to obtain an exact function for the potential in the discharge, assuming a Maxwellian distribution of emitted electrons. An equation for the amount of power deposited on the dielectric by the multipactoring electrons, for a given saturation level, is given. A simple method for obtaining the saturation level, for a given material, is obtained.
Position and Intensity Monitoring System for the Spear Transport System at SLAC

A brief description of the stripline position and intensity monitor for the SPEAR transport system is presented. The basic objective of this system is to visually display on an oscilloscope the current and position information of a 7 ns positron/electron beam of very low duty cycle (10-20 pps). The system incorporates and uses much of the video system at the Main Control Center (MCC) which was designed to display video pulses of 1.6 ?s width. In order to maintain compatibility with this system, the detected signals from the stripline monitors, which are 7 ns bipolar signals, are transformed into stretched signals of the order of 1 ?s, the amplitude and polarity of which reflect those of the original signals. System functions and the associated electronics are described in detail.
TWT Efficiency improvement by a low-cost technique for deposition of carbon on MDC electrodes

A simple method of improving the TWT and multistage depressed collector (MDC) efficiency has been demonstrated. The efficiency improvement was produced by the application of a thin layer of carbon to the copper electrodes of the MDC by means of a rapid low-cost technique involving the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon oil in electric arc discharges. Experimental results with a representative TWT and MDC showed an 11 percent improvement in both the TWT and MDC efficiencies as compared to those of the same TWT and MDC with machined copper electrode surfaces. An extended test with a 550-W CW TWT indicated good durability of the carbon-coated electrode surfaces.
A Web-based hands-on real-time electrical and electronics remote wiring and measurement laboratory (RwmLAB) instrument

This paper presents an instrument based on a new architecture called "Remote Wiring and Measurement Laboratory (RwmLAB)"; acting as a local multi-circuit board on a common distributed panel on the Internet. Matrix switching, data acquisition, data processing and analysis, and graphical unit interface enabled-device characterizes the RwmLAB. RwmLAB is intended to address real-time remote wiring of electrical and electronic circuits, and real data acquisition over the Internet instead of using simulated data. This Web-based instrument allows for flexibility and the spontaneous delivery of laboratory material, and ensures a global access to a worldwide audience.
Google's cross-dialect Arabic voice search

We present a large scale effort to build a commercial Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) product for Arabic. Our goal is to support voice search, dictation, and voice control for the general Arabic-speaking public, including support for multiple Arabic dialects. We describe our ASR system design and compare recognizers for five Arabic dialects, with the potential to reach more than 125 million people in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). We compare systems built on diacritized vs. non-diacritized text. We also conduct cross-dialect experiments, where we train on one dialect and test on the others. Our average word error rate (WER) is 24.8% for voice search.
Engineering a professional community of practice for graduate students in engineering education

This paper examines the development of a professional community of practice among graduate students and faculty in the nation's first graduate program in engineering education. A cohort of eleven graduate students and four faculty were interviewed over the course of one year. Additional data sources included direct observations and review of supporting documents. Data were analyzed using grounded theory, narrative inquiry, and cross-case analysis. Results from this study: 1) provide a conceptual and structural framework for other engineering educators; 2) articulate common language, methods, and models for engineering education; and 3) offer practical solutions in developing, recruiting, and retaining talent in the field of engineering education.
ABE production from corn: a recent economic evaluation

This article details an economic assessment of butanol production from corn using the newly developed hyper-butanol-producing strain of Clostridium beijerinckii BA101. Butanol is produced in batch reactors and recovered by distillation. For a plant with 153,000 metric tons of acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE) production capacity, the production equipment cost and total working capital cost is US$33.47x10(6) and US$110.46x10(6), respectively. Based on a corn price (C(p)) of US$79.23 x ton(-1) (US$2.01 x bushel(-1)), an ABE yield of 0.42 (g ABE/g glucose) butanol price is projected to be US$0.34 x kg(-1). An improved yield of 0.50 will reduce this price to US$0.29 x kg(-1). Assumptions, such as by-product credit for gases and complete conversion of corn steep liquor (CSL) to fermentation by-products, have been taken into consideration. An increased price of corn to US$197.10 x ton(-1) would result in a butanol price of US$0.47 x kg(-1). A grass-rooted plant would result in a butanol price of US$0.73 x kg(-1) (C(p) US$79.23 x ton(-1)). In a worst case scenario, the price of butanol would increase to US$1.07 x kg(-1) (C(p) 197.10 x ton(-1) for a grass-rooted plant and assuming no credit for gases). This is based on the assumption that corn price would not increase to more than US$197.10 x ton(-1).
Food and fuel for all: realistic or foolish?

In 2005, few would have predicted the current revolution in global agriculture that is being driven by a sudden rise in the price of petroleum and a rapid expansion of global biofuel production from grain, sugar, and oilseed crops. The result has been a convergence of valuation between petroleum and agricultural commodities such that food prices are likely to rise substantially. While countries with adequate resources to support an expansion of biofuel crop production will benefit from this convergence, developing countries and regions that consistently experience food shortages or rely on food imports will face greater food insecurity. To avoid an excessive rise in food prices and increased numbers of undernourished will require a rapid response to improve global targeting of research and development funds to assure an acceleration in food production capacity while protecting natural resources and environmental quality. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Pretreatment FMS like Tyrosine kinase-3 Internal Tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) Mutant Allele Burden Does Not Predict Response to the Combination of Sorafenib and Azacytidine in Patients with Relapsed or High Risk Elderly Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia

To evaluate if pretreatment FLT3-ITD allele burden is associated with an impact on the response to the combination of sorafenib and azacytidine. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records for 56 patients with FLT3-ITD treated with azacytidine and sorafenib between 2009 and 2013. Results: Among the patient, 34 (54%) were male, 15 (24%) had secondary AML and 7 (11%) had therapy-related AML. The median age prior to treatment with azacytidine plus sorafenib was 64 years (range, 20-87), with the median age at initial diagnosis of 63 years (range, 19-86 years). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 2 in 19 patients (31%). The median number of prior therapies received was 2 (range, 0-9); 12 patients were elderly (aged 61 years) without prior therapy who were deemed unfit to receive standard cytotoxic chemotherapy. The median white blood count was 8.9 10 (range, 7.5-13.1 10) and the median bone marrow blast percentage was 56% (range, 0-99%). The median FLT3-ITD allelic burden was 0.73 (range, 0.34-0.93) Median time from diagnosis to treatment with sorafenib and azacytidine was 5.5 months (range, 3 days -27months); cytogenetics was unfavorable in 8 patients (13%), normal karyotype in 30 (48%), and miscellaneous in 24 (39%). Eight (14%) patients achieved a complete response (CR) with 7 patients (13%) achieving CR without platelet recovery (CRp) and 10 (18%) achieving CR without peripheral blood count recovery (CRi); 1 patient (1%) had partial response (PR). The overall response rate was 46%. The OS at 3 months and 12 months were 45% and 24%, respectively. FLT-3 ITD allele burden had no significant impact on overall survival (OS) [HR 0.93, 95% CI (0.79-1.10); p1⁄40.433]. The variables with significant and independent impact on OS were achieving CR/CRp/CRi [HR 0.183, 95% CI (0.77-0.435); p 1⁄4 0.000], and ECOG 2[HR 3.78, 95% CI (1.782-7.843)]. The only variable with a significant impact on the overall response rate was blast percentage [OR 1.025 (1.007-1.043); p 1⁄4 0.007]. FLT3-ITD allele burden had no impact on response rate [OR 0.63 (0.21-1.83) p 1⁄4 0.394]. Conclusion: The FLT3-ITD allele burden in patients with relapsed, refractory, or high-risk untreated AML does not have an impact on the response rate or survival.
Modeling Scientific Impact with Topical Influence Regression

When reviewing scientific literature, it would be useful to have automatic tools that identify the most influential scientific articles as well as how ideas propagate between articles. In this context, this paper introduces topical influence, a quantitative measure of the extent to which an article tends to spread its topics to the articles that cite it. Given the text of the articles and their citation graph, we show how to learn a probabilistic model to recover both the degree of topical influence of each article and the influence relationships between articles. Experimental results on corpora from two well-known computer science conferences are used to illustrate and validate the proposed approach.
Should Robots Be Personal Assistants

Modern technology is generating ethical problems relevant to all of us. It sounds almost laughable, but should robots become personal assistants? Do electrodes implanted in the brain with internet communication capability have implications for personal identity and control? Should care mean monitoring people? If a prosthetic limb gives a runner an advantage should he/she be permitted to compete against those without the advantage? This chapter will present a look at ethics in using technology in a few case studies of technology-generated problems of particular interest to the disability community and examine them using ethical tools drawing on a Common Morality approach to ethics.
Mass flow requirements for LFC wing design

The problem of determining optimum suction mass flow requirements for LFC wings is addressed. Some previous methods for predicting the extent of laminar flow over swept wings with suction are briefly reviewed. These range from the purely empirical to those utilizing tabulated linear stability computations. The present method is described. This method solves the linear, incompressible stability equations by spectral techniques. The maximum temporal amplification of boundary layer crossflow and 2-D disturbances is determined for waves of a given frequency. Group velocities are used to integrate these amplification rates along the wing to yield the logarithmic amplitude ratio or 'N factor' of the disturbance. The 'N factor' calibration of a computer code utilizing this method is described, using experimentally determined transition data. The method is shown to be as consistent as previously used 'fixed wavelength' methods.
Establishing a measure of reproducibility of ultrahigh-resolution mass spectra for complex mixtures of natural organic matter.

This study describes a method for evaluating the reproducibility of replicate mass spectra acquired for complex natural organic matter (NOM) samples analyzed by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, with regard to both peak detection and peak magnitude. Because studies of NOM characterization utilize not only the emergence and disappearance of peaks but also changes in relative peak magnitude, it is important to establish that the differences between samples are significantly larger than those between sample replicates. Here, a method is developed for correcting strict signal-to-noise thresholds, along with a new scheme for assessing the reproducibility of peak magnitudes. Furthermore, a systematic approach for discerning when the comparison of samples by the presence or absence of peaks is appropriate and when it is necessary to compare based on the relative magnitude of the peaks is presented. A variety of 10 different types of NOM samples are analyzed in d...
Diversity and the Eurosphere

This paper offers reflections on the Eurosphere's proper object domain. It does so by reflecting on two interrelated questions: (1) what is the European public sphere?; and (2) how does diversity shape the character of the European public sphere?
Integrating a Research Problem in a Course in Applied Elasticity

An example of integrating a single research problem over a broad range of topics in a graduate-level course in applied elasticity (advanced strength of materials) is given in this paper. The research problem was obtained from an investigation of failures during the assembly of fulcrums of bascule bridges. Topics exemplified by using this problem included interference fits, axisymmetric problems, transformation of strains and stresses, comparison of failure theories, and the effect of temperature-dependent thermoelastic properties.
Molecular Layer Deposition of Titanicone Films using TiCl4 and Ethylene Glycol or Glycerol: Growth and Properties

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques were used to grow titanium-containing hybrid organic–inorganic films known as “titanicones” using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) and either ethylene glyc...
Ring-Shaped Hotspot Detection

Given a set of activity points (e.g., crime, disease locations), Ring-Shaped Hotspot Detection (RHD) finds ring-shaped areas where the concentration of activities inside is significantly higher than that outside. RHD is societally important for applications such as environmental criminology, epidemiology, and biology to investigate evasive patterns. RHD is computationally challenging because of the large number of candidate rings, non-monotonic interest measure, and cost of the statistical significance test. Previous approaches (e.g., spatial scan statistics tools) focus on simply-connected shaped areas (e.g., circles, rectangles) and can not detect statistically significant rings. In this paper, a novel algorithm, DGPLMR, is proposed to discover statistically significant ring-shaped hotspots based on the ideas of dual grid based pruning and best enclosing ring refining. Theoretical evaluation proves that the proposed approach is a correct approach (i.e., all outputs satisfy input thresholds) to detect ring-shaped hotspots. Case study on real disease data shows that the proposed approach finds ring-shaped hotspots which were not detected by the existing techniques. Cost analysis and experimental results on synthetic data show that the proposed approach with algorithmic refinements yields substantial computational savings.
4,5,5‐Trimethyl‐2‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐3‐one

[442913-23-7] C9H15NO (MW 153.22) (chiral auxiliary used in aldol reactions) Physical Data: mp 192–194 °C 143 ° (c 0.008, CHCl3). Solubility: sol toluene, alcohol, ether, and most organic solvents. Moderately soluble in pentane. Form Supplied in: white crystalline solid; not commercially available. Purification: dissolved in a minimum amount of hot pentane and concentrated on a hot plate. The solution is cooled to room temperature and then placed in a freezer for 1.5 h. The resulting slurry is filtered without rinsing. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special handling or storage precautions are necessary. There is no known toxicity. May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption and may cause skin or eye irritation.
Role of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes in regulating intracellular cyclic AMP in adenosine-stimulated smooth muscle cells.

Three phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes were separated by Mono Q h.p.l.c. column chromatography from the soluble fraction of a homogenate of pig aortic smooth muscle cells. The first peak of PDE activity was stimulated by calmodulin in the presence of calcium. The second broad peak contained at least two activities, which were sensitive to inhibition by CI-930 or rolipram respectively. The distribution of total cellular enzyme activity in different subcellular fractions was also determined. The majority (78%) of the total activity was present in the cytosolic fraction, 18% of activity was in a membrane-bound form and 4% of activity was associated with the cytoskeleton. Rolipram-sensitive PDE was present predominantly in the cytosolic fraction, whereas cyclic GMP-inhibited, CI-930-sensitive PDE was evenly distributed between the cytosolic and particulate fractions. All of the calmodulin-dependent PDE activity was found in the soluble fraction. CI-930 and rolipram enhanced, by 2-fold and 3-4-fold respectively, the adenosine-stimulated rise in cellular cyclic AMP level. The increase in cyclic AMP levels due to CI-930 or rolipram was dose-dependent. Removal of adenosine once cyclic AMP had risen resulted in a rapid fall in cyclic AMP levels even in the presence of rolipram and CI-930. M&B 22,948, the calmodulin-dependent PDE inhibitor, caused less than a 25% increase of the adenosine-stimulated cyclic AMP levels by itself, but it contributed substantially to controlling the cyclic AMP levels after the removal of adenosine when used together with CI-930 and rolipram. These phenomena suggested that all three PDE isoenzymes participated in modulating cellular cyclic AMP levels after adenosine stimulation, and that differential importance of the individual isoenzymes depends on cellular cyclic AMP levels.
Association Between Gambling and Exposure to Guns Among Cocaine-Using Women.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the association between gambling severity and exposure to guns among substance-using women recruited in the community. Data for these analyses come from the baseline phase of two community-based HIV prevention interventions conducted among alcohol and drug-using women in St. Louis, MO. Gun exposure was assessed using the Violence Exposure Questionnaire (VEQ), and DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG) symptoms and other psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule; The Composite International Diagnostic Interview Substance Abuse Module assessed DSM-IV substance dependence, including cocaine dependence and alcohol dependence. Women in the study were predominantly African American (80%), mean age was 35.70 years ±8.8. Women exposed to guns were significantly more likely than women not exposed to guns to have gambled with all consequences: without meeting PG criteria (21% vs. 15%); to meet 1 to 4 PG criteria (22% vs. 12%), ...
A theory of metric spatial inference

Efficient and robust spatial reasoning requires that the properties of real space be taken seriously. One approach to doing this is to assimilate facts into a "fuzzy map" of the positions and orientations of the objects involved in those facts. Then many inferences about distances and directions may be made by "just looking" at the map, to determine bounds on quantities of interest. For flexibility, there must be many frames of reference with respect to which coordinates are measure. The resulting representation supports many tasks, including finding routes from one place to another.
Noncholinesterase Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral Neurotoxicity: Muscarinic Receptors and Other Targets

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in the toxicity of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides, with particular emphasis on lower doses that are sublethal, but induce changes in cholinergic receptors, either by indirect modulation of ACh levels via AChE inhibition or by direct interaction with the receptor. Case studies are presented that suggest that some of the toxicities associated with OP insecticides may not involve AChE or cholinergic receptors. Inhibition of AChE and subsequent cholinergic dysfunction represent a common mechanism of toxicity after acute exposure to high levels of OP and CM pesticides. However, the range of toxicities among different compounds is broad, and the potency of a compound for the inhibition of AChE is not a good predictor of its toxicity. Furthermore, toxicities associated with repeated exposures to lower levels of OPs do not correlate well with AChE inhibition. These observations suggest that significant interaction of OPs and CMs with other critical molecules within the cell may be important in explaining some of the toxicity of these compounds not attributable to AChE inhibition. Examples are presented with AChE null mice, direct interactions with muscarinic receptors and other molecules, impairment of cognitive development in weaning rats, OP-induced airway hyperreactivity mediated by M2 receptors, and direct effects on axonal growth in cell culture. The case studies provide strong evidence that noncholinesterase mechanisms are involved in the toxicity of OPs, and they have identified important gaps in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these important classes of insecticides.
Collaboration and Trust Building Among Public and Private Actors

Using data from the I-Choose project, a study of coffee produced in Mexico and distributed and sold in Canada and the United States, this chapter analyzes three distinct traceability systems in relation to the ways in which each attempts to build and sustain trust. In each case, supply chain actors are working together to capture information about how and where their products are produced, aiming to provide this information to consumers. The ultimate goal in each system is the same: to demonstrate the quality of their product and earn a price premium. We find that institutional, calculative, and relational trust are used in different ways in each of the three systems, with distinct variations over time. Extrapolating from these cases, we find that providing consumers with sustainable supply chain information evolves dynamically over time with calculative trust less permanent and relational trust more permanent. Institutional trust appears to be the best way to communicate with consumers in international marketplaces.
Local, Regional, and Spinal Anesthesia in Ruminants

Local, regional, and spinal anesthesias are safe, effective, often more desirable procedures for ruminants than general anesthesia. Many procedures can be performed safely and humanely in ruminants using a combination of physical restraint, mild sedation, and local, regional, or spinal anesthesia. This article focuses on the use of local anesthetics for providing anesthesia for dehorning, procedures of the nose and eye, laparotomy, reproductive procedures, teat repair, and procedures on the distal limb. Local, regional, and spinal anesthesia techniques are safe effective methods for providing anesthesia for common surgical procedures and analgesia for painful conditions in cattle and small ruminants.
Mechanism of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 particle formation by hydrothermal refluxing synthesis

The nanocrystal-formation mechanisms of barium titanate (BaTiO3) particles in a hydrothermal refluxing process have been studied. The refluxing method allows in situ sampling and requires ambient conditions (i.e., temperature below the boiling point of solvent and atmospheric pressure). It was found that the formation of BaTiO3 from the amorphous precursor was a very rapid process. BaTiO3 nuclei were formed at around 75 °C, 15 min after the beginning of the hydrothermal reaction. Individual BaTiO3 particles with dimensions in the range of 70–130 nm were formed 5 min after the nucleation of nanocrystals. Further reaction for crystal growth proceeded by consumption of the remaining precursors and possible aggregation of BaTiO3 particles via Ostwald ripening. It is proposed on the basis of the microscopic observations that the in situ transformation mechanism, rather than dissolution–precipitation mechanism, is dominant in the early stage of BaTiO3 formation.
Endoscopic Forehead Lift

This chapter describes in detail the surgical steps involved in the endoscopic approach to brow lift and forehead rejuvenation. Endoscopic assistance is utilized in this procedure. The preferred authors’ method of scalp fixation with the Endotine (Coapt, Inc.) device is discussed, although other fixation techniques can be employed in lieu of the Endotine device. Details of the trans-blepharoplasty approach in conjunction with the top-down endoscopic approach are discussed. Indications, preoperative markings, surgical steps, postoperative care, operative dictation, and suggested readings are included.
State estimation using Gaussian process regression for colored noise systems

The goal of this study is to use Gaussian process (GP) regression models to estimate the state of colored noise systems. The derivation of a Kalman filter assumes that the process noise and measurement noise are uncorrelated and both white. In relaxing those assumptions, the Kalman filter equations were modified to deal with the non-whiteness of each noise source. The standard Kalman filter ran on an augmented system that had white noises and other approaches were also introduced depending on the forms of the noises. Those existing methods can only work when the characteristics of the colored noise are perfectly known. However, it is usually difficult to model a noise without additional knowledge of the noise statistics. When the parameters of colored noise models are totally unknown and the functions of each underlying model (nonlinear dynamic and measurement functions) are uncertain or partially known, filtering using GP-Color models can perform regardless of whatever forms of colored noise. The GPs can learn the residual outputs between the GP models and the approximate parametric models (or between actual sensor readings and predicted measurement readings), as a member of a distribution over functions, typically with a mean and covariance function. Lastly, a series of simulations, including Monte Carlo results, will be run to compare the GP based filtering techniques with the existing methods to handle the sequentially correlated noise.
Anti-pornography Narratives as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Religious Variation in the Effect that Pornography Viewing has on the Marital Happiness of Husbands

Using a mixed methods design that compares quantitative content analysis of popular religious magazines with statistical analysis of national survey data, we show how the anti-pornography narratives that are predominant within different religious traditions can influence the effect that pornography viewing has on the marital happiness of husbands within those traditions. More specifically, we propose a causal chain that explains how meso-level anti-pornography narratives can influence micro-level pornography-effect scripts and, in turn, influence the effect that pornography viewing has on the marital happiness of husbands. We suggest, then, that this kind of causal chain can be thought of as a type of self-fulfilling prophecy. However, instead of operating exclusively at the micro-level as self-fulfilling prophecies have typically been theorized as doing, we apply the notion of the self-fulfilling prophecy to the meso-level, so that rather than just considering how individual thinking can lead to individual outcomes, we also consider how collective thinking can lead to collective outcomes.
Optically Activated Delayed Fluorescence

We harness the photophysics of few-atom silver nanoclusters to create the first fluorophores capable of optically activated delayed fluorescence (OADF). In analogy with thermally activated delayed fluorescence, often resulting from oxygen- or collision-activated reverse intersystem crossing from triplet levels, this optically controllable/reactivated visible emission occurs with the same 2.2 ns fluorescence lifetime as that produced with primary excitation alone but is excited with near-infrared light from either of two distinct, long-lived photopopulated dark states. In addition to faster ground-state recovery under long-wavelength co-illumination, this “repumped” visible fluorescence occurs many microsceconds after visible excitation and only when gated by secondary near-IR excitation of ∼1–100 μs-lived dark excited states. By deciphering the Ag nanocluster photophysics, we demonstrate that OADF improves upon previous optical modulation schemes for near-complete background rejection in fluorescence dete...
Multifactorial risk index for prediction of intraoperative blood transfusion in endovascular aneurysm repair

Abstract Background In some institutions, the current blood ordering practice does not discriminate minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) from open procedures, with consequent increasing costs and likelihood of blood product wastage for EVARs. This limitation in practice can possibly be addressed with the development of a reliable prediction model for transfusion risk in EVAR patients. We used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database to create a model for prediction of intraoperative blood transfusion occurrence in patients undergoing EVAR. Afterward, we tested our predictive model on the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE) database. Methods We used the ACS NSQIP database for patients who underwent EVAR from 2011 to 2013 (N = 4709) as our derivation set for identifying a risk index for predicting intraoperative blood transfusion. We then developed a clinical risk score and validated this model using patients who underwent EVAR from 2003 to 2014 in the VSGNE database (N = 4478). Results The transfusion rates were 8.4% and 6.1% for the ACS NSQIP (derivation set) and VSGNE (validation) databases, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, age, and aneurysm diameter predicted blood transfusion in the derivation set. When it was applied on the validation set, our risk index demonstrated good discrimination in both the derivation and validation set (C statistic = 0.73 and 0.70, respectively) and calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test ( P = .27 and 0.31) for both data sets. Conclusions We developed and validated a risk index for predicting the likelihood of intraoperative blood transfusion in EVAR patients. Implementation of this index may facilitate the blood management strategies specific for EVAR.
Discovering Implicit Knowledge with Unary Relations.

State-of-the-art relation extraction approaches are only able to recognize relationships between mentions of entity arguments stated explicitly in the text and typically localized to the same sentence. However, the vast majority of relations are either implicit or not sententially localized. This is a major problem for Knowledge Base Population, severely limiting recall. In this paper we propose a new methodology to identify relations between two entities, consisting of detecting a very large number of unary relations, and using them to infer missing entities. We describe a deep learning architecture able to learn thousands of such relations very efficiently by using a common deep learning based representation. Our approach largely outperforms state of the art relation extraction technology on a newly introduced web scale knowledge base population benchmark, that we release to the research community.