cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assembly of fibronectin into extracellular matrix

Assembly of fibronectin into a fibrillar matrix is part of a complicated process by which the intracellular cytoskeleton determines the pattern of assembly of extracellular matrix and vice versa. Assembly is restricted to dimeric fibronectin molecules with intact amino-terminal modules and occurs at specialized cell-surface assembly sites. Cellular display of assembly sites is labile and requires that cells be under tension and have functional β1 integrins. Assembly is described as a stepwise event in which protameric dimers bind to assembly sites, multimerization occurs, and assembly sites are regenerated.
Carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. X. The decreased requirement for insulin-replaceable activity in serum for cell multiplication.

Experiments have been carried out to explain the decreased requirement for specific factor (s) in serum necessary for multiplication of chicken embryo fibroblasts infected and converted by avian sarcoma viruses. It has been shown that both uninfected and converted chicken cells in the G1 stage of the cell cycle are stimulated by one unit (molecule) of serum factor or insulin to continue through the cell cycle. In the absence of serum or insulin, uninfected cells continue to the next G1 stage and stop; converted cells continue through further divisions. Therefore, when the amount of serum is limiting for cell multiplication, the converted cells multiply more than uninfected cells.
Collaboration in parallel worlds

We present a novel paradigm for human to human asymmetric collaboration. There is a need for people at geographically separate locations to seamlessly collaborate in real time as if they are physically co-located. In our system one user (novice) works in the real world and the other user (expert) works in a parallel virtual world. They are assisted in this task by an Intelligent Agent (IA) with considerable knowledge about the environment. Current tele-collaboration systems deal primarily with collaboration purely in the real or virtual worlds. The use of a combination of virtual and real worlds allows us to leverage the advantages from both the worlds.
Posterior cortical atrophy: correlation between clinical, neuropsychological, magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography Imaging

Background Posterior cortical atrophy is a rare syndrome and considered to be a spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease. Cases of corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy Body, and prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, have also been described with such a syndrome. Despite the similar pathological findings seen in Alzheimer’s disease, patients with posterior cortical atrophy present with prominent visuoperceptual impairment which is disproportional to impairment in other cognitive domains. Frequently, these patients are initially seen in ophthalmology clinics due to their visual complaints, and often the diagnosis is delayed. Recently, Positron Emission Tomography based on the identification of amyloid burden in the brain gained momentum as a diagnostic imaging option in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Here we present a case of a 79 year old woman with a visual disturbance, and contrast her clinical presentation with neuropsychological testing and Magnetic Resonance and Positron Emission Tomography imaging to demonstrate the utility of diagnostic tools in patients with a presumed diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy.
Solvated Ion Evaporation from Charged Water Nanodroplets

The behavior of electrified droplets in an atmospheric environment and the mechanism of ion formation in electrospray ionization are the subject of continuing debate. Experimental evidence to decide between the various models of ion formation (e.g., ion evaporation, Coulomb explosion, and charge residue model) is not readily available and is especially scarce for nanometer-sized droplets. Even the morphology, the structure, and the dynamics of aqueous nanodroplets containing ionic solutes are poorly understood. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the effect of ions on the shape and structure of these droplets. We also followed the gas-phase formation of hydronium and glycine homologue ions from the disintegrating nanodroplets. Droplets up to 6.5 nm in diameter were studied using potentials for the peptides and water that accounted for their internal degrees of freedom. Validity testing of the model indicated good agreement between the calculated radial distribution functions for ...
EVALUATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE DEFORMABILITY MODULUS OF FRESH AND COOKED FISH FLESH

Specimens of fresh and cooked fish fillets of a variety of species were compressed by an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The output, converted to true stress-strain relationships, revealed an initial linear portion up to 20-40% strain. This enabled the calculation of the modulus of deformability from the slope. The curve continuation was concave upwards in raw specimens, most likely because of the development of hydrostatic pressure. In cooked specimens the continuation was mostly concave downward, possibly an indication of structural disintegration. Variations in the calculated moduli were large along the same fillets and among fillets of the same species.
Yield and yield components of spring-sown white lupin in the Southeastern USA

Management studies must be conducted to realize the full potential of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) as a grain crop for the southeastern USA. This experiment examined planting date, row spacing, and seeding rate effects on grain and biomass yield of spring-sown white lupin. In 1991 and 1992, field studies were conducted in northern Alabama on a Wynnville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Glossic Fragiudult), in central Alabama on a Hiwassee sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult), and in southern Alabama on a Lucedale fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Rhodic Paleudult). Treatments included three planting dates, three row spacings (17.5, 35, and 70 cm), three seeding rates (17.5, 35, and 52.5 seeds m -1 ), and two cultivars (Primorsky and Ultra). Prevailing weather allowed only one planting date in northern Alabama in 1991 and 1992. In the second year of the study, only one and two plantings were successful in central and southern Alabama, respectively. Grain yields averaged 551 kg ha -1 in 1991 and 604 kg ha -1 in 1992. Grain and biomass yield was always highest in northern Alabama. Planting date affected grain and biomass yield the most in central and southern Alabama in 1991. Decreased row spacing increased grain yields as much as 10 kg ha -1 per unit decrease in spacing. Grain yields increased as much as 19 kg ha -1 for every unit increase in seeding rate. Principal component analysis of yield components created factors branch, seed mass, and mainstem, which accounted for 57, 23, and 14% of the original variance, respectively. Factors branch and mainstem were highly correlated (r > 0.75) with grain and biomass yield. Seed mass and mainstem were highly correlated with harvest index (r > 0.65). For the southeastern USA, high yields in spring-sown white lupin will require (i) early seeding, (ii) narrow row spacing, and (iii) high seeding rates.
The 3He A-B interface

I review the experimental and theoretical situation regarding two problems connected with the transition between the superfluid A and B phases of liquid 3He, namely (1) what is the mechanism of nucleation of the strongly hypercooled first order transition between the two phases, (2) what factors govern the expansion of the stable B phase once formed, i.e. what determines the mobility of the A-B interface? It is concluded that in both cases there are a number of intriguing questions which at present remain unanswered.
Effect of Axial Swirl Vane Location on Combustion Dynamics

This paper reports the effect of changing the location of axial swirl vanes on premix combustion dynamics. Tests are conducted in a specially designed single-injector combustor operating at a pressure of 7.5 atmospheres and an inlet air temperature of 588K (600F). All of the tests are conducted using natural gas as the fuel. The air velocity and equivalence ratio are varied over an operating map for four different axial swirl vane positions in the premix nozzle. In contrast to earlier studies reported from this combustor, the fuel injection location is fixed. The results confirm the importance of the convective fuel time lag for the different swirl vane locations, but also show that changing the vane location at a fixed time lag can significantly affect the magnitude of the combustion oscillations.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Crystal Nucleation and Growth in Large Clusters of SeF6 from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

An account of a computer simulation of the nucleation kinetics and crystal growth during the freezing of a series of SeF6 clusters is presented. Although SeF6 has a stable monoclinic phase at the temperatures studied, the clusters froze initially to the body-centered cubic phase and then transformed to the low-energy structure. The temperature dependence of the nucleation rate obtained in the simulations is in approximate agreement with that predicted by the classical nucleation theory. A theoretical model of cluster crystallization that includes time-dependent nucleation and finite-size effects is proposed, applied, and found to accord well with the molecular dynamics (MD) data. Three order parameter profiles, namely, density, translational order, and molecular orientational order, were calculated for nuclei close to the critical size. The orientational order parameter is a new one, presented here for the first time. The translational order parameter shows a weak temperature dependence, while the orienta...
Metabolism of flumetsulam (DE-498) in wheat, corn and barley.

Abstract Flumetsulam (N-[2,6-difluorophenyl]-5-methyl(1,2,4)-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide) was metabolized by similar hydroxylation and glucose conjugation pathways in tolerant corn, wheat, and barley seedlings. Two primary monohydroxylated metabolites, N-[2,6-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl]-5-methyl(1,2,4)-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (M 1) and N-[2,6-difluorophenyl]-5-hydroxymethyl(1,2,4)-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (M 2) and a dihydroxylated metabolite N-[2,6-difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl]-5-hydroxymethyl(1,2,4)-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide (M 3) were isolated and identified by negative FAB/MS and proton NMR spectroscopy. Isolated secondary O-glucosides of metabolites M 1, M 2 and M 3 were tentatively identified by negative FAB/MS and/or β-glucosidase hydrolysis. Microsomal cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases responsible for flumetsulam hydroxylation were isolated from naphthalic anhydride- and ethanol-induced shoot tissues of etiolated corn, wheat, and barley seedlings. Enzyme activity required NADPH and molecular oxygen and was inhibited by carbon monoxide in the dark and by other cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Inhibition by carbon monoxide was reversed by light. Enzyme kinetic and inhibition studies suggested that different cytochrome P450 forms may be involved in flumetsulam hydroxylation at the 4-position on the 2,6-difluorophenyl ring (M 1) and the methyl group on the substituted pyrimidine moiety (M 2).
Thermodynamics of the Kondo Model

The exact thermodynamic equations of the Kondo model are solved in the scaling regime and the impurity magnetization, susceptibility, and specific-heat curves are obtained as functions of the temperature for different magnetic fields. This is done for the case where the impurity has spin \textonehalf{}, 1 and $\frac{3}{2}$.
Vesicular komatiites, 3.5-Ga Komati Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: inflation of submarine lavas and origin of spinifex zones

Komatiites of the 3.5-Ga Komati Formation are ultramafic lavas (>23% MgO) erupted in a submarine, lava plain environment. Newly discovered vesicular komatiites have vesicular upper crusts disrupted by synvolcanic structures that are similar to inflation-related structures of modern lava flows. Detailed outcrop maps reveal flows with upper vesicular zones, 2–15 m thick, which were (1) rotated by differential inflation, (2) intruded by dikes from the interior of the flow, (3) extended, forming a flooded graben, and/or (4) entirely engulfed. The largest inflated structure is a tumulus with 20 m of surface relief, which was covered by a compound flow unit of spinifex flow lobes. The lava that inflated and rotated the upper vesicular crust did not vesiculate, but crystallized as a thick spinifex zone with fist-size skeletal olivine. Instead of representing rapidly cooled lava, the spinifex zone cooled slowly beneath an insulating upper crust during inflation. Overpressure of the inflating lava may have inhibited vesiculation. This work describes the oldest vesicular komatiites known, illustrates the first field evidence for inflated structures in komatiite flows, proposes a new factor in the development of spinifex zones, and concludes that the inflation model is useful for understanding the evolution of komatiite submarine flow fields.
A research on controlling three-dimensional effect of the video frames obtained from stereo camera

In recent years, 3D TVs and the 3D video contents such as movie, commercial film, or drama are widely exploited for many people. Due to these developments, many people will want to make the 3D contents with 3D cameras, and share these contents by uploading them to the UCC website. However, some people can experience the visual discomfort and fatigue when they are watching 3D video contents on the 3D TV. The reasons why this phenomenon is happened may be cross-talk, vertically-misaligned video contents obtained from the uncalibrated cameras, the collision of the accommodation and convergence, or the excessive three-dimensional effect. In our works, we mainly focused on controlling three-dimensional effect by modifying the convergence distance between the left and right camera. To achieve this, we analyzed the feature of the parallel and toe-in camera, and the relationship between the three-dimensional effect and convergence distances. From these experiments, we determined the type of the camera alignment and the proper convergence distance that satisfies the tradeoff between three-dimensional effect and visual fatigue. Also, to reduce visual fatigue and utilize the determined convergence distance, the proposed camera calibration method was used. This calibrated stereo camera was applied to our manufactured multimedia tablet, so that it could provide the comfortable three-dimensional effect.
Internet Plagiarism: Developing Strategies to Curb Student Academic Dishonesty

Abstract The use of computers has made academic dishonesty easier. Powerful word processing programs allow students to easily “cut and paste” ideas from information they find on the Internet or other electronic media. It is difficult for faculty to document these sources or know whether the information is legitimate. Faculty can learn several techniques for identifying student papers that were plagiarized from the Internet or other technology sources. In addition, faculty can develop approaches to class assignments that minimize students' ability to use Internet sources inappropriately. The purpose of this paper is to explain the changing nature of plagiarism and to provide information that faculty can use to minimize students' academic dishonesty.
Refractoriness in Female Lizard Reproduction: A Probable Circannual Clock

Postreproductive Cnemidophorus uniparens maintained under free-running conditions of constant darkness for 7 months became reproductive at the same time as controls exposed to a long photoperiod. This lizard exhibits a pause in reproductive activity (refractory period) commencing in late summer in nature and terminating in mid-December in captivity. Both groups terminated refractoriness and started reproducing simultaneously in December despite maintenance of the experimental group in darkness since September. These results confirm the hypothesis that the refractory period in this lizard is under endogenous control.
Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive μ-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo

Opioid agonists and antagonists can regulate the density of mu-opioid receptors in whole animal and in cell culture. High intrinsic efficacy agonists (e.g., etorphine), but not lower intrinsic efficacy agonists (e.g., morphine), produce mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and can alter the abundance of mu-opioid receptor mRNA. Conversely, opioid antagonists substantially increase the density of mu-opioid receptors without changing its mRNA. Mu-opioid receptor up-regulation has been associated with decreases in the trafficking protein dynamin-2, whereas mu-opioid receptor down-regulation produces an increase in dynamin-2 abundance. To probe the differences between opioid agonist and antagonist-induced mu-opioid receptor regulation, the current study determined changes in mu-opioid receptor density using a combined radioligand binding ([3H] DAMGO) and quantitative Western blotting approach in mouse spinal cord. Furthermore, the differences between intermittent and continuous dosing protocols were evaluated. Continuous (7-8 days) s.c. infusions of naloxone (5 mg/kg/day) or naltrexone (15 mg s.c. implant pellet) increased mu-opioid receptor density in radioligand binding assays (approximately +80%) in mouse spinal cord and down-regulated dynamin-2 abundance (approximately -30%), but had no effect on the abundance of immunoreactive mu-opioid receptor. Continuous (7 days) s.c. infusion of etorphine (200 microg/kg/day) decreased immunoreactive mu-opioid receptor (approximately -35%) and [3H] DAMGO binding (approximately -30%), and concurrently increased dynamin-2 abundance (approximately +40%). Continuous (7 days) morphine infusion (40 mg/kg/day plus 25 mg s.c. implant pellet) had no effect on any outcome measure. Delivery of the same daily dose of etorphine or naloxone using intermittent (every 24 h for 7 days) s.c. administration had no effect on immunoreactive mu-opioid receptor, [3H] DAMGO binding or dynamin-2 abundance. These data indicate that mu-opioid receptor density, determined in radioligand binding assays, and immunoreactive dynamin-2 abundance are regulated by continuous, but not intermittent, opioid ligand treatment. Furthermore, the differential regulation of mu-opioid receptor abundance by agonists and antagonists in immunoblotting assays contrasts with changes in [3H] DAMGO binding. Taken together, these results suggest that etorphine-induced down-regulation may depend upon mu-opioid receptor degradation and changes in dynamin-2-mediated receptor trafficking. Conversely, antagonist-induced up-regulation does not require an increase in mu-opioid receptor synthesis and may entail conversion of receptors to an appropriate conformation to bind ligand, as well as changes in receptor trafficking.
National Trends in the Sources of Supply of Teachers in Special and General Education

This paper addresses the national quantity demand, supply, and shortage of special education teachers (SETs) in comparison to general education teachers (GETs). The main data source was the 1999–00 Schools and Staffing Survey. Results indicated that the total demand for SETs increased 38% from 240,000 in 1987–88 to 330,000 in 1999–00, a rate of growth greater than the 26% increase observed for GETs. For entering teachers, the reserve pool was the predominant source of supply of both SETs and GETs. However, only 46% of first-time SETs completed extensive teacher preparation with degree majors in their primary areas of teaching, whereas the comparable figure for GETs was 82%. As an indication of the inadequate supply of extensively prepared teachers in special education, about 28% of first-time teachers hired in special education positions had completed teacher preparation in general education. Finally, a modest decline in the supply of degree graduates in special education has occurred since 1997–98 in spi...
Scalability analysis and domain decomposition of large eddy simulations of ship wakes

Simulation of turbulent fluctuations in ship wakes is one of the complex applications of large eddy simulations in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Ship wake simulation requires extensive computations and large amounts of computer resources. The accuracy of ship wake prediction is limited by the memory of the workstation. We present the parallel implementation of large eddy simulations (LES) of a flat plane wake using a data domain decomposition technique for a cluster environment. We present the results of the implementation executed on a cluster of workstations. Also, we show how the implementation scales up with the number of workstations and that it is possible to obtain better accuracy by increasing the number of workstations in the cluster system. Moreover, we show how we can predict the number of workstations required to execute the simulation for given accuracy level based on the number of grid nodes, or estimate the execution time for a certain cluster.
Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and cellulose

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (intrinsic viscosity 0.59) and cellulose (Whatman) are compatible in up to 7.5% (w/v) solutions in trifluoroacetic acid and in mixtures of trifluoroacetic acid and methylene chloride. Evaporation of the solutions yielded films that did not contain cellulose per se, but rather partial esters of cellulose and trifluoroacetic acid. Clear films were cast from these solutions with compositions of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 PET. cellulose (w/w). Infrared spectra and DSC measurements indicate specific polymer-polymer interaction although two Tg were observed. Hydrolysis of the trifluoroacetate films to blends of PET and regenerated cellulose was accomplished by suspending the films in water at the boil. Infrared spectra indicate no interaction between the two polymers, although the films of the 50/50 and 25/75 PET. cellulose compositions were clear. The 25/75 composition, from its Tg and melting-point behavior appears to be a dispersion of very small-particle PET in a cellulose matrix. The 75/25 composition became opalescent during the hydrolysis and may be a dispersion of large-particle cellulose in a PET matrix. The regenerated cellulose appears to be a mixture of cellulose II and IV polymorphs.
Combustion of Syngas Fuel in Gas Turbine Can Combustor

Numerical investigation of the combustion of syngas fuel mixture in gas turbine can combustor is presented in this paper. The objective is to understand the impact of the variability in the alterna...
A bibliography of fieldwork in the ethnography of communication

In 1962, Dell Hymes proposed the project he subsequently named the ethnography of communication (Hymes 1961, 1962, 1964b). Its central motive was to create a theory of linguistic communication which is grounded in the comparative analysis of many communities and their distinctive ways of speaking. Just as there is a comparative politics, law, religion, and so forth, he said, so should there be a comparative analysis of “studies ethnographic in basis and communicative in scope” (Hymes 1964b:9). Such studies would be “whole ethnographies focused on communicative behavior” (1964b:9) and would be guided by, and subsequently used to guide the revision of, a descriptive framework which itself is a model of sociolinguistic description.
Magnetic properties of some carbonatites from Tanzania, East Africa

SUMMARY The magnetization of fresh natrocarbonatite lavas from Oldoinyo Lengai in Tanzania is dominated by small amounts of single- or pseudo-single-domain grains of a spinel in the solid solution series jacobsite (MnFe204)-magnetite (Fe304). Although this phase may acquire TRM before carbonatite lava crust has ceased being mobile, the Oldoinyo Lengai samples are good palaeomagnetic recorders of the field they cooled in. In comparison, samples from older carbonatites in Tanzania have very different magnetic mineralogies and unstable behaviour of remanent magnetization. There are two possible explanations for the contrast in magnetic properties. Recrystallization of fresh carbonatites during weathering may destroy the original remanence and lead to the production of various authigenic magnetic minerals. Alternatively, the different magnetic mineralogies may derive from distinct types of carbonatite magmas. Some older calcitic carbonatites may have associated magnetic anomalies that could be useful in prospecting for economically valuable minerals often associated with carbonatites.
High-voltage current and voltage sensors for a smarter transmission grid and their use in live-line testing and calibration

Various voltage and current sensing solutions including optical sensors, air-core coil based sensors, resistive-capacitive dividers, and hybrid solutions have gained increasing interest for use in the digital power grid. These sensors offer many attractive features including safe design, high accuracy and linearity, wide bandwidth, smaller size, and potentially low cost. Here, we will explore several applications of modern voltage and current sensor systems in the electric power industry, including their use for field calibration of conventional high-voltage instrument transformers.
The Impact of Technology Transfer Office Characteristics on University Invention Disclosure

The authors examine faculty disclosure of inventions, which is an important precursor of university licensing. The authors hypothesize that invention disclosure (ID) is an increasing function of R&D expenditures, faculty size, faculty quality, royalty share, and technology transfer office (TTO) independence from university funding. The authors also argue that, because TTO size is a measure of TTO agent research expertise, large TTOs should be able to build stronger relationships with a broader range of faculty, which should attract more faculties to disclose inventions. In addition, the creation of such strong TTO-faculty relationships requires tacit knowledge of faculty skills, interests, and motivations, and the acquisition of this knowledge takes time. Thus, TTO age should also positively influence ID. Analysis of data from 123 TTOs indicates that the number of IDs is positively related with federal R&D expenditures and TTO size, and negatively related with TTO funding independence. In contrast, faculty size, royalty share to inventors, and TTO age are positively and significantly correlated with the number of IDs only among universities with small TTOs, while faculty quality is positively and significantly correlated with the number of IDs only among universities with large TTOs.
IMPACTS OF AN EXOTIC DISEASE AND VEGETATION CHANGE ON FOLIAR CALCIUM CYCLING IN APPALACHIAN FORESTS

Because of the high calcium content of its foliage, Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) has been described as a calcium “pump” that draws calcium from deeper mineral soil and enriches surface soil horizons. However, over the last two decades an exotic fungal disease (dogwood anthracnose, Discula destructiva) has decimated populations of this once-common understory species. Its loss, combined with forest stand development, could alter intra-stand calcium cycling. We used data from long-term vegetation monitoring plots to examine the ecological role of C. florida in calcium cycling and to identify changes in annual foliar calcium cycling over a 20-year period between two sampling intervals, 1977–1979 (pre-anthracnose) and 1995–2000 (post-anthracnose). Published equations were used to estimate foliar biomass per species for five forest types: alluvial, typic cove, acid cove, oak–hickory, and oak–pine. Calcium concentrations derived from foliage samples were used to estimate annual foliar calcium production pe...
Tolerating faults in hypercubes using subcube partitioning

The authors examine the issue of running algorithms on a hypercube which has both node and edge faults, and they assume a worst-case distribution of the faults. It is proven that for any constant c, an n-dimensional hypercube (n-cube) with n/sup c/ faulty components contains a fault-tree subgraph that can implement a large class of hypercube algorithms with only a constant factor slowdown. In addition, the approach yields practical implementations for small numbers of faults. For example, it is shown that any regular algorithm can be implemented on an n-cube that has at most n-1 faults with slowdowns of at most two for computation and at most four for communication. This is the first result showing that an n-cube can tolerate more than O(n) arbitrarily placed faults with a constant factor slowdown. >
Breaking the speed and scalability barriers for graph exploration on distributed-memory machines

In this paper, we describe the challenges involved in designing a family of highly-efficient Breadth-First Search (BFS) algorithms and in optimizing these algorithms on the latest two generations of Blue Gene machines, Blue Gene/P and Blue Gene/Q. With our recent winning Graph 500 submissions in November 2010, June 2011, and November 2011, we have achieved unprecedented scalability results in both space and size. On Blue Gene/P, we have been able to parallelize a scale 38 problem with 238 vertices and 242 edges on 131,072 processing cores. Using only four racks of an experimental configuration of Blue Gene/Q, we have achieved a processing rate of 254 billion edges per second on 65,536 processing cores. This paper describes the algorithmic design and the main classes of optimizations that we have used to achieve these results.
The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: preliminary test of a theoretical model.

In this article, the authors propose a theoretical model of the relationship between physical height and career success. We then test several linkages in the model based on a meta-analysis of the literature, with results indicating that physical height is significantly related to measures of social esteem ( ˆ .41), leader emergence ( ˆ .24), and performance ( ˆ .18). Height was somewhat more strongly related to success for men ( ˆ .29) than for women ( ˆ .21), although this difference was not significant. Finally, given that almost no research has examined the relationship between individuals’ physical height and their incomes, we present four large-sample studies (total N 8,590) showing that height is positively related to income ( ˆ .26) after controlling for sex, age, and weight. Overall, this article presents the most comprehensive analysis of the relationship of height to workplace success to date, and the results suggest that tall individuals have advantages in several important aspects of their careers and organizational lives.
Concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton-pump inhibitor: a reality check

There are emerging reports supporting the fact that proton-pump inhibitors competitively inhibit the metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite and diminish its clinical efficacy, especially in patients on long-term dual antiplatelet therapy. In this article, we examine the current evidence and provide interpretation of the results along with practical recommendations for healthcare providers.
Expectancies for Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites

A random sample of 1418 (40.8% male) Hispanics and 501 (46.1% male) non-Hispanic Whites were surveyed about their behavioral expectations for driving under the influence of alcoholic beverages (DUI). Hispanics reported more often than Whites that the effects of DUI would be driving carelessly, being angry at other drivers, feeling nervous, losing the respect of friends, feeling guilty, feeling too tired to drive, and losing their self-respect. There were gender differences among Hispanics but not among Whites. Hispanic abstainers reported the likelihood of the various outcomes more frequently than drinkers although drinking status produced no statistically significant differences among non-Hispanic Whites.
Modulation of Intestinal Barrier Properties by Probiotics: Role in Reversing Colitis

Probiotic bacteria, commensals selected for their presumed therapeutic properties when ingested orally, have attracted increasing attention for their possible efficacy in a range of gastrointestinal disorders, including the inflammatory bowel diseases of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Since the barrier properties of the intestinal epithelium are believed to be compromised as a consequence (or perhaps as a cause) of intestinal inflammation, we hypothesized that probiotics might ameliorate such epithelial dysfunction as part of their spectrum of beneficial effects. We have used both cell line and animal models to test this hypothesis and show that two probiotics have significant effects on epithelial barrier properties, both at baseline and when deranged by inflammatory cytokines or in the setting of inflammation in a mouse model of colitis. Moreover, the probiotics also normalize epithelial ion transport function, which could also contribute to clinical efficacy. Overall, our studies extend the spectrum of functional effects attributable to probiotics, and may provide a rationale for their use in a range of gastrointestinal disorders associated with epithelial dysfunction.
Mechanism of killing of spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium by wet heat

Aims: To determine the mechanism of wet heat killing of spores of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium. Methods and Results: Bacillus cereus and B. megaterium spores wet heat-killed 82–99% gave two bands on equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The lighter band was absent from spores that were not heat-treated and increased in intensity upon increased heating times. These spores lacked dipicolinic acid (DPA) were not viable, germinated minimally and had much denatured protein. The spores in the denser band had viabilities as low as 2% of starting spores but retained normal DPA levels and most germinated, albeit slowly. However, these largely dead spores outgrew poorly if at all and synthesized little or no ATP following germination. Conclusions: Wet heat treatment appears to kill spores of B. cereus and B. megaterium by denaturing one or more key proteins, as has been suggested for wet heat killing of Bacillus subtilis spores. Significance and Impact of the Study: This work provides further information on the mechanisms of killing of spores of Bacillus species by wet heat, the most common method for spore inactivation.
Cutting through the complexity of cell collectives

Via strength in numbers, groups of cells can influence their environments in ways that individual cells cannot. Large-scale structural patterns and collective functions underpinning virulence, tumour growth and bacterial biofilm formation are emergent properties of coupled physical and biological processes within cell groups. Owing to the abundance of factors influencing cell group behaviour, deriving general principles about them is a daunting challenge. We argue that combining mechanistic theory with theoretical ecology and evolution provides a key strategy for clarifying how cell groups form, how they change in composition over time, and how they interact with their environments. Here, we review concepts that are critical for dissecting the complexity of cell collectives, including dimensionless parameter groups, individual-based modelling and evolutionary theory. We then use this hybrid modelling approach to provide an example analysis of the evolution of cooperative enzyme secretion in bacterial biofilms.
Hyaloclastites and the slope stability of Hawaiian volcanoes: Insights from the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project's 3-km drill core

Abstract Core samples recovered during the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP) drilling project reveal that the upper 1 km of the submarine flank of Mauna Kea is comprised mainly of hyaloclastites. Progressive, very low-temperature alteration of these hyaloclastites has been accompanied by systematic transformations in physical properties of these deposits. Hyaloclastite deposits which directly underlie ca. 1 km of subaerially-emplaced lavas are very poorly consolidated. But over a depth interval of ca. 500 m, compaction and, especially, precipitation of zeolitic, pore-filling cements associated with palagonitization of sideromelane, have eliminated porosity as well as promoted the consolidation of these hyaloclastites. The latter is reflected in unconfined compressive strengths which increase from mean values, respectively, of 2.5 and 4.6 MPa in weakly consolidated, smectite-rich hyaloclastites from the incipient (1080 to 1335 mbsl) and smectitic (1405–1573 mbsl) alteration zones, to a mean value of 10.0 MPa in the more highly consolidated hyaloclastites of the palagonitic zone of alteration (from 1573 mbsl to the bottom of the drill hole). Conversely, overlying, intercalated, and underlying lava flows are generally much less altered, and have mean compressive strengths which are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater then hyaloclastites at equivalent depths. The shear strengths of the hyaloclastites also increase with depth and grade of alteration, but are uniformly and substantially lower in the lavas. Those hyaloclastites exhibiting the highest grade of alteration (i.e., palagonitic) also exhibit the highest measured strengths, and thus the alteration of hyaloclastites appears to strengthen as opposed to weaken the flanks of the edifice. However, the contrast in strength between hyaloclastites and lavas may be a primary factor in localizing destabilization, and the zones of weak and poorly consolidated hyaloclastites may facilitate slumping by servings as hosts for shallow detachment surfaces on the unsupported flanks of these volcanoes.
Nursing Internships: Practicing Without a License

This article explores nursing internship programs offered by health-care systems that claim to ease the transition to practice for unlicensed nursing students and graduates. These internships are not associated with nursing courses or curricula but are stand-alone programs used to recruit nurses. The problems are the nurse interns' liability and misunderstanding of the licensure requirement and the health-care systems' promotion of practice without a license. The discussion includes the actions taken by the Indiana Board of Nursing to remediate this illegal practice.
Characterizing Recombination in CdTe Solar Cells with Time-Resolved Photoluminescence

Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) computer simulations demonstrate that under certain experimental conditions it is possible to assess recombination in CdTe solar cells in spite of the junction. This is supported by experimental findings that open-circuit voltage (Voc) is dependent on lifetime in a manner consistent with device theory. Measurements on inverted structures show that the CdCl 2 treatment significantly reduces recombination in the CdTe layer without S diffusion. However, S diffusion is required for lifetimes comparable to those observed in high-efficiency solar cells. The results indicate that substrate solar cells can be fabricated with recombination lifetimes similar to superstrate cells
Success, Regret, and the Struggle for Balance

The genesis of this article was a conversation between the authors: M.I., a senior faculty member, and J.C., his primary care doctor and a midcareer faculty member. It addresses the challenges facing physicians today as they struggle to strike the proper balance between career and personal life; it also addresses the potential toll to oneself and loved ones when career success is placed above all other concerns.
Critical Experiments with Unmoderated Plutonium Oxide

The results and analyses presented are from the latest series of experiments in a continuing program for determining the critical parameters of plutonium mixtures having concentrations typical of wet powders, precipitates, slurries, and polymers. Previous measurements in this program were made on 15 H/Pu fuel having 240Pu isotopic concentrations of 2.2 and 8.08 wt% and on 5 H/Pu fuel having a 240Pu isotopic concentration of 11.46 wt%. This latest series of experiments was conducted with fuel in which the 240Pu isotopic content has been increased to 18.35 wt% and the H/Pu atomic ratio decreased to essentially zero. The minimum critical slab thickness for a water-reflected homogeneous PuO2-water system of this composition was determined to be 2.31 ± 0.06 cm as compared to only 1.15 ± 0.03 cm for Pu-water. Thus, having the plutonium in an oxide form at this degree of moderation results in an increase of about a factor of 2 in the critical thickness. For spherical geometry, the difference in critical mass bet...
A Two-stage Bootstrapping Algorithm for Relation Extraction

Bootstrapping has been empirically proved to be a powerful method in learning lexico-syntactic patterns for extracting specific relations such as book-author and organizationheadquarters. However, it is not clear how to adapt this method to extract more general relations such as the employment-organization (EMP-ORG) relation. Relations like EMP-ORG are actually a set of relations which involves many nominals such as executive, secretary, officer, editor and soldier. To address this challenge, we propose a two-stage bootstrapping algorithm in this paper. The first stage is a commonly used bootstrapping framework, starting with a small set of seeds (entity pairs) and a large corpus to learn relation patterns which are further used to extract more seeds. We combined it with a second stage bootstrapping which takes as input the relation patterns learned in the first stage and aims to learn relation nominals and their contexts. After the two-stage bootstrapping learning, we incorporate features extracted from learned nominals and their contexts into a state-of-the-art SVM based relation extractor and we observe a 2% gain in F-measure.
Interactive Clustering of Linear Classes and Cryptographic Lower Bounds

We study an interactive model of supervised clustering introduced by Balcan and Blum [7], where the clustering algorithm has query access to a teacher. We give an efficient algorithm clustering linear functionals over finite fields, which implies the learnability of parity functions in this model. We also present an efficient clustering algorithm for hyperplanes which are a natural generalization of the problem of clustering linear functionals over $$\mathbb R^d$$. We also give cryptographic hardness results for interactive clustering. In particular, we show that, under plausible cryptographic assumptions, the interactive clustering problem is intractable for the concept classes of polynomial-size constant-depth threshold circuits, Boolean formulas, and finite automata.
The Origins of the Most-Favored-Nation and the Open Door Policies in China

The opening paragraph in Mr. Campbell's excellent article on “American business interests and the Open Door in China, “published in the preceding number of the Quarterly, might leave the casual reader with the impression that the principle of the Open Door in China was no older than the year 1899. Actually, as has been pointed out by numerous authors, the principle of equality of opportunity for all nations in China, which constitutes the meaning of the Open Door in its broadest sense, goes back at least to the most-favored-nation clauses in the supplementary British treaty of 1843 and the American treaty of 1844.
Intrinsic Chirality and Prochirality at Air/R-(+)- and S-(–)-Limonene Interfaces: Spectral Signatures With Interference Chiral Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

We report in this work detailed measurements of the chiral and achiral sum-frequency vibrational spectra in the C-H stretching vibration region (2800-3050 cm(-1)) of the air/liquid interfaces of R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene, using the recently developed high-resolution broadband sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (HR-BB-SFG-VS). The achiral SFG spectra of R-limonene and S-limonene, as well as the RS racemic mixture (50/50 equal amount mixture), show that the corresponding molecular groups of the R and S enantiomers are with the same interfacial orientations. The interference chiral SFG spectra of the limonene enantiomers exhibit a spectral signature from the chiral response of the Cα-H stretching mode, and a spectral signature from the prochiral response of the CH(2) asymmetric stretching mode, respectively. The chiral spectral feature of the Cα-H stretching mode changes sign from R-(+)-limonene to S-(-)-limonene surfaces, and disappears for the RS racemic mixture surface. While the prochiral spectral feature of the CH(2) asymmetric stretching mode is the same for R-(+)-limonene and S-(-)-limonene surfaces, and also surprisingly remains the same for the RS racemic mixture surface. Therefore, the structures of the R-(+)-limonene and the S-(-)-limonene at the liquid interfaces are nevertheless not mirror images to each other, even though the corresponding groups have the same tilt angle from the interfacial normal, i.e., the R-(+)-limonene and the S-(-)-limonene at the surface are diastereomeric instead of enantiomeric. These results provide detailed information in understanding the structure and chirality of molecular interfaces and demonstrate the sensitivity and potential of SFG-VS as a unique spectroscopic tool for chirality characterization and chiral recognition at the molecular interface.
Photosynthesis, Photosynthate Partitioning, and Productivity of Temperate Forage Legumes

Forage legumes and grasses are the most important plants on earth. They can be utilized directly by grazing animals or fed following harvest and storage as hay or silage. When humans killed and consumed their first forage-eating animal, forages became an indirect source of human food. The importance of forage crops to humankind has progressively increased until they currently account for nearly 30% of the value added in U.S. agriculture. Forage legumes are of considerable value to agricultural productivity in addition to meeting non-food social goals such as environmental stewardship. Our research focuses on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the premier forage legume in North America.
Beta-blockers in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: type of beta-blocker matters

Letter to the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Leithead et al ,1 which showed that non-selective beta-blocker (NSBB) therapy was found to be beneficial for patients with ascites, and associated with reduced waitlist deaths even in those with refractory ascites. The study by Serste et al 2 was the first to suggest that NSBB therapy is associated with an increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites. This led to the NSBB ‘therapeutic window’ hypothesis that claimed that the window would close once a patient developed refractory ascites.3 However, the issue remains controversial as subsequent publications have shown disparate results. In a recent study by Bossen et al ,4 which compiled data from three randomised …
The Clinical Impact of the Psychotherapist's View of Human Nature.

As psychotherapists, we rarely examine the implicit or explicit notions about human nature that are built into our theories and treatment approaches. Aside from the controversial question of whether a scientific conception of human nature is now tenable or not, our unexamined views (including our unrecognized biases) hold powerful sway in our clinical activities as well as in our theoretical discourse. As a consequence, our unexamined views of human nature may adversely affect our conduct of psychotherapy. Comparing Freud’s view of human nature with that of Kohut, we can recognize their respective impact on the treatment process and its outcome.