cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions among multiple three-dimensional bodies in water waves: an exact algebraic method

This paper deals with three-dimensional water-wave diffraction and radiation by a structure consisting of a number of separate (vertically) non-overlapping members in the context of linearised potential flow. An interaction theory is developed which solves the complete problem, predicting wave exciting forces, hydrodynamic coefficients and second-order drift forces, but is based algebraically on the diffraction characteristics of single members only. This method, which includes also the diffraction interaction of evanescent waves, is in principle exact (within the context of linearised theory) for otherwise arbitrary configurations and spacings. This is confirmed by a number of numerical examples and comparisons involving two or four axisymmetric legs, where full three-dimensional diffraction calculations for the entire structures are also performed using a hybrid element method. To demonstrate the efficacy of the interaction theory, it is applied to an array of 33 (3 by 11) composite cylindrical legs, where experimental data are available. The comparison with measurements shows reasonable agreement. The present method is valid for a large class of arrays of arbitrary individual geometries, number and configuration of bodies with non-intersecting vertical projections. Its application should make it unnecessary to perform full diffraction computations for many multiple-member structures and arrays.
Structure and Dynamics of Point Defects in Crystalline Silicon

Ab-initio theoretical methods are increasingly being used to study the properties of defects in covalent materials such as silicon. Static properties include potential energy surfaces, binding energies, and electronic structures. The dynamics involve diffusion, vibrational properties, and defect reactions. This paper describes a powerful combination of methods used to study the interactions involving vacancies, self-interstitials, and impurities in Si. The methods are Hartree-Fock in molecular clusters and density-functional based molecular-dynamics simulations in periodic supercells. Three examples of applications are discussed: 1. the dissociation of interstitial H 2 molecules by vacancies and self-interstitials. and the formation of H 2 * , 2. the aggregation of vacancies leading to the formation of the ring-hexavacancy (V 6 ), and 3. the trapping of interstitial copper at V 6 and the origin of the electrical activity of copper precipitates.
Hormonal responses to trauma

ObjectivesTo review the hormonal changes that have been reported after trauma, to define their etiologies, and to describe their consequences.Data SourcesLiterature review using MEDLINE and original data.Data SynthesisHormonal responses to trauma are bidirectional. Functional derangements include in
Trends in health care delivery. Where do they lead

Abstract There is a growing coalescence of preventive and curative services, of in-patient and ambulatory services and of diversified specialist services, all tending to be financed increasingly from single comprehensive funding mechanisms. There is also an increasing tendency to view the totality of health care facilities as a single community resource, with “community” crossing traditional governmental boundaries as one views efforts in health planning. These forces tend to indicate a new means of organization of health services and a new role for official health agencies. One possible organizational pattern is described, resulting in decentralizing those services of a personal nature to community-based comprehensive health care centers which would deliver the totality of services on a coordinated basis, leaving to central health authorities the functions of health surveillance, planning and resource allocation, standard setting and environmental protection.
E-cadherin upregulates expression of matrix macromolecules aggrecan and collagen II in the intervertebral disc cells through activation of the intracellular BMP-Smad1/5 pathway.

E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that mediates cell–cell adhesion and cell–matrix interaction. Although the E-cadherin has been shown to mediate a broad-ranging cellular signals and functions, its effects on matrix metabolism of intervertebral discs (IVDs) are unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of E-cadherin on IVD matrix synthesis using pharmacological and molecular biology methods. We showed that high levels of the E-cadherin are expressed in rabbits IVD cells. Our study indicates that the ectopic expression of E-cadherin can stimulate matrix anabolism of the IVD cells, which was evidenced by increased expression of the matrix macromolecules aggrecan and collagen II. We found that E-cadherin induces the expression of BMP-4 and BMP-7 genes and enhances Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Blocking BMP activity uses noggin suppressed E-cadherin-mediated upregulation of aggrecan and collagen II. Moreover, inhibition of Smad1/5 phosphorylation by dorsomorphin significantly repressed the E-cadherin induced expression of aggrecan and collagen II at the both mRNA and protein levels. Together this study demonstrates that the E-cadherin stimulates the synthesis of IVD matrix macromolecules aggrecan and collagen II through the induction of BMP genes and enhancement of the Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Thus E-cadherin may have value in the treatment of degenerated discs. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1746–1752, 2012
Modeling the tissue solubilities and metabolic rate constant (Vmax) of halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes

Experimental solvent:air and tissue:air partition coefficients for 25 halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes in saline solution; olive oil; and rat blood, muscle, liver, and fat tissues have been examined using theoretical molecular modeling techniques. The metabolic rate constant, Vmax, was also investigated by these techniques for 19 chlorinated compounds in this group. Two graph theoretical approaches (the distance method of Wiener and the connectivity index method of Randic, Kier, and Hall) and an approach utilizing ad hoc molecular descriptors were employed. Satisfactory regression models for solubility were obtained with both the Randic-Kier-Hall approach and the ad hoc descriptors approach. Fluorine substituents decrease tissue solubilities, whereas both clorine and bromine substituents increase tissue solubilities, with the relative influence being Cl < Br. Tissue solubilities can also be represented conveniently in terms of contributions from oil and saline solubilities, a procedure reinforced by factor analysis of the data. Equations derived by these methods adequately estimated the solubilities for eight additional compounds. No approach could successfully model Vmax for all 19 compounds, but a subset of 16 compounds was modeled using the connectivity indices. The equation is limited in its use but indicated future modeling directions for Vmax.
Raman spectroscopy of solid nitrogen up to 374 kbar

Abstract We measured the Raman spectrum of room-temperature solid nitrogen in a diamond cell at pressures up to 374 kbar. Only the molecular stretching mode was observed. The frequency of this mode appears to increase smoothly from 2340 cm-1 at 39 kbar to 2394 cm-1 at 374 kbar. Between about 50 and 120 kbar, the Raman line is split into a second, higher-frequency peak, which may be associated with molecular ordering in the solid. Measurements of broadening and splitting in fluorescence lines from the ruby pressure gauge indicate that solid nitrogen is reasonably plastic up to 130 kbar. We suggest that nitrogen might serve as a useful pressure medium.
Ab Initio Studies of the Ring-Opening Reaction of the Cyclobutene Radical Cation

The ring-opening reaction of the cyclobutene radical cation was studied by using Hartree−Fock and density functional theory as well as various correlated MO methods. The species involved in three d...
Changing concepts of ocular irritation evaluation: pitfalls and progress.

Abstract A series of studies has been carried out to evaluate methods of modifying existing ocular test protocols with the aim of reducing the numbers of animals used and lessening the severity of the response with the minimum effect on the predictive value of the tests. Initial studies showed that when the dose administered is reduced from 100 to 10 μl. the severity of the response is reduced but the rank order of severity of a series of test compounds is unchanged. This series of studies also demonstrates that the greatest source of variability in obtaining irritation scores is in the rabbit population and that the numbers of rabbits used per test can be chosen on the basis of the required degree of accuracy. In a related study it is shown that direct corneal application of the test material (10 μl) increases the corneal response but has no effect on the conjunctival response in comparison with reactions after application in the conjunctival cul-de-sac. Finally, a retrospective study was performed to determine whether severe skin irritation is predictive of a similar level of response in the eye. Of 60 compounds known to be severe skin irritants, only 39 are severe eye irritants whereas 15 are mild to non-irritants. The remainder were found to cause moderate responses in the eye. These data demonstrate that existing ocular irritation test protocols can be modified to use fewer animals under less extreme conditions without significant compromise of predictability. However, dermal irritation, determined using current test protocols, does not appear to be directly predictive of ocular irritation potential.
Genetic similarity of mates, offspring health and extrapair fertilization in house sparrows

High genetic similarity or dissimilarity between parents may result in viability consequences for offspring. However, because female choice of a social mate often reflects access to resources or male parental care, optimal genetic complementarity may be unattainable for social pairs. Thus, extrapair copulations may serve to increase offspring viability by allowing females to obtain sperm from males with more compatible genomes than those of social mates. We investigated whether parental genetic similarity influences offspring viability, including immunocompetence, in house sparrows, Passer domesticus. We also explored whether genetic similarity of social mates predicts the prevalence of young sired through extrapair fertilizations, and whether females enhance offspring viability by engaging in extrapair matings. We used DNA fingerprinting to estimate genetic similarity between social mates, and we assessed offspring viability using two measures of nestling immune response, the phytohaemagglutinin skin test and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, plus nestling body mass and hatching success. We found no associations between the genetic similarity of parents and offspring immunocompetence, mass or hatching success; however, parental genetic similarity was positively correlated with clutch size. Genetic similarity of social mates also did not predict the frequency of extrapair young. Furthermore, maternal half-siblings within broods of mixed paternity did not differ in immunocompetence. Thus, our results provide no evidence for enhancement of offspring viability as an incentive for female engagement in extrapair copulations.
Structural modeling and measurement theory

Abstract Notions of scale type and meaningfulness from the theory of measurement are applied to issues and problems in structural modeling. These notions are used to determine what front-end method to use to obtain variables for a structural model, and to analyze what scale types can be used to measure variables under a pulse process.
Inhibition of starch digestion by the green tea polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate

cope Green tea has been shown to ameliorate symptoms of metabolic syndrome in vivo. The effects could be due, in part, to modulation of postprandial blood glucose levels. Methods and results We examined the effect of coadministration of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, 100 mg/kg, i.g.) on blood glucose levels following oral administration of common corn starch (CCS), maltose, sucrose, or glucose to fasted CF-1 mice. We found that cotreatment with EGCG significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose levels after administration of CCS compared to control mice (50 and 20% reduction in peak blood glucose levels and blood glucose area under the curve, respectively). EGCG had no effect on postprandial blood glucose following administration of maltose or glucose, suggesting that EGCG may modulate amylase-mediated starch digestion. In vitro, EGCG noncompetitively inhibited pancreatic amylase activity by 34% at 20 μM. No significant change was induced in the expression of two small intestinal glucose transporters (GLUT2 and SGLT1). Conclusions Our results suggest that EGCG acutely reduces postprandial blood glucose levels in mice when coadministered with CCS and this may be due in part to inhibition of α-amylase. The relatively low effective dose of EGCG makes a compelling case for studies in human subjects.
Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C virus

Summary Significant advances in the diagnosis of HCV infection have been made since the virus was identified. Incorporation of both serological and molecular diagnostic techniques has vastly improved primary diagnosis of HCV. Now, emphasis is being placed on using HCV diagnostic assays, especially molecular assays, as tools to evaluate HCV disease and to guide therapy. In addition to serving as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, these assays can provide valuable information for use in clinical land epidemiological studies.
PLANITS: STRUCTURING AND SUPPORTING THE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING PROCESS

PLANiTS (Planning and Analysis Integration for Intelligent Transportation Systems) is a process-based computer system that supports a series of mutually interdependent steps progressing toward developing and programming transportation improvement projects. It is a tool that translates problems and goals to performance measures, examines possible competing and complementary transportation improvement actions, systematically evaluates the impacts of actions using models and knowledge, and supports human interactions between stakeholders. The PLANiTS methodology is nonincremental because it integrates existing knowledge about transportation with analysis using models with deliberation and issue resolution. To link planning and modeling, PLANiTS has a policy base that contains contemporary performance measures, an action base containing conventional and Intelligent Transportation Systems actions, a methods base that facilitates modeling, a case that has qualitative and quantitative information about historical cases, and a set of computer-based communications tools. This comprehensive methodology will likely expedite the implementation of intelligent technologies by systematically examining their trade-offs with more conventional transportation improvement actions. PLANiTS's structure, functionality, and application are described. Transportation improvement projects are represented as planning vectors in PLANiTS. A vector permits users to examine the effects of chosen transportation actions in terms of performance measures within an environment. Users must specify the actions, performance measures, and the environment, each in terms of their spatial, temporal, and user dimensions. Then they can analyze the planning vector with models and case-based reasoning. During the process of planning vector specification and analysis, stakeholders at different locations can communicate by sending and receiving messages and sharing the planning vector. Users at different locations can examine and review the results and iterate in an open and deliberative planning environment. Overall, PLANiTS facilitates transportation planning processes by combining analysis and deliberation.
Parents' views of the response of siblings to a pediatric hospitalization

In this study, parents describe siblings' adjustments to a brother's or sister's hospitalization. The families of children hospitalized for relatively usual, non-life-threatening reasons were investigated. The relationship between patterns of sibling participation and family structure and sibling response were explored. Sibling responses were studied through intensive interviews with parents. Interviews were conducted using semistructured interview guides and took place within 24 hours of the child's admission and again from 4 to 6 weeks after the child's discharge from the hospital. Families (N = 59) were divided into those in which siblings participated actively in adjusting to the hospitalization and those in which siblings were passive participants in the adjustment process. Sibling participation was discussed as a function of family structure. Parents reported few negative sibling responses to hospitalization. The quality of sibling response was related to the amount of change experienced.
Effects of Natural Barriers and Habitat on the Western Spread of Raccoon Rabies in Alabama

Abstract Although domestic animal transmission of rabies has largely been mitigated, the disease remains a concern in both Europe and North America where wildlife transmission has caused epizootics. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) rabies was established in Alabama, USA, in 1975, primarily in the southeastern corner of the state. However, with the exception of isolated events, rabies has not continued to spread westward across the Alabama River. We monitored movements of 100 radiocollared raccoons on 2 sites within hardwood and agriculture habitats in a rabies enzootic area east of the Alabama River, in managed pine habitat area west of the river where rabies sporadically occurs, and in a mixed pine hardwood area outside of the known rabies enzootic area to determine if raccoon movements and habitat use in certain habitat types and the presence of a river may serve as natural barriers preventing the western spread of rabies in Alabama. We also examined raccoon contact rates to determine if they influence disease t...
Studies on the Cardiomegaly of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Changes in size, morphology, and certain relevant biochemical components of hearts from spontaneously hypertensive and normal Wistar rats were studied comparatively. Groups of rats were killed at stages which represented developing and stable cardiac hypertrophy and approaching cardiac failure. Mitochondrial content was determined by comparing cytochrome oxidase activity per milligram of heart homogenate protein with cytochrome oxidase activity per milligram of heart mitochondrial protein. Based on the relationship of heart weight and body weight found in normotensive rats (hearts weight [mg] = 1.85 x body weight [g] + 287), left ventricular dimensions, and micrographs of left ventricular muscle fibers, hypertrophy of the hearts from the spontaneously hypertensive rats was conclusively demonstrated. Approximately 25% of the total heart protein was mitochondrial in both control and hypertensive rats; the percent increased during the period of rapid growth but subsequently decreased with age. The amount of heart mitochondrial protein was greater for spontaneously hypertensive rats relative to body weight but was not greater relative to heart weight. The maximum increase in heart mitochondria relative to body weight was observed in 6-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats, whereas the maximum increase in heart weight occurred at 12 months of age. A decrease in heart weight occurred in 17-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats. No preferential retention of mitochondria was apparent during atrophy induced by starvation in either control or hypertensive rats.
Automated External Defibrillators in the Public Domain Am I Ready to Use One

The majority of deaths yearly in the United States (approximately 1 million) are the result of cardiovascular disease. Many of these deaths occur because of sudden and unexpected disturbances of the normal heart rhythm that result in ineffective pumping of the blood to the brain and other vital organs. Cardiac arrest from these life-threatening disturbances of the heart rhythm is a leading cause of disability and a major source of healthcare costs in the United States. It is estimated that more than 350 000 cases of cardiac arrest occur annually in this country. Cardiac arrest is usually caused by a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm called “ventricular fibrillation,” wherein the left chamber of the heart develops a very rapid rhythm that prevents blood from pumping out to the body and that is incompatible with life. Immediate therapy with defibrillation is the only effective treatment. Defibrillation involves delivering a shock to the chest wall through adhesive pads or paddles to reestablish a normal cardiac rhythm. Although standard defibrillators must be operated by trained medical personnel, automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are now available for use by trained medical and minimally trained lay personnel. Using AEDs can result in more cases of survival from cardiac arrest. To improve the prehospital care of victims of cardiac arrest, the American Heart Association has developed the Chain of Survival, wherein a sequence of interventions results in improved survival after a cardiac arrest. These steps include early access to the emergency medical services by calling 911, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) when needed, early defibrillation when indicated, and early advanced medical …
Measuring moisture content in cookies using dielectric spectroscopy

Real-time non-invasive moisture content sensing techniques are needed for online moisture measurement and control in food products. In this investigation, a dielectric spectroscopy based system is used for moisture determination in cookie dough. Experiments were conducted with a concentric ring dielectric sensor in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. The system is calibrated based on a linear model, where the functional dependence of capacitance on moisture content is determined. The calibrated system allows for both online moisture content sensing and moisture distribution profile imaging.
Management of the artificial airway

Management of the artificial airway includes securing the tube to prevent dislodgement or migration as well as removal of secretions. Preventive measures include adequate humidification and appropriate airway suctioning. Monitoring airway patency and removing obstruction are potentially life-saving components of airway management. Cuff pressure management is important for preventing aspiration and mucosal damage as well as assuring adequate ventilation. A number of new monitoring techniques have been introduced, and automated cuff pressure control is becoming more common. The respiratory therapist should be adept with all these devices and understand the appropriate application and management.
Teaching and Assessing Knowledge Integration in Science

Interactive visualizations combined with online inquiry and embedded assessments can deepen student understanding of complex ideas in science.
Dependence upon basis sets of trans hydrogen-bond 13C-15N 3-bond and other scalar J-couplings in amide dimers used as peptide models. A density functional theory study

We report B3LYP DFT calculations of trans H-bond scalar 1 3 C- 1 5 N 3-bond 3 h J-coupling constants using various basis sets on a model for peptide H-bonds formamide dimer. All four components to the J's (Fermi contact, FC, spin-dipole, SD, paramagnetic spin-orbit, PSO, and diamagnetic spin-orbit, DSO) have been calculated. These calculated couplings are reasonably independent of basis set except for small basis sets and are dominated by the FC terms. Other trans H-bond couplings (one-bond 1 7 O- 1 H 1 h J; and the two-bond 1 3 C- 1 H and 1 5 N- 1 7 O 2 h J's) have also been calculated by the same methods. Their dependencies upon basis set, relative dominance by the FC terms, and potential utility for peptide structural studies are considered.
The Will to Persevere Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cingulate Gyrus

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to be involved in functions such as emotion, pain, and cognitive control. While studies in humans and nonhuman mammals have advanced our understanding of ACC function, the subjective correlates of ACC activity have remained largely unexplored. In the current study, we show that electrical charge delivery in the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) elicits autonomic changes and the expectation of an imminent challenge coupled with a determined attitude to overcome it. Seed-based, resting-state connectivity analysis revealed that the site of stimulation in both patients was at the core of a large-scale distributed network linking aMCC to the frontoinsular and frontopolar as well as some subcortical regions. This report provides compelling, first-person accounts of electrical stimulation of this brain network and suggests its possible involvement in psychopathological conditions that are characterized by a reduced capacity to endure psychological or physical distress.
In Vivo Assessment of Embryonic Cardiovascular Dimensions and Function in Day-10.5 to -14.5 Mouse Embryos

Embryonic cardiovascular function has been extensively studied in vivo in the chick embryo. However, the geometry of mammalian and avian hearts differs; the mammalian cardiovascular system is coupled to both yolk sac and placental circulations, and unique murine genetic models associated with structural and functional cardiovascular defects are now available. We therefore adapted techniques validated for the chick embryo to define cardiovascular dimensions and function in the mouse embryo. We bred C3HeB female and C57Bl/J6 male mice and ICR pairs for experiments on embryonic days (EDs) 10.5 to 14.5 (n=130 dams). After maternal anesthesia (pentobarbital, 60 mg/kg IP), laparotomy, and sequential regional hysterotomy, we exposed and then imaged individual embryos at 60 Hz (video) in the ventral and/or left anterior oblique views while maintaining uteroplacental continuity. We measured epicardial chamber dimensions and then calculated right and left ventricular elliptical volumes from areas. In addition, we m...
Single-Trial Analysis of the Auditory N100 Component

We have recently developed an iterative procedure based on independent component analysis to estimate single trial evoked potentials and used the procedure to analyze data obtained from normal subjects in response to a pure tone, with a whole-head 256-channel recording system. Our results show that new methodology can effectively remove most well-defined artifacts and background activity, and also provide improved estimates of specific components of the evoked potential. With respect to the N100 component, the processed single trials could be separated into two groups, one with trials having the same phase as the average response and another one with trials having the opposite phase, while the number of trials in each group had a very consistent spatial distribution across all subjects. Finally, the sources of the N100 component were primarily due to in-phase responses, while the out-of-phase responses had an antagonistic effect
Strategies for Managing Crop Production in Saline Environments: An Overview

SUMMARY Numerous strategies exist for managing crop production in salinity affected areas. In this article we summarize a combination of physical, chemical, and biological approaches for improving the agricultural productivity in salinized soils found around the globe. We present information on biological solutions found in plants when exposed to salinity including the physiological and biochemical responses of ion selectivity, cellular compartmentation, and synthesis of compatible osmotica. The use of both traditional methods and molecular genetics to enhance these protective responses of crop plants to salinity is discussed. These approaches, combined with management of soil salinity through leaching, chemical amelioration, and rotation of both crops and water have provided additional strategies for utilization of these salt affected lands. The articles following provide detailed information on the strategies outlined in this first paper. In addition, the readers will be brought up-to-date on the latest...
Psychopathology and Limbic Epilepsy: Relationship to Seizure Variables and Neuropsychological Function

Summary: Correlations were sought among psychopathologic, neuropsychological, and seizure variables in 21 patients with limbic epilepsy. Observer-based assessments, such as the Bear-Fedio Inventory, and self-report assessments of psychopathology were used. Self-reported psychotic experiences were associated with increased seizure frequency. Increased religiosity was noted in patients whose epileptic focus included the left side. Increased neuropsychological impairment was associated with several measures of psychopathology, including those related to thought disorder, psychoticism, and affective disturbance. RESUME Les auteurs ont recherche l'existence de correlations entre les parametres psychopathologiques, neuropsychologiques et critiques chez 21 patients presentant une epilepsie limbique. lls ont utilise des outils de mesure fondes sur l'observateur, comme l'inventaire de Bear-Fedio, et une auto-evaluation, pour les parametres psychopathologiques. La survenue d'episodes psychotiques signales par les patients etait associee a une augmentation de frequence des crises. Une religiositye plus importante a ete constatee chez les patients dont le foyer epileptique incluait le cote gauche. Une gene fonctionnelle neuropsychologique plus importante etait associee a plusieurs parametres psychopathologiques, incluant ceux qui sont relies a une perturbation de la pensee, un psychoticisme, et une perturbation affective. RESUMEN Se han buscado las correlaciones entre las variables psicopatologicas, neuropsicologicas y los ataques en 21 pacientes con epilepsia limbica. Han sido utilizadas evaluaciones psicopatologicas realizadas por el observador y por el propio enfermo, como el Inventorio Bear-Fedio. Las experiencias psicoticas descritas por el enfermo se asociaron a un incremento de la frecuencia de los ataques. Se encontro un incremento de la religiosidad en enfermos cuyo foco epileptico incluia el lado izquierdo. Se ha observado un incremento del trastorno neuropsicologico que se asocio a varias determinaciones de la psicopatologia incluyendo las que se relacionaban con trastoraos de pensamiento, psicoti-cismo y alteraciones afectivas. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei 21 Patienten mit limbischer Epilepsie (LE) wurde nach Korrelationen zwischen Psychopathologie, Neuropsychologie und Anfallsvariablen gesucht. Der Untersucher benutzte das Bear-Fedio-Material, der Patient einen Selbsteinschatzungsbo-gen zur Dokumentation der Psychopathologie. Selbst berichtete psychotische Erlebnisse waren mit einer erhohten Anfallsfrequenz vergesellschaftet. Starke Religiositat fand sich bei Patienten mit linksseitigem epileptischem Fokus. Die Zunahme neuropsychologischer Schwachen ging mit verschiedenen psychopathologischen Storungen wie Denkstorungen, Psychosen und Affektstorungen einher.
Political Ads and Citizen Communication

This study explores the role that political advertising plays in the democratic process by examining whether and how political ads encourage citizens to engage in communication activities in the campaign process. To examine this question, political ad tracking data were combined with a national daily survey collected during the 2000 election campaign cycle. The resulting ad volume data and individual communication behavior by geographic location and date allowed examination of how political advertising contexts influenced citizen communication. Results show that, in response to an influx of local political advertising, people sought more political information through television news programs, the Internet, and social networks. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Measurements of the voltage induced on an overhead power line 20 m from triggered lightning

Voltages induced on a 448-m power distribution line by eleven return strokes in three lightning flashes artificially initiated 20 m from one end of the distribution line and the corresponding vertical electric fields at 500 m have been measured. Two types of induced-voltage waveforms were recorded: oscillatory and impulsive. The former exhibit peak values that range from tens of kilovolts to about 100 kV; the latter show peak voltages nearly an order of magnitude larger. Both types of induced voltage waveforms were observed to occur for different strokes within a single flash. Relatively successful modeling of the oscillatory voltage waveforms is presented. Modeling of the impulsive waveforms proved unsuccessful, probably due to those waveforms being in part associated with a failure, perhaps an unexpected flashover, in the measuring system. >
Sentinel Physician Networks as a Technique for Rapid Immunization Policy Surveys

This study compared the use of mail and Internet surveys of sentinel networks of physicians with traditional random sample mail surveys for three national vaccine policy surveys. Three nationally representative sentinel networks of physicians were established (pediatricians, n = 427; general internists, n = 438; and family physicians, n = 433). Surveys of the sentinel networks were compared with simultaneous surveys conducted with random samples of the American Medical Association (AMA) Physician Masterfile. Response rates were 74% to 78% for sentinel surveys and 29% to 43% for traditional random sample surveys. Respondents to the two methods were generally comparable in demographic characteristics. While there were some differences in responses to survey topic questions, none of the differences were likely to affect policy decisions. Sentinel networks represent the opinions and experiences of physicians in a manner equivalent to traditional mail surveys and may provide a more efficient approach to conducting physician surveys.
Interplay Between Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and E2F-Dependent Transcription

Precise control of cell proliferation is essential for normal development and survival of all multi-cellular organisms. The deregulation of cell proliferation is a fundamental feature of all types of cancer. One of the key regulators of cell proliferation is the E2F transcription factor. E2F controls the expression of many genes that are required for cells to divide and elevated E2F activity is found in most tumor cells. The activation and inactivation of E2F are tightly linked to the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In normal cells, these connections allow the periodic oscillations in CDK cycle to be coupled with temporal programs of gene expression. Multiple CDK–cyclin complexes (including CDK1/2–CycA, CDK1/2–CycB, and CDK7–CycH) have been shown to directly phosphorylate E2F or its dimerization partner DP. However, in recent genetic studies, one of the strongest modifiers of E2F-dependent phenotypes was cdk8, a kinase that had not previously been linked to E2F. In this review, we summarize the effects of CDKs on E2F1 activity and describe a model that may explain the role of CDK8–CycC in E2F regulation. Since CDKs can both increase and decrease E2F activity, understanding the interplay between E2F and CDK–cyclin complexes may suggest therapeutic approaches to efficiently block cancer cell proliferation.
An Automated Multiresolution Procedure for Modeling Complex Arrival Processes

To automate the multiresolution procedure of Kuhl et al. for modeling and simulating arrival processes that may exhibit a long-term trend, nested periodic phenomena (such as daily and weekly cycles), or both types of effects, we formulate a statistical-estimation method that involves the following steps at each resolution level corresponding to a basic cycle: (a) transforming the cumulative relative frequency of arrivals within the cycle (for example, the percentage of all arrivals as a function of the time of day within the daily cycle) to obtain a statistical model with approximately normal, constant-variance responses; (b) fitting a specially formulated polynomial to the transformed responses; (c) performing a likelihood ratio test to determine the degree of the fitted polynomial; and (d) fitting to the original (untransformed) responses a polynomial of the same form as in (b) with the degree determined in (c). A comprehensive experimental performance evaluation involving 100 independent replications of eight selected test processes demonstrates the accuracy and flexibility of the automated multiresolution procedure.
Super-Nyquist sampling strategies

For the discovery of period variable stars using the Hubble Space Telescope an efficient and novel search strategy was developed. We present here a brief overview of the algorithm and its advantages as compared to strict Nyquist sampling.
Seasonal and long-term trends in the water quality of Florida Bay (1989–1997)

Analysis of 6 yr of monthly water quality data was performed on three distinct zones of Florida Bay: the eastern bay, central bay, and western bay. Each zone was analyzed for trends at hrtra-annual (seasonal), interammal (oscillation), and long-term (monotonic) scales. The variables TON, TOC, temperature, and TN : TF' ratio had seasonal maxhna in the summer rainy season; APA and Chl a, indicators of the size and activity of the microplankton tended to have maxima in the fall. In contrast, NO,-, NO,-, NH,+, turbidity, and DO,. were highest in the winter dry season. There were large changes in some of the water quality variables of Florida Bay over the study period. Salinity and TP concentrations declined baywide while turbidity increased dramatically. Salinity declined in the eastern, central, and western Florida Bay by 13.6%0, 11.6%0, and 5.6%0, respectively. Some of the decrease in the eastern bay could be accounted for by increased freshwater flows from the Everglades. In contrast to most other estuarine systems, increased runoff may have been partially responsible for the decrease in TP concentrations as input concentrations were 0.3-6.5 PM. Turbidity in the eastern bay increased twofold from 1991 to 1996, while in the central and western bays it increased by factors of 20 and 4, respectively. Chl a concentrations were particularly dynamic and spatially heterogeneous. In the eastern bay, which makes up roughly half of the surface area of Florida Bay, Chl a declined by 0.9 pg lit (63%). The hydrographically isolated central bay zone underwent a fivefold increase in phytoplankton biomass from 1989 to 1994, then rapidly declined to previous levels by 1996. In western Florida Bay there was a significant increase in Cbl a, yet median concentrations of Chl a in the water column remained modest (-2 pg 1-l) by most estuarine standards. Only in the central bay did the DIN pool increase substantially (threefold to sixfold). Notably, these changes in turbidity and phytoplankton biomass occurred after the poorly-understood seagrass die-off in 1987. It is lihely the death and decom- position of large amounts of seagrass biomass can at least partially explain some of the changes in water quality of Florida Bay, but the connections are temporally disjoint and the processes indirect and not well understood.
Bivalent orientation and behavior in crane‐fly spermatocytes recovering from cold exposure

At metaphase in crane-fly primary spermatocytes, the two sister kinetochores at the centromere of each homologue in a bivalent normally are adjacent and face the same pole; one homologue has all its kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) extending toward one pole and its partner has all its kMTs extending toward the opposite pole. In contrast, during recovery from exposure to 2 degrees C, one or both homologues in many metaphase bivalents had bipolar malorientations: all kMTs of one kinetochore extended toward one pole and some or all those of its sister extended toward the other. Metaphase sister kinetochores that had most of their kMTs extending toward the same pole were adjacent, and those with most extending toward opposite poles were separated from each other. Distances between homologous centromeres were similar to those in properly oriented bivalents. Maloriented bivalents were tilted relative to the spindle axis, and analysis of living cells showed that tilted configurations were rare during prometaphase in untreated cells but frequently arose in cold-recovering cells as initial configurations, then persisted through metaphase. This was in contrast to unipolar configurations of bivalents (configurations suggesting orientation of both homologous centromeres toward the same pole), which always reoriented shortly after the configuration arose. We conclude that in cold-recovering cells, bipolar malorientations are more stable than unipolar malorientations, and the orientation process is affected such that bipolar malorientations arise in bivalents upon initial interaction with the spindle and persist through metaphase.
Iron is iron 'til it is rust: Trade and Ecology in the Decline of West African Iron-Smelting*

Archaeological evidence and historical accounts have been used to examine the impact of trade and ecology on the decline of West African iron industries. Environmental changes including an increasingly desiccating climatic shift and widespread deforestation as a direct result of fuel procurement over centuries of iron-smelting and European coastal exploitation, seriously affected the survivability of these industries. While the increasing importation of European iron bars and other manufactured goods necessitated a certain amount of technological innovation, the only viable long-term response and adaptation to the ecological devastation became the increased reliance on imported supplies of iron.
Reduced macrophage infiltration and demyelination in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR5 following infection with a neurotropic coronavirus.

Studies were performed to investigate the contributions of the CC chemokine receptor CCR5 in host defense and disease development following intracranial infection with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). T cell recruitment was impaired in MHV-infected CCR5(-/-) mice at day 7 postinfection (pi), which correlated with increased (P < or = 0.03) titers within the brain. However, by day 12 pi, T cell infiltration into the CNS of infected CCR5(-/-) and CCR5(+/+) mice was similar and both strains exhibited comparable viral titers, indicating that CCR5 expression is not essential for host defense. Following MHV infection of CCR5(+/+) mice, greater than 50% of cells expressing CCR5 antigen were activated macrophage/microglia (determined by F4/80 antigen expression). In addition, infected CCR5(-/-) mice exhibited reduced (P < or = 0.02) macrophage (CD45(high)F4/80(+)) infiltration, which correlated with a significant reduction (P < or = 0.001) in the severity of demyelination compared to CCR5(+/+) mice. These data indicate that CCR5 contributes to MHV-induced demyelination by allowing macrophages to traffic into the CNS.
Fifth Grade Readers' Comprehension of Explicit and Implicit Connective Propositions1

Because many writers eliminate explicit connective words in order to reduce syntactic complexity and thereby increase comprehensibility, these studies were designed to investigate the effects of this elimination on reading comprehension. Sixty-four fifth graders of average reading ability each participated in one of two experiments. The explicitness of “because” in each of three experimental passages was manipulated in Experiment I by stating it explicitly in one version and implicitly in the other; in Experiment II, the explicitness of “after” was similarly manipulated. On the basis of current research in the area of discourse comprehension, it was predicted that the groups reading the passages in which the connectives were removed from the surface structure would recognize fewer of the connective concepts and recall fewer of the connected ideas than would the groups reading the passages in which the connective concepts were explicitly stated. The results indicated that the subjects did not generally com...
Biomechanical basis for lingual muscular deformation during swallowing.

Our goal was to quantify intramural mechanics in the tongue through an assessment of local strain during the physiological phases of swallowing. Subjects were imaged with an ultrafast gradient echo...
Challenges Associated With Using Large Data Sets for Quality Assessment and Research in Clinical Settings

The rapidly expanding use of electronic records in health-care settings is generating unprecedented quantities of data available for clinical, epidemiological, and cost-effectiveness research. Several challenges are associated with using these data for clinical research, including issues surrounding access and information security, poor data quality, inconsistency of data within and across institutions, and a paucity of staff with expertise to manage and manipulate large clinical data sets. In this article, we describe our experience with assembling a data-mart and conducting clinical research using electronic data from four facilities within a single hospital network in New York City. We culled data from several electronic sources, including the institution's admission-discharge-transfer system, cost accounting system, electronic health record, clinical data warehouse, and departmental records. The final data-mart contained information for more than 760,000 discharges occurring from 2006 through 2012. Using categories identified by the National Institutes of Health Big Data to Knowledge initiative as a framework, we outlined challenges encountered during the development and use of a domain-specific data-mart and recommend approaches to overcome these challenges.
Room Temperature 1.55µm Photonic Crystal Microcavity Lasers Integrated with AlGaAs Oxide Aperture

Room temperature lasing near 1.55?m was achieved from InGaAsP photonic crystal microcavity laser (PCML) integrated with an AlGaAs oxide aperture through wafer bonding and wet oxidizing 1.2?m thick Al0.98Ga0.02As materials. The threshold incident optical pumping power for PCML ranges from 6mW to 12mW, depending on the aperture size and lateral position in relative to the microcavity.
The accessory posterolateral nerve: an immunohistological analysis.

Background Recent endoscopic dissection studies have redefined the postganglionic pterygopalatine autonomic pathways suggesting that neurovascular rami, termed "accessory posterolateral nerves," project directly through the palatine bone to innervate the posterolateral nasal mucosa rather than traveling with trigeminal arborizations. The goal of this study was to characterize these accessory posterolateral nerves by immunohistochemistry to determine their morphology and composition. Methods This is an Institutional Review Board approved study in seven patients in whom the presence of accessory posterolateral nerves were surgically identified exiting the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and sampled. The presence of neural tissue was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin and S-100 protein staining. Nerves were then stained with anti-human choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT; 1:100) and anti-human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH; 1:100) followed by a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled secondary antibody to test for the presence of peripheral parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers, respectively. Human cadaveric sensory nerves were used as a negative control. Results All seven samples contained neural elements. Two specimens were also associated with arteries. All nerves were comprised of a single fascicle containing an approximately equal distribution of ChAT(+) and DBH(+) fibers. Conclusion This histological study supports prior descriptions defining a newly recognized neural pathway for innervation of the nasal mucosa. Our data confirm that these accessory posterolateral nerves project directly through the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and are composed of autonomic fibers. Recognition of this pathway may be exploited in the treatment of sinonasal disease resulting from autonomic dysregulation.