cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Challenges of Gender Representation in Latin America

This essay reviews the following works: Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaboration. By Tiffany D. Barnes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. viii + 274. $34.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781316507650. Women, Politics, and Democracy in Latin America. Edited by Tomas Dosek, Flavia Freidenberg, Mariana Caminotti, and Betilde Munoz-Pogossian. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Pp. v + 243. $87.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781349950089. Inclusion without Representation in Latin America: Gender Quotas and Ethnic Reservations. By Mala Htun. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. x + 226. $26.68 paperback. ISBN: 9780521690836. Women in Mexican Politics: A Study of Representation in a Renewed Federal and Democratic State. By Fernanda Vidal Correa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016. Pp. ix + 122. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781498534390. Gender, Institutions, and Change in Bachelet’s Chile. Edited by Georgina Waylen. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Pp. ix + 244. $101.64 hardcover. ISBN: 9781137501974.
Abstract A30: Claudin-4-dependent mechanisms of high-grade serous ovarian cancer progression

In The Cancer Genome Atlas, Claudins-3, -4, and -7 are highly expressed in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). While claudins-3 and -7 are often expressed at tight junctions, claudin-4 (CLDN4) appears to be cytoplasmic, both in normal cells where it is expressed rarely and in a model of HGSOC, often used to study cellular interactions in this disease, OVCAR3 cells. CLDN4 expression reduces response to paclitaxel and conveys worse overall survival. We, therefore, wanted to further elucidate CLDN4-dependent mechanisms of cancer progression and therapeutic response. To address CLDN4 biology, we utilized immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, loss-of-function studies, and several nonbiased approaches, including RNA-sequencing and proteomics. The IHC showed CLDN4 protein localized in the Golgi compartment with GM130 and around the cells at sites of cell-cell contact. Knocking down CLDN4 by 80% in OVCAR3 cells led them to undergo a transition from a more epithelial morphology to a mesenchymal phenotype (EMT). RNA-Seq analysis supports this morphologic interpretation by showing an increase in mRNA for genes coding for mesenchymal proteins such as fibronectin-1 (FN1), CD44, VIM, TNC, MMP2, and SNAI2 and a decrease in epithelial genes such as E-cadherin (CDH1), CD24, KRT18, and KRT19. RNA-Seq analysis of non-membrane protein kinases showed a 2-fold increase in PLAU, MSN, CAV1, CAV2, and EPHA2 and a 2-fold decrease in IGFBP2 and ERBB2, results that correlate well with the sensitivity of cancer cells to the BCR-ABL inhibitor, dasatinib. To determine the proteins that associate with CLDN4, we performed biotin ligase analysis (Bio-ID) fusing biotin protein ligase to CLDN4 and introducing the gene for the fusion protein into both OVCAR3 and OVCAR8 cells. Of the 36 proteins repeatedly more highly biotinylated in the presence of CLDN4-biotin ligase, 20 were identified as plasma membrane proteins and eight as Golgi localized by Gene Ontology analysis. Notably, we discovered a tyrosine protein kinase, YES1, to be biotinylated in both cell lines. YES1 is a poor prognostic indicator in HGSOC and promotes signal propagation following receptor tyrosine kinase activation, which contributes to a plethora of downstream outputs, including cell-cell adhesion and cell survival. These findings imply that CLDN4 expression is related to EMT and knockdown of CLDN4 could increase the sensitivity HGSOC to inhibitors such as dasatinib (BCR-ABL) or saracatinib (c-Yes). Citation Format: Patricia Webb, Margaret C. Neville, Heidi Baumgartner-Wilson, Miriam D. Post, Andrew Goodspeed, Benjamin G. Bitler. Claudin-4-dependent mechanisms of high-grade serous ovarian cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 13-16, 2019; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(13_Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
Patterns of Recurrence and Modes of Progression After Metastasis-Directed Therapy in Oligometastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer.

Purpose Metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) is increasingly used in castration-sensitive oligometastatic prostate cancer because it prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) and androgen deprivation free survival. Here we describe patterns of recurrence and identify modes of progression after MDT using SABR. Methods and Materials Two hundred fifty-eight patients with castration-sensitive oligometastatic prostate cancer (≤5 lesions at staging) were retrospectively identified from a multi-institutional database. Descriptive patterns of recurrence and modes of progression were reported. Other outcomes including median time to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence, time to next intervention, distant metastasis–free survival, overall survival, and biochemical PFS (bPFS) were reported. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable analysis was performed. Results Median follow-up was 25.2 months, and 50.4% of patients received concurrent androgen deprivation. Median time to PSA recurrence was 15.7 months, time to next intervention was 28.6 months, distant metastasis–free survival was 19.1 months, and bPFS was 16.1 months. Two-year overall survival was 96.8%. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with bPFS included age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; P = .04), N1 disease at diagnosis (HR, 2.00; P = .02), M1 disease at diagnosis (HR, 0.44; P = .01), initial PSA at diagnosis (HR, 1.002; P = 3 lesions]) occurring in 23.1% of patients. Conclusions After MDT, the majority of patients have long-term control or oligoprogression (class I or II). Recurrence tended to occur in osseous sites. These findings, if validated, have implications for future integration of MDT and clinical trial design.
BARYON LOADED RELATIVISTIC BLAST WAVES IN SUPERNOVAE

We provide a new analytic blast wave solution which generalizes the Blandford-McKee solution to arbitrary ejecta masses and Lorentz factors. Until recently relativistic supernovae have been discovered only through their association with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The blast waves of such explosions are well described by the Blandford-McKee (in the ultra-relativistic regime) and Sedov-Taylor (in the non-relativistic regime) solutions during their afterglows, as the ejecta mass is negligible in comparison to the swept-up mass. The recent discovery of the relativistic supernova SN 2009bb, without a detected GRB, opens up the possibility of highly baryon loaded, mildly relativistic outflows which remains in nearly free-expansion phase during the radio afterglow. In this work, we consider a massive, relativistic shell, launched by a Central Engine Driven EXplosion (CEDEX), decelerating adiabatically due to its collision with the pre-explosion circumstellar wind profile of the progenitor. We compute the synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons in the shock amplified magnetic field. This models the radio emission from the circumstellar interaction of a CEDEX. We show that this model explains the observed radio evolution of the prototypical SN 2009bb and demonstrate that SN 2009bb had a highly baryon loaded, mildly relativistic outflow. We discuss the effect of baryon loading on the dynamics and observational manifestations of a CEDEX. In particular, our predicted angular size of SN 2009bb is consistent with very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) upper limits on day 85, but is presently resolvable on VLBI angular scales, since the relativistic ejecta is still in the nearly free-expansion phase.
Abstract TP137: Characteristics of Perfusion Profiles in Patients With Chronic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion

Introduction: Internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion may cause an acute stroke or may remain asymptomatic for years. Differences in the perfusion characteristics between patients with acute sympto...
Four Opportunities for SE Ethics Education

Many software engineers direct their talents towards software systems which do not fall into traditional definitions of safety critical systems, but are integral to society (e.g., social media, expert advisor systems). While codes of ethics can be a useful starting point for ethical discussions, codes are often limited in scope to professional ethics and may not offer answers to individuals weighing competing ethical priorities. In this paper, we present our vision for improving ethics education in software engineering. To do this, we consider current and past curricular recommendations, as well as recent efforts within the broader computer science community. We layout challenges with vignettes and assessments in teaching, and give recommendations for incorporating updated examples and broadening the scope of ethics education in software engineering.
Towards modeling of human skilling for electrical circuitry using augmented reality applications

Augmented reality (AR) is a unique, hands-on tool to deliver information. However, its educational value has been mainly demonstrated empirically so far. In this paper, we present a modeling approach to provide users with mastery of a skill, using AR learning content to implement an educational curriculum. We illustrate the potential of this approach by applying this to an important but pervasively misunderstood area of STEM learning, electrical circuitry. Unlike previous cognitive assessment models, we break down the area into microskills—the smallest segmentation of this knowledge—and concrete learning outcomes for each. This model empowers the user to perform a variety of tasks that are conducive to the acquisition of the skill. We also provide a classification of microskills and how to design them in an AR environment. Our results demonstrated that aligning the AR technology to specific learning objectives paves the way for high quality assessment, teaching, and learning.
Antibody incidence and red blood cell transfusions in patients on daratumumab.

Background Daratumumab (Dara), an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody for hematologic malignancies, interferes with routine blood bank testing, specifically affecting the antibody screen and identification panels. In 2016, the AABB recommended performing a baseline phenotype or genotype before a patient (Pt) begins taking anti-CD38 to avoid this interference and potential problems with transfusion. The objective of this study was to assess red blood cell (RBC) utilization and subsequent incidence of alloimmunization to the transfused RBCs in patients receiving Dara. Methods and materials We monitored 244 patients taking Dara to determine their red blood cell transfusions and incidence of clinically significant antibody formation before and following administration of Dara. Poisson generalized estimating equations with log link were used comparing the post-Dara incidence and prevalence to those prior, with significance defined as p Results From September 1, 2015 to December 22, 2018, 244 patients on Dara were identified, of which 145 patients (59.4%) received a red blood cell transfusion. Antibody screens were performed on 97 of the 145 patients at least 2 weeks following RBC transfusion. Four of the total transfused patients (2.8% total, 4.1% patients with follow-up antibody screen testing) formed new clinically significant alloantibodies, which was not significantly different from Asare's hematologic incidence (p = .98/p = .49). Conclusions This study showed our patients on Dara did not form alloantibodies following RBC transfusion at a higher incidence than similar patient populations.
Airing Egypt’s Dirty Laundry: BuSSy’s Storytelling as Feminist Social Change:

In this paper, I examine alternative feminist activism and social movements in Egypt by analyzing BuSSy. BuSSy is a performance art group that hosts storytelling workshops and monologues of taboo a...
Transcriptional repression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit gene by androgen may involve direct binding of androgen receptor to the proximal promoter.

Abstract Testicular androgens suppress the synthesis and secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins, in particular, luteinizing hormone. This suppressive effect includes transcription of both the common alpha subunit gene and the unique beta subunit genes. Herein, we demonstrate that 1500 base pairs (bp) of proximal 5'-flanking region derived from the human alpha subunit gene and a shorter 315-bp segment of the bovine alpha subunit gene confer negative regulation by androgen to the gene encoding bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in transgenic mice. Cotransfection assays with human androgen receptor indicated that the 1500-bp promoter region of the human alpha subunit gene also confers androgen regulation (transcriptional suppression) to reporter genes in both pituitary and placental cell lines. This raises the possibility of a role for DNA binding in suppression of alpha subunit transcription by activated androgen receptor. Consistent with this possibility, we have used a gel-mobility shift assay to detect several high affinity binding sites for androgen receptor located in the proximal promoter of the human alpha subunit gene. The strongest androgen receptor binding site is located at approximately -101 in the proximal 5'-flanking region. This steroid receptor binding site overlaps another binding site that defines one of several contiguous cis-acting regulatory elements required for basal transcriptional activity. Thus, binding of activated androgen receptor to this region may block the binding of a requisite trans-acting factor and lead to an attenuation in transcription. We conclude that this interaction, which occurs directly at the level of the pituitary, represents one of several physiological avenues through which androgens regulate gonadotropin gene expression.
Growth of Nanophase Clusters and Potential Energy Minima: Hysteresis, Oscillations, and Phase Transitions

The structures of small Lennard-Jones clusters (local and global minima) in the range n = 30 - 55 atoms are investigated during growth by random atom deposition using Monte Carlo simulations. The cohesive energy, average coordination number, and bond angles are calculated at different temperatures and deposition rates. Deposition conditions which favor thermodynamically stable (global minima) and metastable (local minima) are determined. We have found that the transition from polyicosahedral to quasicrystalline structures during cluster growth exhibits hysteresis at low temperatures. A minimum critical size is required for the evolution of the quasicrystalline family, which is larger than the one predicted by thermodynamics and depends on the temperature and the deposition rate. Oscillations between polyicosahedral and quasicrystalline structures occur at high temperatures in a certain size regime. Implications for the applicability of global optimization techniques to cluster structure determination are also discussed.
The weak electroproduction of in electron–proton scattering

Abstract We obtain differential cross sections for the reaction e − +p→Σ 0 +ν e , for incident electron energies from 0.5 GeV to 6.0 GeV. This calculation is phenomenologically based and makes use of SU(3) and SU(2) relations. We obtain contributions of the individual form factors to the differential cross section and show that the vector current form factor dominates in the region of observability. We also obtain reaction rates for a standard set of conditions. Finally we compare this case with that for Λ production and discuss what might be learned from this reaction concerning the structure of the weak, strangeness changing, hadronic current.
Four Inner-Biblical Interpretations of Genesis 49:10: On the Lexical and Syntactic Ambiguities of עַד as Reflected in the Prophecies of Nathan, Ahijah, Ezekiel, and Zechariah.

The lexical and syntactic ambiguities of the word [inline-graphic 02] in Gen 49:10, the third verse of Jacob’s blessing to Judah, have helped to make that verse one of the most difficult cruxes in the Hebrew Bible. Ancient and medieval interpreters of the verse took [inline-graphic 03] as equivalent to English (1) “ever” (in the phrase “not ever”), (2) “forever” (in the phrase “not forever”), (3) “until” (indicating a point of cessation), and/or (4) “until (not to mention after)” (indicating a point of culmination). These four interpretations of [inline-graphic 04] correspond to three different ways of bracketing the word with the neighboring words in the verse. Two of the interpretations are joined together in an ancient double interpretation of [inline-graphic 05] that is reflected in Targum Onqelos and possibly also in 4Q252 (4QCommGen A) and the Testament of Judah . These ambiguities did not go unnoticed in the biblical period. During the course of that period, they gave rise to a number of distinct interpretations of the oracle, interpretations that are reflected in the prophecies of Nathan, Ahijah the Shilonite, Ezekiel, and Zechariah. Each interpretation corresponded to a different historical development: the rise of the Davidic dynasty in the time of Nathan; the decline of the Davidic dynasty in the time of Ahijah; the fall of the Davidic dynasty in the time of Ezekiel; and the limited renewal of Davidic leadership in the time of Zechariah. Thus, they allowed the oracle to adapt to the changing fortunes of the House of David, making it possible for each generation to adopt an interpretation that was suited to its own time.
Laughing Saints and Righteous Heroes: Emotional Rhythms in Social Movement Groups

Why do people keep fighting for social causes in the face of consistent failure? Why do they risk their physical, emotional, and financial safety on behalf of strangers? How do these groups survive high turnover and emotional burnout? To explore these questions, Erika Summers Effler undertook three years of ethnographic fieldwork with two groups: the anti - death penalty activists STOP and Catholic Workers, who strive to alleviate poverty. In both communities, members must contend with problems that range from the broad to the intimately personal. Adverse political conditions, internal conflict, and fluctuations in financial resources create a backdrop of daily frustration - but watching an addict relapse or an inmate's execution are much more devastating setbacks. Summers Effler finds that overcoming these obstacles, recovering from failure, and maintaining the integrity of the group require a constant process of emotional fine-tuning, and she demonstrates how activists do this through thoughtful analysis and a lucid rendering of their deeply affecting stories.
On the Clustering of Lyman Alpha Clouds

We examine the correlational property of $\lya$ clouds in detail and compare it to that of mass and galaxies. We show that the correlation strength of $\lya$ clouds is somewhat weaker than that of the underlying matter, which in turn is weaker than that of galaxies (biased galaxy formation). On the scales probed, $10-300$km/s, for $\lya$ clouds, we find that higher density, higher optical depth, higher column density regions are more strongly clustered than lower density, lower optical depth, lower column density regions. Thus, a consistent picture seems to emerge: the correlation strength for a given set of objects is positively correlated with their characteristic global density and the differences among the correlations of galaxies, $\lya$ clouds and mass reflect the differences in density that each trace. Significant positive correlations with a strength of $0.1-1.0$ are found for $\lya$ clouds in the velocity range $50-300$km/s. Among the correlational measures examined, an optical depth correlation function (Equation 5) proposed here may serve as the best correlational measure. It reasonably faithfully represents the true correlation of the underlying matter, enabling a better indication of both matter correlation and the relationship between galaxies and $\lya$ clouds. Furthermore, it appears to be an alternative to the conventional line-line correlation function with the virtue that it does not require ambiguous post-observation fitting procedures such as those commonly employed in the conventional line-finding methods. Neither does it depend sensitively on the observational resolution (e.g., FWHM), insofaras the clouds are resolved Conveniently, it can be easily measured with the current observational sensitivity without being contaminated significantly by the presence of noise.
CALYPSO: a novel software system for fault-tolerant parallel processing on distributed platforms

The importance of adapting networks of workstations for use as parallel processing platforms is well established. However current solutions do not always address important issues that exist in real networks. External factors like the sharing of resources, unpredictable behavior of the network and failures, are present in multiuser networks and must be addressed. CALYPSO is a prototype software system for writing and executing parallel programs on non-dedicated platforms, based on COTS networked workstations operating systems, and compilers. Among notable properties of the system are: (1) simple programming paradigm incorporating shared memory constructs and separating the programming and the execution parallelism, (2) transparent utilization of unreliable shared resources by providing dynamic load balancing and fault tolerance, and (3) effective performance for large classes of coarse-grained computations. We present the system and report our initial experiments and performance results in settings that closely resemble the dynamic behavior of a "real" network. Under varying work-load conditions, resource availability and process failures, the efficiency of the test program we present ranged from 84% to 94% bench-marked against a sequential program.
MRI Fundamentals: RF Aspects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon and provides a means of obtaining detailed, high-contrast images for use by the medical community for diagnostic purposes. MRI differs from other imaging technologies such as single-image X-ray computed tomography scans in that the technique uses nonionizing radiation, relying on static and slowly changing magnetic fields and electromagnetic (EM) energy (primarily in the highfrequency through very-high-frequency bands) to provide soft- and hard-tissue images with outstanding contrast that can be both static and dynamic in nature. High-resolution images of soft tissues from MRI can be obtained even though the wavelength of the EM energy is much larger than the feature size because the MRI process makes use of complex, spatially encoded, reradiated EM signals from the region of interest (ROI) rather than looking at the scattered energy on which other imaging techniques are based.
Topological analysis of the reovirus type 3 hemagglutinin

We previously showed that the reovirus type 3 hemagglutinin (HA) has distinct functional domains. For example, we identified one group of anti-HA monoclonal antibodies which only inhibited virus-mediated hemagglutination and another group which exclusively neutralized reovirus infectivity. Using competition radioimmunoassays, we now report that these functionally discrete domains on the reovirus type 3 HA correspond to discrete antigenic regions of the protein.
Mapping Brain Metabolites Using a Double Echo-Filter Metabolite Imaging (DEFMI) Technique

A double echo-filter metabolite imaging (DEFMI) technique was developed for spatial mapping of low-concentration metabolites in the human brain. This imaging technique simultaneously acquires two images from two individual metabolites, respectively, using conventional imaging acquisition. It provides (i) efficient water and lipid suppressions, (ii) the capability of collecting high-resolution metabolite images within a short time and creating a ratio image from two interesting metabolites within a single experiment, and (iii) flexibility and simplicity for experimental setup and data processing. The technique was examined by both phantom and human brain experiments at 4 Tesla. The results reveal that the DEFMI technique is promising for applications in metabolism studies aimed at investigating physiological and pathological questions.
Ambient gaseous leak detection using radial scanning computed tomography and optical remote sensing

We conducted a preliminary experiment in controlled ventilation chamber where a single source of Nitrous Oxide was released. A scanning Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP- FTIR) system acquired Path Integrated Concentration (PIC) data of 19 beams scanned in a radial non-overlapping beam geometry. Prior to the experiment we conducted a calibration procedure by creating a homogeneous atmosphere inside the ventilation chamber. The Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) algorithm, which fits parametric distributions rather than fitting individual pixel concentrations, was used to reconstruct two-dimensional concentration maps from this beam geometry. The preliminary results show that good reconstructions are possible with this approach. Further, our calibration procedure could be suitable for any open path optical remote sensing instruments. In contrast to the complex beam geometries proposed in the past for CT, this radial scanning technique could be applied directly to air monitoring data from a variety of current optical sensing instruments. This development could vastly broaden the application of CT to obtain rapid reconstructions of ambient air pollution data.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Drug interactions with antiretrovirals and warfarin

Importance of the field: Antiretroviral therapy exhibits significant potential to alter the metabolism of other medications. Warfarin is widely used for the management of clotting disorders and is prone to drug–drug interactions that can result in subtherapeutic anticoagulation or over-anticoagulation.Areas covered in this review: The mechanism and clinical significance of drug–drug interactions between warfarin and individual antiretrovirals are discussed. Literature searches were conducted in August of 2009 using multiple databases including Medline (1950 – 2009), EMBASE (1980 – 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 – 2009) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The following search terms were utilized: warfarin, HIV, antiretroviral, drug interaction, protease inhibitor (PI), non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), CYP2C9 and individual antiretrovirals by name. The manufacturers of PIs and NNRTIs were also contacted regarding unpublished ...
Neuroantigen-specific CD8+ regulatory T-cell function is deficient during acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS is thought to be T-cell-mediated, with prior research predominantly focusing on CD4+ T-cells. There is a high prevalence of CNS-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in MS patients and healthy subjects. However, the role of neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells in MS is poorly understood, with the prevalent notion that these may represent pathogenic T-cells. We show here that healthy subjects and MS patients demonstrate similar magnitudes of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to various antigenic stimuli. Interestingly, CD8+ T-cells specific for CNS autoantigens, but not those specific for control foreign antigens, exhibit immune regulatory ability, suppressing proliferation of CD4+CD25- T-cells when stimulated by their cognate antigen. While CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune suppression is similar between healthy subjects and clinically quiescent treatment-naive MS patients, it is significantly deficient during acute exacerbation of MS. Of note, the recovery of neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cell suppression correlates with disease recovery post-relapse. These studies reveal a novel immune suppressor function for neuroantigen-specific CD8+ T-cells that is clinically relevant in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and the intrinsic regulation of MS immune pathology.
Three-Dimensional Constituent Transport Models and the Study of Interannual Variability

An approach to using three-dimensional (3D) models to simulate realistic ozone variability is described. The technique represents planetary and tropospheric cyclonic scales accurately. Therefore, it is possible to define the origins of the dynamical variability of ozone. Then smaller effects, such as solar variability, can be evaluated against this realistic dynamical background.
The acceleration of hepatic regeneration by prior laparotomy.

Abstract Laparotomy, carried out 6 hr prior to partial hepatectomy, accelerates the initial rise and first peak of DNA synthesis by approximately 3 hr and the second peak by approximately 6 hr in the rat model. The effect is most striking in the 16-hr postresection liver in which [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation in animals stressed by prior laparotomy was >25 times that found in unstressed animals. These studies suggest that an initial phase of the response to hepatic resection may be initiated by nonspecific trauma which is of sufficient magnitude and administered at an appropriate interval prior to hepatectomy.
Temporal Correlation Between UV Radiation Locally-Inducible Tolerance and the Sequential Appearance of Dermal, Then Epidermal, Class II MHC+CD11b+ Monocytic/Macrophagic Cells

We performed a time course study in order to define the in vivo relationship between the induction of active suppression of contact sensitization and the presence of various cells in ultraviolet-exposed dermis and epidermis implicated in locally inducible immune tolerance: class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)+CD11b(lo)Gr-1- Langerhans cells (LC), class II MHC-CD45+CD3+ dendritic epidermal T cells, class II MHC+CD11b+Gr-1- monocytes or class II MHC+CD11b+Gr-1+ monocytic/macrophagic cells. Partial tolerance (50%) was first detectable 6 h after a single 72 mJ/cm2 ultraviolet B exposure and maximum tolerance at 48 h post-ultraviolet exposure. By flow cytometry, a low granularity LC subset had disappeared from the epidermis within 6 h after ultraviolet exposure, followed by a slower decrease in the high granularity Langerhans cells subset. Within the dermis at the 6-h time point, small numbers of infiltrating monocytic/macrophagic cells are already apparent. By 24 h post-ultraviolet exposure, at which time tolerance has increased to 70%, the infiltrating monocytic/macrophagic population had risen to 1.2% of the total dermal cell population and was observed for the first time in the epidermis along with other infiltrating leukocytes (i.e., polymorphonuclear leukocytes). By 48 h post-ultraviolet exposure, when a state of maximum tolerance is obtained, both constitutive epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cell populations were at or near their nadir of depletion. The infiltrating monocyte/macrophage population, however, exhibited a dramatic increase in the epidermis at 48 and 72 h. Thus, the ability to locally induce a state of in vivo tolerance is closely associated with the expansion of class II MHC+CD11b+Gr-1+ and -monocytic/macrophagic cells in the dermis and epidermis.
Experimental agents for skeletal imaging.

Of the experimental bone scanningagents discussed in this section, we feel that three deserve the most emphasis: technetium polyphosphate complex, Dysprosium HEDTA, and Erbium HEDTA. None is entirely perfect. Dysprosium at present is extremely difficult to produce. All of these agents require a chemical preparation in the laboratory. The advantages of each far outweigh their disadvantages and merit more investigation as potential substitutes for the radionuclides currently used. in skeletal imaging. Economically they are competitive with the radionuclides now in use.
Optimization of blazed quantum-grid infrared photodetectors

In a quantum grid infrared photodetector (QGIP), the active multiple quantum well material is patterned into a grid structure. The purposes of the grid are on the one hand to create additional lateral electron confinement and on the other to convert part of the incident light into parallel propagation. With these two unique functions, a QGIP allows intersubband transition to occur in all directions. In this work, we focused on improving the effectiveness of a QGIP in redirecting the propagation of light using a blazed structure. The optimization of the grid parameters in terms of the blaze angle and the periodicity was performed by numerical simulation using the modal transmission-line theory and verified by experiment. With a blazed structure, the sensitivity of a QGIP can be improved by a factor of 1.8 compared with a regular QGIP with rectangular profiles.
Topography of contextual modulations mediated by short-range interactions in primary visual cortex

Neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) respond differently to a simple visual element presented in isolation from when it is embedded within a complex image. This difference, a specific modulation by surrounding elements in the image, is mediated by short- and long-range connections within V1 and by feedback from other areas. Here we study the role of short-range connections in this process, and relate it to the layout of local inhomogeneities in the cortical maps of orientation and space. By measuring correlation between neuron pairs located in optically imaged maps of V1 orientation columns we show that the strength of local connections between cells is a graded function of lateral separation across cortex, largely radially symmetrical and relatively independent of orientation preferences. We then show the contextual influence of flanking visual elements on neuronal responses varies systematically with a neuron's position within the cortical orientation map. The strength of this contextual influence on a neuron can be predicted from a model of local connections based on simple overlap with particular features of the orientation map. This indicates that local intracortical circuitry could endow neurons with a graded specialization for processing angular visual features such as corners and T junctions, and this specialization could have its own functional cortical map, linked with the orientation map.
Second order elliptic boundary value problems in a domain with edges

(1981). Second order elliptic boundary value problems in a domain with edges. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 6, No. 9, pp. 1023-1042.
Cross-modal transfer and improvement of form discrimination

Abstract Two hypotheses about learning during improvement of discrimination were investigated in cross-modal transfer of training experiments. First-grade children were trained to discriminate among a set of letter-like forms and their performance in a similar second learning task in a different modality was evaluated. Half the S s learned visual discriminations first and tactual discriminations second; half learned tactual discriminations first and visual discriminations second. Results supported the hypothesis that learning dimensions of difference is basic to improvement in such discriminations and suggested that this learning can be transferred from one modality to another. The conditions under which prototype learning accompanies learning dimensions of difference and is transferred from one modality to another cannot be defined unequivocally.
Relationship between proteinuria and venous thromboembolism

Nephrotic syndrome is known to cause venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to urine loss of antithrombin III and activation of the coagulation system. We hypothesized that the degree of proteinuria may predict the development of VTE. This was a retrospective case-controlled study of in-patients urban academic teaching hospital from April, 2007 to March, 2009 and who had undergone an imaging study for VTE. All radiology reports (N = 1,647) for CT angiography of chest and Doppler sonogram of extremities were reviewed. The following data were collected: race/ethnicity, degree of proteinuria on urinalysis, serum protein and albumin levels, risk factors for VTE and renal function. The study population consisted of 284 patients with VTE and 280 age/sex matched controls. Relative to those who did not have proteinuria, patients who tested positive for protein had a 3.4-fold increased risk of VTE (odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95% confidence interval [2.4, 5.0]). The association was unchanged when adjusted for other risk factors. Patients with proteinuria may have an increased risk of venous thromboembolism.
Lessons learned from nitric oxide synthase knockout animals.

Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by 3 major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with complex and overlapping patterns of expression. This article presents several examples of how gene targeted mice lacking endothelial and neuronal isoforms have showed various roles of NO. Neuronal NOS knockout mice are resistant to global and focal cerebral ischemia, confirming a role for neuronal NO in cellular toxicity after stroke. Endothelial NOS knockout mice have increased susceptibility to stroke consistent with a vascular protective effect of NO. They are hypertensive and lack endothelium dependent relaxing factor activity. Analysis of cardiac function shows roles for NO in suppression of inotropic responses to β-adrenergic agonists and in mediating basal diastolic relaxation. Endothelial NOS knockout mice respond to vascular injury with increased neointimal proliferation, consistent with a physiological role for NO to suppress smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Structural patterns and molecular mobility inside the interface between an fcc solid and liquid n-octane

Abstract In this paper we present our results from a molecular dynamics study of n -octane liquids confined between planar 100 fcc solid surfaces. The systems studied were wide enough to develop a bulk-like region throughout the middle portion of the film between two well-separated interfaces. Our work focused on the effects of increasing solid-segment adhesion. For adhesive energies per segment much lower than the thermal energy (weak physisorption) the structure inside the interface and the mobility of octane molecules were found to be liquid-like and quantitatively not very different from the bulk. In strong physisorption cases (adhesive energy of 1–2 kT ) we observed the development of qualitatively new structural patterns inside the first interfacial layer. Octane chains lay flat on the surface, adopted very extended almost rod-like conformations and formed two-dimensional liquid crystalline domains with smectic order. The directions of these domains were set by the topography of the underlying solid matrix. For adhesive energies of about 1.5 kT per segment we witnessed a sharp transition from “horizontal” to “tilted” smectic domains. These structural patterns affected profoundly the dynamics of octane molecules. Chain desorption froze for adhesive energies higher than 1.5 kT and rotational relaxation times were at least three orders of magnitude higher than the bulk. However, translational diffusion parallel to the surface remained significant inside the first layer. Surface migration of octane molecules acquired gradually the characteristics of a one-dimensional random walk along the director of the chain's liquid crystalline domain.
Many-to-one contour matching for describing and discriminating object shape

We present an object recognition system that locates an object, identifies its parts, and segments out its contours. A key distinction of our approach is that we use long, salient, bottom-up image contours to learn object shape, and to achieve object detection with the learned shape. Most learning methods rely on one-to-one matching of contours to a model. However, bottom-up image contours often fragment unpredictably. We resolve this difficulty by using many-to-one matching of image contours to a model. To learn a descriptive object shape model, we combine bottom-up contours from a few representative images. The goal is to allow most of the contours in the training images to be many-to-one matched to the model. For detection, our challenges are inferring the object contours and part locations, in addition to object location. Because the locations of object parts and matches of contours are not annotated, they appear as latent variables during training. We use the latent SVM learning formulation to discriminatively tune the many-to-one matching score using the max-margin criterion. We evaluate on the challenging ETHZ shape categories dataset and outperform all existing methods.
Hybrid density functional theory with a specific reaction parameter: hydrogen abstraction reaction of trifluoromethane by the hydroxyl radical

Potential energy surfaces are developed and tested for the OH + CHF3 → H2O + CF3 reaction. The objective is to obtain surfaces that give calculated rate constants comparable to the experimental ones. The potential energy surfaces are constructed using hybrid and hybrid meta density functional theory methods (mPW1PW91, B1B95, and mPW1B95) with specific reaction parameters in conjunction with the 6–31+ G(d,p) basis set. The rate constants are calculated over the temperature range 200–1,500 K using variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunneling contributions. The hybrid density functional theory methods with specific-reaction-parameter Hartree-Fock exchange contributions (32.8–34.8% for mPW1PW91, 34.2–36.0% for B1B95, and 37.8–39.7% for mPW1B95, respectively) provide accurate rate constants over an extended temperature range. The classical barrier height for the hydrogen abstraction reaction is determined to be 6.5–6.9 kcal/mol on these potential energy surfaces, and the best estimate value is 6.77 kcal/mol.
The R&D, Manufacturing, and Marketing Competencies and Firm’S Global Competitive Position: An Empirical Study

Recently, significant research has been conducted investigating the relationships between three distinct competencies of the firm and its performance in the domestic market context. These competencies, namely innovation, marketing, and manufacturing, have been argued to be sources of competitive advantage to the firm (Droge, Vickery, and Markland 1995), as well as the determinants of the overall performance of the firm (Day and Wensley 1988). If these competencies are indeed key determinants of the attainment of competitive advantage in the domestic market, it is interesting to know to what extent these competencies are relevant predictors of the firm’S competitive position in the global market.
Prediction of thermal conductivity of nanostructures : Influence of phonon dispersion approximation

Abstract In this study, the influence of phonon dispersion approximation on the prediction of in-plane and out-of-plane thermal conductivity of thin films and nanowires is shown. Results obtained using the famous Holland dispersion approximation and the Brillouin zone boundary condition (BZBC) dispersion curves are compared. For (in-plane and out-of-plane) thermal conductivity predictions based on BZBC dispersion curves, new relaxation time parameters fitted from experimental data of bulk silicon thermal conductivity are reported. The in-plane thermal conductivity of nanostructures (films of thicknesses 20 nm, 100 nm, and 420 nm and nanowires of widths 22 nm, 37 nm, and 100 nm) in the temperature range 20–1000 K is calculated from the modified bulk thermal conductivity model by scaling the bulk phonon mean free path (MFP) by the Fuch–Sondheimer factor of boundary scattering developed for nanostructures with rectangular cross-section. The pseudo out-of-plane thermal conductivity of films of thicknesses 20 nm, 100 nm, and 420 nm and in the temperature range 150–1000 K is calculated from the solution of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for phonons by using the Discrete ordinate method (DOM), and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. In order to confirm the current results, the calculated in-plane thermal conductivity of silicon thin films and silicon nanowires are compared with existing experimental data. Moreover, due to lack of experimental and theoretical data of out-of-plane thermal conductivity of thin films, comparison of the DOM and MC simulation is performed. The current work shows that a drastic simplification of dispersion curves can lead to wrong prediction of both in-plane and out-of-plane thermal conductivities of nanostructures, especially for ultra thin nanostructures and/or at high temperatures. Comparison with experimental data of in-plane thermal conductivity of silicon thin films and silicon nanowires proves that more refined dispersion approximation such as the BZBC is well adequate for phonon transport calculations when confinement has negligible effect. Moreover, the comparison between the thermal conductivity in the out-of-plane direction and that in the in-plane direction enables one to quantify the anisotropy of thermal conductivity of the film.
Single Molecule Studies of DNA Replication Processivity Clamps

Efficient DNA replication requires processivity clamps, ring-shaped proteins that encircle the DNA and provide an anchor for DNA polymerase. In E. coli, the β clamp is a homodimer that is arranged in a head to tail fashion. In S. cerevisiae, PCNA is a homotrimer with a similar shape to β clamp but with very little sequence homology. Even though these clamps have been studied for a long time, the association affinities for the monomers and the rate constants for monomerization are not known. Both clamps are extremely stable, with estimated binding constants in the pM to nM range, so experimentally determining the dissociation constant for these clamps is difficult. We labeled the β clamp and PCNA with either one or two TAMRA dyes at each interface. The singly-labeled clamps can fluoresce, but the doubly-labeled clamps are quenched when in an oligomeric state and can fluoresce when monomers form. In order to investigate the dynamics of the dissociation of the clamps in equilibrium conditions, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). We found that β clamp did not dissociate appreciably at 1 nM and at room temperature, but it did when the concentration was lowered to 10 pM or when the temperature was increased to 40°C. We also found that PCNA dissociates at 1 nM over hours, with a calculated binding constant of 2935 nM∧2. The differences between the two clamps may indicate that they interact with clamp loaders via different mechanisms.
Performance analysis of hierarchical cache-consistent multiprocessors

Abstract This paper investigates the potential performance of hierachical, cache-consistent multiprocessors. We have developed a mean-value queueing model that considers bus latency, shared memory latency and bus interference as the primary sources of performance degradation in the system. A key feature of the model is its choice of high-level input parameters that can be related to application program characteristics. Another important property of the model is that it is computationally efficient. Very large systems can be analyzed in a matter of seconds. Results of the model show that system topology has an important effect on overall performance. We find optimal two-level, three-level and four-level topologies that distribute the bus traffic uniformly across all levels in the hierarchy. We provide processing power estimates for the optimal topologies, under a particular set of workload assumptions. For example, the optimal three-level topology supports 512 processors each with a peak processing rate of 4 MIPS, and provides an effective 1400 (1700) MIPS in processing power, if the buses operate at 20 (40) MHz. This result assumes 22% of the data references are to globally shared data and that the shared data is read on the average by a significant fraction of processors between write operations. Results of our study also indicate that for reasonably low cache miss rates (3% at level 0), and 20 MHz buses, the bus subnetwork saturates with processor speeds of 6–8 MIPS, at least for topologies of five or fewer levels. Finally, we present parametric results that indicate how performance is affected by one of the parameters that characterizes data sharing in the workload.