cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unimodality of partitions in near-rectangular Ferrers diagrams

We look at the rank generating function G λ of partitions inside the Ferrers diagram of some partition λ , investigated by Stanton in 1990, as well as a closely related problem investigated by Stanley and Zanello in 2013. We show that G λ is not unimodal for a larger class of 4-part partitions than previously known, and also that if the ratios of parts of λ are close enough to 1 (depending on how many parts λ has), or if the first part is at least half the size of λ , then G λ is unimodal.
DBOD-DS: Distance Based Outlier Detection for Data Streams

Data stream is a newly emerging data model for applications like environment monitoring, Web click stream, network traffic monitoring, etc. It consists of an infinite sequence of data points accompanied with timestamp coming from external data source. Typically data sources are located onsite and very vulnerable to external attacks and natural calamities, thus outliers are very common in the datasets. Existing techniques for outlier detection are inadequate for data streams because of its metamorphic data distribution and uncertainty. In this paper we propose an outlier detection technique, called Distance-Based Outline Detection for Data Streams (DBOD-DS) based on a novel continuously adaptive probability density function that addresses all the new issues of data streams. Extensive experiments on a real dataset for meteorology applications show the supremacy of DBOD-DS over existing techniques in terms of accuracy.
A Molecular Defect in Intracellular Lipid Signaling in Human Neutrophils in Localized Aggressive Periodontal Tissue Damage

Host defense mechanisms are impaired in patients with congenital neutrophil (polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)) defects. Impaired PMN chemotaxis is observed in localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), a familial disorder characterized by destruction of the supporting structures of dentition. In the present studies, we sought evidence for molecular events underlying this aberrant human PMN phenotype. To this end, PMN transendothelial migration and superoxide anion generation were assessed with LAP patients and asymptomatic family members, as well as patients with other chronic mucosal inflammation. PMN from LAP patients showed decreased transmigration across vascular endothelial monolayers (18 ± 12% of control, n = 4) and increased superoxide anion generation (358 ± 37%, p = 0.003). Gene expression was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarrays and fluorescence-based kinetic PCR. cDNA microarray and kinetic-PCR analysis revealed diminished RNA expression of leukocyte-type diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase α in PMN from LAP patients (4.6 ± 1.7 relative units, n = 6, p = 0.007) compared with asymptomatic individuals (51 ± 27 relative units, n = 7). DAG kinase activity was monitored by DAG phosphorylation and individual DAG molecular species were quantified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. DAG kinase activity was also significantly decreased (73 ± 2%, p = 0.007) and correlated with increased accumulation of 1,2-diacyl-sn-3-glycerol substrates (p = 0.01). These results implicate defects in both PMN transendothelial migration and PMN DAG kinase α signaling as disordered functions in LAP. Moreover, they identify a potential molecular lesion in PMN signal transduction that may account for their aberrant responses and tissue destruction in this disease.
Autologous lung-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in experimental emphysema.

Autologous lung-derived mesenchymal stem cells (LMSCs) were transplanted endoscopically into sheep with experimental emphysema to assess their capacity to regenerate functional tissue. LMSC lines w...
Studies of Mechanism of Cyproheptadine-induced Weight Gain in Human Subjects

Abstract Cyproheptadine has previously been shown to induce weight gain both in adults and children. The present study shows that this weight gain in normal adults is principally due to an increase in food intake, although a decrease in activity resulting from the sedative effect of the drug might play an additional minor role.
Olefin−Amino Acid Complexes of Platinum(II). 2. NMR Study of the Effect of Olefin Structure on the Stability and on the Stereoselectivity of Binding for η2-Coordinated Prochiral Olefins

The exceptional stereoselectivity of coordination (RS isomer favored) of the prochiral olefinic alcohol 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol in cis(N,olefin)-chloro(2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol)(sarcosinato)platinum(II), 1, prompted this investigation of the effect of olefin structure on the equilibrium constant for platinum binding (Kd) and on the stereoselectivity of coordination, as measured by Ki = [RR]/[RS], for 32 other monosubstituted ethylenes with the same chiral template. The only other olefins which show significant preference for the RS diastereomer (Ki < 0.5) contain hydrogen-bond acceptor atoms in close proximity to the N−H proton of the coordinated olefin which is cis to that nitrogen. Increasing the distance between the N−H proton and the proton acceptor atom by one C−C link has a dramatic effect on Ki. Almost no correlation was found between Kd and Ki, but a significant correlation between the formation constant, Kf, for formation of PtCl3(olefin)- species of 14 of the olefins and the 195Pt chemical shift sugg...
Microfluidic generation of a high volume fraction of bubbles in droplets

We present a microfluidic approach for the generation of water droplets containing a high volume fraction of gas bubbles and we provide a design principle for microbubble-based pressure sensing inside channels.
Theory on Heater Cross-Over in the False-Twist Texturing Operation:

A simple mathematical theory is proposed that suggests that heater "cross-over" in the false-twist texturing process is caused by an upset in the friction-tension balance of a threadline on the primary heater. This theory predicts that there are a number of finish and texturing variables that could be associated with heater cross-overs, and these predictions are consistent with many experimental observations of cross-over behavior that have been observed in practice. Further fundamental studies are required to test the theory and to achieve better understanding of heater cross-over mechanisms.
Certified Professionals: Cd4+Cd25+ Suppressor T Cells

Although negative selection in the thymus and induction of anergy in the periphery have been widely accepted as mechanisms for controlling autoreactivity, much less attention has been devoted to the role of suppressor T cells in mediating dominant immunologic self-tolerance. In 1995, Sakaguchi et al. 12 made the seminal observation that the transfer of CD4+ T cells which had been depleted of the minor subpopulation (10%) of cells that coexpressed the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) α-chain (CD25) to nu/nu recipients induced organ-specific autoimmune disease in the majority of recipients. Cotransfer of CD4+CD25+ cells with the CD4+CD25− cells prevented the development of disease. The CD4+CD25+ population was also shown to be solely responsible for the prevention of autoimmunity observed after mice are thymectomized on the third day of life 3. Rapid progress in the analysis of the regulatory function of the CD4+CD25+ T cell population was made by the development of in vitro model systems that mimicked the function of these cells in vivo 456. Although minor differences were observed in the results obtained by the different groups, it is widely accepted that these cells are both hyporesponsive and suppressive. Further studies demonstrated that the CD4+CD25+ T cells act through an APC-independent mechanism (7, and unpublished observations). Induction of suppressor activity requires that the CD4+ CD25+ cells be activated through their TCR, but once activated, they suppress T cell activation in an antigen-independent manner without a requirement for reactivation through their TCR. Therefore, we proposed 4 that CD4+ CD25+ cells represent a unique lineage of CD4+ T cells that function as “professional suppressor cells.” The publication in this issue of four papers dealing with different aspects of the function of CD4+CD25+ T cells clearly indicates that they have now received their “professional certification.”
DIVAs 4.0: A Multi-Agent Based Simulation Framework

In this paper we present DIVAs 4.0, a framework that supports the development of large-scale agent-based simulation systems where agents are situated in open environments. DIVAs includes high-level abstractions for the definition of agents and open environments, a micro kernel for the management of the simulation workflow, domain-specific libraries for the rapid development of simulations, and reusable, extendable components for the control and visualization of simulations. We illustrate the use of DIVAs through the development of a simple simulator where virtual agents are situated in a virtual city.
Global profiling of stimulus-induced polyadenylation in cells using a poly(A) trap

Polyadenylation of mRNA leads to increased protein expression in response to diverse stimuli, but it is difficult to identify mRNAs that become polyadenylated in living cells. Here we describe a click chemistry-compatible nucleoside analog that is selectively incorporated into poly(A) tails of transcripts in cells. Next-generation sequencing of labeled mRNAs enables a transcriptome-wide profile of polyadenylation and provides insights into the mRNA sequence elements that are correlated with polyadenylation.
Presumption and the transfer problem

Abstract The paper analyzes the classic question: Is there a presumption as to the direction the terms of trade will change when one country makes a transfer to another? The model incorporates nontraded commodities. The presumption is shown to depend upon (1) the causes of trade, whether due to differences in demand or supply, and (2) the sensitivity to price changes of demanders as opposed to suppliers.
Effects of a CO2-enriched atmosphere on the growth and competitive interaction of a C3 and a C4 grass.

Festuca elatior L., C3, and Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon, C4, were grown in mixed and unmixed cultures under 350 and 600 ppm CO2 for 112 days. High CO2 levels stimulated increases of total dry weight and leaf surface area in Festuca despite unfavorably high temperatures. In Sorghum, delay of leaf senescence and of floral initiation was attributed to high CO2 concentrations. Growth of unmixed cultures of Sorghum under 600 ppm CO2 was relatively poor because of an apparent interaction of high CO2 with self-shading. All instances of culturexCO2 interactions are offered in supported of the hypothesis that elevated CO2 levels will effect the competitive interaction of C3 and C4 species. Peak net assimilation rates of C3 and C4 plants were seasonally separated at 350 ppm CO2 but coincided at 600 ppm. Based on our observations of Festuca and Sorghum, we project that global CO2 enrichment may alter competitive balance between C3 and C4 plants and subsequently affect seasonal niche separation, species distribution patterns, and net primary production within mixed communities.
Infinite dimensional fock spaces and associated creation and annihilation operators

On considere les distributions temperees, #7B-S'(R n ), et l'espace des fonctions test de descente rapide, #7B-S(R n ). On definit les operateurs de creation et d'annihilation. On etudie les proprietes algebriques et topologiques de ces operateurs. On donne une representation noyau
Demands of Maternal Chronic Illness and Children’s Educational Functioning: An Exploratory Study

The study explored the associations between characteristics (e.g., type of illness, years of illness, time spent on managing illness related activities, and the extent of physical impairment) of maternal chronic illness, household income, demands of illness experienced by the patients and their families, and their children’s academic achievement. One hundred and fifty mothers who were diagnosed with chronic physical illness (e.g., diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, etc.) participated in this study by completing a questionnaire asking their medical condition, experienced demands imposed by their illness, as well as their children’s grades in school. The results indicated that years of illness, extent of physical impairment, time spent on managing illness related activities, and household income were significantly associated with the demands imposed by the mothers’ physical illness. Household income was found to be the most robust predictor of children’s grades in the sample of chronically ill mothers. Implications and limitations of the present study will be discussed.
One pontile, two pontili: the choir screens of Modena Cathedral

As a living monument, Modena Cathedral has been subjected to numerous alterations since its foundation in the eleventh century. The choir screens, or pontili, demarcating the edge of the presbytery are one part of the church that underwent radical changes as they were adapted, removed, reused, and replaced. The appearance of the first screen, consecrated in 1106, is disputed. A.C. Quintavalle's proposal that the Genesis scenes by Wiligelmo, currently on the facade, formed this monument has validity. A brief examination of the archaeological evidence, as well as the facades and eastern ends of other churches within Countess Matilda's territories, reveal the merit of his idea and lead to a hypothetical reconstruction of the original presbytery. Despite the damage incurred by the 1117 earthquake, Wiligelmo's screen was preserved, prominently displayed, and later replaced by the Campionesi, who refashioned the cathedral's east end. Their screen addressed new theological concerns and the rising preoccupation with Christ's body. In the early thirteenth century, the Campionesi adapted their earlier creation through the addition of a pulpit. This paper examines the series of extraordinary alterations at the threshold of the presbytery in order to understand how these monuments continued to actively engage the faithful. (pp. 673–685)
Heme-modification studies on horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract Synthetic horseradish peroxidases (donor: H 2 O 2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) were prepared from apoenzyme and modified heme. The synthetic enzymes containing proto-, meso- or deuteroheme or protoheme monomethyl ester reacted with stoichiometric amounts of hydroperoxides, to form Compound I with these synthetic enzymes. Other hydroperoxide-induced compounds such as Compounds II and III could also be formed with these synthetic enzymes. The optical spectra of these compounds were similar to those of the native enzyme, except for shifts in absorption maxima. The enzyme which contained protoheme dimethyl ester did not form these compounds under the same experimental conditions. Except for the protoheme dimethyl ester-containing enzyme, these synthetic enzymes reacted with heme ligands such as fluoride, cyanide, and carbon monoxide to form well-defined complexes and were converted into alkaline forms on raising the pH. The affinities of the enzyme for these ligands were similar to those of native enzyme. The pH at which the alkaline transition occurred was similar to that for the native enzyme, except for the protoheme monomethyl ester-containing enzyme which showed a considerably lower p K value. The enzymatic activities of the synthetic enzymes which contained meso-, deuterohemes in the oxidation of guaiacol were similar to that of the native enzyme. The enzyme which contained protoheme monomethyl ester showed only 20% of the activity of native enzyme, and the enzyme containing protoheme dimethyl ester showed no peroxidase activity. It was concluded that the side chains at positions 2 and 4 of the porphyrin ring were not essential for the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase, but that the free carboxyl groups at positions 6 and 7 were essential.
New modified Square Root and Schoolfield models for predicting bacterial growth rate as a function of temperature

A new modified Square Root model and two new modified Schoolfield models were evaluated for their ability to predict the growth rate ofYersinia enterocolitica as a function of temperature. The new Square Root model fits the data better than both the original Square Root model and the Zwietering Square Root model. Both new Schoolfield models, a six-and a four-parameter equation, fit the data better than the original Schoolfield model. The new four-parameter Schoolfield model was developed by removing the term describing low temperature inactivation from the new six-parameter Schoolfield model. Inclusion of the two extra parameters in the new six-parameter Schoolfield model (F=318) did not significantly improve the fit compared to the new fourparameter Schoolfield model (F=488).
The synthesis and properties of 6R-TaS2

Abstract We have synthesized the first large single crystals of 6R-TaS 2 and determined the structural, magnetic and electronic properties. This polytype is similar to 4Hb-TaS 2 and has intrapolytypic transitions at 311 K and 15 K.
1101 PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF HUMAN IgG ANTIBODY TO THE TYPE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) TYPE III

We determined the serum concentration of human IgG antibody against native eapsular polysaceharide of GBS type III which completely protected passively immunized 21 day old Swiss/Cox mice against lethal IP challenge with four clinical strains of GBS type III. Antibody was measured by ELISA, standardized by quantitative precipitation analysis of an affinity-chromatographed IgG fraction and corrected for non-precipitating antibody. The concentration of antibody in pools of mouse sera 24 hr after IM administration was proportional to the amount injected. A level of 1.3 μg/ml protected 97% (126/130) of mice from challenges between LD 80–96. Antibody to GBS type III did not provide protection from challenge with GBS types la and II.
Stochastic dynamic models and Chebyshev splines

In this article, we establish a connection between a stochastic dynamic model (SDM) driven by a linear stochastic differential equation (SDE) and a Chebyshev spline, which enables researchers to borrow strength across fields both theoretically and numerically. We construct a differential operator for the penalty function and develop a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) induced by the SDM and the Chebyshev spline. The general form of the linear SDE allows us to extend the well-known connection between an integrated Brownian motion and a polynomial spline to a connection between more complex diffusion processes and Chebyshev splines. One interesting special case is connection between an integrated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and an exponential spline. We use two real data sets to illustrate the integrated Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process model and exponential spline model and show their estimates are almost identical.
Preferential concentration of particles by turbulence

Direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence was used to investigate the effect of turbulence on the concentration fields of heavy particles. The hydrodynamic field was computed using 643 points and a statistically stationary flow was obtained by forcing the low‐wave‐number components of the velocity field. The particles used in the simulations were time advanced according to Stokes drag law and were also assumed to be much more dense than the fluid. Properties of the particle cloud were obtained by following the trajectories of 1 000 000 particles through the simulated flow fields. Three values of the ratio of the particle time constant to large‐scale turbulence time scale were used in the simulations: 0.075, 0.15, and 0.52. The simulations show that the particles collect preferentially in regions of low vorticity and high strain rate. This preferential collection was most pronounced for the intermediate particle time constant (0.15) and it was also found that the instantaneous number density was as much as 25 times the mean value for these simulations. The fact that dense particles collect in regions of low vorticity and high strain in turn implies that turbulence may actually inhibit rather than enhance mixing of particles.
On the Boundary-Layer Solutions for a Class of Vector Problems Containing a Small-Parameter

Abstract Differential inequality techniques are used to obtain the existence and approximations of boundary layer solutions for the nonlinear vector boundary value problem ϵy″ = ƒ(t, y, y′) for a ≤t≤b y(a) = Aandy(b) = B, where ϵ is a small positive parameter. The qualitative behavior of solutions for this class of problems is very sensitive to the growth rates of ƒ with respect to the derivative components y′i, i = 1, … n. A well-known componentwise Nagumo condition is weakened to allow certain components of ƒ, say ƒi, to grow at arbitrarily large rates in certain y′j, j ≠ i. An interesting consequence is the existence of solulions with boundary layers that are transcendentally small in thickness. These results are new and are obtained under relatively mild stability conditions imposed on the data as compared with other studies of this problem. Problems of this type arise in fluid dynamics.
Verification of LDA and seed generator performance

An essential step in the application of laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA) to turbulent flow research is to verify the capability of the measurement system to respond adequately to the anticipated velocity fluctuations. Problems of seed particle velocity fidelity can arise due to inadequate detectability of micron-size seed particles by the LDA system or improper seeding techniques. As a result of the present investigation, we caution that reported LDA measurements in piston engines could be in error. A convenient method to check for the occurrence of these problems is described.
A universal interpolative filter for low-pass and bandpass signals---CSINC interpolator

A FIR csinc interpolative filter design for bandpass signals is presented in this paper. The filter coefficients are calculated from the covariance of basis functions for the bandpass function space. They are invariant with respect to the samples of the input signals. The csinc model also works for low-pass signals as one of the design parameters approaches zero. The performance of the csinc filter is analyzed from the perspectives of accuracy, stability, and adaptation to noise in the samples. Comparisons are made between the csinc model and the existing interpolation models in the literature.
Diagnostic challenges in the myelodysplastic syndromes: the current and future role of genetic and immunophenotypic studies

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a clinically and pathologically diverse collection of hematopoietic neoplasms, most commonly presenting with peripheral cytopenias typically in the context of bone marrow hypercellularity. Mechanistically, at least in the early phases of the disease, this apparently paradoxical picture is primarily due to ineffective hematopoiesis, which is accompanied by a variety of morphologic abnormalities in hematopoietic cells. The identification of recurrent, clinically relevant cytogenetic defects in MDS has spurred the research of molecular mechanisms that contribute to its inception as well as to the development of heterogeneous subtypes. Although conventional cytogenetic analyses remain a diagnostic mainstay in MDS, the application of contemporary techniques including molecular cytogenetics, microarray technologies and multiparametric flow cytometry may ultimately reveal new diagnostic parameters that are theoretically more objective and sensitive than current morphologic approaches. This review aims to outline the role of genetic and immunophenotypic studies in the evaluation of MDS, including findings that may potentially influence future diagnostic classifications, which could refine prognostication and ultimately facilitate the growth of targeted therapies.
Effect of Worldmindedness among Professional Buyers upon Their Willingness to Buy Foreign Products

The Worldmindedness scale (W-scale) developed by Sampson and Smith was administered to 376 professional buyers by mail questionnaire to determine the incidence of worldmindedness among them and its...
Growth stimulating activity in bovine pituitary extract specific for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line.

We report the isolation of a bovine pituitary growth factor (MGF) for a rat mammary carcinoma cell line, 64-24, which was isolated from a highly hormone-dependent mammary tumor. The MGF has been partially purified by a series of Diaflo ultrafiltration membrane sievings, isoelectric focusing and Sephadex columns. The MGF has a molecular weight of approximately 1,000 to 2,000 daltons and has a U.V. absorption spectrum typical for a polypeptide. Its isoelectric point is approximately pH 3.8-4.0. The factor is heat stable. The growth stimulating activity of the MGF does not stimulate other rat cell lines (22-1, RMG or HTC lines) but is specific for the 64-24 mammary tumor cell line. The MGF is not among previously reported pituitary hormones or growth factors.
Structurally constrained hybrid derivatives containing octahydrobenzo[g or f]quinoline moieties for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors: Binding characterization at D2/D3 receptors and elucidation of a pharmacophore model

A series of structurally constrained analogues based on hybrid compounds containing octahydrobenzo[g or f]quinoline moieties were designed, synthesized, and characterized for their binding to dopamine D2 and D3 receptors expressed in HEK-293 cells. Among the newly developed constrained molecules, trans-octahydrobenzo[f]quinolin-7-ol (8) exhibited the highest affinity for D2 and D3 receptors, the (-)-isomer being the eutomer. Interestingly, this hybrid constrained version 8 showed significant affinity over the corresponding nonhybrid version 1 (representing a constrained version of the aminotetralin structure only) when assayed under same conditions (K(i) of 49.1 and 14.9 nM for 8 vs 380 and 96.0 nM for 1 at D2 and D3, respectively). Similar results were found with other lead hybrid compounds, indicating a contribution of the piperazine moiety in the observed enhanced affinity. On the basis of the data of new lead constrained derivatives and other lead hybrid derivatives developed by us, a unique pharmacophore model was proposed consisting of three pharmacophoric centers, two with aromatic/hydrophobic and one with cationic features.
Why we need wide-field imaging from space to understand galaxy formation

Abstract Space-based imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope has demonstrated the many advantages of viewing galaxies from outside the Earth’s atmosphere. Hubble has shown us the amazing complexity of galaxies in the nearby and high redshift universe in exquisite detail. However, because of the limited areas surveyed, the sample sizes remain relatively small. In order to go beyond “butterfly collecting” and unravel the underlying physical processes that shape galaxy formation, we need samples that span a broad range of environment as well as cosmic time, and that are large enough to sub-divide in many different ways. I discuss three broad science topics that would benefit from wide-field space-based surveys: (1) measuring the stellar mass assembly history as a function of morphological type and environment and directly constraining the galaxy merger rate; (2) understanding the connection between the processes that regulate star formation on sub-galactic scales and the overall global trends in star formation activity; (3) understanding the relationship between “normal” galaxies and AGN, and the processes that regulate black hole feeding and growth. I present quantitative predictions, based on a simple halo occupation model, for the field sizes needed to reduce the error due to field-to-field variance to less than 10%. For many of the populations of interest, this will require fields of ∼10–100 square degrees.
Stage III uterine sarcoma: Case report and literature review

Abstract A case of Stage III endometrial stromal sarcoma treated by combination of surgery, Adriamycin, and radiation therapy with survival of more than 5 years is presented. A literature review of Stage III uterine sarcomas reveals a survival rate of 7.1% (16/224). These patients are analyzed by extension of disease and treatment. This report confirms the poor prognosis of this disease and suggests that the best treatment may be aggressive combined management.
Feminism and the new women in public office

This paper addresses the question of why the ever-increasing numbers of women elected to state and local office give such low priority to issues related to the status of women. The paper surveys the sociology and political science literature to identify key variables which might account for so little change in the demographic characteristics and political priorities of women public officals. This review suggests that an increasing minority of women elected officials are feminist in the broadest sense and will support feminist policies as their numbers increase. These women are characterized by a newly legitimated ambition but dicriminated against by the political opportunity structure. The combination of ambition and thwarted opportunities considerably increases the probability of support for feminist policies.
Learning about calorimetry

Calorimetry deals with the energetics of atoms, molecules, and phases and can be used to gather experimental details about one of the two roots of our knowledge about matter. The other root is structural science. Both are understood from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale, but the effort to learn about calorimetry has lagged behind structural science. Although equilibrium thermodynamics is well known, one has learned in the past little about metastable and unstable states. Similarly, Dalton made early progress to describe phases as aggregates of molecules. The existence of macromolecules that consist of as many atoms as are needed to establish a phase have led, however, to confusion between colloids (collections of microphases) and macromolecules which may participate in several micro- or nanophases. This fact that macromolecules can be as large or larger than phases was first established by Staudinger as late as 1920. Both fields, calorimetry and macromolecular science, found many solutions for the understanding of metastable and unstable states. The learning of modern solutions to the problems of materials characterization by calorimetry is the topic of this paper.
Nanophotonics: Making the most of photons.

The performance of photodetectors based on quantum dots may be improved by exploiting a process called multiple exciton generation.
Biodegradation of the Nitramine Explosive CL-20

The cyclic nitramine explosive CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane) was examined in soil microcosms to determine whether it is biodegradable. CL-20 was incubated with a variety of soils. The explosive disappeared in all microcosms except the controls in which microbial activity had been inhibited. CL-20 was degraded most rapidly in garden soil. After 2 days of incubation, about 80% of the initial CL-20 had disappeared. A CL-20-degrading bacterial strain, Agrobacterium sp. strain JS71, was isolated from enrichment cultures containing garden soil as an inoculum, succinate as a carbon source, and CL-20 as a nitrogen source. Growth experiments revealed that strain JS71 used 3 mol of nitrogen per mol of CL-20.
Direct Steam Distillation as an Alternative to the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test

Development of the Illinois Soil N Test (ISNT) has rejuvenated the search for a soil-based N test to measure potentially mineralizable soil N. Accurate quantification of amino sugar N has been achieved using the ISNT, but issues concerning sample variability and analysis time have led to the discovery of a 10 mol L ―1 NaOH direct steam distillation (DSD) procedure. Our primary objective was to determine if DSD could be used as a reliable alternative to the ISNT. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the two methods based on recovery of N from pure organic compounds, specificity tests to determine amine group hydrolysis, and recovery of 15 N-labeled glucosamine N added to soils. Both methods recovered appreciable amounts of amino sugar N from pure compounds and the ISNT had a higher recovery of N from all amino sugar compounds. Recovery of N from glutamine and asparagine was higher using DSD. Direct 15 N techniques for recovery of glucosamine N added to six soils showed no significant difference between the two methods within a soil, but resulted in significant differences among soils. Glucosamine- 15 N recovery significantly and positively correlated with soil total N. Although the ISNT and DSD measure different amounts of amino sugar N and transition amino acid N, they recover relatively the same amount of hydrolyzable N for a given soil, indicating that differences between the methods may not be that significant as both appear to quantify a pool of potentially mineralizable N. Direct steam distillation appears to be a viable alternative to the ISNT in correlation and calibration of crop response for N-fertilizer recommendations due to the short analysis time per sample (∼6 min) and the accurate estimation of potentially mineralizable N.
Islam in Egyptian Education: Grades K-12.

Abstract This article explores the important role that the religion of Islam plays in the education of Egyptian children. The scrutiny under which the Islamic world finds itself in the after-math of September 11, 2001 has resulted in calls for educational reform, not only from the outside world, but also from the Muslim world itself. The author has a personal interest in the educational reform debate in Egypt as she has two granddaughters who attend a private Christian school in Cairo. Research for the article is grounded in direct interviews of students, teachers, and parents during a 5-month stay as well as analysis of Arabic and social studies textbooks. This study reveals that while education of children in Egypt is essentially Islamic, the question is: What kind of Islam will prevail? Will it be the Islam of the moderate Islamists who see the purpose of education to be the advancement of the ideals of Islam above all other concerns? Or will it be the Islam of Egyptian President, Hosni Mubarak, and hi...
Glutathione-mediated binding of dibromoalkanes to DNA: specificity of rat glutathione-S-transferases and dibromoalkane structure

1,2-Dibromo-[1,2-14C]ethane was bound irreversibly to DNA when glutathione S-transferase or rat liver cytosolic components were added to incubations of calf thymus DNA and glutathione at 37 degrees C. There was no DNA binding of 1,2-dibromoethane when glutathione was absent or in incubations of DNA with microsomal proteins with or without NADPH, thus supporting the proposal that the major route of DNA binding by 1,2-dibromoethane occurs via conjugation to glutathione. In vitro binding of 1,2-dibromoethane occurred most effectively when the YaYc (or 'B') isozyme of glutathione S-transferase was included in incubations of DNA with 1,2-dibromoethane and glutathione. Other dihaloalkanes were incubated with DNA in the presence of glutathione S-transferase and [35S]glutathione. Of these, only 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate led to significant DNA binding of [35S]glutathione. 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloro-[1,3-14C]propane was bound to DNA when glutathione and glutathione S-transferase were present. However, even higher 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane binding to DNA occurred when cytosol or microsomes were included in incubations without glutathione. When glutathione was added to incubations containing cytosol and 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, total DNA binding was decreased. Thus, the actual amount of DNA binding by dihaloethanes in vivo may be the result of a complicated balance among the opposing roles of glutathione conjugation in detoxicating and activating processes.
The Principle of Microscopic Reversibility.

In recent years increasing use has been made of a new postulate which perhaps cannot yet be stated in its final form, but which requires in a general way in the case of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium not only that the total number of molecules leaving a given state in unit time shall on the average equal the number arriving in that state in unit time, but also that the number leaving by any particular path shall on the average be equal to the number arriving by the reverse of that particular path, thus excluding any cyclical maintenance of the equilibrium state.
Reversible adaptive regularization methods for atomic N -body problems in applied fields

Reversible and adaptive integration methods based on Kustaanheimo-Stiefel regularization and modified Sundman transformations have recently been proposed for perturbed Kepler motion and certain types of N-body problems including atomic scattering and gravitation. These methods are explicit, and demonstrate superior conservation properties compared to standard explicit integrators applied with or without variable stepsize schemes. In this paper, reversible adaptive regularization is applied to treat (classical) atomic systems in applied electrical and/or magnetic fields.
Quantum coherence in nonlinear optical processes: theory and possible application to control of chemical reaction and quantum computation

Phase dependence in nonlinear optical processes reveals an intriguing interplay between the phase coherence of a short laser pulse and the laser-induced quantum wave-packet dynamics, which cannot be observed in the linear response regime. In this paper, the intra-pulse quantum coherence is demonstrated with three examples: molecular π pulses for total inversion of electron population, unexpected chirp dependence in multi-photon absorption yield, and active control of decoherence for quantum computation. These results demonstrate that quantum coherence is a unique method in the dynamic control of molecular systems, which cannot be achieved otherwise.
On Sex and the Psychology of “Playing Dumb”: A Reevaluation

Questionnaire data, gathered from a varied sample of 142 male and 260 female subjects, were used to address two questions concerning the perception of sex roles and appropriateness of certain sex-r...
Engraftment and Multilineage Expression of Human Bone Marrow CD34− Cells In Vivoa

: The fetal sheep competitive engraftment model of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) was used to evaluate the in vivo engraftment potential of human bone marrow CD34− Lin− cells. Transplantation of CD34− Lin− cells into primary hosts resulted in the long-term (>1 year) engraftment and multilineage donor cell/progenitor expression with production of significant numbers of CD34+ cells. Secondary transplantation and limiting dilution studies confirmed the presence in human CD34− fraction of HSC with in vivo long-term engraftment and multilineage differentiation potentials.
Comparison of bacterial populations and chemical composition of dairy wastewater held in circulated and stagnant lagoons

J.A. MCGARVEY, W.G. MILLER, S. SANCHEZ, C.J. SILVA AND L.C. WHITEHAND. 2005. Aims: This study compared the chemical, physical and bacterial composition of circulated and stagnant dairy wastewaters. Methods and Results: Samples taken from circulated and stagnant wastewater lagoons, over a 1-year period, were analysed for 10 chemical (total N, NH3 ,N O3 ,N O2, Na, Ca, HCO3, Fe, P and K) and six physical (biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and sodium absorption ratio) parameters and were found to be similar. The 16S rDNA genes from the samples were amplified, cloned and BLAST analysed. In total, 996 stagnant and 1052 circulated wastewater derived sequences were obtained, comprising 294 and 362 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the circulated and stagnant wastewaters respectively. Coverage estimates of the OTUs identified were 72AE1% for the stagnant, and 63AE6% for the circulated wastewater libraries. The greatest difference between the two wastewaters was a c. sixfold greater number of sequences representative of the family Chromatiaceae in the circulated wastewater derived library and a c. fivefold greater number of sequences representative of the phylum Chloroflexi in the stagnant wastewater derived library. Conclusions: Circulation of dairy wastewater does not affect any of the chemical or physical parameters tested; however, circulation does alter the bacterial community structure. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides evidence that circulation of dairy wastewater promotes the growth of bacteria within the family Chromatiaceae and that stagnant systems promote the growth of the phylum Chloroflexi.
Effect of Gradient Sequencing on Copolymer Order–Disorder Transitions: Phase Behavior of Styrene/n-Butyl Acrylate Block and Gradient Copolymers

We investigate the effect of gradient sequence distribution in copolymers on order–disorder transitions, using rheometry and small-angle X-ray scattering to compare the phase behavior of styrene/n-butyl acrylate (S/nBA) block and gradient copolymers. Relative to block sequencing, gradient sequencing increases the molecular weight necessary to induce phase segregation by over 3-fold, directly consistent with previous predictions from theory. Results also suggest the existence of both upper and lower order–disorder transitions in a higher molecular weight S/nBA gradient copolymer, made accessible by the shift in order–disorder temperatures from gradient sequencing. The combination of transitions is speculated to be inaccessible in S/nBA block copolymer systems due to their overlap at even modest molecular weights and also their location on the phase diagram relative to the polystyrene glass transition temperature. Finally, we discuss the potential impacts of polydispersity and chain-to-chain monomer sequenc...
Sixth order correlations of laser beam fluctuations near threshold

Abstract By performing delayed coincidence measurements with 3 photodetectors, we have measured 6'th order correlation functions of a laser beam, under various conditions near threshold. The correlations are nearly exponential in both time parameters, but the time constants differ from those of the 4'th order correlation functions.
Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents

ContextPediatric hypertension is increasing in prevalence with the pediatric obesity epidemic. Diagnosis of hypertension in children is complicated because normal and abnormal blood pressure values vary with age, sex, and height and are therefore difficult to remember.ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of undiagnosed hypertension and prehypertension and to identify patient factors associated with this underdiagnosis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cohort study of 14 187 children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years who were observed at least 3 times for well-child care between June 1999 and September 2006 in the outpatient clinics in a large academic urban medical system in northeast Ohio. For children and adolescents who met criteria for hypertension or prehypertension at 3 or more well-child care visits, the proportion with a hypertension-related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code in the diagnoses list, problem list, or past medical history list of any visit was determined.Main Outcome MeasuresProportion of children and adolescents with 3 or more elevated age-adjusted and height-adjusted blood pressure measurements at well-child care visits and with a diagnosis of hypertension or prehypertension documented in the electronic medical record. Multivariate logistic regression identified patient factors associated with a correct diagnosis.ResultsOf 507 children and adolescents (3.6%) who had hypertension, 131 (26%) had a diagnosis of hypertension or elevated blood pressure documented in the electronic medical record. Patient factors that increased the adjusted odds of a correct diagnosis were a 1-year increase in age over age 3 (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.16), number of elevated blood pressure readings beyond 3 (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.21-2.57), increase of 1% in height-for-age percentile (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), having an obesity-related diagnosis (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.49-4.55), and number of blood pressure readings in the stage 2 hypertension range (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.29-2.19). Of 485 children and adolescents (3.4%) who had prehypertension, 55 (11%) had an appropriate diagnosis documented in the electronic medical record. Patient factors that increased the adjusted odds of being diagnosed with prehypertension included a 1-year increase in age over age 3 (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-1.34) and number of elevated blood pressure readings beyond 3 (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 2.20-4.28).ConclusionsHypertension and prehypertension were frequently undiagnosed in this pediatric population. Patient age, height, obesity-related diagnoses, and magnitude and frequency of abnormal blood pressure readings all increased the odds of diagnosis.
Studies on the Occurrence of Pink Whites and Salmon Colored Yolks in Stored Eggs from Hens Fed Crude Cottonseed Oil or Cottonseed Meal

ABSTRACT ROBERTS and Rice (1890) first described the small, dark colored yolks found in eggs produced by hens fed cottonseed meal. The yolks turned olive or chocolate brown in color after the eggs were stored (New Mexico, 1927). Schaible, Moore and Moore (1934) found gossypol to be the causative agent in cottonseed meal, and Swensen et al. (1942) showed the characteristic olive color of the yolks to be due to a chemical combination of the gossypol from the cottonseed meal with ferric iron released from the yolk proteins. Sherwood (1928, 1931) first described the type of discoloration in which the yolks of eggs from hens fed cottonseed meal turned salmon in color and the egg whites turned pink during cold storage. He observed that “cottonseed eggs” had more yolk and less white than normal stored eggs and that the yolk contained less fat and more water than normal egg yolk. He . . .
Adolescent Characteristics by Type of Long-Term Aim in Life

Surveys were administered to adolescents (N = 144) to determine if young people varied based on the type of long-term aims they held. Using cluster analysis, four groups emerged from the data: youth without clear long-term aims, youth with self-oriented long-term aims, youth with other-oriented long-term aims, and youth with both self- and other-oriented long-term aims. The latter two clusters represent potentially purposeful youth and the self-oriented cluster represents youth with meaning in their lives. Therefore, the authors were able to compare potentially purposeful youth to youth with meaning and to youth with neither purpose nor meaning in their lives. Youth with other-oriented long-term aims were more likely to be searching for a purpose, to have identified a purpose, to report higher levels of life satisfaction, and to score higher on openness. Implications for understanding the purpose construct and for fostering purpose among adolescents are addressed.
Direct Abortion or Legitimate Medical Procedure Double Effect

The distinction between direct abortion and legitimate medical procedures deemed necessary to save the life of the mother but resulting in the death of the unborn child challenge all clinicians and persons of faith. A careful analysis of the principle of double effect and a recent statement by the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops offer some clarity to this difficult conflict. Two case examples offer illustration for the analysis.