cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A probability density closure model for turbulence

Starting from the Navier-Stokes equation, the evolution equation of the first order probability density functions of turbulence is derived. Closure assumptions for the pressure terms are introduced and the closed pdf equation is obtained. The resulting evolution equation takes the form of the Fokker-Planck equation and contains the existing Langevin based models as special cases. It is shown that the model predicts the known behaviors of turbulence in the limit of extremely high Reynolds number as well as a decaying turbulence. The moment equations are also examined. It is shown that the model is consistent with the recent second and third order closure models of turbulence.
Design of a rotary fast tool servo for ophthalmic lens fabrication

Abstract We have developed a novel fast tool servo and associated prototype diamond- turning machine for the production of plastic spectacle lenses. Our fast tool servo carries the cutting tool on a rotary arm and, thus, on a circular path, as opposed to straight line paths in conventional designs. The actuator, sensors, and bearings are standard elements that together allow experimentally demonstrated 500 m/s2 instantaneous accelerations at the tool tip over a 3-cm range of cutting depth. We also describe in this paper new approaches we have developed for toolpath generation and calibration. The paper also presents associated control algorithms, because the controller must supply very high dynamic stiffness to the tool servo axis at multiples of the spindle frequency. This stiffness is achieved by means of repetitive control techniques. The new fast tool servo is shown to have great promise for machining asymmetric surfaces with large amplitude asymmetries.
Circuit design techniques for the high-performance CMOS IBM S/390 parallel enterprise server G4 microprocessor

This paper describes the circuit design techniques used for the IBM S/390® Parallel Enterprise Server G4 microprocessor to achieve operation up to 400 MHz. A judicious choice of process technology and concurrent top-down and bottom-up design approaches reduced risk and shortened the design time. The use of timing-driven synthesis/placement methodologies improved design turnaround time and chip timing. The combined use of static, dynamic, and self-resetting CMOS (SRCMOS) circuits facilitated the balancing of design time and performance return. The use of robust PLL design, floorplanning, and clock distribution minimized clock skew. Innovative latch designs permitted performance optimization without adding risk. Microarchitecture optimization and circuit innovations improved the performance of timing-critical macros. Full custom array design with extensive use of SRCMOS circuit techniques resulted in an on-chip L1 cache having 2.0-ns cycle time.
Recovering UML class models from C++: A detailed explanation

An approach to recovering design-level UML class models from C++ source code to support program comprehension is presented. A set of mappings are given that focus on accurately identifying such elements as relationship types, multiplicities, and aggregation semantics. These mappings are based on domain knowledge of the C++ language and common programming conventions and idioms. Additionally, formal concept analysis is used to detect design-level attributes of UML classes. An application implementing these mappings is used to reverse engineer a moderately sized, open-source application and the resultant class model is compared against those produced by other UML reverse engineering tools. This comparison shows that the presented mapping rules effectively produce meaningful and semantically accurate UML models.
Opioid antagonist eliminates the stress-induced impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP).

Rats (fn = 20) were injected with the opioid antagonist naltrexone and half were exposed to inescapable shock/restraint. Another 20 rats were injected with saline and half were exposed to shock. Neither saline nor naltrexone alone had any effect on hippocampal LTP. A large reduction in LTP was observed in saline rats exposed to shock, while normal LTP developed in the naltrexone rats exposed to shock. Thus, naltrexone eliminated the impairment, and thereby implicated endogenous opioids in the mechanism responsible for the stress-induced impairment of LTP.
A head-mounted scene holder for eye movement research

An inexpensive head-mounted scene holder is described. In contrast to the usual biteboard/fixed-head approach, the present apparatus allows head movements without introducing substantial artifact. This enables eye movement investigations of brain-damaged or psychiatric subjects who often cannot maintain prolonged head immobility; also, the unit makes possible subjects’ verbal reports coincident with visual scanning.
A Method of Demonstration of a Living Bird’s Embryo

Abstract AS THE result of researches in our laboratory on the cultivation of the chick embryo in an opened egg (Romanoff, 1931), a convenient method of demonstration of the living bird’s embryo has been developed. This method has been used for class demonstration during the past three years. Its success depends entirely upon two things: (1) a skillful and antiseptic operation in opening the incubated egg, and (2) proper environmental conditions of incubation of the opened egg in a type of incubator suitable for demonstration. An egg to be opened should be washed with 95 percent alcohol. Then, by carefully removing portions of the shell and outer and inner shell membranes, a hole of about one inch in diameter (in case of fowl’s egg) should be made at the blunt end of the egg. In a fresh egg some albumen has to be poured out to let the blastoderm float and . . .
Anodes of Al alloyed with Zn for seawater batteries

Abstract Alloys of Al with 1.2, 5.2 or 9.5% by weight Zn were discharged in simulated seawater at 19–25°C. Current densities of 25.5 to 0.63 mA cm −2 gave discharges lasting from about 13 h to 28 days. Production of electrical current during discharge accounted for 67–80% of the weight loss from the anodes. Anode potential changed less than 0.1 V during discharges at rates that lasted three or more days. Discharge products were voluminous but did not form adherent, passivating films. The Al-Zn alloys have a low self-discharge rate in seawater. It was concluded that Al-Zn alloys can give useful anodes in seawater batteries.
Integrated tolerance optimisation with simulated annealing

Tolerance is one of the most important parameters in design and manufacturing. The allocation of design and machining tolerances has a significant impact on manufacturing cost and product quality. This article presents an analytical model for simultaneously allocating design and machining tolerances based on the least-manufacturing-cost criterion. In this study, tolerance allocation is formulated as a non-linear optimisation model based on the cost-tolerance relationship. A new global optimisation algorithm, simulated annealing, is employed to solve the non-linear programming problem. An example for illustrating the optimisation model and the solution procedure is provided.
The collapse of the Soviet economy and the triumph of capitalism

The title is intentionally facetious, rhetorical and to be taken cum grano salis. For certain ones prone to confusing fact with fancy, the events in the USSR of 1989 and the appearance of John Paul II’s Centesimus Annus on the heels thereof respectively sounded the death‐knell for Marx’s system and signaled papal acquisence in the axiom that what wins out is better. The object of the present study is to give the lie to, or otherwise radically temper, both perceptions. In a word or two, Marx’s system is not doomed for the tomb with him; while John Paul II has neither conceded nor welcomed such a systemic “triumph”. Wherein resides the truth in all of this? The paper essays to bring us a stride closer.
The influence of stacking faults on leakage currents of FET devices

Abstract A study on the generation of crystallographic defects during FET processing and the influence of such defects on device parameters is reported. Diagnostic X-ray charts are used to pinpoint the critical processing steps and the corresponding defects that influence device properties. This is done by comparing and correlating the X-ray topographs of every single device on a silicon wafer recorded after each processing step with the device leakage currents which are correlated with stacking faults in the device area. The stacking faults appear as “extra” diffraction spots in high resolution X-ray topographs and are clearly recognized even after metallization. Such diffraction spots are analyzed through electron microscopy as stacking faults. Finally, it is shown that such faults are generated during the oxidation process of the silicon wafer.
Morphine Suppresses MHC-II Expression on Circulating B Lymphocytes via Activation of the HPA

Morphine has been shown to alter gene expression of the major histocompatibility complex, class II (MHC-II) in circulating rat immunocytes. Here, we demonstrate that a single morphine injection (10 mg/kg) reduces basal MHC-II protein expression on circulating B lymphocytes by 33%, while also impairing the ability of B lymphocytes to increase MHC-II upon interleukin-4 induction. As these data implicate opioids in the regulation of antigen presentation, studies were undertaken to examine the potential mechanisms through which morphine exerts this suppressive effect. Central injection studies utilized Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-(me) Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO), an opioid receptor agonist, which mimicked morphine's effect on MHC-II, while D-Phe-Cys_Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) pretreatment, prior to morphine, blocked the suppression of MHC-II. As central opioid receptor activation results in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thereby, signaling increased circulating corticosterone levels, we examined whether MHC-II expression was suppressed after incubation with corticosterone at concentrations similar to those observed after morphine. Interestingly, corticosterone dramatically decreased basal MHC-II (88%) expression while completely preventing the induction of MHC-II. Additionally, MHC-II suppression was absent in morphine-treated adrenalectomized animals. Since prolonged morphine exposure has previously been shown to result in tolerance to both the steroidogenic and immunosuppressive effects of morphine, the effect of prolonged morphine exposure on MHC-II was also examined. Interestingly, MHC-II expression is no longer suppressed after chronic morphine, while morphine withdrawal results in both a renewed increase in circulating corticosterone levels and a renewed suppression of MHC-II in previously tolerant animals. Taken together, these data strongly implicate corticosterone in mediating the suppressive effects of morphine on circulating B-lymphocyte MHC-II expression.
Adsorption of toluene‐soluble polymers at the toluene–water interface

The adsorption of several toluene-soluble polymers at the toluene–water interface has been investigated by using the duNouy ring method of measuring interfacial tension γT/W. Polystyrene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (11.1 mole-% vinyl acetate) have little affinity for this interface at 29°C, but poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (Mn = 420,000) and ethyl cellulose (EC) (Mn = 50,100; 49.1% ethoxyl) adsorb significantly at concentrations as low as 1.0 × 10−4 g/100ml. A plot of interfacial tension lowering versus initial logarithm of initial bulk phase polymer concentration is linear from 1.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−1 g/100 ml for EC and 1.0 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−2 g/100 ml for PMMA. When the PMMA concentration increases to 1.15 × 10−1 g/100 ml, its adsorption behavior changes markedly. Prolonged time effects occur and adsorption becomes dependent upon dissolved water content of the toluene prior to formation of the toluene/water interface. Such effects are not observed with the other solutions studied. Increasing temperatures have variable effects on values of γT/W for the polymer solutions studied. Experiments with various polymer mixtures indicate that the polymer lowering T/W the most is preferentially adsorbed at the toluene–water interface and rapidly displaces less strongly adsorbed polymers.
Functional Analysis of the weaver Mutant GIRK2 K+ Channel and Rescue of weaver Granule Cells

Abstract In the neurological mutant mouse weaver , granule cell precursors proliferate normally in the external germinal layer of the cerebellar cortex, but fail to differentiate. Granule neurons purified from weaver cerebella have greatly reduced G protein–activated inwardly rectifying K + currents; instead, they display a constitutive Na + conductance. Expression of the weaver GIRK2 channel in oocytes confirms that the mutation leads to constitutive activation, loss of monovalent cation selectivity, and increased sensitivity to three channel blockers. Pharmacological blockade of the Na + influx in weaver granule cells restores their ability to differentiate normally. Thus, Na + flux through the weaver GIRK2 channel underlies the failure of granule cell development in situ.
The role of corticosteroids in nicotine's physiological and behavioral effects

This paper reviews evidence indicating that adrenal corticosteroids modulate the responsiveness of mice and rats to nicotine. Adrenalectomy increases, and both acute and chronic corticosteroid administration decrease, some of the physiological and behavioral effects of nicotine. One function of adrenal steroids may be to regulate stress-induced changes in nicotine sensitivity. Another is to mediate the development of chronic tolerance when nicotine is given intermittently, and when the resulting tolerance has a learned component. A role of glucocorticoids in the development of tolerance to nicotine is suggested by the findings that a conditioned elevation of plasma corticosterone, which anticipates nicotine delivery, accompanies the development of chronic tolerance and that environmental cues evoke a conditioned corticosterone response, but only after they have become associated with nicotine delivery. The mechanisms by which adrenal steroids modulate nicotine sensitivity are not known, although recent in vitro evidence suggests that steroids can rapidly and reversibly reduce nicotinic receptor function. While most of the data are consistent with the hypothesis that corticosteroids reduce nicotine responsiveness, and thus promote a learned form of tolerance, there are new findings that corticosteroids increase the development of sensitization to the locomotor-activating effects of nicotine. These data suggest that formulations postulating a unidirectional effect of corticosteroids on nicotine's actions (e.g. decreased sensitivity) must be revised to take into account interacting variables such as the specific nicotine effect being studied and whether that effect normally exhibits tolerance or sensitization. Finally, research is presented which indicates that the corticosterone-elevating effects of nicotine, previously reported for experimenter-administered drug, are also produced when nicotine administration is contingent on an operant response, and at a dose which sustains the development of nicotine self-administration in rats. These findings highlight the feasibility of using self-administration models in future explorations of the relationship between adrenal steroids and nicotine function.
Selection of patients for hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery

Each of the well-established approaches to laparoscopy-standard transperitoneal, standard retroperitoneal, and transperitoneal hand-assisted-has its advantages and disadvantages. In order to maximize efficiency and patient benefit, each approach should be used selectively. This paper offers recommendations for the selective use of the hand-assisted technique, which is particularly useful when intact specimen removal is required, the surgeon has limited experience, the situation is expected to be difficult (e.g., prior surgery, fibrosis, inflammation), or the patient's other medical comorbidities mandate a rapid procedure.
An IPMC-enabled bio-inspired bending/twisting fin for underwater applications

This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and characterization of an ionic polymer?metal composite (IPMC) actuator-based bio-inspired active fin capable of bending and twisting motion. It is pointed out that IPMC strip actuators are used in the simple cantilever configuration to create simple bending (flapping-like) motion for propulsion in underwater autonomous systems. However, the resulting motion is a simple 1D bending and performance is rather limited. To enable more complex deformation, such as the flapping (pitch and heaving) motion of real pectoral and caudal fish fins, a new approach which involves molding or integrating IPMC actuators into a soft boot material to create an active control surface (called a ?fin?) is presented. The fin can be used to realize complex deformation depending on the orientation and placement of the actuators. In contrast to previously created IPMCs with patterned electrodes for the same purpose, the proposed design avoids (1)?the more expensive process of electroless plating platinum all throughout the surface of the actuator and (2)?the need for specially patterning the electrodes. Therefore, standard shaped IPMC actuators such as those with rectangular dimensions with varying thicknesses can be used. One unique advantage of the proposed structural design is that custom shaped fins and control surfaces can be easily created without special materials processing. The molding process is cost effective and does not require functionalizing or ?activating? the boot material similar to creating IPMCs. For a prototype fin (90?mm wide ? 60?mm long ? 1.5?mm thick), the measured maximum tip displacement was approximately 44?mm and the twist angle of the fin exceeded 10?. Lift and drag measurements in water where the prototype fin with an airfoil profile was dragged through water at a velocity of 21?cm?s?1 showed that the lift and drag forces can be affected by controlling the IPMCs embedded into the fin structure. These results suggest that such IPMC-enabled fin designs can be used for developing active propeller blades or control surfaces on underwater vehicles.
Concurrent development of resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine in a mouse cell line.

A variant of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient, and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficient mouse A9 cell line has been obtained by selecting cells which are resistant to 6-azauridine. These cells are not only resistant to 6-azauridine (5 × 10−4 M), but also to adenosine (10−3 M). Resistance persists indefinitely even in the absence of both compounds. The resistant cells are killed by 5-fluorouridine (10−6 M), indicating that the part of the salvage pathway for pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis which is relevant to the action of 6-azauridine is intact. The heritable change producing concurrent resistance to 6-azauridine and adenosine probably involves the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
Pulmonary Involvement in Immunocompromised Hosts

The term immunocompromised host is referred to a patient whose resistance to infection is diminished or compromised. The immunocompromised status occurs in a variety of situations due to either immunodeficiency or immunosuppression (Table 15-1). Immunodeficiency may be congenital or acquired. The latter occurs as a result of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing a syndrome, commonly referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is the most common cause of immunocompromised state.
THE ESCHATOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF GOD

In this essay, I show how Thomas Aquinas circumscribes epistemological questions concerning both the possibility and character of our knowledge of God within a larger eschatological framework that acknowledges the beatific vision as the ultimate good that we desire as well as the ultimate end for which we were created. Thus, knowledge of God is possible and actual on Aquinas's view because it is eternally rather than merely temporally indexed—that is, properly attributable to the blessed in heaven and only derivatively attributable to persons of faith. I further argue that interpreting Aquinas's account of faith in the light of his account of the beatific vision allows us to carve out polemical space for the theologically realist claim that there can be and in fact is objectivity in our knowledge of God, whether that knowledge comes through faith (in this life) or the beatific vision (in the next life).
An Instrument to Measure Coronal Emission Line Polarization

We have constructed an instrument to measure the polarization of light emitted by the solar corona in order to constrain the strength and orientation of coronal magnetic fields. We call this instrument the Coronal Multichannel Polarimeter (CoMP). The CoMP is integrated into the Coronal One Shot coronagraph at Sacramento Peak Observatory and em- ploys a combination birefringent filter and polarimeter to form images in two wavelengths simultaneously over a 2.8Rfield of view. The CoMP measures the complete polarization state at the 1074.7 and 1079.8 Fe XIII coronal emission lines, and the 1083.0 nm He I chro- mospheric line. In this paper we present design drivers for the instrument, provide a detailed description of the instrument, describe the calibration methodology, and present some sam- ple data along with estimates of the uncertainty of the measured magnetic field.
Reflection dip-shooting methods in seismic prospecting

Most writers on reflection-methods in seismic prospecting base their interpretations on a calibrated velocity. This is to say they assume for the purposes of computation an isotropic and homogeneous overburden. This conception has proved fruitful in practice because it reduces the computations to a minimum. This does not imply, however, that the interpretations can only be made by use of an average velocity.
Why and how might firms respond strategically to violent conflict

The aim of this study is to investigate factors – specifically stakeholder pressures – that may affect the likelihood that firms will respond to violent conflict. Survey and archival data on respondents from 471 multinational and local firms operating in 80 countries were used to explore these issues. Key findings include: (1) local stakeholder pressure is associated with the likelihood that firms will respond directly to violent conflict, collaborating with other organizations or working alone when doing so; and (2) international stakeholder pressure is associated with the likelihood that firms will respond indirectly to violent conflict, collaborating with other organizations or working alone.
Andropause Clinical Implications of the Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels With Aging in Men

T is now well accepted that serum testosterone (T) levels decline progressively with aging in men (1‐5). This decline is associated with alterations in body composition; diminished energy, muscle strength, and physical function; reduced sexual function; depressed mood; and decreased cognitive function. Similar changes occur in young men with androgen deficiency and are improved with T replacement therapy. However, the physiological and clinical significance of the aging-associated decline in serum T levels in men is unclear, particularly because T levels may remain within the normal range for young men. From a practical clinical standpoint, it is most appropriate to define “andropause” as an age-related decline in serum T levels in older men to below the normal range in young men that is associated with a clinical syndrome (i.e., symptoms and signs) consistent with androgen deficiency. The decline in T levels is a consequence both of aging per se and age-associated comorbid illnesses and medications that are used to treat them
Binary Source Estimation Using a Two-Tiered Wireless Sensor Network

Binary source estimation using indirect observation by a cluster of wireless sensors in a two-tiered architecture is considered. The high correlation among sensors' observation is exploited in order to implement an efficient distributed Joint Source Channel Coding (DJSCC) scheme based on Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Codes (PCCC). A novel approach employing two sink nodes per cluster providing a Distributed Space-Time Block Coding (DSTBC) is proposed to get diversity gain over fading channels without need to set up an extra link between two sinks. The proposed iterative decoding algorithm is easily scalable to a large number of sensors and outperforms independent RSC decoders followed by a Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector.
Some New Ectoparasitic Trematodes (Onchocotylinae) from the Gills of American Sharks1

The genus Onchocotyle was named by Diesing in 1850 with O. appendiculatum (Kuhn 1829) as type. Cerfontaine (1900) reviewed the history of the group and revised the genus. He named the subfamily Onchocotylinae, containing three genera: Squalonchocotyle, Acanthonchocotyle (subsequently regarded by Monticelli (1903) as a synonym of Onchocotyle ) and Rajonchocotyle . He discarded the older generic name of Onchocotyle , and placed the group in the group in the family Octocotylidae. Poche (1925) placed it in the family Polystomatidae Gamble (1896). Fuhrmann (1931) lists the group in the suborder Polyopisthocotylinea, family Onchocotylidae.
A tunable transmission line phase shifter (TTPS)

To achieve a phase shifting function having lower transmission loss and better phase shift performance for transceivers in adaptive antenna array applications, a phase shifter requiring a chip area of only 623 /spl times/ 370 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ using a 250nm CMOS process is developed. The proposed tunable transmission line phase shifter consists of a coplanar waveguide used as a lumped inductor merged with an accumulation NMOS capacitor used for phase control. The merged structure reduces parasitic effects. The measured phase shift range for the proof-of-concept prototype is 22/spl deg/.
The language of RNA: a formal grammar that includes pseudoknots.

Motivation: In a previous paper, we presented a polynomial time dynamic programming algorithm for predicting optimal RNA secondary structure including pseudoknots. However, a formal grammatical representation for RNA secondary structure with pseudoknots was still lacking. Results: Here we show a one-to-one correspondence between that algorithm and a formal transformational grammar. This grammar class encompasses the contextfree grammars and goes beyond to generate pseudoknotted structures. The pseudoknot grammar avoids the use of general context-sensitive rules by introducing a small number of auxiliary symbols used to reorder the strings generated by an otherwise context-free grammar. This formal representation of the residue correlations in RNA structure is important because it means we can build full probabilistic models of RNA secondary structure, including pseudoknots, and use them to optimally parse sequences in polynomial time.
Current and Future Issues and Trends Facing Student Athletes and Athletic Programs

This chapter focuses on current national issues having impacts on college athletics. Also included are lists of organizations and other resources about student athletes.
Visible-Blind APD Heterostructure Design With Superior Field Confinement and Low Operating Voltage

We report on the polarization engineering of GaN/AlGaN heterostructures for the improvement of III-Nitride photodetectors through physics-based device simulations. Various heterojunction p-i-n and p-i-n-i-n designs are proposed and analyzed in this context. Our analysis shows that the introduction of a higher-bandgap AlGaN layer and n-type doped composition graded interlayers reduce operating voltage of an avalanche photodetector (APD) by almost 40% while enabling backside illumination geometry that is critical for the realization of detector arrays. The results of the simulation studies predict an APD device design that is less susceptible to premature breakdown outside of the multiplication region due to superior electric field confinement.
Joining the Struggle: White Men as Social Justice Allies

AbstractThis study explored the experience of White men as they sought to support individuals from oppressed groups and participate in a community with other allies like themselves. This research was conducted from a social constructivist epistemological paradigm and informed by a constructivist grounded theory methodology. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do White male social justice allies come to understand themselves as allies?, and (b) What are the critical influences on this process?
Overcoming Voting Obstacles: The Use of Convenience Voting by Voters With Disabilities

We examine the extent to which Americans with disabilities vote at the polls or take advantage of convenience voting reforms relative to voters without disabilities. The Help America Vote Act (2002) sought, in part, to increase polling place accessibility for the voters with disabilities, with a particular focus on those with vision disabilities. We construct two operationalizations of disability from the November Voting and Registration Supplement of the Current Population Survey over eight elections. A multinomial logistic model shows voters with a disability are significantly less likely to vote but are more likely to vote by mail ballot. Early in-person voting reforms have a marginal effect on the voting behavior of voters with disabilities. A matching model reveals adopting no-excuse absentee voting, permanent absentee voting, or both reforms increases the likelihood of voters with a disability casting a mail ballot.
Optical and structural properties of CaF2: Nd films on Si-based substrates

By thermally evaporating CaF2 and NdF3, we have grown Nd-doped CaF2 films on Si(III), Al/Si(III) and quarter-wavelength Ta2O5/SiO2 multilayer Bragg reflectors. The optical and structural properties of the CaF2:Nd films are characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and x-ray diffraction. The effects of different Nd concentration, growth temperatures and post-annealing were studied. Regardless of the substrates, the as-grown films show emission lines at wavelengths similar to bulk CaF2:Nd. Annealing the films at 700°C in forming gas results in a new emission pattern. Little difference between the PL spectra of polycrystalline and single crystal CaF2:Nd films is observed, indicating that the luminescence efficiency is insensitive to the crystalline quality of the films.
Origin of Reaction-Induced Current in Pt/GaN Catalytic Nanodiodes

We have searched for chemicurrent generation in Pt/GaN nanodiodes during catalytic CO oxidation and observe a reaction-induced current that scales with reaction rate. But after considering (1) how the reaction-induced current depends on diode shunt resistance, (2) calculations of the Pt surface temperature rise during reaction, (3) direct experimental measurements of the Pt surface temperature rise during reaction, and (4) direct experimental measurements of the lateral temperature gradient during reaction, and thus the consequent thermoelectric current it produces, we conclude that the reaction-induced current is generated entirely from a thermoelectric voltage and is not true chemicurrent.
Book Review of Kleinbard, 'We are Better Than This: How Government Should Spend Our Money'

This short book review of Edward Kleinbard's "We Are Better Than This: How Government Should Spend Our Money" both discusses the book's many strengths, and addresses the significance to the book's analysis of issues of high-end (as distinct from low-end) inequality that it generally does not emphasize.
[Study on the characteristics and risk factors for hand-foot-mouth disease in Guangdong province].

手足口病(HFMD)是南多种肠道病毒引起的常见传染病,最常见为柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CA16)及肠道病毒71型(EV71).作为一种致病性较强的肠道病毒血清型,EV71在近30年引起全球各地HFMD爆发性流行,近来频繁的发生在东南亚及周边地区[1-4].2008年3月安徽省阜阳市发生多名儿童EV71感染致死事件,相继全国多个城市出现HMFD暴发.研究表明我国南方地区一直存在EV71病毒的活动,5岁以下人群的抗体水平普遍较低[5],提示EV71病毒对人群尤其是幼儿的危害一直存在,一旦条件具备,将有发生暴发的可能性.为掌握HFMD发病的流行病学特点,了解影响该病发生、感染、传播的相关因素,开展了HFMD流行特征和发病危险因素的调查。
Use of Laboratory in Psychiatry

Laboratory assessment is an important compliment to the clinical interview and physical examination in establishing the diagnosis and implementing/monitoring treatment. To illustrate the clinical relevance of laboratory use a case example is presented throughout the chapter with the purpose of discussing laboratory use as an aid in establishing the diagnosis and general health status by ruling out an underlying comorbid medical condition and monitoring treatment adequacy and safety. Skillful use and interpretation of laboratory tests should aid in identification of an underlying condition and lead to a better understanding of the disease process.
Deep Inelastic Muon Scattering and Recent Results at High q2

I would like to present some new results from the MSU-Fermilab collaboration on deep inselastic muon scattering. Our Group has accumulated both single muon and multimuon data. Since analysis of our single muon scattering data is at a more advanced state and the preliminary conclusion is somewhat interesting, I will concentrate in that measurement.
Factors influencing physicians’ choice of workplace: systematic review of drivers of attrition and policy interventions to address them

Objectives The movement of skilled physicians from the public to the private sector is a key constraint to achieving universal health coverage and is currently affecting health systems worldwide. This systematic review aims to assess factors influencing physicians' choice of workplace, and policy interventions for retaining physicians in the public sector. Methods Five literature databases were searched. Studies were included in the review if they focused on at least one of the following criteria: (i) incentives or motivators for retaining physicians in the public sector, (ii) pull factors that encouraged physicians to move to the private sector, (iii) push factors that forced physicians to leave the public sector, (iv) policy interventions or case studies that addressed physician retention in the public sector, and (v) qualitative reviews of policy interventions that were implemented in different health system settings. Results Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Six major themes that affected physicians' choice of workplace were identified including: financial incentives, career development, infrastructure and staffing, professional work environment, workload and autonomy. The majority of the studies suggested that the use of financial incentives was a motivator in retaining physicians in the public sector. The review also identified policy interventions including: regulatory controls, incentives and management reforms. Regulatory controls and incentives were the two most frequently reported policy interventions. Conclusion While factors affecting physicians' choice of workplace are country specific, financial incentives and professional development are core factors. Other factors are highly influenced by context, and thus, it would be useful for future cross-country research to use standardized data collection tools, allowing comparison of contextual factors as well as the examination of how context affects physician retention in the public sector.
Development of all-organic antenna printed for passive UHF RFID application

The purpose of this paper is to present a flexible conductive polymer antenna for passive UHF RFID using the inkjet printing technology. This all-organic antenna was used to assembly a RFID tag using the Alien Technology IC for UHF application in a strap package. Simulations were performed using the simulation software CST and their results were compared with the measurements, which were performed using an UHF TEM Cell and an UHF RFID reader. This article shows that the all-organic antenna can be functional and can be read by a UHF RFID Reader available on the market. These conductive polymer antennas are compared to antennas with the same design manufactured using a FR-4 and Copper
Edelson, Chris. Power Without Constraint: The Post-9/11 Presidency and National Security

In the great tumult of the 21st century, the American republic is confronting many challenging political and legal issues. One of the most serious of these issues is the rise of executive power in ...
Curriculum Integration: Helping Career and Technical Education Students Truly Develop College and Career Readiness

All students need to learn how to read, write, solve mathematics problems, and understand and apply scientific principles to succeed in college and/or careers. The challenges posed by entry-level career fields are no less daunting than those posed by college-level study. Thus, career and technical education students must learn effective math, literacy, and scientific concepts and processes. The National Center for Career and Technical Education Research completed three separate experimental design studies about the integration of math, literacy, and science in CTE courses. Across the studies, integration of core academics in CTE courses improved students' academic achievement as measured by standardized assessments.
Development of Rhagoletis pomonella and Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mango and Other Tropical and Temperate Fruit in the Laboratory

Abstract Temperate fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) have narrow host ranges relative to those of tropical fruit flies, suggesting they will not attack or are incapable of developing in most novel fruit. We tested the hypothesis that apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, whose normal hosts belong to the Rosaceae, will not attack or develop in mango (Mangifera indica L.; Anacardiaceae) and other non-rosaceous tropical fruit. Of fruits hung in infested apple trees, at least 49% of apples (n = 77) produced R. pomonella puparia, whereas only 1% of mangoes (n = 291) and 0% of papayas (Carica papaya L.; Caricaceae) and 8 other tropical fruit produced puparia. In laboratory tests in 1.9 L containers, 33% of apples (n = 131), 7% of mangoes (n = 118), and 7% of papayas (n = 14) produced R. pomonella puparia; adult flies also eclosed from puparia from mango and papaya. Females of R. pomonella landed approximately 4 to 9 ...
Follow-up of the Post-Liver Transplantation Patient: A Primer for the Practicing Gastroenterologist

The focus in liver transplantation in the next 10 years will likely change from preventing viral disease recurrence to minimizing the toll of rejection and fatty liver disease, minimizing the complications from immunosuppression with withdrawal strategies, and more optimal management of long-term risks, such as malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and renal failure. In addition, now that short-term results (<1 year) have improved significantly, there will be a shift toward improving long-term patient and graft survival, as well as a focus on primary care preventive strategies.
Looking ahead: Anticipatory interfaces for driver-automation collaboration

Partially automated driving systems that require driver supervision and intervention need to keep the driver in the loop and help maintain their situation awareness of the vehicle's current state and future plans. In this paper, we introduce the idea of an “Anticipatory Control Interface” — an interface that informs the driver of the lateral trajectory plan of the automated driving system. Our first prototype performs this task by actuating the steering wheel (physical) in advance of road wheel movement. A second prototype uses LEDs on a steering wheel cover to create a virtual steering wheel (visual) that can move in advance while keeping the steering wheel locked to the road wheel. We report an evaluation of the Anticipatory Control Interface prototypes based on their ability to support driver recognition and response to automation failures, compared to a control condition. Results show faster disengagement of automation and subsequently better takeover quality on failure with the physical anticipatory interface compared to the control.
Racialization and the Unauthorized Immigration Debate

This paper critically examines the role of racialization in the political campaign to exclude unauthorized immigrants from inclusion in the national political community of the United States. The paper finds that racialization is pervasive in this political campaign, stemming from the framing of U.S. immigration policy enforcement as a project aimed at controlling the U.S.-Mexican border. From the foundational conceptualization and practices of border control, a series of examples of racializing practices – both discursive and material – are examined that operate to shore up and maintain a racial hierarchy that systematically subordinates Latinos as an ethno-racial group in the United States. Abstract will be provided by author.
Doing the Best Mediation You Can

This article summarizes the findings of the Task Force on Improving Mediation Quality of the ABA Section of Dispute Resolution. The Task Force conducted research on the views of lawyers, parties, and mediators by using focus groups, surveys, and interviews. The Task Force used the data to inform its recommendations, recognizing that the subjects’ views are not necessarily the best indicator of mediation quality. The findings focus on the following four aspects of mediation that the research subjects said are particularly important: (1) preparation for mediation by mediators and mediation participants, (2) case-by-case customization of the mediation process, (3) careful consideration of any “analytical” assistance that mediators might provide, and (4) mediators’ persistence and patience. This article suggests several ways for mediators to continue developing their skills.
Form of cosmic string cusps

We classify the possible shapes of cosmic string cusps and how they transform under Lorentz boosts. A generic cusp can be brought into a form in which the motion of the cusp tip lies in the plane of the cusp. The cusp whose motion is perpendicular to this plane, considered by some authors, is a special case and not the generic situation. We redo the calculation of the energy in the region where the string overlaps itself near a cusp, which is the maximum energy that can be released in radiation. We take into account the motion of a generic cusp and the resulting Lorentz contraction of the string core. The result is that the energy scales as $\sqrt{\mathrm{rL}}$ instead of the usual ${r}^{1/3}{L}^{2/3},$ where r is the string radius and L is the typical length scale of the string. Since $r\ensuremath{\ll}L$ for cosmological strings, the radiation is strongly suppressed and could not be observed.
Increasing Frame Rate of Limited Difraction Imaging System with Code Excitations

Code excitations have been applied to the newly developed two-way dynamic focusing imaging method using limited diffraction array beams. Image frame rate is increased several folds. Computer simulations with both point scatterers and objects consisting of random scatterers were performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the method.
Consumer demand and implementation of a scalp cooling program at a multi-site organization.

214Background: Alopecia is so feared that patients may opt to forgo treatment or elect for a less effective treatment to prevent it. Consumer demand for scalp cooling has been on the rise recently ...
Atome und Moleküle der Zelle

Selbst die kleinsten Zellen enthalten noch Billionen von Atomen und Molekulen, die nach Zusammensetzung und Funktion eine Reihe von Fragen aufwerten:
The extent, nature, and pathogenic consequences of helminth polyparasitism in humans: A meta-analysis.

Background Individual helminth infections are ubiquitous in the tropics; geographical overlaps in endemicity and epidemiological reports suggest areas endemic for multiple helminthiases are also burdened with high prevalences of intestinal protozoan infections, malaria, tuberculosis (TB), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Despite this, pathogens tend to be studied in isolation, and there remains a need for a better understanding of the community ecology and health consequences of helminth polyparasitism to inform the design of effective parasite control programs. Methodology We performed meta-analyses to (i) evaluate the commonality of polyparasitism for helminth-helminth, helminth-intestinal protozoa, helminth-malaria, helminth-TB, and helminth-HIV co-infections, (ii) assess the potential for interspecies interactions among helminth-helminth and helminth-intestinal protozoan infections, and (iii) determine the presence and magnitude of association between specific parasite pairs. Additionally, we conducted a review of reported health consequences of multiply-infected individuals compared to singly- or not multiply-infected individuals. Principal findings We found that helminth-helminth and helminth-intestinal protozoan multiple infections were significantly more common than single infections, while individuals with malaria, TB, and HIV were more likely to be singly-infected with these infections than co-infected with at least one helminth. Most observed species density distributions significantly differed from the expected distributions, suggesting the potential presence of interspecies interactions. All significant associations between parasite pairs were positive in direction, irrespective of the combination of pathogens. Polyparasitized individuals largely exhibited lower hemoglobin levels and higher anemia prevalence, while the differences in growth-related variables were mostly statistically insignificant. Conclusions Our findings confirm that helminth polyparasitism and co-infection with major diseases is common in the tropics. A multitude of factors acting at various hierarchical levels, such as interspecies interactions at the within-host infra-parasite community level and environmental variables at the higher host community level, could explain the observed positive associations between pathogens; there remains a need to develop new frameworks which can consider these multilevel factors to better understand the processes structuring parasite communities to accomplish their control.
Modeling Elementary Students' Ideas about Heredity: A Comparison of Curricular Interventions

Learning about heredity is important across the K–12 continuum. However, these ideas may be challenging for students. We examined third-grade students' ideas about heredity in the context of a new, six-week, model-based science unit that uses corn as a model organism to support students' ideas about heredity. We analyzed data collected during implementation of the unit, including student artifacts and interviews. We compared these data to those from a pilot version of the curriculum – implemented in the prior year – that was focused on the same disciplinary concepts but was not designed around scientific modeling. Our findings illustrate levels of understanding in students' ideas about three target concepts underlying heredity: life cycles, trait inheritance, and trait variation. We also found that students experiencing the model-based version of the unit exhibited higher levels of understanding for two of the three target concepts than those experiencing the non-model-based curriculum. Analysis of student interviews also showed that students experiencing the model-based curriculum were better able to use key elements of life cycle, such as pollination and reproduction to support their explanations about inheritance. We discuss implications of this work for design and enactment of model-based curricula in elementary grades that can support students' learning about heredity.