cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody response following immunotherapy in ragweed hay fever: Allpyral vs. whole ragweed extract.

Abstract The antigenicity of commercially available ragweed pollen extracted with pyridine and precipitated with alum (Allpyral) was compared with that of aqueous ragweed extract. The antibody response was measured by the inhibition of histamine release from sensitive human leukocytes challenged with either ragweed antigen E or whole aqueous extract. A group of patients treated with aqueous extract had a significantly greater antibody response than a similar group treated with Allpyral, even though the latter received 30 times as much antigen. Another comparison showed that patients who had received high dosage Allpyral therapy (average: 0.80 mg. of protein N. or 80,000 PNU) had antibody levels which did not differ significantly from those of untreated control patients.
Momentum distributions and final-state effects in neutron scattering.

A method for analyzing neutron-scattering data at intermediate and high-momentum transfer in liquids and solids is proposed. The aim is to separate the observed dynamic structure factor, S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}), into its impulse-approximation (IA) and final-state (FS) parts. When the separation is made, both the IA and FS effects can be determined from the data. The method is based on a cumulant expansion of the intermediate scattering function, S(Q,t), in powers of t. The expansion parameters are determined by fitting the corresponding S(Q,\ensuremath{\omega}) to the data. Using the parameters, the IA and FS function are reconstructed. Variants of the method suitable for systems in which momentum distribution is (1) close to a Gaussian and (2) differs markedly from a Gaussian are proposed. The first variant is applied to recent data of Andersen et al. in normal $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at saturated vapor pressure and T=2.5 K and the kinetic energy, momentum distribution, and the FS broadening function are determined. In the second variant a model momentum distribution is introduced. This is applied to superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ using a model n(k) having a condensate. The model parameters are determined and bounds on the condensate fraction (${\mathit{n}}_{0}$=0.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03) are set. The method can be applied to any liquid, solid, or mixture. Full results for the momentum distribution and FS effects in normal and superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ are presented in a forthcoming paper.
Initial Investigation of Reduced Wall Shear Stress in the Pulmonary Arteries of Hypertension Patients Using Phase Contrast MRI

A number of concomitant factors are thought to contribute to an increase in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, such as increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), increased blood flow (due to septal defects), and a decrease in wall distensibility.[1] This is in contrast to the normal pulmonary circuit, which is characterized by compliant artery walls and a low PVR, resulting in a low MPAP with little flow and pressure wave reflection. The influence of pathologic MPAP’s on proximal hemodynamic factors such as artery size, flow pulse waveforms, and wall shear stress (WSS) is unclear. Since these factors are known pathophysiological stimuli in the production of molecules that alter vascular tone and matrix properties,[2] we set out to quantify the geometry, flow, and WSS of the left, right and main pulmonary arteries (LPA, RPA, & MPA) of control and PAH patients using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Evidence for an acetoxyarylamine as the ultimate mutagenic reactive intermediate of the carcinogenic aromatic amine 2,4-diaminotoluene

Abstract 2,4-Diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) is a mutagenic and hepatocarcinogenic aromatic amine, requiring metabolic activation. We have found that the mutagenic potency of 2,4-DAT in Salmonella TA98 is similar when activated by either Aroclor-1254-induced rat primary hepatocytes or 9000 × g supernatant. Previous work has demonstrated that 2,4-DAT is activated by cytochrome P450. The present report describes an investigation of the role of acetyltransferase in 2,4-DAT activation. Substitution of TA98 with the acetyltransferase-deficient strain TA98/1,8-DNP6 resulted in an approximately 90% decrease in the mutagenic potency for 2,4-DAT using S9 activation. The newly engineered acetyltransferase-enhanced Salmonella tester strain YG1024 (TA98(pYG219)) demonstrated greatly enhanced sensitivity to the mutagenicity of 2,4-DAT. Inhibition of O-acetyltransferase activity, either with the selective acetyltransferase inhibitor thiolactomycin, or by competitive inhibition with an alternative substrate for the enzyme, reduced the mutagenicity of 2,4-DAT in this acetyltransferase-enhanced bacterial strain. From these data we conclude that following 2,4-DAT activation by N-hydroxylation by cytochrome P450, the resulting hydroxylamino intermediate is further activated in the bacteria via O-acetylation to form the ultimate reactive intermediate, which is postulated to be 4-acetoxyamino-2-aminotoluene.
Aid, Food Policy Reform, and U.S. Agricultural Interests in the Third World

global food economy. One component of this new agricultural nationalism is a growing disenchantment with American aid to agriculture in the third world. The New York Times, on 4 June 1987, for example, featured the story, "World Bank Loans Stir Ire of U.S. Farm Groups," in which a halfdozen leading agricultural organizations argued against aid and "stimulating competition against American farmers . .". This paper assesses the aid-to-agriculture question from a food policy perspective. It seeks to answer two broad questions: Is food policy reform and agricultural growth in the third world in the interest of U.S. agriculture? If so, is aid, and the conditions attached to it, an effective means for achieving this reform? These are immense topics, and the rather bold series of propositions presented here provide only partial answers. Four clarifying comments seem necessary before proceeding with the analysis. First, the focus of this paper is on food policy and its reform. Such a concept is not necessarily synonymous with simply increasing agricultural output, although reform typically leads to additional production. Food policy is instead a broader view that embraces consumption, marketing, and trade, as well as production (Timmer, Falcon, and Pearson). Some types of policy reform might significantly improve consumption but leave agricultural production unaffected or even lowered. For example, many developing countries now have domestic prices higher than those in comparable world markets. If "reform" means using world or border prices as the pricing norm, an imposition of that norm would increase consumption but negatively affect farmer incentives and hence reduce the production of certain commodities.
Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field

Along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula springtime ozone depletion events can lead to a two-fold increase in biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE) and summer air temperatures have risen ≈1.5°C during the past 50 years. We manipulated levels of UV radiation and temperature around Colobanthus quitensis (a cushion-forming plant, Caryophyllaceae) and Deschampsia antarctica (a tussock grass) along the Peninsula near Palmer Station for two field seasons. Ambient levels of UV were manipulated by placing filters that either transmitted UV (filter control), absorbed UV-B (reducing diurnal levels of UV-BBE by about 82%), or absorbed both UV-B and UV-A (reducing UV-BBE and UV-ABE by about 88 and 78%, respectively) on frames over naturally growing plants from November to March. Half the filters of each material completely surrounded the frames and raised diurnal and diel air temperatures around plants by an average of 2.3°C and 1.3°C, respectively. Reducing UV or warming had no effect on leaf concentrations of soluble UV-B absorbing compounds, UV-B absorbing surface waxes or chlorophylls. Warming had few effects on growth of either species over the first season. However, over the second field season warming improved growth of C. quitensis, leading to a 50% increase in leaf production (P < 0.10), a 26% increase in shoot production, and a 6% increase in foliar cover. In contrast, warming reduced growth of D. antarctica, leading to a 20% decline in leaf length, a 17% decline in leaf production (P < 0.10), and a 5% decline in foliar cover. Warming improved sexual reproduction in both species, primarily through faster development of reproductive structures and greater production of heavier seeds. Over the second field season, the percentage of reproductive structures that had reached the most developed (seed) stage in C. quitensis and D. antarctica was 20% and 15% higher, respectively, under warming. Capsules of C. quitensis produced 45% more seeds under warming and these seeds were 11% heavier. Growth of D. antarctica was improved when UV was reduced and these effects appeared to be cumulative over field seasons. Over the second season, tillers produced 55% more leaves and these leaves were 32% longer when UV-B was reduced. Tillers produced 137% more leaves that were 67% longer when both UV-B and UV-A were reduced. The effects of UV reduction were not as pronounced on C. quitensis, although over the second season cushions tended to be 17% larger and produce 21% more branches when UV-B was reduced, and tended to be 27% larger and produce 38% more branches when both UV-B and UV-A were reduced (P < 0.10). Few interactions were found between UV reduction and warming, although in the absence of warming, reducing UV led to slower development of reproductive structures in both species. The effects of warming and UV reduction were species specific and were often cumulative over the two field seasons, emphasizing the importance of long-term field manipulations in predicting the impacts of climate change.
Src, ras, and rac mediate the migratory response elicited by NGF and PMA in PC12 cells.

The combination of nerve growth factor (NGF) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) rapidly induced the locomotion of PC12 cells by sequentially stimulating lamellar spreading, ruffling with pinocytosis, and polarization by retraction from the substratum. During migration, cells acquired long processes as a result of several undisrupted cell-substratum attachment points. The effect of NGF on PC12 migration was blocked by K-252a, a selective inhibitor of the trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. When PMA was added to cells expressing pp60v-src, the cells displayed the same morphological behavior as they did with NGF and PMA addition. Activated ras only partially substituted for the effects of NGF; but, when ras was inhibited, the number of migrating cells decreased significantly due to a defect in spreading and retraction. Expression of an activated form of rac stimulated spontaneous growth of lamellipodia and enhanced cell migration in response to PMA. Expression of a dominant negative form of rac inhibited cell spreading and motility. Also, as a later effect, rac-inhibited cells extended much shorter neurites than wild type cells in response to NGF alone. These results indicate that the cytoarchitectural changes induced by NGF and PMA in PC12 cells are mediated by src, ras, and rac. Whereas ras and rac activation affect lamellipodia extension and retraction but not pinocytotic ruffling, src activation is involved in all three events. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On synchronized proportional motion of multi-robot systems with stepper motors and shared controller

SUMMARYThe synchronized action of robots is important in many applications, especially in the manufacturing processes. An algorithm to obtain a smooth synchronized movement of the multiple-robot system is presented for the case when only one processor is available to control all of the robots that incorporate stepper motors. The origin of this algorithm stems from the digital differential analyzer used in machine tool control.
A hybrid approach to adaptive statistical language modeling

We describe our latest attempt at adaptive language modeling. At the heart of our approach is a Maximum Entropy (ME) model, which incorporates many knowledge sources in a consistent manner. The other components are a selective unigram cache, a conditional bigram cache, and a conventional static trigram. We describe the knowledge sources used to build such a model with ARPA's official WSJ corpus, and report on perplexity and word error rate results obtained with it. Then, three different adaptation paradigms are discussed, and an additional experiment, based on AP wire data, is used to compare them.
Review of What's the Use of Lectures?

The lecture is still one of the staples of university classrooms. Sometimes this is due to the fact that this is the only pedagogical device with which some professors are familiar. But sometimes t...
Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Major waterborne cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis outbreaks associated with contaminated drinking water have been linked to evidence of suboptimal treatment. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are particularly more resistant than Giardia lamblia cysts to removal and inactivation by conventional water treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorine disinfection); therefore, extensive research has been focused on the optimization of treatment processes and application of new technologies to reduce concentrations of viable/infectious oocysts to a level that prevents disease. The majority of the data on the performance of treatment processes to remove cysts and oocysts from drinking water have been obtained from pilot-tests, with a few studies performed in full-scale conventional water treatment plants. These studies have demonstrated that protozoan cyst removal throughout all stages of the conventional treatment is largely influenced by the effectiveness of coagulation pretreatment, which along with clarification constitutes the first treatment barrier against protozoan breakthrough. Physical removal of waterborne Crytosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts is ultimately achieved by properly functioning conventional filters, providing that effective pretreatment of the water is applied. Disinfection by chemical or physical methods is finally required to inactivate/remove the infectious life stages of these organisms. The effectiveness of conventional (chlorination) and alternative (chlorine dioxide, ozonation and ultra violet [UV] irradiation) disinfection procedures for inactivation of Cryptosporidium has been the focus of much research due to the recalcitrant nature of waterborne oocysts to disinfectants. This paper provides technical information on conventional and alternative drinking water treatment technologies for removal and inactivation of the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
Pseudoscopic Vision without a Pseudoscope: A New Optical Illusion

A METHOD of securing an illusion of binocular vision wholly without instrumental aid occurred to me recently, which is interesting in connection with the study of pseudoscopic vision. It is fully as startling as any of the results obtained with the lenticular pseudoscope, which I showed at the Royal Institution in February, 1900, and which I shall speak of presently, and, requiring the aid of no optical instrument, is much more impressive.
PHYSIOLOGICAL “CONSTANTS” FOR PBPK MODELS FOR PREGNANCY

Abstract Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for pregnancy are inherently more complex than conventional PBPK models due to the growth of the maternal and embryo/ fetal tissues. Physiological parameters such as compartmental volumes or flow rates are relatively constant at any particular time during gestation when an acute experiment might be conducted, but vary greatly throughout the course of gestation (e.g., contrast relative fetal weight during the first month of gestation with the ninth month). Maternal physiological parameters change during gestation, depending upon the particular system; for example, cardiac output increases by -50% during human gestation; plasma protein concentration decreases during pregnancy; overall metabolism remains fairly constant. Maternal compartmental volumes may change by 10–30% embryo/fetal volume increases over a billionfold from conception to birth. Data describing these physiological changes in the human are available from the literature. Human embryo...
SRICOS-EFA method for complex piers in fine-grained soils

The SRICOS-EFA method was developed by Briaud, Chen, and their students starting in the early 1990s to predict the scour depth versus time curve for a cylindrical pier in deep water subjected to a multiflood hydrograph and founded in a layered soil. Here, the SRICOS-EFA method is extended on the basis of flume tests and numerical simulations to the case of multiple rectangular piers lined perpendicularly to the flow, in any water depth, with a certain flow attack angle. The results show that the scour depth in shallow water can be much smaller than in deep water but does develop faster than in deep water, that there is a magnifying effect on the scour depth for piers that are spaced less than 3 pier diameters apart, that the scour depth for rectangular piers is about 10% larger than the one for a cylindrical pier except in the case of a wide and thin pier obstructing the flow where the scour depth can be significantly larger than for the cylindrical pier, and that the effect of the flow attack angle can be satisfactorily handled by using the projected width of the pier perpendicularly to the flow. The SRICOS-EFA computer program which automates these and other scour depth calculations can be downloaded free of charge from a website: http://ceprofs.tamu.edu/briaud/sricos-efa.htm. The SRICOS-EFA method recommended in HEC-18 offers a significant number of refinements compared to the method recommended for coarse-grain soils in HEC-18. It is site specific because it uses site specific samples that are not limited to coarse-grain soils, it includes the time effect through the use of a hydrograph, and it can handle layered soil systems. The coarse-grain soil approach presented in HEC-18 is typically conservative and sometimes very conservative when used for fine-grain soils.
The electrochemical activity of the oral cavity--a new approach.

Summary In order to develop model systems for studying and understanding corrosion phenomena in the oral cavity the electrochemical nature of the oral cavity must be known. Accordingly, the PH and oxidation potential Eh (SCE) were measured in vivo in nine patients utilizing microelectrode techniques. Three of the patients had periodontal therapy and three had received minimal dental care. Sampling was always performed at five specific sites and in periodontal pockets greater than 4 mm when available. In the five sites common to all subjects the oxidation potential ranged from −58 to +212 mV (SCE) and the pH ranged from 6.1 to 7.9. For patients undergoing periodontal therapy the pH/potential clustered around acidic pH (6.6) and an oxidation potential range of 270 mV, whereas minimal dental care revealed a pH range from 6.3 to 7.9 and a small range (57 mV) of oxidation potential. Differences in pH and oxidation potential are related to site of measurement, periodontal health of patient and nature and quantity of restorations present.
Abstracts From the Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Predoctoral Education Conference of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM)

The Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM; http://www.stfm.org) is devoted to teaching family medicine throughout the learning continuum. This multidisciplinary group of physicians, educator...
Estrogen receptor-beta potency-selective ligands: structure-activity relationship studies of diarylpropionitriles and their acetylene and polar analogues.

Through an effort to develop novel ligands that have subtype selectivity for the estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta), we have found that 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile (DPN) acts as an agonist on both ER subtypes, but has a 70-fold higher relative binding affinity and 170-fold higher relative potency in transcription assays with ERbeta than with ERalpha. To investigate the ERbeta affinity- and potency-selective character of this DPN further, we prepared a series of DPN analogues in which both the ligand core and the aromatic rings were modified by the repositioning of phenolic hydroxy groups and by the addition of alkyl substituents and nitrile groups. We also prepared other series of DPN analogues in which the nitrile functionality was replaced with acetylene groups or polar functions, to mimic the linear geometry or polarity of the nitrile, respectively. To varying degrees, all of the analogues show preferential binding affinity for ERbeta (i.e., they are ERbeta affinity-selective), and many, but not all of them, are also more potent in activating transcription through ERbeta than through ERalpha (i.e., they are ERbeta potency-selective). meso-2,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)succinonitrile and dl-2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)succinonitrile are among the highest ERbeta affinity-selective ligands, and they have an ERbeta potency selectivity that is equivalent to that of DPN. The acetylene analogues have higher binding affinities but somewhat lower selectivities than their nitrile counterparts. The polar analogues have lower affinities, and only the fluorinated polar analogues have substantial affinity selectivities. This study suggests that, in this series of ligands, the nitrile functionality is critical to ERbeta selectivity because it provides the optimal combination of linear geometry and polarity. Furthermore, the addition of a second nitrile group beta to the nitrile in DPN or the addition of a methyl substitutent at an ortho position on the beta-aromatic ring increases the affinity and selectivity of these compounds for ERbeta. These ERbeta-selective compounds may prove to be valuable tools in understanding the differences in structure and biological function of ERalpha and ERbeta.
Theory of X-Ray Diffraction in Liquids

There are numerous experimental results in the diffraction of x-rays in liquids that seek explanation by an adequate theory. They may be enumerated at least in part as follows: (1) small scattering intensity near zero diffraction angle, (2) a principal maximum in the intensity-diffraction-angle curve corresponding to distance of molecular separation, (3) the position of this chief maximum as independent of the length of the molecule which forms a straight chain, (4) the variation of the position of a second diffraction peak with carbon content in the case of a normal hydrocrabon or a derivative of a hydrocarbon in a manner that makes the variation of the corresponding "planar" distance (computed by Bragg's Law) with carbon content in the straight chain, a linear one, (5) the similarity of the foregoing variation in solid and liquid saturated normal fatty acids, (6) the agreement of the molecular separation computed by Bragg's Law and other experiments upon the cross-sectional area of straight chain molecules, (7) the alteration in computed separation by attached branches, (8) the presence of three peaks apparently corresponding to three dimensions of a branched chain molecule, (9) the agreement among the computed cross-sectional areas of the three straight carbon chains, normal paraffins, saturated nomal fatty acids and normal alcohols.The theories of Raman and Ramanathan and of Zernike and Prins give a fairly good account of the first two phenomena just mentioned. But the conception of molecular non-crystalline groupings in the liquid makes possible the use of the crystal powder theory as an idealized one for liquids. It is found that, used as an approximation, this theory explains all the above phenomena.The Ehrenfest formula, intended by its author for gases but which has been used to obtain the mean molecular separation in liquids, and which varies from Bragg's Law by about 19 percent, cannot be so applied to liquids.
Ocean Eddy Dynamics in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model*

The role of mesoscale oceanic eddies is analyzed in a quasigeostrophic coupled ocean–atmosphere model operating at a large Reynolds number. The model dynamics are characterized by decadal variability that involves nonlinear adjustment of the ocean to coherent north–south shifts of the atmosphere. The oceanic eddy effects are diagnosed by the dynamical decomposition method adapted for nonstationary external forcing. The main effects of the eddies are an enhancement of the oceanic eastward jet separating the subpolar and subtropical gyres and a weakening of the gyres. The flow-enhancing effect is due to nonlinear rectification driven by fluctuations of the eddy forcing. This is a nonlocal process involving generation of the eddies by the flow instabilities in the western boundary current and the upstream part of the eastward jet. The eddies are advected by the mean current to the east, where they backscatter into the rectified enhancement of the eastward jet. The gyre-weakening effect, which is due to the time-mean buoyancy component of the eddy forcing, is a result of the baroclinic instability of the westward return currents. The diagnosed eddy forcing is parameterized in a non-eddy-resolving ocean model, as a nonstationary random process, in which the corresponding parameters are derived from the control coupled simulation. The key parameter of the random process—its variance—is related to the large-scale flow baroclinicity index. It is shown that the coupled model with the non-eddy-resolving ocean component and the parameterized eddies correctly simulates climatology and low-frequency variability of the control eddy-resolving coupled solution.
Green Tea Polyphenols Block Endotoxin-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Production and Lethality in a Murine Model

Green tea polyphenols are potent antioxidants. They have both anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. However, their mechanisms of actions remain unclear. In inflammation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNFalpha) plays a pivotal role. NF-KB, an oxidative stress -sensitive nuclear transcription factor, controls the expression of many genes including the TNFalpha gene. We postulated that green tea polyphenols regulate TNFalpha gene expression by modulating NF-KB activation through their antioxidant properties. In the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major green tea polyphenol, decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNFalpha production in a dose-dependent fashion (50% inhibition at 100 mmol/L). EGCG also inhibited LPS-induced TNFalpha mRNA expression and nuclear NF-KB-binding activity in RAW264.7 cells (30-40% inhibition at 100 mmol/L). Similarly, EGCG inhibited LPS-induced TNFalpha production in elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. In male BALB/c mice, green tea polyphenols (given by oral gavage 2 h prior to an i.p. injection of 40 mg LPS/kg body wt) decreased LPS-induced TNFalpha production in serum in a dose-responsive fashion. At a dose of 0.5 g green tea polyphenols/kg body wt, serum TNFalpha was reduced by 80% of control. Moreover, 0.5 g green tea polyphenols/kg body wt completely inhibited LPS-induced lethality in male BALB/c mice. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of green tea polyphenols is mediated at least in part through down-regulation of TNFalpha gene expression by blocking NF-KB activation. These findings suggest that green tea polyphenols may be effective therapy for a variety of inflammatory processes.
Effects of caffeine on tobacco withdrawal

Smoking cessation increases caffeine blood levels, and this has been hypothesized to cause some of the symptoms of tobacco withdrawal (e.g., anxiety and insomnia). To test this hypothesis, 10 coffee drinkers who smoked cigarettes were entered into a completely within-subjects experimental design in which the effects of caffeine dose (0, 50, and 100 mg/coffee serving) and smoking status (smoking versus abstinence) were examined over a 4-day period. Self-reported and observed measures of tobacco withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal, and intoxication, as well as psychomotor tasks and vital signs, were completed daily; blood was drawn at the end of each period. Temporary abstinence produced typical withdrawal symptoms but did not significantly increase caffeine blood levels. Caffeine did not increase the severity of symptoms but did decrease the severity of withdrawal-induced hunger. These findings suggest that, in the absence of increased blood levels, caffeine does not increase the severity of tobacco withdrawal.
Accelerated Burnout: How Teach For America's Academic Impact Model and Theoretical Culture of Accountability Can Foster Disillusionment Among its Corps Members

This article seeks to characterize Teach For America's (TFA) theoretical framework as engendering disillusionment among its corps members. Given that the corps members have little to no pedagogical or methods training prior to taking on teaching positions through TFA, the lessons learned during the summer training set the stage for the foundational beliefs corps members have about teaching and learning. Specifically, TFA employs a framework known as the Academic Impact Model that posits that good teachers can overcome the ailments of socioeconomic disparities if they subscribe to notions of hyper-teacher-accountability. It is this false sense of reality that creates the opportunity for disillusionment and burnout among TFA's corps members.
Glycine and a glycine dehydrogenase (GLDC) SNP as citalopram/escitalopram response biomarkers in depression: pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomics.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric disease. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are an important class of drugs used to treat MDD. However, many patients do not respond adequately to SSRI therapy. We used a pharmacometabolomics-informed pharmacogenomic research strategy to identify citalopram/escitalopram treatment outcome biomarkers. Metabolomic assay of plasma samples from 20 escitalopram remitters and 20 non-remitters showed that glycine was negatively associated with treatment outcome (p=0.0054). That observation was pursued by genotyping tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for genes encoding glycine synthesis and degradation enzymes using 529 DNA samples from SSRI-treated MDD patients. The rs10975641 SNP in the glycine dehydrogenase gene was associated with treatment outcome phenotypes. Rs10975641 was then genotyped and was significant (p=0.02) in DNA from 1245 MDD patients in the STAR*D depression study. These results highlight both a possible role for glycine in SSRI response and the use of pharmacometabolomics to “inform” pharmacogenomics.
Skin Lipids: An Update

The stratum corneum lipids, responsible for the epidermal water barrier, consist principally of ceramides, cholesterol, cholesteryl sulfate, and free fatty acids. These lipids are arranged in multiple intercellular lamellae that provide an efficient water barrier because of the crystalline array of the straight and predominantly saturated lipid chains. In-terlamellar linkages provided by lipids based on 30-carbon ω -hydroxyacids may be responsible for holding together the intercellular lamellae as well as for assembly ot the lamellar granules of the granular cells. The normally ordered exfoliation of corneocytes as they arrive at the surface seems to require hydrolysis of the cholesteryl sulfate to free cholesterol. The sebaceous glands secrete continuously, producing sebum that consists predominantly of triglycerides, wax esters, and squalene. High rates of sebum production per sebocyte result in low levels of linoleate in the sebaceous esters, subjecting the follicular epithelium to essential fatty acid deficiency and the characteristic hyperkeratosis that results in comedo formation. Suppression of sebum production by drugs elevates sebum linoleate concentration and relieves follicular hyperkeratosis. Thus, sebum continues to be a prime suspect in the crime of acne. Low levels of sebaceous gland activity are not correlated with the occurrence of dry skin. J Invest Dermatol 88:2s—6s, 1987
The mind of the species problem.

Abstract The species problem is the long-standing failure of biologists to agree on how we should identify species and how we should define the word ‘species'. The innumerable attacks on the problem have turned the often-repeated question ‘what are species?' into a philosophical conundrum. Today, the preferred form of attack is the well-crafted argument, and debaters seem to have stopped inquiring about what new information is needed to solve the problem. However, our knowledge is not complete and we have overlooked something. The species problem can be overcome if we understand our own role, as conflicted investigators, in causing the problem.
Tera-scale computing and interconnect challenges

Future CPU directions are increasingly emphasizing parallel compute platforms which are critically dependent upon upon greater core to core communication as well as generally stressing the overall memory and storage interconnect hierarchy to a much greater degree than extrapolations of past platform needs. Performance is critically dependent upon memory bandwidth and latency but must be moderated with power and cost considerations. 3D stacking of CPU's and memory (i.e. a last level cache) is a potential solution that provides the necessary bandwidth within a reasonable power envelope.
Simple rules for complex processes: new lessons from the budding yeast cell cycle.

Two papers in this issue of Molecular Cell, Doncic et al. (2011) and Eser et al. (2011), present some satisfyingly simple ideas for the organization of the complex network that controls cell cycle progression and cell fate specification in budding yeast.
A comparison of reaction rate calculations using ENDF/B-VII with critical assembly measurements

We present critical assembly reaction rate data, and modeling of the same using the recently released ENDF/B-VII library. While some of the experimental measurements were performed as long as 50 years ago, the results have not been widely used/available outside of Los Alamos. Over the years, a variety of target foils were fabricated and placed in differing neutron spectrum/fluence environments within critical assemblies. Neutron-induced reactions such as (n,γ), (n,2n), and (n,f) on these targets were measured, typically referenced to 235 U(n,f) or 239 Pu(n,f). Because the cross section for the latter reactions are now well known, these experiments provide a rich data set for testing evaluated cross sections. Due to the large variety of critical assemblies that were historically available at Los Alamos, it was possible to make measurements in spectral environments ranging from hard (Pu Jezebel, center of Pu Flattop) through intermediate (Big Ten) to degraded (reflector region of Flattop). This broad range of configurations allows us to test both the cross section magnitudes and their energy dependencies. We will present data, along with reaction rate predictions using primarily MCNP5 in conjunction with ENDF/B-VII, for a number of target nuclei, including iridium, isotopes of uranium (e.g., 233, 235, 237, 238), neptunium (237), plutonium (239), and americium (241).
Globalisation as Reterritorialisation: The Re-scaling of Urban Governance in the European Union

Summary. In the rapidly growing literatures on globalisation, many authors have emphasised the apparent disembedding of social relations from their local-territorial pre-conditions. However, such arguments neglect the relatively ® xed and immobile forms of territorial organisation upon which the current round of globalisation is premised, such as urban-regional agglomerations and territorial states. This article argues that processes of reterritorialisation‐ the recon® guration and re-scaling of forms of territorial organisation such as cities and states‐ constitute an intrinsic moment of the current round of globalisation. Globalisation is conceived here as a reterritorialisation of both socioeconomic and political-institutional spaces that unfolds simultaneously upon multiple, superimposed geographical scales. The territorial organisation of contemporary urban spaces and state institutions must be viewed at once as a
Time-reversal imaging for wideband underwater target classification

Time-reversal imaging is addressed for sensing an elastic target situated in an acoustic waveguide. It is demonstrated that the channel parameters associated with a given measurement may be determined via a genetic-algorithm (GA) search in parameter space. Target classification based on time-reversal imagery is considered, with this implemented via a relevance-vector machine.
Inkjet Printing of Titanium Dioxide Photoanodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Inkjet printing of TiO2 potentially offers a high degree of control over the deposition of TiO2 suspensions. Previous use of inkjet printing for TiO2 depositions have focused on producing TiO2 films with uniform density. A multi-ink printing system offers the possibility of depositing TiO2 films with variable density using a single deposition method. For this research, inkjet printing of TiO2 films with a graded density profile was explored as a means of improving dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) performance. Varying pore volume as a means to produce density variations in TiO2 layers was explored. To control the pore volume, several TiO2 suspensions were developed with different pore-forming additives. DSSCs with printed TiO2 films having three density layers showed an average improvement in the conversion efficiency of 127% versus those with a single layer and 45% versus those with dual- layer TiO2. Short-circuit current densities of cells with tri-layer films increased an average of 62% over those with a single layer and 17% over those with dual-layer TiO2. It was also shown that DSSCs with inkjet printed TiO2 layers performed better than those with spin-coated TiO2 layers. The results effectively demonstrated the potential for using inkjet printing as a sole deposition method to produce TiO2 films with non-uniform density leading to improved DSSC performance. One possibility for further study is to create further layer variations through simultaneous printing of different suspensions.
Semi-supervised hierarchy learning using multiple-labeled data

While hierarchical semi-supervised classification methods have been previously studied, we still lack an algorithm that can learn a non-predefined categorical hierarchy from multi-labeled data at various levels of specificity. Inspired by human psychology and learning experience, in this paper we propose a semi-supervised learning method that can classify multi-labeled data into a hierarchy based on the label's specificity level such that the separability between each class and its siblings is greater than the separability between each class and its parents. To build the hierarchy we show that a minimum spanning tree minimizes an upper bound on the pairwise Kullback-Liebler divergence between the true and approximated distributions. We show the effectiveness of our method using three types of data sets and draw a comparison between our learned hierarchy and one learned by human subjects using the same data set. We also show the effectiveness of our method compared to hierarchical clustering.
A simplification in the calculation of motions near a propagating dislocation

abstract From Haskell9s (1969) integral representations for the near-field displacements due to a propagating strike-slip and dip-slip dislocation, a solution is obtained for a dislocation “line source” by an analytic integration in the direction of the fault propagation. This reduces the numerical integration from a surface integral required for the usual evaluation of the near-field motion, to a one-dimensional integration over the fault width. Since the dislocation function modeled here is a Heaviside step function, these results may be extended to any arbitrary source time-function by convolving these displacements with the time derivative of the desired source function.
Physiological evidence of a deficit to enhance the empathic response in schizophrenia

Empathy is crucial for maintaining effective social interactions. Research has identified both an early-emotional sharing and a late-cognitive component of empathy. Although considered a functionally vital social cognition process, empathy has scarcely been studied in schizophrenia (SZ). We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the temporal dynamics of empathic response in 19 patients with SZ and 18 matched healthy controls (HC) using an empathy for physical pain paradigm. Participants responded to pictures of hands in neutral and painful situations in an active empathic condition and one manipulated by task demands. Additionally, subjective ratings of the stimuli and empathic self-reports were collected. People with SZ had (1) decreased early-emotional ERP responses to pictures of others in pain; (2) decreased modulation by attention of late-cognitive ERP responses; (3) lower ratings of perspective taking and higher ratings of personal distress which were both related to decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (4) a significant relationship between high affective overlap between somebody else's pain and their own pain and decreased modulation of late-cognitive empathic responses; (5) a distinct relationship between regulatory deficits in late-cognitive empathy and functioning. Patients had present but reduced early and late empathy-related ERPs. Patients also reported increased personal distress when faced with distress in others. The late ERP responses are thought to be associated with self-regulation and response modulation. The magnitude of these late responses was inversely associated with reported levels of personal distress in both patients and controls. Additionally, regulatory deficits in cognitive empathy were highly related with deficits in functioning. Decreased ability to regulate one's own emotional engagement and response to emotions of others may be an important source of distress and dysfunction in social situations for patients with schizophrenia.
Programming with Equations: A Framework for Lazy Parallel Evaluation

Huet and Levy pioneered lazy sequential evaluation of equational programs based on the concepts of strong-sequentiality and needed redexes. Natural extensions of their strategy are not well-suited for parallel evaluation since they do not support independent searches for needed redexes along different paths in the input term. Furthermore, the size of compiled code can be exponential in program size. We therefore propose a different notion of sequentiality called path-sequentiality that overcomes these drawbacks and thus provides a natural framework for lazy parallel evaluation. We present a sound and complete algorithm for lazy parallel normalization of path-sequential systems. We show that our algorithm is optimal in the sense that its time complexity is bounded only by the time required to perform the needed reductions. The results presented in this paper are applicable to functional languages as well through the transformation of Laville.
Isolation of Urinary 17-Ketosteroid Conjugates by Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

Ammonium sulfate precipitation of urinary 17-ketosteroid conjugates is a rapid, effective method for isolating and purifying them. Negligible quantities of pigment are produced during acid hydrolysis of solutions of the precipitated conjugates. Despite elimination of nonspecific chromogenic material, colorimetric determinations of Zimmerman chromogens with use of the Allen correction of absorbances [ J. Clin. Endocrinol 10, 71 (1950)] gave comparable 17-ketosteroid values for solutions of the precipitate and for urines. Recoveries of urinary 17-hydroxysteroid conjugates were variable when the ammonium sulfate procedure was used.
Hedgehog Expression During Development and Regeneration in the Hemichordate, Ptychodera flava

Hedgehog is a toolkit gene conserved in metazoans. However, its function differs among taxa, and it shows versatile expression patterns in morphogenesis. We analyzed the expression pattern of hedgehog in the indirect development of the hemichordate, Ptychodera flava, during development and regeneration. Pf-Hh showed distinct enteropneust-specific expression at the anterior tip of the larvae, as well as deuterostome-conserved expression in the pharyngeal endoderm. In contrast, the gene is expressed only in the pharyngeal region during anterior regeneration, but not in the anterior tip of the proboscis. These data suggest that anterior regeneration is driven not only by conserved developmental mechanisms, but also by some regeneration-specific mechanism(s).
The New Charge Symmetry Breaking

For few body systems, the treatment of charge symmetry breaking (CSB) that is based on meson‐exchange models is being replaced by effective field theories whose CSB originates in the down‐up quark mass difference and quark electromagnetic effects. In parallel, two new observations of CSB in π0 production (the fore‐aft asymmetry in n+p→d+π0 and the total cross section for d+d→4He+π0) provide applicable data.
Integrated robotics control

An integrated environment for robotics control is presented. A case study using an IBM PC and a Heath Kit Hero-1 robot is discussed. The implementation includes immediate robot online mode and an integrated control mode which allows object recognition results to be communicated to the robot. The integrated environment also offers memory management for the robot's user memory and controls the communication between the PC and the robot. The design allows incorporation of all development tools for the robot such as a cross compiler and a simulator. >
Studying Teacher Preparation: The Questions That Drive Research.

This article argues that research on teacher preparation over the last 100 years can be understood in terms of the major questions that researchers examined. The analysis is guided by the framework...
Production of Coal Combustion Products and Their Potential Uses

Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) arise from the combustion of coal for energy, with fly ash (FA), bottom ash (BA) and flue-gas desulfurization residues (FGD) the most abundant. Our reliance on fossil fuel for energy is set to continue into the 21st century, and research into the environmental safety of beneficial re-use options, as well as novel re-use options, must continue. Since previous editions of collected CCP research1, significant changes have been made to both the New Source Review and the Clean Air Act that directly impact CCP production figures. New techniques such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy are increasingly being used to reveal micron-scale elemental characteristics of CCPs, and aid our understanding of the distribution and chemical form of the metallic constituents. This chapter summarizes production and use covering the period 2001–2003, new trends in reuse applications and discusses new research on the environmental safety of CCP re-use.