cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by doxycycline in cultured human osteosarcoma cells

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a major role in the phenomena of growth, invasion, and metastasis of malignant disease. We studied the effects of doxycycline, a synthetic tetracycline that has been shown to suppress MMP activity in other solid tumors, on osteosarcoma (OSA) cell proliferation and MMP activity in vitro. OSA cells from 6 patients and from one established human tumor cell line (U2OS) (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured in the presence or absence of doxycycline. Doxycycline (10 μg/ml) suppressed OSA cell proliferation threefold to sevenfold in all cultures. MMP activity was assessed by gelatin zymography and was diminished by approximately 50% in all cultures. We examined the hypothesis that induction of apoptosis is one of the mechanisms by which doxycycline inhibits OSA cell proliferation. Ethidium bromide-stained gels of DNA from cells grown in the presence of 5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml of doxycycline revealed laddering consistent with apoptosis after 24 hours in culture. The demonstration that doxycycline suppresses cell proliferation and MMP activity and induces apoptosis in human OSA cells in vitro suggests that this well-tolerated oral agent may be effective in the in vivo treatment of OSA.
The Effects of Age and Previous Mating Experience on Pre- and Post-copulatory Mate Choice in Female House Crickets (Acheta domesticus L.)

Although females’ mating preferences are influenced by male characteristics, there are a number of factors intrinsic to females and unrelated to male phenotype that can modulate female choice. We assessed the effects of age and mating experience on mechanisms of pre- and post-copulatory mate choice in female house crickets, Acheta domesticus L., by randomly assigning males to females, but independently varying the age and number of previous matings of females at the time of experimental matings. Latency to mating, a measure of a female’s pre-copulatory preference, was influenced by female age at the time of mating, with older females mating sooner than younger females. The reduced selectivity of older females appears consistent with life-history theory, which predicts that the reproductive value of females should decline with age. The length of time that females retained the spermatophore after mating, a measure of a female’s post-copulatory mating preference, was not influenced by female age at the time of mating, the number of previous matings, or any interaction between the two main effects. Contrary to previous reports, male mass had no effect on either the latency to mating or female retention of the spermatophore in A. domesticus. We conclude that female age and mating experience can moderate female selectivity, but that their impact varies according to the mechanism by which females favor particular sires.
Comparison of mechanized anterior capsulectomy and manual continuous capsulorhexis in pediatric eyes

Performing a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) can be more difficult in children than in adults because the capsular bag is more elastic. In this study we compared two capsulectomy techniques in pediatric eyes: creating a mechanized circular anterior capsulectomy using a vitrector and creating a conventional smooth-edged curvilinear tear or CCC using a forceps or needle. We used 18 pairs of eyes (36 eyes) obtained postmortem from children ranging in age from four days to 16 years. The mechanized vitrector-cut capsulectomy was unsuccessful in only one eye (from a 16-year-old child) in which a radial tear developed. Manual CCC was unsuccessful in six eyes, all from children less than five years of age. We conclude that mechanized circular capsulectomy is not only easier to perform in very young eyes than manual CCC, but it is also safe and creates a capsular opening that resists radial tearing. This mechanized technique gives the surgeon an alternative to use in pediatric eyes in which standard manual CCC may be difficult to perform and control.
Structure sharing in lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars

We present a scheme for efficiently representing a lexicalized tree-adjoining grammar (LTAG). The proposed representational scheme allows for structure-sharing between lexical entries and the trees associated with the lexical items. A compact organization is achieved by organizing the lexicon in a hierarchical fashion and using inheritance as well as by using lexical and syntactic rules.While different organizations (Flickinger, 1987; Pollard and Sag, 1987; Shieber, 1986) of the lexicon have been proposed, in the scheme we propose, the inheritance hierarchy not only provides structure-sharing of lexical information but also of the associated elementary trees of extended domain of locality. Furthermore, the lexical and syntactic rules can be used to derive new elementary trees from the default structures specified in the hierarchical lexicon.In the envisaged scheme, the use of a hierarchical lexicon and of lexical and syntactic rules for lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars will capture important linguistic generalizations and also allows for a space efficient representation of the grammar. This will allow for easy maintenance and facilitate updates to the grammar.
Chemisorption and Reaction of Sulfur Dioxide with Oxidized and Reduced Ceria Surfaces

The interaction of SO2 with highly oriented ceria films is studied as a function of coverage, temperature, and degree of oxidation of the ceria. Soft X-ray photoemission (SXPS) is used to analyze the oxidation state of the ceria and the evolution of the SO2-derived species, while thermal desorption spectroscopy is used to analyze the desorption products. The principle interaction is chemisorption of SO2 at oxygen anions, which reversibly desorbs as SO2 over a broad temperature range from 200 to 600 K. This interaction is characterized as a Lewis acid−base interaction and occurs with approximately equal facility if the surface is hydroxylated or sulfided. On reduced ceria the adsorption is more heterogeneous, suggesting a variety of local bonding environments, including a small, distinguishable amount of adsorption at Ce3+ sites. A significant portion of the chemisorbed SO2 converts to sulfide above 300 K, and the resulting sulfide then equilibrates between bulk and surface sites above 600 K. Adsorption at...
The relation of salivary cortisol to patterns of performance on a word list learning task in healthy older adults

A pattern of performance on a word list learning task known as a reduced primacy effect has been shown to be characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can distinguish AD from depression. Deficits in memory and hippocampal atrophy seen in AD have been associated with hypercortisolism. The present study evaluated whether the reduced primacy effect is associated with elevated salivary cortisol in a sample of 40 healthy older community-dwelling adults participating in a study of memory and stress. We found that primacy, but not recency, was associated with higher salivary cortisol levels. In addition, participants who showed a reduced primacy had higher salivary cortisol levels than those with a normal serial position curve. Results suggest that there may be value to examining both serial position curves and changes to cortisol patterns over time as potential predictors of cognitive decline in healthy older adults.
Ultrastructural localization of surface concanavalin A binding sites in a unicellular organism, Amoeba proteus.

As demonstrated by electron microscopy, a plant lectin, concanavalin A, binds to the cell surface of amebae. The presence of these concanavalin A binding sites at the surface of a unicellular organism are not limited to density-dependent contact inhibition of growth suggests that such sites may not always play a role in contact inhibition. Localization of the concanavalin A binding sites in the cell coat of amebae also provides indirect evidence that the sites are formed in the Golgi apparatus.
On the measurement and mechanism of dryout in volumetrically heated coarse particle beds

Experimental data, obtained at Purdue's Large Scale Corium Bed Simulation Facility, indicate that the dryout delay time (DDT) is simply related to the applied power. The relationship, called the constant energy line (CEL), is useful to uniquely define the critical heat flux, qcr. It also provides a convenient and highly accurate means for the experimental measurement of qcr. Based on these data the Theofanous-Saito correlation is recommended for the prediction of qcr in deep beds of non-spherical coarsely-sized particulates. Finally, a plausible, mechanistic, model of the pre-dryout transient, considering coolant depletion phenomena and flooding limitations, was developed to analytically demonstrate the CEL behavior.
Numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 7, 18, and x in precancerous breast disease defined by fluorescent in situ hybridization.

: Nonrandom numerical chromosomal abnormalities (NCA) are frequent in invasive breast cancer, but little is known about such changes in microscopic precursor lesions. Mammographically detected “suspicious” breast lesions were localized by specimen radiology of sliced breast tissue. The slices containing the lesion were imprinted onto coated slides by gentle scraping. The corresponding hematoxylin and eosin stained histologic sections and Diff-Quik stained imprints were used for classification as ductal hyperplasia (DH), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Additional slide imprints were evaluated for copy number of chromosomes 7, 18, and X by using fluorescent in situ hybridization with alpha satellite probes. NCA were detected in 1 of 9 (11%) cases of DH, in 2 of 8 (25%) cases of ADH, and in 14 of 16 (87%) cases of DCIS. There was selective loss (chromosome 18) in one case of DCIS; all other cases with NCA had a gain of at least one chromosome. There is a progressive increase in incidence of NCA in DH, ADH and DCIS. The majority of NCA are chromosomal gains.
Glutathione peroxidase in dried blood spots.

A new procedure utilizing dried blood spots was developed for detecting glutathione peroxidase deficiency. Samples from a known patient with a partial defect and from rats with an induced deficiency were distinguished from respective control groups by their longer defluorescence endpoints., Samples from 100 patients with anemia and 2 phenylketonuric infants on low-protein diets contained glutathione peroxidase activity similar to that in 82 controls, when screened for the enzyme defect by the new procedure.
Deficient health and social services for elderly people with learning disabilities.

Elderly people with learning disabilities have greater psychiatric morbidity than younger individuals, but a previous report has suggested that themajorityoftheformerdonot receive treatment All people with leaming disabilities aged 65 years and over living in Leicestershire, England (n= 134), and a random sample of adults with learning disabilities aged between 20 and 64 years (n= 73) were assessed for psychiatric disorders and service use. Elderly people received less day care, less respite care, and were less likely to have a social worker and receive input from most health services than the younger group. Chiropody was an exception. Those receiving psychiatric services did so through the leaming disabilities specialist services only. Those with an additional psychiatric disorder were more likely to receive services, but results still favoured the younger group. Services were better accessed by those living in residential care. Failure to access services may relate to carers attitudes and beliefs: in leaming disability settings, morbidity was attributed to ‘it's just old age’ in the elderly settings, morbidity was attributed to ‘it's because s/he has leaming disabilities’. The specialist health and social services need to take the lead in health promotion and education.
Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia during tetracaine spinal anesthesia.

Abstract The effect of spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric tetracaine with epinephrine on resting ventilation and on ventilatory responsiveness to C02 rebreathing was studied in 10 unpremedicated patients. Resting end-tidal PCO 2 (PET co2 decreased from 37 ± 3 mmHg (mean ± SD) to 34 ± 2 mmHg after induction of spinal anesthesia ( p 0.1 ) at PET co2 = 55 mmHg increased during spinal anesthesia from 32.0 ± 12.9 to 40.2 ± 17.0 l/min and from 5.0 ± 1.8 to 8.6 ± 4.7 cmH 2 O, respectively. The magnitude of the increase in VE during spinal anesthesia correlated inversely with age. Spinal anesthesia was not associated with significant changes in vital capacity, maximal inspiratory pressure, or the slopes of the lines relating VE or PO 0.1 to PCO 2 . These results show increased ventilatory responsiveness to C02 (a parallel leftward shift of the CO 2 response curve) with tetracaine spinal anesthesia.
Color transparency experiments using the (e, e′p) reaction☆

Abstract The ( e , e ′ p ) reaction on nuclear targets will be an important technique in the study of color transparency effects. Experiment NE18 proposed at SLAC will be capable of exploring the momentum transfer region 1 ⩽ Q 2 ⩽ 7 (GeV/c 2 . Higher Q 2 (up to 20 (GeV/c) 2 ) can be studied with high intensity electron beams with energy in the range 10–15 GeV.
Knowledge Transfer in a Multiple Virtual Communities Network

Widely discussed in the mass media, Web 2.0, or social software, has also drawn the attention of researchers, developing into a whole new research area. With Web 2.0's further development, corporations aim to adopt its technologies and transfer its benefits, such as enhanced collaboration and knowledge sharing, to their organizations. Whether any of these benefits also apply in an organizational context and whether there are further, still uncovered, benefits remains unclear. Furthermore, research in this area is still in its early stages, thus hampering progress towards qualitative and quantitative models that could provide answers. In order to encourage further progress in this area, we reviewed the existing research on corporate blogging and identified 24 articles that investigate the topic. Using the framework by Ives et al. [18], we categorized the articles for further analysis. By means of process theory, we build a conceptual model and identify the antecedents and consequences of internal corporate weblog usage. Our findings suggest that usage is driven by organizational culture, as well as by attitudes towards blogging. In addition, the benefits of weblog usage are centered on community benefits.
Hot-electron-induced photon and photocarrier generation in Silicon MOSFET's

The phenomenon of and the physical mechanisms for the generation of minority carriers in the substrate of NMOS and CMOS are studied. Secondary impact ionization is not responsible. The responsible mechanisms are hot-electron-induced photocarrier generation and, under extreme conditions, forward biasing of the source-substrate junction. The photon generation is believed to be due to the bremsstrahlung of the channel hot electrons. A theoretical model based on the lucky electron concept and the bremsstrahlung mechanism is proposed. The calculated characteristics of photon generation agree well with experimental results. About 2 × 10-5photogenerated minority carriers are generated for every (primary) impact-ionization event in NMOSFET. Photocarrier-induced leakage current can be fitted with either an inverse square dependence on distance or an exponential dependence with an effective decay length of about 780 µm.
Algorithms for data-driven ASR parameter quantization

Abstract There is fast growing research on designing energy-efficient computational devices and applications running on them. As one of the most compelling applications for mobile devices, automatic speech recognition (ASR) requires new methods to allow it to use fewer computational and memory resources while still achieving a high level of accuracy. One way to achieve this is through parameter quantization. In this work, we compare a variety of novel sub-vector clustering procedures for ASR system parameter quantization. Specifically, we look at systematic data-driven sub-vector selection techniques, most of which are based on entropy minimization, and others on recognition accuracy maximization on a development set. We compare performance on two speech databases, phonebook , an isolated word speech recognition task, and timit , a phonetically diverse connected-word speech corpus. While the optimal entropy-minimizing or accuracy-driven quantization methods are intractable, several simple schemes including scalar quantization with separate codebooks per parameter and joint scalar quantization with normalization perform well in their attempt to approximate the optimal clustering.
Human factors guidelines for terminal interface design

This paper provides a set of guidelines for the design of software interfaces for video terminals. It describes how to optimize screen layouts, interactive data entry, and error handling, as well as many practical techniques for improving man-machine interaction. Emphasis is placed on factors relating to perceptual and cognitive psychology rather than on gross physiological concerns. Ways in which interfaces can be evaluated to improve their user friendliness are also suggested. The author summarizes many ideas that can be found in other, more comprehensive texts on the subject. These guidelines will provide practicing software designers with useful insights into some of today's principal terminal interface design considerations.
The Male Genitalia of the Stratiomyidae with Special Reference to Wisconsin Species

An examination of the genitalia of insects is often necessary for species identification. Studies of these parts also may strengthen an understanding of interrelationships that are based primarily on characters other than genitalia. Past workers have studied the genitalia of the Stratiomyidae very little, probably because of their relatively minute sizes. In these studies the males of a representative species from each genus, usually the genotype, have been dissected, the parts cleared and drawings made. The male genitalia were prepared for study by relaxing pinned specimens, pulling out the terminal parts and placing them in a ten percent solution of sodium hydroxide for one or two days, depending upon their darkened condition. They were then washed in water and placed in glycerine in capsules so that they could be attached by their corks to pins with the original specimens. Studies and drawings were made by placing the specimens in white porcelain spot dishes which contained a smear of petroleum jelly in the bottom, and then adding enough glycerine to cover the genitalia. The camera lucida was used as an aid in making the sketches.
Selective dissolution of siliceous microfossils observed in a box core from the north-east equatorial Pacific

A box core taken at 11°50.3′ N and 137°28.2′ W in the Central Pacific manganese nodule province was studied to determine the pattern of diatom and radiolarian preservation with depth in the sediment, as well as to observe downcore variations in clay mineralogy. We observed marked deterioration of the siliceous microfossils within the upper 30 cm of this sediment; over this depth interval the Quaternary diatoms disappear first, followed deeper downcore by the dissolution of Quaternary radiolarians. Tertiary microfossils in general were the most corrosion resistant, and the residual microfossil assemblage in the lower part of the core consisted of fragmented, robust Tertiary forms. Consequently, the apparent biostratigraphical age of the sediment appeared much greater than the age suggested by mineralogical and radioisotopic data.
Pressure-Adaptive Differences in the Binding and Catalytic Properties of Muscle-Type (M4) Lactate Dehydrogenases of Shallow- and Deep-Living Marine Fishes

The pressure sensitivities of substrate (pyruvate) and cofactor (NADH) binding and catalytic rate of purified muscle-type (M4) lactate dehydrogenases (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27; NAD+: lactate oxidoreductase) from shallow- and deep-living teleost fishes were compared. The LDH's of the shallow species are significantly more pressure-sensitive than the LDH's of the deep-living fishes. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km)1 of pyruvate of the deep-living species' LDH's is pressure-insensitive over the entire pressure range used in these studies, 1 to 476 atmospheres (Fig. 1). For the LDH's of the shallow species, theKm of pyruvate increases significantly between 1 and 68 atmospheres, and then remains stable up to 476 atmospheres. TheKm of NADH displays a much higher pressure sensitivity. For the LDH's of the deep species, theKm of NADH increases slightly (approximately 32%) between 1 and 68 atmospheres, and then remains stable up to 476 atmospheres (Fig. 1). TheKm of the shallow species' LDH's rises sharply (approximately 113%) between 1 and 68 atmospheres, and then continues to increase at a slower rate up to 476 atmospheres. This marked inhibition of cofactor binding by pressure for the shallow species' LDH's may be of sufficient magnitude to seriously impair the function of these LDH's at pressures typical of those encountered by the deeper-living species.
A field method for determing percentage of coated sand grains

Several USDA-NRCS hydric soil field indicators require estimation of the percentage of organic-coated sand grains (black grains). For example, to meet the Dark Surface field indicator the soil layer must contain at least 70% coated (black) grains. Field experience has shown that the estimation of the percentage of coated sand grains is often subjective and highly variable from one soil scientist to another. In order to overcome this variability a set of standards was created using a mixture of black and light gray (representing uncoated grains) sand grains. Weighing out each component for the desired ratio and mixing them in a 47-mm-diam. petri dish we made a set of three standards consisting of 50, 70, and 90% black grains. To test the effectiveness of these standards, soil scientists estimated the percentage of coated grains from similarly prepared samples first without the use of the standards and then with the use of the standards for comparison. Individuals improved the accuracy of their estimates by 10 to 60% and their hydric soil identification by 16%. The standards are easily prepared, easy to use, and portable.
Metal-insulator transition and effects of localization and correlation in amorphous FexSb100-x alloys.

Study of the electrical resistivity of amorphous ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{100\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ alloys with a very wide composition range of 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}85 reveals a metal-insulator transition near x=14. Conduction via variable-range hopping takes place on the insulating side. The low-temperature resistivity on the metallic side has a \ensuremath{\surd}T dependence, in agreement with recent scaling theories. In some metallic samples, the effects of localization and correlation dominate the electrical conductivity up to 30 K. The correlation gap, which vanishes at the metal-insulator transition, increases monotonically on both the metallic and the insulating side with a change of five orders of magnitude over the entire composition range.
Cl- channels in basolateral renal medullary membranes: VII. Characterization of the intracellular anion binding sites.

A unique property of basolateral membrane Cl− channels from the mTAL is that the Cl− concentration facing the intracellular aspects of these channels is a determinant of channel open time probability (P 0 ). The K 1/2 for maximal activation of P 0 by Cl− facing intracellular domains of these channels is 10 mm Cl−. The present experiments evaluated the nature of these Cl−-interactive sites. First, we found that the impermeant anion isethionate, when exposed to intracellular Cl− channel faces, could augment P 0 with a K 1/2 in the range of 10 mm isethionate without affecting conductance (g Cl, pS). Second, pretreatment of the solutions facing the intracellular aspects of the channels with either 1 mm phenylglyoxal (PGO), an arginine-specific reagent, or the lysine/terminal amine reagent trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 1 mm), prevented the activation of P 0 usually seen when the Cl− concentration of solutions facing intracellular channel domains was raised from 2 to 50 mm. However, when the Cl− channel activity was increased by first raising the Cl− concentration bathing intracellular channel faces from 2 to 50 mm, subsequent addition of either PGO or TNBS to solutions bathing intracellular Cl− channel faces had no effect on P 0 . We conclude that the intracellular aspects of these Cl− channels contain Cl−-interactive loci (termed [Cl] i ) which are accessible to impermeant anions in intracellular fluids and which contain arginineand lysine-rich domains which can be inactivated, at low ambient Cl− or isethionate concentrations, by interactions with PGO or TNBS.
Fish Cognition and Consciousness

Questions about fish consciousness and cognition are receiving increasing attention. In this paper, I explain why one must be careful to avoid drawing conclusions too hastily about this hugely diverse set of species.
Measure of Functional Independence Dominates Discharge Outcome Prediction After Inpatient Rehabilitation for Stroke

Background and Purpose—Identifying clinical data acquired at inpatient rehabilitation admission for stroke that accurately predict key outcomes at discharge could inform the development of customized plans of care to achieve favorable outcomes. The purpose of this analysis was to use a large comprehensive national data set to consider a wide range of clinical elements known at admission to identify those that predict key outcomes at rehabilitation discharge. Methods—Sample data were obtained from the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation data set with the diagnosis of stroke for the years 2005 through 2007. This data set includes demographic, administrative, and medical variables collected at admission and discharge and uses the FIM (functional independence measure) instrument to assess functional independence. Primary outcomes of interest were functional independence measure gain, length of stay, and discharge to home. Results—The sample included 148 367 people (75% white; mean age, 70.6±13.1 ye...
The Invisible Client

This article attempts to define and to describe those clients who “drop out” of counseling prematurely. Recommendations for dealing with the dropout are also discussed.
Effects of fetal calf serum, phenazine ethosulfate and either glucose or fructose during in vitro culture of bovine embryos on embryonic development after cryopreservation.

This study investigated effects of hexoses, fetal calf serum (FCS), and phenazine ethosulfate (PES) during the culture of bovine embryos on blastocyst development and survival after cryopreservation by slow freezing or vitrification. The basal, control medium was chemically defined (CDM) plus 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA. In vitro-produced bovine zygotes were cultured in CDM-1 with 0.5 mM glucose; after 60 hr, 8-cell embryos were cultured 4.5 days in CDM-2. The 8-cell embryos were randomly allocated to a 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 factorial experimental design with two energy substrates (2 mM glucose or fructose); three additives (0.3 microM PES, 10% FCS, and control); two cryopreservation methods using no animal products (conventional slow freezing or vitrification); and semen from three bulls with two replicates for each bull. A total of 1,107 blastocysts were produced. Fructose resulted in 13% more blastocysts per oocyte than glucose (37.2% vs. 32.9%), and per 8-cell embryo (51.3% vs. 45.3%; P 0.1) control, FCS, or PES for blastocysts per oocyte or per 8-cell embryo. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between additives and hexoses for blastocyst production; although trends were similar, the benefit of fructose compared to glucose was greater for controls than for FCS or PES. Culture of embryos with PES, which reduces cytoplasmic lipid content, improved cryotolerance of bovine embryos; post-cryopreservation survival of blastocysts averaged over vitrification and slow freezing (between which there was no difference) was 91.9%, 84.9%, and 60.2% of unfrozen controls (P < 0.01) for PES, control, and FCS groups, respectively.
Teaching Immunology through Microbiology

For students attending a Special Master Program that is often a gateway to professional schools, an advanced immunology course is not necessary. Instead, a course was designed with a microbiological frame such that the students learn more about the immunology of microbial infection, how microbes subvert the immune response, and the overall context of host-microbe interactions. Of the fifteen weeks of instruction, twelve weeks were taught from microbiological perspective and three weeks consisted of only immunologic topics. We analyzed whether the described approach of integrating microbiology in the teaching of immunology was effective using an immunology pre- and post-test as well as the students’ perceptions of the course using the Student Assessment of Learning Gains (SALG) instrument. Analysis of the pre- and post-tests revealed that students scored significantly higher on the post-test compared to the pre-test, suggesting there was an increase in immunological knowledge, in spite of only three weeks of traditional immunology content. Students’ perception of their understanding of traditional immunology topics was significantly higher after completion of the course as measured by the SALG instrument. Additionally, students perceived lectures to be significantly more helpful than other class activities. This method of teaching immunology through the integration of microbiology in one course is a novel concept that deviates from the typical Special Master Program immunology curriculum and provides a more medically relevant context to the functioning of the immune system.
The Future of Attosecond Spectroscopy

Attoscience is the study of physical processes that occur in less than a fraction of a cycle of visible light, in times less than a quadrillionth of a second. The motion of electrons inside atoms and molecules that are undergoing photoionization or chemical change falls within this time scale, as does the plasma motion that causes the reflectivity of metals. The techniques to study motion on this scale are based on careful control of strong-field laser-atom interactions. These techniques and new research opportunities in attosecond spectroscopy are reviewed.
Variation in Larval Growth Rate among Striped Bass Stocks from Different Latitudes

Abstract Field observations of a variety of fish species at different latitudes suggest that there is an inverse (countergradient) relationship between growth rate within the first growing season and the length of the growing season. In this study, larvae of striped bass Morone saxatilis from four different latitudes—Hudson River, New York (NY) (41°N); Nanticoke and Patuxent rivers, Maryland (MD) (38°N); Santee–Cooper river system, South Carolina (SC) (33°N); Apalachicola River, Florida (FL) (30°N)—were raised in captivity under identical conditions to determine if differences in growth could be detected among the populations. Larvae from two mothers per latitude were reared at two temperatures (17°C and 21°C) with replication. The general result was that MD and NY larvae exhibited the highest growth rates and SC larvae grew the slowest. At 17°C, a significant difference in standard length growth rate was detected between MD larvae, the fastest growing population, and SC larvae, the slowest growing popula...
AZIDE COMPLEXES OF PALLADIUM (II)

Abstract Absorption peaks appear in the near ultra-violet spectrum of aqueous solutions containing azide and palladium (II), unlike the case in the visible region. The existence of 5:1 and 6:1 N3− to Pd2+ complexes is indicated, in addition to the lower ratio complexes which have been reported by others. The precipitate which is sometimes formed on adding azide to a palladium (II) solution has been identified as Pd(N3)2 and some of its properties are reported.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Nanoparticle Growth and Phase Transformation by Surface Impurities

Experiments have shown that thermal stability of nanoscale titania is significantly enhanced by the presence of low concentration yttrium dopants, but the mechanism of this effect is unclear. We present extended x-ray fine structure and wide-angle x-ray scattering measurements showing that yttrium is not incorporated in the nanoparticle interior but forms yttrium-oxygen clusters at the nanoparticle surfaces. The surface clusters modify the interfacial free energy, affecting the unit cell parameters, strongly inhibiting nanoparticle growth, and stabilizing the anatase phase up to 700 deg. C. Molecular dynamics calculations reproduced the experimentally observed Y-O bond lengths in surface yttrium clusters and predict a substantial lowering in anatase surface energy, in agreement with the inferred mechanism for suppression of growth and phase transformation.
Air-broadened halfwidth and pressure shift coefficients of 12C16O2 bands: 4750–7000 cm−1

Abstract Previously we obtained self-broadened halfwidth and self-induced shift coefficients at room temperature for 15 near infrared CO 2 bands between 4750 and 7000 cm −1 [R.A. Toth, L.R. Brown, C.E. Miller, V.M. Devi, D.C. Benner, J. Mol. Spectrosc., 239 (2006) 243–271]. The present study expands our work on the near infrared line parameters of CO 2 to include air broadening coefficients. Here we report nearly 400 air-broadened half width and air-induced pressure shift coefficients spanning 11 different CO 2 vibrational bands in the 4750–7000 cm −1 region. Retrievals have been performed using Voigt line profiles over three distinct spectral intervals: (a) 4750–5200 cm −1 , covering the 20011 ← 00001, 20012 ← 00001, and 20013 ← 00001 Fermi Triad and three associated hot bands 21111 ← 01101, 21112 ← 01101, 21113 ← 01101; (b) 6100–7000 cm −1 , covering the 30011 ← 00001, 30012 ← 00001, 30013 ← 00001 and 30014 ← 00001 Fermi Tetrad; (c) near 6950 cm −1 for the 00031 ← 00001 overtone band. The air-broadened halfwidth and air-induced pressure shift coefficients have been modeled with empirical expressions and compared to other measurements available in the literature.
Meeting the cervical cancer screening needs of underserved women: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, 2004–2006

To examine the extent to which the only national organized screening program in the US, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP), has helped to meet the cervical cancer screening needs of underserved women. Low-income, uninsured women 18–64 years of age are eligible for free cervical cancer screening services through NBCCEDP. We used data from the US Census Bureau to estimate the number of eligible women, based on insurance status and income. The estimates were adjusted for hysterectomy status using the National Health Interview Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We used administrative data from NBCCEDP to obtain the number of women receiving NBCCEDP-funded Papanicolaou (Pap) tests. We then calculated the percentage of NBCCEDP-eligible women who received free cervical cancer screening through NBCCEDP. We also used the NHIS to calculate the percentage of NBCCEDP-eligible women screened nationally and the percentage unscreened. In 2004–2006, nearly 9% (775,312 of 8.9 million) of NBCCEDP-eligible women, received NBCCEDP-funded Pap test. Rates varied substantially by age groups, race, and ethnicity. NBCCEDP-eligible women 40–64 years of age had a higher screening rate (22.6%) than eligible women 18–39 years of age (2.3%). Non-Hispanic women had a higher screening rate (9.3%) than Hispanic women (7.3%). Among non-Hispanics, the screening rate was highest among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women (36.1%) and lowest among women of different race combinations (4.6%), The percentage of eligible women screened in each state ranged from 2.0 to 38.4%. Although NBCCEDP provided cervical cancer screening services to 775,312 low-income, uninsured women, this number represented a small percentage of those eligible. In 2005, more than 34% of NBCCEDP-eligible women (3.1 million women) did not receive recommended Pap tests from either NBCCEDP or other sources.
An Analysis of the Wealth Effects of Green Marketing Strategies

Abstract Event study methodology is used to examine the wealth effects, or stock price reactions, to corporate announcements of green marketing activities. Two procedures for measuring stock price reactions and two different tests of significance are used in the study. The results for the sample of 73 firms show that the market value for the average firm in the sample declines by 3.14% during the period from 10 days prior to 10 days after the news is announced. Announcements related to green products, recycling efforts, and appointments of environmental policy managers result in insignificant stock price reactions. However, announcements for green promotional efforts produce significantly negative stock price reactions. Sampling by financial and operational characteristics shows that firms with higher growth in earnings, larger firms, and firms with higher advertising-to-sales ratios experience relatively less negative stock price reactions. Managerial implications of the results and directions for future research are also presented.
Intravascular and extravascular pulmonary fluid volumes during acute experimental pericardial tamponade

Abstract Pulmonary congestion is usually absent in cardiac tamponade. To examine the effects of experimental pericardial tamponade on pulmonary fluid volumes, we studied 14 anesthetized dogs with indicator-dilution techniques to measure extravascular (EVLW) and intravascular (PBV) pulmonary fluid volumes. Seven dogs were studied at two levels of tamponade and seven were studied during two levels of left atrial (LA) hypertension produced with an LA balloon. EVLW and PBV were measured in both groups at control state and then at two levels of elevated LA pressure (P). When LAP was raised by the balloon, PBV rose with the increase in LAP (4.9 ± 2 cc/kg control at LAP 1.2 ± 1.0 mm Hg versus 6.8 ± 2.1 cc/kg at LAP 8.4 ± 1.4 mm Hg and 6.8 ± 2.1 cc/kg at LAP 14.7 ± 2.0 mm Hg; both intervention PBV values p
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A NOVEL COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE BASED FERROELECTRIC VARACTOR SHUNT SWITCH

ABSTRACT Novel ferroelectric variable capacitor (varactor) shunt switches have been designed, and experimentally verified recently. The varactor shunt switches are designed for microwave and millimeterwave switching applications, based on the nonlinear dielectric tunability of the Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin-films. Nanostructured BST thin-films with dielectric tunability as high as 350% were used in this study. The device consists of a coplanar waveguide line loaded by a ferroelectric varactor. The large capacitance of the varactor at zero bias shunts the input signal to ground, thus isolating the output port, resulting in the OFF state of the device. When one applies a bias voltage corresponding of approximately 10 V (a dc electric field of ∼ 250 kV/cm), the varactor's capacitance is reduced to a minimum, allowing maximum transmission to the output, thus resulting in the ON state of the device. The microwave switching performance of the varactor shunt switch is compared with the RF MEMS switches for potent...
OH prompt emission in Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII)

Following Bertaux's (1986) suggestion that photodissociative OH fluorescence can furnish a direct measure of water-density distribution within about 100 km of the cometary nucleus, if sufficiently high spatial resolution is available, attention is presently given to IUE-obtained UV spectra of two comets which differ only as to effective spatial resolution, in order to search for OH prompt emission. IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII) and Tuttle (1980 XIII) spectra are compared at comparable heliocentric, but differing geocentric, distances; evidence is thereby obtained for OH prompt emission in Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock, whose implied water-production rate reflects an instantaneous value which may be compared with that derived from OH solar resonance fluorescence.
The Spanish Seaborne Empire

The Spanish empire in America was the first of the great seaborne empires of western Europe; it was for long the richest and the most formidable, the focus of envy, fear, and hatred. Its haphazard beginning dates from 1492; it was to last more than three hundred years before breaking up in the early nineteenth century in civil wars between rival generals and 'liberators'. Available now for the first time in paperback is J.H. Parry's classic assessment of the impact of Spain on the Americas. Parry presents a broad picture of the conquests of Cortes and Pizarro and of the economic and social consequences in Spain of the effort to maintain control of vast holdings. He probes the complex administration of the empire, its economy, social structure, the influence of the Church, the destruction of the Indian cultures and the effect of their decline on Spanish policy. As we approach the quincentenary of Columbus' arrival in the Americas, Parry provides the historical basis for a new consideration of the former Spanish colonies of Latin America and the transformation of pre-Columbian cultures to colonial states.
Perturbations of regularizing maximal monotone operators

We consideru′(t)+Au(t)∋f(t), whereA is maximal monotone in a Hilbert spaceH. AssumeA is continuous or A=ϱφ or intD(A)≠∅ or dimH<∞. For suitably boundedf′s, it is shown that the solution mapf→u is continuous, even if thef′s are topologized much more weakly than usual. As a corollary we obtain the existence of solutions ofu′(t)+Au(t)∋B(u(t)), whereB is a compact mapping inH.
A complex simulation and community involvement yield an award-winning capstone experience

Simulations afford students opportunities to apply newly acquired skills to actual "real world" situations, and experiential activities involving community executives can enhance these "real world"...
Characterization of grinding-induced cracks in ceramics

A method of determining the size distribution of grinding-induced cracks using a simulation of the grinding process is presented. The simulation uses the grinding wheel profile, grinding conditions and the normal grinding force as input. The grinding operation is considered to be a continuous indentation process arising from a series of abrasive edges. The grinding-induced cracks are estimated based on the indentation fracture mechanics model. Applying the simulation procedure to creep feed grinding of alumina with resinoid diamond wheels resulted in estimates of crack sizes ranging from 3 to 37 μm for the four different grinding conditions that were used in the study.
The knight shift in metals: Liquid arsenic

Abstract Using high temperature NMR apparatus, we have measured the Knight shift of liquid arsenic. The resulting value of 0.318 ± 0.005 per cent is slightly low when compared with the Knight shifts of other polyvalent metals approximately normalized for period effects.
Molecular requirements for actin-based lamella formation in Drosophila S2 cells

Cell migration occurs through the protrusion of the actin-enriched lamella. Here, we investigated the effects of RNAi depletion of ∼90 proteins implicated in actin function on lamella formation in Drosophila S2 cells. Similar to in vitro reconstitution studies of actin-based Listeria movement, we find that lamellae formation requires a relatively small set of proteins that participate in actin nucleation (Arp2/3 and SCAR), barbed end capping (capping protein), filament depolymerization (cofilin and Aip1), and actin monomer binding (profilin and cyclase-associated protein). Lamellae are initiated by parallel and partially redundant signaling pathways involving Rac GTPases and the adaptor protein Nck, which stimulate SCAR, an Arp2/3 activator. We also show that RNAi of three proteins (kette, Abi, and Sra-1) known to copurify with and inhibit SCAR in vitro leads to SCAR degradation, revealing a novel function of this protein complex in SCAR stability. Our results have identified an essential set of proteins involved in actin dynamics during lamella formation in Drosophila S2 cells.
Robotic pectoral fin thrust vectoring using weighted gait combinations

A method was devised to vector propulsion of a robotic pectoral fin by means of actively controlling fin surface curvature. Separate flapping fin gaits were designed to maximize thrust for each of three different thrust vectors: forward, reverse, and lift. By using weighted combinations of these three pre-determined main gaits, new intermediate hybrid gaits for any desired propulsion vector can be created with smooth transitioning between these gaits. This weighted gait combination WGC method is applicable to other difficult-to-model actuators. Both 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics CFD and experimental results are presented.
Effects of varying energy intake and sire breed on duration of postpartum anestrus, insulin like growth factor-1, and growth hormone in mature crossbred cows.

Objectives of this study were to evalu- ate effects of seven sire breed groups and three levels of daily ME intake (DMEI = 132 or 189 kcal ME/kg BW 0.75 or ad libitum), beginning 5 mo prepartum, on BCS, length of postpartum anestrus, and circulating concentrations of IGF-1 and GH in F1 cows (six to eight cows per sire breed in each DMEI group) out of Angus or Hereford dams. At the initiation of the study, BW were 522, 530, 548, 572, 575, 577, and 595 kg for cows sired by Longhorn, Galloway, 1960s Hereford or Angus, 1980s Hereford or Angus, or Nellore, Salers, and Short- horn bulls, respectively (SE = 13; P < 0.001 for sire breed). After 4 mo on DMEI treatment during the pre- partum period, cows fed 132 kcal of ME/kg BW 0.75 gained little to no BW; cows fed 189 kcal ME/kg BW 0.75 gained 50 kg; and cows fed ad libitum gained 70 kg (all groups differ P < 0.05). Concentrations of progesterone in weekly blood samples collected 2 to 14 wk after calving were used to establish when normal luteal function resumed to predict length of postpartum anestrus. Length of anestrus was affected by level of DMEI in cows sired by Galloway, Longhorn, and Nellore bulls,
Morphometric data for adult lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)

Basic morphometric data were collected from 22 adult lion-tailed macaques (M. silenus) of both sexes. M. silenus is a rare primate species from which adequate morphometric data have not heretofore been available for comparative purposes. Data collected include measures of gross body size (weight; crown-rump and rump-heel length), and for males, measures of secondary sexual characteristics (canine tooth and testes size). Degree of sexual dimorphism was marked, with males significantly larger and heavier than females. The three body size measures were correlated for males but not for females. There was substantial variation among individual males in secondary sex characteristics measurements. The data indicate than lion-tailed macaque morphometrics are consonant with the general pattern of positive allometry for body size and sexual dimorphism characteristic of the primate order.
The Effects of Economic Pressure on the Resilience and Strengths of Individuals Living in Extreme Poverty

Economic pressure has negative effects on families living in poverty that require much resilience and strength to cope. Although the strengths perspective upholds many human service values, literature on how it can be used to build resilience of these families is scarce. This exploratory study reports on the relationship between the constructs of economic pressure and resilience among N = 194 individuals living in extreme poverty. The authors found a significant relationship between economic pressure and resilience, with higher economic pressure being associated with less resilience. However, family income was not a significant factor between economic pressure and resilience. Discussion is directed toward practice, policy, and research in enhancing the resilience and strengths of families living in extreme poverty.