cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite diffusion wall film evaporation model for engine simulations using continuous thermodynamics

Abstract The formation of engine pollutants directly relates to the local composition of air/fuel mixture within the combustion chamber. The evaporation of wall film, formed by spray/wall impingement, is much slower than free droplets and has strong effects on engine emission. A finite diffusion wall film evaporation model using continuous thermodynamics is developed for multi-dimensional engine modeling, accounting the multi-component nature of practical fuels, which is essentially a complicated liquid mixture. The vaporization rate is evaluated using the turbulent boundary-layer assumption and a quasi-steady approximation. Third-order polynomials are used to model the fuel composition and the temperature profiles within the liquid phase for accurate predictions of surface properties, which are important for evaluating the mass fraction, moments and heat flux. The governing equations for the film are then reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations and significantly reduce the computational cost while retaining adequate accuracy in the solution. The model is verified against high precision numerical solutions obtained with the finite difference method that solves the governing partial differential equations using a fine grid over the same computational domain. Good agreement is obtained for the evaporation of a film on a flat plate under various conditions. The boiling point of a practical fuel is found to increase steadily with evaporation and may surpass the wall temperature. The evaporation process can therefore be reverted to non-boiling evaporation. This phenomenon is unique to multi-component liquids and not observed during the evaporation process of single component liquids. The presented model, with improved computational efficiency and adequate accuracy, is applicable in multi-dimensional engine simulations. Finally, the model is used for a spray/wall impingement simulation. The results show that the multi-component nature of a practical fuel can have significant implications on the distributions of fuel concentration and composition during the spray/wall interaction.
An Overview of the Disposition of Solar Radiation in the Lower Atmosphere: Connections to the SORCE Mission and Climate Change

Solar radiation is the primary energy source for many processes in Earth’s environment and is responsible for driving the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The integrated strength and spectral distribution of solar radiation is modified from the space-based Solar Radiation and Climate (SORCE) measurements through scattering and absorption processes in the atmosphere and at the surface. Understanding how these processes perturb the distribution of radiative flux density is essential in determining the climate response to changes in concentration of various gases and aerosol particles from natural and anthropogenic sources, as is discerning their associated feedback mechanisms. The past decade has been witness to a tremendous effort to quantify the absorption of solar radiation by clouds and aerosol particles via airborne and space-based observations. Vastly improved measurement and modeling capabilities have enhanced our ability to quantify the radiative energy budget, yet gaps persist in our knowledge of some fundamental variables. This paper reviews some of the many advances in atmospheric solar radiative transfer as well as those areas where large uncertainties remain. The SORCE mission’s primary contribution to the energy budget studies is the specification of the solar total and spectral irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
An automated open-field apparatus utilizing an improved resistance detection circuit

An open-field apparatus that can be automatically operated is described. Detection of movement is electronic and based upon the fact that the S will complete a circuit path when crossing an open field. The circuit is very sensitive yet quite immune to the usual problem of 60-Hz interference.
Friction Numbers and Viscous Dissipation Heating for Laminar Flows of Water in Microtubes

The friction numbers for laminar flows of water in microtubes, determined from the temperature rise due to the viscous dissipation heating assuming a velocity slip, show a strong dependence on the diameter and aspect ratio. The calculated values compare well with those determined from experimental data for water flows in glass and diffused silica microtubes (16-101 μm in diameter D and aspect ratios LID =499-1479). With a slip, the friction number almost exponentially decreases as D decreases and, to a lesser extent, as LID increases. For D>400 pm, the friction number approaches the theoretical Hagen-Poiseuille for macrotubes (64) when LID> ∼ 1500, but higher values at smaller LID. The developed semiempirical analytical expression for calculating the friction number is in good agreement with the numerical and experimental results. The results suggest the presence of a velocity slip in the experiments and the plausible presence of a thin nanolayer at the walls of the microtubes. For D>200 μm, this layer, if exists, is estimated to be ∼18.9 nm, but increases to ∼21.5 nm for D <200 μm, when Re =800 and L/D = 1479.
Cooperative interactions between hippocampal and striatal systems support flexible navigation

Research in animals and humans has demonstrated that the hippocampus is critical for retrieving distinct representations of overlapping sequences of information. There is recent evidence that the caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex are also involved in disambiguation of overlapping spatial representations. The hippocampus and caudate are functionally distinct regions, but both have anatomical links with the orbitofrontal cortex. The present study used an fMRI-based functional connectivity analysis in humans to examine the functional relationship between the hippocampus, caudate, and orbitofrontal cortex when participants use contextual information to navigate well-learned spatial routes which share common elements. Participants were trained outside the scanner to navigate virtual mazes from a first-person perspective. Overlapping condition mazes began and ended at distinct locations, but converged in the middle to share some hallways with another maze. Non-overlapping condition mazes did not share any hallways with any other maze. Successful navigation through the overlapping hallways required contextual information identifying the current navigational route to guide the appropriate response for a given trial. Results revealed greater functional connectivity between the hippocampus, caudate, and orbitofrontal cortex for overlapping mazes compared to non-overlapping mazes. The current findings suggest that the hippocampus and caudate interact with prefrontal structures cooperatively for successful contextually dependent navigation.
Heat-Inducible Degron: A Method for Constructing Temperature-Sensitive Mutants

A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant retains the function of a gene at a low (permissive) temperature but not at a high (nonpermissive) temperature. Arg-DHFR, a dihydrofolate reductase bearing an amino-terminal (N-terminal) arginine, is long-lived in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, even though arginine is a destabilizing residue in the N-end rule of protein degradation. A ts derivative of Arg-DHFR was identified that is long-lived at 23 degrees C but rapidly degraded by the N-end rule pathway at 37 degrees C. Fusions of ts Arg-DHFR to either Ura3 or Cdc28 of S. cerevisiae confer ts phenotypes specific for these gene products. Thus, Arg-DHFRts is a heat-inducible degradation signal that can be used to produce ts mutants without a search for ts mutations.
USE OF A SPIKE CATHODE WITH A DUOPLASMATRON ION SOURCE.

Abstract With the use of a plasma-expansion cone to obtain increased output, higher arc currents were necessary to obtain the full advantage of the expansion cone. These increased currents reduce filament life considerably and would require a heavier gauge filament wire, with higher heat dissipation in the source head, to give an acceptable life. An alternative cathode consisting of a tungsten spike was constructed and has proved very satisfactory. Meaurements have been made of the arc current and extracted ion beam to determine the modulation both with a tungsten hair pin filamen aand with the spike cathode. It is shown that providing the arc current is sufficiently high there is no significant difference in high frequency modulation. Whilst unless the filament is heated by dc a significant 60 cycle modulation occurs when the hair pin filament is used.
Do You Need to Worry About Tooth Decay in Patients Who Aren’t Eating?

Although it may seem counterintuitive, patients who are not being fed by mouth are still vulnerable to tooth decay, and the health problems that have required alternative forms of feeding make them more vulnerable to the complications of decay—pain, abscess, and septicemia. Even without oral intake, bacteria that live in the mouth stick to the tooth surface and can potentially threaten oral health. The bacteria’s metabolism produces acids that erode the tooth structure. If unchecked, this erosion can reach the tooth’s pulp causing an abscess and potentially resulting in septicemia and even death. Unfortunately, it is not always recognized that patients not taking food by mouth are still vulnerable to tooth decay. Additionally, the ways in which fluoride prevents decay are also misunderstood, which may contribute to decay rather than prevent it. To most effectively prevent decay, caregivers can apply fluoride directly to the teeth. It is commonly understood that fluoridated water protects teeth from tooth ...
Zebrafish sip1a and sip1b are Essential for Normal Axial and Neural Patterning

Smad-interacting protein-1 (SIP1) has been implicated in the development of Mowat-Wilson syndrome whose patients exhibit Hirschsprung disease, an aganglionosis of the large intestine, as well as other phenotypes. We have identified and cloned two sip1 orthologues in zebrafish. Both sip1 orthologues are expressed maternally and have dynamic zygotic expression patterns that are temporally and spatially distinct. We have investigated the function of both orthologues using translation and splice-blocking morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. Knockdown of the orthologues causes axial and neural patterning defects consistent with the previously described function of SIP1 as an inhibitor of BMP signaling. In addition, knockdown of both genes leads to a significant reduction/loss of the post-otic cranial neural crest. This results in a subsequent absence of neural crest precursors in the posterior pharyngeal arches and a loss of enteric precursors in the intestine.
Experimental Induction of Ciguatera Toxicity in Fish through Diet.

CIGUATERA fish poisoning is widespread in the tropical Pacific and the Caribbean, causing recurrent outbreaks of illness in persons consuming snappers, groupers, jacks, barracudas, and other species that may contain ciguatera toxin1,2. The existence of ciguatera toxin in a fish appears to be controlled by some factors in its environment ; many suggestions have been made as to the environmental factors concerned, ranging from dumped war material3 to “flowering of coral”4. The most coherent hypothesis is that of Randall5, who compiled circumstantial evidence and suggested that the origin of the toxin is in a benthic organism, perhaps an alga, and that it is passed through the food chain in the process of normal feeding.
Do we know (or just believe) that partial nephrectomy leads to better survival than radical nephrectomy for renal cancer

Partial nephrectomy (PN) has become the gold standard for treating small renal masses amenable to such an approach. Surprisingly, the single randomized controlled trial of PN versus radical nephrectomy (RN) indicated an overall survival benefit for RN over PN. Recent studies have shed light on this discordance, and this review will attempt to discern what is known at present. Multiple retrospective observational studies have demonstrated superior outcomes with PN compared with RN. Whether the observed survival benefit with PN is the result of renal functional advantages or the result of selection bias and other unmeasured variables is up for discussion. A meta-analysis of 21 studies including the EORTC 30904 found a 19 % reduction in all-cause mortality (p = 0.0001) and 29 % reduction in cancer-specific mortality (p = 0.0002) with PN versus RN. Recent analysis of SEER-Medicare data revealed that patients undergoing RN had similar survival when compared with non-cancer controls, further supporting concerns about selection biases in prior observational series. Although PN is clearly of benefit for those likely to experience end-stage renal disease with RN, a survival benefit with PN in the elective setting is not proven at present. While experts may still believe PN to improve survival for these patients, the only level I evidence in the field would suggest otherwise, and selection bias is undoubtedly responsible for a significant part of the improved survival observed in retrospective studies. Given recent evidence, any further push to limit the role of RN should be tempered until we know PN is indeed superior.
Relationship between Circulating Estrogens and the Central Mechanisms by which Ovarian Steroids Stimulate Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Aged and Young Female Rats

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between a persistent elevation in circulating estrogens and the lack of a stimulatory feedback of ovarian steroids on LH secretion in old persistent estrous (PE) rats and to investigate whether, under experimental conditions in young cyclic females, a chronic rise in circulating estradiol inhibits the positive feedback action of steroids on LH secretion. Eighteenmonth-old PE rats and 4-month-old regularly cyclic females were ovariectomized (OVX) and immediately primed with estradiol benzoate (EB; 8 /μg/100 g BW, sc). Three days later, progesterone injection (0.5 mg/100 g BW, sc) elicited a LH surge in formerly cyclic but not PE rats. Five weeks later, however, EBprogesterone administration to the same animals elicited a LH surge not only in OVX young rats but also in OVX old females which had previously been in the PE state, although the magnitude of the LH surge was significantly less in OVX-PE than in OVX young rats. In long term OVX old and...
The role of cortico-geniculate projections in the loss of Y-cells in monocularly deprived cats.

Abstract Previous studies have reported that rearing cats with monocular deprivation produces a reduction in lateral geniculate Y-cells that can be driven by the deprived eye. We investigated whether the loss of responsive Y-cells is due to a cortico-fugal suppression from areas 17 and 18. Monocularly deprived cats had visual cortex removed when they were adults, and single cell recordings were made in the lateral geniculate nucleus immediately afterward. These animals showed the same loss of Y-cells as monocularly deprived control animals with intact visual cortex. Therefore, in contrast to other visual system structures (superior colliculus and lateral suprasylvian visual cortex), cortico-fugal suppression does not appear to underly the inability of the deprived eye to drive cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Laboratory evidence of DIC under FEIBA treatment of a hemophilic patient with intracranial bleeding and high titre factor VIII inhibitor.

Abstract A 17-year-old hemophilia A patient with an intracranial bleeding and a high titre of factor VIII inhibitor was treated with repeated infusion of an activated prothrombin complex concentrate (FEIBA). A good effect was achieved clinically, but laboratory tests on 8th day of the treatment revealed no shortening effect on non-activated partial thromboplastin time and on r-value of thrombelastograph. A prolongation of prothrombin time and thrombin time, a decrease in fibrinogen and antithrombin III, and an increase in serum FDP were also observed. These findings returned to normal after FEIBA was stopped. It was suggested that repeated and massive infusion of FEIBA might cause a decrease in natural inhibitors which lead to DIC.
Sulfur isotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during the end-Permian mass extinction

The latest Permian was a time of major change in ocean chemistry, accompanying the greatest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic. To examine the nature of these changes, samples from two well-studied marine sections that span the Permian–Triassic boundary have been analyzed: the Meishan and Shangsi sections located in Southern China. Isotopic analysis of the carbonate-associated sulfate in these samples provides a detailed record of several isotopic shifts in δ34SCAS approaching and across the PTB, ranging from +30 to −15‰ (VCDT), with repeated asynchronous fluctuations at the two locations. We interpret the patterns of isotopic shifts, in conjunction with other data, to indicate a shallow unstable chemocline overlying euxinic deep-water which periodically upwelled into the photic zone. These chemocline upward excursion events introduced sulfide to the photic zone stimulating a bloom of phototrophic sulfur oxidizing bacteria. We hypothesize that elemental sulfur globules produced by these organisms and 34S-depleted pyrite produced in the euxinic water column were deposited in the sediment; later oxidation led to incorporation as CAS. This created the large changes to the δ34SCAS observed in the latest Permian at these locations.
Incentives and Aggregate Shocks

This paper presents an incentive-based theory of the dynamics of the distribution of consumption in the presence of aggregate shocks. The paper builds on the models concerning the distribution of income or consumption and incentive problems of Green (1987), Thomas and Worrall (1991), Phelan and Townsend (1991), and Atkeson and Lucas (1992). By incorporating aggregate production shocks, the model allows an examination of the interactions between individual and aggregate consumption series given incomplete insurance. Further, the methodology outlined allows the incorporation of incentive considerations to macroeconomic environments similar to Rogerson (1988) and Hansen (1985).
Evaluation of iron overload: dual-energy computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging

Figures 1 &2 show the phantoms, T2*-map, CT images, plots of R2* and HU versus iron-content, T2* curves fitting, and DECT iron-map. T2* ranged from 6 ms to 36 ms. There were strong correlations between iron-content and R2*, HU values and HU differences at different energy levels (r > 0.95 and P < 0.0001). There were moderate correlations between iron-content and HU ratios (except 80/140) with 0.42 < |r| < 0.76 and 0.02 < P < 0.2. The T2* relaxation curves of the 21 ms and 10 ms tubes were used to differentiate between normal, overloaded, and severely-overloaded iron (Figure 1d). The HU values of these two tubes showed perfect linear relationships with energy-level (E) over diagnostic levels 80-140 kVp: HU = -0.29E +56.3 and HU = -0.76E+151.8 for the 21 ms and 10 ms T2*-values. The resulting CT-map (Figure 2d) is used to identify three regions: normal, overloaded, and severely-overloaded iron. Conclusions DECT can be used for iron quantification with high accuracy similar to MRI, which might help in patient staging, independent of the energy level. New DECT scanners with low radiation-exposure, much shorter scan-time, and higher capability of measuring large iron-contents compared to MRI, may provide promising approach for evaluating myocardial iron overload.
Covalent Structure of Collagen: Isolation of Chymotryptic Peptides and Amino Acid Sequence of the Amino‐Terminal Region of α2‐CB3 from Chick Skin

Five chymotryptic peptides were isolated from alpha2-CB3 of chick skin collagen by a combination of ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. Together, they account for the entire amino acid content of the parent peptide. Their alignment was deduced by isolation and sequence analyses of overlapping tryptic peptides. In addition, the amino acid sequence of the three consecutive chymotryptic peptides, containing 132 amino acid residues, from the NH2-terminus of alpha2-CB3 was determined by automated Edman degradation of the peptides and tryptic peptides derived from them. The resulting sequence shows an identity of approximately 80% when compared with those of the homologous portions of rat and calf skin collagen. In contrast, extensive substitutions are present when the sequence was compared with that of the corresponding segment of the alpha1 chain from the same species.
Radioimmunoassay of imipramine and desmethylimipramine

Abstract A sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for the determination of plasma levels of the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and desmethylimipramine. Antisera were prepared by immunizing rabbits with N-succinylnortriptyline-bovine serum albumin conjugate. The assay required a preliminary extraction procedure to remove interfering metabolites and separate desmethylimipramine from imipramine. Using 3 H-imipramine as tracer, the radioimmunoassay can measure imipramine and desmethylimipramine levels down to 10 ng/ml using a 0.1 ml plasma sample. Agreement between the radioimmunoassay and a gas-chromatographic assay was excellent for both imipramine (r=0.97) and desmethylimipramine (r=0.99).
Effects of Circadian Disruption on Methamphetamine Consumption in Methamphetamine-Exposed Rats

A substantial number of clinical studies indicate associations between sleep abnormalities and drug abuse; however, the role played by the circadian system in the development of addiction is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of experimentally induced chronic jet lag on methamphetamine consumption in a rat model of methamphetamine drinking. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 32) were housed in running wheel cages in a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. One group of rats (n = 16) was given 2 weeks of forced methamphetamine consumption (0.01 % in drinking water; meth pre-exposed) while a second group (n = 16, not pre-exposed) received water only. This was followed by a 2-week abstinence period during which half of the animals from each group were exposed to four consecutive 6-h advancing phase shifts of the light:dark cycle, while the other half remained on the original light:dark cycle. Methamphetamine consumption was assessed in all rats following the deprivation period using a two-bottle choice paradigm. Methamphetamine consumption was initially lower in methamphetamine pre-exposed versus not pre-exposed rats. However, during the second week following abstinence, consumption was significantly higher in phase-shifted rats of the methamphetamine pre-exposed group compared to all other groups. These data reveal an effect of circadian rhythm disturbance on methamphetamine consumption and suggest that dysregulation of the circadian system be considered in the etiology of relapse and addiction.
Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels by Adsorption via π Complexation with Cu(I)−Y and Ag−Y Zeolites

Fixed-bed adsorption using different π-complexation adsorbents for desulfurization of liquid fuels was investigated. Cu(I)−Y (autoreduced Cu(II)−Y), Ag−Y, H−Y, and Na−Y zeolites were used to separa...
Influenza Vaccines: Time for a Rethink

Officials and professional societies treat influenza as a major public health threat for which the annual vaccine offers a safe and effective solution. In this article, I challenge these basic assumptions. I show that there is no good evidence that vaccines reduce serious complications of influenza, the outcomes the policy is meant to address. Moreover, promotional messages conflate “influenza” (disease caused by influenza viruses) with “flu” (a syndrome with many causes, of which influenza viruses appear to be a minor contributor). This lack of precision causes physicians and potential vaccine recipients to have unrealistic assumptions about the vaccine's potential benefit, and impedes dissemination of the evidence on nonpharmaceutical interventions against respiratory diseases. In addition, there are potential vaccine-related harms, as unexpected and serious adverse effects of influenza vaccines have occurred. I argue that decisions surrounding influenza vaccines need to include a discussion of these risks and benefits.
Selective reinnervation of limb muscles by regenerating frog motor axons

The selectivity of reinnervation of limb muscles by the regenerating axons of adult, frog spinal cord motoneurons was determined. Reinnervation patterns were compared following axotomy when the ventral root was crushed or cut. Appropriate peripheral connections were reformed only after a nerve crush. The results suggest that selective reinnervation occurs if alignment of the nerve sheath is maintained.
Computer simulation of a model of habituation.

HABITUATION—in general defined as a reversible decrement of response to repeated stimulation—is a widely studied form of behavioural plasticity. The reversibility sets habituation apart from fatigue and accommodation. An habituated stimulus may once again be able to evoke a response after the presentation of an intervening novel stimulus. This phenomenon, known as dishabituation, rules out sensory and motor fatigue as the bases of the response decrement.
Solution dependence on initial conditions in differential variational inequalities

In the first part of this paper, we establish several sensitivity results of the solution x(t, ξ) to the ordinary differential equation (ODE) initial-value problem (IVP) dx/dt = f(x), x(0) = ξ as a function of the initial value ξ for a nondifferentiable f(x). Specifically, we show that for $$\Xi_T \equiv \{\,x(t,\xi^0): 0 \leq t \leq T\,\}$$, (a) if f is “B-differentiable” on $$\Xi_T$$, then so is the solution operator x(t;·) at ξ0; (b) if f is “semismooth” on $$\Xi_T$$, then so is x(t;·) at ξ0; (c) if f has a “linear Newton approximation” on $$\Xi_T$$, then so does x(t;·) at ξ0; moreover, the linear Newton approximation of the solution operator can be obtained from the solution of a “linear” differential inclusion. In the second part of the paper, we apply these ODE sensitivity results to a differential variational inequality (DVI) and discuss (a) the existence, uniqueness, and Lipschitz dependence of solutions to subclasses of the DVI subject to boundary conditions, via an implicit function theorem for semismooth equations, and (b) the convergence of a “nonsmooth shooting method” for numerically computing such boundary-value solutions.
High-potential cytochrome b−559 as a secondary quencher of chloroplast fluorescence in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

Abstract Carbonylcyanide p -trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), antimycin A, and hydroxylamine cause an increase in the fluorescence yield of chloroplasts observed with a weak exciting light in the presence of DCMU. Under these conditions the three compounds cause an increase in the time of decay of the fluorescence yield change induced by actinic light, and as well convert hydroquinone-reducible high-potential b −559 ( E m7 ≈ + 350 mV) to a low potential form which is reducible by ascorbate, but not by hydroquinone. The concentration dependence of the two fluorescence parameters and the cytochrome b −559 potential change is the same for antimycin A and is almost the same for FCCP. The most likely explanation of these effects seems to be that high-potential cytochrome b −559, but not low potential b −559, can accept electrons from the primary acceptor of system II in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Together with data obtained in other laboratories on the low-temperature photooxidation of high potential b −559, this suggests the possibility of a cyclic pathway operating around Photosystem II. This pathway is probably not physiologically significant in the light reactions of photosynthesis, as the fluorescence experiments indicate it saturates at low light intensities. Electron transport from water to methyl viologen is not inhibited by 2 μM FCCP or 0.6 mM hydroxylamine over times in which most of the high-potential b −559 is converted to a low-potential form, showing that high-potential b −559 cannot be in the pathway of water oxidation.
Stereotactic Surgery for Mass Lesions of the Midbrain and Pons

Appropriate treatment for intracranial mass lesions depends upon accurate histological diagnosis. Although both advanced generation computed tomographic and magnetic resonance scanners can detect small lesions within the brain stem, only the combination of these advanced imaging tools with stereotactic instrumentation permits safe and accurate pathological diagnosis of such lesions. We present the results of 13 operations performed on 12 patients with mass lesions of the pons and mesencephalon. A definitive diagnosis was obtained in all patients. Aspiration of necrotic tumors (3 patients), neoplastic or benign cysts (2 patients), and chronic hematomas (2 patients) resulted in immediate neurological improvement in 7 of these 12 patients. No morbidity or mortality related to surgery occurred in this series. Both the preoperative clinical and radiographic diagnoses were erroneous in 6 patients so that accurate histological diagnosis indeed altered subsequent therapy. A transfrontal approach to the midbrain and a transcerebellar approach to the lateral pons are described. The importance of accurate diagnosis, the possibility of definitive therapy in selected patients, and the encouraging benefits and safety of stereotactic surgery indicate that empiric treatment of mass lesions of the midbrain and pons is no longer justified.
The moment of frost injury

Experiments described in this paper indicate that there are four moments during and after freezing, when the plant can be injured:
Choroid plexus cyst and echogenic intracardiac focus in women at low risk for chromosomal anomalies.

Abbreviations AIUM, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; CPC, choroid plexus cyst; EIF, echogenic intracardiac focus he ultrasound community involved with obstetric sonography has been grappling with a controversial issue for a number of years. The issue centers on the so-called soft markers for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and other trisomic chromosomal anomalies. Recently, the issue has been hotly debated at major meetings of medical organizations involved in sonographic diagnosis, including the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) and the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Importantly, both “sides” of the argument were well intentioned. What emerged from these debates was the realization that experts on “opposite” sides of the argument were actually closer to agreement than they had previously thought when it came to the identification of some of these soft markers in lowrisk women. Many of these soft markers have been described. However, 2 of these markers have been the source of the greatest controversy. These are the choroid plexus cyst (CPC) and the echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF). This document is directed solely at these 2 findings in women at low risk for aneuploidy and not at other soft markers that have been reported in the literature or their significance in women at high risk for aneuploidy. The EIF is considered a soft marker for trisomies 21 and 13, whereas the CPC is considered a marker predominantly for trisomy 18.
Thyroidectomy under local or regional anesthesia

The technique used for local/regional anesthesia for thyroid surgery is described. The experience with a large number of patients undergoing local/regional anesthesia is incorporated in describing this technique.
Estradiol Binding to Rat Corpora Lutea During Pregnancy1

The corpus luteum of the pregnant rat bound estradiol in a manner similar to that observed in classical target tissues. A luteal cell cytosol component exhibited specific, high affinity and low capacity binding for estradiol with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 0.22 nM. The cytosol es-tradiol binding component appeared to have charac-teristics of an intracellular receptor distinct from the estradiol binding protein found in serum of pregnant rats. In the presence of \3H]estradiol a cytosol component, but not the serum protein, bound to DNA; in the presence of diethylstilbestrol, the binding of \3H]estradiol to cytosol, but not to serum, was inhibited. The content of estradiol receptor complex in luteal cell nuclei changed during preg-nancy as determined by nuclear exchange assay. Estradiol receptor complex in luteal cell nuclei increased between days 3–12, reached a maximum in the second half of pregnancy and decreased on day 22 of pregnancy. Similar changes in the amount of \3H]estradiol specific...
Temperature effects on the dynamics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in the laboratory.

We investigated how constant temperatures of 22, 24, and 26°C experienced across the full life cycle affected the dynamics of caged populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse). All cages were equipped with plastic beakers that served as sites for oviposition and larval development. We measured the per capita daily mortality and emergence rates of the adults and size of adult females, and estimated the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and asymptotic density (K) for each caged population. Populations at 26°C had greater intrinsic rates of increase and lower asymptotic densities than populations at 22 and 24°C. Populations at high temperatures initially had greater daily per capita emergence rates, and steeper declines in per capita emergence rate as density increased over the course of the experiment. There was no temperature effect on the size of adult females nor on the per capita daily mortality rate of adults. Results indicated that populations of Ae. albopictus occurring in regions with relatively high summer temperatures are likely to have high rates of population growth with populations of adults peaking early in the season. These populations may attain relatively low peak densities of adults. Populations occurring in regions with low summer temperatures are likely to experience slow, steady production of adults throughout the season with population size peaking later in the season, and may attain higher peak densities of adults. High temperature conditions, associated with climate change, may increase the rate of spread of Ae. albopictus by increasing rates of increase and by enhancing colonization due to rapid population growth.
Memory based computation using embedded cache for processor yield and reliability improvement

VLSI systems in the nanometer regime suffer from high defect rates and large parametric variations that lead to yield loss as well as reduced reliability of operation. In this paper, we propose a novel memory-based computation framework that exploits on-chip memory for reliable operation by transferring activity from a defective or unreliable functional unit to the embedded memory. This allows the die to run at a reduced performance level instead of being completely discarded or being throttled (in case of variations). We show that the proposed method improves yield and reliability in a superscalar out-of-order processor by tolerating defective functional units and allowing dynamic thermal management. The simulation results show that it entails only a small loss in performance (average 1.8%) at the cost of 9.5% of area overhead required with hardware duplication.
Reliability of soft-copy versus hard-copy interpretation of emergency department radiographs: a prototype study.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic reliability of hard-copy and soft-copy interpretation of radiographs obtained in the emergency department using a methodology for evaluating imaging systems when independent proof of the diagnosis is not available.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We collected radiographs from a stratified sample of 100 patients seen in the emergency department. The images were obtained using computed radiography, and the digital images were printed on film and stored for display on a workstation. A group of seven experienced radiologists reported the cases using both film and the workstation display. The results were analyzed using mixture distribution analysis (MDA).RESULTS. The reliability expressed as the percentage of agreement of a typical observer relative to the majority was computed from the MDA. The result was 90% for both hard copy and soft copy with bootstrap confidence intervals of 86-94%.CONCLUSION. We conclude that, in the emergency department, soft-co...
Vanilloid receptor VR1 is both presynaptic and postsynaptic in the superficial laminae of the rat dorsal horn.

Terminals in the rat spinal cord that express the vanilloid receptor VR1 are from small and medium dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and appear prominent in lamina I and inner lamina II. Because primary afferents from these neurons can be myelinated or unmyelinated and their terminals in these laminae can be of various morphological and functional types, we undertook this study to identify the type(s) of VR1-positive afferent fibers and terminals. In the DRG, many small and medium-sized neurons are immunopositive. Under electron microscopy, dorsal root afferents that are immunopositive for VR1 are predominantly unmyelinated. Large numbers of VR1-positive terminals in lamina I are of the nonglomerular type and may contain dense core vesicles. VR1 immunoreactivity in terminals in lamina I is in good agreement with data on noxious, heat-sensitive neurons in the dorsal horn. Two types of glomerular afferent terminals in lamina II also are immunopositive for VR1. In both laminae, most VR1-positive terminals are distinct from substance P-positive terminals. However, the immunoreactivity in lamina II also is prominent in dendrites that are contacted by primary afferent endings. Because we also observed patchy immunostaining in cell bodies in lamina II, this unexpected result may reflect synthesis of VR1 by neurons in this lamina. However, because dorsal rhizotomy abolishes VR1 staining in both laminae I and II, it is suggested that the expression and intracellular dynamics of VR1 in lamina II neurons are controlled by presynaptic input. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:225–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Factorial Representation of Suicidal Ideation among Academically Gifted Adolescents

Suicidal ideation assessment has been employed as an early screening method for identifying adolescents who are at risk for engaging in suicidal behaviors. While recent evidence has emerged that gifted adolescents do not have a higher rate of suicidal ideation, research on the psychological and personality characteristics of gifted youth have demonstrated that they differ from nongifted students in their mental representations of self. Therefore, this study examined the factorial representation for suicidal ideation among an academically gifted population. The results reveal the structure of suicidal ideation for the gifted sample in this study differs from the established normal sample. Further, the factorial representation outlined for suicidal ideation in the gifted sample supported the suicide trajectory model (Stillion & McDowell, 1996), providing a theoretical base for future intervention and refined assessment.
Early and Intensive Therapy for Management of Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in significant morbidity and mortality. Results of recent randomized controlled trials demonstrated the ability of early and intensive therapy to reduce the risk of microvascular complications. However, controversy surrounds the ability of such therapy to reduce the risk for macrovascular complications. Objectives This article reviews results from recent clinical trials in patients with T2DM as well as extended follow-up of earlier trials to determine if early, intensive, and individualized therapy aimed at the underlying pathogenesis of the disease could decrease the risk for long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Information was obtained by a search of the PUBMED and EMBASE databases using the search terms type 2 diabetes mellitus , glycosylated hemoglobin , pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes , glycemic control , early intervention , multifactorial intervention , cardiovascular disease , β-cell function , and antidiabetes therapy for the period between 1995 and 2010. Articles dealing with outcomes trials, impact of therapy on microvascular and macrovascular complications, effects of therapeutic agents on the pathophysiology of T2DM, and the impact of agents on CV risk factors were then preferentially selected for in-depth review. Results Large-scale clinical trials in patients with T2DM, although largely negative at 5 years for macrovascular end points, suggested benefit for patients with a shorter duration of T2DM (ie, P = 0.02) and a 57% lower risk of death from CVD ( P = 0.04). In the 10-year follow-up to the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, intensive therapy was associated with a significant 15% reduction in the risk of myocardial infarction ( P = 0.01) and a significant 13% reduction in the risk of death from any cause ( P = 0.007). Therapy should be aimed at correcting underlying pathophysiologic defects, including β-cell failure and insulin resistance, and should also correct underlying risk factors for CVD whenever possible. Conclusions Early and intensive antidiabetes treatment was recommended in patients with T2DM, particularly those with a shorter duration of disease and without a history of CVD. The goal was to safely lower glycosylated hemoglobin to
Thin film Barium-Strontium-Titanate varactor-tuned single spiral band-stop filter for X-band applications

A novel thin film Barium-Strontium-Titanate(BST) varactor-tuned single spiral notch filter is presented. The thin film BST varactor device operation is based on the nonlinear dielectric tunability of the BST thin film sandwiched between two metal layers in a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) transmission line configuration. The considered spiral-structured tunable inductors of different sizes in the bottom metal layer are designed for integration into the notch filters. A schematic model is created to extract the electrical parameters. The s-parameters measured from fabricated devices have a reasonable agreement with the results extracted from the schematic model. The fabricated notch filter can reach 20.52dB rejection while the insertion loss at pass-band is less than 5dB with a tunable center frequency from 10.83GHz to 12.96GHz as the dc bias increases from 0V to 4V.
On "Effects of forced use on arm function in the subacute phase..." Hammer AM, Lindmark B. Phys Ther. 2009;89:526-539.

On "Effects of forced use on arm function in the subacute phase ..." Hammer AM, Lindmark B. Phys Ther. 2009; 89:526-539 Response
Spatially Resolved Texture Analysis of Aluminum-Lithium Sheet

The yield strength anisotropy of aluminum-lithium sheet is known to be strongly dependent on crystallographic texture and grain morphology. In this study, the microstructure and texture of unrecrystallized and recrystallized variants of 2090 were examined in an SEM, using a combination of backscattered electron imaging and Kikuchi patterns. Local orientation measurements both through the sheet thickness and parallel to the rolling direction were used to determine the degree of misorientation between nearest-neighbor grains. Yield strength predictions based on the spatially resolved texture measurements show that the course, recrystallized grains have reduced in-plane and through-thickness anisotropy compared to the unrecrystallized structure.
The Government of War

I write this piece as Iraq, following Syria, descends into a civil war that is undermining the post�World War I state system and reconfiguring regional and transnational networks of mobilization and instrumentalizations of violence and identity formation. That the Middle East has come to this moment is not an inevitable product of the artificiality of national borders and the precariousness of the state system. It is important to avoid this linear narrative of inevitability, with its attendant formulations of the Middle East as a repository of a large number of absences, and instead to locate the current wars in a specific historical time: the late and post�Cold War eras, marked by the agendas of the Washington Consensus and the globalization of neoliberal discourses; the privatization of the developmental and welfare state; the institutional devolution and multiplication of security services; and the entrenchment of new forms of colonial violence and rule in Israel and Palestine and on a global scale. The conveners of this roundtable have asked us to reflect on the technopolitics of war in the context of this particular moment and in light of the pervasiveness of new governmentalities of war. What I will do in this short piece is reflect on the heuristic and methodological possibilities of the study of war as a form of governance, or what I call the �government of war,� in light of my own research and writing on Iraq.
Assembly and disassembly of magnetic mobile micro-robots towards deterministic 2-D reconfigurable micro-systems

A primary challenge in the field of reconfigurable robotics is scaling down the size of individual robotic modules. We present a novel set of permanent magnet modules that are under 1 mm in all dimensions, called Mag-µMods, for use in a reconfigurable micro-system. The modules are actuated by oscillating external magnetic fields of several mT in strength, and are capable of locomoting on a 2-D surface. Multiple modules are controlled using an electrostatic anchoring surface, which selectively prevents specific modules from being driven by the external field, while allowing others to move freely. We model the processes of both assembling and disassembling two modules by analyzing the forces the modules experience, and experimentally verify the accuracy of the models. For disassembly, we employ electrostatic anchoring and externally applied magnetic torques to successfully separate the modules.
Phonemic identification in a phoneme monitoring experiment: the variable role of uncertainty about vowel contexts.

Subjects monitored for the syllable-initial phonemes /b/ and /s/, as well as for the syllables containing those phonemes, in lists of nonsense syllables. Time to detect /b/ was a function of the amount of uncertainty as to the identity of the vowel following the target consonant; when uncertainty was low, no difference existed between phoneme and syllable monitoring latencies, but when uncertainty was high, syllables were detected faster than phonemes. Time to detect /s/ was independent of uncertainty concerning the accompanying vowel and was always slower than syllable detection. The role of knowledge of contexts in a phoneme-monitoring task as well as the relative availability of phonemic information to the listener in this task are discussed.
A Thickness and Enthalpy Distribution Sea-Ice Model

Abstract The theory of sea ice thickness distribution developed by Thorndike et al. has been extended to include sea ice enthalpy distribution. The extended theory conserves both ice mass and thermal energy, in the form of the heat stored in the ice, by jointly solving a thickness-distribution equation and an enthalpy-distribution equation. Both equations have been implemented in a one-dimensional dynamic thermodynamic sea-ice model with 12 ice thickness categories following the numerical procedure of Hibler. The implementation of the enthalpy-distribution equation allows the sea-ice model to account for any changes in the ice thermal energy induced by sea ice processes. As a result, the model is able to conserve not only the ice mass but also its thermal energy in the presence of ice advection, growth, melting, and ridging. Conserving ice thermal energy in a thickness-distribution sea ice model improves the prediction of ice growth, summer ice melt in particular, and therefore ice thickness. Inability to...