cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guns and Speech Technologies: How the Right to Bear Arms Affects Copyright Regulations of Speech Technologies

This Essay examines the possible effect the Supreme Court's landmark Second Amendment ruling in Heller will have on future cases brought under the Free Press Clause. Based on the text and history of the Constitution, the connection between the two Clauses is undeniable, as the Heller Court itself repeatedly suggested. Only two provisions in the entire Constitution protect individual rights to a technology: the Second Amendment's right to bear "arms" and the Free Press Clause's right to the freedom of the "press," meaning the printing press. Both rights were viewed, moreover, as preexisting, natural rights to the Framing generation and were separately called the "palladium of liberty" during the Framing. Given this historical connection, courts should apply an approach similar to the one in Heller in interpreting the Free Press Clause. Just as the Heller Court held that banning handguns for the purpose of gun control violates the Second Amendment's core protection of the right to possess arms for self-defense, courts should find that banning speech technologies for the purpose of copyright control violates the Free Press Clause's core protection of the right to speech technologies for self-expression.
Writing a Literature Review Narrative

The purpose of this paper is to present an approach for translating the copious background material gathered from the professional literature into a coherent and compelling written document. The approach includes steps for weaving together summary information from each study in a way that offers the reader a logical and clear description of pertinent methodological and conceptual issues and the implications for further research. The step-by-step approach enables both the novice and veteran researcher to translate the details of each study into a cogent synthesis that leads to determining the base of knowledge about the topic.
Iterative Domain Decomposition Algorithms: Theory and Applications

Iterative domain decomposition (DD) methods are a class of “divide and conquer and combine” PDE solving algorithms well suited for implementation on multi-processor architectures. The theory and algorithm of a modified interface matrix (MIM) approach are presented in this contribution as a non-overlapping iterative DD strategy. It is shown in this paper that this novel MIM approach is much more efficient than the well-known Schur DD method for many physical problems where no fast subdomain solvers are available. The resulting numerical algorithm is applied to the efficient parallel finite element solution of the shallow water equations.
Mid-Frequency Environmental and Acoustic Studies from SW06, and Applications to Asian Littoral Waters

Abstract : To develop a basis for the Navy to make decisions on what environmental parameters to measure, to what spatial and temporal scale they should be measured, and how to best select frequencies for sonar design. Emphasis is on the mid- to high-frequency range defined as frequencies nominally between 1 and 20 kHz.
Demonstration of all-optical self-clocked demultiplexing of TDM data at 250 Gb/s

Reports the first demonstration of all-optical self-clocked demultiplexing of TDM data at 250 Gb/s. The demultiplexer, called a "TOAD", is compact and requires sub-picojoule switching energy. Cross-talk measurements of pseudorandom data in adjacent, 4 ps-width time slots exhibit a BER of less than 10/sup /spl minus/9/ with strong jitter immunity. >
Cell cycle status dictates effectiveness of rapamycin.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth, proliferation and metabolism by forming at least 2 functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR ...
Association of Enteroviruses with Natural and Artificially Introduced Colloidal Solids in Water and Infectivity of Solids-Associated Virions

Encephalomyocarditis viruses adsorb to introduced organic and inorganic solids in water over a wide range of pH and with various concentrations and species of metal cations. Visible flocculation of solids was not a prerequisite for significant virus association. Virus adsorption to natural solids in various types of natural waters was significant but variable. Clay-adsorbed virus retained its infectivity in tissue culture monolayers. These solids-associated viruses also retained infectivity in mice.
Mechanisms of gentamicin-induced dysfunction of renal cortical mitochondria. II. Effects on mitochondrial monovalent cation transport.

Abstract Mitochondrial swelling techniques were used to evaluate the effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin on renal cortical mitochondrial monovalent cation permeability. Gentamicin behaved like EDTA to enhance energy-dependent Na+- and K+-acetate uptake with a relatively greater effect on Na+-acetate uptake. Mg2+ prevented and reversed the effects of both EDTA and gentamicin. Neither agent affected energy-independent uptake of Na+ and K+-acetate. Gentamicin did not enhance energy-independent uptake of K+- and Na+-nitrate. Gentamicin enhanced energy-dependent swelling in a chloride- and phosphate-containing medium as a function of the medium Na+ and K+ concentration. This effect occurred simultaneously with gentamicin-induced stimulation of State 4 respiration and was blocked by Mg2+. Gentamicin did not affect phosphate transport. The results are taken to indicate a specific action of gentamicin to enhance mitochondrial monovalent cation permeability at an Mg2+-sensitive site and it is proposed that this accounts for the effects of gentamicin on mitochondrial respiration.
The Impact of Illegal Insider Trading in Dealer and Specialist Markets

This paper provides direct evidence on the reaction of market makers to informed trading in both specialist and dealer markets. We examine the illegal trades of five stockbrokers who purchased securities based on stock-specific information obtained from advance, non-public copies of Business Weeks Inside Wall Street column. We find that these trades are associated with substantial pre-release volume and price increases, especially for Nasdaq stocks. Transactions based on this inside information yielded significant abnormal returns, provided stocks were promptly resold. Yet, in contrast to theoretical predictions, we find that both quoted and effective bid-ask spreads are unaffected by these informed trades. Instead, for both Nasdaq and Exchange listed stocks, market makers adjust the depth at the ask quotes. Ask depth falls once insider trading begins, then rebounds, generally above its initial level after it ends. We document that specialists decrease quoted depth relatively more than Nasdaq dealers, suggesting that specialist markets more readily detect informed trading. Overall, our results indicate that market makers use depth as the tool to manage asymmetric information risk during insider trading episodes.
The Effect of High Rates of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections on HIV Incidence in a Cohort of Black and White Men Who Have Sex with Men in Atlanta, Georgia

Abstract Data reporting sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence rates among HIV-negative U.S. men who have sex with men (MSM) are lacking. In addition, it is difficult to analyze the effect of STI on HIV acquisition given that sexual risk behaviors confound the relationship between bacterial STIs and incident HIV. The InvolveMENt study was a longitudinal cohort of black and white HIV-negative, sexually active MSM in Atlanta who underwent routine screening for STI and HIV and completed behavioral questionnaires. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for urethral and rectal Chlamydia (CT), gonorrhea (GC), and syphilis, stratified by race. Propensity-score-weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of STI on HIV incidence and calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for STI. We included 562 HIV-negative MSM with 843 person-years of follow-up in this analysis. High incidence rates were documented for all STIs, particularly among black MSM. Having a rect...
THE SMALL‐FARM PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA*

The nature of the small-farm problem in Australia is discussed from a welfare point of view. The situation is examined industry by industry where data are available. It is suggested that while the average level of farm income in Australia compares well with non-agricultural earnings, there are some industries with very significant numbers of low income farms.
Effects of alloy additions on the microstructure and properties of CrCr2Nb alloys

Abstract Alloying additions of Ni, Co, Fe, Al and Re at levels up to 16 at.% were added to Cr Cr2Nb alloys containing 5.6–17 at.% Nb for the study of their microstructure, oxidation behavior, and mechanical properties. These alloys contain patches of primary Cr-rich solid solution surrounded by the eutectic structure having Cr2Nb and Cr(∼6% Nb) phases. The supersaturated Cr-rich solid solution in the cast alloys precipitated out secondary Cr2Nb (Laves-phase) particles upon annealing at and above 900 °C. The studies by TEM and electron microprobe analysis indicated that the transition elements of Fe, Co, and Ni partition strongly in the Cr2Nb-type Laves phase whereas rhenium and aluminum were only moderately enriched in the Laves phase. The Cr Cr2Nb alloys with ≤ 12% Nb exhibited considerable plastic deformation under compression tests. The yield strength of the alloys depended strongly on the volume fraction of the hard Laves phase. The oxidation resistance also increased with this volume fraction. Among the alloying additions, rhenium was the only element that substantially hardened the Cr Cr2Nb alloys at room temperature and 1000 °C. The hardening behavior is discussed in terms of partitioning and sublattice occupation of the alloying elements as well as altering the volume fracture of the hard Laves phase. Multilayer oxide products formed on these alloys upon exposure to air of an elevated temperature. Little beneficial effect of any of the alloying additions on oxidation behavior at 950 °C was found.
The effects of hypercapnia on the growth of juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

Abstract Environmental hypercapnia (high dissolved [CO 2 ]) results from high-density sturgeon culture in systems using O 2 injection and water re-use. The influence of environmental hypercapnia on the growth of the juvenile white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus , (fish initial wet weight, about 4 g) was examined by exposing the fish to different CO 2 concentrations in replicate, flow-through aquaria under normoxic conditions (oxygen tension, above 130 torr P O 2 ) at 19 °C. The fish were fed ad libitum rations of commercial trout pellets (Silvercup). After 28 days exposure to severe hypercapnia ([CO 2 ], 45–75 mg 1 −1 ; pH 7.0), growth was significantly reduced ( P 2 ], 0.52 mg 1 −1 ; pH 8.0; SGR, 2.86), presumably due to decreased food consumption. In two subsequent experiments (initial wet weights, approximately 1 and 3 g), a low water pH (a mean of 7.1, via HCl addition to water) did not significantly affect the growth.
New polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes via the catalytic hydrogenation of aryl-containing silsesquioxanes

Abstract The hydrolytic condensation of RSiCl3 (R = benzyl, m-tolyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl) gives good yields of the corresponding octameric aryl silsesquioxanes (1). A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of highly soluble 1 (R = benzyl) reveals that highly efficient crystal packing can be accomplished without the inclusion of solvent or the strong intermolecular π-stacking arrangements that normally lead to poor solubility properties. The catalytic hydrogenation of aryl polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS) affords high yields of the corresponding aliphatic silsesquioxanes. These new silsesquioxanes display thermal and physical properties comparable to the corresponding aryl-containing POSS but generally have much greater solubilities in common organic solvents. The catalytic hydrogenation of [Ph12Si12O20] affords iso-[Cy12Si12O20], which possesses local C2v rather than D6h symmetry.
Exploitation of Victims' Desire for Revenge: A Natural Psychological Mechanism and Its Unnatural Production in Culture and Politics

ABSTRACT This paper elaborates on key themes of the on-line project Victims' Symptom—PTSD and Culture. A clinical, psychiatric definition of victim, rather than a cultural one, is used to distinguish real from false victims. The danger of the media production of false victims lies in its power to re-victimize the original victims, aside from gains that a false victim may win by taking on the role or attitudes of a victim. Contrary to the common stress on financial benefits of being a victim, this article focuses on the negative economy of revenge, as a postponed reaction by real victims, that if institutionalized may provoke or support and even increase the production of new fatalities.
Inhibition of neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis by meconium

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Meconium in amniotic fluid has been associated with an increased prevalence of chorioamnionitis. In an effort to delineate the mechanism of this association, we determined the effect of meconium on the neutrophil's capacity for phagocytosis and microbial killing by oxidative burst in vitro. STUDY DESIGN: Sterile meconium samples were obtained from four fetuses at the time of breech delivery and were then pooled and lyophilized. Neutrophils were purified from whole blood of each of 13 pregnant nonlaboring patients. Phagocytosis and the oxidative burst of neutrophils in the presence and absence of meconium were assessed by single-cell analysis with flow cytometry. Phagocytosis was measured as the mean fluorescence intensity produced after 30 minutes of incubation with fluorescein-labeled Escherichia coli . Oxidative burst was measured as the mean fluorescence intensity resulting from the oxidation of internalized reduced dichlorodihydrofluorescein after 15 minutes of stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. Oxidative burst was expressed as the neutrophil oxidative index and the net fluorescence intensity. Neutrophil oxidative index was equivalent to the quotient of the mean fluorescence intensity for phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated and unstimulated cells. Net fluorescence intensity was equivalent to the absolute difference between stimulated and unstimulated cells. RESULTS: Exposure of neutrophils to light and very light meconium each resulted in significantly lower mean neutrophil oxidative index compared with unexposed controls (3.2 ± 4.9 and 4.2 ± 5.9 vs 16.2 ± 7.5, p = 0.00002 and p = 0.0007, respectively) and significantly lower mean net fluorescence intensity than that of control cells (112 ± 220 and 188 ± 294 vs 613 ± 328, p = 0.0001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Phagocytosis was significantly impaired in the presence of moderate meconium compared with control cells (2239 ± 393 vs 4645 ± 2071, p = 0.0001). Light meconium did not significantly affect phagocytosis. CONCLUSION: Meconium has significant effects on neutrophil function in vitro. Both light and very light meconium inhibit the oxidative burst. Moderate meconium inhibits phagocytosis.
Enhancement of ATP-activated current by protons in dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effect of pH on ATP-activated current in bullfrog dorsal root ganglion neurons was studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. ATP-activated current amplitude was highly dependent upon extracellular pH. An acid pH increased, whereas alkaline pH decreased, ATP-activated current amplitude. The half-maximal pH (EC50) for potentiation of 2.5 micro;M ATP-activated current was 7.2. Acidification alone did not activate detectable current and, at an acid pH, ATP-activated current was abolished by suramin. Proton-induced enhancement of ATP-activated current was not sensitive to membrane potential between -80 and +40 mV, and did not involve a shift in reversal potential. Lowering pH from 7.2 to 6.5 or elevating pH from 7.2 to 8.0 shifted the ATP concentration/response curve to the left or right, respectively, without changing the maximal response to ATP. Protons increased the time constant of deactivation without affecting the time constant of activation or desensitization of ATP-activated current. Alteration of patch-pipette (intracellular) pH did not affect the enhancement of ATP-activated current by extracellular protons. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP), dithiothreitol (DTT), 5, 5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitro-benzoic acid) (DTNB), or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) did not affect enhancement of ATP-activated current by protons. The results suggest that extracellular protons, at physiological concentrations, can regulate the function of P2X purinoceptors by modulating the affinity of the ATP-binding site.
A new human alphoid-like repetitive DNA sequence

A new tandemly repetitive sequence family, having the 170 bp basic repeat characteristic of alphoid sequences, has been identified in the human genome. Its organization in the whole genome and on chromosome 21 is different from that of any of the previously described alphoid families. Members of this new family are unusually heterogeneous in sequence, and there are a number of variant sequence classes. Some of the variant classes exist in separate genomic domains, and even on a single chromosome the members of such a class are not significantly intermixed with members of another class.
Lung transplantation in patients 70 years old or older: have outcomes changed after implementation of the lung allocation score?

Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the outcomes of lung transplantation in patients aged 70 years or older have changed after implementation of the lung allocation score in May 2005. Methods Patients aged 70 years or older undergoing primary lung transplantation from 1995 to 2009 were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. The primary stratification was the pre-lung allocation score era versus lung allocation score era. Risk-adjusted multivariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of age 70 years or older on 1-year post-transplant mortality compared with a reference cohort of patients aged 60 to 69 years. Results Of the overall 15,726 adult lung transplantation patients in the study period, 225 (1.4%) were 70 years old or older and 4634 (29.5%) were 60 to 69 years old. The patients aged 70 years or older were a larger cohort of overall lung transplantation patients in the lung allocation score era compared with before the lung allocation score era (3.1% vs 0.3%, P P = .02) but not in the lung allocation score era (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.46; P = .92). Similarly, Kaplan-Meier 1-year survival was significantly reduced in patients 70 years old or older versus 60 to 69 years old in the pre-lung allocation score era (56.7% vs 76.3%, P = .006) but not in the lung allocation score era (79.0% vs 80.0%, P = .72). Conclusions Recipients aged 70 years or older were a larger proportion of overall lung transplantation patients after implementation of the lung allocation score. Although associated with significantly increased post-lung transplantation mortality in the pre-lung allocation score era, age 70 years or older is currently associated with outcomes comparable to those of patients aged 60 to 69 years. Therefore, age 70 years or older should not serve as an absolute contraindication to lung transplantation in the lung allocation score era.
Comparison of trimuon production mechanisms

We compare the predictions of six models for neutrino (and antineutrino) production of trimuon events. In particular, results are given for models based on heavy-charged-lepton decays, heavy-neutral- lepton decays together with heavy-quark decays, diffractive production and decay of heavy-quark pairs, heavy-quark cascade decays, the decays of Higgs mesons, and the radiative production of muon pairs. Our comparison should help to unravel the sources of the trimuon events detected at Fermilab and CERN. We also examine the probability of explaining the so-called superevents in which the muons are extremely energetic.
Continuum Solvation Model for Studying Protein Hydration Thermodynamics at High Temperatures

A macroscopic solvation model that combines a solvent-accessible surface area term to describe hydration of nonpolar groups with a continuum electrostatics term to describe the hydration of polar groups has previously been shown to provide an excellent description of amino acid hydration free energies at 25 °C (Sitkoff et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, pp 1978−1988). This paper describes the extension of this method and its accompanying parameter set (known as PARSE) to handle temperatures in the range from 5 to 100 °C. For the neutral amino acids, hydration free energies were taken from the literature; for the charged amino acids Asp, Glu, and Lys, hydration free energies were obtained by combining results for the neutral analogues with information on the pKa value at the required temperature. An important result of this analysis is that the hydration free energies of the charged residues are much more strongly affected by increasing temperature than their neutral analogues. In extending the PARSE method t...
Instrumented composite turbine blade for health monitoring

A health monitoring approach is investigated for hydrokinetic turbine blade applications. In-service monitoring is critical due to the difficult environment for blade inspection and the cost of inspection downtime. Composite blade designs have advantages that include long life in marine environments and great control over mechanical properties. Experimental strain characteristics are determined for static loads and free-vibration loads. These experiments are designed to simulate the dynamic characteristics of hydrokinetic turbine blades. Carbon/epoxy symmetric composite laminates are manufactured using an autoclave process. Four-layer composite beams, eight-layer composite beams, and two-dimensional eight-layer composite blades are instrumented for strain. Experimental results for strain measurements from electrical resistance gages are validated with theoretical characteristics obtained from in-house finite-element analysis for all sample cases. These preliminary tests on the composite samples show good correlation between experimental and finite-element strain results. A health monitoring system is proposed in which damage to a composite structure, e.g. delamination and fiber breakage, causes changes in the strain signature behavior. The system is based on embedded strain sensors and embedded motes in which strain information is demodulated for wireless transmission.
A chromosome 17q de novo paracentric inversion in a patient with campomelic dysplasia; case report and etiologic hypothesis

The campomelic syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia with a characteristic pattern of deformity involving the proximal and distal extremities, pelvic and shoulder girdles, thoracic cage and palate. Respiratory compromise often leads to death in early infancy. Etiology has not been determined although evidence suggests genetic heterogeneity in patients with campomelia. Cytogenetic analysis in the past have revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of a 46, XY karyotype in phenotypic females. We report here on a patient with a typical case of campomelic dysplasia in whom a de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 17q was identified. Review of the genetic map of the inverted region identified potential "structural" genes including the Hox-2-homeobox gene and the collagen gene, COLIA1, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of campomelic syndrome.
On positive solutions of quasi-linear elliptic equations involving critical Sobolev growth

Abstract We study the boundary value problem of the quasi-linear elliptic equation div ( | ∇ u | m − 2 ∇ u ) + f ( x , u , ∇ u ) = 0 in Ω , u = 0 on ∂ Ω , where Ω ⊂ R n ( n ⩾ 2 ) is a connected smooth domain, and the exponent m ∈ ( 1 , n ) is a positive number. Under appropriate conditions on the function f , a variety of results on existence and non-existence of positive solutions have been established. This paper is a continuation of an earlier work Zou (2008) [18] of the author and, in particular, extends earlier results of Brezis and Nirenberg (1983) [3] for the semi-linear case of m = 2 , and of Pucci and Serrin (1986) [12] for the quasi-linear case of m ≠ 2 .
Epilepsy in children with Meningomyelocele

Abstract The medical records of 89 children followed at a multidisciplinary Meningomyelocele Clinic at the Children's Clinics for Rehabilitative Services were reviewed. Almost all children in southern Arizona with meningomyelocele are followed at this clinic. Eight children (foreign nationals) were excluded because they were not eligible for neurosurgery/neurology services at the clinic. The remaining 81 children have been followed at the clinic from 0.25 to 21 years. Seventeen children (21%; age: 1.3–17 years, mean: 9.1 ± 4.4 years; follow-up: 1.3–16 years) manifested seizures at some time during their course. All children with seizures had shunted hydrocephalus. Neonatal seizures occurred in 2 children currently not receiving medication. An additional 3 children had an acute symptomatic seizure associated with an intraventricular hemorrhage during ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision, 2 of whom later developed epilepsy. Fourteen children (17.3%) had epilepsy; 12 were taking antiepileptic drugs. Seizures were controlled on medication in 5 children. EEG abnormalities were present in 12 children (focal slowing 4, focal spikes 8, diffuse slowing 3, generalized or bilaterally synchronous spike-wave 4). Most of these children (1214) had evidence of additional central nervous system (CNS) pathology (i.e., areas of encephalomalacia or past stroke 7, cerebral malformations 2, CNS calcifications 1, and frequent apneic spells/cardiac arrest 2). We conclude that epilepsy occurs in approximately 17% of children with meningomyelocele, and most have other CNS pathology to account for their seizures.
Kinesthetic Motor Imagery Modulates Intermuscular Coherence

Intermuscular coherence can identify oscillatory coupling between two electromyographic (EMG) signals, measuring common presynaptic drive to motor neurons. Beta band oscillations (15-30 Hz) are hypothesized to originate largely from primary motor cortex, and are reduced during dynamic relative to static motor tasks. It has yet to be established whether motor imagery modulates beta intermuscular coherence. Using visual feedback, 10 unimpaired participants completed eighteen trials of pinching their right thumb and index finger at a constant force. During the 60-second trials, participants simultaneously engaged in one of three types of kinesthetic imagery: the right thumb and index finger executing a constant force pinch (static), the fingers of the right hand sequentially flexing and extending (dynamic), and the right foot pushing down with constant force (foot). Motor imagery of a dynamic motor task resulted in significantly lower intermuscular beta coherence than imagery of a static motor pinch task, without any difference in task performance or root-mean-square EMG. Thus, motor imagery affects intermuscular coherence in the beta band, even while measures of task performance remain constant. This finding provides insight for incorporation of beta band intermuscular coherence in future motor rehabilitation schemes and brain computer interface design.
Butyltin concentrations in oysters from the Gulf of Mexico from 1989 to 1991.

Abstract Oyster samples from 53 Gulf of Mexico coastal sites were collected and analyzed for butyltins during 1989, 1990, and 1991. The geometric-mean tributylin concentrations were 85, 30, and 43 ng Sn/g for 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively. The tributyltin concentrations are best represented by a log-normal distribution. A decline in the butyltin concentrations at sites with relatively low butyltin concentrations for 1989 compared with 1990 and 1991 was observed, and, at relatively high butyltin concentrations (> 400 ng Sn / g ), there was hardly any difference between 1989 and 1991, but lower concentrations were present in 1990. Continued monitoring is needed in order to determine if butyltin contamination of the coastal marine environment is decreasing in response to use limitations.
Enucleation of primitive erythroid cells generates a transient population of “pyrenocytes” in the mammalian fetus

Enucleation is the hallmark of erythropoiesis in mammals. Previously, we determined that yolk sac–derived primitive erythroblasts mature in the bloodstream and enucleate between embryonic day (E)14.5 and E16.5 of mouse gestation. While definitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion, generating reticulocytes and small, nucleated cells with a thin rim of cytoplasm (“pyrenocytes”), it is unclear by what mechanism primitive erythroblasts enucleate. Immunohistochemical examination of fetal blood revealed primitive pyrenocytes that were confirmed by multispectral imaging flow cytometry to constitute a distinct, transient cell population. The frequency of primitive erythroblasts was higher in the liver than the bloodstream, suggesting that they enucleate in the liver, a possibility supported by their proximity to liver macrophages and the isolation of erythroblast islands containing primitive erythroblasts. Furthermore, primitive erythroblasts can reconstitute erythroblast islands in vitro by attaching to fetal liver–derived macrophages, an association mediated in part by α4 integrin. Late-stage primitive erythroblasts fail to enucleate in vitro unless cocultured with macrophage cells. Our studies indicate that primitive erythroblasts enucleate by nuclear extrusion to generate erythrocytes and pyrenocytes and suggest this occurs in the fetal liver in association with macrophages. Continued studies comparing primitive and definitive erythropoiesis will lead to an improved understanding of terminal erythroid maturation.
Stockholm recommendation 96: Viable in the Dominican Republic

Summary The Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries face serious challenges to their natural resource base. In recent years the government of the Dominican Republic has taken major steps toward the development and implementation of a comprehensive plan for national natural resources management. This plan is called Plan Sierra. An important compnoent of this plan is the outline of actions for carrying out an environmental education programme within the country. This demonstrates a commitment to fulfill Recommendation No. 96 of the Stockholm Conference in a way that could become a model for other Latin American nations.
Great saphenous vein transposition to the popliteal vein (the May-Husni procedure)

A 55-year-oldmale long distance runner had been bothered by venous claudication for 8 years. He previously sustained a tibial plateau fracture complicated by a deep venous thrombosis. He was no longer able to compete in longdistance races because of severe swelling and pain from the knee down. Before his injury, he had completed thirteen 100-mile ultra-marathons. Venous ultrasound imaging demonstrated segmental occlusion and incompetence of the left femoral and popliteal veins. An ascending and descending venogram demonstrated the femoral, popiteal, and tibial veins to have partial occlusions and incompetence due to chronic deep venous thrombosis (A). The patient was a suitable candidate for transposition of the saphenous vein into the popliteal vein (May-Husni procedure) to alleviate venous outflow obstruction. The operation was conducted through a vertical incision at the distal thigh. The great saphenous vein (GSV) and proximal popliteal vein were exposed through the same incision. After heparinization, a thigh tourniquet was inflated to provide a bloodless field, the popliteal vein was opened longitudinally, some old recanalized thrombus was excised, and an end-to-side anastomosis was performed between the GSV and the popliteal vein (PV) using running 6-0 monofilament suture (B and C [CFV, Common femoral vein; DFV, deep femoral vein]). After an uneventful postoperative course, the patient was discharged fully anticoagulated. A computed tomography (CT) venogram at 14 months showed widely patent popliteal-saphenous anastomosis with preferential flow of contrast into the transposed GSV (Cover). The patient currently reports no symptoms of venous claudication.
The myth of third world solidarity hypergamy by skin colour as a vehicle of racism vis-a-vis African Americans

Racism in America is a psychological extension of European conquest. Heretofore it has been analyzed in the traditional dichotomous context. As an intellectual taboo its existence among people of colour is all but ignored in the scholarly literature. In fact it is manifested on the basis of skin colour directed primarily at African-Americans. Vis-a-vis domination hypergamy then becomes the preferred marital pattern for women of colour. The cycle of conquest is completed in their denigration of dark skin.
Effect of Progesterone on Broodiness and Egg Production of Turkeys

ABSTRACT BROODINESS in chickens has been interrupted by injection of 25 mg. diethylstilbestrol (Godfrey and Jaap, 1950; Carson et al., 1956) whereas turkeys required 200 mg. for the same effect, according to Blakely et al. (1951). With such massive doses one might expect a detrimental effect on egg production following broodiness because of the well known inhibitory action that estrogens have on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion. No data were reported on this aspect of diethylstilbestrol (D.E.S.) administration by Blakely et al. (1951) and we, therefore, thought further experimentation was necessary. Various other hormones used in attempts to interrupt broodiness, such as pituitary gonadotrophin (Wodzicki, 1934; Eigemann, 1937) and thyroid hormone (Wodzicki, 1934) or the feeding of a thyroid inhibitor (Eigemann, 1937) were ineffective. Testosterone, although ineffective as an agent to interrupt broodiness, was effective in preventing this behavior pattern (Kosin, 1948); however, at doses which were effective in this respect, egg production . . .
A Body Colour Mutation in the German Cockroach

FOR many years various cockroach species have been used extensively as experimental animals, particularly in physiological investigations and, more recently, in studies on insecticide resistance. Generally speaking, however, there is little known concerning the genetics of cockroaches. For some time we have carried out a search for heritable traits in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), along a somewhat similar line to that conducted in the mosquito, Aedes aegyptii, by Craig and VandeHey1,2, An autosomal recessive, balloon-wing3, and a tergal abnormality4 have already been described. The genetics of an orange-body colour mutation (or) is presented here, as well as the results of tests for linkage of this trait with balloon-wing (ba). Crosses with a DDT-resistant strain were also made, but the results are presented elsewhere5.
Appropriations Data and the Investment Decision

Abstract Several hypotheses which have been employed to explain firms' investment in plant and equipment are tested against the NICB quarterly series on new appropriations. Data for nine two-digit industries are used to estimate regression equations for each industry, using the efficient estimation technique of Zellner. Interesting industry differences appear; in particular, the least concentrated industries appear more sensitive to pressure on capacity, while the remaining industries seem more affected by financing considerations.
Disk Layout Techniques for Online Social Network Data

Social networking applications' disk access patterns differ from those of traditional applications. However, today's disk layout techniques aren't adapted to social networking workloads, and thus their performance suffers. The authors' disk layout techniques leverage community structure in a social graph to make placement decisions that optimize read latency. Their layout manager, Bondhu, incorporates these techniques and is integrated into the popular Neo4j graph database engine. Experimental results show that Bondhu improves the median response time for online social network operations by as much as 48 percent.
Influence of alginate polysaccharide composition and culture conditions on chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture.

Alginate-embedded chondrocytes have been used for experimental analysis of cartilage matrix metabolism and as a potential bioartificial system for repairing cartilage defects. Alginates are linear copolymers composed of 1,4-linked β-n-mannuronic acid and 1,4 linked α-L-guluronic acid, which occur as regions made up exclusively of one unit or the other, or as regions in which the monomers approximate an alternating sequence. Data presented here demonstrate that the mannuronic to guluronic acid (M/G) ratio and molecular weight of the alginate utilized effects the tissue-culture handling properties of the resultant gel and the activity of embedded chondrocytes. In experiments comparing chondrocyte survival and matrix synthesis, optimal conditions were obtained with an alginate of both high mannuronic acid content and high molecular weight. Chondrocytes survived and proliferated when maintained in unsupplemented media, in media supplemented with fetal calf serum, and in media supplemented with the defined ser...
Pre‐Middle Jurassic accretionary metamorphism in the southern Klamath Mountains of northern California, USA

High-P/T metamorphic parageneses are preserved within two late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic assemblages of the southern Klamath Mountains that show contrasting structural styles and mineral parageneses reflecting formation in different parts of a subduction-zone regime. Blueschist facies tectonites of the Stuart Fork terrane represent a coherent subduction complex formed at relatively deep crustal levels, whereas the chaotic metasedimentary melange of the eastern Hayfork terrane contains a diverse range of metamorphic parageneses reflecting complex structural mixing of metamorphic components at shallower levels. The convergent-margin-type accretionary metamorphism evident in both terranes pre-dates Middle Jurassic low-P/T metamorphism resulting from regional tectonic contraction and magmatism. The epidote- to lawsonite-zone Stuart Fork blueschists (and eclogites locally) formed at pressures of about 6-11 kbar and temperatures of 250-400° C. Deformed matrix material of the eastern Hayfork melange formed at similar temperatures but lower pressures, on the order of 3-6 kbar. The melange contains a diverse assemblage of tectonic blocks that formed under a range of P-T conditions, including those of the blueschist, pumpellyite-actinolite, greenschist and upper greenschist to amphibolite facies. The succession of mineral parageneses and inferred P-T conditions of the eastern Hayfork blocks reflect those of igneous protolith formation, structural mixing, subduction-zone metamorphism, olistolith transport, and tectonic and erosional denudation. Although temporal relations are not well constrained, the evolution of these terranes is consistent with formation within a single convergent-margin system.
Menthofurans from Calamintha ashei: effects on Schizachyrium scoparium and Lactuca sativa

Abstract From the aerial parts of Calamintha ashei the new menthofuran, calaminthone, as well as the known terpenoids (+)-evodone, caryophyllene oxide and ursolic acid were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS). Menthofuran and 2,3-dihydroevodone were present in the volatiles as determined by GC-MS analyses. Evodone and calaminthone volatiles exhibited strong germination inhibitory activities towards Schizachyrium scoparium seeds. The aqueous solution of a fraction containing calaminthone, evodone and caryophyllene oxide totally inhibited germination of S. scoparium seeds but had no significant effects on Lactuca sativa seed germination. A saturated aqueous solution of pure evodone exhibited stimulatory effects on S. scoparium but inhibitory effects were observed when evodone was administered in a saturated aqueous solution of ursolic acid. The possible role of ursolic acid in the release and transport of allelopathic lipids from the source plant into the soil through rain leachates is discussed.
The use of generalized eulerian–lagrangian formulations in composite materials processing

The advantages of the Generalized Eulerian–Lagrangian (GEL) formulations in modeling and numerical solution of unsteady flow of fiber suspensions are discussed. This formulation offers the flexibility of selectively applying an Eulerian (Spatial), a Lagrangian (Material), and any combination of these two frames of reference in the same computational domain. This flexibility offered by the GEL formulation is exploited to exactly determine the shape and location of the free surfaces and moving boundaries in the numerical simulation of various manufacturing processes. The application of the GEL formulation to the solution for the flow field and fiber orientation in the unsteady flows of dilute and semiconcentrated fiber suspensions are presented. The flow field and fiber orientation predicted by this method agree well with the available theoretical and experimental results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct measurement of transmural laminar architecture in the anterolateral wall of the ovine left ventricle: new implications for wall thickening mechanics

Laminar, or sheet, architecture of the left ventricle (LV) is a structural basis for normal systolic and diastolic LV dynamics, but transmural sheet orientations remain incompletely characterized. ...
Anatomy of acetylcholinesterase catalysis: reaction dynamics analogy for human erythrocyte and electric eel enzymes.

The anatomy of catalysis (i.e., reaction dynamics, thermodynamics and transition state structures) is compared herein for acetylcholinesterases from human erythrocytes and Electrophorus electricus. The two enzymes have similar relative activities for the substrate o-nitrochloroacetanilide and o-nitrophenyl acetate. In addition, with each substrate K values and solvent deuterium kinetic isotope effects for kES and kE are similar for the two enzymes. Solvent isotope effects in mixed isotopic buffers indicate that the acylation stages of o-nitrochloroacetanilide turnover by the two enzymes are rate-limited by virtual transition states that are weighted averages of contributions from transition states of serial chemical and physical steps. Similar experiments show that the transition states for Vmax of o-nitrophenyl acetate turnover by the two enzymes are stabilized by simple general acid-base (i.e., one-proton) catalysis. These comparisons demonstrate that acetylcholinesterases from diverse sources display functional analogy in that reaction dynamics and transition state structures are closely similar.
Resource sharing in the digital age: the issue of union listing electronic serials

Cataloging electronic serials in a single library catalog or in a union list of resources at multiple institutions can be a helpful way of gathering together a related set of resources for library ...
Engineering of the TetR family transcriptional regulator SAV151 and its target genes increases avermectin production in Streptomyces avermitilis

Avermectins produced by Streptomyces avermitilis are used commercially for broad-spectrum parasite control in medical, veterinary, and agricultural fields. Our previous comparative transcriptome analysis of wild-type strain ATCC31267 vs. avermectin-overproducing strain 76-02-e revealed that the gene SAV151, which encodes a TetR family transcriptional regulator, was downregulated in 76-02-e. In the present study, we investigated the role of SAV151 in avermectin production. Deletion of SAV151 increased avermectin yield ~1-fold in ATCC31267, and this phenotype was complemented by a single copy of SAV151. Overexpression of SAV151 in ATCC31267 reduced avermectin yield by ~70 %. RT-PCR analysis showed that the promoting effect of SAV151 deletion on avermectin production was not due to alteration of ave genes at the transcriptional level. SAV151 negatively regulated the transcription of itself and of the adjacent transcriptional unit SAV152-SAV153-SAV154. In chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift assays, purified His6-tagged SAV151 protein bound to the bidirectional SAV151-SAV152 promoter region. SAV151 bound to two palindromic sequences in this region and thereby repressed transcription from both directions. Two of the SAV151 target genes, SAV152 (which encodes a putative dehydrogenase) and SAV154 (which encodes a putative hydrolase), had promoting effects on avermectin production. Our findings provide the basis for a strategy to increase avermectin production by controlling SAV151 and its target genes.
Systolic I-J acceleration-force values of normal males from a Nickerson type of ultralow-frequency ballistocardiographic system

Abstract 1. 1. The acceleration-force values of 25 normal male subjects from a Nickerson type of ultralow-frequency ballistocardiographic system have been given. 2. 2. The resultant mean values have been compared to values from other ultralow-frequency systems, and theoretically corrected acceleration values have been calculated for each system. 3. 3. The force value for normal subjects from a spring type of high-frequency system has been compared to an average mean value obtained from force data of five experimental studies using the ultralow-frequency technique. The closeness of the two values is remarkable. 4. 4. It appears that the most efficient and sensitive of the ultralow-frequency systems is the differential pendulum.
Effect of ZnO nanowire morphology on the interfacial strength of nanowire coated carbon fibers

Abstract The ability to tailor interfacial shear strength for a particular fiber and resin system is critical to the development of composite materials that perform optimally in specific applications. One approach to tailor the interface is to introduce a secondary phase between the fiber and matrix, which can act to functionally grade the material properties and enhance load transfer across the interface. This approach has been applied in the past using nanowires, nanotubes, and whiskers and was demonstrated to significantly enhance interface performance. Unfortunately, these processes lack control over the interphase morphology to allow design of the interface for optimal properties. Recently, ZnO nanowires grown on the surface of carbon fibers have demonstrated more than a 110% increase in interfacial strength [1] . Unlike other treatments, this interfacial reinforcement allows precise morphology control. Here, we develop the parameters for the growth of nanowires with varying lengths and diameters and study the influence of the nanowire’s morphology on the interfacial shear strength. ZnO nanowire arrays are grown on carbon fibers, with nanowire diameters ranging from 50 to 200 nm and lengths up to 4 μm. The interfacial shear strength with varying nanowire dimensions is shown to increase by up to 228%, ranging from 45.72 to 154.64 MPa. Unlike existing whiskerization approaches, it is shown that the tensile strength of the ZnO nanowire coated fibers remains constant throughout all growth procedures. The development of an interphase offering control over the interface strength and toughness will provide a means to produce multifunctional composites with optimized performance for multiple applications.
Exoplanet exploration program planet detection test-bed: latest results of planet light detection in the presence of starlight

The Planet Detection Test-bed is a lab based simulation of the optics and control systems for an interferometer based Terrestrial Exoplanet characterization mission. The test-bed supports starlight nulling at 10um infrared wavelengths, with fringe tracking at 2um wavelengths and angle and shear tracking at visible wavelengths. It further allows injection of simulated planet light in the presence of the nulled star light, to allow testing of planet detection methods. We will describe the detailed construction and operation of the test-bed from an optical and control system perspective. We will also report the latest results for narrow band nulls, and the detection of broad band planet light in the presence of nulled starlight.