cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Quantitative Electrophysiology and Its Multiple Applications in Bioengineering

Bayesian interpretation of observations began in the early 1700s, and scientific electrophysiology began in the late 1700s. For two centuries these two fields developed mostly separately. In part that was because quantitative Bayesian interpretation, in principle a powerful method of relating measurements to their underlying sources, often required too many steps to be feasible with hand calculation in real applications. As computer power became widespread in the later 1900s, Bayesian models and interpretation moved rapidly but unevenly from the domain of mathematical statistics into applications. Use of Bayesian models now is growing rapidly in electrophysiology. Bayesian models are well suited to the electrophysiological environment, allowing a direct and natural way to express what is known (and unknown) and to evaluate which one of many alternatives is most likely the source of the observations, and the closely related receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a powerful tool in making decisions. Yet, in general, many people would ask what such models are for, in electrophysiology, and what particular advantages such models provide. So to examine this question in particular, this review identifies a number of electrophysiological papers in bioengineering arising from questions in several organ systems to see where Bayesian electrophysiological models or ROC curves were important to the results that were achieved.
The Political Geography of Nationalist Protest in China: Cities and the 2012 Anti-Japanese Demonstrations

Why do some cities take part in waves of nationalist protest but not others? Nationalist protest remains an important but understudied topic within the study of contentious politics in China, particularly at the subnational level. Relative to other protests, nationalist mobilization is more clustered in time and geographically widespread, linking citizens across different cities against a common target. Although the literature has debated the degree of state-led and grassroots influence on Chinese nationalism, we argue that it is important to consider both citizen propensity to mobilize as well as local government fears of instability. Analyzing an original dataset of 377 anti-Japanese protests across 208 of 287 Chinese prefectural cities, we find that both state-led patriotism and the availability of collective action resources were positively associated with nationalist protest, particularly “biographically available” populations of students and migrants. In addition, the government’s role was not monolithically facilitative. Fears of social unrest shaped the local political opportunity structure, with anti-Japanese protests less likely in cities with larger populations of unemployed college graduates and ethnic minorities, and more likely in cities with established leaders.
Comprehension priming as rational expectation for repetition: Evidence from syntactic processing

Why do comprehenders process repeated stimuli more rapidly than novel stimuli? We consider an adaptive explanation for why such facilitation may be beneficial: priming is a consequence of expectation for repetition due to rational adaptation to the environment. If occurrences of a stimulus cluster in time, given one occurrence it is rational to expect a second occurrence closely following. Leveraging such knowledge may be particularly useful in online processing of language, where pervasive clustering may help comprehenders negotiate the considerable challenge of continual expectation update at multiple levels of linguistic structure and environmental variability. We test this account in the domain of structural priming in syntax, making use of the sentential complement–direct object (SC–DO) ambiguity. We first show that sentences containing SC continuations cluster in natural language, motivating an expectation for repetition of this structure. Second, we show that comprehenders are indeed sensitive to the syntactic clustering properties of their current environment. In a series of between-groups self-paced reading studies, we find that participants who are exposed to clusters of SC sentences subsequently process repetitions of SC structure more rapidly than participants who are exposed to the same number of SCs spaced in time, and attribute the difference to the learned degree of expectation for repetition. We model this behavior through Bayesian belief update, showing that (the optimal degree of) sensitivity to clustering properties of syntactic structures is indeed learnable through experience. Comprehension priming effects are thus consistent with rational expectation for repetition based on adaptation to the linguistic environment.
Moscow in Movement: Power and Opposition in Putin’s Russia

Although the literature on civil society is bountiful, only a few scholars have produced rigorous and systematic analyses of grassroots activism and social movements in competitive authoritarisms—r...
Understanding catalysis in a multiphasic two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide

Establishing processing–structure–property relationships for monolayer materials is crucial for a range of applications spanning optics, catalysis, electronics and energy. Presently, for molybdenum disulfide, a promising catalyst for artificial photosynthesis, considerable debate surrounds the structure/property relationships of its various allotropes. Here we unambiguously solve the structure of molybdenum disulfide monolayers using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy supported by density functional theory and show lithium intercalation to direct a preferential transformation of the basal plane from 2H (trigonal prismatic) to 1T′ (clustered Mo). These changes alter the energetics of molybdenum disulfide interactions with hydrogen (ΔGH), and, with respect to catalysis, the 1T′ transformation renders the normally inert basal plane amenable towards hydrogen adsorption and hydrogen evolution. Indeed, we show basal plane activation of 1T′ molybdenum disulfide and a lowering of ΔGH from +1.6 eV for 2H to +0.18 eV for 1T′, comparable to 2H molybdenum disulfide edges on Au(111), one of the most active hydrogen evolution catalysts known. Establishing structure–property relationships for catalytic materials is essential for optimization of performance. Here, the authors solve the structure of molybdenum disulfide monolayers, and probe the role of lithium intercalation and the subsequent effects on catalytic hydrogen activation.
Nanoscale optical positioning of single quantum dots for bright and pure single-photon emission

Self-assembled, epitaxially grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) are promising semiconductor quantum emitters that can be integrated on a chip for a variety of photonic quantum information science applications. However, self-assembled growth results in an essentially random in-plane spatial distribution of QDs, presenting a challenge in creating devices that exploit the strong interaction of single QDs with highly confined optical modes. Here, we present a photoluminescence imaging approach for locating single QDs with respect to alignment features with an average position uncertainty <30 nm (<10 nm when using a solid-immersion lens), which represents an enabling technology for the creation of optimized single QD devices. To that end, we create QD single-photon sources, based on a circular Bragg grating geometry, that simultaneously exhibit high collection efficiency (48%±5% into a 0.4 numerical aperture lens, close to the theoretically predicted value of 50%), low multiphoton probability (g(2)(0) <1%), and a significant Purcell enhancement factor (≈3).
Atmungssystem und Schwimmblase

Alle Zellen der Vertebraten verbrauchen Sauerstoff und geben Kohlendioxid ab. Der einzige Weg, uber den these Gase in die Gewebe und aus ihnen bewegt werden konnen, ist die Diffusion. Da die Vertebraten viel zu gros sind, als dass jede Zelle direkt mit der Umgebung interagieren konnte, sind bestimmte respiratorische Organe darauf spezialisiert, den notwendigen Gasaustausch mit der Umgebung fur den gesamten Korper zu bewerkstelligen. Ein solcher Austausch wird ausere Atmung genannt und kann an bestimmten Embryonalhullen, an der Hautoberflache, in Kiemen, in Lungen oder manchmal auch an anderer Stelle stattfinden. Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxid werden zwischen den Atmungsorganen und anderen Geweben durch das Blutgefassystem transportiert. Sie werden dann in den Geweben uber die entsprechenden Kapillarsysteme ausgetauscht, ein Vorgang, der innere Atmung genannt wird.
Likelihood of Incomplete Kidney Tumor Ablation with Radio Frequency Energy: Degree of Enhancement Matters

Purpose: Larger size and clear cell histopathology are associated with worse outcomes for malignant renal tumors treated with radio frequency ablation. We hypothesize that greater tumor enhancement may be a risk factor for radio frequency ablation failure due to increased vascularity.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of patients who underwent radio frequency ablation for renal tumors with contrast enhanced imaging available was performed. The change in Hounsfield units (HU) of the tumor from the noncontrast phase to the contrast enhanced arterial phase was calculated. Radio frequency ablation failure rates for biopsy confirmed malignant tumors were compared using the chi-squared test. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to assess predictive variables for radio frequency ablation failure. Disease-free survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results: A total of 99 patients with biopsy confirmed malignant renal tumors and contrast enhanced imaging were identified. The incompl...
VTOS for the Primary Care Team: When to Consider the Diagnosis

This chapter serves as an introduction and overview of axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis in general, an occurrence, when primary (actually caused by extrinsic bony compression of the vein at the junction of the clavicle and first rib) is called venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS). Although the risk of pulmonary embolus is low, patients who are untreated or treated with anticoagulation alone have a significant chance of lifelong disability. Conversely, modern treatment algorithms (with the goal being to lyse the acute clot and then relieve the external bony compression on the vein and at times fix residual endovenous problems) are associated with lifetime patency and symptom-free status in 90 % or more of patients. For both of these reasons it is critical that any patient with a swollen arm and no obvious cause for venous thrombosis be referred to a physician specializing in thoracic outlet syndrome, or the window of opportunity for successful treatment may be lost.
PIER PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR THE DUWAMISH SHIP CHANNEL IN SEATTLE

In 1978 an out-of-control ship hit and severely damaged a bascule bridge across the Duwamish West Waterway in Seattle seriously affecting both ship and highway traffic. The high level West Seattle Bridge was subsequently constructed to handle all through-highway traffic. A swing bridge was also designed to handle local traffic over the ship channel. The function of the pier protection system described in this paper is to protect the pivot piers and swing spans of this new bridge from damage by absorbing the part of the tranverse energy component imparted by a colliding ship, which is not absorbed by deformation of the ship's hull.
A DIRECT LATERAL APPROACH TO THE LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE KNEE JOINT

A description is given of a direct approach to the lateral compartment of the knee with the joint fully flexed. This approach has been found useful for excision of cysts of the lateral cartilage, but is also applicable to excision of the lateral cartilage for tear.
Aids to Electronic Platelet Counting

Although the widespread use of electronic particle counters has considerably improved platelet counting technics, problem areas remain. Solutions to these problems are suggested: separation of platelet-rich plasma from whole blood by augmentation of rouleaux followed by 2 min. of sedimentation; a modification of a microliter syringe which permits a 1:3,000 dilution in a single step; and finally a special calculator in circular slide rule format for translating machine counts into whole blood platelet counts.
Psychiatric Medication : Use, Attitudes and Effect in Social Work Students and Clinicians

This exploratory, descriptive study assessed psychiatric medication use in two samples. Students in three social work courses and practicing social workers in a midwestem city were surveyed by mail. Respondents were asked to identify symptoms, psychiatric medication use, effectiveness of drug therapy, side effects, stigma, and to rate the impact of psychiatric medication use on their current or future social work practice. The results indicated that depression and anxiety were common, especially in the social work student sample, with approximately 20 to 25 percent of the sample having taken psychiatric medication. These numbers were even higher when herbal preparations were considered. Both samples reported that medication was helpful, but that taking it was stigmatizing. They also felt, however, that their experience with medication had a positive impact on their current or future career as social workers. Further descriptive results and implications for social work practice, education, and research are presented.
Single-channel radar fusion for quadrature life-sign Doppler radar

A quadrature Doppler radar has been assembled using two single channel x-band MDU1020 radars. The combined radars can resolve null point distortion in physiological monitoring. This work demonstrates that physical offset between two single-channel radars can achieve proper phase shift for quadrature radar channels. Tests were performed with both mechanical targets and human subject.
Blood tests of a shoe factory workers analysis and countermeasures

Objective To analysis of shoe workers in blood test results,of benzene and benzene on the characteristics of the hematopoietic system damage, and propose countermeasure.Methods Shoe workers of 80 blood test results were analyzed.And blood test results with the control group were compared studies.Results Percentage of benzene-exposed group the white blood cells to reduce,and the red blood cells to reduce the rate,and hemoglobin to reduce the rate,and thrombocytopenia percentage compared were statistically significant(P0.05);the proportion of benzene-exposed group leukopenia compared with the control group,also statistically significant(P0.01).Conclusion Benzene and benzene on granulocyte system of strong inhibition effect on red blood cell and platelet inhibition,in order to prevent and reduce the occupation of benzene poisoning,should strengthen the occupation health care and occupation health inspection.
Cytogenetic evaluation of childhood neoplasms

The cytogenetics of childhood neoplasms are reviewed. Chromosome abnormalities specific for various pediatric neoplasms can provide diagnostic, prognostic, and scientific information of value to the pathologist, clinician, and molecular biologist. Karyotypes of acute leukemia have independent prognostic significance. Chromosome aberrations associated with several of the small round blue-cell tumors of childhood can clarify the diagnosis. Recurring abnormalities in several tumors, such as hepatoblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, fibrosarcomas, and other tumor types, suggest interesting questions about pathogenesis and histogenetic relationships. Several tumor-specific chromosome aberrations, mostly in the acute leukemias, have been characterized at a molecular level.
Behavior and Cognition as a Complex Adaptive System: Insights from Robotic Experiments

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evidence collected in robotic research with particular reference to results obtained in experiments in which the robots develop their skill autonomously while they interact with the external environment through an adaptive process. In particular, it demonstrates how the behavioral and cognitive skills developed by the robots can be properly characterized as complex adaptive systems which: arise from the interactions between the brain of the robots, their body, and the environment and eventually between the dynamical process occurring within the robot and within the environment; display a multi-level and a multi-scale organization in which the interaction between behavioral and cognitive properties at a certain level of organization lead to higher-level properties and in which higher-level properties later affect the lower-level properties. The complex system nature of behavior and cognition has important consequences both from an engineering and a modeling point of view. From the point of view of developing effective robotic artifacts, it implies the need to rely on “design for emergence” techniques, i.e. techniques allowing the development of robots which are able to exploit useful emergent properties. From the point of view of modeling biological systems, it implies the need to conceptualize behavior and cognition as dynamical processes which unfold in time while the organism interacts with the environment.
More than Pictures? An Exploration of Visually Dominant Magazine Ads as Arguments

AbstractThis paper explores the extent to which individuals infer similar claims from visually dominant magazine advertisements. Past research suggests that consumers interact with visual stimuli in such advertisements and draw meaningful semantic claims based on the pictures presented by connecting the image to a product claim. A basic argument structure is presented to explain the process by which this occurs. Participants (N = 118) were asked to view eight visually dominant magazine advertisements, and to infer what they thought were the product claim or claims. Results suggest that respondents do infer consistently a small set of claims for a given advertisement but that they also can see multiple meanings within an ad.
Physical activity and metabolic health in chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study.

Background Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of progression to end stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. Physical activity may reduce these risks by improving metabolic health. We tested associations of physical activity with central components of metabolic health among people with moderate-severe non-diabetic CKD.
Dancing in the streets: a history of collective joy Ehrenreich, Barbara

(2008). Dancing in the streets: a history of collective joy Ehrenreich, Barbara. Material Religion: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 236-237.
Analysis of reversibly interacting macromolecular systems by time derivative sedimentation velocity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sedimentation velocity boundary analysis of interacting systems that can provide information about stoichiometries and equilibrium constants that is complementary to information obtained by equilibrium sedimentation analysis. It discusses the application of time derivative techniques to the analysis of interacting systems by sedimentation velocity. Potential problems and limitations associated with the computation of weight average sedimentation coefficients for both rapidly reversible and kinetically limited systems in general are treated. The accessible concentration range for sedimentation velocity has been extended considerably by the time derivative/signal averaging method. The combination of taking the time derivative, which eliminates completely the time-independent optical background, and of averaging the time derivative curves results in a considerable increase in precision compared with older methods of analysis. Therefore, because of its sensitivity and selectivity, sedimentation velocity may be the only way the equilibrium constant for an interacting system to be estimated by sedimentation analysis. The chapter also reviews that sedimentation transports of pressure-dependent interacting systems can lead to the generation of negative concentration gradients. In the absence of a stabilizing density gradient, convection can result.
Jovian bow shock and magnetopause encounters by the Juno spacecraft

The Juno spacecraft has crossed Jupiter's bow shock (BS) and magnetopause (MP) multiple times in the dawn sector (near 0600 local time), both during the approach to Jupiter and during the first three apojove periods. A survey of all of these crossings using the Juno field and particle instruments has been performed, with 51 bow shock and 97 magnetopause crossings being detected. The BS crossings ranged from 92 to 128 RJ with 1 encounter during the approach, 36 during the first apojove period, 0 on the second, and 14 during the third. The MP crossings ranged from 73 to 114 RJ, with 8 MP encounters during the approach, 40 encounters during the first apojove period, 24 encounters on the second, and 46 during the third. During the approach, Juno initially encountered an expanding magnetosphere resulting in a single BS and MP crossing, followed a few days later by a contracting magnetosphere, resulting in 7 more MP crossings and a BS crossing on the first outbound orbit at 92 RJ. The lack of BS crossings and the limited number of MP crossings during the second apojove period suggests a long period of an expanded magnetosphere, likely caused by a prolonged period of low solar wind dynamic pressure associated with a rarefaction region. The detection of BS crossings on the third apojove period suggests another period of a highly compressed magnetosphere.
Aldose reductase inhibitor increases doxorubicin-sensitivity of colon cancer cells and decreases cardiotoxicity

Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin remain some of the most active wide-spectrum and cost-effective drugs in cancer therapy. However, colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are inherently resistant to anthracyclines which at higher doses cause cardiotoxicity. Our recent studies indicate that aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors such as fidarestat inhibit CRC growth in vitro and in vivo. Here, we show that treatment of CRC cells with fidarestat increases the efficacy of DOX-induced death in HT-29 and SW480 cells and in nude mice xenografts. AR inhibition also results in higher intracellular accumulation of DOX and decreases the expression of drug transporter proteins MDR1, MRP1, and ABCG2. Further, fidarestat also inhibits DOX–induced increase in troponin-I and various inflammatory markers in the serum and heart and restores cardiac function in mice. These results suggest that fidarestat could be used as adjuvant therapy to enhance DOX sensitivity of CRC cells and to reduce DOX-associated cardiotoxicity.
Bakalar v. Vavra Brief

Brief Amicus Curiae of Bernard Beliak, Michael Berenbau, et. al., in Support of Defendants-Counter-Claimant-Appellants in the case of Bakalar v. Vavra.
A Quantum of Solace: Digital Traces and Mental Health

What does the Higgs Boson have to do with measuring the digital traces of mental health phenomena, such as depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts or behaviors? As it turns out, plenty. In this session, we will explore a useful metaphor for understanding physicists? discovery of the Higgs Boson after many decades. We examine the implications of this metaphor as a tool to develop a conceptual framework for the study of digital biomarkers, particularly with respect to those digital traces (and absences) that may reflect the range of biological, psychological, and social dimensions in mental health. However, even beyond the narrow confines of mental health, this conceptual framework underscores the need to deeply examine the ways in which we model the health phenomena being studied.
Redox Controls over the Stability of U(IV) in Floodplains of the Upper Colorado River Basin

Aquifers in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) exhibit persistent uranium (U) groundwater contamination plumes originating from former ore processing operations. Previous observations at Rifle, Colorado, have shown that fine grained, sulfidic, organic-enriched sediments accumulate U in its reduced form, U(IV), which is less mobile than oxidized U(VI). These reduced sediment bodies can subsequently act as secondary sources, releasing U back to the aquifer. There is a need to understand if U(IV) accumulation in reduced sediments is a common process at contaminated sites basin-wide, to constrain accumulated U(IV) speciation, and to define the biogeochemical factors controlling its reactivity. We have investigated U(IV) accumulation in organic-enriched reduced sediments at three UCRB floodplains. Noncrystalline U(IV) is the dominant form of accumulated U, but crystalline U(IV) comprises up to ca. 30% of total U at some locations. Differing susceptibilities of these species to oxidative remobilization can e...
Narrowing the scope of failure prediction using targeted fault load injection

ABSTRACTAs society becomes more dependent upon computer systems to perform increasingly critical tasks, ensuring that those systems do not fail becomes increasingly important. Many organizations depend heavily on desktop computers for day-to-day operations. Unfortunately, the software that runs on these computers is written by humans and, as such, is still subject to human error and consequent failure. A natural solution is to use statistical machine learning to predict failure. However, since failure is still a relatively rare event, obtaining labelled training data to train these models is not a trivial task. This work presents new simulated fault-inducing loads that extend the focus of traditional fault injection techniques to predict failure in the Microsoft enterprise authentication service and Apache web server. These new fault loads were successful in creating failure conditions that were identifiable using statistical learning methods, with fewer irrelevant faults being created.
Observation of the Neutral Oxygen Vacancy in Silicon Dioxide

We have studied electron-trapping defects in SiO2 films incorporated into Metal-Oxide-Silicon capacitors. The film consisted of SiO2 sputtered onto the native oxide formed on silicon. A process of direct band-to-trap tunneling of electrons into defects within the oxide film was isolated. This trap filling process, and the reverse emptying process, were analyzed using the assumptions that the trapping defects had a fixed spatial location and an extended energy level distribution. For a trap located at the sputtered SiO2/native SiO2 interface, we found a trap depth of 4 eV and a trap relaxation of 1 eV upon capture of an electron. These experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculations for the formation of a neutral oxygen vacancy in quartz by the addition of an electron to a positively-charged oxygen vacancy (that is, to an E 1 ′ center). We therefore may have obtained the first direct experimental evidence for a neutral oxygen vacancy in SiO2.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease Does not Worsen or Improve Postural Instability: A Prospective Cohort Trial.

Background Falls and postural instability (PI) are major sources of morbidity in Parkinson disease (PD). Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a major therapy for PD. The effects of DBS on PI and falls remain controversial. Objective To study if DBS worsens PI, validated measures of PI (Timed Up and Go, Berg Balance Scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale 3.12 [Pull Test], and the Biodex Sway Index with eyes closed on a firm and soft surface) and reported falls were used to prospectively evaluate the effect of DBS on PI at 3 and 12 mo postoperatively compared to baseline measurements. The primary outcomes were a positive result on 4 out of the 5 PI tests and falls. Methods Patients presenting for DBS were prospectively enrolled and evaluated at presentation and, 3 and 12 mo postoperatively. All tests were performed at each visit. Results At 3 mo 4 of 5 positive showed noninferiority to baseline, with a rate of 28% vs 41% (relative risk [RR] 0.8 [0.5-1.3]). At 12 mo, 4 of 5 positive had a rate of 35% vs 30% (RR 1.2 [0.8-1.8]) and falls had a rate of 54% vs 46% (RR 1.2 [0.6-2.3]). These did not meet criteria to prove noninferiority. Sensitivity analysis at 12 mo showed noninferiority for 4 of 5 (RR 0.9 [0.6-1.5]) but not falls (RR 1.1 [0.5-2.3]). Conclusion This evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that DBS does not worsen PI when measured at 3 and 12 mo postoperatively.
The effects of video game training on the cognitive functioning of older adults: A community-based randomized controlled trial

Abstract Context Using video games may enhance older adults’ cognitive skills, including executive function, processing speed, and spatial ability. Objective We examined the impact of video game training on the cognitive functioning of community-dwelling adults aged 65 or older and tested the hypotheses that larger training effects would be uncovered for practiced measures and that the employed time-compressed approach would reveal effects comparable to those reported in prior studies on this approach. Methods Thirty-five participants from four Senior Centers located in Los Angeles County, California completed the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group partaking in 15 h of supervised video game training over five weeks or to a control group completing an assessment battery before and after a five-week period. Results After statistically controlling for pretest performance and performance on the Memory Alteration Test, we found significant group differences regarding brief syllable count (p = .001, d = 1.28) and arithmetic assessments (p = .003, d = 1.10), as well as marginally significant differences on the Stroop Interference Test (p = .02, d = 0.89). We also found larger effects among practiced outcome variables (d = 0.72) than non-practiced outcome variables (d = 0.03); the effects were comparable to those reported in time-extended intervention studies (d = 0.35 and 0.36, respectively). Conclusions and implications Results suggest that playing an easily accessible video game in older age can enhance cognitive functioning, especially in areas directly tied to the video gaming activities.
The Use of the Cobalt Chloride-Ammonium Sulfide Precipitation Technique for the Delineation of Invertebrate and Vertebrate Neurosecretory Systems

Since the mid-1960’s, neurobiologists, especially those working on invertebrate preparations, have employed intracellular injection of dyes to elucidate the geometry of single neurons responsible for a particular neurophysiological process. Procion yellow was first successfully used for this purpose in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968). The technology of dye injection has advanced considerably with the recent introduction of cobaltous chloride as a dye (Pitman et al., 1972). After filling neurons with cobalt, the preparation is immersed in a solution of ammonium sulfide. A black precipitate, cobaltous sulfide, is formed, and neurons are elegantly delineated when viewed in whole mount. Because cobaltous sulfide is electron dense, tissues can also be examined by electron microscopy, a major advantage of cobalt in comparison with procion yellow.
A Sense of Life in Language Love and Literature

The fundamental human activity of telling stories, extended into the cultural tradition of literature, leads to the creation of alternative worlds in which we find resonance with the whole range of human thought and emotion from different and often conflicting perspectives. Fiction has no obligation to the ordinary strictures that bind our public lives, so the mind is free, engaging in literature, to become for the moment whatever imagination can conceive. So we become, in fictive reality, madman and poet, sinner and saint, embrace and embody sorrow and joy, hope and despair and all the rag tag feelings that flesh is heir to. But the sense of our own lives bleeds into the lives of others and our characters are formed and our lives enriched or impoverished by the relationships we develop. Literature extends the possibilities and scope of human experience and understanding of relationships that vary in dimension and depth—that develop in their own ways broadly between the good, the bad, and the ugly. Some relationships are given, some chosen, some forced. Some are nurturing, some useful, some inspiring, some destructive. But in any event and in every instance our sense of life in the connective tissue of human relationships is transformed through literature.
Uses, Limitations, and Requirements of Multivariate Analyses for Intercropping Experiments

Since summarization of data from intercropping experiments involves a linear combination of crop yields, it would appear at first glance that multivariate analyses would be ideally suited for this situation. Linear combinations of values of crops, of total calories of crops, of total protein contents of crops, and of land utilization of crops are among some of the linear combinations which have considerable utility in summarizing data from intercropping experiments. From multivariate analyses, canonical variables based upon the criterion of maximum discriminating ability can be obtained when all crops are present in a mixture of crops. For v crops taken k at a time, such canonical variables are not obtainable using presently available theory. Even if they were, it is not certain that they would have any general utility for interpretational purposes. Areas of further research in multivariate analysis are discussed. These results are necessary in order to utilize multivariate analyses for intercropping investigations.
Collaborative interface agents

Interface agents are semi-intelligent systems which assist users with daily computer-based tasks. Recently, various researchers have proposed a learning approach towards building such agents and some working prototypes have been demonstrated. Such agents learn by 'watching over the shoulder' of the user and detecting patterns and regularities in the user's behavior. Despite the successes booked, a major problem with the learning approach is that the agent has to learn from scratch and thus takes some time becoming useful. Secondly, the agent's competence is necessarily limited to actions it has seen the user perform. Collaboration between agents assisting different users can alleviate both of these problems. We present a framework for multi-agent collaboration and discuss results of a working prototype, based on learning agents for electronic mail.
PLASMA AMINE OXIDASE; A CUPRIC-PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE ENZYME

SUMMARY Plasma amine oxidase is a pyridoxal phosphate-copper enzyme containing 4 g atoms of cupric copper and 2 moles of pyridoxal phosphate. Various physicochemical properties of the crystalline preparations of the enzyme are described. The preliminary studies dealing with the nature of the pyridoxal phosphate peptide obtained by pronase digestion of the heat denatured enzyme as well as mechanism of action of this enzyme are presented and discussed.
The effects of adolescent stressors on African American maternal depression

In the African American community, women are the core that holds families together. These women consistently serve in multiple roles within their unique family structures. Like many women, African American women often overextend themselves and become highly involved within the lives of their loved ones, in a manner in which they take on family members’ events, issues, and emotions as if they were their own experiences, especially the experiences of their children. This can be problematic for African American women because it can adversely affect their health, especially their mental health. The current study examined the relationship between child life events and the depression levels of African American maternal caregivers. Using a longitudinal study, the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted, which identified one specific category of life events (risky behaviors) and three individual life events (being suspended from school, having a friend become ill or injured, and having a friend die) experienced by the target child, were found to predict increases in maternal depression levels. Findings from this study contribute to the literature on African American women’s mental health. Understanding the stress caused by one’s child engaging in behaviors that threaten their future health and well-being is important, and can assist social service providers in developing developmentally and culturally appropriate strategies for working with this population.
Sources of Stress among Adults with Co-occurring Drug Use and Depressive Symptoms

Stress, drug use, and depression are interconnected, but less is understood about sources of stress among adults with co-occurring drug use and depressive symptoms. The current study aimed to identify sources of stress and correlates among these adults. Data come from a cross-sectional baseline survey, including participants (n = 336) 18 to 55 years old, who reported past 6-month heroin or cocaine use and depressive symptoms. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify sources of stress. Chi-square and multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance were used to explore correlates of each factor. Three sources of stress were identified: financial stress related to drugs, stress due to community features, and stress involving a person’s network. Past 6-month injection drug use (aPR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.07–1.67), perceived lack of control over drug use (aPR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.41–2.30), and difficulty abstaining from drug use (aPR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.22–1.97) were associated with an increased risk of high drug-related financial stress. Neighborhood disorder (aPR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.80–3.24) and sleeping on the street (aPR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.04–1.80) were associated with an increased risk of high community-level stress. Past 6-month injection drug use (aPR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.04–1.58), perceived lack of control over drug use (aPR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.10–1.70), and drug use stigma was associated with an increased prevalence of high drug network stress (aPR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.05–1.65). Stress is a complex construct, including distinct sources and correlates. Further understanding of sources of stress is beneficial in recognizing potentially modifiable challenges faced by individuals who use drugs and experience depressive symptoms.
Initial Experience with the Use of a Robotic Stapler for Robot-Assisted Donor Nephrectomy.

Abstract Introduction: Since the first description of robot-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy for living donor renal transplantation, additional studies have noted outcomes comparable to trad...
Clinical and Molecular Features of Post-Colonoscopy Colorectal Cancers

Background & Aims Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancers (PCCRCs) may arise from missed lesions or due to molecular features of tumors that allow them to grow rapidly. We aimed to compare clinical, pathology, and molecular features of PCCRCs (those detected within 6–60 months of colonoscopy) and detected CRCs (those detected within 6 months of a colonoscopy). Methods Within a population-based cross-sectional study of incident CRC cases in Utah (from 1995 through 2009), we identified PCCRCs (those cancers that developed within 5 years of a colonoscopy) and matched the patients by age, sex, and hospital site to patients with detected CRC. Archived specimens were retrieved and tested for microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylation, and mutations in KRAS and BRAF. There were 2659 cases of CRC diagnosed within the study window; 6% of these (n = 159) were defined as PCCRCs; 84 of these cases had tissue available and were matched to 84 subjects with detected CRC. Results Higher proportions of PCCRCs than detected CRCs formed in the proximal colon (64% vs 44%; P = .016) and were of an early stage (86% vs 69%; P = .040). MSI was observed in 32% of PCCRCs compared with 13% of detected CRCs (P = .005). The other molecular features were found in similar proportions of PCCRCs and detected CRCs. In a multivariable logistic regression, MSI (odds ratio, 4.20; 95% CI, 1.58–11.14) was associated with PCCRC. There was no difference in 5-year survival between patients with PCCRCs vs detected CRCs. Conclusion In this population-based cross-sectional study of incident CRC cases in Utah, we found PCCRCs to be more likely to arise in the proximal colon and demonstrate MSI, so PCCRCs and detected CRC appear to have different features or processes of tumorigenesis. Additional studies are needed to determine if post-colonoscopy cancers arise through a specific genetic pathway.
Tibial Acceleration Measured from Wearable Sensors Is Associated with Loading Rates in Injured Runners.

BACKGROUND The loadrate of the vertical ground reaction force at impact has been associated with a variety of running injuries. Peak tibial shocks occur during the early stance phase and has been shown to be correlated to the loadrates in healthy runners using a rearfoot strike pattern. As a result, tibial accelerometry has been used as a surrogate for loadrates. However, these correlations have not been assessed in injured runners nor in runners with differing footstrike patterns. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between tibial acceleration and loadrates in injured runners who are habitual rearfoot (RFS), midfoot (MFS), and forefoot (FFS) strikers. Tibial acceleration was expected to be positively associated with loadrates across all footstrike patterns. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort. SETTING Academic medical center with biomechanics laboratory. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-nine injured runners (age 38.7 ± 13.1 years, 127 RFS, 17 MFS, 25 FFS). METHODS Each participant completed a biomechanical assessment for injury including evaluation on a force treadmill with a triaxial accelerometer fastened by a Velcro strap to the distal medial tibia. Peak vertical and resultant tibial acceleration (VTA, RTA) were measured from the accelerometer. Vertical average and instantaneous loadrates (VALR, VILR) and the resultant instantaneous loadrate (RILR) were determined from the force data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The relationship between tibial acceleration and loadrates measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS Loadrates were each associated with VTA (r = 0.66-0.82, P < .001) and RTA (r = 0.41-0.68, P < .05) across all footstrike groups with the exception of association of VILR to RTA in the FFS group. The strength in correlations was lowest between RTA and loadrates for the FFS runners (r = 0.41-0.47, P < .05). CONCLUSION Vertical tibial acceleration is the stronger surrogate for loadrates in injured runners across differing footstrike patterns.
Changes in delay discounting, substance use, and weight status across adolescence.

Objective Higher rates of delay discounting have been consistently linked to maladaptive health behaviors, including substance use and overeating, among adults. Despite adolescence representing a critical period for the escalation of these risky health behaviors, little is known about the developmental course of delay discounting or how this construct relates to important health outcomes in youth. The current study examined change in delay discounting over time using a latent growth curve approach and the relation between growth in this construct and changes in substance use and body-mass index over a 6-year period. Method Participants included 247 adolescents (44% female) with a mean age of 13 at the initial assessment. Results Findings suggest that, on average, rates of delay discounting are stable across adolescence; however, there are significant individual differences around this trajectory. Moreover, youth who demonstrate significant increases in delay discounting over time are also more likely to experience more rapid escalations of both substance use and Body Mass Index across adolescence. Conclusions Results indicate that delay discounting is an important trans-disease process among adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Statistics of Extreme Events in Fluid Flows and Waves

Extreme events in fluid flows, waves, or structures interacting with them are critical for a wide range of areas, including reliability and design in engineering, as well as modeling risk of natura...
Improve 3D Modeless Robots Calibration Accuracy Using A Shallow Neural Network Technique

This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on 3D Shallow Neural Network Technique (SNNT). Robot calibrations can be classified into model-based and modeless methods. A model-based calibration method normally requires that the practitioners understand the kinematics of the robot therefore may pose a challenge for field engineers. An alternative yet effective means for robot calibration is to use a modeless method; however with such a method there is a conflict between the calibration accuracy of the robot and the number of grid points used in the calibration task. In this paper, an interpolation method developed based on a SNNT is applied to improve the compensation accuracy of the robot in its 3D workspace. The simulated results given in this paper show that not only robot compensation accuracy can be greatly improved with this method, but also the calibration process can be significantly simplified, and it is more suitable for practical applications.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Implications of Multi Jet Fusion Additive Manufacturing

This study fills a gap in additive manufacturing life cycle assessments to improve decision-making in plastic product manufacturing. This assessment investigated cradle-to-gate life cycle energy co...
Emerging of Stochastic Dynamical Equalities and Steady State Thermodynamics from Darwinian Dynamics

The evolutionary dynamics first conceived by Darwin and Wallace, referring to as Darwinian dynamics in the present paper, has been found to be universally valid in biology. The statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, while enormous successful in physics, have been in an awkward situation of wanting a consistent dynamical understanding. Here we present from a formal point of view an exploration of the connection between thermodynamics and Darwinian dynamics and a few related topics. We first show that the stochasticity in Darwinian dynamics implies the existence temperature, hence the canonical distribution of Boltzmann-Gibbs type. In term of relative entropy the Second Law of thermodynamics is dynamically demonstrated without detailed balance condition, and is valid regardless of size of the system. In particular, the dynamical component responsible for breaking detailed balance condition does not contribute to the change of the relative entropy. Two types of stochastic dynamical equalities of current interest are explicitly discussed in the present approach: One is based on Feynman-Kac formula and another is a generalization of Einstein relation. Both are directly accessible to experimental tests. Our demonstration indicates that Darwinian dynamics represents logically a simple and straightforward starting point for statistical mechanics and thermodynamics and is complementary to and consistent with conservative dynamics that dominates the physical sciences. Present exploration suggests the existence of a unified stochastic dynamical framework both near and far from equilibrium.
Biological Innovation without Intellectual Property Rights: Cottonseed Markets in the Antebellum American South

The Antebellum American South experienced rapid biological innovation centered around an active market for new cotton seed varieties, despite the absence of intellectual property rights. Contemporaries complained new seed was initially offered at high prices, which subsequently collapsed. Using local newspaper evidence, this paper documents this market’s operation. It then rationalizes the price movements given the potential of improved seed to multiply at finite rates. The initial prices were sufficiently high to provide meaningful incentives to innovate. This study also identifies information problems affecting the cotton seed market, leading observers to claim too many new varieties were released, not too few.