cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphologic Variation and Hybridization in Myotis yumanensis sociabilis and Myotis lucifugus carissima

Morphologic variation was examined in 240 Myotis yumanensis sociabilis and 169 Myotis lucifugus carissima from northeastern California and southcentral Oregon to determine whether extreme similarity was due to intraspecific variation or to hybridization. Seven external and eight cranial variables were analyzed using multi-variate discriminant analyses. Intraspecific variation is partially responsible for mensurable overlap, so that forearm length and greatest length of skull do not differentiate large M. y. sociabilis from small M. l. carissima . Pelage color and skull profile also fail to distinguish some individuals. Morphologically intermediate individuals were found in roosts shared by both species. Two multivariate analyses showed condylo-premaxillary length to be the best discriminating character although separation of the two species by this character alone was poor. Limited hybridization is probably occurring in the area from which I obtained specimens. Eleven animals were classified as hybrids based on statistical probabilities. The probable explanation for hybridization is the relatively recent establishment of sympatry between the two species following Pleistocene climatic events. Some morphologic convergence may be the result of a greater degree of ecologie similarity in this area of sympatry. Because intraspecific variation complicates identification of pure parental types as well as hybrids, it is impossible to verify introgression by using statistical methods. The current status of the two species in other parts of their ranges suggests introgression is not occurring. The taxonomic history of M. yumanensis and M. lucifugus is reviewed.
Comment on Chester Hartman and David Robinson's “evictions: The hidden housing problem"—protection or protraction?

Abstract Since the 1960s, judges and legislatures have made it increasingly difficult for landlords to evict tenants even in those instances where tenants have breached their leases. Sometimes, the growth of tenant protections has actually harmed law‐abiding tenants by raising costs to landlords and allowing rule‐breakers to remain in their apartments. Most landlords and tenants should want a system of laws that provides for both fair and efficient eviction procedures. Tenants should be entitled to legal representation when they are threatened with eviction, but their attorneys should not use the legal system to obtain free accommodations for their clients. In the end, efforts to improve the housing of low‐ and moderate‐income households should rely not on setting up impediments to eviction, but rather on increasing tenants’ ability to afford housing and reducing the cost of housing development and operation.
Emerging treatment options for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Most prostate cancer-related deaths occur in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Recent preclinical and clinical studies have identified intracellular signaling pathways and changes in the tumor and bone microenvironment as potential key drivers of CRPC. This increased understanding of mechanisms associated with CRPC has driven the development of numerous new agents, many of which are poised to alter the current CRPC treatment landscape. METHODS A review of literature was conducted to identify ongoing and planned phase III studies of novel agents to treat CRPC. RESULTS Multiple studies were identified, including novel androgen biosynthesis inhibitors (abiraterone, TAK-700), androgen-receptor inhibitors (MDV3100), angiogenesis inhibitors (aflibercept, tasquinimod), endothelin antagonists (zibotentan, atrasentan), a Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor (dasatinib), a novel radiotherapy (radium-223), and new immunotherapies (ipilimumab and ProstVac). In addition, both sipuleucel-T (an immunotherapy) and cabazitaxel (third-generation taxane) and the RANK-L inhibitor, denosumab, have recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. CONCLUSIONS Various combinations of these agents could theoretically be used to treat future patients with CRPC by targeting multiple signaling pathways as well as aspects of the tumor and bone microenvironments. Additional research will be needed to understand how to best use these agents and individualize care to optimize CRPC patient outcomes. Prostate 72:338–349, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MACHIAVELLIANISM AND SELF-DISCLOSURE

Previous research suggests that there should be a negative correlation between Machiavellianism (Mach) and willingness to reveal things about oneself. However, existing data are unclear and contradictory, especially regarding differences between males and females. College students (48 male, 77 female) completed measures of both Machiavellianism and self-disclosure, and the two sets of scores were correlated. As expected, Mach was significantly correlated with unwillingness to self-disclose among males. For the females, however, Mach was significantly correlated with willingness to disclose. The two correlations are significantly different. Culturally defined differences in the goals of men and women may account for the results. According to current stereotypes, men are oriented toward individual achievement, while die goals of women are more “social,” being popular, nurturant, skilled at getting along with others, etc. Women who accept these goals and who are willing to employ manipulative (Machiavellian)...
Sustained treatment effect in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Focus on long-term placebo-controlled randomized maintenance withdrawal and open-label studies

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that often persists throughout life. Approximately two-thirds of patients with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD continue to experience clinically significant symptoms into adulthood. Nevertheless, most of these individuals consider themselves "well," and a vast majority discontinue medication treatment during adolescence. As evidence concerning the adult presentation of ADHD becomes more widely accepted, increasing numbers of physicians and patients will face decisions about the benefits and risks of continuing ADHD treatment. The risks associated with psychostimulant pharmacotherapy, including abuse, dependence, and cardiovascular events, are well understood. Multiple clinical trials demonstrate the efficacy of psychostimulants in controlling ADHD symptoms in the short term. Recent investigations using randomized withdrawal designs now provide evidence of a clinically significant benefit with continued long-term ADHD pharmacotherapy and provide insight into the negative consequences associated with discontinuation. Because many patients lack insight regarding their ADHD symptoms and impairments, they may place a low value on maintaining treatment. Nevertheless, for patients who choose to discontinue treatment, physicians can remain a source of support and schedule follow-up appointments to reassess patient status. Medication discontinuation can be used as an opportunity to help patients recognize their most impairing symptoms, learn and implement behavioral strategies to cope with ADHD symptoms, and understand when additional supportive resources and the resumption of medication management may be necessary.
Silicon nano-transistors for logic applications

Abstract Silicon transistors have undergone rapid miniaturization in the past several decades. Recently reported CMOS devices have dimensional scales approaching the “nano-transistor” regime. This paper discusses performance characteristics of a MOSFET device with 15 nm physical gate length. In addition, aspects of a non-planar CMOS technology that bridges the gap between traditional CMOS and the nano-technology era will be presented. It is likely that this non-planar device will form the basic device architecture for future generations of nano-technology.
Studies in helminth enzymology. V. An aminopeptidase of Ascaris suum which hydrolyzes l-leucyl-β-naphthylamide☆

Abstract Aminopeptidases which hydrolyze l -leucyl-β-naphthylamide were found in extracts of intestines, ovaries, uteri, and body walls, and in perienteric fluid of adult Ascaris suum. A 27-fold purification of one peptidase from the intestinal extract was achieved by using centrifugation, butanol extraction, pH 5 precipitation, and density-gradient centrifugation. The enzyme was maximally activated by cobaltous ion but other divalent metallic ions activated to a lesser extent. Other characteristics of the purified aminopeptidase are given.
Why Do Users Perceive Search Tasks As Difficult? Exploring Difficulty in Different Task Types

In this paper, we examined why information searchers perceive search tasks as difficult, and what factors/reasons make them perceive tasks as difficult. We also examined if task difficulty reasons vary across different tasks (task types). Data was collected through a controlled laboratory experiment in which tasks were designed following a classification scheme. A total of 32 undergraduate students participated, each was given 4 search tasks, and they were asked in questionnaires both before and after the tasks for task difficulty ratings and why they gave those ratings. We developed a coding scheme based on the difficulty reasons users gave, which covered various aspects of task, user, and user-task interaction. Difficulty reasons were categorized following this scheme. Results showed that searchers had some common reasons for task difficulty in different tasks, but most of the difficulty reasons varied across tasks. For each task, there were also common reasons for task difficulty, although there was some variation here as well. Task difficulty was also found to be negatively correlated with users topic knowledge, previous experience, and topic interest. Our findings help understand search task difficulty, as well as the relationships between task difficulty and task type, knowledge background, etc. These can also be helpful with experiment task design.
Does competition affect evolutionary dynamics? Evidence from a collegiate university

This article shows that competition is inversely related to the strength of evolutionary dynamics using a collegiate university's admission statistics during the period 2004–2009. Specifically, estimated coefficients of the replicator dynamic equation is inversely related to the subject's applications-to-offers ratio. This suggests that competition favours a choice of strategies that is serially independent of the previous round's pay-offs.
Women in local politics

Abstract Most agree women are underrepresented as local political officeholders and that they are even less likely to hold the most important local political offices. We argue that to a large extent this stems from systematic factors related to the community as an ongoing social system. The community process of recruitment to political office has a built‐in bias in favor of certain types of men. Change agents should accept the challenge and use the opportunity to enhance the participation of women in the political decision making of the community.
DYNAMICS STUDY ON THE ANTI-HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CHEMOKINE VIRAL MACROPHAGE-INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-II (VMIP-II) REVEALS A FULLY MONOMERIC PROTEIN

Encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, viral macrophage-inflammatory protein-II (VMIP-II) is unique among CC chemokines in that it has been shown to bind to the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4 as well as to a variety of CC chemokine receptors. This unique binding ability allows vMIP-II to block infection by a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) strains, but the structural and dynamic basis for this broad range of binding is not known. 15N T1, T2 and 15N{−HN} nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) values of vMIP-II, determined through a series of heteronuclear multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, were used to obtain information about the backbone dynamics of the protein. Whereas almost all chemokine structures reveal a dimer or multimer, vMIP-II has a rotational correlation time (τc) of 4.7 ± 0.3 ns, which is consistent with a monomeric chemokine. The rotational diffusion anisotropy, D∥/D⊥, is approximately 1.5 ± 0.1. The conformation of vMIP-II is quite s...
A synthesis of ψ-cytidine

Abstract A practical, seven-step synthesis of 5-(β- d -ribofuranosyl)cytosine ( 1 , ψ-cytidine) was achieved. ψ-Uridine was converted into the 2′,3′-isopropylidene acetal 2 in 85% yield. Tosylation of 2 to the 5′-sulfonate 3 , followed by deacetonation, afforded 5′- O -tosyl-ψ-uridine ( 6 ) in good yield. Treatment of 6 with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole afforded the 2′,3′-cyclic carbonate 10 , which was converted into 4,5′-anhydro-2′,3′- O -carbonyl-ψ-uridine ( 11 ) by treatment with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in N , N -dimethylformamide. 4,5′-Anhydro-ψ-uridine ( 7 ) was obtained in quantitative yield from 11 by decarbonylation in aqueous pyridine. Ammonolysis of 7 afforded ψ-cytidine ( 1 ) in good yield.
The stability of distributed parameter systems.

Distributed parameter systems stability as internal and input-output property, describing Liapunov functionals construction
Bias Sources and Corrections in TEOM Technology

Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have used tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOM) in laboratory settings. The TEOMs have assessed the mass concentration of laboratory-generated particulates in experimental dust chambers and provided a reference method for comparison with other particulate-measuring instruments. Current NIOSH research is focused on further adapting TEOM technology as a wearable personal dust monitor (PDM) for coal mine workers. The history of TEOM technology describes the oscillating tapered tube mathematically as a simple harmonic oscillator. However, analysis of the new PDM test data showed a bias dependency on the starting frequency f o. This result prompted a rigorous investigation to uncover the source of the bias and if the bias source is applicable to the 1400 TEOM. Based on the above results, a significantly improved theoretical description of TEOM performance has been developed. Average bias for each group of PDMs is calculated and...
Career/Vocational Assessment: A Critical Component of Transition Planning.

This article presents the career/vocational assessment process as a critical component of transition planning. Specifically, we provide an overview of: (a) career/vocational assessment, (b) methods of gathering assessment information, (c) issues to consider, (d) people involved in the assessment process, and (e) recommendations for career/vocational assessment.
Higher Modes in the Coupling Cells of Coaxial and Annular-Ring Coupled Linac Structures

Dipole-and quadrupole-like modes in the coupling cells of coaxial and annular-ring coupled structures have been examined up to a frequency of 4 GHz. The quadrupole mode frequencies appear to lie high enough above the frequency of the accelerating mode to make coupling between the two unlikely. In the annular-ring case, however, a dipole mode was found very near the accelerating mode frequency. Evidence is presented which suggests that some power may couple between these two modes in a real cavity.
Measuring incidence angle for through-the-objective total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy has the exciting laser beam incident beyond critical angle from the glass side of a glass/aqueous interface formed by the coverslip and aqueous sample. The aqueous side evanescent field decays exponentially with distance from the interface with penetration depth depending on incidence angle. Through-the-objective TIRF has the exciting laser focused at the back focal plane (BFP) creating a refracted parallel beam approaching the interface in the small gap between objective and coverslip, making incidence angle challenging to measure. Objective axial scanning does not affect incidence angle but translates beam and interface intersection detected by the fluorescence center of mass from fluorescent spheres attached to the aqueous side of the interface. Center of mass translation divided by the axial translation is the tangent of the incidence angle that is sampled repeatedly over objective trajectory to obtain a best estimate. Incidence angle is measured for progressively larger radial positions of the focused beam on the BFP. A through-the-objective TIRF microscope, utilizing a micrometer and relay lenses to position the focused beam at the BFP, is calibrated for incidence angle. Calibration depends on microscope characteristics and TIRF objective and is applicable to any interface or sample.
Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity

Clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus is not the sole mechanism for the induction of tolerance to self-antigens since partial depletion of peripheral CD4 ' T cells from neonatal and adult animals results in the development of organ-specific autoimmunity. Reconstitution of these immunodeficient animals with populations of regulatory CD4 ' T cells prevents the development of autoimmunity. The lineage of regulatory CD4 ' T cells is generated in the thymus and can be dis- tinguished from effector cells by the expression of unique membrane antigens. The target antigens for these suppressor populations and their mechanisms of action remain poorly defined. Depletion of regulatory T cells may be useful in the induction of immunity to weak antigens, such as tumor-specific antigens. Conversely, enhancement of regulatory T cell function may be a useful adjunct to the therapy of autoimmune diseases and for prevention of allograft rejection.
True Patriotism: A Generation of Commitment to Quality in the Veterans Health Administration

Americans owe their freedom and prosperity to the millions of men and women who have served in our armed forces. We show our commitment and support for veterans in part by providing lifetime medical care. The system to provide this care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), is the largest integrated care delivery system in the United States. However, there has historically been concern that the system did not adequately address the needs of veterans and that the quality of care provided was compromised, leaving those who deserve the best with lower quality care than those they served.
Local-language digital information in India: challenges and opportunities for screen readers

In this paper, we extend work examining the issues in language support for screen readers for vision-impaired computer users by building and testing a Hindi-language text-to-speech interface for screen reading. The paper first discusses the importance of 'mechanical voice' screen reading for the ICTD community in an environment where many 'natural voice' options are proprietary and expensive. We find that the main criticism against mechanical voice -- the issue of comprehension -- can be overcome by training using familiar metaphors, and that the most persistent problems in audio comprehension are ones that are solvable through technical means. Given the structure of vowel-consonant structure of most Indo-Aryan languages, we argue that mechanical voice audio output holds very significant scope for screen reading for vision impaired populations in India.
Processing and Characterization of Silica Xerogel Films for Low-K Dielectric Applications

Surface modified silica xerogel films of high porosity (60 - 90 %) and uniform thickness (0.4-2 μm) were fabricated at ambient pressure on silicon and silicon dioxide. The rheological properties that govern film uniformity were determined. A relation between the final dried film thickness and spin speed was developed. The porosity and thickness of the films could be controlled independently. The same porosity could be obtained over a wide range of aging time and temperature combinations. Fracture toughness was measured using the edge-lift-off technique. The best values were comparable to concrete. Surface modification was affected by treating the film with trimethylcholorosilane (TMCS) and other modifiers. Moisture adsorption was studied at 100% RH using a quartz crystal microbalance technique. Depending upon the degree and kind of surface treatment, films absorbed as much as 32% or as little as 2% of their weight in water. Dielectric constants (K), losses and breakdown strengths were comparable to values for calcined, bulk aerogels. Thin (≤ 500 A) films of Copper (Cu) and Tantalum (Ta) were deposited on xerogel films and subjected to thermal annealing. No diffusion was observed within the limits of RBS. High-density plasma etching showed that the films etch an order of magnitude faster than conventional SiO2 films.
Human Capital Metrics: An Approach to Teaching Using Data and Metrics to Design and Evaluate Management Practices.

This article argues that a class in human capital metrics (HCM) will benefit all undergraduate management majors. After introducing what is meant by HCM through a discussion of its evolution, the authors enumerate the benefits such a course brings to students. Primary among those benefits is a change in mind-set toward using data and metrics to design and evaluate management policy rather than relying on experience, fad, or hype. Students demonstrating this perspective should be better equipped to prove and enhance the contributions of human resources to their organizations. The article goes on to discuss the topics covered in an HCM course and presents an analytical template used as a pedagogical tool. In the class, this template is applied to a series of “mini cases” and to an applied research project supplied by companies. After taking this class, students know how to measure the financial value of management practices.
Enhanced Serotonin (5-HT)-Mediated Carotid Vessel Constriction From The Fawn Hooded Hypertensive (FHH) Rat

Impaired myogenic response associated with an increase in BK (large conductance potassium) channel function was suggested in cerebral resistance vessels of FHH rats. Introgression of BN (Brown Norw...
Tree attenuation at 869 MHz derived from remotely piloted aircraft measurements

Tree attenuation results are described based on data acquired from an experiment employing UHF transmissions at 869 MHz between a remotely piloted aircraft and a stationary vehicle. The objective of the experiment was directed toward providing input to the land mobile satellite community where the extent of shadowing from roadside trees represents important information to be used for system design. Single trees were found to attenuate between 10 to 20 dB with an average median attenuation of 12 dB.
The optical anisotropy of cubic nickel‐iodine boracite due to quadrupole transitions

Measurements of the optical absorption of NiI boracite crystals for [100], [110], and [111] directions of light propagation reveal an unexpected angular dependence of the value of absorption coefficient and for the [110] direction also a dependence on the orientation of the plane of polarization of the incident light. These results as well as the existence of pronounced birefringence for the [110] direction of light propagation can be explained by the presence of quadrupole transitions. The results obtained are compared with Hellwege's theory of quadrupole transitions [1]. The functions which describe the angular dependence of the radiation probability for a cubic crystal with quadrupole transitions are found to be in agreement with the experimental results, if the theoretically determined functions [1] are taken in linear combination so as to fulfill the requirement of cubic symmetry. Messungen der optischen Absorption von NiJ-Borazitkristallen fur [100]-, [110]- und [111]-Richtung der Lichtausbreitung ergaben eine unerwartete Winkelabhangigkeit der Werte des Absorptionskoeffizienten und fur die [110]-Richtung auch eine Abhangigkeit von der Orientierung der Polarisationsebene des einfallenden Lichts. Sowohl diese Ergebnisse als auch die Existenz der ausgepragten Doppelbrechung fur die [110]-Richtung der Lichtausbreitung kann mit der Anwesenheit von Quadrupolubergangen erklart werden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit der Theorie der Quadrupolubergange von Hellwege [1] verglichen. Die Funktionen, die die Winkelabhangigkeit der Strahlungswahrscheinlichkeit fur kubische Kristalle mit Quadrupolubergangen beschreiben, befinden sich in ubereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen, wenn die theoretisch bestimmten Funktionen [1] als Linearkombinationen in ubereinstimmung mit den Forderungen kubischer Symmetrie gewahlt werden.
Quantification and localization of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography.

Objective: Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) results from a variable combination of annular dilatation and remodeling of the subvalvular apparatus. Current surgical techniques effectively treat annular dilatation, but methods for addressing subvalvular remodeling have not been standardized. An effective technique for determining the extent of subvalvular remodeling could improve surgical results by identifying patients who are unlikely to benefit from annuloplasty alone. Methods: A well-characterized ovine model of IMR was employed. Real-time threedimensional echocardiography was performed on each animal at baseline, immediately after infarction and 8 weeks after infarction. Intercommissural width and mitral annular area were calculated for each subject at each time point. Mitral valve tenting area and height were calculated at discrete intervals along the entire intercommissural axis. The location at which maximal tenting area and height occurred was recorded. Mitral valve tenting volume was calculated by summation. Results: Both immediate and long-term increases were observed in mean intercommissural width and mean mitral annular area (from 33.2 to 36.3 to 39.7 mm and from 740 to 810 to 1020 mm 2 , respectively). Both immediate and long-termincreases were observedin maximummitral valve tenting area and height(from 38.5 to 50.6 to 112.1 mm 2 and from 3.9 to 4.7 to 10.1 mm, respectively). Mitral valve tenting area and height at the mid-point of the intercommissural axis did not change significantly during the observation period. The position along the intercommissural axis at which maximal mitral valve tenting area and height occurred shifted progressively toward the anterior commissure (from 51.8% to 45.1% to 38.9% and from 52.9% to 45.1% to 37.8%). Both immediate and longterm increases were observed in mitral valve tenting volume (from 474.0 to 622.1 to 1483.5 mm 3 ). Conclusions: We have described a technique that utilizes real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to perform a comprehensive assessment of leaflet tethering on the entire mitral valve.Ourmethodology isnot influencedbyviewingplaneselection,regionaltentingasymmetry, orannulardilatationand, therefore,represents a potentially useful surrogate measure of subvalvular remodeling. # 2007 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Spray and combustion visualization of a direct-injection diesel engine operated with oxygenated fuel blends

AbstractExperiments were conducted with a commercially available six-cylinder water-cooled turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. The cylinder head was modified to permit access to the combustion chamber with an engine videoscope. The engine was operated with base diesel fuel (BP-15) and other blends, base diesel with 20 wt% biodiesel (B-20) and with 20wt% diglyme (O-20). A neat biodiesel (B-100) and a 95 wt% blend of diglyme with base diesel fuel (O-95) were also considered. These fuels were used for observing the effect of the fuel properties on injection timing, heat release, flame structure, and luminosity. All the tests were performed with the engine operated at light load (61 N m, 10 per cent of the rated load) and 1800 r/min. Visualization showed that the start of injection occurred 0.4° earlier with B-100 than with BP-15. B-100 showed the earliest start of injection among the fuels. An earlier start of injection was also observed with B-20 and O-20 blends compared with BP-15 fuel. Combustion...
Beyond LOEL's, p values, and vote counting: methods for looking at the shapes and strengths of associations.

Determining the shape of dose-response relationships, including the possible existence of thresholds, is a central concern in the epidemiology of neurotoxins. Assessing the strengths of associations within a paper, and for the literature as a whole, are also critical concerns. Modern statistical and epidemiologic methods have considerable advantages for answering these questions. This is illustrated by using non-parametric smoothing to look for the existence of thresholds or non-linearities in the neurotoxic effects of lead, the use of multiple analyses and robust methods to test the stability of the association between dentine lead and children's IQ in the study of Needleman et al., 1979, and the examination of the stability of the association between full scale IQ and blood lead across studies
Evidence and Counterevidence in Motion Perception

Sensory neurons gather evidence in favor of the specific stimuli to which they are tuned, but they could improve their sensitivity by also taking counterevidence into account. The Bours-Lankheet model for motion detection uses counterevidence that relies on a specific combination of the ON and OFF channels in the early visual system. Specifically, the model detects pairs of flashes that occur separated in space and time. If the flashes have the same contrast polarity, they are interpreted as evidence in favor of the corresponding motion. But if they have opposite contrasts, they are interpreted as evidence against it. This mechanism provides an explanation for reverse-phi (the perceived reversal of an apparent motion stimulus due to periodic contrast-inversions) that is a conceptual departure from the standard explanations of the effect. Here, we investigate this counterevidence mechanism by measuring directional tuning curves of neurons in the primary visual and middle temporal cortex areas of awake, behaving macaques using constant-contrast and inverting-contrast moving dot stimuli. Our electrophysiological data support the Bours-Lankheet model and suggest that the counterevidence computation occurs at an early stage of neural processing not captured by the standard models.
A Model for Dynamic Loss Response in Axial-Flow Compressors

An experimentally-determined dynamic loss response function was developed and incorporated in a model to predict the rotating stall behavior of an experimental compressor. The loss response model was developed employing Fourier transforms. The basis of the compressor model is a mathematical representation of the flow fields upstream and downstream of the compressor rotor. The compressor rotor is represented in the model by a semi-actuator disc. The results of the investigation show that the physical mechanisms which control the onset and propagation velocity of rotating stall in a single-stage compressor can be modeled with the use of the loss response function in a semi-actuator disc model of the compressor. The function represents the dynamic loss characteristics of the compressor rotor row, and provides important advantages over previous techniques.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
Antibodies to Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and in Comparison Groups

One hundred fifty-one patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were enrolled in a prospective collaborative study of North American patients (most were white). Serum samples were collected concurrently from 903 Mayo patients for comparisons of serologic analyses. Both IgA antiviral capsid antigen [VCA (IgA)] and the anti-early antigen [EA (D)] antibody responses were associated with diagnosis, but not always in the same way. Both responses were positive in 85% of patients with World Health Organization types 2 and 3 NPC. Only 16% with WHO type 1 NPC had positive IgA responses and only 35% had positive EA (D) responses, prevalences close to those in the comparison groups. Increased titers were found in the squamous carcinoma comparison group with tumors of the tongue and in the group with benign nasal polyps (p less than 0.01). We believe that the tests are specific, sensitive, and useful in diagnosis and treatment planning in patients with NPC, particularly those with occult primary NPC.
An Approach for Formulating Surrogates for Gasoline with Application toward a Reduced Surrogate Mechanism for CFD Engine Modeling

The numerical study of engine combustion requires the coupling of advanced computational fluid dynamics and accurate chemical kinetic models. This task becomes extremely challenging for real fuels. Gasoline is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons. Detailed modeling of its chemistry requires huge numbers of species and reactions and exceeds present numerical capabilities. Consequently, simpler surrogate mixtures are adopted to approximate the behavior of the real fuels. Large kinetic models for surrogates are developed to characterize their chemistry, but these models still contain thousands of species and reactions and can usually only be used for simulating simple homogeneous systems. For multidimensional engine applications, they must be reduced. In this work, we propose a methodology for the formulation of a gasoline surrogates based on the intrinsic qualities of the fuel chemical behavior. Using the proposed procedure, a candidate surrogate containing four components has been identified to ...
Abstract 14: The Cytoskeletal Architecture of Myocytes Derived from Human Cardiac Progenitor Cells

The stem cell antigen c-kit characterizes a heterogeneous pool of human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs) that exhibit a remarkable degree of regenerative potential and are currently employed in clinical trials. While this hCPC pool contains distinct subpopulations of c-kit+ cells that preferentially differentiate into muscular or vascular cardiac cells, we hypothesize that hCPCs may be coerced to specify only along the cardiomyogenic lineage by manipulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We report that pharmacological inhibition of the non-canonical Wnt pathway facilitated the commitment of more than >95% c-kit+ hCPCs to the cardiomyocyte lineage after 4 days in-vitro: this constitutes a substantially more homogeneous population than previously reported with dexamethasone treatment. The hCPC-derived myocytes stained positive for Nkx2.5, a transcription factor that orchestrates cardiomyogenic differentiation, and for the contractile protein sarcomeric α-actin. To test if we could push the cells towards a more mature phenotype, we mimicked the cyclic modulation of the Wnt pathway observed during development. While activation of Wnt signaling resulted in widespread cell death and reduction in cell size, subsequent Wnt inhibition prompted the spared cells to proliferate. With this protocol, hCPC-derived myocytes increased in size and displayed more mature cytoskeletal architectures. In contrast with dexamethasone treated cells, where the localization of α-sarcomeric actinin is mostly diffuse in the cytoplasm, here we observed both Z-bodies and Z-disks like structures. The latter exhibited a periodicity of ~1.6 um and were clustered in larger, more aligned actin bundles. This finding suggests that the tension developed along these cytoskeletal components may play a role in the recruitment of sarcomeric proteins. In conclusion, Wnt signaling inhibition in hCPCs may be sufficient to obtain a homogeneous population of cells with features of myocytes, characterized by improved cytoskeletal organization than dexamethasone treated cells and similar to that observed in myocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
PAWdio: Hand Input for Mobile VR using Acoustic Sensing

Hand input offers a natural, efficient and immersive form of input for virtual reality (VR), but it has been difficult to implement on mobile VR platforms. Accurate hand-tracking requires a depth sensor and performing computer vision on a smartphone is computationally intensive, which may degrade the frame rate of a VR simulation and drain battery life. PAWdio is a novel 1 degree of freedom (DOF) hand input technique that uses acoustic sensing to track the relative position of an earbud from a headset that the user holds in their hand. PAWdio requires no instrumentation and its low computational overhead assures a high frame rate. A user study with 18 subjects evaluates PAWdio with button input that is commonly available on VR adapters. Results with a 3D target selection task found a similar accuracy and usability, a significantly slower performance, but higher immersion for PAWdio. We discuss limitations and game applications of PAWdio.
Neutrality of what

In what sense should a liberal state be neutral between the conceptions of the good held by its citizens? Traditionally, liberals have provided two different answers to this question. Some have adopted a conception of neutrality of justification, while others a conception of neutrality of effects. Recently, Alan Patten has defended an alternative, novel and sophisticated, conception of neutrality – neutrality of treatment. In this article I assess whether neutrality of treatment is, in fact, a superior conception of neutrality. I try to show that neutrality of treatment suffers from the very same weaknesses that Patten attributes to its alternatives and that, overall, neutrality of justification, properly construed, provides a more promising account of both the sense in which a state ought to be neutral and of the object of neutrality. Finally, I argue for a broader account of the normative bases of liberal neutrality than the one proposed by Patten. This account includes, beyond considerations of fairnes...
The Dynamics of Water in Porous Two-Dimensional Crystals

Porous two-dimensional crystals offer many promises for water desalination applications. For computer simulation to play a predictive role in this area, however, one needs to have reliable methods for simulating an atomistic system with hydrodynamic currents and interpretative tools to relate microscopic interactions to emergent macroscopic dynamical quantities, such as friction, slip length, and permeability. In this article, we use Gaussian dynamics, a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method that provides microscopic insights into the interactions that control the flows of both simple liquids and liquid water through atomically small channels. In simulations of aqueous transport, we mimic the effect of changing the membrane chemical composition by adjusting the attractive strength of the van der Waals interactions between the membrane atoms and water. We find that the wetting contact angle, a common measure of a membrane’s hydrophobicity, does not predict the permeability of a membrane. Instead, the hy...
Use of yoga in outpatient eating disorder treatment: a pilot study.

Individuals with restrictive eating disorders present with co-morbid psychiatric disorders and many attempt to control symptoms using strenuous exercises that increase caloric expenditure. Yoga offers a safe avenue for the engagement in physical activity while providing an outlet for disease-associated symptoms. This study sought to examine use of yoga practice in an outpatient setting and its impact on anxiety, depression and body image disturbance in adolescents with eating disorders. Twenty adolescent girls were recruited from an urban eating disorders clinic who participated in weekly yoga classes at a local studio, in addition to standard multidisciplinary care. Yoga instructors underwent training regarding this patient population. Participants completed questionnaires focused on anxiety, depression and body image disturbance prior to the first class, and following completion of 6 and 12 classes. In participants who completed the study, a statistically significant decrease in anxiety, depression, and body image disturbance was seen, including: Spielberger State anxiety mean scores decreased after the completion of 7–12 yoga classes [47 (95%CI 42–52) to 42 (95%CI 37–47), adj. p = 0.0316]; as did the anorexia nervosa scale [10 (95% CI 7–12) vs. 6 (95%CI 4–8), adj. p = .0004], scores on Beck depression scales [18 (95%CI 15–22) to 10 (95%CI 6–14), adj. p = .0001], and weight and shape concern scores [16 (95%CI 12–20) to 12 (95%CI 8–16), adj. p =0.0120] and [31 (95%CI 25–37) to 20 (95%CI 13–27), adj. p = 0.0034], respectively. No significant changes in body mass index were seen throughout the trial. Yoga practice combined with outpatient eating disorder treatment were shown to decrease anxiety, depression, and body image disturbance without negatively impacting weight. These preliminary results suggest yoga to be a promising adjunct treatment strategy, along with standard multidisciplinary care. However, whether yoga should be endorsed as a standard component of outpatient eating disorder treatment merits further study.
Improved Sampling in Molecular Dynamics Studies of DNA and the B To Z[WC] To Z-DNA Transition

Although DNA is most commonly found in the right-handed B-DNA structure, it is known that biologically active systems also contain left-handed ZII-DNA. We used both steered and targeted molecular dynamics in combination with umbrella sampling to produce potentials of mean force for the B to ZII transition along both the direct B-ZII pathway as well as the B-Z[WC]-ZII pathway. Full pathway sampling is not feasible on smaller computer clusters, so we used Hamiltonian Replica Exchange to relax individual portions of the pathway. This technique is generalizable to larger systems and larger computer clusters.
On the Analysis of the Variance in Monte Carlo Calculations

The problem of analyzing the variance in a Monte Carlo calculation is addressed. The “batch” analysis method is considered, where one uses the average of contributions of k particles as an independ...
Modern and Pure: Teaching Geometry in Early Twentieth-Century Women’s Colleges

In 1913 The American Mathematical Monthly published an article encouraging the inclusion of synthetic projective geometry in the undergraduate curriculum. The author, William Henry Bussey, lamented that American colleges and universities rarely taught the subject despite its potential for industry, teachers, and the liberal arts curriculum. The following year Lao G. Simons responded in “hearty sympathy” describing the potential of synthetic geometry in broadening “the minds of prospective high school teachers.” Both Simons and Bussey particularly remarked on the success of the course at women’s colleges. Simons herself taught at the Normal College of the City of New York and referred to the appreciation “the girls” had of the subject. Bussey observed that “Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Smith, Vassar, Wellesley, Wells, and Goucher College of Baltimore” regularly featured the course. Drawing on college catalogs, faculty publications, department histories, course notes, and textbooks, this paper will examine the diverse reasons for teaching this modern pure geometry at women’s colleges in the decade following 1913.
Dynamics of scattering in undulatory active collisions

Natural and artificial self-propelled systems must manage environmental interactions during movement. In complex environments, these interactions include active collisions, in which propulsive forces create persistent contacts with heterogeneities. Due to the driven and dissipative nature of these systems, such collisions are fundamentally different from those typically studied in classical physics. Here we experimentally and numerically study the effects of active collisions on a laterally undulating sensory-deprived robophysical model, whose dynamics are relevant to self-propelled systems across length scales and environments. Interactions with a single rigid post scatter the robot, and this deflection is dominated by head-post contact. These results motivate a model which reduces the snake to a circular particle with two key features: The collision dynamics are set by internal driving subject to the geometric constraints of the post, and the particle has an effective length equal to the wavelength of the snake. Interactions with a single row of evenly spaced posts (with interpost spacing d) produce distributions reminiscent of far-field diffraction patterns: As d decreases, distinct secondary peaks emerge as large deflections become more likely. Surprisingly, we find that the presence of multiple posts does not change the nature of individual collisions; instead, multimodal scattering patterns arise from multiple posts altering the likelihood of individual collisions to occur. As d decreases, collisions near the leading edges of the posts become more probable, and we find that these interactions are associated with larger deflections. Our results, which highlight the surprising dynamics that can occur during active collisions of self-propelled systems, can inform control principles for locomotors in complex terrain and facilitate design of task-capable active matter.
Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC), a hitherto unrecognized blood coagulation factor; case report of PTC deficiency.

1. A new hemorrhagic disease characterized by a prolonged whole blood coagulation time caused by the delayed formation of thrombin is described. 2. The patient suffering from this disease was found to have normal concentrations of all previously described coagulation factors. 3. Because the coagulation defect could be completely corrected by the addition of tissue thromboplastin or platelet-poor hemophilic plasma and because tests for prothrombin and prothrombin conversion accelerators gave normal results and prothrombin utilization was impaired, it was concluded that the missing factor was concerned with the production of thromboplastin in the plasma. Accordingly it was named the plasma thromboplastin component (PTC). 4. The clinical and laboratory resemblance of PTC deficiency and hemophilia is striking. However, the two diseases can be distinguished by the fact that normal serum, the 45 to 50 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of normal plasma, the citrate eluate from barium sulfate, which has been mixed with normal plasma or serum, and hemophilic plasma correct PTC deficiency but are ineffective in hemophilia. On the other hand, while the 33 per cent saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of normal plasma, barium sulfate adsorbed normal plasma, Cohn's Fraction I and PTC-deficient plasma correct the hemophilic defect, they are ineffective in PTC deficiency. 5. A method for the partial purification and concentration of the PTC factor is described.
Overview of the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV/ACS

The WAIS–IV, WMS–IV WMS–IV Flexible Approach (WMS–IV Flex), and Advanced Clinical Solutions for the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV (ACS) are a comprehensive set of tests for evaluating cognitive functioning of adolescents and adults. The WAIS–IV measures multiple components of verbal, visual–perceptual, auditory working memory, and processing speed abilities. Theoretical and empirical support for the usefulness of measuring fluid reasoning with the WAIS–IV is discussed. The WMS–IV can be used to measure different aspects of declarative and episodic memory. Joint factor analysis of the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV supports a five- or seven-factor model for integrated interpretation of the batteries. New index scores based on the joint factor analysis and theoretical considerations are presented. The ACS provides clinicians with the ability to parse memory functioning into more refined analysis of errors and processes, evaluate social perception and executive functions, measure change in cognitive functioning from a premorbid level or across time, and evaluate the results for invalid performance. The co-development of the WAIS–IV/WMS–IV/ACS provides clinicians with a variety of clinical measures for evaluating the cognitive functioning of individuals with developmental, psychiatric, neurological, and medical disorders.