cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on web intelligence, world knowledge and fuzzy logic

Existing search engines--with Google at the top--have many remarkable capabilities; but what is not among them is deduction capability--the capability to synthesize an answer to a query from bodies of information which reside in various parts of the knowledge base. In recent years, impressive progress has been made in enhancing performance of search engines through the use of methods based on bivalent logic and bivalent-logic-based probability theory. But can such methods be used to add nontrivial deduction capability to search engines, that is, to upgrade search engines to question-answering systems? A view which is articulated in this note is that the answer is "No", The problem is rooted in the nature of world knowledge, the kind of knowledge that humans acquire through experience and education. It is widely recognized that world knowledge plays an essential role in assessment of relevance, summarization, search and deduction. But a basic issue which is not addressed is that much of world knowledge is perception-based, e.g., "it is hard to find parking in Paris," "most professors are not rich," and "it is unlikely to rain in midsummer in San Francisco." The problem is that (a) perception-based information is intrinsically fuzzy; and (b) bivalent logic is intrinsically unsuited to deal with fuzziness and partial truth. To come to grips with fuzziness of world knowledge, new tools are needed. The principal new tool--a tool which is briefly described in this note--is Precisiated Natural Language (PNL). PNL is based on fuzzy logic and has the capability to deal with partiality of certainty, partiality of possibility and partiality of truth. These are the capabilities that are needed to be able to draw on world knowledge for assessment of relevance, and for summarization, search and deduction.
Are You Analyzing Me? A Qualitative Exploration of Psychologists’ Individual and Interpersonal Experiences with Authenticity

Within multiple social roles, such as careers and personal relationships, psychologists are encouraged to maintain their authenticity. Although the concept of authenticity has a lengthy history in the philosophy and literary fields, only in the last decade have researchers begun empirically studying this unique, yet vague, concept. This study sought to explore and understand what experiences, issues, and concerns psychologists encounter in their efforts to live authentically. A purposeful sample consisted of 17 psychologists, who were individually interviewed. Utilizing a qualitative research design, 328 significant statements were extracted and grouped together, resulting in five emergent themes specifically related to personal and social, nontherapeutic contexts. Participants described how their psychological-mindedness adds to complexity of separating the person from the therapist during encounters with others. They believed that self-exploration, self-awareness, and self-acceptance were important in a...
Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update

We update an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the administration of the dissociative agent ketamine for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia. Substantial new research warrants revision of the widely disseminated 2004 guideline, particularly with respect to contraindications, age recommendations, potential neurotoxicity, and the role of coadministered anticholinergics and benzodiazepines. We critically discuss indications, contraindications, personnel requirements, monitoring, dosing, coadministered medications, recovery issues, and future research questions for ketamine dissociative sedation.
Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Sequence Diversity on Antiretroviral Therapy Outcomes

Worldwide circulating HIV-1 genomes show extensive variation represented by different subtypes, polymorphisms and drug-resistant strains. Reports on the impact of sequence variation on antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes are mixed. In this review, we summarize relevant published data from both resource-rich and resource-limited countries in the last 10 years on the impact of HIV-1 sequence diversity on treatment outcomes. The prevalence of transmission of drug resistant mutations (DRMs) varies considerably, ranging from 0% to 27% worldwide. Factors such as geographic location, access and availability to ART, duration since inception of treatment programs, quality of care, risk-taking behaviors, mode of transmission, and viral subtype all dictate the prevalence in a particular geographical region. Although HIV-1 subtype may not be a good predictor of treatment outcome, review of emerging evidence supports the fact that HIV-1 genome sequence-resulting from natural polymorphisms or drug-associated mutations-matters when it comes to treatment outcomes. Therefore, continued surveillance of drug resistant variants in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced populations is needed to reduce the transmission of DRMs and to optimize the efficacy of the current ART armamentarium.
C-reactive protein modifies the association of plasma leptin with coronary calcium in asymptomatic overweight individuals.

Evidence suggests putative interactions of leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the pathogenesis of adiposity-related atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we investigated whether CRP levels modify the relationship of leptin levels with coronary artery calcium (CAC). We examined 1,460 asymptomatic individuals from two community-based cross-sectional studies coordinated at a single, university-based research center. We focused on subjects who were overweight or obese (BMI ≥25) given greater biologic plausibility in this setting. In multivariable CAC models, we analyzed the interaction of log-transformed plasma leptin levels with higher CRP levels as defined by three cut-points: two clinically based (2 mg/l, 3 mg/l) and one dataset specific (sex-specific upper quartile). The association of plasma leptin with CAC was modified by higher CRP regardless of cut-point (interaction term P values all <0.01 in fully adjusted models). Leptin levels were associated with CAC in those with high, but not low CRP levels (e.g., tobit ratio for a 1 unit increase in ln(leptin) (95% CI): 2.18 (1.29–3.66) if CRP level ≥3 mg/l; N = 461 vs. 0.94 (0.67–1.31) if CRP levels <3 mg/l; N = 999) in fully adjusted models. No interaction with CRP was present in control analyses with adiponectin, BMI and waist circumference. In conclusion, in asymptomatic overweight and obese adults, increased leptin levels were independently associated with increased CAC in the presence of high, but not low CRP levels, supporting a leptin-CRP interface in atherosclerosis risk.
CXCR3-independent actions of the CXC chemokine CXCL10 in the infarcted myocardium and in isolated cardiac fibroblasts are mediated through proteoglycans.

Aims The CXC chemokine CXCL10 is up-regulated in the infarcted myocardium and limits cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting growth factor-mediated fibroblast migration. CXCL10 signals by binding to its receptor CXCR3; however, recently CXCR3-independent CXCL10 actions have been suggested. Our study explores the role of CXCR3 signalling in myocardial infarction and investigates its involvement in mediating the anti-fibrotic effects of CXCL10. Methods and results Wild-type and CXCR3 null mice underwent reperfused infarction protocols. CXCL10 was markedly induced in the infarct; in contrast, expression of the other two CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL11 was extremely low. CXCR3 loss did not affect scar size, geometric ventricular remodelling, collagen deposition, and systolic dysfunction of the infarcted heart. CXCR3 null mice had increased peak neutrophil recruitment and delayed myofibroblast infiltration in the infarcted heart, but exhibited comparable myocardial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In vitro , CXCL10 did not modulate Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β signalling, but inhibited basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced cardiac fibroblast migration in both wild-type and CXCR3 null cells. Treatment of fibroblasts with heparinase and chondroitinase to cleave glycosaminoglycan chains abrogated the inhibitory effects of CXCL10 on cell migration. Conclusion CXCR3 signalling does not critically regulate cardiac remodelling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. The anti-fibrotic effects of CXCL10 in the healing infarct and in isolated cardiac fibroblasts are CXCR3-independent and may be mediated through proteoglycan signalling. Thus, administration of CXCR3-defective forms of CXCL10 may be an effective anti-fibrotic strategy in the remodelling myocardium without activating a potentially injurious, CXCR3-driven T cell response.
Simplifications in the theory of step experiments at microelectrodes

Abstract Theoretical studies of the chronoamperometry of the reaction O+ n e− ⇄ R often consider (1) the diffusion-limited reaction, (2) the totally irreversible reaction, and (3) the reversible reaction (governed by the Nernst equation), and these can all be considered as special limiting cases of (4) quasi-reversible reactions, electron transfer kinetics governed by the general current-potential characteristic. Cases (1) and (2) simplify to one-component diffusion systems for the concentration of O; cases (3) and (4) are necessarily two-component diffusion systems involving the concentrations of both O and R. We show that, when O and R have equal diffusion coefficients, the solution for the reversible reaction (3) can be expressed in terms of the solution for the diffusion-limited reaction (1) and that the solution for the quasi-reversible reaction (4) can be expressed in terms of the solution for the totally irreversible reaction (2). These results hold for arbitrary electrode geometries.
Assessment of a New Gear to Sample Walleye Eggs

Abstract A new gear for sampling walleye Sander vitreus eggs, egg sampling disks, is described, and the ability of these disks to estimate walleye egg density on mud, cobble, and rip-rap substrates is demonstrated. Each egg sampling disk was a concave steel disk covered with outdoor carpet. The ability of the disks to estimate walleye egg density and total egg deposition on a defined area was tested at Sherman Reservoir, Nebraska. The average cost of each egg sampling disk was US$8.00. An array of 10 disks could be processed (retrieved, complete the egg recovery procedure, and redeployed) in approximately 1 h. The egg sampling disks were an appropriate gear for estimating egg deposition on mud, cobble, and rip-rap substrate and could also be useful for estimating the total egg deposition of walleyes and other demersally spawning fish. Received December 21, 2010; accepted August 30, 2011
Fabrication of a space-stippled vacuum-formed bleaching or fluoride carrier tray

Abstract The procedure allows for a selected area of the carrier tray to have a stippled surface to aid in concentration to exact areas for bleaching or fluoride treatments.
Limited proteolytic modification of a neurofilament protein involves a proteinase activated by endogenous levels of calcium

Posttranslational modification of a structural protein by limited proteolysis is demonstrated for the first time in the nervous system. The 145,000 dalton subunit of neurofilaments in mouse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons is selectively converted in vitro to the major 143,000 and 140,000 dalton neurofilament subunits by a neutral proteinase that is activated by endogenous levels of calcium and is distinguishable from other known brain proteinases. The close similarities between this in vitro process and the previously observed modification of the 145,000 dalton neurofilament protein during axoplasmic transport in vivo suggest that the same enzymatic mechanism is involved. These findings imply that limited proteolysis is an active process along central axons in vivo and that this enzyme may play a specific role in the function of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Slit-lamp Needle Revision of Failed Filtering Blebs Using Mitomycin C

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy and safety of Mitomycin C (MMC) augmented slit-lamp needle revision of failed filtration surgery. Methods: The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of 62 patients (62 eyes) (age, 72 ± 15 years) with failed filtration surgery who underwent needle revision using MMC. A mixture of 0.01 ml of MMC (0.4 mg/ml) and 0.02 ml of bupivacaine with epinephrine was injected subconjunctivally. Twenty to 30 minutes later, a 30-gauge needle was used to perforate the area of subconjunctival fibrosis and re-establish flow. Results: Overall, 118 needling procedures (mean, 1.9 ± 1.4 revisions per eye; range, 1–7) were performed on 62 eyes (mean follow-up, 9.9 ± 3.7 months; range, 4.5–20.1 months). Thirty-six patients (58.1 %) were needled once and 26 patients (41.9%) underwent more than 1 needling procedure. Intraocular pressure decreased from 24.1 ± 6.4 mmHg (range, 18–44) before surgery to 11.5 ± 4.8 mmHg (range, 1–26) at last follow-up ( P = 5.51 × 10 −21 ). Antiglaucoma medications decreased from 1.6 ± 1.0 to 0.3 ± 0.6 ( P = 3.8 × 10 −14 ). Successful single-needling procedure was highly correlated with race (white) and past conventional glaucoma filtration surgery of more than 4 years. Complications included serous choroidal detachment (10 eyes), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (1 eye), bleb leak (5 eyes), iris blocking sclerostomy (2 eyes), hyphema (2 eyes), corneal abrasion (2 eyes), and hypotony (1 eye). Conclusion: Mitomycin needle revision appears to be an extremely effective way to revive failed filtration surgery. The incidence of complications compares favorably to trabeculectomy with MMC.
Challenging Social Attitudes and Making a Change: The Struggle of Feminist Organisations in Turkey and India against Incest:

While it has become easier to find statistics of incest and child sexual abuse and other such ‘data’ from countries of the Global South such as Turkey and India, academic analyses of the issue from...
Beyond the Fordist/Post-Fordist Dichotomy: Working Through The Second Industrial Divide

The publication of The Second Industrial Dividehelped to initiate a sustained inquiry into the transformation of work under industrial capitalism in the late twentieth century. The argument that the breakdown of Fordist mass production ushered in a new production paradigm in the shape of flexible systems of work organization is reexamined. The dominant role of high-volume mass production and its craft-based counterpart can continue to coexist well into the future. Nevertheless, current income and employment trends appear to disadvantage the traditional blue-collar Fordist worker and industrial unions. The cause of these trends may not, however, be directly linked to skills associated with computer technology. Finally, the type of flexibility most closely associated with the work of Piore and Sabel—flexible specialization—is discussed. It is argued that flexible specialization within industrial districts that (a) foster the development of socially informed economic action and (b) constrain competitive beha...
Inclusive inelastic reaction np → pX at 795 MeV

The inclusive reaction $\mathrm{np}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pX}$, where $X$ includes a pion, has been studied at 795 MeV with measurements of the cross section $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dp}d\ensuremath{\Omega}}$. Proton momentum spectra were measured for laboratory angles between 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 31\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. These angles cover the full forward hemisphere in the center-of-mass system and give, with the use of symmetry assumptions, a value for the total reaction cross section, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{R}=11.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8$ mb, exclusive of the $\mathrm{np}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ reaction. The data are also presented as measurements of the cross section $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}\mathrm{dM}}$, where $t$ is the four-momentum transfer squared and $M$ is the invariant missing mass. The results are compared with a model calculation of one-pion exchange that includes $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ exchange. The $t$ dependence is also discussed in terms of a statistical model.
Vasotocin-magnesium interaction in vascular smooth muscle of the hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii).

Abstract 1. 1. Vascular smooth muscle of Eptatretus stoutii was extremely sensitive to the vasoconstrictor action of vasotocin ( 2. 2. The vasoconstrictor effect of neurohypophysial peptides was potentiated by Mg or Mn, in the manner seen in birds and mammals. 3. 3. These findings suggest that vascular activity of porterior pituitary hormones, and their interaction with Mg, appeared during the earliest stage of vertebrate phylogenesis.
On the dynamics of corporate size and illegal activity: An empirical assessment

This research, relying on companies continuously listed on the Fortune 500 over a five-year period (n=384), provides an empirical assessment of two hypotheses. Based on 334 violations over the period the results indicate: (1) gross differences in illegal activity based on corporate size, and (2) similar differences in corporate recidivism also based on size. Discussion includes a number of size related dynamics which may account in part for such results.
The Role of Hepatocyte Hemojuvelin in the Regulation of Bone Morphogenic Protein-6 and Hepcidin Expression in Vivo*

Both hemojuvelin (HJV) and bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP6) are essential for hepcidin expression. Hepcidin is the key peptide hormone in iron homeostasis, and is secreted predominantly by hepatocytes. HJV expression is detected in hepatocytes, as well as in skeletal and heart muscle. HJV binds BMP6 and increases hepcidin expression presumably by acting as a BMP co-receptor. We characterized the role of hepatocyte HJV in the regulation of BMP6 and hepcidin expression. In HJV-null (Hjv−/−) mice that have severe iron overload and marked suppression of hepcidin expression, we detected 4-fold higher hepatic BMP6 mRNA than in wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that Hjv−/− mice do not lack BMP6. Furthermore, iron depletion in Hjv−/− mice decreased hepatic BMP6 mRNA. Expression of HJV in hepatocytes of Hjv−/− mice using an AAV2/8 vector, increased hepatic hepcidin mRNA by 65-fold and phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 in the liver by about 2.5-fold. However, no significant change in BMP6 mRNA was detected in either the liver or the small intestine of these animals. Our results revealed a close correlation of hepatic BMP6 mRNA expression with hepatic iron-loading. Together, our data indicate that the regulation of hepatic BMP6 expression by iron is independent of HJV, and that expression of HJV in hepatocytes plays an essential role in hepcidin expression by potentiating the BMP6-mediated signaling.
A Machine-Aided Marital Observation Technique: The Dyadic Interaction Scoring Code.

The Dyadic Interaction Scoring Code (DISC) is presented as a marital observation system designed to be compatible with the Datamyte 900 Data Collector. Its derivation from existing coding systems and its contributions are discussed. Data on marital interaction provide a research example of its usage. Session rates of the behaviors are correlated with measures of session satisfaction and family cohesion. Sequential analyses of the coded behaviors offer a look at the process of marital interaction and also are correlated with the satisfaction and cohesion scores. The ability of the DISC to describe marital interaction in various research areas is discussed.
Multiple-ScS probing of the Ontong-Java Plateau

Abstract We use multiple-ScS phases recorded at Pohnpei from a 1996 deep earthquake under the Solomon Islands to investigate the shear velocity and attenuation characteristics of the upper mantle under the Ontong-Java Plateau in the Western Equatorial Pacific. Cross-correlation results indicate a vertical one-way travel-time under the plateau 3 s slow with respect to PREM, in agreement with previously obtained tomographic results, which revealed the existence of an anomalously slow root under the plateau. Additionally, the study of stacked spectral ratios suggests an unusually high QScS=366, with a lower limit of QScS≥253. This value is considerably higher than elsewhere in the Pacific, suggesting the absence of an asthenospheric layer under the edifice. The combination of slow shear-wave speed and lower than average shear attenuation rules out a temperature anomaly as the source of the Ontong-Java Plateau (OJP) root, which must then be related to a chemical or mineralogical heterogeneity.
An improved radiation metric

An improved radiation metric is obtained in which light rays make a small nonzero angle with the radius, thus representing a source of finite size. Kaufmann's previous solution is criticized. The stabilization of a scatterer near a source of gravitational field and radiation is slightly enhanced for sources of finite size.
Nocturnal Plasma Prolactin and Cortisol Levels in Epileptics With Complex Partial Seizures and Primary Generalized Seizures

• The nocturnal pattern of plasma prolactin (PRL) and cortisol in male epileptics with complex partial seizures and primary generalized seizures was studied by allnight polygraphic recordings with continuous video monitoring and sequential blood sampling at 30-minute intervals. Mean nocturnal plasma PRL concentrations in both groups of epileptics were significantly elevated when compared with nonepileptic control subjects studied in a similar fashion. Eight subclinical and three clinical partial seizures were recorded during sleep. Although a tenfold increase of plasma PRL level occurred following a short brief clinical complex partial seizure, there was no direct correlation between single subclinical partial seizures and nocturnal fluctuations of plasma PRL concentrations. We did not observe recognizable plasma cortisol changes following partial seizures during sleep, nor significant differences of mean nocturnal plasma cortisol levels between epileptics and controls. The data obtained in this environmentally controlled study indicate that postictal elevation of plasma PRL is a specific phenomenon related to seizure discharges; however, failure of such a rise does not exclude partial seizures.
ROLE CONFLICT AND AMBIGUITY: CORRELATES WITH JOB SATISFACTION AND VALUES

INDIVIDTTALS in complex organizations are constantly exposed to a variety of expectations from both themselves and others as they carry out their organizational roles. Kahn et al. (1964) have developed a theory of role dynamics which sees stress resulting from conflicting or incompatible expectations and unclear or vague expectations. Expectations which are in conflict may result in role conflict for the individual, while unclear or vague expectations may cause role ambiguity. Since role conflict and ambiguity pose problems of adjustment for the individual Kahn et al. predicted and found lower levels of job satisfaction for those with high confict and arabiguity. A review of the previous literature on role conflict and ambiguity (Rizzo, House, and Lirtzman, 1970) supported the Kahn et al. theory, and found both conflict and ambiguity to be clearly associated with low job satisfaction and dysfunctional behavior due to the stress and anxiety of role pressures. Rizzo et al. then developed a questionnaire to measure these role variables, and found that role confiict and ambiguity emerged as separate dimensions when a factor analysis was performed. Separate scales for conflict and ambiguity were then developed and validated, and correlations were obtained with other variables. Their data showed stronger negative relationships overall between role ambiguity and job satisfaction
Evaluating instruction cache vulnerability to transient errors

Recent research shows that microprocessors are increasingly susceptible to transient errors. In order to protect microprocessors cost-effectively, the first step is to accurately understand the impact of transient errors on the system reliability. While many research efforts have been focused on studying the vulnerability of data caches and other on-chip hardware components, instruction caches have received less attention. However, instructions are read every cycle, any undetected or uncorrected soft errors in instructions can lead to erroneous computation, wrong control flow or system crash.This paper studies the instruction cache vulnerability by considering both the raw SRAM rate and the cache vulnerability factor. Based on the concept of cache vulnerability factor, we also investigate the impact of different cache configuration parameters on the reliability of instruction caches. We find that on average 67.5% of instruction cache soft errors can be masked by the I-cache itself without impacting other system components. While quantifying the instruction cache vulnerability itself does not solve the reliability problem of instruction cache against transient errors, we believe this work can provide useful insights for designers to develop cost-effective solutions to protect I-caches and to optimally balance the reliability of instruction caches with other system goals, such as cost, performance and energy.
Procedural Facilitators and Cognitive Strategies: Tools for Unraveling the Mysteries of Comprehension and the Writing Process, and for Providing Meaningful Access to the General Curriculum

A solid, emerging research base exists to inform how we provide meaningful access to the general education curriculum for students with learning disabilities (LD). For example, the presentation of challenging content to academically diverse learners can be demystified using content enhancement techniques. Additionally, a range of strategies can be taught to enhance reading comprehension and expressive writing abilities. Examples from several lines of research in comprehension and writing are used to highlight the underlying features of these empirically based approaches and to introduce the reader to the history of this expanding body of research.
The Role of Corpus Callosum Development in Functional Connectivity and Cognitive Processing

The corpus callosum is hypothesized to play a fundamental role in integrating information and mediating complex behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that lack of normal callosal development can lead to deficits in functional connectivity that are related to impairments in specific cognitive domains. We examined resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) and matched controls using magnetoencephalographic imaging (MEG-I) of coherence in the alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (12–30 Hz) and gamma (30–55 Hz) bands. Global connectivity (GC) was defined as synchronization between a region and the rest of the brain. In AgCC individuals, alpha band GC was significantly reduced in the dorsolateral pre-frontal (DLPFC), posterior parietal (PPC) and parieto-occipital cortices (PO). No significant differences in GC were seen in either the beta or gamma bands. We also explored the hypothesis that, in AgCC, this regional reduction in functional connectivity is explained primarily by a specific reduction in interhemispheric connectivity. However, our data suggest that reduced connectivity in these regions is driven by faulty coupling in both inter- and intrahemispheric connectivity. We also assessed whether the degree of connectivity correlated with behavioral performance, focusing on cognitive measures known to be impaired in AgCC individuals. Neuropsychological measures of verbal processing speed were significantly correlated with resting-state functional connectivity of the left medial and superior temporal lobe in AgCC participants. Connectivity of DLPFC correlated strongly with performance on the Tower of London in the AgCC cohort. These findings indicate that the abnormal callosal development produces salient but selective (alpha band only) resting-state functional connectivity disruptions that correlate with cognitive impairment. Understanding the relationship between impoverished functional connectivity and cognition is a key step in identifying the neural mechanisms of language and executive dysfunction in common neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders where disruptions of callosal development are consistently identified.
Clarity & Clarification: Grable Federal Questions in the Eyes of Their Beholders

The quest for clarity in jurisdictional rules is as elusive as it is eternal. Jurists and scholars have long clamored for bright-line rules, aimed at making jurisdictional decisions easier for courts and more predictable for litigants. This article argues that the focus on inherent clarity in jurisdictional rule may have missed its mark. To best serve clarity’s goals, the real question is not the clarity inherent in the design of a rule, but whether its application can have predictability in the eyes of its beholders: litigants and district courts. Under this refocused vision of clarity, an ideal jurisdictional rule could embody both flexibility in structure and predictability in application. To test whether this ideal translates into reality, the article turns to empirical investigation. The article studies remand decisions before and after Grable, in which the Supreme Court chose a flexible standard over a bright-line rule for federal-question jurisdiction. By examining both Westlaw and district court dockets, the study reveals a mass of “submerged precedents” – explained decisions available only on dockets. Accounting for these submerged precedents illustrates how the picture of decision-making changes based on where one looks for decisions. Although Grable jurisdiction embodies a flexible standard, the study shows that appellate interpretation and district court implementation of that standard have kept Grable jurisdiction restrictive, or “slim”. These results suggest that increasing the availability of explained decisions and appellate review may accelerate the clarification process for jurisdictional standards.
Reactions of octacyanomolybdate(V) and octacyanotungstate(V) with s2 metal-ion reducing centers

The s2 centers, Sn(II), Ge(II), and In(I) reduce MoV(CN)83− and WV(CN)83− quantitatively to the corresponding octacyanomolybdate(IV) and -tungstate(IV) anions. Reductions by In(I) proceed 103–105 times as rapidly as those by Sn(II) and Ge(II). All reactions are triggered by a single electron oxidation, yielding a much more reactive s1 intermediate. Reductions by Sn(II) in chloride medium proceed predominantly through the SnCl3− anion. The Ge(II)–W(CN)83− reaction is initiated by a slow unimolecular heterolysis of the Ge(II) center, yielding very nearly linear profiles when the reductant is in excess.
Microarray and proteomic analysis of the cardioprotective effects of cold blood cardioplegia in the mature and aged male and female

Recently we have shown that the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia is modulated by age and gender and is significantly decreased in the aged female. In this report we use microarray and proteomic analyses to identify transcriptomic and proteomic alterations affecting cardioprotection using cold blood cardioplegia in the mature and aged male and female heart. Mature and aged male and female New Zealand White rabbits were used for in situ blood perfused cardiopulmonary bypass. Control hearts received 30 min sham ischemia and 120 min sham reperfusion. Global ischemia (GI) hearts received 30 min of GI achieved by cross-clamping of the aorta. Cardioplegia (CP) hearts received cold blood cardioplegia prior to GI. Following 30 min of GI the hearts were reperfused for 120 min and then used for RNA and protein isolation. Microarray and proteomic analyses were performed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative phosphorylation and calcium signaling pathways were significantly enriched in all experimental groups. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway were significantly changed in the aged male only (P < 0.05), while glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism was significant in the aged female only (P < 0.05). Our data show that specific pathways associated with the mitochondrion modulate cardioprotection with CP in the aged and specifically in the aged female. The alteration of these pathways significantly contributes to decreased myocardial functional recovery and myonecrosis following ischemia and may be modulated to allow for enhanced cardioprotection in the aged and specifically in the aged female.
Reconstruction of the aortic arch in an adolescent female with complex congenital heart disease

Coarctations of the aortic arch are rare, and when found, they are often associated with other complex congenital heart disease. An adolescent female with multiple coarctations of the aortic arch and ventricular septal defects underwent complete repair, entailing replacement of the aortic arch with a homograft and closure of the ventricular septal defects. The postoperative course was complicated by a tear in the homograft, possibly related to sepsis. After its resolution, her hemodynamic results remain excellent.
Amperometric instrumentation system with on-chip electrode array for biosensor application

An integrated amperometric instrumentation system with on-chip electrodes for biosensor arrays is presented. The mixed-signal integrated circuit supports a variety of electrochemical measurement techniques including linear sweep, constant potential, cyclic and pulse voltammetry. Implemented in 0.5μm CMOS, the 3×3 mm2 chip dissipates 22.5mW for a 200 kHz clock. The highly programmable chip provides a wide range of user-controlled rate and amplitude parameters with a maximum scan range of 2V and scan rate ranging between 1mV/sec to 400V/sec. The amperometric readout circuit provides ± 0.5pA linear resolution and supports inputs up to 100μA. A 2×2 array gold electrode electrochemical cells was fabricated on the surface of the CMOS instrumentation chip. An all-parylene packaging scheme was developed for compatibility with liquid test environments as well as harsh piranha electrode cleaning processes. The chip was tested using cyclic voltammetry of 0.1M potassium ferrocyanide, and results were comparable to measurements using commercial instruments.
KIIV, AN IN VIVO PARAMETER FOR PREDICTING THE MAGNITUDE OF A DRUG INTERACTION ARISING FROM COMPETITIVE ENZYME INHIBITION

The goal of the study was to test the assumption that a competitive inhibition constant determined in vivo, Kiiv, like its corresponding in vitro counterpart, Ki, is independent of inhibitor concentration. Inhibition of the CYP2C9-dependent formation of (S)-7-hydroxy-warfarin from (S)-warfarin was measured in seven healthy subjects at three different doses of fluconazole. Prothrombin time measurements showed increasing anticoagulant activity with increasing fluconazole dose. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from the (S)- and (R)-warfarin plasma levels were consistent with previous studies. Fluconazole reduced the clearance of (S)-warfarin to a greater extent than that of (R)-warfarin. The decrease in clearance of both warfarin enantiomers was fluconazole dose-dependent. The formation of (S)-7-hydroxy-warfarin was inhibited by 31, 55, and 77% at the 100, 200, and 300 mg daily doses of fluconazole, respectively. Kiiv, values calculated from these data based on plasma fluconazole levels at each dose and data from earlier work at 400-mg daily doses of fluconazole were 30.7 +/- 23.7, 19.6 +/- 3.8, 17.9 +/- 7.5, and 19.8 +/- 3.5 microM, respectively. These results confirm the hypothesis that Kiiv is independent of inhibitor concentration.
CGRP Activates Renal Pelvic Substance P Receptors by Retarding Substance P Metabolism

Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are colocalized in renal pelvic sensory nerves. Increasing renal pelvic pressure results in an increase in afferent renal nerve activity that is blocked by a substance P receptor antagonist but not by a CGRP receptor antagonist. CGRP potentiates the effects of substance P by preventing the metabolism of substance P. Therefore, we examined whether CGRP enhanced the afferent renal nerve activity responses to substance P and increased renal pelvic pressure, a stimulus known to increase substance P release. Combined administration of substance P and CGRP into the renal pelvis resulted in an increase in afferent renal nerve activity (1392+/-217%. s; area under the curve of afferent renal nerve activity versus time) that was greater (P<0.01) than that produced by substance P (620+/-156%. s) or CGRP (297+/-96%. s) alone. Likewise, CGRP enhanced the afferent renal nerve activity response to increased renal pelvic pressure. During renal pelvic administration of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan, the afferent renal nerve activity response to substance P plus CGRP was similar to that produced by either neuropeptide alone. Because these studies suggested that CGRP potentiated the afferent renal nerve activity responses to substance P, we examined whether the afferent renal nerve activity response to CGRP was blocked by a substance P receptor antagonist, RP67580. RP67580 blocked the afferent renal nerve activity response to CGRP by 85+/-12% (P<0.02). We conclude that CGRP activates renal pelvic sensory nerves by retarding the metabolism of substance P, thereby increasing the amount of substance P available for stimulation of substance P receptors.
Two Distinct Mechanisms Elicit Androgen-Dependent Expression of the Mouse Sex-Limited Protein Gene

The mouse sex-limited protein (Slp) gene is expressed in liver and kidney of adult males and is testosterone-inducible in females, indicative of androgen dependence. Analysis of mRNA levels and chromatin configuration reveals that this androgen regulation is achieved by distinct means in the two tissues. In the liver, Slp expression requires pituitary function, and specifically, as shown by others, a pulsatile pattern of GH secretion that is itself determined by androgen. After hypophysectomy, Slp synthesis cannot be reestablished in liver by testosterone, although mRNA decline can be slowed. In contrast, in the kidney Slp mRNA is directly induced by androgen in hypophysectomized mice. In vivo footprinting was used to examine the role of the Slp enhancer, which directs androgen-specific transcription in transfection and contains a factor-binding site, FPIV, whose protection in vivo has been correlated with Slp expression. In kidney, FPIV was protected in intact males and hypophysectomized mice supplemente...
Recent elevational range expansions in plethodontid salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) in the southern Appalachian Mountains

Aim Approximately 32.5% of all amphibian species are globally threatened, and amphibian extinctions have been recorded worldwide. Individual studies rarely give full consideration to multiple potential drivers of observed biological change, instead tending to attribute changes to a single driver. Here, I tested for impacts of land use and climate change on range changes in a community of plethodontid salamanders living from 518 to 2036 m elevation in a global hotspot for amphibian diversity. Location The southern Appalachian Mountains. Methods I resurveyed 18 elevational transects that had originally been surveyed by Nelson Hairston in 1940, 1947 and 1949. I recorded range changes for nine species that Hairston studied and determined the extent to which the recorded expansions or contractions could be attributed to changes in forest stand, climate and competition, singly or in combination. Results ‘Montane’ species, which occur only on mountaintops, had expanded their lower elevational limits downwards. ‘Foothill’ species, which occur at lower elevations than montane species, had expanded their upper elevational limits upwards. Main conclusions For montane species these downward expansions appear to be the result of two processes: local cooling of the climate and maturation of forests after the cessation of large-scale logging operations c. 80 years ago. In contrast, changes in upper elevational range limits of foothill species are probably the result of a suite of complex and interacting drivers, including, but not limited to, maturation of forests, changes in climate, and interactions with other species.
Exploring remembrance and social support behavior in an online bereavement support group

Designing interactive systems that sensitively engage with end of life issues is a key challenge for CSCW as more and more people turn to the Internet to grapple with the realities of death. However, there are few studies that document how specific remembrance or support features of bereavement websites are used in a real-world setting. This paper describes Besupp, a website where bereaved individuals can participate in online support groups. Three support groups used Besupp in a ten-week long deployment study. Based on this study, I describe how participants perceived and used the remembrance and social support features of the site. These results form the basis for a set of implications regarding the design of technologies for remembrance, social support, and bereavement more generally.
Two-Dimensional Imaging by Far-Field Superlens at Visible Wavelengths

We report that two-dimensional (2D) sub-diffraction-limited images can be theoretically reconstructed by a new metamaterial far-field superlens. The metamaterial far-field superlens, composed of a metal−dielectric multilayer and a one-dimensional (1D) subwavelength grating, can work over a broad range of visible wavelengths intrinsically. The imaging principle and the reconstruction process are described in detail. The 2D sub-diffraction-limited imaging ability enables more applications of the far-field superlens in optical nanoimaging and sensing.
MDS: A Stem Cell Disorder—But What Exactly Is Wrong with the Primitive Hematopoietic Cells in This Disease?

Despite the various abnormalities identified in the immune system or the bone marrow microenvironment in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), most of the investigation of this disorder has centered on the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment. It is generally written that MDS is a stem cell disorder, and there is certainly evidence supporting this view. However, whether it occurs in a cell with only myeloid multipotentiality (i.e., that involves megakaryocytic, erythroid and granulocytic/monocytic lineages) or occurs in a true stem cell is open to debate. The absence of an assay for human stem cells necessitates the use of surrogate markers for such cells, such as gene expression profiles, or the identification of specific genetic or epigenetic abnormalities that are found in multiple lineages. Clearly, the common cytogenetic and genetic abnormalities found in MDS are most indicative of a clonal myeloid disease similar to AML, rather than a lymphoid disease, and the often tri-lineage ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplasia are generally not found within the lymphoid compartment. Recent studies, using modern molecular detection techniques, have identified new recurring molecular lesions in these disorders but have not really unraveled its pathogenesis.
The oncogenic BRD4-NUT chromatin regulator drives aberrant transcription within large topological domains.

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), a subtype of squamous cell cancer, is one of the most aggressive human solid malignancies known. NMC is driven by the creation of a translocation oncoprotein, BRD4-NUT, which blocks differentiation and drives growth of NMC cells. BRD4-NUT forms distinctive nuclear foci in patient tumors, which we found correlate with ∼100 unprecedented, hyperacetylated expanses of chromatin that reach up to 2 Mb in size. These "megadomains" appear to be the result of aberrant, feed-forward loops of acetylation and binding of acetylated histones that drive transcription of underlying DNA in NMC patient cells and naive cells induced to express BRD4-NUT. Megadomain locations are typically cell lineage-specific; however, the cMYC and TP63 regions are targeted in all NMCs tested and play functional roles in tumor growth. Megadomains appear to originate from select pre-existing enhancers that progressively broaden but are ultimately delimited by topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries. Therefore, our findings establish a basis for understanding the powerful role played by large-scale chromatin organization in normal and aberrant lineage-specific gene transcription.
Simulating unsteady flow, anabranching, and hyporheic dynamics in a glacial meltwater stream using a coupled surface water routing and groundwater flow model

[1] Flooding affects ecosystems by transporting water and solutes across aquatic-terrestrial interfaces, removing nutrient and organic substrate limitations, and spurring biogeochemical activity. Few studies have considered the influence of flooding on surface water–groundwater interactions. This research examines the temporally variable water storage and exchange in a stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica, where diel flood pulses occur due to glacial melt. Several MDV streams display truncated discharge peaks, suggesting water storage between the source glacier and the gauging station. We tested the hypothesis that stream braids and subsurface water storage contribute to the difference between glacial melt and stream outflow hydrographs by constructing a coupled surface water routing and subsurface water flow model. This model routes water into stream braids at high flows and allows this water to infiltrate and return to the stream via subsurface flow paths as flows recede. Our simulation demonstrates the importance of surface–subsurface water interactions in controlling the hydrograph shape. Maximum simulated discharge was sensitive to storage parameters including aquifer depth and the flooding threshold, while minimum discharge was sensitive to hydraulic conductivity. Subsurface storage volume varied by 38% over a diel cycle and stream-subsurface exchange rates varied from 0 to 0.19 m3 h−1 m−1, with exchange from the stream to the subsurface during high flows, and vice versa at low flows. These results underscore how unsteady flow can increase hyporheic interactions and ecosystem productivity, and provide support for maintaining natural stream morphology and flow regimes.
Multistage high-order microring-resonator filters with relaxed tolerances for high through-port extinction

We demonstrate that add/drop filter designs comprising cascaded coupled-microring stages permit reduced drop-loss and relaxed tolerances for high through-port extinction. We report on high-index-contrast filters with 20 nm FSR, 2.5 dB drop loss and 30 dB of extinction
Community Assembly in the Salamander Genus Desmognathus

Abstract In this paper, I present a model of community assembly in the salamander genus Desmognathus based on a survey of assemblage composition throughout the range of the genus. The 21 species of Desmognathus can be sorted into three life-history categories, namely, stream, streamside, and forest, based on duration of the larval phase and a suite of other life-history and morphological traits that are correlated with habitat use of the several life-history stages. In most assemblages having all three life-history categories, stream species are larger than streamside species, and the latter species are larger than forest species. An evaluation of the literature on interspecific competition and predation (i.e., intraguild predation) in Desmognathus indicates that these processes are important in structuring assemblages of these salamanders. Thus, niche assembly, as opposed to dispersal assembly (i.e., neutral model), seems to be a valid model of community assembly in Desmognathus. Only streamside species ...