cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological correlation of urinary bladder cancer molecular subtypes in radical cystectomies.

Summary Several molecular subtypes of bladder cancer were identified with differing clinical behavior and responses to platinum-based chemotherapy. But so far, their urothelial histomorphologic features, besides association with some variant histologies, have remained fully undefined. We sought to characterize the histological features of genomically classified bladder cancers more extensively to tumor in radical cystectomy (RC) specimens. Forty-eight bladder cancers submitted to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were classified using the BASE47 genomic classifier into luminal subtype (LS) (14 cases), basal subtype (BS) (18 cases), and claudin-low subtype (CLS) (16 cases), and TCGA samples and the corresponding RC specimens were histologically assessed. Marked pleomorphism was more extensive in CLS tumors (87.5% had >15% extent) than in LS tumors (21.4%) (p = 0.0006), whereas the extent in BS tumors was in between LS and CLS tumors. Pleomorphism in distant carcinoma in situ appeared to correlate with that in the main tumor. Ki-67 proliferation was higher in CLS tumors (mean = 61%) than in LS tumors (mean = 29%) or BS (mean = 30%) (p 30% squamous, p = 0.040). Sarcomatoid change was present in BS and CLS tumors only. The micropapillary variant was identified in LS (3/14) and BS (4/18) tumors only. Histologic features associated with aggressiveness (eg, marked pleomorphism, high proliferation, and sarcomatoid change) are enriched in CLS tumors, correlating with its known poorer outcome that may provide hints in their microscopic distinction. Features more associated with BS than with LS tumors (eg, squamous, marked pleomorphism, and sarcomatoid change) are also identified or enhanced in CLS tumors, supporting the genomic findings suggesting CLS tumor as a hyperbasal form of BS tumor.
Social Entrepreneurship as ‘Doing Good’ by Mitigating Opposition Better

We complement emerging theory-building in social entrepreneurship by adopting a new perspective. We start with the assumption that the existence of opposing interests is the main reason that things...
How Does Law Support Compassionate Mental Health Practice

Compassion has long been a bulwark of mental health law. Civil commitment, guardianship, mandated clinical intervention, diversion courts, involuntary medication, insanity defenses, and aid-in-sentencing evaluations are all elements of compassionate mental health practice. Parens patriae (the state as parent) and the least restrictive alternative are the specific concepts supporting therapeutic intention and purpose and are particularly relevant in cases in which force may be needed in the course of a patient's care. This article considers how using law compassionately can be evident even in forced clinical interventions.
Racial and ethnic disparities in paranasal sinus malignancies.

BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer outcomes have been demonstrated for several different malignancies. In this study we aimed to quantify disease-specific survival (DSS) and the 5-year conditional disease-specific survival (CDSS, the change in life expectancy with increasing survivorship) for paranasal sinus cancer by race and ethnicity. METHODS Patients with sinus cancer between 1973 and 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER) registry. Kaplan-Meier analysis for DSS was stratified by race and ethnicity. Cox regression models of DSS were generated controlling for stage, age, race, and ethnicity. CDSS was calculated using Cox models. Logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for younger age at diagnosis, late-stage at diagnosis, and likelihood of receiving surgical intervention when recommended. RESULTS The analysis included a total of 5202 patients. DSS was significantly different when stratified by race (p < 0.01). Compared with White patients, Black patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.45; p < 0.001) and American Indian/Alaskan Natives (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.37-2.74, p < 0.001) exhibited increased mortality when controlling for other factors. Black patients had worse CDSS for regional and distant staged cancer compared with other races; American Indian/Alaskan Native patients had worse CDSS for cancers of all stages. Hispanic patients were more likely to present with advanced disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.47; 95% CI, 1.07-2.07; p = 0.020). American Indian/Alaskan Native patients were less likely than White patients to receive surgical intervention when recommended (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.04; p = 0.024). Nonwhite patients were more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age. Variations in racial and ethnic disparities were observed over time. CONCLUSION Race and ethnicity significantly impact paranasal sinus cancer outcome metrics. Disparities in outcomes are likely multifactorial.
Income segregation's impact on local public expenditures: Evidence from municipalities and school districts, 1980–2010

Abstract Residential income segregation within local political jurisdictions has risen considerably since 1980 in the U.S. Despite this trend, and a growing body of research on wealth inequality and its impact on public sector size, income segregation's own influence over local public choice has not been thoroughly investigated. Using block-group income distributions for the years 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 income segregation is measured for individual U.S. municipalities and school districts, where the spatial distribution of income may carry the most political relevance. Estimates indicate that rising income segregation reduced per-capita spending growth considerably for both municipalities and school districts. These findings are robust to various model specifications and to the use of instrumental variables that adjust for the potential endogeneity of local income segregation. This evidence is consistent with the view that intra-jurisdictional income segregation undermines trust between community members and complicates collective action. However, a-spatial income inequality continues to be positively correlated with local public sector size, as suggested by recent empirical research.
Subscapularis management in stemmed and stemless total shoulder arthroplasty: A surgeon decision making analysis study

Abstract Introduction Stemless total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) continues to grow in popularity as an evolution of stemmed humeral implants. Proposed advantages include bone preservation and ease of potential revision. However, absence of a stem may necessitate a change in subscapularis takedown approach. Specifically, there is theoretical concern about violation of supportive bone with lesser tuberosity osteotomy when using a stemless device. Therefore, the goal of this study was to identify if surgeons change their subscapularis takedown preference when performing stemless versus stemmed TSA. Methods and Materials Data from a consecutive series of patients that underwent stemmed and stemless TSA at an academic institution were collected. The subscapularis management technique was documented. Subscapularis takedown techniques were divided into 2 groups: soft tissue approach (subscapularis tenotomy or peel) and bony approach (lesser tuberosity osteotomy). Historical preference for each surgeon was determined by evaluating techniques employed using stemmed TSA. A Cramers V analysis was run to determine the strength of association between this historical preference and subscapularis management technique employed for stemless TSA. Results One hundred and fifty-four patients were included in this analysis. There were 72 and 82 stemmed and stemless arthroplasty cases performed respectively. 50.6% of the patients were women. The average age of patients was 64.2 years. Four surgeons were included in this study. In all, there were 79 and 75 bony and soft tissue subscapularis techniques respectively. The historical preference for 3 of the surgeons was a subscapularis bony approach and the historical preference for one of the surgeons was a soft tissue approach. A Cramer’s V analysis was used to measure the relative (strength) of association between patient factors, historical subscapularis management preference and subscapularis takedown approach in stemless TSA. Our analysis yielded a value of 0.65 (P Conclusion In determining subscapularis tendon management strategy, in surgeons who performed stemmed TSA prior to stemless TSA, the subscapularis takedown approach used for stemless TSA is strongly associated with surgeon’s historical preference for stemmed TSA. Future research will be needed to determine the clinical ramifications of this finding.
Standardizing Dimensionless Cutometer Parameters to Determine In Vivo Elasticity of Human Skin.

Objective: Skin fibrosis places an enormous burden on patients and society, but disagreement exists over methods to quantify severity of skin scarring. A suction cutometer measures skin elasticity ...
Foreign Policy: A Double-Edged Sword—A History of Racism in U.S. Foreign Policy

U.S. domestic racism directly and profoundly influences the conduct of U.S. foreign affairs. Defending slavery and isolating foreign threats to it was the major priority of U.S. foreign affairs until the Civil War. Until the end of World War II, immigration policies played a major role in race relations and maintaining control over rapidly increasing industrial labor. The U.S.’s reluctant engagement in overseas colonialism in the last century was due to wanting to avoid making large numbers of non-White people citizens. Chris Danielson points out that a consistent issue in U.S. foreign policy is the desire of power elites in business, the military, and government to make their social class interests the same interests of the nation. One direct consequence is that non-elite Americans have fought and died in wars of questionable importance. Donald Trump’s racism and nationalism were directly reflected in U.S. foreign policies toward all non-European nations. Politicians who follow Trump also view foreign affairs as a clash of civilizations—us versus them.
Laser-Based Ultrasonics on Gr/Epoxy Composite: Interferometric Detection

The use of non-contact ultrasonic techniques for the inspection of wings, tail sections and fuselages of aircraft in the field environment is an attractive alternative to current contact or squirter approaches. This paper reports on the use of laser generation and detection of ultrasound for flaw detection in Gr/Epoxy composite panels. Laser-based ultrasonics is a well documented technique which has been demonstrated by many researchers [1–8] and is being applied in several industrial areas [9–11].
Frac Sand Mines Are Preferentially Sited in Unzoned Rural Areas.

Shifting markets can cause unexpected, stochastic changes in rural landscapes that may take local communities by surprise. Preferential siting of new industrial facilities in poor areas or in areas with few regulatory restrictions can have implications for environmental sustainability, human health, and social justice. This study focuses on frac sand mining—the mining of high-quality silica sand used in hydraulic fracturing processes for gas and oil extraction. Frac sand mining gained prominence in the 2000s in the upper midwestern United States where nonmetallic mining is regulated primarily by local zoning. I asked whether frac sand mines were more commonly sited in rural townships without formal zoning regulations or planning processes than in those that undertook zoning and planning before the frac sand boom. I also asked if mine prevalence was correlated with socioeconomic differences across townships. After creating a probability surface to map areas most suitable for frac sand mine occurrence, I developed neutral landscape models from which to compare actual mine distributions in zoned and unzoned areas at three different spatial extents. Mines were significantly clustered in unzoned jurisdictions at the statewide level and in 7 of the 8 counties with at least three frac sand mines and some unzoned land. Subsequent regression analyses showed mine prevalence to be uncorrelated with land value, tax rate, or per capita income, but correlated with remoteness and zoning. The predicted mine count in unzoned townships was over two times higher than that in zoned townships. However, the county with the most mines by far was under a county zoning ordinance, perhaps indicating industry preferences for locations with clear, homogenous rules over patchwork regulation. Rural communities can use the case of frac sand mining as motivation to discuss and plan for sudden land-use predicaments, rather than wait to grapple with unfamiliar legal processes during a period of intense conflict.
Importance of C-H-donor and C-H-anion contact interactions for the crystal packing, the lattice softness and the superconducting transition temperatures of organic conducting salts

The organic donor molecule BEDT-TTF (1) and its analogs 2–4 have yielded a number of ambient-pressure superconducting salts. What structural and electronic factors govern the magnitudes of their superconducting transition temperature Tc has been a topic of intense studies.1–4 Examination of the band electronic structures of closely related superconducting salts shows2, 3 that the magnitudes of their Tc’s are primarily determined by the softness of their crystal lattices. The crystal packing and the lattice softness of organic donor salts are strongly influenced by the donor⋯donor and donor⋯anion contact interactions involving the donor-molecule C-H bonds.2, 5, 6 In the present work, we briefly review the electronic structures of some representative organic salt superconductors and discuss the softness of their crystal lattices on the basis of the interaction energies calculated for the C-H⋯donor and C-H⋯anion contact interactions.
Biosynthesis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Rat Liver Ribosomes

Abstract Rat liver ribosomes in vitro incorporated labeled amino acids into proteins which showed the immunological behavior of the plasma lipoproteins. The presence of carrier lipoprotein or carrier lipid was required for the isolation and ultracentrifugal purification of immunologically reactive, labeled low and high density lipoproteins. The identity of the lipoproteins was further characterized by solubility criteria and a peptide-mapping technique. A high correlation between the peptide labeling patterns of ribosome-labeled and slice-labeled preparations was found. It is suggested that rat liver ribosomes in vitro are capable of synthesizing the protein moieties of the plasma lipoproteins. These apoproteins are then capable of binding lipid. Rat liver mitochondria and rat kidney ribosomes in vitro were also capable of incorporating radioactive amino acids into lipoproteins, but these proteins were immunologically different from the plasma lipoproteins.
The celiac syndrome

Summary In summary, we suggest that chronic intestinal indigestion may beprecipitated by a number of factors, infectious, emotional, allergic, but, that since all of those suggested do not commonly produce the disorder in otherwise normal children, Andersen's4 assumption of an underlying constitutional defect seems valid, and that in some instances this defect is a thyroid deficiency, while in others it is in the nature of a secondary hypothyroidism resulting from nitrogen and caloric deficits, in which cases thyroid in small doses is indicated for its anabolic effect. We do not feel that thyroid deficiency explains all cases but that a numberwill be found in whom the defect will be referable to other mechanisms relating to protein synthesis. The role of the liver in these cases warrants further study.
The System Approach: Organizational Development

The cooperative human organization requires skills of human relations, leadership, cooperation, communication, motivation, and control. It would seem to be the most important invention of man. Our study is concerned with how people behave in groups. The organization is viewed as a kind of synthetic organism in which individuals become components or subsystems of a different entity. Such synthetic organisms may be treated as objects of scientific investigation under laboratory conditions. The processes of development and growth follow a biological analogy. Synthetic environments are considered. Descriptions are given of two major programs of investigation into top managerial techniques and theory—Project SOBIG, a business game, and a simulated Air Defense Direction Center. The paper is devoted to description and search rather than hypothesis testing and research.
Proteases in MHC Class I Presentation and Cross-Presentation

Cells that have mutated their genes or are virally infected are a potential threat to a host. Consequently, the immune system has evolved mechanisms for CD8 T lymphocytes to identify such cells and eliminate them. The generation of CD8 T cell responses occurs in two phases, both of which critically involve the process of Ag presentation. In the first phase, sentinel cells gather Ags present in tissues and then present them to naive CD8 T cells in ways that stimulate their maturation into effectors. In the second phase, these effector cells seek out and eliminate the pathological cells. The abnormal cells are identified through their presentation of immunogenic Ags that they are producing. The Ag presentation mechanisms used by the sentinel cells can be different from those in other cells. This article will review these mechanisms with a focus in each case on how antigenic peptides are generated for presentation.
Polyanion-induced self-association of complement factor H.

Factor H is the primary soluble regulator of activation of the alternative pathway of complement. It prevents activation of complement on host cells and tissues upon association with C3b and surface polyanions such as sialic acids, heparin, and other glycosaminoglycans. Here we show that interaction with polyanions causes self-association forming tetramers of the 155,000 Da glycosylated protein. Monomeric human factor H is an extended flexible protein that exhibits an apparent size of 330,000 Da, relative to globular standards, during gel filtration chromatography in the absence of polyanions. In the presence of dextran sulfate (5000 Da) or heparin an intermediate species of apparent m.w. 700,000 and a limit species of m.w. 1,400,000 were observed by gel filtration. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis by analytical ultracentrifugation indicated a monomer M r of 163,000 in the absence of polyanions and a M r of 607,000, corresponding to a tetramer, in the presence of less than a 2-fold molar excess of dextran sulfate. Increasing concentrations of dextran sulfate increased binding of factor H to zymosan-C3b 4.5-fold. This result was accompanied by an increase in both the decay accelerating and cofactor activity of factor H on these cells. An expressed fragment encompassing the C-terminal polyanion binding site (complement control protein domains 18–20) also exhibited polyanion-induced self-association, suggesting that the C-terminal ends of factor H mediate self-association. The results suggest that recognition of polyanionic markers on host cells and tissues by factor H, and the resulting regulation of complement activation, may involve formation of dimers and tetramers of factor H.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases glucose production in vivo via effects on liver glycogenolysis and glucose-6-phosphatase activity

Methods: Male rats were 4-8 hours fasted. Rats were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg of sodium pentabarbitol. Catheters were placed in the carotid artery (blood sampling), jugular vein (infusions), and jejunal vein (treatment). Experiments were 90 minutes in duration. Isotope Dilution: 6,6 H2Glucose was infused for the duration of the experiment to estimate glucose production. Pancreatic Clamp Technique: In all rats, somatostatin was infused (2 μg/kg/min) to inhibit pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion. Insulin and glucagon were then replaced at basal levels. Treatment: Six rats were infused with tunicamycin (inhibits protein glycosylation to induce ER stress) as the treatment group. Four rats were infused with saline as the control group. Sampling: Blood samples were taken throughout the 90 minute experiment. A liver sample was taken prior to and following experiments. A kidney sample was taken following experiments. Figure 3. Plasma Insulin and Glucagon Levels Prior to and During Pancreatic Clamps
L-selectin is dispensable for T regulatory cell function postallogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

In murine models, the adoptive transfer of CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibited graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Previous work has indicated a critical role for the adhesion molecule L-selectin (CD62L) in the function of Tregs in preventing GvHD. Here we examined the capacity of naive wild-type (WT), CD62L−/− and ex vivo expanded CD62LLo Tregs to inhibit acute GvHD. Surprisingly, we found that CD62L−/− Tregs were potent suppressors of GvHD, whereas CD62LLo Tregs were unable to inhibit disease despite being functionally competent to suppress allo T cell responses in vitro. Concomitant with improved outcomes, WT and CD62L−/− Tregs significantly reduced liver pathology and systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine production, although CD62L−/− Tregs were less effective in reducing lung pathology. While accumulation of CD62L−/− Tregs in GvHD target organs was equivalent to WT Tregs, CD62L−/− Tregs did not migrate as well as WT Tregs to peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) over the first 2 weeks posttransplantation. This work demonstrated that CD62L was dispensable for Treg-mediated protection from GvHD.
Why does the sun sometimes look like a magnetic monopole.

For three or four consecutive months in 1965 observations of the sun's magnetic field showed that it was predominantly directed out of the sun at all solar latitudes. This interval in the first part of 1965 is near the minimum of the sunspot cycle. Solar activity has been strongly associated with large-scale solar regions with field directed predominantly into the sun, while the observations noted seem to show that just near solar maximum there is almost no field observed to be directed into the sun. An attempt is made to describe and develop these interesting circumstances.
Generalized Label Propagation

Label Propagation is a semi-supervised learning algorithm typically applied to partially labeled graph data sets for classifying unlabeled nodes. Similar to the Personalized PageRank algorithm, Label Propagation is in essence a random walk on a graph, resting on the assumption that similar nodes are more likely to form edges. Graph based models and analysis inform companies about their customers and help make recommendations for targeted ad placement when databases are sparse. We generalize the concept of label propagation to constrain the random walk to regions of the search space where the true solution may lie based on prior knowledge. Specifically, we reformulate the label propagation algorithm as a minimum energy control problem that embraces traditional label propagation as a special case. We apply the formulation to (i) benchmark data sets, and (ii) the Yelp challenge data set. Results indicate the approach is comparable to competing methods for the benchmark data. For the Yelp data, our experiments show a promising 20%–50% improvement over the baseline for select business features.
simplex: An individual-based platform for ecological modeling

A popular approach in ecological modeling explicitly simulates the biology and ecology of individual organisms. Individual-based models (IBM) allow ecological patterns and dynamics to be studied as they emerge from the individual level according to simulated principles and theories. IBMs also allow virtually any aspect of a simulated system to be tracked and recorded for later analysis. I developed a novel IBM platform (i.e., Simplex) to explicitly simulate physiology, life history, resource-limited growth, fluctuating environmental conditions, and community assembly and structure in both fluid and non-fluid environments. Simplex accomplishes three primary tasks in keeping with its namesake (i.e., a generalized notion of a triangle to arbitrary dimensions). First, Simplex assembles and runs stochastic ecological models from random combinations of over 20 state variables. Second, Simplex stores the output of simulations, and generates and stores animations. Third, Simplex provides R Markdown files for analyzing simulation data. The Simplex source code is freely available, includes a standard ODD description protocol, is open to community-based revision, includes unit testing and time testing, and has been developed to run on modest hardware.
Invited Review: Pulmonary capillary stress failure

The pulmonary blood-gas barrier is an extraordinary bioengineering structure because of its vast area but extreme thinness. Despite this, almost no attention has been given to its mechanical properties. The remarkable area and thinness come about because gas exchange occurs by passive diffusion. However, the barrier also needs to be immensely strong to withstand the very high stresses in the capillary wall when capillary pressure rises during exercise. The strength of the thin region of the barrier comes from type IV collagen in the basement membranes. When the stresses in the capillary walls rise to high levels, ultrastructural changes occur in the barrier, a condition known as stress failure. Physiological conditions that alter the properties of the barrier include severe exercise in elite human athletes. Animals that have been selectively bred for high aerobic activity, such as Thoroughbred racehorses, consistently break their pulmonary capillaries during galloping. Pathophysiological conditions causing stress failure include high-altitude pulmonary edema and overinflation of the lung, which frequently occurs with mechanical ventilation. Remodeling of the capillary wall occurs in response to increased wall stress in diseases such as mitral stenosis. The barrier is able to maintain its extreme thickness with sufficient strength as a result of continual regulation of its wall structure. How it does this is a central problem in lung biology.
De Causis Plantarum

IN a review of Dr. Gunther's edition of Goodyer's Dioscorides in NATURE of February 17, reference is made to Goodyer's translations of Theophrastus, and the statement is made that: “so far as is known, the manuscript translation in the library of Magdalen College prepared by Goodyer in 1622–23 is still the only English version of De Causis Plantarum,”
13C and proton NMR spectra of 2(1H)pyrazinones

Abstract 13C and proton NMR spectra data are given for eleven 2(1H)pyraziones. Assignments of chemical shifts were made by methods which included: deuterium exchange with certain protons of 3-alkyl substituents; change of chemical shifts of certain carbon atoms with change in pH; the use of long-range coupling constants for 13C to protons; and various correlations among assigned spectra.
Quantum-Statistical Modeling of Mixed Inert Gas ICPs

Relative populations of excited neutral and ionic states in reduced-pressure ICPs supported by a binary mixture of helium and an additional inert gas have been shown to obey Fermi-Dirac statistical counting. A single thermodynamic temperature of 2000 K is sufficient to define the distribution of both neutral and ionic state populations. High-energy states of ionic species exhibit a
Hyperprolactinemia with antipsychotic drugs in children and adolescents

There is increasing use of antipsychotic drugs in pediatric and psychiatry practice for a wide range of behavioral and affective disorders. These drugs have prominent side effects of interest to pediatric endocrinologists, including weight gain and associated metabolic risk factors and hyperprolactinemia. The drugs block dopamine action, thus disinhibiting prolactin secretion. Hyperprolactinemia is especially prominent with first-generation antipsychotics such as haloperidol and the second-generation drugs, most commonly risperidone, with some patients developing gynecomastia or galactorrhea or, as a result of prolactin inhibition of gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, amenorrhea. With concern about the long-term effects of antipsychotics on bone mass and pituitary tumor formation, it is prudent to monitor serum prolactin levels in antipsychotic drug-treated pediatric patients and consider treatment with an agent less likely to induce hyperprolactinemia.
Population changes and restaurant success

Abstract As a region's population grows, one might expect similar growth in restaurant sales. While that's generally the case, the relationship is not direct—and sometimes it doesn't work at all.
Adipocytokines, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance During Combined Androgen Blockade for Prostate Cancer

OBJECTIVES Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists increase fat mass, decrease insulin sensitivity, and increase serum triglycerides. To better characterize the metabolic effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment, we prospectively evaluated the changes in body composition, insulin sensitivity, and levels of adiponectin, resistin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). We also assessed the relationships among changes in adipocytokines, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. METHODS In this prospective, 12-week study, 25 nondiabetic men with locally advanced or recurrent prostate cancer and no radiographic evidence of metastases were treated with leuprolide depot and bicalutamide. The outcomes studied included changes from baseline to week 12 in body composition, insulin sensitivity, and levels of adiponectin, resistin, CRP, and PAI-1. RESULTS The mean +/- standard error percentage of fat body mass increased by 4.3% +/- 1.3% from baseline to week 12 (P = 0.002). The insulin sensitivity index decreased by 12.9% +/- 7.6% (P = 0.02). The serum adiponectin levels increased by 37.4% +/- 7.2% from baseline to week 12 (P <0.001). In contrast, the resistin, CRP, and PAI-1 levels did not change significantly. Changes in body composition tended to be associated with changes in adiponectin, but not insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Combined androgen blockade with leuprolide and bicalutamide significantly increased fat mass and adiponectin levels and decreased insulin sensitivity but did not alter the resistin, CRP, or PAI-1 levels. This pattern of metabolic changes appears distinct from the classic metabolic syndrome.
Criminal behavior and post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans.

Abstract When a sample of Vietnam veterans who has been incarcerated in the state prisons of Iowa were compared with a sample of Vietnam veterans from the community, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found to be roughly the same, 39% and 37%, respectively. Ratings of combat stress to which these veterans had been exposed were also similar, although high combat stress was associated with the development of PTSD in both groups. On the other hand, a greater proportion of veteran inmates were found to have antisocial personality disorder with an onset prior to military service. Thirty-six percent met criteria for antisocial personality compared to 7% of the control group. Alcohol and drug abuse were also identified more frequently among incarcerated veterans, particularly those with PTSD. In no instance was a direct relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and crimes leading to imprisonment observed. The findings indicate that, although aggressive tendencies may result from combat exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder does not have an important causal relationship to felonious behavior.
Prospective randomized comparison of safety and efficacy of nicardipine and nitroprusside drip for control of hypertension in the neurosurgical intensive care unit.

Objective The calcium channel blocker nicardipine (NC) is effective for acute control of hypertension. However, efficacy and safety in neurosurgical patients have not been evaluated. We sought to compare NC with the most commonly used agent, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods We performed a prospective randomized comparison of the safety and efficacy of NC and SNP in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. We assessed the number of dose adjustments per patient day, proportion of time within set blood pressure parameters, use of additional medications for blood pressure control, clinical outcome, and drug-related complications. Results Two hundred patients were screened and 163 patients were randomized, including 89 in the SNP group and 74 in the NC group. In 107 patients, intravenous blood pressure control was started; 60 of these patients received SNP and 47 received NC. When analyzed by intent to treat, patients randomized to NC had fewer dose adjustments per day: 5.7 versus 8.8 in the nitroprusside group (P = 0.0012, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). There were fewer additional medications per day to maintain blood pressure control in the NC group: 1.4 versus 1.9 for SNP (P = 0.043, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Blood pressure control was similar (NC, 66% of the time within parameters; SNP, 69%). "As-treated" analysis maintained the apparent advantage of NC. Conclusion When used for control of hypertension in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, NC and SNP were both safe and effective, but patients on an NC drip required fewer dose adjustments and fewer additional medications.
Footprint: ignoring the facts that don't fit the theory

The eco-sceptic idea that wealth leads to sustainability overlooks all reasonable evidence.
Continental-scale variation in otolith geochemistry of juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima)

We assembled a comprehensive atlas of geochemical signatures in juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) to discriminate natal river origins on a large spatial scale and at a high spatial resolution. Otoliths and (or) water samples were collected from 20 major spawning rivers from Florida to Quebec and were analyzed for elemental (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca, and Ba:Ca) and isotope ( 87 Sr: 86 Sr and d 18 O) ratios. We examined correlations between water chemistry and otolith composition for five rivers where both were sampled. While Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, 87 Sr: 86 Sr, and d 18 O values in otoliths reflected those ratios in ambient waters, Mg:Ca and Mn:Ca ratios in otoliths varied independently of water chemistry. Geochemical signatures were highly distinct among rivers, with an average classification accuracy of 93% using only those variables where otolith values were accurately predicted from water chemistry data. The study represents the largest assembled data- base of otolith signatures from the entire native range of a species, encompassing approximately 2700 km of coastline and 19 degrees of latitude and including all major extant spawning populations. This database will allow reliable estimates of natal origins of migrating ocean-phase American shad from the 2004 annual cohort in the future. Resume´ : Nous avons compileun vaste atlas des signatures geochimiques des jeunes aloses savoureuses (Alosa sapidis- sima) afin de pouvoir reconnaoˆtre leur riviere d'origine a la naissance sur une grande echelle geographique et aune forte resolution spatiale. Nous avons recoltedes otolithes et (ou) des echantillons d'eau dans 20 rivieres importantes pour la re- production de la Floride au Quebec et nous avons mesureles rapports des elements (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca et Ba:Ca) et des isotopes ( 87 Sr: 86 Sr et d 18 O). Nous avons examineles correlations entre la chimie de l'eau et la composition des oto- lithes dans cinq rivieres oules deux ont eteechantillonnees. Alors que les valeurs de Sr:Ca, Ba:Ca, 87 Sr: 86 Sr et d 18 O dans les otolithes refletent les rapports mesures dans les eaux ambiantes, les rapports Mg:Ca et Mn:Ca dans les otolithes varient independamment de la chimie de l'eau. Les signatures geochimiques sont tres distinctes d'une riviere al'autre et la jus- tesse moyenne des classifications est de 93 % lorsqu'on utilise seulement les variables dont la teneur dans les otolithes peut etre predite avec precision a partir des donnees de chimie des eaux. Notre etude comprend la plus grande banque de signatures d'otolithes provenant de l'ensemble de l'aire de repartition indigene d'une espece, couvrant environ 2700 km de cotes et 19 degres de latitude et incluant toutes les principales populations reproductrices actuelles. Cette banque de don- nees permettra dans le futur des determinations fiables de la riviere d'origine ala naissance des aloses de la cohorte an- nuelle de 2004 en migration durant leur phase oceanique. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Morphological evidence for antiparallel peptide chains in poly glycylprolylproline.

Abstract The crystals of poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) produced from dioxane-water mixtures are hydrated and give collagen-like powder diffraction patterns. Morphology typical of crystalline biopolymers is observed, including lamellar single crystals, spherulites, sheaves and hedrites. The lamellar crystal thickness is a function of molecular weight; crystals only form when the molecular weight of the substance exceeds 6000. Although electron diffraction data were not obtained, the indications are that the molecular axis lies perpendicular to the lamellar surface. In conjunction with X-ray diffraction information, the indications are that poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) forms antiparallel triple helices with collagen-like peptide repeat.
Assessing Social Anxiety in African American Youth using the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children

Examined measurement invariance and cut-off scores of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) using data corresponding to a convenience sample of 501 African American and Caucasian youth (Mage = 11.62 years, 249 girls; 49% with social anxiety disorder) using exploratory structural equation modeling and a weighted least squares mean variance estimator. For the cut-off scores, Receiver Operator Characteristic analyses were used along with Youden’s index to evaluate the balance between sensitivity and specificity. Overall, results supported the SPAI-C’s cross-race invariance but a few items emerged as non-invariant. Compared to past research, lower SPAI-C cutoff scores were found (13 to 15 range). Findings support research showing that African American youth generally have significantly lower (or similar) social anxiety levels than their White counterparts. Suggestions for using the SPAI-C with African American under non-invariant conditions youth are provided and implications of using lower cutoff scores are discussed.
Children's Writing Ability: The Impact of the Pictorial Stimulus.

A previous study by Cole, Muenz, Ouchi, Kaufman, and Kaufman (1997b) demonstrated that the type of stimulus used to elicit a written response had a marked impact for items measuring organization, unity, coherence, and so forth. However, the aforementioned study had a notable limitation: the sample was comprised only of older adolescents and adults. The current study sought to replicate the Cole et al. study with a more appropriate sample. The current sample was comprised of 29 randomly selected middle school students; the mean grade was 6.76 (SD = 0.74) and the mean age was 12.35 years (SD = 0.90). Participants were asked to write two stories, one that was based on a line drawing from the Peabody Individual Achievement Test–Revised (PIAT-R) Written Expression Subtest, and one based on criteria by Hooper et al. (1994). Stories were scored on ten items that measured writing mechanics, and ten items measured thematic, organizational items. As predicted by the Cole et al. results, items measuring written mechanics did not show a difference between the two prompt types, whereas items measuring thematic, organizational writing were significantly higher for stories written to the Hooper et al. style prompt. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF TABS ON SUPERSONIC JETS USING ADVANCED DIAGNOSTICS

The effect of tabs on supersonic jets has been assessed using two laser-based experimental techniques. In the first instance, visualizations of the mixing layer were obtained simultaneously from two orthogonal vantage points, yielding considerable insight into the characteristics of the mixing. Secondly, quantitative data were gathered using a filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) technique. Instantaneous images were collected for both techniques using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser and intensified charge-coupled device cameras. Average streamwise velocities were measured hi isothermal Mach 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 jets using FRS across the two-dimensional image field. When tabs were employed, the molecular scattering clearly showed the drastic deformation of the jet. From these images, quantitative data was derived that definitively identifies the presence of counter-rotating streamwise vortices generated by each tab.
PARALLEL PROCESSING FOR CHROMOSOME RECONSTRUCTION FROM PHYSICAL MAPS - A CASE STUDY OF MIMD PARALLELISM ON THE HYPERCUBE

Ordering clones from a genomic library into physical maps of whole chromosomes presents a pivotal computational problem in genetics. Previous research has shown the physical mapping problem to be isomorphic to the NP-complete Optimal Linear Arrangement (OLA) problem for which no polynomial-time algorithm for determining the optimal solution is known. Serial implementations of stochastic global optimization techniques such as simulated annealing yielded very good results but proved computationally intensive. The design, analysis and implementation of coarse-grained parallel MIMD algorithms for simulated annealing on the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube is presented. Data decomposition and control decomposition strategies based on Markov chain decomposition, perturbation methods and problem-specific annealing heuristics are proposed and applied to the physical mapping problem. A suite of parallel algorithms are implemented on an 8-node Intel iPSC/860 hypercube, exploiting the nearest-neighbor communication pattern ...
An approach to computerized space planning using graph theory

One technique in space planning that has received a lot of attention in the last five years is the use of linear graphs for representing floor plans (Levin, 1964; Casalaina and Rittel, 1967; Krejcirik, 1969; Grason, 1970a, 1970b, 1970c; Teague, 1970). The fact that this paper describes one such technique will probably provide its chief attraction for space planners. However, the paper is also intended as a case study in computer-implemented design. One of its purposes is to illustrate the relationship between the representation chosen for a design problem and the methods developed for solving that problem. This aspect will be introduced in more detail in the next section.The paper treats computerized space planning by discussing methods for the solution of a formal class of floor plan design problems. These methods have been implemented in an experimental computer program called GRAMPA (for GRAph Manipulating PAckage). The methods of solution depend on a special linear graph representation for floor plans called the dual graph representation and a pseudo-grammar called PGG for specifying these graphs.This paper is a condensation of a much larger document (Grason, 1970c). Because of this, the primary emphasis will be placed on results, rather than the reasoning behind the results. The interested reader can consult the larger document for more detailed descriptions of the material presented.
Diffuse kinetochores and holokinetic anaphase chromatin movement during mitosis in the hemipteran Agallia constricta (leafhopper) cell line AC-20

Mitosis in the hemipteran Agallia constricta (leafhopper) cell line AC-20 was examined by light microscopy of living and fixed cells. During early prometaphase the numerous small (0.30-3.0-microns) chromosomes appear as discrete units that lack a primary constriction. However, by late prometaphase the chromosomes are tightly packed at the spindle equator and are no longer clearly resolvable as individuals. When viewed from the side the metaphase chromatin appears as a 2-3-microns wide band that spans the width of the spindle; when viewed from the pole it appears as a fenestrated disk. The metaphase chromatin splits at anaphase into two sister chromatin plates, each of which exhibits holokinetic poleward movement, i.e., all parts of each plate move as a single unit with the same velocity. In many early-to-mild anaphase cells the separating sister plates are connected by chromatin-containing bridges that break as anaphase progresses. Ultrastructural analyses of serial thick and thin sections from cells fixed by conventional, OsO4/KFeCN, or high pressure rapid freezing methods, reveal that by metaphase all of the chromosomes are interconnected to form a large, irregularly shaped fenestrated disk of chromatin. Similar analyses reveal that adjacent chromatids remain interconnected throughout anaphase. Each disk of metaphase and anaphase chromatin contains numerous kinetochores recessed within its pole-facing surface. Kinetochores consist of a fine, faintly staining fibrillar material arranged along the chromatin surface as thin (0.1-0.3 micron dia.) rods varying considerably (0.15-2.3 microns) in length. From these observations we conclude that the polycentric metaphase chromatin of A. constricta, and its holokinetic behavior during anaphase, arises from the aggregation or cohesion of smaller prometaphase chromosomes, each of which contains a single, diffuse kinetochore.
SAH Pituitary Adrenal Dysfunction

Disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis may occur after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, resulting in hypopituitarism. An electronic literature search was conducted to identify articles with English-language abstracts published between 1980 and March 2011 that addressed hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis insufficiency and hormone replacement. A total of 18 observational and prospective, randomized studies were selected for this review. Limited data are available evaluating pituitary effects during the acute stage after subarachnoid hemorrhage, with inconsistent results reported. Overall, acutely after subarachnoid hemorrhage, cortisol levels may initially be supranormal, decreasing toward normal levels over time. During the months to years after subarachnoid hemorrhage, pituitary deficiency may occur in up to one in three patients. Limited data suggest modest outcome benefits with fludrocortisone and no benefit or harm from corticosteroids.
Accessory Tragi and Associated Syndromes Involving the First Branchial Arch

Although most deformities in front of the tragi are limited abnormalities, they may be signs of certain associated congenital syndromes that result from maldevelopment of the mandibular arch.
The microwave spectra, conformations, and dipole moments of 4-cyanocyclopentene

Abstract Microwave spectra have been observed and assigned for the axial and equatorial conformations of 4-cyanocyclopentene. For the axial species the rotational constants in megahertz are A = 5095.77, B = 2185.81, and C = 1936.50; for the equatorial species the values are A = 6762.66, B = 1916.72, and C = 1590.60. Dipole moment measurements yielded | μ a | = 3.48 D and | μ c | = 2.51 D for the axial form and | μ a | = 3.85 D and | μ c | = 1.10 D for the equatorial form. Relative intensity measurements showed the equatorial conformer to be 400 ± 60 cal mole −1 lower in energy. Several sets of vibrational satellites were observed and natural abundance C 13 spectra were obtained for the equatorial conformer.
The Black Female Adolescent: A Review of the Educational, Career and Psychological Literature

This article presents a basic overview of the literature on the educational, career, and psychological development of black female adolescents. Adolescence is defined primarily in terms of individuals' attempts to deal effectively with life developmental tasks. As such, adolescence is viewed as that broad period covering the ages of 12 to 21. Emphasis is placed, however, on the early and mid-stages of adolescent development. Comparisons and contrasts are made regarding the development of black female, black male, white male, and white female adolescents.