cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The preputial gland as an indicator of social dominance in male mice.

Preputial gland weight was assessed in dominant and subordinate male, C57BL/6J mice following 14 days of grouping under two conditions: (a) two males per cage using isolated males as controls and (b) groups of two males and one female per cage where single males cohabiting with females served as controls. Weight of this pheromone-producing gland was not affected by the presence of females. Preputial glands of dominant males, however, averaged 84 and 86% heavier than those of control males in the two experiments. Preputial glands of subordinates were significantly smaller than controls in the first experiment but not the second. Based on a comparison of weight ranges in the various treatments, it can be concluded that this gland actually grows in size during the attainment and/or maintenance of a dominant social position.
Delayed Subluxation of an Occult Traumatic Odontoid Fracture in an Elderly Patient

The issue of whether a traumatic but occult cervical spine fracture can exist has generated significant debate in emergency medicine. The profound clinical and legal implications of missing an unstable cervical spine injury are well known to the emergency care provider. An elderly patient who satisfies all of the rigorous criteria for this type of injury is discussed. The patient experienced delayed subluxation of her acute odontoid fracture during a flexion/extension examination completed in the ED, with resultant development of cervical discomfort. Elderly victims of trauma with an appropriate mechanism of injury should be suspected of subtle or occult neck injuries.
Corruption, the power of state and big business in Soviet and post-Soviet regimes

Abstract The growth of corruption after 1991 was probably unavoidable. The privatization of the state economy created favorable conditions for corruption, which did not exist before. The feudalization of a society, with its weakening of the state and the high autonomy of its office holders, was another major factor behind the outburst of corruption. However, while these “objective” factors account for a great part of corruption's growth, the transformation of the leaders of the country to people who encouraged corruption for their own benefit—one of the major elements of feudalization—also played an extremely large role in spreading corruption inside the country. Corruption poses greater concerns to society in the long term. Russian corruption undermines labor ethics, particularly among younger generations. Russian youths firmly believe that bribes and connections are the best and perhaps only way to become successful. Widespread corruption creates a parallel, semi-feudal chain of command that competes with the official hierarchy. The weakness of law enforcement agencies, as well as the army—now almost totally demoralized—is, to a great extent, the product of corruption.
Critical care organization

The organizational structure of critical care services likely affects the quality of patient care, and ultimately, patient outcomes. Based on the available data, the ideal intensive care unit would be a closed-unit staffed by dedicated intensivists. Whether or not around-the-clock intensivist staffing is necessary, however, is debatable. Because financial realities preclude all units from being ideal, alternative strategies for organization must be explored.
Fetal anomalies: ethical and legal considerations in screening, detection, and management

A number of ethical considerations arise with regard to screening for, detecting, and managing fetal anomalies. Some of these considerations involve the need to give attention to emotional distress the pregnant woman might be experiencing. The ethical principle of beneficence gives rise to a duty of the obstetrician to provide emotional support when needed in relation to screening, confirmatory testing, giving bad news, making abortion decisions, making management decisions after viability, and dealing with the grieving process. Other issues involve ethical decision-making, such as deciding what recommendations to make concerning management of fetal anomalies after viability. The ethical principle of autonomy creates a duty of the obstetrician to help the pregnant woman make informed management decisions based on her values and goals. A recommendation for a particular approach to management is sometimes ethically justifiable on the basis of an analysis of the risks and benefits to the mother and fetus. Legal considerations are relevant because they create requirements or prohibitions that must be taken into account in ethical decision-making. The discussion in this article does not exhaust the range of issues that arise. For example, sometimes a delivery procedure is considered that is traumatic to the fetus, such as cephalocentesis for vaginal delivery of a fetus with hydrocephaly. The reader is referred to other sources for a discussion of the ethics of delivery procedures that might injure or kill the fetus. Other issues involve deciding when there is a duty to offer new prenatal genetic tests, routinely or for high-risk couples, and whether to carry out maternal requests for prenatal tests for late-onset diseases and susceptibilities to diseases. These issues have been discussed elsewhere.
CUSTOMER SERVICE COMPETITION IN BUSINESS TO BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL MARKETS: MYTHS AND REALITIES

In business to business marketing, customer service offers firms the opportunity to differentiate themselves from competitors and thereby establish a competitive edge. However, competing on the basis of customer service presents its own problems in the area of effectively segmenting markets and dealing with the free‐ride phenomenon. This article reviews the premise of customer service competition. The findings are integrated into a set of guidelines for the organization contemplating the use of customer service as a competitive tool.
Role of expectations and explanations in learning by teaching

The present study examined the role of preparing to teach (i.e., teaching expectancy) and actually teaching (i.e., explaining to others) on immediate and long-term learning. In Experiment 1, participants studied a base version or an enhanced version of a paper-based lesson on how the Doppler Effect works with the expectation of taking a test on the material or with the expectation of teaching the material by providing a video-recorded lecture. Results indicated that those who prepared to teach (without actually teaching) outperformed those who prepared for a test on an immediate comprehension test (i.e., a teaching expectancy effect; d = .55), regardless of the format of the lesson. In Experiment 2, participants studied while expecting to be tested or expecting to teach the material; some then actually did teach the material by providing a video-recorded lecture, whereas others received additional study time. Results indicated that those who actually taught the material outperformed those who did not teach on a delayed comprehension test (i.e., a teaching effect; d = .56), though this effect was strongest for those who also prepared to teach. Overall, these findings are consistent with the idea that preparing to teach results in short-term learning gains, whereas the act of teaching (i.e., by explaining the material to others) coupled with preparing to teach is important for long-term learning.
Single-Stranded DNA is not a Worm-Like Chain

The structure of unfolded, flexible polyelectrolytes in solution, while an important subject for understanding various biological and technological phenomena such as RNA and protein folding and the self-assembly of DNA nanostructures, is poorly understood. While it is well-known and tested that semi-flexible polyelectrolytes, such as dsDNA, behave as Worm-Like Chains (WLC) with a scale-dependent electrostatic persistence length, validity of this model for flexible polyelectrolytes is doubtful. However, throughout the literature, data on flexible polyelectrolytes are naively fit to WLC models due to the simplicity of the analytical expressions. Here, we examine the validity of the WLC model for flexible polyelectrolytes using single-molecule force spectroscopy on ssDNA. We find that the force-extension data cannot be adequately fit to the Marko-Siggia prediction for the WLC even after accounting for electrostatic effects. Rather, our data reveal a self-avoiding walk regime consistent with scaling predictions at low force followed by a regime where the extension scales as a logarithm with force over a broad range of moderate forces and monovalent salt concentrations. Further, we run molecular dynamics simulations on a bead-spring model polyelectrolyte under tension and reproduce this logarithmic behavior in monovalent salt, indicating that it is indeed a general behavior for flexible polyelectrolytes. Examining the structure factor of the simulated polymer reveals a highly wrinkled, ion-stabilized structure at length scales smaller than a Debye length which defies characterization as a WLC. Addition of divalent salt to either the simulation or experiment results in enhanced flexibility indicating increased wrinkling or polymer “wrapping” around the divalent ions.
In Defense of a Quantificational Account of Definite DPs

Two types of arguments support a quantificational view of definite DPs. First, definite DPs share properties with other quantified expressions. In particular, they pattern together in antecedent-contained deletion constructions, they show weak crossover effects, and at least some of them interact scopally with other quantified expressions. Second, the apparent failure of (some) definite DPs to interact scopally with other quantified expressions and to exhibit island effects stems from two properties of definite DPs: they are all principal filters, and the witness set of singular definite DPs is a singleton. These two properties have the effect of rendering the wide and narrow scope readings of definite DPs indistinguishable.
Arthroscopic Repair of Posterior Instability

Posterior subluxation is commonly seen in overhead and collision athletes. It can result from a traumatic event disrupting the posterior labrum or repetitive movements that create a posterior capsular pouch. The retroversion of the humerus and glenoid, combined with the natural internal rotation of the arm at rest, can create additional symptoms with routine daily activity. Symptomatic posterior instability in patients that does not respond to conservative management can be repaired with a high degree of successful stabilization using arthroscopic techniques. Labral repair with suture anchors, combined with posteroinferior capsular plication, has returned many athletes to their prior sport. Additional findings, including reverse humeral capsular avulsions, can be repaired at the same time.
Lighting for caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit

The primary aim of this article is to define good lighting for caregivers (both medical staff and families) working in the hospital neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and other areas associated with the critical care environment. Defining good lighting requires understanding that lighting is not only important for the infants in the NICU but that it also plays significant roles for adults in the NICU. First, lighting supports visual processes (eg, acuity, color vision, visual performance). Second, lighting affects circadian regulation (eg, alertness, sleeping, hormone production). Finally, lighting communicates a message to professional staff as well as parents and visitors about the level of care and sophistication provided by the hospital. By thoughtfully addressing all three roles, the lighted environment in the NICU can support the productivity and well-being of the professional staff, the health and safety of patients, as well as the profitability of the NICU. A secondary aim of this chapter is to provide practical guidance to health care professionals on how to articulate good lighting objectives to application engineers and designers responsible for the lighting in the NICU.
Perceptions of mobile coupons: A cross-national study

This study investigates cross-national differences between young consumers’ intentions to use mobile coupons and their attitudes towards SMS coupons. A survey was conducted for collecting data from the universities in the US, Korea and Taiwan. The convenience samples consisted of 171 American, 154 Korean and 198 Taiwanese students. The results reveal that young American consumers’ acceptance of mobile coupons is influenced by perceived control and brand value. Young Korean and Taiwanese consumers’ intentions to use mobile coupons are mainly affected by the economic value of the coupons. The convenience of mobile coupons allows international advertisers to distribute mobile coupons in Asian markets without the need for setting up an elaborate redemption system. In the US, opting into mobile marketing services should be less restrictive and easy to terminate. In Asia, issuing mobile coupons for group use is a tactic to get young Asian consumers to interact with the brand.
A novel phase-shift generator

A constant-amplitude phase-shift generator is described. It produces a sinusoidal signal of frequency f from a pulse train of frequency 6f. The phase of the output is linearly and continuously variable, and controlled by a shaft rotation. The phase-shift circuit is completely independent of frequency over the region of interest, except that a single capacitor may be chosen to produce an optimum waveform.
Giant Aneurysm of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in a Pediatric Patient with Behcet’s Disease

Behcet's disease is a rare autoimmune vasculitis characterized by oral aphthosis, genital ulcers, and ocular and cutaneous lesions. Vascular involvement usually affects the veins more commonly than the arteries, and coronary arterial involvement is extremely rare. We report an adolescent with Behcet's disease who developed a large pseudoaneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery requiring a coronary arterial bypass graft.
Bilateral fetal hydroceles in utero

Abstract We illustrate the ultrasonic imaging characteristic of bilateral fetal hydroceles and its intrascrotal contents. Ultrasonography is a useful tool in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies.
Mechanism of nitric oxide release from S-nitrosothiols

S-Nitrosothiols have many biological activities and have been suggested to be intermediates in signal transduction. The mechanism and products of S-nitrosothiol decomposition are of great significance to the understanding of nitric oxide (.NO) biochemistry. S-Nitrosothiols are stable compounds at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 in the presence of transition metal ion chelators. The presence of trace transition metal ions (present in all buffers) stimulates the catalytic breakdown of S-nitrosothiols to .NO and disulfide. Thiyl radicals are not formed as intermediates in this process. Photolysis of S-nitrosothiols results in the formation of .NO and disulfide via the intermediacy of thiyl radicals. Reduced metal ion (e.g. Cu+) decomposes S-nitrosothiols more rapidly than oxidized metal ion (e.g. Cu2+) indicating that reducing agents such as glutathione and ascorbate can stimulate decomposition of S-nitrosothiol by chemical reduction of contaminating transition metal ions. Transnitrosation can also stimulate S-nitrosothiol decomposition if the product S-nitrosothiol is more susceptible to transition metal ion-catalyzed decomposition than the parent S-nitrosothiol. Equilibrium constants for the transnitrosation reactions of reduced glutathione, either with S-nitroso-N-acetyl-dl-penicillamine or with S-nitroso-L-cysteine indicate that S-nitrosoglutathione formation is favored. The biological relevance of S-nitrosothiol decomposition is discussed.
The entrepreneurial imperative of the 21st century

Today is a time of global innovation revolution. In virtually every nation, every industry, and every market, innovation is driving value in novel ways. The development, application, and enhancement of new technologies are occurring at a breathtaking pace. Innovation is determining the way business is conducted at every level. As the number of new ventures, products, technologies, and patents explodes worldwide, established companies can either become victims of this innovation revolution or they can join the revolution. The world is in the midst of a new wave of economic development, with entrepreneurship and innovation as the catalysts. The nature of business has been transformed in this fast-paced, highly threatening, and increasingly global environment. Dramatic and ongoing changes force executives to regularly re-examine the basic purpose of their organizations, and to become much more flexible in their approach to serving multiple stakeholders. Companies find themselves having to continually redefine their markets, restructure their operations, and modify their business models. As the rules of the competitive game keep changing, companies begin to realize that sustainable competitive advantage is fleeting. Yet in the midst of this turmoil, successful companies have made the fundamental discovery that innovation drives success (McGregor, 2008). The ability to continually innovate–—to engage in an ongoing
Lipids and lipoproteins as risk factors for coronary heart disease in men with abnormal glucose tolerance: the Honolulu Heart Program.

. Objectives. To evaluate lipids and lipoproteins as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) in older men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) or abnormal glucose tolerance compared with normoglycaemic men. Design. A prospective, population-based cohort study based on the lipoprotein examination (1970–72) of the Honolulu Heart Program. Follow-up was through to December 1988. Setting. Honolulu, Hawaii. Subjects. Japanese-American men, ages 51–72 at baseline: 2042 with 1 h glucose < 12.5 mmol l−1 (normal group); 376 on oral hypoglycaemic agents or with 1 h glucose ≥ 12.5 mmol l−1 after 50 g oral glucose challenge (abnormal glucose tolerance group). None had prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke at baseline. Main outcome measures. Incident CHD: definite nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or fatal CHD. Results. There were 221 incident cases in the normal group, and 65 in the abnormal glucose tolerance group. Total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were significant predictors of incident CHD in men with NIDDM or abnormal glucose tolerance after controlling for age, body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, pack-years of cigarettes and alcohol consumption (P < 0.05). Total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were significant predictors in normal men, and HDL cholesterol was of borderline significance. Conclusions. Abnormal lipids and lipoproteins are significant, independent predictors of CHD in subjects with NIDDM or abnormal glucose tolerance. Attention to lipid and lipoproteins as CHD risk factors should be part of clinical management of these patients.
Sprouting peptides in unprejudiced conformation space searches

Abstract Methods of generating polypeptide structures which have a high probability of slipping into reasonable minimum energy structures are presented. Unfortunately, when compared to the structures obtained by minimizing from a crystal structure starting point, all our methods fail to do as good a job as “nature”, raising again the alarm that the prediction of secondary structure from primary structure is nowhere near being achievable.
Observing a function of the state

This paper discusses a well known change of co-ordinates for multiple output systems from a different viewpoint, and a new, simplified, low order observer design. The discussion of the transformation given here exhibits more of the system structure than previous presentations. The observer design procedure does not require explicitly performing a change of basis on the system, and includes the construction of the linear transformation relating the system state to the asymptotic observer state.
United States teachers’ views of effective mathematics teaching and learning

This study investigates US teachers’ cultural beliefs concerning effective mathematics teaching using semi-structured interviews with 11 experienced teachers. For US teachers, effective teaching is student-centered. Cognitively appropriate mathematical content should be understood through many hands-on activities that allow students to explore by themselves the relationship between mathematical knowledge and their life experiences. Correspondingly, the US teachers view an effective teacher as a facilitator who is sensitive to student social and cognitive needs and is skillful at organizing collaborative learning. The result of this study helps researchers and educators understand the student-centered learning model in US classrooms.
Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Decreases Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Zinc in 45‐Day‐Old Rats

The long-term consequences of prenatal ethanol exposure on histochemically detectable hippocampal mossy fiber zinc was examined using a recently developed quantitative histofluorescence procedure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained throughout gestation on one of three dietary regimens: (a) a liquid diet containing either 3.35% ethanol, (b) an isocalorically matched liquid diet pair-fed to the 3.35% ethanol group, or (c) lab chow ad libitum. At 45 days of age, offspring from each of the three diet groups were sacrificed for determination of hippocampal mossy fiber zinc and zinc analysis of selected tissues by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Hippocampal mossy fiber zinc was reduced by 36% in dorsal and 20% in ventral hippocampal formation stratum lucidum of rats exposed to the 3.35% ethanol diet compared to the offspring of the pair-fed control and ad libitum control dams. No significant differences in zinc: TS-Q histofluorescence were observed between the ad libitum and pair-fed control groups. No significant differences were observed among groups in tissue wet weight or tissue zinc concentration in any of the brain or other body regions analyzed. These results indicate a long lasting prenatal ethanol exposure-induced reduction in hippocampal mossy fiber zinc in the absence of changes in any indices of total body zinc nutriture. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to relatively low blood ethanol levels (30–40 mg/dl) has subtle, yet long-lasting effects in the hippocampal formation, a brain region important in the process of memory consolidation.
Antiviral susceptibility testing of cytomegalovirus: criteria for detecting resistance to antivirals.

Testing cytomegaloviruses for antiviral susceptibility is increasing especially since the reports of ‘resistance’ to ganciclovir and foscarnet (Erice et al., 1989; Knox et al., 1991). There is however no standardized method for susceptibility testing nor are there criteria for designating an isolate as sensitive or resistant. In a previous paper we utilized a plaque reduction assay and suggested that a resistant strain be defined as one requiring > 12 μM ganciclovir for inhibition of 50% of viral plaques. (Drew et al., 1991) This concentration was chosen because it was at least four-fold greater than the mean concentration required to inhibit pretherapy isolates. In this paper we present the results of testing a large number of isolates prior to and during therapy with either ganciclovir or foscarnet. By analyzing the results of these assays we propose revised criteria for susceptibility of cytomegalovirus ⩽5 μM for ganciclovir and <400 μM for foscarnet.
On the Ethical Stake in Tourism Research

As academic research on tourism enters its fourth decade, the field has become amorphous, sprawling all over the place, and not just geographically. We have reached no agreement on basic questions,...
Electron spin resonance in microcrystalline cubic boron nitride amorphous hydrogenated boron nitride mixed phase thin films

Electron spin resonance and transmission electron microscopy results are reported that confirm the presence of a microcrystalline as well as an amorphous phase in thin boron nitride films grown by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. Line broadening effects in hydrogenated and deuterated samples indicate that a broad central line can be associated with dangling bonds in the amorphous phase, whereas a four-line spectrum and a ten-line spectrum can be associated with paramagnetic boron defect centers located in the microcrystalline phase. The dangling bond concentration is ten times the concentration of the one-boron defects. The hyperfine coupling constant for the one-boron center in the cubic microcrystalline regions is only 20% of the previously reported value for a similar center in hexagonal boron nitride. The relative concentrations of the dangling bonds, the one-boron centers and the three-boron centers depend on the exact plasma conditions used to form the thin films.
Attitudes of Native and Nonnative Speakers Toward Selected Regional Accents of U.S. English

Although some research has been done on the attitudes of native speakers of English toward various regional varieties of U.S. English, few studies have been done on nonnative speakers' reactions toward regional accents. This empirical investigation sought to determine the attitudes of both L1 and L2 listeners toward specific regional accents of U.S. English and to compare and/or contrast those attitudes. The subjects were 97 university students from Florida Institute of Technology, half of whom were L2 listeners (advanced ESL students) and half of whom were L1 listeners. Through the use of a modification of the matched guise technique, the students listened to tapes of the same passage read by a male and female native speaker from each of the following accent groups: (a) southern (South Carolina), (b) northern (New York), and (c) Midwestern (Illinois). Respondents then recorded their attitudes about each of the readers using a Likert scale. The results indicated that the judgments of L2 subjects differed from those of L1 subjects and that L2 subjects were able to perceive differences in regional accents of U.S. English.
“This Place Makes me Proud to be a Woman”: Theoretical explanations for success in entrepreneurship education for low-income women

Abstract Despite serving women who are socially and economically disadvantaged, and despite being chronically under-funded and short-staffed, Women’s Business Centers (WBCs) in the United States have been extraordinarily successful in helping women start businesses [Langowitz, N., Sharpe, N., & Godwyn, M. (2006). Women’s Business Centers in the United States: Effective entrepreneurship training and policy implementation. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 19(2)]. The purpose of this research is to determine the social mechanisms that explain the success of WBCs. Two theories are applied: the macro-theory of middleman minorities [Bonacich, E. (1980). The Economic basis of ethnic solidarity: Small businesses in the Japanese American community. Berkeley: University of California Press; Butler, J. S. (2005a). Entrepreneurship and self-help among Black Americans: A reconsideration of race and economics. NY: State University of New York Press; Butler, J. S. (2005b). Regional wealth creation and the 21st century: Women and “Minorities” in the tradition of economic strangers. Unpublished manuscript. IC@ Institute/Herb Kelleher Center. The University of Texas at Austin], and the microconcept of stereotype threat [Steele, C. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape the intellectual identities and performance of women and African-Americans. American Psychologist, 52, 613–629]. Through survey, focus group and interview data analysis, this study extends the application of middleman minority theory to capture gender solidarity and demonstrates the conceptual applicability of stereotype threat to professional identity. Techniques used by WBCs to engender intra-group solidarity and neutralize the stereotype threat experienced by many female entrepreneurs may be applied to a variety of educational and workplace environments to create “identity safety” for groups whose performance is at risk. Additionally, the methodology used here provides both qualitative and quantitative measurements that are readily transferable to other settings.
Chemical signalling in mice.

Odours play a critical role in the behaviour and physiology of many species. For mice and probably many other species, including humans, an individual9s olfactory identity (its odourtype) is coded in part by a pattern of volatile compounds that is regulated by genes in the major histocompatibility complex, a string of linked genes that is intimately involved in immune function. The mouse olfactory system is exquisitely sensitive to minute variations in odourtypes. Layered within these chemical signals of individuality is information on the age and health status of the mouse. In the case of age, it appears that information is coded based on a pattern of volatile metabolites; we do not know how a mouse detects, for example, the presence of a viral infection in volatiles from an infected mouse. This chemical information serves to regulate mate choice and other aspects of social behaviour.
Separation anxiety in young adults: A preliminary examination

Abstract In this study, the presence of Separation Anxiety Disorder among college students was explored. Using structured questionnaires to measure anxiety and affective disorders in childhood and adulthood, three groups of students were identified: a group who reported meeting diagnostic criteria for current SAD, a group who reported meeting diagnostic criteria for past childhood anxiety disorders but not current SAD (diagnostic controls), and a group who did not meet diagnostic criteria for any past or current psychiatric disorder (normal controls). Results indicated that the SAD group evinced more adjustment problems than the diagnostic or normal comparison groups. The implications of these findings for SAD in young adults are discussed.
Population Density, dispersion, and dispersal estimates for Scarites substriatus, Pterostichus chalcites, and Harpalus pennsylvanicus (Carabidae) in an Iowa cornfield

Population density, dispersion, and dispersal were determined for the adult carabids, Pterostichus chalcites Say, Scarites substriatus Haldeman, and Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer, inhabiting an Iowa cornfield during the summer of 1975. Population density estimates were calculated by a mark and recapture technique. Maximum population densities for P. chalcites , S. substriatus , and H. pennsylvanicus were 0.20 · m−2, 0.08 · m−2, and 0.39 · m−2, respectively. All three species had aggregated dispersion patterns, which were probably due to differences in the environment. Dispersal for P. chalcites and S. substriatus averaged 8.5 and 12.2 m/day, respectively, and individuals of these species were captured an average of 14 days after initial release. H. pennsylvanicus may have dispersed more readily than the other two species and evidently moved into the field from field borders during early to mid-August.
The Consciousness of Being Conscious

Starting with the therapeutic advantage gained when insight acquires consciousness, an investigation of the nature and function of consciousness is undertaken. Consciousness is a state of awareness, having a range of higher mental functions serving a regulatory, controlling, and integrating role in mental activity. There are high levels of thinking, reality testing, experiencing, judging, anticipating; self-awareness and self-reflection enter into these controlling activities. Psychoanalysis has rightly been a science that studies the workings and contents of the unconscious portions of the mind. It has perhaps overlooked the important role that consciousness plays in ordinary life and in providing the levels of control and self-awareness individuals both experience and require. That pathology and disturbances of function may accompany normal states of consciousness as well as altered states of consciousness is a common clinical phenomenon. Psychoanalysis as a therapy widens the scope of the conscious control systems.
Simvastatin Attenuates Axonal Injury after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth of Primary Cortical Neurons

Abstract The beneficial effects of simvastatin on experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on axonal injury and neurite outgrowth after experimental TBI and explored the underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were subjected to controlled cortical impact or sham surgery. Saline or simvastatin was administered for 14 days. A modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test was performed to evaluate functional recovery. Immunohistochemistry studies using synaptophysin, neurofilament H (NF-H) and amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) were performed to examine synaptogenesis and axonal injury. Primary cortical neurons (PCNs) were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by various treatments. Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)/adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) pathways. Simvastatin decreased the density of APP-positive profiles and increased the density of NF-H -positive profiles. Simvastatin reduced mNSS, which was correlated with the increase of axonal density. Simvastatin treatment stimulated the neurite outgrowth of PCNs after OGD, which was attenuated by LY294002 and enhanced by lithium chloride (LiCl). Simvastatin activated Akt and mTOR, inactivated GSK-3β and dephosphorylated APC in the injured PCNs. Our data suggest that simvastatin reduces axonal injury, enhances neurite outgrowth and promotes neurological functional recovery after experimental TBI. The beneficial effects of simvastatin on neurite outgrowth may be mediated through manipulation of the PI-3 K/Akt/mTOR and PI-3 K/GSK-3β/APC pathways.
Evidence for an unlinked gene which modifies HL-A antigen expression.

In a sibship of seven, three of four individuals who inherited the haplotype W29-W10 showed modified expression of W10. Their lymphocytes were non-reactive in the cytotoxic test with three of four W10 antisera, but strongly reactive with the fourth serum. The fourth sib's cells reacted strongly with all four antisera. Absorption of anti-W10 sera by the modified cells removed cytotoxic activity, indicating the presence of W10 antigenic determinants on those cells. Absorption with W10 negative cells did not remove cytotoxicity to W10 cells. This observation of the CYNAP (cytotoxic negative-absorption positive) phenomenon in multiple family members suggests a genetic modifier of HL-A antigenic expression which is unlinked to the HL-A chromosomal complex.
M theory, cosmological constant, and anthropic principle

We discuss the theory of dark energy based on maximally extended supergravity and suggest a possible anthropic explanation of the present value of the cosmological constant and of the observed ratio between dark energy and energy of matter.
Effects of plant size, leaf herbivory, local competition and fruit production on survival, growth and future reproduction of a neotropical herb

Summary 1 The effects of natural variation in herbivory, local competition, plant size, and fruit production on next year’s growth, survival and inflorescence production of individuals in natural populations of Calathea ovandensis were estimated during 5 years. 2 For each year, we estimated path coefficients (by standardized multiple regression analysis) for the direct effects of predictor variables on demographic rates. Separate analyses were performed for each life-history stage: seedlings, juveniles, pre-reproductives and reproductives, for a total of 55 analyses. Emergent patterns for stages were evaluated (Fisher’s combined probability test) by combining years. To determine significance of effects in single years, we calculated table-wide probabilities for each stage across multiple years (Bonferroni sequential test). Emergent patterns for years were also evaluated (Fisher’s combined probability test) by combining stages. 3 Survival of seedlings was positively affected by plant size and negatively affected by local competition. Survival of juveniles was positively affected by plant size, but not by other factors. Survival of large stages was not generally affected by any of the factors. 4 Relative growth rates of all stages were negatively affected by plant size; larger plants grew more slowly than smaller plants. Additionally, growth rate of juveniles was negatively affected by local competition, whereas growth rate of reproductives was positively affected by reproduction. 5 Next year’s inflorescence production was positively affected by plant size for both pre-reproductive and reproductive stages. For reproductives, it was additionally positively affected by current fruit production. 6 Analysis of differences among years showed that herbivory negatively affected both survival and growth in 1985, but not in other years, whereas local competition negatively affected survival in 1983 and growth in 1984. 7 Effects of biotic interactions varied among stages and through time. The large effects of competition on seedlings and juveniles was as expected, but the small effect of herbivory on small plants was surprising as was the striking temporal variation in its effect and its impact on large plants.
The role of test pattern background hue in the McCollough effect

Abstract An experiment is reported in which the role of the spectral characteristics of the test pattern used in eliciting the McCollough Effect was explored. It was found that the effect is still observable when the test pattern, which is usually achromatic, is itself chromatic. Two chromatic test patterns were used and the McCollough Effect was measured by comparing colorimetric matches of the test patterns before and after inspection of red/horizontal and blue/vertical grids observed under the usual McCollough paradigm. One chromatic test pattern overlapped spectrally the energy distributions of the two inspection patterns while the second overlapped neither inspection color. The observation of the McCollough effect on such patterns was taken as further evidence in support of the conditioning model of the effect.
Thermochemistry of oleate adsorption at the fluorite/water interface

Abstract A microcalorimetric technique has been used to measure heats of reaction of oleate in the fluorite system. These isoperibolic thermochemical measurements have been coupled with FTIR spectroscopic measurements to determine the corresponding adsorption densities. The results give further evidence for the initial hypothesis that the adsorption of oleate at the fluorite surface involves both chemisorption and surface-precipitation reactions. The chemisorption reaction is endothermic in nature and predominant at low levels of oleate adsorption. The surface-precipitation reaction is exothermic in nature and predominant at high levels of oleate adsorption.
Surgical management of independent bihemispheric seizure foci

A combination of nonresective and minimally resective (NRMR) procedures were used to treat a series of patients with intractable seizures who were poor candidates for conventional epilepsy surgery because of their independent bihemispheric seizure foci. Over the past 5 years, 10 patients with bihemispheric seizure foci have had seizure surgeries on both hemispheres and have had postoperative follow-up for a minimum of 6 months. Preoperative investigations included magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, and video-EEG monitoring with surface and subdural electrodes. Multiple subpial cortical transection (MST) was the primary procedure in all 10 patients. Following MST, 8 patients had minimal cortical resection (topectomy) in areas that continued to show epileptiform discharges in prolonged trains on intraoperative corticography. In addition, stereotactic amygdalohippocampotomy was performed on 2 patients. The longest follow-up is 62 months, with a median of 16 months. Five patients are free of seizures; 3 have rare seizures; 1 has >90% reduction in seizure frequency; and 1 has complete cessation of myoclonic seizures with >50% reduction in frequency of complex partial seizures. There were no complications from any of the procedures. The results indicate that seizures originating from both hemispheres can be effectively and safely controlled by a combination of surgical procedures.
The Revolutionary Worlds of Lexington and Concord Compared

Since 19 April 1775, Lexington and Concord have been fused in Americans’ cultural memory. Yet Lexington was no Concord. The towns’ social, demographic, political, religious, and ideological differences shed light on their radically different responses to imperial crises as well as on the shared motivations that prompted both—ultimately—to take up arms.
Glans penis width in patients with hypospadias compared to healthy controls.

Abstract Purpose There are no reports of systematically-measured penile dimensions in boys with varying extents of hypospadias. To determine reference values, we prospectively measured maximum glans width in patients undergoing distal and proximal hypospadias repair as well as newborns undergoing elective circumcision. Methods The maximum glans diameter was measured in consecutive boys aged 0–24 months presenting for newborn circumcision (controls), or repair of distal (distal shaft or glanular) and proximal (proximal shaft to perineal) hypospadias. Patients with proximal hypospadias and glans diameter Results Data were obtained in 240 controls, 188 boys with distal hypospadias, and 39 boys with proximal hypospadias. Median ages were 1, 9 and 9 months, respectively. Males undergoing newborn circumcision were younger than both cohorts of hypospadias patients (p Conclusion Some boys with distal and the majority of those with proximal hypospadias have a glans width less than that of the average normal newborn. Glans size does not correlate with age in patients with hypospadias between 3 and 24 months old, supporting the decision to operate as early as 3 months in some centers.
Alpha-decay-induced amorphization in complex silicate structures

Alpha decay in Cm-doped Ca[sub 2]Nd[sub 8](SiO[sub 4])[sub 6]O[sub 2], Pu-doped ZrSiO[sub 4], and natural ZrSiO[sub 4] minerals results in the simultaneous accumulation of point defects and amorphous regions that both contribute to the macroscopic swelling. A composite model for the macroscopic swelling is used to determine the amorphous fraction as a function of cumulative alpha-decay events. The dependence of the derived amorphous fraction in Ca[sub 2]Nd[sub 8](SiO[sub 4])[sub 6]O[sub 2] on cumulative alpha-decay events is consistent with amorphization occurring directly within an individual displacement cascade. In ZrSiO[sub 4], on the other hand, the rate of amorphization is lower and the derived amorphous fraction as a function of cumulative alpha-decay events is consistent with models for amorphization occurring as a result of the local accumulation of high-defect concentrations from the multiple overlapping of displacement cascades.
Finite Deflections of a Rigid-Viscoplastic Strain-Hardening Annular Plate Loaded Impulsively

Abstract : A relatively simple analytical treatment of the behavior of a rigid- plastic annular plate subjected to an initial linear impulsive velocity profile is presented. The influence of finite-deflections has been included in addition to strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity of the plate material. It is shown, for deflections up to the order of twice the plate thickness, that strain-hardening is unimportant, strain-rate sensitivity has somewhat more effect, while membrane forces play a dominant role in reducing the permanent deflections.
Long term potentiation and CaM-sensitive adenylyl cyclase: Long-term prospects

The type I CaM-sensitive adenylyl cyclase is in a position to integrate signals from multiple inputs, consistent with the requirements for mediating long term potentiation (LTP). Biochemical and genetic evidence supports the idea that this enzyme plays an important role inc LTP. However, more work is needed before we will be certain of the role that CaM-sensitive adenylyl cyclases play in LTP.
The x‐ray centennial—Thompsons and Thomsons

When x rays were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in November, 1895, the news spread rapidly through Europe, Great Britain, and the United States and many individuals became involved in their development. Some of the more prominent participants shared the name of Thompson or Thomson, which causes confusion when the history of x rays is discussed because of their similar pronunciation. In Britain they were William Thompson (Lord Kelvin), J. J. Thomson, and Silvanus P. Thompson and in the United States it was Elihu Thomson. In addition, one of the first books on x rays published in the United States was written by Edward Thompson.
Preliminary Construct and Concurrent Validity of the Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA) for Field-Based Research.

This study introduces a portable direct assessment of young children’s self-regulation—the Preschool Self-Regulation Assessment (PSRA). The PSRA was designed to assess self-regulation in emotional, attentional, and behavioral domains by using a brief, structured battery of tasks in conjunction with a global report of children’s behavior. Factor analyses from a pilot sample (N = 63) of Head Start children revealed two self-regulation factors reflecting children’s performance on tasks of impulse control and tasks of compliance/executive control. Assessor report of children’s behavior during the assessment was reduced into two additional factors reflecting children’s global attention/impulse control and positive emotion. Moderate correlations between self-regulation factors and children’s social competence, behavior problems, and early academic skills, provide preliminary evidence of the new measure’s validity, and additional empirical evidence for bivariate relations between academic and self-regulatory competence.
The photorefractive effect in directional coupler and Mach-Zehnder LiNbO/sub 3/ optical modulators at a wavelength of 1.3 mu m

Previous work has shown that at a wavelength of 1.3 mu m and power levels on the order of a few milliwatts, directional coupler switches show negligible damage due to the photorefractive effect. The author's experiments at higher power levels (20 mW) show a significant reduction in performance for 1-cm-long directional coupler modulators with uniform electrodes. The reduction in modulation efficiency is in good agreement with a numerical simulation based on the coupled mode equations using index changes estimated from previous work. At similar power levels, Mach-Zehnder modulators showed little effect making them a good design for high power applications. Other electrode structures, such as the reverse Delta beta type, might help alleviate the effect in directional couplers. Modulators operating at 1.55 mu m should also show less susceptibility to the effect. >
Economic consequences of unused medications in Houston, Texas

BACKGROUND:It is likely that a large amount of unused and outdated medications exists in households throughout the US; however, the amount and potential costs of these medications are unknown.OBJECTIVE:To determine the amount, types, and costs of unused medications present in a neighborhood surrounding a community pharmacy in Houston, Texas.METHODS:A community trial was conducted between April and September 2002. This pilot study investigated the quantity and types of drugs returned to a community pharmacy over a 6-month period.RESULTS:During the study period, approximately 17 000 oral pills worth over $26 000 were collected in 1315 medication containers. Medications collected were from all drug classes and types (pharmaceutical samples, over-the-counter and prescription drugs).CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrated that an enormous amount of unused medications were present in a community in the US. Community pharmacies may be an ideal venue to collect and destroy these unused drugs.