cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Debt Relief and the International Enforcement of Loan Contracts

It is now apparent that the governments of many developing countries will not repay their debts as initially contracted. Creditors have already forgiven loans to some poor borrowers in Africa. Loans to several middle-income borrowers, mostly in Latin America, trade in secondary markets at enormous discounts, below 10 percent of face value in some cases. Creditors and debtors are negotiating the status of these debts, with relief now likely for them as well. Since 1983 the situation has been seen to be sufficiently troubled to constitute a "debt crisis," although whether the debts actually caused the stagnation and financial chaos in many debtor countries is questionable. Poor economic management at home, along with some adverse changes abroad, probably have more to do with their plight. While the debts themselves may not have caused the crisis, creditors and creditor governments must now adjust to the realization that full repayment is either infeasible or that enforcing full payment is undesirable from the point of view of creditor countries as a whole. The question now is what to do with these debts. The Baker and Brady plans have increased U.S. government involvement in the debt crisis, and have allocated public money toward its resolution. The Kenen plan, discussed in this issue, proposes still more public involvement and, in all likelihood, more public money. Each of these plans is an ad hoc response to the impasse that has arisen between some highly indebted countries and their private creditors, and aspects of each plan may help resolve this impasse. But none of these plans confronts the features of international capital markets that led to the crisis in the first place. My argument here is that the debt crisis that began in 1983 arose from defects in how international capital markets operated the previous decade. A goal of any
Letter from general vice chair Dr. Christian Floerkemeier

It is my pleasure to welcome you to IEEE RFID 2010, the Fourth Annual IEEE International Conference on RFID, held in Orlando, Florida. We are fortunate to have so many talented and dedicated people involved in organizing the conference, performing research in RFID and submitting papers to IEEE RFID. This year's program again showcases the high quality and innovative research that continues to propel RFID technologies into our everyday lives.
Biomimetic chemistry of xylomollin

Abstract Kingiside aglucon ( 2 b ) undergoes stereoselective addition of CH 3 OH to its C(3,4) enol ether double bond to give a C(1,3,9) diastereomer of xylomollin ( 1 ), a secoiridoid aglucon that has insect antifeedant properties.
Kinematic Analysis of Bevel Epicyclic Gear Trains Using Graph Notation

A kinematic analysis technique is introduced to find the velocities of all links in bevel epicyclic gear trains. The method relies on previous work in graph theory. It improves on existing techniques used for analysis of planar geared mechanisms in its ability to accurately solve the kinematics of spatial geared mechanisms, particularly bevel gear trains. Computer software has been developed to demonstrate its usefulness. This discussion is limited to gear trains whose input and output axes are collinear, such as automotive automatic transmissions, although the methodology presented is readily extended to other cases besides the case of collinear input and output axes.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The G72/G30 Gene Complex and Cognitive Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

A recently discovered gene complex, G72/G30 (hereafter G72, but now termed DAOA), was found to be associated with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder, possibly because of an indirect effect on NMDA neurotransmission. In principle, if G72 increases risk for psychosis by this mechanism, it might impact with greater penetrance those cortically based cognitive and neurophysiological functions associated with NMDA signaling. We performed two independent family-based association studies (one sample contained more than 200 families and the other more than 65) of multiple SNPs in the G72 region and of multiple SNPs in the gene for D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), which may be modulated by G72. We examined the relationship between select cognitive measures in attention, working memory, and episodic memory and a restricted set of G72 SNPs in over 600 normal controls, schizophrenic patients, and their nonpsychotic siblings using mixed model ANOVAs. We also determined genotype effects on neurophysiology measures in normal controls using the fMRI BOLD response obtained during activation procedures involving either episodic memory or working memory. There were no significant single G72 SNP associations and clinical diagnosis in either sample, though one approached significance (p=0.06). Diagnosis by genotype interaction effects for G72 SNP 10 were significant for cognitive variables assessing working memory and attention (p=0.05), and at the trend level for episodic memory, such that in the schizophrenia group an exaggerated allele load effect in the predicted directions was observed. In the fMRI paradigms, a strong effect of G72 SNP 10 genotype was observed on BOLD activation in the hippocampus during the episodic memory paradigm. Tests of association with DAAO were consistently nonsignificant. We present evidence that SNP variations in the G72 gene region increase risk of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. SNP variations were not strongly associated with clinical diagnosis in family-based analyses.
Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Juvenile Pink Salmon Diets in the Northern Gulf of Alaska and Prince William Sound

Abstract Fish survival is often determined early in life and can be affected by diet and prey availability. To understand how climate changes affect food web dynamics and salmon survival, it is important to know the types of prey that salmon consume. We describe geographic and seasonal differences in the diets of juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha during 3 months of early ocean residence in Prince William Sound (PWS) and the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Fish were sampled in PWS in July and in the GOA in July, August, and October. The diets and standard lengths of pink salmon varied significantly among stations within each sampling period. There was no discernable geographic pattern in fish length variability. Pink salmon in PWS (July) generally consumed small prey items, such as gastropods, cladocerans, small calanoid copepods, and bivalves, along with some large prey items, such as large calanoid copepods and larvaceans. In August, juvenile pink salmon sampled in the GOA consumed fewer small prey items...
A Novel Insertion Mutation on Exon 20 of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Conferring Resistance to Erlotinib

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase receptor. The small-molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors (TKIs) are in clinical use to treat non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Variable tumor responses to erlotinib and gefitinib have been observed. The response to these TKIs varies by the type of EGFR mutations found in the tumor. The deletion on exon 19 and the L858R substitution on exon 21 constitute the most frequent mutations and are known to show good response to TKIs. However, mutations on exon 20 are less common and seem to respond poorly to TKIs. In clinical settings, the reported response of exon 20 mutations to reversible TKIs (both gefitinib and erlotinib) remains inconstant. The type of coexisting mutation seems to affect the response of these insertions to TKIs. We herein present a case of disease progression despite the use of erlotinib in a female patient who had a novel insertion mutation on exon 20. Our patient was a never-smoker and was identified to have a Pro772_His773insGlnCysPro mutation on exon 20. She had previously been treated with cisplatin and gemcitabine and then with carboplatin and pemetrexed. She was treated with erlotinib upon intolerance to second-line chemotherapy and did not respond. Our patient had a novel insertion mutation on exon 20, which was found to be resistant to erlotinib.
Stages of Change and Condom Use among an Internet Sample of Gay and Bisexual Men

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study using the transtheoretical model was to determine the relationship between stages of change and condom use among gay and bisexual men with primary (steady) and casual (occasional) partners. A convenience sample of 241 gay and bisexual men was recruited from the Internet. The majority of men (n = 198, 82%) never used condoms during anal, vaginal, or oral intercourse with primary partners, indicating they were in the first of five stages of change (precontemplation). Thirty percent (n = 71) of men reported using condoms every time during anal intercourse with casual partners and were in the last stage of change (maintenance). Multiple regression analysis revealed that older bisexual men who informed partners of their HIV status and who were confident and perceived more advantages in using condoms were in higher stages of change. By placing participants into various stages of change, stage specific interventions can be designed.
Torsional dynamics and rigidity of fractionated poly(dGdC).

Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy measurements were performed on two fractionated samples of duplex poly(dGdC) containing 230 (+40, −30) base pairs (bp) and 590 ± 40 bp. Deconvolution using the intermediate zone formula for the twisting correlation functions (which is not valid for such short DNAs) yields apparent torsion constants for these two samples that are disparate and, in any case, too low. By similarly deconvoluting simulated data constructed from the correct twisting correlation functions, it can be inferred that these two samples actually exhibit the same torsion constant, α = (4.0 ± 0.4) × 10−12 dyn cm. Within the experimental uncertainties, this value is the same as that reported previously from this laboratory for linear ϕ29 and linearized M13mp7 DNAs. The 590-bp sample exhibited a peculiar evolution of its apparent torsional rigidity from a very high initial value, = (11 ± 1) × 10−12 dyn cm, to a normal value over a period of several months, during which time many very small fragments appeared to be dissociated from, or annealed out, of the predominant high-molecular-weight species. Possible interpretations of these observations are discussed.
Assessment of the rhizosphere competency and pentachlorophenol-metabolizing activity of a pesticide-degrading strain of Trichoderma harzianum introduced into the root zone of corn seedlings.

To develop a dependable approach to introduce laboratory selected, pesticide-degrading microorganisms into soil environments for the purpose of in situ bioremediation, we tested the possibility of utilizing plant rhizospheres as the vehicle. We first established the rhizosphere competency of a strain of the soil fungus Trichoderma harzianum, a biocontrol species well studied by plant pathologists to colonize plant rhizosphere in many parts of the world. The strain we chose, T.h.2023 is resistant to many fungicides, and it has been shown to metabolize several pesticides. Second, we found that it readily metabolized pentachlorophenol (PCP), which is quickly and stochiometrically converted to pentachloroanisole (PCA) in liquid culture. Taking advantage of this specific feature, we have developed a sensitive metabolic marker approach that allowed us to monitor for the continuous presence and activity of this fungal strain in the corn rhizosphere soil in situ over time.
Design and Synthesis of Molecular Umbrellas

This paper describes the design and synthesis of a series of conjugates derived from cholic acid, spermidine, and 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl (dansyl), which effectively shield the dansyl moiety from water. Direct coupling of cholic acid to both terminal amino groups of spermidine, and attachment of the environmentally-sensitive dansyl moiety to the remaining secondary amine, yields a “molecular umbrella” (Ia) whose fluorescent properties (λmax and emission intensity) reflect a nonpolar microenvironment in water and one that is relatively polar in intermediate dimethoxyethane/water mixtures. Comparison of Ia with analogous “single-walled” (II) and “no-walled” (III) umbrellas further indicates that a minimum of two walls is necessary in order to have “umbrella-like” properties. Examination of the fluorescent properties of a related double-walled umbrella, bearing a flexible (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate moiety at the C-3 position of the sterol (Ib), reveals that “umbrella-like” properties are prese...
Crystal and molecular structure of dichlorofluoroacetamide

The crystal structure of dichlorofluoroacetamide has been determined from three-dimensional counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21 /c and have the unit-cell parametersa = 10.207(4),b = 5.729(2),c = 9.971(4) A, β = 105.21(8) °, andD x = 1.72 g cm-3. The structural refinement gave a finalR factor of 0.067 from 440 observed reflections. The compound has nearly equal disorder of the -Cl2F moiety about the C-C bond axis with occupancy factors of the two fragments being 0.48 and 0.52.
Phase relations in the system Cu2S-In2S3

The T-x phase diagram of the binary system Cu2S-In2S3 has been determined by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. Two ternary semiconducting phases are found, CuInS2 and CuIn5S8. It appears that CuInS2 exists in three modifications, up to 980°C in the well known chalcopyrite structure, between 980°C and 1045°C in the zincblende structure, and above 1045°C up to the melting point at 1090°C, in a still unknown structure which tentatively is assumed to be wurtzite. These two solid state phase transitions in CuInS2 will from a severe obstacle for obtaining large single crystals with the chalcopyrite structure from its own melt. The second semiconductor, CuIn5S8, has the spinel structure over the whole temperature range of 20°C to the melting point at 1085°C. The chalcopyrite to zincblende phase transition in CuInS2 which takes place at 980°C corresponds to disordering of the cation sublattice. It will be shown that the transition chalcopyrite to zincblende is a general phenomenon which is observed for chalcopyrites with an axial ratio c/a larger than 1.95. Ternaries for which the axial ratio is smaller than 1.95 remain in the ordered chalcopyrite structure even at high temperatures.
A Structured Method for Applying Purchasing Cost Management Tools

Managing cost continues to be one of the primary focal points of business today. Purchasing controls a high proportion of costs in most organizations. A recent study indicated that, as a percentage of an organization's revenues, purchasing expenditures averaged 63 percent in manufacturing, 86 percent in wholesale, 78 percent in retail, and 86 percent in utility industries. Even in the general service sector, purchases amount to approximately 25 percent of total costs.[2] Purchasers know that it is important to manage costs. However, there are many cost management tools and techniques, and they continue to proliferate. Thus, it is difficult to determine which type of analysis should be used in a given situation, and time pressure may impede the purchaser in selecting the right tool for the job. This article proposes a methodology to help purchasers determine what type of cost analysis technique should be applied to a particular purchase by exploring the following areas: 1. How should purchased items be classified into a framework, so that standard procedures can be developed for analysis of items that fit into certain classifications? 2. What cost analysis techniques best support each classification in the framework? 3. What cost analysis techniques are more strategic in nature, and can really help purchasing add value to the organization? Each of these questions is discussed in some depth, following a brief review of the relevant literature. LITERATURE REVIEW The recent growth in articles related to purchasing cost analysis supports the notion that this is a growing area of interest. However, most previous research tends to focus on only one or a few techniques.[3] The research can be classified as primarily descriptive or prescriptive. It can further be broken down according to whether it is empirically or conceptually based. As shown in the classification summary in Table I, most of the work in this area has been conceptual in nature. All the empirical work identified in recent publications has been case oriented, with the exception of a limited survey performed by Ellram in 1992.[4] TABLE I SUMMARY OF RECENT PURCHASING COST ANALYSIS RESEARCH Descriptive Both Descriptive Prescriptive and Prescriptive Epirical S. Rajagopal L.M. Ellram, 1994 and K. Bernard, L. Carr and 1993 C. Ittner, 1992 L.M. Ellram, 1992 R. Monczka and S. Trencha, 1988 Conceptual G. Tyndall, 1988 D.N. Burt, et al., 1990 J. Cavinato, 1992 J. Shank and V. Govindarajan, 1992 L.M. Ellram and S.P. Siferd, 1993 R. Landeros, et al., 1993 Descriptive Empirical Work The descriptive work reviewed consists of three studies, two of which involved a single case study.[5] Two of these studies describe in some depth how one organization used cost analysis techniques in supplier selection[6] and supplier evaluation.[7] The third study was a survey that analyzed the prevalence of purchasing's use of cost savings techniques.[8] Descriptive/Prescriptive Empirical Work The studies done by Ellram and Carr and Ittner involve multiple case studies of organizations using total cost of ownership modeling in purchasing. …
Nutrition and Child Development: More Food for Thought:

For many years, the specific ef fects of mild-to-moderate protein energy malnutrition, poor-quality diet, and sporadic food shortages on children's development were un known. Although the serious conse quences of severe malnutrition early in life had been identified, the extent to which milder deprivation com promises the child's development was unclear. In an earlier issue of this journal, Ricciuti outlined some of the issues1 but, in my view, un derestimated the detrimental effects of undernutrition as well as the ben eficial effects of supplementation. The aims of this review are, first, to summarize a series of studies that have identified some of the nutri tional and psychological mecha nisms underlying the effects of un dernutrition and, second, to present the findings on supplementation in a more positive light. Mild-to-moderate malnutrition is difficult to study for several reasons. First, unlike serious malnutrition, which can be identified by the phys ical condition of the individual, mild protein-energy malnutrition and in
Developmental aspects of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells as in vitro model for studies on chlorpyrifos transport

The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a restrictive barrier endowed with the maintenance of homeostatic control of an optimal milieu within the brain. Whereas in tissues other than the CNS, concentrations of various metabolites (amino acids, K+) can undergo frequent fluctuations, the CNS must keep rigorous control over the extracellular cerebral fluid composition, preventing the mirroring of transient fluctuations in blood, because abrupt changes in these metabolites can translate to aberrant CNS function. The BBB is a specialized structure accomplished by individual endothelial cells that are continuously linked by tight junctions. This brief review will address pertinent issues to development of the BBB. Particular emphasis will be directed at the role of astrocytes in the induction and maintenance of the restrictive properties of this barrier, and the utility of in vitro culture models in surveying transport kinetics, exemplified by recent studies with the pesticide, chlorpyrifos.
Spatial Heterodyne Imager for Mesospheric Radicals (SHIMMER): Results from the First Satellite Borne SHS Spectrometer

SHIMMER was launched in 2007 on board the STPSat-1 satellite. We present a brief look at the spectroscopic data analysis and summarize recent results from the mesospheric hydroxyl (OH) and polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) observations.
Initial Attitude Toward Source and Concept as Factors in Attitude Change Through Communication

Though there have been many studies of attitude change through communication, but little experimentation has been done on the variables controlling the attitude change of a given communication. In the study reported here, the author investigated the effects on the amount of change of the original attitudes of the audience. He demonstrates that the attitudes toward source and concept affect the amount of change, and describes the nature of the functions of these factors in the communication situaiton. Dr. Tannebaum is Assistant Professor in the Institute of Communication Research at the University of Illinois.
Ground-Penetrating-Radar Reflection Attenuation Tomography with an Adaptive Mesh

Ground-penetrating radar GPR attenuation-difference analysiscanbeausefultoolforstudyingfluidtransportinthe subsurface. Surface-based reflection attenuation-difference tomography poses a number of challenges that are not faced by crosshole attenuation surveys. We create and analyze a synthetic attenuation-difference GPR data set to determine methods for processing amplitude changes and inverting for conductivity differences from reflection data sets. Instead of usingatraditionalgrid-basedinversion,weuseadata-driven adaptive-meshing algorithm to alter the model space and to createamoreevendistributionofresolution.Adaptivemeshing provides a method for improving the resolution of the modelspacewhilehonoringthedatalimitationsandimproving the quality of the attenuation difference inversion. Comparinginversionsonaconventionalrectangulargridwiththe adaptive mesh, we find that the adaptively meshed model reduces the inversion computation time by an average of 75% with an improvement in the root mean square error of up to 15%. While the sign of the conductivity change is correctly reproduced by the inversion algorithm, the magnitude varies byasmuchasmuchas50%fromthetruevalues.Ourheterogeneous conductivity model indicates that the attenuation differenceinversionalgorithmeffectivelylocatesconductivity changes, and that surface-based reflection surveys can producemodelsasaccurateastraditionalcrossholesurveys.
Chinese Encounters with Other Civilizations

This article is a comparison of two cases of introducing foreign faiths in China. One case is that of Buddhism being brought from Central Asia and then directly from India. This Indian faith was ad...
The structure of ethylene oxide determined by liquid-crystal NMR, including carbon-13 satellites

Abstract The NMR spectrum of ethylene oxide has been analyzed for carbon-13 satellites in the liquid crystal, Merck ZLI 1167. Structures derived from vibrationally corrected direct couplings indicate good agreement with gas-phase results. Application of vibrational corrections to previous couplings gives structural parameters suggesting significant distortions from above studies.
On orthogonal polynomials

Abstract A study is made of the orthogonal polynomials on certain curves in the complex plane. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a set of polynomials to be orthogonal on the curves are obtained in terms of symmetric matrices. The relations of the symmetric matrices to Toeplitz matrices and innerwise matrices are shown.
Contact transformations. IV. Contraction of contact Lie algebras

Conventional Lie algebra contraction is envisaged as a particular case where the correspondent vector fields defining infinitesimal generators of the transformations are vector fields over a differentiable manifold. More general vector fields over tangent space are considered as infinitesimal generators of contact transformations building up a Lie algebra. A new contraction procedure is defined over such vector fields by means of a Taylor expansion. The most striking feature is that the global structure of Lie algebra remains unchanged, while the individual structure of generators is changed.
Rickettsial-Interference Phenomenon: A New Protective Mechanism

W. H. Price et al. [ Science 120 , 457 (17 Sept. 1954)] inadvertently failed to state that the major part of the work described was carried out under contract No. DA-18-064-CML-2365 with the Chemical Corps, Biological Division, Camp Detrick.
Comparison of Food Related Behavior of Individuals Based on Their Fat Intake

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the food-related behavior including food choices and practices of individuals with different levels of fat in diet. The main-meal planners of the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1989-91 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals /Diet and Health Knowledge Survey were used to study food related behavior in relation to fat intake. 4078 individuals with 3 day intake were categorized into three groups based on percent calories from fat There were 963 with 30% or less calories, 1548 between 30 and 37% calories, and 1567 over 37% calories from fat. Linear contrasts were used to test continuous variables (p There were no significant differences (p
Irreversible inhibitors of histidine decarboxylase in Aplysia ganglia: a tool for the identification of histaminergic synapses

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of irreversible histidine decarboxylase (HDC) inhibitors were examined in Aplysia nervous tissue in vitro and in situ. 2. 2.α-Fluoromethylhistidine and α-fluoromethylhistamine produced dose-dependent inhibition of HDC in vitro and in homogenates prepared from ganglia incubated with the inhibitors. 3. 3. The inhibition of HDC was specific since aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity was not altered by these compounds. 4. 4. The histamine content of ganglia incubated for periods up to 24 hr in the presence of α-fluoromethylhistidine was not altered from control value. 5. 5. The irreversible nature of the HDC inhibition produced by the fluoromethyl imidazole derivatives suggests that these substances should be valuable tools for depleting histamine at putative histaminergic synapses in Aplysia.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 messenger ribonucleic acid expression by insulin-like growth factor I.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is an important modulator of the anabolic and mitogenic actions of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) peptides. Previous studies have shown that the IGFs themselves can elevate levels of IGFBP-3 in vivo and in vitro. However, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for IGF-induced increases in IGFBP-3 are unclear. In this study we examined the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding IGFBP-3 in cultured bovine and human fibroblasts, two cell lines that secrete IGFBP-3 under IGF-I control. Northern analysis of bovine fibroblast RNA hybridized with a specific bovine IGFBP-3 complementary DNA probe indicated a single 2.8-kilobase (kb) transcript readily detectable within 2 h in IGF-I- or insulin-treated, but not in untreated, cells. IGFBP-3 mRNA abundance was maximal around 6 h, and remained elevated after 24 h of treatment. Secreted IGFBP-3 protein appeared more slowly. By Western ligand blotting, IGFBP-3 was not detected in medium from bovine fibrob...
A novel distribution classifier

Abstract We present a novel classifier for a collection of nonnegative L 1 functions. Given two sets of data, one set coming from “similar” distributions labeled as normal, and the other unspecified labeled as abnormal. To understand the structure of normality, and further to classify new data with minimal errors, we propose to find the smallest CKL spheres (based on Csiszar divergences) including as many normal data as possible and excluding as many abnormal data as possible. We prove the existence and uniqueness of such a classifier.
Larval parasitoids and pathogens of the fall armyworm in honduran maize

Parasitism by natural enemies of all larval instars of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda, was quantified in 5 Honduran maize fields during the 1984 growing season. Overall, 42.0% of the host larvae were killed by the natural enemy complex. The braconid parasitoidChelonus insularis was the most common natural enemy accounting for 36.8% of the complex and causing 15.5% mortality of FAW larvae. Other important natural enemies included the nematodeHexamermis sp., the tachinidLespesia sp. and the imperfect entomopathogenic fungusNomuraea rileyi. Distinct ranges of larval instars were attacked by several natural enemy species.Chelonus insularis was an important FAW natural enemy at all larval densities observed.
Update on outcomes research for cleft lip and palate.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to summarize the recent evidence-based literature focusing on cleft lip and palate outcomes research.Recent findingsThe findings of recently published literature focus on cleft lip and palate outcomes research, patient-based outcomes measurement tools,
Child Care Improvement on a Shoestring: Evaluating a Low-Cost Approach to Improving the Availability of Quality Child Care

The Philadelphia Early Childhood Collaborative (the Collaborative) was designed to improve the quality of child care by increasing coordination among organizations that locally deliver professional resources to child care providers. The evaluation examined the implementation of the Collaborative, utilization of its services, and the impact of service use on child care quality. Child care providers reported gains in their professional knowledge and behavior from using Collaborative resources and rated the resources highly. No long-term effects on provider behavior, knowledge, or attitudes were observed. Although the original organizations were able to function collaboratively and Collaborative services were widely used, more intensive interventions may be required to change the availability of quality child care.
Deeper questions: the metaproblem of large organizations developing complex systems and the limits of process

One applies process improvement to the software development process to increase efficiency and decrease defects. Process improvement is not a one-shot deal. Theoretically processes can be improved continuously, forever, but... The belief that continuous improvement can continue forever is analogous to the belief that by continuously improving an automobile's efficiency, eventually the day will come when the driver is forced to stop every so often to pour off excess spontaneously created gasoline. Here, the limits are the laws of thermodynamics. For the software development process the limits are the constraints of the software development organization. To improve a software process past a certain point, the organization that hosts the process's context will need to be improved, and then the context that hosts 'that' organization's process, and so on.Aha! A recursive pattern!The recognition of having a recursive problem raises deeper questions about the nature of process and process improvement, which, for this paper, will be addressed in the context of the development of large, complex, information intensive systems. Systems of this type are the ones most prone to failure and thus should benefit most from process improvement.
Ambiguity tolerance, conflict management style and argumentativeness as predictors of innovativeness

Ambiguity tolerance, conflict management style, and argumentativeness are examined with respect to innovativeness. Ninety‐six K‐12 teachers of a non‐urban public school district, which claims to have several of the structural attributes of an innovative organization, were surveyed. The three variables are related to innovativeness in the predicted directions. Ambiguity tolerance, argumentativeness, and solution‐oriented conflict style are positively related. Controlling and nonconfrontative conflict styles are negatively related.
Reversibility of self-phosphorylation of a histidine residue of adrenocortical cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase, SPK 380

Abstract SPK 380 is a novel cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase that self-phosphorylates the τ-amino position of the histidine residue(s) residing in its 120,000-dalton subunit and specifically catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine residue(s) of the α-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 [Kuroda, Y. and Sharma, R.K. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 217 , 588–596]. Herein we demonstrate that this self-phosphorylation reaction is reversible. In the presence of ADP and Mg2+ or Mn2+, the phosphate bound to histidine is transferred from the enzyme to ADP, resulting in the formation of ATP. The rate of reversible reaction is rapid, and maximal value is reached in 30 seconds. The reaction is dependent on ADP concentration and shows a broad pH activity optimum in contrast to the optimal pH of 8 for the forward reaction.
Gas- phase hydrodesulfurization of JP-8 light fraction using steam reformate

Gas-phase hydrodesulfurization of a JP-8 light fraction was investigated over CoMo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Use of a light fraction provides a fuel that is more easily desulfurized and allows the process to operate in the vapor phase. This study investigated the utilization of reformate (syngas) from a steam reformer rather than pure H2 as gas feed to HDS unit. This is consistent with what might be available to the military during operation in the field. Dry syngas functions almost as well as pure H2 in the HDS reaction, and sulfur levels below 5 ppmw are readily obtained from a feed initially containing 320 ppmw sulfur. Addition of 40 vol % steam to the syngas has a significant negative impact on HDS performance with CoMo/Al2O3, but only a small effect with NiMo/Al2O3. The impacts of various process conditions on S removal efficiency were examined and will be described.
Global corporation rollout of ruggedised handheld devices: a Lean Six Sigma case study

Lean Six Sigma is an approach that focuses on improving quality of finished products and continuous improvement during the creation of these products by reducing variation and eliminating non-value-add work within an organisation. Combining the principles and tools from Lean and Six Sigma into a single ideology is not a new concept as the application of this strategy has been documented throughout many industries in numerous case studies over the years. However, literature has not provided cases of Lean Six Sigma application to the selection and application of handheld technology in the services industry. This paper presents a case study where Lean Six Sigma tools were implemented in a global, service-based, logistics organisation. The application of these Lean and Six Sigma tools and principles were used to identify areas of improvement in the quality and timeliness of selecting and implementing a new ruggedised handheld device for field workers.
The retinoblastoma protein, RB, is required for gastrointestinal endocrine cells to exit the cell cycle, but not for hormone expression

Important functions of the RB family proteins include inhibition of cell cycle progression and regulation of terminal differentiation. We have examined the role of RB and the related protein, p107, in regulating cell cycle activity and differentiation of gastrointestinal endocrine cells, a relatively quiescent cell population, by conditionally disrupting the RB gene in neurogenin3 (Ngn3) expressing cells in both p107 +/+ and p107 −/− mice. Endocrine cells in the small intestine, colon, pancreas, and stomach were present in normal numbers in RB and RB-p107 mutants except for an increase in serotonin cells and decrease in ghrelin cells in the antral stomach. Deletion of RB resulted in a dramatic increase in proliferating serotonin cells in the antral stomach and intestine, whereas other enteroendocrine cell types exhibited much lower cell cycle activity or remained quiescent. The related p107 protein appears dispensable for enteroendocrine differentiation and does not functionally compensate for the loss of RB. Our results suggest that RB is required for enteroendocrine cells, particularly serotonin cells, to undergo cell cycle arrest as they terminally differentiate. RB has relatively subtle effects on enteroendocrine cell differentiation and is not required for the expression of the normal repertoire of hormones in the gastrointestinal tract.
SU‐E‐T‐687: Reverse Auto‐Planning: Assessing Dose Escalation in Pancreatic Stereotactic Radiotherapy From a Shape Database of Prior Patients

Purpose: Automatic treatment planning can be used to determine achievable dose values before optimization. Reverse auto planning instead looks to find the highest target dose while still meeting critical structure objectives. A tool incorporating reverse auto planning is proposed for prediction of planning difficulty. Methods: A SQL database of 53 pancreas stereotactic body radiotherapy patients is populated with dose and structure information. Overlap volume histograms (OVH) are generated for each organ at risk (OAR) and target pair. For each structure, the lowest achievable target dose, which was calculated by selecting the lowest dose from all patients with a smaller distance to overlap, was queried together with maximum target dose. The lowest target dose from the list of maximum target dose per structure represents the highest achieved dose from the database population. Additional scaling can be used which scales the maximum achievable target dose per structure to the limiting dose of the OAR. Results: For patients analyzed using this tool, the predicted maximum target dose serves as a predictor of planning difficulty. If the predicted maximum target dose is high, plans which meet OAR objectives are easier to generate. If the predicted maximum target dose is low, plans are more difficult and planning objectives may not be achievable. Conclusion: A tool for predicting the maximum achievable target dose is developed. This tool estimates plan difficulty and achievability prior to planning and can be used to determine if dose escalation may be appropriate or if alternate treatment strategies should be used due to difficulty in achieving desired goals. Support by Philips Healthcare: Philips Radiation Oncology Services
Managerial information behaviour: Relationships among Total Quality Management orientation, information use environments, and managerial roles

This paper integrates disparate literatures to develop a summary model that proposes how different orientations (control or learning) toward a major organizational change effort, Total Quality Management, will generate different managerial information use environments, will require different managerial roles, and will thus involve different managerial information behaviours, in order to foster successful TQM implementation.
Are we all on the same temporal page? The moderating effects of temporal team cognition on the polychronicity diversity–team performance relationship.

Integrating research on polychronicity, team diversity, and team cognition, we hypothesized that shared temporal cognition (overlapping knowledge) and temporal transactive memory systems (differentiated knowledge) would moderate the effects of polychronicity diversity on team performance. Results from 71 teams in an Indian organization revealed opposing moderating effects in that shared temporal cognition attenuated, but temporal transactive memory systems amplified, the negative effects of polychronicity diversity on team performance. Shared temporal cognition also exerted a strong, positive effect on team performance. Study results provide support for the continued examination of polychronicity diversity and temporal team cognition.
The effect of prostaglandin E2 on the rhesus monkey pupil.

Abstract The pupillary constriction (miosis) produced by low doses of PGE2 may be undetected in primates, even when compared with the opposite (control) eye of the same animal. Experiments on rhesus monkeys reported here demonstrated that the systemic administration of atropine (intravenous) unmasked an otherwise undiscernible pupillary miosis. Three dose levels of PGE2 were studied (1 μg, 5 μg, and 10 μg). It was determined that 1 μg applied topically (to the cornea) produced no discernible miosis even when atropine was given. At a dose level of 5 μg (topical) no miosis was observed before atropine, but following i.v. administration of atropine a significant miotic effect was unmasked. At 10 μg a small but significant miosis was produced before atropine but was greatly enhanced after atropine. When 1 μg was injected directly into the anterior chamber of the eye a miotic effect was observed which became statistically significant after atropine was given. The application of topical epinephrine did not appear to antagonize the prostaglandin induced miosis.
Exertional Compartment Syndrome in an Equestrian

When evaluating lower-leg pain, the clinician must consider compartment syndrome resulting from exercise, even in the absence of trauma or if the exercise is seemingly benign. Equestrian sports would seem an unlikely source of acute compartment syndrome, but the examiner should consider unusual mechanisms of injury in any case. Although intracompartment tissue pressure measurements can help make the diagnosis, excessive pain is a more reliable early warning sign of acute compartment syndrome. A timely diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment may prevent serious long-term sequelae.
Defining left ventricular noncompaction using cardiac computed tomography.

Purpose Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a cardiomyopathy characterized by a distinctive 2-layered appearance of the myocardium because of increased trabeculation and deep intertrabecular recesses. Echocardiography serves as the initial noninvasive diagnostic test. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used to diagnose LVNC because of its improved temporal and spatial resolution. So far, no criteria have been proposed to define pathologic LVNC with the use of computed tomography (CT). Materials and methods We analyzed CT images using an American Heart Association 17-segment model in 8 patients previously diagnosed with LVNC by clinical diagnosis, echocardiography, and/or MRI, as well as in 11 patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, 11 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 10 patients with severe aortic stenosis, 9 patients with severe aortic regurgitation, 10 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to essential hypertension, and, additionally, in a control group of 20 patients who had normal CT scans without a history of cardiovascular disease. The distribution of LVNC was assessed by qualitative analysis of 17 myocardial segments for the presence or absence of any degree of noncompaction. Each segment was analyzed in each of the 3 end-diastolic long-axis views for the presence or absence of noncompaction, and the most prominent trabeculation was chosen for measurement. The left ventricular apex was excluded. Thickness of noncompacted and compacted myocardium was measured perpendicular to the compacted myocardium. The ratio of noncompacted to compacted (NC:C) myocardium was calculated for each segment. Receiver operating characteristics were used to generate cutoff values with sensitivity and specificity to distinguish the LVNC group from other groups. Results An end-diastolic NC:C ratio >2.3 distinguished pathologic LVNC with 88% sensitivity and 97% specificity; positive and negative predictive values were 78% and 99%, respectively. Conclusions CT using the standard MRI NC:C ratio cutoff >2.3 accurately characterizes pathologic LVNC.
Canine lymphosarcoma: a model for study of the hypercalcemia of cancer.

Lymphosarcoma of domestic dogs is often accompanied by hypercalcemia. We have carried out studies to determine the usefulness of this common canine neoplasm as a model for paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. The study population consisted of 27 healthy control dogs, 13 with hypercalcemic lymphosarcoma, and 28 normocalcemic dogs with lymphosarcoma. Studies included measurement of circulating calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and prostaglandin E2 (iPGE2) concentrations, and determination of in vitro bone-resorbing activity in supernatant culture media from normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissue. Hypercalcemia was severe in the affected group (mean ± SE, 14.9±0.5 mg/dl, normals 10.1±0.1 mg/dl) and associated with decreased renal function (serum creatinine 2.0±0.4 mg/dl, normal 0.8±0.1 mg/dl,P<0.001). Radiographs and autopsies showed no bone destruction. Despite renal insufficiency, hypercalcemic dogs had subnormal serum iPTH concentrations (12±1 ngEq/ml, normals 37±6 ngEq/ml,P<0.05). Creatinine and iPTH were normal in the normocalcemic tumor-bearing dogs. When antitumor therapy lowered serum calcium to normal or below in 5 hypercalcemic dogs, iPTH rose markedly in all while renal function improved. Plasma iPGE2 levels did not differ among the groups, nor did high-dose oral aspirin or indomethacin treatment lower elevated serum calcium (two dogs). Culture media from normal lymphoid tissue and control culture media had no effect on release of45Ca from prelabeled fetal mouse forelimb bones, but media from tumor tissue increased45Ca release. However, correlation of serum calcium with in vitro bone-resorbing activity was poor. We conclude that (a) the hypercalcemia of canine lymphosarcoma is mediated not by bone metastases or “ectopic” secretion of PTH, but by other bone-resorbing factors secreted by the tumors; and (b) canine lymphosarcoma may be a valuable experimental model for study of some human paraneoplastic hypercalcemias.
Integrating the Streams of Morality Research: The Case of Political Ideology

The scientific study of morality has blossomed in the past decade, yielding key insights into the psychological processes underlying moral judgments. This blossoming has generally taken place along two streams of research: one concerning cultural and individual differences in these processes, and one concerning their situational determinants. Although these two streams often examine the same factors (e.g., the role of contamination in moral judgment), they have not systematically built on each other’s findings, and their empirical approaches remain distinct. In this article, we describe how these streams have begun to converge in recent empirical work, highlighting work on political ideology as one example. We then discuss the benefits an integrated research approach can have for moral psychology, especially in (a) delineating the links between moral judgment and moral behavior and (b) expanding the range of moral behaviors studied in order to more fully represent everyday moral life.
There's More to the Picture Than Meets the Eye: Young Children's Difficulty Understanding Biased Interpretation

5 experiments investigated children's understanding that expectations based on prior experience may influence a person's interpretation of ambiguous visual information. In Experiment 1, 4- and 5-year-olds were asked to infer a puppet's interpretation of a small, ambiguous portion of a line drawing after the puppet had been led to have an erroneous expectation about the drawing's identity. Children of both ages failed to ascribe to the puppet an interpretation consistent with the puppet's expectation. Instead, children attributed complete knowledge of the drawing to the puppet. In Experiment 2, the task was modified to reduce memory demands, but 4- and 5-year-olds continued to overlook the puppet's prior expectations when asked to infer the puppet's interpretation of an ambiguous scene. 6-year-olds responded correctly. In Experiment 3, 4- and 5-year-olds correctly reported that an observer who saw a restricted view would not know what was in the drawing, but children did not realize that the observer's interpretation might be mistaken. Experiments 4 and 5 explored the possibility that children's errors reflect difficulty inhibiting their own knowledge when responding. The results are taken as evidence that understanding of interpretation begins at approximately age 6 years.