cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading “Woman”: Book Club Pedagogies and the Literary Imagination

Reading and literary engagement as a negotiated social practice within a reading club can act as a form of pedagogy, able to shape and define new ways of meaning making individually and socially within the public sphere of education. By looking at how particular women have constructed their private literary experiences, I suggest that there is much to be gleaned from these examples that points to reading as a negotiated relational practice, able to provide a reimagining of the social world. A brief historical overview creates a rich context in which to think about reading club pedagogies as an opportunity to negotiate difference and build community within our classrooms.
The internet II: Future effects on cognitive behavioral practice

The Internet is a vast international network of computers linked to each other. Users can send electronic mail quickly and easily to each other—free or at low cost. Users can also access pages of information stored as computer files on publicly available locations called Websites. The development and widespread use of electronic mail and the World Wide Web (WWW) has many implications for clinical practice, prevention, education, and research related to cognitive behavior therapy. This article presents an overview of current usage on the Internet, provides examples of how mental health professionals can use the Web to enhance practice, presents speculation about possible future applications of the Internet, and discusses major changes that may take place that would affect clinicians, researchers, and consumers of cognitive behavior therapy.
Theory and experiment for flutter of a rectangular plate with a fixed leading edge in three-dimensional axial flow

Abstract This paper explores cantilevered beam flutter for both clamped and pinned leading edge boundary conditions. Specifically, a three-dimensional vortex lattice panel method is coupled with a classical Lagrangian one-dimensional beam structural model to predict the linear flutter boundary for finite size rectangular plates. The paper explores the change in flutter characteristics as a function of the fluid to structure mass ratio and the structural aspect ratio. The paper also presents an exploration of the non-monotonic transition in flutter velocity between the pinned-free and clamped-free boundary conditions which is modeled using a leading edge torsional spring. The theoretical results are compared to vibration and aeroelastic test results collected in the Duke University wind tunnel as well as previous theoretical and experimental results for the leading edge clamped configuration. The aeroelastic experiments confirmed the validity of the three-dimensional vortex lattice aerodynamic model over a subset of mass ratios.
ADAM SMITH AND THE GREAT MIND FALLACY

Adam Smith raised a series of obstacles to effective large-scale social planning. In this paper, I draw these Smithian obstacles together to construct what I call the “Great Mind Fallacy,” or the belief that there exists some person or persons who can overcome the obstacles Smith raises. The putative scope of the Great Mind Fallacy is larger than one might initially suppose, which I demonstrate by reviewing several contemporary thinkers who would seem to commit it. I then address two ways the fallacy might be overcome, finding both wanting. I close the paper by suggesting that Smith's Great Mind Fallacy sheds interesting light on his “impartial spectator” standard of morality, including with respect to the specific issues of property and ownership.
Determination of excited-state polarizabilities of Cr 3+ -doped materials by degenerate four-wave mixing

We have measured the degenerate four-wave-mixing signals from several ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$-doped oxide and fluoride laser crystals. The signals are predominantly generated by scattering of the input beams from a refractive index grating that is due to a spatially modulated excited-state population. From the measured reflectivity, the change in polarizability between the ground and excited states of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ is calculated. The polarizability change in the oxide hosts is accounted for by large-oscillator-strength charge-transfer transitions in the energy region of 50 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The fluoride hosts, however, did not give measurable signal levels, and this is attributed to the lack of high-oscillator-strength transitions in this energy range. The polarizability changes in the oxide hosts are observed to depend on the relative thermal population of the $^{4}\mathrm{T}_{2}$ and the $^{2}\mathrm{E}$ excited states. The polarizability change between the $^{4}\mathrm{T}_{2}$ excited state and the $^{4}\mathrm{A}_{2}$ ground state is found to be greater than that between the $^{2}\mathrm{E}$ and the $^{4}\mathrm{A}_{2}$.
Survival analysis-based dynamic travel demand models for hurricane evacuation

Two dynamic travel demand models for hurricane evacuation based on survival analysis are presented: a Cox proportional hazards model and a piecewise exponential model. These models were used to estimate the probability of a household's evacuating within discrete time intervals before hurricane landfall as a function of the household's socioeconomic characteristics, the characteristics of the hurricane, and management practice in terms of the issuance of an evacuation order. Data from southeast Louisiana collected following Hurricane Andrew were applied. Both models reproduced the evacuation behavior satisfactorily, although the piecewise exponential model was slightly more accurate. Both appear capable of modeling dynamic hurricane evacuation travel demand. However, the Cox model cannot accommodate certain time-dependent variables because of its structure. The piecewise exponential model does not have such a limitation. The piecewise exponential model also has the advantage of estimating the baseline haza...
Minimax expected measure confidence sets for restricted location parameters

We study confidence sets for a parameter θ∈Θ that have minimax expected measure among random sets with at least 1-α coverage probability. We characterize the minimax sets using duality, which helps to find confidence sets with small expected measure and to bound improvements in expected measure compared with standard confidence sets. We construct explicit minimax expected length confidence sets for a variety of one-dimensional statistical models, including the bounded normal mean with known and with unknown variance. For the bounded normal mean with unit variance, the minimax expected measure 95% confidence interval has a simple form for Θ= [-τ, τ] with τ≤3.25. For Θ= [-3, 3], the maximum expected length of the minimax interval is about 14% less than that of the minimax fixed-length affine confidence interval and about 16% less than that of the truncated conventional interval [X -1.96, X + 1.96] ∩[-3,3].
Pediatric Palliative Care

Palliative care has always been a part of the care of children. It includes any intervention that focuses on relieving suffering, slowing the progression of disease, and improving quality of life at any stage of disease. In addition, for even the child with the most unpredictable disease, there are predictable times in this child's life when the child, family, and care team will be suffering in ways that can be mitigated by specific interventions. Rather than defining pediatric palliative care in terms of a patient base, severity of disease, or even a general philosophy of care, palliative care can best be understood as a specific set of tasks directed at mitigating suffering. By understanding these tasks; learning to identify predictable times and settings of suffering; and learning to collaborate with multidisciplinary specialists, use communication skills, and identify clinical resources, the pediatrician can more effectively support children with life-threatening illnesses and their families. In this article, we define palliative care as a focus of care integrated in all phases of life and as a set of interventions aimed at easing suffering associated with life-threatening conditions. We detail an approach to these interventions and discuss how they can be implemented by the pediatrician with the support of specialists in hospice and palliative medicine. We discuss common and predictable times of suffering when these interventions become effective ways to treat suffering and improve quality of life. Finally, we discuss those situations that pediatricians most commonly and intensely interface with palliative care—the care of the child with complex, chronic conditions and severe neurologic impairment (SNI).
Recruiting minorities where they receive care: Institutional barriers to cancer clinical trials recruitment in a safety-net hospital

Abstract Introduction Most research on the barriers to recruitment of ethnic and racial minorities focuses on patient factors. The purpose of this exploratory case study was to examine how institutional factors impacted recruitment and enrollment in a public hospital clinic frequented by minority patients. Methods We used ethnographic methods (observations of patient–provider interactions and semi-structured interviews) to document and explain how a number of institutional barriers hindered trials enrollment in a public hospital outpatient breast cancer clinic. Results We identified two categories of institutional barriers: (1) organizational climate, and (2) research specific resources. Organizational climate included qualities of the clinic and hospital such as the clinic structure (clinic hours, patient assignment method), the interdisciplinary care team, the lack of continuity of care, and competing provider priorities of clinical care, teaching, and research. Research specific resources included: staff, funds and institutional status to facilitate opening a range of trials; and linguistically and literacy-appropriate research resources. Conclusion Although we cannot determine from our qualitative data the relative impact of different kinds of barriers (e.g. patient, provider, institutional barriers), our data highlights the need to address the role of institutional barriers in efforts to improve minority recruitment to clinical trials. Recruiting participants in safety-net settings may be a reasonable strategy for increasing accrual of ethnic and racial minority patients to cancer clinical trials. However, our qualitative data suggest that while opening protocols for accrual at minority-serving institutions may signal nominal access to trials, achieving substantive access may require further steps to overcome substantial institutional barriers.
Proposing an Intelligent Cloud-Based Electronic Health Record System

With the aging United States population, healthcare costs have considerably increased and are expected to keep rising in the foreseeable future. In this paper, the authors propose an intelligent cloud-based electronic health record ICEHR system that has the potential to reduce medical errors and improve patients' quality of life, in addition to reducing costs and increasing the productivity of healthcare organizations. They developed a set of best practices that encompass end-user policies and regulations, identity and access management, network resilience and service level agreements, advanced computational power, "Big Data" mining abilities, and other operational/managerial controls that are meant to improve the privacy and security of the ICEHR, and make it inherently compliant to healthcare regulations. These best practices serve as a framework that offers a single interconnection agreement between the cloud host and healthcare entities, and streamlines access to private patient information based on a unified set of access principles.
First Report of Pestalotiopsis populi-nigrae on Poplar in North America.

Black acervuli were observed on abaxial surfaces of leaves of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray × P. deltoides Marsh.) collected during fall 1998 in western Washington. Melampsora uredinia also were present but may be coincidental. When incubated in a moist petri dish, leaves became necrotic, and acervuli produced black masses of fivecelled, appendage-bearing conidia. Average conidia length was 25 µm. Three median versicolorous cells averaged 17.5 µm long and 6 µm wide; the upper two were darker than the lower one. There were typically three apical setulae, averaging 20 µm long. The average basal pedicel was 5 µm long. The fungus fits the description of Pestalotiopsis populi-nigrae (Sawada et Ito) Morelet. Originally described as an opportunistic pathogen on poplar in Japan (1), P. populi-nigrae was subsequently found on poplar in Europe (2). It is also the cause of cane blight of Rosa spp. in Japan (2), but it has never been reported in North America. A specimen has been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 746460). I did not observe P. populi-nigrae in 1997 to 1999 collections of rusted poplar leaves from the Southeast, western Kentucky, Minnesota, and Iowa nor in other Pacific Northwest collections. This was not a comprehensive survey for P. populi-nigrae but may indicate that the fungus is rare in North America. It also is possible that BPI 746460 represents an undescribed, uncommon species native to North America that is morphologically indistinguishable from P. populi-nigrae. Further research is required to test this hypothesis. References: (1) K. Ito. Bull. Gov. For. Exp. Stn. 45:135, 1950. (2) E. Kimishima et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 62:502, 1996.
In-service evaluation of a reinforced concrete T-beam bridge FRP strengthening system

Abstract In November 1999, bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates were used to strengthen a single span, reinforced concrete T-beam bridge in New York State. The laminate system was installed to strengthen the structure in flexure and shear, and to contain observed freeze–thaw cracking. The bridge was then instrumented and load tested before and after installation of the laminates, to evaluate effectiveness of the strengthening FRP system. In November 2001, the load test was repeated to monitor in-service performance of the system. The test results indicated that the quality of bond between the laminates and concrete, and effectiveness of the system have not deteriorated after two years of service. Further inspection using an Infrared thermography camera did not show any significant delamination in the system, in agreement with the test results.
Esterification of Phosphonic Acids with Diazomethane

Abstract Diazomethane (1) has long been recognized as a useful reagent for small scale esterification of carboxylic acids1 (pKa 4–5) and related compounds such as sulfonic acids2 (pKa ∼ 0). In connection with other work3 we needed an efficient method for converting allenic phosphonic acids and related 2-hydroxyoxaphospholenes to their corresponding esters, but a search of Chemical Abstracts revealed no reports on the esterification of such compounds with 1.4 Because the pKa of typical phosphonic acids is around 2.56 it seemed reasonable that they should be candidates for methylation with 1. This expectation is now confirmed.
The triple value model: a systems approach to sustainable solutions

The unintended environmental impacts of economic development threaten the continued availability of ecosystem services that are critical to human well-being. An integrated systems approach is needed to characterize sustainability problems and evaluate potential solutions. The Triple Value Model is an innovative framework that depicts the dynamic linkages and resource flows among industrial, societal, and environmental systems. The U.S. EPA has begun using this model to support transdisciplinary research projects that focus upon water resources, communities, and other broad sustainability themes. One recent application addresses opportunities for mitigation of nutrient impairment in the Narragansett Bay watershed, and has produced a policy simulation tool that enables evaluation of alternative sustainable solutions.
Compartmentalized Activation of the High Affinity Immunoglobulin E Receptor within Membrane Domains

The earliest known step in the activation of the high affinity IgE receptor, FceRI, is the tyrosine phosphorylation of its β and γ subunits by the Src family tyrosine kinase, Lyn. We report here that aggregation-dependent association of FceRI with specialized regions of the plasma membrane precedes its tyrosine phosphorylation and appears necessary for this event. Tyrosine phosphorylation of β and γ occurs in intact cells only for FceRI that associate with these detergent-resistant membrane domains, which are enriched in active Lyn. Furthermore, efficient in vitro tyrosine phosphorylation of FceRI subunits occurs only for those associated with isolated domains. This association and in vitro phosphorylation are highly sensitive to low concentrations of detergent, suggesting that lipid-mediated interactions with Lyn are important in FceRI activation. Participation of membrane domains accounts for previously unexplained aspects of FceRI-mediated signaling and may be relevant to signaling by other multichain immune receptors.
The Public Interest in Metals Policy

Government policy towards the metals industries should be based upon a careful analysis of “market failure,” those instances in which private markets fail to provide the appropriate signals to market participants. These include environmental effects, neighborhood effects, large scale economies, and national defense considerations. In most traditional metals industries, the scale economies in production are not large enough relative to the U.S. market to warrant serious policy concern. Nor are national defense considerations important in most of the “nonstrategic” metals. The principal concerns for government policy in the metals industries are therefore the environmental controls and neighborhood effects, the effects of sudden changes in metals industries upon other activity in nearby locations.
Coordination chemistry of Si5Cl10 with organocyanides

Organocyanides readily coordinate to decachlorocyclopentasilane (Si5Cl10) to form “inverse sandwich” compounds 1–3 with a planar Si5 ring. The products were isolated in high yield and fully characterized by elemental analysis, multinuclear NMR, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. While the spectroscopic data suggests the presence of a fairly weak interaction between the Si5 ring and the coordinative organocyanide ligands, single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of compound 1 and 2 show μ5-coordination of the apical cyano nitrogen atoms to the silicon atoms in the Si5 ring. Distances between silicon atoms and nitrogen atoms are significantly shorter than a Si–N van der Waals bond but longer than the sum of their covalent radii. Multiple interactions between the cyano groups and equatorial Cl atoms, and intermolecular interactions were observed in the solid state for both compounds 1 and 2.
Left bundle branch block and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is associated with a prolongation of the interval from the QRS onset to the onset of left ventricular (LV) ejection. The locus and prevalence of specific sites of delay were examined in 56 patients with complete LBBB using echocardiography, phonocardiography and external pulse recordings. The results were compared with those in 52 control subjects without LBBB. The onset of the QRS complex was used as the initial reference point of measurement of time intervals. The following abnormalities were found in patients with LBBB: (1) delayed mitral valve closure (Q-MC greater than 0.08 second) was the major site of delay in 23% of patients; (2) prolongation of the LV isovolumetric contraction time (greater than 0.06 second) was the major site of delay in 41%; (3) both Q-MC and LV isovolumetric contraction time were prolonged in 18%; and (4) in 26% of patients the onset of ventricular contraction determined by the onset of the increase of the apex impulse was delayed (Q-VC greater than 0.07 second). The most common cause of delayed ejection was a prolonged LV isovolumetric contraction time, which occurred in 59% of patients. A control group of 20 patients with abnormal LV function but without LBBB had a low incidence of the 3 types of delay in LV ejection (0 to 15%). Thus, the major abnormalities in the cardiac cycle in LBBB are due to the conduction defect and not to LV dysfunction. The results of this study suggest the presence of variable abnormalities of conduction in complete LBBB.
Tinnitus: current understanding and contemporary management.

Purpose of reviewTinnitus is a debilitating condition that affects a broad range of patients. Despite thorough and extensive research, the cause of tinnitus has yet to be determined. Also, there has never been a single intervention identified that can consistently eliminate the symptoms of tinnitus.
Upstart startup: “Constructed advantage” and the example of Qualcomm

Abstract De la Mothe and Mallory have proposed that even in an age of globalization the right environmental conditions can give a locality a “constructed advantage” in promoting innovation. The creation and success of Qualcomm, a telecommunications company, illustrates the contention. The establishment of a branch of the University of California in San Diego was critical in attracting those who founded the company. But constructed advantage can only set the stage. In technological innovation, other factors also matter, including a marketable idea, entrepreneurial zeal, good timing, ability to influence standard setting, help from intellectual property law, and sheer perseverance. Qualcomm is a dramatic example of how constructed advantage can combine with these other factors to yield an impressive result.
Theoretical study of the enol imine enaminone tautomeric equilibrium in organic solvents.

The tautomeric enol imine ↔ enaminone (phenol ↔ quinone) equilibrium of the 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde Schiff base (2-phenyliminomethyl-naphthalen-1-ol) was investigated by density functional theory (B3LYP) and ab initio (MP2) methods in the IEF−PCM polarizable continuum dielectric solvent approximation and by a combined ab initio + FEP/MC study by considering an explicit solvent model. Special emphasis was put on the effect of solvation on this equilibrium by using an apolar (CCl4), polar aprotic (CH3CN), and polar protic (CH3OH) solvent. Compared with experimental tautomerization Gibbs free energies, the IEF−PCM/B3LYP calculations apparently overestimate the stability of the quinone form both when the 6-31G(d,p) and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets are applied. IEF−PCM/MP2 studies with the above basis sets predict the preference of the aromatic phenol tautomer, in contrast to the experiment in methanol and acetonitrile solvent. Calculation of the total relative free energy as ΔGtot = ΔEint(IEF−PCM/QCISD(T)/...
Transmission electron microscopy observations of magnetic multilayers

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy has been used for structural characterization of magnetic multilayers of particular interest because of their coupling behavior and giant magnetoresistance. Some case studies of multilayers, grown by DC magnetron sputtering, are presented and discussed. These include examples from the Co/Cu, NiFe/Cu and Fe/Co systems.
Some Holocene palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental perspectives on Arctic/Subarctic climate warming and the IPCC 4th Assessment Report†

The IPCC 4th Assessment Report (FAR) is considered in light of Holocene palaeo-records of Arctic and Subarctic land temperatures and the response of the boreal forest–tundra boundary to past and present warming. The palaeo-records appear to support and amplify some of the conclusions in FAR and raise questions about others. Comparison of the FAR estimates for late 21st-century warming with Arctic and Subarctic palaeoclimatic records suggests that anticipated future warming will be unprecedented compared to earlier Holocene warming including the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) and subsequent Medieval Warm Period (MWP). Annual warming and winter warming will likely be greater than during earlier periods in the Holocene, but summer temperatures projected by FAR may approximate or not far exceed the summer warming of the HTM. The geographically synchronous pattern of 21st-century warming projected by FAR will differ from the observed geographic variability in the timing of the HTM, particularly in the western Arctic. Further palaeo-record syntheses are required to fully delineate the similarities and differences between the HTM and the projected conditions of the 21st century. In addition, palaeo-records suggest that the Arctic and Subarctic climate may be sensitive to relatively small changes in solar irradiance and understanding the potential effects of natural variations in irradiance on the future climate of the Arctic and Subarctic remains a question deserving further research. FAR mapped estimates of a significant northward displacement of boreal forest and woodland due to warming imply that boreal forest or woodland will displace tundra as far north as the Arctic coastline by AD 2100. In Eurasia the estimated AD 2100 location of the tree line appears to approximate the HTM location. In North America an advance of forest to the coastline on the north slope of Alaska, central Canada and northern Quebec would far outdistance the relatively limited northward advances of boreal forest during the HTM. However, rates of tree species advance and subsequent forest development based on palaeo-records and currently observed tree line advances raise questions about the likelihood that northward migration and subsequent increases in the population sizes of boreal tree species could occur rapidly enough to establish continuous forest and woodland as far north as the Arctic coastlines of Eurasia and North America by AD 2100. Determining potential rates of northward advance of the northern forests requires further ecological and palaeoecological investigations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time domain noise-induced jitter: Theory and precise measurement

A theoretical relationship between recording channel signal-to-noise ratio and the time distribution of signal crossover (bitshift distribution) is derived. A technique for measuring crossover distributions with 5 picosecond resolution is described.
“Having to think about it all the time”: factors affecting the identity management strategies of residential summer camp staff who self-identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender

This study examined factors related to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) identity management at residential summer camp. Participants between the ages of 18 and 25 years, who self-identified as LGBT or non-heterosexual, and had worked at a residential summer camp within the prior three years (2007–2009) were interviewed face-to-face. The sample included 24 females, 3 males and 1 individual who identified as gender queer. Grounded theory methods were used for analysis. The analysis found that existing homophobic and heteronormative structures at camp and in society dictated that staff manage their LGBT identity defensively to minimize harm. Identity management strategies at camp were affected by the themes that emerged from the data: residential camp context, staff members’ prior experience, disclosure of LGBT identity and the atmosphere for LGBT individuals at each particular camp.
Physical Property and Rotational Speed Effects on Heat Transfer in Axially Rotating Liquid/Particulate Canned Foods

Particle surface temperatures were measured by liquid crystals that allowed unrestricted motion of the monitored particles. Liquid-particle film heat transfer coefficients (hp) were considerably higher than published values which were determined with particles attached to thermocouple wires. In general, as a result of the particle motion, hp increased with increasing rotational speed and increasing fluid viscosity. Furthermore, hp values were higher for Teflon spheres than for aluminum spheres. Results for the overall (heating medium/container wall/internal liquid) heat transfer coefficients were consistent with published observations.
An exploratory study of the personal value systems of city managers

Little attention has been given by researchers in organizational behavior to the study of public managers' values and how these values affect their managerial behavior. Therefore, the major objective of this study was to identify the personal value systems and value profiles of public managers, and to systematically examine and discuss the relationship between personal values and related organizational behavior including decision making. The significance of the findings for public policy is briefly discussed, and the need for future research is indicated.
Geography and California's Educational Reform: One Approach to a Common Cause

Abstract In the past decade, there has been active effort to reform America's educational system. Much of the drive for this change has come from reports on the declining performance of American students on standardized tests. In California, this educational reform has been stimulated by the election of a new Superintendent of Public Instruction and the passage of a major education reform bill. This bill, S. 813, has not only directed a full review of the California precollegiate curriculum, but it has required the inclusion of geography in two year-long history-social science courses in grades 9–12. This article chronicles the role of one organization, The California Geographic Alliance, in writing the curriculum that encompasses this new call for geography. It also outlines an action plan by which geographers in other states and regions might be able to organize a local professional group that can play a similar role in the expansion of geographic education in the precollegiate curriculum.
RNA sequencing: advances, challenges and opportunities

In the few years since its initial application, massively parallel cDNA sequencing, or RNA-seq, has allowed many advances in the characterization and quantification of transcriptomes. Recently, several developments in RNA-seq methods have provided an even more complete characterization of RNA transcripts. These developments include improvements in transcription start site mapping, strand-specific measurements, gene fusion detection, small RNA characterization and detection of alternative splicing events. Ongoing developments promise further advances in the application of RNA-seq, particularly direct RNA sequencing and approaches that allow RNA quantification from very small amounts of cellular materials.
Application of stem to elemental analysis in glass

Abstract A dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer is used to study a distribution of Mo ions in a phase-separated glass with a composition of 13Na2O.49B2O3.38SiO2 containing 1 mol% molybdenum oxide. Characteristic X-ray spectra at a high spacial resolution ( ∼100 A ) revealed that concentrations of Mo ions in a droplet, a matrix and an interface are 0.3, 1.3 and 4.1 (wt%), respectively. Whiskers of MoO2 crystals are often observed at the interface, where Mo ions are enriched.
A software-based millisecond timer for the CP/M operating system

One of the most popular operating systems for 8-bit microcomputers is Digital Research's CP/M (see Waite & Lafore, 1983, for an extensivediscussion of CP/M). By requiring that programmers and programs make use of a standard set of BasicDiskOperating System(BOOS) calls to handle input, output, and other tasks, CP/M allows for a high degree of transportability across microcomputers based on Z-80, 8080, and 8085 microprocessors. This transportability represents a substantial advantage for university-based researchers who mayfmdthemselves dealingwitha varietyof microcomputers based on the above chips, yet all using slightly different input, output, and mass-storage schemes. The presentarticle detailsa simpleand short (39-byte) assembly language millisecond timing program that utilizes a call to CP/M's BDOS to monitor a microcomputer's keyboard for a subject's response. Dlhopolsky (1983) hasprovided onemeans of carryingout sucha timingtask withthe Z-80assembly language routine, MSEC LATENCY TIMER. However, this particular timer is designed for and will run only on a TRS-80 microcomputer, since it makes use of specific keyboard routines that are coded into the computer's read only memory (ROM). The current routine, CPMTIMER, represents a versionof Dlhopolsky'sMSECLATENCYTIMERthat has been modified to run under CP/M (which employs 8080 code). An additional modification has been made so that a subject's keyboard responses are monitored through the use of a CP/M BDOS call that is constant across all microcomputers running the CP/M operating system. As notedabove, this greatly increases the transportability of the program. Description. CPMTIMERwasdesigned to keep track of howmanymilliseconds (up to 65,535) elapsebetween the timethatthe routine is called or activated fromanother program and the time that a subject pushes a keyboard key. The routine also keeps trackof which key is pressed. CPMTIMER carries out these tasks by continually monitoring the keyboardfor a subject's input. If no key is pressed,a seriesof microprocessor instructions are executed which keep track of elapsed time and increment a counter when 1 msec passes. If a key is pressed, the
The reef coral two compartment proton flux model: A new approach relating tissue-level physiological processes to gross corallum morphology

A comparison of the equations for photosynthesis and calcification in reef corals suggests that the two processes compete for available inorganic carbon; yet reef corals exhibit simultaneous high rates of photosynthesis and calcification during daylight hours. Also, the extreme metabolic activity observed in corals at high irradiance requires a large net efflux of protons at sites of rapid calcification and respiration. Corals have resolved these problems through development of morphologies that separate the zone of rapid calcification (ZC) from the zone of rapid photosynthesis (ZP), with the fixed-carbon energy supply from the ZP being rapidly translocated to the ZC. Translocation of photosynthate from the ZP serves as a means of transporting protons to the ZC, where they are readily dissipated into the water column. Observations on the spatial relationship of the ZC and ZP, analysis of net proton flux, incorporation of photosynthate translocation coupled with an understanding of the importance of boundary layers (BL) leads to a unified hypothesis that describes the processes involved in coral metabolism. The proposed model is based on the observation that reef corals have evolved a wide range of morphologies, but all of them place the ZC between the ZP and the external seawater. This spatial arrangement places the BL in contact with the ZC in order to facilitate efflux of protons out of the corallum. Placement of the ZC between the ZP and the BL maximizes recycling of the metabolic products O2 and HCO3−. Furthermore, this arrangement maximizes the photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae by producing a canopy structure with the skeletal material in the ZC serving to absorb ultraviolet radiation (UVR) while scattering photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a manner that maximizes absorption by the zooxanthellae. The ZP is isolated from the water column by the ZC and the BL. Therefore ZP must exchange metabolic materials with the ZC and with the water column through the ZC and its overlying BL. The resulting configuration is highly efficient and responsive to irradiance direction, irradiance intensity, water motion and coral polyp morphology. The skeletons of corals are thereby passively modified in response to physical factors such as light and water motion regime. The model presents a unified theory of coral metabolism and provides explanations for many paradoxes of coral biology, including plasticity of the diverse growth forms and an explanation for coral skeletal growth response to ocean acidification.
Residual thermal stresses in filamentary polymer-matrix composites containing an elastomeric interphase

A three-phase micromechanical model based on the method of cells is formulated to characterize residual thermal stresses in filamentary composites containing an interphase between the fiber and the matrix. This is the first such study to incorporate a true three-phase version of the method of cells. The model's performance is critically evaluated using data generated from other micromechanical models. Subsequently, a parametric study is performed to quantify the residual stresses in two hypothetical graphite fiber/epoxy matrix composites: one containing an elastomeric interphase whose Young's modulus is less than that of the fiber and the matrix and one incorporating an interphase whose Young's modulus is intermediate with respect to the fiber and the matrix. The data correlate the residual thermal stresses in the fiber, interphase and matrix as a function of the interphase thickness and fiber volume fraction within each model eomposite. The study makes a broad assessment of the stress-attenuating characteristics that each interphase imparts to the graphite/epoxy composites. Over the range of variables considered, properly dimensioning the elastomer interphase leads to a more favorable reduction of residual thermal stress. 38 refs.
Electrolyte Gate-Controlled Kondo Effect in SrTiO 3

We report low-temperature, high-field magnetotransport measurements of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ gated by an ionic gel electrolyte. A saturating resistance upturn and negative magnetoresistance that signal the emergence of the Kondo effect appear for higher applied gate voltages. This observation, enabled by the wide tunability of the ionic gel-applied electric field, promotes the interpretation of the electric field-effect-induced 2D electron system in ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ as an admixture of magnetic ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ ions, i.e., localized and unpaired electrons, and delocalized electrons that partially fill the Ti $3d$ conduction band.
A financial model for publicly-owned electric utilities☆

Abstract Supply planning by electric utilities is fraught with uncertainty. An essential tool for the evaluation of the riskiness of alternative supply plans is a financial simulation model. Sophisticated models of investor-owned utilities have been employed by both regulatory bodies and utilities. However, such models have not been developed for publicly-owned utilities. This paper details the reasons why models of investor-owned utilities are inappropriate for use by publicly-owned utilities. A financial model of a publicly-owned electric utility is presented and applied. Finally, uses and abuses of financial models are discussed.
Electrogenemtion of Mn(III) in an undivided cell

The electrochemical oxidation of manganous ion to manganic ion in acetic acid may be efficiently carried out in a parallel plate undivided cell. Reduction of manganic ion to manganous ion at the cathode is a relatively inefficient reaction, allowing the formation of solutions of manganic ion as high as 0.05 mol dm−3, at greater than 80% current efficiency. The effects of the major variables have been evaluated.
Single Event Upset Dependence on Temperature or an NMOS/Resistive-Load Static RAM

Measurements of temperature effects on SEU rates have been made on NMOS/resistive-load static RAMs using energetic protons and alphas. Results have indicated that SEU cross sections increase with increasing temperature for these parts. Proton and alpha induced nuclear reactions allow upsets to occur below measured LET thresholds.
AskHERMES: An online question answering system for complex clinical questions

Objective Clinical questions are often long and complex and take many forms. We have built a clinical question answering system named AskHERMES to perform robust semantic analysis on complex clinical questions and output question-focused extractive summaries as answers.
Transport, sensitivity, and dimensional optimization studies of a tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Abstract In this paper, the impact of the design and operating parameters of a tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is studied using a well-validated steady-state model. The profiles of species concentrations and pressure in the flow channels when the cell terminal voltage is changed are studied. In addition, both the axial and radial profiles of the species concentrations inside the electrodes are presented. The model is also used to study the effects of the parameters that can significantly influence the design criteria of an anode-supported tubular SOFC. The effects of the flowrate of H 2 , inlet pressure, and the cell temperature on the power output from the cell are studied. Cell characteristic parameters such as the porosity of the electrodes, effective diffusivity of the species, and the rate of the electrochemical reactions are varied and their impact on the cell performance is observed. The influence of the cell design parameters such as the thickness of the electrodes and the electrolyte on the steady-state polarization curve are also studied. Finally, a dimensional study is presented. In the dimensional study, the radius of the anode flow channel, the length of the cell, and the annulus size are varied keeping the solid volume and the total cell volume constant. This study shows that it is possible to design guidelines for the optimum performance of the cell.
Religio-Ethnic Effects on Attainments in the Early Career

A cultural explanation for religio-ethnic effects on attainments is tested by a structural equation model applied to a sample of white males who were seniors in Wisconsin high schools in 1957. Jews have a highly positive cultural orientation to education and occupational status, while that of Irish and Anglo-Saxon Catholics is mostly positive, that of Italian Catholics is mixed, and that of German Lutherans is mostly negative. Cultural mediation through high-school academic performance, significant others, and educational plans accounts for part of the religio-ethnic effect on education. Structural factors may account for remaining direct effects. Educational and occupational aspirations are critical cultural mediators of religio-ethnic effects on early occupational attainment. Religio-ethnic effects on achievements-particularly first job-are heightened in an urban subsample. Context-specific group cultural patterns may partly account for this finding, but historically rooted patterns of differential occupational opportunity unique to this city may also be at work.
Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of the Soluble C n Molecules, n = 60, 70, 76/78, 84

A report is given on molecular carbon research in Los Angeles, starting with review of the molecular precursor approach to carbon materials.1 Regarding larger molecules, mixtures of carbon molecules, Cn, are extracted2 in 25‐40 percent yield from graphite evaporated under helium. Gram quantities of the mixture are then separated into pure fractions — C60, C70, C76/C78, C84, and higher (n > 88),3,4 and characterized by mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and 13CNMR spectroscopy. Examination of the spectroscopic and photophysical5 properties of the molecules, with particular focus on C60 in solution, reveals: (i) the first transitions appear at high energy, are electronically forbidden (in C60, the homo-lumo hu - t1u transitions), and exhibit resolved vibronic structure; (ii) the spectra sharpen in cryogenic media, allowing vibronic assignment; and (iii) relaxation occurs with near-unity quantum yield to a long-lived triplet, which also transfers energy efficiently to acceptors including O2.
Cypriot Patriotism and Nationalism

Most Cypriots before and since independence in 1960 experienced a double patriotism that contributed to the prolongation of the conflict between the two communities in their country. They identified with the island on which they lived as well as with the nation, Greece or Turkey, from which their ancestors had come. These patriotisms changed after the landing of the Turkish troops in 1974 when Cyprus was split into two distinct sections clearly based upon Turkish and Greek ethnicity. An attempt is made here to describe the resulting insecurity that played a significant role in preventing a resolution of the conflict in 1984-1985. For inductive, theoretical reasons a deliberate effort is also made to isolate ensuing “consequences” and hence to salvage old and slightly new generalizations that perhaps transcend this particular conflict.
Changes in bone mineral density after surgical intervention for primary hyperparathyroidism

Background Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism often lack classic symptoms but can have reductions in bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. We sought to determine bone mineral density improvement after successful surgery and associated factors. Methods A review of patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis with curative parathyroidectomy and both pre- and postoperative dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral density scans was conducted. We compared patients with declining ( 5%) on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral density scans. Results We identified 420 patients who underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry bone mineral density scan preoperatively and within 36 months postoperatively. At the most affected site, 38% had significant improvement, 31% moderate improvement, and 31% declining bone mineral density. Patients who significantly improved were younger (P = .01), had lesser preoperative dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (P = .001), and had greater preoperative levels of parathyroid hormone (P = .04), serum calcium (P = .03), and preoperative urinary calcium. There was no difference in outcomes between sex and with preoperative bisphosphonate use. Average hip and spine bone mineral density had similar responses to surgery. Conclusion Bone mineral density improves in up to 75% of patients after curative parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. The hip and lumbar spine responded similarly. Younger patients and those with severe primary hyperparathyroidism may derive the most skeletal benefits from parathyroidectomy, but the uniform positive response supports parathyroidectomy in patients with osteoporosis and possibly osteopenia.
Synaptic organization of the Drosophila antennal lobe and its regulation by the Teneurins

Just as progress in science relies on researchers communicating their findings to other people working in their field, our bodies rely on neurons being able to communicate with other neurons. This is where structures called synapses come in: synapses allow signals to be passed from one neuron to another. Neurons and synapses process information by forming circuits in the brain, but relatively little is known about how synapses develop or how they are organized within circuits. Mosca and Luo have now examined a neural circuit in the fruit fly (Drosophila) that receives sensory information about smells in the environment, and then converts this information to signals which can be understood by other parts of the brain. This particular circuit has previously been identified as a good model of how the brain processes information. Mosca and Luo found that the synapses in this circuit were organized according to specific ‘rules’ that determined factors such as the quantity and location of synapses at different points in the circuit. Additionally, it was found that the successful development of synapses required the involvement of two members of a family of proteins called the Teneurins: this family of proteins is involved in a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. Teneurins have been implicated in bipolar disorder, and malfunctioning synapses are thought to be associated with a number of other mental health conditions, so the results of Mosca and Luo could lead to a better understanding of these conditions.