cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface layer hardening of polycrystalline copper by multiple impact

A near-rigid indenter is used to impact repeatedly a fixed location on a target material. The process of work-hardening in copper targets was revealed by the change of the value of the coefficient of restitution during a sequence of impacts. It was found that for a series of impacts on a single point the ratio of the rebound energy to the impact energy approaches a constant value which is independent of the impact energy and appears to be related to the dislocation density. Repeated impacts on a fixed location result in (1) plastic deformation decreasing with successive impacts because of work-hardening, (2) increasing volume of work-hardening material that contributes to the elastic rebound, and (3) bowing of dislocations. The process is similar to cyclic hardening associated with fatigue.
On the Distribution and Abundance of Species

Harte et al . ([1][1]) assumed the probability rule: if a species occurs in an area A , then the probability that it occurs in half of that area is a constant, a , independent of area A , satisfying 0.5 ≤ a ≤ 1. From this rule, Harte et al . ([1][1]) give a mathematical proof of the power law
Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte Coatings Decrease Fe0 Nanoparticle Reactivity with TCE in Water: Conceptual Model and Mechanisms

The surfaces of reactive nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles used for in situ groundwater remediation are modified with polymers or polyelectrolytes to enhance colloidal stability and mobility in the subsurface. However, surface modification decreases NZVI reactivity. Here, the TCE dechlorination rate and reaction products are measured as a function of adsorbed polyelectrolyte mass for three commercially available polyelectrolytes used for NZVI surface modification including poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and polyaspartate (PAP). The adsorbed mass, extended layer thickness, and TCE-polyelectrolyte partition coefficient are measured and used to explain the effect of adsorbed polyelectrolyte on NZVI reactivity. For all modifiers, the dechlorination rate constant decreased nonlinearly with increasing surface excess, with a maximum of a 24-fold decrease in reactivity. The TCE dechlorination pathways were not affected. Consistent with Scheutjens-Fleer theory for homopolymer adsorption, the nonlinear relationship between the dechlorination rate and the surface excess of adsorbed polyelectrolyte suggests that adsorbed polyelectrolyte decreases reactivity primarily by blocking reactive surface sites at low surface excess where they adsorb relatively flat onto the NZVI surface, and by a combination of site blocking and decreasing the aqueous TCE concentration at the NZVI surface due to partitioning of TCE to adsorbed polyelectrolytes. This explanation is also consistent with the effect of adsorbed polyelectrolyte on acetylene formation. This conceptual model should apply to other medium and high molecular weight polymeric surface modifiers on nanoparticles, and potentially to adsorbed natural organic matter.
Stress (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) and pain response in male rats exposed lifelong to high vs. low phytoestrogen diets

Estrogens exhibit complex but beneficial effects on brain structure, function and behavior. Soy-derived dietary phytoestrogens protect against hormone-dependent and age-related diseases, due to their estrogen-like hormonal actions. However, the effects of phytoestrogens on brain and behavior are relatively unknown. This study examined the influence of exposing male Long-Evans rats (lifelong) to either a phytoestrogen-rich (Phyto-600) or a phytoestrogen-free (Phyto-free) diet on body weights, behavioral pain thresholds, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormonal stress response, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and brain neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) and synaptophysin levels using standard behavioral and biochemical techniques. Body weights were significantly decreased in Phyto-600 fed animals compared to Phyto-free values. There were no significant changes in behavioral pain thresholds, circulating corticosterone concentrations (after acute immobilization stress) or NCAM and synaptophysin levels in various brain regions by the diet treatments. However, Phyto-600 fed males displayed significantly higher plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) (post-stress) and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor levels vs. Phyto-free values. These data suggest that (1) body weights are significantly reduced by soy-derived phytoestrogens, (2) behavioral pain thresholds (via heat stimuli) are not influenced by dietary phytoestrogens, but (3) these estrogenic molecules in the hippocampus enhance glucocorticoid receptor abundance and alter the negative feedback of stress hormones towards a female-like pattern of higher ACTH release after activation of the HPA stress axis. This study is the first to show that lifelong consumption of dietary phytoestrogens alters the HPA stress response in male rats.
Leaf age and air pollutant susceptibility: Uptake of ozone and sulfur dioxide

Abstract Uptake of ozone and sulfur dioxide was high in the intermediate age and low in the young and old leaves of Bel W3 tobacco plants. Differences in leaf uptake could account for the visible injury patterns on plants where the mature and young leaves are not injured by air pollutants but where leaves approaching maturity are injured.
Cerebral ischemia decreases endogenous calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation in gerbil brain.

Abstract Acute forebrain ischemia in the gerbil produced a significant decrease in endogenous Ca2+-dependent hippocampal protein phosphorylation in comparison to sham and naive control animals. Inhibition of Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation was demonstrated as early as 2 h post-ischemia and shown to persist up to 7 days following the ischemia insult. The ischemia-induced loss of Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation was only seen in brain regions affected by the localized ischemia and not in non-ischemic brain regions from the same animal. These results suggest that an early event in the development of ischemia-induced neuronal death is a decrease in Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation.
Incremental understandings: warblogs and peaceblogs in peace education

Peaceblogs and warblogs are kinds of ‘weblogs’, chronological streams of hyperlinks and related diary‐like narratives. Many thousands of weblogs emerged in the past several years, providing frequently updated analysis and commentary on various issues along with a personal, human‐scale perspective. Weblogs emphasizing peace and war issues have been generated by participants in conflict as well as observers. Through reading and constructing weblogs, students can obtain some critical distance on day‐to‐day events—which can be of special value during wartime. The article analyzes the emerging forms that weblogs are taking and outlines their use both for instructors and students in peace education settings. For example, those who construct peaceblogs often take responsibility for seeking out useful peace‐related sources and providing critiques. Weblogs as a genre provide support for the development of individual voices and can be used in conjunction with various face‐to‐face and online forums for discussion an...
Graphene-semiconductor nanocomposites: excited-state interactions between ZnO nanoparticles and graphene oxide.

Graphene oxide sheets suspended in ethanol interact with excited ZnO nanoparticles and undergo photocatalytic reduction. The luminescence quenching of the green emission of ZnO serves as a probe to monitor the electron transfer from excited ZnO to graphene oxide. Anchoring of ZnO nanoparticles on 2-D carbon nanostructures provides a new way to design semiconductor−carbon nanocomposites for catalytic applications.
Free energy minimization by simulated annealing with applications to lithospheric slabs and mantle plumes

An optimization algorithm based upon the method of simulated annealing is of utility in calculating equilibrium phase assemblages as functions of pressure, temperature, and chemical composition. Operating by analogy to the statistical mechanics of the chemical system, it is applicable both to problems of strict chemical equilibrium and to problems involving metastability. The method reproduces known phase diagrams and illustrates the expected thermal deflection of phase transitions in thermal models of subducting lithospheric slabs and buoyant mantle plumes. It reveals temperature-induced changes in phase transition sharpness and the stability of Fe-rich γ phase within an α + γ field in cold slab thermal models, and it suggests that transitions such as the possible breakdown of silicate perovskite to mixed oxides can amplify velocity anomalies.
An Implicit Scheme for Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics

A new implicit algorithm is developed for solving the time-dependent, nonideal magnetohydrodynamic equations. It can also be used as an efficient relaxation scheme for steady state solutions. The algorithm is a finite-volume scheme that uses an approximate Riemann solver for the hyperbolic fluxes and central differencing applied on nested control volumes for the parabolic fluxes that arise from the non-ideal terms (i.e., resistivity and viscosity). In one dimension the scheme is second-order accurate in space and time. In two or three dimensions, the accuracy is between first and second order. For the class of problems considered, the implicit formulation is stable for any size time step, thus allowing efficient tracking of slower transients. The implicit operator is inverted using a lower?upper symmetric Gauss?Seidel iteration. Results from several test cases are presented that show good agreement with analytical solutions and illustrate the advantages of the scheme.
Time Aliasing: A Digital Data Processing Phenomenon

The frequency sampling theorem is developed and interpreted for a function of frequency which was sampled either directly or indirectly by spectral identification techniques. An example of the results of time aliasing when the frequency resolution is too coarse is presented. A generalized window is developed which implements a zoom inverse discrete Fourier transform for avoiding undesirable time aliasing effects.
A small, novel protein highly conserved in plants and animals promotes the polarized growth and division of maize leaf epidermal cells

Plant cell shapes are defined by their surrounding walls, but microtubules and F-actin both play critical roles in cell morphogenesis by guiding the deposition of wall materials in expanding cells. Leaf epidermal cells have lobed shapes, which are thought to arise through a microtubule-dependent pattern of locally polarized growth. We have isolated a recessive mutation, brk1, which blocks the formation of epidermal cell lobes in the maize leaf. Mutant epidermal cells expand to the same extent as wild-type cells but fail to establish polar growth sites from which lobes arise. In expanding brk1 epidermal cells, microtubule organization differs little from that in wild-type, but localized enrichments of cortical F-actin seen at the tips of emerging lobes in wild-type cells fail to form. These observations suggest a critical role for F-actin in lobe formation and together with additional effects of brk1 on the morphogenesis of stomata and hairs suggest that Brk1 promotes multiple, actin-dependent cell polarization events in the developing leaf epidermis. The Brk1 gene encodes a novel, 8 kD protein that is highly conserved in plants and animals, suggesting that BRK1-related proteins may function in actin-dependent aspects of cell polarization in a wide spectrum of eukaryotic organisms.
Pulmonary Smooth Muscle Proliferation Occurring After Lung Transplantation

We report the first example of smooth-muscle proliferations occurring in an allograft lung implanted in a recipient who had end-stage emphysema. Smooth-muscle proliferations were detected 46 months following transplantation in a 53-year-old woman. The lesions involved the airways and were bronchoscopically undetectable. Posttransplant smooth-muscle tumors have been described in liver transplant patients and are thought to be due to Epstein-Barr virus. Evidence of virus infection was not found in the current case.
Management of Recurrent Priapism With Epinephrine Self-Injection and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogue

ABSTRACTA case of recurrent priapism in a young black man without sickle cell anemia is reported. Due to almost daily episodes of prolonged painful erections, the patient was instructed in intracorporeal injection using an epinephrine self-injection kit, which provided complete detumescence on 31 occasions. The patient refused surgical intervention and was treated with monthly intramuscular gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Priapism episodes completely abated by the second and final monthly gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injection without recurrence during 4 months of followup. Normal erectile function was maintained during and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy. Epinephrine self-injection and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue may be effective treatment modalities in select cases of recurrent priapism.
Breast Milk–Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in VLBW and Premature Infants

BACKGROUND: Very low birth weight (VLBW) and premature infants are at risk for developing postnatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, including CMV-related sepsis-like syndrome (CMV-SLS) for which in the United States are lacking. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled proportions (and 95% confidence intervals) of VLBW and premature infants born to CMV-seropositive women with breast milk–acquired CMV infection and CMV-SLS. We combined these proportions with population-based rates of CMV seropositivity, breast milk feeding, VLBW, and prematurity to estimate annual rates of breast milk–acquired CMV infection and CMV-SLS in the United States. RESULTS: In our meta-analysis, among 299 infants fed untreated breast milk, we estimated 19% (11%–32%) acquired CMV infection and 4% (2%–7%) developed CMV-SLS. Assuming these proportions, we estimated a rate of breast milk–acquired CMV infection among VLBW and premature infants in the United States of 6.5% (3.7%–10.9%) and 1.4% (0.7%–2.4%) of CMV-SLS, corresponding to 600 infants with CMV-SLS in 2008. Among 212 infants fed frozen breast milk, our meta-analysis proportions were 13% (7%–24%) for infection and 5% (2%–12%) for CMV-SLS, yielding slightly lower rates of breast milk–acquired CMV infection (4.4%; 2.4%–8.2%) but similar rates of CMV-SLS (1.7%; 0.7%–4.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast milk–acquired CMV infection presenting with CMV-SLS is relatively rare. Prospective studies to better define the burden of disease are needed to refine guidelines for feeding breast milk from CMV-seropositive mothers to VLBW and premature infants.
A decision support system for database evolution using data model independent architecture

Abstract The existing corpus of scientific knowledge in the field of database systems (DBS) has been concerned mostly with such problems as database technologies and system development methodologies. Relatively few efforts have been devoted to the problem of adapting an ongoing DBS in a systematic fashion. Notwithstanding the lack of sufficient prior knowledge, this adaptation problem is critical in DBS management, since a DBS should really be conceived as an evolving structure, rather than a stable one-shot phenomenon. Toward this end, this paper proposes a reliability-based decision support framework for evolving a DBS systematically. Both user satisfaction with the DBS and the usage pattern of it are monitored on a real-time basis and used for controlling it adaptively. Chance-constrained models are proposed to characterize suitable decision rules for DBS evolution decisions ranging from file reorganization to DBS restructing. A four-schema architecture is also proposed for achieving data model independence in a DBS, whereby facilitating the control and evolution of DBS.
Nonlinear optical measurements of glucose concentration

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that currently affects about 7% of the US population, or roughly about 20 million people. Effectively controlling diabetes requires regular measurements of the blood sugar levels to ensure the one time insulin injection when the concentration of glucose reaches a critical level. In this report, nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy is demonstrated to be a promising new way of continuous and noninvasive way of measuring the glucose concentration.
Contour Interaction and Visual Resolution: Contralateral Effects

Detection of the gap in a four-position Landolt C presented to one eye is impaired by critically spaced surrounding bars seen only by the other eye. The intensity and spatial extent of this contralateral contour interaction match those obtained ipsilaterally. These results indicate that the neural site for this loss of visual information is supraretinal.
A simple and efficient shear-flexible plate bending element

A shear-flexible triangular element formulation, which utilizes an assumed quadratic displacement potential energy approach and is numerically integrated using Gauss quadrature, is presented. The Reissner/Mindlin hypothesis of constant cross-sectional warping is directly applied to the three-dimensional elasticity theory to obtain a moderately thick-plate theory or constant shear-angle theory (CST), wherein the middle surface is no longer considered to be the reference surface and the two rotations are replaced by the two in-plane displacements as nodal variables. The resulting finite-element possesses 18 degrees of freedom (DOF). Numerical results are obtained for two different numerical integration schemes and a wide range of meshes and span-to-thickness ratios. These, when compared with available exact, series or finite-element solutions, demonstrate accuracy and rapid convergence characteristics of the present element. This is especially true in the case of thin to very thin plates, when the present element, used in conjunction with the reduced integration scheme, outperforms its counterpart, based on discrete Kirchhoff constraint theory (DKT).
The rise of serfdom in eastern Europe

TIHE decline of serfdom in Western Europe in the same time span in which it was taking root east of the Elbe River is an often remarked upon paradox of early modern European history. This article is an effort to suggest explanations for this difference in the development of the lord-peasant relation in these two regions. The emphasis here is on the Eastern landsBohemia, Silesia, Hungary, Eastern Germany, Livonia, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. For convenience's sake, I have chosen to refer to these lands collectively as "Eastern Europe," although, of course, a number of them are sometimes included in Central Europe and although the countries of Southeastern Europe are not treated in this study. The history of the waning of serfdom in Western Europe is well known, so only a brief sketc'h is given here for purposes of comparison and contrast with the East. Because the institution of serfdom was known in so many lands, and because it lived ont ini one place or anotlher in Eturope for over a thousand years,
Primary Right Cardiac Tumor: Detection by Echocardiographic and Radioisotopic Studies

A primary tumor of the right atrium and right ventricle was detected In a 17-year-old male patient by noninvasive techniques, ie , M-mode echocardiograms and gated blood-pool cardiac scan combined with myocardial imaging with radioactive 201 thallium. The clinical presentation was unusual, and validation of the echocardiographic and isotopic findings was obtained by contrast angiograms. Surgical pathologic findings defined the tumor as a poorly differentiated sarcoma.
Laboratory Colonization of a Noctuid Moth

During the process of adapting to a new rearing regime, laboratory and wild-type strains of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), had similar survival and developmental rates but differed in reproductivity. A higher proportion of laboratory females mated, mated more frequently, and produced a greater average number of viable eggs. Successive generations of both strains had a parabolic curve of adult yields characterized by initial decline and subsequent recovery phases. Adaptation occurred by the F5 laboratory and F7 wild generations.
Kinetic parameter estimation in conduction heating foods subjected to dynamic thermal treatments.

The purpose of this work was to develop a means for determining product and process specific thermal kinetic parameters of constituents in foods that do not heat uniformly. The concept of the method of Paired Equivalent Isothermal Exposures (PEIE) was developed for such products. The ability of the PEIE to define Arrhenius parameters from simulated retort experiments was demonstrated. The PEIE was applied to survival data from retort experiments of canned pea puree inoculated with Bacillus stearothermophilus spores (NCA 1518). Mean activation energy and reaction rate constant (at 121.1°C) of the spores in retort processed canned pea puree were E a = 250 (± 15) kJ/mol and k 121.1°C = 0.26 (0.23 < k 121.1°C < 0.30) min -1 , respectively.
Ab initio studies of structural features not easily amenable to experiment: Part 20. Structural aspects of ethyl groups

Abstract The molecular structures of a number of stable conformations of ethanol, ethylamine, methylethyl ether, methylethylamine and of the ethyl anion have been determined by ab initio geometry optimizations using Pulay's Force method on the 4–21G level. The calculated geometries characterize the extent to which structural groups in a molecule are sensitive to asymmetries in their environment. Characteristic structural trends are consistently found for the CH bond distances and CCH angles in the C2H5 groups of trans-ethanol, trans-methylethyl ether and in the ethyl anion. They differ from those previously found for C2H5 groups in hydrocarbons. There is qualitative disagreement between the trends calculated for CH bond distances in trans-ethanol and trans-methylethyl ether and those found in the microwave substitution structures of these compounds. Since the substitution parameters are unresolved because of relatively large experimental or model uncertainties, it is presently impossible to decide whether this discrepancy is the result of computational or experimental deficiency. The methyl groups in methylethyl ether and methylethylamine exhibit the characteristic structural distortions which are usually found for CH3 groups adjacent to electron lone pairs. The CC bond distances in C2H5 in the systems studied here are sensitive to the conformational arrangement of ethyl relative to the rest of a system in a way which can be rationalized by orbital interactions involving antibonding orbitals on sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. The calculated conformational stabilities agree qualitatively with experimental trends, except in the case of ethanol where the trans — gauche energy difference is small (about 0.1 kcal mol−1) and within the uncertainties of the calculations. Our conformational energies for CH3CH2NH2 are in disagreement with a previous ab initio investigation based on a comparison of unoptimized standard geometries. In general, the agreement between calculated structural parameters and corresponding reliable experimental values is very good in all comparable cases.
High-Throughput Computational Screening of New Li-Ion Battery Anode Materials

We use density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with grand canonical linear programming (GCLP), a powerful automated tool for analyzing ground state thermodynamics, to exhaustively enumerate the 515 thermodynamically stable lithiation reactions of transition metal silicides, stannides and phosphides, and compute cell potential, volume expansion, and capacity for each. These reactions comprise an exhaustive list of all possible thermodynamically stable ternary conversion reactions for these transition metal compounds. The reactions are calculated based on a library DFT energies of 291 compounds, including all transition metal silicides, phosphides and stannides found in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). We screen our computational database for the most appealing anode properties based on gravimetric capacity, volumetric capacity, cell potential, and volume expansion when compared with graphitic carbon anodes. This high-throughput computational approach points towards several promising anode compositions with properties significantly superior to graphitic carbon, including CoSi2, TiP and NiSi2.
Structural Stigma and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Reactivity in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Young Adults

Background Youth exposed to extreme adverse life conditions have blunted cortisol responses to stress.
Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1a NS5A Pretreatment Sequence Variation and Viral Kinetics in African American and White Patients

In hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, race is a determinant of treatment response and interferon (IFN) effectiveness. Here, we investigated whether there were differences in the pretreatment viral strains between African American patients and white patients and whether these differences correlated with viral kinetics. IFN effectiveness was calculated using a viral kinetic model. The HCV NS5A region from 21 treated patients with HCV genotype la was sequenced and analyzed. White patients displayed more mutations in the V3 region (mean ± SD, 4.5 ± 1.4 vs. 2.9 ± 1.6; P = .016), and treatment responders tended to have more mutations in this region than did nonresponders. There was a significant positive correlation between IFN effectiveness and the number of mutations in the V3 region (P = .03). There was no clustering of strains by race, treatment response, or IFN effectiveness in phylogenetic analyses. The results of this study, in conjunction with those of a previous study illustrating the impaired IFN effectiveness in African Americans, suggest a role for host-related factors.
A transient heating event in the history of a highlands troctolite from Apollo 12 soil 12033

A 2-mm particle, consisting of a troctolite clast attached to a small amount of glassy soil breccia, was found in a thin section of grains from Apollo 12 sample 12033,66. A description is given of the evolutionary history of the troctolite, taking into account the unique texture. It appears that the particle was broken from its parent rock and projected to Oceanus Procellarum from a source area in the highlands. Before, during, or after the flight, the troctolite was welded to a soil breccia by a minor amount of melting along the contact. It is argued that two separate heating events may be involved. The hypothesis is considered that the partial remelting and quenching of the troctolite took place very rapidly. Attention is given to melting experiments which test and confirm this hypothesis.
Coherently coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers for communication applications

Optical interconnects will have an important role for internal communication within future spacecrafts as well as intra-communication between satellite constellations. Optical sources with novel functionality, such as solid state beam steering, would have many advantages. A novel approach for creating 2D arrays of coherently coupled vertically emitting laser cavities has been demonstrated and is discussed herein. Coherent optical coupling is achieved by creating a 2times2 array of defect cavities within the top distributed Bragg reflector of a photonic crystal vertical cavity surface emitting laser. By modifying the index within the coupling regions, accomplished by varying the hole parameters in those regions, coherent coupling has been observed in the far field. Utilization of this approach may lead to extended area coherent sources with high spectral purity. Moreover, tuning the phase shift between lasers in the array would enable angular steering the far field emission pattern. Such a coherent array of lasers would allow the development of optical communication laser sources with electronic beam steering capability
Electrophoretic characterization of classical Tetrahymena pyriformis strains.

SYNOPSIS The electrophoretic mobility patterns of 8 enzymes have been examined in 43 classical strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The strains may be assorted into sets on the basis of a high degree of similarity of their mobility patterns. Strains of similar designation are frequently in different sets, whereas differently labeled strains may be in the same set. It is proposed that new strain designations be made on the basis of phenotypic similarity.
The rate of detection of intravascular injection in cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections with and without digital subtraction angiography.

Objective To determine whether digital subtraction angiography (DSA) combined with real-time fluoroscopic imaging improves the detection rate of intravascular injection during cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (CTFESIs). Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Outpatient surgery center. Participants A total of 134 subjects with cervical radicular pain who had CTFESIs performed by a single physician between June 9, 2004, and April 23, 2007. Interventions One hundred seventy-seven CTFESIs performed at one or more cervical spinal levels either unilaterally or bilaterally. Procedures performed before September 12, 2005, used fluoroscopic guidance with contrast injection and live imaging to identify intravascular injection. All procedures performed after September 12, 2005, also included DSA. Main Outcome Measures Intravascular injection detected during CTFESIs with and without DSA. Results Intravascular injection was detected in 17.9% of CTFESIs performed without DSA. By adding DSA technology to the real-time fluoroscopic imaging procedure, the detection of vascular injection nearly doubled to 32.8%, which was statistically significant ( P = .0471). Conclusions The use of DSA improves the detection rate of intravascular injection during CTFESIs.
Queue length aware power control for delay- constrained communication over fading channels

In this paper, we study efficient power control schemes for delay sensitive communication over fading channels. Our objective is to find a power control law that optimizes the link layer performance, specifically, minimizes the packet drop probability, subject to a long-term average power constraint. We assume the buffer at the transmitter is finite; hence packet drop happens when the buffer is full. The fading channel under our study has a continuous state, e.g., Rayleigh fading. Since the channel state space is continuous, dynamic programming is not applicable for power control. In this paper, we propose a sub-optimal power control law based on a parametric approach. The proposed power control scheme tries to minimize the packet drop probability by considering the queue length, i.e., reducing the probability of those queue-length states that will cause full buffer. Simulation results show that our proposed power control scheme reduces the packet drop probability by one or two orders of magnitude, compared to the time domain water filling (TDWF) and the truncated channel inversion (TCI) power control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Forage Sampling Method to Determine Nutritive Value of Bahiagrass Pastures

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the nutritive value of forage selected by grazing cattle (masticate) with hand-collected forage samples from bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) pastures. Forage and masticate samples were collected monthly at 4 locations within the state of Florida. Chemical composition of forage and masticate samples was determined and selection indices (SI = {[(masticate – hand-sampled analyte concentration)/hand-sampled analyte concentration] × 100} + 100) were calculated for in vitro digestible OM, CP, and ADF concentrations. Hand shears were used to collect hand-sampled forage, and masticate samples were collected using ruminally fistulated steers. Masticate samples had greater (P ≤ 0.001) in vitro digestible OM and CP concentrations and lower (P
Use of linear prediction in detecting narrowband signals in colored noise

Use of the LPF in cascade with an FFT is demonstrated as a suboptimum realization of the optimum filter for maximization of instantaneous signal-to-rms noise power. Computer generated colored noise is used to compare the suboptimum filter with a conventional matched filter (designed for white noise only) in terms of output SNR for cases in which the signal and noise spectra overlap. Significant improvements in SNR are seen with the LPF - FFT cascade. The LPF coefficients are also used to form a non-causal pre-filter which is used in cascade with an FFT to process the same data and the results compared to the suboptimum filter results. Improvements in SNR are obtained, but thresholding the FFT output is seen to be more complicated.
Isolated Central Nervous System Relapse in Two Patients with BCR–ABL-positive Acute Leukemia While Receiving a Next-generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

We describe two patients with break point cluster region-Abelsen (BCR-ABL)-positive acute leukemia who had an isolated relapse in the central nervous system (CNS) while receiving a next-generation BCR-ABL inhibitor. The first had B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia which relapsed in the CNS while maintaining molecular remission in the bone marrow on nilotinib. The second patient had an isolated CNS myeloid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia while maintaining complete cytogenetic remission in the bone marrow on dasatinib. Mutation analysis of the kinase domain revealed 35 base pair insertion (35INT) between exon 8 and 9 in both cases.
Detector Optimization Figures-of-merit for IceCube's High-energy Extension

Abstract With the design and development of next-generation high-energy neutrino detectors, it is important to compare different detector designs to optimize detection probability and science reach. These comparisons are nevertheless difficult due to large uncertainties in current neutrino source model parameters. We examine the role of the most important characteristics of high-energy neutrino searches in the probability of discovering different source types. We derive scaling relations for each considered source and search scenario, which can be used to compare different detector designs with respect to their utility in discovering different source populations. The recovered scaling relations are independent of source strengths, providing a model-independent comparison.
A Review of: “Organophosphorus Chemistry, Vol. 5. Specialist Periodical Reports Series, Senior Reporter, S. Trippett. The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBN, 1974, xi + 302 pp,£.10.00”

(1975). A Review of: “Organophosphorus Chemistry, Vol. 5. Specialist Periodical Reports Series, Senior Reporter, S. Trippett. The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBN, 1974, xi + 302 pp,£.10.00”. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 85-86.
Effect of rumen-protected niacin on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and performance of transition dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a rumen-protected niacin product (RPN; 65% nicotinic acid; NiaShure, Balchem Corp., New Hampton, NY) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and performance of transition dairy cows. Thirty nonlactating multiparous Holstein cows in late gestation were paired according to expected calving date and randomly assigned to 12 g/cow per day of RPN product or to an unsupplemented control (CON) diet. Treatment diets were fed from 21 d before expected calving through 21 d after parturition. Blood samples were taken on d -21, -14, -7, 1, 7, 14, and 21 relative to calving for plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), glucose, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) analyses. Liver samples were taken by biopsy on d 1 and 21 relative to calving for triglyceride (TG) analysis. Data were analyzed for a randomized complete block design with repeated measures. Pre- and postpartum dry matter intake, milk yield, and protein were unaffected by treatment. Milk fat percentage (5.08 vs. 4.44%) and somatic cell score (3.93 vs. 2.48) were reduced for RPN. Treatment × time interactions were observed for energy-corrected milk (ECM) and fat-corrected milk (FCM) yields; RPN reduced ECM and FCM yields by 8.5 and 8.9 kg/cow per day, respectively, in the first week of lactation. Although body weight and condition score decreased during the experimental period, no differences due to treatment were observed. However, calculated postpartum energy balance tended to be improved for RPN because of the reduction in ECM yield. Time and treatment × time effects were observed for plasma NEFA. On d 1 postpartum, NEFA reached 1,138±80 μEq/L for CON compared with 698±80 μEq/L for RPN. Cows supplemented with RPN tended to have lower plasma NEFA concentrations than CON cows on d 7 and 14 postpartum. Plasma BHBA, glucose, and SOD and liver TG concentrations were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, supplementation with 12 g/cow per day of the RPN product provided a bioavailable source of niacin that modified lipid metabolism but did not affect milk yield over the first 3 wk of lactation or oxidative stress of transition dairy cows.
Living with post‐traumatic stress disorder: the wives’/female partners’ perspective

Living with post-traumatic stress disorder: the wives’/female partners’ perspective Aim of the study. This phenomenological study examined what it was like for the wives/female partners to live with a Vietnam veteran who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Procedure. Audio-taped interviews were conducted with 10 women and data were examined from three overlapping phases of the veteran/partner relationship: the early phase, the middle phase and the later phase. Findings. The early phase was conceptualized as a period of adjustment in which three themes were identified: (1) attractors, (2) feelings and (3) communication. The middle phase, one of enmeshment, was characterized by six themes: (1) dealing with veteran PTSD symptoms, (2) substance abuse, (3) physical and/or emotional abuse, (4) roles, (5) feelings and (6) coping techniques. Three themes depicted the later phase of resolution/healing: (1) stress related symptoms, (2) staying or leaving and (3) activities that promoted an ongoing process of resolution/healing. Conclusions. The central meaning statement that best described the experience of wives/female partners who live with a Vietnam veteran with PTSD is that the experience is a gradual process of becoming enmeshed in the veteran’s pathology, with all energies being directed at minimizing the effect on self and family, culminating in intermittent movement towards resolution/healing. This study has implications for practitioners who treat Vietnam PTSD veterans and their wives or female partners.
What's Knowledge Anyway?

Rethinking Innateness (henceforth RI) is a remarkable book, and a substantial contribution to that most persistent and elusive of debates, the controversy over innate knowledge. As befits a book composed by six co-authors, RI displays a diverse body of evidence and analysis, ranging from developmental observation, to computational (connectionist) modelling, to hard neuroscientific detail. It includes a first-rate introduction to the basic ideas of connectionist modelling and a nicely accessible account of some of the basics of neural development. It is chock full of conceptually pregnant examples, models and illustrations and will make rewarding reading for anyone seriously concerned with the nature of mind and adaptive success. Such merits aside, the major goal of the book is (positively) to stress the importance of organism/ environment interactions in explaining biological form and behaviour and (negatively) to argue against the view that posits innate higher-level knowledge: a view the authors term 'representational nativism'. It is this negative argument, I suspect, that will attract the most attention. For it is presented in bold opposition to a number of influential research programmes that posit, for example, innate knowledge of grammar, physics, theory of mind and more. The argument seems to go like this:
Multimodal oscillations in systems with strong contraction

One- and two-parameter families of flows in R 3 near an Andronov‐Hopf bifurcation (AHB) are investigated in this work. We identify conditions on the global vector field, which yield a rich family of multimodal orbits passing close to a weakly unstable saddle-focus and perform a detailed asymptotic analysis of the trajectories in the vicinity of the saddle-focus. Our analysis covers both cases of sub- and supercritical AHB. For the supercritical case, we find that the periodic orbits born from the AHB are bimodal when viewed in the frame of coordinates generated by the linearization about the bifurcating equilibrium. If the AHB is subcritical, it is accompanied by the appearance of multimodal orbits, which consist of long series of nearly harmonic oscillations separated by large amplitude spikes. We analyze the dependence of the interspike intervals (which can be extremely long) on the control parameters. In particular, we show that the interspike intervals grow logarithmically as the boundary between regions of sub- and supercritical AHB is approached in the parameter space. We also identify a window of complex and possibly chaotic oscillations near the boundary between the regions of sub- and supercritical AHB and explain the mechanism generating these oscillations. This work is motivated by the numerical results for a finite-dimensional approximation of a free boundary problem modeling solid fuel combustion. c 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Commentary-how do we improve training for receptor research?

Email: Marilee@umich.edu Abstract: Training of students and scientists to carry out receptor research has lagged behind progress in other areas of biochemistry and biotechnology. In this commentary suggestions for improving curriculum, strategies for incorporating topics into lecture and laboratories and references are suggested. In addition, this call for action suggests that those in industry and research laboratories assume a greater role in training.
A Risk-Based Approach to Mandatory Arbitration

In this essay, I argue that employers view mandatory arbitration as a method of controlling the risk of discrimination lawsuits, much like employers view property insurance as a method of controlling the risk associated with a plant fire. Using a risk analysis, the essay reexamines (1) the repeat player effect in arbitration, (2) why employers do so well in the litigation of discrimination disputes, and (3) the adequacy requirement for arbitral forums. In particular, I consider whether mandatory arbitration accounts for the problems of moral hazard and adverse selection endemic to any risk management scheme.
Computational Studies of Silicene on Silver Surfaces

Silicon bulk presents a strong preference for sp 3 hybridization and hence will not form 2D materials spontaneously. Standalone silicene does not exist, however, theoretical studies have predicted silicene is stable once formed. During the last decade, several experimental groups achieved the synthesis of silicene as sheets and nanoribbons on a number of substrates, with silver being used most. In this chapter we review the computational studies of silicene adsorption on Ag(110) as nanoribbons , and on Ag(111) as nanosheets . On Ag(110), silicene nano-ribbons present a characteristic length of about 16 A, with an arched shape. On Ag(111), several super-structures exist with different degrees of buckling , resulting in a variety of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) images, with remarkable resemblance to those experimentally obtained.
Six New Hosts of Bracon mellitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a Review of Recorded Hosts

A complete list of hosts of Bracon mellitor Say is presented. Six new hosts, Acontia cretata (Grote & Robinson), Anthonomus heterothecae Pierce, Phaneta mormonensis (Heinrich), Thyraylia bunteana Robinson, Mimoschinia rufofascialis (Stephens), and Schinia mitis (Grote) were discovered. Overwintering fifth instars of B. mellitor were found in only three plant species, Datura stramonium L., Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal, and Heterotheca latifolia Buckley.
373 HOMOCYSTEINE INHIBITS ENDOTHELIAL DEPENDENT VASODILATION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE BY REDUCING NITRIC OXIDE BIOAVAILABILITY

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy) is recognized as an independent cardiovascular risk factor in general population and particularly in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). However, the mechanisms by which HHCy imparts such a risk are currently unknown. We hypothesized that HHCy causes endothelial dysfunction by decreasing NO bioavailability or increasing oxidative stress or both. To examine such a hypothesis we recruited 20 subjects with hypertension and CRF (SCr > 1.5 mg/dL) and examined their endothelial dependent (post-ischemic) and endothelial independent (post-NTG or nitroglycerin) vasodilatory responses and correlated them to HHCy and CRF. The 20 control subjects had hypertension but no CRF. Diabetics and dialysis patients were excluded from the study. Total plasma homocysteine levels were measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Urine and serum nitrates and nitrates (NOx) were measured using chemiluminescence technique. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and (peroxynitrite OONO-) were measured by spectrophotometry. Vasodilatory responses in the brachial artery were measured by high-resolution Doppler sonography by a single operator who was blinded to the patients. The results showed that the test group had higher homocysteine levels than control (17.5 ± 9.4 vs. 4.3 ± 2.4, p The test group showed increased H2O2 and OONO- formation in addition to impairment of endothelial dependent vasodilatation (see Table above). HHCy enhanced oxidative stress and reduced NO bioavailability, thereby selectively impairing the endothelial dependent vasodilatation. These effects correlated better with HHCy than with the degree of CRF. We conclude that HHCy causes and contributes to endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive renal failure.
Determination of Al in laver and kelp by modified spectrophotometric method with chrome azurol S

Objective:To present a new method to determine Al content in laver and kelp by spectrophotometric method with chrome-azurol S.Methods: After pretreatment and wet digestion of samples,Al in laver and kelp reacted with Chrome Azurol S and cetyl pyridine bromide to form a ternary complex which was brown purple in acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution.Then the absorbance was detected at wavelength of 600nm and compared with the standard ratio.Results: The linear regression equation and correlation coefficient were y=0.0997x+0.0035 and 0.9997 respectively.The detection limit was 0.28 μg and recovery rate was between 95.6% and 102.2%.RSD was 0.49%~2.99%.Conclusion: The method was suitable for the detection of Al in laver and kelp.The accuracy and precision of the method was verified by determination of 30 samples sold in market.
Special properties of human milk.

Many of human milk’s constituents play unique dual roles: the classically recognized role associated with most nutrients, i.e. the provision of enzymatic co-factors or substrates for energy or structural components, and functional roles that complement the developing abilities of maturing infants. The significance of these characteristics may be a heightened level of metabolic efficiency reflected in adequate growth at levels of energy intake below previous estimates of energy requirements.