cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NSSE, organizational intelligence, and the institutional researcher

Using an organizational intelligence framework, this chapter distills the major themes addressed in this volume: that institutional researchers need essential knowledge about student engagement, ranging from technical know-how, to the how and why of measuring process indicators of student learning and development, to an understanding and appreciation for the reasons that higher education must respond to calls for assessment, accountability, and transparency.
Music Teacher Education Students as Cross-Age Reading Tutors in an After-School Setting

A class of music teacher education students (N = 18) served as tutors in a cross-age reading program for fourth and fifth grade students enrolled in an after-school program. The qualitative study progressed in several phases: (a) Two experts with over 60 years collective teaching experience at the elementary school level were asked to recommend the “best book available for a cross-age tutoring project that would have the greatest appeal for this age category of student.” The selected book was The Pinballs by award-winning children’s author, Betsy Byars (Byars, 1977). (b) College-age tutors were asked to read the book, write a reaction to its content and give their opinion concerning how it could be used by classroom teachers. (c) Tutors were randomly paired with after-school children who were mostly identified as being low in reading skills and/or reading fluency. (d) Each dyad participated in a one-on-one session once a week for 30 to 50 minutes lasting for 10 weeks. (e) At the end of the 10 week period,...
Invasive adenocarcinoma of bladder response to cisplatinum, methotrexate and vinblastine chemotherapy

Primary invasive adenocarcinoma of the bladder was diagnosed in a fifty-two-year-old male with a two-month history of irritative voiding symptoms. He was treated with three courses of cisplatinum, methotrexate, and vinblastine with marked regression of tumor shown radiographically and cystoscopically. Subsequent prostatocystectomy and ileal loop diversion revealed invasive tumor through the bladder wall to regional lymph nodes. The patient had two postoperative courses of the same chemotherapeutic regimen and is without evidence of disease recurrence at one year.
Relationships among parental inbreeding, parental behaviour and offspring viability in oldfield mice

Abstract Studies of inbreeding depression have traditionally suffered from two weaknesses. First, they usually confound offspring deficiencies with parental ones; second, they neglect the possible role of behaviour in inbreeding depression. In the present study, I examined the relationship among parental inbreeding, offspring viability and parental behaviour in two subspecies of the monogamous oldfield mouse,Peromyscus polionotus. Parental inbreeding was separated from any offspring inbreeding effects through both experimental design and analysis. Dams performed more parental behaviour than did sires, and maternal behaviour had a stronger effect on offspring survival than did paternal behaviour. Maternal behaviour was more buffered to the effects of inbreeding than was paternal behaviour; that is, parental behaviour of inbred females was not compromised. In contrast, inbred males showed substantial deficits in parental behaviour, but this did not put their offspring at risk. Although inbred females had lower reproductive success than outbred females, this effect was not manifest in terms of lower offspring viability. Therefore, inbreeding depression manifests itself through deficits on traits of adult females other than maternal care. A possible physiological basis for these findings is hypothesized.
Phase structures and transition behaviors in polymers containing rigid rodlike backbones with flexible side chains. V. Methylene side-chain effects on structure and molecular motion in a series of polyimides

A series of organo-soluble hairy-rod polyimides was recently synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and di[n-alkyl]-4,4′-diamino-6,6′-dibromo-2,2′-biphenyldicarboxylate with side chains of varying lengths (the numbers of methylene units), BACBP(n). Dynamic mechanical (DM) results reveal two cooperative relaxation processes for BACBPs(n > 10), which correspond to the two (low- and high-) transition temperatures observed in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For BACBPs(n 10)] and possibly the medium- [for BACBPs(n 10)] adopt monoclinic unit cells, whereas those having the short side chains [BACBPs(n ≤ 10)] possess hexagonal unit cells. The drastic temperature difference between the low- and medium-relaxation processes observed in DM experiments may be explained because of a change in the lateral packing arising from the variation of the side-chain length. The limited mobility afforded the BACBPs(n ≤ 10) is a result of their more ordered conformation and interdigitation between the neighboring side chains. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1633–1646, 1999
Skeletization resection and central hepatic resection in the treatment of bile duct cancer

We were able to carry out skeletization resection and central hepatic resection in 24 of 50 patients referred for treatment of Klatskin tumors. Thirteen of the 24 operations were primary. The other 11 patients had 14 prior operations. The average hospital stay was 18.4 days (including work-up), ranging from 10 to 30 days. There were 3 postoperative deaths. The average survival of patients with lesions 14-mm in diameter or less was 34 months, while the larger tumors averaged a 9-month survival. Other factors such as blood vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis, and perineural invasion did not seem to be important in survival. The operative technique utilized is illustrated in this article.
The biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol by rat tissues in vitro

Abstract This report shows that a spectrum of vitamin A-dependent tissues can produce retinoic acid by synthesis in situ , indicates that cellular retinol and retinoic acid binding proteins are not obligatory to retinoic acid synthesis, and provides initial characterization of retinoic acid synthesis by rat tissues. Retinoic acid synthesis from retinol was detected in homogenates of rat testes, liver, lung, kidney, and small intestinal mucosa, but not spleen. Zinc did not stimulate the conversion of retinol into retinoic acid by liver homogenates. Retinoic acid synthesis was localized in cytosol of liver and kidney, where its rate of synthesis from retinol was fourfold (liver) and sevenfold (kidney) slower than from retinal. The synthesis of retinoic acid from retinol required NAD and was not supported by NADP. NADH (0.5 m m ) reduced retinoic acid synthesis from retinol, supported by NAD (2 m m ), by 50–70%, but was fivefold less potent in reducing retinoic acid synthesis from retinal. Dithiothreitol enhanced the conversion of retinol, but not retinal, into retinoic acid. EDTA inhibited the conversion of retinol into retinoic acid slightly (13%, liver; 29%, kidney). A high ethanol concentration (100 m m ), relative to retinoid substrate (10 μ m ), inhibited retinoic acid synthesis from retinol (liver, 54%;kidney, 30%) and from retinal (30%, liver; 9%, kidney). 4′-(9-Acridinylamino)methansulfon- m -anisidine, an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase, and disulfiram, a sulfhydryl-group crosslinking agent, were potent inhibitors of retinoic acid synthesis at 10 μ m or less, and seemed equipotent in liver and kidney. 4-Methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of ethanol metabolism, also inhibited retinoic acid synthesis from retinol, but was less potent than the former two inhibitors, and affected liver to a greater extent than kidney, particularly with retinal as substrate.
Efficient prediction of radiation from printed transmission-line discontinuities

An efficient full-wave space domain Galerkin method of moments (MoM) is developed to compute the current distribution and the radiation associated with arbitrarily shaped microstrip (or printed transmission line) discontinuities. Several techniques are used to increase the efficiency of the MoM algorithm so that a circuit of moderate electrical size can be analyzed in reasonable time. These include the utilization of quasi-dynamic and far-field approximations of the microstrip Green's functions where applicable, as well as the various symmetries in the problem formulation. The influence of asymmetrical currents on the radiation from some representative microstrip discontinuities is examined. Sample computational results are presented to show that the current distribution and the radiation associated with resonant size structures can be significantly higher than the regulatory limits. The MoM algorithm is validated by comparing the computed current distribution and resonant frequencies of a microstrip transmission line with analytical results derived from quasi-TEM transmission line theory. >
The Clergy and the Myth of the American West

The myth of the American West has become the nation's greatest cultural creation. From nineteenth-century German writer Karl May to the present day Solidarity movement in Poland, images drawn from the frontier West have inspired people throughout the globe. Although scholars have spent years trying to separate fact from fiction in this tale, most have concluded that it is impossible. “The myth,” historian Robert Athearn has noted, “is an essential part of the western past.”1
Enhanced effects of xanthohumol plus honokiol on apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Objective: To study the effects of xanthohumol (XN), a flavonoid found in hops (Humulus lupulus) and honokiol (HK), a lignan isolated from Magnolia officinalis, alone and in combination, on apoptotic signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods and Procedures: 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes were incubated with various concentrations of XN and HK alone and in combination. Viability and apoptosis were quantified using an MTS-based cell viability assay and single-stranded DNA assay, respectively. Expression of apoptosis related proteins including cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cytochrome c, Bcl-2, caspase-3/7, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and Akt was analyzed by western blotting. Results: Combinations of XN and HK significantly decreased viability and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and more than the additive responses to XN and HK alone. Western blot analysis showed an increase in cleaved PARP and cytochrome c release and decrease in expression of Bcl-2 protein by XN plus HK, whereas XN and HK individually had no effect. Furthermore, the combination of XN and HK activated PTEN and inactivated Akt by decreasing levels of phosphorylated PTEN and phosphorylated Akt. Discussion: We demonstrated that although XN and HK showed little or no effect as individual compounds, in combination (XN plus HK) they showed enhanced activity in inducing apoptosis via the cytochrome c/caspase-3/PARP and PTEN/Akt pathways in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Effects of endogenous D-alanine synthesis and autoinhibition of Bacillus anthracis germination on in vitro and in vivo infections

Bacillus anthracis transitions from a dormant spore to a vegetative bacillus through a series of structural and biochemical changes collectively referred to as germination. The timing of germination is important during early steps in infection and may determine if B. anthracis survives or succumbs to responsive macrophages. In the current study experiments determined the contribution of endogenous d-alanine production to the efficiency and timing of B. anthracis spore germination under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Racemase-mediated production of endogenous d-alanine by B. anthracis altered the kinetics for initiation of germination over a range of spore densities and exhibited a threshold effect wherein small changes in spore number resulted in major changes in germination efficiency. This threshold effect correlated with d-alanine production, was prevented by an alanine racemase inhibitor, and required l-alanine. Interestingly, endogenous production of inhibitory levels of d-alanine was detected under experimental conditions that did not support germination and in a germination-deficient mutant of B. anthracis. Racemase-dependent production of d-alanine enhanced survival of B. anthracis during interaction with murine macrophages, suggesting a role for inhibition of germination during interaction with these cells. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed an approximately twofold decrease in the 50% lethal dose of B. anthracis spores administered in the presence of d-alanine, indicating that rates of germination may be directly influenced by the levels of this amino acid during early stages of disease.
A comparison of deterministic and probabilistic approaches to endmember representation

The piece-wise convex multiple model endmember detection algorithm (P-COMMEND) and the Piece-wise Convex End-member detection (PCE) algorithm autonomously estimate many sets of endmembers to represent a hyperspectral image. A piece-wise convex model with several sets of endmembers is more effective for representing non-convex hyperspectral imagery over the standard convex geometry model (or linear mixing model). The terms of the objective function in P-COMMEND are based on geometric properties of the input data and the endmember estimates. In this paper, the P-COMMEND algorithm is extended to autonomously determine the number of sets of endmembers needed. The number of sets of endmembers, or convex regions, is determined by incorporating the competitive agglomeration algorithm into P-COMMEND. Results are shown comparing the Competitive Agglomeration P-COMMEND (CAP) algorithm to results found using the statistical PCE endmember detection method.
Satisfying Friendship Maintenance Expectations: The Role of Friendship Standards and Biological Sex

The ideal standards model predicts linear relationship among friendship standards, expectation fulfillment, and relationship satisfaction. Using a diary method, 197 participants reported on expectation fulfillment in interactions with one best, one close, and one casual friend (N = 591) over five days (2,388 interactions). Using multilevel modeling, our study found that hypothesized relationships were moderated by participant sex. For males, ideal standards had a curvilinear relationship with expectation fulfillment, where higher standards were associated with less fulfillment, but both expectation fulfillment and standards directly predicted satisfaction. For females, ideal standards linearly predicted expectation fulfillment, but an interaction between standards and fulfillment predicted satisfaction. Implicationsfortherelationshipbetweenidealstandardsandsexonfriendshipmaintenance and satisfaction are discussed.
Assessing long-distance RNA sequence connectivity via RNA-templated DNA–DNA ligation

Many RNAs, including pre-mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, can be thousands of nucleotides long and undergo complex post-transcriptional processing. Multiple sites of alternative splicing within a single gene exponentially increase the number of possible spliced isoforms, with most human genes currently estimated to express at least ten. To understand the mechanisms underlying these complex isoform expression patterns, methods are needed that faithfully maintain long-range exon connectivity information in individual RNA molecules. In this study, we describe SeqZip, a methodology that uses RNA-templated DNA-DNA ligation to retain and compress connectivity between distant sequences within single RNA molecules. Using this assay, we test proposed coordination between distant sites of alternative exon utilization in mouse Fn1, and we characterize the extraordinary exon diversity of Drosophila melanogaster Dscam1.
Coherence theory of VCSEL array coupling

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays have been laterally coupled by a variety of methods. This laser coupling can be used to create electrically steerable arrays for communication applications as well as increased-power single-mode lasers. In this work, we describe evanescent coupling of implant-defined VCSEL arrays. Using a coupled-propagator coherence theory, the coupling mechanism and determinants of degree of coherence are examined and comparisons between the theory and fabricated devices are presented.
Transformations: The Art of Recycling Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford University Oxford, England

Transformations: The Art of Recycling. Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford University, Oxford, England. March 25, 2000 through September 8, 2002 (extended).
Compositional dependence of structural transition pressures in amorphous phases with mantle-related compositions

Properties of silicate melts are key to understanding the evolution of the mantles of the Earth and terrestrial planets. Although remarkable progress has been made in first-principle calculations for melts in recent years, structural measurements of silicate melts at in situ high P–T remain one of the most challenging tasks. The study of glasses, kinetically frozen melts, at high pressure can provide valuable insights into related melts in the mantle. We report Raman scattering of MgSiO 3 glass revealing a structural transition at 19–38 GPa, which is associated with increases in the Si O coordination number, and another transition at 65–70 GPa. However, in CaSiO 3 and Mg 2 SiO 4 glasses, the former transition occurs at higher pressures by 5–10 GPa and the latter transition is not observed to our maximum pressure (80 GPa), indicating that a less polymerized Si O network increases the transition pressures. Our results suggest that the pressure for the structural transitions in these glasses is influenced strongly by the concentration of network former cations and the ionic size of the network modifiers. This observation may have important implications for compositional differentiation in the early magma ocean and the present-day mantle.
The influence of temperature and salinity variability on the upper ocean density and mixed layer

Abstract. The relative influence of both temperature and salinity on the mixed layer depth (MLD) is evaluated using a relationship of binned regressions of MLD on vertical density compensation and isothermal layer depth (ILD) from a global set of in situ profile observations. Our approach is inspired by the observations of the difference between the MLD and the sonic layer depth (SLD) that evolve seasonally around the global ocean. In this article, we hypothesize that vertical density compensation governs SLD-MLD differences and can be used for mapping the relative influence of temperature and salinity on upper ocean structure. The Turner angle, computed between the surface and 200 m (bulk Turner angle, BTA), serves as a measure of vertical density compensation that quantifies times and areas where either temperature or salinity is destabilizing. For temperature destabilization the ocean exhibits cool/fresh overlying hot/salty water. For salinity destabilization the ocean exhibits hot/salty overlying cool/fresh water. These two classes of density compensation have seasonal variability with different geographical characteristics. Profiles with salinity controlled stable density and destabilizing temperature gradient are found most often at high latitudes. Profiles with temperature controlled stable density and destabilizing salinity gradient are found in the tropics and subtropics of all oceans. Results indicate that about half of the ocean has vertical density compensation that is a necessary condition for SLD-MLD differences. While density compensation is necessary, it is not a sufficient condition for predicting the dependence of MLD on BTA. Density compensation is the dominant factor in MLD variability in heavy river input and subduction regions that cover only ~14% of the ocean.
The Heteroepitaxial Nucleation and Growth of Metal Oxides by Llvsztu Oxidation

Here we report our investigations on the initial stages of Cu(OO1) oxidation in dry and moist atmosphere using in situ ultra high vacuum (UHV) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cu20 islands were observed to grow 3-dimensionally into the Cu film as seen through the above mentioned techniques. Further, we discuss our interpretation of the experimental observations that presence of water vapor in the oxidizing atmosphere retards the rate of Cu oxidation and Cu20 shows surprising reduction when exposed to water vapor.
Rationality, Animality, and Human Nature: Reconsidering Kant’s View of the Human/Animal Relation

Kant is often criticized for his strict separation of humans and animals as categorically distinct entities. This separation hinges on the fact that, for Kant, humans are rational, while non-human animals are wholly irrational. This essay argues that a strict separation of rational humanity and irrational animality, prominent in many areas of Kant’s thinking, does not characterize his view of the human/animal relation overall. For, within Kant’s theory of human nature, rationality and animality are in fact entwined, with both contributing to the goodness and full realization of human life. Through engagement with a range of Kant’s writings on human nature, it is suggested that Kant’s view of the human/animal relation merits reconsideration by Kant scholars and animal-oriented philosophers alike.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Approaches to Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Components of Human Developmental Change and G × E Interaction

The linear structural model has provided the statistical backbone of the analysis of twin and family data for 25 years. A new generation of questions cannot easily be forced into the framework of current approaches to modeling and data analysis because they involve nonlinear processes. Maximizing the likelihood with respect to parameters of such nonlinear models is often cumbersome and does not yield easily to current numerical methods. The application of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to modeling the nonlinear effects of genes and environment in MZ and DZ twins is outlined. Nonlinear developmental change and genotype × environment interaction in the presence of genotype-environment correlation are explored in simulated twin data. The MCMC method recovers the simulated parameters and provides estimates of error and latent (missing) trait values. Possible limitations of MCMC methods are discussed. Further studies are necessary explore the value of an approach that could extend the horizons of research in developmental genetic epidemiology.
ANALYSIS OF SOME TWO-LOCUS SYSTEMS FOR TRAITS EXHIBITING CONTINUOUS VARIATION

Some generalized two-locus, major-gene models for traits exhibiting continuous expression are investigated. Conditions of gametic equilibria are stated as functions of the parameters characterizing the within phenotypic-genotypic distributions. Selection is stabilizing in favor of an optimum phenotype. It is established that an increase in the phenotypic variance facilitates stability of a central polymorphic state with tighter linkage. Also, with increased phenotypic variance in an additive two-locus selection model, a Hardy-Weinberg type of equilibrium will be less central. The rate of convergence, in this case, is slowed down with an augmented environmental background.
Neuronal and myelin reactive humoral immunity in multiple sclerosis is Th2 dependent.

‘Although interferon-β has been shown to be effective, their long-term impact on brain atrophy and progression of clinical disability in multiple sclerosis is uncertain. The hegemony of interferon-β in the treatment of MS is degraded by this evidence and suggests that B-cell strategies require more study.’
Biological hydrogen production using a membrane bioreactor

A cross-flow membrane was coupled to a che- mostat to create an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for biological hydrogen production. The reactor was fed glucose (10,000 mg/L) and inoculated with a soil inoculum heat-treated to kill non-spore-forming methanogens. Hy- drogen gas was consistently produced at a concentra- tion of 57-60% in the headspace under all conditions. When operated in chemostat mode (no flow through the membrane) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.3 h, 90% of the glucose was removed, producing 2200 mg/L of cells and 500 mL/h of biogas. When operated in MBR mode, the solids retention time (SRT) was increased to SRT=12 h producing a solids concentration in the reactor of 5800 mg/ L. This SRT increased the overall glucose utilization (98%), the biogas production rate (640 mL/h), and the conversion efficiency of glucose-to-hydrogen from 22% (no MBR) to 25% (based on a maximum of 4 mol-H2/mol-glucose). When the SRT was increased from 5 h to 48 h, glucose utilization (99%) and biomass concentrations (8,800 F 600 mg/L) both increased. However, the biogas produc- tion decreased (310 F 40 mL/h) and the glucose-to- hydrogen conversion efficiency decreased from 37 F 4% to 18 F 3%. Sustained permeate flows through the membrane were in the range of 57 to 60 L/m 2 h for three different membrane pore sizes (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 Am). Most (93.7% to 99.3%) of the membrane resistance was due to internal fouling and the reversible cake resistance, and not the membrane itself. Regular backpulsing was essential for maintaining permeate flux through the mem- brane. Analysis of DNA sequences using ribosomal inter- genic spacer analysis indicated bacteria were most closely related to members of Clostridiaceae and Flexibacteraceae, including Clostridium acidisoli CAC237756 (97%), Linmin- gia china AF481148 (97%), and Cytophaga sp. MDA2507 AF238333 (99%). No PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes was obtained when archaea-specific primers were
Effect of pacing site on ventricular fibrillation initiation by shocks during the vulnerable period.

The critical point hypothesis for the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV) states that the site of S1 pacing should not affect the ULV S2 shock strength for a single S2 shock electrode configuration ...
End-of-Life Decision Making in Older Patients with Acute Kidney Injury and End-Stage Renal Disease: Ethical Perspectives

End-of-life discussions with older patients facing the prospect of dialysis are challenging and require acknowledgement of and respect for ethical principles. Medical advancements and the development of life-sustaining interventions often require patients to make difficult decisions about options for medical care in times of immense emotional distress. The decision to start dialysis because of acute kidney injury (AKI) may pose an ethical dilemma in the case of some older patients; similarly, older patients with unexpectedly rapid progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may have comorbid conditions that undermine the success of dialysis in prolonging quality in addition to quantity of life. Finally, continuing to dialyze patients whose functional or clinical status has declined poses an ethical dilemma for nephrologists, especially when patients are no longer able to participate in decisions about their own care. This chapter explores the ethical aspects of end-of-life decision making in older patients facing major life transitions and decisions related to (1) the pursuit of dialysis because of AKI, (2) the consideration of dialysis when there is progression of CKD to ESRD, and (3) the continuation or withdrawal of dialysis in patients whose clinical status has changed since the initiation of dialysis.
Should Spouses Be Demanding Less From Marriage? A Contextual Perspective on the Implications of Interpersonal Standards

How much should people ask of their relationships? Whereas several perspectives suggest high standards should make actual outcomes feel worse by comparison and thus harm relationships, other perspectives suggest high standards should motivate people to exert the effort necessary to cultivate quality partnerships. The current 4-year longitudinal study of newlywed couples reconciled these competing perspectives by testing a prediction implicit in Finkel, Hui, Carswell, and Larson's suffocation model of marriage-that spouses' standards interact with factors reflective of their abilities to meet those standards to predict subsequent satisfaction. Among spouses who either reported less severe problems or were in marriages observed to be characterized by lower levels of destructive behavior, standards were positively associated with satisfaction over time; among spouses who reported more severe problems or were in marriages characterized by higher levels of destructive behavior, in contrast, standards were negatively associated with satisfaction over time.
Tn5030: A Conjugative Transposon Conferring Clindamycin Resistance in Bacteroides Species

Several examples of conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance determinants in the absence of plasmid DNA have been described in gram-positive species. Previous work had suggested that transfer of clindamycin resistance among the gram-negative anaerobic Bacteroides species might occur by a similar mechanism. We report here the characterization of Tn5030, a 45-kb +/- 5-kb chromosomal, mobile genetic element devoid of the detectable terminal repeats typically associated with gram-negative transposons. Tn5030 transfers clindamycin resistance (ermFU) and sequences homologous to tetF in the absence of detectable plasmid DNA. This element represents a novel mechanism of genetic exchange among gram-negative organisms.
The Wu Liang Shrine: The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art

List of figures Foreword Introduction Part I. A Thousand Years of Scholarship: The Wu Family Shrines: 1. Excavations and primary studies of the material remains 2. A historiography of the study of the Wu family shrines Part II. The Wu Liang Shrine Carvings: A Pictorial Universe: 3. The ceiling: heavenly omens 4. The gables: the world of immortality 5. The walls: human history Epilogue: the ideology of the Wu Liang shrine carvings Appendixes Reference matter.
Growth of Epitaxial CoSi2/Si Multilayers

Epitaxial CoSi2/Si multilayers have been grown on Si(111) substrates with up to four bilayers of suicide and Si. To our knowledge, these are the first reported epitaxial metal-semiconductor multilayer structures. The growth of these heterostructures is complicated by pinhole formation in the suicide layers and by nonuniform growth of Si over the suicide films, but these problems can be controlled through nse of proper growth techniques. CoSi2 pinhole formation has been significantly reduced by utilizing a novel solid phase epitaxy technique in which room-temperature-deposited Co/Si bilayers are annealed to 600–650δC to form the suicide layers. Islanding in the Si layers is minimized by depositing a thin (<100A) Si layer at room temperature with subsequent high temperature growth of the remainder of the Si. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate that these growth procedures dramatically improve the continuity and quality of the CoSi. and Si multilayers.
Effects of Parceling on Model Selection: Parcel-Allocation Variability in Model Ranking.

Research interest often lies in comparing structural model specifications implying different relationships among latent factors. In this context parceling is commonly accepted, assuming the item-level measurement structure is well known and, conservatively, assuming items are unidimensional in the population. Under these assumptions, researchers compare competing structural models, each specified using the same parcel-level measurement model. However, little is known about consequences of parceling for model selection in this context-including whether and when model ranking could vary across alternative item-to-parcel allocations within-sample. This article first provides a theoretical framework that predicts the occurrence of parcel-allocation variability (PAV) in model selection index values and its consequences for PAV in ranking of competing structural models. These predictions are then investigated via simulation. We show that conditions known to manifest PAV in absolute fit of a single model may or may not manifest PAV in model ranking. Thus, one cannot assume that low PAV in absolute fit implies a lack of PAV in ranking, and vice versa. PAV in ranking is shown to occur under a variety of conditions, including large samples. To provide an empirically supported strategy for selecting a model when PAV in ranking exists, we draw on relationships between structural model rankings in parcel- versus item-solutions. This strategy employs the across-allocation modal ranking. We developed software tools for implementing this strategy in practice, and illustrate them with an example. Even if a researcher has substantive reason to prefer one particular allocation, investigating PAV in ranking within-sample still provides an informative sensitivity analysis. (PsycINFO Database Record
Preliminary Demonstration Research of Chinese Medicine Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root Edible Development

Objective To investigate the food and medicine feasibility of heterophylly falsestarwort root and provide a theoretical basis for as new resources food declaration.Methods Through the differences of application history among dangshen,ginseng and Heterophylly Falsestarwort Root,social groups in the food situation and the main composition analysis,discusses its edible feasibility.Results ①From the source of heterophylly falsestarwort root,it had some ancient examples of application as fitness regimen.②Though dangshen,ginseng and heterophylly falsestarwort root are relatively common as nourishing Chinese medicine,they have some differences in biological characteristics and functions.③It has some main chemical composition,such as,amino acid,fatty acid and trace elements.They accord with nutritive requirements of food.④Community groups have a high consumption awareness on heterophylly falsestarwort root,it as the medical food is not limited in local area.Conclusion Heterophylly falsestarwort root as a new resource of food development is feasible.
RNAi-Based Functional Pharmacogenomics

Experimental alteration of gene expression is a powerful technique for functional characterization of disease genes. RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring mechanism of gene regulation, which is triggered by the introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell. This phenomenon can be synthetically exploited to down-regulate expression of specific genes by transfecting mammalian cells with synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These siRNAs can be designed to silence the expression of specific genes bearing a particular target sequence in high-throughput (HT) siRNA experimental systems and may potentially be presented as a therapeutic strategy for inhibiting transcriptional regulation of genes. This can constitute a strategy that can inhibit targets that are not tractable by small molecules such as chemical compounds. Large-scale experiments using low-dose drug exposure combined with siRNA also represent a promising discovery strategy for the purpose of identifying synergistic targets that facilitate synthetic lethal combination phenotypes. In light of such advantageous applications, siRNA technology has become an ideal research tool for studying gene function. In this chapter, we focus on the application of RNAi, with particular focus on HT siRNA phenotype profiling, to support cellular pharmacogenomics.
Otogenic intracranial inflammations: role of CT.

This article reviews the authors’ results using CT in the diagnosis of 18 selected patients who were clinically suspected of having otogenic intracranial complications, demonstrating with illustrative examples the important role of CT in diagnosing various stages of acute coalescent mastoiditis and its associated complications.
Assent Described: Exploring Perspectives From the Inside

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the informed consent and assent experience for oncology research from the perspective of the participants: adolescents, their parents, and their physician providers. Design & Methods This descriptive mixed-methods study included the pilot use of the Quality of Informed Consent Questionnaire (QuIC) with an adolescent population and semi-structured interviews with adolescents, their parents, and their physician providers within 48–72 hours of the informed consent and assent discussion for a pediatric oncology clinical trial and again 6–9 weeks later. Results Adolescents and their parents scored considerably lower on part A of the QuIC than part B indicating a lower level of objective understanding of key elements of informed consent and assent. Qualitative interviews highlight participants' self-reported poor memory or recollection of key details of the informed consent and assent discussion paralleling the QuIC findings for objective understanding. Conclusion Findings from this pilot descriptive study suggest that adolescents and their parents feel more informed than they actually are. This dichotomy of experience seems to have been mitigated by a strong sense of trust in and connection with their physician provider. Practice Implications Further exploration of adolescent and parent viewpoints regarding what they value as important in the content of the informed consent and assent and how that content is delivered is warranted. Additionally, understanding the origin of participants' misunderstanding of the key elements of consent and assent may illuminate areas for future intervention-based research focused on improving the overall quality of informed consent and assent discussions.
EMIC wave scale size in the inner magnetosphere: Observations from the dual Van Allen Probes

Estimating the spatial scales of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is critical for quantifying their overall scattering efficiency and effects on thermal plasma, ring current and radiation belt particles. Using measurements from the dual Van Allen Probes in 2013-2014, we characterize the spatial and temporal extents of regions of EMIC wave activity and how these depend on local time and radial distance within the inner magnetosphere. Observations are categorized into three types – waves observed by only one spacecraft, waves measured by both spacecraft simultaneously, and waves observed by both spacecraft with some time lag. Analysis reveals that dayside (and H+ band) EMIC waves more frequently span larger spatial areas, while nightside (and He + band) waves are more often localized but can persist many hours. These investigations give insight into the nature of EMIC wave generation and support more accurate quantification of their effects on the ring current and outer radiation belt.
Fe/Cu-Mediated One-Pot Ketone Synthesis

An Fe/Cu-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis was reported. Unlike Ni- and Pd-mediated one-pot ketone syntheses, the reported Fe/Cu-mediated method allowed selective activation and coupling of alkyl iodides over vinyl iodides. The newly developed one-pot ketone synthesis was applied to a synthesis of vinyl iodide/ketone 13, the left half of halichondrin B, as well as vinyl iodide/ketone 8a, the C20–C26 building block of halichondrins.
Decoupled magnetoelastic finite element method including magnetostriction effects in electrical machinery applications

Magnetostriction is one of the main causes of noise and vibration in electric machinery and equipment. A decoupled method is proposed to handle the computation of magnetostriction effects and inverse magnetostriction effects in ferromagnetic materials. To consider effect of magnetostriction in structure solver, the derived magnetostriction from magnetic field solution is converted to volumetric force density and applied as external load. The effect of invers magnetostriction on magnetic field is taken account by reconstructing the nonlinear BH curves along each local major axis. The proposed method can be applied to model magnetostriction on different mesh with different solver. With this method, the magneto-elastic Multiphysics coupling can be handled with great flexibility and reliability.
Modeling and analysis of multistage failures of a system

This paper's focus is on modeling and analysis of security failures, resulting from cyber-attacks and subsequent repairs. An intruder exploits one or more vulnerabilities of a cyber system to compromise one (or more) of its security attributes. Since recovering from an attack can take unpredictably long time, cyber systems used in safety critical applications, need to be inherently capable of tolerating failures known as Intrusion Tolerant Systems (ITSs) which depend on incorporating redundancy in their design. Our analysis shows that plain replication, though effective against intrusions designed to compromise availability, can in fact be detrimental against confidentiality and integrity intrusions. This paper instead uses smart redundancy based on fragmentation, coding, dispersion and reassembly (FCDR), which is then used to develop multi-stage failures and repairs stochastic models. These models take the form of continuous time Markov chains (CTMSs), which are analyzed to quantify the effectiveness of smart redundancy in tolerating confidentiality, integrity and availability intrusions.
Female sex, early-onset hypertension, and risk of dementia.

Objective: To evaluate the association of early-adulthood and mid-adulthood hypertension with dementia in men and women. Methods: We evaluated 5,646 members of a diverse integrated health care delivery system who had clinical examinations and health survey data from 1964 to 1973 (mean age 32.7 years; early adulthood) and 1978–1985 (mean age 44.3 years; mid-adulthood) and were members as of January 1, 1996 (mean age 59.8 years). Hypertension categories based on measurements of blood pressure (BP) and change in hypertension categories between the 2 examinations (e.g., onset hypertension) were used to predict dementia incidence from January 1, 1996, to September 30, 2015. Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for demographics, vascular comorbidities, and hypertension treatment; inverse probability weighting accounted for differential attrition between first BP measurement and start of follow-up. Results: A total of 532 individuals (9.4%) were diagnosed with dementia. Early adulthood hypertension was not associated with dementia, though effect estimates were elevated among women. Mid-adulthood hypertension was associated with 65% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–2.18) increased dementia risk among women but not men. Onset of hypertension in mid-adulthood predicted 73% higher dementia risk in women (95% CI 1.24–2.40) compared to stable normotensive. There was no evidence that hypertension or changes in hypertension increased dementia risk among men. Conclusions: Though midlife hypertension was more common in men, it was only associated with dementia risk in women. Sex differences in the timing of dementia risk factors have important implications for brain health and hypertension management.
The Intergranular Film in Silicon Nitride Ceramics: A Diffuse Interface Approach

The compositional dependence of the thickness of the intergranular film is derived from a thermodynamic treatment of the compositional profile across a grain boundary. An equilibrium thickness is maintained by the balance between the van der Waals attraction between grains and the osmotic pressure from the equilibration of the chemical potential of solute at the triple junction pockets and the mid-plane of the intergranular film.
Discharges Against Medical Advice: Prevalence, Predictors, and Populations

Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) is when a patient leaves a healthcare institution, typically a hospital where the patient is admitted, before it is deemed medically appropriate. DAMA constitutes approximately 1% of all US hospital discharges; however, the proportion of those leaving against medical advice may be higher in certain populations, and not all DAMA will be avoidable.
Social Media Applications for Marketing Educators

Social media offer educators immense value both in and out of the classroom. Whether providing new channels of communication, advanced tools for the packaging and delivery of content, collaborative work opportunities, or engagement devices for inspiring young minds, there are social media solutions available. In this panel session, the contributors present three applications for utilizing social media tools in marketing education: 1) general social media tools useful for addressing common classroom issues, 2) social media tools and channels for teaching and experiencing retail management, and 3) cross-channel social tools for building student engagement outside of the classroom environment.
High Dispersion Spectra of Bright Planetary Nebulae

The Hamilton Echelle Spectrograph at the coude focus of the Shane 3 m telescope at Lick Observatory permits us to obtain high resolution spectra of bright planetary nebulae over the spectral range from 3500A to 10300A. Not only is it possible to separate pairs such as λ 5198, 5200 [NI], 4860 HeII and 4861 HI, but one may secure the profiles of Doppler broadened lines. It appears to be possible to separate the HI and HeI contributions of the 3889 line in Hu 1–2. The nebulae most suitable for observation are those of high surface brightness. NGC 7027 was the first nebula intensively studied with this equipment (Keyes et al. 1990); subsequently we have observed NGC 2440, 6537, 6543, 6567, 6572, 6741, 7009, 7662, IC 351, 418, 2149, 2165, 4634, 4997, 5217, Hb 12, and Hu1–2. In NGC 7009 we measured line fluxes at the ends of major and minor axes. Small compact objects were centered on the slit; other were observed in the bright ring. These planetary nebulae cover a range in excitation level, chemical composition, and evolutionary status.
Development of BCG as a recombinant vaccine vehicle.

The bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was developed by Dr A. Calmette and his associate Dr. C. Guerin at the Pasteur Institute in the early years of this century as a vaccine against tuberculosis. Despite enormous efforts by large numbers of experimental microbiologists of the time, the general methods for attenuating viruses and developing vaccines formulated by Pasteur had failed utterly on the tubercle bacillus. It was in this context that Calmette and Guerin, having difficulties in preventing clumping and aggregation of a virulent isolate of the bovine pathogen Mycobacterium bovis that they were studying, in 1906 decided to add ox bile to the culture medium to wet the surface of the organisms and disperse the cultures (Calmette and Guerin 1909). The addition worked spectacularly, and the organisms grew almost as a single-cell suspension. In the course of 30 passages on bile, the colony morphology changed drastically, and the scientists realized that a profound genetic change might have been induced. Since the waxy coat of mycobacteria was believed to be critical to its resistance to killing by drying and to normal host defenses, they hoped that the change in morphology would be associated with a change in virulence. And so it was. As we now know, after many years of painstakingly detailed work in animals trying to select for variants or revertants to virulence, they were unable to do so and came to understand that they had developed an avirulent tubercle bacillus. In 1913 they showed that it could protect against lethal infection with virulent human M. tuberculosis in cows, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. After 231 passages, in July 1921, together with their colleague Prof. Weill-Halle, they inoculated their attenuated bovine bacillus, now immortalized by the name bacille Calmette-Guerin, into an infant “which was doomed to die of tuberculosis because it unavoidably lived with a consumptive grandmother—the mother, also consumptive, having died immediately after birth. No incident ensued. The child has developed along normal lines and has since remained completely free of tuberculosis” (Calmette 1928).