cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
20 Yıl Sonrasında Hiyerarşik Boş Zaman Kısıtlar Teorisini Değerlendirmek

This article assesses the status of hierarchical leisure constraints theory (Crawford & Godbey, 1987; Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey 1991) regarding many issues. Such issues include clarification and elaboration of some aspects of the original model, a review of studies which have used or examined the model and the extent to which they are confirmatory, critiques of the original model by various authors, and avenues for further research. Conclusions drawn include that the model is cross culturally relevant, that the model may examine forms of behavior other than leisure, and that, while research to date has been largely confirmatory, there is a high potential for the theory to be expanded in order to advance leisure constraints research to the next level
Fast Material Working: Wire Drawing

The theory of fast material forming starts with the application of the Bingham model to the metal forming. It started with wire drawing, with drawing of tubes either free or with a floating plug, or with a fixed plug. The extrusion of cylindrical bars at increased temperatures, with floating glass as a lubricant, was also considered. The theory was done with several mathematical approaches, either direct or with applied.
Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Is Associated with a Distinct Tumor Microenvironment Including Elevation of Inflammatory Signals and Multiple Immune Checkpoints in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Purpose: Promising results in the treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been seen with agents targeting immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). However, only a select group of patients respond to these interventions. The identification of biomarkers that predict clinical benefit to immune checkpoint blockade is critical to successful clinical translation of these agents. Methods: We conducted an integrated analysis of three independent large datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas of lung adenocarcinoma and two datasets from MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX), Profiling of Resistance Patterns and Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in Evaluation of Cancers of the Thorax (named PROSPECT) and Biomarker-Integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (named BATTLE-1). Comprehensive analysis of mRNA gene expression, reverse-phase protein array, IHC, and correlation with clinical data were performed. Results: Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly associated with an inflammatory tumor microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma, independent of tumor mutational burden. We found immune activation coexistent with elevation of multiple targetable immune checkpoint molecules, including PD-L1, PD-L2, PD-1, TIM-3, B7-H3, BTLA, and CTLA-4, along with increases in tumor infiltration by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in lung adenocarcinomas that displayed an EMT phenotype. Furthermore, we identify B7-H3 as a prognostic marker for NSCLC. Conclusions: The strong association between EMT status and an inflammatory tumor microenvironment with elevation of multiple targetable immune checkpoint molecules warrants further investigation of using EMT as a predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint blockade agents and other immunotherapies in NSCLC and possibly a broad range of other cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3630–42. ©2016 AACR. See related commentary by Datar and Schalper, p. 3422
Applied Geospatial Technologies in Higher Education

This chapter discusses the international trends, roles, and instruction of GST in higher education. While all countries continue to emphasize teaching about GST, many are developing strategies to teach with GST. Technological advances (cloud-based GST applications, increasingly sophisticated software, etc.) are driving changes in higher education GST objectives, communication, and pedagogy. Countries are developing institutional and faculty peer networks to strengthen the depth and consistency of their GST curricula, as well as keep pace with rapid changes in GST itself. Best pedagogical practices for GST instruction are being developed, including high-impact techniques such as collaborative projects, undergraduate research and inquiry, global learning, and community-based learning. Challenges facing GST in higher education include limited availability of GST courses of study and student enrollment in GST programs. The rapid rate of change in GST technology is a significant barrier to faculty preparation, especially regarding disciplines outside of geography. A case study is described in which GST instruction is delivered through a study abroad program to the islands of Micronesia.
Anscombe, Hume and Julius Caesar

hypothesis that can be freely doubted. But we can throw so fundamental a belief into 'question only by indulging in Cartesian doubt' (ibid., p. 6) which would entail 'destroying bases and standards for discovering any historical facts at all' (ibid., p. 7). In what follows, I shall argue that Hume's analysis of historical method does not commit him to this absurdity. It is worthwile to point this out because Hume was one of the first philosophers to do what has come to be known in the last decade or so as "critical" or "analytical" philosophy of history. Yet the literature on Hume's philosophical reflections on history is virtually non-existent. It is for this reason that Professor Anscombe's article is especially welcome, and this is also why it is important to get Hume's views straight.
Digital Identification of Continuous-Time System Parameters

Abstract A digital technique for on-line identification of the parameter of a continuous-time system is given in this paper. The technique is based on the classical trapezoidal rule of numerical integration. Two cases are considered: in one the system state variables are directly measurable, and in the other they are not directly measurable. Examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
On the Origin of the Universe of Matter and Light in a Combined Four-Manifold of Particle-Waves

This paper shows comprehensively how electromagnetic waves from Maxwell equations in a free spacetime M[2] could, by its extraordinarily large gravitational constant G[2], engender a cosmic black hole B and its center of spacetime singularity could open up a ”combined spacetime 4-manifold M[3] = M[1] x B” containing particle-waves of energy E[3] = E[1] + E[2]. The work here collects our previously derived results and extend them to new findings, principally the pair creation of electronwave and positron-wave by four photon-waves at Big Bang.
Realizing PET systems with 100 ps FWHM coincidence timing resolution(Conference Presentation)

The past two decades have seen much progress in coincidence timing resolution (CTR) for time-of-flight (TOF) capable positron emission tomography (PET) systems. With these advancements, clinical TOF-PET systems have achieved sub-400 ps FWHM (full-width-at-half-maximum) CTR, providing decreased patient radiation dose, shorter scan time, improved lesion detectability, increased accuracy and precision of lesion uptake measurements, and less sensitivity to errors in data correction techniques (normalization, scatter, and attenuation corrections). An important and long-standing milestone for the TOF-PET community is 100 ps FWHM CTR. At that level of timing performance, more than a factor of five improvement in image signal-to-noise ratio is possible compared to non-TOF-PET, with the potential for a transformational impact on quantitative PET imaging. With advancements in silicon photomultiplier technologies, novel scintillation materials and signal processing techniques, sub-100 ps CTR has been reported for relatively short scintillation crystal elements (3 mm length). However, clinical PET requires scintillation crystal elements that are 20 mm length or greater to provide adequate stopping power for 511 keV photons. This increased crystal length reduces the light collection efficiency and increases the scintillation photon transit time variance, resulting in degraded CTR. Significant strides have been made in achieving sub-150 ps FWHM CTR with 20 mm length crystals in single pixel, bench top experiments. We will present perspectives on the entire detection chain, from luminescence to signal processing and time-pickoff to enable 100 ps CTR at the level of full clinically-relevant detector modules.
Shifting patterns of microbial N-metabolism across seasons in upland Alaskan tundra soils

Abstract In the arctic tundra, N controls the productivity and composition of tundra plant communities. In the Alaskan tundra, microbes only ever appear to be N-limited in Eriophorum vaginatum -dominated tussock tundra, and that only during the summer growing season; during winter microbes continue to respire but show no evidence of N-limitation. What drives the shifts in microbial N-limitation and how are they developed by the metabolic pathways involved in processing available soil organic compounds? To answer these questions, we collected soils from tussock and shrub tundra during four seasons and incubated them with 13 C-labeled glucose, glutamate, and protein; then we measured 13 C in CO 2 , microbial biomass, and specific phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). By analyzing 13 C-PLFAs, we were able to assess whether different groups of microbes processed the substrates differently, and to assess changes in N-use brought on by the Arctic winter. Monomers were metabolized during both seasons. In tussock tundra, glutamate-C was assimilated into PLFAs more extensively in winter than summer, suggesting glutamate was used as a C-source during winter but as a N-source during summer. In shrub soils, the flow of C from glutamate to PLFAs tracked with glucose year-round suggesting that the communities were primarily using glutamate as a C source. These results parallel biogeochemical evidence showing shifts in N availability and limitation. Protein metabolism was negligible in winter in soils other than tussocks. In summer, protein was broken down and all communities incorporated C; however, fungi did not assimilate protein-C at all while Gram-positive bacteria appeared to be proteolytic specialists. The different patterns of metabolism of C vs. N containing compounds across microbial groups regulate the dynamics of both soil communities and of soil carbon and nitrogen in tundra soils. As such, the flow of 13 C into different biomarker PLFAs provided a lens to evaluate the shifting dynamics of microbial communities and of the resource environment in which they find themselves.
Abstract 5362: Andrographolide inhibits prostate cancer by modulating chemokine and cytokines

Treatment options for androgen independent prostate cancer (PCa) are limited. Hence, new treatment strategies are needed to treat/prevent hormone refractory advance disease. Major focus of this study was to develop non-toxic therapeutic/preventive option for PCa. Andrographolide (AG), a bioactive diterpenoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata showed dose and time dependent inhibition of PCa cells (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP). This inhibition in growth was due to selective modulation of chemokines and cytokines required for PCa cell growth and proliferation. Specifically, CXCR3 and CXCR7 expression was reduced after AG treatment. Interestingly, AG inhibited IL-6 expression, which is known to be associated with advance PCa and also highly produced by the aggressive PCa cell compared to less aggressive or normal prostatic epithelial cells. Hence, AG may be offered as a new therapeutic/preventive agent against PCa due to its ability to inhibit key chemokines and cytokines required for PCa progression and supporting hormone refractory PCa. Citation Format: Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Rajesh Singh, Guru Sonpavde, James W. Lillard, Shailesh Singh. Andrographolide inhibits prostate cancer by modulating chemokine and cytokines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5362. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5362
Diagnosis and Management of Ethylene Glycol Ingestion

Ethylene glycol is an osmotically active organic alcohol responsible for nearly 6000 intentional and accidental ingestions annually (Mowry et al. Clin Toxicol 51:949–1229, 2013). It may be found in many industrial and household products including antifreeze and de-icing solutions, brake and hydraulic fluids, and window cleaners. Ethylene glycol, itself, has little toxicity but its metabolites can cause serious morbidity and mortality.
The superovulated environment, independent of embryo vitrification, results in low birthweight in a mouse model.

Abstract Epidemiological studies suggest that babies born following in vitro fertilization (IVF) and fresh embryo transfer are of lower birthweight than babies born following frozen embryo transfer, although the mechanism responsible for this phenotype is not known. We developed a novel mouse model that isolates the independent effects of embryo freezing and the superovulated environment, which cannot be performed in humans. We transferred blastocysts that had been vitrified and warmed, mixed with with fresh blastocysts, into individual pseudopregnant recipients produced by either natural mating or mating following injection with equine chorionic gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin and hCG (superovulation). We found that superovulation of the recipient dams led to significantly lower fetal weight at term while blastocyst vitrification had no significant effect on fetal weight (1.43 ± 0.24 g fresh-natural, 1.30 ± 0.28 g vitrified-natural vs. 1.09 ± 0.20 fresh-superovulated, 0.93 ± 0.23 g vitrified-superovulated, P < 0.0001). Doppler ultrasound revealed increased median umbilical artery resistance in the placentae of near-term dams exposed to superovulation compared to naturally mated dams (0.927 vs 0.904, P = 0.02). Additionally, placental microvascular density was lower in superovulated compared to naturally mated dams (1.24 × 10-3 vessel/micron vs 1.46 × 10-3 vessels/micron, P = 0.046). Gene expression profiling suggested alterations in fetal genes involved in glucorticoid regulation. These results suggest a potential mechanism for altered birthweight following superovulation in our model and may have implications for human IVF.
The value of frontal sinusotomy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps-A cost utility analysis.

Objectives/Hypothesis The number of surgical procedures performed for frontal sinusitis and the associated costs have increased dramatically over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic frontal sinusotomy (EFS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Study Design Cohort-style Markov decision-tree economic model with a 36-year time horizon. Methods Matched cohorts of CRSwNP patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with (n = 139) and without (n = 49) EFS were compared to each other and to patients (n = 139) from the Medical Expenditures Survey Panel database who underwent medical management for chronic rhinosinusitis. Multi-year health utility values were calculated from responses to the EuroQol 5-Dimension instrument. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Results Decision analysis showed that ESS without EFS proved more cost-effective than ESS with EFS or medical management. ESS without EFS compared to medical management yielded an ICER of $9,004/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). ESS with EFS compared to ESS without EFS yielded an ICER of $62,310/QALY. At a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000/QALY, ESS without EFS was more cost-effective than ESS with EFS with 52.1% certainty. These results were robust to one-way analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Conclusions ESS remains a cost-effective intervention compared to medical therapy alone for patients with CRSwNP. In this study, the addition of frontal sinusotomy during ESS for patients with CRSwNP was not found to be cost-effective at a WTP threshold of $50,000/QALY, but may be cost effective at a higher threshold of $100,000/QALY. Level of Evidence 2C. Laryngoscope, 2017
Abundance, localization, and functional correlates of the advanced glycation end-product carboxymethyl lysine in human myocardium

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) and possibly hypertension (HTN). In experimental DM, AGEs accumulate in myocardium. Little is known about AGEs in human myocardium. We quantified abundance, localization, and functional correlates of the AGE carboxymethyl lysine (CML) in left ventricular (LV) myocardium from patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting (CBG). Immunoelectron microscopy was used to quantify CML in epicardial biopsies from 98 patients (71 M, 27 F) with HTN, HTN + DM or neither (controls), all with normal LV ejection fraction. Myofilament contraction-relaxation function was measured in demembranated myocardial strips. Echocardiography was used to quantify LV structure and function. We found that CML was abundant within cardiomyocytes, but minimally associated with extracellular collagen. CML counts/μm2 were 14.7% higher in mitochondria than the rest of the cytoplasm (P < 0.001). There were no significant sex or diagnostic group differences in CML counts [controls 45.6 ± 3.6/μm2 (±SEM), HTN 45.8 ± 3.6/μm2, HTN + DM 49.3 ± 6.2/μm2; P = 0.85] and no significant correlations between CML counts and age, HgbA1c or myofilament function indexes. However, left atrial volume was significantly correlated with CML counts (r = 0.41, P = 0.004). We conclude that in CBG patients CML is abundant within cardiomyocytes but minimally associated with collagen, suggesting that AGEs do not directly modify the stiffness of myocardial collagen. Coexistent HTN or HTN + DM do not significantly influence CML abundance. The correlation of CML counts with LAV suggests an influence on diastolic function independent of HTN, DM or sex whose mechanism remains to be determined.
The Complexities of Middle Level Teacher Credentialing: Status Report and Future Directions

Specialized preparation and credentialing for teachers of young adolescents continue to be the focus of advocacy efforts within the field of middle level education. To better understand the status ...
Critical Discourse Analysis and the ecological turn in intercultural communication

Intercultural communication and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) have formed a fruitful partnership over the last decade. However, both stand at a juncture with exciting possibilities and imperati...
High Temperature Desulfurization of Flue Gas Using Calcium-Based Sorbents

Removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas is mainly accomplished by contacting the flue gases with calcium-based (limestone, lime and hydrated lime) sorbents which show remarkable sulfur dioxide scavenging abilities. Although the most commonly used industrial practice is wet limestone scrubbing process, dry scrubbing processes, especially dry sorbent injection (DSI), technology offers a more economical and retrofit technology. Application of DSI for flue gas de-sulfurization (FGD) in high temperature range of 800–1200°C (upper-furnace region) involves injection of dry calcium-based sorbents in the above-the-flame regions of a coal-fired furnace. At high temperatures these sorbents undergo calcination resulting in formation of highly reactive CaO which is subsequently sulfated by SO2 to form CaSO4. Another phenomenon which is typical of high temperature applications is the deactivation of the CaO via thermal sintering. At high temperature, calcination, sulfation and sintering of the sorbent proceed concomitantly. The lack of interest is applying DSI technology for FGD stems from the inherent inefficiencies associated with this process. Under utilization of the sorbent and its inability to meet the required SO2 removal standards are the main reasons for unacceptance of DSI as a viable FGD process.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone and Area Postrema

It was not until the vomiting centre itself was correctly localized in the bulbar reticular formation that the idea of a separate chemosensory station could be formulated (Borison and Wang 1953). Figure 1 shows where the vomiting centre was thought to be located before 1949 (panel A) and then where it was mapped by Borison and Wang (1949) (panel B). Earlier workers (Hatcher and Weiss 1923) simply assumed that the vomiting centre was inherently responsive to “centrally-acting” emetic drugs applied locally to the ala cinerea on the brain surface; whereas, we used direct electrical stimulation to activate the centre in the parenchymal reticular formation. Indeed, there is at present no neuropharmacological basis for attributing any functional chemoselectivity to the particular medullary neurons that comprise the vomiting centre.
The anatomy of intelligence

In this article, traditional concepts of intelligence are challenged. It is proposed that IQ tests, which largely measure the functioning of the postrolandic cerebrum, are not a good measure of intelligence, which reflects the functioning of the prerolandic cerebrum, especially the prefrontal cortex. Intelligence is defined as an active, transformational process in which sensory data are synthesized into the simplest possible representation for the purpose of maximizing behavioral efficiency. Quantum physics and Eastern psychology are discussed as they are related to intelligence. Intelligence is also investigated from a cultural and neuropsychological perspective. Culture and IQ tests are regarded as inseparable, making culture-free intelligence tests impossible. It is also proposed that intelligent behavior cannot be separated from the influence of paleocerebral functions such as emotions and compulsions.
Affirmation, Support, and Advocacy: Critical Race Theory and Academic Advising

The research presented describes the unique challenges of students from historically marginalized communities, particularly Black students, attending predominantly White institutions. Challenges in...
Freeze dried cellulose nanocrystal reinforced unsaturated polyester composites: challenges and potential

Functionalized cellulose particles were studied as a potential reinforcement for an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) system, a common material for automotive applications of fiber reinforced plastics. A preliminary process for incorporating freeze-dried cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) powder into UPR was developed. Three surface chemistries were explored including sulfonated, methyl(triphenyl) phosphonium (PhCNC), and maleic acid (MCNC). By optical microscopy the filler was seen to be agglomerated within the matrix. Fractography showed that these agglomerates acted as stress concentration points resulting in decreased tensile and flexural strength. With the addition of 1 wt% CNCs, the flexural and tensile modulus increased by up to 53% and 22%, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the PhCNC- and MCNC-UPR samples had a 61% and 66% higher glassy modulus than neat UPR, respectively. Despite the lack of nano-scale dispersion of CNC in UPR, these results reflect potential in the use of functionalized CNC agglomerates as an additive in UPR systems to produce composites with high moduli and good thermo-mechanical stability.
Is It Cost Effective to Add an Intraoral Scanner to an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Practice

Purpose Intraoral scanners (IOSs), which create digital “impressions” of dental arches, have become popular for prosthetic and orthodontic applications. Adoption in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) practices has been slower, likely because of high implementation costs and low-volume use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate costs for introduction of an IOS into an OMS practice. The authors hypothesized that digital impressions would be more efficient in time and cost compared with conventional impressions and that implementation costs would be offset within 1 year. Materials and Methods This was a prospective study that included patients who had digital impressions during the first year after introduction of an IOS to the practice. Conventional alginate impressions obtained at the same visit were included for comparison. Variables included time for each step in each impression process, IOS experience of the operator obtaining the impression, and associated costs. Per-arch costs for each technique were calculated using time-driven activity-based costing methodology. Results Sixty-three digital impressions and 31 conventional impressions were included. Mean total times for digital and conventional impressions were 14.1 ± 1.3 and 19.4 ± 4.0 minutes per arch, respectively. On a per-patient basis (2 arches for digital impressions and 4 arches for conventional impressions because of the inability to create duplicate stone models from each alginate impression), total impression times were 24.8 ± 2.7 minutes for digital and 67.2 ± 14.8 minutes for conventional impressions. Total calculated costs for digital and conventional impressions were $21.42 and $29.40 per arch and $37.66 and $102.10 per patient, respectively. In a practice with 2 patients for impressions per working day (500 per year), it would take 1.04 years to offset the purchase of the IOS; with 5 sets of impressions per day (1,250 per year), it would take 5 months. Conclusion Digital impressions are more efficient and cost effective than standard impressions, and implementation costs can be offset within the first year.
Successional loss of two key food tree species best explains decline in group size of Panamanian howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata)

Negative impacts of discrete, short‐term disturbances to wildlife populations are well‐documented. The consequences of more gradual environmental change are less apparent and harder to study because they play out over longer periods and are often indirect in their action. Yet, they can drive the decline of wildlife populations even in seemingly pristine and currently well‐protected habitats. One such environmental change is a successional shift in a community's species composition as it regenerates from disturbance caused by past human land use. Early and middle successional tree species often provide key foods to folivores and frugivores, but the abundance of these resources drops as the forest matures, with adverse repercussions for these consumers. Our 44‐year record (1974–2018) of howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) group sizes and demographic composition from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, a protected reserve, documents an example of this phenomenon. After 70 years of relative stability, the mean size of howler monkey groups exhibited a marked decline, beginning in 2003. This downward trajectory in group size has continued through the most recent census in 2018. The composition of howler groups also changed significantly during the study period, with the patterns of decline differing among age/sex classes. There is no evidence that these changes were caused by increased rates of emigration, group fission, predation, parasitism, or disease. Rather, they are best explained by an island‐wide, succession‐driven decline in the densities of two species of free‐standing fig trees, Ficus yoponensis and F. insipida, which together were providing ~36% of BCI howlers’ annual diet. Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Pregnancy outcomes associated with an abnormal 50-g glucose screen during pregnancy: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

To assess the association between an abnormal 1-h 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) followed by a normal 3-h 100-g glucose tolerance test (GTT) on fetal macrosomia and other adverse outcomes.MEDLIN...
A case report about anatomy applications for a physical therapy hybrid online curriculum.

Background: Three-dimensional digital anatomy applications can provide a powerful supplement to more traditional learning modalities. The challenge for medical libraries and educators is to select an app that best supports anatomical learning objectives and then effectively integrate it into health sciences curricula. App selection is particularly important when traditional learning modalities, such as cadaver dissection, are not feasible. Selection was a challenge at the authors’ university, as the doctor of physical therapy (DPT) program expanded into a hybrid online environment. Case Presentation: Reported here are our: (1) analysis and identification of an anatomy app to supplement cadaver lab instruction for DPT students who were enrolled in a hybrid program, where the majority of instruction took place online; (2) description of the implementation process; and (3) discussion of student feedback and the library’s perspective. Features and shortcomings of two anatomy apps, Complete Anatomy (CA) 2019 by 3D4 Medical and Human Anatomy Atlas (HAA) 2019 by Visible Body, were reviewed. CA was selected based on smoother navigation, visually appealing graphics, and user customization tools. The library purchased 1,000 CA redemption codes as a pilot program. Video recordings and live demonstrations of the app were used for instruction. Student feedback indicated extensive use. Based on success of the pilot, the library will purchase additional licenses. Conclusions: Medical libraries can use our experience as an example to help select anatomy resources that would be useful when considering the conversion of health sciences programs into online environments and further guide app integration to supplement other anatomical models.
Examining the stock performance of acquirers where the acquirer or target hold patents

We investigate the stock returns for acquirers of firms holding registered patents (“innovative targets”). We find that acquiring innovative targets is associated with significantly positive stock performance relative to acquisitions of non-innovative targets. Specifically, acquirers of innovative targets enjoy higher announcement and interim period abnormal returns. Acquirers of innovative targets also enjoy higher post-acquisition returns, but only in settings where the acquirer’s and target’s industry is unambiguously close (i.e., they share the same 3-digit primary SIC code), suggesting that when the acquirer has familiarity and expertise in that industry the acquirer is able to better exploit the target firm’s patents. Additionally, we find that an acquirer’s innovation level can be critical to their post-acquisition stock performance; that is, acquirers holding at least one patent of their own prior to the acquisition enjoy significantly higher post-acquisition returns, and this benefit does not depend on the innovativeness of the target firm.
A tutorial on the use of exploratory efficacy outcomes in uncontrolled phase I cell therapy trials

Phase I cell therapy clinical trials evaluate the safety of novel biologic treatments and are often uncontrolled. Many of these studies also include exploratory efficacy outcome measures, which are frequently continuous measures of disease state or severity, or participant-reported measures of symptom burden or quality of life. When such outcomes are included in uncontrolled phase I trials, they are typically serially assessed on the participants over time, and any improvement from baseline is interpreted as preliminary evidence of efficacy justifying a future, controlled trial. However, it is challenging to distinguish true improvement from regression to the mean in this design. The problem is exacerbated when trial entry criteria are based on extreme values of the outcome measure used to assess efficacy. It is possible to estimate the expected effect of regression to the mean when the natural history of the outcome measure is known, yet this is rarely done in practice. This article provides a refresher on regression to the mean for investigators designing early phase clinical trials in cell therapy and evaluates the potential for regression to the mean to have influenced conclusions drawn from recently conducted phase I cell therapy trials.
Early Infant Symptomatic Patients With Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve: Pulmonary Artery Management and Airway Stabilization.

Background Tracheobronchomalacia and airway obstruction from severely dilated pulmonary arteries in tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve (TOF-APV) has been associated with high rates of respiratory failure and mortality (15% to 25%). It is not known whether aggressive pulmonary artery (PA) or direct airway intervention during early definitive cardiac repair improves outcomes. Methods A retrospective observational study was made of all patients undergoing surgical repair for TOF-APV at our center between 2006 and 2018. Results Twenty patients underwent repair at a median age of 51 days and PA Z-scores of 8.1. Twelve patients had a valve implanted, 6 of whom required reoperation for valve replacement at a median of 9 months (range, 3 to 28) compared with 8 who had initial transannular patch, and only 1 patient required subsequent valve replacement (P Conclusions Pulmonary artery replacement and aggressive direct airway management at initial definitive repair of cardiac TOF-APV can be performed safely with acceptable survival outcomes and low rates of airway and PA reintervention.
Optically Based Hand-Held Sensor for Visualization and Quantification of Cryptosporidium Parvum

The ingestion of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, resulting in the associated disease cryptosporidiosis, can cause major problems if introduced into a water supply for both animals and humans. This research focuses on the creation of a sensor to track and quantify the parasite with a digital camera system using Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) and software reconstruction. Since Cryptosporidium oocysts are not single celled and can be around 4–8 µm in diameter, they are easily detected with the DIHM at various depths within a 3.5 mL cuvette. As the sensor is improved by modifications, it could pick up behavior of movement and sizes of particles measured to positively identify the particle(s) being tracked as Cryptosporidium as others have achieved on Escherichia coli and other microorganisms. A significant advantage of this technique is the resulting sensor costs significantly less than traditional microscopes used in laboratory tests for detecting Cryptosporidium, or other methods like USEPA Method 1623 and can provide results within minutes. The sensor is a stellar alternative to current methods in detecting and quantifying Cryptosporidium.
Capitalism Needs to Be Re-encapsulated

Capitalism, which has become the dominant economic system in the world, requires a strong political and social capsule, made out of regulations and normative restrictions. The capsule in the United States has weakened since 1980; major industries and corporations are engaged in highly unethical and often illegal behavior. It is not a case of a few “rotten apples” in an otherwise healthy barrel—but a barrel whose contents are decomposing as a whole. Public opinion polls and political preferences indicate that large segments of the public are disenchanted with the current form of the capitalist system, and there are some indications that the economic elites recognize a growing public demand for a stronger capsule. This article closes by raising a question about the long-run sustainability of this economic system.
Anxiety is associated with appetitive traits in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 has impacted mental health globally, however, associations between anxiety and appetitive traits during the pandemic are unreported. This study evaluated anxiety symptom severity and associations with appetitive traits in students at a large public University in the U.S. during the pandemic. Current undergraduate and graduate/professional students completed a cross-sectional survey in fall 2020. Demographic information, anxiety symptoms in the past 2 weeks assessed by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and appetitive traits assessed by the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ) were evaluated. Mean scores for eight AEBQ scales (four food approach and four food avoidance traits) were calculated. Differences in mean scores were examined between participants with moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 score ≥ 10) and those with mild to no anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 score < 10) via independent samples t-tests and effect sizes. Associations between GAD-7 score and individual appetitive traits were also examined, adjusting for age and gender. Of the 1243 students who completed the survey (57% undergraduates; mean age = 26.5 years), 51.9% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. Groups experiencing the highest degree of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms included transgender, gender fluid, and other-gendered participants (73.6%); the youngest age group [18–20 years (62%)]; undergraduate students (60.7%); and Hispanic/Latinx participants (57.7%). Participants with moderate to severe anxiety symptoms had higher scores for most food approach and avoidance traits but lower scores for enjoyment of food than those with mild to no anxiety symptoms. Effect sizes were largest for hunger and emotional over-eating (Cohen’s d = 0.31 and 0.30, respectively). Adjusting for age and gender, GAD-7 score was significantly and positively associated with hunger, emotional over-eating, food and satiety responsiveness, and food fussiness and negatively associated with enjoyment of food. Over half of students at a U.S. University reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms during COVID-19. More severe anxiety symptoms were associated with increased hunger, emotional over-eating, and food and satiety responsiveness and decreased enjoyment of food. Universities must consider strategies to address anxiety, particularly in younger students; transgender, gender fluid, and students of other genders; and across race/ethnicities keeping in mind associations with appetitive traits.
John Hancock Tower, Boston, MA, USA

John Hancock Tower in Boston, MA, in the USA, arguably is a masterpiece in terms of formal composition, and strove to realize many innovations and take some design risks along the way while achieving its place in the history of Modern Architecture. Among its innovations one needs to cite its massing, its reflective skin, and its tuned mass damper to keep it from swaying in the wind excessively. Yet, these features did not prevent the building’s design from being flawed; some would argue this is the case because of some of these innovations rather than in spite of them. These features are critical to understand well in conducting DAV analysis for this building.
Chronic Antidiabetic Actions of Leptin: Evidence from Parabiosis Studies for a CNS-Derived Circulating Antidiabetic Factor

We used parabiosis to determine whether the central nervous system (CNS)-mediated antidiabetic effects of leptin are mediated by release of a brain-derived circulating factor(s). Parabiosis was surgically induced at 4 weeks of age and an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula was placed in the lateral cerebral ventricles at 12 weeks of age for ICV infusion of leptin or saline vehicle. Ten days after surgery, food intake, body weight and blood glucose were measured for 5 consecutive days and insulin-deficiency diabetes was induced in all rats by a single streptozotocin (STZ) injection (40 mg/kg). Five days after STZ injection, leptin or vehicle was infused ICV for 7 days, followed by 5-day recovery period. STZ increased blood glucose and food intake. Chronic ICV leptin infusion restored normoglycemia in leptin-infused rats while reducing blood glucose by ∼27% in conjoined vehicle-infused rats. This glucose reduction was caused mainly by decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Chronic ICV leptin infusion also reduced net cumulative food intake and increased GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle in leptin/vehicle compared to vehicle/vehicle conjoined rats. These results indicate that leptin9s CNS-mediated antidiabetic effects are mediated, in part, by release into the systemic circulation of a leptin-stimulated factor(s) that enhances glucose utilization and reduces liver gluconeogenesis.
Preoperative Hyponatremia Is an Independent Risk Factor for Prolonged Hospital Stay After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Objective To determine the effects of preoperative hyponatremia on short-term postoperative complications and health care utilization (length of stay, readmissions) after anterior cervical fusion and discectomy (ACDF). Methods Patients who underwent ACDF were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients who had revision surgery, trauma, vertebral malignancy, or infection were excluded. Eunatremia was defined as sodium (Na) level between 135 and 145 mEq/L, whereas hyponatremia was defined as Na Results Of the 9094 patients undergoing ACDF, 3.64% (n = 331) were preoperatively hyponatremic. Preoperative hyponatremia was an independent risk factor for postoperative pneumonia after ACDF (odds ratio [OR], 4.47; P = 0.020) and extended length of hospital stay >1 SD above the mean (OR, 1.71; P = 0.042). Preoperative hyponatremia was an independent risk factor for having a serious adverse event (OR, 2.40; P = 0.005) and any adverse event (OR, 2.44; P = 0.009). Conclusions Preoperative hyponatremia is an independent risk factor for pneumonia and prolonged length of stay after ACDF.
Oxygen Transport in Hypoxic Conditions

When the O2 supply to the mitochondria fails to keep up with the demand, the tissue PO2 falls and the tissues are said to be hypoxic. Hypoxia is the most significant stress to which the respiratory system must respond. To be sure, there are conditions wherein the transport of CO2 is critical, but, in general, O2 transport problems are the more common occurrence. The cause of the hypoxia can be at any part of the transport of oxygen or from the lack of sufficient O2 in the environment. The types of hypoxia are often named in accordance with the cause. Text Box 9–1 lists common hypoxias. To illustrate how the respiratory system copes with hypoxia, I will discuss four circumstances in which the body must respond to hypoxic conditions: high altitude, pregnancy, exercise, and disease.
Heat Reactivation of the α-Hemolytic, Dermonecrotic, and Lethal Activities of Crude and Purified Staphylococcal α-Toxin

Manohar, M. (University of Minnesota, St. Paul), S. Kumar, and R. K. Lindorfer. Heat reactivation of the α-hemolytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal activities of crude and purified staphylococcal α-toxin. J. Bacteriol. 91: 1681–1685. 1966.—Crude staphylococcal toxin loses its α-hemolytic activity more rapidly at 60 than at 100 C. This paradoxical behavior has been postulated to be due to the presence of a thermolabile inhibitor in crude toxin. This work provides experimental evidence for the presence of a thermolabile “protective inhibitor.” This substance(s) protects the α-toxin against destruction at 60 C, yet simultaneously inhibits the hemolytic activity of α-toxin under the same conditions. Of greater importance, this work also demonstrates that the dermonecrotic and lethal activities of crude toxin are inactivated and reactivated in parallel with the α-hemolytic activity. Crude staphylococcal toxin possessing a high α-hemolytic titer when heated to 60 C for 30 min lost its α-hemolytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal activity. However, when this same toxin was immediately exposed to 100 C, a remarkable simultaneous reactivation of all three of these activities occurred. Contrariwise, electrophoretically purified α-hemolysin, which also possessed dermonecrotic and lethal activity, showed no reactivation under these conditions, thus demonstrating that reactivation is due to a substance(s) distinct from the α-toxin. The fact that α-hemolytic, dermonecrotic, and lethal activities were inactivated at 60 C and simultaneously reactivated at 100 C provides additional proof that these activities are all associated with one toxic component. The probability is remote that three separate entities would exhibit the same rate of inactivation and the same strange reactivation. Images
Analysis of retained placenta associated with saline abortion: Clinical considerations

Abstract In a series of 4,069 saline abortions, the incidence of retained placenta and the complications associated with this condition are described. The most frequent complication observed was hemorrhage. The incidence of complications rises progressively as the duration of retained placenta increases. The complication rate associated with surgical removal is less than the complication rate associated with placental retention beyond 2 hours after expulsion of the fetus. These data suggest that removal of the placenta appears warranted if it has not been delivered within 2 hours after delivery of the fetus.
Affective assessment of team skills in agile CS1 labs: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Team experiences can be important learning experiences, and industry highly values team skills in graduates. Low retention rates might also be improved with early team experiences because team experiences have been linked to increases in the sense of belonging, a key retention factor. Team experiences in upper-level courses could also benefit from earlier team experiences. The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate an early use of teams in the second semester of our CS1 sequence. The instructional methodology drew heavily upon the professional practices of an agile software development model, Extreme Programming. These professional practices fostered the development of team skills during a semester-long project in a closed lab. The evaluation of our experience revealed aspects of the good, the bad, and the ugly. Areas for improvement and future work are also explained.
CUTTING METHODS AFFECT FRIED CHICKEN FLAVOR AND TENDERNESS

Experiments were conducted to determine any differences in taste, preference and tenderness of frying chicken cut-up on the patented machine and by hand using a knife, a hand-operated power knife or a band saw. All chickens were cut using a standardized nine-piece procedure. A trained sensory panel, using a triangle test in each of three tests, differentiated between the two treatments (P < 0.05). In two of the tests the preference for the patented machine cut fried chicken was highly significant (P < 0.01) and in the third test the preference was significant (P < 0.05). Tenderness of battered, breaded, fried breast muscles of chickens from the two treatment groups was determined using a Kramer shear cell on an Instron Universal Testing machine. Differences were found (P < 0.01) in both maximum shear force and modulus of elasticity. The patented machine-cut chicken required a maximum shear force of about 15% less than the hand-cut chicken.
Multinucleated giant stromal tumor of the omentum: report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural investigation.

Multinucleated giant stromal cells (MGSC) have been described in a variety of lesions of various anatomical sites. They are generally believed to be derived from fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. Their size and bizarre appearance may lead to an erroneous interpretation of infiltrating malignant cells, but they are regarded as reactive in nature. MGSC also seem to participate in a neoplastic process and form a part of tumors called giant cell fibroblastomas (GCF). In GCF, multinucleated giant cells are sparsely scattered throughout the tumor, which is composed of loosely arranged spindle cells. Thus far, no tumor composed of MGSC entirely, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, has been reported. This study involved an 80-year-old female with an omental tumor, which is believed to represent the first case of tumor of MGSC. The patient developed abdominal pain; a large abdominal tumor measuring 18 × 15 × 5 cm by computerized tomography was found located between the left lobe of the liver, the transverse colon,...