cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a model of the U.S. stock market: how important is the securities information processor?

Both the scientific community and the popular press have paid much attention to the speed of the Securities Information Processor - the data feed consolidating all trades and quotes across the US stock market. Rather than the speed of the Securities Information Processor, or SIP, we focus here on its importance to efficient, price discovery. Via extensions to a previous market model, we experiment with four different coupling mechanisms which operate across the US stock market. Of the four, we find that the SIP contributes most to efficient price discovery.
Conditional and Closure Properties

The union theorem, introduced in section 8.2.3, is the main tool for the study of asynchronous compositions of programs. The major virtue of this theorem is that it provides a simple rule for deducing the co-properties and transient predicates of a system from those of its component boxes. The major shortcoming is that it does not provide a simple rule for deducing the leads-to properties of a system from those of its components. The only way we can use a progress property of a component, p→ q in F, to deduce a similar property of the system is to either (1) apply the union theorem for progress (see section 8.2.6), which requires introduction of a well-founded order over the values of the shared variables, or (2) exhibit the proof of p→ q in F and show that the other components do not falsify the proof steps. The first strategy is cumbersome, and the second defeats the whole purpose of modular program construction.
Uterine Fibroids: Clinical Features

In the US, fibroids are estimated to cost $5.9–34.4 billion annually: direct costs including surgery, hospital admissions, outpatient visits, and medications are estimated at $4.1–9.4 billion; time lost for work costs are $1.55–17.2 billion [1].
Me, Myself, and I, at Work and at Home, Today, Tomorrow, and the Day After

While scholars commonly agree that self-concept is a complex set of self-representations, or identities that influences individual’s decisions, evaluations, attitude, and behaviors, little is known about how individual’s multiple identities influence important employee and organizational outcomes. Through the introduction of the concept of an identity coactivation episode, a momentary occurrence in which multiple identities are simultaneously triggered and occupied, we recognize that multiple identities might be experienced differently across various situations. Using a sample of 205 employed adults, surveyed twice a day over 10-workday period, the results indicated that the contribution of an identity to the satisfaction of another identity’s motives results in both positive and negative emotions, and subsequently determines daily behaviors at work and outside of work, however, the direction and magnitude of the effect depends on a number of factors, including presence of actors, and where the coactivati...
Anticoagulation and monitoring in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract Anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is necessary to prevent catastrophic circuit clotting, but hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications continue to contribute to significant morbidity and mortality for patients. Anticoagulation for pediatric patients on ECMO can be particularly challenging due to their immature hemostasis and the inflammatory response that ensues from the extracorporeal circuit. This review article gives an overview of the various anticoagulants utilized during ECMO and the common tests used to monitor and titrate anticoagulation to minimize complications.
Using Your Ship-Observatory at Sea

The moment has finally arrived. You have gone through the check in process on the pier and you are now about to get your first glimpse of the place you will be calling home and using as an observatory for the duration of your cruise. Once you go up the gangway, the stairs from the pier to the ship’s entryway, you will actually set foot on the ship herself. Ship security personnel will scan your keycard, and you will officially become part of the ship’s roster. From here on out you have to learn your way around the ship, and her deck plan is your guide.
Science Fiction and Popular Science from Ancient to Modern Times: Scientists Versus Laymen

Science fiction has become a major genre of literature in general and English literature in particular. It ranges from near fantasy to virtual hard-core science. The science involved may be mere gadgetry and may go to deeper scientific concepts. It may be of the "hard sciences" or the soft sciences. The authors are generally laymen but occasionally scientists. The attitude of the professional scientists to science fiction is somewhat ambivalent. It enjoyed little acceptability earlier but has been steadily gaining currency among scientists. Another area developed significantly over the last century is popular science. In this case the authors are generally scientists but occasionally laymen. However, the attitude of professional scientists to this area is also ambivalent. It is practically tatuological that science has had a major impact on science fiction and popular science. However, there is also a significant impact of these genres on science itself. In this article, the impact either side and the question of the effectiveness of lay authors versus scientists is explored.
A Preliminary Investigation into the Impact of Connected Vehicle Human-Machine Interface on Driving Behavior

Abstract This paper developed a driving simulator testbed, which includes three simulation scenarios that can represent different real-world driving conditions, to investigate the impact of Connected Vehicle (CV) Human-Machine Interface (HMI) on driving behavior. A total number of 23 professional drivers were invited to participate in the driving simulator test; a comprehensive questionnaire was employed to collect the participant’s feedback of CV HMI. It was found that 96 percent of the participants stated that CV HMI provided them with improved road condition information and increased their safety while driving; 65 percent of the participants stated the CV applications and the display unit did not introduce significant distraction from the main driving task.
Bertrand-Edgeworth Bidding Game with Asymmetric Suppliers: Theory and Applications

Motivated by supply competitions in the service sector, we consider a version of the Bertrand-Edgeworth game where capacitated suppliers compete in prices to serve a deterministic demand and a price cap is imposed exogenously. We characterize the equilibrium structure for games with multiple suppliers that are asymmetric in cost and capacity. A pure-strategy equilibrium exists only in special cases, otherwise a mixed-strategy equilibrium prevails. For a mixed-strategy equilibrium, we show there exists an anchoring supplier whose pricing range covers those of the other suppliers, and we pin down the lower and upper bounds of that price range. We derive a canonical closed-form solution for a set of games, and for other more general cases, we demonstrate a numerical scheme for equilibrium calculation. In contrast to a well-known intuition established in the existing literature, we identify a new equilibrium pricing structure in games with N >= 3 suppliers who have similar costs but different capacities: A low-capacity supplier's price distribution is more concentrated than those of its high-capacity competitors, by spanning a smaller interval. We demonstrate an interesting strategy for a buyer with a competitive supply base: Subsidizing a cost-competitive incumbent may reduce the total procurement cost.
Trends in the initial management of vestibular schwannoma in the United States.

Abstract Introduction Vestibular schwannomas are benign tumors of the 8th cranial nerve. Initial treatment options include active surveillance, surgery, and/or radiation therapy. We analyzed the United States National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients with vestibular schwannomas and evaluated the initial management trends after diagnosis. Methods We queried the NCDB for patients with vestibular schwannomas, excluding patients who did not have schwannomas of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to investigate for predictors of initial local therapy at diagnosis. All statistical analyses were performed using commercially available software (SPSS, Version 22; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results A total of 28,446 patients met the inclusion criteria. In this cohort, 7351 (25.8%) underwent observation, 12,362 (43.5%) underwent surgical resection, 7785 (27.4%) underwent SRS, 824 (2.9%) underwent EBRT, and 124 (0.4%) underwent RT NOS. On multivariate analysis, younger age, increased distance to treating facility, Charlson/Deyo score of 1, primary payer insurance, facility location and facility type (academic or cancer center) (p Conclusion Age, distance to treating facility, Charlson/Deyo score, primary payer, facility location, and facility type are factors that influence initial treatment for patients with vestibular schwannoma. Clinical stratification systems are needed to identify which patients would benefit most from initial local therapy versus active surveillance.
Fathers' Stress in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.

Background:Admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is stressful for parents. Nurses often focus on maternal well-being and fail to acknowledge the stress of fathers. Research on fathers' psychological stress is limited.Purpose:A systematic review of the literature was completed to exami
Connection-Oriented BLE Traffic Servicing Characteristics on Android Devices

We seek to better understand Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connection-oriented communication on Android devices. We vary packet size, connection interval, and method of communication, and measure the time for communication operations to complete and packet arrival times on a variety of Android devices. The collected observations help to characterize the traffic and service characteristics of BLE and Android devices, respectively. Although BLE is touted as an ideal protocol for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the observations suggest that any IoT operations that require latency guarantees might be unable to meet such guarantees if communication includes Android smartphones.
New Modulation and Impact of Transformer Leakage Inductance on Current-Source Solid-State Transformer

This article presents a novel modulation scheme for device voltage stress mitigation and comprehensive analysis of the impact of transformer leakage inductance in a current-source solid-state transformer (SST). Different from dual active bridge (DAB) SST, the operation of the current-source SST is similar to that of a flyback converter. The device bridge on only one side of the transformer is active to store energy into or release energy from the magnetizing inductance which acts as a current-source dc-link. Such flyback operations with reverse-blocking switches can lead to additional device voltage stress and incomplete zero-voltage switching (ZVS) on the current-source soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T) under conventional modulation. A new modulation scheme is proposed to address this issue. Moreover, different from the DAB, the leakage inductance of the medium-frequency transformer (MFT) in the S4T is a parasitic element similar to that in a matrix SST and can cause additional device voltage stress. Though the resonant capacitors, originally added to achieve ZVS, can absorb and recycle the leakage energy in the S4T, these capacitors need to be increased with larger leakage inductances to limit the voltage stress. However, large resonant capacitors can result in more lost duty cycles and reduced efficiency. The impact of such leakage inductance on device voltage stress is analyzed comprehensively, which is critical to guide future research and design of the S4T. Experimental results from S4T prototypes for dc–dc, multiport ac–dc, and ac–ac conversion with 1:1 and 4:1 MFT comprehensively verify the proposed concepts. Finally, a case study of a three-phase ac–ac S4T over a power range from 1 to 100 kVA each module reveals that the MFT leakage inductance should be less than 1% of the magnetizing inductance for safe operation.
The Effect of Exenatide Once Weekly on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: An 18-Month Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.

OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) improved multiple proatherogenic risk factors and reduced cardiovascular events in recent clinical trials, suggesting that they may slow progression of atherosclerosis. We tested whether exenatide once weekly reduces carotid plaque progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blind, pragmatic trial, 163 participants were randomized (2:1) to exenatide (n = 109) or placebo (n = 54). Changes in carotid plaque volume and composition were measured at 9 and 18 months by multicontrast 3 Tesla MRI. Fasting and post–high-fat meal plasma glucose and lipids, and endothelial function responses, were measured at 3, 9, and 18 months. RESULTS Exenatide reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (estimated difference vs. placebo 0.55%, P = 0.0007) and fasting and postmeal plasma glucose (19 mg/dL, P = 0.0002, and 25 mg/dL, P CONCLUSIONS Exenatide once weekly for up to 18 months improved fasting and postprandial glycemic control but did not modify change in carotid plaque volume or composition. This study raises the possibility that short-term antiatherosclerotic effects may not play a central role in the cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1RAs.
The Joys of Haar Measure

From the earliest days of measure theory, invariant measures have held the interests of geometers and analysts alike, with the Haar measure playing an especially delightful role. The aim of this book is to present invariant measures on topological groups, progressing from special cases to the more general. Presenting existence proofs in special cases, such as compact metrizable groups, highlights how the added assumptions give insight into just what the Haar measure is like; tools from different aspects of analysis and/or combinatorics demonstrate the diverse views afforded the subject. After presenting the compact case, applications indicate how these tools can find use. The generalisation to locally compact groups is then presented and applied to show relations between metric and measure theoretic invariance. Steinlage's approach to the general problem of homogeneous action in the locally compact setting shows how Banach's approach and that of Cartan and Weil can be unified with good effect. Finally, the situation of a nonlocally compact Polish group is discussed briefly with the surprisingly unsettling consequences indicated. The book is accessible to graduate and advanced undergraduate students who have been exposed to a basic course in real variables, although the authors do review the development of the Lebesgue measure. It will be a stimulating reference for students and professors who use the Haar measure in their studies and research.
Epidemiologic field methods in psychiatry : the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program

Introduction: Historical Context, Major Objectives, and Study Design, D.A. Regier, J.K. Myers, M. Kramer, L.N. Robins, D.G. Blazer, R.L. Hough, W.W. Eaton, and B.Z. Locke. Sampling: Sampling the Household Population, C.E. Holzer III, E. Spitznagel, K.B. Jordan, D.M. Timbers, L.G. Kessler, and J.C. Anthony. Sampling: The Institutional Survey, P.J. Leaf, P.S. German, E. Spitznagel, L.K. George, J. Landsverk, and C.D. Windle. Field Work: Interviewers: Characteristics, Training, and Field Work, M.L. Munson, H. Orvaschel, E.A. Skinner, E. Goldring, M. Pennybacker, and D.M. Timers. Nonresponse and Nonresponse Bias in the ECA Surveys, M.VonKorff, L. Cottler, L.K. George, W.W. Eaton, P.J. Leaf, and A. Burnam. Data Preparation, L.K. George, C.E. Holzer III, E.A. Skinner, J. Works, D.M. Timbers, and M.L. Munson. Proxy Interview, A. Burnam, P.J. Leaf, E.A. Skinner, L. Cottler, M.L. Melville, and J.W. Thompson. Instruments: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, L.N. Robins, J.E. Helzer, H. Orvaschel, J.C. Anthony, D.G. Blazer, A. Burnam, and J.D. Burke, Jr. The Spanish Language Version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, M. Karno, M.A. Burnam, J. I. Escobar, R.L. Hough, and W.W. Eaton. Health Services Research Questions, S. Shapiro, G.L. Tischler, L. Cottler, L.K. George, J.H. Amirkhan, L.G. Kessler, and E.A. Skinner. Making Diagnoses from DIS Data, J.H. Boyd, L.N. Robins, C.E. Holzer III, M. VonKorff, K.B. Jordan, and J.I. Escobar. Comparison of the DIS to Other Instruments: The Yale-ECA Concordance Study: A Comparison of the DIS and the SADS-L, H. Orvaschel, P.J. Leaf, M.M. Weissman, C.E. Holzer III, G.L. Tischler, and J.K. Myers. Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey Clinical Reappraisal, M.F. Folstein, A. Romanoski, Raman Chahal, J.C. Anthony, M. VonKorff, G. Nestadt, Altaf Merchant, E.M. Gruenberg, and M. Kramer. Comparing the DIS with a DIS/DSM-III-Based Physician Reevaluation, J.E. Helzer, R.K. Stoltzman, A. Farmer, I.F. Brockington, D. Plesons, B. Singerman, and J. Works. Analysis: Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Prevalence and Incidence of Psychiatric Disorders, W.W. Eaton, M.M. Weissman, J.C. Anthony, L.N. Robins, D.G. Blazer, and M. Karno. Parameter and Variance Estimation, L.G. Kessler, R. Folsom, R. Royall, A. Forsythe, L. McEvoy, C.E. Holzer III, D.S. Rae, and M. Woodbury. Statistical Methods for Estimating and Extrapolating Disease Prevalence and Incidence Rates from a Multisite Study, K.G. Manton, C.E. Holzer III, E. MacKenzie, E. Spitznagel, A. Forsythe, and D. Jackson. Author Index. Subject Index.
THE PAST PERFECTIVE AND PRESENT PERFECT IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN ENGLISH

African American English simple V-ed sentences such as John ate the rutabagas are ambiguous; they have both past perfective and present perfect readings. This paper focuses on the role that verb morphology plays in this ambiguity. It argues that the ambiguity can be traced to the presence of a covert present tense operator found in the present perfect (but not past perfective) versions of such sentences, and the interaction of this operator with -ed, the morphology that turns the verb eat into ate. When it interacts with a covert present tense operator, -ed is interpreted as perfect aspect, but when it is t the highest tense/aspect marker in the sentence, it is interpreted as past tense.
Urticarial skin rash, fever, and arthralgia: a rare case of Schnitzler's syndrome.

Schnitzler’s syndrome (SS) was first described in 1972 by Liliane Schnitzler (1). It is a rare acquired autoinflammatory disease of unknown origin and represents a diagnostic challenge for most cli...
Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts

A 1945 charter division of the American Psychological Association (APA) as Division 10, the Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts has a rich history. As a professional society, Division 10 aims to join together individuals from diverse backgrounds: researchers and clinicians, art therapists and artists, and academicians and students. Common interests in creative process, product, and perception bring them together to dialogue about myriad topics from aesthetics and the arts, to creative leadership and giftedness, to cognition and creativity in aging (e.g., Kennedy, 1993; Lindauer, 2003; Richards, 2007; Seifert, 2007; Sternberg, 2006; Zhang & Sternberg, 2006). Keywords: aesthetics; arts; creativity; psychology organization
Pueden los animales ser morales

The dichotomy between moral agents and moral patients is a recognized and well established one in moral philosophy. Animals, if they are thought of as having moral standing at all, are, almost invariably, regarded as moral patients rather than moral agents. The main thesis of this paper is that there is a third option: while animals are indeed moral patients, and not moral agents, they can also be moral subjects, where: X is a moral subject if and only if X is, at least sometimes, motivated to act by moral considerations. By means of a series of arguments, the paper attempts to show that there are no logical or conceptual obstacles to thinking of animals as motivated by moral considerations, specifically by emotions that have identifiable moral content.
Exploring the relationship between teachers' curriculum enactment experience and their understanding of underlying unit structures

This study investigates teachers' understanding of underlying unit structures including: the relationship between lessons and curriculum design principles; and the connections among lessons in a unit. We investigated: (1) teachers' understanding of curriculum design principles; and (2) the role of teachers' experiences with curriculum units in their understanding of underlying unit structures. Using clinical interviews, we identified patterns in teachers' understanding. We found that teachers do not understand design principles and the relationships between these principles and lessons well, although more experienced teachers seem to know more than less experienced peers. Teachers also have difficulty identifying connections among lessons and therefore the overall unit structures. Both of these findings are problematic for curriculum developers seeking implementation that is "true" to the intentions of the materials. This study helps to inform future design of curriculum units, professional development, and tools that help teachers understand unit structures.
IP Without IP? A Study of the Online Adult Entertainment Industry

Existing copyright policy is based largely on the utilitarian theory of incentivizing creative works. This study looks at content production incentives in the online adult entertainment industry. A recent trend of industry-specific studies tries to better understand the relationship between intellectual property (IP) and creation incentives in practice. This study makes a contribution to the literature by analyzing a major entertainment content industry where copyright protection has been considerably weakened in recent years. Because copyright infringement is widespread and prohibitively difficult to prevent, producers have been effectively unable to rely on the economic benefits that copyright is intended to provide.Qualitative interviews with industry specialists and content producers support the hypothesis that copyright enforcement is not cost effective. As a result, many producers have developed alternative strategies to recoup their investment costs. Similar to the findings of other scholarly work on low-IP industries, this research finds a shift toward the production of experience goods. It also finds that some incentives to produce traditional content remain. The sustainability of providing convenience and experience goods while continuing content production relies partially on general, but also on industry-specific factors, such as consumer privacy preferences, consumption habits, low production costs, and high demand. While not all of these attributes translate to other industries, determining such factors and their limits brings us toward a better understanding of innovation mechanisms.
Broadband traveling wave antennas

The large class of travelling wave antennas includes many examples which are superficially quite different, such as the helical antenna, the dielectric antenna, the corrugated surface, and the long Yagi antenna. The essential similarity of these antennas is discussed, and it is shown that the pattern bandwidth is inherently large, and separable from the impedance bandwidth. Broadband methods of excitation are discussed which allow for operation over frequency ratios as high as 2 to 1. Experimental results are presented on the broadband operation of a 10 wavelength Yagi antenna.
Univalence of Derivatives of Functions Defined by Gap Power Series

In this paper, we continue our work in [9] on the univalence of derivatives of functions defined by gap power series. We consider regular functions, f, defined in some region containing 0, and denote by pn and pJc> the radius of univalence and the radius of convexity, respectively, off@). For ease of notation, we shall sometimes write pn = p(n). Earlier, we considered functions defined by power series with gaps of at least a certain length. By that we meant the following: Suppose F(z) = Cj”=, Aizj. Then F is defined by a power series with gaps at least of length K provided that K is a nonnegative integer such that, if A, # 0 for some n, then Ancj = 0 for 1 < j < K. We proved the following [9].
Immune Responsiveness of Neonatal Chicks and Immunocyte Precursors from Unprimed Juvenile Chicken Donors

The immune responsiveness of immunocyte precursors, obtained from peripheral blood of 4- to 6-wk-old unprimed chickens and assayed with the cell transfer model, was compared with that of neonatal chicks. Little if any splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) production was observed in the spleens of embryonic cell transfer hosts following a single antigen exposure to weak or moderate dosages of mammalian erythrocytes. However, modest to high PFC formation occurred consistently in the hosts following a second exposure to the same antigen when given 3 days later. Although a single immunization failed to elicit PFC formation in embryo hosts, a single injection of a wide range of antigen dosages into 8-day-old chicks elicited PFC production consistently. When the double immunization protocol was used with 2- to 9-day-old neonatal chicks, the level of immune responses were indistinguishable from those elicited with a single antigen injection. The difference in the immune kinetics observed in embryo hosts may be related to the embryonic microenvironment, which is permissive, but may not be as immunosupportive as that of neonates.
Balancing high gain and bandwidth in multilayer organic photodetectors with tailored carrier blocking layers

We present detailed studies of the high photocurrent gain behavior in multilayer organic photodiodes containing tailored carrier blocking layers we reported earlier in a Letter [W. T. Hammond and J. Xue, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 073302 (2010)], in which a high photocurrent gain of up to 500 was attributed to the accumulation of photogenerated holes at the anode/organic active layer interface and the subsequent drastic increase in secondary electron injection from the anode. Here, we show that both the hole-blocking layer structure and layer thickness strongly influence the magnitude of the photocurrent gain. Temporal studies revealed that the frequency response of such devices is limited by three different processes with lifetimes of 10 μs, 202 μs, and 2.72 ms for the removal of confined holes, which limit the 3 dB bandwidth of these devices to 1.4 kHz. Furthermore, the composition in the mixed organic donor-acceptor photoactive layer affects both gain and bandwidth, which is attributed to the varying charge transport characteristics, and the optimal gain-bandwidth product is achieved with approximately 30% donor content. Finally, these devices show a high dynamic range of more than seven orders of magnitude, although the photocurrent shows a sublinear dependence on the incident optical power.
Phytohormone and assimilate profiles in emasculated flowers of the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) during development

Emasculation and bagging of flowers, which are widely used in the controlled pollination of monoclinous plants, may induce premature senescence, flower abscission and low fruit set. To determine the mechanism responsible for these phenomena, levels of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ethylene, soluble sugars, reducing sugars and free amino acids in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) flowers subjected to different treatments were quantified at different developmental stages. The phytohormones and assimilates were also quantified in untreated flowers to investigate the presence of discernible patterns. The levels of ethylene and ABA in emasculated and bagged (EB) flowers increased prematurely compared with those of untreated flowers, whereas the content of reducing sugars in EB flowers decreased compared with that of untreated flowers. These results indicated that the premature increase in ethylene and ABA synthesis, and the decrease in reducing sugars content, in EB flowers may cause flower abscission and result in low fruit set, which may be relevant for assimilate applications and future research on the regulation of controlled pollinations with exogenous phytohormones.
The effect of histamine-1 and histamine-2 antagonists on airway responses to histamine in the rhesus monkey

This study used rhesus monkeys with consistent respiratory responses to aerosolized histamine. Two systems of histamine challenge were evolved to study the effects of histamine antagonists on the histamine-induced respiratory response. One system consisted of administering increasing subreactive concentrations of histamine until an airway response (H) occurred. This threshold histamine dose was repeated (H'). The pulmonary function changes occurring with the H' challenge were less intense than those with H. M, a histamine-2 receptor antagonist, when given before the H' dose was associated with a potentiated H' response compared with the threshold H response. This provides evidence for histamine-2 receptor sites in rhesus monkey airways. A second system used duplicate histamine challenges with a known reactive dose of histamine. In this system, the pulmonary function changes occurring with the repeated challenge (H') were greater than with the first reactive challenge dose (H). This H' response was inhibited partially with diphenhydramine, a histamine-1 receptor antagonist. These two systems of histamine challenge provide an experimental model for evaluating pharmacologic alteration of histamine-induced respiratory responses. There is evidence for the existence of histamine-1 and histamine-2 receptor sites in the airways of the rhesus monkey.
Acute respiratory failure in the adult

Effect of Mechanical Ventilation and Airway Pressures on Circulation and Blood Gas Exchange The ventilatory pattern is defined by: the inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and pressures, including...
A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: bringing energy into the water equation.

Abstract Saudi Arabia is the third-largest per capita water user worldwide and has addressed the disparity between its renewable water resources and domestic demand primarily through desalination and the abstraction of non-renewable groundwater. This study evaluates the potential costs of this approach in the industrial and municipal sectors, exploring economic, energy, and environmental costs (including CO 2 emissions and possible coastal impacts). Although the energy intensity of desalination is a global concern, it is particularly urgent to rethink water supply options in Saudi Arabia because the entirety of its natural gas production is consumed domestically, primarily in petrochemical and desalination plants. This burgeoning demand is necessitating the development of more expensive high-sulfur gas resources that could make desalination even pricier. The evolving necessity to conserve non-renewable water and energy resources and mitigate GHG emissions in the region also requires policy makers to weigh in much more considerably the energy and environmental costs of desalination. This paper suggests that in Saudi Arabia, the implementation of increased water conservation and reuse across the oil and natural gas sectors could conserve up to 29% of total industrial water withdrawals at costs recovered over 0–30 years, depending on the specific improvement. This work also indicates that increasing wastewater treatment and reuse in six high-altitude inland cities could save a further $225 million (2009 dollars) and conserve 2% of Saudi Arabia's annual electricity consumption. By these estimates, some anticipated investments in desalination projects could be deferred by improving water efficiency in industry and prioritizing investment in sewage and water distribution networks that would ensure more effective water reclamation and reuse. Simultaneously, such initiatives would conserve non-renewable natural gas resources and could help prevent the lock-in of potentially unnecessary desalination infrastructure that is likely to become more energy and cost efficient in future.
The Magnitude of the Stomatal Response to Blue Light : Modulation by Atmospheric Humidity

The effect of leaf-air vapor pressure difference (VPD) on the magnitude of the stomatal response to blue light was investigated in soybean (Glycine max) by administering blue light pulses (22 seconds by 120 micromoles per square meter per second) at different levels of VPD and temperature. At 20 °C and 25 °C, the magnitude of the integrated conductance response decreased with increasing VPD (0.4 to 2.6 kiloPascals), due to an earlier onset of stomatal closure that terminated the pulse response. In contrast, at 30 °C this magnitude increased with rising VPD (0.9 to 3.5 kiloPascals), due to an increasing maximum excursion of the conductance response despite the accelerated onset of stomatal closure. When the feedforward response of stomata to humidity caused steady state transpiration to decrease with increasing VPD, the magnitude of the pulse-induced conductance response correlated with VPD rather than with transpiration. This suggests that water relations or metabolite movements within epidermal rather than bulk leaf tissue interacted with guard cell photobiological properties in regulating the magnitude of the blue light response. VPD modulation of pulse magnitude could reduce water loss during stomatal responses to transient illumination in natural light environments.
Development of quantitative structure-activity relationships for explanatory modeling of fast reacting (meth)acrylate monomers bearing novel functionality.

Abstract The photoinitiated polymerization of (meth)acrylate monomers bearing novel carbamate functionality exhibits significantly greater reaction rate when compared to more traditional acrylate monomers undergoing similar polymerization. This unusually fast reactivity has been the subject of much investigation. In order to suggest an explanatory mechanism for the enhanced polymerization rates we have conducted quantitative structure–activity relationship investigations of these novel monomers. These studies have resulted in statistically sound models with coefficients of multiple determination of R2 > 0.93. Principal component and k nearest neighbor similarity analysis were also conducted on the multiple regression models. These results are discussed in light of published experimental investigations of the photopolymerization reactivity of the novel monomers.
Monte Carlo methods for nuclear reactions

Abstract We develop a Monte Carlo method without partial-wave decomposition for nuclear-reaction calculations. The n th order Born series for the T matrix is simulated by averaging over n -step random walks in momentum space. The Born series is summed by Pade transformation. We test the method in two applications; to nucleon-nucleon scattering and to low-energy pion-nucleus scattering.
Cutoff wavelength of ridge waveguide near field transducer for disk data storage

The electromagnetic eigenmodes of and light transmission through a C-aperture to the far field, and to a storage medium, have been studied based on the full vectorial finite difference method. It is found that the cutoff wavelength of C-aperture waveguides in a gold film is much longer than that in a perfect electric conductor, and the fundamental mode is confined in the gap and polarized with the electric field along the gap. The light transmission resonance through C-apertures to far field and to a storage medium occurs at wavelengths below the waveguide cutoff wavelength. Measurements on the fabricated C-apertures confirm the mode confinement and transmission resonance.
Our Pedagogical Dilemma and a Way Out

Author's summary.— A review of the historical development of modern language teaching in this country with an analysis of the confusion in its aims and objectives. Explanation of a solution of the problem.
The fall of diapirs during thin-skinned extension

Abstract Grabens above diapirs are generally attributed to the intrusion, withdrawal, or dissolution of salt. In contrast, this paper proposes that many grabens or half-grabens above diapirs form by regional thin-skinned extension. These conclusions are supported by dynamically scaled physical modelling, theoretical reasoning and observations from seismic sections. A diapir pierces a thick, brittle overburden in three evolutionary stages: reactive, active and passive. Regardless of overburden density, diapirs initially pierce a thick overburden reactively in response to faulting during slow regional extension. The hanging wall of an initial fault sinks into the source layer until resisted by increasing pressure forces and bending resistance. New faults form repeatedly nearer the axis of the graben. The dwindling central fault block sinks while the diapir rises below it. Progressively smaller fault blocks are supported by the fluid pressure at progressively higher levels flanking a triangular diapir. Sedimentation keeps diapirs in the reactive stage longer by filling the graben. Reactive diapirism is controlled by the slow rate of regional extension: whenever regional extension ceases, reactive diapirs stop growing. If the diapir becomes tall enough, its roof sufficiently thinned, and the graben trough deep enough, a diapir can pierce actively by lifting and shouldering aside its roof to emerge rapidly at the surface. During subsequent passive piercement, a diapir widens by regional extension and increases in relief by downbuilding concurrent sedimentation. Diapirs can also bypass the reactive and active modes of growth if the overburden is thin and uneven. Faulting, folding and thickness changes are negligible around passive diapirs. Rounded stocks can evolve passively from walls initiated by grabens.
Production in Escherichia coli, purification and immunogenicity of acrosomal protein SP-10, a candidate contraceptive vaccine

The testis-specific human sperm antigen, SP-10, has been designated a 'primary vaccine candidate' by the World Health Organization Taskforce on Contraceptive Vaccines. Molecular cloning and sequencing of the cDNAs coding for human (h) and baboon (b) SP-10 have been reported. To produce large amounts of pure antigen for ongoing studies of the immunogenicity and anti-fertility effects of SP-10, we used an efficient Escherichia coli expression system. The full-length open reading frames for hSP-10 and bSP-10 were placed under the inducible T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase/promoter system. An in-frame fusion was made such that a His6 stretch was produced at the C terminus of SP-10. Upon induction of gene expression, large amounts of hSP-10 or bSP-10 were synthesized and the recombinant (re-) protein segregated into an insoluble fraction. The protein was then solubilized in 6 M guanidine.HCl and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The yield of purified bSP-10 preparation was approx. 20 micrograms/ml of culture. Immunoreactivity of the purified re-SP-10 with MHS-10, a monoclonal antibody specific to SP-10, and rabbit polyclonal sera raised against SP-10, indicated that the synthesized antigen was suitable for immunization studies. Four female baboons were then immunized with the re-bSP-10 antigen. Immunoblots using pre-immune and immune sera from these animals indicated that all four baboons produced antibodies that reacted with native SP-10 extracted from human sperm in a manner identical to that of MHS-10, the positive control. Immune sera also stained the acrosome region of human and baboon sperm heads by immunofluorescence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Suggestions for Basic Graph Use When Reporting Wildlife Research Results

Abstract I review concepts of basic graph design and outline general guidance for basic preparation and presentation of data. I comment on the continued use of convenient summary graphics found in our literature where data are often misrepresented and review potential remedies that will improve data description and graphical efficiency for the most frequently used graph types in wildlife data reporting. I suggest that graphics should play a larger role in data description and analysis and less in summarizing study results.
Recurrent Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis in children with sickle cell disease

Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis is the most common invasive infection among patients with sickle cell disease. The risk of a recurrent episode of sepsis and subsequent death in those patients who have had a previous septic event is much higher. Patients with sickle disease who have had pneumococcal sepsis should continue penicillin prophylaxis indefinitely and should not be candidates for outpatient management of febrile episodes.
Synergistic interaction between endothelium-derived NO and prostacyclin in pulmonary artery: potential role for K+ATP channels

The aim of the present study was to assess interactions between nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) during endothelium-dependent relaxations evoked by bradykinin, calcium ionophore (A23187) and acetylcholine in canine isolated pulmonary artery. Relaxations to low concentrations of bradykinin and A23187 were abolished by combined inhibition of NO-synthase (by NΩ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester L-NAME, 30 μM) and cyclo-oxygenase (indomethacin, 10 μM), suggesting mediation by NO and PGI2. The individual contributions of NO and PGI2 to the dilator responses were quantified by use of areas above the separate indomethacin-insensitive and L-NAME-insensitive components of the concentration-effect curves, respectively. Individually, NO and PGI2 accounted for only 53±5% and 16±9% of total bradykinin-induced relaxation, and 46±10% and 20±9% of total A23187-induced relaxation, suggesting that NO and PGI2 acted synergistically to cause endothelium-dependent relaxation. Relaxation to low concentrations of acetylcholine was abolished by L-NAME but not affected by indomethacin, suggesting the response was mediated solely by NO with no interaction from PGI2. Glibenclamide (1 μM), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium (K+ATP) channels, inhibited responses to bradykinin or A23187 but did not affect relaxations evoked by acetylcholine. Glibenclamide did not affect endothelium-independent relaxations to PGI2 or the NO-donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). With bradykinin, glibenclamide attenuated total relaxation by 49±8%, but did not alter the individual NO and PGI2-mediated components of the response. Glibenclamide abolished the synergistic interaction between endothelium-derived NO and PGI2. At high concentrations, bradykinin, A23187 or acetylcholine caused endothelium-dependent relaxation that was insensitive to L-NAME + indomethacin. With bradykinin or A23187, this component of relaxation was inhibited by glibenclamide, whereas with acetylcholine, glibenclamide had no effect. The synergistic interaction between endothelium-derived NO and PGI2 in canine pulmonary artery is mediated by activation of K+ATP channels, presumably by an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). The pattern of endothelial dilator mediators and the presence of this synergistic interaction is dependent on the nature of the endothelial stimulus. British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 121, 271–279; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701082
The Dependence of the Intensity of Fluorescence on the Composition of a Fluorescing Solution

The fluorescence of solutions of fluorescein and acridone has been studied as a function of (1) the concentration of iodide added with a constant concentration of the fluorescer and (2) the concentration of the fluorescent substance. It is shown that the results are fitted much better by the equation of Stern and Volmer than by that of Perrin. In the absence of a quencher the intensity of the fluorescence observed is given by a function of the concentration which takes into account the following three effects: (1) the absorption of the exciting light by the solution, (2) the absorption of the fluorescent light, and (3) the quenching by the molecules of the fluorescent substance. No other effects needed to be considered for the substances studied.
Alpha emitters in a coral from Bikini lagoon: A testimony to nuclear blasts in the Western Pacific

In the years between 1946 and 1958, Bikini Atoll was the site of a series of nuclear device tests which led to the contamination of the calcium-carbonate tests of organisms, including those of corals. Alpha emitters and other radio-nuclides concentrated in these tests. The purpose of our study was to determine where in these test-alpha-emitters concentrated.
Ethanol withdrawal provokes mitochondrial injury in an estrogen preventable manner.

We investigated whether ethanol withdrawal (EW) oxidizes mitochondrial proteins and provokes mitochondrial membrane swelling and whether estrogen deprivation contributes to this problem. Ovariectomized female rats with or without 17β-estradiol (E2)-implantation received a control diet or a liquid ethanol diet (6.5%) for 5 weeks and were sacrificed during EW. Protein oxidation was assessed by measuring carbonyl contents and was visualized by immunochemistry. Mitochondrial membrane swelling as an indicator of mitochondrial membrane fragility was assessed by monitoring absorbance at 540 nm and was compared with that of male rats. Compared to the control diet group and ovariectomized rats with E2-implantation, ovariectomized rats without E2-implantation showed higher carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins and more rapid mitochondrial membrane swelling during EW. Such rapid mitochondrial membrane swelling was comparable to that of male rats undergoing EW. These findings demonstrate that EW provokes oxidative injury to mitochondrial membranes in a manner that is exacerbated by estrogen deprivation.
Palaeoclimate: How it went down last time

The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 55 million years ago was triggered by the sudden release of carbon to the ocean–atmosphere system. The carbon may have been removed almost as abruptly 100,000 years later, in the form of organic carbon.
The Impact of Ethnic Identity on Changes in High Risk HIV Behaviors in Sexually Active Migrant Workers

Among migrant workers (MWs) in the US, HIV/AIDS prevalence may be as high as 13.5%. This serial cross-sectional study examines associations between Ethnic Identity (EI) in African American and Hispanic MWs and short-term changes in high-risk sexual behaviors. Baseline and 3-month follow-up data was collected from a larger HIV intervention study among MWs in Immokalee, Florida (n = 119) who reported unprotected sex in the past 30 days. The Multigroup Identity Measure was used to assess EI. A high EI score indicates less acculturation to one’s new surroundings. Females had higher levels of positive behavior change. Lower EI was associated with higher levels of positive change in relation to HIV/AIDS risk behavior. Among Hispanics, education was negatively correlated with EI. Education was a predictor of behavior change. Future interventions should focus on reducing acculturation stress, which may prompt harmful coping behaviors, such as high-risk sex and substance abuse.
The Professional Genogram: Enhancing Professional Identity and Clarity:

An adaptation of the family genogram to enhance professional self-awareness is presented. Applications for academic and clinical settings are described.