cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of individual year-classes of a marine fish reveals little evidence of first-generation hybrids between cryptic species in sympatric regions

As settled juveniles and adults, blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) are nonmigratory inhabitants of kelp and rocky reef habitats along the California coast, USA, and prior to settlement, they possess a pelagic larval and juvenile stage lasting 3–5 months. A previous study of adults revealed two cryptic species within S. mystinus and evidence of reproductive isolation in a region where both cryptic adults co-occur. Given this pattern of reproductive isolation, we investigated the degree of hybridization or introgression in individual year-classes shortly after juvenile settlement in two different years (2001 and 2002). Using microsatellite markers, we found little indication of hybridization in new juvenile year-classes despite an adult population that comprised both cryptic species. However, we found an average of two percent of hybrid or introgressed individuals in regions with a low frequency of one of the two species. Therefore, while the lack of hybrids or introgression supports the hypothesis of reproductive isolation between the cryptic species within S. mystinus, the age-structured analysis also revealed a spatial pattern of low-frequency differences in the number of introgressed individuals. These results suggest that reproductive barriers may breakdown when one of the two species predominates the regional adult gene pool.
Post-training reversible inactivation of hippocampus reveals interference between memory systems.

A post-training reversible lesion technique was used to examine the effects of neural inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus on place and response learning. Male Long-Evans rats trained in one of two versions of a water plus-maze task received post-training intra-hippocampal infusions of the local anesthetic drug bupivacaine (0.75% solution, 0.5 μl), or saline. Post-training intra-hippocampal infusions of bupivacaine attenuated acquisition of the place task and enhanced acquisition of the response task. Delayed (2-h) post-training infusions of bupivacaine did not affect retention in either task. The findings demonstrate (1) enhanced learning after reversible hippocampal lesions that is independent of treatment influences on non-mnemonic factors, and (2) inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus during the post-training memory consolidation period is sufficient to enhance response learning. Hippocampus 2002;12:280–284. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential responses in American (Castanea dentata Marshall) and Chinese (C. mollissima Blume) chestnut (Falales: Fagaceae) to foliar application of jasmonic acid

Tannins are plant defense compounds that exhibit antibiotic (e.g. toxic) and antixenotic (e.g. repellent) effects against an array of plant pests. They are broadly divided into two major groups, hydrolysable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) and proanthocyanidins, each with an undetermined number of compounds. We investigated constitutive levels of hydrolysable tannins and proanthocyanidins in the leaves and stems of American (Castanea dentata Marshall) (Fagales: Fagaceae) and Chinese (C. mollissima Blume) chestnut. American chestnut contained more proanthocyanidins in leaves and stems than Chinese chestnut, but Chinese chestnut contained more foliar hydrolysable tannins. Regardless of these differences, gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L, Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) performance did not differ when fed American and Chinese chestnuts. We also investigated the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) treatment on differential tannin induction in American and Chinese chestnut leaves and stems. JA treatment increased proanthocyanidins in American chestnut stems and hydrolysable tannins in both tissue types of American chestnut, but did not influence tannin concentrations in Chinese chestnut leaves or stems. HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of pooled samples suggested that hydrolysable tannins in each tissue were qualitatively comprised primarily of ellagitannins, and JA generally increased the number of hydrolysable tannins that could be detected by ESI-MS. Third, we investigated the performance of gypsy moths on JA treated and untreated American and Chinese chestnut. Caterpillar relative growth was not influenced by JA treatment on Chinese chestnut, but decreased in response to JA application on American chestnut. Our results indicate that JA-dependent defenses differ between these chestnut species. This study improves our understanding of ecologically important differences in tannin induction and herbivore susceptibility in Castanea, and has important implications in efforts for American chestnut restoration and commercial chestnut production.
Comparison of the dilute bismide and nitride alloys GaAsBi and GaAsN

Dilute III-V alloys containing N or Bi share many features that are common, but some that are distinct. In GaP and GaAs, both the substituent species N and Bi behave as isoelectronic impurity traps and both lead to a giant bandgap bowing phenomenon. The isolated N and Bi impurities generate bound states in GaP but resonant states in GaAs. N impurity pairs have been observed as bound states in GaP and in GaAs whereas Bi impurity pairs have not been observed a bound states in GaP nor in GaAs. Low temperature photoluminescence studies on GaAs 1-x Bi x show undulations in the spectra but these are not associated with Bi-Bi pairs. Theoretical arguments for the differing behaviour of the N and Bi isolated impurities in GaAs as a function of pressure are provided.
Mutational analysis of S12 protein and implications for the accuracy of decoding by the ribosome

Abstract The fidelity of aminoacyl-tRNA selection by the ribosome depends on a conformational switch in the decoding center of the small ribosomal subunit induced by cognate but not by near-cognate aminoacyl-tRNA. The aminoglycosides paromomycin and streptomycin bind to the decoding center and induce related structural rearrangements that explain their observed effects on miscoding. Structural and biochemical studies have identified ribosomal protein S12 (as well as specific nucleotides in 16S ribosomal RNA) as a critical molecular contributor in distinguishing between cognate and near-cognate tRNA species as well as in promoting more global rearrangements in the small subunit, referred to as “closure.” Here we use a mutational approach to define contributions made by two highly conserved loops in S12 to the process of tRNA selection. Most S12 variant ribosomes tested display increased levels of fidelity (a “restrictive” phenotype). Interestingly, several variants, K42A and R53A, were substantially resistant to the miscoding effects of paromomycin. Further characterization of the compromised paromomycin response identified a probable second, fidelity-modulating binding site for paromomycin in the 16S ribosomal RNA that facilitates closure of the small subunit and compensates for defects associated with the S12 mutations.
MEMBRANOUS STOMATITIS IN SWEDEN 1956-1961.

Summary Membranous stomatitis was first known in Sweden in April 1957. Since then 191 cases have been reported, but the actual number of cases is certainly considerably greater. The disease culminated in 1959 with 78 cases. In Malmo alone during the years 1957–1961 94 cases are known. The disease has been reported least frequently during the winter months. It affects both sexes equally often. Possibly it affects premature infants somewhat more often than full-term ones. Of the affected children 75 % are in the first 3 weeks of life. The youngest was 2 days, the oldest 2 years.
Gene D. Cohen, MD, PhD: Creative Gero-Psychiatrist and Visionary Public Intellectual

In the tradition of Lewis Thomas, MD and Robert N. Butler, MD, Gene Cohen, MD, PhD was a first-rate medical scientist whose legacy extends beyond his research and clinical practice. Dr. Cohen spurred extraordinary work with older people in the arts and humanities. And thanks to his zest for life and enthusiasm for others, Gene Cohen became a spokesperson for tapping the talents and wisdom of age.
Artificial chromosome formation in maize ( Zea mays L.)

We report on the construction of maize minichromosomes using shuttle vectors harboring native centromeric segments, origins of replication, selectable marker genes, and telomeric repeats. These vectors were introduced into scutellar cells of maize immature embryos by microprojectile bombardment. Several independent transformation events were identified containing minichromosomes in addition to the normal diploid complement of 20 maize chromosomes. Immunostaining indicated that the minichromosomes recruited centromeric protein C, which is a specific component of the centromere/kinetochore complex. Minichromosomes were estimated to be 15-30 Mb in size based on cytological measurements. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that minichromosomes contain the centromeric, telomeric, and exogenous unique marker sequences interspersed with maize retrotransposons. Minichromosomes were detected for at least a year in actively dividing callus cultures, providing evidence for their stability through numerous cell cycles. Plants were regenerated and minichromosomes were detected in root tips, providing confirmation of their normal replication and transmission during mitosis and through organogenesis. Assembly of maize artificial chromosomes may provide a tool to study centromere function and a foundation for developing new high capacity vectors for plant functional genomics and breeding.
Transmission of human non‐a, non‐b hepatitis to chimpanzees following failure to transmit gb agent hepatitis

Two colony-born infant chimpanzees were inoculated with documented infectious serum containing the GB agent. Serum aminotransferase levels remained within normal limits in weekly serum samples, and no abnormalities were detected in weekly liver biopsy specimens. Each of these chimpanzees was subsequently inoculated with serum containing an agent of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Each developed non-A, non-B hepatitis characterized by elevation of serum aminotransferase levels and histopathologic changes in liver biopsy specimens. Thus, the chimpanzee appears not to be susceptible to the GB agent, and prior inoculation with this agent does not appear to confer immunity to subsequent infection with human non-A, non-B hepatitis.
Evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial cycling programmes and patient isolation on dual resistance in hospitals

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause a number of infections in hospitals and are considered a threat to public health. A strategy suggested to curb the development of resistant hospital-acquired infections is antimicrobial cycling, in which antibiotic classes are alternated over time. This can be compared with a mixing programme in which, when given two drugs, half of the physicians prescribe one drug over the other. A mathematical model of antimicrobial cycling in a hospital population setting is developed to evaluate the efficacy of a cycling programme with an emphasis on reducing the emergence and significance of dual resistance. The model also considers the effects of physician compliance and isolating patients harbouring dual-resistant bacteria. Simulation results show that the optimal antimicrobial drug usage programme in hospital populations depends upon the type of resistance being targeted for treatment; a cycling programme is more effective against dual resistance compared with mixing. Patient isolation and high compliance to a cycling programme is also shown to dramatically decrease dual resistance in hospitalized populations. Ultimately, the exclusive use of antimicrobials in fighting nosocomial infection does not solve the problem but just slows down what appears to be a losing battle against drug resistance. We hope that this paper serves to instigate discussion on the many dimensions of the complex problem of drug resistance in hospital settings.
Effects of nicotine on emotional distraction of attentional orienting: evidence of possible moderation by dopamine type 2 receptor genotype.

Introduction Growing evidence suggests that attentional bias to, and distraction by, emotional stimuli may moderate affective states and motivation for nicotine and other drug use.
A Dynamical Model of Muscle Activation, Fatigue, and Recovery

A dynamical model is presented as a framework for muscle activation, fatigue, and recovery. By describing the effects of muscle fatigue and recovery in terms of two phenomenological parameters (F, R), we develop a set of dynamical equations to describe the behavior of muscles as a group of motor units activated by voluntary effort. This model provides a macroscopic view for understanding biophysical mechanisms of voluntary drive, fatigue effect, and recovery in stimulating, limiting, and modulating the force output from muscles. The model is investigated under the condition in which brain effort is assumed to be constant. Experimental validation of the model is performed by fitting force data measured from healthy human subjects during a 3-min sustained maximal voluntary handgrip contraction. The experimental results confirm a theoretical inference from the model regarding the possibility of maximal muscle force production, and suggest that only 97% of the true maximal force can be reached under maximal voluntary effort, assuming that all motor units can be recruited voluntarily. The effects of different motor unit types, time-dependent brain effort, sources of artifacts, and other factors that could affect the model are discussed. The applications of the model are also discussed.
Enzyme catalysis: Basic principles in one easy lesson.

Enzymes catalyse nearly all of the myriad chemical reactions that occur in every living organism. An easily understandable, visually appealing model has now been described that illustrates the fundamentals of how enzymes work.
Dynamics of the surface wind field over the equatorial Indian Ocean

The annual cycle and interannual variability of the equatorial westerlies over the Indian Ocean are examined in the context of the equations of motion, using long-term surface ship observations. Eastward pressure gradient along the equator may accelerate equatorial westerlies, but the process is more intricate. The south Indian Ocean trade winds can recurve in the southern hemisphere only with an eastward pressure gradient. This is counteracted by the Coriolis acceleration directed at right angles to the left of the motion. With weak trades and strong eastward pressure gradient, the flow can recurve at relatively high southern latitudes, thus allowing a broad equatorial zone in which westerlies can develop. In the annual cycle, the southern Indian Ocean high and trade winds are closest to the equator and strongest in austral winter when, however, the eastward pressure gradient in the equatorial zone is also steepest. Accordingly, the latitude of flow recurvature in the southern trade winds stays farthest away from the equator in boreal spring and autumn. Consequently, the equatorial westerlies peak in these short transition seasons. The boreal autumn equatorial westerlies are the surface manifestation of a powerful zonal circulation cell along the Indian Ocean equator. The interannual variability of boreal autumn is characterized by weak westerlies accompanying a slack zonal pressure gradient and strong southern trade winds with recurvature near the equator. Such an ensemble of circulation departures is characteristic of abundant rainfall in East Africa and deficient precipitation in Indonesia. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Overlapping solution finite element method - Higher order approximation and implementation

An hp-convergence result is established for an overlapping solution finite element method employed in exterior scattering problems. The method relies on the fundamental solution associated with the background medium. The results include the impact of approximating the fundamental solution. The method leads to, in part, nonlocal coupling of the degrees of freedom. Consequently, implementation via local matrices and static condensation of the interior degrees of freedom are illustrated. In addition, numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results.
Drosophila TRP channels and animal behavior.

Multiple classes of cell surface receptors and ion channels participate in the detection of changes in environmental stimuli, and thereby influence animal behavior. Among the many classes of ion channels, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cation channels are notable in contributing to virtually every sensory modality, and in controlling a daunting array of behaviors. TRP channels appear to be conserved in all metazoan organisms including worms, insects and humans. Flies encode 13 TRPs, most of which are expressed and function in sensory neurons, and impact behaviors ranging from phototaxis to thermotaxis, gravitaxis, the avoidance of noxious tastants and smells and proprioception. Multiple diseases result from defects in TRPs, and flies provide an excellent animal model for dissecting the mechanisms underlying “TRPopathies.” Drosophila TRPs also function in the sensation of botanically derived insect repellents, and related TRPs in insect pests are potential targets for the development of improved repellents to combat insect-borne diseases.
Energetics of low-temperature polymorphs of manganese dioxide and oxyhydroxide

Transposed temperature drop calorimetry at 977 K was used to study the energetics of natural manganese dioxides (pyrolusite and ramsdellite) and oxyhydroxides (manganite and groutite). The structures of these minerals are composed of MnO6 octahedra which share edges and/or corners to form a framework structure containing tunnels of different size. Appropriate thermodynamic cycles were used to determine the relative energetic stability of the polymorphs, with respect to each other and to bixbyite, Mn2O3. The enthalpy difference between these tunnel-structure manganese oxides is very small, ramsdellite is higher in enthalpy than pyrolusite by 5.4 ± 3.1 kJ/mol for MnO2 and groutite is metastable in enthalpy with respect to manganite by 1.7 ± 1.7 kJ/mol for MnOOH. These small differences suggest that the framework stability is probably governed by the nature of the MnO bonding rather than the openness of the structure. Furthermore, the very small energetic differences are consistent with the widespread occurence of metastable manganese oxides and oxyhydroxides in the natural environment, in minerals, and in technological processes.
Two-particle correlations in DIS and proton-nucleus collisions

We give a brief introduction to small x QCD and the color glass condensate formalism. We discuss the signatures of the color glass condensate in structure functions, single particle and two particle production in DIS and proton-nucleus collisions.
Comparative efficacy of pneumococcal neuraminidase and pneumolysin as immunogens protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Neuraminidase and pneumolysin were purified from cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae and used, either singly or in combination, to immunize juvenile mice which were subsequently challenged intranasally with virulent S. pneumoniae. In each of two independent trials, a small but significant (P v v ) formaldehyde. The median extension in survival time was significantly less (P
Purification and some properties of different forms of hydrogen dehydrogenase.

Abstract Hydrogen dehydrogenase has been purified 300-fold using MnCl2 to stabilize the enzyme. The presence of MnCl2 produced an enzyme with the following properties: (a) heat stability, (b) diminished sensitivity to p-chloromercuribenzoate, (c) smaller Km values. The reaction of MnCl2 with the protein was rapid and reversible. High concentrations of NaCl and Tris buffer cause an irreversible denaturation. The hydrogen dehydrogenase reaction can be reversed to produce H2 from DPNH.
Urinary Stone Analysis by Small-Spot Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA)

Small-spot Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) has been used to study the composition of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate urinary stones. This technique allows for the identification and location of various inorganic and organic species and provides information about the events leading to stone formation. Unlike other methods, such as scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, which provide elemental composition and morphological information, ESCA, with its high sensitivity for low Z elements, is also able to detect differences in chemical functionality. The spectra obtained from a urinary stone cross section show changes in chemical composition and functionality of carbon and nitrogen species. Comparison of these spectra with those of standard reference materials has enabled the identification of each detected species.
Amino acid influence on copper binding to peptides: Cysteine versus arginine

Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and theoretical calculations [density functional theory (DFT)] were utilized to investigate the influence of cysteine side chain on Cu+ binding to peptides and how Cu+ ions competitively interact with cysteine (−SH/SO3H) versus arginine. Results from theoretical and experimental (fragmentation reactions) studies on [M+Cu]+ and [M+2Cu−H]+ ions suggest that cysteine side chains (−SH) and cysteic acid (−SO3H) are important Cu+ ligands. For example, we show that Cu+ ions are competitively coordinated to the −SH or SO3H groups; however, we also present evidence that the proton of the SH/SO3H group is mobile and can be transferred to the arginine guanidine group. For [M+2Cu−H]+ ions, deprotonation of the −SH/SO3H group is energetically more favorable than that of the carboxyl group, and the resulting thiolate/sulfonate group plays an important role in the coordination structure of [M+2Cu−H]+ ions, as well as the fragmentation patterns.
Effects of lignocaine on intramyocardial conduction in nonischaemic and ischaemic canine myocardium

The effect of lignocaine (USP: lidocaine) on intramyocardial conduction in ischaemic and nonischaemic areas of the left ventricular myocardium was determined in 11 mongrel dogs. Intramyocardial conduction times were assessed during control conditions, 15 min after coronary ligation, and following lignocaine administration. Coronary occlusion resulted in a disparity between the conduction velocities in the ischaemic and nonischaemic zones. After lignocaine administration conduction to the ischaemic area was further decreased. However, conduction to the nonischaemic area was decreased to a relatively greater extent, resulting in a significant decrease in the disparity of conduction velocities in the two areas. It is concluded (1) that lignocaine exerts dissimilar quantitative effects on the nonischaemic and acutely ischaemic myocardium and (2) that these differential effects decrease the inhomogeneity of intraventricular conduction. It is possible that this action may play a role in the suppression of re-entrant arrhythmias.
Functional Recovery after Decompressive Spine Operation for Cervical Spine Fractures

Ninety-nine patients with cervical spine fractures from C-4 through C-7 were operated upon from 1975 to 1981. Operation was performed to restore normal relationships between the spinal cord and roots and the spinal canal and foramina and to maintain these relationships by fusion when necessary. Neurological function was recorded pre- and postoperatively using a functional scale. Satisfactory fusion without adverse change in vertebral alignment was achieved in each patient. The average interval between injury and operation was 29 days. When neurological recovery was observed, it began promptly after operation, suggesting a cause and effect relationship.
Gubernatorial Reactions to No Child Left Behind: Politics, Pressure, and Education Reform.

This article explores how federal authority exemplified in the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) impacts another significant trend in educational governance and control-the significant growth and expansion of gubernatorial control over education reform. After briefly outlining the history of gubernatorial activism in education reform, the reaction of governors to NCLB is examined, including their opposition to specific provisions of the legislation. Despite some opposition, the endorsement of the goals of NCLB by an overwhelming majority of the nation's governors is attributed to four factors: consistency of purpose with state-level education reform initiatives, the use of NCLB by governors to leverage change within the educational system, the relative newness and lack of public awareness of the law itself, and fears of retribution from federal officials.
An expression-site-associated gene family of trypanosomes is expressed in vivo and shows homology to a variant surface glycoprotein gene

Abstract Utilizing first-strand cDNA from different stages, a gene family was identified that is expressed in bloodstream form trypanosomes but not in cultured procyclic forms. This family of 50–100 genes, termed bloodstream-specific 1 (BS1), shares a chromosomal distribution pattern similar to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes and the expression-site-associated genes (ESAGs). The BS1 genes are expressed in several variants of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense . Sequence analysis of five members of this gene family reveals the recently described ESAG 6 and ESAG 7 genes [1] as well as the ESAG X gene [2] to be members of this family. We have been unable to localize the BS1 gene product in the cell but show that chronically infected rabbit serum recognizes recombinant BS1 protein arguing for expression in vivo. Finally we note that the derived protein sequence for the BS1 genes suggests an evolutionary relationship with at least one variant surface glycoprotein gene, and hence these studies may provide clues to understanding the molecular origins of antigenic variation in trypanosomes.
Abstract 3938: BNip3 limits HIF-1α stabilization and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer through effects on mitochondrial integrity and ROS generation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL BNIP3 is a hypoxia-inducible mitochondrial protein that has been implicated in mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. BNIP3 protein is also up-regulated at pre-malignant stages of various different human cancers, including breast cancer and down-regulated later through a variety of mechanisms. To examine the role of BNip3 in tumor progression to metastasis, we crossed mice carrying a targeted deletion in the mouse BNip3 gene to the MMTV-PyMT mouse model of breast cancer. All analyses were performed with mice on a pure FVB/N genetic background. Loss of BNip3 promoted S phase entry that was associated with increased primary tumor growth. There was highly significant increase in the numbers of lung metastases and a reduced latency to metastasis in the MMTV-PyMT;BNip3-/- mice compared to control MMTV-PyMT;BNip3+/+ mice. BNip3 null tumors showed increased invasive properties and nuclear grade at earlier stages, a phenotype that was transplantable to wild-type host mice arguing that the increased invasiveness was intrinsic to BNip3 null tumor cells. BNip3 null tumor cells exhibited abnormal mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS levels and increased hypoxia. Their invasive pathology was also associated with increased HIF-1α levels, increased HIF target gene expression and increased CD31-positive blood vessel formation. Quenching ROS limited Hif-1α stabilization, reduced angiogenesis and metastasis in MMTV-PyMT;BNip3-/- mouse tumors to wild-type levels. These results suggest that BNip3 is a metastasis suppressor by virtue of its role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity that mitigates against the metastasis promoting activity of reactive oxygen and hypoxia. Work on this project is supported by NIH/NCI RO1-CA131188 and by Department of Defense BRCP W81XWH-09-1-0587. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3938. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3938
Integrating science and research in a HCI design course

Undergraduate computer science students have few opportunities to experience scientific investigation and computer science research. A human-computer interaction (HCI) course can offer many opportunities for research that are accessible to undergraduate students, and because of the similarity between the design and research processes, a design project based HCI course is particularly suited to introducing undergraduate computer science students to the research process. In this paper, we describe and discuss the challenges of integrating research projects into a design HCI course. We also present example research projects and discuss the feedback form students attending the course.
Image Segmentation Using The Morphological Pyramid

Mathematical morphology, "algebra of shape", is used in many image processing applications including machine vision recognition, visually guided robot vision systems, biomedical image processing, and low-level vision problems. The fact that mathematical morphology deals with shape characteristics of an image makes it a tool for object recognition, defect detection, and feature extraction. The analogy between the morphological operations for shape and the convolution operations for signals suggests the dominance of mathematical morphology in the image processing applications related to shape, especially in machine vision.
Introduction: Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Where, Pray Tell, Did They Get This Idea?

Although a kernel of truth or appropriateness underlies each one, numerous methodological and statistical criteria have been stretched beyond that kernel and have evolved into myths and urban legen...
Promotion of transition metal-induced reactive oxygen species formation by β-amyloid

beta-amyloid protein appears to be involved in the neural degeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. However, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. The ability of the neurotoxic peptide fragment (25-35) derived from beta-amyloid, to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a postmitochondrial fraction (P2) derived from rat cerebrocortex, has been examined. The peptide fragment, when incubated together with P2, did not cause excess ROS formation. However, 10 microM FeSO4 or 10 microM CuSO4 were able to enhance ROS production in the P2 fraction and this was increased further in the concurrent presence of the 25-35 fragment. The corresponding inverse sequence non-neurotoxic peptide (35-25) had no parallel ability to augment iron-stimulated ROS production suggesting a degree of specificity for the observed effect. There was no formation of excess ROS when the 25-35 peptide and 0.5 mM Al2(SO4)3 were incubated with the P2 fraction. However in the presence of both aluminum and iron salts together with the 25-35 peptide, ROS production was augmented to a level significantly higher than that in the absence of aluminum. Polyglutamate, a peptide reported to mitigate aluminum toxicity had no effect on iron-related ROS generation but completely prevented its further potentiation by aluminum. The results indicate that beta-amyloid is able to potentiate the free-radical promoting capacity of metal ions such as iron, copper and aluminum. Such potentiation may be a relevant mechanism underlying beta-amyloid-induced degeneration of nerve cells.
Error detection methods

The use of check digits with identification numbers for error detection is now standard practice. Notable exceptions such as social security numbers, telephone numbers and serial numbers on currency predate computers. Despite their ubiquity and utility, few people are knowledgeable about the myriad of check digit schemes in use by businesses. In this article we survey many of these schemes. Among them are three that have not been described in journal articles previously.
Accelerated immunoassays based on magnetic particle dynamics in a rotating capillary tube with stationary magnetic field

A rapid and simple magnetic particle-based immunoassay has been demonstrated in a capillary mixing system. Antibody-coated micrometer size superparamagnetic polystyrene (SPP) particles were used in an assay for rabbit IgG in a sandwich (noncompetitive) format. The kinetics of the assay was compared between a plate-based system and a single capillary tube. The interaction between the antigen (R-IgG) and the antibody (anti-R-IgG) that was carried by the SPP particles in a rotating capillary was tested under a stationary magnetic field. Competing magnetic and viscous drag forces helped to enhance the interaction between the analyte and the capture antibodies on the particles. The dimensionless Mason number (Mn) was employed to characterize the magnetic particle dynamics; a previously determined critical Mason number (Mnc) was employed as a guide to the appropriate experimental conditions of magnetic field strength and rotational speed of the capillary. The advantage of the rotating capillary system included ...
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript is the neurotransmitter regulating the action of cholecystokinin and leptin on short-term satiety in rats

Vagal CCK-A receptors (CCKARs) and leptin receptors (LRbs) interact synergistically to mediate short-term satiety. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide is expressed by vagal afferent neurons. We sought to demonstrate that this neurotransmitter regulates CCK and leptin actions on short-term satiety. We also examined the signal transduction pathways responsible for mediating the CART release from the nodose ganglia (NG). ELISA studies coupled with gene silencing of NG neurons by RNA interference elucidated intracellular signaling pathways responsible for CCK/leptin-stimulated CART release. Feeding studies followed by gene silencing of CART in NG established the role of CART in mediating short-term satiety. Immunohistochemistry was performed on rat NG neurons to confirm colocalization of CCKARs and LRbs; 63% of these neurons contained CART. Coadministration of CCK-8 and leptin caused a 2.2-fold increase in CART release that was inhibited by CCK-OPE, a low-affinity CCKAR antagonist. Transfection of cultured NG neurons with steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or STAT3 lentiviral short hairpin RNA inhibited CCK/leptin-stimulated CART release. Silencing the expression of the EGR-1 gene inhibited the CCK/leptin-stimulated CART release but had no effect on CCK/leptin-stimulated neuronal firing. Electroporation of NG with CART siRNA inhibited CCK/leptin stimulated c-Fos expression in rat hypothalamus. Feeding studies following electroporation of the NG with CART or STAT3 siRNA abolished the effects of CCK/leptin on short-term satiety. We conclude that the synergistic interaction of low-affinity vagal CCKARs and LRbs mediates CART release from the NG, and CART is the principal neurotransmitter mediating short-term satiety. CART release from the NG involves interaction between CCK/SRC/PI3K cascades and leptin/JAK2/PI3K/STAT3 signaling pathways.
Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding

Some species have potential for intense mate competition yet exhibit little or no sexual size dimorphism, despite predictions from sexual selection theory. Using a conceptual model, we show the conditions for which passive mate guarding with copulatory plugs can be an alternative and more successful strategy to active (direct) guarding, reducing selection pressure on large male size. The model predicts that copulatory plugs in mammals should be favoured in species for which females have short sexual receptivity periods. Using data on 62 primate species and a phylogenetic regression approach, we show that, as predicted, copulatory plugs are negatively associated with degree of sexual dimorphism and females’ sexual receptivity length. Penile spines are also significantly associated with plug use and short receptivity periods suggesting a possible offensive role in sperm competition. Results highlight that life-history characteristics, such as sexual receptivity lengths, may alter the costs and benefits of alternative male strategies and thus alter the strength of sexual selection.
Simian virus 40 small tumor antigen activates AKT and telomerase and induces anchorage-independent growth of human epithelial cells

Human keratinocytes immortalized by full-length or early-region simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA grow in agarose and form tumors in nude mice, in contrast to keratinocytes immortalized by the E6/E7 genes of human papillomaviruses. To determine the molecular basis for this biological difference in growth, we have used the individual SV40 oncogenes (large T antigen [LT] and small t antigen [st]) and human papillomavirus oncogenes (E6/E7) to study the progression of human epithelial cells from the nonimmortal to the immortal state as well as from the immortal to the anchorage-independent state. Transfection of primary human foreskin keratinocytes with LT did not immortalize cells but did extend the in vitro life span and produced cells that were resistant to calcium- and serum-induced terminal differentiation. Cells transfected with st alone did not passage beyond vector-transfected keratinocytes. The simultaneous expression of LT- and st-immortalized keratinocytes occurred without evidence of crisis and, as anticipated, these immortal cells were anchorage- independent for growth. Interestingly, we found that keratinocytes expressing both LT and st, but not keratinocytes with LT alone, exhibited increased phosphorylation of the protein kinase AKT. In addition, AKT activation was paralleled by an increase in telomerase activity. Addition of st to anchorage-dependent keratinocytes, expressing either LT (nonimmortal) or E6/E7 (immortal), converted the cells to anchorage independence, with similar accompanying increases in AKT phosphorylation and telomerase activity. However, it was not possible to induce keratinocyte growth in agarose with activated AKT and/or overexpressed hTERT, indicating that these newly defined st-induced activities are not sufficient for progression to the anchorage-independent state.
Predictors of smoking lapse in a human laboratory paradigm

During a smoking quit attempt, a single smoking lapse is highly predictive of future relapse. While several risk factors for a smoking lapse have been identified during clinical trials, a laboratory model of lapse was until recently unavailable and, therefore, it is unclear whether these characteristics also convey risk for lapse in a laboratory environment. The primary study goal was to examine whether real-world risk factors of lapse are also predictive of smoking behavior in a laboratory model of smoking lapse. After overnight abstinence, 77 smokers completed the McKee smoking lapse task, in which they were presented with the choice of smoking or delaying in exchange for monetary reinforcement. Primary outcome measures were the latency to initiate smoking behavior and the number of cigarettes smoked during the lapse. Several baseline measures of smoking behavior, mood, and individual traits were examined as predictive factors. Craving to relieve the discomfort of withdrawal, withdrawal severity, and tension level were negatively predictive of latency to smoke. In contrast, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, withdrawal severity, level of nicotine dependence, craving for the positive effects of smoking, and craving to relieve the discomfort of withdrawal were positively predictive of number of cigarettes smoked. The results suggest that real-world risk factors for smoking lapse are also predictive of smoking behavior in a laboratory model of lapse. Future studies using the McKee lapse task should account for between subject differences in the unique factors that independently predict each outcome measure.
Behavioral economics strategies for promoting adherence to sleep interventions

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia and continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea are among the most efficacious sleep interventions. Unfortunately, adherence levels are disappointingly low for these interventions. Behavioral economics offers a promising framework for promoting adherence, often through relatively brief and straightforward strategies. The assumptions, goals, and key strategies of behavioral economics will be introduced. These strategies include providing social norms information, changing defaults, using the compromise effect, utilizing commitment devices, and establishing lottery-based systems. Then, this review will highlight specific behavioral economic approaches to promote patient adherence for three major sleep interventions: 1) behavioral treatment for pediatric insomnia, 2) cognitive-behavioral treatment for adult insomnia, and 3) continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea. Next, behavioral economic strategies will be discussed as ways to improve health care provider adherence to clinical practice guidelines regarding appropriate prescribing of hypnotics and ordering sleep-promoting practices for hospitalized inpatients. Finally, possible concerns that readers may have about behavioral economics strategies, including their efficacy, feasibility, and sustainability, will be addressed.
Co-Doping of Air Plasma-Sprayed Yttria- and Ceria-Stabilized Zirconia for Thermal Barrier Applications

Co-dopants of either Yb3+ or Ca2+ were incorporated into 7.6 mol% YO1.5–ZrO2 (7.6YSZ) and 12 mol% CeO2–ZrO2 (12CeSZ) coatings by infiltrating porous spray-dried powders with salt solutions containing the appropriate co-dopant species prior to plasma spraying. Co-dopant concentration was varied from 2 to 5 mol%. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis, no secondary phase or Yb3+ segregation was detected at the grain boundary of either as-sprayed 2Yb/7.6YSZ or 2Yb/12CeSZ coatings. Dilatometer measurements showed that 2 mol% Yb3+ co-doped 7.6YSZ and 12CeSZ coatings shrank ∼0.6% during a 5 h soak at 1400°C, approximately the same contraction as the baseline coatings (i.e. not co-doped). X-ray diffraction results show that the as-sprayed 7.6YSZ, 2Ca/7.6YSZ, and 2Yb/7.6YSZ coatings comprised of non-transformable, non-equilibrium composition tetragonal ZrO2 (identified presently as t′-ZrO2), while the 5Ca/7.6YSZ coating was a non-equilibrium composition of cubic ZrO2. After a heat treatment of 100 h at 1200°C, the 2Yb/7.6YSZ coating was completely t′-ZrO2, while the baseline and Ca2+ co-doped 7.6YSZ coatings showed evidence of partitioning. Therefore, it appears that co-doping of 7.6YSZ with 2 mol% Yb3+ increases the stability of t′-ZrO2, whereas co-doping with 2 mol% Ca2+ decreases the stability of t′-ZrO2. The volume fraction of m-ZrO2 in the baseline 12CeSZ coatings was estimated to be 88% after a 100 h heat treatment at 1200°C. 2 mol% Yb3+ or Ca2+ co-doping limited the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in 12CeSZ, with only 37% and 43% monoclinic phase observed, respectively, after a 100 h heat treatment at 1200°C; this was an improvement over the baseline 12CeSZ coating. As-sprayed 2Yb/7.6YSZ and 2Yb/12CeSZ coatings had slightly lower thermal conductivity than their baseline counterparts in the as-sprayed condition; after 100 h at 1200°C, their conductivity increased to that of the baseline coatings.
The possible relationship of spore-like structures on the mycelium of Glomus monosporum to formation of appressoria.

Hyphal penetration of a root epidermal cell by a vesicular-arbuscular endophyte was considered by Nicolson (1959) and Mosse (1959b) to be preceded by hyphal swelling and formation of an appressorium. Observation of early mycorrhizal infections of adventitious roots of leek seedlings obtained using one sporeling of Glomus monosporum Gerdemann & Trappe as inoculum (San Antonio, unpubl. data) indicated that the shape of some appressoria were reminescent of the spherical spore-like structures characteristically present on external mycelium of G. monosporum (Fig. 1) described by Nicolson (1959) and Mosse (1959a). Warner and Mosse (1980) reported that such spore-like structures never became detached naturally from the mycelium, and when deliberately detached, neither germinated nor grew in culture. Warner and Mosse's comment that "it is not known whether root infection can
Trends and advances in portable analytical instrumentation

The evolution of dedicated microcomputers and microcontrollers, in addition to silicon microfabrication and other micromachining technologies, and the integration of these technologies, is having a profound impact on both the functioning and the applications of analytical instrumentation. In essence, analytical instruments are moving from the domain of functioning as pure analyzers into the domain of functioning as problem solvers. This new functioning implies that the output from the new generation of instruments will not only be the analytical results but also the logical consequences that can be derived from the analytical data. The output from these devices will be decisions rather than analytical data. This has particularly important consequences for the vast expansion in applications for fieldable analytical chemistry. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 1: 87–92, 1996.
What differentiates children visiting outpatient mental health services with bipolar spectrum disorder from children with other psychiatric diagnoses

Fristad MA, Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Mount K, Fields BW, Demeter C, Birmaher B, Kowatch RA, Arnold LE, Axelson D, Gill MK, Horwitz SM, Findling RL. What differentiates children visiting outpatient mental health services with bipolar spectrum disorder from children with other psychiatric diagnoses? Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 497–506. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: To determine the contribution of parent-reported manic symptoms, family history, stressful life events, and family environment in predicting diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSD) in youth presenting to an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Methods: A total of 707 6- to 12-year-old children [621 with elevated symptoms of mania (ESM+) based on screening via the Parent General Behavior Inventory 10-item Mania Scale (PGBI-10M) and 86 without ESM (ESM–)] received a comprehensive assessment. Results: Of the 629 with complete data, 24% (n = 148) had BPSD. Compared to those without BPSD (n = 481), children with BPSD: were older (Cohen’s d = 0.44) and more likely to be female (Cohen’s d = 0.26); had higher parent-endorsed manic symptom scores at screening (Cohen’s d = 0.36) and baseline (Cohen’s d = 0.76), more biological parents with a history of manic symptoms (Cohen’s d = 0.48), and greater parenting stress (Cohen’s d = 0.19). Discriminating variables, in order, were: baseline PGBI-10M scores, biological parent history of mania, parenting stress, and screening PGBI-10M scores. Absence of all these factors reduced risk of BPSD from 24% to 2%. Conclusions: History of parental manic symptoms remains a robust predictor of BPSD in youth seeking outpatient care, even after accounting for parent report of manic symptoms in the child at screening. However, the risk factors identified as associated with BPSD, together had limited value in accurately identifying individual participants with BPSD, highlighting the need for careful clinical assessment.