cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase induction by dexamethasone is species-related

Dexamethasone induces TAT in the embryonic chick liver, but this effect is not blocked by prior administration of insulin at a dose sufficient to increase the hepatic protein/DNA ratio. Similarly, insulin does not block dexamethasone induction of TAT in chick embryo hepatocytes in vitro. In contrast, insulin reduces TAT induction by dexamethasone in fetal rat hepatocytes by 35-40%. No significant differences in insulin binding were noted between chick and rat hepatocytes.
Chronic exposure to random restraint stress retards the development of estrogen-induced pituitary prolactinoma in rats.

Abstract The effects of stress on carcinogenesis have been equivocal. The present work examined the influence of an unpredictable pattern of chronic restraint stress on estradiol-induced pituitary hyperplasia in male Fischer 344 rats. The animals were grouped as follows: (1) control, (2) stressed, (3) estradiol (31 mg), subcutaneous implant for 40 days and (4) estradiol with stress, 1 h daily, randomly, for 40 days. The pituitaries increased markedly in mass in groups 3 and 4 compared to the first two groups. However, the gland weight in rats exposed to estradiol plus stress was significantly ( P
Myosin light chain 1 isoforms in slow fibers from global and orbital layers of canine rectus muscles.

PURPOSE. Initial results of an examination of the low molecular mass (≤45 kDa) protein composition of canine rectus muscle homogenates, based on gel electrophoresis, revealed a distinct difference between the global and orbital layers in the myosin light chain (MLC)-1 region. The objectives of the present study were, therefore, to identify isoforms of MLC1 in homogenates of the global and orbital layers of adult canine rectus muscles and to determine the MLC1 isoform expression pattern among single muscle fibers isolated from both layers. METHODS. Muscle homogenates and single fibers from the global and orbital layers of canine rectus muscles were analyzed, using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to identify a protein band in the orbital layer that comigrated with MLC1 in the adult canine atrium. RESULTS. Adult canine extraocular rectus muscles expressed embryonic skeletal/atrial MLC1 (MLCl E/A ), in addition to the fast-type MLC1 (MLC1 F ) and slow-type MLC1 (MLC1 S ) isoforms expressed in limb skeletal muscles. MLC1 E/A was detected in slow fibers of the orbital but not the global layer, and MLC1 S was detected in slow fibers in only the global but not the orbital layer. Densitometric analysis of gel bands from homogenates supported these results, with significantly greater amounts of MLC1 S in the global layer and of MLC1 E/A in the orbital layer. CONCLUSIONS. MLC1 E/A is expressed in rectus muscles of adult dogs. Furthermore, two types of slow fibers, distinguished on the basis of MLC I isoform expression, exist in separate layers of canine rectus muscles.
Thermoregulation in African chameleons

Abstract Field active and laboratory preferred body temperatures and critical thermal limits were measured in six species of Kenyan chameleons: Chamaeleo bitaeniatus, Chamaeleo dilepis, Chamaeleo ellioti, Chamaeleo hohnelii, Chamaeleo jacksonii, and Chamaeleo schubotzi . Given the opportunity, all six species are very competent heliothermic thermoregulators. Individuals typically spend the night low in shrubby vegetation with body temperatures equal to ambient air, and then climb to the top or edges of their bushes to bask when the sun shines. For most species, body temperatures quickly stabilize between 29 and 32 °C, which they maintain while the sun shines (except C. schubotzi at 19 °C). Preferred temperatures in the laboratory average 30–33 °C, with voluntary minima of 27–29 °C and voluntary maxima of 34–36 °C. From the elaborate suite of behaviors undertaken and the distribution of environmental temperatures, it is clear that when solar radiation is available, these chameleon species do not passively accept environmental temperatures. Rather they regulate their body temperatures in the field, utilizing many of the behaviors that have become classically associated with heliothermic behavioral thermoregulation. All other chameleon species previously studied also have thermal preferenda around 30 °C.
Predicting length of stay of substance-using pregnant and postpartum women in day treatment.

Pregnant and postpartum substance-using women are a special population whose needs do not reflect those of the general substance-using communities. This study examined length of stay in a federally funded day treatment demonstration program in order to identify predictor variables that may help identify pregnant and postpartum substance-using women at high risk for dropping out of treatment. Variables from intake and exit questionnaires on a sample of 163 women were analyzed using multiple regression on both days in treatment and the logarithmic transformation of days in treatment. Few predictor variables were identified, although findings suggest that if a woman is younger and self-referred, she may leave treatment sooner. As one of the first sets of published data on pregnant and postpartum women and retention in treatment, this study lays the groundwork for future research on the retention of pregnant and postpartum women in treatment, thereby facilitating the success of these women in overcoming their addiction.
Mammary preneoplasia and tumorigenesis in the BALB/c mouse: structure and modification of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA sequences

Abstract Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) DNA sequences were examined in mammary tissues from BALB/c mice, including both preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) outgrowth lines, tumors derived from those preneoplastic tissues, and DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Over 60 different HAN and tumors samples were analyzed. The D2 HAN line contained one additional provirus, whereas Cv-2 and Cv-4 HAN lines that are infected with exogenous virus exhibited multiple virus integration events. D2 tumors showed the same provirus pattern as D2 HANs, whereas Cv-2 and Cv-4 tumors exhibited a subset of the acquired proviruses found in the parental HAN populations. Differential methylation patterns of virus-specific sequences were observed that resembled those described for other tissues in which viral DNA replication and integration has occurred, i.e., acquired proviruses were hypomethylated and endogenous proviruses were methylated. In tumors that arose from HAN lines and exhibited only endogenous proviruses, demethylation of the subgenomic Mtv -6 locus was observed. Demethylation of Mtv -6 was not detected in any of the preneoplastic tissues. Altered methylation of Mtv-8 and −9 was observed in both Cv-2 and Cv-4 tumors. Finally, mammary tumors induced by DMBA carried no acquired proviruses and demethylation of endogenous MMTV proviruses was demonstrated.
The frequency-following response in subjects with profound unilateral hearing loss

Frequency-following responses (FFRs) evoked by 500 c/sec tone bursts 14 msec in duration, presented at 50 dB SL were recorded from Cz--A1 and Cz--A2 electrode derivations using eight subjects with normal bilateral hearing, and eight subjects with profound unilateral hearing loss. Monaural stimulation of either ear in normal subjects, and of the unimpaired ear in hearing-loss subjects, evoked larger responses from the ipsilateral electrode derivation than from the contralateral electrode derivation. Stimulation of the impaired ear in hearing-loss subjects evoked no response. Binaural stimulation in normal-hearing subjects evoked Cz--A1 and Cz--A2 responses of equal magnitude, each larger than either the ipsilateral or contralateral monaural response, but each slightly smaller than the sum of the ipsilateral and contralateral monaural responses. Binaural stimulation in hearing-loss subjects evoked responses equivalent to those obtained monaurally. The results provide evidence of binaural interaction in normal-hearing subjects and indicate that FFR arises from at least two separate symmetric neural sources, possibly by iterative activation of brainstem evoked response (BER) generators.
Pediatric surgical issues in meconium disease and cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common autosomal recessive disorder. Although pulmonary complications represent the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in this patient population, it is important to recall that all exocrine function is affected by CF. These effects are far reaching and may lead to a series of conditions of interest to the general or pediatric surgeon. This article focuses primarily on meconium disease, CF, and surgical issues related to these conditions, including gastrointestinal manifestations, hepatobiliary disease, and perioperative management in CF. A broad evaluation of these topics is provided, with particular attention being paid to areas of controversy in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, fibrosing colonopathy, and hepatic disease.
Improvement of traveling-wave tube efficiency through collector potential depression

This paper describes the design of single-stage and double-stage collectors which can be operated at "depressed" potentials. When these single-stage and double-stage collectors were used in conjunction with a traveling-wave amplifier, over-all efficiences of 46 and 57 per cent were obtained, respectively. The maximum increase in efficiency which can be obtained by the use of depressed collectors having one to three electrodes is calculated for various traveling-wave tube design parameters.
Affinity chromatography of Escherichia coli (m5U54)-methyltransferase on tRNA-agarose.

Abstract tRNA-agarose was prepared by condensing periodate-oxidized tRNA to an agarose matrix containing hydrazide functional groups. The tRNA-agarose was used to take partially purified tRNA (m 5 U54)-methyl-transferase to homogeneity. The method is simple and reproducible and gives high yields.
Redefining Women's Work During Pregnancy: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach

The potential effects of work and activity on the processes and outcomes of pregnancy should be assessed when a woman's care plan is developed. Perinatal caregivers are limited by a narrow definition of work that encompasses only employment. This commentary expands the description of women's work during pregnancy, and proposes the addition of some activities not currently considered in most prenatal assessments, including home care responsibilities, the maintenance and development of intimate relationships, and the tasks identified with becoming a mother. All this has implications for research, clinical practice, and public and health policy.
Using multidimensional gas chromatography to group secondary organic aerosol species by functionality

Abstract A carbon number-functionality grid (CNFG) for a complex mixture of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors and oxidation products was developed from the theoretical retention index diagram of a multidimensional gas chromatographic (GC × 2GC) analysis of a mixture of SOA precursors and derivatized oxidation products. In the GC × 2GC analysis, comprehensive separation of the complex mixture was achieved by diverting the modulated effluent from a polar primary column into 2 polar secondary columns. Column stationary phases spanned the widest range of selectivity of commercially available GC analytic columns. In general, separation of the species by the polar primary column was by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule (when the homologous series of reference compounds was selected to have molecular volumes and functionalities similar to the target analytes) and the polar secondary columns provided additional separation according to functionality. An algebraic transformation of the Abraham solvation parameter model was used to estimate linear retention indices of solutes relative to elution of a homologous series of methyl diesters on the primary and secondary columns to develop the theoretical GC × 2GC retention diagram. Retention indices of many of the oxidation products of SOA precursors were estimated for derivatized forms of the solutes. The GC stationary phases selected for the primary column [(50%-Trifluoropropyl)-methylpolysiloxane] and secondary columns (90% Cyanopropyl Polysilphenylene-siloxane and Polyethylene Glycol in a Sol-Gel matrix) provided a theoretical separation of 33 SOA precursors and 98 derivatized oxidation products into 35 groups by molecular volume and functionality. Comprehensive analysis of extracts of vapor and aerosol samples containing semivolatile SOA precursors and oxidation products, respectively, is best accomplished by (1) separating the complex mixture of the vapor and underivatized aerosol extracts with a (50%-Trifluoropropyl)-methylpolysiloxane × 90% Cyanopropyl Polysilphenylene-siloxane × Polyethylene Glycol in a Sol-Gel matrix arrangement and (2) derivatizing the aerosol extract and reanalyzing the sample on the GC × 2GC column combination. Quantifying groupings and organic molecular species in time series of collections of vapor- and aerosol-phase atmospheric organic matter is a promising analytic technique for measuring production of SOA and evaluating transformations of SOA precursors.
Rejuvenation of the aging T cell compartment

The elderly face significant risk for susceptibility to infection and cancer because of declining immune function. Various agents used in the setting of bone marrow transplantation and aging studies represent promising approaches to combating T cell defects in the aging population. Preclinical and clinical studies on the T cell reconstitution effects of sex steroid ablation, keratinocyte growth factor, the growth hormone pathway, and the cytokines interleukin-7, interleukin-12, and interleukin-15 indicate that these strategies may be used to alleviate the effects of T cell deficiencies in the elderly.
Amino Acid Changes in a Unique Sequence of Bacteriophage T7 DNA Polymerase Alter the Processivity of Nucleotide Polymerization

T7 gene 5 DNA polymerase forms a complex with Escherichia coli thioredoxin (its processivity factor), and a 76-amino acid sequence (residues 258-334), unique to gene 5 protein, has been implicated in this interaction. We have examined the effect of amino acid substitution(s) in this region on T7 phage growth and on the interaction of the polymerase with thioredoxin. Among the mutations in gene 5, we found that a substitution of either Glu or Ala for Lys-302 yielded a protein that could not complement T7 phage lacking gene 5 (T7Delta5) to grow on E. coli having reduced thioredoxin levels. One triple mutant (K300E,K302E,K304E) could not support the growth of T7Delta5 even in wild type cells. This altered polymerase is stimulated 4-fold less by thioredoxin than is the wild type enzyme and the polymerase-thioredoxin complex has reduced processivity. The exonuclease activity of the altered polymerase is not stimulated to the same extent as that of the wild type enzyme by thioredoxin. The observed dissociation constant of the gene 5 protein K(300,302,304)E-thioredoxin complex is 7-fold higher than that of the wild type complex. The altered polymerase also has a lower binding affinity for double-stranded DNA.
Boundary conditions at infinity for difference equations of limit-circle type

Abstract A second-order difference equation of limit-circle type, with parameter λ, is transformed into a first-order system. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of this system with specified limits at infinity are proved, as well as analytic dependence of the solution on the parameter λ. These results are then applied to the second-order limit-circle equation for the purpose of constructing a suitable boundary condition at infinity, and analyzing the spectrum and the resulting form of the resolvent.
Particle characteristics of trace high explosives : RDX and PETN

The sizes of explosives particles in fingerprint residues produced from C-4 and Semtex-1A were investigated with respect to a fragmentation model. Particles produced by crushing crystals of RDX and PETN were sized by using scanning electron microscopy, combined with image analysis, and polarized light microscopy was used for imaging and identifying explosive particles in fingerprint residues. Crystals of RDX and PETN fragment in a manner that concentrates mass in the largest particles of the population, which is common for a fragmentation process. Based on the fingerprints studied, the particle size to target for improving mass detection in fingerprint residues by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is > or = 10 microm in diameter. Although particles smaller than 10 microm in diameter have a higher frequency, they constitute < 20% of the total mass. Efforts to improve collection efficiency of explosives particles for detection by IMS, or other techniques, must take into consideration that the mass may be concentrated in a relatively few particles that may not be homogeneously distributed over the fingerprint area. These results are based on plastic-bonded explosives such as C-4 that contain relatively large crystals of explosive, where fragmentation is the main process leading to the presence of particles in the fingerprint residues.
Particle-size measurements in flames using light scattering; comparison with diffusion-broadening spectroscopy

Abstract Particle-size measurements have been performed above a flat-flame burner using CH 4 /O 2 mixtures. Size estimates were made on the assumption that particle sizes are defined by the self-preserving distribution (s.p.d.). Desymmetry ratios were measured for parallel and perpendicularly polarized argonion-laser radiation at 4880 A. These ratios for the assumed s.p.d. yield mean radii when the Mie theory is applied to spherical particles for a known value of the complex index of refraction ( m = 1.57-0.44 i ). The measured results are found to be in good agreement with our earlier studies using diffusion-broadening spectroscopy.
Maternal criminal justice involvement and co-occurring mental health and substance abuse problems: Examining moderation of sex and race on children's mental health

Abstract Increased attention and concern has been given to the scope and consequences of children's experiences with maternal criminal justice involvement (CJI), yet the empirical literature on the population remains limited. This study examined whether the influences of maternal risks (mental health and substance abuse problems) on children's mental health (internalizing and externalizing behaviors) were moderated by sex and race. The sample included 409 children of CJI mothers aged 5–15 who participated in the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW). Results indicated that maternal risks were significantly associated with internalizing behaviors and that race was significantly associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Sex and race moderated the associations between maternal risks and internalizing behaviors. Females exposed to maternal mental health and substance abuse problems exhibited elevated internalizing behaviors compared to males. Black children exposed to maternal substance abuse had decreased internalizing behaviors as compared to non-Black children. Implications for criminal justice and child welfare practices and future research are discussed.
Development of Industrial Law in the Rochester Clothing Market

Introduction: the trade agreement regarded as a constitution for industry. — I. The decisions of the arbitrator under the Rochester agreement limit both parties according to principles agreed upon in the "constitution," 259. — II. A shifting balance of power, generally in favor of the workers, appears in decisions of the arbitrator on discharge and discipline of employers and union officials, 263. — On introduction of machinery, 269. — Lockouts and stoppages, 270. — Hiring and division of work, 271. — Quitting, 272. — Transfers and promotions, 273. — Abolition of home work, 273. — III. A public purpose is discoverable in the arbitrator's decisions, as regards progress of the industry, 275. — Stability of the market, 280. — Safeguarding of collective bargaining, 288. — IV. Conclusion: A code of law is being developed coexistent with, and similar to, the law expressed in public courts. Will the common law of the courts eventually absorb "industrial law"? 289.
Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structures of Prototropic Species Derived from the 9-Anthrol-Anthrone System

Abstract Electronic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies are employed to show that anthrone and its cation are closer to carbonyl derivatives of benzene in electronic structure than to derivatives of anthracene. The anion derived from anthrone is, however, a phenolic anthracene anion by electronic structure and by chemical reactivity. The phenolic 9-anthranol tautomer observed in some nonaqueous media is not measurably present in water at room temperatures in the ground electronic state. However, although neither anthrone or 9-anthrol fluoresce in water, there is evidence from the pH dependence of the fluorescence of the anion, to indicate that at least some of the 9-anthrol tautomer is present in the lowest excited singlet state. Although there has been extensive study of the electronic spectra and prototropic behavior of hydroxyaromatics derived from benzene and naphthalene, relatively little information is available about the hydroxyanthracenes. Baba and Suzuki (1,2) have examined the electronic ...
Rad53 is essential for a mitochondrial DNA inheritance checkpoint regulating G1 to S progression.

The Chk2-mediated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage checkpoint pathway is important for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance. We show in this paper that mtDNA itself affects cell cycle progression. Saccharomyces cerevisiae rho0 cells, which lack mtDNA, were defective in G1- to S-phase progression. Deletion of subunit Va of cytochrome c oxidase, inhibition of F1F0 adenosine triphosphatase, or replacement of all mtDNA-encoded genes with noncoding DNA did not affect G1- to S-phase progression. Thus, the cell cycle progression defect in rho0 cells is caused by loss of DNA within mitochondria and not loss of respiratory activity or mtDNA-encoded genes. Rad53p, the yeast Chk2 homologue, was required for inhibition of G1- to S-phase progression in rho0 cells. Pif1p, a DNA helicase and Rad53p target, underwent Rad53p-dependent phosphorylation in rho0 cells. Thus, loss of mtDNA activated an established checkpoint kinase that inhibited G1- to S-phase progression. These findings support the existence of a Rad53p-regulated checkpoint that regulates G1- to S-phase progression in response to loss of mtDNA.
Nutritional Control of Regreening and Degreening in Citrus Peel Segments

A method for reversibly regreening and degreening citrus epicarp in vitro using peel segments was developed. Peel segments from mature degreened fruit promptly regreened when kept in light upon agar medium containing low (15 millimolar) concentrations of sucrose. Higher concentrations of sucrose inhibited this regreening, but NO 3 − and certain amino acids included in the media overcame the inhibition by sucrose. However, l-serine strongly inhibited regreening. In the presence of nitrogen, sucrose promoted regreening. Peel segments from green fruit remained green on media with low concentrations of sucrose and on media with high concentrations of sucrose and 60 millimolar KNO 3 , but degreened in response to high concentrations of sucrose in the absence of nitrogen. Nitrate overcame the degreening effects of high sucrose concentrations in both light and dark. Peel segments were reversibly degreened and regreened by transferring the segments between appropriate media. Nitrate in the media markedly reduced the levels of endogenous sugars in the epicarp and increased endogenous amino acid levels. Sucrose in the media increased endogenous sugar levels and, in the presence of nitrate, increased endogenous amino acid levels. In the absence of nitrogen, high sucrose concentrations reduced endogenous amino acid concentrations.
On the use of orthogonal signals to generate parallel branches and improve the spectral efficiency of CPM and TCM modulation

Continuous phase modulation (CPM) and trellis-coded modulation are well-understood schemes that layer trellis codes with multilevel modulation to produce efficient bandwidth waveforms. This paper describes a novel modulation scheme which takes advantage of existing trellis codes and adds parallel branches to create a new modulation with greater spectral efficiency and reduced receiver complexity. The first part of the paper discusses the trade-off between Euclidean distance and modulation bandwidth for the standard 1-REC CPM waveform. A set of orthogonal signals can be added to the CPM constellation which provides a series of parallel branches in the natural trellis structure of the CPM modulation. The corresponding bandwidth expansion and throughput improvement is analyzed and the advantages of this modulation technique are discussed. This new, non-constant envelope CPM waveform is compared to the multi-level, multi-amplitude CPM waveform (described in Proakis). In similar fashion, a trellis-coded, shaped PSK modulation is expanded to include orthogonal signal shaping and the power and spectral efficiencies are discussed.
Development of an efficient expression system for Flavobacterium strains

Abstract Strong promoters were isolated from Flavobacterium johnsoniae in a promoter-trap vector incorporating a gfp reporter system, and were used to express fluorescent protein markers (including GFP, YFP, mOrange and mStrawberry) and insecticidal protein genes in Flavobacterium strains. Sequence analysis of trapped DNA fragments showed conserved Bacteroidetes promoter motifs (TTG-N 19 -TAnnTTTG) located upstream of putative open reading frames. Plasmids harboring these genomic DNA fragments from F. johnsoniae promoted strong production of fluorescent proteins in Flavobacterium hibernum but not in Escherichia coli . The most potent promoter (P ompA ) identified in this work was cloned upstream of genes encoding fluorescent proteins, and these were co-expressed in Flavobacterium strains. The p42 and p51 genes (binary toxins from Bacillus sphaericus ) when translationally fused to the 3′-end of gfp showed strong expression. Flavobacteria expressing these genes exhibited toxicity against larvae of the mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus , Anopheles gambiae , and Ochlerotatus triseriatus . However, transformants with the transcriptional fusion construct between cry11A with p20 from Bacillus thuringiensis did not express Cry11A protein indicating that constitutive expression of cry11A may be problematic in Flavobacterium .
Quinone—amine polymers: 10. Use of calcium hypochlorite in the syntheses of polyamine—quinone (PAQ) polymers

Abstract Calcium hypochlorite can be used successfully to prepare diamine-benzoquinone polymers starting with hydroquinone and the product precipitates in water completely, as the standard oligomer Jeffamine D-400: p-benzoquinone = 2:3. The product is completely free of hydroquinone which normally occurs in the standard oligomer.
Trophic ecology of green sea turtles in a highly urbanized bay: Insights from stable isotopes and mixing models

article i nfo The green turtle, Chelonia mydas, is a circumglobal species that is susceptible to overexploitation as a food resource,incidentalmortality in fisheries, andcoastalforaginghabitatdegradation,all of whichhavecontributed to its listing as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Efforts to recover regional green turtle populations have been hampered bya lackof information ontheir biology. In particular,temporalpatternsof diet intake and habitat use inneriticforagingareasarenotwellunderstood.Historicalparadigmssuggestthatadultgreenturtlesareobligate herbivores with diets consisting of seagrasses and/or marine algae. However, these insights are largely based on conventional diet analysis techniques that only yield snapshots of recently consumed foods. Stable isotope analysis has been used to determine contributions of various potential food resources to a consumer's diet, and this approach is commonly applied to identify diet composition and long-term trophic relationships of a species. In this study, we measured the stable carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotope values of 86 green turtles and
Cyclosporine in the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma

We present our observations on the use of cyclosporine in the treatment of three patients with mycosis fungoides and two patients with Sezary syndrome. The patients with mycosis fungoides showed mild improvement of short duration. One patient with Sezary syndrome had significant improvement during 2 years of treatment. It is unlikely that cyclosporine alone will be sufficient therapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. However, lower doses in conjunction with other immunomodulators may minimize potential side effects and lead to longer lasting clinical improvement.
Effects of methylmercury on ontogeny of prey capture ability and growth in three populations of larval Fundulus heteroclitus.

We used three populations of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), one from a polluted site (Piles Creek [PC], New Jersey) and two from cleaner sites (Tuckerton [TK], New Jersey, and East Hampton [EH], New York), to study (1) whether embryonic, embryonic plus larval, or larval exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) altered larval prey capture ability and growth; and (2) whether there were differences in tolerance to MeHg-induced behavioral changes among the three populations. Eggs and sperm were obtained from mummichogs captured in the field, and their embryos and larvae were kept in clean sea water or MeHg solution (5, 10 μg/L). Larvae were then tested regularly for prey capture rates and prey capture efficiencies, and their lengths were measured. Embryonic exposure to MeHg induced transitory and recoverable impairments in larval prey capture ability, whereas larval exposure alone was relatively ineffective. When both embryos and larvae were treated, larval prey capture ability was affected at a lower concentration and a wider range of larval ages. In terms of growth and prey capture ability, response of larvae to embryonic or larval or exposure to both stages to MeHg varied with populations. TK fish were the most tolerant with respect to behavioral changes but were the most sensitive to MeHg in reduction of growth. EH fish were the most sensitive whenever embryos were treated, and PC fish were the most vulnerable after larval exposure. The population differences in response to MeHg intoxication may be due to pollution related factors or differences in behavioral-related genetic factors.
Glacial erosion in the Scottish highlands

(1908). Glacial erosion in the Scottish highlands. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 575-587.
Estimation in Second-Order Models with Errors in the Factor Levels

The impact of errors in the factor levels is examined on the estimation of parameters in second-order response models. Errors can occur in setting the factor levels for response surface and robust parameter design models. These errors can lead to heterogeneity of variances in model errors that make ordinary least squares estimation inappropriate. Weighted least squares and maximum likelihood estimation approaches are developed as viable alternatives where it is assumed the variances and covariances of the errors are known. Performance of these estimation techniques are examined in simulation studies for two examples. Another example is given that applies these results.
On asymptotically Risk-effivient sequential versions of generalized U-statistics

Sequential point estimation of means of generalized U-statistics is considered. Based on a well defined stopping rule, the proposed sequential (estimation) procedure is shown to be asymptotically (first order) risk-efficient. Asymptotic distributions of sequential generalized U-statistics and the allied stopping times are also studied.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN MUSTARDS ON ENZYMES AND TISSUE METABOLISM I. THE EFFECT ON ENZYMES

Nitrogen mustards are powerful inhibitors for choline oxidase, acetylcholine esterase, and choline acetylase, half-inhibition of the first enzyme being produced with concentrations around 1 x 10–6 M; i.e., ten times less than the LD50 values. Acetylcholine esterase and choline acetylase required higher concentrations. This inhibition seems to be due to the structural similarity of the ethylenimonium derivatives with choline and acetylcholine. A list of enzyme systems inhibited by nitrogen mustards is given.
Cairo University and the Orientalists

Among the best books I read at this time… was Tarikh al-falak 'inda al-'Arab [The History of Astronomy among the Arabs] by Professor Nallino. I scrutinized it thoroughly, and I learned from it how the leading orientalists did their research, and how they persisted in their investigations, how they actually lived in the subject of their specialization, and how they proceeded carefully and deliberately from the simple to the complex in their research. It would scarcely be an exaggeration to say that I learned the methodology of research from this book.
UnderScore: musical underlays for audio stories

Audio producers often use musical underlays to emphasize key moments in spoken content and give listeners time to reflect on what was said. Yet, creating such underlays is time-consuming as producers must carefully (1) mark an emphasis point in the speech (2) select music with the appropriate style, (3) align the music with the emphasis point, and (4) adjust dynamics to produce a harmonious composition. We present UnderScore, a set of semi-automated tools designed to facilitate the creation of such underlays. The producer simply marks an emphasis point in the speech and selects a music track. UnderScore automatically refines, aligns and adjusts the speech and music to generate a high-quality underlay. UnderScore allows producers to focus on the high-level design of the underlay; they can quickly try out a variety of music and test different points of emphasis in the story. Amateur producers, who may lack the time or skills necessary to author underlays, can quickly add music to their stories. An informal evaluation of UnderScore suggests that it can produce high-quality underlays for a variety of examples while significantly reducing the time and effort required of radio producers.
A Review of “Distributed Learning and Virtual Librarianship”: Sharon G. Almquist, Ed. 2011. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 306 pp. ISBN: 978-1-59158-906-8. List price $55.00. Paperback.

Unable to identify a textbook encompassing the content for her course in distributed learning and virtual librarianship, Sharon Almquist recruited her course's guest lecturers to assist her in crea...
Improved Intracellular Delivery of Oligonucleotides by Square Wave Electroporation

Prior studies have shown that electroporation is a simple and effective method for the introduction of oligonucleotides (ODN) into cells. In ex vivo bone marrow purging models, electroporation of ODN into cells has been associated with selective killing of human neoplastic cells while sparing hematopoietic stem cells. Prior studies used conventional electroporation methods (i.e., exponential decay) to introduce ODN into cells. Square wave electroporation allows the delivery of a more defined and regulated electrical pulse and is associated with high transfection efficiencies in a variety of systems. The current study was undertaken to determine whether square wave electroporation was more effective than exponential decay electroporation for the delivery of ODN into hematopoietic cells. Using fluorescein-tagged ODN and K562, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells, higher transfection rates were observed after square wave electroporation. In addition, c-myc antisense ODN were more effective in reducing c-myc protein when introduced by square wave electroporation, as compared with introduction by exponential decay electroporation. Square wave electroporation is thus identified as the optimal method for delivering ODN into hematopoietic cells.
Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor 11/8 Levels Decline With Age

Rationale: Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and GDF8 are members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily sharing 89% protein sequence homology. We have previously shown that circulating GDF11 levels decrease with age in mice. However, a recent study by Egerman et al reported that GDF11/8 levels increase with age in mouse serum. Objective: Here, we clarify the direction of change of circulating GDF11/8 levels with age and investigate the effects of GDF11 administration on the murine heart. Methods and Results: We validated our previous finding that circulating levels of GDF11/8 decline with age in mice, rats, horses, and sheep. Furthermore, we showed by Western analysis that the apparent age-dependent increase in GDF11 levels, as reported by Egerman et al, is attributable to cross-reactivity of the anti-GDF11 antibody with immunoglobulin, which is known to increase with age. GDF11 administration in mice rapidly activated SMAD2 and SMAD3 signaling in myocardium in vivo and decreased cardiac mass in both young (2-month-old) and old (22-month-old) mice in a dose-dependent manner after only 9 days. Conclusions: Our study confirms an age-dependent decline in serum GDF11/8 levels in multiple mammalian species and that exogenous GDF11 rapidly activates SMAD signaling and reduces cardiomyocyte size. Unraveling the molecular basis for the age-dependent decline in GDF11/8 could yield insight into age-dependent cardiac pathologies.
An Exploratory Study Of The Assessment Process Of The Ethical Conduct Of Top Executives In The For-Profit And Nonprofit Sectors

Because this kind of study is filled with unique challenges from gaining direct access to an appropriate research sample to that of designing an innovative survey that can be completed within strict time constraints, this research may be considered exploratory in nature. Therefore, based on research findings derived from limited and constrained access to executive leadership in large publicly traded companies and their counterparts in the nonprofit sector, it was concluded that a very few organizations in either sector have a proactive ethics strategy or a formal approach to the assessment of leader ethics. C orrespondingly, whatever assessment process followed, the ethical criteria for assessing top executives focuses more on their behavior as individuals rather than those aspects having a systematic organizational impact on other subordinates.
First trimester pregnancy loss after fresh and frozen in vitro fertilization cycles

Objective To characterize risks for early pregnancy loss after fresh and frozen IVF cycles and to investigate whether risk is modified by infertility diagnoses or transfer of embryos in fresh versus frozen cycles. Design Retrospective cohort study using data from the National Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Surveillance System. Setting Fertility centers. Patient(s) Clinical pregnancies achieved with fresh and frozen IVF cycles between 2007 and 2012 (N = 249,630). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) First trimester pregnancy loss. Result(s) A diagnosis of uterine factor was associated with an increased risk of loss in women aged 40 years and younger ( Conclusion(s) Uterine factor had the largest increased risk of loss among infertility diagnoses, although the magnitudes of all risks were small. When transferring embryos of similar quality, the risks of loss were similar between fresh and frozen cycles.
Fuzzy Logic and Applications

The chapter deals with the description of Fussy Logic (FL) principles and its application in power electronics and motor-drive systems. The FL is a discipline under Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is basically computer emulation of human thinking (called computational intelligence). The goal of AI is to mimic human intelligence. AI also includes expert systems (ESs), artificial neural networks (ANNs), or neural networks (NNWs), and genetic algorithms (GAs). All of the main areas in AI, except ES, are defined as soft computing. The concept of FL and its characteristics emerge from Zadeh's theory propounded in 1965. Any FL application uses a knowledge base that consists of multivalued membership functions (MFs) describing the fuzzy variables and the rule table consisting of “IF… THEN… statements.” The knowledge base is developed on the basis of the behavioral nature of the system. The trial-and-error approach of FL algorithms may be time consuming, but user-friendly computer programs (such as the MATLAB-based Fuzzy Logic Toolbox) help speed the process. The applications of FL principles, include speed control of induction motor vector drives, efficiency optimization of induction motor vector drives by flux programming; and wind generation systems, linearization of the transfer characteristics of thyristor converters at discontinuous conduction, induction motor stator resistance estimations, estimation of distorted waveforms and MRAC slip gain tuning control of vector drives.
Algumas considerações acerca do uso e aplicação de medidas de qualidade de vida associada à saúde, com ênfase em estudos sobre sobreviventes de câncer na infância e adolescência em países em desenvolvimento

Measures of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) have become widely available in developed countries such as the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Such measures, instruments or questionnaires need to undergo translation processes, validation and cultural adaptation in order to be used in other countries and in other languages. The utilization of measures developed in settings other than the originating ones poses several challenges, including the appropriateness of the translation and of the cross-cultural adaptation and adequate validation process. Preference-based or preference-weighted utilities for health states have an important role in measurement and in economic evaluation regarding a wide range of conditions, such as childhood cancer and survivorship. Some attempts have been made to create and apply preference-based HRQoL indexes to young populations, such as children, adolescents and young adults. Use of proxy respondents is an issue for studying HRQoL in these groups, especially children. This review aims at providing a critical evaluation of the use of preferencebased HRQoL measures in developing countries, focusing on the Health Utilities Index, Mark 2 and Mark 3, commonly called HUI2 and HUI3, and their application to survivors of childhood cancer in Latin America. The process researchers undertake, especially in regards to the use of already translated instruments is discussed. The appropriateness of the instruments is also assessed and focus is on the attributes of the instrument and the population, the cultural aspects and the use of proxy respondents. Finally, the adequateness of other commonly used preference-based instruments for childhood cancer is discussed. This critical assessment could benefit future work in the area of health-related quality of life, especially guiding those interested in the trans-cultural use of existing generic preference-based HRQoL instruments.
Potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulation of trophoblast differentiation, migration, and invasion in the human placenta

The proper establishment and organogenesis of the placenta is crucial for intrauterine fetal growth and development. Endometrial invasion by the extravillous trophoblast cells, as well as formation of the syncytiotrophoblast (STB), are of vital importance for placental function. Trophoblast migration and invasion is often compared to tumor metastasis, which uses many of the same molecular mechanisms. However, unlike cancer cells, both initiation and the extent of trophoblast invasion are tightly regulated by feto-maternal cross-talk, which when perturbed, results in a wide range of abnormalities. Multiple factors control the trophoblast, including cytokines and hormones, which are subject to transcriptional regulatory networks. The relevance of epigenetics in transcriptional regulation of trophoblast differentiation and invasion, as well as in the onset of placenta-related pregnancy disorders, became recognized decades ago. Although, there has been tremendous progress in uncovering the molecular foundation of placental development, there is still much to be learned about the epigenetic machinery, and its role in trophoblast differentiation and invasion. This review will provide an overview of the epigenetic control of trophoblast differentiation and invasion. It will also highlight the major epigenetic mechanisms involved in pregnancy complications related to placental deficiencies.
They Were Getting High on What? Evaluating Novel Psychoactive Drug Knowledge Among Practitioners

Novel psychoactive drugs (NPDs) such as synthetic marijuana, bath salts, and salvia have increasingly entered into the American drug landscape. As law enforcement, researchers, and policy makers attempt to better understand, regulate, and detect these novel substances, other practitioners invested in drug abuse prevention and treatment may lack the knowledge to adequately handle patients and adolescents abusing NPDs. The current study employs interviews with 64 practitioners employed in positions that interact with potential recreational substance users in southeast Georgia in order to assess NPD knowledge, placing particular emphasis on those 22 respondents employed in public health, healthcare, or educational roles. Findings indicate that knowledge about NPDs among medical and educational practitioners is lacking, much of the information they ‘know’ is inaccurate, and that practitioners clearly recognize a need for NPD training. We discuss these findings relative to their broader impact on treatment and prevention programs.
Brittleness Estimation From Seismic Measurements in Unconventional Reservoirs: Application to the Barnett Shale

We estimate the brittleness index based on the rock mineralogy composition from log measurements from a fully cored well, located just outside the area of our seismic survey. Using density logs and Pand S-wave sonic logs in the well we map the brittleness index against Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio as well as against λρ and μρ. We use this template to predict brittleness from surface seismic inversion, calibrating my predictions using microseismic event locations. Prestack simultaneous inversion was performed to estimate λρ and μρ seismic volumes in an effort to detect and highlight brittle and ductile regions in an unconventional reservoir. 2D colorbars and interactive 2D crossploting technology are used to estimate geomechanical behavior from λρ and μρ estimated from surface seismic inversion. Wells are used with microseismic experiments and surface seismic estimates of λρ-μρ to quantify damaged rock. At each microseismic location, we extract the corresponding λρ and μρ values and crossplot the results using a 2D colorbar, providing a link between discrete interactive crossplotting and the continuous variability of the data. Neither of these seismic estimates are direct measures of reservoir completion quality. We therefore use production logs and extract surface seismic estimates at microseismic event locations to analyze the completion effectiveness along several horizontal wellbores in the reservoir. We define four petro-types in λρ and μρ space depending on their brittleness and gas saturation and find that the majority of the microseismic events fall into the zone described as brittle in the λρ-μρ crossplots. Our results show that the majority of the microseismic events occur in the area that we define as brittle, avoiding more ductile shale layers and the ductile limestone fracture barriers. From these observations we conclude that regardless of where the well is perforated, microseismic events appear to preferentially grow towards the more brittle areas, suggesting the growth of hydraulic fractures into the brittle petro-type.