cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D on the renal excretion of phosphate.

THE interrelationships of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are important for the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of rickets and also to explain the apparently paradoxical action of vitamin D in hypoparathyroidism. This study attempts to explain their interaction on the kidney. Vitamin D has been shown under certain conditions to increase tubular reabsorption of phosphate, and parathyroid hormone has been shown to decrease this reabsorption (1, 2). On the other hand patients with hypoparathyroidism may be treated with large doses of vitamin D with a resultant increased urinary excretion of phosphate and reduction of the concentration of phosphorus in the serum. More recently it has been demonstrated that parathyroid extract given intravenously increases the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. (3) Crawford has recently suggested that elevation of serum phosphate stimulates parathyroid secretion (4).
Flexible control of flexible objects. Focus on "An experimentally confirmed mathematical model for human control of a non-rigid object".

Many goals of human motor behavior, such as reaching out to hold a child's hand, specify the end point of movement but do not constrain the movement made between initial posture and final target. In this issue, Dingwell et al., pp. [1158-1170][1], write about a newly discovered normal human behavior
The Role of Angiopoietins as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Renal Cell Carcinoma

Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) is a secreted glycoprotein upregulated at sites of angiogenesis and has been implicated in cancer neovascularization. Recent studies have suggested efficacy of combined Ang and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibition for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We measured Ang2 expression in human tissue and plasma, and tested the effect of dual Ang1/2 (trebananib; AMG386) or Ang2 alone (L1-7) inhibition with VEGFR inhibition on murine RCC growth and blood flow. Ang2 levels were higher in human tumors than normal tissues with RCC ranking highest for Ang2 expression across all tumor types tested. Plasma Ang2 was significantly higher in patients with mRCC compared to controls or patients with stage I disease. Plasma Ang2 decreased with sunitinib treatment and increased at time of disease progression. In the RCC mouse, dual Ang1/2 and Ang2 inhibition improved the activity of sunitinib. Combined Ang1/2 and VEGFR inhibition prevented the resumption of blood flow associated with sunitinib resistance. Thus, Ang2 inhibition, independent of Ang1 inhibition, improves the activity of sunitinib and plasma Ang2 increases in the setting of progression on sunitinib possibly contributing to resistance. Further, arterial spin-labeled perfusion magnetic resonance imaging might be a non-invasive marker of the antiangiogenic activity of Ang inhibitors.
Strain-Induced Grain Growth during Rapid Thermal Cycling of Aluminum Interconnects

We demonstrate the rapid growth of grains in nonpassivated, sputtered Al-1 at. pct Si interconnects during 200 Hz thermal cycling induced by alternating current. Mean grain diameters were observed by use of automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to increase by more than 70 pct after an accumulated cycling time of less than 6 minutes over a temperature range of 200 °C, which corresponded to a total strain range of 4 × 10−3. Plasticity in growing grains primarily took the form of topography formation at the free surface and grain rotation, while consumed grains tended to retain relatively high dislocation content. Grain growth was characterized by means of pairwise comparisons in EBSD pattern quality across moving boundaries. Out of 92 cases where a grain was observed to grow into its neighbor, 61 cases indicated that the growing grain had a higher average pattern quality factor than that of the consumed grain, at the 95 pct confidence level. The results are consistent with a strain-induced boundary migration mechanism, wherein stored plastic strain energy differences from grain to grain drive growth, some of which was observed after only 10 seconds of cycling.
Pultrusion Process Development of a Graphite Reinforced Polyetherimide Thermoplastic Composite

High performance thermoplastic polymers do not contain reactants and solvents able to react with a pultrusion die to yield polymerization; consolidation is therefore performed with a rigid or a boardy prepreg, and consolidation must occur with polymers whose viscosities are of the order of 1 million centipoises or more. Die temperatures are typically above 400 C, by comparison with the 150-200 C encountered in thermosets. A methodical approach is presented here for the development of a pultrusion process suitable for polyetherimide and other engineering thermoplastics, employing SEM, DSC, TGA, and ultrasonic C-scanning.
Real-Time Classification of Traffic Signs

A challenging real-time imaging problem is classifying video traffic signs in background clutter under rotation, scale, and translation invariant conditions. Normalized Gabor Wavelet Transform features from multi-resolution filters were originally biologically-based; however, optimized features proved more effective. Two whole image template matching techniques were unsuccessful. A statistical pattern recognition system recognized approximately 30% of the images for the original features and 50% for the optimized features; however, a multi-layer perceptron (mlp) detected over 70% of the images with the optimized features. The research demonstrated the possibility of a future automotive navigation aid which robustly collects sign images and classifies these images in real-time with a single Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a bank of filters and a trained neural net.
Surface Studies on SiC as Related to Contacts

We review the current status of surface studies on SiC as related to development of metal-semiconductor contacts, focusing on ten selected aspects of work through 1996. The ten areas include high resolution microscopy, XPS core-level binding energies versus temperature, surface graphitization, plasmon-loss features, work function and electron affinity, sputtering, etching, surface preparation and cleaning, surface states, and the index of interface behavior for SiC. Special consideration is given to the Ni/SiC ohmic contact system, and we discuss possible future directions in SiC contact surface research.
Host Plant Adaptation in Drosophila mettleri Populations

The process of local adaptation creates diversity among allopatric populations, and may eventually lead to speciation. Plant-feeding insect populations that specialize on different host species provide an excellent opportunity to evaluate the causes of ecological specialization and the subsequent consequences for diversity. In this study, we used geographically separated Drosophila mettleri populations that specialize on different host cacti to examine oviposition preference for and larval performance on an array of natural and non-natural hosts (eight total). We found evidence of local adaptation in performance on saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) for populations that are typically associated with this host, and to chemically divergent prickly pear species (Opuntia spp.) in a genetically isolated population on Santa Catalina Island. Moreover, each population exhibited reduced performance on the alternative host. This finding is consistent with trade-offs associated with adaptation to these chemically divergent hosts, although we also discuss alternative explanations for this pattern. For oviposition preference, Santa Catalina Island flies were more likely to oviposit on some prickly pear species, but all populations readily laid eggs on saguaro. Experiments with non-natural hosts suggest that factors such as ecological opportunity may play a more important role than host plant chemistry in explaining the lack of natural associations with some hosts.
Vernier acuity with non-simultaneous targets : The cortical magnification factor estimated by psychophysics

Abstract The eccentricity at which peripheral thresholds double their foveal value (E2) may relate to the visual system's anatomical organization. Using a variety of experimental approaches, previous estimates of E2 for vernier acuity have ranged from less than 0.1 deg to greater than 15.0 deg. This broad range of values seems to challenge the usefulness of E2 for determining visual topography. We explain that the varying contributions from at least two different regimes, spatial filter and local sign, may explain the broad range of E2 values found previously. We attempt to limit responses to the local sign regime, where it may be possible to determine the psychophysical analog to the gradient of the cortical spatial grain. In our experiments we measure how vernier task performance falls off with eccentricity. We hypothesize that if the vernier features are adequately separated in time, they will fall outside of the spatial filter's temporal integration span and the local sign regime would then predominate for precise positional processing. Using an interstimulus interval ranging from 20 to 200 msec between the two vernier features, we estimate that vernier thresholds in the local sign regime double at about 0.8 ± 0.2 deg eccentricity, which is similar to anatomical estimates of the eccentricity at which the linear spacing of human cortical units doubles. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Coronary echocardiography in tetralogy of fallot: diagnostic accuracy, resource utilization and surgical implications over 13 years.

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy and impact of the systematic use of coronary echocardiography in a large group of preoperative patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). BACKGROUND Accurate preoperative identification of an anomalous coronary artery crossing the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in patients with TOF is important to prevent coronary injury during surgical repair. METHODS A retrospective review identified 598 patients with TOF between 1983 to 1995 who underwent an echocardiogram at <2 years old before complete surgical repair. Associated diagnoses included pulmonary stenosis (n = 433), pulmonary atresia (n = 121), common atrioventricular canal (n = 17), absent pulmonary valve syndrome (n = 24) and aortopulmonary window (n = 3). RESULTS Based on intraoperative findings, 32 patients (5.4%) were found to have a major coronary artery crossing the RVOT. The use and diagnostic performance of coronary echocardiography increased over time, while the number of patients undergoing preoperative cardiac catheterization declined. During the most recent study period (1991 to 1995, n = 274), 97% of patients underwent coronary echocardiography yielding a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 99% and accuracy of 98.5%. Of the 18 patients with TOF and pulmonary stenosis who had abnormal coronary arteries during this period, only 6 (33%) required an extracardiac conduit as part of their complete repair. CONCLUSIONS Coronary echocardiography is an accurate noninvasive tool to delineate coronary anatomy in infants with TOF before complete repair. Routine preoperative cardiac catheterization solely for diagnosis of coronary anatomy is not necessary. The use of an extracardiac conduit can be avoided in the majority of patients with TOF and pulmonary stenosis who have a major coronary artery crossing the RVOT.
Diabetes (db/db) mutation-induced ovarian involution: progressive hypercytolipidemia.

Ovarian atrophy and reproductive tract incompetence are recognized consequences of the progressive expression of the overt, diabetes-obesity syndrome (DOS) in C57BL/KsJ (db/db) mutant mice. The present studies evaluated the progressive changes in ovarian cytoarchitecture, endocrine expression, and reproductive tract cytolipidemic parameters that promote reproductive failure and ovarian involution during the pre-onset, initial, progressive, and chronic expression stages of the DOS. Paired littermate control (normal: +/?) and diabetic (mutant: db/db) C57BL/KsJ females were selected for analysis of ovarian parameters at 2 weeks (pre-onset expression of DOS), 4 weeks (initial DOS expression), 8 weeks (progressive DOS: hyperglycemic/lipidemic), and 16 weeks (overt/chronic DOS expression) of age. All 4- to 16-week-old (db/db) groups were obese, hyperglycemic, and hyperinsulinemic as compared with age-matched (+/?) controls. Prior to phenotypic expression of the DOS (2 week groups), ovarian interstitial cytolipi...
Comparing Web-based to Traditional Instruction for Teaching Special Education Content

Web-based instruction (WBI), including both online courses and online degree programs, offer flexibility to students and instructors and are now typical in higher education programs. Researchers compared WBI to traditional instruction for teaching undergraduate students about students with disabilities. Forty-four students participated in this study. Half were enrolled in the Web-based section of the course; half were enrolled in the traditional section. Researchers measured students' achievement and opinions. For pretest and posttest scores, significant differences were found within groups; no significant differences were found between groups. Results indicated that the two groups of students began the course with similar knowledge and completed the course with similar knowledge gains. No significant differences in opinions were found between the two groups. Findings indicated that WBI is effective for disseminating special education course content to preservice teachers.
Description of a secure reliable acoustic system for use in offshore oil Blowout Preventer (BOP) or wellhead control

The search for oil in deeper water depths has generated the need for secure, reliable, low error acoustic control systems in the presence of a highly complex man-made noise-like environment. This paper discusses an acoustical command, control, and telemetering system developed for emergency subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP) operation that has been structured around a unique coding design. The system described has been successfully demonstrated in this acoustic environment at a deployed water depth in excess of 6400 feet ( \sim 1950 m).
Isoflurane and sevoflurane precondition against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction in isolated rat hearts

Background: The authors tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with isoflurane or sevoflurane can protect the heart against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction. Methods: Studies were conducted in buffer-perfused and paced isolated rat hearts. Left ventricular developed pressure served as an index of contractility. Pretreatment consisted of administration of 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane or sevoflurane for 15 min followed by a 10-min washout and was performed in the absence and presence of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel inhibitor glibenclamide (10 μM). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and platelet-activating factor were then added to the perfusate for 10 min, followed by 30 min of recovery. Neutrophil retention was assessed from the difference between those administered and collected in coronary effluent and measurements of myeloperoxidase in myocardial samples. Isolated hearts were also used to assess the effect of volatile anesthetic pretreatment on cardiac dysfunction caused by enzymatically generated superoxide. In additional studies, the authors evaluated the effect of volatile anesthetic pretreatment on the adherence of neutrophils to isolated rat aortic segments. Results: Platelet-activating factor-stimulated neutrophils caused marked and persistent reductions (> 50%) in left ventricular developed pressure. Pretreatment with either isoflurane or sevoflurane abolished these effects, as well as the associated increases in neutrophil retention. Glibenclamide did not alter these actions of the anesthetics. Pretreatment with either volatile anesthetic attenuated the reductions in left ventricular developed pressure caused by exogenous superoxide and abolished the increases in neutrophil adherence in the aortic segments. Conclusion: Isoflurane and sevoflurane preconditioned the heart against neutrophil-induced contractile dysfunction. This action was associated with an inhibition to neutrophil adherence and likely involved an increased resistance of the myocardium to oxidant-induced injury; the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels played no apparent role.
Building collaborative problem-solving environments as Shared Places

Shared Place technology allows construction of virtual places on the Web by merging collaborative tools with Web page content. It offers significant benefits to the collaborative problem-solving environments' developers and users. By its support for synchronous and asynchronous collaboration it facilitates the exchange of ideas among remote users. Extensive customization is possible; different places can be generated from the same set of components depending on user preferences, tasks to be performed and available resources. Moreover, it enables integration of problem-specific tools with virtual place content. The paper explains how these features are achieved in Shared Place using Internet technologies and standards. Also, the process of development of a collaborative component is presented with focus on the use of the Shared Place services. Finally, the construction process of a virtual place is described with emphasis on the customization of tools' behavior and on the integration of the collaborative components with Web resources.
Relationship Between Nutritional Knowledge and the Amount of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Consumed in Los Angeles County:

Although consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with many negative health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the relationship between consumer nutritional knowledge and the amount consumed is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between knowledge of daily calorie recommendations and the amount of SSBs consumed in a large, economically and racially diverse sample of adults recruited at selected Metro subway and bus shelters in Los Angeles County. In June 2012, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health conducted street intercept surveys to assess food attitudes and consumption behaviors and public opinions related to a recent 8-week health marketing campaign targeting SSB consumption. Descriptive and comparative analyses were conducted, including a negative binomial regression model, to examine the relationship between knowledge of the daily calorie recommendations and the amount of SSBs consumed. Among survey respondents (n = 1,041), less than one third correctly identified the daily calorie recommendations for a typical adult. After controlling for sociodemographics and weight status, respondents who correctly identified recommended calorie needs reported, on average, drinking nine fewer SSBs per month than respondents who did not. Results suggest that efforts to reduce SSB consumption might benefit from the inclusion of educational interventions that empower consumers to make healthy choices.
Teaching What Matters: A New Conception of Accounting Education

Various accounting professional organizations, such as the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Institute of Management Accountants, have issued repeated calls for change in accounting education. However, few groups have consulted accounting academics about the purpose, structure, or content of the accounting curriculum. In this article, the author offers a suggestion for the design of the undergraduate accounting core with an emphasis on fundamental skills rather than the technical orientation featured in many programs. The suggested curriculum can operate within existing general education and business core requirements. It is organized in six levels: careers in accounting, essential skills, accounting foundations, service learning, specialization, and the role of accounting in society.
Morphological Changes in Productive and Abortive Infection by Feline Herpesvirus

Abstract Feline herpesvirus produces characteristic morphological alterations in feline kidney cells. Nucleocapsid particles are formed in infected nuclei and are enveloped as they pass through the modified inner nuclear membrane. Aggregates of dense granular material and filamentous structures also regularly appear in infected nuclei. Infection of human embryonic lung cells by feline herpesvirus results in the appearance of intranuclear inclusion bodies, aggregates of dense granular material, and bundles of parallel filaments but no nucleocapsid particles.
Stealthy software: Next-generation cyber-attacks and defenses

Weaponized software is the latest development in a decades-old battle of virus-antivirus co-evolution. Reactively adaptive malware and automated binary transformation are two recently emerging offensive and defensive (respectively) technologies that may shape future cyberwarfare weapons. The former intelligently learns and adapts to antiviral defenses fully automatically in the wild, while the latter applies code mutation technology to defense, transforming potentially dangerous programs into safe programs. These technologies and their roles within the landscape of malware attack and defense are examined and discussed.
Luis Martin-Santos and Juan Goytisolo: Irony and Satire in the Contemporary Spanish Novel

The two perhaps most innovative and influential novels in post-Civil War Spain are essentially comic in tone. They must be seen in the context of the novels of the ‘50’s and early ‘60’s, but in order to really understand their radical import it is necessary to examine the nature of irony and satire and to discover precisely how these two artists employ them in their critical visions of 20th-century Spanish culture. Tiempo de silencio is predominantly ironic, maintaining a subtle tension between the novel's tragic and pathetic subject matter and the comic effects of narrative language. This comic irony has its roots in Cervantes, but Martin-Santos' satirical parodies on conventional literary styles clearly anticipate Goytisolo's more aggressive and concentrated attack on language itself. Unique to Conde Julian, however, is the sense of actual destruction that is achieved through its style - an effect that has been associated with the magical powers of satirical poetry since the birth of comedy in ancient Greek phallic rituals. The comic response in art is always complex, and nowhere is the complexity more evident than in these two novels of post-War Spain.
Hydrocortisone metabolism in the adrenalectomized dog: the quantitative significance of each organ system in the total metabolic clearance of hydrocortisone.

Hydrocortisone was infused inadrenalectomized dogs during steady state conditionsat rates selected to cause increasing levels ofsystemic hydrocortisone concentration. Catheterswere placed in appropriate blood vessels, andblood samples obtained for measurement of hydrocortisoneclearance by organ systems and formeasurement of the metabolic clearance rate ateach level of systemic hydrocortisone concentration.A hydrocortisone disappearance curve wasobtained after cessation of the constant infusion,and the half-time and fractional disappearancerate calculated from the disappearance curve. All quantitatively significant hydrocortisonemetabolism occurs in the kidney, liver and gastrointestinaltract. The kidney clears 18%, liver46%, and the gastrointestinal tract 36% of theindependently measured total metabolic clearanceof hydrocortisone. The calculated metabolic clearancerate is 521 ml/min, or 18 ml/min/kg. Theclearance of hydrocortisone by individual organsystems and the total metabolic clearance of hydrocortis...
Loss of transforming growth factor-β type II receptor promotes metastatic head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma

The prognosis of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not been improved in the past 20 years. Validation of HNSCC biomarkers for targeted therapy has been hindered by a lack of animal models mimicking human HNSCC at both the pathological and molecular levels. Here we report that overexpression of K-ras or H-ras and loss of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGFbetaRII) are common events in human HNSCC. Activation of either K-ras or H-ras in combination with TGFbetaRII deletion from mouse head-and-neck epithelia caused HNSCC with complete penetrance, some of which progressed to metastases. These tumors displayed pathology indistinguishable from human HNSCCs and exhibited multiple molecular alterations commonly found in human HNSCCs. Additionally, elevated endogenous TGFbeta1 in these lesions contributed to inflammation and angiogenesis. Our data suggest that targeting common oncogenic pathways in tumor epithelia together with blocking the effect of TGFbeta1 on tumor stroma may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for HNSCC.
Sensor fusion based testing station for unbalanced load estimation in horizontal washing machines

A sensor fusion testing station has been set up to benchmark the performance of various off-balance estimation algorithms for horizontal washing machines. Multiple mechanical sensors including laser displacement sensors, load cells and are installed on the testing station. The measurements are used to derive the off-balance information, i.e., magnitude and location, inside the washing machine with models established through designed experiments. Neural networks (NN) and support vector machines (SVM) are used for the modeling purpose and their performance are compared in this paper.
Should Coaches Believe in Innate Ability? The Importance of Leadership Mindset

The purpose of this article is to examine how individuals' personal beliefs about the antecedents of leadership ability influence their leadership behavior and ultimate effectiveness. The relevant literature is reviewed to highlight current thinking in relation to the debate over whether leadership is innate or learned. A leadership mindset that differentiates between a fixed or a growth mindset (Dweck, 2006) is presented. A person with a fixed mindset would view leadership as an innate quality, or believe that people are born leaders. A person with a growth mindset would believe that leadership abilities can be learned and acquired through effort and experience. The leadership mindset is a critical component related to effectiveness and success as a leader. Coaching education and leadership training programs should consider focusing on helping coaches and leaders develop a growth mindset about their leadership abilities, and suggestions are offered for ways to incorporate the study of and emphasis on a g...
A cooperative hunting behavior by multiple nonholonomic mobile robots

This paper presents a smooth time-varying feedback control law for coordinating motions of multiple nonholonomic mobile robots of the Hilare-type to capture/enclose a target by forming troop formations. This motion coordination is a cooperative behavior for security against invaders in surveillance areas. Each robot in this control law has its own coordinate system and it senses a target/invader, other robots and obstacles, to achieve this cooperative behavior without making any collision. Each robot especially has a vector called "a formation vector" and formations are controllable by the vectors. As for determining the formation vectors, we use a reactive control framework in which robots have reactions heuristically designed according to this cooperative behavior. Therefore, this robotic system is a hybrid system that consists of a smooth time-varying feedback control law and a reactive control framework. The validity of this hybrid system is supported by computer simulations.
Nucleic acid binding properties of major proteins from the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucteoproteins of wheat

Glycine-rich core hnRNP proteins purified from wheat bind tightly to single-stranded but not to double-stranded nucleic acids with a preference for natural RNA over single-stranded DNA. Binding results in i) a progressive disruption of the residual secondary structure of the polynucleotide and the formation of an extended nucleoprotein filament until a protein to polynucleotide weight ratio of about 5:1 is attained. As more protein is added, this is followed by ii) the formation of globular structures along the polynucleotide chain with a concomitant reduction in the contour length of the nucleoprotein complex. These two features of the interaction--unwinding and condensation into beads--are analogous to the previously described behavior of the major glycine-rich core hnRNP protein from Artemia salina (Thomas et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2888) and may represent the basic functional properties of this relatively well conserved group of nuclear proteins.
Enabling coexistence of heterogeneous wireless systems: case for ZigBee and WiFi

The ISM spectrum is becoming increasingly populated by emerging wireless networks. Spectrum sharing among the same network of devices can be arbitrated by MAC protocols (e.g., CSMA), but the coexistence between heterogeneous networks remains a challenge. The disparate power levels, asynchronous time slots, and incompatible PHY layers of heterogeneous networks severely degrade the effectiveness of traditional MAC. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism, called the Cooperative Busy Tone (CBT), that enables the reliable coexistence between two such networks, ZigBee and WiFi. CBT allows a separate ZigBee node to schedule a busy tone concurrently with the desired transmission, thereby improving the visibility of ZigBee devices to WiFi. Its core components include a frequency flip scheme that prevents the mutual interference between cooperative ZigBee nodes, and a busy tone scheduler that minimizes the interference to WiFi, for both CSMA and TDMA packets. To optimize CBT, we establish an analytical framework that relates its key design parameters to performance and cost. Both the analytical and detailed simulation results demonstrate CBT's significant throughput improvement over the legacy ZigBee protocol, with negligible performance loss to WiFi. The results are validated further by implementing CBT on sensor motes and software radios.
Effectiveness of a Motion‐Activated Laser Hazing System for Repelling Captive Canada Geese

Abstract Effective management techniques are needed to disperse Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and reduce the human–wildlife conflicts associated with high population densities. We evaluated the effectiveness of a motion-activated laser hazing system for repelling captive Canada geese. The system decreased occupancy of 8 pairs of geese on the treated subplot by 83% during habituation trials. When an additional pair of geese were added to the experiment, occupancy of the treated subplot decreased >92% during each of the 20 nights of the extended habituation test. Avoidance (conditioned during the test) remained <80% of pretreatment levels during the 2 days immediately following the habituation test but extinguished 3 days subsequent to the permanent inactivation of the laser hazing system. The motion-activated laser hazing system effectively repelled Canada geese in captivity. Additional field research is needed to determine the spatial extent of the laser hazing system and the effectiveness of the Doppl...
Understanding the Change Toward a Greener Chemistry by Those Who Do Chemistry and Those Who Teach Chemistry

The primary constraining factors when the author first started to think about building a laboratory program to accompany a two-semester general chemistry course for science and engineering majors that enrolled more than 3500 students each semester are easy to imagine. The experiments had to be compatible with the equipment available in each of the thousands of laboratory drawers to which students were assigned.
Correlation of DNA content and histology in prognosis of astrocytomas.

Thirty-two cases of astrocytoma were analyzed for DNA content and cell-cycle proliferation features by flow cytometry using paraffin-embedded tissue. The findings were correlated with histologic grading and survival. Abnormal DNA (aneuploidy or elevated G2-M fraction ≥7%) was present in 18 cases (56%). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) had 11 of 16 (69%), anaplastic astrocytomas (ANA) 7 of 11 (64%), and low-grade (LG) neoplasms 0 of 5 cases with abnormal DNA content. Short-term survival (≤26 months) occurred in all 16 patients with GBM (100%), 7 of 11 patients with ANA (64%), and 1 of 5 patients with LG neoplasms (20%). Seventeen of 18 patients (94%) with abnormal DNA content were short-term survivors ( P < 0.0002). Abnormal DNA content was found in 17 of 24 short-term survivors (71%), whereas histologic grading identified 16 of 24 such cases (67%). A combination of grading and abnormal DNA content identified 22 of 24 (92%) of the poor survival cases. DNA content was most useful in the anaplastic group. Six of seven cases (86%) with abnormal DNA content had short survival ( P < 0.055), and three of four (75%) with normal DNA content had long survival. DNA analysis combined with histologic grading improves prognosis designation.
Ontogeny of Gelatinous Fungi

Gelatinous ectal or medullary tissues are prominent in the discomycetes in the Ombrophiloideae (Helotiaceae). This subfamily was erected to include those inoperculate fungi with conspicuous gelatinous tissues, but the genera included in the Ombrophiloideae vary greatly (Nannfeldt, 1932; Korf, 1958). Similar gelatinous tissues occur in the Leotioideae (Helotiales), Urnula and Sarcosma (Pezizales), and in the jelly fungi (Tremellales). Although ontogenetic studies have been made of members of the Ombrophiloideae and Leotioideae (Biffin, 1901; Dittrich, 1902; Brown, 1910; Duff, 1920, 1922; Corner, 1930; Howarth and Chippindale, 1931), little attention was paid to the gelatinous tissues. The purpose of this study was to follow the ontogeny of the gel tissues (Moore, 1965a), and to follow the ontogeny of the gel tissue concurrently with the development of the fruitbody in representatives of the Ombrophiloideae, the Leotioideae, the Geoglossaceae, and the Tremellaceae. Terminology applying to apothecial morphology is used in the sense of Korf (1958), while that of gel tissue types is given elsewhere (Moore, 1965a).
Discussion on Test Conditions of Treating the Soil Polluted by Petroleum of Liaohe Oil Field

Test conditions of treating the of soil polluted by petroleum of Liaohe Oil Field by hot-melt method were discussed. The best test conditions were: treatment time 30 minutes; treatment temperature 80℃, ratio of liquid and solid 3.0, mixing speed 480 r/min. After treatment, content of petroleum hydrocarbon in the soil which pellet diameter was 2.5 mm was up to standard, however, content of petroleum hydrocarbon in soil which pellet diameter was 2.5 mm still exceeded the standard. Continuous treatment was required.
Medical cost analysis of initially-treated patients with tuberculosis under designated hospital mode

Objective To explore the direct medical cost of tuberculosis patients and its components under designated hospital mode,and to provide evidence for configuration optimization of tuberculosis prevention and control funds in Zhejiang Province. Methods A total of 7 counties including Cixi,were selected as study spots,and 50 initially-treated tuberculosis patients who completed treatment from each county were continually enrolled as study objects. Questionnaire survey and outpatient and inpatient medical records survey were carried out for each object. Results Average medical cost of initially-treated tuberculosis patients was 4 086 Yuan( RMB) which was 12. 69% of their total yearly family income and 20. 17% of patients occurred in debt. Average medical cost in designated hospital was 3 020 Yuan( RMB),of which 78. 31%( 2 365 Yuan) was used for DOT treatment in outpatient clinic. Examination cost of the outpatient constituted 25. 24%( CT cost constituted 8. 57%),and non-free medicine constituted 74. 76%( hepatic protector medicine cost constituted 41. 94%). Conclusion Tuberculosis patients suffered heavy economic burden because of self-paying auxiliary examination and drugs. To adjust existing funds usage of tuberculosis prevention and resource configuration is needed.
Effects of oxytocin administration on spirituality and emotional responses to meditation.

The oxytocin (OT) system, critically involved in social bonding, may also impinge on spirituality, which is the belief in a meaningful life imbued with a sense of connection to a Higher Power and/or the world. Midlife male participants (N = 83) were randomly assigned to receive intranasal OT or placebo. In exploratory analyses, participants were also genotyped for polymorphisms in two genes critical for OT signaling, the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR rs53576) and CD38 (rs6449182 and rs3796863). Results showed that intranasal OT increased self-reported spirituality on two separate measures and this effect remained significant a week later. It also boosted participants' experience of specific positive emotions during meditation, at both explicit and implicit levels. Furthermore, the effect of OT on spirituality was moderated by OT-related genotypes. These results provide the first experimental evidence that spirituality, endorsed by millions worldwide, appears to be supported by OT.
Unsteady Incompressible Flow Separation

This chapter explores the unsteady incompressible flow separation. Steady flow separation is most common; consequently, this type of flow has been much more widely investigated compared to unsteady separation. Problems of unsteady flow in the boundary layer may arise from boundaries moving in a time-variable fashion or from fluctuations in the mainstream. When flow starts from rest, the fluid flow is unsteady, and separation occurs in such unsteady flow. Boundary layer separation after impulsive start of motion is divided into two classes, namely, two-dimensional and axially symmetric unsteady flow separation. The analysis of the boundary layer on a rotating cylinder started impulsively is given by Tollmien. A special kind of unsteady separation of laminar flow from a moving wall, which may occur on the blades of compressors, has been investigated by Ludwig and Brady and Ludwig.
Nuclear DNA content of acinar cells of the human breast during lactation.

The nuclear DNA content of acinar cells of the human breast was determined in four specimens of tissue from lactating breasts and three specimens of normal breast tissue removed from women in the reproductive age group. The measurements were made using the plug method in paraffin embedded sections stained by the Feulgen reaction. The acinar cells of the lactating breast contained as many as 13% tetraploid cells, whereas tissue from the nonlactating controls contained less than 2% tetraploidy. This increase in the tetraploid population is consistent with hyperplasia. There is no evidence of a polyploid population such as that found in certain other hyperfunctional states.
Practical resources for critical science education in rural Appalachia

This article argues that there is no typical Appalachian experience or community. There is more cultural diversity and global interchange in this region of the U.S. than appears in popular representations of “isolated” Appalachians, which are ironic because of the region’s having been so central to the global extractive economy for centuries. Some pedagogical resources are provided to encourage or contribute to a broader perspective on the possibilities and knowledge centered in rural communities, with Appalachian examples.
Inter-vehicle communication assisted localization with resilience to false data injection attacks

Vehicle localization is important in many applications of vehicular networks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been critical for vehicle localization. However, the case where the GPS is spoofed through a false data injection attack can be lead to devastating consequences, especially in localization solutions that make use of cooperation among multiple vehicles. Hence, resilient localization algorithms are needed that can achieve a baseline of performance in the case of a false data injection attack. This poster presents preliminary results of an inter-vehicle communication assisted localization algorithm that is resilient to false data injection attacks for the vehicles not directly attacked. The algorithm makes use of V2V and V2I communication -- along with on-board GPS receiver, odometer, and compass -- to achieve precise localization results.
Ionically conducting and environmentally safe gum Arabic as a high-performance gel-like electrolyte for solid-state supercapacitors

The development of innovative gel electrolyte is nowadays considered one of the most important features for the realization of high-safety and high-performance energy storage devices. Consequently, in the past few years, much effort have been dedicated to prepare new gel polymer electrolytes, unfortunately, they suffer from poor wettability with electrode surface which retard them to achieve high ion accessibility. Here, we propose a novel gel-like electrolyte which is prepared by exploiting the emulsifying property of low cost and environmentally safe gum Arabic (GA) as the polymer matrix and ortho-phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the supporting electrolyte. This prepared gel electrolyte (GA/H3PO4) demonstrates excellent supercapacitive performance in the counterpart of conventional gel electrolyte of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/H3PO4 in all-solid-state supercapacitor. Besides the electrolytic performance, as prepared gel also exhibited the self-healing feature, no decay in capacitance was observed upon mechanically separation and restacking of both electrodes of the solid-state assembly. The prepared GA/H3PO4 electrolyte is also capable of maintaining its capacitance over 5000 repeating charge/discharge cycles.
Global regulation of Toll-like receptor 4-induced inflammatory gene networks by physiologic stress signals in macrophages (INM7P.356)

Physiologic stress mediated through adrenergic (catecholamines) and neuroendocrine (glucocorticoids) signals negatively impacts cutaneous host defense to pathogens and worsens inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and other innate immune cells sense danger signals and trigger innate and adaptive immunity, but whether these stress stimuli affect similar or exclusive TLR-dependent immune pathways is unclear. We hypothesize that quantitative analysis by RNAseq will provide critical information into the mechanism by which stress affects macrophage inflammatory signaling. Using RNASeq, we find distinct regulatory profiles for β-adrenergic agonist and GC on TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. β-adrenergic stimuli are highly selective inhibitors of a small subset of TLR4-inducible genes, inhibiting less than 15 genes by 5-fold or more (80% inhibition), showing striking selectivity. Three of these genes, Il12b , Il27 , and Il6 , are induced with similar kinetics and high magnitude, suggesting similar regulation of these genes. In contrast, the glucocorticoid Dexamethasone (Dex) inhibited 22 of the 283 induced genes. Importantly, Dex targeted a different subset of inflammatory genes, including Il1b , Il1a , and Ptgs2 . In conclusion, we found that adrenergic and neuroendocrine stress signaling targets distinct macrophage inflammatory responses, which may cooperate to inhibit different immune pathways during a physiologic stress response.
Reliable passivation of black phosphorus by thin hybrid coating.

Black phosphorus (BP) possesses several extraordinary physical properties, which include in-plane anisotropy, thickness dependent direct bandgap and high carrier mobility. These physical properties make BP highly desirable from the point of view of fundamental science and modern optoelectronics applications. The excitement about this material has always been accompanied by unreserved skepticism due to its extraordinary degradation under ambient conditions. Here we show ambient degradation of exfoliated BP can be effectively suppressed using thin layer of hybrid metal organic chemical vapor deposition coating of boron nitride (BN) followed by atomic layer deposition coating of Al2O3. We have extensively studied the time dependent surface, optical and electrical properties of BP encapsulated by BN and/or Al2O3 using nanoscale infrared imaging and I–V characterizations. Our results show hybrid thin layer (~5 nm) BN/Al2O3 coated BP exfoliated on SiO2 substrate is protected from degradation in ambient for over 6 months, much longer than those coated only by BN or Al2O3 layers. Our theoretical modeling of the experimental degradation growth pattern shows that the influence of neighboring elements on the degradation of a given element is minimal for BP flakes with hybrid coating. Electrical characterization further confirms the effectiveness of BN/Al2O3 as encapsulation layer and gate dielectrics with minor changes after several weeks.
History of Flip Chip and Area Array Technology

The concept of interconnecting a chip to a package in a face-down or “flip chip” orientation is simple enough, and forty years old. The idea of having input-output connections all over the face of a flip chip is also a simple idea, and twenty-five years old. Then, how is it, in the last days of the twentieth century, that the electronics industry finds itself in the midst of a revolution in electronic assembly referred to as flip-chip area-array packaging?
Instability criteria for quasi‐saturated viscous soils

Summary This paper presents a theoretical framework to interpret the inception of unstable undrained creep in quasi-saturated soils. For this purpose, the effect of gas bubbles occluded in the fluid phase is embedded into an augmented compressibility of the fluid mixture, while the mechanical characteristics of the solid skeleton have been simulated through a viscoplastic strain-hardening model. This constitutive framework has been been used to formulate a theoretical platform able to detect runaway failures resulting from extended stages of undrained creep. It is shown that the conditions identifying the onset of spontaneous accelerations are governed by the same stability index associated with the initiation of static liquefaction. At variance with soils saturated by incompressible fluids, the conditions for undrained instability are altered by the appearance of the Skempton coefficient B, thus reflecting the beneficial effect of the fluid compressibility and its ability to decrease the liquefaction potential. The capabilities of the theory are verified through a sequence of undrained creep simulations showing the transition from stable to unstable behavior resulting from an increase of the degree of saturation. The proposed findings provide a conceptual framework to interpret the effects of gas bubbles in loose soils, as well as to assess effectiveness and longevity of liquefaction mitigation strategies based on desaturation technologies.
Senescence of the human cone photoreceptor pathways

Color mechanisms dominated by the sensitivity of short-, middle- and longwave cones have been isolated in individuals from infancy to old age. Losses in sensitivity occur in all three cone mechanisms beginning in adolescence and continuing through later life. These changes are due to both optical and neural factors. Quantitative modeling of threshold vs. intensity functions indicates that much of the neural loss occurs at early stages of retinal processing associated with senescent changes in quantal efficiency rather than increases in neural noise (dark light). Intrinsic compensation mechanisms appear to normalize the balance of cone sensitivities across the life span.