cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human sulfotransferase SULT2A1 pharmacogenetics: genotype-to-phenotype studies

SULT2A1 catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as well as other steroids. As a step toward pharmacogenetic studies, we have 'resequenced' SULT2A1 using 60 DNA samples from African-American and 60 samples from Caucasian-American subjects. All exons, splice junctions and approximately 370 bp located 5' of the site of transcription initiation were sequenced. We observed 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including three non-synonymous coding SNPs (cSNPs) that were present only in DNA from African-American subjects. Linkage analysis revealed that two of the nonsynonymous cSNPs were tightly linked. Expression constructs were created for all nonsynonymous cSNPs observed, including a 'double variant' construct that included the two linked cSNPs, and those constructs were expressed in COS-1 cells. SULT2A1 activity was significantly decreased for three of the four variant allozymes. Western blot analysis demonstrated that decreased levels of immunoreactive protein appeared to be the major mechanism responsible for decreases in activity, although apparent Km values also varied among the recombinant allozymes. In addition, the most common of the nonsynonymous cSNPs disrupted the portion of SULT2A1 involved with dimerization, and this variant allozyme behaved as a monomer rather than a dimer during gel filtration chromatography. These observations indicate that common genetic polymorphisms for SULT2A1 can result in reductions in levels of both activity and enzyme protein. They also raise the possibility of ethnic-specific pharmacogenetic variation in SULT2A1-catalyzed sulfation of both endogenous and exogenous substrates for this phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme.
Contour integration and its independence from attention, awareness, and task-relevance

Conclusions Experiment 3 • Whether contour integration occurs in the absence of attention and awareness is currently debated • Previous ERP experiments have identified a possible index of contour integration: By comparing ERPs elicited by contour-present vs. contour-absent stimuli, a contour-specific negativity is evident over the posterior scalp from ~150-300ms • Here we investigate the properties of this contour-specific ERP in a series of 5 experiments: 1. Replicate basic effect, explore spatial specificity of contour-related ERP 2. Distinguish sensory vs. task-based effects 3. Is spatial attention and/or task-relevancy necessary? 4. Is perceptual awareness necessary? 5. How do stimulus and task-based factors modulate contour processing? Experiment 4
Pseudoaneurysms of the Heart

Case 1 : An 85-year-old man with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and recent reoperation coronary bypass surgery was noted on a routine follow-up echocardiogram to have a 25×25-mm fluid-filled extracardiac mass adjacent to the basal inferolateral wall of the left ventricle (Figure 1). Cardiac computed tomography (CT) identified the structure to be a pseudoaneurysm of a saphenous vein graft to an obtuse marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery. How should this patient be managed? Figure 1. Saphenous vein graft (SVG) pseudoaneurysm in an 85-year-old man after recent reoperation coronary artery bypass surgery. The pseudoaneurysm was visible as a mass (arrow) in the left atrioventricular (AV) groove on the chest x-ray ( A ). Transthoracic echocardiography ( B ) demonstrated a vascular mass (arrow) adjacent to the basal lateral wall. Cardiac computed tomographic angiography ( C ) demonstrated the pseudoaneurysm (arrow) connecting to the SVG by a narrow neck with contrast enhancement (light gray) and some thrombus (dark gray). Four-chamber view ( D ) demonstrating the pseudoaneurysm (arrow) in the left AV groove; a magnified view ( D , inset) demonstrates the pseudoaneurysm connected to the SVG via a narrow neck (arrow) with active contrast extravasation (red outline) contained by thrombus (white outline). Invasive angiography showing contrast extravasation ( E ) into the pseudoaneurysm (arrow) and postintervention angiogram demonstrated successful occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm ( F ). LA indicates left atrium; LV, left ventricle. Case 2 : A 27-year old man with prior homograft aortic valve replacement developed recurrent endocarditis (Figure 2). Echocardiography noted a periaortic valvular fluid collection concerning for abscess or valvular dehiscence. However, Doppler signal to and from the fluid collection connecting to the left ventricular outflow tract also raised concern for pseudoaneurysm. Cardiac CT confirmed the structure to be a 37×32-mm pseudoaneurysm involving the left coronary cusp of a trileaflet homograft prosthetic aortic valve just below the takeoff of …
A POPULATION - BASED STUDY OF CHILDREN EXPOSED TO CHLORIDE DEFICIENT FORMULA

In 1978 and 1979 Syntex, Inc. manufactured two soy-based infant formulas which lacked adequate chloride. A number of small studies have suggested that children who ingested these formulas may have suffered long-term adverse effects secondary to this exposure. However, these studies involves relatively few subjects who were selected in a fashion subject to substantial bias. This study ascertained the infant formulas used by the first and second graders attending public school in one county in the Southeastern United States. Children who were exposed to a defective infant formula were matched to two children who ingested chloride-sufficient soy-based formulas as infants. Matching variables included age, race, sex, socioeconomic status and birth weight. All children (n=108) received a standarized test of intellectual ability, the McCarthy Scales, which were administered by an examiner blinded to the exposure status of each child. Significant adjusted mean differences between the score on the General Cognitive Index (diff.=5.7, one-tailed p=.05) and the Quantitative Scale (diff.=3.1, one-tailed p<.05) were documented with the exposed children scoring lower than their matched controls. Decrements in the performance of exposed children were noted on the Perceptual-Performance (diff.=3.2. one-tailed p<.15) and Motor (diff.=3.3, one-tailed p<.1) Scales although these were not statistically significant. These data reinforce concern about the long-term outcome of children exposed to these formulas.
Optimal beam power and ellipticity in thermal recording

Thermal recording with a laser beam is a promising process. More thermal recording applications in the graphic arts market and also in the medical and PCB imaging markets are surfacing in recent years. Thermal recording has advantages over traditional photographic recording in that it is dry and environmentally benign. Also thermal recording is a threshold process and therefore yields sharper images. Thermal recording media, however, require much higher powered lasers to record than conventional photographic media. We must therefore carefully determine the optimal parameters for recording thermally most efficiently. In this paper, we determine the minimum beam power requirements, in terms of recording media format, throughput and media sensitivity. We also analyze in this paper the spot profile required to achieve the optimal recording efficiency, assuming it is a controllable design parameter. Since the efficiency is not the only performance requirement from a recording system we discuss other important parameters of image quality which affect the spot profile and beam power choice for a thermal recording system.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Non-invasive in vivo monitoring of circulating amphotericin b using multi-wavelength photoplethysmography

A novel multi-wavelength photoplethysmograph (PPG), previously utilized to quantify optically absorptive circulating gold nanoparticles, has demonstrated the potential to enhance therapeutic treatment predictability as pharmacokinetic metrics are provided throughout the intravenous delivery and clearance phase of amphotericin b (injected in the lipid form Abelcet®) in real-time. This report demonstrates how the PPG could be used to assess the real-time bioavailability of intravenously delivered optically-absorbing therapeutic agents. The drug currently under investigation is antifungal amphotericin b (absorption peak ~355 nm). We describe how the algorithm has been adapted to quantify the concentration of amphotericin b in the pulsatile, circulating blood based on its extinction at three wavelengths (355, 660 and 940 nm) corresponding to the peaks of amphotericin b and wavelengths for oxygen saturation measurements, respectively. We show an example of the system collecting data representing the baseline, injection, and the clearance phases. The PPG device showed a measurement range of concentrations between 0.0987 mg/mL to 0.025mg/ml in blood. An examination of the data obtained suggests that the system is well suited to sense the concentration of amphotericin b at a therapeutic dose (≈5 mg/kg/day).
Older listeners' use of temporal cues altered by compression amplification.

This study compared the ability of younger and older listeners to use temporal information in speech when that information was altered by compression amplification. Recognition of vowel-consonant-v...
Use of follow-up services by patients referred from a walk-in unit: how can patient compliance be improved?

Timely use of necessary follow-up services is an im portant dimension of ambulatory care quality. Using a hospital-based walk-in center, this study identified pa tients who were referred for follow-up care and exam ined factors related to compliance with these referrals. The participants were 696 adults seen in a hospital- based walk-in unit between June 1, 1992, and December 1, 1992. Patients completed a self-administered ques tionnaire including questions about sociodemographic characteristics, prior use of health services, and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Health Survey. Medical findings, follow-up recommendations, insur ance status, and compliance with follow-up referrals were ascertained using chart review, the hospital's com puting system, and clinic records. Fifty percent of the patients were referred for follow-up medical care; 55% of these complied with follow-up referrals. Factors asso ciated with referral for follow-up care included older age, inability to afford a physician, longer ...
Random-walk methodology for determining optical properties of tissue from reflection and transmission measurements

A new iterative inverse method to calculate the absorption and scattering coefficients of optically turbid media from total reflectance and transmittance measured by integrating spheres is proposed and evaluated. Random walk methodology is used to calculate the total reflectance and transmittance of light from highly turbid slabs whose refractive index differs from that of the surrounding medium. Photon migration near index-mismatched boundaries is inferred from Monte-Carlo simulations that take into account significant angularly-dependent internal reflection. An inverse method is used to determine the optical coefficients, (mu) a and (mu) s ', from diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements on suspensions of polystyrene latex beads, the optical absorbance being varied by adding dyes to the suspension medium. The nominal optical coefficient ((mu) a from 0.01-0.09 mm -1 and (mu) s ' from 1-2 mm -1 ) are found to agree on average within 8% of the values calculated by the inverse method. The use of the method for tissue characterizations is illustrated by determining the optical parameters of samples of bovine myocardium and human breast.
‘The Tip of the Spear’—The Bundeswehr, Soviet Force Restructuring & Development of West Germany's Armored Forces, 1951–1986

After the decision to re-arm Germany in the early 1950s, the military leadership in the Federal Republic of Germany or “Bundeswehr” once again set out to create an army capable of not only defending the Federal Republic of Germany but of being able to integrate itself within the framework of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) forward defense of Western Europe. This article examines the Bundeswehr's re-armament and its operational and tactical organization as well as the weapons systems, most notably the development of a whole new generation of main battle tanks and infantry fighting vehicles or personnel carriers that were far superior to either their Soviet or American counterparts. The article likewise examines the incorporation of tactics and operational doctrine employed by the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front (1941–1945) during World War II.
Recent horizontal intron transfer to a chloroplast genome

Evidence is presented for the recent, horizontal transfer of a self-splicing, homing group II intron from a cyanobacteria to the chloroplast genome of Euglena myxocylindracea. The psbA gene of E.myxocylindracea was found to contain a single 2566 nt group II intron with a gene in domain 4 for a 575 amino acid maturase. The predicted secondary structure and tertiary interactions of the group II intron, as well as the derived maturase primary sequence, most closely resemble the homing intron of the cyanobacterium Calothrix and the rnl introns of Porphyra purpurea mitochondria, while being only distantly related to all other Euglena plastid introns and maturases. All main functional domains of the intron-encoded proteins of known homing introns are conserved, including reverse transcriptase domains 1-7, the zinc finger domain and domain X. The close relationship with cyanobacterial introns was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Both the full-length psbA intron and a Delta-maturase variant self-splice in vitro in two independent assays. The psbA intron is the first example of a self-splicing chloroplast group II intron from any organism. These results support the conclusion that the psbA intron is the result of a recent horizontal transfer into the E.myxocylindracea chloroplast genome from a cyanobacterial donor and should prompt a reconsideration of horizontal transfer mechanisms to account for the origin of other chloroplast genetic elements.
Understanding Shared Roles in Policy and Administration: An Empirical Study of Council-Manager Relations

Recent literature in public administration emphasizes enhanced collaboration between elected and administrative officials. The complementarity view is presented as an alternative to the traditional politics–administration dichotomy. At the center of this new perspective lies the concept of shared roles between elected officials and public administrators with respect to policy making and administration. This article expands the emerging literature on role sharing by proposing and testing new variables to understand what enhances the policy-making role of city managers and the administrative role of elected officials. Employing data collected from a nationwide survey of city managers and utilizing structural equation modeling methodology, this research finds that the council’s expectations and the city manager’s role conception significantly influence the city manager’s involvement in policy making, while the context of policy making, the city manager’s support, and the council’s access to resources affect elected officials’ involvement in administration. This article aims to make a cumulative contribution to the literature on role sharing.
Asset smoothing, consumption smoothing and the reproduction of inequality under risk and subsistence constraints

Abstract A growing literature asks whether low-wealth agents can accumulate assets over time or whether they are trapped in poverty. This paper develops a stochastic dynamic programming model with endogenous asset price risk to explore savings and portfolio decisions in a resource-poor environment characterized by risk and subsistence constraints. Optimal portfolio strategies are found to bifurcate, despite divisible assets and fully rational agents. Wealthier agents acquire a higher-yielding portfolio and pursue conventional consumption smoothing. Poorer agents acquire a less remunerative portfolio and pursue asset smoothing, rather than consumption smoothing. Asset-based risk coping thus results in positive correlation between initial wealth and portfolio rate of return.
The Function of the Social Sciences and Humanities in a Science Curriculum

(1959). The Function of the Social Sciences and Humanities in a Science Curriculum. Religious Education: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 156-163.
Redox-dependent DNA binding of the purified androgen receptor: evidence for disulfide-linked androgen receptor dimers.

Full-length histidine-tagged, dihydrotestosterone-bound human androgen receptor (AR) was purified to homogeneity by affinity and gel-filtration chromatography for antibody production and analysis of AR dimerization and DNA binding properties. A monoclonal antibody was raised that recognized human and rat AR epitope 360ArgAspTyrTyrAsnPheProLeuAla368 in the NH2-terminal domain and slowed migration of AR−DNA complexes in mobility shift assays. AR binding to androgen response element DNA had a Kd of 2.0 nM and a Hill coefficient of 2.1, indicating high-affinity, cooperative binding. AR solution dimerization was detected only at ≥0.2 μM AR, and DNA binding increased dimerization up to 30-fold. Slow- and fast-migrating AR−DNA complexes were detected under different reducing conditions that differed 5-fold in their dissociation rates from DNA. Treatment with the sulfhydryl oxidizing reagent diamide formed the faster migrating, slower dissociating complex, indicating it represents disulfide-linked AR dimers bound...
Sufficient conditions for an ordered-ring isomorphism onto a positive subinterval: A lemma for polynomial measurement

Abstract This paper discusses a sufficient set of conditions for a structure to be ordered-ring isomorphic to a positive subinterval of the real numbers. It extends our previous results concerning bounded versions of Holder's Theorem ( Falmagne, 1971 ). The main result can serve as a basic lemma for establishing representation theorems in polynomial conjoint measurement when the empirical sets contain neither large elements nor ones close to the natural zero.
Current crowding effects in a CdS/LaS cold cathode

We analyze the importance of current crowding in a new cold cathode emitter that consists of a thin wide band-gap semiconductor material sandwiched between a metallic contact and a low work function semimetallic thin film. Potential material candidates are suggested to achieve low-voltage (<10 V), room-temperature cold cathode operation with emission currents of several tens of A/cm2. We calculate the lateral potential drop that occurs across the emission window of cold cathodes with rectangular geometry and describe its effects on the emitted current density profile. The power dissipation in the cold cathode is calculated as a function of a dimensionless parameter characterizing the importance of current crowding. We determine the range of dc bias over which cold cathodes of different width must be operated to minimize current crowding effects.
Semiconductor nanowires: twins cause kinks.

Multiple twin defects, analogous to those in bulk crystals, have been revealed in crystalline semiconductor nanowires by microscopic studies. An unexpected connection is now made between these subtle imperfections and the shape of the wires.
AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF GOAL COMMITMENT IN THE PERSISTENCE PROCESS

This study represents the first published investigation into the construct validity of goal commitment as it affects the persistence process. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that goal commitment could be decomposed into multiple indicators of the same latent construct: a special factor called goal commitment that groups items related to goal importance, specificity of goals, and situational influence; a second factor represented by items indicating certainty of purpose; and a third factor consisting of items related to goals in general. The predictive validity of each subcomponent on different outcomes related to student persistence was established. While goal commitment was found to have a significant direct effect on both students' intents to persist and actual persistence behavior, neither of the other two factors were as equally predictive as measures of student retention.
Optical spectroscopy methods to detect colon cancer

The fluorescence and excitation spectra of cancer and normal colon mucosa were measured to establish a suitable criterion for colon cancer diagnosis.
Atom Probe Specimen Preparation with a Dual Beam FIB Miller

Several methods have been developed to fabricate atom probe specimens from different forms of materials, including thin ribbons, mechanically ground sheet and fine powders. In addition, FIB-based methods can be used in conjunction with electropolishing methods to improve the shape, surface finish and taper angle of specimens. Several lift-out (LO) methods have been developed for selecting specific microstructural features or other regions of interest such as phases, interfaces, grain boundaries, subsurface or implanted regions and interdendritic regions. These LO methods make use of an in-situ micromanipulator and platinum deposition to transfer and attach the lifted out volume to a post for final annular milling into a sharp needle-shaped specimen. In order to improve the efficiency and to facilitate the lift-out procedure, some special specimen mounts that hold both the specimen and the support post at the appropriate working distance have been developed. The advantages and disadvantages of some different variants of the lift-out method will be described. The dual beam SEM/FIB instruments enable gallium implantation to be reduced as the milling process may be monitored with the electron beam rather than the gallium ion beam. One approach of reducing the depth of the implanted gallium is to reduce the accelerating voltage of the gallium ion source for the final stages of specimen preparation. This was shown by SRIM calculations of the range and struggle of gallium ions into an iron substrate
Acetabular paralabral cyst: an uncommon cause of sciatica

The association between tears of the acetabular labrum and paralabral cysts has been well documented, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be the most accurate noninvasive method of depicting not only the normal anatomic structures of the hip, but also the common pathologic processes such as labral tears and paralabral cysts. We present the case of an acetabular paralabral cyst that resulted in clinically symptomatic compression of the sciatic nerve.
A Revisit on Comparing the Asymptotic Interval Estimators of Odds Ratio in a Single 2 × 2 Table

It is well known that Cornfield's confidence interval of the odds ratio with the continuity correction can mimic the performance of the exact method. Furthermore, because the calculation procedure of using the former is much simpler than that of using the latter, Cornfield's confidence interval with the continuity correction is highly recommended by many publications. However, all these papers that draw this conclusion are on the basis of examining the coverage probability exclusively. The efficiency of the resulting confidence intervals is completely ignored. This paper calculates and compares the coverage probability and the average length for Woolfs logit interval estimator, Gart's logit interval estimator of adding 0.50, Cornfield's interval estimator with the continuity correction, and Cornfield's interval estimator without the continuity correction in a variety of situations. This paper notes that Cornfield's interval estimator with the continuity correction is too conservative, while Cornfield's method without the continuity correction can improve efficiency without sacrificing the accuracy of the coverage probability. This paper further notes that when the sample size is small (say, 20 or 30 per group) and the probability of exposure in the control group is small (say, 0.10) or large (say, 0.90), using Cornfield's method without the continuity correction is likely preferable to all the other estimators considered here. When the sample size is large (say, 100 per group) or when the probability of exposure in the control group is moderate (say, 0.50), Gart's logit interval estimator is probably the best.
Absence of both common iliac arteries. A case report

An anomaly of the termination of the aorta is described which is apparently unique. The aorta divided directly into two internal iliac arteries and two external iliac arteries.
High-Dose Heparin Decreases Nitric Oxide Production by Cultured Bovine Endothelial Cells

Background Abrupt cessation of heparin therapy can lead to a recrudescence of thrombosis and acute ischemia. Endothelial NO is an important endogenous inhibitor of platelet-mediated thrombosis, yet biochemical studies examining the effect of heparin on NO production by the endothelium have heretofore been lacking. Methods and Results In an attempt to address the effect of heparin on endothelial cell production of NO, confluent bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on microcarrier beads were incubated in the presence or absence of heparin. Results indicate that BAECs incubated with heparin were less able to inhibit platelet aggregation than control cells ( P <.005 by ANOVA) and that this effect correlated with a decrease in NO production (36% decrease for heparin compared with control, P <.05). Dextran sulfate evoked the same response (67% decrease, P <.0001 compared with control), suggesting that the decrease in NO after heparin treatment is secondary to its negative charge rather than to a specific polysaccharide sequence. The decrease in NO production by heparin was accompanied by a 72% decrease in steady-state Nos 3 mRNA as well as a 49% decrease in immunodetectable endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein. Conclusions These data show that high-dose heparin at concentrations achieved in some acute cardiovascular settings increases in vitro platelet aggregation in media conditioned by endothelial cells by decreasing endothelial NO production through a mechanism that involves a decrease in steady-state Nos 3 mRNA and eNOS protein. These observations suggest a possible mechanism by which to explain in part the prothrombotic effects of heparin.
A “No-wash” Albumin-Dextran Dilution Strategy for Cord Blood Unit Thaw: High Rate of Engraftment and a Low Incidence of Serious Infusion Reactions

Preparation of cord blood (CB) units for infusion by albumin-dextran dilution without centrifugation may be advantageous for adult patients to minimize cell loss and, unlike a bedside thaw, is still conducted in the controlled laboratory environment. Therefore, we studied CB transplantation (CBT) using this technique in 54 consecutive CBT recipients >20 kg. Patients (median age=42 years [range: 7-66 years]; median weight=71 kg [range: 24-109]) were transplanted for high-risk hematologic malignancies with myeloablative (n=35) or nonmyeloablative (n=19) conditioning and 4-6/6 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched double-unit grafts. One hundred seven units were thawed with dilution, whereas 1 red blood cell (RBC)-replete unit was washed. A 5:1 dextran 40%/25% albumin solution was used. RBC-depleted units (n=104) were diluted ≥5.5-fold (median final volume 200 mL [range: 200-500]), whereas RBC-replete units (n=3) were diluted ≥4-fold (median final volume 400 mL [range: 400-535]). Total nucleated cell (TNC) recovery was 86%; the median infused TNC dose was 2.17×107/kg/unit. Although 35 patients (65%) had a total of 45 infusion reactions (6 nausea, 31 hypertension, 3 pain, 1 rigors/fever, 2 transient hypoxia, 2 renal impairment) requiring additional therapy, there were no infusion-related serious adverse events, and reactions were not related to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dose/kg. Cumulative incidence of sustained donor engraftment was 94% (95% cumulative incidence [CI]: 87-100) with neutrophil recovery occurring at a median of 25 days (range: 13-43) in myeloablative and 10 days (range: 7-36) in nonmyeloablative recipients. CB thaw with albumin-dextran dilution reduces unit manipulation, and minimizes cell loss, speeds time to infusion, is associated with a tolerable infusion reaction profile, and a high rate of sustained engraftment in CBT recipients ≥20 kg.
The Attitudinal Bases for Responsiveness to Public Opinion among American Foreign Policy Officials

This study examines the attitudes of American foreign policy officials toward (1) the public's sophistication on matters of foreign policy, and (2) the degree of input the public should have into policy and the appropriate level of policy responsiveness. It finds officials to be marginally more positive about the public's sophistication than has previously been thought, but finds a major difference (increase) in the degree of input that officials feel the public should have into the policy process. The result of these sets of attitudes is a form of responsiveness whereby officials factor public opinion into decisions, but then attempt to change public opinion (by “educating” the public) if opposition to a decision subsequently emerges.
Improving Green Building Education by Addressing the Learning Style and Prior Knowledge of Students

Green building education requires successful teamwork of students from different disciplines to solve challenging problems. Team performance depends on both team process behavior and team cognition...
Warmer outdoor temperature is associated with task-related increased BOLD activation in patients with multiple sclerosis

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) demonstrate worse cognition on warmer days. Here, we examine the neurophysiology underlying this temperature-cognition relationship. The association between task-related BOLD fMRI activation and outdoor temperature was investigated in 28 MS patients who demonstrated worse cognitive function on warmer days. In MS patients, warmer outdoor temperature was associated with greater BOLD activation during performance of a simple sustained attention task. The brain areas that showed greater activation on warmer days (p = .01) were regions that have been shown to be more activated by MS patients during task performance: frontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, and parietal cortex. The relationship between outdoor temperature and cerebral activation was absent in healthy controls. The purpose of this study was to identify the neurophysiological basis for worse cognition among MS patients on warmer days. We show here that MS patients activate task-related brain regions more on warmer days. Increased brain activation required by MS patients on warmer days to perform a simple task may signify neural inefficiency.
Leadership and the management of conflicts in diverse groups: Why acknowledging versus neglecting subgroup identity matters

Past research suggests that reactions to an authority's decision are most influenced by treatment quality when individuals value their relationship with the authority and the group s/he represents. The present experiments examine how institutional recognition of self-relevant identities (implicit in Study 1 and explicit in Study 2) affects the relationship between treatment quality and reactions to the delivery of a negative outcome by an outgroup authority. The overall pattern of results suggests that treatment quality affects reactions to the decision only when the common identity shared with the authority and a subgroup identity that distinguishes one from the authority are both recognized. Possible mechanisms for the observed effect are discussed along with implications for the dual identity approach to conflict resolution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Ordered Mixed Titania and Silica Mesostructured Monoliths for Gold Catalysts

Mesostructured silica−titania mixed oxide monoliths, in which the nanocrystalline titania is well dispersed inside the silicate framework, have been synthesized by a liquid crystalline templating approach in combination with sol−gel processing. Control over the different hydrolysis and condensation rates of silicon and titanium alkoxides was achieved by complexation of the titanium species to the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) part of a block copolymer, such as Pluronic F108. The block copolymer serves two distinct functions: (a) as a structure-directing agent and (b) as a moderator of the hydrolysis rate of titanium alkoxide. The amorphous titania inside the silica framework is converted by calcination treatment into anatase phase TiO2 incorporated on the silica. The structure and composition of the resulting material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV−visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The monoliths have an ordered mesostructure with very smal...
Benefits and Barriers of Construction Project Monitoring Using High-Resolution Automated Cameras

A more rapid and widespread use and implementation of technology in construction often fails since its benefits and limitations remain somewhat unclear. Project control is one of the most variable and time consuming task of construction project managers and superintendents and yet continues to be mostly a manual task. Controlling tasks such as tracking and updating project schedules can be assisted through remotely operating technology such as high-resolution cameras that can provide construction management and other users with imaging feeds of job site activities. Although construction cameras have been around for many years, the costs, benefits, and barriers of their use have not been investigated nor quantified in detail. Subsequently, definitions and understanding vary widely, making it difficult for decision makers at the organizational level to decide on the investment in camera technology. This paper reviews the status of high-resolution cameras and their present use in construction. Results of a m...
Effective elastic constants and acoustic properties of single-crystal TiN/NbN superlattices

Using the measured elastic constants of TiN and NbN single crystals with cubic symmetry, the effective elastic constants of single-crystal TiN/NbN superlattice films with tetragonal symmetry, namely c 11 , c 12 , c 13 , c 33 , c 44 , and c 66 have been calculated for various thickness ratios of the layers. Using a line-focus acoustic microscope, measurements of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been carried out on single-crystal TiN/NbN superlattice films grown on the (001) plane of cubic crystal MgO substrates. The phase velocities measured as functions of the angle of propagation display the expected anisotropic nature of cubic crystals. Dispersion curves of SAWs propagating along the symmetry axes have been obtained by measuring wave velocities for various film thicknesses and frequencies. The SAW dispersion curves calculated from the effectiveelastic constants and the effective mass density of the superlattice films show very good agreement with experimental results. The results of this paper exhibit no anomalous dependence of the elastic constants on the superlattice period of TiN/NbN superlattices.
Subunit contacts of the rifamycin binding site of RNA polymerase (B. subtilis).

Abstract The radiolabeled RNA polymerase inhibitors 3-(2-bromoacetamidoethyl)-thiorifamycin and 3-(2-acetamidoethyl)-thiorifamycin quinone have been prepared and covalently attached to the B. subtilis enzyme under mild conditions. Analysis of the subunits labeled indicates that regions of subunits sigma, beta, and beta-prime lie within about 7A of the 3-position of rifamycin bound to the enzyme, while subunits alpha , beta, and beta-prime lie near the aromatic rings. The results of this work imply that the rifamycin binding site lies near the center of an arrangement involving at least four of the subunits of RNA polymerase. This idea is supported by the results of other studies involving cross-linking of subunits and also rifamycin binding to subunit complexes.
Activation of transcription by two factors that bind promoter and enhancer sequences of the human metallothionein gene and SV40

Genetic analysis of eukaryotic transcriptional promoters has revealed that protein-coding genes often contain a complex array of cis-control elements consisting of upstream activator sequences and enhancer elements1–5. The metallothionein genes provide a useful example for dissecting the action of multiple interspersed control elements that govern both basal level and regulated expression in animal cells6–8. The human metallothionein (hMTIIA) promoter has been analysed in detail and found to contain no less than five distinct control elements in the 5' flanking regions of the gene that mediate specificity and regulation of transcription9,10 (Fig. 1). These different control elements can be functionally subdivided into two categories: basal and induced elements. There are several distinct basal recognition sequences, which include a TATA-box, a GC-box, and at least two basal level enhancer (BLE) sequences, that function like classical enhancer elements10–12. The hMTIIA gene also responds to induction by heavy metals and by steroid hormones through the action of metal regulatory elements (MRE) and glucocorticoid responsive elements (GRE)9. Here we report the identification of two cellular DNA-binding proteins that interact selectively with sequences governing the basal level expression of hMTIIA. One of these factors is a novel activator protein (API) that interacts with sequences in the BLE of hMTIIA and also binds to a site within the 72-base pair (bp) repeats of the simian virus 40 (SV40) enhancer region. The second protein has been purified to homogeneity and shown to be transcription factor Sp1 which recognizes and binds to a single GC-box element within the hMTIIA promoter.
BANKING REFORM IN ASIA: A PROGRESS REPORT

This article surveys and quantifies the progress made by five Asian economies during the period 1997–1999 in the reform and restructuring of their banking systems, paying particular attention to the very different circumstances and policy solutions in each of them. It develops a simple and objective scoring system of the progress achieved—one that puts South Korea at the top, Japan and Malaysia in the middle, and Thailand and Indonesia at the bottom. The relative success achieved in South Korea and Malaysia is attributed in part to their establishment of “Asset Management Corporations,” bodies charged with buying non-performing loans, managing (and in some cases restructuring) the assets underlying the loans, and eventually reselling the loans. This practice has allowed for a more direct approach to corporate restructuring.
Inhibition of Lettuce Seed Germination and Root Elongation by Derivatives of Auxin and Reversal by Derivatives of Cycocel

Lettuce seed germination or lettuce root elongation after germination in water was inhibited by 5.7 × 10-6M indoleacetic acid (IAA) and designated other IAA derivatives. These IAA-inhibited growth responses were reversed by 10-5 to 10-6M Cycocel, (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride, which alone was without effect. Only those Cycocel analogs, which have previously been shown to be active as plant growth retardants, were effective in reversing IAA inhibition of germination or root elongation. These results are consistent with the concept that Cycocel at low concentrations acts as an auxin antagonist. However. Cycocel did not reverse the inhibitory effects from indole-3-propionic acid or indole-3-butyric acid.
Experimental evidence of single-phonon mediated inter-level excitonic transitions in a semiconductor quantum dot

Resonance fluorescence of a single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot enables us to show direct evidence of population up-conversion to an excited state in a quantum dot, which we attribute to single-acoustic-phonon processes at low temperature.
A heterogeneous water oxidation catalyst from dicobalt octacarbonyl and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

We report the thermal synthesis of a heterogeneous Co–phosphine-based water oxidation catalyst that can be easily coated onto a variety of substrates. The system is active in neutral water and performs best with borate as electrolyte, in which the onset of catalytic current occurs at 1.51 V vs. RHE, with a Tafel slope of 68 mV per decade. Stable water oxidation is observed for over 40 hours; including in seawater with borate electrolyte, in which the catalyst is selective for water oxidation over chloride (85% Faradaic efficiency). The organic portion of the catalyst appears to play a crucial role in catalytic activity.
American Academic Journal Editing in the Great Bourgeois Cultural Revolution of Late 20th‐century Postmodernity: The Case of Cultural Anthropology

Note: The following are excerpts from a statement about Cultural Anthropology prepared for a weeklong meeting with Soviet editors of literary magazines in Moscow, 8-12 October 1990. I had been invited by Ralph Cohen, editor of New Literary History, to be a somewhat offbeat fellow traveler with a small group of editors of American literary/cultural studies journals on an exchange visit to discuss with Soviet counterparts the relative situations of our journals given the current political and intellectual climate in our two countries. I had not been present during the visit last year of Soviet editors to the Humanities Center, University of California, Irvine. We were hosted by the Gorky Institute of the Moscow Academy of Science. Each day we were shuttled back and forth between Peredelkino, where we were lodged, a writers' retreat 20 miles west of Moscow, and the Writers' Union building in the embassy district of Moscow, one of the few remaining mansions of the Russian nobility, and in this case, the mansion that inspired the house of Rostp6v in Tolstoi's War and Peace. Between the relative splendor of the cottages amid the birch stands of Peredelkino and the converted ballroom in which our meetings were held, we had ample experience of the unrelievedly drab architectural monuments-mainly apartment warrens-of successive regimes of the Soviet variety of the welfare state, and of endless shortages of everything except free speech, not yet occupied with the somber past or a hopeful future, but angrily and anxiously with a chaotic present. In our group besides myself, Ralph Cohen and his wife, were Stephen Greenblatt of Representations, W. J. T. Mitchell of Critical Inquiry, Richard Turner, art historian and director of the Humanities Institute, New York University, and Deborah McDowell, on the board of Callaloo (Jonathan Culler and Catherine Stimpson were not able to attend). I would like to report that our conversations, across the barrier of simultaneous translation, were rich in content and suggestion. However, I must admit that the puzzles remained intractable, at least on our side. To some degree we were talking to the wrong people; journals like our own are only now emerging among groups that are not in control of the institutions that have organized the arts, humanities, and sciences in the Soviet Union. Literary journals with several employees and more than 30,000 subscribers are the ones still officially recognized and participating in exchanges such as ours. Thus, in the face of the culturally incommensurable, we recited our "mantras"trying to make them see, first this way then that. Direct questions about language and politics were eloquently put by Steve Greenblatt and Tom Mitchell, again and again, each seconding the other, but to no avail. Later and circumstantially, we received glimmerings of the struggles between old and newer factions in the research institutes, but what was most clarified were our own doxas: the supremely American context of our globalizing
Has the Dwarf Grown Up

Nicola Casarini & Costanza Musu, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, ISBN 978‐1‐4039‐9607‐7 Emil Kirchner & James Sperling Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2007, ISBN 978‐0‐7190‐7469‐1 Frederic ...
The Union Relative Wage Effect for Academic Librarians

This note investigates the impact of labor unions on the starting salaries of academic librarians. Using data collected from members of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and employing standard ordinary least squares (OLS) and seemingly unrelated regressions techniques, the union relative wage gap was estimated annually over the 1989-1998 time period. Three important results were found. First, unionized academic librarians received a positive and significant union wage premium throughout most of the decade studied. Second, this wage premium declined in magnitude over time following the trend in the economy as a whole. Lastly, by the end of the sample period, the wage effect had disappeared and was no longer significantly different from zero.
Distribution and identity of the earliest proliferating progeny of colony-forming cells in regenerating murine spleen and bone marrow

A study was made of the sites of development and the types of cells found in very early hemopoietic colonies in the mouse spleen. Two, 3, and 4 days after transplantation, the proliferating descendants of transplanted bone-marrow cells were identified on radioautographs of spleen sections and on spleen and bone-marrow smears of supralethally irradiated recipient mice which were injected with 3H-TdR at 12, 6, and 0.5 hours before sacrifice. Surprisingly the spleens of nontransplanted, irradiated mice contained proliferating medium and large lymphocytes in the white pulp which increased in numbers during the observation period. The early descendants of transplanted cells that lodged in the spleen could be clearly distinguished from the labeled indigenous cells because they formed discrete nodules or colonies beneath the splenic capsule or in the vicinity of venules and trabeculae of the red pulp. These cells were identifiable on day 2 as transitional cells or unknown hemopoietic blasts and on day 4 included early erythroid cells and small lymphocytes. There was evidence for the traffic of 3H-TdR-labeled cells through the splenic sinusoids.
Distracted and down: neural mechanisms of affective interference in subclinical depression

Previous studies have shown that depressed individuals have difficulty directing attention away from negative distractors, a phenomenon known as affective interference. However, findings are mixed regarding the neural mechanisms and network dynamics of affective interference. The present study addressed these issues by comparing neural activation during emotion-word and color-word Stroop tasks in participants with varying levels of (primarily subclinical) depression. Depressive symptoms predicted increased activation to negative distractors in areas of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), regions implicated in cognitive control and internally directed attention, respectively. Increased dACC activity was also observed in the group-average response to incongruent distractors, suggesting that dACC activity during affective interference is related to overtaxed cognitive control. In contrast, regions of PCC were deactivated across the group in response to incongruent distractors, suggesting that PCC activity during affective interference represents task-independent processing. A psychophysiological interaction emerged in which higher depression predicted more positively correlated activity between dACC and PCC during affective interference, i.e. greater connectivity between cognitive control and internal-attention systems. These findings suggest that, when individuals high in depression are confronted by negative material, increased attention to internal thoughts and difficulty shifting resources to the external world interfere with goal-directed behavior.