cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Model: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

The U.S. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 offers an example of a hybrid model of EBED in which the federal government pursued both a “top-down” strategy and a “bottom-up” strategy by allocating funds to local and state entities to implement EBED programs. This chapter conducts a more in-depth review of this case, describing energy-related ARRA investments and the degree to which these investments targeted the EBED nexus. ARRA’s programs, funding distributions, and the manner in which EBED initiatives were supported are explained in detail. Although the Recovery Act is too new to generate studies that evaluate the effectiveness of the various programs supported under the Act, this chapter does review the early outcomes and challenges, as accounted for in the literature to date, and extends them to the discussion of EBED initiatives at large.
A Visual Representation of Part - Whole Relationships in BFO-Conformant Ontologies

In the graphical representation of ontologies, in particular for part_whole relationships, it is customary to use graph theory as the representational background. We claim here that the standard graph-based approach has a number of limitations, and because of that we propose a better way to represent part_whole structures for ontologies developed in accordance with the Basic Formal Ontology, one that will reduce visual pollution and ground part_whole on a more rigorous visual representation. The experiments we carried out indicate we achieved the stated benefits and that the proposed representation is useful for the development of information systems in general and in particular for biomedical systems and applications.
Long-Term Excessive Body Weight and Adult Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Are Linked Through Later-Life Body Size and Blood Pressure: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Rationale: Childhood adiposity is associated with cardiac structure in later life, but little is known regarding to what extent childhood body weight affects adult left ventricular geometric patterns through adult body size and blood pressure (BP). Objective: Determine quantitatively the mediation effect of adult body weight and BP on the association of childhood BMI with adult left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Methods and Results: This longitudinal study consisted of 710 adults, age 26 to 48 years, who had been examined for BMI and BP measured 4 or more times during childhood and 2 or more times during adulthood, with a mean follow-up period of 28.0 years. After adjusting for age, race and sex, adult BMI had a significant mediation effect (76.4%, p<0.01) on the childhood BMI-adult LV mass index (LVMI) association. The mediation effects of adult systolic BP (SBP, 15.2%), long-term burden (12.1%) and increasing trends of SBP (7.9%) were all significant (p<0.01). Furthermore, these mediators also had significant mediation effects on the association of childhood BMI with adult LVH, eccentric and concentric hypertrophy. Importantly, the mediation effects of adult BMI were all significantly stronger than those of adult SBP on LVMI, LVH and LV remodeling patterns (p<0.01). Additionally, the mediation effect of SBP on concentric hypertrophy was significantly stronger than on eccentric hypertrophy (p<0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that increased childhood BMI has long-term adverse impact on subclinical changes in adult cardiac structure, and early life excessive body weight and adult LVH are linked through later life excessive body weight and elevated BP.
Age-Related Hearing Loss and Its Association with Depression in Later Life.

Objectives To evaluate the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and depressive symptoms in older adults over time. Methods Data from the Health Aging and Body Composition study (N = 3075, aged 70–79 at baseline) were used previously to conduct a longitudinal latent class analysis to evaluate depression trajectories (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CES-D] Scale) over 10 years. Restricting to the subset of subjects who had hearing information available (N = 1204), self-reported hearing categories were evaluated over the same period. Association between depression classes and hearing categories were assessed via multinomial logistic regression analyses. Correlation analyses and two-sample t-tests were used to assess cross-sectional associations between depression status and audiometric hearing measures. Results Low-probability (N = 644), increasing-probability (N = 385), and high-probability (N = 175) trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified for the 10-year period. Impaired/Worsening (N = 182) and Healthy/Improving (N = 1,022) hearing categories were defined using self-reports. With the low-probability depression trajectory as the reference group, subjects reporting Impaired/Worsening hearing had 1.63 times increased odds of having an increasing- (p = 0.0088, 95% CI [1.13, 2.34]) and 1.85 times increased odds of having a high-probability depression trajectory (p = 0.0102, 95% CI [1.16, 2.96]). At Year 5, individuals with depressive symptoms (10CES-D ≥ 10) had impaired hearing ability measured by audiometric threshold for low-frequency (Adjusted mean difference = 2.29 dBHL, p = 0.0005) and mid-frequency sounds (Adjusted mean difference = 2.28 dBHL,p = 0.0049) compared to those with 10CES-D Conclusions ARHL was associated with increased depressive symptoms in older adults. Future studies should investigate whether treatment of ARHL may be an effective prevention and/or therapeutic strategy for depressive symptoms.
Black Hats, Economists and Societal Risk Assessment

Appearing before this organization reminds me of three pieces of immortal advice from Winston Churchill: “never try to walk up a wall that’s leaning toward you...never try to kiss a person that’s leaning away from you...and never speak to a group that knows more about a subject than you do.”
Clustering by Complete Enumeration

A direct way of solving the cluster problem is to evaluate the objective function for each choice of clustering alternatives and then choose the partition yielding the optimal (minimum) value of the objective function. However, this procedure is not practical and is virtually impossible unless n (the number of objects) and m (the number of clusters) are small. This procedure is termed clustering by complete enumeration. If n = 8 and m = 4, for example, then the number of clustering alternatives is 1701; that is, there are 1701 ways of partitioning 8 objects into 4 subsets. The number of clustering alternatives, denoted by S(n,m), is a Stirling’s number of the second kind and can be computed by means of a formula to be derived in the next section. This chapter is only incidently related to the cluster problem and may be omitted by the reader.
Bilateral Pelvic Lymphadenectomy and Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy for Adenocarcinoma Confined to the Prostate

A total of 519 patients with clinical stage B disease underwent radical prostatectomy from 1966 to 1981: 65 (12.5 per cent) had pathologic stage D1, 72 (14.0 per cent) pathologic stage C and 382 (73.5 per cent) pathologic stage B disease. Of the 519 patients 320 with pathologic stage B1 (239) or B2 (81) adenocarcinoma of the prostate and no prior hormonal or radiation therapy underwent complete pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy. Stage, grade and size of tumor were associated significantly with interval to disease progression but not with survival. The probable explanation for this observation is that only 2 per cent of 186 patients who were followed for 5 years and 2 per cent of 46 who were followed for 10 years died of prostatic carcinoma within these intervals. The over-all survival of patients who had intracapsular prostatic carcinoma was not different from that of an age-matched surgical control group (men undergoing total hip arthroplasty during the same interval). These observations suggest that although morbidity from alternative therapies may vary no other treatment modality offers survival superior to that observed for pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy in patients with pathologic intracapsular prostatic cancer.
Species Differences in Drug Disposition as Factors in Alleviation of Pain

The veterinarian has an absolute ethical obligation to alleviate pain and suffering in his animal patients. This commitment stems from the purposes of the profession, which every veterinarian swears to espouse (5). The fulfillment of this obligation may often be difficult because the veterinarian is asked to care for the health of the entire animal kingdom, with the exception of human beings. The essence of veterinary pharmacology, as opposed to human medical pharmacology, lies in the species differences existing in the effects, actions, disposition, dosage, and other properties of drugs (6). Among mammalian species, there is little difference in the actions and effects of various drugs (10); the principal variables affecting intensity of pharmacological effects are drug absorption, distribution, excretion, and biotransformation.
The Age of the World Motion Picture: Cosmic Visions in the Post- Earthrise Era

Martin Heidegger characterized the modern world as the “age of the world picture,” an era when the world became conquered as a picture or representation set fully and clearly before our gaze. In the 1960s, the first images of the Earth from space delivered a glimpse of a world picture that was global and ecological, but also suggested humanity’s domination both of the earth (today) and of outer space (tomorrow). Fifty years later, we have not colonized other planets, but we might speak instead of an age of the world motion picture, an era when our colonization extends to imaginary planets, like the Pandora of the blockbuster film Avatar (2009) and where we see our world and ourselves in turbulent and uncontrollable motion on screens around the globe. The moving image has been with us a little over a century and in that time the world has arguably come to move faster and faster all around us. For Gilles Deleuze it was cinema that provided the greatest resource for reviving our lost “belief in this world.” This chapter asks how cinema is faring today, on the cusp of the digital era, in supporting “belief in this world” and in the universe that sustains it. I examine five films made since 1968. The year in which we received the first images of the Earth from space: 2001, A Space Odyssey (1968), Solaris (1973), Contact (1997), The Tree of Life (2011) and Melancholia (2011). Drawing on the semiotics of C. S. Pierce, I examine how images of the Earth in space have “moved” their viewers and how their use in these films facilitates new forms of global identity built on new emotional and spiritual geographies.
In Vivo Techniques to Investigate the Internalization Profile of Opioid Receptors

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate a remarkable diversity of biological functions, and are thus often targeted for drug therapies. Receptor internalization is commonly observed following agonist binding and activation. Receptor trafficking events have been well characterized in cell systems, but the in vivo significance of GPCR internalization is still poorly understood. To address this issue, we have developed an innovative knock-in mouse model, where an opioid receptor is directly visible in vivo. These knockin mice express functional fluorescent delta opioid receptors (DOR-eGFP) in place of the endogenous receptor, and these receptors are expressed at physiological levels within their native environment. DOR-eGFP mice have proven to be an extraordinary tool in studying receptor neuroanatomy, real-time receptor trafficking in live neurons, and in vivo receptor internalization. We have used this animal model to determine the relationship between receptor trafficking in neurons and receptor function at a behavioral level. Here, we describe in detail the construction and characterization of this knockin mouse. We also outline how to use these mice to examine the behavioral consequences of agonist-specific trafficking at the delta opioid receptor. These techniques are potentially applicable to any GPCR, and highlight the powerful nature of this imaging tool.
Effects of nitrate on freshwater mussel glochidia attachment and metamorphosis success to the juvenile stage.

Abstract Water quality and contaminants have been frequently identified as critical stressors for freshwater mussels, many species of which are highly imperiled throughout North America and the world. Nutrient pollution, specifically nitrate, has become one of the most prevalent causes of water quality degradation globally, with increasing anthropogenic input from suburban and agricultural runoff, municipal wastewater, and industrial waste. Nitrate acute toxicity is generally low for aquatic species, but the potential effects of nitrate exposure are largely unknown for freshwater mussels, particularly during the parasitic stage of their complex lifecycle. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of short-term nitrate exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations on juvenile production in two freshwater mussel species. Lampsilis siliquoidea and L. fasciola glochidia were exposed to nitrate (0, 11, or 56 mg NO3-N/L) for 24 h before inoculation on a primary host, Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Glochidia attachment, metamorphosis success, and total number of juveniles produced were monitored on individual fish. Exposure of L. siliquoidea glochidia to 56 mg NO3-N/L nitrate resulted in a significant (p = 0.02) 35% reduction of total juveniles produced, a combined result of moderate decreases in both glochidia attachment and metamorphosis success. A similar trend (28% reduction; p = 0.06) was evident with 11 mg NO3-N/L. No effects were apparent for L. fasciola, suggesting species-specific differences in responses even among closely related species. These results are the first to suggest that glochidia exposure to nitrate may adversely affect juvenile recruitment in some species. Findings from these studies are important for improving characterization of the hazards of nitrate pollution to aquatic life and this work will help better define the role of water quality in assessing habitat suitability for mussel conservation efforts.
Legalized Cannabis in Colorado Emergency Departments: A Cautionary Review of Negative Health and Safety Effects

Cannabis legalization has led to significant health consequences, particularly to patients in emergency departments and hospitals in Colorado. The most concerning include psychosis, suicide, and other substance abuse. Deleterious effects on the brain include decrements in complex decision-making, which may not be reversible with abstinence. Increases in fatal motor vehicle collisions, adverse effects on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, inadvertent pediatric exposures, cannabis contaminants exposing users to infectious agents, heavy metals, and pesticides, and hash-oil burn injuries in preparation of drug concentrates have been documented. Cannabis dispensary workers (“budtenders”) without medical training are giving medical advice that may be harmful to patients. Cannabis research may offer novel treatment of seizures, spasticity from multiple sclerosis, nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, chronic pain, improvements in cardiovascular outcomes, and sleep disorders. Progress has been slow due to absent standards for chemical composition of cannabis products and limitations on research imposed by federal classification of cannabis as illegal. Given these factors and the Colorado experience, other states should carefully evaluate whether and how to decriminalize or legalize non-medical cannabis use.
An Air Bubble-Isolating Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor for Improved Spheroid/Organoid Formation

Rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors have been used to produce cell spheroids and organoids at a faster rate than in other bioreactor devices and with higher structural and functional fidelity. O...
Understanding the Dissolution of Nonprofit Organizations: A Financial Management Perspective:

The financial antecedents of nonprofit dissolution have not been well studied, although there is growing scholarly attention devoted to the dissolution of nonprofit organizations. Using longitudina...
NI-RADS for head and neck cancer surveillance imaging: What, why, and how

The Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System (NI-RADS) was conceived in 2016 with the objective of standardizing assessment and reporting in surveillance imaging for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and their subsequent management. The goals are to simplify radiology reports while increasing the consistency and accuracy of the interpretation of cancer surveillance imaging; enable better communication among clinicians and between clinicians and patients; facilitate outcomes research; and ultimately improve patient survival, morbidity, and mortality. The objective of the current study was to provide the background as to why and how NI-RADS was conceived and what it entails in radiology reporting.
Memeing to Learning: Exploring Meaning-Making in a Language-Learning Chat Group

Meaning-making in a new era increasingly defined by digital communication is a complicated ensemble of both verbal and non-verbal modes. Following this trend of conveying information multimodally, digital memes have become a new and viral way to communicate and make meaning. Memeing, as a multimodal and social practice, may hold potential for language learners. This study explores the impact of memes on second language learning, examining how memes support meaning-making and language learning during intercultural encounters in an online chat group. Using a case study design, this article focuses on three Chinese L2 learners varying in language proficiency, learning motivation, and memeing engagement. The naturally-occurring memeing data (from 2016 to 2018) of a university-level student-run Chinese-English intercultural chat group was collected and analyzed together with individual interviews. The findings show that meaning-making and language learning were empowered by memeing in the intercultural chat group through remixing linguacultural messages, constructing identities, and developing social connections. This study concludes with meme-related pedagogical activities and a discussion of future research.
Seebohm’s Hermeneutics

This essay considers Seebohm’s philological hermeneutics in relation to the philosophical hermeneutics of Heidegger and Gadamer. Though the hermeneutics of Seebohm and Gadamer appear to disagree, this essay points to five fundamental characteristics which they share. Their primary disagreement concerns the so-called first canon of hermeneutics which requires that we distinguish the context of the interpreter from the context of the text. A corollary of this canon is the distinction between the meaning and the application of a text. Though there are aspects with regard to this canon about which they agree, Gadamer dismisses this canon and Seebohm with important qualifications accepts it. Nonetheless, Seebohm argues that he is not in direct disagreement with Gadamer and his hermeneutics since Gadamer is concerned primarily with truth and Seebohm with the validity of the interpretation.
Whole Medical Systems the Rehabilitation Setting (Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine, Homeopathy, Naturopathy)

Elements of whole medical systems (WMSs) are re-emerging in a modern, patient-centered care model that leverages the benefits of evidence-based conventional medical practice with WMSs modalities. Many of these re-emerging modalities had their origins in traditional Chinese medicine, ayurvedic medicine, homeopathy, or naturopathy. To date, research has been conducted predominantly on multimodality treatment of experimental groups, drawing conclusions without a comparative control group or using modalities that are not actually WMSs.
“Stay home so this can be over:” a national study of youth perspectives on social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Social distancing is an important public health recommendation that has been implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Infections are rising among younger populations, but relatively little is known about youth social distancing behavior. Our qualitative study aims to examine youth engagement with social distancing and elucidate the reasons why guidelines are followed and broken. Members of the national MyVoice Text Message Cohort (aged 14–24) were surveyed from April 24 to April 30, 2020, through an open-ended text message poll. Responses were inductively coded and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Of the 944 youth who responded (response rate = 81.2%), 95% self-reported social distancing. However, 62% recalled instances of themselves or others breaking the guidelines and 19% expressed misconceptions about the rules. Notably, 14% of youth said they would encourage their friends to social distance by telling them it will accelerate a return to normal life. Feelings of social isolation were the most frequently cited (55%) negative impact of social distancing. Overall, responses from youth indicate significant variation in the interpretation of social distancing guidelines. Public health communications may need to address several critical misconceptions which impact the social distancing behaviors of youth. Further, safe methods for youth to interact with peers during periods of social distancing are necessary to prevent mental health impacts and to ensure adherence to social distancing guidelines.
Flapping Membranes for Thrust Production

The wake of a flexible flapping membrane has been investigated using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry. The aspect ratio of the flexible membrane was 0.27. The Strouhal number (St) was varied from 0.44 to 0.16, corresponding to Reynolds numbers between 2.2x105 and 4.1 x105. Under these conditions, a wake structure was observed that resembles the 2P structure characteristic of flapping foils but containing at least four vortex pairs per cycle. For St > 0.35, vorticity contour plots suggest that each multiple vortex pair structure has approximately zero net circulation; whereas for lower St, vorticity of one sign is diminished such that the wake begins to resemble the classical von Karman vortex street. A mean wake velocity profile measured at the mid-span of the membrane suggests a net drag for all flow conditions considered, with the minimum drag occurring for St = 0.35. However, preliminary flow visualization experiments with an increased aspect ratio of 0.45 show a simpler 2S-type structure resembling a reverse von Karman vortex street for which greater efficiency in thrust production is expected.
Peer Review of Launch Environments

Catastrophic failures of launch vehicles during launch and ascent are currently modeled using equivalent trinitrotoluene (TNT) estimates. This approach tends to over-predict the blast effect with subsequent impact to launch vehicle and crew escape requirements. Bangham Engineering, located in Huntsville, Alabama, assembled a less-conservative model based on historical failure and test data coupled with physical models and estimates. This white paper summarizes NESC's peer review of the Bangham analytical work completed to date.
Colonization by Higher Organisms

In natural waters pelagic invertebrate larvae and motile algal spores preferentially colonize substrata coated with microorganisms. Chemotactic responses to bacterial metabolites are involved in the attraction of invertebrates and some algae to surfaces. Settlement and possibly metamorphosis of spirobid larvae is triggered by lectins reacting with specific bacterial exopolymers. A similar mechanism appears to apply to algal settlement. Neither chemotaxis nor lectins control settlement and metamorphosis of red abalone larvae. Induction requires contact. A neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid, is involved. Nothing is known about genetic control of the cues for development of invertebrates or algae produced by periphytic bacteria.
Mycobacteria exploit three genetically distinct DNA double‐strand break repair pathways

Bacterial pathogens rely on their DNA repair pathways to resist genomic damage inflicted by the host. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are especially threatening to bacterial viability. DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR) requires nucleases that resect DSB ends and a strand exchange protein that facilitates homology search. RecBCD and RecA perform these functions in Escherichia coli and constitute the major pathway of error-free DSB repair. Mycobacteria, including the human pathogen M. tuberculosis, elaborate an additional error-prone pathway of DSB repair via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) catalysed by Ku and DNA ligase D (LigD). Little is known about the relative contributions of HR and NHEJ to mycobacterial chromosome repair, the factors that dictate pathway choice, or the existence of additional DSB repair pathways. Here we demonstrate that Mycobacterium smegmatis has three DSB repair pathway options: HR, NHEJ and a novel mechanism of single-strand annealing (SSA). Inactivation of NHEJ or SSA is compensated by elevated HR. We find that mycobacterial RecBCD does not participate in HR or confer resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), but is required for the RecA-independent SSA pathway. In contrast, the mycobacterial helicase-nuclease AdnAB participates in the RecA-dependent HR pathway, and is a major determinant of resistance to IR and oxidative DNA damage. These findings reveal distinctive features of mycobacterial DSB repair, most notably the dedication of the RecBCD and AdnAB helicase-nuclease machines to distinct repair pathways.
Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television By Kay Mills. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. 232 Pp.

(2004). Changing Channels: The Civil Rights Case That Transformed Television By Kay Mills. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004. 232 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 128-130.
The Impacts of Climate Variability on Near-Term Policy Choices and the Value of Information

Variability is one of the most salient features of the earth’s climate, yet quantitative policy studies have generally ignored the impact of variability on society’s best choice of climate-change policy. This omission is troubling because an adaptive emissions-reduction strategy, one that adjusts abatement rates over time based on observations of damages and abatement costs, should perform much better against extreme uncertainty than static, best-estimate policies. However, climate variability can strongly affect the success of adaptive-abatement strategies by masking adverse trends or fooling society into taking too strong an action. This study compares the performance of a wide variety of adaptive greenhouse-gas-abatement strategies against a broad range of plausible future climate-change scenarios. We find that: i) adaptive strategies remain preferable to static, best-estimate policies even with very large levels of climate variability; ii) the most robust strategies are innovation sensitive, that is, adjust future emissions reduction rates on the basis of small changes in observed abatement costs but only for large changes in observed damages; and iii) information about the size of the variability is about a third to an eighth as valuable as information determining the value of the key parameters that represent the long-term, future climate-change state-of-the-world.
Using revealed operants to study the structure and properties of human operant behavior

The “revealed operant” is described as a practical research tool. It differs from traditional types of operants that are recorded as single instantaneous events, in that some of the revealed operant’s sub-operants can be recorded conveniently, and that the first and last of these are made on separate manipulanda. A revealed operant can be studied by examining multiple measures relating to the internal structure of individual occurrences of the operant, including incomplete occurrences. A practical method for implementing revealed operants for human subjects, using only a personal computer and keyboard, is used in pilot studies of (a) resurgence after extinction and after an abrupt increase in the revealed operant’s work requirement, (b) variability changes during and after extinction, (c) effects of fixed ratio size and of the revealed operant’s work requirement, (d) sensitivity of different components as a function of their distance from the end of the revealed operant, and (e) changes in the revealed operant’s internal patterns as a function of long-term repetition.
Acyclic Models and Triples

We shall prove two theorems on the “triple” cohomology of algebras [1] using a method of acyclic models suggested by H. Appelgate. Specifically, we show that the triple cohomology coincides with slight modifications of the usual theories (the same modifications as used in [8] in the cases of groups and associative algebras). We also prove a direct sum theorem for the cohomology of a coproduct of algebras, subject to a certain condition.
Trifunctional protein deficiency: Three families with significant maternal hepatic dysfunction in pregnancy not associated with E474Q mutation

We report five families with trifunctional protein deficiency in which, during pregnancy, three mothers experienced significant hepatic disease when carrying an affected fetus. Diagnoses were based on increased levels of long-chain hydroxyacylcarnitines and deficiencies of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity in fibroblasts. All affected infants lacked the common E474Q mutation associated with isolated LCHAD deficiency. This mutation is thought to be a predisposing factor for maternal hepatic disease in pregnancy. Our findings suggest that other defects in this enzyme complex might be responsible for maternal hepatic complications in pregnancy.
AN ALTERED INTRON INHIBITS SYNTHESIS OF THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR ALPHA -SUBUNIT IN THE PARALYZED ZEBRAFISH MUTANT NIC1

The acetylcholine receptor (AChR), an oligomeric protein composed of five subunits, is a component of the postsynaptic membrane at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction that plays a central role in synaptic transmission. The zebrafish mutation nic1 blocks the expression of functional and clustered nicotinic muscle AChRs. To understand the mechanisms underlying this lack of AChRs, we characterized the molecular defect in nic1 mutants. Our results suggest that the mutation affects the gene coding for the α-subunit of the AChR. Southern blot hybridization and DNA sequence analyses showed that the nic1 AChR α-subunit gene lacks part of intron 6 where the splicing branchpoint normally forms. Several lines of evidence suggest that this deletion blocks normal splicing; most nic1 α-subunit mRNAs retain intron 6 and are larger and less abundant than wild-type, some nic1 α-subunit mRNAs are internally deleted, and wild-type α-subunit mRNA rescues nic1 mutant cells. The nic1 mutation reduces the size of an intron, which prevents efficient splicing of the pre-mRNA, thus blocking synthesis of the α-subunit and assembly of AChRs. By this route, the nic1 mutation leads to paralysis.
What's in a name?: Issues of terminology and language in hazards research

(2000). What's in a name?: Issues of terminology and language in hazards research. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 87-88.
Titrating matching-to-sample performance: Effects of drugs of abuse and intertrial interval

Abstract Previous reports have shown that increasing the length of the intertrial interval (ITI) in a matching-to-sample schedule of reinforcement results in increased matching accuracy. This has traditionally been interpreted in the context of proactive inhibition, the disruption of memory for a stimulus as a consequence of events that occurred prior to the presentation of the stimulus. In an effort to more fully characterize a titrating matching-to-sample baseline, the effect of ITI ranging from 0–30 s was determined in pigeons trained to respond under the titrating matching-to-sample procedure. In addition, the effect of ITI length on the dose-response curve for pentobarbital, phencyclidine, D-amphetamine, and cocaine were determined. Surprisingly, performance under the titrating matching-to-sample was not altered as a function of ITI length, nor did the effects of the four drugs of abuse change as a function of ITI length. These results suggest that performance under the titrating matching-to-sample is under a different control than matching-to-sample using fixed delays.
Pathology of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice

The histopathology and immunopathology of murine experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) following active immunization with the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were studied. The methods used included conventional light microscopy and immunoperoxidase staining. Lesions were located mainly in the uvea and the retina and were characteristically focal. The prominent histopathologic findings in the retina were vasculitis, granuloma, retinal fold, focal serous detachment, and loss of photoreceptors. Granulomas, formation of Dalen-Fuchs nodules, inflammatory cellular infiltration and increase in the thickness of the choroid and ciliary body were frequent findings. Subretinal neovascularization occurred in 10% of the experimental animals. Mild to moderate inflammation was also noted in the vitreous. The predominant infiltrating cells in the retinal and uveal granuloma and the Dalen-Fuchs nodules were macrophages. In contrast, the predominant infiltrating cell types in the vitreous were T helper/inducer lymphocytes. T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were rarely seen. Expression of Ia antigens on the ocular cells was confined to the immediate area of the inflammatory sites. The kinetics of histopathology showed two peaks at the 5th and 10th week after immunization, suggesting a relapsing course of the disease.
Barley Protein Isolate: Thermal, Functional, Rheological, and Surface Properties

Barley protein isolate (BPI) was extracted in 0.015 N NaOH in a 10:1 ratio solvent:flour and was precipitated by adjusting the pH to 4.5 and freeze-dried. The thermal properties of BPI were determined using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). BPI with 4% moisture content exhibited a glass transition (T g) with 140 °C onset, 153 °C middle, and 165 °C end temperatures and a ΔC p of 0.454 J/g per °C. The high moisture content sample (50%) showed a T g at 89, 91, or 94 °C and 0.067 ΔC p. Acetylation had no apparent effect on the foaming and emulsifying properties of protein from barley flour but exhibited the least-stable foam among BPI samples. Foaming capacities of both barley protein isolates were ∼12% less than that of acid-precipitated soy protein isolate reported in the literature. Acetylated BPI showed the highest surface hydrophobicity compared to the other samples. The surface-tension test confirmed that unmodified and modified BPI possessed surface activity. BPI phosphorous oxycloride-crosslinked was the most effective in lowering the surface tension of aqueous NaCl, while the crosslinked BPI was the least effective. The G′ value of BPI suspension was greater than G″ at all frequencies from 0.1 to 100 rad/s. The strain value at which linear behavior ceased and nonlinear behavior began ranged from 3 to 10%.
Pressure elevation slows the fibroblast response to wound healing.

Objective Chronic venous insufficiency and venous ulceration are consequences of elevated pressure within affected limbs. We hypothesized that wounded cells maintained at different atmospheric pressures heal at different rates and that pressure would adversely affect the processes necessary for wound healing. Methods We have developed an in vitro model that replicates venous hypertension in a unique pressurized incubator using neonatal fibroblasts. Neonatal fibroblasts grown to confluence were wounded with a standardized linear incision and then placed in a unique pressure incubator at atmospheric pressure, atmospheric pressure plus 30 mm Hg, atmospheric pressure plus 60 mm Hg, and atmospheric pressure plus 120 mm Hg. Cells were observed daily until complete healing of the wound occurred. Twelve to 18 hours after wounding, proliferating cell nuclear antigen analysis was done by immunocytochemistry. Results Wounds at atmospheric pressure plus 30 mm Hg were healed by day 3, those at atmospheric pressure plus 60 mm Hg by day 4, and those grown at atmospheric pressure plus 120 mm Hg took ≥4 days for complete healing. Significantly less proliferating cell nuclear antigen activity was present in cells grown at atmospheric pressure plus 60 mm Hg ( P P Conclusions In this model of wound healing under pressure, neonatal fibroblasts grown to confluence and given a standardized wound displayed characteristics consistent with delayed healing. Elevated pressure has a role in the delayed migration and proliferation seen in this model. Clinical Relevance The elevated pressure in patients with venous insufficiency causes their wounds to heal less quickly. Understanding and quantifying the physiology and role of elevated tissue pressure due to venous hypertension will lead to a better understanding of wound healing in these patients.
Implications on unknown radioactivity of giant and dwarf haloes in Scandinavian rocks

GIANT haloes1–3 attracted little attention until it seemed that those from Madagascar2 might be associated with superheavy elements4. Even though this association was not confirmed5, this renewed interest has generated several additional suggestions6 for giant-halo origin which will be evaluated elsewhere (R.V.G. et al. in preparation). We report here some new data on the giant haloes found in certain Swedish biotites1,2 and the implications which these data furnish for a radioactive origin of the enigmatic dwarf haloes.
Use of a correlated compound-binomial model to assess absence of non-counting noise in Pu-isotope ratios measured by AMS at LLNL

Abstract Methods for error analysis pertaining to isotopic ratio measures made by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) typically focus on accuracy/precision of detected counts of a single rare isotope (e.g. 14 C), relative to a current strength indicating the abundance of an isotope present in far greater amounts (e.g. 13 C). Because AMS analysis of the relative abundance of actinide isotopes involves comparing detected counts that each correspond to a relatively rarely occurring isotope, error analysis is complicated by correlations between isotope-specific counts and by isotope-specific dead times, that affect each pair of isotope-specific counts. A new method of error analysis described here was developed specifically to estimate and characterize error in AMS measures of actinide isotope ratios. The method models a series of detected pairs of isotope counts as correlated compound-binomial (censored trinomial contingency) data, provides an approximately unbiased moment-method estimator of a common isotopic proportion (or ratio) corresponding to any data-pair series, and provides a corresponding homogeneity test for isotopic proportions observed within any data-pair series. Applications of this method to AMS measures of the relative abundance of plutonium isotopes, in samples analyzed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Center for AMS, revealed that observed measurement errors were nearly all attributable to modeled counting errors.
Polyhalo-organometallic and -organometalloidal compounds XXV. The metalation of some pentachlorophenyl-substituted organosilicon compounds☆

Abstract Bis(pentachlorophenyl)dimethylsilane and 1,3-bis(pentachlorophenyl)tetramethyldisiloxane can be metalated with n-butyllithium in THF at low temperature to give organolithium reagents, in which the lithium atom is in the para -position to the silicon atom. Several compounds were obtained by treating the organolithium reagents thus formed, with chlorotrimethylsilane, 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane, dimethyldichlorosilane and dimethylchlorosilane. Some of the organosilicon compounds reported were prepared by two alternative routes to prove further the proposed structures.
The relationship of gender and sex-role orientation to vocational undecidedness

Abstract This investigation examined the effects of gender and sex-role identity on vocational indecision and its multiple subtypes. Data were collected on 191 undergraduate students, and the results of the analyses revealed that sex-role orientation was strongly related to subjects' levels of vocational undecidedness. Nontraditionally sex-typed subjects scored at significantly higher levels on all indecision indices than did traditionally sex-typed subjects. However, no gender-related differences were found among the various indecision indices. Implications for future research are discussed.
Early Cambrian provincialism and biogeographic boundaries in the North Atlantic region

Early Cambrian lithofacies and their stratigraphic context, characteristic of a number of tectonic elements within the North Atlantic region, are interpreted with respect to depositional environment and related trilobite provincialism. Faunas of the North American province are typically indigenous to shallow, warm water on a sand-carbonate shelf on the North American craton; those of the Scandian province to shallow cold water with predominantly clastic deposition on the European platform; those of the Avalonian province to shallow cold water with predominantly clastic deposition fringing islands and rises on the Iapetus Ocean floor; Intermediate zone faunas, consisting of North American, Avalonian and endemic elements, to the slope or margin of the North American shelf; faunas of the Tethyan province to a shelf bordering Gondwanaland ranging from warm to cold at different times and different places, and under some Avalonian influence in the later Early Cambrian; and a pelagic realm characterized by agnostids. Biogeographic boundaries are related to the position of the thermocline and to light regimen, which determines the biogeography of autotrophs and hence of provincial niche structure. Provincialism is determined by gross environmental differences reinforced by biotic factors.
Solvent extraction of ethanol from aqueous solutions. II. Linear, branched, and ring-containing alcohol solvents

Distribution coefficients have been measured for the partitioning of ethanol and water from aqueous mixtures into 57 different alcohol solvents. The study has focused on the effects of systematic variations in chemical structure of the alcohols. Factors found to be important include chain length and hydroxyl position for the x-alcohols (i.e., 1-heptanol through 1-dodecanol, 2-heptanol through 2-undecanol, etc.), branch structure (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, etc.) for a branch located on the hydroxyl carbon, location of the branch relative to the hydroxyl carbon, and multiple branching.
The potential role of state-dependent learning in cognitive therapy with spider phobics

Investigated the potential role of state-dependent learning in cognitive therapy with spider phobics. It was hypothesized that one strategy for increasing the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for anxiety would be to induce anxiety in subjects while they were learning the cognitive restructuring principles (i.e., during treatment). Thirty-two undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions. Subjects in the five treatment conditions (the sixth was a no-treatment control condition) met for three sessions of cognitive restructuring,in vivo exposure, or a facts lecture (i.e., the placebo group). Results indicated that when working with spider phobics, three sessions of cognitive restructuring,in vivo exposure, or a facts lecture resulted in equal effectiveness immediately following treatment, but are more effective than no-treatment at all.
Structural integrity of infant salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) in IgA1 protease-rich environments

IgA1 protease-secreting Streptococcus mitis often dominate the oral flora of the neonate and young infant at a time when salivary IgA concentrations are low and usually enriched in the secretory IgA1 subclass. To study the possible influence of these degradative enzymes on emerging host immunity, the presence of IgA1 protease-secreting streptococci was related to the structural integrity of salivary IgA in 24 infants who were between 3 and 18 weeks of age. At least one IgA1 protease-secreting strain could be isolated from the oral mucosa of 79% of the infants and comprised a mean of 38% of the total streptococcal flora of these infants. Chromatographic analyses of resting whole saliva from 16 infants revealed, however, that 95% of the secretory IgA (range 88-100%) remained intact, indicating that minimal immediate IgA proteolysis occurred in the bulk salivary phase. Proteolysis of infant salivary IgA, presumably by indigenous IgA1 protease, could be observed after extended (more than 7 h) in situ incubation of whole saliva at 37 degrees C. Salivary IgA antibody activities to S. mitis components were demonstrated by Western blot in infants colonized with an IgA1 protease-secreting flora. Preliminary evidence suggested that salivary antibody activity in some infants may be directed to IgA1 protease. Thus, the infant's antibody defenses not only appear very early in life but are substantively intact in the bulk salivary phase, even when the oral cavity is colonized with IgA1 protease-secreting streptococcal flora.
A prospective controlled study to determine the blood propofol concentration in anesthesiologists exposed to propofol vapor in the expired gases of patients receiving propofol-based intravenous sedation

Abstract Study Objective To determine the blood propofol concentration of anesthesiologists who were exposed to the expired gases of patients receiving propofol-based intravenous (IV) sedation. Design Prospective controlled investigation and laboratory analysis. Setting Operating room of a university hospital and an independent technical laboratory. Subjects 5 anesthesiologists who independently delivered propofol-based IV sedation to patients presenting for first trimester termination of pregnancy. In addition, a patient receiving propofol-based IV sedation was recruited as a positive control. A laboratory technician who never had previous exposure to propofol was recruited as a negative control. Interventions Blood samples were obtained from each anesthesiologist before and after an 8-hour work period of anesthesia care of patients as described above. Blood samples were also obtained from the positive control, following propofol-based IV sedation, and the negative control. Measurements An independent laboratory determined the blood propofol concentrations using a gas-liquid partition chromatograph and verified the results by repeated measurements in order to avoid a laboratory error. The gas-liquid partition chromatograph had an analytic capability that set the detection limit for propofol at 50 ng/mL. Main Results None of the anesthesiologists had detectable blood propofol concentration in either the pre-exposure or post-exposure sample. The positive control and the negative control had detectable and non-detectable blood propofol concentration, respectively. Conclusions This experiment did not detect propofol in the blood of anesthesiologists who administered propofol-based IV sedation to patients.