cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of fear upon exploratory behavior

Montgomery (1955) allowed rats to explore elevated and enclosed Y -mazes and found that rats in elevated mazes made fewer arm entries than rats in enclosed mazes. The type of maze had no effect on the order­ liness of the exploration. Lester (1967b) suggested that this latter result is misleading. Given that rats in elevated mazes have higher fear levels than rats in enclosed mazes, then rats in elevated mazes should show more repetition than rats in enclosed mazes. Con­ sider a rat in Arm A who enters Arm B and then turns around to face the choice point again. The higher the rat's fear level the more likely it should be to enter the most recently visited arm, Arm A, since that arm should arouse less fear than the arm not recently visited, Arm C. Lester suggested that Montgomery's failure to find this result might have arisen from his consideration of the total exploration period rather than the first choice. After the initial choices, all arms have been visited and so may not differ in the fear that they give rise to. Mowrer (1960) has suggested that a hungry rat is a scared rat. Mowrer talks of rats developing thirst fear and hunger fear (1960, pp. 147-148). Thus, it might be expected that deprivation versus satiation should have a similar effect on exploratory behavior as does elevating or enclosing the maze. The present experiment sought to test these ideas. Method The Ss were 80 naive male albino rats of the Charles River Breeding Laboratories strain CD with minimal experience of handling. They were 120-124 days old. The apparatus consisted of two Y -mazes made of wood. Both had arms 22 in. long and 6 in. wide. One was enclosed, with arms 6 in. high covered with hard­ ware cloth. The other was elevated 25 in. An observer was seated behind a screen equipped with an observation hole. The rats were run either in elevated mazes (El) or enclosed mazes (En) and either with 0 h or 24 h of food deprivation. There were four groups each with 20 rats: El-O, El-24, En-O, and En-24. Each rat was placed in the Y -maze for one 20 min exploration period and the sequence of arms entered was noted. An entry into an arm was defined as made when all
Effect of intensive blood pressure control with valsartan on urinary albumin excretion in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Diabetes is the most common cause of renal failure in the United States, and data regarding the effects of aggressive blood pressure (BP) therapy in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes are inadequate. Methods: A total of 129 type 2 diabetic patients with a BP of 140/80 to 90 mm Hg without overt albuminuria were randomized to either intensive BP control (diastolic BP goal 75 mm Hg) using an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, versus moderate BP control (diastolic BP 80 to 90 mm Hg with placebo initially) to evaluate the effect on the change in urinary albumin excretion (UAE) from baseline. Results: The mean entrance BP was 126 8.8/84 2.4 mm Hg. The mean follow-up period was 1.9 1.0 years. During the follow-up period, the mean BP was 118 10.9/75 5.7 for the intensive v 124 10.9/80 6.5 mm Hg for the moderate BP groups (P .001). No difference was observed in change in creatinine clearance or serum creatinine from baseline between the two groups. An analysis of covariance model for change in log (UAE 1), adjusting for age, HBA 1c , duration of diabetes, baseline log (UAE 1), sex, and ethnicity resulted in a significant treatment difference at 2 years (P .007) with intensive BP control reducing log (UAE1) compared with moderate BP control. Conclusion: Intensive BP control with valsartan to 120/80 mm Hg in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes and normo- or microalbuminuria significantly decreased the progression of UAE and in some cases caused regression of UAE. Am J Hypertens 2006;19: 1241‐1248 © 2006 American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation in LiF at High Temperatures

Measurements of ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$, the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times, are reported for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ and ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ nuclei in a single crystal of LiF. ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{Li})$ has been measured from room temperature to the melting point (1120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and the other quantities from 830\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the melting point. Above 620\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, relaxation is caused exclusively by the diffusion of Li and F ions. ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{Li})$, ${T}_{2}(\mathrm{Li})$, and ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{F})$ are mainly determined by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{Li}}$, the jump frequency of Li ions, and ${T}_{2}(\mathrm{F})$ mainly by ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{F}}$. Using a theory of relaxation developed elsewhere, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{Li}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ are obtained for the region of intrinsic diffusion as ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{Li}}=1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}1.81 \mathrm{eV}/kT)$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{F}}=4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}2.2 \mathrm{eV}/kT)$. For the extrinsic region, the motional activation energy of Li ions is obtained as 0.71 eV. The values of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{Li}}$ are in good agreement with those obtained from conductivity measurements; to our knowledge, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ has never been measured by other methods. Below 620\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K quadrupolar relaxation due to lattice vibrations and relaxation by paramagnetic impurities become important, and rough values are obtained for these contributions to ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{Li})$. Large angular variations of ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ are observed in the region of relaxation due to atomic diffusion. ${T}_{2}(\mathrm{Li})$ and ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{Li})$ vary by a factor of 2 and 1.5, respectively, as a function of crystal orientation, in good agreement with theoretical prediction. A crude measurement of ${T}_{1}(\mathrm{Li})$ in molten LiF is discussed.
The Catholic Church in America, the Discipline of Bioethics, and the Culture of Life: Looking to the Encyclical Evangelium Vitae for Guidance.

In this paper, I will first briefly discuss why the Catholic Church has always had and continues to have such a great concern for bioethics or health-care ethics, while I also highlight the biblica...
Effect of Hydrogen and Magnetic Field on the Mechanical Behavior of High Strength AISI 4340 Steel

Presence of hydrogen in materials is known to affect their mechanical properties due to hydrogen embrittlement problem. Steels used in various applications are prone to be exposed to aqueous electrochemical environments, which may introduce hydrogen into the alloy. These alloys are also prone to be simultaneously exposed to magnetic field, which may affect the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of these alloys. Therefore, it is important to examine the effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the mechanical behavior of iron-based alloys. In this work, the effect of hydrogen and magnetic field on the fracture behavior of high strength AISI 4340 steel was examined. Three-point bend test was used to study the fracture behavior. In all the cases, the samples tested with hydrogen charging show a drastic reduction in ductility and fracture stress values. The effect of magnetic field was seen to be negligible. The hydrogen embrittlement was characterized by a change in the fracture surface from a ductile-type fracture to a brittle cleavage-type fracture. Acoustic emission signals collected during the test corresponds to the fracture behavior.
The Application of Genetic Knowledge: Ethical and Policy Implications

This article explores societal ethical concerns about the application of the rapidly developing knowledge in the field of genetics. The article calls for nurses to reflect on these ethical concerns not only in the care of patients but also in professional and societal discussion, so that sound ethical and societally acceptable public policy can be adopted. A brief summary introduces the concepts of ethics and policy. The text than offers discussion of genetic testing for adults and children, testing in relation to behavioral attributes, and genetics and reproduction. Hypothetical cases using fictional names are used to illustrate each section. Recommendations for nurse action are cited. Finally, the article poses questions that require public awareness and discussion.
Changes in MEPP and EPP amplitude distributions in the mouse diaphragm during synapse formation and degeneration

Miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) and end-plate potential (EPP) amplitude histograms were examined in the mouse diaphragm during degeneration, deterioration, re-innervation and neonatal development. MEPPs and EPPs were recorded with conventional electrophysiological techniques. Control MEPP amplitude distributions from mice 21-30 days old showed two classes of MEPPs. The larger class composed 80-90% of the MEPPs and formed a bell-shaped distribution (bell-MEPPs). The smaller class (skew-MEPPs) formed a skewed distribution with a peak 1/7 to 1/15 that of bell-MEPPs. Usually, MEPP amplitude distributions did not change during the course of nerve degeneration or during deterioration in the bath. MEPP amplitude distributions from newly re-innervated fibers were composed mainly of skew-MEPPs. At later stages of re-innervation the relative numbers of skew-MEPPs decreased. Many fibers from neonatal mice (2-3 days old) also showed mainly skew-MEPPs. Rise time vs amplitude plots were constructed from neonatal and re-innervating preparations. The skew-MEPP time-to-peak measurements fell on or below the regression line calculated from the time-to-peak data of the bell-MEPPs. This indicates that the skew-MEPPs originated from the same site as the bell-MEPPs. Unitary EPPs were recorded from neonatal and re-innervating preparations by reducing the evoked response with cobalt ions (4 mM). Distributions of unitary EPPs were similar to those of bell-MEPPs. It is concluded that there are two classes of spontaneous quanta. The skew-MEPP class dominates MEPP amplitude distributions during the early stages of re-innervation and early neonatal preparations. In all stages of development the unitary evoked EPPs have the same mean amplitude and time-to-peak as the bell-MEPPs. The data suggest that the skew class is not available for evoked release.
Mutations in the rotavirus spike protein VP4 reduce trypsin sensitivity but not viral spread.

Infectious entry of the nonenveloped rotavirus virion requires proteolysis of the spike protein VP4 to mediate conformational changes associated with membrane penetration. We sequenced and characterized an isolate that was cultured in the absence of trypsin and found that it is more resistant to proteolysis than WT virus. A substitution mutation abrogates one of the defined trypsin-cleavage sites, suggesting that blocking proteolysis at this site reduces the overall kinetics of proteolysis. Kinetic analysis of the membrane penetration-associated conformational change indicated that the ‘fold-back’ of the mutant spike protein is slower than that of WT. Despite these apparent biochemical defects, the mutant virus replicates in an identical manner to the WT virus. These findings enhance an understanding of VP4 functions and establish new strategies to interrogate rotavirus cell entry.
Subpopulations of striatal interneurons can be distinguished on the basis of neurotrophic factor expression.

Substantial evidence supports a role for trophic activities in the function and survival of fully mature striatal neurons, but little is known regarding trophic factor expression in adult striatum. In situ hybridization was used to identify the distribution and the neurotransmitter phenotypes (i.e., cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]-ergic) of cells expressing acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), or nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA in adult rat striatum. Each trophic factor mRNA was localized to large, sparsely scattered striatal cells that corresponded to interneurons. Double-labeling studies demonstrated that NGF mRNA was expressed by GABAergic and never by cholinergic cells, whereas aFGF and GDNF mRNAs were expressed by both cell types. Approximately 75% of aFGF+ and GDNF+ cells in dorsal striatum and 46% of aFGF+ and 61% of GDNF+ cells in ventral striatum were cholinergic. Conversely, about 32% of aFGF+ and 24% of GDNF+ cells in dorsal striatum and 55% of aFGF+ and 27% of GDNF+ cells in ventral striatum were GABAergic. A portion of aFGF+ and NGF+ cells was of the parvalbumin GABAergic subtype. The colocalization of trophic factor expression was also examined. Of aFGF+ cells, 20% and 41% were NGF+ and 67% and 83% were GDNF+ in dorsal and ventral striata, respectively. These findings demonstrate that aFGF, GDNF, and NGF are synthesized by discrete but overlapping populations of striatal interneurons. The expression of these survival factors may contribute to the resistance of striatal interneurons to various insults including excitotoxicity. J. Comp. Neurol. 408:283–298, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Direct Simulation of Initial Value Problems for the Motion of Solid Bodies in a Newtonian Fluid Part 1. Sedimentation

This paper reports the result of direct simulations of fluid–particle motions in two dimensions. We solve the initial value problem for the sedimentation of circular and elliptical particles in a vertical channel. The fluid motion is computed from the Navier–Stokes equations for moderate Reynolds numbers in the hundreds. The particles are moved according to the equations of motion of a rigid body under the action of gravity and hydrodynamic forces arising from the motion of the fluid. The solutions are as exact as our finite-element calculations will allow. As the Reynolds number is increased to 600, a circular particle can be said to experience five different regimes of motion: steady motion with and without overshoot and weak, strong and irregular oscillations. An elliptic particle always turn its long axis perpendicular to the fall, and drifts to the centreline of the channel during sedimentation. Steady drift, damped oscillation and periodic oscillation of the particle are observed for different ranges of the Reynolds number. For two particles which interact while settling, a steady staggered structure, a periodic wake-action regime and an active drafting–kissing–tumbling scenario are realized at increasing Reynolds numbers. The non-linear effects of particle–fluid, particle–wall and interparticle interactions are analysed, and the mechanisms controlling the simulated flows are shown to be lubrication, turning couples on long bodies, steady and unsteady wakes and wake interactions. The results are compared to experimental and theoretical results previously published.
Sampling Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations.

Sampling has been the single most influential component of conducting research with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations. Poor sampling designs can result in biased results that will mislead other researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. Investigators wishing to study LGB populations must therefore devote significant energy and resources to choosing a sampling approach and executing the sampling plan. The authors describe probability and nonprobability sampling methods used in LGB populations and critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the sampling methods they review. The authors conclude that no single sampling methodology is correct or incorrect for use in LGB populations; rather, researchers must evaluate advantages and disadvantages of each sampling methodology in the context of the specific research question and the research design.
Size-arrival effects: the potential roles of conflicts between monocular and binocular time-to-contact information, and of computer aliasing.

With computer simulations of self-motion, participants approached a floating object and tried to “jump” over it without collision. Participants “jumped” significantly later over small objects than they did over larger objects. This occurred when the displays were viewed monocularly or binocularly, a finding that suggests that such size-arrival effects (DeLucia & Warren, 1994) were not due to a conflict between monocular and binocular cues to time-to-contact (TTC) information (Tresilian, 1994,1995). Moreover, the results further suggest that size-arrival effects are not due to irregularities in TTC information that can occur from computer abasing and that the latter does not always affect TTC estimation; visual information used in such judgments does not seem to be extracted on a frame-by-frame basis.
Power-Law Kinetics in the Photoluminescence of Dye-Sensitized Nanoparticle Films: Implications for Electron Injection and Charge Transport

Dye-sensitized solar cells have provided a model to inexpensively harness solar energy, but the underlying physics that limit their efficiency are still not well understood. We probe electron injection in sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 films using time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) to measure time-dependent chromophore photoluminescence quenching. The time-dependent emission exhibits kinetics that become faster and more dispersive with increasing ionic concentrations in both water and acetonitrile; we quantify these trends by fitting the data using several kinetic models. Even more notably, we show that the residual emission under conditions that favor efficient electron injection exhibits a power-law decay in time. We attribute this highly dispersive kinetic behavior to electron injection from the dye into localized acceptor states of the TiO2 nanoparticle film, which exhibits a distribution of injection rate constants that depend on the energetic distribution of sub-band-gap trap states.
Response of an algal assemblage to nutrient enrichment and shading in a Hawaiian stream

To investigate the effects of nitrate enrichment, phosphate enrichment, and light availability on benthic algae, nutrient-diffusing clay flowerpots were colonized with algae at two sites in a Hawaiian stream during spring and autumn 2002 using a randomized factorial design. The algal assemblage that developed under the experimental conditions was investigated by determining biomass (ash-free dry mass and chlorophyll a concentrations) and composition of the diatom assemblage. In situ pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometry was also used to model photosynthetic rate of the algal assemblage. Algal biomass and maximum photosynthetic rate were significantly higher at the unshaded site than at the shaded site. These parameters were higher at the unshaded site with either nitrate, or to a lesser degree, nitrate plus phosphate enrichment. Analysis of similarity of diatom assemblages showed significant differences between shaded and unshaded sites, as well as between spring and autumn experiments, but not between nutrient treatments. However, several individual species of diatoms responded significantly to nitrate enrichment. These results demonstrate that light availability (shaded vs. unshaded) is the primary limiting factor to algal growth in this stream, with nitrogen as a secondary limiting factor.
Serum oxalate in human beings and rats as determined with the use of ion chromatography

Abstract Previous enzymatic determinations have suggested that serum oxalate concentrations in normal rats, the main animal model used in urolithiasis research, to be 3 to 5 times greater than those in healthy human subjects. In this report we validated this observation using a different method (ion chromatography) on serum samples from healthy rats and human subjects that were prepared and handled similarly. Oxalate recoveries during sample preparation for ion chromatography were strongly and variably affected by ultrafiltration devices employed for sample deproteinization and after Cl − removal by means of ion exchange. When oxalate recoveries were accounted for, we found significant differences in serum oxalate (6 human samples, 1.47 ± 0.15 μmol/L; and 15 rat samples, 9.88 ± 0.91 μmol/L). We conclude that ion-chromatographic techniques confirm the differences in serum oxalate concentrations between rats and human beings measured enzymatically and that failure to account for oxalate losses during sample preparation for ion chromatography can lead to significant underestimation of serum oxalate in both species.
Interdependent preferences on finite sets

Abstract The degree of interdependence of a preference relation ≻ on a finite subset X of a product set X 1 × X 2 × … × X n is defined in terms of the highest order of preference interaction among the X i that must be taken into account in a real-valued, interdependent additive representation for ≻. The degree is zero when indifference holds throughout X , and zero or one in the additive conjoint measurement case. A degree of n signifies complete preference interdependence among the X i . Following an axiomatic characterization of degree of interdependence, it is shown that two special instances of this characterization are equivalent to the original. This is caused by the combinatorial aspects of the situation. The final section discusses the case where each X i has two elements.
Magnetic susceptibility measurements on some new cerium compounds for adiabatic demagnetization

Magnetic susceptibility measurements to temperatures below 5 mK were made on powdered samples of two cerium compounds: a complex of cerium thiocyanate and triphenyl phosphine oxide, and a complex of cerium iodide and antipyrine. In addition, an adiabatic demagnetization experiment was performed on the cerium thiocyanate complex which resulted in an observed minimum magnetic temperature of 1.42 mK. Also discussed is an interesting design feature of the3He−4He dilution refrigerator which makes possible the attainment of temperatures as low as 3.5 mK.
Hydrogel Spacing for Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Introduction The rectum is particularly sensitive to radiation and it represents the dose limiting structure during radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Transperineally inserted rectal hydrogel spacers were proposed as a technique to limit the rectal radiation dose and rectal toxicity during prostate radiation therapy. Methods Different spacing materials, including hyaluronic acid, polyethylene glycol and human collagen, have been tested as potential rectal spacing agents to reduce radiation exposure to the rectum and limit rectal toxicity. Results Early results from studies in which 1 to 48 patients received rectal spacers demonstrate that rectal spacers during prostate radiation therapy appear to be feasible and tolerable, and are not associated with significant side effects. The published literature shows a median or mean space achieved between the rectum and prostate that typically ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 cm, significant reductions in rectal radiation dose, a low rate of acute gastrointestinal toxicity and short-term quality of life benefits when comparing men who receive rectal spacers during prostate radiation therapy to those who do not. Conclusions Rectal spacers could potentially allow for greater dose escalation and hypofractionation while reducing rectal toxicity or protecting against increased rectal toxicity. This could theoretically lead to better tumor control, decreased toxicity and health care costs, and improved patient and provider satisfaction. Although short-term results based on the small cohort studies summarized in this review are encouraging, longer followup and larger, randomized trials are needed to determine the impact of rectal spacers on tumor control and late rectal toxicity.
Experimental tests of charge symmetry violation in parton distributions

Recently, a global phenomenological fit to high energy data has included charge symmetry breaking terms, leading to limits on the allowed magnitude of such effects. We discuss two possible experiments that could search for isospin violation in valence parton distributions. We show that, given the magnitude of charge symmetry violation consistent with existing global data, such experiments might expect to see effects at a level of several percent. Alternatively, such experiments could significantly decrease the upper limits on isospin violation in parton distributions.
Mate Choice and Learning

Individuals acquire information from their environment throughout life, and for some, such information may be applied toward decisions regarding potential mates – resulting in mate-choice learning. Mate-choice learning can be based upon personal experiences with others (private or personal information) or upon the observation of others (public information) and may occur throughout development. Here, we provide a summary of socially influenced mate-choice learning using a framework of private versus public sources of information. We highlight some mechanisms of mate-choice learning and end with a discussion of how mate-choice learning might influence such evolutionary processes as speciation, hybridization, and sexual selection.
Review of ultraviolet laser physics

A review of the status and properties of coherent sources of ultraviolet radiation is presented. This includes a wide range of developments concerning atomic and molecular systems useful for generating wavelengths below 4000 A, as well as progress in alternative methods of ultraviolet production. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in molecular bound-free systems whose operation is enhanced at high densities. It is believed that some of these systems may be scalable to sufficiently high-energy outputs to be useful in controlled fusion applications. A brief prognosis and discussion of future developments tending to the X-ray region are given.
Basosquamous carcinoma—an under-recognized, high-risk cutaneous neoplasm: Case study and review of the literature

Basosquamous carcinoma of the skin is a relatively rare cutaneous neoplasm that has been shown to have significant metastatic potential. Histopathologists debate whether these lesions arise de novo or differentiate from pre-existing basal cell carcinomas. We present a case in which a longstanding lesion initially diagnosed as basal cell carcinoma was later found to have basosquamous histology and regional metastases. Review of the literature reveals a metastatic rate greater than that of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and identifies several important characteristics that impact prognosis after surgical resection. For physicians treating carcinomas of the skin, it is important to understand the natural history and proper treatment of this aggressive neoplasm.
Treatment modalities for bacterial rhinosinusitis.

Importance of the field: Rhinosinusitis is a common illness that represents a substantial economic burden. The vast majority of cases resolve spontaneously but a small proportion develops a secondary bacterial infection. Accurate diagnosis of rhinosinusitis depends upon clinical assessment. Isolation of the causative agents must be considered in cases failing initial treatment.Areas covered in this review: This up-to-date review defines the anatomy, pathogenesis, phases of rhinosinusitis, the unique microbiology of each type of rhinosnusitis (acute and chronic, acute exacerbation, nosocomial, rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised host, and rhinosinusitis of ododental origin), clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.What the reader will gain: The reader will gain understanding of the above issues and logic for choosing the appropriate treatment for each condition of rhinosinusitis.Take home message: The proper choice of antibiotic therapy depends on the probable infecting pathogens, bacterial antibiotic ...
The Importance of Academic Deans' Interpersonal/Negotiating Skills as Leaders

Four academic deans investigated when and how they used interpersonal/negotiating skills to function effectively in their positions. For two full weeks, the deans coded their on-the-job interactions during scheduled meetings, informal meetings, spontaneous encounters/meetings, telephone calls, and select email. Analyses revealed that the interpersonal/negotiating skills used, from most to least prevalent, were: working closely with others, being responsive to key persons, negotiating key players' roles, and keeping key persons in the organisation informed. Across these engagements, the deans interacted with 35 different categories of stakeholders inside and outside their institutions for 32 different purposes. Given the nature and range of interactions, the deans concluded that practicing and prospective deans should likely have access to professional development opportunities explicitly focused on working closely with others. Future research would need to confirm, however, whether interpersonal/negotiati...
Restoration of all-optical mesh networks with path-based flooding

The exponential growth of data traffic has led to substantial deployment of wavelength-division multiplexing networks. Reliability becomes increasingly important as the number of critical applications that depend on proper operation of these networks grows. Protection against failures of links or nodes can be achieved using a wide variety of approaches, which offer tradeoffs in terms of speed of recovery, cost of equipment, protection capacity, and management overhead. Optically transparent networks provide several advantages over optically opaque networks for supporting the growing communication demands, but suffer from several drawbacks that make direct application of the most capacity-efficient protection schemes difficult. In this paper, we introduce a flooding-based recovery scheme for optically transparent networks that provides 100% recovery from all single link and node failures in a capacity-efficient manner. In essence, this scheme applies the notion of active flooding of backup traffic introduced by generalized loopback to the problem of path protection. Our recovery scheme can achieve fast restoration (comparable to rings) with little data loss by using backup traffic flooding without the overhead of signaling and setup of intermediate cross-connects along the recovery path. We present simulation results for online provisioning of lightpaths with uniformly distributed traffic demands over optically transparent networks using our restoration scheme. The results show that the scheme offers an interesting tradeoff between capacity cost and recovery speed for all-optical networks. For five representative networks, the approach limits data loss to about 20 ms while using 14% less capacity relative to dedicated (1:1) mesh protection. Shared mesh protection (path protection) with a wavelength continuity constraint uses 19% less capacity with roughly 90 ms of data loss.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the pulmonary hilum in an adult

A rare case of a thoracic primitive neuroectodermal tumor in an adult is presented. In this case, the aggressive, rapid progression characteristic of the disease was evident.
Family physicians' colposcopy practices.

Background: The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the extent to which family physicians are performing colposcopy, (2) which colposcopic procedures are performed by these family physicians, (3) demographic characteristics of physics who perform colposcopy, and (4) whether physicians who do not perform colposcopy plan to do so in the future. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to all 757 self-identified family practice physicians in Arizona. Results: The return rate was 72 percent, and the response rate was 55.5 percent. Results indicated that 19.3 percent of respondents were trained to perform colposcopy, and 9.5 percent actually have performed it. For those performing colposcopy, the mean number of procedures performed during the previous 6 months was 25 (range 2–100). Conclusions: Certain barriers to performing colposcopy were identified: (1) lack of available training, (2) interspecialty “turf battles,” (3) quality assurance, and (4) the cost of malpractice liability insurance. Nevertheless, there were no insurmountable reasons why family physicians could not perform colposcopy.
Philosophical Ponderings on Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing

This article focuses on the philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research methods. The historical context reflects an interpretive turn from envisioning nursing as a natural science to one of a human science. The phenomological paradigm is reflected upon in the questioning of perception, philosophy, nursing philosophy, paradigms, assumptions, and praxis. An invitation to embrace human understanding of experience, meaning of life worlds, the essences of experience, the attentive practice of thoughtfulness, and caring attunements is extended. The aims of discovery and qualitative research methods are presented within social, experiential, linguistic, and cultural contexts. In a fundamental sense, this paper is about the meaning and seriousness of human experience and nursing's efforts to study such experience faithfully, with reverence and wonderment.
Characterization of mouthguard materials: A comparison of a commercial material to a novel thiolene family

The goal of this study is to compare the thermal and mechanical properties of a commercial mouthguard material with a novel class of thermoset polymers based on thiolene “click” chemistry. Ternary thiolene systems modified with urethane or acrylate [urethane-modified thiolene network (UMTEN) and acrylate-modified thiolene network (AMTEN), respectively] were synthesized and their properties compared with commercially available Polyshok™. Durometer hardness (ASTM D2240-05), water absorption [ASTM D570-98 (2005)], tear strength (ASTM D624-00), and impact attenuation [ASTM D6110-06f (modified)] were measured for physical property comparison. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis were used as a means to compare thermal properties. One-way analysis of variance and independent t tests were used to test for differences between Polyshok™, AMTEN and UMTEN samples. It was found that the novel thiolene networks exhibit higher impact attenuation at intraoral temperature compared with Polyshok™, although Polyshok™ demonstrates lower water absorption and hardness, as well as higher tear strength. With further modification, this family of thiolene materials may provide a platform for developing next-generation mouthguard materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40402.
The effects of behavior modification on the attitudes of delinquents.

Abstract This study investigates whether exposure to the rehabilitation techniques of behavior modification changes the attitudes of delinquents so that they more closely approximate the norms of the community. The attitudes of delinquent boys in a community based home that uses behavior modification principles are contrasted over time with a control group of eighth grade boys from the same community. The results suggest that the delinquent boys tend to improve dramatically in self-esteem and from externality to internality, actually scoring more favorably in each case than the control group at post-test. They improve also in achievement orientation but they remain below the control group. Finally, the delinquent boys are slightly less Machiavellian than the control group and this did not change across time.
Friendship Meeting or Blocking Circle?: Identities in the Laminated Spaces of a Playground Conflict

Drawing from an incident that took place during a year-long investigation of children's play and peer culture on a school playground, the author argues that seemingly neutral child-centered techniques can maintain and even strengthen existing gender inequalities as teachers and children access laminated but contradictory identity positions surrounding agentic educational discourse. As children revisit the original conflict, they laminate time-spaces to discursively reconstruct events and position themselves advantageously. Critical discourse analysis problematizes the effects of a conflict resolution strategy based upon gendered notions of learner agency in a cultural model of teaching: developmentally appropriate practice (DAP). Although the focus of this article is a single event on one elementary school playground in the USA, the author suggest that the presence of the DAP cultural model internationally means that many early childhood teachers may experience similar ambiguity over gendered tensions that arise around issues of agency and authority as they attempt to resolve children's conflicts during play.
Brief Report: Maintenance of Effects of Motivational Enhancement Therapy to Improve Risk Behaviors and HIV-related Health in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Youth Living with HIV

Objective To examine the maintenance of effects of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) shown to improve risk behaviors and viral load in youth living with HIV (YLH) immediately posttreatment. Methods Sixty-five youth (ages 16-25 years) were randomized to Healthy Choices or a waitlist control. Frequency of substance use, frequency of unprotected intercourse, and viral load were obtained at baseline, 3, and 6 months after study entry. The waitlist control then received intervention. An additional data collection was obtained at 9 months for follow-up of the original treatment group. Results One-tailed ANOVA showed that the treatment group had greater reductions in viral load and alcohol use from baseline to 6 months. These reductions appeared to be maintained at 9-month follow-up. Improvements in sexual risk were not evident. Conclusions MET showed significant promise in reducing substance use and in improving HIV-related health in YLH immediately posttreatment. These effects were maintained after treatment termination.
Covariability of Aspects of North American Climate with Global Sea Surface Temperatures on Interannual to Interdecadal Timescales

Abstract Rotated canonical correlation analysis between seasonal- and longer-mean global SSTs and either U.S. surface temperatures or 700-hPa heights in the Pacific–North America region have led to decompositions into three distinct signals. One of these represents the interannual variability of ENSO and a second is related to the North Atlantic oscillation and exhibits considerable variability on interdecadal timescales. In contrast the temporal behavior of the third, which is referred to here as the global signal, is mostly characterized by a steady trend since the late 1960s. The robustness of this time series to variations in the analyses, as well as the robustness of the spatial structure of the SST pattern accompanying it, suggests that the decomposition represents a successful separation of the climate signal from the climate noise. When viewed in the context of other recent work, the global signal cannot be discounted as a “fingerprint” of global warming. Finally, calculations that exploit ensembl...
Studying Communication Patterns during Surgery

This paper describes the communication analyses performed from both live and post-hoc review of 48 surgery cases at an academic medical center. Team performance in the operating room is relatively understudied and non-standardized compared to other high-risk industries. Our research group has worked to evaluate interventions for improving team performance. In this study, we compared the use of a checklist by the senior surgeon to current practices (where no checklist is used), and evaluated teams based on technical errors and communication skills. Communication was measured quantitatively by dividing the procedure into specific events and scoring individual team members using a grading scale from 1 to 5. Using this measure, the intervention group had significantly higher scores in several communication categories. Next, a subset of team member quotes were qualitatively analyzed and divided into four phases: setting the course, gathering data, exchanging information, and tribulations. This qualitative data...
A Direct Time-Domain Near-Field to Far-Field Transform for the FDTD Analysis of Radiation in the Presence of an Infinite Grounded Dielectric Slab

In this paper, we describe a direct time-domain near-field to far-field transform (NFFFT) for the FDTD analysis of structures radiating in the presence of an infinite grounded dielectric slab. The transform is demonstrated by examining the time-domain radiation from a length of microstrip transmission line
The descriptive experience sampling method

Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) is a method for exploring inner experience. DES subjects carry a random beeper in natural environments; when the beep sounds, they capture their inner experience, jot down notes about it, and report it to an investigator in a subsequent expositional interview. DES is a fundamentally idiographic method, describing faithfully the pristine inner experiences of persons. Subsequently, DES can be used in a nomothetic way to describe the characteristics of groups of people who share some common characteristic. This paper describes DES and compares it to Petitmengin’s [Phenomenol Cogn Sci, this issue] second-person interview method.
The use of communication-closed layers to support imprecise scheduling for distributed, real-time programs

The concept of communication-closed layers (CCL) of distributed programs that was introduced by the author (1989) is adapted for scheduling real-time tasks in a tightly-bound environment. A simple scheduling mechanism for tightly-bound concurrent programs based on CCL is proposed. This scheduling strategy supports an imprecise computation approach and hence it can be used for real-time systems where deadlines are met with acceptable precision. It is flexible because the priorities given to the tasks within a layer can be controlled by different factors and they are user defined. Logical units for scheduling are decided at the design phase using layering and hence the programmer has more control over scheduling of the program rather than writing programs that suit a particular scheduler. This scheduling mechanism is general and can be utilized for single or multi-processor systems in a centralized or distributed environment. >
Nematoda and Nematomorpha

The phylum Nematoda comprises a wide range of roundworms that can be grouped either in nutritional (microbotrophic, predaceous, and parasitic in plants, invertebrates, or vertebrates) or ecological (soil, marine, freshwater, ectoparasitic, endoparasitic, or freeliving) categories. Relatively, little attention has been devoted to this important group of invertebrates by freshwater biologists because of difficulties associated with sampling, extraction, and identification. Nematode representatives of essentially all of the nutritional categories mentioned above occur in freshwater during one or more life stages. However, nematodes are treated in this chapter only if all or a large part of their life cycle occurs in freshwater habitats. Nematode parasites of vertebrates that live in or frequent freshwater usually occur in the freshwater habitat only as eggs or within intermediate hosts. Mermithid parasites of insects are included in the study because the eggs, infective stages, post parasitic juveniles, and adults occur in freshwater habitats. The systematic arrangement of these genera is listed in the chapter. Freshwater nematodes covered in the chapter could be considered as belonging to all groups, the large free-living stages of the Mermithidae would be considered macrofauna, the majority of the adults and juveniles of the other groups would fall under meiofauna, and the young juveniles and eggs of many forms would fall into the microfaunal category. Thus, for nematodes in general, these size categories are little used, although they are helpful if only certain stages are being studied.
The Possible Role of Enteroviruses in Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is the most common severe chronic childhood illness, affecting an estimated 123,000 children in the United States. Picornaviruses have long been examined for their role as the primary etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a murine picornavirus, produces acute lytic infection of pancreatic β cells and diabetes whose severity correlates with the degree of β-cell lysis. An alternative innocent bystander theory proposes that local inflammation in the peri-insular tissue may induce molecules on the surface of β-cells that enteroviruses could use as cellular receptors. Well-established models of persistent viral infection leading to IDDM include reovirus type 1-induced diabetes and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-induced diabetes in mice as well as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in humans. Much of what is known concerning tropism of enteroviruses to the human pancreas has been learned from autopsy studies of newborns and infants who died of fulminant enteroviral infection. A large prospective study of young children monitored for concurrent development of enteroviral infections and β-cell autoimmunity is needed to test the hypothesis that symptomatic and/or serologically detectable enteroviral infection is associated with development of IDDM or β-cell autoimmunity. At present, it is not known, whether a single pathogenic mechanism is responsible for diabetes induced by various picornaviruses or whether diabetes can result from a spectrum of picornavirus-induced lesions, e.g., acute β-cell lysis, chronic autoimmunity, or insulin secretion defect. The rate of spontaneous mutation for enteroviruses is as high as 10-4 .
Yada, Yada...How Critics of Pius XII Use and Misuse Ellipses

Critics of Pope Pius XII argue that he was silent about Jewish suffereing during the Holocaust. To make this argument, they often omit passages or use ellipses to condense the pontiff's words in a misleading manner. In some cases, including John Cornwell's book "Hitler's Pope," the result is nothing less than academic fraud.
Significant Placebo Results in Difference-in-Differences Analysis: The Case of the ACA’s Parental Mandate

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) lets young adults stay on their parents’ insurance. Several papers use age–time difference-in-differences strategies to argue this causes health insurance and labor effects. I show that difference-in-differences over “placebo” dates also produces statistically significant “effects” before ACA implementation, even with conservative adjustments. This suggests the effects attributed to the ACA could instead reflect dynamics in the age-structure of the health insurance and labor markets. Reducing the age bandwidth yields more reliable estimates of the increases in parental and overall insurance coverage. The key problem in this literature is therefore potentially overstating the ACA’s “effects” in other dimensions.
The Relative Risk Characteristics of Defined-Benefit and Defined-Contribution Pensions and the Implications for Public Policy

This paper shows that an uninsured fully-funded defined-benefit (DL) pension is effectively a defined-contribution (DC) pension invested in a special type of fixed-income security, one that imposes a large amount of diversifiable inflation risk on plan participants and that is apparently dominated by other market securities. It is also demonstrated that DL pensions are not an effective means of sharing income risk between employees and employers, or of sharing income risk between generations of workers. In light of these findings, it is suggested that a public policy of encouraging the substitution of DC pensions for DL pensions might be preferable to the current policy of mandating taxpayer-backed DL pension insurance.