cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Binary Additivity of Subjective Probability Does not Indicate the Binary Complementarity of Perceived Certainty.

People's numeric probability estimates for 2 mutually exclusive and exhaustive events commonly sum to 1.0, which seems to indicate the full complementarity of subjective certainty in the 2 events (i.e., increases in certainty for one event are accompanied by decreases in certainty for the other). In this article, however, a distinction is made between the additivity of probability estimates and the complementarity of internal perceptions of certainty. In Experiment 1, responses on a verbal measure of certainty provide evidence of binary noncomplementarity in the perceived likelihoods of possible scenario outcomes, and a comparison of verbal and numeric certainty estimates suggests that numeric probabilities overestimated the complementarity of people's certainty. Experiment 2 used a choice task to detect binary noncomplementarity. Soliciting numeric probability estimates prior to the choice task changed the participants' choices in a direction consistent with complementarity. Possible mechanisms yielding (non)complementarity are discussed.
The effect of tobacco mosaic virus protein on virus incubation period and infectivity

Abstract Infectious tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA) prepared by the salt-heat method and inoculated to Phaseolus vulgaris L. (var. Pinto) or Nicotiana glutinosa L. leaves produces lesions sooner than a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) control inoculum. Treatment of TMV or one of its strains with high pH or heat and detergent results in inocula which produce lesions on bean delayed in appearance with respect to those produced by the untreated control. This characteristic is maintained after low molecular weight degradation products are removed. The same delayed effect can be produced by adding low molecular weight TMV protein to TMV or TMV-RNA inocula or reconstituted noninfectious TMV to TMV. When small quantities of low molecular weight TMV protein, bovine serum albumin, or reconstituted noninfectious TMV are added to TMV, infectivity is increased with respect to TMV alone; when large quantities are added infectivity is reduced. Addition of low molecular weight TMV protein to infectious TMV-RNA produces similar results, the effect depending on the concentration. Diluted TMV stored at 5° C loses a considerable proportion of its infectivity in the first few days after dilution. It is postulated that these effects are produced in both TMV and TMV-RNA by combination or aggregation with the added protein. Low concentrations of protein protect labile particles from inactivation and increase infectivity. Protection also increases longevity of the infectious particles and permits late infections to be initiated which are reflected in a delay in lesion appearance. High concentrations of protein bring about excessive aggregation which counterbalances protective benefits to infectivity and brings about inhibition.
Rapid Steroid Hormone Actions Initiated at the Cell Surface and the Receptors that Mediate Them with an Emphasis on Recent Progress in Fish Models

In addition to the classic genomic mechanism of steroid action mediated by activation of intracellular nuclear receptors, there is now extensive evidence that steroids also activate receptors on the cell surface to initiate rapid intracellular signaling and biological responses that are often nongenomic. Recent progress in our understanding of rapid, cell surface-initiated actions of estrogens, progestins, androgens and corticosteroids and the identities of the membrane receptors that act as their intermediaries is briefly reviewed with a special emphasis on studies in teleost fish. Two recently discovered novel proteins with seven-transmembrane domains, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), and membrane progestin receptors (mPRs) have the ligand binding and signaling characteristics of estrogen and progestin membrane receptors, respectively, but their functional significance is disputed by some researchers. GPR30 is expressed on the cell surface of fish oocytes and mediates estrogen inhibition of oocyte maturation. mPRα is also expressed on the oocyte cell surface and is the intermediary in progestin induction of oocyte maturation in fish. Recent results suggest there is cross-talk between these two hormonal pathways and that there is reciprocal down-regulation of GPR30 and mPRα expression by estrogens and progestins at different phases of oocyte development to regulate the onset of oocyte maturation. There is also evidence in fish that mPRs are involved in progestin induction of sperm hypermotility and anti-apoptotic actions in ovarian follicle cells. Nonclassical androgen and corticosteroid actions have also been described in fish models but the membrane receptors mediating these actions have not been identified.
A biopsy-avoiding approach to the diagnosis of celiac disease--how accurate is the immersion technique?

A biopsy-avoiding approach to the diagnosis of celiac disease—how accurate is the immersion technique?
Evaluation of three antenna pattern measurements for a 25 MHz seasonde

The need for reliable surface current measurements from the SeaSonde high-frequency radar network is essential for Coast Guard search and rescue missions, oil spill mapping, and algal bloom tracking. To ensure the advancement of accurate surface current maps, antenna calibrations need to be performed to correct for bearing errors at the radial level. Due to environmental interference, three different antenna pattern measurements were performed at a 25 MHz radar site located in Staten Island, NY (SILD). Spectra taken over a three-day period starting from Oct. 15, 2014 were reprocessed using the different pattern methods and analyzed with the ideal radial measurements from the same time period at three separate bearing locations 9 km offshore in the New York Harbor.
Synthesis, structure and transport properties in the superconducting Tl1−xBixSr2CuO5±δ system

Abstract Single phase samples of Tl1−xBixSr2CuO5±δ for 0.2⩽x⩽0.5 have been prepared under various synthetic conditions and characterized by X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and TGA measurements. Superconductivity with a Tonsetc at 45 K has been found in samples of 0.2⩽x⩽0.3 which are quenched from 850°C into liquid nitrogen and then annealed at 400°C for 1 h in air. In the range 0.2⩽x⩽0.5, both semiconducting and metallic phases can be prepared. In general, samples quenched from 850°C to liquid nitrogen temperature are semiconducting; semiconducting samples annealed in air or O2 for longer periods and at higher temperatures yield metallic phases. The effect of various preparation conditions on the structural and physical properties of Tl1−xBixSr2CuO5±δ are discussed.
Glutamine as a regulator of DNA and protein biosynthesis in human solid tumor cell lines.

ObjectiveThe transport of glutamine by six different human solid tumor-derived cell lines (e.g., breast, colon, liver) was characterized and the impact of glutamine deprivation on rates of tumor cell proliferation and DNA and protein synthesis was assayed.Summary Background DataGlutamine is added ro
Raman scattering from intercalated donor compounds of graphite

Raman spectra of vibrational excitations in graphite intercalated with alkali donor atoms have been obtained at room temperature in the backscattering configuration using argon ion laser excitation. Stage 1, 2, and 3 cesium donor compounds prepared from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) were studied as were stage 1 and 2 HOPG potassium donor compounds. Second stage cesium and potassium intercalates exhibit a single Raman band unshifted from the ${E}_{2g}$ intralayer mode of HOPG which occurs at 1582 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. In contrast, the third-stage cesium intercalate produces a doublet spectrum with one component upshifted from and the other at the same position as the HOPG intralayer mode. The above described observations for stage-2 and higher-stage donor compounds are explained by an analysis which considers (a) the nearest-layer configurations which a given carbon layer can experience in a given stage of intercalation, (b) the change in C-C bond distance with intercalation, and (c) the effect of intercalation on the carbon interlayer interaction. The spectra of stage-1 cesium and potassium intercalates are almost identical and each contains two anomolously shaped bands, one near to but down shifted from the interlayer mode of HOPG and one at \ensuremath{\sim} 560 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, both being superposed on a continuum background. These bands are attributed to Breit-Wigner or Fano resonances between an electronic Raman scattering continuum and the ${E}_{2g}$ intralayer mode and an out of plane intralayer vibration, respectively. The parameters $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$, $q$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ governing the Breit-Wigner resonance are determined by fitting the observed line shapes of each of the two bands in the cesium and potassium intercalate spectra.
Induction of the fms proto-oncogene product in HL-60 cells by vitamin D: a flow cytometric analysis.

Abstract Agents which induce monocytic characteristics in HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells induce mRNA for the fins proto-oncogene, which encodes the receptor for M-CSF. Previous studies of fms expression in HL-60 cells have characterized chiefly induction by phorbol esters of fms mRNA. Our studies of fms expression in HI-60 cells have characterized induction by vitamin D 3 of the fms protein. We have used flow cytometry to correlate fms antigen with a monocyte-specific differentiation antigen recognized by antibody MO2 (CD14), with DNA content, and with the nuclear antigen Ki-67, a marker of cell cycling. HL-60 cells were cultured with or without 1 μM vitamin D for 7 days. fms antigen was found on 42±5.8% of the cells cultured without vitamin D, but on 63±4.3% of the cells cultured with vitamin D. MO2 binding was detected on only 2±0.5% of the cells without vitamin D, but on 59±9% with vitamin D. Cells cultured with vitamin D that were fms -positive were also predominantly (83%) MO2-positive. Analysis of DNA content, measured by propidium iodide staining, showed that 57±1.5% of cells cultured without vitamin D, but 93±0.5% of cells cultured with vitamin D, were in the G 0 /G 1 cell cycle phase. Analysis of nuclear antigen Ki-67 revealed that, of the vitamin D-treated cells that were fms -positive, a significant proportion (37%) were still cycling. We conclude that (1) fms is demonstrable on some uninduced HL-60 cells, (2) when HL-60 cells are induced to develop monocytic characteristics by vitamin D, fms induction is part of the program for monocytic differentiation that includes MO2 expression, yet (3) some induced cells expressing fms are still cycling.
Transport and assembly of nanowires in suspension

Nanowires are potentially important constituents for nanoscale devices. Manipulation of nanowires in suspension in order to assemble them for device applications has been a formidable problem. Previously most methods have involved the use of external magnetic fields acting on magnetic nanowires. Using ac electric fields applied to strategically designed microelectrodes, we show how nanowires, both magnetic and nonmagnetic, in suspension can be driven to align, to chain, to accelerate in directions parallel and perpendicular to its orientation, to concentrate onto designated places, and to disperse in a controlled manner with high efficiency despite an extremely low Reynolds number (of the order of 10 -5 ). This method of manipulating nanowires can also be applied to other small elongated entities such as carbon nanotubes.
Monte Carlo Simulations on SIMD Computer Architectures

Algorithmic considerations regarding the implementation of various materials science applications of the Monte Carlo technique to single instruction multiple data (SIMD) computer architectures are presented. In particular, implementation of the Ising model with nearest, next nearest. and long range screened Coulomb interactions on the SIMD architecture MasPar MP-1 (DEC mpp-12000) series of massively parallel computers is demonstrated. Methods of code development which optimize processor array use and minimize inter-processor communication are presented including lattice partitioning and the use of processor array spanning tree structures for data reduction. Both geometric and algorithmic parallel approaches are utilized. Benchmarks in terms of Monte Carlo updates per second for the MasPar architecture are presented and compared to values reported in the literature from comparable studies on other architectures.
A digital fractional-N PLL with a 3mW 0.004mm 2 6-bit PVT and mismatch insensitive TDC

In this paper, a 3mW 0.004mm2 6-bit time-to-digital converter (TDC) is presented. By re-using a single delay cell and sampling flip-flop (FF), mismatch free operation is achieved. PVT variations are tracked and corrected by a digital frequency lock loop (DFLL). The proposed TDC is demonstrated in a digital fractional-N PLL for WiFi/4G radios. A 20-bit high dynamic range (DR) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) drives the VCO to achieve 100Hz resolution. The PLL is fabricated in 32nm digital SoC CMOS with a flip-chip BGA package. The PLL produces a 2.5GHz band LO output with −35dBc integrated phase noise (10kHz to 10MHz) and the worst case spur less than −50dBc while consuming 21mW.
Chromosome aberration assays in barley (Hordeum vulgare) a report of the U.S. environmental protection agency Gene-Tox program☆

Barley is an excellent organism for studies of induced chromosome aberrations because of its few (2n = 2x = 14) relatively large chromosomes. Root-tip and shoot-tip cells have been used extensively for the study of ionizing radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. The general procedures are well known, the technology is simple and easy to learn, and the assays are relatively quick and inexpensive. Both root tips and shoot tips can be used for the study of chemical mutagens as well as ionizing radiations. Pollen mother cells are well suited for studying the effects of mutagens on meiotic chromosomes. The literature review for the Gene-Tox Program reported on 61 chemicals tested for their effects on barley chromosomes. Of these, 90% were reported to be either positive or positive dose-related, while 7% were negative and 3% were questionable. Barley assays based on chromosomal aberrations are useful to detect the clastogenic potency of chemicals under laboratory conditions. Indications are that the data from barley can be used to corroborate data obtained from other organisms.
Effects of a unique pediatric hematology–oncology palliative care program on medical decision-making and communication between healthcare providers and families: Results of a supportive care survey

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate family satisfaction with an embedded pediatric hematology–oncology (Hem-Onc) palliative care program and its decision-making tool (DMT). A secondary aim was to identify factors that play an important role in family medical decision-making.MethodsFamilies were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire within 4 weeks of participating in a Supportive Care Team (SCT) conference and receiving a DMT.ResultsTwenty parents or guardians of pediatric Hem-Onc patients participated in the study. All of the patients had approached a major treatment-related change; all of the study participants had attended a SCT medical decision-making conference and received a DMT. The most important considerations to the study participants regarding treatment decisions were their child's quality of life, their child's chance of improving, perception of their child's wishes, and the hospital staff's advice. Of the people and services that were most useful in guiding m...
An entropy production and efficiency analysis of the Bunsen reaction in the General Atomic sulfur-iodine thermochemical hydrogen production cycle

Abstract An entropy production and efficiency analysis of the first reaction in the General Atomic sulfur-iodine thermochemical hydrogen production cycle has been carried out by simulating the reaction including the mixing of reactants and separation of the resulting phases. The reaction: was simulated at 388 K, which is slightly above the melting point of I2. Analysis of only this reaction shows that the reaction should be run at 15–25% I2 reacted and the greatest excess of H2O which will produce two product phases. Actual operating conditions are however dependent on the total processing scheme. An entropy production and efficiency analysis along with economic factors for the entire process is necessary to obtain these conditions.
Biodeterioration of Nonwoven Fabrics

The use of nonwoven fabrics in disposable, convenience products generates high quantities of wastes that are not biodegradable. Synthetic fibers provide a major source of materials for these disposable products. Because synthetics are generally less bio degradable than natural fibers, it appears that for maximum degradability, natural fibers are a likely choice of materials for disposable goods. To compare rates of bio deterioration for natural and synthetic fibers, we examined changes in the structure and strength of nonwoven fabrics containing cotton and polypropylene, a synthetic fiber widely used in nonwovens, after controlled exposure of fabrics to fungi normally found in soil. Fungi grew extensively only on cotton fibers. Fungal growth rates were highest on 100% cotton and decreased to zero on 100% polypropylene. Significant losses in strength occurred only in samples with a high cotton content. Progression of cotton fiber deterioration was followed using the microscope until only polypropylene . fi...
Intracranial Germinoma Presenting as Anorexia and Unexplained Weight Loss

Objective: To describe a patient with germinoma of pineal body who presented with anorexia and unexplained weight loss of 70 pounds. Case Summary: A 23-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented with nausea, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss of 70 pounds over a period of 6-8 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans demonstrated tumor lesions that were confirmed as germinoma histologically. A good treatment response to surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and alleviation of symptomatology was achieved. The postoperative neurological and MRI follow-up corresponded with the clinical course of the disease and the results of therapeutic procedures. Discussion: There were few reports of unexplained weight loss and anorexia, which was misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa but later, found to be germinoma. Intracranial germinomas have a reported 90% survival to five years after diagnosis. Germinomas, like several other types of germ cell tumor, are sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Conclusions: In the initial stages, the differentiation of organic and functional symptoms and the diagnosis of central nervous system tumour may be difficult. Although their good prognosis, the review of available literature suggest that they are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Our notices with this case signify the importance of considering organic disorder before making a diagnosis of depression or anorexia nervosa, particularly if the presentation is a typical. Through this case report, clinicians will be able to appreciate the need to be aware of germinoma as a possible cause of unexplained weight loss. Also, to bear in mind that the complaint of vomiting without a known etiology should facilitate considering a central cause.
ModelView for ModelDB: Online Presentation of Model Structure

ModelDB ( modeldb.yale.edu ), a searchable repository of source code of more than 950 published computational neuroscience models, seeks to promote model reuse and reproducibility. Code sharing is a first step; however, model source code is often large and not easily understood. To aid users, we have developed ModelView, a web application for ModelDB that presents a graphical view of model structure augmented with contextual information for NEURON and NEURON-runnable (e.g. NeuroML, PyNN) models. Web presentation provides a rich, simulator-independent environment for interacting with graphs. The necessary data is generated by combining manual curation, text-mining the source code, querying ModelDB, and simulator introspection. Key features of the user interface along with the data analysis, storage, and visualization algorithms are explained. With this tool, researchers can examine and assess the structure of hundreds of models in ModelDB in a standardized presentation without installing any software, downloading the model, or reading model source code.
Selective page-addressable fixing of volume holograms in Sr 0.75 Ba 0.25 Nb 2 O 6 crystals

We demonstrate selective fixing of volume holograms in photorefractive media. Each holographic page may be fixed individually and overwritten without destroying the other fixed pages. We present experimental results describing this process in Cr-doped Sr0.75Ba0.5Nb2O6 at room temperature, with hologram lifetimes exceeding 100 days during continuous readout with an intense beam (1 W/cm^2).
In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of human calf muscle.

Purpose To investigate a tetrahedral diffusion gradient encoding scheme to measure the diffusion tensor in vivo for human calf muscle. Materials and Methods The theoretical TE which maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the diffusion images was derived for both the orthogonal and tetrahedral sampling strategies and the SNR advantage verified experimentally. A diffusion echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence was used to image five volunteers. Gradient cycling and geometric averaging was performed to eliminate cross-terms between the imaging and diffusion gradients. Results Trace diffusion coefficients in human muscle are spatially invariant and have low intersubject variability (<4%). Images of the off-diagonal terms confirm the anisotropy of muscle, and fiber orientation maps were derived from these off-diagonal images. A noninvariant index of anisotropy, Aratio (average value: 1.28), was found to be less susceptible to noise than the invariant index. Conclusion This technique is robust and can be readily implemented on clinical scanners with EPI capabilities. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:87–95. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Breakthrough is a pathway best not taken

Breakthrough by Michael Fullan, Peter Hill and Carmel Crevola (2006) lays out an enticingly optimistic vision of an educational future that is just over the horizon. In this future teachers will track students’ learning trajectories, plan the next day’s instruction in response to each child’s needs, address all of each child’s learning requirements including oral language—an often overlooked but crucial competence—and employ efficient, effective educational routines. With a description of this attainable educational utopia that is laced with language such as ‘‘tipping point’’ ‘‘breakthrough’’ and ‘‘transformation,’’ the direction charted by this concise (100 pages) and readable book is likely to be seductive to the point of being compelling for many. Nonetheless, the devil is in the implementation details; implementation of this prescription not only will fall short of effecting the promised improvements, but will lead in unproductive directions. The authors begin by discussing recent major educational reform efforts and argue that, despite the expenditure of substantial funds, achievement has not shown significant improvement. The core problem they assert with some, but limited, empirical support, is that reformers have failed to penetrate and transform moment-to-moment educational classroom practices. It is this challenge that the approach outlined is designed to address. Fullan, Hill and Crevola assert that a transformation in education will occur when we learn to create expert instructional systems that consistently enable teachers to deliver personalized instruction which they believe can function in a manner similar to that used by health care delivery systems. They argue that critical learning paths (CLIPS) can be constructed in which assessment information is assembled and evaluated by expert knowledge systems. Surprisingly, given the enthusiasm of the authors, there is no discussion of data demonstrating the efficacy of the novel approach being promoted. Rather than advance data-based arguments, the authors seek to convince the reader by laying out a vision of an ideal program using the example of literacy instruction for children age 4.5–8 (K–3) drawn
The Role of Fuel Particle Size on Flame Propagation Velocity in Thermites with a Nanoscale Oxidizer

The effect of aluminum size on confined flame propagation velocities in thermite composites was investi- gated between 108 mm and 80 nm, and in all cases using nanometric copper oxide as the oxidizer. It was found that the velocity exhibited two distinct regimes; between 108 and 3.5 mm the velocity scaled as the particle diameter to the � 0.56 power, and becomes invariant of size below this. One explanation for the invariance is that the pressure- driven flow reaches some peak velocity, controlled by the pressure gradient, pore size, and fluid viscosity. Another ex- planation is that the system becomes limited by the inter- nal gas heating rate, defined by the intrinsic kinetic time scale, and which can significantly impact the effective parti- cle heating time. The particle heating time was calculated as a function of particle size, and as a function of gas heat- ing rates ranging from 10 5 Ks � 1 to infinity. It was found that at any finite gas heating rate, there exists a critical par- ticle diameter below which all sizes take the same amount of time to heat. This is a direct artifact of the characteristic thermal relaxation time scale; if the heating rate is not suffi- ciently fast, then the particle will rapidly equilibrate with the gas at each time step. The inverse of thermal relaxation time was used to calculate a critical heating rate defining a transition point, and which exhibits a dp 2 scaling. This scaling sets a constraint on the kinetics, which must at least scale with dp 2 to remain in the size-dependent regime.
l-Tryptophan Radical Cation Electron Spin Resonance Studies: Connecting Solution-Derived Hyperfine Coupling Constants with Protein Spectral Interpretations

Fast-flow electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used to detect a free radical formed from the reaction of l-tryptophan with Ce4+ in an acidic aqueous environment. Computer simulations of the ESR spectra from l-tryptophan and several isotopically modified forms strongly support the conclusion that the l-tryptophan radical cation has been detected by ESR for the first time. The hyperfine coupling constants (HFCs) determined from the well-resolved isotropic ESR spectra support experimental and computational efforts to understand l-tryptophan’s role in protein catalysis of oxidation–reduction processes. l-Tryptophan HFCs facilitated the simulation of fast-flow ESR spectra of free radicals from two related compounds, tryptamine and 3-methylindole. Analysis of these three compounds’ β-methylene hydrogen HFC data along with equivalent l-tyrosine data has led to a new computational method that can distinguish between these two amino acid free radicals in proteins without dependence on isotope labeli...
Optional shift behavior in children and young and elderly adults

Optional intradimensional and extradimensional shift behavior in preschool children, college-aged adults, and two groups of elderly adults was investigated in this study. The young adults made reliably more intradimensional shifts than did the children. This finding is in accord with the results of earlier studies in which optional reversal and nonreversal shift behavior has been investigated as a function of age. While the two elderly groups did not differ reliably in their shift behavior, the performance of the younger elderly Ss was comparable to that obtained for the college Ss, while the performance of the older elderly Ss was comparable to that obtained for the children.
Optomechanical design of nine cameras for the Earth Observing Systems Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer, TERRA platform

This paper will describe the final design of the cameras, the driving design considerations, and the results of qualification testing.
Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells during primary HIV-1 infection

The presence of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells carrying replication-competent HIV-1 has been demonstrated in chronically infected individuals who are antiretroviral therapy naive as well as in those who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is not clear, however, whether the establishment of a pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells can be blocked by early initiation of HAART after primary infection. The present study demonstrates that initiation of HAART in infected individuals as early as 10 days after the onset of symptoms of primary HIV-1 infection did not prevent generation of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells carrying integrated HIV-1 DNA as well as infectious HIV-1 despite the successful control of plasma viremia shortly after institution of HAART. Furthermore, there was no correlation between either the duration of HAART at the time of study (range: 0.2–17 months) or the time of initiation of HAART after the onset of symptoms of primary HIV-1 infection (range: 0.3–4 months) and the frequencies of resting CD4+ T cells carrying either integrated HIV-1 DNA or infectious virus. These results underscore the rapidity with which latent reservoirs are established in primary HIV-1 infection and indicate that it is unlikely that early treatment during primary infection can prevent establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells as long as treatment is initiated after plasma viremia becomes evident.
Ardent Service: Female Eroticism and New Life Ethics in Gertrude Dix's The Image Breakers (1900)

Gertrude Dix's socialist-feminist novel, The Image Breakers (1895) has perplexed twentieth-century critics by its brief, short-circuited representation of homoerotic affection between the two female protagonists. In answer, this essay roots the women's relationship in the wider social, historical context of New Life politics and ethics in the 1890s. Members of the Fellowship of the New Life heralded not merely a variety of alternative lifestyles including vegetarianism and co-education, but also extensive discussion about sexual mindfulness and generosity. The charismatic seer and inspiration for the FNL, James Hinton, preached that utopia could be achieved by practicing an erotically-charged altruism. If, as Sharon Marcus has claimed, such female mutual devotion was common and perceived as normative, it was particularly affirmed by ethical-socialist culture. In the novel, Leslie Ardent's loving service to Rosalind is fuelled by her political mission and desire for self-realization. Through this female in...
Forward light scatter analysis of the eye in a spatially-resolved double-pass optical system

An optical analysis is developed to separate forward light scatter of the human eye from the conventional wavefront aberrations in a double pass optical system. To quantify the separate contributions made by these micro- and macro-aberrations, respectively, to the spot image blur in the Shark-Hartmann aberrometer, we develop a metric called radial variance for spot blur. We prove an additivity property for radial variance that allows us to distinguish between spot blurs from macro-aberrations and micro-aberrations. When the method is applied to tear break-up in the human eye, we find that micro-aberrations in the second pass accounts for about 87% of the double pass image blur in the Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer under our experimental conditions.
Sputtering of metal oxide tunnel junctions for tandem solar cells

Broken gap metal oxide tunnel junctions have been created for the first time by sputtering. Using a ceramic ZnO-SnO2 target and a reactively sputtered copper target we created ZnSnO3 and Cu2O for the n-type and p-type layers, respectively. The band structure of the respective materials have theoretical work functions which line up with the band structure for tandem CIGS-based solar cell applications. As-deposited films demonstrated a dependence of the I-V profile with post-deposition Rapid Thermal Anneal (RTA) and substrate selection. Total junction specific contact resistances under 1Ω-cm2 have been achieved.
Exploring Domain-General and Domain-Specific Linguistic Knowledge in the Assessment of Academic English Language Proficiency

This study examined the role of domain-general and domain-specific linguistic knowledge in the assessment of academic English language proficiency using a latent variable modeling approach. The goal of the study was to examine if modeling of domain-specific variance results in improved model fit and well-defined latent factors. Analyses were carried out on data from the ACCESS for ELLs® test battery, which comprises multiple test forms targeting different grade and proficiency levels. The results of the study provide empirical evidence in support of the conceptual distinction of domain-specific and domain-general linguistic knowledge. Domain-specific factors tended to become more salient with increasing language proficiency, whereas the salience of domain-general factors tended to decrease. However, overall domain-general factors remained stronger than the domain-specific factors. In one test form targeting high levels of proficiency, this factor pattern was reversed, suggesting some degree of fluidity in...
LOW‐TEMPERATURE DESTRUCTION OF Trichinella spiralis USING LIQUID NITROGEN AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE

The destruction of Trichinella spiralis by low temperature treatment has been demonstrated to be an effective tool in combatting this parasite in fresh pork products. Current procedures, however, require a holding period under varying times and temperatures to accomplish this destruction. Freezing with cryogenic materials offers the opportunity to attain ultra low temperatures and, thus, eliminate post–freezing holding periods. Four trials were conducted using trichina-infected fresh pork patties approximately 9 mm thick and 88 mm square. In trials 1, 2 and 3 the patties were frozen with LN, using a modified Heath freezing tunnel to final equilibrated temperatures of –12C, –14°C, –20°C, –23°C, –25°C, –28°C, –29°C, –39°C and −47°C. In trial 4 the patties were frozen in a Certified Multideck tunnel using liquid CO2 as a refrigerant to −10°C, –17°C, –23°C, –29°C and –39°C. Patties were thawed immediately and checked for viable T. spiralis. No positive samples were found at temperatures of –29°C or below.
“Empty wall” and “vertical strut” signs of ACL insufficiency

We report our observation on the "empty wall" and "vertical strut" signs of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency. ACL tears most commonly occur in the midsubstance; arthroscopic evaluation of patients with these tears often reveals minimal evidence of previous ACL tissue along the intercondylar wall, thus giving the appearance of an "empty wall." In proximal ACL tears, the long remnant of ACL tissue may adhere to adjacent PCL tissue. Arthroscopically, one may see this vertically oriented strut of tissue, which to the casual arthroscopist may mimic a normal-appearing ACL except for orientation and tension. In addition, the "empty wall" sign will be noted because the lateral intercondylar wall becomes easily visible following ACL injury. In two separate prospective studies of 84 such patients, the combined incidence of the empty wall sign was 82%, and the incidence of the vertical strut sign was 50%. These findings should be sought for meticulously at the time of arthroscopic evaluation. The vertical strut should not be misinterpreted as an aberrantly oriented ACL or partial ACL tear.
Coherence Transfer in a Penning Ionizing Collision

Modulation of the intensity of light emitted by ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$ ions at the resonance frequency of metastable helium atoms has been observed, demonstrating that coherence has been transferred in the Penning collision. The coherent excitation of the Penning ions suggests that the techniques of "coherence spectroscopy" such as level-crossing and Hanle experiments can be extended to excited states of Penning ions which are currently inaccessible by means of optical excitation.
A kinetic study of analyte-receptor binding and dissociation for surface plasmon resonance biosensors applications

A fractal analysis, which takes into account the effect of surface heterogeneity brought about by ligand immobilization on the reaction kinetics in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, is presented. The binding and dissociation of estrogen receptors (ERs), ERa and ER/spl alpha/ and ER/spl beta/, in solution to different ligands immobilized on the SPR biosensor is analyzed within the fractal framework. The heterogeneity on the biosensor surface is made quantitative by using a single number, the fractal dimension D/sub f/. The analysis provides physical insights into the binding of these receptors to different ligands and compounds, particularly the endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). These EDCs have deleterious effects on humans and on wildlife. Single- and dual-fractal models were employed to fit the ER-binding data obtained from the literature. Values of the binding and dissociation rate coefficient and fractal dimensions were obtained from a regression analysis provided by Corel Quattro Pro, 8.0. Values for the affinity K/sub D/(=k/sub d//k/sub a/) were also calculated. This provides us with some extra flexibility in designing biomolecular assays. The analysis should provide further information on the mode of action and interaction of EDCs with the ERs. This would help in the design of agents and modulators against these EDCs.
Design of LDPC coding schemes for exploitation of bit error rate diversity across dies in NAND flash memory

LDPC codes have been proposed for Flash memories due to their capability to correct higher number of bit errors. Several mechanisms can lead to bit errors in Flash memories. An extensive list of these mechanisms as enlisted in [1] includes program disturb from tunneling, quantum level noise effects, erratic tunneling, SILC-related data retention and read disturb, and detrapping-induced retention. Each of these effects can be modeled as a random event with its own statistical behavior. Due to the process uncertainties in the lithography, the above mechanisms vary from die to die leading to variability in the raw bit error rate (BER) for different dies of the Flash memory. This has an immense impact on design of error correction coding (ECC) schemes which combat the BER to achieve a specified uncorrectable bit error rate (UBER) target. If conventional ECC techniques are used, they have to be designed to handle the worst die BER, which is a big overkill. We propose a new LDPC coding scheme which exploits the BER diversity to its advantage and enables a system design for the average BER of the dies. The method is based on spreading the LDPC codeword over dies rather than packing a single LDPC codeword in one die. The system has to properly select the dies between which to split the LDPC codeword. The LDPC decoding has to be modified to account for the BER diversity. Simulations results show a large coding gain resulting from spreading a codeword, with minimal quality of service (QoS) impact. The improvement stems from the fact that the codeword splitting reduces the mean and the variance of the BER distribution. We also propose an LDPC code design which is customized to the codeword split across multiple dies. The proposed LDPC code design is on similar lines to its design for quasi-static fading channel. The LDPC code can be designed using density evolution to obtain an optimal degree distribution for a given BER distribution. Simulation results for the custom-designed LDPC codes validate the hypothesis by showing appreciable coding gains.
Extended solutions of an SU(2) gauge theory with fermions.

This paper explores the idea that there can exist interesting classical solutions to non-Abelian gauge theories which represent extended systems. These solutions provide possible alternative starting points for perturbative quantum field theories. For the particular case of an SU(2) gauge theory with spherical symmetry, we find a simple example of a ``vacuum'' solution with a nonvanishing chiral order parameter: \ensuremath{\chi}=\ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\psi}. We also find a simple set of spinors representing systems of massive SU(2) fermions in the field of a Wu-Yang monopole.
Model based design of fuzzy logic controllers

We derive the sufficient conditions for stabilizing polytopic TS fuzzy systems by eliminating the nonlinearity of the closed loop system. Methods for designing of polytopic TS FLCs are developed.
Heparin-Binding Domains in Vascular Biology

Heparin is a major anticoagulant with activity mediated primarily through its interaction with antithrombin (AT). Heparan sulfate (HS), structurally related to heparin, binds a wide range of proteins of different functionality, taking part in various physiological and pathological processes. The heparin-AT complex, the most well understood facet of anticoagulation, serves as a prototypical example of the important role of heparin/HS in vascular biology. Extensive studies have identified common structural features in heparin/HS-binding sites of proteins. These include the elucidation of consensus sequences in proteins, patterns of clusters of basic and nonbasic residues, and common spatial arrangements of basic amino acids in the heparin-binding sites. Although these studies have provided valuable information, heparin/HS-binding proteins differ widely in structure. The prediction of heparin/HS-binding proteins from sequence information is not currently possible, and elucidation of protein-binding sites requires the individual study of each glycosaminoglycan-protein complex. Thus, x-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis experiments are among the most powerful tools, providing accurate structural information, facilitating the characterization of heparin-protein complexes. Heparin and structurally related heparan sulfate bind a large number of proteins, taking part in a wide range of biological processes, particularly ones involved in vascular biology. Heparin-binding domains share certain common structural features, but there is no absolute dependency on specific sequences or protein folds.
Policymaking by Other Means: Do States Use Administrative Barriers to Limit Access to Medicaid?

While politicians wage legislative battles about welfare benefits, bureaucratic procedures represent a less visible means to shape access to those benefits. By constructing complex and time-consuming application procedures, the state can effectively create administrative barriers that limit access to benefits. What explains the variation in the level of administrative burden that individuals face? We address this question by examining Medicaid procedures across the 50 U.S. states, identifying different types of administrative barriers. We find that such barriers tend to be lower in states with unified Democratic control of political institutions.
A Quantitative Dynamic Agency Model of Financing Constraints

Recent theoretical research in corporate finance has highlighted the role of incentive problems between firms' investors and insiders in determining corporations' financial structures, dynamics and investment policies. Financial contracts are designed to mitigate these agency conflicts. However, most of the analysis is qualitative in nature. This paper develops a dynamic firm model in order to study the quantitative and empirical implications of optimal long-term contracts for firms' policies and returns. Using a parsimonious representation of agency conflicts between firms' outsiders and insiders, the paper embeds a dynamic contracting problem into a neoclassical model of firm dynamics. It characterizes the optimal contract using recursive techniques and then quantitatively evaluates its implications for firm financing, investment and returns. Remarkably, the empirical predictions for optimal firm behavior and return patterns under optimal long-term contracts can differ considerably from models in which financing constraints arise from commonly used reduced form pecifications of costs of external finance. This suggests a resolution for several controversies in the literature on quantitative implications of firms' financing constraints.
Imaging in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometrial Cancer

Ultrasound, sonohysterography (SHG), magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are tools available for diagnosis and for post-treatment surveillance. The transvaginal ultrasound has a well-defined role in women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides the most accurate modality for preoperative staging in patients with early disease; CT and PET are helpful in the detection of distant meta­stases; sonohysterography is a less-invasive alternative to hysteroscopy.
Non-equilibrium plasma sterilization of superficial tissue wounds and burns

Bacterial infection of wounds and burns is a major management concern for healthcare professionals. Infections in wounds can complicate illness, increase healing time, increase discomfort, can cause anxiety, and can lead to complications and death. Non-equilibrium plasma was shown to be effective at sterilizing surfaces and Floating-Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge (FE-DBD) has been used on living tissues without causing any damage. Our experiments show that treatment of surface wounds with FE-DBD can reduce the concentration of pathogenic bacteria present in the wound.
Active dielectric antenna on chip for spatial light modulation

Integrated photonic resonators are widely used to manipulate light propagation in an evanescently-coupled waveguide. While the evanescent coupling scheme works well for planar optical systems that are naturally waveguide based, many optical applications are free-space based, such as imaging, display, holographics, metrology and remote sensing. Here we demonstrate an active dielectric antenna as the interface device that allows the large-scale integration capability of silicon photonics to serve the free-space applications. We show a novel perturbation-base diffractive coupling scheme that allows a high-Q planer resonator to directly interact with and manipulate free-space waves. Using a silicon-based photonic crystal cavity whose resonance can be rapidly tuned with a p-i-n junction, a compact spatial light modulator with an extinction ratio of 9.5 dB and a modulation speed of 150 MHz is demonstrated. Method to improve the modulation speed is discussed.
Comment: Constructionism is a Multilevel Framework for Affective Science

We point out that constructionist models from experimental psychology account for the sociocultural, psychological, and neural levels of analysis in emotion. Individual constructionist models form a “metamodel” that integrates the levels of analysis important to a science of emotion. By clarifying the multilevel nature of constructionism, we hope to help lay a strong foundation for future cross-disciplinary collaborations.
Computational Challenges in Control of Partial Differential Equations

In this paper we consider the problem of computing optimal feedback control laws for systems of partial differential equations. The problem is motivated by fluid flow control and focuses on computational challenges that need to be addressed before one can solve the complex large scale equations that define the functional gains that yield the controllers. Computing these gains is at least as challenging as the original simulation problem and in some cases the computational complexity can be an order of magnitude greater. Examples are presented to illustrate functional gains, to highlight some of the computational complexity problems and to identify important computational challenges, such as using mesh adaptation.