cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tacrolimus (FK506) alone or in combination with methotrexate or methylprednisolone for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from HLA-matched siblings: a single-center study

The pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy in marrow transplantation of FK506-based immunosuppression for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was evaluated in an open label pilot study of 18 patients. Patients more than 12 years of age (median, 35 years; range, 15 to 50 years) with advanced hematologic malignancies receiving HLA-matched sibling marrow grafts were randomized to receive FK506 alone, FK506 and methotrexate (MTX), or FK506 and methyl-prednisolone. Of 17 evaluable patients, all had evidence of sustained marrow engraftment. The median time to an absolute neutrophil count of greater than 500/microL was 15 days for patients receiving FK506 alone or FK506 plus methylprednisolone and 23 days for FK506 plus short MTX. Pharmacokinetic studies did not show any significant difference in clearance of FK506 when administered alone or in combination with methylprednisolone or MTX. The mean bioavailability after oral administration in these same three groups was 0.49 +/- 0.1, 0.27 +/- 0.12, and 0.16 +/- 0.08, respectively (P = .003). The decrease in bioavailability may have resulted from an exacerbation of radiation-induced gastroenteritis by MTX. The most significant adverse effect associated with the administration of FK506 was nephrotoxicity, which occurred in 14 of 18 patients (78%). The mean glomerular filtration rate, determined by clearance of (99MTc)DTPA, decreased to 56% (+/- 18%) of the pretransplant baseline level by week 8 (P = .002). Eight of 18 patients (44%) developed grades II-IV acute GVHD, predominantly of the skin and gastrointestinal tract. The actuarial probability of transplant-related mortality during the first 100 days was 24%. The actuarial probability of 1-year disease-free survival was 39%. In conclusion, although bioavailability of FK506 may be affected in patients receiving MTX, this study suggests that FK506 may have a role in the management of patients after allogeneic marrow transplantation.
Physical Adsorption of Charged Plastic Nanoparticles Affects Algal Photosynthesis

The physical adsorption of nanosized plastic beads onto a model cellulose film and two living algal species, Chlorella and Scenedesmus, has been studied. This adsorption has been found to ubiquitously favor positively charged over negatively charged plastic beads due to the electrostatic attraction between the beads and the cellulose constituent of the model and living systems. Such a charge preference is especially pronounced for Chlorella and Scenedesmus, whose binding with the plastic beads also depended upon algal morphology and motility, as characterized by the Freundlich coefficients. Using a CO2 depletion assay, we show that the adsorption of plastic beads hindered algal photosynthesis, possibly through the physical blockage of light and air flow by the nanoparticles. Our ROS assay further indicated that plastic adsorption promoted algal ROS production. Such algal responses to plastic exposure may have implications on the sustainability of the aquatic food chain.
NATURAL SELECTION ON HYDROID COLONY MORPHOLOGY BY INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION.

Previous work on colonial hydroids in the genus Hydractinia has demonstrated that colony morphology is highly variable and determines intraspecific competitive ability. Competitive encounters are known to be common in nature, suggesting that intraspecific competition may be a major selective force acting on morphological variation. A replicated common garden experiment demonstrated a genetic basis to morphological variation and two data sets provided correlative support for the hypothesis of selection by intraspecific competition. First, morphologies inferior in competitive ability were less abundant in two adult, postcompetition, samples than in juvenile, precompetition, samples from the same populations. Second, among eight populations, the relative frequency of different morphologies was correlated with the frequency of intraspecific competition observed in each population. The direction of selection by competition on the morphological variation present in this species conflicts with recent predictions based on surveys across diverse taxa, suggesting limitations to the inference of competition as a past selective agent on the basis of present day correlations among species.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: association with KS and persistence in patients receiving anti-herpesvirus drugs

Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences (KSHV/HHV-8) have recently been described in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions. Many questions remain regarding the role of this virus in KS and the therapeutic implications of this finding. In the current study, KSHV/HHV-8 DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with KS (34/98) more often than in HIV-infected individuals without KS (12/64, P = .03). The detection of KSHV/HHV-8 DNA did not correlate with the CD4 lymphocyte count. Five patients demonstrated KSHV/HHV-8 DNA in their PBMCs during administration of intravenous foscarnet and/or ganciclovir. The continued detection of KSHV/HHV-8 DNA in the PBMCs of patients receiving these anti-herpesvirus drugs has potential implications regarding the virus-cell relationship of KSHV/HHV-8, as well as for the value of these drugs in treating or preventing KS, but additional studies are needed.
Black Nationalist Tendencies and Their Association with Perceived Inefficacy of the Civil Rights Movement and of Black Elected Officials

This study addressed whether black nationalist tendencies explain why some blacks in 1980 perceived that the civil rights movement and black elected officials failed to improve the black community’s standing, including their own life chances. Those holding positions consistent with black nationalism argue, among other things, that racial integration, political participation, and alignment with white interests could not ultimately produce racial parity. Instead, they support (cultural, social, economic, and political) separatism, constant vigilance, and community uplift as tactics for engineering racial parity. Using data from a nationally representative survey of the black population collected 35 years ago, the authors measured black nationalist tendencies using six indicators: (1) agreement that blacks should vote for black candidates, (2) agreement that blacks should shop in black-owned stores, (3) agreement that black men should not date white women, (4) support for forming a black political party, (5)...
India's forest federalism

This article is about forest governance in India and presents a unique, federalism perspective on the subject. While forest governance and federalism have both been deeply researched in academic scholarship, there is little work that deals with the linkages between the two. In addressing this gap in scholarship, the article explains forest federalism through a focus on three dimensions. The first is the Constitutional construct of the forest sector, and its interpretations through legislative provisions. The second is the administrative, financial and institutional linkages between the Centre and States, including the influence of the Indian Forest Service. The third looks at vertical and horizontal asymmetries in the sector, and the ways in which these relate to administrative and resource concerns in federal functioning. The paper concludes with a reflection on the relevance of forest federalism in on-going international environmental debates.
Primary Constituency Focused Presidential Communication

This paper uses unsupervised machine learning to uncover the topic structure of Organizing for America/Action and Trump campaign emails and generate measures of the mixtures of presidential presentation strategies used in communications in the Obama and Trump administrations. Application of Topics over Time (TOT) topic modeling to a corpus of all 967 emails sent by Organizing for America, Obama-Biden 2012, and Organizing for Action over a seven year period reveals 5 topics suggested by the data, with four focusing on bases of common interest, including shared partisan/ideological affinity, shared enemies, shared issue commitments, and shared movement membership, along with a topic focusing on the person of the president. This structure is largely maintained in a corpus of 961 emails sent by the Trump campaign from November 2016 through August 2020. These measures of presidential presentation strategies provide support for the hypothesis that presidents adopt more inclusive strategies for maintaining this constituency when economic conditions improve, and adopt more exclusive strategies when conditions deteriorate.
Keeping pace with a fast enzyme: steps and missteps.

I have often been asked why I have worked primarily on one enzyme system throughout my research career. The following reminiscences of some episodes in carbonic anhydrase (CA) research in which our laboratory was directly or indirectly involved, should provide some answers. Above all, it has been the rather steady stream of challenging and often unexpected findings on the structure, genetics, function, expression and evolution of the carbonic anhydrases (in both their active and inactive forms) that has rekindled my obsession with this one enzyme over and over. Since it would not be possible to include all of the experiences with CA that I have encountered over the past 35 years or so, I have predictably agonized over those that I thought worth relating; however, please bear with me for dwelling, perhaps excessively at times, over matters of a more personal nature.
Rapid multi-organ segmentation using context integration and discriminative models

We propose a novel framework for rapid and accurate segmentation of a cohort of organs. First, it integrates local and global image context through a product rule to simultaneously detect multiple landmarks on the target organs. The global posterior integrates evidence over all volume patches, while the local image context is modeled with a local discriminative classifier. Through non-parametric modeling of the global posterior, it exploits sparsity in the global context for efficient detection. The complete surface of the target organs is then inferred by robust alignment of a shape model to the resulting landmarks and finally deformed using discriminative boundary detectors. Using our approach, we demonstrate efficient detection and accurate segmentation of liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs in challenging low-resolution MR data in less than one second, and of prostate, bladder, rectum, and femoral heads in CT scans, in roughly one to three seconds and in both cases with accuracy fairly close to inter-user variability.
Frequency of Intake and Type of Away-from- Home Foods Consumed Are Associated with Diet Quality in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

Background Away-from-home foods (AFHFs) influence diet quality, a modifiable obesity risk factor, with limited generalizable evidence in Hispanic/Latino adults. Objective We investigated associations between AFHF intake with diet quality and overweight or obesity among US Hispanic/Latino adults. Methods Cross-sectional baseline (2008-2011) analyses included adults (n = 16,045) aged 18-74 y in the national Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Participants self-reported AFHF consumption frequency from 10 different settings and dietary intake (2-d 24-h recall). The Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) was used to measure diet quality; higher scores indicated a healthier diet and scores were categorized into tertiles. WHO classifications categorized overweight [body mass index (BMI; kg/m2): 25.0-29.9] and obesity (BMI ≥30). Multivariate-adjusted associations of AFHF frequency or type with AHEI-2010, overweight, or obesity were assessed by using complex survey logistic regression (ORs and 95% CIs). Results Almost half of participants (47.1%) reported eating AFHFs ≥5 times/wk. The mean ± SE AHEI-2010 score was 47.5 ± 0.2. More than one-third (37.2%) were classified as overweight and 39.6% classified as obese. Compared with consuming AFHFs ≥5 times/wk, consuming AFHFs <1 time/wk or 1-2 times/wk was associated with greater odds of being in higher AHEI-2010 tertiles, indicating a healthier diet [<1 time/wk-tertile 2: OR (95% CI): 1.6 (1.4, 1.9); tertile 3: 2.5 (2.1, 3.1); 1-2 times/wk-tertile 2: OR (95% CI): 1.4 (1.2, 1.6); tertile 3: 1.5 (1.2, 1.8)]. Consumption of AFHFs ≥1 time/wk from each AFHF setting, compared with consumption of any AFHFs <1 time/wk was associated with lower odds of being in higher AHEI-2010 tertiles. Increasing AFHF intake frequency was not associated with odds of overweight or obesity. Eating from on-street vendors ≥1 time/wk was associated with obesity (OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.0). Conclusions Consumption of AFHFs was prevalent among Hispanic/Latino adults and was associated with poorer diet quality. Findings may help to identify dietary targets to improve diet quality and prevent obesity in US Hispanics/Latinos.
An innovative systems perspective of protein-protein interactions in the physiologic T cell antigen receptor signaling network (TECH2P.929)

Signaling networks and the protein interactions that define them are of great interest, but techniques to assess these networks in unmanipulated primary human cells are limited. We have developed and applied a novel technological and analytical platform to measure proteins in shared complexes detected by exposed surface epitopes (PiSCES). Immunoprecipitation reactions are performed in multiplex using microsphere beads to measure 20+ proteins and 210+ distinct pair-wise protein associations that are important for T cell antigen receptor signaling. Jurkat T cells stimulated with superantigen generated an extensive PiSCES signature using this method and provided a dataset from which we optimized an analytical package. The system is currently being utilized to address the hypothesis that T cells isolated from skin lesions of autoimmune alopecia areta (AA) patients will have a unique PiSCES signature compared to those isolated from non-AA donors. To investigate this, we have isolated non-engineered primary cells from AA patient skin lesions and healthy controls, and have begun to identify differences in their PiSCES signatures, either directly after isolation or after stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. We conclude that this novel PiSCES approach is capable of generating protein-protein interaction signatures that provide a unique view of TCR signalosome activity solicited from physiologic non-engineered primary human patient samples.
Comparing Quality of Care in Veterans Affairs and Non-Veterans Affairs Settings:

Congress, veterans’ groups, and the press have expressed concerns that access to care and quality of care in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) settings are inferior to access and quality in non-VA settings. To assess quality of outpatient and inpatient care in VA at the national level and facility level and to compare performance between VA and non-VA settings using recent performance measure data. We assessed Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs), 30-day risk-standardized mortality and readmission measures, and ORYX measures for inpatient safety and effectiveness; Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS®) measures for outpatient effectiveness; and Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Hospital Survey (HCAHPS) and Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients (SHEP) survey measures for inpatient patient-centeredness. For inpatient care, we used propensity score matching to identify a subset of non-VA hospitals that were comparable to VA hospitals. VA hospitals performed on average the same as or significantly better than non-VA hospitals on all six measures of inpatient safety, all three inpatient mortality measures, and 12 inpatient effectiveness measures, but significantly worse than non-VA hospitals on three readmission measures and two effectiveness measures. The performance of VA facilities was significantly better than commercial HMOs and Medicaid HMOs for all 16 outpatient effectiveness measures and for Medicare HMOs, it was significantly better for 14 measures and did not differ for two measures. High variation across VA facilities in the performance of some quality measures was observed, although variation was even greater among non-VA facilities. The VA system performed similarly or better than the non-VA system on most of the nationally recognized measures of inpatient and outpatient care quality, but high variation across VA facilities indicates a need for targeted quality improvement.
Nitride LEDs based on quantum wells and quantum dots

Abstract: Tremendous progress has been made in the field of III-nitride light-emitting diodes from Schottky diodes to p-n junctions to heterostructures and structures based on quantum wells and quantum dots. The built-in polarization-induced electric field along {0001} reduces the oscillator strength in quantum well structures. However, this has been used to improve p-type doping in AlGaN alloys. InGaN-based high-efficiency blue LEDs have been developed and efforts are under way to fill the green gap in visible light emission from LEDs. On the other hand, wide bandgap III-nitrides are being developed for high-efficiency ultraviolet LEDs. Novel structures incorporating nanowires and photonic crystals are also being investigated.
PARTICLE-CLUSTER AGGREGATION WITH FRACTAL PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES AND ON FRACTAL SUBSTRATES

ABSTRACT Several generalizations of the Witten-Sander model for diffusion limited aggregation have been investigated. Using Levy flight particle trajectories, clusters with a continuous range of effective fractal dimensionalities (D) between the limits of the Witten-Sander (D−5/3 for d = 2) and Void-Sutherland models (D ⋍ 2.0 for d = 2) can be generated. The effective dimensionality varies continuously with the exponent which described the distribution of step lengths in the Levy flight trajectory, but there does not seem to be a unique (1:1) relationship between the dimensionality of the trajectory and the dimensionality of the cluster. Several models for diffusion limited aggregation on 2d percolation clusters have been investigated. If both the growing aggregate and the mobile particles are confined to the percolation cluster, the growing aggregate has a limiting (low concentration) fractal dimensionality of about 1.40±0.10. If the growing aggregate is restricted to the percolation cluster, but the mobile particles are completely unrestricted, the aggregate covers the percolation cluster densely (D⋍1.89). If the aggregate is confined to the percolation cluster, but the only restriction on the mobile particles is that they may not visit sites already occupied by the growing aggregate, we estimate that the aggregate has a fractal dimensionality of about 1.75. Similar simulations have also been carried out on 3d percolation clusters and other fractal lattices.
Stable isotope evidence for the biogeochemical transformation of ancient organic matter beneath Suess Glacier, Antarctica

Glaciers overrun organic matter (OM) during periods of advance, making this overrun OM available as a metabolic substrate for subglacial microbes. The biogeochemical fate of this overrun OM remains poorly understood, ultimately limiting our understanding of subglacial biogeochemical cycling, particularly for cold-based glaciers. This study presents evidence for the biogeochemical transformation of algal mat material that was overrun by a cold-based glacier (Suess Glacier, Taylor Valley, Antarctica) during its advance 4840–3570 years BP. We use a suite of stable isotope analyses to show that active nitrogen cycling has depleted N-isotope values to amongst the lowest reported in Taylor Valley (-15.59 ‰) from an initial value of ~-1.88 ‰, while potentially depleting C-isotope values by 2.46 ‰. While this study examines biogeochemical conditions beneath a single glacier, all glaciers export meltwater during the melt season that may host algae and other OM in proglacial streams and lakes that may be ov...
An analysis of grammatical patterns in generation 1.5, L1 and L2 students’ writings: A replication study

Abstract Recent studies examining whether Generation 1.5 writing is unique (as compared to L1 and/or L2 writing), including several conducted by the same researchers, have resulted in highly conflicting findings. To shed new light on this controversial issue, the present study replicates research by Doolan and Miller (2012) , but uses a much larger sample. Focusing on grammatical accuracy, which is most often cited as the distinguishing feature of Generation 1.5 writing, this study thus presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the most prevalent “error” patterns in the essays of 149 students enrolled in Developmental English and ESL courses at two suburban community colleges on the East Coast, including Generation 1.5 (n = 49), L2 (n = 50) and L1 writers (n = 50). Findings confirm significant differences between Generation 1.5 students and L1 writers in particular, with Generation 1.5 writers displaying error patterns and frequencies that resemble those of L2 writers but not L1 writers. We argue that these findings have significant implications for placement, curriculum and pedagogy. Furthermore, we hypothesize that a lack of attention to the variable ‘age of arrival’ may have been the cause of the conflicting findings in studies to date.
Flaw-Insensitive Hydrogels under Static and Cyclic Loads

New applications of hydrogels draw growing attention to the development of tough hydrogels. Most tough hydrogels are designed through incorporating large energy dissipation from breaking sacrificial bonds. However, these hydrogels still fracture under prolonged cyclic loads with the presence of even small flaws. This paper presents a principle of flaw-insensitive hydrogels under both static and cyclic loads. The design aligns the polymer chains in a hydrogel at the molecular level to deflect a crack. To demonstrate this principle, a hydrogel of polyacrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol is prepared with aligned crystalline domains. When the hydrogel is stretched in the direction of alignment, an initial flaw deflects, propagates along the loading direction, peels off the material, and leaves the hydrogel flawless again. The hydrogel is insensitive to pre-existing flaws, even under more than ten thousand loading cycles. The critical degree of anisotropy to achieve crack deflection is quantified by experiments and fracture mechanics. The principle can be generalized to other hydrogel systems.
Effective Nonprofit Management: Context and Environment, by Joan E. Pynes

The administration of human service organizations has become increasingly complex, with a variety of environmental and contextual factors that have affected the way social services are provided. Fu...
The impact of simulation-based medical education on resident management of emergencies in pediatric anesthesiology.

Background Resident education in pediatric anesthesiology is challenging. Traditional curricula for anesthesiology residency programs have included a combination of didactic lectures and mentored clinical service, which can be variable. Limited pediatric medical knowledge, technical inexperience, and heightened resident anxiety further challenge patient care. We developed a pediatric anesthesia simulation-based curriculum to address crises related to hypoxemia and dysrhythmia management in the operating room as an adjunct to traditional didactic and clinical experiences. Aims The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate the impact of a simulation curriculum designed for anesthesiology residents on their performance during the management of crises in the pediatric operating room. A secondary objective was to compare the retention of learned knowledge by assessment at the eight-week time point during the rotation. Methods In this prospective, observational trial 30 residents were randomized to receive simulation-based education on four perioperative crises (Laryngospasm, Bronchospasm, Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT), and Bradycardia) during the first week (Group A) or fifth week (Group B) of an eight-week rotation. Assessment sessions that included two scenarios (Laryngospasm, SVT) were performed in the first week, fifth week, and the eighth week of their rotation for all residents. The residents were assessed in real time and by video review using a 7-point checklist generated by a modified Delphi technique of senior pediatric anesthesiology faculty. Results Residents in Group A showed improvement between the first week and fifth week assessment as well as between first week and eighth week assessments without decrement between the fifth week and eighth week assessments for both the laryngospasm and SVT scenarios. Residents in Group B showed improvement between the first week and eighth week assessments for both scenarios and between the fifth week and eighth week assessment for the SVT scenario. Conclusion This adjunctive simulation-based curriculum enhanced the learner's management of laryngospasm and SVT management and is a reasonable addition to didactic and clinical curricula for anesthesiology residents.
Machine Learning Applied to Walk-in Demand Prediction of a University Counseling Center

University of Florida Counseling and Wellness Center (UF CWC) is one of the counseling centers that implemented a walk-in appointment policy for emergency needs. The attendance to UF CWC has increased in walk-in appointment traffic every year since data collection began in 2010, averaging a 7% increase in patient visits per year. However, demand for walk-in services is highly uncertain on an hourly, daily or weekly basis. Additionally, emergency needs of students should be met immediately before they become a catastrophic event. Thus, demand prediction becomes an important aspect to dynamically schedule counselors to deal with unexpected demand scenarios. This project provides data visualization and utilizes machine learning techniques to predict future demand to assist with scheduling. We identified seasonal trends in historical visit data from the center, including peaks at the beginning of semesters and around finals. We then used the visit data to train a Gradient Boosting algorithm to predict demand. This model predicted demand with a mean of 4.2 patients per hour and mean square error of 1.75. Our results contribute to better demand prediction models for the UF CWC so that they may better support student needs with adequate staffing levels.
Early College High School/Dual Enrollment 2.0: Evidence-Based Approaches to Engage Youth and Families for Educational, Career, and Community Development.

Urban and Metropolitan Colleges and Universities often serve a population that can benefit from an early college strategy. Colleges serving first-generation and low-income students often have lower retention and graduation rates than their peer institutions, as students from large urban public high schools can struggle to navigate the college classrooms and support system. While students may have achieved respectable GPAs and test scores in their high school buildings, they can fail to translate these skills at the college level, finding themselves on academic probation or worse. As researcher Anthony Jack has described in his landmark study, The Privileged Poor, students coming from large, urban districts are doubly disadvantaged by their experiences in schools; the skills that have allowed these students to get through their high schools are counterproductive at the college level (Jack, 2019). Using an evidence-based approach, programs being launched now by colleges and universities focus on the core missions of early college and dual enrollment programs, connecting youth less likely to attend college directly out of high school with powerful programming that propels them towards successful completion of degrees and to the start of their career. This article presents perspectives from a range of institutions (high school, two-year institutions, four-year institutions, and philanthropic investors) that are rethinking these models to maximize community impact and affordability to students and families.
Droplet size distributions in liquid–liquid semi-batch Taylor vortex flow

Optical methods were used to measure droplet size distributions in a liquid–liquid Taylor vortex reactor oriented vertically along its main axis and operated in a semi-batch fashion with continuous feed of the dispersed phase and no feed or removal of the continuous liquid. The effects of two operational parameters on droplet size distributions were considered, including the inner cylinder angular velocity and the dispersed phase inlet flow rate. Both the mean droplet diameter and the droplet size distribution were found to depend upon the jet Reynolds number and were independent of cylinder rotation speed up to the largest azimuthal Reynolds number investigated (60 000). The droplet size distribution underwent a transition from a unimodal distribution at low cylinder rotation speeds to a bimodal distribution at intermediate speeds. At the largest rotation speeds considered, the bimodal distribution became right-skewed. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that the mean droplet size and size distribution are determined primarily by jet breakage dynamics at the tips of inlet nozzles. Furthermore, the mean droplet size data collected from two geometrically distinct reactors can be collapsed onto a universal curve by plotting the Weber number against the jet Reynolds number.
Effect of the dynamic slip boundary condition on the near-wall turbulent boundary layer

The manipulation of near-wall turbulent structures in a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) is an effective way to reduce the turbulent frictional drag. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a novel approach for the manipulation of near-wall structures in a TBL with Reynolds number () set to 1200. The manipulation is achieved by employing a sustainable wall-attached air-film array. The static and dynamic interface configuration of the air film can be modulated, which generates a dynamic slip boundary condition. For modulation frequencies within the TBL receptivity, this approach shows that it can effectively modify the TBL near-wall velocity/vorticity field. For a typical modulation frequency of 50 Hz, the near-wall mean streamwise velocity decreases and the wall-normal velocity increases when compared to the canonical flat plate TBL. The mean transverse vorticity is suppressed in the near-wall region and its peak is ‘pushed’ outward away from the wall. In the vicinity of modulated air-film array, the phase-locked velocity/vorticity field demonstrates harmonic motions such as a Stokes-type oscillatory motion. The distribution of shear stresses indicates suppressed momentum transfer toward the wall. Estimation of the wall skin friction via the Clauser chart method indicates a reduction of the wall skin friction up to 40 % in the downstream region of the air-film array. A control volume analysis shows that the TBL gains a significant amount of momentum over the oscillating air films, which suggests that the oscillating air film acts like a source of momentum. This pumping effect could potentially explain the observed wall skin friction reduction effect.
DID VERY MASSIVE STARS PRE-ENRICH AND REIONIZE THE UNIVERSE?

Recent studies of heavy r–process elements in low [Fe/H] halo stars have suggested that an initial population of metal-free very massive stars (VMSs) may be required to provide early Fe enrichment without coproducing heavy r nuclei. We find similar abundance trends in α–elements (which should be copiously produced by VMSs), but not in other elements such as carbon (which should not), in agreement with this hypothesis. We then combine the corresponding level of prompt initial enrichment with models of VMS nucleosynthetic yields and spectra to estimate the corresponding ionizing fluxes. The result suggests that there may have been enough VMS activity to reionize the universe. The unusually hard spectrum of VMSs would imply a different reionization history from canonical models. Heii could have been reionized at high redshift, only to recombine as a subsequent generation of stars formed with a “normal” initial mass function. Subject headings: cosmology: theory – early universe – galaxies: formation –stars: abundances
Size-Specific Copper Nanoparticle Cytotoxicity Varies between Human Cell Lines

Commercially available copper nanoparticles of three different sizes were tested for cytotoxicity against three human cell lines using four different cytotoxicity assays. This array of data was designed to elucidate trends in particle stability, uptake, and cytotoxicity. The copper nanoparticles are not stable in cell culture media, and rapid changes over the time course of the assays play a critical role in the measured endpoints. Typically, the 40-60 nm particles tested were more cytotoxic than either smaller or larger particles. These particles were also taken up more readily by cells and exhibited different stability dynamics in cell culture media. This provides a good correlation between total cellular uptake of copper and cytotoxicity that may be directly linked to particle stability, though it is unclear why the intermediate-sized particles exhibited these unique properties when compared with both larger and smaller particles.
Evaluation and Cluster Control of Electric Heating Flexible Load Adjustable Capacity

As a flexible and adjustable load, when its scale reaches a certain degree, is bound to become a considerable demand response resource in power grid operation. It is of great significance to bring it into power grid dispatching operation through demand response. In this paper, a thermal dynamic model of transient heat balance relation of electric heating is constructed, and an evaluation method of adjustable capacity of household electric heating load based on temperature prediction is proposed to evaluate the adjustable capacity of user electric heating load. A uniform clustering model of electric heating load parameters was established and its potential of regulating electric heating load clusters is analyzed. The results show that when the upper limit of the demand response temperature range is 22℃, the smaller the temperature value of negative regulation is, the larger the heat storage energy of cluster electric heating is, and the more significant the peak clipping effect of demand response is.
Remote Work

We are living through a monumental change in work. Experiments during the pandemic turned into regular operations, and have had a profound impact on perceptions of the viability of remote work. I do not lightly use the word “profound.” The trend reverses more than two centuries of separating the location of work and residences. That separation has deep roots, and reflects something fundamental about the gains to society from separating work from other activities. All developed countries have this feature. The pandemic brought about an acceleration of remote work. To appreciate how suddenly this arrived, consider that two years ago less than 25% of the U.S. workforce participated in some sort of remote work at home, and it was typically less than half their work hours. During the height of the pandemic, however, approximately 40% of the U.S. labor force participated in remote work, and it was full time at home.
Meniscus Root Tear and Its Treatment

The significance of meniscus root tears has become increasingly recognized in the literature. Meniscus root tears result in decreased knee stability, alterations in knee kinematics, and altered contact pressures in the knee. Root tears have been described to be functionally equivalent to complete meniscectomy and have been shown to lead to accelerated degeneration of the articular cartilage and arthritis development. Meniscus root tears can be treated nonoperatively, or with repair, with repairs being preferred in knees with intact cartilage. Root repairs have also been shown to have favorable results compared to nonoperative and partial meniscectomy treatments, in select patients. The purpose of this chapter is to describe meniscus root tears, consequences of tears, and treatment of root tears.
Outcomes following head and neck cancer surgery among older adults as determined by an electronic geriatric assessment

Abstract Purpose Older adults with head and neck cancer have increased postoperative complications, longer hospital stays, and higher rates of mortality. Geriatric assessment (GA) provides a measure of overall health status and is preferable to using age alone for assessing fitness for surgery. We sought to determine whether a patient's frailty as determined by a novel electronic GA is associated with outcomes after head and neck cancer (HNC) surgery. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 159 patients aged 75 and older referred to the Geriatrics Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for pre-operative evaluation prior to undergoing HNC surgery. All patients completed the electronic Rapid Fitness Assessment (eRFA) within 60 days prior to surgery. The accumulated geriatric deficit (AGD) score includes twelve domains from the eRFA with a point assigned for each domain in which there is a deficit and a final point related to comorbidities. Three other metrics were individually assessed: age, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), and number of comorbidities. We utilized multivariable linear regression and t-tests to determine whether frailty is associated with longer length of hospital stay, 30-day intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 30-day and 90-day postoperative mortality. Results Patients with a higher AGD score spent more time in the hospital post-operatively (1.0 day increase per unit increase in AGD; 95% CI: 0.21–1.9; p = 0.015). Lower KPS was also associated with statistically significant longer length of stay (−2.70 day change per increasing index KPS; 95% CI: −4.30 – −1.00; days; p = 0.002), while age and comorbidity were not found to be statistically associated with length of stay. Higher AGD score remained significantly associated with longer length of stay on multivariable analysis (0.93 day increase per unit increase in AGD; 95% CI 0.15–1.71; p = 0.019). AGD was the only metric associated with increased risk of ICU admission (6.6 vs 5.0 geriatric deficits for those admitted vs not admitted to ICU; p = 0.024). Conclusions Frailty is associated with increased length of hospital stay and ICU admission in older adults with HNC undergoing surgery. GA can be used to counsel patients on the expected postoperative course.
Discussion of cerebral tryptamine receptors: functional considerations.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses some kinetic studies on the effect of environmental temperature on the turnover rate of brain 5-HT and catecholamines. Exposure of rats to an environmental temperature of 38°C produces a 24° rise in rectal temperature, accompanied by an increase in the turnover rate of brain 5-HT. This increase in turnover rate begins within 2 hours and reaches a maximum of 71% above normal after 14 hours. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg of p-chlorophenylalanine for 3 days blocks the rise in brain 5-HIAA and markedly increases the toxicity of the 38°C environment. In contrast to the brain, there is no change in turnover rate of 5-HT in the duodenum at 38°C. The turnover rate of brain (NE), measured from the decline of endogenous levels after administration of α-methyltyrosine is increased by cold exposure. A maximal increase in synthesis of 66% occurs after 2 hours at 4°C, and the turnover rate gradually returns to normal over the next 48 hours of cold exposure.
Notes on the Theory of the ‘Big Push’

‘There is a minimum level of resources that must be devoted to … a development program if it is to have any chance of success. Launching a country into self-sustaining growth is a little like getting an airplane off the ground. There is a critical ground speed which must be passed before the craft can become airborne. …’ l Proceeding ‘bit by bit’ will not add up in its effects to the sum total of the single bits. A minimum quantum of investment is a necessary, though not sufficient, condition of success. This, in a nutshell, is the contention of the theory of the big push.
The Hedonic Method of Valuing Environmental Policies and Quality

Benefit-cost analysts attempt to compare two states of the world, the status quo and a state in which a policy having benefits and costs is being contemplated. For environmental policies, this comparison is greatly complicated by the difficulty in inferring the values that individuals place on an increment to environmental quality. Unlike ordinary private goods, environmental goods are not directly exchanged in markets with observable prices. In this chapter, the hedonic approach to inferring the beneﬁts of an environmental policy is examined.
Germany, Hitler, and World War II: German diplomacy toward the Soviet Union

This analysis is designed to deal with four aspects of a broad topic: the general aims of Hitler which required a war with Russia for their implementation; his policy toward that country during the years 1933–39; the circumstances under which Hitler decided to invade the Soviet Union and the factors which led to his adhering to that decision; and finally the attack itself and its failure on the field of battle as that relates to earlier German policy choices. In Vienna, in pre- and postwar Munich, during World War I, and in jail after the failed coup attempt of November 1923 Hitler developed ideas of which only those dealing with foreign relations will be touched on. Convinced that Germany needed more space to feed its population, he rejected a return to the frontiers of 1914 as a sound goal for his movement. He was certain that it would take at least one war and perhaps several to secure the return of the lost territories; in Hitler's eyes that was not worthwhile – if you were going to fight, then you should fight for territorial aims that were worthy of the sacrifices that would be required, and that meant huge stretches of land. The 1914 borders had been inadequate for the old Germany, so the new Germany should formulate its territorial ambitions without reference to them. A notorious American robber was once asked why he robbed banks. His response was, because that's where the money is. Similarly, Hitler argued on the basis of the most obvious geographic considerations that Germany should seize land in Eastern Europe because that's where the land is.
Infectivity phenotypes of H3N2 influenza A viruses in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells are controlled by sialic acid binding

Please cite this paper as: Bateman et al. (2012) Infectivity phenotypes of H3N2 influenza A viruses in primary swine respiratory epithelial cells are controlled by sialic acid binding. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(6), 424–433. Background In the late 1990s, triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses emerged and spread widely in the US swine population. We have shown previously that an isolate representative of this virus-lineage, A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99 (Sw/MN), exhibits phenotypic differences compared to a wholly human-lineage H3N2 virus isolated during the same time period, A/Swine/Ontario/00130/97 (Sw/ONT). Specifically, Sw/MN was more infectious for pigs and infected a significantly higher proportion of cultured primary swine respiratory epithelial cells (SRECs). In addition, reverse genetics-generated Sw/MN × Sw/ONT reassortant and point mutant viruses demonstrated that the infectivity phenotypes in SRECs were strongly dependent on three amino acids within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Objectives To determine the mechanism by which Sw/MN attains higher infectivity than Sw/ONT in SRECs. Methods A/Swine/Minnesota/593/99, Sw/ONT, and mutant (reverse genetics-generated HA reassortant and point mutant) viruses were compared at various HA-mediated stages of infection: initial sialic acid binding, virus entry, and the pH of virus–endosome fusion. Results/Conclusions Sialic acid binding was the sole stage where virus differences directly paralleled infectivity phenotypes in SRECs, indicating that binding is the primary mechanism responsible for differences in the infectivity levels of Sw/MN and Sw/ONT.
The Banff 2009 Working Proposal for Polyomavirus Nephropathy: A Critical Evaluation of its Utility as a Determinant of Clinical Outcome

Clinical outcome in BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) was examined in relation to clinical and histologic parameters with reference to the Banff Working Proposal 2009, which emphasizes tubular injury and viral load. Seventy one patients were evaluated in three eras: (i) Era-I: No BKV PCR performed (n = 36), (ii) Era-II: PCR performed for rising creatinine (n = 24) and (iii) Era III: PCR performed for routine screening (n = 11). Six of seventy-one (8.4%) patients were classified as Class A, 46/71 (64.8%) as Class B and 19/71 (26.8%) as Class C. Banff class A never occurred in Era-I. It is a heterogeneous class that includes biopsies with inflammation that have hitherto been included in Class B. Higher inflammation, but not tubular injury, nor histologic viral load correlated with worse creatinine at 3 months. On long-term follow-up, class C associated with graft loss (hazard ratio 2.45, p = 0.03). Clearance of viremia was associated with better graft survival at 5 years (46.0% vs. 25.0%). Viruria clearance was infrequent (15.6%). In conclusion, the clinical utility of the Banff Working Proposal 2009 derives from scoring of fibrosis and not extent of tubular injury or viral cytopathic effect. The proposal is not superior to existing schemas that include assessment of inflammation, which is a well-known prognostic marker in other renal allograft diseases.
Software for Bayesian cross section and panel spatial model comparison

A wide variety of spatial regression specifications that include alternative types of spatial dependence (e.g., lagged values of the dependent variable, spatial lags of explanatory variables, dependence in the model disturbances) have been the focus of a literature on statistical tests for distinguishing between alternative specifications. LeSage (Spat Stat 9:122–145, 2014) argues that a Bayesian approach to model comparison for cross-sectional and static panel models considerably simplifies the task of selecting an appropriate model. MATLAB software functions for carrying out Bayesian cross-sectional and static spatial panel model comparisons described in LeSage (2014) are described here along with a number of illustrative applications.
Injection velocity in thin-channel InAs HEMTs

We have experimentally extracted the virtual-source electron injection velocity in InAs HEMTs with a 5 nm thick channel. For long gate lengths, these devices exhibit noticeably worse injection velocity than thicker channel devices of a similar design. However, for very short gate lengths, as the devices approach the ballistic regime, the extracted injection velocity becomes rather independent of channel thickness. From these results, we can conclude that InAs-based QW-FETs with very thin channels have the potential of scaling to very short dimensions.