cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Adjustment in Families of Children with Cancer

A follow-up study of 51 families of pediatric cancer patients was conducted five years after the children's treatment had ended (n = 38) or five years after the children had died (n = 13). An lbitem instrument, the Current Adjustment Scale (CAS), was developed specifically for the study to measure the families' current levels of adjustment and to quantify their responses to a semistructured follow-up interview. A regression analysis, comparing the families' adjustment during the course of treatment with their adjustment five years later, confirmed the consistency of family functioning over time. A factor analysis of the 18 items in the CAS resulted in three factors associated with family adjustment: (1) the family was able to resolve questions about the cancer and focus on family matters unrelated to the disease, (2) the family system was adaptive, healthy, and supportive of its members, and (3) family members were able to seek help when needed. The authors provide a complete description of the instrument...
Blocking endocytotic mechanisms to improve heterologous protein titers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful platform for protein production of biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. To date, substantial effort has focused on alleviating several bottlenecks in expression and the secretory pathway. Recently, it has been shown that highly active endocytosis could decrease the overall protein titer in the supernatant. In this study, we block endocytosis and trafficking to the vacuole using a modified TEV Protease-Mediated Induction of Protein Instability (mTIPI) system to disrupt the endocytotic and vacuolar complexes. We report that conditional knock-down of endocytosis gene Rvs161 improved the concentration of α-amylase in supernatant of S. cerevisiae cultures by 63.7% compared to controls. By adaptive evolution, we obtained knock-down mutants in Rvs161 and End3 genes with 2-fold and 3-fold α-amylase concentrations compared to controls that were not evolved. Our study demonstrates that genetic blocking of endocytotic mechanisms can improve heterologous protein production in S. cerevisiae. This result is likely generalizable to other eukaryotic secretion hosts.
The Effects of Knowledge, Gender, and Age on the Comprehension of Investment Disclosures

This study examines how investors comprehend the disclosures regarding investment fees about a mutual fund through various factors: gender, age, education, and knowledge about investing in mutual funds. The results reveal that gender and knowledge influence investors’ perception of understanding investment disclosures, whereas knowledge, education, and age influence investors’ actual comprehension of the disclosures. In particular, age has an inverse effect on investors’ actual comprehension of the disclosures. Male investors may be overconfident in their ability to understand investment disclosures, whereas an educated and informed investor provides the best defense against costly mistakes in investing. Implications for wealth advisors are included.
Fault parameters determined by near- and far-field data: The Wakasa Bay earthquake of March 26, 1963

The source process of the Wakasa Bay earthquake ( M = 6.9, 35.80°N, 135.76°E, depth 4 km) which occurred near the west coast of Honshu Island, Japan, on March 26, 1963, is studied on the basis of the seismological data. Dynamic and static parameters of the faulting are determined by directly comparing synthetic seismograms with observed seismograms recorded at seismic near and far distances. The De Hoop-Haskell method is used for the synthesis. The average dislocation is determined to be 60 cm. The overall dislocation velocity is estimated to be 30 cm/sec, the rise time of the slip dislocation being determined as 2 sec. The other fault parameters determined, with supplementary data on the P -wave first motion, the S -wave polarization angle, and the aftershocks, are: source geometry, dip direction N 144°E, dip angle 68°, slip angle 22° (right-lateral strike-slip motion with some dip-slip component); fault dimension, 20 km length by 8 km width; rupture velocity, 2.3 km/sec (bilateral); seismic moment, 3.3 × 1025 dyne-cm; stress drop, 32 bars. The effective stress available to accelerate the fault motion is estimated to be about 40 bars. The approximate agreement between the effective stress and the stress drop suggests that most of the effective stress was released at the time of the earthquake.
HIV and hepatitis C knowledge among individuals with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examines knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among individuals with serious mental illness. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-six people answered questions regarding their knowledge of HIV and HCV. RESULTS: The total correct score for the set of HIV items (79%) was significantly higher than the total correct score for the set of HCV items (70%). Although the majority of demographic variables were not significantly associated with knowledge, individuals who had been previously screened for HIV answered significantly more HIV and HCV questions accurately. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there is a specific gap in knowledge about HCV among individuals with serious mental illness, suggesting the need for intervention development to increase disease-related knowledge.
VISUALLY OBSERVED WAVE DATA AT PT. MUGU, CALIF.

A Littoral Environment Observation (LEO) Program was established along the West Coast of the United States in 1968. This program provides for visual observations of waves and surf conditions to be made systematically on a daily basis. The data addressed in this report were collected at three LEO sites (as shown in Figure 1) at Pt. Mugu California, located 50 miles northwest of Los Angeles. In order to evaluate the reliability of wave heights and periods collected using the LEO techniques, comparisons of visual observations and measured wave gage records were made. The study revealed that individual visual observations of breaker height can deviate significantly from measured wave heights even when the gage wave heights had been corrected for shoaling effects. On the average the LEO observations gave a fair estimate of prevailing wave heights. LEO estimates of wave period tended to overpredict the period of maximum energy density. It is presumed that this occurred because observers often fail to count smaller waves when making this measurement. Statistics of the gage measurements of wave height and LEO wave heights are reasonably close.
Phase Matched Three-Color Wave Mixing for the Determination of Refractive Index Dispersion

We discuss the use of the phase matching conditions for third-order nonlinear optical frequency conversion to obtain refractive index dispersion over a large spectral range from the visible to the infrared.
Fullerene Nanoparticles as Molecular Surfactant for Dewetting of Phase-Separating Polymer Blend Films

We investigate the effects of fullerene nanoparticles (f-NP) on the dewetting morphology in the immiscible temperature regime of blend films of polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB) on silicon substrate. As in our former work in the miscible temperature regime of this blend film, competitive partitioning of the f-NPs to the polymer–polymer and the substrate interfaces in blend films requires a larger concentration of f-NPs (∼10 mass %) to suppress film dewetting than in homopolymer components (∼2 mass %). In contrast, however, phase-separated blend films rapidly dewet into hemispherical droplets due to finite interfacial tension of internal blend components unlike irregular shape droplets obtained in miscible blend films. The effect of the f-NPs (1 mass % to 5 mass % f-NP) is to simultaneously reduce the size and contact angle of the dewet droplets, but the hemispherical shape of droplets is maintained, suggesting the f-NPs act to (a) only reduce the phase-separated blend interfacial tension but not ful...
Effects of relationship functioning on the biological experience of stress and physical health

In this paper, we outline how relationship functioning affects the biological experience of stress and its consequences for physical health. Negative relationship perceptions and processes, such as attachment insecurity, hostility, and frequent conflict, tend to heighten stress responses and generate worse health over time, whereas positive relationship perceptions and processes, such as responsiveness, support, and intimacy, are generally associated with reduced or buffered stress responses and improved health (with some caveats). Future research should focus on the mechanisms behind these effects, the extent to which they can be changed or reversed, incorporating developmental perspectives, and effects of individual differences on these processes.
Analysis of the Necessity of the Dual-speed Reconstruction of the Feedwater Booster Pump of a Utility Boiler

For the current large and medium-sized units,to enhance the cost-effectiveness of boiler feed water systems,the authors put forward for the first time a version to conduct a dual-speed reconstruction of the rated speed of the booster pump and undergo a series coordinated operation with the variable speed main feed water pump. In the meantime,whether or not any cavitation will happen in the system after the reconstruction was argued. Through a comprehensive case contrast and analysis,it has been proven that the reconstruction version is technically feasible,economically rational and operationally reliable,thus offering a reliable theoretical basis for concrete implementation in engineering projects.
159 INTERACTIONS OF FGFS AND TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR β1 IN DEVELOPING LUNG.

Purpose of Study Branching morphogenesis of the pulmonary epithelium is a highly regulated process that involves cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Signaling and transcription factors are known to play key roles in this process. For example, FGFs and in particular FGF10 stimulate branching morphogenesis, whereas TGF-beta inhibits it. Two important questions addressed by the following study were (1) what is the interaction between FGFs and TGF-beta and (2) whether the effect of TGF-beta is mediated through Smad3, one of its downstream transcriptional effectors. Methods Mesenchyme-free lung endodermal tissue from lungs of embyronic day 12.5 wild-type and Smad3(-/-) mouse embryos were isolated and used in Matrigel explant cultures in the presence or absence of various growth factors. At designated time points, explants were photographed and analyzed for growth and/or branching activity. Summary of Results FGF10 alone induced branching activity in wild-type endodermal explants. In contrast to FGF10, FGF7-treated explants underwent a process of generalized growth that resulted in formation of cyst-like structures instead of budding. Addition of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, or TGF-beta3 strongly inhibited FGF10-induced beanching activity. However, the inhibitiory effect of TGF-beta was significantly reduced in explants derived from Smad3(-/-). Conclusions We provide evidences that TGF-beta1 inhibits FGF10-induced branching activity in early lung endodermal explants. The inhibitory impact of TGF-beta is mediated to a large extent by the activation of Smad3. Supported by the Hastings Foundation, HL56590 and HL073471.
Application of two non-invasive diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori in children

Objective:To study the values of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen(HpSA) test and serological test for Helicobacter pylori antibody IgG(HpAb-IgG) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children.Methods:HpSA,HpAb-IgG,rapid urease test(RUT) and histological staining test were performed on a total of 137 child patients.Using RUT combined with histological test as the gold standards for H.pylori infection diagnosis,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the HpSA and HpAb-IgG test were investigated respectively.Results:75 of 137 child patients were diagnosed as H.pylori infection by the gold diagnosis standards.In comparison with the the gold diagnosis standards,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of the HpSA and HpAb-IgG test were 92.0%and 89.3%,95.1% and 91.9%,93.4% and 90.5%respectively.Conclusion:The HpSA test can be used as an reliable non-invasive diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori in children.
Acute renal failure in surgical patients. Causes, clinical patterns, and care.

If acute renal failure occurs during surgery or after trauma in an otherwise healthy person, the risk of mortality is major. In this article, the clinical patterns of this syndrome are analyzed; general principles and specific suggestions for treatment are offered.
Estrus, ovulation, luteinizing hormone, and suckling-induced hormones in mastectomized cows with and without unrestricted presence of the calf.

Angus x Hereford multiparous cows were assigned to four treatments: 1) mastectomized+calf weaned at birth (MCW; n = 7); 2) mastectomized+calf presence restricted to noninguinal contact (MCR; n = 7); 3) mastectomized+unrestricted calf presence (MCP; n = 7); and 4) udder-intact cows+unrestricted calf presence (UICP; n = 8). Except for MCW cows, cow-calf pairs were penned together individually from parturition (d 0) until d 35 when calves were weaned. On d 7, calves in MCP and UICP treatments were separated overnight from their dams, and before and upon reunion, blood samples were collected from the cows to assess changes in oxytocin, cortisol, and prolactin. Calves in the MCP and UICP treatments attempted to or suckled their dams for a similar duration upon reunion, respectively. Concentrations of cortisol and percentage of change in oxytoxin and prolactin were increased (P < .05) for up to 12 min in MCP cows after reunion with their calves. Average concentrations of serum LH in samples collected on d 14, 21, 28, and 35 did not differ in noncyclic cows among treatments within day postpartum (except for greater [P < .05] LH in MCW cows on d 21). However, MCP cows had more (P < .05) LH pulses (d 21), greater (P < .05) variability in LH pulses (d 21), greater (P < .05) variability in LH concentrations, and greater (P < .05) average maximum concentrations of LH than UICP cows after d 14. Intervals to first ovulation were similar in MCW and MCR cows but shorter (P < .01) than those in MCP and UICP cows. Attempted suckling of mastectomized dams by their calves was associated with increased serum cortisol and percentage of increase in serum oxytocin and prolactin. Despite increased LH in MCP cows, intervals to first ovulation did not differ from those of UICP cows.
Pulmonary infarction following ligation of terminally shunted pulmonary artery.

The intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot occasionally is complicated by the presence of a surgically created shunt between a systemic artery and the distal end of a divided pulmonary artery. Rarely, reconstruction of this pulmonary artery at the time of corrective operation is not technically feasible. Usually, this problem has been managed by obliterating the systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt, which has not previously been reported to result in complications in the involved lung. Two of our patients underwent intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot, including ligation of a terminally shunted left pulmonary artery. Postoperatively, they developed infarction of the left lung with resulting acute respiratory insufficiency. In both instances, conservative management ultimately achieved resolution of the pathological process and a good clinical result.
The Scientific Status of Individual Differences

The relationship between the two disciplines of scientific psychology is a very important current issue. Unfortunately, the issue has been current far too long and has produced opinions that are far too extreme. On one hand, these opinions are represented by the prevalent but radical view that studies without manipulated variables do not qualify as scientific. This view not only disqualifies most individual differences studies as scientific but also disqualifies most of the work in other scientific fields. Judged by the criterion of including manipulated independent variables, the entire fields of astronomy, geology, and anthropology must be considered unscientific along with most work in physics and biology, which like individual differences tend to focus on measurement and observation and establishing empirical and then theoretical relationships among measured variables before manipulating them. Surely something is wrong with the practice—only found in psychology—of considering manipulated variables as the hallmark of science when so many fields that are unquestionably scientific manipulate so few variables.
Salazar v. Buono: The Perils of Piecemeal Adjudication

The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision in Salazar v. Buono, a case involving a Latin cross placed on federal land in the Mojave Desert by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, fails to squarely address what many would assume to be the central issue in the case. Due to a procedural glitch in the history of the case, Salazar does not decide the merits of whether the Mojave Desert cross, sitting atop Sunrise Peak in a federal park preserve, violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Nonetheless, several of the opinions in Salazar address the issue of whether the land transfer statute enacted to preserve the cross violates the district court’s injunction against display of the cross on federal land. Those opinions occasionally pierce through to the merits of the Establishment Clause issue and provide some insight into the possible direction of the Court’s future monuments and symbols cases. In this essay I argue that Salazar suggests a move toward accommodation in the Court’s Establishment Clause doctrine, although Salazar does little to elucidate the concept of accommodation.
Effects of Obstacle Binding and Bound Mobility in a Lattice Model of Protein Diffusion

Crowded environments modify the diffusion of macromolecules, generally slowing their movement and inducing transient anomalous subdiffusion. Obstacles also modify the kinetics and equilibrium behavior of interaction between mobile proteins. In some biophysical contexts, bound molecules can still experience mobility, for example transcription factors sliding along DNA, membrane proteins with some entry and diffusion within lipid domains, or proteins that can enter into non-membrane bound compartments such as the nucleolus. We used a lattice model to study the diffusive behavior of tracer particles which bind to obstacles and can diffuse within them. We show that binding significantly alters the motion of tracers. The type and degree of motion while bound is a key determinant of the tracer mobility. Our work has implications for protein-protein movement and interactions within living cells.
The Pivotal Role of Change Appropriation in the Implementation of Health Care Technology

The implementation of electronic health records (EHRs) is a major transformation in health care organizations. This study uses adaptive structuration theory to build and test an organizational chan...
Azithromycin Causes a Novel Proarrhythmic Syndrome.

Background—The widely used macrolide antibiotic azithromycin increases risk of cardiovascular and sudden cardiac death, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Case reports, including the o...
Stress prediction in very early-age concrete subject to restraint under varying temperature histories

Abstract Assessing the stress development in concrete requires an appropriate tensile creep model which is capable of incorporating the effect of the field environment conditions. This study quantifies the effect of temperature variation on the very early-age stress developments in restrained concrete by adopting a modified microprestress-solidification (MPS) theory-based creep model. The MPS creep model is first calibrated and verified based on the measured direct tensile creep data under normal and high temperature histories, it is then used to predict the very early-age stress development of the fully restrained concrete specimens under variable temperature history since casting. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The tensile stress in restrained specimens can be relaxed by 80 %–87% within the first three days since casting. The predicted stress exhibits an obvious deviation from the measured one if temperature effect is not considered. Therefore, it is of importance to consider the temperature effect on concrete creep when the temperature variation in concrete is significant, and MPS creep model is valid for tensile stress prediction in concrete at very early ages.
Pilot in Vivo Structure–Activity Relationship of Dihydromethysticin in Blocking 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-Induced O6-Methylguanine and Lung Tumor in A/J Mice

(+)-Dihydromethysticin was recently identified as a promising lung cancer chemopreventive agent, while (+)-dihydrokavain was completely ineffective. A pilot in vivo structure–activity relationship (SAR) was explored, evaluating the efficacy of its analogs in blocking 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced short-term O6-methylguanine and long-term adenoma formation in the lung tissues in A/J mice. Both results revealed cohesive SARs, demonstrating that the methylenedioxy functional group in DHM is essential while the lactone functional group tolerates modifications.
Critical Race Quantitative Intersections: A "testimonio" Analysis.

AbstractThe educational pipeline has become a commonly referenced depiction of educational outcomes for racialized groups across the country. While visually impactful, an overreliance on decontextualized quantitative data often leads to majoritarian interpretations. Without sociohistorical contexts, these interpretations run the risk of perpetuating culturally deficit ideologies about the causes that produce and reproduce these outcomes. In using an analysis grounded in Critical Race Quantitative Intersectionality (CRQI), this article contextualizes the educational pipeline from preschool to the professoriate through a mixed methods approach that fuses quantitative data with testimonio, a qualitative bridge to center knowledge and agency – as individuals and as a collective – in the quest for social change. This CRQI + T analysis begins with a review of educational outcome data for California and is informed by testimonios to contextualize the authors’ lived experiences within institutions shaped by the l...
Influence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Freezing Temperatures on Sugar Beet Roots in Storage

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a yield-limiting sugar beet disease that was observed to influence root resistance to freezing in storage. Thus, studies were conducted to gain a better understanding of the influence of BNYVV and freezing on sugar beet roots to improve pile management decisions. Roots from five commercial sugar beet cultivars (one susceptible and four resistant to BNYVV) were produced in fields under high and trace levels of rhizomania pressure and subjected to storage using five temperature regimes ranging from 0 to -4.4°C for 24 h. After cold treatment, eight-root samples were stored in a commercial indoor storage building (set point 1.1°C) for 50 days in 2014 and 57 days in 2015. Internal root temperature, frozen and discolored tissue, and moisture and sucrose loss were evaluated. The air temperature at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C matched internal root temperature but internal root remained near -2.2°C when air temperature was dropped to -3.3 and -4.4°C. In a susceptible cultivar produced under high rhizomania pressure, the percentage of frozen tissue increased (P < 0.0001) from an average of 0 to 7% at 0, -1.1, and -2.2°C up to 16 to 63% at -3.3°C and 63 to 90% at -4.4°C, depending on year. Roots from the susceptible cultivar produced under low rhizomania pressure and those from the resistant cultivars from both fields only had elevated (P ≤ 0.05) frozen tissue at -4.4°C in 15 of 18 cultivar-year combinations. Frozen tissue was related to discolored tissue (r2 = 0.91), weight loss (r2 = 0.12 to 0.28), and sucrose reduction (r2 = 0.69 to 0.74). Consequently, BNYVV will not only lead to yield and sucrose loss in susceptible sugar beet cultivars but also to more frozen root tissue as temperatures drop below -2.2°C. Based on these observations, the air used to cool roots in nonfrozen sugar beet piles throughout the winter should not drop below -2.2°C to maximize sucrose retention.
Fumonisin content in conventional versus Bt maize and implications of fumonisin contamination on fuel ethanol yield and DDGS quality

Genetic engineering of maize plants with genes (Bt genes) for resistance to Lepidopteran insects reduces the risk of grain contamination with fumonisin mycotoxins. Fumonisins are secondary metabolites of certain Fusarium fungal species that may be present in maize grain and, when consumed, lead to a variety to detrimental health impacts in both humans and animals. Changing insect populations, newly available transgenes, and trends in maize utilization have raised new questions about the scope of Bt effects on fumonisins. Field trials were conducted at two locations in 2008-2011 to assess the effects of expression of Bt insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab, Cry1F, or Cry1Ab x Vip3Aa on fumonisin contamination in grain following infestations with European corn borer (ECB), Western bean cutworm (WBC), corn earworm (CEW), and natural insect infestation (no insects applied). These maize pests are common in the major maize-producing regions of the United States and their feeding can reduce yields and increase levels of fungal contamination and mycotoxins. Fumonisins have also demonstrated toxic effects on certain yeast strains used in fermentation of maize grain for fuel ethanol production. Additionally, because fumonisins are heat-stable and non-volatile under relevant conditions, they can be enriched up to threefold in dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS), the residual non-fermentable co-product of fuel ethanol processing which is fed to livestock. Therefore, fumonisin contamination in maize is a significant consideration for maize and maize-based ethanol producers. Grain quality was assessed by visual inspection to determine the extent of kernel injury and Fusarium ear rot, and by ELISA or HPLC to determine the fumonisin content. Visual assessment of maize obtained from field trials revealed significant reductions in kernel injury and Fusarium ear rot in Bt versus non-Bt maize. Both HPLC and ELISA
Characterization of cervical neuromuscular response to head-neck perturbation in active young adults

Abstract Background The majority of studies examining the role of cervical muscles on head-neck kinematics focused on musculoskeletal attributes (e.g. strength). Cervical neuromuscular response to perturbation may represent a divergent construct that has not been examined under various perturbation conditions. This study examined the association between cervical musculoskeletal attributes and cervical neuromuscular response of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) to perturbation. Furthermore, this study examined the effect of anticipation and preload on the SCM neuromuscular response. Methods Nineteen participants completed measurement of SCM muscle size, cervical flexion maximal voluntary isometric contraction, and the neuromuscular response of the SCM to cervical perturbation. Cervical perturbation was delivered by dropping a 1.59 kg mass from a loading apparatus. The impulsive load was delivered under four conditions: (1) Anticipated perturbation with no preload (A-NP), (2) Unanticipated perturbation with no preload (U-NP), (3) Anticipated perturbation with preload (A-P), and (4) Unanticipated perturbation with preload (U-P). Results None of the cervical musculoskeletal attributes were correlated with the SCM cervical neuromuscular response. This study demonstrated significant effect of preloading and anticipation on baseline EMG amplitude and EMG onset latency for the SCM. Furthermore, there was a significant effect of preloading on average EMG response amplitude for the SCM. Discussion The findings of this study indicate that cervical neuromuscular response of the SCM is different from musculoskeletal attributes and is influenced by perturbation conditions. These findings provide conceptual support to examine the neuromuscular response of the SCM in mitigating head-neck kinematics.
Rat Orbitofrontal Ensemble Activity Contains Multiplexed but Dissociable Representations of Value and Task Structure in an Odor Sequence Task.

Summary The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in signaling information about expected outcomes to facilitate adaptive or flexible behavior. Current proposals focus on signaling of expected value versus the representation of a value-agnostic cognitive map of the task. While often suggested as mutually exclusive, these alternatives may represent extreme ends of a continuum determined by task complexity and experience. As learning proceeds, an initial, detailed cognitive map might be acquired, based largely on external information. With more experience, this hypothesized map can then be tailored to include relevant abstract hidden cognitive constructs. The map would default to an expected value in situations where other attributes are largely irrelevant, but, in richer tasks, a more detailed structure might continue to be represented, at least where relevant to behavior. Here, we examined this by recording single-unit activity from the OFC in rats navigating an odor sequence task analogous to a spatial maze. The odor sequences provided a mappable state space, with 24 unique “positions” defined by sensory information, likelihood of reward, or both. Consistent with the hypothesis that the OFC represents a cognitive map tailored to the subjects’ intentions or plans, we found a close correspondence between how subjects were using the sequences and the neural representations of the sequences in OFC ensembles. Multiplexed with this value-invariant representation of the task, we also found a representation of the expected value at each location. Thus, the value and task structure co-existed as dissociable components of the neural code in OFC.
Intuition and the ill infant

Nowhere in medicine is the use of observation, instinct, and innate experience more important than in attempting to make a clinical diagnosis in an acutely ill infant. I like to refer to this as veterinary paediatrics, as sick animals and sick children share many attributes they refuse to eat; they lie down when they are sick; their language and communication skills are limited; they depend on others to sort out their problems; and when ill they prefer to be left alone. Sir William Osler said, There is no more difficult art to acquire than the art of observation. This is well captured in the illustration of the sick child, a painting which used to hang on the wall of many doctors' surgeries (fig 1). It shows the doctor carefully observing an ill child placed across the chairs in a poor household. His posture is pensive, his look inquiring, but the child's position and that of the parents tell the viewer that the child is critically ill. Figure 1 Sir Luke Fildes “The doctor” shows the doctor carefully observing an ill child I like to quote to my students the saying of Auguste Bier (1861-1949): “A smart mother makes often a better diagnosis than a poor doctor.” In reality, of course, any mother is likely to make a better diagnosis than a “poor” doctor. About 70 to 80% of paediatric diagnoses are basedlargely on history. It is essential that students ask the mother what her worries are. Figure 2 displays the fundamental problem the child or young infant being limited in his or her clinical vocabulary and yet needing to communicate to the mother or the attending doctor. Fortunately, most mothers are excellent barometers of their children's wellbeing and are good communicators of their problems if doctors are attuned to listen. …
Chiral Polyoxotungstates. 1. Stereoselective Interaction of Amino Acids with Enantiomers of [CeIII(α1-P2W17O61)(H2O)x]7-. The Structure of dl-[Ce2(H2O)8(P2W17O61)2]14-

The ammonium salt of the 1:1complex (1) of Ce(III) with alpha(1)-[P(2)W(17)O(61)](10)(-) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, vibrational and NMR spectroscopy ((31)P, (183)W), cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray analysis (P1; a = 15.8523(9) A, b = 17.4382(10) A, c = 29.3322(16) A, alpha = 99.617(1) degrees, beta = 105.450 (1) degrees, gamma = 101.132(1) degrees, V = 7460.9(7) A(3), Z = 2). The anion consists of a centrosymmetric head-to-head dimer, [[Ce(H(2)O)(4)(P(2)W(17)O(61))](2)],(14-) with each 9-coordinate Ce cation linked to four oxygens of one tungstophosphate anion and to one oxygen of the other anion. On the basis of P NMR spectroscopy, a monomer-dimer equilibrium exists in solution with K = 20 +/- 4 M(-1) at 22 degrees C. Addition of chiral amino acids to aqueous solutions of 1 results in splitting of the (31)P NMR signals as a result of diastereomer formation. No such splitting is observed with glycine or DL-proline, or when chiral amino acids are added to the corresponding complex of the achiral alpha(2)-isomer of [P(2)W(17)O(61)](10)(-). From analysis of the (31)P NMR spectra, formation constants of the two diastereomeric adducts of 1 with L-proline are 7.3 +/- 1.3 and 9.8 +/- 1.4 M(-1).
Portrait of Tissue-Specific Coexpression Networks of Noncoding RNAs (miRNA and lncRNA) and mRNAs in Normal Tissues

Genes that encode proteins playing a role in more than one biological process are frequently dependent on their tissue context, and human diseases result from the altered interplay of tissue- and cell-specific processes. In this work, we performed a computational approach that identifies tissue-specific co-expression networks by integrating miRNAs, long-non-coding RNAs, and mRNAs in more than eight thousands of human samples from thirty normal tissue types. Our analysis (1) shows that long-non coding RNAs and miRNAs have a high specificity, (2) confirms several known tissue-specific RNAs, and (3) identifies new tissue-specific co-expressed RNAs that are currently still not described in the literature. Some of these RNAs interact with known tissue-specific RNAs or are crucial in key cancer functions, suggesting that they are implicated in tissue specification or cell differentiation.
Clonally-Related CD5+ CLL/SLL and CD10+ high grade B-cell lymphoma suggests common neoplastic progenitor with branched disease evolution, with therapeutic implications.

Approximately 15% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphomas (CLL/SLL) transform into aggressive lymphomas, often diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL), known as Richter Syndrome ...
Transition from penetration cracking to spallation in environmental barrier coatings on ceramic composites

Abstract The article addresses the competition between driving forces for penetration cracking and for spallation in bilayer environmental barrier coatings on SiC-based composites. Coatings of interest consist of an outer rare-earth monosilicate (MS) and an inner rare-earth disilicate (DS). Finite element analysis is used to compute energy release rates (ERR) for cracking as functions of misfit strains, layer thicknesses and size of putative cracks. The results indicate that, for certain property combinations, ERRs for spallation in the DS layer exceed those for continued penetration. The implication is that penetration cracks could branch and cause coating spallation. A case study comparing bilayers of Yb- and Y-silicates reveals domains in which (i) the tolerable thickness of MS is high, but eventual spallation could potentially remove the entire DS coating along with the adjoining MS, and (ii) the tolerable thickness of MS is low, but, if it were to occur, spallation would follow a path near the MS/DS interface, leaving most of the DS intact. The behaviors prove to be sensitive to the thermal expansion coefficient of the underlying composite, even over the rather narrow range of values typical of SiC-based composites.
National Study of Triage and Access to Trauma Centers for Older Adults.

Study objective To identify predictors of undertriage among older injured Medicare beneficiaries, identify any regions in which undertriage is more likely to occur, and examine additional factors associated with undertriage at a national level. Methods Using 2009 to 2014 Medicare claims data, we identified older adults (≥65 years) receiving a diagnosis of traumatic injury, and linked claims with trauma center designation records from the American Trauma Society. Undertriage was defined as nontrauma centers treatment with an Injury Severity Score greater than or equal to 16, consistent with the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma benchmark. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds of undertriage by census region, adjusting for sex, race, age, Injury Severity Score, trauma center proximity, and mode of transportation. Results Forty-six percent of severely injured patients (n=125,731) were treated at a nontrauma center. Compared with that for patients in the Midwest, adjusted odds of undertriage were 100% higher for patients in Southern states (odds ratio [OR] 2.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.00 to 2.04) and 78% higher in Western states (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.73 to 1.82). Compared with that for patients aged 65 to 69 years, odds of undertriage gradually increased in all age groups, reaching 57% for patients older than 80 years (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.52 to 1.61). Distance to a trauma center was associated with increasing odds of undertriage, with 37% higher odds (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.40) for older adults living more than 30 miles from a trauma center compared with patients living within 15 miles. Conclusion Nearly half of older adult trauma patients are undertriaged; it increases with age and distance to care and is most common in Southern and Western states. Improvements to field triage and trauma center access for older patients are urgently needed.
ITMA 2019 - New Developments in Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics

This paper highlights new developments in fibers, yarns and fabrics from the ITMA 2019 show, which took place in Barcelona, Spain. Fiber and yarn chapter was launched in 2011 in response to industry demands for a comprehensive, one-stop sourcing platform for textile and garment manufacturers and since then this chapter has been growing. For ITMA 2015, this chapter included another subchapter on recycled fibers and yarns to support textile and garment industries commitment to sustainability. In the 2019 show, this chapter was expanded to include an innovative fabrics section as part of the yarns and fibers chapter. The fiber, yarn and fabric chapter offered innovative and eco-friendly raw material solutions to support these industries with a large focus towards recycling, waste reduction, and production efficiency. This paper highlights the sustainability initiatives exhibited by various companies in this chapter at ITMA 2019.
Data-Driven Volume Thresholds Predictive of Improved Outcomes after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Purpose It is well established that “high volume” centers have better outcomes for complex surgical care including transplantation. However, few studies have used data-driven methodology to establish clinically meaningful volume thresholds predictive of improved outcomes for centers performing orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Methods All OHT cases performed between 2005 and 2015 (with follow-up through 2016) within the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database were reviewed for potential eligibility. All patients ≥18 years of age undergoing isolated OHT were included. Stratum-specific likelihood ratio analysis (SSLR) was used to establish volume thresholds predictive of the primary outcome of mortality at 1-year. Preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared between volume strata using χ2 tests (categorical) or ANOVA (continuous). Results A total of 21,800 recipients (mean age 52.6 ± 12.8 years; 25.2% female) were included in the final cohort. Three distinct center volume strata were identified from the analysis: low ( Conclusion The results of our study demonstrate that higher volume centers perform better than their lower volume counterparts in terms of early mortality after OHT. Our study adds to the existing literature by providing specific, data-driven volume thresholds predictive of improved early outcomes in the contemporary transplant and circulatory support landscape.
Pulsed Reset Protocol for Fixed-Frequency Superconducting Qubits

The unconditional and fast reset of fixed-frequency superconducting qubits is crucial for the operation of near-term quantum computers at elevated trigger rates. Many reset schemes are either conditional (depend on the qubit's state) or require flux tunability. This study presents an all-microwave pulsed reset sequence that uses the readout resonator to unconditionally empty a fixed-frequency transmon qubit, and that also reduces the qubit thermal population. This method could be used to increase the repetition rate of a superconducting quantum computer running, for example, variational eigensolvers requiring many measurements.
Nonadiabatic couplings from a variational excited state method based on constrained DFT.

Excited Costrained Density Functional Theory (XCDFT) [Ramos and Pavanello, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 144103 (2018)] is a variational excited state method that extends ground state DFT to the computation of low-lying excited states. It borrows much of the machinery of Constrained DFT (CDFT) with a crucial difference: the constraint imposes a population of one electron in the Hilbert space spanned by the virtuals of a reference ground state. In this work, we present theory and implementation for evaluating nonadiabatic coupling vectors (NACVs) between the first excited state computed with XCDFT and the ground state. Our NACVs are computed analytically using density functional perturbation theory with a formalism that is general enough that could be applied to CDFT diabatic states. We showcase the new method with pilot NACV calculations for the conical intersection in H3, the avoided crossing in selenoacrolein, and the NACV magnitudes in azobenzene. Despite complications from the nonorthogonality of the wavefunctions, XCDFT’s energy surfaces and NACVs reproduce benchmark values and respect known sum rules within a reasonable degree. This shows that XCDFT is a viable method for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations.
Becoming Flood: Composing Anxious Assemblages in Flood Wall Street

This essay identifies anxious assemblages as a powerful rhetorical strategy used by organizers of the 2014 Flood Wall Street protest in New York City’s financial district. Anxious assemblages may d...
Treatment of Pediatric Osteoid Osteomas Not Amenable to Radiofrequency Ablation: A Retrospective Review of Surgical Outcomes

The purpose of this study is to describe the surgical treatment of osteoid osteomas in a pediatric cohort of patients who were found not to be candidates for percutaneous ablative therapies. Medical records for 29 pediatric patients who were treated surgically for osteoid osteomas were reviewed. Reasons for surgical management included diagnostic uncertainty or lesions that were in close proximity to an articular surface or neurovascular structure. Twenty-eight patients experienced complete symptom resolution. Surgical treatment may still be indicated in a select group of osteoid osteoma patients who are not candidates for percutaneous treatment. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(4):299-302, 2018).
Clinicopathological characteristics and aetiological factors of granulomatous gastritis.

AIMS To examine the clinicopathological characteristics of granulomatous gastritis (GG) among different aetiologies, particularly Crohn disease (CD), and determine the contribution of Helicobacter pylori and the clinical significance of isolated GG. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 269 GG cases overall (0.19% prevalence): 220 had an underlying granulomatous disease (CD, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) and only eight of these (3.6%) had H. pylori, fewer than the 10.3% rate among non-GG biopsies (P < 0.001). Conversely, among 49 GG cases without known cause (foreign body, undetermined, idiopathic), 13 (26.5%) had H. pylori more than background (P = 0.001). Most patients (n = 185/68.8%) had CD and these were more probably male (P < 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), white (P < 0.001) and had single (P = 0.010), smaller (P = 0.005) and antral (P = 0.027) granulomas amid inflammation (P = 0.005) compared to non-CD GG cases; younger age was independently associated with CD [P = 0.003; odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04-1.22]. Among CD patients, younger age (P = 0.003; OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (P = 0.017; OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.18-5.43) were associated with new (versus established) diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas (P = 0.003; OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 1.67-13.04) and lack of upper GI symptoms (P < 0.001; OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 2.94-15.49) were associated with lower GI granulomas. Of 86 isolated GG cases (i.e. no prior diagnosis or lower GI granulomas), 51 (59.3%) were eventually diagnosed with CD, and this was independently associated with younger age (P = 0.014; OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02-1.21) and upper GI symptoms (P = 0.033; OR = 19.27, 95% CI = 1.27-293.31). The positive predictive value of finding isolated GG towards a CD diagnosis in patients aged <30 years was 91%, increasing in males (93%), with single (94%), antral (97%) granulomas or upper GI symptoms (94%). CONCLUSIONS GG does not correlate with H. pylori in patients with granulomatous disease, but may be associated with the organism when such diagnosis is lacking. In CD patients with GG, younger age and upper GI symptoms are associated with a new CD diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas and lack of upper GI symptoms correlate with lower GI granulomas. GG, including in isolated cases with no prior clinical history or granuloma, probably signifies CD, particularly in younger, male patients or those with single, antral granulomas or upper GI symptoms.
Anatomy of a sixteenth-century Florida expedition: history, prosopography, and the 1566 Sancho de Archiniega armada

As he reached for his quill to record another entry in the armada’s official logbook, royal scribe Nicolas de Segurola must have felt relief knowing that the two and a half-month voyage from southe...
OX40-Mediated Differentiation to Effector Function Requires IL-2 Receptor Signaling but Not CD28, CD40, IL-12Rβ2, or T-bet

Ag-specific CD4 T cells transferred into unirradiated Ag-bearing recipients proliferate, but survival and accumulation of proliferating cells is not extensive and the donor cells do not acquire effector functions. We previously showed that a single costimulatory signal delivered by an agonist Ab to OX40 (CD134) promotes accumulation of proliferating cells and promotes differentiation to effector CD4 T cells capable of secreting IFN-γ. In this study, we determined whether OX40 costimulation requires supporting costimulatory or differentiation signals to drive acquisition of effector T cell function. We report that OX40 engagement drives effector T cell differentiation in the absence of CD28 and CD40 signals. Two important regulators of Th1 differentiation, IL-12R and T-bet, also are not required for acquisition of effector function in CD4 T cells responsive to OX40 stimulation. Finally, we show that CD25-deficient CD4 T cells produce little IFN-γ in the presence of OX40 costimulation compared with wild type, suggesting that IL-2R signaling is required for efficient OX40-mediated differentiation to IFN-γ secretion.
Amniocentesis in the second trimester: The effect on fetal movement

Linear array real-time ultrasound was utilized to observe gross fetal body movements before and after second-trimester amniocentesis. No significant differences were found between the two observation periods. All pregnancies continued to term, and no evidence of fetal trauma was found at delivery.