cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robotic Single-Site Surgery

Since their introduction in the surgical field, single-access laparoendoscopic surgery and robotic surgery platforms have evolved significantly through the years. Their combination brought to the surface unique abilities and potential for completing successfully robotic single-site operations that have proved to be extremely challenging even for laparoendoscopic surgeons with mass experience. Lately, robotic single-site approach has been utilized successfully in a gradually expanding list of operations, ranging from demanding fields of abdominal surgery such as hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery to other surgical specialties such as urology and gynecology. In this chapter, we present an overview of robotic single-site surgery with emphasis on the historical evolution of this technology, the available platforms, and the published evidence in the literature.
Steve Austin versus the symbol grounding problem

Harnad (1994) identifies the symbol grounding problem as central to his distinction between cognition and computation. To Harnad computation is merely the systematically interpretable manipulation of symbols, while cognition requires that these symbols have intrinsic meaning that is acquired through transducers that mediate between a cogitator and the environment. We present a careful analysis of the role of these transducers through the misadventures of Steve Austin, the Six Million Dollar Man. Putting Steve through a series of scenarios allows us to analyze what role transducers play in cognition.
Use of Corn Germ Meal in Diets for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Corn germ meal (CGM) is a by-product of corn milling. On the basis of its nutrient composition and digestibility values, it appears to be a suitable ingredient for use in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, diets. A study was conducted to examine the use of various levels of CGM in diets for pond-raised channel catfish. Four 28% protein diets containing 0, 15, 25, and 35% CGM were evaluated. Fingerling channel catfish (mean initial weight: 71 g/fish) were stocked into 24, 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 14,826 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for a 167-d growing season. No significant differences were observed in total amount of diet fed, diet consumption per fish, net yield, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, survival, fillet yield, and fillet protein, fat, and moisture concentrations among fish fed diets containing various levels of CGM. Carcass yield decreased linearly as dietary CGM levels increased. Depending on prices, CGM can be used interchangeably with corn gluten feed in channel catfish diets as replacements for corn, wheat middlings, and soybean meal to reduce feed cost.
Subpicosecond transient Raman scattering studies of field-induced electron transport in an In0.53Ga0.47As based p–i–n nanostructure: direct observation of the effects of electron momentum randomization

Subpicosecond transient Raman spectroscopy has been used to study electron transport properties of an In0.53Ga0.47As based p–i–n nanostructure. Both the electron distribution function and the electron drift velocity have been directly measured as a function of the photoexcited electron–hole pair density. We have found that, at low electron–hole pair densities such as n = 5 × 1016 cm−3, the electron distribution function has an extremely non-Maxwellian shape. However, as the photoexcited electron pair density gradually increases, the non-Maxwellian distribution gradually evolves into a shifted Maxwellian distribution. We attribute these findings to the direct effects of the role of electron–electron scattering in momentum randomization.
A Modified Gravimetric Method for Measuring Rates of Vapor Adsorption and Desorption on Soils. Kinetics of Toluene Adsorption/Desorption on Bentonite

In arid and semi-arid regions where net infiltration and soil moisture are relatively low, movement of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the vadose zone may be dominated by vapor transport and adsorption mechanisms. The objective of this study is to develop the experimental methods necessary to determine the rate of isothermal adsorption and desorption, and the adsorption capacity of toluene (and other VOCs) onto different soils and minerals subject to a range of initial water contents and temperatures. The proposed method is a modification of the gravimetric method described by both Brooks and Grismer. A stainless steel chamber houses a load cell connected through a serial interface to a computer. After sealing the dry adsorbent (soil) in the chamber, the chamber air is purged using dewatered nitrogen gas before introduction of the adsorbate (VOC). The computer, through the interface, directs the load cell and records sample mass at preselected time intervals without additional supervision. The method is applied to measure rates of adsorption and desorption of toluene on bentonite. Toluene sorption rates are modeled using a second-order rate equation described by Grismer that yielded an initial rate parameter equivalent to that for water vapor adsorption despite the toluene having amore » much smaller adsorption capacity. The results illustrate the simplicity of the proposed method.« less
Context Modeling for Text Compression

Adaptive context modeling has emerged as one of the most promising new approaches to compressing text. A finite-context model is a probabilistic model that uses the context in which input symbols occur (generally a few preceding characters) to determine the number of bits used to code these symbols. We provide an introduction to context modeling and recent research results that incorporate the concept of context modeling into practical data compression algorithms.
Design and development of method of valve-train friction measurement

The general trend in the IC engine design has been towards reduction in fuel consumption since the 1973 oil embargo. The improvement in combustion process has contributed greatly to a better fuel economy of today's engine and there are many challenges ahead on the GDI front towards the 3L/100km engine [1]. One of the biggest windows of opportunity in achieving higher engine fuel efficiency together with an acceptable emissions level is to reduce its friction. To achieve these an accurate method of assessing friction levels through the concept, design and development is paramount. Translation of friction torque to the total drive cycle's fuel consumption is carried out using Ford's in-house CAE analytical packages. A new method of directly measuring camshaft friction has been developed, which offers both exceptional accuracy and unprecedented convenience. The advantage of this methodology over previous techniques is that it can be run simultaneously with other engine development tests on either motored or fired engines, with little effort and no specialized testing equipment. The method uses strain-gauges to measure the torque exerted upon the cam-sprockets whilst running at constant speed, on motored or fired engines. The system was statically calibrated and validated dynamically. It has been validated by two dynamic tests: a direct co-axial motoring test carried out on Ford's friction rig in Cologne, and a tear-down engine friction test performed in Dunton. Readings are found to be repeatable to within 1%, and the technique is accurate to the nearest 0.05 Nm. The measured data were then compared to the analytical predictions of ESA, ENFAS and VTF4 models [2, 3 &4]. The acquired signal was also used to determine the rotational vibration modes of the total valve-train system. Case studies into the variation of valve-train friction with engine speed, load and oil temperature have been carried out as well as a comparison between motored and fired valve-train friction and an evaluation of the benefits of low-friction oil. This method shows good correlation with the existing methods and its capability of measuring absolute friction torque in firing engines makes it suitable to be used as an integral part of the engine development process. The method developed was presented and recommended for all further valve-train friction measurement as an integral part of the engine design and development process. Copyright © 1998 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
Low Vitamin B-12 Intake and Status Are More Prevalent in Hispanic Older Adults of Caribbean Origin Than in Neighborhood-Matched Non-Hispanic Whites

Vitamin B-12 deficiency is a recognized problem among older adults, although vitamin B-12 status among differing ethnic groups remains unclear. We examined vitamin B-12 intake and status in a representative sample of elderly Hispanics of Caribbean origin (Puerto Rican and Dominican) and non-Hispanic whites. Dietary intake and plasma values were available for 347 Puerto Ricans, 102 Dominicans and 154 non-Hispanic whites (60-93 y). Relative to non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics had significantly lower vitamin B-12 intake and plasma concentrations; 17% of Hispanics and 10% of non-Hispanic whites had concentrations 4 times/wk compared to no cereal was protective against lower plasma concentrations (8 vs. 24% 14 micromol/L, relative to 185 pmol/L. The high prevalence of low vitamin B-12 status in elderly Hispanics appears largely attributed to inadequate intake. As in other populations, sources of unbound vitamin B-12 such as supplements and fortified cereal appear to be protective. Dietary intervention programs targeted to the Hispanic population should promote these vitamin B-12 sources.
Pricing under Constraints in Access Networks: Revenue Maximization and Congestion Management

This paper investigates pricing of Internet connectivity services in the context of a monopoly ISP selling broadband access to consumers. We first study the optimal combination of flat-rate and usage-based access price components for maximization of ISP revenue, subject to a capacity constraint on the data-rate demand. Next, we consider time-varying consumer utilities for broadband data rates that can result in uneven demand for data-rate over time. Practical considerations limit the viability of altering prices over time to smoothen out the demanded data-rate. Despite such constraints on pricing, our analysis reveals that the ISP can retain the revenue by setting a low usage fee and dropping packets of consumer demanded data that exceed capacity. Regulatory attention on ISP congestion management discourages such ``technical" practices and promotes economics based approaches. We characterize the loss in ISP revenue from an economics based approach. Regulatory requirements further impose limitations on price discrimination across consumers, and we derive the revenue loss to the ISP from such restrictions. We then develop partial recovery of revenue loss through non-linear pricing that does not explicitly discriminate across consumers. While determination of the access price is ultimately based on additional considerations beyond the scope of this paper, the analysis here can serve as a benchmark to structure access price in broadband access networks.
Some Observations on the Nesting Behavior of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) In Pseudo-Natural Conditions

Abstract In general, there is a relative paucity of papers dealing with Japanese quail. The work of Wilson et al. (1956, 1959), Abplanalp (1960), Arrington et al. (1962), Wilson and Huang (1962), Abplanalp et al. (1962), Rexniers and Sacksteder (1960), Padgett and Ivey (1959), Abbot and Craig (1960), and Woodard and Wilson (1963) dealt primarily with various aspects of the use of these animals for poultry studies and as a research tool. A search of the sparse literature at the time of this study, presented practically no information with regard to the behavioral aspects of Coturnix. This study 2 3 was undertaken with a view to making some observations on the behavior of Japanese Quail with respect to nesting activity and other associated and non-associated behavior under conditions approximating those found in nature, and to explore the value of using these animals in behavioral research. An outdoor coop 4′ × 8′ was set …
Deletion and duplication sequences induced in CHO cells by teniposide (VM-26), a topoisomerase II targeting drug, can be explained by the processing of DNA nicks produced by the drug-topoisomerase interaction.

Abstract Frameshift mutations induced by acridines in bacteriophage T4 have been shown to be due to the ability of these mutagens to cause DNA cleavage by the type II topoisomerase of T4 and the subsequent processing of the 3′ ends at DNA nicks by DNA polymerase or its associated 3′ exonuclease followed by ligation of the processed end to the original 5′ end. An analysis of the ability of nick-processing models is presented here to test the ability of nick processing to account for the DNA sequences of duplications and deletions induced in the aprt gene of CHO cells by teniposide (VM-26) [Han et al. (1993) J. Mol. Biol., 229, 52]. Although teniposide is not an acridine, it induces topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cutting in aprt sequences in vitro and mutagenesis in vivo. Although the previous study noted a correlation between mutation sites and nearby DNA discontinuities induced by the enzyme in vitro, neither the nick-processing model responsible for T4 mutations, nor double-strand break models alone were able to account for most of the mutant sequences. Thus, no single model explained the correlation between teniposide-induced DNA cleavage and mutagenic specificity. This report describes an expanded analysis of the ways that nick-processing models might be related to mutagenesis and demonstrates that a modified nick-processing model provides a biochemical rationale for the mutant speficities. The successful nick-processing model proposes that either 3′ ends at nicks are elongated by DNA polymerase and/or that 5′ ends of nicks are subject to nuclease activity; 3′-nuclease activity is not implicated. The mutagenesis model for nick-processing of teniposide-induced nicks in CHO cells when compared to the mechanism of nick-processing in bacteriophage T4 at acridine-induced nicks provides a framework for considering whether the differences may be due to cell-specific modes of DNA processing and/or due to the precise characteristics of topoisomerase-DNA intermediates created by teniposide or acridine that lead to mutagenesis.
Traumatic Injury Causing Intraperitoneal Hemorrhage of an Occult Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor derived from chromaffin cells. The diagnosis is usually suggested by classic history in a symptomatic patient, presence of a strong family history in a patient, or discovery of an incidental mass on imaging in an asymptomatic patient. Traumatic hemorrhage into an occult pheochromocytoma presenting as hypovolemic shock is a rare presentation of pheochromocytoma. We report a case of a 48-year-old female, who presented in hypovolemic shock due to unilateral adrenal hemorrhage secondary to a fall from horse. Computed tomographic imaging revealed that the source of the hypovolemic shock was hemorrhagic right adrenal mass with active extravasation. The patient underwent emergent selective arterial embolization of right superior adrenal artery and a small adrenal branch from the right renal artery to control the hemorrhage. The patient subsequently progressed to sepsis and MODS, needing multiple surgical procedures and a protracted recovery in the ICU. In the ICU, the patient suffered from rapid cyclic fluctuation of her systolic blood pressure and was subsequently diagnosed with pheochromocytoma secondary to traumatic hemorrhage. We discuss this rare case along with the presentation and diagnostic workup of this critically ill patient with a previously undiagnosed pheochromocytoma.
A 3D micromixer fabricated with dry film resist

This paper presents a novel technique to build 3D microstructures using sequential lamination of dry film resist. Each layer is laminated, exposed, developed and flood exposed successively to form a 3D structure. The dry film resist method proves to be advantageous in terms of time and alignment accuracy. Dry film resist is limited by the resolution achieved via photopatterning. This paper also describes a fabrication process to achieve high resolution features with dry film resist. Processing parameters for achieving minimal sagging of suspended structures are discussed. Efficiency of micro-mixers enhance the ability of lab-on- chip devices. A 3D split-join-split type serial lamination micromixer that has been fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of the dry film resist based process. This paper also shows feasibility to make woodpile structure with layer-by-layer processing of dry film resist.
The quantum theory of solid-state atomic bonding

Solid-state bonding refers to the bonding of solid material A and solid material B. Numerous experimental data have shown this possibility. Neither principle nor theory at the atomic level has been reported. How is solid-state bonding possible? Fundamentally, it is possible only if materials A and B can be brought within atomic distance. Over the years, we have proposed the principle: “As A atoms and B atoms are brought within atomic distance so that they can see each other, they will bond provided that they are willing to share the outer electrons.” This is qualitative statement. In this research, we took it one step further and established a quantitative bonding theory. It has been proved that Cu, Ag, and Au atoms do share outer electrons to form molecules: Cu 2 , Ag 2 , Au 2 , CuAg, AgAu, and CuAu. The binding energy, equilibrium distance, and vibrational frequency of the molecule have been measured. They are used to fit the Morse potential energy (E) vs. atomic separation S atm curve. In our model, A atoms and B atoms on the bonding interface share electrons like molecules A:B, where “:” designates 2 shared electrons. The interface is emulated as 2-D array of A:B molecules. The A molecules connect to metal A represented by conventional model of ion core submerged in an electron sea. Same is true for molecules B. The breaking strength of the bonding interface is obtained by multiplying the binding force and the number of atoms per area. The Young's modulus can also be calculated. For Cu:Cu bonding, the Young's module is 261GPa. The experimental value is 110Gpa. The strength of Cu-Ag bonding interface depends on S atm between Cu and Ag atoms. The maximum strength is 25.5Gpa at S atm =0.283nm. The strength decreases to 2.55 GPa at 0.481nm, 255 MPa at 0.635nm, and 25.5MPa at 0.788nm. In bonding experiments, S atm is determined by the bonding conditions and the surface conditions. The bonding theory allows us to estimate how close the interface atoms have to be to achieve adequate bonding strength.
Testing the Gamma-Ray Burst Blast-Wave Model: A Primer

The discovery of optical gamma-ray burst (GRB) counterparts with measurable redshifts has shown that the sources are indeed cosmological in origin. The energy source and emission mechanism remain a mystery. A common aspect of many GRB models is the collision of two compact objects, typically neutron stars. The energy released forms a relativistic blast wave that eventually converts its kinetic energy into radiation via synchrotron shocks. The Lorentz boosting of the radiation makes it appear in the gamma-ray regime. The observed X-ray and optical counterparts match some predictions of an external shock model, in which the blast wave collides with the surrounding ambient medium. However, recent studies of burst time histories suggest that the gamma-ray active phase of bursts cannot result from external shocks. Features found in the time-resolved spectra of gamma-ray bursts also suggest that their emission mechanism is not optically thin synchrotron. In this paper, we will review the more important gamma-ray burst observations, discuss briefly the development of the synchrotron shock model for GRBs, and propose that this model cannot currently explain the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts.
Molecular dynamics study of the effect of cooling and heating on the pattern formation and stability of silicon clusters

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for silicon clusters to analyze the effect of heating and cooling on their structural properties. The calculations are based on the Kaxiras and Pandey potential which has been derived from a microscopic calculation with the density functional method. Results for the cluster formation are presented for different rates of cooling and heating. Our simulation results clearly show the dependence of the patterns on the cooling and heating rates as well as the way in which these clusters evolve.
Care: A value expressed in philosophies of nursing services

Philosophies are written to reflect the values of the institution. Nursing service philosophies describe the essential features of nursing as practiced in a specific site. In this study, 10 philosophies of nursing services from community and teaching hospitals were content analyzed. Care emerged as a theme in each of the philosophies. The care construct was further categorized as general care, care approaches, and care descriptors: goal-directed, quality, safe, cost-effective, effective, competent, and ethical. An exhaustive description of care as proposed by Colaizzi is presented.
Carbon nanotube fiber field emission cathodes

Field emission (FE) cathodes made from carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers have demonstrated high emission currents, low turn-on voltages, long lifetimes and offer considerable potential for use as electron sources for vacuum electronic devices. CNT fibers were fabricated by wet-spinning of pre-made CNTs1 and consist of CNT fibrils held together by van der Waals forces. The fibers were 10–100 µm in diameter and their morphology was controlled by fabrication method, processing conditions, as well as purity, size, and type of the CNT starting material. Thermal and electrical conductivity was measured with the 3-omega method, and fiber density was determined with transmission electron microscopy. Wide angle x-ray diffraction was used to measure fiber alignment. Fibers with the highest density, alignment, thermal and electrical conductivity had the best field emission performance. Recent results have demonstrated a single 5 mm long fiber with a 20 µm diameter emitting 5.2 mA before failure, and 6.1 mA when treated with Boron Nitride2. Residual gas analysis (RGA) was used to identify the species desorbed during field emission and model was developed for the transition from adsorbate-enhanced FE at low bias to FE from pure CNTs at high bias3. Infrared images of CNT fibers during FE have been captured with an InGaAs array camera, showing temperatures of ∼600°C while emitting currents of ∼4mA. Mechanisms of fiber heating during FE, to include Joule and Nottingham effects, were investigated. Calculated thermal performance based on measured thermal conductivity is presented, and comparisons between observed and calculated thermal performance are discussed.
The Geometrical Origins of a Protein Folding Mechanism

The principle of minimal frustration, drawn from energy landscape theory, is realized in structure-based protein models. Folding mechanisms for many proteins are reproduced by these models exclusively on the basis of geometrical constraints inherent to the structure of the native state. We demonstrate how excluded volume interactions are instrumental in making these geometrical constraints effective, and we identify the interactions that determine the structurally polarized transition state of an SH3 domain.
Synthesis of blue luminescent si nanoparticles using atmospheric-pressure microdischarges.

Silicon nanoparticles are synthesized from a mixture of argon/silane in a continuous flow atmospheric-pressure microdischarge reactor. Particles nucleate and grow to a few nanometers (1−3 nm) in diameter before their growth is abruptly terminated in the short residence time microreactor. Narrow size distributions are obtained as inferred from size classification and imaging. As-grown Si nanoparticles collected in solution exhibit room-temperature photoluminescence that peaks at 420 nm with a quantum efficiency of 30%; the emission is stable for months in ambient air.
Cue Utilization in Judging Facial Expression Related to School Performance

Summary Forty-two North American male and female first-grade children judged expression dissimilarity between pairs of schematic faces varying on 1, 4, 7, or 10 binary attributes. An individual differences analysis of the scaling data resulted in five like-perceiving subgroups of children. The subgroups were differentiated on the basis of their differential use of cues and their differential levels of academic achievement and social adjustment. Results were discussed in terms of the implications of perceptual skills in cognitive and social development. The study illustrates the usefulness of an individual differences approach for studying children's information processing.
The Comix Alternative

Comic books, especially if printed in black and white, are a relatively cheap communication and entertainment medium. This means that poor people (including kids) can afford them, and also that small publishers (including kids) can afford to produce them. It thus seems natural that there have always been “alternatives” to the comics published by the big companies with their color printing and Madison Avenue artwork.
Betraying empire: Translation and the ideology of conquest

In a bid to prompt discussion of the engagement of translation studies with issues of politics and language ideologies, this article compares the practice of translation between the Spanish Habsburg and contemporary US empires. It focuses on what they have in common – an enduring attachment to logocentrism, or a metaphysics of the sign – and shows how the practice of translation alternately enables and disables this metaphysic from functioning in such disparate areas as Christian conversion, counter-insurgent warfare and the work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Influence of pulmonary blood flow and O2 flux on DO2 in avian lungs

Abstract O2 diffusing capacity (DO2) was measured in anesthetized, unidirectionally ventilated ducks during hypercapnic hypoxia. DO2 averaged 78.2 μmol·(min·Torr)−1. This value increased to 97.3 μmol·(min·Torr)−1 after correction for ventilation-perfusion inequality. DO2 increased when pulmonary O2 exchange (MO2) and pulmonary blood flow (Ṁ) were increased by either 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP, ca. 5 mg/kg i.v.) or temporary unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion (TUPAO). DO2 increased with MO2 42.4 μmol·(mmol·Torr)−1 (R=0.664), and with Q 80.3 μmol·(L·Torr)−1 (R=0.895). Since there is evidence against expansion of membrane diffusing capacity through recruitment and distention of pulmonary capillaries in avian lungs, we suggest that the close coupling of DO2 to Q reflects a reduction of functional lung heterogeneity at higher blood flows, perhaps due to better matching of V to D, or D to Q.
'I've had unsafe sex so many times why bother being safe now?': the role of cognitions in sexual risk among American Indian/Alaska Native men who have sex with men.

American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission. This study aimed to investigate a potential area of focus for HIV prevention interventions by assessing the impact of sexual risk cognitions on sexual risk-taking among AI/AN MSM. AI/AN MSM (N = 173) from a national cross-sectional survey were analyzed. Reporting more frequent sexual risk cognitions overall (high sexual risk cognitions) was associated with multiple HIV risk factors including unprotected anal intercourse and serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse. Participants with high sexual risk cognitions had a 2.3 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.1, 4.7) times greater odds of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse regardless of childhood sexual abuse, depression, and alcohol dependence. Most individual sexual risk cognitions were associated with unprotected anal intercourse, serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse, or both. Results suggest that sexual risk cognitions may be a productive area for further work on HIV prevention among AI/AN MSM.
The basolateral amygdala determines the effects of fear memory on sleep in an animal model of PTSD

Fear conditioning [inescapable shock training (ST)] and fearful context re-exposure (CR) alone can produce significant fear indicated by increased freezing and reductions in subsequent rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Damage to or inactivation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) prior to or after ST or prior to CR generally has been found to attenuate freezing in the shock training context. However, no one has examined the impact of BLA inactivation on fear-induced changes in sleep. Here, we used the GABAA agonist, muscimol (MUS), to inactivate BLA prior to ST, the period when fear is learned, and assessed sleep after ST and sleep and freezing after two CR sessions. Wistar rats (n = 14) were implanted with electrodes for recording sleep and with cannulae aimed bilaterally into BLA. After recovery, the animals were habituated to the injection procedure (handling) over 2 consecutive days and baseline sleep following handling was recorded. On experimental day 1, the rats were injected (0.5 μl) into BLA with either MUS (1.0 μM; n = 7) or vehicle (distilled water, n = 7) 30 min prior to ST (20 footshocks, 0.8 mA, 0.5-s duration, 60-s interstimulus interval). On experimental days 7 and 21, the animals experienced CR (CR1 and CR2, respectively) alone. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram were recorded for 8 h on each day, and the recording was scored for non-rapid eye movement sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness. Freezing was examined during CR1 and CR2. MUS microinjections into BLA prior to ST blocked the post-training reduction in REM sleep seen in vehicle-treated rats. Furthermore, in MUS-treated rats, REM sleep after CR1 and CR2 was at baseline levels and freezing was significantly attenuated. Thus, BLA inactivation prior to ST blocks the effects of footshock stress on sleep and reduces fear memory, as indicated by the lack of freezing and changes in sleep after CR. These data indicate that BLA is an important regulator of stress-induced alterations in sleep and an important site for forming fear memories that can alter sleep.
Dietary Quality and Family Environment

The relationship between family environment, as measured by the Family Environment Scale, and maternal dietary quality was examined, with nutritional locus of control scales used as explanatory variables in an attempt to understand how dietary quality and family environment might be linked, as had been noted in previous research. Within a sample of 106 young, married mothers a series of canonical correlation analyses indicated no significant relationships between our measure of dietary quality and family environment or locus of control. However, interesting relationships were observed between family environment and locus of control, as well as with satisfaction with family nutrition and nutritional values, suggesting avenues for research on linkages between family social environment and health practices, including maintenance of dietary quality at adequate or better levels.
The Modal Spectrum of Ferrite-Loaded Striplines, II

This paper expands upon earlier results obtained for the dispersion characteristics and modal structure of a waveguiding geometry which models the inhomogeneously ferrite load stripline. These results strongly indicate that components presumed to employ the edge-guided or peripheral mode to obtain isolation in fact utilize a disturbed dynamic wave guiding mode which, in the vicinity and within the region where the effective permeability is negative, assumes a quasi-surfacewave structure. Only through the use of this mode can the intrinsic broad band behavior of these devices be explained and advanced.
Testosterone metabolism by the chicken uropygial gland.

Abstract Homogenates of chicken uropygial glands were incubated with testosterone-4-C 14 in a phosphate-buffer at 37°C for 24 hours. Three metabolic products of testosterone were identified by using preliminary thin layer chromatography, followed by gas chromatography of the free metabolites, their trimethylsilyl ethers, O-methyloxime derivatives and their double derivatives on one percent SE-30 and one percent NGS columns. The steroid metabolites were also identified by crystallization to constant specific activity. The metabolites identified were: 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstane-17-one; 5α-androstane-3, 17-dione, and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol.
Effects of imperfect premixing coupled with hydrodynamic instability on flame propagation

Abstract The problem of flame propagation in imperfectly premixed mixtures—mixtures of reactants with variable composition—is considered in this numerical study. We carry out two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of a flame propagating in a globally lean fuel-oxidizer mixture with imposed velocity and composition fluctuations of various intensities. The configuration adopted is that of a flame front interacting with spatially evolving fluctuations, and the characteristic scales of the domain and of the fluctuations imposed are significantly larger than the characteristic thickness of the flame, to account for important flame dynamics such as the hydrodynamic instability. One-step chemistry and Fick’s diffusion law are considered, along with unity Lewis number assumption for all the species. It is observed, in agreement with previous results, that relatively weak fluctuations in composition alone may lead to a large increase in flame length and burning rate. The hydrodynamic instability caused by gas expansion, catalyzed by the composition fluctuations interacting with the flame, is found to be responsible for the flame length enhancement. It is observed as well that the relative importance of this effect diminishes as the velocity fluctuations present become more intense, and that composition fluctuations have a small impact on flame length for these cases. It is additionally found that, with increasing intensity of composition fluctuations, there is eventually a reduction of burning rate per unit length of flame which leads, consequently, to a weak reduction of overall burning rate for the largest velocity fluctuation intensities covered by this study.
Ionic mechanisms mediating the myogenic response in newborn porcine cerebral arteries.

Mechanisms that underlie autoregulation in the newborn vasculature are unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that in newborn porcine cerebral arteries intravascular pressure elevates wall tension,...
Backstepping Approach for Controlling a Quadrotor Using Lagrange Form Dynamics

The dynamics of a quadrotor are a simplified form of helicopter dynamics that exhibit the same basic problems of underactuation, strong coupling, multi-input/multi-output design, and unknown nonlinearities. Control design for the quadrotor is more tractable yet reveals corresponding approaches for helicopter and UAV control design. In this paper, a backstepping approach is used for quadrotor controller design. In contrast to most other approaches, we apply backstepping on the Lagrangian form of the dynamics, not the state space form. This is complicated by the fact that the Lagrangian form for the position dynamics is bilinear in the controls. We confront this problem by using an inverse kinematics solution akin to that used in robotics. In addition, two neural nets are introduced to estimate the aerodynamic components, one for aerodynamic forces and one for aerodynamic moments. The result is a controller of intuitively appealing structure having an outer kinematics loop for position control and an inner dynamics loop for attitude control. The control approach described in this paper is robust since it explicitly deals with unmodeled state-dependent disturbances and forces without needing any prior knowledge of the same. A simulation study validates the results obtained in the paper.
Differential service utilization associated with trauma-informed integrated treatment for women with co-occurring disorders

Women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders and trauma histories vary greatly in symptom severity and use of support services. This study estimated differential effects of an integrated treatment intervention (IT) across sub-groups of women in this population on services utilization outcomes. Data from a national study were used to cluster participants by symptoms and service utilization, and then estimate the effect of IT versus usual care on 12-month service utilization for each sub-group. The intervention effect varied significantly across groups, in particular indicating relative increases in residential treatment utilization associated with IT among women with predominating trauma and substance abuse symptoms. Understanding how IT influences service utilization for different groups of women in this population with complex needs is an important step toward achieving an optimal balance between need for treatment and service utilization, which can ultimately improve outcomes and conserve resources.
An Etalon based Optoelectronic Oscillator

A 10.287 GHz optoelectronic oscillator is demonstrated which uses a 1000 finesse Fabry-Perot etalon as the mode selector instead of an RF filter. The new OEO has higher RF frequency stability and lower phase noise.
Nutritional Beverages from Acid Whey Powder

Abstract Blending acid whey powder (AWP) with frozen, concentrated fruit juices, fresh fruit crystals or flavored powder bases produced acceptable nutrient beverages. Orange, grapefruit, and pineapple juice nutrient beverages showed excellent flavor, texture, and appearance qualities with 4% of powder in the reconstituted product and good qualities at 6% levels. Lemon juice, grape juice, and flavored powder nutrient beverages scored lower because of sedimentation. The acid reaction of a fruit juice and flavored powder base was retained in the nutritional fruit juice. In reconstituted orange nutrient beverage containing 6% whey powder, the maximum pH shift was from 3.75 to pH 3.96.
The Adolescent Viewpoint: Implications for Access and Prevention

Although most adolescents are healthy, adolescence is the age group in which mortality rates have increased most dramatically in recent decades. 1,2 Many engage in risky behaviors that can affect their health. Unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide are the leading causes of death for teens, and as many as one in four adolescents are at risk for substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, early unintended pregnancy, and school failure. 3,4 These preventable health problems make the availability of certain health services—including reproductive health services, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and mental health and substance abuse services—critically important for this age group. When these services are not accessible to youth, the result is missed opportunities for prevention. See also p 1913. Although American adolescents face major threats to their health, formidable barriers exist in seeking care. Adolescents and young adults have the lowest rate of
Optimum One-term Solutions for Heat Conduction Problems

A series solution in descending powers of time is developed for heatconduction problems with initial profiles prescribed at an instant t* > 0. The leading term of the series solution, the first eigensolution, represents a source with strength given by the integral of the initial profile. It is shown that the coefficients of the eigensolutions corresponding to the second eigenvalue can be equated to zero when the origin is shifted to the center of gravity of the initial profile and that the coefficient of the symmetric eigensolution of the third eigenvalue will vanish when the time shift t* is related to the second moment of the initial profile. The first eigensolution with these optimum shifts in space and time variables yields an optimum one term representation of the exact solution as time increases. The optimum solution fulfills two properties of the exact solution, the conservation of energy integral and the invariance of the center of gravity of the temperature profile. Proofs for these properties of the exact solution are presented. Fur Warmeleitungsprobleme, bei denen eine Anfangs-Temperaturverteilung („Anfangsprofil”) in einem Zeitpunkt t* > 0 vorgegeben ist, wird eine Reihenentwicklung nach fallenden Potenzen der Zeit durchgefuhrt. Das fuhrende Glied der Reihe, die erste Eigenfunktion, stellt eine Quelle dar, deren Intensitat durch das Integral des Anfangsprofils gegeben ist. Es wird gezeigt, das die Koeffizienten der zum zweiten Eigenwert gehorenden Eigenlosungen zum Verschwinden gebracht werden konnen, wenn man den Ursprung in den Schwerpunkt des Anfangsprofils verschiebt, und das auch der Koeffizient der zum dritten Eigenwert gehorigen symmetrischen Eigenlosung verschwindet, wenn die Zeit- Verschiebung t* in einer bestimmten Beziehung zum zweiten Moment des Anfangsprofils steht. Mit diesen optimalen Verschiebungen in den Variablen des Orts und der Zeit liefert die erste Eigenlosung fur wachsendes t eine optimale eingliedrige Annaherung an die exakte Losung, die mit der exakten Losung zwei Eigenschaften gemeinsam hat: Die Erhaltung des Energie-Integrals und die Invarianz des Schwerpunkts des Temperaturprofils. Diese beiden Eigenschaften der exakten Losung werden bewiesen.
Extension of Latin hypercube samples with correlated variables

A procedure for extending the size of a Latin hypercube sample (LHS) with rank correlated variables is described and illustrated. The extension procedure starts with an LHS of size m and associated rank correlation matrix C and constructs a new LHS of size 2m that contains the elements of the original LHS and has a rank correlation matrix that is close to the original rank correlation matrix C. The procedure is intended for use in conjunction with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of computationally demanding models in which it is important to make efficient use of a necessarily limited number of model evaluations.
The edentulous mandible

Abstract 1. The objectives of this article are to describe the edentulous mandible in greater detail than is usually done in standard textbooks of human anatomy and to correlate the anatomic features of the edentulous mandible with the soft parts related to it. 2. Questions are raised concerning the usage of certain anatomic terms in the light of existing structural conditions. 3. The most characteristic and well-known feature of the edentulous mandible, from which the permanent teeth have been missing for a period of time, is the absence of a well-defined alveolar process resulting from resorption due to disuse atrophy. 4. As a result of the resorption of the alveolar process, the vertical height of the bone in the region of the body is greatly diminished; the mylohyoid line, genial tubercles, and incisive fossae with their attached muscles lie near or upon the crest of the residual ridge, as do the mental foramen and its contained vessels and nerve; some structures, such as the buccal shelf and buccinator crest, lose their identity; while others, such as the chin and lingual tuberosity, seem to be exaggerated. 5. The coronoid and condyloid processes exhibit certain characteristic features: the former being shorter than the latter and both bent backward; the anteroposterior diameter of the condylar head is diminished; its articular surface is confined to its superior aspect and the lateral tubercle is quite pronounced. 6. Evidence is presented to indicate that the rami and body of the edentulous mandible may share with the alveolar process in resorption.
Chemosensitivity and chemoresistance assays: are they clinically relevant?.

For more than a decade, investigators at a number of institutions have explored the potential clinical utility of in vitro assays designed to predict sensitivity or resistance of a particular individual's cancer to specific antineoplastic agents. It had been hoped that such assays would be as useful clinically as methods to determine antibacterial sensitivity (Von Hoff 1983). Chemotherapy is currently administered based on the predicted objective response rate and impact on survival for a large population of individuals with a particular malignancy. A method to improve upon this empiric method of drug selection might prove to be an important addition to the armamentarium of the oncologist choosing cytotoxic agents for a specific patient (Von Hoff, Sandbach, et al. 1990; Gazbar et al. 1990). How have the assays worked in actual practice? Unfortunately, not very well. A numberof technical and practical problems associated with these assays have been encountered, including the ability to obtain adequate and viable tumor for testing, developing appropriate techniques to evaluate specific drugs, determining the reasonable concentration ranges of drugs to be tested, and defining the relevance of testing single drugs when combination chemotherapy regimens are frequently employed in actual clinical practice. Despite these difficulties, several published and commercially available tests have been suggested to be capable of determining which drugs will not work against an individual patient's tumor (Kern and Weisenthal 1990; Von Hoff 1990). However, there is currently no evidence from prospective randomized trials that the selection of a drug or drugs by the findings of these tumor assays results in superior clinical outcome (progression-free or overall survival), compared to the empiric use of agents chosen
Multichannel Programmable Acousto-Optic Correlator

This paper describes a programmable acousto-optic processor that uses bipolar joint transform correlation for signal detection. The performance of the bipolar joint transform-based acousto-optic corre-lator is compared to that of the classical joint transform-based acousto-optic correlator in the areas of light efficiency, correlation peak to sidelobe ratio, auto-correlation bandwidth, and cross-correlation sensitivity.
Money Matters: Cost-Effectiveness of Juvenile Drug Court with and without Evidence-Based Treatments

The 12-month cost effectiveness of juvenile drug court and evidence-based treatments within Court were compared with traditional Family Court for 128 substance abusing/dependent juvenile offenders participating in a four-condition randomized trial. Intervention conditions included Family Court with community services (FC), Drug Court with community services (DC), Drug Court with Multisystemic Therapy (DC/MST), and Drug Court with MST enhanced with a contingency management program (DC/MST/CM). Average cost effectiveness ratios for substance use and criminal behavior outcomes revealed that economic efficiency in achieving outcomes generally improved from FC to DC, with the addition of evidence-based treatments improving efficiency in obtaining substance use outcomes.
Is Head-on-Trunk Extension a Proprioceptive Mediator of Postural Control and Sit-to-Stand Movement Characteristics?

ABSTRACT During stance, head extension increases postural sway, possibly due to interference with sensory feedback. The sit-to-stand movement is potentially destabilizing due to the development of momentum as the trunk flexes forward and the body transitions to a smaller base of support. It is unclear what role head orientation plays in the postural and movement characteristics of the sit-to-stand transition. The authors assessed how moving from sitting to standing with head-on-trunk extension compared with moving with the head neutral or flexed, or with moving with the head facing forward in space (which would involve head-on-trunk extension, but not head-in-space extension) in healthy, young participants. Head-on-trunk extension increased center of pressure variability, but decreased movement velocities, movement duration, and trunk flexion compared with flexed and neutral head-on-trunk orientations. Similarities in movement characteristics between head-on-trunk extension and the forward head-in-space o...