cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Anatomy of China’s Energy Insecurity and its Strategies

China’s energy insecurity largely originates from its constrained availability, questionable reliability, and uncertain affordability of its oil supplies. The country’s fast industrialization and urbanization, together with demand for infrastructure and increasing popularity of automobiles, requires a lot of energy, but it consumes energy both intensively and inefficiently, threatening the environmental well-being of China and its neighbors. China’s risk aversion and poor energy policy making system further magnifies its perceptions of the low availability, reliability and affordability of oil imports, which further compounds its sense of energy insecurity. Distrustful of the market, and suspicious of other major energy players in the international market, the Chinese leadership relies on the state-centered approach, or economic nationalism, rather than a market approach to enhance its energy security. However, the country lacks not only an energy policy making system that can make and implement sound energy policies but also an energy market that relies on market prices to allocate energy resources efficiently. As a result of this domestic failure, China has pushed its national flagship companies to undertake a global scavenger hunt for energy while muddling along a messy road of energy reform at home. Setbacks in acquiring new sources of oil have validated the Chinese leadership’s belief that the international oil market is not free and China’s access to international oil is not guaranteed through the market. China’s problems in the international energy market are also perceived as evidence of attempts to prevent China from exerting international influence. China’s leadership is convinced that China should focus on areas where western capital is not heavily concentrated or where western influences are weak. With the recent revaluation of Chinese currency and growing economy, China has both the wherewithal and appetite to acquire more oil assets abroad. Both China and the United States stand at a critical juncture of history where China’s rise depends on reliable energy supplies which it increasingly imports from abroad and where the growing wealth of the United States is increasingly dependent upon China’s success. If China does not have energy security it’s 1.3 billion fuel-starved people will prevent the rest of the world from achieving energy security.
A biological evaluation of five European cultures of Anaphes flavipes [ Hymenoptera: mymaridae ], an egg parasite of Oulema melanopus [ Coleoptera: chrysomelidae ]

Comparative biological data on five European cultures ofAnaphes flavipes [Hymenoptera: Mymaridae], an egg parasite ofOulema melanopus [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], indicated differences in developmental rates as those individuals representing cultures from the southernmost latitudes developed the slowest at 21°C, while those from the northernmost latitudes developed the fastest at this temperature. At 15.6°C, however, the parasites from the southern latitudes developed faster than those from the northern latitudes. Variations in other biological attributes, including longevity and fecundity, were not statistically significant.
Inhibition of oral contraceptive steroid-metabolizing enzymes by steroids and drugs.

Abstract The major 17α-ethinyl estradiol 2-hydroxylase is humans is the hepatic enzyme cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 (P-450NF), which is known to be inducible by rifampicin or barbiturates. The literature indicates that 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and norgestrel are competitive inhibitors and that primaquine and tolbutamide are rather weak noncompetitive inhibitors. Recent experiments in this laboratory indicate that gestodene is a relatively potent mechanism-based inactivator of cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 in vitro. Inhibition requires incubation with the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, is time and concentration dependent, and can be partially blocked by the presence of noninhibitory cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 substrates. The in vitro activation by gestodene provides a possible explanation for the increase in plasma estrogen levels reported in women administered gestodene along with 17α-ethinyl estradiol.
Food transport in the C. elegans pharynx

Pumping of the C. elegans pharynx transports food particles (bacteria) posteriorly. We examined muscle motions to determine how this posterior transport is effected. We find that the motions of the middle section of the pharynx, the anterior isthmus, are delayed relative to the anterior section, the corpus. Simulations in which particles are assumed to move at mean fluid velocity when not captured by the walls of the pharyngeal lumen show that delayed isthmus motions do indeed cause net particle transport; however, the amount is much less than in the real pharynx. We propose that the geometry of the pharyngeal lumen forces particles to the center, where they move faster than mean fluid velocity. When this acceleration is incorporated into the simulation, particles are transported efficiently. The transport mechanism we propose explains past observations that the timing of muscle relaxation is important for effective transport. Our model also makes a prediction, which we confirm, that smaller bacteria are better food sources for C. elegans than large ones.
Trace vanadium analysis by catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry using mercury-coated micro-wire and polystyrene-coated bismuth film electrodes.

Abstract An electrochemical technique has been developed for ultra-trace (ng L −1 ) vanadium (V) measurement. Catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry for V analysis was developed at mercury-coated gold micro-wire electrodes (MWEs, 100 μm) in the presence of gallic acid (GA) and bromate ion. A potential of −0.275 V (vs Ag/AgCl) was used to accumulate the complex in acetate buffer (pH 5.0) at the electrode surface followed by a differential pulse voltammetric scan. Parameters affecting the electrochemical response, including pH, concentration of GA and bromate, deposition potential and time have been optimized. Linear response was obtained in the 0–1000 ng L −1 range (2 min deposition), with a detection limit of 0.88 ng L −1 . The method was validated by comparison of results for an unknown solution of V by atomic absorption measurement. The protocol was evaluated in a real sample by measuring the amount of V in river water samples. Thick bismuth film electrodes with protective polystyrene films have also been made and evaluated as a mercury free alternative. However, ng L −1 level detection was only attainable with extended (10 min) deposition times. The proposed use of MWEs for the detection of V is sensitive enough for future use to test V concentration in biological fluids treated by the advanced oxidation process (AOP).
The impact of prepregnancy obesity on children's cognitive test scores.

To examine the association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and cognitive test scores of children at early primary school age. A descriptive observational design was used. Study subjects consist of 3,412 US children aged 60–83 months from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Mother and Child Survey. Cognitive test scores using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test reading recognition and mathematics tests were used as the outcomes of interest. Association with maternal prepregnancy obesity was examined using the ordinary least square regression controlling for intrauterine, family background, maternal and child factors. Children of obese women had 3 points (0.23 SD units) lower peabody individual achievement test (PIAT) reading recognition score (p = 0.007), and 2 points (0.16 SD units) lower PIAT mathematics scores (p < 0.0001), holding all other factors constant. As expected, cognitive test score was associated with stimulating home environment (reading: β = 0.15, p < 0.0001, and math: β = 0.15, p < 0.0001), household income (reading: β = 0.03, p = 0.02 and math: β = 0.04, p = 0.004), maternal education (reading: β = 0.42, p = 0.0005, and math: β = 0.32, p = 0.008), and maternal cognitive skills (reading: β = 0.11, p < 0.0001, and math: β = 0.09, p < 0.0001). There was a significant association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child cognitive test scores that could not be explained by other intrauterine, family background, maternal, and child factors. Children who live in disadvantaged postnatal environments may be most affected by the effects of maternal prepregnancy obesity. Replications of the current study using different cohorts are warranted to confirm the association between maternal prepregnancy obesity and child cognitive test scores.
Effect of Water Immersion on Fiber/Matrix Adhesion in Thermoplastic Composites

Continuous-fiber-reinforced thermoplastics were tested for the effect of water immersion on fiber/matrix adhesion. The materials evaluated were E/PPS, AS4/PPS, E/J2, AS4/J2, S2/PEEK, AS4/PEEK, S2/PEKK, AS4/PEKK, and S2/ VECTRA. These materials were tested in uniaxial compression, transverse flexure, and short beam shear, both dry- and water-conditioned. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the quality of the fiber/matrix bond. The carbon-reinforced materials re tained adhesion after immersion. However, the glass-reinforced thermoplastics were, in general, degraded by water, which hydrolyzed the fiber/matrix bond and sig nificantly reduced the mechanicai properties.
Cohort Profile: The Mexican American Mano a Mano Cohort

Hispanic Americans comprise the largest and fastest-growing ethnic minority in the USA. In Houston, Texas, 44% of the population is of Hispanic descent, with the majority being Mexican Americans (78%). This population is under-represented in health-related research despite their high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, which may predispose them to cancer and other chronic conditions. Recognizing the need for a greater research effort into the health risks of Hispanic Americans, the population-based Mexican American (Mano a Mano) Cohort study was launched in 2001. This is an open cohort with enrolment ongoing to 2019, and as of 30 June 2014, 23 606 adult participants from over 16 600 households were enrolled. Bilingual interviewers elicit information in person on demographics, acculturation, lifestyle, occupation, medical history, family cancer history, self-reported and measured height and weight, and other exposures. Urine, blood and saliva samples have been collected at baseline from 43%, 56% and 63% of participants, respectively. DNA samples are available for about 90% of participants. Incident cancers and other chronic diseases are ascertained through annual telephone re-contact and linkage to the Texas Cancer Registry and/or medical records. Molecular data such as genetic ancestry markers, blood telomere length and HbA1c, a marker of impaired glucose tolerance, are available for a substantial proportion of the participants. Data access is provided on request [manoamano@mdanderson.org]. For further information please visit [www.mano-mano.us].
Czochralski growth of single crystals of EuNi5P3 in an arc furnace

Growth of single crystals (∼ 3mm in diameter and 5 mm long) of EuNi5P3 by means of the Czochralski technique in a cold hearth tri-arc furnace is described. The crystals were characterized by Laue back-reflection diffraction analysis with tungsten X-ray radiation, by electron microprobe analysis, and by neutron diffraction.
Dechlorination of Fluorinated 1,1-Dichloroethanes on Pd(111)

The kinetics of C−Cl bond cleavage have been investigated by studying the dissociative adsorption of four fluorinated 1,1-dichloroethanes (CH3CHCl2, CH3CFCl2, CH2FCFCl2, CF3CFCl2) on a Pd(111) surface. The apparent rate constants (kapp) and activation energies (Eapp) for dissociative adsorption on Pd(111) show a systematic trend that depends on the fluorine content of the molecule. Fluorination decreases the rate constant for dissociative adsorption, an effect that is identical to the trend in activity observed for catalytic hydrodechlorination of fluorinated chloromethanes over supported Pd catalysts. Measurement of the desorption energies (Edes) of the dichloroethanes on Pd(111) have shown that increasing the amount of fluorine in the molecule decreases the desorption energy. The focus of this investigation has been the determination of the effect of fluorination on the intrinsic activation barrier to C−Cl bond cleavage (EC-Cl). The intrinsic barrier to C−Cl cleavage was determined for each dichloroetha...
λ7774 Oxygen Triplet in Open Cluster Dwarfs: Pleiades and M34

We have undertaken a LTE analysis of the high-excitation 7774 A O I triplet in high-resolution, moderate signal-to-noise spectra of 15 Pleiades (HET/HRS) and 8 M34 (Keck/HIRES) open cluster dwarfs. Effective temperatures range from 5048 - 6172 K for the Pleiades sample and from 5290 - 6130 K for the M34 sample. Relative O abundances have been derived using model atmospheres interpolated from four different sets of ATLAS9 grids: with convective overshoot, without convective overshoot, with the mixing length parameter set to 0.5, and with the convective treatment of Canuto, Goldman, & Mazzitelli. In contrast to existing NLTE predictions, a dramatic increase in O I triplet abundance with decreasing temperature is seen for both clusters, regardless of atmospheric model. S I abundances of three Pleiads derived from the high-excitation λ 6052.67 feature mimic the O I abundance behavior. O abundances have also been derived from the 6300 A [OI] feature in three Pleiads; the abundances exhibit a much lower mean value than the cool dwarf triplet results. These data suggest LTE abundances derived from the O I triplet for cool dwarfs ( T eff ⩽ 5800 K ) should be viewed with caution.
Time-dependent elastic modulus recovery measurement on thermally shocked SiC fibre-aluminosilicate composites, machinable glass ceramics and polycrystalline alumina

Time-dependent partial recoveries in Young's modulus were observed for thermally shocked specimens of three ceramic materials: an SiC fibre-aluminosilicate composite, a machinable glass-ceramic, and a polycrystalline alumina. The observed Young's modulus recovery is likely to be due to room-temperature microcrack healing. The room-temperature modulus recovery rates measured in this study are compared to the physical property recovery rates obtained from an analysis of data in the literature for other cracked ceramics.
The duration of ordinary chondrite metamorphism inferred from tungsten microdistribution in metal

Abstract Precise ratios of W and Re relative to Ir determined by laser ablation ICP-MS reveal that matrix metal in equilibrated ordinary chondrites (EOC) exhibits a correlated variation of these ratios. In unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOC), the W/Ir ratio varies by over two orders of magnitude (W/Ir=0.003–0.6), and shows no correlation with any other siderophile element. Most matrix metal in UOC is depleted in W relative to metal in EOC. Thus, W must enter metal during metamorphism. The correlation between W/Ir and Re/Ir is evident in type 4 chondrites. This implies that the abundance (and isotopic composition) of W is set in ordinary chondrite metal by petrologic type 4, and that the reductant must be exhausted to limit further isotopic exchange, as indicated by the 182 Hf– 182 W ages of ordinary chondrite metal [Lee and Halliday, Science 274 (1996) 1876–1879]. This offers a means of dating the onset of metamorphic heating of OC parent bodies. A discrepancy in ages between 182 Hf– 182 W [Lee and Halliday, Science 274 (1996) 1876–1879] and 207 Pb– 206 Pb [Gopel et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121 (1994) 153–171] (or 129 I- 129 Xe [Brazzle et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (1999) 739–760]) dating is real, and measures the interval of metamorphism: the time difference between reduction of W during the onset of heating and isotopic closure of Pb (or Xe) by cooling, e.g., Δ T m =2–12 Myr for H chondrites. The 187 Re– 187 Os and 182 Hf– 182 W ages are set by the same process, metamorphic equilibration, establishing an important link between an absolute chronometer ( t 1/2 [ 187 Re]=41.6 billion years) and a short-lived radioisotope system ( t 1/2 [ 182 Hf]=9 Myr).
Progressive and gender-dependent cognitive impairment in the APPSW transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease

To determine if early cognitive sensorimotor deficits exist in APP(SW) transgenic mice overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Tg+ and Tg- animals at both 3 and 9 months of age (3M and 9M, respectively) were evaluated in a comprehensive battery of measures. The performance of all Tg+ mice at both ages was no different from all Tg- controls in Y-maze alternations, water maze acquisition, passive avoidance, and active avoidance testing. By contrast, results from other tasks revealed substantive cognitive deficits in Tg+ mice that were usually gender-dependent and sometimes progressive in nature. Between 3M and 9M, a progressive impairment was observed in circular platform performance by Tg+ males, as was a progressive deficit in visible platform testing for all Tg+ animals. Other transgenic effects included both impaired water maze retention and circular platform performance in 3M Tg+ females; this later effect was responsible for an overall (males + females) Tg+ deficit in circular platform performance at 3M. Sensorimotor testing revealed several Tg+ effects, most notably an increased activity of Tg+ males in both open field and Y-maze at 3M. Significant correlations between a number of behavioral measures were observed, although factor analysis suggests that each task measured components of sensorimotor/cognitive function not measured by other tasks. Finally, Tg+ mice had lower survivability than Tg- animals through 9M (85 vs. 96%). In summary, these results demonstrate the presence of gender-related and progressive cognitive deficits in APP(SW) transgenic mice at a relatively early age (i.e., prior to overt, beta-amyloid deposition in the brain), suggesting a pathophysiologic role for elevated levels of 'soluble' beta-amyloid in such impairments.
Knowledge-based versus experimentally acquired distance and angle constraints for NMR structure refinement.

Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) distance constraints and torsion angle constraints are major conformational constraints for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure refinement. In particular, the number of NOE constraints has been considered as an important determinant for the quality of NMR structures. Of course, the availability of torsion angle constraints is also critical for the formation of correct local conformations. In our recent work, we have shown how a set of knowledge-based short-range distance constraints can also be utilized for NMR structure refinement, as a complementary set of conformational constraints to the NOE and torsion angle constraints. In this paper, we show the results from a series of structure refinement experiments by using different types of conformational constraints — NOE, torsion angle, or knowledge-based constraints — or their combinations, and make a quantitative assessment on how the experimentally acquired constraints contribute to the quality of structural models and whether or not they can be combined with or substituted by the knowledge-based constraints. We have carried out the experiments on a small set of NMR structures. Our preliminary calculations have revealed that the torsion angle constraints contribute substantially to the quality of the structures, but require to be combined with the NOE constraints to be fully effective. The knowledge-based constraints can be functionally as crucial as the torsion angle constraints, although they are statistical constraints after all and are not meant to be able to replace the latter.
Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to the penis augments erectile responses in the aged rat

Nitric oxide (NO), a mediator involved in penile erection, is synthesized by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes. It has been shown that NOS activity decreases with age. To determine whether adenoviral-mediated overexpression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) could enhance erectile responses, we administered a recombinant adenovirus containing the eNOS gene (AdCMVeNOS) into the corpora cavernosum of the aged rat. Adenoviral expression of the β-galactosidase reporter gene was observed in cavernosal tissue 1 day after intracavernosal administration of AdCMVβgal; 1 day after administration of AdCMVeNOS, transgene expression was confirmed by immunoblot staining of eNOS protein, and cGMP levels were increased. The increase in cavernosal pressure in response to cavernosal nerve stimulation was enhanced in animals transfected with eNOS, and erectile responses to acetylcholine and zaprinast were enhanced at a time when the erectile response to the NO donor sodium 1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate was not altered. These results suggest that in vivo gene transfer of eNOS, alone or in combination with a type V phosphodiesterase inhibitor, may constitute a new therapeutic intervention for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Apolipoproteins and Diabetic Retinopathy

In this issue of Diabetes Care Sasongko et al. (1) make the intriguing observation that apolipoprotein (apo)B and apoA-I, and particularly the apoB-to-apoA-I ratio, are related to the presence of diabetic retinopathy in a small cohort of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Moreover, this ratio correlated with the retinopathy severity and also was a better predictor of retinopathy than traditional lipid measures such as total cholesterol, LDL or HDL cholesterol, or even the LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio. This study raises many important questions. For example, why are these relationships between retinopathy and lipoproteins seen in this small study, whereas previous studies, some in much larger cohorts, have not shown a consistent relationship? Did measurement of apolipoproteins rather than the lipid components of the lipoproteins make the difference? Lipids and lipoproteins are well-accepted risk factors for macrovascular disease in diabetes via mechanisms that are reasonably well understood. However, do lipids and lipoproteins play a role in microvascular complications such as retinopathy in addition to better known risk factors such as diabetes duration, glycemic control, and hypertension? And if so, by what mechanisms does HDL protect and the apoB-containing lipoproteins increase the risk of retinopathy? In the current study, stronger relationships were observed between retinopathy and apolipoproteins than with lipid components of the lipoproteins. ApoA-I is the major structural apolipoprotein present in HDL and is reflective of the number of HDL particles. A single molecule of apoB is present in LDL, as well as in VLDL, remnant lipoproteins (often present in the intermediate-density lipoprotein [IDL] density range) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), another atherogenic lipoprotein. Because each of these lipoproteins contains a single molecule of apoB, apoB concentration is a measure of the total number of these atherogenic particles. If these lipoproteins also have an adverse effect on microvascular complications such as retinopathy, …
A trapping principle and convergence result for finite element approximate solutions of steady reaction/diffusion systems

We consider nonlinear elliptic systems, with mixed boundary conditions, on a convex polyhedral domain Ω ⊂ RN. These are nonlinear divergence form generalizations of Δu = f(·, u), where f is outward pointing on the trapping region boundary. The motivation is that of applications to steady-state reaction/diffusion systems. Also included are reaction/diffusion/convection systems which satisfy the Einstein relations, for which the Cole-Hopf transformation is possible. For maximum generality, the theory is not tied to any specific application. We are able to demonstrate a trapping principle for the piecewise linear Galerkin approximation, defined via a lumped integration hypothesis on integrals involving f, by use of variational inequalities. Results of this type have previously been obtained for parabolic systems by Estep, Larson, and Williams, and for nonlinear elliptic equations by Karatson and Korotov. Recent minimum and maximum principles have been obtained by Jungel and Unterreiter for nonlinear elliptic equations. We make use of special properties of the element stiffness matrices, induced by a geometric constraint upon the simplicial decomposition. This constraint is known as the non-obtuseness condition. It states that the inward normals, associated with an arbitrary pair of an element’s faces, determine an angle with nonpositive cosine. Draganescu, Dupont, and Scott have constructed an example for which the discrete maximum principle fails if this condition is omitted. We also assume vertex communication in each element in the form of an irreducibility hypothesis on the off-diagonal elements of the stiffness matrix. There is a companion convergence result, which yields an existence theorem for the solution. This entails a consistency hypothesis for interpolation on the boundary, and depends on the Tabata construction of simple function approximation, based on barycentric regions.
Lifers on the Outside: Sex Offenders and Disintegrative Shaming

This article examines the effects of labeling though informal and formal sanctions on sex offender reintegration, using qualitative analysis from a probability sample of 153 registered sex offenders in four counties in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It also provides an overview of sex offender legislation and literature. Results of the study indicate that the majority of respondents experienced negative treatment because of their status as a sex offender. Results also indicate that formal and informal sanctions are stifling opportunities for sex offenders to be fully reintegrated into society and that treatment programs are not as effective as they could be. Implications for sex offender policy and further research are discussed.
On a sequential subset selection procedure for the least probable multinomial cell

This paper studies a sequential procedure R for selecting a random size subset that contains the multinomial cell which has the smallest cell probability. The stopping rule of the proposed procedure R is the composite of the stopping rules of curtailed sampling, inverse sampling, and the Ramey-Alam sampling. A reslut on the worst configuration is shown and it is employed in computing the procedure parameters that guarantee certain probability requirements. Tables of these procedure parameters, the corresponding probability of correct selection, the expected sample size, and the expected subset size are given for comparison purpose.
Characterization of coal tar organics via gravity flow column chromatography

Abstract Changes in the polarity distribution of two types of coal tar during secondary pyrolysis have been examined by utilizing gravity flow column chromatography (GFCC). Trends in the polarity distributions are used to evaluate the predominance of various transformation mechanisms throughout secondary pyrolysis. In addition to observing neutralization and mass transformation during the early stages of secondary pyrolysis, a consistent increase in acetylene, methane and much longer aliphatic compounds with extent of sooting was observed midway through secondary pyrolysis, suggesting that aromatic ring structures were opening and decomposing. By the late stages of secondary pyrolysis, both tars from subbituminous and high volatile bituminous coals exhibit similar polarity compositions, indicating that thermal conditions rather than original coal structure determine the ultimate polarity distributions for both types of coal tar. Preferred pathways for soot formation can be identified based on the polarity distributions observed during various stages of secondary pyrolysis; the toluene fraction appears to contain the predominant precursors for soot.
Hippocalcin in the olfactory epithelium: a mediator of second messenger signaling

Intracellular Ca2+ plays an important role in a variety of second messenger cascades. The function of Ca2+ is mediated, in part, by Ca2+-binding proteins such as calmodulin, calretinin, calbindin, neurocalcin, recoverin, and visinin-like proteins (VILIPs). These proteins are highly expressed in rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and are localized to distinct intracellular regions. In the present study, we have identified another Ca2+-binding protein, hippocalcin, in the rat olfactory epithelium (OE). Olfactory/brain hippocalcin shows high sequence homology with hippocalcins expressed in mice and humans. Hippocalcin was predominantly localized to the olfactory cilia, the site of the initial events of olfactory signal transduction, and was found to regulate the activity of ciliary adenylate cyclases (ACs) and particulate guanylyl cyclases (GCs) in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These data indicate that hippocalcin is expressed in rat ORNs, and is likely to regulate second messenger cascades in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
Full-time employed and a family caregiver: a profile of women's workload, effort, and health.

Abstract Background Women provide care for elderly family members while managing their other responsibilities, including full-time employment. Methods This descriptive study used an inductively derived workload–effort–health theoretical model to examine workload, effort, and health among 46 full-time employed family caregivers [CG] of community-dwelling older adults from a larger, nonprobability, cross-sectional sample of 110 CGs. Findings The women’s caregiving workload (time, difficulty, care recipient’s [CR] function), effort (perceived exertion of energy experienced in doing a workload), self-assessed health [SAH], depressive symptoms, and sources of help were richly described, and several associations were found, including higher physical and mental effort, were significantly correlated with higher workload time and difficulty and lower CR function, but not SAH. Higher mental effort and workload, and poorer SAH were significantly correlated with high depressive symptoms. Worse effort, workload, and health experiences were reported by daughters and by women who lived with their CR; those who did not have family or formal caregiving help had higher mental effort and were more depressed, suggesting an area for further study. Conclusions Suggestions are offered for richer measurement of employment status, caregiving workload, and effort. Findings provide a unique profile of full-time employed women CGs’ workload, effort (that is, how they do the work), and health, toward a stronger understanding of how women manage multiple workloads. Workplace policies are needed to address workload, effort and health in this informal caregiving workforce.
SEASONAL AND DIURNAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF PINUS BANKSIANA AND PICEA GLAUCA CONES

Summary Changes in diameter of intact first-year Picea glauca and second-year Pinus banksiana cones were continuously monitored during two growing seasons. Early in their development the cones made intermittent increases in diameter. Cones expanded during the evening and night while vapour pressure deficit of air was decreasing or low, and did not change in diameter during the daytime when vapour pressure deficit was high. In a mid-stage of development, reversible diurnal shrinkage and expansion of cones occurred and these fluctuations were inversely correlated with vapour pressure deficit. Late in the development of P. banksiana cones, many rapid daytime fluctuations in diameter were recorded. Maturing cones of Picea glauca decreased in diameter in a step-like manner. Diurnal shrinkage of maturing cones occurred when the vapour pressure deficit was increasing or high and no appreciable change in diameter occurred when vapour pressure deficit was low.
Effects of rolipram on scopolamine-induced impairment of working and reference memory in the radial-arm maze tests in rats.

Rationale: Rolipram, a selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4), has been shown to enhance scopolamine-induced impair- ment of working memory. However, its effect on refer- ence memory, which appears to be related to the level of cyclic AMP (cAMP), has not been investigated yet; in addition, the mechanism involved in its effects on mem- ory remains to be elucidated. Objectives: To investigate the effects of rolipram on working and reference memo- ries impaired by scopolamine and the involvement of cAMP. Methods: By administration (IP) of rolipram and forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase (AC), the ef- fects of both drugs on the number of correct choices and errors in experiment 1 and, the frequency of both work- ing memory errors and reference memory errors in experiment 2 were observed in two eight-arm radial maze tasks in rats. Results: In experiment 1, rolipram (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) attenuated the scopolamine-induced (0.5 mg/kg) increase in the total number of errors in dose- and time-dependent manners. The minimum effec- tive dose of rolipram was 0.05 mg/kg and the effects lasted nearly 60 min. By contrast, forskolin (1.0- 10.0 mg/kg) failed significantly to affect any of the above indices altered by scopolamine. In experiment 2, rolipram (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) decreased the frequencies of both working and reference memory errors that were elevated by scopolamine. Forskolin did not alter either type of error at a dose that increased the exploration time. Conclusion: Rolipram may exert its effects of re- versing both working and reference memory impair- ments via increased cyclic AMP concentrations in cer- tain signal transduction pathways, rather than by a gener- alized increase in cAMP.
A Taxonomic Revision of Collinsonia (Lamiaceae) Based on Phenetic Analyses of Morphological Variation

Abstract Collinsonia (Lamiaceae) is a small genus restricted to eastern North America with four species commonly recognized: C. canadensis, C. serotina, C. tuberosa, and C. verticillata. Considerable taxonomic confusion exists within subgenus Collinsonia (all taxa except C. verticillata). Principal components and canonical variates analysis were performed on a macromorphological dataset of 23 variables scored for 118 specimens of subgenus Collinsonia. Results from field and herbarium observations and from the phenetic analyses indicate that specimens of C. serotina with four stamens (hereafter referred to as C. anisata) represent a distinct species. Specimens of C. serotina with two stamens are intermediate between C. canadensis and C. anisata and are tentatively recognized as C. punctata; further study is needed to determine their origin and evolutionary status. Collinsonia tuberosa and C. canadensis show considerable phenetic overlap and are here merged under C. canadensis. Four species of Collinsonia a...
A Cost-Efficiency Theory of Dispersed Network Equilibria

The purpose of this paper is to unite two current approaches to modeling dispersed spatial-interaction behavior: the entropy-smoothing approach, and the cost-efficiency approach. The main result of the paper is to show that those interaction flows determined by entropy-smoothing techniques correspond (for large flows) to the most probable flow patterns consistent with cost-efficient spatial-interaction behavior. In addition, it is shown that under very general conditions, these flow patterns are indeed overwhelmingly most probable. Thus, these results establish a clear behavioral foundation for entropy-smoothing techniques in terms of the cost-efficiency theory. Finally, a number of statistical estimation procedures are developed for operationalizing this theory.
A Filter Cassette Assembly Method for Preventing Bypass Leakage

The two-piece plastic filter cassette commonly used by industrial hygienists for collecting personal air samples was examined for possible leakage. Separate groups of cassettes were assembled using two different assembly methods: manual assembly and mechanical assembly. A flow barrier was included in the cassette to facilitate leakage testing. Pressure drops, physical dimensions and leakage rates were determined for each type of assembly method. Significant leakage occurred for manually assembled cassettes. Mechanically assembled cassettes showed insignificant leakage rates at flow rates typically used by industrial hygienists.
Lidocaine Block of LQT-3 Mutant Human Na+ Channels

In transiently transfected mammalian cells we have identified pharmacological consequences of a naturally occurring deletion mutation, ΔKPQ, of the human heart Na+ channel α subunit that previously has been linked to one form of the long QT syndrome, an inherited heart disease. Our results show that the Class IB antiarrhythmic agent lidocaine blocks maintained inward current through and slows recovery from inactivation of ΔKPQ-encoded Na+ channels. Block is greater for maintained than for peak current. Because incomplete inactivation of mutant Na+ channels is now thought to underlie the prolonged ventricular action potential, which is the phenotype of this disease, and we find that the ΔKPQ mutation speeds the recovery from inactivation of drug-free mutant channels, our results provide evidence, for the first time, that clinically relevant dysfunctional properties of an ion channel can be selectively targeted on the basis of the molecular properties conferred on the channel by an inherited genetic disorder.
Association of the human papillomavirus type 11 E1 protein with histone H1.

The E1 and E2 proteins are the only virus-encoded factors required for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA replication. The E1 protein is a DNA helicase responsible for initiation of DNA replication at the viral origin. Its recruitment to the origin is facilitated by binding to E2, for which specific recognition elements are located at the origin. The remaining replication functions for the virus, provided by the host cell’s replication machinery, may be mediated by further interactions with E1 and E2. Histone H1 was identified as an HPV type 11 (HPV-11) E1-binding protein by far-Western blotting and by microsequence analyses of a 34-kDa protein purified by E1 affinity chromatography. E1 also bound in vitro to H1 isolated under native conditions in association with intact nucleosomes. In addition, E1 and H1 were coimmunoprecipitated by an E1 antiserum from a nuclear extract prepared from cells expressing recombinant E1. Bound H1 was displaced from HPV-11 DNA by the addition of E1, suggesting that E1 can promote replication initiation and elongation by alteration of viral chromatin structure and disruption of nucleosomes at the replication fork. Furthermore, a region of the HPV-11 genome containing the origin of replication was identified which had weaker affinity for H1 than that of the remaining genome. This result suggests that the presence of a DNA structure at or near the HPV origin facilitates initiation of DNA replication by exclusion of H1. These results are similar to those of studies of simian virus 40 DNA replication, in which a large T antigen-H1 interaction and an H1-resistant region at the origin of DNA replication have also been demonstrated.
Marginal Stockholder Tax Effects and Ex-Dividend-Day Price Behavior: Evidence From Taxable Versus Nontaxable Closed-End Funds

Almost all research on the movement of stock prices on ex-dividend days has found that prices decline by less than the dividend. Though this is consistent with tax effects, several papers have argued that this phenomenon could be caused by market microstructure effects. In this paper we make use of a natural experiment that provides support for the tax explanations of ex-dividend behavior. Some closed-end funds have taxable, and some have nontaxable, dividend distributions. Both types are subject to taxes on capital gains. The implication of this for ex-dividendday price behavior is very different between these two types of funds if taxes matter. This paper demonstrates that the direction of ex-dividendday price behavior is consistent with a tax explanation and that ex-dividend-day price behavior changes, as theory would suggest, with changes in the tax law.
Lung function over the first 3 years of life in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Summary Objectives Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have variable degrees of pulmonary hypoplasia at birth. Few reports of lung function over the first years of life exist in this group of children. Hypothesis Pulmonary function abnormalities correlate with severity of neonatal disease and intensity of neonatal therapies needed. We also hypothesized that longitudinal measurements of lung function over the usual period of rapid lung growth would lend some insight into how the lung remodels in CDH infants. Methodology Ninety-eight infants with CDH between 11 days and 44 months of age underwent pulmonary function testing (PFT) on 1–5 occasions using the raised volume rapid thoracic compression technique. Demographic data were also collected. Main Results Forced expiratory flows were below normal. Total lung capacity was normal, but residual volume and functional residual capacity were elevated. Children requiring patch closure, ECMO, or pulmonary vasodilators generally had lower lung functions at follow up. Additionally, longer duration of mechanical ventilation correlated with worse lung function. Conclusions Lung functions of survivors of CDH remain abnormal throughout the first 3 years of life. The degree of pulmonary function impairment correlated both with markers of the initial degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Understanding the relationship between the phenotypic presentation of CDH and the potential for subsequent lung growth could help refine both pre- and postnatal therapies to optimize lung growth in CDH infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:896–907. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Coarsening Method for Linear Peridynamics

A method is obtained for deriving peridynamic material models for a sequence of increasingly coarsened descriptions of a body. The starting point is a known detailed, small scale linearized state-based description. Each successively coarsened model excludes some of the aterial present in the previous model, and the length scale increases accordingly. This excluded material, while not present explicitly in the coarsened model, is nevertheless taken into account implicitly through its effect on the forces in the coarsened material. Numerical examples emonstrate that the method accurately reproduces the effective elastic properties of a composite as well as the effect of a small defect in a homogeneous medium.
Component service model with semantics (CoSMoS): a new component model for dynamic service composition

Dynamic service composition provides the potential for future applications to adapt to various user preferences and contexts. Despite its difficulties, dynamic service composition provides several benefits, namely, flexibility, adaptability, and availability. However, existing dynamic service composition systems lack extensibility and understandability. Also some systems cannot support operation dependency and soft-state information. To overcome the problems of the existing systems, this paper proposes a new component model called component service model with semantics, or CoSMoS. CoSMoS resolves the problems of the existing systems by applying semantic graphs, ontologies and an object-oriented model. This paper describes the structure of CoSMoS and shows how dynamic service composition can be implemented using CoSMoS.
Teaching Social Skills in Schools

Jack is a tall, blond, high school junior who earned a position on the All State Lacrosse Team. In spite of his athletic accomplishments, he has problems in high school. He has few friends, and he struggles through his classes with assistance from the learning disabilities (LD) resource teacher. The lacrosse coach, teachers, and classmates complain that he "rarely says anything nice to anyone/' Tom, on the other hand, is described as a nice guy—a nice guy but "just a little off the mark." When the LD teacher presses for more information, the staff indicates that Tom seems to know the right things to do, but he does them at the wrong time. His friends are increasingly turned off by his inappropriate behaviors, and he has begun associating with a group his parents characterize as a bad influence. Roger, like Jack and Tom, manages, with tutorial help from the resource teacher, to pass his general-level classes. Students generally avoid him outside of class because he criticizes and "puts them down all the time." These vignettes depict students who have two things in common: academic problems, which standardized psychological and achievement tests indicate result from a learning disability; and, problems getting along with adults and peers. LD teachers rou-
The shadowing experience: Valuing the link between faculty practice and student learning

Nurse faculty members, engaged in active, clinical practice roles, can enhance student learning through a shadowing experience. A shadowing, or observational, experience was designed by the writer to enhance undergraduate student learning, contribute to student socialization to the profession, and assist students to develop career goals. The shadowing experience linked an undergraduate student with the faculty member in a learning partnership in an advanced practice clinical setting. Fifteen undergraduate nursing students participated in a pilot shadowing experience with a faculty member in her private practice. Both the students and faculty reported that the experience was mutually rewarding. Students reported they were able to learn new information, apply theory from the classroom, and develop interest in graduate school. The shadowing experience provided the faculty member with an opportunity to show the value of her clinical practice within a traditional academic environment. The value of the shadowing experience for the faculty member can be enhanced by formal mechanisms that support faculty clinical practice work.
Living on the Edge

This essay describes a remarkable patient with severe medical and psychological problems who died a tragic death when she was only 46 years old. Despite suffering early coronary artery disease, persistent abuse from her spouse, and caring for a daughter with severe physical handicaps, the patient did not complain or seek pity for her condition. Rather, through her belief in God and a focus on the day forward rather than the day behind, she reminds clinicians that the sum of a person9s life is more than their medical problems. After the patient9s death, her husband9s medical problems force him to seek care; this raised ethical issues because the doctor who was treating him also cared for his wife.
Persistent left-sided superior vena cava

Corresponding author: Jose Cuevas Contact Information: Jose.cuevas@ttuhsc.edu DOI: 10.12746/swrccc 2015.0311.143 A persistent left-sided superior vena cava is the most common congenital anomaly present in thoracic venous anatomy. It is identified in 0.35% to 0.5% of the general population and in up to 10% of patients who have congenital cardiac malformations.1,2 It is commonly reported as an incidental finding during cardiovascular imaging, cardiothoracic surgery, and central venous catheter based procedures, which Figure 1. Schematic drawing of thoracic venous structures.