cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregating correlated data in sensor networks

Consider a network where each node gathers information from its vicinity and sends this information to a centralized processing agent. If the information is geographically correlated, then a large saving in data transmission costs may be obtained by aggregating information from nearby nodes before sending it to the central agent. This is particularly relevant to sensor networks where battery limitations dictate that data transmission be kept to a minimum, and where sensed data is often geographically correlated. In-network aggregation for sensor networks has been extensively studied over the last few years. In this paper we show that a very simple opportunistic aggregation scheme can result in near-optimum performance under widely varying (and unknown) scales of correlation.
Anomaly detection in data represented as graphs

An important area of data mining is anomaly detection, particularly for fraud. However, little work has been done in terms of detecting anomalies in data that is represented as a graph. In this paper we present graph-based approaches to uncovering anomalies in domains where the anomalies consist of unexpected entity/relationship alterations that closely resemble non-anomalous behavior. We have developed three algorithms for the purpose of detecting anomalies in all three types of possible graph changes: label modifications, vertex/edge insertions and vertex/edge deletions. Each of our algorithms focuses on one of these anomalous types, using the minimum description length principle to first discover the normative pattern. Once the common pattern is known, each algorithm then uses a different approach to discover particular anomalous types. In this paper, we validate all three approaches using synthetic data, verifying that each of the algorithms on graphs and anomalies of varying sizes, are able to detect the anomalies with very high detection rates and minimal false positives. We then further validate the algorithms using real-world cargo data and actual fraud scenarios injected into the data set with 100% accuracy and no false positives. Each of these algorithms demonstrates the usefulness of examining a graph-based representation of data for the purposes of detecting fraud.
Catherine Breillat's “Tapage nocturne”

Discomfort remains, within feminist film theory, with representations of women in degrading, humiliating, and submissive positions. For years, feminist film theorists contested these images on film as a sign of misogyny, and feminist film theory evolved in large part due to those battles. Laura Mulvey's influential claim, that male spectators derive pleasure (cinematic and otherwise) from adopting a dominant position and a sadistic behavior toward women on screen, was later on challenged by Gaylyn Studlar, who pointed out the primacy of the pleasure in submission over that of mastery. In her important book on the von Sternberg/Dietrich film cycle, Studlar affirmed the potentially subversive nature of a masochistic aesthetic in film. She, however – and along with many other theorists after her – sees this subversion in the reversal of traditional gender roles (woman as passive, man as active). It has been easy to praise the value of a work portraying women on top. When women end up on the bottom, however, the film is ideologically suspicious and accused of perpetuating stereotypes, if not of encouraging abuse against women. This paper looks at the work of French director Catherine Breillat to see how female masochism operates and what functions it plays for her female characters’ identities. For our analysis, we will be looking at various conceptions of masochism, more particularly, those of Gilles Deleuze, Gaylyn Studlar and Emmanuel Ghent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Fe doping in the colossal magnetoresistive La1−xCaxMnO3

The effect of Fe doping (<20%) on the Mn site in the ferromagnetic (x=0.37) and the antiferromagnetic (x=0.53) phases of La1−xCaxMnO3 has been studied. Upon doping, no appreciable structure changes have been found in either series. However, conduction and ferromagnetism have been consistently suppressed by Fe doping. Colossal magnetoresistance has been shifted to lower temperatures, and in some cases enhanced by Fe doping. These results are not due to the strong lattice effects commonly seen in doping of the La sites. Rather, replacement of Mn3+ by Fe3+ depopulates the hopping electrons, and weakens the double exchange. The effect of Fe doping can be explained in terms of the band structure.
Longitudinal Perceptions of Supportiveness from Biological Fathers and Maternal Mental Health Problems

Focuses on trajectories of mothers' perceived supportiveness from a biological child’s father and mental health problems five years after the birth.
Listening: The Missing Side of School Communication

(1987). Listening: The Missing Side of School Communication. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 281-283.
Turning Segways into soccer robots

The Segway human transport (HT) is a one person dynamically self-balancing transportation vehicle. The Segway robot mobility platform (RMP) is a modification of the HT capable of being commanded by a computer for autonomous operation. With these platforms, we are investigating human/robot coordination in adversarial environments through the game, Segway soccer. The players include robots (RMPs) and humans (riding HTs). The rules of the game are a combination of soccer and ultimate Frisbee rules. In this paper, we provide two contributions. First, we examine the capabilities and limitations of the Segway and describe the mechanical systems necessary to create a robot Segway soccer player. Second, we provide a detailed analysis of several ball manipulation/kicking systems and the implementation results of the CM-RMP pneumatic ball manipulation system.
Inherited aspects of papillary thyroid carcinoma

The presence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in multiple generations of one kindred is a statistical impossibility as an occurrence of chance. However, traditional and molecular genetic analyses to date have failed to support the notion of a single gene mutation or identify one, in distinct contrast to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Findings to date, outside of distinct multicancer syndromes, suggest the interplay of inherited susceptibility and other factors, such as environmental exposures. It is possible that the main identifiable genetic risk factors at this time are the presence of multinodular goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis within the family.
Amdinocillin: a novel penicillin. Antibacterial activity, pharmacology and clinical use.

Amdinocillin is a novel penicillin whose antibacterial activity is derived from its ability to bind specifically and avidly to Penicillin Binding Protein-2 (PBP 2). Other β-lactams bind almost exclusively to PBPs 1 and 3. This unique feature has prompted many investigators to predict that amdinocillin would aggressively synergize with other antimicrobials, particularly other β-lactams. Certain features of these predictions have been realized. Amdinocillin is active alone against many gram-negative organisms. Pseudomonas and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria, however, are usually resistant. Amdinocillin, in combination with many β-lactams, exhibits marked synergy against many enterobacteriaceae. No such synergy can be demonstrated for gram-positive organisms or pseudomonas species. Amdinocillin is not β-lactamase stable. Organisms which produce high levels of plasma-mediated β-lactamase are resistant to the drug. Amdinocillin is widely distributed to most tissues of the body. It is removed by renal tubular secretion which results in prodigious levels of the drug in the urine. Coadministration of probenecid results in markedly elevated plasma levels of amidinocillin and delays its excretion. Amdinocillin has a plasma half-life of about one hour in patients with grossly normal renal function. Its half-life increases to 3 to 6 hours in anephric patients. The spectrum of adverse reactions observed with amdinocillin is similar to that of other penicillins. Amdinocillin, as a single agent, is effective in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of E. coli and klebsiella and enterobacter species. When amdinocillin is used in concert with other antimicrobials, synergy can frequently be demonstrated but it is essentially limited to gram-negative aerobic organisms. At present, insufficient data are available to precisely profile the utility of amdinocillin, either alone or in combination, in the treatment of systemic infections.
TAS-108: A Novel Steroidal Antiestrogen

TAS-108 is a novel steroidal antiestrogen compound that has a strong binding affinity to the estrogen receptor and, in preclinical studies, has antitumor activity against tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell lines. Its molecular mechanisms of actions are different from those of tamoxifen and fulvestrant. TAS-108 showed tissue-selective agonist activity in the bone and cardiovascular systems and, in preclinical and phase I studies, did not show any effect on the endometrium. In a phase I study, TAS-108 was well tolerated at doses ranging from 40 to 160 mg/d with no maximum tolerated dose. Toxicities included hot flashes, headache, and nausea and vomiting. The drug has linear pharmacokinetics. In the phase I study, there was evidence of biological antitumor activity, with stable disease noted in several patients. A phase II study is ongoing, and phase III studies are being planned with the drug.
Amidohydrolases in soils as affected by cropping systems

Cropping systems influence the ecology of agricultural soils. The effects of crop rotation and N fertilization on the activities of four amidohydrolases (amidase, l-asparaginase, l-aspartase, and l-glutaminase) were studied in soils of two long-term cropping systems in Iowa: the Northeast Research Center (NERC) and the Clarion–Webster Research Center (CWRC) that were initiated in 1979 and 1954, respectively, and sampled in 1996 and 1997. Multicropping systems, especially meadow–oat-based systems, enhanced the activities of the amidohydrolases; monocropping systems, involving corn or soybean, reduced the activities of the four enzymes. Analysis of variance indicated that activities of the amidohydrolases were significantly affected by cropping systems at the NERC site in both years; but only amidase activity was significantly affected by N fertilization. With the exception of amidase, the activities of the other three enzymes were not affected by cropping systems and N fertilization in the soils at the CWRC site. The activities of the four amidohydrolases were significantly correlated with soil microbial carbon (Cmic) (r>0.447 and r>0.398, P 0.445, P 0.596, P 0.427 and r>0.467, P<0.05) in soils of the CWRC and NERC sites, respectively. The specific activities of the four enzymes in soils under multicropping systems were greater than those under monocropping systems. The results suggest that the mineralization of organic N in the soil is mediated by microbial biomass through the action of these enzymes, and that the activities of the amidohydrolases can be used to predict N mineralization and monitor soil health and quality.
Exploring tag relevance for image tag re-ranking

In this paper, we propose to explore the relevance between tags for image tag re-ranking. The key component is to define a global tag-tag similarity matrix, which is achieved by analysis in both semantic and visual aspects. The text semantic relevance is explored by the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) model [1].For the visual information, the tag-relevance can be propagated by reconstructing exemplar images with visually and semantically consistent images. Based on our tag relevance matrix, a random-walk approach is leveraged to discover the significance of each tag. Finally, all tags in an image are re-ranked by their significance values. Extensive experiments show its effectiveness on an image dataset with a large tags vocabulary.
Transport and Deposition of Micro-and Nano-Particles in Human Tracheobronchial Tree by an Asymmetric Multi-Level Bifurcation Model:

Transport and deposition of particles in the upper tracheobronchial tree were analyzed using a multi-level asymmetric lung bifurcation model. The first three generations of tracheobronchial tree were included in the study. The laryngeal jet at the trachea entrance was modeled as an effective turbulence disturbance, and the study was focused on how to accurately simulate the airflow and predict the motion of the inhaled particles. Downstream in the lower level of the bronchial region, a laminar flow model was used, as smoother flow condition was expected. Transport and deposition of nano- and micro-scale spherical particles in the range of 0.01 µm to 30 µm were evaluated. The particle local deposition pattern and deposition rate in the lung bifurcation was discussed. The proposed multi-level asymmetric lung bifurcation model was found to be flexible, easy to use and computationally highly efficient. It was also shown that the selection of the anisotropic Reynolds stress transport turbulence model (RSTM) was appropriate, and the use of the enhanced two-layer model boundary treatment was needed for accurate simulation of the turbulent airflow conditions in the upper airways.
Vibrations of segmented beams by a fourier series component mode method

The fundamental nature of the component mode method, based on Fourier series, is examined and applied to a wide variety of non-uniform beam vibration problems. It is shown that a single segment guided-guided beam, coupled with a sine series approach is sufficient to derive an exact master frequency determinant for a general multi-segmented beam with arbitrary material and geometric properties in each segment and general boundary conditions at the ends. Similarly, a single segment simply-supported beam, coupled with a cosine series approach is also sufficient to derive an exact master frequency determinant for the general multi-segment beam problem. The method requires special treatment (via Stokes' transformation) at the end points of each component, while continuity between components is enforced with Lagrange multipliers. Results are shown for non-uniform beams including the effects of intermediate masses and springs.
Dwarf spheroidal galaxies and resonant orbital coupling

The structural properties of the dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies of the Milky Way may be strongly affected by their time-dependent interactions with the 'tidal' field of the Milky Way. A low Q resonance of the tidal driving force with collective oscillation modes of the dwarf system can produce many of the observed properties of the Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies, including large velocity dispersions that would normally be interpreted as indicating large dynamical masses.
Honor and the Stigma of Mental Healthcare

Most prior research on cultures of honor has focused on interpersonal aggression. The present studies examined the novel hypothesis that honor-culture ideology enhances the stigmatization of mental health needs and inhibits the use of mental health services. Study 1 demonstrated that people who strongly endorsed honor-related beliefs and values were especially concerned that seeking help for mental health needs would indicate personal weakness and would harm their reputations. Studies 2 and 3 showed that honor states in the U.S. South and West invested less in mental healthcare resources, compared with non-honor states in the North (Study 2), and that parents living in honor states were less likely than parents in non-honor states to use mental health services on behalf of their children (Study 3). Together, these studies reveal an overlooked consequence of honor ideology for psychological well-being at the individual, social, and institutional levels.
Multi-site study of incidence of pressure ulcers and the relationship between risk level, demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and prescription of preventive interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of pressure ulcers in varied populations, and whether demographic characteristics (age, gender, race) and primary diagnosis are factors in pressure ulcer development when the level of risk for developing ulcers is considered. To determine if there is a difference in the type of preventive services prescribed for persons who do or do not develop pressure ulcers when risk is controlled and whether differences can be related to demographic characteristics. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Two skilled nursing homes, two university operated tertiary care hospitals, and two Veteran's Administration Medical Centers (VAMCs) in Omaha, NE, Durham, NC, and Chicago, IL. PATIENTS: A total of 843 randomly selected patients more than 19 years of age who did not have pressure ulcers on admission to their place of care. Subjects were 63% male, 79% white, and had a mean age of 63 (± 16) years. MEASURES: A head-to-toe skin assessment for pressure ulcers recording site and stage of ulcers, scores for the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk, demographic characteristics (age, sex, race), and primary diagnosis and preventive interventions (turning or repositioning orders and pressure reduction surface) were documented on the patient record. Observations were made every 48 to 72 hours for a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence/absence and stage of pressure ulcers. MAIN RESULTS: One hundred eight of 843 (12.8%) subjects developed pressure ulcers. The incidence was 8.5%, 7.4%, and 23.9% in tertiary care, VAMCs, and nursing homes, respectively. Logistic regression demonstrated that lower Braden Scale scores, older age and white race predicted pressure ulcers; gender was not predictive. Primary diagnoses were not significant predictors of pressure ulcer risk when the Braden Scale score was entered into the regression. Prescription of turning was predicted by Braden Scale scores and by white race, whereas prescription of pressure reduction was predicted by Braden Scale scores, white race, and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Risk assessment, rather than diagnoses or demographic characteristics, is recommended as the basis for prescriptive decisions. Risk assessment should cue health care providers to make more judicious use of turning and support surfaces to prevent pressure ulcers. Persons who are at risk for pressure ulcers should have turning and pressure reduction surfaces consistently prescribed and implemented. The costs and goals of preventive prescription for those not at risk for pressure ulcers should be considered. J Am Gcriatr Soc 44:22–30, 1996.
Thermodynamic Cooperativity and Kinetic Proofreading in DNA Damage Recognition and Repair

In humans UV-induced cyclobutane thymine dimers are excised by the joint action of six repair factors, RPA, XPA, XPC, TFIIH, XPG, and XPF.ERCC1. Yet, in vitro assays show that none of these six factors is capable of detectably discriminating thymine dimer-containing DNA from undamaged DNA. We show how two elementary principles in macromolecular recognition, (1). cooperativity and (2). kinetic proofreading, are utilized to confer specificity to the repair system where none exists at the individual repair factor level and enable human cells to excise thymine dimers with a physiologically relevant specificity and at a biologically acceptable rate.
Comparing the Efficiency of Public Transportation Subunits Using Data Envelopment Analysis

This paper discusses the need for a performance measure that compares the efficiencies of subunits within a transportation organization, reflects the diversity of inputs and outputs, and is objective and consistent. The study presents a method for developing such a performance indicator, and illustrates its use with an application to the park-and-ride lots of the Chicago Transit Authority. The proposed method applies Data Envelopment Analysis supplemented by Stochastic Frontier Analysis to estimate efficiency scores for each subunit. The research shows how the scores can provide objective and valid indicators of each subunit’s efficiency, while accounting for key goals and values of internal and external stakeholders. The scores can be practically applied by a transit agency to identify subunit inefficiencies, and, as demonstrated by several brief case studies, this information can be used as the basis for changes that will improve both subunit and system performance.
Influence of pheromone trap color and design on capture of male velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Three pheromone traps were evaluated in paired field trials for effectiveness in capturing wild male velvetbean caterpillar moths (VBC),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, and fall armyworm moths (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), using a wind-oriented trapping device. The traps were: (1) the standard multicolored bucket trap consisting of a forest green canopy, yellow funnel, white bucket and open (i.e., single wire) pheromone holder; (2) a forest green monocolored bucket trap; and (3) the Multi-Pher-1 trap consisting of a blue-green canopy, white funnel, white bucket, and white, multislotted pheromone holder. The Multi-Pher-1 trap differs primarily from the other two in that its entrance is smaller in diameter and is partially obstructed by the pheromone holder. Significantly fewer VBC and FAW males were captured in pheromone-baited monocolored (forest green) bucket traps than standard multicolored bucket traps. The Multi-Pher-1 trap also caught significantly fewer VBC moths than the standard multicolored bucket trap, but there was no significant difference in numbers of FAW moths caught in the two traps. The results further demonstrate the importance of considering visual cues, in this case color, in the design of pheromone traps for nocturnal insects.
Labelling genetically modified food products: consumers' concern in the United Kingdom

An online survey method was used to collect data regarding the concern and attitude of UK consumers towards genetically modified (GM) food labelling. Questionnaires were sent to 9000 participants of the online panel via emails, and 2568 consumers completed the online survey. The response rate was 29%. This study found that more than 75% of the consumers questioned were concerned about the labelling of food products with GM ingredients. Eight perceived risks and benefits of agro-biotechnology were identified to be associated with consumers’ attitude towards GM food labelling. Among them, three were perceived benefits, such as reduced use of chemicals in crop production, improved nutritional content, and increased yields. The five perceived risks were health risks, environmental risks, moral considerations, image of multinational corporations as the primary beneficiaries of biotechnology, and growing control of multinational corporations over farming. While all five perceived risks from GM food played a statistically significant role in shaping the overall attitude towards GM labelling, improved nutritional content due to application of biotechnology was the only benefit that was statistically significant. Age of the respondents was the only demographic variable playing a statistically significant role in shaping the attitude of respondents towards GM food labelling. Older respondents were more likely to be concerned about the existing GM labelling practices than younger respondents.
Informational packaging, level of formality, and the use of circumstance adverbials in L1 and L2 student academic presentations

Abstract The analysis of circumstance adverbials in this paper was based on L1 and L2 corpora of student presentations, each of which consisting of approximately 30,000 words. The overall goal of the investigation was to identify specific functions L1 and L2 college students attributed to circumstance adverbials (the most frequently used adverbial class in the data) in relation to packaging the informational content of their presentations and their perceived level of formality of the genre. The analysis revealed differences in the range of functions the adverbials served in the L1 and L2 presentations which, in turn, pointed to differences in the participants' perceived level of formality and degree of interactiveness of the speech event. The L1 presenters seemed to perceive the academic presentation as an opportunity not only to present information in an informal way, but also to interact with the audience and keep it involved in their presentations. By contrast, the L2 presenters seemed to be preoccupied with the informational content of their presentations, frequently to the exclusion of their peers from the process of information negotiation, which suggested a more formal and informative function they attributed to the presentation as a speech event than the native speakers.
Radar Geology--Petroleum Exploration Technique, Eastern Panama and Northwestern Colombia

Petroleum exploration in eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia has gained impetus by recent side-looking-radar, geologic reconnaissance mapping. Radar-derived geologic information is now available for approximately 40,000 sq km where previous reconnaissance investigations have been extremely limited because of inaccessibility and almost perpetual cloud cover. With radar imagery as the sole source of remote-sensing data, the distribution, continuity, and structural grain of key strata provide evidence that the eastern Panamanian Isthmus can be divided into three main physiographic-structural parts: two composite coastal mountain ranges separated by the taphrogenic Medial basin, which trends southeastward from the mouth of the Bayano River to the Atrato River valley of northwestern Colombia. Within the Medial basin, most of the clearly exposed surface structures are not particularly attractive petroleum prospects because prime reservoir strata have been stripped from their crests. However, several large geomorphic anomalies which have been mapped in the Medial basin may be reflections of subsurface structures having a complete stratigraphic ection. Possibilities for gravity-type hydrocarbon accumulations in fractured organic shales, siltstones, and carbonate rocks are suggested within several synclinal elements along the axis of the Medial basin. The southwestward extension of the Medial basin trend, coincident with the western Gulf of Panama, may have potential as a future petroleum-producing province. A relatively thick marine stratigraphic section should be present here, with associated paralic and deltaic clastic rocks derived from acidic San Blas terrace since mid-Miocene time. The occurrence of active shell bars in the Bay of San Miguel and present reef trends on the northern Caribbean coast suggest possible offshore sites for geophysical surveying.
Panfish Use of and Angler Success at Evergreen Tree, Brush, and Stake-Bed Structures

Abstract The material selected for artificial structures is usually determined by availability or by the preference of a sponsoring organization. Comparative studies of panfish use of different structure materials and types have been inconclusive, largely because of confounding effects of depth, location within a reservoir, or difference in fish populations. We evaluated the utility of several materials and types in a localized area of an Ohio reservoir. The materials consisted of vertical and prone evergreen trees, a brush pile, and stake beds with 150-mm and 350-mm spacing. Utility was based on fish attraction (determined by pop-net sampling), angler success (determined by controlled angling), and cost ofeach material. Evergreen trees yielded pop-net catches ofbluegills Lepomis macrochirus that were equal to or significantly greater than catches at the other structures. Catches of white crappies Pomoxis annularis were not significantly different between materials during pop-net sampling. Anglers enjoyed...
Preplant Biofumigation with Sorghum or Methyl Bromide Compared for Managing Criconemoides xenoplax in a Young Peach Orchard

Sorghum as a preplant green manure biofumigant management system of Criconemoides xenoplax was investigated from 1998 to 2003. The study was conducted on a site infested with C. xenoplax and having a previous history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Plots consisted of five preplant treatments: (i) nonfumigated soil without tarp and urea, (ii) nonfumigated soil with tarp and urea, (iii) sorghum as a green manure without tarp and urea, (iv) sorghum as a green manure with tarp and urea, and (v) preplant methyl bromide fumigation. Sorghum as a green manure with and without tarp was comparable with methyl bromide fumigation in suppressing the population of C. xenoplax in the early stages of this experiment. Nematode population densities were suppressed 11 months longer in sorghum with tarp and urea plots than in sorghum without tarp and urea plots. However, nematode population densities in sorghum with tarp and urea plots were not suppressed as long as in fumigated methyl bromide plots (19 versus 24 months, respectively).
Not one of the guys: The female researcher in a male-dominated setting

An important, but frequently overlooked, issue in qualitative research is how the status characteristics of the researcher affect the process of gaining access to, establishing, and maintaining rapport with respondents or informants in a setting. Some researchers may never succeed in achieving more than superficial acceptance from their respondents because of the status each researcher occupies. Female researchers studying male-dominated groups frequently find themselves in just such a position or do not attempt to gain entry in certain male-dominated settings. Sex-role expectations may hamper women's work in the field. Until recently, little attention was given to these issues. This paper discusses the dilemmas faced by female researchers in male-dominated settings. It begins by examining how the instructional fieldwork literature addresses this issue and finds that it generally does not. In addition, the literature's advice to novice fieldworkers, while perhaps appropriate for males, may be inappropriate for females, given stereotypical sex-role expectations. Novice female researchers must turn to accounts of experienced female researchers for discussions of problems they may encounter in field settings. The paper then turns to my study of a prosecutor's office. Similarities between my experiences and those of other female researchers are noted, and suggestions are made about how women in the field can manage and even overcome these problems.
Dietary necrotic liver degeneration and coenzyme A.

SummaryRats develop a metabolic lesion of the liver (respiratory decline in the Warburg) and subsequent dietary necrotic liver degeneration when fed a vit. E-free ration containing 30% Torula yeast as the sole source of protein. Depressed liver CoA values are observed in such animals. It is shown that CoA is not elevated by feeding of protective amounts of vit. E or Factor 3. Cystine, methionine, and cysteine, on the other hand, which promote growth under these conditions, raise the liver CoA values to near-normal levels. This action is not correlated to the varying degree of protection against liver necrosis and against the prenecrotic respiratory decline afforded by the individual S-amino acids. Hence, there is no apparent etiological relationship between concentration of CoA in the liver and the development of dietary necrotic liver degeneration.
Induced Ovulation in Amphiuma

ConclusionOvulation in Amphiuma can be induced prior to the normal egg-laying season by injections of cattle and frog pituitary suspension and extract.
Identifying the speech codes.

Models of speech processing typically assume that speech is represented by a succession of codes. In this paper we argue for the psychological validity of a prelexical (phonetic) code and for a postlexical (phonological) code. Whereas phonetic codes are computed directly from an analysis of input acoustic information, phonological codes are derived from information made available subsequent to the perception of higher order (word) units. The results of four experiments described here indicate that listeners can gain access to, or identify, entities at both of these levels. In these studies listeners were presented with sentences and were asked to respond when a particular word-initial target phoneme was detected (phoneme monitoring). In the first three experiments speed of lexical access was manipulated by varying the lexical status (word/nonword) or frequency (high/low) of a word in the critical sentences. Reaction times (RTs) to target phonemes were unaffected by these variables when the target phoneme was on the manipulated word. On the other hand, RTs were substantially affected when the target-bearing word was immediately after the manipulated word. These studies demonstrate that listeners can respond to the prelexical phonetic code. Experiment IV manipulated the transitional probability (high/low) of the target-bearing word and the comprehension test administered to subjects. The results suggest that listeners are more likely to respond to the postlexical phonological code when contextual constraints are present. The comprehension tests did not appear to affect the code to which listeners responded. A “Dual Code” hypothesis is presented to account for the reported findings. According to this hypothesis, listeners can respond to either the phonetic or the phonological code, and various factors (e.g., contextual constraints, memory load, clarity of the input speech signal) influence in predictable ways the code that will be responded to. The Dual Code hypothesis is also used to account for and integrate data gathered with other experimental tasks and to make predictions about the outcome of further studies.
Increment thresholds on black bars.

Abstract Under conditions that isolate rod vision, increment thresholds were measured on black bars of various widths, and compared to the increment threshold measured on a homogeneously illuminated field without the bar. Thresholds were found to be elevated in the presence of bars in the vicinity of 10′ of arc wide. However, this effect does not occur when the retinal images of adapting and test fields are stabilized.
The Effect of Short-term Stress on Serotonin Gene Expression in High and Low Resilient Macaques

Female cynomolgus monkeys exhibit different degrees of reproductive dysfunction with moderate metabolic and psychosocial stress. When stressed with a paradigm of relocation and diet for 60 days, or 2 menstrual cycles, highly stress resilient monkeys continue to ovulate during both stress cycles (HSR); medium stress resilient monkeys ovulate once (MSR) and stress sensitive monkeys do not ovulate for the entire 60 days (SS). This study examines serotonin-related gene expression in monkeys with different sensitivity to stress and exposed to 5 days of moderate stress. Monkeys were first characterized as HSR, MSR or SS. After resumption of menstrual cycles, each monkey was re-stressed for 5 days in the early follicular phase. The expression of 3 genes pivotal to serotonin neural function was assessed in the 3 groups of monkeys (n=4-5/group). Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), and the 5HT1A autoreceptor mRNAs expression were determined at 4 morphological levels of the dorsal raphe nucleus with in situ hybridization (ISH) using digoxigenin-incorporated riboprobes. In addition, cFos was examined with immunohistochemistry. Positive pixel area and/or cell number were measured. All data were analyzed with ANOVA (3 groups) and with a t-test (2 groups). After 5 days of stress, TPH2, SERT, 5HT1A and cFos were significantly lower in the SS group than the HSR group (p<0.05, all). This pattern of expression was the same as the pattern observed in the absence of stress in previous studies. Therefore, the ratio of the HSR/SS expression of each serotonergic gene was calculated in the presence and absence of stress. There was little or no difference in the ratio of HSR/SS gene expression in the presence or absence of stress. Moreover, cFos expression indicates that overall, cell activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus and periaquaductal gray is lower in SS than HSR animals. These data suggest that the serotonin system may set the sensitivity or resilience of the individual, but serotonin-related gene expression may not rapidly respond to moderate stress in nonhuman primates.
A comparison of Doppler optical coherence tomography methods.

Abstract: We compare, in detail, the phase-resolved color Doppler (PRCD), phase-resolved Doppler variance (PRDV) and intensity-based Doppler variance (IBDV) methods. All the methods are able to quantify flow speed when the flow rate is within a certain range, which is dependent on the adjacent A-line time interval. While PRCD is most sensitive when the flow direction is along the probing beam, PRDV and IBDV can be used to measure the flow when the flow direction is near perpendicular to the probing beam. However, the values of PRDV and IBDV are Doppler angle-dependent when the Doppler angle is above a certain threshold. The sensitivity of all the methods can be improved by increasing the adjacent A-line time interval while still maintaining a high sampling density level. We also demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, high resolution inter-frame PRDV method. In applications where mapping vascular network such as angiogram is more important than flow velocity quantification, IBDV and PRDV images show better contrast than PRCD images. The IBDV and PRDV show very similar characteristics and demonstrate comparable results for vasculature mapping. However, the IBDV is less sensitive to bulk motion and with less post-processing steps, which is preferred for fast data processing situations. In vivo imaging of mouse brain with intact skull and human skin with the three methods were demonstrated and the results were compared. The IBDV method was found to be able to obtain high resolution image with a relative simple processing procedure.
Scarcity Claims Elicit Extreme Responding to Persuasive Messages: Role of Cognitive Elaboration

Opposing accounts of the persuasiveness of messages accompanied by scarcity information (rarity) were compared: heuristic-reduced thinking versus elaborative-increased thinking. In two experiments, 275 college students identified themselves as having a novel attribute (picture-mindedness [PM]/situationmindedness or situation-mindedness [SM]) that was designated as rare or common and that persuasive messages portrayed as either positive or negative. The results replicated Ditto and Jemmott—rarity led to more extreme attitudes toward the focal attribute. However, thought-listings and path analyses favored elaborative rather than heuristic processing. In further demonstration that extreme attitudinal responding to scarcity information was mediated by thoughtful processing, Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 under low, but not high, cognitive load.
Violence and School Shootings

Multiple-homicide school shootings are rare events, but when they happen they significantly impact individuals, the school and the community. We focus on multiple-homicide incidents and identified mental health issues of shooters. To date, studies of school shootings have concluded that no reliable profile of a shooter exists, so risk should be assessed using comprehensive threat assessment protocols. Existing studies primarily utilize retrospective case histories or media accounts. The field requires more empirical and systematic research on all types of school shootings including single victim incidents, those that result in injury but not death and those that are successfully averted. We discuss current policies and practices related to school shootings and the role of mental health professionals in assessing risk and supporting surviving victims.
NASA considers restructuring Landsat‐D program

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) is studying options to restructure its Landsat-D project because of increasing engineering and managerial problems encountered in the manufacture of the spacecraft's instrument and ground systems. Landsat-D is the fourth, and most technologically advanced, spacecraft in a series of experimental earth-resources- monitoring satellites to be developed by NASA. Although designed with a 1-year lifespan, each of the first two Landsats (launched in 1972 and 1975, respectively) stayed in orbit and sent back data for 5 years. Landsat 3, launched in March of 1978 with a designed lifespan of 1 year, is still operating but has experienced problems with its sensing devices, particularly the multispectral scanner, which collects data to be converted to images of earth's natural resources.
710 ASSIGNMENT OF THE FIRST HIGHLY POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKER LOCUS TO A HUMAN CHROMOSOME REGION

710 ASSIGNMENT OF THE FIRST HIGHLY POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKER LOCUS TO A HUMAN CHROMOSOME REGION
Regulation of Tubulin Organization During Meiosis

Meiotic spindle formation in Spisula solidissima oocytes has been studied in vivo and in vitro. Measurements were made of polymerized tubulin content during the first meiotic division. The amount of polymer was high prior to activation of the eggs, fell to a minimum of about 5 min after activation and at 15 min (metaphase) returned to approximately its initial value. The polymerized tubulin in the unactivated eggs appears to be organized into granular spheres about 10–20 microns in diameter attached to the egg cortex. This particle contains few microtubules but is composed primarily of a granular matrix and fibrous material. The granular matrix may be a polymorphic aggregate of tubulin and could be a storage form of tubulin or an intermediate in microtubule assembly. The polymerization and organization of microtubules has been studied in vitro, using crude homogenates of Spisula oocytes. Microtubules can be formed in homogenates of both activated and unactivated eggs; however, in homogenates of eggs in which nuclear membrane breakdown has occurred, microtubules form around a central phase dense particle resulting in a structure which resembles a spindle aster. The central particle appears to be a microtubule organizing center (MTOC). The MTOC can be pelleled by centrifugation and will induce aster formation when remixed with the supernatant. Aster formation can be obtained using supernatants prepared from either activated or unactivated eggs, while the pellet must be obtained from activated eggs. Thus, tubulin subunits appear to be capable of spindle formation at all stages, while MTOC formation or activation does not occur until about the time of nuclear membrane breakdown.
Chronic hypertrophic ulcerative gastritis treated by Coutard’s method of roentgen therapy: Case report with unusual course and result

1. A patient suffering from severe hypertrophic ulcerative gastritis was observed over a period of twelve years.
Effects of Pharmacologic Therapy on Health-Related Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Trials

This systematic review assessed the impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) and pharmacotherapy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in elderly patients. Highly prevalent in the elderly, AF is associated with morbidity and symptoms affecting HRQOL. A PubMed and EMBASE search (1999–2010) was conducted using the terms atrial fibrillation, elderly, quality of life, Medicare, and Medicaid. In all, 504 articles were identified and 15 were selected (studies examining pharmacotherapy [rate or rhythm control] and HRQOL in AF patients with a mean age ≥ 65 years). Information, including study design, cohort size, and HRQOL instruments utilized, was extracted. Five observational studies, 5 randomized trials comparing rate and rhythm control, 3 randomized trials investigating pharmacologic agents, and 2 trials examining HRQOL, depression, and anxiety were identified. Elderly AF patients had reduced HRQOL versus patients in normal sinus rhythm, particularly in domains related to physical functioning. HRQOL may be particularly affected in older AF patients. Although data do not indicate whether a pharmacologic intervention or single treatment strategy—namely rate versus rhythm control—is better at improving HRQOL, either of these strategies and many pharmacologic interventions may improve HRQOL in elderly AF patients. Based on reviewed data, an algorithm is suggested to optimize HRQOL among elderly patients.
Effects of Depression on the Subsequent Year’s Healthcare Expenditures Among Older Adults: Two-Year Panel Study

This study investigated changes in depression status over 2 years and examined whether having depression in Year 1 is associated with greater healthcare expenditures in Year 2 among community-dwelling older adults. This study analyzed the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (Panel 13, 2008–2009) for a nationally representative sample of 1,740 older adults (65+). The two self-reported depression measures used were the ICD-9-CM (depression) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (potential depression, scores 3 or higher). Using the combined two-part models, additional healthcare costs at Year 2 associated with the Year 1 depression status were calculated by the service type after adjusting for predisposing, enabling, and need covariates assessed at Year 2. Over 7.9 % of older adults reported depression and an additional 6.5 % presented with potential depression. The ICD-9 depression status was relatively stable; 84 % continued reporting depression during Year 2. Those with depression at Year 1 spent $3,855 more on total healthcare, $1,053 more on office-based visits, and $929 more on prescription drugs during Year 2 compared with non-depressed people after controlling for other covariates, including healthcare needs (p < .05). While potential depression was less persistent (31.1 % remained potentially depressed at Year 2), potential depression was associated with lower socio-economic status and greater healthcare expenditures from home health services and emergency department visits during Year 2. These results indicate the importance of monitoring depression in older adults, considering its impacts on the increases in healthcare expenditures in the following year even after controlling for co-occurring health conditions.
Special functions and the Bieberbach conjecture

(1988). Special Functions and the Bieberbach Conjecture. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 95, No. 8, pp. 689-696.
Optimal screening designs with flexible cost and constraint structures

We describe a cost- and constraint-based decision-theoretic approach to the design of screening trials, where the goal is to identify promising candidates for future study or to decide whether to accept or reject a product. An algorithmic method for optimizing this approach is presented. This method utilizes a highly flexible structure to reflect a variety of decision and experimental costs and constraints. The designs produced can range from being a single stage up to being fully sequential, depending on the sampling cost functions and constraints. These designs generalize and extend those previously available, often achieving meaningful improvements. This approach can be used for a variety of other problems. Operating characteristics of the designs are also described.
Developing guidelines for smoking cessation interventions for pregnant adolescents

More than 400,000 deaths a year in the United States are attributed to active and passive tobacco smoke exposure. Healthy People 2000 objectives target a reduction in the tobacco use of high-risk populations such as youth and pregnant women. This article describes guidelines for health professionals to address smoking cessation when working with pregnant adolescents and teen mothers who smoke.