cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of the Measurement of Oscillatory Hydraulic Flow Including Nonlinear Effects

The venturi-type flowmeter is s imulated by a model capable of analysis under nonsteady flow condit ions. Nonlinear effects and the effect of inertia are included in the model chosen. The basic parameter in nonsteady flowmeter ing is shown to be a nondimensional frequency defined as the Strouhal number . The errors due to neglecting inertial forces in the flowmeter model have been calculated as a funct ion of the Strouhal number . The analysis indicates that for a venturi type of meter the error in average flow rate calculated (neglecting inertia) is likely to be small for m a n y practical cases. However, the phase lag and change in response, due to inertia, are likely to be important when an es t imate of instantaneous flow is required.
Optimal sedation in pediatric intensive care patients: a systematic review

Sedatives administered to critically ill children should be titrated to effect, because both under- and oversedation may have negative effects. We conducted a systematic review to examine reported incidences of under-, optimal, and oversedation in critically ill children receiving intensive care. A systematic literature search using predefined criteria was performed in PubMed and Embase to identify all articles evaluating level of sedation in PICU patients receiving continuous sedation. Two authors independently recorded: study objective, study design, sample size, age range, details of study intervention (if applicable), sedatives used, length of sedation, sedation scale used, and incidences of optimal, under-, and oversedation as defined in the studies. Twenty-five studies were included. Two studies evaluated sedation level as primary study outcome; the other 23 as secondary outcomes. Together, these studies investigated 1,163 children; age range, 0–18 years. Across studies, children received many different sedative agents and sedation level was assessed with 12 different sedation scales. Optimal sedation was ascertained in 57.6 % of the observations, under sedation in 10.6 %, and oversedation in 31.8 %. This study suggests that sedation in the PICU is often suboptimal and seldom systematically evaluated. Oversedation is more common than undersedation. As oversedation may lead to longer hospitalization, tolerance, and withdrawal, preventing oversedation in pediatric intensive care deserves greater attention.
Semi-quantitative analysis of influenza samples using the Luminex xTAG(®) respiratory viral panel kit.

The Luminex xTAG® respiratory viral panel (RVP) kit simultaneously detects and identifies multiple respiratory viruses including several subtypes of influenza A using a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test assay platform. The emitted fluorescence signal from the RVP assay provides qualitative information on the presence of a particular viral species in respiratory specimens. However, a quantitative assessment is preferred when monitoring environmental samples for respiratory viruses. In this study, we explored the potential use of the RVP kit as a semi-quantitative screening assay for influenza virus detection. The concentration- response of the RVP assay was modeled using four-parameter logistic (4-PL) fits of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) versus dilute ranges of the influenza A matrix gene, seasonal influenza vaccine, and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine. The goodness of fit of the 4-PL model was evaluated by comparing the copy number determined with the fitted model (observed copy number) with the ...
Preliminary evaluation of the Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data for mineral exploration

Abstract Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) data recorded over an arid terrain were analyzed to determine the applicability of using of TM data for identifying and mapping hydrothermally altered, potentially mineralized rocks. Clays, micas, and other minerals bearing the OH anion in specific crystal lattice positions have absorption bands in the 2.2-μm region (TM channel 7, TM7) and commonly lack features in the 1.6-μm region (TM5). Channel ratios TM5/TM7, TM5/TM4, and TM3/TM1 were combined into a color-ratio-composite (CRC) image and used to distinguish hydrothermally altered rocks, unaltered rocks, and vegetation. These distinctions are made possible by using the TM5 and TM7, channels which are not available in the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). Digital masking was used to eliminate ambiguities due to water and shadows. However, some ambiguities in identification resulted between altered volcanic rocks and unaltered sedimentary deposits that contained clays, carbonates, and gypsum, and between altered volcanic rocks and volcanic tuffs diagenetically altered to zeolites. However, compared to MSS data, TM data should greatly improve the ability to map hydrothermally altered rocks in arid terrains.
Experimental study of ignition and extinction waves and oscillatory behavior of a tubular nonadiabatic fixed bed reactor for the oxidation of carbon monoxide

Abstract An experimental study of axial temperature profiles in a nonadiabatic tubular fixed bed reactor has been made under the transient operation. The catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation occurring on a Pt/alumina catalyst has been used. Ignition and extinction waves have been studied both in a short and a long catalyst bed. It is shown that in a short bed ignition and extinction occur at the reactor outlet while for a long bed the ignition and extinction process takes place inside the reactor and is not influenced by the outlet part of the reactor. A systematic measurement indicates that in a narrow range of inlet parameters the integral nonadiabatic nonisothermal reactor may operate in an oscillatory state. These oscillations can be periodic or aperiodic.
The joint effects of the release of sterile males and immigration of fertilized females on a density regulated population

Abstract The joint effects are studied of the release of sterilized males and immigration of mated females on a population whose discrete generation recursion is, N′ = N( RK K + (R − 1)N ) where, R ≡ reproductive potential, K ≡ equilibrium. This form of growth is derived from life history considerations so that the impact of the release of sterile males on immatures and on adults can be compared. When the migration parameter and the sterile male release parameter are small, the system has three internal equilibriums (the middle one being unstable). Increase in immigration or in release results in one stable equilibrium. The practical conclusion is that migration must be very small in order for the release of sterile males to be effective on suppressing numbers of adults, while more migration can be tolerated if, as in many agricultural pests, immature stages are the object of concern.
802.11N: Performance Results of Reverse Direction Data Flow

This article explores the value of reverse direction data flow feature of the emerging IEEE 802.11n WLAN standard. It discusses usage cases for the reverse direction data flow feature, shows the performance benefit of its use and explains how this benefit arises.
Event-related potentials in alcoholic fathers and their sons.

ERPs were recorded during a simple color discrimination and a more difficult visual continuous performance task (CPT) from three father-son (n = 15) pair groups: recovering alcoholics with a family history of alcholism and their sons (A +), nonalcoholics with a family history of alcoholism and their sons (NA +), and nonalcoholics with no family history of alcoholism and their sons (NA -). The sons, aged 8 to 12, had not begun drinking or using drugs. Groups were matched on age, education and socioeconomic status. There were two principal findings. Compared to nonalcoholic groups, both A + sons and fathers exhibited increased latency and decreased amplitude of P3 for the difficult task, but not for the easy task. This result helps to explain previous inconsistencies in the literature, and strengthens the suggestion that one indication of a vulnerability to develop alcoholism is an abnormal P3, when elicited by an appropriate task. Additionally, A + fathers had more negative amplitudes for a late slow wave in both tasks, suggesting electrophysiological consequences of long-term alcohol abuse.
Effect of heparin on the metabolism of cortisone by subcellular fractions of rat liver

Abstract Additional evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that heparin inhibits steroid A ring reduction by interfering with the hydrogen transfer function of NADPH. Reciprocal plot analysis indicate that heparin and NADPH are competitive antagonists. NADP reduction by isocitric dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, from rat liver, is not inhibited by heparin and NADPH oxidation is not accelerated by heparin. Steroid reductase activity in whole homogenates, supernatant, and microsomes from male rat liver is inhibited by heparin but not so readily as in the female preparations.
Head injury and sexual dysfunction

An extensive review of the head injury and human sexuality literature was completed, to augment an understanding of the impact of traumatic head injury on sexual functioning. Despite clinical evide...
“IT'S GETTING CRAZY OUT THERE”: CAN A CIVIL GANG INJUNCTION CHANGE A COMMUNITY?†

Research Summary: Civil gang injunctions are an increasingly popular gang suppression tactic. This article reports on the first scientific evaluation of the community impact of this strategy. San Bernardino residents in five neighborhoods were surveyed about their perceptions and experience of crime, gang activity, and neighborhood quality 18 months before and 6 months after the issuance of an injunction. Analyses indicated positive evidence of short-term effects in the disordered, primary injunction area, including less gang presence, fewer reports of gang intimidation, and less fear of confrontation with gang members, but no significant changes in intermediate or long-term outcomes except lower fear of crime. Comparison of this injunction area with a previous one suggested that improvements in neighborhood dynamics might accrue over the long term. Negative effects were observed in the secondary, less disordered injunction area. Policy Implications: This study suggests that the strategic suppression of gang member activities may translate into modest immediate improvements in community safety and well-being. Furthermore, the findings suggest that law enforcement use caution regarding the size of an injunction area and the type of gang targeted by the tactic. Coupling an injunction with efforts to improve neighborhood social organization and provide positive alternatives for gang members might substantially improve its effectiveness. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice Language: en
Self-consistent large signal theory of the gyrotron travelling wave amplifier

A self-consistent large signal theory is developed for the gyrotron travelling wave amplifier with the sever. The theory allows for tapering of both the magnetic field and the waveguide cross-section along the axial direction. A computer code for the large signal theory has been tested for the rectangular gyrotron amplifier circuit with the sever where the RF wave is completely terminated. For a circuit with uniform cross-section, we find 50% optimum efficiency and 52 dB gain when there is no axial velocity spread. At 10% axial velocity spread, the efficiency becomes 37%. The tapered two-stage gyrotron travelling wave tube (gyro-TWT) considered in this paper gives rise to 20% bandwidth and 40 dB total gain for zero axial velocity spread. The tapered case is much more sensitive to the beam velocity spread than the uniform guide.
Interferometric Studies of Faster than Sound Phenomena. Part II. Analysis of Supersonic Air Jets

A study of supersonic air jets has been made by the use of the Mach interferometer. The density distribution in axially symmetric jets with several tank-receiver pressure ratios has been determined, with special emphasis on the 3.7-7 range of ratios. In terms of the dimensionless quantities $\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}}$ (ratio of jet density to tank density) and $\frac{Z}{D}$ (ratio of distance from orifice to orifice diameter), all jets are closely the same in a region bounded by the orifice and an oblique line from the orifice edge. This line marks an inflection point in the streamlines, and probably indicates the low pressure termination of a three-dimensional Prandtl-Meyer expansion region which reduces the pressure at this point below that of the receiver. The strength of the stationary shock wave in general agrees with that predicted by the Rankine-Hugoniot equations. Recent theoretical computations of the density in the axis of the jets by Owen and Thornhill are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results, but so far no suggestion has appeared for a theory to predict the three-shock configuration in jets.Experiments with two-dimensional jets confined between parallel glass walls demonstrated that the stationary three-shock configuration could not be studied in this way, presumably because of boundary layer effects on the glass which destroy the two-dimensional quality of strong shock waves.
Transneuronal spread of alpha herpesvirus infection: lessons learned from using PRV as a neural circuit tracer

The alpha herpesviruses have evolved to enter the peripheral nervous systems of their natural hosts and establish a quiescent infection (latency) in peripheral ganglia that can be reactivated at a later time. The spread of infection is through chains of synaptically connected neurons. The biology of pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpesvirus with a very broad host range (essentially all mammals except higher primates), is of some interest for several reasons. In all of its hosts except swine, PRV infection is neuroinvasive and lethal. In addition, certain attenuated mutants can spread only in one direction in chains of synaptically connected neurons. These strains are used in tracing neural circuitry in a variety of mammals and bird embryos. The viral genome inside capsids is moved long distances in axons in a controlled fashion on microtubules. Sorting of virion components into axons controls the directional, neuronal spread of infection of alpha herpesviruses. We have been studying two aspects of the general problem. First, using GFP and mRFP fusion proteins, we have used video confocal microscopy to assess mechanisms and gene products that influence spread of Pseudorabies (PRV) virion components within axons. Second, we have developed an in vitro cell culture system that enables us for the first time, to study axon-mediated, transneuronal spread from neurons to neurons as well as neuron to non-neuronal cells similar to what happens after reactivation and spread to epithelial surfaces. These systems appear to duplicate all the known in vivo correlates of transneuronal spread and provide the opportunity to do both quantitative and qualitative assessment of spread of PRV infection. Funding NIH RO133506, NCRR P40 RRO1 18604 from Infectious diseases of the nervous system: pathogenesis and worldwide impact Paris, France. 10–13 September 2008
Synthesis of shaped Pt nanoparticles using common anions or small molecules as shape-directing agents: observation of a strong halide or pseudo-halide effect

Chemical reduction of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) salts by H2, hydrazine, or borohydride ion, in the presence of common anions or small molecules is surveyed to discover shape-directing agents suitable for selective formation of Pt metal nanocubes or nanotetrahedra. Surfactants tested include a variety of amino acids, HSCH2CO2H, Ph2PCH2CO2H, polycarboxylate species, such as glycolate or tartrate ion, and several common anions (including CF3SO3−, ClO4−, NO3−, CO32−, PO43−, SO42−, Cl−, Br−, or I−). Although carboxylate, chloride, bromide, carbonate, nitrate, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, or triflate ions show poor shape-directing influence, the presence of hydroxide and iodide ions gives an unexpected halide (or pseudo-halide) effect. Hydrogen reduction of [Pt(OH)6]2− ion at basic pH gives high yields of cubic Pt nanoparticles, while hydrogen reduction of [PtI6]2− ion at basic pH gives high yields of tetrahedral Pt nanoparticles.
Pericentrin, a highly conserved centrosome protein involved in microtubule organization

Antisera from scleroderma patients that react widely with centrosomes in plants and animals were used to isolate cDNAs encoding a novel centrosomal protein. The nucleotide sequence is consistent with a 7 kb mRNA and contains an open reading frame encoding a protein with a putative large coiled-coil domain flanked by noncoiled ends. Antisera recognize a 220 kd protein and stain centrosomes and acentriolar microtubule-organizing centers, where the protein is localized to the pericentriolar material (hence, the name pericentrin). Anti-pericentrin antibodies disrupt mitotic and meiotic divisions in vivo and block microtubule aster formation in Xenopus extracts, but do not block gamma-tubulin assembly or microtubule nucleation from mature centrosomes. These results suggest that pericentrin is a conserved integral component of the filamentous matrix of the centrosome involved in the initial establishment of organized microtubule arrays.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with atrial level restriction in the era of prenatal diagnosis.

Background Despite recent improvements in survival of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, those with severe atrial level restriction continue to face higher rates of mortality. We sought to assess the impact of prenatal diagnosis and immediate intervention on the outcome of this high-risk population. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and restriction at the atrial level born between 1997 and 2006. Patients with an intact atrial septum or an interatrial communication less than 2 mm by color Doppler flow mapping on initial postnatal study, or evidence of obstruction to left atrial egress on fetal echocardiogram, were included. Patients were subdivided into two groups based on severity of obstruction. Results Thirty-eight patients met inclusion criteria; 16 had the most severe form of anatomic obstruction (group 1), and 22 had a lesser degree of obstruction (group 2). Thirty-day cumulative survival for all was 68%: 38% for group 1 and 94% for group 2 (p = 0.001). Twenty-six of the 38 patients (68%) were prenatally diagnosed. Prenatal diagnosis did not improve initial hospital survival or cumulative survival for either group. Eight patients had progression of atrial level restriction from the first fetal study to the first postnatal study. Seven patients prenatally diagnosed with severe restriction underwent planned cesarean section followed by immediate surgical or catheter-based intervention, with only 2 survivors (28%). Conclusions Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with an intact atrial septum is a highly lethal condition despite prenatal diagnosis and immediate intervention at birth. Fetal intervention should be considered for these high-risk fetuses.
Anticodon-dependent aminoacylation of a noncognate tRNA with isoleucine, valine, and phenylalanine in vivo.

Abstract An assay based on the initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli has been used to explore the role of the anticodon in tRNA identity in vivo. Mutations were introduced into the initiator tRNA to change the wild-type anticodon from CAU (methionine) to GAU (isoleucine), GAC (valine), and GAA (phenylalanine), where each derivative differs from the preceding by a single base change in the anticodon (underlined). These changes were sufficient to cause the mutant tRNAs to be aminoacylated by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases based on the amino acid inserted into protein from complementary initiation codons. Construction of additional single base anticodon variants (GUU, GGU, GCC, GUC, GCA, and UAA) showed that all three anticodon bases specify isoleucine and phenylalanine identity and that both the middle and the third anticodon bases are important for valine identity in vivo.
Rational Basis for Septic Tank System Designa

About 17 million families in the U. S. A. are served by septic tank and subsurface seepage systems. Rational design of these wastewater disposal systems includes three aspects. First the system must be hydraulically sound. This means that the flow regime and the storage and water carrying capacity of the receiving soil should be measured before design. A soil with a coefficient of permeability of less than 10-4 ft/min (5 × 10-5 cm/sec) suggests, for example, that the hydraulic capacity of the system governs the size of the subsurface leaching field. Seasonally high water tables or impervious strata may retard the flow and reduce the quantity of wastewater that can be carried away from the subsurface disposal area. In this case an elevated bed can be designed to increase the potential hydraulic gradient. The second consideration concerns the biological mat in leaching fields. Leaching fields can be designed with higher loadings in soils having a greater coefficient of permeability than 10-4 ft/min (5 × 10-5 cm/sec) if increased pretreatment is used. A mathematical relationship was developed for reducing the size of leaching fields for effluents with a BOD5 plus suspended solids less than 250 mg/1. Leaching fields were projected to operate indefinitely. Long-term loading rates for different soil permeabilities were plotted on a graph which can be used for sizing fields. The third design consideration concerns preservation of the ground-water quality. The travel of phosphate and nitrogen has been studied by others and by the authors. Concrete sand and silt with an unsaturated thickness of 1.5 feet (38.1 cm) still removed after 2 years of operation 30% of septic tank effluent phosphate and nitrogen. The effluent from the test soils had a concentration of about 13 mg/1 phosphate and 15 mg/1 nitrogen mostly in the NO-3— N form.
Pediatric renal adenocarcinoma: a review of our series.

Objectives To report our experience with pediatric renal adenocarcinoma. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of renal adenocarcinoma cases from 1971 to 2006. Results We treated 154 patients with renal tumor, 4 (2.6%) of whom had adenocarcinoma. The mean age of presentation was 8.5 years (range, 2-15 years). Three patients were female and 1 was male. The most common histologic subtype was clear cell carcinoma. Three patients were diagnosed as stage IIIB and one as stage II, according to Robson's classification. All patients were treated with radical nephroureterectomy. One patient died of disease and the other 3 are currently disease-free. Conclusions Adenocarcinoma is an uncommon histopathologic type of pediatric renal tumor. In patients with hematuria and abdominal or flank pain, we should consider this tumor as a possible diagnosis.
The stimuli drive the response: An fMRI study of youth processing adult or child emotional face stimuli

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 1 July 2013 Available online 10 July 2013 Effective navigation of the social world relies on the correct interpretation of facial emotions. This may be particularly important in formative years. Critically, literature examining the emergence of face processing in youth (children and adolescents) has focused on the neural and behavioral correlates of processing adult faces, which are relationally different from youth participants, and whose facial expressions may convey different meaning than faces of their peers. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan, we compared concurrent neural and behavioral responses as youth (N = 25) viewed validated, emotionally varied (i.e., anger, fear, happy, and neutral) adult and child face stimuli. We observed that participants made fewer errors when matching adult, compared to child, face stimuli, and that while similar brain regions were involved in processing both adult and child faces, activation in the face processing neural network was greater for adult than child faces. This was true across emotions, and also when comparing neutral adult versus neutral child faces. Additionally, a valence by stimuli-type effect was observed within the amygdala. That is, within adult face stimuli, negative and neutral face stimuli elicited the largest effects, whereas within child face stimuli, happy face stimuli elicited the largest amygdala effects. Thus, heightened engagement of the amygdala was observed for happy child and angry adult faces, which may reflect age-specific salience of select emotions in early life. This study provides evidence that the relational age of the perceived face influences neural processing in youth.
Introduction—Technetium-99m myocardial perfusion imaging agents and their relation to thallium-201

lthough thallium-201 (Tl-201) has excellent physiologic characteristics for imaging myocardial perfusion and viability, its low energy (68 to 80 keV) is suboptimal for scintillation camera imaging, and its relatively long half-life (73 hours) results in suboptimal radiation dosimetry. To circumvent these limitations, investigators have attempted for over a decade to develop a myocardial perfusion agent labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m), a tracer with ideal physical properties for scintillation camera imaging (monoenergetic gamma of 140 keV and 6-hour half-life). This search met with success in 1982, when the group at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital announced the development of Tc99m isonitriles. 1 In the experimental animal, the myocardial uptake of these agents was shown to be proportional to the regional myocardial blood flow. More recently, another group of Tc-99m-labeled tracers, called boronic acid adducts of technetium dioximes (BAT0 compounds), were demonstrated to have high myocardial extraction with subsequent myocardial concentration also proportional to regional perfusion.2 As of 1990, radiopharmaceuticals from both of these classes have been submitted to the Food and Drug Administration for approval, offering the promise that in the near future they will be available for routine clinical use.
Half of rural girls aged 8 to 17 years report weight concerns and dietary changes, with both more prevalent with increased age

Abstract Objective Determine body image satisfaction, weight concerns and dieting behaviors, Tanner index, and dietary adequacy in young women and girls. Design A cross-sectional, self-selected comparative survey was completed. Subjects/setting Rural white women and girls (N=333) aged 8 to 17 years, completed a weight concerns and dieting behavior questionnaire, a body image assessment, and a self-rating of sexual maturity, and 230 subjects completed 3-day diet diaries. Analyses performed Correlational analysis identified relationships between variables among age groups (8 to 10 years, 11 to 14 years, and 15 to 17 years). Analysis of variance examined differences among variables. Multiple regression analysis measured the influence of variables on diet quality. A mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was computed to express dietary adequacy. Results More than half (52%) of the subjects reported 1 or more weight concerns and dieting behaviors. This pattern increased with age. Friends dieting positively influenced scores ( P =.0001) for 8- to 14-year olds, and a dieting family member meant higher scores ( P =.04) for all ages studied. Although most wanted to be smaller, there was little body image dissatisfaction. Girls (aged 11 to 17 years) who dieted had greater body dissatisfaction ( P =.0001) and significantly lower ( P =.002), but adequate diets (MAR=76) compared to those who did not diet (MAR=81). Inverse relationships were found for the 11- to 14-year olds with diet adequacy and the following variables: body image dissatisfaction (−2.7, P P P =.0001) of the variance in the MAR. Applications/conclusions Dietitians, partnering with school and health clinic personnel, need to educate girls younger than age 11 years about attaining the dietary adequacy needed to support expected growth. This age is important because it appears that actual weight and dieting concerns begin earlier, and by age 11 years, negatively affect diet quality. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:672-677.
Industry structure and CEO characteristics: an empirical study of succession events

Based on 134 CEO succession events in nondiversified, manufacturing firms, this study examines the relationships between industry structure and the characteristics of CEO successors. The paper also explores the performance implications of the fit between industry structure and CEO successors. Results indicate that industry structure plays an important, but not pervasive, role in explaining variations in newly selected CEOs. Specifically, the higher the level of industry product differentiation, the lower the organizational tenure, the higher the educational level and the greater the likelihood of a nonthroughput background in the CEO successor; the higher the industry growth rate, the lower the organizational tenure and age of the CEO successor. However, findings provide very limited support for the normative view that firms which match CEO successor characteristics to industry structure realize better postsuccession performance than those with lower levels of fit. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial nitrification and denitrification in concentrated wastes

The feasibility of removing nitrogen from a concentrated nitrogenous waste by microbial nitrification and denitrification is investigated. Continuous flow and batch studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of the various parameters that affect the process of nitrification. A solids retention time of greater than two days and a range of loading factors between 0.15–0.84 #COD day−1 #MLVSS−1 resulted in 45–60 per cent nitrification of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen contained initially in the waste. The level of inhibition of nitrification due to free NH3 and undissociated HNO2 is discussed. The control of pH was found to be unnecessary either in nitrification or denitrification of the waste. Denitrification of the nitrified waste resulted in complete elimination of the oxidized nitrogen formed in the nitrification stage; nevertheless, residual ammonia contained initially in the mixed liquor persisted. A second nitrification of this denitrified mixed liquor resulted in complete oxidation of the residual ammonia.
Engineering the intersubband lifetime with interface roughness in Quantum Cascade lasers

Due to interface roughness scattering, the lower laser state depopulation lifetime of Quantum Cascade lasers can be significantly reduced (e.g. from 0.25 to 0.09 picosecond theoretically) by placing additional interfaces strategically in the active region.
Mother—infant psychotherapies: A widening scope in technique

Evidence-based practice in psychotherapy is gaining ground, but we are in great need of more detailed study concerning some basic aspects: the interrelationships between nonspecific and specific factors and their impact on outcome and the precise observation of what goes on between therapist and patient. A comparison of two forms of mother–infant psychotherapy reveals an important gap between what therapists believe and what they actually do. We describe several components of processes: the contribution of the infant, the treatment of affect, the construction of an interpretative focus, and the relationships between cognitive and emotional contributions. These observations indicate the need for a more realistic appraisal of what goes on in technique applications, as well as for a widening of the definition of technique. © 1998 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health
Defect centers in heavy-metal fluoride glasses: a review

Abstract A variety of paramagnetic defect centers are induced in heavy-metal fluoride glasses by ionizing radiations. The most fundamental of these are the F centers (neutral fluorine vacancies, which tend to associate with Zr4+ or Hf4+ ions) and the H centers (interstitial atomic fluorines, which in pure glasses inevitably combine with normal network F− ions to form F32− and/or F2− species). The most stable defects are those associated with impurities. The latter include F-type centers associated with Fe3+ and the following H-type centers: (FCl)−, Cl2−, (FBr)−, Br2−, O− (?), and O2−. All of these defects have been well characterized by electron spin resonance.
Contrasting drug resistance phenotypes resulting from cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase mutations at the same exonuclease locus

Background Diverse mutations in the cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA polymerase (pol) gene confer resistance to one or more of the antiviral drugs ganciclovir, foscarnet or cidofovir. The levels of resistance conferred by specific mutations are variable, ranging from insignificant resistance to triple-drug resistance.
Prisonization in the Inmate Contraculture

This study, based on data obtained from a sample of 276 adult male felons confined in a maximum-security penitentiary, provides a test of the implications of a theoretical model that links levels of prisonization to the expected consequences of that process that appear to inhibit the attainment of any prosocial changes in the world-views of the inmates. In addition, the study provides a partial test of what have become defined as the importation and deprivation models of prisonization. The findings suggest that prisonization in the context of this maximum security institution does have negative consequences for both the prison organization and the long-term life chances of the inmates. Further, and of equal theoretical importance, the data show that the closed-system paradigm characteristic of the deprivation model is inadequate for explanations of either prisonization or the consequence of that process.
The Role of Parents' Observations and Concerns in Screening for Developmental Delays in Young Children.

An important issue in providing early intervention services is the identification of young children who are at risk or have developmental disabilities. The research reported here examines the role of parents' observations of, and concerns for, their child in screening for developmental delays in preschool children. In this study of 86 children (30 to 67 months) attending a community screening clinic, two factors---parents' concerns about speech, language, or cognitive skills, and parents' ratings of the child's activity on a temperament scale---accounted for 27% of the variance in the likelihood of screening failure and referral. Strategies for including systematic information from parents in the identification of infants, toddlers, and preschool children at risk for developmental delay are discussed.
ANTIBODIES TO INTESTINAL MICROVILLOUS MEMBRANES I. CHARACTERIZATION AND MORPHOLOGIC LOCALIZATION

Antibodies (AbMVM) were produced in rabbits to microvillous membranes isolated from hamster small bowel. Incubation of frozen sections of hamster small bowel with fluorescein-labeled AbMVM showed specific reaction with brush borders, but not with other intestinal cellular components. Electron microscopy with ferritin-conjugated AbMVM localized the antigens more precisely to the surface mucopolysaccharide coat of the brush borders. AbMVM also reacted with the brush border of colon and of proximal renal tubules of hamsters but not with those of hamster stomach or gall bladder. It also reacted with the brush borders of some rat and human tissues, but not with those of rabbits. In addition, fluorescent-labeled AbMVM combined specifically with cell walls of some yeasts, but not of several bacteria. AbMVM also contained a weak precipitin to a component of hamster serum, which migrated like prealbumin in immunoelectrophoresis.
Heat transfer and pressure drop during evaporation and condensation of R22 in horizontal micro-fin tubes☆

Abstract The heat transfer and pressure drop performance of three tubes with many small innerfins, called micro-fin tubes, having 9.5 mm outside diameter and 8.9 mm maximum inside diameter were obtained using R22 as the working fluid. The test apparatus had a straight, horizontal test section with a length of 3.67 m and was heated or cooled by water circulated in a surrounding annulus. Nominal evaporation conditions were 0 to 5°C (0.5 to 0.6 MPa) with inlet and outlet qualities of 10% and 90%, respectively. Condensation conditions were 39 to 42°C (1.5 to 1.6 MPa) with inlet and outlet qualities of 90% and 10%, respectively. Mass flux was varied from 150 to 500 kg m−2 s−1. The micro-fin tubes were generally found to have an enhancement of heat transfer ranging from 50 to 100% when compared to an equivalent smooth tube. The maximum increase in pressure drop was only 40%.
Transillumination blisters in a neonate

Transillumination with a high-intensity fiberoptic light source is an effective means of diagnosing pneumothoraces and localizing arteries and veins for blood sampling. It has been used for these purposes in neonatal intensive care units since the 1970s. Thermal burns were reported in association with the technique initially, but this complication now occurs infrequently because of numerous safety precautions. We present a case of thermal blisters induced by transillumination in a neonate. This entity is an important addition to the differential diagnosis of vesicobullous eruptions in the neonate.
Increased neural cell adhesion molecule in the CSF of patients with mood disorder.

Neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is involved in cell-cell interactions during synaptogenesis, morphogenesis, and plasticity of the nervous system. Disturbances in synaptic restructuring and neural plasticity may be related to the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including mood disorders and schizophrenia. Disturbances in brain cellular function may alter concentrations of N-CAM in the CSF. Soluble human N-CAM proteins are detectable in the CSF but are minor constituents of serum. We have recently found an increase in N-CAM content in the CSF of patients with schizophrenia. Although the pathogenesis of both schizophrenia and mood disorders is unknown, ventriculomegaly, decreased temporal lobe volume, and subcortical structural abnormalities have been reported for both disorders. We have therefore measured N-CAM concentrations in the CSF of patients with mood disorder. There were significant increases in amounts of N-CAM immunoreactive proteins, primarily the 120-kDa band, in the CSF of psychiatric inpatients with bipolar mood disorder type I and recurrent unipolar major depression. There were no differences in bipolar mood disorder type II patients as compared with normals. There were no significant effects of medication treatment on N-CAM concentrations. It is possible that the 120-kDa N-CAM band present in the CSF is derived from CNS cells as a secreted soluble N-CAM isoform. Our results suggest the possibility of latent state-related disturbances in N-CAM cellular function, i.e., residue from a previous episode, or abnormal N-CAM turnover in the CNS of patients with mood disorder.
The quiet corona: Temperature and temperature gradient

A study of the lower corona thermal properties was made using the best examples of solar wind heavy ion spectra obtained with Vela 5 and 6 plasma analyzers at times of quiet solar wind (low speed, low temperature). The multiple Si and Fe ion species peaks in the spectra were fit with solutions of the ionization equilibrium equations to determine ‘freezing in’ temperatures for the various species over a range of heliocentric distances r. Assuming a power law electron temperature model, T = =t ⊙ (R ⊙/r) α , spherical symmetry, and mass conservation, the following results for the quiet corona were obtained: (1) The average freezing in temperatures ranged near 1.5 × 106 K at r ∼- 2.4 to 3.9 R ⊙. (2) Values for T ⊙ ranged between 1.7 × 106 K and 2.5 × 106 K with an average of 1.84 ± 0.13 × 106 K. (3) The temperature gradient parameter α lay between 0.20 and 0.41 with an average value of 0.29 ± ±0.06. This is consistent with the predicted value α = 2/7 derived from conduction dominated spherically symmetric models of the corona. (4) The 0 and N lines which freeze in at a distance of r ∼-1.5 R ⊙ indicate temperatures of ∼ 2.1 × 106 K. Temperatures higher at 1.5 R ⊙ than at 3 R ⊙, in agreement with extrapolations of the power law model, suggest that coronal heating in regions of open field geometry is not important beyond r ∼- 1.5 R ⊙.
Synergism, attributable risk and interaction for two binary exposure factors

SUMMARY The concept of attributable risk for one binary exposure factor is reviewed and then extended to two factors. Synergistic, parallel and two other kinds of joint action between the two factors are defined, and it is shown how to estimate the amounts of action of each kind. A proposal of Hamilton (1979) is reviewed. The additive and multiplicative models of no interaction are freshly interpreted in terms of synergistic and parallel action.
Some Aspects of Carbon Fiber Type and Its Surface Treatment on the Nucleation Behavior of Poly(p-Phenylene Sulfide) Based Composites:

The morphology of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) in materials contaimng few carbon fibers was analyzed. The effects of crystallization temperature, the molecular weight of the polymer, as well as the type of carbon fiber and its surface treatment on the nucleation behavior of PPS were studied by hot stage optical microscopy. Low crystalliza tion temperatures and low molecular weight PPS favored fiber surface nucleation (transcrystallinity). Of the carbon fibers utilized (AU4, XAU, T300U), the T300U fibers were the most effective in nucleating transcrystallinity. Anodization of the T300U fibers in NaOH and H2SO 4 electrolytes decreased the nucleating ability of the fibers. These effects were rationalized in terms of the polarity of the carbon fiber surface
Thermal wave imaging of propagating cracks in polymers

Thermal wave imaging techniques, using both an Inframetrics IR740 Camera and a Santa Barbara Focal Plane InSb array camera, have been used to measure the temperature distributions around propagating cracks in polymer materials. Cracks have been initiated under tensile stress with various strain rates, and in several different polymer materials. The time-dependent thermal behavior is then studied. This behavior includes elastic cooling, followed by heating caused by plastic deformation in the stressed region prior to crack formation, and localized heating as the crack initiates and propagates, followed by diffusive cooling after failure. The fullfield picture provides also information about the interaction of cracks with pre-existing flaws, and the dynamics of the interaction between two cracks.
The use of balance-aware subsampling for bioinformatics datasets

A major challenge facing data-mining practitioners in the field of bioinformatics is class imbalance, which occurs when instances of one class (called the majority class) vastly outnumber instances of the other (minority) classes. This can result in models with increased bias towards the majority class (minority-class instances predicted as being in the majority class). Data sampling, a process which changes the dataset through removing or adding instances to improve the class balance, can be used to improve the performance of such models on imbalanced data. However, it is not clear what target balance level should be used with data sampling, and what influence class imbalance alone has on classification performance (compared to other issues such as difficulty of learning from the data and dataset size). To resolve this, we propose the Balance-Aware Subsampling technique, which allows researchers to directly compare different balance levels of a dataset while keeping all other factors (such as dataset size and the actual dataset in question) constant. Thus, any changes in performance can be attributed solely to the chosen balance level. We demonstrate this technique using six datasets from the field of bioinformatics, and we also consider three different subsample sizes (that is, the size of the dataset used for building a model) so we can observe the effect of this parameter on classification performance. Our results show that within each level of class imbalance, the average AUC value increases as the subsample size increases. The key exception is the 20:80 (minority:majority) balance level, for which the average AUC value decreases as the subsample size increases from 80 to 120. We also find that within each subsample size, the average AUC value increases as the minority distribution increases, although this does not completely hold for subsample size 40 (in which case, the Naive Bayes and Random Forest learners show greater performance at the 35:65 balance level than at 50:50), and in general there is not a significant improvement between the 35:65 and 50:50 balance levels. Overall, by using Balance-Aware Subsampling, we are able to directly observe how class imbalance affects performance isolated from all other factors.
Polybasic Nanomatrices Prepared By UV-initiated Photopolymerization.

A novel method for synthesizing nanoscale polymer networks that swell in acidic media is described here using photoinitiated emulsion polymerization. These nanomatrices consist of a cross-linked core of poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] surface grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PDGP) with an average diameter of 50−150 nm. Control over mesh size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro biocompatibility was obtained by varying cross-linking density. The ability to image nanomatrices in their dry state using conventional scanning electron microscopy was made possible by increasing cross-linking density. Theoretical calculations of matrix mesh sizes were supported by the encapsulation of both insulin and colloidal gold 2−5 nm in diameter. The ability to sequester and control the aggregation of an inorganic phase confirmed their use as a nanocomposite matrix material. These networks could be used as imaging agents, drug delivery devices, or components of sensing devices.
Black Students' Occupational Expectaltions A National Study of the Impact of School Desegregation

Attending desegrated schools does not change blacks' occupational expectations uniformly and substantially.
Social psychophysics: using psychophysics to answer "social" questions with PsychoPro.

Complex social stimuli (like faces) can be studied using a methodology typically reserved for studying lights, tones, and colors: psychophysics. Given that psychophysics examines how humans detect and respond to stimuli in their environment, we can extend that to the study of how humans detect social stimuli in the environment. Using psychophysical methodology to answer “social” questions provides another dimension of experimental manipulation and control to the diverse array of methodologies already used by social psychologists. In this article, we review psychophysical methodology, provide a rationale for social psychophysics, describe an easy-touse software program called PsychoPro, for collecting psychophysical data, and present data collected using this program to examine racial thresholds that provide evidence for a cognitive gating mechanism for racial information that impacts face processing (MacLin & MacLin, 2007, in press; MacLin, MacLin, & Peterson, 2008).