cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An All-Inorganic, Polyoxometalate-Based Catechol Dioxygenase That Exhibits >100 000 Catalytic Turnovers

Following a critical analysis of the dioxygenase literature and injection of the insights therein into the development of new dioxygenase catalysts, two new, of four total exemplary, polyoxoanion precatalysts have been synthesized, characterized, and then discovered to exhibit record catalytic lifetime 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC; 1) dioxygenase activity using molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant. A total of 24 additional polyoxoanion and other precatalysts have also been surveyed for their DTBC dioxygenase activity. The four exemplary precatalyst complexes are the trivanadium(V)-containing, orange-red parent polyoxoanions (n-Bu4N)7[SiW9V3O40], I, and (n-Bu4N)9[P2W15V3O62], II, and their previously unknown polyoxoanion-supported, dark green iron complexes (n-Bu4N)5[(CH3CN)xFe·SiW9V3O40], III, and (n-Bu4N)5[(CH3CN)xFe·P2W15V3O62], IV. Careful, high (95 ± 5%) mass balance studies are reported, studies rare in the dioxygenase literature, but studies made possible in the case of I−IV by their high act...
Building and Sustaining the Sources of INNOVATION: An interview with Dorothy Leonard

Why has innovation become such an important part of strategy development? D.L.: I believe there are several reasons. The first is that strategic planning has failed us in the current environment. We've begun to realize how difficult, if not impossible, it is to do strategic planning in the traditional sense. Companies can no longer plan five or ten years out because of the volatility of the environment, and so they have begun to look at their distinctive capabilities as important assets to be mined for new strategic directions. The concept of a firm having distinctive capabilities goes back a long way, but recently it has become more important to identify these capabilities and to build on them for future success.
Location of transported auxin in etiolated maize shoots using 5-azidoindole-3-acetic Acid.

A study was undertaken using the photoaffinity labeling agent, tritiated 5-azidoindole-3-acetic acid ([3H],5-N3IAA), to identify cells in the etiolated maize (Zea mays L.) shoot which transport auxin. Transport of [3H],5-N3IAA was shown to be polar, inhibited by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and essentially freely mobile. There was no detectable radiodecomposition of [3H],5-N3IAA within tissue kept in darkness for 4 hours. Shoot tissue which had taken up [3H],5-N3IAA was irradiated with ultraviolet light to covalently fix the photoaffinity labeling agent within cells that contained it at the time of photolysis. Subsequent microautoradiography showed that all cells contained radioactivity; however, the amount of radioactivity varied among different cell types. Epidermal cells contained the most radioactivity per area, approximately twofold more than other cells. Parenchyma cells in the mature stelar region contained the next largest amount and cortical cells, sieve tube cells, tracheary cells, and all cells in the leaf base contained the least amount of the radioactive label. Two observations suggest that the auxin within the epidermal cells is transported in a polar manner: (a) the amount of auxin in the epidermal cells is greatly reduced in the presence of TIBA, and (b) auxin accumulates on the apical side of a wound in the epidermis and is absent on the basal side. While these results indicate that auxin in the epidermis is polarly transported, this tissue cannot be the only pathway since the epidermis is only a small fraction of the shoot volume. The greater than twofold difference between the concentration of auxin in the epidermal and subtending cells demonstrates that physiological differences in the concentration of auxin can occur between adjacent cells.
Autonomous magnetically actuated continuous flow microimmunofluorocytometry assay

This article presents a microfluidic device which integrates autonomous serial immunofluorocytometry binding reactions of cytometric beads with fluorescence detection and quantification in a continuous flow environment. The microdevice assay is intended to alleviate the extensive benchwork and large sample volumes used when conducting traditional immunoassays, without requiring complex external controls. The technology is based on the miniaturization and automation of the serial processing steps of an antigen sandwich immunoassay, with integrated fluorescence detection using paramagnetic microbeads. The continuous flow design may enable temporal tracking of time-varying protein concentrations in a continuously infused sample for clinical applications, specifically for monitoring inflammation marker proteins in blood produced during cardiac surgeries involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures. The device operation was first validated via a single incubation device which measured the concentration of a fluorescently labeled biotin molecule using streptavidin-coated paramagnetic cytometric beads. Subsequently, a dual incubation device was tested with samples of the anaphylatoxin complement protein C3a, and was shown to be capable of differentiating between samples at typical systemic concentrations of the protein (1–5 μg/ml), with very low sample usage (<6 μl/h). It is believed that this continuous flow, automated microimmunosensor technology will be a platform for high sample rate immunoassays capable of tracking and more thoroughly characterizing the systemic inflammation process, and may aid in the development of better treatment options for systemic inflammation during and after CPB.
Giftedness as deviance: A test of interaction theories

Perceptions of gifted students concerning their own and other's attitudes toward giftedness were obtained from interviews of 60 students in gifted programs. The research uses these perceptions to examine their awareness of the existence and content of stereotypes and labels toward giftedness; coping mechanisms used by gifted students; and whether giftedness is perceived as valued or devalued by these students based on interaction with peers, teachers, and parents. Interaction theories of deviance (role, labeling) were evaluated to see whether these theories were supported by behavior of gifted students at school. Gifted status was usually associated with negative stereotypes and labels which limited and shaped peer contacts thus supporting labeling theory. Role theory emphasized activeness of gifted students in using “covering” mechanisms and “passing” to control visibility of deviant status of giftedness. Positive value of giftedness reflected by parents and teachers and negative value of giftedness refl...
Red Light-Regulated Growth I. Changes in the Abundance of Indoleacetic Acid and a 22-Kilodalton Auxin-Binding Protein in the Maize Mesocotyl

We examined the changes in the levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA), IAA esters, and a 22-kilodalton subunit auxin-binding protein (ABP1) in apical mesocotyl tissue of maize (Zea mays L.) during continuous red light (R) irradiation. These changes were compared with the kinetics of R-induced growth inhibition in the same tissue. Upon the onset of continuous irradiation, growth decreased in a continuous manner following a brief lag period. The decrease in growth continued for 5 hours, then remained constant at 25% of the dark rate. The abundance of ABP1 and the level of free IAA both decreased in the mesocotyl. Only the kinetics of the decrease in IAA within the apical mesocotyl correlated with the initial change in growth, although growth continued to decrease even after IAA content reached its final level, 50% of the dark control. This decrease in IAA within the mesocotyl probably occurs primarily by a change in its transport within the shoot since auxin applied as a pulse move basipetally in R-irradiated tissue at the same rate but with half the area as dark control tissue. In situ localization of auxin in etiolated maize shoots revealed that R-irradiated shoots contained less auxin in the epidermis than the dark controls. Irradiated mesocotyl grew 50% less than the dark controls even when incubated in an optimal level of auxin. However, irradiated and dark tissue contained essentially the same amount of radioactivity after incubation in [14C]IAA indicating that the light treatment does not affect the uptake into the tissue through the cut end, although it is possible that a small subset of cells within the mesocotyl is affected. These observations support the hypothesis that R causes a decrease in the level of auxin in epidermal cells of the mesocotyl, consequently constraining the growth of the entire mesocotyl.
Experimental Observations Regarding Transition States

Modern laser and molecular beam techniques make feasible experimental studies of transition states in chemical reactions. Rough estimates of the signals to be expected under different circumstances are described. Several recent studies are discussed with comments on the type of information which can be obtained.
Renewable thermoset copolymers from tung oil and natural terpenes

The cationic copolymerization of tung oil, limonene, and myrcene as comonomers, initiated by boron trifluoride, is presented and discussed in this work. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that all copolymers behave as thermosets. FTIR spectra for both copolymers, after extraction with dichloromethane, suggested that the major component of the insoluble fraction was reacted tung oil (a cross-linked triglyceride network). Likewise, unreacted tung oil was found to be the main component of the soluble phase. Also, all the copolymers showed only one tan δ peak, indicating no phase separation. Glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with the myrcene content and decreased almost linearly as the limonene content increased. Furthermore, the Fox and Loshaek model showed a relatively good prediction of the Tg values of the polymers. The Young's modulus ranged from 33.8 to 4.7 MPa for all tested thermosets. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41155.
Red antenna states of photosystem I from cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus: a spectral hole burning study

Abstract The existence of at least three low-energy chlorophyll a (Chl a ) antenna states is shown for photosystem I (PS I) of Synechococcus elongatus by the use of nonphotochemical hole burning (NPHB) spectroscopy. In addition to the previously reported states at 708 and 719 nm, it is demonstrated that there is a third state at 715 nm. The responsible Chl a molecules are referred to as C-708, C-715 and C-719. For both Synechococcus and Synechocystis , the lowest energy state is shown to be characterized by strong electron–phonon coupling (large Huang-Rhys factor S ), large permanent dipole moment change ( f · Δμ ), and large linear pressure shift rates attributable to electron exchange of dimeric Chl a . The lowest energy state of Synechocystis is at 714 nm. The properties of the 714 and 719 nm states are very similar, suggesting that their dimer structures are also similar. Although the other red antenna states of these cyanobacteria have smaller values for S , f · Δμ , and linear pressure shift rate, these are still larger than typically measured for monomeric antenna Chl a . Possible assignments of red absorption bands to particular chlorophyll dimers or trimer are discussed.
Continuation of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support After Multiple Failed Lung Transplantations

This report describes the clinical course of a patient who in sequence had 2 failed orthotopic lung transplants. After each transplant, she required extended periods of circulatory support via extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The patient was never able to be weaned from ECMO. In the end she developed extensive multisystem organ failure and expired 45 days after the initial attempt at transplantation after spending the entire postoperative time on ECMO. The family, ethical, and sociopolitical issues raised by the extended course of care for this patient are discussed.
The interaction of pubertal and psychosocial development during adolescence.

During the second decade of life, the physical changes of puberty interact with those of psychosocial and cognitive development to forge the young adult, who often bears little resemblance to the same individual as a child. This article reviews those elements of the developmental process that have an impact on the physician9s ability to understand and care for the adolescent patient. PUBERTY Endocrine Changes Release of inhibition on the hypothalamus unleashes an outpouring of releasing hormones, which stimulate the secretion of gonadotropins and growth hormone by the pituitary. These are produced in a sleep-augmented, pulsatile fashion that characterizes the onset of pubertal development. As a result, within the few years between the onset and completion of puberty, levels of estradiol increase eightfold in females, and levels of testosterone increase 18-fold in males. These hormonal changes stimulate the growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics Breast Development. In females, one of the earliest signs of puberty is development of the breast bud. The subsequent progression of breast development is orderly and predictable, thus forming one of the bases for the categorization in females of the stages of puberty, often referred to as Tanner stages or SMRs (sex maturity ratings).
Microtubule-Induced Pins/Gαi Cortical Polarity in Drosophila Neuroblasts

Summary Cortical polarity regulates cell division, migration, and differentiation. Microtubules induce cortical polarity in yeast, but few examples are known in metazoans. We show that astral microtubules, kinesin Khc-73, and Discs large (Dlg) induce cortical polarization of Pins/Gαi in Drosophila neuroblasts; this cortical domain is functional for generating spindle asymmetry, daughter-cell-size asymmetry, and distinct sibling fates. Khc-73 localizes to astral microtubule plus ends, and Dlg/Khc-73 and Dlg/Pins coimmunoprecipitate, suggesting that microtubules induce Pins/Gαi cortical polarity through Dlg/Khc-73 interactions. The microtubule/Khc-73/Dlg pathway acts in parallel to the well-characterized Inscuteable/Par pathway, but each provides unique spatial and temporal information: The Inscuteable/Par pathway initiates at prophase to coordinate neuroblast cortical polarity with CNS tissue polarity, whereas the microtubule/Khc-73/Dlg pathway functions at metaphase to coordinate neuroblast cortical polarity with the mitotic spindle axis. These results identify a role for microtubules in polarizing the neuroblast cortex, a fundamental step for generating cell diversity through asymmetric cell division.
Study of the Packing Density and Molecular Orientation of Bimolecular Self-Assembled Monolayers of Aromatic and Aliphatic Organosilanes on Silica

Bimolecular self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of aromatic and aliphatic chlorosilanes were self-assembled onto silica, and their characteristics were established by contact angle measurement, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Three aromatic constituents (phenyltrichlorosilane, benzyltrichlorosilane, and phenethyltrichlorosilane) were studied in combination with four aliphatic coadsorbates (butyltrichlorosilane, butyldimethylchlorosilane, octadecyltrichlorosilane, and octadecyldimethylchlorosilane). Our results demonstrate that whereas SAMs made of trichlorinated organosilanes are densely packed, SAMs prepared from monochlorinated species are less dense and poorly ordered. In mixed systems, trichlorinated aromatics and trichlorinated aliphatics formed SAMs with highly tunable compositions; their surfaces were compositionally homogeneous with no large-scale domain separation. The homogeneous nature of the resulting SAM was a consequence of the formation of in-plane siloxane linkages among neighboring molecules. In contrast, when mixing monochlorinated aliphatics with trichlorinated aromatics, molecular segregation occurred. Although the two shortest aromatic species did not display significant changes in orientation upon mixing with aliphatics, the aromatic species with the longest polymethylene spacer, phenethyltrichlorosilane, displayed markedly different orientation behavior in mixtures of short- and long-chain aliphatics.
Statistical Explanation, Probability, and Counteracting Conditions

There is a host of troubling issues associated with the problem of statistical explanation. One issue concerns the extent to which such explanations are possible. Another focuses on the role of probability and whether it is necessary or even important for an adequate explanation to cite the probability of the explanandum event in relation to the explanans. And a third issue is whether counteracting conditions, conditions which lower the probability of the event to be explained, are explanatorily relevant and thereby to be included as part of a full and proper explanation. Though these issues are distinct, I will attempt to resolve the first issue and then show how the solution to this problem can be used to solve the other two.
Nature of Proline-induced Enantiodifferentiation in Asymmetric Pd Catalyzed Hydrogenations: Is the Catalyst Really Indifferent?

The mode of enantioselection in the proline modified asymmetric hydrogenation of isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone) on supported Pd catalysts has been studied. It is shown that several experimental factors, such as modifier structure and chemical nature of the catalyst support, strongly affect the outcome of the hydrogenations. Secondary kinetic resolution was found to be the major reason for obtaining high enantioselectivities on most catalysts. Extensive studies have been carried out to clarify the importance of the interaction of the proline–dihydroisophorone complex with the catalyst. The secondary kinetic resolution of dihydroisophorone was investigated under different conditions. First, racemic-dihydroisophorone was studied using several (S)-proline modified supported Pd catalysts, then the individual enantiomers were subjected to a similar reaction on Pd/BaCO3 catalyst in the presence of (S)-proline. Our results provide convincing support for the heterogeneous enantioselection model under the current experimental conditions.
Gauge theories induced by bosons in the fundamental representation

A lattice theory of scalar bosons in the fundamental representation of the gauge group SU(N{sub c}) and of the global symmetry group SU(N{sub f}) is shown to induce a standard gauge theory only at large N{sub f}. The system is in a deconfined phase at strong scalar self-coupling and any finite N{sub f}. The requirement of convergence of the effective gauge action imposes a lower limit on the scalar mass. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Exactly alternating silarylene‐siloxane polymers. III. Structure‐property relationships for polymers containing p‐phenylene and p,p′‐diphenyl ether silarylene units

A series of 12 different exactly alternating silarylene-siloxane polymers was prepared by low temperature condensation polymerization of arylenedisilanol with bisureidosilane monomers. The structural characterization of the polymers was carried out by 1H NMR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC). dilute solution viscometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Homopolymers and copolymers that contained either or both p-phenylene and p,p′-diphenyl ether units in the silarylene group and dimethyl or methylvinyl units in the siloxane group were prepared in high molecular weights.
Durational, Proportionate, and Absolute Frequency Characteristics of Disfluencies

The main objective of this study was to investigate developmental aspects of disfluencies over time as stuttering persists or ameliorates for 2 groups of preschool age children who stutter. Results...
Does Protest Behavior Mediate the Effects of Public Opinion on National Environmental Policies? A Simple Question and a Complex Answer

This article investigates the complex process by which nations are accountable to their publics by evaluating the extent to which the relationship between public opinion and national environmental policies operates through protest behavior. Using data from cross-national public opinion polls, this research examines correlations between established indicators of public opinion on the environment and three measures of environmental policy: the absence of energy subsidies, funding for environmental projects, and environmental governance. Path analysis models test whether the relationships between opinion and policy are direct or may be mediated by social movement factors, in particular environmental protest behavior. Results indicate that measures of public opinion diverge in terms of how they are related to particular indicators of policy, and suggest that public opinion has both a direct effect on policy and an indirect effect through protest behavior. The nature of the relationships between public opinion...
The Six Competencies of a CEO

Maidique, Atamanik, and Perez asked 25 CEOs of multibillion-dollar organizations a challenging question: “What does a business leader need to do well to be effective?” This led to an analysis of 442 comments and 178 individual ideas, yielding many important insights with implications for anyone running an enterprise. They identified six critical competencies, explained in more detail in their article: (1) self-awareness, (2) having a moral compass, (3) being an effective listener, (4) possessing good judgment, (5) being a persuasive communicator, and (6) leading with tenacity. “The self,” they contend, “is the centerpiece of leadership.”
Three-phonon phase space and lattice thermal conductivity in semiconductors

We present calculations of the phase space for three-phonon scattering events in several group IV, III–V and II–VI semiconductors employing an adiabatic bond charge model to accurately represent the phonon dispersions. We demonstrate that this phase space varies inversely with the measured lattice thermal conductivities of these materials over a wide range of temperatures where three-phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism for scattering phonons. We find that this qualitative relationship is robust in spite of variations in material parameters between the semiconductors. Anomalous behavior occurs in three III–V materials that have large mass differences between constituent elements, which we explain in terms of the severely restricted three-phonon phase space arising from the large gap between acoustic and optic phonon branches.
Thermal balloon endometrial ablation for management of acute uterine hemorrhage.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Life-threatening abnormal uterine bleeding can be managed by a variety of techniques, which include intravenous estrogen, dilation and curettage, endometrial ablation, uterine artery embolization, or hysterectomy. Thermal balloon endometrial ablation has been used in the management of chronic dysfunctional uterine bleeding but has not been described in a case of acute uterine hemorrhage. CASE: A 44-year-old woman with end-stage liver disease presented with vaginal bleeding and fever. She was found to have sepsis, coagulopathy, and anemia. No anatomic uterine pathology was identified. Antibiotics, intravenous estrogen, and blood products were administered, but heavy bleeding persisted. Thermal balloon ablation resulted in abrupt cessation of uterine bleeding. CONCLUSION: Thermal balloon ablation appears to be an effective method for management of acute uterine hemorrhage.
Histological comparison of the B16 melanoma and its F1 variant

Abstract The B16 malignant melanoma and its F1 variant line were described and compared in syngeneic C57BL 6 mice at short and long term periods after transplantation. No observable differences in gross or histological features were noted. In both lines, liver and lung metastasis was confirmed and kidney colonization proposed.
Recent developments in pediatric headache.

Purpose of reviewThis review will focus on some of the recent findings in pediatric headache including headache characteristics, epidemiology, comorbid associations and treatment updates.Recent findingsPediatric headache remains a frequent health problem for children and their families, yet there re
Purification and characterization of a juvenile hormone binding protein from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

A protein which binds the insect juvenile hormone has been isolated from the hemolymph of the fourth instar tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Bioassay and chemical characterization of the bound ligand from the purified binding protein indicates that this molecule is the primary macromolecule responsible for juvenile hormone transport in the hemolymph of this insect. The juvenile hormone binding protein has been purified using gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is a single polypeptide chain of about 28,000 daltons with a sedimentation coefficient of 2.2S and an isoelectric point of 5.0. Binding analysis using a hydroxyapatite batch assay indicates that the juvenile hormone binding protein has one binding site with a Ka of 1.2 times 10(7) M-1 at 4 degrees C.
Finding Your Way to the End: A Tale of GDNF and Endothelin-3

Both RET and EDNRB are essential for neural crest development in many parts of the embryo. In this issue of Neuron, two articles by Barlow et al. and Kruger et al. demonstrate that within the developing enteric nervous system these receptors have synergistic, stage-dependent effects on neural crest precursor proliferation and antagonistic effects on cell migration.
Pseudocystic Foveal Cavitation in Tamoxifen Retinopathy

Purpose To present 3 cases of tamoxifen-induced foveal cavitation and review previous prospective and cross-sectional studies. Design Observational case series. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients presenting to a single institution with evidence of tamoxifen-induced maculopathy. Results Three patients presented with pseudocystic foveal cavitation similar in appearance to macular telangiectasia type 2 on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) imaging. Conclusions Tamoxifen maculopathy is characterized by cavitation in the central macula with or without typical cystoid macular edema. Pathogenesis involves toxicity to retinal Muller cells. It can occur with low daily and cumulative doses of the drug, and in the absence of subjective visual complaints or crystalline retinopathy. Prospective research with SD OCT imaging will be required to gain a more accurate estimate of the incidence of tamoxifen retinopathy.
Discriminant analysis and similarity measure

The cosine similarity measure is often applied after discriminant analysis in pattern recognition. This paper first analyzes why the cosine similarity is preferred by establishing the connection between the cosine similarity based decision rule in the discriminant analysis framework and the Bayes decision rule for minimum error. The paper then investigates the challenges inherent of the cosine similarity and presents a new similarity that overcomes these challenges. The contributions of the paper are thus three-fold. First, the application of the cosine similarity after discriminant analysis is discovered to have its theoretical roots in the Bayes decision rule. Second, some inherent problems of the cosine similarity such as its inadequacy in addressing distance and angular measures are discussed. Finally, a new similarity measure, which overcomes the problems by integrating the absolute value of the angular measure and the lp norm (the distance measure), is presented to enhance pattern recognition performance. The effectiveness of the proposed new similarity measure in the discriminant analysis framework is evaluated using a large scale, grand challenge problem, namely, the Face Recognition Grand Challenge (FRGC) problem. Experimental results using 36,818 FRGC images on the most challenging FRGC experiment, the FRGC Experiment 4, show that the new similarity measure improves face recognition performance upon other popular similarity measures, such as the cosine similarity measure, the normalized correlation, and the Euclidean distance measure. HighlightsThe connection between the cosine similarity and the Bayes decision rule.Discuss some inherent challenges of the cosine similarity.A new similarity measure that integrates both angular and distance measure.Experiments on the FRGC version 2 database (36,818 images).
Infrared spectra of chelate compounds—IV1: A study of the uranyl chelates of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the region 5000-250 cm−1

Abstract Previous investigations have shown that two different uranium chelates of 8-hydroxyquinoline can be precipitated from homogeneous solution. Dark red UO2(C9H6NO)2·C9H6NOH is obtained at pH 5.0 and orange [UO2(C9H6NO)2·C9H6NOH at pH 6.8; the normal chelate UO2(C9H6NO)2 is green. The infrared spectra of the solvated compounds have been examined in the range 5000-250 cm−1 and that of the normal chelate in the range 5000-650 cm−1. From this it is concluded that the solvated chelates have very similar structures.
The distribution of boron in austenite

The partitioning of boron between grain boundary and austenite matrix sites in steel has been examined by the use of boron autoradiography. Results show that inalloyscontainingO.0037at.pctB and 0.68 at. pct C, boron segregates to the austenite grain boundary with a binding energy of 9.6 ±1.0 kcal/mole. In addition to this experimental observation, the effect of carbon concentration on the boron distribution is considered theoretically.
Infinite Interval Problems Modeling Phenomena Which Arise in the Theory of Plasma and Electrical Potential Theory

An upper and lower solution approach is presented for boundary value problems on the infinite interval. In particular, our theory includes a discussion of a problem which arises in the study of plasma physics, and a problem which arises in determining the electrical potential in an isolated neutral atom.
A Strategy for Estimating Nutrient Concentrations Using Remote Sensing Datasets and Hydrological Modeling

This paper presents a methodology for estimating nutrient concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) through the use of hydrological modeling, remote sensing datasets, and nutrient export coefficients. The strategy is applied to the Upper Tombigbee watershed, located in the northern region of the states of Mississippi and Alabama, USA. USGS GIRAS (1986), NASA MODIS MOD12Q1 (2001-2004) land use datasets, and USGS-DEM topographical datasets were used to characterize the physiography of the watershed. TN and TP concentration values estimated using the methodology were compared to values reported in the literature.
Perspective: Unsteady Wing Theory—The Kármán/Sears Legacy

The aerodynamic analysis of wings and their vortex wakes is discussed from a perspective of its relation to the work of Karman and Sears. The key concepts from this early paper on the analysis of airfoils in small amplitude unsteady motion are reviewed. These concepts are then used as a point of departure for developing techniques for calculating and interpreting the aerodynamic characteristics of both airfoils in large amplitude motion with deforming vortex wakes, and maneuvering low-aspect-ratio wings with leading-edge separation.
The relevance of factivity to complementizer choice in Japanese

This article re-examines the correlation between factivity and complementizer choice in Japanese. Kuno (1973) argues that the concept of factivity proposed by Kiparsky and Kiparsky (1971) to analyze the choice of complement types in English is a determining factor in complementizer choice in Japanese. Observation of data collected for this study indicates that there are numerous instances that cannot be accounted for using the concept of factivity. Complementizer choice in Japanese is determined, not by factivity of the predicate, but by the degree of internalization of the information/proposition expressed in the complement.
Anisotropic normal-state transport properties predicted and analyzed for high-Tc oxide superconductors.

Electronic energy bands calculated from local-density-functional (LDF) theory are used to predict anisotropic transport properties of the oxide superconductors La/sub 2/..sqrt../sub x/Sr/sub x/CuO/sub 4/ and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/. Calculations of the magnitude of the resistivity tensor rho/sub ..cap alpha..//sub ..beta../ (assuming only electron-phonon scattering) lead to results smaller than given by current experiments, suggesting that LDF theory overestimates the Drude plasma frequency (or Fermi velocity), or else that another scattering mechanism dominates. Determinations of the Fermi velocity from critical field measurements suggest however that it is close to the LDF value. Quantities which are independent of the scattering are calculated with more success: the resistivity anisotropy rho/sub z//sub z/rho/sub xx/, the Hall tensor R/sub ..cap alpha..//sub ..beta..//sub ..gamma..//sub '//sup H/ and the thermopower S/sub ..cap alpha..//sub ..beta../. It is predicted that R/sup H/ should appear ''holelike'' when electrons orbit in metallic planes but S should appear ''electronlike'' for thermal gradients in the plane. When fields are tipped 90/sup 0/, all coefficients change sign. There is not very much single-crystal data to compare with, but what exists is qualitatively consistent, including anomalous signs of the Hall tensor. Polycrystalline data for R/sup H/ seem completely at variance with the LDF results,more » so it is surprising how well single-crystal results agree« less
Aspirin-sensitive asthma: Tolerance to aspirin after positive oral aspirin challenges

Abstract Two aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients underwent oral aspirin challenges for investigative purposes. Following the expected respiratory reaction to aspirin, the patients became refractory to the further adverse effects of aspirin. Additionally they began taking 325 mg aspirin per day, and after 6 and 8 mo aspirin dosage was increased to 650 mg per day. We have noted an improvement in their rhinitis and asthma during this open drug trial. Furthermore, maintenance systemic corticosteroids have been reduced in one patient and discontinued in the other without a decline in lung function values. If these initial observations are found in a larger number of aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients, changes in our understanding of the pathogenesis of rhinosinusitis-asthma-aspirin syndrome would follow, and treatment for such asthmatic patients might be improved.
Effects of polarization control on continuum light source for OCT

In conventional single mode fiber, Self Phase Modulation (SPM) and Degenerate Cross Phase Modulation (DXPM) are the main non linear effects contributing to continuum generation. By controlling the polarization state of the light pumping the fiber and by selecting the polarization state out of the fiber, the spectrum of continuum generation can be optimized for optical coherence tomography (OCT). We investigate the effects of polarization control and selection on continuum light source consisting of a femotosecond Nd:glass laser and ultra high numerical aperture (UHNA) single mode fiber. The point Spread Function (PSF) can be improved by controlling linear input polarization or by selecting one of two orthogonal polarization modes at the output.
A force-indentation model for brittle rocks

A force-deformation model is developed for localized loading of brittle rocks that depicts the action of a percussive drill bit. This model consists of a series of successive cycles each of which is composed of a crushing and a chipping phase. Crushing involves the fragmentation or comminution of individual grains or grain clusters and is manifested by an increase in the applied force, while chipping is associated with the ejection of crushed material accompanied by a reduction in the load. This work represents the foundation for the analysis of the response of a brittle rock to the action of a jackhammer.
Development of a scoring system for predicting the risk of preterm birth in women receiving cervical cerclage.

Development of a Scoring System for Predicting the Risk of Preterm Birth in Women Receiving Cervical Cerclage
Present and Future CCDs for UV and X-Ray Scientlfic Measurements

Significant advances in CCD performance are reported. Specifically, interacting quantum efficiency of ? 50% is demonstrated throughout the spectral range of 600-9,000 A, with comparable sensitivity expected to continue to wavelengths as short as a few Angstroms. Non-dispersive X-ray spectra, throughout the 250-8000 eV range, have been obtained with an FWHM spectral resolution of 200-250 eV. At present, both spatial and spectral resolution is limited, at some energies, by the diffusion of photo-generated charge into more than one picture element. A detailed model of this diffusion is described and evaluated on the basis of measured performance.
A high-throughput fluorescence polarization anisotropy assay for the 70N domain of replication protein A.

Replication protein A (RPA) interacts with multiple checkpoint proteins and promotes signaling through the ATR kinase, a key regulator of checkpoint pathways in the mammalian response to DNA damage. In cancer cells, increased DNA repair activity contributes to resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, small molecules that block binding of checkpoint proteins to RPA may inhibit the DNA damage response and, thus, sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. Here we report on the development of a homogeneous, high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for identifying compounds that block the critical protein–protein interaction site in the basic cleft of the 70N domain of RPA (RPA70N). A fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled peptide derived from the ATR cofactor, ATRIP, was used as a probe in the binding assay. The ability of the assay to accurately detect relevant ligands was confirmed using peptides derived from ATRIP, RAD9, MRE11, and p53. The assay was validated for use in high-throughput screening using the Spectrum collection of 2000 compounds. The FPA assay was performed with a Z′ factor of ⩾0.76 in a 384-well format and identified several compounds capable of inhibiting the RPA70N binding interface.
Adaptive holographic film: physics and applications

Summary form only given. Holograms that can move and adapt to changing environments have interesting and important applications in diverse applications such as ultrafast femtosecond holography and laser-based ultrasound receivers. We have developed two types of adaptive holographic films (AHF) based on semiconductor heterostructures. These are photorefractive quantum wells (PRQW) and holographic vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structures (HVCSEL).
Programming methodology and performance issues for advanced computer architectures

Abstract This paper will describe some recent attempts to construct transportable numerical software for high-performance computers. Restructuring algorithms in terms of simple linear algebra modules is reviewed. This technique has proved very succesful in obtaining a high level of transportability without severe loss of performance on a wide variety of both vector and parallel computers. The use of modules to encapsulate parallelism and reduce the ratio of data movement to floating-point operations has been demonstrably effective for regular problems such as those found in dense linear algebra. In other situations it may be necessary to express explicitly parallel algorithms. We also present a programming methodology that is useful for constructing new parallel algorithms which require sophisticated synchronization at a large grain level. We describe the SCHEDULE package which provides an environment for developing and analyzing explicitly parallel programs in FORTRAN which are portable. This package now includes a preprocessor to achieve complete portability of user level code and also a graphics post processor for performance analysis and debugging. We discuss details of porting both the SCHEDULE package and user code. Examples from linear algebra, and partial differential equations are used to illustrate the utility of this approach.
Set stability of phase-coupled agents in discrete time

The work in this paper addresses the stability of a discretized version of the well-known phase-coupled oscillator model from the physics community. The main contribution is a pair of stability proofs for a system of N phase-coupled agents. The first proof establishes asymptotic stability to the balanced set for a range KDeltaT, where K is a coupling gain and DeltaT is the time discretization. In the second proof, a reference vector in the unit ball is introduced and asymptotic stability of the phase centroid to the reference vector is guaranteed, again for a range of KDeltaT. These results are of particular interest to researchers looking to apply phase coupling to systems in which continuous communication is not possible. Possible applications of this work include cooperative target tracking and modeling of neurological processes and of biological aggregations.
High-resolution quantitative computed tomography demonstrating selective enhancement of medium-size collaterals by placental growth factor-1 in the mouse ischemic hindlimb

Background— The process of arteriogenesis after occlusion of a major artery is poorly understood. We have used high-resolution microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) imaging to define the arteriogenic response in the mouse model of hindlimb ischemia and to examine the effect of placental growth factor-1 (PlGF-1) on this process. Methods and Results— After common femoral artery ligation, μ-CT imaging demonstrated formation of collateral vessels originating near the ligation site in the upper limb and connecting to the ischemic calf muscle region. Three-dimensional μ-CT and quantitative image analysis revealed changes in the number of segments and the segmental volume of vessels, ranging from 8 to 160 μm in diameter. The medium-size vessels (48 to 160 μm) comprising 85% of the vascular volume were the major contributor (188%) to the change in vascular volume in response to ischemia. Intramuscular injections of Ad-PlGF-1 significantly increased Sca1+ cells in the circulation, α-actin–stained vessels, and perfusion ...
Multiple solutions in semiconductor device modeling

Semiconductor technology is playing an increasing role in the automobile industry, both in the electronic control of automotive systems, as well is in instrumentation and sensor design. Daniel Baker from General Motors presented on December 2, 1989 some topics in semiconductor devices related to the shape of the I – V curve, where I is the current and V is the voltage.
Selection of beam orientations in intensity-modulated radiation therapy using single-beam indices and integer programming

While the process of IMRT planning involves optimization of the dose distribution, the procedure for selecting the beam inputs for this process continues to be largely trial-and-error. We have developed an integer programming (IP) optimization method to optimize beam orientation using mean organ-at-risk (MOD) data from single-beam plans. Two test cases were selected in which one organ-at-risk (OAR) and four OARs were simulated, respectively, along with a PTV. Beam orientation space was discretized in 10° increments. For each beam orientation, a single-beam plan without intensity modulation and without constraints on OAR dose was generated and normalized to yield a mean PTV dose of 2 Gy and the corresponding MOD was calculated. The degree of OAR sparing was related to the average OAR MODs resulting from the beam orientations utilized with improvements of up to 10% at some dose levels. On the other hand, OAR DVHs in the IMRT plans were insensitive to beam numbers (in the 6–9 range) for similar average single-beam MODs. These MOD data were input to an IP optimization process, which then selected specified numbers of beam angles as inputs to a treatment planning system. Our results show that sets of beam angles with lower average single-beam MODs produce IMRT plans with better OAR sparing than manually selected beam angles. To optimize beam orientations, weights were assigned to each OAR following MOD input to the IP which was subsequently solved using the branch-and-cut algorithm. Seven-beam orientations obtained from solving the IP were applied to the test case with four OARs and the resulting plan with a dose prescription of 63 Gy was compared with an equi-spaced beam plan. The IP selected beams produced dose–volume improvements of up to 40% for OARs proximal to the PTV. Further improvement in the DVH can be obtained by increasing the weights assigned to these OARs but at the expense of the remaining OARs.
SPIRITUALITY FOR NATURALISTS

Abstract The views of eleven writers who develop a naturalized spirituality, from Baruch Spinoza and George Santayana to Sam Harris, Andre Comte-Sponville, Ursula Goodenough, and Sharon Welch and others are presented. Then the writer's own theory is developed. This is a pluralistic notion of sacredness, an adjective referring to unmanipulable events of overriding importance. The difficulties in using traditional religious words, such as God and spiritual are addressed.
Stability of dynamic inversion control laws applied to nonlinear aircraft pitch-axis models

A global stability result is presented for nonlinear aircraft pitch-axis models with dynamic inversion control laws. The result is applied to the F-14 aircraft model. Using this result, we are able to sketch a stability region of the F-14 model in terms of the engine thrust and the selected pitch attitude.