cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol problems among young adult emergency department patients: making predictions using routine sociodemographic information.

Objectives : The study aims were to explore the process of identifying young adult Emergency Department (ED) patients at risk for alcohol problems, examine the sociodemographic predictors of patient alcohol problems, and determine differences between patients who screened positive and those who screened negative for alcohol problems. Implications for ED practice are discussed. Method : As part of a larger study, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test was administered to consenting patients ages 18 to 29. A score of greater than 5 (out of 40) was considered a positive screen for alcohol problems. Sociodemographic information was collected from a generic Individual Information Form. Results : Approximately 48% (1,855 of 3,890) of patients screened positive for alcohol problems. Among screen-positive patients, 91% (1,689) had scores that corresponded to mild to moderate alcohol problems. Compared with screen-negative patients, screen-positive patients were almost 3 times more likely to be men (odds ratio [OR]=2.70); 2.5 times more likely to use tobacco (OR=2.43); 2 times more likely to be single (OR=2.03); and 1.5 times more likely to have some college education (OR=1.41), be an 18-to 20-year-old adult (OR=1.61), be a college student (OR=1.60), be unemployed (OR=1.39), and cohabitate with friends (OR=1.19). Screen-positive patients also were more likely to have made at least one past attempt to change their drinking behavior (OR=3.21). Conclusion : Routine patient information presented an accurate risk profile for alcohol problems among patients in this study. If ED-based health care professionals routinely screened patential alcohol problems by using routinely collected information, then intervention or referral for additional services may increase.
Formal Synthesis of Uvaricin via Palladium-Mediated Double Cyclization

A novel palladium-mediated, ligand-controlled double cyclization is reported. The C2-symmetric diene produced was desymmetrized via Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and was further transformed into a known intermediate in the synthesis of uvaricin.
Estrogen action on the bone mass of postmenopausal women is dependent on body mass and initial bone density.

Recent evidence suggests that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) may be effective in preventing bone loss even in late postmenopausal women. We analyzed the role of age and other factors as determinants of ERT action on vertebral bone density (VBD) in 73 consecutive Caucasian postmenopausal women treated for 1 yr or longer. A group of 44 women who received calcium supplements only were analyzed as controls. VBD was measured every 6 months by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and yearly rates of change were calculated by linear regression for each subject. VBD increased in the estrogen-treated group (+17.32 +/- 2.84 mg/cm2.yr; 2.42 +/- 0.37%/yr) and did not significantly change in untreated subjects (-4.08 +/- 3.68 mg/cm2/yr; -0.60 +/- 0.58%/yr). Women older than 60 yr experienced greater, although not significant, increments compared to younger subjects (+3.23 +/- 4.03% vs. +1.42 +/- 3.00%/yr), as did women more than 10 yr postmenopausal compared to patients within 10 yr after the menopause (+3.38 +/- 4.1...
The effect of marginal osteophytes on reduction of varus‐valgus instability in osteoarthritic knees

The varus-valgus stability of 20 knees with unicompartmental osteoarthritis was studied in vivo at the time of total knee replacement. Intact osteoarthritic knees had an average of 11.0 degrees of varus-valgus motion. Removal of osteophytes from the osteoarthritic compartment significantly increased the motion to 13.1 degrees (P less than 0.05), while subsequent removal of osteophytes from the nonosteoarthritic compartment further increased motion to 14.7 degrees (P less than 0.025). In primarily unicompartmental osteoarthritis, marginal osteophytes appear to stabilize osteoarthritic knees, but can cause fixed deformity.
Summary of the EO-1 ALI performance during the first 2.5 years on-orbit

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is a VNIR/SWIR, pushbroom instrument that is flying aboard the Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) spacecraft. Launched on November 21, 2000, the objective of the ALI is to flight validate emerging technologies that can be infused into future land imaging sensors. During the first two and one-half years on-orbit, the performance of the ALI has been evaluated using on-board calibrators and vicarious observations. The results of this evaluation are presented here. The spatial performance of the instrument, derived using stellar, lunar, and bridge observations, is summarized. The radiometric stability of the focal plane and telescope, established using solar, lunar, ground truth, and on-board sources, is also provided.
Color index values to represent wetness and aeration in some Indiana soils

Abstract The objective of this study was to devise a numerical index of saturation/aeration based on soil morphology, compare it with saturation depth and content of dissolved oxygen in the soil water, and relate it to definitions of soil classes. We periodically measured depth to the water table and soil-water oxygen content for ten soils in north-central Indiana. The soils were formed from loess over compact loam glacial till in a dissected till plain. They included Aquolls in swales, Aqualfs on swells, and Udalfs on hillslope shoulders and backslopes along drainage-ways cutting back into the till plain. All soils were at least periodically saturated, but not all soils had gray ( 5°C. They were also correlated with the O2 levels of ground water, especially the duration when O2 content of soil water was
Measurement of Intelligibility in Disordered Speech

Purpose To determine empirically which of three frequently observed rules in children with phonological disorders contributes most to difficulties in speaker intelligibility. Method To evaluate the...
Trends in Contraceptive Use among Florida Women: Implications for Policies and Programs

Our study objective was to assess changes in effective contraceptive use among women at risk of unintended pregnancy in Florida in 2008 and 2009 compared with 2002 and 2004. Contraceptive use questions were available from Florida’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for both periods (n = 4,606). Log binomial regression was used with appropriate methods to account for complex sampling in the BRFSS. We examined the change in four effective contraceptive use groups: sterilization, long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC), short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC), and barrier methods. Prevalence ratios comparing the two time periods were adjusted by demographic characteristics, employment, insurance status, children at home, poverty level, health behaviors, and health status. No evidence of change was found in sterilization (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio APR = 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.84–1.10) or SARC (APR = 1.01; 95 % CI: 0.87–1.18). The overall use of LARC increased and use of barrier methods decreased significantly over the two periods (APR = 1.68; 95 % CI: 1.09–2.60 and APR = 0.77; 95 % CI: 0.61–0.98, respectively). Only two population groups experienced significant changes in prevalence in the four use groups over this period. Non-Hispanic White women increased their use of LARC (APR = 2.89; 95 % CI: 1.58–5.29) and women who have never been married decreased their use of barrier methods (APR = 0.51; 95 % CI: 0.33–0.77). Contraceptive use in Florida continues to be low overall with some shift towards more effective long-term methods. New efforts are needed to promote and increase family planning practices, which include the use of effective contraceptives.
Effect of large variations in external potassium on the oxygen consumption of rat heart strips.

THE link between the electrical state of the cell membrane and the metabolism of the cell is unknown. High external K+, which reduces the membrane potential, causes a five-fold increase in resting oxygen consumption1 and a twenty-fold increase in resting heat production2,3 of frog skeletal muscle. The onset of the metabolic response (often called the Solandt effect) is so rapid that it is thought to be due to the change in potential rather than to a raised intra-cellular K+ (ref. 3). This communication reports our efforts to test for the Solandt effect in isolated trabeculae carneae from the rat heart4.
Transfer film evolution and its role in promoting ultra-low wear of a PTFE nanocomposite

Abstract Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is an important solid lubricant with an unusually high wear rate. For a half-century, fillers have been used to reduce PTFE wear by >100× with >10% loading through hypothesized mechanisms involving mechanical load support, crack arresting, and transfer film adhesion. More recently it was discovered that specific nanoparticles provide a unique nanoscale reinforcement mechanism enabling unprecedented wear reductions of 10,000× with as little as 0.1% nano-fillers. Although the mechanisms responsible for this dramatic improvement remain unclear, there is substantial evidence that the transfer film plays a critical role. This paper uses interrupted microscopy measurements to investigate the evolution of transfer film development for an ultra-low wear PTFE nanocomposite. The run-in wear rates were similar to those of more traditional PTFE composites and transfer films consisted of large plate-like debris. Although the run-in wear rate and debris size decreased monotonically with distance, the run-in transfer films were removed each cycle. Detectible debris vanished and wear rates approached zero at an abrupt transition. During this ultra-low wear transition period, nanoscale and oxidized fragments of PTFE were transferred to the counterface. Most of these fragments persisted for the duration of the test and initiated the transfer film by progressively scavenging trace material from the bulk, growing into small islands, and merging with neighboring islands. The results of this study reflect a complex interplay involving elements of transfer film adhesion, chemistry, debris morphology, and mechanics.
Verschleissmessung an verbrennungsmotoren mit hilfe der spektralanalyse

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsfahigkeit der Emissionsspektralanalyse zur Verschleissmessung wird an Hand einer Ubersicht uber die umfangreiche Literatur und eigener praktischer Versuche diskutiert. Am Beispiel eines Autoraobilmotors wird die gleichzeitige Abrieb-Kontrolle an vier Bauteilen durch Analyse kleiner Schmierol-Proben beschrieben. Im Vergleich zu dem modernen Isotopenverfahren hat die Spektralanalyse bei ahnlicher Genauigkeit den Vorteil der gleichzeitigen Kontrolle mehrerer Bauteile ohne besondere Schutzmassnahmen, wahrend die diskontinuierliche Probenahme zur Spektralanalyse ein gewisser Nachteil sein kann.
Evidence for zinc function in the Mg++/Ca++ stimulated ATPase of escherichia coli membranes

Summary At low Mg ++ concentration the soluble Mg ++ /Ca ++ activated ATPase extracted from E. coli membranes is inhibited by several chelators including bathophenanthroline sulfonate, diphenylthiocarbazone and zincon. Incubation of the enzyme with zincon shows a gradual extraction of zinc. Activity is lost in proportion to zinc removal and is specifically restored by readdition of zinc to the extracted enzyme. The soluble enzyme in presence of high concentration of Mg ++ is not inhibited by chelators. The presence of high Mg ++ concentration also prevents reconstitution of the zinc depleted enzyme activity with zinc. In the membrane bound form the activity is not inhibited by zincon or other water soluble chelators regradless of Mg ++ concentration whereas the activity is inhibited by various lipophilic chelators such as thenoyltrifluoroacetone and tert-octyl catechol. These latter chelators do not inhibit the soluble ATPase. We conclude that the ATPase contains zinc which is protected from chelators by high Mg ++ concentration or by binding to the membrane and that there is another lipophilic chelator site in the membrane which also controls activity of the membrane-bound ATPase.
Inhibition of Serine Amidohydrolases by Complexes of Vanadate with Hydroxamic Acids

Abstract Serine β-lactamases are inhibited by phosphonate monoester monoanions. These compounds phosphonylate the active site serine hydroxyl group to form inert, covalent complexes. Since spontaneous hydrolysis of these phosphonates is generally quite slow, the β-lactamase active site must have considerable affinity for the (presumably) pentacoordinated phosphonyl transfer transition state. Structural analogs of such a transition state might well therefore be effective and novel β-lactamase inhibitors. Complexes of vanadate with hydroxamic acids may be able to achieve such a structure. Indeed, mixtures of these two components, but neither one alone, were found to inhibit a typical class C β-lactamase. A Job plot of the inhibition by vanadate/benzohydroxamic acid mixtures indicated that the inhibitor was a 1:1 complex for which an inhibition constant of 4.2 μM could be calculated. A bacterial DD-peptidase, structurally similar to the β-lactamase, was also inhibited (Ki = 22 μM) by this complex. A similar rationale would suggest that other serine hydrolases might also be inhibited by these mixtures. In fact, chymotrypsin was inhibited by a complex of vanadate with benzohydroxamic acid (Ki = 10 μM) and elastase by a complex with acetohydroxamic acid (Ki = 90 μM).
SV40 mutants with an altered small-t protein are tumorigenic in newborn hamsters.

Abstract Mutants of Simian virus 40 which have suffered deletions in one of the two early viral gene products, the small-t protein (dl 54 59 mutants), induce tumors following subcutaneous injection into newborn LHC inbred Syrian hamsters. The tumors, mainly fibrosarcomas, are histologically identical to those induced by WT (strain 776) SV40 and are indistinguishable by a number of criteria once explanted to culture. However, the dl 54 59 SV40 mutants induce tumors with only 50% the efficiency of WT virus and with tumor latencies twice as long. The viral large-T protein is primarily responsible for SV40 oncogenicity while the small-t protein may function as a tumor promoter.
Quality of life in T1-3N0 prostate cancer patients treated with radiation therapy with minimum 10-year follow-up.

Abstract Purpose: To describe patient-reported quality of life using a validated survey in a cohort of patients who are long-term survivors of definitive radiotherapy for T1–3N0 prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Survivors of a previously reported cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with staging pelvic lymphadenectomy and definitive radiotherapy between November 1974 and August 1988 were queried using a questionnaire incorporating the RAND 36-Item Health Survey and the University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index. Responses were reviewed and analyzed. Of the 146 N0 patients, 88 have survived for 10 years postdiagnosis. Fifty-six (64%) of these patients were still alive with valid addresses and were mailed copies of the questionnaires, of which 46 (82%) responded. Median potential follow-up from date of diagnosis was 13.9 years, with a median age of responders of 80 years. Results: The mean sexual function score was 15.4, with a bother score of 42. The mean urinary function score was 65, with a bother score of 61. The mean bowel function score was 72.6, with a bother score of 64.8. The amount of patient bother reported in the sexual category is similar to that previously reported for cohorts of prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy or observation. This is despite the fact that sexual function was similar to that previously reported for patients postprostatectomy. Patient-reported function and bother scores in urinary and bowel categories were somewhat more severe than a previously reported radiotherapy cohort with shorter follow-up. Conclusions: With long follow-up, most patients who underwent radiotherapy for prostate cancer in the era described exhibit somewhat worse bladder, bowel, and erectile function than recently published controls without prostate cancer. In this cohort of older men with long follow-up, erectile function is similar to reported prostatectomy series. However, patient bother related to erectile function is similar to that of controls in earlier published radiotherapy series. Worse urinary and bowel function may be due to progressive symptoms with aging and longer follow-up, or to the radiotherapy techniques performed during the era in question.
Comparison of crystallization kinetics in various nanoconfined geometries

Abstract Phase morphological effect on crystallization kinetics in various nanoconfined spaces in a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer with a PEO volume fraction of 37 vol% was investigated. The phase morphology was characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques. When the sample was cast from chloroform solution and annealed at 150 °C, a double gyroid (DG) phase was obtained. After it was subjected to a large-amplitude reciprocating shear, the sample transformed to an oriented hexagonal cylinder (Hex) phase. To obtain a lamellar confined geometry, lamellar single crystals were grown from dilute solutions. The crystallization in the lamellar (Lam) phase was one-dimensionally (1D) confined, while it was two-dimensionally (2D) confined in the DG and Hex phases, although they had different structures. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to study the crystallization kinetics using the Avrami analysis for these three nanoconfined geometries. Heterogeneous nucleation was found in all three samples in the crystallization temperature (Tc) regions studied. DSC results indicated that the crystallization kinetics in the Lam phase was the fastest, and the PEO crystals possessed higher thermodynamic stability than in the DG and Hex phases. For the crystallization kinetics in two 2D-confined phases, at low Tc ( 35 °C) the PEO crystallization was slower in the DG phase than in the Hex phase. The Avrami exponent n-values for the DG and the Hex samples were similar (∼1.8), yet the values of lnK in the DG phase were smaller than those in the Hex phase. This suggested that the linear growth rate was slower in the DG phase than in the Hex phase due to continuous curved channels in the DG phase.
Opposing Roles of Syndecan-1 and Syndecan-2 in Polyethyleneimine-mediated Gene Delivery

Polyethyleneimines (PEIs) are efficient non-viral vectors for gene transfer. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans have been proposed to be the cell-surface receptors for PEI·DNA complexes (polyplexes). Here, we investigated if syndecan-1 (SDC1) and syndecan-2 (SDC2) are involved in PEI-mediated transfection. Following addition of polyplexes to HEK293 cells, green fluorescent protein-tagged SDCs rapidly formed clusters with PEI that were dependent of lipid raft integrity. However, although SDC1 overexpression slightly enhanced PEI-mediated gene expression, SDC2 dramatically inhibited it. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that SDC1·polyplex endocytosis occurred within minutes after addition of polyplexes, whereas SDC2·polyplex endocytosis took hours. Expression of SDC1 cytoplasmic deletion mutants revealed that the SDC1 cytoplasmic tail is required for gene expression, but not for clustering or endocytosis, whereas overexpression of SDC1/SDC2 chimeras showed that the SDC2 ectodomain is responsible for the inhibitory effect on gene transfer. This study provides evidence that SDCs may have opposing effects on PEI-mediated transfection.
A bounded approximation for the minimum cost 2-sat problem

Given a satisfiable Boolean formula in 2-CNF, it is NP-hard to find a satisfying assignment that contains a minimum number of true variables. A polynomial-time approximation algorithm is given that finds an assignment with at most twice as many true variables as necessary. The algorithm also works for a weighted generalization of the problem. An application to the optimal stable roommates problem is given in detail, and other applications are mentioned.
Modeling Interest-Group Campaign Contributions

This article models the allocation of contributions by a Political Action Committee (PAC) among a group of candidates running in different races, assuming utility maximizing behavior on the part of the PAC and the candidates. Under various assumptions about objectives, contributions are found to flow toward races that are expected to be close. No model examined yields a clear prediction that contributions flow to likely winners, but it is argued that a skewing of contributions toward incumbents might indicate that contributions are being exchanged for current political favors. Some empirical analysis of contributions by nine large PACs to candidates for the 1978 U.S. House of Representatives is carried out. For the most part, both closeness of race and incumbency appear to increase the likelihood that a candidate will receive contributions.
The Limits of Gendered Leadership: Policy Implications of Female Leadership on “Women's Issues”

Over the course of the last thirty years, women have made significant strides toward gender equity in politics. The percentage of women serving in state legislatures has risen from 8.1% in 1975 to more than 24% in 2013 (CAWP 2013). Not surprisingly, this increase of women in politics has sparked many questions and much research about the impact of women in public office (Carroll 2001). While this body of scholarship has investigated such important and diverse topics as legislative strategies (Reingold 1996), conversational dynamics (Kathlene 1994; Pearson and Dancey 2011), and legislative effectiveness (Anzia and Berry 2011; Volden, Wiseman, and Wittmer 2013), the substantive effects of having women in office have garnered the most attention.
Visual Saliency Models Based on Spectrum Processing

Some visual saliency models have been proposed to describe how the human visual system perceives and processes visual information. In this paper we describe four frequency domain visual saliency models based on new spectrum processing methods. The four saliency models are the Gamma Corrected Spectrum (GCS) model, the Gamma Corrected Log Spectrum (GCLS) model, the Gaussian Filtered Spectrum (GFS) model, and the Gaussian Filtered Log Spectrum (GFLS) model. A set of saliency map candidates are generated by inverse transform of a set of modified spectrums. An output saliency map is selected by minimizing the entropy among the set of saliency map candidates. Extension of these models are also described using various color spaces. Experimental results show that four extensions of our GCS, GCLS, GFS, and GFLS models are more accurate and efficient than some state-of-the-art saliency models in predicting eye fixation on standard image datasets.
Reasons of the Heart: A Polanyian Reflection

Reasoning about religion would seem to involve both explicit and tacit factors. These latter are what Pascal had in mind when he spoke of the ‘reasons of the heart which the reason knows not of’. Moreover, these reasons of the heart are the more interesting by virtue of being at least the more difficult and perhaps the more crucial. In these pages I want to examine the notion of reasons of the heart from the angle provided by the insights of Michael Polanyi. Space will not permit a review of the major features of Polanyi's crucial concept of tacit knowledge. 1 I shall simply introduce and explore certain of these features as they seem relevant to the main concern of the paper. I trust this can be done in such a way as to be both meaningful to the reader and fair to Polanyi.
Shorter Exposures to Harder X-Rays Trigger Early Apoptotic Events in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Background A long-standing conventional view of radiation-induced apoptosis is that increased exposure results in augmented apoptosis in a biological system, with a threshold below which radiation doses do not cause any significant increase in cell death. The consequences of this belief impact the extent to which malignant diseases and non-malignant conditions are therapeutically treated and how radiation is used in combination with other therapies. Our research challenges the current dogma of dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and establishes a new parallel paradigm to the photoelectric effect in biological systems. Methodology/Principal Findings We explored how the energy of individual X-ray photons and exposure time, both factors that determine the total dose, influence the occurrence of cell death in early Xenopus embryo. Three different experimental scenarios were analyzed and morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis were evaluated. Initially, we examined cell death events in embryos exposed to increasing incident energies when the exposure time was preset. Then, we evaluated the embryo's response when the exposure time was augmented while the energy value remained constant. Lastly, we studied the incidence of apoptosis in embryos exposed to an equal total dose of radiation that resulted from increasing the incoming energy while lowering the exposure time. Conclusions/Significance Overall, our data establish that the energy of the incident photon is a major contributor to the outcome of the biological system. In particular, for embryos exposed under identical conditions and delivered the same absorbed dose of radiation, the response is significantly increased when shorter bursts of more energetic photons are used. These results suggest that biological organisms display properties similar to the photoelectric effect in physical systems and provide new insights into how radiation-mediated apoptosis should be understood and utilized for therapeutic purposes.
Communication Strategies to Reduce Embarrassment Differences between Men and Women.

Differences between communication strategies found helpful in reducing embarrassment for men (N = 192) and women (N = 135) were analyzed using Discriminant Analysis. Relying on the theoretical framework of accounts, the results suggest women, in this population, tended to find more communication strategies represented excuses (denial of responsibility) helpful in reducing embarrassment. Men, in this population, tended to find communication strategies represented justifications (accepting of responsibility) more helpful in reducing embarrassment. A discussion as to why women tended to find excuses more helpful than men to reduce feelings of embarrassment is presented.
Simplifications in the Consideration of Mutual Effects between Half-Wave Dipoles in Collinear and Parallel Orientations

This paper presents a simplified approach for determining the absolute values of mutual impedance between half-wave dipoles in parallel and collinear orientations. The author feels justified in making simplifying assumptions because of two reasons, namely: (1) The results under this method are in close agreement with those under more exact methods; (2) under an exact method, the process of determning the absolute values of mutual impedance is quite complicated and time consuming.
Technical and Personal Factors Influencing Developers' Adoption of Security Tools

Security tools analyze programs to help software developers write more secure code. Although these tools have been demonstrated to find vulnerabilities that human developers may not, many developers do not use them, leaving software needlessly vulnerable. To help understand why, we describe a theoretical account of factors that influence developers' adoption decisions. This model was developed based on interviews with 42 professional developers, and is a first step toward a comprehensive theory of security tool adoption based on diffusion of innovations theory.
Femtosecond Spectroscopic Observations of Initial Intermediates in the Photocycle of the Photoactive Yellow Protein from Ectothiorhodospira halophila

Femtosecond time-resolved absorbance measurements were used to probe the subpicosecond primary events of the photoactive yellow protein (PYP), a 14-kD soluble photoreceptor from Ectothiorhodospira halophila. Previous picosecond absorption studies from our laboratory have revealed the presence of two new early photochemical intermediates in the PYP photocycle, I(0), which appears in </=3 ps, and I(0)(double dagger), which is formed in 220 ps, as well as stimulated emission from the PYP excited state. In the present study, kinetic measurements at two excitation wavelengths (395 nm and 460 nm) on either side of the PYP absorption maximum (446 nm) were undertaken using 100-fs pump and probe pulses. Global analysis over a range of probe wavelengths yielded time constants of 1.9 ps for the photochemical formation of the I(0) intermediate via the PYP excited state, and 3.4 ps for the repopulation of the ground state from the excited state. In addition to these pathways, 395 nm excitation also initiated an alternative route for PYP excitation and photochemistry, presumably involving a different excited electronic state of the chromophore. No photochemical intermediates formed before I(0) were observed. Based on these data, a quantum yield of 0.5-0.6 for I(0) formation was determined. The structural and mechanistic aspects of these results are discussed.
Histochemical and morphological study of dystrophic () and normal muscle

Abstract Morphological and histochemical techniques were utilized to study the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of normal ( C57BL 6J +/+) and dystrophic ( C57BL 6J dy 2J dy 2J ) mice. This is the first such histochemical study of dy 2J dy 2J muscle. The use of the succinic dehydrogenase and acid-stable and alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase reactions revealed that the dystrophic soleus muscles exhibited decreased numbers of intermediate type fibers, variable numbers of red type fibers, and increased numbers of “abnormal” type fibers compared to normal soleus muscles. The dystrophic intermediate fibers were hypertrophied, the red fibers tended to remain unchanged, and the abnormal fibers were atrophied in comparison to the normal muscle fibers. The dy 2J dy 2J gastrocnemius, unlike the soleus, was preferentially more severely “dystrophic” in one region (red) of the muscle than another (white). The altered histochemical staining of the superficial white region of the dy 2J dy 2J gastrocnemius resulted in a sharp decrease (13% to 16%) in the number of white fibers in a region almost 100% white in the normal animal. There is a possibility that indirect effects (i.e., altered functional demands) of the disease are responsible for the observed histochemical and morphological changes in the dystrophic muscle fibers.
Account Episodes in Organizations Remedial Work and Impression Management

Two studies were conducted to examine the communication and evaluation of accounts in organizational settings. Study 1 involved a survey of employees at a financial institution who recalled and reported on recent account episodes. Results supported Schonbach's theory of conflict escalation: Aggravating forms of reproaches elicited aggravating forms of accounts, as well as aggravating forms of evaluation. Mitigating forms of accounts were honored more frequently than aggravating accounts, but specific subcategories were significantly more effective than others. Both form of reproach and type of evaluation were significantly related to anger, stress, dissatisfaction, and complaints. Study 2 focused attention on the impression management function served by account giving. Some forms of accounts (i.e., excuses) were effective in exonerating the account-giver of blame but entailed negative consequences concerning the account-giver's image.
Risk Management of Exchange Rates in International Construction

International contractors must consider the substantial risks related to unexpected foreign exchange fluctuation when conducting their business and using foreign currencies in foreign countries. Most international contractors attempt to minimize foreign exchange exposure within a manageable range because it may influence the company's fundamental financial structure, reduce market value or profit margins, or disrupt ongoing and future projects. This research provides a qualitative study of existing foreign exchange exposure (transaction, operation, and translation exposure) and current and effective foreign exchange risk management in American and Korean international contractors, as they represent both new and long-time members of the global construction market. Finally, recommendations of strategies for new and existing international contractors to minimize and better manage foreign exchange risk will be offered.
SOLID PROPELLANT BURNING RATE DURING A PRESSURE TRANSIENT

Abstract It is well known that the burning rate of a solid propellant during a rapid pressure excursion is not given by the steady state relation, r = apn, but instead is generally a function of the pressure change rate, the pressure magnitude change, and properties of the propellant. An approximate but explicit relation for the non-steady burning rate as a function of these parameters is derived and compared with other treatments. Use of a current model for composite propellant combustion is made (Krier, et al., 1968). Discussion of the applicability of such explicit equations to predict burning extinction as a function of the pressure decay rate is also included.
Membrane binding and uptake of diflubenzuron in a cell line from Manduca sexta (L.)

The binding and accumulation of the chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron (DFB) by a cell line derived from embryonic tissue of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), was analyzed. A rapid and reversible binding to viable and nonviable cells suspended in the culture medium was observed at soluble concentrations of DFB for short exposure periods. Scatchard analysis gave no indication of a saturable uptake mechanism. The DFB-binding capacity of intact cells was found to be similar to that of a crude membrane preparation (70,000g pellet); however, plasma membrane-enriched fractions bound almost three times as much DFB as the homogenate. Repetitive shorttime incubations (up to 3 h) of suspended cells with DFB resulted in a stepwise intracellular accumulation of DFB. Treatment of growing cells with DFB at high concentrations (50 μM) of DFB for longer periods (up to 7 days) resulted in elevated intracellular accumulation of DFB, which exceeded the binding capacity of the cell membranes and the aqueous solubility of DFB. These results indicate that the intracellular crystals detected by transmission electron microscopy are precipitated DFB. No metabolites or other chemically modified products of intracellular DFB were detected by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after a 7-day incubation.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Ethyl N-Substituted Carbamates

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that ethyl N-substituted carbamates are present as single isomers in either deuterated chloroform or dimethylsulfoxide solvents. The thioncarbamates exist as cis-trans isomer mixtures. The polar and resonance character of the substituent affects the shielding and thus the chemical shift of the amide proton.
Comparisons of AM fungal spore communities with the same hosts but different soil chemistries over local and geographic scales.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous and ecologically important microbes in grasslands. Both the host plant species and soil properties have been suggested as potentially important factors structuring AM fungal communities based on studies within local field sites. However, characterizations of the communities in relation to both host plant identity and soil properties in natural plant communities across both local and broader geographic scales are rare. We examined the AM fungal spore communities associated with the same C4 grasses in two Eastern serpentine grasslands, where soils have elevated heavy metals, and two Iowa tallgrass prairie sites. We compared AM fungal spore communities among host plants within each site, looked for correlations between fungal communities and local soil properties, and then compared communities among sites. Spore communities did not vary with host plant species or correlate with local soil chemical properties at any site. They did not differ between the two serpentine sites or between the two prairie sites, despite geographic separation, but they did differ between serpentine and prairie. Soil characteristics are suggested as a driving force because spore communities were strongly correlated with soil properties when data from all four sites are considered, but climatic differences might also play a role.
Studies on base-exchange reactions of phospholipids in rat brain particles and a "solubilized" system.

Abstract A filtration-method on Millipore-membranes for the assay of the base-exchange reaction was described. Its advantage over the usual procedure based upon the extraction and the washing of lipids was discussed with the viewpoint of processing many samples, which would be indispensable for purifying the enzyme. The reaction showed an absolute dependency for calcium ion with different optimal concentrations for each of the three bases, a sensitivity to inhibition by high ionic strength, and a pH optimum around 9.0. Exogenously added phospholipid, asolectin, gave a slight stimulation for ethanolamine and l -serine incorporation at a low concentration while choline incorporation was essentially inhibited at all concentrations examined. In heat-denaturation experiments with the particulate and soluble the incorporation of choline into lipid was more sensitive than that of ethanolamine and l -serine. A developmental study showed that brain particles sedimenting between 10,000 and 35,000g prepared from rats aged 22–27 days readily incorporated ethanolamine, l -serine, and choline into their corresponding phosphatidyl compound. Several procedures for solubilization of the “base-exchange” enzyme were examined. The most effectively solubilized preparation was obtained by the use of an ionically balanced detergent, Miranol H2M. This preparation showed a marked dependency on exogenously added phospholipids for its maximal enzymic activity, had a pH optimum at around 7.2, and had an absolute requirement for Ca2+. This particular detergent at a concentration of 1% ( w v ) solubilized approximately 50% of the protein, and about 30% of the phospholipids, 40% of the cerebrosides, and only 11% of the cholesterol originally present in the particles. The relative proportions of different phospholipids solubilized by the detergent were, however, similar to those present in the original particles. The base-exchange reaction catalyzed by the solubilized enzyme was found to be highly sensitive to ionic strength, and the inhibitory effect of a specific monovalent cation paralleled its ionic size. Substantial differences in the Km value for each of the substrates with only slight differences in V were observed. The choice of solubilizing agents in relation to these properties and to the maintenance of the activity of the base-exchange reaction was discussed.
Moore’s paradox and Crimmins’s case

which are self-defeating in a way that prevents one from making an assertion with them.1 But Mark Crimmins has given us a case of a sentence that is syntactically just like (1) but is nonetheless assertible. Suppose I know somebody, and know or have excellent reason to believe that I know that very person under some other guise. I do not know what that other guise is, though I do know that I believe that the person I know under that other guise is an idiot. Call that other guise, under which I believe the person is an idiot, guise 2. And suppose I do not believe that the person I know under guise 1 is an idiot. Addressing that person under guise 1, then, I can sensibly assert
Special Finds: Locating Animism in the Archaeological Record

Ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts of the Andes are rich with descriptions of animated landscapes, substances and objects. It is widely held that these beliefs have deep roots in the pre-Columbian past, and archaeological literature on the Andes routinely draws upon these sources describing the religious importance of mountains, water, plants and animals. While this generalized sense of animism in prehistory is accepted, locating animism archaeologically presents more of a challenge, and like investigations into religion and ritual more broadly, often focuses on special object categories. Spectacular items of fine-quality, exotic materials, or restricted circulation are singled out as ‘special’ by archaeologists, while objects such as plain pots or tools are interpreted as mundanely functional. Further, animistic interpretations that lean heavily on ethnographic analogy run the risk of simply identifying traits in the past which match up with accounts from more recent times. Using materials from the Wari site of Conchopata in the central Andes of Peru, I take up the idea of animism as a ‘relational epistemology’ (Bird-David 1999). This view repositions animism as something that arises out of an ongoing engagement between humans and the world they inhabit rather than as a set of beliefs. This move begins to dissolve the categories of sacred and profane that are embedded in historical studies of religion. Recent shifts in archaeological approaches to ritual provide methodological frameworks for exploring how mundane objects may be transformed into sacred and further allow us to interrogate changes in practice and highlight variation in how animism was deployed in specific locales concurrent with larger social changes.
Mixed connective tissue disease in childhood: A clinical and serologic survey

Mixed connective tissue disease is a syndrome with overlapping clinical features of SLE, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Only one other child with MCTD has been described in detail. In this study 14 children with MCTD are described. Each had overlapping clinical findings that evolved over an extended period of observation, and all 14 had high serum titers of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP. A serologic survey of 127 children with various rheumatic diseases confirmed the specificity of high titer of speckled ANA and antibodies to RNP for MCTD in children. Significant cardiac and renal involvement, and thrombocytopenia, may be more common in affected children than in adults with MCTD, may lead to longer therapy with higher doses of a corticosteroid, and may contribute to a more serious prognosis than in adults.
Attacks and Defenses for JTAG

JTAG is a well-known standard mechanism for in-field test. Although it provides high controllability and observability, it also poses great security challenges. This article analyzes various attacks and proposes protection schemes.
Low-grade collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney : report of 13 cases of low-grade mucinous tubulocystic renal carcinoma of possible collecting duct origin

Abstract Objectives To assess the nature of a series of unusual low-grade mucin-producing tubulocystic renal cancers diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic since 1985. Methods We reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of 13 unusual low-grade renal carcinomas with features most suggestive of collecting duct origin. Results In 8 cases, the tumor was discovered incidentally. Presenting symptoms in the other 5 patients were similar to those of typical renal carcinoma. Imaging studies and angiography disclosed solid, cystic, or complex masses that were relatively avascular. Pathologic assessment revealed good circumscription, minimal hemorrhage and/or necrosis, minimal tendency to extend beyond the kidney, tubulocystic architecture, a fibrotic interface with adjacent normal renal parenchyma, low nuclear grade, and minimal mitotic activity. Mucin production was noted in all evaluable cases. All tumors expressed keratins AE1/AE3 and/or Cam 5.2. The tumors showed immunoreactivity to antibodies directed against keratin 34 β E12 (8 of 13 cases), and Ulex Europeus antigen I (6 of 10 cases). Follow-up ranged from 12 to 114 months (mean 62). No metastases occurred in 12 patients. One patient died of metastatic carcinoma morphologically identical to the primary renal neoplasm 46 months after his tumor had been misinterpreted as a benign condition. Conclusions We believe the tumors described in this article may be of collecting duct origin, representing the low-grade end of a spectrum of cancers arising in collecting duct epithelium.
Chronic gastric volvulus and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in an infant.

Chronic secondary mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis has rarely been mentioned in the general medical literature. We report the case of a 2-month-old boy whose clinical symptoms, which included distension of the stomach and projectile vomiting, suggested the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis but who was later diagnosed with chronic secondary mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus. Sonographic examination revealed findings consistent with a rotated stomach, and subsequent plain chest radiography demonstrated a left diaphragmatic eventration. An upper gastrointestinal series radiographic examination with barium contrast enhancement confirmed the diagnosis of mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus. Surgery was performed, and the boy recovered well. A follow-up sonographic examination performed 3 months post-operatively revealed no abnormalities. This case demonstrates that primary or secondary gastric volvulus, although rare in children, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients with a history of vomiting.
Smart damage prediction: a distance-to-bifurcation-based approach

Damage detection and prediction is essential for structural health monitoring. Vibration based methods have been used in health monitoring. In this work damage is proposed to be a nonlinear dynamical phenomenon and can be analyzed by utilizing the bifurcation theory. A methodology for predicting failure is proposed which utilizes the concepts of distance to stability boundary as estimated by bifurcation analysis. The proposed methodology is illustrated by developing bifurcation boundary for a two degree of freedom nonlinear mass-spring-damper system. Two damage models are investigated to illustrate the utility the proposed methodology in capturing and estimating the evolution of damage phenomenon.
Do reproductive strategy and breeding season influence the presence of mate recognition in the intertidal snail Littorina

Summary To test the assumption that littorinid snails do not discriminate between mates prior to copulation, I studied mate recognition behaviour in two species of Littorina on Swedish rocky shores: L. littorea (which has pelagic development and a distinct reproductive season) and L. saxatilis (non-pelagic development; reproduces throughout the year). Copulating pairs were sampled in five populations of each species to determine the occurrence of maladaptive (male-male or male-juvenile) matings. To complement the field sampling I did laboratory experiments on mucous-trail following, to reveal possible discriminating behaviour among potential mates when following mucous trails. In L. littorea about 5% of copulating pairs were between males, while in L. saxatilis, 33–38% were male-male or male-juvenile pairs. In contrast to L. littorea, this study showed that males of L. saxatilis did not discriminate between sexes from mucous trails, but followed any mucous trail (irrespective of sex of marker snail) for l...