cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular injury induces angiotensinogen gene expression in the media and neointima.

BACKGROUND Angiotensin II promotes growth of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro via the autocrine production of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta. Furthermore, experimental studies have demonstrated that angiotensin infusion can enhance smooth muscle proliferation after balloon injury in vivo. Consistent with this, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to prevent myointimal proliferation. The origin of vascular angiotensin that participate in this process is of interest. We have demonstrated the presence of angiotensinogen messenger RNA (mRNA) in the adventitial and medial layers of the rat aorta and have speculated that local angiotensinogen production may play an important role during myointimal proliferation. To provide further evidence toward this hypothesis, we compared the localization and expression of angiotensinogen mRNA in control and balloon injured vessels using in situ hybridization. METHODS AND RESULTS Abdominal aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied before or after injury with a balloon catheter. Neointimal hyperplasia developed as documented morphologically by a progressive increase in the ratio of neointimal to medial thickness from 0.17 at 1 week to 1.17 at 6 weeks after injury. Angiotensinogen mRNA was detected clearly in the adventitia and media of control and injured aorta. However, at 1 week after injury, the medial-to-adventitial angiotensinogen mRNA ratio was higher in the injured aorta, suggesting increased gene expression in the media compared with control. Of potential importance, angiotensinogen mRNA was also detected in the neointima of the injured aorta, and this was also highest at 1 week after injury. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with the hypothesis that balloon injury leads to activation of the vascular renin-angiotensin system, which may participate in the myointimal proliferation.
Are behavioral effects of early experience mediated by oxytocin

Early experiences can alter adaptive emotional responses necessary for social behavior as well as physiological reactivity in the face of challenge. In the highly social prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), manipulations in early life or hormonal treatments specifically targeted at the neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), have long-lasting, often sexually dimorphic, consequences for social behavior. Here we examine the hypothesis that behavioral changes associated with differential early experience, in this case handling the family during the first week of life, may be mediated by changes in OT or AVP or their brain receptors. Four early treatment groups were used, differing only in the amount of manipulation received during the first week of life. MAN1 animals were handled once on post-natal day 1; MAN1 treatment produces a pattern of behavior usually considered typical of this species, against which other groups were compared. MAN1-7 animals were handled once a day for post-natal days 1-7, MAN 7 animals were handled once on post-natal day 7, and MAN0 animals received no handling during the first week of life. When tested following weaning, males in groups that had received manipulation during the first few days of life (MAN1 and MAN1-7) displayed higher alloparenting than other groups. Neuroendocrine measures, including OT receptor binding and OT and AVP immunoreactivity, varied by early treatment. In brain areas including the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and lateral septum, MAN0 females showed increased OT receptor binding. MAN1 animals also displayed higher numbers of immunoreactive OT cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus. Taken together these findings support the broader hypothesis that experiences in the first few days of life, mediated in part by sexually dimorphic changes in neuropeptides, especially in the receptor for OT, may have adaptive consequences for sociality and emotion regulation.
Film thickness dependence of critical current density for YBa2Cu3O7 films post-annealed at a low oxygen partial pressure

The variation of critical current density at 77 K as a function of film thickness was studied for YBa2Cu3O7 films on (100) LaAlO3 substrates. Film thicknesses were in the range 0.2–1.6μm. The films were deposited by co-evaporation and post-annealed under conditions which have previously resulted in high-quality films (750°C and an oxygen partial pressure of 29 Pa). The critical current density at 77 K exceeds 1 MA cm−2 for the thinner films, and decreases with increasing film thickness in excess of about 0.4μm. The decrease is in rough agreement with a switch fromc-axis toa-axis growth at about this critical thickness. A good anticorrelation was found between room temperature resistivity and critical current density at 77 K. The results are compared to those obtained before by post-annealing at 850°C in 1 atm of oxygen.
A β-glucuronidase deficiency mucopolysaccharidosis: studies in cultured fibroblasts

Cultured skin fibroblasts derived from a patient with an atypical mucopolysaccharidosis are severely deficient in β-glucuronidase (β- d -glucuronide glucuronohydrolase). These fibroblasts display an, excessive accumulation and lengthened turnover time of sulfated mucopolysaccharide. The abnormal mucopolysaccharide metabolism can be corrected by addition of bovine β-glucuronidase to the culture medium. Identity of corrective factor and β-glucuronidase was demonstrated by coelectrophoresis of the two activities in polyacrylamide gel. Cells are able to take up β-glucuronidase in amounts far exceeding the requirement for full correction.
Neurotoxicant-induced elevation of adrenomedullin expression in hippocampus and glia cultures.

Adrenomedullin (AM), a vasoactive peptide first isolated from pheochromocytoma, has been reported to be present in neurons in the central nervous system and in tumors of neural and glial origin. In this study, we investigated AM expression both in the hippocampus and in glial cell cultures using a chemical-induced model of injury. An acute intraperitoneal injection of the organometal trimethyltin (TMT) results in neurodegeneration of the hippocampal CA3–4 pyramidal cell layer. Within 4 days of injection, sparse, punctate staining for AM and lectin was evident in the CA3–4 region; by 10 days, a minimal level of CA3–4 neuronal degeneration was evident, with an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes throughout the hippocampus. Degeneration progressed in severity until 30 days post-TMT, with distinct positive immunoreactivity for AM in the CA4 region. mRNA levels for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, GFAP, and AM in the hippocampus were increased over control levels within 4 days following TMT. In cultured glial cells, a 6 hr exposure to TMT (10 μM) produced a morphological response of the cells and increased immunoreactivity for vimentin, GFAP, and AM. mRNA levels for TNFα, IL-1α, GFAP, vimentin, and AM were elevated within 3–6 hr of exposure. In culture, neutralizing antibodies to IL-1α and TNFα were effective in inhibiting the TMT-induced elevation of AM mRNA. These data suggest an interaction between the proinflammatory cytokines and glia response in the regulation of AM in response to injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:464–474, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of genetically determined immune dysfunction

Spontaneous autoimmunity in New Zealand mice and the absence of a thymus in the hairless mutant nude mice were the first examples of genetically determined immunologic dysfunction to be discovered in mice. Now several others are known, involving different mutations such as beige (bg), X-linked immunodeficiency (xid), lymphoproliferativn (lpr), generalized lymphoproliferative disease (gld), lipopolysaccharide responsiveness(Lps), severe combined immunodeficiency (scid), motheaten (me), and the Y-linked autoimmune accelerator gene (Yaa) of BXSB mice. These have enhanced our understanding of immune deficiency autoimmunity, and the relationship between the two, as well as (in some instances) the development of lymphoma.
Control of exocellular proteases in dermatophytes and especially Trichophyton rubrum

The production of proteases was investigated during growth of dermatophytic fungi with special emphasis on Trichophyton rubrum. Exogenous glucose suppressed elastase production in all dermatophytes examined. The production of protease active against guinea pig hair in keratinsalts broth by Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum was also suppressed by glucose. Various carbohydrates added to keratin-salts broth curtailed protease production by T. rubrum as did individual amino acids but ammonium phosphate did not.Enzyme activities against guinea pig hair were compared in twenty-one diverse clinical isolates of T. rubrum cultured in keratin-salts broth. Activity also occurred towards casein, bovine serum albumin, keratin, collagen and elastin after keratin-growth. Studies concerning the properties of enzyme activities in culture filtrates of T. rubrum after keratin-growth suggested that multiple proteases occurred here. Hydrolysis of guinea pig hair and elastin were optimal at pH7 whi...
A viral strategy to ambush tumors.

A new combinatorial approach harnesses the power of immuno- and virotherapy in a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector carrying a cDNA library that expresses normal human prostate antigens, thus providing proof of principle that this vaccine can induce prostate tumor rejection in mice (pages 854–859). This strategy might bypass many of the issues associated with conventional cancer immuno- or virotherapy.
An analysis of the prolactin surge

Daily sera from normally menstruating women analysed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) with prolactin kits from NIH showed midcycle prolactin elevations coinciding with LH surge. No such elevations were observed with Serono prolactin kit. Sera assayed both at NIH and Population Council laboratories confirmed the higher prolactin values measured by NIH kit. Evaluation studies showed no antisera contamination in both kits, but confirmed LH-contamination of the NIH hPRL VLS4 tracer. This may explain the reported wide prolactin variations.
The effects of adriamycin on murine duodenal crypt cell proliferation.

Abstract The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of Adriamycin (10 mg/kg of body weight) on the cellular proliferation of murine duodenal crypt cells were measured by 3 H-TdR incorporation into duodenal DNA and 3 H-TdR autoradiography. This Adriamycin treatment maximally inhibited the 3 H-TdR incorporation at 16 hr postinjection and the inhibition was directly related to a reduction in the cellular rate of DNA synthesis, not to a change in the relative number of cells in the S-phase. The rate of DNA synthesis returned to the control mean by 48 hr and then exceeded it between 74 and 120 hr. The Adriamycin treatment also produced cytotoxicity in the duodenal crypts, and pyknosis and karyorrhexis were still evident 96 hr after the injection; however, there was no evidence to suggest a significant Adriamycin-induced perturbation in the cell-cycle kinetics of those cells which appeared viable, morphologically.
Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of Fe2F5·7H2O related compounds and their thermal decomposition products

Abstract The structures of Fe(III)M(II)F5·7H2O (where MZn, Co and Fe) were studied from room temperature to 78°K using Mossbauer resonance spectroscopy and they were confirmed to be isostructural. Similar measurements on the dihydrates formed by heating the samples to temperatures in the range of 75–115°C show these also to be isostructural. The compound AlFe(II)F5·7H2O behaves similarly. The temperature dependence of the quadrupole-splitting is interpreted as a change from discrete, octahedrally coordinated metal ions in the heptahydrate to face-shared octahedrally coordinated ions in the dihydrate.
Immune reactivity of frozen-thawed murine spleen cells.

Abstract Spleen cells from mice immunized with SRBC were subjected to controlled rate freezing to −100 °C. Complete recovery of PFC was obtained with DMSO used as the cryopreservative. Simple dilution of spleen cells in DMSO, or a single cycle of freezing and thawing in DMSO prior to short-term culture, resulted in early loss of recoverable cells. A single cycle of freezing and thawing inhibited the in vitro immune response to SRBC while having little effect on the response to TNP-T4. The in vitro blastogenic responses to LPS and PHA-P were severely reduced in cultures of frozen and thawed cells.
Evidence that DNA fragmentation in apoptosis is initiated and propagated by single-strand breaks.

Apoptosis is characterised by the degradation of DNA into a specific pattern of high and low molecular weight fragments seen on agarose gels as a distribution of sizes between 50 – 300 kb and sometimes, but not always, a ladder of smaller oligonucleosomal fragments. Using a 2D pulsed field-conventional agarose gel electrophoresis technique, where the second dimension is run under either normal or denaturing conditions, we show that single-strand breaks are introduced into DNA at the initial stages of fragmentation. Using single-strand specific nuclease probes we further show that the complete fragmentation pattern, including release of small oligonucleosomal fragments can also be generated by a single-strand endonuclease. Three classes of sites where single-strand breaks accumulate were identified. The initial breaks produce a distribution of fragment sizes (50 kb to >1 Mb) similar to those generated by Topoisomerase II inhibitors suggesting that cleavage may commence at sites of attachment of DNA to the nuclear matrix. A second class of rare sites is also cut further reducing the size distribution of the fragments to 50-300 kb. Thirdly, single-strand breaks accumulate at the linker region between nucleosomes eventually causing double-strand scissions which release oligonucleosomes. These observations further define the properties of the endonuclease responsible for DNA fragmentation in apoptosis.
Recruitment of host CD8+ T cells by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and recombinant interleukin-2 during adoptive immunotherapy of cancer

Background. Previously we demonstrated that optimal doses of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) concomitant with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) effectively mediated complete tumor regression of murien 3-day pulmonary metastases. Methods. In the present study we have investigated the contribution of the host immune response to the effectiveness of adoptive immunotherapy with TIL in combination with low-dose rIL-2. All experiments were performed in a murine pulmonary metastases model induced by intravenous injection of methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCA-105) cells into C57BL/6 mice. As a novel approach we used monoclonal antibody specific for CD4 + or CD8 + T cells to deplete the host of its T-cell subpopulations. Results. Depletion of host CD8 + T cells 24 hours after tumor injection and 48 hours before TIL + rIL-2 treatment abrogated all antitumor activity of this type of immunotherapy and resulted in significant metastatic pulmonary disease (p + T cells did not alter the efficacy of TIL + rIL-2 treatment in tumor eradication. The loss of tumoricidal activity of TIL + rIL-2 treatment in a CD8 + T cell-depleted host could be overcome by adding back normal uneducated splenocytes 2 hours after TIL therapy (p − splenocytes to a CD8 + T cell-depleted host 2 hours after TIL + rIL-2 treatment resulted in significant pulmonary disease comparable to untreated animals. Conclusions. We conclude that the recruitment of host CD8 + T cells by adoptively transferred TIL + rIL-2 appears to be important for effective tumor eradication in this type of immunotherapy.
B-cell-mediated lysis of cells infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus.

Cells expressing the spike (S) glycoprotein of the neurotropic JHM strain (JHMV) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) are susceptible to lysis by B cells derived from naive mice, including B cells from perforin-deficient mice. Cytolysis requires interaction of the virus receptor and the viral S glycoprotein, is independent of other viral-induced components, and is not a unique property of B cells. Neutralizing anti-S-protein monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and a mAb specific for the viral receptor inhibit lysis. However, cells infected with an MHV strain unable to induce cell-cell fusion are resistant to lysis and lysis of JHMV-infected cells is inhibited by an anti-S-protein nonneutralizing mAb which prevents S-protein-mediated cell fusion. These data suggest that B cells may function as antibody-independent innate immune response during JHMV infection in vivo.
Infrared grism spectrograph using a binary-optical grating

ABSTRACT We describe a slitless spectrograph designed for use in the infrared region between 2.6 and 5.2 rim. The dispersingelement is a grism fabricated insiliconby binary-optical techniques. This approach permits the incorporation of aberrationcorrection into the grating element. When combined with simple, all-silicon field and camera optics, the grism forms zero.order images and 3.5mm-long dispersed spectra on a 256 x 256 element array of38jim InSb detectors. Interchangeable field lenses provide for 8:1, 6:1, and 4:1 reduction to final focal ratio of f12.5. 1. INTRODUCTIONSlitless spectrographs that use transmission gratings have been widely employed for surveys in the visible part of the spectnirn (Hoag and Schroeder (1970); Bowen and Vaughn (1973); Schroeder (1987)). In the infrared, such instrumentsalso promise to be useful for observing objects whose positions are poorly known or which have invisible counterparts. As aresult, some designers of infrared cameras have incorporated low.resolution transmission gratings into their instruments (e.g.
Moral Integrity and Moral Psychology : A Refutation of Two Accounts of the Conflict between Utilitarianism and Integrity

Sur les critiques de l'utilitarisme de l'acte selon lesquelles ce dernier ne respecterait pas l'integrite des personnes.
Maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk for perinatal maternal depression

Objective. A systematic review was conducted to assess the possible association between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation and intake in the perinatal period and the risk of maternal perinatal depression.Methods. Two PubMed searches and a BIOSIS Preview, a Web of Science and a PsychInfo search were conducted with the search terms ‘DHA, pregnancy and depression’ and ‘omega-3 fatty acids, pregnancy and depression’.Results. Ten articles – three longitudinal cohort studies, five randomized controlled trials and two pilot trials– that met selection criteria were reviewed. Six found no association, two found mixed results, and two found a positive association between omega-3 PUFAs and reduced incidence of maternal perinatal depression. The heterogeneity of results can be explained by dissimilar study designs, including differences in study duration, time period of measurement and number of participants, and in varied dosages and types of supplemental PUFAs. Some of the larger studies and ...
Studies on galactosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase

Abstract Galactosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase activity was measured in extracts of previously frozen human brain. Using the assay methods described here, both galactosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide gave Michaelis constants of about 20 μM. Evidence from these studies indicates that at least a major portion of human brain lactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase activity is identical to galactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase activity. The evidence includes the following: co-purification by all methods tried, identical heat denaturation pattern under various conditions, same response to chemical inhibitors or stimulators, competitive inhibition with either substrate by the other, and severe deficiency of both galactosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide β-galactosidase activity in all tissues tested from patients with Krabbe's disease. Liver, brain, fibroblast, leukocyte and spleen extracts from patients with GM1 gangliosidosis had normal ability to degrade both galactosyl ceramide and lactosyl ceramide.
Role of Obesity in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Barrett’s Esophagus

Central obesity is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of Barrettâ€™s esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Involved are likely both mechanical and nonmechanical effects. Mechanical effects of increased abdominal fat cause disruption of the gastroesophageal reflux barrier leading to increased reflux events. Nonmechanical effects may be mediated by inflammation, via classically activated macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines such as Leptin, all of which likely potentiate reflux-mediated inflammation. Insulin resistance, associated with central obesity, is also associated with both Barrettâ€™s pathogenesis and progression to adenocarcinoma. Molecular pathways activated in obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance overlap with those involved in Barrettâ€™s pathogenesis and progression.
The N-seasons S-servers loss system

Etude d'une classe de systemes avec perte avec des durees de service exponentielles et un processus d'arrivee de Poisson avec un taux qui varie periodiquement entre N niveaux appeles saisons. On etudie deux cas particuliers pour lesquels on obtient les solutions a l'etat transitoire et, a l'etat stationnaire et on montre que les pertes sont minimisees lorsque les taux d'arrivee pour toutes les saisons sont egaux
Application of free electron lasers in communication

Abstract The basic requirements of communication networks will be reviewed. The projected performance of free electron lasers will be evaluated and compared to these requirements.
A cultivar comparison of plant regeneration from suspension cells, callus, and cormel slices ofGladiolus

Callus was initiated from either cormel slices or in vitro-grown plants of sixGladiolus cultivars cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s basal salts medium supplemented with either 10 mg/liter (53.8 µM) 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2 mg/liter (9.3 µM) dicamba, or 0.5 mg/liter (2.2 µM) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. More plants were regenerated from callus of the cultivar “Peter Pears” as compared to “Jenny Lee,” “Florida Flame,” or “Golden Year.” No plants were regenerated from callus of “Rosa Supreme” or “Purity White.” Plants were regenerated from 2 and 6-mo.-old suspension cells of “Jenny Lee” and “Peter Pears” but not from “Florida Flame.” Cormel slices cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s basal salts medium supplemented with 1 mg/liter (4.4 µM) 6-benzylaminopurine regenerated plants from all six cultivars indicating a cultivar-independent system of plant regeneration.
Arthroscopic patellar "bankart" repair after acute dislocation.

Abstract We present a case of acute patellar dislocation in a skeletally immature patient treated with arthroscopic medial patellofemoral ligamentous complex repair using suture anchors with a horizontal mattress suture technique. Patellar dislocation is a common problem in the skeletally immature. Treatment is controversial for first-time dislocators because of the high rate of recurrent instability and functional disability in these patients. Surgical repair of the medial restraints may decrease recurrent instability, although anterior knee pain and crepitus is a common finding after open surgical techniques. Arthroscopic medial retinacular imbrication has been described for patients with persistent instability with good short-term results. Acute dislocations may cause avulsion of the medial patellofemoral ligamentous complex from the patella; this is amenable to direct primary repair to prevent recurrent instability and avoid the morbidity of open surgery. This technique recreates normal anatomy and function with minimally invasive surgery.
Q-band Electron Nuclear Double Resonance of Ferric Bleomycin and Activated Bleomycin Complexes with DNA: Fe(III) Hyperfine Interaction with 31P and DNA-Induced Perturbation to Bleomycin Structure

Q-band electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) has measured anisotropic, distance-dependent dipolar hyperfine couplings from iron in ferric bleomycin [Fe(III)-BLM] and in activated bleomycin [Act...
Expansion of the weak mixing matrix in powers of 1/ m b and 1/ m t

We perform a 1/${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{b}}$ and 1/${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{t}}$ expansion of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix. Data suggest that the dominant parts of the Yukawa couplings are factorizable into sets of numbers \ensuremath{\Vert}r〉, \ensuremath{\Vert}s〉, and \ensuremath{\Vert}s'〉, associated, respectively, with the left-handed doublets, the right-handed up singlets, and the right-handed down singlets. The first order expansion is consistent with Wolfenstein parametrization, which is an expansion in sin${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ to third order. The mixing matrix elements in the present approach are partitioned into factors determined by the relative orientations of \ensuremath{\Vert}r〉, \ensuremath{\Vert}s〉, and \ensuremath{\Vert}s'〉 and the dynamics provided by the subdominant mass matrices. A short discussion is given of some experimental support and a generalized Fritzsch model is used to contrast our approach.
Radiation characteristics of a source in a thin substrate mounted over a dielectric medium

The radiation pattern of a line source is calculated for the case in which the source is lying on the top or the bottom surface of a lossless dielectric substrate that is mounted on the top of semi-infinite dielectric medium. It is found that in both cases the pattern along the interfaces has a null; that the pattern in the upper semi-infinite medium has a single lobe; and that the pattern in the lower semi-infinite medium has many lobes, the number of which varies with the substrate thickness. In both cases, the power radiated into the lower medium is more than that radiated into the upper medium. Applications of this calculation to remote sensing, microstrip antenna technology, and antenna arrays are discussed. >
Obesity, bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes—a systematic review

Obesity is endemic in the United States and is closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. Both obesity and diabetes are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Likewise, both conditions are resistant to treatment. Recent studies have evaluated prevention of type 2 diabetes through intensive lifestyle intervention, while others are examining the impact of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes. This article presents an overview of the impact of bariatric surgical and lifestyle interventions on the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Although studies using a variety of bariatric surgical techniques are included, the focus is on two interventions in particular: the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and the laparoscopic silicone gastric banding procedure. Outcomes of these procedures are further contrasted with recent lifestyle intervention studies, in particular, the Diabetes Prevention Program study. Gastric bypass studies have been associated with a 99 to 100% prevention of diabetes in patients with IGT and an 80 to 90% clinical resolution of diagnosed early type 2 diabetes. Gastric banding procedures are associated with a lower median (50-60%) clinical remission of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle intervention studies of obese and glucose-intolerant patients have achieved a 50% reduction in the progression of IGT to diabetes over the short term, with no reported resolution of the disease. Weight loss by any means in the obese patient appears to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes, at least in the short term. Furthermore, sustained weight loss through bariatric surgical intervention is associated both with prevention of progression of IGT and with clinical remission of early type 2 diabetes.
Use of a “sandwich” technique to control image geometry in clinical studies comparing intraoral xeroradiographs and E-speed films

A method of superimposing a film on a xeroradiographic (XR) cassette for simultaneous intraoral exposure is evaluated for use as an imaging technique in clinical studies comparing Ektaspeed film and XR images. Sandwich images were indistinguishable from those produced by conventional technique. Pilot studies were conducted with 104 patients who had symptomatic dental problems. No significant differences were found in diagnostic usefulness or image quality between XR and film radiographs when sign test analysis was used. The sandwich technique yielded film and XR images with duplicate image geometry while reducing patient exposures to one half of that used in conventional image comparison protocols.
Chemical synthesis of biotinylated histones and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/streptavidin-peroxidase.

Abstract Recently, Hymes and co-workers demonstrated that human biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12) specifically biotinylates histones, suggesting that biotin may have a specific role in transcription and replication of DNA. In the present study, we sought to biotinylate histones in vitro for later use as standards in the quantitation of histones biotinylated in vivo. We also sought to develop a procedure for electrophoretic separation and streptavidin–peroxidase detection of the various classes of biotinylated histones. Histones H1, H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 from calf thymus were biotinylated using sulfosuccinimidobiotin at pH 7.5. Stoichiometries of biotin/histone were determined either by 4′-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid/avidin assay or by avidin-binding assay. The stoichiometries of biotinylation (mol biotin/mol histone) were as follows: H1, 3.9 ± 0.17; H2a, 1.7 ± 0.11; H2b, 1.8 ± 0.11; H3, 0.029 ± 0.0012; H4, 0.006 ± 0.0002. When two synthetic polypeptides were used as substrates for biotinylation, the stoichiometry of poly- l -lysine was 2.8 ± 0.14 mol biotin/mol; in contrast, the stoichiometry of poly- l -arginine was less than 0.3 × 10 −3 mol biotin/mol. These data suggest that primary amino groups of histones biotinylated by sulfosuccinimidobiotin were lysine rather than arginine. Detection and identification of biotinylated histones were accomplished by electrophoretic separation on 16% polyacrylamide gels; the separated histones on nitrocellulose transblots of the gels were detected using streptavidin–peroxidase with 4-chloro-1-naphthol as the substrate. We conclude that sulfosuccinimidobiotin does biotinylate each of the five classes of histones and that the stoichiometry of biotinylation is sufficient for detection on nitrocellulose transblots by streptavidin–peroxidase.
How does your virus grow? Understanding and interfering with virus assembly.

Abstract Viruses have a coat to protect their genome. For about half of the known virus families, the coat is a ‘spherical' or icosahedral capsid. The capsid can also play a role in binding to a host cell and in movement of the virus within it. Capsids are composed of hundreds of copies of individual components that must assemble rapidly and reproducibly on a biological timescale. Assembly implies stability, but many viruses also require a ‘switch' that renders the capsid unstable so that the viral genome can be released. Although interfering with capsid assembly and stability could be an important target for antiviral therapeutics, no such therapeutics are currently available. We are just beginning to understand how to analyze the stability and the assembly kinetics of capsids.
Ground-state thermomechanical properties of some cubic elements in the local-density formalism

We show that the cohesive energy, lattice constant, and bulk modulus of Li, Be, Na, Al, Ar, K, Ca, and Cu can be calculated using the local-density scheme of Kohn and Sham, to within \ensuremath{\sim}20%, \ensuremath{\sim}0.3 Bohr radii, and \ensuremath{\sim}10%, respectively, of experimental values. These calculations are truly a priori in that the only inputs are the atomic number $Z$ and the zero-point lattice properties. Self-consistent crystal calculations were performed using the muffin-tin approximation, and atomic calculations were performed using the spin-polarized exchange-correlation functional constructed by von Barth and Hedin. The results show that these approximations are adequate for computing the equilibrium properties of crystals (errors in the computed pressure-volume relations are less than \ensuremath{\sim} 10 kbar), but errors occur in the atomic calculations for atoms with more than one electron outside a closed shell, and possibly in the muffin-tin approximation for transition-element crystals.
Transduction mechanism in olfaction and gustation.

THE natures of energy transformations between animals and their environments are poorly understood1 and in particular the mechanisms of olfaction and gustation remain unknown2. Here I report evidence which suggests a quinone-quinol (oxidation-reduction) transduction of stimulant energy from olfactory and gustatory chemicals into the nervous system of the beetle, Scolytus multistriatus.
Temporospatial expression of the small HSP/αB-crystallin in cardiac and skeletal muscle during mouse development

Although the small (22 Kd) heat shock protein/αB-crystallin functions as a major structural protein and molecular chaperone in the vertebrate lens, little is known about the protein's role in nonlenticular tissues such as the heart and skeletal muscle. Recent studies have demonstrated that αB-crystallin expression is uniquely regulated during myogenesis in vitro. We report here for the first time that the temporal and spatial expression of αB-crystallin is similarly regulated in vivo during mouse embryogenesis. Expression of αB-crystallin mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in the primitive heart at 8.5 days post-conception (p.c.) and in the myotome of the somites at 10.5 days p.c. This tissue-restricted pattern was corroborated by immunohistochemical studies. αB-crystallin mRNA and protein expression were uniform in the developing atria and ventricles without regional differences or gradients. αB-crystallin expression was absent in the endocardial cushion, pulmonary trunk, aorta, and endothelium. Examination of muscle precursors revealed expression throughout the dorsoventral aspect of the myotomes and in developing skeletal muscle. Our findings suggest that αB-crystallin may serve pivotal roles as a structural protein and a molecular chaperone in myofiber stabilization of metabolically active tissues during early embryo-genesis. Thus, early αB-crystallin expression in myogenic lineages supports the hypothesis that the putative functions of αB-crystallin are coupled to the activation of genetic programs responsible for myogenic differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 208:75–84, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Distribution of Chlorides and Bicarbonates in Blood Following Addition of Hydrochloric Acid

SummaryAn investigation has been made of certain aspects of Van Slyke's laws concerning the distribution of ions between red cells and plasma at different pH values. When hydrochloric acid was used to bring about variations in blood pH, losses of CO2-from plasma water and cell water were equal, so that the ratio (HCO3)c/(HCO3)s remained unchanged and equal to unity at all pH values. The values of (Cl)c/(Cl)s at different pH values did not parallel the values of (HCO3)c/(HCO3)s but gradually rose to unity at values of pH which varied, the actual value appearing to depend upon and to vary with the red cell content of the blood.
Nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy and coherent control in solid, liquid, and gas phases

Terahertz fields reaching MV/cm levels induce nonlinear responses in a wide range of materials. Highly nonlinear electronic and structural phase transitions and coherent control over multiple gas-phase rotational coherences will be highlighted.
Differential distribution and function of microtubules and microfilaments in sea urchin coelomocytes

Sea urchin coelomocytes were used as a model system to investigate the distribution and role of microtubules and microfilaments in cell spreading and filopodial formation. By using immunoblot characterized antisera to tubulin and actin coupled with immunofluorescence techniques, cellular protrusions were seen to contain actin filaments but no microtubules. Cells depleted of MT's by cold and colcemid treatments could attach, spread, and transform to the filopodial morphology normally.
Marker Development and Saturation Mapping of the Tan Spot Ptr ToxB Sensitivity Locus Tsc2 in Hexaploid Wheat

Ptr ToxB is a host-selective toxin produced by the tan spot fungus, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, that induces chlorosis in wheat lines harboring the Tsc2 gene, which was previously mapped to chromosome arm 2BS in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). In this study, molecular mapping in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the Ptr ToxB-sensitive ‘Katepwa’ and the Ptr ToxB-insensitive landrace Salamouni (Salamouni × Katepwa [SK] population) confi rmed the location of Tsc2 on 2BS in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Analysis of an F2 population derived from the same parents indicated that a single dominant gene governed Ptr ToxB sensitivity. Thirteen microsatellite markers were used to construct a basic linkage map of the Tsc2 region in the SK population, and 14 additional markers developed from bin-mapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and from ESTs identifi ed based on colinearity with rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. were mapped to the Tsc2 region. Tsc2 was delineated to a 3.3 cM interval and cosegregated with marker XBE444541. Spore inoculations and composite interval-regression mapping demonstrated that a compatible Tsc2-Ptr ToxB interaction accounted for 54% of the variation in disease expression. Analysis of Ptr ToxB-sensitive and-insensitive genotypes suggested that XBE444541 is diagnostic for Tsc2 and should be useful for marker-assisted selection.
Tri-modality ultrasound imaging system: Design and phantom experiment results

Most pathological processes due to disease, transplantation, or implantation of engineered tissue constructs result in complex changes to tissue. These changes can lead to morphological, compositional, mechanical, and functional differences which can be used for diagnosis, treatment strategies, and progress monitoring. Technological advances in ultrasound imaging including photoacoustic imaging, shear wave elasticity imaging, and ultrasound thermal strain imaging allow the assessment of these changes. In a manner similar to co-registration of positron emission tomography and computed tomography images, co-registration of these disparate images might help to more accurately localize and identify pathological changes to tissue structure and function. This study presents and evaluates the first non-invasive hybrid ultrasound imaging system that incorporates photoacoustic imaging, shear wave elasticity imaging, and ultrasound thermal strain imaging. In co-registered images using a single probe, the tri-modality system successfully detected an indocyanine green dyed gelatin inclusion, a stiff gelatin inclusion, and a rubber inclusion (mimicking lipid-based tissue).
Transverse radial expansion in nuclear collisions and two particle correlations

Abstract At the very first stage of an ultra-relativistic nucleus–nucleus collision new particles are produced in individual nucleon–nucleon collisions. In the transverse plane, all particles from a single NN collision are initially located at the same position. The subsequent thermalization and transverse radial expansion of the system create strong position-momentum correlations and lead to characteristic rapidity, transverse momentum, and azimuthal correlations among the produced particles.
AUTOTELECOMMUNICATION AND AUTOETHNOGRAPHY: A Reading of Carolyn Ellis's Final Negotiations

The aim of this essay is to initiate a cultural criticism of the autobiographic turn in postmodern ethnography by elaborating what I take to be some of the discursive and institutional conditions of possibility of autoethnography. I especially want to explore the links between Carolyn Ellis's autoethnography, Final Negotiations, and the melodramatic, talkshow explicit, emotional realism of television. In linking autoethnography and television, I want to hold off what might appear to be more pressing questions concerning the validity and reliability of the autoethnographic account and rather complicate, even more than autoethnographic writing already does, the context in which such questions are raised. I also want to suggest that criticism of autoethnography must be as inventive as is autoethnogrphic writing. Therefore, I have had to develop an imaginative form of cultural criticism, beginning with imagining how to connect autoethnography, cultural criticism, and television.
Classical Greek Rhetorical Theory and the Disciplining of Discourse

Timmerman, David and Schiappa, Edward . Classical Greek Rhetorical Theory and the Disciplining of Discourse . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Smoking Attitudes and Intentions of College Students and Their Relation to Cognitive Dissonance

A questionnaire measuring smoking habits, attitudes toward the danger of smoking, and future intentions regarding smoking, was administered to 602 college students. as expected, smokers tended to minimize the danger of smoking and were more skeptical of the validity of the scientific evidence linking smoking and lung cancer than non-smokers. Smokers may be said to reduce dissonance by avowing an intention to quit smoking in the future and believing that they can do so. Approximately half of the smokers indicated subjective dissatisfaction with their habit, this being stronger and more consistent for men.
Career Education--The Final Impoverishment of Learning?.

The United States Office of Education is developing a concept of mandatory career education which has vast implications for schooling throughout this country. Sidney P. Maryland Jr., U.S. assistant secretary of education, visualizes an extensive refocusing of traditional education: he is in the process of obtruding a career orientation into basic academic curricula at all levels of public schooling in order to train people for marketable skills in 23,000 possible careers. For example, in the lower grades, a child examines a full range of occupational opportunities; in Mesa, Arizona, teachers relate science and mathematics to possible careers in x-ray technology, oceanography, or banking. In the middle grades, after intensive counseling, the student narrows his career choices, and begins to concentrate on one occupational cluster. During the school year, he receives much concrete experience, making frequent field trips, meeting many artisans and technicians, and working directly with the resources of his future career. If he has been encouraged to pursue a career in manufacturing or marketing, educators design all of his academic subjects so that he can meet these special occupational goals.l In the upper grades, "fired by his own ambition and interests," a student receives vigorous training to cultivate the saleable skills necessary for a career in industry or
Instar, Stadium, and Stage: Definitions to Fit Usage

Instar is defined as the arthropod between two successive molts embracing a portion of the somatic growing phase. The term is thus restricted to forms of the stages larva and nymph. Although that restriction may agree with the usual usage, few published definitions of instar actually exclude the stages pupa and adult. Stadium is defined as the duration of an instar
Mechanism of rat mesenteric arterial KATP channel activation by 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.

Recently, we reported that 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET) potently activates rat mesenteric arterial ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels and produces significant vasodilation through prote...
Prediction of Permeability-Surface Area Product Data by Continuous-Distribution Pore Models

Objective:To investigate the ability of continuous-distribution pore models to accurately predict permeability-surface area product (PS) experimental data in skeletal muscle. Methods:Models having a water-only (WO) pathway and continuous distributions of microvascular transport-pathway sizes were fit to solute reflection-coefficient (σ) experimental data (∼0.5–16 nm Stokes radii) obtained from skeletal muscle to determine optimal parameter values. Without further modification, these models were used to predict experimental PS values obtained from the literature for small solutes ranging in size from NaCl to inulin and for three proteins, α-lactalbumin, ovalbumin, and albumin (∼ 0.23–3.7 nm radii). The protein PSs were determined from fluorescent tracer-diffusion curves and a nonlinear model of tracer diffusion in the cat hindlimb preparation. The model's PS predictions were compared to those of a discrete-pore model previously developed and a fiber-matrix (FM) model. Results:A log-normal (LN) continuous p...
A meta-analysis of the effects of written emotional disclosure on the health outcomes of clinical populations.

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effects of the written emotional disclosure paradigm on health outcomes of people with physical or psychiatric disorders. After nine studies were meta-analyzed, it was determined that expressive writing significantly improved health (d = .19; p 10.83; p < .001). One explanation for the small effect size (ES) results and the nonsignificant test of homogeneity may be the small and heterogeneous samples used in some of the studies within this research synthesis. Future research with expressive writing should be tested with randomized controlled trials to increase the likelihood of detecting a larger treatment effect.
Potential clinical impact of compounded versus noncompounded intrathecal baclofen.

Abstract Moberg-Wolff E. Potential clinical impact of compounded versus noncompounded intrathecal baclofen. Objective To assess the differences between commercial and pharmacy-compounded preparations of baclofen for intrathecal administration. Design Random sample. Setting Pharmacies in the United States advertising compounded intrathecal baclofen preparation. Participants Not applicable. Interventions Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) samples were collected from 1 Food and Drug Administration–approved commercial source and 6 compounding pharmacies. An independent analysis of drug concentration and density was conducted. Information regarding ordering process, manufacturing, packaging, storage, and expiration was collected. Main Outcome Measure Comparison of concentration and density variations. Results Twenty-nine ITB samples in concentrations of 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000μg/mL were analyzed. Over 40% of compounded samples were more than 5% above or below labeled concentration. Twenty-two percent of compounded samples were more than 10% above or below labeled concentration. The only samples with no concentration deviation and consistent drug density were the commercially available, noncompounded products. Conclusions Compounding pharmacies have variable practices in the provision of ITB. A high incidence of concentration inaccuracy existed. The use of compounded ITB may result in unintended dose alterations. Variable clinical efficacy, or life-threatening overdose or withdrawal may occur in patients who are sensitive to slight dose fluctuations. Given the variability of these compounded ITB samples, informed consent to use these products and understanding of potential side effects should be reviewed with patients.