cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching her a lesson: Media misses boys' rage relating to girls in school shootings

An analysis of media coverage of 12 United States school shootings, which took place between 1997 and 2002, shows a previously unnoticed pattern: nearly all the boys who killed in these shootings specifically targeted girls who rejected them, or minimally implied that they acted due to a perceived rejection by a girl. This research highlights the media's blindness to significant social problems that are hidden behind society's boys-will-be-boys' attitude toward harassment of and violence against teenage girls.
Object-to-object color transfer: Optimal flows and SMSP transformations

Given a source object and a target object, we consider the problem of transferring the “color scheme” of the source to the target, while at the same time maintaining the target's original look and feel. This is a challenging problem due to the fact that the source and target may each consist of multiple colors, each of which comes in multiple shades. We propose a two stage solution to this problem. (1) A discrete color flow is computed from the target histogram to the source histogram; this flow is computed as the solution to a convex optimization problem, whose global optimum may be found. (2) The discrete flow is turned into a continuous color transformation, which can be written as a convex sum of Stretch-Minimizing Structure-Preserving (SMSP) transformations. These SMSP transformations, which are computed based on the color flow, are affine transformations with desirable theoretical properties. The effectiveness of this two stage algorithm is validated in a series of experiments.
New Perspectives in Terrestrial Heat Flow

Abstract In the past, the generally accepted explanation of the equality of oceanic and continental heat flows has presented a major problem to the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics. In this paper a different model of the thermal regime of the upper mantle and lithosphere is constructed. The model resolves the problem of the equality of heat flow when lithospheric plates are allowed to move and is used as the framework for a new perspective on recent discoveries in terrestrial heat flow. No attempt is made in this review to summarize all the work completed during the past five years. Comprehensive bibliographical summaries have been published for the North American, Russian, Japanese and Indian work by Blackwell (1971), Lubimova and Feldman (1970), Yasui et al. (1971) and Verma (in press) respectively.
Morphogenetic domains in the yolk syncytial layer of axiating zebrafish embryos.

The yolk syncytial layer (YSL) of the teleostean yolk cell is known to play important roles in the induction of cellular mesendoderm, as well as the patterning of dorsal tissues. To determine how this extraembryonic endodermal compartment is subdivided and morphologically transformed during early development, we have examined collective movements of vitally stained YSL nuclei in axiating zebrafish embryos by using four-dimensional confocal microscopy. During blastulation, gastrulation, and early segmentation, zebrafish YSL nuclei display several highly patterned movements, which are organized into spatially distinct morphogenetic domains along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes. During the late blastula period, with the onset of epiboly, nuclei throughout the YSL initiate longitudinal movements that are directed along the animal-vegetal axis. As epiboly progresses, nuclei progressively recede from the advancing margin of the epibolic YSL. However, a small group of nuclei is retained at the YSL margin to form a constricting blastoporal ring. During mid-gastrulation, YSL nuclei undergo convergent-extension behavior toward the dorsal midline, with a subset of nuclei forming an axial domain that underlies the notochord. These highly patterned movements of YSL nuclei share remarkable similarities to the morphogenetic movements of deep cells in the overlying zebrafish blastoderm. The macroscopic shape changes of the zebrafish yolk cell, as well as the morphogenetic movements of its YSL nuclei, are homologous to several morphogenetic behaviors that are regionally expressed within the vegetal endodermal cell mass of gastrulating Xenopus embryos. In contrast to the cellular endoderm of Xenopus, the dynamics of zebrafish YSL show that a syncytial endodermal germ layer can express a temporal sequence of morphogenetic domains without undergoing progressive steps of cell fate restriction. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Use of Microwave Techniques for the Determination of Bound Water

ANY information, about changes in the structure of molecular arrays which are reflected in changes of the water substance is useful to form a guideline for future work that tries to investigate the actual atomic and molecular basis of life. An accurate and relatively fast method has been developed which can assess the occurrence of a quantity called bound water. These bound-water molecules are defined by the fact that they are unable to follow the changing electric field of an applied microwave signal, indicating thereby that they are either bound to 3 or 4 other molecules of the same kind, or to various other types of molecules. The remaining water molecules (those bound to 2, 1 or no other water molecules) that are free to rotate with the impressed electromagnetic field absorb energy from the incident microwave signal. The difference between the two microwave signals can be interpreted to be an indication of the amount of water bound to a particular molecule.
Hydrodynamic resistance and flux decline in asymmetric cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes

Long-term flux-versus-time measurements were made on a series of homogeneous, dense cellulose acetate (39.8% acetyl) membranes. All tests were carried out at 1500 psi applied pressure on a 3.5% NaCl feed. These tests show that essentially all the resistance to solvent (water) flow in the typical asymmetric reverse osmosis membrane is concentrated in the thin dense layer. Further, the evidence strongly suggests that the longterm flux decline noted in asymmetric membranes is a result of viscoelastic deformation of the dense layer.
Intranuclear relocalization of matrix binding sites during T cell activation detected by amplified fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Abstract We describe a method for analyzing the nuclear localization of specific DNA sequences, with special emphasis on their binding status to the nuclear matrix, depending on the developmental stage of the cells. This method employs high-resolution fluorescence in situ hybridization procedures. For our studies, it was important to examine the nuclear localization of a particular gene locus. Previously, however, it was not possible to detect a single-copy genomic sequence using a DNA probe less than several kilobases in size. We describe here a signal amplification technique based on tyramide which makes such a task possible. Using this method, we monitored single-copy loci using a short, 509-bp DNA sequence that binds in vivo to the T cell factor SATB1 within T cell nuclei, high-salt-extracted nuclei (histone-depleted nuclei generating “halos” with distended chromatin loops), and the nuclear matrix, before and after T cell activation. We found that these loci were anchored onto the nuclear matrix, creating new bases of chromatin loops, only after T cell activation. This experimental strategy, therefore, enabled us to detect the changes in higher order chromatin structure upon activation and study gene regulation at a new dimension: the loop domain structure. The methods shown here can be widely applied to explore other functions involving chromatin, including recombination and replication.
Effect of capacitive coupled electrical stimulation on regenerate bone

An in vivo study was carried out to determine if capacitive coupled electrical stimulation increased the rate of recovery of strength of regenerate bone produced as a result of lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Thirty-four adult male beagles underwent a right tibial mid-diaphyseal corticotomy, followed by a 5-day delay, and then 21 days of lengthening (1 mm/day). At the start of the post-distraction period (day 27), stimulation (3-6.3 V peak to peak, 5-10 mA root-mean-square at 60 kHz) was applied for 28 days to one group. The nonstimulated group (n = 17) underwent a 28-day period with no stimulation. From each group, four tibiae were prepared for histology; both ends of the remaining bones were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate and tested in torsion (internal rotation at 4.7 degrees/sec) until failure. Statistically significant changes included a 37% lower maximum torque capacity and a 40% decrease in strain energy to failure in the stimulated group compared with the nonstimulated group. The findings are supported by measured trends to a lower modulus of rigidity (37% decrease) and a smaller percentage of active osteoid perimeter (20% decrease) for the stimulated group. The experimental data suggest that when this dose of capacitive coupled electrical stimulation is applied to the regenerating bone created during distraction osteogenesis, it delays the recovery of bone strength compared with an untreated control.
Charakterisierung und Quantifizierung der Verteilungsqualität von Gasströmungen

Fur eine realistische Beurteilung von beliebigen Verteilungen mussen sowohl die Fluktuationen innerhalb des Stromungsfeldes als auch deren raumliche Verteilung berucksichtigt werden. Daher muss eine Kennzahl, die die Qualitat von Verteilungen beschreibt, beides berucksichtigen. Der Variationskoeffizient beschreibt den Effekt der Fluktuationen, allerdings gehen samtliche ortliche Informationen verloren. Es wurde eine erganzende Kennzahl entwickelt, die beide Eigenschaften der Verteilung berucksichtigt – die Starke der Fluktuationen sowie deren ortliche Verteilung. Die neue Methode wurde erfolgreich auf die Gasverteilung innerhalb einer Destillationskolonne mit grosem Durchmesser angewendet. For a realistic evaluation of an arbitrary distribution, the fluctuation of the magnitudes within the flow field as well as its spatial distribution has to be considered. Therefore a good key value describing the quality of the distribution has to consider both. The coefficient of variation covers the effects of the fluctuations, but any spatial information is lost. Therefore, a complementary key value was developed to consider both attributes of the distribution – the fluctuations of the magnitudes, as well as its spatial distribution. The new method is successfully applied to vapour gas distributions within a distillation column with a large diameter.
Step-induced optical anisotropy of Si(111):H surfaces

The step-induced optical anisotropy of the hydrogenated Si(111) surface has been calculated using a real-space multigrid method together with ab initio pseudopotentials. The investigated step configurations give rise to relatively similar anisotropy spectra with maxima close to the ${E}_{1}$ and ${E}_{2}$ critical points of the silicon bulk band structure. The spectrum for $〈112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}〉$ steps resembles the reflectance anisotropy for Si(110):H and is in good agreement with measurements for Si(111):H vicinally cut toward $[112\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}].$ Our results for $〈1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}2〉$ steps, however, are qualitatively different from the corresponding measurements for surfaces miscut toward $[1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}2].$ This apparent discrepancy can be resolved if the formation of staircaselike structures of monohydride terminated steps is assumed.
Beliefs about smoking and health: their measurement and relationship to smoking behavior.

Abstract A scale was constructed to measure four types of beliefs about smoking and health. According to Krietler and Krietler's (Cognitive Orientation and Behavior, New York, Springer, 1976) cognitive orientation model these four types of beliefs — general beliefs, goal beliefs, self beliefs, and norm beliefs — direct an individual's molar behavior. Four subscales, representing each of the four belief types were found to have moderately high levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Factor analysis indicated a relatively high independence for the two subscales measuring self and goal beliefs, but found some overlap between the two subscales measuring norm and general beliefs. Smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers were found to differ in predictable ways on the four subscales and the combined scale. Also the length of time that former smokers had been abstinent as well as length of smoking habit and number of cigarettes smoked per day by smokers were found to be related to some of these beliefs. Implications of these findings for smoking cessation intervention programs are discussed.
A cloned rat thymic epithelial cell line established from serum-free selective culture

A serum-free system has been developed for selective growth and long-term culture of rat thymic epithelial cells. The growth media is a modification of McKeehan's WAJC 404, plus insulin, cholera toxin, dexamethasone, and epidermal growth factor. Cultures have been continuously passaged and maintained for over 6 mo., and a cloned cell line, TEA3A1, has been established. These cells are epithelial, judging by morphology and ultrastructure, and are positive for A2B5 and thymosin α markers for thymic endocrine cells.
Calibrated Peer Review Assignments for the Earth Sciences.

Calibrated Peer Review ™ (CPR), a web-based instructional tool developed as part of the National Science Foundation reform initiatives in undergraduate science education, allows instructors to inco...
Advanced vehicles: Costs, energy use, and macroeconomic impacts

Abstract Advanced vehicles and alternative fuels could play an important role in reducing oil use and changing the economy structure. We developed the Costs for Advanced Vehicles and Energy (CAVE) model to investigate a vehicle portfolio scenario in California during 2010–2030. Then we employed a computable general equilibrium model to estimate macroeconomic impacts of the advanced vehicle scenario on the economy of California. Results indicate that, due to slow fleet turnover, conventional vehicles are expected to continue to dominate the on-road fleet and gasoline is the major transportation fuel over the next two decades. However, alternative fuels could play an increasingly important role in gasoline displacement. Advanced vehicle costs are expected to decrease dramatically with production volume and technological progress; e.g., incremental costs for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen could break even with gasoline savings in 2028. Overall, the vehicle portfolio scenario is estimated to have a slightly negative influence on California's economy, because advanced vehicles are very costly and, therefore, the resulting gasoline savings generally cannot offset the high incremental expenditure on vehicles and alternative fuels. Sensitivity analysis shows that an increase in gasoline price or a drop in alternative fuel prices could offset a portion of the negative impact.
Total and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Density and Physical Activity in a Sample of Men and Women

Physical activity (PA), total body fat (TBF), and lean body mass (LBM) are associated with bone mineral density (BMD). However, the independent influence of PA on BMD, while controlling for body composition is not understood as well and is the purpose of the current study. Whole-body BMD (g·cm⁻²), femoral neck BMD (g·cm⁻²), TBF (kg), and LBM (kg) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. PA levels (total, work, sport, non-sport) were estimated using the Baecke questionnaire. General linear models determined the independent effects of PA on BMD (whole-body and femoral neck), with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, menopausal status (as appropriate), LBM, and TBF. These associations were also examined by sex and age group (20-34, 35-49, and 50-64 years). The sample included 802 adults (65% women; 13% African American) from the Pennington Center Longitudinal Study that were 20 to 64 years of age (mean ± SD: 46.9 ± 11.0 years). Higher sports scores were associated with higher femoral neck BMD in the total group, men and women, and in 20- to 34-year-olds and 35- to 49-year-olds, but not significant in those 50-64 years of age. Similar significant associations were found for sports score with total body BMD; however, this relationship was not significant for women or for those 50-64 years of age. Total PA had inconsistent relationships with both femoral neck BMD and total body BMD. Higher levels of sport-related PA are associated with higher femoral neck BMD; however, these relationships vary by PA domain and site of BMD measurement.
Label-free optical detection of peptide synthesis on a porous silicon scaffold/sensor.

Mesoporous porous silicon (PSi) microcavity sensors are used to conduct conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis. The sensor optical response provides a convenient means to monitor the synthesis reaction in a nondestructive manner. Measurements indicate that peptide synthesis occurs only when the PSi sensor/scaffold is amine-terminated using, for example, the amino silane or deprotected acid-labile Rink linker. Equivalent coupling efficiencies of the first amino acid to both amine terminations are observed. Kinetic studies indicate that coupling reactions are 90% complete in 1 h. Quantitative analysis of the optical response following the synthesis of homo-oligopeptides (4-mers) suggests that coupling efficiencies and/or optical thickness changes depend on the peptide length. The synthesis of the cell adhesive oligopeptide (RGD) was monitored by the optical sensor response and validated by the cell culture of primary dermal fibroblasts. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis successfully detect...
The Relationship Between Drug Use, Drug-related Arrests, and Chronic Pain Among Adults on Probation

Abstract The intersection between chronic health conditions, drug use, and treatment seeking behavior among adults in the criminal justice system has been largely understudied. This study examined whether chronic pain was associated with opiate use, other illicit drug use, and drug-related arrests in a sample of substance-using probationers. We expected that probationers with chronic pain-related diagnoses would report more opiate use and drug-related arrests. This study used baseline data from 250 adults on probation in Baltimore, Maryland and Dallas, Texas who were participating in a larger clinical trial. Eighteen percent of probationers in this sample reported suffering from chronic pain. In bivariate analyses, probationers with chronic pain reported more drug-related arrests ( t =−1.81; p
“Die heterogenen gleichgewichte (The Heterogeneous Equilibria)” a century later

Hendrik Willem Bakhuys Roozeboom’s “Die Heterogenen Gleichgewichte vom Standpunkte der Phasenlehre” (The Heterogeneous Equilibria from the Points of View of the Phase Rule) was a monumental work that established and taught many fundamental principles that have since found unexpected uses in many fields. The principles were based on thermodynamic laws that will always be valid, but the development of some depended on nineteenth century concepts about the physical world. Bakhuys Roozeboom also shed light on many issues of his time that have remained with us throughout this century. This paper will explore the present status of some of these issues. In the nineteenth century, solids were thought to be inert and of definite chemical proportions. Bakhuys Roozeboom participated in the first discoveries that the composition of solids could vary continuously. The chemistry of the solid state is still undergoing rapid development. For example, equilibria of solids under nonhydrostatic stress are very different from what is seen for fluids under pressure, and defects in solids often play important parts. Surfaces are a pervasive presence in heterogeneous equilibria, whose effects were long ignored. Their effect on the equilibria of three-dimensional phases becomes more pronounced as the scale of subdivision by surfaces becomes smaller. Surfaces, as two-dimensional phases, have equilibria of their own, which can be described by another kind of geometrical thermodynamics. The theory of Van der Waals about the continuity between a liquid and its vapor was still new in Bakhuys Roozeboom’s time. It gave an explanation for the critical point that can occur when these two phases become identical, and raised the hope that critical points would occur between other pairs of phases. The theory relied implicitly on the fact that the symmetry of a liquid is the same as that of a vapor. For pairs of phases with differing symmetries, the matter is more complex. A critical point is impossible when the symmetries of the phases are as different as that of a crystal and its melt. Although Bakhuys Roozeboom argued convincingly and correctly that there cannot be a critical point where an equilibrated liquid and a crystal become identical, the belief was slow to die. However, continuity at the interface is another matter. It is an important assumption of the phase field theory of the interface between a liquid and a crystal, which has many interesting and useful predictions.
Microfluidic Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles

Co nanoparticles with three different crystal structures were synthesized in a microfluidic reactor through manipulation of reaction times, flow rates, and quenching procedures. Cobalt nanoparticles of face-centered cubic (β) phase were obtained from a high flow rate of the reactants followed by in situ quenching of the reaction. hcp and e-cobalt nanoparticles were obtained at a low flow rate of the reactants followed by in situ quenching and delayed quenching, respectively. The crystal structures were characterized using Co K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). In situ XANES measurements on Co nanoparticles coming out of the outlet of the microfluidic reactor at different flow rates seem to indicate that the difference in flow rate influences the nucleation process in a critical way and that particle growth occurs mainly outside the reactor. The magnetic properties of the cobalt nanoparticles, measured usi...
New perspectives on child and adolescent depression

Abstract The Children's Depression Index (CDI) was administered to a group of 304 regular school students in Grades 3–12. It was found that 21% of the students reported mild to moderate levels and 7% reported severe levels of depression. Females reported more overall depression than did males. Specific CDI items selected more frequently by females than by males supports previous work suggesting that females tend to internalize difficulties whereas males are more likely to externalize problems. There were no age differences associated with overall depression; however, there were some developmental differences in specific items cited. Finally, “red flags” were identified that may be helpful in spotting children suffering from severe levels of depression.
Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in yeast: A mutant affecting the interaction between the glyoxylate and Krebs Cycles

A single-gene nuclear mutant has been isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which cannot grow on minimal medium supplemented with ethanol, acetate, pyruvate, aspartate, or oxaloacetate as sole carbon sources. It will grow on complete medium with these carbon sources, and on minimal medium with dextrose as carbon source. The only supplement which will permit growth on minimal medium with ethanol or pyruvate is aspartate, so the mutant is an aspartate auxotroph when grown on these nonfermentable substrates. It exhibits enhanced levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.49) when grown on dextrose. The mutant can survive as an alcohol dehydrogenase-negative, indicating that the defect is not in the Krebs Cycle or in electron transport. When grown on pyruvate, it produces two to three times as much free alanine and half as much aspartate plus asparagine as the wild type. Two different assays show that the mutant phenotype is due to a deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), an important anaplerotic enzyme. Inferences that can be drawn from the characteristics of this mutant include (a) the glyoxylate cycle is probably located entirely outside the mitochondria, (b) the inner mitochondrial membrane appears to be impermeable to oxaloacetate, and (c) a succinate-malate exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane connects the glyoxylate and Krebs cycles when yeast is grown on minimal medium with ethanol as a sole carbon source.
Functional genomics and metal metabolism

Metal ions are essential nutrients, yet they can also be toxic if they over-accumulate. Homeostatic mechanisms and detoxification systems therefore precisely control their intracellular levels and distribution. The tools of functional genomics are rapidly accelerating understanding in this field, particularly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Ignorance or Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments

Voters often make the effort to go to the polls but effectively throw their vote away by leaving their ballot blank or intentionally spoiled. Typically construed as anomalous or errant, we argue that blank and spoiled ballots are empirically differentiable and politically informative. We consider self-reported vote choice from a nationally representative survey following the 2011 Bolivian elections, in which 60 percent of votes cast were blank or spoiled. We estimate a multinomial logit model, finding that both blank and null voting were driven by political concerns, though null voting was more common among politically sophisticated individuals.
RQ‐MODE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC COMPOSITIONAL DATA*

RQ-mode principal components analysis (PCA) is a means for calculating variable and object loadings on the same axes, so that elements can be displayed along with data points on a single diagram. The biplots resulting from RQ-mode PCA preserve both Euclidean relations among the objects and variance-covariance structure. When used with data on the chemical composition of archaeological pottery, such biplots facilitate recognizing compositional subgroups and determining the chemical basis of group separation. RQ-mode PCA is illustrated in this paper with neutron activation data on Mesoamerican Plumbate pottery.
A 3-DIMENSIONAL SASAKIAN METRIC AS A YAMABE SOLITON

If a 3-dimensional Sasakian metric on a complete manifold (M, g) is a Yamabe soliton, then we show that g has constant scalar curvature, and the flow vector field V is Killing. We further show that, either M has constant curvature 1, or V is an infinitesimal automorphism of the contact metric structure on M.
Studies on blown film extrusion. III. Bubble instability

An experimental study has been carried out to investigate flow instabilities in blown film extrusion. Two types of flow instabilities were observed, depending on whether a bubble was under uniaxial or biaxial stretching. Under biaxial stretching, the phenomenon of a surface wave-type instability was observed, yielding wavy bubble shapes which very much resembled water waves at the free surface. Under uniaxial stretching, another type of instability, frequently referred to as draw resonance, was observed. It was also observed that, once draw resonance occurs, the amplitude and frequency of bubble diameter pulsing increased with stretch ratio. Quantitative information was obtained from a series of motion pictures taken of bubble diameter in both types of flow instability. It was observed further that an increase in extrusion melt temperature enhanced the severity of bubble instability.
Mediating the Maya: Hieroglyphic imaging and objectivity

Drawing from the science studies literature on scientific visualization, this essay examines how techniques of imaging Maya hieroglyphs have established conditions that constrain contemporary scholars’ systems of historical imagination and interpretation. I discuss imaging techniques innovated by three significant Mayanists: J. Eric S. Thompson, Merle Greene Robertson, and Linda Schele. Building on the work of historians of science Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, I identify these Mayanist scholars’ techniques of visualization as established practices of ‘mechanical objectivity’ and ‘trained judgment’. These practices helped to reduce aesthetically complex and materially diverse ancient Maya inscriptions to the equivalent of modernist texts. I question this reduction, drawing from the work of Bruno Latour to advocate an empirical attentiveness to the located and embodied material practices that produce equivalences between objects rendered in diverse media: stone, paint, paper, and pixels. The essay thu...
Diving into Peter Plantec's brave new world of virtual humans

Purpose – To review Peter Plantec's book Virtual Humans: A Build it Yourself Kit.Design/methodology/approach – This book is meant to be read by one willing to actively engage with the technologies that Plantec introduces. While the technology that enables virtual agents is stable, many agents are annoyingly non‐humanlike in their interactions. Plantec encourages his readers to enter the world of virtual humans by providing the resources and coaching necessary to create a digital agent. He challenges the reader to throw off the notion that she is creating a technical implementation, a piece of software, and instead persuades her to approach the task as a scriptwriter would in creating a character.Findings – Only through the application of artifice can developers hope to create deeply engaging virtual humans with recognizable, engaging personalities. But once people start to believe in their virtual companions, where might it lead them as a society?Originality/value – Provides information about virtual humans.
De Novo Assembly of the Streptomyces sp. Strain Mg1 Genome Using PacBio Single-Molecule Sequencing

We report a draft genome assembly of Streptomyces sp. strain Mg1, a competitive soil isolate with multiple secondary metabolite gene clusters.
Performance and power evaluation of a 3D CMOS/nanomaterial reconfigurable architecture

In this paper, we introduce a novel reconfigurable architecture, named 3D nFPGA, which utilizes 3D integration techniques and new nanoscale materials synergistically. The proposed architecture is based on CMOS-nano hybrid techniques that incorporate nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube bundles and nanowire crossbars into CMOS fabrication process. Using unique features of FPGAs and a novel 3D stacking method enabled by the application of nanomaterials, 3D nFPGA obtains a 4.5X footprint reduction compared to traditional CMOS-based 2D FPGAs. With a customized design automation flow, we evaluate the performance and power of 3D nFPGA driven by the 20 largest MCNC benchmarks. Results demonstrate that 3D nFPGA is able to provide a performance gain of 2.6X with a small power overhead comparing to the CMOS 2D FPGA architecture.
Residue number system error checking using expanded projection

A new concept called expanded projection is presented that simplifies the process of error detection and location in redundant residue number codes. Expanded projection simplifies the circuit complexity of the error checker, resulting in a structure which is potentially useful for VLSI implementation. It is expected that simplified designs for the error checker will result in more practical applications of residue number arithmetic to achieve fault tolerant performance in special-purpose digital processors.
Phenomenological model for dispersed bubbly flow in pipes

The ability to predict pressure drop as a function of flow parameters for gas-liquid pipe flows in general and dispersed, bubbly, pipe flows in particular is of considerable importance to a number of industries that utilize two-phase flow systems and processes (for instance, petroleum, chemical, nuclear, and geothermal). An analytical approach to the problem of steady-state, axisymmetrically dispersed, bubbly flow in pipes based on a zero equation turbulence model is discussed. The formulation incorporates recent experimental observations and introduces the effect of bubble size in a rudimentary way. The two-phase mixture is modeled as a variable-density single fluid assuming an empirical void distribution family. The turbulent shear stress is formed from the contributions of both the velocity and density variation, and the solution of the resulting Reynolds-type equation yields the velocity profile of the flow. Predicted void fraction and velocity distributions agree well with experimental measurements. The main objective of the model is to predict the friction multiplier with minimal computational effort. The velocity profiles of this model agree reasonably well with experiments. Predictions for the friction multiplier are compared to six known and widely used correlations, as well as to experimental data. All the correlations severely underpredict the frictionmore » multiplier in the dispersed bubbly flow regime, while the results of their model agree well with the measurements, within the range of its validity.« less
Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years

This study investigated the reliability and stability of an autism diagnosis in children under 3 years of age who received independent diagnostic evaluations from two clinicians during two consecutive yearly evaluations. Strong evidence for the reliability and stability of the diagnosis was obtained. Diagnostic agreement between clinicians was higher for the broader discrimination of autism spectrum vs. no autism spectrum than for the more specific discrimination of autism vs. PDD-NOS. The diagnosis of autism at age 2 was more stable than the diagnosis of PDD-NOS at the same age. Social deficits and delays in spoken language were the most prominent DSM-IV characteristics evidenced by very young children with autism.
Designing FIR filters in a new vector space

It is pointed out that the time and frequency response of an FIR (finite-impulse response) filter are vectors mapped by the DFT (discrete Fourier transform) matrix. A vector space can be defined by expressing the DFT matrix in terms of the filter as a vector adjacent to the characteristic value matrix. For linear-phase filters, all operations and characteristic values are real, and design constraints in the time and frequency methods are given for computing the orthogonalized characteristic vector matrix, which is used in transforming the design constraints and in computing the filter weights. The procedure is efficient enough to be useful on personal computers. >
Stromal Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and CXCR4 in renal cell carcinoma metastasis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by organ-specific metastases. The chemokine stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 have been suggested to regulate organ-specific metastasis in various other cancers. On this basis, we hypothesized that the biological axis of CXCL12 via interaction with its receptor, CXCR4, is a major mechanism for RCC metastasis. We demonstrated that CXCR4 was significantly expressed on circulating cytokeratin+ RCC cells from patients with known metastatic RCC. We detected up-regulation of CXCR4 mRNA and protein levels on a human RCC cell line by either knockdown of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, or incubating the cells under hypoxic conditions. The enhanced CXCR4 expression was mediated through the interaction of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) with the promoter region of the CXCR4 gene. Furthermore, the expression of CXCR4 on human RCC directly correlated with their metastatic ability in vivo in both heterotopic and orthotopic SCID mouse models of human RCC. Neutralization of CXCL12 in SCID mice abrogated metastasis of RCC to target organs expressing high levels of CXCL12; without altering tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, or tumor-associated angiogenesis. Therefore, our data suggest that the CXCL12/CXCR4 biological axis plays an important role in regulating the organ-specific metastasis of RCC.
Chronic treatment of C6 glioma cells with antidepressant drugs results in a redistribution of Gsα

Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic treatment of C6 glioma cells with the antidepressants desipramine and fluoxetine increases the Triton X-100 solubility of the G protein Gsα (Toki et al., 1999). The antidepressants also caused a 50% decrease in the amount of Gsα localized to caveolae-enriched membrane domains. In this study, laser scanning confocal microscopy reveals that Gsα is localized to the plasma membrane as well as the cytosol in both treated and control cells. However, striking differences are seen in the distribution of Gsα in the long cellular processes after chronic treatment with these antidepressant drugs. Control cells display Gsα along the entire process with an especially high concentration of that G protein at the distal ends. Desipramine- or fluoxetine-treated cells show a more centralized clustering of Gsα in the Golgi region of the cell and a drastic reduction of Gsα in the cellular processes. There is no change in the distribution of Goα after desipramine treatment and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine does not alter Gsα. These results suggest that antidepressant-induced changes in the association of Gsα with the plasma membrane may translate into altered cellular localization of this signal transducing protein. Thus, modification of the coupling between Gs-coupled receptors and adenylyl cyclase may underlie both antidepressant therapy and depressive illnesses. This report also suggests that modification of the membrane domain occupied by Gsα might represent a mechanism for chronic antidepressant effects.
Religious and Psychosocial Covariates of Health-Related Quality of Life in People Living with HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a chronic, highly stigmatized illness that requires significant lifestyle adjustments, including consistent adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in order for People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWH) to survive and maintain good immune health. PLWH often report poor or moderate Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) that is worse than the general population. This may be related to the psychological and physiological demands of HIV disease and the sociodemographic stressors associated with it. The role of religious coping, religiosity, and social support in the mental and physical dimensions of HRQoL is less known, although recent studies highlight that PLWH rely on spirituality/religion to cope with HIV-associated stressors. This study examined the effects of religious coping, religiosity, depressive symptoms, medication adherence, and social support satisfaction in various dimensions of Health- Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in a sample of 292 PLWH. Majority of participants were African-American (90.1%) and 56.2% were male. Mean age was 45 years and, on average, participants lived with HIV for nearly 11 years. Descriptive statistics, correlations, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and hierarchical multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Income, sex (β= .14), age (β= -.14), depressive symptoms (β= -.27), and social support satisfaction (β= .17) significantly predicted physical HRQoL. Results indicate that income (β= .13), sex (β= .14), medication adherence (β= .13), negative religious coping (β= -.18), religious attendance (β= .13), religiousness (β= .16), and social support satisfaction (β= .27) significantly predicted mental HRQoL. Depressive symptoms (β= -.38), positive religious coping (β= .24), and social support satisfaction (β= .16) significantly predicted general HRQoL. Participants, who were female, prayed less than daily, attended religious services less than weekly or who were non/less religious had significantly poorer HRQoL. The findings confirm the importance of religion, mental health, medication adherence and social support in the HRQoL of PLWH, which should all be routinely assessed by clinicians.
THE RÔLE OF ANHYDREMIA AND THE NATURE OF THE TOXIN IN INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

1. Data are presented which show that anhydremia does not play a leading role in the causation of symptoms in intestinal obstruction. 2. Chemical changes in the blood corresponding with those noted by previous investigators were observed. 3. Additional data regarding the chemistry of the toxin found in the obstructed intestine of dogs were obtained.
Consensus-based distributed linear support vector machines

This paper develops algorithms to train linear support vector machines (SVMs) when training data are distributed across different nodes and their communication to a centralized node is prohibited due to, for example, communication overhead or privacy reasons. To accomplish this goal, the centralized linear SVM problem is cast as the solution of coupled decentralized convex optimization subproblems with consensus constraints on the parameters defining the classifier. Using the method of multipliers, distributed training algorithms are derived that do not exchange elements from the training set among nodes. The communications overhead of the novel approach is fixed and fully determined by the topology of the network instead of being determined by the size of the training sets as it is the case for existing incremental approaches. An online algorithm where data arrive sequentially to the nodes is also developed. Simulated tests illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
ADVERSE Drug Events: Incidence & risk reduction across the care continuum.

ADVERSE Drug Events: Incidence & risk reduction across the care continuum Jonathan Wanderer;James Rathmell; Anesthesiology
Full Circle: Returning Psychoanalytic Theory to Social Work Education

From an early reliance on the depth and explanatory power of psychoanalytic theory, much social work education over the past several decades has moved toward a generalist, atheoretical, skill-based...
Anatomy of a flipped classroom

ABSTRACTA well-designed flipped course requires a significant amount of planning and preparation, but has great benefit to both students and instructor. Using Bloom’s Taxonomy as a guide, one can design effective online and in-class components that maximize benefits to students. A flipped classroom allows students more time to interact with peers and their teacher, and collaborate with teams. This paper will describe how one tourism educator flipped an advanced marketing course, as well as the technology tools used in content creation.
Review: Another City: Urban Life and Urban Spaces in the New American Republic by Dell Upton

Dell Upton . Another City: Urban Life and Urban Spaces in the New American Republic . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008, 395 pp., 20 color and 144 b/w illus. $45 (cloth), ISBN 9780300124880 In this "postmetropolitan" age, with most cities in the United States still grappling with the infrastructural, economic, and social problems of the postindustrial, postfordist transition, it is well worth considering what those cities were like before mass industrialization; before, that is, the creative destruction, immigration, wealth, and poverty that industry brought to the city. Those cities of the United States' relatively new republic were primarily mercantile in nature, and their wealth was garnered from the ships that plied our shores, taking away the grains, hides, timber, cotton, and other natural resources that the United States was supplying to the world, and bringing back goods of all kinds to be consumed. Compared to industrial cities, these mercantile cities were relatively small in area and in population; on the eve of the Civil War, the largest city-New York-contained just over 800,000 people. Ship masts ruled their skylines, and economic activity clustered around their docks, wharves, and warehouses; these were cities that looked as rough and tumble as the mercantile economy that created them. But, as Dell Upton's insightful book tells us, we would be missing the mark by a wide margin if we focused only on the purely functional aspects of mercantile cities in the United States. Cities like Philadelphia and New Orleans, the foci of Upton's book, were rimmed by wharves and docks, …
Lynn White Jr. and the greening-of-religion hypothesis

Lynn White Jr.'s "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis," which was published in Science in 1967, has played a critical role in precipitating interdisciplinary environmental studies. Although White advances a multifaceted argument, most respondents focus on his claim that the Judeo-Christian tradition, especially Christianity, has promoted anthropocentric attitudes and environmentally destructive behaviors. Decades later, some scholars argue contrarily that Christianity in particular and the world's predominant religions in general are becoming more environmentally friendly, known as the greening-of-religion hypothesis. To test these claims, we conducted a comprehensive review of over 700 articles-historical, qualitative, and quantitative-that are pertinent to them. Although definitive conclusions are difficult, we identified many themes and dynamics that hinder environmental understanding and mobilization, including conservative theological orientations and beliefs about the role of divine agency in preventing or promoting natural events, whether the religion is an Abrahamic tradition or originated in Asia. On balance, we found the thrust of White's thesis is supported, whereas the greening-of-religion hypothesis is not. We also found that indigenous traditions often foster proenvironmental perceptions. This finding suggests that indigenous traditions may be more likely to be proenvironmental than other religious systems and that some nature-based cosmologies and value systems function similarly. Although we conclude White's thesis and subsequent claims are largely born out, additional research is needed to better understand under what circumstances and communication strategies religious or other individuals and groups may be more effectively mobilized to respond to contemporary environmental challenges.
Single-borehole imaging using gravity gradiometer data

SUMMARY We present a feasibility study for interpretation of gravity gradient surveys in a single borehole using both an analytic and inverse-based approach. We analytically solve for distance and direction angles to a point source using the components of the gravity gradient tensor from a set of observations in a single borehole. We then generalize this approach to include the response due to a prismatic source. By inverting multiple sets of tensor components for 3D density contrast distributions, we show that as few as two independent gravity gradient components in a single borehole can be used to locate and image subsurface anomalous bodies. However, gradient measurements in a single borehole are insufficient to resolve multiple closelyspaced compact bodies.
Teacher Talk and Perceived Teacher Effectiveness: An Exploratory Study:

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of teachers, ensemble members, and outside observers when evaluating the effectiveness of rehearsals conducted with reduced amounts of verb...
Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women: Does It Lessen Coronary Heart Disease Risk?

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in adult women in the U.S. Since clinical manifestations of coronary disease predominate in postmenopausal women, the need to evaluate coronary disease-gonadal hormone relationships is compelling. Further, estrogen exerts biologically plausible benefits: improved lipid profile, lower fibrinogen levels, favorable changes in vascular reactivity, possible antioxidant effects, among others. Although observational studies of estrogen use suggest substantial lessening of coronary risk, selection biases favoring a healthy cohort of women mandate randomized clinical trial data, with such trials currently in progress. Information is lacking regarding benefit: risk ratios of transdermal estrogen and estrogen/progestin combinations as coronary preventive therapies.