cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antinociception following implantation of mouse B16 melanoma cells in mouse and rat spinal cord

Abstract B16 F1C29 melanoma cells, which are thought to contain and release catecholamines, were implanted in mouse and rat spinal subarachnoid space. B16 F1C29 cell implants augmented the antinociceptive effect of morphine in tail-flick test, and this interaction was blocked by either the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan or the opioid antagonist naloxone. B16 F1C29 cell implants also augmented the antinociceptive effect of the catecholamine re-uptake blocker desipramine. Substance P-induced biting and scratching behaviors were inhibited in mice receiving B16 F1C29 cell implants, and this effect of B16 F1C29 cell implants was blocked by the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan. Mice receiving B16 F1C29 cell implants showed tolerance to intrathecal administration of the α2-adrenergic agonist UK 14304. These results suggest that B16 cell implant-induced antinociception was mediated by catecholamines secreted from the cell implants and acting at spinal α2-adrenergic receptors. Spinal implantation of catecholamine-releasing cells may provide an alternative approach for the therapy of chronic intractable pain and a useful model to study α2-adrenergic receptor tolerance.
Treatment of severe porcine tracheomalacia with a 3-dimensionally printed, bioresorbable, external airway splint.

Importance The study demonstrates use of a novel intervention for severe tracheobronchomalacia (TBM). Objective To test a novel, 3-dimensionally (3D) printed, bioresorbable airway splint for efficacy in extending survival in a porcine model of severe, life-threatening TBM. Design and Participants A randomized, prospective animal trial was used to evaluate an external airway splint as treatment of severe, life-threatening TBM in a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary collaboration between a biomedical engineering department and an academic animal surgery center. Six 2-month-old Yorkshire pigs underwent tracheal cartilage division and inner tracheal lumen dissociation and were randomly assigned to splint treatment (n = 3) or control groups (n = 3). Two additional pigs had the splint placed over their normal trachea. Interventions A 3D-printed, bioresorbable airway splint was assessed in a porcine animal model of life-threatening TBM. The open-cylindrical, bellow-shaped, porous polycaprolactone splint was placed externally and designed to suspend the underlying collapsed airway. Two additional animals were splinted without model creation. Main Outcomes and Measures The observer-based Westley Clinical Croup Scale was used to assess the clinical condition of animals postoperatively. Animal survival time was noted. Results Complete or nearly complete tracheal lumen collapse was observed in each animal, with resolution of symptoms in all of the experimental animals after splint placement. Using our severe TBM animal model, survival was significantly longer in the experimental group receiving the airway splint after model creation than in the control group ( P = .0495). Conclusions and Relevance A multidisciplinary effort producing a computer-aided designed, computer-aided manufactured bioresorbable tracheobronchial splint was tested in a porcine model of severe TBM and was found to extend survival time. Mortality in the splinted group was ascribed to the TBM model based on the lack of respiratory distress in splinted pigs, long-term survival in animals implanted with the splint without TBM, and necropsy findings.
Pressures to Publish: Catalysts for the Loss of Scientific Writing Integrity?

ABSTRACT Publishing research is the final step in the scientific process and is used as the primary means for disseminating research findings to the scientific community. Publishing can embody many personal motivations (e.g., gratification, seeing a finished product in print, desire to further science) for authors as well as professional benefits (e.g., promotion, tenure, future funding opportunities). As the scientific workforce and competition for jobs and funding increase, publishing productivity has become a driving factor for many authors, which may lead to writing practices that violate integrity. In this essay, we discuss writing actions that may be considered a violation of integrity in the context of traditional manuscript sections (introduction and discussion, methods, and results). We define “integrity” as consistency of actions that reflect honesty and truthfulness. Writing the introduction and discussion can be compared to an artistic creation because the rendition of the data may vary depend...
Climbing the branches of a family tree: diagnosis of fragile X syndrome.

Objective To determine the average number of family members diagnosed with a Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 ( FMR1 ) mutation after a proband receives the initial diagnosis of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Study design We reviewed pedigrees of families who had been evaluated at the Fragile X Syndrome Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Through these pedigrees, we determined the number of additional family members diagnosed as FMR1 premutation carriers or with full mutation FXS after the initial diagnosis in each proband. Results The fragile X pedigree review identified 176 probands, including 108 males (61%) and 68 females (39%). A total of 785 family members were diagnosed with expanded fragile X alleles, including 278 males (35%) and 507 females (65%). These family members included 227 individuals with full mutation FXS (219 males and 8 females) and 558 premutation carriers (59 males and 499 females). After the initial diagnosis of a proband with FXS, on average at least 5 additional family members were diagnosed with an FMR1 mutation. Conclusion Our findings confirm that obtaining a detailed family history after diagnosis of a proband with FXS is likely to identify multiple family members with FMR1 mutations. It is important that the pediatrician or other health care provider making a diagnosis of FXS recognize the value of a detailed family history for timely diagnosis and treatment of additional individuals who may be FMR1 premutation carriers or have full mutation FXS.
Characterization of the GTP-binding component of the adenylate cyclase system in isolated myocardial muscle cells.

The properties of the GF factor (GTP binding protein) of myocardium were investigated in isolated muscle cells. Myocardial muscle cells appear to contain a protein possessing GF factor activity as shown by its ability to recombine with the catalytic unit of cyc− cells. The particulate fraction has a protein of 42,000 daltons that is [32P]ADP-ribosylated in the presence of choleragen and [32P]NAD and thus is believed to be the GF factor. These results are consistent with the conclusion that myocardial muscle cell membranes have a GF factor of the adenylate cyclase system similar to that noted in other tissues.
Young Investigator Perspectives. Networking and service through professional societies.

AS A YOUNG SCIENTIST, becoming involved in a scientific society can be perceived as both exciting and intimidating. Often, students and postdocs will first seek society membership when they plan to attend a conference or at the urging of their mentors, who are already active society members. Only once you begin attending conferences or other society-sponsored symposia does the importance and value of scientific societies become most evident. Societies act as a tangible gateway for a scientific community to interact with the general public and policy makers. These organizations serve to further the scientific research agenda through several avenues including communication with the public, influencing legislative policy and publicizing research discoveries. A majority of societies devote significant resources toward the recruitment, education, and career development of young investigators. In fact, a significant percentage of society membership is made up of and dedicated to its trainees. Two examples of scientific societies with a strong scientific community focused on gastrointestinal research are the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) and the American Physiological Society (APS). Trainees in both basic and clinical science comprise 11% of the AGA membership (9% in the United States and 2% international). In addition to the AGA’s prior educational programs geared more toward clinical trainees, the AGA is developing a Trainee & Young GI Track Committee to bring greater focus to mentorship and leadership development. In a basic science-focused society such as APS, trainee recruitment is even higher: 15% of APS membership is made up of undergraduate and graduate students alone. These numbers do not account for postdoctoral scholars (these are considered regular members) or young investigators transitioning from postdoc to junior faculty; therefore, the total trainee population is substantially larger. As a result of the high percentage of trainee membership in APS, trainees currently hold 17 positions on 10 different APS committees. In addition to these, the steering committee for each section within the society (including the GI & Liver Section) has a dedicated trainee representative.
Tradução, (in)fidelidade e gênero num conto de Moacyr Scliar

Common sense has often associated both translations and translators with different forms of betrayal. In this paper I intend to focus on how the theme of betrayal in translation is treated in terms of a love triangle, in which the translator's "unreliable" handling of the original is associated with some form of competition with the author for the love of a woman. The object of my analysis will be a short story by Moacyr Scliar entitled "Notas ao Pe da Pagina", first published in Brazil in 1995. I believe that such an analysis may help us further understand the often negative reputation translators seem to have in a culture that worships originals and tends to distrust any activity that somehow "touches" them. It may also help us reflect on why mainstream translation theories have always been so interested in controlling and disciplining translators and their interventions in the texts they necessarily have to rewrite.
A murine model of urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) inflict extreme pain and discomfort to those affected and have profound medical and socioeconomic impact. Although acute UTIs are often treatable with antibiotics, a large proportion of patients suffer from multiple recurrent infections. Here, we describe and provide a protocol for a robust murine UTI model that allows for the study of uropathogens in an ideal setting. The infections in the urinary tract can be monitored quantitatively by determining the bacterial loads at different times post-infection. In addition, the simple bladder architecture allows observation of disease progression and the uropathogenic virulence cascade using a variety of microscopic techniques. This mouse UTI model is extremely flexible, allowing the study of different bacterial strains and species of uropathogens in a broad range of mouse genetic backgrounds. We have used this protocol to identify important aspects of the host-pathogen interaction that determine the outcome of infection. The time required to complete the entire procedure will depend on the number of bacterial strains and mice included in the study. Nevertheless, one should expect 4 h of hands-on time, including inoculum preparation on the day of infection, transurethral inoculation, tissue harvest and post-harvest processing for a small group of mice (e.g., 5 mice).
Use of Video Replay in Judging Gymnastics Vaults

The effectiveness of using video replays to judge gymnastics vaulting was examined by determining reliability of judges' scores and comparing mean scores from original (live) vaults and video replays. Three experienced women gymnasts performed a total of 10 vaults (three different vaults) which were scored by 10 judges after the live vault, after randomized presentation of three replays (regular, slow, and regular speed) and after randomized presentation of one-replay (regular speed). Statistical analyses suggest that variability of scores was greater after the live vault than after either of the replay procedures, judges' reliability may be enhanced with video replays, and the use of video replays may be helpful in reducing variability of scores and producing more consistent mean scores with certain vaults. However, in a comparison of the conventional method of scoring (live vault) with the experimental method (live vault followed immediately by three replays), there was a significant difference between ...
Performance of a thermosyphon with a 37-meter-long, horizontal evaporator

Abstract Laboratory tests were conducted on a thermosyphon with a 37-m-long, horizontal evaporator. This evaporator section was placed in a water tank so that the rate of ice growth on it could be determined. Unit conductance values were calculated for wind speeds of 0 to 5.4 m/s applied to the condenser section. Using these conductance values ina finite element analysis indicated that thermosyphons with horizontal evaporators and condensate return devices were adequate for use in many foundation designs in permafrost regions.
Age and Sex Related Changes in the Amount of Cortex of Normal Human Ribs

(1966). Age and Sex Related Changes in the Amount of Cortex of Normal Human Ribs. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 122-130.
Partitioning behavior of chlorine and fluorine in the system apatite–melt–fluid. II: Felsic silicate systems at 200 MPa

Abstract Hydrothermal experiments were conducted to determine the partitioning of Cl between rhyolitic to rhyodacitic melts, apatite, and aqueous fluid(s) and the partitioning of F between apatite and these melts at ca. 200 MPa and 900–924 °C. The number of fluid phases in our experiments is unknown; they may have involved a single fluid or vapor plus saline liquid. The partitioning behavior of Cl between apatite and melt is non-Nernstian and is a complex function of melt composition and the Cl concentration of the system. Values of D Cl apat/melt (wt. fraction of: Cl in apatite/Cl in melt) vary from 1 to 4.5 and are largest when the Cl concentrations of the melt are at or near the Cl-saturation value of the melt. The Cl-saturation concentrations of silicate melts are lowest in evolved, silica-rich melts, so with elevated Cl concentrations in a system and with all else equal, the maximum values of D Cl apat/melt occur with the most felsic melt. In contrast, values of D F apat/melt range from 11 to 40 for these felsic melts, and many of these are an order of magnitude greater than those applying to basaltic melts at 200 MPa and 1066–1150 °C. The Cl concentration of apatite is a simple and linear function of the concentration of Cl in fluid. Values of D Cl fluid/apat for these experiments range from 9 to 43, and some values are an order of magnitude greater than those determined in 200-MPa experiments involving basaltic melts at 1066–1150 °C. In order to determine the concentrations and interpret the behavior of volatile components in magmas, the experimental data have been applied to the halogen concentrations of apatite grains from chemically evolved rocks of Augustine volcano, Alaska; Krakatau volcano, Indonesia; Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines; Mt. St. Helens, Washington; Mt. Mazama, Oregon; Lascar volcano, Chile; Santorini volcano, Greece, and the Bishop Tuff, California. The F concentrations of these magmas estimated from apatite–melt equilibria range from 0.06 to 0.12 wt% and are generally equivalent to the concentrations of F determined in the melt inclusions. In contrast, the Cl concentrations of the magmas estimated from apatite–melt equilibria (e.g., ca. 0.3–0.9 wt%) greatly exceed those determined in the melt inclusions from all of these volcanic systems except for the Bishop Tuff where the agreement is good. This discrepancy in estimated Cl concentrations of melt could result from several processes, including the hypothesis that the composition of apatite represents a comparatively Cl-enriched stage of magma evolution that precedes melt inclusion entrapment prior to the sequestration of Cl by coexisting magmatic aqueous and/or saline fluid(s).
Evaluation of dose requirements for prolonged bivalirudin administration in patients with renal insufficiency and suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is indicated for patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) with anticipated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data is limited on dose selection among patients with renal insufficiency, particularly with prolonged infusion durations. The study cohort comprised 73 patients with renal dysfunction who received bivalirudin for suspected HIT with or without acute coronary syndrome. We reviewed individual pharmacy and medical records for laboratory and bivalirudin dosing information, medical comorbidities, and adverse clinical outcomes during administration. When estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the Cockcroft–Gault (CG; ml/min) formula, the average bivalirudin dose (mg/kg/h) achieving a therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was 0.07 ± 0.04, 0.15 ± 0.08, and 0.16 ± 0.07 for patients with eGFR between 15–30, 31–60, and >60, respectively. When eGFR was calculated by the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD; ml/min/1.73 m2) formula, the average bivalirudin dose achieving a therapeutic aPTT was 0.07 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.07, and 0.20 ± 0.07 for patients with eGFR between 15–30, 31–60, >60, respectively. The difference between the dose achieving a therapeutic aPTT for patients with eGFR >60 when calculated by MDRD versus CG was completely abolished when obese patients were excluded from the CG cohort. The results of our series of patients with renal dysfunction receiving prolonged duration of bivalirudin in the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) suggests that dose adjustment is safe and should be considered for patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2).
Atomic data and spectral line intensities for Ne-like Fe XVII

Electron impact collision strengths and spontaneous radiative decay rates are calculated for the Ne-like ion Fe XVII. The data pertain to the 37 levels of the configurations 2s[sup 2]2p[sup 6], 2s[sup 2]2p[sup 5]3s, 2s[sup 2]2p[sup 5]3p, 2s[sup 2]2p[sup 5]3d, 2s2[sup 6]3s, 2s2p[sup 6]3p, and 2s2p[sup 6]3d. Collision strengths are calculated at five energies. In Rydberg units these energies are 76.83, 91.53, 120.93, 179.73, and 253.23. Spectral line intensities are calculated for all transitions with intensities within two orders of magnitude of the most intense line in each ion. These are obtained by computing the excitation rate coefficients (cm[sup 3] s[sup [minus]1]), that is, the collision strengths integrated over a Maxwellian electron distribution, and then solving the equations of detailed balance for the populations of the 37 energy levels, assuming a collisional excitation model. The level populations are computed for several electron densities and are also given in this paper. 17 refs., 4 tabs.
Agglomeration economies and industrial decentralization: The wage — productivity trade-offs

Abstract This paper examines the industrial location trade-offs between the productivity advantages of the metropolitan center and the lower land and the labor costs in outlying regions within the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results indicate that while plant productivity is enhanced by the considerable agglomeration economies existing within metropolitan Sao Paulo, firms must pay for these benefits in high wages and land costs. Offsetting labor cost savings can be achieved by locating in outlying regions. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that market forces may lead eventually to a spontaneous decentralization of industry.
The amino acid composition and morphology of some invertebrate and vertebrate collagens.

Abstract 1. 1. The complete amino acid analysis of collagens from a mammal (steer hide), an elasmobranch (shark clastoidin), an echinoderm ( Thyone body wall), two coelenterates ( Metridium body wall and Physalia float), and two structurally distinct collagens from the sponge are presented along with a description of some morphological characteristics of the tissues from which they were derived. 2. 2. Structural observations include a typical collagen axial repeating period in fibrils of the body wall of Thyone , thin (200–300 A) unbranched fibrils revealing periodic axial structure in the connective tissue of Metridium and the float of Physalia , and a reasonably well oriented collagen wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern obtained from water-washed Physalia float. 3. 3. The most striking characteristic of these collagens is the uniformly high glycine content which in each case approaches one-third of the total amino acid residues. This is reflected in the corrected nitrogen values which are all close to 18.6%. The data are consistent with the requirements of the most likely structure of the collagen molecule. 4. 4. A high degree of variability of the other amino acids, including proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, occurs among the invertebrate phyla. In general the invertebrate collagens when compared to vertebrate collagens have a smaller proportion of imino acids, more total dicarboxylic and hydroxy amino acids, and fewer nonpolar amino acids. 5. 5. Thyone collagen and spongin A have the lowest lysine values yet recorded for collagen, 7.5 and 9.0 residues per 1,000 residues as compared with 25 for steer hide. Metridium, Physalia collagen and spongin B have the highest recorded hydroxylysine content, 25, 30 and 24 residues per 1,000 residues as compared with 6.8 for mammalian collagen. 6. 6. No relationship between amino acid composition and evolutionary development is obvious.
Lead and bromine in atmospheric particulate matter on Oahu, Hawaii

Abstract Atmospheric particulate lead and bromine concentrations have been determined for samples collected in and around urban Honolulu, Hawaii. The samples were collected during periods of tradewind weather which should cause a maximum dispersion of pollutants. The average urban curbside concentrations of lead and bromine were 7.7 μg m−3 and 1.60 μg m−3 respectively, similar to or higher than concentrations reported for mainland cities. The coefficient of correlation between the bromine and lead concentrations was 0.97, suggesting a common source for both pollutants. Although the most probable source is automobiles, the Br Pb ratio for urban curbside samples was 0.22 ± 0.04, lower than the ethyl fluid ratio of 0.39. This may indicate that bromine is lost from the particles after emission to the atmosphere. The constancy of the ratio, compared to previous studies, is probably a result of the persistent meteorological conditions during tradewind periods.
SYNTHESIS AND SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY OF CH3BII2 : A STRUCTURE WITH AN EXTENDED ONE-DIMENSIONAL ORGANOMETALLIC FRAMEWORK

Red needle-like crystals of the title compound were grown using a reaction between Bi metal and methyl iodide under solvothermal conditions. CH3BiI2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with an unusual one-dimensional organic−inorganic chain-like structure. The Bi atoms have a square pyramidal local geometry, with four I atoms forming the base and one methyl group occupying an apical site. Each basal square shares trans edges with two nearest neighbors to form a one-dimensional inorganic BiI2 chain along the b-axis. All methyl groups are covalently bonded to bismuth atoms and are aligned on one side of the BiI2 basal plane. The organic−inorganic chains are held together via van der Waals interaction, forming an extended solid state structural array. Extended Huckel band structure calculations demonstrate electronic one-dimensionality for CH3BiI2. Molecular modeling suggests that the square pyramidal Bi coordination arises primarily to reduce Bi−C antibonding character in the HOMO. The resulting...
Lewy Bodies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Neuropathological Review of 145 Cases Using α‐Synuclein Immunohistochemistry

Antibodies to alpha-synuclein (AS) now provide a sensitive and specific method for the detection of Lewy bodies (LBs) and their use will allow a more accurate determination of the prevalence of LBs in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Studies using AS immunohistochemistry (IHC) have found LBs in the amygdala of over 60% early onset familial AD and in 50% of Down's syndrome patients with AD, however, no studies have reported the use of AS IHC to detect LBs in a large cohort of sporadic AD. This study examined 145 sporadic AD cases diagnosed using CERAD criteria from 1995-1999 for the presence of LBs using AS IHC. AS IHC detected LBs in 88/145 (60.7%) of sporadic AD cases. Similarly, LBs were found in 56.8% of the 95 cases fulfilling the more stringent NIA-RI criteria for the diagnosis of AD (Braak stage 5-6). In all cases with LBs, the amygdala was involved and LBs were always most numerous in this area, however, in some cases LBs in the substantia nigra were rare or not present. In conclusion, this study found that AS IHC detects LBs in the majority of sporadic AD cases and that the amygdala is the most commonly affected region.
Coherency stresses, composition and dislocation interactions for θ″ precipitates in age-hardened Al-Cu

Precipitate and matrix coherency stresses were calculated from tetragonal crystal structure data for θ″ precipitates (GP II zones) in age-hardened Al-Cu. It was assumed that the tetragonal structures were due to biaxial elastic strains in otherwise cubic phases. The assumption was strongly supported by the calculation of a θ″ phase cubic lattice parameter of 3.955a from the elasticity analysis, which agreed extremely well with the lattice parameter of 3.96 ± 0.01A found for a metastable face-centered cubic Al-17.3 at. pct Cu sample made by splat quenching. Thus, a composition very close to 17 at. pct Cu was indicated for the θ″ precipitate. Additional tetragonal lattice parameter data indicated θ″ precipitates contained less than 17 at. pct Cu for early stages of aging and more than 17 at. pct Cu for late stages of aging. Calculated dislocation radii of curvature agreed with the shape of dislocations observed in a transmission electron micrograph of an Al-Cu sample containing θ″ precipitates. The calculated radii were larger than observed, however, which was attributed to uncertainties in the accuracy of the dislocation line tension used for the calculation and to possible uncertainties in the observed radii.
Minimizing risk associated with elderly liver donors by matching to preferred recipients

Elderly liver donors (ELDs) represent a possible expansion of the donor pool, although there is great reluctance to use ELDs because of reports that increasing donor age predicts graft loss and patient death. The goal of this study was to identify a subgroup of recipients who would be least affected by increased donor age and thus best suited to receive grafts from ELDs. A national registry of deceased donor liver transplants from 2002–2005 was analyzed. ELDs aged 70–92 (n = 1043) were compared with average liver donors (ALDs) aged 18–69 (n = 15,878) and ideal liver donors (ILDs) aged 18–39 (n = 6842). Recipient factors that modified the effect of donor age on outcomes were identified via interaction term analysis. Outcomes in recipient subgroups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Recipients preferred for ELD transplants were determined to be first-time recipients over the age of 45 with body mass index 0.1; 3-year patient survival: ELD 81%, ALD 80%, ILD 81%, P > 0.1). In contrast, there were significantly worse outcomes when ELD livers were used in nonpreferred recipients (3-year graft survival: ELD 50%, ALD 71%, ILD 75%, P < 0.001; 3-year patient survival: ELD 64%, ALD 77%, ILD 80%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The risks of ELDs can be substantially minimized by appropriate recipient selection. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Public space design as class warfare: Urban design, the `right to the city' and the production of Clinton Square, Syracuse, NY

Urban designers and their design process remain largely outside the literature on public space. Either designers are cast as simple tools of capitalist social relations, producing exclusionary public spaces, or they figure as entrepreneurs that complement economic renewal schemes through beautification measures that bring business and jobs to the city. This paper analyzes both of these arguments, through an ethnographic analysis of the urban design process behind the redevelopment of a public square in Syracuse, NY. I argue that aesthetic considerations most often derive from economic and political pressures, pressures that draw upon the social contexts of urban designers within an international division of labor and their relationship to class struggle. Because public space serves such an important role in political and social life, its status as a product of urban design should therefore act as a crucial component in any discussion of rights to the city.
Energy dissipation in NSOM probe fiber tapers: ray-tracing assessment

We use a ray tracing technique in order to analyze the optical throughput and the side wall energy deposition for the glass fiber probes used in the near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). It is shown that the significant part of the light can be dissipated tens or even hundreds of microns away from the probe apex due to absorption by metal coating. The results also indicate that a substantial part of the light coupled into the fiber probe is reflected back. The analysis elucidates the 'far-field' causes for a low throughput of NSOM probes and their overheating. The ways of further probe geometry and structure improvement are outlined.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Core polarization corrections for the photoionization of sodium

Many-body perturbation theory with an effective operator is applied to the calculations of photoionization of sodium by consistently including the static and dynamic core polarization. The cross section for the transition (2p → kd + ks) is obtained by taking into account the dipole and quadrupole core polarization. The results are compared with the many-body perturbation results and measurements.
Cyclic oxidation of Haynes 230 alloy

The cyclic oxidation of Haynes 230 alloy (Ni-Cr-W-Mo alloy) was investigated in air at three different temperatures, 871, 982 and 1093 °C. Studies indicated that during cyclic oxidation, protective scales formed which were predominantly Cr2O3, with Kirkendall voids formed both at the scale/alloy interface and grain boundaries. Intergranular oxides were observed at temperatures above 982 °C while internal oxide particles were found above 1093 °C. Both intergranular and internal oxides were identified as aluminium oxide. A 50 μm chromium-depleted zone developed after 70 h exposure at 1093 °C and was accompanied by disastrous scale spalling. The lowest chromium concentration within the depleted zone was 14 wt% which still provided a sufficient supply of chromium for development of a continuous Cr2O3 rich scale. Decarburization was observed at the higher temperature of 1093 °C, and a carbide-free zone developed. Also, it was found that Haynes 230 is subject to a sensitization process. At the lower exposure temperature of 871 °C, large amounts of chromium carbide formed preferentially at the grain boundaries. While at the surface region chromium carbide precipitation occurred at the twin boundaries.
Sign-Tracking to an Appetitive Cue Predicts Incubation of Conditioned Fear in Rats

Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and addiction are very different disorders, both are characterized by hyperreactivity to trauma- or drug-related cues, respectively. We investigated whether an appetitive conditioning task, Pavlovian conditioned approach, which predicts vulnerability to reinstatement of cocaine-seeking, also predicts fear incubation, which may be a marker for vulnerability to PTSD. We classified rats based on whether they learned to approach and interact with a food predictive cue (sign-trackers), or, whether upon cue presentation they went to the location of impending food delivery (goal-trackers). Rats were then exposed to extensive Pavlovian tone-shock pairings, which causes the fear response to increase or "incubate" over time. We found that the fear incubation effect was only present in sign-trackers. The behavior of goal-trackers was more consistent with a normal fear response-it was most robust immediately after training and decayed slowly over time. Sign-trackers also had lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein in the prefrontal cortex than goal-trackers. These results indicate that, while many factors likely contribute to the disproportionate co-occurrence of PTSD and substance abuse, one such factor may be a core psychological trait that biases some individuals to attribute excessive motivational significance to predictive cues, regardless of the emotional valence of those cues. High levels of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex may be protective against developing excessive emotional and motivational responses to salient cues.
Endoscopic treatment and radiotherapy of a skull base chondrosarcoma in a patient with type II enchondromatosis

Maffucci syndrome is a rare, congenital mesenchymal displasia characterized by multiple enchondromata and hemangiomata, both of which can undergo malignant transformation. Intracranial involvement is uncommon. There is no medical treatment for enchondromatosis. Surgery is indicated in case of complications (pathological fractures, severe functional defects, malignant transformation). Here, we describe a large chondrosarcoma involving nose, paranasal sinuses and clivus treated by endoscopic transnasal resection and radiotherapy, in a 25-year-old patient with Maffucci's syndrome.
Position of the mental foramen in a North American, white population

Abstract Knowledge of the position of the mental foramen is important both when administering regional anesthesia and performing periapical surgery in the mandible. Although it is often possible to identify the mental foramen by palpation and radiographically, knowing the normal range of possible locations is essential. Standard anatomic texts have data collected from dried skulls, but often of unknown origin or from an ethnic group that does not represent the North American population. Objectives. This study identified the position of the mental foramen in a more representative sample of the North American population. Ethnic and gender differences were also investigated and the symmetry of location within individuals analyzed. Study design. Regional dissections of 105 human cadavers were carried out to identify the normal range of position of the mental foramen. The vertical and horizontal position was recorded with the two adjacent teeth used as references. If the two adjacent teeth were not present the foramen was not included in the study. Results. The results indicated that the mental foramen was, on average, between the premolars, therefore not statistically different from previous studies. However, there appears to be a greater range than generally reported, which is of considerable clinical significance. Examples of dissections of unusually positioned mental foramina are given.
Animal memory: The contribution of generalization decrement to delayed conditional discrimination retention functions

Delayed conditional discriminations in which a sample indicates which comparison stimulus is correct have typically been used in working memory research with animals. Following acquisition with no (0-sec) delay between the offset of the sample and the onset of the comparison stimuli, delays of variable duration are introduced. The resulting retention functions are taken as a measure of memory. We suggest that, in addition to memory loss due to the delay, the comparison of matching accuracy at the 0-sec training delay with relatively novel test delays may produce a generalization decrement that varies as a function of increasing delay. We tested this hypothesis by training pigeons with a mixed delay procedure from the start and found that the retention functions for these pigeons were significantly shallower than those for a control group trained with 0-sec delays and tested with longer delays, and, although reduced in magnitude, the differences persisted for as many as 15 sessions. We propose that a measure of animals' working memory can be obtained uninfluenced by a generalization decrement if they have received comparable training with all of the delays that are tested.
The use of a surface complexation model to describe the kinetics of ligand-promoted dissolution of anorthite

The dissolution of anorthite (CaAl2Si208) in the presence of fluoride and oxalate was studied under controlled pH and CO2 conditions. The dissolution of anorthite in the absence of complex-forming ligands was nearly pH independent between pH 5 and 9. The presence of complex-forming ligands resulted in a dissolution rate that increased linearly with decreasing solution pH. The dissolution data were modeled using the theory that the reaction rate is proportional to the surface concentration of activated sites. Surface activated sites are formed by the adsorption of protons and complexing ligands. On anorthite, the proton-promoted activated sites are probably Si centered and the ligand-promoted activated sites Al centered. Two surface chemistry models were combined in order to describe the overall reaction. At pH values less than 4.2, the rate of the proton-promoted dissolution was linearly proportional to Γ4, where Γ is the surface concentration of adsorbed protons. The rate of the ligand-promoted dissolution was found to be linearly related to the surface concentration of adsorbed ligand. These findings suggest that for most natural systems, pH and complexing ligands have a synergistic effect on feldspar dissolution. The observation in nature that Ca-rich plagioclase feldspars are less resistant to weathering than Na-rich feldspars can be attributed to the increased reactivity of organic ligands towards Ca-rich feldspars. The increased reactivity is attributed to the higher proportion of Al in the Ca-feldspars.
Solid-phase synthesis of quinoxaline, thiazine, and oxazine analogs through a benzyne intermediate

A solid-phase synthetic route to quinoxaline, thiazine, and oxazine analogs is described. N-Alloc-3-amino-3-(2,4-difluoro-5-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid was tethered to Rink resin via its carboxylic acid group. The 4-arylfluorine was displaced with a primary amine, alcohol, or thiol to create, respectively, a resin bound aniline, phenol, or thiophenol derivative with one diversity element and one single atom (e.g., N, S, or O) diversity point. A fused heterocyclic system was subsequently created via a benzyne heterocyclization initiated by dehydrofluorination with strong base. Acid treatment released the desired products in high yield and moderate purity.
A Novel nk-2-related Transcription Factor Associated with Human Fetal Liver and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A novel cDNA was partially isolated from a HepG2 cell expression library by screening with the promoter-linked coupling element (PCE), a site from the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene promoter. The remainder of the cDNA was cloned from fetal liver RNA using random amplification of cDNA ends. The cDNA encodes a 239-amino acid peptide with domains closely related to the Drosophila factor nk-2. The new factor is the eighth vertebrate factor related to nk-2, hence nkx-2.8. Northern blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated mRNA in HepG2, two other AFP-expressing human cell lines, and human fetal liver. Transcripts were not detected in adult liver. Cell-free translation produced DNA binding activity that gel shifted a PCE oligonucleotide. Cotransfection of nkx-2.8 expression and PCE reporter plasmids into HeLa cells demonstrated transcriptional activation; NH2-terminal deletion eliminated this activity. Cotransfection into AFP-producing hepatocytic cells repressed AFP reporter expression, suggesting that endogenous activity was already present in these cells. In contrast, cotransfection into an AFP-negative hepatocytic line produced moderate activation of the AFP gene. The cardiac developmental factor nkx-2.5 could substitute for nkx-2.8 in all transfection assays, whereas another related factor, thyroid transcription factor 1, showed a more limited range of substitution. Although the studies have yet to establish definitively that nkx-2.8 is the AFP gene regulator PCF, the two factors share a common DNA binding site, gel shift behavior, migration on SDS-acrylamide gels, and cellular distribution. Moreover, the nk-2-related genes are developmental regulators, and nkx-2.8 is the first such factor associated with liver development.
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the anticancer agent mitoxantrone by nitrogen dioxide (NO2.) radicals.

Mitoxantrone [1,4-dihydroxy-5,8-bis[[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-9,10-anthracenedione, MXH2] is a novel anticancer agent frequently employed in the chemotherapy of leukemia and breast can...
Evidence for cyanide and mercury inactivation of endogenous plastocyanin

Cyanide and mercury treatment of chloroplast membranes inactivates plastocyanin as shown by the inability of the extracted plastocyanin to restore electron transport in a bioassay on chloroplasts depleted of their endogenous plastocyanin by digitonin treatment. The extraction procedure did remore the enzyme from cyanide and mercury treated chloroplasts as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the extracts. This procedure normally shows a plastocyanin band at 11,000 dalton molecular weight and the band was present in extracts from control and cyanide or mercury treated membranes.
Critical Issues in Safe Transport of Hazardous Materials

The growing volume of hazardous‐materials shipments and the potential consequences of a materials release have raised public concern and scrutiny over the safe handling and transport of hazardous cargo. This has prompted intensive regulatory review and technical studies directed at identification and resolution of critical issues impacting the safe transport of hazardous materials. This paper addresses these issues, both from the standpoint of what is currently known and for the development of an agenda for enhancing hazardous‐materials transport safety in the future. Attention is focused principally on those areas where the needs are particularly acute, namely the regulatory environment, information systems, accident analysis, hazard mitigation, risk assessment, routing, community preparedness, and incident management. The basis for this review is the condition of “Check pdf for missing text” ilar safety problems plague other industrial countries, it is expected that many of the conclusions and recommend...
The innervation of human bowel mucosa and its alterations in Hirschsprung's disease using a whole-mount preparation technique.

The innervation of the human bowel wall and its structural and functional changes in Hirschsprung's disease (HD) are well-recognised. The luminal surface of the bowel acts as a multifunctional barrier, and modifications in its physiochemical properties can result in serious complications such as enterocolitis (EC). The whole-mount preparation (WMP) technique produces a three-dimensional (3D) picture to better demonstrate the neuronal networks and the relationship of branching and interconnecting nerve fibres to each other. The aim of this study was to investigate the innervation of the mucosal layer in normal and HD bowel using a WMP immunohistochemistry technique in order to better understand the pathophysiology of HD. Full-thickness bowel specimens were collected from 9 HD patients at pull-through operation. Normal control small- and large-bowel specimens were collected from 10 patients at the time of bladder augmentation. Suction rectal biopsies from 8 patients with chronic constipation and 2 patients with HD were also included in this study. A WMP of the mucosal layer was made and stained with various neuronal markers (S100, PGP 9.5, and LlCAM) using fluorescein immunohistochemistry. PGP 9.5, S100, and LlCAM immunofluorescence staining of the normal mucosa demonstrated a characteristic 3D meshlike neuronal network of uniform thickness surrounding the crypts. In the aganglionic bowel S100, PGP 9.5, and LlCAM-positive meshlike networks were replaced by thick nerve trunks in the muscosa without any interconnecting network. The present study demonstrates for the first time the 3D morphology of mucosal innervation in normal and aganglionic bowel. The WMP technique clearly demonstrated that the mucosal innervation in HD is morphologically abnormal, and this may adversely influence secretory and absorptive functions of the bowel. WMPs using suction rectal biopsy specimens may be a useful additional technique to diagnose HD.
Charging of dust grains in plasma with energetic electrons.

The charge on small grains of glass, copper, graphite, and silicon has been measured in a plasma device containing both thermal electrons with energies of a few eV and monoenergetic suprathermal electrons. For conditions in which the charging current is dominated by suprathermal electrons, the grains charge to the potential that repels these electrons unless they induce significant secondary emission. The charge on the grains is linear with size for diameters from 30 to 120 \ensuremath{\mu}m and is the value expected from the grain capacitance and the charging potential.
Combating sexism in the preschool environment

Gifted Children need to know, and at a very young age, that sex roles have no bearing on excellence.
Response of no-till soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to timing of preplant and foliar potassium applications in a claypan soil

Potassium availability in agronomic crops has recently decreased due to periodic drought conditions, soil compaction, reduced K applications, lower frequency of soil testing, and higher K fertilizer requirements because of increasing corn (Zea mays L.) yields and larger soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] acreage. Little research has evaluated the effects of foliar K applications on low to medium soil test K claypan soils, which are susceptible to drought and surface compaction. Field research was conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine soybean response to foliar-applied K fertilizer compared with a preplant application and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these treatments. Potassium fertilizer (K 2 SO 4 ) was either broadcast-applied at 140,280, and 560 kg K ha -1 as a preplant application or foliar-applied at 9, 18, and 36 kg K ha -1 at the V4, R1-R2, and R3-R4 stages of soybean development. Soybean grain yield increased 727 to 834 kg ha -1 when K was foliar-applied at 36 kg ha -1 at the V4 and R1-R2 stage of development in 2001 and 2002. Foliar-applied K at the R3-R4 stage of development increased grain yield but not as much as V4 or R1-R2 application timings. Treatment cost-effectiveness ranked preplant K at 280 kg ha -1 = preplant K at 140 kg ha -1 > preplant K at 560 kg ha -1 = V4 or R1-R2 foliar-applied at 36 kg ha -1 . Foliar K did not substitute for preplant K in this research; however, foliar K may be a supplemental option when climatic and soil conditions reduce nutrient uptake from the soil.
Controlling photoreactions with restricted spaces and weak intermolecular forces: exquisite selectivity during oxidation of olefins by singlet oxygen.

Highly regioselective photooxidation of methyl cycloalkenes has been performed in an aqueous medium by selectively blocking two of the three allylic hydrogens through supramolecular steric effect. Hydrophobic, steric, and weak intermolecular C−H−π interactions are suggested to be responsible for the specific orientation of the olefin within a water-soluble, deep-cavity cavitand with eight carboxylic acid groups.