cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of multiple channel delta networks

The authors analyze the performance of delta networks constructed with crossbars having multiple channels per input/output port. The probability of internal blocking is reduced significantly when two or more parallel channels interconnect stages of crossbars. This allows a throughput comparable to that of a single-stage crossbar switch to be achieved with three channels and selectors at the outputs of the delta network. The throughput can be increased to nearly 100% by using a shared buffer architecture instead of the selector at the outputs. Such a multiple channel delta network can be used in telecommunication switching networks and as an interconnection network in multiprocessor systems. >
Ecological significance of common nonarboreal pollen: examples from drylands of the Middle East

Surface pollen assemblages within the continental Middle East and the ecology of the common pollen-producers provide the basis for analyzing pollen assemblages of the past. Sparse psammophilous vegetation is found within the hyperarid zone. It primarily produces pollen of Cyperus conglomeratus and Calligonum. Within the arid zone pollen of Chenopodiaceae, Plantago and insect-pollinated herbaceous vegetation dominates. Artemisia pollen becomes important within semi-arid climates. Both Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae are characteristic of highly continental climates with cold winters and dry summers. Because Artemisia pollen increases and Chenopodiaceae decreases with decreasing aridity the ratio of their pollen (C/A) is used as a moisture indicator. This ratio should be applied within narrow geographical limits and within non-forested areas. Grasses (Poaceae) are not well-adapted to climates with summer drought and their pollen percentages are low in most of the region. They are somewhat higher where favorable edaphic conditions occur or where summers are less arid. A low C/A during the pleniglacial suggests moist conditions with a rainfall regime similar to today. Increases in Chenopodiaceae pollen at the expense of Artemisia indicate intense aridity during late glacial times. An early Holocene phase of summer rainfall is evident in the region-wide replacement of Chenopodiaceae/Artemisia vegetation by grasses and in the spread of deciduous trees in less arid sites.
Suppression of Antibody-Producing Cells in Rainbow Trout Spleen Sections Exposed to Copper in Vitro

Abstract Immunosuppression was demonstrated in sections of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) spleens immunized in vitro and exposed in culture to different concentrations of copper chloride. The sections were immunized with dinitrophenyl-Ficoll and cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium with 2% fetal calf serum; half of the medium was withdrawn and replaced every other day. The passive hemolytic plaque assay was used to determine the number of antibody-producing cells 10 d after injection. In the sections cultured with the high copper concentration (100 μg/mL), all cells died; at copper concentrations of 0.1–10 μg/mL, leukocytes remained viable, but fewer antibody-producing cells were present than in organ sections cultured in medium without copper. This in vitro method reduces the number of animals needed and the length of time required to determine toxicity and immunosuppression, and it provides information on the effects of certain environmental pollutants on fish.
Price-at-Risk: A methodology for pricing utility computing services

Whereas most companies use the century-old cost-plus pricing, this pricing method is especially inadequate for services on demand because these services have uncertain demand, high development costs, and a short life cycle. In this paper we propose a novel methodology, Price-at-Risk, that explicitly takes into account uncertainty in the pricing decision. By explicitly modeling contingent factors, such as uncertain rate of adoption or demand elasticity, the methodology can account for risk before the pricing decision is taken. The methodology optimizes the expected "net present value," subject to financial performance constraints, and thus improves on both the cost-based and value-based approaches found in the marketing literature.
Interaction of pyridoxal 5′ phosphate and malate dehydrogenase

Abstract Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (L-malate-NAD + oxidoreductase, E.C.1.1.1.37) of porcine heart is totally and irreversibly inhibited by pyridoxal-5′-phosphate. The course of inactivation appears to be biphasic in nature. The coenzyme, NADH, was observed to fully protect the enzyme from inactivation, suggesting interaction at or near the enzymatic active center.
The Effect of Humidity on the Physical and Chemical Stability of Spray-Dried Aluminum Hydroxycarbonate

The moisture sorption isotherm of amorphous spray-dried aluminum hydroxycarbonate (SDAHC) at 25°C revealed that moisture sorption increased sharply when the relative humidity exceeded 80%. The physical and chemical stability of SDAHC was studied for 1 year at 25°C and 0, 11, 54, 84, or 100% RH. The results were interpreted to reveal that two mechanisms affect the properties of SDAHC at 25°C. The sample stored at 0% RH did not exhibit any significant changes during the 1-year study period. The surface area and rate of acid neutralization decreased when samples were stored at 11 or 54% RH, but the material remained amorphous. This change is believed to be due to aggregation and cementation of particles. Much larger changes in surface area and the rate of acid neutralization occurred in the samples aged at 84 or 100% RH. Under these humidity conditions, polymorphic transformations occurred in addition to aggregation and cementation. X-ray diffraction indicated that microcrystalline boehmite was an intermediate phase. The stable polymorph was bayerite, which is believed to form due to the high surface pH produced by water sorption at 84 or 100% RH. The moisture sorption isotherm was useful in identifying the humidity conditions which resulted in high moisture sorption. Polymorphic transformations were only detected when the SDAHC was aged under these humidity conditions.
Regulation of insulin synthesis in an insulin-producing cell line (RINm5F): Long-term experiments

The insulin-producing cell line RINm5F, has been used in short-term experiments to evaluate insulin secretion. We sought to maintain the responsiveness of these cells to stimuli for up to 2 days. We examined the course of new insulin synthesis over this period by measuring at intervals immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in two parts: IRI in the medium (M) and IRI extracted from the cells (C). Control cells were incubated in RPMI 1640/2.8 mM glucose/10% fetal bovine serum/200 μg/ml bacitracin (to prevent insulin degradation). The addition of dibutyryl cAMP 10 mM to the experimental dishes significantly increased total (M+C) IRI at 48 hr to 37% above the insulin content of the control dishes (p<0.01). Theophylline 10 mM increased total (M+C) IRI by 24% over control (p<0.05) after 24 hrs. Glucose, glyceraldehyde, leucine, arginine, glucagon and tolbutamide, other stimulants of insulin production, had no effect. Under the experimental conditions reported here, including the use of bacitracin, IRI synthesis can be studied for up to 48 hr.
THE THYROID AND ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B12 IN RATS

The absorption of vitamin B12 and the concentrations of vitamin B12 in the plasma and liver were measured in normal rats and in rats in which the thyroid activity was altered. It was found that the absorption of an oral dose of radioactive vitamin B12 is markedly reduced after thyroidectomy and that the thyroid hormone treatment readily normalizes absorption in thyroidectomized rats. However, the administration of intrinsic factor (IF) prepared from rat stomachs did not improve absorption in such animals. The measurement of IF activity in the stomach demonstrated that the amount of IF in the stomach is not reduced in thyroidectomized rats. It seems, therefore, that the thyroidal influence on the absorption of vitamin B-2 is not mediated through the production of IF. A possible hormonal regulation acting directly on the intestinal wall for the absorption of vitamin B12 has been discussed.
Integrating long-term care insurance purchase decisions with saving and investment for retirement

Abstract Risk related to long-term care (LTC) is high for the elderly. Planning for LTC is now regarded as the ‘third leg’ of retirement planning. In this paper, planning for LTC is integrated with saving and investment decisions for an integrated approach to retirement planning. Optimal LTC insurance purchase decisions are obtained by developing a trade-off between post-retirement LTC costs and LTC insurance premiums paid and coverage received. Integrating insurance purchase with wealth evolution, consisting of saving and investment decisions, allows addressing affordability issues. Two-way branching models are used for the stochastic health events and asset returns. The problem, formulated as a nonlinearly constrained mixed-integer optimization problem, is solved using a heuristic. Sensitivity analyses are performed for initial health and wealth status. Some important aspects of an individual’s behavioral preferences are also addressed in this framework to provide more robust decision support.
Dispersal, eddies, and the diversity of marine phytoplankton

We examined the role of physical dispersal in regulating patterns of diversity of marine phytoplankton in the context of global ocean simulations at eddy-permitting and coarse resolutions. Swifter current speeds, faster dispersal, and increased environmental variability in the higher-resolution model enhanced local diversity almost everywhere. In the numerical simulations, each resolved phytoplankton type was characterized as “locally adapted” at any geographical location (i.e., having net local biological production and physical export) or “immigrant” (i.e., net local biological loss but a population sustained by immigration via physical transport). Immigrants accounted for a higher fraction of the total diversity in the equatorial and subtropical regions, where the exclusion timescale is long relative to the physical transport between “provinces.” Hotspots of diversity were associated with western boundary currents and coastal upwelling regions. The former had high locally adapted diversity within the core of the current system, maintained by confluence of upstream populations and the induction of nutrient resources, as well as environmental variability associated with mesoscale eddies. Downstream of strong nutrient sources, convergence of populations led to immigrant-dominated diversity. The numerical simulations provide testable predictions of patterns in diversity and hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that control them. Molecular approaches to characterizing diversity in microbial populations will provide a means to test these hypotheses.
Compiled aerosol optical depth and extinction-to-backscatter climatology for Tucson, AZ

The Aeronet network has had a wide-ranging impact on the study of atmospheric aerosols, both temporally and geographically. This paper examines the results of measurements from the Aeronet network from a radiometer deployed in Tucson, Arizona during 1999 and 2000. Monthly averages of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom parameter values are presented. These show that a maximum in aerosol loading occurs in summer months with an average value for optical thickness of 0.11 at 670 nm compared to 0.03 during winter months. The Angstrom coefficient shows a similar trend with largest values, corresponding to smaller-sized aerosols dominating during the summer months. These results show significant differences from results obtained from similar measurements during the period of 1975-77. In addition to optical depth, aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio, or lidar aerosol ratio, is calculated and examined using size distribution data available from Aeronet and Mie scatter computations. This ratio varies from an average value of near 25 in March, April, and May to values near 100 for October, November, and December. Comparison of a subset of these data to those from an independent solar radiometer support these conclusions.
Development of connectors for high-voltage polymeric cables

One of the major advantages of high-voltage extruded dielectric cables is that they tend to be simple to terminate, joint and connect into equipment. These advantages were not immediately apparent, but were uncovered by a cable industry that was tired with conventional methods of termination. It decided to take a new look at the problem working from first principles. A close liaison was established between relevant industries and a new breed of cable accessory emerged, the development of which over the past 15 years can only be described as dramatic.
Velika transformacija srednjoistočne Europe: Uspjeh i razočaranje *

Janos Kornai je emeritus profesor ekonomije na sveucilistu Harvard i stalni clan Instituta za napredne studije Collegim Budapest, te bivsi redovni profesor Ekonomskog instituta Mađarske akademije znanosti. Autor je vise kritickih radova o planskom gospodarstvu među kojima su najznacajniji Economics of Shortage (1980.) i The Socialist System, The Political Economy of Communism (1988.), te radova o ekonomskoj tranziciji među kojima su i The Road to a Free Economy (1990.), Highway and Byways (1995.), Struggle and Hope (1997.) i Welfare in Transition (2001.). Ovaj esej predstavlja autorov pokusaj da u glavnim crtama da ocjenu procesa politicke, drustvene i ekonomske tranzicije u osam zemalja srednjoistocne Evrope koje su usle u EU u zadnjem valu prosirenja. Autor u osnovnim crtama uspoređuje tranziciju u srednjoistocnoj Evropi sa procesom razvoja tržisnog gospodarstva u drugim krajevima svijeta i u drugim povijesnim razdobljima, kao i drustvene i politicke procese koji su ga pratili. Preko usporedbe autor daje ocjenu procesa tranzicije u srednjoj i istocnoj Evropi te zakljucuje da je proces po brzini, dosegu i nenasilnoj prirodi bio znatno uspjesniji nego mnogi slicni procesi u drugim dijelovima svijeta i drugim povijesnim razdobljima. Autor isto tako analizira i probleme te razocaranja koja su pratila proces tranzicije te analizira da li i kako su se oni mogli izbjeci.
An estimate of the long-term crude birth rate of the agricultural population of China

Este articulo presenta una estimacion de la rata cruda de nacimiento a largo plazo de la poblacion agricola de la China en base a un buen coeficiente de correlacion entre la densidad de produccion (de cosechas) por provincias—datos del periodo entre 1930–40—y la rata cruda de nacimiento por areas —datos comprendidos en el periodo 1930–50.
Children's use of social comparison standards in judging performance and their effects on self-evaluation

Abstract The use of a standard of social comparison by children to evaluate their classroom performance has been cited as an important determinant of their perceptions of both success and failure and their overall level of ability. This study examined the effects of information about both children's own outcomes and those of a peer on their self-evaluation. It was observed that (1) the number of children evaluating performance on a task in terms of own performance relative to another's increased with age; (2) boys were more likely than girls to make such comparative evaluations; (3) cooperative vs competitive task instructions did not differentially influence the likelihood of comparative evaluations; and (4) across age levels, children who were outperformed and evaluated their performance comparatively rated their ability and effort significantly lower than those who were outperformed but did not evaluate their performance comparatively.
Intentions of Science Teachers To Use Investigative Teaching Methods: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of the theory of planned behavior for predicting the behavioral intentions of teachers enrolled in the Institute in Physical Science, an EESA, Title II program funded by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. In particular, the study investigated three determinants of teachers' behavioral intentions (BI) set forth in the theory of planned behavior, namely, attitude toward the behavior (AB), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The behavior of interest in this study was the intention of teachers in grades 5/6 or 9/10 who were enrolled in the Institute to use 50% of the activities and investigations completed in the program with students they would teach during the next school year. Data were collected from 50 elementary and secondary teachers. Simple and hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the relative contributions of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (and their interactions) to the prediction of behavioral intention. Results of this study indicated that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control made significant contributions to the prediction of behavioral intention. Examination of the data blocked on external variables revealed attitude toward the behavior to be the single most important predictor of behavioral intention. Intent to perform the behavior appears to be totally under the control of most teachers, with little need for social support and with ample resources and sufficient opportunities available to perform the behavior.
Social Norms Theory, Enforcement, and Management Concepts: An Analysis of Local Smoking Ban Ordinances

Although there is substantial research on the consequences of smoking and the economic loss resulting from tobacco use, there is a scarcity of work on the enforcement of smoking ordinances at the local level. As municipalities around the country pass ordinances restricting smoking in public places, research should be conducted to understand enforcement outcomes. This article examines the management concepts being employed by managers in the enforcement of smoking ordinances. This article shows that management concepts are salient in policy enforcement and are employed to manage smoking enforcement ordinances. The theory of social norms is used to explain this phenomenon.
Computer-aided lung nodule detection and assessment by using a hybrid PET/CT scanner

ABSTRACT In this study we present an automatic algorithm for the detection and functional assessment of lung nodules on three-dimensional slices derived from a hybrid PET/CT scanner. In addition to differentiate malignant from benign lesions, the algorithm was mainly designed for assessing the response of lung cancer to therapy. The automated algorithm involves three major steps. First, the lung region is segmented from low resolution multislice CT images. Once the lung is segmented on CT images, a search of seed pixels with maximum activity of 18 FDG is undertaken into the lung regions of the electronically registered PET images. A 3D growing algorithm identified the lesion pixels around the maximum 18 FDG activity seed pixels. In the third step, the total activity (Bq), concentration (Bq/ml), metabolically active volume (ml) and standard uptake values (SUV) were calculated for lesions on PET images. A threshold and filtering method was applied to high resolution CT scans to determine the CT volume of these lesions identified on PET images. All PET images were corrected for attenuation and partial volume effect and cross calibrated with a standard activity measured in a dose calibrator. Studies were performed using a hybrid PET/CT Discovery LS (GE Medical Systems). The feasibility and robustness of the automatic algorithm was demonstrated in studies with a lung  chest phantom and by retrospective analysis of clinical studies Keywords : Hybrid PET/CT scanners, SUV (Standard Uptake Value), CT Lung segmentation,
Traumatic Fistula from the Posterior Urethra to the Hip Joint: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Urethral injuries are seen in association with fractures of the pelvic bones secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. A fistulous communication between the posterior urethra and the hip joint is a rare finding. A potentially serious complication of this fistulous communication is the development of a septic hip joint. Four such cases have been reported, and each developed septic arthritis of the hip. We report an additional case of a fistulous communication between the urethra and the hip joint secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. This patient was interesting in that the injury was recognized early, was treated successfully with antibiotics, and had no long-term sequenlae. Therefore, early radiologic exclusion of urethral injury via a retrograde urethrogram and aggressive management through proper bladder drainage and antibiotic treatment are emphasized to prevent long-term complications.
An Overview Of The National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH) Activity In Nonionizing Radiation

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is a major component of the Center for Disease Control in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW). Headquarters for NIOSH are located in Rockville, Maryland, with laboratory facilities in Morgantown, West Virginia and Cincinnati, Ohio. NIOSH has approximately 900 employees with about 60% located in Cincinnati.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
George David Birkhoff and John von Neumann: A Question of Priority and the Ergodic Theorems, 1931–1932

Abstract Based on a recently discovered letter of John von Neumann to his friend Howard Percy Robertson, the present paper discusses in detail the priority of the discovery and publication of the ergodic theorems by George David Birkhoff and von Neumann in 1931/1932. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). A la suite de la decouverte recente d'une lettre de John von Neumann a son ami Howard Percy Robertson, cet article examine en detail les priorites de George David Birkhoff et von Neumann dans la decouverte et la publication des theoremes ergodiques, dans les annees 1931/1932. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). MSC subject classifications: 01A60, 01A70.
The Separation of Zinc and Copper from Seawater by Adsorption Colloid Flotation

Abstract Procedures are described whereby zinc and copper present as cations in seawater are brought to the surface in less than 5 min by an adsorption colloid flotation process which utilizes a negatively charged ferric hydroxide collector, a cationic surfactant, dodecylamine, and air. Statistical studies on test series show a mean recovery of 94.0% with a relative standard deviation of 6.1% for zinc and a mean recovery of 95.0% with a relative standard deviation of 6.1% for copper.
Anthony Frederick DePalma, MD: educator, researcher and clinical care doctor.

My first meeting with Dr. DePalma was in 1957 as an intern in his office on the 6th floor of the Curtis Clinic. He and I spoke for a while about the residency and he looked at me and said, “You know you are going to be 33 years old before you make a plug nickel.” I replied, “Well, I don’t make any money now, so what is the difference?” He laughed and I got the residency. In the next two years, I spent many hours in the operating room with Dr. DePalma and learned quickly how skilled a surgeon he was. He was a master technician: he knew where to put his incision; he was kind to soft tissue; he worked quickly, resulting in minimal blood loss. He performed surgery of the spine, hip, knee, shoulder, foot, ankle, and hand. Well before the advent of sports medicine, he performed surgery on members of the Philadelphia Phillies Baseball team. He was the true general orthopaedist. Although he would point out things to us during surgery, he expected his residents to know what he was doing. Most of the time he was quietly thinking of what his next move would be. There were times when he would be upset with us and he would let us know in no uncertain terms that we were not doing what he expected of us. I remember him quietly saying to me at the end of a certain procedure, “Phil, don’t ever do that again.” Dr. DePalma exemplified what a physician in a school of medicine is about: education, research and clinical care. He was a tireless educator. He taught the third year class lectures, beginning with congenital problems and ending with trauma and musculoskeletal conditions. In the senior year, he would meet with groups of seven students rotating through orthopaedics and have an hour-long session with them. They would present a subject to him which he would critique. Dr. DePalma started his day at eight o’clock in surgery; he would operate Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday at Jefferson (on Wednesdays he would go to Philadelphia General Hospital where he would be the surgeon for cases picked by the Jefferson residents). He would be finished by one o’clock and go to office hours. He would have dinner at six o’clock, then go to sleep shortly thereafter. He would wake at midnight to write his papers and books until four o’clock in the morning. Then he would go back to sleep for a few short hours before beginning again. He did research, and he wanted all of his residents to do the same. He placed so much emphasis on research that four of his residents received PhDs for their successful work. Dr. DePalma was prescient. In the early sixties, he knew the time would come when there would be orthopaedic subspecialties. To prepare his residents for this time, he sent Jim Hunter to do a fellowship in hand surgery with Dr. Robert Carroll. On his recommendation, I did a rehabilitation fellowship at the Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at NYU. This man was an unbelievable person, teacher, clinician and surgeon. I am privileged to have known him.
Childhood externalizing behavior: theory and implications.

TOPIC. Childhood externalizing behavior PURPOSE. To analyze the construct of externalizing behavior (aggression, delinquency, and hyperactivity), illustrate the biosocial model of childhood externalizing, and draw clinical implications for nursing research and practice. SOURCES. A review of the literature based on psychological, psychiatric, and nursing journals. CONCLUSIONS. A better understanding of childhood externalizing behavior problems and the risk factors underlying them are essential to prevent them. The employment of an integrative biosocial perspective is argued to be important in understanding this behavior.
Kontextadaptivität in kooperativen ubiquitären Umgebungen: Herausforderungen und Ansätze

Kooperative ubiquitare Umgebungen zielen darauf ab, sich geschmeidig an die im Raum anwesenden Benutzerinnen und Benutzer und deren Interaktionen mit der Umgebung sowie deren sozialer Interaktion miteinander anzupassen. Diese Kontextadaptivitat bietet grosen Nutzen, zieht aber auch neue Herausforderungen an Konzepte und Technologien nach sich. Der vorliegende Artikel charakterisiert verschiedene historische Fokusse und Ansatze und leiten daraus Herausforderungen ab. Daruber hinaus werden einige eigene Ansatze zu deren Begegnung vorgestellt.
Immune Mechanisms in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (A. D.) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that frequently occurs in patients with a personal or family history of other allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis or asthma. A. D. is a very common disease, with an incidence of 4 % in children under seven years of age [32, 94] and of 7.0 % in individuals of all ages [68]. The clinical features and natural course of A. D. are highly variable and have been reviewed by numerous investigators [3,55,71,78]. The major diagnostic features of A. D. include pruritus, a distinctive clinical morphology and distribution pattern, and a chronic or chronically relapsing course of dermatitis [34]. During infancy the rash is typically more eczematous, involving the face and extensor areas, whereas the adolescent and adult phase is characterized by thickening and lichenification with involvement of the flexural areas and the neck. Seventy percent of patients with atopic dermatitis have a family history of atopy, and an elevated serum IgE level and 50 % of older patients give a personal history of allergic respiratory disease.
DNA Sensing with the MspA Nanopore using Variable Voltage

We use an engineered mutant of the protein nanopore Mycobacteria smegmatis porin A (MspA) to examine single stranded DNA. The ssDNA is either held stationary within the pore by a biotin-streptavidin anchor or is processively drawn through the pore by a phi29 DNA polymerase. By applying a voltage and measuring an ionic current passing around the ssDNA confined within MspA's narrow constriction, we observe currents unique to the bases within the constriction. We find that both, thermal fluctuations and the geometry of MspA, ensure that these currents are governed by ∼4 sequential nucleotides. Furthermore, we find that Angstrom-level changes in the position of the DNA within the constriction considerably influence these currents. By varying the voltage we can stretch the DNA and thereby adjust the average position of the DNA within the pore. Our findings improve nanopore sequencing and highlight the power of nanopore technology to probe Angstrom-level distance scales.
Information extraction from biomedical literature: methodology, evaluation and an application

Journals and conference proceedings represent the dominant mechanisms of reporting new biomedical results. The unstructured nature of such publications makes it difficult to utilize data mining or automated knowledge discovery techniques. Annotation (or markup) of these unstructured documents represents the first step in making these documents machine analyzable. In this paper we first present a system called BioAnnotator for identifying and annotating biological terms in documents. BioAnnotator uses domain based dictionary look-up for recognizing known terms and a rule engine for discovering new terms. The combination and dictionary look-up and rules result in good performance (87% precision and 94% recall on the GENIA 1.1 corpus for extracting general biological terms based on an approximate matching criterion). To demonstrate the subsequent mining and knowledge discovery activities that are made feasible by BioAnnotator, we also present a system called MedSummarizer that uses the extracted terms to identify the common concepts in a given group of genes.
How the data processing industry has failed education

Many attribute the greatness of the United States as an industrial nation to the system of private and public education which has evolved in our country. Those of us in education like to point with pride to the fact that our system of education is designed to provide each individual in our society with the opportunity to make maximum use of his abilities and to actively pursue the career of his choice whether on the semi-skilled, technical, or professional level.
The quest for scalable support of data-intensive workloads in distributed systems

Data-intensive applications involving the analysis of large datasets often require large amounts of compute and storage resources, for which data locality can be crucial to high throughput and performance. We propose a "data diffusion" approach that acquires compute and storage resources dynamically, replicates data in response to demand, and schedules computations close to data. As demand increases, more resources are acquired, thus allowing faster response to subsequent requests that refer to the same data; when demand drops, resources are released. This approach can provide the benefits of dedicated hardware without the associated high costs, depending on workload and resource characteristics. To explore the feasibility of data diffusion, we offer both a theoretical and an empirical analysis. We define an abstract model for data diffusion, introduce new scheduling policies with heuristics to optimize real-world performance, and develop a competitive online cache eviction policy. We also offer many empirical experiments to explore the benefits of dynamically expanding and contracting resources based on load, to improve system responsiveness while keeping wasted resources small. We show performance improvements of one to two orders of magnitude across three diverse workloads when compared to the performance of parallel file systems with throughputs approaching 80 Gb/s on a modest cluster of 200 processors. We also compare data diffusion with a best model for active storage, contrasting the difference between a pull-model found in data diffusion and a push-model found in active storage.
Trafficking and migration in tolerance

Purpose of review Understanding trafficking and migration of antigen-presenting cells and T cells is important to uncover the anatomic domains where lymphocytes interact with alloantigen during the tolerization process and whether the interactions for immunity and rejection are anatomically separate from those important for tolerance. Recent findings Lymphocyte trafficking and migration are seminal events that determine the outcome of the immune response, from initial priming to either effector responses or tolerance. Recent evidence shows that dendritic cell migration to distinct anatomic sites is likewise necessary in the choice between rejection versus tolerance to an allograft. As a result, identifying the precise lymphoid organs where lymphocytes interact with alloantigen-presenting cells under systemic immunosuppression is critical for manipulating the immune response towards the development of tolerance. Summary This paper summarizes recent findings on leukocyte trafficking to distinct anatomic sites that are responsible for the induction and maintenance of tolerance and compares these findings to studies that analyze leukocyte migration during priming and rejection. The interpretations presented here illustrate that similar mechanisms govern migration of both beneficial and damaging cell subsets to the site of engraftment and secondary lymphoid organs. The concomitant therapeutic implications are discussed.
3-D Pre-Stack Depth Migration of the Baldpate Field Using MAA Travel-times

We have previously introduced a new approach for generating single-valued travel-times for Kirchhoff migration which we call the maximum angular aperture (MAA) selection rule. In Stieglitz and Morton (2000), we applied the MAA approach to several synthetic examples and observed an improvement in image quality over the industry standard selection rules: minimum-time, maximum-amplitude and shortest-path (see also Stieglitz, 2001).
The spectral characteristics of rotor blade-vortex interaction noise - Experimental and mathematical results

The BVI impulsive content of a rotor acoustic signal is shown to appear in the mid-frequency range of the power spectrum, between the fifth and thirtieth harmonics of the blade passage frequency, concentrated at the harmonics of the blade passage frequency. These harmonics exhibit a humped or scalloped shape in this mid-frequency spectral region. Increased energy at the harmonics of the shaft frequency appears when the BVI impulsive content demonstrates unsteadiness and blade-to-blade differences in the time domain. A mathematical model of a generalized BVI acoustic signal and its power spectrum shows that the power spectrum is scalloped and filtered by a comb function. The spectrum amplitude is defined by the impulse amplitude and emission time. The scalloping of the spectrum is related to the emission time of the impulse itself, and the spacing of the comb function is related to the repetition time (period) of the impulse. The decay rate of the spectral humps is governed by the inverse of frequency squared. The mathematical model validates the characteristics observed in the data and verify that these characteristics are due to blade-vortex interaction activity.
Couplers for multiterminal data-distribution systems

Fiber-optic versions of multiterminal data distribution systems for ship and aircraft platforms require specialized optical couplers for their realization. NRL has concentrated in the development of planar star1 and fused-tapered fiber-access couplers to be used with multimode single-fiber data-transmissions lines.
Marfan syndrome and schizophrenia: a case report and literature review.

Abstract Introduction Marfan Syndrome (MFS), a disease of microfibril dysfunction, has been associated with schizophrenia in multiple case reports. Case Report We present one case and review the literature that suggests these conditions may share a common etiologic pathway. Discussion A possible underlying mechanism of both schizophrenia and MFS is the abnormal expression of growth factors and signaling cascades. Conclusion MFS patients should be monitored for psychiatric symptoms and patients with signs of MFS should be referred for appropriate medical care. Also, by understanding shared mechanisms, we may develop better understanding and treatments.
Aortic bifurcation rupture after blunt abdominal trauma in a child: A case report

Blunt trauma to the abdomen resulting in aortic injury is rare in children with only a few case reports in the past 40 years. We describe the diagnosis and management of a 2-year-old boy who survived an aortic bifurcation rupture after blunt trauma.
Price Relationships in Processors' Input Market Areas: Testing Theories for Corn Prices Near Ethanol Plants

This study examines corn pricing in the vicinity of processing plants. We develop and test several price-distance models for cargo, insurance and freight (CIF) plant pricing in the presence of varying degrees of exporter competition, and for discriminatory free-on-board (FOB) pricing at the farm. The price-distance functions describing spatial prices near processing plants all depend on local transport costs. But the pricing system (CIF or FOB) and the extent of local competition define the level and spatial rate of change in prices.Estimations of an empirical price-location function for Iowa during the spring of 2003 suggest that prices near the plants of four conventional businesses conform to the CIF pricing model. But prices near producer-owned firms or farmer cooperatives failed to show any statistically significant effect on nearby prices. One plant had a price-distance function that resembled FOB pricing. Cet article etudie la tarification du mais aux environs des usines agro-alimentaire utilisant cette cereale. Nous developpons et testons plusieurs modeles de tarification CIF en presence de different niveaux de pressions competitive a l'exportation. Nous testons aussi l'existence d'une tarification discriminatoire FOB au niveau de l'exploitation agricole. Les fonctions distance-prix decrivant les distributions spatiales des prix aux environs des usines agro-alimentaire dependent toutes des couts de transport local. Cependant le systeme de tarification (CIF ou FOB) et l'intensite de la competition locale definissent le niveau et la sensibilite des prix en fonction de la distance.Les estimations des fonctions empiriques prix-situation geographique dans l'Iowa durant le printemps 2003 suggerent que les prix aux alentours de quatre producteurs agro-alimentaire sont conformes a un modele de tarification CIF. En revanche, les prix pratiques pres des cooperatives ou des usines possedees par les exploitants agricole ne semblent pas affectes par des tarifications particulieres. Un plan possede cependant une fonction prix-distance dont la forme a une tarification FOB.
MHD simulations of Earth's bow shock at low Mach numbers: Standoff distances

Global, three-dimensional, ideal MHD simulations of Earth's bow shock are reported for low Alfven Mach numbers M(sub A) and quasi-perpendicular magnetic field orientations. The simulations use a hard, infinitely conducting magnetopauause obstacle, with axisymmetric three-dimensional location given by scaled standard model, to directly address previous gasdynamic (GD) and field-aligned MHD (FA-MHD) work. Tests of the simulated shocks' density jumps X for 1.4 approx. less than MA approx. less than 10 and the high M(sub A) shock location, and reproduction of the GD relation between magnetosheath thickness and X for quasi-gasdynamic MHD runs with M(sub A) much greater than M(sub s), confirm that the MHD code is working correctly. The MHD simulations show the standoff distance a(sub s), increasing monotonically with decreasing M(sub A). Significantly larger a(sub s), are found at low M(sub A) than predicted by GD and phenomenological MHD models and FA-MHD simulations, as required qualitatively by observations. The GD and FA-MHD predictions err qualitatively, predicting either constant or decreasing a(sub s), with decreasing M(sub A). This qualitative difference between quasi- perpendicular MHD and FA-MHD simulations is direct evidence for a(sub s), depending on the magnetic field orientation Theta. The enhancement factor over the phenomenological MHD predictions at MA approx. 2.4 agrees quantitatively with one observatiorial estimate. A linear relationship is found between the magnetosheath thickness and X, modified both quantitatively and intrinsically by MHD effects from the GD result. The MHD and GD results agree in the high M(sub A) limit. An MHD theory is developed for a(sub s), restricted to sufficiently perpendicular Theta and high sonic Mach numbers M(sub s). It explains the simulation results with excellent accuracy. Observational and further simulation testing of this MHD theory, and of its predicted M(sub A), Theta, and M(sub s) effects, is desirable.
Pedagogical Simulation of Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem

Summary Students often find the fact that a sample statistic is a random variable very hard to grasp. Even more mysterious is why a sample mean should become ever more Normal as the sample size increases. This simulation tool is meant to illustrate the process, thereby giving students some intuitive grasp of the relationship between a parent population and the distribution of a sample mean.
Localization of 1,6-[14c]diaminohexane (HMDA) in the prostate and the effects of hmda on early gestation in fischer-344 rats

Abstract Following oral administration of 1,6-[14C]diaminohexane (hexamethylenediamine, HMDA) to male Fiseher-344 rats, approx. 20% of the administered dose was recovered as 14CO2 after 72 h. Urinary and fecal excretion accounted for 47% and 27% of the administered radioactivity, respectively. Of several tissues examined, the highest concentrations of residual radioactivity were found in the prostate at 24 and 72 h post-administration. Daily administration of HMDA (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage to pregnant female rats for 2 weeks starting on gestation day 0 did not affect litter size in these animals.
The information-seeking behavior of grade-three elementary school students

This study investigated the information-seeking behavior of grade-three students in order to understand and address their unique information needs and behaviors. The findings informed a three-phase model of information-seeking behavior.
The relationship between radiation-induced and transposon-induced genetic damage during Drosophila spermatogenesis

The combined effect of transposon mobility and X-rays on X-linked recessive lethals and dominant lethals was measured in the germ line of F1 male hybrids in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis. X-Linked lethal mutation rate was measured in the chromosome derived from the P-strain father of the M X P cross. Mutations induced in irradiated dysgenic males were compared to those of unirradiated males, as well as to irradiated nondysgenic males derived from M X M crosses. Three four-day broods of sperm were tested for both X-linked lethals and dominant lethals. X-Linked lethal mutation rate in dysgenic control males was 6.38%, 6.36% and 4.55% in broods 1, 2 and 3 respectively, thus showing a decrease in older males. The mutation rate in the same broods of irradiated, nondysgenic control males was 3.66%, 4.46% and 6.38%, respectively. The rate obtained in dysgenic irradiated males was 10.33, 11.16 and 7.97 in the same 3 broods. These results demonstrate that when X-rays and P element mobility were combined as a source of mutagenesis, a strictly additive effect on genetic damage was observed in the first two broods of sperm which represent primarily mature sperm and spermatids respectively. The third brood, representing mostly spermatocytes showed a less than additive effect, probably due to germinal selection. In contrast, the induction of dominant lethals showed a clearly synergistic effect in the last two broods of sperm tested, when X-rays and transposon mobility were combined. The X-ray component of dominant lethality in brood 1, representing mostly mature spermatozoa, was negative, indicating a lower than expected lethality induced by X-irradiation in the presence of P element mobility. The X-ray-induced component of dominant lethality, was expressed as the per cent of embryo lethality after adjusting the results obtained with each brood of sperm from nondysgenic and dysgenic males to their respective unirradiated controls. These values were 32.3%, 30.5% and 64.7% for brood 1, 2 and 3 respectively from nondysgenic males, and 14.1%, 56.1% and 71.4% for the same broods from dysgenic males. Thus the differential effect of X-rays in sperm broods 1, 2 and 3 was -18.2, +25.6 and +6.7% respectively. These results suggest that the synergistic effect may be due to the common component of X-ray and P element-induced genetic damage, namely chromosome breaks, and that the interaction of these lesions resulted in a greater than additive number of of unrestituted chromosome breaks and nonviable chromosomal rearrangements.
The dopamine D2/D3 antagonist DS121 potentiates the effect of cocaine on locomotion and reduces tolerance in cocaine tolerant rats.

Abstract To explore the significance of dopamine (DA) autoreceptors in cocaine tolerance and cocaine induced locomotor activity rats were treated with saline and cocaine (40 mg/kg per day via osmotic minipump; normal and cocaine tolerant rats, respectively). Injections of DS121 (0–7 mg/kg, i.p.; S(-)-3-(3-(cyanophenyl)- N -n-propylpiperidine), a DA D 2/3 and autoreceptor preferring antagonist, either alone (i.e. DS121+saline injection) or in combination with cocaine (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were also given. DS121 (+saline) increased locomotor activity in both saline and cocaine pump (CP) treated animals. DS121 also potentiated the effect of cocaine on locomotor activity; this effect was greatest in CP (tolerant) animals. It is concluded that DS121 can increase locomotor activity and that this effect is greatest when the DA tone is high, that is when cocaine is present, suggestive of a presynaptic mechanism. Furthermore, because DS121 potentiation of cocaine induced locomotor activity is greatest in tolerant animals it is concluded that supersensitive DA autoreceptors underlie this effect. These data further support our previous data, which show that DA autoreceptors are sensitized after continuous cocaine (minipump) treatment.
Theoretical estimates of the η6 bonding capability of buckminsterfullerene in transition metal complexes

Abstract In order to provide a quantitative description of the relative ability of C 60 to bond as an η 6 ligand, arene exchange energies for tricarbonyl(arene)chromium systems were calculated using the method of partial retention of diatomic differential overlap (PRDDO). This represents the first theoretical estimate of the relative affinity of C 60 as an η 6 ligand, and results indicate that C 60 is an inferior ligand compared to benzene. The arenes considered included benzene, chlorobenzene, p -difluorobenzene, and buckminsterfullerene. The exchange of benzene for C 60 as an arene ligand is calculated to require 19 kcal/mol, but this can be reduced by modifying the exchanging ligand. Reduced overlap from C 60 hybrid orbitals is found to be partly responsible for less favorable η 6 bonding, which suggests that larger metals such as tungsten may be better able to bond in an η 6 fashion to C 60 .