cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between the Tarnished Plant Bug and Deformed Cotton Plants

The most pronounced damage done by adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), to cotton plants of the Stoneville 7A variety occurred in field cages that contained large introduced populations from the time the plants began to square until they began to bloom. Heavy season-long infestations reduced yields as much as 1 bale per acre. Weekly releases of ad until in the cages at a rate of 25 per 100 plants for 4 consecutive weeks decreased the number of blooms and the yield of seed cotton at the first picking but did not reduce the total yield. However, when 2 applications of insecticide were used to control the infestation, neither the number of blooms nor the yield was reduced. Infestations introduced after the first bloom decreased yields at the second picking. Abnormal cotton plants were found in all infested cages, but they were not the deformed plants usually meant by the term “crazy cotton.”
Bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics as related to biological processes in oxygen deficient zones of the oceans

Abstract The oxygen uptake kinetics of marine bacteria isolated from the oxygen deficient zones of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean and Saanich Inlet have been determined. The mean critical oxygen concentration (COC) was 4.8 μg-atoms l −1 with a range of 2.4 to 7.7 μg-atoms l −1 . Apparent half saturation constants for oxygen uptake ( K s ) varied between 4.2 and 0.7 μg-atoms l −1 with a mean of 1.9 μg-atoms l −1 . The COC and K s values of bacteria isolated from the permanent oxygen minimum of the eastern tropical North Pacific tended to be lower than those of isolates from Saanich Inlet. This tendency is discussed with respect to the crossover from oxygen to nitrate respiration and in relation to field observations relating the occurrence of nitrate respiration in the water column, as indicated by the presence of dissolved nitrite, to dissolved oxygen concentration.
Evaluation and Management of the Renal Mass

The evaluation and management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved in recent decades in response to the changing clinical presentation of the disease. Traditional teaching suggested that RCC usually presents with signs or symptoms. However, RCC discovered this way was usually locally advanced and often metastatic, requiring radical nephrectomy in most cases but often having a poor prognosis. As contemporary general medical practice began routinely using axial body imaging in the evaluation of many nonspecific abdominal complaints, today more than 70% of RCC cases identified are "screen-detected" as incidental findings having no attributable symptoms. This change has prompted a significant RCC stage migration over the past 20 years, with most kidney tumors seen in 2010 being smaller, organ-confined, and appropriate for nephron-sparing approaches with the anticipation of a favorable outcome. The approach to addressing patients with these incidentally detected, often localized, small renal masses raises different concerns than those for traditional patients presenting with symptomatic RCC. This article reviews the modern epidemiology of RCC, outlines the components of the evaluation of the incidental renal mass, details the current options of management, and discusses the long-term expectations for these patients.
The effect of sample preparation and storage on maternal triple-marker screening

Objective To evaluate the effect of different sample collection, storage, and preparation techniques on serum alphafetoprotein (AFP), β -hCG, and unconjugated estriol (E3) concentrations. Methods A solution containing known concentrations of AFP, hCG, and unconjugated E3 was diluted in blood samples obtained from seven healthy male volunteers. Serum from each blood sample was removed immediately, and either assayed or frozen at −70C. Portions of the remaining blood were handled as follows: centrifuged and refrigerated, centrifuged and left at room temperature, not centrifuged and refrigerated, or not centrifuged and left at room temperature. Serum was removed from these samples for triplemarker analysis at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hours after the initial sample collection. Results Immediate freezing of serum and subsequent thawing resulted in a significant increase in β -hCG and unconjugated E3 levels, but no change in AFP levels. There was a significant effect over time on AFP, hCG, and unconjugated E3 concentrations. The change in AFP levels was influenced by centrifugation status, whereas all three analytes were influenced by refrigeration status. Conclusion Different sample collection, storage, and preparation techniques may affect maternal triple-marker screening.
Deformation of single crystal hadfield steel by twinning and slip

Abstract The stress–strain behavior of Hadfield steel (Fe, 12.34 Mn, 1.03 C, in wt%) single crystals was studied for selected crystallographic orientations ( [ 1 11] , [001] and [ 1 23] ) under tension and compression. The overall stress–strain response was strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation and applied stress direction. Transmission electron microscopy and in situ optical microscopy demonstrated that twinning is the dominant deformation mechanism in [ 1 11] crystals subjected to tension, and [001] crystals subjected to compression at the onset of inelastic deformation. In the orientations that experience twinning, the activation of multiple twinning systems produces a higher strain-hardening coefficient than observed in typical f.c.c. alloys. Based on these experimental observations, a model is presented that predicts the orientation and stress direction effects on the critical stress for initiating twinning. The model incorporates the role of local pile-up stresses, stacking fault energy, the influence of the applied stress on the separation of partial dislocations, and the increase in the friction stress due to a high solute concentration. On the other hand, multiple slip was determined to be the dominant deformation mechanism in [ 1 11] crystals subjected to compression, and [001] crystals deformed under tension. Furthermore, the [ 1 23] crystals experience single slip in both tension and compression with planar type dislocations. Using electron back-scattered diffraction patterns, macroscopic shear bands (MSBs) were identified with a misorientation of 9° in the compressed [ 1 11] single crystals at strains as low as 1%.
Transmission of Rauscher leukemia in mice.

Es wird gezeigt, dass die wirkungsvollste ubertragung desRauscher-Leukamie-Virus vertikal durch die Milch geht. Eine transplazentale ubertragung wurde nicht erreicht. Die horizontale ubertragung hingegen war unter optimalen Bedingungen minimal.
Utilization Of SYSCAP II Circuit Analysis Program For Electro-Optical Circuit Design

The successful development of various electro-optical systems is highly dependent on precise electronic circuit design which must account for possible parameter drift in the various piece-parts. The utilization of a comprehensive computer analysis program (SYSCAP II) provides the electro-optical system designer and electro-optical management with a well-structured tool for a comprehensive circuit analysis. An overview of the SYSCAP II program is being presented with examples applicable to electro-optical design problems. In particular, the program has been used for extensive radiation effects predictions of semi-conductor response to various transient and permanent radiation effects. Worst-case, Monte Carlo, and component failure simulation (CFS) are discussed with respect to the electro-optical design challenges for the 1980s, including "design for producibility". The SYSCAP II program is provided through Control Data Corporation (CDC) with Rockwell International providing the technology under a licensing arrangement with Control Data Corporation. As a result, the techniques described in this paper can be readily used by the electro-optical design community.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
3D Left Ventricular Strain from Unwrapped Harmonic Phase Measurements

Purpose: To validate a method for measuring 3D left ventricular (LV) strain from phase-unwrapped harmonic phase (HARP) images derived from tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: A set of 40 human subjects were imaged with tagged MRI. In each study the HARP phase was computed and unwrapped in each short-axis and long-axis image. Inconsistencies in unwrapped phase were resolved using branch cuts manually placed with a graphical user interface. 3D strain maps were computed for all imaged timeframes in each study. The strain from unwrapped phase (SUP) and displacements were compared to those estimated by a feature-based (FB) technique and a HARP technique. Results: 3D strain was computed in each timeframe through systole and mid-diastole in ≈30 minutes per study. The standard deviation of the difference between strains measured by the FB and the SUP methods was less than 5% of the average of the strains from the two methods. The correlation between peak circumferential strain measured using the SUP and HARP techniques was over 83%. Conclusion: The SUP technique can reconstruct full 3D strain maps from tagged MR images through the cardiac cycle in a reasonable amount of time and user interaction compared to other 3D analysis methods. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:854–862. ©2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intertest Chances in Acquiescence

Seventy Ss at Utah State University were administered the Gough ACL and the Taylor MAS in counterbalanced order. Separate true and false scores were obtained for each test and were converted into proportions. Differences between these true proportions and false proportions were analyzed in a disproportionate multiple covariance design with the effects of sex and order of testing treated as deviations from the general mean. Estimates of variance due to set and content within each test were treated as covariants and employed as partial regression coefficients in the design. Results seemed to indicate that true and false responding are not parallel strategies, and that the former seems more content bound than the latter.
A CAPACITY MODEL FOR ALL-WAY STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS BASED ON STREAM INTERACTIONS.

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the capacity of all-way stop-controlled intersections and the data that have been collected to validate and support the methodology. The rate of departure from one approach of an all-way stop-controlled intersection is controlled by the presence or absence of vehicles on the other approaches. This degree of conflict is classified into a set of unique cases. Field measurements covering over 20,000 vehicle headways were classified into five degree of conflict cases. The model forecasts the mean departure headway based on the probability of occurrence of each degree of conflict case. ©
Economics of Consolidation in the Beef Sector: Research Challenges

In 1980, congressional hearings were conducted regarding the potentially negative dimensions of market power by meatpackers. Concentration levels had increased during the 1970s. Concern was sufficient to prompt the introduction of two pieces of proposed legislation, both of which would have limited the size of packing operations. During the hearings, testimony was replete with dire predictions of what would happen to industry performance if concentration were to increase still further. Parker testified that the research literature documents rapid increases in prices and in profits as the four-firm concentration moves up from 40% to 60% and higher. Viewed in the presence of the content and orientation of those congressional hearings, the happenings later in the 1980s appear incomprehensible. If the important threshold in terms of the four-firm concentration ratio is around 40%, why was the massive consolidation of the beef sector during the 1980s allowed by the regulatory authorities? What research methodology was brought to bear on these issues? Is it adequate? The answers to these related questions are not apparent, but they are clearly important. If the decisions by the regulatory authorities during the 1980s were not based on solid economic research, then important issues confront the profession. Either the research methodology must be modified or the empirical results of our research were ignored. The objective of this paper is to explore the economics of the consolidation in beefpacking, to look at why it occurred and why it was allowed to occur, and to draw inferences about our research efforts. The perspective offered is that of a marketing economist looking ahead to an uncertain future for the beef sector in the 1990s.
POLAR magnetic field observations at apogee during the January 1997 magnetic cloud event

Magnetic field measurements from the POLAR satellite are presented for three dusk to dawn apogee passes during the January 1997 magnetic cloud event. The variability in the residual fields from one orbit to the next are investigated in terms of the changing solar wind and magnetospheric current systems. The observed fields are compared to the Tsyganenko 96 (T96_01) model which allows dynamic solar wind and Dst inputs. The model fields are found to generally agree with the observed fields with the greatest discrepancy occurring during periods of large dynamic pressure. An investigation of the contributions to the T96_01 model by the various solar wind and Dst inputs provides insight into the solar wind control of the high altitude magnetosphere above the polar cap. It is found that the ring current is responsible for the largest proportion of the observed magnetic field residuals while the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind dynamic pressure control a smaller proportion primarily producing the shorter time scale variations in the observed fields.
The Influence of Public Self-Consciousness and Self-Monitoring on Participation in an Effective Presentation Program

Physical appearance cues (Thurston, Lennon, & Clayton, 1990) and nonverbal gestures (Baron, 1986) are important in the evaluation of job applicants. As a result, career guidance for job applicants often includes techniques such as mock interviewing, supplying wr i t t en guidelines of appropriate styles of clothing, providing actual garments for the economically disadvantaged, and offering comprehensive appearance enhancement programs. Such efforts have built confidence and created physical appearance leading to successful job placement. Participation in such programs, however, may be influenced by a client's psychological characteristics. A program, no matter how well it is designed, will be ineffective if clients do not attend. Using women clients of a career counseling agency, we examined whether psychological characteristics of public self-consciousness (PSC) and self-monitoring (SM) were related to the client's decision to participate in an Effective Presentation program.
The Occurrence of Singularities in the Elastic Frequency Distribution of a Crystal

It is shown that for a crystal, under the assumption of harmonicity for the interatomic forces and as a consequence of the periodic structure, the frequency distribution function of elastic vibrations has analytic singularities. In the general case, the nature of the singularities depends only on the number of dimensions of the crystal. For a two-dimensional crystal, the distribution function has logarithmically infinite peaks. In the three-dimensional case, the distribution function itself is continuous whereas its first derivative exhibits infinite discontinuities. These results are elementary consequences of a theorem of Morse on the existence of saddle points for functions defined on a torus.
A Transaction Cost Model of Contract Choice: The Case of Petroleum Exploration

The growing literature on transaction costs posits that the structures of contracts involving exchange under uncertainty are influenced by the costs incurred by the contracting parties prior to, as well as after, a contract is signed. This research investigates the contractual responses to the substantial uncertainty attending the exchange of rights to underground petroleum deposits. It develops a transaction cost model to explain the payment structure found in these contracts. The model identifies the major transaction costs associated with the payment types used in oil and gas exploration contracts, including ex ante measurement costs and ex post production inefficiencies, and explains their effect on contract structure. Testable implications concerning variations in the payment structure of petroleum exploration contracts are generated and tested using data from private oil and gas mineral rights leasing contracts in four western states. The study has direct public policy significance in that it delineates the implications of different payment structures of oil and gas leasing contracts. These implications can be used to evaluate proposals to reform federal oil and gas leasing policies. In addition, while there has been considerable analysis of federal offshore oil and gas leasing contracts, there has been a dearth of research on private onshore oil leasing practices. This study helps to fill this empirical void.
Effect of antibody against integrin α4 on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice

Integrins are a family of transmembrane glycoproteins that can interact with components of the extracellular matrix. The alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins are heterodimeric leukocyte cell surface molecules critical to their cell and matrix adhesive interactions. Evidence for a central role for the alpha4 integrins in leukocyte pathophysiology in the lung is well documented. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neutralizing antibody for integrin alpha4 (PS2) may reduce bleomycin (BL)-induced lung fibrosis in vivo. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intratracheally with saline (SA) or BL (0.08 U/mouse) followed by intraperitoneal injection of SA, isotype control antibody (1E6), or PS2 (100 microg) three times a week. Twenty-one days after the intratracheal instillation, mice were killed for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistological analyses. Treatment with PS2 significantly reduced BL-induced increases in lung lipid peroxidation and hydroxyproline content. Lung histopathology also showed reduced fibrotic lesions in the BL-treated lungs by treatment with PS2. BL-treated mouse lungs also showed induction of cells with the myofibroblast phenotype, as indicated by the increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), whereas treatment with PS2 minimized the BL-induced alphaSMA expression. Furthermore, treatment with PS2 reduced the BL-induced increase in the BAL total cell number, and attenuated the BL-induced increase in the BAL protein level. It is concluded that integrin alpha4 may play an important role in BL-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and the use of anti-alpha4 antibody offers therapeutic antifibrotic potential in vivo.
Whiteness Studies and the Erasure of Gender

In recent years, the study of race and ethnicity has expanded, and there is now a growing field of research that examines whiteness and racial privilege. This article provides an overview of theories of privilege and whiteness studies, and argues that these analyses should incorporate an intersectional approach. Intersectional theories argue that race and gender are intertwined, and neither can be fully comprehended on its own. An intersectional approach sees race and gender as interacting and inseparable. Two specific contemporary racial projects are examined: the ideology of color blindness, and organized white supremacist discourse, and argues that gender is essential to understanding both. Finally, the consequences of the erasure of gender from our analyses of whiteness are examined.
Effect of sintering temperature and cooling rate on microstructure, phase formation, and critical current density of Ag-sheathed Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox superconducting tapes

Silver-sheathed Bi–Pb–Sr–Ca–Cu–O (2223) superconducting tapes (with a starting composition of Bi 1.8 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O 8 , calcium cuprate, and CuO) were fabricated by the powder-in-tube technique. The tapes were sintered at various temperatures to optimize the formation of Bi 1.8 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 phase within the tape. The results show that sintering within the temperature range of 815–825 °C can produce tapes with high critical current density ( J c ). The J c of samples sintered at the higher temperature of 825 °C, where more liquid is present, depended markedly on the rate at which tapes were cooled from the sintering temperature; samples sintered at lower temperatures did not exhibit such a cooling-rate effect. The optimum combination of phase purity and microstructure that yielded an average transport J c of ≥ 2.5 × 10 4 A/cm 2 was obtained when the tapes were sintered at 825 °C for 150 h and cooled at a rate of 25 °C/h from the sintering temperature. Quenching studies indicate that the Bi-2223 phase becomes unstable below 700 °C during slow cooling. This result may have important implications for processing Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O tapes with high J c . Addition of 15 vol.% Ag flakes to the monolithic core exerted no significant effect on J c .
The influence of the cerebellum on experimental epilepsy.

Abstract The cerebellar influence on the cobalt experimental epilepsy has been investigated in unrestrained, unanesthetized rats by stimulation, total removal and temporary cooling of the cerebellum. Cerebellar stimulation generally provoked inhibition of the epileptic waves produced in the brain by cobalt application and depressed the sensory responses in the cerebral cortex. The occasional reversed facilitatory effects of the stimulation are discussed in the light of other peculiar effects of cerebellar stimulation. Total ablation of the cerebellum induced in epileptic rats a hypersynchrony of the background activity of the electrocorticogram and enhanced the clinical and electrocortical manifestations of experimental epilepsy in the unanesthetized rat. A similar tendency to hypersynchrony was occasionally seen in normal rats. The temporary cooling of the cerebellar surface in the unanesthetized, noncurarized rat produced a reversible increase in the spontaneous and sensory activated epileptic manifestations.
The “Christmas Effect” and Other Biometeorologic Influences on Childbearing and the Health of Women

Objective To review the body of literature addressing biometeorologic and chronobiologic effects on conception, pregnancy, parturition, and other health conditions. Data Sources Computerized searches of MEDLINE, PUBMED, CINAHL, and the World Wide Web. Study Selection Studies, including international research, dating from 1938 to 2001. Data Extraction Data were extracted and information organized under the following categories: influence of leisure time and seasonality on the rate of conception and birth, the relationship of meteorologic changes and lunar cycles to childbearing, the “Christmas Effect” and its impact on other health outcomes, and nursing implications. Data Synthesis Research from the disciplines of biometeorology and chronobiology indicates that there are patterns in the occurrence of conception, pregnancy, and onset of labor that vary in timing and amplitude in different populations and geographic regions. Consideration of these factors should be included in the analysis of birth data when planning and providing maternity care. The Christmas Effect is one of the most predominant seasonal patterns that can be seen in birth data throughout the world. Conclusions Biometeorologic and other cyclic phenomena are underused in the United States in planning and providing maternity care. These phenomena warrant consideration when planning holistic health care.
Mechanism of interferon action: interferon inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins and induces protein P1 phosphorylation in both adenylate cyclase-deficient and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-deficient variants of mouse lymphoma cells.

Abstract The effect of interferon (IFN) treatment on the intracellular level of cyclic AMP, the synthesis of viral proteins and the induction of protein phosphorylation was examined in wild-type, adenylate cyclase-deficient (cyc − ), and cAMP-dependent protein kinase-deficient (kin − ) variants of mouse lymphoma S49 cells. Treatment with IFN or cholera toxin elevated the intracellular level of CAMP in wild-type but not in cyc − cells. However, the synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus polypeptides was inhibited to comparable extents by IFN treatment in all three types of S49 cells, wild-type, cyc − , and kin − Likewise, the phosphorylation of ribosome-associated protein P 1 was enhanced to a similar level in extracts prepared from IFN-treated wild-type, cyc − , and kin cells. The results of this genetic analysis suggest that IFN may indeed elevate cAMP levels, but that the induction of an antiviral state and the P 1 protein kinase by IFN in cell culture is not mediated by cAMP.
Influence of lung volume on the mixing defect for an inert gas

Abstract For quantitative assessment of how gas mixing in the lung compares to the ideal of perfect mixing, it is necessary to measure pre-inspiratory lung volume as well as to study the inhaled and exhaled gas. Normal young-adult persons in the seated position assumed various lung volumes and then took 1-L test breaths (11% Ar, 22% O2 in N2). Integration of concentration at the mouth against volume yielded amounts of Ar inhaled, exhaled and retainedl un-exhaled concentration in the lung after the single breath was calculated from amoung retained divided by lung volume (measured by rebreathing). Retention was 60% of the inhaled amount when pre-inspiratory volume was above FRC and less when it was below. Series dead space increased with lung volume. End-tidal Ar was the same as, or slightly above, the concentration predicted for perfect mixing and un-exhaled Ar was slightly below the perfect-mix concentration. Interpretation: three separable influences decrease the transfer of inspirate to the resident gas. (a) A dilution effect, predictable from the volumes involved, decreases retention at low lung volumes. (b) An enlarged series dead space decreases retention at high volume. (c) In normal persons, a mixing defect that is attributable to poor distribution or incomplete gas-phase diffusion is small and can be ascribed almost completely to the part of the expirate that gives rise to the slope of the alveolar plateau, except when breaths are taken at very low lung volumes.
An overview of the volatile systematics of the Lau Basin - Resolving the effects of source variation, magmatic degassing and crustal contamination

Abstract The Lau Basin erupts lavas with a range of geochemical features reflecting a complex history of interaction involving different mantle sources. The Valu Fa Ridge (VFR) and Mangatolu Triple Junction (MTJ) region have lavas with arc-like characteristics, Niuafo’ou Island (NV), Peggy Ridge and Central and Eastern Lau Spreading Centers (PR, CLSC and ELSC) erupt mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like volcanics, whereas the Rochambeau Bank (RB) has features akin to ocean island basalt (OIB). To characterize the volatile systematics of these various regions, we report a comprehensive study of 39 submarine lavas from these various eruptive centers encompassing analyses of the noble gases (He, Ne, and Ar) and carbon (CO2) – both isotopes and abundances – together with other major volatile phases (H2O, S, Cl, and F). Helium isotope ratios of the NV, MTJ, CLSC, and ELSC are MORB-like for the most part except for differentiated lavas that tend to have lower, more radiogenic 3He/4He values. The RB has considerably higher 3He/4He ratios (up to 23 RA in this work) which extend as far south as the PR. The influence of ‘plume-like’ sources in the RB is also apparent in Ne isotopes: RB samples follow a trend similar to Hawaiian basalts in 3-isotope neon space. However, RB lavas have lower 40Ar/36Ar (300–730) and higher [36Ar] than CLSC and ELSC, suggesting greater air contamination. Elemental He/Ne ratios (3He/22NeS and 4He/21Ne∗ where S = solar and * = nucleogenic) are high throughout the Lau Basin and identify the Lau mantle as one of only two high 3He/4He provinces worldwide with such an enrichment of He relative to Ne. Magmatic CO2 and δ13C fall in the range 7–350 ppm and −28‰ to −6‰, respectively. RB lavas have less [CO2] and slightly lower δ13C than CLSC and ELSC. The lowest values are found among MTJ lavas. These lavas also have the highest [H2O], [F], [Cl], and [S] whereas the PR, ELSC and CLSC have the lowest. RB has intermediate [H2O]. We estimate primary [CO2] in primary melts using [CO2]–δ13C relationships, and find that RB lavas have higher [CO2] (∼935 ± 168 ppm) than ELSC/CLSC (638 ± 115 ppm). They also possess higher initial δ13C values, consistent with observations at other hotspot-related localities. However, there are no discernible differences in primary CO2/Nb ratios between mantle sources characterized by high 3He/4He and MORB-like ratios. On the other hand, reconstructed values are considerably higher than that envisaged for depleted MORB mantle based on olivine-hosted melt inclusions.
Chiral morphing and enantiomeric quantification in mixtures by mass spectrometry.

A novel mass spectrometric method is introduced for rapid and accurate chiral quantification by examining a tetracoordinated transition metal complex into which a reference and a fixed ligand are incorporated simultaneously with the analyte. Chiral analysis is performed by measuring the dissociation kinetics of these trimeric cluster ions [(MII + Lfixed − H)(ref*)(An)]+ (MII = a transition metal ion, Lfixed = chiral peptide fixed ligand, ref* = chiral reference ligand, and An = chiral analyte) in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The ratio of the product ion branching ratios measured when a pair of pure chiral fixed ligands and chiral reference ligands ( /ref*D and /ref*L; or /ref*L and /ref*D) are employed in separate experiments is related, via the kinetic method formalism, to the enantiomeric composition of the chiral mixture. This fixed-ligand quotient ratio (QRfixed) is logarithmically proportional to enantiomeric purity allowing construction of a calibration curve for chiral analysis when the analyte i...
α-Santalol, A Skin Cancer Chemopreventive Agent with Potential to Target Various Pathways Involved in Photocarcinogenesis

This study is designed to investigate the chemopreventive effect and molecular mechanisms of α-santalol on UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1 hairless mouse, a widely used model for human photocarcinogenesis. A dose of UVB radiation (30 mJ cm−2 day−1) that is in the range of human sunlight exposure was used for the initiation and promotion of tumor. Topical treatment of mice with α-santalol (10%, wt/vol in acetone) caused reduction in tumor incidence, multiplicity and volume. In our study, the anticarcinogenic action of α-santalol against UVB-induced photocarcinogenesis was found to be associated with inhibition of inflammation and epidermal cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. α-Santalol pretreatment strongly inhibited UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia and thickness of the epidermis, expression of proliferation and inflammation markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2). Significant decrease in the expression of cyclins A, B1, D1 and D2 and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)s Cdk1 (Cdc2), Cdk2, Cdk4 and Cdk6 and an upregulated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Cip1/p21 were found in α-santalol pretreated group. Furthermore, an elevated level of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed in α-santalol-treated group. Our data suggested that α-santalol is a safer and promising skin cancer chemopreventive agent with potential to target various pathways involved in photocarcinogenesis.
Defective release of tissue plasminogen activator in systemic and cutaneous vasculitis

Abstract The fibrinolytic system in a group of 23 patients with vasculitis and 10 patients with the cutaneous vasculitis atrophie blanche were studied. These patients were found to have markedly suppressed release of vascular tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) stores whether the disease was active or in remission. The control group had releasable t-PA levels of 0.70 ± 0.10 IU/ml of plasma. Levels of releasable t-PA in the patient population were 0.09 ± 0.03 IU/ml for those with active vasculitis (p
A Natural Generalization of the Win-Loss Rating System

How are teams in a tournament usually ranked? For most of the popular sports in the U.S., the percentage of wins is all-important, and the team with the highest winning percentage earns first place. Although this system is here to stay (and for many reasons, such as its simplicity, this is desirable), all sports fans recognize a nagging flaw: in a tournament that is not round-robin, so that each team plays only a subset of the others, a team with a weak schedule may have a considerable advantage over one facing strong opponents. The sports world offers many possible remedies. Any reader of the sports section of USA Today is familiar with Jeff Sagarin. Sagarin's ratings, applied to numerous professional and collegiate sports, have enlightened fans since the mid-1980s and have
General and efficient insertion of carbons carrying benzotriazole.

Anions formed from the lithiation of 1-(1-benzotriazolylalkyl)benzotriazoles (1, 6) and 1-(1-methylthioalkyl)benzotriazoles (10 and 10a) with n-BuLi underwent additions to cyclic and acyclic ketone...
Modeling the Martian dust cycle and surface dust reservoirs with the NASA Ames general circulation model

[1] We employ the NASA Ames Mars general circulation model (GCM) to investigate the dust lifting mechanisms responsible for the observed Martian dust cycle and the net surface response to the combined influence of dust lifting and deposition. This GCM includes lifting, transport, and deposition of radiatively active dust. Two dust lifting mechanisms are accounted for: wind stress lifting and dust devil lifting. A “baseline” simulation is presented and shown to compare well to available spatial and temporal observations of atmospheric opacity, wind stress dust lifting events, and atmospheric temperatures recorded during a nonglobal dust storm year. Multiple simulations were conducted to explore the model's sensitivity to a wide range of dust lifting parameters (the functional dependence of surface dust flux on wind stress, the wind stress threshold for lifting, etc.) Model results robustly suggest that wind stress lifting produces the peak in atmospheric dust load during southern spring and summer and that dust devils maintain the background haze of atmospheric dust during northern spring and summer. These results are consistent with previously published conclusions. Dust devil and wind stress lifting contribute equally to the simulated total amount of dust lifted annually during nonglobal dust storm years. The simulated spatial pattern of annual net deflation/deposition suggests that the low thermal inertia regions (Tharsis, Arabia, and Elysium) are not currently net dust accumulation regions. This net deflation is the result of dust devil dust lifting, suggesting that dust devils could play an important role in the present-day pattern of surface dust reservoirs.
Acid-generating salts and their relationship to the chemistry of groundwater and storm runoff at an abandoned mine site in southwestern Indiana, U.S.A.

Abstract Cation distributions in twenty samples of acid-generating salts were compared to those in groundwater and storm runoff from a coal-refuse deposit in an effort to identify source-product relationships. Two mineral suites, one primarily composed of melanterite, rozenite and szomolnokite, and the other composed almost entirely of copiapite, were found to be most abundant at the study site. Comparisons of cation distributions in salts with those in water samples lead to an hypothesis that a copiapite-rich suite precipitated from vadose-zone ground-water that was brought to the surface by evaporative forcing. The copiapite-rich suite, which contained larger concentrations of aluminum, calcium and zinc that the melanterite-rozenite-szomolnokite mineral suite, was the primary source of solutes in captured storm runoff. An analysis of samples collected during a summer thunderstorm indicated that the chemistry of surface runoff varied little with time or with distance downstream. The cation distributions in samples of groundwater indicated that iron-rich pore waters observed near the surface in late autumn may have influenced water chemistry in the deeper portions of the unsaturated zone during the 1989 recharge season. The results of this study show that the solutes produced by the two observed salt suites can be distinguished by their mole percent iron and that the source-product relationships can explain observed variability in mine drainage chemistry at the study site.
Yerkes' Rabbit and Career: From Trivial to more Significant Matters

After acknowledging Dewsbury's (1995) correction of the historical record concerning Yerkes' childhood pet, the revision is shown to have no bearing on the thesis that the peculiar relation of psychologist and rat entails a modem disciplinary project that threatens human freedom. More significant than the matter of Yerkes' childhood pet is the extent to which his promotion of the psychology of animal behavior and his military activities in World War I contributed to this trend.
Arylation of Diazoesters by a Transient NH Insertion Organocascade

It takes two: A unique organocatalyzed cascade for the unsymmetric double arylation of α-nitrodiazoesters is described. This organocascade features the strategic use of carbene-activating anilines in conjunction with a urea catalyst, thus allowing for the synthesis of pharmaceutically attractive α-diarylesters through a transient NH insertion process.
Inconsistency of boundary conditions of plasma models in a bounded region

In a warm-plasma model, the commonly used boundary condition of a plasma-metal interface is that the normal component of the electron velocity vanishes. This note discusses the inconsistency caused by this condition in plasma-filled waveguides.
Using personal glucose meters and functional DNA sensors to quantify a variety of analytical targets

Portable sensors for the rapid quantitation of a variety of analytical targets could revolutionize both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Here, functional DNA sensors that release the enzyme invertase in response to an analyte of choice are described. The enzyme converts sucrose to glucose which can then be easily detected using a widely available personal glucose meter.
Repeat intracoronary radiation for recurrent in-stent restenosis in patients who failed intracoronary radiation.

Background— Intracoronary radiation therapy (IRT) is the only proven treatment for in-stent restenosis (ISR). It is, however, associated with a significant failure rate. The present study evaluated the outcomes of patients who underwent repeat intracoronary radiation for recurrent ISR. Methods and Results— Fifty-one consecutive patients who failed a previous radiation treatment, presented with angina and angiographic evidence of ISR, and were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and repeat radiation to the same segment were studied. Twenty-five patients were treated with gamma radiation in a dose of 15 Gy, and 26 were treated with beta radiation doses of 18.3 to 23 Gy. The mean cumulative dose for this cohort was 39.5±11.9 Gy (range, 29 to 75.6 Gy). The outcomes of those patients were compared with outcomes of 299 patients who also failed initial radiation but were treated with repeat conventional PCI to a previously irradiated segment without repeat radiation. At 9 months after treatment...
Convection and Transport in a Differentially Heated Enclosure Filled With Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Short- and Long-Time Solutions

Supercritical fluids are characterized by high densities, high thermal conductivities (compared to gases) and low viscosities, but low thermal diffusivities (compared to liquids). Due to the high compressibility, thermally induced acoustic waves are generated when supercritical fluids are heated/cooled along any bounding surface. In this study, we obtain both short- and long-time solutions for convective flows in a supercritical carbon dioxide filled enclosure. The NIST database 12 [1] is used to obtain the property relations for supercritical carbon dioxide. The generation and propagation of themoacoustic waves produced immediately after rapid heating of a wall are investigated by solving the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations with an accurate equation of state, via a high-order explicit numerical scheme. For longer time solutions, when the acoustic waves damp out, an implicit solution algorithm is used to simulate the heat transfer in the above enclosure filled with supercritical carbon dioxide for longer periods time. This novel scheme allows us to investigate convective flows in an enclosure filled with supercritical fluid in a comprehensive manner.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Synchrotron imaging of the grasshopper tracheal system: morphological and physiological components of tracheal hypermetry

As grasshoppers increase in size during ontogeny, they have mass specifically greater whole body tracheal and tidal volumes and ventilation than predicted by an isometric relationship with body mas...
Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial.

Summary Background Cardiac transplantation is associated with oxidant stress, which may contribute to the development of accelerated coronary arteriosclerosis. We postulated that treatment with antioxidant vitamins C and E would retard the progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. Methods In a double-blind prospective study, 40 patients (0–2 years after cardiac transplantation) were randomly assigned vitamin C 500 mg plus vitamin E 400 IU, each twice daily (n=19), or placebo (n=21) for 1 year. The primary endpoint was the change in average intimal index (plaque area divided by vessel area) measured by intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS). Coronary endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity was assessed with intracoronary acetylcholine infusions. IVUS, coronary vasoreactivity, and vitamin C and E plasma concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 1 year follow-up. All patients received pravastatin. Analyses were by intention to treat. Findings Vitamin C and E concentrations increased in the vitamin group (vitamin C 43 [SD 21] to 103 [43] μmol/L; vitamin E 24 [14] to 65 [27] μmol/L) but did not change in the placebo group (vitamin C 45 [15] vs 43 [16] μmol/L; vitamin E 27 [14] vs 27 [9] μmol/L; p Interpretation Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C and E retards the early progression of transplant-associated coronary arteriosclerosis.
Identifying Sites for Elk Restoration in Arkansas

Abstract We used spatial data to identify potential areas for elk (Cervus elaphus) restoration in Arkansas. To assess habitat, we used locations of 239 elk groups collected from helicopter surveys in the Buffalo National River area of northwestern Arkansas, USA, from 1992 to 2002. We calculated the Mahalanobis distance (D2) statistic based on the relationship between those elk-group locations and a suite of 9 landscape variables to evaluate winter habitat in Arkansas. We tested model performance in the Buffalo National River area by comparing the D2 values of pixels representing areas with and without elk pellets along 19 fixed-width transects surveyed in March 2002. Pixels with elk scat had lower D2 values than pixels in which we found no pellets (logistic regression: Wald χ2 = 24.37, P < 0.001), indicating that habitat characteristics were similar to those selected by the aerially surveyed elk. Our D2 model indicated that the best elk habitat primarily occurred in northern and western Arkansas and was a...
Reflections on History and Quality Education

This essay questions the commonly held assumption that schools today are worse academically than they were in the past. It argues that schools have seldom been chiefly interested in intellectual inquiry. Nor have they ever been committed to providing a quality intellectual education to all students. We argue that if history has anything to tell us about quality education today, it is not that we must try to recapture a lost age of academic excellence but that we cannot create truly excellent schools without addressing the inequities that have long been embedded in them or without understanding how those marginalized by the educational system have struggled to confront inequities.
Wireless wafer-level testing of integrated circuits via capacitively-coupled channels

Wafer testing via direct-contact probe cards has long been an effective and relatively low-cost method for testing integrated circuit (IC) chips prior to packaging. However, the physical contact occurring between the wafer and automatic test equipment (ATE) has significant costs due to contact point deformation and the need for abrasive cleaning. In this paper, we investigate a non-contact testing technique that wirelessly couples an IC wafer and ATE, and serves as an alternative to conventional probe-card testing. We derive several analytical models for a capacitive testing channel. Electromagnetic field simulations results are presented that support the proposed channel models. We conclude that capacitance-based wireless testing is feasible for testing ICs in the 1-GHz range.
The Self-Assessed Writer: Harnessing Fiction-Writing Processes to Understand Ourselves as Legal Writers and Maximize Legal Writing Productivity

This essay highlights two examples of fiction writing techniques which may be useful to legal writers as a means of illustrating the greater potential that exists. First, the essay considers exercises for maximizing writing productivity through self-assessment. The exercises that fiction writers use to know themselves and enhance their processes can, with some adaptation, be vastly helpful to the legal writer in gaining skills and confidence. Second, building upon this initial self-assessment exercise, the essay examines the commonalities fiction and legal writers share in beginning a writing project. This essay offers suggestions as to how novelists grapple with such issues and, in particular, details an exercise intended to get the words flowing. The writer gains confidence and develops a body of material with which to work. By combining the self-assessment and creativity jumpstart, legal writers - like their fiction writing counterparts - can maximize both their productivity as writers and the quality of the writing they produce.
The Bill Clinton Presidency: EconomicImpact on African Americans in the South

This paper examines the impact of federal policies and programs implemented during the Presidency of William Jefferson Clinton on the economic condition of African Americans. The primary objective of this study is to determine if policies and programs implemented by the Clinton Administration significantly improved the economic condition of African Americans in the Delta region of the United States. The Delta region is the focus of this evaluation for several reasons. First, it has a well documented and extensive history of poverty among African Americans. The Delta has a proportionally large African American population and federal policies and programs, historically, have been ineffective at significantly improving the economic condition of African Americans in the region. As such, policies and programs which have achieved even moderate success in terms of reducing poverty rates and raising income levels in the most economically depressed region in the United States may have significant policy implications for addressing economic disparity and poverty throughout the United States. This study uses income as the primary indicator to make this evaluation.