cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons projecting to substantia nigra differs significantly from those projecting to ventral tegmental area

Locations of pontomesencephalic cholinergic projection neurons from the laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) and pedunculopontine tegmental (PPTg) nuclei to midbrain dopaminergic nuclei were mapped. Stereotaxic microinjections of Fluoro-Gold- or rhodamine-labeled microspheres were made either to substantia nigra (SN) or ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rat. Choline acetyltransferase was visualized immunohistochemically. Labeled cells were digitally mapped at multiple levels of the nuclei using an interactive computer/microscope system. SN-projecting neurons were distributed predominantly ipsilaterally in distinct regions of the PPTg: either at its rostral pole or caudally in an area ventromedial to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Few SN-projecting neurons were found in LDTg. VTA-projecting neurons were distributed bilaterally throughout the cholinergic group, primarily in the densest regions of the LDTg and caudal PPTg. Neurons were not strictly segregated into these patterns. Scattered cells belonging to either projection could be found throughout the cholinergic group on either side. Hierarchical log- linear analysis showed these differences in topographic distribution to be statistically significant. Subtraction of cell density images demonstrated well delineated regions of the cholinergic group where the projections were predominately either to SN or VTA. These data indicate a high degree of internal organization within the pontomesencephalic cholinergic group based on the location of efferent projections to SN or VTA. These findings support the concept that this cholinergic group is functionally organized in a manner which selectively innervates motor (SN) and limbic (VTA) dopaminergic nuclei.
Status of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant

During the past 20 years, there has been renewed interest in Newtonian gravity and, in particular, on the constancy of the Newtonian gravitational constant, G, in space and time. Curiosity alone has provided the classical motivation for studies of this very weak force. However, the push towards a unified field theory is now beginning to drive the development of new ways of measuring G precisely. Reviewed here is the status of our knowledge of the absolute value of G, searches for couplings of gravity to other forces, and measurements of the dependency of G on various physical quantities and parameters.
Director versus Shareholder Primacy in New Zealand Company Law as Compared to U.S.A. Corporate Law

Any model of corporate governance must answer two basic sets of questions: (1) Who decides? In other words, when push comes to shove, who has ultimate control? (2) Whose interests prevail? When the ultimate decision maker is presented with a zero sum game, in which it must prefer the interests of one constituency class over those of all others, whose interests prevail? On the means question, prior scholarship has almost uniformly favored either shareholder primacy or managerialism. On the ends question, prior scholarship has tended to favor either shareholder primacy or various stakeholder theories. In contrast, this author has proposed a “director primacy” model in which the board of directors is the ultimate decision maker but is required to evaluate decisions using shareholder wealth maximization as the governing normative rule. Shareholder primacy is widely assumed to be a defining characteristic of New Zealand company law. In assessing that assumption, it is essential to distinguish between the means and ends of corporate governance. As to the latter, New Zealand law does establish shareholder wealth maximization as the corporate objective. As to the former, despite assigning managerial authority to the board of directors, New Zealand company law gives shareholders significant control rights. Comparing New Zealand company law to the considerably more board-centric regime of U.S. corporate law raises a critical policy issue. If the separation of ownership and control mandated by the latter has significant efficiency advantages, as this article has argued, why has New Zealand opted for a more shareholder-centric model? The most plausible explanation focuses on domain issues, which suggest that there are a small number of New Zealand firms for which director primacy would be optimal. The unitary nature of the New Zealand government may also be a factor, because the competitive federalism inherent in the U.S. system of government promotes a race to the top in which efficient corporate law rules are favored.
The adenovirus E1A-regulated transcription factor E4F is generated from the human homolog of nuclear factor phiAP3.

A 50-kDa cellular factor, E4F, has been implicated in mediating trans activation of the adenovirus E4 gene by the 289R E1A(13S) protein. Previous experiments demonstrated an E1A-dependent increase in E4F DNA binding activity, dependent on phosphorylation, that correlated with the activation of E4 transcription. Using expression screening, we isolated a cDNA clone encoding the E4F protein, as judged by DNA binding characteristics, transcriptional activation, and immunological criteria. The E4F-1 cDNA encodes a 783-amino-acid polypeptide that has 86% sequence identity with the murine nuclear factor phiAP3, a GLI-kruppel-related protein. E4F DNA binding activity is encoded within an amino-terminal region of E4F-1 that contains a zinc finger domain and, as with endogenous E4F, is phosphatase sensitive. We found that E4F was generated from the full-length E4F-1-encoded protein as a 50-kDa amino-terminal fragment. Moreover, E1A(13S) expression induced the phosphorylation of both forms of E4F-1 but differentially regulated their DNA binding activities, stimulating the 50-kDa fragment while reducing the activity of the full-length protein. In transient-transfection assays, the E4F-1 amino-terminal fragment stimulated the adenovirus E4 promoter in the presence of E1A(13S), whereas the full-length protein repressed the promoter in the absence, but not the presence, of E1A. The results indicate that the 50-kDa polypeptide responsible for E4F DNA binding activity is a fragment generated from the human homolog of phiAP3 and that the two forms of the E4F-1 protein are differentially regulated by E1A through phosphorylation.
Green marketing applications: internet usage on public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing within the oil and gas industry

As the oil and gas industry explodes in the Appalachian region, the internet has become publicly engaged with a multitude of ad campaigns and informational websites - created both by industry representatives as well as non-industry related groups - dedicated to swaying the public in regard to controversial oil and gas drilling techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing. Based on the negative superiority effect, the negative propaganda geared toward undermining the oil and gas industry's operations will have a more persuasive effect on public perception and will lead to an overall negative opinion of oil and gas industry operatives. Based on an empirical study, it was suggested that the industry mount educational campaigns to counter the enormous amount of negative blogs and web-based materials found on hydraulic fracking and other oil and gas procedures.
Inhibition of hexokinase-2 with targeted liposomal 3-bromopyruvate in an ovarian tumor spheroid model of aerobic glycolysis.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of glycolytic markers, especially hexokinase-2 (HK2), using a three-dimensional multicellular spheroid model of human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SKOV-3) cells and to develop an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted liposomal formulation for improving inhibition of HK2 and the cytotoxicity of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BPA). Methods: Multicellular SKOV-3 tumor spheroids were developed using the hanging drop method and expression levels of glycolytic markers were examined. Non-targeted and epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted liposomal formulations of 3-BPA were formulated and characterized. Permeability and cellular uptake of the liposomal formulations in three-dimensional SKOV-3 spheroids was evaluated using confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity and HK2 inhibition potential of solution form of 3-BPA was compared to the corresponding liposomal formulation by using cell proliferation and HK2 enzymatic assays. Results: SKOV-3 spheroids were reproducibly developed using the 96-well hanging drop method, with an average size of 900 μm by day 5. HK2 enzyme activity levels under hypoxic conditions were found to be higher than under normoxic conditions (P<0.0001, Student’s t-test, unpaired and two-tailed). Liposomal formulations (both non-targeted and targeted) of 3-BPA showed a more potent inhibitory effect (P<0.001, Student’s t-test, unpaired and two-tailed) at a dose of 50 μM than the aqueous solution form at 3, 6, and 24 hours post administration. Similarly, the cytotoxic activity 3-BPA at various concentrations (10 μM–100 μM) showed that the liposomal formulations had an enhanced cytotoxic effect of 2–5-fold (P<0.0001, Student’s t-test, unpaired and two-tailed) when compared to the aqueous solution form for both 10 μM and 25 μM concentrations. Conclusion: SKOV-3 spheroids developed by the hanging drop method can be used as a tumor aerobic glycolysis model for evaluation of therapies targeting the glycolytic pathway in cancer cells. Encapsulation of 3-BPA in a liposomal formulation improved permeability, HK2 inhibition, and cytotoxicity in the multicellular spheroid model.
Sport education: a panacea for hegemonic masculinity in physical education or more of the same?

Sport education has received considerable support from teachers, teacher educators and the sport pedagogy literature as a cure for much that ails physical education. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to determine the extent to which teachers employing the sport education model rejected and combatted or supported and reinforced masculine bias and sexism. Participants were one male and one female pre-service teacher. The study was conducted in the United States. Data collection and analysis were driven by the theory of hegemonic masculinity. Data were collected using a series of qualitative techniques as the pre-service teachers taught four sport education seasons to middle school pupils aged 11–14 years. Data were analyzed by employing analytic induction and constant comparison. Results revealed that hegemonic masculinity was supported and reinforced and masculine bias and sexism were prevalent within the sport education seasons. These findings suggest that merely adhering to the curricu...
Accounting for changes in spatial distribution of groundfish when estimating abundance from commercial fishing data

Abstract Potential mapping, a spatial analysis technique, is applied to commercial catch rate data to derive estimates of biomass of a fish population. Unlike previous methods for deriving commercial catch rate indices, it accounts not only for variation in stock density but also for changes in spatial distribution of the stock. The method is evaluated and techniques are developed to account for deficiencies in the data. For cod in NAFO Divisions 2K, 3K and 3L, used as the example, fish density tended to increase while area fished tended to decrease over the period 1980–1991. This caused the biomass index to fluctuate without trend, as did the biomass index based on research vessel surveys. These patterns provided evidence of changes in the spatial distribution of the stock. The commercial index, based on a multiplicative model traditionally used in stock assessments for calibrating sequential population analysis models, correlated better with the density index derived in this study than with the biomass index. This suggests that the assumption of a constant spatial distribution inherent in the multiplicative model is unjustified. A spatial component as well as a density component should be incorporated into any catch rate index and this can be accomplished through the use of a spatial analysis technique such as potential mapping.
An ultrasonic device for measuring the oil concentration in flowing liquid refrigerant

Abstract Liquid refrigerant/oil concentrations in a flowing system were monitored using speed of sound and temperature measurements. Data were taken for dichlorodifluoromethane (R12) with 3GS and 5GS oils and tetrafluoroethane (R134a) with an eter-based oil with concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 10.64 and 0.0 to 9.11 mass%, respectively. Temperatures for the tests ranged from −22°C to 40°C. Analysis of the data showed tha the predicted oil concentration depends linearly on both acoustic velocity and temperature. The technique was very reliable, with uncertainties of less than 0.23 wt% for the R12 mixtures and 0.26 wt% for the R134a mixtures at typical system concentrations. A slight dependence of acoustic velocity on pressure was found.
Employer Preferences for Resumes and Cover Letters.

This article reports the results of a survey of employers' preferences for resume style, resume delivery method, and cover letters. Employers still widely prefer the standard chronological resume, ...
Defining the ATPase center of bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging machine: Requirement for a catalytic glutamate residue in the large terminase protein gp17

Abstract Double-stranded DNA packaging in icosahedral bacteriophages is driven by an ATPase-coupled packaging machine constituted by the portal protein and two non-structural packaging/terminase proteins assembled at the unique portal vertex of the empty viral capsid. Recent studies show that the N-terminal ATPase site of bacteriophage T4 large terminase protein gp17 is critically required for DNA packaging. It is likely that this is the DNA translocating ATPase that powers directional translocation of DNA into the viral capsid. Defining this ATPase center is therefore fundamentally important to understand the mechanism of ATP-driven DNA translocation in viruses. Using combinatorial mutagenesis and biochemical approaches, we have defined the catalytic carboxylate residue that is required for ATP hydrolysis. Although the original catalytic carboxylate hypothesis suggested the presence of a catalytic glutamate between the Walker A (SRQLGKT161–167) and Walker B (MIYID251–255) motifs, none of the four candidate glutamic acid residues, E198, E208, E220 and E227, is required for function. However, the E256 residue that is immediately adjacent to the putative Walker B aspartic acid residue (D255) exhibited a phenotypic pattern that is consistent with the catalytic carboxylate function. None of the amino acid substitutions, including the highly conservative D and Q, was tolerated. Biochemical analyses showed that the purified E256V, D, and Q mutant gp17s exhibited a complete loss of gp16-stimulated ATPase activity and in vitro DNA packaging activity, whereas their ATP binding and DNA cleavage functions remained intact. The data suggest that the E256 mutants are trapped in an ATP-bound conformation and are unable to catalyze the ATP hydrolysis-transduction cycle that powers DNA translocation. Thus, this study for the first time identified and characterized a catalytic glutamate residue that is involved in the energy transduction mechanism of a viral DNA packaging machine.
Regression model checking with Berkson measurement errors

This paper discusses asymptotically distribution free tests for the lack-of-fit of a parametric regression model in the Berkson measurement error model. These tests are based on a martingale transform of a certain marked empirical process of calibrated residuals. A simulation study is included to assess the effect of measurement error on the proposed test. It is observed that empirical level is more stable across the chosen measurement error variances when fitting a linear model compared to when fitting a nonlinear model, while, in both cases, the empirical power decreases as this error variance increases, against all chosen alternatives.
Human Granulosa Cells Use High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol for Steroidogenesis

This study examines the ability of human high density lipoproteins (HDL3) to deliver cholesteryl esters to human granulosa cells and describes the selective cholesterol pathway by which this occurs. Luteinized cells obtained from subjects undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer procedures were incubated with native HDL3 (or radiolabeled or fluorescently labeled HDL cholesteryl esters) to determine whether cells from humans (in which HDL is not the primary circulating lipoprotein species) can nevertheless interiorize and appropriately process cholesteryl esters for steroidogenesis. The results indicate that hormone-stimulated granulosa cells actively and efficiently use human HDL-derived cholesterol for progesterone production. More than 95% of the mass of HDL cholesteryl esters entering cells does so through the nonlysosomal (selective) pathway, i.e. cholesteryl esters released from HDL are taken up directly by the cells without internalization of apoproteins. Once internalized, the cholesteryl esters are either hydrolyzed and directly used for steroidogenesis or stored in the cells as cholesteryl esters until needed. The utilization of the internalized cholesteryl esters is a hormone-regulated event; i.e. luteinized human granulosa cells internalize and store large quantities of HDL-donated cholesteryl esters when available, but further processing of the cholesteryl esters (hydrolysis, re-esterification, or use in steroidogenesis) does not occur unless the cells are further stimulated to increase progesterone secretion.
REVISE: a computer-based writing assistant

Description du systeme REVISE, outil automatise d'aide a la redaction en anglais courant. Evaluation des performances. Statistiques des modifications induites dans trente six documents reecrits a l'aide de REVISE
Tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL)-mediated increase in tyrosinated α-tubulin in injured axons is required for retrograde injury signaling and axon regeneration

Injured peripheral neurons successfully activate a pro-regenerative program to enable axon regeneration and functional recovery. The microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of injury signals from the lesion site in the axon back to the cell soma stimulates the increased growth capacity of injured neurons. However, the mechanisms initiating this retrograde transport remain poorly understood. Here we show that tubulin-tyrosine ligase (TTL) is required to increase the levels of tyrosinated α-tubulin at the axon injury site and plays an important role in injury signaling. Preventing the injury-induced increase in tyrosinated α-tubulin by knocking down TTL impairs retrograde organelle transport and delays activation of the pro-regenerative transcription factor c-Jun. In the absence of TTL, axon regeneration is reduced severely. We propose a model in which TTL increases the levels of tyrosinated α-tubulin locally at the injury site to facilitate the retrograde transport of injury signals that are required to activate a pro-regenerative program. Background: Axon regeneration following nerve injury depends on retrograde injury signals. Results: An increased tyrosinated α-tubulin level at the injury site is required for the retrograde transport of injury signals and timely activation of a pro-regenerative program. Conclusion: An injury-induced increase in tyrosinated α-tubulin is important for axon regeneration. Significance: Deciphering the mechanisms regulating the retrograde transport of injury signals is crucial for our understanding of regenerative mechanisms in peripheral neurons.
Stress Concentration Factor in Functionally Graded Plates with Circular Holes Subjected to Anti-plane Shear Loading

Stress concentration factors due to the presence of geometrical discontinuities (circular holes) in functionally graded plates are derived. The material property inhomogeneity is assumed to be in the radial direction originating at the center of the plate. Variable separable closed-form solutions are obtained for the stresses and displacements in functionally graded plates (without and with holes) subjected to anti-plane shear loading. The stresses in functionally graded plates without a hole are not homogeneous as it is in the case of homogeneous plates. Either a stress concentration (more than the applied stress) or dilution (less than the applied stress) occurs depending on whether the modulus increases (hardening graded material) or decreases (softening graded material) away from the center of the graded plate without a hole. A novel definition of the stress concentration factor due to the geometrical discontinuity in functionally graded plates is derived. The effect of the circular hole in functionally graded plates is to magnify (compared to homogeneous plates) the stress concentration when the modulus decreases away from the center of the hole (softening material). Beneficial reduction of the stress concentration factor is achieved in hardening functionally graded materials.
Glucose determination in simulated plasma solutions using infrared spectrophotometry

Primary blood constituents which may interfere with the infrared (IR) spectrophotometric measurement of glucose in plasma were identified. Blood plasma solutions were simulated by mixing glucose and the interfering constituents in their actual physiological concentrations in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The feasibility of accurate prediction of physiological glucose concentration in a specially designed set of simulated plasma solutions with pH of 7.4, maintained at 37°C, was assessed by applying univariate and multivariate statistical and artificial neural network methods to their mid-IR spectra (1180–930 cm−1). Multivariate methods, Partial Least Squares, Principal Components Regression and artificial neural networks produced calibration models with small standard errors of prediction (SEP) (20.6, 20.6 and 19.8 mg/dl, respectively) compared with peak height and area based univariate methods (smallest SEP = 40.1 mg/dl). We conclude that it is feasible to predict physiological glucose concentration in multicomponent aqueous mixtures containing varying concentrations of interfering constituents, using multivariate methods.
Aphasic adults' understanding of complex adverbial sentences.

Abstract Twelve aphasics with relatively preserved auditory comprehension were tested for their understanding of four adverbial sentence types expressing the temporal order of events. The relative effects of order of mention, adverbial choice, and adverbial clause placement on subjects' comprehension were investigated. Only adverbial choice was significant with aphasics producing more errors of temporal order on after than before sentences. Subjects' error patterns were not similar to those of children acquiring language. The results are discussed with respect to the theory of lexical marking and the regression hypothesis.
Assessing the risk of post-transplantation diabetes mellitus with an oral glucose tolerance test

This Practice Point commentary discusses the findings of a prospective study by Kuypers et al. that was designed to determine the best clinical diagnostic tool for identifying patients at risk of developing post-transplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following renal transplantation. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels on the day of transplantation and FPG levels and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 5 days after transplantation were evaluated in de novo renal transplant recipients. The predictive values of these tests were assessed alongside other known risk factors for PTDM. A normal (vs diabetic) OGTT on day 5 was associated with a significantly reduced risk for PTDM (odds ratio 0.03; P = 0.0002). A similar reduction in the risk of PTDM was conferred by normal FPG levels on day 5 (odds ratio 0.06; P <0.0001). While the OGTT or FPG test at 5 days after transplantation might prove to be useful predictive diagnostic tools for the development of PTDM, studies that incorporate baseline evaluation of pre-existing glucose metabolic disorders are needed.
The impact of highway safety regulation enforcement activities on motor vehicle fatalities

Abstract This paper analyzes the influence of highway safety regulation enforcement efforts on motor vehicle fatalities. It estimates a regression model in which such deaths depend on these efforts as well as economic conditions, driver characteristics, government regulations, and locational factors, using 1973–2000 annual Ohio data. Statistically significant results indicate that the enforcement measure of drunk driving arrests saves lives. They also suggest that highway deaths increase with the following: better economic conditions, greater alcohol consumption, larger proportions of young and old drivers, higher speed limits, and more driving on rural roads. The trend in deaths is downward.
Farm Level Economics of Soil Conservation in the Palouse Area of the Northwest

Control theory is applied to the farm level economics of soil conservation in a model which uses depth of topsoil and percentage of organic matter therein as the two state variables. An approximately optimal decision rule was tested against the optimal rule and found to be excellent; errors in the decision rule were less than one percent within the region in state space of practical consideration. Results suggest that intensive wheat production under modem farming practices and heavy fertilization is the most economic cropping system in both the short and long run in the Palouse Area except under low wheat prices.
Characteristics of Low-fat Ground Beef Containing Texture-modifying Ingredients

Dietary fibers, starches, and Polydextrose® were incorporated unhydrated into 5 and 10% fat hamburger for texture modification and comparison to 5, 10, 20, and 30% fat controls. Levels for individual and total ingredients ranged from 0.5 to 4% and 3.5 to 6%, respectively. Treatments containing Polydextrose, starch, and fiber had cooking losses 20–40% less than controls. Patties containing three-way combinations of ingredients were more similar to 20% fat controls for texture traits than were those containing 1 or 2 ingredients: Patties with ingredients had less oily coating of the mouth, but were less juicy than controls. Beef flavor intensity scores were reduced slightly for low-fat patties with ingredients. Texture modification of low-fat ground beef is possible with food-grade ingredients.
Outage detection in power distribution networks with optimally-deployed power flow sensors

An outage detection framework for power distribution networks is proposed. The framework combines the use of optimally deployed real-time power flow sensors and that of load estimates via Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) or load forecasting mechanisms. The distribution network is modeled as a tree network. It is shown that the outage detection problem over the entire network can be decoupled into detection within subtrees, where within each subtree only the sensors at its root and on its boundary are used. Outage detection is then formulated as a hypothesis testing problem, for which a maximum a-posteriori probability (MAP) detector is applied. Employing the maximum misdetection probability Pmaxe as the detection performance metric, the problem of finding a set of a minimum number of sensors that keeps Pmaxe below any given probability target is formulated as a combinatorial optimization. Efficient algorithms are proposed that find the globally optimal solutions for this problem, first for line networks, and then for tree networks. Using these algorithms, optimal three-way tradeoffs between the number of sensors, the load estimate accuracy, and the outage detection performance are characterized for line and tree networks using the IEEE 123 node test feeder system.
A Biological Brief on Percutaneous Absorption

(1983). A Biological Brief on Percutaneous Absorption. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 521-560.
Effect of Anion Receptor Additives on Electrochemical Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Four boron-based anion receptors were investigated as electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion cells was found to strongly depend on the structure of the anion receptor added to the electrolyte. The capacity retention of the lithium-ion cell was slightly improved by adding 0.07 M bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl)pentafluorophenylboronate additive, whereas the addition of 2,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole dramatically deteriorated the electrochemical performance. The addition of a certain type of anion receptor can promote the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte, resulting in high interfacial impedance and accelerated capacity fading of lithium-ion cells. Ab initio calculations showed that the electrochemical performance of anion receptors had good correlation to the degree of localization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital at the boron center of anion receptors, which can potentially be used in th...
The Dynamics of Navajo Peacemaking

This article explains the traditional Navajo justice process using social psychology and Navajo discourse. It identifies the nayee or monster (things that get in the way of a successful life) in disputes in light of cognitive dissonance or the state of tension when a person holds two inconsistent beliefs. It then describes an approach to the excuses people give as a result. The article identifies and discusses the excuses and shows how traditional Navajo process addresses them. It outlines the dynamics of traditional Navajo justice to show that it is a practical means to resolve conflict. It also illustrates how a traditional Indian legal method can be replicated in the new field of restorative justice to better deal with crime, violence, and conflict.
The epitope for the polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody 8RB13 is in the flap-domain of the beta-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and can be used as an epitope tag for immunoaffinity chromatography

Polyol-responsive monoclonal antibodies (PR-mAbs) are useful for the purification of proteins in an easy, one step immunoaffinity step. These antibodies allow for gentle purification of proteins and protein complexes using a combination of a low molecular weight polyhydroxylated compound (polyol) and a nonchaotrophic salt in the eluting buffer. mAb 8RB13 has been characterized as one of these PR-mAbs and has been used to purify RNA polymerase from five species of bacteria. Here the epitope for 8RB13 has been identified as PEEKLLRAIFGEKAS, a sequence that is highly conserved in the β-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This sequence is located in the "beta-flap" domain of RNA polymerase (and essentially comprises the "flap-tip helix"), an important binding site for sigma70. This location explains why only the core RNAP is purified using this mAb. This amino acid sequence has been developed into an epitope tag that can be used to purify a target protein from either bacterial or eukaryotic cells when genetically fused to a protein of interest.
Koroseal, a New Plastic. Some Properties and Uses

Abstract Rubber has found its widest use in industry because its properties can be altered and improved by compounding and cure to give strong, flexible, resilient products which are resistant to abrasion, impervious to fluids, electrically insulating, and relatively inert chemically. For such other desirable characteristics as resistance to oils and solvents, and freedom from attack by air, sunlight, and oxidizing materials, skillful compounding has brought marked improvements, but even better properties are needed to meet the demands of modern industry. The search for synthetic rubbers has been stimulated not merely by the desire for an economically independent source of supply, but also with the hope that there might be obtained materials having properties superior to the natural product. Whitby and Katz (4) have published a comprehensive historical treatise dealing with the development of numerous synthetic rubbers which have appeared in the last few years. It has been believed that linear polymers ob...
Peripheral Edema Masks the Diagnoses of P Pulmonale, P Mitrale, and Biatrial Abnormality: Clinical Implications for Patients With Heart Failure

Peripheral edema (PED) impacts the size of the electrocardiogram, attenuating the amplitude and duration of QRS complexes and P waves. Diagnostic configurations of P pulmonale (Pp), P mitrale (Pm), and biatrial abnormality (Pb) are based on measurements of the amplitude and duration of the P waves. To investigate whether PED masks the diagnoses of Pp, Pm, and Pb, 15 patients (nine who suffered PED and six who did not gain weight during hospitalization, who served as controls) were studied. Of nine patients with PED, one had Pp, four had Pm, and four had Pb on admission, but such configurations were abolished after development of PED, except in one patient with Pm. Of six controls, one patient had Pp, three had Pm, and two had Pb, both on admission and at discharge. There was no difference in sex (p=0.61) or age (p=0.27) between the patients with PED and the controls; however, patients with PED were sicker and eventually died, while none of the controls did so. Electrocardiographic atrial abnormalities can be masked by PED, resulting from the attenuation of P waves and mediated by a decrease in the electrical impedance of the body's volume conductor due to water overload. These have clinical implications for patients with heart failure.
Ride quality evaluation. IV - Models of subjective reaction to aircraft motion

The paper examines models of human reaction to the motions typically experienced on short-haul aircraft flights. Data are taken on the regularly scheduled flights of four commercial airlines - three airplanes and one helicopter. The data base consists of: (1) a series of motion recordings distributed over each flight, each including all six degrees of freedom of motion; temperature, pressure, and noise are also recorded; (2) ratings of perceived comfort and satisfaction from the passengers on each flight; (3) moment-by-moment comfort ratings from a test subject assigned to each airplane; and (4) overall comfort ratings for each flight from the test subjects. Regression models are obtained for prediction of rated comfort from rms values for six degrees of freedom of motion. It is shown that the model C = 2.1 + 17.1 T + 17.2 V (T = transverse acceleration, V = vertical acceleration) gives a good fit to the airplane data but is less acceptable for the helicopter data.
"My child and i are a package deal": Balancing adult and child concerns in repartnering after divorce

Parents who repartner after divorce must decide how to balance the potentially competing demands of their own desire for adult companionship and romance with the needs of their children for parental attention and affection. In this study, the authors assessed individual differences in divorced custodial mothers' orientation toward repartnering, characterizing it as a continuum, ranging from more child focused to more adult focused. Mothers who are more adult focused tend to be older, more educated, more likely to be employed outside the home, and exiting marriages of longer duration. In addition, using longitudinal data from in-home interviews, mothers who are more adult focused reported having lower rapport with their children, spending less time in joint activities with their children, and their children in turn reported lower rapport with their mothers. Levels of adult-focused orientation are relatively stable over time but increase when mothers become involved or interested in new partners. Using longitudinal diary data over a 2-year period, the authors demonstrated that mothers who are more child focused engage in more active management of emergent relationships in repartnered families and that adult-focused and child-focused mothers respond to different concerns. Whereas all mothers become more active in managing emergent relationships when both partner and child are resisting one another, mothers with greater child focus respond more to concerns of the child, and mothers with greater adult focus respond more to the concerns of the partner. Implications for intervention with divorced families are discussed.
An investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in the construction industry

Abstract Disorders associated with repeated trauma were the most common occupational illness in 1991, accounting for 61% of all occupational illnesses (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Research on cumulative trauma injuries in the construction industry is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate factors associated with the development of cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) in the construction industry. Additionally, this research evaluates the types of CTDs most prevalent in the construction industry. Results of this research show seven common CTDs prevalent in the construction industry: arpal Tunnel Syndrome, Tennis Elbow, Trigger Finger, Arthritis of the Thumb, Thumb/Wrist Tendinitis, Vibration Syndrome and Impingement. An index was developed to rank tasks based on possible development of CTDs by quantifying factors that contribute to the occurrence of these CTDs such as tool design, work task design, awkward posture, repetition, and application of force.
Mechanisms of voltage transients during current clamp inNecturus gallbladder

Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanisms of the transepithelial voltage transients (deltaVms) observed during transmural current clamps in the isolated Necturus gallbladder. The results indicate that: a) part of deltaVms is due to a transepithelial resistance change (deltaRt), and part to a tissue emf change. b) deltaRt is entirely caused by changes of the resistance of the paracellular pathway. At all current densities employed, the measured changes are probably due to changes in both fluid conductivity and width of the lateral intercellular spaces. At high currents, in addition to the effects on the lateral spaces, the resistance of other elements of the pathway (probably the limiting junction) drops, regardless of the direction of the current. c) The magnitude and polarity of the deltaRt-independent transepithelial and cell membrane potential transients indicate that the largest emf change takes place at the basolateral membrane (deltaEb), with smaller changes at the luminal membrane (deltaEa) and the paracellular (shunt) pathway (deltaEs). It is shown that two-thirds of the transient are caused by deltaEs, and one-third by delta(Eb--Ea). deltaEs can be explained by a diffusion potential generated by a current-dependent NaCl concentration gradient across the tissue. deltaEa and deltaEb are caused by [K] changes, mainly at the unstirred layer in contact with the basolateral membrane.
Histological evidence for the role of mechanical stress in modulating thermal denaturation of collagen.

The hyperthermia and thermal denaturation literatures reveal a time-temperature equivalency when heating cells or connective tissues: thermal damage increases with increasing temperature (for the same duration) and increases with increasing duration (for the same temperature). Recent findings conversely suggest that increasing the mechanical loading on a tissue during heating decreases the thermal damage (for a given temperature and duration of heating). Surprisingly, however, there are few histological correlates of such damage. In this paper, we show that progressive light microscopic changes – swelling of collagen bands, thickening of collagen-rich layers, hyalinization, and loss of birefringence~– correlate very well with both increased heating times and decreased mechanical loading. Increased mechanical stress is thus thermally protective and should be considered in the design of clinical procedures that use heating to treat diseases or injuries.
Biochemical alcohol screening in primary health care.

Alcohol biomarkers such as carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) have significant potential for enhancing the quality of medical treatment in primary health care settings. Recent studies demonstrate that these laboratory tests can help the general practitioner in several ways. First, CDT and GGT can detect current heavy drinking in primary care patients with a fair degree of sensitivity (∼60% to 70%), with CDT being more specific (∼90%). When combined with self-report tests, they can provide a clinically useful alcohol screening battery. Second, elevated CDT and GGT levels have been correlated with specific alcohol-sensitive diseases (e.g., hypertension) and, as such, can serve as risk indicators for those diseases. Third, alcohol biomarkers have proven to be useful in monitoring the effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions with medical patients. Unfortunately, preliminary findings indicate that physicians have little knowledge of current biomarker research as applied to primary health care. Translational studies are needed on methods to facilitate knowledge and use of alcohol biomarkers by general practitioners.
Predicting optical densitometer response as a function of light source characteristics for radiochromic film dosimetry.

Various forms of GAFChromic (GC) film have been used for several years as radiographic media for measuring dose distributions of brachytherapysources and small radiation fields. In order to optimize the measurement sensitivity and thus improve precision, we describe a method to calculate the dose response curves (net optical density at a give wavelength or spectrum versus absorbed dose) for different densitometer light sources using measured GC film absorption spectra. Comparison with measurements on the latest version of GC film (model MD-55-2) using four types of densitometers [He-Ne laser, broadband (white light) densitometer, and two LED (red-light) filtered densitometers] confirm the accuracy of this predictive model. The linearity and sensitivity of the dose response curves are found to be highly dependent on the light sourcespectrum. Initial slope is a function of the average weighted absorbance. Early saturation and decreased linearity of the dose response curves are ascribed to the nonuniform transmission of the light source through the GC film. We found that an LED (red-light) source with a narrow bandpass filter centered at 671 nm near the major absorption peak achieves nearly the maximum possible sensitivity (almost four times more sensitive than He-Ne laser, 632.8 nm) and may be suitable for in vivodosimetry.
Improving software inspections with group process support

The 'group process' governing any group interaction also influences a group's inspection performance.
Stored electron beam oscillations excited by trapped ions

Abstract The excitation of oscillations in a stored electron beam by trapped rest gas ions is calculated numerically for a cylindrically Gaussian beam profile and a set of basic oscillation modes. Conditions for start-up and maximal amplitudes for such oscillations in the presence of exponential synchrotron damping are derived and compared with measurements on the MIT/Bates South Hall Ring.
From the dialogic to the contemplative: a conceptual and empirical rethinking of online communication outcomes as verbing micro-practices

Traditional approaches to studying communication in public spheres draw upon a product or outcome orientation that has prevented researchers from theorizing more specifically about how communication behaviors either inhibit or facilitate dialogic processes. Additionally, researchers typically emphasize consensus as a preferred outcome. Drawing upon a methodology explicitly developed to study communicating using a verb-oriented framework, we analyzed 1,360 postings from online pedagogical discussions. Our analysis focused on verbing micro-practices, the dynamic communicative actions through which participants make and unmake public spheres. Two questions guided our analysis: (1) How do grounded communicative micro-moment practices relate to consensusing and dissensusing within public spheres? and (2) What are the theoretical implications of these relationships for the quality of dialogue among participants who are discussing controversial topics? Our findings indicate that, contrary to recent theorizing, consensus-building and maintaining behaviors may actually inhibit the communicative processes necessary for the creation of effective public sphere dialogue.
On a hyperplane arrangement problem and tighter analysis of an error-tolerant pooling design

In this paper, we formulate and investigate the following problem: given integers d,k and r where k>r≥1,d≥2, and a prime power q, arrange d hyperplanes on $\mathbb{F}_{q}^{k}$ to maximize the number of r-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{F}_{q}^{k}$ each of which belongs to at least one of the hyperplanes. The problem is motivated by the need to give tighter bounds for an error-tolerant pooling design based on finite vector spaces.
Calculation of compressible adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers.

Difficulties encountered in computing profile shapes in supersonic turbulent boundary layers with large pressure gradients, which result from a disagreement between data and theory, are investigated. Possible reasons given by various authors for this disagreement are discussed. Initial results seem to indicate that conventional reasons do not account for the observed difficulties. However, inclusion of the effect of curvature upon turbulent mixing has brought an improvement in calculations. Possible three-dimensional effects are also examined.
New books for the communication survey course: A comparative review

Elements of Speech Communication: Achieving Competence By David M. Jabusch and Stephan W. Littlejohn with a “Communication Competency Handbook” by Gayle K. Levison. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1981; pp. x + 388. Paper. Instructor's Manual. Exploring Speech Communication: An Introduction By Mary Forrest and Margot A. Olson. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Company, 1981; pp. ix + 424. Paper. Instructor's Manual. Human Communication: Elements and Contexts By Philip Emmert and William C. Donaghy. Reading, Mass.: Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company, 1981; pp. xvi + 400.
Multiscale estimation of GPS velocity fields

We present a spherical wavelet-based multiscale approach for estimating a spatial velocity field on the sphere from a set of irregularly spaced geodetic displacement observations. Because the adopted spherical wavelets are analytically differentiable, spatial gradient tensor quantities such as dilatation rate, strain rate and rotation rate can be directly computed using the same coefficients. In a series of synthetic and real examples,we illustrate the benefit of themultiscale approach, in particular, the inherent ability of the method to localize a given deformation field in space and scale as well as to detect outliers in the set of observations. This approach has the added benefit of being able to locally match the smallest resolved process to the local spatial density of observations, thereby both maximizing the amount of derived information while also allowing the comparison of derived quantities at the same scale but in different regions.We also consider the vertical component of the velocity field in our synthetic and real examples, showing that in some cases the spatial gradients of the vertical velocity field may constitute a significant part of the deformation. This formulation may be easily applied either regionally or globally and is ideally suited as the spatial parametrization used in any automatic time-dependent geodetic transient detector.