cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of CBM production, CO2 injection, and tracer movement at a field CO2 sequestration site

Sequestration of carbon dioxide in unmineable coal seams is a potential technology mainly because of the potential for simultaneous enhanced coalbed methane production (ECBM). Several pilot tests have been performed around the globe leading to mixed results. Numerous modeling efforts have been carried out successfully to model methane production and carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) injection. Sensitivity analyses and history matching along with several optimization tools were used to estimate reservoir properties and to investigate reservoir performance. Geological and geophysical techniques have also been used to characterize field sequestration sites and to inspect reservoir heterogeneity. The fate and movement of injected CO{sub 2} can be determined by using several monitoring techniques. Monitoring of perfluorocarbon (PFC) tracers is one of these monitoring technologies. As a part of this monitoring technique, a small fraction of a traceable fluid is added to the injection wellhead along with the CO{sub 2} stream at different times to monitor the timing and location of the breakthrough in nearby monitoring wells or offset production wells. A reservoir modeling study was performed to simulate a pilot sequestration site located in the San Juan coal basin of northern New Mexico. Several unknown reservoir properties at the field site were estimatedmore » by modeling the coal seam as a dual porosity formation and by history matching the methane production and CO{sub 2} injection. In addition to reservoir modeling of methane production and CO{sub 2} injection, tracer injection was modeled. Tracers serve as a surrogate for determining potential leakage of CO{sub 2}. The tracer was modeled as a non-reactive gas and was injected into the reservoir as a mixture along with CO{sub 2}. Geologic and geometric details of the field site, numerical modeling details of methane production, CO{sub 2} injection, and tracer injection are presented in this paper. Moreover, the numerical predictions of the tracer arrival times were compared with the measured field data. Results show that tracer modeling is useful in investigating movement of injected CO{sub 2} into the coal seam at the field site. Also, such new modeling techniques can be utilized to determine potential leakage pathways, and to investigate reservoir anisotropy and heterogeneity.« less
Structure-Function Relations between Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Mitochondrial Inner-Membrane — Matrix Region

Decreasing the osmolarity of the incubation media for rat liver mitochondria, by lowering the KCl or sucrose content, greatly increased the oxidation of palmitate, palmitoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-(–)-carnitine, octanoate and butyrate, but only slightly affected the oxidation of succinate, glutamate plus malate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Kinetic studies indicated that the increased rate offatty acid oxidation commenced at the onset of incubation in the hypotonic media and remained relatively constant. This was accompanied by an increase in the 3-hydroxy-butyrate: acetoacetate ratio, a higher rate of oxygen consumption, an increase in the extramitochondrial adenine-nucleotide phosphorylation-state ratio, and a greater state of reduction of the respiratory chain cytochromes b. c, and oxidase. Incubation of mitochondria in the hypotonic media caused a rapid decrease in the intermembrane and intracristal spaces and concurrent expansion of the matrix, without changing the total volume of the mitochondria. These observations indicate that expansion of the inner-membrane–matrix compartment of mitochondria in vitro specifically activates fatty acid oxidation at the site of β-oxidation or at the site of its interaction with the respiratory chain, with a consequent increase in the states of reduction and phosphorylation of the mitochondria, Evidence is also presented which suggests that the activation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by Ca2- is initiated by a Ca2+ -induced alteration of the structure of volume of the inner-membrane–matrix region.
Molecular dynamics simulation simulation of channel flow

Molecular dynamics simulations with a soft-sphere and a Lennard-Jones type potential have been carried out to model dense fluid flow between two stationary stochastic parallel boundary plates. For Reynolds numbers in the laminar flow region, the velocity and temperature profiles are found to be in good agreement with those predicted by the hydrodynamic equations for an incompressible fluid at a pressure gradient as high as 104 atm/cm. No-slip boundary conditions, which are most often used in solving the hydrodynamic equations, are seen to be better reproduced when a purely repulsive potential is used.
Using linear system reliability to obtain theoretical understanding of wireless routing

Wireless multihop networks have a wide variety of applications, due to their rapid deployment times and minimal configuration requirements. Transmissions in wireless networks may require performance guarantees, which can be achieved by using advanced routing strategies. We examine one such performance metric, namely reliability, or packet delivery ratio in a failure-prone wireless network. We use control theoretic methods to obtain an understanding of routing in wireless multihop networks. In particular, we model ad hoc wireless networks as stochastic dynamical systems where, as a base case, a centralized controller pre-computes optimal paths to the destination. This technique can be used to obtain the highest achievable reliability for a given transmission. We compare this approach with the reliability achieved by some of the widely used routing techniques in multihop networks. We also propose extensions to the base case that can be more applicable to practical scenarios. Results show that our approach can be used to theoretically characterize reliability of end-to-end transmissions in wireless networks.
IGF‐I prevents glutamate‐mediated bax translocation and cytochrome C release in O4+ oligodendrocyte progenitors

Oligodendroglial death due to overactivation of the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors is implicated in white matter damage in multiple CNS disorders. We previously demonstrated that glutamate induces caspase-3 activation and death of the late oligodendrocyte progenitor known as the pro-oligodendroblast (pro-OL) via activation of the AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors. We also demonstrated that IGF-I had the unique ability to sustain activation of Akt in the pro-OL and provide long-term protection of these cells from glutamate-mediated apoptosis. The goal of these studies was to investigate the mechanisms of glutamate toxicity and IGF-I-mediated survival in the pro-OL. IGF-I prevented glutamate-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation. In contrast to IGF-I mediated survival mechanisms in neurons, IGF-I had no effect on the influx or recovery of intracellular calcium levels or on levels of major pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules including Bax or Bcl-xL. Rather, IGF-I prevented the glutamate-induced translocation of Bax to the mitochondria. Moreover, IGF-I prevented caspase-3 activation in pro-OLs as long as 8 h after exposure of the cells to glutamate, suggesting that delayed activation of IGF-I-mediated survival pathways can block glutamate-mediated apoptosis in pro-OLs. The results of these experiments define the mechanisms by which glutamate kills oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by which IGF-I blocks glutamate-induced apoptosis in these cells. The data also demonstrate that IGF-I disrupts the glutamate-mediated apoptotic pathway in the pro-OL through mechanisms that are distinct from its survival-promoting actions in neurons.
Evaluation of CD62L expression as a marker for vaccine‐elicited memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes

The development of successful vaccination strategies for eliciting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) will be facilitated by the definition of strategies for subdividing CTLs into functionally distinct subpopulations. We assessed whether surface expression of a number of cell-surface proteins could be used to define functionally distinct subpopulations of memory CTLs in mice immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 envelope (Env). We found changes in cell-surface expression of CD11a, CD44, CD45RB, CD49d, CD54 and CD62L on Env-specific CD8(+) T cells that appeared to differentiate them from other CD8(+) T cells within 1 week to 1 month following immunization. Further, we saw an up-regulation of CD62L surface expression on Env-specific CD8(+) memory T cells several months after immunization. However, CD62L expression did not correlate with differences in the abilities of CTLs to proliferate or produce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in vitro in response to Env peptide stimulation. Moreover, the expression of CD62L did not allow differentiation of CTLs into subpopulations with distinct expansion kinetics in vivo after adoptive transfer into naive mice and subsequent boosting of these mice with a recombinant adenovirus expressing HIV-1 Env. Therefore, the definition of memory CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations on the basis of CD62L expression in mice does not allow the delineation of functionally distinct CTL subpopulations.
Isolation and characterization of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 from lipid-linked oligosaccharides of plants

Abstract Lipid-linked oligosaccharides were isolated from suspension-cultured soybean cells incubated in the presence of [2- 3 H]mannose or [2- 3 H]glucose. After purification of the lipid-linked oligosaccharides on DEAE-cellulose, the oligosaccharides were released by mild acid hydrolysis and were isolated by gel filtration on columns of Bio-Gel P-4. The major oligosaccharide, labeled with either [ 3 H]mannose or [ 3 H]glucose, that comigrated with an authentic sample of Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 was purified to homogeneity by repeated chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4. This oligosaccharide was characterized by its susceptibility to a variety of enzymatic treatments (i.e., endoglucosaminidase H, α-mannosidase, a liver membrane preparation containing the processing glucosidases) and analysis of the resulting products. It was also characterized by methylation analysis and identification of the resulting methylated sugars. Thus, methylation of the [ 3 H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharide gave rise to 2,3,4,6-tetramethylmannose, 3,4,6-trimethylmannose, and 2,4-dimethylmannose, as well as a trace amount of 2,4,6-trimethylmannose. Methylation of the [ 3 H]glucose-labeled oligosaccharide yielded 2,3,4,6-tetramethylglucose, 3,4,6-trimethylglucose, and 2,4,6-trimethylglucose in almost equal amounts. These data suggest that the plant Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 is probably similar, if not identical, to the animal Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 . The biosynthesis of this oligosaccharide was inhibited when tunicamycin was included in the incubation mixtures.
Tensor charge of the nucleon.

We seek to understand the physical significance of the nucleon`s tensor charge and make estimates of its size in phenomenological models and the QCD sum rule.
The mechanisms of action of vacuum assisted closure: more to learn.

Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital , Boston, MA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine , Pittsburg, PA; Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Hospitals , Chicago, IL; Limb Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
Risk factors for an elevated postvoid residual urine volume in women with symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency and urge incontience.

The aim of this study was to identify factors in patients with symptoms of urgency/frequency or urge incontinence that predict that the postvoid residual urine volume (PVR) will be elevated. A restrospective chart review was carried out of all patients new to our urogynecology practice between June 1998 and May 1999, with symptoms of urgency, frequency and/or urge incontinence. Demographic variables, symptoms and physical findings were correlated with the presence of an elevated PVR (>100 ml) using logistic regression analysis. An elevated PVR was found in 10% (33/336) of patients with urge incontinence (UI), and in 5% (3/57) of patients with urgency/frequency without UI. In patients with UI the presence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) ≥stage II, symptoms of voiding difficulty and the absence of the symptom of stress incontinence, predicted 82% of patients with an elevated PVR.
MitraClip: a novel percutaneous approach to mitral valve repair

As life expectancy increases, valvular heart disease is becoming more common. Management of heart disease and primarily valvular heart disease is expected to represent a significant proportion of healthcare provided to the elderly population. Recent years have brought a progression of surgical treatments toward less invasive strategies. This has given rise to percutaneous approaches for the correction of valvular heart disease. Percutaneous mitral valve repair using the MitraClip system (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA) creates a double orifice and has been successfully used in selected patients with mitral regurgitation. We review the rationale, procedural aspects, and clinical data thus far available for the MitraClip approach to mitral regurgitation.
Nurse practitioner: reflecting on the future.

The role of the nurse practitioner was first conceptualized in the late 1960s. Today, there are approximately 70,000 nurse practitioners in practice, they receive third-party insurance reimbursements, and they are in many specialty practices, as well as working in primary care practices promoting health and disease prevention. In the future, economics will shape our health care industry, placing a greater demand for nurse practitioners in this trillion-dollar marketplace. This article explores the evolving role of the nurse practitioner in education, practice, and research to meet the challenges of the health care needs into
A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition

Total carbon storage and turnover in soils can be simulated as a series of pools with different turnover rates, ranging from seasonal to millennial. This approach has emphasized the importance of climatic controls on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics, but implicitly assumes that SOM is minimally influenced by the nature of the plant material from which it is derived. Here we test this assumption by contrasting the influence of climate and vegetation (oak, manzanita, and conifers) on SOM composition in granitic-derived soils from California. Soils developed under the same climate in the San Gabriel Mountains were compared to soils with varying climate along an elevational transect in the Sierra Nevada range. Solid state TOSS CPMAS 13C NMR was used to semiquantitatively characterize the chemical structure of organic matter in litter layers, and low-density and fine silt fractions isolated from sampled A horizons. For all soils, there was a progressive decrease in O-alkyl C, and an increase in alkyl and carbonyl C from the litter to the low-density and fine silt fractions. The NMR spectra of the low-density fractions, and even more so of the fine silt fractions exhibited clear differences in SOM composition associated with different plant genera, regardless of climate. The carbonyl C dominated under oak, O-alkyl C prevailed under manzanita, and alkyl C was prominent under coniferous vegetation. These results indicate that vegetation, not climate, was the factor controlling SOM composition in these soils, and should be taken as a caution against a simplistic climatic interpretation of storage and turnover rate of carbon in soils.
Standard of care: promoting antiretroviral adherence in clinical care

Although there has long been demand for programs and procedures that support or enhance adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV+ patients, there is scant evidence about the extent to which medical clinics have been able to incorporate adherence interventions into their standard care. A survey of clinical care settings in New York and Connecticut indicated that the current standard of care is to provide only minimal levels of adherence services, with ad hoc adherence support being offered on an as-needed basis, often by overburdened primary care staff. These results suggest a strong need for the development of ART adherence interventions that are not only easily translatable to real-life clinical settings, but also offer an organized compendium of resources for HIV+ patients, from initiation to maintenance.
A reconfigurable dataflow machine for implementing functional programming languages

Functional languages do away with the current state paradigm and achieve referential transparency. They also exhibit inherent parallelism. These qualities fit very well on top of a data-driven architecture such as a data flow machine. In this paper, we propose a fully reconfigurable data flow machine for implementing functional programming languages. The design is based on smart memories and nodes interconnected via a hypercube. Important aspects of the proposed model are described and compared with other similar attempts. Advantages of our system include massive parallelism, reconfigurability, and amenability to higher-level, graphical programming. Current limitations are identified and extensions are suggested.
A proposed relationship between the unidimensional short form of the TMAS and the DAS: The effects of embedding vs. separate administration

The relationship between the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the unidimensional short form of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) was studied. A second purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of administering a combined, or embedded, version of these two instruments. These tests were administered to 236 undergraduate college students. Regardless of type of administration, the DAS and short form of the TMAS were highly and positively related. Further, females scored significantly higher than males on both instruments. Administration of the combined version resulted in a decrease, albeit nonsignificant, in the scores on both tests.
Asymptomatic undetected mediastinal mass: A death during ambulatory anesthesia

T-cell lymphoma is the fastest growing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurring in children. Its clinical presentation is frequently abrupt, and total tumor mass can double every few days. At the same time, the number of ambulatory anesthesia procedures for children is increasing at a rapid rate. Anesthesiologists are constantly faced with decisions regarding the adequacy of available preoperative information. What information do we need, and how recent should it be? This case shows that recent diagnostic imaging studies not showing the presence of a mediastinal lymphoma can be misleading. It provides a strong warning to all anesthesiogists involved in ambulatory anesthesia.
Predictors of attrition from a pediatric weight management program

Abstract Objective The current study examined characteristics of families who initiated weight management treatment for their obese child/adolescent and withdrew prematurely. Study design Participants (body mass index ≥95th percentile) were enrolled in a pediatric interdisciplinary weight management clinic. Retrospective chart review revealed noncompleters (n = 116) completed ≥1 visit(s) but withdrew before completion of the initial 4-month treatment phase. Completers (n = 96) completed the initial treatment phase. Completers and noncompleters were compared on baseline demographic, psychological, clinical, and laboratory measures. Regression analyses assessed the degree to which these factors predicted attrition. Results Fifty-five percent of patients withdrew prematurely from treatment. Noncompleters were more likely to be Medicaid recipients, black, older, and self-report greater depressive symptomatology and lower self-concept. Conclusions These data have implications for the design of pediatric weight management intervention models that improve the rate of completion for economically disadvantaged and minority youth. Screening for depressive symptomatology may identify patients at risk for treatment dropout who could be targeted for increased support and retention strategies.
Proximity Matrix Reorganization and Hierarchical Clustering

Connections between hierarchical clustering and the sedation of objects along a continuum that depend on the patterning of entries in a proximity matrix are pointed out. Based on the similarity bet...
Fractal model for coarse-grained nonlinear partial differential equations

Spatially coarse-grained (or effective) versions of nonlinear partial differential equations must be closed with a model for the unresolved small scales. For systems that are known to display fractal scaling, we propose a model based on synthetically generating a scale-invariant field at small scales using fractal interpolation, and then analytically evaluating its effects on the large, resolved scales. The procedure is illustrated for the forced Burgers equation, solved numerically on a coarse grid. Detailed comparisons with direct simulation of the full Burgers equation and with an effective viscosity model are presented. [S0031-9007(96)02215-6]
Lymphocyte Output and Lymph Flow of Thoracic and Right Lymphatic Ducts of Anesthetized Rats

Summary1. Lymph and lymphocyte outputs from thoracic and right lymphatic ducts of male rats have been measured. 2. Rate of flow and lymphocyte output of the thoracic duct was 1.8 ml/hr/kg and 42.9 million lymphocytes/hr/kg; right lymphatic duct values were 0.3 ml/hr/kg and 5.7 million lymphocytes/hr/kg. 3. Utilizing these data a Daily Replacement Factor for blood lymphocytes of 4.6 was obtained for the anesthetized rat. 4. These results have been compared with similar findings reported for other species.
Elastoplastic analysis of plane-strain and axisymmetric flat punch indentation by the finite-element method

Abstract An elastoplastic analysis of plane-strain and axisymmetric flat punch indentation into a specimen of finite dimensions was made by the finite-element method, using an improved finite-element representation. Studies were made on the development of the plastic zone, the load-displacement relationships, and the stress and strain distributions during continued loading, with variations in the punch friction and specimen dimensions. Unloading was considered also and the residual stresses were examined.
Cure temperature effects on cryogenic microcracking of polymeric composite materials

A model prepreg system was used to evaluate the effect of cure temperature on microcracking in polymeric composite materials exposed to cryogenic cycling. Symmetric and unsymmetric carbon fiber/epoxy laminates were fabricated to examine the development of thermal stresses and microcracks at cryogenic temperatures. The residual strains and theoretical curvatures of the laminates were calculated from the composite properties and correlated with the microcrack density and experimentally observed curvatures. Higher cure temperatures resulted in higher stress free temperatures and residual strains in the laminates, which corresponded directly to increased levels of microcracking.
Distribution of phospholipid-synthesizing enzymes in the wall and membrane subfractions of the envelope of Escherichia coli

The distribution of the enzymes of phospholipid synthesis in cell wall and membrane subfractions of the cell envelope of Escherichia coli, isolated by a procedure involving particle electrophoresis and sucrose gradient density centrifugation, has been studied. The results show that, with the possible exception of CDP-diglyceride:L-serine phosphatidyltransferase all of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid, CDP-diglyceride, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine, are localized in the inner cytoplasmic membrane.
Do students’ judgment models of instructor effectiveness differ by course level, course content, or individual instructor?

Abstract Student evaluations of teaching (SET) are commonly used to evaluate classroom instruction, but their validity in assessing teaching effectiveness is not firmly established. This study investigates a question not previously studied in the literature: the consistency with which students utilize information in evaluating different instructors and courses. Specifically, the study examines students’ relative weightings of six factors in their judgment models for instructor effectiveness. Significant differences (p≤0.0001) are found between the models used to evaluate instructors in upper-level and lower-level accounting courses, instructors in cost/managerial and financial accounting courses, and even different instructors teaching the same course. The data are from the SET instrument used at a major state university, and cover a 6-year period. The findings imply that, in comparing and rewarding instructors based on summative evaluations, one needs to be aware of contingencies that affect students’ judgment models. Some of the differences in models are normatively appropriate, but personality or other extraneous environmental variables may inappropriately influence students’ judgment models of instructor effectiveness.
Cycle therapy of actinic keratoses of the face and scalp with 5% topical imiquimod cream: An open-label trial

Abstract Background: Preliminary studies indicate that topically applied immune response modifiers may be an effective and safe method of treating actinic keratoses (AKs). Objective: Our aim was to study the potential efficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of facial or scalp AKs and improve the safety profile by using a novel "cycle" dosing regimen. Methods: This pilot study is an open-label trial that included 25 patients who had between 5 and 20 discrete AKs within a cosmetic unit of the forehead, scalp, or cheek. Treatment consisted of once-daily application of 5% imiquimod cream, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. to the entire cosmetic unit, followed by a rest period of 4 weeks. The cycle was repeated if any AKs remained after a complete 8-week cycle. A maximum of 3 cycles was permitted (24 weeks). Thirty-three sites in 25 patients were evaluated. Results: Compliance was excellent with a very tolerable safety profile. Complete clearing of all AKs was noted in 82% (27/33) of anatomic sites in 25 study subjects. Almost half the sites (15/33) were clear at the end of the first cycle. A "therapeutic interval" was noted during the rest period wherein clinical inflammation subsided but AKs continued to clear. An added effect was the uncovering and clinical appearance and subsequent eradication of incipient (subclinical) AKs in the treatment area. Conclusion: There was excellent compliance with the cycle therapy regimen. The observations and hypotheses made in this pilot study will be tested in controlled, randomized trials with larger study populations. The identification of a therapeutic interval may prove to be beneficial in formulating individualized dosing regimens. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:571-7.)
From Massachusetts To 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue: Aboard The Health Reform Express

The journey of national health reform legislation from concept to President Barack Obama’s desk was long and winding, but not without important guideposts. Core elements of Massachusetts’ 2006 health reform—near-universal, affordable coverage; changes in the small-group and individual insurance markets; and an individual mandate to obtain insurance—provided a road map for policy makers charting national health reform. Our experience with the Massachusetts reform informed our work on the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee in 2008 and 2009. We compare national and Massachusetts health reforms and analyze their implications for the future.
Do the Right Thing: The Impact of INGO Legitimacy Standards on Stakeholder Input

International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are frequently criticized for failing to adequately represent or engage with grassroots stakeholders. Yet most explanations of this shortcoming have focused on factors external to the organizations, e.g., economic pressures that privilege donor interests. What has been largely lacking is an examination of the role of internal INGO characteristics. We address this by examining INGOs’ legitimacy standards: how INGOs understand themselves to be doing the right thing and seek to convey that righteousness to others. Drawing on the literature from business ethics and organizational behavior, we show that organizations’ self-selected standards of legitimacy are key drivers of behavior. Using an analysis of 57 American INGO websites, we identify 11 legitimacy types and examine their usage. We find that while most INGOs make a series of technical legitimacy claims that seem designed to attract donors, they simultaneously employ additional legitimacy standards that do not seem to be externally dictated. These additional standards generally prioritize adherence to a cause rather than stakeholder input. The findings suggest that challenges to INGO representivity or responsiveness result not only from external pressures, but also from INGOs’ own choice of values.
Enhanced coagulation: US requirements and a broader view

Enhanced Coagulation is a new regulatory requirement in the United States aimed at removing TOC by coagulation thereby controlling formation of disinfection byproducts. Coagulation principles are summarized for alum coagulation of natural organic matter (NOM). Negatively charged NOM creates a coagulant demand for positively charged Al species resulting in a stoichiometric relationship between the alum dosage and the raw water DOC that is pH dependent. The paper addresses coagulation with a broader view than Enhanced Coagulation, termed multiple objective coagulation. In general the objectives include: 1) to maximize particle and turbidity removals by downstream solid-liquid separation, 2) to maximize TOC and DBP precursor removals, 3) to minimize residual coagulant, 4) to minimize sludge production, and 5) to minimize operating costs. Optimum coagulation conditions are those that maximize pathogen removals, produce low turbidities and particle counts, and minimize residual Al. It is shown, for treatment of waters of low alkalinity, that the optimum alum dosage selected to minimize UV absorbance with strict pH control produced excellent treatment for turbidity, pathogens, and NOM. Full scale plant data are used to demonstrate a dual coagulation strategy of alum and cationic polymer that reduces sludge production and overall operating costs compared to alum alone.
Angle-resolved photoemission spectra in the cuprates from the d-density wave theory

Angle-resolved photoemission spectra present two challenges for the d-density wave theory of the pseudogap state of the cuprates: (1) Hole pockets near (π/2,π/2) are not observed, in apparent contradiction with the assumption of translational symmetry breaking, and (2) There are no well-defined quasiparticles at the antinodal points, in contradiction with the predictions of mean-field theory of this broken-symmetry state. Here, we show how these puzzles can be resolved.
Dynamic biasing of APDs for improved receiver sensitivity

This talk describes the theory and implementation of dynamically biased APDs for nulling the avalanche buildup time in direct-detection optical communications. The technique is applicable to any APD and can enable operation at data rates that exceed the traditional limits dictated by the gain-bandwidth product associated with statically biased APDs.
Electron beam lithography tool for manufacture of X-ray masks

An electron beam lithography system suitable for manufacturing X-ray masks with critical dimensions down to 0.35 µm is described. The system features a 50-kV variable shaped spot (VSS) electron column with a variable axis immersion lens (VAIL). This column is capable of maintaining 0.035-µm edge acuity of the focused spot over a 2.1-mm deflection field. These fields are stitched together over an 84 × 84-mm active pattern area via motion of an xy table. The table position is measured using a laser interferometer. The measurement data are fed back to the magnetic deflection to correct small errors. Maintaining positional accuracy of the beam relative to the writing surface relies on a strategy of measuring and correcting repeatable errors. This is described in detail. Pattern placement accuracy is 0.070 µm (3σ) and image size control is 0.025 µm (3σ), achieved over the entire 84 × 84-mm pattern area. This performance is achieved with yield better than 90%, as confirmed by routine measurements. The system is currently used to manufacture product X-ray masks with 0.35-µm critical dimensions. Typical measurement results on product masks are presented.
Craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges on days immediately prior to smoking relapse

Rates of smoking relapse remain high, despite the wide availability of cessation aids. Presumably factors such as craving, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking urges are key contributors to relapse, but empirical support for this presumption is not conclusive and is complicated by the high variability in symptoms across individuals and time, as well as by the lack of an absolute symptom threshold for response. Data were analyzed from 137 female smokers, aged 18-40 years, who completed 30 days of a protocol for a longitudinal smoking cessation trial. Subjects were assigned a quit date and followed regardless of subsequent smoking status. At baseline, subjects completed written measures of nicotine craving, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking urges. They also completed these measures daily for 30 days, beginning on their quit date, Scores were standardized within subjects and graphed to identify temporal symptom patterns. A total of 26 women quit smoking and 111 relapsed (at least one cigarette puff). The intensity of subjects' craving, withdrawal, and smoking urges Factors 1 and 2 peaked on the day of relapse by an average of 1.4, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.1 standard deviations, respectively, with symptoms rising during the previous 2-5 days and dropping precipitously over the 2 days subsequent to relapse. Additionally, women who relapsed had higher absolute (unstandardized) symptom scores on their quit day than those who were abstinent for 30 days. These findings imply that escalation of withdrawal symptoms, craving, and smoking urges during a quit attempt may contribute to smoking relapse. Frequent symptom monitoring might be clinically important for relapse prevention.
Self-modelling with random shift and scale parameters and a free-knot spline shape function

The shape invariant model is a semi-parametric approach to estimating a functional relationship from clustered data (multiple observations on each of a number of individuals). The common response curve shape over individuals is estimated by adjusting for individual scaling differences while pooling shape information. In practice, the common response curve is restricted to some flexible family of functions. This paper introduces the use of a free-knot spline shape function and reduces the number of parameters in the shape invariant model by assuming a random distribution on the parameters that control the individual scaling of the shape function. New graphical diagnostics are presented, parameter identifiability and estimation are discussed, and an example is presented.
GLYCOSYLATED ALBUMIN (GLY-ALB) AND GLYCOSYLATED TRANSFERRIN (GLY-TRANS) AS SHORT-TERM MARKERS OF CONTROL IN DIABETES

Glycosylated hemoglobin (gly-hgb) is widely used as a marker of long term diabetic control (2-3 months), while glycosylated albumin (half-life 14 days) is a marker of short term control (2-4 weeks). We separated glycosylated and non-glycosylated proteins by an affinity column method (Glyc-Affin™, Isolab) and determined levels of albumin (colorimetrically) and transferrin (radial immunodiffusion). Serum was collected from children with type I diabetes before and 10 days after attending a camp session in which blood glucose levels were carefully controlled. Gly-hgb in these subjects ranged from 4.6 to 14.6% (mean ± SEM= 8.1 ± 0.2%). Mean pre-camp gly-alb in 73 subjects was 16.4 ± 0.6% (SEM), which was elevated compared to the mean of levels in 20 non-diabetic control subjects (8.7 ± 0.3% SEM), and correlated well with levels of gly-hgb (r=0.71). After 10 days mean gly-alb fell to 14.6 ± 0.5% (SEM) (p<0.00001), near the predicted post-camp value of 13.4% if control had been ideal for the 10 days. Initial levels of gly-trans in 44 of these subjects ranged from 4.5% to 22.3% (mean ± SEM=11.4 ± 0.6%), and was higher than the mean of 3.8 ± 0.3% (SEM) in 20 non-diabetic controls. Mean post-camp gly-trans fell to 8.2 ± 0.3% (SEM) (p< 0.00001), near the predicted post-camp mean of 7.0 ± 0.4%. Both gly-alb and glytrans appear to be reliable markers of short term glycemic control; gly-trans (half-life 8 days) was more sensitive over this 10-day period than gly-alb.
Biophysical Properties of UCP1

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized mammalian organ that coverts body fat reserves into heat. This conversion is mediated by BAT mitochondria and is important for maintaining body temperature and reducing fat depositions. Burning fat in BAT mitochondria does not result in ATP synthesis due to unusually high conductance of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). This BAT-specific conductance dissipates the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient used in other tissues for ATP production and converts the energy of fatty acid oxidation into heat. The molecule responsible for the high conductance of the IMM and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in BAT mitochondria is uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1 is a BAT-specific protein that belongs to the superfamily of mitochondrial solute carriers (SLC25). UCP1-mediated uncoupling is activated by fatty acids and inhibited by purine nucleotides. In spite of the fact that UCP1 was identified decades ago, the mechanism of UCP1 operation is unknown due to lack of direct methods to study its activity. Here, we resolve the problem by directly recording UCP1 currents across the IMM of BAT mitochondria using the patch-clamp technique. To identify UCP1 current, we compare currents recorded from the wild-type and UCP1 (-/-) mitochondria. The detailed electrophysiological analysis demonstrated that UCP1 translocates fatty acid anion in symport with H+, while the fatty acid hydrophobic tail prevents dissociation of fatty acid from UCP1, causing UCP1 to operate as H+ carrier. This work establishes the mechanism of fatty acid dependent mitochondrial uncoupling which is implicated in metabolic and age-related diseases.
Endoglin inhibits prostate cancer motility via activation of the ALK2-Smad1 pathway

Endoglin is a transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily auxiliary receptor. We had previously shown that it suppressed prostate cancer (PCa) cell motility, and that its expression was lost during PCa progression. The mechanism by which endoglin inhibits PCa cell motility is unknown. Here we demonstrate that endoglin abrogates TGFβ-mediated cell motility, but does not alter cell surface binding of TGFβ. By measuring Smad-specific phosphorylation and Smad-responsive promoter activity, endoglin was shown to constitutively activate Smad1, with little-to-no effect upon Smad3. Knockdown of Smad1 increased motility and abrogated endoglin's effects. As type I activin receptor-like kinases (ALKs) are necessary for Smad activation, we went on to show that knockdown of ALK2, but not TGFβRI (ALK5), abrogated endoglin-mediated decreases in cell motility and constitutively active ALK2 was sufficient to restore a low-motility phenotype in endoglin deficient cells. These findings provide the first evidence that endoglin decreases PCa cell motility through activation of the ALK2-Smad1 pathway.
Corrigendum to “Trion formation in GaAs-AlGaAs quantum dots by tunneling” [Solid State Commun. 152 (2012) 296-299]

The authors regret that Armando Rastelli and Oliver G. Schmidt (from the Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany) were dropped out of the author list due to editing error. The author line (final) should actually be: Botao Zhang, David W. Snoke, Albert P. Heberle, Armando Rastelli, Oliver G. Schmidt Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Viral oncolysates in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

Abstract Viral oncolysates (VO) derived from two cultured ovarian carcinoma cell lines infected with influenza A/PR8/34 were administered intraperitoneally (IP) to 40 patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, including 31 with late-onset ascites and 5 with pleural effusions. PR8 virus-specific antigens and ovarian tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated on two oncolysates designated OVO1 and OVO2. Thirty-five patients received 9 mg of a 1:1 mixture of OVO1 and OVO2, 5 patients received one or the other. During the first month three IP schedules were evaluated i.e., single, biweekly, and weekly, which were followed by monthly injections. Intrapleural (IPl) injections of a 3.0-mg 1:1 mixture of OV1 and OV2 were administered to 3 patients concurrently with initial IP injections and to 2 patients following later development of pleural effusions. In 7 patients ascites disappeared; in 5 of these the number of cytologically detected malignant cells was markedly reduced, in 1 pleural effusion disappeared, and in 3 tumor masses were reduced. Tumor masses shrank also in 2 patients without ascites. Tumor reduction conformed to standard response criteria in 2 of the 5 patients. Response duration in the 9 responding patients lasted from 3 to 19 months and survival durations 4 to 42 months. Disease symptoms in 7 patients improved noticeably. Two of the 9 responders later developed unilateral pleural effusions that responded for 7 and 15+ months to a single IPl injection. Seventeen patients experienced one or more treatment side effects including fever, nausea or anorexia, malaise, abdominal pain, and arthralgia, but in only 2 patients, both on the weekly schedule, was toxicity severe enough to require treatment withdrawal. Humoral responses to viral and tumor cell-surface antigens were frequently observed in patients demonstrating clinical activity.
Capacity of Coordinated Actions

We propose the problem of coordinating action over many nodes by distributed communication. The idea is to switch the emphasis from exchanging information to setting up cooperative action. Examples are given. We solve most 3-node problems but one remains open.
Making the abstract concrete: The role of norms and values in experimental modeling

Experimental modeling is the construction of theoretical models hand in hand with experimental activity. As explained in Section 1, experimental modeling starts with claims about phenomena that use abstract concepts, concepts whose conditions of realization are not yet specified; and it ends with a concrete model of the phenomenon, a model that can be tested against data. This paper argues that this process from abstract concepts to concrete models involves judgments of relevance, which are irreducibly normative. In Section 2, we show, on the basis of several case studies, how these judgments contribute to the determination of the conditions of realization of the abstract concepts and, at the same time, of the quantities that characterize the phenomenon under study. Then, in Section 3, we compare this view on modeling with other approaches that also have acknowledged the role of relevance judgments in science. To conclude, in Section 4, we discuss the possibility of a plurality of relevance judgments and introduce a distinction between locally and generally relevant factors.
A comparison of artificial incubation and natural incubation hatching success of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) eggs in southern Mississippi

Abstract Recent studies have found that Gopher Tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, populations in southern Mississippi exhibit low recruitment, due in part to very low hatching success of their eggs. We sought to determine if the cause(s) of this low hatching success was related to egg quality (intrinsic factors), unsuitability of the nest environment (extrinsic factors), or a combination of the two. In 2003, hatching success was monitored simultaneously for eggs from the same clutches that were incubated in the laboratory and left to incubate in nests. A subset of randomly chosen eggs from each clutch was incubated in the laboratory under physical conditions that were known to be conducive to successful hatching to estimate the proportion of eggs that were capable of hatching in a controlled setting. Hatching success in the laboratory was compared with that of eggs incubated in natural nests to estimate the proportion of eggs that failed to hatch presumably from extrinsic factors. Laboratory hatching success ...
Use of Oral Vitamin K for Prevention of Late Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Neonates When Injectable Vitamin K is Not Available

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the literature describing use of oral vitamin K1 (phytonadione) to prevent late vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in neonates when injectable vitamin K preparations are not available.DATA SOURCES:Articles were retrieved through MEDLINE (1946–February 2012) using the terms vitamin K, vitamin K deficiency bleeding, newborn, neonate, and prophylaxis. Reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles published in English on the use of prophylactic oral vitamin K in neonates were evaluated. The largest epidemiologic studies discussing the efficacy of continuous oral vitamin K prophylaxis were reviewed. Individual, smaller clinical trials were not reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:For prevention of early, classic, and late VKDB, use of intramuscular vitamin K 1 mg is preferred over oral administration because of superior efficacy. Single oral doses protect against early VKDB, but multiple oral doses are needed for late VKDB prophylaxis...
Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome.

On the mild end of the acquired brain injury spectrum, the terms concussion and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have been used interchangeably, where persistent post-concussive syndrome (PPCS) has been a label given when symptoms persist for more than three months post-concussion. Whereas a brief history of concussion research is overviewed, the focus of this review is on the current status of PPCS as a clinical entity from the perspective of recent advances in the biomechanical modeling of concussion in human and animal studies, particularly directed at a better understanding of the neuropathology associated with concussion. These studies implicate common regions of injury, including the upper brainstem, base of the frontal lobe, hypothalamic-pituitary axis, medial temporal lobe, fornix, and corpus callosum. Limitations of current neuropsychological techniques for the clinical assessment of memory and executive function are explored and recommendations for improved research designs offered, that may enhance the study of long-term neuropsychological sequelae of concussion. (JINS, 2008, 14, 1–22.)