cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Analysis of Multiple Glycine Transport Systems in Isolated Mammalian Renal Tubules

Abstract Rabbit renal tubule segments, prepared by collagenase digestion, were used to study glycine transport. A distinct two-limbed curve found when studying the effects of substrate concentration on transport indicated the presence of at least two transport systems for glycine. These systems could not be distinguished by their response to metabolic inhibitors or the removal of sodium from the incubation medium. Proline and alanine both inhibited glycine competitively, but were shown to share different transport systems with glycine. The use of alanine and proline at maximal inhibitory concentrations allowed the separation of glycine transport into three kinetically distinct systems. The kinetic constants derived from this analysis were examined with the aid of a computer program and the computed values were found to agree with the experimental determinations.
Globalization, Wages, and Working Conditions: A Case Study of Cambodian Garment Factories

We use a comprehensive data set of working conditions and wage compliance in Cambodia’s exporting garment factories to explore (1) the impact of foreign ownership on wages and working conditions, (2) whether the relationship between wages and working conditions within these exporting factories more closely resembles efficiency wage or compensating differential theory, and (3) whether the wage-working conditions relationship differs between domestically owned and foreign-owned firms. We find that foreign ownership increases compliance on both wages and working conditions, contradicting the contention that higher wages in foreign-owned firms compensate workers for worse working conditions. In addition, we find a robust positive relationship between wages and working conditions in the sample as a whole, suggesting that efficiency wages or a similar theory more accurately explains the behavior of these exporting firms than compensating differentials.
The semantics of sentence subjects.

It is proposed that subjects of transitive verbs in English are perceived as belonging to a semantic hierarchy, with human subjects most acceptable and non-human subjects less so. As a test, six semantically defined classes of subjects were systematically interchanged in simple, well-formed sentences: in Experiment I, 25 students rated the resultant sentences for acceptability; in Experiment II, 25 more students altered one word in the same sentences to make more sense. The results affirmed the following hierarchy: human nouns, animal nouns, concrete-count nouns, concrete-mass nouns, abstract-count nouns, and abstract-mass nouns. In Experiment I, a subject higher in the hierarchy was found to replace one lower down more sensibly than the reverse; in Experiment II, the alterations were consistent with these judgments. The results suggest that, linguistically, the features [+Human], [+Animate], and [+Concrete] are canonical or unmarked in the semantic representation of subjects. The consequences of this are...
Measurement of Piston and Ring Assembly Friction Instantaneous IMEP Method

An experimental technique termed the instantaneous IMEP Method has been developed to measure piston and ring assembly friction. The technique requires very accurate measurements of cylinder pressure, connecting rod force and calculation of inertial forces. Friction force is the difference of these forces in consideration of the slider-crank geometry. A grasshopper linkage has been used to transmit the connecting rod force signal measured by a strain gage bridge. Inertial forces have been calculated with the assumption of distributed connecting rod mass. The test engine was a Chevrolet 5 litre V-8, modified for single cylinder operation. Piston and ring assembly friction has been determined under motoring conditions with and without compression as well as firing. Friction measurements have been made with SAE 30 and 50 grade oils at different temperatures. Boundary friction has been observed especially near top and bottom dead centers. To date the technique has been used only for low speed engine operation.
Direct experimental evidence linking silicon dangling bond defects to oxide leakage currents

Stress induced leakage current is an important and quite possibly fundamental physically limiting problem in the scaling of metal-oxide-silicon integrated circuitry. We present evidence linking specific atomic scale defects to leakage currents in thermally grown silicon dioxide thin films on silicon. The defects identified are oxygen deficient silicon "dangling bond" centers. These centers have been identified through electron spin resonance measurements. We find a strong correspondence between the generation of an oxygen deficient silicon dangling bond defect in the oxide and the appearance of oxide leakage currents. We observe a strong correlation between the disappearance of these centers and the disappearance of leakage currents in relatively low temperature anneals (200/spl deg/C) in air. We also propose a model which provides an extremely straightforward explanation for the frequently reported close correspondence between the generation of stress induced leakage current and the generation of Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface states.
Absence of interleukin-3 does not affect the severity of local and systemic anaphylaxis but does enhance eosinophil infiltration in a mouse model of allergic peritonitis.

Abstract Interleukin-3 (IL-3), which is derived from T cells and other sources, can promote the differentiation, proliferation, and migration of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. However, little is known about the ability of IL-3 to regulate the function of these cells in IgE-dependent and -independent allergic responses in vivo. Therefore, we sought to investigate the extent to which endogenously produced IL-3 can influence mast cell secretory function, the expression of local and systemic anaphylactic responses, and ragweed-induced eosinophilic peritonitis. We found that peritoneal mast cells from IL-3 deficient (IL-3 −/−) mice released less serotonin following challenge with low doses of anti-IgE antibody or antigen ex vivo than do cells isolated from corresponding wild-type (IL-3 +/+) mice. Both IL-3 −/− and +/+ mice expressed equivalent IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis responses following challenge with specific antigen and exhibited equivalent active systemic anaphylaxis responses to ovalbumin as assessed by changes in body temperature, death rates, total IgE production, and histamine release. In contrast, ragweed allergen immunization and peritoneal allergen challenge resulted in eosinophil recruitment that was greater in IL-3 −/− mice than in IL-3 +/+ mice. Our data demonstrates that IL-3 does not appear to be essential for local or systemic anaphylaxis. However, IL-3 production in vivo was found to enhance the mediator release from freshly isolated peritoneal mast cells stimulated ex vivo, and, unexpectedly, to inhibit the accumulation of eosinophils associated with a ragweed-induced allergic peritonitis model.
A Giant Cell Fibroma and Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia in a Young Child: A Case Report

A case of two fibrotic lesions of the oral mucosa in a 17-month-old African-American female is reported. Both lesions occurred on the anterior maxilla, one lesion pedunculated on the buccal attached gingiva and the other lesion sessile on the palate. Histological examination characterized the buccal lesion as focal fibrous hyperplasia (FFH) and the palatal lesion as a giant cell fibroma (GCF). A case is made for continuing the consideration of GCF as a histologically distinct entity from FFH but that no difference in clinical impact between the two lesions exists.
A Critical Evaluation of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Teenage Smokers

SUMMARY The purpose of this review is to evaluate the appropriateness and feasibility of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in teenage smokers. In this paper, available forms of NRT, the theoretical rationale and efficacy of NRT, ethical considerations, and the feasibility of NRT in teenage smokers are addressed. Although there is a need to better understand the addiction process in adolescents, it is clear that teens have several characteristics similar to adult nicotine dependent smokers. These observations form the basis of the rationale for the use of NRT in teenagers. Only one report has examined the efficacy of NRT in teen smokers. This study observed a stop rate of 4.5% at six-months in 22 subjects using the nicotine patch. In addition to the potential benefits of NRT, ethical issues have been raised regarding the appropriate use of NRT in teenage smokers. Ethical considerations of NRT use in adult smokers, which need further study in adolescents, are nicotine absorption, long-term use, potential f...
Woody Abstracted: Film Experiments in the Cartoons of Shamus Culhane:

In his autobiography, animator Shamus Culhane describes the mid-1940s as a period of artistic awakening for him, when he engaged with the works of film theorists such as Russian Formalists Sergei Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin.Working at that point as a director at the Walter Lantz studio, he resolved to put theory to practice and began experimenting within the Lantz cartoons, taking liberties with approved storyboards to apply modern techniques.Working largely on such commercial fare as Woody Woodpecker cartoons, Culhane had little latitude to create anything that was avant-garde, so he employed a hit-and-run approach, offering moments of musical and filmic experimentation.Although the Woody cartoons might seem an unlikely vehicle for this, this article reveals how the wild and zany Woodpecker characterization provided a fairly ideal opportunity for Culhane’s modernist mischief to blend in with the frenetic vigor of these short films.
Activation energies for dissociation of double strand oligonucleotide anions: evidence for watson-crick base pairing in vacuo.

The dissociation kinetics of a series of complementary and noncomplementary DNA duplexes, (TGCA)23-, (CCGG)23-, (AATTAAT)23-, (CCGGCCG)23-, A7·T73-, A7·A73-, T7·T73-, and A7·C73- were investigated using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. From the temperature dependence of the unimolecular dissociation rate constants, Arrhenius activation parameters in the zero-pressure limit are obtained. Activation energies range from 1.2 to 1.7 eV, and preexponential factors range from 1013 to 1019 s-1. Dissociation of the duplexes results in cleavage of the noncovalent bonds and/or cleavage of covalent bonds leading to loss of a neutral nucleobase followed by backbone cleavage producing sequence-specific (a − base) and w ions. Four pieces of evidence are presented which indicate that Watson−Crick (WC) base pairing is preserved in complementary DNA duplexes in the gas phase: i. the activation energy for dissociation of the complementary dimer, A7·T73-, to the single stra...
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 coordinates airway epithelial injury response and differentiation of ciliated cells.

Matrix metalloproteinase–7 (MMP7) expression is quickly up-regulated after injury, and functions to regulate wound repair and various mucosal immune processes. We evaluated the global transcriptional response of airway epithelial cells from wild-type and Mmp7-null mice cultured at an air–liquid interface. The analysis of differentially expressed genes between genotypes after injury revealed an enrichment of functional categories associated with inflammation, cilia, and differentiation. Because these analyses suggested that MMP7 regulated ciliated cell formation, we evaluated the recovery of the airway epithelium in wild-type and Mmp7-null mice in vivo after naphthalene injury, which revealed augmented ciliated cell formation in the absence of MMP7. Moreover, in vitro studies evaluating cell differentiation in air–liquid interface cultures also showed faster ciliated cell production under Mmp7-null conditions compared with wild-type conditions. These studies identified a new role for MMP7 in attenuating ci...
Detection of immunological biomarkers correlated with asthma control and quality of life measurements in sera from chronic asthmatic patients.

Background Clinical outcomes of patients with asthma are highly variable. Immunological biomarkers associated with asthma control have not been elucidated. Objective To identify the association between clinical control of asthma and serum immunological profiles of asthmatics and compare these profiles with those of healthy controls by using a multiplex assay. Methods Sera were obtained from 28 nonsmokers 18 to 55 years of age with moderate and severe persistent asthma. Patients were classified as having well-controlled (WC, n=14) or poorly controlled (PC, n=14) asthma based on their responses to the Asthma Control Questionnaire and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Sera from nonasthmatic control individuals (NAC, n=14) were used for comparison. Levels of 50 analytes, including cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic, and growth factors, were determined, using a multiplex assay. Results Twelve of the 29 cytokines levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs, but only interferon gamma levels were significantly lower in patients with asthma than in the NAC group. Among these, interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher in the PC group than the WC group. Five of the 12 tested chemokine levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs. Five of six growth factor levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs, and 3 were higher in PC than WC. Interleukin-18, fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell growth factor-beta were positively correlated with poor asthma control and negatively with quality of life scores. Conclusions Increased serum levels of fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell growth factor-beta might be useful biomarkers of asthma control status and targets of future asthma therapy.
Why Parents Pay for College: The Good Parent, Perceptions of Advantage, and the Intergenerational Transfer of Opportunity

This article asks how parents think about the cost of a college education for their children. Based on data from more than ninety in-depth interviews with upper-middle-class parents and children, it is clear that grooming children for college and then paying for their education is intimately linked with ideas about being a “good parent.” We present data on three related aspects of parents' consciousness about paying for college. First, data are presented on how parents view the benefits of college for their children. Second, data illustrate how parents think about the obligations associated with paying. Third, we report on what parents expect in return for their efforts and expenditures. Data also indicate that parents' views are contingent on their perceived ability to pay for the increasing costs of higher education. We conclude by considering how the implicit contract between upper-middle-class parents and children may change as new economic and structural uncertainties increase parents' anxieties and challenge their abilities to see themselves as good parents.
Prospects For Artificial Neural Systems In Vision Computations

Machine vision remains a remarkably elusive goal. There are two separate categories in which the state of current machine vision systems fall short. Using a familiar dichotomy I shall refer to these two categories as hardware and software. In a more descriptive sense I mean by hardware and software
Escalation of i.v. cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats bred for high and low saccharin intake

Rationale: Rats selectively bred for high saccharin (HiS) intake consume more alcohol, acquire intravenous (i.v.) cocaine self-administration more rapidly, and show more dysregulated patterns of cocaine self- administration than their low saccharin-consuming (LoS) counterparts. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether HiS and LoS rats also differ in the escalation, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of i.v. cocaine self-administration. Materials and methods: Two experiments were con- ducted in separate groups of rats. In the first experiment, HiS and LoS female rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg; fixed ratio (FR) 1) under short (ShA, 2 h per day) or long (LgA, 12 h per day) access conditions for 21 days. Session lengths were subsequently equated (2 h), and FR1-maintained cocaine self-administration was examined. In the second experiment, additional groups of HiS and LoS female rats were given access to cocaine (0.4 mg/kg; FR 1) self-administration during 2-h sessions for 10 days. Subsequently, saline was substituted for cocaine, and responding was extinguished. After a 14- day extinction period, saline- and cocaine-(5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior was measured. Results: HiS LgA rats escalated their cocaine intake more rapidly than LoS rats, and during the 2 h sessions after escalation cocaine self-administration was significantly higher in HiS LgA rats, compared to LoS LgA rats. HiS rats responded on the cocaine-paired lever more than LoS rats during mainte- nance, extinction, and cocaine-(15 mg/kg) induced reinstatement. Conclusions: These results suggest that HiS and LoS rats have distinct drug-seeking and drug- taking profiles. The HiS and LoS rats differ along a wide range of behavioral dimensions and represent an im- portant model to study the interactions of excessive intake of dietary substances and vulnerability to drug abuse.
Effects of Na readmission on cellular45Ca fluxes in Na-Depleted guinea pig taenia coli

The removal of Na from the medium causes a cellular Ca uptake in the smooth muscle of the guinea pig taenia coli which is rapidly reversed if medium Na is readmitted. This net extrusion was characterized in tissues which were first Na-depleted in a zero-Na (sucrose) solution. Li was able to substitute for Na in mediating this effect. K was also able to mimic Na in this respect if the depolarization-mediated Ca influx caused by the isotonic K solution was blocked with 10−5m D-600. The net Ca extrusion upon Na readmission was due to a small decrease in Ca influx, as well as a marked increase in the transmembrane Ca efflux rate, as revealed by45Ca washout experiments. The increased45Ca efflux upon Na readmission could be mimicked by Li, K, choline and tris. We conclude that the Na/Ca-exchange hypothesis is insufficient to explain these data, in that both Ca extrusion and45Ca efflux can be stimulated in the absence of a Na gradient, or in the absence of any monovalent cationic gradient. These observations are discussed in terms of a possible intracellular competition of Ca and monovalent cations for anionic binding sites, as well as with regard to a possible direct stimulation of a plasmalemmal CaATPase by monovalent cations.
RMF: Resource monitoring framework for integrating active and passive monitoring tools in Grid environments

As a recent trend, Grids are emerging as the next-generation computing platform. Organizations and academic research are beginning to develop monitoring tools and monitoring systems as needed for their Grid implementation. These monitoring tools and systems have their own features and are not necessarily interoperable due to different design and implementation approaches. This paper presents the design and implementation details of the resource monitoring framework (RMF) that provides network administrators and researchers with a consistent, easy to use, scalable GUI interface for a wide range of monitoring applications. The key RMF design goal is to use any measurement tools within a single infrastructure for Grid clusters and the global Grid environment.
Introduction The Beginnings of China's Modernization

When did China's modernization begin? The answer to this question depends, of course, on how modernization is defined. Different social sciences (e.g., political science and economics) have defined modernization in different ways. An important series of books on China's modernization as seen in different provinces or groups of provinces has defined modernization as the process leading toward greater social equality, political democratization, and economic liberalization.1 Such an optimistic and all-embracing definition of modernization is difficult to reject. Scholarship need not be an exercise in universal value judgments, however. In comparative history, it may perhaps be argued that what is essential to modernization is the process of transition from commerce to industry—in other words, industrialization. This essay begins by treating the historically specific concepts of "statecraft" (ching-shih) and "self-strengthening" (tzu-ch'iang) in the history of nineteenth-century China. It then proceeds to a c...
The toxic waste movement: A new type of activism

Unlike other health‐related social movements such as the women's movement and an‐tinuclear movement, the toxic waste movement is not composed primarily of highly educated, upper middle class people who are motivated by global concerns. Toxic waste activists are typically working class and lower middle class people, politicized initially by perceptions of danger to the health of their families. However, awareness of global dangers and the larger political‐economic issues related to toxic waste contamination often emerges in the mobilization process. This movement is part of a larger social trend toward increased public demand for a role in scientific and technological decision making, which challenges scientific criteria for assessing risk. Whereas toxic waste activism is better explained by “new social movement”; theory than by resource mobilization theory, the former does not account for the toxic waste movement's class composition. Drawing on the political process model and frame transformation approach...
Modeling of an ice-on-coil thermal energy storage system

Stand-alone analytical models were developed for an ice-on-coil thermal energy storage (TES) system for both charging and discharging modes. This paper describes the basic heat transfer analysis and presents the characteristics of the charging and discharging modes determined from the model. The output results of the cooling charge model were the volume of ice in the TES tank and the cooling charge rate. Error analyses of the ice volume and cooling rate indicated that the model predictions were within 5 and 12%, respectively, of the experimental values. A factorial design sensitivity analysis was conducted to show that the variable Tf - Tmax and the interactions (Tf - Tmax) × ho, hi × F, and hi × ho × F had significant effects on both the cooling charge rate and the ice radius. The output results of the cooling discharge model showed that the tank bulk water temperatures were within 5% of the experimental values. The sensitivity analysis showed that the variables ho and Tci, as well as the interactions m × %ice × Tci and m × ho × %ice, had significant effects on the bulk water temperature. Although the models involved various assumptions, the results were considered helpful for the design and understanding of the evaporator/ice storage tank.
Collisional energy transfer of NO D {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} ({nu}{prime} = 0) and A {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} ({nu}{prime} = 4) by O{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, Ar, and NO

Temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence from NO D {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} {nu}{prime} = 0 and A {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} v{prime} = 4 after two-photon excitation is studied in the presence of O{sub 2}, N{sub 2}, Ar, and NO colliders at room temperature. Quenching rate constants are determined for these gases. Nitrogen is found to efficiently quench these levels, with rate constants of (2.6 {+-} 0.2) x 10{sup {minus}10} cm{sup 3} s{sup {minus}1} and (2 {+-} 0.15) x 10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup 3} s{sup {minus}1}, respectively. The large quenching rate for A {sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} {nu}{prime} = 4 by N{sub 2} compared to those of lower vibrational levels is explained by the onset of near resonant energy transfer into the N{sub 2} A {sup 3}{Sigma}{sub u}{sup +} metastable state, similar to the path known for quenching the C {sup 2}II and D{sup 2}{Sigma}{sup +} states.
Pocket gophers and chewing lice: a test of the maternal transmission hypothesis

The life-history traits of pocket gophers and their chewing lice suggest that there is little opportunity for transmission of parasites among pocket gophers, with the exception of transmission from mother to offspring. Herein, we test the hypothesis that lice are transmitted maternally by using an indirect approach that compares the distribution of louse populations to the distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the pocket gophers. Comparison of the chewing louse distributions to the distribution of mtDNA haplotypes for the gophers revealed no significant concordance, and thus falsifies the maternal transmission hypothesis.
Technology in Geographic Education: Reflections and Future Directions.

Abstract Enhancing geographic education must include the integration of spatial technologies. With the wealth of information and the integration of information associated with geography, technology is a natural link to maximize our ability to understand spatial processes and with that to think geographically. Through telecommunication, computer graphics, geography computer programs and simulations, as well as GIS, GPS, and remote sensing, geography educators and students can address a broader range of spatial questions than was previously possible. Future directions require the development of exemplary curriculum materials, a greater network of technology users coordinated through the Geographic Alliances, private and federal cooperation for diffusion of software and hardware to geography teachers, and standardized efforts relative to ethics in information.
Inflammation, dyslipidemia and risks of ischemic strokes in systemic lupus erythematosus

Despite improved therapies and preventive measures, death and disability from atherosclerotic vascular diseases is increasing in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases [1,2]. Premature atherosclerosis is likely to be a major underlying mechanism, yet the role of inflammation in ischemic strokes is not well understood [3]. The study of ischemic strokes in autoimmune rheumatic diseases could provide insight into the role played by immune cells in human stroke. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is often characterized as a prototype of autoimmune systemic diseases with a plethora of autoantibodies and organ-system involvement and various disease manifestations including nephritis, arthritis, pleurisy, pericarditis and vasculitis. Typical of SLE is the production of autoantibodies of different specificities and possibly related to disturbed apoptosis [4].
Prompt ionization in the CRIT II barium releases

Observations of electron and ion distributions inside a fast neutral barium jet in the ionosphere show significant fluxes within 4 km of release, presumably related to beam plasma instability processes involved in the Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV) effect. Electron fluxes exceeding 5 x 10 exp 12/sq cm-str-sec-keV were responsible for ionizing both the streaming barium and ambient oxygen. Resulting ion fluxes seem to be consistent with 1-2 percent ionization of the fast barium, as reported by optical observations, although the extended spatial distribution of the optically observed ions is difficult to reconcile with the in situ observations. When the perpendicular velocity of the neutrals falls below critical values, these processes shut off. Although these observations resemble the earlier Porcupine experimental results (Haerendel, 1982), theoretical understanding of the differences between these data and that of earlier negative experiments is still lacking.
Proton-Deuteron Exchange Reactions of Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) in Organic Solvents

Rate constants for the proton/deuteron (H/D) exchange of methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) were determined in four organic solvents by means of time course 1H NMR measurements. Exchange between MTO an...
Testing the Modified Hydration-Shell Hydrogen-Bond Model of Hydrophobic Effects Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to test the central hypothesis of Muller's “modified hydration-shell hydrogen-bond” model for the molecular explanation of the hydrophobic effect in order to provide an objective assessment of the model that would be difficult to achieve experimentally. The fraction of broken water−water hydrogen bonds within the first solvation shell around simple hydrocarbons is compared with that found within the bulk for “infinitely dilute” aqueous simulations of n-butane, n-hexane, n-octane, and benzene. Simulations confirm Muller's hypothesis that a larger fraction of the hydrogen bonds within the first solvation shell are broken in comparison to the bulk solution. Simulations are also used to test Muller's extension of this model to aqueous−urea solutions, which predict further decreases in the fraction of hydrogen bonds intact in the hydration shell. This predicted decrease is observed in the simulation.
Corrosive-Erosive Wear of Grinding Ball Metals at High Jet Velocities

Abstract Erosive/corrosive wear of two types of grinding ball metal alloys was studied using an electrochemically instrumented jet slurry apparatus. Quartz particles of − 100 to + 200 mesh and less than 200 mesh were used in the jet slurries under varying pH conditions, jet velocity, and temperature under either oxygen or nitrogen aeration. At low jetting velocities, protective films were not completely removed and increasing pH resulted in lower corrosion rates; however, at high jetting velocities, the protective films were removed and increasing pH resulted in increased corrosion. The larger quartz particles were found to increase corrosion rates as compared to the smaller particles. Synergistic effects between corrosion and erosion were found to occur with the major effect occurring for larger particles and higher jet velocities. At the highest jet velocities, the erosive and corrosive actions of the slurries were found to be major factors in weight loss with pH, temperature, and aeration playing minor...
Development of discrete flow paths in unsaturated fractures at Yucca Mountain.

We have carried out numerical modeling studies to investigate the development of discrete fracture flow paths and flow-focusing phenomena in the unsaturated rock of the potential repository horizon at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. These studies are based on two- and three dimensional (2-D and 3-D) numerical models using site-specific parameters. The 2-D and 3-D models use high-resolution spatial discretization to explicitly include effects of discrete fractures with stochastically developed fracture permeabilities and a continuum approach. The permeability field is generated based on air-permeability measurements at various scales. For most of the cases considered, uniform infiltration with different average rates (1 to 500 mm/yr) is prescribed at the top of the model, while variability in outflow at the bottom of the model is used to evaluate the degree of flow focusing. In addition, scenarios involving nonuniform infiltration at the top boundary, different permeability correlation lengths, and different flow-allocation schemes were analyzed. The modeling results obtained from all of the cases showed a remarkably similar flow-focusing pattern at the repository horizon. Furthermore, tracer transport simulation results also revealed additional features of focused flow and transport through the fracture network.
Project start-up: Getting going effectively

Project start-up is the process of launching a project, or stage within a project, and involves both systematic process planning and effective team-building and organization. Owing to the increasing technical complexity of projects and the financial and schedule pressures, the subject is now receiving considerable interest. The papers presented at the seminar on project start-up at the 1982 Internet conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, are discussed. Current trends in project management are indicated, and it is suggested how these might influence the practice of project start-up.
Examination of Process of Innovation at Transit Systems

A study of the innovation process in transit agencies had two major components. First, case studies of innovations adopted by transit agencies in Wisconsin were conducted. Second, transit agencies across the country were surveyed online to gain a sense of innovation and change. An analysis of the case studies showed that many had common themes and barriers to the various innovations studied. These barriers and themes were funding, the nature of the organization, persistence, the regional planning commission, user involvement, a problem-centered approach, and a champion. The innovations discussed in the case studies came about because there was a need to improve the transit systems, an internal champion, funding, and persistence to overcome barriers to change. Analysis of the survey results revealed that the primary institutional barrier to innovation or change was money, and the main reason for change was an internal leader or champion. Innovation is most likely to occur when there is a need to improve service, when there is a champion to lead and coordinate to bring about the change, and when there is a source of funds for the planning and implementation of the innovation.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema during basiliximab induction in three adolescent renal transplant patients

: Background: Introduction of the anti-CD-25 mAb basiliximab into renal transplant protocols has reduced the incidence of acute rejection. However, its side-effect profile is still unfolding. We report three adolescents who developed severe non-cardiogenic PE within 2 days of renal transplantation. Methods: Pretransplant cardiorespiratory evaluation was normal in all cases. Transplant immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab induction, corticosteroids, and tacrolimus. Patients received standard fluid management during and after the transplant surgery. Case reports: Patients 1 and 2 were 17- and 21-yr-old females. Pretransplant Hct values were 35 and 25% respectively. Each received 5-L normal saline during surgery. EBL was 200 and 500 mL in patients 1 and 2, respectively. There was immediate post-operative diuresis. Both developed non-cardiogenic PE by POD no. 2. BIPAP and PRVC were administered respectively. In both cases PE resolved within 1 wk. Patient 3 was a 19-yr-old male with pretransplant Hct of 43% who received a cadaveric renal transplant after 23.5-h cold-ischemia; 3.5 L normal saline was given during surgery. EBL was 100 mL. Non-cardiogenic PE ensued on POD no. 2 warranting assisted ventilation. The patient died following a sudden cardiopulmonary arrest on POD no. 3. Conclusions: Potential mechanisms for the development of PE include cytokine release from basiliximab with increased capillary permeability, volume overload and ischemic-reperfusion injury. Improved awareness of this potential complication, prudent fluid management, and efforts to minimize graft-ischemia are recommended to prevent further cases.
Crisis planning: Survey results from Hurricane Katrina and implications for performance improvement professionals

Modern organizations constantly face unparalleled changes and uncertainty in the competitive world, thus requiring strategic planning to mitigate crisis conditions. Underscoring crisis plans are performance interventions that prepare employees, technological systems, and the organizational culture to effectively respond to a crisis event. However, crisis planning has been an overlooked area in the performance improvement literature. In the present study, we review results of a survey on crisis planning conducted by the research team seven months after Hurricane Katrina. Specifically, performance improvement professionals (n=129) employed by organizations located along the western Gulf Coast were surveyed on the existence and composition of their organization's crisis planning before and after Hurricane Katrina. Results indicate that organizations did increase crisis planning during the post-Katrina period, and that crisis plans consisted of components and activities supported in the literature. We use these results to identify and discuss how performance improvement professionals might leverage their knowledge of human performance technology (HPT) in supporting organizational crisis planning efforts.
C-H and N-H bond dissociation energies of small aromatic hydrocarbons

A survey of computational methods was undertaken to calculate the homolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the C−H and N−H bonds in monocyclic aromatic molecules that are representative of the functionalities present in coal. These include six-membered rings (benzene, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine) and five-membered rings (furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole). By comparison of the calculated C−H BDEs with the available experimental values for these aromatic molecules, the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory was selected to calculate the BDEs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including carbonaceous PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, coronene) and heteroatomic PAHs (benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, benzoxazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, dibenzofuran, carbazole). The cleavage of a C−H or a N−H bond generates a σ radical that is, in general, localized at the site from which the hydrogen atom was removed. However, delocalization of the unpaired electron results in ∼7 kcal·mol-1 sta...
NiSi Nanowires and Nanobridges Formed by Metal-Induced Growth

Nickel monosilicide (NiSi) nanowires (NWs) were fabricated by metal-induced growth at 575 °C. The solid-state reaction of Ni and Si provides linear grown NWs. The parallel grown NW forms a nanobridge (NB) across a trench, patterned with a simple optical lithography and metal lift-off method. The Ni pads gave a good Ohmic contact without affecting the I-V transport characteristics through a NB. The metallic NB, 2.73 µm in length and 50 nm in diameter, gave a low resistance of 148 . The self-assembled nanobridge can be applied to form nanocontacts at relatively low temperatures. The MIG NB is a promising 1 dimensional nanoscale building block to satisfy the need of ‘self and direct’ assembled ‘bottom-up’ fabrication concepts.
Anisotropic heat conduction in diacetylenes

We report measurements of the low-temperature thermal conductivity of diacetylene single crystals. Monomer samples show little anisotropy and display the temperature dependence of a crystalline dielectric. In polymerized samples, heat is conducted up to 60 times better parallel to the chains than perpendicular to them. Dislocations can account for this anisotropy at the lowest temperatures. Quasi one dimensionality of the polymer crystals induces anisotropy at higher temperatures and strongly suppresses anharmonic phonon interactions.
A Framework on Mitigating Single Event Upset using Delay-Insensitive Asynchronous Circuits

This framework is a circuit design technique for single event upset (SEU) immunity using delay-insensitive asynchronous logic. SEU can cause a transient fault which, if memorized, will become a soft error. These soft errors are difficult to detect and can lead the circuit to fail. Traditional logical SEU hardening techniques such as error detection and correction (EDAC) and triple modular redundancy (TMR) have their vulnerable points so that they are flawed. This vulnerability can be covered and the overhead can be significantly reduced if dual-rail delay-insensitive logic is used to design the circuits incorporating double modular redundancy (DMR) instead of TMR. With the proposed architecture, this DMR scheme achieves SEU immunity with lower area and power overheads.
Neurophysiology of adult male Schistosoma mansoni

From the studies on the neurophysiology of schistosomes it appears that in spite of the unique hexilaminar arrangement of the tegument's outer membrane, it has biophysical properties not markedly different from those of a variety of other multi-dimensional syncytia. The close electrical coupling of the muscle and tegument must be taken into account when one attempts to define sites and modes of action of drugs which affect motor activity. Agents which disrupt muscle function in the schistosome may exert their action indirectly by way of an effect on the tegumental membrane. The syncytial nature of the musculature and the possibility that longitudinal contraction waves are myogenic suggests that neurotransmitters may simply function as modulators of muscle activity as is the case for many vertebrate visceral muscles. External recordings indicate the presence of a variety of electrically active tissues within the schistosomes. There is no clear correlation of this activity with longitudinal muscle activity or with active membrane responses in this muscle. From this it would appear the bulk of this activity may have its origins in tissues other than the longitudinal muscle such as other muscle groups, nerve trunks, or the peripheral nerve net.
Solder Glass Sealing

The development of low-melting solder glasses which make possible the sealing of ordinary glasses at temperatures near their annealing point is described. The properties required of such solder glasses are discussed and some compositions which meet these requirements are given. The high-lead region of the system PbO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 is taken up in detail. The effect of the addition of ZnO to this system is also considered. Devitrification is a problem in the use of some of these glasses. The technique of applying the solder glass in various types of seals is described. The advantages and disadvantages of this kind of sealing are pointed out.
An empirical comparison of two semi‐parametric approaches for the estimation of covariate effects from multivariate failure time data

We conducted a simulation study to compare two semi-parametric approaches for the estimation of covariate effects from multivariate failure time data. The first approach was developed by Wei, Lin and Weissfeld (WLW) and the second by Liang, Self and Chang (LSC). Based on the simulation results we recommend Wei, Lin and Weissfeld's method for the situations with identical covariates and high correlations between the failure times. When the covariates are independent, LSC produces smaller mean squared errors than WLW, although at the expense of larger bias. We also compared four computer programs for implementing Wei, Lin and Weissfeld's approach: a FORTRAN program, MULCOX2; a SAS macro; the coxph function in S-plus, and a specialized software package for complex survey data (SUDAAN). Our comparison indicates that for large data sets, the speeds of the SAS macro and coxph are comparable, while MULCOX2- and SUDAAN took longer to run. However, MULCOX2 and coxph function in S-plus have the advantage of allowing time-dependent covariates, and SUDAAN has the advantage of handling complex survey data.
A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration

Abstract In vivo chlorophyll, like many other organic molecules, possesses the ability to fluoresce. This fluorescence was measured continuously with a modified model III Turner fluorometer at sea. Reliable readings were obtained over the range of 0·04–2·0 mg chlorophyll a m −3 while on a 21-day cruise off the coast of Baja California. Since the relationship between fluorescence and chlorophyll was linear on all scales, it should be possible to continuously monitor chlorophyll from 0·04 to between 10 and 15 mg m −3 , a range adequate for all open ocean studies.
The ultraviolet action spectrum of a Bacillus megatherium bacteriophage.

Abstract The relative efficiency of the ultraviolet light for inactivating a dry bacterial virus (M-5) has been determined in the wavelength region 1942–3000 A. The data indicate that photons absorbed in protein and nucleic acid components can result in inactivation. From a comparison with T-1 virus, it has been suggested that there are more sensitive units in T-1 than in M-5.
Precision molded-glass optics

Results achieved in high-precision molding of glass lenses are reported. The work concentrated on a 0.4- N.A. 8-mm diam lens with spherical surfaces. The glass is a specialty glass composition of index (d-line) 1.604 and Abbe number 50. Typical design tolerances which have been achieved in the molded glass lenses include relative surface figure replication of 0.06 Aim, thickness and diameter tolerances of A+/-10 Am, wedge of <10-3 rad, birefringence of less than one one-hundredth wave, and index homogeneity in the sixth decimal place. These results are directly applicable to molding precision glass aspheric lenses of similar tolerances.
A maximum principle for fourth order ordinary differential equations

We present a maximum principle for fourth order ordinary differential equations, based on a new approach involving counting of inflection points. We use our results to compute solutions of nonlinear equations describing static displacements of a uniform beam
METHANE ACTIVATION BY SOLID SUPERACIDS - REVIEW

Products from liquefaction of Highvale Coal (Alberta, subbituminous) in anthracene oil and recycled product, with iron oxide catalyst, were studied using a structural group analysis method. The various functional group were determined using a combination of proton NMR, carbon-13 NMR, IR, elemental analysis and nitrogen titration analysis. The liquefaction reactions in anthracene oil and in recycled product oil were compared on the basis of three solvent quality indices and the predominant structural groups in the resulting liquids
Mitochondrial DNA of the blowfly Phormia regina: restriction analysis and gene localization.

A study of an invertebrate mitochondrial genome, that of the blowflyPhormia regina, has been initiated to compare its structural and functional relatedness to other metazoan mitochondrial genomes. A restriction map of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from sucrose gradient-purified mitochondria has been established using a combination of single and double restriction endonuclease digestions and hybridizations with isolated mtDNA fragments, revealing a genome size of 17.5 kilobases (kb). A number of mitochondrial genes including those encoding the 12 S and 16 S ribosomal RNA, the cytochromec oxidase I subunit (COI) and an unidentified open reading frame (URF2) have been located on thePhormia mtDNA by Southern blot analysis using as probes both isolated mtDNA fragments and oligonucleotides derived from the sequences of previously characterized genes from rat andDrosophila yakuba mtDNAs. These data indicate that for those regions examined, the mitochondrial genome organization of blowfly mtDNA is the same as that ofDrosophila yakuba, the order being COI-URF2-12 S-16 S. These data also report the presence of an A + T-rich region, located as a 2.5-kb region between the URF2 and the 12 S rRNA genes, and its amplification by the polymerase chain reaction is described.