cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context affects the numerical semantic congruity effect in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Do monkeys anchor their numerical judgments based on the context in which their choices are presented? We addressed this question by varying the numerical range across sessions while macaque monkeys made ordinal judgments. Monkeys were trained to make a conditional discrimination whereby they were reinforced for ordering arrays of dots in ascending or descending numerical order, dependent on a color cue. Monkeys were tested using two ranges of numerosities that converged on a single pair. Similar to the findings of Cantlon and Brannon (2005), we found a semantic congruity effect whereby decision time was systematically influenced by the congruity between the cue (ascending or descending) and the relative Numerical Magnitude of the stimuli within each range. Furthermore, monkeys showed a context effect, such that decision time for a given pair was dependent on whether it was a relatively small or large set of values compared to the other values presented in that session. This finding suggests that, similar to humans, the semantic congruity effect observed in monkeys is anchored by the context. Thus our data provide further evidence for the existence of a shared numerical comparison process in monkeys and humans.
Genetic organization of the mau gene cluster in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1: complete nucleotide sequence and generation and characteristics of mau mutants.

The nucleotide sequence of the methylamine utilization (mau) gene region from Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 was determined. Open reading frames for 11 genes (mauFBEDACJGLMN) were found, all transcribed in the same orientation. The mauB, mauA, and mauC genes encode the periplasmic methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) large and small subunit polypeptides and amicyanin, respectively. The products of mauD, mauG, mauL, and mauM were also predicted to be periplasmic. The products of mauF, mauE, and mauN were predicted to be membrane associated. The mauJ product is the only polypeptide encoded by the mau gene cluster which is predicted to be cytoplasmic. Computer analysis showed that the MauG polypeptide contains two putative heme binding sites and that the MauM and MauN polypeptides have four and two FeS cluster signatures, respectively. Mutants generated by insertions in mauF, mauB, mauE, mauD, mauA, mauG, and mauL were not able to grow on methylamine or any other primary amine as carbon sources, while a mutant generated from an insertion in mauC was not able to utilize methylamine as a source of carbon but utilized C_2 to C_4 n-alkylamines as carbon sources. Insertion mutations in mauJ, mauM, and mauN did not impair the ability of the mutants to utilize primary n-alkylamines as carbon sources. All mau mutants were able to utilize methylamine as a nitrogen source, implying the existence of an alternative (methyl)amine oxidation system, and a low activity of N-methylglutamate dehydrogenase was detected. The mauD, mauE, and mauF mutants were found to lack the MADH small subunit polypeptide and have a decreased amount of the MADH large subunit polypeptide. In the mauG and mauL mutants, the MADH large and small subunit polypeptides were present at wild-type levels, although the MADHs in these strains were not functional. In addition, MauG has sequence similarity to cytochrome c peroxidase from Pseudomonas sp. The mauA, mauD, and mauE genes from Paracoccus denitrificans and the mauD and mauG genes from Methylophilus methylotrophus W3A1 were able to complement corresponding mutants of M. extorquens AM1, confirming their functional equivalence. Comparison of amino acid sequences of polypeptides encoded by mau genes from M. extorquens AM1, P. denitrificans, and Thiobacillus versutus shows that they have considerable similarity.
Sulforaphane induces Nrf2 target genes and attenuates inflammatory gene expression in microglia from brain of young adult and aged mice

Increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress resulting from heightened microglial activation are associated with age-related cognitive impairment. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of the bioactive sulforaphane (SFN) on the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in BV2 microglia and primary microglia, and to evaluate proinflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary microglia from adult and aged mice. BV2 microglia and primary microglia isolated from young adult and aged mice were treated with SFN and LPS. Changes in Nrf2 activity, expression of Nrf2 target genes, and levels of proinflammatory markers were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunoassay. SFN increased Nrf2 DNA-binding activity and upregulated Nrf2 target genes in BV2 microglia, while reducing LPS-induced interleukin (IL-)1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In primary microglia from adult and aged mice, SFN increased expression of Nrf2 target genes and attenuated IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS induced by LPS. These data indicate that SFN is a potential beneficial supplement that may be useful for reducing microglial mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress associated with aging.
The Vacuolating Virus, S.V.40

SummaryThe newly discovered vacuolating virus, S.V.40, appears to be a common and essentially ubiquitous contaminant of rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures and a likely common contaminant of cynomolgus kidney cultures in which it develops to high titer without evident cytopathic change. The virus grows readily in grivet, vervet and patas kidney and in rhesus testicle cultures causing a unique cytopathology characterized by ballooning and intense vacuolation. Some biological and biophysical properties of the virus are described. Principal interest in and importance of the vacuolating virus arise from its demonstrated presence in all 3 types of Sabin's live poliovirus vaccines and in numerous respiratory virus seed lines employed in human volunteer inoculation experiments. Demonstration of the virus has raised the question of safety following administration to human subjects, especially infants, and of possible lack of validity of conclusions reached from experiments to measure neurovirulence or “genetic” ma...
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Replacement

Abstract Background Enteral feeding should be considered for patients with an intact and functional gastrointestinal tract. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is indicated in patients requiring medium to long term enteral feeding (>30 days) and with impaired swallowing. Previously placed PEG tube can dislodge or be inadvertently removed, blocked, or damaged. Gastrostomy tube replacement is not infrequently performed. Patients and methods In this video manuscript, the author demonstrates step-by-step PEG tube replacement in several clinical scenarios: standard gastrostomy feeding tube (with internal retention balloon or with internal collapsible bumper) removal and replacement; low-profile feeding tube replacement; and feeding tube replacement over a wire guide. Conclusions PEG tube replacement can be easily replaced at bed-side in most cases. Occasionally, in difficult cases gastrostomy feeding tube replacement needs endoscopic guidance and assistance.
Model for assessing the risk of introducing brucellosis into a brucellosis-free area

A risk assessment model is presented, for use by local decision-makers to aid the evaluation of proposed changes in existing brucellosis eradication or control programmes. This model provides a format and structure for gathering and analysing data. The model uses data which are generally available and accessible, so that minimum time, expense and effort are required for collection. The use of this model enables an estimation of the risk of introduction of brucellosis into a non-infected population, based on the probability of importing the agent and subsequent spread, given the existence of specified surveillance and control measures. The model creates a point estimate of the risk associated with a given set of conditions.
Aging-related premature luteinization of granulosa cells is avoided by early oocyte retrieval

Why IVF pregnancy rates decline sharply after age 43 is unknown. In this study, we compared granulosa cell (GC) function in young oocyte donors (n=31, ages 21-29), middle-aged (n=64, ages 30-37) and older infertile patients (n=41, ages 43-47). Gene expressions related to gonadotropin activity, steroidogenesis, apoptosis and luteinization were examined by real-time PCR and western blot in GCs collected from follicular fluid. FSH receptor (FSHR), aromatase (CYP19A1) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) expression were found down regulated with advancing age, while LH receptor (LHCGR), P450scc (CYP11A1) and progesterone receptor (PGR) were up regulated. Upon in vitro culture, GCs were found to exhibit lower proliferation and increased apoptosis with aging. While FSH supplementation stimulated GCs growth and prevented luteinization in vitro. These observations demonstrate age-related functional declines in GCs, consistent with premature luteinization. To avoid premature luteinization in women above age 43, we advanced oocyte retrieval by administering human chorionic gonadotropin at maximal leading follicle size of 16 mm (routine 19-21 mm). Compared to normal cycles in women of similar age, earlier retrieved patients demonstrated only a marginal increase in oocyte prematurity, yet exhibited improved embryo numbers as well as quality and respectable clinical pregnancy rates. Premature follicular luteinization appears to contribute to rapidly declining IVF pregnancy chances after age 43, and can be avoided by earlier oocyte retrieval.
Introduction to Growth Kinetics Problems

In these lectures I will give an introduction to the fascinating problems associated with the growth of order [1, 2] in unstable thermodynamic systems. To set the stage let me begin with the conceptually simplest situation. Consider the phase diagram shown in Fig.1 for a ferromagnetic system in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field. At high temperatures, above the Curie temperature T c ,the average magnetization, the order parameter for this system, is zero and the system is in the paramagnetic phase. Below the Curie temperature, for the simplest case of an Ising ferrromagnet, one has a non-zero magnetization with two possible orientations: the net magnetization can point in say the + z-direction or the - z-direction. There are two degenerate equilibrium states of the system in the ferromagnetic phase. Now consider the experiment where we first prepare the system in an equilibrium high temperature state where the average magnetization is zero. We then very rapidly drop the temperature of the thermal bath in contact with the magnet to a temperature well below the Curie temperature. In this case the magnetic system is rendered thermodynamically unstable. It wants to equilibrate at the new low temperature, but it must choose one of the two degenerate states. Consider the schematic shown in Fig.2 where ψ is the local value of the order parameter and V is the “potential” governing this variable. Clearly the potential and the free energy are minimized by a uniform magnetization with value +ψ 0 and -ψ 0.
Double elevator palsy: the significance of inferior rectus restriction.

(1977). Double Elevator Palsy: The Significance of Inferior Rectus Restriction. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5-10.
A Perceptual Analysis of Mozart's Piano Sonata K. 282: Segmentation, Tension, and Musical Ideas

The experiments reported here provide a perceptual analysis of the first movement of Mozart9s Piano Sonata in Eb Major, K. 282. The listeners, who varied in the extent of their musical training, performed three tasks while listening to the piece as it was reproduced from an expert performance. The first task determined how the music is perceived to be segmented, the second task determined how the experience of tension varies over time, and the third task determined what listeners identify as new musical ideas in the piece. These tasks were performed first on the entire piece and then on smaller sections from the beginning. These three aspects of music perception are coordinated with one another and correlate with various musical attributes. Judgments of section ends co- occurred with peaks in tension and slow tempos. Judgments of new musical ideas co- occurred with low tension levels and neutral tempos. Tension was influenced by melodic contour, note density, dynamics, harmony, tonality, and other factors. Judgments of large-scale section ends were less frequent than judgments of new musical ideas, but these were more nearly one-to-one on smaller time scales. A subsidiary experiment examined the extent to which tension judgments were influenced by performed tempo and dynamics. Listeners made tension judgments for four different versions of the piece: as performed, constant dynamics (with tempo as performed), constant tempo (with dynamics as performed), and constant tempo and dynamics. The tension curves were generally very similar, deviating only in a few regions containing major section ends. The results are considered in light of the metaphor of tension applied to music and the analogy between music and linguistic discourse.
Enhanced multiphoton emission from CdTe/ZnS quantum dots decorated on single-layer graphene

Time-resolved single-molecule spectroscopy of individual colloidal CdTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) decorated on single-layer graphene (SLG) demonstrates significantly enhanced probability of multiphoton emission, accompanied by reduced fluorescence intensity and decreased lifetime. A rigorous analysis of time-resolved spectroscopy on individual QDs on SLG reveals a decrease in radiative decay rate and a significant enhancement (12.6 times) in nonradiative decay rate. The enhanced multiphoton emission of QDs on SLG is a consequence of the competition between the enhanced nonradiative decay and fast Auger process, as suggested by the dominant fast decay (<0.8 ns) of QDs on SLG. Our findings provide important information on the emission behavior of QDs coupled with carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, and will assist in the creation of effective single-photon or multiphoton sources and devices. Furthermore, this is also a possible pathway for suppressing the Auger recombination of QDs whi...
General rules for selective growth of enriched semiconducting single walled carbon nanotubes with water vapor as in situ etchant.

The presence of metallic nanotubes in as-grown single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is the major bottleneck for their applications in field-effect transistors. Herein, we present a method to synthesize enriched, semiconducting nanotube arrays on quartz substrate. It was discovered that introducing appropriate amounts of water could effectively remove the metallic nanotubes and significantly enhance the density of SWNT arrays. More importantly, we proposed and confirmed that the high growth selectivity originates from the etching effect of water and the difference in the chemical reactivities of metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. Three important rules were summarized for achieving a high selectivity in growing semiconducting nanotubes by systematically investigating the relationship among water concentration, carbon feeding rate, and the percentage of semiconducting nanotubes in the produced SWNT arrays. Furthermore, these three rules can be applied to the growth of random SWNT networks on silicon wa...
Comparison of Field Data Processing Methods for the Evaluation of Topographic Effects

This paper presents a comparison of field data processing methods used to evaluate topographic effects. A data set of 52 weak motion events recorded using a dense array of seismometers located on s...
PSD-BPA Model of Governor of Water Turbine Microcomputer and Its Application

For providing PSD-BPA model suitable for governor of water turbine microcomputer for power system transient state stability analysis,according to typical structure of governor of the water turbine microcomputer,this paper chooses regulating system model 4(GM card)and electro hydraulic servo system mode(GA card)provided by 4.15 edition PSDBPA transient stability program to respectively represents two constituent parts,one is microcomputer governor and the other is mechanical hydraulic system.Meanwhile,it proposes meanings and access methods of parameters in these two models and carries out simulation on parameters of governor of some water turbine microcomputer.It discovers that response of the governor with step disturbance of different amplitude frequency is agreed with reality which indicates that links of the governor model are considered comprehensive and parameters are agreed with reality and easy to be get for correctly simulate practical working of the governor in transient state process of power system.
Archaeological Cultural Heritage: A Consideration of Loss by Smuggling, Conflict or War

Ever since ISIS, Daesh, Taliban and other terrorist organizations have been systematically destroying archaeological sites, questions of the size, scale and value of the loss has been discussed in the popular media and academic press. This chapter examines different ways to consider archaeological cultural heritage and in particular this loss. Archaeological cultural heritage is examined along a private to public continuum of property. Then, we argue that given contested definitions, a human rights conception is useful.
Reverse operation self-consistent evaluation for curved domain interfaces in non-conformal domain decomposition methods

This paper introduces a Transmission Condition (TC) featuring Reverse Operation Self-consistent Evaluation (R.O.S.E.) in the framework of Non-overlapping non-conformal Domain Decomposition Methods (DDM). In R.O.S.E., the sparsity pattern of transmission matrix is first analyzed based on the two non-conformal discretization (triangulations) on the domain interfaces. Thereafter, the matrix entries are recovered from known self-consistent samples. R.O.S.E. provides great flexibility and advantage for modeling antenna arrays, metamaterials, frequency selective surfaces on doubly curved platforms.
Evidence-based planning to broaden the participation of women in electrical and computer engineering

The percentages of women in undergraduate electrical and computer engineering programs at Iowa State University averages below the national average. An external assessment of diversity and inclusion provided an impetus for faculty, staff and administrators to discuss issues, focus on specific areas, and collaborate on planning. In particular, the department has teamed up with the university's Program for Women in Science and Engineering to better integrate their programs with departmental activities. This has resulted in an enhanced student experience model being designed for undergraduate ECE women. The model leverages effective practices including learning communities, leadership and professional development, academic support and advising for the ISU Engineering Basic Program, academic preparation for the ECE field, and state and national resources for inclusive ECE career awareness, recruiting and teaching. The WI-ECSEL Initiative has been designed to improve diversity and inclusion in Iowa State's electrical, computer, and software engineering programs; improve educational pathways including transfer transitions from community colleges; provide a supportive and integrated student experience; establish a community of practice for faculty; and use research to inform practice.
Legal Issues: A Raging Bull of a Copyright Dispute

Copyright disputes can linger a long time. It took almost nine years for the Google books case to reach a decision–and depending on appeals, it’s not done yet. While the Supreme Court decided the Tasini vs. New York Times case in 2001 (the case involved works by free lance authors that were published in the Times and other magazines which were infringed when the Times content was copied to Lexis and other databases), but a dispute over royalties and damages lingers 13 years later. And the U.S. Supreme Court is now considering how to resolve a dispute over the screenplay to Martin Scorsese and Robert DeNiro’s 1980 film classic Raging Bull, that has been lingering for 23 years There is a significant difference between the Raging Bull dispute and the Google and Tasini disputes, however,. Google and Tasini were promptly filed after the infringment took place, but took years to resolve. The Raging Bull case involved a claim that arose 18 years before the lawsuit was filed. The case, officially known as Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer, Inc., serves as a cautionary tale about the need to protect copyrights and take action against potential infringement. The decision by the Supreme Court to hear the case underscores its importance and may provide some clarity to copyright owners about how to protect their copyights.
Medical sterilization system for NASA Space Exploration Missions

With the goal of sending humans to explore asteroids and Mars soon, NASA aims to improve its current medical capabilities for long duration missions. NASA needs to increase sterilization capabilities while reducing medical payload mass, volume, power, and costs. The medical payload contains small medical devices, such as scalpels and forceps; as well as disposable items, such as sanitary wipes. On the International Space Station, all carried medical equipment are disposable to ensure they are sanitary. This approach must be analyzed against a sanitize and reuse strategy for long duration missions. In order to address the problem, a cold plasma sterilization system capable of sterilizing small medical devices aboard a spacecraft is developed. System requirements were defined based on information gathered during literature review and input from NASA clients. Evaluation of the different cold plasma technologies, through the use of an analytical hierarchy process, resulted in selecting the Floating Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge configuration for the system. In this configuration, there are mechanical and electrical subsystems. The electrical subsystem contains a DC to DC converter unit, a high voltage switching unit, and a signal generator. The mechanical subsystem contains the application device, which is comprised of an outer polytetrafluorethylene housing, a copper electrode, a quartz dielectric, and electrical sealant. The system configuration of the device will generate pulsed plasma species in the discharge gap between itself and the substrate, in this case, K-12 strain Escherichia coli. Experiments were conducted to evaluate dependent measures while varying the number of doses, the voltage, and the air gap distance from the quartz dielectric to the grounded source, in this case the surface of the petri dish.
Electronic structure in broken space- and spin- symmetry : applications to Fe-s proteins and clusters

We review the theoretical and experimental bases for introducing a spin Hamiltonian having a sum of Heisenberg and resonance delocalization terms for iron-sulfur proteins and clusters. We show how broken symmetry calculations can be used to give spin Hamiltonian parameters by diagonalizing the appropriate broken symmetry and high spin state matrices. These methods are applied to 3Fe and Zn3Fe clusters to give Heisenberg J values and resonance delocalization 13 values. The Zn cluster spin ground state is analyzed in detail. For all clusters, J(reduced)<J(oxidized) and, for all cubane clusters, the magnitude of B is much greater for the broken symmetry than for the high spin states, B»B'.
Enhancing reproducibility in scientific computing: Metrics and registry for Singularity containers

Here we present Singularity Hub, a framework to build and deploy Singularity containers for mobility of compute, and the singularity-python software with novel metrics for assessing reproducibility of such containers. Singularity containers make it possible for scientists and developers to package reproducible software, and Singularity Hub adds automation to this workflow by building, capturing metadata for, visualizing, and serving containers programmatically. Our novel metrics, based on custom filters of content hashes of container contents, allow for comparison of an entire container, including operating system, custom software, and metadata. First we will review Singularity Hub’s primary use cases and how the infrastructure has been designed to support modern, common workflows. Next, we conduct three analyses to demonstrate build consistency, reproducibility metric and performance and interpretability, and potential for discovery. This is the first effort to demonstrate a rigorous assessment of measurable similarity between containers and operating systems. We provide these capabilities within Singularity Hub, as well as the source software singularity-python that provides the underlying functionality. Singularity Hub is available at https://singularity-hub.org, and we are excited to provide it as an openly available platform for building, and deploying scientific containers.
Public Awareness of and Visitation to National Parks by Racial/Ethnic Minorities

National parks are an important manifestation of the United States’ democratic ideal and attract more than 300 million visits annually. However, racial/ethnic minorities are substantially underrepr...
Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Study of Crowding-Induced Protein Spontaneous Denature and Crowding-Perturbed Unfolding–Folding Conformational Fluctuation Dynamics

The effects of molecular crowding on protein folding-unfolding processes are of importance for understanding protein function and structure dynamics in living cells. The enhancement of protein stability as a result of reduced entropic effect in the presence of molecular crowding is well understood both experimentally and theoretically. However, because of the complexity and interplay between various interactions existing in an equally favored environment of protein folding and unfolding conformational dynamics, such a simple reduced entropic enhancement model does not suffice to describe protein folding conformational dynamics under a protein crowding condition. In this paper, we report our observation on that single protein molecules spontaneously denature into unfolded proteins and folding-unfolding fluctuations in solution of crowding reagent Ficoll 70. We have identified that such protein dynamics involves a combined mechanism of polymer-polymer interaction, entropic effects, and protein solvation dynamics. We characterize the protein folding-unfolding dynamics by using single-molecule spectroscopy to obtain detailed molecular dynamic scale information on the protein folding-unfolding conformational fluctuation dynamics. Our findings suggest that the complex unfolding dynamic processes are spontaneous denature of single protein molecules induced by molecular crowding effect which has been elusive for analysis in ensemble-averaged measurements. Furthermore, the energy needed for the spontaneous unfolding is at the biological accessible force fluctuation level, which suggests a strong implication of significant human health relevance and importance. The new knowledge of the inhomogeneous protein unfolding processes can serve as a step forward to a mechanistic understanding of human diseases associated with molecular crowding, protein aggregates, fibril formation, as well as gene translational regulation processes typically under a molecular crowded local environment.
Evaluation of advanced multi-modal command and control communication management suite

Command and Control (C2) operators function in communication intensive environments that impose a high degree of workload on them, thus resulting in failures of detection or comprehension of messages. To combat these issues, researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory have developed an advanced network-centric communication management suite that aids C2 operators in their mission called Multi-Modal Communication (MMC). This system provides operators with the tools to manage communication in a single, intuitive, dynamic display that reduces perceived mental workload and aids in decision making and situation awareness. This study set out to evaluate the MMC tool as a communication management suite, which affords participants the ability to detect as well as comprehend the presentation of multiple critical messages. The use of the MMC tool resulted in more detections of critical messages and greater message comprehension, while also lowering ratings of perceived mental workload as compared to traditional communication tools such as radio and chat.
Visual Factors in Dyslexia: An Unresolved Issue

In confronting the question of the role of visual factors in the genesis of dyslexia, we should recall that the earliest workers in the field (many of whom were ophthalmologists) explicitly denied that disturbances in vision played an important role in the disability. Instead, adopting an aphasiological model based on turn-of-the-century neurology, they postulated that the basis of the disability was a congenital maldevelopment of the same cortical center which, when damaged, produced acquired wordblindness in the adult patient.
Temporal and spatial variability in coastline response to declining sea-ice in northwest Alaska

Abstract Arctic sea-ice is declining in extent, leaving coastlines exposed to more storm-wave events. There is an urgent need to understand how these changes affect geomorphic processes along Arctic coasts. Here we describe spatial and temporal patterns of shoreline changes along two geomorphologically distinct, storm-wave dominated reaches of the Chukchi Sea coastline over the last 64 years. One study area encompasses the west- to southwest-facing, coarse-clastic shoreline and ice-rich bluffs of Cape Krusenstern (CAKR). The other covers the north-facing, sandy shorelines on barrier islands, ice-rich bluffs, and the Cape Espenberg spit in the Bering Land Bridge National Park (BELA). Both study areas lie within the zone of continuous permafrost, which exists both on and offshore and outcrops as ice-rich bluffs along the BELA coast. We mapped changes in coastal geomorphology over three observation periods: 1950–1980, 1980–2003, and 2003–2014 using aerial and satellite imagery. We then compared these geomorphic changes to changes in sea-ice coverage, which declined ~10 days per decade between 1979 and 2016 in the southern Chukchi Sea. Changes in coastal geomorphology in both BELA and CAKR exhibited high spatial variability over the study period. Between 2003 and 2014, shorelines of barrier islands in BELA exhibited the highest mean rates of change, −1.5 m yr−1, while coarse, clastic barrier beaches in CAKR showed only minimal change. Overall, shorelines in both BELA and CAKR became more dynamic (increasing erosion or increasing accumulation) after ca. 2003, with spatial variability in shoreline changes roughly doubling between the first period of observation (1950–1980) and the last (2003–2014). This increase in coastal dynamism may signal a transitional period leading to new state of geomorphic equilibria along these ice-affected coastlines.
Dynamic charging infrastructure deployment for plug-in hybrid electric trucks

Abstract Inspired by the rapid development of charging-while-driving (CWD) technology, plans are ongoing in government agencies worldwide for the development of electrified road freight transportation systems through the deployment of dynamic charging lanes. This en route method for the charging of plug-in hybrid electric trucks is expected to supplement the more conventional charging technique, thus enabling significant reduction in fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emission from road freight transportation. In this study, we investigated the optimal deployment of dynamic charging lanes for plug-in hybrid electric trucks. First, we developed a multi-class multi-criteria user equilibrium model of the route choice behaviors of truck and passenger car drivers and the resultant equilibrium flow distributions. Considering that the developed user equilibrium model may have non-unique flow distributions, a robust deployment of dynamic charging lanes that optimizes the system performance under the worst-case flow distributions was targeted. The problem was formulated as a generalized semi-infinite min-max program, and a heuristic algorithm for solving it was proposed. This paper includes numerical examples that were used to demonstrate the application of the developed models and solution algorithms.
Rapid onset of hypercalcemia from high-grade lymphoma in the setting of HIV-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Hypercalcemia in HIV patients has been previously reported, but 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia, due to increased activity of extrarenal 1-alpha hydroxylase, is rarely described with HIV-related infections or malignancies. We describe a case of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia in a patient presenting with progressive cognitive decline and weakness. Initial evaluation revealed a new diagnosis of HIV, for which he was started on antiretroviral therapy (ART). He was also noted to have mild asymptomatic hypocalcemia, likely from his acute illness and malnutrition, which was not further investigated at the time. While the patient's mental status initially improved with ART, he became progressively delirious and was found to be hypercalcemic approximately 4 weeks after the initiation of ART. Possible etiologies for hypercalcemia were vigorously evaluated, including granulomatous disease, infection, and malignancy, in the setting of suspected immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), due to recent initiation of ART. Infectious workup was unrevealing, but computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed new extensive diffuse lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly, not present on admission studies. Cytology and flow cytometry of a liver biopsy specimen revealed CD10 positive high-grade B-cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy was not pursued due to poor performance status. Over the next week, spontaneous tumor lysis developed, and the patient expired. Postmortem, his 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D level returned as markedly elevated. Immunohistochemical staining of his liver biopsy tissue showed strong expression of CYP27B1. 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia is uncommon in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV and, in this case, was likely due to IRIS unmasking an underlying high-grade lymphoma and restoration of immune function (including T-cells and cytokine production). This case emphasizes the importance of including aggressive lymphomas, capable of progressing over days to weeks, in the evaluation of hypercalcemia in HIV patients at risk for developing IRIS and the rapid dynamic changes in mineral homeostasis that can occur with such an aggressive tumor in an immunocompromised host.
Weighted Double Sampling to Obtain the Average Value of Triangular Current for Accurate Droop Control in DC Power Distribution Systems

Droop control is broadly used in dc power distribution systems, e.g., dc microgrids. Implementing droop control for switch mode power supplies requires the measurement of average current. Synchronous sampling is used in digital control systems to obtain the average of a triangular inductor waveform. However, the dead time, semiconductor turn- on and turn- off delays, and signal conditioning delays shift the sensed waveform and change the effective duty cycle, resulting in a misalignment and measurement error from the average value. This paper proposes a duty cycle weighted averaging method based on double sampling. By sampling twice per switching period and averaging the results using duty cycle as the weighting factor, the error due to waveform misalignment is theoretically eliminated. The result always equals the average value of the triangle. This method does not rely on the knowledge of circuit delays, making it easy to implement and robust to parameter variations. Simulations and experimental measurements validate the superior performance compared with conventional single and double sampling methods. The experiment on a droop-controlled dc–dc converter demonstrates a more accurate droop characteristic.
Transitions Across the Lifespan: An Occupational Therapy Approach

As the editors of this book note, “A transition is a passage from one life state, stage, or place, to another” (p. xv). All of us go through some type of transition many times during our lives, but...
Stabilization of multi-group models with multiple dispersal and stochastic perturbation via feedback control based on discrete-time state observations

Abstract This paper focuses on the multi-group models with multiple dispersal and stochastic perturbation (MGMDS). The effect of both multiple dispersal among groups and stochastic perturbation are taken into consideration. The stabilization of MGMDS is investigated via feedback control based on the discrete-time state observations. In addition, a systematic method is given to construct a global Lyapunov function for MGMDS. By means of graph theory and Lyapunov method, some sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure the stabilization in the sense of mean-square asymptotical stability. An upper bound of the duration between two consecutive state observations is estimated. Moreover, to show the applicability of our results, the main theory is employed to a stochastic coupled oscillators. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the theoretical results.
3D Printed Bio-Sensing Chip for the Determination of Bacteria Antibiotic-Resistant Profile

This study presents a novel 3D printed bio-sensing chip to characterize the antibiotic-resistant reaction profile of bacteria in real time for the first time. The chip adapts the dead-end filling method to achieve the sample solution transfer process. The experimental results demonstrate several accomplishments: (1) fabrication of the disposable and real-time bacteria detection system by 3D-printing; (2) alleviation of the typical leakage problems associated with 3D-printed structures during the transfer process for the sample solutions; and (3) demonstration of the detection of E. coli-antibiotic tests using a smart phone with the RGB pixel analysis app with the color identification to achieve the bacteria antibiotic-resistant profile. As such, this work could open up a new class of disposable bio-sensing characterization systems based on the combination of 3D-printing and wireless data transmission technologies.
Readers can identify the meanings of words without looking at them: Evidence from regressive eye movements

Previewing words prior to fixating them leads to faster reading, but does it lead to word identification (i.e., semantic encoding)? We tested this with a gaze-contingent display change study and a subsequent plausibility manipulation. Both the preview and the target words were plausible when encountered, and we manipulated the end of the sentence so that the different preview was rendered implausible (in critical sentences) or remained plausible (in neutral sentences). Regressive saccades from the end of the sentence increased when the preview was rendered implausible compared to when it was plausible, especially when the preview was high frequency. These data add to a growing body of research suggesting that linguistic information can be obtained during preview, to the point where word meaning is accessed. In addition, these findings suggest that the meaning of the fixated target does not always override the semantic information obtained during preview.
2-Dimensional Categories

This book is an introduction to 2-categories and bicategories, assuming only the most elementary aspects of category theory. A review of basic category theory is followed by a systematic discussion of 2-/bicategories, pasting diagrams, lax functors, 2-/bilimits, the Duskin nerve, 2-nerve, adjunctions and monads in bicategories, 2-monads, biequivalences, the Bicategorical Yoneda Lemma, and the Coherence Theorem for bicategories. Grothendieck fibrations and the Grothendieck construction are discussed next, followed by tricategories, monoidal bicategories, the Gray tensor product, and double categories. Completely detailed proofs of several fundamental but hard-to-find results are presented for the first time. With exercises and plenty of motivation and explanation, this book is useful for both beginners and experts.
Selection-Driven Gene Inactivation in Salmonella

Bacterial genes are sometimes found to be inactivated by mutation. This inactivation may be observable simply because selection for function is intermittent or too weak to eliminate inactive alleles quickly. Here, I investigate cases in Salmonella enterica where inactivation is instead positively selected. These are identified by a rate of introduction of premature stop codons to a gene that is higher than expected under selective neutrality, as assessed by comparison to the rate of synonymous changes. I identify 84 genes that meet this criterion at a 10% false discovery rate. Many of these genes are involved in virulence, motility and chemotaxis, biofilm formation, and resistance to antibiotics or other toxic substances. It is hypothesized that most of these genes are subject to an ongoing process in which inactivation is favored under rare conditions, but the inactivated allele is deleterious under most other conditions and is subsequently driven to extinction by purifying selection.
Adaptive Power Reallocation for Value-Oriented Schedulers in Power-Constrained HPC

In the exascale era, HPC systems are expected to operate under different system-wide power-constraints. For such power-constrained systems, improving per-job flops-per-watt may not be sufficient to improve the total HPC productivity as more number of scientific applications with different compute intensities are migrating to the HPC systems. To measure HPC productivity for such applications, we utilize a monotonically decreasing time-dependent value function, called job-value, with each application. A job-value function represents the value of completing a job for an organization. We begin by exploring the trade-off between two commonly used static power allocation strategies (uniform and greedy) in a power-constrained oversubscribed system. We simulate a large-scale system and demonstrate that, at the tightest power constraint, the greedy allocation can lead to 30% higher productivity compared to the uniform allocation whereas, the uniform allocation can gain up to 6% higher productivity at the relaxed power constraint. We then propose a new dynamic power allocation strategy that utilizes power-performance models derived from offline data. We use these models for reallocating power from running jobs to newly arrived jobs to increase overall system utilization and productivity. In our simulation study, we show that compared to static allocation, the dynamic power allocation policy improves node utilization and job completion rates by 20% and 9%, respectively, at the tightest power constraint. Our dynamic approach consistently earns up to 8% higher productivity compared to the best performing static strategy under different power constraints.
Comparison of Latency with Selective Repeat and Rateless Coding in Delayed Feedback Systems

In this work, we address packet reassembly latency using selective repeat and rateless coding strategies to achieve reliable data delivery in systems with feedback delay. The thrust of our work involves retrofitting existing space systems where physical layer changes are cost prohibitive. We develop a novel formula to characterize the latency inherent to both strategies analytically and in simulation with varying parameters. Our findings show that unique properties of rateless codes have quantifiable superior latency reduction as compared with a selective repeat strategy.
Using Socrative Online Polls for Active Learning in the Remote Classroom

Maintaining an element of active learning in the post-COVID-19 classroom was a challenge given the absence of traditional in-person interactions. This communication describes how the author used So...
Characteristics of clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular therapies for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: a cross sectional analysis.

Background Morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 has increased exponentially, and patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease are at risk for poor outcomes. Several lines of evidence suggest a potential role for CV therapies in COVID-19 treatment. Characteristics of clinical trials of CV therapies related to COVID-19 registered on ClinicalTrials.gov have not been described. Methods ClinicalTrials.gov was queried on August 7, 2020 for COVID-19 related trials. Studies evaluating established CV drugs, other fibrinolytics (defibrotide), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were included. Studies evaluating anti-microbial, convalescent plasma, non-colchicine anti-inflammatory, and other therapies were excluded. Trial characteristics were tabulated from study-specific entries. Results A total of 2,935 studies related to COVID-19 were registered as of August 7, 2020. Of these, 1,645 were interventional studies, and the final analytic cohort consisted of 114 studies evaluating 10 CV therapeutic categories. Antithrombotics (32.5%; n = 37) were most commonly evaluated, followed by pulmonary vasodilators (14.0%; n = 16), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related therapies (12.3%; n = 14), and colchicine (8.8%; n = 10). Trials evaluating multiple CV therapy categories and CV therapies in combination with non-CV therapies encompassed 4.4% (n = 5) and 9.6% (n = 11) of studies, respectively. Most studies were designed for randomized allocation (87.7%; n = 100), enrollment of less than 1000 participants (86.8%; n = 99), single site implementation (55.3%; n = 63), and had a primary outcome of mortality or a composite including mortality (56.1%; n = 64). Most study populations consisted of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (81.6%; n = 93). At the time of database query, 28.9% (n = 33) of studies were not yet recruiting and the majority were estimated to be completed after December 2020 (67.8%; n = 78). Most lead sponsors were located in North America (43.9%; n = 50) or Europe (36.0%; n = 41). Conclusions A minority (7%) of clinical trials related to COVID-19 registered on ClinicalTrials.gov plan to evaluate CV therapies. Of CV therapy studies, most were planned to be single center, enroll less than 1000 inpatients, sponsored by European or North American academic institutions, and estimated to complete after December 2020. Collectively, these findings underscore the need for a network of sites with a platform protocol for rapid evaluation of multiple therapies and generalizability to inform clinical care and health policy for COVID-19 moving forward.