cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Strain on Solid‐Solution Formation in an Ag‐Pd Paste

A paste of Ag-Pd in orthosilicate glass, when fired, forms a useful conductor for the semiconductor industry. To understand the interaction of the Ag and Pd during firing, the paste and the fired conductor were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. A complete structural analysis of 80% Ag-2% Pd pastes and the starting Ag and Pd revealed that the initial structure of the Pd controlled the final form of the solid solution in the fired conductor, Pastes made from Pd with internal strain and faulting gave inhomogeneous solid solutions in the temperature ranges studied, whereas pastes made from Pd with no internal strain or faulting gave homogeneous solid solutions. Kinetic studies were made in an effort to under- stand the mechanism of the Ag-Pd reaction for different structural types of Pd. A model mechanism is proposed, and possible effects on the physical characteristics of the pastes are noted.
Notes on EEG Resampling by Natural Cubic Spline Interpolation

Resampling of digitized electroencephalographic data allows changing the sampling rate with minimal distortion of the signal. Useful applications of the procedure include compatibility among diverse hardware and software and the customization of data analysis. The natural cubic spline interpolation procedure is introduced in a discursive fashion. A formal presentation is provided in the appendix.
The effects of light stimulation during incubation on indicators of stress susceptibility in broilers

Abstract Providing light during incubation has been shown to decrease bilateral physical asymmetry of broilers posthatch, which may indicate that early light stimulation reduces later stress susceptibility. This experiment evaluated the effects of lighting during embryogenesis on other measures of stress responsiveness in broilers. Cobb 500 eggs (n = 1,404) were incubated under 0L:24D, 1L:23D, 6L:18D, or 12L:12D; the light level was 550 lx. The broilers were then raised in floor pens under a 12L:12D lighting regimen, and various stress parameters were measured during wk 3 to 6 of age. There was an effect of incubation lighting regimen on posthatch stress responses. Following 1 h of crating, the change in corticosterone (CORT) concentration was less in the 12L:12D (−0.06 ng/mL, P 0.05). Anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin titers were higher in the 12L:12D birds (92,395 units/mL; P
Facilitating adaptation to trouble spots in wireless MANs

This paper presents schemes that enable high level communications protocols and applications to adapt to connectivity loss and quality degradation in metropolitan area wireless networks. We postulate that the majority of these problem areas or trouble spots, which are intrinsic to wireless networks, are related to location and environmental factors. Based on this premise, we propose a mechanism that gathers semantic data pertaining to trouble spots; prior knowledge of such locations can be used by higher-level communication protocols to preemptively adapt, thereby avoiding undesirable effects at the application level. To facilitate the detection and categorization of trouble spots, we propose a list of metrics to analyze the status of a wireless service. We report on our experiences with using these metrics to identify trouble spots and present initial results from an experimental evaluation of their effectiveness.
The Case for Design Using the World Wide Web

Most information and services required today by designers will soon become available as documents distributed in a wide area hypermedia network. New integration services are required from the design environment, supporting business transactions with design information providers, automatic exchange of design data between independent groups, and integrated support for new forms of collaboration. We discuss design using electronic commerce and other services based on the Internet, and propose a hypermedia system organization for a new generation of CAD systems, conceived to make efficient use of that infrastructure. We also describe our experience as designers of an integrated design and documentation system that interfaces existing design and documentation tools with electronic commerce services based on the World Wide Web.
KNOT, HEARTWOOD, AND SAPWOOD EXTRACTIVES RELATED TO VOCs FROM DRYING SOUTHERN PINE LUMBER

The presence of knots or heartwood influences the amount and composition of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions associated with drying of southern pine lumber. Experimental kiln charges of lumber containing 0 to 5% of knot volume gave VOC emissions ranging from 2.86 to 4.25 lb of carbon/dry ton of wood. Studies of emissions from sapwood and knots showed that knots contain about ten times the amount of volatile terpenes found in sapwood. Consequently half of the total volatile emissions would come from 5% of knot volume in sapwood. However, correlation coefficients of knot frequency or volume with VOC emissions obtained from experimental kiln studies were only 0.57 and 0.51, respectively. Southern pine heartwood contains about five times the amount of volatile terpenes found in sapwood and more of the volatile compounds present in heartwood are emitted than from knots. Therefore, small variations in the amount of heartwood result in large changes in VOC emissions in drying southern pine lumber.
The evolution of the polar coronal holes

He I 10830 A synoptic maps, obtained at the Kitt Peak National Observatory during 1974-1979, show that the sun's polar coronal holes have contracted significantly during 1977-1978. Prior to the accelerated increase of sunspot activity in mid-1977, the area of each polar cap was on the order of 8% of the sun's total surface area, whereas toward the end of 1978 these areas fell below 2% of the total surface area. Synoptic polar plots show that the vestigial holes had irregular shapes and were often well removed from the poles themselves. These results are consistent with the changes that one would expect when the polar magnetic fields are weakening just prior to sunspot maximum
Hamate body and capitate fracture in punch injury

Hamate fractures represent only 2% to 4% of all carpal bone fractures because they require a large degree of force to the hand or wrist. This is a case report of a patient with hamate and capitate fractures after a punch injury. It details the minute change seen in routine 3-view radiographic imagery and indications for computed tomography. A 29-year-old African American man with professional boxing training presented to the emergency department with pain and swelling in the hand and wrist after striking a refrigerator with his right hand. Enough force generated along the axial plane of the fourth and fifth metacarpals either from punching or from falling with a clenched fist is capable of fracturing both the hamate and capitate bones. Three-view radiographs may not visualize the fracture, so computed tomography should be ordered to better visualize any pathology. The risks to not detecting a hamate body fracture are nonunion of the bone, posttraumatic arthritis, decreased grip strength, and decreased range of motion of the hand. Because of rarity, there is no criterion standard therapy, but the general approach is open reduction and internal fixation using Kirschner wires and wrist immobilization for a minimum of 8 weeks. A high degree of clinical suspicion on examination is required for the proper approach to confirm a hamate fracture.
A proposal for a graduate curriculum integrating theory and practice in public health

Prior editions of this journal (McLeroy and Steckler, 1993; Green et al., 1994; Schwartz and Capwell, 1995) and other recent publications (Hochbaum and Lorig, 1992; Buchanan, 1994; Kelleher, 1996; McQueen, 1996; Milburn, 1996) have discussed the value of theory and its relation to practice in health education. This discussion inspired us to think about theory (defined broadly as theories of etiology and theories of change), and the ways in which theory and practice can be better integrated in graduate education programs in public health. Traditional programs, which utilize a ‘Theory of the Week’ or cookbook approach, fail to assist students to make the leap from learning theories out of books to application in the field. Neither do they provide opportunities for students and faculty to partner with and provide technical assistance to communities, and state and local agencies (Sorensen and Bialek, 1993). This article proposes a problem-based curriculum, integrating theory and practice, for two public health graduate settings: public health education or a generalist masters in public health. Based on our systematic reflection about how students can bridge theory and practice in public health settings, we have begun to consider these proposals for the University of New Mexico Program in Public Health. The current threats to public health from privatization and the lack of policy-maker understanding make it imperative for public health graduate
Idiopathic inflammatory pseudotumor of the carotid sheath

We present a biopsy proven case of 47 years-old man with a carotid pseudotumor, clinically presented as carotidynia. CT showed a mass encasing and narrowing the common carotid artery and MRI showed hypointense signal in T2 and intense enhancement after contrast media administration. The patient was suspected to have an inflammatory process and steroids were prescribed. Eight days after the steroid treatment significant radiological and clinical improvement was observed. The patient remains free of symptoms.
CID3: System Support for Loosely-Coupled Personal Computing Environments

A personal computing environment is comprised of a set of components that include processors, storage devices, networking support, and peripheral devices. This paper identifies the key functionalities needed to build a loosely- coupled, anywhere, anytime personal computing environment and then describes the design of a middleware service called CID3 (Coordinated Integration of Dynamically Discovered Devices) that provides system-level support for implementing those functionalities. CID3 has been designed to run on a variety of computing devices ranging from small mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs to larger, resource-rich devices such as laptops and desktops. A prototype of CID3 has been implemented, and the paper reports on an evaluation of this prototype.
The Search for Mating-Type-Limited Genes in the Homothallic Alga CHLAMYDOMONAS MONOICA.

ABSTRACT The non-Mendelian erythromycin resistance mutation ery-u1 shows bidirectional uniparental inheritance in crosses between homothallic ery-u1 and ery-u1 + strains of Chlamydomonas monoica . This inheritance pattern supports a general model for homothallism invoking intrastrain differentiation into opposite compatible mating types and, further, suggests that non-Mendelian inheritance is under mating-type ( mt ) control in C. monoica as in heterothallic species. However, the identification of genes expressed or required by one gametic cell type, but not the other, is essential to verify the existence of a regulatory mating-type locus in C. monoica and to understand its role in cell differentiation and sexual development. By screening for a shift from bidirectional to unidirectional transmission of the non-Mendelian ery-u1 marker, a mutant with an apparent mating-type-limited sexual cycle defect was obtained. The responsible mutation, mtl-1 , causes a 1000-fold reduction in zygospore germination in populations homozygous for the mutant allele and, approximately, a 50% reduction in germination for heterozygous ( mtl-1/mtl-1 + ) zygospores. By next screening for strains unable to yield any viable zygospores in a cross to mtl-1 , a second putative mating-type-limited mutant, mtl-2 , was obtained. The mtl-2 strain, although self-sterile, mates efficiently with mtl-2 + strains and shows a unidirectional uniparental pattern of inheritance for the ery-u1 cytoplasmic marker, similar to that observed for crosses involving mtl-1 . Genetic analysis indicates that mtl-1 and mtl-2 define unique unlinked Mendelian loci and that the sexual cycle defects of reduced germination ( mtl-1 ) or self-sterility ( mtl-2 ) cosegregate with the effect on ery-u1 cytoplasmic gene transmission. By analogy to C. reinhardtii , the mtl-1 and mtl-2 phenotypes can be explained if the expression of these gene loci is limited to the mt + gametic cell type, or if the wild-type alleles at these loci are required for the normal formation and/or functioning of mt + gametes only.
Unity of Apperception and the Division of Labour in the Transcendental Analytic

In the Critique of Fure Reason Kant distinguishes two sorts of conditions of knowledge. First, there are the space and time of pure intuition, introduced in the Transcendental Aesthetic. They are grounded in our dependence on a special sort of perceptual (or imaginative) field for the location of objects. Second, there are pure concepts of the understanding, or categories, introduced in the Analytic. In one respect these are grounded in the logical function of the understanding in judgements, introduced in the first chapter of the analytic of concepts: Clue to the Discovery of All Pure Concepts of the Understanding; in another respect, they are grounded in transcendental unity of apperception, which is introduced in the second chapter: Deduction of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding, or Transcendental Deduction. I shall be concerned with the latter and its contribution to the overall strategy of argument in the analytic. Within the Analytic, Kant distinguishes between an Analytic of Concepts and an Analytic of Principles (also called ‘transcendental doctrine of judgement’ [A137/B176]). This corresponds to a traditional distinction between a doctrine of concepts (or understanding) and judgement. It is arguable that Kant's theory of concepts undermines this distinction. However, I shall not deal with that general issue, but with a more specific issue related to the first two chapters of the Analytic of Principles: the Schematism and the System of Principles. (The third chapter, on phenomena and noumena, is basically an appendix.)
Dual-device active patch antenna with improved radiation characteristics

An active microstrip patch antenna for quasioptical power-combining arrays is described. The oscillator circuit uses two Gunn diodes which symmetrically load a resonant patch. The symmetry of the structure and the push-pull operation of the devices results in a dramatic decrease in H-plane cross-polarisation, improved copolarisation patterns, and twice as much power as a single-device patch.
Panel synopsis - how (In)adequate is one time testing?

While the topics of periodic and concurrent testing have been well researched in the literature, and techniques developed and deployed in mission critical systems for several years, the need for incorporating these techniques into nanometer technology chips is being felt now. Contrary to common belief, the need for periodic testing may exist even today and we may be missing failures during normal operation in dense chips. This panel debates on the need for periodically testing critical components of today's complex chips during in-use conditions in the field, and investigates the possible incompleteness of manufacturing time (one time) testing. Nanometer technology designs face the dual problems of design correctness upon manufacture as well as after it. Issues in the former are better understood and solutions have been proposed based on design styles and design margins, and accompanying design automation. However, issues in the latter are only analysed for reliability, as against for errors due to hard or soft failures, which require periodic testing in the field itself. This problem is aggravated as design geometries shrink, with an increasingly larger mis-correlation between the expected behaviour in simulation and the actual behaviour in silicon, and the increased susceptibility of designs to internal disturbances, (e.g. switching conditions), and external disturbances, (e.g. atmospheric radiation), resulting in an increasingly larger probability of incorrect operation during normal operation. Periodic testing in the field, in the form of test support built into the hardware system, has been employed in systems used in critical applications, e.g. mainframes in online transaction processing, process control systems, navigation control systems (including those used for spacecrafts), telephone exchanges, life saving equipment, high end test equipment, etc., where the operation must be uninterrupted and the tolerance to any error is nil. This panel will investigate the necessity of such forms of testing, (either concurrently with normal operation or at regular intervals), in a wider class of circuit functions built into today's complex chips, and sensitise the design and test community to this new challenge. The issues to be investigated include: (a) Reliability of today's chips on the field. Failure rates. Debug mechanisms presently in use. (b) Failure modes in nanometer technology designs during manufacturing and during use. Their impact on logic and memories. Impact of corresponding fault condition detection mechanisms on yield and reliability. (c) Adequacy of present defect screening techniques based on static test coverage. Enhancements to address very low DPPM (defective parts per million) requirements. Tradeoffs with design margins. (d) Circuit design and synthesis techniques for periodic testing. Design methodology changes required to support them. Type of faults targetted by them. (e) System level techniques for periodic testing. Design and integration of test IPs. Their re-use and applications.
Work-Family Backlash: Begging the Question, What's Fair?

This article examines current work-family practice and scholarship in light of recent demographic shifts that make employees without children under age 18 the predominant group in the workforce. One consequence of this change is work-family backlash, a controversy over the fundamental issue of what is fair. Organizational justice theory helps illuminate the deep assumptions that underlie both corporate work-life policies and employees' perceptions of their fairness, as data from a qualitative study of work-life issues show. Organizational justice theory can also make a significant contribution to work-family research.
Stages of Swept-Wing Transition

The transition process on crossflo w-dominated swept wings undergoes three distinct stages: receptivity, disturbance growth, and breakdown. The details of the physical mechanisms active in each render the common industrial tool for transition prediction, the eN method, unable to produce acceptable results. An alternative method that accounts for the physical mechanisms of crossflo w transition is required if better results are to be obtained. Experiments at the Arizona State University Unsteady Wind Tunnel have been performed to investigate each stage. Results from receptivity and breakdown experiments are presented here. The experiments show that the most important feature of the receptivity phase is mode selection and that selection of traveling- or stationary-wavedominated transition depends on both turbulence intensity and surface roughness. The breakdown experiments elucidate the role of the high-frequency secondary instability as the breakdown mechanism and find that destabilization of the secondary instability is a useful transition criterion. The experimental results are used to suggest an alternative prediction method.
Spectrum, network and operations management in cognitive radio networks

Today's wireless networks are characterized by a fixed spectrum assignment policy. However, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is used sporadically and geographical variations in the utilization of assigned spectrum ranges from 15% to 85% with a high variance in time. The limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage necessitate a new communication paradigm to exploit the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. This new networking paradigm is referred to as cognitive radio networks. In this talk, the novel functionalities and current research challenges of the cognitive radio networks are explained in detail. More specifically, an overview of the cognitive radio technology is provided and the network architecture is introduced. Moreover, the cognitive network functions such as spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing are explained in detail. The influence of these functions on the performance of the upper layer protocols such as routing and transport are investigated. Moreover, the network management, operation and maintenance problems are highlighted and open research issues in these areas are also outlined.
Resource Management for Networked Classifiers in Distributed Stream Mining Systems

Networks of classifiers are capturing the attention of system and algorithmic researchers because they offer improved accuracy over single model classifiers, can be distributed over a network of servers for improved scalability, and can be adapted to available system resources. This work provides a principled approach for the optimized allocation of system resources across a networked chain of classifiers. We begin with an illustrative example of how complex classification tasks can be decomposed into a network of binary classifiers. We formally define a global performance metric by recursively collapsing the chain of classifiers into one combined classifier. The performance metric trades off the end-to-end probabilities of detection and false alarm, both of which depend on the resources allocated to each individual classifier. We formulate the optimization problem and present optimal resource allocation results for both simulated and state-of-the-art classifier chains operating on telephony data.
Vital: Bringing Buildings and Sustainable Practices to Life

This work addresses two common short comings in building design: 1. many of the indoor spaces where most people in the industrialized world spend the majority of their time inadvertently deprive them of contact with two important requirements for their long-term well-being: nature and change. 2. many simple sustainable practices that could significantly reduce the global environmental and economic running costs of buildings if more widely applied are largely invisible to the public. In response, the authors have been examining the potential of using the natural movements of the weather to improve the habitability of indoor spaces and increase the visibility of passive environmental control and rainwater harvesting in buildings. A survey of existing architecture was first conducted to identify design strategies that could effectively bring the movements of the sun, wind and rain indoors without undermining the weather-protecting role of buildings. Three simple methods of achieving this were identified: enclosure of weather-generated movement in internal courtyards, sunlight projection onto interior surfaces, and back projection onto translucent external materials. A series of design studios was then used to determine if these approaches were compatible with passive environmental control and rainwater harvesting techniques involving the same natural elements, and it was found that most could be effectively animated without compromising their environmental performance. The human effects of one of the combinations identified — wind-animated daylighting — were then tested in controlled experiments, which showed it to be both calming and distracting. In light of these findings, it was postulated that weather-generated indoor animation could be of particular value in low concentration/high stress situations, such as waiting or convalescence, where positive distractions have been shown to be beneficial. In order to test this thesis, wind-animated water lightshelves were installed in a medical waiting room, where patient responses appeared to confirm their calming effect.
Chemical Routes to Nanocrystalline Thermoelectrically Relevant AgPbmSbTem+2 Materials

A direct synthesis of nanoparticles of the thermoelectrically relevant AgPbmSbTem+2 materials (m = 0, 1, 2) was accomplished in reverse micelles. The procedure offers several distinct advantages and opens the field for experimentation of thermoelectric properties for nanoparticle-derived materials.
New Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Tiotropium Bromide

Objective: To review chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and evaluate the role of tiotropium bromide in its treatment. Data Sources: MEDLINE was searched for articles published between 1990 and June 2004 that contained the terms tiotropium and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Selected studies documented clinical outcomes related to the use of tiotropium bromide and included a complete description of methods and results. These studies were examined to determine the extent of the effect of tiotropium on clinical outcomes involved in COPD. Data Synthesis: Tiotropium bromide has a long duration of action and thus can be dosed just once daily. It was found to improve lung function, reduce symptoms, improve health status, and decrease exacerbations compared with both placebo and other bronchodilator medications. Conclusions: Tiotropium appears to be a valuable addition to the current therapies available for COPD.
Stochastic modeling indicates that aging and somatic evolution in the hematopoietic system are driven by non-cell-autonomous processes

Age-dependent tissue decline and increased cancer incidence are widely accepted to be rate-limited by the accumulation of somatic mutations over time. Current models of carcinogenesis are dominated by the assumption that oncogenic mutations have defined advantageous fitness effects on recipient stem and progenitor cells, promoting and rate-limiting somatic evolution. However, this assumption is markedly discrepant with evolutionary theory, whereby fitness is a dynamic property of a phenotype imposed upon and widely modulated by environment. We computationally modeled dynamic microenvironment-dependent fitness alterations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) within the Sprengel-Liebig system known to govern evolution at the population level. Our model for the first time integrates real data on age-dependent dynamics of HSC division rates, pool size, and accumulation of genetic changes and demonstrates that somatic evolution is not rate-limited by the occurrence of mutations, but instead results from aged microenvironment-driven alterations in the selective/fitness value of previously accumulated genetic changes. Our results are also consistent with evolutionary models of aging and thus oppose both somatic mutation-centric paradigms of carcinogenesis and tissue functional decline. In total, we demonstrate that aging directly promotes HSC fitness decline and somatic evolution via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms.
Conversion of glutamate into aspartate in guinea-pig cerebral-cortex slices

1. When guinea-pig cerebral-cortex slices were incubated with [U−14C]glutamate as substrate, the specific radioactivities of the citric acid-cycle intermediates were lower than that of the aspartate isolated from the same vessels. 2. Aspartate was significantly labelled when [5−14C]glutamate was used as substrate and the aspartate contained almost no label when [1−14C]glutamate was present as substrate. 3. When specifically labelled glutamate was used as substrate, the label was found in the isolated aspartate in the position that would be predicted by citric acid-cycle mechanisms. 4. The results are consistent with the theory of ‘compartmentation’ of amino acid metabolism.
Nanoparticle-embedded nanofibers in highly permselective thin-film nanocomposite membranes for forward osmosis

Abstract Here we report a scalable approach to fabricate osmotic membranes with high permselectivity based on nanocomposite of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and nanofibers by electrospinning. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images provide visualization of dispersed and clustered nanoparticles embedding within or at the surface of nanofibers. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) point analysis confirms the chemical identity of the nanocomposite structure. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses show a 75-fold increase in specific surface area when 15% of silica nanoparticles were integrated into polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous mats. Mechanical strength tests show that even at high load of silica nanoparticles, e.g. 15 wt%, the mechanical integrity of the membranes was maintained. Incorporating nanoparticles into nanofibrous mats enhanced their water uptake up to two times. In osmotic transport studies, we observed an outstanding permselectivity of our membranes compared to ones reported in literature. Our membranes show a remarkable 7-fold and 3.5-fold enhancements in osmotic water permeability and water/sodium chloride selectivity, respectively, compared to standard commercial forward osmosis membranes. These results suggest a pathway to develop scalable, high performance osmotic membranes and to further study the predominant mechanism governing transport behaviors of water and solute across nanomaterials interfaces.
Bliss is ignorance: How the magnitude of expressed happiness influences perceived naiveté and interpersonal exploitation

Abstract Across six studies, we examine how the magnitude of expressed happiness influences social perception and interpersonal behavior. We find that happiness evokes different judgments when expressed at high levels than when expressed at moderate levels, and that these judgments influence opportunistic behavior. Specifically, people perceive very happy individuals to be more naive than moderately happy individuals. These perceptions reflect the belief that very happy individuals shelter themselves from negative information about the world. As a result of these inferences, very happy people, relative to moderately happy people, are more likely to receive biased advice from advisors with a conflict of interest and are more likely to be chosen as negotiation partners when the opportunity for exploitation is salient. Our findings challenge existing assumptions in organizational behavior and psychology by identifying a significant disadvantage of expressing happiness, and underscore the importance of examining emotional expressions at different magnitudes. We call for future work to explore how the same emotion, experienced or expressed at different levels, influences judgment and behavior.
Studies of electrode design for a sub-mm resolution 3-D position sensitive CZT PET detector

Through a series of 6 studies, performance metrics of a CZT photon detector were experimentally measured as a function of electrode feature dimensions, viz. cathode strip width and pitch, and steering electrode width and bias potential. Along with 1 mm pitch anode strips, results indicate that a 5 mm cathode width and pitch, 400 µm steering electrode width, and −100 V steering electrode bias would best enhance detector performance.
Non-Invasive Estimation of Potassium (39K) in Bovine Liver Using Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography (NSECT)

Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) is being developed as a non-invasive technique to measure element concentration in in-vivo tissue at molecular levels. We have developed a system that performs this task using an incident neutron beam that scatters inelastically with an atomic nucleus causing it to emit a characteristic gamma photon. An energy-sensitive gamma detector is used to detect this energy and identify the target atom. Here we describe an experiment to determine the concentration of natural potassium (39K) in bovine liver without the need for a biopsy. A 5 MeV neutron beam was used to scan a known quantity of bovine liver to obtain a gamma spectrum showing element concentration in the liver. An aqueous KCl solution calibration sample was then scanned to establish a ratio of potassium concentration to gamma counts for the experimental setup. Counts from gamma peaks corresponding to excited states in 39K were summed and compared with counts from the known calibration sample, to give the concentration of 39K in the liver. A high purity germanium (HPGe) clover detector was used to measure the emitted gamma energy. The results were validated through neutron activation analysis (NAA) of the liver sample. The concentration of 39K reported by NSECT was found to be within 13% of the NAA result, clearly demonstrating the ability of NSECT for non-invasive quantification of element concentration in tissue.
Clausewitz and People’s War

Just as Thucydides hoped that his History would be a ‘possession for all time,’ Carl von Clausewitz aimed ‘to write a book that would not be forgotten after two or three years’ and that would ‘brin...
Long-term Functional and Quality-of-Life Outcomes After Transoral Robotic Surgery in Patients With Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Importance In recent years, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has emerged as a useful treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). In appropriately selected patients, the use of TORS may allow avoidance of adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, thereby avoiding the long-term adverse effects of these therapies. Objective To compare functional speech, swallowing, and quality-of-life outcomes longitudinally between those undergoing TORS only and those undergoing TORS and adjuvant radiotherapy (TORS+RT) or TORS and chemoradiotherapy (TORS+CRT). Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, longitudinal cohort study performed from June 1, 2013, through November 31, 2015, included 74 patients undergoing TORS for initial treatment of OPSCC at a single tertiary academic hospital. Main Outcomes and Measures Data were collected at baseline, postoperatively (7-21 days), at short-term follow-up (6-12 months), and at long-term follow-up (>12 months). The quality-of-life metrics included the 10-item Eating Assessment Tool and the University of Michigan Head and Neck Quality of Life instrument. Data were also collected on tumor staging, surgical and adjuvant therapy details, patient comorbidities, tracheostomy and feeding tube use, and functional speech and swallowing status using the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Results Seventy-four patients were enrolled in the study (mean [SD] age, 61.39 [7.99] years; 68 [92%] male). Median long-term follow-up was 21 months (range, 12-36 months). The response rates were 86% (n = 64) postoperatively, 88% (n = 65) at short-term follow-up, and 86% (n = 64) at long-term follow-up. In all 3 groups, there was a significant worsening in pain and all swallowing-related measures postoperatively. There was subsequent improvement over time, with different trajectories observed across the 3 intervention groups. Postoperative dysphagia improved significantly more quickly in the TORS-only group. At long-term follow-up, weight loss differed between the TORS-only and TORS+RT groups (mean difference, −16.1; 97.5% CI, −29.8 to −2.4) and the TORS-only and TORS+CRT groups (mean difference, −14.6; 97.5% CI, −29.2 to 0) in a clinically meaningful way. In addition, the TORS-only group had significantly better scores than the TORS+CRT group on the Performance Status Scale–Eating in Public scale (mean difference, 21.8; 97.5% CI, 4.3-39.2) and Head and Neck Quality of Life–Eating scale (mean difference, 21.2; 97.5% CI, 4.0-38.3). Conclusions and Relevance Patients who underwent TORS+CRT demonstrated poorer long-term outcomes, with continued dysphagia more than 1 year after surgery. These findings support the investigation of adjuvant de-escalation therapies to reduce the long-term adverse effects of treatment.
Full Employment and the Job Guarantee: An All-American Idea

This chapter explores the development of the principle of a universal right to employment in the United States from Roosevelt’s Economic Bill of Rights to the contemporary efforts of economists based at the University of Missouri, Kansas City. Contribution to the development of the job guarantee scheme by black economists and advocates is given special attention. The breadth of support for the job guarantee across the ideological spectrum indicates that it is an idea whose time has come.
Microfluidics-based subretinal chemical neuromodulation of photoreceptor degenerated retinas

Purpose Retinal prostheses can restore rudimentary vision in cases of photoreceptor degeneration through electrical stimulation, but face difficulties achieving high spatial resolution because electrical current is an inherently unnatural stimulus. We investigated the therapeutic feasibility of using patterned delivery of the glutamate neurotransmitter, a primary agent of natural synaptic communication of the retina, as a biomimetic chemical alternative to electrical current for neuromodulation of photoreceptor degenerate retina. Methods We injected small quantities of the neurotransmitter glutamate into the subretina of 20 explanted photoreceptor degenerated S334ter-3 rat retinas using glass micropipettes and a prototype multiport microfluidic device to accomplish single- and multisite stimulation in vitro. The effects of chemical stimulation were characterized by recording neural responses from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) using a multielectrode array. Results Subretinally injected exogenous glutamate activates RGCs, despite the substantial anatomic and physiologic changes caused by retinal remodeling, eliciting robust neural responses. The presence of excitatory and inhibitory RGC responses provides evidence that exogenous glutamate differentially activated neurons presynaptic to RGCs, likely inner retinal neurons belonging to the OFF and ON pathways. We also demonstrate that glutamate injections can evoke focal RGC responses with spatial resolutions comparable to or better than current generation electrical prostheses and, when applied at multiple sites simultaneously with the multiport microfluidic device, can produce spatially patterned neural responses. Conclusions These significant results establish that chemical stimulation of degenerated retinas with neurotransmitters is an effective neuromodulation strategy with the potential of restoring high-resolution visual perception in patients rendered blind through photoreceptor degeneration.
Chronic pain during pregnancy: a review of the literature

Background and purpose The majority of the reviews and studies on chronic pain in pregnancy have primarily focused on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options. The purpose of our review was to identify evidence-based clinical research for the evaluation and management of preexisting chronic pain in pregnancy, chronic pain associated with pregnancy, and chronic pain in relation to mode of delivery. Methods A literature search was undertaken using the search engines PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Search terms used included "chronic pain" AND "pregnant OR pregnancy" OR "pregnancy complications" from inception through August 2016. Results The basis of this review was the 144 articles that met inclusion criteria for this review. Based on our review of the current literature, we recommend 7 guidelines for chronic pain management during and after pregnancy: 1) complete history and physical examination; 2) monitor patients for alcohol, nicotine, and substance use; 3) collaborate with patient to set treatment goals; 4) develop a management plan; 5) for opioids, use lowest effective dose; 6) formulate a pain management plan for labor and delivery; and 7) discuss reproductive health with women with chronic pain. Conclusion The management of chronic pain associated with pregnancy is understudied. Obstetrical providers primarily manage chronic pain during pregnancy. Some general guidelines are provided for those health care providers until more information is available.
Mining Positive and Negative Attribute-Based Access Control Policy Rules

Mining access control policies can reduce the burden of adopting more modern access control models by automating the process of generating policies based on existing authorization information in a system. Previous work in this area has focused on mining positive authorizations only. That includes the literature on mining role-based access control policies (which are naturally about positive authorization) and even more recent work on mining attribute-based access control (ABAC) policies. However, various theoretical access control models (including ABAC), specification standards (such as XACML), and implementations (such as operating systems and databases) support negative authorization as well as positive authorization. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to mine ABAC policies that may contain both positive and negative authorization rules. We evaluate our approach using two different policies in terms of correctness, quality of rules (conciseness), and time. We show that while achieving the new goal of supporting negative authorizations, our proposed algorithm outperforms existing approach to ABAC mining in terms of time.
Hypermobility and Deconditioning: Important Links to Fibromyalgia/Fibrositis

In this study 210 patients who were identified as having fibromyalgia/fibrositis were evaluated for hypermobility of joints. The patients were then instructed to perform an exercise program, and thereafter their compliance with the program and its effect on their symptoms were evaluated. The data were then analyzed using the Student's t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Patients who exercised during the study had improvement. Because the hypermobile patients as a group exercised more than the nonhypermobile group, they showed greater improvement than the nonhypermobile group (58% versus 30%). Patients with fibromyalgia/fibrositis who have articular hypermobility are more likely to exercise, which will improve their symptoms. The ability to show the objective findings of hypermobility to a person with fibromyalgia/fibrositis, a diagnosis based on subjective symptoms and signs, facilitates management of the patient. These tangible signs help the patient accept and adjust to the diagnosis of fibromyalgia/fibrositis.
Self-efficacy, infant feeding practices, and infant weight gain: An integrative review

It has been suggested that self-efficacy specific to parenting or feeding may influence the decisions parents make regarding infant feeding; however, a review of this topic has not been conducted. The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize the literature regarding the potential role of self-efficacy in infant feeding practices or infant weight gain. A total of 40 articles were used to guide this review, which were classified into three categories examining an association with self-efficacy (1) breastfeeding; (2) infant feeding practices such as parental feeding style and dietary quality; and (3) infant weight gain. Evidence regarding breastfeeding self-efficacy (BFSE) and breastfeeding is extensive; mothers with a higher sense of BFSE more often initiate breastfeeding and breastfeed for longer durations. The evidence regarding self-efficacy and the association with infant feeding practices other than breastfeeding is sparse. However, several studies report that mothers who have a higher sense of self-efficacy are more likely to follow infant feeding practices which align with recommendations. The authors have speculated an association between self-efficacy and infant weight gain; yet, to date, no study has found a significant association. More research is needed on the topic, particularly in diverse populations and with fathers and mothers.
Central line-associated complications during treatment with DA-R-EPOCH therapy for NHL.

7543Background: Certain non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) such as primary mediastinal B-cell, Burkitt’s, and high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements are often treated with infusional ...
Impact of induced anxiety on neural responses to monetary incentives

Previous research demonstrates that aversive stimuli can interrupt appetitive processing and that brain regions involved with the processing of potential rewards, such as the ventral striatum (VS), also respond to threatening information. Potential losses can likewise activate the VS and, thus, the full extent to which threat can impact neural responses during incentive processing remains unclear. Here, unpredictable threat of shock was used to induce anxiety while participants performed the monetary incentive delay (MID) task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During anticipation, anxiety impacted neural responses within the bilateral VS and distributed regions of the occipital cortex. Anxiety enhanced activity within the VS to both gain and loss trials. Furthermore, anxiety enhanced activity to both gain and loss trials within dorsal areas of BA19. However, anxiety only enhanced activity during gain, but not loss trials, within ventral areas of BA19. These results suggest that during anticipation, induced anxiety enhanced VS activity to incentives generally, which might reflect changes in the subjective salience of gains and losses. Collectively, these results suggest that the impact of induced anxiety on responses to monetary incentives depend on the neural region, type of incentive, and stage of processing.
Camera and Inverse Camera System for Free-Space Optical Communications

We introduce an imaging-based transceiver for FSOC that enables precision beam steering over a wide field-of-regard using low-cost components with no moving parts. Passive beam steering provides dynamic beam-shaping and multiplexable communication.
Diet and Behavior Modifications by Long-term Rectal Cancer Survivors to Manage Bowel Dysfunction-Associated Symptoms.

Background: Rectal cancer (RC) survivors experience significant bowel function issues after treatment. We aimed to describe self-reported dietary and behavioral modifications among long-term (≥5 yr...
Racial disparities in late-stage prostate cancer: A SEER database analysis 2005–2015.

115Background: Incidence of metastatic prostate cancer in U.S. males has increased over the past ten years, but it is unknown how this trend varies over time within different racial and ethnic popu...
MetaPrism: A Toolkit for Joint Taxa/Gene Analysis of Metagenomic Sequencing Data

Background: In microbiome research, metagenomic sequencing generates enormous amounts of data. These data are typically classified into taxa for taxonomy analysis, or into genes for functional analysis. However, a joint analysis where the reads are classified into taxa-specific genes is often overlooked. Result: To enable the analysis of this biologically meaningful feature, we developed a novel bioinformatic toolkit, MetaPrism, which can analyze sequence reads for a set of joint taxa/gene analyses: 1) classify sequence reads and estimate the abundances for taxa-specific genes; 2) tabularize and visualize taxa-specific gene abundances; 3) compare the abundances between groups, and 4) build prediction models for clinical outcome. We illustrated these functions using a published microbiome metagenomics dataset from patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and showed the joint features can serve as potential biomarkers to predict therapeutic responses. Conclusions: MetaPrism is a toolkit for joint taxa and gene analysis. It offers biological insights on the taxa-specific genes on top of the taxa-alone or gene-alone analysis. MetaPrism is open source software and freely available at https://github.com/jiwoongbio/MetaPrism. The example script to reproduce the manuscript is also provided in the above code repository.