cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The route of the visual receptor, rhodopsin, along the cilium

The photoreceptor outer segment is the most elaborate primary cilium, containing large amounts of rhodopsin (RHO) in disk membranes that grow from a connecting cilium. The movement of RHO along the connecting cilium precedes formation of the disk membranes. However, the route that RHO takes has not been clearly determined; some reports suggest that it follows an intracellular, vesicular route along the axoneme, possibly as an adaptation for the high load of delivery or the morphogenesis of the disk endomembranes. We addressed this question by studying RHO in cilia of IMCD3 cells and mouse rod photoreceptors. In IMCD3 cilia, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments with fluorescently tagged RHO supported the idea of RHO motility in the ciliary plasma membrane and was inconsistent with the hypothesis of RHO motility within the lumen of the cilium. In rod photoreceptors, FRAP of RHO-EGFP was altered by externally applied lectin, supporting the idea of plasmalemmal RHO dynamics. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy corroborated our live-cell conclusions, as RHO was found to be distributed along the plasma membrane of the connecting cilium, with negligible labeling within the axoneme. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate RHO trafficking entirely via the ciliary plasma membrane.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Multicarrier DS-CDMA System Under Fast Rician Fading and Partial-Time Partial-Band Jamming

The impact of joint partial-time, partial-band jamming on a multicarrier (MC) asynchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system in a fast fading environment is studied in conjunction with two different subcarrier combining and decoding schemes. An easy-to-evaluate upper bound using the Chernoff bound is provided and compared to simulation results. Simulation results suggest that for soft-decision decoding systems, under Rayleigh fading, full-time, full-band jamming is most effective. In contrast to the Rayleigh case, when a sufficiently strong line-of-sight component exists in the channel, the jammer’s optimal strategy of attacking in time or frequency depends on the strength and the type of error correction that the system is deploying for that dimension. For hard-decision decoding systems, in Rayleigh fading, partial-band jamming is recommended. For the coding strategies examined, in Rician fading, the jammer should switch from full-time, partial-band jamming to a strategy that jams a higher percentage of the more heavily protected dimension as the jamming power increases. Furthermore, for AWGN channels, the results from the system show that the jammer should always jam a higher percentage of the more heavily protected dimension.
An Acoustic Study of Sandhi Vowel Hiatus in Luganda.

In Luganda (Bantu, Uganda), a sequence of vowels in successive syllables (V.V) is not allowed. If the first vowel is high, the two vowels are joined together in a diphthong (e.g., i + a → ia). If the first vowel is non-high, it is deleted with compensatory lengthening of the second vowel in the sequence (e.g., e + a → aː). This paper presents an acoustic investigation of inter-word V#V sequences in Luganda. It was found that the vowel interval in V#V sequences is longer than that in V#C sequences. When the first vowel in V#V is non-high, the formant frequency of the outcome is determined by the second vowel in the sequence. When the first vowel is high, on the other hand, the sequence is realized as a diphthong, with the transition between the two formant patterns taking up most of the duration. The durational patterns within these diphthongs provide evidence against the transcription-based claim that these sequences are reorganized so that the length lies in the second vowel (/i#V/ → [jVː]). The findings bring into question a canonical case of compensatory lengthening conditioned by glide formation.
A GIC Estimator for Electric Grid Monitoring During Geomagnetic Disturbances

Electric power system state estimation is a vital part of real-time monitoring and management for power grid operations and control. With increased interest in the effects of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and effective mitigation strategies therein, similar tools that provide situational awareness during GMD events are increasingly necessary. Therefore, a GIC estimator is developed by relating the known system parameters and measurements to the current “GIC state,” from which the GIC currents in transformers can be quickly calculated. Due to the linearity of GIC relationships, the estimator solves quickly and efficiently. The proposed methods are tested on a small example and a synthetic Texas 2000 bus scenario. These studies show the effectiveness of a GIC estimator to provide situational awareness for real-time operations, as well as sensitivity to measurement uncertainty and availability.
A Review of Current Vaccine Recommendations, Schedules for Children, Adults

The article offers information on knowledge base regarding available vaccines Topics include vaccination of children with conjugate vaccines against the pneumococcus has reduced disease in older individuals, prevention of shingles with the recombinant varicella zoster vaccine is safer, and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines updated the recommendation to broaden use of the Japanese encephalitis vaccine for many travelers to Asia
E-seed: Shape-Changing Interfaces that Self Drill

As sensors and interactive devices become ubiquitous and transition outdoors and into the wild, we are met with the challenge of mass deployment and actuation. We present E-seed, a biomimetic platform that consumes little power to deploy, harvests energy from nature to install, and functions autonomously in the field. Each seed can individually self-drill into a substrate by harvesting moisture fluctuations in its ambient environment. As such, E-seed acts as a shape-changing interface to autonomously embed functional devices and interfaces into the soil, with the potential of aerial deployment in hard-to-reach locations. Our system is constructed primarily from wood veneer, making it lightweight, inexpensive, and biodegradable. In this paper, we detail our fabrication process and showcase demos that leverage the E-seed platform as a self-drilling interface. We envision that possible applications include soil sensors, sampling, and environmental monitoring for agriculture and reforestation.
When Peace Is Not the Goal of a Class Action Settlement

On the conventional account, a class action settlement is a vehicle through which the defendant buys peace from the class action lawyer. That single transaction will preclude future litigation by all class members. But peace, at least through preclusion, may not always be the goal. In a recent Fair Credit Reporting Action (FCRA) case, In re Trans Union Privacy Litigation, the parties agreed to a class action settlement that did not preclude individual claims. The 190 million class members surrendered only their rights to participate in a future class or aggregate action; they remained free to march right back into court and sue, as long as they did so individually. Why would the defendant shell out tens of millions of dollars in a settlement without getting peace in return? This Article argues that the negotiating parties recognized that the valuable commodity in this transaction was not peace, but aggregation itself. And they figured out a way to “unbundle” aggregation from preclusion of the underlying claims and transact only in the former. In effect, they crafted an ex post version of the class action waivers that have become ubiquitous in consumer arbitration clauses since the Supreme Court’s controversial decisions in AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors. Defendants like this sort of settlement structure for the same reason they like arbitration clauses with class action waivers: Purchasing the class’s aggregation rights allows the defendant to buy off the risk of firm-threatening liability without paying for total peace. Even though individual claimants remain free to go it alone in litigation if they so choose — and the FCRA’s statutory damages and attorneys’ fees provisions make this a realistic option—the defendant is betting that most claimants won’t bother. This Article addresses why class counsel would be willing to go along with such a settlement structure and the conditions under which a reviewing court would be willing to approve it under Rule 23. It then uses the ex post class action waiver as a lens to critique the more familiar ex ante version in consumer arbitration clauses. Even though claimants have an empowered agent — class counsel — bargaining on their collective behalf, courts would be unlikely to accept a class action settlement that bars aggregation, but does not resolve the underlying claims, if those claims are so small that individual litigation would be unrealistic. Yet that is exactly what the Supreme Court allowed in the ex ante context in Italian Colors when it enforced a class action waiver found in the defendant’s contract of adhesion to bar class claims that were not viable in individual litigation.
Stimulus and the Permanent Income Hypothesis

Government stimulus programs that transfer resources to citizens are meant to spur consumption. I examine the effects of stimulus through the lens of the permanent income (PI) hypothesis. The PI model predicts that a temporary increase in income due to stimulus leads to a small increase in current consumption because recipients save most of the stimulus payment to spread it over consumption for many future periods. This prediction performs well during the end-of-sample pandemic recession of 2020 and the financial crisis recession of 2008-2009, which are the two major recessions of 1959-2020 that lead to substantial temporary stimulus.
Family perceptions of mouth care for assisted living residents with dementia: Implications for care.

Abstract Mouth care is an important component of care for persons with dementia in assisted living (AL). However, there is little information about family member knowledge, beliefs, and experiences with resident oral health. Family perceptions and involvement in care may impact oral and systemic health for AL residents. Therefore, semi-structured interviews to assess these domains were conducted with 23 adult family members of AL residents with dementia, from 9 AL communities. Thematic analysis found that families identified (1) the centrality of oral health to well-being; (2) organizational influences on mouth care; (3) mouth care in the context of dementia; and (4) collaboration to facilitate mouth care. Family perspectives can provide useful guidance for collaborative interventions that support oral health and mouth care in AL.
Evaluation of Management Tactics for Bean Leaf Beetles and Bean Pod Mottle Virus in Soybean

Introduction An increase in bean leaf beetles has caused an increase in bean pod mottle virusa yield robbing plant pathogen in Iowa soybeans. The incidence of bean pod mottle virus is often positively correlated with bean leaf beetle populations. For example, the greatest increase in bean pod mottle virus infection occurs after the first generation of bean leaf beetles reaches peak population density (late July). However, soybeans are most affected when soybeans are infected as seedlings.
Using Traffic Micro-Simulation to Test Route Diversion as a Real-Time Crash Prevention Strategy on Freeways

The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of route diversion for reducing the real-time crash risk along a typical urban freeway. The PARAMICS micro-simulation software package was used to simulate the Interstate-4 corridor in Florida. The crash risk along the freeway was determined using models created by the authors that yielded values of both the rear-end and lane-change crash risks using real-time loop detector data. Route diversion was applied at different network loading levels to determine the effects of diverting vehicles at different levels of congestion. The study shows that route diversion is an effective crash prevention strategy when the freeway is operating in uncongested conditions. In this situation, the crash risk decreases between the locations where vehicles are diverted from and where the diverted vehicles re-enter the freeway. In general, diverting more vehicles and diverting vehicles further downstream serves to improve the overall safety benefits experienced. The only downside to diverting more vehicles or diverting them further downstream is the increased overall travel time; however, the travel time increase encountered in this study was within acceptable limits of about 5% during the uncongested conditions.
Bioseparations Science and Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOSEPARATIONS 2. ANALYTICAL METHODS 3. CELL LYSIS AND FLOCCULATION 4. FILTRATION 5. SEDIMENTATION 6. EXTRACTION 7. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ADSORPTION 8. PRECIPITATION 9. CRYSTALLIZATION 10. DRYING 11. BIOPROCESS DESIGN 12. LABORATORY EXERCISES IN BIOSEPARATIONS APPENDIX A. TABLE OF UNITS AND CONSTANTS INDEX
The Relationship of Dietary Selenium to Carcinogenesis

Selenium has come full circle in two respects—from toxicity to an essential element and from a carcinogenic agent to an anticarcinogenic element. Until 1957 the only significance of selenium was thought to be its toxicity. Since that time research has been conducted to confirm that it is an essential element, and several seleno-enzymes and selenoproteins are now known (1). In 1943 a paper was published indicating that selenium was a carcinogenic element (2). This created a very damaging image for selenium in that it was thought to be a very toxic element which caused cancer. Even with all the information to indicate otherwise, this image still lingers. For example, in 1975 a IARC review on selenium and selenium-containing compounds concluded that “the available data provide no suggestion that selenium is carcinogenic to man” (3). Nevertheless, even today a number of selenium compounds are marketed with a warning label that indicates the substance may be a carcinogen. There are numerous reviews on the relationship of selenium to cancer and a few of them are listed here (1, 4–6).
Syncope, Work Up and Management

Syncope, like headaches and chest pain, has the frustrating property of being an extremely common symptom for which the significance runs the gamut from benign nuisance to ominous harbinger. When evaluating syncope the care provider therefore should not dismiss it lightly, and at the same time avoid excessive utilization of health care resources in the work up of these patients.
Design and demonstration of live audio and video over multihop wireless ad hoc networks

An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes using wireless network interfaces to communicate among themselves, discovering and routing along possibly multihop routes to each other without the assistance of fixed infrastructure. In this paper we describe the design and demonstration of a set of simple routing protocol mechanisms that substantially improve the transmission of real-time multimedia streams over a multihop wireless mobile ad hoc network. The public demonstration of these mechanisms at the final DARPA GloMo PI meeting showed smooth audio and clear video over the ad hoc network throughout the demonstration, despite frequent routing changes taking place as a car implementing one endpoint node moved continuously. We implemented our routing extensions in the dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) running over standard 2 Mbit/s Lucent WaveLAN-II radios; the two endpoint nodes ran standard Microsoft Windows NetMeeting, communicating entirely through normal IP packets over our 8-node DSR ad hoc network.
Digest of celestial X-ray missions and experiments

Information on instruments, the platforms that carried them, and the data they gathered is presented. Instrument selection was confined to detectors operating in the 0.20 to 300 keV range. Included are brief descriptions of the spacecraft, experiment packages and missions. Cross-referenced indexes are provided for types of instruments, energy ranges, time spans covered, positional catalogs and observational catalogs. Data sets from these experiments (NSSDC) are described.
Virtual fashion : tracking and analyzing cultural dispersion on the World Wide Web

INTRODUCTION Fashion communicates social signals from people. People clothe themselves in garments whose cut and design encodes information about their social identity. More broadly, a fashion may be a real or virtual object that spreads throughout a population and whose social meaning changes over time. The object may be meaningful by itself or not, and the meaning can be context dependent. For example, although made of the same material, the black gauze of the funeral veil means something very different from that sewn into the bodice of a nightgown. Finally, the social context in which fashion diffusion occurs may determine its direction, tempo, and dynamics. Casual clothing can be easily seen in classrooms at MIT, but not in the military. Fashion need not be clothing: an example is the popular Dilbert cartoons that get copied and dispersed through an office.
A foundation for adaptive fault tolerance in software

Software requirements often change during the operational lifetime of deployed systems. To accommodate requirements not conceived during design time, the system must be able to adapt its functionality and behavior. The paper examines a formal model for reconfigurable software processes that permits adaptive fault tolerance by adding or removing specific fault tolerance techniques during runtime. A distributed software-implemented fault tolerance (SIFT) environment for managing user applications has been implemented using ARMOR processes that conform to the formal model of reconfigurability. Because ARMOR processes are reconfigurable, they can tailor the fault tolerance services that they provide to themselves and to the user applications. We describe two fault tolerance techniques: microcheckpointing and assertion checking, that have been incorporated into ARMOR process via reconfigurations to the original ARMOR design. Experimental evaluations of the SIFT environment on a testbed cluster at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrate the effectiveness of these two fault tolerance techniques in limiting data error propagation among the ARMOR processes. These experiments validate the concept of using an underlying reconfigurable process architecture as the basis for implementing replaceable error detection and recovery services.
Challenging Coase: Socioeconomic Explanations in the First Year Contracts Course

Rational choice theory pervades modern legal texts, including those for first year contracts students. A number of influential judges espouse tenets of law and economics. Yet, from an empirical perspective, many of these ideas are, simply, wrong - or at least, woefully incomplete. The idea of human beings as rational, self-interested value maximizers is dangerously skewed. Instead, empirical findings from evolutionary game theory and cognitive psychology explain human behavior as motivated by a strong instinct for fairness and cooperation. My article makes the case that providing a richer, more empirically sound notion of human behavior gives students a better understanding of the function of law in general, and of the structure of contracts law in particular.
When does mood matter? an examination of two types of hospitality service encounters.

Abstract Despite the growing interest in mood in consumer research literature, little empirical research has been conducted on the effects of post-consumption mood states on customer evaluations of hospitality services. This study was designed to close this gap by contrasting the impacts of post-encounter mood on evaluations of two opposing types of service encounters: (a) brief, routine type encounters (e.g., hotel check-outs) and (b) extended encounters with multiple contacts with the same employee (e.g., fine-dining). The results of this field study suggest that the mood bias might be limited to customer evaluations following brief customer-employee interactions. In a hotel check-out setting, post-consumption mood was a significant predictor of satisfaction, service quality, and repurchase intention. Conversely, post-consumption mood failed to influence customers overall evaluations in a fine-dining context.
Observational Constraints on the Carriers of the Diffuse Bands

This paper presents a summary of observational factors which must be considered and satisfied by any successful hypothesis for the origin of the diffuse interstellar bands. Included are a brief summary of some of the proposed carriers, a lengthy itemization of observational “facts” or trends regarding the behavior of the features, and a proposed checklist that could be used as a screen for proposed carriers. We conclude with a list of cautions for observers and others who may wish to propose new mechanisms for diffuse band formation.
A survey of hydrous species and concentrations in igneous feldspars

The hydrous components in 85 feldspars from various igneous environments spanning the range of naturally occurring compositions were examined with infrared spectroscopy. The feldspars contain structural OH (0–512 ppm H_2O), H_2O (0–1350 ppm H_2O), and NH_4^+ (0–1500 ppm NH_4^+) groups as well as fluid inclusions and alteration products. Although composition and structure do influence the type of hydrous species that can be incorporated into a particular feldspar mineral, the concentration of these species is not controlled by major-element composition. Coarse perthitic microclines have a heterogeneous distribution of hydrous species, and contain H_2O or NH_4^+ in K-rich lamellae and fluid inclusions in Na-rich areas. The structural OH in plagioclase feldspars is not associated with twin boundaries or exsolution lamellae. All of the possible structural hydrous species are found in pegmatite feldspars, whereas volcanic feldspars contain only structural OH. The variation in OH concentration within a given feldspar composition suggests that fluids in the geologic environment play a role in determining the hydrogen concentration of each sample. The vast majority of plutonic feldspars have undergone partial or total equilibration with meteoric fluids during low-temperature (400–150 °C) hydrothermal exchange, obliterating any structural hydrogen and creating substantial concentrations of fluid inclusions (up to 4000 ppm H_2O) in the exchanged regions. The amount of water stored as fluid inclusions within feldspars in the upper crust (1 × 10^(19) kg) is small compared to the 1.35 × 10^(21) kg of water in the oceans, but is roughly equivalent to the reservoir of water stored in hydrous minerals in the upper crust.
Adjustment to Congregate Living Environments: Older Adults and Privacy Regulation

The privacy needs of older adults were investigated in relation to older adults' adjustment to congregate living environments, as were the ways in which older adults regulate their privacy via environmental and behavioral mechanisms. Structured interviews were conducted with 71 adults residing in assisted living and independent living settings. Results revealed that older adults in these two settings differed in their use of environmental and behavioral mechanisms when regulating their privacy in these living spaces. Independent living residents achieved more privacy than assisted living residents. Older adults who felt crowded reported lower personal and overall adjustment than older adults whose achieved privacy level was greater than desired, or than those whose privacy level was optimized. It is suggested that in addition to facility policy and staff protocols, space planning and the manipulation of design elements may decrease perceived crowding and increase adjustment to the living environments.
Past perfect : Historical antecedents of modern construction practices

This paper describes initial research on a project designed to understand the experiences of past generations of constructors and make that knowledge accessible to future generations of engineering students and construction practitioners. Much in the same way as medical students can trace their lineage back to Hippocrates, this project aims to provide architecture, engineering, and construction students, and professionals alike, a sense of their professional history. The project was developed around five time epochs, four geographic regions, and three different project types. We investigated issues such as the flow of money, training of workers, sharing of design knowledge, and nature of contracts and agreements. The central question posed by this work is how should knowledge of the history and evolution of construction practices be incorporated in the dialog that educators have with students and with the larger professional community? This research has led to multifaceted results. On the one hand, the message to students should be pride in their professional heritage because throughout time constructors and designers have used knowledge, perseverance, and innovation to accomplish remarkable projects. On the other hand, we have shown that much of what is considered new in the industry (alternative project delivery methods, worker safety programs, public private partnerships, and globalization) have historical antecedents and are not new at all.
Summit cum laude

Milan de Vries is a molecular-biology graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Marginal values in mixed integer linear programming

For a given optimization problem, P, considered as a function of the data, its marginal values are defined as the directional partial derivatives of the value of P with respect to perturbations in that data. For linear programs, formulas for the marginal values were given by Mills, [10], and further developed by the current author [16]. In this paper, the marginal value formulas are extended to the case of mixed integer linear programming (MIP). As in ordinary linear programming, discontinuities in the value can occur, and the analysis here identifies them. This latter aspect extends previous work on continuity by the current author, [18], Geoffrion and Nauss, [5], Nauss, [11], and Radke, [12], and work on the value function of Blair and Jeroslow, [2]. Application is made to model formulation and to post-optimal analysis.
Bacteriophage survival patterns in a tertiary sewage treatment — Aquaculture model system

Abstract Virus survival was investigated under simulated conditions of a tertiary sewage treatment—aquaculture system using a bacteriophage (MS-2) indicator. Survival time was found to be extended in a pure culture of growing algae ( Cylindrothecia closterium ) in spite of environmental conditions usually considered to be antiviral in nature (e.g., sea water, high pH). Survival was further enhanced by increasing the concentration of sewage effluent in the sewage—sea-water mixtures.
On smooth interpolation by continuously connected piecewise polynomials

In this paper, a method is presented for interpolating to a given set of equally-spaced points a set of piecewise polynomials of degreen which agree in all derivatives throughn−1 at each of the points. Efficient computing algorithms and theorems, based on recursive difference equations and modern matrix techniques, are developed.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt Ferrite at Low Temperatures

COBALT ferrite (CoO.Fe2O3) and magnetite (FeO.Fe2O3) both crystallize at room temperature with the inversed-spinel-type of structure1. A magnetic transition consisting of an abrupt decrease of saturation magnetization takes place in magnetite2 at 116° K., and is accompanied by a slight deformation of the structure cell from cubic symmetry above the transition to approximately rhombohedral symmetry below3. As cobalt ferrite4 undergoes a similar magnetic transition at 90° K., we might expect that, like magnetite, it is no longer cubic below its magnetic transition temperature. We have shown by means of X-ray powder photography that this is indeed true, but the departure from cubic symmetry is even smaller than in the case of magnetite. Our results indicate that the structure cell of cobalt ferrite at low temperatures is approximately tetragonal.
Compositional load test generation for software pipelines

Load tests validate whether a system’s performance is acceptable under extreme conditions. Traditional load testing approaches are black-box, inducing load by increasing the size or rate of the input. Symbolic execution based load testing techniques complement traditional approaches by enabling the selection of precise input values. However, as the programs under analysis or their required inputs increase in size, the analyses required by these techniques either fail to scale up or sacrifice test effectiveness. We propose a new approach that addresses this limitation by performing load test generation compositionally. It uses existing symbolic execution based techniques to analyze the performance of each system component in isolation, summarizes the results of those analyses, and then performs an analysis across those summaries to generate load tests for the whole system. In its current form, the approach can be applied to any system that is structured in the form of a software pipeline. A study of the approach revealed that it can generate effective load tests for Unix and XML pipelines while outperforming state-of-the-art techniques.
Instillation of vancomycin into a cerebrospinal fluid reservoir to clear infection : pharmacokinetic considerations

Vancomycin instilled in an Ommaya reservoir was used to treat a reservoir-associated infection. Vancomycin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured, and derivation of pharmacokinetic parameters allowed tailoring of dosing. First-order kinetics were observed. The calculated half-life of 3.52 h was less than reported by others, and the apparent volume of distribution (60 ml) was less than anticipated. The elimination constant was 0.197 h-1. Empiric dosing based on schedules suggested in the literature would have led to high peak and low mean concentrations of intrareservoir vancomycin. Patients with reservoir-associated infections have a variety of pathophysiologic conditions that can result in alteration of normal CSF dynamics. Pharmacokinetic analysis is useful to individualize dosing and to optimize therapy with intrareservoir vancomycin.
Sesquiterpene Synthases Cop4 and Cop6 from Coprinus cinereus: Catalytic Promiscuity and Cyclization of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Geometric Isomers

Sesquiterpene synthases catalyze with different catalytic fidelity the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into hundreds of known compounds with diverse structures and stereochemistries. Two sesquiterpene synthases, Cop4 and Cop6, were previously isolated from Coprinus cinereus as part of a fungal genome survey. This study investigates the reaction mechanism and catalytic fidelity of the two enzymes. Cyclization of all-trans-FPP ((E,E)-FPP) was compared to the cyclization of the cis-trans isomer of FPP ((Z,E)-FPP) as a surrogate for the secondary cisoid neryl cation intermediate generated by sesquiterpene synthases, which are capable of isomerizing the C2--C3 pi bond of all-trans-FPP. Cop6 is a "high-fidelity" alpha-cuprenene synthase that retains its fidelity under various conditions tested. Cop4 is a catalytically promiscuous enzyme that cyclizes (E,E)-FPP into multiple products, including (-)-germacrene D and cubebol. Changing the pH of the reaction drastically alters the fidelity of Cop4 and makes it a highly selective enzyme. Cyclization of (Z,E)-FPP by Cop4 and Cop6 yields products that are very different from those obtained with (E,E)-FPP. Conversion of (E,E)-FPP proceeds via a (6R)-beta-bisabolyl carbocation in the case of Cop6 and an (E,E)-germacradienyl carbocation in the case of Cop4. However, (Z,E)-FPP is cyclized via a (6S)-beta-bisabolene carbocation by both enzymes. Structural modeling suggests that differences in the active site and the loop that covers the active site of the two enzymes might explain their different catalytic fidelities.
Repeated sustained-release lithium carbonate administration to cats.

Ten cats were studied at 0.6–1.1 mequiv/kg/day of lithium carbonate, using single daily po doses of a sustained-release preparation (Priadel, Delandale Laboratories, Kent, England) for up to 18 consecutive days. They tolerated 0.6 mequiv/kg/day well with little or no weight loss or other signs of toxicity, efficient renal lithium clearance, and stable 24-hr serum lithium concentrations. Although some cats tolerated higher doses (0.8–0.9 mequiv/kg/day) well for 4–5 days, doses greater than approximately 0.85 mequiv/kg/day generally produced pronounced weight loss with reduction of food and water consumption, often grossly impaired renal lithium clearance, and gave high (> 1 mequiv/liter) 24-hr serum lithium concentrations.
The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of antidepressant response.

There is some evidence to suggest that dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results obtained prior to treatment for depression might aid in selecting the proper type of antidepressant medication. Forty endogenously depressed outpatients were evaluated with the DST and 12 (30%) were identified as nonsuppressors. All patients were then treated with desipramine (150–350 mg/day). Plasma concentrations of desipramine were monitored to assure that therapeutic levels were achieved. At 5 weeks of treatment, patients were characterized as treatment responders or nonresponders on the basis of change in Hamilton Depression Scale scores.
Strength and safety in numbers : A theoretical perspective on group influences on approach and avoidance motivation

This paper presents a theoretical framework that advances current understanding of motivational and affective causes and consequences of small group processes and behaviors. Theories on the approach and avoidance systems of motivation state that these systems are active in the presence of potential positive or negative outcomes, respectively. In many instances, groups are associated with rewards and are perceived to facilitate positive outcomes (“strength in numbers”), and are a source of security and thought to reduce the occurrence of negative outcomes (“safety in numbers”). Accordingly, group membership and interaction should impact activation of group members’ approach and avoidance motivation systems. Thus, systematic group influences on mood, information processing, perceptions, attention, and behavior should be expected. The integration of approach and avoidance theories with small group research can potentially broaden our knowledge of the group experience, and lead to a theoretical framework for investigations of goal-directed behaviors in group settings.
Contrasting Observation and Transect-Based Models of Cattle Distribution on Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico

Abstract Perceptions of cattle distribution and resource conflicts are often based upon qualitative observations of cattle by managers or the general public. Such information on cattle presence and inferred habitat preferences may not reflect true habitat correlates of cattle because observations do not include any sampling design. We documented cattle presence and used presence data to model distribution of cattle with respect to landscape features on the Lincoln National Forest (LNF) of south-central New Mexico, an area of conflict with regard to cattle herbivory. We recorded cattle presence both from visual observations of cattle while conducting other research activities and from randomized pellet-group transects during the spring–autumn period when cattle grazed the high-elevation habitats. Distribution of cattle differed for several habitat variables between datasets, although distribution models from both datasets indicated that elevation, slope, distance to water and roads, and vegetation cover ty...
Comparative performance evaluation of current design evaporative cooling tower drift eliminators

Abstract An analysis of the performance of standard industrial evaporative cooling tower drift eliminators using both numerical simulation methods and experimental techniques is reported. The simulation methods make use of the computer code SOLA as a subroutine of the computer code DRIFT to calculate the two-dimensional laminar flow velocity field and pressure loss in a drift eliminator geometry. This information is then used in the main program to obtain the eliminator collection efficiency by performing trajectory calculations for droplets of a given size by a fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method. The experimental technique makes use of laser light scattering techniques for measurement of the droplet size spectra both at the inlet and outlet of the eliminator. From these measured spectra, the collection efficiency as a function of droplet size can be deduced. The results are found to be in good agreement with calculated collection efficiencies using no-slip boundary conditions. The pressure loss data for the eliminators are measured by an electronic manometer. The agreements between the measured and calculated pressure loss are good. The results show that both particle collection efficiency and pressure loss increase as the eliminator geometry becomes more complex, and as the flow rate through the eliminator increases. In ascending order of collection efficiency the eliminators tested are ranked as follows: sinus-shaped eliminator, three-segment eliminator and zig-zag eliminator.
Postoperative management of noniatrogenic traumatic bile duct injuries: role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography.

Endoscopic therapy for iatrogenic bile duct injuries is well established. Abdominal trauma–related biliary injuries, however, are complex in nature. The role of endoscopic therapy for these patients needs further evaluation. A retrospective study investigated nine patients who had surgery for abdominal trauma (4 gunshot, 4 crush, and 1 stab injury), presented postoperatively with noniatrogenic biliary injuries, and underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP). The ERCP was successful for all the patients. Eight patients had significant bile leak at intra- or extra-hepatic sites, and one patient was discovered to have complete cutoff of the common hepatic duct. All bile leaks were treated successfully using biliary sphincterotomy with or without transpapillary stenting. No complications of ERCP were observed. In this case series, ERCP was found to be useful as a diagnostic and therapeutic method for managing noniatrogenic traumatic biliary injuries in patients who had undergone previous surgery for abdominal trauma. The ERCP results were similar to those for iatrogenic bile duct injuries.
Robert N. Anthony: A Pioneering Thinker in Management Accounting

B y any measure, Robert Newton Anthony (1916–2006) was a giant among 20th century academic accountants. After obtaining a Bachelor’s degree from Colby College, he matriculated to the Harvard Business School (HBS), where he earned his M.B.A. and D.B.A. degrees. Bob spent his entire academic career at HBS, retiring in 1983. He is best known as a prolific writer of articles, textbooks, and research reports. He was inducted as a member of the Accounting Hall of Fame (1986), was a recipient of the American Accounting Association’s (AAA) Outstanding Accounting Educator Award (1989), and then was the second recipient of the AAA Management Accounting Section’s Lifetime Contribution to Management Accounting Award (2003), as well as serving as President of the American Accounting Association (1973–1974). In addition, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Management (1970). These honors indicate that he was, indeed, a significant contributor to the development of his chosen field of management accounting for over 50 years, and highly respected by his peers. They do not indicate why. My intention is to answer that question. Bob Anthony was the ideal person to be a leader in the post-World War II movement that changed cost accounting into management accounting. He possessed broad interests and not only was an academic, but also was interested in solving problems found in the real world. He was equally comfortable working as an academic and as a manager. He served as Under Secretary (Comptroller) in the Department of Defense for his old friend and fellow Harvard Business School graduate, Robert S. McNamara, from 1965 to 1968. While at the Department, Anthony earned the Defense Department Award for Public Service for developing a system of cost management and control for the Department (Harvard University Gazette 2006). Though many identify him with the diverse set of textbooks he authored or co-authored, he also undertook what we now would identify as field research, e.g., Anthony (1952). His interest in studying accounting and management in a real-world setting informed his views on what
Chapter 9 - Half-Metallic Systems: Complete Asymmetry in Spin Transport

Publisher Summary There are systems with metallic spin-up and spin-down electrons, that is, both spins contribute to the Fermi level density of state (and transport). For highly spin polarized systems, it can be envisioned having a situation where one spin channel shows metallicity while the other spins are insulating. Such materials, where tunneling currents show 100% spin polarization when used in tunneling devices, have been found and are called half-metals. Half-metals have unusual electronic properties. For one type of spin, the half-metal looks metallic with a well defined Fermi surface. For the opposite spin, there is a gap in the state density. In half-metals, there is a clear gap in the density of states corresponding to one type of spin. These half-metals do conduct electricity but do not show a high field magnetic susceptibility. All half-metals contain more than one element with most of them being oxides or Heusler type alloys. In real half-metals, conduction is carried out almost entirely by one spin channel. There is no clear experimental signal to identify half-metals. If the minority (or majority) gap is a true gap (with zero total density of states) then it is possible to conclude that the majority and minority counts of spin have to be integers per unit cell. The band gap for one spin type is the defining feature of these materials, therefore, the chapter are the three different categories of gaps—covalent band gaps, charge-transfer gaps, and d-d band gaps. Half-metals in different categories listed above respond differently to external parameters such as pressure because of different electronic structures that give rise to half-metallicity in these three categories. The chapter discusses half Heusler alloys: NiMnSb and PtMnSb, full Heusler alloys: Co 2 MnSi, Co 2 MnGe, Co 2 Cr 1-x Fe x Al, chromium dioxide, perovskites and double-perovskites, and multilayers of zincblende half-metals with semiconductors.
Portable multispectral fluorescence imaging system for food safety applications

Fluorescence can be a sensitive method for detecting food contaminants. Of particular interest is detection of fecal contamination as feces is the source of many pathogenic organisms. Feces generally contain chlorophyll a and related compounds due to ingestion of plant materials, and these compounds can readily be detected using fluorescence techniques. Described is a fluorescence-imaging system consisting primarily of a UV light source, an intensified camera with a six-position filter wheel, and software for controlling the system and automatically analyzing the resulting images. To validate the system, orchard apples artificially contaminated with dairy feces were used in a "hands-on" public demonstration. The contamination sites were easily identified using automated edge detection and threshold detection algorithms. In addition, by applying feces to apples and then washing sets of apples at hourly intervals, it was determined that five h was the minimum contact time that allowed identification of the contamination site after the apples were washed. There are many potential uses for this system, including studying the efficacy of apple washing systems.
Using background knowledge to improve inductive learning: a case study in molecular biology

This work uses background knowledge to reexpress training data in a form more appropriate for inductive learning. The approach dramatically improves the results of decision-tree and neural network learning methods. >
Pain behavior and pain coping strategies in low back pain and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome patients

Pain behavior and pain coping strategies were systematically measured in a group of 32 chronic low back pain (LBP) and 32 myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome patients. Both groups reported high levels of psychological distress on the SCL-90R. The LBP patients were significantly less active, took more narcotic and sedative-hypnotic medications, and showed higher levels of motor pain behavior (guarding, rubbing, and bracing) than the MPD patients. The LBP patients used attention diversion, and praying or hoping as pain coping skills to a much greater extent than the MPD patients. The relationship of these findings to prior research is described, and future research needs in this area are identified.
Interaction of nitrogen dioxide with cholesterol-lecithin mixed monolayers.

Abstract The interaction of NO 2 with cholesterol-dipalmitoyl lecithin and cholesterolegg lecithin mixed monomolecular films was studied. Both lecithins inhibited the NO 2 -induced loss of cholesterol from the films, and the degree of inhibition was directly related to the mole fraction of these lipids in the film. The dipalmitoyl lecithin was more efficient in producing this inhibition, apparently because of its greater tendency to associate with the NO 2 -cholesterol reaction products. A method is presented to calculate the percentage apparent loss of cholesterol from the mixed films after exposure to NO 2 .
Independent pathways for secretion of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E by macrophages

Cholesterol-loaded macrophages secrete cholesterol and apolipoprotein E. The current studies show that this secretion occurs by two independent pathways. In the absence of serum, the cells secrete apolipoprotein E, but not cholesterol. In the presence of monensin (an inhibitor of protein secretion), the cells secrete cholesterol, but little apolipoprotein E. After secretion, apolipoprotein E and cholesterol associate with high-density lipoprotein to form a particle that can deliver cholesterol to the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We conclude that apolipoprotein E does not function to remove cholesterol from macrophages but rather to participate in "reverse cholesterol transport."