cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Labels and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Middle School Students in the Southwest.

This article explores differences in the self-reported drug use and exposure to drugs of an ethnically diverse group of 408 seventh-grade students from a large city in the southwest. We contrast the explanatory power of ethnic labels (African American, non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, and mixed ethnicity) and two dimensions of ethnic identity in predicting drug use. One dimension focuses on perceived ethnically consistent behavior, speech, and looks, while the other gauges a sense of ethnic pride. Ethnic labels were found to be somewhat useful in identifying differences in drug use, but the two ethnic identity measures, by themselves, did not generally help to explain differences in drug use. In conjunction, however, ethnic labels and ethnic identity measures explained far more of the differences in drug use than either did alone. The findings indicate that the two dimensions of ethnic identity predict drug outcomes in opposite ways, and these relations are different for minority students and non-Hispanic White students. Generally, African American, Mexican American, and mixed-ethnicity students with a strong sense of ethnic pride reported less drug use and exposure, while ethnically proud White students reported more. Ethnic minority students who viewed their behavior, speech, and looks as consistent with their ethnic group reported more drug use and exposure, while their White counterparts reported less. These findings are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.
The relationship between human spleen and blood erythroid burstforming units (BFU‐E)

The influence of splenectomy on erythroid burst colony formation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 patients (four with hereditary spherocytosis, two with beta-thalassaemia major, two with Hodgkin's disease and two with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) was studied. In every instance splenectomy was followed by a lowering of blood BFU-E. The post-splenectomy levels ranged from 0 to 30% of the preoperative levels. Mononuclear cells from the spleens of eight patients were cultured and found to contain numerous BFU-E. The total quantity of BFU-E in the whole blood and in the spleen of the patients was generally of the same order of magnitude. The number of splenic BFU-E did not correlate with spleen size. Splenic BFU-E differed from peripheral blood BFU-E in that they were more sensitive to erythropoietin (Ep) and in that they failed to respond to burst promoting activity (BPA) produced by preincubating the spleen mononuclear cells with phytohaemagglutinin M (PHA). In contrast, media conditioned by PHA-treated spleen cells contained BPA active on peripheral blood BFU-E from normal individuals. These data suggest that the spleen may have an influence on the numbers and functional properties of BFU-E.
Magnetoacoustic attenuation in liquid mercury

Abstract The attenuation of 6 and 18 Mc/sec sound waves propagating in liquid mercury was measured in d.c. magnetic fields up to 145 kG. The results are in very good agreement with Anderson's theory.
I.—Footprints of Vertebrates in the Coal-Measures of Kansas

The Museum of Yale University contains a small collection of footprints of much interest, which were found in 1873, in the Middle Coal-measures, near Osage, in South-eastern Kansas. A careful re-examination of these footprints has been recently made by the writer, and the main results are given in the present paper. The impressions are well preserved in a calcareous shale, which separates readily into thin slabs, each representing a surface of the beach at the time the footprints were made upon it. A few shells in the shale are sufficient to prove that the formation is marine. Trails of annelids, and perhaps of other invertebrates, are seen on some of the surfaces.
The microbial ecology of permafrost

One-quarter of the land surface on Earth is underlain by permafrost. Jansson and Tas review the microbial ecology of this fascinating and unique niche, pulling together observations from the study of permafrost isolates and the application of high-throughput sequencing.
Multiproxy evidence of Holocene climate variability from estuarine sediments, eastern North America

water temperature estimated from ostracode Mg/Ca ratios. The results indicate a much drier early Holocene in which mean paleosalinity was � 28 ppt in the northern bay, falling � 25% to � 20 ppt during the late Holocene. Early Holocene Mg/Ca-derived temperatures varied in a relatively narrow range of 13� to 16� C with a mean temperature of 14.2� C and excursions above 16� C; the late Holocene was on average cooler (mean temperature of 12.8� C). In addition to the large contrast between early and late Holocene regional climate conditions, multidecadal (20–40 years) salinity and temperature variability is an inherent part of the region’s climate during both the early and late Holocene, including the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age. These patterns are similar to those observed during the twentieth century caused by NAO-related processes. Comparison of the midlatitude Chesapeake Bay salinity record with tropical climate records of Intertropical Convergence Zone fluctuations inferred from the Cariaco Basin titanium record suggests an anticorrelation between precipitation in the two regions at both millennial and centennial timescales.
A streetcar named urge-to-cough

in the Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire , we learn that Blanche DuBois is considerably more complex than meets the eye. So too is a recently identified sensation associated with the production of cough, known as the “urge-to-cough” ([3][1], [4][2]). In this issue of the Journal
Chromosomal Mapping by Means of Mutational Induction in Synchronous Populations of Streptococcus faecalis

Stonehill, E. H. (Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, N.Y. and Dorris J. Hutchison. Chromosomal mapping by means of mutational induction in synchronous populations of Streptococcus faecalis . J. Bacteriol. 92: 136–143. 1966.—A new method for mapping genetic loci on the bacterial chromosome, based on the linear progression of the deoxyribonucleic acid-replicating enzyme (replicase) in synchronous cultures of Streptococcus faecalis , is described. Ultraviolet irradiation was used to induce mutations to drug and to bacteriophage resistance at various intervals during the progress of the replicase along the chromosome. The time of duplication of the gene in synchronous populations was determined from reductions in the rates of irradiation-induced mutation. After the replication of various genes, the rates fell to half their former values. The resulting data made possible the construction of a 1-hr time-map indicating the sequence of replication of five genes in S. faecalis .
COMPLEX UPPER EXTREMITY VASCULAR TRAUMA IN AN URBAN POPULATION

Eighty patients with upper extremity vascular trauma were treated during a 4-year period. Of 123 vascular injuries, 95 were arterial, 1 was primary venous, and 27 were associated venous injuries. Causes included penetrating (64%), blunt (27%), and iatrogenic injuries (9%). Arteries injured were ulnar (34), radial (28), brachial (22), subclavian (6), and axillary (5). Numbers of patients with associated injuries were nerve (53), vein (27), bone (23), and soft tissue injuries (60). The most common techniques of arterial repair were end-to-end anastomosis (50), followed by interposition saphenous vein grafting (40). Fasciotomy was used in 36 patients. Two arterial repairs failed during surgery and required revision (1) or thrombectomy (1). One radial artery repair thrombosed during late follow-up, with maintenance of normal extremity perfusion via the ulnar artery. No amputations were required, and 83% of all patients treated for nerve injuries resolved or improved their neurologic deficits. Two or more operations for surgical debridement and subsequent wound closure were required in 35 patients. This study supports an aggressive approach to diagnosis and treatment of complex upper extremity vascular trauma emphasizing meticulous surgical technique, liberal use of fasciotomy, and aggressive intraoperative debridement and repair of associated injuries.
Examining the Sensory Profiles of At-Risk Youth Participating in a Pre-employment Program

Abstract The purpose of this study is to use Dunn’s model of sensory processing to investigate the sensory profiles ofyouth participating in a community-based occupational therapy pre-employment program. The youthparticipants had been involved in the juvenile justice system and were placed on probation. The studyanalyzed data from the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) questionnaires (Brown & Dunn, 2002)completed by 79 youth participants. Analysis of the participants’ scores on the AASP showed statisticallysignificant differences from the norm in two quadrants; the delinquent youth scored lower in SensationSeeking and higher in Sensation Avoiding. The delinquent youth participants demonstrated a high prevalenceof atypical sensory processing patterns. Implications for further investigation and practice are discussed. Keywords sensory processing, at-risk youth, productive occupation Cover Page Footnote The authors would like to acknowledge the OTTP’s occupational therapists’ dedication to their clients, andtheir continuous effort to pursue evidence-based best practices to support their youth clients.
Schizophrenic and paranoid thinking in conceptual performance

Thirty-two hospitalized patients diagnosed as schizophrenic were assigned in equal numbers to four groups on the basis of their scores on the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and the paranoid (Pa) scale of the MMPI. Subjects attempted to solve two conceptformation problems in which they were to identify relevant stimulus attributes, under two levels of demand on their memories for previous stimuli. Only in conjunction with a low score on the Pa scale did the schizophrenic index predict a conceptual deficit. Only the high-WIST, low-Pa group differed significantly from a control group of normal subjects. This result qualifies earlier research concerning the power of the WIST to predict logical performance. No difference was found between the two levels of memory demand.
Bubble Size Analysis of High Consistency Aerosol Foams and Its Relationship to Foam Rheology: Effects of Container Emptying, Propellent Type, and Time

A photographic technique for the analysis of bubble size in “aerosol” foams is presented and the relationship between bubble size and foam rheology discussed. Within the same formulation, small bubbles are associated with high consistency. Container emptying gives rise to foams of lower consistency due to decrease in bubble density which more than offsets a decrease in bubble size. Synergistic consistency effects resulting from blends of fluorochlorohydrocarbon propellents are due to bubble size. Flammable propellents give rise to foams of lower consistency and decreased stability.
‘Revolutionary Bolshevik Work’: Stakhanovism in Retail Trade

In mid-November 1935, Serafima T. Borisova was awarded a thousand-ruble bonus and a portable gramophone in recognition of her accomplishments as a Stakhanovite labor hero. Unlike Aleksei Stakhanov, for whom the honor was named, Borisova did not mine coal; she sold women's clothing. As an exemplary saleswoman, Borisova carefully organized clothing displays, beautified her sales section, procured new designs and fabrics to meet consumer needs, informed industries and cooperative artels about what consumers wanted, and listened to as well as advised customers carefully. In addition to meeting norms for sales, she provided excellent customer service. I In the months that followed August 1935, when the coalminer Stakhanov hewed 102 tons of coal instead of the daily norm of 6.5 tons, the Soviet regime promoted a movement to emulate Stakhanov's efforts. The ideal of a "Stakhanovite" model of work emerged in heavy industry. Soviet authorities applauded the super-productive, technically skilled, and individually heroic industrial Stakhanovite who exceeded labor expectations and ostensibly contributed to the national drive for industrialization. The Stakhanovite movement also spread to light industry and agriculture.2 Surprisingly, it was a significant presence in the retail trade industry as well. Salesclerks like Borisova were some of the least likely workers
When Online Meets Offline: An Expectancy Violations Theory Perspective on Modality Switching

The present study examines the occurrence and timing of modality switching (MS) from the perspective of expectancy violations theory. The results indicate that, relative to continuing to interact through computer-mediated communication, participants rated the social information (partner behavior and physical appearance/attractiveness) acquired by MS as an expectancy violation, although their evaluations varied as a function of the timing of the switch. Participants evaluated the social information more positively and uncertainty-reducing following short-term online associations but more negatively and uncertainty-provoking following long-term ones compared to remaining online. Moreover, social information acquired through MS, irrespective of the timing, was rated as more relationally important. Implications and limitations of the results as well as directions for future research are discussed.
A Comparative Review of Four Photographic Atlases for Microbiology

Review of: four photographic atlases for microbiology, including: A Photographic Atlas for the Microbiology Laboratory, Fourth Edition; Michael J. Leboffe and Burton E. Pierce; (2011) . Morton Publishing Company, Englewood, CO. 256 pages. Microbiology: A Photographic Atlas for the Laboratory ; Steven K. Alexander and Dennis Strete; (2001) . Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 193 pages. Microbiology Perspectives: A Photographic Survey of the Microbial World , Second Edition; George Wistreich; (2007) . Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 232 pages. and ASM’s MicrobeLibrary Atlas.
An algorithm to align words for historical comparison

The first step in applying the comparative method to a pair of words suspected of being cognate is to align the segments of each word that appear to correspond. Finding the right alignment may require searching. For example, Latin do 'I give' lines up with the middle do in Greek didomi, not the initial di.This paper presents an algorithm for finding probably correct alignments on the basis of phonetic similarity. The algorithm consists of an evaluation metric and a guided search procedure. The search algorithm can be extended to implement special handling of metathesis, assimilation, or other phenomena that require looking ahead in the string, and can return any number of alignments that meet some criterion of goodness, not just the one best. It can serve as a front end to computer implementations of the comparative method.
Electron energy bands and the optical properties of potassium iodide and rubidium iodide

Abstract Using the relativistic mixed basis (M.B.) technique and the non-relativistic O.P.W. technique, electron energy bands are obtained for KI and RbI under a variety of conditions. It is argued that the previous calculations and interpretations offered for the KI optical absorption spectrum are not in agreement with recent experimental results. The present calculation produces results which eliminate the difficulties associated with previous theoretical models, and the results of this calculation are in good agreement with experiment. It is found that the L 1 and X 3 conduction levels play a substantial role in understanding the experimental results. It is also shown that a stringent ‘muffin tin’ potential is a poor approximation to the KI potential. The RbI results are similar to the KI results and a similar experimental interpretation is advanced.
Searching the online biomedical literature from developing countries

This commentary highlights popular research literature databases and the use of the internet to obtain valuable research information. These literature retrieval methods include the use of the popular PubMed as well as internet search engines. Specific websites catering to developing countries' information and journals' websites are also highlighted. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 4 (8), pp. 758-762, 2005
Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash

Feminist criminology, as an outgrowth of the second wave of feminism, came of age during a period of considerable change and political optimism. As a mature field, it now inhabits a social and political landscape radically altered and increasingly characterized by the politics of backlash. Given feminist criminology’s dual focus on gender and crime, it is uniquely positioned to respond to two core aspects of the current backlash political agenda: racism and sexism. To do this effectively, feminist criminology must prioritize research on the race/gender/punishment nexus. This article provides three examples of how such a focus exposes the crucial roles played by constructions of the crime problem as well as current crime-control strategies in the ratification and enforcement of antifeminist and racist agendas. Finally, the field must seek creative ways to blend scholarship with activism while simultaneously providing support and encouragement to emerging feminist criminologists willing to take such risks.
Acknowledgment after mass violence: Effects on psychological well-being and intergroup relations

Four experiments in the context of the Armenian Genocide (Study 1), the Kielce Pogrom (Study 2), and the Holocaust (Studies 3 and 4) examined the effects of experiencing acknowledgment (vs. lack of acknowledgment) of historical ingroup victimization on psychological well-being and on intergroup relations. Armenian and Jewish American participants, respectively, read about the former perpetrator group’s acknowledgment or lack of acknowledgment of the ingroup’s victimization. Participants in the acknowledgment condition reported higher levels of psychological well-being (indicated by more positive and less negative affect) and greater willingness to reconcile with the former perpetrator group, compared to participants in the no acknowledgment condition and to a neutral baseline control condition (Study 4). Two studies also revealed significant effects on resentment of the perpetrator group.
T-gate technology for N-polar GaN-based self-aligned MIS-HEMTs with state-of-the-art f MAX of 127 GHz: Pathway towards scaling to 30nm GaN HEMTs

N-polar GaN/AlGaN HEMTs have been of interest to the nitride community recently due to their several advantages over Ga-polar GaN-based HEMTs such as lower contact resistance [1], better electron confinement [2], and enhancement mode operation. For very high frequency performance, it is necessary to scale the parasitic elements in the device along with the gate length. First reports on scaled self-aligned HEMTs on N-face with regrown access regions [3] demonstrated minimization of access resistances which resulted in linear scaling of total delay up to 120 nm gate length (Fig. 1). However, even though excellent f T .L g products of 16.8 GHz-µm were achieved, very low f MAX of 17 GHz was achieved due to high resistivity of the W-gates in the gate-first process.
Mitochondrial Medicine for Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Mitochondria are key cytoplasmic organelles, responsible for generating cellular energy, regulating intracellular calcium levels, altering the reduction-oxidation potential of cells, and regulating cell death. Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a central role in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Freidriech ataxia. Further, several lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in most late-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Biochemical and animal model studies of inherited neurodegenerative diseases have revealed that mutant proteins of these diseases are associated with mitochondria. Mutant proteins are reported to block the transport of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins to mitochondria, interact with mitochondrial proteins and disrupt the electron transport chain, induce free radicals, cause mitochondrial dysfunction, and, ultimately, damage neurons. This article discusses critical issues of mitochondria causing dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and discusses the potential of developing mitochondrial medicine, particularly mitochondrially targeted antioxidants, to treat aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
On negotiating automatic device configuration in smart environments

As the number of mobile devices we carry grows, the job of managing those devices throughout the day becomes cumbersome. In addition, the ability to use mobile devices in unethical ways without being detected is becoming widespread [Popyack, J., et al. (2003)]. It is desirable for mobile devices to automatically configure themselves based on the context of the environment and user preferences for both convenience and security purposes. Having the cell phone switch the ringer off and turn on the vibrate notification in a movie theatre is convenient to the user; while having the video phone disable its video capabilities in a locker room is necessary for others' privacy. We present a preliminary architecture for automatic device configuration in smart environments and explore the issues in negotiating between the device owner's wishes and those of the owner of the smart environment.
Characteristics of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated in Geneva during colonization or infection

This study determined the antibiotic susceptibility profile and genetic mechanisms of β-lactam resistance in 27 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated at the University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Etest and the disc diffusion method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. All of the strains were defined as multi-drug resistant (MDR) and were susceptible to colistin and moderately susceptible to tigecycline. Uniplex PCR assays were used to detect the following β-lactamase genes: four class D carbapenem-hydrolysing oxacillinases (blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58), four class B metallo-β-lactamases genes (blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM and blaNDM) and two class A carbapenemases (blaKPC and blaGES). All of the strains were positive for blaOXA-51 (intrinsic resistance), 14/27 strains carried blaOXA-23, 2/27 strains carried a blaOXA-24-like gene, and 4/27 strains had a blaOXA-58 gene. blaGES-11 was found in three strains, and NDM-1-harbouring strains were identified in three patients. All of the A. baumannii isolates were typed by rep-PCR (DiversiLab) and excluded any clonality. Altogether, this analysis suggests a very high genetic diversity of imported MDR A. baumannii.
A mechanistic study of danazol dissolution in ionic surfactant solutions

This study examined the dissolution mechanism of the neutral drug danazol into solutions of the ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The effect of counterion concentration on drug dissolution was also studied by controlling the solution ionic strength (IS). The laminar flow apparatus of Shah and Nelson was chosen to measure in vitro dissolution rates for its simulation of physiological hydrodynamics. A mathematical model was developed to test the proposed mechanism for dissolution. Transport of the dissolved drug away from the tablet surface is the slow step in the process. Two major physicochemical properties, drug solubility in surfactant solutions and the effective diffusion coefficients used in the model, were measured in separate experiments for use in the transport model. Pulsed field proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) was used to measure the drug diffusion coefficient. Actual drug dissolution rates were determined by multiplying the measured effluent drug concentration in the aqueous medium by its flow rate. The assumption of a transport‐controlled dissolution rate was tested by plotting the measured dissolution rates as a function of medium flow rate in a log‐log plot. A slope of 1/3 is predicted by the model and slopes of 0.26 to 0.32 were found experimentally, suggesting that the transport controlled mechanism is accurate. The model‐predicted dissolution rates were compared with the experimental data. For SDS solutions without IS control, the model calculated data are 20–35% lower than the experimental results, whereas with IS control, the error is only 0.4–4%. We believe that there is significant electrostatic interaction between micelles in processes with low IS or poor IS control. In that situation, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐measured drug diffusivity would not be its actual value in the dissolution process. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 92:424–435, 2003
An adaptive 4-tap analog FIR equalizer for 10-Gb/s over backplane serial link receiver

An adaptive 4-tap transverse-form differential analog finite impulse response (AFIR) filter in 65-nm CMOS is described in this paper. The filter is used for receiver-side equalization of severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) encountered in 10-Gb/s serial-link over legacy backplanes in 10GBASE-KR mode of the IEEE802.3ap standard [1] and over passive direct-attach SFP+ cables [2]. The AFIR is accompanied by an integrated in-die digital adaptation engine, employing the zero-forcing (ZF) equalization with the sign-sign block least mean square (LMS) adaptation algorithm. The AFIR uses an LC delay line structure which was optimized for low area and enhanced frequency behavior. The design has been fabricated as part of the receiver in a fully functional 10GBASE-KR compliant chip, achieving bit-error rate lower than 10-12 over several different backplane channels. It consumes 7.9 mW from a 1.2-V supply and occupies an area of 0.26 mm2.
Efficacy of Delayed Treatment with ST-246 Given Orally against Systemic Orthopoxvirus Infections in Mice

ST-246 was evaluated for activity against cowpox virus (CV), vaccinia virus (VV), and ectromelia virus (ECTV) and had an in vitro 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 0.48 μM against CV, 0.05 μM against VV, and 0.07 μM against ECTV. The selectivity indices were >208 and >2,000 for CV and VV, respectively. The in vitro antiviral activity of ST-246 was significantly greater than that of cidofovir, which had an EC50 of 41.1 μM against CV and 29.2 μM against VV, with selectivity indices of >7 and >10, respectively. ST-246 administered once daily by oral gavage to mice infected intranasally with CV beginning 4 h or delayed until 72 h postinoculation was highly effective when given for a 14-day duration using 100, 30, or 10 mg/kg of body weight. When 100 mg/kg of ST-246 was administered to VV-infected mice, a duration of 5 days was sufficient to significantly reduce mortality even when treatment was delayed 24 h postinoculation. Viral replication in liver, spleen, and kidney, but not lung, of CV- or VV-infected mice was reduced by ST-246 compared to levels for vehicle-treated mice. When 100 mg/kg of ST-246 was given once daily to mice infected by the intranasal route with ECTV, treatment for 10 days prevented mortality even when treatment was delayed up to 72 h after viral inoculation. Viral replication in target organs of ECTV-infected mice was also reduced.
Impact of Taking Information Technology Exams Using Open Notes

This paper summarizes findings of teaching four sections of the same college course in the same style with one exception. Section 1, 3, and 4 had notes available for reference during the final exam whereas Section 2 did not. The author’s hypothesis that students in the 3 sections using notes would perform significantly better than Section 2 on the exam was disproved.
Diagnosis of Bone Marrow Involvement in Pediatric Lymphoma Patients: FDG PET/CT Versus Bone Marrow Biopsy

Bone marrow infiltration (BMI) is common in patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD) and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), often indicates poor prognosis. Accurate assessment of BMI is critical for staging and selection of proper therapeutic options in lymphoma patients. Up to now, bone marrow biopsy (BMB) is an integral part of initial work-up in these patients, although it has a high false negative rate. In recent years, FDG PET/CT has established as a highly accurate imaging tool in the assessment of Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Multiple studies have found that FDG PET/CT in the initial diagnosis work-up detects more bone marrow involvement in lymphoma patients thus are more sensitive and more accurate than bilateral bone marrow biopsy performed at the iliac crest. At the same time, it has been shown that BMB performed based on findings of FDG PET/CT significantly decreased false negative findings and improved accuracy of BMB. In this review, we discuss the value of FDG PET/CT in identifying BMI and in guiding BMB in the initial evaluation of pediatric lymphoma patients.
Affordable Care Act Provision Lowered Out-Of-Pocket Cost And Increased Colonoscopy Rates Among Men In Medicare

Colorectal cancer screening is one of the few cancer screenings with an "A" rating from the US Preventive Services Task Force, meaning that the procedure confers a substantial health benefit. However, 40 percent of people who should receive colorectal cancer screenings do not receive them. Colonoscopies are the most thorough method of screening because they allow physicians to view the entire length of the colon and remove polyps as needed. Billing methods that distinguish between screening and therapeutic procedures have kept expected colonoscopy costs high. However, the Affordable Care Act partially closed the so-called colonoscopy loophole and reduced expected out-of-pocket expenses for all Medicare beneficiaries. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we found that annual colonoscopy rates among men ages 66-75 increased significantly (by 4.0 percentage points) after the Affordable Care Act policy change, and we found some evidence of even larger increases among socioeconomically disadvantaged men. We found no significant increases among women, a result that may be explained by health behavior and other factors and that requires further study. Our research indicates that cost may be an important barrier to colorectal cancer screening, at least among men, and that making further policy changes to close remaining loopholes may improve screening rates.
A community's response to childhood drownings. A model for accident prevention.

The prevention of drowning or any other accidental injury depends primarily on changing the behavior patterns of the families of the children at risk. Many community organizations and individual citizens must be recruited to help convince the public of the risks of young children drowning in backyard pools and to propose appropriate prevention measures. Legally mandated remedies may be necessary and may take years to show any significant effect. Because of the constantly changing population of parents of young children and the high risk of drowning for small children in Arizona, the educational programs must be repeated year after year. Language: en
Neutrino mixing and geometric CP violation with Δ(27) symmetry

Abstract Predictive spontaneous CP violation is possible if it is obtained geometrically through a non-Abelian discrete symmetry. I propose such a model of neutrino mass and mixing based on Δ ( 27 ) .
Transfer of allergen-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

We investigated whether allergen-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity is transferred by bone marrow transplantation. Twelve patients, 14 to 47 years of age, undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of hematologic cancer were selected, along with their donors, by a screening questionnaire for a history of atopy in the donor. We evaluated these donor-recipient pairs before transplantation and at several points afterward for immediate skin-test reactivity to 17 allergens. For allergens for which pretransplantation skin tests had been positive in the donors and negative in the recipients, 20 of 46 post-transplantation skin tests were positive in 8 of the 11 recipients who survived for more than one year after transplantation. For allergens for which both donors and recipients had had negative skin tests before transplantation, only 6 of 256 tests (2.3 percent) were positive in the recipients after transplantation. Long-term transfer of donor-derived mite-specific IgE was demonstrated by radioallergosorbent testing in two recipients. Seven recipients either acquired or had an exacerbation of allergic rhinitis, and two recipients without a history of asthma had asthma one year after transplantation. We conclude that allergen-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity is adoptively transferred by bone marrow transplantation from donor to recipient by B cells with allergen-specific memory.
A Framework for Predicting Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense

One of the most well-supported theories regarding the evolution of plant defenses is the resource availability hypothesis (RAH). RAH posits that species from high-resource environments grow fast and allocate little to herbivore-resistance traits, whereas those species in low-resource environments grow slow and are highly resistant to herbivores. However, within species, how resources influence defense is unclear and existing theories make opposing predictions. Here, we review studies documenting intraspecific variation in plant defense across resource gradients and find little support for RAH. We outline why RAH does not apply intraspecifically and present a predictive framework for understanding how resources influence intraspecific variation in plant defense. Our framework provides an important step towards reconciling inter- versus intraspecific strategies of defense.
Adaptive planar curve tracking control with unknown curvature

We provide a new adaptive controller for curve tracking in the plane under unknown curvature. We prove a global asymptotic stability theorem that ensures tracking of the curve and convergence of the curvature estimate to the unknown curvature. Our curvature identification result is an improvement over the known adaptive curve tracking results, which do not ensure parameter identification, or which identify the control gain without identifying curvatures.
Orthogonal Function Approach to the Inversion of Backscattered Data

A library of aerosol size distributions based upon reasonable analytic functions, is used to form a set of orthogonal basis functions. It is assumed that any unknown aerosol size distribution may be constructed from a linear sum of these basis functions. The problem then becomes one of solving for the unknown coefficients of the basis functions. A solution with a smoothing constraint and a positivity constraint is developed, and the results of the method are presented.
There might be blood: Oil, humility, and the cosmopolitics of a Cofán petro‐being

A central directive of recent writings on cosmopolitics and ontology is that critically minded anthropologists should “humble” themselves and view their subjects’ statements as propositions that disclose multiple real worlds. An exploration of Cofan people's uncertainty regarding the idea that oil is the blood of a sacred mythological being—a position that romanticizing Westerners repeatedly attribute to them—calls into question the implications of the call for anthropological humility. Cofan discussions of oil's sanguinary nature demonstrate that the best way to comprehend the intellectual agency of our collaborators is to acknowledge, rather than ignore, the social, pragmatic, and epistemological contours of their discourse, cosmological or otherwise. [cosmopolitics, ontology, oil, indigeneity, Cofan, Ecuador, Amazonia] Una directriz central de escritos recientes sobre cosmopolitica y ontologia es que los antropologos con espiritu critico deberian “humillarse” y tomar las afirmaciones de sus sujetos de estudio como proposiciones que revelan multiples mundos reales. Explorar la indecision que tienen los cofan acerca de la idea de que el petroleo es la sangre de un sagrado ser mitologico —posicion que les atribuyen constantemente los occidentales romanticos— cuestiona las implicaciones de esta llamada a la humildad. Las discusiones entre los cofan acerca de la naturaleza sanguinaria del petroleo nos muestran que la mejor manera de comprender la capacidad intelectual de nuestros colaboradores es reconocer, en vez de ignorar, los contornos sociales, pragmaticos y epistemologicos de su discurso, sea este cosmologico o no. [cosmopolitica, ontologia, petroleo, indigeneidad, Cofan, Ecuador, Amazonia]
Quadruple-Bundle Semitendinosus-Gracilis Graft Technique for All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Hamstring tendon autograft has been shown to be an excellent option for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Adequate graft size can usually be achieved through either a double-bundle technique of semitendinosus and gracilis tendons or a quadruple-bundle technique using a single tendon. To minimize failure rates that result from graft insufficiency, a minimum graft thickness of 8 mm is recommended for reconstruction. However, certain patients possess small native hamstring tendons that do not allow for recommended graft thickness using either of these traditional techniques. Although patient characteristics such as gender, height, and weight have all been associated with hamstring tendon size, accurately predicting which patients will possess inadequate autograft size is not possible. Recognizing this problem intraoperatively after harvesting the tendon presents a difficult scenario for the surgeon. In this technical note, we describe an alternative technique for preparing hamstring tendon autograft that results in significantly increased thickness by essentially utilizing a quadruple-bundle technique with both tendons. We proceed to reconstruct the ACL using an all-inside technique with suture buttons on both the femoral and tibial tunnels. The technique can serve as a rescue method for patients with insufficient hamstring tendon thickness.
Renal Replacement Therapy

Acute kidney injury occurs commonly in acutely ill patients and necessitates initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in a subset of patients. Although RRT has been available since the 1950s, despite great technologic improvements in the procedure, there remain several fundamental clinical questions regarding the proper use of RRT. The controversies regarding RRT are reviewed in this chapter.
Phylogeographic patterns of a lower intertidal isopod in the Gulf of California and the Caribbean and comparison with other intertidal isopods.

A growing body of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of intertidal isopods across different regions worldwide has enhanced our understanding on biological diversification at the poorly studied, yet vast, sea–land interface. High genetic divergences among numerous allopatric lineages have been identified within presumed single broadly distributed species. Excirolana mayana is an intertidal isopod that is commonly found in sandy beaches throughout the Gulf of California. Its distribution in the Pacific extends from this basin to Colombia and in the Atlantic from Florida to Venezuela. Despite its broad distribution and ecological importance, its evolutionary history has been largely neglected. Herein, we examined phylogeographic patterns of E. mayana in the Gulf of California and the Caribbean, based on maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from four mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I gene, and cytochrome b gene). We compared the phylogeographic patterns of E. mayana with those of the coastal isopods Ligia and Excirolana braziliensis (Gulf of California and Caribbean) and Tylos (Gulf of California). We found highly divergent lineages in both, the Gulf of California and Caribbean, suggesting the presence of multiple species. We identified two instances of Atlantic–Pacific divergences. Some geographical structuring among the major clades found in the Caribbean is observed. Haplotypes from the Gulf of California form a monophyletic group sister to a lineage found in Venezuela. Phylogeographic patterns of E. mayana in the Gulf of California differ from those observed in Ligia and Tylos in this region. Nonetheless, several clades of E. mayana have similar distributions to clades of these two other isopod taxa. The high levels of cryptic diversity detected in E. mayana also pose challenges for the conservation of this isopod and its fragile environment, the sandy shores.
Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with spinal cord injuries

As medical care for spinal cord injuries (SCI) continues to improve, coronary artery disease (CAD) has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients with SCI particularly are at risk for CAD because of the changes in cardiovascular physiology, glucose homeostasis, decreased HDL cholesterol, proportionally increased body fat, and physical inactivity that accompany SCI. Management of cardiac disease in SCI includes surveillance for silent ischemia, the careful prescription of an appropriate diet, aerobic exercise, medications, and stress reduction. Rehabilitation after myocardial infarction (MI) requires modifications for mobility impairments, attention to risks for autonomic hypotension, and autonomic dysreflexia.
Where Do Hypotheses Come From

In this chapter we turn to the question, where do we get scientific hypotheses? The way the question is phrased may be misleading. Put this way, it gives the impression that forming hypotheses is something unique to scientific activity. However, if we understand by the word “hypothesis” the perception of some pattern in phenomena, the establishment of some expectation as to what will happen next, we realize that “forming hypotheses” is something we do all the time and have been doing since birth. We are by nature hypothesis formers. At what age our practice of interpreting the world in such structured terms begins is not known, but long before we learn to talk in sentences we have already gone far beyond the raw impressions given us by our senses. We organize things coherently into such concepts as “mother,” “father,” “food,” and “doggy,” each of which implies a whole complex set of recognitions and expectations. We are not normally aware of how much of what we “see” is seen by inference and memory rather than with just our eyes. But there are occasions when this is brought home to us, as was discussed in Chapter 2, by the study of the kinds of optical illusions favored by psychologists and the puzzle pages of newspapers, by encounters with people of different cultures, by occasions where something radically unexpected happens, when, in the graphic but hackneyed phrase, “our whole world collapses about us.”
Using behavioral skills training to teach high school students to implement discrete trial training.

Discrete trial training (DTT) is widely recognized as an evidence-based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; National Autism Center, 2010), but it is not typically provided to students with ASD in school settings (Stahmer et al., 2015), presumably due to personnel resource l
Rivaroxaban vs. Warfarin for Treatment of DVT and PE.

Rivaroxaban, along with the other factor Xa inhibitors, is as effective as or better in the short term (three months) than warfarin (Coumadin) for preventing recurrent DVT, nonfatal PE, and fatal PE, with no differences in mortality or bleeding events.
Majority of choice-related variability in perceptual decisions is present in early sensory cortex

While performing challenging perceptual tasks such as detecting a barely visible target, our perceptual reports vary across presentations of identical stimuli. How much of the neural variability that correlates with the perceptual variability is present in the primary visual cortex (V1), the first cortical processing stage of visual information? To address this question, we recorded neural population responses from V1 using voltage-sensitive dye imaging while monkeys performed a challenging reaction-time visual detection task. We found that V1 responses in the period leading to the decision correspond more closely to the monkey's report than to the visual stimulus. These results, together with a simple computational model that allows one to quantify the captured choice-related variability, suggest that most this variability is present in V1, and that areas outside of V1 contain relatively little independent choice-related variability.
Use of extrusion aids for successful production of Kollidon® CL-SF pellets by extrusion–spheronization

Objective: Fine particle ethylcellulose (FPEC) or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) addition to a Kollidon CL-SF was investigated to address low yield and poor sphericity in extruded-spheronized pellets.S...
Laparoscopic TME: Is There a Verdict?

Fostered by Heald, preservation of the mesorectal envelope directly results in low rates of local recurrence and improved outcomes following rectal cancer surgery. Current Level 1 data supports the feasibility of a laparoscopic approach to total mesorectal excision (TME); however, the oncologic efficacy of laparoscopy is unclear. Emerging techniques such as transanal TME offer alternative approaches for resection. Current experience supports the use of these modalities in TME provided operative principles and markers of good surgical resection are obtained. The National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer is the key to maintaining the highest standards in this shifting surgical environment.
Self-initiated return migration vs. global assignments: Knowledge transfer outcomes

The return migration of skilled individuals to developing regions worldwide facilitates the flow of knowledge resources that are critical for the economic growth. This paper compares the knowledge ...
Incorporating the Patient Voice Into Practice Improvement: A Role for Medical Trainees.

Background and objectives Many primary care clinics rely on providers and staff to generate quality improvement (QI) ideas without explicitly including patients. However, without understanding patient perspectives, clinics may miss areas for improvement. We identified practice improvement opportunities using a medical student-driven pilot of QI design that incorporates the patient voice and explored provider/staff perceptions of patient perspectives. Methods One medical student interviewed eight patients for their perspectives on QI opportunities at a university-based primary care practice. Two trainees independently coded interview transcripts using directed content analysis (final codebook: 11 themes) and determined frequency of mentions for each theme. We surveyed 11 providers/staff by asking them to select 5 of the 11 themes and place them in rank order based on their perceptions of patient concerns; their surveys were aggregated into one ranked list. Results Patients most frequently identified the following themes as QI opportunities: relationship (ie, feeling of personal connection with providers/staff), specialty care, convenience, sustainability, and goal follow-up. While patients frequently identified relationship (rank=1) and goal follow-up (rank=3) as QI opportunities, the provider/staff top five list did not include relationship (rank=10) or goal follow-up (rank=7). Conclusions Our study demonstrates two things: (1) there are areas of discordance between provider/staff perceptions and patient perspectives regarding practice improvement opportunities; and (2) medical students can participate meaningfully in the QI process. By harnessing patient perspectives with the help of medical trainees, clinics may better understand patient concerns and avoid potential QI blind spots.