cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field resulting from action currents on cylindrical fibres

This paper considers the magnetic field arising from action currents associated with the propagation of an action potential along a cylindrical fibre. The equivalent current sources of the magnetic field are precisely the difference in axial current density on each side of the membrane. Fibre bundles are considered by superposition. The total magnetic field varies as 0(1/R3) hence it is quadrupolar. The equivalent source is more strongly related to the discontinuity in conductivity between the membrane andsurrounding media than directly to the ionic (primary) currents.
Does no-till soybean farming provide any benefits for birds?

Abstract Nesting success and avian communities were compared between tilled and no-till soybean fields in Illinois. No-till had greater densities of birds than tilled fields, and the overall community in no-till was of greater conservation value due to more grassland birds using no-till compared with tilled fields. Nesting density was greater in no-till (4.5 nests/100 ha) than in tilled (1.6) fields. The most common nesting species were American robins, vesper sparrows, and mourning doves. Nest success, as estimated from daily survival rates, was 19.4% in no-till and 9.4% in tilled fields. Predation was the main cause of nest failure, but 24.4% of failures were caused by farm machinery. The authors propose that the previous year's crop residue and greater abundance of weedy plants in no-till resulted in increased nesting and foraging activity in no-till and greater nest success because of increased opportunity to conceal nests in no-till compared to tilled fields. No-till provides greater benefits to birds than tilled fields, and the large amount of acreage in row crops dictates that we understand the contribution of no-till fields to grassland bird populations.
The Politics and Contexts of Soviet Science Studies (Naukovedenie): Soviet Philosophy of Science at the Crossroads

Naukovedenie (literarily meaning ‘science studies’), was first institutionalized in the Soviet Union in the twenties, then resurfaced and was widely publicized in the sixties, as a new mode of reflection on science, its history, its intellectual foundations, and its management, after which it dominated Soviet historiography of science until perestroika. Tracing the history of meta-studies of science in the USSR from its early institutionalization in the twenties when various political, theoretical and institutional struggles set the stage for the development of the field, to the sixties when the field resurfaced within the particular political context of the Cold War, and using the history of Moscow Institute for the History of Science and Technology as a case-study, I situate Soviet naukovedenie project within the culture of late-socialism in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, asking what this discourse meant for its creators and practitioners, as well as for the high-ranked Soviet officials who provided the authoritative support for this field.
A mechanically stretchable temperature sensor based on buckled thin film devices on an elastomeric substrate

Stretchable electronics and sensors have been attracting significant attention due to their unique characteristics and wide applications. This paper demonstrates a prototype of a fully stretchable temperature sensor on an elastomeric substrate. The sensor was first fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and then transferred to a pre-strained elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Releasing the pre-strain on the PDMS substrate led to the formation of the microscale, periodic, wavy geometries of the sensor. The thin wavy sensor device can be reversibly bent and stretched up to 30% strain without any damage or performance degradation. A theoretical analysis was also developed to estimate the wavy profile.
Binge drinking differentially affects adolescent male and female brain morphometry.

Rationale Adolescent binge drinking is concerning, as important neurodevelopments occur during this stage. Previous research suggests that binge drinking may disrupt typical brain development, and females may be particularly vulnerable.
Complications of lung volume reduction surgery.

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) continues to stimulate controversy and spirited discussion. The purpose of the operation is to palliate dyspnea and improve functional status and quality of life for highly selected patients with emphysema. The value of LVRS as a palliative procedure is clearly dependent on the surgeon's ability to minimize the frequency and severity of postoperative complications. This article investigates the sources of morbidity and mortality after LVRS and reports techniques to avoid and manage such complications.
Structural basis for substrate fatty acyl chain specificity: crystal structure of human very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is a member of the family of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs). Unlike the other ACADs, which are soluble homotetramers, VLCAD is a homodimer associated with the mitochondrial membrane. VLCAD also possesses an additional 180 residues in the C terminus that are not present in the other ACADs. We have determined the crystal structure of VLCAD complexed with myristoyl-CoA, obtained by co-crystallization, to 1.91-A resolution. The overall fold of the N-terminal ∼400 residues of VLCAD is similar to that of the soluble ACADs including medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD). The novel C-terminal domain forms an α-helical bundle that is positioned perpendicular to the two N-terminal helical domains. The fatty acyl moiety of the bound substrate/product is deeply imbedded inside the protein; however, the adenosine pyrophosphate portion of the C14-CoA ligand is disordered because of partial hydrolysis of the thioester bond and high mobility of the CoA moiety. The location of Glu-422 with respect to the C2-C3 of the bound ligand and FAD confirms Glu-422 to be the catalytic base. In MCAD, Gln-95 and Glu-99 form the base of the substrate binding cavity. In VLCAD, these residues are glycines (Gly-175 and Gly-178), allowing the binding channel to extend for an additional 12A and permitting substrate acyl chain lengths as long as 24 carbons to bind. VLCAD deficiency is among the more common defects of mitochondrial β-oxidation and, if left undiagnosed, can be fatal. This structure allows us to gain insight into how a variant VLCAD genotype results in a clinical phenotype.
Psychosocial and behavioral factors associated with risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus infection, among urban high school students

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of multiple psychosocial and knowledge-related antecedent factors that may predict sexual and alcohol and drug use behaviors that are associated with the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus infection. Five hundred forty-four ninth-grade urban high school students were surveyed regarding knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to STDs and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that higher levels of STD and AIDS knowledge were associated with lower levels of STD and AIDS anxiety ( R 2 Δ=0.09; p R 2 Δ=0.09; p R 2 Δ=0.03; p R 2 Δ=0.02; p R 2 Δ=0.08; p R 2 Δ=0.02; p R 2 Δ=0.01; p R 2 Δ=0.08; p R 2 Δ=0.05; p R 2 Δ=0.07; p R 2 Δ=0.14; p R 2 Δ=0.05; p
Functional outcomes after TORS for oropharyngeal cancer: a systematic review

Summarize functional outcomes after transoral robotic surgery (TORS) ± adjuvant therapy for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). A systematic review was conducted. The MEDLINE database was searched (MeSH terms: TORS, pharyngeal neoplasms, oropharyngeal neoplasms). Peer-reviewed human subject papers published through December 2013 were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) case report design (n < 10), (2) review article, or (3) technical, animal, or cadaver studies. Functional outcomes extracted included feeding tube dependence, swallow examination findings, speech ratings, velopharyngeal insufficiency, pneumonia, and oral intake measures. Twelve papers comprising 441 patients with OPC treated with TORS ± adjuvant therapy were included. Feeding tube rates were the most commonly reported functional outcome. Excluding prophylactic placement, 18-39% of patients required gastrostomy placement, typically during adjuvant therapy. Chronic gastrostomy dependence ranged from 0 to 7% (mean follow-up 11-26 months), regardless of disease stage. Composite MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) scores ranged from 65.2 to 78 (89 patients, 3 series, mean follow-up 12-13 months). Videofluoroscopic swallowing studies were not systematically reported. Incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 0-7%. Predictors of swallowing function included baseline function, T-stage, N-stage, tongue base primary tumors, and adjuvant chemoradiation. Rates of transient hypernasality were 4-9%. A single study suggested dose-dependent effects of adjuvant therapy (none, radiation alone, chemoradiation) on diet scores at 6 and 12 months. Crude end points of functional recovery after TORS ± adjuvant therapy suggest promising swallowing outcomes, depending on the functional measure reported.
Energy-Related Indicators and Breast Cancer Risk among White and Black Women

Energy-related indicators, including physical activity, energy intake, body mass index (BMI) and adult weight change, have been linked to breast cancer risk. Very few studies of these associations have been conducted among black women, therefore we used the Nashville Breast Health Study (NBHS) to determine whether similar effects were seen in black and white women. The NBHS is a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among women age 25 to 75 years conducted between 2001 and 2010 in and around the Nashville Metropolitan area. Telephone interviews and self-administered food frequency questionnaires were completed with 2,614 incident breast cancer cases ascertained through hospitals and the statewide cancer registry, and 2,306 controls selected using random digit dialing. Among premenopausal white and black women, there was little effect of adult exercise or other energy-related indicators on breast cancer risk, regardless of tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status. The beneficial effect of adult exercise on postmenopausal breast cancer appeared to be comparable between white and black women (highest tertile relative to none - white odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-1.0, p for trend=0.05; black OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.1, p for trend=0.07); however, among black women the reduction was limited to those with ER-positive disease. White and black women should be encouraged to engage in more physical activity to reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Blacks in Prison: A Profile

From a 1979 nationwide self-report survey of 11,397 inmates in state penal institutions, 5,385 of them black, a profile of black inmates based on comparisons with their white counterparts is constructed. Areas of analysis include: personal characteristics, drug use, current offense and sentence, probation and incarceration history, conformity to prison rules, prison recreation and work activities, and interaction withfamily members andfriends outside ofprison. Implications for racial discrimination in the prison setting are explored, and the need for treatment, facility, and program reform is noted.
Discovery and Biological Characterization of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole as an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator Generated by Photoactivation of Tryptophan by Sunlight

Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is required for AHR dependent transcriptional activation and TCDD toxicity. We previously reported that aqueous tryptophan exposed to sunlight through window glass (aTRP) contains multiple photoproducts, including the well characterized 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), capable of activating the AHR and inducing CYP1A and CYP1A-mediated enzyme activities. We report here the isolation from aTRP and chemical characterization and synthesis of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (IPI), a compound previously identified as a natural product of marine ascidia and now shown to be a TRP photoproduct with AHR-inducing properties. IPI, FICZ and TCDD produced equieffective induction of CYP1A-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD) activity in chick embryo primary hepatocytes and mammalian Hepa1c1c7 cells. EROD induction by IPI was markedly curtailed in AHR-defective c35 cells, supporting the AHR dependence of the IPI response. Although IPI had a higher EC50 for EROD induction than FICZ, the much larger amount of IPI than FICZ in aTRP makes IPI a prominent contributor to EROD induction in aTRP. IPI was detected in TRP-containing culture medium under ambient laboratory conditions but not in TRP-free medium, consistent with its production from TRP. Cotreatment of hepatocytes with submaximal EROD-inducing doses of IPI and FICZ or TCDD produced additive increases in EROD without synergistic or inhibitory interactions. IPI and FICZ were readily metabolized by cultured hepatocytes. In addition to increasing CYP1A4 mRNA and EROD, IPI and FICZ decreased hepatocyte phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression and glucose output, biological effects associated with TCDD metabolic dysregulation. The findings underscore a role for sunlight in generating AHR-activating bioactive molecules.
Stopped-flow injection analysis. The influence of diffusion on dispersion of normal and reverse flow injection

A relationship is derived to enable the comparison of the dispersion heights of normal and reverse flow injection analysis (FIA). A single channel flow system is employed in the absence of a chemical reaction. The stopped-flow injection method is used to probe the influence of molecular diffusion on the overall dispersion of normal and reverse FIA, which appeared to demonstrate fundamentally different diffusion behaviors. Small discrepancies are observed between the dispersion heights, which are enhanced by the stopped-flow period, especially when unmatched matrix ionic compositions of the indicator and counter solutions were involved. For these conditions, the diffusion flux rate is enhanced considerably, displaying a peak, in addition to the transient, for both methods. The influence of diffusion on the dispersion characteristics of normal and reverse FIA is discussed theoretically. Diffusion in the proposed model is postulated to oppose dispersion by convection. The latter initiates concentration gradients in the injection zone and propagates it with flow time over the dispersion zone profile. The diffusion flux then reacts in order to confine the indicator dispersion for normal FIA and to enhance it for reverse FIA. This model is consistent with the experimental results and accounts for most of the phenomena encountered. Probably owing to the influence of secondary flow phenomena, the use of coiled tubes has suppressed the effects of diffusion on the overall dispersion behavior.
Effects of Zinc and Other Divalent Metals on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Binding and Hormone-Binding Activity of Human al Thyroid Hormone Receptor Expressed in Escherichia coli*

Full-length human thyroid hormone receptor al (hTRαl) was expressed in Escherichia coli using a T7 expression system. While present in large amounts, the receptor was highly enriched in the insoluble fraction after cell lysis. We describe here the successful solubilization and refolding of the expressed receptor in a functional form in the presence of Zn2+. Using a DNA-cellulose binding assay and gel shift assay, we found that treatment of expressed receptor with 1 mM EDTA in the denaturing agent (5 m guanidine-HCl) results in the formation of aporeceptor that does not specifically recognize target DNA, while it does retain T3-binding activity. This aporeceptor recovered DNA-binding activity by adding Zn2+ during refolding. Zinc-induced restoration of DNA-binding activity occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, once recovered, this DNA-binding activity persisted without Zn2+, even in the presence of 1 mM EDTA. These data indicate that the hTRal molecule has a high affinity for Zn2+, and t...
Persistence of Anaplasma ovis Infection and Conservation of the msp-2 and msp-3 Multigene Families within the Genus Anaplasma

Goats which have recovered from acute Anaplasma ovis infection remain seropositive, although infected erythrocytes cannot be detected by microscopic examination. Persistence of A. ovis 17 to 21 months following experimental infection was demonstrated by PCR detection of the msp-5 gene. Quantitative analysis of persistent rickettsemia over time showed that all levels were below the limit of microscopic detection and ranged from a low of 102 organisms/ml to peaks of 106 organisms/ml. Two patterns of persistent rickettsemia were observed: the first was characterized by cyclic fluctuations at 6- to 9-week intervals, similar to the pattern described for A. marginale-infected cattle, while in the second pattern, repetitive cycles did not occur and the rickettsemia levels were relatively constant. The msp-2 and msp-3 multigene families, which provide the genetic capacity for outer membrane protein antigenic variation during persistent A. marginale rickettsemia, were identified in the A. ovis genome by Southern blot analysis, and expression of an MSP-2 homologue was confirmed by using immunoblots.
Design and realization of GA-optimized wire monopole and matching network with 20:1 bandwidth

This paper presents the successful design and physical realization of broadband loaded wire monopoles with matching networks. The loads are parallel inductor/resistor circuits that are adjusted by means of genetic algorithm (GA) optimizers to maximize bandwidth, and the matching networks are transmission-line transformers. The micro-GA is shown to be more convenient and efficient for optimizing these loaded antenna systems than is the simple-GA. The measured voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of the loaded antennas confirm broadband performance and agree with data obtained from moment method computations. Antennas having bandwidth ratios of 12.6 : 1 and 18 : 1, with measured VSWR less than 3.5 and calculated system gain greater than -4.5 dBi, are presented. Finally, an antenna system is given that has measured VSWR less than 3.0 and calculated system gain greater than -3.2 dBi over a 20 : 1 band.
Optical design of the camera for Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)

The optical design of the wide field of view refractive camera, 34 degrees diagonal field, for the TESS payload is described. This fast f/1.4 cryogenic camera, operating at -75 C, has no vignetting for maximum light gathering within the size and weight constraints. Four of these cameras capture full frames of star images for photometric searches of planet crossings. The optical design evolution, from the initial Petzval design, took advantage of Forbes aspheres to develop a hybrid design form. This maximized the correction from the two aspherics resulting in a reduction of average spot size by sixty percent in the final design. An external long wavelength pass filter was replaced by an internal filter coating on a lens to save weight, and has been fabricated to meet the specifications. The stray light requirements were met by an extended lens hood baffle design, giving the necessary off-axis attenuation.
Stretching type II collagen with optical tweezers

Collagens are the most abundant proteins of vertebrates and they provide mechanical and supportive functions in a wide range of connective tissues. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of single collagen molecules is essential in studying the self-assembly of collagen, the interaction between cells and extracellular matrix, the etiology of tissue degeneration and mechanism of regeneration, and the relationship between the structures and mechanical properties of tissues. Here we stretched single type II collagen molecules in neutral pH solution using optical tweezers. The molecular parameters of collagen were obtained by fitting force-extension curves into worm-like chain elasticity model. The molecule length of type II collagen monomer was 295.8 nm. The persistence length of type II collagen monomer was 11.2 nm. These observations indicate that collagen molecules are flexible rather than rigid rod molecules at neutral pH solution.
A graphical user interface toolkit approach to thin-client computing

Network and server-centric computing paradigms are quickly returning to being the dominant methods by which we use computers. Web applications are so prevalent that the role of a PC today has been largely reduced to a terminal for running a client or viewer such as a Web browser. Implementers of network-centric applications typically rely on the limited capabilities of HTML, employing proprietary "plug ins" or transmitting the binary image of an entire application that will be executed on the client. Alternatively, implementers can develop without regard for remote use, requiring users who wish to run such applications on a remote server to rely on a system that creates a virtual frame buffer on the server, and transmits a copy of its raster image to the local client.We review some of the problems that these current approaches pose, and show how they can be solved by developing a distributed user interface toolkit. A distributed user interface toolkit applies techniques to the high level components of a toolkit that are similar to those used at a low level in the X Window System. As an example of this approach, we present RemoteJFC, a working distributed user interface toolkit that makes it possible to develop thin-client applications using a distributed version of the Java Foundation Classes.
A Review of: “Sylvain Besson, La Conquete de L'Occident: Le Projet Secret Des Islamistes”

Investigative journalist Sylvain Besson has written what may be the most important book on the rise of Islamism in Europe. Most studies on this topic tend to focus on the threat posed by al Qaeda a...
TEACHING NEUROIMAGES: HEMORRHAGE ASSOCIATED WITH REVERSIBLE POSTERIOR LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME

The Teaching Neuro Image by Drs. Turkeltaub and Graves1 illustrates 2 cases of hemorrhage associated with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS). However, the authors state that “the co-occurrence of RPLS should be considered in patients with acute hypertension and ICH or SAH.” This may mislead readers. Several studies have considered the association of hypertension and hemorrhage in RPLS—also known as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). In patients with PRES, hemorrhage occurs 15% of the time, …
BEGINNING ELEMENTARY TEACHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT THE USE OF ANCHORING QUESTIONS IN SCIENCE: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

Current science education reform efforts highlight the importance of engaging students in scientifically oriented questions as a central dimension of inquiry-based elementary science. However, elementary teachers, particularly beginning teachers, must often overcome a variety of challenges to engage their students in reform-minded, standards-based, inquiry-oriented classroom practice. To better support beginning elementary teachers' learning to support students to ask and answer scientifically oriented questions, it is necessary to better understand their beliefs about questions and questioning, as well as how they negotiate these beliefs at this crucial stage of the teacher professional continuum. Four beginning elementary teachers were studied longitudinally over their first 3 years of professional teaching careers. Results show that each teacher cited the importance of driving questions and investigation questions to establish purpose and promote student sense-making. However, they followed different trajectories in reconciling their ideas about the use of driving questions and investigation questions in light of the particular facets of science teaching they prioritized. These findings have important implications for current perspectives on teacher learning along the teacher professional continuum and help inform research on teachers and teaching, as well as teacher education and science curriculum development. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:365–387, 2010
NEW MORPHOLOGICAL DATA FOR EOSANIWA KOEHNI HAUBOLD, 1977 AND A REVISED PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS

Abstract Eosaniwa koehni is an enigmatic platynotan that differs from related varanoids in the possession of a very long snout resulting in extremely elongate nasals and vomers; a robust and broad jugal; the presence of denticles on palatines, pterygoids, and vomers; the presence of a subdental shelf on the dentary; and a strongly twisted retroarticular process on the mandible. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Eosaniwa is a derived varanoid platynotan, nested within a clade also including mosasauroids, Coniasaurus, and Paravaranus.
Exogenously Administered Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Alter Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Enhance Cardiac Performance: In Vitro Evaluation in the Isolated Isovolumic Buffer-Perfused Rat Heart

It has been proposed that chronic treatment with growth hormone (GH) or insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the rat may enhance cardiac function in vivo. To confirm these findings and elucidate the mechanisms by which cardiac function is modulated, we studied isolated buffer-perfused rat hearts after 4 weeks of treatment with high doses of GH and IGF-I alone or in combination. Mechanical parameters were measured at 50% of the intracardiac balloon volume at which maximal developed pressure (DevP) occurred. EC50 of the force-Ca2+ relationship and maximal Ca2+-activated systolic wall stress (max σs) were assessed by increasing Ca2+ in the perfusate in a stepwise fashion and plotting systolic wall stress (σs) versus intracellular peak systolic Ca2+, measured by the aequorin bioluminescence method. We found a marked increase of systolic pressure (Ps), DevP, and (+dP/dt)/DevP in the treated groups compared with the control group. The combination group showed a blunted effect. σs was increased in all treated groups for a perfusate Ca2+ concentration of >1.5 mmol/L. The enhanced systolic performance can be explained by an increase of the overall Ca2+ responsiveness due to an increased maximal response to Ca2+ even though the EC50 of the Ca2+-dose response was also slightly increased. Ps was further enhanced by an increase of the relative wall thickness induced by the treatment. Diastolic pressure, diastolic Ca2+, and the amplitude and time course of the Ca2+ transient were not influenced by any treatment protocol. All treatments caused increases of body and heart weight. These data support the hypothesis that both IGF-I and GH directly affect cardiac performance by altering cardiac geometry as well as by enhancing max σs.
Prevalence of Carotid Artery Stenosis in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease in Japanese Population

Background and Purpose— Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown in Japanese population. Methods— The study populations consisted of 632 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography because of suspicion of CAD. All patients underwent carotid ultrasonography to screen carotid artery stenosis before coronary angiography. We defined echographic carotid stenosis as area stenosis of >50% or peak systolic velocity of >200 cm/s. Results— Echographic carotid stenosis was observed in 124 patients (19.6%). Coronary angiography revealed 433 patients had CAD. Prevalence of echographic carotid artery stenosis was 14 of 199 (7.0%), 18 of 124 (14.5%), 28 of 131 (21.4%), and 64 of 178 (36.0%) in patients with 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel CAD, respectively (P<0.0001). The prevalence rate with carotid stenosis and CAD was 25.4%. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that age and the extent of CAD were independently related to the presence of ...
Knowledge and Evidence

This is an ambitious and frustrating book. Among the many virtues which Moser claims for it are all of the following: (a) it answers the need to counteract certain “epistemologically harmful muddles with careful distinctions and arguments” (p. 2); (b) it provides the reader with a “forceful” reply to both justification scepticism and knowledge scepticism and argues that both can be “effectively challenged, if not refuted” (p. 3); (c) it “solves” the Gettier problem (p. 233); and (d) it not only removes the “normative mystery” from epistemic concepts such as knowledge and justification, but provides a meta-justification which will allow us, the readers, to see why the theoretical account offered in its pages is preferable to its competitors (p. 2–3). It is worth mentioning that the competitors over whom Moser claims his theory has a “dialectical edge” (p. 3) include accounts authored by Chisholm, Lehrer, Goldman, Alston, Bonjour, Rorty, Foley and Stroud. As I said, this is an ambitious book.
Expression patterns of atopic eczema and respiratory illnesses in a high-risk birth cohort

Increased severity of respiratory illnesses, RSV wheezing and early allergic sensitization were significant risk factors for atopic eczema disease persistence. These children represent a distinct phenotype of AE.
Discrete Subaortic Stenosis

Twenty-five patients with discrete subaortic stenosis were reviewed. Twenty were operated on for severe obstruction. Review of available data suggests there is a wide spectrum of the disease which may be divided into two main types designated I and II. Type I is a thin discrete membrane immediately under the aortic valve obstructing the outflow but not associated with narrowing of it. Type II is situated about 1 cm below the valve and consists of a fibrous ring, thicker than type I, and associated with muscular hypertrophy which narrows the outflow tract, encroaches on the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, and may extend 1-2 cm downward. Both have a characteristic angiographic appearance. Results of surgery are good for type I but not satisfactory for type II. Aortic incompetence is likely to increase or develop following operation in both types.
The in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome

Summary A comparison of serum immunoglobulin levels in children with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrotne (WAS) and in children with chronic eczema demonstrated lower IgM, higher IgA and lower IgG concentrations in WAS patients. Seven patients with WAS were studied for in vitro lymphocyte function by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation and by one-way mixed cell cultures. Lymphocytes from WAS patients were significantly depressed in their response to PHA when compared with lymphocytes from a control population of children of similar age. In contrast to this, lymphocytes from WAS patients and from their normal siblings and parents responded equally well to mitomycin-blocked homologous cells.
Drop-Out Predictors Among Students With High-Incidence Disabilities: A National Longitudinal and Transitional Study 2 Analysis

Students with disabilities have high rates of dropping out of school despite safeguards from Individuals With Disabilities Education Act provisions. The purpose of the study was to explore the effe...
Is Cunnilingus-Assisted Orgasm a Male Sperm-Retention Strategy?

We secured data from 243 men in committed, sexual, heterosexual relationships to test the sperm retention hypothesis of oral sex. We predicted that, among men who perform cunnilingus on their partner, those at greater risk of sperm competition are more likely to perform cunnilingus until their partner achieves orgasm (Prediction 1), and that, among men who ejaculate during penile-vaginal intercourse and whose partner experiences a cunnilingus-assisted orgasm, ejaculation will occur during the brief period in which female orgasm might function to retain sperm (Prediction 2). The results support Prediction 1 but not Prediction 2. We discuss limitations of the current research and discuss how these results may be more consistent with alternative hypotheses regarding female orgasm and oral sex.
Improved pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine afforded by a thermally robust hemihydrate

Structural and thermal data were obtained for a novel hemihydrate of 6-mercaptopurine. The hemihydrate shows increased solubility and bioavailability when compared to the monohydrate form, better stability against conversion in aqueous media than the anhydrate form, and a dehydration temperature of 240 °C, the highest of any known hydrate crystal.
A Novel Ellipse Model for Optically Injection-locked VCSELs

A novel ellipse graphic tool is established based on injection-locked rate equations to analyze the cavity mode behavior of injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Calculation based on this model shows excellent agreement with the experimental results.
The Circle in Euclid's Treatment of Optics

(1927). The Circle in Euclid's Treatment of Optics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 30-33.
Estimation of precipitation under future climate scenarios in the Yangtze-Huaihe region using statistical downscaling

Statistical downscaling is widely used to make up the shortcomings of General Circulation Model(GCM) in simulating regional climate change.A statistical downscaling model with GCM precipitation is developed for the Yangtze-Huaihe region.Using the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data and the observed precipitation of 1960-2009 at 52 meteorological stations in the region,a model linking 10 large-scale atmospheric variables(predictors) to the local precipitation amount is proposed.A combined approach of Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and Support Vector Machine(SVM) is used for training the model to establish a statistical relationship between the 10 predictors and the local precipitation amount for the Yangtze-Huaihe region.The results show that the model can significantly reduce the precipitation error compared to that of using GCM simulations directly,and the monthly and annual variations in precipitation can be better described.The model is then applied to the HadCM3 simulation of the SRES A2 scenario for three time periods 2020-2039,2050-2069 and 2080-2099.Both seasonal and annual variations in the projected future precipitation for the Yangtze-Huaihe region are analyzed.Compared to the baseline(1960-1999) period,a relatively small increase in precipitation could be expected to the climate change during the period 2020-2099.Among which,the highest increase in the precipitation rate of 3.6 mm/a could be in the period 2080-2099.The seasonal precipitation changes are different from each other during the three time periods.
The Natural History of Traumatic Branch Renal Artery Injury

Between 1979 and 1984, 24 patients with traumatic branch renal artery injuries documented by selective angiography were managed at our center. A total of 7 patients (29 per cent) died of nonurological organ system injury during the initial hospitalization. Of the remaining patients 10 were followed for 1 to 5 years after injury. None of these patients required immediate or delayed surgical intervention for complications, while 2 had hypertension after injury that resolved spontaneously by 1 year. The eventual renal function attained by these patients remained normal, the mean creatinine was 0.9 plus or minus 0.1 mg. per dl. and there were no other urological complications. Patients who sustain branch renal artery injuries should be managed nonoperatively unless they exhibit cardiovascular instability. Excision of ischemic parenchyma is indicated only when intractable hypertension associated with increased renin secretion can be identified.
Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: the Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina

5 Introduction 6 Literature Review 9 Pros of Gender Quotas 9 Cons of Gender Quotas 11 Consequences of Gender Quotas 14 Domestic Violence 14 Process vs. Outcome 18 Gendered Institutions 20 Gender Discrimination 21 Gender-Self Efficiency Gap 22 Theory 23 Gender Norms 24 Label Effect 25 Gender Quotas and Women’s Involvement 27 Affirmative Action 29 Gender Quotas Before Societal Pace 31 Hypothesis 32 Methodology 33 Results 35 Discussion 41 Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: The Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina 3 3 Final Thoughts 43 References 45 Appendix 49 Exploring the Negative Perceptions of Female Legislators: The Consequences of Gender Quotas in Argentina 4
Characterizations of double pulsing in neutron multiplicity and coincidence counting systems

Abstract Passive neutron coincidence/multiplicity counters are subject to non-ideal behavior, such as double pulsing and dead time. It has been shown in the past that double-pulsing exhibits a distinct signature in a Rossi-alpha distribution, which is not readily noticed using traditional Multiplicity Shift Register analysis. However, it has been assumed that the use of a pre-delay in shift register analysis removes any effects of double pulsing. In this work, we use high-fidelity simulations accompanied by experimental measurements to study the effects of double pulsing on multiplicity rates. By exploiting the information from the double pulsing signature peak observable in the Rossi-alpha distribution, the double pulsing fraction can be determined. Algebraic correction factors for the multiplicity rates in terms of the double pulsing fraction have been developed. We discuss the role of these corrections across a range of scenarios.
ADAPTIVE PROCEDURES FOR A FINITE NUMBER OF PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FAMILIES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an adaptive procedure. An adaptive estimator exists if the members of different families ρα and ρβ , α is not equal to β, are not more similar than the elements of one of these families. The existence of adaptive procedures is related to a more general problem of the form of minimax estimators for the new risk function R (α,δ)/ρα. It is easy to see that δa, if exists, is minimax for this risk. A minimax estimator is determined in the general situation, that is, when an adaptive procedure may not exist.
Enzyme Replacement or Substrate Reduction? A Review of Gaucher Disease Treatment Options:

Abstract Background: Gaucher disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease resulting from a deficiency or reduced activity in the acid β-glucocosidase enzyme. Only 1 treatment option was available for 15 years, but several new treatment options have come to market since 2003. Objective: The article will detail the pathophysiology and review current therapies in the literature for all 3 major clinical types of Gaucher disease, with a focus on considerations for selecting therapy in type 1 disease. Methods: Extracted and summarized applicable studies and reviews from Cochrane Review, ClinicalTrials.gov, CINAHL, IPA, and PubMed. Results: Enzyme replacement therapy is preferred for the management of Gaucher disease. Current literature does not favor any enzyme replacement product over another. However, velaglucerase alfa and taliglucerase alfa theoretically have a lower risk of immunogenicity reactions compared with imiglucerase. Alternative treatments for type 1 disease include substrate reduction therapy; how...
In Search of Free Labour: Trinidad and the Abolition of the British Slave Trade

In 1797 Britain seized the island of Trinidad from Spain; in 1802 the island was formally ceded to Britain at the Peace of Amiens. To both the government and anti-slavery leaders the question of how the colony was to be developed under British rule proved critical, particularly with the prospect of the abolition of the British slave trade. The island’s plantation economy was a relatively recent development, dating from Spain’s reversal in 1784 of its policy of excluding foreign settlement and linked predominantly to the movement of slave owners from French islands. From this point until 1802, the importation of slaves into the colony rapidly increased, spurred by the French and Haitian revolutions and intense warfare in the Caribbean.1 In the event, the British government decided to halt this trend, ceasing to grant land and thus preventing the realization of the island’s full potential as a slave-based plantation economy. In turn, however, this decision raised the question of what sort of labour system and what groups of workers should stand in place of slavery: how was colonialism in the Caribbean to be imagined without slaves? The capacity to envisage a labour regime to replace that of slavery was a pre-condition for the abolition of the British slave trade and of slavery in the Caribbean.2 This chapter explores the various (failed) schemes to settle free workers in Trinidad during the first decade of the nineteenth century and debate over free labour in the British Caribbean.
Euclid's algorithm

In this chapter, we discuss Euclid's algorithm for computing greatest common divisors. It turns out that Euclid's algorithm has a number of very nice properties, and has applications far beyond that purpose. The basic Euclidean algorithm We consider the following problem: given two non-negative integers a and b , compute their greatest common divisor, gcd( a, b ). We can do this using the well-known Euclidean algorithm , also called Euclid's algorithm . The basic idea of Euclid's algorithm is the following. Without loss of generality, we may assume that a ≥ b ≥ 0. If b = 0, then there is nothing to do, since in this case, gcd( a , 0) = a . Otherwise, if b > 0, we can compute the integer quotient q ≔ └ a/b ┘ and remainder r ≔ a mod b , where 0 ≤ r b . From the equation it is easy to see that if an integer d divides both b and r , then it also divides a ; likewise, if an integer d divides a and b , then it also divides r . From this observation, it follows that gcd( a, b ) = gcd( b, r ), and so by performing a division, we reduce the problem of computing gcd( a, b ) to the “smaller” problem of computing gcd( b, r ).
Apoptosis as a Mechanism for Keratinocyte Death in Canine Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

In humans and dogs, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening dermatosis characterized by sudden epidermal death resulting in extensive skin detachment. There is little information on the pathogenesis of keratinocyte cell death in canine TEN. We studied the occurrence of apoptosis in skin lesions of dogs with TEN to determine if apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease. Immunostaining with antibodies to activated caspase-3 and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling technique revealed positive apoptotic keratinocytes in basal and suprabasal epidermal compartments in 17 biopsy specimens collected from 3 dogs with TEN and 16 from 3 dogs with erythema multiforme (EM). There was no significant difference in the number of positively stained epidermal cells between TEN and EM. These results suggest that apoptosis of epidermal keratinocytes and lymphocytic satellitosis represent one of the early steps in the pathogenesis of canine TEN, as in the human disease counterpart.
Chapter Four – Gender

This chapter provides an introduction to how a player's gender can have an impact on reactions to game characters, and it describes ways to shift design practices to create specific gender or cross-gender appeal in characters. Gender is a controversial topic in the social sciences (and in general), so this chapter also takes some time to define gender, insofar as it relates to creating game characters, using a social psychological approach.
The importance of the electrical contact between specimen and testing fixture in evaluating the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon materials

Abstract The quality of the electrical contact between the specimen and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding testing fixture (coaxial cable method) is found to be critical to shielding effectiveness testing. The carbon fiber (CF) mat (0.15–0.42 mm thick) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) fiber mat (4.4–4.6 mm thick) are similar in the shielding effectiveness (68–70 dB), but the former is much superior in the effectiveness per unit thickness (200 vs. 15 dB/mm), due to the clinginess of the CF mat (resulting from short fiber protrusion) promoting good electrical contact, even at zero specimen-fixture fastening torque. Flexible graphite (0.13–0.38 mm thick) is superior to CF/CNF mats in both the shielding effectiveness (110 dB) and shielding effectiveness per unit thickness (560 dB/mm), partly due to its deformability promoting the electrical contact. For the CF mat, the shielding effectiveness decreases monotonically with increasing fastening torque, due to the increase in the degree of in-plane fiber preferred orientation and the consequent degradation of the electrical contact between the specimen and testing fixture. In contrast, for both CNF mat and flexible graphite, the torque enhances the shielding. The absorption loss per unit thickness reaches 165, 14 and 500 dB/mm for CF mat, CNF mat and flexible graphite, respectively.
Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review

Fragrance compounds are chemicals belonging to one of several families, which are used frequently and globally in cosmetics, household products, foods and beverages. A complete list of such compounds is rarely found on the ingredients-list of such products, as "fragrance mixtures" are defined as "trade secrets" and thus protected by law. While some information regarding the general toxicity of some of these compounds is available, their neurotoxicity is known to a lesser extent. Here, we discuss the prevalence and neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds belonging to the three most common groups: phthalates, synthetic musks and chemical sensitizers.
Hypoglycemic effects of tramadol analgesia in hospitalized patients: a case-control study.

In outpatient populations, hypoglycemia has been associated with tramadol. We sought to determine the magnitude of risk for hypoglycemia associated with tramadol use in hospitalized patients. During a 2-year period of observation, adult inpatients who received ≥1 dose of tramadol were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Patients were included if they had blood or plasma glucose (BG) concentrations measured on at least two occasions within five days after the initial administration of tramadol. A contemporary comparator group of hospitalized oxycodone recipients was similarly reviewed. Tramadol was administered to 2927 patients who met inclusion criteria. Among these, hypoglycemia (BG ≤70 mg/dL) was documented in 22 (46.8%) of 47 patients with type 1 diabetes, 113 (16.8%) of 673 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 103 (4.7%) of 2207 patients who did not have a diabetes mellitus diagnosis. In those without a diabetes diagnosis, the causality association between hypoglycemia and tramadol use was probable in 77 patients (3.5%). By comparison, hypoglycemia was documented in 8 (1.1%) of 716 matched oxycodone recipients without diabetes (p = 0.002). As compared with tramadol recipients who did not develop low BG concentrations, those who experienced tramadol-related hypoglycemia were relatively young (mean age 52.0 versus 59.8 years; p = 0.027) and predominantly female (74.0% versus 59.8%; p = 0.012). Tramadol use was causally associated with hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. The proportion of patients without diabetes who developed hypoglycemia was higher among those who received tramadol than among those who received oxycodone. Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board Protocol № 15–2215 . Registered/approved 8 December 2015.
Liver cancer: Translating '-omics' results into precision medicine for hepatocellular carcinoma.

A large-scale comprehensive analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the integration of six distinct data platforms has pinpointed novel oncogenic processes and prognostic subgroups. These findings confirm previously identified molecular subclasses and fuel the need for a clear strategy of precision medicine in HCC.