cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The surgical management of goiter: Part II. Surgical treatment and results.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Surgery for goiter embodies a unique challenge. Our objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of cervical and substernal goiter data in two paired articles. This second article focuses on surgical management. The following null hypotheses regarding goiter excision have been tested: 1) there are no goiter-associated risk factors for difficult intubation; 2) there are no predictive risk factors for recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLN) or postoperative hypocalcemia; 3) there is no difference in RLN injury with neural monitoring versus without. Study Design: A retrospective review of 200 consecutive thyroidectomies meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for cervical or substernal goiter. Results: Temporary RLN paralysis occurred in 1.8% of nerves at risk and was significantly lower with recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring than without. Permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in 3% overall. Bilateral cervical goiter emerged as a definitive risk factor for difficult intubation (P = .05, univariate), recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (P = .002), and postoperative hypocalcemia (P = .001). Female patients (P = .04) or patients with positive family history (P = .01) were more likely to need repeat surgery. There were no cases of tracheomalacia, and sternotomy was required in 1%. Conclusions: In this series of patients with extensive goiter, primary and revision surgery were associated with low rate of complications. Surgical complications were associated with bilateral and large goiters suggesting increased caution in these patients. Laryngoscope, 2011
Redistribution of As during Pd2Si formation: Electrical measurements

We have investigated the redistribution of As during Pd2Si formation with electrical measurements. Our results are in agreement with the earlier findings that part of the shallow implanted As is pushed ahead by the moving silicide‐silicon interface at 250 °C. We show that, owing to the As redistribution, Pd2Si contacts can be formed to shallow junction diodes without altering the junction properties, because the junction is displaced by the approaching silicide‐silicon interface. We also demonstrate that the increase in the As concentration beneath the silicide‐silicon interface reduces contact resistance. Finally, we discuss the use of the As redistribution to adjust the barrier height of Schottky diodes and other applications in submicron integrated circuit technology.
JASIS and library and information science journal rankings: a review and analysis of the last half-century

The concept of journal ranking is explained along with the theoretical and practical significance of ranking journals. An eight-variable model for classifying journal-ranking studies is outlined. A review of LIS journal rankings of the last half-century identifies 178 published between 1952 and 1997. The majority of these used some type of citation measure, followed by rankings based on production, subjective judgment, and reading, respectively. Analysis of JASIS's, and its immediate predecessor, American Documentation's, position in these rankings, found that they were logically excluded from 18. In the remaining 160, they ranked first in 20 and in the top five in 88. It is noted that JASIS also appears on many lists of “core” LIS journals, and that it has been the object of investigation in numerous studies.
Variation of Techniques on the Results of Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty

Abstract Patients with uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma were treated with argon laser to the trabecular meshwork. These patients were divided into six groups. Each group of eyes had a slightly different technique of argon laser therapy. Except for one group, there was an adequate pressure lowering effect at the longest follow-up (−18 to −28%). Since the worst complication of argon laser trabeculoplasty is the immediate elevation in intraocular pressure with subsequent worsening of the field and/or disc, the immediate rise in intraocular pressure was measured and compared for each of the various techniques. In addition comparison was made when treating 180° in one eye and 360° in the other eye of 30 individuals having similar glaucomatous disease bilaterally. Little difference was noted between the two eyes.
DNA replication in Escherichia coli: Physical and kinetic studies of the replication point

Abstract DNA replication in Escherichia coli was followed using analytical composite agarose-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of native and denatured DNA samples from cells that had been pulse-labeled in vivo . The results obtained with samples of native DNA, combined with the different sensitivities of the various electrophoretic fractions of native DNA to enzymatic attack, led us to conclude that a significant amount of single-strandedness exists in the region of the replication site. Data obtained from kinetic analyses of the labeling of both the high molecular weight DNA and the fragments formed on denaturation of native DNA samples were consistent with the Okazaki model (Okazaki et al. , 1968 a,b ) of DNA replication. Furthermore, the data indicated that eight to ten precursor fragments are present per fork during bacterial growth at both 20 and 37 °C, under the conditions used in this study.
Hemodynamics in congenital heart disease

This paper introduces a very general and flexible model for the study of hemodynamic changes in congenital heart disease. The generality of the model makes it possible to use the same computer program (which is included in an Appendix) to study both the fetal circulation and the adult circulation, as well as such diverse disease states as patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. In this paper, only patent ductus and ventricular or atrial septal defect are studied, with special emphasis on the influence of increasing pulmonary vascular resistance on the shunt flow. In the case of patent ductus and ventricular septal defect, the computed shunt flow is very time-dependent and the left-to-right shunt becomes first bidirectional and then right-to-left as the pulmonary resistance increases. By contrast, the computed shunt flow of atrial septal defect is nearly time-independent and is also somewhat less sensitive to the pulmonary vascular resistance.
Deformations of the isolated mouse tectorial membrane produced by oscillatory forces

Mechanical properties of the isolated tectorial membrane (TM) of the mouse were measured by applying oscillatory shear forces to the TM with a magnetic bead (radius approximately 10 mcm). Sinusoidal forces at 10 Hz with amplitudes from 5 to 33 nN were applied tangentially to the surfaces of 11 TMs. The ratio of force to bead displacement ranged from 0.04 to 0.98 N/m (median: 0.18 N/m, interquartile range: 0.11-0.30 N/m, n=90). Increasing frequency from 10 to 100 Hz decreased the magnitude of the displacement of the magnetic bead by 6-7.3 dB/decade. The phase of the displacement lagged that of the stimulus current by approximately 27-44 degrees across frequencies. Displacement of the adjacent tissue decreased as the distance from the magnetic bead increased. Space constants were of the order of tens of micrometers. Forces with equal amplitude and frequency were applied radially and longitudinally. Longitudinal displacements in response to longitudinal forces were 1-10 times as large as radial displacements in response to radial forces in 85% of 560 paired measurements. These results suggest that the following mechanical properties of the TM are important. (1) Viscoelasticity: The frequency dependence of TM displacement lies between that of a purely viscous and a purely elastic material, suggesting that both are important. (2) Mechanical coupling: Space constants indicate that hair bundles could interact mechanically with adjacent hair bundles via the TM. (3) Anisotropy: The mechanical impedance is greater in the radial direction than it is in the longitudinal direction. This mechanical anisotropy correlates with anatomical anisotropies, such as the radially oriented fibrillar structure of the TM.
Arg188 in rice sucrose transporter OsSUT1 is crucial for substrate transport.

Background Plant sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) are H+/sucrose symporters related to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). SUTs are essential for plant growth but little is known about their transport mechanism. Recent work identified several conserved, charged amino acids within transmembrane spans (TMS) in SUTs that are essential for transport activity. Here we further evaluated the role of one of these positions, R188 in the fourth TMS of OsSUT1, a type II SUT.
Use of carbon stable isotope to investigate chloromethane formation in the electrolytic dechlorination of trichloroethylene.

Abstract Carbon stable isotope trichloroethylene (13C TCE) was used to investigate the formation of chloromethane (CM) during the electrolytic dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) at a granular-graphite packed cathode. A method was developed to use a conventional GC/MS to analyze and quantify regular and 13C TCE and their dechlorination products. The concentration of a 13C compound can be calculated, based on the concentration of its regular counterpart, from the response ratio of two fragments of different mass per charge values from the compounds in a sample and two characteristic MS spectrum ratios: one is the response ratio of the two fragments of the regular compound, and the other is the response ratio of the corresponding fragments of the regular and 13C compounds at the same concentrations. The method was used to analyze the regular and 13C compounds observed in an experiment of dechlorination in an ammonium acetate solution that contained both regular TCE and 13C TCE. Results of analysis confirmed that CM was not a direct product of TCE dechlorination at the granular graphite cathode that cis-DCE was an intermediate product of TCE dechlorination, and that 1,1-DCE was not a dechlorination product.
Creativity and information search in a problem-solving context

This study found consistent individual differences in Ss information search patterns (questioning frequency and category sampling) across three problem-solving tasks, a relationship between this behavior and Guilford’s productivity measure of creativity (Uses for Things), and an independence of both creativity and information request from intelligence.
The energetics of human walking: Is Froude number (Fr) useful for metabolic comparisons?

Velocity and body mass have well-known influences on the amount of metabolic energy that animals require to walk. This relationship could stem from the fact that both are key variables in calculating the mechanical energy of a system in motion. Other variables, like leg length, are also important in mechanical energy calculations and two mechanical formulations that incorporate leg length, Froude number (Fr) and the LiMb model, have been shown to correlate with human metabolic energy expenditure. Both, however, include velocity as a key variable in their calculations, so we wondered if the correlation might derive solely from their relationship with velocity rather than leg length. Using the energetic data and gait parameters from 24 human adults and 48 children, we tested several variables - velocity (V), V(2), body mass, leg length, Fr and LiMb - to see which combinations best explained the variation in oxygen consumption, a proxy of metabolic energy expenditure. An equation with V(2), body mass and leg length as covariates produced the highest R(2), explaining 88% of the variation when all subjects were combined. No significant differences in the predictive power of velocity, V(2), Fr or LiMb were detected, prompting us to conclude that neither Fr nor LiMb compensate for the effect of leg length. Leg length does influence the energetic expenditure of walking humans, but Fr and LiMb do not appear to adequately reflect that effect. The development of another method to compensate for the effect of leg length on metabolic energy consumption is essential.
The pressure dependence of the transition temperature in KDP and ADP

Abstract The pressure dependence of the ferroelectric transition temperature for KD 2 PO 4 and for K(D 0.55 H 0.45 ) 2 PO 4 has been measured to 10 kbar. The dependence in both cases was linear, with slopes of -2.40 ± 0.01 °K/kbar and −2.93±0.01 °K/kbar respectively. Measurements on ND 4 D 2 PO 4 and NH 4 H 2 PO 4 over a smaller pressure range gave linear fits with slopes of -1.43 ± 0.04 °K/kbar and -3.39 ± 0.06 °K/kbar respectively. The results were obtained by neutron diffraction wherein the transition was detected by the sharp decrease of extinction effects on transforming to the low temperature phase. The present results on KDP are consistent with previous neutron diffraction measurements utilizing samples with 0 per cent and approx. 90 per cent deuteration. The values for dT c /dP are found to be approximately 1 °K/kbar less negative than those determined from dielectric constant measurements.
Dopaminergic neurons associate with blood vessels in neural transplants

Neural transplantation is an attractive strategy for diseases that result in focal neurodegeneration such as Parkinson's disease, where there is a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. A major drawback to its application, however, is the poor survival of donor dopaminergic neurons. While neurons probably depend on host-derived substances delivered by either diffusion or the establishment of functional vascular connections, the relative importance of each delivery mechanism is not known. We investigated the topography of transplants of embryonic mesencephalic tissue and describe the spatial relationships between transplanted dopaminergic neurons, the host brain, and in-growing blood vessels. Results indicate that transplant vascularization shares features with developmental patterns of brain vascularization. Moreover, the topographical distribution of dopaminergic neurons reflected their proximity to the host brain as well as their distance from vascular elements. Zonal analysis revealed that the majority of dopaminergic neurons were found at or near the host-transplant interface at 1 week after transplantation. Nearest neighbor analysis demonstrated a descending exponential gradient of dopaminergic neurons as a function of their distance from vessels at the same time point. These patterns became more marked with time. Results suggest that rates and patterns of vascularization may be important determinants in the long-term survival of dopaminergic neurons.
Total-Ionizing-Dose Induced Timing Window Violations in CMOS Microcontrollers

The total-ionizing-dose robustness of low power microcontrollers is investigated. Experiments reveal that with increasing total ionizing dose (TID), the "Timing Window Vio- lations,"i.e., inability of the instruction set to execute within the clock-cycle(s) lead to failures in microcontroller operations. Clock frequency and supply voltage of the microcontroller are varied to determine the maximum clock frequency at which the micro- controller can execute software subroutines without failure. Low power microcontrollers from two different manufacturers were tested. The maximum clock frequency decreases with increasing TID for both parts. A model for the degradation based on analysis of circuit level timing models is presented. The microcontroller robustness implications for system designers and ASIC designers are discussed. TID has been shown to impact propagation delays in indi- vidual transistors (4), the timing characteristics of integrated circuits (5), memory access times (6), and propagation delays in CMOS flash-based FPGAs (7). In this work, timing window violations are experimentally demonstrated to be the primary source of failure in response to TID for a class of low power microcontrollers, and a model for the degradation and hard- ening implications are presented. The conclusion that timing window violations are the primary source of failure is supported by a measurement technique that allows insight into the in- ternal degradation of the device during the radiation exposure. The technique is necessary when information regarding indi- vidualtransistordegradation,themicrocontrollertechnology,or the fabrication process is not available, such as incorporating a COTS mechatronic subassembly including an integrated mi- crocontroller. Timing window violations are identified by per- forming a series of software tests on the microcontroller at var- ious frequencies and supply voltages. The technique to deter- mine the maximum and minimum frequencies and voltages for the microcontroller is more commonly used in electrical char- acterization (8). Results are presented for a commercially avail- able microcontroller, the Atmel ATMEGA328P (9). Analysis of the experimental results shows that the degradation is con- sistent with the expected degradation of logic gate switching time based on charge build-up in the gate oxide and shallow trench isolation (10). The results are further verified using a subset of the software tests on a Microchip PIC16F677 (11). The clock frequency measurement is nondestructive and can be monitored in a field deployment scenario to evaluate the health of the device, allowing for mission planning as well as life extensionthrough reducingclockoperating frequencyor in- creasing supply voltage.
A portfolio of products from the rapid terrain visualization interferometric SAR

The Rapid Terrain Visualization interferometric synthetic aperture radar was designed and built at Sandia National Laboratories as part of an Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) to "demonstrate the technologies and infrastructure to meet the Army requirement for rapid generation of digital topographic data to support emerging crisis or contingencies." This sensor was built by Sandia National Laboratories for the Joint Programs Sustainment and Development (JPSD) Project Office to provide highly accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) for military and civilian customers, both inside and outside of the United States. The sensor achieved better than HRTe Level IV position accuracy in near real-time. The system was flown on a deHavilland DHC-7 Army aircraft. This paper presents a collection of images and data products from the Rapid Terrain Visualization interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The imagery includes orthorectified images and DEMs from the RTV interferometric SAR radar.
In-home parent training, treatment of migraine headaches, and marital counseling as an ecobehavioral approach to prevent child abuse

A low-income family received in-home treatment after the mother expressed a desire to kill her daughter. The ecobehavioral approach focused on stress reduction of the frequency and duration of the mother's migraine headaches, on parent-child training, and on behavioral marital counselling. Follow-up data 1 yr after the beginning of services indicated maintenance of improvements in all areas. This was sufficient to terminate services. Also, the mother reported that she no longer had any negative feelings about her child, and the home environment lacked the stressors originally seen when the counselors began treatment. Finally, a consumer satisfaction questionnaire indicated a high level of satisfaction by the couple about the services offered by Project 12-Ways, an ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect.
CPMAS 13C NMR spectra of estuarine sedimentary humic acids

Abstract CPMAS 13 C NMR spectra of two estuarine sedimentary humic acids were recorded on a Bruker WP-SY 200 spectrometer. Both samples were found to contain similar aromatic and aliphatic carbon fractions. The sedimentary humic acids have unusually high methoxyl contents and more than one type of methoxyl is indicated. The high methoxyl content may be related to relatively low values for estuarine sedimentary humic acid-metal complexes. Carbohydrate contents of the humic acid samples were also found to be low.
Effects of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate on Myofibril integrity and Ca2+ content in developing myotubes.

Abstract The cocarcinogen 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has a prompt and selective effect on striated myofibrils in well-formed, multinucleated myotubes. The myofibrillar apparatus is totally disrupted and largely degraded after 3 days in TPA. Fluorescent-tagged antibodies to muscle-specific light meromyosin and electron microscopy document this catabolic effect of TPA. This selective degradation of fully assembled striated myofibrils is readily reversible. This reassembly of myofibrils requires de novo protein synthesis. The TPA-treated myotubes are unusually rich in autophagosomes, organelles rarely observed in normal myotubes. TPA has no discernable effect on the morphology of the subsarcolemmal microfilaments, mitochondria, microtubules, or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The programmed disappearance of the fibroblast-type, intermediate 10-nm filaments (FIF) that occurs as normal myotubes mature is not altered by TPA. However, the TPA-treated myotubes depleted of myofibrils are filled with an extensive meshwork of the muscle-type intermediate 10-nm filaments (MIF). The drug has no obvious effect on the constitutive contractile proteins comprising the submembranous microfilaments, or the FIF in presumptive myoblasts or fibroblasts, nor does it affect the motility associated with these replicating cells. The striking increase in total calcium content which occurs as normal myotubes mature is absent in myotubes treated with TPA.
Currency substitution and the real exchange rate: the utility maximization approach

Abstract This paper studies the currency-substitution hypothesis with Rational Expectations in terms of a Sidrauski-type model where domestic and foreign money enter the utility function. It shows that, contrary to Liviatan (1981), the approach does not necessarily contradict Calvo and Rodriguez (1977). Furthermore, the impact of monetary stabilization policy is fully characterized with flexible and (pre-) fixed rates for an extension of Dornbusch and Mussa (1975). A brief analysis of the Optimal Quantity of Money is also provided.
Mammalian brain antigens defined by monoclonal antibodies

Seventy-two hybridoma lines that produce monoclonal antibodies to molecules of a rat synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction (SPM) were generated. The topographical distribution of the antigens in the cerebellum and other areas of the brain was studied by light microscopy immunocytochemistry. Some of the antibodies recognize exclusively neuronal antigens while others bind to specific glial molecules. Some of the antigens have a distribution limited to certain classes of neurons. There are antigens localized in both the cell bodies and processes while others are present only in the latter. Immunoblots of SPM proteins indicate that some antibodies react specifically with one or few of these proteins while other antibodies react with many. The latter antibodies also generally react with many brain cell types. Particularly interesting is the monoclonal antibody 8-6A2 which binds to many SPM proteins but only recognizes large neurons with long axons. A further characterization of the antigens was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots of known purified proteins. The results indicate that antibody 8-2H5 binds specifically to clathrin, 8-7A5 to actin, 8-1E7 to the glial fibrillary acidic protein and both 8-3A5 and 7-2C12 to collagen. In contrast, the antibodies 4-4C3, 2-4H3, 4-4G7 and 6-6A8 bind to antigenic determinants present in many purified proteins.
A recoverable cost of brood parasitism during the nestling stage of the American robin (Turdus migratorius): implications for the evolution of egg rejection behaviors in a host of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater)

Hosts of brood parasitic birds face reduced reproductive success as a direct consequence of rearing parasitic young. The most commonly evolved host behavior to combat costly parasitism is the rejection of foreign eggs. Despite consistent patterns of reduced nesting success in broods parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), most of its host species do not reject foreign eggs. Paradoxically, where it is present, egg rejection is more common among cowbird hosts with larger body sizes, yet cowbird chicks are less likely to outcompete larger host nest mates. This raises a fundamental question whether egg rejection, even in the minority of cowbird hosts, has specifically evolved in response to costly brood parasitism. Here we tested predictions associated with this hypothesis in an egg-rejecter host, the American robin (Turdus migratorius), by assessing whether experimental cowbird parasitism causes reduced nesting success. We cross-fostered cowbird and control, host chicks into robin nests, testi...
Parametric instability of a circular ring subjected to moving springs

This work investigates parametric instabilities of in-plane bending vibrations of a thin elastic ring subject to forces from discrete rotating springs of arbitrary number, spacing, and orientation. Several configurations are examined, including systems with symmetric and asymmetric circumferential spring spacing, and systems with and without fixed springs. The method of multiple scales is applied to analytically identify principal and combination instability boundaries as closed-form expressions. Two different numerical approaches are used to verify the analytical results. The effects of different system parameters on the instability boundaries are studied analytically: the bending stiffness of the ring, the number of springs, and their stiffness, location, orientation and rotation speed. For several cases, well-defined properties for the occurrence or suppression of instabilities are obtained as simple relations in the system parameters.
Amyloid Goes Global

The brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) contain abundant plaques composed of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. It has been assumed that amyloid plaques and soluble Aβ oligomers induce neuronal pathology in AD; however, the mechanism by which amyloid mediates pathological effects is not clearly understood. In vivo calcium (Ca 2+ ) imaging and array tomography studies with AD mouse models are providing new insights into the changes that occur in brain structure and function as a result of amyloid plaque accumulation. The unexpected lesson from these studies is that amyloid plaques result in both localized and global changes in brain function. The amyloid-induced effects include short-range changes in neuronal Ca 2+ concentrations, medium-range changes in neuronal activity and synaptic density, and long-range changes in Ca 2+ signaling in astrocytes and induction of intracellular Ca 2+ waves spreading through a network of astrocytes. These results have potential implications for understanding synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction in AD brains.
Guidelines for responding to student threats of violence

A series of highly publicized school shootings in the USA generated the misperception of an epidemic of school violence. Fears of school violence stimulated an ill‐advised expansion of zero tolerance school discipline policies and the widespread dissemination of profiles or warning signs of potentially dangerous students for use by school administrators. This article presents the rationale for student threat assessment as an administrative alternative to zero tolerance or profiling. It describes the development and field‐testing of guidelines for school administrators to follow in investigating and resolving student threats of violence. Student threat assessment permits administrators to make reasonable judgments about the seriousness of a threat, to resolve most threats quickly and efficiently, and to reserve more labor‐intensive procedures for the most serious threats.
Why Migrate? A Test of the Evolutionary Precursor Hypothesis

The question of why birds migrate is still poorly understood despite decades of debate. Previous studies have suggested that use of edge habitats and a frugivorous diet are precursors to the evolution of migration in Neotropical birds. However, these studies did not explore other ecological correlates of migration and did not control for phylogeny at the species level. We tested the evolutionary precursor hypothesis by examining the extent to which habitat and diet are associated with migratory behavior, using a species-level comparative analysis of the Tyranni. We used both migratory distance and sedentary versus migratory behavior as response variables. We also examined the influences of foraging group size, membership in mixed-species flocks, elevational range, and body mass on migratory behavior. Raw species analyses corroborated some results from studies that put forth the evolutionary precursor hypothesis, but phylogenetically independent contrast analyses highlighted an important interaction between habitat and diet and their roles as precursors to migration. Foraging group size was consistently associated with migratory behavior in both raw species and independent contrast analyses. Our results lead to a resource variability hypothesis that refines the evolutionary precursor hypothesis and reconciles the results of several studies examining precursors to migration in birds.
Simultaneous dynamic mechanical and dielectric measurements on polymers

A comparison of dielectric and mechanical retardation #pectra for the same polymer is often helpful in elucidating the effects of molecular structure and/or microstructure on the observed macroscopic behavior. However, variations in the exact composition, impurities, different thermal and stress histories, or changing microstructural states of separate polymer samples used for electrical and mechanical testing can alter properties, mask correlations, or yield erratic, spurious correlations. Simultaneous measurements of mechanical and electrical properties on the same sample are necessary for meaningful comparisons; this is true for all polymers, but is especially important for biopolymers where time can have a profound effect on mechanical properties, for example. (FITZGERALD, 1975, 1977). Polymers in which temperature or stress induced phase or crystalline transitions take place also have time-sensitive properties as the transitions can occur over long times and produce marked changes in both electrical and mechanical properties (FITZGERALD, 1961). A method and means for sim~kltaneous measurements of the complex shear compliance (J* = J' iJ") and the complex dielectric constant (e* = e' ie") on the same samples of viscous liquids, gels, and solids is reported here. Some data are adduced from simultaneous dielectric and dynamic mechanical measurements on a 10% polyvinyl chloride/di-2ethyl-hexyl phtha!ate gel at audiofrequencies and temperatures from50 to 100~
Wavelength choice for soft x-ray laser holography of biological samples

The choice of an optimal wavelength for soft x-ray holography is discussed, based on a description of scattering by biological structures within an aqueous environment. We conclude that wavelengths slightly longer than the 43.7-A carbon K-edge provide a good trade off between minimizing the necessary source power and the dose absorbed by the sample and maximizing the penetrability of the x-rays through wet samples. This differs from the previous notion that wavelengths within the water window (between 23.2 A and 43.7 A) would be the best for holography. The problem of motion resulting from the absorption of x rays during a short exposure is described. The possibility of using ultrashort exposures in order to capture the image before motion can compromise the resolution is explored. The impact of these calculations on the question of the feasibility of using an x-ray laser for holography of biological structures is discussed.
Spin-Spin Correlations of the Classical Heisenberg Ferromagnet on the fcc Lattice, for Temperatures above T C

High-temperature series are presented for the spin-spin correlation function of the spin-infinity nearest-neighbor Heisenberg ferromagnet on the fcc lattice. Our zero-field series are to tenth order in the interaction, while our finite field series are to eighth order in the interaction. Previous analysis of these series indicated $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.405\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.717\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$. These series are used to determine the true correlation length. Further examination of these series indicates that, where the inverse correlation length $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ is not much smaller than the momentum transfer $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ (explicitly $\frac{{\ensuremath{\kappa}}^{2}}{{k}^{2}}g0.08$, the correlations in momentum space are well represented by the Ornstein-Zernike form ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}({k}^{2}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})$, where $\ensuremath{\eta}$ has been found to be 0.040 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.008, not zero as in mean-field theories.
An analytical investigation of seal ring solder voiding on IC packages

Abstract Seal ring voiding on solder sealed IC packages is discussed. Surface analysis data demonstrates that nickel oxide, which diffuses from an underlying nickel layer during high temperature processing, is a major cause of the seal ring solder voiding. Voids result from nonwelting of the solder to the gold plate due to the interference of the nickel oxide. A diffusion model is combined with kinetic data to predict nickel diffusion times as a function of gold plating thickness and processing conditions.
Basis for Decision: An Attitudinal Analysis of Voting Behavior1

A psychological theory which suggests that a person's attitude toward any object is a function of his beliefs about the object and the evaluative aspects of those beliefs is presented. Thus, in the political arena, a person should like or dislike a given candidate because (a) he believes the candidate has certain personal characteristics, is affiliated with certain reference groups, or is for or against various issues; and (b) evaluated these characteristics, groups, and issues positively or negatively. Evidence from a local survey in the 1964 presidential election supports this theory and its application to voting behavior. In addition, the data clearly indicate that voters do take partisan stands on some issues, do clearly discriminate between the candidates vis-a-vis certain issues, and do change their beliefs during the course of a campaign. These data suggest that a new protrait of the American voter is overdue.
Applying geographical queueing theory: a crop distribution case

Abstract This paper argues that spatial flows, exhibiting randomness in their temporal dimension, could be profitably investigated from the perspective of queueing theory. Although geographers are apt to find analytic models of limited utility, the availability of general-purpose simulation languages can make simulation a robust and practicable alternative. A hypothetical example illustrates the simulation of a crop-distribution system as a queueing network. Several aspects of the analysis of simulation output are then treated.
Content Analysis and Intratest Performance Profiles on the Columbia and the TONI

This research note presents the results of a content analysis of the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale and the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI). We also compared the intratest performance of a se...
IN RETROSPECT: IT'S OUR BLUNDER

In our earlier article, Biorhythms: another look (Trinkaus & Booke, 1982), the research findings of Wolcott, McMeekin, Burgin, and Yanowitch (1977) were incorrectly identified as being in support of, rather than in question of, the validity of biorhythmic theory. While our original draft did correctly group their work with that of others who found no support for biorhythmic influences, somehow, between revision and retyping, a transposition did occur and went unnoticed. When this error was brought to our attention we attempted to determine whether the biorhythmic cycles of the typist or of the authors could be blamed for this mistake. No such relationship could be found. The responsibility for allowing this to occur is clearly and completely ours; in retrospect, it is our blunder. We sincerely regret any embarrassment this may have caused Dr. Wolcott and his colleagues.
Enterohepatic metabolism of estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate in women.

ABSTRACT The metabolism of estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate (E3-3S,16G), the major biliary metabolite of estriol (E3), was studied in human subjects in 2 types of experiments. In the first type, labeled E3-3S, 16G was injected into the duodenum (via the T-tube) of 2 subjects with bile fistulas and the biliary and urinary metabolites were identified and quantitated. An average of 53 % of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine and 23 % in the bile. The biliary conjugates consisted mainly of E3-3S, 16G. Lesser amounts of E3-16G but no E3-3G were found. The urine contained E3-3G, lesser amounts of E3-16G, but no E3-3S,16G. Following the intravenous injection of E3-3S,16G into intact subjects (second type of study), the nature of the urinary conjugates changed with time. In the early hours of the study E3-3S,16G and E3-16G predominated, while E3-3G was absent. Later, the level of E3-3S,16G declined, while E3-3G appeared in significant amounts. These data are consistent with the following proposed path...
GEMS: a system for automated cancer diagnosis and biomarker discovery from microarray gene expression data.

Summary The success of treatment of patients with cancer depends on establishing an accurate diagnosis. To this end, we have built a system called GEMS (gene expression model selector) for the automated development and evaluation of high-quality cancer diagnostic models and biomarker discovery from microarray gene expression data. In order to determine and equip the system with the best performing diagnostic methodologies in this domain, we first conducted a comprehensive evaluation of classification algorithms using 11 cancer microarray datasets. In this paper we present a preliminary evaluation of the system with five new datasets. The performance of the models produced automatically by GEMS is comparable or better than the results obtained by human analysts. Additionally, we performed a cross-dataset evaluation of the system. This involved using a dataset to build a diagnostic model and to estimate its future performance, then applying this model and evaluating its performance on a different dataset. We found that models produced by GEMS indeed perform well in independent samples and, furthermore, the cross-validation performance estimates output by the system approximate well the error obtained by the independent validation. GEMS is freely available for download for non-commercial use from http://www.gems-system.org .
Geometry Dependent Resistivity in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films Patterned Down to Submicron Dimensions

We demonstrate patterning of SWNT films down to 200 nm lateral dimensions using e-beam lithography and reactive ion etching with good selectivity and directionality and then we fabricate standard four-point-probe structures to characterize the resistivity of these films as a function of device geometry. The resistivity is found to be independent of device length for a given width and thickness, while increasing over three orders of magnitude compared to bulk films, as the width and the thickness of the films shrink. In particular, the resistivity of SWNT films starts to increase with decreasing device width below 20 μm, exhibiting an inverse power law dependence on device width at sub-micron dimensions. We explain this behavior by a purely geometrical argument. Although the “top-down” patterning of nanotube films allows for their use in sub-micron device structures and perhaps their integration into standard silicon fabrication technology, the resistivity scaling is an important effect that needs to be taken into account when fabricating small devices in which nanotube film transport characteristics play a vital role.
Generating compact redundancy-free XML documents from conceptual-model hypergraphs

As XML data becomes more and more prevalent and as larger quantities of data find their way into XML documents, the need for quality XML data organization only increase. One standard way of structuring data well is to reduce and, if possible, eliminate redundancy, while at the same time making the storage structures as compact as possible. In this paper, we present a methodology to generate XML storage structures where conforming XML documents are redundancy-free, and for most practical cases, are also fully compact. Our methodology assumes the input is a conceptual-model hypergraph. For the special case that every edge in the hypergraph is binary, we present a simple algorithm, guaranteed to always generate redundancy-free storage structures. We show, however, that generating a minimum number of redundancy-free storage structures is NP-hard. We therefore provide heuristics to guide the process and observe that these heuristics result in satisfactory solutions, which are often optimal. We then present a general algorithm for n-ary edges and show that it generates redundancy-free storage structures. The general algorithm must overcome several problems that do not arise in the special case
Ethics Gap: Comparing Marketers with Consumers on Important Determinants of Ethical Decision-Making

Studies in marketing ethics often revealed that ethical gaps do exist between marketers and other groups in society. The existence of these ethical gaps could be extremely counter productive for marketing management. In order to effectively narrow these gaps, a marketing manager must first have a better understanding of causes of these gaps. To this end, this study compares marketing professionals with consumers on some important determinants of the ethical decision-making process. In particular, the marketers and consumers were compared with respect to their personal moral philosophies and ethical perceptions in marketing situations. The data were obtained from a national survey of the practitioner members of the American Marketing Association and members of a consumer panel of a major southern university in the United States. The results generally indicate that marketing professionals are different from consumers with respect to some of the determinants of ethical decisions investigated. Some important managerial implications based on these findings were discussed.
The standardization of 62Cu and experimental determinations of dose calibrator settings for generator-produced 62CuPTSM.

Abstract The Positron Emission Tomography agent 62Cu Pyruvaldehyde Bis(N4-methyl)thiosemicarbazone (PTSM) has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using 4πβ liquid scintillation counting with 3H-standard efficiency tracing. Using a measurement model developed at NIST for the determination of experimental dose calibrator dial settings for short-lived radionuclides, the correct dial settings for 62CuPTSM in a clinically useful geometry (a 35 ml plastic syringe containing 33 ml of solution) as well as the standard NIST 5 ml glass ampoule have been elucidated. This measurement model is fully described, as is the treatment of associated uncertainties. The correct instrument settings for the NIST Capintec CRC-12 re-entrant ionization chamber (‘dose calibrator’) were found to be ‘499±6’ and ‘489±8’, respectively, for the syringe and ampoule geometries. The stated uncertainties are expanded (k=2) uncertainties. The expanded uncertainties in the measured activity arising from these new dial settings are ±0.8% and ±1.4%, respectively, for the syringe and ampoule. The measured activities using these settings are lower than those obtained from the manufacture’s recommended setting of ‘448’ by 9.7% for the syringe and 7.7% for the ampoule, and underscore the need for experimental verification of the dose calibrator settings for each radionuclide and each geometry used in the clinic.
Timing adjustment techniques to mitigate interference between multiple nodes in OFDMA mesh networks

We configure the multiple node interference (MNI) on OFDMA mesh networks and analyze the feature of this MNI as a closed form in terms of timing misalignment between multiple nodes. Based on our analysis, we propose some new timing adjustment techniques to mitigate MNI and verify the difference and superiority of the proposed techniques compared to the ones adopted by cellular OFDMA systems.
Punishing Schools, Fear and Citizenship in American Public Education. By William Lyons and Julie Drew

Punishing Schools, Fear and Citizenship in American Public Education. By William Lyons and Julie Drew. Ann Arbor: The Univ. of Michigan Press, 2006. Pp. 264. $65.00 cloth; $24.95 paper. Lyons and Drew explore what has arguably been the dominant trend of American public schooling over the past several years: the increasing likeness of public schools to prisons and the criminalization of youth culture. As conveyed in their subtitle, Lyons and Drew examine how a culture of fear, aggravated by the shootings at Columbine, but accelerated by 9/11, has so deeply permeated the daily routines of public schools. The sweep of this change is their topic, for it is American education in general that has been altered, and altered in ways that reach beyond police searches and lockdowns. Of far greater consequence is a transformation of the understood social contract that is public education. This is a deeply thoughtful work that integrates a variety of perspectives into a compelling interpretation of what has happened to American education. It is superbly written and is, as such, accessible to a diverse audience. The title implies a double entendre. By punishing schools the authors certainly mean an environment that has surveillance and control as an ever-present focus. The object of this preoccupation is the defiance that emanates from youthful sexuality and its racial overtones. The school as panopticon exaggerates the menacing potential of the youthful body and its private demeanors, promoting in consequence a "slow hemorrhage of freedoms" (p. 89). With a reference to Foucault, the authors suggest how the microtechnologies of backpack searches and lockdowns facilitate this punishing gaze, yet have their counterpart in the continuous flow of boyfriend-girlfriend conflicts that blunt the demeaning character of searches and lockdowns. But it is a second meaning that is the authors' primary intention. This meaning is framed by a strategy that compares two schools that differ markedly in racial and socioeconomic composition: one suburban (SHS) and one urban (UHS). As the authors reveal the differences between the two schools, they develop a theoretical interpretation that is multilayered, empirically convincing, and deeply nuanced. Their comparison reveals how schools are differentially punished by the wake of deindustrialization; differentially abused by the false prophets of charter schools, redirected lottery funds, and urban renewal; and differentially neglected by local and state politics unrestrained by the racial coalitions that once upheld the social contract of a public education. With great insight, the authors pinpoint a difference between the schools that illustrates these larger changes. For the suburban school, the punishing routines of daily life emanate from within. …