cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phage Therapy in the 21st Century: Is There Modern, Clinical Evidence of Phage-Mediated Efficacy?

Many bacteriophages are obligate killers of bacteria. That this property could be medically useful was first recognized over one hundred years ago, with 2021 being the 100-year anniversary of the first clinical phage therapy publication. Here we consider modern use of phages in clinical settings. Our aim is to answer one question: do phages serve as effective anti-bacterial infection agents when used clinically? An important emphasis of our analyses is on whether phage therapy-associated anti-bacterial infection efficacy can be reasonably distinguished from that associated with often coadministered antibiotics. We find that about half of 70 human phage treatment reports—published in English thus far in the 2000s—are suggestive of phage-mediated anti-bacterial infection efficacy. Two of these are randomized, double-blinded, infection-treatment studies while 14 of those studies, in our opinion, provide superior evidence of a phage role in observed treatment successes. Roughly three-quarters of these potentially phage-mediated outcomes are based on microbiological as well as clinical results, with the rest based on clinical success. Since many of these phage treatments are of infections for which antibiotic therapy had not been successful, their collective effectiveness is suggestive of a valid utility in employing phages to treat otherwise difficult-to-cure bacterial infections.
Social Workers' Use of Self-Help Groups as a Resource for Clients

Self-help groups are an important part of the network of community resources that are available for social workers to use in working with clients. This article describes the results of a survey conducted by the authors to identify the factors that influence such use. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the impact on social work practitioners and their clients, and recommendations are offered for improving the relationship between social workers and self-help groups.
Grandmother hypothesis and primate life histories

The adaptive significance of midlife menopause in human females has long engaged the attention of evolutionary anthropologists. In spite of extensive debate, the problem has only recently been examined in the context of primate life histories. Here I extend those investigations by comparing life history traits in 16 primate species to test predictions generated from life history theory. In humans, late ages of maturity and higher than expected birth rates are systematically associated with extended postmenopausal longevity. Links among these adjustments on the primate pattern can explain how selection could slow somatic senescence without favoring extension of the fertile span. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that our fertile spans are similar to those of other pongids. The shape of the argument herein demonstrates the utility of life history theory for solving problems of adaptive evolution in female life history traits, with consequences for broader arguments regarding human evolution.
Cell surface changes occurring during sea urchin embryonic development monitored by quantitative agglutination with plant lectins.

Abstract Plant lectins have been widely used to investigate the nature and functional significance of carbohydrate-containing cell surface receptor sites on normal, embryonic and tumor cells. In the present study, evidence is presented, using a quantitative electronic particle counter assay to measure agglutination, which indicated that carbohydrate-containing lectin-binding sites change during sea urchin embryonic development. Sea urchin embryo cells are 26 ± 5 % more agglutinable with ConA at early developmental stages (day 1) than at later ones with a marked decline in agglutinability between day 2 and 3. Agglutinability with Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) may also be greater in young embryos. Normal embryonic sea urchin cells are not agglutinated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) unless the cells are trypsinized. The results suggest that changes in the amount, mobility or distribution of Con A-binding (containing α- d -mannose-like or α- d -glucose-like residues) and RCA-binding (containing β- d -galactose or β- N -acetyl- d -galactosamine-like residues) receptor sites occur with differentiation in sea urchin embryos, while WGA-binding receptor sites (containing N -acetyl- d -glucosamine-like residues) are displayed in a state which precludes agglutination at all developmental stages studied. The results are discussed with respect to the cell types present during sea urchin embryo development and provide quantitative evidence for the contention that specific changes in carbohydrate-containing cell surface sites occur with differentiation and maturation.
ArgR-regulated genes are derepressed in the Legionella-containing vacuole.

Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that infects protozoa in aquatic environments and when inhaled by susceptible human hosts replicates in alveolar macrophages and can result in the often fatal pneumonia called Legionnaires9 disease. The ability of L. pneumophila to replicate within host cells requires the establishment of a specialized compartment that evades normal phagolysosome fusion called the Legionella -containing vacuole (LCV). Elucidation of the biochemical composition of the LCV and the identification of the regulatory signals sensed during intracellular replication are inherently challenging. l-Arginine is a critical nutrient in the metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We showed that the L. pneumophila arginine repressor homolog, ArgR, is required for maximal intracellular growth in the unicellular host Acanthamoeba castellanii . In this study, we present evidence that the concentration of l-arginine in the LCV is sensed by ArgR to produce an intracellular transcriptional response. We characterized the L. pneumophila ArgR regulon by global gene expression analysis, identified genes highly affected by ArgR, showed that ArgR repression is dependent upon the presence of l-arginine, and demonstrated that ArgR-regulated genes are derepressed during intracellular growth. Additional targets of ArgR that may account for the argR mutant9s intracellular multiplication defect are discussed. These results suggest that l-arginine availability functions as a regulatory signal during Legionella intracellular growth.
HIV health care services for Mexican migrants.

This article reviews the literature on HIV/AIDS health care services for Mexican migrants in the United States. Because so little research has been conducted on Mexican migrants per se we include literature on Latinos/Hispanics in the United States because some characteristics may be shared. Furthermore we focus special attention on data from California because it is on the front line of issues regarding health care for Mexican migrants. The types of health care services needed to improve on the quality of care provided to Mexican migrants living with HIV are highlighted and recommendations are made for future interventions research and binational collaborations. (authors)
An ATP-dependent mechanism mediates intercellular calcium signaling in bone cell network under single cell nanoindentation.

To investigate the roles of intercellular gap junctions and extracellular ATP diffusion in bone cell calcium signaling propagation in bone tissue, in vitro bone cell networks were constructed by using microcontact printing and self-assembled monolayer technologies. In the network, neighboring cells were interconnected through functional gap junctions. A single cell at the center of the network was mechanically stimulated by using an AFM nanoindenter. Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) responses of the bone cell network were recorded and analyzed. In the untreated groups, calcium propagation from the stimulated cell to neighboring cells was observed in 40% of the tests. No significant difference was observed in this percentage when the intercellular gap junctions were blocked. This number, however, decreased to 10% in the extracellular ATP-pathway-blocked group. When both the gap junction and ATP pathways were blocked, intercellular calcium waves were abolished. When the intracellular calcium store in ER was depleted, the indented cell can generate calcium transients, but no [Ca2+](i) signal can be propagated to the neighboring cells. No [Ca2+](i) response was detected in the cell network when the extracellular calcium source was removed. These findings identified the biochemical pathways involved in the calcium signaling propagation in bone cell networks. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Adaptive resonance theory and self-organizing morphological kernels

In this paper we describe our recent work developing automated methods for generation of kernels or structuring elements for use in the hit-or-miss transform. We show how a neural network algorithm (Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory) generates hit and miss structuring elements that can be used with a fuzzy morphology to detect a class of objects and we illustrate with computer simulations.
ANALYSIS OF AN INTERNALLY FINNED ROTATING HEAT PIPE

A conjugate heat transfer problem involving conduction heat transfer in the wall and film condensation on the inside of a finned, coaxial rotating heat pipe was solved numerically using a finite element technique. Results were obtained for a prescribed set of heat pipe operating parameters using water and Freon-113 as working fluids. The effects of the number of fins, the heat pipe rotational speed, and the magnitude of the outside heat transfer coefficient were studied, as well as the importance of wall thermal conductivity. The resulting methodology can be used to arrive at an optimum fin geometry for a particular application.
Sunitinib as a paradigm for tyrosine kinase inhibitor development for renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Objectives To describe the drug development and regulatory approval process for tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma using sunitinib as a model drug. Methods and materials Key findings from pivotal clinical trials that contributed to regulatory approval and drug development were reviewed. Results The pathway of development for sunitinib starts from preclinical models to a phase I clinical trial followed by 2 phase II clinical trials for Food and Drug Administration accelerated approval and a phase III clinical trial for Food and Drug Administration standard approval. After standard approval, optimal dosing and use in the adjuvant setting were further explored. As an established first-line therapy for renal cell carcinoma, sunitinib is now used as a comparator arm for other drugs. Conclusions The development of sunitinib is a model example of “bench to bedside” work in renal cell carcinoma and may provide a framework for the development of other drugs.
Changes in wind-driven upwelling during the last three centuries: Interocean teleconnections

based U37 0 paleothermometer yielded high-resolution records of sea surface temperatures (SST) from 1700 to 2000 AD. The trends in the U37 0 index reveal steady SST increases of 1 to 2C at both sites since the end of the Little Ice Age. Higher-frequency changes in SST indicate a decoupling in the relative intensity of wind-driven upwelling at the two sites. Periods of enhanced upwelling in Guaymas correspond to periods of decreased upwelling in Cariaco (and vice versa). We propose that these contrasts reflect regional differences in the upwelling response of upwelling to changes in the positioning of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Subtropical High (SH) under current climate conditions. Citation: Goni, M. A., R. C.
Quantitative characterization of carbon nanotube turf topology by SEM analysis

A procedure has been developed to quantify various parameters that affect the mechanical stiffness of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube turfs from secondary electron images. A representative measure of density, tortuosity, and path connectedness is obtained from the images as these parameters are presumed to correlate with measured properties for this class of materials. Elastic moduli were determined using nanoindentation techniques. Experimental evidence indicates that an increase in turf density does not necessarily result in an increase in elastic modulus. Six turfs analyzed in this work along with four additional structures selected from a previous publication support the conclusion that an increase in density is not necessarily responsible for an increase in mechanical stiffness of a turf. Tortuosity and path connectedness tend to show more of a correlation with stiffness, though no direct correlation with these parameters was identified.
The Research Agenda that Emerged from the General Theory

The General Theory contains a very simple model of a closed economy albeit with some very subtle and not well-understood assumptions and variables. The paper identifies a short list of research topics that emerged from this model and links those topics to specific individuals who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for their work on one or more of those topics.
Establishing a genetic recombination map for murine coronavirus strain A59 complementation groups

MHV-A59 temperature-sensitive mutants, representing one RNA+ and five RNA- complementation groups, were isolated and characterized by genetic recombination techniques. Maximum recombination frequencies occurred under multiplicities of infection greater than 10 each in which 99.99% of the cells were co-infected. Recombination frequencies between different ts mutants increased steadily during infection and peaked late in the virus growth cycle. These data suggest that recombination is a late event in the virus replication cycle. Recombination frequencies were also found to range from 63 to 20,000 times higher than the sum of the spontaneous reversion frequencies of each ts mutant used in the cross. Utilizing standard genetic recombination techniques, the five RNA- complementation groups of MHV-A59 were arranged into an additive, linear, genetic map located at the 5' end of the genome in the 23-kb polymerase region. These data indicate that at least five distinct functions are encoded in the MHV polymerase region which function in virus transcription. Moreover, using well-characterized ts mutants the recombination frequency for the entire 32-kb MHV genome was found to approach 25% or more. This is the highest recombination frequency described for a nonsegmented, linear, plus-polarity RNA virus.
Effects of crystalloid solutions on circulating lactate concentrations : Part 1. Implications for the proper handling of blood specimens obtained from critically ill patients

Objectives: a) To test the hypothesis that circulating lactate concentrations are the same in simultaneously collected arterial and central venous blood specimens; b) to test the hypothesis that even small amounts of crystalloid solutions, which are inadequately cleared from these indwelling arterial and venous catheters, can lead to clinically Important and misleading changes in the measured lactate values. Design: A prospective, multiexperiment study. Setting: A critical care research laboratory and a 20-bed intensive care unit (ICU). Patients: Three hundred fifty-five patients. Interventions: Blood samples were collected. Measurements and Main Results: Experiment 1: Simultaneously collected arterial and central venous blood specimens were obtained on 148 occasions from 48 medical ICU patients receiving no lactated Ringer's solution (RL). Arterial and central venous lactate values were nearly identical in these patients. The correlation between the arterial and central venous lactate concentrations was excellent (r2 = .85; p 400% of the baseline lactate value. In a volume-dependent and linear fashion, the non-RL crystalloid solutions decreased the lactate concentration by 0 to 66% of the baseline nondiluted lactate concentration. Experiment 4: In 30 different cardiac surgical patients, we simultaneously obtained central venous and arterial blood specimens. Patients this time received no RL, and catheter lines were adequately cleared (removal >5 mL) of crystalloid solutions. We found a correlation (r 2 =.82; p <.0001) that was virtually identical to the findings of experiment 1 and to the findings in the PTCA group of experiment 2. Conclusions: a) Arterial and central venous lactate concentrations are similar in hemodynamically stable critically ill patients. b) Even small amounts of RL-containing solutions in catheters used for blood sampling may cause false increases in the circulating lactate concentration. c) Even small amounts of non-RL crystalloid solutions in catheters used for blood sampling may falsely decrease circulating lactate values. d) When blood specimens are drawn from indwelling catheters, all crystalloid solutions must be cleared from the line.
Hormonal regulation of pituitary GH3 cell K+ channels by Gk is mediated by its α-subunit

The resolved α-GTPγS (α*) and βγ-subunits of human erythrocyte Gk, the stimulatory regulatory component of hormone-responsive K+ channels, were tested for their potential stimulatory activities on the K+ channel of the endocrine GH3 cell. Concentrations as low as 0.5 pM αk* consistently activated K+ channels in isolated membrane patches, and saturating effects were obtained with 50 pM αk*. In contrast 2000–4000 pM βγ was without effect. We conclude that Gk acts on K+ channels through its α-subunit in a manner akin to that of Gs acting on adenylyl cyclase and transducin acting on cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase of photo-receptor cells.
Quasistatic thermal stresses in a thermosensitive layer under convective heat exchange with media of time-varying temperature

We have tested the method of linearizing parameters for the determination of temperature fields in thermosensitive structural elements by the example of the determination of a temperature field in a thermosensitive layer through the surfaces of which convective heat exchange with an environment of timevarying temperature occurs. The components of the stress-strain state caused by the found temperature distribution have been determined and investigated.
Electrically induced phase transitions via the dipole model in excitable membranes

Calculations based upon the membrane dipole model have been carried out and indicate the possibility of cooperative behavior during the membrane excitation process. An explicit expression is obtained for the critical electric field,E, which must be present to initiate the cooperative structural transition assumed to occur during membrane excitation. An hypothesis concerning the occurrence of two distinct phase transitions in the membrane resulting in the rapid influx of sodium ions and sodium ion inactivation, respectively, is presented.
Influence of white matter conductivity anisotropy on electric field strength induced by electroconvulsive therapy

The goal of this study is to investigate the influence of white matter conductivity anisotropy on the electric field strength induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We created an anatomically-realistic finite element human head model incorporating tissue heterogeneity and white matter conductivity anisotropy using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor MRI data. The electric field spatial distributions of three conventional ECT electrode placements (bilateral, bifrontal, and right unilateral) and an experimental electrode configuration, focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST), were computed. A quantitative comparison of the electric field strength was subsequently performed in specific brain regions of interest thought to be associated with side effects of ECT (e.g., hippocampus and in-sula). The results show that neglecting white matter conductivity anisotropy yields a difference up to 19%, 25% and 34% in electric field strength in the whole brain, hippocampus, and insula, respectively. This study suggests that white matter conductivity anisotropy should be taken into account in ECT electric field models.
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF ENTEROBACTERIA IN SELENITE-CYSTINE BROTH CONTAINING THIOSULFATE

SUMMARY Concentrations of 0.1 or 0.2% selenite-cystine and 0.16 or 0.32% thiosulfate in trypticase soy broth were bactericidal for seven strains of Escherichia coli, a Shigella sp. culture, and Salmonella cholerae-suis. Higher concentrations of both reagents resulted in the inhibition of six strains of Salmonella and a culture of Arizona sp. The growth and length of the lag period of cultures of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas were not significantly affected. In mixed cultures of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis, E. coli was selectively inhibited by the selenite-cystine-thiosulfate mixture even when present in large numbers. Uptake of selenium-75 by intact and spheroplast cells of E. coli and S. enteritidis in selenite-cystine medium in the presence and absence of thiosulfate was not significantly different. It was concluded that the cell wall does not play a major role in the uptake of selenite by these organisms. The formation of “seleno-polythionates” has been demonstrated in the selenite-cystine-thiosulfate mixture. Use of this medium to isolate Salmonella from contaminated food samples indicated that it was not as effective as commercial selenite-cystine broth or tetrathionate broth.
Hydrogen location in yttrium dihydride by means of NMR measurements

The proton magnetic resonance rigid-lattice second moment in YH/sub 1.92/ and YH/sub 1.98/ has been measured in the temperature range 160--200 K. From these the occupancy factors for hydrogen in the octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites of the fcc metal lattice have been determined. A significant fraction (approx. = 10--15 %) of the octahedral sites are found to be occupied, consistent with features observed in the optical properties of YH/sub 2/.
Compositional profiles of fruit juice concentrates and sweeteners

Abstract Sugar, nonvolatile acid, mineral, and UV spectral profiles were determined for seven commercial fruit juice concentrates—‘hard’ pear, ‘soft’ pear, white grape, pineapple, prune, fig and raisin—and three sweeteners—invert beet, invert cane and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Sugar and nonvolatile acids were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sugar analyses included glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol content and nonvolatile acid determinations included quinic, malic, citric, tartaric, shikimic, and fumaric acids. l -Malic content was also determined by enzymic procedures. Mineral composition was measured by induction coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). Fruit juice concentrates and sweeteners have characteristic compositional profiles that are useful for evaluating juice quality and authenticity.
Community attitudes: A study of definitions and punishment of spouse abusers and child abusers

Data from a community survey of the public were analyzed to investigate the relationship between public perceptions of the definition of domestic abuse and the willingness to punish spouse abusers and child abusers. The analysis revealed that the definitions of physical abuse, neglect, and psychological abuse were not related to punishment for spouse abuse, but were related to definitions for child abuse. The endorsement of acts of physical abuse and psychological abuse as definitions of child abuse varied with the degrees of support for the punishment of child abuse. As the level of endorsement of behaviors defined as child physical abuse and child psychological abuse increased in severity, subjects' willingness to endorse severe penalties also increased.
Effect of initial microstructure on plastic flow and dynamic globularization during hot working of Ti-6Al-4V

Plastic flow behavior and globularization kinetics during subtransus hot working were determined for Ti-6Al-4V with three different transformed beta microstructures. These conditions consisted of fine lamellar colonies, a mixture of coarse colonies and acicular alpha, and acicular alpha. Isothermal hot compression tests were performed on cylindrical samples at subtransus temperatures and strain rates typical of ingot breakdown (i.e., T∼815 °C to 955 °C, \(\bar \varepsilon \)∼0.1 s−1). For all three material conditions, true stress-true strain curves exhibited a peak stress followed by noticeable flow softening; the values of peak stress and flow softening rate showed little dependence on starting microstructure. On the other hand, the kinetics of dynamic globularization varied noticeably with microstructure. By and large, the globularization rate under a given set of deformation conditions was most rapid for the fine acicular microstructure and least rapid for the mixed coarse-colony/acicular structure. At temperatures close to the beta transus, however, the difference in globularization rates for the three microstructures was less, an effect attributed to the rapid (continuous) coarsening of the laths in the acicular microstructure during preheating prior to hot working. The absence of a correlation between the globularization kinetics and the observed flow softening at low strains suggested platelet/lath bending and kinking as the primary deformation mechanism that controls the shape of the flow curves.
Endovascular Repair of the Ascending Aorta: When and How to Implement the Current Technology

Background The purpose of our study was to examine when and how to implement the current endoluminal stent graft technology to treat ascending aortic disease. Methods During a 7-year period (March 2006 through July 2013), 7 consecutive patients (median age, 69 years; range, 61.5 to 80.5 years) with multiple comorbidities underwent endoluminal repair of the ascending aorta. Six had an ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm, and 1 had iatrogenic coarctation. The median number of prior sternotomies was 2 (range, 1 to 4). Results Technical success was achieved in all but 1 patient, with 1 death (14.3%) at 30 days. The endoluminal technology used included the Gore TAG (W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) thoracic graft (including the new C-TAG) in 6 patients, the Talent stent graft (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA) in 1, an Excluder cuff (W.L. Gore) in 2, and an Amplatzer occluder (AGA Medical Corp, Plymouth, MN) in 1. More than 1 stent was placed in 4 patients. Three patients required innominate artery stenting, and 1 required additional left common carotid artery stenting. One patient (14.3%) required intraoperative conversion to open surgical repair. Median follow-up was 14.4 months (interquartile [25 th to 75 th percentile] range, 5.5 to 22.6 months) with 66.6% overall survival. No aortic-related death was reported during the follow-up period. Conclusions Stent grafting of the ascending aorta is feasible but limited and is reserved for high-risk individuals. Technical expertise is essential, and follow-up is mandatory. Technical points, tips, and challenges of the current endovascular technology to effectively treat the ascending aorta are described.
Comprehensive interferometric characterization of red and near-infrared emissions of C, H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, P, S, and Si in a 370-W microwave-induced helium plasma

The red/near-infrared emission spectrum from a 370-W atmospheric pressure helium microwave-induced plasma (MIP) has been characterized for eleven nonmetals with a Fourier transform spectrometer and silicon photodiode detector. A comprehensive list of all observed lines and relative intensities has been tabulated for MIP-excited emissions of C, H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, P, S, Si, and the helium background in the diode detector region 15,750 to 8500 cm−1 (6349-11,764 A). Many of these red/near-infrared lines (especially of phosphorus and silicon) are reported for the first time in an analytically useful plasma. Data for silicon and phosphorus are shown to fit known Grotrian diagrams. The data of this paper were used with corresponding known upper-state energies and transitions to construct a partial Grotrian diagram for helium plasma emissions of iodine.
Patterning of Heads and Feet during Regeneration of Hydra oligactis Aggregates

The de novo appearance of head organizing centers was monitored during regeneration of aggregates made from dissociated body column tissue of Hydra oligactis using the head-specific monoclonal antibody CP8 (L. C. Javois, R. D. Wood, and H. R. Bode, 1986, Dev. Biol. 117, 607-618). Newly differentiated CP8+ head organizing centers were present by 24 hr of regeneration and were restricted to one half of the aggregate. Depending on subsequent patterning events these CP8+ cells went on to develop into heads or body tentacles, or remained as CP8+ patches. A comparison of the number of initial CP8+ patches with the final number of CP8+ structures indicated that this number was fairly constant, suggesting that a limited number of head organizing centers were established early during regeneration. Examination of fully differentiated head structures revealed that they were segregated to one end of the aggregate with feet segregated away from the CP8+ structures. Increasing the surface area of the aggregates resulted in a more random initial spacing of CP8+ head organizing centers and ultimately a more random distribution of differentiated heads and feet. However, polarized polyps with one head and foot detached and the remaining structures were then segregated. The ability of existing pattern formation models to describe interactions between head- and foot-forming systems resulting in the observed spacing of heads and feet is discussed.
Embracing a Future with Computers and Art Therapy

This article examines the need for art therapists to explore computer applications for art therapy. Information gathered from a review of contemporary art, literature, personal studio experiences, ...
The effect of droplet size on the burning velocity of kerosene-air sprays☆

Abstract The burning velocity of open inverted-cone shaped kerosene-air sprays was measured at constant air-fuel ratio and for several degrees of atomization of the spray. The results show that as the degree of atomization in the spray increases, the burning velocity first increases to a maximum value, and then decreases to the burning velocity approaching that of a premixed gas flow.
A note on the Polya-Eggenberger distributions with s=1 and some applications

Although cumulative probabilities for the Polya-Eggenberger distributions can be easily found in modern computing facilities, the special cases s=1 can be handled with hypergeometric tables. Applications are mentioned
Professor Oldham’s contributions to applied mathematics: a tribute on the occasion of his 80th birthday

Based on our 40-year collaboration and friendship, this essay attempts to identify a few of the main themes of Professor Keith B. Oldham’s numerous contributions to the field of applied mathematics.
Nonuniform grid implicit spatial finite difference method for acoustic wave modeling in tilted transversely isotropic media

Abstract Discrete earth models are commonly represented by uniform structured grids. In order to ensure accurate numerical description of all wave components propagating through these uniform grids, the grid size must be determined by the slowest velocity of the entire model. Consequently, high velocity areas are always oversampled, which inevitably increases the computational cost. A practical solution to this problem is to use nonuniform grids. We propose a nonuniform grid implicit spatial finite difference method which utilizes nonuniform grids to obtain high efficiency and relies on implicit operators to achieve high accuracy. We present a simple way of deriving implicit finite difference operators of arbitrary stencil widths on general nonuniform grids for the first and second derivatives and, as a demonstration example, apply these operators to the pseudo-acoustic wave equation in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. We propose an efficient gridding algorithm that can be used to convert uniformly sampled models onto vertically nonuniform grids. We use a 2D TTI salt model to demonstrate its effectiveness and show that the nonuniform grid implicit spatial finite difference method can produce highly accurate seismic modeling results with enhanced efficiency, compared to uniform grid explicit finite difference implementations.
Hydrogen Scrambling in [(C5Me5)Os(dmpm)(CH3)H]+. A Density Functional and ONIOM Study

The hydrogen scrambling in the “model” compound [CpOs(PH2CH2PH2)(CH3)H*] and the experimentally used “real” compound [Cp*Os(PMe2CH2PMe2)(CH3)H*]+ was studied with the density functional (B3LYP) and...
Influence of fish density and relative productivity on growth of Kokanee in ten oligotrophic lakes and reservoirs in Idaho

Abstract We used 28–48 observations from 10 oligotrophic lakes and reservoirs to describe the influence offish density and relative aquatic productivity on growth of kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka. We found a positive relationship between length at age at all ages and an index of lake or reservoir productivity. We found evidence of strong density dependence for older fish (ages 2 and 3), but not for yearlings (90–210 mm total length). The density-dependent response in growth was of a decaying exponential form. We found a significant interaction (Secchi transparency × density) that indicated the general response of growth to density was more pronounced in waters of lower productivity. Density dependence may thus be more obvious in populations fluctuating at low density or in unproductive waters than in populations at higher densities. Intraspecific competition probably increases with age and size and probably is not important among age-0 or age-1 fish at the densities observed (< 1,000 fish/hectare). The form ...
Efficient compression of borehole resistivity and acoustic imaging data using wavelets

This paper presents a new approach to borehole resistivity and acoustic imaging data compression. The method is based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) combined with the set partitioning in the hierarchical trees (SPIHT) coding method. The primary advantages of the DWT + SPIHT method are its superior compression performance, simple implementation, and constant compression and transmission rate control. This new approach generally performs better than the traditional discrete cosine transform (DCT) followed by Huffman coding methods such as JPEG, particularly for target compression ratios greater than 50:1. Image block size plays a key role in using this method. To achieve the best compression performance, the image block size needs to be selected appropriately. In general, large image block sizes and more DWT decomposition levels result in higher compression ratios and/or fewer reconstruction errors. Whenever possible, image block sizes that allow the maximum levels of dyadic DWT decomposition should be used. When insufficient data samples are available in either depth or azimuthal direction, a small number of extra data samples can be added without sacrificing the overall compression performance. The DWT + SPIHT method also shows good fidelity in representing major features in borehole images such as fractures and sinusoids.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta inhibit the synthesis and release of renin from human decidual cells.

Cytokines modulate hormone expression in many cell types, including the expression of renin in juxtaglomerular cells. However, the effect of cytokines on the expression of renin from extrarenal cells is unknown. In this paper, we have examined whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) modulate the release of renin from human decidual cells. Continuous exposure of primary decidual cell cultures from term pregnancies to TNF alpha and IL-1 beta caused dose-dependent inhibition of renin release. The maximal inhibitions by TNF alpha and IL-1 beta were 75.5% and 55.2%, respectively, and the half-maximal effective doses of TNF alpha and IL-1 beta were 30 and 1.1 pmol/L, respectively. The decrease in renin release by the cytokines was statistically significant on days 2-5 (P > 0.001 at each time) and was accompanied by inhibition of renin synthesis and renin messenger ribonucleic acid levels. The renin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in cells exposed for 4 days to TNF al...
All-optical quantum switching

I will present progress in ultrafast all-optical quantum switching. χ(3)-based devices can route entangled single photons without disturbing their quantum state [1], whereas χ(2)-based devices can, in principle, lead to dissipation-free quantum-optical Fredkin gates [2].
Rhodamine 123 inhibits import of rat liver mitochondrial transhydrogenase

Rhodamine 123, a laser dye, has been demonstrated to inhibit import of the precursor to pyridine dinucleotide transhydrogenase into mitochondria in rat liver cells. When rat hepatocytes were labeled with 35[S] methionine in the presence of 0.4 mM rhodamine 123, the precursor to transhydrogenase was found to have a half-life in the cytoplasm of 15 minutes as opposed to a half-life of 1–2 minutes when cells were radiolabeled in the absence of the dye. To clarify the mechanism of import inhibition, studies were initiated to assess the effect of rhodamine 123 on mitochondrial respiration. Upon addition of the dye to a mitochondrial suspension, respiration was initially enhanced, then inhibited. The inability of FCCP, a classical uncoupler, to enhance respiration during the inhibitory phase suggests that rhodamine 123 is primarily inhibiting respiration through the electron transport system rather than through the ATPase. These results suggest that rhodamine 123 may inhibit import of the transhydrogenase precursor into mitochondria by disrupting components in the mitochondrial membrane necessary for efficient import.
Multiphonon infrared absorption in the transparent regime of alkaline-earth fluorides

We present an experimental investigation of the frequency and temperature dependence of the multiphonon infrared absorption coefficient in the alkaline-earth fluorides ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{SrF}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2}$. Over the range investigated, a nearly structureless, exponential-like behavior is found for the frequency dependence of the absorption, and a Bose-Einstein-like multiphonon behavior for the temperature dependence. The data are analyzed employing a simplified model of multiphonon absorption; the overall agreement with experiment is quite good, although various discrepancies are present. We conclude that alkaline-earth fluorides do indeed display intrinsic multiphonon absorption over an extended frequency and temperature range, and we determine the parameters governing this behavior.
Panic and generalized anxiety disorders: Nature and treatment

Eleven patients meeting DSM-III criteria for panic disorder and nine meeting the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder were assessed comprehensively and divided into a treatment and a wait list control group. The assessment revealed significant differences between PD and GAD patients, with PD patients showing higher somatic responding on both questionnaire and psychophysiological assessment measures. Treatment consisted of somatically oriented (EMG biofeedback and relaxation) and cognitive treatments. Five GAD and five PD patients were treated, with the remainder assigned to the wait list control group. Compared to controls, treated patients improved on not only clinical ratings of improvement, but also psychophysiological measures, daily self-monitored measures of background anxiety and panic, and questionnaire measures of anxiety. GAD and PD patients responded equally well to treatment; the wait list group did not improve. At follow-up, the treated group continued to improve.
A Self-Study of the Role of Technology in Promoting Reflection and Inquiry-Based Science Teaching

This self-study examined the 1st-year science teacher educator's integration of instructional technology into a science methods course and modeled the reflective practice of her own teaching. Elementary science methods students participated in a series of inquiry-based activities that utilized various instructional technologies. Data sources included daily reflections, formative assessments, concern-based surveys, and class assignments. Findings from this self-study revealed that the teacher educator's own reflections and practical inquiry influenced and paralleled her students’ development of learning how to teach scientific inquiry using instructional technology. Results suggest that inviting preservice teachers into reflective practice and modeling for them the development of professional practical knowledge allow them to address the uncertainties in their own learning about using technology for inquiry-based science teaching.
Maternal bladder cancer diagnosed at routine first-trimester obstetric ultrasound examination.

Background Bladder cancer is exceedingly rare in pregnancy and most commonly presents with gross hematuria. Cases We describe two patients with the incidental finding of maternal bladder masses identified during routine first-trimester obstetric ultrasonographic evaluation and an ultimate diagnosis of carcinoma. After referral for urology evaluation and biopsy confirmation of bladder cancer, patients underwent surgical resection during their pregnancies without the need for further treatment and had uncomplicated pregnancy courses. Conclusion The distended maternal urinary bladder at the time of first-trimester ultrasonographic evaluation offers a unique opportunity for examination and early diagnosis of incidental maternal bladder carcinoma.
Mechanism by which certain dietary substances interfere with the peripheral activity of thyroxine.

A number of dietary substances interfere with the absorption and enterohepatic recycling of thyroxine (T4) in the rat. These substances produce a marked increase in the fecal excretion of orally administered T4 and a proportionately lower serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) concentration. The extent to which the PBI is reduced depends upon the relative potency and dietary concentration of the substance tested, but the reduction in PBI accounts for the corresponding decrease in the peripheral activity of the administered T4. Therefore, it is possible to feed T4 at a dose level (0.5 mg/100 g diet) that will produce a large metabolic rate and liver α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase response in the rat and to almost completely block these physiological responses by feeding an appropriate amount of one of the antithyrotoxic substances. By interfering with the absorption and recycling of T4, these substances prevent the serum PBI from reaching levels that would otherwise produce the usual physiological responses to...
The Preparation of Physical Educators: A Public Health Perspective

Sedentary living is a serious global public health problem that is associated with numerous preventable diseases. Schools are in a position to be the most costeffective public resource to combat inactivity. In schools physical educators are positioned to be the strongest advocates of a healthy, active lifestyle. To effectively promote physical activity on school campuses and to encourage it in communities beyond the school day, physical educators will need to develop skills that are not typically stressed in undergraduate physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. As a result, both undergraduate PETE and in-service staff-development programs will need to be revised if schools are to play a major role in physical activity promotion.
Effects of adhesive, base and diluent monomers on water sorption and conversion of experimental resins

Abstract Objectives To establish the relationship of resin composition and resin hydrophilicity (indicated by solubility parameters and log P ) to water sorption (WS), solubility, and degree of double bond conversion (DC) of resin mixtures designed for adhesive restoratives by varying the concentration of pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and various co-monomers. Methods Sixteen resin mixtures were prepared with (30–70) mass fraction % PMGDM. At given PMGDM concentrations there were up to five compositions with increasing log P . Polymer disks (13 mm × 0.7 mm) were exposed to 96% relative humidity (RH) to determine water sorption in humid atmosphere (WSH) and subsequently immersed in water for immersion water sorption (WSI) and solubility. DC was assessed by near infrared spectroscopy. Results WSI was somewhat higher than WSH, which ranged from (2.1 to 5.3) mass fraction %. Both data were positively correlated to PMGDM concentrations [Pearson correlation, p R 2 = 0.74, 0.73 (WSI)] and solubility ( R 2 = 0.64), but not to log P . When grouped by structural similarities, i.e., base resins with bisphenol A core (Group B), Group O containing diluent monomers, or Group U containing urethane dimethacrylate, WS within each group was inversely correlated to log P with R 2 = 0.98, 0.81, 0.95, and WS/solubility correlation improved with R 2 = 0.88, 0.92 and 0.75, respectively. Solubility ranging from 0.3% to 2.3% was inversely related to DC ( r = −0.872). Conversion ranging from 41% to 81% was lower for resins with high base monomer concentrations and highest in mixtures with UDMA. Significance Log P was a good predictor of WS after grouping the resins according to functional, compositional and structural similarities. WS and conversion were reasonably well predicted from Hoy's solubility parameters and other physical resin properties.
Reproducing kernels for harmonic Bergman spaces of the unit ball

We study reproducing kernels for harmonic Bergman spaces of the unit ball inR n . We establish some new properties for the reproducing kernels and give some applications of these properties.
Comparative mutagenicity of halogenated pyridines in the Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test

Abstract The Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102 was used to examine the potential mutagenecity and structure-activity of 16 mono- and di-halogenated pyridines. The chemical reactivity of the halopyridines suggests that nucleophilic displacement of halogens can occur with halogens at position 2,4 and 6 being displaced in addition-elimination reactions. 2-Chloropyridine gave a positive result with rat-liver metabolic activation, and 2-fluoropyridine gave equivocal results under these conditions. Mutagenic responses were also obtained with 2-chloromethyl pyridine and 3-chloromethyl pyridine, in both the presence and absence of rat-liver S9. These results suggest that the halogenated pyridines, especially with halogens at the 2-position, and singly on a methyl substituent, have mutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay.
A manual optimal guidance scheme using a predictive model.

Manual optimal guidance scheme using predictive display applied to launch vehicles during boost for continuous generation of predicted fuel- optimal trajectory
Maternal Jail Time, Conviction, and Arrest as Predictors of Children's 15-year Antisocial Outcomes in the Context of a Nurse Home Visiting Program

Data from the Nurse-Family Partnership intervention program were analyzed to compare the "selection" versus "unique" effects of maternal jail time on adolescent antisocial and health risk outcomes. Data from 320 women and their firstborn children were available from the prenatal, birth, and 15-year assessments. Consistent with a selection perspective, prenatal and demographic risks directly and indirectly related to many adolescent antisocial outcomes. Maternal conviction and arrest were also associated with adolescent contact with the criminal justice system and health risk behaviors. Maternal jail time predicted whether or not children had ever been stopped by police, sent to youth corrections, or run away from home. However, these associations were not significant after controlling for prenatal risk factors and maternal conviction and arrest. The results highlight the importance of maternal criminality and other risk factors in children's environments, including prenatal variables.
Supermirror transmission polarizers for neutrons

We describe several geometrical configurations of supermirror arrays for polarizing cold and sub-thermal neutrons in transmission with high efficiency, which is particularly important in applications where several polarizers occur in series. The measured polarizing efficiency and reflectivity of Fe-Si supermirror coatings which can be used in these devices are also reported.