cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formulation for Reliable Analysis of Structural Frames

Structural engineers use design codes formulated to consider uncertainty for both reinforced concrete and structural steel design. For a simple one-bay structural steel frame, we survey typical uncertainties and compute an interval solution for displacements and forces. The naive solutions have large over-estimations, so we explore the Mullen-Muhanna assembly strategy, scaling, and constraint propagation to achieve tight enclosures of the true ranges for displacements and forces in a fraction of the CPU time typically used for simulations. That we compute tight enclosures, even for large parameter uncertainties used in practice, suggests the promise of interval methods for much larger structures.
Subgrid scale closure for Alfvén wave turbulence

Abstract The effect of small “unresovable” subgrid scales on the large scales in Alfven wave turbulence is computed. The removal of the subgrid scales leads to a renormalized response function ϵ, which can be calculated analytically. Strong absorption can occur around the Alfven frequency for sharply peaked subgrid frequency spectra.
Possible Selves as Behavioral Standards in Self-regulation

We investigated a potential mechanism by which possible selves affect behavior by considering them in the context of control-process models of self-regulation. After a hoped-for or feared self in the health domain was made salient, participants were provided with opportunities to behave in ways that would address any unwanted discrepancy between the salient possible self and the current self. In order to ensure that behavior was in the service of self-regulation, we compromised the self-regulatory capacity of some participants and, after the opportunity to behaviorally regulate, assessed negative affect. We expected evidence of behavioral self-regulation only for participants with adequate self-regulatory capacity and heightened negative affect in participants who did not behaviorally self-regulate. The results generally supported our hypotheses when a feared self in the health domain was made salient. We attribute the failure to find effects for a salient hoped-for self to the general lack of discrepancy...
β–arrestin-2 regulation of the cAMP response element binding protein

Previous work demonstrated that cystic fibrosis (CF) cells exhibit an increase in cAMP-mediated signaling as a characteristic response to lost CFTR function. Evidence for increased cAMP-mediated signaling in CF included increased phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and elevated β-arrestin-2 (βarr2) expression. However, subsequent studies reveal that CREB activation in CF cells is independent of protein kinase-A (PKA). The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that elevated βarr2 expression leads to increased CREB activation in a PKA-independent mechanism. βarr2-GFP expressing tracheal epithelial cells (βarr2-GFP) exhibit an increase of pCREB content and subsequent CRE activation compared to GFP expressing control cells. βarr2 activation of the ERK cascade represents a candidate mechanism leading to CREB activation. ERK exhibits increased activation in βarr2-GFP cells compared to cont-GFP cells, and ERK inhibition diminishes CRE activation in both GFP and βarr2-GFP cells. To test directly whether CREB regulation in CF is βarr2-dependent, nasal epithelium excised from wt mice (Cftr +/+; βarr2 +/+), CF mice (Cftr -/-; βarr2 +/+), and DKO mice (Cftr -/-; βarr2 -/-) were analyzed for pCREB protein content. Removal of βarr2 expression from CF mice reduces both pCREB and pERK content to wt levels. These data indicate that CF-related CREB regulation is mediated directly through βarr2 expression via the ERK pathway.
A hypothesis of formation of mountains and continents

It is shown that elastic instability in the Earth's crust due to cooling stresses is a plausible explanation of the formation of mountains and continents.
Post-operative morbidity results in decreased long-term survival after resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that post-operative morbidity (PM) associated with resections of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is associated with short- and long-term patient survival.
Sleep-waking discharge of basal forebrain projection neurons in cats.

Abstract We have previously described a population of neurons in the magnocellular basal forebrain which have selectively elevated discharge rates during slow-wave sleep compared to waking, we postulate that these sleep-active neurons are a component of a basal forebrain sleep-promoting system. The purpose of the present experiment was to determine if sleep-active neurons contribute axons to recently described basal forebrain projection pathways. In cats prepared for chronic single unit and EEG-sleep recordings, stimulating electrodes were placed in the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the external capsule and anterior cingulate bundle, fiber bundles known to contain axons of basal forebrain projection neurons. Fifty-nine neurons were antidromically driven, differences in antidromic response latencies were related to sleep-waking discharge profiles. Of the cells with short antidromic latencies (
Japanese multinationals: How different are they?

Encarnation, D.J. (Ed.). (1999). Japanese Multina-tionals in Asia, Regional Operations in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 301 pages, ISBN 0-19-512065-5. Beamish, P.W., Delios, A., & Lecraw, D.J. (Eds.). 1997. Japanese Multinationals in the Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 352 pages, ISBN 1-85898-720-2. Beechler, S.L., & Bird, A. (Eds.). (1999). Japanese Multinationals Abroad, Individual and Organizational Learning. New York: Oxford University Press, 283 pages, ISBN 0-19-511925-8.
Enantiomer separations on chiral stationary phases in supercritical fluid chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has proven to be widely applicable for the separation of enantiomers on chiral stationary phases. Many of the chiral selectors utilized in gas and liquid chromatography have also been transferred to SFC. This article provides an overview of the types of separations reported on different classes of chiral stationary phases in SFC and includes comparisons of SFC to other chromatographic techniques. The importance of various chromatographic parameters in obtaining successful enantioseparations in SFC is also discussed.
Minimum fuel trajectory transfer in a general gravity field using a finite number of engine firings to cause velocity discontinuities

Abstract A method is presented to compute the firing logic for a rocket to transfer from one arbitrary trajectory to another such trajectory in a fixed maximum number of firings of the engine in a manner to minimize the amount of fuel consumed while satisfying various orbital constraints. The iterative procedure presented may be used to solve other constrained non-linear parameter minimization problems. The method involves iteratively minimizing the first differential of the “cost” function subject to improving the first differentials of the constraints by using linear programming. Both equality and inequality constraints are amenable to solution by this method.
Oxidation and its effects on the mechanical properties of Nb–1Zr☆

Abstract The alloy Nb–1Zr is a high temperature material that is often considered for applications where strength and resistance to alkali metals are required. However, these favorable properties can be compromised because it lacks oxidation resistance in many environments. After reviewing the oxidation behavior of Nb–1Zr, additional studies were conducted in high temperature, low pressure gaseous oxygen environments to determine the effects of oxidation on the tensile properties and hardness of Nb–1Zr for a specific space system application. Strengthening and loss of ductility were found to occur from room temperature to 900°C following low pressure oxidation in vacuum or argon at 750°C and 900°C, respectively. In general, oxygen that is associated with zirconium as extremely fine zirconium–oxygen zones is responsible for the strengthening/embrittlement that is observed. Heat treatments that result in non-coherent ZrO 2 precipitates can neutralize the effects of oxygen on mechanical properties provided the total oxygen content is below that required to convert all of the Zr to oxide.
Random features for Kernel Deep Convex Network

The recently developed deep learning architecture, a kernel version of the deep convex network (K-DCN), is improved to address the scalability problem when the training and testing samples become very large. We have developed a solution based on the use of random Fourier features, which possess the strong theoretical property of approximating the Gaussian kernel while rendering efficient computation in both training and evaluation of the K-DCN with large training samples. We empirically demonstrate that just like the conventional K-DCN exploiting rigorous Gaussian kernels, the use of random Fourier features also enables successful stacking of kernel modules to form a deep architecture. Our evaluation experiments on phone recognition and speech understanding tasks both show the computational efficiency of the K-DCN which makes use of random features. With sufficient depth in the K-DCN, the phone recognition accuracy and slot-filling accuracy are shown to be comparable or slightly higher than the K-DCN with Gaussian kernels while significant computational saving has been achieved.
Using product sampling to augment the perceived quality of store brands

Abstract Two experiments test the ability of in-store sampling to enhance a store brand's perceived quality (Study 1) and whether such an outcome is contingent on quality level (Study 2). Study 1 revealed for two distinct grocery products that the perceived quality of store brands benefited significantly when participants tried these brands prior to judging their quality, but that no such benefit accrued to national brands. Study 2 found that sampling enhanced quality perceptions of a store brand only when the brand was of high (vs. low) quality. Implications for retailers’ store brand practices are discussed and suggestions for additional research are offered.
Chin trauma: A clue to associated mandibular and cervical spine injury

Chin trauma, mandibular fracture, and cervical spine injury are often progressive components of a single injury pattern. Knowledge of a commonly occurring sequence of damage in patients who have sustained minor head trauma helps to minimize diagnostic omissions and provides a rational basis for deciding how extensive the patient's evaluation should be. Chin laceration associated with underlying skeletal damage has been described previously, but its diagnostic significance seldom has been appreciated. This report describes representative patients with fractures of the cervical spine and of the mandible secondary to chin trauma and suggests a protocol for efficient diagnosis.
Isoperimetric Inequalities for Cartesian Products of Graphs

We give a characterization for isoperimetric invariants, including the Cheeger constant and the isoperimetric number of a graph. This leads to an isoperimetric inequality for the Cartesian products of graphs.
Plasma Catechol Amine Concentrations in Myocardial Infarction and Angina Pectoris

Urinary catechol amines have been shown to be increased in a few cases of acute myocardial infarction. The present study shows that patients with acute myocardial infarction and with angina pectoris (after exercise) have an increase in plasma catechol amines as compared to normal subjects before and after exercise and as compared to patients with noncardiac types of pain. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Basic properties of generalized down–up algebras

Abstract We introduce a large class of infinite dimensional associative algebras which generalize down–up algebras. Let K be a field and fix f ∈ K [ x ] and r , s , γ ∈ K . Define L = L ( f , r , s , γ ) to be the algebra generated by d , u and h with defining relations: [d,h] r +γd=0, [h,u] r +γu=0, [d,u] s +f(h)=0. Included in this family are Smith's class of algebras similar to U ( sl 2 ), Le Bruyn's conformal sl 2 enveloping algebras and the algebras studied by Rueda. The algebras L have Gelfand–Kirillov dimension 3 and are Noetherian domains if and only if rs ≠0. We calculate the global dimension of L and, for rs ≠0, classify the simple weight modules for L , including all finite dimensional simple modules. Simple weight modules need not be classical highest weight modules.
Web Technologies and the Potential for Innovation in Distance Education

Web-based distance education technologies may improve education and support totally new educational systems. Web technologies present new opportunities for delivering multimedia information and interacting with physical simulations. This paper describes some infrastructure and human interaction issues, a text-indexed video, and a Web-based image storage and presentation system, and three on-going distance education projects.
Microwave propagation through an apertured coaxial waveguide

We have studied microwave coupling phenomena in linear and nonlinear regimes. Analytic calculations and two-dimensional plasma simulations were carried out for microwave transmission in an apertured coaxial waveguide. In the linear regime, the transmission characteristics for a finite-length aperture that includes the fringing fields were obtained. In the nonlinear regime, where field emission of electrons occurs, we found that the microwave transmission was characterized by the parameter ..cap omega../sup 2//..omega../sup 2/, where ..cap omega.. is the electron cyclotron frequency in the electromagnetic field and ..omega.. is the microwave frequency. When ..cap omega../sup 2//..omega../sup 2/ >1, significant microwave power can be transmitted through the aperture. For ..cap omega../sup 2//..omega../sup 2/approx. >1, aperture closure due to field-emitted electrons becomes important, and severe degradation of microwave transmission was observed in our simulation.
Application of a particle swarm optimization algorithm for determining optimum well location and type

Determining the optimum type and location of new wells is an essential component in the efficient development of oil and gas fields. The optimization problem is, however, demanding due to the potentially high dimension of the search space and the computational requirements associated with function evaluations, which, in this case, entail full reservoir simulations. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied for the determination of optimal well type and location. The PSO algorithm is a stochastic procedure that uses a population of solutions, called particles, which move in the search space. Particle positions are updated iteratively according to particle fitness (objective function value) and position relative to other particles. The general PSO procedure is first discussed, and then the particular variant implemented for well optimization is described. Four example cases are considered. These involve vertical, deviated, and dual-lateral wells and optimization over single and multiple reservoir realizations. For each case, both the PSO algorithm and the widely used genetic algorithm (GA) are applied to maximize net present value. Multiple runs of both algorithms are performed and the results are averaged in order to achieve meaningful comparisons. It is shown that, on average, PSO outperforms GA in all cases considered, though the relative advantages of PSO vary from case to case. Taken in total, these findings are very promising and demonstrate the applicability of PSO for this challenging problem.
Enriched inhibition of cancer and stem-like cancer cells via STAT-3 modulating niclocelles

We describe for the first time a therapeutic strategy to target stem-like cancer cells via STAT-3 modulation using a nanomedicine approach. Niclocelle, a niclosamide loaded rigid core mixed micelle, was synthesized from a self-assembled well-defined amphiphilic diblock copolymer and an FDA-approved signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3. Followed by a rigorous physico-chemical characterization, niclocelles were evaluated biologically for cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human melanoma (C32) and breast cancer (MDA-MB231 and MCF-7) cells. Niclocelles were found to selectively reduce the CD44+ stem cell population in C32 cells via STAT-3 modulation.
Preparation of Oxepan-2-ones (∊-Lactones) via the Dianion of 4-(Phenylsulfonyl)butanoic Acid

Abstract The bis-homoenolate dianion of 4-(phenylsulfonyl)butanoic acid was reacted with terminal oxiranes and cyclized to afford seven-membered lactones in good yield. Preliminary details of this procedure are described.
Co-occurrence of psychotic experiences and common mental health conditions across four racially and ethnically diverse population samples.

Background Prior research with racially/ethnically homogeneous samples has demonstrated widespread co-occurrence of psychotic experiences (PEs) and common mental health conditions, particularly multi-morbidity, suggesting that psychosis may be related to the overall severity of psychiatric disorder rather than any specific subtype. In this study we aimed to examine whether PEs are associated with the presence of specific disorders or multi-morbidity of co-occurring disorders across four large racially/ethnically diverse samples of adults in the USA. Method Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) and separately from the Asian and Latino subsamples of the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between PEs and individual subtypes of DSM-IV disorder, and to test for a linear dose-response relationship between the number of subtypes and PEs. Results Prevalence of PEs was moderately greater among individuals with each subtype of disorder in each data set [odds ratios (ORs) 1.8-3.8], although associations were only variably significant when controlling for clinical and demographic variables. However, the sum of disorder subtypes was related to odds for PEs in a linear dose-response fashion across all four samples. Conclusions PEs are related primarily to the extent or severity of psychiatric illness, as indicated by the presence of multiple psychiatric disorders, rather than to any particular subtype of disorder in these data. This relationship applies to the general population and across diverse racial/ethnic groups.
Groups' use of patient experience data.

members to discuss the psychosocial and emotional aspects of care and their impact on patients, families and themselves. Attendees report enhanced attention to these issues; better communication with patients, family members, and colleagues; and decreased stress and isolation. 5 Further research is warranted on interventions designed to improve the capacity of physicians and physician groups to communicate effectively and to provide the emotional support that both patients and physicians believe can make life or death differences. Compassionate care—defined as patient-centered communication and emotional support of patients—must be measured and valued on par with other clinical process and outcomes measures. Changes in provider reimbursement based in part on patients’ experiences of care may provide the impetus for this culture change.
Social Media Effectiveness for Public Engagement: Example of Small Nonprofits

Social media sites are increasingly adopted by small nonprofit organizations (NPOs) to help them meet their public engagement goals. However, several characteristics of small organizations make it hard for them to effectively use social media sites. We present findings from interviews with 26 small NPOs' social media professionals on how they use multiple social media sites to support public engagement. Small NPOs use multiple social media sites to engage with different stakeholders toward various ends. However, these NPOs are not using social media to its full potential with regard to community-building and action mobilization. Several challenges in small NPOs, such as ineffective measurement of social media performance, deficient organizational resources, and lack of control over work, lead to strong tensions between social media engagement strategies and outcomes. Drawing on these findings, we present several practical implications for the design of successful public engagement social media tools.
Mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors from normal donors using the combination of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor results in fewer plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the graft and enhanced donor T cell engraftment with Th1 polarization: results from a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) both mobilize CD34+ stem cells into the blood when administered before apheresis but have distinct effects on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We previously demonstrated that the combination of GM+G-CSF results in fewer plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) when used to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells for autologous transplantation. To test the hypothesis that the content of pDCs in an allograft can be modulated with the cytokines used for mobilization, we randomized the human leukocyte antigen–matched sibling donors of 50 patients with hematological malignancies to a mobilization regimen of either GM+G-CSF (n = 25) or G-CSF alone (n = 25). Primary and secondary endpoints included the cellular constituents of the mobilized grafts, the kinetics of posttransplantation immune reconstitution, and clinical outcomes of the transplantation recipients. Grafts from donors receiving GM+G-CSF contained equivalent numbers of CD34+ cells with fewer pDCs and T cells, with a higher fraction of Th1-polarized donor T cells than G-CSF mobilized grafts. Immune recovery was enhanced among recipients of GM+G-CSF. Survival was not significantly different between transplantation recipients in the two arms. The use of GM+G-CSF modulates immune function and recovery after allogeneic transplantation and should be explored in larger studies powered to evaluate clinical outcomes.
Another Look at Food in the Library

(1996). Another Look at Food in the Library. Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 69-74.
Nonlinear multiphysics finite element code architecture in object oriented Fortran environment

The objective of the present manuscript is to describe a new architecture of the nonlinear multiphysics finite element code in object oriented Fortran environment hereafter referred to as FOOF. The salient features of FOOF are reusability, extensibility, and performance. Computational efficiency stems from the intrinsic optimization of numerical computing intrinsic to Fortran, while reusability and extensibility is inherited from the support of object-oriented programming style in Fortran 2003 and its later versions. The shortcomings of the object oriented style in Fortran 2003 (in comparison to C++) are alleviated by introducing the class hierarchy and by utilizing a multilevel programming style.
Globular glial fibrillary acidic protein-reactive cytoplasmic inclusions in ependymoma: an immunoelectron-microscopic study

We report of a 27-month-old boy with a recurrent infratentorial ependymoma; the initial resection was at 14 months of age. Both resection specimens were histologically similar. In addition to neoplastic ependymal cells forming perivascular pseudorosettes, a second population of cells with identical nuclear morphology displayed large hyaline, refractile cytoplasmic inclusions, causing these cells to superficially resemble gemistocytic astrocytes. These inclusions demonstrated strong glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions appeared as fenestrated irregular-shaped bodies with jagged edges and were made up of electron-dense granular material. Although these inclusions superficially resembled Rosenthal fibers, immunoperoxidase stains for ubiquitin and αB-crystallin were negative. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that these unusual non-filamentous inclusions were diffusely GFAP positive.
Aggressive experience alters place preference in green anole lizards, Anolis carolinensis

Males of many species establish territories from which they exclude conspecifics, and experience can influence the defence and stability of territorial boundaries. We used a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure to determine whether engaging in a form of behaviour associated with territorial defence, aggressive behaviour, was rewarding for male green anoles and whether aggressive experience could alter the spatial/contextual preferences of these territorial lizards. When approached by a male conspecific, or when exposed to their reflection in a mirror, many male anoles show species-typical aggressive behaviours. We repeatedly exposed male anoles to a mirror or the nonreflective back of the mirror in opposing sides of a CPP apparatus that consisted of two contextually distinct chambers connected by a central tunnel. Control animals (N ¼ 10) were exposed to the back of the mirror in both sides of the apparatus. Following conditioning, animals that showed aggressive behaviour (N ¼ 13) when exposed to the mirror during conditioning increased the time that they spent in the side of the apparatus paired with the mirror relative to baseline. In contrast, the preferences of nonaggressive (N ¼ 8) and control animals were unchanged. These findings suggest that engaging in aggressive behaviour (and not simply seeing a conspecific) is rewarding for male green anoles and that aggression-related reward and associative learning could influence the formation and/or maintenance of stable territories.
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcomes of Penile Cancer Treated at Tertiary Care Centers in the Western United States

Abstract Background This article reports on the experience with penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) in a unique multiethnic patient population from Los Angeles, California, with regard to treatments rendered and clinical outcomes. Patients and Methods Available clinical, pathologic, and treatment information for PSCC patients treated at 3 hospitals associated with the University of Southern California from 1991 to 2011 was retrospectively reviewed. Associations of patient variables with prognosis were assessed using univariable and multivariable analyses. Results Of the 95 PSCC patients identified, clinicopathologic and outcome information was available on 89 men (median age, 53 years; median follow-up, 23 months). National minorities comprised 76.4% of the cohort with 57.3% Hispanics accounting for all patients. Presence of poorly differentiated tumors was associated with higher tumor stage (P = .020), nodal metastasis (P = .016), distant metastasis (P = .004), and advanced AJCC disease stage (P = .001). Univariate analysis showed that tumor (P = .008), nodal (P = .033), and metastasis (P Conclusion These results confirm associations of several clinicopathologic factors with PSCC outcomes, although the presented population differs from others previously described from the United States with a relatively higher proportion of Hispanic men. This highlights the need for studies on the effects of race, cultural, health, and behavioral patterns on PSCC outcomes in multiethnic populations.
Electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotubes as electrode in electrochemical double-layer capacitors

Abstract Carbon nanotubes uniformly 50 nm in diameter were directly grown on graphite foil. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the carbon nanotube/graphite foil electrode has a high specific capacitance (115.7 F/g at a scan rate of 100 mV/s) and exhibits typical double-layer behavior. A rectangular-shaped CV curve persists even at a scan rate of 100 mV/s in 1.0 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solution, which suggests that the carbon nanotube electrode could be an excellent candidate as the electrode in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. In addition, the influence of the potential scan rate, aging, and the electrolyte solution on the specific capacitance of nanotube electrodes was also studied.
Unsupervised seizure detection using modulation spectra measures: A preliminary study

Epileptic seizures affect millions worldwide, impairing their quality of life in incapacitating ways. Many epilepsy patients undergo electroencephalography (EEG) continuously for days to weeks in a hospital to have seizures that might help doctors identify the anatomical focus of those seizures. But screening days to weeks of iEEG for seizures that can happen anytime or not at all is a time-consuming clinical burden for clinicians and staff. Thus, a computerized method to perform this duty objectively in lieu of subjective manual labor is highly beneficial toward robust timely clinical care of patients. I present such a method using two unsupervised machine learning techniques applied to cross-frequency coupling measures, comparing the classification performance of the methods. The methods perform similarly in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity (positive predictive value). Overall a proof-of-concept for a new approach is made. With more development, either approach could be used in practical clinical settings.
A case for regional culture collections of microorganisms.

Dr Martin describes the proposals for regional culture collections of microorganisms especially in developing countries.
Transformation of the Title V Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant

This paper describes the transformation of the Title V Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Services Block Grant. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration led a 21-month visioning process to engage input from MCH stakeholders and other national, state and local MCH leaders, families and other partners to improve, innovate, and transform the Title V MCH Services Block Grant. The process has helped inform the development of a new grant guidance for the next 5-year cycle beginning in fiscal year 2016. The triple aims of the transformation are to reduce burden, maintain flexibility, and increase accountability. State reporting burden is reduced by aligning and streamlining the needs assessment, annual report and application, reducing the number of forms States have to fill out, eliminating Health Systems Capacity Indicators, and prepopulating the annual report and application with State data using national data sources. State flexibility is maintained through the needs assessment process whereby State needs and priorities drive the selection of National Performance Measures and State-specific Performance Measures, and the development of State Action Plan and Evidence-based/informed Strategy Measures. Accountability is increased through the new three-tiered performance measurement framework, which will help States tell a more coherent and compelling story about the impact of Title V on the health of the Nation’s mothers, children, and families. The ultimate success of the transformation will be measured by how much the transformed Title V program moves the needle in MCH in the States and for the Nation.
A Numerical Study of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Bank of Flat Tubes

ABSTRACT The present study considers steady laminar two-dimensional incompressible flow over both in-line and staggered flat tube bundles used in heat exchanger applications. The effects of various independent parameters, such as Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), length ratio (L/Da), and height ratio (H/Da), on the pressure drop and heat transfer were studied. A finite-volume-based FORTRAN code was developed to solve the governing equations. In all, 10 modules were considered in this study. The flow is observed to attain a periodically fully developed condition downstream of the fourth module. The nondimensionalized pressure drop decreases monotonically with an increase in the Reynolds number. In general, the module average Nusselt number increases with an increase in the Reynolds number. The results at Pr = 7.0 indicate a significant increase in the computed module average Nusselt number when compared to those for Pr = 0.7. The overall performance of the in-line configuration for lower height ra...
A comparison of three policy approaches for tobacco retailer reduction.

Abstract Background The Institute of Medicine recommends that public health agencies restrict the number and regulate the location of tobacco retailers as a means of reducing tobacco use. However, the best policy strategy for tobacco retailer reduction is unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the percent reduction in the number and density of tobacco retailers in North Carolina resulting from three policies: (1) prohibiting sales of tobacco products in pharmacies or stores with a pharmacy counter, (2) restricting sales of tobacco products within 1000 ft of schools, and (3) regulating to 500 ft the minimum allowable distance between tobacco outlets. Methods This study uses data from two lists of tobacco retailers gathered in 2012, one at the statewide level, and another “gold standard” three-county list. Retailers near schools were identified using point and parcel boundaries in ArcMap. Python programming language generated a random lottery system to remove retailers within 500 ft of each other. Analyses were conducted in 2014. Results A minimum allowable distance policy had the single greatest impact and would reduce density by 22.1% at the state level, or 20.8% at the county level (range 16.6% to 27.9%). Both a pharmacy and near-schools ban together would reduce density by 29.3% at the state level, or 29.7% at the county level (range 26.3 to 35.6%). Conclusions The implementation of policies restricting tobacco sales in pharmacies, near schools, and/or in close proximity to another tobacco retailer would substantially reduce the number and density of tobacco retail outlets.
Molecular theories of polymer nanocomposites

Significant progress towards the development of microscopic predictive theories of the equilibrium structure, polymer-mediated interactions, and phase behavior of polymer nanocomposites has been made recently based on liquid state integral equation, density functional, and self-consistent mean field approaches. The basics of these three theoretical frameworks are summarized, and selected highlights of their recent applications discussed for spherical, nonspherical, and polymer-grafted nanoparticles dissolved in athermal and adsorbing concentrated solutions and homopolymer melts. The role of nanoparticle size, volume fraction, and interfacial cohesive interactions is emphasized, especially with regards to their influence on filler dispersion and spatial ordering via entropic depletion attraction, polymer adsorption-mediated steric stabilization, and local bridging of nanoparticles. Some of the many remaining theoretical challenges and open fundamental questions are summarized.
Modulation of nonspecific cell-mediated growth inhibition by estrogen metabolites

Abstract Chronic exposure of mice to estrogens such as 17-β estradiol and diethylstilbestrol inhibits natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vivo. In this report, we investigated the direct in vitro effects of 17-β estradiol and its major metabolites on nonspecific effector cell function measured as the ability of naive lymphocytes to inhibit the growth of the YAC-1 lymphoma, a classical natural killer-sensitive target cell. Without exception, the effects of individual estrogen metabolites on the growth inhibitory properties of these cells were accompanied, at every concentration of compound, by identical effects on the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to the T cell lectin phytohemagglutinin. These observations suggested membrane-mediated immunomodulation of lymphocyte function by estrogen metabolites. As suggested by previous studies with quinone metabolites of benzene, the catechol estrogen metabolite 2-OH estrone was significantly more potent than the parent compound at suppressing lymphocyte functions in vitro; however, dosing regimens of 2-OH estrone that suppressed blastogenic response in vivo failed to inhibit nonspecific cell-mediated growth inhibition.
Poughkeepsie Bridge: Its Birth, Abandonment, and Rebirth

When opened the Poughkeepsie Bridge incorporated the longest span—548 ft—cantilever in the world; the longest simple span, 525 ft; and its overall length, 6,767 ft, was for a short time the longest bridge in the world. Between 1871 and 1889, its opening, some of the leading engineers and railroad men had been involved in its planning and design including three future presidents of ASCE. Construction is currently under way to convert the bridge to a pedestrian/bicycle pathway across the Hudson River.
Failure of additivity in bisection of length

Subjects were intructed to select one rod to lie halfway in length between two given rods. These bisection instructions imply an additive model in the subjective metric. However, the data were inherently nonadditive; the length of the bisector could be an increasing or a decreasing function of the length of one given rod, depending on the length of the other given rod. A convexity analysis and a nonmetric analysis both showed that no monotone transformation could make the data additive. The bisection problem is used to contrast the axiomatic and functional approaches to measurement theory.
Management of Clostridium difficile infection: thinking inside and outside the box.

Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has relied on 2 antimicrobial agents, metronidazole and vancomycin, since the recognition of this disease entity. While effective, these "inside the box" approaches to CDI management have the disadvantage of further microbial disruption of the host indigenous microflora. "Outside the box" therapies use non- antimicrobial approaches to management and are theoretically less prone to causing recurrent CDI episodes. Recent advances in understanding of "inside the box" approaches include appreciation of the decreased efficacy of metronidazole overall and the superior efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of severe CDI, as well as a new agent under development, fidaxomicin, which appears to be equal in efficacy to vancomycin but with less risk of subsequent CDI recurrences. Several "outside the box" approaches have also entered clinical development, including use of monoclonal antibodies, active vaccination, luminal toxin binders, and nontoxigenic C. difficile. These reports provide optimism that more-effective management of CDI is forthcoming.
Groundwater Depletion and Agricultural Land Use Change in the High Plains: A Case Study from Wichita County, Kansas*

Shifts in resource availability and resulting land use changes are important research themes for coupled human and natural systems and human dimensions of global environmental change. This study examines the relationship between groundwater depletion and agricultural land use change within a single county in the High Plains, where agro-economic systems and populations are dependent on access to reliable groundwater supplies. Results indicate a significant relationship between high proportionate decreases in groundwater and land being removed from irrigation. This case study strengthens the links among local, regional, and global environmental change, and contributes to a greater understanding of the High Plains in the context of regional sustainability and vulnerability concerns.
Recent Progress on the Development of Biofuel Cells for Self-Powered Electrochemical Biosensing and Logic Biosensing: A Review

Biofuel cells (BFCs) based on enzymes and microorganisms have been recently received considerable attention because they are recognized as an attractive type of energy conversion technology. In addition to the research activities related to the application of BFCs as power source, we have witnessed recently a growing interest in using BFCs for self-powered electrochemical biosensing and electrochemical logic biosensing applications. Compared with traditional biosensors, one of the most significant advantages of the BFCs-based self-powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors is their ability to detect targets integrated with chemical-to-electrochemical energy transformation, thus obviating the requirement of external power sources. Following my previous review (Electroanalysis 2012, 24, 197-209), the present review summarizes, discusses and updates the most recent progress and latest advances on the design and construction of BFCs-based self-powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors. In addition to the traditional approaches based on substrate effect, inhibition effect, blocking effect and gene regulation effect for BFCs-based self-powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors design, some new principles including enzyme effect, co-stabilization effect, competition effect and hybrid effect are summarized and discussed by me in details. The outlook and recommendation of future directions of BFCs-based self-powered electrochemical biosensors and logic biosensors are discussed in themore » end.« less
Decentralized Sub-Optimal Minimum-Time Consensus

In many multi-agent scenarios, agents must balance both local and global performance and collaboration objectives with the constraints of efficient resource utilization. Here, consensus problems with fixed communication graphs are considered, where agents strive to reach a common decision value in minimum time while simultaneously minimizing a performance cost that measures the deviation of the decision value from the desired value. The paper offers preliminary results on the selection of meaningful decision values that approximate optimal solutions. The proposed approach shows a fast convergence time and also reduces the overall number of information transmissions by the agents in the network.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
U.S. program for the IMS

The United States participation in the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) 1976–1979 offers major opportunities for quantitative studies of near earth space, and some unique new facilities will be available which could lead us into new ways of doing geophysics and space physics. Some examples of these new approaches, to be discussed in detail later, are arrays of digital magnetometers whose data are transmitted in real time via synchronous satellite to the NOAA Space Environment Laboratory where they will be reduced and made available in real time to any interested users. These data will be forwarded to World Data Center A (WDC-A) for archiving and further dissemination. Similarly, an additional unique feature will be the availability of summary data from each of the major IMS spacecraft; for example, a data pool tape, containing averaged data from the International Sun-Earth Explorer (Isee) spacecraft experiments, will be made available to interested scientists the world over.
CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASES IN TISSUES OF THE RAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY OR GONADECTOMY, AND AFTER REPLACEMENT THERAPY1

It is becoming increasingly evident that hormones exert their regulatory effects on tissues and organs by influencing the rate of enzymatic processes. Hertz (1945) has shown that estrogen requires the presence of folic acid, now regarded as a prosthetic group of an enzyme, to produce growth of the chick’s oviduct. Biddulph, Meyer and McShan (1946) have demonstrated changes in the concentration of succinic dehydrogenase and other enzymes in the ovaries of rats during different stages of the reproductive cycle. Huggins and Russell (1946) investigated the effects of various hormonal conditions upon the concentration of phosphatases in the prostate gland. Fluctuations in the alkaline phosphatase activity of the uterus have been correlated with the reproductive cycle in mice and in primates (Atkinson and Engle, 1947; Atkinson and Elftman, 1947). Cytochemical studies in this laboratory have also revealed, as incidental observations, that phosphatases vary in different physiological states.
Chlorophyll—Its therapeutic place in acute and suppurative disease

Abstract The use of chlorophyll in the treatment of acute and chronic suppurative conditions is suggested. A theoretical consideration of its mechanism is presented. Its chemistry is reviewed briefly. Its use in surgical conditions, in otorhinolaryngology, in dermatology, and in a variety of other fields is reviewed, with a summary of the results obtained in some 1200 cases.
Drug Treatment Experiences: Rural and Urban Comparisons

This study sought to investigate treatment-seeking behaviors among drug users in rural populations and how they compare to their urban counterparts. Data for this analysis were drawn from the Miami and Immokalee sites of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Cooperative Agreement Program for AIDS outreachhtervention research study targeting high-risk out-of-treatment injection drug users and crack smokers. Findings indicate that Miami subjects were 2.57 times more likely to have been in drug treatment compared to their rural counterparts. This differential may be explained in terms of the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of health care services. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Influence of Dietary Sodium Level on Utilization of Methionine from DL-Methionine and Liquid Methionine-Hydroxy Analogue

SUMMARY A study was conducted to determine if dietary Na levels influenced the utilization of 2 different sources of supplemental Met in diets for male broilers. A Met-deficient diet (0.33% Met by analysis) based on grain sorghum and soybean meal was fortified with either DL-methionine (DL-Met) or the liquid form of 2-hydroxy-4-methylbutanoic acid (HMB) to provide supplemental levels of Met ranging from 0.0 to 0.28% in increments of 0.04%. Using sodium bicarbonate as a variable, dietary Na levels were 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25% with a constant Cl level of 0.20%. The experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 3 × 8 factorial arrangement with 2 Met sources (DL-Met and HMB), 3 Na levels (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%), and 8 levels of supplemental Met (0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, and 0.28%) for a total of 48 treatments. Each treatment was fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male broilers from 1 to 21 d of age. There was no significant effect of Met source on BW, feed conversion, or mortality. Both Met level and Na level significantly affected these factors, with a significant interaction between Met level and Na level for both BW and feed conversion. Feeding the higher levels of Na at lower levels of Met supplementation had adverse effects on both BW and feed conversion, independent of source of supplemental Met. Results of this study indicated that in practical diets using equivalent levels of fortification, no significant differences were detectable in the utilization of the 2 sources of Met.
Mechanical behavior of electrochemically lithiated silicon

Abstract The time-independent and time-dependent mechanical behavior of electrochemically lithiated silicon was studied with nanoindentation. As indentation was performed with continuous stiffness measurements during loading and load-hold, new insight into the deformation behavior of lithiated silicon is furnished. Supporting other research, Young's modulus and the hardness of lithiated silicon are found to decline with increasing lithium content. However, the results of this study indicate that Young's modulus of the fully lithiated phase, at 41 GPa, is in fact somewhat larger than reported in some other studies. Nanoindentation creep experiments demonstrate that lithiated silicon creeps readily, with the observed viscoplastic flow governed by power law creep with large stress exponents (>20). Flow is thought to occur via local, shear-driven rearrangement at the scale of the Li15Si4 molecular unit volume. This research emphasizes the importance of incorporating viscoplasticity into lithiation/delithiation models. Additionally, more broadly, the work offers insight into nanoindentation creep methodology.