cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Aging on Vocal Fundamental Frequency and Vowel Formants in Men and Women.

Summary Purpose This study reports data on vocal fundamental frequency (fo) and the first four formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3, F4) for four vowels produced by speakers in three adult age cohorts, in a test of the null hypothesis that there are no age-related changes in these variables. Participants were 43 men and 53 women between the ages of 20 and 92 years. Results The most consistent age-related effect was a decrease in fo for women. Significant differences in F1, F2, and F3 were vowel-specific for both sexes. No significant differences were observed for the highest formant F4. Conclusions Women experience a significant decrease in fo, which is likely related to menopause. Formant frequencies of the corner vowels change little across several decades of adult life, either because physiological aging has small effects on these variables or because individuals compensate for age-related changes in anatomy and physiology.
Flupirtine and diazepam combination terminates established status epilepticus: results in three rodent models

Objective Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency requiring rapid termination of seizures. New treatment choices are needed for benzodiazepine-refractory SE or established SE (ESE). Previous studies have demonstrated that the potassium-channel opener flupirtine terminates seizures in neonatal animals. However, its effectiveness in adult ESE has not been tested. We tested whether flupirtine alone or in combination with the benzodiazepine diazepam would terminate ESE in three animal models. Methods SE was induced by administration of lithium followed by pilocarpine, by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus or by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) administration. Seizures were assessed by EEG recorded from the hippocampus and cortex. Results Flupirtine alone did not terminate ESE within 60 min of administration in any of the three models of ESE. A combination of flupirtine and diazepam terminated ESE within 60 min in all the three models. The drug combination shortened the duration of ESE in all three models. Drug responsiveness was distinct between each model. Conclusion A combination of the potassium channel opener flupirtine and diazepam is a potential therapy for ESE.
Right Ventricular Function is Important for Pulmonary Artery Banding in Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Small infants with severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) carry a poor prognosis with limited therapeutic options. Although mechanical support and heart transplantation are definitive therapies, improvement of left ventricular function with reversible pulmonary artery banding (rPAB) has been described. We report two cases of LVD treated with rPAB. One was successfully temporized, and one progressed to requiring transplantation, indicating that appropriate patient selection is critical to this technique's success.
An efficient MILP framework for integrating nonlinear process dynamics and control in optimal production scheduling calculations

Abstract The emphasis currently placed on enterprise-wide decision making and optimization has led to an increased need for methods of integrating nonlinear process dynamics and control information in scheduling calculations. The inevitable high dimensionality and nonlinearity of first-principles dynamic process models makes incorporating them in scheduling calculations challenging. In this work, we describe a general framework for deriving data-driven surrogate models of the closed-loop process dynamics. Focusing on Hammerstein–Wiener and finite step response (FSR) model forms, we show that these models can be (exactly) linearized and embedded in production scheduling calculations. The resulting scheduling problems are mixed-integer linear programs with a special structure, which we exploit in a novel and efficient solution strategy. A polymerization reactor case study is utilized to demonstrate the merits of this method. Our framework compares favorably to existing approaches that embed dynamics in scheduling calculations, showing considerable reductions in computational effort.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Dickeya dianthicola Isolates from Potato.

ABSTRACT Here, we report two annotated draft genome sequences of Dickeya dianthicola isolates from potatoes collected in Delaware and West Virginia. The genomes of strains DE440 and WV516 show 99% similarity to each other and 96% and 95% similarity to the European strains IPO 980 and RNS04.9, respectively.
Increased mitochondrial turnover in the skeletal muscle of fasted, castrated mice is related to the magnitude of autophagy activation and muscle atrophy

Abstract Androgen-deficiency promotes muscle atrophy in part by increasing autophagy-mediated muscle protein breakdown during the fasted state, but factors contributing to this remain undefined. To identify novel factors, mice were subjected to sham or castration surgery. Seven-weeks post-surgery, mice were fasted overnight, refed for 30 min, and fasted another 4.5 h before sacrifice. BNIP3-mediated turnover of mitochondria was increased within the atrophied tibialis anterior (TA) of castrated mice and related to the magnitude of muscle atrophy and autophagy activation (i.e. decreased p62 protein content), thus linking turnover of potentially dysfunctional mitochondria with autophagy-mediated atrophy. Autophagy induction was likely facilitated by AMPK activation as a stress survival mechanism since phosphorylation of AMPK (Thr172), as well as the pro survival kinases Akt (Thr308) and (ERK1/2 Thr202/Tyr204), were increased by castration. Together, these data identify a novel relationship between mitochondrial turnover in the fasted state with autophagy activation and muscle atrophy following androgen depletion.
Current Surgical Management of Primary Cutaneous Melanoma

The surgical management of melanoma has dramatically changed over the last few decades. Through the development and conduction of well-designed prospective, randomized trials, we have been able to refine the way that we surgically manage patients with melanoma. Indeed, many important issues have been addressed through such trials: the proper surgical margins for the primary melanoma, utility of the elective lymph node dissection, and the role for selective lymphadenectomy, to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current literature and offer practice guidelines for the surgical management of the primary melanoma.
Applications of Femtosecond Lasers to Nonlinear Spectroscopy and Process Control of Si(001) Interfaces

Solid state femtosecond lasers are providing a powerful new nonlinear optical spectroscopic characterization tool for technologically relevant buried SiO2/Si(001) interfaces and Si1-xGex(001) epitaxial growth surfaces.
Minimality of certain normal connected sums

We show that the normal connected sum of two minimal symplectic 4-manifolds (neither of them rational or ruled) is a minimal symplectic 4-manifold. In the proof we use a symplectic sum formula for Gromov-Witten invariants.
Patient factors and satisfaction in the choice of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy.

1117 Background: The percentage of women undergoing contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) has more than doubled in recent years. The underlying reasons patients choose CPM have not been fully...
Evaluation of in situ gelling chitosan-PEG copolymer for use in the spinal cord.

The goal of the present work was to characterize a hydrogel material for localized spinal cord delivery. To address spinal cord injuries, an injectable in situ gelling system was tested utilizing a...
Abstract WP418: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling is Associated With Neuroinflammation and Changes in Cognitive Function in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension

Introduction: Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation facilitates hypertension-associated cerebral artery dysfunction and reduced perfusion that may increase the risk for vascular dementia. Hypo...
The State of Academic Liaison Librarian Burnout in ARL Libraries in the United States

This study investigates the incidence and acuteness of occupational burnout in full-time Association of Research Libraries (ARL) liaison/subject librarians in the United States, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Areas of Worklife Survey . Findings show that lack of personal agency is the primary contributor to a sense of burnout and that, while many liaisons feel significant levels of overwork and lack of fair treatment, positive correlation between institutional and personal values runs high regardless of gender, time as a liaison, or time spent at a particular institution. This values relationship, along with a strong sense of personal efficacy, may moderately offset burnout symptoms. Still, findings indicate a need for further study of burnout in the overall academic librarian population, as well as a significant need for change in liaison librarians’ professional experiences to ease their reported levels of burnout.
GHRP-GH Secretagogues

GH secretion is not infrequently low in normal elderly men and women and may compromise normal health (1,2). In the past, when a hormonal deficiency(s) was considered to be responsible for this decreased GH secretion in these subjects, a hypothalamic disorder rather than a pituitary disorder was proposed and a decreased secretion of GHRH or an increased secretion of SRIF was envisioned. One of our more long term objectives has been to utilize GHRP (GH releasing peptide) in order to further understand the pathophysiology of decreased GH secretion as a function of age, especially in elderly men and women, and to distinguish when decreased secretion of GH in elderly subjects is due to normal aging versus a specific hormonal deficiency(s).
Crime, Race and Ethnicity

The relationship of ethnicity/race to crime is a longstanding concern of criminology. Contemporary research identifies social characteristics of neighborhoods and differential treatment in the criminal justice system as the primary causes of higher crime rates among certain ethnic/racial minority groups. This article explores that research.
OT and Outpatient Behavioral Health

Date Presented 04/05/19 The study was conducted to understand the current practice of outpatient behavioral-health OT. A self-developed, internet-based survey was distributed to OT practitioners known to the researchers, followed by snowball sampling. Findings indicate a lack of evidence-based practice in regard to assessments and the OT process. Development of this practice area would aid in community reintegration and the management of chronic behavioral health conditions. Primary Author and Speaker: Kimberly Hutchinson Additional Authors and Speakers: Rachael Fox Contributing Authors: Andrea Meador, Theresa Nelson, Jason Wright, Kelly Machnik
Demographic and psychosocial factors associated with hair cortisol concentrations in preschool children.

Early life stress has enduring effects on physical and mental health. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) reflect exposures to contextual stressors in early life, but are understudied in preschool children. Hair samples from children (N = 693) during clinic visits (CVs) scheduled at 1–4 years (CV1–CV4) were measured using validated assay methods for HCC. HCCs were highest at CV1 and decreased at CV2–CV4, with no sex differences. Black children had higher HCC than White/other children; these differences persisted even after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. Bivariable analyses showed significant effects on HCC for Black race, with specific demographic and psychosocial factors at different ages. Multivariable analyses showed that higher HCC at CV1 were associated with Black race and male sex; at CV2 with Black race, lower maternal self-esteem, socioeconomic adversity, and the child’s risk for developmental delay; at CV3 with Black race; at CV4 with maternal depression and the child’s prior HCC values. HCCs were higher in Black children than White/other races; differences were related to maternal factors, socioeconomic adversity, and the child’s risk for developmental delay. Public health measures to reduce disparities between Blacks and other races must also consider the long-term effects of chronic stress in early life.
Influence of whey protein hydrolysis in combination with dextran glycation on immunoglobulin E binding capacity with blood sera obtained from patients with a cow milk protein allergy

Food protein allergies are a major global concern. Hydrolysis of food proteins reduces their allergenicity, but another novel approach is the covalent attachment of polysaccharides to proteins via the Maillard reaction (i.e., glycation), which blocks some IgE binding epitopes on the protein allergen. We wanted to examine whether enzymatic hydrolysis, combined with glycation, could further reduce IgE binding for people with a cow milk protein allergy. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was hydrolyzed by immobilized trypsin and chymotrypsin to degree of hydrolysis (DH) values of 17 to 27%. Immobilized enzymes were used to avoid heat-treating the hydrolysate (to inactivate the enzymes, because heating could also affect the IgE binding ability of the protein). The resultant whey protein isolate hydrolysates (WPIH) were then glycated with 10-kDa dextran (DX) in aqueous solutions held at 62°C for 24 h. We analyzed the molar mass (MW) of WPIH samples and their corresponding glycates (WPIH-DX) using size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering. We obtained blood sera from 8 patients who had been diagnosed with a cow milk protein allergy, and we used a composite serum for IgE binding analysis. The average MW values of samples WPIH-1 to WPIH-3 decreased from 11.15, 9.46, and 7.57 kDa with increasing DH values of 18.7, 22.5, and 27.1%. Glycation significantly reduced the high bitterness of the WPIH samples, as assessed by a trained sensory panel. The WPIH-DX glycates had significantly reduced WPI-specific IgE binding capacity compared to WPI or unglycated WPIH; we found an almost 99% reduction in IgE binding for the WPIH-DX glycate made from WPIH with a DH value of 27.1%. Hydrolysis of WPI followed by glycation with DX via the Maillard reaction significantly decreased the allergenicity of whey proteins.
Development of Subgenome-Specific Markers for FaRXf1 Conferring Resistance to Bacterial Angular Leaf Spot in Allo-Octoploid Strawberry

Bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) caused by Xanthomonas fragariae has become increasingly problematic to strawberry producers and nurseries. The use of genetic resistance is the most effective way ...
Student debt and stock-ownership decisions of U.S. households

This study contributes to the literature on the stock-holding puzzle by examining the effects of student debt on the decision of U.S. households to own stocks in non-retirement accounts. The study ...
3 – Fourier analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive review of the principles and techniques for implementing discrete time Fourier analysis. This is valuable because Fourier analysis is used to calculate the frequency content of deterministic signals and is fundamental to spectral analysis. Although aperiodic signals are much more prevalent than periodic ones, a review of Fourier series is warranted. This is because the concepts of frequency content and the treatment of complex numbers that are used in all aspects of frequency analysis are easier to understand in the series form. The formal development of Fourier analysis dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Fourier analysis will indicate what other frequency components, in addition to the perturbation frequency, are present. For different types of signals, there are different versions of Fourier analysis. The chapter reviews the Fourier series and explores various properties related to it. Finally, the chapter concludes with selected applications of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to show its utility over a broad range of engineering fields. A review of the definition of continuous time Fourier transformation is provided in the appendix of this chapter for the reader's convenience.
‘Imbecile hopes’: dispositions of subjectivation in Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim and Nostromo

This essay considers how Joseph Conrad’s novels Lord Jim and Nostromo explore political subjectivation as a disposition-making process capable of unleashing feelings in new and inhuman forms. By ex...
Gender as a moderator of the association of military sexual trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Objective The current study examined the moderating role of gender on the association of military sexual trauma (MST) type (harassment-only vs. assault) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) using the 6-factor Anhedonia Model. Methods Participants were 1321 service members/veterans. Two-part hurdle models assessed the moderating role of gender on the association of MST type with the presence (at least "moderate" symptoms endorsed within each cluster) or severity of PTSS and symptom clusters. Results Among those who experienced assault MST, women were at higher risk for the presence of intrusive, avoidance, negative affect, and anhedonia symptoms, and higher risk for more severe negative affect symptoms. Among those who experienced harassment-only MST, men were at higher risk of more severe PTSS symptoms overall and in the intrusive and dysphoric arousal symptom clusters. No other significant differences were observed. Conclusions Gathering information on MST type may be helpful in treatment planning.
Four-Dimensional Chromosome Structure Prediction.

Chromatin conformation plays an important role in a variety of genomic processes, including genome replication, gene expression, and gene methylation. Hi-C data is frequently used to analyze structural features of chromatin, such as AB compartments, topologically associated domains, and 3D structural models. Recently, the genomics community has displayed growing interest in chromatin dynamics. Here, we present 4DMax, a novel method, which uses time-series Hi-C data to predict dynamic chromosome conformation. Using both synthetic data and real time-series Hi-C data from processes, such as induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and cardiomyocyte differentiation, we construct smooth four-dimensional models of individual chromosomes. These predicted 4D models effectively interpolate chromatin position across time, permitting prediction of unknown Hi-C contact maps at intermittent time points. Furthermore, 4DMax correctly recovers higher order features of chromatin, such as AB compartments and topologically associated domains, even at time points where Hi-C data is not made available to the algorithm. Contact map predictions made using 4DMax outperform naive numerical interpolation in 87.7% of predictions on the induced pluripotent stem cell dataset. A/B compartment profiles derived from 4DMax interpolation showed higher similarity to ground truth than at least one profile generated from a neighboring time point in 100% of induced pluripotent stem cell experiments. Use of 4DMax may alleviate the cost of expensive Hi-C experiments by interpolating intermediary time points while also providing valuable visualization of dynamic chromatin changes.
Posterior fossa decompression for children with Chiari I malformation and hydrocephalus.

INTRODUCTION Chiari I malformation (CMI) and hydrocephalus often coexist, with no clear understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship. In the absence of other associated etiologies, the traditional teaching has been to treat the hydrocephalus first, partly to minimize the risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from CMI decompression in the setting of elevated ICP. We describe a series of consecutive pediatric patients with CMI and hydrocephalus, the majority of whom were managed with posterior fossa decompression. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on consecutive children who presented to the senior author with both hydrocephalus and CMI, with emphasis on rationale for and outcomes of surgical intervention, including the need for additional surgery. RESULTS There were 14 patients aged 2 weeks to 16 years (median 2 years) who presented with Chiari I and hydrocephalus. Four of these underwent posterior fossa decompression without duraplasty (PFD) as first-line therapy (one of whom eventually required duraplasty), 7 had PFD with duraplasty (PFDD), 1 received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), and two had endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). Of the 11 who had PFD/D, 9 (90%) had significant symptom improvement/resolution, 7 (55%) showed decrease in ventricle size, and 1 (10%) required VPS placement for persistent hydrocephalus. Both ETV patients improved clinically, and 1 showed decrease in ventricle size. There were no pseudomeningoceles, infections, or neurological deficits. One CSF leak occurred after an ETV and was successfully treated with wound revision. CONCLUSION In patients with both CMI and hydrocephalus, treating the CMI first in an effort to avoid a shunt can be safe and effective. In this series, PFDD in the setting of hydrocephalus did not result in CSF leak or pseudomeningocele. While limited by a small sample size, these data support a causative relationship between CMI and hydrocephalus.
Protection Against Foreign Subsidies and Certain Pricing Practices: The Countervailing Duty and the Anti-Dumping Duty

One of the most fascinating areas of the law of international trade is that of non-tariff barriers, which encompass both countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties. These legal issues are growing in importance as the world becomes increasingly interdependent and world trade expands. Trade is important not only in terms of corporate profits, but in the political sense: the public is becoming aware of this fact through articles published 'in newspapers and magazines concerning the fields of countervailing duties and anti-dumping duties. The worldwide significance of these issues is illustrated by the fact that the topic of countervailing duties is perhaps the most important issue being discussed at the Geneva-based Tokyo Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN).1 What is decided there will concern companies in Miami, corporations in New York, and all importers and exporters around the country.
Differention of the animal-vegetal axis in Xenopus laevis oocytes: I. Polarized intracellular translocation of platelets establishes the yolk gradient

Abstract The animal-vegetal axis of the oocyte of Xenopus laevis is recognizable not only by the pattern of surface pigmentation, but also by the distribution of yolk platelets, with the largest platelets (⋍14 μm in diameter) and 70% of the total yolk protein localized in the vegetal hemisphere. We have used fluorescent and radioactive vitellogenins (yolk protein precursors) to study the spatial and temporal patterns of yolk deposition along this axis. We find that the rate of uptake of vitellogenin is nearly uniform over the surface of vitellogenic oocytes of all sizes. Once formed, yolk platelets in the animal hemisphere move inward, around the germinal vesicle, and into the central region of the vegetal hemisphere. Yolk platelets of the vegetal hemisphere do not actively move but are slowly displaced from the surface by successive layers of younger platelets arising and enlarging near the surface. The oldest yolk platelets, which arise circumcortically at the beginning of vitellogenesis in stage II and III oocytes, eventually come to reside in the vegetal hemisphere of stage VI oocytes, in the upper portion of the cup-shaped region of largest platelets. The vegetal hemisphere thus gains the majority of yolk protein by directed intracellular transport from the animal hemisphere adding to the amount directly sequestered by the vegetal hemisphere.
On dispersionless Hirota type equations

Dispersionless Hirota type equations are extracted from the dispersionless limit of the Fay differential identity due to Takasaki- Takebe. A few other results are sketched between inverse scattering, dKdV, and gravity.
Distributed input to the tail-siphon withdrawal circuit in Aplysia from neurons in the J cluster of the cerebral ganglion.

Plasticity in the circuits for the withdrawal reflexes has been correlated with several simple forms of nonassociative and associative learning in Aplysia, and biochemical, biophysical, and molecular mechanisms of plasticity in these circuits have been described. In order to examine network features of this plasticity, we identified and characterized a component of the modulatory circuitry for the tail- siphon withdrawal circuit. Activation of mechanoafferent neurons in the J cluster of the cerebral ganglion produced strong and distributed input to the tail-siphon withdrawal circuit. Stimulation of the J cells led to excitatory and inhibitory effects in the sensory neurons in the pleural ganglion, the tail motor neurons in the pedal ganglion, and several classes of interneurons in the pleural ganglion, including the multifunctional neuron LPI17. Activation of the J cells produced both fast and slow post-synaptic potentials in neurons of the tail-siphon withdrawal circuit. Of particular interest was the ability of the J cells to produce slow EPSPs in the pleural sensory neurons. These slow EPSPs were associated with an increase in the excitability of the sensory neurons, but no effect of the J cells on spike duration in the sensory neurons was observed. The J cells appear to mediate both sensory and modulatory inputs to the circuit for tail withdrawal.
Effect Of Organic Acids In CO2 Corrosion

In the majority of the published work related to organic acid corrosion of mild steel, the focus is on acetic acid due to its prevalence in a typical organic acid mix seen in the field. In this work, the electrochemical behaviour of X65 carbon steel in the presence of other important organic acids (formic and propionic) and the effect that these have in the growth and protectiveness of iron carbonate (FeCO3) scale have been investigated. It was found that very little difference exists in electrochemical behaviour of the formic, acetic and propionic acids when it comes to CO2 corrosion of mild steel, given that the pH and concentrations of the undissociated organic acids is the same. Just like the other two weak organic acids, formic acid increases the corrosion rate due to an additional cathodic reaction: direct reduction of undissociated formic acid; this reaction is very temperature sensitive and may be limited by diffusion. The presence of organic acids makes it harder for protective iron carbonate scales to form due to a “scale undermining” effect. The scale precipitation rate is not directly affected, however, the time it takes to reach low corrosion rates is.
Dedication to James C. Knox

Many of the contributors to this volume were influenced either directly or indirectly by Jim Knox, a geomorphologist who pioneered the study of fluvial change over Quaternary and historical time sc...
Reinforcement learning in associative memory

A reinforcement learning based associative memory structure (RLAM) is proposed. In this structure, a one-layer feed forward Palm [Palm, G., 1980] model is applied to the networks. Instead of batch training, an on-line learning method is used to construct the memory. The networks are trained interactively according to reinforcement learning, which is biologically plausible. The experiment results show that the networks converge and generalize well.
Case Presentation: Stress Urinary Incontinence/Fecal Incontinence

The patient is a 40-year-old G2P1 woman with a 4-year history of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and fecal incontinence (FI) that began with the vaginal delivery of her now 4-year-old daughter complicated by a fourth degree laceration. Since that time, she has had progressively worsening FI to both liquid and solid stools, as well as an inability to control flatus. Her urinary incontinence is stress related with no significant urgency, frequency, enuresis, or nocturia. She voids with a normal flow. In addition, she complains of dyspareunia and vaginal dryness. Her symptoms have caused significant quality-of-life impairment.
Microtubule disassembly increases endothelial cell barrier dysfunction : role of MLC phosphorylation

Endothelial cell (EC) barrier regulation is critically dependent on cytoskeletal components (microfilaments and microtubules). Because several edemagenic agents induce actomyosin-driven EC contraction tightly linked to myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and microfilament reorganization, we examined the role of microtubule components in bovine EC barrier regulation. Nocodazole or vinblastine, inhibitors of microtubule polymerization, significantly decreased transendothelial electrical resistance in a dose-dependent manner, whereas pretreatment with the microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel significantly attenuated this effect. Decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance induced by microtubule disruption correlated with increases in lung permeability in isolated ferret lung preparations as well as with increases in EC stress fiber content and MLC phosphorylation. The increases in MLC phosphorylation were attributed to decreases in myosin-specific phosphatase activity without significant increases in MLC kinase activity and were attenuated by paclitaxel or by several strategies (C3 exotoxin, toxin B, Rho kinase inhibition) to inhibit Rho GTPase. Together, these results suggest that microtubule disruption initiates specific signaling pathways that cross talk with microfilament networks, resulting in Rho-mediated EC contractility and barrier dysfunction.
A comparison of four epidemiological methods of assessing periodontal diseases. 1. Population findings.

An epidemiological study of periodontal disease, using four methods of assessment of severity of periodontal disease, was conducted on a representative sample of 1,976 New Mexicans aged 18 to 44 years. Periodontal disease was assessed using PI and PDI and radiographic and mobility assessments. One objective of the study was to assess whether radiographic scores and measurements of clinical mobility added significantly to the precision of discrimination between the severity of periodontal disease in populations when using the PI and PDI. Findings indicated that the PI discriminated between population groups as efficiently as the PDI plus radiographic and mobility scores. In this study females had less severe periodontal disease than males; Anglos had less severe disease than Spanish-Americans, Mexicans, American-Indians, and Negroes; persons with a greater number of years of schooling and persons in the higher socioeconimic groups had less severe periodontal disease than persons with fewer years of schooling and in the lower socio-economic groups respectively; urban and rural persons had a similar severity.
Scene matching with invariant moments

The ability to extract invariant features from an image is important in the field of pattern recognition and image processing. An object in the image can then be identified independently of its position, size, and orientation. In this paper, the derivation of moment equations and a method of moment measurement are described. A threshold sequence and decision rules are developed and implemented in the matching of radar to optical images using a hierarchical search technique with the invariant moments as similarity measures. Experimental results of the scene matching are described and discussed.
Magnetic susceptibility mapping of brain tissue in vivo using MRI phase data

Phase images in susceptibility-weighted MRI of brain provide excellent contrast. However, the phase is affected by tissue geometry and orientation relative to the main magnetic field (B(0)), and phase changes extend beyond areas of altered susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility, on the other hand, is an intrinsic tissue property, closely reflecting tissue composition. Therefore, recently developed inverse Fourier-based methods were applied to calculate susceptibility maps from high-resolution phase images acquired at a single orientation at 7 T in the human brain (in vivo and fixed) and at 11.7 T in fixed marmoset brain. In susceptibility images, the contrast of cortical layers was more consistent than in phase images and was independent of the structures' orientation relative to B(0). The contrast of iron-rich deep-brain structures (red nucleus and substantia nigra) in susceptibility images agreed more closely with iron-dominated R(2) (*) images than the phase image contrast, which extended outside the structures. The mean susceptibility in these regions was significantly correlated with their estimated iron content. Susceptibility maps calculated using this method overcome the orientation-dependence and non-locality of phase image contrast and seem to reflect underlying tissue composition. Susceptibility images should be easier to interpret than phase images and could improve our understanding of the sources of susceptibility contrast.
Kinetics of amyl nitrite-induced hemoglobin oxidation in cord and adult blood.

Abstract The effect of amyl nitrite on the erythrocytes of adult and cord hemoglobin was examined in vitro. This study revealed that amyl nitrite caused oxyhemoglobin to become oxidized to methemoglobin wherein a rectangular hyperbolic curve was generated as the reaction progressed. This curve consisted of a reationary log phase, and a terminal asymptotic phase only, with no inductionary lag phase. A comparative study of human cord blood oxidation times and adult blood was undertaken. It was revealed that cord blood erythrocytes were oxidized by amyl nitrite at a 5–6-fold greater rate than adult blood erythrocytes. Based on an independent Student's t -test, the time taken for cord blood erythrocytes to undergo oxidation was significantly shorter ( P
Activity Level and Sex-Stereotyped Toy Choice in Toddler Boys and Girls

In the first study, the motor activity level and vigor of play of 52 toddlers was assessed as they played with a set of sex-role stereotyped and neutral toys. Boys and girls showed the same level of activity, and both were significantly more active when playing with stereotypically masculine toys. In the second study, 27 toddlers were observed playing with toys defined as potentially eliciting high, medium, or low activity within the masculine, feminine, and neutral categories. Again, boys and girls did not differ in overall activity level. All children preferred toys that allowed moderate to high activity, but given this preference, they selected toys stereotyped for their own gender above those stereotyped for the other gender.
Gender, Age, and Diagnosis: The Rise and Fall of Involutional Melancholia in American Psychiatry, 1900-1980

Between 1900 and 1980, American psychiatrists employed a diagnosis of involutional melancholia to characterize older individuals, primarily postmenopausal women, who had constellations of depressive symptoms and specific personality traits. American interest in this diagnosis represented a confluence of social and psychoanalytic assumptions about gender, increased interest in old age, and the development of somatic therapies by the middle of the century. In the decades after the introduction of psychiatric medications, however, involutional melancholia lost its significance as a specific disease and was absorbed into the broader category of major depressive disorder.
Minimization problems for (R,S)-symmetric and (R,S)-skew symmetric matrices

Let R∈Cm×m and S∈Cn×n be nontrivial involutions; thus R=R−1≠±I and S=S−1≠±I. We say that A∈Cm×n is (R,S)-symmetric ((R,S)-skew symmetric) if RAS=A (RAS=−A). Let S be the class of m×n (R,S)-symmetric matrices or the class of m×n (R,S)-skew symmetric matrices. Let Z∈Cn×q and W∈Cm×q. We study the following problems: (i) Give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an A∈S such that AZ=W, and find all such matrices if the conditions are met. (ii) Find σ(Z,W)=minA∈S∥AZ−W∥ and characterize the class S(Z,W)={A∈S|∥AZ−W∥=σ(Z,W)}. (iii) If B∈Cm×n is arbitrary, find σ(Z,W,B)=minA∈S(Z,W)∥A−B∥ and find A∈S(Z,W) such that ∥A−B∥=σ(Z,W,B). We obtain explicit formulas for σ(Z,W), σ(B,Z,W), and all the matrices in question.
Comparison of chemical cleaning methods of glass in preparation for silanization

The uniform deposition of a silane monolayer upon glass has been shown to require small amounts of water along with hydroxyl groups in an isolated or geminal configuration on the substrate surface. In order to expose these groups, organic compounds at the surface must be removed. We present a qualitative evaluation of eight chemical methods commonly used to clean glass microscope slides in preparation for silanization. Mean contact angle of deionized water was measured before covalent attachment of (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane to assess the efficacy of each procedure. Contact angles were also measured after silanization as a means of determining the uniformity and reproducibility of the silane monolayer. The results indicate that a 1:1 methanol/HC1 wash followed by a bath in concentrated H2SO4 removes surface contaminants most effectively and allows for a very even silanization of the glass surface.
Investigation of the performance of antiscatter grids: Monte Carlo simulation studies.

Monte Carlo methods have been applied to the study of the performance of antiscatter grids in radiography. Photon histories for imaging with a 20 cm thick water phantom irradiated with an 80 kV X-ray spectrum were generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The scattering and absorption of the photons transmitted from the phantom were traced in the grid. Grids were evaluated with strip densities ranging from 10 to 67 lines/cm, grid ratios from 6 to 15, and lead-to-interspace ratios from 1/9 to 1/2. The contrast improvement factor and the Bucky factor were used as the benefit and cost indicators, respectively, for evaluation of the grids. The dependence of these factors on the grid ratio, lead-to-interspace ratio, strip density, lead content, and interspace material was investigated. The results indicate that high-strip-density grids with thin lead strips and high grid ratios can provide higher contrast improvement factors than are achieved with low-strip-density grids, without an increase in patient exposure. This theoretical approach is useful for the prediction and development of optimal antiscatter grids for radiographic procedures.
Metabolomics of Central Carbon Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Metabolism is a biochemical activity of all cells, thought to fuel the physiologic needs of a given cell in a quantitative, rather than qualitatively specific, manner. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a chronic facultative intracellular pathogen that resides in humans as its only known host and reservoir. Within humans, M. tuberculosis resides chiefly in the macrophage phagosome, the cell type and compartment most committed to its eradication. M. tuberculosis thus occupies the majority of its decades-long life cycle in a state of slowed or arrested replication. At the same time, M. tuberculosis remains poised to reenter the cell cycle to ensure its propagation as a species. M. tuberculosis has thus evolved its metabolic network to both maintain and propagate its survival as a species within a single host. Knowledge of the specific ways in which its metabolic network serves these distinct though interdependent functions, however, remains highly incomplete. In this article we review existing knowledge of M. tuberculosis's central carbon metabolism as reported by studies of its basic genetic and biochemical composition, regulation, and organization, with the hope that such knowledge will inform our understanding of M. tuberculosis's ability to traverse the stringent and heterogeneous niches encountered in the host.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Advances in Understanding Disease Biology and Mechanisms of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

The successful implementation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) remains a flagship for molecularly targeted therapy in cancer. This focused review highlights critical elements of the underlying biology of CML and provides a summary of the molecular mechanisms that lead to TKI resistance: BCR-ABL1 mutation-based resistance and therapy escape through alternative pathway activation despite inhibition of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity. We direct attention to the most current manifestations of these issues, including emergence of pan-TKI-resistant BCR-ABL1 compound mutants, new strategies for identification and therapeutic targeting of alternative pathways, and the exciting, controversial topic of cessation of TKI therapy leading to durable treatment-free remissions for a subset of patients. Further gains in our understanding of the biology of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) leukemia and mechanisms of resistance to BCR-ABL1 TKIs will benefit patients and also provide a blueprint for similar discovery in other cancers.
Reversal of renal allograft rejection with intravenous methylprednisolone "pulse" therapy.

Abstract Intravenous administration of large doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate was demonstrated to modify rejection in both canine and human renal allografts. One dose of intravenous methylprednisolone 30 mg./kg. administered during acute rejection in dogs resulted in an increase in urine volume and osmolality, and a decrease in serum and urine LDH. In two dogs treated with a single dose and in one dog treated with four consecutive daily doses histologic evidence of reversal of rejection with reduction of cellular infiltrate was achieved. Ninety-two percent of rejections encountered in 100 consecutive human recipients of renal allografts were halted or reversed with intravenous methylprednisolone 30 mg./ kg. given every 48–72 hours to a maximum of three or four doses. No significant side effects were observed either in dogs or humans with this therapy. The mean circulating half-life of intravenous methylprednisolone was determined to be 3.48 ± 0.7 hours in dogs. Intermittent intravenous administration of methylprednisolone has the potential advantage of being associated with fewer side effects than frequent oral administration and has been shown to be an effective method for modifying rejection.
Must interesting things be pleasant? A test of competing appraisal structures.

Appraisal theories have emerged as a powerful perspective on the elicitation and differentiation of emotional experience (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003). Given the general acceptance of the appraisal approach, a central task for modern appraisal research is to refine and reconcile the predictions made by appraisal models. The agreement among different appraisal theories is substantial, yet there are cases in which different theories make inconsistent predictions. To date, few studies have directly compared the competing predictions made by different appraisal theories (see Roseman, Spindel, & Jose, 1990). The present research examines two competing appraisal models of the emotion of interest, an emotion associated with curiosity, exploration, and knowledge-seeking (Izard, 1977; Silvia, 2005c, Silvia, 2006; Tomkins, 1962). Smith and Ellsworth (1985) suggest that interest requires an appraisal of high pleasantness (Ellsworth & Smith, 1988a, Ellsworth & Smith, 1988b). A recent appraisal model of interest (Silvia, 2005a, Silvia, 2005c), however, suggests that pleasantness is peripheral to interest—people can be interested in disturbing, unpleasant events. The present research uses in vivo methods (rather than scenario or retrospective methods) to test these competing appraisal structures.
Experimental carbohydrate cataracts.

Galactose cataracts may be delayed by nutritional supplements. It is thought that these supplements are metabolized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, hence, the fact that they can be utilized indicates a relative excess of oxygen. Following unilateral carotid section, diabetic and galactose fed animals initially develop a cataract on the side with the better blood supply. It is suggested that the lens on the ligated side is relatively anoxic, and that nutritional supplements requiring oxygen for metabolism would be relatively ineffective in producing a further delay in cataract formation. Thus, if nutritional supplements which are effective in delaying diabetic or galactose cataracts are administered to animals with unilateral carotid ligation, their beneficial effect would be limited to the side with the intact carotid which would be a reversal of the side on which the initial cataract occurs. In a group of 14 rats on a galactose diet with a dietary supplement of casein plus fat, the initial cataract occurred predominantly on the side with the sectioned carotid artery. This compares with a group of 15 rats receiving a glucose supplement, which is ineffective in delaying cataracts, in which the initial cataract generally occurred on the sectioned side.
The Power of Integration: Affiliation and Cohesion in a Diverse Elite Network

A much-theorized but seldom-tested theory is that elites achieve cohesion via the social network they form through their affiliations with local clubs, religious institutions, civic groups, and other voluntary associations. But few scholars have considered how increasing diversity with respect to elites’ gender, race, and social class may undermine such cohesion. We use primary data from interviews with 312 elites in a large Midwestern city to construct the network of affiliations local elites formed with one another. Results from bootstrapping analyses suggest that the most influential elites in the sample achieved a disproportionately high level of cohesion by virtue of the particular voluntary associations with which they affiliated. Not only were the most influential elites more connected to one another through multiple redundant associational pathways, but their affiliation networks were less segregated by gender, race, and social class than were the networks formed by less elite members of the sample. Instrumental variables regression analyses further show that the most influential elites were especially crucial to increasing cohesion and reducing segregation in the overall network. We discuss some of the mechanisms through which such integration enhances elites’ cohesion and power.
Thermal dose determination in cancer therapy

With the rapid development of clinical hyperthermia for the treatment of cancer either alone or in conjunction with other modalities, a means of measuring a thermal dose in terms which are clinically relevant to the biological effect is needed. A comparison of published data empirically suggests a basic relationship that may be used to calculate a "thermal dose." From a knowledge of the temperature during treatment as a function of time combined with a mathematical description of the time-temperature relationship, an estimate of the actual treatment calculated as an exposure time at some reference temperature can be determined. This could be of great benefit in providing a real-time accumulated dose during actual patient treatment. For the purpose of this study, a reference temperature of 43 degrees C has been arbitrarily chosen to convert all thermal exposures to "equivalent-minutes" at this temperature. This dose calculation can be compared to an integrated calculation of the "degree-minutes" to determine its prognostic ability. The time-temperature relationship upon which this equivalent dose calculation is based does not predict, nor does it require, that different tissues have the same sensitivity to heat. A computer program written in FORTRAN is included for performing calculations of both equivalent-minutes (t43) and degree-minutes (tdm43). Means are provided to alter the reference temperature, the Arrhenius "break" temperature and the time-temperature relationship both above and below the "break" temperature. In addition, the effect of factors such as step-down heating, thermotolerance, and physiological conditions on thermal dose calculations are discussed. The equations and methods described in this report are not intended to represent the only approach for thermal dose estimation; instead, they are intended to provide a simple but effective means for such calculations for clinical use and to stimulate efforts to evaluate data in terms of therapeutically useful thermal units.