cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Mindful of the Sacrifices Borne by Our Ancestors”: Terror, Historical Consciousness, and the Slave Sublime

This article contends that the arts have a crucial part to play in calling attention to the decline of America's democratic traditions, while simultaneously enabling the recollection of what remains of ideals of liberty and justice in the wake of American empire. Following Cornel West, the author argues that the tragicomic hope that characterizes the musical and artistic heritage of blues people offers an incomparable resource for political renewal. Specifically, representations of moral resistance against racial terror can reconfigure our understanding of the relationship between liberty and justice, on the one hand, and the need for security in a dangerous world. The author considers the contributions of blues women of the 1920s and 1930s, and then traces the ethos of the blues through the creative writing of Toni Morrison, whose characters represent a commitment to liberty even in the most devastating circumstances.
Uncovering the global host cell requirements for influenza virus replication via RNAi screening

Influenza virus is reliant on numerous host cell functions during its replication cycle. RNA interference technology, applied on a genome-wide level, has identified human host factors that are necessary for efficient virus replication and provides new insight into how influenza virus interacts with its host at the molecular level.
Developing Norms for the California Resilience Youth Development Module: Internal Assets and School Resources Subscales.

Resilience and other positive psychological constructs are gaining attention among school psychologists. Theoretically, external assets (e.g., support from caring adults, participation in meaningful activities) help to meet youths’ basic developmental needs, which, in turn, promote the growth of internal assets (e.g., ability to problem solve, empathize with others). Despite this knowledge, existing measures of resilience-building assets are underutilized. With the aim of facilitating broader access to and use of one strengths-based assessment tool, the current article attempts to further examine and increase the applicability of the Resilience Youth Development Module (RYDM) of the California Healthy Kids Survey (CHKS) for practicing school psychologists. The authors provide normative data on the internal assets and school-focused external resources subscales of the RYDM, while examining grade, ethnicity, and gender patterns.
The effects of ferulic acid on the mineral nutrition of grain sorghum

Two week old sorghum seedlings (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were treated with ferulic acid added to the nutrient solution. Effects on tissue concentration of P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn were evaluated after 3 and 6 days. Treatemnts of 0.25 mM ferulic acid approximated the growth inhibition threshold, and after 6 days 0.5 mM treated plants weighed less than controls. Both treatments reduced the P content of the roots and shoots at the 3- and 6-day harvests in three replicate experiments. Roots of treated plants at both harvests had a lower concentration of K and Mg. These reductions in P, K, and Mg were most extensive from the 0.5 mM ferulic acid regime. In some cases at both harvests, shoot K was lower and Mg was higher than control tissue. Ferulic acid effects at the 3-day harvest included an elevation of Ca and depression of Fe in shoots. Changes in nutrient content preceded measurable differences in plant weight. These data indicate that one mechanism of growth inhibition by this allelochemical may be an alteration of nutrient balance.
Mechanism of Methanol Synthesis on Cu through CO2 and CO Hydrogenation

We present a comprehensive mean-field microkinetic model for the methanol synthesis and water-gas-shift (WGS) reactions that includes novel reaction intermediates, such as formic acid (HCOOH) and hydroxymethoxy (CH3O2) and allows for the formation of formic acid (HCOOH), formaldehyde (CH2O), and methyl formate (HCOOCH3) as byproducts. All input model parameters were initially derived from periodic, self-consistent, GGA-PW91 density functional theory calculations on the Cu(111) surface and subsequently fitted to published experimental methanol synthesis rate data, which were collected under realistic conditions on a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. We find that the WGS reaction follows the carboxyl (COOH)-mediated path and that both CO and CO2 hydrogenation pathways are active for methanol synthesis. Under typical industrial methanol synthesis conditions, CO2 hydrogenation is responsible for ∼2/3 of the methanol produced. The intermediates of the CO2 pathway for methanol synthesis include HCOO*, HCOOH*, C...
SCIENCE TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS BY TEACHER BEHAVIOR AND BY STUDENT OUTCOME: A META-ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH

A meta-analysis was conducted of studies which addressed characteristics (gender, course-work, IQ, etc.) as the independent factor, and: (1) their teaching behavior in the classroom (questioning behavior, teaching orientation, etc.); and (2) student outcome characteristics (achievement, attitude toward science, etc.) as the two dependent factors. The population under study was science classes, ranging from kindergarten through twelfth grade, located in the United States, and the teachers of these classes. The studies integrated were reported in dissertations, journal articles, and other forms. Relationship data obtained from the studies were converted to Pearson product moment correlations. In general, quite low relationships were found between teacher background characteristics and (1) their touching behavior in the classroom and (2) student outcome characteristics. Summary tables showing the relationships are presented along with discussion of the strongest relationships.
Optical transitions in charged CdSe quantum dots

Using a many-body approach based on single-particle pseudopotential wave functions, we calculate the dependence of the optical transitions in CdSe nanocrystals on the presence of ‘‘spectator’’ electrons or holes. We find that~i! as a result of the different localization of the electron and hole wave functions, the absorption lines shift by as much as 22 meV/unit charge when electrons or holes are loaded into the quantum dot. ~ii! The lowest emission line is significantly red shifted with respect to the lowest allowed absorption line. ~iii! Trapping of a ‘‘spectator’’ hole in a surface state is predicted to lead to dramatic changes in the absorption spectrum, including the appearance of new transitions. Semiconductor quantum dots can be charged by deliberate injection of carriers ~via electrical contacts, 1 or via a scanning-tunneling-microscopy tip, 2 ! by photoionization processes removing one or more carriers from the quantum dot, 3 or by capture of external charges. 4 The effects of charging on the optical properties of self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots have been recently measured both in absorption 5 and emission. 6 It was found that when electrons are progressively loaded into the quantum dots, the absorption and emission energies are redshifted relative to the neutral dots. Furthermore, low-energy lines disappear from the absorption spectrum, 5 while new high-energy lines appear in the photoluminescence spectrum. 6 In colloidal quantum dots, charging of surface states is believed to be at the origin of a variety of unusual phenomena, including the occurrence of a permanent dipole moment even in zincblende dots, 7 intermittency ~blinking! of photoluminescence, 3 spectral diffusion and Stark shift, 8 upconversion of photoluminescence, 9 and possibly even the occurrence of long spin lifetimes. 10 However, there are still no reports on the absorption or emission spectra of charged colloidal dots. The effects of charging on the interband optical transitions can be examined using a screened Hartree-Fock model, where the initial and final states are expressed as Slater determinants. The energy DEh,e(Nes ) required to optically excite an electron from the valence-band state h to the conduction-band state e in the presence of N es ‘‘spectator electrons’’ ( e s ) is:
A Comparison of Racial Attitudes: Right of Police To Strike

A number of studies have focused on public perceptions of police and have concluded that black citizens have lower evaluations of police than their white counterparts. A review of the recent litera...
Useful NMR solvent mixture for polyesters: Trifluoroacetic acid-d/chloroform-d

NMR spectra of high molecular weight polyesters such as polyglycolide (PG) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have not been available because of low solubility in suitable NMR solvents. Although PG is not soluble enough at ambient temperatures for NMR spectra in either chloroform-d or trifluoroacetic acid-d alone, it dissolves readily to over 0.9% in a mixture of the two. At this concentration, 1H and 13C spectra can be obtained on samples where end group signals are visible from which molecular weights can readily be determined. The solutions are stable up to at least four days when moisture is excluded. NMR spectra of PET can likewise be obtained at ambient temperatures in the solvent mixture which dissolves up to at least 0.6% of PET.
Opiate mechanisms: Evaluation of research involving neuronal action potentials

Abstract 1. 1. Various conclusions about the opiate effects in the central nervous system can be drawn from studies involving the recording of nerve impulses (action potentials). There are, for example, regional differences in the kind and character of opiate effects, both in acutely treated animals and during the development of tolerance to repeated exposure to opiates. 2. 2. Generally speaking, opiates depress neuronal activity with pharmacological stereospecificity. Excitatory effects (some of which are stereospecific and due to disinhibition) do occur in several brain regions. Excitatory effects can become more prominent during tolerance development. 3. 3. Opiates interact with major neurotransmitter systems in a variety of ways that include not only post-synaptic agonist/antagonist phenomena but also pre- and post-synaptic modulatory functions; mechanisms of such interactions are poorly understood and are a focus of current research in many laboratories. 4. 4. Opiates have profound effects in various brain structures that are known to be associated with the more prominent behaviors that are induced by opiates, as reflected in such phenomena as catalepsy, euphoria, reward and analgesia. There is, however, no clear understanding or unified theory to explain how these effects are produced. In the case of analgesia, the opiates are known to act simultaneously within nociceptive pathways at several levels: spinal, brainstem, and thalamic. 5. 5. The widespread distribution of cells that are sensitive to both the stereospecific and non-stereospecific effects of opiates makes it likely that the various behavioral effects of opiates are mediated through several receptor types and several levels of the nervous system.
Reliability and quality interface

The quality performance of a firm is often assessed by the reliability of the firm’s equipment or machinery. Yet, reliability has not received the same attention as quality. Several organizations today function effectively because the machinery which provides the “system of operation” is highly dependable and reliable. In this paper, we develop a framework that establishes the link between quality, reliability, and maintainability. The aim of this framework is to get corporate attention to focus on reliability issues and also, to establish the link between reliability, company’s bottom line, and corporate survival. A greater focus on “total reliability management (TRM)” will help firms to improve their productivity and efficiency while reducing cost and increasing their competitiveness.
Molecular Interactions between HIV-1 Integrase and the Two Viral DNA Ends within the Synaptic Complex that Mediates Concerted Integration

A macromolecular nucleoprotein complex in retrovirus-infected cells, termed the preintegration complex, is responsible for the concerted integration of linear viral DNA genome into host chromosomes. Isolation of sufficient quantities of the cytoplasmic preintegration complexes for biochemical and biophysical analysis is difficult. We investigated the architecture of HIV-1 nucleoprotein complexes involved in the concerted integration pathway in vitro. HIV-1 integrase (IN) non-covalently juxtaposes two viral DNA termini forming the synaptic complex, a transient intermediate in the integration pathway, and shares properties associated with the preintegration complex. IN slowly processes two nucleotides from the 3' OH ends and performs the concerted insertion of two viral DNA ends into target DNA. IN remains associated with the concerted integration product, termed the strand transfer complex. The synaptic complex and strand transfer complex can be isolated by native agarose gel electrophoresis. In-gel fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements demonstrated that the energy transfer efficiencies between the juxtaposed Cy3 and Cy5 5'-end labeled viral DNA ends in the synaptic complex (0.68+/-0.09) was significantly different from that observed in the strand transfer complex (0.07+/-0.02). The calculated distances were 46+/-3 A and 83+/-5 A, respectively. DNaseI footprint analysis of the complexes revealed that IN protects U5 and U3 DNA sequences up to approximately 32 bp from the end, suggesting two IN dimers were bound per terminus. Enhanced DNaseI cleavages were observed at nucleotide positions 6 and 9 from the terminus on U3 but not on U5, suggesting independent assembly events. Protein-protein cross-linking of IN within these complexes revealed the presence of dimers, tetramers, and a larger multimer (>120 kDa). Our results suggest a new model where two IN dimers individually assemble on U3 and U5 ends before the non-covalent juxtaposition of two viral DNA ends, producing the synaptic complex.
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Following Forehead Injection with a Corticosteroid Suspension

Intralesional injection of corticosteroid suspensions into or adjacent to the ocular adnexa is performed by a number of medical specialists including dermatologists. Although not widely known outside of the ophthalmic community, these injections can lead to blindness through embolization of the central retinal artery. A case of blindness following injection into the forehead lesion of a child with the rare dermatologic condition pyogenic arthritis and pyodermic gangrenosum syndrome is reported. Injection into or near the ocular adnexa may be performed in small boluses to reduce the chance of retinal embolization following entry into the arterial system.
Circadian variation in the latency of brainstem responses and its relation to body temperature

The auditory brainstem response varies in a circadian rhythm that is negatively correlated with the circadian rhythm in oral temperature. The auditory brainstem responses and oral temperature were recorded every 3 hours from three healthy male subjects during a 2-day period. The data indicate that a reduction of 1 degree C in oral temperature is associated with an increase of 200 microseconds in the latency of wave V of the auditory brainstem response, and of 160 microseconds in the interval between waves I and V.
Ethanol Inhibits Cytokine-Induced iNOS and sPLA2 in Immortalized Astrocytes: Evidence for Posttranscriptional Site of Ethanol Action

Chronic and excessive ethanol consumption is known to alter neuron and glial cell functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes comprise the major cell type in the brain. These immune active cells are capable of responding to proinflammatory cytokines and endotoxins, which stimulate transcriptional pathways leading to induction of genes, including the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). In this study, we investigate the effects of ethanol on cytokine-induced iNOS and sPLA2 in immortalized astrocytes (DITNC). When DITNC cells were exposed to ethanol (0–200 mM) for 4 h prior to subsequent stimulation with cytokines for 16 h, NO production decreased with increasing ethanol concentrations starting from 50 mM. At ethanol concentrations higher than 100 mM, ethanol also inhibited cytokine-induced sPLA2 release into the culture medium. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on NO production corresponds well with the decrease in iNOS protein and NOS enzyme activity, but not with iNOS and sPLA2 mRNA nor binding of NF-κB to DNA. The inhibition of cytokine-induced NO production by ethanol was also dependent on the time of ethanol exposure to the cells, but addition of acetaldehyde up to 200 µM did not elicit any changes. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a posttranscriptional mode of ethanol action on the cytokine induction pathway for NO production in astrocytes.
Heterogeneous Multi-processor Coherent Interconnect

The rapid increase in processor and memory integration onto a single die continues to place increasingly complex demands on the interconnect network. In addition to providing low latency, high speed and high bandwidth access from all processors to all shared resources, the burdens of hardware cache coherence and resource virtualization are being placed upon the interconnect as well. This paper describes a multi-core shared memory controller interconnect (MSMC) which supports up to 12 processors, 8 independent banks of IO-coherent on-chip shared RAM, an IO-coherent external memory controller, and high bandwidth IO connections to the SoC infrastructure. MSMC also provides basic IO address translation and memory protection for the on-chip shared SRAM and external memory as well as soft error protection with hardware scrubbing for the on-chip memory. MSMC formed the heart of the compute cluster for a 28-nm CMOS device including 8 Texas Instruments C66x DSP processors and 4 cache-coherent ARM A15 processors sharing 6 MB of on-chip SRAM running at 1.3 Ghz. At this speed MSMC provides all connected masters a combined read/write bandwidth of nearly 1TB/s to access a combined read/write bandwidth of 457.6 GB/s to all shared resources @ 16 mm2.
Effect of rural highway runoff on stream benthic macroinvertebrates

Abstract The impact of rural highway runoff on benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and composition was studied in a southeastern Wisconsin, USA, stream during 1980-81. The study suggests minimal effect on stream macroinvertebrates by rural highway runoff from roadways of 7000–8000 vehicles per day traffic volume. Differences in mean annual numbers and biomass between the control (4155 m −2 , 10·5 g m −2 ) and the station receiving slight highway runoff (2611 m −2 , 5·2 g m −2 ), presumably resulted from slower current and siltation at the latter. The station which received the greatest amount of runoff had higher mean annual numbers (13 291 m −2 ) and biomass (62·2 g m −2 ) than the control. Increased current and better substratum were probably responsible for masking potential highway effects at this station. Another station with intermediate amounts of highway runoff had similar annual mean numbers (4642 m −2 ) and biomass (10·6 g m −2 ) to the control. Similar values for richness were found between stations. Pollution sensitive fauna were approximately half as abundant at the station with intermediate amounts of highway runoff, suggesting possible slight runoff influence.
An Iteration Aware Multidimensional Data Distribution Prototype for Computing Clusters

Disk and network latency must be taken into account when applying parallel computing to large multidimensional datasets because they can hinder performance by reducing the rate at which data can be fed to the compute nodes. Existing methods aggregate some number of data requests from cluster nodes to improve overall performance by reducing the number of latency penalties. However, an even more significant reduction can be achieved by taking advantage of prior knowledge of the access pattern expressed as an iteration. Within the context of the Granite Scientific Database system, we created a new iteration aware data distribution system that accelerates data transfer between a data server and the client cluster. This system reduces both disk and network latency by transforming a large number of small requests into a small number of large requests that fill an n-dimensional cache block on the cluster head node.
Bounds for scaling exponents for a 1+1 dimensional directed polymer in a Brownian environment

We study the scaling exponents of a 1+1-dimensional directed polymer in a Brownian random environment introduced by O'Connell and Yor. For a version of the model with boundary conditions that are stationary in a space-time sense we identify the exact values of the exponents. For the version without the boundary conditions we get the conjectured upper bounds on the exponents.
Effects of different calcium sources on iron absorption in postmenopausal women

We measured the effect of calcium from food and supplement sources on whole-body retention of 59Fe in 19 normal postmenopausal women. Each woman received a placebo and 500 mg calcium from a mixed calcium citrate-malate salt (CCM), from orange juice plus CCM, and from milk after a test breakfast meal to which 59Fe had been added. The test meal contained 238 mg calcium. Whole-body countings of 59Fe were performed before and 30 min and 2 wk after each test meal. Retention of 59Fe was 8.3 +/- 1.1% (means +/- SEM) with placebo, 3.4 +/- 0.78% with milk, 6.0 +/- 0.97% with CCM, and 7.4 +/- 1.7% with CCM plus orange juice. When compared with placebo, milk and CCM significantly lowered iron retention (p less than 0.05) whereas CCM plus orange juice did not. The reduction with milk was greater than that with CCM (p less than 0.05) or CCM plus orange juice (p less than 0.05). The differences in the effects of these calcium sources on 59Fe retention may result from their varied contents of citric and ascorbic acids, known enhancers of iron absorption.
Some Fiscal Calculus

What is the impact of fiscal policy on the econ omy? How large are the "multipliers" of govern ment spending and tax cuts? This old question has recently received considerable attention, in par ticular in the context of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. I contribute to answering that question by calculating fiscal multipliers in a baseline neo classical growth model with endogenous labor supply and fiscal policy, allowing for govern ment spending transfers, government debt and distortionary taxes on labor and capital income. The policy experiments are conducted holding transfers, consumption taxes and capital income taxes fixed, i.e., changes in taxation require changes in the distortionary labor tax. The model is simple and fairly standard. As an additional contribution, I provide the model in an elegant and tractable form, starting from a fairly general formulation and pointing out the key functional form properties for characterizing the dynamics. The formulation of the model here or versions
Three-dimensional Dynamic Contrast-enhanced US Imaging for Early Antiangiogenic Treatment Assessment in a Mouse Colon Cancer Model

Three-dimensional dynamic contrast-enhanced US imaging with a clinical US system and matrix array transducer is technically feasible and reproducible to assess tumor perfusion with both the bolus and destruction-replenishment technique.
Image Processing And Perimetric Sampling For Pattern Recognition

This paper examines the classification potential of three techniques based on spiral sampling of gray-scale, noisy images. Image pixels are rearranged into a one-dimensional sequence by selecting samples in a spiral manner starting from the edge of the image and proceeding toward the center. The properties of this sample sequence are examined by Fourier transform and correlation techniques, using images from 26 groups with varying contrast, orientation, and size. The classification ability of features extracted from spiral sequences and their accuracy are investigated.
Funder‐initiated integration

The active role of funders in organizational restructuring and consolidation is becoming a more common area of study, because more funders—private and government funders alike—are moving in the direction of encouraging funded agencies to explore new strategies such as mergers and integrations. This research focuses on funder-initiated nonprofit integration and explores the challenges and strategies demonstrated by a government grantor and nine funded agencies as they planned and developed a management service organization. This was an action research study, whereby all parties participated as co-researchers to examine the integration challenges and the partnership strategies used to move the integration process forward.
Disaggregation in population forecasting: do we need it? And how to do it simply.

Many argue that the case for disaggregation by age is so compelling as to be almost self‐evident. However, in addition to the many reasons why disaggregation might be appropriate, there are also a number of reasons why direct forecasts of the total population might be better. We point out that one can always disaggregate after the forecast, rather than as part of the forecast Some of the issues raised could be illuminated by comparative empirical work, and there is room for valuable research of this sort Nonetheless, on the assumption that most people will continue to use cohort component type procedures, we have described a method for reducing the dimensionality of the forecasting problem by parsimoniously modeling the evolution over time of the age schedules of vital rates. This method steers a middle course between forecasting aggregates and forecasting individual age specific rates: we reduce the problem to forecasting a single parameter for fertility and another one for mortality. We have described a...
Performance of a 2-megawatt high voltage test load

A high-power, water-cooled resistive load which simulates the electrical load characteristics of a high-power klystron, capable of 2 megawatts dissipation at 95 kV DC, was built and installed at the Advanced Photon Source for use in load-testing high voltage power supplies. During this testing, the test load has logged approximately 35 hours of operation at power levels in excess of one megawatt. Slight variations in the resistance of the load during operation indicate that leakage currents in the cooling water may be a significant factor affecting the performance of the load. Sufficient performance data have been collected to indicate that leakage current through the deionized (DI) water coolant shunts roughly 15 percent of the full-load current around the load resistor elements. The leakage current could cause deterioration of internal components of the load. The load pressure vessel was disassembled and inspected internally for any signs of significant wear and distress. Results of this inspection and possible modifications for improved performance will be discussed.
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance determined by resistance-transfer factors.

Unowsky, Joel (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Martin Rachmeler. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance determined by resistance-transfer factors. J. Bacteriol. 92:358–365. 1966.—This study was concerned with the mechanism of expression of drug resistance carried by resistance-transfer (R) factors of two types: fi− (negative fertility inhibition) and fi+ (positive fertility inhibition). The levels of drug resistance determined by R factors used in this study were similar to those reported by other investigators. A new finding was that Escherichia coli carrying the fi− episome was resistant to 150 to 200 μg/ml of streptomycin. The growth kinetics of R factor-containing cells were similar in the presence or absence of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, but a period of adaptation was necessary before cells began exponential growth in the presence of tetracycline. By use of radioactive antibiotics, it was shown that cells containing the fi− episome were impermeable to tetracycline and streptomycin, whereas cells containing the fi+ episome were impermeable only to chloramphenicol. Cell-free extracts from fi+ and fi− cells were sensitive to the antibiotics tested in the polyuridylic acid-stimulated incorporation of phenylalanine into protein.
Air pollution from duststorms in the great plains

usually 8.9-13.4 m s-I (20-30 miles h-I); relative humidity was less than 70 in 92 per cent of the dusty hours. During periods of low precipitation, most Great Plains locations have a significant number of hours with dust. Our study revealed that the median annual hours of dust was 45, but more than 150 dusty hours were recorded in 20 per cent of the reports. Though urban air pollution episodes last longer than duststorms, duststorms have larger particles and higher particulate concentrations. We found the average duststorm lasted 6.6 h, and median dust concentration was 4.85 mg m-3. Because of high concentrations of coarse particles in duststorms, air pollution laws in the Great Plains probably should specify particulate size distributions to which various sections of the laws apply as well as limits on particulate concentrations.
Managing privacy preferences for federated identity management

We have witnessed that the Internet is now a prime vehicle for business, community, and personal interactions. The notion of identity is the important component of this vehicle. Identity management has been recently considered to be a viable solution for simplifying user management across enterprise applications. The network identity of each user is the global set of personal credentials and preferences constituting the various accounts. The prevalence of business alliances or coalitions necessitates the further evolution of identity management, named federated identity management (FIM). The main motivation of FIM is to facilitate the federation of identities among business partners emphasizing on ease of user management. In this paper, we investigate privacy issues in FIM, especially focusing on Liberty Alliance approach. We attempt to identify practical business scenarios that help us understand privacy issues in FIM. Also, we propose systematic mechanisms to specify privacy preferences in FIM.
Semantic knowledge inference from online news media using an LDA-NLP approach

The amount of news delivered by the different media in the current environment can be overwhelming. Although the events being reported are factually the same, the ways with which the news is delivered vary with the media sources involved. In many cases, it is difficult to reliably uncover the latent information hidden within the news reports due to the great diversity of topics and the sheer volume of news. Analysis of the news media has always been of interest to news analysts, politicians and policy makers in order to aggregate and make sense of the information generated every day. News sources try to achieve relevance to their audiences by providing them with news that the audience wants or finds interesting, but often also have implicit motives such as shaping the perceptions of their audience. Although these agendas or target audiences are not explicitly identified, we consider ways in which this information can be inferred by applying the tools of natural language processing and semantic analysis to the news streams from these sources.
Coupling an automatic dictation system with a grammar checker

Automatic dictation systems (ADS) are nowadays powerful and rellable. However, some inadequacies of the underlying models still cause errors. In this paper, we are essentially interested in the language model implemented in the linguistic component, and we leave aside the acoustic module. More precisely, we aim at improving this linguistic model by coupling the ADS with a syntactic parser, able to diagnose and correct grammatical errors. We describe the characteristics of such a coupling, and show how the performance of the ADS improves with the actual coupling realized for French between the Tangora ADS and the grammar checker developed at the IBM France Scientific Center.
Aging with Multiple Sclerosis

The chronic and progressive nature of MS may be overwhelming to the patient and the family. It is vital for the clinician to develop a system of periodic evaluations and interventions that monitor the disease and address the effects on the patient's physical, psychologic, social, and vocational functioning. MS patients are susceptible to other diseases of aging, such as stroke, cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, and need to be evaluated and treated for these conditions. Obtaining appropriate routine medical care may become difficult in less mobile patients because many clinicians' offices are unable to accommodate handicapped patients. Careful coordination and referral to handicap-accessible centers may be required to ensure adequate treatment. Nearly half of MS patients die from complications of their disease. Other major causes of mortality are malignancy (16%), suicide (15%), and myocardial infarction (11%). Age-appropriate cancer screenings and cardiac evaluation are necessary. Depression is an important factor in geriatric MS patients despite the fact that most MS patients have an easier time adjusting to the aging process than the general population. There are many unanswered questions for the older MS population due to the paucity of research, but future studies may rectify this situation. Although there is no cure for MS, the clinician can play a key role in helping the patient and family adapt to the illness and improve their quality of life. Resources are available for the clinician, the patient, and family members.
Supervisory control of remote manipulation

The relatively short distances to be spanned in using the manipulators presently available permit real-time control systems, frequently employing direct linkages. The advent of space flight necessitates the design of manipulation systems that can perform complicated tasks, on the moon and beyond, upon command from earth. Such a design must compensate for the communications time delay due to the distances involved and also for a difference in environment not directly observable by the human operator. The answer to the problem seems to lie in a computer-controlled remote unit, capable of making limited decisions of its own but supervised from home base.
Adoption of conservation easements among agricultural landowners in Colorado and Wyoming: The role of economic dependence and sense of place

Abstract The inter-mountain west is one of the most highly urbanized and rapidly growing regions in the United States. Conservation easements are one common tool used to protect rural and agricultural land from urban development. This paper examines the attitudinal and demographic characteristics of agricultural landowners to predict adoption of conservation easements. The study has two primary objectives: (1) to broaden the literature on sense of place and place attachment by including a measure of economic dependence as one dimension, and (2) to examine the relation of this dimension with attitudes towards land trusts and participation in conservation easements. Agricultural landowners ( N = 2266) in Colorado and Wyoming were surveyed about their sense of place for their land, their attitudes towards land trusts, and perceived need for land conservation. Factor analysis of 12 measures of sense of place indicated that place identity, conservation ethic, and economic dependence ere distinct dimensions of sense of place among agricultural landowners. Logistic regression analyses revealed that economic dependence had a significant and negative relation with landowner's trust of and trusts and placement of a conservation easement on agricultural land, whereas a conservation ethic and spiritual attachment are positively related. Two main implications for land trusts are that time spent contacting landowners is time well spent and intake questionnaires could be used to screen and owners for both a conservation ethic and a sense of economic dependence providing information hat might improve the possibility of reaching an easement agreement.
Dynamic taint propagation for Java

Improperly validated user input is the underlying root cause for a wide variety of attacks on Web-based applications. Static approaches for detecting this problem help at the time of development, but require source code and report a number of false positives. Hence, they are of little use for securing fully deployed and rapidly evolving applications. We propose a dynamic solution that tags and tracks user input at runtime and prevents its improper use to maliciously affect the execution of the program. Our implementation can be transparently applied to Java classfiles, and does not require source code. Benchmarks show that the overhead of this runtime enforcement is negligible and can prevent a number of attacks
Salmon consumption by Kodiak brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi) with ecosystem management implications

The ecological role of large predators in North America continues to spark heated public debate. Although brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) and the salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861) they feed on have declined in many areas, the Kodiak archipelago is famous for large brown bears and abundant salmon. Salmon have generally been managed for maximum sustained yield in a fisheries sense, but those levels may be well below what is necessary for maximum ecosystem productivity. Consequently, we used stable isotopes and mercury accumulated in hair to estimate intake of salmon by Kodiak brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi Merriam, 1896). Salmon intake increased from subadult males (592 ± 325 kg·bear−1·year−1) to adult males (2788 ± 1929 kg·bear−1·year−1) and from subadult females (566 ± 360 kg·bear−1·year−1) to adult females (1364 ± 1261 kg·bear−1·year−1). Intake within each group increased 62% ± 23% as salmon escapement increased from ∼1 500 to ∼14 000 kg·bear−1·year−1. The estimated population of 2300...
Partially edited mRNAs for cytochrome b and subunit III of cytochrome oxidase from leishmania tarentolae mitochondria: RNA editing intermediates

Abstract Partially edited mRNAs were selected by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. In the case of cytochrome b, 102 out of 106 clones displayed patterns of editing that were consistent with a strictly progressive 3′ to 5′ editing process, as predicted by the guide RNA model of RNA editing. In the case of cytochrome oxidase subunit III (COIII), 177 out of 304 clones displayed strictly progressive 3′ to 5′ patterns of editing. However, the remaining 127 COIII clones displayed unexpected patterns in which upstream editing preceded downstream editing, uridines were inserted at sites not normally edited, and purine residues were deleted. We suggest that many of these RNAs are produced by normal 3′ to 5′ editing of the COIII mRNA with incorrect guide RNA molecules.
Comparison of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Augmentation with Organic and Synthetic Pesticides for Control of Cruciferous Lepidoptera

We monitored egg parasitism and larval populations of Pieris rapae (L.) and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) in cabbage plots treated with point and broadcast releases of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, and we investigated whether weekly sugar sprays improved egg parasitism rates. We also compared yield and pest densities in cabbage treated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel), methomyl (Lannate), or point releases of T. brassicae to an untreated control, and investigated the economics of these control strategies. Egg parasitism was highest in the point release treatment (46%), and parasitism in the broadcast and the broadcast + sugar spray treatments (31 and 24%, respectively) did not differ from the control. Weekly applications of sucrose did not increase egg parasitism or decrease larval pest populations. Releases of T. brassicae did not significantly reduce P. rapae and T. ni larval populations, and plant damage and cabbage head weight were unaffected in the T. brassicae treatments relative to the control. In addition, the cost of applying the T. brassicae wasps was not recouped with significant yield improvements relative to the control. Methomyl and Bt consistently suppressed P. rapae and T. ni populations below action thresholds in a cost-effective manner.
HIGH-SPIN LEVELS OF $sup 92$ $sup 93$ $sup 94$ $sup 95$ $sup 96$Nb AND $sup 94$Tc POPULATED WITH ($alpha$,d) AND ($alpha$,t) REACTIONS AT 50 MeV.

The reactions $^{91,92,94}\mathrm{Zr}(\ensuremath{\alpha},t)^{92,93,95}\mathrm{Nb}$, $^{90,91,92,94}\mathrm{Zr}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)^{92,93,94,96}\mathrm{Nb}$, and $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)^{94}\mathrm{Tc}$ have been investigated with a 50-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle beam from the Berkeley 88-in. cyclotron. High-spin proton excited states observed in the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},t$) reaction, based on comparisons with ($^{3}\mathrm{He},d$) experiments on the same targets, include: $^{92}\mathrm{Nb}$(\ensuremath{\cong}5 MeV multiplet); $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$(1.08, 1.29, \ensuremath{\cong}4.5 MeV); and $^{95}\mathrm{Nb}$(1.27, 1.65, 2.10 MeV). Two groups of strongly excited states appear in the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},d$) data. Members of the lower group [$^{92}\mathrm{Nb}$(g.s.), $^{94}\mathrm{Nb}$(0.08 MeV), and $^{96}\mathrm{Nb}$(0.23 MeV)] have been previously identified as being ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{\frac{9}{2}},\ensuremath{\nu}{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})}_{{7}^{+}}$ states. Based on the $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}(\ensuremath{\alpha},d)^{94}\mathrm{Tc}$ results, the $^{94}\mathrm{Tc}$ ground state can also be assigned ${7}^{+}$. The higher levels [$^{92}\mathrm{Nb}$(2.58 MeV), $^{94}\mathrm{Nb}$-(2.42 MeV), $^{96}\mathrm{Nb}$(2.38 MeV), and $^{94}\mathrm{Tc}$(2.68 MeV)] are believed to be either ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{\frac{9}{2}},\ensuremath{\nu}{g}_{\frac{7}{2}})}_{{8}^{+}}$ or ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{\frac{9}{2}},\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{\frac{11}{2}})}_{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ states based on the results of shell-model matrix-element calculations and the ($\ensuremath{\alpha},d$) structure factors of Glendenning.
Molecular Structure of the Gramicidin Transmembrane Channel: Utilization of Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Ultraviolet Absorption, Circular Dichroism and Infrared Spectroscopies

The phenomenology of Gramicidin A transmembrane channel transport is briefly reviewed. The problem of the conformational characterization of the channel state using absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies is noted and the proposed structures for the channel are reviewed. The case is presented for the channel state of Gramicidin A being obtained on heat incubation of Gramicidin A with L-α-lysolecithin. Then ion induced carbonyl carbon chemical shifts are obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance and Gramicidin A syntheses in which one carbonyl carbon at a time was 90% carbon-13 enriched. The result is the definition of the channel structure to be the head-to-head dimerized, single-stranded, left-handed β6-he1ix. It is further shown that this structure has an amide I frequency in the infrared spectrum at 1633 cm-1, a frequency previously considered to be limited to multi-stranded pleated sheet structures. Importantly, the ion induced carbonyl carbon chemical shifts also locate two ion binding sites within the channel. Finally the dimerization process is considered in terms of the steric effects at the head-to-head junction and the destabilization of the six intermolecular hydrogen bonds. It is noted that the common anesthetic, halo-thane, also destabilizes the dimeric structure, as measured by its effect on decreasing channel mean lifetime.
Rapid assessment of ventricular fibrillation thresholds during experimental infarction in the canine heart.

SummarySophisticated instrumentation is described which allows the rapid estimation of vulnerability of the ventricle to multiple responses and fibrillation with the classical technique described by Wiggers and Wegria. It seems particularly pertinent to the assessment of the significance of “R on T” type of ventricular extrasystoles in myocardial infarction. The thresholds to tachyarrhythmia were decreased by about 64% within 10 min of coronary occlusion and persisted at that level for 60-90 min, suggesting the usefulness of this model in assessing anti-fibrillatory drug regimes during the early evolutionary stage of myocardial infarction.
Screening for Intimacy Concerns in a Palliative Care Population: Findings from a Pilot Study

Abstract Background: Intimacy is an important component of the palliative care (PC) assessment. Evaluation of patient concerns related to intimacy should be included in a comprehensive PC consultation. The concerns are rarely assessed for hospitalized PC patients, yet there is evidence to support that patients want to talk about intimacy. Objective: We wanted to understand (1) if intimacy was an important issue for hospitalized PC patients; (2) how intimacy was impacted by illness; and, (3) if intimacy concerns were present, what those concerns involved. Design: We designed a brief screening tool to administer to adult patients receiving PC consultation at two hospitals. The tool included demographic information, relevant medical diagnoses, two questions to help identify intimacy issues, and PC team communication to the referring medical team. Mean screening tool administration time was eight minutes. Results: Although the vast majority (96%) of patients reported that they had not been asked about intimac...
Experimental Study of the Thermal Lens Effect of Nd∶glass Laser in Heat Capacity Operation

The designing construction of Nd∶glass laser cavity is double flashlamp pumped,symmetrical,close coupling and unfocused.The cooling channels of Nd∶glass rod are separated from water-cooling channels of flashlamp independently.Through 10s experiment,laser beam patterns have been measured at 10Hz repetition rate and 250μs pulse duration of two flashlamps for 900W pump power in heat capacity operation and general water-cooling operation successively.16 facular pictures have been collected from total 100 facular pictures in same interval.The contrastive facular pictures show that the thermal lens effect of heat capacity operation is negative lens effect not same as convex effect of general water-cooling operation.The obtained result is favor of the deferent characteristic of Nd∶glass laser in heat capacity operation.
What Is a Genome

The genome is often described as the information repository of an organism. Whether millions or billions of letters of DNA, its transmission across generations confers the principal medium for inheritance of organismal traits. Several emerging areas of research demonstrate that this definition is an oversimplification. Here, we explore ways in which a deeper understanding of genomic diversity and cell physiology is challenging the concepts of physical permanence attached to the genome as well as its role as the sole information source for an organism.
A 29-Year-Old Woman With Severe Sepsis and Hemoptysis

A 29-year-old woman presented with a 1-week history of fever, weakness, anorexia, darkened urine, and mild cough. The patient described her cough as nonproductive and without hemoptysis. She had no chest pain. The patient's medical history was significant for x-linked hypophosphatemia, renal stones, migraine headaches, and chronic back pain managed on prescribed oral opiates for some time. She reported regular cigarette smoking, but denied illicit or IV drug use or any recent travel or sick contacts. The patient also had no known pertinent family history.
Keynes and the Post-Keynesians: Arbitary Expectations

Chapters 11 and 12 of the General Theory contain two different views of investment. Keynes presented the two chapters as complementary, but others have interpreted them as antithetical: Chapter 11 shows us the arithmetic of the marginal efficiency of capital and its relation with interest rates, a matter for actuaries and slide-rules. Chapter 12 reveals the hollowness of all this. The material for the slide-rules is absent, or arbitrary. Investment is an irrational activity, or a non-rational one. Surmise and assumption about what is happening or about to happen are themselves the source of these happenings, men make history in seeking to apprehend it. (Shackle 1983: 130. First published 1967)