cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parametric Geometry Model for Design Studies of Tailless Supersonic Aircraft

This paper presents an extension of the Kulfan class-shape transformation method for the parameterization of aircraft component geometry. The VT-CST code represents a practical implementation of the class-shape transformation method in an object-oriented C++ code for use within a multidisciplinary design optimization framework for design studies of a tailless supersonic aircraft. Extensions to the class-shape transformation method incorporated into VT-CST include the generation of a blended wing–fuselage, cowls and inlet ramps for embedded engines, automatic handling of centerline continuity, shape normalization and scaling, fuselage area-ruling capabilities, conical cambering, airfoil shape matching, and control surfaces, among others. Examples demonstrating the utility of the method are given.
Effect of crystal orientation on sputtering and lattice damage in ion-irradiated copper

The sputtering yield and the angular distribution of sputtered atoms have been measured as a function of copper-ion-beam orientation with respect to copper single-crystal targets. Alpha-particle channeling has been employed to measure the lattice damage induced during the sputtering experiments. The experimental results have been compared with results from the cascade simulation program MARLOWE. Both planar and axial channeling of incident ions have been shown to significantly reduce the sputtering yield relative to a psuedo-random irradiation direction. Channeling of the incident particles also increases the depth to which lattice damage is produced. Surface preparation is found to strongly influence the orientation effects, with mechanical polishing reducing the channeling of incident ions, relative to electropolishing.
Predicted acid mine drainage impacts to the Buckhannon River, WV, U.S.A.

This study was conducted to determine acid, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn loads originating from coal mines in the Buckhannon River watershed in central West Virginia, U.S.A, and to predict the impacts of those loads should they enter the river as unneutralized acid mine drainage. Net alkaline loads at the river mouth would decrease from 3341 to 1014 and 7488 to 1463 kg day−1 CaCO3 during the summer and spring sampling periods, respectively, causing pH decrease below the level required for surviveal of warm water fish species in the affected study area and for a viable trout fishery in a 12 km segment of the river. Aluminum could have major impacts through much of the study area. Zinc could impact the existing cold water fishery and may cause deleterious effects to the warm water fishery. It was not possible to draw accurate conclusions about impacts of Fe because of the uncertainties of toxicity data and rates of oxidation. It appears that Cd and Cu would probably not impact the river. Manganese may cause a water treatment problem for the city of Buckhannon.
Antecedents of supply chain visibility in retail supply chains: A resource-based theory perspective

Abstract Although visibility has become a popular buzzword in the supply chain literature it remains an ill-defined and poorly understood concept. It is assumed that if companies across supply chains have visibility of demand, inventory levels, processes, etc., that organizational performance improves. This research explores the antecedents of high levels of supply chain visibility from a resource-based theory perspective across five different external supply chain linkages. We find that the level of visibility across these linkages differs considerably based on various contributing factors which are both technology and non-technology based. Using resource-based theory, we identify those factors that can give a sustainable competitive advantage to a supply chain linkage through a “distinctive” or high level of visibility.
A Novel Method for Detection of Phosphorylation in Single Cells by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) using Composite Organic-Inorganic Nanoparticles (COINs)

Background Detection of single cell epitopes has been a mainstay of immunophenotyping for over three decades, primarily using fluorescence techniques for quantitation. Fluorescence has broad overlapping spectra, limiting multiplexing abilities. Methodology/Principal Findings To expand upon current detection systems, we developed a novel method for multi-color immuno-detection in single cells using “Composite Organic-Inorganic Nanoparticles” (COINs) Raman nanoparticles. COINs are Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) nanoparticles, with unique Raman spectra. To measure Raman spectra in single cells, we constructed an automated, compact, low noise and sensitive Raman microscopy device (Integrated Raman BioAnalyzer). Using this technology, we detected proteins expressed on the surface in single cells that distinguish T-cells among human blood cells. Finally, we measured intracellular phosphorylation of Stat1 (Y701) and Stat6 (Y641), with results comparable to flow cytometry. Conclusions/Significance Thus, we have demonstrated the practicality of applying COIN nanoparticles for measuring intracellular phosphorylation, offering new possibilities to expand on the current fluorescent technology used for immunoassays in single cells.
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery in Patients With Emphysema and α-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Background The role of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for individuals with α-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is unclear. Methods To assess the role of LVRS in individuals with severe deficiency of AAT, outcomes within the National Emphysema Treatment Trial were analyzed. Results Of 1218 randomized subjects, 16 (1.3%) had severe AAT deficiency (serum level 1 ), 27% predicted; and 50% had upper-lobe-predominant emphysema. All 10 subjects randomized to LVRS underwent the procedure. Although the small number of subjects hampered statistical analysis, 2-year mortality was higher with surgery (20% versus 0%) than with medical treatment. Comparison of outcomes between the 10 AAT-deficient and the 554 AAT-replete subjects undergoing LVRS showed a greater increase in exercise capacity at 6 months in replete subjects and a trend toward lower and shorter duration FEV 1 rise in deficient individuals. Conclusions This study extends to 49 cases the published experience of LVRS in severe AAT deficiency. Although the small number of subjects precludes firm conclusions, trends of lower magnitude and duration of FEV 1 rise after surgery in AAT-deficient versus AAT-replete subjects and higher mortality in deficient individuals randomized to surgery versus medical treatment suggest caution in recommending LVRS in AAT deficiency.
High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission study of the Ag band structure along Lambda.

High-resolution angle-resolved photoelectron spectra have been obtained from the (111) face of an Ag crystal for normal electron emission. These spectra made it possible to determine experimentally the valence-band structure of Ag along the high-symmetry line ..lambda.. with better accuracy than previously (P. S. Wehner et al., Phys. Rev. B 19, 6164 (1979)), and also revealed a second flat band near point GAMMA in the conduction bands 23 eV above the Fermi level. The new binding energies at points GAMMA and L were used along with the data of other workers to construct an experimental band structure of Ag with the mixed-basis interpolation scheme of Smith (Phys. Rev. B 9, 1365 (1974)). The augmented-plane-wave calculations of Eckhardt, Fritsche, and Noffke (J. Phys. F 14, 97 (1984)) agree very well with the experimentally determined bands.
Pilot testing of a new design for presentation slides to teach science and engineering

Pilot testing in a large geology course shows that a new sentence-headline design of presentation slides was more effective than the traditional phrase-headline design at teaching science to undergraduates. Rather than having a phrase headline supported by a bullet list, the new design relies on a succinct sentence headline supported by visual evidence. In the new design, bullets are not used. The testing of the new slide design involved comparing test scores between a prior section that viewed the traditional design and the test scores of a current section that viewed the new design. On 7 of the 20 questions, the section viewing the new design achieved improvements in test scores that were statistically significant at the 99.9% confidence level. On no question did the prior section viewing the traditional design achieve a higher test score that was statistically significant. The mean test scores on the 20 questions were 71% correct for the earlier group (traditional design) and 82% correct for the latter group (new design). In addition to analyzing the test scores, we conducted surveys that indicate the students preferred the new design over the traditional design by a more than 7-to 1 ratio. These test scores and survey results have implications in the way that presentation slides should be designed not only for science and engineering classrooms, but also for forums of scientific and engineering research
Syntax and semantics of a persistent Common Lisp

The syntax and semantics for UCL+P, a persistent Common Lisp, are defined. The definition provides adequate support for persistence while maintaining the look-and-feel of Common Lisp. All Lisp data types (except streams) can be made persistent. Persistence is conferred automatically on non-symbol values when they become part of a persistent data structure. Symbols are persistent if interned in a persistent package. The Common Lisp package facility was enhanced to allow for persistent packages which provide modularity to the space of persistent values and serve as the ultimate roots of the persistence conferral algorithm. Values are retrieved from the store using demand loading; new or mutated values are automatically detected and written back to the store when the transaction is committed. The sharing semantics of Lisp are preserved in this specification.
Instrumentation for genome analysis (and beyond) based on the TI Digital Micromirror Device

The author presents an overview of various MEMS applications in the biological and medical research field. Specific examples use the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) developed by Texas Instruments. The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center develops instrumentation and computational biology tools to exploit the emerging biomedical databases. We apply these tools to problems in biology, genetics, genomics, and medicine. The field of bioMEMS merges biology, physics, mathematics, engineering, computer science and clinical medicine.
Phase Equilibria in the System MnO‐“FeO”‐ZrO2‐SiO2

Phase equilibrium relations in the liquidus temperature region of the system MnO-“FeO”-ZrO2-SiO2 and of its bounding systems MnO-ZrO2, MnO-ZrO2-SiO2, and MnO-“FeO”-ZrO2 were determined by the quenching technique. The equilibrations were carried out at sufficiently low O2 pressures to keep most of the Mn and Fe in divalent states. The results obtained were combined with literature data for the other bounding binary and ternary systems to present phase diagrams showing liquidus surfaces and interrelations between coexisting liquid and solid-solution phases. Applications of the data to refractory problems are discussed.
The contextual nature of the predictive power of statistically-based quarterly earnings models

We present new empirical evidence on the contextual nature of the predictive power of five statistically-based quarterly earnings expectation models evaluated on a holdout period spanning the twelve quarters from 2000–2002. In marked contrast to extant time-series work, the random walk with drift (RWD) model provides significantly more accurate pooled, one-step-ahead quarterly earnings predictions for a sample of high-technology firms (n = 202). In similar predictive comparisons, the Griffin-Watts (GW) ARIMA model provides significantly more accurate quarterly earnings predictions for a sample of regulated firms (n = 218). Finally, the RWD and GW ARIMA models jointly dominate the other expectation models (i.e., seasonal random walk with drift, the Brown-Rozeff (BR) and Foster (F) ARIMA models) for a default sample of firms (n = 796). We provide supplementary analyses that document the: (1) increased frequency of the number of loss quarters experienced by our sample firms in the holdout period (2000–2002) vis-a-vis the identification period (1990–1999); (2) reduced levels of earnings persistence for our sample firms relative to earnings persistence factors computed by Baginski et al. (2003) during earlier time periods (1970s–1980s); (3) relative impact on the predictive ability of the five expectation models conditioned upon the extent of analyst coverage of sample firms (i.e., no coverage, moderate coverage, and extensive coverage); and (4) sensitivity of predictive performance across subsets of regulated firms with the BR ARIMA model providing the most accurate predictions for utilities (n = 87) while the RWD model is superior for financial institutions (n = 131).
That Way Madness Lies: At the Intersection of Philosophy and Clinical Psychology

Abstract: I argue that philosophical practice is a clinically active and influential endeavor, with both positive (therapeutic) and negative (detrimental) psychological possibilities. Though some have explicitly taken the clinical aspects of philosophy into the therapeutic realm via the new field of philosophical counseling, I am interested in the clinical context of philosophers as philosophers, engaged in standard, philosophical pursuits. In arguing for the clinical implications of philosophical practice I consider the relation between philosophical despair and depression, the cognitive etiology of depression and other clinical disorders, selected DSM-IV entries, attribution theory, and cognitive therapy.
An efficient and flexible MPLS signaling framework for mobile networks

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) has gained momentum in recent years as an effective tool to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in a variety of networks. This has in turn created active interest in the area of recovery in MPLS based networks. A number of recovery schemes for MPLS domains have been proposed in recent years. However, the current schemes lack support for recovery in dynamic network topologies. In this paper, a new flexible signaling protocol for LSP rerouting in dynamic network environments is introduced. The signaling protocol recovers from node and link failures reactively, taking a local approach to LSP reestablishment. The performance of the signaling protocol is evaluated through simulations. Results indicate that the protocol can effectively and efficiently handle rerouting in dynamic networks with a low protocol signaling overhead as compared to contemporary MPLS rerouting protocols. This would enable the MPLS based IP-QoS support mechanisms to extend to dynamic network topologies.
Values and religion in rural America: attitudes toward abortion and same-sex relations

Summary Th is issue brief uses cumulative data from the nationally representative, General Social Survey (1972–2004) (Davis & Smith 2004), to explore how rural Americans diﬀ er from their urban and suburban peers on religious involvement and in their attitudes toward politically contested moral issues, namely, abortion and same-sex relations. Th e data indicate that rural Americans are slightly more religious than their metropolitan neighbors as indicated by weekly church attendance and having had a born-again experience. Rural Americans, however, do not comprise a homogeneous group. Th ere are signiﬁ cant regional diﬀ erences, with rural Southerners much more likely than their rural counterparts in Eastern, Midwestern, and Western parts of the country to be highly religious. And while rural Americans are more likely to oppose abortion and same-sex relations than their non-rural neighbors, there is also evidence of variation in their attitudes toward these issues. Like Americans as a whole, rural Americans vary their opinion on abortion depending on the speciﬁ c circumstances. Generation also matters, and this is especially evident in the fact that younger individuals are more tolerant of same-sex relations than their parents and grandparents. It is also noteworthy that religiosity trumps rural/non-rural location when it comes to social conservatism. Highly religious rural and non-rural Americans alike are much more likely to oppose abortion and same-sex relations than their less religious counterparts. Acknowledging and responding to these important nu-ances in the cultural values of rural Americans may improve the ability of both Democrats and Republicans to develop connections throughout rural America. In sum, it would be a mistake to categorize rural Americans as a single voting bloc. Rural America is diverse, and behavior, attitudes and beliefs vary by region.
Anterior Forebrain Neurons Develop Selectivity by an Intermediate Stage of Birdsong Learning

Auditory neurons of the anterior forebrain (AF) in adult zebra finches are highly selective for the bird’s own song (BOS): they respond more to BOS than to songs of other zebra finches (conspecifics) and to BOS played in reverse. In contrast, juvenile AF neurons are not selective at 30 d of age, responding equally well to all song stimuli. Both BOS and tutor song experience are required by juveniles for normal song learning and may produce the selective properties of adult neurons. Because such selectivity could subserve song learning, it is important to determine when it arises. Birds were therefore studied at an intermediate stage of learning, after substantial experience of both tutor song and their own developing (plastic) song. Extracellular single neuron recordings in 60-d-old zebra finches revealed that AF neurons had significant song and order selectivity for both tutor song and BOS (the bird’s plastic song). The degree of BOS selectivity was less than that found in adults, as indicated in part by 60 d neurons that were sensitive to the local order within syllables but not yet to the global order of syllables within a song. When responses to BOS and tutor song were compared, most neurons preferred BOS, some preferred tutor song, and others responded equally to both stimuli. The latter type of neuron was not simply immature, because many of these neurons responded significantly more to BOS and tutor song than to conspecific and reverse songs. The selectivity of AF neurons at 60 d is markedly different from the unselective properties of neurons at 30 d and may function in vocal learning at this stage. Moreover, the selectivity for both BOS and tutor song raises the possibility that both aspects of the birds’ sensory experience during learning are reflected in properties of AF neurons.
Diode Laser Sensor System for Multi-Parameter Measurements in Pulse Detonation Engine Flows

A diode laser sensor system has been applied to measure multiple performance-critical flow properties in Pulse Detonation Engines (PDEs). The sensor system monitors both the unburned and the burned flows in each PDE cycle. The unburnedflow sensors monitor O2 concentration, fuel vapor concentration, and liquid fuel droplet size and volume fraction. The burned-flow sensors monitor H2O concentration, gas temperature, soot temperature, and soot volume fraction. In both liquid- and gas-fueled PDEs, the system has been demonstrated to provide meaningful data that was previously unavailable to PDE researchers. The data provided by the system is expected to enhance both PDE modeling and design efforts. Additionally, by enabling PDE optimization, the system’s potential for use in active PDE combustion control systems has been established.
The Effect of Dynamic Loading on Bacterial Colonization of the Dental Implant Fixture–Abutment Interface: An In Vitro Study

Bacterial colonization of the fixture-abutment interface (FAI) microgap may contribute to increased marginal bone loss. The contribution of loading on bacterial colonization has not been thoroughly evaluated with in vitro experiments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dynamic loading on the colonization of oral microorganisms in the FAI microgap of dental implants with internal Morse-taper connection. Forty implants were divided into two groups (n = 20/group) based on subjection to dynamic loading conditions. Both Group 1 and 2 were comprised of fixtures that connected to standard abutments and allowed to incubate in a bacterial solution of Escherichia coli. The specimens of Group 2 were loaded with 500 000 cycles of 50 N using a chewing simulator. Following disconnection of fixtures and abutments, microbial samples were taken from the threaded portion of the abutment, plated and cultured under appropriate conditions. One of the 20 implants of Group 1 and 4 of the 20 implants of Group 2 ...
Spectral sensing ultra wideband signals using a down-converting channelized receiver

The growing complexities associated with spectral sharing dictate that more robust spectral sensing techniques are required to permit reliable channel assessment. Expanding upon previous channelized receiver work, this work employs down-conversion and filtering prior to A/D conversion such that practical limitations of A/D conversion are considered. Signal detection results for the down-converting channelized receiver are shown to be consistent with previous results, i.e., the somewhat "featureless" spectral characteristics of UWB signals dictate that temporal-based processing techniques yield best detection results relative to spectral-based techniques
Pathophysiology of neonatal lung injury.

Respiratory distress in newborn and young infants often develops as a result of acute lung injury, in which disruption of the normal barrier function of the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium causes protein-rich interstitial and alveolar edema. Several conditions may initiate acute lung injury, including aspiration of meconium or gastric contents, bacterial or viral infection, overzealous resuscitation, and birth associated with incomplete lung development that requires ventilatory support with positivepressure mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of inspired oxygen. The latter condition usually occurs after premature birth, but it also may occur as a consequence of impaired fetal lung growth secondary to diaphragmatic hernia or chest compression from lack of liquid in the amniotic cavity. Acute lung injury sometimes progresses to a chronic form of lung disease, which is characterized by edema, fibrosis, airway distortion, and nonuniform inflation of the lungs.
Characterization of the interphase in poly(divinylbenzene)/ poly(n-butyl acrylate) core/shell latexes by high-resolution solid-state NMR relaxation studies

Poly(divinylbenzene)/poly(n-butyl acrylate) core/shell latexes were investigated using solid-state 13C-NMR. The (H)T1ρ relaxation time was found to be substantially affected by many of the seeded emulsion polymerization parameters, such as the core/shell ratio, the mode of addition of the second-stage monomer, the addition rate of the second-stage monomer, and the level of conversion of the seed latex at the time of addition of the second-stage monomer. The existence of an interphase region between the core and shell polymers was detected. Maximum interphase region thickness was achieved when the butyl acrylate was added under starved conditions. The thickness of this interphase layer was calculated to be 5–7 nm based on a model proposed by McBriety.1 Solid-state NMR was found to be an excellent spectroscopic technique to probe the interphase region in core/shell latexes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cinemicrography of mouse oocyte maturation utilizing nomarski differential-interference microscopy†

The analysis of in vitro mouse oocyte maturation using Nomarski differential-interference optics and time-lapse cinemicrography provides information on the morphological events of oocyte maturation and their duration with greater precision than previously available. Furthermore, some previously unreported morphological events are described. The breakdown of the germinal vesicle was preceded for 41 minutes by extreme activity of the germinal vesicle membrane. The perivitelline space formed precociously by expansion of the zona pellucida rather than by shrinkage of the oocyte. Condensation of the bivalents, centromeric repulsion, formation of the metaphase I plate, and growth of the spindle apparatus were observed. Metaphase I, defined as the period from formation of the metaphase plate to the beginning of anaphase, lasted four hours and twenty-seven minutes. Anaphase chromosome separation began 11 hours and 15 minutes after disintegration of the nucleolus, and was complete within ten minutes. Polar body formation began before the completion of anaphase. The mid-body formed between the separating anaphase dyads, and moved with the telophase spindle to the newly formed oocyte-polar body boundary.
Baroque Flair: Seventeenth-century European Sapphic Poetry

Early modern women poets across Europe and at least one colony enlisted Petrarchist terms, often with a self-aware, parodic twist. Some examples, considered here, include (first) self-portrait poems that serve to critique not only the lyric speaker/portrait subject’s imperfect face or physique, but the very phenomenon of Petrarchist lyric objectifications of female love objects, and (second) love poems addressed by women to other women. By applying a theoretical grounding that combines feminist, lesbian, and queering approaches, we can bring to these poems a reading that is alert to moments when they reproduce, or rework, the kinds of gendered discourse and heteronormative paradigms that we find in better-known male-authored poems. The essay concludes with a survey of the kinds of cultural work performed by these texts in their ideological, religious, political, and poetic contexts. As cultural premises changed, the poems moved from widespread presence into illegibility or erasure from literary historiography.
Grading and staging of bladder carcinoma in transurethral resection specimens. Correlation with 105 matched cystectomy specimens.

We compared the grading and staging of transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and cystectomy specimens for 105 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between 1980 and 1984. Of 105 patients, 96% underwent cystectomy within 100 days of TURB (median interval, 10 days). Grading was performed according to the 1998 World Health Organization/International Society of Urologic Pathology grading system and staging according to the 1997 TNM classification. Histologic grade was low-grade, 13; high-grade, 92 in TURB specimens; low-grade, 17; high-grade, 88 in cystectomy specimens. Pathologic stage was Ta, 15; T1, 55; and T2, 35 in TURB specimens; Ta, 5; T1, 19; T2, 19; T3, 46; and T4, 16 in cystectomy specimens. Histologic grade at TURB was associated with pathologic stage at cystectomy (P < .001). When all advanced-stage (muscle-invasive) carcinomas (pT2 or more) were considered together, 55 patients were understaged by TURB, 4 had higher stage in TURB than in cystectomy, and 46 were the same stage as by cystectomy. Forty-three of 55 patients with stage T1 carcinoma at TURB had advanced-stage carcinoma at cystectomy, including 34 who had extravesicular extension (pT3 or more). We found pathologic understanding by TURB occurs in a significant number of patients with bladder cancer; the newly proposed grading system predicted final pathologic stage.
Characterization of a New Member of the Flavoprotein Disulfide Reductase Family of Enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract The lpdA (Rv3303c) gene from Mycobacterium tuberculosis encoding a new member of the flavoprotein disulfide reductases was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant LpdA protein was purified to homogeneity. LpdA is a homotetramer and co-purifies with one molecule of tightly but noncovalently bound FAD and NADP+ per monomer. Although annotated as a probable lipoamide dehydrogenase in M. tuberculosis, LpdA cannot catalyze reduction of lipoyl substrates, because it lacks one of two cysteine residues involved in dithiol-disulfide interchange with lipoyl substrates and a His-Glu pair involved in general acid catalysis. The crystal structure of LpdA was solved by multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering, which confirmed the absence of these catalytic residues from the active site. Although LpdA cannot catalyze reduction of disulfide-bonded substrates, it catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of alternative electron acceptors such as 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone. Significant primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects were observed with [4S-2H]NADH establishing that the enzyme promotes transfer of the C4-proS hydride of NADH. The absence of an isotope effect with [4S-2H]NADPH, the low Km value of 0.5 μm for NADPH, and the potent inhibition of the NADH-dependent reduction of 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone by NADP+ (Ki ∼ 6 nm) and 2′-phospho-ADP-ribose (Ki ∼ 800 nm), demonstrate the high affinity of LpdA for 2′-phosphorylated nucleotides and that the physiological substrate/product pair is NADPH/NADP+ rather than NADH/NAD+. Modeling of NADP+ in the active site revealed that LpdA achieves the high specificity for NADP+ through interactions involving the 2′-phosphate of NADP+ and amino acid residues that are different from those in glutathione reductase.
DeNovoSync: Efficient Support for Arbitrary Synchronization without Writer-Initiated Invalidations

Current shared-memory hardware is complex and inefficient. Prior work on the DeNovo coherence protocol showed that disciplined shared-memory programming models can enable more complexity-, performance-, and energy-efficient hardware than the state-of-the-art MESI protocol. DeNovo, however, severely restricted the synchronization constructs an application can support. This paper proposes DeNovoSync, a technique to support arbitrary synchronization in DeNovo. The key challenge is that DeNovo exploits race-freedom to use reader-initiated local self-invalidations (instead of conventional writer-initiated remote cache invalidations) to ensure coherence. Synchronization accesses are inherently racy and not directly amenable to self-invalidations. DeNovoSync addresses this challenge using a novel combination of registration of all synchronization reads with a judicious hardware backoff to limit unnecessary registrations. For a wide variety of synchronization constructs and applications, compared to MESI, DeNovoSync shows comparable or up to 22% lower execution time and up to 58% lower network traffic, enabling DeNovo's advantages for a much broader class of software than previously possible.
Asymmetric frontal cortical activity and negative affective responses to ostracism

Ostracism arouses negative affect. However, little is known about variables that influence the intensity of these negative affective responses. Two studies fill this void by incorporating work on approach- and withdrawal-related emotional states and their associated cortical activations. Study 1 found that following ostracism anger related directly to relative left frontal cortical activation. Study 2 used unilateral hand contractions to manipulate frontal cortical activity prior to an ostracizing event. Right-hand contractions, compared to left-hand contractions, caused greater relative left frontal cortical activation during the hand contractions as well as ostracism. Also, right-hand contractions caused more self-reported anger in response to being ostracized. Within-condition correlations revealed patterns of associations between ostracism-induced frontal asymmetry and emotive responses to ostracism consistent with Study 1. Taken together, these results suggest that asymmetrical frontal cortical activity is related to angry responses to ostracism, with greater relative left frontal cortical activity being associated with increased anger.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein β Regulates Expression of the Cystatin-Related Epididymal Spermatogenic (Cres) Gene

Abstract The CRES protein is a member of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors with restricted expression in stage-specific germ cells, proximal caput epididymidis, and anterior pituitary gonadotroph cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the highly restricted expression of the cres gene, we have sequenced 1.6 kilobases of mouse cres 5′ flanking sequence and performed studies to examine the cres gene promoter. Two putative CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factor binding motifs exist within the first 135 base pairs of cres promoter. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that cres mRNA levels are dramatically reduced in the epididymides of C/EBPβ-deficient mice. These data suggest that the C/EBP family of transcription factors, in particular C/EBPβ, plays a role in the regulation of cres gene expression. In support of this finding, Northern blot analysis showed that C/EBPβ is the predominant C/EBP family member expressed in the LβT2 gonadotroph cell lin...
Gynecomastia: Evaluation and Treatment Recommendations for Primary Care Providers

Gynecomastia is defined as excessive development of the breast in boys. It is common in neonates and adolescents. Although in most cases this is a transient phenomenon, it might lead to significant social impediments such as decreased participation in physical education because of embarrassment. A primary care provider should be able to diagnose a false gynecomastia, a physiologic gynecomastia, and a gynecomastia with underlying pathology by taking good history, performing a thorough physical examination, and checking few screening laboratory tests. In most cases with physiologic gynecomastia, just reassurance and close follow-up is sufficient; however, psychologic counseling and surgical intervention may be required in few selected cases of physiologic gynecomastia. Suspected cases with underlying pathologic causes should be referred to a pediatric endocrinologist for further evaluation and management. Treatment of underlying causes should resolve the gynecomastia in those patients.
Ethnicity-of-Interviewer Effects on Ethnic Respondents

Considerable research has been reported on race-of-interviewer effects in white/black dichotomies. Little is known, however, about interviewer effects on respondents representing other ethnic groups. This article reports on a 1975 study of ethnicityof-interviewer effects among four ethnic minorities (Cubans, Chicanos, Native Americans, and Chinese) and suggests that the findings for blacks and whites are generalizable to other ethnic groups as well. Michael F. Weeks is a Senior Survey Specialist and R. Paul Moore is Director of the Survey Operations Center at the Research Triangle Institute, P. 0. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. The work upon which this publication is based was performed pursuant to Contract 300-75-0253 with the U. S. Offlce of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. However, the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the U. S. Offlce of Education, and no official endorsement by the U. S. Office of Education should be inferred. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 45:245-249 ? 1981 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/81/0045-245/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.161 on Mon, 23 May 2016 05:41:58 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Efficacy and safety of stereotactic radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors.

Object. Since the mid-1990s the use of radiosurgery for glomus jugulare tumors has grown in popularity. Despite its increased use, follow-up periods for radiosurgery are short and the numbers of patients reported are small. To add to the available information, the authors report their experience with the application of linear accelerator (LINAC) or CyberKnife modalities in 13 patients with 16 tumors. Methods. All patients were treated with frame-based LINAC or CyberKnife radiosurgery, with doses ranging from 1400 to 2700 cGy. Patients were retrospectively assessed for posttreatment side effects, which included hearing loss, tongue weakness, and vocal hoarseness. The patients’ most recent magnetic resonance (MR) images were also assessed for changes in tumor size. The median follow-up duration was 41 months and the mean follow-up period was 60 months. All tumors remained stable or decreased in size on follow-up MR images. All patients had stable neurological symptoms, and one experienced transient ipsilateral tongue weakness and hearing loss, both of which subsequently resolved. One patient experienced transient ipsilateral vocal cord paresis; however, this individual had received previous external-beam radiation therapy. Conclusions. The authors’ findings continue to support radiosurgery as an effective and safe method of treatment for glomus jugulare tumors that results in low rates of morbidity.
Toward empirically derived methodologies and tools for human-computer interface development

This term, unknown only a few years ago, now conjures up images of icons and objects, windows and words that comprise the human-computer interface. A UIMS is an interactive system composed of high-level tools that support production and execution of human-computer interfaces. UIMS have become a major topic of both academic and trade journal articles, conference technical presentations, demonstrations, and special interest sessions. Many commercial software packages and research products even tangentially related to the area of human-computer interaction now claim to be UIMS. As young and exciting as the field is, there are already signs of promises unfulfilled, due to a lack of both functionality and usability factors that can make the difference between whether UIMS are a passing fad or a viable tool. But what does the future hold for UIMS? All indications are that they are here to stay. We perceive a trend in UIMS evolution that we have divided into generations based primarily on common characteristics and only loosely on chronology.
Graft copolymers of para‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB). I. A general method for grafting mesogenic oligo‐PHB to oligomers

Methode pour greffer l'oligo(p-hydroxybenzoique acide) a des oligomeres a groupes fonctionnels carboxyle pour donner des copolymeres ayant des chaines laterales mesogenes
Anatomic and Physiologic Basis of the Electrocardiogram

It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the normal heart, but a summary of some features with direct bearing on electrocardiography is in order.
Polytope Sector-Based Synthesis and Analysis of Microstructural Architectures With Tunable Thermal Conductivity and Expansion

United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Materials with Controlled Microstructural Architectures Program
Choosing a Community: Providing Local Public Goods When Opting Out is an Option

Different community organizations require varying levels of contribution and effort from, and compete for the time, effort, and resources of a heterogeneous population of potential volunteers. Many are not able to sanction free-riders in any meaningful way, and must account for people's ability to opt out of joining groups altogether. I conduct threshold local public goods experiments with two groups, one with a low threshold and one high, and subjects with randomly distributed opportunity costs ("wages''). I allow subjects to opt out of joining a group in some treatments. Overall, I find that subjects self-select -- high-wage subjects choose the low-threshold group, and vice versa. An "entry fee'' -- a small required contribution -- for the high-threshold group increases both provision rates and low-wage subjects' earnings. When subjects are allowed to opt out of joining a group, provision rates fall, but the low-cost group continues to thrive as long as the high-cost group does not have an entry fee. When it does, it once again has a higher provision rate than the low-cost group. Allowing opting out worsens earnings overall for the low-wage individuals, but increases them for high-wage individuals.
Seeing Agnes: Notes on a Transgender Biocultural Ethnomethodology

In this article, I revisit Harold Garfinkel's classic ethnomethodological account of Agnes, a transgender woman he met in the 1950s. I situate this case in its larger historical context, within the arc of a contemporary transgender studies, and incorporate recent material from bio-neuro-cultural studies of gender and sexuality. Within this framework I ask: what can ethnomethodology learn from transgender studies and what can it contribute.
Intervention to Reduce Use of Safety Behaviors

Publisher Summary Intervention to reduce use of safety behaviors is an approach to reducing the use of safety behaviors. Safety behaviors include overt and subtle attempts to cope with inadequate sleep and to increase control over sleep. Safety behaviors are problematic because they increase the symptoms of the disorder and/or prevent disconfirmation of unhelpful beliefs about sleep. Measures have been developed to assist in assessing for the use of safety behaviors in insomnia and monitoring for sleep-related threats. Measures have been developed to assist in assessing for the use of safety behaviors in insomnia and monitoring for sleep-related threats. The former is known as the sleep-related behaviors questionnaire; the latter is known as the sleep associated monitoring index.
Effects of naloxone on motion sickness in cats alone and with broad spectrum antiemetics

Doses of naloxone far below those which elicit emesis increase the sensitivity to motion sickness. In order to evaluate the possible interaction with broad spectrum antiemetics, low doses of naloxone were tested alone and in combination with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamine)tetralin (DPAT), fentanyl and the NK1 antagonist CP-99994. A modified autonomic symptom rating scale was unaffected by any drug and thus considered of little value. Fentanyl and NK1 antagonists decreased the duration of the retch/vomit sequence. Naloxone alone and in combination with each of the drugs increased the duration of retching/vomiting. Naloxone also increased the number of vomiting sequences. The results are interpreted in terms of possible site(s) of action of the antiemetic drugs.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the oncology patient

Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Oncology patients are particularly at risk of this infection secondary to frequent exposure to known risk factors. In a population in which diarrhea is a common adverse effect of chemotherapeutic regimens, diagnosis can be challenging secondary to current limitations in testing to differentiate between colonization and active infection. Although several currently available antimicrobial therapies achieve resolution of symptoms in this population, further research is needed to determine which agent least affects the host intestinal microbiota, especially in times of neutropenia and mucosal barrier injury. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of C difficile-associated diarrhea in the oncology population.
Multiple Electrolyte and Metabolic Emergencies in a Single Patient.

While some electrolyte disturbances are immediately life-threatening and must be emergently treated, others may be delayed without immediate adverse consequences. We discuss a patient with alcoholism and diabetes mellitus type 2 who presented with volume depletion and multiple life-threatening electrolyte and metabolic derangements including severe hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration [] 107 mEq/L), hypophosphatemia (“undetectable,” <1.0 mg/dL), and hypokalemia (2.2 mEq/L), moderate diabetic ketoacidosis ([DKA], pH 7.21, serum anion gap [] 37) and hypocalcemia (ionized calcium 4.0 mg/dL), mild hypomagnesemia (1.6 mg/dL), and electrocardiogram with prolonged QTc. Following two liters of normal saline and associated increase in by 4 mEq/L and serum osmolality by 2.4 mosm/Kg, renal service was consulted. We were challenged with minimizing the correction of (or effective serum osmolality) to avoid the osmotic demyelinating syndrome while replacing volume, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium and concurrently treating DKA. Our management plan was further complicated by an episode of significant aquaresis. A stepwise approach was strategized to prioritize and correct all disturbances with considerations that the treatment of one condition could affect or directly worsen another. The current case demonstrates that a thorough understanding of electrolyte physiology is required in managing complex electrolyte disturbances to avoid disastrous outcomes.
Beyond the roots of human inaction: Fostering collective effort toward ecosystem conservation

The term “environmental problem” exposes a fundamental misconception: Disruptions of Earth’s ecosystems are at their root a human behavior problem. Psychology is a potent tool for understanding the external and internal drivers of human behavior that lead to unsustainable living. Psychologists already contribute to individual-level behavior-change campaigns in the service of sustainability, but attention is turning toward understanding and facilitating the role of individuals in collective and collaborative actions that will modify the environmentally damaging systems in which humans are embedded. Especially crucial in moving toward long-term human and environmental well-being are transformational individuals who step outside of the norm, embrace ecological principles, and inspire collective action. Particularly in developed countries, fostering legions of sustainability leaders rests upon a fundamental renewal of humans’ connection to the natural world.
From Plato to Pythagoras: The Scholae mathematicae

Ramus’s great contribution to the history of mathematics, the Prooemium mathematicum, was written in a time of confessional strife, both in France and in Ramus’s own life. Some time in 1561 or 1562, Ramus converted to the Reformed religion – to no one’s surprise, since many had long suspected that he had secretly embraced Protestantism. In 1562, when Calvinists were expelled from Paris, Ramus – by then one of the most famous scholars in the world – was given royal safe-passage to Fontainebleau.1 He worked in the library there for several months, reworking the lectures on mathematics that he had developed over several years. These mature thoughts on mathematics and history would eventually be published in two versions: the Prooemium mathematicum of 1567, and the Scholae mathematicae of 1569, which contained the three books of the Prooemium scarcely altered, plus another 28 books of criticism of Euclid, extending his brief remarks of the 1555 Arithmetic in exhausting detail.2 I will argue in this chapter that Ramus’s elaborate reworking of his history of mathematics bears witness to the religious and civil strife that overtook France in those years, as well as to the academic conflicts in which Ramus found himself embroiled in the University of Paris and the College Royale.