cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant response to the management of fluid and solid N fertilizers applied to furrow-irrigated corn

The use of fluid fertilizers has increased in recent years. Plant response to field management practices of fluid and solid N fertilizers in furrow-irrigated field studies has not been well-documented. This research studied the response of corn (Zea mays L.) to several field management practices of fluid and solid N fertilizers applied at several rates. Corn grown with sidedressed applications of the fluid fertilizers, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and 18-0-0+7Ca, generally had higher grain yields, higher yield efficiencies, higher ear populations, larger seed size, more kernels per ear, and a higher ear leaf N concentration than corn grown with preplant broadcast treatments of urea, ammonium nitrate (AN), and UAN. In 1988, corn grown with 280 kg N ha−1 of AN applied preplant broadcast had a lower grain yield, yield efficiency, kernels per ear, and ear leaf N concentration, while ear population and kernel size were unchanged, in comparison to split applications of UAN at 224 kg N ha−1. In 1989, corn grown with three split applications of UAN at 280 kg N ha−1 had a higher grain yield and produced more kernels per ear without affecting yield efficiency, ear population, kernel size, or ear leaf N concentration compared with treatments at the 224 kg N ha−1 rate. Use of split, side-dressed N management practices in furrow-irrigated corn should eliminate the need to use excessive N rates while maintaining grain yields and other plant responses, resulting in more efficient N use than traditionally achieved.
Compressed and Saturated Liquid Densities for 18 Halogenated Organic Compounds

The pressure−density−temperature P(ρ,T) behavior of 18 liquids that are potential working fluids in thermal machinery has been measured using a vibrating tube densimeter. For each liquid, the data were taken on isotherms spaced at intervals of 5 K to 10 K spanning the temperature range 245 K to 370 K. The pressures ranged from just above the vapor pressure (or the critical pressure) to 6500 kPa. The results of measurements at more than 12 000 thermodynamic points are summarized by correlating functions. Comparison with data from other laboratories indicates that the relative expanded uncertainty in the measured densities is less than 0.05%, except in the critical region. The repeatability of the measured densities is on the order of 0.005%. For each liquid, the P(ρ,T) data were extrapolated to the vapor pressure to obtain the density of the liquid at the vapor pressure. The fluids studied (and their designations by the refrigeration industry) were trichlorofluoromethane (R11), chlorodifluoromethane (R22),...
Monoclonal Antibody 4F2 Reactive with Basal Layer Keratinocytes: Studies in the Normal and a Hyperproliferative State

To establish a method for separating different keratinocyte subpopulations in the epidermis, we studied the specificity of monoclonal antibody 4F2 for keratinocytes. Preliminary screening experiments had previously demonstrated 4F2 reactivity with the epidermis. 4F2 reacted with a subpopulation (19.29 ± 5.23%) of human epidermal cells in suspension. The membrane antigen identified by 4F2 continues to be expressed by cultured keratinocytes. In frozen tissue section using an indirect immunofluorescence technique, the 4F2-positive cells in the basal layer are sharply demarcated from the negative suprabasilar layers. Even in the hyperproliferative state of psoriasis, the 4F2 reactivity is confined to the basal layer. Cell suspensions of psoriatic epidermis demonstrated a greater percentage of reactivity with 4F2 (49.51% ± 6.50%), probably reflecting the expanded population of basal layer cells. Monoclonal 4F2, therefore, reacts with a membrane antigen present on basal keratinocytes, and provides a probe for use in the isolation of the basal keratinocyte subpopulation. Thus, this antibody should be useful in studies of normal and aberrant differentiation of the epidermis.
The influence of the nonrecent past in prediction for stochastic processes

Abstract Consider the stochastic processes X1, X2,… and Λ1, Λ2,… where the X process can be thought of as observations on the Λ process. We investigate the asymptotic behavior of the conditional distributions of Xt+v given X1,…, Xt and Λt+v given X1,…, Xt with regard to their dependency on the “early” part of the X process. These distributions arise in various time series and sequential decision theory problems. The results support the intuitively reasonable and often used (as a basic tenet of model building) assumption that only the more recent past is needed for near optimal prediction.
Tentative Interpretation of the Rydberg Series Converging to the A2Πu State of N+2

Abstract Assignments are suggested for the strong unidentified bands which appear in the absorption spectrum of N 2 below 83.0 nm. They are proposed to be the 1 Π u Rydberg states belonging to series converging to the A 2 Π u state of N + 2 .
Short-Term Regulation of Neuronal Calcium Channels by Depolarization

The 1,4-dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-gated Ca2+ channel is widely distributed in excitable cells. The channel and its several associated drug binding sites are known to be up- and downregulated by a variety of homologous and heterologous influences including membrane depolarization. The neurosecretory GH4C1 cell line possesses L-type channels. Depolarization of these cells by elevated K+ increases the binding affinity of 1,4-dihydropyridines and decreases the number of 1,4-dihydropyridine binding sites and functional channels. There is a coordinate upregulation of the number of muscarinic receptors. This membrane potential- and Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent process of channel downregulation may involve internalization of the channel heteromeric complex or, more plausibly, a dissociation of the complex and a concomitant loss of both binding and permeation functions.
Form similarity via Levenshtein distance between ortho-filtered logarithmic ruling-gap ratios

Geometric invariants are combined with edit distance to compare the ruling configuration of noisy filled-out forms. It is shown that gap-ratios used as features capture most of the ruling information of even low-resolution and poorly scanned form images, and that the edit distance is tolerant of missed and spurious rulings. No preprocessing is required and the potentially time-consuming string operations are performed on a sparse representation of the detected rulings. Based on edit distance, 158 Arabic forms are classified into 15 groups with 89% accuracy. Since the method was developed for an application that precludes public dissemination of the data, it is illustrated on public-domain death certificates.
Serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and failing to thrive (FTT) in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ♦ 719

Previous studies have suggested that certain proinflammatory cytokines mediate the cachexia that accompanies acute inflammation in addition to mediating the initiation of immune defenses against an invading pathogen. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha has been consistently implicated as a cause of cachexia and IL-6 is more recently being proposed as a mediator of the wasting associated with chronic disease, such as in HIV infection. Elevated levels of IL-6 in serum and CSF have been found in patients with AIDS. We evaluated IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels by ELISA from serum obtained at times of routine examination in HIV+ children who were growing normally (Group 1), and in those with abnormal growth (Group 2, 3), to examine the association between cytokine derangement of HIV infection and poor growth. Age, mean CD4 count, and CDC stages were also compared. Table
Characteristics of (3H) Estrogen and (3H) Progestin Uptake and Effects of Progesterone on (3H) Estrogen Uptake in Brain, Anterior Pituitary and Peripheral Tissues of Male and Female Guinea Pigs

In Exp. 1, whole homogenate and nuclear fraction uptake patterns of radioactivity were measured in several tissues 1, 2 and 6 h after injection of (3 H) estradiol-17/3 to gonadectomized male and female guinea pigs. In general, in both fractions the pattern of accumulated radioactivity was the same for males and females (uterus and sminal vesicle>anterior pituitary>hypothalamus cortex). However, a sex difference was noted in the time of peak estrogen uptake. The peak for females was at 1 h, whereas in males peak radioactivity in target tissues was observed at 2 h. Males and females showed equivalent levels of estrogen uptake in target tissues at 2 h but by 6 h levels in males began to decline, though not significantly, to a level lower than females. The results are consistent with a role for estrogen in central and peripheral tissues of male as well as female guinea pigs, and suggest a basis for the lesser sensitivity of males than females to estrogen on a variety of measures. Experiments 2 and 3 assessed whole homogenate and nuclear uptake of radioactivity in several tissues 15 mm and 2 h after injection of (3 H) progesterone to ovariectomized, estrogen-primed guinea pigs. Only uterus accumulated radioactivity in the nuclear fraction much above background. Negligible levels of radioactivity were accumulated in cell nuclei of anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, midbrain and cortex. Likewise, only uterine radioactivity was found to be saturable when animals were pretreated with an excess of unlabelled progesterone. The effect of progesterone pretreatment on whole homogenate and nuclear uptake of radioactivity 2 or 6 h after injection of (3 H) estradiol-1 7/3 was examined in several tissues of ovariectomized guinea pigs either primed or not primed with unlabelled estradiol-1 7/3. In no case was neural uptake of radioactivity affected by the progesterone pretreatment.
Effect of measurement on the periodicity of the Coulomb staircase of a superconducting box.

We report on the effect of the backaction of a single Cooper pair transistor electrometer ($\mathbf{E}$) on the charge state of a superconducting box ($\mathbf{B}$). The charge is $e$ periodic in the gate bias of $\mathbf{B}$ when $\mathbf{E}$ is operated near voltages $2\ensuremath{\Delta}/e$ or $4\ensuremath{\Delta}/e$. We show that this is due to quasiparticle poisoning of $\mathbf{B}$ at a rate proportional to the number of quasiparticle tunneling events in $\mathbf{E}$ per second. We are able to eliminate this backaction and recover $2e$-charge periodicity using a new measurement method based on switching-current modulation of $\mathbf{E}$.
A "Design First" Approach to Visualization Innovation

The design-first approach focuses on the initial design of a visualization without the overhead of data and system requirements. Two case studies that used this technique show how a nontechnical approach can be successful at eliciting thought-provoking visualization solutions without the need for sample data.
ANALYTICAL RADIATION SHIELDING CALCULATIONS FOR CONCRETE: FORMULAS AND PARAMETERS.

Abstract Formulas for analytical radiation shielding calculations are discussed in view of their applicability to concrete shielding. Based on neutron removal-diffusion theory and gamma-ray buildup factors, they provide a reasonable tool to compare shielding properties of different concretes. Therefore, parameters for these formulas were calculated from recent cross sections. A sample calculation is given for the concrete tested at the Oak Ridge National laboratory (USA) Tower Shielding Facility.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism Masquerading as Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Compare the clinical features of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and inborn errors of metabolism. 2. Review the metabolic disorders that may present with isolated neonatal seizures. 3. Review the metabolic disorders that may present with lactic acidosis, hypotonia, and systemic involvement. 4. Compare patterns of brain injury in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and inborn errors of metabolism. Because inborn errors of metabolism can present in the neonatal period with neurologic distress, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan system involvement, similar to features encountered in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), an underlying metabolic disorder may go undiagnosed unless the clinician maintains a high index of suspicion and performs appropriate diagnostic testing. Although expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) undoubtedly will detect many children who have metabolic disorders, this testing will not necessarily find neonates who have metabolic disorders that present with HIE-like features. In such cases, specialized testing of blood, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) frequently is necessary to make the diagnosis and allow accurate genetic counseling. HIE typically occurs in term infants (gestation >37 wk) who display signs of distress before delivery, require resuscitation at birth, and develop neurologic abnormalities in the first 24 hours after delivery. (1) Perinatal asphyxia affects 3 to 5 infants per 1,000 live births, with encephalopathy occurring in 25% and death in an additional 30%. (2)(3) Although inborn errors of metabolism are rare individually, as a group they affect approximately 1 in 1,000 neonates, (4) mandating inclusion in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with nonspecific features suggestive of sepsis or asphyxia. Three criteria are essential to diagnose the presence of an acute intrapartum hypoxic event: 1) evidence of a metabolic acidosis in intrapartum fetal, umbilical arterial cord, or very early neonatal blood sample (pH <7.00 and base deficit ≥12 mmol/L); 2) …
Examining differences in local collagen fiber crimp frequency throughout mechanical testing in a developmental mouse supraspinatus tendon model.

Crimp morphology is believed to be related to tendon mechanical behavior. While crimp has been extensively studied at slack or nondescript load conditions in tendon, few studies have examined crimp at specific, quantifiable loading conditions. Additionally, the effect of the number of cycles of preconditioning on collagen fiber crimp behavior has not been examined. Further, the dependence of collagen fiber crimp behavior on location and developmental age has not been examined in the supraspinatus tendon. Local collagen fiber crimp frequency is quantified throughout tensile mechanical testing using a flash freezing method immediately following the designated loading protocol. Samples are analyzed quantitatively using custom software and semi-quantitatively using a previously established method to validate the quantitative software. Local collagen fiber crimp frequency values are compared throughout the mechanical test to determine where collagen fiber frequency changed. Additionally, the effect of the number of preconditioning cycles is examined compared to the preload and toe-region frequencies to determine if increasing the number of preconditioning cycles affects crimp behavior. Changes in crimp frequency with age and location are also examined. Decreases in collagen fiber crimp frequency were found at the toe-region at all ages. Significant differences in collagen fiber crimp frequency were found between the preload and after preconditioning points at 28 days. No changes in collagen fiber crimp frequency were found between locations or between 10 and 28 days old. Local collagen fiber crimp frequency throughout mechanical testing in a postnatal developmental mouse SST model was measured. Results confirmed that the uncrimping of collagen fibers occurs primarily in the toe-region and may contribute to the tendon’s nonlinear behavior. Additionally, results identified changes in collagen fiber crimp frequency with an increasing number of preconditioning cycles at 28 days, which may have implications on the measurement of mechanical properties and identifying a proper reference configuration.
Cocaine-induced turning behavior in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions: effect of transplants of fetal substantia nigra.

Rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway were examined for cocaine-induced rotational behavior 1 month after receiving transplants of fetal substantia nigra grafted over the dopamine (DA)-deafferented striatum. The ipsiversive rotational behavior induced by cocaine was significantly reduced as compared with the pre-transplantation baseline, and occurred only during the first 2 min after injection. In all rats with transplants, cocaine induced strong contraversive rotation starting after 2–3 min and lasting for 10–15 min. This contraversive rotation, which was never observed in response to cocaine in rats prior to transplantation or in rats with sham transplants, was reproduced using nomifensine and GBR 12909, but not imipramine and fluoxetine. These results indicate that the transplant-reinnervated striatum responds selectively and in an exaggerated fashion to the actions of DA uptake inhibitors.
Effect of Neutron Radiation on the Vaporization of Ammonium Perchlorate

case of the constant directional pressure, two different answers exist. This is so because the fundamental path, in this particular case, is unstable.' The lower value of 3.27 is an upper bound and corresponds to the case of the nonvanishing mean rotation. In this case, the ring is allowed to slide freely on a single fixed axis while the higher value of 4 corresponds to the case when the ring is allowed to slide freely on a fixed cross. The classical buckling load of all 3 cases otherwise agrees with the well-known ones. Finally, we might mention that the only initial post buckling behavior study of the ring under external pressure known to the Author is that of Ref. 3 for the cases of hydrostatic and constant directional pressure. However, the conclusion drawn there that the ring is imperfection sensitive is erroneous due to inadequate formulations. The stability performance of the ring is dominated by bending and not membrane energy. This is the case with all structures with geometry and boundary conditions which allows quasiinextensional deformation. To obtain the expected rise in the post buckling path, we have to consider nonlinear terms in the expression for the rotation. However, such terms are neglected in the expression for rotation used in Ref. 3. The Sanders' equations are appropriate only for problems in which the middle-surface membrane energy is dominating. Also, the two possible ways of holding the ring in space were omitted in Ref. 3. A similar result for the ring in an elastic foundation was given in Ref. 4. Thus, the ring possesses a symmetric stable point of bifurcation for a variety of loading and supporting conditions.
Differential sensitivity of C3 and C4 turfgrass species to increasing atmospheric vapor pressure deficit

Abstract Temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) effects on turfgrass growth are almost always confounded in experiments because VPD commonly is substantially increased in elevated-temperature treatments. The objective of this study as to examine specifically the influence of VPD on transpiration response of four ‘warm-season’ (C 4 ) and four ‘cool-season’ (C 3 ) turfgrasses to increasing VPD at a stable temperature (29.3 ± 1.5 °C). Although transpiration rates were noticeably lower in C 4 grasses, transpiration rates increased linearly in response to increasing VPD across the range of 0.8–3.0 kPa. In contrast, transpiration rates of C 3 increased sharply with increasing VPD across the range of low VPDs, but became constrained at higher VPDs (>1.35 kPa). Restricted transpiration rate at elevated VPD was most evident in Agrostis palustris and Lolium perenne . Assuming restricted transpiration rates reflect a limitation on leaf CO 2 uptake, these results indicate that the commonly observed decline in growth of C 3 (and success of C 4 ) grasses at elevated temperature may include a sensitivity to elevated VPD.
Interaction of S100a0Protein with the Actin Capping Protein, CapZ: Characterization of a Putative S100a0Binding Site in CapZα-Subunit

Abstract S100a 0 , a Ca 2+ -binding protein expressed predominantly in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues, was demonstrated by chemical cross-linking to interact in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner with the actin capping protein CapZ. TRTK-12, a peptide contained within the COOH-terminal region of CapZα, inhibited S100a 0 : CapZ interaction in a dose-dependent manner. TRTK-12 was shown by cross-linking to bind S100a 0 in the presence of Ca 2+ , and by fluorescence spectrophotometry to interact in a saturable manner with the anionic phospholipid and a regulator of CapZ activity, phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate; but not with the neutral phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine. These data suggest S100a 0 and polyphosphoinositides bind to the same COOH-terminal region of CapZα, thus potentially modulating CapZ activity.
Sphingosine-1 Phosphate: A New Player in Osteoimmunology

Osteoclasts, the cells that degrade bone, differentiate from bone marrow-derived myeloid precursors. Recent work by Ishii et al. shows that sphingosine-1 phosphate in blood attracts osteoclast precursors into the bloodstream to keep them away from bone surfaces. These findings point to a novel mechanism to inhibit bone degradation and prevent bone loss.
MO-E-AUD-04: Automated Linear Accelerator Quality Assurance Using a Commercial Cylindrical Calibration Phantom

Purpose: Precise mechanical operation of a linear accelerator is critical for accurate dose delivery. Available quantitative procedures for the linac mechanical quality assurance (QA) are time consuming and therefore conducted on a relatively infrequent basis. We present a method for evaluating the mechanical performance of a linac based on a series of projection portal images of a prototype cylindrical calibration phantom with embedded markers. Method and Materials: We used non‐linear multiobjective optimization of information extracted from the images to determine a number of geometric parameters of interest. The markers detection included modeling the imager response to radiation beams where significantly non‐uniform background was expected. Results: The average results for the parameters of our geometric linacmodel were: gantry angle deviation 0.066 ± 0.085° (1 SD), gantry sag 0.026 ± 0.02°, imager in‐plane rotation 0.026 ± 0.055°, roll — 0.082 ± 0.16° and pitch −0.9 ± 0.604°, SDD 1489.7 ± 5 mm, SAD 998 .3 ± 1.7 mm, and the imager shift [− 0.66,3.9]±[0.30,1.6] mm. The results were corrected for the phantom center shift relative to the linac rotational center. The average rotational center was 〈R rot 〉 = [0.0±0.0012, 0.11±1.38, 0.08±0.98] mm . The average couch height and angle variations were 0.15±0.9 mm and 0.154±0.1°, respectively. The image analysis quality was examined by comparing the detected set of marker coordinates to its simulated counterpart for three regions of the phantom image: central, near the edge and the intermediate region (relative to the central line of the cylinder). The upper limit of the mean difference was less than 0.25 mm with the cumulative mean of 0.146 mm and SD of 0.07 mm. The results of the primary optimization of directly detected marker coordinates virtually coincided with their counterparts based on the simulated coordinates for all the geometric parameters of the model. Conclusion: This procedure is accurate and automated, which allows precise mechanic QA to be performed more frequently. Conflict of Interest: partially supported by Varian Medical Systems.
A resolution of the controversy on tunneling in Nb

Abstract Conventionally acceptable values of the superconducting parameters λ and δ∗ can be obtained from published “anomalous” tunneling data from thermally oxidized Nb junctions by the assumption of a weak superconductor surface layer, most probably NbO, and an appropriately extended analysis.
A fluorescent “off–on–off” proton switch derived from natural products and further studies of first-generation fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) systems

Two new second generation fluorescent switches that are based on the chromophore–spacer–receptor architecture are reported in this paper. The fluorescence modulation of these switches is a result of quenching or initiating photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the chromophore and the receptors due to cation binding. These two molecules utilize an alkaloid, anabasine, as the proton receptor, and function as fluorescent off–on–off switches with decreasing pH. One of these molecules also utilizes a coumarin as the chromophore, making it the first rationally designed fluorescent PET system based on natural products. Further studies of two well-known first generation fluorescent switches to achieve more complex fluorescence modulation are also reported in this paper.
Effects of resveratrol on the G0-G1 transition and cell cycle progression of mitogenically stimulated human lymphocytes

Resveratrol (RSV) has been suggested to have cancer preventive properties, on the basis that it suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in various tumor cells. Here we test its cytostatic effects on peripheral blood human lymphocytes. RSV (up to 50 microM) had no detectable effects on resting lymphocytes. With the mitogen phytohemagglutin (PHA), however, RSV elicited concentration- and time-dependent responses in lymphocytes. RSV (>/=50 microM) prevented cell entry into the cell cycle, resulting in 99% suppression at 100 microM. The arrested lymphocytes following 24h treatment with 50 microM RSV had minimal RNA content, the feature characteristic of G(0) cells, and were blocked at the stage past the induction of cyclins D2 and D3 and prior to induction of cyclin E. Prolonged treatment (72h) of PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with 100 microM RSV showed a pronounced decrease in the expression of pRb, cyclins E and B, and reduction in p34cdc2 and PCNA. The activation-induced apoptosis was also reduced in the presence of >/=50 microM RSV. These data suggest that studies designed to test RSV efficacy as a chemopreventive agent should include evaluation of its immunomodulatory effect revealed by suppression of lymphocyte stimulation as well as its effect on apoptosis of stimulated lymphocytes.
The BioPAX Validator

Summary: BioPAX is a community-developed standard language for biological pathway data. A key functionality required for efficient BioPAX data exchange is validation—detecting errors and inconsistencies in BioPAX documents. The BioPAX Validator is a commandline tool, Java library and online web service for BioPAX that performs 4100 classes of consistency checks. Availability and implementation: The validator recognizes common syntactic errors and semantic inconsistencies and reports them in a customizable human readable format. It can also automatically fix some errors and normalize BioPAX data. Since its release, the validator has become a critical tool for the pathway informatics community, detecting thousands of errors and helping substantially increase the conformity and uniformity of BioPAX-formatted data. The BioPAX Validator is open source and released under LGPL v3 license. All sources, binaries and documentation can be found at sf.net/p/ biopax, and the latest stable version of the web application is available at biopax.org/validator.
Building a Self-Healing Operating System

User applications and data in volatile memory are usually lost when an operating system crashes because of errors caused by either hardware or software faults. This is because most operating systems are designed to stop working when some internal errors are detected despite the possibility that user data and applications might still be intact and recoverable. Techniques like exception handling, code reloading, operating system component isolation, micro-rebooting, automatic system service restarts, watchdog timer based recovery and transactional components can be applied to attempt self-healing of an operating system from a wide variety of errors. Fault injection experiments show that these techniques can be used to continue running user applications after transparently recovering the operating system in a large percentage of cases. In cases where transparent recovery is not possible, individual process recovery can be attempted as a last resort.
A factor-graph approach to the context-tree weighting method

Factor graphs (FG) are graphical models with origins in coding theory. The sum-product and the max-product algorithms (SPA/MPA), which operate by message passing in an FG, subsume a great variety of algorithms in coding, signal processing, and artificial intelligence. This paper aims at showing that it is possible to give an FG/SPA interpretation of one of the best data compression algorithms, namely the context-tree weighting (CTW) method. An arithmetic encoder/decoder needs the conditional probabilities of the next symbol can be obtained by performing the SPA on the FG which represents the joint pmf/pdf of all occuring random variables. Once the CTW algorithm is formulated in the FG/SPA-framework, new extensions of the algorithm become readily apparent.
An adaptive security model for mobile agents in wireless networks

In this paper, we have proposed an adaptive security scheme for denial of service security threats in mobile agent system based on wireless ad hoc network environment. This model is based on a fuzzy feedback controller and allows the ad hoc mobile network user to select the security level and requirement he/she needs. Our model integrates the existing security techniques in providing adaptive security for mobile agents in ad hoc network. The goal of the proposed scheme is to provide a security framework that will detect automatically various attacks and then take appropriate measures to deal with the attack. We have simulated the proposed scheme and conducted experiments for selected denial of service attacks.
60% efficient 10-GHz power amplifier with dynamic drain bias control

This paper describes the design, implementation, and characterization of a high-efficiency 10-GHz amplifier with dynamic drain bias control that maintains high efficiency over a range of output power levels. The power amplifier (PA) operates in class-E switched mode with 67% drain efficiency at an output power of 20.3 dBm, 0.7 dB less than the specified maximum power for the device. A coupler and detector at the output of the PA provide a feedback signal to the drain-bias controller based on a 96% efficient Buck dc-dc converter. When compared with a PA with constant drain bias (4 V), the average efficiency of the PA with dynamic biasing is improved by a factor of 1.4. Over an output power between 15-20 dBm, the drain bias varies from 2 to 4 V, and the efficiency improves from 22% to 65% at the lower power level. The efficiency includes the losses in the dc-dc converter.
Keeping a Rural Psychology Presence Alive

Rural communities were brought into the national mental health picture in the 1960s in President John F. Kennedy’s Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1962. The delivery of services and the human resource application of that act designated rural areas as underserved, in need of some attention. Training programs in psychology, psychiatry, social work, and nursing focused some efforts to produce professional people who could work in the rural environment. As federal initiatives in community mental health have changed, the stimuli for the continued development of rural services have lagged. A thread of concern has lingered, however, as the article by Jameson and Blank (2007) demonstrates.
Scientific Racism, Insurance, and Opposition to the Welfare State: Frederick L. Hoffman's Transatlantic Journey

Frederick Ludwig Hoffman, statistician and insurance executive, was a formidable opponent of the emerging welfare state during the Progressive Era. As a vice president of the Prudential Insurance Company of Newark, New Jersey, Hoffman led a relentless campaign against proposals for government-ran compulsory health insurance between 1915 and 1920. While he acted in the interests of his insurance company employer, Hoffman's opposition also arose from his ardent beliefs about the nature of welfare states. Social insurance and other forms of state-organized assistance, Hoffman claimed, represented “alien governmental theories” based on “paternalism and coercion,” especially since they originated in autocratic Germany, where in 1885 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck had created the world's first sickness insurance system. “In so far as our right to oppose compulsory health insurance is concerned,” explained Hoffman, “it [is] the duty of every American to oppose German ideas of government control and state socialism.” In the anti-German atmosphere engendered by the First World War, his arguments had particular resonance.
Metamorphosis in Tokophrya infusionum; an Electron‐Microscope Study

SYNOPSIS. In Tokophrya infusionum metamorphosis from a ciliated swimming embryo to a sessile organism with a stalk, disc, and tentacles lasts only 3 minutes. The remarkable speed of meta-morphosis was clarified by an electron-microscope study of embryos before and during metamorphosis. Ultrathin sections have revealed that the embryo has at the anterior end of the body a number of specialized structures, such as dense bodies containing the precursor material for the disc and stalk, and microtubules which align the dense bodies into rows leading to pit-kite invaginations of the pellicle at the tip of the anterior end. At meta-morphosis the embryo settles down on this end and the precursor material is released thru the pits to the outside. At the same time the body of the embryo invaginates at this end, forming a cavity which becomes deeper and narrower until it acquires the shape of a channel. The 1st drops released from the dense bodies spread out on the substrate, forming the disc. The rest of the material, secreted into the channel, solidifies there to form the stalk. It seems obvious that the channel serves as a mold for the stalk, since after completion of the stalk the channel disappears. The stalk is structureless with no limiting membrane; it is outside the boundaries of the cell. Both the stalk and disc are extra-cellular organelles. Of the new organelles appearing at metamorphosis, only the stalk and disc are formed de novo. The electron-microscope study disclosed that the embryo has internal parts of tentacles composed of a tube formed of microtubules. At the distal end of the microtubules is a ring of dense material. During metamorphosis the microtubules, together with the dense ring, grow out of the body, and along with them the pellicle and plasma membrane to form the external part of the tentacle.
Maerozooplankton of a deep sea hydrothermal vent: In situ rates of oxygen consumption1

Oxygen consumption rates of mixed macrozooplankton from the vicinity of a deep sea hydrothermal vent system were measured with a three-chambered slurp-gun respirometer manipulated by the submersible Alvin at one vent station, clam acres (2,615-m depth), on the axis of the East Pacific Rise at 2 1”N. Diffuse warm-water effluents (125°C) along crevices between pillow lava formations were densely populated with epibenthic megafauna. In sharp contrast, the surrounding nonvent area had similar physical features but few visible fauna. Four plankton collections were made in the vent area and two in the nonvent area on two separate dives. Vent and nonvent plankton were dominated, numerically and gravimetrically, by a Calanoid copepod, Isaacsicalanus paucisetus. Abundance and biomass of the mixed plankton were highest over the vent area and decreased by as much as two orders of magnitude over the nonvent area. Although weight-specific oxygen consumption rates of plankton from the vent and nonvent areas, measured at the same ambient temperature (1.6”C) were of similar magnitude (1.68-4.26 ~1 O2 mg-l dry wt d-l), both were one to two orders of magnitude lower than published rates for surface-water mixed plankton. Oxygen consumption rates per cubic meter ranged from 564.5 ~1 0, m-3 d-l at one vent site to 4.3 over the nonvent area. Vent and nonvent rates of oxygen consumption per cubic meter fall within the range of values previously measured for mixed macrozooplankton from surface waters to bathypelagic depths.
Diffusion of hydrogen and deuterium in Zr-Al

Optimization of getter performance necessitates a detailed understanding of the getter operation for a variety of experimental parameters, including pressure, temperature, getter mass, and getter thickness. For pumping at low pressures or during slow desorption, the getter operation will be dependent primarily on surface kinetics, which have been described previously. During pumping at higher pressures or during rapid desorption, bulk diffusion may play an important role. In this paper we present the first measurements of the diffusivities of hydrogen (D/sub H/) and deuterium (D/sub D/) in Zr-Al as determined from detailed analysis of desorption.
Is There a Cost to Convenience? An Experimental Comparison of Data Quality in Laboratory and Online Studies

Increasingly, experimental research is being conducted on the Internet in addition to the laboratory. Online experiments are more convenient for subjects and researchers, but we know little about how the choice of study location affects data quality. To investigate whether respondent behavior differs across study location, we randomly assign subjects to participate in a study in a laboratory or in an online setting. Contrary to our expectations, we find few differences between participants in terms of the level of attention and socially desirable responding. However, we find significant differences in two areas: the degree of selfreported distractions while completing the questionnaire and the tendency to consult outside sources for answers to political knowledge questions. We conclude that when the greater convenience (and higher response rates) of online experiments outweighs these disadvantages, Internet administration of randomized experiments represent an alternative to laboratory administration.
The Army Selected Reserve Dental Readiness System: overview, assessment, and recommendations.

ABSTRACTThe Army Selected Reserve Dental Readiness System (ASDRS) is a key dental program directed by the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) starting in fiscal year 09. The Army National Guard and Army Reserve have steadily implemented ASDRS over the past 3 years as a means to improve the historically abysmal dental readiness of the Army Reserve Component (RC). Dental readiness is essential for sustaining an Army RC Operational Force. ASDRS is a tool for RC commanders to provide contract dental readiness care in support of over 558 thousand nonmobilized Selected Reserve Citizen-Soldiers dispersed throughout the 54 states and U.S. territories, at home station before alert, and if necessary after alert (throughout the Army force generation cycle). This article examines the status of ASDRS implementation, assesses its effectiveness in improving Army RC Dental Readiness, and provides Army leadership recommendations regarding the following focus areas: (1) command emphasis, (2) progra...
Mitogenic factor from chronically infected guinea pigs.

A lymphokine produced by antigen stimulated lymphocytes, induces blastogenesis in cultures of lymphocytes which are not sensitive to the specific antigen. The in vitro production of this factor (MF) was accomplished utilizing Peritonea exudate (PE) cells from Coccidioides immitis infected guinea pigs. Production of MF by lymphoid cultures paralleled skin test reactivity of the donor animal. Removal of adherent cells from the PE population did not decrease the production of MF; conversely, a more significant production of MF was effected by the adherent cell depleted populations. Maximal production of MF was achieved at non-adherent cell concentrations from 4 × 106 to 8 × 106 cells/ml. Cell concentrations below 4 × 106/ml produced material which inhibited DM synthesis in test cultures. MF was separated from the inhibitory substance(s) by column chromatography of the crude preparations on Sephadex G-75. Inhibitor(s) eluted in the void volume (Vo), and the MF eluted in an effluent volume (Ve) which was great...
Rapidly Progressive Acute Renal Failure Due to Acyclovir: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Acyclovir nephrotoxicity has been described since the inception of the drug's use more than a decade ago. Acute renal failure mediated by this compound is characterized by abrupt elevations in serum creatinine and a gradual return to baseline renal function on discontinuation of the drug. Drug crystal formation in collecting tubules resulting in an intraparenchymal form of obstructive nephropathy has been suggested as the mechanism for acyclovir nephrotoxicity. The patient we present developed rapidly progressive acute renal failure with concomitant mental status changes in the setting of treatment with high-dose parenteral acyclovir. Acyclovir therapy was discontinued and an open renal biopsy was obtained to further evaluate our patient's diminishing renal function. Pathologic examination of the biopsy specimen revealed loss of proximal tubule brush border and dilated proximal and distal tubules with flattening of lining cells and focal nuclear loss. No crystals were noted. These changes were consistent with acute tubular necrosis with regeneration. Over the next 4 days our patient's renal and neurologic levels recovered to their prehospitalization statuses. It appears that our patient was affected by acyclovir-mediated nephrotoxicity that manifested on biopsy by acute tubular necrosis and the absence of crystalluria or crystal deposition. Intravenous acyclovir treatment can therefore produce rapidly progressive acute neurologic and renal toxicity that is usually reversible. The pathologic changes of acute tubular necrosis must now be included as part of the spectrum of renal damage associated with acyclovir therapy.
Crisis pregnancy center websites: Information, misinformation and disinformation.

Abstract Objective Most states with 24-h waiting periods prior to abortion provide state resource directories to women seeking abortion. Our objective was to evaluate the information on abortion provided on the websites of crisis pregnancy centers listed in these resource directories. Study design We performed a survey of the websites of crisis pregnancy centers referenced in state resource directories for pregnant women. We searched for these state-provided resource directories online. We contacted state Departments of Health and Human Services for a print copy when a directory could not be found online. The crisis pregnancy center websites were evaluated for the information provided on abortion. Standardized data collection tools were used. Descriptive statistics were generated. Results Resource directories of 12 states were procured. A total of 254 websites referring to 348 crisis pregnancy centers were identified. Overall, a total of 203/254 [80%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 75%–84%] of websites provided at least one false or misleading piece of information. The most common misleading or false information included on the websites were a declared link between abortion and mental health risks (122/254 sites; 48%, 95% CI 42%–54%), preterm birth (54/254; 21%, 95% CI 17%–27%), breast cancer (51/254; 20%, 95% CI 16%–25%) and future infertility (32/254; 13%, 95% CI 9%–17%). Conclusion Most crisis pregnancy centers listed in state resource directories for pregnant women provide misleading or false information regarding the risks of abortion. States should not list agencies that provide inaccurate information as resources in their directories.
Diagnosis of Major Secondary Headaches 1, the Basics, Head and Neck Trauma, and Vascular Disorders

The recognition of secondary etiologies is critically important to all those treating patients with headaches. Secondary headaches occur in close temporal relation to another disorder, or there is evidence of a causal relationship. Secondary headache, by definition, should improve or go away within 3 months spontaneously or after successful treatment of the cause. While the ICHD-2 lists eight different classifications of secondary headaches, this clinically focused chapter delves into recognizing red flags, when to order neuroimaging and appropriate laboratory testing, as well as other workup. Posttraumatic headaches must start within 7 days of precipitating trauma and are most often associated with milder headache and neck trauma. They can bring about a syndrome of symptoms frequently best treated with a multidisciplinary plan. Vascular headaches are those associated with ischemia, vasculitis, hemorrhage, or alteration in brain circulation. While stroke, aneurysm, and TIA are considered first, other genetic and mitochondrial abnormalities can result in serious and progressive secondary headache disorders.
Improving prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism: clinical trial results

AbstractBackground:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) incurs considerable socioeconomic costs, partly owing to the fact that the treatment and prevention of VTE via effective thromboprophylaxis remains suboptimal in the inpatient and outpatient settings of many healthcare systems. A number of organizations—including the National Quality Forum, The Joint Commission, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services—have established measures to assess and reduce the healthcare burden of VTE. These improvement strategies focus on increasing the use of thromboprophylaxis, implementing existing guidelines, and improving awareness.Findings:Based on clinical trial results, the oral anti-coagulants rivaroxaban, apixaban, and dabigatran etexilate have been approved in many countries for the prevention of VTE in patients after elective hip or knee replacement surgery. Recently, dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban have also been approved in the US for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-v...
The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology

The circumplex model of affect proposes that all affective states arise from cognitive interpretations of core neural sensations that are the product of two independent neurophysiological systems. This model stands in contrast to theories of basic emotions, which posit that a discrete and independent neural system subserves every emotion. We propose that basic emotion theories no longer explain adequately the vast number of empirical observations from studies in affective neuroscience, and we suggest that a conceptual shift is needed in the empirical approaches taken to the study of emotion and affective psychopathologies. The circumplex model of affect is more consistent with many recent findings from behavioral, cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, and developmental studies of affect. Moreover, the model offers new theoretical and empirical approaches to studying the development of affective disorders as well as the genetic and cognitive underpinnings of affective processing within the central nervous system.