cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NMR spectroscopy of the ligand binding core of ionotropic glutamate receptor 2 bound to 5-substituted willardiine partial agonists

Glutamate receptors mediate neuronal intercommunication in the central nervous system by coupling extracellular neurotransmitter-receptor interactions to ion channel conductivity. To gain insight into structural and dynamical factors that underlie this coupling, solution NMR experiments were performed on the bilobed ligand-binding core of glutamate receptor 2 in complexes with a set of willardiine partial agonists. These agonists are valuable for studying structure-function relationships because their 5-position substituent size is correlated with ligand efficacy and extent of receptor desensitization, whereas the substituent electronegativity is correlated with ligand potency. NMR results show that the protein backbone amide chemical shift deviations correlate mainly with efficacy and extent of desensitization. Pronounced deviations occur at specific residues in the ligand-binding site and in the two helical segments that join the lobes by a disulfide bond. Experiments detecting conformational exchange show that micro- to millisecond timescale motions also occur near the disulfide bond and vary largely with efficacy and extent of desensitization. These results thus identify regions displaying structural and dynamical dissimilarity arising from differences in ligand-protein interactions and lobe closure that may play a critical role in receptor response. Furthermore, measures of line broadening and conformational exchange for a portion of the ligand-binding site correlate with ligand EC(50) data. These results do not have any correlate in the currently available crystal structures and thus provide a novel view of ligand-binding events that may be associated with agonist potency differences.
Cerebroventricular propranolol elevates cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and lowers blood pressure

Ventriculocisternal administration of dl- and d-propranolol produced dose-dependent increases in cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and reductions in blood pressure. A highly significant correlation was found between the increase in norepinephrine and the hypotensive effect. The propranolol-induced hypotension was prevented by intracisternal phentolamine. These data indicate that the hypotensive effect of centrally administered propranolol results from a drug-induced release of norepinephrine, which stimulates central alpha receptors to lower arterial pressure.
SCIENCE, MEDICINE, AND CONFUCIANISM IN THE MAKING OF CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA — LIM BOON KENG AND THE OVERSEAS CHINESE, 1897–1937

AbstractHistorians have argued for the importance of Japan and the United States in shaping the trajectory of science and medicine in Republican China, especially in the regions of North China. This article argues that another understated group of individuals—Overseas Chinese—were influential in leading institutions of Western medicine in China, as well as sharing the latest science knowledge they acquired in the West to audiences in China and Southeast Asia. An example was Lim Boon Keng, a doctor born in Singapore and educated at Edinburgh, who came to lead the first department of health in the Republican government as well as Xiamen University in pre-war China. Chinese reformers as Sun Yat-sen, Tan Kah Kee, Liang Qichao, and Kang Youwei were attracted by Lim’s medical expertise as well as his active participation in the reform movement in Southeast Asia, and invited Lim to participate in the development of medicine and politics in China proper. In addition, Lim’s unique blending of a historical view of ...
Learning and foreign policy: sweeping a conceptual minefield

Do political leaders learn from historical experience, and do the lessons of history influence their foreign policy preferences and decisions? It appears that decision makers are always seeking to avoid the failures of the past and that generals are always fighting the last war. The “lessons of Munich” were invoked by Harry Truman in Korea, Anthony Eden in Suez, John Kennedy in the Cuban Missile Crisis, Lyndon Johnson in Vietnam, and George Bush in the Persian Gulf War. The “lessons of Korea” influenced American debates about Indochina, and the “lessons of Vietnam” were advanced in debates about crises in the Persian Gulf and in Bosnia. Statesmen at Versailles sought to avoid the mistakes of Vienna and those at Bretton Woods, the errors of the Great Depression. Masada still moves the Israelis, and Kosovo drives the Serbs. Inferences from experience and the myths that accompany them often have a far greater impact on policy than is warranted by standard rules of evidence. As J. Steinberg argues, in words that apply equally well to the Munich analogy and the Vietnam syndrome, memories of the British capture of the neutral Danish fleet at Copenhagen in 1807 (the “Copenhagen complex”) “seeped into men's perceptions and became part of the vocabulary of political life,” and it influenced German decision making for a century.
Communal Roost Site Selection in a Neotropical Harvestman: Habitat Limitation vs. Tradition

Many species have been reported to form roosting (resting, sleeping) aggregations at ‘traditional’ sites, but the alternative hypothesis that specific sites are used repeatedly because of habitat limitation is rarely tested. We studied the roosting behavior of a species of harvestman (Opiliones, Prionostemma sp.) at a lowland rainforest site in Nicaragua. Both sexes roosted by day in spiny palm trees, dispersed at dusk to forage, and rejoined aggregations just before dawn. The distribution of harvestmen among spiny palms was significantly clumped, and harvestman density did not correlate with spiny palm density. Aggregations formed repeatedly in a small subset of the available spiny palms and the same sites were used in two different years (2001, 2003). Nevertheless, the membership of aggregations was fluid; individual harvestmen were found at multiple roosts and moved up to 0.2 km per night. Translocated animals often returned to the roost where they had been released or nearby roosts but were never found at previously unused sites. The high consistency of site use but low site fidelity of individuals suggests that roost sites differed conspicuously (to the harvestmen) from sites that were not used. We found no univariate or multivariate differences between used and unused sites, however, in the characteristics of the trees or microclimate. These results conflict with the habitat limitation hypothesis but are consistent with the traditional site use hypothesis. The tradition may be mediated by a site-labeling chemical, a mechanism that does not require individual site fidelity. We discuss these results in relation to the proposed functions of roosting aggregations.
Potential Regulation of Ste20 Function by the Cln1-Cdc28 and Cln2-Cdc28 Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases

The activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheromone signal transduction pathway is regulated by Cln1/2-Cdc28 cyclin-dependent kinase. High level expression of CLN2 can repress activation of the pathway by mating factor or by deletion of the α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein. We now show that CLN2 overexpression can also repress FUS1 induction if the signaling pathway is activated at the level of the β-subunit of the G-protein (STE4) but not when activated at the level of downstream kinases (STE20 and STE11) or at the level of the transcription factor STE12. This epistatic analysis indicates that repression of pheromone signaling pathway by Cln2-Cdc28 kinase takes place at a level around STE20. In agreement with this, a marked reduction in the electrophoretic mobility of the Ste20 protein is observed at the time in the cell cycle of maximal expression of CLN2. This mobility change is constitutive in cells overexpressing CLN2 and absent in cells lackingCLN1 and CLN2. These changes in electrophoretic mobility correlate with repression of pheromone signaling and suggest Ste20 as a target for repression of signaling by G1cyclins. Two morphogenic pathways for which Ste20 is essential, pseudohyphal differentiation and haploid-invasive growth, also requireCLN1 and CLN2. Together with the previous observation that Cln1 and Cln2 are required for the function of Ste20 in cytokinesis, this suggests that Cln1 and Cln2 regulate the biological activity of Ste20 by promoting morphogenic functions, while inhibiting the mating factor signal transduction function.
Linear fractures in the proximal ulna (a frequently missed injury)

Ten cases of linear, hairline fractures of the proximal ulna are presented. These fractures are subtle and frequently missed. However, if one appreciates the underlying mechanism for their production and knows where to look for them, there is far less chance that they will be missed. These fractures can occur alone or in association with other fractures around the elbow, but it is in their isolated form that they are most likely to be missed.
Drug-Induced Liver Injury

Drug-induced liver injury is a frequent cause of hepatic dysfunction. Reliably establishing whether the liver disease was caused by a drug requires the exclusion of other plausible causes and the search for a clinical drug signature. The drug signature consists of the pattern of liver test abnormality, the duration of latency to symptomatic presentation, the presence or absence of immune-mediated hypersensitivity and the response to drug withdrawal. Determination of causality also includes an evaluation of individual susceptibility to drug-induced liver injury. This susceptibility is governed by both genetic and environmental factors. Components of the drug signature in conjunction with certain risk factors have been incorporated into formal scoring systems that are predictive of the likelihood of drug-induced liver injury. The most validated scoring system is the Roussel-Uclaf causality assessment method, which nonetheless retains certain imperfections. Mitigating the potential for drug-induced liver injury is achieved by the identification of toxicity signals during clinical trials and the monitoring of liver tests in clinical practice. There are three signals of liver toxicity in clinical trials: (i) a statistically significant doubling (or more) in the incidence of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation >3 x the upper limit of normal (ULN); (ii) any incidence of serum ALT elevation >8-10 x ULN; and (iii) any incidence of serum ALT elevation >3 x ULN accompanied by a serum bilirubin elevation >2 x ULN. Monitoring of liver tests in clinical practice has shown unconvincing efficacy, but where a benefit-risk analysis would favour continued therapy, monthly monitoring may have some benefit compared with no monitoring at all. With rare exception, treatment of drug-induced liver injury is principally supportive. Drug toxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure, defined as a prolonged prothrombin time (international normalised ratio > or =1.5) and any degree of mental alteration occurring <26 weeks after the onset of illness in a patient without pre-existing cirrhosis. A patient who meets these criteria must be evaluated for liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of drug-induced liver injury can be examined on the basis of the two principal patterns of injury. The hepatocellular pattern is characterised by a predominant rise in the level of transaminases and results from the demise of hepatocytes by means of either apoptosis or necrosis. The cholestatic pattern is characterised by a predominant rise of the serum alkaline phosphatase level and usually results from injury to the bile ductular cells either directly by the drug or its metabolite, or indirectly by an adaptive immune response.
The first case described: monozygotic twin sisters with the fragile X premutation but with a different phenotype for premature ovarian failure.

Objective To describe the first case of monozygotic twin sisters with fragile X premutation and discordance for premature ovarian failure (POF). Design A descriptive case study. Setting Academic center. Patient(s) Monozygotic twin sisters with fragile X premutation and discordance for POF. Intervention(s) Serum laboratory testing, fragile X premutation screening, zygosity testing, X-inactivation ratio and Southern blot studies. Main Outcome Measure(s) Incidence of POF in this twin cohort. Result(s) Zygosity analysis using polymerase chain reaction of 15 polymorphic markers via capillary gel electrophoresis in these patients confirmed their monozygosity. X-inactivation studies were performed using the human androgen receptor ( HUMARA ) gene and revealed similar X-inactivation ratios for both the patient and her sister (11:89 and 12:88, respectively) from peripheral serum samples. Southern blot evaluation of the proband and her sister revealed a similar methylation pattern in which the premutation allele was unmethylated much more than the normal allele. The contribution of the premutation on the active allele as determined by Southern blot analysis was consistent between sisters. Conclusion(s) The inactivation ratio studies and subsequent Southern blot analysis do not show differences between the patients; therefore, we are unable to identify a causative mechanism for the identical sisters' discordant phenotypes. It is possible that the inactivation ratios observed from the peripheral blood specimens obtained from the sisters do not represent the allele expression and skewing present at the level of the ovary.
Nondaily hormonal contraception: considerations in contraceptive choice and patient counseling.

Purpose To review currently available choices for non-daily hormonal contraception, considering efficacy, safety, patient counseling issues, and appropriate patient selection. Data Sources Worldwide medical literature and the individual products' prescribing information. Conclusions Patients and clinicians have many nondaily hormonal contraceptive options available—from Depo-Provera quarterly injection, which has been available in the United States for over 10 years, to several new entries (Mirena 5-year intrauterine system, Lunelle monthly injection, NuvaRing monthly intravaginal ring, and Ortho Evra weekly transdermal patch). All these options offer high efficacy and enhanced convenience for many patients over daily oral contraceptives (OCs). Barriers to use of these agents may include patients’ lack of information as well as fear or misconceptions regarding the hormones and methods. All of these can be addressed with adequate patient counseling and open dialogue. The clinician and patient need to be well-informed regarding these options so that they can work together and identify the best contraceptive fit for the patient—with the ultimate goal being to increase patient satisfaction and adherence and, thus, avoid unintended pregnancy. Implications for Practice Despite the efficacy of OCs, missed pills are quite common and contribute to unintended pregnancy. Many women in all population categories would benefit from the convenience and reliability of nondaily hormonal contraceptives. The highest efficacy rates with typical use are associated with agents that require minimal user participation (i.e., Depo-Provera, Mirena).Compared to daily regimens, all nondaily options offer increased convenience and may contribute to improved patient adherence.However, barriers to use may exist.Patient fears regarding use of hormones can be minimized by discussing the long-term safety of hormonal contraceptives. (The data are predominantly derived from Depo-Provera and OCs because these agents have been available in the United States and in the rest of the world for much longer than the newer nondaily options.) Patient counseling and appropriate expectations regarding changes in menstrual pattern have been demonstrated to further enhance patient adherence to therapy. Finally, patient lifestyle preferences must be considered. The finding that many women are comfortable with or even prefer amenorrhea, which is associated with options such as Depo-Provera, highlights how important it is for clinicians to avoid making assumptions about a patient's contraceptive preferences. Rather, clinicians and patients should exchange information through an open dialogue. For the majority of patients, nondaily hormonal contraceptives should be considered and offered as first-line options.
Behavioral evidence for population structure in Lasioglossum (Dialictus) zephyrum female dispersion patterns

Within-aggregation nest distribution and behavioral interactions between pairs of female Lasioglossum zephyrum were investigated. Within aggregations, nests are contagiously distributed (clumped), and this distribution is not correlated with the particle size of the soil surface. Results of behavioral interactions both in the field and laboratory show that females residing near one another behave as if they are more closely related than females residing at greater distances from one another. The behaviors used are known to be correlated with the degree of relatedness between females. This suggests that females found colonies near their natal nests, producing neighborhoods of related colonies within aggregations of L. zephyrus.
A colorimetric assay for lignin based on its reaction with diazotized sulfanilic acid and its use in studies on lignin biodegradation by bacteria

Studies on lignin biodegradation are considerably hampered by the lack of a simple analytical method. A rapid colorimetric assay for lignin has been developed using its reaction with a diazotized derivative of sulfanilic acid. Using such a method degradation of lignin, by an isolateErwinia sp. Cu3614, and by a genetically engineeredAcinetobacter PE7(pDPE2388) containing the arylether cleaving gene fromErwinia, has been followed.
Female incontinence in childhood: aetiopathogenetic assessment and therapeutic approach.

Treatment regimens for 278 paediatric female patients with anatomical and dysfanctional incontinence are discussed including drug therapy, surgery and bladder training protocols.
Self-organizing sensor networks

In this paper we propose a scheme for self-organizing sensor networks; the scheme allows a sensor network to adapt to topological changes, include new batches of sensors, and disregard the sensors that have depleted their power reserves, or have been compromised. The algorithm for self-organization allows the sensor network to carry out its mission, has built-in provisions for information assurance, and extends the lifetime of the network by reducing the power consumption; it minimizes the number of collisions experienced by a sensor when it transmits and maximizes the time a sensor is either idle or dedicated to monitoring and/or internal data processing.
Phase diagram and critical behavior of the square-lattice Ising model with competing nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor interactions

Using the parallel tempering algorithm and graphics processing unit accelerated techniques, we have performed large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of the Ising model on a square lattice with antiferromagnetic (repulsive) nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor interactions of the same strength and subject to a uniform magnetic field. Both transitions from the (2x1) and row-shifted (2x2) ordered phases to the paramagnetic phase are continuous. From our data analysis, re-entrance behavior of the (2x1) critical line and a bicritical point which separates the two ordered phases at T=0 are confirmed. Based on the critical exponents we obtained along the phase boundary, Suzuki's weak universality seems to hold.
Potential for nitrosamine formation in seven fishery chemicals

Abstract In recent years, nitrosamines have been reported as possible causes of cancer, mutations, or birth defects. Inasmuch as these compounds may be formed by the interaction of certain amines with nitrite in the aquatic environment, we evaluated seven fishery chemicals for their potential to form nitrosamines: the experimental fish toxicant digeranylethanolamine (GD-174); the four therapeutants Terramycin, erythromycin, Hyamine 1622, and Hyamine 3500; and the two tracer dyes rhodamine B and rhodamine WT. The results indicate that the controlled use of the seven fishery chemicals in natural environments will not lead to the formation of nitrosamines.
FLUCTUATION EFFECTS IN THE ac CONDUCTIVITY OF THIN SUPERCONDUCTING LEAD FILMS AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES.

The microwave transmission and reflection coefficients have been measured for thin (150 \AA{}) lead films and for a lead film with thin manganese overlays (total thickness of overlay 5 \AA{}) in the temperature range 5.0-7.3 K at frequencies of 23.89, 37.2, and 69.5 GHz. Well below ${T}_{c} [({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)\ensuremath{\le}0.2 \mathrm{to} 0.3 \mathrm{K}]$, the temperature and frequency dependence of these ratios are in good agreement with theoretical values calculated using the complex conductivities derived by Mattis and Bardeen. Best fits with the experimental results were obtained using complex conductivities corresponding to a superconducting energy gap of $(4.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{k}_{B}{T}_{c}$. Above ${T}_{c}$ both the microwave and dc data implied an excess conductivity for each film studied. This excess conductivity has been attributed to thermodynamic fluctuations in the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter for temperatures near the normal-to-superconducting phase transition. In agreement with the predictions of Aslamazov and Larkin for the two-dimensional limit, the dc measurements indicate a value of 0.152 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}}{{R}_{n}}$. Both the temperature and frequency dependence of the implied excess ac conductivity above ${T}_{c}$ are accounted for by fluctuation-effect calculations of Schmidt. In the temperature region just below ${T}_{c} [({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 \mathrm{K}]$, the experimental results indicate an excess ac conductivity compared to the predictions of the Mattis and Bardeen (MB) theory. Recently, Schmidt has extended his theory of fluctuation effects in the ac conductivity to temperatures below ${T}_{c}$; combining these fluctuation-induced conductivities with those of MB (due to quasiparticles) permits the calculation of transmission coefficients in good agreement with experiment. We believe this to be direct evidence for fluctuation effects in a two-dimensional superconductor in the presence of quasi-long-range order. The deposition of a manganese overlay of approximately 2 \AA{} upon a 150-\AA{} lead film resulted in a 46% reduction in the microwave-measured energy gap. Essentially no charge was observed in the dc transition temperature.
Comparison of gene expression patterns in articular cartilage and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes

During monolayer culture, articular chondrocytes dedifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells. The mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. We sought to further characterize dedifferentiation by identifying an extended panel of genes that distinguish articular cartilage from dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Thirty-nine candidate marker-genes were identified from previous studies on articular-cartilage gene-expression. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA levels for these candidates in calf articular cartilage and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes. Twenty-two of the candidate marker genes exhibited at least a two-fold difference in gene expression in the two cell types. Twelve of these genes had at least a ten-fold difference in gene expression. Tenascin C (TNC), type I collagen (COL1A1), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α) showed the highest relative expression levels in dedifferentiated chonodrocytes. Type II collagen (COL2A1), type XI collagen (COL11A2), and superficial zone protein (SZP) showed the highest relative expression levels in articular cartilage. In contrast to previous findings, fibromodulin mRNA, and protein levels were higher in dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Compared to smaller subsets of markers, this panel of 12 highly differentially expressed genes may more precisely distinguish articular cartilage from dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Since many of the genes up-regulated in dedifferentiated chondrocytes are also expressed during cartilage development, dedifferentiated chondrocytes may possess features of cartilage precursor cells. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:234–245, 2012
Application of Line geometry to theoretical kinematics and the kinematic analysis of mechanical systems

Abstract The theory of screws as developed by R. S. Ball, is concerned principally with rigid-body motions in three-dimensional Euclidean space. A number of scattered references, notably F. Klein [18], have mentioned algebraic approaches to the subject. In this paper which is essentially tutorial, we have used concepts of line geometry in order to present such a self-contained algebraic formulation. Other approaches to the subject, which are not considered here, are possible and useful: for example, motor algebra (F. M. Dimentberg) and surface geometry (K. H. Hunt, K. J. Waldron). The algebraic treatment is both general and well-adapted to kinematic analysis and numerical methods. These applications have been described.
Scintillating Imaging Proportional Counter as X-Ray to Light Image Converter

A xenon detector has been constructed which converts soft X-rays to UV photons while preserving the spatial position of the X-rays in two dimensions. More than 50 UV photons are collected in the image for each 5.9 keV X-ray. The spatial resolution of the present system is 0.5mm for integrated flux measurements and would probably be better for single photon counting. The detector can be made in a large area format without loss of resolution. In principle the system can image the very high X-ray fluxes which are required in certain applications with preservation of linearity in the image.
Structural and magnetic properties of trigonal iron

First-principles calculations of the electronic structure of trigonal iron were performed using density-functional theory. The results are used to predict lattice spacings, magnetic moments, and elastic properties; these are in good agreement with experiment for both the bcc and fcc structures. We find however, that in extracting these quantities great care must be taken in interpreting numerical fits to the calculated total energies. In addition, the results for bulk iron give insight into the properties of thin iron films. Thin films grown on substrates with mismatched lattice constants often have noncubic symmetry. If they are thicker than a few monolayers their electronic structure is similar to a bulk material with an appropriately distorted geometry, as in our trigonal calculations. We recast our bulk results in terms of an iron film grown on the (111) surface of an fcc substrate, and find the predicted strain energies and moments accurately reflect the trends for iron growth on a variety of substrates. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Macroscopic electrostatic models for protonation states in proteins

The use of macroscopic electrostatic models to calculate the relative energetics of protonation states and the pH-titration properties of ionizable groups in proteins is described. These methods treat the protein as an irregularly-shaped low-dielectric object containing embedded atomic charges immersed in a high-dielectric (solvent) medium. The energetics of altering protonation states then involves the electrostatic work of altering the embedded atomic charges. The governing electrostatic equation is either the Poisson or linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, which generally requires numerical solution. A tutorial approach is taken, the main aim of which is a thorough understanding of the method.
Localization of κ opioid receptors in oxytocin magnocellular neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Abstract It has been demonstrated previously that κ opioid receptor agonists, such as dynorphin, inhibit oxytocin secretion in the rat. To determine whether κ agonists act directly on oxytocin-containing magnocellular neurons to inhibit hormone secretion, we utilized immunofluorescence to examine the cellular localization of κ opioid receptors in the rat paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. κ Opioid receptor immunoreactivity co-localized with oxytocin-containing cell bodies, their axons and axon terminals. Thus, our results suggest that κ opioid receptor agonists can exert direct inhibitory actions on oxytocin magnocellular neurons.
Calorimetry of model compounds that mimic biological molecules

Mesures enthalpiques, a l'aide d'un microcalorimetre, de solutions liquides, gazeuses et solides
Haemodynamic impact of stent implantation for lateral tunnel Fontan stenosis: a patient-specific computational assessment.

Background The physiological importance of the lateral tunnel stenosis in the Fontan pathway for children with single ventricle physiology can be difficult to determine. The impact of the stenosis and stent implantation on total cavopulmonary connection resistance has not been characterized, and there are no clear guidelines for intervention. Methods and results A computational framework for haemodynamic assessment of stent implantation in patients with lateral tunnel stenosis was developed. Cardiac magnetic resonances images were reconstructed to obtain total cavopulmonary connection anatomies before stent implantation. Stents with 2-mm diameter increments were virtually implanted in each patient to understand the impact of stent diameter. Numerical simulations were performed in all geometries with patient-specific flow rates. Exercise conditions were simulated by doubling and tripling the lateral tunnel flow rate. The resulting total cavopulmonary connection vascular resistances were computed. A total of six patients (age: 14.4 ± 3.1 years) with lateral tunnel stenosis were included for preliminary analysis. The mean baseline resistance was 1.54 ± 1.08 WU · m(2) and dependent on the stenosis diameter. It was further exacerbated during exercise. It was observed that utilising a stent with a larger diameter lowered the resistance, but the resistance reduction diminished at larger diameters. Conclusions Using a computational framework to assess the severity of lateral tunnel stenosis and the haemodynamic impact of stent implantation, it was observed that stenosis in the lateral tunnel pathway was associated with higher total cavopulmonary connection resistance than unobstructed pathways, which was exacerbated during exercise. Stent implantation could reduce the resistance, but the improvement was specific to the minimum diameter.
sinFul and/or Possessed? reliGious belieFs and mental illness stiGma

Stigma—a serious problem for persons with mental illness—is related to reductions in the quality of employment, housing, and social support. Many empirical studies showed common beliefs about persons with mental illness but little was known about how Christian religious beliefs affect perceptions of people with mental illness, or whether beliefs are specific to certain denominations. These two studies (one lab, one Internet-based) assessed religious beliefs about mental illness and their relations to known negative beliefs about mental illness. Our data suggest religious beliefs about mental illness appear as two separate but related dimensions. These dimensions focused on beliefs about sin/morality and spiritually-oriented causes/treatments, and were related to negative secular beliefs about mental illness. They were also related to other individual differences that predict prejudice toward stigmatized groups. Data also suggest these religious beliefs are endorsed differently depending upon religious aff...
Longitudinal gender and age bias in a prominent amateur new media community

Despite early hopes that the internet would facilitate more socially equitable communication, many age-old forms of discrimination appear to have been preserved. Men are routinely aggressive towards women, experienced users harass newcomers, and young people dominate new social and entertainment media. The current study statistically examines peer scoring and reviewing behavior by over 300,000 users of a prominent new media website over a seven-year period in terms of the gender and age of the users. Findings support previous research on male bias online as well as reveal a complex age hierarchy with gender interactions, which became rather homogeneous over time for all users except older males.
Interventional radiology and the care of the pediatric oncology patient

Summary Interventional radiology has become increasingly involved in the diagnosis and management of the pediatric oncology patient. Percutaneous biopsy and needle aspiration can be performed for solid and liquid lesions with image guidance, both for the primary diagnosis and for management of sequelae of cancer therapy. Therapeutic options also can be performed with image guidance, including radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization. When surgical resection is required, image guided tumor localization can be used to aid in identifying small lesions.
Human FcγRII Cytoplasmic Domains Differentially Influence Antibody-Mediated Dengue Virus Infection

Ab-dependent enhancement (ADE) of dengue virus (DENV) infection is mediated through the interaction of viral immune complexes with FcγRs, with notable efficiency of FcγRII. Most human dengue target cells coexpress activating (FcγRIIa) and inhibitory (FcγRIIb) isoforms, but their relative roles in ADE are not well understood. We studied the effects of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb by transfecting cells to express each individual receptor isoform or through coexpression of both isoforms. We showed that although both isoforms similarly bind dengue-immune complexes, FcγRIIa efficiently internalized virus leading to productive cellular infection, unlike FcγRIIb. We next focused on the main discriminating feature of these isoforms: their distinct intracytoplasmic tails (FcγRIIa with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif [ITAM] and FcγRIIb with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif [ITIM]). We engineered cells to express “swapped” versions of their FcγRII by switching the cytoplasmic tails containing the ITAM/ITIM motifs, leaving the remainder of the receptor intact. Our data show that both FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb comparably bind dengue immune complexes. However, wild type FcγRIIa facilitates DENV entry by virtue of the ITAM motif, whereas the swapped version FcγRIIa-ITIM significantly inhibited ADE. Similarly, replacing the inhibitory motif in FcγRIIb with an ITAM (FcγRIIb-ITAM) reconstituted ADE capacity to levels of the wild type activating counterpart, FcγRIIa. Our data suggest that FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb isoforms, as the most abundantly distributed class II Fcγ receptors, differentially influence Ab-mediated DENV infection under ADE conditions both at the level of cellular infection and viral production.
Analytical Microscopy in the Real Semiconductor Processing World

: In the microelectronic semiconductor world we are bombarded with reports of how the drive toward faster, denser, lower power-consuming and more reliable semiconductor products will accelerate with time. This paper discusses the instrumental evolution from visible light microscopy to scanning electron microscopy and on to transmission electron microscopy and scanned probe microscopy. The increased demands placed on specimen preparation of precise locations in a semiconductor chip for microscopy are discussed. Analytical microscopy has to be timely in order to be a viable adjunct to semiconductor manufacturing. The factors governing analysis of turn-around time are explained and an optimum strategy is suggested for effective utilization of finite laboratory resources. The new instrumentation available to the microscopist is introduced along with an overview of the exciting new analyses that will be available in the immediate future.
Deadlock prevention by turn prohibition in interconnection networks

In this paper we consider the problem of constructing minimal cycle-breaking sets of turns for graphs that model communication networks, as a method to prevent deadlocks in the networks. We present a new cycle-breaking algorithm called Simple Cycle-Breaking or SCB algorithm that is considerably simpler than earlier algorithms. The SCB algorithm guarantees that the fraction of prohibited turns does not exceed 1/3. Experimental simulation results for the SCB algorithm are shown.
Future Training Requirements for Counseling Psychologists Competence with Children

Rationale are provided for increasing opportunities for counseling psychology students to receive training in child counseling. Two models are proposed: (a) an exposure model, which would expand existing curricula to enhance students 'introduction to child counseling; and (b) a subspecialty model, which would provide more intense training through specialized course work and supervised practica with child clients. Both the exposure and the subspecialty models could have applications with other special populations.
Analyzing printed circuit board assembly lines using a PCB assembly template

PCB assembly lines are characterized by asynchronous transfer of parts resulting from variability in terms of random processing, failure, repair, exhaust, and replenishment times. The throughput for such manufacturing systems depends upon simultaneous availability of resources; namely, machines, material, and operators. Further, random breakdowns along with the capacitated buffers cause blocking and starving which affects the throughput. Analytical models for such system require simplifying assumptions, hence simulation modeling is the popular choice. For simulation models to be successful, capturing the impact of operator interference is important. This paper describes a methodology developed for simulation modeling and analysis of PCB manufacturing lines, capturing the complex interactions between its components. A custom-developed PCB assembly template is used for modeling purposes. Though the analysis described in this paper pertains to PCB assembly lines, it is equally applicable to general class of serial production lines with capacitated buffers.
Rapidly progressive femoral head osteolysis

Rapidly progressive osteolysis of the femoral head is an infrequently encountered yet rapidly disabling arthritic condition. This is a case of simultaneous osteolysis of the femoral heads in an otherwise healthy woman. Her clinical and laboratory findings support the diagnosis of rapidly progressive osteoarthritis, possibly accelerated by the use of indomethacin. Conventional total hip arthroplasty has successfully restored her ability to ambulate without pain, with stable implant fixation at the 2-year follow-up evaluation.
The geometry of coexistence

Understanding the processes that maintain diversity has been the focus of extensive study, yet there is much that has not been integrated into a cohesive framework. First, there is a separation of perspective. Ecological and evolutionary approaches to diversity have progressed in largely parallel directions. Second, there is a separation of emphasis. In both ecology and population genetics, classical theories favour local explanations with emphasis on population dynamics and selection within populations, while contemporary theories favour spatial explanations, with emphasis on population structure and interactions among populations. What is lacking is a comparative approach that evaluates the relative importance of local and spatial processes in maintaining genetic and ecological diversity. I present a framework for diversity maintenance that emphasizes the comparative approach. I use a well-known but little-used mathematical approach, the perturbation theorem for dynamical systems, to identify key points of contact between ecological and population genetic theories of coexistence. These connections provide for a synthesis of several important concepts: population structure (source–sink versus extinction–colonization), spatial heterogeneity (intrinsic versus extrinsic) in fitness and competitive ability, and temporal scales over which local and spatial processes influence diversity. This framework ties together a large and diverse body of theory and data from ecology and population genetics. It yields comparative predictions that can serve as guidelines in biodiversity management.
Computer Guided Logic IC Fault Location

A new technique locates `stuck' faults in semicustom logic ICs (integrated circuits) using a PC (printed circuit) board functional tester which has a guided-probe fault location capability. The IC CAD (computer aided design) database, database translator programs and a logic simulator are utilized to automate the fault site location process This technique is in use on a set of 15 gate arrays.
Using laser absorption techniques to monitor diesel particulate matter exposure in underground stone mines

Underground miners are exposed to some of the highest levels of diesel particulate matter (DPM) in the United States. Therefore, it is important to monitor the exposure of miners to DPM, but it can be difficult because of the complex composition of DPM and the number of interferences. Currently, elemental carbon (EC) is used as a surrogate because it makes up a significant fraction of the DPM and is not affected by interferences. Standard measurement methods for EC can be time consuming and only record end of shift results. In this research, a laser absorption technique that enables one to measure EC concentration in near real time was shown to be a beneficial tool. The real time data showed that the fresh air being drawn into a stone mine was not properly reaching the working area and needed to be redirected to decrease DPM concentrations. The real time data also provided a more accurate efficiency of an environmental cab compared to just using the standard method by detecting the opening of the cab’s window and door. The EC optical monitor was also worn by researchers in a mine to show how it can give not only the average concentration for the shift but also reveal when and where a miner is exposed to DPM.
Strong Motion Response Spectra

Empirical equations derived from explosion data compare well with earthquake measurements. Maximum earth motion in cm, cm/sec, and gravity units, body wave earthquake magnitude, and distance in km, are included in the functions: a = 3.04 × 10 0.74 m − 4 R − 1.4 v = 4.06 × 10 0.88 m − 3 R − 1.5 d = 5.66 × 10 1.1 m − 5 R − 1.2
The Story of Lincoln Mills: Jurisdiction and the Source of Law

Decided over a half-century ago, Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills of Alabama still stands as a landmark in two fields of federal law: labor relations and the sources and scope of federal jurisdiction. In the former, the decision set the federal courts on the course of developing a federal common law of labor relations governing the interpretation and effect of collective bargaining agreements and related contracts. In the latter, the decision is as significant for the road not taken - passing on the validity of the concept of “protective jurisdiction” - as for the choice that was made. Moreover, the case is fascinating both because of the almost-forgotten controversy surrounding the decision and the statute it interpreted and because of the different visions of the federal judicial role that lay just beneath the surface of the majority and dissenting opinions.
On CALL: One Approach to Improving Services for Students With Low-Incidence Disabilities

Students with low-incidence disabilities frequently receive less than optimal psychoeducational services because the specialized tests and instructional materials required to meet their idiosyncratic needs often are unavailable due to budget constraints, inadequate training of school personnel, and the difficulty school personnel have keeping current on low-incidence disabilities. To enhance the services provided for these students, a centralized statewide lending library for school personnel serving students with low-incidence disabilities was implemented. The development of this project, its impact, and the needs of school personnel in the area of low-incidence disabilities are described.
Encrusting organisms on co-occurring disarticulated valves of two marine bivalves; comparison of living assemblages and skeletal residues

Study of the assemblage of encrusting organisms on co-occurring disarticulated valves of the bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria in Bogue Sound, North Carolina, indicates that there is little or no substrate specificity among the encrusting organisms but that the shape of the shells has an important influence on how extensively members of each higher taxon collectively inhabit the shells. Encrusting bryozoans, a dense low mat composed of many species from diverse phyla, and a unicellular film cover most of the area of both exterior and interior surfaces. The encrusting bryozoans most extensively cover both surfaces of C. virginica but are in second place behind the multispecies mat on exterior surfaces of M. mercenaria and behind the unicellular film on its interior surfaces. These differences are inferred to result from different physical stability of valves of the two bivalve species, which exhibit different frequencies of circumrotatory growth.Degradation of the assemblage by sodium hypochlorite, to simulate loss of organic matter during fossilization, results in the complete loss of encrusting sponges, erect hydrozoans, erect bryozoans, and ascidians. Loss of these taxa results in overexposure and more apparently uniform distribution of skeletal taxa with respect to their surface representation in living assemblages and also in complete loss of the higher tiers present in the living assemblage. However, indications of the original structural organization of the living assemblage is indicated by preservation of the most abundant taxa in the lower tiers and by the retention in the reduced treated assemblage of the patterns of distribution that characterized the living assemblage.
Dendritically Encapsulated, Water-Soluble Fe4S4: Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties

Amphiphilic, Fe4S4 cluster core dendrimers can be prepared via ligand exchange with dendrons containing carboxylic acid peripheral groups and a thiol focal group. These amphiphilic dendrons are more susceptible to oxidative disulfide formation than their non-amphiphilic analogues reported previously. Thus, an in situ deprotection of an aromatic thioacetate was necessary to prepare the dendrimers. These molecules showed the expected decrease in rate with increasing generation. A slower rate of heterogeneous electron transfer was found when these molecules were compared with non-amphiphilic analogues. This behavior correlated with their larger size and thus a larger effective distance of electron transfer. Voltammetry in DMSO with added water makes the dendrimers easier to reduce, but the change in redox potential is much smaller for all dendrimers when compared to a non-dendritic analogue. This behavior is consistent with the idea that the dendrimers encapsulate the cluster to some degree, creating a hydro...
Eigenstresses in Anisotropic Films

A closed-form solution for a macroscopically homogeneous, fully anisotropie layer subject to non-uniform through-thickness eigenstrain is presented, and employed in determining the three-dimensional deformation and stress states of a thermally loaded ceramic film with microstructure-induced macroscopic anisotropy. The resultant stress field is compared with those that could be deduced by experimental determination of the curvature and the classical structural theories.