cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Block switching: a stochastic approach for deep learning security

Recent study of adversarial attacks has revealed the vulnerability of modern deep learning models. That is, subtly crafted perturbations of the input can make a trained network with high accuracy produce arbitrary incorrect predictions, while maintain imperceptible to human vision system. In this paper, we introduce Block Switching (BS), a defense strategy against adversarial attacks based on stochasticity. BS replaces a block of model layers with multiple parallel channels, and the active channel is randomly assigned in the run time hence unpredictable to the adversary. We show empirically that BS leads to a more dispersed input gradient distribution and superior defense effectiveness compared with other stochastic defenses such as stochastic activation pruning (SAP). Compared to other defenses, BS is also characterized by the following features: (i) BS causes less test accuracy drop; (ii) BS is attack-independent and (iii) BS is compatible with other defenses and can be used jointly with others.
Thermodynamic behaviour of solid–liquid grain boundary grooves

Grain boundary grooves (GBGs) are local features that develop along polycrystalline solid–liquid interfaces. Interest in GBGs lies in their ability to form interface defects during crystallization ...
Antibiotic Treatment Shapes the Antigenic Environment During Chronic TB Infection, Offering Novel Targets for Therapeutic Vaccination.

The lengthy and complicated current regimen required to treat drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) reflects the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in host tissues. The stringent response pathway, governed by the dual (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase, RelMtb, is a major mechanism underlying Mtb persistence and antibiotic tolerance. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that RelMtb is a “persistence antigen” presented during TB chemotherapy and that enhanced immunity to RelMtb can enhance the tuberculocidal activity of the first-line anti-TB drug, isoniazid, which has reduced efficacy against Mtb persisters. C57BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs were aerosol-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and, 4 weeks later, received either human-equivalent daily doses of isoniazid alone, or isoniazid in combination with a DNA vaccine targeting relMtb. After isoniazid treatment, there was a significant reduction in dominant antigen ESAT6-specific CD4+ or TB10.4-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs and spleens of mice. However, the total number of RelMtb-specific CD4+ T cells remained stable in mouse lungs and spleens, as did the number of RelMtb-specific CD8+T cells. Therapeutic vaccination with relMtb DNA vaccine enhanced the activity of isoniazid in Mtb-infected C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. When treatment with isoniazid was discontinued, mice immunized with the relMtb DNA vaccine showed a lower mean lung bacterial burden at relapse compared to the control group. Our work shows that antitubercular treatment shapes the antigenic environment, and that therapeutic vaccination targeting the Mtb stringent response may represent a novel approach to enhance immunity against Mtb persisters, with the ultimate goal of shortening curative TB treatment.
Perceived Injustice Mediates the Relationship Between Perceived Childhood Neglect and Current Function in Patients with Chronic Pain: A Preliminary Pilot Study

Cumulative evidence supports the association between perceived childhood neglect and adulthood psychological and physical health. To date, pathways mediating this association remain largely unknown, though other evidence suggests that negative patterns of appraisal, including injustice perception related to pain, may be shaped by prior adverse social experiences. Consequently, the current study examined perceived injustice about chronic pain as a possible factor connecting childhood neglect and pain-related outcomes, given its relevance for both adaptation to chronic pain and to prior adverse life experiences. Patients (n = 742) visiting a tertiary pain clinic completed a survey administered via the Collaborative Health Outcomes Information Registry. Path modeling analyses were used to examine perceived injustice as a mediator of the relationships between childhood neglect and affective distress and physical function, after controlling for pain intensity and pain catastrophizing. Patients endorsing childhood neglect reported higher levels of perceived injustice and worse affective distress and physical function. Further, inclusion of perceived injustice as a mediator fully accounted for the relationship between neglect and current levels of physical function, and accounted for a significant proportion of the relationship between neglect and current levels of affective distress. These preliminary findings suggest that perceived injustice appears to be a more proximal factor by which prior experiences of neglect may adversely affect adaptation to chronic pain. Given the single-item assessment of childhood neglect and cross-sectional nature of the current findings, further research may focus on replicating these findings in longitudinal studies with validated measures and examining other adverse social experiences (e.g., abuse, social disparities) that may contribute to injustice perception and poor pain-related outcomes.
Perceived Benefits and Barriers in the Mediation of Exercise Differences in Older Black Women with and Without Obesity

Weight control is an exercise benefit, important for older Black women, a group experiencing obesity disparities. We compared perceived exercise benefits and barriers between Black women with and without obesity and determined which mediated the weight group-exercise relationship. A survey (n = 234) was administered to determine attitudinal agreement between weight groups (obese or non-obese). Multiple mediation analysis was used to investigate if attitudes mediated the weight group-exercise relationship. High agreement with all exercise benefits was observed between women with and without obesity. Compared with women without obesity, women with obesity were more likely to report the barriers of only exercising to lose weight (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.40–4.55), lack of will power (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.05–3.19), weight (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 1.34–6.83), and cost (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.02–4.47). Exercising to lose weight and lack of will power mediated the weight group-exercise relationship. Women largely agreed on the exercise benefits. Lack of will power and engaging in exercise only for weight loss were barriers that were more common among older Black women with obesity. The barriers partially explained the lower exercise engagement in women with obesity. Future work may address these barriers to increase exercise in older Black women.
Impact of Margin Status on Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Background Historically, a positive margin after pancreatectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was associated with decreased survival. In an era when neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is being used frequently, the prognostic significance of margin status is unclear. Study Design Patients with localized PDAC who received NAC and underwent pancreatectomy from 2011 to 2018 were identified from a single-institution database. Patients with fewer than 2 months of NAC, R2 resection, or fewer than 90 days of follow-up were excluded. A positive margin included tumors within 1 mm of the surgical margin. Results Four hundred and sixty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 65 years and 53% were female. Preoperative clinical staging demonstrated that most had locally advanced (n = 222 [47%]) or borderline resectable (n = 172 [37%]) disease. Median follow-up was 18.5 months (interquartile range 10.6 to 30.0 months). Median duration of NAC was 119 days (interquartile range 87 to 168 days). FOLFIRINOX was first-line therapy for 67%, and 73% received neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Most underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (69%). Forty percent were node-positive and 80% had an R0 resection. Fifty-six percent received at least 1 cycle of adjuvant therapy. Median overall survival and recurrence-free survival were 22.0 months (95% CI, 19.4 to 25.1 months) and 11.0 months (95% CI, 10.0 to 12.1 months). On multivariate analysis, margin status was not a significant predictor of overall survival or recurrence-free survival. Factors associated with overall survival included clinical stage, duration of NAC, nodal status, histopathologic treatment response score, and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions Microscopic margin positivity is not associated with recurrence and survival in localized PDAC patients resected after treatment with NAC. Aggressive surgical extirpation in high-volume centers should be considered in selected patients after extensive NAC.
Exploratory Analysis of Machine Learning Methods in Predicting Subsurface Temperature and Geothermal Gradient of Northeastern United States

Geothermal scientists have used bottom-hole temperature data from extensive oil and gas well datasets to generate heat flow and temperature-at-depth maps to locate potential geothermally active regions. Considering that there are some uncertainties and simplifying assumptions associated with the current state of physics-based models, in this study, the applicability of several machine learning models is evaluated for predicting temperature-at-depth and geothermal gradient parameters. Through our exploratory analysis, it is found that XGBoost and Random Forest result in the highest accuracy for subsurface temperature prediction. Furthermore, we apply our model to regions around the sites to provide 2D continuous temperature maps at three different depths using XGBoost model, which can be used to locate prospective geothermally active regions. We also validate the proposed XGBoost and DNN models using an extra dataset containing measured temperature data along the depth for 58 wells in the state of West Virginia. Accuracy measures show that machine learning models are highly comparable to the physics-based model and can even outperform the thermal conductivity model. Also, a geothermal gradient map is derived for the whole region by fitting linear regression to the XGBoost-predicted temperatures along the depth. Finally, through our analysis, the most favorable geological locations are suggested for potential future geothermal developments.
Moving from Slow Burn to Lightning Speed

The slow burn of global warming contrasts not only with the lightning speed of the alterations to social life brought on by the diffusion of the novel coronavirus, but also the explosion of protest...
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: Ophthalmic Complications Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Potential of Telemedicine

We report a case of a 26-year-old female who initially presented to an outside optometrist with complaints of proptosis and decreased visual acuity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained at that time was concerning for allergic fungal sinusitis. Unfortunately, the patient's referral to ophthalmology was delayed due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. On presentation to ophthalmology one year later, the patient had clinically deteriorated with significant visual and olfactory loss. She underwent emergent endoscopic sinus surgery by otolaryngology with histological analysis of the sinus debris confirming allergic fungal sinusitis. This is a unique case demonstrating the devastating impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on patient care for an otherwise treatable condition. We propose the utilization of telemedicine networks as a way to prevent similar complications.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder misdiagnosis among mental healthcare providers in Latin America

Abstract Mental healthcare professionals often have limited awareness of different obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom presentations, which may contribute to years between OCD symptom onset and treatment initiation. While research has identified high rates of OCD misdiagnosis among clinicians from the United States and Canada, research on OCD symptom awareness among healthcare providers in Latin American (LATAM) regions is limited. In this study, LATAM mental healthcare providers (N = 83) provided diagnostic impressions based on five OCD vignettes: three with symptoms centered on taboo thoughts (sexual, harming others, and religion/scrupulosity) and two about contamination or symmetry obsessions. Rates of incorrect (non-OCD) diagnoses were significantly higher for the taboo thoughts vignettes (sexual, 52.7%; harm/aggression, 42.0%; and religious, 34.7%) vs. contamination obsessions (11.0%) and symmetry obsessions (6.9%). The OCD vignette depicting sexual obsessions was often attributed to a paraphilic disorder (36.5%). Bachelor's level clinicians had significantly lower odds of accurately identifying all three vignettes related to taboo thoughts compared to respondents with a graduate degree. Accurate identification of the three taboo vignettes was also associated with first-line psychological treatment recommendations (i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy) even when controlling for respondents' theoretical orientation. Exposure was rarely mentioned when clinicians were prompted to provide treatment recommendations for each vignette (8–9% of the time for symmetry and contamination vignettes, 5–7% for taboo though vignettes). Like clinicians in the United States and Canada, mental health professionals in LATAM may misidentify OCD symptom presentations, particularly sexual obsessions, highlighting a need for education and training.
Fatigue Life Comparisons of Competing Manufacturing Processes: A Study of Steering Knuckle

A vehicle steering knuckle undergoes time-varying loadings during its service life. Fatigue behavior is, therefore, a key consideration in its design and performance evaluation. This research program aimed to assess fatigue life and compare fatigue performance of steering knuckles made from three materials of different manufacturing processes. These include forged steel, cast aluminum, and cast iron knuckles. In light of the high volume of forged steel vehicle components, the forging process was considered as base for investigation. Monotonic and strain-controlled fatigue tests of specimens machined from the three knuckles were conducted. Static as well as baseline cyclic deformation and fatigue properties were obtained and compared. In addition, a number of load-controlled fatigue component tests were conducted for the forged steel and cast aluminum knuckles. Finite element models of the steering knuckles were also analyzed to obtain stress distributions in each component. Based on the results of component testing and finite element analysis, fatigue behaviors of the three materials and manufacturing processes are then compared. It is concluded that the forged steel knuckle exhibits superior fatigue behavior, compared to the cast iron and cast aluminum knuckles.
A Type and Effect Analysis of Security Protocols

We propose a new method to check authenticity properties of cryptographic protocols. First, code up the protocol in the spi-calculus of Abadi and Gordon. Second, specify authenticity properties by annotating the code with correspondence assertions in the style of Woo and Lam. Third, figure out types for the keys, nonces, and messages of the protocol. Fourth, check that the spi-calculus code is well-typed according to a novel type and effect system. Our main theorem guarantees that any well-typed protocol is robustly safe, that is, its correspondence assertions are true in the presence of any opponent expressible in spi. It is feasible to apply this method by hand to several well-known cryptographic protocols. It requires little human effort per protocol, puts no bound on the size of the opponent, and requires no state space enumeration. Moreover, the types for protocol data provide some intuitive explanation of how the protocol works. Our method has led us to the independent rediscovery of flaws in existing protocols and to the design of improved protocols. My talk will describe our method and give some simple examples. Papers describing the method in detail appear elsewhere.
Minimizing power dissipation in non-zero skew-based clock distribution networks

A methodology is presented in this paper for synthesizing low power clock distribution networks. The clock distribution networks are designed with localized non-zero clock skew so as to improve circuit performance and reliability. Each branch of the clock tree is assigned a delay value that is emulated by one or more CMOS inverters, each designed such that the output load appears as being predominantly capacitive. A design technique is presented for selecting the size and number of inverters within each branch such that the total power dissipated within the clock distribution network is minimized. The power dissipation model considers both dynamic and short circuit power components. Simulation results exhibit reductions of up to 25% in total power dissipation within the clock distribution network, while accurately implementing the desired clock skews.
Bacteriocinlike Activity within the Genus Thermus

Members of the genus Thermus were examined for the presence of bacteriocinlike inhibitory activity. Testing was done by the deferred antagonism technique. Antagonistic activity, as evidenced by zones of inhibition, was expressed by Thermus rubens against all other Thermus strains tested. T. rubens itself was immune to this activity. Plasmid analysis of T. rubens revealed the presence of one plasmid of approximately 64 megadaltons.
The Application of Ion Implantation to the Study of Diffusion of Boron in Silicon

Implantations of10B were employed in conjunction with analysis of B depth distributions with the nuclear reaction,10B(n,4He)7Li, to investigate the diffusion of B in Si in the temperature range 900 to 1100°C for times of the order of 30 to 120 minutes. The diffusion constant, D, in Si was found to depend upon the B concentration. In order to evaluate the dependence of D upon B concentration, a series of isoconcentration experiments were conducted in which a “flat”11B distribution was produced by multiple energy ion implantations followed by a “tracer” implant of 10B. At 1000°C and a B concentration of 1020 cm-3, D is an order of magnitude larger than the intrinsic value of 1.5x10-14 cm2/sec. In Si heavily doped with As(2×1020cm-3), the diffusivity of B is an order of magnitude lower than the intrinsic value. These results can be interpreted by a model in which the B diffusivity in Si is a function of the Fermi level.
Helicopter adaptive flight control using neural networks

This paper summarizes the theoretical development and numerical investigation of a direct adaptive tracking control architecture using neural networks. Neural networks are proposed for use in combination with nonlinear controllers designed based on feedback linearization. Neural networks capable of online learning are required to compensate for inversion error which may arise from imperfect modeling, approximate inversion or sudden and unanticipated changes in dynamics. A stable weights adjustment rule for the online neural network is presented. Under mild assumptions on the nonlinearities representing the inversion error, the adaptation algorithm assures that all the signals in the loop are uniformly bounded and that the weights of the online neural network tend to constant values. Simulation results using an AH-64 6DOF simulation model are presented to illustrate the performance of the online neural network based adaptation algorithm. >
Miranda, Confessions, and Justice: Lessons for Japan?

This chapter explores whether a Miranda-like warning and waiver regime could be successfully implemented in Japan. The chapter reviews the social science and legal scholarship on Miranda's impact on American interrogation practices and suspect behavior, concluding that most American suspects continue to waive their rights and law enforcement personnel continue to obtain a high number of confessions and convictions. Next, the chapter discusses the contemporary law and practice of interrogation in Japan. In Japan, interrogation appears to be routinely psychologically coercive and virtually all defendants make either partial admissions or full confessions to alleged offenses. Confessions are regarded as superior to all other forms of evidence within the Japanese criminal justice system and often as necessary for charging and convictions. Japanese courts rarely suppress confession statements, even if obtained under highly questionable circumstances, and the exclusionary rule operates as a weak, if not ineffectual, control on investigators' behaviors. Furthermore, Japanese police and prosecutors believe confessions are necessary for suspects to accept moral responsibility for their offenses, to repent, and to begin the process of rehabilitation and reintegration. Because of Japan's enabling rules of criminal procedure, current practices of Japanese police and prosecutors, and Japanese popular beliefs and cultural expectations, a Miranda-like warning and waiver regime would be difficult to implement in Japan. To succeed, Miranda warnings would have to be linked to a massive reform of criminal procedure rules and the Japanese criminal justice system would have to undergo a dramatic transformation. Nonetheless, other criminal justice policy reforms in Japan are worthy of consideration, such as mandatory videotaping of all custodial interrogations in their entirety. Without intruding on the prerogative of interrogators to question suspects or lessening the willingness of suspects to speak to police, tape recording would improve the quality of interrogation, save time and resources, and lead to more effective and efficient case processing.
Developmental trajectories of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Associations with social responsiveness

The present longitudinal study examined relations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) development and social responsiveness characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorders. Group-based developmental trajectory modeling was used to characterize RSA development patterns in 106 typically developing children across 5, 10, 24, 36, and 48 months of age. A two-group model fit of RSA development was found: a "typically" and "atypically" developing group. The typical group gradually increased in RSA across 5-48 months of age. The atypical group, however, increased in RSA from 5 to 24 months and demonstrated a plateau or "delay" in RSA development from 24 to 48 months. The atypical RSA development group also demonstrated more difficulties in parent-reported social responsiveness at 48 months. The results support current literature that identifies RSA as a marker of social functioning level.
Cargo-activated ATpase activity of kinesin

Abstract We have measured the ATPase activity of squid optic lobe kinesin bound to polystyrene beads in the presence of microtubules. We find that there is a substantial increase (> 10-fold) in the microtubule-activated ATPase activity for bead-bound kinesin over free kinesin. We tentatively attribute such cargo-activated ATPase activity to the presence of a self-inhibited form of kinesin in solution, which becomes activated when bound to a bead in the presence of alpha-casein. Further experiments are underway to unravel this phenomenon and, in addition, to associate the traveling distance of beads with the observed ATPase rate to determine the average number of ATP consumed per kinesin-bead per micron of travel along microtubule.
Proposed structural models of human factor Va and prothrombinase

Summary. Background: The prothrombinase complex consists of factor Xa, FVa, calcium ions, and phospholipid membrane. The prothrombinase complex plays a key role in the blood coagulation process. Objective: To derive solvent-equilibrated models of human FVa and the prothrombinase complex. Methods: Several modeling techniques have been employed, including homology modeling, protein–protein docking, and molecular dynamics simulation methods, to build the structural models. Results and conclusions: We found, upon simulation, a possibly significant shift towards planarity of the five FVa domains. To estimate a prothrombinase structure, we docked an FXa model to the equilibrated FVa model using experimental data as docking filters. We found that simulation of the docked complex led to some changes in the protein–protein contacts, but not buried surface area, as compared to the initial docking model. Possible locations of prothrombin binding to prothrombinase are indicated.
Efficient Indexing of Spatiotemporal Objects

Spatiotemporal objects i.e., objects which change their position and/or extent over time, appear in many applications. This paper addresses the problem of indexing large volumes of such data. We consider general object movements and extent changes. We further concentrate on "snapshot" as well as small "interval" historical queries on the gathered data. The obvious approach that approximates spatiotemporal objects with MBRs and uses a traditional multidimensional access method to index them is inefficient. Objects that "live" for long time intervals have large MBRs which introduce a lot of empty space. Clustering long intervals has been dealt in temporal databases by the use of partially persistent indices. What differentiates this problem from traditional temporal indexing is that objects are allowed to move/change during their lifetime. Better methods are thus needed to approximate general spatiotemporal objects. One obvious solution is to introduce artificial splits: the lifetime of a long-lived object is split into smaller consecutive pieces. This decreases the empty space but increases the number of indexed MBRs. We first introduce two algorithms for splitting a given spatiotemporal object. Then, given an upper bound on the total number of possible splits, we present three algorithms that decide how the splits should be distributed among the objects so that the total empty space is minimized.
Instrumentation of large buried culverts

The need for information on the performance of large buried culverts has resulted in implementation of three field-instrumentation programs. Soil stress, strain, and deformation sensors were developed for these studies using the induction coil system. The projects are described and the results are illustrated. This experience is used as a basis for assessing the capabilities of the instrumentation.
Non-myopic learning in differential information economies: the core

Summary. We study the process of learning in a differential information economy, with a continuum of states of nature that follow a Markov process. The economy extends over an infinite number of periods and we assume that the agents behave non-myopically, i.e., they discount the future. We adopt a new equilibrium concept, the non-myopic core. A realized agreement in each period generates information that changes the underlying structure in the economy. The results we obtain serve as an extension to the results in Koutsougeras and Yannelis (1999) in a setting where agents behave non-myopically. In particular, we examine the following two questions: 1) If we have a sequence of allocations that are in an approximate non-myopic core (we allow for bounded rationality), is it possible to find a subsequence that converges to a non-myopic core allocation in a limit full information economy? 2) Given a non-myopic core allocation in a limit full information economy can we find a sequence of approximate non-myopic core allocations that converges to that allocation?
Cytokine production associated with smallpox vaccine responses

Smallpox was eradicated 34 years ago due to the success of the smallpox vaccine; yet, the vaccine continues to be studied because of its importance in responding to potential biological warfare and the adverse events associated with current smallpox vaccines. Interindividual variations in vaccine response are observed and are, in part, due to genetic variation. In some cases, these varying responses lead to adverse events, which occur at a relatively high rate for the smallpox vaccine compared with other vaccines. Here, we aim to summarize the cytokine responses associated with smallpox vaccine response to date. Along with a description of each of these cytokines, we describe the genetic and adverse event data associated with cytokine responses to smallpox vaccination.
A Pipeline Model for Bottom-Up Dependency Parsing

We present a new machine learning framework for multi-lingual dependency parsing. The framework uses a linear, pipeline based, bottom-up parsing algorithm, with a look ahead local search that serves to make the local predictions more robust. As shown, the performance of the first generation of this algorithm is promising.
Spatio-temporal display of event-related potential data in three dimensions

A technique for visualizing event-related potential data which preserves both spatial and temporal dimensions is presented. This technique can be implemented by several different types of software and may be useful when spatio-temporal information is of critical importance in a data set. It is especially useful for comparing spatio-temporal differences between experimental conditions.
Suicidal Behavior and Help Seeking Among Diverse College Students

Suicidal and help-seeking behaviors of students of color remain a significant problem on college campuses. Self-reported suicidal experiences and help-seeking behavior of diverse students are examined on the basis of results from a national survey of college student mental health. The results suggest significant differences in the expression of suicidal thoughts and behavior across racial and ethnic groups and different experiences in their referral for, and utilization of, professional help. Language: en
Acetylation of H2AX on lysine 36 plays a key role in the DNA double-strand break repair pathway

Phosphorylation of H2AX functions to recruit DNA repair complexes to sites of DNA damage. Here, we report that H2AX is constitutively acetylated on lysine 36 (H2AXK36Ac) by the CBP/p300 acetyltransferases. H2AXK36Ac is required for cells to survive exposure to ionizing radiation; however, H2AXK36Ac levels are not increased by DNA damage. Further, acetylation of H2AX did not affect phosphorylation of H2AX or the formation of DNA damage foci. Finally, cells with a double mutation in both the H2AX acetylation and phosphorylation sites were more radiosensitive than cells containing individual mutations. H2AXK36Ac is therefore a novel, constitutive histone modification located within the histone core region which regulates radiation sensitivity independently of H2AX phosphorylation.
Incommensurability and atomic structure of c (2×2) N/Cu (100): A scanning tunneling microscopy study

We use a scanning tunneling microscope operating in a low-temperature ultrahigh vacuum environment to study the atomic structure of single layer films of ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{N}$ grown on Cu(100). The $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ lattice of ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{N}$ is incommensurate, with a lattice constant of $0.372\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001\text{ }\text{nm}$ that is 3% larger than the bare Cu(100) surface. This finding suggests that the strain due to lattice mismatch contributes to self-assembly in this system. We find that the image contrast on ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{N}$ islands depends on bias voltage, which reconciles several interpretations in the literature. We assign features in these STM images to the Cu, N, and hollow sites in the ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{N}$ lattice with the aid of coadsorbed CO molecules. This atomic registry allows us to characterize four different defects on ${\text{Cu}}_{2}\text{N}$, which influence the sticking coefficient and electronic coupling of adsorbates.
A Behavior Systems Approach to the Expression of Backward Associations

Abstract In the first phase of Experiment 1 rats were trained with a backward serial conditioned stimulus (CS) with three 8-s elements (Food—Near–Intermediate–Far, where the name of the element denotes its temporal proximity to food). In the second phase of this experiment, different groups received a novel lever presented in compound with a different CS element. In the first phase of Experiment 2, rats were also trained with a similar backward serial CS; but, in the second phase, the entire serial CS was shifted to a forward pairing (Far–Intermediate–Near—Food), and again different groups received a novel lever in compound with a different CS element. In the first phase of Experiment 3, a serial CS was explicitly unpaired with food. The second phase of this experiment was identical to that of Experiment 2. The results showed that lever contact was lowest during the Near element in Experiment 1, highest during the same element in Experiment 2, and indistinguishable among all the elements in Experiment 3. These outcomes support the behavior systems hypothesis that backward CSs come to control a sequence of post-food search modes that can influence subsequent pre-food search.
Selection and Evaluation of Field Permeability Device for Asphalt Pavements

Results of a study conducted to select, standardize, and evaluate a device to estimate the in-place permeability of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements are presented. The study consisted of evaluating four different field permeameters in order to select and standardize a device that was correlated with laboratory permeability results, would provide repeatable results, and was easy to use. Additional testing on five HMA pavements was conducted with the selected device in order to evaluate the relationship between in-place pavement density and field permeability. The study entailed visiting three ongoing construction projects and conducting field permeability tests on newly compacted HMA pavements with each device. Also at each project, cores were obtained from which the laboratory permeability was determined. The data from each project were analyzed to determine which field permeameter correlated best with laboratory permeability, provided the most repeatable results, and was easy to use. Results of this study...
Bio-inspired strategy for control of viral spreading in networks

We consider a variant of the well-known Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) network spreading model, and present a virus control strategy in which nodes in a network are in sleep state or awake state with certain probabilities. Nodes in sleep state are assumed to have a lower infection rate relative to nodes in awake state, hence lower exposure levels to a viral attack on the network. The strategy presented is inspired by the notion of bacteria colony \textit{persistence} to antibiotics in which certain bacteria in the colony hibernate or switch to dormant states as a way of reducing their exposure to antibiotics and helping the colony withstand the effects of the antibiotic attack. Based on a simplified model of persistence, we present a threshold above which a small infection may become an epidemic. Further, we consider the problem of designing the probability of each node being in sleep (less infectious) state with the least effort, allowing the network to control the spread of an infection. Our design strategy for the probabilities of being in sleep state exploits the diagonal dominance property of a non-convex constraint, which enables relaxation of the problem to a Linear Program, for which we compute an exact solution using only local information. Finally, via simulations, we show that the probability of being in sleep state, resulting from our relaxation does, indeed, exploit the network structure in controlling the virus spread.
Dynamic Network Utility Maximization with Delivery Contracts

We consider a multi-period variation on the network utility maximization problem that includes delivery constraints. We allow the flow utilities, link capacities and routing matrices to vary over time, and we introduce the concept of delivery contracts, which couple the flow rates across time. We describe a distributed algorithm, based on dual decomposition, that solves this problem when all data is known ahead of time. We briefly describe a heuristic, based on model predictive control, for approximately solving a variation on the problem, in which the data are not known ahead of time. The formulation and algorithms are illustrated with numerical examples.
Uncertainty Analysis of Laminar Aeroheating Predictions for Mars Entries

A Monte Carlo sensitivity and uncertainty analysis is performed for a laminar convective heating prediction in a moderate Mars atmospheric entry condition using a nonequilibrium reacting Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code. The objectives are to isolate the rate limiting mechanisms and identify the chief sources of aeroheating uncertainty. A flux-based wall catalysis formulation is developed and used to define four different catalytic regimes that are then individually analyzed at three different trajectory points. A total of 130 input parameters are statistically varied to short list a handful of parameters that essentially control the heat flux prediction. The uncertainties in these key input parameters are estimated, and a full Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis is performed. The results obtained provide the quantitative contribution of uncertainties in key modeling parameters, such as collision integrals, wall catalysis, and reaction rates to the final heat flux uncertainty. It is found that in high and low catalytic regimes, the collision integrals (which govern the transport properties of the mixture) contribute a large portion of the uncertainty, whereas in the moderately catalytic regime the catalytic properties of the surface contribute almost all of the uncertainty.
Collective Behavior in Total Institutions: The Case of the Mental Hospital and the Prison

The analyses of incidents of collective behavior or collective disturbances in the mental hospital and the prison have yielded apparently contradictory and inconclusive findings. The conceptual framework employed by Turner and Killian for analysis of collective behavior in civil society is applied to the reported cases of collective disturbances in mental hospitals and to the prison riots discussed by McCleery, Schrag, Hartung and Floch, and Sykes. The argument is made that a consideration of the complex inter-relationship between the division of labor, channels of communication, and the normative and cultural systems of the mental hospital and the prison provides a useful framework for systematizing and organizing prior research findings. Similarly, it is argued that these concepts have more than heuristic value, and if systematically explored in future investigations could lead to a profitable theory of collective behavior as it occurs within the walls of total institutions.
Damage Assessment of Mission Essential Buildings Based on Simulation Studies of Low Yield Explosives

There has been a lack of investigations related to low yield explosives instigated by terrorist on small but high occupancy buildings. Also, mitigating the threat of terrorist attacks against high occupancy buildings with network equipment essential to the mission of an organization is a challenging task. At the same time, it is difficult to predict how, why, and when terrorists may attack theses assets. Many factors must be considered in creating a safe building environment. Although it is possible that the dominant threat mode may change in the future, bombings have historically been a favorite tactic of terrorists. Ingredients for homemade bombs are easily obtained on the open market, as are the techniques for making bombs. Bombings are easy and quick to execute. This paper discusses the problems with and provides insights of experience gained in analyzing small scale explosions on older military base buildings. In this study, we examine the placement of various bombs on buildings using the shock wave simulation code CTH and examine the damage effects on the interior of the building, particularly the damage that is incurred on a computer center. These simulation experiments provide data on the effectiveness of a building's security and an understanding of the phenomenology of shocks as they propagate through rooms and corridors. It's purpose is to motivate researchers to take the seriousness of small yield explosives on moderately sized buildings. Visualizations from this analysis are used to understand the complex flow of the air blasts around corridors and hallways. Finally, we make suggestions for improving the mitigation of such terrorist attacks. The intent of this study is not to provide breakthrough technology, but to provide a tool and a means for analyzing the material hardness of a building and to eventually provide the incentive for more security. The information mentioned in this paper is public domain information and easily available via the internet as well as in any public library or bookstore. Therefore, the information discussed in this paper is unclassified and in no way reveals any new methodology or new technology.
Coulomb energies in S -shell nuclei and hypernuclei

We estimate the Coulomb energy component of the /sup 3/He-/sup 3/H binding energy difference, using the latest elastic electron scattering form factor data, to be 639 +- 19 keV, in agreement with previous estimates. We estimate the Coulomb energy of /sup 4/He to be 757 +- 23 keV. We discuss the Coulomb energy contribution to the ..lambda.. separation energy difference B/sub ..lambda../(/sup 4/He) -B/sub ..lambda../(/sup 4/H).
Sequence variation within the 5' regulatory regions of the vitamin D binding protein and receptor genes and prostate cancer risk.

Background The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and binding protein (DBP) mediate the cellular transport, activity, and anti-tumor action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the transcriptional regulatory regions of the VDR and DBP are associated with prostate cancer risk. Methods Novel SNPs were identified in the VDR and DBP transcription regulatory gene regions and genotyped in a case-control study using male subjects with (n = 258) or without (n = 434) prostate cancer. Results African-American men who possessed at least one variant VDR-5132 C allele had a increased risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.31). Further study revealed that the VDR-5132 T/C SNP eliminates a GATA-1 transcription factor-binding site. Conclusion The VDR-5132 T/C SNP, resulting in potential elimination of the GATA-1 transcription factor-binding site, may increase prostate cancer susceptibility in African-Americans. Confirmation of these findings is needed in larger observational studies. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oceanography—A definition for academic use

The earliest non-governmental programs in oceanography in the United States—and still the most comprehensive—are those of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California. When these were established they were independent of other institutions of science, except administratively, and were physically separated from them. Thus, there was no occasion to define oceanography in relation to the specific activities of other scientific fields. In recent months increasing thought has been given to the importance of our marine environment and to more effective means of studying it. Oceanography is the center of interest of a committee of the National Academy of Sciences; the President's Science Advisory Committee is deeply concerned with its problems; Congress is considering suitable legislation; and President Kennedy has stated that we have neglected oceanography.
Advances in guidewire technology

Abstract Since the introduction in 1979 of a movable guidewire system for PTCA, significant advances have been made in guidewire technology that have improved primary success rates and reduced complications with the use of this system. Coronary stenoses in distal sites or in branch vessels with abrupt angulations can now routinely be reached and crossed with newer-generation guidewires. This report concentrates on the evolution of advances in guidewire technology and outlines changes in guidewire design that have allowed for improved efficacy and safety with the movable wire system. Appropriate cases are presented to illustrate the advantages of available guidewires.
Integration of patient specific modeling and advanced image processing techniques for image-guided neurosurgery

A major challenge in neurosurgery oncology is to achieve maximal tumor removal while avoiding postoperative neurological deficits. Therefore, estimation of the brain deformation during the image guided tumor resection process is necessary. While anatomic MRI is highly sensitive for intracranial pathology, its specificity is limited. Different pathologies may have a very similar appearance on anatomic MRI. Moreover, since fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging are not currently available during the surgery, non-rigid registration of preoperative MR with intra-operative MR is necessary. This article presents a translational research effort that aims to integrate a number of state-of-the-art technologies for MRI-guided neurosurgery at the Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). Our ultimate goal is to routinely provide the neurosurgeons with accurate information about brain deformation during the surgery. The current system is tested during the weekly neurosurgeries in the open magnet at the BWH. The preoperative data is processed, prior to the surgery, while both rigid and non-rigid registration algorithms are run in the vicinity of the operating room. The system is tested on 9 image datasets from 3 neurosurgery cases. A method based on edge detection is used to quantitatively validate the results. 95% Hausdorff distance between points of the edges is used to estimate the accuracy of the registration. Overall, the minimum error is 1.4 mm, the mean error 2.23 mm, and the maximum error 3.1 mm. The mean ratio between brain deformation estimation and rigid alignment is 2.07. It demonstrates that our results can be 2.07 times more precise then the current technology. The major contribution of the presented work is the rigid and non-rigid alignment of the pre-operative fMRI with intra-operative 0.5T MRI achieved during the neurosurgery.
Grandparents in Taiwan: A Three-Generational Study

Grandparents in the Republic of China want to remain influential, but social policy has not provided them with education to fulfill their changing role. The performance of grandparents was examined to determine suitable content for an intervention program. A sample of 751 non-consanguineous participants from urban and rural Taiwan included 234 grandparents, 241 parents, and 276 grandchildren. Each generation was administered a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory that was translated into Mandarin. Respondents identified favorable qualities of grandparents as well as aspects of their relationships in which growth was necessary. Multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, Scheffe and t-tests were used to analyze scores, confirm results, and facilitate interpretation. All three generations described aspects of grandparent success and specific realms of learning they should acquire to become more effective. Significant main effects that influenced responses about grandparent performance were generation, gender of grandchild, age of grandchild, frequency of grandchild care by grandparent, generations living together, and amount of time grandparent and grandchild spent together. Considerations were recommended to improve behavior of grandparents and guide the development of educational programs for them.