cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPEECH-SOUNDS PERCEPTION TEST : ANALYSIS OF ERROR TYPES IN NORMAL AND DIFFUSELY BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS

Summary.-An analysis of the types of error (Initial, Terminal, and Both) made on the Speech-Sounds Perception Test was conducted on data collected from 104 normal controls and 56 diffusely brain-damaged pauents. The brain-damaged group made more Terminal and Both errors than the normal group. A logistic regression analysis showed that knowing the types of error did not produce a higher percentage of correctly classified subjects than knowing only the total score. The Speech-Sounds Perception Test is a component of the HalsteadReitan Neur~ps~chological Battery (Reitan & Wolfson, 1993) that has been shown to be a valuable tool for assessing auditory-perceptual functioning, attention, and concentration (Lezak, 1995). The test is composed of six series (A through F), each containing ten items. Each item, a stimulus nonsense word, 1s resented on an audiotape. The subject selects one of four similar consonant-vowel-consonant nonsense words by underlining the alternative that sounds closest to the stimulus. Currently, the total number of errors is the chical score routinely used; however, Halstead (1947) studied three types of consonant error that can occur with each item: Initial, Terminal, or Both. He reported that normal subjects made as many Terminal errors (52%) as Initial errors (48%), while brain-damaged patients made over three times as many Terminal errors (76%) as Initial errors (24%). Bornstein and Leason (1984) stated that patients with left-hemispheric lesions made more Terminal errors and fewer Initial errors than patients with bilateral or right-hemisphere brain damage. Reddon, Schopflocher, Gill, and Stefanyk (1989) found that forensic psychiatry patients made more Terminal errors than general psychiatry patients. A major difference between the Bornstein and Leason (1984) and Reddon, et al. (1989) studies and the present study is our inclusion of a normal control group. It is necessary to know how normal persons respond to the items before making diagnostic conclusions about chical groups. While Halstead's (1947) study included a normal control group, he Id nor report detailed results.
Student and faculty attitudes and beliefs about computer science

The curriculum should inspire students to view CS as both accomplishment and intellectual discipline.
American Indian suicide rates and the economy.

The average suicide rate of American Indians in New Mexico from 1958 to 1986 for three tribes was positively associated with the over-all New Mexico unemployment rate as was the over-all New Mexico suicide rate.
Periumbilical Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Blue Jeans or Belt Buckles?

Nickel is the most ubiquitous contact allergen among children and adolescents. Metal blue jeans buttons and belts have been noted to cause nickel dermatitis around the umbilicus. For these children, traditional teaching is strict avoidance of all pants with metal snaps/buttons, particularly blue jeans. In this study we tested 90 pairs of blue jeans and 47 belts for nickel using the dimethylglyoxime spot test. Only 10% of blue jeans tested positive, while 53% of belts tested positive. Furthermore, 10 pairs of nickel-negative blue jeans remained negative after 10 washings. Overall we found no resistance to testing in clothing stores. From these results, we recommend that patients with allergic contact dermatitis secondary to nickel need not strictly avoid blue jeans and metal belt buckles. Rather, families should be encouraged to use the dimethylglyoxime spot test to test these items for nickel prior to purchase.
Ionization and Dissociation of Diatomic Molecules by Electron Impact

An extension of the mass spectrometric method of study of ionization and dissociation processes occurring in diatomic molecules under electron impact and the results of further investigation of the molecules ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, CO, NO, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are discussed. The shapes of the peaks which appear in the graph of resolved ion current as a function of ion accelerating potential are analyzed and accounted for in terms of the wave-mechanical theory of the diatomic molecule and the characteristics of the mass spectrometer. It is indicated how the study of the peak shape coupled with appearance potential measurements has made possible conclusions concerning the nature of the dissociation process and the structure of the molecule. Differences between previous mass spectrometric data and those from other sources have been clarified either by obtaining better data with the mass spectrometer or by formulation of a satisfactory interpretation of the difference based on conclusions of an analysis of the ion peak shape. Values of dissociation energies, ionization potentials and interpretations of the processes that occur are given.
Chemical data assimilation of Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) aircraft measurements

[1] In this paper, the four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) technique is applied to assimilate aircraft measurements during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) field experiment into a chemical transport model, Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model, version 2K1 (STEM-2K1). Whether data assimilation would produce better analyzed fields is examined. It is found that assimilating ozone observations from one of two independent flights improves model prediction of the other flight ozone measurements, which are withheld as validation data. The adjusted initial fields after only assimilating the total reactive nitrogen (NOy) observations lead to better predictions of NO, NO2, and PAN, based on their agreement with the withheld measurements. One experiment simultaneously assimilating the observations of O3, NO, NO2, HNO3, PAN, and RNO3 demonstrates that the model is able to match those measurements well by changing the initial fields. In addition, the model predictions of NOy improve significantly after assimilating the aforementioned multiple observation species, which are independent of the withheld NOy measurements. In the paper, we also show that the key species whose initial mixing ratios would significantly affect the agreement between model and measurements can be identified using adjoint sensitivity analysis. Such information can be used to reduce the number of control variables in the 4D-Var data assimilation. To speed up the optimization process in the 4D-Var, we enforce the concentration upper bounds through the limited memory–Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno-B (L-BFGS-B) algorithm, and this proves to be effective.
The systems approach to international migration: an application of network analysis methods.

The objective of this article is to apply formal network analysis to the systems approach [to the study of international migration]. Network analysis will allow two of the four methodological issues to be considered. First clique and centrality analysis methods will be used to examine the definition and development of ties within an international migration system over time. Second quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) regression techniques will be used to address the influence of macro factors on international migration flows....[We use] the European Union as a network of migration interest.... (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
Pyrolysis of some 13C-labeled glucans: a mechanistic study

An isotopic labeling study has been conducted to investigate the chemical mechanisms involved in the formation of certain pyrolysis products of glucans, specifically glycolaldehyde (GA), acetol (hydroxypropanone), acetic acid, and formic acid, which are the major non-aqueous components of the distillate fraction (−60°C condensate) of the pyrolyzate. 13C labels at C-1, C-2, and C-6 of the glucose rings in synthetic glucans were used to reveal the origins of these compounds. In general, the results show that each compound is formed by several different mechanisms, but suggest that only a few mechanisms predominate in each case. Glycolaldehyde derives predominantly from the C-1–C-2 segment of the glucose monomers, with C-5–C-6 also contributing significantly. Evidence is presented supporting heterolytic mechanism which require a reducing end-group and base catalysis. Acetol derives mostly from three contiguous carbons that include a terminal carbon (C-1 or C-6), most often C-6 and most often appearing as the methyl carbon in the acetol. Acetic acid also arises most often from terminal carbons, the C-5–C-6 segment being the major source, with the methyl carbon usually deriving from C-1 or C-6. About half of the formic acid produced arises from C-1. Mechanisms derived from the chemistry of alkaline degradation and involving acylformylcarbinol intermediates are proposed.
Heparin release from hydrophobic polymers: (I)In vitro studies

The release of heparin from monolithic devices composed of different ratios of polyethylene oxide (PEO MW 20, 000) and hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane or polyurethane was investigated. Water soluble PEO blended into the polymers provided a controlled release of heparin. The release rate of heparin could be controlled by varying the content of PEO. The heparin release rate from the devices increased as the content of PEO in the devices increased. The release mechanism may be associated with the creation of pore or domain through the devices following the swelling and the change in the physical structure of the polymer network. Hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxanes and polyurethanes containing PEO can provide and antithrombogenic material for prolonged release of heparin from a heparin blended system.
Using the C/N ratio to estimate terrigenous inputs of organic matter to aquatic environments

Organic matter in the water columns and sediments of rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans is often described as a binary mixture of terrestrial and aquatic end members. Molar C/N ratios of samples and end members are often used in linear mixing equations to estimate the fraction of terrestrially derived organic carbon (or organic matter) in aquatic and sedimentary environments. It is shown herein that this calculation actually yields the fraction of terrestrially derived organic nitrogen. Because terrestrial organic matter is relatively depleted in nitrogen, the fraction of terrestrially derived organic carbon has been seriously and systematically underestimated by this misinterpretation of C/N mixing lines. It is further shown that the mixing equation based on N/C yields the desired result – the fraction of terrestrially derived organic carbon. More generally, whenever ratios of properties, e.g., C/N, N/C, 13C/12C, etc., are used in linear mixing equations, the mixing fraction is always based on the denominator of the ratio rather than the numerator. The degree to which the fraction of terrestrially derived carbon is underestimated through the use of C/N mixing lines is evaluated for a range of C/N ratios of samples and end members. The problem is further illustrated using several published data sets in which C/N mixing lines were originally used to estimate the average fraction of terrestrially derived carbon. Re-calculation using N/C mixing lines raised the estimated average fraction of terrestrially derived carbon from 0.48 to 0.64.
Adhesion mechanisms of polyurethanes to glass surfaces. Part II. Phase separation in polyurethanes and its effects on adhesion to glass

Polyurethanes were prepared from different molecular weight polycaprolactone-based polyols with varying amounts of hard segment made with toluene diisocyanate and butanediol. A theoretical model based on hard and soft segment miscibility was used to predict phase separation in these polyurethanes. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, near-infrared spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to determine phase separation. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. The glass surfaces of the previously tested glass/polyurethane adhesion samples were analyzed by angular dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ADXPS). ADXPS data revealed an interphase region of approximately 2-10 nm in thickness present between the polyurethane matrix and the glass substrate in each sample. The data also showed that the composition of the interphase region was influenced not only by the matrix composition, but also by the phase separation. The curve-fitted C ...
Online searching: just another tool for document librarians

Abstract This article is designed to acquaint government documents librarians with the reference uses of online searching of government documents databases and to encourage their direct involvement in such searching. It is hoped that documents librarians will begin to recognize the multiple applications of online searching in documents and will start to consider it just another essential tool. Appendices identify the major commercial search services and available government-related databases.
Microbial mercury cycling in sediments of the San Francisco Bay-Delta

Microbial mercury (Hg) methylation and methylmercury (MeHg) degradation processes were examined using radiolabled model Hg compounds in San Francisco Bay-Delta surface sediments during three seasonal periods: late winter, spring, and fall. Strong seasonal and spatial differences were evident for both processes. MeHg production rates were positively correlated with microbial sulfate reduction rates during late winter only. MeHg production potential was also greatest during this period and decreased during spring and fall. This temporal trend was related both to an increase in gross MeHg degradation, driven by increasing temperature, and to a build-up in pore water sulfide and solid phase reduced sulfur driven by increased sulfate reduction during the warmer seasons. MeHg production decreased sharply with depth at two of three sites, both of which exhibited a corresponding increase in reduced sulfur compounds with depth. One site that was comparatively oxidized and alkaline exhibited little propensity for net MeHg production. These results support the hypothesis that net MeHg production is greatest when and where gross MeHg degradation rates are low and dissolved and solid phase reduced sulfur concentrations are low.
Muronomab-CD3 for Pediatric Acute Myocarditis

The treatment of pediatric acute myocarditis that is hemodynamically significant often includes immune modulation with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and steroids, and supportive measures. In this population, published outcomes include recovery of ventricular function from 6 months to years, transplantation, or death. We studied the effect of the immunosuppressive agent muronomab-CD3 (OKT3) on recovery of heart failure in the treatment of pediatric myocarditis. A retrospective chart review was performed identifying 15 pediatric patients diagnosed with acute myocarditis and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) or arrhythmias to which OKT3 was added to the immunosuppressive regimen. All patients were treated with supportive care, intravenous immunoglobulin, and steroids. LVEF by echocardiogram was plotted for each patient versus time. Outcomes included recovery of left ventricular function (as defined by an LVEF ≥ 45%), death, or listing for transplant. The diagnosis of acute myocarditis was made by a positive endomyocardial biopsy in 8 patients. Nine patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or LV assist device. After treatment with OKT3, 9 patients made a significant recovery of LVEF within 17 days, and 1 recovered by 60 days. Six of the patients requiring mechanical assistance recovered within this time period. There were 4 deaths––3 due to ECMO complications and 1 due to underlying gastrointestinal illness. One patient diagnosed with chronic myocarditis on biopsy underwent transplantation. No significant side effects attributable to OKT3 occurred. By decreasing the autoimmune inflammatory response, OKT3 may hasten recovery of ventricular function and be a useful adjunct therapy for hemodynamically significant acute pediatric myocarditis.
The Capacity for Long-Term Memory in Infancy

can remember the events in which they actively participated for days, weeks, and even months.3 Because prelinguistic infants lack words to tell us what they remember, they must use motoric responses instead. To this end, my students and I teach infants an op?rant response?a foot kick?that is reinforced by the movement of a particular crib mo bile on which we have displayed the critical stimulus information (Fig. 1a). Infants then "tell" us whether they recognize the visual informa tion that we later display on a test mobile by whether or not they kick their feet: If they respond as trained,
Risk of small-for-gestational age is associated with common anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms.

Background: Anti-inflammatory cytokines play a key role in pregnancy maintenance. Genetic variation in anti-inflammatory cytokines could influence a woman's risk of adverse reproductive outcomes. Methods: We investigated the relationship of polymorphisms in interleukin 4 (IL4), IL5, IL10, IL13, and transforming growth factor (TGFβ1) with spontaneous preterm birth and small-for-gestational age (SGA) in a nested case–control study of a prospective pregnancy cohort. Women were recruited between 24 and 29 weeks' gestation at the Wake County and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill obstetric clinics between February 1996 and June 2000. We inferred haplotypes using the EM algorithm and the Bayesian method, PHASE. Semi-Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each polymorphism. Results: African-American mothers who carried the IL4 GCC haplotype had greater risk of spontaneous preterm birth (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.2–7.4). In white mothers, carriers of the “low-producing” IL4 CC and IL10 ATA haplotypes had markedly reduced risk of SGA (for the CC haplotype, 0.2 [0.0–1.2]; for the ATA haplotype, 0.5 [0.3–0.8]), whereas carriers of the “high-producing” IL4(−589)T variant had increased risk of SGA in both African-American and white mothers. Conclusions: Variants related to decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine production may lower risk of SGA. Furthermore, the same mechanism that protects against SGA might increase risk of spontaneous preterm birth.
Does Wartime Captivity Affect Late-Life Mental Health? A Study of Vietnam-Era Repatriated Prisoners of War

Our earlier study of U.S. prisoners of war in Vietnam (King et al., 2011) examined personal and military demographics and aspects of the stressful experience of wartime imprisonment as they related to psychological well-being shortly after homecoming in 1973. Research with repatriated prisoners of war (RPWs) from other military eras suggests that the severity of captivity stressors might predict long-term distress. However, the extent to which effects of the captivity experience persisted for Vietnam-era RPWs is unknown. The present study extended our previous analyses by examining the associations of demographic factors, captivity stressors, and repatriation mental health with subsequent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms (measured nearly 30 years later) in a sample of 292 Vietnam-era RPWs. Results indicated that although most of the men in our sample were within normal limits on anxiety and depressive symptoms, a substantial minority reported experiencing clinically significant levels. Levels of PTSD symptoms were generally low, with only a modest proportion demonstrating elevations. Multiple regression analyses showed that age at capture and posttraumatic stress symptoms at repatriation predicted all three long-term mental health outcomes. In addition, physical torture predicted long-term PTSD symptoms. Findings highlight the potential long-term effects of wartime captivity, and also suggest that most Vietnam-era RPWs demonstrate remarkable resilience to extraordinarily stressful life experiences.
A Microfluidic Oxygenator for Biological Cell Culture

In this paper, we report on the development of a microfluidic platform in which dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations can be dynamically adjusted for cell culture applications. The DO concentration in culture media flowing through enclosed microchannels is regulated by the diffusion through an elastromeric interface from an overhead gas channel, using an oxygen-sensitive dye embedded in the fluid channel as a sensor. Using a microchannel network functioning as an oxygen/nitrogen mixer, the growth characteristics of murine fibroblast cells (3T3) were analyzed as a function of eight discrete DO concentrations in culture media within a single device, ranging from anaerobic (0 ppm) to fully saturated (42 ppm).
Cultural Appropriation, Performance, and Agency in Mexicana Parent Involvement

Parental agency is examined in the creation of a dance performance by a group of Mexican immigrant mothers that combined a mixture of genres into an educational message. The folklorico performance resulted from a process of cultural appropriation involving linguistic, cultural, and experiential “translations.” This process was concerned with communicating a message of parental involvement in a culturally relevant form to Latino parents. The performance developed by the mothers can be understood as a definitional ceremony that rejected marginalization in favor of images of self-representation that represented Mexican mothers as they viewed themselves and as they desired to be viewed.
Ultrasonic attenuation of piezoelectric PVF2 films at high frequencies

The ultrasonic attenuation of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2) piezoelectric films has been measured at high frequencies (150–450 MHz). It was observed that the propagation loss varies linearly with frequency. The ultrasonic Q of the PVF2 films is constant and equal to 19. It is thus possible to use PVF2 films for high-frequency applications.
Interpretation of TOF-SIMS images: multivariate and univariate approaches to image de-noising, image segmentation and compound identification

Interpretation of SIMS images combines all of the challenges of SIMS spectral interpretation with the challenges of image processing. This goal is further complicated by the extremely low signal to noise ratio typical in images, difficulties in isolating pure component spectra and interference from topographic and matrix effects. Identifying compounds and distinguishing between chemical and topographical features requires simultaneous analysis of multiple ion images. As a result multivariate statistical techniques, including principal components analysis, factor analysis, neural networks and mixture models, can be powerful tools for exploring the spectral images. Segmentation of SIMS images, that is, identification of chemically distinct regions within an image, can often be complicated by the very low signal to noise ratios which degrade image contrast and make identification of region boundaries problematic. Examples where these statistical techniques have been used to successfully separate chemical and topographical features and to isolate pure component spectra from the images are presented. PCA and latent profile analysis have enormous utility for exploring and quantifying TOF-SIMS images. Wider application of these statistical image analysis techniques is needed to fully exploit the potential of TOF-SIMS imaging.
Identification of an mtDNA mutation hot spot in UV-induced mouse skin tumors producing altered cellular biochemistry.

There is increasing awareness of the role of mtDNA alterations in the development of cancer, as mtDNA point mutations are found at high frequency in a variety of human tumors. To determine the biological effects of mtDNA mutations in UV-induced skin tumors, hairless mice were irradiated to produce tumors, and the tumor mtDNAs were screened for single-nucleotide changes using temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis (TGCE), followed by direct sequencing. A mutation hot spot (9821insA) in the mitochondrially encoded tRNA arginine (mt-Tr) locus (tRNAArg) was discovered in approximately one-third of premalignant and malignant skin tumors. To determine the functional relevance of this particular mutation in vitro, cybrid cell lines containing different mt-Tr (tRNAArg) alleles were generated. The resulting cybrid cell lines contained the same nuclear genotype and differed only in their mtDNAs. The biochemical analysis of the cybrids revealed that the mutant haplotype is associated with diminished levels of complex I protein (CI), resulting in lower levels of baseline oxygen consumption and lower cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. We hypothesize that this specific mtDNA mutation alters cellular biochemistry, supporting the development of keratinocyte neoplasia.
Effects of Externally Applied Stress on the Properties of Quantum Dot Nanostructures

An array of semiconductor quantum dots is studied computationally using an approach that couples linear elasticity to electronic and optical properties. The effect of strain on the photoemission behavior of the quantum dot array is of particular interest. With a realistic quantum dot array morphology as input, finite element analysis is first used to compute electron energy levels in the domain. From these energy levels, optical conductivity is computed for the system, which is directly comparable with experimental optical absorption and emission spectra. Then, to simulate the effect of microscope tip-sample interaction, the strain field associated with a rigid cylindrical indenter is superimposed on the sample and the calculation is performed again. The computed optical spectrum shows a distinct blue-shift as a result of the indentation strain field. This observation is qualitatively and quantitatively in agreement with near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) experiments on the same material system. The result shows that in nanoscale semiconductor devices, mechanical and electronic properties are coupled over the same length scales and can be treated together in a coupled continuum finite element formulation.
Reduction as a probe for benzothiirene intermediates: Thermal and photochemical decomposition of 1,2,3 -benzothiadiazoles.

Abstract Four benzothiadiazoles were either heated at reflux or irradiated at room temperature in tetrahydronaphthalene. The base soluble thiols which were obtained were converted to thiolacetates and analyzed by use of infrared and nmr shift-reagent spectroscopy.
Mutation analysis of the fragile histidine triad gene transcripts of primary tumors and unaffected tissue using restriction nuclease fingerprinting and sequencing

The fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) is a putative tumor suppressor gene (TSG) that spans the fragile chromosomal site FRA3B at 3p14.2. To elucidate the role of this TSG in tumorigenesis, the transcripts of 81 primary neoplasias of various tumor types and 10 benign tumors (leiomyoma uteri) are being compared to those of constitutive tissue of the same patients. Total RNA is extracted from all samples and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Exons 3-10 including the translated exons 5–9 are PCR-amplified. The transcripts of each tumor/constitutive panel are first quantified and analyzed for size differences of > 50 bp in agarose gels. In one of 71 panels analyzed (1/71), the tumor FHIT was underexpressed compared to actin while 6/71 yielded size differences within the panel Next, the transcripts are compared by restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF); using specific conditions, this modified SSCP technique allows detection of any nucleotide change. Of 45 tumor panels analyzed by REF, 39 contained mutations: 5/5 breast, 9/9 colon, 2/3 endometrial, 4/5 kidney, 1/1 liver, 3/3 lung, 3/3 ovarian, 3/4 skin, 4/4 stomach, 1/1 Wilms' and 4/7 leiomyoma uteri. Samples that revealed mutations are being sequenced. At least one breast cancer had lost the entire exon 4 and 1 Ibp of the 5′ end of exon 10, the same deletion as was reported missing in a lung cancer cell line. Combined results to date suggest that FHIT is nonrandomly mutated in breast as well as colon cancer and, most likely, in many other tumor types. Future work will include an analysis of underexpressed transcripts for transcriptional inactivation by hypermethylation.
Glocalization or Grobalization of Wal-Mart in the US? A Qualitative Analysis

AbstractThis qualitative analysis examines Wal-Mart managers’ perspectives of the strategies that the US corporation has implemented to increase its sales and profits at more than 4000 stores in local US communities. Two theoretical paradigms were specifically used: glocalization and grobalization. The former refers to adaptation to local cultures; the latter means aggressive standardization. The ultimate goal of the researchers is to identify the current state (i.e. tension and/or balance) of those two forms of globalization. In-depth, face-to-face, qualitative interviewing of 10 Wal-Mart managers in Central Florida allowed the researchers to actually comprehend managers’ perspectives, gather fresh data, and construct a final product to enlighten readers on the current Wal-Martization of the US. Throughout the data reduction process, three key themes surfaced as the most relevant to two initial research questions: (1) Awareness of Glocalization as Key to Success; (2) Grobalization Strategies Implemented;...
Collaborations in Public Service: Memphis Experience

Abstract Community participation and increased employment of interagency collaboration are hallmarks of new reforms in government that influence public service. Expanded involvement of constituents and the public and nonprofit sectors creates new challenges and opportunities. This article draws on participant observation, structured and unstructured interviews, and extensive document review to provide an initial evaluation of two collaborative planning efforts in Memphis, Tennessee, and to examine their implications for enhancing public service in the Mid South region of the United States. An assessment of collaborative capacity is provided along with hypotheses regarding the potential for future success of the planned interagency activities.
Elucidation of Lyme arthritis

Before the first description of Lyme arthritis in 1976, patients with this disease were often thought to have juvenile or adult rheumatoid arthritis. It is now known that Lyme arthritis is caused by a tick-borne spirochete that disseminates to joints, where it induces marked pro-inflammatory responses. In most patients, the arthritis resolves with antibiotic treatment. However, in the United States, about 10% of patients with Lyme arthritis develop persistent synovitis, which lasts for months or even several years after the apparent eradication of the spirochete from the joint with antibiotic therapy. The elucidation of Lyme arthritis, from acute infection to chronic synovitis, might help in our understanding not only of this entity, but also of other forms of chronic inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis.
Kinetic analysis of the binding of human matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2.

Abstract The dissociation constants (K d) of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 for the active and latent forms of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and enzyme inhibition studies. SPR analysis shows biphasic kinetics with high (nm) and low (μm) affinity binding sites of TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 for MMP-2 (72- and 62-kDa species) and MMP-9 (92- and 82-kDa species), respectively. In contrast, binding data of TIMP-2 to an MMP-2 45-kDa active form lacking the C-terminal domain and to an MMP-2 C-terminal domain (CTD) fragment displays monophasic kinetics withK d values of 315 and 60 nm, respectively. This suggests that the CTD contains the high affinity binding site, whereas the catalytic domain contains the low affinity site. Also, binding of TIMP-2 to pro-MMP-2 is stronger at both the high and low affinity sites than the corresponding binding of TIMP-2 to the MMP-2 62-kDa form demonstrating the importance of the N-terminal prodomain. In addition, the K d value of TIMP-1 for the MMP-2 62-kDa species is 28.6 nm at the high affinity site, yet neither the MMP-2 45-kDa species nor the CTD interacts with TIMP-1. Enzyme inhibition studies demonstrate that TIMPs are slow binding inhibitors with monophasic inhibition kinetics. This suggests that a single binding event results in enzyme inhibition. The kinetic parameters for the onset of inhibition are fast (k on ∼105 m −1 s−1) with slow off rates (k off ∼10−3 s−1). The inhibition constants (K i) are in the 10−7–10−9 m range and correlate with the values determined by SPR.
Noninvasive atherosclerosis imaging modalities and their application to investigating cardiovascular drug effects in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder that affects not only joints but also the cardiovascular (CV) system. Premature endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis are pertinent findings in patients with RA, resulting in increased CV morbidity and mortality. Thus, detection of subclinical atherosclerosis is important in RA management. A range of promising imaging modalities is currently available to visualize early vascular disease and monitor changes in atherosclerotic plaque burden, serving as important tools in CV risk stratifications and as surrogate markers for CV endpoints in intervention trials. This review summarizes various noninvasive imaging modalities, implemented in widespread clinical use, such as vascular ultrasonography and cardiac computer tomography, as well as novel emerging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. These novel technologies make a step forward in the evaluation and quantification of atherosclerotic plaque features, permitting the detection of vulnerable plaque as well as functional assessment of vessel wall metabolic activity that was previously not achievable. Application of the imaging modalities to monitor CV drug effects in therapeutic clinical trials in both the general and RA population is further presented and discussed. Drug Dev Res 72:739–749, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
18O/16O, 30Si/28Si, D/H, and 13C/12C Studies of Lunar Rocks and Minerals

The δ ^(18)O of minerals from lunar gabbros and basalts are: plgioclases +6.06 to +6.33), pyroxenes (+5.70 to +5.95), and ilmenites (+3.85 to +4.12). The uniformity of these results indicates isotopic equilibrium in the mineral assemblages. Estimated plagioclase-ilmenite temperautres range from 1150°C to 1340°C. The bulk ^(18)/^(16)O and ^(30)Si/^(28)Si ratios of these lunar rocks are identical with ratios of terrestrial basalts, but the lunar glass, breccia, and dust are slightly enriched in the heavier isotopes. The lunar hydrogen (formed from solar wind) has a δ D/H of less than—873 per mil and the value may be even lower, as it is probably contaminated with terrestrial hydrogen. The δ ^(13)C of lunar dust and breccia is unusually high relative to reduced carbon in meteorites or on earth.
The initial value problem for creeping flow of the upper convected Maxwell fluid at high Weissenberg number

We consider the equations for time dependent creeping flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid. For finite Weissenberg number, these equations can be reformulated as a coupled system of a hyperbolic equation for the stresses and an elliptic equation for the velocity. In the high Weissenberg number limit, however, the elliptic equation becomes degenerate. As a consequence, the initial value problem is no longer uniquely solvable if we just naively let the Weissenberg number go to infinity in the equations. In this paper, we make an a priori assumption on the stresses, which is motivated by the behavior in shear flow. We formulate a systematic perturbation procedure to solve the resulting initial value problem. Copyright © 2014 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
White Tigers, Zoos and Sustainability Reporting: A Cynical Reflection

This essay reflects on the growing trend of standalone corporate social responsibility reports. And although several recently published studies seem to suggest that at least some users of the reports find value in them, particularly when they are deemed to be of higher quality, I offer an argument that in their current voluntary state, the practice may be more harmful than beneficial.
Analogs that compete for antigen binding to an arsonate-reactive T-cell clone inhibit the functional response to arsonate

We have tested several structurally related haptens, conjugated to ovalbumin, for their effect on activation of an inducer T-cell clone reactive to the p-azobenzenearsonate (arsonate) hapten. Low concentrations of some analogs inhibited DNA synthesis and lympkokine production by the clone in response to arsanylated antigen, but not in response to the lectin concanavalin A. Inhibition was specific for this clone, since the response of clones reactive to other antigens was not blocked. Inhibition may result from competition of these analogs with arsonate at a site on the T cell. The effectiveness of blocking by arsonate analogs parallels their ability to bind to a previously described arsonate-binding site on the clone (Rao et al., accompanying paper). We suggest that the binding and blocking assays detect the same physiological arsonate-recognition site on the clone, and hence that the cell-surface arsonate-binding sites we have described mediate its physiological response to antigen.
Rapid high-temperature metamorphism of East Pacific Rise gabbros from Hess Deep

Abstract Metamorphosed oceanic gabbros provide a record of the cooling history of the lower crust near mid-ocean ridges, but the temperature range, rate, and location of subsolidus events are poorly known. We combine hornblende-plagioclase thermometry, statistical analysis, and thermal models to estimate precisely the temperature, time, distance from axis, and duration of metamorphism in East Pacific Rise gabbros from Hess Deep, ODP Hole 894G. Metamorphic hornblende and plagioclase, which formed during microfracturing and sea water penetration, equilibrated at a mean temperature of 716 ± 8°C (90% confidence level). Comparison of the properties of the observed temperature distribution with those of model events indicates that metamorphism spanned ≤ 60°C. When combined with thermal models of fast-spreading centers, this implies that metamorphism was rapid (≤ 6000 yr) and occurred 1–4 km off axis. Application of this approach to other gabbros will allow comparison of spatial and temporal characteristics of deformation and fluid flow in the lower oceanic crust as a function of ridge setting.
Experimental Results of Routing Protocol Convergence in a HAIPE Protected Fault Tolerant Network

Defense networks, such as the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS), often comprise major equipment facilities that are dispersed throughout the world and which are dependent on high-capacity network transport services for their own internal communication infrastructure. (The MUOS is a joint program to replace the current DoD UHF Satcom system with a modern, worldwide mobile communication system to meet the operational needs of today's warfighter.) MUOS facilities are based largely on commercial networking and 3G wireless equipment, and use the DISN Core (formerly called GIG-BE) for their internal infrastructure communication network. In particular, the four globally distributed MUOS Radio Access Facilities (RAF), Switching Facilities (SF), and system management facilities have a major need for infrastructure communications among themselves. In order to protect this traffic, High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor (HAIPE) devices are deployed within the MUOS to protect the information that exists within and transits within MUOS' internal network. This work is a preliminary empirical study of the automated failover-recovery (convergence) performance of an abstract network similar to MUOS' envisioned HAIPE fault tolerant network using as a focal point the RAF's internal network interface. Since the network's convergence is derived from the use of and manipulation of routing protocol hold timers, the performance of two dominant network protocols (OSPF and BGP-4) is compared. Analysis of the experimental results reveals that variation of the protocols' hold timers yields a negligible impact to performance and the availability offered by the two protocols is approximately the same.
Minority participation in Earth science

The U.S. Geological Survey has been making intensive efforts to increase the numbers of members of minority groups (especially Blacks, Chicanos, and American Indians) and women qualifying for professional employment as earth scientists. The USGS Central Region Committee on Minority Participation in Earth Science, headquartered in Denver, Colorado, has initiated many projects designed to attract more members of these groups to enroll in college earth science courses, with the hope that some will decide to become earth science majors and seek careers in earth science. Many of these projects were included in an earlier report, ‘Geological Survey Activities in the Earth Sciences Minority Program’ (E0S, 54, 850–851, 1973). Summer employment of minority high school and college students has become a major part of that program.
Animal Behavior: Stay Close for Comfort

Mate guarding - a male staying near a female for a while after mating - has traditionally been interpreted in the context of sexual conflict. New observations of wild field crickets suggest instead that guarding males provide protection from predators, enhancing female fitness.
Poor Smokers, Poor Quitters, and Cigarette Tax Regressivity

The traditional view that excise taxes are regressive has been challenged. I document the history of the term regressive tax, show that traditional definitions have always found cigarette taxes to be regressive, and illustrate the implications of the greater price responsiveness observed among the poor. I explain the different definitions of tax burden: accounting, welfare-based willingness to pay, and welfare-based time inconsistent. Progressivity (equity across income groups) is sensitive to the way in which tax burden is assessed. Analysis of horizontal equity (fairness within a given income group) shows that cigarette taxes heavily burden poor smokers who do not quit, no matter how tax burden is assessed.
Alternate Research Paradigms A Review and Teaching Proposal

This article reviews the major paradigms that are different from the positivistic research tradition of reductive experimentation and presents an approach to teaching these paradigms in graduate counseling psychology programs. Arguments and issues related to broadening reductive-positivist conceptions of research are first summarized. Three alternate paradigms, (a) the naturalistic-ethnographic, (b) the phenomenological, and (c) the cybernetic, as well as other high-context approaches are described. Each paradigm is presented in terms of its conceptual base, methodological characteristics, applications, types of research questions it can address, and its strengths and limitations. A curriculum for teaching these alternate paradigms as an extension of standard research courses is proposed. The teaching philosophy, teaching-learning mechanisms, instructional resources, and observations from past experiences of implementation are given. It is argued that such teaching would promote students 'epistemic develo...
Island Diffusion and Coarsening on Metal (100) Surfaces

The diffusion and coarsening of two-dimensional homoepitaxial islands on Cu(100) and Ag(100) surfaces have been studied at room temperature with time-sequenced scanning tunneling microscopy. Quantitative analyses of the dependence of island diffusion coefficient $D$ vs the island side length $L$, $D\ensuremath{\propto}{L}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, yield noninteger scaling exponents which are consistent with island coalescence. Moreover, the near absence of island decay shows that the island diffusion occurs via mass transport along the island periphery.
Optimum Control of a Five-phase Integrated Modular Permanent Magnet Motor Under Normal and Open-Circuit Fault Conditions

This paper presents optimal control of a five-phase Integrated Modular Permanent Magnet Motor for normal and open-circuit fault conditions. Finite element analysis of the motor is carried out to obtain output torque of the motor. It is found that the output torque ripple of the machine when supplied with sinusoidal currents is considerably high. An optimum control technique is presented to operate the machine with minimum torque ripple and least stator ohmic loss. Furthermore, an optimum fault tolerant control method under open-circuit fault conditions is presented. Due to the half bridge and split capacitor configuration used for this modular motor drive the neutral voltage fluctuates considerably during the fault condition. To solve this problem, a constraint to make the summation of the phase currents to zero is incorporated in the derivation of the fault tolerant optimal control strategy. Optimal currents are calculated for normal and open-circuit fault-tolerant operation of the machine. Simulation results are presented for the verification of the control methods. Although the control techniques discussed in this work are applied for the five phase modular permanent magnet machine, they can be extended for multiphase permanent magnet machines with any number of phases.
Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the Systematics of the Order Haemosporida

Abstract: Malaria has been one of the most important diseases of humans throughout history and continues to be a major public health concern. The 5 species of Plasmodium that cause the disease in humans are part of the order Haemosporida, a diverse group of parasites that all have heteroxenous life cycles, alternating between a vertebrate host and a free-flying, blood-feeding dipteran vector. Traditionally, the identification and taxonomy of these parasites relied heavily on life-history characteristics, basic morphological features, and the host species infected. However, molecular approaches to resolving the phylogeny of the group have sometimes challenged many of these traditional hypotheses. One of the greatest debates has concerned the origin of the most virulent of the human-infecting parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, with early results suggesting a close relationship with an avian parasite. Subsequent phylogenetic studies placed it firmly within the mammalian clade instead, but the avian origin hy...
Decentralization as an Electoral Strategy

The decentralization of government is one of the most significant trends in politics worldwide. Variation in the timing of reform across countries only vaguely relates to the genesis of an international consensus pushed by big lenders and development banks or the reemergence of democracy in decentralizing countries. Moreover, these reforms were enacted from the top, which appears to contradict one of political science's central tenets: that politicians seek to maximize (or at least maintain) control over political and fiscal resources. This article develops a theory linking the adoption of decentralization to the electoral concerns of political parties: Decentralization represents a desirable strategy for parties whose support at subnational levels appears more secure than their prospects in national elections. The author tests this argument using data from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.