cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
External Validation of the STONE Score, a Clinical Prediction Rule for Ureteral Stone: An Observational Multi-institutional Study

Study objective The STONE score is a clinical decision rule that classifies patients with suspected nephrolithiasis into low-, moderate-, and high-score groups, with corresponding probabilities of ureteral stone. We evaluate the STONE score in a multi-institutional cohort compared with physician gestalt and hypothesize that it has a sufficiently high specificity to allow clinicians to defer computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with suspected nephrolithiasis. Methods We assessed the STONE score with data from a randomized trial for participants with suspected nephrolithiasis who enrolled at 9 emergency departments between October 2011 and February 2013. In accordance with STONE predictors, we categorized participants into low-, moderate-, or high-score groups. We determined the performance of the STONE score and physician gestalt for ureteral stone. Results Eight hundred forty-five participants were included for analysis; 331 (39%) had a ureteral stone. The global performance of the STONE score was superior to physician gestalt (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.78 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.74 to 0.81] versus 0.68 [95% CI 0.64 to 0.71]). The prevalence of ureteral stone on CT scan ranged from 14% (95% CI 9% to 19%) to 73% (95% CI 67% to 78%) in the low-, moderate-, and high-score groups. The sensitivity and specificity of a high score were 53% (95% CI 48% to 59%) and 87% (95% CI 84% to 90%), respectively. Conclusion The STONE score can successfully aggregate patients into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups and predicts ureteral stone with a higher specificity than physician gestalt. However, in its present form, the STONE score lacks sufficient accuracy to allow clinicians to defer CT scan for suspected ureteral stone.
New onset postoperative atrial fibrillation predicts long-term cardiovascular events after gastrectomy.

Abstract Background Recent evidence suggests transient postoperative atrial fibrillation leads to future cardiovascular events, even in noncardiac surgery. The long-term effects of postoperative atrial fibrillation in gastrectomy patients are unknown. Methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases identified patients undergoing gastrectomy for malignancy between 2007 and 2010. Patients were matched by propensity scores based on various factors. Adjusted Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models assessed the effect of postoperative atrial fibrillation on cardiovascular events. Results A higher incidence of cardiovascular events occurred over the 1st year in patients who developed postoperative atrial fibrillation. Cox proportional hazards regression confirmed an increased risk of cardiovascular events in postoperative atrial fibrillation patients. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that patients undergoing gastrectomy for malignancy who develop postoperative atrial fibrillation are at increased risk of cardiovascular events within 1 year. Physicians should be vigilant in assessing postoperative atrial fibrillation, given the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity.
Postoperative Care Navigation for Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To establish the efficacy of motivational interviewing–based postoperative care navigation in improving functional status after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to identify subgroups likely to benefit from the intervention. Methods We conducted a parallel randomized controlled trial in TKA recipients with 2 arms: postoperative care with frequent followup by a care navigator or usual care. The primary outcome was the difference between the arms in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function score change, over 6 months postsurgery. We performed a preplanned subgroup analysis of differential efficacy by obesity and exploratory subgroup analyses on sex and pain catastrophizing. Results We enrolled 308 subjects undergoing TKA for osteoarthritis. Mean ± SD preoperative function score was 41 ± 17 (0–100 scale, where 100 = worst function). At 6 months, subjects in the navigation arm improved by mean ± SD 30 ± 16 points compared to 27 ± 18 points in the usual-care arm (P = 0.148). Participants with moderate to high levels of pain catastrophizing were unlikely to benefit from navigation compared to those with lower levels of pain catastrophizing (P = 0.013 for interaction). Conclusion Subjects assigned to the navigation intervention did not demonstrate greater functional improvement compared to those in the control group. The negative overall result could be explained by the large effect on functional improvement of TKA itself compared to the smaller, additional benefit from care navigation, as well as by potential differential effects for subjects with moderate to high degrees of pain catastrophizing. Greater focus on developing programs for reducing pain catastrophizing could lead to better functional outcomes following TKA.
Accessibility of summer meals and the food insecurity of low-income households with children

Objective Almost no previous research has examined the impact of the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Summer Food Service Program and related Seamless Summer Option, which provide meals and snacks to low-income children over the summer. The present study investigated whether geographic accessibility of summer meals programme sites (a proxy for programme participation) was associated with food insecurity for low-income households. Design The study used data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and administrative data on summer meals sites in California. Geocoding was used to calculate driving time between CHIS households and nearby summer meals sites. Geographic accessibility was measured using a gravity model, which accounted for the spatially distributed supply of and demand for summer meals. Food insecurity and very low food security were measured using a standard six-item measure from the USDA. Subjects Low-income families with children (n 5394). Setting A representative surveillance study of non-institutionalized households in California. Results Geographic accessibility was not associated with food insecurity. However, geographic accessibility was associated with a significantly lower probability of very low food security in the full sample and among households with younger children and those living in less urban areas. Conclusions The USDA's summer meals programme may be effective at reducing the most severe form of food insecurity for low-income households with children. Expanding the number of summer meals sites, the number of meals served at sites and sites' hours of operation may be effective strategies to promote nutritional health over the summer months.
A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic to differentiate group A from other streptococcal groups.

A rapid staphylococcal coagglutination technic for differentiating group A from other streptococcal groups properly classified 500 isolates of beta-hemolytic streptococci when compared with the results of a reference capillary precipitin test. Presumptive classification of the same 500 isolates by bacitracin susceptibility produced a significant number of incorrect identifications. The findings further document the inherent inaccuracy of the bacitracin susceptibility test and suggest that the staphylococcal coagglutination technic may be a simple, accurate, inexpensive alternative for identification of groiip A streptococci.
The Unavailability of Systems under Periodic Test and Maintenance

The reliability analysis of the engineered safety systems of nuclear power plants requires the calculation of the pointwise and average unavailabilities of redundant systems under periodic test and...
Effect of control-display transfer function on pointing performance for a hand/finger based touchless gestural controls a preliminary investigation

Recent technologies now allow touchless gestural controls to be integrated as computing input devices. Unlike traditional input devices, the effect of design parameters (such as control-display transfer functions for physical to onscreen movements) for touchless controls is largely unknown. This paper presents an experiment where a hand- and finger-based touchless gestural control system replaced typical pointing and clicking functions of a mouse. The effect of different pointer-acceleration-based control-display transfer functions (dynamic CD gain with different scaling factors) on performance for a standard, 2-dimensional Fitts’ task was evaluated for 15 participants. Additionally, the influence of armrest support positioning was investigated. Results showed significantly increased error rates for the high level of control-display gain (SF=1000) in the gestural controls. Neither CD gain nor armrest position had significant effect on effective throughput or movement times, though lower CD gain showed the...
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND WELL-BEING IN HARE KRISHNAS

Psychological distress and well-being in 132 men and 94 women of the Hare Krishna movement (often called a “cult”) were measured on the Mental Health Inventory. Subjects averaged 30 yr. of age, wit...
Abstract 798: Measuring TK1 autoantibodies in the serum of cancer and non-cancer patients

One of the foremost problems in cancer is lack of a convenient, early detection method. Often malignancies are discovered too late, at stages that are so evolved that treatment becomes painful, expensive, or ineffective. Thymidine Kinase 1 (TK1) is an important nucleotide salvage pathway enzyme involved in DNA synthesis and repair. It has been shown that TK1 levels increase under normal cellular conditions typically during cell proliferation. However under malignant conditions, TK1 is over-expressed both in the cytosol of cancer cells and the serum of cancer patients. Consequently, serum TK1 levels (sTK1) are often used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We hypothesized that there may be autoantibodies against sTK1 in cancer patients because TK1 is generally intercellular and usually sequestered from the immune system. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we developed an ELISA in a 96 well plate format specifically to detect and measure the presence of autoantibodies against sTK1. Using purified TK1 as a capture antigen, we added serum from both pre-treatment cancer patients and age matched normal patients to detect any autoantibodies that interact with sTK1. Using two different types of primary, HRP conjugated antibodies, (Goat Anti-Human-HL & Goat Anti-Human-Fc) we were able to determine that there are antibodies to TK1 in the serum of both cancer and non-cancer patients. We eliminated the possibility that we were only detecting fragments of autoantibodies that were not true autoantibodies since our GAH-Fc antibody is specific to only intact antibodies. Furthermore, when we added TCEP (A common reducing agent which we used to remove the antibodies from the serum) to the serum, we saw a measurable signal reduction. Preliminary data suggest there are autoantibodies to TK1 in both cancer serum and normal serum. Further research is underway to elucidate the mechanisms responsible. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 798. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-798
Splenic biopsies are underutilized due to overestimation of bleeding risks

A critical appraisal and clinical application of Civardi G, Vallisa D, Berte R, et al. Ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy of the spleen: high clinical efficacy and low risk in a multicenter Italian study. Am J Hematol. 2001 Jun;67(2):93-9. doi:10.1002/ajh.1085
The Influence of Ownership and Regulatory Scrutiny on Earnings Management in U. S. Hospitals

We examine accrual and real earnings manipulations in U.S. hospitals, where we expect differences in hospital ownership (nonprofit vs. for-profit) will result in varying incentives to manage earnings. First, we document that nonprofit hospitals have lower levels of income-increasing and income-decreasing earnings manipulations than for-profit hospitals. Second, when we partition nonprofit hospitals by states with community benefits laws, we find that this greater regulatory scrutiny is associated with lower income-decreasing and income-increasing earnings management. Further, under regulatory scrutiny, nonprofit hospitals provide a greater proportion of uncompensated (charity) care with respect to net revenue. By examining differences in regulatory scrutiny types (i.e. reporting only vs. provision only), we find that either requirement is associated with less severe earnings management. Overall, our findings suggest that reporting incentives associated with ownership and those influenced by increased regulatory scrutiny help to improve earnings quality.
Envelope Equations for Three-Dimensional Gravity and Flexural-Gravity Waves Based on a Hamiltonian Approach

A Hamiltonian formulation for three-dimensional nonlinear flexural-gravity waves propagating at the surface of an ideal fluid covered by a thin ice sheet is presented. This is accomplished by introducing the Dirichlet–Neumann operator which reduces the original Laplace problem to a lower-dimensional system involving quantities evaluated at the fluid-ice interface alone. The ice-sheet model is based on the special Cosserat theory for hyperelastic shells, which yields a conservative and nonlinear expression for the bending force. By applying a Hamiltonian perturbation approach suitable for such a formulation, weakly nonlinear envelope equations for small-amplitude waves are derived. The various steps of this formal derivation are discussed including the modulational Ansatz, canonical transformations and expansions of the Hamiltonian. In particular, the contributions from higher harmonics are examined. Both cases of finite and infinite depth are considered, and comparison with direct numerical simulations is shown.
Psychosocial Support for Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe

Healthy psychosocial development during childhood is a key determinant to the future well-being of all individuals. In many areas of Africa, demand for psychosocial support continues to grow in response to the increasing number of children left orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. These orphans face various challenges and yet, in most cases, they lack access to basic psychological provisions necessary for their continued survival and mental well-being. This article examines the psychosocial support provisions needed by orphans to ensure positive outcomes.
Improved Bode-Fano broadband matching bound

A radio-frequency source generally can be closely matched to a load only over a restricted bandwidth. One measure of the maximum possible bandwidth is the Bode-Fano bound. Although the bound is often a good measure of the maximum bandwidth, there exist certain loads for which the bound is loose, and therefore cannot be attained by any matching network. We present a method to tighten the Bode-Fano bound when it is loose.
Effect of temperature on a miniaturized microbial fuel cell (MFC)

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioinspired energy converter which directly converts biomass into electricity through the catalytic activity of a specific species of bacteria. The effect of temperature on a miniaturized microbial fuel cell with Geobacter sulfurreducens dominated mixed inoculum is investigated in this paper for the first time. The miniaturized MFC warrants investigation due to its small thermal mass, and a customized setup is built for the temperature effect characterization. The experiment demonstrates that the optimal temperature for the miniaturized MFC is 322–326 K (49–53 °C). When the temperature is increased from 294 to 322 K, a remarkable current density improvement of 282% is observed, from 2.2 to 6.2 Am−2. Furthermore, we perform in depth analysis on the effect of temperature on the miniaturized MFC, and found that the activation energy for the current limiting mechanism of the MFC is approximately between 0.132 and 0.146 eV, and the result suggest that the electron transfer between cytochrome c is the limiting process for the miniaturized MFC.
The major pre-Mississippian unconformity in Rock Canyon, central Wasatch Range, Utah

In central Utah, the major pre-Mississippian unconformity is fairly well understood at most of the localities where it is recognized. However, the unconformity is more enigmatic in Rock Canyon of the central Wasatch Range. At this locality, dolomitization of most pre-Mississippian rocks obscures stratigraphic identification of Devonian and older units. The absence of any identifiable angular relationship further complicates resolution. Because of this, both identification of the stratigraphic level of the unconformity and, consequently, its magnitude remain controversial. Large-size dolomite samples taken in Rock Canyon at closely spaced intervals for the 3.6-m directly below definite Upper Devonian rocks yield microfossils, including conodonts, in the uppermost 1.6-m of that interval that indicate no unconformity exists between the Cambrian Maxfield Limestone and the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Fitchville Dolomite at the horizon previously identified as unconformable. Rather, an unknown thickness of dolomitized Upper Devonian Pinyon Peak Formation and probable older rock (possibly Bluebell Dolomite and Victoria Formation) occurs between the top of definite Maxfield and base of the Fitchville. The identification of the unconformity horizon remains unknown. Our preliminary work outlines a promising procedure for future understanding of the magnitude and stratigraphic level of the unconformity.
Assessment of the Temporopolar Artery as a Donor Artery for Intracranial-Intracranial Bypass to the Middle Cerebral Artery: Anatomic Feasibility Study.

Background Intracranial-intracranial bypass is a valuable cerebral revascularization option. Despite several advantages, one of the main shortcomings of the intracranial-intracranial bypass is the possibility of ischemic complications of the donor artery. However, when sacrificed, the temporopolar artery (TPA) is not associated with major neurologic deficits. We sought to define the role of TPA as a donor for revascularization of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Methods Pterional craniotomy was performed on 14 specimens. The TPA was released from arachnoid trabecula, and the small twigs to the temporal lobe were cut. The feasibility of side-to-side and end-to-side bypass to the farthest arterial targets on insular, opercular, and cortical MCA branches was assessed. The distance of the bypass point was measured in reference to limen insulae. Results A total of 15 TPAs were assessed (1 specimen had 2 TPAs). The average cisternal length of the TPA was 37.3 mm. For side-to-side bypass, the TPA was a poor candidate as an intracranial donor, except for the cortical orbitofrontal artery, which was reached in 87% of cases. However, the end-to-side bypass was successfully completed for most arteries (87%–100%) on the anterior frontal operculum and more than 50% of the cortical or opercular middle and posterior temporal arteries. There was no correlation between the TPA's cisternal length and maximum bypass reach. Conclusions When of favorable diameter, the TPA is a competent donor for intracranial-intracranial bypass to MCA branches at the anterior insula, and anterior frontal and middle temporal opercula (arteries anterior to the precentral gyrus coronal plane).
Assessing airway smooth muscle microstructure and contractile force in vivo using birefringence microscopy

Excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM) is responsible for the majority of the symptoms of asthma. We have developed a birefringence microscopy platform to volumetric assess ASM in patients and to quantify and predict ASM contractile force as a function of optical retardation.
142. Die Ablagerung von genetisch-distinkten Kollagentypen bei der Wundheilung

Bei der Wundheilung kommt es primar zur Ablagerung der Basalmembran- und pericellularen Kollagene Typ IV und V, gefolgt von der Ablagerung des reticularen Typ III Kollagens. Dieses bildet ein feines Fasernetz. Durch abschliesende dominante Ablagerung von Typ I Kollagen werden dicke Faserbundel gebildet, die den primaren Bestandteil des Narbengewebes ausmachen. Die Basalmembran- und pericellularen Kollagene sind fur die cellularen Vorgange der fruhen Wundheilung entscheidend, wahrend die interstitiellen Kollagene fur die Wiederherstellung der fibrillaren Struktur verantwortlich sind.
Witt-Type Theorems for Subspaces of Lie Geometries: A Survey

We define the notion of an independent clique in the collinearity graph of a para-projective geometry. This notion of independence is extended to arbitrary subgraphs. We then define several graphs which we will refer to as ‘partial frames’ which are isomorphic to subgraphs of an \(i\)-shadow of an apartment which we refer to as apartment partial frames. With this background we subsequently survey results which classify independent subgraphs of the collinear graph of a Lie geometry which are isomorphic to an apartment partial frame.
Rheological Behavior of Glass

The viscosity of glass receives much attention in both academic and manufacturing circles of endeavor. It is a property that is very sensitive to composition differences and hence helps the theoretical scientist understand glass structure and, at the same time, gives the manufacturing team a property suitable for quality control. However, quality control is only one aspect of importance that viscosity has in glass manufacture and applications. It is used in melting, forming, annealing, tempering, ionexchange, and sealing.
Design Considerations and Redundancy Resolution for Variable Geometry Continuum Robots

Current multi-backbone continuum robots are limited to a constant cross-sectional diameter. This paper proposes a design alternative that overcomes this limitation. The ability to change the diameter of a continuum robot expands the repertoire of kinematic redundancy and enables kinematic parameter adaptation to optimize performance. A continuum robot design based on the angulated scissor mechanism is presented along with its position analysis. An exploration of admissible design parameter values for a given continuum robot segment with a desired maximum curvature while maintaining an open bore along its center is also carried out. A design presenting how this mechanism can be incorporated into a continuum robot is shown and a strategy for minimizing joint forces and avoiding joint limits is formulated as a gradient descent redundancy resolution problem in a simulation case study. The simulation results show that varying the diameter can significantly reduce joint forces while preserving the workspace and avoiding joint limits. This work is a first step towards continuum robots with situational awareness that will use their sensing capabilities to adapt their structure in order to optimize task execution performance.
Improved dry spinning process at elevated temperatures for making uniform and high strength CNT fibers

Issues associated with the dry spinning process were explored and addressed in this paper. Post-treatment of dry-spun Carbon Nanotube (CNT) fibers frequently includes solvent densification. This procedure was modified in our work to enhance mechanical strength of the fiber. The effect of n–Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) as a densifying solvent was studied at different temperatures within the range of 23 °C–153 °C. High temperature densified fibers revealed better load bearing (40% increase) and higher density compared to room temperature values, which translated to higher tensile strengths (1.2–1.3 GPa). A maximum tensile strength of 1.5 GPa was achieved with resistance assisted heating combined with NMP heating. However, all these properties, including the fiber diameter, varied depending on the position within the array from where the fibers were drawn. This was attributed to a gradation in the length of the CNT's along the location of the drawing area within the array. Improved fiber uniformity was achieved by drawing from opposite ends of CNT arrays simultaneously. This study enabled to improve the densification process and addressed a major fiber uniformity problem accompanying the dry spinning method.
Addressing Women and Minorities on Social Media by the 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidates

Donald Trump’s bombastic statements regarding women and minorities were a constant theme in the 2016 presidential election and attracted attention from both the mainstream media and his opponent, H...
Microbial Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the oxidation, specifically the hydration, of unsaturated fatty acids. The term “oxidation” defines the addition of oxygen atoms to a substrate (X); the opposite process is reduction. The investigation of the nature of biological oxidation processes eventually proposed a generalized mechanism for biological oxidation as the removal or transfer of electrons from the substrate molecule (XH2) to an appropriate acceptor. This “dehydrogenation” theory has been supported by the purification of many dehydrogenases from animal and plant tissues along with the microorganisms. There are two types of known oxygenases: dioxygenases and monooxygenases. Dioxygenases are defined as enzymes that catalyze reactions in which both atoms of molecular oxygen are incorporated into substrates. Monooxygenases are defined as enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate, while the other atom is reduced to water. Fatty acids are components of animal and plant oils. Industrial applications for oxygenated fatty acids are well documented. Microbiological and plant systems are known to produce hydroxy and epoxy fatty acids.
Vorlesungen 1919/1920

Eine Einfuhrung in die Philosophie kampft mit Schwierigkeiten, wie sie die Einfuhrung in keine andere Wissenschaft kennt. Das Forschungsgebiet jeder nicht-philosophischen Wissenschaft ist dem Anfanger im Voraus bekannt, es ist ihm durch die naturliche Erfahrung oder sonstige allgemeine Anschauungen des praktischen Lebens wohlvertraut, und so weis er von vornherein, worum es sich handelt. Ist es Zoologie oder Botanik, ist es Psychologie, Sprachwissenschaft, Kunstwissenschaft, so weis er: Es handelt sich um Tiere oder Pflanzen, es handelt sich um Seelenleben oder um die Sprache, die Kunst usw. Der Blick ist sofort auf Bestimmtes und Bekanntes, nur eben noch nicht wissenschaftlich Erkanntes dirigiert. Unter den wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen finden wir freilich auch so manche, deren Gebiete jenseits der gemeinen Erfahrung und Anschauung liegen – sei es, dass methodisch-kunstlich geleitete Erfahrung auf Zusammenhange fuhrt, die dem naturlichen Menschen verborgen waren, sei es, dass sich wissenschaftliche Forschung stufenweise aufbaut und sich relativ selbstandige Disziplinen hoherer Stufe abzweigen – aber dannmacht die Einfuhrung in diese Disziplinen doch keine prinzipielle Schwierigkeit. Es wird eben wie zum Beispiel bei der Chemie durch Vorfuhrung von fundamentalen Experimenten Sorge getragen fur die Gewinnung jener neuen Erfahrungen, die dem Anfanger durch den Gang seines fruheren Lebens noch nicht dargeboten sein konnten. Oder wenn es sich um eine Disziplin hoherer Stufe handelt (wie in der Geometrie um die sogenannte analytische Geometrie, in der Zahlenlehre um die Theorie der komplexen Zahlensystemen u. dgl.), nun dann steht derAnfanger selbstverstandlich schon dicht an der hoheren Stufe: Er hat die niederen Disziplinen seiner allgemeinenWissenschaft schon ausreichend studiert, und die Einfuhrung in die hoherenDisziplinen verfugt frei uber die vorangegangenen Einsichten, die hier die Rolle der vorgebenden Anschauung spielen.
THERMODYNAMICS AND MECHANICS OF MIXTURES OF VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES

Abstract An entropy inequality is formulated which is valid for all mixtures of non-polar chemically reacting materials. An especially interesting feature of this formulation is that each material in the mixture is allowed to have a temperature field distinct from that of the other materials. Restricting the development to the case of no chemical reactions, I propose that for a mixture of N materials the values of the partial stresses, partial internal energies, partial entropies, partial heat fluxes, momentum supplies, and internal energy supplies are given by functions of the N temperatures, N temperature gradients, N deformation gradients, N velocity gradients, and AT velocities. Using the entropy inequality, I derive a set of necessary and sufficient conditions that the above constitutive assumptions must obey. Two of these conditions are that the partial internal energy of the αth material in the mixture is dependent only on its own entropy and deformation gradient and that the equilibrium value of the partial stress on the αth material is related to its internal energy through the classical Kirchhoff relation. Also, I prove that in an appropriately defined state of equilibrium the partial heat fluxes, momentum supplies, internal energy supplies, and the dissipative part of the partial stresses must vanish. Reduced forms of the constitutive functions which satisfy the axiom of material indifference and certain special material symmetries are also presented.
Brain Resuscitation in Children: Current Indications and Future Directions

The concept of brain resuscitation arose from the observations that cardiopulmonary resuscitation was frequently effective in restarting the arrested heart, but that severe residual brain damage frequently interfered with complete recovery of the patient. Brain resuscitation is, however, in its broadest sense the application of intensive care measures to patients with brain injuries, for whatever cause, to maximize cerebral recovery. In children, the most frequent pathological conditions requiring such measures are head trauma, anoxia or ischemia, hemorrhagic encephalitis, and Reye’s syndrome. Acute stroke and intracranial hemorrhage are less common indications in children.
Inherited Lipoprotein Disorders

Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism is a major predisposing factor to atherosclerosis. Dyslipidemia is present in over 70% of patients with premature coronary heart disease (CHD), (<60 years of age in men and <65 years in women) and over 50% of these patients have a familial lipoprotein disorder [1–3]. The genetic basis for several lipoprotein disorders has been elucidated in the past two decades. The majority of these disorders result from a combination of polygenic predisposition and poor lifestyle habits, including physical inactivity, increased visceral adipose tissue, increased caloric intake, and cigarette smoking. Monogenic disorders are less common; however, important to diagnose. Unraveling the genetic basis of many lipoprotein disorders has allowed fundamental discoveries in molecular cellular physiology and has paved the way for novel therapeutic approaches for CHD. This chapter describes the known inherited lipoprotein disorders.
When You Can't Get There: Using Video Self-Monitoring as a Tool for Changing the Behaviors of Pre-Service Teachers

Supervisors are sometimes assigned to pre-service teachers who are placed in far-away schools, often in rural districts. It can be difficult or impossible for supervisors to observe these teachers ...
De Facto Standards in Accident Reconstruction

Abstract Accident reconstruction spans a collection of activities from site surveying through simulation to the application of biomechanics to the study of motor vehicle collision injuries. With the requirements of education, training, and experience placed on the accident reconstructionist along with the variation of challenges placed in front of the investigator, it would seem that standards would have no place in such an activity; each case is unique. Over the years, however, in addition to those standards found on highways, traffic control devices, and vehicles, de facto standards have emerged, methods generally accepted by courts of law. This chapter presents an examination of those de facto standards in light of first principles in mathematics, mechanics, statistics, and medicine.
Processing of grassland soil C-N compounds into soluble and volatile molecules is depth stratified and mediated by genomically novel bacteria and archaea

Soil microbial activity drives the carbon and nitrogen cycles and is an important determinant of atmospheric trace gas turnover, yet most soils are dominated by organisms with unknown metabolic capacities. Even Acidobacteria, among the most abundant bacteria in soil, remain poorly characterized, and functions across groups such as Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Rokubacteria are understudied. Here, we resolved sixty metagenomic, and twenty proteomic datasets from a grassland soil ecosystem and recovered 793 near-complete microbial genomes from 18 phyla, representing around one third of all organisms detected. Importantly, this enabled extensive genomics-based metabolic predictions for these understudied communities. Acidobacteria from multiple previously unstudied classes have genomes that encode large enzyme complements for complex carbohydrate degradation. Alternatively, most organisms we detected encode carbohydrate esterases that strip readily accessible methyl and acetyl groups from polymers like pectin and xylan, forming methanol and acetate, the availability of which could explain high prevalences of C1 metabolism and acetate utilization in genomes. Organism abundances among samples collected at three soil depths and under natural and amended rainfall regimes indicate statistically higher associations of inorganic nitrogen metabolism and carbon degradation in deep and shallow soils, respectively. This partitioning decreased in samples under extended spring rainfall indicating long term climate alteration can affect both carbon and nitrogen cycling. Overall, by leveraging natural and experimental gradients with genome-resolved metabolic profiles, we link organisms lacking prior genomic characterization to specific roles in complex carbon, C1, nitrate, and ammonia transformations and constrain factors that impact their distributions in soil.
Parametric Analysis of Vertically Oriented Metamaterials for Wideband Omnidirectional Perfect Absorption

Metamaterials provide a means to tailor the spectral response of a surface. Given the periodic nature of the metamaterial, proper design of the unit cell requires intimate knowledge of the parameter space for each design variable. We present a detailed study of the parameter space surrounding vertical split-ring resonators and planar split-ring resonators, and demonstrate widening of the perfect absorption bandwidth based on the understanding of its parameter space.
Untapped Resources: Attaining Equitable Representation for Women in IR.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the current state of gender diversity among invited coordinators at the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Annual Scientific Meeting and to compare the academic productivity of female interventional radiologists to that of invited male coordinators. Materials and Methods Faculty rosters for the SIR Annual Scientific Meetings from 2015 to 2017 were stratified by gender to quantify female representation among those asked to lead and coordinate podium sessions. To quantify academic productivity and merit, H-index, publications, and authorship by females over a 6-year period (2012–2017) were statistically compared to that of recurring male faculty. Results From 2015 to 2017, women held 7.1% (9/126), 4.3%, (8/188), and 13.7% (27/197) of the available coordinator positions for podium sessions, with no representation at the plenary sessions, and subject matter expertise was concentrated in economics and education. Academic productivity of the top quartile of published female interventional radiologists was statistically similar to that of the invited male faculty (H-index P = .722; total publications P = .689; and authorship P = .662). Conclusions This study found that senior men dominate the SIR Annual Scientific Meeting, with few women leading or coordinating the podium sessions, despite their established academic track record.
Organized Structures in Strongly Stratified Flows

We report on numerical simulations of internal wave and vortical mode interactions in stably-stratified fluids. Two problems were considered: a wave/vortical mode resonance, and the Taylor-Green problem. In both cases the results of the simulations supported the perturbation theory of Lelong and Riley (1989) for Froude numbers of order one of less. Furthermore, in each case computed in this range of Froude number, the vortical mode exhibited strong instabilities, transferring energy to larger horizontal scales.
Singularity functions revisited: Clarifications and extensions for construction of shear–moment diagrams in beams:

This paper provides clarification and extension of singularity functions for the construction of shear–moment diagrams in beams and the subsequent determination of beam deflections. The mathematica...
The Potential of Blockchain Technology for Health Information Exchange: Experimental Study From Patients' Perspectives.

Background: Nowadays, a number of mechanisms and tools are being used by health care organizations and physicians to electronically exchange the personal health information of patients. The main objectives of different methods of health information exchange (HIE) are to reduce health care costs, minimize medical errors, and improve the coordination of interorganizational information exchange across health care entities. The main challenges associated with the common HIE systems are privacy concerns, security risks, low visibility of system transparency, and lack of patient control. Blockchain technology is likely to disrupt the current information exchange models utilized in the health care industry. Objective: Little is known about patients’ perceptions and attitudes toward the implementation of blockchain-enabled HIE networks, and it is still not clear if patients (as one of the main HIE stakeholders) are likely to opt in to the applications of this technology in HIE initiatives. Thus, this study aimed at exploring the core value of blockchain technology in the health care industry from health care consumers’ views. Methods: To recognize the potential applications of blockchain technology in health care practices, we designed 16 information exchange scenarios for controlled Web-based experiments. Overall, 2013 respondents participated in 16 Web-based experiments. Each experiment described an information exchange condition characterized by 4 exchange mechanisms (ie, direct, lookup, patient-centered, and blockchain), 2 types of health information (ie, sensitive vs nonsensitive), and 2 types of privacy policy (weak vs strong). Results: The findings show that there are significant differences in patients’ perceptions of various exchange mechanisms with regard to patient privacy concern, trust in competency and integrity, opt-in intention, and willingness to share information. Interestingly, participants hold a favorable attitude toward the implementation of blockchain-based exchange mechanisms for privacy protection, coordination, and information exchange purposes. This study proposed the potentials and limitations of a blockchain-based attempt in the HIE context. Conclusions: The results of this research should be of interest to both academics and practitioners. The findings propose potential limitations of a blockchain-based HIE that should be addressed by health care organizations to exchange personal health information in a secure and private manner. This study can contribute to the research in the blockchain area and enrich the literature on the use of blockchain in HIE efforts. Practitioners can also identify how to leverage the benefit of blockchain to promote HIE initiatives nationwide.
The Five-minute Exercise: A Method for Using Modified Lectures in the Legal Research Classroom

As legal research instructors develop new and exciting ways to engage law students in the classroom, the value of the lecture as a continued pedagogical tool can be lost. In comparing the pedagogic...
The detectability of the Wigwam underwater nuclear explosion by the radionuclide stations of the International Monitoring System.

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions, including those detonated from an underwater nuclear explosion. To improve the understanding of the radionuclide signatures of such an event, and whether it would be detectable under the verification regime of the CTBT, the 1955 Wigwam underwater nuclear explosive test has been modelled. Inventory calculations and atmospheric transport modelling has been performed to estimate the activity at the radionuclide stations (RN) of the International Monitoring System (IMS). This has utilized reported release values (0.92%) and meteorological data from the event. The research shows that there is a high probability that Wigwam would have been detectable at U.S. IMS stations at Wake Island (RN77) at 8.4 d, Upi, Guam (RN80) at 10.7 d and Sand Point, AK (RN71) at 13.7 d. At these locations, the majority of IMS relevant radionuclides were fission products, such that additional radionuclides from the seawater activation had largely decayed before reaching the stations.
On a Global Sequential Scenario of Bifurcation Trees to Chaos in a First-Order, Periodically Excited, Time-Delayed System

In this paper, the global sequential scenario of bifurcation trees of periodic motions to chaos is studied for a first-order, time-delayed, nonlinear dynamical system with periodic excitation. The ...
Continuous fabrication of core-shell aerogel microparticles using microfluidic flows

This work focuses on fabrication of core-shell polyimide aerogel microparticles with and without a surfactant via oil-in-oil-in-oil (O/O/O) emulsion system aided by a simple microfluidic device. A double emulsion is formed through sequential, step-wise emulsification of co-flowing core and shell organic liquid streams in a simple microfluidic setup. The polyimide sol, introduced as the shell liquid, undergoes accelerated polymerization in a heated silicone oil bath to yield a porous polyimide shell around silicone oil core that eliminates the possibility of droplet coalescence or rupture. The core-shell gel microparticles are then isolated and supercritically dried to obtain core-shell aerogel microparticles. The diameter and shell thickness of hollow microparticles are studied as function of liquid flowrates in the microfluidic device and the viscosity of the shell liquid.
Systematic Errors in Longitudinal Measurements

In this opening chapter, we will look at the accuracy of measurement or observation, the most fundamental task in experimental research. In particular, we will consider systematic errors due to temporal changes in the measuring instrument. We will use the all-familiar straight-line equation, y = mx + c, to estimate these errors and show how they can be used to correct the measurements.
Collection and Handling of Thoracic Small Biopsy and Cytology Specimens for Ancillary Studies Guideline from the College of American Pathologists (CAP): implications for the cytology community

The methods of collecting and handling thoracic small biopsy and cytology specimens can greatly impact downstream ancillary testing success, especially for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The College of American Pathologists (CAP) in collaboration with multiple other professional societies has recently developed an evidence-based laboratory practice guideline to provide clarity on how to best optimize these pre-analytic variables for small thoracic specimens. A total of 16 guideline statements were developed based on systematic literature review and expert panel consensus, covering topics ranging from optimal materials and techniques for fine-needle aspiration and small biopsy sampling to acquire sufficient amounts of material, to the use of rapid on-site evaluation to help appropriately triage, handle, and process these specimens. These guideline statements hold many implications for the practicing cytologist, though perhaps none more important than the recognition that the variety of cytology specimens we work with on a daily basis (including smears, cell blocks, and liquid-based cytology) can certainly be used for ancillary studies if supported by adequate validation studies. This commentary provides a brief overview of the newly developed CAP thoracic small biopsy and cytology specimen collection and handling guideline, as well as a discussion of how it may specifically impact the cytology community.
Point Light Attenuation Without Singularity

Point lights with an inverse-square attenuation function are commonly used in computer graphics. We present an alternative formulation of point light attenuation that treats point lights as simplified forms of spherical lights. This eliminates the singularity of the inverse-square light attenuation function and makes it easier to work with point lights in practice. We also present how the typical ad hoc modifications of the inverse-square formula can be improved based on our formulation.
Dissociative Ligand Exchange at Identical Molecular and Carbon Nanoparticle Binding Sites

Ligand exchange reactions at nanoparticle surfaces are critical to the formation and function of nanomaterials. The kinetics of surface ligand exchange derive from a combination of factors related ...
Decreased Level of Neuropeptide Y Is Associated With Gastroparesis in Male Diabetic Rats.

Background Substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), excitatory and inhibitory neuropeptides, respectively, may impact gastric motility in patients with diabetic mellitus (DM). We investigated these neuropeptide levels, NPY receptors, total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels, and neuronal NOS alpha (nNOSα) activation status and levels in streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes in male rats. Methods Rats were grouped based on serum glucose and gastric emptying time: normal untreated control (CM), diabetic (DM) and diabetic gastroparesis (DM + GP). Neuropeptide serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting measured NPY receptors, Y1 and Y2, and nNOSα expression. Low-temperature SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting was used to measure the dimerization of nNOSα. An NOS colorimetric assay kit was used to measure total NOS activity. Results SP levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in DM and DM + GP compared to CM. NPY levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in DM compared to CM, and DM + GP had a more significantly decreased NPY when compared to both DM and CM. Protein levels of neuropeptide receptor Y1 (NPY-Y1) in the smooth muscle of pylorus were significantly increased in DM, but not in DM + GP when compared to CM. Neuropeptide receptor Y2 (NPY-Y2) was not detected. Changes in nNOSα activity and their protein levels, as well as total NOS activity, among the groups were insignificant. Conclusions Increased expression of pylorus NPY-1R and decreased serum NPY are present in diabetes. A more pronounced decreased serum NPY with no NPY-1R upregulation in pyloric smooth muscle is associated with gastroparesis. NPY levels show no relationship with nNOSα levels, their activation status, or total NOS activity in pyloric smooth muscle. These data suggest a pathophysiological role of severely depleted NPY and absence of NPY-Y1 upregulation for gastroparesis phenotype.