cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anderson localization for the discrete one-dimensional quasi-periodic Schrödinger operator with potential defined by a Gevrey-class function

In this paper we consider the discrete one-dimensional Schrodinger operator with quasi-periodic potential vn=λv(x+nω). We assume that the frequency ω satisfies a strong Diophantine condition and that the function v belongs to a Gevrey class, and it satisfies a transversality condition. Under these assumptions we prove—in the perturbative regime—that for large disorder λ and for most frequencies ω the operator satisfies Anderson localization. Moreover, we show that the associated Lyapunov exponent is positive for all energies, and that the Lyapunov exponent and the integrated density of states are continuous functions with a certain modulus of continuity. We also prove a partial nonperturbative result assuming that the function v belongs to some particular Gevrey classes.
Managing radical innovation: an overview of emergent strategy issues

Despite differences in definitions, researchers understand that radical innovation within an organization is very different from incremental innovation [13,17,21] and that it is critical to the long-term success of firms. Unfortunately, research has also shown that it is often difficult to get support for radical projects in large firms [14], where internal cultures and pressures often push efforts toward more low risk, immediate reward, incremental projects. Interestingly, we know considerably less about the effective management of the product development process in the radical than in an incremental context. The purpose of this study is to explore the process of radical new product development from a strategic perspective, and to outline key observations and challenges that managers face as they move these projects to market. The findings presented here represent the results of a longitudinal (since 1995), multidisciplinary study of radical innovation projects. A multiple case study design was used to explore the similarities and differences in management practices applied to twelve radical innovation projects in ten large, established North American firms. The findings are grouped into three high-level strategic themes. The first theme, market scope, discusses the challenges associated with the pursuit of familiar versus unfamiliar markets for radical innovation. The second theme of competency management identifies and discusses strategic challenges that emerge as firms stretch themselves into new and unfamiliar territory. The final theme relates to the people issues that emerge as both individuals and the project teams themselves try to move radical projects forward in organizations that are not necessarily designed to support such uncertainty. A breadth of subtopics emerge within and across this framework relating to such ideas as risk management, product cannibalization, team composition, and the search for a divisional home. Taken together, our observations reinforce the emerging literature that shows that project teams engaging in radical innovation encounter a much different set of challenges than those typically faced by NPD teams engaged in incremental innovation.
Pharmacokinetics of the SPECT benzodiazepine receptor radioligand [123I]iomazenil in human and non-human primates.

The pharmacokinetics of [123I]iomazenil (Ro 16-0154) in 5 healthy human volunteers were compared to those in 2 hypothermic and 3 normothermic anesthetized monkeys. Following intravenous injection in humans and monkeys, [123I]iomazenil rapidly diffused outside the vascular bed and was cleared from the arterial plasma triexponentially. The clearance half-times in hypothermic animals were protracted to values closer to those of the human. [123I]lomazenil was metabolized mainly to a polar radiometabolite (not extracted by ethyl acetate) in the human whereas an additional lipophilic radiometabolite was detected in the monkey. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that [123I]Iomazenil established equal concentrations in association with the cellular and plasma component of the blood, indicating that the plasma clearance of [123I]iomazenil mirrors that of the blood. Analysis of organs from a monkey given [123I]iomazenil showed that the parent compound was actively taken up by peripheral organs; the polar radiometabolite accumulated mainly in the bile and the kidneys whereas the non-polar radiometabolite accumulated in the urine and kidneys. Greater than 90% of the radioactivity in the different regions of the brain was unchanged parent [123I]iomazenil.
The effects of early training sessions on the reactions of foals at 1, 2 and 3 months of age

Abstract An early training procedure commonly termed “foal imprint training” is widely promoted in the horse industry. However, there have been no published scientific investigations of its efficacy. This study determined the effects of a training procedure on foals and their reaction to stimuli used in the early training procedure, and to a novel stimulus, at 1, 2 and 3 months of age. Twenty-five foals received a standard training procedure at 2, 12, 24, and 48 h after birth. After the training procedure, the foals received minimal additional handling that included veterinary treatments and occasional relocation. Twenty-two foals born over the same time period served as controls. All 47 (25 trained, 22 control) foals were tested at 1 month of age. Only 20 were available for testing at 2 months of age, and nine were available at 3 months. Percentage change from baseline heart rate, time required to complete exposure to each stimulus (foals that were more reactive took longer) and the behavior of each foal during the introduction of each stimulus were recorded. Overall, the control foals tended to receive lower (better) behavioral scores at 1 and 2 months of age. Foals that underwent the training procedure tended to require less time to complete exposure to the stimulus and had lower heart rates during exposure to the stimuli at 1 and 2 months of age. By 3 months of age, there were no significant differences between trained and control foals for any measures. Early training was not efficacious in this study.
Layer V neurons bear the majority of mRNAs encoding the five distinct dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate prefrontal cortex

In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to determine the laminar distribution of D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNAs in the primate prefrontal cortex and to compare striatal and cortical levels of these messages within the same tissue sections. All five subtypes of dopamine receptor mRNA are present in both the monkey striatum and the cerebral cortex but in different proportions within each structure. Thus, levels of D1 and D2 mRNAs are noticeably stronger in the striatum than in the cortex, whereas D4 and D5 expression is clearly higher in the cortex. The D3 transcripts appear nearly equivalent in the striatum and the cortex. A major finding is that, within the prefrontal cortex, mRNAs encoding all dopamine receptor subtypes are expressed most strongly in layer V. This laminar pattern of mRNA distribution does not hold in all cortical regions. The relatively high levels of mRNAs encoding known dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate cerebral cortex, including the D4 receptor, underscore the importance of this structure as a target for therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs. Further, their prominence in layer V of the prefrontal cortex, which contains the corticostriatal and corticotectal projection neurons, provides a neural basis for dopaminergic regulation of the descending control systems. Synapse 28:10–20, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wireless Point-of-Care Patient Monitoring System Using Zigbee and Wi-Fi Standards

This paper describes a wireless point-of-care patient monitoring system to monitor 3 channels of biopotential signals using a wireless sensor unit, a wireless receiver unit, and a monitoring unit. The wireless sensor unit transmits signals with Zigbee, and the wireless receiver unit which has both Zigbee and Wi-Fi transceivers receives the signals from the sensor unit and transmits the signals to the monitoring unit with Zigbee and Wi-Fi, respectively. By using both Zigbee and Wi-Fi, the wireless sensor system can achieve low power consumption and wide range coverage. The features of the system are presented, as well as biopotential monitoring results.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effect of rainwater harvesting methods on the establishment of tree species

Abstract An experiment was conducted at Rakh Dagar Kotli (Thal Desert) to assess the value of rainwater harvesting for the establishment of seedlings. The following microcatchments were tested: sloping catchment having 1 m slope on both sides with a trench 0.3 m wide, 0.3 m deep; sloping catchment without trench; trench (0.3 m wide, 0.3 m deep); pits with 0.5 m diameter; and flat ground as control. Tree species tested included Acacia aneura, A. modesta, A. tortilis, A. victoriae, Parkinsonia aculeata, Prosopis cineraria and Tecoma undulata. A sloping catchment without a trench proved to be the best system for planting in dry conditions, followed by a sloping catchment with a trench, and trench only. The plants planted in these treatments reached average heights of 109, 106 and 100 cm within 1 1 2 years, respectively, while the average heights reached in pits and surface planting were only 79 and 58 cm, respectively. Acacia tortilis reached the maximum average height of 155 cm, followed by P. aculeata, T. undulata and A. modesta which gained 130, 107 and 95 cm heights respectively, following 1 1 2 years in the field.
Muscle adaptation to altitude: tissue capillarity and capacity for aerobic metabolism.

Prolonged exposure to high altitude leads to reduced muscle mass and performance. The fall in muscle mass follows a reduction in fiber size, which at first was believed to be accompanied by increased fiber capillarization and aerobic enzymes. Subsequent studies showed that hypoxia alone does not alter capillary number and geometry in skeletal muscles of mammals at altitude. It was also found that alterations in fiber size and aerobic enzymes depend on a number of additional factors, including animal activity and the level of hypoxia (e.g., moderate vs. extreme altitude). With training at altitude, fiber capillary number and aerobic enzymes are increased, indicating that muscle potential for plasticity is conserved in hypoxia. Recent studies have also shown that capillary number and geometry are altered in muscles of several species of birds native or exposed to higher altitude; that is, that capillary growth can occur in skeletal muscle in response to chronic exposure to high altitude. In this mini review...
Cross-linking of sulfonated styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene triblock polymer via sulfonamide linkages

Abstract Sulfonated styrene–butadiene–styrene (SSBS) triblock copolymer was cross-linked through condensation of sulfonic acid groups with bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone to form sulfonamide linkages using a coupling agent (carbonyldiimidazole). Intact and clear light brown membranes were obtained when cast from solution, and cross-linking was established by measuring percent water uptake, determined gravimetrically and by near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy, and percent sulfonation by titration. The cross-linked SSBS membranes were found to absorb less water, showed higher resistance to thermal degradation and, when not highly cross-linked, showed better membrane integrity when immersed in water for extended periods. The percent sulfonation of the cross-linked SSBS membranes was found to be 2–10% lower than the non-cross-linked membranes.
Pituitary gonadotropins in Rhesus Monkey, Macaca mulatta

Abstract e stato determinato il contenuto di ormone follicolo-stimolante e di ormone dell'ovoluzione dell'ipofisi di scimmia e ne e stata calcolata l'attivita in termini di NIH-FSH e NIH-LH. L'attivita dell'FSH, determinatata col metodo di Steelman e Poley dell'aumento dell'HCG e risultata di 9,6 μg/ipofisi. L'attivita dell'LH, determinata col test dell'ovulazione e pure risultata 9,6 μg/ipofisi. I presenti dati vengono discussi in rapporto a quelli dell'ipofisi umana.
Paradoxical septal motion from prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery does not impact left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony by gated myocardial perfusion imaging

Phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) provides automated and reproducible assessment of left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) (phase standard deviation [SD]). Many patients undergoing gated MPI have history of prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The latter is often associated with paradoxical septal wall motion (PSM). The effect of prior CABG and PSM on LVMD has not been evaluated. From the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) MPI clinical database maintained at the Cleveland Clinic, we identified 200 consecutive patients with SPECT (100 control with normal LV ejection fraction [EF], MPI, and QRS < 120 ms; and 100 with LVEF < 35%), and 631 patients with LVEF < 35% with gated PET. Patients with QRS ≥ 120 ms, bundle branch block, ventricular pacing or isolated non-CABG surgery were excluded. There were 162 patients with gated SPECT (46 with prior CABG), and 568 with gated PET (220 with prior CABG) that were left for analysis. Phase SD was derived using Emory Cardiac Toolbox (ECTb) (for gated SPECT) and Corridor 4DM (4DM) (for gated SPECT and PET images). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess whether prior CABG was an independent predictor of worse LV mechanical dyssynchrony. After adjusting for patients’ demographics, co-morbidities, medications, and MPI data, history of prior CABG was not and independent predictor of LV mechanical dyssynchrony (P = .67 with 4DM, P = .97 with ECTb) in patients undergoing gated SPECT or among patients undergoing gated PET imaging (P = .18). Although paradoxical septal wall motion is commonly seen after cardiac surgery, prior CABG does not affect or impact LV mechanical dyssynchrony indices measured from gated SPECT or PET images. Whether dyssynchrony measurements with echocardiography that has higher temporal resolution might uncover intraventricular delays, remains to be determined.
Evaluation of predictive assessment reliability on corroded transmission pipelines

Abstract Oil and Gas operators have to deal with the ageing process of their transmission pipeline grid. Some of these pipelines can be inspected using In Line Inspection (ILI) tools. In order to maintain an acceptable integrity level, re-inspection operations have to be performed. This process needs to be optimized in terms of resources and cost. CRIGEN, GDF SUEZ Research and Development Center, has developed a methodology which prioritizes rehabilitation operations on a pipeline after in-line inspections, and determines the optimal interval for re-inspection. A reliable help decision software tool, GADPro, which applies the methodology has also been developed. Dealing with defects assimilated to external electrochemical corrosion, the developed methodology is based on: ▪ ILI features reported in depth dimensions in order to assess a probable corrosion growth rate, ▪ Probabilistic distribution of input parameters (defect geometrical characteristics, pipeline characteristics and corrosion growth rate), ▪ Failure probability calculation. The calculation results take the form of three probabilities of failure: ▪ A punctual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure for each defect, ▪ An annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe. To interpret the results, the annual probability of failure per kilometer of pipe is then compared with threshold values from safety studies that can be associated with location places and failure modes. In year 2009, the re-inspection of two 24 inches coil tar enamel gas transmission pipeline formerly inspected in year 1999 gave the opportunity to evaluate the consistency of the predictive assessment from GADPRO tool. The first pipeline was 125 km long. The second one was 93 km long. To reach that goal, a first step consisted to match the metal losses from the two run for each pipe section. Then, corrosion growth rates were calculated from the sizing evolution of the matched defect from the two ILI runs. Results were compared with the corrosion growth rate determined with the assumptions made in GADPro tool. Finally, the preventive intervention program which could have been determined after the 1999 ILI was compared to the one established using the results of the inspection performed on the same line in year 2009. This article presents the procedures employed to carry out a probabilistic assessment of corroded pipelines inspected with ILI tools as well as the methodology validation study based on pipeline re-inspection data analysis.
Integrated light dosimetry system for prostate photodynamic therapy

A light dosimetry system is developed for prostate PDT, which integrates four main components: a light fluence rate calculation engine, an optimization tool for treatment planning, a light delivery system, and an in vivo light fluence rate measurement system. Three-dimensional light fluence rate distribution in a prostate is calculated using a kernel algorithm, which takes into account of heterogeneous optical properties. A Cimmino optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the cylindrical diffusing fibers (CDFs) to generate uniform PDT dose (or light fluence rate under uniform drug distribution) to cover the heterogeneous prostate. The light delivery system is composed of a 12-channel beamsplitter and the intensities of each channel (i.e., source) are controlled individually by programmable motorized attenuators. Our tests show that the light fluence rate calculation is fast and the accuracy is close to that of a finite-element method model, and the approach that uses the treatment CDFs to determine optical properties, improves the accuracy of light fluence rate prediction. The light delivery system allows real time control of the light source intensities for both PDT dosimetry and PDT light delivery. Integrating the fast light fluence rate calculation, optimization, instant source intensity adjustment, and in vivo light fluence rate measurement, the dosimetry system is suitable for prostate PDT.
Friday Night at the Plant: A Small-Scale Application of an On-Site Case Study

This article describes the experiences of one MBA class that experimented with combining classroom lecture and discussion with an on-site case study at a business organization. The project provides an example of the positives and negatives of using an on-site case study to involve students in a real-world experience. Advantages and disadvantages are presented from three perspectives: the students, the instructor, and the CEO of the firm studied by the class. The article also provides a set of recommendations for other classes and companies considering similar small-scale experiences. It concludes with a discussion of the merits of applying the on-site case study approach on a smaller scale.
Time, speeding behavior, and optimal penalties

Abstract In this paper, I develop a model of individual drivers’ speeding behavior and use it to recommend optimal penalties, in terms of both monetary fines and time-based punishment, paying particular attention to the interaction between the driver's wage and the enforcement policies. I find that time-based instruments play a central role in influencing speeding behavior, and I use this information to recommend optimal policies for various different objectives and regions with various average wage levels.
Levels of caffeine and its metabolites among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers.

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2009-2010 were used to estimate the levels of caffeine and 14 of its metabolite among U.S. smokers and nonsmokers after adjustments were made for other factors that affect observed caffeine levels. In this study, when adjusted for daily caffeine intake, adjusted levels (AGM) of caffeine and its metabolites were not found to be statistically significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. AGMs for caffeine and all of its metabolites were found to be statistically significantly higher (p Hispanics > non-Hispanic blacks and most of the differences were statistically significant, at least between non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks (p < 0.01). In general, there was a statistically significant positive association between the levels of caffeine and its metabolites and body mass index as well as daily caffeine intake. However, the levels of 7-methylxanthine were negatively associated with body mass index.
Effects of Long-Term Biventricular Stimulation for Resynchronization on Echocardiographic Measures of Remodeling

Background— Long-term ventricular resynchronization therapy improves symptom status. Changes in left ventricular remodeling have not been adequately evaluated. Methods and Results— Fifty-three patients with systolic heart failure and bundle-branch block underwent implantation of biventricular stimulation (BVS) devices as part of a randomized trial. Echocardiograms were acquired at randomization and at 6-week intervals until completion of 12 weeks of continuous BVS. There were no changes in heart rate or QRS duration after 12 weeks of BVS. Serum norepinephrine values did not change with BVS. After 12 weeks of BVS, left atrial volume decreased. Left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions and left ventricular end-systolic volume also decreased after 12 weeks of BVS. Sphericity index did not change. Measures of systolic function, including left ventricular outflow tract and aortic velocity time integral and myocardial performance index, improved. Conclusions— Long-term resynchronization therapy...
Peripheral activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 inhibits food intake and alters meal structures in mice

The orexigenic effect of urocortins (Ucns), namely Ucn 1, Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 through activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors, has been well characterized after injection into the brain but not in the periphery. We examined the role of CRF receptor subtype 2 (CRF(2)) in the regulation of food intake using intraperitoneal (ip) injection of Ucns and the selective CRF(2) antagonist, astressin(2)-B, and CRF(2) knockout (-/-) mice. Meal structures were monitored using an automated episodic solid food intake monitoring system. Ucn 2 (3, 10 or 30 μg/kg, ip) induced a rapid in onset, long lasting and dose-dependent decrease (38%, 66% and 86%, respectively at 4h) of cumulative food intake after an overnight fast in mice. Ucn 3 anorexic effect was 10-times less potent. Astressin(2)-B (30 or 100 μg/kg) injected ip, but not intracerebroventricularly, blocked the inhibitory effect of ip Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 (10 μg/kg). Fasted CRF(2-/-) mice did not respond to ip Ucn 1 (10 μg/kg). Meal microstructure analysis of the 4-h re-feeding response to an overnight fast showed that Ucn 2 (10 μg/kg, ip) decreased meal size and duration, but increased meal frequency. In mice fed ad libitum, Ucn 2 (30 μg/kg) injected ip before the dark phase decreased the 4-h nocturnal meal size and duration without influencing meal frequency while the 10 μg/kg dose had no effect. These data indicate that Ucns, through peripheral CRF(2) receptor-mediated induction of satiation, inhibit the eating response to a fast more potently than the physiological nocturnal feeding in mice.
Doubly‐charged positive ions following loss of oxygen dianion under conditions of field desorption mass spectrometry

A number of cyclic aromatic anhydrides have been found to exhibit doubly-charged positive ions in their field desorption mass spectrum which correspond to the formal loss of oxygen dianion followed by clustering with a neutral molecule. Admixtures of two anhydrides, which both exhibit this phenomenon, produce heterogeneous doubly-charged cluster ions. Admixture with anhydrides which do not show the effect, produces only homogeneous clusters at reduced intensity.
Review of the Canadian Eustrophinae (Coleoptera, Tetratomidae)

Currently, the Canadian fauna of Eustrophinae consists of 7 species in 5 genera, as follows: Pseudoholostrophus impressicollis (LeConte), P. discolor (Horn); Holostrophus bifasciatus (Say); Eustrophus tomentosus Say; Eustrophopsis bicolor (Fabricius), E. confi nis (LeConte); Synstrophus repandus (Horn). None of these 7 species is restricted to Canada; each has a wider distribution in the United States. Each species (adult stage only) is diagnosed and described with selected morphological features illustrated. A key to Nearctic genera, and Canadian species of Eustrophinae is presented, as well as a checklist of all Nearctic species of the subfamily. Lectotypes are designated for Holostrophus discolor Horn and Eustrophus confi nis LeConte. Neotypes are designated for Eustrophus bifasciatus Say and Eustrophus tomentosus Say. Th e Canadian distribution of each species is mapped in detail, as well as a general indication of distribution in the United States. Aspects of the natural history of all species, where known, are included.
Development of a comprehensive visual dataset based on a CIE blue color center: Assessment of color difference formulae using various statistical methods

The objectives of this work were to develop a comprehensive visual dataset around one CIE blue color center, NCSU-B1, and to use the new dataset to test the performance of the major color difference formulae in this region of color space based on various statistical methods. The dataset comprised of 66 dyed polyester fabrics with small color differences () around a CIE blue color center. The visual difference between each sample and the color center was assessed by 26 observers in three separate sittings using a modified AATCC gray scale and a total of 5148 assessments were obtained. The performance of CIELAB, CIE94, CMC(l:c), BFD(l:c), and CIEDE2000 (KL:KC:KH) color difference formulae based on the blue dataset was evaluated at various KL (or l) values using PF/3, conventional correlation coefficient (r), Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) and the STRESS function. The optimum range for KL (or l) was found to be 1–1.3 based on PF/3, 1.4–1.7 based on r, and 1–1.4 based on STRESS, and in these ranges the performances of CIEDE2000, CMC, BFD and CIE94 were not statistically different at the 95% confidence level. At KL (or l) = 1, the performance of CIEDE2000 was statistically improved compared to CMC, CIE94 and CIELAB. Also, for NCSU-B1, the difference in the performance of CMC (2:1) from the performance of CMC (1:1) was statistically insignificant at 95% confidence. The same result was obtained when the performance of all the weighted color difference formulae were compared for KL (or l) 1 versus 2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011
Former Chinese Government Officials on Board of Directors and Cross-Border IPO Performance in US

Drawing upon signaling and information asymmetry concepts, this paper investigates the impact of government social capital among Chinese IPO firms that raised financial capital in US capital market...
An extensive study of slotted Aloha-based RFID anti-collision protocols

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is used to identify, track, and manage tagged animate or inanimate objects automatically using wireless communication technology. A serious concern faced by RFID technology is the collisions that occur among tag responses when queried by a reader that limits system performance significantly. Collisions bring extra delay, a waste of bandwidth, and extra energy consumption to the interrogation process of RFID. This work extensively evaluates the performance of slotted Aloha based anti-collision protocols (that includes the current standard EPCGlobal Class 1 Generation 2) for passive tags through mathematical analysis, simulations, and practical experiments on a testbed. This comprehensive approach allows a better understanding of the theoretical and practical performance of RFID systems and the challenges that exist in improving practical performance in industrial settings. In particular, it is found that protocol mechanisms for the current standard theoretically add 10% overhead to the basic frame slotted Aloha in ideal conditions. Further, results indicate that factors like interference, antenna gain, and protocol implementation can add 50% additional delay in practical settings. This work also performs a low-level investigation of protocol behavior through power measurements and characterizes energy consumption in RFID readers.
Impacts of the Arizona System Ready/Child Ready Professional Development Project on Preschool Teachers' Self-Efficacy

Funded through a No Child Left Behind of 2001 (NCLB) grant, this research examines the effects of the Arizona System Ready/Child Ready Early Childhood Professional Development Project (AzSRCR) on the self-efficacy of 256 educators who participated in AzSRCR over a 3-year period. The AzSRCR program was a federally funded, statewide higher education partnership that provided assistance for early childhood practitioners earning associate degrees in early childhood education. The program aimed to improve the professional knowledge and skills of preschool practitioners and ultimately enhance the preschool readiness of children living in low-income communities and underserved areas of the state. The data in this study were collected from AzSRCR program evaluations. Free-write and focus group data were analyzed to develop major themes common across the data set. The Lamorey-Wilcox self-efficacy scale (2003) was also administered, the results of which were triangulated with the qualitative data from the program e...
Effects of logging history on invasion of eastern white pine forests by exotic glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus P. Mill.)

Abstract The extent to which forests can be invaded by exotic plants and the role of tree harvest in facilitating such invasions are important issues in invasion biology. Our objective was to determine: (a) whether a widespread exotic shrub, glossy buckthorn ( Frangula alnus ), can invade a common northeastern US forest type, (b) the extent to which logging facilitates buckthorn invasion, (c) whether buckthorn invades gaps through pre-disturbance (‘advance’) regeneration, (d) whether or not it forms uneven-aged populations in invaded stands. We selected nine eastern white pine – hardwoods stands in Durham, NH. Three were undisturbed, three were clear-cut, and three were partially cut. Cutting occurred ⩾6 years prior to sampling. Glossy buckthorn (⩾0.5 m tall) was present in all stands at the time of sampling and most buckthorn populations were all-aged, suggesting that recruitment by seed continued after initial establishment and that long-term persistence in these stands is possible. Buckthorn was present in four of six cut stands prior to cutting, indicating some advance regeneration. The results support the view that forests are not inherently resistant to invasion by exotic plants. Compared to uncut stands, however, buckthorn had higher densities in clear-cut and partially cut stands. In partially cut stands, buckthorn density was greater in canopy gaps than in adjacent uncut areas. Thus, logging facilitated buckthorn invasion. Given this result and the known negative effects of buckthorn on tree regeneration, control measures should be considered when logging stands where buckthorn invasion is likely.
Wave-equation shear wave splitting tomography

The main focus of this paper is the development of a theoretical framework for the tomographic inversion of (broad-band) shear wave splitting measurements in terms of anisotropic structure in the upper mantle. We show that the partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern wave equation shearwave splitting tomography are, upon linearization with the Born approximation, similar in structure to the equations that describe wave equation transmission and reflection tomography. For full broad-band analysis these PDEs can be evaluated numerically, butwe show here the leading order asymptotic (i.e. ‘ray born’) behaviour of the associated finite-frequency sensitivity kernels. For simplicity we assume that the anisotropic model is invariant in one horizontal direction. This 2.5-D geometry is well suited for studying upper-mantle anisotropy associated with subduction of lithospheric plates if the trench-slab system is approximately 2-D.With the so-called splitting intensity as the metric for data fit, and under the assumption of weak anisotropy, we derive expressions for the sensitivity kernels.We focus on two anisotropic parameters that describe tilted transverse isotropy: the dip θ 0 of the symmetry axis with respect to the horizontal plane and the anellipticity parameter ЄA, which represents the strength of the anisotropy.We illustrate the finite-frequency effects both for homogeneous and heterogeneous (anisotropic) background models. The sensitivity kernels in heterogeneous media are calculated for initial models obtained from numerical modelling of flow and finite strain beneath the Ryukyu arc. Kernels calculated in heterogeneous media differ substantially from those in a homogeneous background. This demonstrates the importance of iterative model (and kernel) assessment for reaching the full (resolution) potential of finite frequency tomography.
Predictive encoding of moving target trajectory by neurons in the parabigeminal nucleus

Intercepting momentarily invisible moving objects requires internally generated estimations of target trajectory. We demonstrate here that the parabigeminal nucleus (PBN) encodes such estimations, ...
Carbon-rich aggregates in type 3 ordinary chondrites: Characterization, origins, and thermal history

Carbon-rich aggregates from three type 3.4-3.6 ordinary chondrites and two chondritic clasts have been characterized in detail, using TEM techniques. The aggregates in all the meteorites studied range in size from 5-1000 microns and consist of a fine scale intergrowth of poorly graphitized carbon, amorphous carbon, Fe,Ni metal, and minor chromite. Contrary to previous reports, well-crystallized graphite and magnetite are absent. The association of Fe,Ni metal and carbonaceous material suggests that the original carbonaceous material may have formed by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) type reactions at low temperatures (less than 400 K), possibly in the solar nebula. This carbonaceous material probably consisted of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, kerogen-like material, and other complex organic molecules. The aggregates were subsequently accreted onto the ordinary chondrite parent bodies and underwent planetary thermal processing which resulted in the catalytic graphitization of hydrocarbons, in the presence of Fe,Ni metal, to produce poorly graphitized carbon. None of the meteorites studied experienced temperatures sufficiently high to produce crystalline, ordered graphite. Using the empirical geothermometer of Rietmeijer and Mackinnon (1985), the measured d(002) spacings of poorly graphitized carbon show that graphitization occurred at temperatures between 300 and 450 C. This range of temperatures is significantly lower than the generally quoted metamorphic temperatures for type 3.4-3.6 ordinary chondrites (about 450-500 C).
The C.T.A. case: A study in political corruption

Between 1984 and 1987, a wide-ranging corruption scandal in Pennsylvania resulted in the conviction and disgrace of a number of high-ranking elected officials, as well as the much publicized suicide of state Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer. This “C.T.A. case” initially appeared to be a straightforward and almost commonplace affair involving bribes and kickbacks to secure state contracts; but on further examination, this seemingly uncomplicated case can be shown to have involved elaborate conflicts at both state and federal level, and the direction and outcome of the prosecution were heavily influenced by political factors and bureaucratic self-interest. This paper will provide a narrative of the C.T.A. case and related incidents, and also describe the external factors which shaped the investigation. Particular emphasis will be placed on the complex relationship between state-level political interests and the activities of federal prosecutors. The C.T.A. affair offers an excellent illustration of the difficulty of gaining an accurate understanding of even an apparently simple case of political corruption, and the implication is that more elaborate incidents are even less amenable to any kind of academic or social scientific observation. The case can only be understood if full account is taken of the prosecutorial and investigative process which turned the original illegal transactions into a full-blown public scandal, factors which are often insufficiently emphasized in research on political corruption.
Consumer Interruption Costing for Reliability Cost/Benefit Evaluation

A procedure for determining customer interruption costs for use in a power system reliability cost/benefit evaluation is presented. The procedure uses the results of a calculation of the frequency and duration of reserve margin states together with emergency operating procedures, customer curtailment strategies, and interruption cost coefficients to predict the total expected customer interruption costs for a given power system configuration. The customer interruption costing procedure is described, an example is given, and the results of the application of the procedure in a generation system reliability cost/benefit evaluation are discussed.
L‐tryptophan—associated eosinophilic fasciitis prior to the 1989 eosinophilia—Myalgia syndrome outbreak

Objective. To investigate the relationship between L-tryptophan (LT) ingestion and eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) occurring prior to the outbreak of eosinophiliamyalgia syndrome in 1989. Methods. Interviews and record reviews of 45 EF case-patients and 126 polymyositis patients (controls) diagnosed prior to 1988. Results. Nine case-patients (20%) and no controls recalled taking LT before onset of the disease (odds ratio = ∞, 95% confidence interval = 8.3–∞). Among EF case-patients, LT ingestion was associated with dyspnea. Conclusion. LT ingestion was associated with EF prior to the 1989 outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Lung abnormalities may be a distinguishing feature of LT-mediated illness.
Community structure and seasonality of macroalgae in some mixed seagrass meadows from Papua New Guinea

Abstract From November 1981 to January 1983, some structural and functional aspects of the macroalagal component have been studied in two mixed seagrass meadows in Bootless Bay, Papua New Guinea. The floristic composition and macroalgal abundance varied considerably and was primarily related to local substrate characteristics and differing topographic and physiographic conditions. The macroalgal component showed a distinct temporal variability of which the pattern coincided with the changing of the monsoonal seasons. The variability in seagrass abundance seemed to be determined by seasonal changes in the water temperature and tidal water movements. Biomass of macroalgae ranged from 14.2 to 32.1 g ADW m −2 sediment surface and above-ground seagrass biomass varied from 44.4 to 105.8 g ADW m −2 sediment surface. Total annual mean above-ground plant biomass (seagrass leaves and macroalgae), was 78.2 g ADW m −2 on an area basis of which 14% could be attributed to the macroalgal component.
An Elastic Video Interpolation Methodology for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Videos

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a popular diagnostic technology that enables gastroenterologists to view the human digestive tract and more particularly, the small bowel, searching for various abnormalities like blood-based abnormalities, ulcers and polyps. This technology captures videos that consist of approximately 50,000 frames making its examination a very tedious task. For power consumption reasons the rate at which the frames are taken is extremely low (3 frames / second). This has a negative effect on the smoothness of the captured video and the consistency of the observed objects. This paper proposes a sophisticated video interpolation methodology for creating smooth and visually pleasing intermediate images from consecutive frames, while preserving the structure of the observed objects. It utilizes techniques and concepts from various fields such as optical flow and elasticity. Illustrative results of the methodology are also given in this paper.
Bovine coronavirus-induced cytopathic expression and plaque formation: host cell and virus strain determine trypsin dependence.

Summary The cytopathic expression (CPE) and plaque formation of different strains of enteropathogenic bovine coronavirus (BCV) were analyzed in a variety of cell types in the presence and absence of trypsin. The cell-adapted BCV-L9, originally isolated by Mebus et al. (1973), and 5 wild-type strains replicated in the HRT-18 line of human rectal tumor cells, inducing cytopathic changes with cell fusion, which was enhanced by trypsin. Strain L9 replicated noncytopathically in D2 bovine fetal spleen (D2 BFS) cells, depending absolutely on the presence of trypsin for the activation of cell fusion. D2 BFS cells were non-permissive for all wild-type BCV strains even in the presence of trypsin. Strain L9 produced plaques in HRT-18 clones, but the ease of plaque formation and plaque morphology were host-cell dependent. Wild-type BCV was also depended on the type of HRT host cell for plaque formation, and a unique plaque morphology with different degrees of trypsin dependence was evident for each strain. The BCV strain and the host cell determined the degree of dependence on trypsin for enhancement of CPE and plaque formation. Zusammenfassung Zytopathische Expression und Plaquebildung des bovinen Coronavirus: Wirtszelle und Virusstamm bestimmen Trypsinabhangigkeit Die zytopathische Expression und Plaquebildung verschiedener Stamme von enteropathogenen bovinen Coronaviren wurden in einer Reihe von Zelltypen mit und ohne Trypsin analysiert. Der zelladaptierte, ursprunglich von Mebus (1973) isolierte Stamm L9 und 5 Wildtypstamme vermehrten sich in menschlichen Rektaltumorzellen. Sie verursachten zytopathische Veranderungen mit Zellfusion, was in der Gegenwart von Trypsin verstarkt auftrat. Der Stamm L9 vermehrte sich ohne zytopathische Veranderungen in D2 bovinen fotalen Milzzellen. Dabei hing die Aktivierung von Zellfusion ganz von der Gegenwart des Trypsins ab. Diese bovinen Milzzellen waren fur alle Wildtypstamme des bovinen Coronavirus nicht empfanglich, auch nicht in Gegenwart von Trypsin. Der Stamm L9 bildete Plaques in HRT-18-Zellklonen, jedoch hingen Plaquebildung und Morphologie von den Wirtszellklonen ab. Die Vermehrung bei Wildtypstammen des bovinen Coronavirus hing ebenfalls von den Zellklonen ab, wobei die Plaquemorphologie zu unterschiedlichem Ausmas von Trypsin beeinflust wurde. Demnach bestimmen der jeweilige bovine Coronavirusstamm und die Wirtszelle die Trypsinabhangigkeit der zytopathischen Expression, der Zellfusion und der Plaquebildung.
Siberian shelf methane emissions not tied to modern warming

Eight thousand years ago, a rising sea inundated the vast permafrost regions off the northern coast of Siberia. Comprising the modern east Siberian shelf, the region holds enormous quantities of methane hydrates bottled up in remnant subterranean permafrost zones that are, in turn, trapped beneath the ocean waters. Records of seafloor water temperature showing a 2.1°C rise since 1985, coupled with recent observations of methane emissions from the seabed, have led some scientists to speculate that the rising temperatures have thawed some of the subsurface permafrost, liberating the trapped methane. The connection is compelling, but an investigation by Dmitrenko et al. into the sensitivity of permafrost to rising temperatures suggests the two observations are not connected. Using a permafrost model forced with paleoclimate data to analyze changes in the depth of frozen bottom sediments, the authors found that roughly 1 meter of the subsurface permafrost thawed in the past 25 years, adding to the 25 meters of already thawed soil. Forecasting the expected future permafrost thaw, the authors found that even under the most extreme climatic scenario tested this thawed soil growth will not exceed 10 meters by 2100 or 50 meters by the turn of the next millennium. The authors note that the bulk of the methane stores in the east Siberian shelf are trapped roughly 200 meters below the seafloor, indicating that the recent methane emissions observations were likely not connected to the modest modern permafrost thaw. Instead, they suggest that the current methane emissions are the result of the permafrost's still adjusting to its new aquatic conditions, even after 8000 years. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007218, 2011)
"Beauty depends on size" - Aristotle [mobile computing]

The author discusses the importance of form factor in mobile computing. A number of new commercial products and technology demos have pushed mobile computing into breakthrough form factors-a device's basic size and weight-giving developers the opportunity to create truly new usage models. In the author's opinion, the three most important new devices are the Palm Pilot from 3Com, Rex from Rolodex Electronics, and a demonstration Java ring that was distributed at the JavaOne Conference in San Francisco. Each product group shows a different set of choices of features, form factor and interface capabilities. However, while many of these small, innovative computing platforms are moving into commercial markets, most current mobile computing research is focused elsewhere.
Fluoroquinolone-Associated Bilateral Patellar Tendon Rupture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Single series case reports have described bilateral traumatic patellar tendon ruptures, and less frequently, with little or no trauma. Patellar tendon rupture most often occurs in patients younger than 40 years old and is commonly precipitated by a sudden, significant eccentric contraction. Patellar tendon ruptures are uncommon in those older than 40 years of age, but when they occur, may indicate an underlying systemic disorder. Corticosteroid injections, rheumatic disease, metabolic disorders, and fluoroquinolone use have all been associated with increased risk of tendon rupture. While the Achilles tendon is the most commonly affected by fluoroquinolone use, cases involving the rotator cuff, biceps, wrist extensors, and quadriceps tendon among others, have been described. A case is presented of a 43-year-old man without pre-existing medical comorbidities who sustained atraumatic bilateral patellar tendon ruptures following a treatment course of fluoroquinolone medication.
Direct preparation of carbon nanofiber electrodes via pyrolysis of iron(II) phthalocyanine: Electrocatalytic aspects for oxygen reduction

A facile method for the direct preparation of carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes by pyrolysis of iron(II) phthalocyanine on nickel substrates is reported. Uniform, large area coverage is observed with aligned bundles of CNFs exhibiting bamboo-like, hollow fibril morphology possessing diameters of 40−60 nm and lengths of ∼10 μm. The electrochemical behavior and stability of CNF electrodes as oxygen reduction catalysts were investigated by electrochemical methods. Without necessitation for extensive electrode pretreatment or surface activation, these electrodes demonstrate significant electrocatalytic activity in aqueous KNO3 solutions at neutral to basic pH for the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide, O2 + H2O + 2e- ⇌ H + OH-. As determined from chronocoulometry, slopes of Anson plots indicate that the overall electrochemical reaction proceeds by the peroxide pathway via two successive two-electron reductions. pH-dependent cyclic voltammetry studies indicate that the CNF electrodes are very active to...