cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autonomy and community : the royal manor of Havering, 1200-1500

List of figures and tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction Part I. Havering, the Crown and External Control, 1200-1500: 1. Royal profit and the privileges of the ancient demesne, 1200-65 2. External demands and Havering's resistance, 1265-1500 Part II. Economic Independence and its Consequences, 1251-1460: 3. Differentiated landholding and the population, 1251-1460 4. A commercial economy, 1350-1460 Part III. Community, Conflict and Change, 1352-1500: 5. The manor court and the resolution of local problems, 1352-1460 6. New problems, new solutions: the liberty of Havering-Atte-Bower, 1460-1500 Appendices Bibliography Index.
Presence of a substance rich in protein-bound cystine or cysteine in the neurosecretory system of an insect.

COMPARISONS have been drawn between the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of vertebrates and corresponding systems in invertebrates; for example, the pars intercerebralis-corpus cardiacum neurosecretory system of insects1. Such comparisons are supported by the demonstration in both groups2 of a deeply staining chrome–alum–haematoxyphil neurosecretory material. In the dog, this material has been described as a glycolipoprotein ‘bearer-substance’, soluble in lipid-solvents, and for this reason clearly to be differentiated from the posterior pituitary principles3. There is, however, an alternative view4, namely, that chrome–alum–haematoxyphil vertebrate neurosecretory material, or material in its exact distribution, is essentially a protein, which, in tissues which have not been fixed in formalin, is soluble in water rather than lipid solvents, and which for these reasons, and because of its high cystine content, could well be closely akin to the posterior pituitary principles. The present investigation is concerned with the nature of neurosecretory material in the intercerebralis–cardiacum system of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae.
Reliability of Recall of Income

HE DETERMINATION of individual income level in a survey is a fairly simple matter if one's purpose is only to categorize respondents into broad classifications each covering a range of say two thousand dollars. If one desires to be fairly precise, however, the task becomes complex. Most people regard their income as an exceedingly personal affair and problems arise in maintaining interview rapport. Many people receive income from more than one source, so, to insure complete coverage a long list of income components have to be checked individually. Also, since many incomes are shared these questions must cover all of the income receivers.
ESTIMATING TRUCK-ROLLOVER CRASHES ON RAMPS BY USING A MULTISTATE DATABASE

Currently, among other intelligent transportation system applications, there is an increased interest in using an "in-vehicle warning system" to mitigate truck-rollover crashes on interchange ramps. Because the cost of installing the system in an entire truck fleet would be significant, a basic question is how large a safety problem is addressed. This study was an attempt to estimate the annual national frequency and cost of large-truck accidents on interchange ramps that result in rollovers. Using tabular analysis of a five-state database, the estimate was that approximately 11 percent of total truck involvements are on interchange ramps and that between 44 and 52 percent of the incidents result in rollovers. Both urban and rural locations present significant problems that could be addressed by an in-vehicle warning system. Combining this information with General Estimates System figures for total national truck crashes, it is estimated that there are between 4,400 and 5,000 truck rollovers on ramps each...
Perspective: Thermodynamics of structural glasses

Abstract According to the conventional wisdom, a (liquid to) glass transition takes place when a liquid, upon cooling, falls out of equilibrium because the observation time becomes less than the structural relaxation time of the liquid. The external time constraint prevents the system from exploring its entire configurational space. The freezing of the slow configurational changes that occur on a time scale longer than the observation time partitions the configurational space into mutually inaccessible components and the system becomes trapped in each component of the partition with a probability that is equal to the probability with which it was exploring that component before partitioning. A glass is such a broken-ergodic system. The volume of the configurational space accessible to a glass is reduced resulting in a loss of configurational entropy during a glass transition. This view of a real glass transition, called the disordered solid (or the broken-ergodic) view, is consistent with all observed features of glass transition such as absence of latent heat and a drop in the heat capacity. Thermodynamics of glassy state based on this and the traditional view are compared. It is concluded that the broken-ergodic view is fundamentally sound but not the traditional view.
Formation and removal of DNA adducts in rat liver treated with N-hydroxy derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 4-acetylaminobiphenyl, and, 2-acetylaminophenanthrene

Formation and removal of hepatic DNA adducts was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following single injections of two hepatocarcinogens, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N-hydroxy-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-OH-AABP) and a nonhepatocarcinogen, N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminophenanthrene (N-OH-AAP) at 0.5 h, 1.5 h, 4 h, 24 h, 9 d and 29 d. Using a previously described /sup 32/P-postlabeling assay, maximal DNA binding of these compounds was observed at approximately 1.5 h, 0.5 h and 24 h, respectively. In addition to the formation of three already known C8- and N2-acetylated and C8-deacetylated guanine derivatives and several minor unknown adducts with N-OH-AAF, a set of four new major adducts was also detected. These comprised approximately 50% of the total adducts during the first 4 h. The three known adducts amounted to 58, 16 and 6% of the 1.5-h value after 24 h, 9 d and 29 d, respectively, while the bulk (greater than 84%) of the new major adducts were removed from the DNA within 24 h and found only in traces after 9 d. N-OH-AABP formed several unknown minor adducts, in addition to the one major C8-deacetylated and two minor C8- and N2-acetylated guanine derivatives; only the C8-deacetylated and N2-acetylated adducts were detected after 29 d. In the case ofmore » N-OH-AAP, two major and several minor adducts were detected, most of which were found to be deacetylated, and as much as 60% of the adducts measured at 24 h were still present after 9 d treatment. These data indicate that certain DNA adducts are repaired rapidly, while others persist for long periods.« less
A Spectroscopic Study of the Cathodo-Luminescence of Fluorite

Spectra of the cathodo-luminescence of five samples of fluorite.---In the case of natural fluorite, the spectra excited consist of broad diffuse bands upon which are superimposed sharp bands. The effect of heating to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C before bombardment is to intensify the sharp bands and to weaken the diffuse ones. The effect of fusion in an oxidizing flame is much more radical, the color is changed and many new narrow bands are emitted. The wave-lengths as determined photographically and visually are given in tables. Comparison with the results of Urbain for cathodo-luminescence spectra of small percentages of rare earths in CaO and in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ shows that the bands observed are due to rare earth impurities the most prevalent and conspicuous being samarium, dysprosium, europium, gadolinium and terbium. The fusion changes the fluoride to the oxide, at least on the surface. The sharpness of the bands and the dependence of the spectra upon the diluent materials is explained if we assume that the rare earth atoms enter into the crystal lattice and emit light under constraint by the neighboring atoms.
Intensity of Follow-Up After Melanoma Surgery

This contemporary review of melanoma surveillance strategies seeks to help practitioners examine and improve their surveillance protocols based on the currently available data. In general, there is no definitive benefit from increased screening or more aggressive use of interval imaging. Low-intensity surveillance strategies do not appear to adversely affect patient outcomes and should be the preferred approach compared with high-intensity strategies for most melanoma patients. All surveillance programs should emphasize education in order to maximize the effectiveness of patient-based detection of recurrent disease.
Two-dimensional synchronization patterns for minimum ambiguity

A number of closely related combinatorial problems corresponding to specific assumptions about the type of time-frequency sequence which may be appropriate in a particular application, are formulated in terms of square or rectangular arrays of dots with appropriate constraints on the two-dimensional correlation function. The current state of knowledge concerning each of these problems is summarized. It is hoped that more general constructions may be found, leading to larger families of solutions, as well as better computational algorithms for finding individual solutions which may lie outside of the general families.
The thymus and central tolerance.

T cell tolerance to self-components occurs largely in the thymus during early differentiation and leads to death (negative selection) of T cells with overt autoreactivity. In this article we review the evidence that negative selection in mice occurs mainly in the medulla at the level of a population of semimature T cells. The role of Fas and several costimulatory molecules on negative selection and the inhibitory role of certain cytokines are discussed.
Potential of Biological Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mites on Strawberries in California

Resistance of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychusurticae (Koch), to acaricides previously effective against it on strawberries in California has reopened consideration of biological control. The authors considered the reproductive capacities of the prey and predator species, voraciousness of the predators, comparative motility of both predatory and prey species, and acceptance of alternate foods, if any, on the part of predatory species. Comparison of inherent powers of increase of predatory and prey species is not a proper criterion for determining whether the predator can control a prey species. Other things being equal, a prey-specific predator of lesser voraciousness (per individual) is more reliable in preventing outbreaks, Within limits, use of alternate foods may add to, rather than detract from, the effectiveness of a predator in the population control sense. Years of field and laboratory research and observations involving specific work of the authors and others in strawberries, grapes, citrus, deciduous fruits, and field crops support the view that phytoseiid mites, particularly members of the genus Metaseiulus , are often efficient predators of spider mites, and should be encouraged to a maximum consistent with profitable production.
Sperm storage and degradation in the spermathecae of the salamander Eurycea Cirrigera

Spermathecae are exocrine glands in the roof of the female cloaca that store sperm. Cytological and histochemical data indicate that the one type of secretion into the lumen is a glycoprotein. After a period of stasis in the summer, production of the secretion is initiated in the fall, coincident with an increase in ovarian follicular size. By the time of maximal follicular development and most intense mating activity in March and April, the spermathecal epithelium is filled with secretory granules. The secretory material is released into the lumen, enveloping the sperm. Many sperm remain in the spermathecae after oviposition, and most of these sperm are degraded in the spermathecal epithelium or pass through interruptions in the spermathecal walls caused by desquamation. Sperm in contact with the stromal environment are phagocytized by leukocytes. Some sperm, however, may survive in the lumen until at least the following fall. These sperm retain normal cytology, but whether or not they remain fertile and intact until a subsequent ovipository cycle is unknown.
An Overview of Henry Grabowski’s Scholarly Contributions

If one were asked, “Who is the academic economist who has contributed most over the last quarter century to our understanding of the pharmaceutical industry?” I believe the answer would be obvious ...
Predicting African American Parents' and Guardians' Satisfaction With Teachers and Public Schools

The author used regression analyses to examine variables that predicted how African American parents and guardians rated their children's teachers and the public school system. The results indicated that although several variables were significant, parents' and guardians' satisfaction with their children's elementary school teachers was the strongest predictor of how they rated high school teachers and the public school system. The need for educators and policy-makers to improve their relations with African American parents and guardians is underscored.
Influences of physical structures on urban energy budgets

Four typical urban surroundings were modelled, ranging from high-rise structures to low buildings and combinations thereof. These building systems were exposed to typical summer and winter climatic scenarios for latitudes 10, 34, and 50 N. Systematic variations of interior building temperatures were also introduced. The resultant changes in the components of the systems' energy budgets were examined with respect to cause and effect. The simulations produced a variety of unexpected features which intuitively had not been anticipated. It is believed that energy budget features of real cities cannot vary drastically from those simulated, and described in this report.
Secessionist Automobility: Racism, Anti‐Urbanism, and the Politics of Automobility in Atlanta, Georgia

Automobility — the centering of society and everyday life around automobiles and their spaces — is one of the most contentious aspects of contemporary urban growth debates at the local, national, and global scale. The politics of automobility is a spatial struggle over how the city should be organized and for whom. Yet there is little research on how this struggle is unfolding, and how that politics is shaping urban space. Part of this stems from the essentialization of automobility in policy and academic discourses on cities. Moving beyond essentialization, this article will explore how contentious political struggles reveal nuanced and diverse discourses and ideologies surrounding automobility and space. Focusing on what I call ‘secessionist automobility’— using an automobile as an instrument of spatial secession — I examine Atlanta, Georgia’s contentious automobility debate. Secessionist automobility is bound with the blunt politics of race-based secession from urban space, but also more subtle forms of spatial secession rooted in anti-urban ideologies. Implications for local, national, and global contestation of automobility will be provided.
566 INTRALU MINAL FAT PROCESSING IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Although pancreatic insufficiency is the major factor in the non-absorption of cystic fibrosis(CF), many patients continue to have steatorrhea despite often excessive amounts of exogenous enzyme. Stool collections from 7 unsupplemented CF patients were analyzed for free fatty acids(FFA) and total fat(TF). FFA averaged 60% of TF in comparison to analyses from 15 enzyme supplemented CF patients with FFA >90% TF despite fat absorption coefficients from 45 to 95%. This implies correction of digestion with continuing fat malabsorption. Intraluminal fat processing was evaluated over consecutive 30 minute periods following a standard meal(JCI 43:247,1964) in 4 CF patients. Mean intraluminal bile acid concentrations(mM)for the four were 14.4 ± 2.7, 8.9 ± 1.4, 7.0 ± .9 and 5.5 ± .7 compared to nonCF controls(N=7.7 ± 2.1). The fraction of luminal FFA incorporated into micelles (%MI) was 38, 33, 27 and 19 respectively in comparison to N with %MI=51 ± 12. Intraluminal pH was below 5.1(N=6.1 ± 0.5) in 20/43 meal fractions from CF patients with steatorrhea. 90% of the acidic fractions came from the last parts of the 2 hour study. Only 3/16 meal fractions were <pH5.1 in non-steatorrheic CF patients. Cimetidine plus enzymes restored pH and improved lipolysis (luminal FFA/luminal TF) toward normal levels but had less impact on %MI. These findings suggest that some patients with CF may have a defect in micellar incorporation despite the presence of adequate bile acid concentrations and normal intraluminal pH.
Sediment characteristics in the vicinity of the pulliam power plant, green bay, Wisconsin

Textural characteristics — mean, dispersion, and skewness — and heavy metal concentrations — Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Hg — were determined for 41 bottom grab samples collected during July, 1973, at the mouth of the Fox River proximate to a coal-fired electric generating plant. The principal sediment types identified were very fine sand $$(\bar x = 3.08\phi )$$ and medium silt $$(\bar x = 5.54\phi )$$ . Irregular sediment distribution patterns along the western bank of the river reflect the complex interaction of the river currents and the orthogonally injected thermal effluent. Beyond the influence of the discharge plume, a more regular trend of sediment dispersal was identified. Sedimentary processes operative within this shallow environment are subject to considerable modification by wind-induced turbulence. The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd were two to four times more concentrated in the Recent sediments than in the underlying glaciolacustrine deposits of red (Valders) clay. Ni concentrations were generally low while Hg was 15 to 35 times higher than background levels. Heavy metals were more concentrated in the fine-grained sediments of the river and shipping channel than in the coarser fractions along the river banks and nearshore environments of the lower Bay. The thermal effluent of the power plant has local but significant physical effects on the sediments in the vicinity of the discharge outlet. The chemical character of the sediments is established principally through upstream sources in the Fox River.
Localized segmental motion and Brillouin scattering in a polymer liquid

Abstract Using polyethylene glycol as an example, it is shown that the relaxation of the longitudinal stress modulus manifest in Brillouin scattering is associated with localized conformational dynamics involving only transitions of few chain segments from one isometric state to another. Both the Debye and the Hall-Helfand models are adequate to the description of the dispersion and attenuation of the hypersonic wave in PEG. The Hall-Helfand model is more theoretically satisfactory than the Debye model, since it does not involve an artificially added term for the Brillouin linewidth.
Hospital-acquired hyponatremia.

To the Editor .— The recent article and commentary1,2 concerning hospital-acquired hyponatremia have lost sight of the solid scientific evidence underlying the Holliday and Segar recommendations of 1957.3 At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, meticulous and rigorous measurements were made of insensible water loss and urine production at basal conditions.4,5 These losses are a function of metabolic rate (heat production). Because patients are rarely found at …
Synthetic approaches to steroidal alkaloids II. Preparation and reactions of 12-oxo-dinorcholanic acids

Abstract In a synthetic approach to the veratrum alkaloids, experiments directed toward the conversion of deoxycholic acid (I) to a 5 α -C-nor-D-homo-dinorcholan-22-oic acid (III) are described. Reaction of the diacetate of I with lead tetraacetate, gave 3 α, 12 α -diacetoxy-24-nor-5 β -chol-22-ene (VIII), which on periodate-permanganate oxidation afforded diactoxybisnordeoxycholic acid (IX). The olefin (VIII) was also obtained from I by a Curtius reaction, followed by methylation and Hofmann elimination. The stereochemistry at C-5 in this series was inverted by treating 3-oxo-12 α -acetoxy-23,24-dinor-5 β -cholan-22-oic acid (XI) with bromine, followed by dehydrohalogenation, metal ammonia reduction and sodium borohydride reduction to give the 5 α -isomer (XIII) of bisnordeoxycholic acid. The tosylhydrazones of the 12-ketones derived from XII and XIII were subjected to the Bamford-Stevens reaction and both compounds gave complex mixtures of olefins. A product from the reaction of XIII was a C-nor-D-homo lactone, (XV), which was characterized by principally spectroscopic methods.
Ecosystem model spin-up: Estimating steady state conditions in a coupled terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle model

Abstract We tested a variety of methods for determining steady state solutions for Biome-BGC, a coupled model of terrestrial water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics. Our objective was to identify methods that could reduce the computational cost of model spin-up relative to simulations running under the model's native dynamics, while retaining or improving upon the simulation quality, where quality is judged by comparison to assumed values for the true steady state solution. Two classes of methods were tested: ad hoc methods that approximate steady state by taking advantage of specific characteristics of the modeled dynamics to produce individual time trajectories through the model state space, and general multivariate minimization methods that iteratively explore multiple time trajectories through state space in search of a reasonable steady state solution. We examined the behavior of these methods for both woody and herbaceous vegetation simulations. We found that both the ad hoc and the generalized methods, parameterized appropriately, could provide reductions in computational cost of 50–75% compared to the model's native dynamics. With the exception of the generalized methods for the woody vegetation case, we also found that the quality of the simulated steady state solution was as good as or better than the native dynamics approach. The one method which performed consistently well across sites and vegetation types involved an acceleration of decomposition rates for the spin-up phase, resulting in 73 and 66% reductions in computational cost for woody and herbaceous vegetation types, respectively.
In vivo quantitative ultrasound imaging and scatter assessments

Instrument independent measurements of ultrasound scattering and attenuation provide useful diagnostic information not available with conventional ultrasound imaging. This dissertation is a continuing effort to test the above hypothesis and to incorporate quantitative ultrasound methods into clinical examinations for early detection of diffuse liver disease. A method for producing quantitative backscatterimages was developed and verified in phantoms. The method involves digitized rf echo signals from a clinical scanner and depth‐dependent ratios of echo data from tissue to echo data from a reference phantom to eliminate instrumentation dependencies and compute attenuation coefficients in the tissue. Quantitative backscatterimages are constructed by com‐ pensating echo data for the computed tissueattenuation. A new technique was developed to compensate for additional attenuation losses through the overlying layers. The method was applied to 35 healthy subjects and 16 patients with diffuse liver disease. Both the attenuation coefficient and the backscatter coefficient exhibited strong discriminating power (p<0.001) for differentiating healthy from fatty livers. Statistically significant differences in the backscatter coefficient (p<0.01) were observed between normal and cirrhotic livers but not in the atttenuation coefficient. An in vivoanimal model of steroid hepatopathy was used to investigate the system sensitivity in detecting early changes in canine liver resulting from corticosteroid administration. The average attenuation coefficient slope increased from 0.7 dB/cm/MHz in controls to 0.82 dB/cm/MHz (at 6 MHz) in treated animals on day 14 into the treatment, and the backscatter coefficient was 2.6E‐3/cm‐sr in controls compared with 7.4E‐3/cm‐sr (at 6 MHz) in treated animals. A simplified quantitative approach using video image signals was developed and provided equally sensitive results to the changes in the liver in this animal model. [For copies contact University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan.]
Costs of pregabalin or gabapentin for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

AbstractObjective:To characterize and compare healthcare resource utilization and costs among patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) newly prescribed pregabalin or gabapentin in a real-world clinical setting.Study Design:Retrospective cohort analysis using the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental Databases (2007–2009).Methods:Patients with new prescriptions for pregabalin or gabapentin (index event) in 2008 and ≥1 healthcare encounter with an ICD-9 code for pDPN (250.6 or 357.2) within 30 days prior to the first prescription were identified and propensity score matched; continuous enrollment 12 months pre- and post-index was required. Pre- to post-index changes in 12-month all-cause and pDPN-attributable resource utilization and costs were compared between pregabalin and gabapentin using a difference-in-difference (DID) approach.Results:A total of 910 pregabalin patients (48.6% female; mean age 63.3 ± 12.1 years) were matched with 910 gabapentin patien...
Skin lesions associated with chronic ulcerative colitis.

The types of cutaneous lesions occurring among 119 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis seen at the Strong Memorial Hospital during an 11-year period have been reviewed. These included erythema nodosum (12 cases), erythema multiforme (3), papular-pustular dermatitis (7), aphthous stomatitis (6), eczema (4), and herpes zoster (2). In several patients the skin lesions presented the major problem. Activity of the inflammatory bowel disease seemed to be related to the development of the cutaneous eruptions. It is suggested that a hypersensitivity state is implicated in a number of the skin eruptions, and that this may bear a relationship to the pathogenesis of the ulcerative colitis.
Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution control in HDPE with VOCl3‐based Ziegler—Natta catalysts

Some characteristics of alkoxylated catalysts derived from VOCl3 and trialkylaluminum compounds have been examined for ethylene polymerization. Specifically studied were catalysts resulting from reaction of VOCl3 with either an alcohol or an alkylaluminum alkoxide, or both, prior to reduction with a trialkylaluminum compound (R3Al). Although the two methods of preparing alkoxylated catalysts did not give identical results, certain overall generalizations can be drawn. In general, as the alkoxide content was increased, the molecular weight distribution was narrowed (by a simultaneous increase in Mn and decrease in Mw), polymerization rate was decreased, and the polymer melt index increased at a constant hydrogen level. Alkoxides had a negative effect on rate which could largely be overcome by raising the R3Al/V ratio or using continuous addition of R3Al. By suitably adjusting the alkoxide and hydrogen amounts, the complete range of molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of current commercial HDPE products can be made.
Press Coverage of Black Statewide Candidates: The Case of L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia

This article examines the newspaper treatment of L. Douglas Wilder's 1985 lieutenant governor's campaign and his 1989 gubernatorial campaign. Using content analysis, the author analyzes one liberal newspaper and one conservative newspaper, both of which serve the Virginia area. This article found that although these publications devoted most of their attention to the Wilder campaigns, they also gave the majority of negative coverage to the Wilder campaigns. Some of the coverage included unflattering references to Wilder's race. In sum, this study supports the claim by Black politicians that the media often distort and misrepresent the campaigns of Black office seekers in a way that makes it difficult for them to garner White votes.
Tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis that evolved into pulmonary tuberculosis following transbronchial needle aspiration

This case report describes a patient with multi-drug-resistant mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis that evolved to smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis following transbronchial needle aspiration. This is the first report of this complication, and bronchoscopists should be vigilant for its occurrence.
In Vivo β-adrenergic activation of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) reporter expression

Isoproterenol (ISO) infusion increases ANF-mRNA levels and control of ANF expression lies at the level of transcription. In neonatal cardiomyocytes, previous investigations determined that the −125 to −100 region of the rat ANF 5′ flanking region contained cis-elements critical for control of ISO induced ANF transcription. However, it is unclear if these same cis-elements regulate ANF transcription in vivo. To examine this question, reporter plasmids containing the ANF 5′ flanking/promoter region were injected directly into the left ventricle. Following a recovery period, osmotic pumps were implanted to infuse vehicle or ISO (0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg/d). ISO significantly (p < .05) increased the LV/BW ratio in a dose dependent, but not a time dependent manner. ISO significantly (p < .05) increased ANF reporter expression in both a dose-dependent and time dependent manner. Injections into the midwall of the LV or into the apex did not lead to significant differences in ISO-induced ANF reporter expression. Using site-specific mutations of ANF reporter constructs, comparisons were made of ISO induced ANF transcription in vitro in neonatal cardiomyocytes and in vivo in the adult heart. Cis-elements critical for ISO activation in cultured cardiomyocytes were not essential for the increased expression of the ANF reporters in vivo. The results indicate that distinct differences in ANF transcriptional regulation exist in vivo in the adult heart as compared with neonatal cardiomyocytes, and suggest the recruitment of other signaling pathways beyond adrenergic-receptor mediated pathways.
The psychology and physiology of colour vision.

Trichromatic theory can predict a colour match, but, surprisingly, not the colour that is finally perceived. Indeed perceived colour is relatively insensitive to the wavelength composition and overall intensity of the source of illumination.
Effect of ligand density, receptor density, and nanoparticle size on cell targeting.

Abstract It is generally accepted that the presentation of multiple ligands on a nanoparticle (NP) surface can improve cell targeting; however, little work has been done to determine whether an optimal ligand density exists. We have recently developed a site-specific bioconjugation strategy that allows for distinct control of ligand density on a NP through the combined utilization of expressed protein ligation (EPL) and copper-free click chemistry. This EPL-Click conjugation strategy was applied to create superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NPs labeled with HER2/neu targeting affibodies at differing ligand densities. It was discovered that an intermediate ligand density provided statistically significant improvements in cell binding in comparison with higher and lower ligand densities. This intermediate optimal ligand density was conserved across NPs with differing hydrodynamic diameters, different HER2/neu targeting ligands and also to cells with lower receptor densities. Additionally, an intermediate optimal ligand density was also evident when NPs were labeled with folic acid. From the Clinical Editor The authors of this study investigated optimal ligand density with SPIO-based labeling and concluded that intermediate density appears to have the most optimal labeling properties from the standpoint of its T2* shortening effect.
Selectivity of directional correlations of gamma rays from oriented nuclear states at moderately high spins

Abstract Calculations are presented for pure-multipole cascades from an aligned initial state of moderately high spin. viz., 10. Pairs of detectors at vertices of an octant in space are used, and the question of selecting a particular assignment of spins and multipolarities from all others is investigated. It is found that for representative conditions of degree of alignment of initial state and quality of data, most of the cascades composed of combinations of dipole, quadrupole and octupole transitions can be distinguished from each other, even including in many cases the order of nonbasic transitions. The number of different cascades considered is 49. Also considered are cases simulating ultrahigh-precision data in order to illustrate principles, as well as quite low-precision data. Considered too, are cases of no alignment of initial spin, as well as the other extreme of only m = 0. A concise review of the results of the general theory of directional correlation of gamma rays from oriented initial states is given.
Optimal fixed-point continuous linear smoothing

Abstract : The filter and error covariance equations for optimal fixed-point smoothing for continuous linear systems are developed. The development is carried out by considering the limiting case of the results for the same problem for discrete linear systems. The procedure is of use in estimation problems where a smoothed estimate of a continuous linear system's state is desired at some specified critical time during the system's operation. Four examples are presented to illustrate the results.
Apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain is regulated by MAPK/PI3K and confers drug resistance and survival advantage to AML

The apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC) protein is known to suppress both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. We previously reported that ARC expression is a strong, independent adverse prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we investigated the regulation and role of ARC in AML. ARC expression is upregulated in AML cells co-cultured with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and suppressed by inhibition of MAPK and PI3K signaling. AML patient samples with RAS mutations (N = 64) expressed significantly higher levels of ARC than samples without RAS mutations (N = 371) (P = 0.016). ARC overexpression protected and ARC knockdown sensitized AML cells to cytarabine and to agents that selectively induce intrinsic (ABT-737) or extrinsic (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand) apoptosis. NOD–SCID mice harboring ARC-overexpressing KG-1 cells had significantly shorter survival than mice injected with control cells (median 84 vs 111 days) and significantly fewer leukemia cells were present when NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice were injected with ARC knockdown as compared to control Molm13 cells (P = 0.005 and 0.03 at 2 and 3 weeks, respectively). Together, these findings demonstrate that MSCs regulate ARC in AML through activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. ARC confers drug resistance and survival advantage to AML in vitro and in vivo, suggesting ARC as a novel target in AML therapy.
Absorption and metabolism of estrogens from the stomach and duodenum of pigs

To determine the absorption and metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) by the stomach and liver of the pig, crystalline E2 was placed in the stomach of prepubertal gilts. Blood samples were subsequently obtained from the hepatic portal and jugular veins and plasma was assayed for E2, estrone (E1), 17 beta-estradiol-glucuronide (E2G), estrone-glucuronide (E1G) and estrone-sulfate (E1S). Concentrations of E2, E1, E2G and E1S rose in the hepatic portal vein within five min and remained elevated for several hr. Concentration of E2 represented only 6% of the total estrogen detected in the hepatic portal vein during the sampling period, indicating that most of the E2 was converted or conjugated prior to entering the hepatic portal vein. The metabolism of E2 presumably occurred in the stomach mucosa because food had been withheld for 26 hr before infusion of E2. Concentrations of E2G, E1G and E1S, but not E2 and E1, rose in the jugular vein and remained elevated for several hr. The lack of a rise in E2 and E1 in the jugular vein indicates that the E2 and E1 from the hepatic portal vein were completely converted and/or removed by the liver. Most of E2 was converted to E1 and then to E1G. The infusion of bile containing normal estrogens from pregnant gilts into the duodenum of prepubertal gilts resulted in a peak of E1G and E2G in the hepatic portal and jugular veins within a few minutes. This was followed in about 180 min by a second sustained rise. The first peak was essentially abolished by extracting E1 and E2 from the bile before infusion. The second peak failed to occur in gilts given antibiotics orally to reduce gut bacteria before infusion of bile.
Diagnosis and Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding in the Pediatric Patient

Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients at any age is frightening. The fear stems from the knowledge that bleeding, if severe enough and sustained for long intervals, may lead to shock and death. Fortunately, in both pediatric and adult patients, instances in which bleeding is so massive and uncontrollable that it leads to rapid demise are extremely rare. The approach to diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by the physician should be calm, logical, and expeditious to help allay the fears of the patient and family, and to reduce the morbidity associated with the hemorrhage in the event its cause is found to be serious. Fortunately, the causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in the pediatric population are fewer than in adults; accordingly, the differential diagnosis is usually shorter, although not necessarily easier. In contrast to adults, the age of the pediatric patient may play a key role in determining the differential diagnosis. MANIFESTATION OF BLEEDING (Table 1) Before discussing the pathophysiology of bleeding, we will establish definitions of the words frequently associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood. The blood may be either bright red or "coffee ground" in appearance if it has been altered by gastric acid. Hematemesis implies that the site of bleeding is proximal to the ligament of Treitz.
Helix packing angle preferences

The distribution of interaxial angles between packed alpha-helices has been explained by a number of elegant models describing how side chains on helices can interdigitate without steric conflicts. Here I show that much of the apparent preference for particular angles is due to statistical bias and that true packing angle preferences are not well described by regular packing models.
Human umbilical cord blood stem cells show PDGF-D–dependent glioma cell tropism in vitro and in vivo

Despite advances in clinical therapies and technologies, the prognosis for patients with malignant glioma is poor. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have a chemotactic tropism toward glioma cells. The use of NSCs as carriers of therapeutic agents for gliomas is currently being explored. Here, we demonstrate that cells isolated from the umbilical cord blood show mesenchymal characteristics and can differentiate to adipocytes, osteocytes, and neural cells and show tropism toward cancer cells. We also show that these stem cells derived from the human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) induce apoptosis-like cell death in the glioma cell line SNB19 via Fas-mediated caspase-8 activation. From our glioma tropism studies, we have observed that hUCB cells show tropism toward glioma cells in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. We determined that this migration is partially dependent on the expression levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D from glioma cells and have observed that local concentration gradient of PDGF-D is sufficient to cause migration of hUCB cells toward the gradient as seen from our brain slice cultures. In our animal experiment studies, we observed that intracranially implanted SNB19 green fluorescent protein cells induced tropism of the hUCB cells toward themselves. In addition, the ability of these hUCBs to inhibit established intracranial tumors was also observed. We also determined that the migration of stem cells toward glioma cells was partially dependent on PDGF secreted by glioma cells and that the presence of PDGF-receptor (PDGFR) on hUCB is required for migration. Our results demonstrate that hUCB are capable of inducing apoptosis in human glioma cells and also show that glioma tropism and hUCB tropism toward glioma cells are partially dependent on the PDGF/PGGFR system.
Increased numbers of bonds stabilize adhesion with multiple tethers between endothelium and monocytes

This investigation explores the hypothesis that increased receptor density promotes the formation of tethers. Micropipet aspiration was used to produce defined normal forces during contact and detachment between monocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Receptor densities were altered by incubation of HUVEC with TNF-/spl alpha/ or TNF-/spl alpha/ in the presence of cycloheximide. Receptor numbers were quantified using calibrated flow cytometry. Increased receptor densities resulted in a significant increase in the probability of adhesion between cells and the percent of multiple tethers formed. For a given adhesion probability (P/sub a/), the frequency of forming multiple tethers coincided with the theoretical frequency of forming multiple bonds (P/sub n>1/). There was a lag period prior to tether formation that increased with TNF-/spl alpha/ stimulation of HUVEC. Cycloheximide significantly reduced the density of ICAM-1 receptors, the percent of multiple tethers, and the characteristic lag time before tether formation. These results imply that elevated receptor densities in the contact region stabilize adhesion through the formation of multiple attachment points. Multiple tethers may provide a mechanism for stabilizing firm adhesion and resisting detachment in the relatively high shear stress environment found in the arterial regions prone to monocyte accumulation at the onset of atherosclerosis.
Investigation of Current-Induced Mass Transport in thin Metal Conducting Stripes

The parameters governing void and whisker growth in aluminum thin metal conductors have been well defined in the past several years. Studies have also been conducted to define these parameters in other metal systems such as composite molybdenum-gold stripes. Nearly all of these studies have examined the test vehicle before and after stressing but rarely during the stress period. This paper interprets the results obtained when thin metal conducting stripes of molybdenum-gold and aluminum were current stressed while being viewed at high magnifications through the scanning electron microscope. To facilitate this, photographs were taken at a rate of one per minute and then used to produce a motion picture. When viewed, this allows real time study of reactions which occurred over extended periods of time. The study of these motion pictures confirmed some of the existing theories of void formation but has also resulted in a reevaluation of the subsequent movement of the voids along the conductor. The overall result of the experiment has been a greatly enhanced understanding of mass transport in conducting stripes.
Cultivating a culture of respectful engagement

In their research, the authors found that 94 percent of leaders they surveyed reported working with toxic, disruptive, or uncivil people—people who use sarcasm, blame, disrespect, and even sabotage to pursue their own ends. Over time, tolerance of such behavior can lead to toxic systems that are particularly resistant to change. The authors outline strategies that can disrupt such toxic systems and create a culture of respectful engagement.
UFLOW: visualizing uncertainty in fluid flow

Uncertainty or errors are introduced in fluid flow data as the data is acquired, transformed and rendered. Although researchers are aware of these uncertainties, little has been done to incorporate them in the existing visualization systems for fluid flow. In the absence of integrated presentation of data and its associated uncertainty, the analysis of the visualization is incomplete at best and may lead to inaccurate or incorrect conclusions. The article presents UFLOW-a system for visualizing uncertainty in fluid flow. Although there are several sources of uncertainties in fluid flow data, in this work, we focus on uncertainty arising from the use of different numerical algorithms for computing particle traces in a fluid flow. The techniques that we have employed to visualize uncertainty in fluid flow include uncertainty glyphs, flow envelopes, animations, priority sequences, twirling batons of trace viewpoints, and rakes. These techniques are effective in making the users aware of the effects of different integration methods and their sensitivity, especially near critical points in the flow field.
On the use of musculoskeletal models to interpret motor control strategies from performance data

The intrinsic viscoelastic properties of muscle are central to many theories of motor control. Much of the debate over these theories hinges on varying interpretations of these muscle properties. In the present study, we describe methods whereby a comprehensive musculoskeletal model can be used to make inferences about motor control strategies that would account for behavioral data. Muscle activity and kinematic data from a monkey were recorded while the animal performed a single degree-of-freedom pointing task in the presence of pseudo-random torque perturbations. The monkey's movements were simulated by a musculoskeletal model with accurate representations of musculotendon morphometry and contractile properties. The model was used to quantify the impedance of the limb while moving rapidly, the differential action of synergistic muscles, the relative contribution of reflexes to task performance and the completeness of recorded EMG signals. Current methods to address these issues in the absence of musculoskeletal models were compared with the methods used in the present study. We conclude that musculoskeletal models and kinetic analysis can improve the interpretation of kinematic and electrophysiological data, in some cases by illuminating shortcomings of the experimental methods or underlying assumptions that may otherwise escape notice.
Political Aspects of Communications and Information Resources in Canada.

Abstract “At present, the majority of [radio] programs heard are from sources outside of Canada. It has been emphasized to us that the continued reception of these has a tendency to mold the minds of the young people in the home to ideals and opinions that are not Canadian. In a country of the vast geographical dimensions of Canada, braodcasting will undoubtedly become a great force in fostering national spirit and in interpreting national citizenship.”1 This statement, written fifty years ago, could just as well have been written today. But, while the basic issue has remained unchanged over time, the uses to which information and communications can be put have steadily grown. The scope of the issue has also therefore increased. Included under the heading of communications and information today are such diverse but interconnected matters as broadcasting both by TV and radio, the newspaper, magazine, and book publishing industries, the film industry, advertising, computers and all computer communications, ...
Small planetary rovers

The authors argue that small rovers on the order of 1 to 2 kg are suitable for planetary exploration. Not only are they extremely cost effective but they also enable a number of new possibilities for scientific objectives. The authors describe their Attila robots which are prototypes for planetary rovers at the larger end of the scale (1.6 kg). The robots have 24 actuators and over 150 sensors, all connected via a local network to 11 onboard computers. >