cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The I/O Performance of Multiway Mergesort and Tag Sort

We develop models of secondary storage to evaluate external sorting and use them to analyze the average I/O access time of mergesort and tag sort on files with uniform key distribution. The k-way mergesort takes [log k R] merge passes to sort a file with R initial sorted runs. Choosing k as large as possible reduces the number of merge passes, but we show that under the assumptions of our models, the I/O access time of the merge phase in mergesort increases as a function of k. For large files with short keys, tag sort provides a promising alternative to mergesort. We analyze the I/O access time of tag sort with a ``sequential scan'' distribution method. We show that for large files tag sort takes asymptotically less I/O time than mergesort.
Direct observation of plasticity and quantitative hardness measurements in single crystal cyclotrimethylene trinitramine by nanoindentation

Investigation of deformation beginning with elasticity and continuing through the elastic–plastic transition to incipient cracking has been conducted for (210), (021) and (001) oriented single crystals of the explosive cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, commonly known as “RDX”. Nanoindentation was performed with a conical tip over a range of loads. The resulting load–depth data exhibited distinct, reproducible, orientation-dependent load excursions demonstrating elastic–plastic transitions. Indent impressions were imaged by atomic force microscopy revealing deformation features consistent with slip on six planes. Impressions on the (210) and (001) planes showed deformation pile-up features associated with the zone axes of slip planes. Slip traces were evident on the (210) plane indicating slip on four planes and suggesting cross-slip. Height data, for impressions formed by progressively increasing loads, indicated one additional slip system consistent with (010) slip. All of the orientations exhibited cracki...
Development and evaluation of new factor scales for the expectations about counseling inventory in a college sample

Given the lack of agreement over the factor structure and scoring system used with the Expectations About Counseling Inventory (EAC-B), the primary purpose of this investigation was to reevaluate the factor structure of the EAC-B and to construct factor scales based on that structure. After constructing these scales, the second objective was to evaluate the relationships among expectations about counseling, the five-factor model of personality (FFM), and gender-related variables. The responses of 460 undergraduate students to all 66 items on the EAC-B suggested three factors: facilitative conditions, counselor expertise, and client involvement. Expectations for facilitative conditions were positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, masculinity, and femininity; expectations for counselor expertise were negatively correlated with openness and agreeableness and positively correlated with masculinity; and expectations for client involvement were positively correlated with extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and femininity. Femininity was the strongest predictor of the facilitative conditions and client involvement scales when the effects of all the other variables were partialled out, whereas openness to experience and gender were the best predictors of counselor expertise when the effects of all the other variables were partialled out. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1303–1318, 2006.
A physical understanding of how reionization suppresses accretion on to dwarf haloes

We develop and test with cosmological simulations a physically motivated theory for how the interplay between gravity, pressure, cooling, and self-shielding set the redshift--dependent mass scale at which halos can accrete intergalactic gas. This theory provides a physical explanation for the halo mass scale that can accrete unshocked intergalactic gas, which has been explained with ad hoc criteria tuned to reproduce the results of a few simulations. Furthermore, it provides an intuitive explanation for how this mass scale depends on the reionization redshift, the amplitude of the ionizing background, and the redshift. We show that accretion is inhibited onto more massive halos than had been thought because previous studies had focused on the gas fraction of halos rather than the instantaneous mass that can accrete gas. A halo as massive as 10^11 Msun cannot accrete intergalactic gas at z=0, even though typically its progenitors were able to accrete gas at higher redshifts. We describe a simple algorithm that can be implemented in semi-analytic models, and we compare the predictions of this algorithm to numerical simulations.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibition and angiotensin II converting inhibition in mice with cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutation.

Abstract Background Mutations in the LMNA gene encoding A-type nuclear lamins can cause dilated cardiomyopathy with or without skeletal muscular dystrophy. Previous studies have shown abnormally increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity in hearts of LmnaH222P/H222P mice, a small animal model. Inhibition of this abnormal signaling activity with a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor has beneficial effects on heart function and survival in these mice. However, such treatment has not been examined relative to any standard of care intervention for dilated cardiomyopathy or heart failure. We therefore examined the effects of an angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor on left ventricular function in LmnaH222P/H222P mice and assessed if adding a MEK1/2 inhibitor would provide added benefit. Methods Male LmnaH222P/H222P mice were treated with the ACE inhibitor benazepril, the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib or both. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular diameters and fractional shortening was calculated. Results Treatment of LmnaH222P/H222P mice with either benazepril or selumetinib started at 8 weeks of age, before the onset of detectable left ventricular dysfunction, lead to statistically significantly increased fractional shortening compared to placebo at 16 weeks of age. There was a trend towards a great value for fractional shortening in the selumetinib-treated mice. When treatment was started at 16 weeks of age, after the onset of left ventricular dysfunction, the addition of selumetinib treatment to benazepril lead to a statistically significant increase in left ventricular fractional shortening at 20 weeks of age. Conclusions Both ACE inhibition and MEK1/2 inhibition have beneficial effects on left ventricular function in LmnaH222P/H222P mice and both drugs together have a synergistic benefit when initiated after the onset of left ventricular dysfunction. These results provide further preclinical rationale for a clinical trial of a MEK1/2 inhibitor in addition to standard of care in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations.
Tie2+ Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells Regulate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Regeneration Following Radiation Injury

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in proximity to bone marrow endothelial cells (BM ECs) and maintenance of the HSC pool is dependent upon EC-mediated c-kit signaling. Here, we used genetic models to determine whether radioprotection of BM ECs could facilitate hematopoietic regeneration following radiation-induced myelosuppression. We developed mice bearing deletion of the proapoptotic proteins, BAK and BAX, in Tie2(+) ECs and HSCs (Tie2Bak/Bax(Fl/-) mice) and compared their hematopoietic recovery following total body irradiation (TBI) with mice which retained Bax in Tie2(+) cells. Mice bearing deletion of Bak and Bax in Tie2(+) cells demonstrated protection of BM HSCs, preserved BM vasculature, and 100% survival following lethal dose TBI. In contrast, mice that retained Bax expression in Tie2(+) cells demonstrated depletion of BM HSCs, disrupted BM vasculature, and 10% survival post-TBI. In a complementary study, VEcadherinBak/Bax(Fl/-) mice, which lack Bak and Bax in VEcadherin(+) ECs, also demonstrated increased recovery of BM stem/progenitor cells following TBI compared to mice which retained Bax in VEcadherin(+) ECs. Importantly, chimeric mice that lacked Bak and Bax in HSCs but retained Bak and Bax in BM ECs displayed significantly decreased HSC content and survival following TBI compared to mice lacking Bak and Bax in both HSCs and BM ECs. These data suggest that the hematopoietic response to ionizing radiation is dependent upon HSC-autonomous responses but is regulated by BM EC-mediated mechanisms. Therefore, BM ECs may be therapeutically targeted as a means to augment hematopoietic reconstitution following myelosuppression.
On applications of hypergeometric functions

Abstract This is a survey article on the author's involvement over the years with hypergeometric functions. We discuss our counter-example to one of M. Robertson's conjectures, our results on the omitted values problems, Brannan's conjecture on the coefficients of a certain power series, generalizations of Ramanujan's asymptotic formulas for complete elliptic integrals and Muir's 1883 approximation to the arc length of an ellipse involving an inequality for some 3F2's.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Gas Sorption and Guest-Exchange Studies of the Lightweight, Porous Metal−Organic Framework α-[Mg3(O2CH)6]

Unsolvated magnesium formate crystallizes upon reaction of the metal nitrate with formic acid in DMF at elevated temperatures. Single-crystal XRD studies reveal the formation of [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] DMF], 1, a metal-organic framework with DMF molecules filling the channels of an extended diamondoid lattice. The DMF molecules in 1 can be entirely removed without disruption to the framework, giving the guest-free material alpha-[Mg3(O2CH)6], 2. Compound 2 has been characterized by both powder and single-crystal XRD studies. Thermogravimetric analyses of 1 show guest loss from 120 to 190 degrees C, with decomposition of the sample at approximately 417 degrees C. Gas sorption studies using both N2 and H2 indicate that the framework displays permanent porosity. The porosity of the framework is further demonstrated by the ability of 2 to uptake a variety of small molecules upon soaking. Single-crystal XRD studies have been completed on the six inclusion compounds [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] THF], 3; [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] Et2O], 4; [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] Me2CO], 5; [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] C6H6], 6; [Mg3(O2CH)6 [symbol: see text] EtOH], 7; and [Mg3(O2CH)(6) [symbol: see text] MeOH], 8. Analyses of the metrical parameters of 1-8 indicate that the framework has the ability to contract or expand depending on the nature of the guest present.
A recombinant fragment of von Willebrand factor reduces fibrin-rich microthrombi formation in mice with endotoxemia

article i nfo Introduction: Disseminated fibrin deposition in the microvasculature such as in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) arises from uninhibited activated coagulation secondary to sustained systemic inflammation. Currently there is no treatment for DIC. Treating the underlying trigger and supportive care are the current recommendationstomanage DIC.ThisstudyaimsatusingrecombinantvonWillebrandfactor(VWF)A2domain polypeptide to inhibit VWF-mediated platelet adhesion to fibrin and prevent DIC. Materials and Methods: We use flow chamber assay to test the capacity of purified A2 protein to inhibit platelet adhesion to immobilized fibrin(ogen) and platelet-fibrin clot formation. We use a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced DIC to examine the effect of A2 protein on DIC. Results: The A2 protein blocked flow-dependent platelet adhesion to fibrin, delayed fibrin polymerization, and inhibited platelet-fibrin clot formation in vitro. The infusion of the purified A2 protein to the endotoxin-treated mice prevented fibrin-rich microthrombi formation in brain, lung, kidney, and liver. It also attenuated levels of inflammatory mediators, and markedly reduced mortality rates at 96 hours. Conclusions: The A2 protein inhibited platelet interaction with fibrin(ogen). Furthermore, A2 prevented disseminated fibrin-rich microthrombi and decrease mortality in a lipopolysaccharide-induced DIC murine model. A2 could provide a novel therapeutic approach in critically ill patients with uninhibited activated coagulation and disseminated fibrin deposition such as DIC. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Porous substrates for label-free molecular level detection of nonresonant organic molecules.

We report on the design of practical surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based upon 3D alumina membranes with cylindrical nanopores chemically modified with polyelectrolyte coating a...
Silanized Graphene-Based Nanocomposite Coatings on Fiber Reinforced Composites Against the Environmental Degradations

This report presents the development of graphene-based nanocomposite coatings on the fiber reinforced composites to improve the coating resistance against the corrosion and other environmental weathering. Graphene nanoflakes were initially functionalized through a silanization process, and then dispersed well into the polyurethane primer and top coats at 0, 2, 4 and 8wt% using high speed agitation and sonication processes. The dispersed nanocomposite coatings were an air sprayed on the surfaces of the composite coupons at different thicknesses, and cured prior to the alternative UV and salt fog exposure tests for 20 days. The performance analyses of the nanocomposite coatings were carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), thickness measurements, water contact angle, and electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy tests. The test results indicated that the silanization process on the graphene nanoflakes significantly improved the corrosion resistances of the nanocomposite coatings when compared to the non-functionalized graphenes. This study may be useful for the performance improvements of many coatings on the composite aircraft, wind turbines and other applications.© 2014 ASME
The American Playground Movement.

(1978). The American Playground Movement. Childhood Education: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 176-182.
Rational design of substrate-based multivalent inhibitors of the histone acetyltransferase Tip60.

Tip60, the 60 kDa HIV-1 Tat-interactive protein, is a key member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and plays critical roles in apoptosis and DNA repair. Potent and selective inhibitors of Tip60 are valuable tools for studying the functions of this potential drug target. In this work, we designed, synthesized and evaluated a new set of substrate-based inhibitors containing multiple binding modalities. In addition to the coenzyme A (CoA) moiety and the histone H3 peptide backbone, mono- and tri-methyl marks were incorporated at Lys 4 and/or Lys 9 sites in the H3 peptide substrate. The biochemical assay results showed that the presence of methyl group(s) on the substrate resulted in more potent inhibitors of Tip60, relative to the parent H3-CoA bisubstrate inhibitor. Importantly, by comparing the inhibitory properties of the ligands against full-length Tip60 and the HAT domain, we determined that the K4me1 and K9me3 marks contributed to the potency augmentation by interacting with the catalytic region of the enzyme.
Excitation operators and the extended random-phase approximation. I. Theory

An analysis of extended random-phase approximations is made with emphasis on the justification of the simplifying assumptions used in applications. It is demonstrated that in a complete operator space, the equations of motion in expectation value form, supplemented by the ground-state annihilation condition, yield the exact result for excitation operators and are equivalent to the operator equation of motion. Certain operators that are normally neglected have to be included to obtain the exact solution; some of these additional operators are shown to be important while others are expected to have small effects. The random-phase approximation and its self-consistent variants are analyzed, and a number of improvements that can be introduced without increasing the difficulty of the calculations are suggested.
Erythropoietin increases bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin and protects cerebral microvasculature against oxidative stress induced by eNOS uncoupling.

The present study was designed to determine whether treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) could protect cerebral microvasculature against the pathological consequences of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. Wild-type and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH-I)-deficient hph1 mice were administered EPO (1000 U/kg/day, sc, 3 days). Cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice demonstrated reduced BH4 bioavailability, increased production of superoxide anions and impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Treatment of hph1 mice with EPO attenuated the levels of 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH2), the oxidized product of BH4, and significantly increased the ratio of BH4 to 7,8-BH2. Moreover, EPO decreased levels of superoxide anions and increased NO bioavailability in cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice. Attenuated oxidation of BH4 and inhibition of eNOS uncoupling were explained by the increased expression of antioxidant proteins, manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase. The protective effects of EPO observed in cerebral microvessels of hph1 mice were also observed in GTPCH-I siRNA-treated human brain microvascular endothelial cells exposed to EPO (1 U/ml or 10 U/ml; 3 days). Our results suggest that EPO might protect the neurovascular unit against oxidative stress by restoring bioavailability of BH4 and endothelial NO in the cerebral microvascular endothelium.
Influence of host iron status on Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Iron deficiency affects one quarter of the world’s population and causes significant morbidity, including detrimental effects on immune function and cognitive development. Accordingly, the World Health Organization recommends routine iron supplementation in children and adults in areas with high prevalence of iron deficiency. However, a large body of clinical and epidemiological evidence has accumulated which clearly demonstrates that host iron deficiency is protective against falciparum malaria and that host iron supplementation may increase the risk of malaria. Although many effective antimalarial treatments and preventive measures are available, malaria remains a significant public health problem, in part because the mechanisms of malaria pathogenesis remain obscured by the complexities in the relationships between parasite virulence factors, host susceptibility traits, and the immune responses that modulate disease. Here we review (i) the clinical and epidemiological data that describes the relationship between host iron status and malaria infection and (ii) the progress being made to understand the biological basis for these clinical and epidemiological observations.
Collectivist Defenses of the Moral Equality of Combatants

Abstract This article examines the view that the doctrine of the moral equality of combatants can be defended by appeal to a collectivist understanding of war, according to which individual combatants on both sides act not in their capacity as individuals but as agents of their collective. I argue that the collectivist argument fails and, moreover, cannot be salvaged by an appeal to the epistemic limitations under which combatants must usually act. Considerations of moral risk in fact suggest that epistemic limitations militate in favor of refusal rather than obedience.
Evidence of a high-temperature dipole-glass phase in K2CrO4.

Dielectric measurements on single crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CrO}}_{4}$ are reported for temperatures in the vicinity of the \ensuremath{\alpha}-\ensuremath{\beta} transition (${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\simeq}960 K) and frequencies in the range ${10}^{4}$--${10}^{6}$ Hz. The dielectric constant along the pseudohexagonal axis shows a weak anomaly at ${T}_{c}$, and pronounced frequency-dependent cusps at slightly higher temperatures. The results are interpreted in terms of a possible dipole-glass state arising from randomness introduced by the presence of vacancies.
Nonoscillatory solution of the steady-state inviscid Burgers' equation by mathematical programming

Abstract Numerical solution of the steady-state inviscid Burgers' equation (u2)′=0 on (0, 1), u(0)=g0, u(1)=g1 (g0 ≠ g1), is considered. To obtain the physically relevant discontinuous solution of this problem, the equation is singularly perturbed by adding a small amount of viscosity: −ϵu″+(U2)′=0. A “cell-entered” finite-difference scheme that uses two points for the inviscid part and four points for the viscous part is proposed. The overdetermined nonlinear system that results is solved by a homotopy based on the Newton linearizer and a linear programming algorithm used to solve l, problems. Difficulties in capturing interior layers centered at node points are observed. However, the computational results for interior layers centered between node points and for boundary layers show accurate nonoscillatory solutions with discontinuities captured in one cell on both coarse and fine grids. The amount of artificial viscosity required to obtain these solutions is small (ϵ ⩽10−9) compared to the amount of artificial viscosity required by standard methods. A partial proof of pointwise and L1(0, 1) convergence of the linear-spline interpolant of the numerical solution to the inviscid solution ϵ/h → 0 and h → 0 is given for one case.
Targeting the College Market for Banking Services

ABSTRACT College students have long been recognized as a significant market for products and professional services. Their sheer number alone, estimated to reach 15.7 million by the year 2000, makes them a viable market for many companies. However, there are many other attractions from a marketing perspective to targeting college students. They are relatively easy to locate, concentrated in reasonably well defined geographic areas, and accessible through campus newspapers and bulletin boards. And, because they are at the beginning of their careers, firms which establish business relationships with them have long-term opportunities to maintain those links. This study examined selected banking attributes of college students, including factors affecting patronage decisions, perceptions as to the quality of services available, and sources students use to obtain information about financial services. Surveys were conducted at a large west coast university among a diverse set of students. Results of the study fou...
Innovation, marketing strategy, environment, and performance

Abstract The contribution of innovation to corporate survival and growth is an accepted notion in much of management. Typologies of strategic orientations of companies based on innovation have been developed and analyzed. Most of these typologies focus on a single dimension of innovation. This study, using the PIMS database, develops a typology of businesses based on multiple dimensions of innovation and examines their marketing strategies and performance. Results suggest that innovative types have different marketing orientations and performance levels, some of which confirm findings based on other typologies. A major implication in terms of performance is that great care must be taken in adopting an innovation posture. For example, extremely aggressive rates of product introductions are associated with poor marketing (absolute and relative market share) and financial performance but high market share growth. Pioneering a market results in superior all around performance, whereas late entry is associated with poor performance. The findings suggest a need to examine the type of innovation, the type of performance outcome, and the time frame for assessment when evaluating the type of performance outcome, and the time frame for assessment when evaluating the contributions of innovation to corporate survival and growth.
Discrimination of cognate and noncognate substrates at the active site of class I lysyl-tRNA synthetase.

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are divided into two unrelated structural classes, with lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) the only enzyme represented in both classes. Based on the structure of L-lysine complexed with Pyrococcus horikoshii class I LysRS (LysRS1), and homology to glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS), residues implicated in amino acid recognition and noncognate substrate discrimination were systematically replaced in Borrelia burgdorferi LysRS1. The catalytic efficiency of steady-state aminoacylation (kcat/KM) with lysine by LysRS1 variants fell by 1–4 orders of magnitude compared to wild-type. Disruption of putative hydrogen-bonding interactions through replacement of G29, T31 and Y269 caused up to 1500-fold reductions in kcat/KM, similar to changes previously observed for comparable variants of class II LysRS (LysRS2). Replacements of W220 and H242, both of which are implicated in hydrophobic interactions with the side chain of lysine, resulted in more dramatic changes with up to 40,000-fold reductions in kcat/KM observed. This indicates that the more compact LysRS1 active site employs both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions during lysine discrimination, explaining the ability of LysRS1 to discriminate against noncognate substrates accepted by LysRS2. Several of the LysRS1 variants were found to be more specific than wild-type with respect to noncognate amino acid recognition but less efficient in cognate aminoacylation. This indicates that LysRS1 compromises between efficient catalysis and substrate discrimination, in contrast to LysRS2 which is considerably more effective in catalysis but is less specific than its class I counterpart.
GATED ION SOURCE FOR CYCLOTRON OPERATION AT REDUCED BEAM REPETITION RATES.

Abstract A method of reducing the repetition rate of cyclotron beam bursts for time-of-flight work is presented. By use of a pulsed gate electrode at the ion source aperture, single beam bursts are admitted into the dee at a frequency between 1 2 and 1 30 of the cyclotron frequency. Advantages of this method over external beam deflection include decreased dee loading, decreased background radiation, decreased power requirements, and an unambiguous ability to identify single-turn extraction. This latter feature gives the narrowest possible burst widths and hence has the best possible time resolution. The ability to identify single-turn extraction also has far-reaching implications in improving cyclotron operation-particularly with regard to high energy resolution.
CRYPTODIAPORTHE CORNI (DIAPORTHALES), CAUSE OF CRYPTODIAPORTHE CANKER OF PAGODA DOGWOOD

Cryptodiaporthe corni was collected on pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) in the northern and eastern United States during investigations on dogwood anthracnose. The anamorph was produced abundantly in cultures derived from single ascospores and conidia. Myxosporium nitidum is the earliest name for this anamorph, also known as Zythia aurantiaca. A distinctive bright orange pigment produced in pure culture on several media was similar to the color observed on dogwood twigs containing ascomata and conidiomata. This study includes the first description ofthe fungus in pure culture and a redescription ofthe teleomorph and anamorph. Results indicate that Cryptodiaporthe corni is restricted to Cornus alternifolia, occurring throughout the range ofthe host. In addition, characteristics ofthe fungal growth in culture, the conidiomata and the conidia differ significantly from the dogwood anthracnose fungus.
Age- and sex-differentials in morbidity at the start of an epidemiological transition: returns from the 1880 U.S. Census.

This paper uses a new data set, the Public Use file of the 1880 U.S. Census of the Population, to examine national point prevalence rates of adult morbidity over the early phase of the United States epidemiologic transition. These historical data report health status at the individual level and allow the analysis of age and sex differentials in morbidity. Point prevalence rates of morbidity by major cause show that males generally had higher rates of morbidity and long-term disability than females, especially at mid-life and in old age. But large sex differences in the distribution of conditions by major cause occurred over two portions of the life course: in early adulthood and in old age. Age and sex differences in the distribution of adult morbidity reflected the health status divide of the communicable and degenerative conditions.
Colloquium: Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and time scales in astrophysical and space plasmas

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence has been employed as a physical model for a wide range of applications in astrophysical and space plasma physics. This Colloquium reviews fundamental aspects of MHD turbulence, including spectral energy transfer, nonlocality, and anisotropy, each of which is related to the multiplicity of dynamical time scales that may be present. These basic issues are discussed based on the concepts of sweeping of the small scales by a large-scale field, which in MHD occurs due to effects of counterpropagating waves, as well as the local straining processes that occur due to nonlinear couplings. These considerations give rise to various expected energy spectra, which are compared to both simulation results and relevant observations from space and astrophysical plasmas.
Choice Shift and Group Polarization

I extend the theoretical domain of sociology into an area of social psychology that heretofore has been the exclusive domain of psychologists. Specifically, I develop a social structural perspective on the choice shifts that individuals make within groups. During interpersonal discussions of issues, choice shifts occur when there is a difference between group members' mean final opinion and their mean initial opinion. Explanations of choice shifts have emphasized group-level conditions (e.g., a norm, a decision rule, a pool of persuasive arguments, a distribution of initial opinions). I argue that choice shifts are a ubiquitous product of the inequalities of interpersonal influence that emerge during discussions of issues. Hence, I bring choice shifts squarely into the domain of a structural social psychology that attends to the composition of networks of interpersonal influence and into broader sociological perspectives concerned with the formation of status structures. he etiology of networks of interpersonal _ interaction and the effects of these net
Sexual politics, torture, and secular time.

If one wants to commence with the most common of beginnings, namely, with the claim that one would like to be able to consider sexual politics during this time, a certain problem arises. It seems clear that one cannot reference “this time” without knowing which time, where that time takes hold, and for whom a certain consensus emerges on the issue of this time. So, if it is not just a matter of differences of interpretation about which time this is, then it would seem that we have already more than one time at work in this time, and that the problem of time will affl ict any effort I might take to consider some of these major issues. It might seem odd to begin with a refl ection on time when one is trying to speak about sexual politics. My suggestion here, however, is that the way in which debates within sexual politics are framed are already imbued with the problems of time, of progress in particular, and in certain notions of what it means to unfold a future of freedom. That there is no one time, that the question of what time this is already divides us, has to do with which histories have turned out to be formative, how they intersect-or fail to intersect-with other histories, and so with the question of how temporality is organized along spatial lines. I am not suggesting here that we return to a version of cultural difference that depends on cultural wholism. The problem is not that there are different modalities of time articulated in different cultural locations. Of course, at some level, that is true, but it does not quite approach the problem of temporality at issue here, since politically, the question of what time we are in, and of who is modern and who is not, is raised in the midst of very serious political contestations. It is my view that sexual politics, rather than operating to the side of this contestation, is in the middle of it, and that very often claims to new or radical sexual freedoms are appropriated precisely by that point of view which would try to defi ne Europe and the sphere of modernity as the privileged site where sexual radicalism can and does take place.
Noise in thin n-type CdS layers on an insulating CdS substrate*)

Synopsis Measurements of the current noise in thin n-type CdS layers on an insulating CdS substrate are reported. The noise is of the 1/ f type with some indication of a turnover to a stronger frequency dependence or of a distinct “bump” in the spectrum. The noise is much larger than can be accounted for by normal carrier density fluctuations. A theory is proposed that allows a considerable enhancement of the noise by means of a modulation mechanism. A comparison with previous data is presented.
Space-Bandwidth Transfer in Spherical Reference Holography Using Wigner Transforms

Wigner transforms are used to intuitively explain how spherical reference waves magnify object images. Limits for optimal spatial extent and spatial frequency are given for known (or estimated) space-bandwidth content.
Simultaneous Light Emission from a Mixture of Dendrimer Encapsulated Chromophores: A Model for Single-Layer Multichromophoric Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

The site isolation of two dyes capable of electronic interaction via Forster energy transfer has been studied with the two dyes coumarin 343 and pentathiophene encapsulated by dendrons containing both solubilizing and electroactive moieties. Photoluminescence studies of mixtures of the dendritic dyes show that at high dendron generation, significant site isolation is achieved with relative emission characteristics influenced by both the degree of site isolation and the emission quantum yield of the dyes. Electroluminescence studies carried out in organic light emitting diode devices confirm that color tuning may be achieved by mixing the two encapsulated dyes in a single layer. However, selective carrier trapping by one of the core component dyes can dramatically influence the effectiveness of other components in the device.
The NR2B subunit in NMDA receptors is functionally important during cerebellar granule cell migration

Abstract Migration of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) from the external germinal cell layer (EGL) to the internal granule cell layer (IGL) within the cerebellar cortex is a crucial developmental process. Antagonists to NMDA receptors impair CGC migration significantly, but studies to determine which subunit subtypes control or affect migration have been controversial. Migrating CGCs transiently express NMDA receptor subunit subtypes NR1a plus NR2B. Grafted NR1−/− subunit knockout cells continue to migrate, indicating that the NR1 subunit is not necessary for migration. In the present study, the functional importance of the NR2B subtype in developing cerebellum was investigated using organotypic slice cultures prepared from postnatal day 8 (P8) rats. Slice cultures were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during the first 20 h and then continuously treated with the NR2B-subtype-specific NMDA antagonist, ifenprodil, or the non-specific NMDA antagonist, APV, for 7 days. Cultures were incubated with fluorescently tagged anti-BrdU IgG and the percent of BrdU-labeled CGCs that migrated from the EGL to the IGL during treatment was analyzed using laser confocal microscopy. Migration into the IGL was significantly impaired by treatment with 0.5 and 1.0 μM ifenprodil. Fewer cells had migrated to the IGL in 1.0 μM ifenprodil than in 0.5 μM ifenprodil; there was no significant difference between the percent impairment caused by 1.0 μM ifenprodil and 50 μM APV. Untreated controls had few, if any, CGCs in the EGL at DIV 8. The percent of CGCs remaining in the EGL following treatment with antagonists significantly increased, indicating impairment of migration. In conclusion, the NR2B subunit appears to be necessary for CGC migration.
Lamotrigine and antiepileptic drugs as mood stabilizers in bipolar disorder

Objective: To review the clinical trials literature on the use of antiepileptic drugs (AED) as mood stabilizers and to suggest an evidence-based approach when utilizing these agents in bipolar disorder. Method: The literature is reviewed and subdivided into the following sections: carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, gabapentin and other AED, and discussion. Results: Data exist to support the use of carbamazepine and valproate – and to a lesser extent, oxcarbazepine – in the management of acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Lamotrigine, gabapentin, and other AED have not demonstrated consistent anti-manic effects. Clinical trials data favor lamotrigine over all other AED in the treatment of acute bipolar I depression and in rapid cycling bipolar disorder (particularly type II), although the absence of an active comparator in these lamotrigine trials must be noted. Lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and valproate all have evidence supporting their roles as potential long-term mood stabilizers to prevent bipolar relapse, with lamotrigine having a stronger effect in the prevention of depression. Conclusion: The AED are a heterogeneous group of medications with differential spectrum of efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Regulation of Epithelial Differentiation in Rat Intestine by Intraluminal Delivery of an Adenoviral Vector or Silencing RNA Coding for Schlafen 3

Although we stimulate enterocytic proliferation to ameliorate short gut syndrome or mucosal atrophy, less effort has been directed at enterocytic differentiation. Schlafen 3 (Slfn3) is a poorly understood protein induced during IEC-6 enterocytic differentiation. We hypothesized that exogenous manipulation of Slfn3 would regulate enterocytic differentiation in vivo. Adenoviral vector coding for Slfn3 cDNA (Ad-GFP-Slfn3) or silencing RNA for Slfn3 (siSlfn3) was introduced intraluminally into rat intestine. We assessed Slfn3, villin, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), Dpp4, and Glut2 by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. We also studied Slfn3 and these differentiation markers in atrophic defunctionalized jejunal mucosa and the crypt-villus axis of normal jejunum. Ad-GFP-Slfn3 but not Ad-GFP increased Slfn3, villin and Dpp4 expression in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Injecting Ad-GFP-Slfn3 into rat jejunum in vivo increased mucosal Slfn3 mRNA three days later vs. intraluminal Ad-GFP. This Slfn3 overexpression was associated with increases in all four differentiation markers. Injecting siSlfn3 into rat jejunum in vivo substantially reduced Slfn3 and all four intestinal mucosal differentiation markers three days later, as well as Dpp4 specific activity. Endogenous Slfn3 was reduced in atrophic mucosa from a blind-end Roux-en-Y anastomosis in parallel with differentiation marker expression together with AKT and p38 signaling. Slfn3 was more highly expressed in the villi than the crypts, paralleling Glut2, SI and Dpp4. Slfn3 is a key intracellular regulator of rat enterocytic differentiation. Understanding how Slfn3 works may identify targets to promote enterocytic differentiation and maintain mucosal function in vivo, facilitating enteral nutrition and improving survival in patients with mucosal atrophy or short gut syndrome.
High accuracy laser power measurements: a scale comparison

Measurement scales for laser power and energy measurements using the C-series calorimeters, an electrically calibrated pyroelectric null radiometer, and a commercially available self-calibrating twin calorimeter system were compared at the 3-mW and 30-mW levels at 488 nm and 647.1 nm. Results show agreement in absolute measurements by these devices to within estimated uncertainties. A similar comparison at the 9-mW level of the argon UV laser lines (351.1 nm and 363.8 nm) showed agreement between measurements made by the C-series calorimeter and the electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer to within measurement uncertainties. A discrepancy of about 10% between these and the twin calorimeter measurements may be due to an uncorrected window transmission error in the latter.
Associations of Dietary Fiber Intake With Long-Term Predicted Cardiovascular Disease Risk and C-Reactive Protein Levels (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data [2005–2010])

Dietary fiber intake might reduce cardiovascular risk factor levels and, in turn, might lower the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A total of 11,113 subjects, aged 20 to 79 years with no history of CVD, from the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the present study to examine associations of dietary fiber intake with predicted lifetime CVD risk and C-reactive protein levels. Dietary fiber intake showed a significant gradient association with the likelihood of having a low or an intermediate predicted lifetime CVD risk among young and middle-age adults. In fully adjusted multinomial logistic models, dietary fiber intake was related to a low lifetime CVD risk with an odds ratio of 2.71 (95% confidence interval 2.05 to 3.59) in the young adults and 2.13 (95% confidence interval 1.42 to 3.20) in the middle-age adults and was related to an intermediate lifetime risk of 2.65 (95% confidence interval 1.79 to 3.92) in the young and 1.98 (95% confidence interval 1.32 to 2.98) in the middle-age adults compared with a high lifetime risk. A significant inverse linear association was seen between dietary fiber intake and log-transformed C-reactive protein levels with a regression coefficient ± standard error of −0.18 ± 0.04 in the highest quartile of fiber intake compared with the lowest fiber intake. In conclusion, these data suggest that dietary fiber intake is independently associated with the predicted lifetime CVD risk, especially in young and middle-age adults. A greater amount of dietary fiber intake might be associated with lower C-reactive protein levels.
Highly stretchable alkaline batteries based on an embedded conductive fabric.

Recent progress in the fabrication of ultrathin silicon ribbons and novel architectures have enabled devices that can stretch, bend, and twist without mechanical fatigue or changes in operational performance. [ 1–5 ] These advances have lead to compliant, conformable electronics for health monitoring and sensing purposes. [ 6 , 7 ] For true autonomous operations, these devices require an equally accommodating power source. Existing commercially available power sources are too bulky and negate the advantages of these compliant/fl exible devices. We demonstrate a stretchable battery with electrochemically active materials embedded in a compliant conductive fabric, which acts as a support for the material. The assembled manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) zinc (Zn) stretchable cell with a polyacrylic acid (PAA) based polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) had an open circuit potential (OCV) of 1.5 V and a capacity of 3.875 mAh/cm 2 . The capacity remained constant when tested under strain as high as 100%. Two cells connected in series continuously powered an LED when stretched to 150% and twisted by 90 degrees. In the past decade, stretchable electronics with a wide variety of functionality such as biological sensors, [ 8 ] solar cells, [ 9 ] polymer light-emitting devices, [ 10 ] transistors, [ 11 , 12 ] active matrix displays, [ 13 , 14 ] and photo-detectors [ 15 ] have been demonstrated. While there has been progress on power sources with similar mechanical properties, there is still a signifi cant gap. Previously, stretchable supercapacitors based on SWNT deposited on stretched PDMS, [ 16 ] CNTs embedded in fabric [ 17 ] and conducting polymer on compliant substrates [ 18 ] have been demonstrated, but these devices are suited to short term energy storage and cannot be used to power standalone devices. A stretchable MnO 2 -Zn primary battery with a stretchable carbon oil current collector was demonstrated, however the discharge capacity decreased by ∼ 55% when the battery was stretched by 50%. The discharge profi le showed a high ohmic potential drop (I × R) at the start of discharge for the strained battery. Drop in potential can be accounted by decrease in electrical conductivity of the carbon oil current collector and loss in electrical contact in the electrode when stretched. [ 19 ]
Incest: socialization within a treatment program.

The process of socialization in a mental health program for incestuous families is described. Treatment is viewed as a means of transmission of new knowledge--about what incest is, why it occurred, what should be done about it--from those who "know" to those who do not. Cultural mechanisms used to socialize participants to the predominant values of the treatment community are analyzed. Language: en
Shear-Slip Mesh Update in 3D Computation of Complex Flow Problems with Rotating Mechanical Components

Abstract In this paper we present a 3D computational technique for simulation of complex, real-world flow problems with fast-rotating mechanical components. This technique is based on the Deformable-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space-Time (DSD/SST) formulation, Shear-Slip Mesh Update Method (SSMUM), and an efficient parallel implementation for distributed-memory parallel computing platforms. The DSD/SST formulation was developed earlier for flow problems with moving boundaries and interfaces, including flows with moving mechanical components. The DSD/SST formulation requires, as a companion method, an effective mesh update strategy, especially in complex flow problems. The SSMUM was developed to meet the mesh update requirements in simulation of flow problems with fast translations, and recently, with a new version of SSMUM, fast rotations. As an example of the class of challenging simulations that can be carried out by this technique, we present computation of flow around a helicopter with its rotor in motion.
A highly fluorinated epoxy resin: Post-curing and transition behavior

The post-curing and transition behavior of a highly fluorinated epoxy resin system was characterized. The material was found to have low temperature transitions similar to those found in DGEBA. The cure was discovered to be inhibited by the presence of CO 2 . The glass transition was broad and near room temperature, resulting in rapid aging characteristics
Cavity linewidth narrowing and broadening due to competing linear and nonlinear dispersions

We experimentally demonstrate cavity linewidth control by manipulating dispersion of the intracavity medium. By making use of the dramatic change of Kerr nonlinearity near electromagnetically induced transparency resonance in a three-level atomic system, the cavity transmission linewidth can be greatly modified. As the cavity input intensity increases, the cavity linewidth changes from below to above empty cavity linewidth, corresponding to subluminal and superluminal photon propagation in the cavity, respectively.