cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 18 – Future Trends

Publisher Summary This chapter presents future areas of growth and applications for forensic DNA typing. The forensic DNA field has advanced quickly over the past several decades but has now stabilized on short tandem repeat (STR) typing with capillary electrophoresis detection. Innovations continue to be made with every step along the process of producing an STR profile particularly in terms of automation for data collection and data interpretation software. The chapter summarizes the status of various genetic markers in use as of late 2008 and some of their potential applications in the future. The growing toolbox for forensic DNA analysis also includes new technologies along with the additional genetic markers. Mass spectrometry, portable DNA devices utilizing rapid polymerase chain reaction amplification and microchip capillary electrophoresis separations, additional laboratory automation, and improved data interpretation computer programs represent current areas of research that could yield improved efficiencies while maintaining high-quality DNA profiles. The success of DNA testing in solving crimes and aiding parentage investigations over the past several decades has led to the attempts to use DNA in additional areas. An interesting application is the attempt to trace ink samples by lacing them with specific synthetic DNA fragments that could then be amplified at a later date to verify the origin of the ink on a written document. Such an application is not routinely performed today; it shows creative thinking about future possibilities for DNA analysis. Several questions that are often asked regarding the capability of DNA testing for human identification purposes are considered in the chapter.
Online reviews and travel magazine awards: their influence on willingness-to-pay

When guests book a hotel room, user-generated content (UGC) has a significant impact on willingness-to-pay. Prior to advent of the internet, however, guidebooks and travel magazines were resources for guest information. The current study conducted a choice-based conjoint analysis survey of 803 US travelers to examine the current impact of travel magazines on hotel guests’ willingness-to-pay. The participants were given a scenario in which they choose a hotel for beach vacation with the variables of pool, location, star rating, number of online reviews, and inclusion in a “best of” list. This study found that while the number of online reviews and star rating did have a statistically significant impact on willingness-to-pay, inclusion in a “best of” list did not. For researchers, the current study expands the research in UGC, travel magazines, and willingness-to-pay. For hoteliers, this paper quantified the impact of number of reviews and star rating on guest willingness-to-pay.
Does the Direction of Kinesiology Tape Application Influence Muscle Activation in Asymptomatic Individuals

# Background Despite the popularity of tape among athletes and rehabilitation practitioners, there is controversy regarding the specific effects of kinesiology tape. Based on conflicting results and limitations of the literature, a well-designed study was desired to examine kinesiology tape application direction on muscle activation. # Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if the direction of kinesiology tape application influences quadriceps activation. This study compared taping techniques with outcome measures selected to assess quadriceps muscle activation. The outcome measures included EMG, isokinetic strength, and functional hop and jump performance. # Study Design Double-blind Crossover study # Methods A total of fifteen asymptomatic participants (10 females and 5 males) completed the study. Mean age was 23.3 years. Kinesio^Ⓡ^ Tex Gold^TM^ was applied to the dominant lower extremity of each participant using a Y-strip method. Two taping conditions (proximal to distal, distal to proximal) were applied to the quadriceps. Participants and testers were blinded to tape condition. Pretest and posttest measures included electromyographic output during isokinetic testing of quadriceps muscle torque at 60°s^-1^ and 120°s^-1^, single leg triple hop for distance, and vertical jump. # Results Two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance resulted in no significant differences in baseline to taped condition for quadriceps electromyographic output, quadriceps isokinetic knee extension muscle torque at 60°s^-1^ and 120°s^-1^, single leg triple-hop distance or vertical jump height. # Conclusion The results of this pilot study do not support the hypothesis that kinesiology tape application direction influences muscle performance as measured in this study. # Levels of Evidence Level 1 – Controlled Clinical Trial # Clinical Relevance Kinesiology tape is commonly used as an intervention for a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions and for promoting performance including sporting activities. Kinesiology tape is popular among athletes and health care providers yet the specific effects of tape are not well understood.
Prevalence of DNA Repair Gene Mutations in Blood and Tumor Tissue and Impact on Prognosis and Treatment in HNSCC

PARP inhibitors are currently approved for a limited number of cancers and targetable mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. In this single-institution retrospective study, the profiles of 170 patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and available tumor tissue DNA (tDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) results were analyzed for mutations in a set of 18 DDR genes as well as in gene subsets defined by technical and clinical significance. Mutations were correlated with demographic and outcome data. The addition of ctDNA to the standard tDNA analysis contributed to identification of a significantly increased incidence of patients with mutations in one or more genes in each of the study subsets of DDR genes in groups of patients older than 60 years, patients with laryngeal primaries, patients with advanced stage at diagnosis and patients previously treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Patients with DDR gene mutations were found to be significantly less likely to have primary tumors within the in oropharynx or HPV-positive disease. Patients with ctDNA mutations in all subsets of DDR genes analyzed had significantly worse overall survival in univariate and adjusted multivariate analysis. This study underscores the utility of ctDNA analysis, alone, and in combination with tDNA, for defining the prevalence and the role of DDR gene mutations in HNSCC. Furthermore, this study fosters research promoting the utilization of PARP inhibitors in HNSCC precision oncology treatments.
The dependence of equilibrium climate sensitivity on climate state: Applications to studies of climates colder than present

[1] We investigate the sensitivity of climate to a broad range of greenhouse gas forcing with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models using atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from ~1400 to ~200 ppm. We show that climate sensitivity is greater when the base state climate is colder, a result noted previously but with models of much lower resolution and different parameterizations. The enhanced cold state sensitivity is more apparent in models coupled to dynamical versus slab oceans. The disproportionately large sensitivity for cold climates has applications to studies of climates colder than present.
fMRI investigations of left and right PFC contributions to episodic remembering

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the relation between left and right prefrontal cortex (PFC) and task complexity in episodic memory. In Experiments 1A, 1B, and 1C, left PFC activity (and, in Experiment 1C, right PFC as well) was greater for source identification than for old/new recognition, indicating that left PFC is likely to be recruited when specific features of episodic memories are considered. In Experiment 2, we found greater activity in PFC areas more medial or more ventral to those found in Experiments 1A-1C in successive recognition relative to forced-choice recognition, indicating that the regions of PFC recruited depend on the nature of the task complexity. Furthermore, Experiment 2 provided evidence consistent with the hypothesis that increased processing complexity may require interhemispheric interaction. In Experiments 1A, 1C, and 2, increased task complexity also increased activity in anterior cingulate (ACC), consistent with the idea that ACC interacts with PFC to control processing during remembering.
Applying formal methods and object-oriented analysis to existing flight software

Correctness is paramount for safety-critical software control systems. Critical software failures in medical radiation treatment, communications, and defense are familiar to the public. The significant quantity of software malfunctions regularly reported to the software engineering community, the laws concerning liability, and a recent NRC Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board report additionally motivate the use of error-reducing and defect detection software development techniques. The benefits of formal methods in requirements driven software development ('forward engineering') is well documented. One advantage of rigorously engineering software is that formal notations are precise, verifiable, and facilitate automated processing. This paper describes the application of formal methods to reverse engineering, where formal specifications are developed for a portion of the shuttle on-orbit digital autopilot (DAP). Three objectives of the project were to: demonstrate the use of formal methods on a shuttle application, facilitate the incorporation and validation of new requirements for the system, and verify the safety-critical properties to be exhibited by the software.
Politics, Policy and Outsourcing in the United States: The Role of Administrative Law

Privatization, outsourcing and the use of contracts in the United States to achieve various mixed administrations of public and private power is the focus of this essay. This essay argues that public and private cannot be understood in binary terms, particularly given the ways in which states are now reconfiguring themselves, relying on markets and the private sector to carry out public responsibilities. The main argument of this essay is twofold. First, the binary distinction between “public” and “private” fails to capture important actualities of privatization, and therefore, tends to understate the scope for political participation and compromise. Second, administrative law remains an important democratic counterweight to technocratic decision making, especially in privatization contexts.
Functional blocks of the ad1 and ad2 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Spectrophotometric analyses of Bratton-Marshall chromophores in deproteinized extracts of ad1 and ad2 mutants of S. cerevisiae indicated that ad2 was blocked at the conversion of AIR to CAIR and ad1 at the conversion of CAIR to SAICAR. The demonstration, that the introduction of an ad2 marker into an ad1 strain results in the elimination of a C14-glycine-labelled, Pauly-positive compound characteristic of the ad1 strain, further supports the conclusion that the block of ad2 precedes that of ad1.
Analysis of Lasco Observations of Streamer Blowout Events

ABSTRACT We investigate the properties of a class of coronal eruptive events with a specific evolutionary pattern; namely, the overlying streamer brightens and swells for several hours or even days before a slow ejection removes it completely. These events are appropriately called streamer blowout events, comprise a small percentage of the total number of coronal mass ejections and occur throughout the solar cycle without changes in their properties. Their study is important because they might represent a stage in the evolution of streamers. Recently, we started cataloging streamer blowout events using the LASCO database. We report our preliminary results in this paper.
Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency and Intestinal Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia: Correction of Diarrhea with Antibiotics and Plasma

A 13-year-old boy with chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain since 6 months of age, and recurrent fevers since 12% years of age, was found to have deficiency of IgA and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine. This disorder was similar to that of "dysgammaglobulinemia and intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia" described in adults in 1966. An associated giardiasis was eliminated by atabrine therapy and a malabsorption syndrome, cleared after treatment with tetracycline. Diarrhea and abdominal pain were not alleviated until he was treated with monthly fresh frozen plasma infusions. It is to be emphasized that other forms of chronic diarrhea not related to immunoglobuun deficiencies do not respond to this type of therapy.
Disciplinary Points of Departure: How Area Studies Librarians Fit Within the Subject Paradigm

Area Studies librarianship is a unique, interdisciplinary field, faced with an infrequently researched disciplinary-identity crisis. Although its place among traditional subjects creates many challenges, its unique appeal provides many promises as well. In the traditional, subject-based librarianship model, Area Studies librarians have to make very different decisions regarding collection development, liaison, and instruction than their subject specialist colleagues. The article identifies some challenges and promises of the unique position of being responsible for a geographic area rather than any one subject. It also describes the experience of Area Studies librarians at Miami University and their efforts to work together with their subject colleagues toward satisfying the needs of their users.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleoside-diphosphate kinase: Purification, characterization, and substrate specificity

Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase is an enzyme which catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphates into the corresponding triphosphates for nucleic acid biosynthesis. In this communication, we describe the purification and characterization of nucleoside-diphosphate kinase from yeast. The purified protein appears to be homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis, with a molecular weight of about 17,000-18,000. An estimate from the fast protein liquid chromatography Superose 12 gel filtration shows a native molecular weight of about 68,000 to 70,000. The results suggest that yeast nucleoside-diphosphate kinase is composed of four subunits. Substrate specificity studies show that the relative activity of nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) as phosphate acceptors is in the order of dTDP greater than CDP greater than UDP greater than dUDP greater than GDP greater than or equal to dGDP greater than dCDP greater than dADP greater than ADP; and the relative activity of triphosphate donors is in the order of UTP greater than dTTP greater than CTP greater than dCTP greater than dATP greater than ATP greater than or equal to dGTP greater than GTP. The Km and Vm of dTDP, dGDP, dCDP, dUDP, CDP, and UDP have been determined. The rate constant studies indicate that the purified NDP kinase prefers using, to a slight extent, dTDP (approximately 800 min-1) as the substrate rather than other tested deoxyribo- and ribonucleotides (350-450 min-1). The broad substrate specificity and kinetic data suggest that the enzyme is involved in both DNA and RNA metabolism.
Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Prototype Results for E665 at Fermilab

A proportional wire chamber (PWC) with cathode pad readout has been used to measure the position of Cherenkov photons produced by the passage of a 100 GeV muon beam in a five meter long radiator at Fermilab. We observe, on average, 6.2 photo-electrons per muon using Tetrakis (Dimethyl Amino) Ethylene (TMAE) as the photo ionizing vapor for detecting Cherenkov photons and 3.5 photo-electrons using triethylamine (TEA). The observed radius resolution was 3mm FWHM for the TEA data and 5mm FWHM for the TMAE data. In both cases a CaF2 window transmitted the Cherenkov light from the radiator into the photon detector. The radiator gas was 20% argon and 80% helium producing Cherenkov rings with an average radius of 70mm. The detector described here offers the advantage of good timing resolution, (less than 100 nsec when using TEA), and high multi photon and multi ring reconstruction capability.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in Ascidia ceratodes eggs: role of lipid peroxidation.

1. 1. Addition of arachidonic acid (AA) to Ascidia ceratodes oocyte homogenates results in its rapid oxidation to several polar products. 2. 2. AA oxidation in homogenates has both calcium independent and calcium stimulated components. 3. 3. Calcium or AA addition to an oocyte homogenate stimulates O2-consumption. 4. 4. Stimulation of homogenate O2-consumption by AA and calcium is additive. 5. 5. Intact eggs oxidize AA to products similar to those detected in vitro. 6. 6. Quantitatively total AA oxidation was similar for unfertilized and fertilizing eggs and dividing embryos, while qualitative differences were detected for the three stages. 7. 7. These results demonstrate the presence of lipoxygenase-like, peroxidizing activity, in Ascidia eggs that is capable of producing products potentially important to the control of early metabolic events during development.
Strategies for involving parents in programs for young children using augmentative and alternative communication

A child with severe disabilities has a major impact on the family, which is even more complex when there is a severe communication disability. Professionals often recommend augmentative and alterna...
COMPUTING WITH BEES: ATTACKING COMPLEX TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

The Bee System (an artificial bee swarm) is introduced in this paper. The proposed approach is applied to the Traveling Salesman Problem. The obtained results are very promising. The potential applications of the developed Bee System in the field of transportation engineering are discussed. The Bee System represents the new, successful application of emergent techniques based on natural metaphors, such as simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and neural networks, to the complex engineering and management problems.
What We Know About Technological Innovation to Achieve Environmental Compliance: Policy Issues for an Industrializing Animal Agriculture Sector

Technological innovation drives the increasingly industrialized character of animal agriculture. Productivity-enhancing technologies such as growth hormones (bST in dairy, pST in hogs), precision mixing of feed rations, climate-controlled housing, and genetic improvement have simultaneously lowered costs and increased output. Since 1960, annual increases in dairy production have averaged 2% to 3% (OTA). Payoffs to public and private investment in technology development have been significant. In Iowa, since 1980 estimated average annual returns from capital investments in the pork industry have been above 25% (Hurt). In Missouri, producers reported annual returns averaging 13.5% for 1983 to 1992 (Breimyer). Economies of size in productivity-enhancing technologies are well established for dairy (Matulich), swine (Rhodes; VanArdsall and Nelson), and poultry (Reimund, Martin, and Moore). Manure management is an integral part of that technology: Matulich and coauthors demonstrated that analyzing dairy manure handling separate from the choice of production technologies can lead to a suboptimal system design. Similar jointness exists between production technology and manure/litter handling technology in livestock and poultry. Technology selection and day-to-day management of manure have historically been firmlevel decisions, but increasingly they are influenced by contract relationships between producers and processors and/or between producers and input suppliers, and, concurrently, by environmental compliance obligations. Differences in the nature of technological innovation and in technology adoption behavior across regions and across farm sizes have social and demographic implications in addition to their economic roles in agricultural industrialization. Our purpose is to describe manure management technology adoption as a fundamental determinant of cost-effective farm sizes and loca-
Power electronics as an educational medium

In any course presenting basic theory, an important problem facing the instructor is the choice of illustrations which will stimulate student interest. In this article, which was presented at one of the General Winter Meeting's educational sessions, the author explores the field of power electronics as an educational medium in the teaching of engineering.
Ontogenetic and Environmentally Induced Changes in Cuticular Hydrocarbons of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)

The influence of short-term environmental challenges such as desiccation and temperature extremes on the cuticular hydrocarbon composition of insects is not well understood. We report here the effects of chilling (4°C), exposure to moderate relative humidity (≈30%), and exposure to dusts of silica gel, diatomaceous earth, and freeze-dried, ice-nucleating bacteria ( Pseudomonas syringae ) on the cuticular hydrocarbons of larvae and adults of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), a major pest of stored grain. Larvae and adult beetles have some hydrocarbons in common (particularly n-alkanes and small quantities of internal methyl branched alkanes), but they differ substantially in alkene composition. Unstressed larvae have ≈4% of Z-(9)-alkenes (C25 to C31) and 1% of a homologous series of Z,Z-(6,9)-dienes of the same chain lengths. Adult beetles, however, in unstressed situations have none of the larval dienes on their cuticle, and possess only ≈3% of the Z-(9)-monoenes. When the adult beetles were environmentally stressed for 24 h, they released up to 3% of phenotypically larval dienes onto their cuticle. In addition, desiccation stresses resulted in adults substantially increasing the quantity of monoenes on their cuticle (up to 5% of the total), whereas low temperature caused them to reduce the quantity of monoenes. Larvae exposed to similar stresses did not increase the quantity of dienes on their cuticle, but rather decreased their alkenes and increased the abundance of alkanes. The release of the dienes by the adults was shown not to be from new biosynthesis, but rather to result from release of stored dienes. The physiological and ecological ramifications of these changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profile by the various life stages of the sawtoothed grain beetle in response to environmental stresses are discussed.
Chemical Sensing System for Classification of Mine-Like Objects by Explosives Detection

Sandia National Laboratories has conducted research in chemical sensing and analysis of explosives for many years. Recently, that experience has been directed towards detecting mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) by sensing the low-level explosive signatures associated with these objects. The authors focus has been on the classification of UXO in shallow water and anti-personnel/anti tank mines on land. The objective of this work is to develop a field portable chemical sensing system which can be used to examine mine-like objects (MLO) to determine whether there are explosive molecules associated with the MLO. Two sampling subsystems have been designed, one for water collection and one for soil/vapor sampling. The water sampler utilizes a flow-through chemical adsorbent canister to extract and concentrate the explosive molecules. Explosive molecules are thermally desorbed from the concentrator and trapped in a focusing stage for rapid desorption into an ion-mobility spectrometer (IMS). The authors describe a prototype system which consists of a sampler, concentrator-focuser, and detector. The soil sampler employs a light-weight probe for extracting and concentrating explosive vapor from the soil in the vicinity of an MLO. The chemical sensing system is capable of sub-part-per-billion detection of TNT and related explosive munition compounds. They present the results of field and laboratory tests on buried landmines which demonstrate their ability to detect the explosive signatures associated with these objects.
Anionic nucleophile–cation radical combination reactions. The super‐electrophilic properties of cation radicals in solution

Rate constants were determined for the combination reactions of a series of cation radicals derived from substituted anthracenes with acetate, p-nitrobenzoate, trifluoroacetate, nitrate and perchlorate ions. Rate constants, depending on the identities of the cation radicals and the nucleophiles, ranging from about 200 to 2 × 1010 1 mol−1 s−1 were observed in acetonitrile at 293 K. The key steps in the reaction are (1) reversible complex formation between the anion and the cation radical followed by (2) irreversible bond formation . The preliminary results show that cation radical–anionic nucleophile reactions can be very facile. The cation radicals of 9-nitro- and 9-cyanoanthracene are particularly reactive, giving rise to rate constants close to the diffusion-controlled limit with all anionic nucleophile studied and even react moderately rapidly with perchlorate ion. The reaction with perchlorate ion can be compared to the behavior of stable carbenium ions that coexist with the anion in solution and in crystalline salts.
REFLECTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY METHODOLOGY FOR QUANTIFICATION OF CLUSTER GROWTH: INDIUM CLUSTERS ON THE InP(110) SURFACE

Dynamical reflection electron microscopy (REM) can provide a wealth of time-resolved data pertinent to the initial and intermediate stages of cluster growth. REM allows one to follow and quantify the size and shape evolution of individual clusters. Average cluster size and cluster density data can be obtained as a function of time due to the large field of view produced by REM image foreshortening. We describe here a methodology for extracting these data from dynamical REM experiments, based on a geometrical model for the interpretation of REM images from two- and three-dimensional clusters. This methodology has been applied to studies of In cluster growth on InP(110) surfaces at 650°C. The average In cluster height and length initially increased as a fourth root of time, with a constant contact angle with the surface, consistent with surface-diffusion-limited growth of 3D clusters. The same behavior was found in the later stage of cluster growth, but the intermediate stage showed anomalous power laws for the cluster height and base length, accompanied by a decrease in the contact angle between the In clusters and the InP(110) surface. This anomalous regime can be explained by growth of In clusters into the InP substrate, when the true contact angle is no longer defined with respect to the InP(110) surface.
Parasitoid wasps benefit from shade tree size and landscape complexity in Mexican coffee agroecosystems

Abstract Increased agricultural intensification has led to a decrease in biodiversity and the deterioration of important agricultural ecosystem services, such as biological control. Parasitoid wasps are important biological control agents for many crop pests, and augmenting their abundance and diversity may confer significant economic and environmental benefits. We investigated how management practice, landscape composition, and biotic and abiotic environmental components affect the parasitoid community in coffee farms of Chiapas, Mexico. Local variables pertaining to vegetation structure and diversity, Azteca sericeasur (keystone ant species) presence, and abiotic factors such as synthetic chemical usage and altitude were quantified. Additionally, the landscape composition was assessed for different land uses at both 250 m and 500 m radii. Utilizing generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMM), we found that both local and landscape factors affected the parasitoid community. At the local scale, the proximity of A. sericeasur nests benefited parasitoid abundance and diversity, whereas different measures of vegetation structure had both positive and negative effects on parasitoid richness, abundance, and diversity. At the landscape scale, we found neighboring intensively managed farms to have an adverse impact on parasitoids. Surprisingly, parasitoids were also positively influenced by increasing altitude and the use of synthetic pesticides. Our findings indicate that the studied agricultural matrix supports a diverse parasitoid community, and that properly managed vegetation structure and increased landscape complexity may augment natural parasitoid communities. Thus, conservation management should take into account environmental complexity at multiple scales.
A computational modeling of student cognitive processes in science education

The purpose of this paper is to explain and document the creation of a computational model in the form of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capable of simulating student cognition. Specifically, the model simulates students' cognition as they complete activities within a science classroom. This study also seeks to examine the effects, as evidenced in the ANN, of an intervention designed to develop increased levels of critical thinking related to science skills. This model is based on the identification of cognitive attributes and integration of two advanced measurement frameworks: cognitive diagnostics and Item Response Theory. Both frameworks examine student response patterns, providing initial inputs for the ANN portion of the model. Once initial task response patterns are identified, they are parameterized and presented to the ANN. The ANN within this study is the foundational component of a computational model based upon the interaction of multiple, connected, adaptive processing elements know as cognitive attributes. These cognitive attributes process student responses to cognitive tasks within science tasks. Using the Student Task and Cognition Model (STAC-M), the study authors simulated a cognitive training intervention using a randomized control trial design of 100,000 students. Results of the simulation suggest that it is possible to increase levels of student success using a targeted cognitive attribute approach and that computational modeling provides a means to test educational theory for future education research. The paper also discusses limitations of the use of this computational model within education and the possible future directions for educators and researchers. We successfully model critical reasoning processes in science education.We examine the underlying attributes thought to influence successful task completion.Analysis of cognitive attributes is suggestive that critical reasoning is a gating attribute.Evaluation of factors found in the STAC-M indicates processes similar to real life.
Molecular Determinants of the Face Map Development in the Trigeminal Brainstem

The perception of external sensory information by the brain requires highly ordered synaptic connectivity between peripheral sensory neurons and their targets in the central nervous system. Since the discovery of the whisker-related barrel patterns in the mouse cortex, the trigeminal system has become a favorite model for study of how its connectivity and somatotopic maps are established during development. The trigeminal brainstem nuclei are the first CNS regions where whisker-specific neural patterns are set up by the trigeminal afferents that innervate the whiskers. In particular, barrelette patterns in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve provide the template for similar patterns in the face representation areas of the thalamus and subsequently in the primary somatosensory cortex. Here, we describe and review studies of neurotrophins, multiple axon guidance molecules, transcription factors, and glutamate receptors during early development of trigeminal connections between the whiskers and the brainstem that lead to emergence of patterned face maps. Studies from our laboratories and others' showed that developing trigeminal ganglion cells and their axons depend on a variety of molecular signals that cooperatively direct them to proper peripheral and central targets and sculpt their synaptic terminal fields into patterns that replicate the organization of the whiskers on the muzzle. Similar mechanisms may also be used by trigeminothalamic and thalamocortical projections in establishing patterned neural modules upstream from the trigeminal brainstem.
Understanding the sources and composition of the incremental excess of fine particles across multiple sampling locations in one air shed

Well-designed health studies and the development of effective regulatory policies need to rely on an understanding of the incremental differences in particulate matter concentrations and their sources. Although only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine spatial differences in sources to particulate matter within an air shed, routine monitoring data can be used to better understand these differences. Measurements from the US EPA Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) collected between 2002-2008 were analyzed to demonstrate the utility of regulatory data across three sites located within 100 km of each other. Trends in concentrations, source contribution, and incremental excesses across three sites were investigated using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. Similar yearly trends in chemical composition were observed across all sites, however, excesses of organic matter and elemental carbon were observed in the urban center that originated from local emissions of mobile sources and biomass burning. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate constituted over half of the PM2.5 with no spatial differences observed across sites. For these components, the excess of emissions from industrial sources could be directly quantified. This study demonstrates that CSN data from multiple sites can be successfully used to derive consistent source profiles and source contributions for regional pollution, and that CSN data can be used to quantify incremental differences in source contributions of across these sites. The analysis strategy can be used in other regions of the world to take advantage of existing ambient particulate matter monitoring data to better the understanding of spatial differences in source contributions within a given air shed.
Effects of ionizing radiations upon isolated deoxyribosenucleoprotein fibres.

CHANGES in chemical and physical chemical characteristics of deoxyribosenucleoprotein and deoxyribosenucleic acid in solution following exposure to ionizing radiations have been described by several investigators1–3. Decreased viscosity and chemical decomposition have been reported.
Individuality and Experimentation in Traditional Agriculture

Most observers agree upon the existence among traditional agriculturalists of a conservative attitude toward innovations and upon this conservatism being the rational result of a well-adapted set of existing techniques in combination with a marginal level of subsistence. This view, however, fails to take account of the readily demonstrated existence of both individual differences in agricultural practice and systematic experimentation within traditional agricultural communities. Such individuality and experimentation are probably pervasive in traditional societies, and must be seen as an essential component of their adaptive processes, as important as the more familiar processes of traditional transmission.
Modeling Growth Data Using Multidimensional Scaling Profile Analysis

This paper discusses how Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) can provide an exploratory technique for identifying major growth profiles, which may be indicative of growth associated with subgroups. It briefly overviews the conventional growth models and growth mixture models, examines the assumptions related to these models, and indicates some limitations associated with these models. It then proposes an exploratory growth profile analysis using the MDS model as a complement to more specification-oriented techniques. It describes the Profile Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling model (PAMS) and extends the model for longitudinal data. The MDS profile model can solve for the growth parameters such that each MDS dimension corresponds to a major growth profile. It is argued that the MDS model provides an exploratory tool for identifying growth trends and studying individual differences with respect to those growth trends. Since MDS has not traditionally been used for longitudinal studies, the MDS growth analysis can serve as the basis for studies of the kind discussed in the paper.
Isoniazid-resistance conferring mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG: catalase, peroxidase, and INH-NADH adduct formation activities.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG) is a bifunctional hemoprotein that has been shown to activate isoniazid (INH), a pro-drug that is integral to frontline antituberculosis treatments. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, couples to NAD+/NADH forming an isoniazid-NADH adduct that ultimately confers anti-tubercular activity. To better understand the mechanisms of isoniazid activation as well as the origins of KatG-derived INH-resistance, we have compared the catalytic properties (including the ability to form the INH-NADH adduct) of the wild-type enzyme to 23 KatG mutants which have been associated with isoniazid resistance in clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. Neither catalase nor peroxidase activities, the two inherent enzymatic functions of KatG, were found to correlate with isoniazid resistance. Furthermore, catalase function was lost in mutants which lacked the Met-Tyr-Trp crosslink, the biogenic cofactor in KatG which has been previously shown to be integral to this activity. The presence or absence of the crosslink itself, however, was also found to not correlate with INH resistance. The KatG resistance-conferring mutants were then assayed for their ability to generate the INH-NADH adduct in the presence of peroxide (t-BuOOH and H2O2), superoxide, and no exogenous oxidant (air-only background control). The results demonstrate that residue location plays a critical role in determining INH-resistance mechanisms associated with INH activation; however, different mutations at the same location can produce vastly different reactivities that are oxidant-specific. Furthermore, the data can be interpreted to suggest the presence of a second mechanism of INH-resistance that is not correlated with the formation of the INH-NADH adduct.
The secretory pathway in control of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis

In eukaryotic cells, proteins and membranes are transported between successive compartments by vesicle trafficking. Since precise protein localization is crucial for a range of cellular functions, it is not surprising that vesicle trafficking plays a role in many processes, including cell division, signaling, development, and even gene expression. We recently found evidence that the yeast secretory pathway directly regulates the dynamics of a key cell survival process, the unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR activation requires the processing of the transcription factor encoding RNA HAC1. We showed that the small yeast GTPase Ypt1, which regulates endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking, associates with and controls the RNA stability of unspliced HAC1 under normal growth conditions. Other small GTPases of the Ypt family also interacted with the unprocessed RNA. Here we speculate about the possible mechanism behind this novel secretory pathway-dependent regulation of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis.
Mass Deacidification: Now That It Is a Reality, What Next?

In libraries worldwide virtually all bookds and documents published after approximately 1850 are deteriorating rapidly due to acidic paper. Mass deacidification is a chemical process by which large quantities of bookds and documents may be treated to increase their useful life by three to five times. After many years of development, several different mass deacidification processes are now becoming available. Due to the magnitude of the risks involved in this new technology, libraries must evaluate the several processes before proceeding with treatment programmes. This paper discusses general goals and criteria for evaluation, including treatment effectiveness and side effects, and toxicological, environmental, materials handling, operational, cost, engineering, and contractual issues
Visual target detection models for civil twilight and night driving conditions

A luminance contrast-based computer visibility model is discussed and compared with the civil twilight method, which has recently been introduced. The civil twilight method attempts to predict the visibility of ordinary objects (reflectance 3 to 79 percent, average size) by using only the headlamp illuminance at the target. It is suggested that the one-factor approach used by the civil twilight method is insufficient to satisfactorily address target visibility in the field. Developers of more advanced visibility models generally attempt to design models based on the current state of the visibility research and with enough capability to obtain a reasonable degree of realism. The level of the benchmark illuminance (3.2 lx) used in the civil twilight method is considered by the authors to be too high, leading to very short detection distances for pedestrians under automobile headlamp illumination at night. The developers of the civil twilight method claim that the 3.2-lx visibility benchmark is based on syst...
Do Independent Sustainability Audits Provide a Competitive Advantage

Abstract. This study explores the value of sustainability information on consumer behavior and addresses two questions. First, can a sustainability report positively influence consumer behavior? Second, does a sustainability report from an independent, third party auditing agency have a greater impact on consumer behavior than an organization's self generated sustainability report? We conducted a lab experiment in which participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. Participants in both groups were given general information about a fictional retailer of digital music, movies, and MP3 players and consumer behavior data were collected. Following this initial data collection, a summary of a sustainability report for the company was presented to participants. Based on group assignment participants were told the sustainability report was generated by either an independent auditing agency or the company itself, and consumer behavior data were collected again. The results indicate a positive and significant difference in consumer behavior toward a company with a published sustainability report versus a company with no sustainability report. However, no significant difference was found in consumer behavior based on the origin of the sustainability report. Implications are discussed.
Morphology-characterization terminology

Abstract Following the conclusion of the Characterization Section at the request of the Chairman, Prof. P. H. Geil, approximately 25 symposium attendees remained to discuss the general problem of morphology terminology for PVC. As a result the list of terms shown in Table 1 was developed. It is strongly recommended that future papers discussing PVC use these terms to permit common understanding of the morphological units being described.
Accumulation capacitance frequency dispersion of III-V metal-insulator-semiconductor devices due to disorder induced gap states

The origin of the anomalous frequency dispersion in accumulation capacitance of metal-insulator-semiconductor devices on InGaAs and InP substrates is investigated using modeling, electrical characterization, and chemical characterization. A comparison of the border trap model and the disorder induced gap state model for frequency dispersion is performed. The fitting of both models to experimental data indicate that the defects responsible for the measured dispersion are within approximately 0.8 nm of the surface of the crystalline semiconductor. The correlation between the spectroscopically detected bonding states at the dielectric/III-V interface, the interfacial defect density determined using capacitance-voltage, and modeled capacitance-voltage response strongly suggests that these defects are associated with the disruption of the III-V atomic bonding and not border traps associated with bonding defects within the high-k dielectric.
Experiments with culture media for planarian cells

We have tested various conditions for the culture of cells dispersed from planarians. The cells were procurred by digestion of planarian tissue in pronase and filtering through a nylon mesh. Using incorporation of L-[3H]leucine into protein as a gauge of cell growth, we found that the optimum salt concentration was about 50% of that for mammalian cells (about 160 mOsm) and that optimum pH was about 8. Sera from several species and a tetrapeptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, the cell-attachment sequence in fibronectin) greatly increased leucine uptake and extended cell survival up to a period of about two weeks. Various growth factors and some other substances tested had no effect on uptake of leucine, cell morphology, or survival. A few other compounds tested were cytotoxic. None of the experimental media promoted cell proliferation.
Perusing the literature via citation links

While MEDLINE searching is recognized as the single most effective means to identify relevant items to solve clinical and research problems, the clinician should also consider the complementary strategy to search for relevant items citing a known key paper. This study reports on the usefulness of citation searching based on the analysis of 89 searches. For each topic, the citations linked to an average of 24% additional relevant materials. At least one relevant item was added to 85% of the searches. The additional effort of scanning another printout is minimal since citation searching for 42% of the searches produced less than 7 additional items, half of which were judged to be useful. Duplicate retrievals were mostly of definite relevance. This alternate strategy appeared to be effective in interdisciplinary topics. Furthermore, the online version of the citation index is known for short turn-around time in processing, a feature important for many rapidly developing specialties.