cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating sport-for-development theory and praxis

Abstract In recent years there has been a growing social movement toward the use of non-traditional sport practices as a vehicle for social change, reaching communities with messages in ways traditional sport practices cannot. However, scholars have suggested that the effectiveness of sport to promote positive social change has been minimal. The absence of scientific evidence and an undergirding theoretical framework of how sport can work for social change indicate significant gaps between theory and practice. Thus, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we provide the theoretical foundations of sport-for-development theory (SFDT) to showcase how sport interventions can most effectively promote social change and development. Secondly, we utilise the SFDT programme recommendations as a blueprint to compare and contrast two sport interventions that use sport as a vehicle to promote positive social change, one at the global and the other at the local level. Based on this analysis, suggestions for future research and practice are provided.
Sharing an Assessment Ecology: Digital Media, Wikis, and the Social Work of Knowledge

Through a retrospective examination of three case studies, this article argues for an open, contextualized approach to evaluating student learning using wikis. First, the project should be grounded in habits of thought appropriate for the field. Next, the class activity should give students the responsibility for putting these habits into practice. Finally, assessment should be distributed among a range of stakeholders and should be contextualized to give value to students’ work beyond the classroom.
Experimental tests of prospective reference theory

Abstract Prospective reference theory (PRT) explains anomalies of expected utility theory by assuming individuals have prior probabilities over lottery outcomes. Two lottery choice experiments demonstrate systematic violations of PRT challenging the theory's explanation of expected utility theory anomalies.
Self-splicing of the Tetrahymena intron from mRNA in mammalian cells

The Tetrahymena pre-rRNA self-splicing intron is shown to function in the unnatural context of an mRNA transcribed by RNA polymerase II in mammalian cells. Mutational analysis supports the conclusion that splicing in cells occurs by the same RNA-catalyzed mechanism established for splicing in vitro. Insertion of the intron at five positions spanning the luciferase open reading frame revealed 10-fold differences in accumulation of ligated exons and in luciferase activity; thus, the intron self-splices in many exon contexts, but the context can have a significant effect on activity. In addition, even the best self-splicing constructs, which produced half as much mRNA as did an uninterrupted luciferase gene, gave approximately 100-fold less luciferase enzyme activity, revealing an unexpected discontinuity between mRNA production and translation in cells. The finding that production of accurately spliced mRNA in cells does not guarantee a corresponding level of protein production is surprising, and may have implications for the development of trans-splicing ribozymes as therapeutics.
TH17, TH22 and Treg cells are enriched in the healthy human cecum.

There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of CD4+ T cell populations leads to intestinal inflammation, but the regional distribution of these populations throughout the intestinal tract in healthy individuals remains unclear. Here, we show that TH17, TH22 and TReg cells are enriched in the healthy human cecum compared to the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon, whereas TH1 and TH2 cells do not significantly vary by location. Transcriptional profiling analysis of paired pinch biopsies from different regions of the intestine identified significant differences in the metabolic state of the terminal ileum, cecum, and sigmoid colon. An increased proportion of TH17 cells was positively associated with expression of resistin (RETN) and negatively associated with expression of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1). These results suggest that CD4+ T helper cells that are important in maintaining mucosal barrier function may be enriched in the cecum as a result of metabolic differences of the surrounding microenvironment.
Hamiltonian graphs involving neighborhood intersections

Abstract Let G be a graph of order n and α the independence number of G . We show that if G is a 2- connected graph and max { d ( u ), d ( v )}⩾ n /2 for each pair of non-adjacent vertices u , v with 1 ⩽| N ( u ) ∩ N ( v )| ⩾ α − 1, then G is hamiltonian. This result generalizes Fan's (1984) result on hamiltonian graphs.
Patient Literacy and Question-asking Behavior During the Medical Encounter: A Mixed-methods Analysis

Background Although patient participation in the medical encounter confers significant benefits, many patients are reluctant to ask questions of their physicians. Patients’ literacy level may affect their level of participation and question-asking behaviors.
Accurate calculation of dynamic Stark shifts and depopulation rates of Rydberg energy levels induced by blackbody radiation. Hydrogen, helium, and alkali-metal atoms

A highly excited (Rydberg) atom bathed in blackbody radiation is perturbed in two ways. A dynamic Stark shift is induced by the off-resonant components of the blackbody radiation. Additionally, electric-dipole transitions to other atomic energy levels are induced by the resonant components of the blackbody radiation. This depopulation effect shortens the Rydberg-state lifetime, thereby broadening the energy level. Calculations of these two effects in many states of hydrogen, helium, and the alkali-metal atoms Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs are presented for $T=300$ K. Contributions from the entire blackbody spectrum and from both discrete and continuous perturbing states are included. The accuracy is considerably greater than that of previous estimates.
Strangulated hernia through a defect in the broad ligament: a sheep in wolf’s clothing

Small bowel obstruction due to an internal hernia is an uncommon finding and, when caused by a defect in the broad ligament, it is exceptionally rare. This condition should be considered when evaluating all female patients presenting with de novo small bowel obstruction. We report an unusual case of intestinal obstruction from an internal hernia through the left broad ligament in a middle-aged patient with no prior surgical history and discuss the relevant literature and treatment. Although an oncologic diagnosis should be entertained, a small bowel obstruction arising in the pelvis may involve the broad ligament in parous patients. An internal hernia through the broad ligament should be considered in the differential diagnoses of female patients presenting with intestinal obstruction.
Ammonia laser desorption/chemical ionization with ammonium bromide: Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Laser desorption/ionization combined with Fourier transform ion cylcotron resonance mass spectrometry (LD/FT/ICR/MS) is a proven technique for the analysis of nonvolatile materials. Unfortunately, LD tends to produce a large excess of neutral species compared to ions. Laser desorption followed by chemical ionization (LD/CI) by use of a reagent gas is a seIective and sensitive means of control in the analysis of nonvolatile compounds. In this article we demonstrate the technique of ammonia LD/CI by addition of a small amount of ammonium bromide (NH4Br) to an involatile sample, i.e., the ammonium salt is used in place of ammonia reagent gas. For various aromatic hydrocarbons, abundant (M + H)+ ions are produced as a result of CI A primary advantage of this method in FT/ICR/MS is that selective LD/CI experiments may be conducted at low pressure as in pulsed valve CI (but without the need for pulsed valve operation), thereby providing the potential for obtaining high-resolution FT/ICR mass spectra.
Excess labour and managerial shortage: Findings from a survey in St Petersburg

SURVEY EVIDENCE HAS SHOWN THAT MANY FIRMS in Russia retain excess labour.1 A principal aim of this article is to evaluate whether the retention of excess labour is profitable, and if not, why it is retained. A second aim is to determine why some firms have restructured and others have not. Results from a survey conducted in June and July 1995 of top-level managers of 21 firms in St Petersburg are used to examine these issues. The results suggest that hard budget constraints are a necessary but not sufficient condition for restructuring. An adequate supply of managers who know how to restructure and who have the internal authority to implement it is also a necessary condition for restructuring, but privatisation is not. The introduction briefly reviews the literature and gives a summary of the main findings of the survey. I then describe the general characteristics of the sample. In the next section the reasons managers gave for keeping excess labour are examined to see whether the retention of excess labour is profitable. The factors which may explain why some firms have conducted significant restructuring while others have not are then discussed, and the article ends with a concluding summary. The literature studying excess labour in Russian firms has given the following categories of explanations for the retention of excess labour: paternalism; labour influence; low profitability from laying off workers owing to the excess wage tax, severance pay, and low wages; retention of excess labour may increase the likelihood that a firm will receive state assistance, or alternatively, firms are pressured by the state to retain excess labour in return for state assistance; legal restrictions on laying off workers; and an expectation that output will increase in the future combined with high hiring costs.2 A 1994 World Bank survey of 435 industrial firms reported that managers most often said excess labour was kept because they expected an output and demand recovery. They also often mentioned paternalistic reasons.3 The St Petersburg survey included several follow-up questions in order to illuminate the issue further. The results of the survey suggest that even firms which have otherwise undergone significant restructuring may keep some excess labour owing to high hiring costs. In the majority of cases, though, managers do not appear to retain excess labour to minimise labour costs.
50 Years of Physics

In the years prior to the 20th century the names of American physicists, with two or three notable exceptions, were conspicuous by their absence from any roster of world-acclaimed scientists. The discovery of the X ray in 1895, however, marked the beginning of a new epoch in physics and during the succeeding 50 years Americans gradually attained eminence in this field. Today, as a result of the developments coming out of the United States during World War II, as well as the war's disastrous effect on scientific progress in other countries, at least three-fifths of all the physics activity in the world is centered in the United States.
Stabilization of wave equations coupled in parallel by viscous damping

In this article, we consider stabilization of two wave equations coupled in parallel by viscous damping. Uniform exponential stabilization can be achieved when damping is presented in two equations. In general only strong stabilization can be achieved when damping is present in one equation, while uniform exponential stabilization is still possible for some special cases.
Age-Dependent Regression of M-MSV Tumors in CBA/H Mice: Requirement for a Macrophage-Adherent Cell Population

The effects of aging on immune responses in mice are complex and show some remarkable genetic influences (8,12,13,17,20,21,24, 25, 26,28). Certain strains will show profound impairment of both humoral as well as cellular immunity with increasing age, while other strains will have only moderate decline of immune functions (8,12,13,17,20,21,24,25,26,28). With the exception of the autoimmune-susceptible mouse strains which show a precocious decline of T-dependent functions and cell-mediated immunity (17,20,21,24, 25,28) it is accepted that cell-mediated immunity, measured both in vivo and in vitro, shows less impairment than humoral immunity, especially in long-lived non-autoimmune strains (8,12,13,17,20,21, 25). A good example of such a situation is the CBA/H subline, which is long-lived, does not show any detectable signs of “NZB-type” autoimmune disease (21,25), shows normal levels of T-dependent lymphocytes (20,21), shows intact thymus function (24,28) and a remarkable preservation of immune responses, especially cell-mediated immunity, even at advanced age, beyond the 10% survival range (17,21,25).
Trauma equals danger—damage control by the immune system

Traumatic injuries induce a complex host response that disrupts immune system homeostasis and predisposes patients to opportunistic infections and inflammatory complications. The response to injuries varies considerably by type and severity, as well as by individual variables, such as age, sex, and genetics. These variables make studying the impact of trauma on the immune system challenging. Nevertheless, advances have been made in understanding how injuries influence immune system function as well as the immune cells and pathways involved in regulating the response to injuries. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about how traumatic injuries affect immune system phenotype and function. We discuss the current ideas that traumatic injuries induce a unique type of a response that may be triggered by a combination of endogenous danger signals, including alarmins, DAMPs, self-antigens, and cytokines. Additionally, we review and propose strategies for redirecting injury responses to help restore immune system homeostasis.
Metaphor, Humor, and Psychological Androgyny

Mio and Graesser found that metaphors that disparaged the topic of a sentence were perceived to be more humorous than metaphors that uplifted the topic. Moreover, there was evidence that male participants found these disparaging metaphors to be more humorous than did female participants. To further test this finding, in Study 1 we administered the Bem Sex-Role Inventory–Revised and used the methodology from the Mio and Graesser study. We found that sex-typed men found the disparaging metaphors to be the most humorous, sex-typed women found the disparaging metaphors to be the least humorous, and androgynous men and women fell in between the sex-typed groups. In Study 2 we failed to replicate gender differences using a different methodology, although all groups still found disparaging metaphors more humorous. We question the usefulness of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory–Revised in today's society.
Building Information Modeling for Electrical Contractors: Current Practice and Recommendations

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is the process of generating and managing building data during its life cycle. Typically it uses three-dimensional, real-time, dynamic building modeling software to increase productivity in building design and construction. BIM is a process which goes far beyond switching to new software. It requires changes to the definition of traditional architectural phases and more data sharing than most architects and engineers are used to. The process produces the Building Information Model (also abbreviated BIM), which encompasses building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, and quantities and properties of building components. Electrical Contractors are often short-changed during the MEP coordination process due to their under-utilization of technology, such as BIM, which can be used to assist them in performing pre-planning and pre-fabrication; all of which improve overall productivity. This project included conducting a survey to determine the best management practices (BMP’s) and outlining the benefits of using BIM for Electrical Contractors. In addition, recommendations and guidelines, specific to Electrical Contractors, are proposed for implementing BIM to assist in the MEP coordination, pre-planning, and pre-fabrication processes.
An integrative cognitive neuroscience theory of social reasoning and moral judgment

Cognitive neuroscience has made considerable progress in understanding the involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in social cognition and moral judgment. Accumulating evidence suggests that representations within the lateral PFC enable people to orchestrate their thoughts and actions in concert with their intentions to support goal-directed social behavior. Despite the pivotal role of this region in guiding social interactions, remarkably little is known about the functional organization and forms of social knowledge mediated by the lateral PFC. Here, we review recent theoretical developments in evolutionary psychology and emerging evidence from the social and decision neuroscience literatures demonstrating the importance of the lateral PFC for orchestrating behavior on the basis of evolutionarily adaptive social norms for obligatory, prohibited, and permissible courses of action. WIREs Cogn Sci 2011 2 55-67 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.84 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Instrumentation and Monitoring of Port Facilities: Planning, Funding, Field Applications, and Long-Term Benefits

The widespread application of sensors and instrumentation systems at port facilities has substantially lagged behind that of other sectors of civil infrastructure due to a combination of factors that include: lack of external funding sources for geotechnical and structural instrumentation, difficulties in coordinating the installation with construction schedules, instrument longevity and maintenance concerns in the marine environment, location and access considerations in active terminals, and resources for data acquisition and archiving efforts. Most of these issues have been overcome for buildings, bridges and dams where the application of advanced sensors with real-time data processing and visualization software yield direct benefits to engineering evaluation of system performance under operating loads and extreme natural hazards, maintenance, and lifecycle management. Given the tremendous benefits of performance monitoring, progress is being made at ports and marine oil terminals in California where instrumentation has recently been deployed to obtain data on near shore currents, vessel impact and mooring loads, ground and wharf foundation deformations, and the seismic response of waterfront structures. The lessons learned during these recent projects will benefit current planning and installation efforts at other ports. This paper summarizes field applications for instrumentation at ports and related civil infrastructure, and demonstrates the advances made in seismic performance evaluation of port facilities that have been facilitated by field monitoring. This paper supplements the companion paper in these proceedings prepared by the ASCE-TCLEE Ports Lifelines Committee on the monograph, "Instrumentation for Monitoring the Performance of Port and Coastal Infrastructure." The monograph was prepared to highlight recent experience with instrumentation programs for major port projects in the United States.
Neuronal Differentiation of Precursors in the Neocortical Ventricular Zone Is Triggered by BMP

Neocortical neurons begin to differentiate soon after they are generated by mitoses at the surface of the ventricular zone (VZ). We provide evidence here that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) triggers neuronal differentiation of neocortical precursors within the VZ. In cultures of dissociated neocortical neuroepithelial cells, BMPs increase the number of MAP-2– and TUJ1-positive cells within 24 hr of treatment. In explant cultures, BMP-4 treatment leads to an increase in the number of TUJ1-positive cells within the ventricular zone. Furthermore, truncated, dominant-negative, BMP type I receptor, introduced into neocortical precursors by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, blocks neurite elaboration and migration out of the VZ. Finally, immunocytochemistry indicates that BMP protein is present at the VZ surface. Together, these results indicate that BMP protein is present within the VZ, that BMP is capable of promoting neuronal differentiation, and that signaling through BMP receptors triggers neuronal precursors to differentiate and migrate out of the VZ.
Data types, functions, and programming

In this chapter we present an introduction to the structure of Macaulay 2 commands and the writing of functions in the Macaulay 2 language. For further details see the Macaulay 2 manual distributed with the program [1].
Development and in vivo efficacy of targeted polymeric inflammation-resolving nanoparticles

Excessive inflammation and failed resolution of the inflammatory response are underlying components of numerous conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Hence, therapeutics that dampen inflammation and enhance resolution are of considerable interest. In this study, we demonstrate the proresolving activity of sub–100-nm nanoparticles (NPs) containing the anti-inflammatory peptide Ac2-26, an annexin A1/lipocortin 1-mimetic peptide. These NPs were engineered using biodegradable diblock poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-polyethyleneglycol and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-b-polyethyleneglycol collagen IV–targeted polymers. Using a self-limited zymosan-induced peritonitis model, we show that the Ac2-26 NPs (100 ng per mouse) were significantly more potent than Ac2-26 native peptide at limiting recruitment of polymononuclear neutrophils (56% vs. 30%) and at decreasing the resolution interval up to 4 h. Moreover, systemic administration of collagen IV targeted Ac2-26 NPs (in as low as 1 µg peptide per mouse) was shown to significantly block tissue damage in hind-limb ischemia-reperfusion injury by up to 30% in comparison with controls. Together, these findings demonstrate that Ac2-26 NPs are proresolving in vivo and raise the prospect of their use in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Antenna Packing in Low-Power Systems: Communication Limits and Array Design

In this correspondence, we study design of transceiver antenna arrays and its impact on spectral efficiency of low-power systems. Our primary motivation is construction of practical and portable multi-antenna configurations with a very small and a-priori fixed volume for placing antennas. Using spectral efficiency as a target metric for array optimization, we show that any array configuration, transmit or receive, can be characterized via a parameter that we interpret as ldquoeffective degrees of freedom.rdquo For any array configuration, effective degrees of freedom describes an equivalent uncorrelated array, which results in the same low-power behavior of spectral efficiency. Joint optimization of transmit and receive antenna configurations decouples into maximizing effective degrees of freedom for transmitter and receiver separately. To achieve this goal, we introduce and study a theoretical benchmark of ldquolimiting degrees of freedom, rdquo which is the least upper bound on effective degrees of freedom, evaluated over all configurations with finite number of antennas. Limiting degrees of freedom therefore describes the best possible performance for any transceiver array which confines its elements inside a given space. We compute a closed-form expression for limiting degrees of freedom of a circular geometry. Finally, we present numerical procedure and examples for designing linear and square arrays with nonuniform spacing, which typically exhibit significant spectral efficiency gains over uniform arrays.
Nucleon-nucleon potential from an effective chiral Lagrangian.

The nucleon-nucleon potential obtained from the most general effective chiral Lagrangian involving low momentum pions, nonrelativistic nucleons, and \ensuremath{\Delta} isobars was considered to third order in the chiral expansion. The parameters of the potential were adjusted to reproduce the low energy nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts as well as the properties of the deuteron. Reasonable fits are obtained in this first application of a nucleon-nucleon potential based on chiral symemtry.
Physiological gain leads to high ISI variability in a simple model of a cortical regular spiking cell

To understand the interspike interval (ISI) variability displayed by visual cortical neurons (Softky & Koch, 1993), it is critical to examine the dynamics of their neuronal integration, as well as the variability in their synaptic input current. Most previous models have focused on the latter factor. We match a simple integrate-and-fire model to the experimentally measured integrative properties of cortical regular spiking cells (McCormick, Connors, Lighthall, & Prince, 1985). After setting RC parameters, the post-spike voltage reset is set to match experimental measurements of neuronal gain (obtained from in vitro plots of firing frequency versus injected current). Examination of the resulting model leads to an intuitive picture of neuronal integration that unifies the seemingly contradictory 1/square root of N and random walk pictures that have previously been proposed. When ISIs are dominated by postspike recovery, 1/square root of N arguments hold and spiking is regular; after the "memory" of the last spike becomes negligible, spike threshold crossing is caused by input variance around a steady state and spiking is Poisson. In integrate-and-fire neurons matched to cortical cell physiology, steady-state behavior is predominant, and ISIs are highly variable at all physiological firing rates and for a wide range of inhibitory and excitatory inputs.
Reconfigurable disruption tolerant routing via Reinforcement Learning

This paper shows packet delivery rate can be improved by adopting learning-based hybrid routing strategies when a wired network suffers from severe link disruption. The dynamics of the link disruptions complicate the routing problem; successful and stable routing operations of conventional routing approaches are hindered as the level of disruption increases. The target is to develop a robust and efficient routing approach in a single structure. A robust routing approach means a packet should be delivered to a destination even under severe disruptions. Efficient routing should deliver a packet with the shortest path at no disruption. These goals should be achieved with the maximum utilization of preexisting network components and with the minimal human intervention once installed. Therefore, we chose a popular conventional routing scheme, Link State, and add-ons that can learn changing network environment. Our approach is to add a learning agent and a simple routing scheme to Link State in order to automatically select a better routing scheme at an arbitrary level of disruption. Markov Decision Process is employed to model this problem. The simulation results show robustness and packet delivery rate are increased up to 35% at acceptable cost of computational and architectural complexity even when Link State approach is close to be collapsed.
Synthesis of Zirconium Carbide in a Triple Torch Plasma Reactor Using Liquid Organometallic Zirconium Precursors

Zirconium carbide has been synthesized using (RO)4Zr, a liquid organometallic precursor in a newly developed Triple Torch Plasma Reactor. Thermodynamic equilibrium simulations indicate that in the temperature range of 1,800 - 3,800 K, zirconium carbide can be formed by plasma pyrolysis. The calculation results also suggest that by adding a certain amount of CO2 into the plasma, the excess carbon can be removed. The product is characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, SEM and BET. X-ray powder diffraction profiles support the results predicted by the equilibrium calculations. The product powder is porous and spherical. The specific area of the powder measured by BET is 140 m2/gram.
Combining rules for predicting the thermoelastic properties of particulate filled polymers, polymers, polyblends, and foams

Various models that have been proposed to predict the properties of particulate filled systems are reviewed and compared with experimental data. At filler volume fractions less than ∼0.2-∼0.3, these models give essentially equivalent predictions that are within the scatter of experimental measurements. At higher volume fraction of inclusions, significantly different results are obtained from the various models. These predictions either overestimate or underestimate observed properties. New, theoretical combining rules are presented to predict the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio shear modulus, bulk modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion in terms of the properties of the matrix and inclusion and the volume fraction concentration of the inclusion. The predictions of these combining rules are in good agreement with experimental data that cover the feasible concentration range of inclusions for a variety of composite materials, ranging from particulate filled thermosetting resins to thermoplastic foams.
An Event-Related fMRI Investigation of Implicit Semantic Priming

The neural basis underlying implicit semantic priming was investigated using event-related fMRI. Prime-target pairs were presented auditorily for lexical decision (LD) on the target stimulus, which was either semantically related or unrelated to the prime, or was a nonword. A tone task was also administered as a control. Behaviorally, all participants demonstrated semantic priming in the LD task. fMRI results showed that for all three conditions of the LD task, activation was seen in the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and the inferior parietal lobe, with greater activation in the unrelated and nonword conditions than in the related condition. Direct comparisons of the related and unrelated conditions revealed foci in the left STG, left precentral gyrus, left and right MTGs, and right caudate, exhibiting significantly lower activation levels in the related condition. The reduced activity in the temporal lobe suggests that the perception of the prime word activates a lexical-semantic network that shares common elements with the target word, and, thus, the target can be recognized with enhanced neural efficiency. The frontal lobe reductions most likely reflect the increased efficiency in monitoring the activation of lexical representations in the temporal lobe, making a decision, and planning the appropriate motor response.
Investigations of Internal Interactions between the Parasitic Barnacle Loxothylacus texanus (Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae) and Its Host Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura: Portunidae) using PCR Techniques

We describe techniques that enable the preservation of tissues from the rhizocephalan barnacle, Loxothylacus texanus, inside the body cavities of blue crab hosts, Callinectes sapidus, in a manner that minimizes the degradative activities of hepatopancreatic enzymes. These procedures allow the extraction and amplification of both parasite and host 18S rDNA within the same sample and enable one to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized crab tissue in as little as two weeks after infection, well before any external manifestations of the parasites. Two PCR-based approaches were taken to identify the presence of L. texanus. In the first approach, a set of primers specific for L. texanus was used to specifically amplify 18S sequence in a background of C. sapidus DNA or the DNA of other barnacle species. In the second approach, a set of general primers was used to amplify 18S sequence from C. sapidus and a variety of barnacle species. The products of this PCR were then digested with an enzyme that recognizes a restriction site present only in the L. texanus PCR product to yield a unique pattern of fragments. With these techniques, we could detect as few as five parasitic cypris larvae in water samples, as well as L. texanus in the tissue of a small crab collected from the field and in the four anterior periopods of a crab bearing the external stage of the parasite. In experiments with potential hosts of varying sizes and molt stages, we confirmed that the parasite was significantly more effective in infecting crabs less than 30 mm carapace width than larger individuals. These techniques will facilitate future investigations of ecological and physiological interactions between these important crustacean parasites and their hosts and will help to determine the economic impact of this parasite on blue crab fisheries.
Pregnancy and Diabetic Nephropathy

Pregnancy in women with diabetic nephropathy may have significant maternal and fetal risks but with a comprehensive, team-based approach to care usually results in successful outcomes. Providing care to these women requires a thorough understanding of the experience that has been gathered over the last 50 years and the lessons learned by those who have published these data and been actively involved in the care of pregnant diabetics. The following chapter reviews the potential and likely risks of pregnancy in women with diabetes who develop gestational diabetes or who have microalbuminuria, proteinuria, and/or reduced renal function. This information is also necessary for pre-pregnancy counseling for women with diabetic nephropathy. Women with diabetic nephropathy are likely to develop increased proteinuria, have a significantly increased risk of preeclampsia, and are more likely to experience preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation. The likelihood of accelerating the progression of renal disease depends on the prepartum renal function. The purpose of this review is to provide all physicians who care for pregnant women with diabetic nephropathy the necessary background and knowledge that will allow for evidence-based decision making and the greatest likelihood of successful outcomes for these patients.
Objective measurement of erythema in psoriasis using digital color photography with color calibration.

Background Traditional metrics for evaluating the severity of psoriasis are subjective, which complicates efforts to measure effective treatments in clinical trials. Methods We collected images of psoriasis plaques and calibrated the coloration of the images according to an included color card. Features were extracted from the images and used to train a linear discriminant analysis classifier with cross-validation to automatically classify the degree of erythema. The results were tested against numerical scores obtained by a panel of dermatologists using a standard rating system. Results Quantitative measures of erythema based on the digital color images showed good agreement with subjective assessment of erythema severity (κ = 0.4203). The color calibration process improved the agreement from κ = 0.2364 to κ = 0.4203. Conclusion We propose a method for the objective measurement of the psoriasis severity parameter of erythema and show that the calibration process improved the results.
Low-dose Photofrin-induced PDT offers excellent clinical response with minimal morbidity in chest wall recurrence of breast cancer

Limited therapeutic options exist when chest wall recurrence form breast cancer progresses despite standard salvage treatment. As photodynamic therapy offers excellent response for cutaneous lesions this may be a possible indication for PDT. A total of 102 treatment fields were illuminated on 9 women with biopsy proven chest wall recurrence of breast cancer which was progressing despite salvage surgery, radiation, and chemi-hormonal therapy. PDT consisted of outpatient IV infusion of Photofrin at 0.8 mg/kg followed 48 hours laser by illumination at 140-170 J/cm2 via a KTP Yag laser coupled to a dye unit. No patient was lost to follow up. At 6 months post PDT; complete response, defined as total lesion elimination was 89 percent, partial response 8 percent, and no response 3 percent. No photosensitivity was seen and no patient developed scarring, fibrosis, or healing difficulties. Low dose Photofrin induced PDT is very active against chest wall lesions. Despite fragile and heavily pre-treated tissues, excellent clinical and cosmetic outcome was obtained. PDT is an underutilized modality for this indication.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capital requirements in economic development : the decade ahead

This paper examines the role of external finance in the economic adjustments undertaken by oil-importing developing countries in the 1970s. It emphasizes the fact that external financing provides a mechanism for adapting the time-phasing of the absorption of the real income loss, necessitated by a terms of trade deterioration that is permanent, to the economic and socio-political constraints of the country in question. Following an introduction, the paper briefly examines the impact of changes in the international economic environment on developing countries, and the role which external financing played in the adjustment process in the 1970s. This is a preamble to a discussion of the 1980s, which is viewed as another period of adjustment. In a global analytical framework, GDP growth rates, domestic performance, external finance, and GDP growth projections are viewed in the outlook for the 1980s. The paper also considers domestic resource mobilization and capital requirements, as well as external capital in this scenario.
Associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent onset of arthritis.

Objective: We investigated the associations between DSM-IV mental disorders and subsequent arthritis onset, with and without mental disorder comorbidity adjustment. We aimed to determine whether specific types of mental disorders and increasing numbers of mental disorders were associated with the onset of arthritis later in life. Method: Data were collected using face-to-face household surveys, conducted in 19 countries from different regions of the world (n = 52,095). Lifetime prevalence and age at onset of 16 DSM-lV mental disorders were assessed retrospectively with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO-CIDI). Arthritis was assessed by self-report of lifetime history of arthritis and age at onset. Survival analyses estimated the association of initial onset of mental disorders with subsequent onset of arthritis. Results: After adjusting for comorbidity, the number of mood, anxiety, impulse-control, and substance disorders remained significantly associated with arthritis onset showing odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.2 to 1.4. Additionally, the risk of developing arthritis increased as the number of mental disorders increased from one to five or more disorders. Conclusion: This study suggests links between mental disorders and subsequent arthritis onset using a large, multi-country dataset. These associations lend support to the idea that it may be possible to reduce the severity of mental disorder-arthritis comorbidity through early identification and effective treatment of mental disorders. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Information Leakage in Encrypted IP Video Traffic

Voice chat and conferencing services may be assumed to be private and secure because of strong encryption algorithms applied to the video stream. We show that information leakage is occurring in video over IP traffic, including for encrypted payloads. It is possible to detect motion and scene changes, such as a person standing up or walking past a camera streaming live video. We accomplish this through analysis of network traffic metadata including arrival time between packets, packet sizes, and video stream bandwidth. Event detection through metadata analysis is possible even when common encryption techniques are applied to the video stream such as SSL or AES. We have observed information leakage across multiple codes and cameras. Through measurements of the x264 codec, we establish a basis for detectability of events via packet timing. Our laboratory experiments confirm that this event detection is possible and repeatable with commercial video streaming software.
Program analysis for mobile: how and why to run WALA on your phone

As mobile devices become ubiquitous, security of such devices has become a serious concern. Attacks on the devices themselves are a danger, as is theft of data they contain. Static analysis of the devices' software is one approach to verifying the absence of security, and several tools have been created to analyze apps for potential attacks and vulnerabilities. Many tools focus on single apps, but there are starting to be tools that look for possible vulnerabilities or attacks due to multiple apps on a single device that can communicate. Such analysis depends on having access to the relevant apps, and hence has been proposed to be performed on app stores. One challenge in the Android environment is that apps are often installed from multiple sources, such as development builds of apps installed from developer sites, e.g. Mozilla Aurora pre-released of Firefox. Ultimately, sometimes the device itself is the only place with the full set of apps used on that device. This suggests that running analysis on the device itself is attractive, at least in terms of having all the relevant code. Furthermore, app communication can be configured on the device itself, raising the possibility of analyzing communication risk when it is configured. However, this approach has a variety of challenges: 1) analysis tools are not typically mobile apps themselves, yet they somehow need to be built for and deployed on mobile devices. 2) Analysis tools are often resources intensive, and mobile devices need the resources to perform analysis. 3) Analysis can also be a major drain on battery life, so care must be taken not to heedlessly drain power. We describe our preliminary work toward running program analysis on mobile devices, focusing on running the WALA framework on Android devices. We describe how WALA can be built and deployed for Android; since WALA is Java code, it is actually straightforward to do this, both using Eclipse and Maven-based command-line tools. We also provide some evidence that performance is reasonable.
Electrochemical Switching of the Photoluminescence of Single Quantum Dots

The electrochemical response of the photoluminescence from single colloidal quantum dots is investigated. CdSe/CdS and CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals on a bare ITO electrode exhibit weak fluorescence due to efficient energy transfer. This is avoided by adding a spacer layer of ZnO nanocrystals film that enables typical photoluminescence and blinking characteristics. The photoluminescence from the single quantum dots can then be reversibly quenched by electrochemical injection of an electron with a reducing potential.
Synthesis of a Suite of Bioorthogonal Glutathione S-Transferase Substrates and Their Enzymatic Incorporation for Protein Immobilization

Label-free protein immobilization allows precise detection of biomolecular events. Preserving enzyme function is intrinsically challenging for these strategies. Considering that glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a broadly employed enzymatic fusion tag, we reported a label-free self-catalyzed immobilization for Schistosoma japonicum GST. We now report the synthesis, structure, and enzymology of a set of 20 smSNAREs (small molecule SNAr-electrophiles). These smSNAREs mimic (electronically) the canonical GST substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), and bear a wide variety of bioorthogonal functionalities such as alkynes, aldehydes, acetals, and azides. Sixteen analogues including the chloro- and nitro-substituted 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, and 13 participated in the GST-catalyzed conjugation, indicating the substrate tolerance of the enzymatic H-site of SjGST. Using UV-vis spectroscopy, we estimate the efficiency of conjugation as a function of substrate diversity. Using LC-MS, we characterized the conjugates formed under each enzymatic transformation. Significant deviations from the canonical CDNB architecture are tolerated. Relative rates between nitro and chloro substituents indicate the nucleophilic addition step is rate determining. Enzyme immobilization on glass slides is affected by additional surface interactions and therefore does not reflect kinetic profiles observed in solution. This new class of heterobifunctional linkers enables a single-step and uniform protein capture on designer surfaces.
LOX is a novel mitotic spindle-associated protein essential for mitosis

// Myriem Boufraqech 1 , Darmood Wei 2 , Urbain Weyemi 3 , Lisa Zhang 1 , Martha Quezado 4 , Petr Kalab 5 , Electron Kebebew 1 1 Endocrine Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 2 Urology Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 3 Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 4 Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA 5 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Correspondence to: Electron Kebebew, email: kebebewe@mail.nih.gov Keywords: LOX, microtubules, cell cycle, mitosis, cancer Received: January 13, 2016 Accepted: March 04, 2016 Published: April 07, 2016 ABSTRACT LOX regulates cancer progression in a variety of human malignancies. It is overexpressed in aggressive cancers and higher expression of LOX is associated with higher cancer mortality. Here, we report a new function of LOX in mitosis. We show that LOX co-localizes to mitotic spindles from metaphase to telophase, and p-H3 (Ser10) -positive cells harbor strong LOX staining. Further, purification of mitotic spindles from synchronized cells show that LOX fails to bind to microtubules in the presence of nocodazole, whereas paclitaxel treated samples showed enrichment in LOX expression, suggesting that LOX binds to stabilized microtubules. LOX knockdown leads to G2/M phase arrest; reduced p-H3 (Ser10) , cyclin B1, CDK1, and Aurora B. Moreover, LOX knockdown significantly increased sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents that target microtubules. Our findings suggest that LOX has a role in cancer cell mitosis and may be targeted to enhance the activity of microtubule inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Urinary loss of clotting factors due to hereditary membranous glomerulopathy

Severe plasma deficiencies of clotting factors IX and XII developed in a 59-year-old woman with a nephrotic syndrome secondary to a laminated membranous glomerulopathy. Both these clotting factors were subsequently identified in the patient's urine. Chromatographic analysis of the urine revealed that the bulk of clotting activity attributed to factors IX ann XII was in early eluting gel filtration fractions containing predominately alpha-2 globulin and albumin. The unprecedented finding of two coagulation proteins in the urine is attributed to the marked proteinuria present in this case.
Synchro-Lite Powered 16mm Projector

A new flashtube arrangement, providing projection light for television reproduction from film, is here described in detail. It assures accurate and permanent synchronization of light pulse with intermittent pulldown. Further, since both the intermittent movement and the flashing lamp are controlled by the television vertical pulse, the mechanism can readily be interlocked with other picture sources for interpolation, laps and fades. Travel ghost resulting from motion of film while the light pulse is on is made impossible by the design.