cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 19 F Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Diagnostic Test for Bile Acid Diarrhea

In up to 50% of people diagnosed with a common ailment, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea results from excess spillage of bile acids into the colon—data emerging over the past decade identified deficient release of a gut hormone, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), and a consequent lack of feedback suppression of bile acid synthesis as the most common cause. 75Selenium homotaurocholic acid (SeHCAT) testing, considered the most sensitive and specific means of identifying individuals with bile acid diarrhea, is unavailable in many countries, including the United States. Other than SeHCAT, tests to diagnose bile acid diarrhea are cumbersome, non-specific, or insufficiently validated; clinicians commonly rely on a therapeutic trial of bile acid binders. Here, we review bile acid synthesis and transport, the pathogenesis of bile acid diarrhea, the reasons clinicians frequently overlook this disorder, including the limitations of currently available tests, and our efforts to develop a novel 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based diagnostic approach. We created 19F-labeled bile acid analogues whose in vitro and in vivo transport mimics that of naturally occurring bile acids. Using dual 1H/19F MRI of the gallbladders of live mice fed 19F-labeled bile acid analogues, we were able to differentiate wild-type mice from strains deficient in intestinal expression of a key bile acid transporter, the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), or FGF15, the mouse homologue of FGF19. In addition to reviewing our development of 19F-labeled bile acid analogue-MRI to diagnose bile acid diarrhea, we discuss challenges to its clinical implementation. A major limitation is the paucity of clinical MRI facilities equipped with the appropriate coil and software needed to detect 19F signals.
Cell fusion in yeast is negatively regulated by components of the cell wall integrity pathway.

Yeast cells carefully regulate cell fusion to prevent lysis before they engage with a partner. Components of the cell wall integrity pathway monitor events at the cell surface and prevent premature...
One store has all? - the backend story of managing geospatial information toward an easy discovery

Geospatial data includes many formats, varying from historical paper maps, to digital information collected by various sensors. Many libraries have started the efforts to build a geospatial data portal to connect users with the various information. For example, GeoBlacklight and OpenGeoportal are two open-source projects that initiated from academic institutions which have been adopted by many universities and libraries for geospatial data discovery. While several recent studies have focused on the metadata, usability and data collection perspectives of geospatial data portals, not many have explored the backend stories about data management to support the data discovery platform. The objective of this paper is to provide a summary about geospatial data management strategies involved in the geospatial data portal development by reviewing case studies. These data management strategies include managing the historical paper maps, scanned maps, aerial photos, research generated geospatial information, and web map services. This paper focuses on the data organization, storage, cyberinfrustracture configuration, preservation and sharing perspectives of these efforts with the goal to provide a range of options or best management practices for information managers when curating geospatial data in their own institutions.
Study of Biofuel Animal Manure

A pursuit of different fuel sources to decrease humanity’s dependence on fossil fuels in the engineering industry in this day and age is becoming more and more critical. Earth only has a finite amount of fossil fuel, and eventually, it dries up. The goal of this research is to explore the feasibility of using biochemistry to convert organic waste into usable fuel. The organic waste contains hydrogen and carbon-based molecules, and two methods of chemical reactions can be implemented to transform these molecules into usable, combustible fuel: pyrolysis and gasification.
Scratching after Stroking and Poking: A Spinal Circuit Underlying Mechanical Itch.

Mechanical itch is a desire to scratch due to light mechanical stimuli. In this issue of Neuron, Pan et al. (2019) identify a feedforward inhibition circuit in the spinal cord dorsal horn that processes mechanical itch as well as spontaneous itch.
Theoretical study of the reaction mechanism and kinetics of the phenyl + propargyl association.

Potential energy surface for the phenyl + propargyl radical recombination reaction has been studied at the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-f12//B3LYP/6-311G** level of theory for the closed-shell singlet species and at the triplet–singlet gap CASPT2/cc-pVTZ-CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-f12//CASSCF/cc-pVTZ level of theory for the diradical species. High-pressure limit rate constants for the barrierless channels were evaluated with variable reaction coordinate transition state theory (VRC-TST). Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus Master Equation (RRKM-ME) calculations have been performed to assess temperature- and pressure-dependent phenomenological rate constants and product branching ratios. The entrance channels of the radical association reaction produce 3-phenyl-1-propyne and phenylallene which can further dissociate/isomerize into a variety of unimolecular and bimolecular products. Theoretical evidence is presented that, at combustion relevant conditions, the phenyl + propargyl recombination provides a feasible mechanism for the addition of a second five-member ring to the first six-member aromatic ring producing the prototype two-ring species indene and indenyl. Rate expressions for all important reaction channels in a broad range of temperatures and pressures have been generated for kinetic modeling.
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN ADULT FONTAN PATIENTS REFERRED FOR TRANSPLANT: A REPORT FROM THE FOSTER STUDY

The optimum management strategy of adult Fontan patients referred for heart transplant (HT) remains unknown. We performed a multicenter, retrospective study of patients referred for HT to determine survivorship and risk factors for adverse outcomes. All patients at participating institutions with a
The Influence of Spatial Density of Nonprofits on Crime

Nonprofits have been posited to have benefits for communities and neighborhoods, including reduction of crime. Empirical research has provided mixed results. Drawing on both criminological and theo...
Thrombin action on astrocytes in the hindbrain of the rat disrupts glycemic and respiratory control

Severe trauma can produce a postinjury "metabolic self-destruction" characterized by catabolic metabolism and hyperglycemia. The severity of the hyperglycemia is highly correlated with posttrauma morbidity and mortality. Although no mechanism has been posited to connect severe trauma with a loss of autonomic control over metabolism, traumatic injury causes other failures of autonomic function, notably, gastric stasis and ulceration ("Cushing's ulcer"), which has been connected with the generation of thrombin. Our previous studies established that proteinase-activated receptors (PAR1; "thrombin receptors") located on astrocytes in the autonomically critical nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) can modulate gastric control circuit neurons to cause gastric stasis. Hindbrain astrocytes have also been implicated as important detectors of low glucose or glucose utilization. When activated, these astrocytes communicate with hindbrain catecholamine neurons that, in turn, trigger counterregulatory responses (CRR). There may be a convergence between the effects of thrombin to derange hindbrain gastrointestinal control and the hindbrain circuitry that initiates CRR to increase glycemia in reaction to critical hypoglycemia. Our results suggest that thrombin acts within the NST to increase glycemia through an astrocyte-dependent mechanism. Blockade of purinergic gliotransmission pathways interrupted the effect of thrombin to increase glycemia. Our studies also revealed that thrombin, acting in the NST, produced a rapid, dramatic, and potentially lethal suppression of respiratory rhythm that was also a function of purinergic gliotransmission. These results suggest that the critical connection between traumatic injury and a general collapse of autonomic regulation involves thrombin action on astrocytes.
Photonic crystal lasers

Abstract: Photonic crystal cavities with ultrahigh quality factors (Q) and small mode volumes enable realization of integrated lasers which feature small footprints, low lasing thresholds, high modulation speeds and high collection efficiencies of emitted light. In this chapter, we review the important characteristics of photonic crystal (PhC) lasers, including a theoretical discussion of lasing threshold, and illustrate them on two experimental examples: photonic crystal nanobeam lasers and photonic crystal disk lasers.
Oriented strand board with improved dimensional stability by extraction of hemicelluloses

Oriented strand board (OSB) panels are commonly used for wooden building structures such as Walls, floors, ceilings, and furniture. These wood composites are manufactured with small wooden strands held together in specific orientations by adhesives. Other additives such as wax might be added to reduce water absorption. One of the limitations of the panels produced today is their poor performance under high humidity conditions. The goal of the present work was 1) to extract hemicelluloses from pine wood strands before the fabrication of OSB panels and 2) to test the impact of the pretreatment on the dimensional stability of these panels. For that purpose, pressure-assisted hydrothermal processes at three different temperatures (120, 140, and 160 o C) were performed for 45 min of extraction time in each case. Hemicelluloses in treated wood strands were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Water absorption, thickness swell, MOE, MOR, and internal bond strength were measured to assess the influence of the pretreatment on OBS properties. According to the results, a hydrothermal pretreatment is beneficial for the performance of OSB panels at high humidity levels. The pretreatment of pine strands at 160 o C allowed for the maximum removal of hemicelluloses, without a significant degradation of cellulose or lignin, and the OSB panels pretreated with these pinewood strands displayed the best performance in dimensional stability under wet conditions.
Advance in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Edible Oils: A Review

Ultrasonic waves cause an increase in oil extraction efficiency through their mechanical effects, cavitation, and the energy generated by this phenomenon. Temperature, time, solvent to sample ratio, solvent type, and ultrasonic power are the most effective factors in the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oils. Temperature increase reduces the surface tension and vapor pressure of the solvent, leading to a rise in the solvent diffusion into the cell, and thus, the extraction efficiency increases. However, as the temperature approaches the solvent boiling point, its vapor pressure rises. Due to the smaller pressure difference between the interior and exterior of the cavitation bubbles, they collapse less intensively and cause the extraction efficiency to decrease. The increase in ultrasonic power has a similar effect on extraction efficiency. An elevation of the extraction time improves this parameter in the early minutes of extraction, by destroying the cell walls and making the oil diffuse out of the cell-matrix. An increase in the solvent to sample ratio up to an optimal level elevates the concentration gradient of the solvent towards the sample matrix by reducing the solution viscosity and brings about an improvement in the extraction efficiency. The application of the solvents with high vapor pressures results in a decrease in the cavitation energy because of the pressure difference between the cell interior and exterior. Therefore, such solvents do not have a positive effect on the extraction efficiency. Each of the aforementioned factors has its optimum level to enhance the ultrasound-assisted extraction efficiency.
An Emerging Scholar's Guide to More Effective Citation of Sources and Management of Citations

It is crucial that beginning and emerging academics learn some of the key rules about citing articles and giving proper attribution of ideas. In this article, I cover some of the basics that students and emerging scholars must pay attention to. First, I discuss the importance of accurately citing articles, and how to avoid mistakes in providing attribution. Next, I discuss the importance of following a specific writing and bibliography style. I overview the major styles, which include APA, MLA, Chicago, and IEEE. I then explain why it is crucial to have an accurate bibliography, and some of the common pitfalls I suggest that emerging scholars avoid. Finally, I introduce and recommend the use of citation managers. In doing so, I overview the four major citation managers that are available to most academics throughout the world.
Tuberculous appendicitis: A review of reported cases over the past 10 years

Abstract Background Tuberculous appendicitis is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis without clear summarization or consensus on its management. Data sources Case reports were gathered from several online literature databases by searching terms “tuberculosis”, “tuberculous”, and “appendicitis”. Report eligibility criteria: Cases of appendicitis due to M. tuberculosis identified on operative histology. Exclusion criteria: appendicitis caused by a mycobacterium other than M. tuberculosis, and appendiceal tuberculosis identified incidentally during procedures for other reasons. Results Thirty four patients were identified. Twenty five patients presented with acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain. Eleven patients described chronic symptoms of tuberculosis (cough, night sweats, or weakness/fatigue). Four patients had a known diagnosis of TB. Seven of 24 cases reported peri-operative chest imaging which demonstrated pulmonary lesions. AFB were present in tissue or fluid samples of 6 patients, and negative in 15 patients. All patients underwent pharmacotherapy on a WHO-recommended anti-tuberculous treatment (ATT) with RIPE or an alternative. The average duration of treatment was 7.2 ± 1.7 months. Limitations Data was gathered from case reports without complete uniformity in diagnostic work-up. The potential for larger scale study is limited due to disease rarity. Conclusions Tuberculous appendicitis cannot be diagnosed prior to histologic evaluation. Several data points may suggest the disease on a clinician's differential diagnosis if they present with a combination of the following: born in a country with endemic tuberculosis; chronic cough, weakness/fatigue, or nausea prior to onset of abdominal pain; pulmonary lesions on chest X-ray; white studding of the mesentery or peritoneum in a young patient; positive AFB stain of abdominal fluid or peritoneal tissue.
Extended Privacy Preservation of Health Official Document using blockchain

Currently, new models such as mobile clouds and data warehouses have been selected to handle records. This approach reduces costs and increases availability. However, these technologies face some problems due to uncertainties, such as data privacy, flexibility, network security, attacks, and missing transparency. In particular, sensitive applications data such as medical certificates, data distribution, and student certificate maintenance. It is essential to check the reliability of these applications. The number of scams on this issue is increasing day by day. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a blockchain-based model for the issuance and distribution of medical certificates. It reduces fraud on medical certificates such as birth, death, and sick leave due to the blockchain technical features such as immutability, transparency, security, and distribution. Furthermore, this application's vital purpose is to quickly analyze and estimate the birth and death rate due to blockchain symptoms. As part of the literature survey number of existing works were interpreted as part of the literature survey, but the maximum number of documents failed to show their implementation with the results. The main strength of the paper is the literature survey, results, and analysis. Distributed based public blockchain and metamask used to develop the proposed framework. The results show medical certificate generation and verification and the gas(cryptocurrency) consumption to store certificate credentials into a blockchain as a transaction
Metal Thermal Interface Material for the Next Generation FCBGA

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) have been widely adopted for improved thermal dissipation in flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA), flip chip lidded ball grid array (FCLGA) and flip chip pin grid array (FCPGA) packaging. As the next generation devices' requirements for power get even higher, enhanced thermal performance at the package level is increasingly important. A typical TIM applies a polymer type, but the current polymer TIM products are insufficient to meet the advanced product roadmap requirements due to lack of thermal conductivity, TIM delamination on large size die, unstable process workability and other reasons. Even potential candidates for a high thermal conductivity TIMs, such as silver (Ag)-Sintered TIM and graphite sheet have difficulties covering all the development goals of a large body package due to high thermal resistance, poor TIM coverage or too thick bond line thickness (BLT). To meet the high-end central processing unit (CPU) market's needs, an indium (In) TIM has been selected for FCLGA or FCPGA products. A pure indium TIM has a low liquidus point and provides a good way to reduce stress during In TIM soldering. However, this characterization of Indium TIM could be a weak point for FCBGAs which need an additional reflow process after TIM and lid attachment. TIM re-melting could occur during the reflow process and affect TIM coverage, cause delamination and create a component shortage issue. This is one of the main reasons that a pure indium TIM is hard to apply on FCBGA devices. In this paper, a metal TIM (In and tin (Sn) alloy) will be discussed as a solution for next generation FCBGAs that have a large body size and require high thermal conductivity. These new alloy TIMs are expected to provide better thermal dissipation performance due to both a “high liquid phase point” and a “low solid phase point.”.
Highly Selective Partial Neurectomies for Spasticity: A Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND Sedating antispastic medications and focal therapies like botulinum toxin are the most common therapies for spasticity but are temporary and must be performed continuously for a principally static neurological insult. Alternatively, highly selective partial neurectomies (HSPNs) may reduce focal spasticity more permanently. OBJECTIVE To quantify the change in spasticity after HSPN and assess patient satisfaction. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with upper- and/or lower-extremity spasticity treated with HSPN from 2014 to 2018. Only cases with a modified Ashworth scale (MAS) score independently determined by a physical therapist were included. Pre- and postoperative MAS, complications, and patient satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS The 38 patients identified (24 male, 14 female; mean age 49 yr) underwent a total of 88 procedures for focal spasticity (73% upper extremity, 27% lower extremity). MAS scores were adjusted to a 6-point scale for evaluation. The mean preoperative and final postoperative follow-up adjusted MAS scores were 3.6 and 1.7, respectively (P < .001), which represents average MAS less than 1+. Positive, neutral, and worse results were described by 91%, 6%, and 3% of patients, respectively. Four patients requested revision surgery. No perioperative complications were encountered. CONCLUSION This is the first North American series to analyze HSPN for spasticity and the only series based on independent evaluation results. HSPN surgery demonstrated objective short- and long-term reduction in spasticity with minimal morbidity and excellent patient satisfaction.
Chapter 5 Laterality in Hemiplegic Children: Implications for the Concept of Pathological Left-Handedness

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the question of how early damage to one side of the brain affects perceptual, motor, and structural laterality. “Hemiplegia” and “hemiparesis” are the terms used to describe loss or impairment of motor function on one side of the body. In adults, hemiplegia is a common consequence of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). Strokes can also cause hemiplegia in children, but the incidence of strokes is much lower in children than in adults. A more common cause of hemiplegia in children is cerebral palsy, a clinical entity that entails movement abnormalities secondary to prenatal or perinatal damage affecting the motor system at the level of the cerebral hemispheres. Because hemiplegia is an indicator of damage to either the left or the right hemisphere, children and adults with hemiplegia have been an important source of information about hemispheric specialization for linguistic and cognitive processes. Functional lateralization of the cerebral hemispheres does not appear to be a unitary phenomenon. Damage to motor system of one hemisphere may cause a partial shifting of functions to the other hemisphere. Comparisons between left and right hemiplegics provide information about the effects of early asymmetric brain damage on laterality but do not allow specifying whether right hemiplegics differ from normal lefthanders.
Structural variability along the submarine south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i, from a multichannel seismic reflection survey

Recent analysis of marine multichannel seismic reflection data collected across the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii has confirmed that the distal flank records significant accretion and deformation of volcaniclastic strata, building a broad and laterally extensive midslope bench [Morgan et al., 2000]. Further examination of adjacent reflection lines across the mobile flank of Kilauea demonstrates along-strike continuity in styles of deformation within the bench, as well as significant variability, which is commonly reflected in flank morphology. Correlation of reflections on 14 seismic lines allow us to identify at least 4 continuous thrust faults, several of which are traceable as far as ∼60 km from the south-western margin of the mobile flank to the subaerial to submarine transition of the East Rift Zone in the northeast. A landward thrust fault rises from the top of the Cretaceous oceanic crust, and displaces the primary volcanic edifice seaward onto folded and faulted bedded strata. The more seaward faults originate at a horizon slightly above the oceanic crust that appears to define a regional decollement at the base of the flank. To the southeast, imbrication of seaward thrust sheets builds a broad bench which ponds sediments behind it in a deep midslope basin. A lateral fault locally disrupts these structures, marking a transition in structural style to the northeast, where thrust sheets are stacked vertically defining an antiformal stack. The basin is absent in this region, and the primary volcanic edifice is overthrust directly upon accreted and recently deposited sediments building a narrow bench. A seaward change in decollement level from the top of oceanic crust beneath the volcanic edifice to a horizon within bedded strata beneath the bench, and the lateral change in thrust sheet geometries, suggest variations in sliding resistance beneath the mobile south flank of Kilauea, contributing to the complicated morphology evident in the offshore region.
PoisonAmplifier: a guided approach of discovering compromised websites through reversing search poisoning attacks

Through injecting dynamic script codes into compromised websites, attackers have widely launched search poisoning attacks to achieve their malicious goals, such as spreading spam or scams, distributing malware and launching drive-by download attacks. While most current related work focuses on measuring or detecting specific search poisoning attacks in the crawled dataset, it is also meaningful to design an effective approach to find more compromised websites on the Internet that have been utilized by attackers to launch search poisoning attacks, because those compromised websites essentially become an important component in the search poisoning attack chain. In this paper, we present an active and efficient approach, named PoisonAmplifier, to find compromised websites through tracking down search poisoning attacks. Particularly, starting from a small seed set of known compromised websites that are utilized to launch search poisoning attacks, PoisonAmplifier can recursively find more compromised websites by analyzing poisoned webpages' special terms and links, and exploring compromised web sites' vulnerabilities. Through our 1 month evaluation, PoisonAmplifier can quickly collect around 75K unique compromised websites by starting from 252 verified compromised websites within first 7 days and continue to find 827 new compromised websites on a daily basis thereafter.
Human Resource Audits

A human resource audit is a series of systematic, formal procedures designed to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the firm's human resource management (HRM) system, compare its performance to relevant internal and external benchmarks, evaluate the appropriateness of this system for implementing the firm's strategic and operational objectives, and thereafter provide a framework for improving the way in which the firm manages people. Keywords: human resource audit
Storying the Student Teaching Experience: Trying on Teaching Personae

Abstract This article uses a narrative analysis approach to explore the stories of student teachers' experiences developing a teaching persona during student teaching. In keeping with the narrative format, the researcher presents the participants' stories in a first-person narrative. The participants had similar experiences in the realm of developing their teaching personae: two common themes included their ideal versus actual personae and past and present influences on personae. Findings indicate that pre-service teachers carefully consider their teaching personae and draw on various sources to construct the personae that they believe will be successful.
Characterization and modeling of spatial variability in a complex alluvial aquifer: Implications on solute transport

[1] Field investigations of stratified alluvial deposits suggest that they can give rise to a hierarchy of permeability modes across scales, corresponding to a hierarchy of sedimentary unit types and thus may lead to enhanced plume spread in such media. In this work, we model the sedimentary architecture of the alluvium deposits in Fortymile Wash, Nevada, using a hierarchical transition probability geostatistical approach. The alluvial aquifer comprises a segment of the groundwater flow pathway from the potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada to the downstream accessible environment and may be a natural barrier to radionuclide migration. Thus our main goal is to quantify the impact of spatial variability in the alluvium on solute transport. The alluvial aquifer is a gravel-dominated braid-belt deposit, having lower-permeability paleosols interstratified with higher-permeability gravel-bar deposits. A three-dimensional hierarchical hydrofacies model is developed through fusion of multiple geologic data types and sources. Markov chain models of transition probabilities are employed to represent complex patterns of spatial variability at each hierarchical level in a geostatistical fashion and to impose realistic constraints to such variations through conditioning on existing data. The link between the alluvium spatial variability and solute dispersion at different spatiotemporal scales is demonstrated using the stochastic-Lagrangian transport theory. We show that the longitudinal macrodispersivity can be on the order of hundreds to thousands of meters, and it may not reach its asymptotic value until after 1,000 years of traveltime.
Kafka's Death Fantasy in Amerika

It is incumbent on the careful reader of a Kafka story to begin with the title. As is generally known, the name Amerika was bestowed on Kafka's first attempt in the novel form by Max Brod, who prepared the book for publication in 1927, a few years after Kafka's death. Amerika is a not-inappropriate title for a work which deals with the misadventures of a naive young man from Europe who tries desperately to find a place for himself in America's workaday world. However, Kafka had already chosen his own designation for the book's concept: Der Verschollene, One Who Vanished. The word has the connotation of someone who has disappeared without a trace and is presumed dead.' Indeed, although it is not etymologically related, the base "Scholle," clump of earth, interposes itself. Because of the title it becomes apparent that Kafka had envisioned the course his protagonist's life was to take, and the fact that he never finished his manuscript, although he provided a final (and likewise unfinished) chapter, is no impediment to an analysis of the book in the light of its fantastic ending.
Foreign Body Tumorigenesis

This review deals with factors and mechanisms involved in sarcoma development upon implantation of chemically inert foreign bodies. The topic is of importance regarding cancer in asbestosis or schistosomiasis, and also in view of increasing ise of artificial implants. After detailing morphological and biological characteristics of foreign body-induced sarcomas in man and animals, the review focuses on specific properties of implants and experimental animals which determine or influence tumor incidence and latency. Included are surface properties, size and shape of implants, and species characteristics, sex, and genetic background of animals. It follows a description of recent etiologic research which has evealed foreign body tumorigenesis as a multistage developmental process. Some of the salient features are monoclonal forigin from mesenchymal stem cells of the micro-vasculature; origination of neoplastic destination and specific tumor leterminants in cells distant from the implant during the earliest st...
Directly perceiving Kṛṣṇa: Accounting for perceptual experiences of deities within the framework of naturalism

Using descriptions found in Viśvanātha Cakravārtin's Mādhurya Kādambinī (c.17th century) as a case study, the author argues in this article that research in the psychological sciences offers a plausible account within the framework of naturalism for the occurrence of private perceptual experiences that can serve as a basis for what Viśvanātha and other early Gauḍīya theologians describe and appraise as direct perceptual experiences (sākṣātkāra) of Kṛṣṇa. The purpose of this investigation is to bridge the methodological divide that often separates the humanities and sciences and facilitate a richer interpretation and explanation of historical claims than what is usually available through traditional humanistic approaches alone. The results of this research have implications for the study of private perceptual experiences of deities across cultures in both historical and contemporary contexts.
In situ analysis of oxygen consumption and diffusive transport in high‐temperature acidic iron‐oxide microbial mats

The role of dissolved oxygen as a principal electron acceptor for microbial metabolism was investigated within Fe(III)-oxide microbial mats that form in acidic geothermal springs of Yellowstone National Park (USA). Specific goals of the study were to measure and model dissolved oxygen profiles within high-temperature (65-75°C) acidic (pH = 2.7-3.8) Fe(III)-oxide microbial mats, and correlate the abundance of aerobic, iron-oxidizing Metallosphaera yellowstonensis organisms and mRNA gene expression levels to Fe(II)-oxidizing habitats shown to consume oxygen. In situ oxygen microprofiles were obtained perpendicular to the direction of convective flow across the aqueous phase/Fe(III)-oxide microbial mat interface using oxygen microsensors. Dissolved oxygen concentrations dropped from ∼ 50-60 μM in the bulk-fluid/mat surface to below detection (< 0.3 μM) at a depth of ∼ 700 μm (∼ 10% of the total mat depth). Net areal oxygen fluxes into the microbial mats were estimated to range from 1.4-1.6 × 10(-4) μmol cm(-2) s(-1) . Dimensionless parameters were used to model dissolved oxygen profiles and establish that mass transfer rates limit the oxygen consumption. A zone of higher dissolved oxygen at the mat surface promotes Fe(III)-oxide biomineralization, which was supported using molecular analysis of Metallosphaera yellowstonensis 16S rRNA gene copy numbers and mRNA expression of haem Cu oxidases (FoxA) associated with Fe(II)-oxidation.
The effect of hetastarch 670/0.75 administered in vivo as a constant rate infusion on platelet closure time in the dog

Objective To evaluate the effects of hetastarch 670/0.75 on canine platelet function and clinical bleeding following its administration as a constant rate infusion (CRI) at 1 mL/kg/h and 2 mL/kg/h for 24 hours. Design In vivo, prospective, open-label, crossover study. Setting Research laboratory at a university veterinary facility. Animals Eight healthy, adult male research dogs. Interventions Each dog received 1 mL/kg/h hetastarch for 24 hours then 2 mL/kg/h with a washout period of 10 weeks between each experiment. Platelet closure time (CT) was measured using a platelet function analyzer with collagen adenosine diphosphate (ADP) cartridges. CT measurements were performed at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 hours following initiation of hetastarch infusion. Measurements and Main Results At 1 mL/kg/h, mean CT was significantly increased at the 12- and 24-hour time point relative to the baseline value, although mean CT never rose to a value above the reference interval during the 24-hour infusion. At 2 mL/kg/h, median CT was also significantly increased at the 12- and 24-hour time point relative to the baseline value. Administration of 2 mL/kg/h did progressively prolong the median CT value though only exceeded the reference interval at the 24-hour time point. Despite the prolongation of median CT, there was no clinical evidence of spontaneous bleeding in any dog during the 24-hour infusion at either CRI rate. Conclusions Hetastarch 670/0.75 when used as a 24-hour CRI at 1 and 2 mL/kg/h prolongs CT in healthy dogs at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Median CT only exceeded the reference interval at 24 hours at 2 mL/kg/h.
Taking care of business? Grateful processing of unpleasant memories

In this study we investigated the impact of grateful processing on bringing closure to unpleasant emotional memories. After recalling an open memory, participants were randomly assigned to one of three writing conditions. For three sessions, participants wrote about neutral topics, the unpleasant event itself, or positive consequences from the event from their open memory that they felt they could now be grateful for. Results showed a significant effect of writing condition, and the pattern of means were as predicted: those in the grateful condition showed more memory closure, less unpleasant emotional impact, and less intrusiveness of the open memory than the other writing conditions. Grateful reappraisal of unpleasant memories may help individuals emotionally process these events, thus bringing emotional closure to these incidents. This might be one reason that grateful people tend to be happy people.
Wilderness perceptions versus management reality in the Adirondack Park, USA.

Wilderness perception studies provide valuable insights on the relationship between recreational or cultural experiences and natural settings. Although this approach has been little used in the management and planning of protected areas, it has potential to investigate and inform land use policy and planning that achieves a better fit among multiple user or stakeholder groups and the natural landscape. We applied the wilderness perception mapping methodology to the Adirondack Park, a six-million acre protected area in New York State (USA) that consists of mixed private and public land use classifications designed to promote wilderness character while maintaining a permanent residential population. Using a regional survey coupled with a GIS, we created spatial models of the areas perceived as wilderness by three Adirondack Park stakeholder groups in four communities: permanent residents, seasonal residents and visitors. Wilderness perception maps were then compared with current land use classifications in a spatial overlay. Roughly half of the area perceived as ‘strong purist’ wilderness (i.e., the most restrictive definition) overlapped with classified Wilderness lands. The remaining areas were mostly private lands managed as working forests, many under state-owned conservation easements – indicating their potential value for wilderness recreation and amenities. Stakeholder groups differed little in the total area perceived as wilderness, but map overlays identified local patterns of agreement and disparity useful for land planning and conflict management. With further development, wilderness perception models can support an integrative approach to protected area management by considering user perceptions while also meeting legal protection mandates.
Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi impregnation study.

On the basis of their dendritic morphology, neurons in the C-laminae of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) have been divided into five groups. These groupings are based on previous descriptions of the neuronal types present in the dLGN of the cat (Guillery, '66; Famiglietti, 70; Updyke, 79). Class 1, 2, 3, and 5 neurons in the C-laminae are essentially identical to their counterparts in the A-laminae, with one exception. The dendritic orientation of class 2, 3, and 5 neurons found in the C-laminae is, for the most part, parallel to the laminar borders. In the A-laminae, class 2 and 5 neurons show no preference in their dendritic orientation and class 3 neuron dendritic orientation is predominantly perpendicular to the laminar borders. Class 4 neurons are found in all C-laminae and make up the bulk of the impregnated neurons. They are morphologically distinct from A-laminae neurons but exhibit a broad range of structural characteristics.
B74-20 Systematic Programming: An Introduction

This book will become a lethal weapon against skepticism toward the possibility of presenting programming as a precise discipline based on clear and simple principles. It treats what many regard as advanced topics in programming in so straightforward a manner, that there is little doubt that the "advanced topics" are in fact elementary notions. The material is presented simultaneously at many levels: the college sophomore will enjoy a hearty repast of solid conceptual and practical aspects of algorithm design, and the college professor or industrial professional will enjoy many morsels from the philosophy of programming to practical advice on the best uses of each language construction. The material is presented in a fast-moving, unadorned style, reminiscent in places of sketchy lecture notes; indeed, fully fourteen chapters appear in the first 124 pages. Every concept is backed by an example; I counted approximately 45 sample algorithms or programs in the text and about 25 more in the Exercises. The sample programs are masterpieces of clarity, exemplifying how invariant assertions can be embedded in comments to make understanding and verifying the programs as simple as possible. Wirth leaves little doubt as to the power of this technique, not merely by disoussing it but by doing it.
Detection of Subtle Aluminum-Related Renal Osteodystrophy

We compared the sensitivity of aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA) or acid solochrome azurine (ASA) for detecting bone aluminum histochemically in 87 biopsy specimens obtained between 1983 and 1987 from 84 patients receiving dialysis therapy. Two consecutive biopsy sections were stained, one with ATA and the other with ASA, and then interpreted independently by two experienced observers. Three groups were established: group 1 (N = 61) had positive results of both ATA and ASA staining, group 2 (N = 25) had negative ATA but positive ASA sections, and group 3 (N = 1) had negative results of both ATA and ASA. No significant differences existed between groups 1 and 2 for age of the patients or serum calcium or immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels. Patients in group 1 had significantly higher bone aluminum content (110 versus 61 μg/g dry ash weight), higher serum aluminum levels (151 versus 26 ng/ml), and longer duration of dialysis (85 versus 30 months) than did patients in group 2. Bone biopsy diagnoses (group 1 versus group 2) included low-turnover bone disease, 8 versus 7; osteomalacia, 26 versus 0; mixed uremic bone disease, 10 versus 1; hyperparathyroidism, 12 versus 14; and mild uremic bone disease, 5 versus 4. On the basis of ATA staining, 7 of 15 patients with low-turnover and 1 of 11 patients with mixed uremic bone disease may have been incorrectly diagnosed as having non-aluminum-related bone disorders. The levels of bone and serum aluminum were lower in group 2 than in group 1 but still much higher than normal. Histochemically detectable deposition of aluminum occurs at lower levels than previously recognized by using the ATA stain. The ASA stain showed aluminum in patients with hyperparathyroid and mild uremic bone disease, which are usually not considered aluminum-related disorders. The fact that aluminum was detectable in the bone of almost all dialysis patients emphasizes the importance of avoiding exposure to aluminum-containing compounds, even early in the course of renal failure.
Real-World Opportunities for Virtual- World Project Management

Virtual worlds provide technology capabilities that could transform education, communication and collaboration, and project management.
A technique for grade placement in elementary science

The author describes one way in which the variable of teacher effectiveness can be handled in an experiment on grade placement, and reports on the effects of “planned instruction” on three types of thinking processes.
The effect of critical care nursing and organizational characteristics on pediatric cardiac surgery mortality in the United States.

Objective This study explored pediatric critical care nursing and organizational factors that impact in-hospital mortality for cardiac surgery patients across children's hospitals in the United States. Background Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect and the no. 1 cause of death for infants with a congenital defect. Little is known about the impact of pediatric critical care nursing and organizational factors on pediatric mortality. Methods Nursing leaders from 38 children's hospitals that contribute data to the Pediatric Health Information System data set completed an organizational assessment for years 2009 and 2010. These data were linked with patient-level data. The Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery method was used to adjust for baseline patient differences in patients younger than 18 years. Results The odds of death increased as the institutional percentage of pediatric critical care unit nurses with 2 years' clinical experience or less increased. The odds of mortality were highest when the percentage of RNs with 2 years' clinical experience or less was 20% or greater. The odds of death decreased as the institutional percentage of critical care nurses with 11 years' clinical experience or more increased and for hospitals participating in national quality metric benchmarking. Clinical experience was independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions These data are the 1st to link clinical nursing experience with pediatric patient outcomes. A cut point of 20% RNs or greater with 2 years' clinical experience or less was determined to significantly affect inpatient mortality. Participation in national quality metric benchmarking programs was significantly associated with improved mortality.
Protein typing of circulating microvesicles allows real-time monitoring of glioblastoma therapy

Glioblastomas shed large quantities of small, membrane-bound microvesicles into the circulation. Although these hold promise as potential biomarkers of therapeutic response, their identification and quantification remain challenging. Here, we describe a highly sensitive and rapid analytical technique for profiling circulating microvesicles directly from blood samples of patients with glioblastoma. Microvesicles, introduced onto a dedicated microfluidic chip, are labeled with target-specific magnetic nanoparticles and detected by a miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance system. Compared with current methods, this integrated system has a much higher detection sensitivity and can differentiate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) microvesicles from nontumor host cell-derived microvesicles. We also show that circulating GBM microvesicles can be used to analyze primary tumor mutations and as a predictive metric of treatment-induced changes. This platform could provide both an early indicator of drug efficacy and a potential molecular stratifier for human clinical trials.
Assessment of Seasonal Changes in Energy Density and Condition in Age-0 and Age-1 Muskellunge

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate seasonal changes in the energy density of age-0 and age-1 muskellunge Esox masquinongy and to compare energy density to various estimates of condition. Three treatment groups of muskellunge were evaluated to determine temporal changes in energy density (J/g wet weight [ww]), water content, condition factor (K TL; K = W/L 3, where W = weight and L = total length in centimeters), and relative weight (Wr .; ratio of actual to “standard” weight) through the first year following hatching. Treatment groups were (1) hatchery (muskellunge reared and maintained in hatchery ponds), (2) stocked (hatchery-reared muskellunge stocked in lakes), and (3) natural (muskellunge naturally produced in lakes). Energy levels and relative condition were compared for fish 4 and 11 months old. Differences in energy density were observed between all three treatment groups. An average overwinter reduction of 494 ± 192 J/g ww in energy density was observed over all treatment grou...