cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic GMP–gated Channels in a Sympathetic Neuron Cell Line

The stimulation of IP3 production by muscarinic agonists causes both intracellular Ca2+ release and activation of a voltage-independent cation current in differentiated N1E-115 cells, a neuroblastoma cell line derived from mouse sympathetic ganglia. Earlier work showed that the membrane current requires an increase in 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) produced through the NO-synthase/guanylyl cyclase cascade and suggested that the cells may express cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels. This was tested using patch clamp methods. The membrane permeable cGMP analogue, 8-br-cGMP, activates Na+ permeable channels in cell attached patches. Single channel currents were recorded in excised patches bathed in symmetrical Na+ solutions. cGMP-dependent single channel activity consists of prolonged bursts of rapid openings and closings that continue without desensitization. The rate of occurrence of bursts as well as the burst length increase with cGMP concentration. The unitary conductance in symmetrical 160 mM Na+ is 47 pS and is independent of voltage in the range -50 to +50 mV. There is no apparent effect of voltage on opening probability. The dose response curve relating cGMP concentration to channel opening probability is fit by the Hill equation assuming an apparent KD of 10 microm and a Hill coefficient of 2. In contrast, cAMP failed to activate the channel at concentrations as high as 100 microm. Cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in N1E-115 cells share a number of properties with CNG channels in sensory receptors. Their presence in neuronal cells provides a mechanism by which activation of the NO/cGMP pathway by G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors can directly modify Ca2+ influx and electrical excitability. In N1E-115 cells, Ca2+ entry by this pathway is necessary to refill the IP3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pool during repeated stimulation and CNG channels may play a similar role in other neurons.
ON THE SPATIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PROTEIN SURFACE AND THE ELECTRON TRANSFER CYCLE IN BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS

—n-Doxylstearic acids are shown to be electron acceptors in reaction centers from R. spheroides R-26 mutant illuminated with 860 nm light. The electron accepting efficiency varies with n, thus with the location of the nitroxide moiety on the stearic acid chain, and is maximum for 12-doxylstearic acid. In this molecule the nitroxide moiety is 1.4 nm from the polar carboxyl carbon based on molecular models. If the nitroxide moiety is located in or near the polar reaction center protein surface, the results suggest that the quinone-iron complex, which is the ultimate electron acceptor from a bacterio-chlorophyll dimer in the reaction center, is located ∼ 1.4 nm from the protein surface. The protein itself is estimated to have a diameter of 5.4 nm assuming spherical symmetry, so it is postulated that the quinone-iron complex is located on one side of the protein.
Incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis

Abstract Background: Focal acantholytic dyskeratosis is a distinctive histologic pattern characterized by (1) suprabasilar clefts around preserved papillae, (2) acantholytic and dyskeratotic cells at all levels of the epidermis, and (3) hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. These histologic changes have been observed as an incidental finding in a variety of skin lesions. Objective: Our purpose was to identify the lesions associated with incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis. Methods: Eight specimens containing incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis were retrospectively evaluated, and the published literature describing lesions with incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis was reviewed. Results: The ages of the eight patients ranged from 29 to 53 years. Incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis was seen in nevi with architectural disorder (four lesions), scars (two lesions), a ruptured follicle (one lesion), and a seborrheic keratosis (one lesion). Incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis was either present in the "clinically normal-appearing" skin adjacent to the lesion (five lesions) or within the lesion (three lesions). Twenty-one additional cases of incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis have previously been reported. Conclusion: Incidental focal acantholytic dyskeratosis has been described in benign and malignant epithelial lesions, fibrohistiocytic lesions, inflammatory lesions, melanocytic lesions, and miscellaneous lesions. This pathologic change was observed either within the actual lesion or in the immediately adjacent epithelium. The cause of this clinically benign, microscopically intriguing condition remains to be determined.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:243-7.)
Considering the Geographic Dispersion of Homeless and Highly Mobile Students and Families

This article addresses school and community-level issues associated with the expanding crisis of student homelessness in the United States. We note that while an increased geographic dispersion of homeless and highly mobile (HHM) families is largely attributed to the widespread effects of the economic recession, it is also furthered by shifting federal policy on the engagement of homelessness. Highlighting the greater Madison, Wisconsin, area, we use geospatial analysis to document the area’s expanding “geographic centers” of HHM families. We then consider how, in these new geographic centers, schools may lack readiness to serve HHM students and HHM families may not have access to vital community-based resources. We conclude by suggesting that research and practice should more purposefully consider school effects and community effects in contexts of homelessness.
LITE-the first spaceborne lidar

The first lidar in Earth orbit was recently flown aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, September 9-20, 1994. The lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) collected 45 hours of 3-wavelength atmospheric backscatter profiles during the 10-day mission. A wide variety of lidar measurements were made, including those of multi-level clouds, tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols, PBL heights, desert aerosols aloft, smoke from biomass burning, and pollution outflows from continents. This paper describes the LITE instrument and its capabilities, the worldwide correlative measurements program, and initial results. >
Molecular control of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Changes in the differentiated state of the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) including enhanced growth responsiveness, altered lipid metabolism, and increased matrix production are known to play a key role in development of atherosclerotic disease. As such, there has been extensive interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms and factors that regulate differentiation of vascular SMC, and how this regulation might be disrupted in vascular disease. Key questions include determination of mechanisms that control the coordinate expression of genes required for the differentiated function of the smooth muscle cell, and determination as to how these regulatory processes are influenced by local environmental cues known to be important to control of smooth muscle differentiation. Of particular interest, a number of common cis regulatory elements including highly conserved CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] motifs or CArG-like motifs and a TGF beta control element have been identified in the promoters of virtually all smooth muscle differentiation marker genes characterized to date including smooth muscle alpha-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, telokin, and SM22 alpha and shown to be required for expression of these genes both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, studies have identified a number of trans factors that interact with these cis elements, and shown how the expression or activity of these factors is modified by local environmental cues such as contractile agonists that are known to influence differentiation of smooth muscle.
Cap-assisted argon plasma coagulation.

Cap-assisted argon plasma coagulation is carried out with a clear cap over the tip of the endoscope. The catheter is then positioned within the cap in such a manner that the tip of the catheter is kept at a reproducible distance from the mucosa (Fig. 1). This obviates the possibility of direct mucosal contact and the resulting direct thermal injury. It also allows for a very precise delivery of current to the target tissues by maintaining the position of the endoscope tip and catheter tip relative to the intended treatment area, maintaining luminal patency, and controlling the local gas dynamics of the argon. This technique does not appear to be widely used and has not been described in the medical literature, to our knowledge, but we suspect that some endoscopists may find it helpful. Video 1 (available online at www. giejournal.org) demonstrates this technique by use of a single-use, soft, straight cap (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) to ablate radiation proctopathy in a symptomatic 68year-old man.
Broadscale variability in tree data of the historical Public Land Survey and its consequences for ecological studies

Historical records provide valuable information on the prior conditions of ecological systems and species distribution, especially in the context of growing environmental change. However, historical records may have associated bias and error because their original purpose may not have been for scientific use. The Public Land Survey (PLS) of the U.S. General Land Office (GLO) conducted from the late 1700s to the early 1900s has been widely used to characterize historical vegetation in the United States prior to major Euro-American settlements. Studies have shown that variability and bias exist in the data. However, these studies have not typically encompassed a region large enough to adequately assess this variability across diverse landscapes, nor attempted to distinguish potential ecological significance from statistical differences. Here we do this by analyzing variability in PLS data across all of northern Wisconsin, USA, a 75 000-km 2 landscape. We found ecologically significant differences among survey point types for tree species, size, and the distance to survey points. Both corner and line trees show some level of bias for species and size, but corner trees are likely the best sample. Although statistical tests show significant differences in species composition, tree size, and distance by tree sequence and location, the differences in species composition and tree size are not ecologically significant. The species differences are probably caused by fine-scale variability in the forest communities. The value of the PLS data remains high; choice of spatial extent, methods of analyses, and bias significance need to be evaluated according to variables of interest and project purpose.
VEGF-Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays an important role in multiple physiologic and pathologic processes involving endothelial cells. Several preclinical and clinical sources of evidence suggest its importance in human breast cancer. Based on the presumed biologic relevance of VEGF in human breast cancer, clinical trials using agents targeting VEGF were launched beginning in the late 1990s. This clinical trial effort came to fruition in 2005 with the success of the first large, prospective randomized trial of anti-VEGF therapy in patients with front-line metastatic breast cancer, which demonstrated the benefit of adding the monoclonal anti-ligand antibody bevacizumab to the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel. Based upon this success, numerous anti-VEGF agents are now being tested in patients with breast cancer, and adjuvant therapy trials are in development. Nevertheless, important questions remain regarding the biology and clinical development of these agents in breast cancer.
Modeling multiple input switching of CMOS gates in DSM technology using HDMR

Continuing scaling of CMOS technology has allowed aggressive pursuant of increased clock rate in DSM chips. The ever shorter clock period has made switching times of different inputs on a logic gate ever closer to each other. The traditional method of static timing analysis assuming single input switching is no longer adequate enough to capture gate level delays accurately. Gate delay models considering multiple input switching are needed for DSM chips. We propose a new method of systematically modeling gate delays using the high dimensional model representation (HDMR) method. The proposed method models gate delays with respect to the relative signal arrival times (RSAT) of its inputs. The systematic nature of the proposed algorithm allows gate delay characterization with more inputs switching close to each other. This paper will show, for the first time, gate delay models of up to 5 inputs. In addition, the proposed model is extended to allow the input signal slope and process variations to be taken into account for statistical static timing analysis. Our results show that the proposed HDMR model gives an error between 2.2% to 12.9% for a variety of static and dynamic logic gates as compared to SPICE results, depending on the number of inputs involved in switching.
Antecedent Hypercortisolemia Is Not Primarily Responsible for Generating Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure

Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) occurs commonly in patients with longstanding diabetes, placing affected patients at increased risk for severe hypoglycemia. Previous studies have suggested that hypoglycemia-induced hypercortisolemia may be responsible for blunting subsequent sympathoadrenal responses to hypoglycemia; however, this view remains highly controversial. In this work, we sought to better define the role of antecedent hypercortisolemia in generating HAAF, using two complimentary experimental models in nondiabetic human subjects: [1][1]) antecedent hydrocortisone infusions (simulating physiologic cortisol responses to hypoglycemia) and [2][2] ) antecedent hypoglycemia, with and without concurrent blockade of endogenous cortisol production using oral metyrapone. Our results showed no effect of antecedent hypercortisolemia on epinephrine responses to subsequent hypoglycemia (area under the curve/time 280 ± 53 vs. 337 ± 57 pg/ml, P = 0.16). Of particular importance, selective blockade of endogenous cortisol production during antecedent hypoglycemia had no effect on subsequent counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Compared with epinephrine responses following antecedent euglycemia (area under the curve/time 312 ± 38 pg/ml), epinephrine responses were comparably blunted following antecedent hypoglycemia, regardless of whether concurrent metyrapone blockade was employed (198 ± 28 vs. 192 ± 28 pg/ml, P = NS). Similar results were obtained for glucagon and ACTH levels. Considered together, these observations provide strong evidence that hypoglycemia-induced hypercortisolemia is not primarily responsible for the generation of HAAF. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2
Equivalence between Approximate Dynamic Inversion and Proportional-Integral control

Approximate dynamic inversion is a method applicable to control of minimum phase, nonaffine-in-control systems. We show that if all the system states are available for feedback, the approximate dynamic Inversion controller can be realized as a linear Proportional-Integral model reference controller without knowledge of the nonlinear system beyond the sign of the control effectiveness, and without any approximations. Similarities with earlier work on high-gain feedback and variable structure control of affine-in-control nonlinear systems are highlighted, which suggests a possible link between approximate dynamic Inversion and variable structure control for nonaffine-in-control systems.
Expression, refolding, and activation of the catalytic domain of human blood coagulation factor XII

Human blood coagulation factor XII (FXII; 80 kDa) contains a C-terminal serine protease zymogen domain, which becomes activated upon contacting a negative surface. Activated FXII (aFXIIa) brings about reciprocal activation of FXII and kallikrein that by further hydrolysis produces the free catalytic domain (bFXIIa; 28 kDa). Increased levels of aFXIIa are associated with coronary heart disease, sepsis, and diabetes. Biophysical investigation of the structural basis of activation, substrate specificity, and regulation of FXII requires an efficient bacterial system for producing the wild-type and mutant recombinant proteins. Here, the cDNA of the zymogen domain of FXII (bFXII) was cloned into the pET-28a(+) vector and the plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) and overexpressed. The multi-disulfide, recombinant protein, His(6)-bFXII (rbFXII), expressed as an inclusion body, was purified by means of a Ni 2þ -charged resin. The matrix-bound rbFXII was subjected to refolding with the glutathione redox system and activated by the in vivo activator, kallikrein. The active form, rbFXIIa, obtained in milligram quantities, exhibited similar structural and comparable functional properties relative to human bFXIIa, as indicated by circular dichroism spectroscopy and kinetics of substrate hydrolysis. Thermodynamics of enzyme:inhibitor complex formation, including the expected 1:1 stoichiometry, was determined for rbFXIIa by isothermal calorimetric titration with a specific recombinant protein inhibitor, Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor-V (rCMTI-V; 7 kDa). 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Affine-feedback stabilization of piecewise-linear hypersurface systems

We address the problem of feedback stabilization by affine control of piecewise-linear (hypersurface) systems, which are defined as control systems that are subject to affine dynamics on each of the components of a finite polyhedral partition. The results relate the concepts of stabilizability and controllability for the above systems.
Caregiving and Care Sharing: A Life Course Perspective, by Roberta R. Greene and Nancy P. Kropf

As providers of care, social workers historically have worked with clients who are connected to larger systems in their communities, their social support system, and in their families. With 39.8 mi...
The terpenoids of an ancestral/advanced species pair of Juniperus

Abstract The composition of the volatile oil of Juniperus saltillensis Hall is compared to that of J. ashei Buch., a presumed derived descendant of J. saltillensis. The ancestral species (J. saltillensis) contained 13 compounds not found in the derived species (J. ashei). The derived species' oil was essentially a subset of the ancestral oil with only three components being unique to J. ashei. This presents a possible case of evolutionary advancement by specialization and simplification.
The use of analysis of variance in estimating reliability of isometric elbow flexion strength.

Abstract Thirty-six male college students served as subjects in a study to determine the reliability of isometric strength assessment of the right elbow flexor muscles by means of an intraclass correlation technique and to estimate reliability one might obtain under similar conditions with different combinations of days and trials. An analysis of variance treatment by subjects design was used to obtain the estimates of error necessary for calculation of the estimate of reliability. Some consideration was given to the effect of degrees of freedom on negative estimates of variance.
Managing Child Behavior Problems in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Utilizing Structural and Solution Focused Therapy With Primary Caregivers

abstractPrevious therapeutic models for modifying and managing problem behaviors in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder have, typically, focused on working directly with the diagnosed child. The exclusion of other family member involvement in treatment displayed a need for creating a systemic model for managing children's problem behaviors. This model proposes Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) and Structural Family Therapy (SFT) with a focus on the caregivers of children with ASDs to reduce parental stress, increase parental self-efficacy, and ultimately begin to manage child behavior problems.
Urinary Peptides Method for Assay

A simple method for the assay of urinary peptides has been presented. This method involves the reaction of a biuret reagent on a tungsticacid filtrate of Permutit-treated urine. Some possible interfering substances have been investigated and the precision of the method has been determined. Using this procedure, normal values have been assessed for adults on 24-hour urine collections.
Long Follow-Up of Radiosurgery for Brainstem Cavernoma.

Background There is a relative paucity of long-term follow-up of treatment of brainstem cavernous angiomas. This has led to uncertainty and a lack of consensus regarding optimum therapy, especially radiosurgery. Methods Report of a single case with a 24-year follow-up. Results This patient was minimally symptomatic before her radiosurgery procedure. She developed an acute complication, from which she incompletely recovered. Two decades later she has become more symptomatic, with new deficits, and magnetic resonance imagings disclose progressive brainstem atrophy. Conclusions Long-term follow-up of patients treated with radiosurgery is important.
Does Age Matter? Association Between Usual Source of Care and Hypertension Control in the US Population: Data From NHANES 2007-2012.

Author(s): Dinkler, John M; Sugar, Catherine A; Escarce, Jose J; Ong, Michael K; Mangione, Carol M | Abstract: BackgroundThe positive role of having a usual source of care (USOC) on the receipt of preventative services is known. However, associations between USOC and hypertension control and the differential association across age groups is unknown in the US population.MethodsWe used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2012. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between having a USOC and hypertension control. The differential effect of USOC on hypertension control by age was assessed using predicted marginal effects across age groups in the multivariable logistic model.ResultsIn adjusted analyses, those with a USOC had higher odds of hypertension control (odds ratio = 3.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.15-6.98). The marginal effect of having a USOC is associated with a 30 percentage point higher probability of controlled blood pressure compared to those without a USOC (marginal probability = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19-0.41). The marginal effect of USOC on hypertension control varied by age groups, with a statistically significantly lower marginal effect of USOC on hypertension seen among those older than 74 years of age (marginal probability = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.18-0.36) and younger than 35 years of age (marginal probability = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.33).ConclusionHaving a USOC is significantly associated with improved hypertension control in the US population. The variation in the association across age groups has important implications in targeting age-specific antihypertensive strategies to reduce the burden of hypertension in the US population.
A computational study of active control of compressor flow instabilities in turbine engines using fuel flow control

Studies on active control of rotating stall and surge with global iictuators in turbine engine9 have rriostly focused on the use of throttle and/or bleed valves. The use of fuel modulations for rotating stall and surge control has so far received very limited attention With the advancements in gas turbine eqjines, the prospect for fast fuel actuators for control d combustion instabilities in lean burning combustors is becoming increasingly apparent. This in turn opens up the opportunity to couple the compressor control into the fuel actuator authority. This paper presents the derivation of a simplifkd model that includes the efkzts of fuel burning on the compressor flow dynamics. The model is then used to synthesize a controller for control of surge and rotating stall, which utilizes a fuel flow valve as an actuator. The efktivencss of the controller is demon&a&xl through simulations. Nomenclature 2, A Rotating stall amplitude B Dimensionless peed parameter 2 Speed of sound, ambient conditions Specisc heat at constant pressure G Specific heat at constant volume G Total mass in the plenum fi Enthalpy addition rate KT*,KT Throttle coeflicient L Compressor duct length ml Compressor duct flow parameter ?h P Pa AP 8 R % S T T. Tllk Ma99 flow Ambient pressure -rise Rate of heat added to the plenum Ga9constant Rotor tip radius Ductarea Temperature Ambient tempemture Spatially averaged temperature in the plenum Rotor tip speed Velocity Volume Nondimensional average axial flow velocity Plenum pressure rise, nondimensional Angular position Adiabatic coefficient Compressor lag parameter Density Ambient density Nondimensional time Compressor chamcteristic Perturbation of () about its equilibrium value Subscripts and Superscripts: in out Pl Nondimensional At the entrance to the plenum At the exit from the plenum In the plenum ’ Copyright
Revisiting Digital Sampling Rhetorics with an Ethics of Care

Abstract Rhetoric and composition studies have conceptualized and defined digital sampling as a method of composition in many ways and for various pedagogical purposes: from a means of free-play invention that is critical of more formalistic writing practices to a semiotic strategy rooted in African American rhetorical traditions designed to effect political change. The latter view is critical of the former in that the former does not account for student digital sampling projects that unquestioningly appropriate from other people and communities. This is a real pedagogical problem, but students can create unethical and hurtful digital sampling projects, no matter the assignment prompt. To supplement such free-play invention strategies and anticipate problematic student projects, this essay suggests to view digital sampling through a rhetorical ethics of care perspective and offers a pedagogical heuristic for ethical in(ter)vention through the concept of vulnerability. Considering digital sampling through a heuristic of vulnerability entails a questioning of all sampling practices as potential acts of wounding or caring in the hopes of helping students develop into more sophisticated rhetors capable of producing nuanced compositions and engaging with ethical issues of digital media.
Low-Dose Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Suppresses HIF-1α and Snail Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells In Vitro.

The aggressiveness of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), represents a major challenge in breast cancer. Migratory and self-renewal capabilities are integral components of invasion, metastasis and recurrence of TNBC. Elevated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression is associated with aggressiveness of cancer. Nonetheless, how HIF-1α expression is regulated and how HIF-1α induces aggressive phenotype are not completely understood in TNBC. The cytotoxic effects of farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors (FTIs) have been studied in cancer and leukemia cells. In contrast, the effect of FTIs on HIF-1α expression has not yet been studied. Here, we show that clinically relevant low-dose FTI, tipifarnib (300 nM), decreased HIF-1α expression, migration and tumorsphere formation in human MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells under a normoxic condition. In contrast, the low-dose FTIs did not inhibit cell growth and activity of the Ras pathway in MDA-MB 231 cells. Tipifarnib-induced decrease in HIF-1α expression was associated with amelioration of the Warburg effect, hypermetabolic state, increases in Snail expression and ATP release, and suppressed E-cadherin expression, major contributors to invasion, metastasis and recurrence of TBNC. These data suggest that FTIs may be capable of ameliorating the aggressive phenotype of TNBC by suppressing the HIF-1α-Snail pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 192-201, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research on Polycrystalline YIG-tuned Filters

When the working frequency is lower than 6GHz,the instantaneous bandwidth of single crystal YIG tuned filters can hardly be larger than 200MHz.Choosing polycrystalline YIG spheres as harmonic oscillator,and using loop coupling structure,and referring to the theories and technologies of designing single crystal YIG-tuned filter,polycrystalline YIG-tuned filter was designed and fabricated.Practical properties of 3dB bandwidth of larger than 150MHz and loss of less than 6dB in frequency range of 2-4GHz were obtained for developed polycrystalline YIG-tuned filter,showing the feasibility of polycrystalline YIG-tuned filter.
Epidemiological analysis of distribution of population confirming HIV antibody positive in Xi′an from 2010 to 2012

Objective To analyze the distribution of population confirming HIV antibody positive and their trend from 2010 to 2012 in Xi′an, and provide evidence for the formulation of strategies for HIV / AIDS prevention and control. Methods The laboratory antibody detection data from 2010 to 2012 in Xi′an was analyzed and compared, in order to discover epidemiological characteristics underlying these laboratory data. Results Confirmed positive samples increased because of the increase in the number of people monitored. 372, 643 and 808 positive cases were detected from 2010 to 2012, respectively. Males accounted for 90.0 %, and females 10.0%. The highest rates were found in men who have sex with men(MSM) and non-marital homosexual transmission group, 45.4% and 34.0%, respectively. MSM′s proportion of HIV positive people increased from 32.5% to 49.6%,(trend test, P0.01), and MSM ages were in 15~45,with college and above education level accounted for 47.5% among the total MSM positive people. In the past three years, the ratio of non-marital homosexual transmission group infected HIV positive were 28.5%, 31.7%, and 38.3%, respectively, showing significant difference(P0.01). However, the positive ratio of injecting drug-users, the blood transfusion / blood products and the mother-infant transmission had declined year by year; less than 15-year-old infected people were found to be transmitted by mother-infant transmission. Conclusion The HIV infected cases of Xi′an increased in the past three years, the constitute and the changes were different in different categories among HIV positive populations. Therefore, disease control departments should formulate a series of reasonable and effective prevention strategies according to the distribution characteristic of people with confirmed positive of HIV antibody.
An innovative child psychiatry training program using a family-based model for at-risk military families

Introduction Few child psychiatrists are well trained in family-based interventions for military families who experience significant trauma, intergenerational posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, depression and high rates of suicide (Ramsawh et al., 2014). The innovative VA/UCLA/LACDMH Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Training program, sponsored jointly by the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA) and the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (LAC DMH), will address unmet needs of at-risk military families using a family-focused model also applicable to other families exposed to trauma. Objectives To present the curriculum of the VA/UCLA/LACDMH training program and details of the collaboration between the LA VA and LAC DMH. Aims To highlight how innovative child psychiatry training programs can be developed through creative institutional collaborations. Methods The VA/UCLA/LACDMH program family-based model and FOCUS (Lester et al., 2011) intervention were structured to meet regulatory standards of child psychiatry training programs. Results A specialized family-based child training program was created to meet the needs of at-risk military families while providing rigorous child and adolescent psychiatry training. Components Early Intervention Family Clinic for At-Risk Children provides family psychoeducation, and identifies children and adolescents at risk. Focus An evidence-based early intervention for at-risk military families to enhance resilience and mitigate stress through improved coping, increased problem solving, and effective communication. Conclusions A successful collaboration between the LA VA and LAC DMH can lead to an innovative family-based child psychiatry training program.
First‐in‐human robotic percutaneous coronary intervention for unprotected left main stenosis

The safety and feasibility of robotically-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for simple coronary lesions has been demonstrated. The CorPath robotic system (Corpath 200, Corindus, Waltham, MA) consists of a robotic arm mounted on the cardiac catheterization table that consists of a drive housing a single-use sterile cassette, which is connected to the guiding catheter. While sitting in the nonsterile, radiation-shielded cockpit, the operator remotely controls delivery and removal of coronary guidewires, angioplasty balloons, and stents. The database for the ongoing PRECISION registry was queried at a single center and results of unprotected left main robotic PCI procedures are reported. Of 102 robotic PCI procedures performed at this center, 6 were unprotected left main lesions (age 69 ± 14 years; 67% male). All 6 subjects underwent successful PCI (fluoroscopy time 26.8 ± 11.4 min;1.8 stents and 2.2 vessels treated/patient) with three requiring hemodynamic support (two with percutaneous left ventricular assistance using the Impella 2.5 (Abiomed, Danvers, MA) and one with intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation). This report demonstrates the feasibility of performing robotically assisted unprotected left main PCI with or without hemodynamic support. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dangerous Entrapment for NRF2

Progerin, a mutated lamin A, causes the severe premature-aging syndrome Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (HGPS). Kubben et al. present a driving mechanism for HGPS involving trapping of NRF2 at the nuclear periphery by progerin. This local restriction results in impaired NRF2 signaling and chronic oxidative stress.
Morality, ethics, and law: introductory concepts.

The purpose of this article is to differentiate morality, ethics, and law. Morality refers to a set of deeply held, widely shared, and relatively stable values within a community. Ethics as a philosophical enterprise involves the study of values, and the justification for right and good actions, as represented by the classic works of Aristotle (virtue ethics), Kant (duty-based ethics), and Bentham and Mill (utilitarian and consequentialist ethics). Applied ethics, in contrast, is the use of ethics principles (e.g., respect for autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence, justice) in actual situations, such as in professional and clinical life. Finally, law is comprised of concrete duties established by governments that are necessary for maintaining social order and resolving disputes, as well as for distributing social resources according to what people need or deserve.
HIV stigma trends in the general population during antiretroviral treatment expansion: analysis of 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2003-2013.

BACKGROUND HIV-related stigma is associated with increased risk-taking behavior, reduced uptake of HIV testing, and decreased adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although ART scale-up may reduce HIV-related stigma, the extent to which levels of stigma in the general population have changed during the era of ART scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown. METHODS Social distance and anticipated stigma were operationalized using standard HIV-related stigma questions contained in the Demographic and Health Surveys and AIDS Indicator Surveys of 31 African countries between 2003 and 2013. We fitted multivariable linear regression models with cluster-correlated robust standard errors and country fixed effects, specifying social distance or anticipated stigma as the dependent variable and year as the primary explanatory variable of interest. RESULTS We estimated a statistically significant negative association between year and desires for social distance (b = -0.020; P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval: -0.026 to -0.015) but a statistically significant positive association between year and anticipated stigma (b = 0.023; P < 0.001; 95% confidence interval: 0.018 to 0.027). In analyses stratified by HIV prevalence above or below the sample median, declines in social distancing over time were more pronounced among countries with a higher HIV prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Concomitant with ART scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa, anticipated stigma in the general population increased despite a decrease in social distancing toward people living with HIV. Although ART scale-up may help reduce social distancing toward people living with HIV, particularly in high-prevalence countries, other interventions targeting symbolic or instrumental concerns about HIV may be needed.
Efficient Markets Hypothesis

The efficient markets hypothesis suggests that available information is quickly reflected in prices, making it difficult to consistently make abnormal profits based on information that is also available to other investors. Weak-form efficiency is when prices fully reflect historical price and volume information. A market is said to be semi-strong form efficient when prices fully reflect all publicly available information. If prices fully reflect all public and private information, it is strong-form efficient. Keywords: information; efficiency; excess return; technical analysis; market; price
Exploring the Applicability of Group Threat Theory in Respect of Majority Group Support for Punitive Criminal Justice Policy in the Context of Large-Scale Immigration in the United States and Germany

Over the last 30–40 years, an increasingly negative discourse around the desirability and consequences of large-scale immigration has developed in the United States and many countries of Western Europe. Over the same period, popular attitudes have become more punitive on both sides of the Atlantic.
Design strategy for terahertz quantum dot cascade lasers

The development of quantum dot cascade lasers has been proposed as a path to obtain terahertz semiconductor lasers that operate at room temperature. The expected benefit is due to the suppression of nonradiative electron-phonon scattering and reduced dephasing that accompanies discretization of the electronic energy spectrum. We present numerical modeling which predicts that simple scaling of conventional quantum well based designs to the quantum dot regime will likely fail due to electrical instability associated with high-field domain formation. A design strategy adapted for terahertz quantum dot cascade lasers is presented which avoids these problems. Counterintuitively, this involves the resonant depopulation of the laser's upper state with the LO-phonon energy. The strategy is tested theoretically using a density matrix model of transport and gain, which predicts sufficient gain for lasing at stable operating points. Finally, the effect of quantum dot size inhomogeneity on the optical lineshape is explored, suggesting that the design concept is robust to a moderate amount of statistical variation.
Minimum Electric Field Exposure for Seizure Induction with Electroconvulsive Therapy and Magnetic Seizure Therapy

Lowering and individualizing the current amplitude in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been proposed as a means to produce stimulation closer to the neural activation threshold and more focal seizure induction, which could potentially reduce cognitive side effects. However, the effect of current amplitude on the electric field (E-field) in the brain has not been previously linked to the current amplitude threshold for seizure induction. We coupled MRI-based E-field models with amplitude titrations of motor threshold (MT) and seizure threshold (ST) in four nonhuman primates (NHPs) to determine the strength, distribution, and focality of stimulation in the brain for four ECT electrode configurations (bilateral, bifrontal, right-unilateral, and frontomedial) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST) with cap coil on vertex. At the amplitude-titrated ST, the stimulated brain subvolume (23-63%) was significantly less than for conventional ECT with high, fixed current (94-99%). The focality of amplitude-titrated right-unilateral ECT (25%) was comparable to cap coil MST (23%), demonstrating that ECT with a low current amplitude and focal electrode placement can induce seizures with E-field as focal as MST, although these electrode and coil configurations affect differently specific brain regions. Individualizing the current amplitude reduced interindividual variation in the stimulation focality by 40-53% for ECT and 26% for MST, supporting amplitude individualization as a means of dosing especially for ECT. There was an overall significant correlation between the measured amplitude-titrated ST and the prediction of the E-field models, supporting a potential role of these models in dosing of ECT and MST. These findings may guide the development of seizure therapy dosing paradigms with improved risk/benefit ratio.
The structure of Zika virus NS5 reveals a conserved domain conformation

The recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) has imposed a serious threat to public health. Here we report the crystal structure of the ZIKV NS5 protein in complex with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, in which the tandem methyltransferase (MTase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains stack into one of the two alternative conformations of flavivirus NS5 proteins. The activity of this NS5 protein is verified through a de novo RdRp assay on a subgenomic ZIKV RNA template. Importantly, our structural analysis leads to the identification of a potential drug-binding site of ZIKV NS5, which might facilitate the development of novel antivirals for ZIKV.
Racial Differences in Neurocognitive Outcomes Post-Stroke: The Impact of Healthcare Variables.

Objectives: The present study examined differences in neurocognitive outcomes among non-Hispanic Black and White stroke survivors using the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB), and investigated the roles of healthcare variables in explaining racial differences in neurocognitive outcomes post-stroke. Methods: One-hundred seventy adults (91 Black; 79 White), who participated in a multisite study were included (age: M=56.4; SD=12.6; education: M=13.7; SD=2.5; 50% male; years post-stroke: 1–18; stroke type: 72% ischemic, 28% hemorrhagic). Neurocognitive function was assessed with the NIHTB-CB, using demographically corrected norms. Participants completed measures of socio-demographic characteristics, health literacy, and healthcare use and access. Stroke severity was assessed with the Modified Rankin Scale. Results: An independent samples t test indicated Blacks showed more neurocognitive impairment (NIHTB-CB Fluid Composite T-score: M=37.63; SD=11.67) than Whites (Fluid T-score: M=42.59, SD=11.54; p=.006). This difference remained significant after adjusting for reading level (NIHTB-CB Oral Reading), and when stratified by stroke severity. Blacks also scored lower on health literacy, reported differences in insurance type, and reported decreased confidence in the doctors treating them. Multivariable models adjusting for reading level and injury severity showed that health literacy and insurance type were statistically significant predictors of the Fluid cognitive composite (p<.001 and p=.02, respectively) and significantly mediated racial differences on neurocognitive impairment. Conclusions: We replicated prior work showing that Blacks are at increased risk for poorer neurocognitive outcomes post-stroke than Whites. Health literacy and insurance type might be important modifiable factors influencing these differences. (JINS, 2017, 23, 640–652)
The angel and the devil on your shoulder: friends mitigate and exacerbate 21st birthday alcohol-related consequences

Twenty-first birthdays are associated with heavier drinking and more negative consequences than any other high-risk drinking event. Friends are the strongest social influence on young adult drinking; however, previous research on college students' drinking has often only examined individuals' perceptions of "friends" generally. Unfortunately, this may obscure the positive influence of some friends and the negative influence of others. Using data drawn from a larger intervention study aimed at reducing 21st birthday drinking, this research examined how specific friends (N = 166) who were present at 21st birthday celebrations may have exacerbated or mitigated celebrants' (N = 166) experience of alcohol-related consequences, as well as how characteristics of that friendship moderate these effects. Controlling for sex, alcohol consumption, and friend prointoxication intentions for the celebrants' 21st birthday drinking, higher friend prosafety/support intentions predicted the celebrants experiencing fewer alcohol-related consequences. Higher prosafety/support intentions also buffered participants from the negative influence of friend prointoxication intentions. Furthermore, the closeness of the friendship moderated this effect. At high levels of closeness, having a friend with lower prosafety/support intentions was associated with more alcohol-related consequences for the celebrant. Post hoc analyses revealed that this effect may have been driven by discrepancies between celebrants' and friends' reports of friendship closeness; celebrants' perception of closeness that was higher than the friends' perception was associated with the celebrant experiencing more alcohol-related consequences. Results demonstrate the ways that specific friends can both mitigate and exacerbate 21st birthday alcohol-related consequences. The implications of the present findings for incorporating specific friends into drinking-related interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Atrial arrhythmia prevalence and characteristics for human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons and matched uninfected controls.

Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected (HIV+) persons have elevated risks for various manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD). No studies to our knowledge have compared atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) prevalence and associated characteristics for HIV+ persons and matched uninfected controls. Methods and findings Persons with diagnoses of HIV receiving care at a large urban academic medical center were frequency-matched 1:2 on age, sex, race, zip code, and clinic location with uninfected persons. Possible AF/AFL was screened for using administrative codes and diagnoses of AF/AFL were subsequently adjudicated using electrocardiography and physician notes; adjudication was performed given the inconsistent validity of administrative code-derived AF diagnoses found in previous studies. There were 101 confirmed AF/AFL cases (2.00%) among 5,052 HIV+ patients and 159 confirmed AF/AFL cases (1.57%) among 10,121 uninfected controls [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.99–1.64; p = 0.056]. The association between HIV serostatus and AF/AFL was attenuated after adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors. Among HIV+ persons, nadir CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/mm3 was associated with approximately twofold elevated odds of AF/AFL even after adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors (Multivariable-adjusted OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.21–3.25). There was no significant association between log10 of peak HIV viral load and AF/AFL (Multivariable-adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86–1.24). Older age, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with similarly elevated odds of AF/AFL for HIV+ persons and uninfected controls. Conclusion HIV-related immunosuppression (nadir CD4 T cell count <200 cells/mm3) and traditional CVD risk factors are associated with significantly elevated odds of AF/AFL among HIV+ persons. Although atrial fibrillation and flutter was more common among HIV+ versus uninfected persons in this cohort, this difference was attenuated by adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors.