cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navel Orangeworm: a Pest of Pistachio Nuts in California

The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), has become the primary insect pest of pistachio nuts, Pistacia vera L., in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Damage to pistachio nut meats is similar to that caused by navel orangeworm to almonds and walnuts, but it is more difficult to detect during processing operations prior to marketing. Experimental insecticides applied to nuts during the early hullsplit period reduced larval infestations by 55–78%. Control of navel orangeworm in pistachios appears feasible by combining orchard sanitation, preharvest insecticide sprays, and early harvest into a seasonal pest management program similar to that practiced in almonds.
What does atlas really tell us about “High” dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in heart failure?

The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival (ATLAS) results have been widely quoted by proponents advocating the use of "high" doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. In ATLAS, however, the relative benefits of "high" versus "low" dose ACE inhibition were small. Intermediate doses of ACE inhibitors proven effective in previous placebo-controlled trials provide benefit that appears likely to equal or exceed the benefit from "high" dose ACE inhibition. Therefore, we recommend that physicians continue to prescribe ACE inhibitors for patients with heart failure based on the target doses used in the placebo-controlled trials and not on the "high" dose target used in ATLAS.
Fibroblast cell proliferation on charged hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers

Abstract Two fibroblastic cell lines, 3T3 and 3T12, were grown on hydrophilic hydrogel substrates containing various amounts of positive or negative charge. The materials were copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), N,N -dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (DMAEMA-HCl), or trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate chloride (TMAEMA-Cl). The samples were prepared as spun cast films on ultraclean glass microscope slides. The cells were grown in 10% fetal bovine serum supplemented Dulbecco's modified medium (DMM). Both cell lines survived and proliferated on the positively charged DMAEMA-HCl or TMAEMA-Cl copolymers with HEMA. Cells did not survive on the negative MAA-HEMA copolymers nor on the neutral HEMA homopolymers. Proliferation did not correlate with water content of the gel materials. Attachment as well as proliferation did correlate well with zeta potential and mole percentage positive charge as determined by bulk titration data.
An intelligent information system for an automated, integrated manufacturing system

Abstract The recent years of manufacturing research have been governed by the trend toward integration of automation islands into large computerized systems and the increasing application of artificial intelligence. For the information management of these manufacturing environments, this means increasing amounts of data to manage, higher complexity of operations on these data, higher number of requests and a need for significantly higher reliability and availability. The presented model for an active and highly efficient information system targets the problems that arise from these trends. A distributed system of cooperating, consistent, knowledge base sites is proposed that uses a semi-intelligent mechanism to predict the user processes in timing and data needs, to plan and schedule the operation of the site and to prepare the data before the retrieval request arrives. The prepared information is stored in object frames, ready for quick access by the user. The test runs of a prototype software exhibit the feasibility of the proposed model and show the potential for high efficiency, reliability, availability and correct performance.
Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: Precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences, and measurement.

This paper reviews and critiques the growing literature on the distinction between reactive and proactive aggression in children and adolescents. Empirical findings suggest that the subtypes of aggression are (a) preceded by different familial precursors, (b) associated with different behavioral outcomes, (c) driven by different social-cognitive and emotional processes, and (d) related to different social experiences. Because measurement difficulties have been a prominent concern in the study of reactive and proactive aggression, a discussion of various assessment approaches is included. Suggestions are made for future research directions, including a greater use of observational and laboratory-based methods, more longitudinal designs, and a greater focus on the careful assessment of the subtypes of aggression.
Effect of poverty on urban preschool children’s understanding of conventional time concepts

The purpose of the present study was to compare the understanding of conventional time concepts by urban preschool children reared in poverty with that of their peers not raised in poverty. The questionnaire used in this study was based on the original work of Ames. Thirty‐six children ranging in age from three to five years of age participated in the study. Twelve attended a Head Start program for homeless children, 12 lived in low‐income housing and attended a neighborhood Head Start program, and 12 attended one of three university daycare centers. Each child was interviewed using a questionnaire containing age, calendar, clock, experiential and conceptual time‐related questions. The results of this study revealed that homeless children and children living in poverty who attended Head Start programs possessed less conventional time knowledge than their peers who attended university daycare centers, as well as those children who participated in the original Ames study. These results have important implic...
Temporal trends and metric variation in the mandibles and dentition of Australopithecus afarensis

The Pliocene hominin samples from Hadar and Laetoli are thought to represent one species, Australopithecus afarensis, that exhibits stasis throughout its temporal range and has high levels of skeletal sexual dimorphism. In this paper, we test the hypothesis of stasis in dental and mandibular dimensions using nonparametric rank correlation methods to detect temporal trends and randomization tests to evaluate their statistical significance. We then use two methods (CV resampling; Fligner-Killeen test) to compare overall levels of variation in the fossil sample to those of extant hominoid species. Together, these analyses allow us to gauge the effects of changes through time on variation in mandibles and teeth of A. afarensis.P(3)mesiodistal length, M(3)size, and canine shape change through time but do not appear unusually variable in the sample as a whole. These temporal trends possibly reflect differences between the Laetoli and Hadar site-samples. For mandibles, a pronounced trend towards greater corpus size occurs late in the temporal sequence and contributes to high levels of variation compared to African apes. These results show that significant directional changes do occur in the A. afarensis mandibles and teeth, and in these elements, at least, the species is not static. Temporal variation is clearly an important component of overall variation in the A. afarensis lineage, even though other factors, such as sexual dimorphism, may also play a part.
IMPACT OF SOYBEAN PHENOLOGY ON VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): OVIPOSITION, EGG HATCH, AND ADULT LONGEVITY

Adult females of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, from larvae fed on progressively aged soybean, Glycine max (L.), foliage had variable reproductive characteristics. Mean oviposition rates ranged from 963.4 to 515.0 eggs/female when larvae fed on early vegetative and senescent leaves, respectively. Average daily oviposition peaked ca. 4 days after adult emergence, decreased sharply to day 10, and remained at a low level until adult mortality. Mean daily egg hatch decreased with female age, but female longevity was not affected significantly.
An Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Interacting Asperity Contacts

A three-dimensional elastic-perfectly-plastic finite element model of asperity interaction has been developed. This model consists of two neighboring connecting hemispheres which contact a rigid and flat surface. For two asperities of the same radius and same height, as the approach of the rigid surface is increased, the contact area changes from isolated nearly circular contacts, to a wasp-waist area, and finally to a single nearly elliptical contact region. For asperities of different heights the results can be qualitatively similar to those for equal heights, but also exhibit a shielding effect. Graphs are given of the contact area boundary as a function of the approach, and also of force vs. interference, and contact area vs. interference for various values of asperity tip interferences, and for different asperity height differences.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An accurate determination of the ionization energy of the MgO molecule

Abstract The ionization energy of the MgO(X 1 Σ + , v=0, J=0) molecule, to form the MgO+(X 2 Π 3/2 , v=0, J=3/2) ion, has been determined by two-color photoionization threshold measurements to be 8.0067±0.0009 eV. This value is consistent with, but much more accurate than, earlier experimental and ab initio estimates of 7.9±0.1 eV and 8.09 eV, respectively.
A quasi-coincidence measurement of the polarization of radiation emitted from the 33P state of fast helium atoms populated by He+ −He charge transfer collisions

Abstract The relative circular polarization of photons emitted in the 23S-33P He I transition near 3889 A has been measured. The 33P state of fast He atoms was populated by He+-He charge transfer collisions at 3 keV. Radiation from the fast atoms was collected as a function of scattering angle by selecting scattered atoms with an angle defining aperture. Measurement of the relative circular polarization stokes parameter S I permitted a direct comparison with theoretical predictions of the magnitude of this parameter. The data appear to be in basic agreement with the predictions of this theory, indicating that the quasi-coincidence or impact parameter selection method can be useful and accurate means to study anisotropic excitation.
Requirement for the leukocyte-specific adapter protein SLP-76 for normal T cell development

The leukocyte-specific adapter molecule SLP-76 (Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kilodaltons) is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after receptor ligation in several hematopoietically derived cell types. Mice made deficient for SLP-76 expression contained no peripheral T cells as a result of an early block in thymopoiesis. Macrophage and natural killer cell compartments were intact in SLP-76-deficient mice, despite SLP-76 expression in these lineages in wild-type mice. Thus, the SLP-76 adapter protein is required for normal thymocyte development and plays a crucial role in translating signals mediated by pre-T cell receptors into distal biochemical events.
Prognosis of Asymptomatic Coronary Artery Disease After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

The appropriate treatment for asymptomatic patients with obstructive coronary stenoses is controversial. The effect of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on the prognosis of such patients is unknown. The present study compared the 1-year outcomes of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) with regard to the presence or absence of symptoms after elective PCI. A total of 1,944 consecutive patients with stable CAD who had undergone elective PCI were studied. They were divided into 2 groups according to symptom status: asymptomatic (n = 1,052) and symptomatic (n = 892). A 1-year follow-up evaluation was conducted by office visit and telephone interview. The end points consisted of all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization. Patients without angina pectoris were older, predominantly men, and more frequently had chronic renal insufficiency, a previous myocardial infarction, a coronary artery bypass graft, and a lower left ventricular ejection fraction. The 1-year mortality rate was greater in the asymptomatic patients (43 [4.1%] vs 16 [1.8%], p = 0.003). The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization was similar in the 2 groups (15 [1.5%] vs 12 [1.4%], p = 0.85; and 69 [6.7%] vs 68 [7.7%], p = 0.39, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the absence of symptoms was a strong independent predictor of 1-year mortality (p = 0.017). In conclusion, in patients with stable CAD undergoing elective PCI, the absence of symptoms was associated with an increase in 1-year mortality.
Why do we need to use animal models to study cognition and aging

The article in Neuropsychopharmacology by Solas et al (2010) describes the effects of early stress caused by maternal separation upon cognitive function in adult and aged (18-month-old) rats. The authors argue that the findings may represent proof-of-concept for the use of glucocorticoid or insulin-related drugs in Alzheimer's disease (AD). They used a battery of well-established behavioral tasks, including locomotor behavior, forced swim task (depression test), object recognition task, and Morris water maze in rats. The investigators suggested that neonatal stress may increase age-related cognitive decline and therefore, they argued, it is possible that neonatal exposure to glucocorticoids may have long-term consequences for the rate and degree of cognitive impairment occurring with aging. This would then suggest that drugs that counteract stress hormones may be implicated in the prevention or treatment of severe age-related cognitive disorders such as AD.
Characterization of drilling mud fluid invasion

Abstract A method for the characterization of drilling mud fluid invasion of porous formations was developed. The oil saturation and resistivity profiles are determined as a function of radial distance from the well and time using a finite difference solution of the radial form of the diffusivity equation. The coefficient of dispersion and its variation with respect to time was determined for five sandstones using long cores. The effluent profile of a step increase of injected sodium chloride concentration is analyzed to determine the value of the coefficient. Values reported in the literature for the dependence of the mud filtration rate on time of filtration were used. The method gives a complete analysis of mud filtrate invasion and can be used for improvement of resistivity well log interpretation.
Comparison of microwave black-body target radiometric measurements

Accurate characterization of the brightness temperature (T B ) of black-body targets used for calibrating microwave remote-sensing radiometers includes many inputs: antenna pattern and loss, target temperature, target emissivity, mechanical alignment, and radiometric T B measurements, all of which must be calibrated against physical standards. Here, we describe measurements made using several black-body targets and two different antennas within the WR-42 (18 to 26.5 GHz) waveguide band. Uncertainty estimates are also shown for the retrieved target T B measurements.
Cryogenic Cooling by Noncondensible-Gas Injection.

Temperature control of various cryogenic liquids in the range from their boiling points to near or below their freezing points has been achieved by injecting a noncondensing gas, helium. The process is more easily accomplished than the usual vapor-pumping technique and is applicable in the range from 15° to 300°K. Interesting ice formations were observed in liquid argon.
Cloud Feedback Processes in a General Circulation Model

Abstract The influence of the cloud feedback process upon the sensitivity of climate is investigated by comparing the behavior of two versions of a climate model with predicted and prescribed cloud cover. The model used for this study is a general circulation model of the atmosphere coupled with a mixed layer model of the oceans. The sensitivity of each version of the model is inferred from the equilibrium response of the model to a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. It is found that the cloud feedback process in the present model enhances the sensitivity of the model climate. In response to the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide, cloudiness increases around the tropopause and is reduced in the upper troposphere, thereby raising the height of the cloud layer in the upper troposphere. This rise of the high cloud layer implies a reduction of the temperature of the cloud top and, accordingly, of the upward terrestrial radiation from the top of the model atmosphere. Thus, the hea...
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive metastatic breast cancer

Purpose An update on completed and ongoing clinical trials of ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is presented. Summary Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, Genentech), the first U.S.-approved antibody–drug conjugate for MBC, is indicated for use as a single-agent therapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive MBC who have received prior treatment with unconjugated trastuzumab and a taxane-based regimen. The standard dosage of ado-trastuzumab is 3.6 mg/kg i.v. every three weeks. In completed Phase II or III clinical trials, ado-trastuzumab was found to confer significant survival and quality-of-life benefits. The largest of those trials (the EMILIA study, n = 991) showed that ado-trastuzumab was superior to a regimen of lapatinib plus capecitabine in terms of progression-free survival (9.6 months versus 6.4 months, p < 0.001) and overall survival (30.9 months versus 25.1 months, p < 0.001); it also had a more favorable tolerability profile, with lower rates of treatment-limiting adverse effects. The most common adverse effects of ado-trastuzumab are thrombocytopenia (reported in about 12% of clinical trial participants overall) and increased transaminase levels. Two ongoing Phase III trials—the TH3RESA study (slated for completion in June 2015) and the MARIANNE study (estimated completion in 2016)—may help determine the optimal role of ado-trastuzumab relative to other HER2-targeted agents and its potential use as a front-line therapy for both heavily pretreated and treatment-naive patients with MBC. Conclusion With a novel targeted mechanism of action, ado-trastuzumab is an effective treatment option for HER2-positive MBC in previously treated patient populations.
Evidence that Ethanol Induces Prolactin Secretion in GH4C1 Cells by Producing Cell Swelling with Resultant Calcium Influx

Although acute exposure to ethanol has been reported to affect hormone secretion, the data are sometimes conflicting, and the mechanism of action of ethanol is unclear. We have examined in GH4C1 cells the effect of isotonic ethanol on cell volume measured with a Coulter counter, the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) monitored with fura-2, and PRL secretion analyzed in a perifusion system. Isotonic ethanol caused prompt cell swelling and an explosive rise in both [Ca2+]i and PRL secretion proportional to the concentration of ethanol between 5-120 mM. The increases in both [Ca2+]i and PRL secretion induced by 80 mM isotonic ethanol were essentially abolished by removal of medium Ca2+ or by nifedipine; the nifedipine IC50 was approximately 20 nM. Cell swelling induced by hyposmolarity or isotonic urea similarly increased both [Ca2+]i and PRL secretion. Hypertonic ethanol did not cause cell swelling and was ineffective in inducing an increase in either [Ca2+]i or PRL secretion. These data suggest that in GH4C1 cells a major mechanism by which ethanol stimulates PRL secretion is to induce cell swelling, thus producing enhanced Ca2+ influx through dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels.
Some theoretical considerations on the long‐term stability of polymer concrete composites in reactive environments

In this report, a theoretical examination is made of the life span of polymer concrete (PC) composites in aggressive environments. Using well known physical chemistry laws, in can be shown that the durability of PC is dependent only on the temperature and concentration of the aggressive environment. This dependence can be extremely useful to potential users of PC materials in aggressive environments since the life span of such materials may be predicted with minimum experimental data.
A flexible family of multivariate Pareto distributions

Abstract Mardia proposed an analytically tractable family of multivariate Pareto distributions in 1962. The aesthetic structure of these distributions has limited their applicability. Arnold (1983) catalogued a variety of candidate bivariate Pareto distributions and alluded to corresponding multivariate extensions. The family proposed in the present paper uses multivariate geometric minima of univariate Pareto random variables to generate a flexible family which includes the case of independent marginals, the Mardia family and the Durling-Owen-Drane family as special cases. Suitable transformations yield multivariate logistic distributions. Two possible estimation strategies are discussed and compared via simulation.
Bodies in schizophrenic Rorschach responses.

(1960). Bodies in Schizophrenic Rorschach Responses. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 24, Silver Anniversary Issue, pp. 267-281.
Sustainable tourism for remote atolls in the Pacific

SUMMARY Coral atolls, as visitor destinations, have received little attention in the literature of tourism on mid-oceanic islands. However, the current trend of nature-based tourism, which involves travelling to relatively remote and undisturbed places, makes the atolls a desirable destination. This paper explores ways of how appropriate tourism can be introduced to atoll society within the context of traditional resource uses and the application of intermediate technologies. With the acceptance of a code of ethics for tourist behaviour and technologies aimed at reducing dependency of foreign imports, atoll tourism could become a viable economic alternative to the continued over-exploitation of marine resources.
Modeling the latent dimensions of multivariate signaling datasets.

Cellular signal transduction is coordinated by modifications of many proteins within cells. Protein modifications are not independent, because some are connected through shared signaling cascades and others jointly converge upon common cellular functions. This coupling creates a hidden structure within a signaling network that can point to higher level organizing principles of interest to systems biology. One can identify important covariations within large-scale datasets by using mathematical models that extract latent dimensions—the key structural elements of a measurement set. In this paper, we introduce two principal component-based methods for identifying and interpreting latent dimensions. Principal component analysis provides a starting point for unbiased inspection of the major sources of variation within a dataset. Partial least-squares regression reorients these dimensions toward a specific hypothesis of interest. Both approaches have been used widely in studies of cell signaling, and they should be standard analytical tools once highly multivariate datasets become straightforward to accumulate.
Renal Effects of Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists in Congestive Heart Failure

Renal function is a very important prognostic indicator in patients with congestive heart failure. While some of the prognostic importance of poor renal function is related to the worse physiology associated with it, there are suggestions that the dysfunction itself is detrimental. Recently, it has been shown that adenosine may mediate much kidney activity. In addition to vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory effects, adenosine is intrinsic to the tubuloglomerular feedback which occurs when an acute increase in sodium levels in the proximal tubule feeds back to decrease glomerular filtration. Adenosine works via both adenosine A1 and A2 receptors. A1-receptor antagonists decrease afferent arteriolar pressure, and increase urine flow and sodium excretion. Studies suggest that A1-receptor antagonists cause a diuretic effect not by a change in the renal haemodynamics, but by the inhibition of water and sodium reabsorption in tubular sites secondary to direct tubuloglomerular feedback. Less consistent has been the occasional finding of increased glomerular filtration rate despite the lack of improved renal plasma flow. Clinically important questions are: what role adenosine plays in causing the poor renal function associated with heart failure and what A1-receptor antagonists do in such situations? If an A1-receptor antagonist could cause diuresis while maintaining or improving glomerular filtration, it would be a useful adjunct in the treatment of severe heart failure. We evaluated the effects of the A1-receptor antagonist CVT-124 (BG-9719) in heart failure patients. CVT-124 increased sodium excretion without decreasing glomerular filtration rate. These data suggest that adenosine might be an important determinant of renal function in patients with heart failure.
A molecular study of Mazzaella (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) and morphological investigation of the splendens clade from Pacific North America

Abstract Hughey J.R. and Hommmersand M.H. 2010. A molecular study of Mazzaella (Gigartineaceae, Rhodophyta) and morphological investigation of the splendens clade from Pacific North America. Phycologia 49: 113–135. DOI: 10.2216/08-68.1 The delineation of species of Mazzaella remains problematic because of similarities in thallus shape and color. To better define species boundaries, molecular phylogenetic analyses and developmental studies of Mazzaella were performed on one of the more taxonomically challenging clades, the splendens group (Mazzaella flaccida, Mazzaella linearis, Mazzaella sanguinea and Mazzaella splendens). Using an expanded rbcL data set, internal transcribed spacer sequences, and a combined analysis, six clades were identified: splendens, californica, rosea, cobinae, oregona, and South American/African. Morphological examination of members of the splendens clade identified differences in their cystocarpic and tetrasporangial development and supported the recognition of two subspecies, M....
Importance of lesion length on new device angioplasty of native coronary arteries

The influence of lesion length on early and late outcomes after new device angioplasty has not been well documented. We reviewed the clinical and angiographic outcomes of 2,980 patients (3,902 lesions) undergoing new device angioplasty of native vessels enrolled in the New Approaches to Coronary Interventions (NACI) Registry. Patients were divided into three groups according to the longest lesion length ( 20 mm) treated. Patients with the longest lesions had more multivessel disease (56.9% vs. 49.0%, P < 0.05), right coronary artery disease (52.7% vs. 32.0%, P < 0.001), and total occlusions (19.1% vs. 2.5%, P < 0.001) than patients with shorter lesions. Longest lesions had the smallest minimal lumen diameter (P < 0.001) at baseline and at the end of the procedure. Although in-hospital events were similar, there were differences in clinical outcomes at 1 year due mainly to more target lesion revascularization in the longest lesion group (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that each 1-mm increase in lesion length was associated with an increase relative risk of 1.014 (95% Cl, 1.004-1.025) for target lesion revascularization at 1 year. We conclude that despite similar early clinical events, patients undergoing new device angioplasty of longer lesions have more target lesion revascularization at 1 year.
Mechanism of action of beta-glycerophosphate on bone cell mineralization

Experiments were performed to determine whether β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) promoted mineralization in vitro by modulating bone cell metabolic activity and/or serving as a local source of inorganic phosphate ions (Pi). Using MC3T3-E1, ROS 17/2.8, and chick osteoblast-like cells in the presence of β-GP or Pi, we examined mineral formation, lactate generation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and protein and phospholipid synthesis. Neither β-GP nor Pi modulated any of the major biosynthetic activities of the bone cells. Thus, we found no change in the levels of phospholipids, and the total protein concentration remained constant. Measurement of lactate synthesis showed that β-GP did not effect the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. Evaluation of medium Pi levels clearly indicated that β-GP was hydrolyzed by bone cells; within 24 hours, almost 80% of 10 mM β-GP was hydrolyzed. It is likely that this local increase in medium Pi concentration promoted rapid mineral deposition. Chemical, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared analysis of the mineral formed in the presence of β-GP showed that it was nonapatitic; moreover, mineral particles were also seen in the culture medium itself. Experiments performed with a cell-free system indicated that mineral particles formed spontaneously in the presence of AP and β-GP and were deposited into a collagen matrix. We conclude that medium supplementation with β-GP or Pi should not exceed 2 mM. If this value is exceeded, then there will be nonphysiological mineral deposition in the bone cell culture.
LOCAL IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POLICY

This article is an examination of failures in implementing intergovernmental programs. The programs were failures in the sense that actions to implement programs were delayed far beyond the expected dates of completion. Two such failures in cities implementing two different programs (wastewater management and Section 8 housing programs) are contrasted with one instance of success (in Section 8 housing). If a Sharkansky's discussion of political and policy routines is found to be a useful explanation of the different results. When local government routines must be broken to comply with the goals and objectives of federal programs, local actors will do all they can to resist the federal program. This finding demonstrates the importance of varying local political environments in explaining varying patterns of implementation of federal programs.
On uplink/downlink full-duplex networks

Recent results in wireless full-duplex promise rate gains over the half-duplex counterpart when two nodes exchange messages with each other. However, when multiple full-duplex nodes operate simultaneously, the resulting network has increased internode interference compared to the half-duplex counterpart. The increased internode interference can potentially limit the rate gain achievable due to introduction of full-duplex capability. In this paper, we present new interference management strategies tha handle internode interference for full-duplex enabled network and achieve rate gains over its half-duplex counterpart.
Factors influencing persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus).

Assessing the trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cetaceans is difficult because of age and gender influences on accumulation. Persistent organic pollutants bioaccumulate and are poorly metabolized; hence, concentrations may increase with age in males while females reduce their POP burden through parturition and lactation. Age and gender effects on contaminant concentrations are species specific because of life history and reproductive strategies. These influences must be understood in order to elucidate and assess lifetime POP exposure. The objectives of this study were to determine baseline POP concentrations in blubber samples from the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and to investigate life history and other influences, such as metabolism, on these concentrations. Forty-seven L. acutus blubber samples collected from mass stranding events in Massachusetts, USA (1993–2000), and archived in the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) were analyzed for 55 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCB; 55 congeners), five polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, and organochlorine pesticides (toxaphene, DDT and metabolites, mirex, dieldrin, chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, and endosulfans) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ages for 19 animals were determined from growth layer groups on decalcified, stained thin tooth sections. Total PCBs (ΣPCB; sum of 55 congeners) were the contaminants present in the highest concentrations in all age classes (0.5–63 μg/g wet mass) followed by sum of DDTs (0.50–43 μg/g wet mass), toxaphene (0.055–31 μg/g wet mass), chlordanes (0.30–24 μg/g wet mass), and PBDEs (0.12–4.0 μg/g wet mass). Body length had a greater statistical influence than age on contaminant burdens in L. acutus. Contaminant burdens decreased with length in both male and female L. acutus, suggesting metabolic elimination and/or growth dilution in males and off-loading via lactation in females.
Ekman's basic emotions: Why not love and jealousy?

Paul Ekman's view of the emotions is, we argue, pervasive in psychology and is explicitly shaped to be compatible with evolutionary thinking. Yet, strangely, jealousy and parental love, two emotions that figure prominently in evolutionary psychology, are absent from Ekman's list of the emotions. In this paper we examine why Ekman believes this exclusion is necessary, and what this implies about the limits of his conception of emotion. We propose an alternative way of thinking about emotion that does not exclude jealousy and parental love.
Isolation and characterization of carotenoid hyperproducing mutants of yeast by flow cytometry and cell sorting.

The carotenoid pigment astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione) is an important component in feeds of aquacul-tural animals. It is produced as a secondary metabolite by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma, and the isolation of rare mutants that produce increased quantities is limited by the lack of genetic selections. As a model system for enriching mutants increased in production of secondary metabolites, we have used quantitative flow cytometry/cell sorting (FCCS) to isolate astaxanthin hyperproducing mutants of the yeast. Experimental conditions were developed that gave a quantitative correlation of fluorescence and carotenoid content. In mutated populations, a 10,000-fold enrichment of carotenoid-overpro-ducing yeasts was obtained. Distinctive differences were detected by FCCS in fluorescence and forward scatter values of mutant and wild-type populations of yeasts. Comparison of wild-type and mutant clones by fluorescence confocal laser microscopy showed that the mutants had more intense fluorescence throughout the cell than the wild-type. Quantitative FCCS is a sensitive method to isolate and characterize carotenoid overproducing mutants and should be useful as a general method for the isolation of mutants increased in other fluorescent metabolites.
Vascular disorder in Alzheimer's disease: role in pathogenesis of dementia and therapeutic targets.

Abstract It is not clear whether Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is primarily a neurodegenerative disorder or not. A body of evidence suggests that vascular disorder in brains of individuals with AD contributes to the extremes of this disease. This raises a question whether Alzheimer’s dementia is secondary to vascular dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS) and, therefore, the neurodegeneration that follows is a consequence of inadequate cerebral blood flow, altered brain metabolism and failure in physiological functions of brain endothelium which represents a site at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this paper the evidence for a primary role of the CNS vascular system in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s dementia is reviewed to show how alterations in transport across the BBB contribute to development of cerebral β-amyloidosis in AD. In addition, vascularly-based therapeutic strategies to limit the development of β-amyloidosis and to remove amyloid and plaques from the CNS of AD individuals are discussed.
Heavenly Bodies: Religious Issues in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Eating Disorders

Abstract Minimal attention has been given to the role that religion may play in the development, maintenance, and treatment of eating disorders. Many religions espouse specific doctrines about the nature and purpose of the body as well as prescribe particular body grooming and eating practices. These doctrines and practices influence individuals' schemas and experiences of the body and eating, which can either contribute to or provide protection from eating disorders. This paper describes pathways through which religious beliefs and practices may impact risk for and maintenance of eating disorders. Methods for integrating religious concepts, practices, and resources into standard cognitive-behavioral treatment for eating disorders are discussed, including interventions that address purported religiously oriented contributory and protective factors. Treatment of a religious client with an eating disorder is described to illustrate the incorporation of religiously oriented interventions in practice.
Brownian motion in dynamically disordered media

The motion of Brownian test particles in a model random potential with time dependent correlations is investigated using four methods: renormalized perturbation, perturbation using Martin, Siggia, and Rose functional formalism (MSR), the Edwards variational method on the MSR functional, and renormalization group with the MSR function. The disorder averaged one-particle propagators determined by the renormalized perturbation expansion and MSR perturbation expansion are identical to the second and possibly higher order, and the two-particle propagators determined by these perturbation methods are identical at the first and possibly higher order. The one-particle propagator determined by the Edwards method is identical to the perturbation expansions at the first order, but the second-order analogue of the Edwards method has a more complex expression, which reduces to the second-order perturbation expression with additional higher-order terms. The diffusion constant and two-particle correlations are calculated from these propagators and are used to determine the effects of the random potential on the Brownian particles. Generally, the diffusion rate decreases with the disorder strength and increases with the temporal decay rate. The two competing mechanisms result in an enhancement of the diffusion constant for weak potentials with fast temporal fluctuations. The system exhibits two-particle correlations that are inherently non-Gaussian and indicate clustering behavior. The diffusion constant is also determined from a simple one-loop renormalization group calculation. In the static limit, the diffusion constant calculated by the renormalization group recovers the results of Deem and Chandler [M.W. Deem and D. Chandler, J. Stat. Phys. 76, 911 (1994)].
“A general theory of crime” and patterns of crime in Nigeria: An exploration of methodological assumptions

Abstract The general theory of crime proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) claims to be valid across time and space. That claim is assessed through an analysis of three categories of Nigerian crime — normal, political-economic, and riotous. Logical, empirical, and theoretical shortcomings in the theory are identified and discussed. Factually, many individuals who act imprudently (and criminally) in Nigeria do not seem to fit the low self-control characterization required under the theory. Logically and theoretically, unacknowledged value assumptions built into the theory undermine its claim to universality.
932 MIXED AND OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA IN 3-MONTH-0LD CONTROL AND NEAR MISS FOR SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME INFANTS

Fifteen full term near miss for SIDS (NM) infants and ten normal controls (C) at 3 months of age were polygraphically recorded for 24 hrs. The near miss episode, in which the infant during sleep was found apneic and cyanotic, was reported by the parents. The variables monitored were EEG, EOG, ECG, and EMG. Respiration was studied with abdominal and thoracic strain gauges and nasal thermistors to assess presence of air flow. Apneic episodes were subdivided by type (central, obstructive [0] and mixed [M]) and duration (3-6 sec, 6-10 sec, >10 sec) and relation to sleep state (REM and NREM). The recording was also subdivided into 3 time periods: morning (0600-1200), afternoon (1200-1600) and night (2000-0600) and a similar analysis was performed as for the 24-hr recording. Results: The only significant variable differentiating NM from C infants was M & O events. Data is expressed as a sleep apnea hourly index. NM and C infants were differentiated by M & O sleep apnea during 24-hr and night monitoring but not during day time naps.
Sensitivity improvement in phase-shifted moiré interferometry using 1-D continuous wavelet transform image processing

A method to accurately determine the relative phase between images acquired using phase-shifted moire interferometry is presented. Phase shifting, combined with the accurate determination of the relative phase shift, provides an improvement of the sensitivity of moire interferometry from 0.417 μm/fringe to 27.8 nm/fringe. Specifically, a 1-D continuous wavelet transform technique was developed to effectively reduce the transient environmentally induced noise and the static background noise that complicate phase determination. Using this technique, accurate relative phase shifts of the interferogram frames were determined with an error of ≈2%. As a result, very smooth and accurate phase-map reconstruction of the initially noisy interferogram was accomplished.
Framing Terror: Violence, Social Conflict, and the “War on Terror”

This qualitative study explores the use of the term “war on terror” by the Bush administration, the framing of news stories about terror and terrorism, and the social construction of reality about the war. News transcripts from the ABC, CBS, and NBC network evening newscasts were content analyzed to identify dominant themes from a total of 966 stories in the first 3 years following the 9/11 attack. The findings suggested that terrorism dominated news coverage during the period under study. George W. Bush presumably adopted the phrase “war on terror” as a mechanism to build support for administration policies, and television news coverage of the war appeared to utilize myth-making through acceptance of this political rhetoric. The phrasing was sometimes used as a shorthand device to summarize a wide range of complex issues and events. The three television networks studied here made associations and accepted those of political elites.
Management of Stage I twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: an international survey.

Objective To determine practice patterns for evaluation and treatment of Stage I twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) among international physicians. Methods An e-mail cross-sectional survey of members from the IFMSS, NAFTNet and SMFM societies and participants at a Eurofoetus-sponsored TTTS meeting was undertaken between May 2008 and November 2008. Questionnaires consisted of physician demographics and their recommendations for managing Stage I TTTS. Alternative therapies to expectant management were assessed based on the following special circumstances of the patient: residence more than 200 miles from the center, severe symptoms, or a cervical length of ≤ 15 mm. Results Eighty-one surveys were returned, giving a response rate of 84%. Five surveys were excluded as a result of duplication or missing data. Of the remaining 76 surveys, 48 were from North America, 20 were from Europe and eight were from other continents. Expectant management was the predominant recommendation (78%), followed by amnioreduction (11%), laser ablation (11%) and septostomy (1%). Recommendations for amnioreduction were exclusively from North American centers. Laser centers recommended expectant management more frequently than non-laser facilities (89% vs. 59%; P < 0.01). When examples of special patient circumstances were presented, North American centers changed their recommendation from expectant management to amnioreduction more often than did European centers. However, a greater proportion of European centers recommended laser surgery for special patient circumstances. Conclusion Expectant management remains the predominant management of Stage I TTTS. In some patient circumstances, North American centers are more likely to recommend amnioreduction while European centers are more likely to recommend laser therapy. A randomized controlled trial will be necessary to evaluate the most efficacious management strategy for Stage I TTTS. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the performance of KRS-XE for high-throughput electron-beam lithography for advanced mask making

The performance of KRS-XE, a low activation energy, chemically amplified resist designed specifically for mask making with electron beam lithography, has been extended in terms of its sensitivity, coated-film stability and etch resistance. By careful manipulation of resist composition, high sensitivity formulations have been generated that will allow exposure doses of less than 10 mC/cm2 with 50 keV electron beam tools. This sensitivity enhancement has been achieved without sacrificing the robust process latitude previously reported for this resist. The performance of this resist can be maintained, even in coated film form, for prolonged periods of time by careful packaging of the coated films. Additionally, formulations with etch resistance versus chlorine/oxygen plasma in excess of that of novolak-based resists have been generated by the incorporation of organometallic additives. The combination of these improvements leads to resist formulations that will allow the high resolution and throughput that is demanded for state-of-the art mask making applications.
Training carbon management engineers: Removing a major hurdle for geologic CO2 storage by increasing educational capacity

Abstract Implementing geologic storage of CO2 at a material scale (ca. 1 Gt C/year) will require an industry comparable in size to the current oil and gas industry and a workforce trained in subsurface engineering. Since the same technologies that apply to hydrocarbon production apply to the subsurface storage of CO2, petroleum engineering (PE) graduates will be valuable candidates to work in the carbon storage industry. We expect however that the demand for PEs from the oil and gas industry will increase, and that already strained educational capacity will not be sufficient to supply both industries. Thus we advocate building new targeted educational infrastructure. We present a model curriculum based on an existing accredited multidisciplinary degree program. This program combines the fundamentals of petroleum engineering with the subsurface architecture emphasis of geology and the environmental perspective of hydrogeology. We indicate key elements of this program that could be integrated with other, more traditional undergraduate engineering majors that also deal with the subsurface.
Some stability conditions for a compressible elastic material

It has been argued elsewhere [1] that although convexity of the strain-energy function with respect to arbitrary perturbations from an equilibrium state of finite deformation is not a necessary condition for stability of an elastic material, convexity with respect to certain restricted classes of perturbations is necessary.
Spectral analysis of cardiac cycle length variations: resampling overcomes effects of nonuniform spacing

Spectral analysis to cardiac cycle length variations is discussed, and an inherent problem in nonuniformity of sample spacing is indicated. This nonuniformity can cause significant amounts of energy to be moved from the proper frequency into neighboring sidelobes. Resampling in the time domain prevents the energy redistribution in the frequency domain and preserves the spectral peaks associated with autonomic activity. >