cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Palytoxin by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis

Abstract Palytoxin (PTX) a non-protein molecule extracted from soft coral of the genus Palythoa is the most poisonous marine toxin known to date. We have established high-performance-capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) and liquid-chromatography (HPLC) methods for the analysis of PTX. the detection limit of the HPLC method was 125 ng/injection. the sensitivity of the HPCE method was 0.5 pg/injection, several times greater than the HPLC method. the detection sensitivity at 230 nm was two fold higher than that at 263 nm. the sample analysis time for both methods was about the same (10 min). the development of an HPCE method will allow the measurement of PTX at low concentrations in small sample volumes, which was not possible by HPLC.
Predictive models of traffic-actuated cycle splits

Abstract A set of models have been developed for the estimation of average cycle splits resulting from a semi-actuated or a full-actuated signal control which employs motion detectors. The models alleviate the need to rely on computer simulation for estimating the traffic-actuated cycle splits. They also enhance the capability of traffic engineers in the planning, design and operation of signalized intersections.
Human mammary cell survival following ionizing radiation.

SummaryWe have developed and evaluated methods of culturing defined stromal and epithelial populations of normal human breast cells. These cell populations were used to generate radiation dose/survival curves. The epithelial cell population required specific hormones, growth factors, and conditioned media, as well as fibroblast feeder layers for clonal growth. Stromal cells grew well in a less complex medium. The stromal and parenchymal cell populations of the normal human breast were characterized by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemical human fibronectin staining, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase histochemical staining, and cell sizing. Survival curves were generated using cells from four donors. The average D0 for epithelial cells was 122 cGy, with an average n value of 2·4. The average D0 and n values for stromal cells were 114 cGy and 2·0. The survival of human breast epithelial cells is compared to that of the cells of the rat mammary gland. The D0 values of both species are essentially the...
Multi-fidelity Model Integration for Engineering Design☆

Abstract Systems engineers have long been using analytical and computational models to approximately predict the behaviors of systems and use these models to guide the design of engineered systems. However, until now, systems engineers are still forced to compromise on model fidelity, modeling accuracy, and the optimality of the selected design alternatives through the whole engineering design process. Although high-fidelity models can provide an accurate estimation, running these models is usually time-consuming. On the other hand, low-fidelity models are much faster, but their results may contain significant bias and variability. In this research, we propose a Multi-fidelity Optimization with Ordinal Transformation and Optimal Sampling (MO2TOS) framework to integrate both high- and low-fidelity model to efficiently identify a (near) optimal design. The proposed framework uses low-fidelity models to evaluate all design alternatives efficiently and then assigns a fixed budget of high-fidelity models to search the best design based on low-fidelity simulation results. We show the benefits of MO2TOS via theoretical analysis and numerical experiments. We compare MO2TOS to Equal Allocation (EA) and Optimal Computing Budget Allocation (OCBA).
Eating seeds from the 'be still' tree, yet having lucky nut poisoning: a case of acute yellow oleander poisoning.

A 25-year-old woman was evaluated and treated for ingestion of Thevetia peruviana seeds and flower petals—a natural digoxin cross reacting cardinolide—with intent to cause self-harm. The following case report provides the clinical presentation, treatment and management of acute yellow oleander poisoning.
Actions of orphanin FQ/nociceptin on rat ventral tegmental area neurons in vitro

1: Non-dopamine (putative GABAergic) neurons in the ventral tegmental area are in a position to influence mesolimbic functions by their inhibitory terminals that impinge locally on dopamine neurons and via their GABAergic efferents that innervate mesolimbic structures. In the present study we investigated responses of non-dopamine and dopamine neurons, recorded intracellularly in the rat midbrain slice, to orphanin FQ/nociceptin, the endogenous ligand for opioid receptor-like orphan receptors. 2: When recording in either non-dopamine or dopamine neurons, orphanin FQ/nociceptin reduced the frequency of spike firing and caused membrane hyperpolarization under current-clamp, or produced outward current under voltage-clamp. Such responses were concentration-dependent and reversed at -108 mV and -102 mV in non-dopamine and dopamine neurons, respectively. 3: Hyperpolarizations to orphanin FQ/nociceptin were not altered by tetrodotoxin or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, but were reduced by the opioid receptor-like orphan receptor antagonist [Phe1(1)phiCH(2)-NH)Gly(2)]NC(1-13)NH(2) (1 microM). 4: In dopamine neurons, orphanin FQ/nociceptin reduced the frequency of bicuculline- and tetrodotoxin-sensitive spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, and reduced the amplitude of stimulus-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. 5: Taken together, the above data provide evidence that both non-dopamine and dopamine neurons are important substrates for orphanin FQ/nociceptin within the ventral tegmental area. Simultaneous inhibition of both non-dopamine and dopamine pathways by orphanin FQ/nociceptin may account for its influences on various ventral tegmental area-related functions.
Control of cyberphysical systems using passivity and dissipativity based methods

Abstract In cyberphysical systems, where compositionality of design is an important requirement, passivity and dissipativity based design methods have shown a lot of promise. Although these concepts are classical, their application to cyberphysical systems poses new and interesting challenges. The aim of this paper is to summarize some of the on-going work in this area by the authors.
Diurnal rhythms of liver enzymes in the chicken, Gallus domesticus

Abstract 1. 1. NADP-linked malic enzyme (ME) and glycerokinase (GK) show diurnal rhythms in the liver of cockerels. 2. 2. Although the activities of both enzymes are markedly influenced by hypophysectomy and hormone replacement therapy, hypophysectomy abolishes the periodicity of ME, but not that of GK. 3. 3. The rhythmicity of ME does not seem to be related to malate concentration in the liver or to the pattern of food intake.
Achieving optimal influenza vaccination rates: a survey-based study of healthcare workers in an urban hospital.

Summary In the USA, more than 36 000 deaths and 114 000 hospitalisations result from the influenza virus annually. Healthcare workers have been identified as a key source of influenza outbreaks. Despite Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations to vaccinate all healthcare workers, the rate remains low. A survey-based investigation of influenza vaccination rates and related factors was carried out in an urban community teaching medical centre. A total of 570 surveys revealed a 56.5% influenza vaccination rate among participants. Participants who received the vaccine had a significantly higher mean influenza knowledge score compared to those who did not receive the vaccine ( P =0.003). Also, a relationship was identified between those who received the vaccine and the perception that the purpose of the vaccine is to prevent patients from being exposed to influenza ( P =0.001). Lastly, hospital departments in which managers actively encouraged and facilitated vaccination had higher rates in general.
Radially shielded superconducting magnets for use in cryostats

Three small superconducting magnets with active and passive shields that produce confined magnetic fields in low temperature cryostats have been designed and built. The design of these magnets uses both on and off-axis field calculations which are fed back to an optimization algorithm. These design principles and construction techniques are discussed.
Surface Modification of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) To Prepare Surfaces with Silica-Like Reactivity

Reactions of semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with 3-aminopropyltrialkoxysilanes at the film−solution interface and subsequent hydrolysis render silanol (Si−OH) functionality that is attached to the PET surface by amide linkages (PET−CONH(CH2)3Si(OH)3). Toluene was found to be the preferred solvent for the initial amidation reaction, rendering a higher surface concentration of silanol groups than that for other solvents. Polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate on the surface of PET−CONH(CH2)3Si(OH)3 produces thin silica films, the thickness of which can be controlled with reaction time. The surface of this composite film (PET−(SiO2)X−OH) also contains reactive silanol groups. These two reactive surfaces were further modified using other reactive silanes to introduce alkyl, perfluoroalkyl, bromoalkyl, and aminoalkyl functionality to the PET film surface. The surface density of attached groups was assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wettability of the surfaces was d...
The Factor Structure of Global Self-Esteem among Adolescents and Adults ☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). Despite its frequent use, the factor structure of the RSES remains unclear. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the CFA approach to analyzing multitrait–multimethod data were used to evaluate eight competing models of the factor structure of the RSES. The models were evaluated within three diverse samples and two follow-up surveys. The results of this study indicate that the RSES is a unidimensional construct that is contaminated by a method effect primarily associated with negatively worked items. These results were found in both adolescents and adults. Moreover, the results found support for the hypothesis that the method effects diminish with increased verbal ability. The theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.
Rapid thawing of fresh frozen plasma in two-liter bags

Abstract The authors hypothesized that plasma could be rapidly thawed in two-liter Transfer Pack Units, because of their greater surface area (993 cm 2 ) compared to standard satellite bags (348 cm 2 ) of Blood Pack Units (both from Fenwal, Baxter Healthcare Corp, Deerfield, IL). Five units of FFP were prepared in each bag. The Sterile Connection Device (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) was used to transfer plasma from the satellite to transfer pack units, and these were put in metal canisters before all units were frozen at −65°C. Thawing time was 4.8 ± 1.3 (SD) minutes and 15 ± 3.2 (SD) min. for units prepared in modified and standard methods respectively ( t = 6.33, P
Misoprostol reverses the inhibition of gastric hyperemia and aggravation of gastric damage by tobacco cigarette smoke in the rat.

Background: Tobacco cigarette smoke attenuates injury-induced hyperemia, aggravates hypertonic saline-induced mucosal damage, inhibits ulcer margin hyperemia, and increases the size of acetic acid-induced ulcer in the rat stomach. The inhibitory effect of tobacco cigarette smoke on gastric prostaglandin metabolism may be the basis for these observations. We have tested the hypothesis that exogenous prostaglandin (misoprostol) treatment will reverse these effects. Methods: Rats with these two types of gastric injury were treated with tobacco cigarette smoke or breathed room air and were given intragastric misoprostol or vehicle. Gastric mucosal blood flow was measured by hydrogen gas clearance, and lesion score or ulcer size was measured by image analysis. Results: Tobacco cigarette smoke attenuated the hyperemia and significantly aggravated the mucosal lesions and increased ulcer size. Treatment with intragastric misoprostol preserved the hyperemia and significantly attenuated the exacerbation of mucosal ...
Do Appearance Focused Cognitive Distortions Moderate the Relationship between Social Comparisons to Peers and Media Images and Body Image Disturbance

Research suggests that appearance focused social comparisons are associated with body image disturbances. This study utilized ecological momentary assessment to examine associations between appearance focused social comparisons to media images and peers and body image disturbance and affect. Appearance focused cognitive distortions were examined as a moderator. Ninety-three undergraduate women from a large public Midwestern university in the United States completed questionnaires assessing the nature, frequency, and consequences of appearance focused social comparisons. Compared to no comparison, media comparisons were associated with greater body checking, negative affect, and guilt; peer comparisons were associated with greater body checking and guilt. Cognitive distortions moderated the relationship between appearance focused social comparisons and body checking. Specifically, the relationship between peer comparisons and body checking was strengthened at higher levels of appearance focused cognitive distortions. When only upward comparisons were considered, the relationships between both media and peer comparisons and body checking were strengthened at higher levels of appearance focused cognitive distortions. These results have implications for the treatment of body dissatisfaction.
Magnetic resonance angiography in children: technique, indications, and imaging findings

Non-invasive imaging of cardiovascular disease in pediatric subjects has been an elusive and much anticipated development for many years. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has now been established in many institutions as an important diagnostic method for evaluating vascular disease in adults. However, MRA techniques have disseminated more slowly in children owing to significant technical challenges in the pediatric population, including motion, low signal-to-noise ratio, and suboptimal temporal or spatial resolution. Recent technical developments in MRA have addressed many of these issues, and the MRA acquisition methods are far more robust than previously used techniques. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss the indications for MR imaging, the techniques employed, and the imaging findings expected on MRA of children with vascular disease.
Water balance of some warm desert plants in a wet year

Abstract Studies of the water balance on a hectare of gravelly wash in northern Death Valley showed that in an exceptionally wet year, the plants can obtain moisture from free soil water and the condensation of soil water vapor in March. In May, with higher soil temperatures and greater daily soil temperature extremes, distillation and condensation in the 20 to 40 cm soil zone provided more than enough water to make up for the water loss from evapotranspiration. By June, the rate of water loss and other physiological processes were greatly decreased. Distillation and condensation in June did adequately supply transpiration water loss during a cloudy, cool period. Transpiration of the four dominant species based on grams of water lost per gram of dry weight varied from March through June by species. Internal water stress correlated closely with transpiration rates. Diurnal increase in internal moisture stress generally followed the decrease in the transpiration rate in June. From March 10 through June 10, input was 2.6 g/cm 2 , evapotranspiration was 4.0 g/cm 2 , and soil moisture loss was 1.0 g/cm 2 . The difference between soil moisture loss and evapotranspiration losses was 0.4 g/cm 2 which is the result of measuring soil moisture outside of the root zone instead of within the root zone.
Experience with scale effects in non-airplane wind tunnel testing

The aerodynamics results of two tests performed in the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center are discussed with particular emphasis on the effects of model scale. The tests are unusual for this facility in that they were performed on non-airplane configurations: a full-scale tractor/trailer and large ramair inflated wings. For the truck drag measurements, comparisons with 1/8th-scale drag data taken at the Low Speed Wind Tunnel at Texas A&M indicate that small scale measurements can provide adequate accuracy if care is taken to test at high enough Reynolds numbers and if large regions of separated flow and reattachment are avoided. Some of the important aerodynamic and structural aspects of parafoil testing are also discussed. These include the effects of Reynolds number and aeroelastic effects such as fabric and support line stretch.
Caries detection with xeroradiographs: The influence of observer experience

This study evaluated whether the degree of experience of dentists with xeroradiography influenced their performance in interpreting proximal surface dental caries on xeroradiographs. The performance of ten dentists with a minimum of 1.5 years of experience with xeroradiography was compared with that of dentists inexperienced with xeroradiographs. These data, collected in a clinical environment, were compared with those collected in a controlled laboratory environment by dentists inexperienced in interpretation of xeroradiographs. It was found that lack of experience in viewing xeroradiographs does not compromise interpretation of these images. Furthermore, both high- and low-contrast xeroradiographs were found to be slightly more useful than conventional radiographs for the detection of proximal surface caries. In general, observers who had optimal viewing conditions performed better than those in a clinical environment.
Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects.

Abstract Background Nicotine's acute effects on enhancing reinforcement from sensory rewards, shown in animal models, appear to occur with smoking in humans. These effects may vary due to reinforcer magnitude and amount of acute smoke intake (dose). Methods In a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers ( n = 23) participated in 3 sessions. Each session followed overnight abstinence and involved 4 trials to assess responding via progressive ratio (PR 50%) for sensory reinforcement from high, moderate, or low preference music, or no reward (counter-balanced, 30-s/reinforcer). Sessions differed in smoking prior to each trial: 8 puffs on arrival and 2 puffs/trial (“8 + 2″), 2 puffs/trial only (“0 + 2″), or no smoking. Puffs were consumed via CReSS (Clinical Research Support System) to control topography, and smoking involved own brand to ensure palatability and increase generalizability of results. Results Reinforced responding was influenced by main effects of smoking condition ( p p p p = .01), and not for moderate or low preference music, or for no reward. Withdrawal did not differ between the two smoking sessions, ruling out withdrawal relief as an explanation for differential reinforcement enhancement. Conclusions Our findings confirm that just one cigarette after abstinence is sufficient for reinforcement enhancing effects and suggest that such enhancement is greater as magnitude of a reward's reinforcing efficacy increases.
Theory of electrical resistivity, magnetoresistance and magnon drag effect in graphite intercalation compound C6Eu

Abstract Localised f-electron spin system in C 6 Eu exhibits four different spin configurations with varying magnetic field applied in the basal plane and the in-plane resistivity shows interesting H- and T-dependences associated with each spin configuration. Electrical resistivity and magnetoresistance are calculated in consideration of the spin fluctuation scattering due to the π-f exchange interaction. Magnon distribution deviation from the thermal equilibrium plays an important role in the temperature dependence of the magnetoresistance.
Jupiter's Radiation Belts.

The recent close encounters of Pioneer-10 (December 1973) and Pioneer-11 (December 1974) with the planet Jupiter provided the first in situ observations of zenomagnetically trapped particle radiation. Such observations represented a major advance in planetary research. Prior estimates of radiation intensities (particle fluxes) at Jupiter had necessarily relied (in the case of electrons) upon inferences from Jovian decimetric radio emission observed at the Earth and (in the case of protons) upon postulates for the numerical scaling from terrestrial proton intensities. The Pioneer-10 and Pioneer-11 observations have stimulated continuing theoretical efforts to understand the reported findings and to extrapolate from them to other planets and other epochs. While the analysis of trapped-radiation data from the Pioneer spacecraft is far from being completed, a consensus has developed with respect to the physical mechanisms that must be considered. The observed radiation belts seem to be populated by radial diffusion from an external source. The diffusion coefficient seems to be that derived from fluctuations in the polarization electric field produced by neutral winds in the Jovian ionosphere, which is coupled to the magnetosphere by equipotential B-field lines. Radiation-belt electrons lose energy and change their equatorial pitch angles by virtue of synchrotron emission. Radiation-belt ions and electrons both may be subject to pitch-angle diffusion caused by waves that the respective particle anisotropies have created through plasma instabilities. Finally, radiation-belt ions and electrons seem to experience absorption by the inner Jovian satellites (moons) in a manner that may depend upon the species and energy of the incident radiation-belt particle. It is not yet known whether satellite-associated clouds of sodium and sulfur contribute substantially to the inferred particle absorption. Also still open is the question of whether the satellites provide a substantial source of radiation-belt particles. Moreover, there remains doubt concerning the configuration of the outer Jovian magnetosphere and the influence of this configuration on the zenomagnetic trapping of energetic charged particles.
Analytical and experimental studies of heat pipe radiation cooling of hypersonic propulsion systems

Analytical and experimental studies were completed to assess the feasibility of using high-temperature heat pipes to cool hypersonic engine components. This new approach involves using heat pipes to transport heat away from the combustor, nozzle, or inlet regions, and to reject it to the environment by thermal radiation from an external heat pipe nacelle. For propulsion systems using heat pipe radiation cooling (HPRC), it is possible to continue to use hydrocarbon fuels into the Mach 4 to Mach 6 speed range, thereby enhancing the economic attractiveness of commercial or military hypersonic flight. In the second-phase feasibility program recently completed, it is found that heat loads produced by considering both convection and radiation heat transfer from the combustion gas can be handled with HPRC design modifications. The application of thermal insulation to ramburner and nozzle walls was also found to reduce the heat load by about one-half and to reduce peak HPRC system temperatures to below 2700 F. In addition, the operation of HPRC at cruise conditions of around Mach 4.5 and at an altitude of 90,000 ft lowers the peak hot-section temperatures to around 2800 F. An HPRC heat pipe was successfully fabricated and tested at Mach 5 conditions of heat flux, heat load, and temperature.
Strain-dependent disposition of inorganic arsenic in the mouse

Recent studies have suggested that polymorphisms in the methylation of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exist in animals and humans. Methylation of iAs is an important step in the elimination of arsenic. The objective of this study was to examine whether there are differences in iAs disposition, and hence methylation, between three strains of mice. Ninety-day-old female mice (strains: C3H/HeNCrlBR, C57BL/6NCrlBR, and B6C3F1/CrlBR) were administered [73As]arsenate or [73As]arsenite orally at dose levels of 0.5 or 5.0 mg As/kg. Another group of mice were administered [73As]arsenate (5.0 mg As/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.). Disposition of [73As] was assessed by whole-body counting, and analysis of urine, feces and tissues for radioactivity. Urine was analyzed by chromatography for arsenic metabolites. Several strain- and dose-related effects in the disposition of [73As] were observed with both arsenicals. After oral administration, the clearance of [73As]arsenate, measured by whole-body counting, was dependent on the strain. However, because there was no strain dependence on clearance of [73As]arsenate administered i.p., the effect after oral administration may be due to a difference in absorption of arsenate between the strains. With increased oral dose of arsenate and arsenite, the clearance of [73As] was slower and there was higher tissue retention of [73As]. The percentage of metabolites excreted in urine also was affected by the administered dose. With increased dose, the percentage of arsenite and monomethylarsonic acid were significantly increased, and dimethylarsinic acid decreased. However, our results suggest there is no overall difference between these strains of mice with respect to disposition of iAs. A better understanding of the role of phenotype in the disposition and toxicity of iAs would reduce the uncertainty in arsenic risk assessment.
Numerical modeling of self-focusing beams in fiber amplifiers

We have numerically investigated the behavior of the LP01 fundamental mode of a step-index, multimode (MM) fiber as the optical power approaches the self-focusing limit (Pcrit). The analysis includes the effects of optical gain and fiber bending and are thus applicable to coiled fiber amplifiers. We find that at powers below Pcrit, there exist stably propagating power-dependent modifications of the LP01 mode, in contrast to some previous solutions that exhibited large-amplitude oscillations in beam waist along the fiber. For the first time, to our knowledge, we show that in a MM fiber amplifier seeded with the low-power LP01 eigenmode, the transverse spatial profile will adiabatically evolve through power-dependent stationary solutions as the beam is amplified toward Pcrit. In addition, for a given value of the nonlinear index, Pcrit is found to be nearly the same in the bulk material and in a step-index fiber. These conclusions hold for both straight and bent fibers, although the quantitative details are somewhat different.
Paper chromatography of phospholipides with solvent mixtures of ketones and acetic acid.

Abstract Mixtures of ketones and acetic acid, namely 2-pentanone-acetic acid 30:2, 3-methyl-2-butanone-acetic acid 30:3, 4-methyl-2-pentanone-acetic acid 30:2, and 2, 6-dimethyl-4-heptanone-acetic acid 30:7 were found to give excellent separations of individual phospholipides on paper. It was possible to separate lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lecithin, and phosphatidic acid in a unidimensional chromatogram. The individual phospholipides had to be present at concentrations from 10 to 25 /μg./20 μl. in order to achieve good separations.
Unique aspects of mda-7/IL-24 antitumor bystander activity : establishing a role for secretion of MDA-7/IL-24 protein by normal cells

Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7) was cloned using subtraction hybridization from terminally differentiated human melanoma cells. Based on structural and functional properties, mda-7 is now recognized as interleukin-24 (IL-24), a new member of the expanding IL-10 gene family. Unique properties of mda-7/IL-24 include its ability to selectively induce growth suppression, apoptosis and radiosensitization in diverse human cancer cells, without causing similar effects in normal cells. The utility of mda-7/IL-24, administered by means of a replication-incompetent adenovirus, as a gene therapy for cancer has recently received validation in patients, highlighting an important phenomenon initially observed in pancreatic tumor cells, namely a 'potent bystander apoptosis-inducing effect' in adjacent tumor cells not initially receiving this gene product. We presently investigated the contribution of mda-7/IL-24 secreted by normal cells in mediating this 'bystander effect', and document that normal cells induced to produce mda-7/IL-24 following infection with recombinant adenoviruses expressing this cytokine secrete mda-7/IL-24, which modifies the anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness, survival and sensitivity to radiation of cancer cells that contain functional IL-20/IL-22 receptors, but not in cancer cells that lack a complete set of receptors. Moreover, the combination of secreted mda-7/IL-24 and radiation engenders a 'bystander antitumor effect' not only in inherently mda-7/IL-24 or radiation-sensitive cancer cells, but also in tumor cells overexpressing the antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 or bcl-x(L) and displaying resistance to either treatment alone. The present studies provide definitive evidence that secreted mda-7/IL-24 from normal cells can induce direct antitumor and radiation-enhancing effects that are dependent on the presence of canonical receptors for this cytokine on tumor cells. Moreover, we now describe a novel means of enhancing mda-7/IL-24's therapeutic potential by targeting normal cells to produce and release this cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing cytokine, a strategy that could be employed as an innovative way of using this unique gene product for treating metastatic disease.
Anticipated protectionist policies, real exchange rates, and the current account: the case of rigid wages

Abstract In this paper we develop a general equilibrium model of an economy with short-run unemployment to analyze how anticipated protectionist policies affect real exchange rates, the current account and aggregate employment. We find that a key transmission channel is the change in current employment induced by future changes in tariffs. We show that the direction and magnitude of this effect will depend on relative factor intensities and on real exchange rate behavior. If a future tariff generated a current real exchange rate appreciation and if nontradables are labor intensive, the anticipation of protectionist policies will generate an increase in current employment.
Magnetostratigraphy of the late Neogene purisima formation, Santa Cruz County, California

Abstract The magnetic polarity zonation of a late Neogene sedimentary sequence in Santa Cruz County, California, has provided a chronologic framework for studies of the sedimentologic and tectonic processes involved in an episode of basin formation in the vicinity of the San Andreas fault system in central coastal California. The zonation is based on the analysis of samples from 79 horizons in a 300 m thick section of the Purisima Formation and a portion of the overlying Aromas Formation. Although rock magnetic studies support the hypothesis that the primary carrier of the remanence is magnetite, many samples contain a secondary overprint which cannot be completely removed by alternating field demagnetization. Nevertheless, systematic analysis of the behavior of the samples during demagnetization has led to an unambiguous determination of the polarity of each horizon and to the development of a magnetic polarity zonation containing thirteen magnetozones. These magnetozones can be correlated to the magnetic polarity time scale using biostratigraphic constraints provided by diatoms in the lower portion of the section and invertebrates and vertebrates in the upper portion. The studied section is found to span the interval from the Epoch 5/Epoch 6 boundary (6.07 Mya) to the Matuyama/Gauss boundary (2.47 Mya) with a hiatus corresponding to the upper part of the Gilbert epoch (4.5 Mya to 3.5 Mya). This hiatus does not coincide with major regressions in the global sea-level curve and is interpreted as a period of tectonic uplift. The compression which generated this uplift was probably caused by interplay between the San Andreas fault east of the study area and the San Gregorio-Hosgri fault west of it.
Lipidomic Profiling of Model Organisms and the World’s Major Pathogens

Lipidomics is a subspecialty of metabolomics that focuses on water insoluble metabolites that form membrane barriers. Most lipidomic databases catalog lipids from common model organisms, like humans or Escherichia coli. However, model organisms' lipid profiles show surprisingly little overlap with those of specialized pathogens, creating the need for organism-specific lipidomic databases. Here we review rapid progress in lipidomic platform development with regard to chromatography, detection and bioinformatics. We emphasize new methods of comparative lipidomics, which use aligned datasets to identify lipids changed after introducing a biological variable. These new methods provide an unprecedented ability to broadly and quantitatively describe lipidic change during biological processes and identify changed lipids with low error rates.
A Framework for Using Discourse Analysis for the Review of the Literature in Counseling Research

Onwuegbuzie, Leech, and Collins outlined the role that 5 qualitative data analysis techniques can play in the literature review process. Thus, the purpose of this article is to provide a framework for counselor researchers and practitioners for using another qualitative data analysis technique to analyze and interpret literature review sources—a process that we call a Discourse Analysis-Based Research Synthesis (DARS). Using a real review of the literature and with the use of visual aids, we illustrate how to conduct a DARS using a qualitative data analysis software program to address ethical standards when investigating evidence-based practices in counseling research.
Commodified meanings, meaningful commodities: Re-thinking production-consumption links through the organic system of provision

Agro-food researchers have yet to systematically theorize how the social life of food intersects with a political economy of food production. Yet without such understanding, activists are unlikely to affect the politics of production in intended ways. It is crucial to understand how the meanings that animate the politics of consumption are translated and distributed as surplus value and rent, and, for that matter, how surplus value and rent value are translated into meanings. This paper is a preliminary attempt to further that understanding by considering these translations in organic food provision. It begins with some recent interventions in conceptualizing taste and then explores their significance in value creation and distribution. It then considers what they offer in understanding the taste for organics specifically. Ultimately, I argue that certain of these tastes present considerable, if different, problems for the commodification of organic food, which are only resolved by a re-making of organic meanings together with unintended distributions of value
Religion and older men in prison

The objective of the study was to examine the religious characteristics and background of inmates age 50 or over confined to a federal correctional institution. Ninety-six of 106 eligible inmates (91%) consented and received complete evaluations. Forensic, demographic and health data were collected on all inmates, including detailed information on religious affiliation, background, belief, public and private activities, experience, intrinsic religiosity and religious coping. Over 80% of inmates were currently affiliated with a denomination different from the one in which they were raised, with a net movement from conservative Protestant to mainline traditions. Contrary to expectation, religious characteristics of older inmates were not greatly different from those of non-incarcerated older adults. There was weak support for a relationship between religiousness and positive forensic factors (first prison term, fewer disciplinary actions). Religion was reported by 32% of inmates to be the most important factor that enabled them to cope. Inmates' intrinsic religiosity and perceived importance of religion to their primary caretaker (person who raised them) were both inversely related to depressive symptoms. This study suggests that religious background, belief, activities, experience and intrinsic religiosity are important factors to the adjustment and behavior of older prisoners.
Using the Livelihoods Framework to Analyze ICT Applications for Poverty Reduction through Microenterprise

This paper provides a contribution to theorizing information and communication technology (ICT) and development by applying a livelihoods approach. This is found to provide the basis not only for an information-centered understanding of ICTs but also a means for broad and systematic analysis of poverty. The specific development issue analyzed is the role of ICT in microenterprise because microenterprise represents a viable route out of poverty through increased and more diversified income streams for poor households. A case study of Botswana is presented to demonstrate how the livelihoods framework can be applied. This suggests that ICT applications may only bring marginal direct benefits for poverty reduction. Viewed from the perspective of a livelihoods approach, greater benefits for the poor may be derived from ICTs if they are applied to strengthen a broader range of social and political assets and if they are able to assist in building more effective structures and processes that favor the poor. The livelihoods approach is therefore able to identify information and ICTs as only one part of a much broader development picture, and it avoids the overemphasis on technology that can beset some development informatics/ICT for development (ICT4D) research. Mainstream application of livelihoods ideas tends not to engage explicitly with either information or ICT issues but the framework developed in this paper shows how such engagement can occur. It identifies both an analytical role for information/ICTs that helps understand livelihoods of the poor, and a functional role that uses these assets within livelihood strategies.
Spatially Non-Coherent Processing With Infrared Or Millimeter Waves

T. Nilles, E. L. Rope, and G. TricolesGeneral Dynamics Electronics DivisionP.O. Box 85227, San Diego, CA 92138ABSTRACTRadio wave holography is useful for imaging and diagnostics but it has time delays. Dataacquisition is slow if an antenna is mechanically scanned; this delay can be eliminated witha receptor array. Additional delays arise in acquiring and processing data. For example,visible light reconstruction requires producing scale- reduced replicas of holograms.Digital reconstruction has delays in analog -to- digital conversion and in computation. Thesedelays are undesirable for real -time imaging, say of transient events or scenes.This paper demonstrates a method for real -time wavefront reconstruction and presents twoimplementations. We start with previously formed microwave holograms, and reconstruct firstwith an infrared radiation and then with millimeter waves. Two reconstruction wavelengthswere utilized because of our interest in scaling between formation and reconstruction.
Progression to insulin for patients with diabetes mellitus on dual oral antidiabetic therapy using the US Department of Defense Database

Aim To compare ‘progression to insulin’ for three cohorts on oral antidiabetic medication combinations: metformin/sulphonylurea (Met/SU), metformin/thiazolidinedione (Met/TZD) and sulphonylurea/thiazolidinedione (SU/TZD). Methods Retrospective cohort analysis design was used. The subjects were US nationwide members of military and their families. A total of 5608 patients who were on antidiabetic monotherapy for at least 1 year before adding a second agent to their medication regimen between October 2001 and September 2008 participated in this study. Mean age ranged from 64 to 71 years among the cohorts. Cox regression compared the progression to insulin, adjusting for demographics, months of follow-up and co-morbidities [measured with Chronic Disease Score (CDS)]. Results By the end of the 2- to 6-year follow-up period, 14.3% of the Met/TZD cohort, 23.6% of the Met/SU cohort and 28.2% of the SU/TZD cohort had insulin added to their regimen. Those in the Met/SU cohort had a 1.8 times higher probability of progression to insulin than those in the Met/TZD cohort [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–2.14), and those in the SU/TZD cohort had a 2.5 times higher probability of progression to insulin than those in the Met/TZD cohort (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 2.04–3.08). Conclusion When sensitizers were paired (Met/TZD), a lower percentage of patients progressed to insulin during the study period, as opposed to patients who used a combination of a secretagogue with a sensitizer (SU/TZD or Met/SU).
The April 5, 1990 Mariana Islands earthquake and subduction zone stresses

Abstract The April 5, 1990 Mariana Islands earthquake ( M w = 7.5) involved normal faulting at shallow depth in the Pacific plate under the Mariana trench, about 200 km east of the central Mariana Islands. The earthquake is significant for its tectonic setting, focal mechanism, and large size. The event occurred in the vicinity of a proposed slab segment boundary and may in part owe its unusually large size to lateral variation in intraplate strain, as appears to be the case for other large, normal faulting events near trenches. Detailed analysis of the seismic source parameters of the earthquake and of the relationship between seismicity and tectonics in the Mariana Islands is conducted to improve our understanding of the mechanical behavior and seismotectonics in island arcs with aseismic convergence. The 1990 Mariana earthquake rupture initiated with very low levels of energy release for an interval of about 7.2 s, followed by a large, single, impulsive event with a duration of about 6 s. Body wave inversion yields a strike = 215°, dip = 49°, rake = −95°, and a moment = 1.2 × 10 20 Nm with a centroid time of 11–12 s. The source mechanism is further constrained by the long-period Rayleigh and Love wave data, with inversions yielding a strike = 184 (± 5)°, dip = 67 (±)°, rake = −90 (± 5)°, and moment = 2.2 (± 0.5) × 10 20 Nm. The long-period centroid depth is 23 (±) km, with a centroid time of 20 (± 3) s.
Champing at the bits: Computers, copyright, and the composition classroom

Abstract Increasingly, students and instructors within composition classrooms are using electronic media for the circulation, appropriation, and alteration of texts and images. Because these practices could, in a worst-case scenario, lead to significant penalties under current copyright laws, this article provides an introduction to intellectual property law, focusing specifically on those elements of law most likely to impinge upon classroom practices. A brief history of United States intellectual property jurisprudence demonstrates that novel communicative technologies have repeatedly prompted calls for revision to copyright, and further, the term of copyright has steadily expanded in response to these technologies. A survey of current national and international developments in intellectual property policy suggests that additional extensions of copyright terms are likely unless consumers of intellectual property aggressively assert their rights to fair use and a robust public domain. The article concludes with a short list of World Wide Web-based resources for further study.
Denitrification in soil: Effects of herbicides

Abstract The effects of 20 herbicides on denitrification of nitrate in three soils were studied by determining the effects of 10 and 50μgg −1 soil of each herbicide on the amounts of nitrate lost and the amounts of nitrite, N 2 O and N 2 produced when soil samples were incubated anaerobically after treatment with nitrate. The herbicides used were butylate, EPTC, chlorpropham, propham, diuron, linuron, monuron, siduron, alachlor, trifluralin, 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin, simazine, dalapon, chloramben, dicamba and dinoseb. None of the herbicides studied significantly affected denitrification of nitrate when applied at the rate of 10 μg g −1 soil, but dinoseb increased the ratio of N 2 to N 2 O in the gaseous products of denitrification when applied at this rate. Butylate, EPTC, diuron, simazine and dalapon had no significant effect on denitrification when applied at the rate of 50μgg −1 soil, whereas metribuzin and dinoseb enhanced denitrification when applied at this rate. The influence of the other herbicides on denitrification when applied at the rate of 50μgg −1 soil depended on the soil, but all enhanced or inhibited denitrification in at least one soil.
Diethylstilbestrol effects and lymphomagenesis in Mlh1‐deficient mice

Inherited defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) predispose to a variety of malignancies in humans and in mouse knockout models. In humans, hemizygosity for one of several DNA MMR genes greatly increases an individual's risk for colon and endometrial carcinoma. Hemizygous mice develop gastrointestinal tumors at a low to moderate frequency. Homozygous nulls have higher rates of gastrointestinal tumors and are particularly susceptible to lymphoma. In an effort to model endometrial carcinoma associated with mutation in MMR, we treated mice carrying knockout alleles for Mlh1 or Msh2 with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), a known promoter of uterine endometrial carcinoma. The C57BL/6 mice carrying DNA MMR mutations failed to develop endometrial carcinomas. However, the Mlh1-deficient mice treated with DES tended to become moribund at an early age and had very early onset of lymphoma. Comparison of DES-treated and untreated Mlh1−/− animals suggests the combination of Mlh1 deficiency and DES exposure accelerates lymphomagenesis. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Path-coefficient analysis of anatomical characters affecting peg strength in groundnut

Correlation and path-coefficient analysis for anatomical characters affecting peg strength was carried out in eleven strains of groundnut. Bundle cap length and number of xylem vessels per vascular bundle showed a significant positive correlation with peg strength. Path-coefficient analysis revealed that bundle cap length had the highest direct positive effect on peg strength whereas number of xylem vessels per vascular bundle played only a minor role directly. All the characters positively affected peg strengh in an indirect manner mostly via bundle cap lengh. All other direct effects and such indirect effects where bundle cap length was not involved were found to be unimportant. Thus bundle cap length emerged as a reliable anatomical character which can serve as a selection criterion in breeding cultivars with strong pegs to reduce harvesting losses in groundnut.
Thermal Stress Tensors in Static Einstein Spaces

The Bekenstein-Parker Gaussian path-integral approximation is used to evaluate the thermal propagator for a conformally invariant scalar field in an ultrastatic metric. If the ultrastatic metric is conformal to a static Einstein metric, the trace anomaly vanishes and the Gaussian approximation is especially good. One then gets the ordinary flat-space expressions for the renormalized mean-square field and stress-energy tensor in the ultrastatic metric. Explicit formulas for the changes in $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉$ and $〈{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}〉$ resulting from a conformal transformation of an arbitrary metric are found and used to take the Gaussian approximations for these quantities in the ultrastatic metric over to the Einstein metric. The result for $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}〉$ is exact for de Sitter space and agrees closely with the numerical calculations of Fawcett and Whiting in the Schwarzschild metric. The result for $〈{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}〉$ is exact in de Sitter space and the Nariai metric and is close to Candelas's values on the bifurcation two-sphere in the Schwarzschild metric. Thus one gets a good closed-form approximation for the energy density and stresses of a conformal scalar field in the Hartle-Hawking state everywhere outside a static black hole.