cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL OF ANGUILLIFORM LOCOMOTION: PATTERNS OF RED AND WHITE MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING SWIMMING IN THE AMERICAN EEL ANGUILLA ROSTRATA

Two areas that have received substantial attention in investigations of muscle activity during fish swimming are (1) patterns of fiber type recruitment with swimming speed and (2) the timing of muscle activation in relation to muscle strain. Currently, very little is known about either of these areas in eels, which represent an extreme body form among fishes and utilize a mode of locomotion found at one end of the undulatory spectrum (anguilliform locomotion). To assess how this swimming mode and body form influence the neuromuscular control of swimming, I recorded electromyographic data from red and white muscle at four positions, 0.3L, 0.45L, 0.6L and 0.75L, where L is body length, in eels (Anguilla rostrata) simultaneously video-taped (250 fields s-1) swimming at three speeds, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 L s-1. As in other fish, exclusively red muscle is used at slow swimming speeds and white muscle is additionally recruited at higher swimming speeds. However, this study also revealed a novel posterior-to-anterior pattern of muscle recruitment with increasing swimming speed. At slow speeds, anteriorly located muscles are never active, muscle strain is negligible and forward thrust must be generated by posterior muscles. As speed increases, more anterior muscles are additionally recruited. Electromyogram (EMG) burst durations typically occupy between 0.2 and 0.3 undulatory cycles, irrespective of speed or position. EMG burst intensity increases significantly with swimming speed. The onset of EMG activity typically occurred near the end of muscle lengthening, whereas the offset of EMG activity occurred during shortening (typically before the muscle's return to resting length). There was a significant shift in red muscle onset times such that anterior muscles were typically active later in their strain cycle than posterior muscles. When red muscle activity patterns across various fish taxa are compared, differences in propulsive wavelength among species are related to differences in muscle activity, providing insight into the underlying neuromuscular bases of differences among undulatory swimming modes.
Chemistry of Axial Filaments of Treponema zuelzerae

Abstract Highly purified axial filaments have been prepared from the spirochete Treponema zuelzerae, which possess a fine structure similar to the “beaded” form of bacterial flagella. The preparations consist largely of protein but also contain small amounts of hexose (less than 1%). The buoyant density of these filaments is 1.29 g/cm3. At pH 4.3, in the presence of 4 m urea and 10−3m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, filament protein migrates as a single band in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Filaments dissociate to subunits in acid, alkali, urea, guanidine or with heating, indicating that these subunits are not covalently bonded in the organized structure. This is consistent with amino acid analysis which reveals that, like bacterial flagella, the filaments are completely lacking in half-cystine. Sedimentation equilibrium measurements on dissociated axial filaments in 6 m guanidine show that the subunits are homogeneous with respect to molecular weight. A weight-average molecular weight of 37,000 ± 1,600 daltons is obtained from these measurements. The amino acid composition of axial filaments is similar to that of various types of flagellin molecules, but the filament protein is somewhat richer in tyrosine, phenylalanine, and proline than flagellin. Tryptic peptide maps of axial filaments are consistent with the amino acid composition calculated for a molecular weight of 37,000 daltons. No amino terminal end group could be detected by the dansyl chloride method, suggesting that this end group might be blocked in the axial filament protein. The results obtained show that the axial filaments of T. zuelzerae are similar chemically to bacterial flagella and suggest that they are composed of aggregates of a single species of protein subunit.
Roles of F-box proteins in cancer

F-box proteins, which are the substrate-recognition subunits of SKP1–cullin 1–F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, have pivotal roles in multiple cellular processes. This Review discusses how dysregulation of F-box protein-mediated proteolysis contributes to tumorigenesis.
Asymmetry, Symmetry and Beauty

Asymmetry and symmetry coexist in natural and human processes. The vital role of symmetry in art has been well demonstrated. This article highlights the complementary role of asymmetry. Further we show that the interaction of asymmetric action (recursion) and symmetric opposition (sinusoidal waves) are instrumental in generating creative features (relatively low entropy, temporal complexity, novelty (less recurrence in the data than in randomized copies and complex frequency composition). These features define Bios, a pattern found in musical compositions and in poetry, except for recurrence instead of novelty. Bios is a common pattern in many natural and human processes (quantum processes, the expansion of the universe, gravitational waves, cosmic microwave background radiation, DNA, physiological processes, animal and human populations, and economic time series). The reduction in entropy is significant, as it reveals creativity and contradicts the standard claim of unavoidable decay towards disorder. Artistic creations capture fundamental features of the world.
Total allowable concentrations of monomeric inorganic aluminum and hydrated aluminum silicates in drinking water.

Maximum contaminant levels are used to control potential health hazards posed by chemicals in drinking water, but no primary national or international limits for aluminum (Al) have been adopted. Given the differences in toxicological profiles, the present evaluation derives total allowable concentrations for certain water-soluble inorganic Al compounds (including chloride, hydroxide, oxide, phosphate and sulfate) and for the hydrated Al silicates (including attapulgite, bentonite/montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite) in drinking water. The chemistry, toxicology and clinical experience with Al materials are extensive and depend upon the particular physical and chemical form. In general, the water solubility of the monomeric Al materials depends on pH and their water solubility and gastrointestinal bioavailability are much greater than that of the hydrated Al silicates. Other than Al-containing antacids and buffered aspirin, food is the primary source of Al exposure for most healthy people. Systemic uptake of...
The accumulation of inorganic mercury from sea water by the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L

Abstract The accumulation of inorganic mercury from sea water by plaice eggs, larvae, and adult fish has been studied using 203HgCl2 as a tracer. The isotope was rapidly accumulated and the levels of accumulation have been related to stable element concentrations. High concentration factors were attained by many organs, but the distribution of the 203Hg was markedly different from that of the stable element. Whereas the largest fraction of the body burden of mercury is contained by muscle, only a slow rate of accumulation into this tissue was observed. In addition, the mercury in fish muscle is of the methyl form: no evidence for the methylation of the tracer was obtained.
Oxycephaly with Ocular Complications

In the case here reported vision was lost after an attack of pertussis at the age of five years, accompanied by convulsions. There was atrophy of both optic nerves and characteristic deformity of the skull. The previously reported characteristics of this condition are reviewed.
Stock Splits, Tick Size, and Sponsorship

A traditional explanation for stock splits is that they increase the number of small shareholders who own the stock. A possible reason for the increase is that the minimum bid-ask spread is wider after a split and brokers have more incentive to promote a stock. I document a large number of small buy orders following Nasdaq and NYSE/AMEX splits during 1993 to 1994. I also find strong evidence that trading costs increase, and weak evidence that costs of market making decline following splits. This is consistent with splits acting as an incentive to brokers to promote stocks. STOCK SPLITS SEEM TO BE PURELY COSMETIC CHANGES with no real economic consequences. After a two-for-one split, each shareholder has twice as many shares, but each represents a claim on only half as much of the corporation's assets and earnings. However, one real consequence of a stock split is that the tick size increases as a proportion of the stock's price. Except for a small number of very low-priced issues, U.S. stocks listed on an exchange or on Nasdaq have a tick or minimum price variation of $0.125 during the sample period.' Thus, a decrease in the stock price and an increase in the relative tick size are indistinguishable consequences of a split. Some authors, notably Angel (1997), argue that splits are intended to move relative ticks to desired levels. Several empirical studies provide indirect evidence that is consistent with an increase in relative tick size as a motivation for splits. Desai and Jain (1997), Fama et al. (1969), Lakonishok and Lev (1987), and others document that splits occur after stocks have experienced significant price increases or, equivalently, after relative tick sizes have decreased significantly. Angel shows that there is far less dispersion internationally in relative tick sizes than in stock prices.
Thought, affect, drive and pathogenesis in Spinoza and Freud.

(1982). Thought, affect, drive and pathogenesis in Spinoza and Freud. History of European Ideas: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 221-236.
Using a baited camera to assess relative abundance of juvenile Pacific cod: Field and laboratory trials

Abstract Juvenile fishes are sometimes difficult to survey because they occur in a variety of structurally complex habitats that are not readily sampled with traditional trawl or seine gear. Laboratory experiments and field sampling were conducted to determine whether a baited-camera system could be used effectively to survey age-0 gadids. Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius), saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis Tilesius), and walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma Pallas) all responded to bait bags presented in the laboratory, with increased general activity and approaches to the bait. Pacific cod responded most strongly, and remained in close proximity to the bait bag. In nearshore habitats of Kodiak, Alaska, age-0 gadids (mostly Pacific cod) were quickly attracted to a baited-camera system. Arrival rates stabilized within 15-min, and several metrics for Pacific cod abundance taken from the video records were closely correlated with the numbers collected in seine hauls. Highest correlations occurred with the total number of fish arriving in camera view during 15-min sets (NFA15) and with the overall maximum number of fish observed at one time during the sets (MaxNO). The time for first arrival of fish in view (TFA) was not correlated significantly with the numbers of fish in seine collections. NFA15 was also useful for age-1+ saffron cod. Occasionally, the presence of large fish had a negative effect on assessments of age-0 fish, but the impact was important only when the large fish were present continuously. The baited-camera system performed equally well in seagrass, kelp and open habitats, and can be used to rapidly assess the relative abundance of Pacific cod and selected other species in a wide range of habitats in shallow and deep water.
Some theoretical and practical implications of defining aptitude and reasoning in terms of each other

Stanovich & West continue a history of norm-setting that began with deference to reasonable people's opinions, followed by adherence to probability theorems. They return to deference to reasonable people, with aptitude test performance substituting for reasonableness. This allows them to select independently among competing theories, but defines reasoning circularly in terms of aptitude, while aptitude is measured using reasoning.
Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the adult asthmatic – mechanisms of host susceptibility and viral subversion

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants and is also conjectured to be an early-life influence on the development of asthma. Although the data supporting a role for RSV in bronchiolitis in children are robust and evidence to support its role in juvenile asthmatics exists, RSV's role in asthma pathogenesis in adults is not as clearly defined. The authors review the literature to further elucidate RSV's impact on adult asthmatics, including its importance as a cause of asthma exacerbations. They examine the morbidity associated with RSV infection and how the immune response may differ between adult asthmatics and nonasthmatics. They review the responses by specific cell types from adults with asthma that are stimulated by RSV. They also consider the role of early-life exposure to RSV and its contribution to asthma in adults. Lastly, they review the mechanisms by which RSV evades normal host immune responses and subverts these responses to its benefit.
Probability of belonging in a given category as a determinant of perceived personality characteristics.

Several exploratory investigations have been conducted, under the direction of the author, on the effect of manipulating probability of belonging in a given category (minister, senator, murderer, etc.) upon perceived personality characteristics. For example, a recent study was carried out by Douglas Thompson and Lawrence Harnmes in our laboratory. S was presented with a photograph (head only) of a man, and was told that the photograph had been chosen at random from a set of 10 photographs, x of which were photographs of murderers. The value of x was made 0, 1, 3, 5 , 7, 9, and 10, each value of x being used with a different photograph. Thus seven photographs (one for each set) and seven probabilities were used. The variables of photograph and probability were counterbalanced by using eight Latin squares for the 56 5s. S was asked to rate the person in the photograph on five 7-point rating scales: emotionality, selfcontrol, aggressiveness, persuasiveness, and honesty. The experiment was repeated with these same Ss using the category "senator" (and seven new photographs). Results showed that for the category of "murderer," ratings of aggressiveness tended to increase, and ratings of self-control and honesty tended to decrease as probability of the photograph being that of a "murderer" increased. For the category "senator," ratings of self-control, honesty and persuasiveness tended to increase as probability of the photograph being that of a senator increased. Analysis of variance for both the "senator" data and "murderer" data showed that the variable of photograph used was significant as well as the variable of probability. (All tests were significant beyond the .05 level.) Results such as these probably do not hold for a category such as "Negro," where (in our culture) more of an all-or-none categorization exists (Secord, 1959). In conclusion: the importance of the variable of probability in determining reactions to complex goal objects can be demonstrated, and should be studied further.
A time-dependent version of Pólya's urn

A process is defined that consists of drawing balls from an urn and replacing them along with extra balls. The process generalizes the well-knownPolya urn process. It is shown that the proportion of red balls in the urn converges to a random limit that may have a nonzero probability of being 0 or 1, but is nonatomic elsewhere.
The “Visitor Effect” and captive black-tailed prairie dog behavior

Abstract The presence and density of people at a zoo exhibit is associated with behavioral changes in captive animals. However, most of these studies have only investigated behavioral changes in primates. To widen the range of animal groups studied, we examined the effects of visitor observation on captive black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) behavior and enclosure distribution. Due to the rich variety of readily-observable, sophisticated behaviors the black-tailed prairie dog is a wonderful model species for the study of behavior. In this study, we were able to quantify the effects of observation on key behaviors.
Constitutionalists and Cossacks: The constitutional movement and Russian intervention in Tabriz, 1907–11

It is well known to the students of Iranian history that the great powers of Britain and Russia played important roles in shaping events and their course during the period of the Constitutional Mov...
Consequences of attachment of Helicobacter pylori to gastric cells

Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen and type 1 carcinogen, causes gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. In vivo, H pylori colonizes only gastric surface cells from the antral and fundal regions of the stomach, and heterotopic or metaplastic gastric epithelium present within the esophagus and duodenum. This review summarizes what is known about the association and consequences of attachment between H pylori and gastric cells in vitro, and compares this to the findings demonstrated in vivo. It has been shown that attachment of H pylori to gastric cells results in cup and pedestal formation and cytoskeleton rearrangement similar to that described for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Attachment of H pylori induces additional cellular changes in the host cell, including cytokine responses and induction of signal transduction pathways.
Na+, K+-ATPase: Functions in the nervous system and involvement in neurologic disease

The adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are integral membrane proteins that actively exchange ions across cell membranes; the energy required for this process is derived from hydrolysis of one molecule of ATP. The sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) simultaneously extrudes 3 Na+ ions from the intracellular compartment in exchange for 2 K+ ions from the extracellular space. The Na+, K+-ATPase maintains the Na+ and K+ gradients that are of fundamental importance for maintenance of neuronal excitability and conduction of the action potential and for secondary transport systems involved in synaptic uptake of neurotransmitters and regulation of cell volume, pH, and calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. The Na+, K+-ATPase forms macromolecular complexes with other membrane proteins and triggers intracellular transduction signals involved in synaptic plasticity. There are different isoforms of the Na+, K+-ATPase expressed in neurons and glial cells. Impaired Na+, K+-ATPase activity, resulting from reduced ATP availability due to mitochondrial dysfunction in the setting of hypoxia, ischemia, inflammation, and other conditions, triggers neuronal depolarization, cytotoxic edema, and neuronal, axonal, and glial injury. The elucidation of the cristal structure of the catalytic α subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase and the functional consequences of specific mutations have led to identification of specific amino acid sequences that are critical for the normal function of the enzyme. Mutations affecting the α2 subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase, which is expressed in astrocytes, is linked to familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 (FHM2); mutations affecting the α3 subunit, which is expressed in neurons, are linked to rapid onset dystonia and parkinsonism. The structure and function of the Na+, K+-ATPase and …
High- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Past results and future prospects

Fifty years ago, geologic conditions attending the formation of blueschists, eclogites, and garnet lherzolites were not known. But, with the advent of high-pressure phase-synthesis equipment and precise calorimetry, minerals like jadeite, aragonite, pyrope, and the dense polymorphs of SiO 2 and C were shown to be stable at elevated pressures and relatively low temperatures. Metamorphic conditions required by P - T stabilities of these minerals reflect the operation of plate tectonics, lithospheric subduction, and inferred mantle convection. Integration of phase equilibria with dynamic tectonic processes has illuminated the petrogenesis of the crust. Combined with geochemical, geophysical, and isotopic data, high-pressure phase equilibria are also providing new constraints on the constitution and evolution of the mantle. Circumpacific blueschists and eclogites occur in penetratively sheared nappes that are overturned seaward, indicating 30–50 km descent of an oceanic plate during metamorphism before partial exhumation of mainly low-density crustal material. Neoblastic coesite and microdiamond inclusions in tough, rigid host minerals show that continental collision involves fragmentary recovery of subducted rocks from depths of 100–130 km, far deeper than traditionally thought. Even more surprising, garnet peridotites from the central Alps, western Norway, Bohemia, and China display intergrowths and exsolution lamellae reflecting the former existence of majoritic garnet, stishovite, and other phases requiring depths of origin >300 km. Exsolved nanominerals attest to the decompression of precursor phases that had formed at profound depths preceding mantle upwelling. Times of deep-seated storage and rates of exhumation remain as major problems. Fluid-rock and lithosphere-asthenosphere interactions have recycled volatiles to the deep Earth through subduction of both hydrous and nominally anhydrous minerals. Mantle petrochemistry and plume-plate dynamics control the evolving architecture of the Earth’s crust and the interdependent biosphere. Applications of advanced technologies to condensed materials are leading to a fuller understanding of the planetary interior in time and space.
Compression of stereoscopic images using pyramid and prune DCT encoding

This paper details a compression system for stereoscopic (3-D) images that takes advantage of the disparity compensation effect by heavily compressing one image and a lightly compressing the other. Two methods were tried for the creation of the heavily compressed image: Lossy Pyramid coding and Pruned Discrete Cosine Transform (PDCT) with Variable Length Coding VLC. Both versions of the program used a lightly quantized PDCT image for the “clear” image.
The Java 5 generics compromise orthogonality to keep compatibility

In response to a long-lasting anticipation by the Java community, version 1.5 of the Java 2 platform - referred to as Java 5 - introduced generic types and methods to the Java language. The Java 5 generics are a significant enhancement to the language expressivity because they allow straightforward composition of new generic classes from existing ones while reducing the need for a plethora of type casts. While the Java 5 generics are expressive, the chosen implementation method, type erasure, has triggered undesirable orthogonality violations. This paper identifies six cases of orthogonality violations in the Java 5 generics and demonstrates how these violations are mandated by the use of type erasure. The paper also compares the Java 5 cases of orthogonality violations to compatible cases in C# 2 and NextGen 2 and analyzes the tradeoffs in the three approaches. The conclusion is that Java 5 users face new challenges: a number of generic type expressions are forbidden, while others that are allowed are left unchecked by the compiler.
Missed injuries in trauma patients: A literature review

Overlooked injuries and delayed diagnoses are still common problems in the treatment of polytrauma patients. Therefore, ongoing documentation describing the incidence rates of missed injuries, clinically significant missed injuries, contributing factors and outcome is necessary to improve the quality of trauma care. This review summarizes the available literature on missed injuries, focusing on overlooked muscoloskeletal injuries. Manuscripts dealing with missed injuries after trauma were reviewed. The following search modules were selected in PubMed: Missed injuries, Delayed diagnoses, Trauma, Musculoskeletal injuires. Three time periods were differentiated: (n = 2, 1980–1990), (n = 6, 1990–2000), and (n = 9, 2000-Present). We found a wide spread distribution of missed injuries and delayed diagnoses incidence rates (1.3% to 39%). Approximately 15 to 22.3% of patients with missed injuries had clinically significant missed injuries. Furthermore, we observed a decrease of missed pelvic and hip injuries within the last decade. The lack of standardized studies using comparable definitions for missed injuries and clinically significant missed injuries call for further investigations, which are necessary to produce more reliable data. Furthermore, improvements in diagnostic techniques (e.g. the use of multi-slice CT) may lead to a decreased incidence of missed pelvic injuries. Finally, the standardized tertiary trauma survey is vitally important in the detection of clinically significant missed injuries and should be included in trauma care.
Ptc1 Protein Phosphatase 2C Contributes to Glucose Regulation of SNF1/AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs) function in energy regulation in eukaryotic cells. SNF1/AMPKs are αβγ heterotrimers that are activated by phosphorylation of the activation loop Thr on the catalytic subunit. Protein kinases that activate SNF1/AMPK have been identified, but the protein phosphatases responsible for dephosphorylation of the activation loop are less well defined. For Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1/AMPK, Reg1-Glc7 protein phosphatase 1 and Sit4 type 2A-related phosphatase function together to dephosphorylate Thr-210 on the Snf1 catalytic subunit during growth on high concentrations of glucose; reg1Δ and sit4Δ single mutations do not impair dephosphorylation when inappropriate glycogen synthesis, also caused by these mutations, is blocked. We here present evidence that Ptc1 protein phosphatase 2C also has a role in dephosphorylation of Snf1 Thr-210 in vivo. The sit4Δ ptc1Δ mutant exhibited partial defects in regulation of the phosphorylation state of Snf1. The reg1Δ ptc1Δ mutant was viable only when expressing mutant Snf1 proteins with reduced kinase activity, and Thr-210 phosphorylation of the mutant SNF1 heterotrimers was substantially elevated during growth on high glucose. This evidence, together with findings on the reg1Δ sit4Δ mutant, indicates that although Reg1-Glc7 plays the major role, all three phosphatases contribute to maintenance of the Snf1 activation loop in the dephosphorylated state during growth on high glucose. Ptc1 has overlapping functions with Reg1-Glc7 and Sit4 in glucose regulation of SNF1/AMPK and cell viability.
Design issues of a three-dimensional packaging scheme for power modules

Abstract This paper presents design issues of a novel three-dimensional packaging approach for power modules. Solder interconnections are implemented on power devices (insulated gate bipolar transistors and diodes) to obtain vertical interconnections for the proposed multi-layer packaging technique. Issues related to materials selection and processing, electrical and thermo-mechanical aspects of implementing the new packaging concept are discussed.
Radiometric diameter and albedo of the remarkable asteroid 1976AA

It is pointed out that the minor planet 1976AA discovered on January 7, 1976, is the first asteroid found with an orbital period of less than a year. A description is given of a study in which the diameter and the albedo of the asteroid were determined with the aid of infrared radiometry. It is concluded that on the basis of its albedo 1976AA can probably be classed with the stony group of asteroids.
Protection Against Acts Harmful to Human Health and the Environment Adopted by the EU Institutions

This chapter examines whether the EU has duly implemented its obligations regarding access to justice in environmental matters. On the one hand, EU courts remain hardly accessible to individuals seeking to challenge acts harmful to human health and the environment adopted by the EU institutions. In this regard, the Lisbon amendment of the standing requirements for non-privileged applicants has not radically changed the situation. In the light of recent decisions of the General Court, it appears that the latter has as yet resorted to a restrictive interpretation of the new prerequisites laid down in Article 263(4) TFEU. On the other hand, the internal review mechanism of EU environmental measures as provided for under secondary law does not live up to its objective of enhancing legal protection. In addition to the limited scope thereof, the EU institutions have shown much reluctance to be challenged. Therefore, it may be concluded that EU citizens are not provided with effective remedies. This represents a significant issue given the essential enforcement deficit of environment law. Arguably the EU legal system scarcely complies with the letter and the spirit of the Arhus Convention with respect to access to justice.
Biosynthesis of prostaglandins and hydroxy fatty acids in primary squamous carcinomas of head and neck in humans.

Abstract The metabolism of [ 14 C]arachidonic acid into cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products by homogenates of primary squamous carcinomas of head and neck in 12 patients was studied in vitro. The lipoxygenase pathway was predominant in all samples. The major metabolites were 12-hydroxy-5,8,11–14-eicosatetraenoic acid, (12-HETE) and 15-HETE. 5-HETE, 5,12-diHETE, 8-HETE and 9-HETE were also detected. The cyclooxygenase products detected were in the following order: PGE 2 > PGF 2α > TxB 2 > 15-keto-PGE 2 > 6-keto-PGF 1α > PGD 2 . Literature review of the biological activities of those oxygenated metabolites of arachidonic acid suggest important modulatory roles in the pathophysiology of head and neck cancer.
Monitoring GSD projects via shared mental models: a suggested approach

Team cognition research suggests that the degree to which teams have developed shared mental models is a significant factor in the performance of the team. Research in the software development domain has similar findings. This research is not, however, reflected in most commonly used project management practices. In geographically distributed software (GSD)development difficulty with team coordination is the norm. This paper looks at these issues, the research into team mental models, and suggests how project management practices may incorporate the findings to help address coordination issues in GSD.
Vitamin E sensitive genes in the developing rat fetal brain: a high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis

Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) is essential for normal neurological function. Recently we have reported that the neuroprotective properties of tocotrienols are much more potent than that of the widely studied tocopherols (Sen, C.K., Khanna, S., Roy, S. and Parker, L. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 13049-13055). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether (i) oral supplementation of tocotrienols during pregnancy is bioavailable to fetal and mother brains; (ii) short-term change in dietary vitamin E levels of pregnant rats influences gene expression profile of developing fetal brains. We report that dietary tocotrienol is bioavailable to both mother and fetal brains. The enrichment is more in fetal brain tissue. Using a GeneChip microarray expression profiling approach we have identified a specific set of vitamin E sensitive genes in the developing rat fetal brain.
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Sphagnum Bogs of the Southern Appalachian Mountains

ABSTRACT: Sphagnum bogs, in the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America are rare and diverse ecosystems; the unique climate range they occupy allows for a mixture of northern and southern species to thrive, creating isolated biodiversity hotspots. Research on northern bogs in Europe and North America has found that climate change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition can shift species composition of bog communities and release carbon; however, research on southern bogs has not begun to answer questions about their fate. We reviewed research conducted in northern bogs and applied this information to southern Appalachian bogs to explore the potential impacts that climate change may have on southern Sphagnum bogs. The projected increase in evapotranspiration coupled with nitrogen deposition may lead to the drying up of southern bogs causing: (1) increased decomposition rates, which can lead to the system becoming a carbon source rather than a sink; and (2) local extinction of many bog species, ...
Challenges in Pubertal Development

Today we are going to discuss some of the clinical challenges in pubertal development. Puberty is a time of tremendous physical and emotional change for the adolescent. When all goes well and it follows the expected course it is often difficult not only for the teen but also for her parents. When there are problems superimposed on this potentially tumultuous time it requires a great deal of skill knowledge and empathy to assist these patients and their families. As clinicians we are faced with some of these issues on a daily basis. Other issues that we will discuss may be less common and more challenging for the clinician to approach. (excerpt)
Superior vena cava syndrome: diagnosis of etiology with EUS-guided FNA.

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is the clinical manifestation that results from compression or occlusion of the superior vena cava and thus impairs the return of venous blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities. Lung cancer is the leading cause of SVCS, followed by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and then metastatic disease, in particular, breast and prostate cancer. Because of the many therapeutic advances in the treatment of lung cancer, lymphoproliferative disorders, and other malignant etiologies of SVCS, the current management stresses the importance of an accurate histologic diagnosis of the underlying etiology before treatment. A histologic diagnosis can sometimes be obtained by bronchoscopy, lymph-node biopsy, or transvenous biopsy. Unfortunately, the diagnostic yield for these studies is often low. Previous studies showed that, when these less-invasive techniques failed, cervical mediastinoscopy or anterior mediastinotomy is more often successful in obtaining tissue diagnosis in SVCS. The sensitivity and specificity of cervical mediastinoscopy and anterior mediastinotomy in detecting the etiology with SVCS has been reported at 97.4% and 100%, respectively, with a diagnostic accuracy of 97.4%. However, because these techniques involve the dissection and biopsy of tissue in the presence of distended neck veins and collateral circulation, they entail the risk of hemorrhage and other complications. One review article reported the overall morbidity associated with these more-invasive procedures at 8.2%. To the best of our knowledge, none of the previously published reports included establishing the etiology of SVCS by EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA). EUS-FNA was successfully used in the diagnosis of malignant lymph nodes associated with GI and pulmonary malignancies. The overall accuracy of EUS-FNA in detecting the diagnosis of malignancy was reported at 86%, with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 96%. EUS-FNA can safely, reliably, and accurately obtain tissue specimens adequate for cytologic diagnoses, eliminating the need for more-invasive methods or surgical intervention. With regard to its sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy, EUS-FNA is comparable with cervical mediastinoscopy or anterior mediastinotomy. Yet, as a relatively less-invasive technique, EUS-FNA might have a niche in diagnosing the etiology of SVCS. Two cases of SVCS are reported here, in which EUS-FNA established
Beyond Boom and Bust: External Rents, Durable Authoritarianism, and Institutional Adaptation in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Drawing on recent critiques and advances in theories of the rentier state, this paper uses an in-depth case study of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to posit a new “supply and demand” approach to the study of external rents and authoritarian durability. The Jordanian rentier state is not exclusively a product of external rents, particularly foreign aid, but also of the demands of a coalition encompassing groups with highly disparate economic policy preferences. The breadth of the Hashemite coalition requires that the regime dispense rent-fueled side payments to coalition members through constructing distributive institutions. Yet neither rent supply nor coalition demands are static. Assisted by geopolitically motivated donors, the Hashemites have adapted institutions over time to tap a diverse supply of rents that range from economic and military aid to protocol trade, allowing them to retain power through periods of late development, domestic political crisis, and neoliberal conditionality.
Brachydactyly Type C Gene Maps to Human Chromosome 12q24

Brachydactyly type C is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormal segmentation of the index and middle fingers segregating with a high degree of variable expression in members of the same family. We have followed up and studied members of the large kindred segregating with the brachydactyly type C phenotype described by Virgil Haws in 1963, and using genetic linkage analysis, we localized the susceptibility gene to human chromosome 12q24.
Teaching Personality: Discovering the Difference between Self and Personality

(1985). Teaching Personality: Discovering the Difference Between Self and Personality. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 101-102.
Data Transmission across High Voltage Interfaces via Light Links

Computer control/monitoring of the LAMPF injector requires data to be transmitted to and from the ion source in the high voltage head. These data must be digitized for computer use as is done throughout the rest of the accelerator. The A/D converter, interfacing instrumentation equipment, and control logic are placed in the head. Signals are transmitted across the 750 kV interface to and from the high voltage head through 5 light links. Four are used to replace insulated rods and strings for data and control. One transmits the pulse signal to the ion source. The system should operate at computer speeds; therefore, rise and fall times for pulse transmission of data must be less than 200 ns. The pulse width is 800 ns with a 50% duty cycle. The ion source pulse requires the same rise time but the pulse width must extend to 1.5 ms. This paper describes the system and reports the test results on a system designed to meet these specifications. The modification of the system to provide linear transmission of fast waveforms is discussed.
Interactions With Men and Whites Matter Too

The underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in academic and professional settings, especially in leadership positions, and of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fiel...
Other smoking-affected pulmonary diseases

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Smoking adversely affects many organ systems, but especially the lung. Carcinoma of the lung and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease account for most smoking-associated respiratory morbidity and mortality, and their association with smoking is both well established and widely recognized. Cigarette smoking also is associated with differences in the incidence, severity, or natural history of a broad array of other respiratory illnesses, ranging from the common cold to pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage, and various interstitial lung diseases. Interestingly, while the general effect of smoking on respiratory diseases is adverse, in the cases of sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis smoking may actually be associated with a decrease in the incidence of disease. In this article, the author briefly discusses some of the pulmonary and systemic effects of smoking that might mediate its effects on an array of lung diseases, then comprehensively reviews less common or less well-recognized smoking-affected lung diseases such as pulmonary infections, spontaneous pneumothorax, Goodpasture's syndrome, eosinophilic granuloma and other interstitial lung diseases, and pulmonary metastatic disease.
Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users

The cognitive effects of long-term cannabis use are insufficiently understood. Most studies concur that cognitive deficits persist at least several days after stopping heavy cannabis use. But studies differ on whether such deficits persist long term or whether they are correlated with increasing duration of lifetime cannabis use. The authors administered neuropsychological tests to 77 current heavy cannabis users who had smoked cannabis at least 5000 times in their lives, and to 87 control subjects who had smoked no more than 50 times in their lives. The heavy smokers showed deficits on memory of word lists on Days 0, 1, and 7 of a supervised abstinence period. By Day 28, however, few significant differences were found between users and controls on the test measures, and there were few significant associations between total lifetime cannabis consumption and test performance. Although these findings may be affected by residual confounding, as in all retrospective studies, they suggest that cannabis-associated cognitive deficits are reversible and related to recent cannabis exposure rather than irreversible and related to cumulative lifetime use.
A conversion system for neuroelectric data.

Abstract A data processing system characterized by great versatility in the processing of neuroelectric data is briefly described. Technical specification and cost are presented.
Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation.

6. Poirier RA, McGoon DC, Danielson GK, et al: Late results after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:900, 1977 Truster V, McGoon DC, Kennedy MA, et al: Long term evaluation (12-22 years) of open heart surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 46:635, 1980 Ilbawi MN, ldriss FS, Muster A], et al: Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 81:906, 1981 Dunnigan A, Oldham HN, Benson DW: Absent pulmonary valve syndrome in infancy: Surgery reconsidered. Am J Cardiol 48:117, 1981 Abduleh SA, Silverton NP, Yakirevich VS, Ionescu MI: Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with a bovine pericardial monocusp patch. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89:761, 1985 Arciniegas E: Tetralogy of Fallot. In Arciniegas E (ed): Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1985, p 211
Multi-scale temporal stability analysis of surface and subsurface soil moisture within the Upper Cedar Creek Watershed, Indiana

Abstract Soil moisture plays a significant role in determining the amount of energy exchange between the atmosphere and the earth's surface and is highly variable in space and time. Temporal stability analysis (TSA) is a statistical approach for describing the persistence of spatial patterns and characteristic behavior of soil moisture. Using TSA, this study is aimed at determining the adequacy of long term point-scale surface and subsurface soil moisture (θ v ) measurements in representing field and watershed scale averages that serve as in situ ground truth locations for remotely sensed soil moisture calibration and validation programs, as well as applications for hydrologic modeling. In two agricultural fields, twenty temporary frequency-domain reflectometry (FDR) soil moisture sensors, spaced 70 m apart, were installed at depths of 5 and 20 cm in each field with measurements transmitted every 30 min from June 29 through September 21, 2010. Soil moisture data were also obtained from FDR sensors permanently installed at depths of 5 and 20 cm at seven sites located within the USDA, Upper Cedar Creek Watershed (UCCW) monitoring network in northeastern Indiana. Additionally, meteorological data (i.e., rainfall, air temperature, humidity) were obtained from existing UCCW network weather stations. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed persistent patterns in surface soil moisture and identified sites that were temporally stable at both study scales. However, soil water patterns differed between preferred states (wet/dry) and were primarily controlled by lateral and vertical fluxes. At the field scale, locations that were optimal for estimating the area-average water contents were different from the permanent sensor locations. However, minimum offset values could be applied to the permanent sensor data to obtain representative field average values of surface θ v . TSA of 20 cm θ v showed little correlation with surface θ v TSA results in terms of comparable stable sites or vertical transferability at either scale. The results are of relevance for the interpretation, scaling, or in describing the variability of coarser resolution soil moisture data such as that retrieved from remotely sensed active and passive microwave platforms and in terms of modeling field and watershed scale soil moisture based on point measurements.
World Economy Forecasts and the International Agencies

For the last decade the major international agencies have forecast the possibilities for the world economy. This paper reviews these efforts. It finds that the forecasts of the agencies for the economic growth rates of the industrial and developing countries have been systematically biased, while their estimates of the locomotive effect for developing countries have become ambiguous. There has also been a systematic shift in the forecasting methods used by the agencies. In part, this pattern reflects the need to rationalize forecasts within the context of a particular theoretical-ideological perspective, increasingly strengthened by the influence of the present United States administration. Peer group and institutional pressures within the interagency system have resulted in a misplaced consensus about long-term trends, and have undermined the potential benefits of the forecasting exercise. The dangers of biased or unreliable forecasts are evident, given the influence of the forecasts on the planning activities and the style of development of so many developing countries.
The Gene for Slow Wallerian Degeneration (Wlds) Is Also Protective against Vincristine Neuropathy

Abstract Neurological diseases are frequently associated with axonal degeneration, which leads to dysfunction though separation of neurons from their targets. The mechanisms of axonal degeneration are largely unknown and in many cases are independent of those occurring within cell bodies in neurodegenerative disorders. The Wlds mouse mutant demonstrates the unique phenotype of resistance to axonal degeneration after axotomy (slow Wallerian degeneration), making it a powerful tool for studying mechanisms of axonal degeneration. We asked whether the Wlds mutation also provides resistance to axonal degeneration in a slowly progressing neuropathy. Using cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons we compared the course of axonal degeneration in response to exposure to the neurotoxin vincristine and found that Wlds neurites were relatively resistant to vincristine neuropathy. These findings suggest common pathophysiologic mechanisms between axotomy-induced Wallerian degeneration and toxic neuropathy. The implications are wide-ranging and are relevant to the pathophysiology of axonal degeneration seen in a wide spectrum of neurological diseases ranging from stroke and head trauma to spinal cord injury and peripheral neuropathy.
Optimised array antenna nulling with phase-only control

The pointing direction gain of a linear phased array antenna is maximised with the constraints of phase-only control at the N antenna elements and the imposition of J nulls at angles theta /sub 1/, theta /sub 2/. . ., theta /sub J/ from the array normal. The specification of J nulling angles requires the a priori knowledge of the directions of the emitter sources. This maximisation problem with constraints is reduced to 2J+2 nonlinear equations which can be solved via a vector Newton algorithm to yield the N complex antenna weights in terms of the 2J+2 unknowns. Examples are given for a 20 element array with uniform and Hamming amplitude weighting and the imposition of as many as five nulling angles. Examples of mainbeam nulling are also given. >