cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium Absorption and Its Relationship to Divalent Metal Transporter-1 in the Pregnant Rat☆

Increased intestinal absorption of essential nutrients is characteristic of pregnancy as the maternal gastrointestinal tract undergoes physiological and biochemical changes to accommodate the increased demand for essential nutrients by the fetus. Divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1) is primarily responsible for dietary iron uptake in the duodenum but also recognizes nonessential metals such as cadmium (Cd). Increased absorption of Cd has been reported in pregnant compared with nonpregnant mice; however, the mechanism is not understood. The purpose of this work was to determine whether Cd absorption is increased in pregnant compared with nonpregnant rats and whether this correlates with a time-dependent up-regulation of DMT-1 expression. Timed pregnant and nonpregnant female Sprague–Dawley rats were administered 109Cd-labeled CdCl2 by oral gavage on gestation day (gd) 19. Tissues were collected on gd 20 for 109Cd assessment (values expressed as pmol Cd). Greater accumulation of 109Cd was observed in duodenum than in jejunum and ileum in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats. However, the amount of Cd in small intestine was higher in pregnant than nonpregnant rats. Additionally, more Cd accumulated in the liver and kidney of pregnant than nonpregnant rats. DMT-1 mRNA levels were determined in duodenum, placenta, liver, and kidney with branched DNA signal amplification. DMT-1 mRNA levels were about sixfold higher in duodenum of (gd 21) pregnant than nonpregnant rats and the levels in pregnant rats increased from gd 15 through gd 21. The correlation between Cd absorption and DMT-1 expression observed in pregnant rats suggests a role for DMT-1 in the increased absorption of Cd during pregnancy.
Switchable multicoil array for MR micro-imaging of breast lesions.

High-resolution breast imaging may improve differentiation between benign and malignant lesions and may be important for refining treatment strategy. This article presents a new, flexible design of a breast-imaging coil capable of providing breast images of a high level of spatial resolution. Referred to as a switchable coil array, the design uses small-diameter surface coils that provide high sensitivity of detection, which, combined with a relatively small field of view, affords a high degree of spatial resolution (up to 200 mm). Remote selection of the coil pair closest to the position of the lesion in the breast permits coverage of the whole breast without changing the position of the coils or the patient. High-resolution MR images of phantom and volunteer patients with benign and malignant breast lesions are presented. Magn Reson Med 41:569‐574, 1999. r 1999
Synthesis by a clonal line of rat glial cells of a protein unique to the nervous system.

The synthesis of a protein unique to the nervous system, the “S100-protein,” has been studied in a clonal line of rat glial cells. It has been shown that these cells do not begin to accumulate “S100-protein” until the cultures enter a phase of density-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. Further experiments indicate that the regulation of “S100-protein” accumulation resides at least in part in an interaction involving the cell surface.
Carbon Monoxide and Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of the Weight of Evidence

The role, if any, of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the causation and/or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease remains to be proven and defined. Earlier workers suggested that ETS-associated carbon monoxide, nicotine, and/or polyaromatic hydrocarbons may be causative factors. The purpose of this review was to assess the weight of evidence supporting a role for ambient carbon monoxide in the etiology of human ischemic cardiovascular disease. The findings show that there is scant clinical or experimental evidence to support a role for carbon monoxide in the causation of ischemic heart disease. Further, the results of field studies of relative air quality in nonsmoking and smoking homes, offices, and public places show that ETS contributes only minor and toxicologically insignificant increments in ambient carbon monoxide concentrations. These increments are variable and easily masked by other common carbon monoxide sources such as internal combustion engines and the burning of cooking and heating fuels. It is concluded that if ETS plays a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, it is most likely not mediated through carbon monoxide.
RATE CONSTANTS FOR REACTIONS BETWEEN IODINE- AND CHLORINE-CONTAINING SPECIES : A DETAILED MECHANISM OF THE CHLORINE DIOXIDE/CHLORITE-IODIDE REACTION

The chlorite-iodide reaction is unusual because it is substrate-inhibited and autocatalytic. Because analytically pure ClO2- ion is not easily prepared, it was generated in situ from the rapid reaction between ClO2 and I-. The resulting overall reaction is multiphasic, consisting of four separable parts. Sequentially, beginning with mixing, these parts are the (a) chlorine dioxide-iodide, (b) chlorine(III)-iodide, (c) chlorine(III)-iodine, and (d) hypoiodous and iodous acid disproportionation reactions. The overall reaction has been studied experimentally and by computer simulation by breaking it down into a set of kinetically active subsystems and three rapidly established equilibria: protonations of chlorite and HOI and formation of I3-. The subsystems whose kinetics and stoichiometries were experimentally measured, remeasured, or which were previously experimentally measured include oxidation of iodine(−1,0,+1,+3) by chlorine(0,+1,+3), oxidation of I- by HIO2, and disproportionation of HOI and HIO2. T...
Dielectric susceptibility and thermal conductivity of tunneling electric dipoles in alkali halides.

A microscopic calculation is presented to obtain the dielectric susceptibility X(T,\ensuremath{\omega}) and the thermal conductivity \ensuremath{\kappa}(T) at temperature T and frequency \ensuremath{\omega} for dilute concentrations of multiorientational tunneling dipoles randomly distributed in a nondipolar medium. There are two contributions to X(T,\ensuremath{\omega}): a discrete one arising from the near neighbors, and a quasicontinuous one from faraway neighbors. The continuous part of X(T,\ensuremath{\omega}) exhibits a broad T dependence in its real and imaginary parts. The theory predicts a lnT term in the dc as well as in the ac susceptibility for low T. It also predicts a discrete and a continuous contribution to the specific heat ${C}_{v}$(T) and the thermal expansion \ensuremath{\alpha}(T). Applying the derivations to ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions in KCl, one obtains that \ensuremath{\kappa}(T)\ensuremath{\propto}${T}^{2}$ for low T with some important deviations from ${T}^{2}$ dependence for somewhat higher T. \ensuremath{\alpha}(T) is primarily determined by the coupling of the phonons to the tunneling matrix element \ensuremath{\Delta}, whereas \ensuremath{\kappa}(T) is determined by the coupling to the anisotropy energy ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{a}$. When these results are combined with calculations for the density of the excitation energies, the specific heat, and the thermal expansion, the model gives low-T properties (in all the variables mentioned above) that are very similar to those observed in glasses. This is the first solvable microscopic model which gives glasslike properties at low temperatures from fundamental considerations without the use of a mean-field theory.
The opioid–cytokine connection

Opioids (exogenous opiates and endogenous opioid peptides) have a diversity of effects on the immune system. Although numerous studies have shown that opioid-induced immunosuppression can be mediated indirectly via the central nervous system (CNS) or through direct interactions with immunocytes, the precise cellular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of opioids are largely unknown. In recent years, investigations from several laboratories have indicated that opioids can operate as cytokines, the principal communication signals of the immune system. All of the major properties of cytokines are shared by opioids, i.e., production by immune cells with paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine sites of action, functional redundancy, pleiotropy and effects that are both dose- and time-dependent. Studies of the effects of opioids on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or brain cells cocultured with HIV-infected cells suggest that some of the immunoregulatory actions of opioids are mediated by ultrahigh affinity receptors on PBMC and glial cells. Because the CNS is populated predominantly by astroglia and microglia which have properties of immune cells, it is possible that certain of the CNS effects of opioids involve cytokine-like interactions with glial cells. Although there is mounting evidence supporting the concept that opioids are members of the cytokine family, the relative contribution of the opioids to immunoregulation remains unclear. The importance of opiate addiction in the AIDS epidemic means that gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms of opioid-induced immunomodulation is of more than academic interest.
Generalization effects of social skills training in chronic schizophrenics: an experimental analysis.

Abstract Social skills training was administered to three (one male and two female) chronic schizophrenic patients in a Partial Hospitalization Service. Treatment consisted of instructions. feedback and modeling, and was administered in 25. 26 and 31 sessions, respectively, for the three patients. Target behaviors were identified for each patient based on his/her responses to role-played interactions involving male and female partners in situations requiring commendatory or hostile assertion. Five to seven target behaviors were selected for each subject and were treated sequentially in a multiple baseline format. Skills training was highly successful for the two female patients but was only partially effective for the male patient. Two forms of generalization measures were included, indicating that the effects of training generalized from trained to untrained, and trained to novel role-played interactions. Follow-up assessments for the two female patients indicated that most of the effects persisted over 8–10-week post-treatment periods.
Distinctive Features of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis Determine Their Functionality during De novo Tumor Development

Blood and lymphatic vasculature are essential components of all organs, responsible for maintaining organ fluid dynamics and tissue homeostasis. Although both vessel systems are composed of similar lineages of endothelial cells whose crude functions include fluid and cell transport, each system also possesses distinctive physiologic properties, enabling their distinctive functions in tissues. The role of hematogenous vasculature and development of angiogenic blood vessels during cancer development is well established; however, the role of lymphangiogenesis and structural/functional alterations occurring within lymphatic vessels during cancer development are incompletely understood. To assess premalignant versus malignant alterations in blood and lymphatic vasculature associated with squamous epithelial skin carcinogenesis, we assessed architectural and functional features of both vascular systems using a mouse model of de novo carcinoma development. We report that, as vasculature acquires angiogenic and/or lymphangiogenic properties, angiogenic blood vessels become leaky in premalignant tissue and at peripheries of carcinomas, where enlarged lymphatic capillaries efficiently drain increased tissue fluid, thereby maintaining tissue hemodynamics. In contrast, central regions of carcinomas exhibit elevated tissue fluid levels, compressed lymphatic lumina, and decreased vascular leakage, thus indicating impaired hemodynamics within solid tumors. Together, these data support the notion that therapeutic delivery of anticancer agents is best realized in premalignant tissues and/or at the peripheries of solid tumors where hemodynamic forces support drug delivery. Strategies to normalize intratumoral hemodynamics would therefore enhance therapeutic delivery to otherwise poorly accessible central regions of solid tumors.
Overexpression of protein kinase C-ϵ enhances the stimulatory effect of ethanol on phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts

Previously, ethanol and the protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and bombesin were shown to synergistically stimulate phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Here we used fibroblasts overexpressing PKC-epsilon 15-fold to examine the possible role of this enzyme in the regulation of PtdEtn hydrolysis by ethanol. Overexpressed PKC-epsilon (i) greatly enhanced the stimulatory effects of ethanol (37.5-150 mM) on PLC-mediated PtdEtn hydrolysis, and (ii) eliminated the need for the co-presence of a PKC activator for maximal (3.3-fold) stimulation of PLC by 150 mM ethanol. Results suggest that PKC-epsilon is a potential positive regulator of the PtdEtn-hydrolyzing PLC activity, and that the functional interaction between PKC-epsilon and PLC is facilitated by ethanol.
Inversion of seismic data using precritical reflection and refraction data

We present a two‐step inversion procedure to extract subsurface velocity estimates from large‐offset seismic data. The first step is the automatic iterative large‐offset inverse method (AILOIM) which we test in the presence of strong water‐bottom multiples. Since this method is based on finding the locus of critically reflected points, low‐velocity zones cannot be resolved and the reconstruction is only an average estimate. In the presence of low‐velocity zones, the second step of the inversion process is required. This second step is a generalized least‐squares inverse scheme applied to the precritical reflections. We computed the inverse solution using a perturbation technique and determined the reference model from an estimate of the average velocity given by the first step. Two major features of this inversion method are: amplitudes of reflection arrivals are incorporated into analysis, and accurate results can be achieved without human interaction (picking the traveltime curves). Numerical examples u...
A two-dimensional shape memory alloy/elastomer actuator

This paper presents a theoretical model for the response of a two-dimensional, thermally driven, shape memory alloy (SMA)/elastomer actuator. The actuator is assumed to be constructed from a thin layer of SMA bonded to a layer of elastomer. The proposed device is considered to undergo small displacements and small strains. The governing equations are developed utilizing the classical laminated plate theory, energy balance equations, and a two-dimensional transition model of the SMA layer. A finite element model is developed to solve the nonlinear system of equations. Parametric studies are conducted to demonstrate the effects of the elastomer thickness, thermal conductivity, input energy, and heat sink strength on the overall time response of the SMA/elastomer actuator.
1396 COST CONTROL USING FLEXIBLE URETEROSCOPY ON A LARGER, MORE COMPLEX STONE BURDEN

increased as pulse energy increased. OCT showed symmetric craters with regular contours (Figure). Crater size varied proportionally to pulse energy, p 0.01. Pressure transients increased as pulse energy increased, with typical peak transients of 10 bars at 0.5J, and 20–30 bars at 2.0J, p 0.01. With direct ablation, both Accordion and BackStop showed increased damage as pulse energy increased. Even at 2.0J pulse energy, they retained shape and function. CONCLUSIONS: When a given amount of total energy is applied, retropulsion increases as pulse energy increases. Energy is wasted and lithotripsy is compromised. Low pulse energy (0.2J–0.5J) produces minimal retropulsion and tiny fragments. High pulse energy (1.0J–2.0J) produces faster lithotripsy but larger fragments. Anti-retropulsion devices are useful when high pulse settings are applied. The ideal power setting depends on whether the urologist wants tiny debris or is willing to basket larger fragments; and whether an anti-retropulsion device is used. At all pulse settings, pressure transients remain low and ablation craters remain predictable consistent with photothermal mechanisms.
Structural studies of the interaction between ubiquitin family proteins and proteasome subunit S5a.

The 26S proteasome is essential for the proteolysis of proteins that have been covalently modified by the attachment of polyubiquitinated chains. Although the 20S core particle performs the degrada...
Postoperatie wound infection after total abdominal hysterectomy: A controlled study of the increase duration of hospital stay and trends in postoperative wound infection

Abstract Background: Total abdominal hysterectomy, a common operative procedure, is infrequently accompanied by incisional wound infection. No recent study has examined the excess hospital stay attributable to such infections. Methods: This historical cohort study of cases and matched controls was performed in a tertiary care university hospital. Results: During the 5-year study period (1985 to 1989), the infection rate was 10.5 per 100 procedures; patients with infection remained hospitalized 3.55 days longer than did matched control patients ( p = 0.0025 ). Conclusion: In this era after the introduction of the diagnosis-related groups for reimbursement, incisional wound infection after total abdominal hysterectomy leads to a significant period of extra hospital stay.
Sliding charge-density waves. I. dc properties

A classical model of a sliding charge-density wave (CDW) is extended to treat the electrostatic interaction of the CDW with itself, conduction electrons, and the host lattice, as well as with defects. If the CDW is commensurate and the lattice sufficiently coherent, the interaction with the lattice produces, at large voltages, a leading-order nonlinear current of the form $\ensuremath{\Delta}I\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}{V}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which contrasts with $\ensuremath{\Delta}I\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{-}{V}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ due to defects. The effect of a large decrease in the normal conductivity is studied and the defect-contributed $\ensuremath{\Delta}I$ is predicted to be strongly enhanced with decreasing temperature in Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$. Interference effects in the commensurate and incommensurate cases are also shown to differ in both detailed shape and temperature dependence. Transport measurements may, therefore, be able to determine whether the CDW's in Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ and Nb${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ are commensurate or incommensurate.
Myths of the German atom bomb

The persistent controversy surrounding the role of the German scientists in developing an atomic bomb during the Second World War can be laid to rest by the release of the Farm Hall transcripts.
Unscheduled bleeding with continuous oral contraceptive pills: a comparison of progestin dose.

Abstract Background Although the use of continuous oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) eliminates scheduled uterine bleeding, unscheduled bleeding is common. The objective of this study was to determine whether progestin dose influences bleeding with use of continuous OCPs. Study Design This was a secondary data analysis of two other studies of continuous OCPs. Women were eligible if they were switching from a cyclic hormonal contraceptive to a continuous OCP. Women took a 20-mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE)/100-mcg levonorgestrel (LNG) pill or a 20-mcg EE/90-mcg LNG pill for 112 days. The number of bleeding/spotting days was compared between groups using a t test. Sample size was adequate to detect a difference of 8 days of bleeding/spotting over the 112 day study period (β=0.80, α=0.05). Results Sixty-six subjects were enrolled, 33 in each group. There were no differences in baseline characteristic, missed OCPs or side effects. There were no differences in the mean number of bleeding/spotting days in the first 84 days of the study (90 mcg LNG mean 20.8 (SE 3.6) days versus 100 mcg LNG 17.8 (SE 2.3) days, p=.48), nor was there a difference in the time to amenorrhea (p=.35). Conclusion Our results do not support the use of one LNG dose over another to decrease the amount of unscheduled bleeding women experience when initiating a continuous OCP.
Prioritizing areas in the native range of hygrophila for surveys to collect biological control agents

Abstract Native to Southeast Asia, Hygrophila polysperma is an invasive aquatic weed of lotic habitats in the southern United States and Mexico. An increase in the number of water bodies invaded by hygrophila since 1990 suggests that current methods employed to control this weed are inadequate. Classical biological control may be a viable option for long term regulation of hygrophila in the invaded range. In this study, we used the Maximum Entropy Species Distribution Model (MaxEnt) to prioritize climatically suitable native habitats in India and Bangladesh for conducting exploratory surveys to collect biological control agents. In total, 164 point occurrences from the United States and Mexico and 20 predictor variables, including 19 bioclimatic variables and altitude, were used to predict the native distribution of hygrophila. Performance of the model was statistically verified using threshold dependent binomial tests and area under the curve (AUC) score of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve plot. The results showed that the model performed significantly better than random in both binomial tests and AUC analyses. High suitability of occurrence of hygrophila was predicted in the northeastern region of India and northern and eastern parts of Bangladesh. Based on percent omission of known native occurrences, a color-coded final distribution map was prepared to prioritize areas for conducting future surveys. Our study proposes a technique that can be useful for prioritizing areas in native ranges for exploratory surveys to collect biological control agents.
Boundary Layer and Cloud Structure Controls on Tropical Low Cloud Cover Using A-Train Satellite Data and ECMWF Analyses

Abstract The Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), CloudSat radar, and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud data on the A-Train constellation complemented with the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses are used to investigate the cloud and boundary layer structure across a 10° wide cross section starting at 5°S near the international date line and extending to 35°N near the California coast from March 2008 to February 2009. The mean large-scale inversion height and low-level cloud tops, which correspond very closely to each other, are very shallow (∼500 m) over cold SSTs and high static stability near California and deepen southwestward (to a maximum of ∼1.5–2.0 km) along the cross section as SSTs rise. Deep convection near the ITCZ occurs at a surface temperature close to 298 K. While the boundary layer relative humidity (RH) is nearly constant where a boundary layer is well defined, it drops sharply near cloud top i...
Temperature Dependence of Nitrogen Broadening of the NO Fundamental Vibrational Band

We report measured N2-broadening coefficients, gamma (T), of approximately 70 transitions of the ground electronic state fundamental vibration-rotation band (v=1 (left arrow) 0) of NO at 183, 213 and 296K. In addition to the broadening asymmetry previously observed between the 2 pi 3/2 and 2 pi 1/2 state transitions, we also observed for most of the 2 pi 1/2 transitions an increased broadening of the f-lambda over e-lambda components. The temperature dependence of the broadening coefficients was characterized by the power law, gamma T = gamma 296 (296/T) (sup n).
Medical aspects of pregnancy.

Women's health physicians should play a key role in preconception counseling and management of medical problems during pregnancy. Precautions recommended to reduce the risk of exposure to potential teratogens, medications, and medical interventions are discussed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration categorization of medications given during pregnancy is reviewed, and medications commonly used in pregnancy are listed. The basics of preconception counseling and routine prenatal care are reviewed, and guidelines for optimum preconception control of common medical conditions are summarized. Serious medical problems in pregnancy include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thromboembolic disorders, asthma, thyroid disease, seizure disorder, infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, hematologic disorders, cardiac disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, both physician and patient need to emphasize a preventive medicine approach to ensure the best outcome for both mother and child.
Comparison of Two Educational Interventions on Pediatric Resident Auscultation Skills

Objective Multiple cross-sectional physician surveys have documented poor cardiac auscultation skills. We evaluated the impact of 2 different educational interventions on pediatric resident auscultation skills. Methods The auscultation skills of all first-year (PGY1; n = 20) and second-year pediatric residents (PGY2; n = 20) were evaluated at the beginning and end of the academic year. Five patient recordings were presented: atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, bicuspid aortic valve with insufficiency, and innocent murmur. Residents were asked to classify the second heart sound, identify a systolic ejection click, describe the murmur, and provide a diagnosis. All PGY1 and most PGY2 (14 of 20) participated on the inpatient cardiology service for 1 month. PGY2 on the cardiology service also attended outpatient clinic. PGY1 did not attend outpatient clinic but were allotted 2 hours/week to use a self-directed cardiac auscultation computer teaching program. Results Resident auscultation skills on initial evaluation were dependent on training level (PGY1: 42 +/- 15% correct; PGY2: 53 +/- 13% correct), primarily as a result of better classification of second heart sound (PGY1: 45%; PGY2: 63%) and diagnosis of an innocent murmur (PGY1: 35%; PGY2: 65%). There was no difference in the ability to identify correctly a systolic ejection click (20% vs 23%) or to arrive at the correct diagnosis (35% vs 40%). At the end of the academic year, the PGY1 scores improved by 21%, primarily as a result of improved diagnostic accuracy of the innocent murmur (35% to 65%). PGY2 scores remained unchanged (53% vs 51%), regardless of participation in a cardiology rotation (cardiology rotation: 50%; no cardiology rotation: 51%). Combined, diagnostic accuracy was best for ventricular septal defect (55%) and innocent murmur (60%) and worst for atrial septal defect (18%) and pulmonary valve stenosis (15%). However, 40% identified the innocent murmur as pathologic and 21% of pathologic murmurs were diagnosed as innocent. Conclusions Pediatric resident auscultation skills were poor and did not improve after an outpatient cardiology rotation. Auscultation skills did improve after the use of a self-directed cardiac auscultation teaching program. These data have relevance given the American College of Graduate Medical Education's emphasis on measuring educational outcomes and documenting clinical competencies during residency training.
Order Effects on Responses to Sexual Stimuli By Males and Females

Abstract Schachter's (1964) cognitive labeling model of emotions was used to make predictions about the impact of presentation order of explicit sexual stimuli and order of reporting reactions to these stimuli on sexual and affective responses. Subjects (27 males, 23 females) viewed a series of sexually explicit slides in story‐line sequence, in reversed story‐line sequence, or in a random sequence. In counterbalanced order subjects rated how sexually arousing and disgusting the slides were to themselves. Males, but not females, reported being more disgusted when they rated disgust first than when they rated sexual arousal first. Additionally, males and females who saw the random presentation sequence reported more sexual arousal than those who saw the reversed story‐line sequence. Females also were more aroused by the random sequence them by the story‐line sequence, while males in these conditions did not differ in arousal. These results indicated that Schachter's model of emotions may be useful in expla...
Development of a Smartphone-Based, Self-Administered Intervention System for Alcohol Use Disorders

Advances in mobile technology provide an opportunity to deliver in-the-moment interventions to individuals with alcohol use disorders, yet availability of effective “apps” that deliver evidence-based interventions is scarce. The authors developed an immediately available, portable, smartphone-based intervention system whose purpose is to provide stand-alone, self-administered assessment and intervention. In this article, the authors describe how theory and empirical evidence, combined with smartphone functionality, contributed to the construction of a user-friendly, engaging alcohol intervention. With translation in mind, the authors discuss how they selected appropriate intervention components including assessments, feedback and tools, that work together to produce the hypothesized outcomes.
GENDER AND SEXUALITY: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950

What is the relationship between gender and sexuality? Some theories claim that they are two distinct systems of stratification, whereas others claim that they are bound tightly together. By looking at medical opinion on homosexuality in men and women from 1900 to 1950, this article examines the relationship between sexuality and gender. Interpretive analysis of articles on homosexuality appearing in medical journals during this time suggests that the relationship between sexuality and gender varies in historically and socially specific ways.
Microscopic anatomy of pycnogonida: II. Digestive system. III. Excretory system.

The digestive system of several species of sea spiders (Pycnogonida, Arthropoda) was studied by electron microscopy. It is composed of the foregut inside a long proboscis, a midgut and a hindgut. Lips near the three jaws at the tip of the proboscis receive several hundred ductules originating from salivary glands. These previously undetected glands open on the lips, a fluted, projecting ridge at the external hinge line of the jaws, i.e., to the outside of the mouth. This disposition suggests affinities to the chelicerate line. The trigonal esophagus within the proboscis contains a complex, setose filter device, operated by dedicated muscles, that serves to reduce ingested food to subcellular dimensions. The midgut has diverticula into the bases of all legs. Its cells differentiate from the basal layer and contain a bewildering array of secretion droplets, lysosomes and phagosomes. In the absence of a hepatopancreas, the midgut serves both digestive and absorptive functions. The cuticle-lined hindgut lies in the highly reduced, peg-like abdomen. Traditionally, pycnogonids have been claimed to have no excretory organ at all. Such a structure, however, has been located in at least one ammotheid, Nymphopsis spinosissima, in which a simple, but standard, excretory gland has been found in the scape of the chelifore. It consists of an end sac, a straight proximal tubule, a short distal tubule, and a raised nephropore. The end sac is a thin-walled and polygonal chamber, about 150 μm in cross section, suspended in the hemocoel of the appendage, its edges radially tethered to the cuticle at more than half a dozen locations. This wall consists of a filtration basement membrane, 1–4 μm thick, facing the hemocoel, and internally of a continuous carpet of podocytes and their pedicels. The podocytes, measuring maximally 10 by 15 μm, have complex contents, of which a labyrinthine system of connected intracellular channels stands out. These coated cisternae open into a central vacuole that often rivals the nucleus in size. The design of the organ closely approximates that of the primitive crustacean Hutchinsoniella macracantha. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
God in the lab.

Surveys have found that almost half of all scientists in the US are religious. Chris Toumey explores what this might mean for nanotechnology.
Increase in numbers of 6-thioguanine-resistant human lymphocytes in short-term culture

Abstract Lymphocytes from healthy young adults and from adolescent patients with cancer were examined for their ability to incorporate [ 3 H]thymidine in short-term culture in the presence of phytohemagglutunin and 6-thioguanine (6-TG). The numbers of labeled nuclei after 72 h in culture were compared to numbers of labeled nuclei after 30 h in culture. The numbers of labeled nuclei in the presence of 6-TG increased 6–65-fold between 30 and 72 h. The increases in number could be accounted for by 3–6 cycles of cell division. The data suggest that 6-TG-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes are capable of reproduction in short-term culture, but factors other than reproduction may also contribute to increases in numbers of 6-TG-resistant cells.
Wind Turbine Siting in an Urban Environment: A Successful Case Study at Hull, Massacchusetts

The installation of a Vestas 660 kW wind turbine at Windmill Point in Hull, Massachusetts represents a high point in the long history of wind energy activity at this location. The site is in a highly populated coastal area, within 8 miles of Boston (city hall) and within 5 miles of Logan Airport. This paper documents the history of this project, from its early precursors in the 1800's, through the installation of a 40 kW Enertech machine in the 1980's to the installation of the new turbine. The issues that were addressed and the factors that led to successful realization of the project are discussed here. In addition, a summary of the first year's performance of the wind turbine is given. The paper also presents an overview of possible future wind generation projects that are under discussion in the town.
Updated results from the RICE experiment and future prospects for ultra-high energy neutrino detection at the south pole

The RICE experiment seeks observation of ultra-high energy (UHE; ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}g{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$) neutrinos interacting in Antarctic ice, by measurement of the radio frequency (RF) Cherenkov radiation resulting from the collision of a neutrino with an ice molecule. RICE was initiated in 1999 as a first-generation prototype for an eventual, large-scale in-ice UHE neutrino detector. Herein, we present updated limits on the diffuse UHE neutrino flux, based on 12 years of data taken between 1999 and 2010. We find no convincing neutrino candidates, resulting in 95% confidence-level model-dependent limits on the flux ${E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}d\ensuremath{\phi}/d{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\text{ }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{sr})$ in the energy range ${10}^{17}l{E}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}l{10}^{20}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$, or approximately a twofold improvement over our previously published results. Recently, the focus of RICE science has shifted to studies of radio frequency ice properties as the RICE experimental hardware has been absorbed into a new experimental initiative (the Askaryan Radio Array, or ``ARA'') at the south pole. ARA seeks to improve on the RICE sensitivity by approximately 2 orders of magnitude by 2017 and thereby establish the cosmogenic neutrino flux. As detailed herein, RICE studies of Antarctic ice demonstrate that both birefringence and internal layer RF scattering result in no significant loss of ARA neutrino sensitivity, and, for the first time, verify in situ the decrease in attenuation length with depth into the Antarctic ice sheet.
The Effect of Relisting on House Selling Price

When house sellers reach the end of a listing contract without a sale they are faced with several decisions. A seller who wants to continue to market the property can leave it on the market, relist the property immediately, or take it off the market for a period of time before relisting it. Research has shown that properties with longer time-on-market may carry a stigma and sell for less. In an attempt to mitigate the negative perception of a house that other buyers appear to have passed by, a seller can have the agent relist the property so it appears as a new listing. If a seller decides to relist the property, the owner also has to decide how long to wait before relisting. We use a hedonic approach to investigate the choices sellers have when deciding whether to relist their property and the impact those decisions have on the property’s selling price. We find that relisting a property results in a higher selling price and that to maximize price, the seller should relist the property with the same agent within 30 days.
A quality improvement project to improve admission temperatures in very low birth weight infants

Objective: To review the results of a quality improvement (QI) project to improve admission temperatures of very low birth weight inborn infants. Study Design: The neonatal intensive care unit at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital underwent a QI project to address hypothermic preterm newborns by staff education and implementing processes such as polyethylene wraps and chemical warming mattresses. We performed retrospective chart review of all inborn infants with birth weight <1500 g during the 18 months prior to (n=134) and 15 months after (n=170) the implementation period. Temperatures were compared between periods. Multivariable logistic regression was used to account for potential confounding variables. We compared mortality rates and grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage rates between periods. Result: The mean temperature rose from 35.4 to 36.2 °C (P<0.0001) after the QI project. The improvement was consistent and persisted over a 15-month period. After risk adjustment, the strongest predictor of hypothermia was being born in the period before implementation of the QI project (odds ratio 8.12, 95% confidence interval 4.63, 14.22). Although cesarean delivery was a strong risk factor for hypothermia prior to the project, it was no longer significant after the project. There was no significant difference in death or intraventricular hemorrhage detected between periods. Conclusion: There was a significant improvement in admission temperatures after a QI project, which persisted beyond the initial implementation period. Although there was no difference in mortality or intraventricular hemorrhage rates, we did not have sufficient power to detect small differences in these outcomes.
Self-perceptions of young adults who survived severe childhood burn injury

The transition of pediatric burn survivors into adulthood is accompanied by a reformulation of their self-concept. To anticipate the need for and guide development of appropriate psychosocial interventions, this study examines how young adults who were burned as children perceive themselves and how this perception might affect their self-esteem. Eighty-two young adult burn survivors (45 male, 37 female) were assessed using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, 2nd edition (TSCS2) to determine how the participants perceive themselves and their interaction with society. To gain insight into the possible effects of these self-concept scores, relationships were analyzed between self-concept, a behavioral assessment (Young Adult Self-Report [YASR]), and a psychiatric symptom assessment (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders [SCID I]). This group of burn survivors scored significantly lower in self-concepts, reflected in TSCS2 subscale scores of physical function, appearance, and sexuality, moral conduct, personal values, academics and work, and identity, than did the reference population. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that as moral, personal, family, and social aspects of self-concept decreased, clinical problems endorsed on the YASR subscales increased, including anxiety, somatic, attention, intrusive, and aggressive. Persons with lower self-concept scores on the TSCS2 personal, family, and social scales were more withdrawn on the YASR. Similarly, those with lower TSCS2 scores on the personal and family scales endorsed significantly more thought problems on the YASR. TSCS2 total self-concept, personal, and all of the supplementary scale scores were significantly lower for the group with an affective disorder. Those whose SCID I scores were consistent with a current anxiety disorder had significantly lower scores for the TSCS2 total self-concept and personal. Lower self-concept was associated with endorsement of SCID symptoms. In summary, the significantly lower self-concept scores on the TSCS2 physical scale are consistent with the physical disfigurement and handicaps common with major burn injuries, and a strong indication of this group's perception of the first impression made when interacting with others. The survivors seem to feel worthwhile within the contexts of family and friends. Although the major limitation of this study using the TSCS2 is the lack of a matched reference population to compare the burn survivors, the TSCS2 does help in gaining insight into the self-esteem issues of the burn survivor population.
Strategies for tomorrow's 'winners-take-some' digital goods markets

Markets characterized by multiple competing digital standards have room for more than one winner, unlike traditional analog markets.
A simple filter for detecting low-rank submatrices

We present a simple algorithm for detecting low-rank submatrices from within a much larger matrix. This algorithm relies on a basic geometric property of high-dimensional space: random 2-d projections of eccentric gaussian distributions are typically concentrated in opposite quadrants of the plane.
Fiber optic velocity sensor for monitoring of structural vibrations

We describe a fiber optic velocity sensor which performs non contact measurements of structural vibrations. The sensor responds directly to the velocity of the sample structure rather than the associated displacement or acceleration through measurement of the Doppler- induced frequency shift of light reflected from the vibrating structure. Light from a single- frequency laser is launched into a fiber optic system which serves the dual role of delivering light to the structure and recollecting the frequency shifted reflected light. The frequency shift, which is proportional to the sample velocity, is processed with a fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a relative optical path imbalance. The maximum detectable velocity of the sensor is greater than 1 km/s and is scalable over several orders of magnitude with changes in the fiber optic interferometer. Resolution of the velocity sensor is 80 micrometer/second/(root)Hz.
Regulation of macrophage ApoE expression and processing by extracellular matrix

Macrophage-derived apoE in the vessel wall has important effects on atherogenesis in vivo, making it important to understand factors that regulate its expression. Vessel wall macrophages are embedded in an extracellular matrix produced largely by arterial smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In this series of studies, we evaluated the influence of extracellular matrix on macrophage apoE expression. Subendothelial matrix, fibronectin, or collagen I stimulated macrophage apoE gene expression and apoE synthesis. Adhesion of macrophages to a polylysine substrate had no effect. An increase in apoE synthesis after plating on fibronectin could be observed by 2 h and was inhibited by blocking antibodies to the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin receptor for fibronectin. Fibronectin also regulated the post-translational processing of newly synthesized macrophage apoE by inhibiting its degradation. The increment in apoE resulting from suppressed degradation was retained in the cell-fibronectin monolayer in a pool that was resistant to release by exogenous high density lipoprotein subfraction 3. These observations establish a new pathway for the regulation of macrophage apoE expression in the vessel wall. The composition of the extracellular matrix changes after vessel wall injury and in response to locally produced cytokines and growth factors. The evolving composition of this matrix will, therefore, be important for regulating apoE expression and processing by vessel wall macrophages.
Comparative study of histopathological alterations during intestinal infection of mice with pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:8.

Yersinia enterocolitica is an invasive pathogen capable of causing a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal diseases in man. While there is a considerable body of data on the invasiveness ofY. enterocolitica in vitro, little is known about the events in vivo leading to the translocation of the bacteria from the intestinal lumen into the ileal tissue. There is no detailed ultrastructural information describing the course of infection of pathogenicY. enterocolitica in comparison with an avirulent strain. We compared a virulent plasmid-bearing strain and an isogenic avirulent plasmid-free derivative strain ofY. enterocolitica serotype O∶8 at the ultrastructural level, in the established model of murine yersiniosis. At 12 h postinoculation we found no indications of an active invasion of the intestinal epithelium, although microcolonies of the pathogenic strain were detectable closely under the follicle-associated epithelium of the Peyer's patches. The plasmid-bearing strain ofY. enterocolitica affected the gut-associated lymphoid tissue which was destroyed 36 h post-infection. Unlike the pathogenic strain ofY. enterocolitica, the nonpathogenic plasmid-free strain caused no detectable morphological alterations in the ileal tissue by this time. Morphological evidence is provided thatYersinia does not invade the ileal epithelium in an active manner, as has been observed in vitro, but appears to be transported across the epithelial barrier by M-cells.
Characteristics of an Effective Business Educator

(1980). Characteristics of an Effective Business Educator. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 69-71.
Therapeutic efficacy of vinorelbine against pediatric and adult central nervous system tumors

Purpose: The activity of vinorellbine, a new semisynthetic vinca alkaloid, was evaluated against a battery of human tumor xenografts derived from adult and pediatric CNS malignancies. Methods: Tumors included adult high-grade gliomas (D-54 MG, D-245 MG), childhood high-grade gliomas (D-212 MG, D-456 MG), medulloblastomas (D-341 MED, D-487 MED), ependymomas (D-612 EP, D-528 EP), and a mismatch repair-deficient procarbazine-resistant glioma [D-245 MG (PR)]. Tumors were grown subcutaneously in athymic nude mice and vinorelbine was administered at a dose of 11 mg/kg on days 1, 5, and 9. Additionally, vinorelbine was also administered in combination with BCNU against D-54 MG. Results: Vinorelbine produced statistically significant growth delays in D-456 MG, D-245 MG, and D-245 MG (PR). No statistically significant growth delays were observed in D-54 MG, D-487 MED, D-212 MG, D-528 EP, D-341 MED or D-612 EP. The antitumor effects of the vinorelbine/BCNU combination were additive. Growth delays observed in the procarbazine-resistant line [D-245 MG (PR)] were greater than twofold the delays seen in the parent line (D-245 MG). Vincristine was equally potent against D-245 MG and D-245 MG (PR). Taxol demonstrated little activity against D-245 MG but produced 32- and 18-day growth delays in D245 MG (PR). Conclusions: These studies indicate that vinorelbine possesses antitumor activity against several glioma tumor xenografts with marked activity in a mismatch repair deficient-tumor.