cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticonsultative Trends in Nonprofit Governance

rompted by economic, political, and cultural changes buffeting the nonprofit sector, public demand for greater financial accountability on the part of nonprofit organizations has intensified in recent decades. Increasingly, this demand is reflected by the imposition of new legal standards on directors and managers, and also on the employees and consultants on which they rely. These newer impositions include additional federal and state disclosure rules, changes to state corporation
Testing Pollination Syndromes in Oenothera (Onagraceae)

Pollinators are considered a major selective force in shaping the diversification of angiosperms. It has been hypothesized that convergent evolution of floral form has resulted in “pollination syndromes” - i.e. suites of floral traits that correspond to attraction of particular pollinator functional groups. Across the literature, the pollination syndrome concept has received mixed support. This may be due to studies using different methods to describe floral traits and/or the pollination syndrome concept being supported more often in species highly reliant on pollinators for reproduction. Here, we assess the predictive ability of pollination syndromes in Oenothera , a species rich clade with pollination systems existing on a gradient of specialization, and in which species are either self-compatible or self-incompatible. We ask the following questions: Do Oenothera species follow the pollination syndrome concept using traditional, categorical floral trait descriptions and/or quantitative floral trait measurements? And, are floral traits more predictive of primary pollinators in species with specialized pollination systems and/or species that are self-incompatible? Mapping floral traits of 54 Oenothera species into morphospace, we do not find support for the pollination syndrome concept using either categorical or quantitative floral trait descriptions. We do not find support for specialization or breeding system influencing the prediction of primary pollinators. However, we find pollination syndromes were more predictive in Oenothera species with moth pollination systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the pollination syndrome concept cannot be generally applied across taxa and that evolutionary history is important to consider when evaluating the relationship between floral form and contemporary pollinators. NOTE: See supplementary material in the left menu!
Virginia’s 7th Congressional District: Birth of a Bellwether

Virginia’s 7th Congressional District is the type of district that determines House majorities. In 2018 Democratic challenger Abigail Spanberger defeated Republican incumbent David Brat to help the Democratic Party win a majority in the House of Representatives. Retaining seats like Spanberger’s was critical for Democrats to maintain their majority in the 2020 elections. President Trump won this district by 6 percentage points in 2016, making Spanberger one of thirty-one Democrats in the 116th Congress who represented districts won by the president. Twenty of these members were freshmen like Spanberger. In this case, the first-term Democrat defeated a Trump-aligned Republican nominee as this suburban Virginia district continued its moderating trend.
Nietzsche's Ubermensch in the Hyperreal Flux

The purpose of this analysis is to apply Nietzsche’s philosophy of the Ubermensch and Baudrillard’s ideas about simulation and hyperreality to the films Blade Runner, Fight Club, and Miami Vice. In doing so, these films can be understood thematically in terms of their respective narrative progressions. In each, the protagonist undertakes a journey in which he is subjected to numerous challenges and obstacles that test his strength, toughness, and resolve. Through processes identified by Nietzsche as the overcoming and the becoming, these challenges and obstacles are surmounted and the protagonists learn to master themselves and their reality. In each film, reality is a complex and mercurial concept, as there are powerful and ever-present elements of simulation that threaten to overwhelm and consume the protagonists. This omnipresent simulacra (described as a state of hyperreality by Baudrillard) represents a critical obstacle in all three films, and is the most formidable factor that the protagonists must contend with and overcome. When Blade Runner, Fight Club, and Miami Vice are examined through the critical lenses of Nietzsche and Baudrillard, they can be understood as lessons of selfreliance and self-improvement through the overcoming of hardships. In narratives in which reality has become a fluid and indefinable concept, this loss of stability and the confusion that results from it are the key dynamics that must be overcome by the protagonists. When this is achieved, the protagonists reach a higher plane of selfawareness and self-mastery, and are thus able to master their demanding hyperrealities.
Inverse Scattering Theory for Phase-Conjugate Reflection Coefficients: Application to Optical Switching

The importance of the phase function for the solution of inverse problems can be demonstrated by considering phase-conjugate reflection coefficients, i.e., two reflection coefficients with equal amplitudes but opposite phases. Propagation of light rays along a dielectric waveguide can be modelled as a progression of total internal reflections at the boundaries of the waveguide. Since it is known from direct scattering theory that total internal reflection at a dielectric interface is accompanied by a phase change of p radians, it will be useful for the synthesis of inhomogeneous optical waveguides to investigate the implications of this phenomenon for the corresponding inverse problem.
Evolution of Bone Grafting: Bone Grafts and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Vascularized Bone Regeneration

The regeneration of bone in segmental defects has historically been a challenge in the orthopedic field. In particular, a lack of vascular supply often leads to nonunion and avascular necrosis. While the gold standard of clinical care remains the autograft, this approach is limited for large bone defects. Therefore, allograft bone is often required for defects of critical size though a high complication rate is directly attributable to their limited ability to revitalize, revascularize, and remodel resulting in necrosis and re-fracture. However, emerging insights into the mechanisms of bone healing continue to expand treatment options for bony defects to include synthetic materials, growth factors, and cells. The success of such strategies hinges on fabricating an environment that can mimic the body’s natural healing process, allowing for vascularization, bridging, and remodeling of bone. Biological, chemical, and engineering techniques have been explored to determine the appropriate materials and factors for potential use. This review will serve to highlight some of the historical and present uses of allografts and autografts and current strategies in bone tissue engineering for the treatment for bony defects, with particular emphasis on vascularization.
A 16 MB/s PRML read/write data channel

PRML data channels recently have become more prevalent in the industry. This paper describes an IC that contains all required analog and digital functions for a complete read channel, with the exception of the read-head pre-amplifier. This chip is believed to be the highest data rate channel in production at the time of this writing. This channel uses an 8/9 rate data encoder to constrain the data sequence written on the disk. These constraints make it possible to maintain gain and timing loop control as well as limit the length of path memory within the Viterbi detector. The write data is processed by a precompensation circuit that predistorts the data to ensure proper timing relationships during read back. Precompensation is in increments of 200ps steps with the availability of up to 15 steps.
Using semantic cues to learn syntax

We present a method for dependency grammar induction that utilizes sparse annotations of semantic relations. This induction set-up is attractive because such annotations provide useful clues about the underlying syntactic structure, and they are readily available in many domains (e.g., info-boxes and HTML markup). Our method is based on the intuition that syntactic realizations of the same semantic predicate exhibit some degree of consistency. We incorporate this intuition in a directed graphical model that tightly links the syntactic and semantic structures. This design enables us to exploit syntactic regularities while still allowing for variations. Another strength of the model lies in its ability to capture non-local dependency relations. Our results demonstrate that even a small amount of semantic annotations greatly improves the accuracy of learned dependencies when tested on both in-domain and out-of-domain texts.
Sound Propagation and Scattering in Random Moving Media

This paper gives a handbook-type overviewof the theories of sound propagation and scattering in random moving media and the major phenomena known in this field.
Attribute learning in large-scale datasets

We consider the task of learning visual connections between object categories using the ImageNet dataset, which is a large-scale dataset ontology containing more than 15 thousand object classes. We want to discover visual relationships between the classes that are currently missing (such as similar colors or shapes or textures). In this work we learn 20 visual attributes and use them in a zero-shot transfer learning experiment as well as to make visual connections between semantically unrelated object categories.
Zinc Bis(hexamethyldisilazide)

[14760-26-0] C12H36N2Si4Zn (MW 386.16) InChI = 1S/2C6H18NSi2.Zn/c2*1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6;/h2*1-6H3;/q2*-1;+2 InChIKey = ZCCUYQBZUVUONI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ammonia surrogate and mild base for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl halides and triflates1) Alternate Names: Zn(HMDS)2; zinc trimethylsilylamide; zinc(2+) bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; zinc bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)-amide]; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane zinc salt; bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]zinc; bis[1,1,1-trimethyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-silanaminato]zinc. Physical Data: mp 12.5 °C; bp 103 °C (2–3 mm Hg); density 0.957 g mL−1. Solubility: limited solubility data for the title compound are available; however, related hexamethyldisilazides are soluble in a range of organic solvents (e.g., THF, toluene, hexanes). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: the title compound is readily prepared in 74% yield by the ligand substitution reaction of zinc chloride with sodium hexamethyldisilazide.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: a flammable, highly moisture sensitive liquid; handle in a fume hood; store in a cool, dry place under an inert atmosphere.
Chloroplast Genome Evolution in the Euglenaceae

Over the last few years multiple studies have been published outlining chloroplast genomes that represent many of the photosynthetic euglenid genera. However, these genomes were scattered throughout the euglenophyceaean phylogenetic tree, and focused on comparisons with Euglena gracilis. Here, we present a study exclusively on taxa within the Euglenaceae. Six new chloroplast genomes were characterized, those of Cryptoglena skujai, E. gracilis var. bacillaris, Euglena viridis, Euglenaria anabaena, Monomorphina parapyrum, and Trachelomonas volvocina, and added to six previously published chloroplast genomes to determine if trends existed within the family. With this study: at least one genome has now been characterized for each genus, the genomes of different strains from two taxa were characterized to explore intraspecific variability, and a second taxon has been characterized for the genus Monomorphina to examine intrageneric variability. Overall results showed a large amount of variability among the genomes, though a few trends could be identified both within Euglenaceae and within Euglenophyta. In addition, the intraspecific analysis indicated that the similarity of a genome sequence between strains was taxon dependent, and the intrageneric analysis indicated that the majority of the evolutionary changes within the Euglenaceae occurred intergenerically.
Fast Enzyme Dynamics at the Active Site of Formate Dehydrogenase

The role of femtosecond-picosecond structural dynamics of proteins in enzyme-catalyzed reactions is a hotly debated topic. We report infrared photon echo measurement of the formate dehydrogenase-NAD+-azide ternary complex. In contrast to earlier studies of protein dynamics, the data show complete spectral diffusion on the femtosecond-picosecond time scale with no static heterogeneity. This result indicates that this transition-state analogue complex completely samples the distribution of structures that determine the distribution of azide vibrational frequencies within a few picoseconds and that there are no slower motions that perturb the H-bond network at the active site.
Structural analysis of a ductile-brittle Precambrian shear zone in the Sierra Madre, Wyoming: western extension of the Cheyenne belt?

Abstract Existing plate tectonic models for the Cheyenne belt, a Proterozoic suture at the southern margin of the Archean Wyoming craton, are based largely on data from the Medicine Bow Mountains, southern Wyoming. This paper tests the hypothesis that a major structural and geochronological discontinuity in the Sierra Madre of southern Wyoming is the western extension of the Cheyenne belt. The Sierra Madre shear zone consists of a cataclastic western segment and a mylonitic eastern segment that comprises several mylonite zones. The eastern segment records early ductile thrusting (ca. 1750 Ma) and later dextral strike-slip faulting as revealed by macrostructural, microstructural, and quartz fabric analysis. Structures associated with these events are kinematically compatible and coeval with structures within the suture zone in the Medicine Bow Mountains. The correlation of shear zones in the two ranges is supported further by lithologic similarity of distinctive rocks north of and within the shear zones and the presence of unusual quartz fabrics documenting 〈 c 〉 slip in synkinematic granites in both ranges. Isolated exposures of mylonite along the dominantly cataclastic western segment suggest that the mylonitic shear zone was formerly more extensive. The western segment of the Sierra Madre shear zone is a single zone of intense cataclasis that truncated and dismembered the earlier ductile shear zone. Kinematic analysis within the cataclastic zone suggests that it formed during north-directed thrusting. East-striking, south-dipping thrust faults and associated overturned-to-the-north recumbent folds are developed in supracrustal rocks directly north of the cataclastic fault zone. This spatial association of north-vergent structures and their apparent kinematic compatibility suggests that they are genetically related. Two major northwest-striking, cataclastic, dextral strike-slip in the eastern Sierra Madre appear to merge with the cataclastic thrust fault. These cataclastic faults are interpreted as parts of a north-vergent, thrust-tear system that cut across the original suture zone as rocks in the upper plate of the thrust were transported to the north. It is not known whether this deformational event occurred in response to continued, post-suture convergence to the south or if it represents a separate and distinct Precambrian event. The prominent bend in the Sierra Madre shear zone may be an oroclinal flexure produced as a consequence of northward translation along the cataclastic thrust system.
Pressure and temperature dependence of the surface tension in the system natural gas/water. Principles of investigation and the first precise experimental data for pure methane/water at 25°C up to 46.8 MPa

Abstract The surface tension in the system methane/water has been measured with the pendent drop method (rising bubble mode) at 25°C for pressures between 0.5 and 46.8 MPa. Precise data with a slightly pressure dependent absolute error of 0.3–0.4% are presented. Principles of the investigation, precision and execution of the experiments have been examined widely. Based on a profile parameter a simple correlation is presented which allows the estimation of the uncertainty of surface and interfacial tension data for any pendent drop/rising bubble profile. Comparison of the achieved data is done with the few published results available. The surface tension decreases for moderate pressures distinctly more with increasing pressure but reveals clearly higher values for higher pressures than previously known. The concentration of methane in the surface phase tends quickly to a saturation value as pressure is increased. A first interpretation of the achieved surface tension data shows that the surface concentration of methane is increased by nearly two orders of magnitude compared with the methane concentration in the aqueous volume phase, calculated from solubility.
Revealed preference and the axiomatic foundations of intransitive indifference: the case of asymmetric subrelations

Abstract This paper provides an axiomatic structure for various binary preference relations that are reflexive, connected, and transitive in their asymmetric subrelations known as quasi-transitive orderings. A choice function generates various (distinct) binary preference relations, such as the base relation, the revealed preference relation, and the wide revealed preference relation. For each interpretation of a binary preference relation, we present an axiom that ensures the existence of a quasi-transitive preference ordering. A description of a choice procedure is considered which one often observes in real life and it is shown that the path independence of such a procedure is a sufficient condition for a quasi-transitive ordering of various binary preference relations.
Mechanical undercuts as a means of decreasing shrinkage in the postpalatal seal region of the maxillary denture.

Abstract A basic experiment compared two different alterations (modified postpalatal strap and the "Ristau post-dam") of maxillary casts before flasking and processing with a control (unaltered maxillary casts). This experiment evaluated whether the alterations of the maxillary cast and its subsequent flasking procedures can alter the palatal separation in the postpalatal seal region between the master cast and the simulated denture. Ten trials each were performed for the modified postpalatal strap, the Ristau post-dam, and the unaltered maxillary casts (control). Subsequent to the flasking and processing, measurements were made to evaluate the palatal separation in the postpalatal seal region. After two statistical analyses, improvements (decreased palatal separation) were noted with the use of the modified postpalatal strap (with the mechanical undercuts) technique. In addition, measurements were made to compare results before and after 72 hours of hydration.
A paradigm for studying the accuracy of self-reports of risk behavior relevant to AIDS: Empirical perspectives on stability, recall bias, and transitory influences.

Despite the importance of the issue for AIDS-related research, there is a paucity of studies that have addressed the issue of the validity of self-reports of patterns of risk behavior over time. This article frames issues of measurement in the context of cognitive psychology and presents a research paradigm that investigators can use to explore issues of accuracy, bias, and stability in self-reports. The paradigm also permits the analysis of transitory influences on risk behavior, influences which have been minimized in current AIDS research. Preliminary data are presented that support the feasibility of the method and which are suggestive of important considerations in the development of valid measures in national surveys.
The local and surface structure of ordered mesoporous carbons from nitrogen sorption, NEXAFS and synchrotron radiation studies

Abstract Ordered mesoporous carbon materials were prepared by pyrolysis of sucrose and furfuryl alcohol templated in the ordered mesoporous silicate SBA-15. The structure of SBA-15 template was modified by changing the calcination temperature, we investigate the structural transformation of the silica template with calcination temperature using X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. SBA-15 calcined to 300 °C has a total pore volume of 1.13 cm 3 /g, a BET surface area of 1100 m 2 /g, and a pore spacing of 114 A; when calcined to 90 °C the corresponding values are 0.40 cm 3 /g, 330 m 2 /g and 92.5 A. Despite marked differences in SBA-15 template structure, the pore size distribution of the ordered mesoporous carbons is more dependent on the choice of precursor than on SBA-15 pore geometry. The BET surface areas of ordered mesoporous carbons made from aqueous sucrose solutions (850–1050 m 2 /g) are independent of template geometry; while surface area of materials made from furfuryl alcohol (530–1190 m 2 /g) are a reflection of template geometry. Near-edge X-ray fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy reveal that the template–carbon interaction during the pyrolysis of sucrose-based carbons exerts a strong influence on the surface structure of final product, and that such effects are largely absent in the furfuryl alcohol-based materials. The pair-distribution function (PDF) calculated from high-energy synchrotron scattering measurements corroborates the NEXAFS results, yet also show that the template effect on the bulk carbon is minimal. Template compression acting in conjunction with hydrothermally induced effects exerted on the carbon during pyrolysis drives the resulting carbon to a more graphitic state.
Mechanism of Motivated Reasoning? Analogical Perception in Discrimination Disputes

This article examines the boundaries of motivated reasoning in legal decision making. We propose a model of attitudinal influence involving analogical perception. Attitudes influence judgments by affecting the perceived similarity between a target case and cases cited as precedent. Bias should be most apparent in judging similarity when cases are moderately similar on objective dimensions. We conducted two experiments: the first with undergraduates, the second with undergraduates and law students. Participants in each experiment read a mock newspaper article that described a “target case” involving unlawful discrimination. Embedded in the article was a description of a “source case” cited as legal precedent. Participants in both studies were more likely to find source cases with outcomes that supported their policy views in the target dispute as analogous to that litigation. Commensurate with our theory, there was evidence in both experiments that motivated perceptions were most apparent where cases were moderately similar on objective dimensions. Although there were differences in the way lay and law student participants viewed cases, legal training did not appear to attenuate motivated perceptions.
The Short-Term and Long-Term Impact of a Brief Aging Research Training Program for Medical Students

Summer training in aging research for medical students is a strategy for improving the pipeline of medical students into research careers in aging and clinical care of older adults. Johns Hopkins University has been offering medical students a summer experience of mentored research, research training, and clinical shadowing since 1994. Long-term outcomes of this program have not been described. The authors surveyed all 191 participants who had been in the program from 1994–2010 (60% female and 27% underrepresented minorities) and received a 65.8% (N = 125) response rate. The authors also conducted Google and other online searches to supplement study findings. Thirty-seven percent of those who have completed training are now in academic medicine, and program participants have authored or coauthored 582 manuscripts. Among survey respondents, 95.1% reported that participation in the Medical Student Training in Aging Research program increased their sensitivity to the needs of older adults. This program may h...
Giving Pleasure Its Due: Collection Promotion and Readers’ Advisory in Academic Libraries

Abstract The National Endowment for the Arts’ 2007 report “To Read or Not to Read” discusses the distressing nationwide decline in reading. This report has generated considerable dialogue. The NEA’s data suggest that “frequency of reading for pleasure correlates strongly with academic achievement.” In a complex world, the ability to participate fully in societal decisions may be contingent on homing in on ideas in a way fostered by reading, and specifically by avid reading, reading for pleasure. The reading of books imparts skills that other media may not be able to grant. Academic librarians understandably focus on supporting their colleges’ pedagogical and research missions, only incidentally providing other resources, such as popular reading. However, fostering reading for pleasure both supports those pedagogical aims and moves beyond them. The university community needs these services more than ever, as the modes of electronic entertainment and communication employed by students fragment their attention ever further. Ludic reading is crucial, and promoting it remains essential to our profession. After a look back on 20th century academic library history, this article highlights ways academic librarians can encourage reading among users, including displays, instruction, programming, connecting with other libraries, expanding ideas of genre, and developing readers’ advisory skills.
Influences of Water Quality on Distribution of Striped Bass in a Tennessee River Impoundment

Abstract Telemetry techniques were used to evaluate relationships between water quality and distribution of adult striped bass Morone saxatilis during an 18-month period in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee. Distribution and movements of fish were influenced by water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. During winter and early spring, temperature was vertically and horizontally uniform, and striped bass were relatively mobile and occurred in both tributary arms as well as in the main body of the reservoir. As the reservoir warmed in summer, fish were less mobile and progressively limited to areas in the tributary arms where temperature was less than 24 C and dissolved oxygen exceeded 4 mg/liter. Parts of the tributary arms of Watts Bar Reservoir provided such areas due to hypolimnetic discharges from upstream impoundments and groundwater inflows. Striped bass were restricted to these areas until late fall, when the entire reservoir cooled and again was nearly isothermal. Knowledge of relationships...
FIRST AID FOR FRENCH CLUBS

Authors summary.— This study reviews briefly some of the professional literature which may aid French teachers who have responsibilities as sponsors of French clubs. The status of French clubs in a few Ohio high schools is set forth in some detail.
Ludwig Rehn: The First Successful Cardiorrhaphy

The first successful suture of a wound of the heart was performed by Ludwig Rehn in 1896. This landmark operation--set against a background of widespread doubt with regard to its possibility and censure of its very contemplation--reversed the prevailing belief in the inviolability of the heart. It marks the beginning of cardiac surgery.
Delayed breeding in the cooperatively breeding Florida scrub-jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ): inhibition or the absence of stimulation?

To determine whether fundamental differences exist in the reproductive physiology of breeder and nonbreeder Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens), we compared plasma levels of testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in males, and estradiol (E2) and LH in females. Although male breeders had higher overall T and larger testes, nonbreeders’ T paralleled that of breeders, and their testes were more than an order of magnitude larger than regressed testes. Breeder and nonbreeder males had equivalent baseline LH, and equivalent changes in LH following a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (cGnRH-I) challenge. The T, LH and GnRH challenge data indicate that nonbreeder males have functional hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We found no hormonal evidence of inbreeding suppression in males: nonbreeders that did not live with their mothers and those that did had similar T. Male nonbreeders that were exposed to E2-implanted females had higher T than did controls, suggesting that the lack of within-pair stimulation is a key factor in whether an individual delays breeding. Female nonbreeders had E2 titres equal to or higher than breeders and neither basal LH nor LH following GnRH challenge differed by breeding status. Nonbreeders’ ovarian follicles were smaller than breeders’, but were larger than they would be during the non-breeding season. These data suggest that nonbreeders were primed for breeding and were simply waiting for an opportunity or a required stimulus. Female nonbreeders that lived in a territory with an unrelated male breeder had significantly higher E2 than those that remained with their fathers. Similarly, nonbreeders that were captured away from their home territories had elevated E2. However, nonbreeders that lived with their fathers had E2 that was equivalent to breeding females, suggesting that inbreeding avoidance may not be the primary factor leading to delayed breeding in females.
Bilateral coronary artery fistulas terminating at the same location case report

Bilateral coronary fistulas between coronary arteries and pulmonary artery are very rare. This report describes a case of bilateral coronary artery fistula originating from the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, and terminating exactly at the same site in the pulmonary artery with a small saccular aneurysm formation.
Electronic cigarettes: analysis of FDA adverse experience reports in non-users

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) receives and reviews voluntary reports from consumers, healthcare professionals and members of the public on adverse experiences (AEs) associated with tobacco products. Reports from consumers and concerned citizens have described AEs not only in users, but also in non-users of e-cigarettes.1 ,2 AE reports received by FDA between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2014 were reviewed to evaluate AEs associated with e-cigarettes in non-users. The reports were received via the Safety Reporting Portal, MedWatch, mail and email. Of 136 reports related to e-cigarette AEs, 40 involved non-users (table 1). View this table: Table 1 Tobacco product adverse experience reports submitted to FDA* Thirty-five reports were related to passive aerosol exposure (typically in indoor spaces). Respiratory symptoms …
Analysis of generalized phased-mission system reliability, performance, and sensitivity

This paper proposes a generalized phased-mission system (GPMS) analysis methodology called GPMS-CPR that has high computation efficiency and is easy to implement. GPMS-CPR can evaluate a wider range of more practical systems with less restrictive mission requirements, while offering more human-friendly performance indices such as multilevel grading as compared to the previous PMS approaches. GPMS-CPR also accounts for imperfect coverage. This method implements an exciting synthesis of several approaches into a single methodology. Further, it extends the methodology to allow for the analysis of sensitivity of each component for each phase as well as for the entire phased mission, with respect to the multilevel reliability for the GPMS. The conventional phase-OR PMS appear as a special case this GPMS. The advantages of this approach are in the low computational complexity, broad applicability, easy implementation, and high integration (reliability, performance, and sensitivity for GPMS). The methodology is illustrated with examples.
Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers

The generation and detection of mechanical forces is a ubiquitous aspect of cell physiology, with direct relevance to cancer metastasis1, atherogenesis2 and wound healing3. In each of these examples, cells both exert force on their surroundings and simultaneously enzymatically remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). The effect of forces on ECM has thus become an area of considerable interest due to its likely biological and medical importance4-7. Single molecule techniques such as optical trapping8, atomic force microscopy9, and magnetic tweezers10,11 allow researchers to probe the function of enzymes at a molecular level by exerting forces on individual proteins. Of these techniques, magnetic tweezers (MT) are notable for their low cost and high throughput. MT exert forces in the range of ~1-100 pN and can provide millisecond temporal resolution, qualities that are well matched to the study of enzyme mechanism at the single-molecule level12. Here we report a highly parallelizable MT assay to study the effect of force on the proteolysis of single protein molecules. We present the specific example of the proteolysis of a trimeric collagen peptide by matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1); however, this assay can be easily adapted to study other substrates and proteases.
043 – Transitioning Primary Responsibility for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy from Dialysis Staff to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Staff

Issue: At Nemours/AI duPont Hospital for Children (AIDHC), dialysis nurses initiated continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. After initiation of CRRT, dialysis nurses provided support with management and troubleshooting throughout the therapy. Because of staffing limitations, the organization would be without a dialysis nurse experienced in CRRT for 3 months. Options: Suspend CRRT for that time or train a core group of PICU nurses to provide CRRT. The organization felt it was important to continue to provide CRRT; the PICU staff was already familiar with monitoring these patients after CRRT initiation. After benchmarking with other PICUs and dialysis units, it was decided to identify a core group of PICU RNs with an interest in increasing their skills related to CRRT. Plan: The lead dialysis nurse, working with the CRRT unit manufacturer, would train a core group of PICU nurses, and after completion of training, responsibility for CRRTwould transition to the PICU staff. Dialysis nurses would be available to answer general questions. Implementation: The Nurse Educator from the CRRT unit manufacturer, in conjunction with the AIDHC lead dialysis nurse, conducted classes for the PICU core group. During class, the dialysis nurse provided information and insight regarding hospital specific processes. The PICU clinical nurse specialist (CNS) developed the skill set required to be a resource to the PICU nurse core group. CRRT setup, monitoring, and troubleshooting were added to PICU nurse competency assessment. Core group members were required to demonstrate competence quarterly. A collaborative relationship was fostered between the groups. Results: Assessment by both groups identified the solution as highly effective. A strong collaborative relationship has developed between the two groups. Key to this program's success was both staffs' willingness to work collaboratively, resulting in the ability of the organization to continue to provide this service. As the PICU nursing staff's skill set has developed, the therapy has been utilized for a wider variety of patients.
Eye movement artifact in the CNV.

Abstract During the preparatory interval between a warning click and a tone burst that signalled a lever press, a slow negative potential shift (CNV) was recorded from the scalp in ten normal adults. When the eyes were closed, involuntary eye movements during the click-tone interval consistently generated potential shifts which spread from the corneo-retinal dipole to the scalp electrodes and thereby contaminated the CNV. The CNV was quantitatively partitioned into an artifactual component caused by ocular rotation (the EAP), which summated with the second component, presumably of cerebral origin, called the “true” or tCNV. The EAP amplitudes were estimated from concurrent recordings of the electro-oculogram. In the average subject, 23% or −6.1 μV of the total CNV was comprised of EAP, and the EAP often reached from −10 to −15 μV. The accuracy of the partition was verified by comparing tCNVs recorded with eyes closed and with eyes immobilized by fixation. The CNV produced during voluntary eye movements was similarly divided into a tCNV, which was tripled in amplitude when ocular responses were made with increased speed and effort, and an EAP, which was determined solely by the amount of ocular displacement.
Using satellite remote sensing to extrapolate evapotranspiration estimates in time and space over a semiarid Rangeland basin

Abstract Remote sensing data from the NOAA-11 AVHRR satellite were collected over the USDA-Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeastern Arizona during the MONSOON 90 field campaigns. An energy balance model which relies primarily on remotely sensed inputs was used to extrapolate evapotranspiration (ET) estimates from one location containing near-surface meteorological data to other areas in the basin. Satisfactory results were obtained under a wide range of environmental conditions. However, the ET values are essentially instantaneous and therefore do not necessarily provide reliable estimates of daytime or daily ET fluxes required for many hydrological and resource management applications. An operational technique was developed to extrapolate one time of day ET estimates to daytime averages using the evaporative fraction concept and empirical methods for converting midday available energy to daytime average values. Model derived daytime average ET fluxes were in reasonable agreement with local ground-based measurements. The technique also was used to estimate daily ET at the basin scale.
The conjugate gradient method for solving fredholm integral equations of the second kind

The conjugate gradient method (CG method) is applied to linear integral equations of the second kind. Based on a result from Winther [23] rate of convergence is given for several integral operators considering the smoothness of the kernel function. Numerical examples are included.
Adenosine A1 antagonists and the cardiorenal syndrome

Adenosine A1 antagonists are being developed for the treatment of renal dysfunction in patients with congestive heart failure. After early small studies prompted hope that these agents could increase urine output without worsening the glomerular filtration rate, larger studies published and presented in 2007 confirmed their beneficial impact on weight and renal function. However, in many studies the renal benefits disappear with higher doses, suggesting that specificity may be lost with higher doses of these drugs. Investigations in animals indicate that there may also be direct benefits on the myocardium and in the lung. Although studies have not shown adverse effects at optimal dosing, the widespread actions of adenosine mandate that safety be established. Ongoing studies should be able to demonstrate whether adenosine A1 antagonists can be used to improve renal function without adversely affecting patients with heart failure.
One Step Synthesis of N-(1-(2-Diethylamino-ethylamino)-7-(H or methoxy)-9-oxo- 9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl)-formamides and, Acetamide from Their Corresponding Alcohols, Hycanthone, and 7-Methoxy-hycanthone

Abstract N-[1-(2-Diethylamino-ethylamino)-7-(H or methoxy)-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl]-formamides and acetamide were synthesized from their corresponding alcohols, hycanthone and 7-methoxy-hycanthone, in one step procedure and 45% yield.
A Comparison of Methods for RNA-Seq Differential Expression Analysis and a New Empirical Bayes Approach

Transcriptome-based biosensors are expected to have a large impact on the future of biotechnology. However, a central aspect of transcriptomics is differential expression analysis, where, currently, deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has the potential to replace the microarray as the standard assay for RNA quantification. Our contributions here to RNA-seq differential expression analysis are two-fold. First, given the high cost of an RNA-seq run, biological replicates are rare, and therefore, information sharing across genes to obtain variance estimates is crucial. To handle such information sharing in a rigorous manner, we propose an hierarchical, empirical Bayes approach (R-EBSeq) that combines the Cufflinks model for generating relative transcript abundance measurements, known as FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript length per million mapped reads) with the EBArrays framework, which was previously developed for empirical Bayes analysis of microarray data. A desirable feature of R-EBSeq is easy-to-implement analysis of more than pairwise comparisons, as we illustrate with experimental data. Secondly, we develop the standard RNA-seq test data set, on the level of reads, where 79 transcripts are artificially differentially expressed and, therefore, explicitly known. This test data set allows us to compare the performance, in terms of the true discovery rate, of R-EBSeq to three other widely used RNAseq data analysis packages: Cuffdiff, DEseq and BaySeq. Our analysis indicates that DESeq identifies the first half of the differentially expressed transcripts well, but then is outperformed by Cuffdiff and R-EBSeq. Cuffdiff and R-EBSeq are the two top performers. Thus, R-EBSeq offers good performance, while allowing flexible and rigorous comparison of multiple biological conditions.
Effects of the United States Alcohol Warning Label on Adolescents

This article summarizes research on the effects of the United States alcohol warning label on adolescents. Most research evaluating alcohol warning effects on adolescents is from a study consisting of repeated cross-sectional samples of tenth and twelfth graders starting before the warning was required in 1989 and collected each year until 1995. There were substantial changes over time in awareness of and memory for the content of the warning label, but these effects leveled off after a few years. There was not convincing evidence of changes in alcohol-related beliefs, alcohol use, or risky alcohol-related behaviors as a result of the warning. Laboratory studies of the alcohol warning label explored issues regarding the optimal warning label content. These results were generally consistent with other research with adult participants.
Mobile Computer Assisted Instruction for Inservice Teacher Education

This article describes an application of computer technology to the retraining of inservice teachers. The obvious advantages of the CAI mobile system are its inherent interactive quality and the flexibility of scheduling made available to inservice educators. Preliminary follow-up evaluation results show that teachers find the content useful and would be willing to take additional courses by CAI. It is estimated that a single mobile van can facilitate 1500 course completions annually at a cost of approximately $120 per course for a rented computer or $53 per course for an owned computer.
Performance problems in BSD4. 4TCP

This paper describes problems in the BSD 4.4-Lite version of TCP (some of which are also present in earlier versions, such as the Net2 implementation of TCP) and proposes fixes that result in a 21% increase in throughput under realistic conditions.
Myc regulates a transcriptional program that stimulates mitochondrial glutaminolysis and leads to glutamine addiction

Mammalian cells fuel their growth and proliferation through the catabolism of two main substrates: glucose and glutamine. Most of the remaining metabolites taken up by proliferating cells are not catabolized, but instead are used as building blocks during anabolic macromolecular synthesis. Investigations of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and its downstream effector AKT have confirmed that these oncogenes play a direct role in stimulating glucose uptake and metabolism, rendering the transformed cell addicted to glucose for the maintenance of survival. In contrast, less is known about the regulation of glutamine uptake and metabolism. Here, we report that the transcriptional regulatory properties of the oncogene Myc coordinate the expression of genes necessary for cells to engage in glutamine catabolism that exceeds the cellular requirement for protein and nucleotide biosynthesis. A consequence of this Myc-dependent glutaminolysis is the reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism to depend on glutamine catabolism to sustain cellular viability and TCA cycle anapleurosis. The ability of Myc-expressing cells to engage in glutaminolysis does not depend on concomitant activation of PI3K or AKT. The stimulation of mitochondrial glutamine metabolism resulted in reduced glucose carbon entering the TCA cycle and a decreased contribution of glucose to the mitochondrial-dependent synthesis of phospholipids. These data suggest that oncogenic levels of Myc induce a transcriptional program that promotes glutaminolysis and triggers cellular addiction to glutamine as a bioenergetic substrate.
Chemistry of the phenoxathiins V. Correlation of the crystal and molecular structure with pharmacologic activity associated with 7- and 8-chloro-l-azaphenoxathiin

The crystal and molecular structure of the 7- and 8-chloro analogs of the 1-azaphenoxathiin system are described. In contrast to previous compounds possessing antipsychotic type activity, the title compounds are both nearly planar, and demonstrate significant substituent location sensitivity, with the 7-chloro analog exhibiting significant biologic activity while the 8-chloro isomer is nearly devoid of activity. The relationship of these compounds to the isosterically related phenothiazines in terms of design and molecular geometry considerations is also described.
An APL simulation of feedback systems

Practical feedback systems involve interacting linear and nonlinear components. Modern techniques of design are based on representing a feedback system by a set of first order nonlinear differential equations and using a digital computer to obtain experimental solutions. In this paper, APL notation is used in a concise development of the mathematical basis of a computing algorithm, and in the realization of an actual system which is effective from the standpoints of ease of use, complexity of feedback systems that can be modeled, and computing efficiency. Ease of use is important because a feedback systems engineer is not necessarily skilled in computing and, when using a computer simulation, should be permitted to think in terms of the customary concepts of feedback systems.
Experimental Investigation of Turbocharger Rotor Bearing System

The objectives of this investigation were to design and construct a high speed turbocharger test rig to measure dynamics response of angular contact ball bearing rotor system, and to evaluate the performance of angular contact ball bearings as a replacement to conventional journal bearings in turbocharger systems. A test rig was designed and developed to operate at speeds up to 70,000 rpm. The rotating components (i.e. turbine wheels) of the turbocharger test rig were made to be dynamically similar to an actual turbocharger. Proximity sensors were used to record the turbine wheel displacements while accelerometers were used to monitor the rotor vibrations. A radio telemetry based wireless temperature sensor was designed and installed on the bearing cage. The in-situ temperature sensor monitored and recorded the bearing condition in real time. The rotor dynamic results obtained from the turbocharger test rig were used to corroborate with an analytical model developed simulate the turbocharger rotor system. The turbocharger test rig was then used to examine the dynamic response of the turbocharger. The rotor displacements and bearing temperatures were recorded and analyzed to study the effects of bearing preloading and rotor imbalance on the turbocharger ball bearing rotor system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME