cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing studies on multiple dose effects of antide (Nal-Lys) GnRH antagonist in ovariectomized monkeys.

Abstract This study was designed to extend evaluation of the long-acting effects of a “third generation” Antide (Nal-Lys) GnRH antagonist on gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys, with special attention to recrudescence of pituitary gonadotropin secretion after multiple dose treatments, as well as pituitary secretory responsiveness to GnRH. The duration of FSH/LH inhibition by Antide was dose-dependent, as well as being much longer than for Nal-Glu GnRHant; however, full recrudescence of gonadotropin secretion, albeit gradual, did occur. The acute LH secretory response to serial iv boluses of GnRH, in the face of GnRHant- induced suppression of gonadotropin secretion, was transiently accelerated and biologically active. Thereafter, the state of FSH/LH inhibition was resumed chronically. Thus, treatment with Antide produced profound long-term inhibition of tonic gonadotropin levels, yet hyper-responsiveness to exogenous GnRH administration was maintained throughout.
Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Coral Favia fragum over Diel and Lunar Reproductive Cycles

Natural light cycles synchronize behavioral and physiological cycles over varying time periods in both plants and animals. Many scleractinian corals exhibit diel cycles of polyp expansion and contraction entrained by diel sunlight patterns, and monthly cycles of spawning or planulation that correspond to lunar moonlight cycles. The molecular mechanisms for regulating such cycles are poorly understood. In this study, we identified four molecular clock genes (cry1, cry2, clock and cycle) in the scleractinian coral, Favia fragum, and investigated patterns of gene expression hypothesized to be involved in the corals' diel polyp behavior and lunar reproductive cycles. Using quantitative PCR, we measured fluctuations in expression of these clock genes over both diel and monthly spawning timeframes. Additionally, we assayed gene expression and polyp expansion-contraction behavior in experimental corals in normal light:dark (control) or constant dark treatments. Well-defined and reproducible diel patterns in cry1, cry2, and clock expression were observed in both field-collected and the experimental colonies maintained under control light:dark conditions, but no pattern was observed for cycle. Colonies in the control light:dark treatment also displayed diel rhythms of tentacle expansion and contraction. Experimental colonies in the constant dark treatment lost diel patterns in cry1, cry2, and clock expression and displayed a diminished and less synchronous pattern of tentacle expansion and contraction. We observed no pattern in cry1, cry2, clock, or cycle expression correlated with monthly spawning events suggesting these genes are not involved in the entrainment of reproductive cycles to lunar light cycles in F. fragum. Our results suggest a molecular clock mechanism, potentially similar to that in described in fruit flies, exists within F. fragum.
Solution nonideality related to solute molecular characteristics of amino acids.

By measuring the freezing-point depression for dilute, aqueous solutions of all water-soluble amino acids, we test the hypothesis that nonideality in aqueous solutions is due to solute-induced water structuring near hydrophobic surfaces and solute-induced water destructuring in the dipolar electric fields generated by the solute. Nonideality is expressed with a single solute/solvent interaction parameter I, calculated from experimental measure of delta T. A related parameter, I(n), gives a method of directly relating solute characteristics to solute-induced water structuring or destructuring. I(n)-values correlate directly with hydrophobic surface area and inversely with dipolar strength. By comparing the nonideality of amino acids with progressively larger hydrophobic side chains, structuring is shown to increase with hydrophobic surface area at a rate of one perturbed water molecule per 8.8 square angstroms, implying monolayer coverage. Destructuring is attributed to dielectric realignment as described by the Debye-Huckel theory, but with a constant separation of charges in the amino-carboxyl dipole. By using dimers and trimers of glycine and alanine, this destructuring is shown to increase with increasing dipole strength using increased separation of fixed dipolar charges. The capacity to predict nonideal solution behavior on the basis of amino acid characteristics will permit prediction of free energy of transfer to water, which may help predict the energetics of folding and unfolding of proteins based on the characteristics of constituent amino acids.
Irradiation creep data in support of LMFBR core design

Temperature and neutron flux gradients occurring spatially within the core of an LMFBR generate distortions through the phenomena of swelling and irradiation creep in contemporary core materials. These distortions lead to subassembly interactions both during operation of an LMFBR and during refueling, and thereby limit the life of certain components. Core design and performance analyses therefore require good descriptions of swelling and irradiation creep. Sufficient data to quantify swelling and irradiation creep are finally beginning to materialize. Stainless steel swelling data are available for neutron fluences up to 10/sup 23/ n/cm/sup 2/ (E greater than 0.1 MeV). New testing techniques and analytical methods are being developed to determine the history dependence and stress-state dependence of irradiation creep at both low and high neutron fluence levels to systematically develop the rules required to describe irradiation creep under general multiaxial stress conditions. The initial high fluence results obtained from these new techniques are showing that the limited low neutron fluence, low temperature irradiation creep results available until now did not provide an adequate basis for development of equations which describe irradiation creep for the conditions existing in new experimental or commercial LMFBR systems. These new results are showing significantly more irradiation creepmore » than predicted by extrapolation of the previously available low fluence and low temperature data.« less
Environmental colour affects aspects of single–species population dynamics

Singlespecies populations of ciliates (Colpidium and Paramecium) experienced constant temperature or white or reddened temperature fluctuations in aquatic microcosms in order to test three hypothes...
Eisenhower and the Cold War Economy. By William M. McClenahan Jr. and William H. Becker. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. Pp. xv, 304. $55.00.)

In recent years, as the United States has struggled with massive budget deficits, among other problems, it has been tempting to look back with nostalgia to the 1950s when Dwight D. Eisenhower occup...
Naftifine treatment of trichomycosis pubis.

Abstract: Naftifine hydrochloride 1% cream is a recently developed material of proven efficacy in superficial cutaneous fungal infections. The drug has also been reported to have significant antibacterial properties as well. A case of trichomycosis pubis, a bacterial disorder that can easily be mistaken for several fungal diseases, responded to application of naftifine cream. The authors suggest that this medication may be the drug of choice when the clinical presentation consists of nodules encircling pubic or axillary hair.
The ANBP2 and ALLHAT: conflicting or consistent?

An ongoing debate during the past 2–3 months has centered on the results of two recent clinical trials in hypertension—the ALLHAT and ANBP2 trials. These apparently yielded different outcomes; in the American trial (ALLHAT), the use of a thiazide diuretic resulted in a better outcome with some cardiovascular end points compared to an ACE inhibitor. In the Australian trial (ANBP2), an ACE inhibitor was marginally (p=0.05) more effective in reducing end points than a diuretic (most of the benefit in men). In the following commentary, Dr. Jeffrey Cutler, the Senior Scientific Advisor to the Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Application of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, compares these two trials. Dr. Cutler has been involved in almost all of the major clinical hypertension trials in the United States over the last 20 years.—Marvin Moser, MD, Editor in Chief
Mercuric chloride damages cellular DNA by a non-apoptotic mechanism

Abstract Mercury is a xenobiotic metal that is well known to adversely affect the immune system, however, little is known as to the molecular mechanism. Recently, it has been suggested that mercury may induce immune dysfunction by triggering apoptosis in immune cells. Here, we studied the effects of Hg2+ (HgCl2) on U-937 cells, a human cell line with monocytic characteristics. We found that these cells continued to proliferate when exposed to low doses of mercury between 1 and 5 μM. Using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) or ‘comet’ assay, we found that mercury damaged DNA at these levels. Between 1 and 50 μM Hg2+, comet formation was concentration-dependent with the greatest number of comets formed at 5 μM mercury. However, the appearance of mercury-induced comets was qualitatively different from those of control cells treated with anti-fas antibody, suggesting that although mercury might damage DNA, apoptosis was not involved. This was confirmed by the finding that cells treated with 5 μM mercury were negative for annexin-V binding, an independent assay for apoptosis. These data support the notion that DNA damage in surviving cells is a more sensitive indicator of environmental insult than is apoptosis, and suggests that low-concentrations of ionic mercury may be mutagenic.
Revision of Dietary Reference Intakes for energy in preschool-age children

Background: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for energy aim to balance energy expenditure at a level of physical activity consistent with health and support adequate growth in children. DRIs were derived from total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method; however, the database was limited in the 3–5-y-old range. Objective: We reexamined the DRI for energy for preschool-age children. Design: Ninety-seven healthy, normal-weight, preschool-age children (mean ± SD age: 4.5 ± 0.9 y) completed a 7-d DLW protocol while wearing accelerometer and heart rate–monitoring devices. Results: Mean TEE and physical activity level (PAL) averaged 1159 ± 171 kcal/d and 1.34 ± 0.14, respectively. TEE predicted by DRI equations agreed with observed TEE (+34 kcal/d or 3%) if the sedentary PAL category was assumed but was overestimated by using the low active (+219 kcal/d or 19%), active (398 kcal/d or 34%), and very active (593 kcal/d or 51%) PAL categories. PAL categories were redefined on the basis of the narrower PAL range observed in preschoolers (range: 1.05–1.70) compared with older children and adults (range: 1.0–2.5). Sex-specific nonlinear regression models were newly developed to predict TEE from age, weight, height, and new PAL categories. The mean absolute error of TEE prediction equations was 0.00 ± 35 kcal/d or 0.1 ± 3%. Ancillary measures, such as total accelerometer counts and total daily steps, that were significantly correlated (P = 0.01–0.05) with TEE (r = 0.26–0.38), TEE per kilogram (r = 0.31–0.41), and PAL (r = 0.36–0.48) may assist in the classification of preschoolers into PAL categories. Conclusions: Current DRIs for energy overestimate energy requirements of preschool-age children because of the erroneous classification of children into PAL categories. New TEE prediction equations that are based on DLW and appropriate PAL categories are recommended for preschool-age children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"H12067","term_id":"876887","term_text":"H12067"}}H12067.
ABF1 Ser-720 Is a Predominant Phosphorylation Site for Casein Kinase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABF1 is a multifunctional phosphoprotein that binds specifically to yeast origins of replication and to transcriptional regulatory sites of a variety of genes. We isolated a protein kinase from extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of its ability to specifically phosphorylate the ABF1 protein. Physical and biochemical properties of this kinase identify it as casein kinase II (CKII). The purified kinase has a high affinity for the ABF1 substrate as indicated by a relatively low Km value. Furthermore, when incubated with ABF1 and anti-ABF1 antibodies, the kinase forms an immunocomplex active in the phosphorylation of ABF1. Biochemical and genetic mapping localized a major site for phosphorylation at Ser-720 near the C terminus of the ABF1 protein. This serine is embedded within a domain enriched for acidic amino acid residues. A Ser-720 to Ala mutation abolishes phosphorylation by CKII in vitro. The same mutation also abolishes phosphorylation of this site in vivo, suggesting that CKII phosphorylates Ser-720 in vivo as well. Although three CKII enzymes, yeast, sea star, and recombinant human, utilize casein as a substrate with similar efficiencies, only the yeast enzyme efficiently phosphorylates the ABF1 protein. This suggests that ABF1 is a specific substrate of the yeast CKII and that this specificity may reside within one of the β regulatory subunits of the enzyme. Thus, phosphorylation of ABF1 by yeast CKII may prove to be a useful system for studying targeting mechanisms of CKII to a physiological substrate.
Determination of Wing-Only Aircraft Tumbling Characteristics Through Computational Fluid Dynamics

Wing-only aircraft configurations are susceptible to a flight instability called tumbling. Tumbling involves an autorotative pitching motion, primarily about an axis parallel to the aircraft's lateral axis, combined with planar translation. Tumbling is the suspected cause of a wing-only aircraft (Northrop YB-49) crash in the late 1940s and is a potential problem for future wing-only and blended-wing-body aircraft configurations. It may be difficult, if not impossible, for a wing-only aircraft to escape the tumbling motion once it develops. It is therefore important for aircraft designers to understand the causes of tumbling to prevent its onset Tumbling has been demonstrated in qualitative free-flight wind-tunnel experiments, but few have attempted to quantify the motion using computational fluid dynamics. The purpose of this research is to use computational fluid dynamics to study the tumbling characteristics of a wing-only aircraft. Specifically, the effects of initial conditions, degrees of freedom, Reynolds number, and aircraft static margin will be investigated.
Sickle Cell Disease and Perioperative Considerations: Review and Retrospective Report

Purpose To review the current literature on sickle cell disease (SCD) and patient management in the perioperative setting and to retrospectively evaluate the treatment and complications of oral and maxillofacial surgical patients with SCD treated in the Regional Medical Center at Memphis. Materials and Methods A literature review was performed, with the main search criteria of SCD, anesthesia, and oral and maxillofacial surgery. In addition, a retrospective record analysis was performed of patients with SCD seen at the Regional Medical Center over 9 years. Criteria recorded included the procedure, type of anesthesia, use of intravenous fluids, thermoregulation (use of warm fluids and blankets covering the patient), supplemental oxygen, antibiotic prophylaxis, and postoperative complications. Results In total, 33 clinic visits were reviewed, with 29 patients and 21 procedures performed. Patients were managed quite differently each time, with no consistent protocol. Intravenous fluids were used in only 9 of 21 procedures, supplemental oxygen was recorded for 11 of 21 patients, and preoperative antibiotics were given to 14 of 21 patients. A small sample and the lack of an established protocol did not provide significant statistics. Conclusion Patients with SCD are at risk for various perioperative complications, and it is imperative that the surgeons be educated and prepared so they can effectively manage these patients. No significant complications were found through the outpatient treatment of patients with SCD in this analysis. It may be concluded that treating patients with SCD in the outpatient setting is not contraindicated and may be a safe alternative to inpatient treatment or no treatment at all.
Horizontal Distribution of Crustacean Zooplankton Along a Cross-Lake Transect in Lake Michigan☆

This investigation was designed to examine large-scale variations in horizontal distribution of crustacean zooplankton in Lake Michigan. Samples were obtained during 1969-1970 from the cooling water intake of a Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad ferry as it steamed across the lake along a north-east course from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Ludington, Michigan. All samples were obtained at night between 2230 and 0500 hours to minimize differences in depth distribution of zooplankton due to vertical migration. Zooplankters were notably uniform across the lake during fall, winter and spring. In contrast, distinct patterns in distribution of crustacean zooplankton were evident in summer. Certain species (e.g. Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi, Eurytemora affinis, Bosmina longirostris, Eubosmina coregoni and Chydorus sphaericus) were significantly more abundant (p < 0.05) in waters 0-18 km from shore than in the open lake. Other species (e.g. Diaptomus sicilis, D. minutus, D. oregonensis and Daphnia galeata mendotae) were significantly more prevalent offshore. Inshore influences on zooplankton distribution and abundance were evident near both shores, but were more prominent 0-18 km off Milwaukee, Wisconsin due to the especially high densities of Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi and Bosmina longirostris in this region.
A further evaluation of the cognitive deficits associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Background and purpose Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder that peaks in severity during the night and comes on with rest. As a result, this condition often results in significant chronic sleep loss, especially for those with severe disease. Chronic partial sleep restriction has been associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and decline in cognitive function. Furthermore, studies have found that RLS patients suffer from these conditions more than their unaffected peers. Thus, the morbidity rate associated with RLS has often been attributed to the chronic sleep loss that frequently accompanies this condition. However, no study has specifically compared RLS sufferers to otherwise normal sleep-restricted controls in order to assess disease morbidity independent of its sleep deprivation effects. In this study, we compared the cognitive function of RLS patients who were off treatment to sleep-restricted control subjects.
The socio-technical process of newcomer participation: lessons from a field study

Newcomer participation is fundamental to most organizations yet we have limited understanding of how this process unfolds in real world organizations. In this paper I present preliminary findings from a field study of five newcomers in a research and development laboratory. The findings show that to move from peripheral to full participation newcomers make use of both interpersonal and technological resources available within the organization. In addition to these resources, newcomers' participation trajectories depend on experiences that they bring with when they enter the organization. These experiences provide templates that influence and shape consequent participation. The findings also suggest that as newcomers participate in a community they influence oldtimers as well as established practices in that community, suggesting that a community of practice undergoes changes as a result of newcomer participation.
Inhibition of the Cardiovascular Effects of Acupuncture (Moxibustion) by Phenotolamine in Dogs During Halothane Anesthesia

The cardiovascular effects of acupuncture, moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) and phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) alone were compared to phentolamine (0.1 mg/kg-i.v.) prior to moxibustion at Go-26 in groups of ten dogs under 0.75 percent halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressue, total peripheral resistance, pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and significant decrease in total peripheral resistance were observed following acupuncture, moxibustion with electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) in dogs under halothane anesthesia. These effects were inhibited by pretreatment with the alpha blocking agent, phentolamine (0.1mg/kg-i.v.). The cardiovascular effects of phentolamine (0.1mg/kg-i.v.) alone were similar to those of dogs in which phenotolamine was administered prior to moxibustion.
Intramuscular (infiltrating) lipoma of the tongue

A patient with an intramuscular lipoma (infiltrating lipoma) located within the tongue is presented. There is only one previously reported case of an intramuscular lipoma located within the oral cavity. Because of its infiltrating nature, this tumor may be mistaken for a liposarcoma. Here, as in other sites, the important characteristics serving to distinguish an infiltrating lipoma from a liposarcoma are the absence of lipoblastic proliferation, myxoid differentiation, cellular pleomorphism, increased vascularity, and mitotic activity. Achievement of adequate surgical margins is essential, as the recurrence rate may be as high as 62.5% without complete excision.
Numerical modeling of two-phase behavior in the PEFC gas diffusion layer

A critical performance limitation in the polymer electrolye fuel cell (PEFC) is attributed to the mass transport loss originating from suboptimal liquid water transport and flooding phenomena. Liquid water can block the porous pathways in the fibrous gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL), thus hindering oxygen transport from the flow field to the electrochemically actives sites in the catalyst layer. In this paper, the study of the two phase behavior and the durability implications due to the wetting characteristics in the carbon paper GDL are presented using a pore-scale modeling framework.
In Vivo Bone Motion From High Frame Rate Stereo Radiography

This paper presents a method to calculate functional joint space during dynamic movement. This method combines high-speed biplane radiographic image data and three-dimensional (3D) bone surface data obtained from computed tomography (CT). Subjects were patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery. Three tantalum beads were implanted bilaterally into both the femur and tibia during surgery. CT scans were performed after bead implantation, and the CT slices were reconstructed into 3D solid figures, with the implanted beads identifiable within the stack of CT slices. Subjects were tested 6,12 and 24 months post surgery. Testing activities included downhill running on a treadmill and one-legged hopping onto a force plate. During testing, the stereo-radiographic imaging system collected images at 250 frames per second. Later, the implanted beads were identified in the x-ray images and tracked in 3D with an accuracy of 0.10 mm. The 3D bead location data were used to position the reconstructed solid bone figures in 3D space. In this way, the location of each bone surface was determined each instant. This method can be used to identify the regions of close contact between bones during dynamic motion, to calculate the surface area of subchondral bone within close contact, and to determine the changing position of the close contact area during dynamic activities. Using these techniques, comparisons can be made between subchondral bone motion in healthy and reconstructed joints and changes in dynamic joint space can be measured over time.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Axial ligand effects on redox properties of a strongly-coupled bis-macrocyclic diiron compound

Abstract The axial ligands L of the bis-macrocyclic diiron compound, [Fe 2 C 20 H 36 N 4 )L 4 ] 4+ play an important role in affecting its redox reactions. Altering the ligands produces not only quantitative effects in reaction rates but also changes the reaction pathways and products. When L = Cl − , dioxygen removes one electron to produce a valence-averaged mixed-valence species. When L = DMF dioxygen attacks the central carbon-carbon double bond to produce two, like, keto β-diimine monomeric species. Oxidation when L = CH3CN in wet CH 3 CN produces oxidative dehydrogenation and gives a new diiron species with two keto β-diimine moieties, one on each end of the bis-macrocyclic ligand. When L = CH3CN, reduction proceeds in two, well-separated, one-electron steps. When L = Cl − , DMF, or H 2 O a single broad reduction wave corresponding to two electrons is observed in the cyclic voltammogram.
The r-process: recent progress and needs for nuclear data

Several nuclear physics issues essential to understanding the r -process are discussed. These include validity of the waiting-point approximation, strength of closed neutron shells in neutron-rich nuclei far from stability, and effects of neutrino interaction with such nuclei. The needs for nuclear data in resolving these issues are emphasized.
Computational reconstruction of cell and tissue surfaces for modeling and data analysis

We present a method for the computational reconstruction of the 3-D morphology of biological objects, such as cells, cell conjugates or 3-D arrangements of tissue structures, using data from high-resolution microscopy modalities. The method is based on the iterative optimization of Voronoi representations of the spatial structures. The reconstructions of biological surfaces automatically adapt to morphological features of varying complexity with flexible degrees of resolution. We show how 3-D confocal images of single cells can be used to generate numerical representations of cellular membranes that may serve as the basis for realistic, spatially resolved computational models of membrane processes or intracellular signaling. Another example shows how the protocol can be used to reconstruct tissue boundaries from segmented two-photon image data that facilitate the quantitative analysis of lymphocyte migration behavior in relation to microanatomical structures. Processing time is of the order of minutes depending on data features and reconstruction parameters.
Freemasonry in Federalist Connecticut

Freemasonry prescribed for its members a supra-religious, supra-national philosophic universalism. Dorothy Ann Lipson examines its reception and adaptation in America, where its rapid spread was one index of increasing local diversity and cultural change.After tracing the English origins of Masonry, the author focuses on its development in post-Revolutionary Connecticut, where the Calvinist churches and the state had been supported by an unusually homogeneous population. As a counterculture or form of dissent, the fraternity provided its members with a variant religious experience, a source of serial distinction, a stable reference in times of change, a means of education, and an ethically licensed form of recreation. The author considers its role in these areas as well as the implications of such a fraternity tor the lives of women. The confrontation of the Masons and anti-Masons in the first part of the nineteenth century receives special attention as it dramatized political, religious, and cultural diversification.Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
The impact of intravenous fluid administration on complication rates in bowel surgery within an enhanced recovery protocol: a randomized controlled trial

Aim A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in complications in patients receiving intravenous (iv) water and electrolyte, based on either stroke volume or clinical indicators at bowel surgery. Method Eligible patients were randomized either to intra-operative iv administration of fluid boluses based on stroke volume measured by oesophageal Doppler (probe arm) or to iv fluid based on clinical indicators (no-probe arm). The end-point was the complication rate, defined as deviation from an uneventful postoperative course. Surgery was defined as elective bowel resection with primary anastomosis. All patients were on an enhanced recovery protocol. A randomized controlled trial suggested a sample size of 91 patients. Results Ninety-one patients were randomized. Seventeen were excluded because of withdrawal of consent, failure of the procedure or cancellation of surgery. Patients were comparable for age (P = 0.89), gender (P = 0.14), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.7), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score (P > 0.9), race (P = 0.55), colorectal POSSUM score (P = 0.11), comorbidity (P = 0.4), previous operations (P = 0.45) and diagnosis (P = 0.50). Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Morbidity and Mortality (POSSUM)-predicted mortality was higher in the test (probe) arm (P = 0.011). No differences were observed in epidural analgesia (P = 0.16), type of resection (P = 0.43), incision length (P = 0.40), type of incision (P = 0.47), operation time (P = 0.92), estimated blood loss (EBL) (P = 0.56), time to ambulation (P = 0.95), flatus (P = 0.37), diet (P = 0.17), removal of the epidural anaesthesia (P = 0.26) and length of hospital stay (LOS) (P = 0.575). Intra-operative fluids administered were 3.1 (0.7–77) vs 4 (0.9–6.2) liters (P = 0.53). Postoperative fluids administered were 12.5 (5.5–84.6) vs 11.3 (3.4–49.8) (P = 0.42). Overall and septic complication rates were significantly decreased in the test arm (7/32 (22%) vs 19/40 (49%) (P = 0.022) and 2/32 (6.2%) vs 12/40 (30%) (P = 0.05), respectively). Conclusion Intra-operative administration of iv water and electrolyte during bowel surgery, based on stroke volume measured using oesophageal Doppler, was associated with decreased complication rates.
Qualitatively correct Sturm-Liouville eigenfunctions

Abstract In recent years several high quality Sturm–Liouville software packages have been written (e.g., SLEDGE, SLEIGN, the NAG routine SL02FM). All excel at providing eigenfunction estimates at a finite set of points but only the NAG routine provides interpolation capability, and this by a fairly crude method (especially when compared with the sophistication of its eigenvalue solver). We describe an accurate, efficient method of approximating Sturm–Liouville eigenfunctions based on a small sample of given accurate values. Even though the theory is developed only for regular problems, the algorithm can be extended to many singular cases.
The Helium Closed Circuit Method for Measuring the Functional Residual Capacity

SUMMARY 1.The simplified helium method for measuring the FRC is described and results obtained in normal and emphysematous subjects are presented. 2.Minute-to-minute changes in helium concentration during the rebreathing period may be plotted against time to represent qualitative changes in intrapulmonary gas mixing. These curves correlate well with the severity of the emphysema. 3.The method is sufficiently accurate for routine clinical use.
von Neumann-Morgenstera Utility Functions on Two Attributes

Five special forms for a von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function u on a product set A×X are examined. Each expresses u as a combination of functions defined on the separate factors A and X. The five forms include the additive and multiplicative forms, u=u1+u2 and u=f1f2, respectively, and the additive form with independent product expressed by u=u1+u2+f1f2. Necessary and sufficient preference conditions are identified for each form, along with admissible transformations on the single-argument functions.
Potent substituted-3β-phenyltropane analogs of cocaine have cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects

Abstract Two novel phenyltropane analogs of cocaine, 3β-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane-2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-COC-31) and 3β-(4-methylphenyl) tropane-2β-carboxylic acid methyl ester (RTI-COC-32), were evaluated for cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats. Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline using a standard 2-lever discrimination procedure with correct-lever responding reinforced under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food reinforcement. One group of rats was used to evaluate RTI-COC-31 and the unsubstituted-3β-phenyltropane reference compound WIN 35,065-2 in substitution tests. Another group of rats was used to evaluate RTI-COC-32. For purposes of comparison, a cocaine doseeffect curve was also determined in each group. Both RTI-COC-31 and RTI-COC-32, as well as WIN 35,065-2, substituted completely for cocaine. RTI-COC-31 was 26.8-fold and RTI-COC-32 was 6-fold more potent than cocaine for producing cocaine-lever responding. The potent cocaine-like effects of the RTI analogs in vivo correspond with their high affinities for a cocaine recognition site on the dopamine transporter, providing further evidence that this site may mediate behavioral effects of cocaine relevant to its abuse.
Changes in Reduced Gaseous Sulfur Compounds Collected in Glass Gas Sampling Bulbs

Abstract Changes which volatile reduced sulfur species (hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and carbon disulfide) undergo in glass gas sampling bulbs were determined as influenced by the balance gas matrix and moisture. Results have shown that differences in reduced sulfur gas concentrations compared with the initial values were less than 5% in each sulfur compounds within 24 hours if the balance gas was dry nitrogen. There was no change in composition if dry air sample was measured within 3 hours. Significant decrease in hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol concentrations was observed with a short period of time following sampling if moisture was present within the bulb atmosphere.
Effects of salinity on specific gravity and viability of eggs of a North American minnow (Cyprinidae)

The influence of salinity on survival, specific gravity, and size of eggs of the endangered Hybognathus amarus (Rio Grande silvery minnow) was studied to provide insight into factors affecting their potential dispersal and fate. Under low salinity conditions egg specific gravity declined significantly in the first hour after spawning as the perivitelline space of the egg filled with water. Egg specific gravity achieved a minimum value approximately 1 h post-spawning and remained approximately constant until hatching, which occurred near 48 h post-spawning at 20°C. Specific gravity of the egg depended on the salinity of the water surrounding the egg: hardened eggs changed rapidly in diameter and specific gravity when exposed to water of higher salinity. Size and specific gravity of H. amarus eggs also differed when the eggs were incubated in different groundwater sources. Experiments indicated that calcium chloride saline solution had a greater effect on egg specific gravity and size than did solutions of sodium or potassium chlorides. Survival of H. amarus eggs declined sharply at salinity greater than 3 (practical salinity units, PSU) and was only 5% at a salinity of 8. Habitat restoration to benefit H. amarus should consider the salinity of habitats in which eggs incubate.
Tubular Basement Membrane Immune Deposits in Association with BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy

Tubular basement membrane immune deposits (TBMID) are rare in renal allografts and usually have been found in association with immune complex mediated glomerular injury. We report an association between TBMID and BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKN). We reviewed clinical data and results of allograft biopsies of 30 patients with BKN (16 with and 14 without TBMID). TBMID were detected by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. Initial and follow-up biopsies were assessed for degree of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and severity of viral infection, and were correlated with patients' clinical data. Biopsies initially diagnostic for BKN with TBMID, compared to BKN biopsies without deposits, demonstrated more severe interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and greater numbers of virally infected cells. Similar findings were present in follow-up biopsies. Utilizing three different antibodies directed against viral epitopes, viral antigens could not be detected within TBMID. Thirty percent of patients with TBMID and 70% without deposits had follow-up biopsies, in which virus could not be detected immunohistochemically. Treatment for all included decreasing immunosuppression, cidofovir and/or leflunomide. Clinical data correlated well with histological findings. We conclude that a significant proportion of patients with BKN show TBMID on kidney biopsy. The prognostic significance of this finding remains to be elucidated.
Influence of symptomatic status on the prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with zero calcium score.

Background: CAC has been used to predict obstructive CAD on invasive coronary angiography. However, it is unknown how the prevalence of obstructive CAD in patients with zero CAC is influenced by the presence or absence of chest pain. Methods: 210 consecutive patients referred for CAC and CorCTA were included in this analysis. Chest pain was defined based on the Diamond-Forrester classification. Results: 134 patients (64%) were symptomatic and 76 (36%) were asymptomatic. Seventy patients had negative (33%); 140 had positive CAC (67%). In the symptomatic group with zero CAC, 8.2% (4/49) had an obstructive, non-calcified plaque; of these, 3 were 45 years compared to younger patients to exclude obstructive CAD (AUC: 0.83 vs. 0.5, p < 0.001; NPV = 0.98). Conclusions: CAC is better in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic subjects, especially in patients <age 45, to exclude obstructive CAD. Symptoms and age should be considered when interpreting CAC.
Visualization and interpretation for the electromagnetic derivation of Snell's laws

Veritable snapshots-in-time of the vector fields in the classic problem of plane wave refraction at a planar interface are drawn simply and directly using a contour-plotting routine. These field pictures, together with the antecedent mathematics, give students and teachers a panoramic view of the pertinent wave physics. Classroom examples and computer assignments, based on the methodology of this paper, help to underscore the real physical nature of the subject called electromagnetics.
The Unique Chaperone Operon of Thermotoga maritima: Cloning and Initial Characterization of a Functional Hsp70 and Small Heat Shock Protein

The hyperthermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima possesses an operon encoding an Hsp70 molecular chaperone protein and a protein with meaningful homology to the small heat shock protein family of chaperones. This represents the first demonstrated co-operon organization for these two important classes of molecular chaperones. We have cloned and initially characterized these proteins as functional chaperones in vitro: the Hsp70 is capable of ATP hydrolysis and substrate binding, and the small heat shock protein can suppress protein aggregation and stably bind a refolding-competent substrate. In addition, the primary sequence of the Hsp70 is used to infer the phylogenetic relationships of T. maritima, one of the deepest-branching eubacteria known.
Changes in the Concentration and Size of Testicular Macrophages during Development

Structural and functional interactions exist between Leydig cells and testicular macrophages of adult rats. Since the function of Leydig cells changes during critical periods of development and postnatal maturation, it is possible that macrophages are in part involved in regulating this process. As a first step towards gaining an understanding of the development of this paracrine phenomenon, I have undertaken a series of studies designed to determine when macrophages first become identifiable in the fetal tests and to determine whether the concentration or size of macrophages changes during important stages of testicular maturation. Macrophages were identified immunohistochemically in frozen sections of testis from rats at various prenatal and postnatal ages using commercially available monoclonal antibodies to proteins specific to rat macrophages. It was found that macrophages positive for these antigens were found only within the interstitial compartment and were commonly associated with clusters of presumptive Leydig cells that were negative for these antigens. Macrophages were first identifiable in the testis at Day 19 of fetal development. The number of macrophages/unit area of interstitium increased 15-fold between Day 20 of gestation and Day 47 postpartum. The cross-sectional area of the macrophages increased 1.7-fold between Days 13 and 47 postpartum. These results demonstrate that the number and size of testicular macrophages changes with age, suggesting a role for these cells during important times of testicular development and maturation.
“The same old danger/but a brand new pleasure”: The black arts movement in the 21st century

In the 21st century, African American studies scholarship will become less and less consumed with exploration and documentation of inter-racial differences, and more and more concerned with the relationships between those diverse constituencies that exist within ethnic groups.
Subversion 1.5: A case study in open source release mismanagement

In June 2008, the Subversion development team released Subversion 1.5.0. This release contained a number of new features, but arrived only after a long and difficult development, test and release cycle. This protracted process confused and frustrated both users and developers. In this paper, we discuss the events which led to this breakdown, how the release process is being improved, and what lessons other open source projects can learn from the Subversion community's mistakes.
Geomagnetism and the Homeward Orientation of the Box Turtle, Terrapene Carolina

Homing in the box turtle, Terrapene carolina, has been well documented, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. We used laboratory and field experiments to determine if the geomagnetic field may be used as an orientational cue. Turtles were trained in the laboratory to move along an east/west axis and were tested for directionality in a circular arena. Control turtles with dummy weights attached to the carapace oriented significantly to the training direction. Experimental turtles with magnets attached to the carapace were randomly oriented. In field tests, turtles were displaced from their home ranges to 4 release sites located symmetrically about the home site. Controls were displaced under normal magnetic field strength (Helmholtz coils off) and experimentals were displaced under increased field strength (15% increase over local geomagnetic field strength). The initial orientation of the control turtles clustered significantly in the homeward direction while the initial orientation of experimental turtles was not clustered in the homeward direction. Both control and experimental turtles showed compass orientation clustered in an eastward direction regardless of the directional relationship between the release site and home. This compass orientation appears to mask, to some degree, the homeward orientation of the turtles.
System simulation of mixed-signal multi-domain microsystems with piecewise linear models

We present a component-based multi-level mixed-signal design and simulation environment for microsystems spanning the domains of electronics, mechanics, and optics. The environment provides a solution to the problem of accurate modeling and simulation of multi-domain devices at the system level. This is achieved by partitioning the system into components that are modeled by analytic expressions. These expressions are reduced via linearization into regions of operation for each element of the component and solved with modified nodal analysis in the frequency domain, which guarantees convergence. Feedback among components is managed by a discrete event simulator sending composite signals between components. For electrical, and mechanical components, interaction is via physical connectivity while optical signals are modeled using complex scalar wavefronts, providing the accuracy necessary to model micro-optical components. Simulation speed vs. simulation accuracy can be tuned by controlling the granularity of the regions of operation of the devices, sample density of the optical wavefronts, or the time steps of the discrete event simulator. The methodology is specifically optimized for loosely coupled systems of complex components such as are found in multi-domain microsystems.
Inhibition of allergic late airway responses by inhaled heparin-derived oligosaccharides.

Inhaled heparin has been shown to inhibit allergic bronchoconstriction in sheep that develop only acute responses to antigen (acute responders) but was ineffective in sheep that develop both acute ...
Structural duality of 1/3⟨111⟩ twin-boundary disconnections

We investigate the structure of 1/3⟨111⟩ disconnections at Σ3 {111} twin boundaries in gold. Our high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) observations and atomistic simulations show that the core relaxation of this defect is dramatically affected by reversing the sign of the Burgers vector, as oriented with respect to the twin boundary. In particular, we find two distinct, relaxed structures: one with a localized core and the other with a dissociated core composed of a stacking fault terminated by a Shockley partial dislocation. An analysis of the specific pathways available for the defect to relax and of the elastic interactions of the components of the dissociated dislocation for these cases explains the structural difference.
Evaluation Research: Possibilities and Limitations:

Evaluation research offers several benefits: scientific formulation of a policy problem, measurement of key variables, and-a signal whether important social changes are occurring. Evaluation of social programs seems to answer two kinds of questions well: (a) does it matter if we choose one program over another? and (b) can we alter the number of people in a given social category? The limitations of evaluation lie in the minimal effects of most programs and in the reactive nature of both the program and the evaluation. A theory of evaluation research that indicates the possible types and amounts of impact created by various kinds of social programs, as well as the differences between long-term and short-term effects, is needed, argues the author.