cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper in the crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus) obtained from a lake receiving urban runoff.

Commercially caught crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus) were placed in a municipal lake below a combined sewer overflow outfall and a storm drain outfall associated with elevated sediment metal concentrations. Abdominal muscle, viscera, and exoskeleton from each crayfish were analyzed for mercury, cadmium, lead, and copper. Crayfish metal concentrations for each sampling site were evaluated relative to unexposed samples from the commercial catch and samples held in the laboratory. Results indicated that 1) mercury accumulated in muscle tissue, highest cadmium concentrations were in the viscera, and highest lead concentrations were in the exoskeleton, 2) uptake of copper is well-regulated by the organism at non-toxic water concentrations, and 3) viscera concentrations of cadmium, lead, and copper tended to be higher and more variable than in muscle tissue. A significant correlation was found between body weight and muscle mercury concentration. Relative to allowable limits for metals in foods, there was not sufficient accumulation of any metal to indicate that a significant health hazard would result from consumption of these organisms. These data indicate that analysis of trace metals in various body parts ofP. leniusculus may be a useful biological indicator of trace metal pollution of freshwater lakes and streams.
RF tomography for building penetration

The method of Radio Frequency Tomography is proposed for the application of imaging inside buildings. The mathematical formulation described in [4] is extended to incorporate the shape of the known structure of the building by means of numerical Green's functions. Simulations and image reconstructions are provided.
Cardiovascular malformations in the fetal alcohol syndrome

Abstract Cardiovascular anomalies are a frequently reported feature of the fetal alcohol syndrome, but only rarely have such children been catheterized. This article fully describes the cardiac anomaly in two infants with this syndrome. The malformations found in both cases include a ventricular septal defect, and the rather unusual finding of pulmonary artery dysplasia.
Characterization of a protein which binds phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and 4,5-bisphosphate.

Protein(s) which bind polyphosphatidylinositol phosphates (RI 3,4,5-P3and PI 4,5-P2) were identified in the wheat-germ agglutinin bound fraction of cells and tissues. The binding of this protein(s) to the phospholipid could be demonstrated in two ways, either by a shift in the migration of the lipid by size exclusion column chromatography or directly by binding to the protein after capture on wheat-germ agglutinin-coupled beads. Of the rat tissues tested (muscle, spleen, brain, heart, kidney and liver), the activity was highest in liver. The protein(s) was purified more than 500-fold by sequential chromatography on columns of wheat-germ agglutinin, phosphocellulose, Blue-Sepharose, Mono Q and Superose 6. The peak of activity appeared to have a molecular weight on this latter column of approx. 240 000. The protein(s) bound PI 3,4,5-P3, PI 3,4-P2, and PI 3-P in the ratio of 4:2:1. The binding of 3-phosphorylated PI phosphates to the protein(s) was not significantly inhibited by 36 μg/ml of either phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylcholine, but was inhibited 10% and 65% by 36 μg/ml of PI 4-P and PI 4,5-P2, respectively. Since these results suggested that the binding protein(s) could also bind I4,5-P2, binding of this lipid was directly tested and found to be comparable to that of PI 3,4,5-P3. These results suggest that this protein(s) could be involved in the signaling mechanism elicited by these polyphosphoinositides.
Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art

Leo Steinberg's classic "Other Criteria" comprises eighteen essays on topics ranging from "Contemporary Art and the Plight of Its Public" and the "flat-bed picture plane" to reflections on Picasso, Rauschenberg, Rodin, de Kooning, Pollock, Guston, and Jasper Johns. The last, which Francine du Plessix Gray called "a tour de force of critical method," is widely regarded as the most eye-opening analysis of Johns' work ever written. This edition includes a new preface and a handful of additional illustrations.
Synthesis and characterization of 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyldiazaborolin

Abstract The preparation and characterization of the first diazaborolin, a system which is isoelectronic with the cyclopentadienide anion, is described.
Genetic search and the dynamic facility layout problem

Abstract This research examines the suitability of genetic algorithms to the problem of facility layout over time. Genetic algorithms use the principles of genetics to evolve an initial population of solutions into a population of superior solutions. One advantage of this approach is its ability to include multiple constraints as well as non-linear and non-convex objective functions. We present a genetic procedure for the multi-period facility layout problem and report results for two test problems.
A microstructural study of the Tishomingo meteorite

Metallography, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were employed to study a fragment of the Tishomingo iron meteorite. The results suggest the following thermal-mechanical history: The fragment was originally a large crystal of taenite (gamma). Cooling through the alpha + gamma phase boundary did not result in accompanying precipitation of kamacite (alpha). Transformation to a martensitic structure initiated between -25 and -65 C. Transformation continued as the temperature fell to -75 to -115 C, resulting in approx 80% martensite (alpha-prime). Subsequent shock deformation and thermal aging processes substantially modified the taenite and martensite microstructures. Twins in the retained taenite phase are attributed to shock deformation at a pressure estimated for a single event at about 170 kbar. The existing complex altered martensite structure containing both taenite and kamacite (3-15% Ni) particles was apparently the product of both shock deformation and thermal aging processes. The maximum temperature reached during thermal aging is estimated to be less than 400 C and perhaps below 310 C.
Immunogold staining of fibrinogen on biomaterial surfaces: the effect of labeling conditions

Abstract Fibrinogen was preadsorbed to six polymers of differing surface properties. Immunogold staining followed by low-voltage high-resolution electron microscopy was used to examine the goldbead surface distribution and the effects of the labeling conditions. The immunogold staining technique was successful in visualizing adsorbed fibrinogen within the monolayer regime. Fibrinogen was found to distribute in a rather homogeneous fashion on all surfaces at varying protein solution concentrations and staining times. The degree of staining of fibrinogen varied from polymer to polymer, indicating variable extents of extinction of antigenic epitopes upon adsorption. Bulk protein concentration, protein adsorption time, immunogold concentration, and immunogold labeling time were independently varied to determine the optimum fibrinogen staining conditions. Optimum staining (defined as having one monolayer of gold markers on a particular surface under constant adsorption conditions as visualized by electron microscopy) was determined on polyethylene using several 18-nm goldmarker concentrations. For polyethylene the optimum fibrinogen staining condition required a goldmarker concentration of 3.86 × 10 12 particles/ml for 30 min at room temperature. This resulted in a goldmarker density of 120 ± 3 markers/μm 2 .
Task-specific microextractions using ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been the focus of many scientific investigations including the field of analytical microextractions. ILs have many advantages over traditional organic solvents making them excellent candidates as extraction media for a variety of microextraction techniques. Many physical properties of ILs can be varied, and the structural design and make-up can be tuned to impart desired functionality for enhancement of analyte extraction selectivity, efficiency, and sensitivity. This paper provides a brief overview of ionic liquids and highlights trends in three important sample-preparation techniques, namely, single drop microextraction, solid-phase microextraction, and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction in terms of performing task-specific extractions using these highly versatile solvents.
Task Scheduling for GPU Accelerated Hybrid OLAP Systems with Multi-core Support and Text-to-Integer Translation

OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing) is a powerful method for analyzing the excessive amount of data related to business intelligence applications. OLAP utilizes the efficient multidimensional data structure referred to as the OLAP cube to answer multi-faceted analytical queries. As queries become more complex and the dimensionality and size of the cube grows, the processing time required to aggregate queries increases. In this paper, we are proposing: (1) a parallel implementation of MOLAP cube using OpenMP, (2) a text-to-integer translation method to allow effective string processing on GPU, and (3) a new scheduling algorithm that support these new features. To be able to process string queries on the GPU, we are introducing a text-to-integer translation method which works with multiple dictionaries. The translation is necessary only for the GPU side of the system. To support the translation and parallel CPU implementation, a new scheduling algorithm is proposed. The scheduler divides multi-core processor(s) of a shared memory system into a processing partition and a preprocessing (or translation) partition. The performance of the new system is evaluated. The text-to-integer translation adds a new vital functionality to our system, however it also slows down the GPU processing by 7% when compare to original implementation without string support. The performance measurements indicate that due to the parallel implementation, the processing rate of the CPU partition improves from 12 to 110 queries per second. Moreover, the CPU partition is now able to process OLAP cubes of size 32 GB at rate of 11 queries per second. The total performance of the entire hybrid system (CPU + GPU) increased from 102 to 228 queries per second.
Improving Students’ Inquiry Skills and Self-Efficacy through Research-Inspired Modules in the General Chemistry Laboratory

Research projects conducted by faculty in STEM departments served as the inspiration for a new curriculum of inquiry-based, multiweek laboratory modules in the general chemistry 1 course. The purpose of this curriculum redesign was to improve students’ attitudes about chemistry as well as their self-efficacy and skills in performing inquiry activities. Students’ ability to plan experiments and interpret data improved throughout the semester, as did their confidence in conducting research-like lab activities. Improved confidence was observed among men and women, science and engineering students, and Caucasian and international students. These outcomes are similar to those found with authentic research-based experiments. The curriculum had less of an impact on students’ attitudes about chemistry. A research-inspired curriculum offers many benefits to students without the difficulties of designing actual research-based projects for general chemistry classes.
Isolation of rat heart endothelial cells and pericytes: Evaluation of their role in the formation of extracellular matrix components

In order to facilitate investigation of the cells responsible for overproduction of type VI collagen in the extracellular matrix surrounding the capillaries of diabetic rat myocardium, procedures have been developed for the isolation from this tissue of endothelial cells as well as a cell type identified as pericytes. This was accomplished by enzymatic and mechanical disruption of ventricles from young rats (125 g) followed by removal of myocytes through their nonadherence to tissue culture surfaces. Endothelial cells were separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting after staining with rhodamine-labeled acetylated low density lipoprotein and were identified by their monolayer growth pattern, reaction with anti-von Willebrand factor and the ability to form capillary-like tubes induced by low serum concentration. Pericytes were purified by selective scraping for removal of other cell types and were identified by their irregular shape, overlapping growth pattern at confluence, reaction with anti-smooth muscle actin and content of GLUT4 glucose transporter. Fibroblasts, visualized after staining with rhodamine-labeled alpha 2-macroglobulin, were only rarely detected. Analysis of collagen by immunoblotting indicated formation by both cell types of alpha 1(IV) collagen as well as the three subunits of type VI (alpha 3 at 205 kDa and alpha 1 plus alpha 2 at 150 kDa). Both endothelial cells and pericytes demonstrated transcripts for types VI, IV and I collagen, as well as fibronectin, but while the level of the mRNA for type IV collagen was higher in pericytes than in endothelial cells, the reverse was true for collagens VI and I and fibronectin. These observations suggest that both endothelial cells and pericytes contribute to formation of the myocardial capillary matrix, but that changes involving only type VI collagen, such as occur in diabetic cardiomyopathy, may reflect a response primarily of endothelial cells.
Shifting linear growth during infancy: Illustration of genetic factors in growth from fetal life through infancy

A percentile linear growth chart, from the third to ninety-seven percentiles, was derived from longitudinal data on 90 normal full-term infants of middle class suburban families, and the individual growth curves of each infant was contrasted to the growth chart for the entire group. Individual shifting in growth rate was noted in two thirds of the infants. To better determine the timing and nature of these shifts in linear growth, a search was made for otherwise normal full-term infants who were at or below the tenth percentile for length at birth and who moved up to the fiftieth percentile or better by age 2 years and those who were at or above the ninetieth percentile at birth and moved down to the fiftieth percentile or less by 2 years of age. Those shifting upward had accelerated linear growth soon after birth; they achieved a new "channel" at a mean age of 11.5 months. Those shifting downward did not decelerate until after the first three to six months; they achieved a new channel by the mean age of 13 months. These findings plus the correlation coefficients relating parental size to the length of the infant at birth, one year, and two years of age are compatible with the following statements: Birth length relates predominantly to maternal size whereas by 2 years of age the length correlates best to mean parental height, reflecting the genetic growth factors of both parents. Those infants "catching-up" after birth usually do so in early infancy, whereas those "lagging-down" tend to do so in midinfancy.
Patency of autogenous and polytetrafluoroethylene upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective Patency rates for autogenous accesses are presumed to be better than for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) accesses, although the strength of the supporting evidence is limited. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that patency rates for upper extremity autogenous hemodialysis arteriovenous accesses in adults are superior to those for PTFE counterparts. Methods A systematic review of relevant literature and meta-analysis of the patency data were performed. Studies were considered acceptable if patency data were reported by either life table or Kaplan-Meier method, including number of patients at risk. Results The thirty-four studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were composed predominantly of case series or nonrandomized controlled studies; no randomized, controlled studies comparing autogenous and PTFE accesses were included. The primary patency rate for autogenous accesses was 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%-74%) at 6 months and 51% (95% CI, 48%-53%) at 18 months, and the corresponding primary patency rate for PTFE accesses was 58% (95% CI, 56%-61%) and 33% (95% CI, 31%-36%), respectively. The secondary patency rate for autogenous accesses was 86% (95% CI, 84%-88%) at 6 months and 77% (95% CI, 74%-79%) at 18 months, and the corresponding secondary patency rate for PTFE accesses was 76% (95% CI, 73%-79%) and 55% (95% CI, 51%-59%), respectively. Conclusions The patency rate for autogenous upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses in adults is superior to that for PTFE counterparts, although the overall quality of the studies in the meta-analysis was less than ideal. Randomized, controlled studies to further examine the differences in outcome between these two access types are necessary.
Cellular basis and nature of the polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia induced by antigenic challenge.

Abstract Chickens immunized with either sheep erythrocytes or heterologous albumin display a polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia (HIg) shortly after immunization prior to the appearance in the serum of specific antibody. Tolerance to the inducing antigen results in a decreased HIg response to that antigen but not to an unrelated antigen. Both adult thymectomy coupled with irradiation, and embryonic bursectomy depress the response. In the HIg induced by one antigen there is some antibody activity to an unrelated antigen; this may represent the activation of cells primed previously to the second antigen. It is hypothesized that antigen stimulates specific thymus-dependent cells to produce lymphokines which nonspecifically stimulate a large proportion of antibody cells to synthesize and release their product.
The transactional network platform: poster abstract

The Transactional Network Platform (TNP) provides an open source reference platform for achieving the benefits of Transactional Energy. It allows researchers to effectively and efficiently implement their building control applications against a common message information exchange schema without having to build the underlying infrastructure for communicating with devices and other applications. Applications built in this platform have been deployed and are being demonstrated on real building control systems and appliances.
Enhancing Student Learning in Food Engineering Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

Abstract: The current generation of students coming into food science and engineering programs is very visually oriented from their early experiences. To increase their interest in learning, new and visually appealing teaching materials need to be developed. Two diverse groups of students may be identified based on their math skills. Food science students tend to find it difficult to use mathematics as a problem-solving tool for food engineering problems. Food engineering students, on the other hand, should be challenged to use emerging mathematical tools to develop their problem-solving skills. Therefore, the approach of this project involved the development of a curriculum to train undergraduate food engineers in the effective use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to solve food engineering problems by engaging them in the creation of food engineering teaching tools. These CFD outputs were then used as innovative teaching tools for the food science students. In this paper, this concept will be illustrated by unsteady-state heat transfer and fluid flow problems. To evaluate the efficiency of the teaching materials developed, a student focus group was asked to answer the same quiz following a conventional and CFD output aided teaching session. The assessment result showed an improved understanding of the subject after the CFD teaching session. These visual aids were excellent tools to illustrate the validity of the formulas presented in class. In addition, the new visual materials enabled a better understanding of the relationships among different process parameters. In general, this helped the food science students better appreciate the food engineering concepts that govern food processing operations.
A multifunctional hydroquinone oxidase of the external cell surface and sera.

A multifunctional cell surface protein with NADH oxidase (NOX) activity and capable of oxidizing hydroquinones is located at the exterior of the cell and is shed in soluble form into sera. The oxidase appears to function as a terminal oxidase of a trans plasma membrane electron transport chain consisting of a NAD(P)H-ubiquinone reductase at the cytosolic membrane surface, possibly a b-type cytochrome, ubiquinone and the oxidase. Hyperactivity or conditions that interrupt ordered 2H + + 2e transport from NAD(P)H or hydroquinone to molecular oxygen and other acceptors at the external cell surface may result in the generation of superoxide. The latter may serve to propagate aging-related redox changes both to adjacent cells and circulating blood components. A circulating NOX activity form associated with aging and the reduction of cytochrome c by sera of aged patients that is partially inhibited by ubiquinone are described.
Weaning, body weight, and postpartum amenorrhea duration in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Early permanent infant separation or weaning decreases the time interval between pregnancies and interbirth intervals for many female primates. At least part of the interpregnancy interval consists of postpartum amenorrhea, a period of non-menstruation lasting from the time of birth until the female begins to ovulate. This study investigated the effects of weaning age and dam's body weight on the duration of the interval between pregnancies, the duration of postpartum amenorrhea, and the number of cycles to conception in a year-round breeder. Female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) have an observable perineal swelling that fluctuates throughout the menstrual cycle and provides a means of detecting ovulation. The perineal swelling records of socially housed pigtailed macaques were studied from July 1996 to September 1998. Postpartum amenorrhea data were obtained on 44 females who gave birth to normal, viable infants. As weaning age increased and dam's weight decreased, postpartum amenorrhea, and consequently the interval between pregnancies, increased in duration. The interpregnancy interval consisted almost entirely of the postpartum amenorrhea phase. Our finding that a higher dam's body weight decreased the length of postpartum amenorrhea duration lends support to the hypothesis that a minimum body weight is necessary for menstrual cycles to occur. Most females became pregnant on their first ovulation regardless of weaning age and whether or not they were carrying an infant. As the weaning age of the infant and the dam's weight increased, ovulation went from occurring after separation to occurring before separation.
Morphogenetic studies of the rabbit. XXXIX. Ponderal correlation coefficients of the bones from two races of rabbits.

Thirty-five male an 30 female rabbits of large race III derived from the New Zealand White race and the same numbers of small race X, from Castle's small race, were used in this study. Earlier studies on these two races have shown that the males are more variable in body weight and body length; and that the individual bones are likewise more variable in weight and in length in the males. In this study, body weight and the weight of the entire skeleton were correlated on the basis of the null hypothesis with the individual bone weights and the individual bone weights were intercorrelated. The correlations are, for the most part, higher in the males than in the females of both races. The males of small race X have higher correlations than the males of large race III. Thus, although the entire body size varies more in the males. the weights of the bones are, for the most part, more closely correlated with body weight and total skeletal weight and with the other bones in the males than in the females. Some of the lowest correlations are with bones having large proportions of cancellous bone.
Carotid endarterectomy in the stroke patient: Computerized axial tomography to determine timing

Abstract Historically, patients with mild to moderate neurologic deficits lasting longer than 24 hours were believed to have sustained a completed stroke. They were followed up for 4 to 6 weeks and cerebral angiography was performed if indicated. CT scanning has identified a subset of these patients who have sustained a reversible ischemic neurologic deficit (RIND) rather than a completed stroke. The timing for angiography and surgery for this group has not been established. In an earlier study we found that 21% (4 of 19 patients) suffered a second stroke during the 4- to 6-week waiting period. To avoid this high rate of recurrence, we instituted an aggressive program of CT scan evaluation and surgical therapy for all "stroke patients" with negative CT scans. Two hundred forty-five patients were seen with a persistent neurologic deficit between July 1980 and December 1983. These patients underwent CT scans 1 and 5 days after the initial event. Of these 245 patients, 171 patients (70%) were found to have negative CT scans. Appropriate carotid lesions were found by arteriography in 110 (64%) of the negative CT scan group. There were 61 (55%) men and 49 (45%) women in this group. Eighty-five patients (77%) had previous neurologic symptoms or a cerebrovascular accident. Hypertension was present in 52% and diabetes mellitus in 30%. All 110 patients underwent carotid endarterectomy within 14 days (mean 10 days) of the initial onset of their neurologic deficit; these were all done with shunt protection. No patient suffered another neurologic deficit in the same territory within 30 days after surgery. One patient sustained a posterior stroke 5 days postoperatively, resulting in a 0.9% morbidity rate. We conclude that all patients with a persistent neurologic deficit should undergo CT scan evaluation. Angiography and carotid endarterectomy may be safely performed when indicated in patients with a negative CT scan. Patients with reversible ischemic neurologic deficits may be a subset of patients in whom a shunt may be most appropriate. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:214-9.)
Alteration of the gene for xanthine dehydrogenase in Drosophila following treatment with wildtype DNA

Microinjection of whole genome DNA into Drosophila embryos can result in a variety of changes to the host genome. In the experiments reported here, wildtype DNA is injected into mutant animals lacking xanthine dehydrogenase activity by virtue of a mutation in the structural gene for the enzyme, the rosy gene. Animals with wildtype eye pigmentation and normal levels of xanthine dehydrogenase result from the treatment. Analysis of the electrophoretic mobility of the enzyme in the altered stocks indicates, in four of five cases, that the restoration of activity coincides with changes in electrophoretic mobility. The changes which occur are consistent with acquisition of sequence from the donor DNA and, in two cases, provide evidence for recombination between homologous sequences.
The Relationship between Substance Abuse Performance Measures and Mutual Help Group Participation after Treatment

The authors examined the relationship between treatment quality, using during-treatment process measures, and mutual-help group (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous) attendance after outpatient substance use disorder (SUD) treatment for 739 clients in the Alcohol and Drug Services Study. Logistic regression models estimated any and regular mutual-help attendance after treatment. Clients referred to mutual-help groups were significantly more likely to attend any mutual help after treatment. Results were mixed for facility offered mutual-help groups; treatment engagement and retention were not significant. These findings offer treatment providers further evidence of the importance of referring clients to post-treatment mutual-help groups, an effective, low-cost option.
Cow Power to Horsepower: Building a Pilot Plant to Operate a Bus on Dairy Cow-Derived Biomethane

A pilot facility to capture, upgrade and compress biomethane from a dairy cow-based anaerobic digester is being constructed by the Western Washington University Vehicle Research Institute at the Vander Haak Dairy. A faculty and student team has designed the facility and undertaken its construction. The facility will provide fuel for an Airporter Shuttle/Bellair coach that will operate along the U. S. Interstate 5 corridor from near the U. S./Canadian border to the SeaTac Airport south of Seattle, Washington. The facility is designed to study and develop a renewable energy source for transportation in Whatcom County. This paper examines the benefits of the Biomethane for Transportation project, the challenges facing dairy-derived biomethane and an overview of the system design and construction.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Social Dimension of Academic Discipline as a Discriminator of Academic Deans' Administrative Behaviors

This national study of academic deans examined the social and cognitive dimensions underlying displinary variations in respondents' self reports of their administrative behavior. Discriminant analyses identified significant linear functions that distinguished behaviors of deans from hard/pure, hard/applied, soft/pure, and soft/applied discipline groups. Findings indicate that the social dimension of academic discipline may be a factor which differentiates deans in terms of how they approach their administrative work. It is concluded that findings may partially explain the durability of discipline differences over the course of the academic career.
Three-dimensional measurement of the Airy-Bessel wave packet propagation

We measured the three-dimensional (3D) intensity profile of the Airy-Bessel wave packet and its evolution under dispersion and diffraction. Its linear light bullet feature was verified in a 3D fashion.
Introduction of Novel Irrelevant Cues in Discrimination Learning

Summary.-20 albino rats were trained to criterion (90% correct) on a brightness discrimination in the presence of irrelevant form cues. Using an optional shift paradigm, all Ss were required to reverse the initially learned response with respect to brightness cues. During this phase, novel form cues were introduced for one group (10 Ss). Split-plot factorial analyses of variance (trials and errors to crittrion) indicated there were reliable differences in learning rate between the novel-cue and same-cue groups in the optional shift phase. No significant consistent responses were observed in the test phase. Results were interpreted as more in support of continuity theory, although the lack of information on rhe conditions under which inter-task transfer fails to occur makes this conclusion somewhat tenuous. The work of the Kendlers and their associates (e.g., KeUeher, 1956; Kendler, Kendler, & Wells, 1960; Kendler & Kendler, 1962, 1968) represents an attempt to evaluate Spence's ( 1936, 1960) model of discrimination learning in a variecy of paradigms requiring S to discriminate between stimulus complexes which vary on two or more dimensions. After reaching criterion on the original problem, S is presented wich a "shift" in reinforcement contingencies which requires a shift in response to eicher the other cue of the originally relevant dimension, or to one of che cues of the initially irrelevanc dimension for problem solution. A number of experimencs (e.g., Kelleher, 1956; Brookshire, Warren, & Ball, 1961; Tighe, 1964; Schade & Bicterman, 1966) with infrahuman Ss have found that the shifc to an irrelevant dimension is performed more readily than the shift to the originally relevant one, supporting Spence's single-unit concinuity theory. According to Kendler and Kendler (1968), at the rime of the shift the difference between competing habits for the latter shift would be greater than for che former, and the shifc to an irrelevant dimension should be accomplished more readily. Kendler, Kendler, and Learnard (1962) and Kendler, Kendler, and Silfen (1964) have modified the shifc design to include an optional phase. During this phase only one pair of stimuli from the original two-dimensional problem is presented, and the previously unrewarded cue of the initially relevant dimenThis research was supported in part by Grant GZ 612 from the National Science Founda
The characterization of phosphorus excretion products of a natural population of limnetic zooplankton

The characteristics of phosphorus excretions of zooplankton collected in spring 1974 from Stonehouse Pond, New Hampshire were studied with gel filtration, ultraviolet spectroscopy and seston incorporation. The soluble phosphorus component released from a natural population has a molecular weight the same as orthophosphate and behaves similar to orthophosphate in seston incorporation studies. Approximately 15 percent of the total phosphorus released was organic, but could not be identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy. No evidence of nucleic acid excretion or any hydrolytic degradation product was detected in the ultraviolet spectrum.
The Rule of Law: Albert Venn Dicey, Victorian Jurist

So commonplace has the term rule of law become that few recognize its source as Dicey's Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution. Cosgrove examines the life and career of Dicey, the most influential constitutional authority of late Victorian and Edwardian Britain, showing how his critical and intellectual powers were accompanied by a simplicity of character and wit. Dicey's contribution to the history of law is described as is his place in Victorian society. Originally published 1980. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Corporate environmental claims: a game theory model with empirical results

Purpose – This paper aims to examines whether firms’ eco-friendly advertising claims are supported by environmentally friendly behavior. Design/methodology/approach – The paper develops a game theory model to determine the circumstances under which firms’ environmental claims will be supported by the adoption of best environmental practice. Least squares regression is used to test major theoretical implications. Findings – The theoretical model suggests that the credence good nature of un-monitored environmental claims prohibits consumer validation; firms have an incentive to advertise green but no incentive to adopt best environmental practice. Third-party monitoring transforms the game, making eco-friendly outcomes possible. Empirical models based on North American data suggest that firm profit rates are related to verifiable environmental claims and to easily accessible external ratings of environmental performance. Originality/value – Unlike previous game theoretical models for similar goods, the eco-...
Modeling and simulation of self-assembly of arbitrarily shaped ferro-colloidal particles in an external field: A diffuse interface field approach

Field-directed dipolar particle self-assembly is explored by computer simulation as a processing route to advanced materials with controlled particulate microstructures. The computational model of arbitrarily shaped ferro-colloidal particles is developed by using a diffuse interface field approach. The model explicitly describes the evolving configuration of dipolar particles of arbitrary shapes and sizes, automatically treats short-range interaction between neighboring particles and accurately calculates long-range electrostatic/magnetostatic interaction, including dipole and all multipole contributions. No a priori constraint is imposed on any possible particle configuration or its evolution path. Ferro-colloidal processing of polymer-matrix composite via directed dipolar particle self-assembly under an external field is simulated.
Apparent Pacemaker Failure due to Reversion Circuitry within the Programming Device

While being evaluated for a recurrent tachyarrhythmia, a patient with a permanent pacemaker underwent reprogramming of the unit from the DVI to the VVI mode for assessment of the underlying rhythm. Subsequent reprogramming of the pacemaker to the DVI or DDD mode was impossible despite multiple attempts and the use of multiple programmers. The problem was considered to be a malfunction of the pacemaker circuitry, and plans were made for the pacemaker to be explanted and a replacement unit implanted. Before the procedure, the pacemaker company was notified of the explantation. We subsequently learned that a special programming sequence had to be carried out because of reversion circuitry present in the pacemaker but not described in the available literature. This report emphasizes the need for familiarity with each of the individual pacemakers being implanted and the need for the manufacturer to be as specific as possible given the complexity of current units.
Glycoconjugate Synthesis During Gastrulation in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis gastrulae show more incorporation of isotopically abelled glucosamine and galactose into TCA-insoluble materials than blastulae. These materials are high molecular weight and degraded by pronase as judged by their behavior in various gel filtration media. Labelled materials migrate slowly on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, bind to DEAE—cellulose and elute at low ionic strength, but are not precipitated by cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) in the presence of added carrier hyaluronic acid. Pulse—chase labelling experiments and light microscopic autoradiography were used to examine secretion and deposition of glucosamine and galactose—labelled materials in different stages of developing Xenopus laeins embryos. After a 30-min pulse, grains are predominantly over cytoplasmic structures. After a 30-min pulse and a 60-min pulse chase, grains are commonly encountered over cytoplasmic structures but are predominantly localized over extracellular materials. Scanning electron microscopic studies show that extracellular fibrillar materials increase in number during gastrulation in Xenopus laevis . Increasing numbers of extracellular fibrillar structures occur in the blastocoel cavity and along the inner aspect of the roof of the lastocoel (Nakatsuji and Johnson, 1983).
Human Gradient-Layer Calorimeter: Development of an Accurate and Practical Instrument for Clinical Studies

A whole body gradient-layer calorimeter was designed for thermophysiologic studies in hospitalized patients. The instrument was assembled in a room adjoining a metabolic ward. The patient lies recumbent on a stretcher which is wheeled into the calorimeter on tracks. Once inside, the patient's head extends through one wall into a clear plastic canopy. The canopy is partially open on one side and is the entry point for fresh air into this open-circuit system. Heat flux transducers in the calorimeter walls, a thermopile in the exit air stream, and a platemeter in conjunction with wet and dry bulb thermometers allow measurement of total, wet, and dry heat losses from the subject. All calorimeter output signals are routed to a microcomputer system which processes the data and provides real-time output of results. A mannequin heat source is used to calibrate the gradient layer. Testing with a variety of wet/dry heat sources indicate total, wet, and dry heat measurements are accurate to within 2-3%. A typical study of resting energy expenditure requires 1 hr, and protocols of up to 6 hr are well tolerated. The calorimeter has proven to be reliable, accurate, and easy to operate. These qualities, combined with good patient tolerance, make it ideal for metabolic studies.
An ELIXIR for bone loss

Because the endogenousligands for the novel molecules were unknown, they weredesignated orphan receptors. Third, those orphans whoseendogenous partners were identified became, appropriately,adoptedreceptors.Notably,whilemaintainingthecanonical11–13ahelicalloopstructure,manyoftheorphan/adoptedreceptor(OAR) ligand domains bind multiple agonists.
A COMPARISON OF TWO PHYSICAL GUIDANCE PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC FOOD REFUSAL

Physical guidance procedures can be effective in the treatment of severe pediatric food refusal. Researchers evaluating the use of physical guidance procedures often include a procedure referred to as a jaw prompt, but other variations of physical guidance may also be effective. An additional form of physical guidance, the finger prompt, might increase food acceptance. We evaluated nonremoval of the spoon and physical guidance (jaw prompt or finger prompt) in a reversal design. Results showed treatment packages including both procedures were effective in increasing food acceptance and decreasing inappropriate mealtime behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Previous research on pediatric food refusal has suggested that the inclusion of physical guidance procedures (e.g., jaw prompt), along with nonremoval procedures, might be a beneficial component in treatment packages to increase food consumption. Nonremoval of the spoon (Hoch,Babbitt,Coe,Krell,& Hackbert, 1994)and physical guidance (Ahearn, Kerwin, Eicher, Shantz, & Swearingin, 1996) are procedures commonly implemented to prevent escape from food presentation by the continued presence of the bite of food at the lip or a physical prompt designed to make acceptance of the food into the mouth more likely (O’Brien, Repp, Williams, & Christopherson, 1991). Nonremoval of the
Safety of Spur Gear Design Under Non-Ideal Conditions With Uncertainty

The current practice of gear design is based on the Lewis bending and Hertzian contact models. The former provides the maximum stress on the gear base, while the latter calculates the contact pressure at the contact point between the gear and pinion. Both calculations are obtained at the reference configuration with ideal conditions; i.e., no tolerances and clearances. The first purpose of this paper is to compare these two analytical models with the numerical results, in particular, using finite element analysis. It turns out that the estimations from the two analytical equations are closely matched with those of the numerical analysis. The numerical analysis also yields the variation of contact pressures and bending stresses according to the change in the relative position between gear and pinion. It has been shown that both the maximum bending stress and contact pressure occur at non-reference configurations, which should be considered in the calculation of a safety factor. In reality, the pinion-gear assembly is under the tolerance of each part and clearance between the parts. The second purpose of this report is to estimate the effect of these uncertain parameters on the maximum bending stress and contact pressure. For the case of the selected gear-pinion assembly, it turns out that due to a 0.57% increase of clearance, the maximum bending stress is increased by 4.4%. Due to a 0.57% increase of clearance, the maximum contact pressure is increased by 17.9%.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Immunocytochemical localization and expression of E-cadherin and βcatenin in the human corpus luteum

and P-catenin (a cytoplasmic protein associated with E-cadherin) in the human corpus luteum, and secondly to determine the concentrations of these proteins in the early, mid- and late luteal phase human corpora lutea. E-cadherin was localized to the periphery of luteal cells and was not detected in non-luteal tissue. P-catenin was observed in the cytoplasm of the luteal cells. Abundant expression of E-cadherin was observed by Western analysis in the early luteal phase and the level of expression was significantly different from that observed in the mid- and late luteal phase corpora lutea. In contrast the concentrations of P-catenin were higher in the mid-luteal phase compared to the early luteal phase. The differential expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin suggests that it may play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication in the corpus luteum, and in the cyclic development and demise of this tissue.
Targeting aviation delay through simulation optimization

Analyses of benefits due to changes in the National Air-space System (NAS) tend to focus on the delay reduction (or similar metric) given a fixed traffic schedule. In this paper, we explore the use of simulation optimization to solve for the increased traffic volume that the proposed change can support given a constant delay. The increased traffic volume as a result of the change can therefore be considered another benefit metric. As the NAS is a highly nonlinear stochastic system, the technique required to compute the increase traffic volume necessarily requires stochastic optimization methods.
Bridging the processor-memory performance gap with 3D IC technology

Microprocessor performance has been improving at roughly 60% per year. Memory access times, however, have improved by less than 10% per year. The resulting gap between logic and memory performance has forced microprocessor designs toward complex and power-hungry architectures that support out-of-order and speculative execution. Moreover, processors have been designed with increasingly large cache hierarchies to hide main memory latency. This article examines how 3D IC technology can improve interactions between the processor and memory. Our work examines the performance of a single-core, single-threaded processor under representative work loads. We have shown that reducing memory latency by bringing main memory on chip gives us near-perfect performance. Three-dimensional IC technology can provide the much needed bandwidth without the cost, design complexity, and power issues associated with a large number of off-chip pins. The principal challenge remains the demonstration of a highly manufacturable 3D IC technology with high yield and low cost.
Practical stability analysis of finite difference equations by the matrix method

It is shown how the various norms of the coefficient matrix of a set of finite difference equations can, in many cases, be employed in an easy, straightforward fashion to find sufficient conditions for stability in situations involving non-periodic boundary conditions and variable coefficients. With the aid of the easily computed norms, particularly the infinite norm, one does not have to rely on the necessary condition provided by the spectral radius, which has been the main basis of criticism of the matrix method in the past.
A new species of Microsphecodes from Jamaica (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)

A new species of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Microsphecodes Eickwort and Stage (Halictinae: Halictini) is described and figured from a male and female collected in Jamaica. Microsphecodes xaymacensis Engel, sp. n., is distinguished from its congeners on the basis of integumental coloration and sculpturing, and form of the male pygidial plate and genitalia.