cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing parser for industrial software specifications containing formal and natural language description

This paper describes a novel framework for creating a parser to process and analyze texts written in a ``partially structured'' natural language. In many projects, the contents of document artifacts tend to be described as a mixture of formal parts (i.e. the text constructs follow specific conventions) and parts written in arbitrary free text. Formal parsers, typically defined and used to process a description with rigidly defined syntax such as program source code are very precise and efficient in processing the formal part, while parsers developed for natural language processing (NLP) are good at robustly interpreting the free-text part. Therefore, combining these parsers with different characteristics can allow for more flexible and practical processing of various project documents. Unfortunately, conventional approaches to constructing a parser from multiple small parsers were studied extensively only for formal language parsers and are not directly applicable to NLP parsers due to the differences in the way the input text is extracted and evaluated. We propose a method to configure and generate a combined parser by extending an approach based on parser combinator, the operators for composing multiple formal parsers, to support both NLP and formal parsers. The resulting text parser is based on Parsing Expression Grammars, and it benefits from the strength of both parser types. We demonstrate an application of such combined parser in practical situations and show that the proposed approach can efficiently construct a parser for analyzing project-specific industrial specification documents.
The control of muscle and cartilage development in the chick limb: the role of differential vascularization.

The results of previous studies on the effects of nicotinamide levels on chick limb mesodermal cell expression have indicated that there may exist a metabolic gradient situated radially across the limb which has a controlling influence on whether a limb cell will differentiate into either a myogenic or chondrogenic phenotype. This study investigates the possible role of the vascular pattern in establishing such a metabolic gradient. Observations are reported which show that prospective myogenic and chondrogenic areas become differentially vascularized before the onset of molecular differentiation, thus indicating that the vascular pattern is capable of establishing metabolic gradients across the limb. Furthermore, predictions based on these results have been tested and verified in vitro. The hypothesis is presented that the spatial differentiation of cartilage and muscle in the developing chick limb is under the controlling influence of gradients of metabolic potential which can be established by the differential vascularization of the limb.
ELASTOTHERMODYNAMIC DAMPING IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Abstract When a composite material is subjected to a stress field (homogeneous or inhomogeneous), different phases undergo different temperature fluctuations due to the well-known thermoelastic effect. As a result irreversible heat conduction occurs within each phase and between phases, and entropy is produced; this entropy is the genesis of elastothermodynamic damping. In this paper we take the second law of thermodynamics as our starting point and calculate the elastothermodynamic damping of an N-layer medium with perfect or imperfect thermal interfaces in a rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical co-ordinate system. Each layer of the composite may be subjected to any stress state so long as the resulting heat conduction can be described by a single spatial co-ordinate orthogonal to the layering. By way of illustration, results are presented for the following boundary value problem: an JV-layer periodic medium with a two-layer unit cell and a perfect or imperfect thermal interface. Two canonical mechani...
The Role of the Self in Recollections of a Seminar

AbstractIt has often been suggested that memory for life experiences is primarily orga-nized around the self. To test this hypothesis, students who had participated in a semester-long seminar were asked to recall various events (e.g., discussions in which they had participated, reports that they or others had presented, class demonstrations, interruptions, etc.). It was not the case that these cued recalls were primarily organized around the self. The self played only a small part in the recall of some types of events, and the students remembered others' contribu-tions to class discussions just as well as their own. The self was remembered differently from others in one major respect: Although subjects often recalled their own thoughts and feelings, they rarely made such "cognitive attributions" to others. Differences in the availability of various kinds of information may be chiefly responsible for whatever special status the self has in memory. (Psychol-ogy)
The Evolving Refugee Definition: How Shifting Elements of Eligibility Affect the Nature and Focus of Expert Testimony in Asylum Proceedings

This chapter focuses on jurisprudence in the United States and the manner in which the evolving requirements for establishing eligibility as a refugee have influenced the use of experts. In the 1980 Refugee Act, Congress adopted the international definition of a refugee as an individual with a "well founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion" (Immigration and Nationality Act [INA] 1980, sec. 1 101 (a)(42)(A)). This definition has its origins in the 19S1 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (art. IA(2)) and its 1967 Protocol (UN Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees 1967, art. 1 (2)), which came into existence in the wake of World War II and the international community's failure to respond to the plight of Jews and other persecuted groups fleeing the Holocaust.
The consolidation processing of powder materials

The following collection of papers highlights recent developments in the consolidation processing of powder materials. Like hightemperature oxide superconductors, particulate materials M.G. McKlmpson offer tremendous potential for new advancements in materials technology. Today's powder practitioners can exploit a host of powerful techniquesincluding atomization, solid-state-microblending, nanoscale processing, and chemical synthesis-to produce particulates exhibiting properties that cannot be attained using more conventional bulk processing. As with the oxide superconductors, however, the economic potential of these materials can only be realized by developing cost-effective, environmentally acceptable processing technologies for converting powder materials into useful engineering products. A key element of contemporary materials development is the concept of the materials system, which means that a material's performance, processing, and price are interrelated and must be "balanced" in an economically attractive fashion. This concept is clearly not new; the Bessemer converter became a commercial success in the mid-1800s because it produced a new material (steel) with attractive performance characteristics at a much lower cost than the existing "puddling" process for wrought iron. Nevertheless, in today's competitive environment-with its stringent requirements for performance, reliability, and low cost-such a multidimensional systems orientation is absolutely crucial. The following articles nicely illustrate this interrelationship. The first paper, by A. BoseofParmatek, reviews recent developments in powder-injectionmolding.Itbrieflydescribes the injection molding process and points out its principal advantages and limitations from a commercial perspective. The paper discusses the engineering requirements that are well served by injection molding, including size, wall thickness, and dimensional tolerance. In addition, Bose describes the starting powders required for successful injection molding
Formation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Associated with Apothecia of the Discomycete Dasyscypha capitata

Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals form at or near the tips of sterile hairs on the apothecia of the oak leaf litter discomycete Dasyscypha capitata. Early in their development, the crystals appear to be covered by a wall or membrane, whereas later they appear external. The crystals on each hair form a mass of crystals called a druse. Quite often the smaller crystals near the apex of the tip form a rosette, whereas the more peripheral crystals are much larger and display shapes possibly related to environmental factors. The formation and development of Dasyscypha crystals are compared with recent studies of other litter and soil fungi and their presence in other biological systems is put into perspective.
The interaction of Brugia malayi and streptococcus in an animal model.

Cats were initially exposed to 50 Brugia malayi larvae on one hind foot. Later they were re-exposed on the same foot to an additional 50 larvae; the contralateral leg was never exposed to filariae. From 3 to 6 months after reinfection they were challenged on both hind legs with a Group G beta hemolytic streptococcus originally isolated from a spontaneous lesion concomitant with a Brugia infection. There was essentially no observable change in limbs not previously exposed to Brugia. In contrast, 9 of 10 Brugia-infected legs showed evidence of lymphangitis and bacterial proliferation causing necrosis, draining abscesses, cellulitis, edema or erythema. This study demonstrates that repeated infections with B. malayi may result in a significant increase in susceptibility of cats to streptococci. Use of this model should enable additional studies to clarify the role of secondary microbial infections in disease generally ascribed to filarial infection.
Bypass grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery: saphenous vein versus internal mammary artery

During the interval 1972 to 1977, of 1,522 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 1,459 received grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Internal mammary artery (IMA) was used in 765 patients and reversed saphenous vein graft (SVG) in 694 patients. Choice of bypass graft was nonrandom. Clinical follow-up is available in 98% of patients. Angiography has been obtained in 69% of eligible patients at 1 month, 65% at 1 year, 62% at 3 years, and 63% at 5 years. There was no difference in operative mortality rates (IMA 1.4%, SVG 1.9%) or 5 year actuarial survival rates (IMA 87.6%, SVG 88.7%). Graft flows were consistently higher at operation with the SVG, but patency rates at each interval were significantly higher with the IMA. Perioperative and late myocardial infarction occurred significantly less often in IMA patients. Superiority in IMA graft patency became apparent after an initial "learning curve" of 2 years of experience. Maintenance and/or restoration of normal left ventricular function was more common in IMA patients operated upon after the initial 2 year experience. IMA grafts are recommended for LAD bypass when the LAD is 2.0 mm in diameter or less. Early results with sequential SVG to the LAD suggest that this may be a realistic alternative to the IMA and may approach the 1 year IMA graft patency rate of 92.6%.
A general method for the identification and repair of concavities in segmented medical images

The segmentation of structures of interest in medical images can result in segmentation boundaries demonstrating two types of concavities: natural and incorrect. This study introduces a generalized method for identification and repair of incorrect concavities. Previous methods are framed in terms of the generalized method and new techniques for concavity identification, α -hull, and repair, active contours, are applied. The application of α -hulls also creates a natural hierarchy on concavities that leads to more efficient computations for both the characterization and repair of concavities. The generalized method is evaluated on a database of juxtapleural nodules and compared against two other methods: convex hull and morphological closing operator. The generalized method demonstrates the best overall tradeoff between juxtapleural nodule inclusion and incorrect inclusion of non-nodule tissue from surrounding structures.
When Bad is Good and Good is Bad

This paper shows a non-linear convex relationship between an investor’s experience and overconfidence. While the literature argues that overconfidence increases at first owing to bias in self-attribution, such as taking credit for success, this paper demonstrates that investor overconfidence steadily declines in the first years of investing. The intuition of our results rests on seminal psychology research which demonstrates that for the majority bad events have stronger impact than good events, and given the natural market fluctuations of the stock market, the longer investing in the stock market the greater the propensity to face bad events, and hence cause less overconfident. Furthermore, we find that as investors earning experience become more averse to risk and more pessimistic; only after decades of investing experience, the effect of bad events diminishes (desensitization effect) and investors then take more risk and become less pessimistic and regain their overconfidence. Collectively, investors overweight bad events in the first years of investing, and this has implications on overconfidence level and risk tolerance.
Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia: Severe Atypical Presentation with Novel Heterozygous Mutation of the Anoctamin Gene(ANO5)

Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD; OMIM #166260) is an ultra-rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutation in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene and features fibro-osseous lesions of the jawbones, bone fragility with recurrent fractures, and bowing/sclerosis of tubular bones. The physiologic role of ANO5 is unknown. We report a 5-year-old boy with a seemingly atypical and especially severe presentation of GDD and unique ANO5 mutation. Severe osteopenia was associated with prenatal femoral fractures, recurrent postnatal fractures, and progressive bilateral enlargement of his maxilla and mandible beginning at ~2months-of-age that interfered with feeding and speech and required four debulking operations. Histopathological analysis revealed benign fibro-osseous lesions resembling cemento-ossifying fibromas of the jaw without psammomatoid bodies. A novel, de novo, heterozygous, missense mutation was identified in exon 15 of ANO5 (c.1553G>A; p.Gly518Glu). Our findings broaden the phenotypic and molecular spectra of GDD. Fractures early in life with progressive facial swelling are key features. We assessed his response to a total of 7 pamidronate infusions commencing at age 15months. Additional reports must further elucidate the phenotype, explore any genotype-phenotype correlation, and evaluate treatments.
Trial by Fire: On the Terminology and Methods Used in Pyrogenic Organic Carbon Research

Our understanding of the cycling of fire-derived, i.e. pyrogenic organic matter (pyOM), as well as the goals of the community of researchers who study it, may be inhibited by the many terms and methods currently used in its quantification and characterization. Terms currently used for pyOM have evolved by convention, but are often poorly defined. Further, each of the different methods now used to quantify solid and dissolved pyrogenic carbon (pyC) comes with its own biases and artifacts. That is, each detects only a fraction of the total pyrogenic products produced by fire, while, at the same time, include some fraction of non-pyrogenic OM. This may be evident in the commonly observed correlations between pyC and total organic C reported for both soils and dissolved OM in many different systems. We suggest that our research area can be placed on a stronger footing by: 1) agreement upon a common set of terms tied to the method used for detection (e.g. of the form pyCmethod), 2) implementation of another ‘ring trial’ study with a wider set of natural soil and water samples that cross-compare more recently developed methods, and 3) further investigation of the processes which preserve/degrade/transport pyOM in the environment.
Solar on the rise: How cost declines and grid integration shape solar’s growth potential in the United States

During the past decade, solar power has experienced transformative price declines, enabling it to grow to supply 1% of U.S. and world electricity. Addressing grid integration challenges, increasing grid flexibility, and further reducing cost will enable even greater potential for solar as an electricity source. During the past decade, solar power has experienced transformative price declines, enabling it to become a viable electricity source that is supplying 1% of U.S. and world electricity. Further cost reductions are expected to enable substantially greater solar deployment, and new Department of Energy cost targets for utility-scale photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating solar thermal power are $0.03/kW h and $0.05/kW h by 2030, respectively. However, cost reductions are no longer the only significant challenge for PV-addressing grid integration challenges and increasing grid flexibility are critical as the penetration of PV electricity on the grid increases. The development of low cost energy storage is particularly synergistic with low cost PV, as cost declines in each technology are expected to support greater market opportunities for the other.
131I-TM-601 SPECT imaging of Human Glioma

Primary malignant brain tumors (gliomas) typically infiltrate deeply into surrounding normal brain tissue. Currently available methods to determine the true extent of glioma infiltration are limited. For example, T1 weighted MRI tends to underestimate the extent of infiltration, while T2 weighted imaging tends to overestimate it. Most radio-labeled ligands are not tumor specific. Accurate determination of extent of infiltration is important to guide treatment and to measure response to therapy. TM-601 (chlorotoxin), a 36-amino-acid peptide first identified in the venom of a scorpion, selectively binds to glioma cells but not normal brain parenchyma. A phase I/II clinical trial of intracavitary 131I-TM601 in adult patients with recurrent high grade glioma was performed to determine the bio-distribution and toxicity of this potential therapy. We evaluated the SPECT imaging and bio-distribution data from this trial to determine if 131I-TM601 might also be useful in determining tumor extent. Adult patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas underwent tumor resection, implantation of an intra-cavitary reservoir, and a single-dose injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) 131I-TM601 (0.25–1.0 mg of 131I-TM601) 2–4 weeks after surgery. Total-body planar scans and whole-brain SPECT scans were obtained on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6–8 after injection. Post-resection MRI images were co-registered to the SPECT scans using image analysis software. Analysis of the rate of radioactive decay and biologic elimination from the body and at the cavity site was performed. T1-weighted with gadolinium contrast (T1-Wc), T2-weighted (T2), and SPECT volumes were estimated by stereological Cavalieri sections and compared for overlap. Nonbound 131I-TM601 was eliminated by 48 h after injection with the remaining radio-labeled peptide bound to tumor for at least 6–8 day. Biologic decay rates from 24 to 168 h after injection were only slightly shorter than the physical decay of 131I(6.3 vs. 8.0 day), indicating steady state binding. A comparison of tumor volume estimates using all three imaging parameters indicated that 131I-TM601–determined tumor volumes more closely paralleled T2 volumes than T1-Wc volumes. Overlap between co-registered MRI and SPECT scans corroborated the presence of radio-labeled peptide in the vicinity of infiltrating tumor up to 168 h after injection. 131I-TM601 provides a reliable estimate for primary tumor extent. The poor spatial resolution of 131Iodine remains a major limitation to this tool. Further modification of this radio-peptide with better imaging isotopes such as 123I (SPECT) or 124I (PET), may provide clinicians with an important tool for determining tumor extent and differentiating regions of viable tumor from necrosis.
Peripheral neuropathy in children and adolescents treated for cancer

Summary Peripheral neuropathy is a well recognised treatment-related toxicity in children with cancer, associated with exposure to neurotoxic chemotherapy agents. Acute damage can occur in sensory, motor, or autonomic neurons, with symptoms that are rarely life threatening, but often severe enough to interfere with function during therapy and after treatment ends. The type of neuropathy and specific symptoms are associated with multiple factors including age at time of therapy, genetic predisposition, chemotherapy type and cumulative dose, and exposure to other agents during therapy. In this Review, we describe the peripheral neuropathy phenotype in children during cancer therapy and among survivors who have completed therapy, to summarise genetic and treatment-related risk factors for neuropathy, and to outline strategies to monitor and detect neuropathy during and after therapy. Additionally, we outline strategies for medical management of neuropathy during treatment and potential rehabilitation interventions to prevent or remediate functional loss.
Deafferentation-induced alterations in mitral cell dendritic morphology in the adult zebrafish olfactory bulb

The removal of afferent input to the olfactory bulb by both cautery and chemical olfactory organ ablation in adult zebrafish results in a significant decrease in volume of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb. To examine the effects of deafferentation at a cellular level, primary output neurons of the olfactory bulb, the mitral cells, were investigated using retrograde tract tracing with fluorescent dextran using ex vivo brain cultures. Morphological characteristics including the number of major dendritic branches, total length of dendritic branches, area of the dendritic arbor, overall dendritic complexity, and optical density of the arbor were used to determine the effects of deafferentation on mitral cell dendrites. Following 8 weeks of permanent deafferentation there were significant reductions in the total length of dendritic branches, the area of the dendritic arbor, and the density of fine processes in the dendritic tuft. With 8 weeks of chronic, partial deafferentation there were significant reductions in all parameters examined, including a modified Sholl analysis that showed significant decreases in overall dendritic complexity. These results show the plasticity of mitral cell dendritic structures in the adult brain and provide information about the response of these output neurons following the loss of sensory input in this key model system.
Carfilzomib Induced Tumor Lysis Syndrome and Other Adverse Events

In the area of multiple myeloma (MM) therapy, proteasome inhibitors (PI) have emerged with promising responses both in the first- and second-line setting. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a second-generation, selective PI approved in 2012 for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in patients who received 2 prior therapies or have evidence of disease progression within 60 days of completion of last therapy. Its safety profile reported adverse events (AEs) ranging from drug-related AEs (nausea and vomiting), hematologic AEs (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia), and nonhematologic AEs (electrolyte imbalances). As CFZ use is gaining popularity, various hematological, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological toxicities have been reported. We are presenting this case to describe a rare occurrence of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with the use of this novel targeted therapy.
Use of immunotherapy for stage-III and IV melanoma and likelihood of regional and distant lymph node resection and surgical resection for distant metastasis.

9558Background: Immunotherapy (IMT) for stages-III and IV melanoma has dramatically changed overall prognosis and treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate if use of IMT significa...
Steady-state activation and modulation of the synaptic-type α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor by combinations of physiological and clinical ligands

The synaptic α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor is activated phasically by presynaptically released GABA. The receptor is considered to be inactive between synaptic events when exposed to ambient GABA because of its low resting affinity to the transmitter. We tested the hypothesis that a combination of physiological and/or clinical positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor with ambient GABA generates measurable steady-state activity. Recombinant α1β2γ2L GABAA receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and activated by combinations of low concentrations of orthosteric (GABA, taurine) and allosteric (the steroid allopregnanolone, the anesthetic propofol) agonists, in the absence and presence of the inhibitory steroid pregnenolone sulfate. Steady-state activity was analyzed using the three-state cyclic Resting-Active-Desensitized model. We estimate that the steady-state open probability of the synaptic α1β2γ2L GABAA receptor in the presence of ambient GABA (1 μmol/L), taurine (10 μmol/L), and physiological levels of allopregnanolone (0.01 μmol/L) and pregnenolone sulfate (0.1 μmol/L) is 0.008. Coapplication of a clinical concentration of propofol (1 μmol/L) increases the steady-state open probability to 0.03. Comparison of total charge transfer for phasic and tonic activity indicates that steady-state activity can contribute strongly (~20 to >99%) to integrated activity from the synaptic GABAA receptor.
White Wash: Persistent Inequity and Privilege in Ivy League Athletic Departments

The long shadow of the Varsity Blues college admissions scandal passed over my institution, Brown University, when Gordon Ernst, a Brown graduate who was the head coach of men's and women's tennis ...
Discovery of novel Defense Regulated WD40-repeat proteins DRW1/2 and their roles in plant immunity

Plant heterotrimeric G proteins transduce extracellular signals that activate plant immunity. Plants encode canonical and non-canonical G and G{gamma} subunits, but only a single canonical G{beta} subunit is known. The existence of only one G{beta} subunit limits the number of heterotrimeric G protein combinations able to transduce different signals. It remains unknown whether non-canonical G{beta} subunits exist. Here, we identify two WD40-repeat genes that negatively regulate plant immunity. The proteins encoded by these two genes, DEFENSE REGULATED WD40-REPEAT 1 and 2 (DRW1/2), are structurally similar to AGB1. DRW2 localizes to the plasma membrane and interacts with the canonical G and G{gamma} subunits. Reduced levels of DRW in the drw1 and drw2 single mutants resulted in greater MAPK activation in response to flagellin treatment and conferred increased resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Furthermore, the drw1 drw2 double-mutant also displayed increased MAPK activation upon flagellin treatment and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogen infection. The function of DRW1 and DRW2 is opposite of AGB1, which promotes immune signaling, suggesting that the function of these potential non-canonical G{beta} subunits are not conserved with the canonical G{beta} subunit. Our study identifies additional heterotrimeric G protein components, greatly increasing the number of heterotrimeric G protein complexes that participate in signal transduction.
Associations between exposure to childhood bullying and abuse and adulthood outcomes in a representative national U.S. sample.

Abstract Background Negative childhood experiences are associated with poor health and psychosocial outcomes throughout one’s lifespan. Objective We examined associations between childhood bullying and maltreatment and several adulthood outcomes: psychological distress, functional impairment, generalized fear, and physician-diagnosed mental and physical health ailments. The potential mediating role of recent negative life events was also explored. Participants and Setting Data were collected through web-based surveys of a U.S. representative national sample of adults. Methods At Wave 1 (N = 3,598), participants reported exposure to negative childhood experiences; at Wave 2 (N = 3,497), physician-diagnosed mental and physical health ailments were provided; at Wave 3 (N = 2,906), participants reported exposure to recent negative life events and psychosocial outcomes. Results Of the sample, 26.29% (weighted n = 946) reported childhood bullying, 15.02% (weighted n = 540) reported physical abuse, 15.56% (weighted n = 560) reported witnessing parental violence, 11.42% (weighted n = 411) reported sexual abuse, and 8.64% (weighted n = 311) reported parental neglect. Respondents who reported bullying, physical abuse, or sexual abuse during childhood reported greater distress, functional impairment, and fear of the future in adulthood, as mediated through recent negative life events, compared to those who did not (ss: 0.04–.06). Those reporting bullying, neglect, physical abuse, or sexual abuse in childhood reported more mental health ailments in adulthood (IRRs: 1.44–1.66) compared to those who did not. Those reporting bullying or sexual abuse in childhood reported more physical health ailments (IRRs: 1.25–1.39). Conclusions Specific negative childhood experiences have unique links with poor outcomes in adulthood. Recent negative life events partially mediate these associations.
Clinical Features Predictive of Survival in Patients With Vitreoretinal Lymphoma: Analysis of 70 Patients at a Single Ocular Oncology Center.

Purpose The aim of this study was to identify clinical factors predictive of time to central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma or death in patients with vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL). Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Patients with VRL (n = 95 patients) from Januray 1, 1984 to July 30, 2018 were identified at a single ocular oncology center and records were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes included Kaplan-Meier estimated time to CNS lymphoma and death. Results There were 95 patients with VRL diagnosed at mean age 67 years, of which 70 patients had follow-up with the ocular oncology service. Mean time to CNS lymphoma in patients with isolated VRL was 56 months and did not differ by age, sex, bilateral ocular involvement, retinal infiltration, subretinal pigment epithelial (sub-RPE) infiltration, or treatment with prophylactic systemic chemotherapy (P > 0.05). Mean time to death was 66 months and did not differ when comparing those with CNS lymphoma diagnosed before VRL versus after VRL versus no CNS lymphoma at any time (67 vs 60 vs 64 months, P > 0.05). Presence of sub-RPE infiltration was associated with shorter mean time to death (46 vs 76 months, P = 0.04, odds ratio 1.9). Older patient age was associated with increased risk of death (odds ratio 1.0, P = 0.02). The mean time to death did not differ by sex, bilateral ocular involvement, retinal infiltration, timing of CNS or systemic lymphoma, or treatment with prophylactic systemic chemotherapy (P > 0.05). Conclusions Patients with VRL presenting with sub-RPE infiltration could have shorter mean survival time. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and determine whether sub-RPE infiltration is associated with more aggressive CNS lymphoma.
An Investigation of the Impact of D-FACTS Devices Implementations on the Mho Distance Elements

This paper reports on an investigation of the impact of inductive Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) devices implementations on the mho distance elements. D-FACTS can be used as a distributed solution for relieving congestion in transmission lines, but their operation may lead to unpredictable changes in the transmission line impedance and possible limitation of fault current. The presence of these devices may cause failure to trip, unwanted trip, or misleading fault location information. Different types of D-FACTS implementations, such as either compressed or dispersed implementation are examined to show their influence on the protection system performance of the transmission lines by using relay software model and commercial relays. The main objective of this paper is to provide a good understanding of the D-FACTS effect on the protection elements and then to come up with recommendations for D-FACTS implementation and protective relay settings.
Proximal Femoral Deformity Following Threaded Prophylactic Fixation for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: Risk Stratification Using the Modified Oxford Score.

BACKGROUND This study assesses the effect of skeletal maturity on the development of iatrogenic proximal femoral deformity following threaded prophylactic screw fixation in patients presenting with unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). METHODS Children who underwent threaded screw prophylaxis of the uninvolved hip (Group P) and those who were observed with no prophylaxis (Group N) on presentation with unilateral SCFE were compared. Skeletal maturity was assessed with the Modified Oxford Score (MOS). Proximal femoral morphology was characterized by femoral neck length, femoral neck width, neck shaft angle, and trochanteric femoral head overlap percentage (TFHOP). Femoral head deformity at final follow-up was characterized as spherical (Type 1), mildly aspherical (Type 2), or ovoid (Type 3). Analysis of variance and t test were used to compare the groups. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients in Group P and 17 patients in Group N met inclusion criteria. The average follow-up was 2.6 years. Group P was younger than Group N by an average of 9.6 months (P=0.04), but the MOS for skeletal maturity was not different between groups (P=0.15). Group P had significantly diminished neck length (P=0.008) and significantly increased relative trochanteric overgrowth as evidenced by increased trochanteric femoral head overlap percentage (P<0.001), but there was no difference between groups in neck shaft angle and neck width. No patient in Group N developed femoral head deformity (all Type 1). In Group P, 14 patients (37%) developed Types 2 and 3 deformity. In patients with MOS 16 in Group P, 60% (3/5) developed Type 2 deformity and 40% (2/5) developed Type 3 deformity. In patients with MOS 17 in Group P, 45% (5/11) had Type 2 deformity. CONCLUSIONS Skeletally immature patients with an MOS of 16 and 17 are at high risk for developing the triad of relative trochanteric overgrowth, coxa breva, and femoral head asphericity with prophylactic threaded screw fixation for SCFE. When prophylactic surgery is indicated, consideration should be given to growth friendly fixation strategies to avoid iatrogenic proximal femoral deformity. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level III-therapeutic retrospective comparative study.
Family History of Cluster Headache: A Systematic Review.

Importance Genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to cluster headache, and cluster headache can affect multiple members of a family. A thorough understanding of its inheritance is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of this debilitating disease. Objective To systematically review family history rates and inheritance patterns of cluster headache. Evidence Review A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Search criteria were created by a librarian. Articles published between 1985 and 2016, after the publication date of a large review in 1985, were analyzed independently by 2 neurologists to identify family history rates and pedigrees. Pedigrees were analyzed by a genetic counselor. Findings A total of 1995 studies were found (1988 through the search criteria and 7 through other means). Forty articles met inclusion criteria: 22 large cohort studies, 1 twin-based study, and 17 case reports or small case series. Across the 22 large cohort studies, the positive family history rate of cluster headache varied between 0% and 22%, with a median of 8.2%. The largest 5 studies, of 1134, 785, 693, 609, and 500 probands each, had a positive family history in 18.0% (numerator not provided), 5.1% (40 of 785 cases), 10.0% (numerator not provided), 2.0% (12 of 609 cases), and 11.2% (56 of 500 cases), respectively. No meta-analysis was performed, given differences in methodologies. Separately, 1 twin-based study examined 37 twin pairs and reported a concordance rate of 5.4% (2 pairs). Finally, 67 pedigrees were identified. Most pedigrees (46 of 67 [69%]) were consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern, but 19 of 67 (28%) were consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern; 10 pedigrees of probable or atypical cluster headache were identified, and all were consistent with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The sex ratio for cluster headache in identified pedigrees was 1.39 (103:74) in affected men and boys compared with affected women and girls, which is lower than that of the general cluster headache population. Conclusions and Relevance Cluster headache is an inherited disorder in a subset of families and is associated with multiple hereditary patterns. There is an unexpectedly high preponderance of women and girls with familial cluster headache; genetic subanalyses limited to female participants are necessary to further explore this observation, because these data are otherwise masked by the higher numbers of male participants with cluster headache. Overall, this systematic review supports the notion that familial cluster headache is likely the result of multiple susceptibility genes as well as environmental factors.
Applications of probability and statistics in cancer genomics

The past decade has witnessed a rapid progress in our understanding of the genetics of cancer and its progression. Probabilistic and statistical modeling played a pivotal role in the discovery of general patterns from cancer genomics datasets and continue to be of central importance for personalized medicine. Scientists have programmed the living organisms using these circuits to attain multiple, delicate and well-defined functions. With the integration of tools or technologies from other disciplines, these rewired cells can achieve even more complex tasks. In this review we introduce cancer genomics from a probabilistic and statistical perspective. We start from (1) functional classification of genes into oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, then (2) demonstrate the importance of comprehensive analysis of different mutation types for individual cancer genomes, followed by (3) tumor purity analysis, which in turn leads to (4) the concept of ploidy and clonality, that is next connected to (5) tumor evolution under treatment pressure, which yields insights into cancer drug resistance. We also discuss future challenges including the non-coding genomic regions, integrative analysis of genomics and epigenomics, as well as early cancer detection. We believe probabilistic and statistical modeling will continue to play important roles for novel discoveries in the field of cancer genomics and personalized medicine.
A Narrative That Works for Both Energy and Economics

This chapter houses the concept behind the title of the book: a coherent combined energy and economic narrative is that the economy operates as a superorganism in a similar manner as the biological organisms, such as animals and ant colonies, as described in Chapter 5. By considering the economy as a superorganism, one can dismiss the dichotomous competing energy and economic narratives as avoiding the real question about whether we can know the purpose of the economy or direct its growth and structure. The economy, just like biological organisms, exists within an environment from which it must extract energy and resources that are consumed for the purpose of growth and organization. This narrative is consistent with the natural laws of physics, information, ecology, and evolution. While the economy as a superorganism does not necessarily relegate us to complete bystanders, it does force us to think about why we make the decisions that we do and why certain types of economic organization are more replicable than others.
Response of turkey pectoralis major muscle satellite cells to hot and cold thermal stress: Effect of growth selection on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation

Abstract Satellite cell (SCs), the main progenitors for post-hatch poultry muscle growth, has maximal mitotic activity and sensitivity to temperature during the first week after hatch. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of hot and cold temperatures on the proliferation and differentiation of SCs from pectoralis major (P. major) muscle of fast-growing 1-week-old Nicholas commercial (NC) turkeys compared to Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) turkeys representing commercial turkeys from 1966. Three temperature regimens were used: SCs proliferation at 38 °C (control) with differentiation at 43° or 33 °C; proliferation at 43° or 33 °C with differentiation at 38 °C; or both proliferation and differentiation at 43°, 38°, or 33°C. Satellite cell proliferation and differentiation increased at 43 °C and decreased at 33 °C in both lines. When a thermal challenge was administered during proliferation, greater stimulatory or suppressive effects on differentiation were observed compared to if the thermal challenge was applied only during differentiation in both lines. Expression of myoblast determination protein 1 during proliferation showed a higher increase in the NC line compared to the RBC2 line at 43 °C. Increased myogenin expression was observed in all hot treatment groups in the NC line but was only observed in the RBC2 line if the hot treatment was administered throughout proliferation and differentiation. Cold treatment suppressed myogenin expression independent of line. These results suggest turkey P. major muscle SCs are more sensitive to environmental temperatures during proliferation, and SCs from growth-selected NC turkeys are more sensitive to thermal stress compared to the RBC2 turkeys.
A Molecular Odorant Transduction Model and the Complexity of Combinatorial Encoding in the Drosophila Antenna

Abstract In the past two decades, a substantial amount of work characterized the odorant receptors, neuroanatomy and odorant response properties of the early olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster. Yet many odorant receptors remain only partially characterized and, the odorant transduction process and the axon hillock spiking mechanism of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) have yet to be fully determined. Identity and concentration, two key aspects of olfactory coding, originate in the odorant transduction process. Detailed molecular models of the odorant transduction process are, however, scarce for fruit flies. To address these challenges we advance a comprehensive model of fruit fly OSNs as a cascade consisting of an odorant transduction process (OTP) and a biophysical spike generator (BSG). We model identity and concentration in OTP using an odorant-receptor binding rate tensor, modulated by the odorant concentration profile, and an odorant-receptor dissociation rate tensor, and quantitatively describe the ligand binding/dissociation process. We model the BSG as a Connor-Stevens point neuron. The resulting combinatorial encoding model of the Drosophila antenna provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the neural code of both odorant identity and odorant concentration and advances the state-of-the-art in a number of ways. First, it quantifies on the molecular level the combinatorial complexity of the transformation taking place in the antennae. The concentration-dependent combinatorial code determines the complexity of the input space driving olfactory processing in the downstream neuropils, such as odorant recognition and olfactory associative learning. Second, the model is biologically validated using multiple electrophysiology recordings. Third, the model demonstrates that the currently available data for odorant-receptor responses only enable the estimation of the affinity of the odorant-receptor pairs. The odorant-dissociation rate is only available for a few odorant-receptor pairs. Finally, our model calls for new experiments for massively identifying the odorant-receptor dissociation rates of relevance to flies.
Children's Hospitals: We Get What We Pay For.

* Abbreviations: FCH — : freestanding children’s hospital HDDI — : hospital diversity of diagnosis index NCH — : nonchildren’s hospital NFCH — : nonfreestanding children’s hospital In 2016, the US spent $3.34 trillion on health care, with almost one-third of it allocated to hospitalizations1; of that total, $47.7 billion was for pediatric hospitalizations.2 As hospitalization expenditures continue to increase, much attention is understandably focused on how to identify the drivers of these high-cost events, in particular, on what explains the considerable variation in hospitalization costs among different hospitals caring for similar conditions. On one hand, we know that certain patient characteristics are associated with more expensive care. We have learned, for example, that children with documented high-risk social conditions have longer lengths of stay3 and those children hospitalized from low-income zip codes also incur higher costs for common pediatric conditions compared with children from high-income zip codes.4 But these variations in patient features are not enough themselves to account for the cost differences observed among different hospitals. In this issue of Pediatrics, Berry et al5 offer another insight into the phenomenon of hospital cost variation. Beginning with the premise that hospitals that care for a greater variety of conditions likely incur a higher set of fixed costs, the authors invoke a novel instrument, the hospital diversity of diagnosis index (HDDI), … Address correspondence to Andrew D. Racine, MD, PhD, Montefiore Health System, 111 E 210th St, Bronx, NY 10467. E-mail: aracine{at}montefiore.org
Teaching an economics capstone course with a policy focus

This article’s authors offer an organizational framework for an economics capstone course focused on analyzing current public economic policy issues. In this course, thesis topics often include pub...
Benefits of combining dimensional attention and working memory for partially observable reinforcement learning problems

Neuroscience provides a rich source of inspiration for new types of algorithms and architectures to employ when building AI and the resulting biologically-plausible approaches that provide formal, testable models of brain function. The working memory toolkit (WMtk), was developed to assist the integration of an artificial neural network (ANN)-based computational neuroscience model of working memory into reinforcement learning (RL) agents, mitigating the details of ANN design and providing a simple symbolic encoding interface. While the WMtk allows RL agents to perform well in partially-observable domains, it requires prefiltering of sensory information by the programmer: a task often delegated to dimensional attention mechanisms in other cognitive architectures. To fill this gap, we develop and test a biologically-plausible dimensional attention filter for the WMtk and validate model performance using a partially-observable 1D maze task. We show that the attention filter improves learning behavior in two ways by: 1) speeding up learning in the short-term, early in training and 2) developing emergent alternative strategies which optimize performance over the long-term.