cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of vitamins B1 and B12 on bloom dynamics of the harmful brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae)

Most harmful algae require B vitamins. We investigated vitamin use by the B1 and B12 auxotroph, Aureococcus anophagefferens, a harmful alga that dominates plankton communities during dense “brown tides” in North America, Africa, and Asia. B12-depleted cultures of A. anophagefferens (clone CCMP1984) adapted to lower ambient B12 concentrations by reducing half-saturation constants (Ks) of B12 uptake and increasing maximum uptake rates (Vmax) compared to vitamin-replete cultures. In contrast, Vmax of vitamin B1 was higher in replete compared to the depleted cultures, whereas the Ks values were similar for both. Ks values for B12 (5.0–21 pmol L−1) were similar to or higher than concentrations measured during brown tides, suggesting that B12 may restrict the growth of this alga in the field. Over the course of a dense brown tide (> 106 cells mL−1) in Quantuck Bay, New York, vitamin B1 and B12 concentrations declined from > 100 pmol L−1 to < 8 pmol L−1, suggesting there was rapid uptake by A. anophagefferens and its associated microbial community. Experiments performed using radioisotope-labeled vitamins B1 and B12 and 14C-bicarbonate indicated that plankton in the size range of A. anophagefferens (1–5 µm) were responsible for the majority of primary production and the majority of vitamin B1 uptake but shared vitamin B12 uptake with smaller picoplankton (< 1 µm). Vitamin uptake rates during the brown tide were capable of turning over standing stocks of vitamin B12 in 15 h, whereas B1 depletion was slower with maximal turnover times of 2.8 d. As the brown tide intensified and vitamin B12 levels declined, the experimental enrichment of brown tide water with vitamin B12 significantly enhanced the growth rates of A. anophagefferens. Collectively, this study demonstrates that vitamin B12 can influence the intensity of harmful algal blooms caused by A. anophagefferens.
Bounds on expected performance of networks with links subject to failure

Upper and lower bounds on the expected maximum flows and benefits in capacitated networks with links subject to random failure are presented. Such bounds are of interest both because of the high or prohibitive cost of computing the exact expected values, and because the exact values will depend on the extent to which management avails itself of the opportunities for rerouting of flows in response to link failures. Algorithms for computing these bounds are discussed. These algorithms are sufficiently efficient to be applied to large networks having numerous possible failure states. An application to water-network seismic risk analysis is described. I. INTRODUCTION Networks subjected to extreme events such as earthquakes or severe weather are apt to experience failures of individual links. This paper presents computable bounds on network performance for these cases, the bounds being calculated by solving minimum-cost flow routing problems. These bounds were developed to assess network performance for numerous possible situations, for nonlinear performance measures, and for large networks. Two measures of network performance are used here: (i) the expected flow to all demand nodes and (ii) the expected benefits due to flows, where benefits are a function of flows from supply nodes to demand nodes. In some cases, the bounds proposed here will equal the expected network performance. In particular, a bound is exact for cases in which a manager is unable or unwilling to reroute flows after link failures occur. Calculation of bounds on network performance is proposed because the exact determination of network performance, subject to probabilisitic failure, is excessively burdensome for large networks. For a network with n links subject to failure there are 2" failure states to be enumerated. Even calculation of the probability that a desired flow pattern may be achieved involves substantial computation; Willie [8] presents one algorithm to calculate this probability, based upon enumeration of link sets whch either ensure (in the case of successful operation of all members) or prevent (in the case of failure of all members) successful operation of the network. Partial enumeration of such sets reduces computation time, but introduces a possible bias in the resulting probability estimate. Onaga [7] considered the problem of calculating bounds for the expected value of
Lattice Rotation at Slip Band Intersections

INTERSECTION of a slip band by an active slip band of different slip direction results in the formation of a step in the first band. Slip band intersections in magnesium oxide crystals suggested that the distortion of the intersected band was not merely a shear due to lattice translation; this was supported by the observation that subsequent widening of the intersected band (as described by Gilman and Johnston1) added to it a margin that followed the step. This indicated that there was a change of lattice orientation at the intersection. Imaging X-ray photographs of the Berg–Barrett2,3 type confirmed the change of lattice orientation. Fig. 1 shows a compressed magnesium oxide crystal, afterwards etched to reveal dislocations; the dislocation etch-pits make the bands appear dark. Fig. 2 is an X-ray image of the same crystal; the slip bands appear dark because of the reduction of primary extinction. The slip band intersections are white, and the reflexions from them can be found in more or less displaced positions, showing that there is a macroscopic change of orientation of the lattice at the intersections. Such a change can arise in the way shown in Fig. 3. Since the intersection is full of edge dislocations of both slip directions [110] and [1&1macr;0], and the shear stress is the same in both slip systems, the shear strain in the active slip band may be due to slip and kinking4,5 (= slip on the planes of the intersecting band) in the area of intersection. In Fig. 3 all strain in the intersection is assumed to have been the result of kinking.
Esophageal pseudodiverticulosis: two new cases in children.

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is an uncommon entity in which distended esophageal mucous glands form flask-like outpouchings from the esophagus. Its relationship with esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux, and benign stricture suggests that it is a consequence of inflammation [1].
Cleaning graphene with a titanium sacrificial layer

Graphene is a promising material for future electronic applications and chemical vapor deposition of graphene on copper is a promising method for synthesizing graphene on the wafer scale. The processing of such graphene films into electronic devices introduces a variety of contaminants which can be difficult to remove. An approach to cleaning residues from the graphene channel is presented in which a thin layer of titanium is deposited via thermal e-beam evaporation and immediately removed. This procedure does not damage the graphene as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, greatly enhances the electrical performance of the fabricated graphene field effect transistors, and completely removes the chemical residues from the surface of the graphene channel as evidenced by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Subluxation of transscleral sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens (TSIOL).

Abstract Purpose To evaluate factors related to late-onset transscleral sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens (TSIOL) subluxation. Methods Retrospective observational case series. Analysis of subluxated TSIOLs in seven eyes from seven patients treated between May 1999 and May 2001. Results Mean age at the time of TSIOL surgery was 33 ± 6 years. Mean time from TSIOL surgery to its subluxation was 78 ± 19 months. Initial diagnoses requiring TSIOL surgeries were previous history of trauma and Marfan syndrome. Subluxation of TSIOLs was associated with blunt trauma in three eyes, whereas the other four eyes experienced spontaneous lens dislocation. Conclusion Subluxation of TSIOL is not uncommon in younger patients with history of trauma or Marfan syndrome.
Data processing and quality assurance in health monitoring of constructed system

Instrumented health monitoring of constructed systems is an effective approach for evaluating the current state and performance of a system. It has been common to store and disseminate data collected from long-term monitoring in batches to engineers and scientists for analysis and evaluation. More recently, real-time on-line monitoring systems have been available. The real-time online monitoring systems require pre-defined data-flow and data-organization for effective data-presentation and interpretation. Quality assurance is critical to assess the data relevance for real time visualization, effective data fusion, sensor triggering, and timely response and activation of warning systems. This paper discusses a data quality control, handling, and assurance process for real-time on-line monitoring. It further displays the processing steps during a typical data quality assurance. Data process design and utilization varies with type of data and information to be presented. Design of a data-flow process that would lead to real-time visualization, engineering analysis, storage, and archival of data is quite challenging for real-time on-line monitoring applications. An existing system for continuous health monitoring of a ling-span bridge is described and the design of the data quality assurance (DQA) steps is discussed. Wind that is monitored at various stations at the bridge is processed using the DQA steps. This paper further illustrates the identification of stationary wind segments on the attempt to correlate this with the various responses obtained from the critical components of the bridge.
Binding of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to glucocorticoid receptors in vitro

Abstract The mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is felt to be via prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. Yet several clinical findings suggest these drugs may possess glucocorticoid agonist activity as well. To evaluate this possibility, a variety of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs was examined to determine whether they compete for rat kidney glucocorticoid receptor sites in vitro . Meclofenamic acid, MK 410 (an indomethacin analogue) and indomethacin were the most potent competitors requiring 7 × 10 3 -fold, 2 × 10 4 -fold and 3 × 10 4 -fold molar excess, respectively, to inhibit 50 per cent of the binding of 10 nM [ 3 H]dexamethasone to kidney cytosol binding sites. The same drugs also inhibited the binding of [ 3 H]dexamethasone in kidney slices requiring about 3-fold higher concentrations to achieve 50 per cent inhibition. At a 10 5 -fold molar ratio, sulfinpyrazone reduced cytosol binding to 60 per cent, phenylbutazone to 85 per cent and ibuprofen to 89 per cent of control levels; aspirin and naproxen did not compete even at this concentration. Similarly, prostaglandins failed to compete with [ 3 H]dexamethasone for kidney receptors. Indomethacin inhibition of [ 3 H]dexamethasone binding appeared competitive when analyzed by a double reciprocal plot. As expected, inhibition of [ 3 H]dexamethasone cytosol binding by indomethacin prevented the appearance of the nuclear complex. Of the NSAID examined, none competed for plasma binding of [ 3 H]corticosterone except indomethacin which reduced the binding to 50 per cent of control at a 10 5 -fold molar excess. In conclusion, these studies support the possibility that some NSAID may possess intrinsic glucocorticoid agonist activity. Furthermore, they indicate the glucocorticoid receptor site is not as specific as once thought and suggest that non-steroidal compounds may potentially serve as glucocorticoid agonists or antagonists.
To Tell the Truth about Interpreting the Morishima Elasticity of Substitution

The Morishima Elasticity of Substitution (MES) is often used to measure the change in relative factors for a change in price. This paper develops a generalized factor ratio elasticity of substitution (FRES) that nests the MES as a special case. By comparing the FRES with the MES under cost minimization, output or utility maximization, and profit maximization, this paper shows the narrow conditions under which the MES can be correctly interpreted as a measure of the percentage change in relative factors for a percentage change in price. An empirical example demonstrates how misleading the MES can be for this purpose. Le coefficient d'elasticite de substitution de Morishima (ESM) est souvent utilise pour mesurer les changements survenant entre des facteurs relattfs pour un changement de prix donne. L‘objet du present travail est de mettre au point une equation generalisee d elasticite de substitution d'un ratio de facteurs (ESRF), qui enchâsse ESM comme cas particulier. En comparant les deux equations en conditions de minimisation des couts, de maximisation du rendement ou du service et de maximisation des benefices, les auteurs mettent en evidence les limites etroites des conditions dans lesquelles ESM peut etre correctement interprete comme mesure d‘un changement en pourcentage de facteurs relattfs pour un pourcentage donne de changement des prix. Par un exemple empirique, les auteurs demontrent combien 1‘equation ESM peut etre trompeuse quand on 1‘utilise a cette fin.
Non-rigid registration of shapes via diffeomorphic point matching

Diffeomorphic non-rigid registration of shapes is a very difficult problem. We use the point-set representation for shapes since statistical shape analysis in this space is relatively straightforward. Diffeomorphic matching of point-sets requires an automated solution to the very difficult correspondence problem. We describe a joint clustering and diffeomorphism estimation strategy which allows us to simultaneously estimate the correspondence and fit a diffeomorphism between two unlabeled point-sets. Essentially, the cluster centers in each point-set are always in correspondence by virtue of having the same index. During clustering, the cluster center counterparts in each point-set are linked by a diffeomorphism and hence are forced to move in lock-step with one another. Experimental results are shown for 2D corpus callosum point-sets.
Analysis of Corn Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (DDGS) / Flour Mixtures, and Subsequent Bread Baking Trials

Grains offer a variety of nutrients; it is thought that through the addition of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) the fiber and protein in baked products may be improved. In this study, all-purpose flour and bread flour were tested with various DDGS substitution levels (0%, 25%, or 50% flour substitution) with the dough conditioner sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) (0%, 0.15%, or 0.3% flour weight basis). SSL is surfactant produced from reacting stearic acid with food grade lactic acid in the presence of sodium. Overall, as the substitution level of DDGS increased, so did protein, moisture, ash, and Hunter-a values. Peak height, side height, width, and length of baked loaves decreased as DDGS quantity increased, however. Baked bread containing SSL had enhanced quality, with increasing dough strength, rate of hydration, mixing tolerance, crumb strength, loaf volume, and shelf life. Overall, 25-50% DDGS substitution appeared to have a negative effect on physical features despite the fact that the nutrient content was enhanced. Less than 25% DDGS had minimal negative effects on bread properties.
Self-deception: An Introduction

Self-deception has been studied by philosophers and psychologists for some time. Frenkel-Brunswik (1939) published the first psychology paper. In Triandis (2009, p. ix) there are references to 24 papers by philosophers and psychologists that examined this concept. All humans have self-deceptions, some more frequently than others. That is, they see the world the way they would like to be rather than the way it is. As I thought about the concept over the years I believe that the most important point for understanding self-deception is to examine what percentage of the information that humans use when constructing (Taylor, 1998b) the way they see the world comes from inside their body or from outside their body. If most of it comes from inside their body there is a high probability that they have a self-deception. The information from inside the body consists of emotions (e.g., hopes), needs (e.g., hunger pangs), desires (e.g., imagined attractive objects), cognitive systems (e.g., prejudices, stereotypes, in-group preferences), memories (e.g., we are descendents of heroes), theories, ideologies, and elements of subjective culture acquired during socialization. The information from the outside the body is reality, and captures aspects of the ecology. Geography, climate, the actions of others, occupations, and events in the environment, are all relevant. For example, when a wild animal is attacking we focus on outside information. But when making judgments about philosophy, economics, religion, education, politics, terrorism, aesthetics and the like we often use inside information to shape our perceptions. The Buddha had the insight that we use information from both outside the body (reality, truth) and inside our body (emotions, ideology) when he said “Where self is, truth is not; where truth is, self is not.” (Spencer-Rogers, Williams, & Pang, 2010). In this paper I will start with some examples of self-deception. Then I will discuss some of the characteristics of self-deception—it is often linked to cognitive simplicity, megalomania, and if we have no selfdeceptions we might be depressed, but if we have large self-deceptions we might be mentally ill. Then I will discuss how self-deception is implicated in many of the controversial issues of our times. I will end with some suggestions for further research linking culture and self-deception.
Gene-Eden, a broad range, natural antiviral supplement, may shrink tumors and strengthen the immune system.

Gene-Eden (by polyDNA) is a broad range, natural antiviral supplement that targets viruses during their latent or chronic phase. The development of Gene-Eden was inspired by Hanan Polansky's discov...
Influence of expiratory flow on closing capacity at low expiratory flow rates

Single-breath oxygen (SBO2) tests at expiratory flow rates of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.01/s were performed by 10 normal subjects in a body plethysmograph. Closing capacity (CC)--the absolute lung volume at which phase IV began--increased significantly with increases in flow. Five subjects were restudied with a 200-ml bolus of 100% N2 inspired from residual volume after N2 washout by breathing 100% O2 and similar results were obtained. An additional five subjects performed SBO2 tests in the standing, supine, and prone positions; closing volume (CV)--the lung volume above residual volume at which phase IV began--also increased with increases of expiratory flow. The observed increase in CC with increasing flow did not appear to result from dependent lung regions reaching some critical “closing volume” at a higher overall lung volume. In normal subjects, the phase IV increase in NI concentration may be caused by the asynchronous onset of flow limitation occurring initially in dependent regions.
The older woman: Ethnicity and health

Abstract Abstract: This article on minority women populations and health care seeks to address the economic impact of health care for such populations, discuss the scope of the problem surrounding women's health, address the health status of minority older women, identify ethnocultural strategies and nursing implications for the health care of older women from varying ethnic backgrounds, and provide resources to assist health care providers. (Geriatr Nurs 2000;21:183-7)
Mixture-Model Adaptation for SMT

We describe a mixture-model approach to adapting a Statistical Machine Translation System for new domains, using weights that depend on text distances to mixture components. We investigate a number of variants on this approach, including cross-domain versus dynamic adaptation; linear versus loglinear mixtures; language and translation model adaptation; different methods of assigning weights; and granularity of the source unit being adapted to. The best methods achieve gains of approximately one BLEU percentage point over a state-of-the art non-adapted baseline system.
Phenomenology of millimeter-wave signal propagation and scattering for detection of targets camouflaged under foliage

In this paper, we report on a series of foliage penetration experiments aimed at demonstrating the potential application of nadir looking, millimeter-wave radars in detecting targets under foliage cover. An algorithm is developed that classifies the radar return and isolates the radar return from hard targets.
Electrophysiological and Functional Connectivity of the Human Supplementary Motor Area

Neuro-imaging methods for detecting functional and structural inter-regional connectivity are in a rapid phase of development. While reports of regional connectivity patterns based on individual methods are becoming common, studies comparing the results of two or more connectivity-mapping methods remain rare. In this study, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation during PET imaging (TMS/PET), a stimulation-based method, and meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM), a task-based method to map the connectivity patterns of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Further, we drew upon the behavioral domain meta-data of the BrainMap® database to characterize the behavioral domain specificity of two maps. Both MACM and TMS/PET detected multi-synaptic connectivity patterns, with the MACM-detected connections being more extensive. Both MACM and TMS/PET detected connections belonging to multiple behavioral domains, including action, cognition and perception. Finally, we show that the two connectivity-mapping methods are complementary in that, the MACM informed on the functional nature of SMA connections, while TMS/PET identified brain areas electrophysiologically connected with the SMA. Thus, we demonstrate that integrating multimodal database and imaging techniques can derive comprehensive connectivity maps of brain areas.
Surface swabbing technique for the rapid screening for pesticides using ambient pressure desorption ionization with high-resolution mass spectrometry.

A rapid screening method for pesticides has been developed to promote more efficient processing of produce entering the United States. Foam swabs were used to recover a multiclass mixture of 132 pesticides from the surfaces of grapes, apples, and oranges. The swabs were analyzed using direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization coupled with a high-resolution Exactive Orbitrap™ mass spectrometer. By using a DART helium temperature gradient from 100-350°C over 3 min, a minimal separation of analytes based on volatility differences was achieved. This, combined with the Exactive's mass resolution of 100,00, allowed the chromatographic step, along with the typical compositing and extraction steps associated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) approaches, to be eliminated. Detection of 86% of the analytes present was consistently achieved at levels of 2 ng/g (per each apple or orange) and 10 ng/g (per grape). A resolution study was conducted with four pairs of isobaric compounds analyzed at a mass resolution of 100 000. Baseline separation was achieved with analyte ions differing in mass by 25 ppm and analyte ions with a mass difference of 10 ppm were partially resolved. In addition, field samples that had undergone traditional sample preparation using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and safe) were analyzed using both LC/MS and DART-MS and the results from the two techniques were found to be comparable in terms of identification of the pesticides present. The use of swabs greatly increased sample throughput by reducing sample preparation and analysis time.
Fatty Acid Composition of Milk. I. Effect of Roughage and Dietary Fat

Summary Twenty-four Holstein cows were randomly assigned to treatment sequence and fed two levels of alfalfa hay (1.0 lb/100lb body wt and 2.5 lb/100lb body wt) and three types of concentrate (control, 6% added tallow, and 6% added cotton seed oil). Low-roughage intake lowered the per cent fat and lactose in the milk and increased total production, but did not affect production of 4% FCM. Feeding cotton seed oil depressed per cent fat, total fat, and 4% FCM on the low-roughage diet, but had no effect on the high-roughage diet where it was fed in lower amounts with lower concentrate intake. Tallow caused a small but significant increase in fat on the high-roughage diet. Cotton seed oil depressed the acids of milk fat from C 6 through C 14 , with an increase in the C 18 acids, but there was no change in the C 16 acids. The effect of tallow was less than that of cotton seed oil, with most of the values being between those of cotton seed oil and the controls. Cotton seed oil and tallow showed their effects regardless of roughage level. Volatile fatty acids in the rumen were affected by the amount of roughage and dietary fat. Low roughage depressed the molar per cent acetate with an increase in propionic, butyric, and higher acids. Dietary fat increased valerate and higher acids due to the presence of these acids and their precursors in the dietary fat.
On The Use Of Speckle Statistics For The Extraction Of Ocean Wave Spectra From SAR Imagery

Over the last decade, SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery of the oceans has been available both from the Seasat satellite, in 1978, and SIR-B (Shuttle Imaging Radar) mission, in 1984. Through both theoretical work and the comparison of SAR wave imagery and independent measvres of the ocean surface, there appears to be an emerging consensus on the dominant mechanisms by which SARs image waves. Sometimes overlooked, but also of importance in interpretation of SAR wave imagery is the role of speckle or fading noise in the SAR image. In this paper, we discuss the effect of speckle noise on a SAR image spectrum and the necessity for accounting for speckle noise in calibrating ocean wave height-variance spectra derived from SAR imagery.
The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli

Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors Escherichia coli converts sugars to a mixture of products by fermentation. The major soluble products are acetate, ethanol, lactate and formate with smaller amounts of succinate. In addition the gaseous products hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced in substantial amounts. The pathway generating fermentation products is branched and the flow down each branch is varied in response both the pH of the culture medium and the nature of the fermentation substrate. In particular, the ratio of the various fermentation products is manipulated in order to balance the number of reducing equivalents generated during glycolytic breakdown of the substrate. The enzymes and corresponding genes involved in these fermentation pathways are described. The regulatory responses of these genes and enzymes are known but the details of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still obscure.
Pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a large community-based study from Northern California.

Background & Aims: The aim of this study was to determine whether pregnancy outcomes differ between women with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to determine what risk factors adversely affect outcomes. Methods: We conducted a cohort study of all pregnant women within the Northern California Kaiser Permanente membership between the years 1995 and 2002. We abstracted the records of all pregnancies in women with IBD (exposed cohort) and a random sample of pregnancies from age-matched women without IBD (unexposed cohort) and evaluated risk factors for spontaneous abortion, complications of pregnancy, and adverse newborn events. Results: A total of 461 pregnant women with IBD were matched to 493 unexposed pregnant women. Women with IBD were more likely to have an adverse conception outcome (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–2.48), an adverse pregnancy outcome (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.38), or a pregnancy complication (odds ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.81); however, the difference between the 2 groups in adverse newborn outcomes was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–3.69). Independent predictors of an adverse outcome included a diagnosis of IBD, a history of surgery for IBD, and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Severity of disease and medical treatments were not associated with an adverse outcome. Conclusions: Women with IBD are more likely to have an adverse outcome related to pregnancy. Disease activity and medical treatment did not predict adverse outcomes in a large, nonreferral population.
Structure-Function Relationships of Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Human milk contains more than a hundred structurally distinct oligosaccharides. In this review, we provide examples of how the structural characteristics of these human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) determine functionality. Specific α1-2-fucosylated HMO have been shown to serve as antiadhesive antimicrobials to protect the breast-fed infant against infections with Campylobacter jejuni, one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea. In contrast, α1-2-fucosylation may abolish the beneficial effects of HMO against Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite that causes colitis, acute dysentery, or chronic diarrhea. In a different context, HMO need to be both fucosylated and sialylated to reduce selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and activation, which may protect breast-fed infants from excessive immune responses. In addition, our most recent data show that a single HMO that carries not 1 but 2 sialic acids protects neonatal rats from necrotizing enterocolitis, one of the most common and often fatal intestinal disorders in preterm infants. Oligosaccharides currently added to infant formula are structurally different from the oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk. Thus, it appears unlikely that they can mimic some of the structure-specific effects of HMO. Recent advances in glycan synthesis and isolation have increased the availability of certain HMO tri- and tetrasaccharides for in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. In the end, intervention studies are needed to confirm that the structure-specific effects observed at the laboratory bench translate into benefits for the human infant. Ultimately, breastfeeding remains the number one choice to nourish and nurture our infants.
Non-affine deformations in polymer hydrogels

Most theories of soft matter elasticity assume that the local strain in a sample after deformation is identical everywhere and equal to the macroscopic strain, or equivalently that the deformation is affine. We discuss the elasticity of hydrogels of crosslinked polymers with special attention to affine and non-affine theories of elasticity. Experimental procedures to measure non-affine deformations are also described. Entropic theories, which account for gel elasticity based on stretching out individual polymer chains, predict affine deformations. In contrast, simulations of network deformation that result in bending of the stiff constituent filaments generally predict non-affine behavior. Results from experiments show significant non-affine deformation in hydrogels even when they are formed by flexible polymers for which bending would appear to be negligible compared to stretching. However, this finding is not necessarily an experimental proof of the non-affine model for elasticity. We emphasize the insights gained from experiments using confocal rheoscope and show that, in addition to filament bending, sample micro-inhomogeneity can be a significant alternative source of non-affine deformation.
Controller design for rigid-flexible multibody systems

Controller design for rigid-flexible multibody systems is considered. The importance of full coupling between the rigid and flexible motions in the dynamic model is emphasized. Some computed torque-type controllers for rigid-flexible multibody systems are studied using simulations of a two-link system. It is found that a controller design based on uncoupled equations of motion generally provides good performance when evaluated on a fully coupled simulation model. Evaluating controllers, however, using uncoupled equations in the simulation can give misleading results. Robustness to nonlinearities is investigated, since the computed torque-type control cannot cancel all the nonlinear terms. Uncoupled controllers tend to be more robust than controllers based on linear quadratic design, and of the controllers considered the Corless-Leitmann controller gave the best robustness results for uncancelled nonlinear terms. Spillover and robustness to model parameter uncertainty are also investigated through simulations. >
Effects of sequential or simultaneous assimilation of observations and localization methods on the performance of the ensemble Kalman filter

The various implementations of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) differ from each other in several ways. The effects of these differences are not yet well and completely explored and they include the use of sequential or simultaneous assimilation of observations and the application of localization to the observation error covariance matrix (R-localization) or the background error covariance matrix (B-localization). This study seeks to examine and better understand the effects of these differences, both individually and in combination. To that end, a B-localized sequential scheme, a B-localized simultaneous scheme, an R-localized sequential scheme and an R-localized simultaneous scheme are compared using a primitive equation two-layer model with simulated observations and an imperfect model assumption. The comparisons in initial assimilation experiments show that the use of sequential or simultaneous assimilation and R-/B-localization impacts the accuracy of the EnKF analyses and forecasts. Diagnostic experiments show that the schemes generate different amounts of imbalance in the analysis as a result of systematic differences among the schemes in height gradient and wind increments. These disparities in analysis balance translate into accuracy differences during the subsequent forecast and analysis steps. Additional simplified experiments suggest that the differences caused by the sequential or simultaneous assimilation and the R-/B-localization are a function of the characteristic shape of the background error covariances in the model system. Several elements of the forecast-assimilation system including the use of digital filter initialization, the number and type of observations, the ensemble size and the ratio of forecast error to observation error are identified that can significantly increase or decrease the magnitude of the observed differences caused by sequential or simultaneous assimilation and the R-/B-localization. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Quality Control and Archiving of Digital Data Gathered by the Bureau of Reclamation's Weather Radar

Abstract This paid describes the logic and process used to process high volumes of digital radar data recorded on magnetic tape to a compressed quality-checked archival format. The basic Philosophy in the processing is to retain all echo data that exceed the background noise threshold, and to convert fixed-length raw data records to a space-saving variab1e-length format, having about 70 data quality conditions checked and flagged in binary masks. Edit flags provide information to analysts regarding errors or potential errors within the header fields (e.g. azimuth, elevation, date, time, range delay, range interval, and samples per averaged return) and data fields (e.g. suspicious reflectivity gradients, anomalously high reflectivities and reflectivities significantly below the noise threshold).
USA-Adriatic Cooperation in Coastal Affairs

Coastal regions are considered among the most biodiverse regions on earth. Unfortunately, coastal ecosystems have been significantly altered and damaged by unsustainable uses and activities (e.g. commercial and recreational fishing, recreational diving and boating, tourism, etc.). Without proper management of all components within the ecosystem, the viability of the ecosystem is threatened. However, since there is no consensus regarding the concept of sustainable development, no basis exists for establishing criteria for attaining sustainable development. Frequently, a single-issue approach to ocean and coastal management creates overlapping, uncoordinated laws and jurisdictions that result in conflict and increasing disturbance with increasing coastal activities.
An Indirect Challenge to the FDA's 'Gay Blood Ban'

Most gay men in America cannot donate blood. Since the AIDS crisis of the 1980s, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) has barred any man who has had sex with another man since 1977 from donating blood for life. As expected, this policy has drawn significant scrutiny from legal scholars and laymen alike. Many have called for the FDA to rescind the ban; others still have argued that the ban is unconstitutional or in violation of the Administrative Procedures Act. Yet, to date, these arguments have not been successful in ending the FDA’s policy. To that end, this Essay offers a new solution to eliminating the FDA’s “gay blood ban.” Many states prohibit places of public accommodation from discriminating against individuals on account of their sexual orientation. Yet, the clinics and hospitals that solicit blood donations from the public are doing precisely that. Because of the FDA’s ban, these clinics and hospitals must deny services associated with donating blood to gay men. In so doing, I argue that these clinics and hospitals are in violation of state law and — as such — cannot legally solicit blood donations from the public. Finally, I contend that the threat of such clinics and hospitals losing the ability to solicit public blood donations would pressure the FDA into rescinding the gay blood ban lest it face a potentially fatal decline in the U.S. blood supply.
Response and recovery times of elastic and viscoelastic capsules in shear flow

Amid the recent interest in the role of membrane viscosity in the deformation of a fluid-filled capsule, we consider the role of various capsule properties (shear elasticity, membrane bending stiffness and viscosity) in determining the response and recovery times of a spherical capsule in shear flow. These times are determined by fitting exponential functions to results for the Taylor deformation parameter Dxy. We focus on the relationship between the membrane and fluid viscosity ratios, as suggested by Diaz et al, and whether adjustments to the fluid viscosity ratio may be used to approximate the effects of membrane viscosity. Based on its ability to reproduce response and recovery times, our results suggest that such an approach holds promise.
The crystal and molecular structure of [K·DB-18-C-6][AlMe3NO3]·0.5C6H6

The use of dibenzo-18-crown-6 in the synthesis of trimethylaluminum adducts of KNO3 results in the formation of a 1/1 adduct, [K·DB-18-C-6]-[AIMe3NO3]. The crystal structure of [K·DB-18-C-6][AlMe3NO3]-has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter methods. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c (No. 14) with unit cell parametersa=11.804(3),b=28.828(4),c=9.118(3) A, β=96.61(3)°, andD calc=1.23 forZ=4. Least-squares refinement gave a final conventionalR value of 0.045 for 983 independent observed reflactions. The potassium atom is centered among the six oxygen atoms of the crown at an average K⋯O contact of 2.74(2) A. Its environment is completed by an oxygen atom of a nitrate anion (2.88 A) and a benzo group (>3.44 A) of a neighboring crown ether. The trimethylaluminum moeity is coordinated to the nitrate anion by an oxygen atom at an Al-O bond distance of 1.92(1) A.
Effect of Hypophysectomy on Adrenocortical Response to Bilateral Carotid Constriction

SummaryTo determine whether the increase in aldosterone secretion following constriction of the carotid arteries was due to release of pituitary ACTH, 4 normal dogs, 5 acutely hypophysectomized dogs and 2 acutely hypophysectomized dogs given ACTH by constant infusion were subjected to constriction of both common carotid arteries. A variable rise in aldosterone secretion occurred in dogs with intact pituitaries after carotid constriction, with an associated increase in 17-hydroxycorticoid secretion. In hypophysectomized dogs and in ACTH-infused hypophysectomized dogs, this rise failed to occur. The data support the conclusion that the increase in aldosterone secretion following carotid constriction is due to pituitary release of ACTH.
Virus resistance in rabbit kidney cell cultures contaminated by a protozoan resembling Encephalitozoon cuniculi.

SummaryCultures of rabbit kidney cells were sometimes found to be contaminated with an intracellular protozoan parasite resembling Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Such cultures were resistant to vesicular stomatitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses owing to production of an inhibitor which resembles interferon.
Global dust attenuation in disc galaxies: strong variation with specific star formation and stellar mass, and the importance of sample selection

We study the relative dust attenuation-inclination relation in 78,721 nearby galaxies using the axis ratio dependence of optical-NIR colour, as measured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In order to avoid to the greatest extent possible attenuation-driven biases, we carefully select galaxies using dust attenuation-independent near- and mid-IR luminosities and colours. Relative u-band attenuation between face-on and edge-on disc galaxies along the star forming main sequence varies from ~0.55 mag up to ~1.55 mag. The strength of the relative attenuation varies strongly with both specific star formation rate and galaxy luminosity (or stellar mass). The dependence of relative attenuation on luminosity is not monotonic, but rather peaks at $M_{3.4\mu m} \approx -21.5$, corresponding to $M_* \approx 3\times 10^{10}M_{Sun}$. This behavior stands seemingly in contrast to some older studies; we show that older works failed to reliably probe to higher luminosities, and were insensitive to the decrease in attenuation with increasing luminosity for the brightest star-forming discs. Back-of-the-envelope scaling relations predict the strong variation of dust optical depth with specific star formation rate and stellar mass. More in-depth comparisons using the scaling relations to model the relative attenuation require the inclusion of star-dust geometry to reproduce the details of these variations (especially at high luminosities), highlighting the importance of these geometrical effects.
TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WATER CONTAMINANTS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENTS INVESTIGATED BY USING A SIMULATION MODEL

In this paper the wastewater treatment of organic compounds, particularly the water soluble (polar) compounds in refinery effluents, is simulated by addressing biodegradation, adsorption, and stripping/volatilization. The study examines pollutant data from two refineries in Norway and one in the United States. Previously, little attention has been paid to polar compounds. However, they are present in effluents, sometimes in large amounts, and are difficult to characterize and quantify.The study shows that many polar compounds, including the recently introduced methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether, are biodegraded by <10% in simulated wastewater treatment. The concentrations of some polymers are barely reduced at all, and some metabolites of nonionic surfactants increase in toxicity along the route of degradation, resulting in an end product of the highest toxicity. The study demonstrates that of the substances entering the treatment systems, the residual of selected polar compounds is 38% of the incoming amount, w...
"What do you mean I'm a slut?!?!" : deconstructing the definitions of promiscuity of the collective conscience using concepts from labeling theory and biopower.

"WHAT DO YOU MEAN I'M A SLUT?!?!" DECONSTRUCTING THE DEFINITIONS OF PROMISCUITY OF THE COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE USING CONCEPTS FROM LABELING THEORY AND BIOPOWER Joshua O. Corum May 12,2012 The term "promiscuity" is often used in academic literature and pejoratively proliferated among society at large. The definition of promiscuity has not been clearly and consistently defined within research and varies significantly from person to person. However, both research and society continue to utilize this term with the assumption of a universal meaning. This study investigated how individuals construct their personal definition of promiscuity and how the subsequent label is applied to others. This thesis also examined how the definition of promiscuity is constructed within the collective conscience and how social institutions influence that definition. The relationship between the collective conscience and social institutions is analyzed using concepts from labeling theory and Foucault's biopower. An extensive online survey was used to collect data from 210 respondents in the Louisville Metro area. The survey employed a quantitative and qualitative mixed methods approach, incorporating fixed answer and open-ended formatted questions.
Modeling plant virus propagation with delays

Plants play a vital role in the everyday life of all organisms on earth. Sometimes, however, plants become infected with a virus. This can have a devastating effect on the ecosystem that depends on it. An insect-vector can cause the transmission of the virus from plant to plant. In this paper, a system of ordinary differential equations was first used to model the interaction between the insects and the plants. We found the equilibria of the model, and we analyzed the stability using the Reproductive number, derived by the next generation matrix. Afterwards, we introduced a delay to the model and a system of delay differential equations (DDE) was obtained. Analysis of the DDEs dynamics was performed including equilibria, stability, and bifurcations. Then, numerical solutions of the ODE and the DDE were compared and conclusions are given.