cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogenic regulation of phospholipase C-γ1 activity and expression in the rat small intestine

Abstract Background/Aims: The postnatal rat small intestine undergoes major morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes during weaning. Phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1), a tyrosine kinase substrate of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate to products that may serve as mediators of growth and development. The aim of this study was to define developmental changes in intestinal PLCγ1 expression, catalytic activity, and growth factor regulation of PLCγ1. Methods: Immunodetection was used to compare the expression and tyrosine phosphorylation state of PLCγ1, EGFR, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), ras guanosine triphosphatase activating protein (GAP), and src homologous collagenlike protein (SHC) in the postnatal rat intestine. Results: The catalytic activity and expression of PLCγ1 markedly increased during weaning. Significant EGF-induced increases in the activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ1 occurred in weanling but not suckling animals. EGFR and SHC expression were increased in weanling compared with suckling and adult animals; however, differences in expression of PI 3-kinase and GAP did not occur during weaning. Conclusions: The expression and catalytic activity of rat intestinal PLCγ1 are greatest during weaning. A functional consequence is the age-dependent modulation of EGF regulation of PLCγ1 tyrosine phosphorylation state and catalytic activity. This is the first in vivo demonstration of EGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ1 in normal animal tissue.
Comparison of solutions to minimize voltages induced by ESD events on adjacent microstrips

This paper discusses the effects of ESD pulsed microstrip lines on adjacent lines. Even though a line may be insensitive to ESD events, voltages can couple to adjacent, sensitive lines. These induced voltages may result in temporary of permanent system malfunction. Five different solutions to this problem will be discussed.
A system level design approach to UWB localization

We have developed a novel UWB positioning system with millimeter range 3-D accuracy. It is difficult to comprehensively simulate a system of this nature since many disparate components must be simulated including the analog front end, digital backend, UWB channel, 3-D tag and base station positions, etc. Only through a novel simulation framework where Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) is used, combining its Analog/RF and Ptolemy digital simulators and also its Matlab cosimulation is it possible to accurately simulate the positioning system. Experimental results from our UWB positioning system are compared to simulated results to validate the accuracy of our simulation framework. Simulated results show how one stage of automatic gain control can significantly increase operating range while analog-to-digital converter specifications do not significantly affect our overall system performance due to the use of a sub-sampling mixer.
Role for Serine Protease HtrA (DegP) of Streptococcus pyogenes in the Biogenesis of Virulence Factors SpeB and the Hemolysin Streptolysin S

The serine protease HtrA is involved in the folding and maturation of secreted proteins, as well as in the degradation of proteins that misfold during secretion. Depletion of HtrA has been shown to affect the sensitivity of many organisms to thermal and environmental stresses, as well as being essential for virulence in many pathogens. In the present study, we compared the behaviors of several different HtrA mutants of the gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). Consistent with prior reports, insertional inactivation of htrA, the gene that encodes HtrA, resulted in a mutant that grew poorly at 37 degrees C. However, an identical phenotype was observed when a similar polar insertion was placed immediately downstream of htrA in the streptococcal chromosome, suggesting that the growth defect of the insertion mutant was not a direct result of insertional inactivation of htrA. This conclusion was supported by the observation that a nonpolar deletion mutation of htrA did not produce the growth defect. However, this mutation did affect the production of several secreted virulence factors whose biogenesis requires extensive processing. For the SpeB cysteine protease, the loss of HtrA was associated with a failure to proteolytically process the zymogen to an active protease. For the streptolysin S hemolysin, a dramatic increase in hemolytic activity resulted from the depletion of HtrA. Interestingly, HtrA-deficient mutants were not attenuated in a murine model of subcutaneous infection. These data add to the growing body of information that implies an important role for HtrA in the biogenesis of secreted proteins in gram-positive bacteria.
School and University Partnerships: Meeting Common Needs

Schools, colleges and universities exist in an inter locking, interdependent state. There is, for example, an assumed articulation between the curricula of secon dary schools and their college and university counter parts. School curriculum is determined in part by en trance requirements established by colleges and univer sities. Universities rely upon the schools to graduate students prepared for further advanced education. Universities and colleges also have a stake in the educa tion of all citizens to become productive adults who are economically capable of generating further public revenues to support education. This mission is shared with schools. Colleges of education are particularly tied to the for tunes of schools. The school depends upon colleges of education to supply new teachers and to provide inserv ice experiences for those teachers already in the classroom. Graduate courses are developed specifically for the purpose of improving the knowledge base for practicing teachers. On the other hand, colleges need schools for field experiences and student teaching in preservice preparation programs, as well as to serve as a laboratory for suggesting new areas of needed educa tional research. Given these common interests, partnerships among public schools, colleges, and universities should have flourished. They have not. The reasons are many. Research departments in public school systems have sometimes jealously guarded their research perogatives. School teachers and administrators, fully engaged in daily practice, have distrusted their more theoretical and
Surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines.

Although the mechanical management of impacted teeth is a routine task for most orthodontists, certain impactions can be frustrating, and the esthetic outcome can be unpredictable if the surgeon uncovers the impacted tooth improperly. When referring a patient to have an impacted toothuncovered,theorthodontist might assume incorrectly that the surgeon knows which surgical procedure to use. However, if not instructed properly, the surgeon could select an inappropriate technique, leaving the orthodontist with the difficult if not sometimes lengthy and challenging task of erupting the impacted tooth into the dental arch. On the other hand, if the correct uncovering technique is chosen, the eruption process can be simplified, resulting in a predictably stable and esthetic result. This is especially true for impacted maxillary canines. After the third molars, the maxillary canines are the most commonly impacted permanent teeth. About one third of impacted maxillary canines are positioned labially or within the alveolus, and two thirds are located palatally. In most situations, the appropriate timing and surgical procedure for uncovering an impacted canine are determined by specific criteria. This article will review the surgical and orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines.
Effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion, and mortality in broiler chickens.

Abstract Two floor pen and two battery experiments were conducted to determine the effects of early feed restriction on the performance of commercial broilers. Feed restriction was induced in all experiments by providing chicks with 40 kcal of ME per bird per day, commencing at 4 days of age. Male chicks were feed-restricted for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 days (Experiments 3 and 4), whereas broiler females were restricted for 5 days (Experiment 1). Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction periods, and continued through the conclusion of the experiments at 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 28 (Experiments 3 and 4) days of age. Broilers provided ad libitum access to feed for the entire experimental period served as the controls in each study. Broilers subjected to an early feed restriction had significantly (P ≤ .05) lower mean body weights than controls for all ages measured in the four experiments. However, feed conversion ratios for restricted broilers were significantly lower at 28 (Experiments 1 through 4) and 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) days of age than for birds consuming feed ad libitum. Through regression analyses, it was estimated that male broilers in Experiments 1 and 2 would require approximately 2 additional days to obtain body weights similar to those observed in control broilers and would still maintain a lower feed conversion ratio at this older age. In Experiments 1 and 2, weekly body weight gains for restricted broilers were significantly lower than for controls from 0 through 28 days of age. However, restricted broilers (7 days) in Experiment 2 had significantly higher rates of gain from 29 to 49 days of age than unrestricted controls. Total pen body weights for restricted and ad libitum groups were similar at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2, which reflected the significant difference in mortality observed between the two groups.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Peripherin Immunoreactivity in Nerve Sheaths

The intrinsic innervation of rat sciatic nerve sheaths was studied by means of immunohistochemical labeling for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and peripherin. CGRP immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) and peripherin immunoreactivity (peripherin-IR) were found in fine nerve fibers independent of nerve sheath vasculature. These findings suggest that a subset of the nervi nervorum may have nociceptive functions, and that this subset is distinct from nerve fibers that innervate the blood vessels of the nerve sheaths.
Large-Scale Genomic Approaches to Brain Development and Circuitry

Over the past two decades, molecular genetic studies have enabled a common conceptual framework for the development and basic function of the nervous system. These studies, and the pioneering efforts of mouse geneticists and neuroscientists to identify and clone genes for spontaneous mouse mutants, have provided a paradigm for understanding complex processes of the vertebrate brain. Gene cloning for human brain malformations and degenerative disorders identified other important central nervous system (CNS) genes. However, because many debilitating human disorders are genetically complex, phenotypic screens are difficult to design. This difficulty has led to large-scale, genomic approaches to discover genes that are uniquely expressed in brain circuits and regions that control complex behaviors. In this review, we summarize current phenotype- and genotype-driven approaches to discover novel CNS-expressed genes, as well as current approaches to carry out large-scale, gene-expression screens in the CNS.
Proximate Composition of Thawed Chicken Meat and Drip After Storage

Abstract A LARGE percentage of poultry meat is frozen by processors prior to sale, or by homemakers after purchase, and may be held for varying periods of frozen storage. Considerable quantities of moisture are released from carcasses upon thawing, thus the ultimate consumer is confronted with the unsightly appearance of the packaged product and the unpleasant experience of handling a dripping carcass. Valuable nutrients may also be lost in the drip, and these factors are all important to the poultry industry. After making quantitative studies on drip, Sair and Cook (1938a) concluded that, regardless of rate of freezing, whole birds did not drip. However, removal of skin, cutting of meat, and particularly mincing the meat increased the susceptibility of frozen-defrosted tissues to drip. Koonz and Ramsbottom (1939) reported that the freezing temperature affected the amount of drip since it determined the size, distribution and number of crystals. Fast freezing favored reabsorption . . .
The object-oriented advantage in prototyping a remote file system

The authors have prototyped a remote file system for the Choices object-oriented operating system that permits the caching strategy to be user selectable on a per file basis. Choices provides a convenient object-oriented toolkit for building file systems, which they employed, reusing code whenever possible. The client provides the driving force in the architecture. The server maintains a small cache, fulfills requests, and performs callbacks. The client supports both whole file caching and block caching. Only the client needs to be aware of the type of caching being used for a particular file. Different clients can provide different caching strategies at the same time but the data within a client it is kept consistent. The server and client cooperate to maintain the consistency of the file system via callbacks. Because of the object-oriented architecture of the Choices file system they were able to prototype the system in approximately 6 weeks. There was a significant amount of code reuse. >
Pesticide exposures to migrant farmworkers in Eastern NC: detection of metabolites in farmworker urine associated with housing violations and camp characteristics.

Background The purpose of this paper is to present and evaluate descriptively bivariate associations between urinary metabolites of pesticides and herbicides and migrant camp conditions, violations, and personal worker behaviors at home for farmworkers who do not apply pesticides. Methods We studied 183 migrant farmworker camps in eastern North Carolina in 2010. Data and urine samples were collected from 371 men. Predictor measures included violations in six domains of housing regulations and nonviolation characteristics and personal behaviors that might impact urinary metabolites. Results Cockroaches and bathroom violations were predictive of increased exposure to pyrethroids and cyfluthrin/chlorpyrifos, respectively. Changing and storing clothing and shoes in sleeping rooms increased the number of detects for the diazinon metabolite. Conclusions Farmworkers had exposures to multiple chemicals. No single housing domain was identified as critical to mitigating housing-related exposure; specific attention should be paid to changing and storing soiled clothing in sleeping rooms, and insect infestations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:323–337, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CSI: a severity index for Clostridium difficile infection at the time of admission.

Summary Clostridium difficile is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in the USA. To develop a score model that would help to identify severe versus mild or moderate C . difficile infection (CDI) upon admission we performed a retrospective cohort study. Between January 2004 and December 2007, 255 patients met inclusion criteria for this study. Severe CDI was defined as cases that required colectomy, intensive care unit management, ended in death, or hospitalisation of >10 days. Data recorded included past medical history, physical examination on admission, laboratory data and imaging/colonoscopy data. To create the CDI severity index (CSI) score, we included four risk factors for severe CDI that were identified by univariate analysis: history of malignancy, white blood cell count at admission >20,000/dL, blood albumin 1.5-fold the baseline value. One point was assigned to each of the risk factors. As indicated by a c -statistic of 0.78, the CSI score predicted severe CDI much better than chance ( c -statistics of 0.50). The risk of developing severe CDI increased by a factor of 2.9 (95% CI: 1.82–4.59) for each 1-point increase in the CSI score. A CSI score with a cut-off value of 2 had a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 65%, respectively. The CSI score may quantify the risk of severe CDI at the time of admission, and help in early identification of patients who may benefit from more aggressive treatment.
Enthymemes in the Orators

ABSTRACTA theoretical bias pervades enthymeme. Most studies of the enthymeme are thoroughly Aristotelian and syllogistic, while the study of enthymemes in ancient oratory is virtually nonexistent. Yet the Attic orators used enthymemes commonly and consistently, and as practitioners, they have something to teach us about enthymemes that theorists can’t. In this article, I begin an examination of oratorical enthymemes and the variety of their use and offer a preliminary understanding of the “oratorical enthymeme” as a rhetorical technique. I conclude by briefly touching on the connections between oratorical enthymemes and ancient theory.
Congruity backcrossing as a means of creating genetic variability in self pollinated crops : seed morphology of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray hybrids

Seeds of early generations of three reciprocal congruity-backcross (CBC) pedigrees, developed by backcrossing Phaseolus vulgaris-P. acutifolius hybrids to each of the parent species in alternate generations, exhibited a preponderance of traits (size, shape, color, and pattern) of the cytoplasmic parent. The large size of ‘Red Cloud’ (V1), the P. vulgaris parent common to all of the pedigrees, dominated pedigrees with V1 as the cytoplasmic parent, while the small size and rounded or square shapes of the tepary parents, wild P. acutifolius var. acutifolius PI 263590 or G400445 (A19), wild P. acutifolius var. latifolius PI 406622 (A10), or cultivated P. acutifolius var. latifolius ‘Serowi’ PI 319443 (A9), were the majority phenotypes when P. acutifolius was the cytoplasmic parent. Continuing through the second cycle of CBC, that is the second backcross with each of the parent species or the fourth backcross, began an amelioration of the apparent cytoplasmic effect on gene expression, as reciprocal pedigrees became more alike, usually with intermediate expression of parental traits or the appearance of new traits. The large seed size of V1 was recovered in hybrids with P. acutifolius cytoplasm and the kidney shape of V1 became rare in hybrids with P. vulgaris cytoplasm. Although the tepary-bean parents represented two subspecies and both cultivated and wild P. acutifolius, the three sets of reciprocal-hybrid pedigrees with P. vulgaris ‘Red Cloud’ are surprisingly similar. It may be that the ‘exotic’ parent used to develop a CBC pedigree should be selected more for combining ability in the interspecific cross than for specific economic traits. While the number of generations (six or more) required to produce fertile, intermediate CBC hybrids (that did not require embryo rescue) may preclude routine use of this method by practical plant breeders, the crossability of advanced hybrids with both parental species and the amount of variability apparent in advanced-hybrids progenies suggests that CBC would be valuable for maintaining ‘exotic’ germplasm in immediately useful forms.
Abstract SY11-03: Mechanisms of ATM activation

The Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase initiates a rapid cascade of protein phosphorylation in response to double-strand breaks in chromosomal DNA. The critical targets of ATM during this response include many tumor suppressors involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. The DNA damage response is thus defective in cells lacking ATM; however, there are also many indications that cells lacking ATM are defective in responses to other forms of stress, particularly oxidative stress. Mammalian cells lacking ATM exhibit high levels of reactive oxygen species and indications of chronic oxidative stress. In addition, the shortened lifespan, haematopoietic stem cell loss, and increased lymphomagenesis seen in A-T mouse models can be suppressed by antioxidants, suggesting that oxidative stress constitutes an important part of the A-T phenotype and is important for cancer progression. We have observed robust ATM activation in human cell lines in response to oxidative stress, in the absence of apparent DNA damage. In addition, oxidation of purified recombinant ATM in vitro induces ATM activation in the absence of DNA DSBs and the MRN complex. The oxidized form of ATM is a disulfide-crosslinked dimer containing several disulfide bonds. Mutation of a critical cysteine residue involved in disulfide bond formation specifically blocks activation via the oxidation pathway, both in vitro with purified components and in human cells. Identification of this pathway explains many observations of ATM activation under conditions of oxidative stress, and shows that ATM is an important sensor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo. Here we investigate how the oxidation pathway of ATM activation is affected by small molecules, specifically by resveratrol and related compounds, and how this affects cell cycle checkpoint responses in human cells. We also show in vitro that ATM is a direct target of these compounds and investigate the mechanism underlying the effects on ATM function. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY11-03. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-SY11-03
Colobothea distincta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Cacao: Notes on Its Morphology and Biology

Females of Colobothea distincta Pascoe lay from 14 to 24 eggs over a 2-day oviposition period, depositing them in groups in the phloem in branches of dying cacao trees. Eggs hatch in 8–12 days. Larvae in early instars feed only in the inner bark, but those in the last instar may feed also upon wood fibers to some extent. The larval stadia require about 6 weeks; 5–9 days are spent in preparation of the pupal chamber in transformation to the pupa; adults emerge in 10–16 days after pupation, and disperse to trees other than the one in which they developed. Adult males lived 19–56 days; females, 44–63 days; both sexes were observed feeding only on the bark of dying cacao trees. Measurements of adults showed no significant differences between collections made at 3 localities in Costa Rica. The ratio of antennal length to body length was strikingly greater in males than in females, as also was the length of the front legs. Because the trees attacked are already dying, this species has little economic importance.
Selection of foraging and nesting sites by black-throated blue warblers: their relative influence on habitat choice

To understand why breeding Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) select forests with dense shrubs, I assessed the value of this habitat in supplying opportunities for foraging and nesting. I predicted that these warblers would select shrub foliage for foraging if foraging substrate was important in their selection of habitat and that they would place their nests in areas of dense shrubs if nest-site availability affected habitat choice. To measure foraging and nest-site selection, I compared the proportion of foraging or nests in a particular habitat element to the availability of that element expressed as a proportion of all habitat elements. Foraging males under-utilized shrub foliage (below 3 m) in relation to its relative availability and over-utilized the sparse foliage between 3-9 m high. On a horizontal plane, males over-utilized areas of their territories with dense shrub foliage, but this could be due to the greater number of shrubs in these areas. Small samples of females and males feeding fledglings indicated that the lower foliage strata, but not necessarily dense shrub patches, might be important to these groups. These results demonstrate differences in foraging patterns between the sexes and between stages of the breeding cycle. More importantly, foraging Black-throated Blue Warblers showed no consistent selection of dense shrubs. As this species is more abundant in forests with dense shrubs, these analyses suggest that foraging may have a minor influence on habitat selection. Black-throated Blue Warblers consistently selected areas of dense shrubs for nesting. Number of shrub stems and amount of foliage (0-1 m high) were significantly higher at nests than at random points. Furthermore, on an experimental plot with chemically defoliated shrubs, males continued to forage, but nesting was markedly reduced. These results suggest that, while shrubs are used for both foraging and nesting, nest-site requirements may be more important in determining what habitat is selected by Black-throated Blue Warblers. If nest-site requirements determine habitat choices in other forest birds, then the availability of suitable nest-sites should have an important effect on community structure.
Reverse-time-migration of Multiply Scattered Seismic Waves

Multiply scattered waves, including internal multiples, are rarely considered as signal when imaging with seismic waves. Reverse-time-migration techniques accurately handle the propagation of such complex scattered waves, but most of these techniques paradoxically do not fully utilize the illumination and energy of multiply scattered waves because these methods rely on the single-scattering assumption. We use a scattering-based approach for reverse-time-migration to overcome the limitations of linear imaging. Our method consists of adapting the conventional backpropagation techniques in order to more accurately reconstruct scattered wavefields and of using a nonlinear adaptive imaging condition in order to map the information contained in these newly extrapolated wavefields into an image of the subsurface. We illustrate these two concepts with a synthetic example of sub-salt imaging.
A Rapid Modified Starch Electrophoretic Method

The electrophoresis of hemoglobin in starch has become established in the past few years as a critical test for the diagnosis of thalassemia minor • and other hemoglobinopathies, chiefly because of its ability to separate A hemoglobin into several fractions. The procedure as described requires the washing of a large quantity of starch with buffer and a period of electrophoresis in excess of 20 to 22 hr. Because of these handicaps, it has been used chiefly by workers in research institutions and large clinical establishments, and has not been as widely used as it might be.
Roles of small laccases from Streptomyces in lignin degradation.

Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases that can oxidize a range of substrates, including phenols, aromatic amines, and nonphenolic substrates. To investigate the involvement of the small Streptomyces laccases in lignin degradation, we generated acid-precipitable polymeric lignin obtained in the presence of wild-type Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (SCWT) and its laccase-less mutant (SCΔLAC) in the presence of Miscanthus x giganteus lignocellulose. The results showed that strain SCΔLAC was inefficient in degrading lignin compared to strain SCWT, thereby supporting the importance of laccase for lignin degradation by S. coelicolor A3(2). We also studied the lignin degradation activity of laccases from S. coelicolor A3(2), Streptomyces lividans TK24, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, and Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 using both lignin model compounds and ethanosolv lignin. All four laccases degraded a phenolic model compound (LM-OH) but were able to oxidize a nonphenolic model compound only in the presence of r...
Theory of nuclear multifragmentation: (I). Transition-state treatment of the breakup process☆

Abstract The transition-state treatment of ordinatry binary fission is generalized to describe statistical disassembly of a highly excited nucleus into multifragment channels. In this first part of the work, the focus is on deriving the general expressions for the transition widths into an assembly of specified prefragments. These are still interacting and may experience a significant post-transition evolution which will be addressed in part (II) of this work. The transition configurations are described in terms of a number of interacting prefragments, whose positions are constrained by a generalized disassembly degree of freedom characterizing the overall spatial extension of the system and whose phase space is included in the statistical weight. Angular-momentum conservation is readily incorporated in the formulation. The treatment is discussed in relation to standard fission theory and statistical multifragmentation models.
George Miller’s magical number of immediate memory in retrospect: Observations on the faltering progression of science

Miller's (1956) article about storage capacity limits, "The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two . . .," is one of the best-known articles in psychology. Though influential in several ways, for about 40 years it was oddly followed by rather little research on the numerical limit of capacity in working memory, or on the relation between 3 potentially related phenomena that Miller described. Given that the article was written in a humorous tone and was framed around a tongue-in-cheek premise (persecution by an integer), I argue that it may have inadvertently stymied progress on these topics as researchers attempted to avoid ridicule. This commentary relates some correspondence with Miller on his article and concludes with a call to avoid self-censorship of our less conventional ideas. (PsycINFO Database Record
Comparative molecular genetic profiles of anaplastic astrocytomas/ glioblastomas multiforme and their subsequent recurrences

Malignant glial tumors (anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas multiforme) arise mostly either from the progression of low grade precursor lesions or rapidly in a de novo fashion and contain distinct genetic alterations. There is, however, a third subset of malignant gliomas in which genetic lesions remain to be identified. Following surgical resection, all gliomas appear to have an inherent tendency to recur. Comparative molecular analysis of ten primary malignant gliomas (three anaplastic astrocytomas and seven glioblastomas multiforme) with their recurrences identified two distinct subgroups of recurrent tumors. In one group, primary tumors harbored genetic aberrations frequently associated with linear progression or de novo formation pathways of glial tumorigenesis and maintained their genetic profiles upon recurrence. In the other subset with no detectable known genetic mutations at first presentation, the recurrent tumors sustained specific abnormalities associated with pathways of linear progression or de novo formation. These included loss of genes on chromosomes 17 and 10, mutations in the p53 gene, homozygous deletion of the DMBTA1 and p16 and/ or p15 genes and amplification and/or overexpression of CDK4 and alpha form of the PDGF receptor. Recurrent tumors from both groups also displayed an abnormal expression profile of the metalloproteinase, gel A, and its inhibitor, TIMP-2, consistent with their highly invasive behavior. Delineation of the molecular differences between malignant glioblastomas and their subsequent recurrences may have important implications for the development of rational clinical approaches for this neoplasm that remains refractory to existing therapeutic modalities.
Effective use of epoxy adhesives in microelectronic

The increasing use of epoxy in microelectronic applications brings up more frequent conflicts between those who are biased against its use and those who are convinced that it is the only way to go. The purpose of this paper is to separate facts from rumor and opinion to normalize this variance.
Analysis of Abnormal Reservoir Pressure

Reservoir pressure can be divided into normal pressure, abnormal high pressure and abnormal low pressure in terms of the ratio between formation pressure and hydrostatic pressure. These pressure phenomena are analyzed in this paper. Study shows that the pressure in non-confining beds normally belongs to the range of normal pressure; confining zones with invasion of external fluids could give rise to abnormal high pressure; provided that induced fractures occur in confining zones where are affected by tectonic movement, leading to growth of pore volume, it tends to appear abnormal low pressure herein.
Dirty Politics: Modes of Governance in Municipal Garbage Collection

Politics and history scholars are increasingly thinking about the relationship between the state and provision of public services, especially welfare. They find that the federal government relies extensively on third-party actors, resulting in 'shadow' and 'subterranean' welfare states. But to the best of our knowledge, this growing body of literature is based almost exclusively on post-New-Deal welfare policy. This paper seeks to put these findings in broader context by looking at - of all things - municipal garbage collection in the Progressive Era. Municipalities used various methods of garbage collection - city collection, contracting out to private companies, or providing services at all - allowing us to compare license and administrative capacity across municipalities. We ask: Why do municipalities with similar features choose different modes of governance? To answer this question, we have collected data on more than 120 cities with populations exceeding 20,000 in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Our goal in looking at garbage collection (one of the most basic functions of government) at the local level (a level of government understudied in politics and history) and during the Progressive Era (extending studies beyond the New Deal) is to illuminate the development of license and administrative capacity that are key to explaining American political development.
Photoacoustic Tomography in the Diagnosis of Melanoma

Abstract With high sensitivity to melanin and high resolution at depths, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has been studied for the diagnosis of primary and metastatic melanoma for more than a decade. In this chapter, we summarize the most recent advances in this field, including measuring primary tumor thicknesses and rates of growth, locating sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), label-free screening for SLNs, and detecting circulating melanoma cells. We also discuss the potential applications of PAT in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic melanoma, such as noninvasive primary tumor examination, label-free histology, and metastatic tumor detection. Results from current studies suggest PAT is a promising tool for facilitating the diagnosis of both primary and metastatic melanoma in clinics.
Deferred rate of gain effects on growth, body composition, and concomitant blood metabolites in yearling Angus and Brangus heifers

ABSTRACT Deferred supplementation of subtropical forage diets may be a viable nutritional strategy to elicit compensatory growth of growing heifers. This experiment evaluated delayed BW gain on body composition of yearling heifers fed bermudagrass round bale silage (RBS) and dried distillers grains (DDG) for 140 d. Angus (n = 30; 273 ± 24 kg) and Brangus (n = 30; 277 ± 30 kg) heifers, mean age of 277 ± 25 d, were allocated to 1 of 12 pastures. On d 0, heifers were assigned to either (1) RBS + DDG fed to gain 0.84 kg/d from d 0 to 140 (control) or (2) RBS offered ad libitum from d 0 to 70 and RBS + DDG fed to gain 1.4 kg/d from d 70 to 140 (DL). On d 70, control heifers were heavier (P 0.05). On d 140, BW tended to be (P = 0.06), and LMA, BCS, and rump fat were, greater (P 0.05). Irrespective of treatment, hip height, pelvic area, and IMF increased (P
Natural Language Processing – Overview and History

In this chapter, we introduce the topic of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in the clinical domain. NLP has shown increasing promise in tasks ranging from the assembly of patient cohorts to the identification of mental disorders. The chapter begins with a discussion of the necessity of NLP for analyzing EHRs. Subsequent sections then place clinical NLP research in a wider historical context by reviewing various approaches to NLP over time. The focus then turns to available NLP-related data resources and the methods of generating such resources. The actual development of NLP systems and their evaluation are then examined. The chapter concludes by describing current and future challenges in clinical NLP.
Adult Longevity Test by Sex in Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

In many different species of animals, one gender typically lives longer than the other. Currently, the adult longevity between Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has yet to be studied. However, in this study it was found that C. rufifacies males lived longer than females. Obtaining and raising wild larvae in the laboratory to adulthood while keeping track of the number of days each one lives to be and the corresponding gender can be useful in observing this trend.
Packing Topological Minors Half-Integrally

The packing problem and the covering problem are two of the most general questions in graph theory. The Erdős-Posa property characterizes the cases when the optimal solutions of these two problems are bounded by functions of each other. Robertson and Seymour proved that when packing and covering $H$-minors for any fixed graph $H$, the planarity of $H$ is equivalent to the Erdős-Posa property. Thomas conjectured that the planarity is no longer required if the solution of the packing problem is allowed to be half-integral. In this paper, we prove that this half-integral version of Erdős-Posa property holds for packing and covering $H$-topological minors, for any fixed graph $H$, which easily implies Thomas' conjecture. In fact, we prove an even stronger statement in which those topological minors are rooted at any choice of prescribed subsets of vertices. A number of results on $H$-topological minor free or $H$-minor free graphs have conclusions or requirements tied to properties of $H$. Classes of graphs that can half-integrally pack only a bounded number of $H$-topological minors or $H$-minors are more general topological minor-closed or minor-closed families whose minimal obstructions are more complicated than $H$. Our theorem provides a general machinery to extend those results to those more general classes of graphs without losing their tight connections to $H$.
Detached-Eddy Simulation of a Supersonic Reattaching Shear Layer

A numerical investigation of low-frequency unsteadiness in a Mach 2.9 turbulent, reattaching shear layer was carried out with delayed detached-eddy simulation. The results were compared to data fro...
Validated Measures of Insomnia, Function, Sleepiness, and Nasal Obstruction in a CPAP Alternatives Clinic Population.

Study Objectives:Although efficacious in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can be difficult to tolerate, with long-term adherence rates appr...
Alleviation from the Welfare State: Use Your Own Freedom With A Reconsideration of the Negative Income Tax

Using data from the Consumer Population Survey (CPS) for March 2013, this study examines the potential effects of a negative income tax on federal government welfare expenditure, household income, and certain variable parameters. The negative income tax is defined as money credited as allowances to a taxed income, and paid as a benefit when it exceeds debited tax. This study concludes that a negative income tax makes welfare more expensive to citizens, but should better society. These results shed some light on a non-conventional approach to addressing income distribution and achieving some socially desirable outcomes
An unsupervised approach for disaggregating major loads in small commercial buildings

This paper proposes a new novel way for NonIntrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The technique can be applied to develop a powerful framework for low-cost power monitoring in buildings, particularly in the small commercial sector. This approach thus solves one of the major challenges in power monitoring and energy management, which has been the development of robust unsupervised learning algorithms that eliminate the need for costly human involvement. A proposal is made about filtering out the major loads in a sequential process from the aggregate power signal. Specifically, exterior lights and Rooftop units are extracted, the latter with the help of an unsupervised clustering method. The method is shown to be computationally compatible with handling a large data set obtained across a large portfolio. Finally, a case is studied for disaggregating major loads obtained from a bank building to demonstrate a basic test case in the real world.
Uncovering Patterns of Product Co-consideration: A Case Study of Online Vehicle Price Quote Request Data

Abstract Consumers often consider multiple alternatives from the same product category prior to making a purchase. Uncovering the predominant patterns of such co-considerations can help businesses learn more about the competitive structure of the market in the mind of the consumer. Extant research has shown that various types of online and offline consumer activity data (e.g., shopping baskets, search and browsing histories, social media mentions) can be used to infer product co-considerations. In this paper, we study a case of uncovering co-consideration patterns using a massive dataset of online price quote requests from U.S. auto shoppers. The main challenge we face is that, for privacy protection, no unique individual identifier (anonymous or otherwise) is contained in the data. Such a data deficiency prevents us from using existing methods such as affinity analysis for inferring co-considerations. However, by leveraging spatiotemporal patterns in the data, we manage to probabilistically uncover the predominant patterns of co-considerations in the U.S. auto market. As a validation and illustration of its usefulness, we embed the inferred market structure in a sales response model and show a substantial improvement in predictive performance.
Endovascular Treatment of Ascending Aortic Pseudoaneurysm

Surgical repair of an ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm is complex and often involves a redo-sternotomy and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. During such procedures, safe chest entry can be challenging given the proximity of the pseudoaneurysm to the sternum. Furthermore, adequate brain protection can be challenging during such cases and the quoted mortality is high.
Field Theory Aspects of Meson-Nucleus Physics

Pion-nucleus physics comprises the study of scattering and reactions involving pions and nuclei. The theoretical methods which have been developed for conventional nuclear reactions with nucleons and light ions have been and are being applied to the pionic processes. Most of the research has made use of multiple scattering theory based on the existence of a pion-nucleon potential. Inelastic scattering of pions, pion production and absorption, charge exchange scattering, and so forth are done with the distorted wave Born approximation, and related methods, often with the same computer codes used for direct nuclear reactions such as (d,p).
Lift Production Using Differential Cavity Ventilation on a Symmetric Hydrofoil

The phenomenon of cavitation on a lifting surface is well-known, typically as an item of concern regarding the fin’s performance or surface integrity. We show that cavitation can be harnessed to produce predictable and useful control forces. This is done by introducing non-condensable gas on one side of a submerged hydrofoil to produce an artificial cavity. A working theory which predicts the direction of the force is presented; this theory is consistent with the measurements taken to date. The work suggests a way of changing the lift force produced by a hydrofoil without changing the foil’s position, potentially simplifying control actuation for some applications.
Co-Expression of a Chimeric Protease Inhibitor Secreted by a Tumor- Targeted Salmonella Protects Therapeutic Proteins from Proteolytic Degradation

Sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI) is a 14-amino-acid bicyclic peptide that contains a single internal disulfide bond. We initially constructed chimeras of SFTI with N-terminal secretion signals from the Escherichia coli OmpA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ToxA, but only detected small amounts of protease inhibition resulting from these constructs. A substantially higher degree of protease inhibition was detected from a C-terminal SFTI fusion with E. coli YebF, which radiated more than a centimeter from an individual colony of E. coli using a culture-based inhibitor assay. Inhibitory activity was further improved in YebF-SFTI fusions by the addition of a trypsin cleavage signal immediately upstream of SFTI, and resulted in production of a 14-amino-acid, disulfide-bonded SFTI free in the culture supernatant. To assess the potential of the secreted SFTI to protect the ability of a cytotoxic protein to kill tumor cells, we utilized a tumor-selective form of the Pseudomonas ToxA (OTG-PE38K) alone and expressed as a polycistronic construct with YebF-SFTI in the tumor-targeted Salmonella VNP20009. When we assessed the ability of toxin-containing culture supernatants to kill MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells, the untreated OTG-PE38K was able to eliminate all detectable tumor cells, while pretreatment with trypsin resulted in the complete loss of anticancer cytotoxicity. However, when OTG-PE38K was co-expressed with YebF-SFTI, cytotoxicity was completely retained in the presence of trypsin. These data demonstrate SFTI chimeras are secreted in a functional form and that co-expression of protease inhibitors with therapeutic proteins by tumor-targeted bacteria has the potential to enhance the activity of therapeutic proteins by suppressing their degradation within a proteolytic environment.
Pituitary Dysfunction Among Men Presenting with Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism is a common endocrine dysfunction. This review focuses on the most up-to-date guideline for evaluation of pituitary function among men presenting with signs and symptoms of hypogonadism. The clinician must differentiate between primary (testicular) and secondary (pituitary-hypothalamic or central) hypogonadisms and be aware of adult-onset hypogonadism. If gonadotropins are low or inappropriately normal, the clinician must consider potential reversible causes in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Also, it is critical to understand the pitfalls of testosterone testing. When clinically indicated, evaluation of other pituitary hormone functions as well as pituitary magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary. Furthermore, it is essential to recognize that pituitary incidentalomas are common. Patients with microprolactinoma are more likely to present with symptoms of sexual dysfunction while those with macroprolactinoma are more likely to present with symptoms of mass effect. Some functional pituitary tumors respond to drug therapy while other nonfunctional tumors require surgical intervention. It is important for the clinician to understand the proper work-up of the hypogonadal patient with pituitary dysfunction and when necessary to refer to an endocrinologist or a neurosurgeon.