cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of 57Mn in Mössbauer radiation damage studies

Abstract We have demonsstrated the possibility of using 57 Mn as a 57 Fe Mossbaueer source for radiation damage studies. this isotope can also be used to study the annealing of radiation damage because of its 1.7-min. half life.
Piecewise nonlinear mixed-effects models for modeling cardiac function and assessing treatment effects

Mixed-effects model is an efficient tool for analyzing longitudinal data. The random effects in a mixed-effects model can be used to capture the correlations among repeated measurements within a subject. Mixed effects model can be used to describe individual response profile as well as population response profile. In this manuscript, we apply mixed-effects models to the repeated measurements of cardiac function variables including heart rate, coronary flow, and left ventricle developed pressure (LVDP) in the isolated, Langendorff-perfused hearts of glutathione s-transferase P1/P2 (GSTP) gene knockout and wild-type mice. Cardiac function was measured before and during ischemia/reperfusion injury in these hearts. To describe the dynamics of each cardiac function variable during the entire experiment, we developed piecewise nonlinear mixed-effects models and a change point nonlinear mixed effect model. These models can be used to examine how cardiac function variables were altered by ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury and to compare the cardiac function variable between genetically engineered (null or transgenic) mice and wild-type mice. Hypothesis tests were constructed to evaluate the impact of deletion of GSTP gene for different cardiac function variables. These findings provide a new application for mixed-effects models in physiological and pharmacological studies of the isolated Langendorff-perfused heart.
A comparison of laser photocoagulation with trans-scleral cryotherapy in the treatment of threshold retinopathy of prematurity.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the visual outcomes of eyes with threshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated with trans-scleral cryotherapy compared to those treated with laser photocoagulation. Design Extended follow-up study of a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Participants Fifty-two patients with bilateral threshold ROP participated. Follow-up data were available for 25 of these patients. Intervention Patients were randomized to receive cryotherapy in one eye and laser photocoagulation in the other eye. Main outcome measures The best-corrected visual acuity of each eye was measured. Best-corrected visual acuities of 20/50 or better were classified as "good" clinical outcomes, whereas those 20/60 or worse were considered "poor" outcomes. A secondary outcome of this study was the spherical equivalent (SE) of each eye's most recent refraction. Result At an average follow-up point of 5.8 years (range, 4.3–7.6 years), the odds that an eye treated with laser had a good clinical outcome were 6.91 times greater than for eyes treated with cryotherapy (95% confidence interval, 1.70–28.0; n=21). Additionally, the laser-treated eyes were less myopic with a mean SE of −3.05 diopters compared to a mean SE of −5.08 diopters for the cryotherapy-treated eyes ( P = 0.0072, n=23). Conclusion The authors' study suggests that laser photocoagulation for threshold ROP was more likely to result in a good clinical outcome with better final visual acuity and less myopia compared to cryotherapy treatment.
Behavioral Effects of Ethanol in Animals: Age Differences and Age Changes

Ethanol-induced behavior is related to the age of the organism. This relationship has been shown for several different kinds of measures, e.g., voluntary consumption of ethanol, effects of acute and chronic administration of ethanol. The usefulness of studies concerned with voluntary ethanol consumption and aging is questioned. Usually, causal mechanisms are not determined and blood ethanol levels are not measured in these animal studies. Both acute and chronic studies have shown that old animals are more sensitive to the effects of ethanol as compared to young animals. This effect has been reported in studies employing a number of different methods of administering ethanol, e.g., injection, inhalation, liquid diet. Age-related effects in response to short-term administration of ethanol have been observed for measures such as loss of the righting reflex, general motor activity, hypothermia, and withdrawal signs. Long-term administration of ethanol has been found to affect brain chemistry, performance, and life span. Explanations for the effects of ethanol among different age groups include differences in the rate of metabolism of ethanol, the percentage of body water and lean body mass, and changes in central nervous system sensitivity. The study of the relationship between the effects of ethanol and aging is relatively new. The most obvious conclusion that can be made from a review of the literature is that much more work needs to be done. Greater attention needs to be given to the theoretical and methodological issues associated with aging research.
Amazon Healer: The Life and Times of an Urban Shaman

Amazon Healer: The Life and Times of an Urban Shaman. Marlene Dobkin De Rios. Bridport, Dorset, England: Prism Press,1992. 180 pp. $10.95 (paper)
Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a devastating disease characterized by a combination of various types of disturbed behaviors, thoughts, and feelings, may likewise be heterogeneous in etiology. Recent advances in neuroscience and psychopharmacology have suggested a wide array of competing mechanisms that may be involved in schizophrenia, including but not limited to deficits in one or more neurotransmitters and second messenger systems (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and noradrenaline), neurodevelopmental defects in brain circuitry, and viral infection. Psychiatric genetic studies indicate that schizophrenia is a disorder with multifactorial inheritance. Since cerebral metabolic activity reflects regional brain work for all neurotransmitter systems, imaging metabolism directly with fluorodeoxyglucose and indirectly with blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen saturation can provide information about the functional neuroanatomy of a deficit in individual patients and allow patients to be grouped into more homogeneous subgroups for intensive study. This review summarizes metabolic imaging studies in schizophrenia over the past decade.
Blood transfusions in colorectal cancer surgery: incidence, outcomes, and predictive factors: an American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program analysis

Abstract Background Data analyzing the short-term outcomes and predictors of blood transfusions (BTs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery are limited. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005 to 2010) was retrospectively reviewed for CRC cases performed with or without BT. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and operative variables were analyzed. Multivariate regression analysis was performed examining the effect of BT on outcomes. The LASSO algorithm for logistic regression was used to build a predictive model for BT taking into account preoperative and operative variables. Results A total of 27,120 patients underwent CRC, and 3,815 (14.07%) had BTs. Transfusions were associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.78), morbidity (OR, 2.38), length of stay (mean difference, 3.52 days), pneumonia (OR, 2.70), and surgical-site infection (OR, 1.45). This effect was "dose dependent," as patients receiving ≥3 U of blood had increased morbidity (OR, 1.53), lengths of stay (mean difference, 1.82 days), pneumonia (OR, 2.52), and surgical-site infections (OR, 1.60) compared with those receiving 1 to 2 U. Predictors of BT were hematocrit P values were Conclusions BTs are associated with worse short-term outcomes after CRC surgery. Knowledge of predictive factors will help in risk stratification and counseling.
Effect of Temperature on Nematode (Steinernema feltiae [Nematoda: Steinernematidae]) Treatment of Soil for Control of Lesser Mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Turkey Houses

Infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae (All strain) were applied (10' per m') to the soil floors of two turkey houses with small populations of lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer); a third house was left untreated. The overall mean air temperature during the 9 wk after treatment was 26.4°C. Soil bioassays indicated that nematodes were present in treated soil at 3 wk but not at 5, 7, or 9 wk after treatment. Larval or adult beetle population densities in the treated houses did not differ significantly compared with the control house. When nematodes were applied to soil and then assayed for survival after being held in the laboratory at four different temperatures, none survived beyond 2 wk after treatment in soil held at temperatures >24°C. Nematodes were still detected at 9 wk after treatment in soil held at .20 and 24°C. SOIL TREATMENT with the entomogenous nema- tode, 5teinernema feltiae Filipjev, at 105parasites per m' in broiler and turkey houses provided a modest degree of short-term control of lesser meal- worm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Ceden et al. 1987). Treatments were made during the brief interval between flocks of birds in houses with a recent history of high beetle populations. High temperatures coincided with the loss of beetle con- trol and declining nematode presence in treated soil. Because 5. feltiae is known to be sensitive to high temperatures (Cray &Johnson 1983), our study monitored nematode persistence, beetle popula- tions, and temperature in turkey houses treated with a high nematode dose (106 parasites per m') and examined the effect of temperature on nema- tode persistence in treated soil in the laboratory.
Automatic Layout Synthesis of Leaf Cells

This paper describes algorithms for automatic layout synthesis of leaf cells in 1-d and in a new 1-1/2-d layout style, useful for non-dual circuit styles. The graph theory based algorithms use concepts set forth by Euler and Hamilton to achieve two tasks. The transistor placement algorithm uses the Euler's theorem, while the placement of the groups of the transistors is achieved by using Hamiltonian graphs. Results show that the algorithms produce extremely competent layouts when compared to other algorithms in the literature and manual layouts.
Alzheimer's disease behaviors from past self-identities: an exploration of the memory and cognitive features.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been reported by caregivers to display “behaviors from past self-identities” (BPSI); however, there is little known about these distinct behaviors. This study, the first to explore BPSI, hypothesized that BPSI were associated with self-memory and cognitive impairments. Its purpose was to determine if AD subjects with and without BPSI differed on measures of autobiographical memory, selective attention, and fluency. The cross-sectional design compared 35 moderatestage AD subjects from an AD research center. Subjects demonstrating BPSI (37 percent) recalled significantly fewer recent autobiographical memories than AD subjects without BPSI. The results establish BPSI as a common behavior among moderate-stage AD patients and suggest that paucity of recent self-memories contributes to BPSI.
Limit theorems for sums of dependent random variables occurring in statistical mechanics

We study the asymptotic behavior of partial sums S nfor certain triangular arrays of dependent, identically distributed random variables which arise naturally in statistical mechanics. A typical result is that under appropriate assumptions there exist a real number m, a positive real number λ, and a positive integer k so that (S n−nm)/n1−1/2k converges weakly to a random variable with density proportional to exp(−λ¦s¦ 2k/(2k)!). We explain the relation of these results to topics in Gaussian quadrature, to the theory of moment spaces, and to critical phenomena in physical systems.
A spatio-temporal multi-modal data management and analysis environment for tracking MS lesions

We describe the development of a system that automates data collection, metadata extraction and analysis of spatio-temporal multi-modal data, combining data management and data analysis to provide an efficient resource for clinicians. Though the system is extensible to many applications, the current focus is on managing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesion data, which are disparate streams of image, numeric, and text data. In order to discover patterns of MS pathology and plan early and effective treatment, multispectral magnetic resonance (MR) image streams collected over time need to be correlated efficiently with each other and with patient performance and clinical data streams.
Role of extracellular thiols in accumulation and distribution of inorganic mercury in rat renal proximal and distal tubular cells

Distribution of inorganic mercury (Hg) into both acid-soluble and protein-bound fractions of proximal tubular (PT) cells from the rat increased with increasing concentrations of Hg up to 10 μM. Little correlation was found between subcellular distribution of Hg and dose in distal tubular (DT) cells. Cellular accumulation of Hg was rapid, reaching equilibrium values by 10 to 15 min. Cellular content of Hg was significantly higher in PT cells than in DT cells at 1 μM Hg. To assess the effect of extracellular thiols on the intracellular accumulation of Hg, PT and DT cells were coincubated with Hg and cysteine, glutathione (GSH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) in a 4:1 thiol:Hg molar ratio. Coexposure with Hg and cysteine increased intracellular accumulation of Hg in PT cells at 0.1 μM Hg relative to exposure to Hg alone, consistent with an Hg-cysteine conjugate being a transport form of Hg. In contrast, coexposure with Hg and BSA or DMPS markedly decreased accumulation of Hg relative to cells exposed to Hg alone in both cell types. Coexposure with Hg and GSH also decreased accumulation of Hg relative to exposure to Hg alone, but the decrease was less than coexposure with either BSA or DMPS, suggesting that either an Hg-GSH complex may be a transport form or that some of the Hg-GSH complexes were degraded to Hg-cysteine by the action of brush-border membrane enzymes. These results demonstrate that extracellular thiols markedly alter the renal accumulation of Hg and suggest that some Hg-thiol conjugates may be important physiological transport forms of Hg in the kidney.
Management of diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease

Patients with diabetes have a greatly increased relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease when compared with patients without diabetes. Much of this risk is related to insulin resistance and is associated with both traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. Therapy for diabetes must address these risk factors in an attempt to prevent and adequately treat cardiovascular disease. Pharmacologic therapy directed toward dyslipidemia and hypertension has a beneficial effect on risk factors and has been shown to decrease cardiovascular events. The effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents on insulin resistance are variable, and their direct effect on cardiovascular disease is less clear. Metformin is the only oral hypoglycemic agent shown to decrease cardiovascular events independent of glycemia. The thiazolidinediones directly improve insulin resistance, decrease plasma insulin concentration, and have the potential to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. A number of studies have demonstrated that the thiazolidinediones produce changes in several cardiovascular risk factors associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, including lowering blood pressure, correcting diabetic dyslipidemia, improving fibrinolysis, and decreasing carotid artery intima-medial thickness. These agents bind a newly described class of receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, which may have implications for atherosclerosis. Although these drugs increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, they induce a favorable change in the LDL particle size and susceptibility to oxidation. Long-term clinical trials are being conducted to determine the effect that thiazolidinediones have on cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Benefit Finding in Response to BRCA1/2 Testing

Undergoing genetic testing for BRCA1/2 mutations may be accompanied by elevated worry and distress, but the potential for the experience to catalyze positive psychological and life changes has not been studied. This study was designed to examine the relationship between mutation carrier status, personal cancer history, and the potential positive impact of genetic testing (i.e., benefit finding). We also tested two predictors of benefit finding (BF) derived from the theoretical and empirical literature on positive outcomes of stress: impact of the experience and approach-oriented coping. Women undergoing genetic testing for BRCA1/2 mutations (n = 108) completed questionnaires assessing test-related distress, approach-oriented coping, and BF after receipt of test results. BRCA1/2 status was determined from genetic test results and personal cancer history from interviews conducted with study participants before testing. Reports of BF in this sample were highly variable, as some women did not perceive the testing experience as having any noticeable effect on their lives, whereas others reported positive changes similar to those observed in cancer patients (e.g., significantly improved relationships, greater appreciation for life). Contrary to hypotheses, women who tested positive for BRCA1/2 did not report higher levels of BF in response to genetic testing than those who tested negative. However, BF scores were elevated among mutation carriers who had a previous cancer diagnosis. As predicted, test-related distress and approach-oriented coping were also positively associated with BF, and approach-oriented coping mediated the relationship between carrier status × cancer history and BF. Findings suggest that positive life changes can occur among women who test positive for BRCA1/2 mutations, particularly cancer survivors.
Angle-domain common-image gathers from anisotropic migration

I present a general methodology for computing angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) in conjunction with anisotropic wavefield-continuation migration. The method is based on transforming the prestack image from the subsurface-offset domain to the angle domain using slant stacks. The processing sequence is the same as that for computing ADCIGs for the isotropic case, though the interpretation of the relationship between the slopes measured in the prestack image and the aperture angles is more complex. I demonstrate that the slopes measured by performing slant stacks along the subsurface-offset axis of the prestack image provide a good approximation of the phase aperture angles, and they are exactly equal to the phase aperture angles for flat reflectors in vertical transversly isotropic (VTI) media. In the general case of dipping reflectors, the angles computed using slant stacks can be easily corrected by applying the relationships that I present in this paper, and the accurate aperture angles can be determined as a function of the reflector dip and anisotropic slowness at the reflector. I derive these relationships from both plane-wave and ray viewpoints. This theoretical development links the kinematics in ADCIGs with migration-velocity errors. I apply the proposed method to compute ADCIGs from the prestack image obtained by anisotropic migration of a 2D line recorded in the Gulf of Mexico. I analyze the error introduced by neglecting the difference between the true phase aperture angle and the angle computed through slant stacks, showing that, at least for this data set, these errors are negligible and can be safely ignored. In contrast, group aperture angles can be quite different from phase aperture angles; thus, ignoring the distinction between these two angles can be detrimental to practical applications.
COMPARISON OF FACTORS FROM THE BEM SEX-ROLE INVENTORY FOR MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

Sitm7nary.-The 40 sex-typed items of the Bem Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by the principal components method for samples of 169 male and 206 female undergraduates. The Bem Sex-role Inventory assumes psychological masculinity (M) and femininity (F) as independent, unipolar dimensions of personality which can be measured using pools of items treated as homogeneous. The two analyses were compared with each other and with theoretical orthogonal factors of masculinity and femininity. The results indicated that the two sets of items measure the same constructs for males and females and show agreement with theoretical factors. In addition, the masculine items defined three small factors (rather than one) for each sex and eight feminine items showed poor agreement with the femininity factor. Suggestions for improving the inventory were presented. Masculinity-femininity or direction of sex typing has been one of the most popular targets for structured personality measurement (Goldberg, 1971). The bipolar view of masculinity-femininity which held that these traits occupied opposite ends of a single continuum is no longer accepted by modern sex-role identity theorists. It has been replaced 'by the construct of androgyny. Androgyny presupposes that masculinity and femininity are two orthogonal, unipolar dimensions which covary in each individual to form her or his sexrole identity. Androgyny was first introduced and operationalized by Bem (1972, 1974), and has been further developed by Black (1973), Constantinople ( 1973), and Heilbrun ( 1976). Bern ( 1974) operationally defined subjects as androgynous if they showed any balance of masculinity (M) and femininity (F) scores on the Bem Sexrole Inventory. The smaller the difference between femininity and masculinity the greater the androgyny. As the concept of androgyny has been researched, this original scoring procedure using t ratio (Bern, 1974) was challenged as inadequate (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975). Subsequent refinements of this operationalization (Bem, 1977; Berzins, Welling, & Wetter, 1978; Spence, et al., 1975) held that androgyny be defined by a relative balance of scores only when they occurred above the respective medians of the masculiniry and femininity scale score distributions. The essential operation IS one of categorizing with the controversy resolving around the criteria of class membership. Bem (1977) has recently ended the debate by adopting the median-split technique as the acceptable method of scoring the Bern Sex-role Inventory.
Data management and decision support for the in-flight SRM

A novel Bayesian framework for the in-flight SRM Failure Decision and Prognostic (FD&P) is introduced and discussed. It is based on a combination of low-dimensional performance models (LPDMs) and a dynamical inference of the parameters of nonlinear flow of combustion products. To verify the method we introduce a high-fidelity model of the overpressure fault based on a system of stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). To analyze the deviations of the system parameters fro m the stable burn-back conditions of the SRM we derived a LPDM of the SRM obtained by integrating the SPDEs over the length of the combustion camera. We consider a few fault scen arios, including nozzle failure with neutral and progressive thrust curve, and nozzle bl ocking with time varying fault parameters to model "misses" or "false alarms". Prognostic is accomplished by building the distribution of the predicted values of the fault p arameters as a function of the measurement time. We discuss how the novel Bayesian framework can be extended to encompass the propellant cracking and the case breach faults of t he SRM.
The Genetic Testing Experience of BRCA-Positive Women: Deciding Between Surveillance and Surgery

Little is known about how the breast cancer (BRCA) gene mutation affects women's decision-making processes. I use a feminist standpoint lens to explore the process by which BRCA-positive women came to socially construct and understand their risk for developing breast and/or ovarian cancer and the treatment options they elected post-testing. This study included in-depth interviews with 64 BRCA-positive mutation women, some of whom sought surveillance and others who opted for preventive surgical intervention. The in-depth analysis and case study approach revealed a complex cancer risk assessment resulting in a "nexus of decision making" that does not mirror a statistical medical model of risk assessment. The particular configuration of women's nexus of decision making impacted their pre- and posttesting BRCA experience as empowering or disempowering, regardless of whether they elected surgery or surveillance. I discuss the implications for development of clinical strategies that will serve to enhance women's pre- and post-BRCA decision making.
On Bias in Transition Coverage of Test Sets for Path Delay Faults

A test for a delay fault can be considered as covering a transition on one or more lines. A bias in the transition coverage of a delay test set implies that more rising or more falling transitions are covered by the test set. Such a bias is not captured by fault coverage metrics that consider both types of transitions together. We study the bias in the transition coverage of test sets for path delay faults. The results demonstrate that the bias is circuit-dependent. It also depends on the type of two-pattern tests used. In general, broadside tests show more bias than skewed-load tests, while enhanced-scan tests show little bias. We also consider the use of partial-enhanced-scan for reducing the bias exhibited by broadside tests.
m-Quasinormal f-rings

Abstract Given a completely regular topological space X, we wish to determine the poset structure of the root system of prime ideals of the ring C ( X ) of real-valued continuous functions on X; and vice versa. Here, we describe three measures on the poset of prime subgroups of a lattice-ordered group which determine the arithmetic of the group. Then we show that C ( X ) has the property that the sum of any m minimal prime ideals is a maximal ideal or the entire ring if and only if the subspace ⋂ j =1 m cl ( coz ( f j ))⊂ X is a P-space for every pairwise disjoint family { f j } j =1 m ⊂ C ( X ).
ACD6, a Novel Ankyrin Protein, Is a Regulator and an Effector of Salicylic Acid Signaling in the Arabidopsis Defense Response

The previously reported Arabidopsis dominant gain-of-function mutant accelerated cell death6-1 (acd6-1) shows spontaneous cell death and increased disease resistance. acd6-1 also confers increased responsiveness to the major defense signal salicylic acid (SA). To further explore the role of ACD6 in the defense response, we cloned and characterized the gene. ACD6 encodes a novel protein with putative ankyrin and transmembrane regions. It is a member of one of the largest uncharacterized gene families in higher plants. Steady state basal expression of ACD6 mRNA required light, SA, and an intact SA signaling pathway. Additionally, ACD6 mRNA levels were increased in the systemic, uninfected tissue of Pseudomonas syringae–infected plants as well as in plants treated with the SA agonist benzothiazole (BTH). A newly isolated ACD6 loss-of-function mutant was less responsive to BTH and upon P. syringae infection had reduced SA levels and increased susceptibility. Conversely, plants overexpressing ACD6 showed modestly increased SA levels, increased resistance to P. syringae, and BTH-inducible and/or a low level of spontaneous cell death. Thus, ACD6 is a necessary and dose-dependent activator of the defense response against virulent bacteria and can activate SA-dependent cell death.
Temporal patterns of adherence to medications and behavioral treatment and their relationship to patient characteristics and treatment response

Abstract Background The primary analyses of the COMBINE Study revealed significant naltrexone and Combined Behavioral Intervention (CBI) main effects on drinking outcomes but failed to find additional benefits of the combination of treatments. Investigating differences in patterns of adherence over time may shed light on the treatment effects in COMBINE. The goals of the study were to identify trajectories of medication adherence and participation in CBI, to estimate predictive and moderating effects of adherence trajectories on drinking outcomes and to characterize subjects in adherence trajectories. The results of these analyses may suggest approaches to improving adherence in order to ultimately improve treatment outcome. Methods We used a trajectory-based approach to identify patterns of treatment adherence separately for naltrexone, acamprosate and CBI adherence. Logistic regression and general linear models assessed associations among adherence trajectories, drinking outcomes and patient characteristics. Results Three trajectories of adherence were identified for each treatment: “excellent adherers”, “late non-adherers” and “early non-adherers” and there was good agreement among adherence trajectories with different treatments. “Excellent adherers” had significantly higher percent days abstinent (PDA) and lower percent heavy drinking days (PHDD). CBI significantly decreased PHDD for subjects on acamprosate in the “early non-adherers with medication” trajectory (p = 0.01). Either naltrexone or acamprosate was associated with lower PHDD than placebo for “early non-adherers with CBI” (p Conclusions Patterns of treatment adherence appear to be a participant characteristic. Individuals who fail to adhere early in treatment have worse outcomes regardless of treatment. However, treatment outcomes of participants who exhibit early problems with adherence to one treatment modality could potentially be improved by offering an alternative behavioral or pharmacologic treatment.
An equational specification for the Scheme language

This work describes the formal semantics of Scheme 3 as an equational theory in the Maude rewriting system. The semantics is based on continuations and is highly modular. We briefly investigate the relationship between our methodology for defining programming languages and other semantic formalisms. We conclude by show- ing some performance results of the interpreter obtained for free from the executable specification.
A generalized assignment heuristic for vehicle routing

Abstract : We consider a common variant of the vehicle routing problem in which a vehicle fleet delivers products stored at a central depot to satisfy customer orders. Each vehicle has a fixed capacity, and each order uses a fixed portion of vehicle capacity. The routing decision involves determining which of the demands will be satisfied by each vehicle and what route each vehicle will follow in servicing its assigned demand in order to minimize total delivery cost. We present a heuristic for this problem in which an assignment of customers to vehicles is obtained by solving a generalized assignment problem with an objective function that approximates delivery cost. This heuristic has many attractive features. It has outperformed the best existing heuristics on a sample of standard test problems. It will always find a feasible solution if one exists, something no other existing heuristic can guarantee. It can be easily adapted to accommodate many additional problem complexities. By parametrically varying the number of vehicles in the fleet, our method can be used to optimally solve the problem of finding the minimum size fleet that can feasibly service the specified demand.
Precursor solution additives improve desiccated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3–x infiltrated solid oxide fuel cell cathode performance

Abstract Here, the addition of the surfactant Triton X-100 or the chelating agent citric acid to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3–x (LSCF) precursor nitrate solutions is shown via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to reduce average infiltrate nano-particle size and improve infiltrate phase purity. In addition, the desiccation of LSCF precursor solutions containing the aforementioned organic solution additives further reduces the average LSCF infiltrate nano-particle size and improves the low-temperature infiltrate phase purity. In particular, CaCl2-desiccation reduces the average size of Triton X-100 derived (TXD) LSCF particles fired at 700 °C from 48 to 22 nm, and reduces the average size of citric acid derived LSCF particles fired at 700 °C from 50 to 41 nm. Modeling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests indicate that particle size reductions alone are responsible for desiccation-induced cathode performance improvements such as CaCl2-desiccated TXD La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-x – Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (LSCF-GDC) cathodes reaching a polarization resistance of 0.17 Ωcm2 at 540 °C, compared to 600 °C for undesiccated TXD LSCF-GDC cathodes. This excellent low-temperature performance, combined with a low open-circuit 540 °C degradation rate, suggests that the desiccation of organic-additive-containing infiltrate precursor solutions may be useful for the development of durable, high-power, low-temperature SOFCs.
PACS Experience As A Motivation For A Campus-Wide Picture Network

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) have so far been studied primarily as a tool to address the problems of electronic radiology. Certainly the trends toward digital imaging within radiology provide strong ecomomic and medical incentives for the development of medical picture networks, but we believe that the applications for picture networks extend far beyond the field of radiology. Architects, engineers, biologists - practicioners of virtually every academic and commercial pursuit - deal with picture information every day, and increasingly these pictures are finding their way into digital form. We believe that industries and universities of the future will utilize sophisticated workstations serving a variety of scientific and commercial needs, and that these workstations will be linked by wideband networks capable of supporting not only text but high-resolution picture transmission as well.
An Imaginative Exercise for Teaching Transaction Cycles in an AIS Course

ABSTRACT An understanding of transaction cycle processes is requisite knowledge for accounting professionals and core content within most undergraduate accounting information systems (AIS) courses. However, effectively covering transaction cycle processes within an AIS course can be a difficult, time-consuming, and tedious task. This paper describes a simple but versatile instructional exercise developed to facilitate practical understanding of transaction cycle processes while reducing the tedium of covering this material in class. This paper discusses the rationale for the transaction cycle exercise, exercise learning objectives, exercise implementation, and exercise efficacy. The transaction cycle exercise and teaching notes are available on the AIS Educator Association website (www.aiseducators.com).
Changing Cities, Changing Culture: The Challenges and Opportunities for HRD in Urban Sustainability

The ProblemWith the rapid increase of urban populations, managing urban sustainability has become one of the most important development challenges of the 21st century. As cities plan for a sustainable future, human resource development (HRD) professionals have the potential to facilitate collaboration across multiple organizations and at various scales (neighborhood, ward, city, metropolitan area) and to foster culture change that embraces ecological protection, economic development, and social equity. Although the role of HRD in crises management as a result of major environmental disasters is discussed in the literature, the field of HRD is in its infancy in examining its role and approaches in greening the society and addressing urban environmental challenges proactively.The SolutionThis conceptual article examines sustainability and urban sustainability and their linkage with HRD, discusses the emergent roles of HRD in crisis management, presents opportunities and challenges for Green HRD as a proacti...
Psychotherapy for Chronic Pain

Chronic pain is a health problem of epidemic proportions. Debilitated victims of long-duration, intractable pain lead severely limited lives. For example, many low-back-pain patients, in addition to suffering from physical pain are chronically depressed and are unable to sleep at night, to eat properly, to take care of activities of daily living, and to remain gainfully employed. Traditional medical approaches often prove unsatisfactory for providing long-term relief from chronic pain. In addition, clinicians frequently encounter patients whose pain complaints have no discernible organic basis or where the degree of tissue damage is disproportionate to the reported pain severity. The search for efficacious alternatives has led clinicians to focus on psychological approaches to the problem of treating chronic pain patients (Barber & Adrian, 1982; Catalano, 1987; Holzman & Turk, 1986; Turk, Meichenbaum, & Genest, 1983).
Indigenous agroforestry of Pohnpei

A vegetation survey of 54 randomly-selected Pohnpeian land holdings quantified agroforest vegetation patterns in terms of horizontal distribution in the landscape and changes over time. Spatial distribution of species, expressed as distance from the main household, varied greatly with successional stages to produce the characteristic pattern of the Pohnpeian agroforest. Food crops, bananas, and Piper methysticum were planted around the house compound first, then gradually planted further away over time. Upland forest and secondary successional trees were removed by girdling, and gradually replaced by annual and perennial crops and breadfruit and other trees. A fallow or reduced management stage was discerned, characterized by low densities of early successional crops and higher densities of weedy secondary successional species; this stage resulted from a reduction in management intensity, mainly due to a variety of socioeconomic factors. Although the indigenous Pohnpeian agroforestry system is permanent and thought to be sustainable, it is dynamic in space and time.
Prestack waveform inversion of three-component, two-azimuth surface seismic data for azimuthally dependent anisotropic parameters using a parallelized nondominated sorting genetic algorithm

Summary Consideration of azimuthal anisotropy, at least to an orthorhombic symmetry is important in exploring the naturally fractured and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Full waveform inversion of multicomponent seismic data can, in principle, provide more robust estimates of subsurface elastic parameters and density than inversion of single component seismic data; also azimuthally dependent anisotropy can only be resolved by carefully studying of multicomponent data acquired and processed along different azimuths. Multicomponent seismic inversions however, require the optimization of multiple objectives, one for each data component. Such multiobjective optimization problems are in general nonlinear with nonunique solutions, known as the Paretooptimal solutions. Therefore it is appropriate to treat the objectives as a vector and simultaneously optimize each of its components so that the entire Pareto-optimal set of solutions could be estimated. The fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) is a robust stochastic global optimization algorithm, capable of handling such multiobjective problems, however, its computational intensity increases exponentially with increasing number of objectives and the model parameters to be estimated. In addition, an accurate extraction of subsurface azimuthal anisotropy requires multicomponent seismic data acquired at a fine spatial resolution along many source-to-receiver azimuthal orientations. Because routine acquisition of such data is prohibitively expensive, they are typically available along two or at most three azimuthal orientations at a spatial resolution where such an inversion could be applied. Here, we propose a novel two-step multi-objective inversion methodology using a parallelized version of NSGA II for waveform inversion of three components (P-P, P-SV, P-SH) seismic data along two different azimuths. In the first step, we use the near-offset prestack data along a single azimuth and invert them using an isotropic assumption to obtain an estimate of the vertical P- and Swave velocities. In step 2, we then estimate the azimuthally dependent anisotropic properties and density by inverting the entire long-offset, two-azimuth data. We demonstrate the applicability of the method using synthetic data generated from a multilayer model based on a real well log. We document that the proposed method can reliably extract subsurface elastic parameters and density from multicomponent seismic data.
Artifacts in Mast Cell Metachromasia Produced by Hyaluronidase Preparations.

Summary1) Commercially available hyaluronidase preparations appear to contain substances which are capable of preventing metachromatic staining of mast cells at pH 2 and 3 thus simulating enzymatic hydrolysis of stainable mucopolysaccharides. 2) Evidence suggests that staining is prevented by substances, perhaps proteins, which form a complex with mast cell mucopolysaccharides and prevent staining. It is possible that hyaluronidase itself may be one of the masking proteins. 3) The value of an inactivated enzyme control and use of salt solutions of hyaluronidase in histochemical studies is emphasized.
Ionic diffusion in membranes : I. A kinetic model for the squid axon conductances.

A fundamental approach to calculate the diffusion of ions through membranes is introduced. The membran eis considered as a heterogeneous structure with molecules that can have a selective affinity for a certain class of diffusing ions. To diffuse through a membrane an ion must become associated with, or dissolved into, at least one component of that membrane. Diffusion is produced by thermal jumps from one molecular site to another. It is assumed that the electric field can change the binding properties between ions and membrane molecules. The kinetics of the conductances are calculated from the chemical kinetic theory. The calculations are compared to the squid axon data and the unknown parameters are adjusted to fit the data curves. The results are very satisfactory. The calculated activation energies correspond to the measuredQ10 in the squid axon. The calculated and measured action potentials are quite similar.
Field-dependent electron scattering in Ag Mn and Cu Mn alloys

The dependence upon magnetic field at 4.2 K of the Hall resistivity ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}(B)$ and the transverse magnetoresistance of polycrystalline alloys of Ag or Cu containing typically a few hundred at. ppm Mn has been measured in fields up to 7 T. The qualitative behaviors of the spin and skew components of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}$ in such systems are identified, and evidence is given that associates the former component with the B\'eal-Monod-Weiner mechanism. The temperature dependence of the spin component of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{H}(B)$ in $\mathrm{Ag}\mathrm{Mn}$ alloys has been determined in the range 1.7-80 K to extend the concentration range of previous data. The result is a clearer qualitative picture of the isothermal concentration dependence of this component.
Childhood Bedtime Problems Predict Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms Through Emotional Reactivity

OBJECTIVE: Sleep problems are frequent in children and robustly predict internalizing symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. Longitudinal investigations have nonetheless used broad measures of childhood sleep problems, precluding understanding of the specific sleep problems that presage affective disturbances. Similarly, prospective examinations of mechanistic variables linking early sleep with subsequent internalizing symptoms are lacking. METHOD: Childhood bedtime and nighttime waking problems were examined as independent predictors of adolescent internalizing symptoms within a community sample from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,089). The mediational role of emotional reactivity in late childhood also was examined. RESULTS: Bedtime but not nighttime waking problems significantly predicted adolescent internalizing problems. This relationship was partially explained by child emotional reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Some childhood sleep problems may more reliably predict later internalizing symptoms than others. Temperamentally based emotional reactivity may potentiate affective risk associated with childhood sleep difficulties.© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. Language: en
Basic Hepatopathology: Terminology and Definitions

An important part of learning liver pathology and understanding liver pathology reports is knowing the unique vocabulary used to describe the histologic features. This can be challenging due to the inconsistent use of terms among pathologists, the overlap of histologic features among different diseases, and the presence of multiple names for the same histologic feature. This chapter functions as a glossary of terms with illustrative photos for each definition.
Effects of high fluoride in drinking water on serum hormonal level

Aim: To study the influence of high fluoride in drinking water on the residents' serum hormonal level. Methods: The fluoride contents in drinking water and urine samples from fluoride exposed area and control area were determined. A total of 80 residents were chosen equally from 2 areas. The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol (E_2), and calcitonin (CT) of the 80 residents were determined using radioimmunity.Results: Fluoride content in drinking water and urine sample in fluoride exposed area were (3.86±1.19) mg/L and (4.23±2.38) mg/L, which were distinctly higher than those of the control area ((0.79±0.41) mg/L and (1.61±1.44) mg/L, P 0.01 ). The serum level of LH and T in males from fluoride exposed area had no significant difference from those in control area (P0.05). The serum level of LH in females from fluoride exposed area (median 13.72 IU/L, range 51.51 IU/L) was distinctly higher than that of control area (median 8.38 IU/L, range 21.59 IU/L) (P0.05). The serum level of E_2 in females and the serum level of CT from the 2 areas had no significant difference (P 0.05 ). Conclusion: High fluoride in drinking water can influence the serum level of LH in females.
The Communication and Accept of the Catholic Ethics in Late Ming Dynasty

Concubine system in China is a great obstacle to the spread of Catholic in the late Ming dynasty, which became the focus of the conflict between Chinese and Western cultures. The Jesuit missionaries criticized the traditional concubine system always from the view of the Catholic religion and West family ethics. But for the Chinese Confucians who accepted Catholic, they always hold on the Confucian ethics and regarded the not-concubinage rule as a moral practice. So they tried to absorb the anti-concubine theory to the Neo-Confucianism system, and from this way, they could finally save the social crisis of the Late Ming in the field of political and moral.