cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First-Person Education and the Biofunctional Nature of Knowing, Understanding, and Affect

This chapter outlines a new 1st-person approach to educational research and practice and compares it with the traditional 2nd/3rd-person education. The chapter also reports three studies in support of the hypothesis that the acquisition of 2nd/3rd-person knowledge engages different processes from the acquisition of 1st-person knowledge. Second/third-person knowledge acquisition may be defined as internalization of external knowledge by means of such cognitive processes as elaboration, application, and evaluation all of which presuppose, rather than cause, understanding. First person knowledge acquisition, by contrast, may be defined as the reorganization of the learner’s own biofunctionally-embodied intuitions resulting in new-understanding outcomes such as realization, revelation, and insight. A noteworthy implication is that 1st-person knowledge acquisition, remembering, acquisition of surprising knowledge, and acquisition of insightful knowledge all involve essentially the same knowledge acquisition processes. Any differences may be attributed, e.g., to whether the prerequisite understanding is routine or new with extensive, affectively-rich, biofunctional reorganization.
Optimal magnetic design of the stator windings of dual stator winding squirrel-cage induction machines

The magnetic design of a dual stator winding induction machine having a normal squirrel cage rotor and two sets of three phase stator windings with different pole numbers but housed in the standard stator lamination to produce maximum output power is presented. The design seeks to minimize the effective air-gap flux density or to maximize the individual air-gap flux linkage due to the two sets of windings when the effective air-gap flux density is fixed. The advantage of this proposed design method lies in the total output power maximization of the machine by appropriate allocation of the air-gap flux densities due to the sets of windings.
Conjugal Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication by Escherichia coli K-12: Effect of Chloramphenicol and Rifampin

Conjugal replication of R64-11 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the concomitant transfer of R64-11 DNA to DNA-deficient minicells are dependent upon processes that are inhibited by rifampin and chloramphenicol. The rifampin-sensitive product is not present in vegetatively growing cells and is needed to initiate both conjugal DNA replication in donor cells and DNA transfer to recipient minicells. If the rifampin-sensitive product is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule (rather than RNA polymerase itself), our data indicate that this RNA species required for initiation of conjugal activity does not need to be translated into a protein product. The chloramphenicol-sensitive product(s) is present in vegetatively growing cells in sufficient quantity to permit most donor cells to carry out one round of plasmid conjugal replication and transfer. The initiation of second and subsequent rounds of conjugal replication and transfer are dependent on the synthesis of both the rifampin-sensitive and chloramphenicol-sensitive products. Our results demonstrate a correspondence between the amount of conjugal DNA replication in the donor and the amount of DNA transferred to recipient minicells under all conditions, and therefore suggest but do not prove that plasmid transfer is dependent on conjugal DNA replication. The results also add additional proof that R64-11 transfer to minicells is discontinuous. All of these results are discussed in regard to further refinements of old models for the mechanism of conjugal transfer as well as a more radical departure from current dogma.
Decoding short binary cyclic codes via covering polynomials

The paper concerns the covering polynomial method of decoding cyclic codes. This is an easily-implementable, robust, and low-complexity decoding algorithm. The determination of the exact complexity of the algorithm is a difficult open problem. In this paper several methods for constructing minimal sets of covering polynomials are proposed for the case R < 2/τ, where τ is the number of errors to be corrected. Complete closed form specifications of the minimal set are given for the case where τ is even, and a computationally efficient procedure presented for general τ is shown to be optimal in many cases (and conjectured to be globally optimal). These results are sufficient to determine the exact minimal number of covering monomials for all binary cyclic codes of length up to 127 with τ < 9. Closed form specifications are available for the covering polynomial set for all such codes.
The biochemical and structural basis for trans-to-cis isomerization of retinoids in the chemistry of vision.

Recently, much progress has been made in elucidating the chemistry and metabolism of retinoids and carotenoids, as well as the structures of processing proteins related to vision. Carotenoids and their retinoid metabolites are isoprenoids, so only a limited number of chemical transformations are possible, and just a few of these occur naturally. Although there is an intriguing evolutionary conservation of the key components involved in the production and recycling of chromophores, these genes have also adapted to the specific requirements of insect and vertebrate vision. These ‘ancestral footprints’ in animal genomes bear witness to the common origin of the chemistry of vision, and will further stimulate research across evolutionary boundaries.
An Overview of Blazar Variability

Blazars are characterized by rapid variability at virtually all wavelengths from radio through TeV gamma-rays. The challenge since their discovery has been to understand the origin of their luminous, apparently nonthermal, nuclear emission. Considerable progress has been made in recent years thanks to a handful of multiwavelength monitoring campaigns with high enough temporal sampling to resolve the most rapid variations. The best data for a few objects have shown a variety of behaviors, for the most part commensurate with synchrotron and Compton-scattered emission from a relativistic jet, though better data for more blazars are still clearly needed. In particular, the origin of the seed photons that are upscattered to gamma-ray energies remains unclear. The latest multiwavelength light curves for the BL Lac object PKS2155-304 appear to rule out synchrotron emission from a homogeneous source.
Expanding the scope of the IEEE Transactions on rehabilitation engineering to explicitly include neural engineering

The original scope of this TRANSACTIONS implicitly gave it wide latitude to include all aspects of biologically based Neural Engineering. The TRANSACTIONS now has an additional ex- plicit charter to target Neural Engineering and its links to rehabil- itation, from the very basic science to the highly engineered design application. This TRANSACTIONS will become a prime repository for the emerging field of Neural Engineering, without losing its re- habilitation roots.
Sodium bicarbonate and the microstructure, expansion and color of extruded black beans

Seed microstructure provides complementary information to physicochemical determinations. Scanning electron micrographs of cross sections of black bean extrudates illustrated the increase in volume expansion, with an increase of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in the extrudate. This increase in volume expansion is attributed to the increase in air cell size and corresponding decrease in air cell wall thickness with additional concentrations of NaHCO3. The measured increase in diameter and expansion ratio of extrudates with NaHCO3 addition may be explained by the increase in number of air cells within the extrudate and the increase in pores in the gelatinized starch matrix of air cell walls. Extrusion conditions, which involved the use of heat and moisture, provided the necessary conditions for the release of CO2 from NaHCO3 during processing. Expansion ratio increases between the control extrudate, and extrudate with 0.5% NaHCO3 addition were twofold at the node and 1.8-fold at the area between the nodes. Statistical analysis of color data exhibited no significant change in L*, hue or chroma across concentrations of NaHCO3 for nonextruded flours. A simple linear regression adequately described changes in L* and hue for extruded flours. However, a curvilinear relationship was needed to explain changes in chroma versus NaHCO3 for extruded flours, making changes in chroma measurements less easy to interpret. The color data in this study serve as primary information for future establishment of cut-off values of color for the development of an acceptable legume snack.
Esterified Estrogens Combined With Methyltestosterone Raise Intraocular Pressure in Postmenopausal Women

Purpose To investigate the effect of esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone (EECM) (Estratest, Solvay, Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Baudette, Minnesota, USA) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in postmenopausal women. Design Observational case series. Methods The IOP of 13 consecutive postmenopausal women with dry eye syndrome were recorded before and during EECM therapy (1.25 mg of esterified estrogens and 2.5 mg of methyltestosterone for several months). Results The mean IOP increased from a baseline of 15.0 mm Hg before treatment to 18.2 mm Hg on EECM therapy (P 4 mm Hg) returned to baseline levels after EECM was discontinued. Conclusions Esterified estrogens combined with methyltestosterone produce a clinically significant increase in IOP in postmenopausal women with dry eye syndrome.
Perioperative Challenges in Patients with Unstable Spine

Blunt trauma from high speed motor vehicle accidents, falls from excessive heights, dives into shallow water, and penetrating trauma from gunshot wounds cause the majority of spine lesions; most of these do not involve permanent injury. Spinal cord injury occurs in 12,000–15,000 people per year in the USA; about 10% of these injuries cause permanent damage. Most spinal cord injuries occur in young men between the age of 15 and 25 years. About 5% occur in children.
Determination of Retained B2O3 Content in ZrB2-30 vol% SiC Oxide Scales

The composition of the borosilicate glass layer formed during oxidation of ZrB2-30 vol% SiC was determined to elucidate the extent of B2O3 retention in the oxide during high-temperature oxidation. Oxidation was conducted in stagnant air at 1300°C, 1400°C, and 1500°C for times between 100 and 221 min. Specimens were characterized using mass change and scanning electron microscopy. After oxidation, the borosilicate glass layer was dissolved from the specimens sequentially with deionized H2O and HF acid, to analyze the glass composition using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. It was found that the average B2O3 content in the glass scale ranged from 23 to 47 mol%. Retained B2O3 content in the bulk of the glass decreased with increasing temperature, confirming increased volatility with temperature. Boron depth profiles were also obtained in the near surface region using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The measured B concentrations were used to estimate the B2O3 concentration profile and B diffusion coefficients in the borosilicate glass. Implications for the ZrB2-SiC oxidation process are discussed.
Barack Obama: The Man and His Presidency at the Midterm

The American president is not Aristotle's unmoved mover, but there have been episodes such as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 in which it was up to the chief executive to take actions of incalculable importance. It should therefore be no surprise that there is intense interest in understanding the qualities that each new chief executive brings to his (or, at some point, her) responsibilities. In what follows, I attempt to provide insight into the qualities that Barack Obama brings to his presidency by reviewing his formative years, pre-presidential years, and presidency as of November 2010. I conclude by discussing his strengths and weaknesses in the realms of public communication, organizational capacity, political skill, policy vision, cognitive style, and emotional intelligence (Greenstein 2009a; Greenstein 2009b; see also Barnes 2010).
Malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of liver and plasma in prepatent murine schistosomiasis mansoni.

Host-parasite relationships in murine schistosomiasis have been extensively studied, but only limited research has been directed toward the host’s hepatic metabolism during prepatency. This may be due to the electron microscope (EM) study of STENGER et al. (1967) which demonstrated hepatocyte ultrastructural integrity well into patency. PAGE & KNOWLES (1973) reported generalized hepatocyte ultrastructural changes during prepatency. Aberrant cellular architecture included alteration of the membrane systems of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasmalemma, and high d KNOWLES would necessitate release of sienificant amounts of mMDH to the blood plasma, wYhich might form the basis of a diagnostic test during prepatent murine schistosomiasis.
Vulcanization Characteristics of Natural Rubber

Abstract The present classification program for natural rubbers has been handicapped by the lack of adequate means to characterize their behavior on vulcanization. Several methods have recently been proposed for this purpose. Roth and Stiehler described the strain test from which three vulcanization parameters can be calculated. Two of these parameters have been combined by Schade. Thirion proposed a method for calculating two parameters from the customary measurements of stress at 600 per cent elongation. Gee and Morrell have recently suggested a procedure for determining two parameters from measurements of Mooney viscosity and stress at 100 per cent elongation. Workers at The B. F. Goodrich Company have proposed the use of the Mooney viscometer for determining two parameters. The present study was initiated to compare these methods for classifying natural rubbers. At the same time, an investigation was made of several conditions of treatment of the compound before vulcanization and of the temperature of...
Results of a Phase II Study Using Estramustine Phosphate and Vinblastine in Combination With High-Dose Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and tolerance of neoadjuvant and concomitant estramustine phosphate and vinblastine (EV) with high-dose three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for patients with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer were enrolled onto a prospective study to determine the feasibility of combining EV with 3D-CRT. Patients were eligible if any of the following requirements were satisfied: (1) Gleason score ≥ 8 and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > 10 ng/mL; (2) Gleason score of 7 and PSA > 20 ng/mL; (3) clinical stage T3N0M0 disease with PSA > 20 ng/mL; (4) any patient with T4N0M0 disease; or (5) patients with TXN1MO disease. Therapy consisted of three 8-week cycles of EV and 8 weeks of 3D-CRT. Estramustine phosphate was given orally beginning on week 1 and continued until the completion of 3D-CRT. Each 8-week cycle of vinblastine consisted of 6 weekly intravenous injections followed by a 2-week rest pe...
Cyber modeling & simulation for cyber-range events

The speed and combinatorial nature of the evolving cyber threat demands a more flexible modeling and simulation (M&S) approach utilizing cyber ranges. In this paper, we provide a summary of the base-line process to conduct cyber-range events. In addition, we explain the logical range construct that allows event environments to be constructed in a location independent manner, along with its application to the various phases of cyber range events. We also describe how cyber M&S is utilized in cyber-range events, and the need for using more intelligent and autonomous simulations in the event control plane.
NI-84MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS UNDERLYING THE RADIOLOGICALLY-DEFINED VOLUMETRIC COMPOSITION OF GLIOBLASTOMA.

PURPOSE: To characterize the biological and clinical correlates of radiologically-defined tumor composition. Further, to investigate if tumor volumetric and heterogeneity features can predict up- and down-regulation of biologically relevant gene-sets. METHODS: Genetic (mRNA expression) and radiographic scans (T1,T2,T1-post Gd and FLAIR) for 45 GBM cases was extracted from TCGA (Cancer Genome Atlas) and The Cancer Imaging Archive. Volumetric segmentation of the tumor region into 4 sub-compartments(necrosis, edema, enhancing and non-enhancing regions) was performed with an automated segmentation tool. Tumor-heterogeneity characteristics were measured from segmented post-contrast T1 and T2-FLAIR images. Information about biological pathways (including inflammation-associated gene signatures) were obtained from the Broad-website (MSigDb). Pathway up- or down-regulation scores were obtained using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Multiple-response regression was used to identify pathways associated with the volumetric composition (percentage amounts of necrosis, edema, enhancing and non-enhancing regions) of the tumor. Four-dimensional volumetric composition was used to predict survival as well as status of key inflammatory pathways via a classification approach. True-positive (TPR) and false-positive rates (FPR) were obtained using cross-validation. RESULTS: Percentage of edema, necrosis and enhancing regions in the tumor are significantly associated with mesenchymal-subtype (p-value < 0.05). Examination of the molecular correlates underlying the volumetric composition of the tumor reveals several key pathways such as nitric-oxide biosynthesis, cAMP metabolism, microenvironmental remodeling and cellular differentiation are associated with(p-value < 0.05) and likely drive tumor composition. Further, prediction of 12 month survival using volumetrics and texture features is feasible: TPR of ∼90% and FPR of ∼20%. This study also reveals that volumetric features can be used for prediction of gene-set status (immune/inflammatory gene signatures in this case); with TPR and FPR of 80% and 10% respectively. CONCLUSION: Here, we characterized the molecular correlates of the radiologically-derived volumetric composition of glioblastoma. We show that combining image-derived volumetric and tumor heterogeneity features can predict gene-set status (specifically inflammation status) and overall survival.
Progress in Loss of Control Mitigation

According to data from the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), loss of control in flight remains the biggest cause of aviation accident fatalities. The causes of inflight upsets can be further divided into stalls, mechanical failures (including sensors), spatial disorientation/misapplication of controls, and environment (winds, turbulence, wakes and icing). There has been considerable effort in recent years to mitigate the inflight loss of control problem. These mitigation efforts have concentrated on the pilot (better training), the aircraft, or the environment. This paper will outline the progress in loss of control mitigation and serve as an introduction to materials presented at the 2014 loss of control sessions.
Effects of Parasitism by Lixophaga diatraeae (Diptera: Tachinidae) on Food Consumption and Utilization of European Corn Borer Larvae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Parasitism of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae by Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend) in the early 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of food consumed, frass weight, weight gained, and length of feeding period. The approximate digestibility was significantly greater for parasitized larvae of all three instars fed an artificial diet. Efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance was higher in unparasitized than parasitized larvae of the 4th and 5th instars. Efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance was higher in unparasitized larvae of all three instars. The effects of L. diatraeae on O. nubilalis , an unnatural host, are very similar to the effects of this parasite on its natural host, Diatraea saccharalis .
Regional Model and Mechanism of Rural Labor Transfer Response to Rapid Urbanization in Eastern Coastal China

Rural labor transfer and sustainable development in rural areas are major issues which developing countries have been deeply concerned about.And more and more scholars have paid attention to these scientific issues.The aim of this paper is to analyze urbanization process and the scale and intensity of rural labor transfer in eastern coastal areas in 1978-2008 from two aspects—spatio-temporal process coupling,and morphology and dynamic conjugated.Firstly,the rural labor transfer response intensity model was constructed,which was used to measure the patterns and space differentiation of rural laborers response.And then,the paper divided the regional types of rural labor transfer response intensity to urbanization in eastern coastal China.The results show that: 1) During the study period,the level of urbanization in eastern coastal areas increased from 19.7% in 1978 to 58.2% in 2008,which is higher than the national average level.With urbanization level developing quickly,rural labor transfer scale and strength were growing constantly,with obvious difference in periodicity and regionality.2) The development of non-agriculture,regional disparity,and expected income are prime dynamic driving factors of rural labor transfer mechanism model revealed.In other words,the development of non-agricultural industries has a huge role in promoting the regional rural labor transfer;while the average wage for urban workers also has a significant role in promoting the transfer of rural labor.3) The area of eastern coastal China can be divided into metropolitan-core region,periphery region,marginal region,traditional agricultural-special region.But each type orientates and focuses on different industrial structure and urban system regulation.And finally,we give some policy recommendations for conclusions.
Transport of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and bacteriophage (MS2) in saturated porous media

Retention and transport of microbial pathogens such as viruses in the subsurface environment is an important public health concern. The objectives of this study include: 1) evaluate the transport potential of the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which is a good surrogate for the virus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and 2) examine the effect of solution ionic strength on the retention and transport of bacteriophage MS2, which is a commonly used model for human enteric viruses. Column experiments using either glass beads (IBV) or sand (MS2) were conducted under steady-state and saturated water flow conditions, and for MS2, at a wide range of ionic strength from 0.002 to 0.163mol/L. IBV was retained via first-order removal with a rate coefficient of 0.18h-1 when transported through the glass beads under the conditions examined in this study. Transport of MS2 was shown to strongly depend on ionic strength. The first-order removal rate coefficient was found to increase with increasing ionic strength from 0.002 to 0.065mol/L (first critical value), decrease when ionic strength was further increased to 0.08 mol/L (second critical value), and then increased slowly again when the ionic strength exceeded 0.080mol/L. The reasons for the existence for such critical ionic strength values are not clear at the present. IBV reacted more strongly with porous media and was retained more than MS2 under the same ionic strength and pH, indicating that MS2 may also be used as a conservative model for IBV and perhaps also the SARS virus.
Detecting Pulmonary Nodules in Lung Cancer Patients Using Whole Body FDG PET/CT, High-resolution Lung Reformat of FDG PET/CT, or Diagnostic Breath Hold Chest CT.

Rationale and Objectives Pulmonary nodules can be missed on the non-breath hold computed tomography (CT) portion of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT), and for this reason prior studies have advocated for routinely performing dedicated breath hold CT of the chest in addition to PET/CT for routine staging of malignancy. We evaluated the rate of pulmonary nodule detection on standard CT images from whole body PET/CT studies (WB-PET/CT), high-resolution lung reconstruction CT images from PET/CT studies (HR-PET/CT), and diagnostic breath hold chest CT (BH-CT). Materials and Methods A cohort of 25 patients was identified who had a history of lung cancer as well as a PET/CT staging or restaging scan and BH-CT within 30 days of each other. All PET/CTs included a set of CT images using a soft tissue algorithm filter and 3.75- to 5-mm slice thickness, as well as high-resolution reformats with a sharp reconstruction filter and 2-mm slice thickness. The CT images from WB-PET/CT, HR-PET/CT, and BH-CT were reviewed by three radiologists. Significance was analyzed by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results There were 2.84 nodules found per patient with WB-PET/CT, 3.85 nodules with HR-PET/CT, and 3.91 nodules with BH-CT. When only nodules less than or equal to 8 mm in size were considered, WB-PET/CT also demonstrated significantly fewer nodules (1.98) compared to the HR-PET/CT (2.94) or a BH-CT (2.86) (P Conclusions More pulmonary nodules are detected on the CT portion of PET/CT studies when high-resolution reformatted images are created and reviewed. The ability to detect nodules with the reformatted images was indistinguishable from dedicated BH-CT. Overall, high-resolution reformats of PET/CT images of the lungs can increase the sensitivity for pulmonary nodule detection, approaching that of dedicated BH-CT. These data suggest that if HR-PET/CT reformats are used, additional dedicated BH-CT is unnecessary for routine staging of lung cancer.
A New Way to Characterize the Excitation Mechanism in Surface Photochemistry

Direct and substrate-mediated excitation mechanisms in surface photochemistry can be discriminated based on the pronounced angular dependence of the evanescent electric fields at the vacuum interface of a thin metal film evaporated onto a transparent substrate. We can unambiguously establish the change from a direct to a substrate-mediated excitation mechanism in the photodesorption of SO2 (hν = 6.4 eV) on a quartz prism, with and without a 300 A Ag film.
C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Predict Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that high levels of preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are associated with an increas...
Oxaliplatin-based neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer

e15102 Background: Preoperative chemoradiation improves local recurrence in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer1. The survival benefit of 5-FU based chemotherapy with radiation has been qu...
Adaptive Monte Carlo sampling gradient method for optimization

We present a stochastic gradient descent algorithm with adaptive sampling for the unconstrained optimization problem where the function or the gradient is not directly accessible. We show that the algorithm exhibits global convergence and discuss the work complexity with different choices of predetermined function in the sampling rule.
Defining diff as a data mining primitive

The emphasis on discovery in the knowledge discovery process while important in its own right, has distracted from the equally important process of knowledge representation and maintenance. For a system to indicate what is new or different, it must have an understanding of what is old or well understood or expected. In this paper, we propose diff as a fundamental data mining primitive. We show how it can be used to capture knowledge, either as a set of representative instances or as a set of rules, in a framework that is tightly integrated with the knowledge discovery process. We show how it can be applied to both discrete and continuous attributes and association rules. Lastly, we show how it enables the user to pinpoint high-level differences between two data sets that share the same attributes.
Modern Techniques for the Fractionation and Purification of Phospholipids from Biological Materials

Glycerophospholipids have important roles in biological processes. In addition to forming the hydrophobic backbone of cell membranes, glycerophospholipids also participate actively in signal transduction. A number of receptors respond to agonist-binding by activation of a phospholipase C that hydrolyzes PtdIns 4,5-P2 to InsP3 and diacylglycerols (Berridge and Irvine, 1984; Berridge et al., 1985; Berridge, 1986; Nishizuka, 1984a, b; Hirasawa and Nishizuka, 1985; Abdel-Latif et al., 1985; Akhtar and Abdel-Latif, 1986). The InsP3 may increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, thus activating a protein kinase and other reactions. The diacylglycerol stimulates protein kinase C.
Yeast Mitochondrial Iron Metabolism and the Pathophysiology of Friedreich’s Ataxia

Iron is an essential element required for both redox reactions and for the synthesis of heme. The same properties of iron that render it so useful biochemically — the ease at which it can gain or lose electrons- also makes iron potentially toxic. The toxicity of iron results from its ability to reduce molecular oxygen. A complete reduction of molecular oxygen results in the formation of H2O which is not dangerous. Incomplete reduction of oxygen leads to the formation of either Superoxide anion (O2−) or the hydroxyl radical (OH ), both of which are extremely toxic (Spiro, 1974). Cells employ numerous strategies to protect themselves from iron induced oxidant damage. Enzymes, such as Superoxide dismutase and catalase, can deactivate oxygen radicals. Cells can store intracellular iron in a relatively safe form within ferritin. The major mechanism, however, that cells employ to protect themselves against iron mediated damage is to regulate iron accumulation. Because iron is so important most cells have multiple transport systems capable of mediating transmembrane iron transport. All iron transport systems studied to date are under tight regulation that is responsive to intracellular iron demand. Studies in E. coli, yeast, and humans have resulted in a detailed understanding of the iron dependent regulation at the molecular level. Based on these studies the pathophysiology of defects resulting from malregulation of transport, either deficiency or excess are readily understandable.
Medial Collateral Ligament Deficiency of the Elbow Joint: A Computational Approach

Computational elbow joint models, capable of simulating medial collateral ligament deficiency, can be extremely valuable tools for surgical planning and refinement of therapeutic strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of varying levels of medial collateral ligament deficiency on elbow joint stability using subject-specific computational models. Two elbow joint models were placed at the pronated forearm position and passively flexed by applying a vertical downward motion on humeral head. The models included three-dimensional bone geometries, multiple ligament bundles wrapped around the joint, and the discretized cartilage representation. Four different ligament conditions were simulated: All intact ligaments, isolated medial collateral ligament (MCL) anterior bundle deficiency, isolated MCL posterior bundle deficiency, and complete MCL deficiency. Minimal kinematic differences were observed for isolated anterior and posterior bundle deficient elbows. However, sectioning the entire MCL resulted in significant kinematic differences and induced substantial elbow instability. Joint contact areas were nearly similar for the intact and isolated posterior bundle deficiency. Minor differences were observed for the isolated anterior bundle deficiency, and major differences were observed for the entire MCL deficiency. Complete elbow dislocations were not observed for any ligament deficiency level. As expected, during isolated anterior bundle deficiency, the remaining posterior bundle experiences higher load and vice versa. Overall, the results indicate that either MCL anterior or posterior bundle can provide anterior elbow stability, but the anterior bundle has a somewhat bigger influence on joint kinematics and contact characteristics than posterior one. A study with a larger sample size could help to strengthen the conclusion and statistical significant.
Expanded skin virome in DOCK8-deficient patients

Human microbiome studies have revealed the intricate interplay of host immunity and bacterial communities to achieve homeostatic balance. Healthy skin microbial communities are dominated by bacteria with low viral representation1-3, mainly bacteriophage. Specific eukaryotic viruses have been implicated in both common and rare skin diseases, but cataloging skin viral communities has been limited. Alterations in host immunity provide an opportunity to expand our understanding of microbial-host interactions. Primary immunodeficient patients manifest with various viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, including skin infections4. Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is a rare primary human immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent cutaneous and systemic infections, as well as atopy and cancer susceptibility5. DOCK8, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor highly expressed in lymphocytes, regulates actin cytoskeleton, which is critical for migration through collagen-dense tissues such as skin6. Analyzing deep metagenomic sequencing data from DOCK8-deficient skin samples demonstrated a notable increase in eukaryotic viral representation and diversity compared with healthy volunteers. De novo assembly approaches identified hundreds of novel human papillomavirus genomes, illuminating microbial dark matter. Expansion of the skin virome in DOCK8-deficient patients underscores the importance of immune surveillance in controlling eukaryotic viral colonization and infection.
Automatic Classification of Bing Answers User Verbatim Feedback

Microsoft Windows products receive huge amount of feedback across different channels. The amount of feedback received monthly around 11 K, which is humanly inefficient to analyze. When user issues a technical query (e.g., connect projector in win 10) on Bing search engine, it shows an answer (e.g., steps to connect to projector in Windows 10) to user query. These answers are created by content author’s team. The triggering team shows the relevant answer for a user query. When users are not satisfied with the answer, they might provide feedback. It is very crucial to understand user feedback to improve user experience. The existing approach to analyze user feedback is to go through each piece of feedback and assign it to right team for resolution. This approach is laborious, expensive and does not scale well. We proposed an approach, which understands user query, answer, and feedback and automatically categorize the verbatim feedback into one of the following three categories: authors, triggering, irrelevant (Junk). The classified feedback is routed to the respective team. We trained a supervised machine learning classifier to perform feedback classification. We have extracted different features from query, answer, and user feedback. Our features composed of bag-of-n-grams extracted from verbatim feedback and deep semantic structured model (DSSM) score between query and answer title. We have achieved 82% classification accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. This classifier has been improved over the time. Our approach reduced huge amount of manual work. The proposed solution also helped in reduction of dissatisfaction ration (internal success measure) by 2%, which indicates the enhancement in overall user experience with tech answers.
Abnormal Pouchogram Predicts Pouch Failure Even in Asymptomatic Patients.

BACKGROUND Anastomotic complications after restorative total proctocolectomy with IPAA for ulcerative colitis alter functional outcomes and quality of life and may lead to pouch failure. Routine contrast enema of the pouch assesses anastomotic integrity before ileostomy reversal, but its clinical use is challenged. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship among preoperative clinical characteristics, abnormal pouchography, and long-term pouch complications. DESIGN This was a retrospective chart review. SETTINGS The study was conducted at a tertiary care center between 2000 and 2010. PATIENTS Ulcerative colitis patients with IPAA undergoing pouchography before ileostomy closure were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient demographics, incidence of pouch-related complications, and findings on pouchogram were recorded. Primary outcome was pouch failure, defined as excision or permanent diversion of the ileoanal pouch. Independent predictors of pouch failure were determined by multivariate regression. RESULTS A total of 262 patients with ulcerative colitis were included. Contrast extravasation was seen in 27 patients (10.3%): 14 (51.9%) were clinically asymptomatic at the time of pouchogram. Six (22.2%) of 27 patients with extravasation developed pouch failure despite normalization of the pouchogram before ileostomy closure. Forty patients (15.3%) were found to have pouch-anal anastomotic stenosis; only 1 developed pouch failure. Pre-IPAA serum albumin and hemoglobin levels were inversely associated with contrast extravasation (serum albumin: OR = 0.42; hemoglobin: OR = 0.77; p < 0.05). Contrast extravasation was associated with delayed takedown operation (average = 67 d), increased risk (OR = 5.25; p < 0.01), and shorter time (median = 32.0 vs 72.5 mo; HR = 5.88; p < 0.05) to pouch failure, as well as increased risk of pouch-related complications (p < 0.05). LIMITATIONS The study was limited by its retrospective nature and small number of patients who developed pouch failure. CONCLUSIONS Pouchography before ileostomy takedown is useful in identifying patients with ulcerative colitis at risk for postoperative complications. Radiologic resolution of IPAA-related leak does not reliably predict healing; caution is warranted in this subgroup. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A818.
Poetry and Habits of Caring Knowledge

In this chapter, an argument is made that caring as theorized in care ethics and poetry shares an expansive view of what constitutes knowledge. Furthermore, there is both knowledge and epistemic processes inherent to the experience of poetry that can contribute to richer, more effective care. The chapter begins by establishing the significant role of knowledge in both care and poetry. Quite simply, one cannot care without knowledge and poetry imparts knowledge albeit it seems to be an undervalued form of knowledge. The chapter delves into the tension between particular and general knowledge as well as the nature of tacit knowledge, followed by an exploration of tacit epistemic processes. The conclusion addresses how poetry can instantiate habits of expansive knowledge acquisition.
The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution

Waitman Wade Beorn's The Holocaust in Eastern Europe provides a comprehensive history of the Holocaust in the region that was the central location of the event itself while including material often overlooked in general Holocaust history texts.First introducing Jewish life as it was lived before the Nazis in Eastern Europe, the book chronologically surveys the development of Nazi policies in the area over the period from 1939 to 1945. This book provides an overview of both the German imagination and obsession with the East and its impact on the Nazi genocidal project there. It also covers the important period of Soviet occupation and its effects on the unfolding of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe. This text also treats in detail other themes such as ghettoization, the Final Solution, rescue, collaboration, resistance, and many others. Throughout, Beorn includes detailed examples of the similarities and differences of the nature of the Holocaust in various regions, in the words of perpetrators, witnesses, collaborators, and victims/survivors.Beorn also illustrates the complex nature of the Holocaust by discussing the difficult subjects of collaboration, sexual violence, the use of slave labour, treatment of Soviet POWs, profiteering and others within a larger narrative framework. He also explores key topics like Jewish resistance, Jewish councils, memory, and explanations for perpetration, collaboration, and rescue. The book includes images and maps to orient the reader to the topic area.This important book explains the brutality and complexity of the Holocaust in the East for all students of the Holocaust and 20th-century Eastern European history.
Identification of genes in Tn916 encoding membrane-targeted proteins

27 Introduction 28 Materials and Methods 29 Results 36 Discussion 40 Acknowledgements 46 References 46 CHAPTER 3. Orfl3, orfIS, AND orfZl OF Tn916 ARE IMPORTANT FOR 64 THE CONJUGAL TRANSFER OF Tn9/5 AND THE Tn975-MEDIATED MOBILIZATION OF PLASMID pC194 FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS Abstract 64 Introduction 65 Materials and Methods 67 Results 70 Discussion 7364 Introduction 65 Materials and Methods 67 Results 70 Discussion 73
Functional significance of MAIT cells in psoriatic arthritis.

Abstract Background Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are gaining more relevance for autoimmune diseases because of its (i) innate and adaptive immune response (ii) tissue homing properties (iii) production of IL-17A. These cells are predominantly CD8+ cells, because of its strong association with MHC-I. Tc17 CD8+/MAIT cells likely to have a critical role in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Herein, we have explored pathological significance of MAIT cell in PsA. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) were collected from age/sex matched (n = 10 for each) PsA, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis patients (OA). Hi-D FACS studies were performed: (i) activated memory cells (CD3+CD45RO+) T cells were identified (ii) gating strategies were made to identity the MAIT (CD3+Vα7.2TCR+CD161hi) cells, its phenotype pattern; and functional significance in respect to IL-17A production and responsiveness to human rIL-23. Anti CD3/CD28 ab cocktail was used to activate cells along with rIL-23 to culture and enrich the MAIT cells. The percentages of each cell population and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) were analyzed using Flow Jo software. Results MAIT cells were enriched in synovial fluid of PsA (4.29 ± 0.82%) compared to PBMC (1.04 ± 0.71). With stimulation, SFMC MAIT cells produced significantly more IL-17A (32.66 ± 4.01%) compared to that of RA (23.93 ± 2.81%, p 80%). Significant upregulation of IL-23R was noted in synovial fluid MAIT cells of PsA (24.97 ± 2.33%, p Conclusion MAIT cells are poly functional; produce multiple cytokines (IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α). Here, we demonstrated synovial fluid MAIT cells as a major source of IL-17A and majority of MAIT cells were CD8+. Functionally active IL-23R on these migrated MAIT cells brings a new dimension. They may not need MR1 associated activation rather lesional IL-23 in the synovium can independently regulate these critical Tc17 CD8+ MAIT cells. Thus, these cells likely to be a part of the IL-23/IL-17A cytokine network and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PsA.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE METHYL ACCEPTOR PROTEIN FROM ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN GRANULES

The methyl acceptor protein (MAP), which is the endogenous substrate for adrenal medullary protein carboxymethylase (PCM, E.C.2.1.1.24), has been purified from a hypotonic lysate of adrenal chromaffin granules. This MAP, which is distinct from dopamine β-hydroxylase(DβH), possesses properties comparable to those reported for chromogranin A. Chromaffin granule membrane proteins are also substrates for PCM, resulting in release of the methylated MAP from the membranes.
Tumor density is associated with response to endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle injection of cisplatin

Background Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle injection of cisplatin (EBUS-TBNI cisplatin) is a therapeutic option for patients with recurrent lung cancer. However, the tumor characteristics that influence the distribution of the agent following intratumoral delivery remain largely unknown. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of EBUS-TBNI cisplatin cases performed at two centers. Semi-automated tumor segmentation from CT scans was performed while blinded to the outcome of response. Twenty-four algorithmic radiomics features from two categories, Morphology (i.e., shape, volume) and Intensity (i.e., density), were extracted, and feature selection performed via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Models were constructed from clinicoepidemiologic variables and selected radiomics features and evaluated using the likelihood ratio chi-square assessment and Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Results Thirty-eight patients with available imaging data were analyzed. Based on RECIST criteria, 27 of 38 treated sites demonstrated complete or partial remission (71%). The top three features identified by LASSO regression were variance, energy, and kurtosis. All three are measures of intensity, a surrogate for tumor density. Two logistic regression models with the outcome of response were created, each with the top 3 categorical features: (I) an Intensity model including variance, energy, and kurtosis, and (II) a Morphology model including surface-to-volume ratio, spherical disproportion, and maximum 3-dimensional (3D) diameter. Only the Intensity model met criteria for significance (P=0.024), and it resulted in a lower AIC and higher pseudo R square value vs. the Morphology model. Conclusions Measures of tumor density are more highly associated with response to EBUS-TBNI cisplatin than measures of morphology.
Xenophon and the Athenian Democracy : The Education of an Elite Citizenry

This book seeks to understand Xenophon as an elite Athenian writing largely for an elite Athenian audience in the first half of the fourth century BC. It argues that Xenophon calls on men of his own class to set aside their assumptions of superiority based on birth or wealth and to reinvent themselves as individuals who can provide effective leadership to the democratic city and serve it as good citizens. Xenophon challenges, criticizes, and sometimes satirizes the Athenian elite, and seeks to instruct them concerning the values, knowledge, and practical skills they will need to succeed as civic leaders. Xenophon is thus best understood not as an aristocratic dinosaur who is out of place in a democratic setting, as some have assumed, but as a thoughtful and pragmatic reformist who seeks to ensure that meritorious members of the elite step forward to lead within the democracy.
Deformation Method of Self-Mixing Laser Sensor’s Feedback Phase for Estimation of Optical Feedback Coupling Factor and Displacement

This paper, while focusing on post-perturbed phase processing of optical feedback based self-mixing laser displacement sensor, rigorously derives a general strategy to achieve the particular task of retrieving displacement from perturbed (feedback based) phase based on a proposition, which has been proved separately. From this, a new algorithm has been derived for estimation of optical feedback coupling factor and corresponding displacement over weak-, moderate-, and strong-optical feedback regimes, by using the concept of deformation. This method can work on all displacements so long as these are sufficiently smooth, i.e, have enough continuous derivatives. The algorithm’s steps are shown to be mathematically consistent. Furthermore, its performance has also been verified, and compared with a previous method, by using simulated and experimental signals for an SM sensor with emission wavelength of 785 nm. Displacement measurement precision has also been quantified by using a commercial transducer with 2 nm resolution showing that the proposed method provides comparable displacement precision even for fringe-loss affected, strong-feedback regime signals.