cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Video in the Promotion of Social Competence in Children and Adolescents

Video training has practical and representational advantages that make it well-suited pedagogically and methodologically for use by investigators developing school-based social competence promotion programs. Pedgogically, video's visual representational medium and attention-focusing capacities help to promote the effective presentation of the process-based reciprocal flow of social understanding and behavior. Methodologically, video enables researchers to standardize training approaches and thus to evaluate more accurately the effectiveness of a given intervention, including the ability to assess the hypothesized processes of skill learning, as well as the social outcomes of such learning. In addition, video is readily accessible for classroom use. As such, it has potential both as a powerful stimulus for learning, and also as the foundation of an intervention that can be both easily disseminated and systematically evaluated. The empirical and theoretical bases of social competence video training in socia...
Human papillomavirus and oropharynx cancer: biology, detection and clinical implications.

Objectives: To review evidence for the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of oropharyngeal cancers, methods of viral detection, and the resulting clinical implications. Study Design: Contemporary review. Methods: Published journal articles identified through PubMed and conference proceedings were reviewed. Results: HPV-associated squamous cell carcinomas represent a distinct disease entity from carcinogen-associated squamous cell carcinomas. HPV oncoproteins lead to mucosal cell transformation through well-defined mechanisms. Different methods of detecting HPV exist with variable levels of sensitivity and specificity for biologically active virus. Although virus is detected in a number of head and neck subsites, studies demonstrate improved outcomes in HPV-associated carcinoma of the oropharynx only. The cell cycle regulatory protein p16 is upregulated by biologically active HPV and serves as a biomarker of improved response to therapy. Conclusions: HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is a biologically distinct entity from carcinogen-associated carcinoma. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the improved outcomes in patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma may lead to novel therapeutics for patients with carcinogen-associated carcinomas. Laryngoscope, 2010
Ultraviolet light control of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet in a closed fish culture recirculation system

. A closed fish culture recirculation system consisting of 36 20-gallon aquaria in series with a rotating plate biofilter, a diatomaceous earth filter, and an ultraviolet (UV) light sterilizer was evaluated for the effectiveness of UV light in preventing spread of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Water from the aquaria, the reservoir, and a valve 29 cm beyond the UV light source was analysed bacteriologically to assess its effectiveness. The spread of I multifiliis from one aquarium to another was controlled with 91 900 μW s/cm8 of UV light. No significant differences in the bacterial counts from the water of the reservoir or the aquaria could be demonstrated when the UV light was either on or off, although a significant difference could be demonstrated between the sterilizer effluent and the reservoir and aquaria.
Rheumatoid Spondylitis, Aortic Insufficiency, and Coronary Artery Disease: An Operable Combination

A case of rheumatoid (ankylosing) spondylitis with aortic insufficiency and arteriosclerotic coronary heart disease is presented. Surgical replacement of the aortic valve and aortocoronary bypass grafts were successfully accomplished.
The role of suggested size in distance responses

A number of studies have concluded that suggested size can modify perceived size, as indicated by the effect on perceived distance. At least this effect seems to occur when verbal reports are used as the measure of the judged distance of the target. The present study supports a different explanation of this phenomenon. It is hypothesized that suggested size can result in the judgment that the target is larger or smaller than normal (an off-sized judgment) where normal is specified by the suggested size. Because the observer expects that a target judged as a small or large off-sized object must be at a greater or lesser distance, respectively. than its perceived distance, the off-sized judgment can provide a cognitive modification of reported distance. This explanation was tested by measuring the perceived distance of targets using a procedure (called the head motion procedure) that, in contrast with verbal reports of distance, is very unlikely to be influenced by off-sized judgments. Measures obtained with the head motion procedure, unlike those obtained from verbal reports, did not change with changes in the suggested size. It is concluded that the size suggestions had a cognitive, not a perceptual, effect on responses to the distance (and size) of the targets.
Rare earth element fluxes and geochemical budget in the eastern equatorial Pacific

Rare earth element (REE) patterns and flux measurements of sediment traps, sediments, and nodules from the eastern tropical Pacific demonstrate the dominance of REE supply to the sea floor by particle settling. Quantitative partitioning of the particle flux reveals that biogenic debris is the major REE carrier in shallow depths; however, the labile particles are surpassed in importance by alumino-silicate particles at greater depths. Regeneration of biogenic-associated REE appears responsible for La/Ce variations in the particle flux with depth, and provides the primary source of REE accreted by nodules.
Bayesian Inference for Multivariate Survival Data with a Cure Fraction

We develop Bayesian methods for right censored multivariate failure time data for populations with a cure fraction. We propose a new model, called the multivariate cure rate model, and provide a natural motivation and interpretation of it. To create the correlation structure between the failure times, we introduce a frailty term, which is assumed to have a positive stable distribution. The resulting correlation structure induced by the frailty term is quite appealing and leads to a nice characterization of the association between the failure times. Several novel properties of the model are derived. First, conditional on the frailty term, it is shown that the model has a proportional hazards structure with the covariates depending naturally on the cure rate. Second, we establish mathematical relationships between the marginal survivor functions of the multivariate cure rate model and the more standard mixture model for modelling cure rates. With the introduction of latent variables, we show that the new model is computationally appealing, and novel computational Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are developed to sample from the posterior distribution of the parameters. Specifically, we propose a modified version of the collapsed Gibbs technique (J. S. Liu, 1994, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.89, 958?966) to sample from the posterior distribution. This development will lead to an efficient Gibbs sampling procedure, which would otherwise be extremely difficult. We characterize the propriety of the joint posterior distribution of the parameters using a class of noninformative improper priors. A real dataset from a melanoma clinical trial is presented to illustrate the methodology.
Effect of Structure and Substituents in the Aqueous Phase Oxidation of Alcohols and Polyols Over Au, Pd, and Au–Pd Catalysts

Reactivity trends for oxidation of various alcohols and polyols have been examined for carbon-supported Au, Pd, and Au–Pd catalysts. A Hammett σρ approach was used to study substituent effects, with Hammett factors (ρ) of 1.27, 1.31, and 0.40 obtained for Pd, Au, and Au–Pd catalysts, suggesting the formation of a net negative charge at the transition state of the rate limiting step. The lower ρ for the Au–Pd catalyst versus Au and Pd monometallic catalysts indicates the ability of the Au–Pd catalyst to stabilize the negative charge at the transition state, explaining the improved performance of Au–Pd bimetallic catalysts for alcohol oxidation. Hammett–Taft factors were used to explain the low selectivity of terminal diols and polyols to diacids.
The assessment of factorial invariance in need for cognition using Hispanic and Anglo samples

The Need for Cognition Scale-Short Form (NCS-SF; J. T. Cacioppo, R. E. Petty, & C. F. Kao, 1984) is a commonly administered measure in the behavioral sciences, but little research has assessed its applicability across cultures. A sample of undergraduates in the southeastern United States and a sample of undergraduates at a southwestern U.S. university completed the NCS-SF. Hispanic respondents did not differ from Anglos in their mean NCS-SF scores. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that factor parameter estimates and item intercepts were partially measurement invariant across samples.
Effect of Blended Fly Ashes in Mitigating Alkali–Silica Reaction

The role of chemical composition of fly ash in mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR) was examined, and findings were used to evaluate blends of high-lime and low-lime fly ashes in their ability to mitigate ASR. In addition, the influence of particle size (fineness) of fly ashes on ASR mitigation was evaluated, so that the relative significance of fineness and chemical composition of fly ash in mitigating ASR could be established. Findings from these studies confirm results from studies on the influence of lime content of ash on ASR mitigation. Blended fly ashes containing content of no more than 16.5% equivalent calcium oxide and no less than 66% equivalent silicon dioxide were found to be effective in mitigating ASR. The performance of blended fly ashes was comparable with that of virgin fly ashes of equivalent chemical composition. Finer fly ashes showed better ASR mitigation in the case of low- and intermediate-lime fly ashes. However, in the case of high-lime fly ashes, the effect of fineness could ...
Reversible Inhibition of Growth of Microsporum audouini with Neopyrithiamine.

SummaryThe ability of neopyrithiamine to inhibit growth of Microsporum audouini in vitro in very low concentrations suggests its use in cases of tinea capitis caused by this fungus. The application of neopyrithiamine alone or in combination with other agents or vitamin antagonists now being studied may prove helpful in combating these infections.
An innovative approach to training hospital-based clinicians for bioterrorist attacks

The recent attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent dissemination event of anthrax in the United States demonstrated the necessity for hospitals to initiate bioterrorism education for clinicians. Events such as the release of sarin gas into the Tokyo subway by the Aum Shinrikyo cult provided some insight into how quickly emergency medical personnel may be overwhelmed by causalities of unconventional weapons. Educational interventions to prepare hospital-based practitioners for such disasters must fit among the demands of patient care, administrative duties, and continuing education within specialties. In addition, the priority placed on the topic, confusion about reputable resources to consult, and concerns of funding for preparedness training mandate the need for an authoritative, comprehensive, and easily accessible approach. A pilot project supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was developed to facilitate streamlining of preparedness efforts through the implementation of interactive screen savers as an alternative to traditional educational modalities. This report presents the successful application of this model, which was quantified with pretests and posttests given to users of the system.
Autoimmune hepatitis in diverse ethnic populations and geographical regions

Autoimmune hepatitis has diverse clinical phenotypes and outcomes in ethnic groups within a country and between countries, and these differences may reflect genetic predispositions, indigenous etiological agents, pharmacogenomic mechanisms and socioeconomic reasons. In the USA, African–American patients have cirrhosis more commonly, treatment failure more frequently and higher mortality than white American patients. Survival is poorest in Asian–American patients. Autoimmune hepatitis in other countries is frequently associated with genetic predispositions that may favor susceptibility to indigenous etiological agents. Cholestatic features influence treatment response; acute-on-chronic liver disease increases mortality and socioeconomic and cultural factors affect prognosis. Ethnic-based deviations from classical phenotypes and the frequency of late-stage disease can complicate the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in non-white populations.
Development of a New Force Field for Polynorbornene

A new force field has been customized for the variation of polynorbornene that contains a bicycloheptane group in the backbone structure. The force field was developed from ab initio density functional theory (DFT), and semiempirical electronic structure calculations for both stereochemical dimers of the 2,3 exo−exo isomer of polynorbornene. The bond length and bond angle parameters were determined using the HF/6-311G** ab initio SCF method. The intrinsic torsion potential was determined using the AM1 semiempirical method and the van der Waals parameters are kept same as in the Dreiding 2.21 force field. Both the bonded and torsional energy functions compared well to DFT calculations. The equilibrium geometry and the torsional energetics of the customized force field differ significantly from generic force fields such as Dreiding. Comparisons to experimentally determined geometry and infrared and Raman spectra were used to determine the optimum ab initio and semiempirical method to use for force field par...
Absence of Protein Polymorphism in the Ras Genes of Drosophila melanogaster

Sequence analysis of 27 alleles of each of the three Ras-related genes in Drosophila melanogaster indicates that they all have low levels of polymorphism but may experience slightly different evolutionary pressures. No amino acid replacement substitutions were indicated in any of the sequences, or in the sibling species D. simulans and D. mauritiana. The Dras1 gene, which is the major ras homologue in Drosophila, has less within-species variation in D. melanogaster relative to the amount of divergence from the sibling species than does Dras2, although the contrast was not significant by the HKA test. Dras2 appears to be maintaining two classes of haplotype in D. melanogaster, one of which is closer to the alleles observed in the sibling species, suggesting that this is not likely to be a pseudogene despite the absence of a mutant phenotype. Although differences in level of expression may affect the function of the genes, it is concluded that genetic variation in the Ras signal transduction pathways cannot be attributed to catalytic variation in the Ras proteins.
Effects of neonatal testosterone injection and hormone replacement in adulthood on body weight and body fat in female rats

Abstract Female rats received testosterone or oil injections at three days of age. Upon reaching adulthood, each of these two early treatment groups was divided into three subgroups that were either (a) ovariectomized and given prolonged estrogen injections, (b) ovariectomized and given oil injections, or (c) sham-operated and given oil injections. In agreement with previous findings, the infant testosterone treatment increased body weight (significant increases from control levels appeared by 28 days of age) and decreased ovarian weight. Ovariectomy in adulthood produced quantitatively similar increases in body weight whether or not testosterone had been administered in infancy. Similarly, estradiol was equally effective in both infant testosterone and control groups in blocking this increase in weight following ovariectomy. However, estradiol reduced the weight of ovariectomized and testosterone-treated females only to levels characteristic of other testosterone-treated but non-ovariectomized animals, never to normal control levels. These results are interpreted as indicating that testosterone in infancy chronically alters or reorganizes a central nervous mechanism responsible for regulating body weight; but, this mechanism retains its responsiveness to the normal weight-suppressing effects of estrogen following such treatment. Observations indicating parallel effects of estrogen upon weight and body fat, particularly in the inguinal fat organs, are also reported.
GnRH Regulates Gonadotropin Gene Expression Through NADPH/Dual Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species.

The appropriate control of synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropin hormones LH and FSH by pituitary gonadotropes is essential for the regulation of reproduction. The hypothalamic neuropeptide GnRH is the central regulator of both processes, coordinating secretion with transcription and translation of the gonadotropin hormone subunit genes. The MAPK family of second messengers is strongly induced in gonadotropes upon GnRH stimulation, and multiple pathways activate these kinases. Intracellular reactive oxygen species participate in signaling cascades that target MAPKs, but also participate in signaling events indicative of cell stress. The NADPH oxidase (NOX)/dual oxidase (DUOX) family is a major enzymatic source of intracellular reactive oxygen, and we show that GnRH stimulation of mouse primary pituitary cells and the LβT2 gonadotrope cell line elevates intracellular reactive oxygen via NOX/DUOX activity. Mouse pituitary and LβT2 cells abundantly express NOX/DUOX and cofactor mRNAs. Pharmacological i...
Optimal radar threshold determination in Weibull clutter and Gaussian noise

A technique is presented for determining the ideal detection threshold when Gaussian noise and Weibull distributed clutter returns are present on a radar receiver and neither is dominant. Quantitative data is presented for several clutter types and false alarm probabilities.
On Face Numbers of Rational Simplicial Polytopes with Symmetry

Tight lower bounds are obtained for the h-vector-and, consequently, for all the face numbers-of a rational simplicial polytope which has a fixed-point-free linear symmetry of prime order. This extends a result of Richard Stanley for centrally symmetric polytopes.
A potential role for apoptosis in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease

Previous studies have shown that β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides are neurotoxic. Recent data suggest that neurons undergoing Aβ-induced cell death exhibit characteristics that correspond to the classical features of apoptosis, suggesting that these cells may initiate a program of cell death. This chapter explores the criteria and precautions that must be applied to evaluate mechanisms of cell death in vitro and in vivo, discusses the evidence supporting an apoptotic mechanism of cell death in response to Aβ in cultured neurons, and describes potential correlations for these findings in the Alzheimer's disease brain. In addition, cellular signaling pathways that may be associated with apoptosis in response to Aβ are examined, and support for apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death for other neurodegeneration-inducing stimuli (e.g., oxidative injury) is described. The connection of multiple stimuli that induce neuronal cell death to an apoptotic mechanism suggests that apoptosis could play a central role in neurodegeneration in the brain.
Relationship of heterogeneous nucleation and condensational growth on aerosol nanoparticles

Abstract Heterogeneous nucleation and condensation of dibutylphthalate, octadecane, octadecanol, and octadecanoic acid vapors at various pressures on insoluble AgCl and Ag nanoparticles in a turbulent mixing condensation nuclei counter (TMCNC) have been studied theoretically. A method to interpret the particle size distributions measured with a DMA and estimate the parameters for nucleation on single particles is proposed. Based on this semi-empirical method, the Gibbs free energy is calculated and a rate of heterogeneous nucleation on single particles is estimated directly from the experimental “condensation spectra” of inactive and active CN using the DMA data. In some cases, the dependence of the Gibbs nucleation energy on the vapor supersaturation had two maximums and one minimum, instead of one maximum as described by Gibbs' classical thermodynamics of phase transitions. This phenomenon, called “double barrier nucleation” (DBN) is caused by the surface heterogeneity of nano-CN; this is first experimental verification of DBN that had been previously predicted theoretically. Two types of heterogeneity may be present: topographic or energetic. Focusing on energetic heterogeneity, a theoretical model of DBN for spherical geometry is developed. The surface heterogeneity for insoluble nano-sized CN is shown to be critical to explaining the unusual transformation of a monomodal size distribution of inactive CN into a bimodal distribution of activated CN when coagulation is excluded. Future studies will be directed toward more data for further refining the theory and developing a model that simultaneously accounts for both types of surface heterogeneity of nano-CN.
Financial integration within Europe and the international transmission of business cycles among industrialized countries

We exploit a dataset on financial integration within Europe to answer a novel question in the international Real Business Cycle (RBC) literature. Does financial integration within Europe matter for the international transmission of business cycles between the United States and Europe? We find that it does, and that as European countries become more financially integrated among themselves, European business cycles start to ‘decouple’ from those in the United States. We show that this is true for three macro indicators of economic activity: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consumption and investment, and for five alternative measures of the degree of financial integration. We also show that the effect of trade linkages becomes insignificant once financial factors are accounted for. Our work has interesting policy implications since it unveils the importance of further integration in the EU to slow down the transmission of aggregate shocks among industrialized nations.
Circuit Simulation of the MITL in an IVA with a Non-Ideal Center Conductor

The present MITL (magnetically-insulated transmission line) center conductor of the Mercury IVA (inductive voltage adder) tapers down in diameter at each cell feed so as to have the ideal, uniformly increasing steps in impedance as the line voltage increases. This provides optimal power coupling to a self-limited load and ensures that electron flow will not be lost at the impedance transitions of the MITL, thereby retaining magnetic insulation. The output voltage of Mercury into a self-limited load can be increased by decreasing the diameter of the center conductor, increasing the MITL impedance. A simple, low-cost way to do this is to reuse some small segments of the existing center conductor, even though they have non-ideal diameters in this new configuration, and add a few, smaller diameter components. However, impedance mismatches and current loss down the MITL can reduce the output voltage in this non-ideal case. So, simulations were required to verily that the new MITL would still be magnetically insulated and efficiently couple power to the load. A new MITL circuit element that has a variable impedance and that can model current loss at non-ideal impedance transitions was used in a transmission-line circuit code to quickly evaluate possible combinations of new and existing center conductor elements. In two MITL configurations tested, insulation (or the loss thereof) and power coupling predicted in the circuit code was verified by PIC (particle-in-cell) simulations using LSP, So, with the aid of a transmission-line circuit model that includes a new MITL circuit element, a simple, low cost modification to the existing Mercury MITL center conductor that increases the output voltage has been designed.
Seasonal Emergence and Flight of Northern and Southern Masked Chafers in Relation to Air and Soil Temperature and Rainfall Patterns

The southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala immaculata Olivier, and the northern masked chafer, C. borealis Arrow, are serious pests of turfgrass in central Kentucky. The temperature threshold for pupation of overwintering C. immaculata grubs was determined experimentally as 10.8°C. Trapping studies during 1979 and 1980 indicated that first emergence and peak flight of males occur approximately 1 to 2 weeks earlier for C. borealis than for C. immaculata . Thermal unit accumulations in air and soil were closely correlated with the first emergence of beetles, but they were less useful for predicting the date of 50 and 90% flight. Once emergence has begun, activity of masked chafers is more closely related to rainfall patterns than to temperature.
Genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer: lessons learnt from the pancreatic cancer genome sequencing project

Pancreatic cancer is a disease caused by the accumulation of genetic alterations in specific genes. Elucidation of the human genome sequence, in conjunction with technical advances in the ability to perform whole exome sequencing, have provided new insight into the mutational spectra characteristic of this lethal tumour type. Most recently, exomic sequencing has been used to clarify the clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer as well as provide time estimates of pancreatic carcinogenesis, indicating that a long window of opportunity may exist for early detection of this disease while in the curative stage. Moving forward, these mutational analyses indicate potential targets for personalised diagnostic and therapeutic intervention as well as the optimal timing for intervention based on the natural history of pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression.
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit: A Brownian Motion Analysis

A well-known analysis of Tropp and Gilbert shows that orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) can recover a k-sparse n-dimensional real vector from m=4klog(n) noise-free linear measurements obtained through a random Gaussian measurement matrix with a probability that approaches one as n→∞. This work strengthens this result by showing that a lower number of measurements, m=2klog(n-k) , is in fact sufficient for asymptotic recovery. More generally, when the sparsity level satisfies kmin ≤ k ≤ kmax but is unknown, m=2kmaxlog(n-kmin) measurements is sufficient. Furthermore, this number of measurements is also sufficient for detection of the sparsity pattern (support) of the vector with measurement errors provided the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scales to infinity. The scaling m=2klog(n-k) exactly matches the number of measurements required by the more complex lasso method for signal recovery with a similar SNR scaling.
Performance of solid-state high-voltage pulsers for biological applications-a preliminary study

Modern semiconductor devices, such as power MOSFETs, are becoming increasingly viable as candidates for high-speed switching of high-voltage/high-current pulse circuits that are required for applications in biotechnology, such as bulk sterilization and in medical applications, such as electroporation. A survey of literature on electroporation shows that exponential and square (also known as rectangular) pulses varying in magnitudes from millivolts to kilovolts with millisecond to nanosecond pulse widths have been successfully used by researchers. High voltages and currents are reliably controlled by these devices when implemented in typical circuits. However, conventional MOSFETs in substrate-mounted standard packages are not designed to accommodate the extreme requirements that pulsed power applications demand. It is necessary to test these devices for their performance in a range of pulsed power applications and study their characteristics. This paper presents the simulation of modern semiconductors in pulsed power circuits. These tests characterize the limits of a device's performance when driven to nanosecond rise and fall times and nanosecond to microsecond pulse widths. MOSFET circuits reported in the literature were used for this purpose. Two of these circuits were also built and tested in our laboratory. In general, simulation results compared well with experimental results.
Mindfulness, Psychological Flexibility and Emotional Schemas

There is significant growing interest in the areas of mindfulness, acceptance, experiential avoidance, psychological flexibility, and emotional schemas. While, both emotional schemas and mindfulness have been related to psychopathology, this study is one of the first to empirically address the relationship between these constructs. Specifically, this study examined the relationships between dispositional mindfulness as measured by the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown & Ryan, 2003), psychological flexibility as measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011) and the fourteen dimensions of emotional schemas, as measured by the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LESS; Leahy, 2002). There were 107 adult cognitive-behavioral outpatient participants in the study who completed these self-report questionnaires. Individuals with higher levels of dispositional mindfulness also had higher levels of psychological flexibility and were more likely to endorse more adaptive...
Antioxidant therapies for traumatic brain injury.

Free radical-induced oxidative damage reactions, and membrane lipid peroxidation (LP), in particular, are among the best validated secondary injury mechanisms in preclinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) models. In addition to the disruption of the membrane phospholipid architecture, LP results in the formation of cytotoxic aldehyde-containing products that bind to cellular proteins and impair their normal functions. This article reviews the progress of the past three decades in regard to the preclinical discovery and attempted clinical development of antioxidant drugs designed to inhibit free radical-induced LP and its neurotoxic consequences via different mechanisms including the O2 ·− scavenger Superoxide dismutase and the lipid peroxidation inhibitor tirilazad. In addition, various other antioxidant agents that have been shown to have efficacy in preclinical TBI models are briefly presented, such as the LP inhibitors U83836E, resveratrol, curcumin, OPC-14177, and lipoic acid; the iron chelator deferoxamine and the nitroxide-containing antioxidants, such as α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone and tempol. A relatively new antioxidant mechanistic strategy for acute TBI is aimed at the scavenging of aldehydic LP byproducts that are highly neurotoxic with “carbonyl scavenging” compounds. Finally, it is proposed that the most effective approach to interrupt posttraumatic oxidative brain damage after TBI might involve the combined treatment with mechanistically complementary antioxidants that simultaneously scavenge LP-initiating free radicals, inhibit LP propagation, and lastly remove neurotoxic LP byproducts.
Blood Cells and Chemistry of Young Chickens During Daily ACTH and Cortisol Administration

Abstract ADRENAL cortical extracts (ACE) and glucocorticoids, as well as ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), increase acid-ophilic granulocytes and cause relative lymphopenia and heterophilia in chickens (Shapiro and Schechtman, 1949; Newcomer, 1957; Wolford and Ringer, 1962). However, where Shapiro and Schechtman (1949) found that ACE caused leucopenia, others have found that ACTH and cortisone acetate produced significant leucocytosis (Newcomer, 1957; Glick, 1961). Glucocorticoids and ACTH also significantly increase the levels of cholesterol and corticosterone in the plasma of fowl (Stamler, 1952; Siegel and Siegel, 1966). Adrenal steroids produce a hypercalcemia in chickens (Urist and Deutsch, 1960), and osteoperosis, as found in mammals (Storey, 1961) was demonstrated in laying hens injected with cortisone. Cortisone acetate also inhibits chondrogenesis in the long bones of cockerels (Huble, 1957). Although ACTH has been shown to lower serum calcium in rabbits (Natelson et al., 1965), its effect on the blood calcium of avian species is not clear. Previous work . . .
A search for ^(70)Zn anomalies in meteorites

No ^(70)Zn isotopic anomalies have been detected in primitive meteorites to a level of precision of less than 40 parts per million (2σ). Any pre-existing nucleosynthetic anomaly on ^(70)Zn was averaged out by mixing in the solar nebula before planetary accretion in the solar system. Because neutron-rich nuclides ^(70)Zn and ^(60)Fe are produced by similar nucleosynthetic processes in core-collapse supernovae, the homogeneity of ^(70)Zn in meteorites limits the possible heterogeneity of extinct 60Fe radioactivity in the early solar system. Assuming that Fe and Zn have not been decoupled during incorporation into the solar system, the homogeneity of the ^(70)Zn/^(64)Zn ratio measured here implies that the ^(60)Fe/^(56)Fe ratio was homogenized to less than 15% dispersion before the formation of planetary bodies. The lack (Zn, Ni, Fe) or presence (Ti, Cr) of neutron-rich isotopic anomalies in the iron mass region may be controlled by the volatility of presolar carriers in the nebula.
Physiological Genomics of Response to Soil Drying in Diverse Arabidopsis Accessions

Arabidopsis thaliana, like many species, is characterized by abundant genetic variation. This variation is rapidly being cataloged at the sequence level, but careful dissection of genetic variation in whole-organism responses to stresses encountered in the natural environment are lacking; this functional variation can be exploited as a natural mutant screen to determine gene function. Here, we document physiological and transcriptomic response to soil drying in 17 natural accessions of Arabidopsis. By imposing ecologically realistic stress conditions, we found that acclimation in Arabidopsis involved a strong signature of increased investment in photosynthesis, carbohydrate turnover, and root growth. Our results extend previous work in the Columbia accession suggesting that abscisic acid signaling pathways play an important role in drought stress response. We also identified several mechanisms, including an increase in leaf nitrogen concentration and upregulation of two-component signaling relays, that were common to most natural accessions but had not been identified in studies using only the Columbia accession. Principal component analysis reveals strong correlations between suites of genes and specific physiological responses to stress. The functional variants we identified may represent adaptive mutations in natural habitats and useful variants for agronomic improvement of crop species.
Endothelial cell death in preovulatory ovine follicles: possible implication in the biomechanics of rupture

The follicular stigma that develops near the time of ovulation in sheep is void of thecal blood vessels. It was hypothesized that programmed apoptotic death of endothelial cells is a causative factor in this phenomenon. Apoptosis is a mode of physiological cell deletion that occurs during tissue regression and remodelling ; it is characterized by oligonucleosomal fragmentation and cytoplasmic shrinkage. Direct fluorescence detection of digoxigenin end-labelled genomic DNA in situ was used as a marker of endothelial apoptosis in cross-sections of the preovulatory ovine follicular wall. There was an abrupt increase in reactive cells after the gonadotrophin surge that was restricted to the presumptive ovulatory site immediately juxtaposed to the ovarian surface (the basal follicular endothelia remained unaffected). Vascular collapse and extravasation of blood cells preceded follicular rupture. Localized damage to thecal blood vessels and haemorrhagic tissue ischaemia may be contributing determinants of follicular instability and ovulation.
Response of Nonstructural Components in Structures with Damping Systems

An analytical study of buildings without and with seismic damping systems was conducted to investigate the dynamic response of secondary systems. The buildings were represented by steel frames designed by the procedures described in the 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions. Nonlinear response analyses were performed for the undamped frames and the damped frames equipped with different energy dissipation systems and for far-field, near-field, and soft-soil earthquake histories. The study shows that significant benefits may be provided by viscous damping systems in terms of reduced floor spectral accelerations and floor absolute velocities.
THE EFFECTS OF MYXOBOLUS CEREBRALIS MYXOSPORE DOSE ON TRIACTINOMYXON PRODUCTION AND BIOLOGY OF TUBIFEX TUBIFEX FROM TWO GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

The aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex is an obligate host of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease. Tubifex tubifex can become infected by ingesting myxospores of M. cerebralis that have been released into sediments upon death and decomposition of infected salmonids. Infected worms release triactinomyxons into the water column that then infect salmonids. How the dose of myxospores ingested by T. tubifex influences parasite proliferation and the worm host are not well understood. Using replicated laboratory experiments, we examined how differing doses of myxospores (50, 500, 1,000 per worm) influenced triactinomyxon production and biomass, abundance, and individual weight of 2 geographically distinct populations of T. tubifex. Worm populations produced differing numbers of triactinomyxons, but, within a population, the production did not differ among myxospore doses. At the lowest myxospore dose, 1 worm population produced 45 times more triactinomyxons than myxospores rec...
Micromechanical Testing of Electronic Packaging Components and Materials

Mechanical modelling of microelectronic packages for design optimization requires the quantitative knowledge of a large number of physical parameters. Because of the composite nature of many components, and because relevant materials properties in the microscale often deviate from the bulk values, there is therefore a need for a variety of micromechanical testing techniques. These techniques include tension, compression, shear, bending, and fatigue testing of samples with sizes in the 10 micron range. A novel technique has been developed for the testing the z-direction properties of thin films with displacements in the sub-micron range. Mechanical properties of thin films and surface regions may advantageously be probed by a continuous microindentation tester. All elastic properties of both isotropic and anisotropic packaging materials and components may be evaluated directly by the above methods, and the inelastic deformation behavior determined over many orders of magnitude of strain rate by load relaxation measurements. The above techniques and examples of their application will be discussed.
Response to Editorial by Barbara Burnaby

My reactions to Barbara Burnaby's Play in One Act, featured as an editorial in the last issue of Curriculum Inquiry, led me through a series of realizations that I believe have relevance for the field of social-justice-focussed teacher education. The process went something like this: When I tried to articulate my resentment about how I and my colleagues (fellow writers) were represented in the play, I thought to myself, "I can't argue purely theoretically about this." But then I was struck by my own use of that phrase purely theoretically as it stood in clear opposition to personally implicated. And it occurred to me that it was precisely the construction of that opposition between pure theory and personal implication that disturbed me about Barbara Burnaby's play. I realized that the problem with the Play in One Act is that it echoes the debilitating internalized oppression of many progressive teacher educatorsthe message that we are a collection of talking heads talking to ourselves, irrelevant in the real world of schools and communities. With the addition
Testicular seminoma: analysis of treatment results and failures.

Abstract Pure testicular seminoma has historically been treated primarily with radiation therapy, and excellent results have been achieved. Recently, several aspects of the treatment of seminoma have been questioned; namely, the value of mediastinal irradiation in Stage II disease, and whether a dose response curve existed for seminoma. Because these questions have remained unanswered, we undertook a retrospective review of all patients with pure testicular seminoma treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Indiana University Medical Center. From 1961–1981, 54 patients with pure testicular seminoma were given megavoltage irradiation with curative intent. Thirty three patients were Stage I, with tumor confined to the testicle with no evidence of nodal spread. Fifteen patients were Stage IIA, with metastases 5 cm in size in the retroperitoneal nodes. One patient was Stage III, with supradiaphragmatic metastases confined to the mediastinum and supraclavicular area. One patient was Stage IV, with evidence of extralymphatic metastases. The crude survival rate (corrected for intercurrent death, except for treatment toxicity) for the entire group was 87%. For Stage I, it was 91%, Stage IIA—80%, Stage IIB—75%, Stage III—100%, and Stage IV— 0%. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years with a range of 2 to 21 years. Evaluation of the Stage I patients reveals that 2500 rad in 3 weeks appears to be adequate in controlling microscopic disease, as there were no in-field recurrences when this dose was given. Those patients with Stage IIA and IIB disease who received ≥ 3500 rad to macroscopic disease had 100% (77) survival and local control, while those receiving ≤ 3000 rad had a 66.6% (812) survival with three of four demonstrating persistent or recurrent abdominal disease. Thus, we feel that macroscopic disease requires 3500 rad to 4000 rad for control. All Stage II and III patients had planned mediastinal irradiation. No patients who received mediastinal irradiation recurred in the mediastinum. Whether this is because of our treatments or the natural disease process remains unanswered. Overall, we were able to salvage 12.5% (18) of our recurrences, while 37.5% (38) died from toxicity of their salvage therapy. Therefore, our data suggest there may be a dose response for pure seminoma; all patients should be aggressively staged with both lymphangiogram and CT scan so that patients with advanced stages may receive higher doses (3500 to 4000 rad) of radiation, which will allow better control of their disease and ultimately, longer survival.
The Semiconductor p-n Junction

The aim of this chapter is a discussion of the physics of a semiconductor p-n junction, i.e., a semiconductor structure in which there is a change from n type to p type over some region of space. A simple qualitative picture is used first to obtain the energy band diagram of a p-n junction; a quantitative treatment follows. The important ideas underlying the effect of an applied potential on the junction are then discussed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These are followed by a calculation of the current through the junction, culminating in the celebrated Shockley equation. Finally, the majority and minority carrier components of the current are discussed.
Simultaneous high-Q confinement and selective direct piezoelectric excitation of flexural and extensional lateral vibrations in a silicon phononic crystal slab resonator

Abstract The complete phononic band gap (PnBG) of a phononic crystal (PnC) slab is used to efficiently and simultaneously confine both flexural and extensional (longitudinal) elastic vibrations in a resonator. The PnC structure is fabricated by etching a hexagonal (honeycomb) array of air holes in a silicon (Si) slab. Flexural and extensional acoustic modes in the structure are directly excited by a piezoelectric transducer stack fabricated directly on top of the resonant structure to excite the desired modes. Using a frequency sweep analysis, it is shown that the modes of the structure can be selectively excited by modification of the transducer. The fabricated PnC resonator resonates at 120 MHz and 129 MHz, which correspond to a flexural and an extensional mode, respectively. The measured resonance frequencies are in very good compliance with the eigen frequency and frequency sweep finite element analyses. By fitting a Butterworth-Van Dyke model, the electrical characteristics of the resonator in air are extracted. As a result, input impedances of 1200 Ω and 5000 Ω, and quality factors (Qs) of 3600 and 10,000 for the flexural and the extensional modes are obtained, respectively. The Q of 10,000 is, to our knowledge, the largest value reported for any PnC resonator to date.
Molecular Population Genetics of the Distal Portion of the X Chromosome in Drosophila: Evidence for Genetic Hitchhiking of the Yellow-Achaete Region

We have estimated DNA sequence variation and differentiation within and between Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species, Drosophila simulans, using six-cutter restriction site variation at yellow-achaete (y-ac), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Pgd), and period (per). These three gene regions are of varying distance from the telomere of the X chromosome and range from very low to moderate rates of recombination in D. melanogaster. According to Tajima's test of neutrality, the Pgd region has been influenced by balancing selection in D. melanogaster. This is consistent with previous data suggesting the allozyme polymorphism at this locus is visible to selection. The Hudson, Kreitman, Aguade test of neutrality reveals a significant departure from neutrality for the y-ac region compared to the per or rosy regions in D. simulans. There is also a significant departure for the y-ac region compared to the Adh 5' flanking region in D. melanogaster. In both species the departure appears to be due to reduced variation at y-ac compared to that expected from divergence between D. simulans and D. melanogaster. We conclude that recent hitchhiking associated with the selective fixation of one or more advantageous mutants in the y-ac region is the best explanation for reduced variation at y-ac.
WEGENER’S GRANULOMATOSIS OF THE SUBGLOTTIS AND THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TRACHEA

A relatively little-known complication of Wegener's granulomatosis is involvement of the subglottis and upper part of the trachea, which is illustrated in this report on 17 patients. Each of the patients had biopsy-proved Wegener's granulomatosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Some had concomitant involvement of the eye, kidney, lung and skin. Nine of the 17 patients required tracheotomy; 5 still require a tracheotomy tube, and 4 have had decannulation (1 had successful reconstructive surgery of the trachea). Medical treatment consisted of cyclophosphamide, with or without corticosteroids. All 17 are currently alive, the average follow-up having been 81 months. The otolaryngologist plays a key role in the detection and management of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, particularly when the onset is a sudden progressive upper tracheal obstruction with airway symptoms that may overshadow the sometimes more subtle nasal manifestations.