cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Section Evaluations to 150 MeV for Accelerator-Driven Systems and Implementation in MCNPX

New accelerator-driven technologies that utilize spallation neutrons, such as the production of tritium and the transmutation of radioactive waste, require accurate nuclear data to model the performance of the target/blanket assembly and to predict neutron production, activation, heating, shielding requirements, and material damage. To meet these needs, nuclear-data evaluations and libraries up to 150 MeV have been developed for use in transport calculations to guide engineering design. By using advanced nuclear models that account for details of nuclear structure and the quantum nature of the nuclear scattering, significant gains in accuracy can be achieved below 150 MeV, where intranuclear cascade calculations become less accurate. Evaluations are in ENDF-6 format for important target/blanket and shielding materials (isotopes of H, C, N, O, Al, Si, P, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Nb, W, Hg, and Pb) for both incident neutrons and incident protons. The evaluations are based on measured data as well as predictions from the GNASH nuclear model code, which calculates cross sections using Hauser-Feshbach, exciton, and Feshbach-Kerman-Koonin preequilibrium models. Elastic scattering distributions and direct reactions are calculated from the optical model. All evaluations specify production cross sections and energy-angle correlated spectra of secondary light particles as well as production crossmore » sections and energy distributions of heavy recoils and gamma rays. A formalism developed to calculate recoil energy distributions is presented. The use of these nuclear data in the MCNPX radiation transport code is also briefly described. This code merges essential elements of the LAHET and MCNP codes and uses these new data below 150 MeV and intranuclear cascade collision physics at higher energies. Extensive comparisons are shown between the evaluated results and experimental cross-section data to benchmark and validate the evaluated library. In addition, integral benchmarks of calculated and measured kerma coefficients for neutron energy deposition and neutron transmission through an iron slab compared with MCNPX calculations are provided. These evaluations have been accepted into the ENDF/B-VI library as Release 6.« less
POLANYI ON TELEOLOGY: ARESPONSETO JOHN APCZYNSKI AND RICHARD GELWICK

Abstract. Michael Polanyi criticized the neo-Darwinian synthesis on two grounds: that accidental hereditary changes bringing adaptive advantages cannot account for the rise of discontinuous new species, and that a Ideological ordering principle is needed to explain evolutionary advance. I commend the previous articles by John Apczynski and Richard Gelwick and also argue, more strongly than they, that Polanyi's critique of evolutionary theory is flawed. It relies on an inappropriate notion of progress and untenable analogies from the human process of scientific discovery and the fact that in physical systems minimal potential energy is most stable. Yet within a life of commitment to transcendent values humans can directly experience purpose and meaning, and in developing this notion Polanyi makes his greatest contribution to teleology.
Mixed interpolating-smoothing splines and the v-spline

Abstract In their monograph, Bezhaev and Vasilenko have characterized the “mixed interpolating–smoothing spline” in the abstract setting of a Hilbert space. In this paper, we derive a similar characterization under slightly more general conditions. This is specialized to the finite-dimensional case, and applied to a few well-known problems, including the ν-spline (a piecewise polynomial spline in tension) and near-interpolation, as well as interpolation and smoothing. In particular, one of the main objectives in this paper is to show that the ν-spline is actually a mixed spline, an observation that we believe was not known prior to this work. We also show that the ν-spline is a limiting case of smoothing splines as certain weights increase to infinity, and a limiting case of near-interpolants as certain tolerances decrease to zero. We conclude with an iteration used to construct curvature-bounded ν-spline curves.
Internal waves and mixing in the Arctic Ocean

Abstract The variability of internal wave shear levels in the eastern Arctic Ocean is explored using velocity profiler and CTD data from Fram Strait and the Nansen Basin. Shear levels are consistently low over the abyssal plains and higher over rougher topography. Applying the parameterization of GREGG (1989, Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 9686-9698) to these data gives diapycnal diffusivities that vary from about 10 -6 to above 10 -4 m s -2 . Extrapolating these diffusivities to the entire Arctic Basin suggests that internal wave mixing could play a major role in transporting heat from the warm intermediate water to the surface. Internal wave generation by the barotropic tide on rough topography may explain the higher shear levels found there.
Pillared clays ― a historical perspective

Article de synthese sur les argiles colonnaires qui aborde les problemes suivants: realisation de la structure colonnaire a l'aide d'hydroxy-polymeres d'Al, Zr ou Ti, stabilisation des piliers et des feuillets, applications au craquage catalytique fluide
Infection and Fertilization of Mice after Artificial Insemination with a Mixture of Sperm and Murine Cytomegalovirus

Female mice were artificially inseminated with a solution of sperm and cytomegalovirus (experimental) or sperm alone (control). Maternal infection was usually induced when virus accompanied sperm at insemination. Fertilization occurred in the presence of virus, and embryogenesis appeared normal on gross examination, although a slight reduction in the number of embryos was observed in the experimental group. Tissue cultures were prepared after gestation for 14 days from individual and pooled embryos. In one of 28 instances, virus was recovered from blindpassaged, experimental, embryonic fibroblasts. All control cultures were negative. This model may prove useful in further study of the pathogenesis of intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common speciesspecific herpesvirus capable of inducing persistent or latent infections. In healthy individuals CMV infections are sometimes associated with a mononucleosis-like syndrome. Among immunosuppressed patients, particularly transplant recipients, this virus is a common pathogen. CMV also infects the human fetus in utero and causes
NEARSHORE WAVE PREDICTIONS ALONG THE OREGON AND SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON COAST

A nearshore wave forecasting system was implemented to elevate the ocean information resources in the US Pacific Northwest region. This implementation brings the US State of Oregon and the Southwest region of the state of Washington to the same level of prediction as the neighboring state of California and other regions of the country. It was achieved using the Wavewatch III numerical wave model, which was validated in intermediate to shallow waters. The forecasting system provides data at a 30 arc-second resolution from the shelf break up to a depth of 20 meters. The data is distributed to the public at no cost as part of a greater initiative put together by the Networked Association of Ocean Observing Systems. Information generated by this implementation is presently being used to provide boundary conditions to localized applications in the region as well as to beach users.
Exact calculation of the dynamics of a general Vicsek fractal.

The vibrational dynamics of a general Vicsek fractal with nearest-neighbor interactions has been solved exactly. The most surprising finding of this paper is that the nondegenerate modes are all extended in nature. Furthermore, the nondegenerate modes occur side by side with the persistent degenerate modes, which are superlocalized. There is no single demarcation frequency separating the extended states from the localized states as one would expect in a three-dimensional disordered system.
COUPLED EVOLUTIONARY RATES AND THE FOSSIL RECORD

A model for speciation is given in which a taxon’s phenotypic variation and concomitant variation in fitness are related to gradients within the environment. Phenotypic expressions within the population are shown to undergo abrupt transitions as a result of discontinuous fitness-functions. Evidence for rapid and abrupt phenotypic variation is explored by analyses of speciation (= origination) rates within the fossil record. In general, a high correlation exists among the area/volume changes of sedimentary rocks known for each geologic period and the apparent speciation rates seen in selected vascular/non-vascular plant groups. Regressions of speciation rates on rock area/volume plots indicate that the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian show significant divergences (= residual) rates from predicted origination rates. The Cretaceous shows the highest residual value as a consequence of the rapid appearance of angiosperm fossils. A similar pattern in diversity changes for the mandibulate terrestrial invertebrates is also apparent. The coupled evolution of the angiosperms with specific insect groups appears to be the most tenable explanation for the residual Cretaceous origination rate of the former group. It is postulated that the angiospems have evolved in part as the result of a phytochemical cost-function such that phytophagous insects are warded off, while potential pollinators are favored. Quantitative/qualitative differences observed in the distribution of secondary metabolites may be evidence for coupled evolution. A “predatorprey mediated co-existence” between phytophagous insects and angiosperms may have served as a factor in allowing the co-existence of less than optimal plant species providing an impetus for relatively rapid speciation turnover.
αβ lineage-specific expression of the α T cell receptor gene by nearby silencers

Abstract T cells expressing either the αβ or γδ antigen receptor (TCR) are distinct cell lineages. The single locus encoding the TCR α and δ genes requires special regulation to avoid α gene expression in γδ T cells. We show here that the minimal α enhancer is active in the γδ T cell lineage but gains αβ lineage specificity through negative cis -acting elements 3' of the Cα gene that silence the enhancer in γδ T cells. The negative elements at the Cα locus consist of several silencers that work in an orientation- and distance-independent fashion. These silencers also act on a retroviral enhancer that is normally ubiquitously expressed, restricting its activity to αβ cells. The α silencers are active in non-T cell lines, suggesting that the decision of a cell to differentiate into the αβ T cell lineage may involve specific relief from these silencers. Silencers are likely to be as important as enhancers in establishing lineage-specific gene expression in many systems.
Trajectories and Speeds of Wind-Driven Currents Wear the Coast

Abstract Detailed observation of drogue movements within 800 m of a straight shoreline indicates the primary current generated by local winds to be directed within a few degrees of parallel to the shore nearly independently of wind direction. Subtle vertical structure in the onshore-offshore speed component is dependent on vertical stratification such that unstratified water produces a two-layered flow (onshore in the surface layer, offshore in the bottom layer), and moderately stratified water produces a three-layered flow (onshore in surface and bottom layers, offshore at intermediate depths). Theoretical conclusions from Jeffreys' constant eddy viscosity theory support the unstratified velocity profile and accurately predict the alongshore current speeds. Numerical solutions with a depth-dependent eddy viscosity indicate that the three-layered flow pattern is a direct result of the density gradient. Even in these shallow waters the inclusion of Coriolis effects in the theory is necessary for a complete...
The effect of work environment on intent to leave the nursing profession: a case study of bedside registered nurses in rural Florida:

The purpose of this research was to explore the effect work environment has on the intent to leave the profession for rural hospital bedside registered nurses (RNs). Subscales of autonomy, control ...
Ion Beam Mixing of Ceramic Alloys - Preparation Andmechanical Properties *

Techniques used to produce unique states of pure metals mixed into ceramic materials are presented. The samples were prepared by irradiating a 1-MeV Fe/sup +/ beam on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ crystal surfaces over which a thin chromium or zirconium film had been evaporated. The limitations of using noble gas ion beams are noted. Micro Knoop hardness tests performed near the surfaces of the samples indicated a significant increase in the hardness of most samples prepared by ion beam mixing.
NO generation by β-AR stimulation to activate CaMKII

Ca2+–Calmodulin (CaM) kinase II (CaMKII) activation depends predominantly on modifications of amino acids within the regulatory domain on this multidomain kinase. A number of mechanisms of activation have been described since the original mode of activation, via Ca2+–CaM binding and phosphorylation of a threonine residue in the regulatory domain of CaMKII, was demonstrated. Gutierrez et al .1 propose a mechanism of CaMKII activation by nitrosation. CaMKII serves as a link between β-adrenergic stimuli with subsequent changes in Ca2+ levels to the cellular response in cardiomyocytes. CaMKII phosphorylates dozens of substrates in many cell types. When activated by binding of Ca2+–CaM, CaMKII subunits can autophosphorylate neighbouring subunits at Threonine-287 (Thr287) within the CaMKII holoenzyme.2 Autophosphorylation at Thr287 results in autonomous kinase activity, converting to an activation state independent of Ca2+–CaM binding. A number of studies have shown that CaMKII can achieve sustained activity even in the absence of phosphorylation at Thr287. Mechanisms to attain CaMKII sustained include substrate binding,3–6 oxidation of the paired methionine residues (281/282) proximal to the Thr287,7 and now nitrosation of cysteine residues.1 Modifications that activate CaMKII occur primarily in the regulatory domain ( Figure 1 ). These events prevent the catalytic domain from binding to the regulatory …
Molecular sexing eutherian mammals

Mammals can be molecular sexed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of Y chromosome fragments or coamplification of homologous fragments from both sex chromosomes, which are discriminated by size polymorphism or Y-specific restriction digestion. Although coamplification of X and Y fragments is more reliable, size polymorphism in homologous fragments is uncommon and Y-specific restriction site identification requires screening with a battery of enzymes or cloning. Here we describe a simple approach, using ‘double peaks’ in the chromatogram upon direct sequencing of PCR products from males, to identify Y-specific restriction sites, and demonstrate its utility by application to a range of taxa.
Sources of peer group homogeneity.

Conformity pressures, disproportionate group-leaving by deviates, and homophilic membership selection are identified as three sources of homogeneity in student friendship groups. Fortynine high school friendship groups are tested to determine which of these three mechanisms contributes most to their homogeneity. Homophilic selection accountedfor much of the groups' homogeneity, conformity pressures made a small contribution, and group-leaving contributed nothing to homogeneity. It is suggested that the magnitude of peer influence on aspirations has been overestimated in the status-attainment literature.
Offset dependent amplitudes: Fault curvature effects and dip move-out corrections

Equations have been presented previously which predict that reflector curvature can affect significantly seismic reflection amplitudes at both zero and nonzero source-receiver offsets. Here the fact that faults are generally concave-upward is used to examine the curvature effect for compaction-driven faults which the sediments have both exponential and logarithmic porosity decreases with increasing depth.
Absence of alpha-2 adrenergic effects on cAMP production in a genital tract smooth muscle cell line

This study sought to evaluate alpha-2 and beta adrenergic modulation of cAMP production in the DDT1 MF-2 transformed smooth muscle myocyte. After stimulation with forskolin or adrenergic agonists with or without subtype specific antagonists, cAMP production was determined. These experiments confirmed an increase of cAMP in response to forskolin, isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine; the adrenergic stimulation was inhibited by propranolol. On the other hand, the alpha-2 agonist clonidine did not inhibit cAMP production. Likewise, alpha-2 receptor blockade did not increase cAMP production in response to epinephrine. These studies, therefore, suggest that the DDT1 MF-2 myocyte does not contain a significant population of functional alpha-2 adrenergic receptors.
Aging: Prospects for further increases in the functional life span

Life spans in the developing countries now range from 76–79 years, 6–9 years less than the limit of 85 years imposed by aging. Aging is the accumulation of changes that increase the risk of death. Aging changes can be attributed to development, genetic defects, the environment, disease, and the major contributor, the inborn aging process. In 1954 the free radical theory of aging proposed that aging was caused by free radical reactions. Support for this theory is now extensive. There is a growing consensus that the theory is correct and that in mammals, aging is the accumulation of deleterious changes produced by free radical reactions, most initiated by the mitochondria (at an increasing rate with age), while the life span is determined by the rate of such damage to the mitochondria. This consensus bodes well for future efforts to increase the functional life span, i.e., the period of healthy, productive life. Some of the data which resulted in this consensus are presented. Studies based on the free radical theory of aging suggest that the average life expectancy at birth (ALE-B), a rough measure of the functional lifespan, can be increased in the developed countries (in addition to the 3–5 years that may optimistically still be achieved by conventional measures), so as to more closely approach the potential “natural” maximum value of 85 years—and to exceed it if the aging process is slowed. This can be accomplished by: 1) keeping body weight down, at a level compatible with a sense of well-being, 2) ingesting diets adequate in essential nutrients and designed to minimize random damaging free radical reactions in the body, 3) supplementing the diet with one or more antioxidants, e.g., β-carotene, and vitamins C and E, and 4) employing measures to minimize accumulation of metals in the body capable of initiating adverse free radical reaction and of those than can impair the activity of some enzymes.
Parameter variations and crosstalk noise effects on high performance H-tree clock distribution networks

Controlling the delay and the transition time of the clock signal in the presence of various noise sources, process parameter variations and environmental effects represents a fundamental problem in the design of high speed synchronous circuits. The effects of parameter variations and crosstalk noise on the clock signal propagating along an H-tree clock distribution network are investigated in this paper. In particular, the effects of variations in power supply voltage (V DD), temperature, and gate oxide thickness (t ox) on the delay and the transition time of the clock signal are evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of crosstalk between an H-tree structure and other interconnect wires are investigated. Different scenarios of capacitive coupling along different spatial locations of an H-tree are considered. The effects of coupling on the propagation delay, the transition time, and the waveform shape of the clock signal are demonstrated.
Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in inbred rats.

Abstract The pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in adult rats from 3 inbred strains (LEW, MAXX, WF) was investigated. WF rats all died by day 2 postinoculation with viral tissue titers reaching 9 log 10 PFU/g. LEW and MAXX rats were resistant to liver disease, but fatal necrotising encephalitis developed in 16 and 44% of the rats, respectively. Detection of serum neutralising antibody on day 3 coincided with clearance of virus from serum and liver, although infectious virus was detected in spleen homogenates as late as day 19 postinfection. Viral titers in LEW and MAXX rats did not exceed 4.5 log 10 PFU/g. Cyclophosphamide immunosuppression of LEW rats led to death 5–9 days postinfection; early patterns of viral replication were not affected, but continued growth in the liver resulted in fatal hepatitis. These animals could be protected by passive antibody therapy administered on days 2–5 postinfection to mimic the serum neutralising antibody pattern seen in unmanipulated infected LEW rats. Thus, RVF virus replication and spread is rapid in the WF rats tissues, whereas in LEW and MAXX rats viral growth is less due to an intrinsic mechanism which allows sufficient time for an immune response to terminate infection. A slightly diminished immune response may lead to the development of encephalitis more frequently in MAXX than LEW rats. These rat strains should be useful in elucidating those mechanisms of resistance which limit RVFV-induced hepatitis and encephalitis.
Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to manganese application on Atlantic Coastal Plain soils

Field research was conducted on four Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in the United States to evaluate response of corn (Zea mays L.) plants to Mn application. The soils under study were classified as either Aeric or Typic Ochraquults. Manganese application increased corn grain yields by an average of 1195 kg ha−1 on the four soils. The average grain yields on the soils were 7955 kg ha−1 for the control and 9150 kg ha−1 for the +Mn treatment. A Mitscherlich plant growth model was used to establish relationships between percent maximum grain yield and Mn concentration in the ear leaf at early silk (r=0.87, α=0.01) and in the mature grain (r=0.58, α=0.01). Based on 90% of maximum yield as the definition of the critical deficiency level, the critical Mn deficiency levels calculated with parameters from the Mitscherlich model were 10.6 mg kg−1 in the ear leaf and 4.9 mg kg−1 in the grain.
Automatic computer processing of digital 2-dimensional echocardiograms

Quantitative studies of left ventricular function using 2-dimensional echocardiography have been limited because of a lack of computerized methods to automatically analyze the echocardiographic images. Previous computer efforts have been directed at digitizing the video output of the 2-D echocardiogram, but this digitizing method has significant limitations. A direct digitization method that produces improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and, subsequently, improved automatic detection of endocardial and epicardial borders, was developed. With definition of these edges, left ventricular global and regional analysis is possible frame by frame so that dynamic changes in cardiac function may be assessed throughout the cardiac cycle. Further technologic advances in 2-D echocardiographic acquisition and image processing should allow computer processing of 2-D echocardiographic data in real time.
The Counseling Center: An Undervalued Resource in Recruitment, Retention, and Risk Management

A primary responsibility for directors of college and university counseling centers is to explain to various audiences the multiple ways such units are of value to their institutions. This article reviews the history of how counseling center directors have been encouraged to develop and describe the work of their centers. Often overlooked are the contributions that counseling centers make to institutional recruitment, retention, and risk-management activities. Research that demonstrates the relationship between counseling centers and each of these functions is reviewed and some recommendations for counseling center directors are offered.
Leveraging bilingualism to accelerate English reading comprehension

The purpose of this study was to examine how fourth-grade Spanish–English speaking bilingual students in the USA participated differently in English-as-a-second-language (ESL) literature groups when they were invited to use all of their linguistic resources vs. when they were restricted to communicate in English only. The theoretical underpinning was that a student's learning burden is lessened when text comprehension is facilitated by access to all previous knowledge regardless of the language of acquisition. This mixed methods study employed a within group repeated measures design in which each student experienced all treatment conditions and completed a comprehension measurement activity following each literacy event. Data included 21 hours of audio-taped student dialog and analyses of 172 written recalls. Findings include the understanding that the opportunity to teach and learn is stifled when educators insist on strict separation of languages, and there is a strong interaction between language of re...
Regulation of Mouse κ Opioid Receptor Gene Expression by Different 3′-Untranslated Regions and the Effect of Retinoic Acid

The mouse kappa opioid receptor (KOR) gene uses two functional polyadenylation signals, separated by a distance of approximately 2.2 kilobases (kb) in the 3'-end of the gene. As a result, two major groups of KOR transcripts, with sizes of approximately 1.6 and 3.8 kb, respectively, are detected in mouse tissues and P19 cells. Utilization of different poly(A) of the KOR gene produces KOR transcripts of different mRNA stability, transcription efficiency, and regulatability. Retinoic acid specifically suppresses the expression of KOR transcripts using the second poly(A) in P19 cells. A putative transcriptional enhancer region is present within the second 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). It is concluded that alternative polyadenylation of the mouse KOR transcripts results in differential regulation of KOR expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. A negative regulatory pathway for KOR transcription involves a putative enhancer region in its 3'-UTR. KOR mRNAs using the second poly(A) is more stable than that using the first poly(A).
The Potential Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) as a potential treatment option for the dyslipidemia associated with childhood nephrotic syndrome.DATA SOURCESSearches of MEDLINE (1966–April 2004), Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1977–April 2004), and an extensive manual review of journals were performed using the key search terms nephrotic syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONTwo prospective uncontrolled studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of statin therapy in pediatric nephrotic syndrome were included.DATA SYNTHESISWhile an extensive amount of data is available in adult nephrotic syndrome in which statin therapy decreases total plasma cholesterol 22–39%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 27–47%, and total plasma triglycerides 13–38%, only 2 small uncontrolled studies have been conducted evaluating the ...
Nursing Home Caregiver Staffing Levels and Quality of Care A Literature Review

In this research, the author reviewed 70 studies that had examined the relationship between staffing levels and quality in nursing homes (covering the years 1991 to 2006). The results of the review...
Stumbling toward a Democratic Theory of Incest

Prompted by the prominence of incest themes in the U.S. literary canon, the author raises and explores the idea of a “democratic theory of incest.” To that end, the paper uncovers, tracks, and documents the interest in incest throughout the Western canon of political thought. It then presents and addresses a “standoff” in theoretical circles today: whereas many nonliberal political theorists have continued and developed the canonical interest in the politics of incest, contemporary liberals have largely dropped out of that extended discussion. By way of a re-reading of Freud’s Totem and Taboo along with an analysis of John Sayles’s 1996 film, Lone Star, the paper outlines a possible way out of a poststructuralist versus liberal theory impasse over incest, thus proposing movement in the direction of a democratic understanding of incest concerns.
Effect of employee background on perceived organizational justice: managerial implications

The study examines the effect employee background (gender, education level and affiliation to the government) on organizational justice perceptions using the three-factor model (distributive, proce...
A Novel Cause of Free Intraperitoneal Air in the Emergency Department

Although all emergency physicians are familiar with catastrophic causes of free intraperitoneal air, we describe the case of a healthy 26-year-old woman who presented to our emergency department (ED) with a nonsurgical and previously unreported cause of pneumoperitoneum. The patient presented to our ED with complaints of shoulder and neck pain several hours after having undergone FemVue ultrasonography (Femasys, Suwanee, GA) for infertility evaluation. The technique uses an air and saline solution mixture injected into the uterine cavity to assess for tubal patency and uterine cavity morphology. Although the cause of her free air and pain was determined to be iatrogenic and ultimately benign, this complication is previously unreported and, without complaints of abdominal pain, presented a diagnostic challenge.
Selection-based note-taking applications

The increasing integration of education and technology has led to the development of a range of note-taking applications. Our project's goal is to provide empirical data to guide the design of such note-taking applications by evaluating the behavioral and learning outcomes of different note-taking functionality. The study reported here compares note-taking using a text editor and four interaction techniques. The two standard techniques are typing and copy-paste. The two novel techniques are restricted copy-paste and menu-selection, intended to increase attention and processing respectively. Hypothesized learning gains from the novel techniques were not observed. As implemented these techniques were less efficient and appeared to be more frustrating to use. However, data regarding differences in both note-taking efficiency and learning suggest several important implications for selection-based note-taking applications, such as pasting and highlighting. Our results also indicate that students have strong opinions regarding their note-taking practices, which may complicate potentially beneficial interventions.
Application of surface analysis methods to nanomaterials: summary of ISO/TC 201 technical report: ISO 14187:2011 – surface chemical analysis – characterization of nanomaterials

The ISO technical report 14187 provides an introduction to (and examples of) the information that can be obtained about nanostructured materials by using surface analysis tools. In addition, both general issues and challenges associated with characterizing nanostructured materials and the specific opportunities and challenges associated with individual analytical methods are identified. As the size of objects or components of materials approaches a few nanometers, the distinctions among ‘bulk’, ‘surface’, and ‘particle’ analysis blur. This technical report focuses on issues specifically relevant to surface chemical analysis of nanostructured materials. The report considers a variety of analysis methods but focuses on techniques that are in the domain of ISO/TC 201 including Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and scanning probe microscopy. Measurements of nanoparticle surface properties such as surface potential that are often made in a solution are not discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational solution of stochastic differential equations

Stochastic differential equations SDEs provide accessible mathematical models that combine deterministic and probabilistic components of dynamic behavior. This article is an overview of numerical solution methods for SDEs. The solutions are stochastic processes that represent diffusive dynamics, a common modeling assumption in many application areas. We include a description of fundamental numerical methods and the concepts of strong and weak convergence and order for SDE solvers. In addition, we briefly discuss the extension of SDE solvers to coupled systems driven by correlated noise. WIREs Comput Stat 2013. doi: 10.1002/wics.1272
Speaker recognition: a tutorial

A tutorial on the design and development of automatic speaker-recognition systems is presented. Automatic speaker recognition is the use of a machine to recognize a person from a spoken phrase. These systems can operate in two modes: to identify a particular person or to verify a person's claimed identity. Speech processing and the basic components of automatic speaker-recognition systems are shown and design tradeoffs are discussed. Then, a new automatic speaker-recognition system is given. This recognizer performs with 98.9% correct decalcification. Last, the performances of various systems are compared.
Covalent control of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: insights into autoregulation of a bifunctional enzyme.

The hepatic bifunctional enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P2ase), E.C. 2.7-1-105/E.C. 3-1-3-46, is one member of a family of unique bifunctional proteins that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of the regulatory metabolite fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). Fru-2,6-P2 is a potent activator of the glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and an inhibitor of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and provides a switching mechanism between these two opposing pathways of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. The activities of the hepatic 6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P2ase isoform are reciprocally regulated by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK)-catalyzed phosphorylation at a single NH2-terminal residue, Ser-32. Phosphorylation at Ser-32 inhibits the kinase and activates the bisphosphatase, in part through an electrostatic mechanism. Substitution of Asp for Ser-32 mimics the effects of cAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation. In the dephosphorylated homodimer, the NH2- and COOH-terminal tail regions also have an interaction with their respective active sites on the same subunit to produce an autoregulatory inhibition of the bisphosphatase and activation of the kinase. In support of this hypothesis, deletion of either the NH2- or COOH-terminal tail region, or both regions, leads to a disruption of these interactions with a maximal activation of the bisphosphatase. Inhibition of the kinase is observed with the NH2-truncated forms, in which there is also a diminution of cAPK phosphorylation to decrease the Km for Fru-6-P. Phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by cAPK disrupts these autoregulatory interactions, resulting in inhibition of the kinase and activation of the bisphosphatase. Therefore, effects of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation are mediated by a combination of electrostatic and autoregulatory control mechanisms.
Communicating About Phase I Trials: Objective Disclosures Are Only A First Step

An educational initiative developed to enhance health care personnel's self-efficacy and the quality of their communication in recruiting patients for early-phase cancer clinical trials, reported in a recent issue of The Oncologist, is reviewed.
Similarity-driven discovery of zeolite materials for adsorption-based separations.

Crystalline porous materials can be exploited in many applications. Discovery of materials with optimum adsorption properties typically involves expensive brute-force characterization of large sets of materials. An alternative approach based on similarity searching that enables discovery of materials with optimum adsorption for CO(2) and other molecules at a fraction of the cost of brute-force characterization is demonstrated.
Glycemic Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A 39-year-old man with a 2-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents for care. He has no microvascular or macrovascular complications. His family history is positive for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in his mother and older brother. On examination, his weight is 99.8 kg (220 lb), with a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 37, and his blood pressure is 125/85 mm Hg. His glycated hemoglobin level is 8.9%, serum creatinine level 1.0 mg per deciliter (88.4 μ mol per liter), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 88 mg per deciliter (2.3 mmol per liter), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 45 mg per deciliter (1.2 mmol per liter), and triglyceride level 130 mg per deciliter (1.5 mmol per liter); he does not have microalbuminuria. His medications include metformin (500 mg twice daily), glipizide (5 mg twice daily), simvastatin (20 mg daily), and lisinopril (10 mg daily). What would you recommend to improve his glycemic control?
A list-based method for fast generation of molecular surfaces

In this paper we present a fast and reliable method for generation of molecular surfaces. While the method is readily applicable to van der Waals surface generation, we shall be focusing on solvent-accessible surfaces (SAS) and solvent-excluded surfaces (SES) of a molecule. A list-based method is utilized to represent and generate the union of multiple spheres with arbitrary radii, with which we are able to produce the SAS and SES of a molecule in a very efficient way. The surface generated is represented by a quadrilateral mesh, which can be easily converted into a triangular mesh if needed. Some results will be provided to demonstrate the speed and quality of our mesh generation algorithms.
The successful fieldwork student: supervisor perceptions.

Qualitative research methodology was used to explore supervisor perceptions oflearning style characteristics requiredfor student success in fieldwork. A focus dis­ cussion group was used to elicil success themes identi­ .lied by clinicians. These themes were compared to learning style themes previouslv ident~fied in quanti­ tative studies. Techniques ofconversation analvsis were used to assess congruence ofverhalized themes wilh particzpanl interactions during the discussion group Themes thai emerged were the imporlance of teamwork, active experimenlation, .flexibilily, adapt­ ability, and doing Discussion particzpants activelv modeled teamwork.
The effect of particle aggregation on the absorption and emission properties of mono- and polydisperse soot aggregates

This study concerns the effect of soot-particle aggregation on the soot temperature derived from the signal ratio in two-color laser-induced incandescence measurements. The emissivity of aggregated fractal soot particles was calculated using both the commonly used Rayleigh–Debye–Gans fractal-aggregate theory and the generalized Mie-solution method in conjunction with numerically generated fractal aggregates of specified fractal parameters typical of flame-generated soot. The effect of aggregation on soot temperature was first evaluated for monodisperse aggregates of different sizes and for a lognormally distributed aggregate ensemble at given signal ratios between the two wavelengths. Numerical calculations were also conducted to account for the effect of aggregation on both laser heating and thermal emission at the two wavelengths for determining the effective soot temperature of polydisperse soot aggregates. The results show that the effect of aggregation on laser energy absorption is important at low fluences. The effect of aggregation on soot emissivity is relatively unimportant in LII applications to typical laminar diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure, but it can become more important in flames at high pressures due to larger primary particles and wider aggregate distributions associated with enhanced soot loading.
Behavioral Treatment of Acquired Stuttering

This case report describes the effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) on the speech of a 32-year-old man with a four year history of acquired stuttering. DAF procedures similar to those designed for treatment of developmental stuttering were rapidly efficacious in establishing fluent speech in reading, picture description and monologue tasks for the client. Results suggest that techniques proven successful in the treatment of developmental stuttering may be equally valuable for individuals who manifest acquired stuttering.
Abnormal Sleep Duration Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Accidental Injury.

OBJECTIVE: Develop normative data for adult sleep duration and determine if nonstandard sleep time relates to the likelihood of accidental injury. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: National health information database. METHODS: The National Health Interview Survey, 2004-2013, was examined for adult sleep time and accidental injury within the past 3 months. The mean hours slept per night was determined. The relationship between sleep time and incidence of accidental injury was determined for any injury, injury while driving, and injury while working, adjusting for demographic variables. RESULTS: Among 221.4 million adults (raw sample, N = 282,692), the mean sleep time was 7.17 hours (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.16-7.18 hours). Men and women slept very similar times (7.14 vs 7.17 hours, respectively), and sleep time decreased until the fifth decade (minimum, 6.99 hours), increasing each decade thereafter; 2.81% of adults reported being accidentally injured in the preceding 3 months. Too little sleep and excessive sleep times were both associated with higher rates of accidental injury (odds ratio per hour of deviation from mean, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.12-1.19]), adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and education level. Similar increased odds ratios were noted for injury while driving (1.11 [95% CI, 1.01-1.22]) and injury while at work (1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.20]) with sleep time deviation. CONCLUSION: Most adults sleep between 7 and 8 hours nightly. Adults with sleep time outside this range, with either less or more sleep, have increased rates of accidental injury. These data highlight the need for sufficient quantity and quality of sleep in preventing accidental injury. Language: en
Multimodal Diaries

Time management is an important aspect of a successful professional life. In order to have a better understanding of where our time goes, we propose a system that summarizes the user's daily activity (e.g. sleeping, walking, working on the pc, talking, ...) using all-day multimodal data recordings. Two main novelties are proposed: (i) a system that combines both physical and contextual awareness hardware and software. It records synchronized audio, video, body sensors, GPS and computer monitoring data. (ii) A semi-supervised temporal clustering (SSTC) algorithm that accurately and efficiently groups large amounts of multimodal data into different activities. The effectiveness and accuracy of our SSTC is demonstrated in synthetic and real examples of activity segmentation from multimodal data gathered over long periods of time.
Electrical Resistivity As A Tool For Identifying Geologic Heterogeneities Which Control Seepage At Mirror Lake, Nh

The results of electrical resistivity surveys using cables both surface-towed and stationary (lakebottom) at Mirror Lake, NH suggest that resistivity surveying can be useful for characterizing geologic heterogeneities that control groundwater-surface water interaction, as well as for imaging road-salt contamination. In-situ measurements of seepage coincident with resistivity surveys suggested a relationship between resistivity values and seepage rates. Specifically, we observed that seepage rates were low (averaging -22 cm/day) at Mirror Lake where resistivity values were greater than or equal 3000 Ω-m and where they were less than or equal to 100 Ω- m. Low (100 Ω- m) resistivity values were indicative of organic matter deposits. High (3000 Ω-m) resistivity values were indicative of low porosity, poorly sorted till. Intermediate (~ 1500 Ωm) resistivity values were observed in the regions where seepage rates were highest (averaging -92 cm/day). Core, modeling, and slug test data suggest that these intermediate resistivity values reflect more well-sorted, higher-porosity drift. Resistivity surveys of the suspected region of salt contamination revealed a plume-shaped feature of low resistivity. Low resistivity and high chloride content were confirmed by laboratory analysis of pore fluid. We conclude that the rapidly acquired towed-cable survey can guide placement of higher-resolution, more time-consuming stationary cable surveys. The use of stationary cable resistivity surveys in the very nearshore environments (<2 m from shore), which are generally inaccessible with a towed-cable survey, can guide seepage meter placement.
Renal transport of para-aminohippurate in the hypophysectomized rat.

SummaryThe uptake of para-aminohip-purate of rat kidney slices was determined. Kidney slices from hypophysectomized rats show a lower ability to concentrate para-aminohippurate than normal rat kidney slices. This defect is corrected by the prior administration of growth hormone to the hypophysectomized rats.
Calcium in the blood

In our continued investigation of the calcium in the blood we have paid particular attention to furunculosis and to diabetes. The results here published are part of over 225 determinations made on human beings with the method described by Kramer and Tisdall.1 They state the normal is 9.2—11.1 mg. in 100 c.c. of blood.In a previous paper2 we showed that in a few patients with furunculosis the calcium in the blood was low. We can now add to this record the following confirmation of our former results. (The figures represent milligrams in 100 c.c. of blood). 10.8, 10.6, 10.2, 9.9, 8.7, 8.5, (J. H. 7.9), (E. B. 7.1).In patient E. B. who had had over forty boils and who at the time the blood was taken had a large boil on the arm the calcium content was 7.1. The patient was given 0.1 gram of parathyroid per day and up to the present time an interval of five weeks, there has not been a recurrence. The calcium content was 10.3 after ten days of parathyroid therapy.In J. H., at the time the blood was taken, there ...
Gradient Vector Flow Geodesic Active Contour Model Aided Region Force

As an important improvement of geodesic active contour model,gradient vector flow geodesic active contour model enlarged the applicability of geodesic active contour and improved its segmentation effect. Because the external force driving the evolution of active contour derived from gradient vector flow,active contour may be trapped into undesired local minimum due to some reasons,such as weak edges. In order to decrease the limitation of active contour's initial location and the negative influence of weak edges on the evolution of active contour,we proposed a new gradient vector flow geodesic active contour model aided region force. This model combined external force field based on region information with gradient vector flow force field. This coupling external force field enables geodesic active contour to overcome the influence of weak edges and converge desired boundary. Experimental results show that gradient vector flow geodesic active contour model aided region force has more flexibility to determine the initial contour,better adaptability to the disturbance of weak edges and can effectively avoid boundary leakage compared with gradient vector flow geodesic active contour model.