cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiating Specialists and Generalists Within College Students' Social Support Networks.

In order to examine the relationships among social network structure, types of social support, and determinants of support satisfaction, an alternative method was used to score the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ). Factor analysis procedures suggested that college students' (N=198) social networks consisted of four groups: nuclear family, other family, friends, and others. Satisfaction with support was positively related to the proportion of the network occupied by nuclear family and negatively related to the proportion of friends in the network. Evidence was found for the presence of both support specialists and support generalists in the networks of the college students. These results are discussed from a developmental perspective with attention to the implications for interventions.
The effects of interspecies infant interaction upon social behavior ofMacaca irus andErythrocebus patas

TwoMacaca irus and twoErythrocebus patas mother-infant pairs were used as experimental subjects to test the effects of interspecies interaction upon social behavior of monkeys. Cynomolgous and patas monkeys given intraspecies interation served as control animals. An unexpected result of this study is that mother-infant behaviors were more affected by interspecies interaction than were infant-infant behaviors. The results indicate that the importance one animal has for another in the development of social behavior depends upon two factors: (a) the behavioral repertoires of interacting animals must be similar and (b) each animal must respond “appropriately” to the other's behavior.
The nonlinear evolution of rotating configurations of uniform vorticity

The nonlinear evolution of perturbed equilibrium configurations of constant-vorticity vortices is calculated. To illustrate a variety of nonlinear behaviour, we consider the following relatively simple configurations: the corotating configurations of N vortices whose linear stability has been treated in a previous study; the elliptical vortex; and the annular vortex. Our calculations test for nonlinear stability as well as categorize the possible forms of stability and instability. The energy ideas announced in the previous study are found to greatly constrain vortex evolution. In particular, we show that two vortices and an elliptical vortex may evolve into each other, and that an annular vortex may break cleanly into five co-rotating vortices.
A cast modular bracing system for steel special concentrically braced frames

A Cast Modular Ductile Bracing System (CMDB) is under development as an alternative to special concentrically braced frames. The CMDB system introduces cast components at the ends and center of the brace in an attempt to produce a system with reliable strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity. A cruciform cross-section has been chosen for the cast component geometry, which is specially detailed to enhance energy dissipation and increase low cycle fatigue life thereby reducing the likelihood of fracture. In this paper, capacity design parameters are established that describe the axial strength and flexural strength of the cast components relative to the main hollow structural section member. These parameters are varied in 2D finite element models to understand the nature of the system and identify the best performing designs. 3D FE models of the CMDB system and a typical special concentrically braced frame, in combination with fracture indices, are used to compare the expected low cycle fatigue life of the two systems.
Global sustainability and service‐learning: paradigms for the future

Purpose – Starting with the premise that the industrial age has ended, the paper seeks to examine how the underlying principles of sustainability will guide the creation of new economic and educational paradigms.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes classical economics, the principles of sustainability, and social capital as its theoretical framework.Findings – Based on the neoclassical economic concept of free‐market capitalism, it does not make economic sense to invest in economic, environmental, or social renewal. However, social and environmental indicators demonstrate that a neoclassical capitalist model simply is not sustainable. There is a need for a new paradigm for a sustainable future that is based on biological, living systems as opposed to mechanistic systems. The new paradigm will also rely on the principles of classical economics, civic and social responsibility for its foundation. Service‐learning, as an educational model that is intimately integrated with society, is poised to r...
Is There Hope for the Survivors of Genocides and Their Children? Discussion of Shake’ Topalian's “Ghosts to Ancestors: Bearing Witness to ‘My’ Experience of Genocide”

This discussion of Shake' Topalian's article underlines the importance of the empathic listening perspective in all treatment modalities. In this particular instance, therapist and patient shared a common historical past: both their mothers were children during the Armenian Genocide and carried severe psychological scars related to these experiences. The discussion of Topalian's article emphasizes the importance of recognizing individual differences in cases when a common background could obscure important differences in the personalities of the therapeutic dyad.
Preparation and characterization of golgi membranes from rat liver

Abstract 1. 1. A Golgi-rich fraction from rat liver has been isolated by the direct application of the zonal centrifugation method used previously to isolate Golgi-rich membranes from bovine liver. 2. 2. UDP-galactose -N- acetylglucosamine galactosyl transferase is concentrated about 100-fold in this fraction compared to the homogenate and appears to be a useful marker enzyme for this organelle in rat liver as well as beef liver. As in bovine liver Golgi, the fraction from rat liver is only slightly contaminated by other organelles as evidenced by low glucose-6-phosphatase, ATPase and acid phosphatase activities. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity was found present in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes as well as Golgi membranes from rat liver, and was therefore not a useful marker. 3. 3. Some species differences in the Golgi preparations exist. Rat liver Golgi contain little or no rotenone-insensitive NADH- or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity whereas bovine liver Golgi have significant levels of these activities. In addition, the Golgi fraction from rat liver appears to have a unique and characteristic protein profile after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels as compared with endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membranes and mitochondria. Bovine liver Golgi preparations, on the other hand, appear very similar to endoplasmic reticulum after electrophoresis on acrylamide gels. 4. 4. A major protein of band mobility 0.456 ± 0.008 , relative to ribonuclease A, is present in rat liver Golgi preparations. This band is also characteristic of bovine liver Golgi preparations and may be due either to serum very low density lipoproteins or serum albumin, or both. 5. 5. Using the information obtained from this type of preparation, a simpler, one-step procedure was devised which increases the yield of Golgi membranes from rat liver to 0.15–0.3 mg Golgi protein per g as compared to 0.05 mg Golgi protein per g obtained by the zonal procedure.
Count-sampling circuits for heart-rate conditioning and other applications

Simple count-sampling circuits are described for the study of heart-rate conditioning and other applications. The configurations are relatively inexpensive and easy to build.
A New Turn Structure for the Formation of β-Hairpins in Peptides

Previous studies by Gellman and co-workers have elegantly shown that mirror-image β-turns based upon d-Pro-Gly are especially good at stabilizing β-hairpins and have demonstrated that peptide 1 [Arg-Trp-Gln-Tyr-Val-d-Pro-Gly-Lys-Phe-Thr-Val-Gln-NH2] folds into a well-defined β-hairpin [Espinosa, J. F.; Gellman, S. H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2330−2333]. The present study establishes that the amino acid ornithine (Orn) also forms a turn structure that is excellent at stabilizing β-hairpins when linked through the δ-amino group and that this turn is comparable to d-Pro-Gly in ability to induce β-hairpin formation. Thus, 1H NMR chemical shift and NOE studies establish that Orn-containing analogue 2 [Arg-Trp-Gln-Tyr-Val-δOrn-Lys-Phe-Thr-Val-Gln-NH2] is comparable in structure to peptide 1. The present study also establishes that the Orn turn is superior to Asn-Gly turns and that replacement of the δOrn with eLys or d-δOrn generates structures that do not fold significantly.
A Comparison of Teacher Nomination and Screening to Identify Behavioral and Emotional Risk Within a Sample of Underrepresented Students

Early identification of behavioral and emotional risk has been identified as one strategy to help decrease rates of childhood behavioral and emotional problems. This study compares two methods for early identification (teacher nomination and universal screening) to determine how each strategy may differentially identify at-risk students. A sample of 849 elementary and middle school students was assessed on a number of behavioral and academic outcomes to determine differences among identification methods. Results indicate that universal screening identified a higher number of students than teacher nomination, and those identified by universal screening had lower reading grades. Both approaches identified more males than females. Although students identified as at risk by both methods had significantly more office discipline referrals, and lower study habits and cooperation grades than students not identified as at risk, there were no significant differences in these variables between the early identificati...
Zebrafish Housing, Husbandry, Health, and Care: IACUC Considerations

The articles in this issue review pertinent and specific information about infectious and noninfectious disease, housing system design and function, husbandry practices and techniques, and Internet resources as they specifically relate to zebrafish (Danio rerio). This article explores aspects that members of institutional animal care and use committees, husbandry care staff, physical plant personnel, veterinarians, principal investigators, and research personnel should consider with regard to the appropriate and necessary care and use of this unique fish model in a teaching, laboratory, or research setting. This information is designed to enhance understanding and facilitate collegial discussions to inform decision making about zebrafish care and use at various institutions or facilities.
Trials of the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Cardiovascular Diseases.

This era of rapidly expanding emergence of resistant bacteria and societal trends that limit the duration of hospitalization has spurred the reevaluation of patterns of use of antimicrobial agents in many therapeutic and preventive settings. In the sphere of cardiac infectious disease this has given impetus to work in the following four areas: 1. Reassessment of the risks of infective endocarditis (IE) after invasive procedures with a goal of maximizing the benefits of antimicrobial prophylaxis in select populations. 2. Refinement of the criteria that is used to establish the diagnosis of endocarditis, particularly in children and in patients with culture-negative disease, and identification of patients with staphylococcal bacteremia who are most likely to have established an endocardial focus of infection and therefore require antimicrobial regimens of longer duration. 3. Determination of the efficacy of new therapeutic regimens in IE that adapt to socioeconomic trends for shorter hospitalization, compensate for the unreliability of intravenous therapy in intravenous drug abusers, and deal with the emergence of highly resistant organisms. 4. Exploration of the role of infectious agents (ie, Chlamydia pneumoniae) in the etiology of atherosclerosis and the usefulness of intervention with antimicrobial therapy in modifying the disease outcomes.
Advances in Simulation of Grinding Process

Grinding is an important method for precision machining and ultra-precision grinding. It is used to generate parts with high surface finish, high form accuracy and surface integrity. In recent years, grinding technology in precision machining and ultra-precision machining of ceramics, glass and high-strength alloys and other hard materials has been applied widely. Grinding process is complex, once known as "black processing technology." Computer simulation is an important method to research the grinding mechanism and optimize the grinding process parameters. Especially in recent years as the development of computer calculation speed, the improvement of computer graphics theory and the gradual maturity of artificial intelligence technology, experts and scholars whose research subject related grinding had done a lot of work on grinding simulation. This paper gives an overview of the current state of the art in simulation of grinding processes: Physical simulation (material removal mechanism, grinding force, grinding temperature, etc.) and geometrical simulation (surface topography and surface integrity) are taken into account, and outlined with respect to their achievements in this paper. Furthermore, the capabilities and the limitations of the presented simulation approaches will be exemplified.
Reduction of CO2 and CO to methane on Cu foil electrodes

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 has been studied on Cu foil electrodes in 0.5 M KHCO 3 , pH 7.6. The highest methane formation rates at 22 and 0°C were 8×10 −5 (17 mA cm −2 ) and 1.1×10 −4 (23 mA cm −2 ) mol cm −2 h −1 at −2.0 and −2.3 V vs. SCE respectively. The onset potentials for both methane and ethylene were −1.5 to −1.6 V vs. SCE. It was demonstrated that CH 4 is formed from CO at a 50 times lower rate than from CO 2 with an onset potential of −1.5 to −1.6 V vs. SCE. The methane formation rate is higher if the surface is prepared by cleaning with HCl rather than HNO 3 or oxidation in air. Tafel slopes for the methane partial current were 174 and 110 mV/ decade for the HNO 3 and HCl pretreatment respectively. Electrochemically assisted dissociation of adsorbed CO by electron transfer is suggested as the rate determining step.
Differences in assessments of relative prestige and utility of criminal justice and criminology journals

Several articles have been written about the relative prestige of journals in criminology and criminal justice. Almost uniformly, however, those rankings have focused on sociology and criminology journals and have generally reflected a sociological orientation. If criminal justice is indeed a separate discipline, such approaches are tantamount to asking psychologists to rate sociological journals within a list of psychology journals. Our approach is first to separate respondents by their degree of identification with criminal justice and their educational orientation. Second, we compile a list of responses to questions about prestige and utility to practitioners across the range of criminal justice and criminology journals. Analyses of these data indicate that there are differences in the way scholars rate journals, based on their identity with criminal justice and their educational orientation. These differences, however, are found in specific journals and in types of journals (i.e., police, corrections, criminal justice) rather than in aggregate perceptions of all criminal justice and criminology journals.
Secondary antiprotons - A valuable cosmic-ray probe

Even in the absence of antiprotons in the primary cosmic rays, a flux of secondary antiprotons will be produced in collisions between cosmic rays and interstellar gas. The predicted antiproton fraction increases with increasing cosmic-ray confinement, so that observations of antiprotons will provide a probe of models of cosmic-ray confinement. It is shown that the expected antiproton fraction (for E (p-bar) > or approx. =10 GeV) ranges between 2.3 x 10/sup -4/ for the ''leaky box'' model and 18 x 10/sup -4/ for the ''closed box'' model. In addition, attention is called to the fact that a detection of cosmic-ray antiprotons at, or above, a level of 2 x 10/sup -4/ will provide a valuable lower limit to the antiproton lifetime (and hence a check on the validity of CPT invariance).
Synthesis and properties of oligomers of iron–manganese carbonyl complexes with bridging disulfido ligands

Abstract The reactions of activated CpFeMn(CO)7 1a and Cp*FeMn(CO)7 1b, Cp=C5Me5 with thiirane yielded the new dimeric mixed metal disulfido complexes: [CpFeMn(CO)5(μ3-S2)]2 (2) and [Cp*FeMn(CO)5(μ3-S2)]2 (3). Compounds 2 and 3 both contain two triply bridging disulfido ligands. When heated at 40 °C, compound 2 was transformed into a trimeric compound Cp3Fe3Mn3(CO)15(μ3-S2)(μ4-S2)2, 4. Compound 4 contains three disulfido ligands, each of which has a different bridging coordination mode in the six atom metal cluster. There are three inequivalent CpFe(CO)2 groupings linked to a central Mn3(S2)3 core by the disulfido ligands. In solution, compound 4 exhibits a dynamical intramolecular exchange process that interconverts two of the three CpFe(CO)2 groups on the NMR timescale.
Rejection Sensitivity is Associated with Quality of Life, Psychosocial Outcome, and the Course of Depression in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar I Disorder

Rejection sensitivity has been found to predict the course of unipolar depression as well as key outcomes, but has not yet been considered within bipolar disorder. The present study investigated the effects of rejection sensitivity on outcome in bipolar disorder. Fifty-three participants diagnosed with bipolar I disorder in remission using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV were compared to 44 controls with no history of mood disorder. A subset of 38 bipolar participants completed follow-up interviews using standard symptom severity measures at 6 months. People with bipolar I disorder reported higher rejection sensitivity scores than did controls. Within the bipolar sample, rejection sensitivity at baseline predicted increases in depression, but not mania, over the following 6 months; heightened rejection sensitivity was also correlated with poorer quality of life, social support, and psychological well-being. Findings highlight the importance of interpersonal-cognitive factors for treating depression and improving outcome within bipolar I disorder.
Three-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Simulations of Turbine Rotor-Stator Interaction; Part I1 - Results

Fluid flows within turbomachinery tend to be extremely complex. Understanding such flows is crucial to efforts to improve current turbomachinery designs, and the computational approach can be used to great advantage in this regard. This study presents a finite-difference, unsteady, thin-layer Navier-Stokes solution to the flow within an axial turbine stage. The computational methodology developed for this simulation is presented in Part I of this paper. The calculation includes end-wall and tip-leakage effects. Results in the form of time-averaged surface pressures, pressure amplitudes (corresponding to the pressure fluctuation in time), near-surface velocity vectors, and pressure contours in the passage areas are presented. The numerical results are compared with experimental data wherever possible and the agreement between the two is found to be good.
On the validity of a first-order kinetics scheme for the thermal decomposition of oil shale kerogen

Abstract Kinetics data from a previous study on the thermal decomposition of Green River oil shale kerogen were reanalyzed in terms of topochemical models conventionally employed for solid-state reactions. The analyses revealed that the thermal decomposition proceeded by mechanisms which were more complex than the simple first-order rate law proposed by previous authors. The reactant/product interface and effects arising from diffusion of product gases from the oil shale matrix played a key role in the kinetics of the decomposition reaction. The decomposition mechanism was seen to switch from simple first-order at low temperatures (⩽ 400°C) to phase-boundary controlled at intermediate temperatures (400–450°C). The reaction became strongly diffusion-controlled at temperatures above 450°C. There was also evidence for zero-order kinetics in some cases. A sensitivity analysis, however, revealed that effective or procedural kinetics parameters could be extracted such that the magnitude of these parameters was relatively insensitive to the particular kinetics model employed. These global kinetics parameters may have relevance to practical applications such as those related to modeling of retort processes. A rate expression given by k = 3.69 × 10 11 exp(−21059/ T ) (min −1 ) was deduced for the high temperature stage in the decomposition associated with the conversion of pyrolytic bitumen to the final products.
Whole Grain Foods and Heart Disease Risk

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in most developed nations and is rapidly increasing in prevalence in developing countries. Death rates from cardiovascular disease exceed 1 million annually in the United States and account for the largest disease-related cost to health with total costs estimated to exceed $120 billion per annum. Many dietary factors, including total and saturated fat consumption, fruit and vegetable intake and dietary fiber, have been shown to contribute to risk for CHD. We have systematically reviewed literature from the past 20 years evaluating an association between dietary fiber and CHD. Foods that are rich in dietary fiber, including fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grain cereals, also tend to be a rich source of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals. antioxidants and other micronutrients. Each of these factors may be independently contributing to the cardiovascular protective effects of fiber-rich foods.
Procedure and Equipment for Measuring Parameters of Thermoelectric Generator Modules

Equipment for measuring parameters of thermoelectric generator modules in the temperature range from 30°C to 600°C, and in the expanded range to 800°C, has been developed. To determine module efficiency, the equipment employs a direct heat flux measurement using heat meters. Steps to minimize measurement errors were taken in the development. This equipment can be used for studies on the development of thermoelectric modules, as well as for their quality control during commercial production. Consumers will find this equipment useful for testing generator modules prior to mounting them into final products.
Comparison of Serum Folate Species Analyzed by LC-MS/MS with Total Folate Measured by Microbiologic Assay and Bio-Rad Radioassay

Background: The Bio-Rad QuantaPhase II radioassay (BR), used for 25 years to measure total folate (TFOL) concentrations for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), will be discontinued in 2007. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or a microbiologic assay (MA) will be used in the future. Methods: We measured folate species by LC-MS/MS and TFOL by MA and BR in 327 serum samples. Results: LC-MS/MS measured 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5CH3THF; 82%), folic acid (FA; 8%), 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (5CHOTHF; 6%), tetrahydrofolic acid (THF; 4%), and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid (5,10CH=THF; 0%). The sum of the folate species correlated well with TFOL measured by MA ( R 2 = 0.97) and BR ( R 2 = 0.91). Compared with LC-MS/MS results, MA and BR values were significantly lower (−6% and −29%, respectively); however, these differences were concentration dependent. The MA almost completely recovered folates added to serum samples except for FA [69% (3%)] and THF [36% (10%)]. The BR underrecovered 5CH3THF [61% (9%)] and 5CHOTHF [38% (14%)] and overrecovered 5,10CH=THF [234% (32%)]. Multiple linear regression models with log-transformed data yielded a good fit for converting BR data to MA or LC-MS/MS data and MA data to LC-MS/MS data. Conclusions: The good correspondence between the sum of folate species determined by LC-MS/MS and TFOL determined by MA makes these 2 assays interchangeable. The BR produces much lower results, on average, probably because of 5CH3THF underrecovery. The conversion equations provided could be used for future NHANES time trend analyses.
Species Composition and Economic Value of Maine's Winter Baitfish Industry

Abstract The Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife conducted annual inspections of baitfish wholesale and retail outlets from 1985 to 1996 to determine compliance with species restrictions and to measure the magnitude of Maine's baitfish trade. Several teams, each composed of one biologist and one wildlife law enforcement person, inspected about 10% of Maine's licensed bait sellers each February. During the 12 years of this program, 10 species of illegal baitfish were found. The occurrence of illegal baitfish found in bait shops declined during the program from a high of about 16% of the shops inspected in 1985 to an average of about 4% of inspected shops per year after 1988. Maine's baitfish industry was valued at US$4.71 million and involved more than 20 million fish. Annual on-site inspections can build working relationships between regulators and vendors, increase compliance with state laws, and be a valid method for collecting biological and economic information.
THz impulse radar for medical imaging

The THz impulse radar is an “RF-inspired” sensor system that has performed remarkably well since its development nearly six years ago. It was developed for ex vivo skin-burn imaging, and has since shown great promise in the sensitive detection of hydration levels in soft tissues of several types, including in vivo rabbit cornea and partial and full thickness burns in rat models. An intriguing aspect of the impulse radar is its hybrid architecture which combines the high-peak-power of photoconductive switches with the high-responsivity and -bandwidth (RF and video) of Schottky-diode rectifiers. The result is a very sensitive sensor system which is quasi-coherent in the sense that its signal-to-noise ratio varies approximately linear with the integration time, but the phase information is discarded, which is beneficial in mitigating the effects of clutter and speckle. This talk will summarize studies done on the optimization of THz impulse radar using optical (Gaussian-beam) and large-signal-processing (MATLAB) analysis. A system-performance example will be presented for corneal hydration sensing, and the inherent affordability of this system compared to existing THz spectrometric (time- and frequency-domain) instruments will be emphasized. This architecture may be optimal in medical imaging applications where the presence of water is a defining disease/injury feature.
Phosphate Transport hy Intestinal Endoplasmic Reticulum during Maturation

ABSTRACT: The transport of phosphate into jejunal endoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from suckling and adolescent rats was investigated using a rapid filtration technique. Intestinal endoplasmic reticulum from both ages were enriched with NADPH cytochrome-C-reductase whereas other markers for brush border, basolateral, mitochondrial, and Golgi apparatus were impoverished. Phosphate uptake represented an energy-dependent process as evident by more than 80% decrease in uptake values at 0° C compared to 25° C. Phosphate uptake was ATP dependent in both age groups, however, mean uptake values were significantly greater in suckling rats compared to adolescent rats. pH optimum for uptake was 7.2. p-Chloromer-curibenzoate at 100 μM concentration inhibited phosphate uptake by more than 90%. Initial rate of phosphate uptake was linear up to 45s. Kinetics of phosphate uptake at 30 s showed a Km of 0.7 ± 0.1 and 0.15 ± 0.1 suckling and adolescent rats, respectively. Vmax was 1.5 ± 0.5 and 0.14 ± 0.01 nmol/mg protein/30 s for both suckling and adolescent rats, respectively. Herein we provide evidence for the first time for the presence of a phosphate carrier in intestinal endoplasmic reticulum of rats. Endoplasmic reticulum of phosphate uptake was significantly greater in suckling rats compared to adolescent rats. This increase in uptake is due to a greater number and activity of phosphate carriers in suckling rats.
Criticism, Cynicism, and Political Evaluation: A Venezuelan Example

Political trust and political efficacy are concepts currently undergoing considerable discussion and revision. The discussion of voting behavior in Campbell et al. (1954), Almond's and Verba's (1965) version of the participation hypothesis, Gamson's (1968) trust-efficacy hypothesis, and Verba's and Nie's (1972) standard socioeconomic model represent quite distinct and contrasting stages in the treatment of these concepts, but share some assumptions requiring additional discussion and clarification. One of these pertains to treatment of political criticism, measured with low scores of trust in government, as political cynicism. This is not so much an operational or methodological question as a theoretical framework that has never had much to say about the role of criticism in contemporary democratic societies. This essay proffers a case in which, high levels of interpersonal distrust and high levels of government criticism notwithstanding, it is possible to make this basic distinction. Path analyses of data from a national-sample survey show that criticism is triggered by predominantly political orientations, while cynicism is a rigidified form of criticism inseparable from the social circumstances of individuals. In addition, the evidence suggests that the sense of political efficacy does not play the pivotal role assigned to it in the literature.
Nosocomial penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections at a Midwestern university hospital.

We analyzed 333 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from adult inpatients over a continuous 30-month period. Twenty-five percent of isolates were resistant to penicillin, and 18% of tested strains were not susceptible to ceftriaxone. For 29 (15%) of 199 evaluable patients, S pneumoniae was isolated from a culture first obtained >48 hours after admission, and chart review satisfied our case definition for nosocomial infection. S pneumoniae isolates were penicillin-resistant in 14 of 29 nosocomial and 34 of 170 community-acquired cases (odds ratio, 3.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.53-9.15; P =.01)
The influence of surface structure on growth of Si(001)2×1 from the vapor phase

Recent results of a Monte Carlo simulation of crystal growth on the (001) face of diamond-structure semiconductors are presented. The simulation suggests a relationship of the morphology of growing Si(001) crystal surfaces to defect structures, diffusion anisotropy, and the structure of clusters on specular surfaces and terrace edges on vicinal surfaces. The reconstruction is predicted to contain domain boundaries which are shown to be sites for preferential growth of new layers. The rate at which the domains form and their size oscillates during the growth of new monolayers on flat surfaces. The simulation results are based on an entirely kinetic model; very few terms resulting in driving forces due to reduction of total system energy are included. Most experimental observations can thus be accounted for without the need to introduce energy differences favoring certain configurations. Some discrepancies between the model results and observed morphologies cannot be accounted for by the kinetic model suggesting, for example, that some form of energy difference for adatoms adjacent to different sides of reconstruction dimers does occur. The model results provide a method for estimating fundamental properties such as the importance of dimer and second-nearest-neighbor interactions in determining the surface morphology and the populations of surface vacancies, clusters, and multiple-height surface steps.
POSSIBLE STELLAR STREAMS IN THE EDGE-ON SPIRAL NGC 891 DISCOVERED FROM KINEMATICS OF PLANETARY NEBULAE

We have found 125 planetary nebulae (PNs) in NGC 891, using an [O III] λ5007 on-band/off-band filter technique with the Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph (FOCAS) at the Cassegrain focus of the Subaru telescope, Mauna Kea. Radial velocities were measured for all detected sources, using a method of slitless spectroscopy which we briefly describe. The radial velocities allow us to study the motions of different stellar populations in NGC 891. The PN kinematics show rotation at large distances from the galactic plane. Of particular interest is the strong asymmetry of PN distribution at large height, which we interpret as two possible stellar streams that could be orbiting the galaxy at large angles to the main structure. These streams, if real, are probably remnants of a previous minor merging episode. This idea finds support in recent reports of clump-like, incompletely mixed structures from deep HST/ACS images of this galaxy.
Rickettsia in Texas.

Since the first reported case in 1941, Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans has been reported from many areas of Texas, with two major foci, one located in the north-central region and the other in the eastern region of the state. During the period 1979-1988, 421 cases of RMSF were reported, reaching 108 cases in 1983 and declining in subsequent years. Statewide surveillance programs to detect spotted fever group rickettsiae in tick populations were initiated in 1976. In recent years, the SFG infectivity rates in these tick species have included Dermacentor variabilis, 5.2%; Amblyomma americanum, 7.1%; Rhipicephalus sanguineus, 2.9%; and Ixodes scapularis, 10.2%. Further determination of involved rickettsial species and pathogenicity is needed, as many of these specimens are collected from humans and during epidemiological investigations. Various foci of murine typhus occur in Texas. During 1979-1988, 400 human cases were reported. The majority of cases occurred in people who resided in south Texas. Several investigations have shown a possible link between typhus infections and exposure to Ctenocephalides felis. Other rickettsial infections currently reported in Texas include Q fever and ehrlichiosis.
Contact nucleation of ice by natural aerosol particles

Abstract Laboratory experiments on contact ice nucleation have shown that only a fraction of aerosol particles will nucleate ice instantaneously upon collision with the surface of a supercooled drop. This fraction appears to be proportional to the size of the aerosol particle contacting the drop, and inversely proportional to the supercooling temperature. Another fraction of those aerosol particles that were captured by the drop did not nucleate ice at the time of impact, but were found to initiate phase transition after they had stayed on the drop surface for a time. This “delayed, on-surface” nucleation mode is of importance in quantitative modeling of the ice particle production in atmospheric clouds, and must be differentiated from contact (moment of collision) nucleation.
Treatment of postmastectomy pain with ambulatory continuous paravertebral nerve blocks: a randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study.

Background We aimed to determine with this randomized, triple-masked, placebo-controlled study if benefits are afforded by adding a multiple-day, ambulatory, continuous ropivacaine paravertebral nerve block to a single-injection ropivacaine paravertebral block after mastectomy. Methods Preoperatively, 60 subjects undergoing unilateral (n = 24) or bilateral (n = 36) mastectomy received either unilateral or bilateral paravertebral perineural catheter(s), respectively, inserted between the third and fourth thoracic transverse process(es). All subjects received an initial bolus of ropivacaine 0.5% (15 mL) via the catheter(s). Subjects were randomized to receive either perineural ropivacaine 0.4% or normal saline using portable infusion pump(s) [5 mL/h basal; 300 mL reservoir(s)]. Subjects remained hospitalized for at least 1 night and were subsequently discharged home where the catheter(s) were removed on postoperative day (POD) 3. Subjects were contacted by telephone on PODs 1, 4, 8, and 28. The primary end point was average pain (scale, 0–10) queried on POD 1. Results Average pain queried on POD 1 for subjects receiving perineural ropivacaine (n = 30) was a median (interquartile) of 2 (0–3), compared with 4 (1–5) for subjects receiving saline (n = 30; 95% confidence interval difference in medians, −4.0 to −0.3; P = 0.021]. During this same period, subjects receiving ropivacaine experienced a lower severity of breakthrough pain (5 [3–6] vs 7 [5–8]; P = 0.046) as well. As a result, subjects receiving perineural ropivacaine experienced less pain-induced physical and emotional dysfunction, as measured with the Brief Pain Inventory (lower score = less dysfunction): 14 (4–37) versus 57 (8–67) for subjects receiving perineural saline (P = 0.012). For the subscale that measures the degree of interference of pain on 7 domains, such as general activity and relationships, subjects receiving perineural saline reported a median score 10 times higher (more dysfunction) than those receiving ropivacaine (3 [0–24] vs 33 [0–44]; P = 0.035). In contrast, after infusion discontinuation, there were no statistically significant differences detected between treatment groups. Conclusions After mastectomy, adding a multiple-day, ambulatory, continuous ropivacaine infusion to a single-injection ropivacaine paravertebral nerve block results in improved analgesia and less functional deficit during the infusion. However, no benefits were identified after infusion discontinuation.
Control of progesterone receptor transcriptional synergy by SUMOylation and deSUMOylation

Background Covalent modification of nuclear receptors by the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) is dynamically regulated by competing conjugation/deconjugation steps that modulate their overall transcriptional activity. SUMO conjugation of progesterone receptors (PRs) at the N-terminal lysine (K) 388 residue of PR-B is hormone-dependent and suppresses PR-dependent transcription. Mutation of the SUMOylation motif promotes transcriptional synergy.
Broadband enhancement of spontaneous emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds by hyperbolic metamaterials

We experimentally demonstrate a broadband enhancement of emission from nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds. The enhancement is achieved by using a multilayer metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion.
Using templates and neighborhoods: practical considerations and formal observations

This paper explores the template concept as defined in the University of Florida image algebra with special attention to computer representation of template operands and the implementation of image-template operations. We discuss some of the basic properties that support template decomposition and relate these properties to computer implementation structures. We also discuss the practical considerations that have led to provide users of the image algebra C++ class library (iac++) with neighborhoods and neighborhood operations and provide formal definitions for these concepts. We argue that neighborhoods represent an important concept which should not be ignored in image algebra. We then exploit properties of point set representation to yield a technique for automatic decomposition of neighborhoods employed in the iac++ class library and extend this technique to provide some initial techniques for template decomposition as well.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Domino: understanding wide-area, asynchronous event causality in web applications

In a modern web application, a single high-level action like a mouse click triggers a flurry of asynchronous events on the client browser and remote web servers. We introduce Domino, a new tool which automatically captures and analyzes end-to-end, asynchronous causal relationship of events that span clients and servers. Using Domino, we found uncharacteristically long event chains in Bing Maps, discovered data races in the WinJS implementation of promises, and developed a new server-side scheduling algorithm for reducing the tail latency of server responses.
THIAMINE CONTENT AND PALATABILITY OF QUICK BREADS MADE WITH SOY-EGG FLOURS

Full fat soy (S), 85% full fat soy and 15% egg (85S) and 75% full fat soy and 25% egg (75S) flours were prepared and substituted for 10,20 and 30% of the wheat flour in a chemically leavened quick bread. Thiamine content of the breads was significantly different from the control and was affected by the level of substitution. Sensory evaluation of the quick breads indicated that acceptable products could be made with up to 30% substitution of S, 85S and 75S flours although scores decreased with increasing levels of the soy flours.
Cotranscriptional splicing regulation: it's not just about speed.

Recent data suggest that the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II can repress exon inclusion via a mechanism not explained by the prevailing models for cotranscriptional splicing regulation.
Approaches to the treatment of bladder cancer at Stanford.

The treatment of bladder cancer is one of the most active areas of clinical cancer research. The use of new classes of intravesical agents, such as the interferons, and anlogues of effective intravesical chemotherapies, such as epirubicin, the 4-epimer of doxorubicin, show promise of controlling the sequela of this common urologic problem. In metastatic transitional cell carcinoma, the CMV regimen holds promise of palliation for many and or long-term remission for some patients with advanced bladder cancer.
Solving industry design problems using engineering technology and industrial design student teams

Engineering Technology programs are typically located in departments and colleges focused primarily on science and engineering. Industrial Design programs are typically located in art departments. At Western Washington University, the Industrial Design program is located in the Engineering Technology department. Having Industrial Design students and faculty members in the Engineering Technology department encourages collaborations that achieve learning objectives improbable in engineering-only collaborations. The students learn skills unique to their discipline, but also increase their understanding of the challenges of the other discipline, communication skills, and ability to compromise in order to achieve a shared objective. Additionally, the students work in an environment that better replicates professional teams where designers and engineers are using concurrent engineering. Over the past three years, students from a Plastics Engineering Technology senior course and an Industrial Design junior course have worked together in small teams on industry-sponsored design projects. The course instructors utilized three very different approaches to these industry-sponsored design projects which resulted in different results.
Diel behavior of stable isotopes of dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon in rivers over a range of trophic conditions, and in a mesocosm experiment

Abstract Rates of diel (24-h) biogeochemical processes in rivers and their effect on daily changes in the concentration of metals and metalloids have been well documented in the literature over the last 20 years. Investigations into the effects of these processes on aquatic systems and the underlying mechanisms that control the processes can significantly improve our understanding of how natural aquatic environments function and will respond to changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts. Daily changes in the rates of biogeochemical processes have, more recently, been shown to influence the stable isotope composition of dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon in natural waters. Here we present a comprehensive picture of the persistence and reproducibility of diel cycles of the 18O composition of dissolved molecular oxygen (δ18O-DO) and the 13C composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) across five Montana, USA rivers investigated over a 4-year period. A mesocosm experiment showed the same behavior in δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC as seen in riverine settings across light and dark periods. A cross plot of δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC from each stream exhibits a clockwise elliptical pattern which is attributed to the daily changes in the balance of metabolic rates as well as air–water gas exchange. The amplitude of the change in the isotope composition is shown to be directly related to the trophic state of the river and a relationship between net productivity and diel changes in δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC is presented. This relationship between trophic status with δ18O-DO, δ13C-DIC and production emphasizes the significance of how rates of biogeochemical processes in natural systems can influence the daily changes in the composition of surface waters.
Neurovegetative symptoms in multiple sclerosis: relationship to depressed mood, fatigue, and physical disability.

Abstract Some authors have suggested that when evaluating depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, neurovegetative symptoms should be discounted and/or not considered, given the ostensibly high overlap between symptoms of MS (e.g., sleep disturbance, fatigue) and neurovegetative symptoms of depression. A further assertion is that inclusion of items assessing neurovegetative symptoms may artificially inflate overall depression scores and that mood scales may provide more accurate indices of depression in MS patients. The current study investigated the possibility that some neurovegetative symptoms may be specifically related to MS patients' depressed mood and are not simply indicators of physical disability and/or fatigue. Seventy-six clinically definite MS patients in the northwestern United States were administered two depression inventories and measures of physical disability and fatigue as part of a larger study. Results revealed that one neurovegetative symptom—disinterest in sex—was uniquely associated with depressed mood, and other neurovegetative symptoms were associated with both depression and fatigue but not physical disability. The present findings suggest that certain neurovegetative symptoms are differentially associated with depression, fatigue, and physical disability in MS. Routinely discounting all neurovegetative symptoms when assessing depression in MS patients may thus be unwarranted.
Breaking Up Is Hard to Count: The Rise of Divorce in the United States, 1980–2010

This article critically evaluates the available data on trends in divorce in the United States. We find that both vital statistics and retrospective survey data on divorce after 1990 underestimate recent marital instability. These flawed data have led some analysts to conclude that divorce has been stable or declining for the past three decades. Using new data from the American Community Survey and controlling for changes in the age composition of the married population, we conclude that there was actually a substantial increase in age-standardized divorce rates between 1990 and 2008. Divorce rates have doubled over the past two decades among persons over age 35. Among the youngest couples, however, divorce rates are stable or declining. If current trends continue, overall age-standardized divorce rates could level off or even decline over the next few decades. We argue that the leveling of divorce among persons born since 1980 probably reflects the increasing selectivity of marriage.