cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Teachers Act Like We're Robots": TikTok as a Window Into Youth Experiences of Online Learning During COVID-19

Social media, and especially popular youth-focused platforms like TikTok, can offer a valuable window into youth experiences, including their perceptions of online learning. Building on a large-sca...
Leveraging Neuroimaging Tools to Assess Precision and Accuracy in an Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathologic Sampling Protocol.

Introduction The study of Alzheimer's disease investigates topographic patterns of degeneration in the context of connected networks comprised of functionally distinct domains using increasingly sophisticated molecular techniques. Therefore, obtaining high precision and accuracy of neuropathologic tissue sampling will enhance the reliability of molecular studies and contribute to the understanding of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neuroimaging tools can help assess these aspects of current sampling protocols as well as contribute directly to their improvement. Methods Using a virtual sampling method on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) from 35 participants (21 women), we compared the precision and accuracy of traditional neuropathologic vs. neuroimaging-guided sampling. The impact of the resulting differences was assessed by evaluating the functional connectivity pattern of regions selected by each approach. Results Virtual sampling using the traditional neuropathologic approach had low neuroanatomical precision and accuracy for all cortical regions tested. Neuroimaging-guided strategies narrowed these gaps. Discrepancies in the location of traditional and neuroimaging-guided samples corresponded to differences in fMRI measures of functional connectivity. Discussion Integrating neuroimaging tools with the neuropathologic assessment will improve neuropathologic-neuroimaging correlations by helping to ensure specific functional domains are accurately sampled for quantitative molecular neuropathologic applications. Our neuroimaging-based simulation of current sampling practices provides a benchmark of precision and accuracy against which to measure improvements when using novel tissue sampling approaches. Our results suggest that relying on gross landmarks alone to select samples at autopsy leads to significant variability, even when sampled by the same neuropathologist. Further, this exercise highlights how sampling precision could be enhanced if neuroimaging were integrated with the standard neuropathologic assessment. More accurate targeting and improved biological homogeneity of sampled brain tissue will facilitate the interpretation of neuropathological analyses in AD and the downstream research applications of brain tissue from biorepositories.
Understanding expenditure patterns in retirement

Understanding the consumption needs of retirees is critical to assessing the adequacy of retirement income and the possible impact of Social Security reform on the well-being of older Americans. This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study, including a recent supplemental expenditure survey, to analyze spending patterns and consumption needs for adults ages 65 and older. Results indicate that typical older married adults spend 84 percent of after-tax household income, and nonmarried adults spend 92 percent of after-tax income. Even at older ages individuals devote a larger share of their expenditures and income to housing than any other category of goods and services, including health care. Fully 8 percent of married adults report after-tax incomes that fall short of our estimated basic-needs threshold, consisting of housing, health care, food, and clothing. By comparison, only 3 percent of married adults have incomes below the official poverty level.
Curricular innovation and the science of public health education: a call to action.

Why is the study of public health education and instruction so important at this time? The 2003 Institute of Medicine (IOM) Report, Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating Public Health Professionals for the 21st Century, made it clear that schools of public health should embrace as “a primary mission the preparation of individuals for positions of senior responsibility in public health practice, research, and teaching.” The report further made it clear that “schools of public health should emphasize the importance and centrality of the ecological approach.”1 This report implies that schools of public health are not just about educating individuals for content alone; they are about educating leaders who are expected to take responsible roles in the professional practice of public health.
Enhancement of recA protein-promoted DNA strand exchange activity by volume-occupying agents.

To investigate the in vivo effects of macromolecular crowding we examined the effect of inert macromolecules such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol on the in vitro activity of recA protein. The addition of either of these volume-occupying agents enables recA protein to promote homologous pairing and exchange of DNA strands at an otherwise nonpermissive magnesium ion concentration. In the presence of these macromolecules, both the rate of recA protein association with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and the steady-state affinity of recA protein for ssDNA are increased. Consequently, the ability of recA protein to compete with ssDNA-binding protein (SSB protein) is enhanced, and the inhibitory effects of SSB protein on the formation of recA protein-ssDNA presynaptic complexes are eliminated. Because the ability of recA protein to bind to ssDNA-containing secondary structures is also enhanced in volume-occupied solution, joint molecule formation is not greatly reduced when SSB protein is omitted from the reaction. Thus, increased recA protein interactions with ssDNA contribute to enhanced presynaptic complex formation. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol must also affect another property of recA protein, i.e. self-association, which is required for synapsis and DNA strand exchange. Our examination of DNA strand exchange in the presence of volume-occupying agents helps to reconcile the requirement for elevated magnesium ion concentrations in recA protein-promoted recombination reactions in vitro, with a presumably low magnesium ion concentration in vivo.
The Occurrence of Squalene in Lipid of Fowlpox Virus

Abstract The lipids of highly purified fowlpox virus and those of the normal and infected host cell (chick scalp epithelium) were studied. 1. It was found that the virus contained 34% lipid with squalene being a major component (16.8%) and the only hydrocarbon present. In contrast, squalene was either absent or present only in trace amounts in normal epithelium. 2. Except for the presence of squalene, the lipid classes of the virus qualitatively resembled those found in the normal cell, but thin layer chromatography and individual measurements revealed marked differences in quantitative distribution. The amount of cholesteryl ester, in particular, was elevated in the virus. Cholesterol, mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acid, phospholipid, and an unidentified lipid class composed the remainder of the virus lipid. 3. Total fatty acids of the virus and the surrounding matrix and those of the normal and infected epithelium were mainly saturated and monoenoic with less than 10% polyenoic members present. Analysis with a complementary thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographic procedure revealed that a minimum of 31 fatty acids containing both even and odd chain members from C12–C28 inclusive were present. Branched chain acids were not found. Two points of dissimilarity between the fatty acid composition of the virus and the normal epithelium were the depression in percentage of odd chain acids and the increased monoene to saturate ratio observed with the virus acids. Fatty acid patterns in the cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions of the virus did not differ greatly. 4. Complex mixtures of aldehydes were discovered in the virus and epithelium phospholipid fractions. At least 54 components, predominately saturated, were detected. Two essentially complete homologous series (normal and isoaldehydes) with even and odd chain members from C10–C28 were found. Anteiso-aldehydes were also present. Aldehydes of the virus were more unsaturated and contained less branched chain members than those of the epithelium. 5. The function of the lipid in fowlpox virus is unclear. The present evidence, however, indicates that the lipid of fowlpox virus differs markedly from that of cell membranes.
Beam plasma 14 MeV neutron source for fusion materials development

The conceptual engineering design and expected performance for a 14-MeV DT neutron source are detailed. The source would provide an intense neutron flux for accelerated testing of fusion reactor materials. The 150-keV neutral beams inject energetic deuterium atoms, which ionize, are trapped, and then react with a warm (200-eV), dense tritium target plasma. This produces a neutron source strength of 3.6*10/sup 17/ n/s for a neutron power density at the plasma edge of 5-10 MW/m/sup 2/. This is several times the approximately 2 MW/m/sup 2/ anticipated at the first wall of fusion reactors. This high flux provides accelerated end-of-life tests of 1- to 2-year duration, thus making materials development possible. The modular design of the source and the facilities are described. >
No CPR for CSR: A Call to Abandon Search for the “Holy Grail”

Aguinis and Glavas (2013) offer a new attempt to explain the consistently weak but consistently inconsistent findings regarding the relationship of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to financial performance. Like many others writing in the field, Aguinis and Glavas appear to believe that further efforts to categorize types of CSR will somehow identify CSR forms that are financially rewarding. In this response, I challenge four assumptions underlying the Aguinis and Glavas manuscript: (a) that CSR has received little attention in the micro literature; (b) that CSR can be meaningfully conceptualized and operationalized; (c) that a continued search for the “holy grail” of a CSR–financial performance link is likely to be fruitful; and (d) that the “peripheral–embedded” distinction is useful and appropriate.
Surgical management of hereditary pheochromocytoma

Abstract Background Surgical treatment of hereditary pheochromocytoma remains controversial because of the need for lifelong corticosteroid therapy and the risk of Addisonian crisis associated with bilateral total adrenalectomy. We examined our large series of patients with hereditary pheochromocytoma to evaluate postsurgical outcomes, particularly in those who underwent cortical-sparing adrenalectomy. Study design We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of all patients with histopathologic diagnoses of hereditary pheochromocytoma treated at our institution from 1962 to 2003. Familial disease was initially determined by pedigree analysis, genetic testing, or both for multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 1, 2A, or 2B; von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL); neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1); or familial paraganglioma syndrome (FP). Results Adrenal pheochromocytomas were present in 56 of 59 patients (95%): MEN2A (39), MEN2B (7), VHL (6), MEN1 (2), NF-1 (2). Paragangliomas (extraadrenal pheochromocytomas) were present in the remaining 3 of 59 patients (5%): FP (2) and NF-1 (1). Thirty-eight of 56 patients with pheochromocytomas had cumulative operations resulting in total or subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy. Acute adrenal insufficiency (Addisonian crisis) occurred in 4 of these 38 patients (11%). Cortical-sparing adrenalectomy was performed in 26 patients who underwent bilateral adrenal resection; 17 (65%) were corticosteroid independent at a median followup of 71 months. Recurrent pheochromocytoma developed in an adrenal remnant in 3 of 30 patients (10%) who underwent unilateral or bilateral cortical-sparing procedures. Metastatic disease did not develop in any patient with pheochromocytoma, but has occurred in two of three patients with paragangliomas. Conclusions Our data suggest that a cortical-sparing adrenalectomy can successfully avoid the need for corticosteroid replacement in the majority of patients who undergo a bilateral adrenalectomy. Long-term followup should include monitoring of the remnant gland for recurrent pheochromocytoma with yearly biochemical screening studies.
Ultrasonic extraction of Cinchona succirubra.

Twenty kilocycle and 450 kc. ultrasonic extraction and ultrasonic maceration, followed by Soxhlet extraction, has been compared to and shown to be more efficient than Soxhlet extraction alone. Possible structural changes of the alkaloids by ultrasonic waves were also studied in each of the solvents employed at both frequencies. Chromatography of the alkaloidal extracts obtained from each solvent was performed to determine selectivity or completeness of extraction.
Distinguishing Between the Effects of Primary and Post‐primary Education on Economic Growth

The paper follows Benhabib and Spiegel (Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 34, 1994:143–73) in examining the effect of human capital accumulation on economic growth. The paper is innovative in two ways. First, it takes the R&D-based models more seriously. This delivers more structural specifications in which human capital affects growth as an input of final output and as a catalyst of technological innovation and imitation. Second, owing to data availability it is possible to disaggregate human capital and assign different roles to primary and post-primary education. Regression estimates obtained from these alternative specifications suggest that the relative contribution of human capital to technology adoption and final output production vary by country wealth. More importantly, regression estimates suggest that primary education contributes mainly to production of final output, whereas post-primary education contributes mainly to innovation and imitation of technology.
Courtship abuse and aggression: Contextual aspects

On the basis of previously unreported findings from Laner and Thompson's (1982) study of courtship violence, hypotheses derived from the literature on marriage, family, and spousal violence have been tested and compared with findings of two other recently published studies (Cate et al., 1982; Makepeace, 1981). Contextual aspects studied involve (1) alcohol and drug use in conjunction with violent premarital encounters; (2) the perceived mutuality/unilaterality of abusive and aggressive events; (3) the private/public aspect of courtship violence and perceptions of intervention attempts by witnesses; and (4) perceived causes of courtship violence. Findings indicate that spousal violence and violence at intimate, committed levels of courtship share a common explanatory framework. Suggestions for further research are offered.
Computing sequential equilibria using agent quantal response equilibria

The limit of any convergent sequence of agent quantal response equilibria is a sequential equilibrium of an extensive game. Using a logarithmic transformation of action probabilities, it is numerically feasible and practical to compute such sequences, and thereby compute good approximations to sequential equilibrium assessments. This paper describes the algorithm to compute the sequences, and outlines the convergence and selection properties of the method.
Comparison of active filtering with multipulse input current shaping techniques for AC-DC converters

AC-DC converters are used in a variety of power supply systems. The simple diode bridge rectifier realizes a six-pulse AC-DC converter circuit to feed R-L and R-C equivalent loads at its DC bus. However, the diode bridge rectifier suffers from the problem of current harmonics. There are two main stream techniques emerging that solve the problem of current harmonics. These are active current shaping and passive current shaping. The multipulse converters fall within the category of passive current shaping, and the active filter method falls within the category of active current shaping. The active current shaping methods also include a variety of boost AC-DC converters. This paper proposes a variety of multipulse current shaping methods followed by a detailed mathematical modeling of multipulse AC-DC converters. Performance of multipulse AC- DC converters is compared with that of active filter based current shaping.
Theoretical studies of photoionization in C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6: correlation of prominent spectra features with CC and CH antibonding orbitals

Studies are reported of outer-valence-, inner-valence-, and K-shell photoionization cross sections in C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6 employing 2 methods particularly appropriate for descriptions of resonant partial channels. Calculations in the static-exchange approximation are found to give results in good agreement with corresponding measured values. Prominent spectral features in the cross sections correlate well with the positions and strengths of Mulliken N → Vσ charge-transfer excitations involving CC and CH antibonding (σ*) virtual valence molecular orbitals. Accordingly, such excitations are seen to account for the origins and natures of the resonance features in these compounds, clarifying their spectral variations in terms of CC bond distances and the numbers of CH bonds. The presence of both CC and CH antibonding (σ* orbitals makes interpretation of the photoionizat cross sections of C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6 particularly interesting, complicating somewhat the 1/l2 variation in the spectral positions of resonance features with effective bond lengths that is common in linear compounds.
Outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States, 1960-99

Although the incidence of typhoid fever in the United States has been low since the 1940s, Salmonella Typhi continues to cause outbreaks. We reviewed reported outbreaks of typhoid fever from 1960 to 1999. There were 60 outbreaks; in 54, exposure occurred within the United States. These 54 outbreaks accounted for 957 total cases (median 10) and 4 deaths. In 36 (67%) outbreaks the route of transmission was identified, and in 16 (62%) of the 26 foodborne outbreaks an asymptomatic carrier was identified by culture or serology. The median incubation period was 2 weeks. Isolates from 10 (40%) of 25 outbreaks were phage type E1. The average frequency of outbreaks decreased from 1.85/year during 1960-79 to 0.85/year during 1980-99 (P=0.0001). S. Typhi outbreaks in the United States are generally small in size but can cause significant morbidity, and are often foodborne, warranting thorough investigation.
Optical Gain Properties of Serpentine Superlattice Quantum Wire Arrays

Quantum confinement in two dimensions, which results in quantum wires is likely to result in improved device characteristics due to density of states localization and anisotropic optical properties1. However, to observe significant quantum wire effects at room temperature, the carriers should be confined to less than 100 A in two dimensions, which is too difficult to fabricate even with the finest lithographic techniques developed so far. However, another fabrication technique which holds great promise is the direct growth of lateral superlattices on vicinal substrates2,3. On the surfaces of such substrates uniform atomic steps are formed under proper conditions. The lateral superlattices are directly grown on such surfaces by the sequential deposition of two materials of different compositions. The end result is an array of quantum wires (QWR) with a period, T. The period is solely determined by the substrate tilt angle, α, and monolayer thickness, d, which is expressed3 as T =d/tanα. For example, when a is 2°, T becomes 81 A, and when α is 1.5°, T becomes 108 A in AlGaAs system. Amongst these lateral superlattices, a curved interfaced lateral superlattice named serpentine superlattice (SSL)4,5 has been developed to decrease the sensitivity of the fabricated structure to growth conditions and improve its uniformity. This makes SSL more desirable compared to tilted superlattices (TSL)2,3 which have rectangular cross sectional geometry.
Inhibition of corneal inflammation by the TLR4 antagonist Eritoran tetrasodium (E5564).

Purpose To investigate the role of the TLR4/MD-2 antagonist eritoran tetrasodium in a murine model of contact lens–associated corneal infiltrates.
A procedure to study the effect of prolonged food restriction on heroin seeking in abstinent rats.

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake. The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats. Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e. lever presses do not result in heroin delivery). The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.
Recall of Categorized Lists as a Function of Organization, Associative Frequency, Cues at Recall, and Inter-Trial Variability of Order

Summary.-10 subjects were randomly assigned to each cell of a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design. Lists of 10 categories with 8 items per category were learned and recalled. Significant effects in total word recall were observed for (a) associative frequency of category instances, (b) blocked vs random organization of category instances during acquisition, (c) category label cues vs no cues at recall, and (d) the interaction of associative frequency and cues at recall. Category label cues did not facilitate recall of low-frequency items but did facilitate recall of high-frequency items. High associative frequency and blocked organization of category instances both significantly increased words per category recalled. High associative frequency and category label cues at recall both significantly increased the number of categories recalled. This study investigated the effects upon recall of categorized lists of four variables: (a) list organization, blocked vs random; (b) frequency of association to the category label, high vs low frequency; (c) inter-trial variability in piesencation order, fixed vs varied, and (d) cues at recall, either no cues, or category label cues. Research has demonstrated facilitation in the recall of categorized liscs following blocked but not random presentation of high frequency items when category item cues were provided at recall. Greater recall of high-frequency associates to category labels without cues at recall has also resulted from blocked than from random presentation of categorized liscs (Lewis, 1971; Luek, McLaughlin, & Cicala, 1971). Explanations of such results have emphasized the concept of coding. The facilitation in recall attributable both to blocked listpresentation and to category item cues following such presentation has been explained by assuming that subjects coded or stored list items in relation to the experimenter-determined categories in the blocked condition but did not do so with a random list-presentation. Others, when using lists of low-frequency associates to the category labels, have not observed facilitation in uncued recall of such lists as a function of blocked list-presentation -(Gofer, Bruce, & Reicher, 1966). Given the coding explanation, this latter finding suggests that lowfrequency associates to category labels unlike those of high-frequency are not coded or stored in relation to the experimenter-determined categories and neither facilitation from cues at recall nor blocking should be observed. In this experiment category-label cues rather than list-item cues were used at recall. Category labels should provide results parallel to those observed with
The Importance of Timely Removal from the Incubator of Hatched Poults from Three Commercial Strains

Abstract Egg size and functional qualities differ among strains of commercial turkeys. Thus, energy budgets of egg contents and eggshell conductance constants may represent different strategies for hatching and more energy may be expended by some strains than others. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects on poult quality of holding hatchling poults in the incubator for 12 or 24 h posthatching. Eggs from three strains of commercial turkey breeder hens were obtained from a commercial turkey breeding company, numbered, randomly distributed, and set in incubators. The time of hatching of each egg was observed at 4-h intervals and a random sample of hatchlings emerging from the shell at 648 and 660 h of incubation was compared with poults kept in the incubator until 672 h of incubation. Holding poults in incubators 12 or 24 h posthatching reduced (P ≤ .05) total body weight of all strains examined but increased (P ≤ .05) relative heart and liver weights. Holding time interacted (P ≤ .05) with strain of turkey to increase blood plasma glucose and decrease heart glycogen. Holding decreased (P ≤ .001) liver glycogen precipitously in all three strains. It was concluded that holding poults in incubators 12 or 24 h posthatching has detrimental effects on carbohydrate metabolism and some strains of turkeys respond to the holding time better than others. Therefore, poult quality of commercial turkey strains may be affected differently by keeping them in the incubator posthatching.
Effectiveness of oxygen barrier oven bags in low temperature cooking on reduction of warmed-over flavor in beef roasts

Abstract A 3 × 3 × 2 factorial was utilized to determine if roast size (small, medium, large), cooking method (open-pan, oven bag, vacuum bag), and heating process (fresh, reheated) prevented warmed-over flavor (WOF) in beef clod roasts. Fresh vacuum bag and reheated open-pan roasts had higher cardboardy flavor scores compared with fresh open-pan roast scores. Reheated roasts in oven and vacuum bags did not differ from fresh roasts for cardboardy flavor. Brothy and fat intensity were increased in reheated roasts in oven and vacuum bags compared with fresh roasts in oven and vacuum bags. Differences in TBARS were found in the interaction of heating process and roast size with the fresh and reheated large, and reheated medium roasts having the lowest values. Based on TBARS data, to prevent WOF in reheated beef roasts, a larger size roast in a cooking bag is the most effective method.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and the Ketogenic Diet

Summary: Purpose: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a condition that is frequently associated with intractable, early-onset epilepsy, and often is first seen as infantile spasms. If medications fail and no clear epileptogenic tuber is identified, nonpharmacologic therapies are often attempted. The use of the ketogenic diet specifically for children with TSC and epilepsy has not been previously described. Methods: A chart review was performed of patients with TSC treated with the ketogenic diet over a 5-year period at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital. Results: Twelve children, ages 8 months to 18 years, were identified. Eleven (92%) children had a >50% reduction in their seizures at 6 months on the diet, and 8 (67%) had a >90% response. Five children had at least a 5-month seizure-free response. Diet duration ranged from 2 months to 5 years (mean, 2 years). Conclusions: In this limited-duration case series of 12 patients, the ketogenic diet was a generally effective therapeutic modality for the intractable epilepsy occasionally seen in children with TSC.
Quantification of lesion-induced dopaminergic supersensitivity using the rotational model in the house

A dual lesion technique was used to determine the degree of supersensitivity resulting from nigrostriatal lesions in C57BL/6J mice. Internal capsule lesions encroaching on globus pallidus resulted in reliable ipsilateral rotation both to apomorphine and amphetamine. Dose-response curves to apomorphine were determined before and 21 days after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the contralateral nigrostriatal pathway. A 31.5-fold shift to the left was observed following the nigrostriatal lesion, with no change in slope. The extent and placement of the internal capsule lesion, as well as the magnitude of supersensitization correspond closely to those previously reported in the rat.
The potential benefits to the basin modeling enterprise of modularization and incorporating organic and inorganic chemical change

Mineral and hydrocarbon resources in basins are produced by fluid movements whose nature is not fully understood. Flow models in realistically defined basins that predict chemical change are needed to make progress, but these models will be difficult to develop and keep vital. Two simple examples are given to illustrate what is required, and the challenges to basin modeling are then outlined. It is argued that the best strategy is to modularize existing physical and chemical codes and place as many of these modules as possible in the public domain. This will keep the modeling enterprise open to the new entry and continuing invigoration.
Endogenous fibrinolytic system in chronic large-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a disorder characterized by pulmonary arterial hypertension as a consequence of organized thrombotic material in the central pulmonary arteries. Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary emboli is believed to be pathogenically important; however, the mechanism for poor thrombus dissolution remains to be explained. We undertook this study to assess the major determinants of plasma fibrinolysis in patients with CTEPH (n = 32). METHODS AND RESULTS Immunological and functional levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were quantified in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) from patients with CTEPH as well as age-matched controls. Although basal PPP t-PA antigen levels (CTEPH mean, 29.5 ng/ml; control mean, 2.7 ng/ml) and PAI-1 antigen levels (CTEPH mean, 55.8 ng/ml; control mean, 21.0 ng/ml) were higher in the CTEPH group, no between-group differences were detected in the enzymatic activities of these two molecules. The CTEPH group demonstrated a greater rise in t-PA antigen (CTEPH mean rise, 53.0 ng/ml; control mean rise, 5.6 ng/ml) and PA activity (CTEPH mean rise, 10.5 IU/ml; control mean rise, 1.2 IU/ml) than controls in response to an experimentally induced venous occlusion. Immunoprecipitation and fibrin autography of PPP from two patients with markedly elevated basal t-PA antigen levels demonstrate that the t-PA antigen was present in PPP primarily in complex with PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Although abnormalities of the fibrinolytic system were detected, neither a high resting plasma PAI-1 activity nor a blunted response of t-PA to venous occlusion can be invoked as an etiology for CTEPH:
Learning virtually meaningless metaphors under different instructional conditions

It has been proposed that “the distinction between metaphor and simple deviance involves the intention... to be metaphorical” (Matthews, 1971, p. 417). This supposition was tested by comparing sentence recall in metaphors rated very low in meaningfulness with similarly rated nonmetaphors and nonmetaphors rated highly meaningful. Two instructional conditions were evaluated, literary source instructions, which intended to communicate that the sentences made sense, and nonliterary instructions, which did not have this intention. Generally, metaphors were learned as well as meaningful nonmetaphors and both were learned better than meaningless nonmetaphors. It was suggested that the comparison stated in metaphors is adequate to communicate intention regardless of a particular instructional set.
Development of the Equine Venous Sinuses of the Dura Mater

The equine dorsal sinus system of the dura mater develops from the dural venous plexuses. In early development, venous blood from these plexuses is drained into the primary head vein, which together with the stem of the caudal dural plexus joins the primitive internal jugular vein. After involution of the primary head vein new channels, the transverse and sigmoid sinuses, develop which empty into the internal jugular vein. The temporal sinus develops secondarily and coexists with the sigmoid sinus. After regression of the sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein, the temporal sinus represents the sole channel in the equine fetuses, by which venous blood from the brain is drained through the emissary vein of the retroarticular foramen into the external jugular system.
High Energy X-ray Study of M–87

M-87 X ray luminosity from balloon-borne detectors, considering background counting rate relation to azimuth
Trigonometric and orthoprojection widths of classes of periodic functions of many variables

We obtain exact order estimates for trigonometric and orthoprojection widths of the Besov classes B r p,θ and Nikol’skii classes Hr p of periodic functions of many variables in the space L q for certain relations between the parameters p and q.
Stroke Epidemiology: Advancing Our Understanding of Disease Mechanism and Therapy

Stroke is the fourth killer and number one cause of adult disability in the United States. The estimated direct and indirect costs of stroke care in this country are $68.9 billion for 2009. The prevalence of stroke and its cost will undoubtedly rise as the aging population increases. In addition, stroke incidence and mortality are increasing in less developed countries in which the lifestyles and population restructuring are rapidly changing. More population-based research to assess incidence, risk factors, and outcomes are needed in these countries. Epidemiologic studies can help identify groups of individuals or regions at higher risk for stroke. They can also help us better understand the natural history of certain conditions and therefore push the direction of therapeutic investigations. Furthermore, the study of trends across different time periods and different populations can help investigators evaluate the effects of stroke care programs and treatment options.
Goodness of Fit Between Children and Classrooms: Effects of Child Temperament and Preschool Classroom Quality on Achievement Trajectories

Research Findings: The purpose of this study was to examine whether child temperament differentially predicted academic school readiness depending on the quality of classroom interactions for 179 Head Start preschoolers. Teachers rated children's temperament as overcontrolled, resilient, or undercontrolled in the fall and reported on children's language/literacy and math skills continuously throughout the year. Observations of classroom emotional and instructional support were conducted in the spring. Results from multilevel models indicated that overcontrolled children (compared to resilient children) made greater math gains in classrooms with higher instructional support, whereas a trend-level effect suggested that undercontrolled children (compared to resilient children) made lower math gains in classrooms with lower emotional support. Results also showed that resilient children's gains in language/literacy were more positively associated with high emotional support than were the scores of overcontroll...
The Relationship Between Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors in Individuals with Autism and Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Parents

This study investigated the relationship between repetitive behaviors in individuals with autism and obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents. We hypothesized that repetitive behaviors in probands with autism would be associated with increased obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents in sporadic families (1 known case of autism per family and no known history of autism). Parents with clinically significant Y-BOCS scores were more likely to have a family history of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The empirically derived Autism Diagnostic Interview-R (ADI-R) factor, Insistence on Sameness, was positively correlated with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in parents. Further, when probands were grouped on the basis of parental Y-BOCS scores (clinically significant versus non-clinically significant), probands whose parents had clinically significant Y-BOCS scores had higher ADI-R Insistence on Sameness factor scores. The findings of the current study of sporadic families extend previous work that has shown an association between restrictive/repetitive behaviors in probands with autism and obsessive-compulsive features in parents.
Atomic-resolution study of overlayer formation and interfacial mixing in the interaction of phosphorus with Si(001).

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), tunneling spectroscopy, and Auger-electron spectroscopy have been used to study the formation of phosphorus-terminated silicon (001) surfaces by the thermal decomposition of phosphine (${\mathrm{PH}}_{3}$). The STM images show that surface phosphorus atoms readily displace Si from the substrate, dramatically changing the overall surface morphology through the formation of large numbers of islands and an extreme roughening of step edges. The surfaces are terminated with P-P dimers, but also contain large numbers of line defects which act as a strain relief mechanism. STM images are used to determine the symmetry of these line defects and are compared with model defect structures. Line defects in the phosphorus-terminated surface both nucleate islands and also constrain their growth in one dimension, such that the phosphorus-terminated surfaces contain large numbers of extremely anisotropic islands and very rough step edges. At lower phosphorus coverage, the STM experiments are able to identify Si and P atoms individually, revealing the formation of large numbers of Si-P heterodimers and the simultaneous disappearance of the strain-induced line defects. Counting statistics are used to study the equilibrium between Si=Si, Si-P, and P-P dimers, showing that the surface is a nearly random alloy with a slight nonstatistical preference for formation of the Si-P heterodimer. The geometric and electronic properties of Si=Si, Si-P, and P-P dimers on Si(001) are discussed on the basis of tunneling microscopy and tunneling spectroscopy measurements.
Rod derotation techniques for thoracolumbar spinal deformity.

Objective The operative correction of scoliosis requires multiple intraoperative techniques and tools to achieve an adequate result. Frequently, multiple methods are used to accomplish this, such as rod cantilever techniques, in situ bending, Smith-Petersen and pedicle subtraction osteotomies, closed reduction methods, and rod derotation techniques. Rod derotation techniques will be reviewed and discussed in this article. Methods A review of the available literature on anterior and posterior rod derotation is performed with a case example of the authors' experience utilizing this technique. Results Rod derotation is one technique that can transform a pathological scoliotic curve to normal physiological kyphosis or lordosis by simply rotating a rod intraoperatively. Conclusion In this article, the authors present rod derotation as a valuable technique in the surgical arsenal for the treatment of scoliosis, including a discussion of the technique and its limitations.
Acute irritant contact dermatitis : recovery time in man

Our understanding of the details of the recovery time of acute irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is limited. We examined skin reactivity to a model surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), on previous acute ICD and normal sites over time with visual grading and noninvasive instruments. Acute ICD was induced on the upper arms of 18 volunteers (aged 30 to 51 years) by occluded application of 1% SLS for 24 h. Previous ICD and normal sites were provoked by occluded application of 2% or 7.5% SLS 30 min daily 4 consecutive days. Skin reactivity was assessed daily by visual erythema scoring (VES), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin color reflectance (SCR) and electrical capacitance (EC). Skin function of previous ICD sites assessed by VES, TEWL, SCR, and EC did not normalize until 2 weeks later; all parameters of previous ICD returned to normal after 3 weeks. While skin reactivity to 2% and 7.5% SLS showed no differences between previous ICD and normal sites at 4 weeks, differences of irritant reactivity especially 7.5% SLS between previous ICD and normal sites were significant at 3 weeks post-provocation. Our results demonstrate that irritation evaluated with irritant provocation was long-lasting, even though skin functional parameters assessed by various bioengineering instruments returned to normal. Complete recovery of skin function including irritability after acute ICD induced by 1% SLS was achieved approximately 4 weeks later. The date were generated with a model surfactant; it remains to be determined whether similar responses will be noted with chemicals of different physiochemical properties.
On a modifier of the gene a in Ephestia kuehniella.

1. A red eyed mutation appeared in a wild strain ofEphestia which was shown to be located at thea-locus. Animals of the new red eyed strain NC have darker eyes than those of the originalaa strain R1. 2. The F1 between NC and R1 shows higher variability than the parental strains. The mode of its distribution is identical with NC. 3. F2 and the backcrosses F1×R1 segregate into two classes, one of which corresponds to R1, the other to F1 and NC. It is concluded that NC and R1 differ in one major pair of alleles determining the brightness of the eye. 4. Outcrosses of NC and R1 to a wild type strain BII indicate that the difference between NC and R1 is not due to different alleles at thea-locus, but to a pair of major modifiers, calledM-a andm-a. 5. Minor modifiers in R1 may shift the heterozygotes in the lighter direction. A significant maternal influence was demonstrated in F2; but it is of doubtful significance in F1. 6. R1 and NC differ in the proportion of males having colored testes. The proportion of males with pigmented testes in crosses between NC and R1 corresponds in general to the eye color, except that the backcross F1×NC shows a significantly higher percentage of males with pigmented testes than strain NC. 7. No reduced viability ofaa animals was indicated in the F2s from the crosses to BII.
Rapid fabrication of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microchip capillary electrophoresis devices using CO2 laser ablation

The use of CO2 laser ablation for the patterning of capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchannels in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is described. Low-cost polymer devices were produced using a relatively inexpensive CO2 laser system that facilitated rapid patterning and ablation of microchannels. Device designs were created using a commercially available software package. The effects of PDMS thickness, laser focusing, power, and speed on the resulting channel dimensions were investigated. Using optimized settings, the smallest channels that could be produced averaged 33 µm in depth (11.1% RSD, N = 6) and 110 µm in width (5.7% RSD, N = 6). The use of a PDMS substrate allowed reversible sealing of microchip components at room temperature without the need for cleanroom facilities. Using a layer of pre-cured polymer, devices were designed, ablated, and assembled within minutes. The final devices were used for microchip CE separation and detection of the fluorescently labeled neurotransmitters aspartate and glutamate.
Taxed: How One-Tenth of One Percent Transformed Denver

This article is a qualitative case study on the dedicated funding source for arts and culture in Denver, Colorado. The research shows how the voter-approved sales tax known as the Science & Cultural Facilities District not only sustained the arts in the region but also played a significant role in urban renewal and development. The analysis concludes that cultural policy can play a proactive role in urban sustainable development. Such a concentrated case study on city cultural policy may be useful to politicians, arts leaders, advocates, cultural and urban policy researchers and academics, and others involved in cultural policy and urban development.
Defective DNA endonuclease activities in Fanconi's anemia cells, complementation groups A and B.

Abstract Cells from patients with the inherited disorder, Fanconi's anemia (FA), were analyzed for endonucleases which recognize DNA interstrand cross-links and monoadducts produced by psoralen plus UVA irradiation. Two chromatin-associated DNA endonuclease activities, defective in their ability to incise DNA-containing adducts produced by psoralen plus UVA light, have been identified and isolated in nuclei of FA cells. In FA complementation group A (FA-A) cells, one endonuclease activity, p I 4.6, which recognizes psoralen intercalation and interstrand cross-links, has 25% of the activity of the normal human endonuclease, p I 4.6, on 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) plus UVA-damaged DNA. In FA complementation group B (FA-B) cells, a second endonuclease activity, p I 7.6, which recognizes psoralen monoadducts, has 50% and 55% of the activity, respectively, of the corresponding normal endonuclease on 8-MOP or angelicin plus UVA-damaged DNA. Kinetic analysis reveals that both the FA-A endonuclease activity, p I 4.6, and the FA-V endonuclease activity, p I 7.6, have decreased affinity for psoralen plus UVA-damaged DNA. Both the normal and FA endonucleases showed approximately a 2.5-fold increase in activity on psoralen plus UVA-damaged reconstituted nucleosomal DNA compared to damaged non-nucleosomal DNA, indicating that interaction of these FA endonucleases with nucleosomal DNA is not impaired. These deficiencies in two nuclear DNA endonuclease actitivities from FA-A and FA-B cells correlate with decreased levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), in response to 8-MOP or angelicin plus UVA irradiation, in these cells in culture.
Intestinal Cryptosporidium sp. infection in the Egyptian tortoise, Testudo kleinmanni

An adult Egyptian tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni) presented with clinical signs of enteritis and died 5 weeks after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Histological examination of the small intestine revealed heavy infection with Cryptosporidium sp.; over 80% of epithelial cells harboured the pathogen. No Cryptosporidium developmental stages were present in the stomach or the lungs. The intestinal lamina propria and mucosa were infiltrated by heterophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. The present study constitutes the first report of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in T. kleinmanni, and the first histological documentation of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in Chelonia.