cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced I kappa B alpha degradation is responsible for constitutive NF-kappa B activity in mature murine B-cell lines.

Abstract Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor which binds to decameric DNA sequences (kappa B sites) and regulates transcription of multiple genes. The activity of NF-kappa B is regulated by an inhibitor protein, I kappa B, which sequesters NF-kappa B in the cytoplasm. Release of I kappa B and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B generally require activating signals. However, in mature murine B cells, the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappa B is constitutively nuclear and activates the Ig kappa gene, a marker for mature B cells. To understand the basis for the constitutive NF-kappa B activation, we examined the properties of NF-kappa B and I kappa B in both pre-B and mature B cells, the regulated and constitutive states, respectively. We found that expression of I kappa B alpha and p105, members of the I kappa B family, and Rel, a member of the NF-kappa B family, is augmented in mature B cells. Both I kappa B alpha and p 105 are associated with NF-kappa B proteins and sequester most of these proteins in the cytoplasm of mature B cells. However, rapid I kappa B alpha dissociation and degradation lead to continuous nuclear translocation of a small fraction of NF-kappa B proteins, which represent the constitutively active NF-kappa B in mature B cells. We estimate that the protease activity is at least 35-fold greater in mature B cells than in pre-B cells. Rapid degradation of I kappa B alpha is directly involved in constitutive NF-kappa B activation, because stabilization of I kappa B alpha by a protease inhibitor causes loss of NF-kappa B activity in mature B cells. These results provide evidence that continuous and rapid degradation of I kappa B alpha in the absence pf external stimuli is causally involved in the constitutive activation of NF-kappa B in mature murine B cells.
2‐Phenylthio‐3‐Bromopropene

[610796-53-7] C9H9BrS (MW 229.14) InChI = 1S/C9H9BrS/c1-8(7-10)11-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6H,1,7H2 InChIKey = AUTUNYFSYCIEHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a versatile electrophile or a carbonyl allylation component) Physical Data: a colorless liquid; bp 228 °C; d 1.41 g cm−3. Solubility: soluble in THF, hexane, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: not available commercially. Purification: derived from allyl phenyl sulfide via dibromonation and dehydrobromination, and purified by column chromatography. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture sensitive; to be handled in an inert atmosphere.
Environmental risk factors for multifactorial epilepsy in EL mice.

Summary: Purpose: The epileptic EL mouse has been studied extensively as a model of multifactorial epilepsy. Although EL mice have a seizure occasionally during routine handling associated with cage changing, most studies have used vigorous tossing or shaking procedures for seizure induction. A new seizure testing procedure was developed that involved gentle handling and simulated situations associated with emotional stress in rodents. This new testing procedure was used to identify and characterize several environmental risk factors that influence seizure predisposition in EL mice. Methods: Ten adult EL mice were monitored for 7 days under 24-h light/dark video surveillance to assess the frequency of spontaneous seizures. The development of handling-induced seizures also was studied in EL mice, in nonepileptic ABP and DDY mice, and in reciprocal ABP × EL F1 hybrids from ages 30–180 days. Results: Seizure induction was necessary in EL mice, as spontaneous clinical seizures were not observed. Handling-induced seizure susceptibility was strongly age and gender dependent in naive EL mice (not previously handled) and peaked -90 days, with males significantly more susceptible than females. No seizures were induced by handling in the nonepileptic mouse strains (ABP and DDY) over the testing period. Handling and seizures at young ages in EL and EL × ABP F1 hybrid mice significantly enhanced their seizure susceptibility when they were tested again 1 month later. A significant “Gowers effect” was seen also in EL mice. Furthermore, susceptibility was higher in ABP × EL F1 hybrids than in their reciprocal EL × ABP F1 hybrids at 90–150 days. Conclusions: Seizure susceptibility in EL mice was significantly influenced by a number of environmental factors including age, gender, maternal/paternal effects, prior handling, and seizure history. The emotional stress/fear response is the likely trigger for seizure induction in EL mice. An early life experience stress-diathesis model, similar to that proposed for major depression in humans, was applicable to the development of seizure susceptibility in EL mice. The new seizure test will be useful for defining gene-environment interactions and in identifying susceptibility genes for multifactorial epilepsy.
Substitution of Antimony by Tin and Tellurium in n -Type Skutterudites CoSb 2.8 Sn x Te 0.2−x

We have studied the substitution of antimony by tin and tellurium in n-type skutterudites CoSb2.8Sn x Te0.2−x . The samples were made by ball milling ingots and hot pressing the ball-milled nanopowder. Rather than filling the cage of the structure, we aimed to use disorder in pnictogen rings by elemental substitution of Sb by Sn and Te. In skutterudite CoSb3, the dominant heat-carrying phonons are associated with the vibrational modes of the Sb-rings; disorder in the rings can be an effective way to suppress the thermal transport. By suitably tuning the contents of Sn and Te in the skutterudites, we have suppressed the thermal conductivity and achieved a power factor of ~42 μW cm−1 K−2 at 530°C. A peak thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) reaches ~1.1 at 530°C for CoSb2.8Sn0.005Te0.195. This ZT value is comparable with that of some of the single-filled skutterudites.
Backward differentiation approximations of nonlinear differential/algebraic systems

Finite-difference approximations of dynamical systems modeled by nonlinear, semiexplicit, differential/algebraic equations are analyzed. Convergence for the backward differentiation method is proved for index two and index three problems when the numerical initial values obey certain constraints. The appropriate asymptotic convergence rates and the leading error terms are determined.
Mortality After Septic Versus Aseptic Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Matched-Cohort Study

Mortality rates after revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) for periprosthetic sepsis were investigated in 93 patients and compared to 93 patients, matched for age, gender, year of surgery, who underwent revision for aseptic failures. The mortality rate was 33% (31/93) in the septic group and 22% (20/93) in the aseptic group at 5 and 6 year follow-up, respectively (P=0.10). Patients in the septic group died on average 6 years earlier (74 versus 80 yrs; P<0.05) than those in the aseptic group. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was an independent predictor of mortality among the both groups (P<0.05), while age (P<0.01) was a predictor of mortality only in the aseptic group. While revision THA for sepsis alone did not predict increased mortality, a 33% mortality rate at five years in patients with an average age of 66 years and earlier death by 6 years compared to aseptic revisions is alarming.
Selective inhibition of schistosome acetylcholinesterase by dansylated acetylcholine analogs

Abstract 1. 1. The inhibitory effects of a series of dansylated choline compounds on schistosome and bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase have been examined. 2. 2. Several of the drugs produced a significant preferential inhibition of the schistosome acetylcholinesterase.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens

A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens was evaluated on 342 specimens submitted to the Mayo Clinic Parasitology Laboratory for routine examination. The stools were either fresh or fresh/frozen at -65 degrees C (139 specimens) or were preserved in formalin (203 specimens). ELISA results were compared with those obtained by conventional microscopic examination: 143 stools were positive by both methods and 186 were negative. Sixty-six of the negative specimens contained 96 parasites belonging to 16 species other than Giardia, indicating a low rate of cross-reactivity. There were eight "false positive" ELISA results, which included specimens from one patient who had previously had a "true positive" and another patient with multiple family members infected with Giardia. Five stools that were "falsely negative" by ELISA contained only rare G. lamblia. The ELISA sensitivity was 97%, the specificity was 96%, and the positive predictive value was 95%. Results were evenly distributed between frozen and formalinized stools. The LMD/Seradyn ELISA appears to be a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the detection of G. lamblia in unprocessed stool samples.
Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection for Infantile Adnexal Hemangioma

I treated ten patients who had adnexal hemangioma with intralesional injections of corticosteroid. A marked and lasting regression of the hemangioma occurred in eight of the patients and one had a moderate response. This treatment also proved effective in preventing amblyopia in infants who had large hemangiomas that occluded the visual axis, and often resulted in a reversal of the astigmatism induced by these tumors. There were no complications. The advantages of intralesional corticosteroid injection include ease of administration, speed of action, apparent freedom from adverse side effects, and repeatability.
Pregnant serum induces neuroinflammation and seizure activity via TNFα

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that affects many organs including the brain. Neurological complications occur during preeclampsia, the most serious of which is seizure known as eclampsia. Although preeclampsia can precede the eclamptic seizure, it often occurs during normal pregnancy, suggesting that processes associated with normal pregnancy can promote neuronal excitability. Here we investigated whether circulating inflammatory mediators that are elevated late in gestation when seizure also occurs are hyperexcitable to neuronal tissue. Evoked field potentials were measured in hippocampal slices in which control horse serum that slices are normally grown in, was replaced with serum from nonpregnant or late-pregnant Wistar rats for 48 h. We found that serum from pregnant, but not nonpregnant rats, caused hyperexcitability to hippocampal neurons and seizure activity that was abrogated by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling. Additionally, application of TNFα mimicked this increased excitability. Pregnant serum also caused morphological changes in microglia characteristic of activation, and increased TNFα mRNA expression that was not seen with exposure to nonpregnant serum. However, TNFα protein was not found to be elevated in pregnant serum itself, suggesting that other circulating factors during pregnancy caused activation of hippocampal slice cells to produce a TNFα-mediated increase in neuronal excitability. Lastly, although pregnant serum caused neuroinflammation and hyperexcitability of hippocampal slices, it did not increase blood-brain barrier permeability, nor were pregnant rats from which the serum was taken undergoing seizure. Thus, the BBB has an important role in protecting the brain from circulating neuroinflammatory mediators that are hyperexcitable to the brain during pregnancy. These studies provide novel insight into the underlying cause of eclampsia without elevated blood pressure and the protective role of the BBB that prevents exposure of the brain to hyperexcitable factors.
Density expansion of quantum transport coeffecients and other response functions

Abstract In this article, we present a general method for obtaining the density expansion of quantum transport coefficients and other response functions. The method is simple and direct and completely bypasses the problems encountered when one considers extension of the inversion technique used for classical systems. We treat the self-diffusion coefficient as an example for systems of structureless quantum particles. The linear absorption coefficient for the case of foreign-gas pressure broadening is worked out as an example of a response function which depends upon internal degrees of freedom.
Amy Biehl and the ANC: a scholar-activist in South Africa, 1992-93

ABSTRACT In the twenty years since her death in South Africa in 1993, American Fulbright scholar Amy Biehl has been memorialised in numerous ways – by a historical marker in Gugulethu, a novel and play by Sindiwe Magona (Mother to Mother, 1998 and 2009), a documentary film on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Long Night's Journey Into Day 2000), and the continuing work of the Amy Biehl Foundation. Biehl's death was among the most highly publicized killings in the turbulent period before South Africa's first democratic election in 1994. Although the circumstances of her death were widely reported – she was attacked by a group of militant black students chanting anti-white slogans as she was giving several black friends a ride home – relatively little was revealed about her activities in South Africa before her death. This article outlines Biehl's work in South Africa in 1992–1993 and shows that she forged close ties with leading members of the African National Congress (ANC) and did substantive rese...
Progress in the theory of continuum fusion

The continuum fusion (CF) methodology for producing detection algorithms is generalized to include a new class of theoretical problems not considered previously by any published methods. The current CF formalism distinguishes two types of epistemic unknowns for binary composite hypothesis (CH) testing problems. One type is associated with a target (hypothesis H1), the other with the clutter (hypothesis H0). Older methods, including the GLR and invariant methods, treat the two types of parameters as independent of each other. Here a new type of parameter is introduced, which is shared jointly with both hypotheses. In many common applications, this is a distinction imposed by the physical models that generate the hypothesis test. Furthermore, it is a distinction not recognized by traditional methods, but is treated naturally in the CF formalism. Examples are described where models with such shared parameters produce optimal detectors, while the older methods perform at extremely degraded levels. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generation of Low-Frequency Spiciness Variability in the Thermocline*

Abstract The generation of variance by anomalous advection of a passive tracer in the thermocline is investigated using the example of density-compensated temperature and salinity anomalies, or spiciness. A coupled Markov model is developed in which wind stress curl forces the large-scale baroclinic ocean pressure that in turn controls the anomalous geostrophic advection of spiciness. The “double integration” of white noise atmospheric forcing by this Markov model results in a frequency (ω) spectrum of large-scale spiciness proportional to ω−4, so that spiciness variability is concentrated at low frequencies. An eddy-permitting regional model hindcast of the northeast Pacific (1950–2007) confirms that time series of large-scale spiciness variability are exceptionally smooth, with frequency spectra ∝ ω−4 for frequencies greater than 0.2 cpy. At shorter spatial scales (wavelengths less than ∼500 km), the spiciness frequency spectrum is whitened by mesoscale eddies, but this eddy-forced variability can be fi...
The effects of school garden experiences on middle school-aged students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with vegetable consumption.

This study describes the effects of garden-based education on children’s vegetable consumption. As part of a pre—post panel study, 236 students complete the Garden Vegetable Frequency Questionnaire and 161 complete a taste test. Results indicate that school gardening may affect children’s vegetable consumption, including improved recognition of, attitudes toward, preferences for, and willingness to taste vegetables. Gardening also increases the variety of vegetables eaten. Future research should explore whether effects persist over time and if and how changes in children’s behavior affect the behavior of their caregivers. Implications of study findings for policy and practice are discussed. Suggestions for applying results to future health promotions are provided.
Sensitivity Analysis of an Image-Based Solid Tumor Computational Model with Heterogeneous Vasculature and Porosity

An MR image-based computational model of a murine KHT sarcoma is presented that allows the calculation of plasma fluid and solute transport within tissue. Such image-based models of solid tumors may be used to optimize patient-specific therapies. This model incorporates heterogeneous vasculature and tissue porosity to account for nonuniform perfusion of an MR-visible tracer, gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was conducted following intravenous infusion of Gd-DTPA to provide 1 h of tracer-concentration distribution data within tissue. Early time points (19 min) were used to construct 3D K(trans) and porosity maps using a two-compartment model; tracer transport was predicted at later time points using a 3D porous media model. Model development involved selecting an arterial input function (AIF) and conducting a sensitivity analysis of model parameters (tissue, vascular, and initial estimation of solute concentration in plasma) to investigate the effects on transport for a specific tumor. The developed model was then used to predict transport in two additional tumors. The sensitivity analysis suggests that plasma fluid transport is more sensitive to parameter changes than solute transport due to the dominance of transvascular exchange. Gd-DTPA distribution was similar to experimental patterns, but differences in Gd-DTPA magnitude at later time points may result from inaccurate selection of AIF. Thus, accurate AIF estimation is important for later time point prediction of low molecular weight tracer or drug transport in smaller tumors.
"Primatology" panel discussion.

In some cases, questions and answers have been edited for space reasons. In other cases, questions and answers may be incomplete because of transcription difficulties. However, other than these omi...
Ultrafast measurements of electric fields in semiconductors by optical harmonic generation

We describe the application of an optical second-harmonic sampling technique that allows for the detection of subpicosecond electrical transients.
Linear algebra over various rings

There is a trend in linear algebra today to generalize results over the real numbers to results over other rings. We here investigate rings Rwith the following property: if A and B are square matrices with entries in Rand AB = I, then BA = I. Investigations like this, we believe, are not only worthwhile in themselves but can possibly provide examples to test and be tested by the newer symbolic word processors appearing on the market.
Synthesis of Some New Derivatives of N4-p-Cyanobenzoyl Sulfanilamide

Six new derivatives of N4-p-cyanobenzoyl sulfanilamide were prepared: N4-p-cyano-benzoyl sulfanilamide, N4-p-cyanobenzoyl-N1-2-pyrimidinylsulfanilamide, N4-p-cyanobenzoyl-N1-(4-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)sulfanilamide, N4-p-cyanobenzoyl-N1-2-thiazolylsulfanilamide, N4-p-cyanobenzoyl-N1-2-pyridylsulfanilamide, N4-p-cyanobenzoyl-N1-2-pyrazylsulfanilamide. Infrared spectra of the new compounds were determined. Common absorption bands of the compounds occurred at 2240–2210 cm.−1, 1160–1130 cm.−1, 1325–1310 cm.−1, and 1580–1560 cm.−1.
The resistances of the photosphere and of a flaring coronal loop

Two aspects of solar flares are considered from the point of view of circuit theory. First, it is shown that the so-called 'dynamo models', which invoke an analogy between the earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere circuit and the solar corona-photosphere circuit, are ill-founded. Second, the rate of coronal energy release in the impulsive phase of a modest flare is considered, and it is shown that, if the energy going into mass motion can be neglected, the corona must present a resistance of about 0.001 ohm. Classical resistivity, even in a highly filamented circuit, cannot provide so high a resistance. Anomalous resistivity due to ion sound turbulence can provide the required resistance in this case, but is insufficient to explain the very high power levels inferred in some fast spikes.
The Impact of Skill Learnability on the Effectiveness of Managerial Training and Development

Skill learnability, the degree to which a particular managerial skill can be acquired or modified by training and development, is de scribed and discussed. It is argued that those managerial skills com prised of large sociallinteractive components and affected by under lying noncognitive attributes are more difficult to learn than skills which can be articulated through a common body of knowledge or technology. Implications for organization resource allocation be tween selection and training strategies and future research directions are discussed.
On the monochromatic brightness variations of comets

The nonsteady development of the multispecies atmosphere of a long-period comet approaching the sun is modeled, and the associated monochromatic brightness variations are discussed in terms of the varying abundances of the atmospheric species. A simple homogeneous clathrate structure, 85% of which is H2O, provides the representation for the cometary nucleus. Monochromatic brightness variations of the emission bands due to OH, CN and C2 are found to follow the law proposed by Levin (1943) for small heliocentric distance where a quasi-steady approximation is valid. However, the large time-scales of residence for emitting species leads to a breakdown of Levin's law at large heliocentric distances.
The unfolding of substrates and ubiquitin-independentprotein degradation by proteasomes

26S proteasomes are composed of a 20S proteolytic core and two ATPase-containing 19S regulatory particles. To clarify the role of these ATPases in proteolysis, we studied the PAN complex, the archaeal homolog of the 19S ATPases. When ATP is present, PAN stimulates protein degradation by archaeal 20S proteasomes. PAN is a molecular chaperone that catalyzes the ATP-dependent unfolding of globular proteins. If 20S proteasomes are present, this unfoldase activity is linked to degradation. Thus PAN, and presumably the 26S ATPases, unfold substrates and facilitate their entry into the 20S particle. 26S proteasomes preferentially degrade ubiquitinated proteins. However, we found that calmodulin (CaM) and troponin C are degraded by 26S proteasomes without ubiquitination. Ca(2+)-free native CaM and in vitro 'aged' CaM are degraded faster than the Ca(2+)-bound form. Ubiquitination of CaM does not enhance its degradation. Degradation of ovalbumin normally requires ubiquitination, but can occur without ubiquitination if ovalbumin is denatured. The degradation of these proteins still requires ATP and the 19S particle. Thus, ubiquitin-independent degradation by 26S proteasomes may be more important than generally assumed.
Training Effects on Vowel Production by Two Profoundly Hearing-Impaired Speakers

Two profoundly hearing-impaired adolescents received systematic speech training to improve their production of the vowels /i/ and /ae/. Acoustic measures of F1, F2, and duration, and listener judgme...
Image and video disclosure of substance use on social media websites

The present study examines young adults' use of social media websites, such as MySpace, Facebook, and YouTube, to post public images and videos of themselves depicting alcohol consumption, inebriated behavior, or recreational marijuana use. A content analysis revealed that the majority of image and video representations of alcohol consumption depicted females in social gatherings while images and videos depicting marijuana use depicted solitary males. Videos typically were viewed frequently and gained positive ratings. Among a sample of college students, one-third of participants reported having posted a picture depicting substance use on a social networking site, with 97% aware that others engage in this phenomenon. Students' perceptions of alcohol-related postings were generally positive or seen as a matter of individual choice while marijuana-related postings were generally viewed more negatively.
Approximating stationary statistical properties

It is well-known that physical laws for large chaotic dynamical systems are revealed statistically. Many times these statistical properties of the system must be approximated numerically. The main contribution of this manuscript is to provide simple and natural criterions on numerical methods (temporal and spatial discretization) that are able to capture the stationary statistical properties of the underlying dissipative chaotic dynamical systems asymptotically. The result on temporal approximation is a recent finding of the author, and the result on spatial approximation is a new one. Applications to the infinite Prandtl number model for convection and the barotropic quasi-geostrophic model are also discussed.
The search-inference framework: a proposed strategy for novice clinical problem solving.

CONTEXT Medical education in the clinical clerkship years emphasises the systematic collection and organisation of patient information to be combined with domain-specific knowledge of disease processes. Eventually, novice clinical problem solvers will learn to recognise patterns within the patient data ('illness scripts') which suggest the main diagnostic possibilities. Before novice problem solvers develop these illness scripts, pattern recognition may not be effective for solving clinical problems. METHODS This discussion paper describes the application of a decision framework adapted from cognitive psychology (the search-inference framework) to basic medical problem solving. Emphasis is placed on problem solving by novices who have not yet developed a full compliment of illness scripts. CONCLUSIONS The search-inference framework is similar to the approach taken by laypersons to diagnose their own symptoms or solve other problems. It may be especially useful for students who have not yet developed a sizeable repertoire of illness scripts, and the principles described may also be invoked by experienced clinicians confronting difficult clinical problems.
Computationally efficient surrogate response models for mechanistic-empirical pavement analysis and design

This paper proposes the use of neural network- (NN-) based pavement structural analysis tools as surrogates for the flexible pavement response analysis in the new mechanistic empirical pavement des...
A New Generation of Raman Instrumentation

The last decade has seen a significant increase in the utility of Raman measurements in academic, industrial, and governmental laboratories. Applications to polymers, biological systems, process measurements, and many other areas are now possible because of the improvements in the basic spectroscopic instrumentation. Most if not all of these improvements have started with new technology, often obtained from other fields, such as holographic filters, charge-coupled-device detectors, and diode-pumped lasers. With the use of this new technology, the performance of the various Raman instruments today offers unparalleled sensitivity and ease of use. This benefit has opened up many new fields where Raman measurements can be applied, as well as making the use of Raman data as easy as it is in the parallel technique of infrared spectroscopy.
Experience with on-demand physics simulations on the Sun Microsystems computing facility (SunGrid) at network.com

The simulation program of the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (Brookhaven National Laboratory) is growing in scope and its responsiveness to the needs of the research community. In addition, there is a significant ongoing R&D activity focused on future upgrades of the STAR detector, which also requires extensive simulations support. In addition to the local computing facility, the Open Science Grid (OSG) resources have been successfully used in STAR. However, the explosive growth of both computational needs and the available computing power, combined with distributed nature of the latter, dictate that all available options are considered - from open source to commercial grids. The computing facility of Sun Microsystems (the SunGrid) aims to deliver enterprise computing power and resources over the Internet, enabling developers, researchers, scientists and businesses to optimize performance and speed time to results without investment in IT infrastructure.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Wilkinson's Catalyst Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (ESCA)

Wilkinson's catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3 is a well known and widely used homogeneous hydrogenation catalyst. This catalyst was analyzed by ESCA which revealed that two rhodium species [Rh(I) and Rh(III)] were present, both for commercial preparations and for catalysts prepared in this laboratory. The ratio of Rh(I) to Rh(III) was 3:2 regardless of the source. A different method of synthesizing RhCl(PPh3)3 Wag used and produced a compound having only Rh(I) species. Additional analytical techniques such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, liquid chromatography, and 31P NMR were used to determine the origin of the higher binding energy peaks when Wilkinson's procedure was used to prepare RhCl(PPh3)3. Hydrogenation of cyclohexene was also performed to determine the effect of the higher binding energy species on catalytic activity.
The NQR and NMR studies of icosahedral borides

Boron NMR and NQR studies have been performed on three icosahedral borides: - and -rhombohedral boron and boron carbide (B12C3). Two 11B NMR peaks, separated by significant chemical shifts in the range from 130 ppm to 280 ppm, were clearly observed for all of the icosahedral borides that were not enriched in the 10B isotope. A single peak, however, was found for the 10B enriched boron carbide powder (90.6 at.% enrichment.) Moreover, the peak separation in the 11B NMR spectrum for the unenriched -boron was reduced when the sample was crushed into a fine powder. In addition to NMR responses, four strong NQR responses were observed for boron carbides from different manufacturers. Two resonance signals, observed at 513 kHz and 2769 kHz, correspond to one of the icosahedral boron sites and the boron in the CBC chain, respectively. The other two NQR responses, having frequencies of 361 and 380 kHz, are either 10B responses for the chain site or 11B responses for the other boron sites in the icosahedra. The NQR responses are not only consistent with the previous NMR studies performed independently by Silver and Bray (1959 J. Chem. Phys. 31 247) and by Hynes and Alexander (1971 J. Chem. Phys. 54 5296, 1972 J. Chem. Phys. Erratum 56), but also provide much higher accuracy for the values of the quadrupolar parameters.
Synthesis of one dimensional tin selenides in supercritical amines

Abstract Three new crystalline tin selenide salts have been prepared from the reactions of [PPh4]2[Sn(Se43] in supercritical solvents. The starting material pyrolyzes in supercritical acetonitrile to form [PPh4]4[Sn6Se21] (I), and it also reacts with SnSe in supercritical ammonia leading to a mixture of [PPh4]4[Sn3Se11]2 (II). and [PPh4]2[Sn(Se4)(Se6)2] (III). All three compounds have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic data: for I, C96H90P4Se21Sn6, space group triclinic, P-1, a = 18.763(3), b = 24.600(4), c = 13.137(1) A , α = 102.63(1), β = 93.66(1), γ = 108.72(1)°, V = 5544(1) A 3 , Z = 2, R = 0.0350, R W = 0.0317: for II , C96H80P4Se22Sn6, space group monoclinic P2 1 /c, a = 31.500(4), b = 16.572(3), c = 22.352(3) A , β = 103.53(1)°, V = 11344(3) A 3 , Z = 4, R = 0.0771, R W = 0.0664: for III , C48H40P2Se16Sn, space group monoclinic, C2/c, a = 25.381(2), b = 13.934(4), c = 19.465(3) A , β = 121.587(8)°, V = 5867(2) A 3 , Z = 4, R = 0.0807, R W = 0.0650 . One of the compounds, [PPh4]2[Sn(Se4(Se62], is a molecular cluster while the other two complexes [PPh4]4[Sn3Se11]2 and [PPh4]4[Sn6Se21], are one dimensional tin selenide chains. The structures of the two chains are related and consits of tetrahedral and distorted trigonal bipyramidal tin(IV) centers bridged by Se2−, Se22− and Se32− chains.
Lunar feldspathic meteorites: Constraints on the geology of the lunar highlands, and the origin of the lunar crust

Abstract The composition of the lunar crust provides clues about the processes that formed it and hence contains information on the origin and evolution of the Moon. Current understanding of lunar evolution is built on the Lunar Magma Ocean hypothesis that early in its history, the Moon was wholly or mostly molten. This hypothesis is based on analyses of Apollo samples of ferroan anorthosites ( > 90 % plagioclase; molar Mg / ( Mg + Fe ) = Mg # 75 ) and the assumption that they are globally distributed. However, new results from lunar meteorites, which are random samples of the Moonʼs surface, and remote sensing data, show that ferroan anorthosites are not globally distributed and that the Apollo highland samples, used as a basis for the model, are influenced by ejecta from the Imbrium basin. In this study we evaluate anorthosites from all currently available adequately described lunar highland meteorites, representing a more widespread sampling of the lunar highlands than Apollo samples alone, and find that ∼ 80 % of them are significantly more magnesian than Apollo ferroan anorthosites. Interestingly, Luna mission anorthosites, collected outside the continuous Imbrium ejecta, are also highly magnesian. If the lunar highland crust consists dominantly of magnesian anorthosites, as suggested by their abundance in samples sourced outside Imbrium ejecta, a reevaluation of the Lunar Magma Ocean model is a sensible step forward in the endeavor to understand lunar evolution. Our results demonstrate that lunar anorthosites are more similar in their chemical trends and mineral abundance to terrestrial massif anorthosites than to anorthosites predicted in a Lunar Magma Ocean. This analysis does not invalidate the idea of a Lunar Magma Ocean, which seems a necessity under the giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the moon. However, it does indicate that most rocks now seen at the Moonʼs surface are not primary products of a magma ocean alone, but are products of more complex crustal processes.
Lucigenin as mediator of superoxide production: revisited

Lucigenin caused a concentration-dependent increase in superoxide production by xanthine oxidase plus xanthine. This was seen, in terms of superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c; in spite of the ability of univalently reduced lucigenin to directly reduce cytochrome c. It follows that in the absence of this interference, by the cytochrome, an even greater increase in superoxide production mediated by lucigenin would have been observed. Clearly lucigenin luminescence should not be relied upon as a method for measurement of, or even for detection of, superoxide.
Leucine metabolism during chronic ethanol consumption

Chronic ethanol consumption is known to increase plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in rats and man, but the mechanisms of this effect are not known. Chronic ethanol consumption may increase levels of BCAA by altering protein turnover and/or by affecting the oxidation of BCAA. These possibilities were investigated in rats pair-fed liquid diets containing either 0% or 36% of total calories as ethanol for 21 days. In the fed state, ethanol-treated rats had a plasma ethanol level of 20 +/- 5 mmol/L and twofold increases in BCAA concentrations in plasma. There were also significant increases (37% to 63%) in muscle, liver, and jejunal mucosa BCAA concentrations. Chronic ethanol consumption significantly increased whole-body rates (mumol/100 g/h) of leucine turnover (73.8 +/- 7.5 v 104 +/- 5.6, P < .01) and oxidation (12.0 +/- 1.7 v 17.7 +/- 1.1, P < .05). In contrast, it significantly decreased leucine incorporation (nmol/mg protein/240 min) into both muscle (0.61 +/- 0.07 v 0.35 +/- 0.05, P < .01) and liver (13.25 +/- 1.40 v 6.78 +/- 0.98, P < .01) proteins. Incorporation of leucine into the mucosal proteins of jejunum (17.42 +/- 1.42 v 15.85 +/- 1.90, P = NS) was not significantly altered by ethanol. These results suggest that reduced protein synthesis and/or increased protein breakdown may account for the elevated tissue BCAA concentrations in chronic ethanol consumption. The consequences of these increased tissue concentrations are increases in tissue oxidation and plasma concentrations of BCAA.
Relationships between Hydroxyproline-containing Proteins Secreted into the Cell Wall and Medium by Suspension-cultured Acer pseudoplatanus Cells.

The pathway of hydroxyproline-containing proteins to the cell wall, and to the growth medium in suspension-cultured Acer pseudoplatanus cells is traced by following the kinetics of the transfer of protein-bound 14 C-hydroxyproline into various fractions, and by comparing the hydroxyproline-arabinoside profiles of these fractions after alkaline hydrolysis. Hydroxyproline-rich protein passes directly from a membrane-bound compartment in the cytoplasm to the cell wall, not via an intermediate salt-soluble pool in the wall. There are at least three hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins in the cell wall. One which possesses mono, tri, and tetraarabinoside side chains accounts for over 90% of the total hydroxyproline. This glycoprotein is “extensin.” The hydroxyproline-containing proteins secreted into the medium have a glycosylation pattern markedly different from that of the major cell wall glycoprotein. It appears that there is little or no wall-like extensin in the medium. Approximately half of the protein-bound hydroxyproline secreted into the medium is linked to an arabinogalactan. This linkage is also found in a particulate wall protein precursor fraction from the cytoplasm, but only trace amounts can be detected in the cell wall.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates MDMA-induced hyperthermia in rhesus monkeys.

Background: Cannabis is commonly consumed by Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users, including as an intentional strategy to manipulate the drug experience. The most active psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and other drugs with partial or full agonist activity at the CB1 receptor, produces a reduction of body temperature in rodents. Reports show that administration of THC can attenuate temperature increases caused by MDMA in mice or rats; however, a recent study in humans shows that THC potentiates MDMA-induced temperature elevations. Relatively little scientific evidence on the thermoregulatory effects of THC in monkeys is available. Methods: The body temperature of male rhesus macaques was recorded after challenge with THC (0.1–0.3 mg/kg, i.m.) or combined challenge of THC with the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 (Rimonabant; 0.3 mg/kg, i.m.) or combined challenge of THC (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg, i.m.) with MDMA (1.78 mg/kg p.o.) using minimally-invasive, implanted radiotelemetry techniques. Results: THC reduced the body temperature of monkeys in a dose-dependent manner with the nadir observed 3–5 h post-injection; however, an attenuation of normal circadian cooling was also produced overnight following dosing. Hypothermia induced by THC (0.3 mg/kg, i.m.) was prevented by Rimonabant (0.3 mg/kg, i.m.). Finally, 0.3 mg/kg THC (i.m.) attenuated the elevation of body temperature produced by MDMA for about 4 h after oral dosing. Conclusions: As with rodents THC produces a robust and lasting decrement in the body temperature of rhesus monkeys; this effect is mediated by the CB1 receptor. THC also protects against the immediate hyperthermic effects of MDMA in monkeys in a dose-dependent manner. Nevertheless, a paradoxical attenuation of circadian cooling overnight after the THC/MDMA combination cautions that longer-term effects may be critical in assessing risks for the recreational user of cannabis in combination with MDMA.
Indication and adaptation

This paper examines the relationship between a family of concepts involving reliable correlation, and a family of concepts involving adaptation and biological function, as these concepts are used in the naturalistic semantic theory of Dretske's Explaining Behavior. I argue that Dretske's attempt to marry correlation and function to produce representation fails, though aspects of his failure point the way forward to a better theory.
Ultrahigh-surface-area metallic electrodes by templated electroless deposition on functionalized carbon nanofiber scaffolds

Electroless deposition of gold onto chemically functionalized carbon nanofibers leads to high-density nucleation of metal nanoparticles. These eventually form a highly textured coating, encapsulation the nanofibers. The gold-coated nanofibers show interfacial capacitances more than 10 times higher than those of the bare carbon nanofibers and 100 times larger than those of planar surfaces.
Distributed-Parameter Large Basin Runoff Model. I: Model Development

We present a case study of modifying an existing macroscale rainfall-runoff model, the large basin runoff model (LBRM), developed at NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, to the microscale in a two-dimensional representation. First, we review the LBRM and then describe changes in several process submodels, which were originally designed specifically for large areas. We also change the model structure so that we may use the LBRM on an individual cell at the microscale within a watershed. We then discuss spatial scaling of model parameters to enable an (initial) application to the microscale with parameters available from the macroscale. We then organize watershed cells and flow routing and conclude with notes on computer implementation. In the accompanying companion paper, we present details of the model calibration, application, and experimentation on the Kalamazoo River watershed.
Comparative immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.

Abstract There are only minor differences in the immunogenicity of the three Haemophilus b polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines licensed in the US when tested in children 17 to 19 months of age. In contrast, there are much greater differences in immunogenicity in 2-month-old infants. At this age, a single dose of PRP-OMPC evokes a strong primary antibody response, whereas repeated doses of HbOC or PRP-D are required to evoke an antibody response. These differences in immunogenicity are noteworthy, but they are not necessarily correlated with differences in the ability of different conjugate vaccines to confer protection against disease. Vaccination with all three of the conjugate vaccines primes infants for the ability to make a booster antibody response to reimmunization with unconjugated PRP vaccine and, possibly, to exposure to the encapsulated bacteria. Although unproven, this priming may be sufficient to confer protection against disease even in the absence of a ‘protective’ level of serum antibody.
A pilot study of interprofessional case discussions for health professions students using the virtual world Second Life

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a virtual world, Second Life (Linden Labs; http://secondlife.com ), in interprofessional case discussions for health professions students. Methods Students from pharmacy, nursing, physician assistant, physical therapy, and occupational therapy programs used Second Life to conduct hour-long interprofessional discussions of a mock patient case. The sessions were facilitated by a pharmacy faculty member. Pre- and post-activity surveys evaluated students' opinions on the use of Second Life for interprofessional education (IPE). Results Forty-seven students participated in one of the nine interprofessional team meetings with participants located in any of four cities. Group size ranged from four to seven students. All students completed the pre- and post-activity surveys. The students had favorable impressions of the activity with 60% of the participants agreeing or strongly agreeing that Second Life was an effective method of conducting IPE. In addition, a larger percentage of students clearly identified important characteristics of an effective interprofessional team after the virtual IPE. Students cited convenience, flexibility, the ability to discuss the case in real-time with other students, and the interactive nature of the session as the major advantages to the use of Second Life. Technical issues were the most commonly reported challenges in using Second Life. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that Second Life can be an effective option for interprofessional case discussions, although continued efforts to minimize technical challenges are needed.
Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration, edited by Knut A. Jacobsen, Brill: Leiden, 2012, xii + 519 pp. ISBN 978 90 04 21214 5, $196 (cloth)

Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration, edited by Knut A. Jacobsen, Brill: Leiden, 2012, xii + 519 pp. ISBN 978 90 04 21214 5, $196 (cloth) This substan...
Hydrologic variability in a salt marsh: Assessing the links between drought and acute marsh dieback

Abstract It has been hypothesized that acute marsh dieback (AMD) observed along the Gulf Coast and South Atlantic Bight in the early 2000s was the result of drought-induced changes to porewater and sediment chemistry through hypersalinity or through mobilization of metals and acidification associated with redox changes. The impact of drought on coastal wetlands remains unclear because the hydrology of these wetlands is strongly influenced by regular tidal inundation. In order to test the links between hydrologic variability and changes to marsh groundwater conditions that may be stressful to the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora, we installed piezometers and passive diffusion samplers in a salt marsh island at North Inlet, South Carolina, where AMD was observed in fall 2001. Significant variations in tidal inundation, rainfall, evapotranspiration, groundwater dynamics, and porewater chemistry were observed. The island was typically inundated twice daily, but there were occasional 19–21 h periods in winter and spring when the marsh was not inundated and a singular event when the marsh was not inundated for three days (March 2008). Enhanced exposure resulted in seasonal redox chemistry changes, as indicated by changes in the ratio of ferrous iron [Fe(II)] to total iron [Fe(II) + Fe(III)], but our observations do not support redox and pH changes as the cause of AMD at this site. Porewater salinity varied from 14 to 40 in the upper 1 m of the marsh. Salinity was most variable near the surface and increased with depth, reflecting root zone transpiration and downward movement of porewater through the marsh mud into the underlying confined sand aquifer. Pearson Correlation tests among porewater constituents and hydrologic parameters indicated significant associations between porewater salinity, tidal inundation, rainfall, and ET, and additional associations between porewater iron concentration, speciation, and tidal inundation. Linear regression model estimates of porewater salinity for 2001–2002 did not indicate the development of hypersalinity during that period. However, these estimates did predict a dramatic increase in salinity that coincided with the beginning of drought conditions just prior to the observation of AMD, suggesting this as a cause for AMD at this site. Drought is predicted to increase over the next century; damage caused by potential increases in the frequency of drought-related AMD may limit the ability of intertidal salt marshes to accommodate sea level rise.