cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The "American Creed" and American Identity: the Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States:

IN 1915, President Woodrow Wilson told a group of newly naturalized citizens that they had just sworn allegiance "to no one," only to "a great ideal, to a great body of principles, to a great hope of the human race" (Harrington 1980: 678). The view of American citizenship Wilson thus expressed has a distinguished historic lineage, recently reaffirmed by Samuel P. Huntington. In American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, he maintains that for most nations, "national identity is the product of a long process of historical evolution involving common ancestors, common experiences, common ethnic background, common language, common culture, and usually common religion."' But citing an impressive list of authorities, Huntington argues that the United States is different. American civic identity has been based on "political ideas," on shared allegiance to the "American Creed" of liberal democracy (Huntington 1981: 23). Huntington, like most of his authorities, also implies that this is more or less the way it should be.2 He believes that whenever the United States becomes severely divided, the nation's liberal democratic ideals serve to restore unity more inclusively than a focus on common ancestors, language, or religion would permit (1981: 230-31). Many past and present critics of liberalism agree with Huntington that American political culture is overwhelmingly liberal, but they dispute his normative judgment. They contend that a public philosophy and public law which strive to rest national political identity simply on acceptance of liberal principles reflect a thin, one-sided conception of the human personality. Liberal pol-
Search and Seizure at the Federal Circuit Level

In this paper, we analyze the application of the exclusionary rule to Fourth Amendment search and seizure cases in the Federal Circuit Courts during the period 1968-1985. To conduct our analysis, we read and coded data from each of the 535 such cases decided in that period. Briefly, our findings are that the exclusionary rule has always been applied in a small minority of cases, and that the proportion of cases in which evidence has been excluded has declined over time. In addition, in most cases the court decisions have been based upon a routine evaluation of the facts of individual cases, and decisions are largely lacking in sophisticated discussion of constitutional principles. Moreover, Burger court decisions over the last fifteen years have had a limiting effect upon the circumstances under which the exclusionary rule can be applied.
Re-evaluation of the subunit structure and molecular weight of rabbit muscle amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-α-glucanotransferase

Abstract Subunit structure and molecular weight determination by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that rabbit muscle glycogen debranching enzyme, amylo-1,6-glucosidase/4-α-glucanotransferase, (formerly amylo-1,6-glucosidase/oligo -1,4→1,4 , glucantransferase), is a protein composed of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 170 000. This result was obtained using 5, 7.5 and 10% gels. The alkylated enzyme gave the same result, indicating that the enzyme is a monomer. Since the debranching enzyme consists of two discrete enzymatic activities, it constitutes a unique example of a mammalian multifunctional enzyme where both activities are associated with a single polypeptide.
Estimating Site Amplification Effects Using Shallow Seismic Data

Shallow Pand SH-wave seismic reflection and refraction data from two sites in the Paducah, Kentucky, area have been used to develop soil column velocity structures in order to estimate site amplification effects resulting from an earthquake. Although the seismic data were of variable quality, numerous reflected and refracted events have been identified and interpreted. Site response modeling, using the computer program WAVES and an acceleration record from the Saguenay, Canada, earthquake, showed that site H-7, near the Paducah airport, experienced amplification of the peak acceleration by a factor of 1.2 at a period of 0.2 s. Site M-l, located near the Ohio River on unconsolidated alluvium, exhibited amplification of the peak acceleration by a factor of nearly 3 at a period of 0.3 s, and the 5% damped acceleration response spectrum shows a peak amplification of over 10 at 0.8 s.
Structure-linked activity of lysosomal enzymes in the developing mouse brain.

—A longitudinal study of the maturation of mouse cerebral lysosomal enzymes has been completed. Activity of the enzymes, acid phosphatase (I.U.B. 3.1.3.2), β-glucuronidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.31) and β-acetylglucosaminidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.30) was assayed spectrofluorimetrically on portions of supernatant from 0.25 M sucrose homogenates spun at 6 x 103 -min. Activities were obtained in native (free) and Triton X-100 activated samples (total). The neonatal period was characterized by relatively low free and high total acid phosphatase activities. An abrupt rise in free activity occurred during the period 10–20 days. Discontinuous anion exchange DEAE cellulose chromatography (0.01 m-tris–maleate, pH 6.3) with elution by ascending molarities of NaCl of the Triton X-100 activated supernatant revealed three major peaks in the adult. A fourth peak, designated as fraction II (‘maturation fraction’) occurred only during the neonatal period, a time also characterized by increased specific activity of fraction I, with no change in fraction IV. The chromatographic fractions were further characterized by optimal pH, ascorbate, fluoride, Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions. The maturation profiles of total, β-glucuronidase and total, β-acetylglucosaminidase differed from each other, and from that of total acid phosphatase. Comparable differences existed in the profiles of the free activities, and the ratio of free:total activity differed for each enzyme at any selected time especially during the neonatal period. These findings are are discussed with reference to the maturation of isoenzyme fractions with age, and suggest that the changes in structure-linked organization of individual lysosomal hydrolases are functions of heterogeneity in enzyme complement of individual lysosomes.
The anatomy of peripheral lymphoid organs with emphasis on accessory cells: Light‐microscopic immunocytochemical studies of mouse spleen, lymph node, and peyer's patch

Antigen, lymphocytes, and accessory cells interact within peripheral lymphoid organs to generate immunity. Two cell types have been studied for accessory function in culture: mononuclear phagocytes and nonphagocytic Ia-rich dendritic cells. The monoclonal antibodies which have been used to study isolated murine macrophages (MO) and dendritic cells (DC) include α-macrophage (F4/80, M1/70), α-dendritic cell (33D1), α-Fc receptor (2.4G2), and α-Ia (B21-2) reagents. In this paper, the antibodies have been used to stain accessory cells in cryostat sections of mouse spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patch. Each organ is known to contain subregions that are rich in either macrophages, B cells, or T cells. We found that the accessory cells in each subregion had a different phenotype. (1) Macrophage-rich regions: Macrophages that lined the site of antigen delivery (marginal zone of spleen, around afferent lymphatics of node, and below the epithelium of Peyer's patch) were stained with M1/70 but not with F4/80. F4/80 was abundant on macrophages in other sites: spleen red pulp, node medulla, and around Peyer's patch efferent lymphatics. (2) B-lymphocyte-rich follicles: Follicular dendritic cells, which retain immune complexes extracellularly, are concentrated on the outer aspect of the germinal center. This region stained strongly with α-Fc receptor antibody 2.4G-2, but not with M1/70, F4/80, or 33D1. (3) T areas: The interdigitating cells of T areas have been linked to isolated dendritic cells. Irregular Ia-rich cells were distributed uniformly in the T areas of each organ. However, staining with 33D1 was not detected and was restricted to foci of nonphagocytic cells at the spleen red/white pulp junction. F4/80, M1/70 or 2.4G2 also did not stain the T area, except for the region close to splenic central arteries. Therefore the principal surface markers and location of the candidate accessory cells in murine lymphoid organs are M1/70+ macrophages at the site of antigen entry; F4/80+ macrophages around regions of lymphocyte efflux; germinal center dendritic cells, which may be rich in 2.4G2; and Ia-rich interdigiting cells in the T area.
The dual nature of extracellular ATP as a concentration-dependent platelet P2X1 agonist and antagonist

Patient groups subject to higher occurrence of stroke (e.g., people with diabetes, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension) have reduced release of ATP from their erythrocytes (ERYs) when subjected to flow-induced deformation or pharmacological stimuli. These same groups also have platelets that are more adhesive in comparison to controls. Here we show platelet aggregation, and inhibition of that aggregation, is affected by free Ca(2+) entering the platelet through the ATP-gated P2X1 receptor. The addition of ATP (10 microM) increased the platelet NO by 26.7 +/- 7.7%. This value was decreased significantly to below basal levels in the presence of NF 449 (p < 0.001), an inhibitor of the P2X1 receptor on the platelet. Aggregation profiles measured in the presence of ATP revealed that when the P2X1 receptor was blocked, or when the measurements were performed in Ca(2+) free buffer, platelet aggregation was nearly eliminated. Our findings employing standard aggregation measurements suggest that ATP behaves as a platelet inhibitor below 1.6 x 10(-19) moles ATP per platelet; however, above this value, ATP behaves as a platelet activator. These findings suggesting a dual nature of ATP with regard to platelet behavior were confirmed by passing platelets over endothelial cells that were coated in the channels of a microfluidic device. Importantly, it was determined that ERY-derived ATP release was a major determinant of platelet adhesion to the endothelium. These findings may have implications in anti-platelet drug design as most current therapies focus on the inhibition of P2Y-type receptors. Moreover, through the use of microfluidic technologies, we have provided in vitro evidence for a possible relationship between ERY properties and platelet behavior in vivo.
Helicobacter pylori infection in children

Summary A number of scientific breakthroughs since H pylori first became recognized as a human pathogen have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal disease. In particular, advances in molecular bacteriology and the complete sequencing of the H pylori genome in 1999, and soon thereafter the human genome, provide tools allowing better delineation of the pathogenesis of disease. These molecular tools for both bacteria and host should now be applied to multicenter pediatric studies that evaluate disease outcome. More recent developments indicate that a better understanding of the microbial-host interaction is critical to furthering knowledge with respect to H pylori -induced diseases. Studies are needed to evaluate either DNA-based or more traditional protein-based vaccines, to evaluate more specific antimicrobials that confer minimal resistance, and to evaluate probiotics for the management of H pylori infection. Multicenter multinational studies of H pylori infection in the pediatric population, which include specific, randomized controlled eradication trials, are essential to extend current knowledge and develop better predictors of disease outcome.
Anion channels transport ATP into the Golgi lumen.

Anion channels provide a pathway for Cl− influx into the lumen of the Golgi cisternae. This influx permits luminal acidification by the organelle's H+-ATPase. Three different experimental approache...
GMR in magnetic multilayers from a first principles band structure Kubo-Greenwood approach

We employ the Kubo-Greenwood formula to investigate from first-principles the giant magnetoresistance in Fe/sub m/M/sub n/ (M=V, Cr, Mn and Cu) superlattices. The results indicate that MR can arise from band structure changes from ferromagnetic to anti-ferromagnetic alignments. Quantum confinement in the perpendicular direction is induced by the potential steps between the Fe and spacer layers and causes a much larger MR in the current-perpendicular-to-the-plane (CPP) geometry than in the current-in-plane (CIP) geometry. In the presence of the spin-orbit coupling interaction, MR is found to be reduced by spin-channel mixing.
The New Madrid Seismic Zone: Capturing Variability in Seismic Hazard Analyses

Recently, concern has been raised about variability in input parameters affecting seismic hazard results (Newman et al., 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2001). Uncertainty in seismic hazard calculations for the eastern U.S. (EUS) has been a major concern for the last two decades (EPRI, 1986; SSHAC, 1997). The use of a logic tree to capture knowledge-based uncertainty in seismic hazard calculations has developed over this rime period (Coppersmith and Youngs, 1986; NRC, 1988; Reiter, 1990; Cramer et al., 1996a). A recent reassessment of the current state of knowledge for the New Madrid seismic zone (EOS, 2000) has led to updating of the seismic hazard assessment in the central U.S. That updated seismic hazard assessment is used here to demonstrate how variability should be captured in a seismic hazard analysis. This presentation starts with a brief introduction to seismic hazard analysis, continues with a short discussion of how variability is handled and represented in an uncertainty analysis, and finally gives an example of an uncertainty analysis and its value. Although they occur infrequently, future earthquakes in the central and eastern U.S. (CEUS) are certain to have significant economic and social impact. In order to prepare for such events, there must be an understanding of the anticipated level of earthquake ground shaking. This information is important in public policy and private risk assessment and in decision-making. Part of the seismic hazard analysis process is to account scientifically for both what is known and what is not known about earthquake hazards in a region and to develop a best estimate for anticipated future earthquake ground motions. Because our knowledge about earthquakes is incomplete, it is vital that a scientific consensus be built with the best available information on which to base seismic hazard estimates. One possible approach to seismic …
"Fools for the sake of Christ": Missional hermeneutics and praxis in the Corinthian correspondence

Paul’s rhetoric in the Corinthian correspondence suggests that at least some of the Corinthians understood wisdom, power, freedom, and knowledge as being at the heart of Christian identity and practice in the world. Paul counters each of those terms hermeneutically, missionally—underscoring the import of foolishness, weakness, slavery, and love—with respect to his mission in the world and their own. Love, as explicated by Paul, helps to clarify why foolishness, weakness, and slavery trump wisdom, power, freedom, and knowledge. Apart from love, focusing on wisdom, power, freedom, or knowledge can become self-referential. Only in love can those characteristics move beyond themselves for the good—the building up—of others. Paul’s corrective metaphors for missional hermeneutics and praxis—foolishness, weakness, slavery, and love—represent concrete and counter-intuitive ways in which the mission Dei has been and must be manifested. In the process of exploring these issues, the article offers extended reflections on the implications of Paul’s hermeneutical reasoning for contemporary mission today.
The politics of identity and enumeration in India c. 1600-1990

L'A. examine la pratique du recensement avant, pendant, et apres la periode coloniale en Inde, centrant son analyse sur l'enumeration, considere comme un processus central dans la formation de l'Etat et des identites. Afin de restaurer l'autonomie d'action des Indiens, il examine la signification de l'enumeration dans l'etablissement des frontieres sociales. Il montre que l'enumeration ne fut pas une innovation de l'administration coloniale. Les effets essentiels de l'enumeration pendant la periode coloniale et postcoloniale sont relies a la formation d'un espace politique indien unitaire et a l'institution politique electorale. L'A. examine d'abord les significations fiscales et politiques des pratiques administratives des Mughal et leur heritage au 18 eme siecle au niveau sous-continental. Il centre ensuite son analyse sur les regions de l'Inde occidentale et centrale jusqu'a la fin du 19 eme siecle, passant a nouveau a l'echelle sous-continentale pour les periodes suivantes. Finalement, il propose une etude de cas, montrant comment, en Inde occidentale, au niveau etatique, les communautes pouvaient communiquer, se reunir et de changer, en opposition a la legislation officielle, et independemment du recensement.
Two cheers for employment-based health insurance.

Employment-based health insurance is the Rodney Dangerfield of health policy: it gets no respect from anyone. Liberal enthusiasts of a onepayor system view the existence of employment-based health insurance as a major impediment to the achievement of universal comprehensive coverage. From the opposite end of the political spectrum, free market enthusiasts attack employment-based health insurance on the grounds that individual preferences are systematically ignored, and cost-quality tradeoffs are inappropriately constrained when employers select coverage for employees. Advocates for a patient bill of rights complain that managed care is favored by employers (not employees), and argue that employers are motivated by profits, instead of the best interests of their employees. 4 Prominent health policy scholars and the media routinely condemn the linkage between employment and health insurance. 5 Even employers, who offer coverage as a way of attracting and retaining employees, are at best lukewarm about their role in the coverage market. 6
Covariation of finite-amplitude wave activity and the zonal mean flow in the midlatitude troposphere: 1. Theory and application to the Southern Hemisphere summer

Tropospheric eddy-mean flow interaction is formulated in terms of the vertically integrated budget of finite-amplitude wave activity (FAWA). At each latitude the dynamics is governed by three coupled equations for the interior and surface FAWA and barotropic zonal mean zonal flow. In midlatitude austral summer, the budget reveals a largely adiabatic, antiphase covariation of FAWA and the mean flow. A marked periodicity is found for FAWA around 20–30 days, but not the mean flow, consistent with the recently discovered baroclinic annular mode. The difference in the spectra of FAWA and the mean flow arises from (i) distinct spectra of low-level meridional eddy heat flux and the barotropic eddy momentum flux convergence and (ii) a strong thermal damping of surface wave activity: the latter makes the FAWA respond largely to the low-level meridional eddy heat flux at low frequencies, whereas the zonal mean flow responds to the momentum flux convergence whose spectrum is broader and occupies higher frequencies.
Periodontal lesions in hamsters and gnotobiotic rats infected with actinomyces of human origin.

Albino hamsters infected with a catalase negative strain of Actinomyces of human origin developed a root surface and periodontal syndrome similar to that previously described in hamsters. Deposits of radicular plaque developed, and areas of alveolar bone resorption were noted adjacent to tooth surfaces that had been coated with copious amounts of plaque. Gingival plaque contained large numbers of microorganisms with identical characteristics to those of the infecting strain. Groups of gnotobiotic rats were separately infected with two human strains of Actinomyees, one of which was representative of A. viscosus. Gingival distortion, pocketing, alveoloclasia, and root caries were associated with the impaction of hair fibers and the formation of bacterial mats on root surfaces. In many areas bacterial coats had spread over more than half of the exposed root surfaces of maxillary first and second molars. Primary and secondary dentin was often destroyed by an invasion of these microorganisms that in some cases penetrated to the pulp chamber.
Lessons Learned from Recent Randomized Clinical Trials for Intermittent Claudication

It is well recognized that lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is highly prevalent and results in significant cardiovascular mortality akin to cardiovascular disease.1 Among patients with PAD there is a broad range of clinical manifestations, with a third of patients having typical intermittent claudication (IC). The symptoms of lower extremity PAD, even in a stable nonlimb threatening form, result in measurable reductions in quality of life (QOL) and physical functioning, including mobility loss.2 The morbidity from PAD and relatively high rate of vascular procedures performed in symptomatic patients has resulted in health economic costs that are greater than ischemic heart disease and stroke.3 Moreover, the number of catheter-based interventions for PAD has increased in recent years, likely due to multiple factors, including disease recognition, development of endovascular devices, and a shift from open surgical procedures and performance of procedures by 3 disciples of medicine: interventional cardiology, interventional radiology, and vascular surgery.4,5 One of the major unresolved issues is how should outcomes be measured? Is it enough to improve QOL or do we need to demonstrate reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality to justify the cost of invasive therapies? In 2007, over 2 million physician office visits were related to PAD; therefore, performing clinical trials to study the treatment of PAD should be relatively straightforward, but unfortunately this has not been the case. Randomized clinical trials in PAD are uncommon and notoriously slow to enroll. This may be due to restrictive enrollment criteria, or to an unfounded belief of lack of clinical equipoise between randomized treatments that bias physicians and patients.6,7 That the pace of research in the field is slow is reflected in the fact that from the PAD guidelines in 2005 to the update in 2011, which included clinical …
Arctic Alaska, USA

Although Arctic Alaska contains some of the last remaining wild lands and intact wildlife populations in North America, the region is challenged by increasing energy development pressures and a climate that is changing more rapidly than anywhere else on Earth. The inevitability of transformative change in Arctic ecological systems suggests that there are few options available to offset impacts to wildlife and landscapes. Therefore, the main opportunities for addressing climate change in Arctic Alaska is the protection of large areas important to wildlife in advance of energy development and climate change planning, which takes into account interactions with energy development and seeks to identify climate refugia where arctic systems stand the best chances of persisting.
USC/ISI at TREC 2011: Microblog Track.

This paper describes the search system we developed for the inaugural TREC 2011 Microblog Track. Our system makes use of best-practice ranking techniques, including term, phrase, and proximity-based text matching via the Markov random field model, pseudo-relevance feedback using Latent Concept Expansion, and a feature-based ranking model that uses a simple, but effective learningto-rank model. We adapted each of these approaches to the specifics of the microblog search task, giving rise to a highly effective end-to-end search system. The official results from the TREC evaluation suggest that pseudorelevance feedback and learning-to-rank yield significant improvements in precision at early rank under different evaluation scenarios.
Application of Simultaneous Equation in Finance Research

This chapter introduces the concept of simultaneous equation system and the application of such a system to finance research. We first discuss the order and rank condition of identification problem. We then introduce the two-stage least squares (2SLS) and three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimation method. The pro and cons of these estimations methods are summarized. Finally, the results of a study in executive compensation structure and risk-taking are used to illustrate the difference between single equation and simultaneous equation method.
Tunable Workfunction with TaN Metal Gate on HfO2-HfxSiyO Dielectrics

MOS capacitors were fabricated from MOCVD HfO2 and HfxSiyO gate dielectrics with ALD TaN / PVD Ta metal electrodes. Dielectrics with 1.8 to 2.6 nm capacitance equivalent thickness (CET) were investigated with gate leakage (Jg) of 1×10−7 to 1×10−3 A/cm2 at Vg = Vfb−1V in accumulation. In addition to the C-V and I-V characterization of the MOSCAPs, XPS physical characterization was performed on monitor wafers to determine composition and physical thickness. From the combined results of the electrical and physical characterization, the relative dielectric constants of the Hf-Si-O films and the metal electrode work functions are determined, and simple models for the compositional dependence of the dielectric constant are formulated. Capacitors with the same dielectric composition and thickness exhibited 100 mV Vfb change when the thickness of the ALD TaN electrode layer was changed from 40-80A. This change is attributed to a change in the work function of the aggregate TaN / Ta metal electrode. Workfunctions were found to be located near middle of the Si band gap, with workfunctions of 4.6 eV to 4.7 eV.
Delineation of factors associated with prolonged length of stay after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair leads to a clinical pathway and improves quality of care

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services define laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) as outpatient procedure. We identified our institutional length of stay (LOS) to be above the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) benchmark of 1 day [interquartile range (IQR) 2 days]. This study was undertaken to investigate risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay and design an intervention to decrease median LOS. This study analyzed institutional NSQIP data on patients who underwent elective LVHR from 2006 to 2011 to define factors associated with prolonged LOS, defined as LOS > 2 days. Modifiable factors identified in the initial analysis were included in a clinical care pathway to impact LOS. We repeated the NSQIP data analysis after implementation (4/2011–9/2012) to assess the effect of our intervention. Analysis was by univariate, ANOVA and logistic regression models. During the pre-implementation period, 80 patients with a median age of 54 years (31–84) stayed a median of 2 days (IQR 3). On univariate analysis, factors associated with prolonged LOS included operative time, mesh size, amount of narcotics used and female gender. In multivariate analysis, operative time and narcotics used were associated with a prolonged LOS, C statistic = 0.88. Introduction of a clinical pathway focusing on non-narcotic pain relief resulted in a decrease in mean narcotic usage from 223 to 63 mg morphine equivalents/patient (p < 0.0001), decrease in median LOS to 1 day (IQR 2) (p = 0.027), in line with NSQIP benchmarks, a slight decrease in complications and a 10 % decrease in hospital cost. High narcotic use and long operative times are independent predictors of prolonged LOS in our patient population. Introduction of a standardized clinical care pathway designed to reduce perioperative narcotic use resulted in shorter LOS, improved quality and cost savings for patients undergoing LVHR.
Hyperbolic Temperament as a Distinguishing Feature Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Mood Dysregulation

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) commonly co-occurs with mood disorders. This co-occurrence, which can be explained by a shared disposition for negative emotions, raises practical concerns about differential diagnosis. In this chapter, we review research on the co-occurrence of BPD and mood disorders and describe several features that distinguish these forms of psychopathology. We further review a hyperbolic model of the essential features of BPD that integrates these various features. We demonstrate empirically that hyperbolic features (a) interact as predicted with childhood experiences in promoting BPD symptoms, (b) distinguish BPD from mood disorders, and (c) represent the temperamental features of BPD. We describe how this model provides a clinically useful framework for the differential diagnosis of borderline psychopathology.
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract ECPR is defined as the rapidly-deployed application of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, in patients with cardiac arrest, during cardiopulmonary resuscitation before the return of ROSC. ECPR is one of the most rapidly growing segments of ECLS, and is becoming more widespread. Consideration for institution of ECPR is given to patients with witnessed arrest, good quality CPR instituted within 5 min of arrest, in whom ROSC does not occur within 15 min, and who can complete cannulation within 30–60 min. Patients from both inpatient and out-of-hospital settings are candidates if they meet these criteria. Deep hypothermic cardiac arrest, such as cold-water drowning, should receive consideration for ECPR even after considerable duration of arrest. Available outcome data are based on retrospective observation studies, some with propensity matching, and suggests a higher chance for survival with ECPR. Published outcomes from ECPR, however, are difficult to interpret, since many centers classify their use of ECLS after ROSC, in addition to ECLS before ROSC, as ECPR. Both children and adults are candidates for ECPR, but the experience in children is weighted heavily toward those with a diagnosis of cardiac disease and arrest occurring within closely monitored units.
Depolymerization of Polycarbonates Derived from Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides to Provide Cyclic Carbonates. A Kinetic Study

The depolymerization reactions of several polycarbonates produced from the completely alternating copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide have been investigated. The aliphatic polycarbonates derived from styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin, or propylene oxide and CO2 were found to undergo quantitative conversion to the corresponding cyclic carbonate following deprotonation of their −OH end group by azide ion. The process was shown to involve the unzipping of the copolymer in a backbiting fashion leading to a steady decrease in the copolymer’s molecular weight while maintaining its narrow molecular weight distribution. This pathway for depolymerization was further supported by the observation that upon end-capping the copolymer with an acetate group, it was stabilized. Temperature-dependent kinetic studies provided energy of activation (Ea) barriers for cyclic carbonate formation which increased in the order: poly(styrene carbonate) (46.7 kJ/mol) < poly(CO2-alt-epichlorohydrin) (76.2 kJ/mol) ≤ poly(prop...
CONTROL MEASURES FROM BOILER SIDE IN LOAD REJECTION TEST OF SUPERCRITICAL 600 MW UNIT

combined with successful experiences of boiler hadn't tripped during 50% and 100% load rejection tests of supercritical 600 MW unit no.1 in Datang Binchang Power Plant,the difficult points of control from boiler side in load rejection test of supercritical units have been analysed,and some measures being put forward to decrease the drop magnitude of steam temperature,including suitably using the bypass system and PCV valve,rapidly decreasing the feed of fuel coal,as well as the evaporation capacity produced by residual heat of boiler,and the steam pressure;rapidly stratup the circulatory pump of boiler water,establishing the reasonable make-up water supplying mode for the boiler,maintaining the minimum flow rate of feed-water into the once-through boiler;using automatic control and timely manual adjustment mode to control all combustion parameters,make them to be stabilized;preventing water enters into the superheater due to too high water-level in the separator,and timely closing the electrically operated valve for desuperheating water etc.,so as to decrease the risk in load rejection test.
Intervention-BKT: Incorporating Instructional Interventions into Bayesian Knowledge Tracing

Bayesian Knowledge Tracing BKT is one of the most widely adopted student modeling methods in Intelligent Tutoring Systems ITSs. Conventional BKT mainly leverages sequences of observations e.g. correct, incorrect from student-system interaction log files to infer student latent knowledge states e.g. unlearned, learned. However, the model does not take into account the instructional interventions that generate those observations. On the other hand, we hypothesized that various types of instructional interventions can impact student's latent states differently. Therefore, we proposed a new student model called Intervention-Bayesian Knowledge Tracing Intervention-BKT. Our results showed the new model outperforms conventional BKT and two factor analysis based alternatives: Additive Factor Model AFM and Instructional Factor Model IFM; moreover, the learned parameters of Intervention-BKT can recommend adaptive pedagogical policies.
Aluminum and calcium effects on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in taro

To determine Al and Ca effects on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, cv. Lehua maoli] plantlets were grown hydroponically at four levels of Al (0, 440, 890, and 1330 µM) and two levels of Ca (100 and 1000 µM). Increasing Al levels significantly reduced leaf area, photosynthesis, maximum photochemical yield of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of electron transport through PSII (o PSII), and photochemical quenching (qp). An increased Ca level significantly increased leaf area, Ca concentration in leaf blades, photosynthesis, Fv/Fm, and oPSII. The detrimental effect of excess Al on photosynthesis and Fv/Fm was ameliorated by high solution Ca. It was hypothesized that a high Ca level helped to stabilize thylakoid membrane structure against disruption by Al.
The Romantic Idea of a University in England

Nothing approaching the drama at Jena took place at Oxbridge in the early nineteenth century. Perhaps the main reason for this was that the English universities differed from those in Germany in both purpose and organization. Unlike the German universities, the two English ones were composed almost entirely of one faculty. As we have seen, the medical, legal and theological faculties existed only in vestigial form at Oxbridge. The facultas artium alone had a living role in the university. In England there could be no Streit der Fakultaten, no conflict of the faculties, for only one faculty really existed. The equivalents of the upper faculties of German institutions had withered away. As a result, the arts faculty would not face the conflicts which helped its German counterparts develop a sense of importance and strength. After all, it was the conflict between faculties which egged on Wolf, Kant and Fichte.
No EEG evidence for subconscious detection during Rapid Serial Visual Presentation

Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used to study visual and auditory perception. It has the benefit of high temporal resolution allowing one to detect the earliest moments of neural processing of a stimulus. In some detection tasks EEG signals precede overt behavioral response by as much as 200 ms, i.e. at times when stimuli may not yet have been consciously detected by the subjects, leading some to speculate that EEG may reveal also subconscious target detection. We thus asked if there are EEG signals associated with detection of a stimulus even in the absence of an overt (conscious) report. Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) of images elicits strong EEG responses shortly after a target image is presented and these evoked responses can be detected on a single trial basis using dedicated pattern recognition techniques previously developed. Here we record EEG during RSVP where we vary detection performance by varying presentation parameters such as eccentricity or size of the target on an image. We find that under these manipulations the behavioral detection performance of subjects largely tracked the detection of evoked responses in the EEG. More specifically, we show that EEG detection performance is high for those trial in which subject successfully report the presence or absence of a target, while EEG detection performance is indistinguishable from chance when subjects failed to provide a correct response. In short, when the subjects sees the target, we also see this in their EEG; if the subjects do not see the target then their EEG remains also unafected by the target stimulus. In summary, contrary to the often-held believe, we have found no EEG evidence for subconscious detection of a target stimulus during RSVP.
Re-Engineering Participation through On-Line Learning Environments: An Examination of Communication Apprehension, Choice, and Performance

Learning environments designed with web, computer-mediated communication, or other on-line technologies promise to enhance the individual's learning experience through additional participation opportunities available with these technologies. However, the enhanced learning experience is not guaranteed, as each learner's predisposition to the communication venue will influence how readily the learner engages in the learning experience. This paper describes our early experience in designing on-line participation opportunities that take into account an individual learner's predisposition toward communication activities. Results indicate that an individual's communication apprehensiveness can have a deleterious effect upon one's learning experience. Implications for the deployment of on-line tools within higher education scenarios are discussed.
In Search of Balance: The Challenge of Generating Balanced Latin Rectangles

Spatially Balanced Latin Squares are combinatorial structures of great importance for experimental design. From a computational perspective they present a challenging problem and there is a need for efficient methods to generate them. Motivated by a real-world application, we consider a natural extension to this problem, balanced Latin Rectangles. Balanced Latin Rectangles appear to be even more defiant than balanced Latin Squares, to such an extent that perfect balance may not be feasible for Latin rectangles. Nonetheless, for real applications, it is still valuable to have well balanced Latin rectangles. In this work, we study some of the properties of balanced Latin rectangles, prove the nonexistence of perfect balance for an infinite family of sizes, and present several methods to generate the most balanced solutions.
Does fear of falling predict gait variability in multiple sclerosis

Abstract Background Behavioural symptoms and gait disorders are very common in patients with multiple sclerosis. Objective To evaluate the association between fear of falling and gait instability at one year in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods Thirty-five multiple sclerosis patients were included. Fear of falling was assessed by the Fall Efficacy Scale-International and gait variability with stride time variability under single and dual-task conditions at baseline and at one year. Results Baseline fear of falling score was associated with increased stride time variability at one year during dual-task condition even after adjustment on covariates. Conclusion Fear of falling is associated with gait variability at one year, especially under dual-task condition.
Quinoa Starch Characteristics and Their Correlations with the Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) of Cooked Quinoa

Starch characteristics significantly influence the functionality and end‐use quality of cereals and pseudo‐cereals. This study examined the composition and properties of starch from 11 pure varieties and 2 commercial samples of quinoa in relationship to the texture of cooked quinoa. Nearly all starch properties and characteristics differed among these samples. Results showed that total starch content of seeds ranged from 53.2 to 75.1 g/100 g apparent amylose content ranged from 2.7% to 16.9%; total amylose ranged from 4.7% to 17.3%; and the degree of amylose–lipid complex ranged from 3.4% to 43.3%. Amylose leaching ranged from 31 mg/100 g starch in “Japanese Strain” to 862 mg/100 g starch in “49ALC.” “Japanese Strain” starch also exhibited the highest water solubility (4.5%) and the lowest swelling power (17). α‐Amylase activity in “1ESP,” “Col.#6197,” “Japanese Strain,” “QQ63,” “Yellow Commercial,” and “Red Commercial” (0.03 to 0.09 CU) were significantly lower than the levels of the other quinoa samples (0.20 to 1.16 CU). Additionally, gel texture, thermal properties, and pasting properties of quinoa starches were investigated. Lastly, correlation analysis showed that the quinoa samples with higher amylose content tended to yield harder, stickier, more cohesive, more gummy, and more chewy texture after cooking. A higher degree of amylose–lipid complex and amylose leaching were associated with softer and less chewy cooked quinoa TPA texture. Higher starch enthalpy correlated with firmer, more adhesive, more cohesive, and chewier texture. In sum, starch plays a significant role in the texture of cooked quinoa. The research determined starch characteristics among a diverse set of pure quinoa varieties and commercial samples, and identified the relationships between starch properties and cooked quinoa texture. The results can help breeders and food manufacturers to understand better the relationships among quinoa starch characteristics, cooked quinoa texture, and the best use of different cultivars.
Abstract TMP104: Prevalence of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample

Background and Objective: Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is endorsed by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, the American Academy of Neurology, and the Neurocritical Care Society for use in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) for surveillance of cerebral vasospasm (CV). However, data on utilization of TCD for CV detection and monitoring in aSAH are lacking. We estimated the proportion of patients with aSAH receiving TCD monitoring using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Methods: Data from 2002-2011 NIS were used to calculate the number of discharges with a primary diagnosis of aSAH per 100,000 discharges. Descriptive analysis of nationwide trends in TCD prevalence was performed. Teaching hospitals were examined separately for TCD utilization rates and this was done biennially to prevent small numbers. Results: Between 2002 and 2011, a total of 256,089 patients were discharged with a diagnosis of aSAH of which 3,850 underwent TCD monitoring. aSAH accounted for an average of 67.1 discharges per 100,000 annually (95% CI 61.3-72.8) from 2002-2011. Of these, only 1.5% (95% CI 0.4-2.6) underwent TCD examination. In teaching hospitals, aSAH accounted for an average of 108.5 discharges per 100,000 biennially (95% CI, 96.2-120.8), of which 2% (95% CI 1.0-4.0) underwent TCD examination. TCD utilization increased from Conclusion: TCD is underutilized nationally in the care of aSAH. While the prevalence of TCD is low in teaching hospitals, it is nearly nonexistent in non-teaching hospitals.
A new look at exotic decays

Abstract We study the decays of the exotic meson ϱ (1 −+ , I=1) into η′π and ππ . We assume hybrid quark-glue structure and exhibit a large contribution to this decay in the QCD sum rules approach, and suggest that η'π rather than ϱπ might be the dominant decay channel.
“Phonon” conductivity along a column of spheres in contact

We calculate energy conduction and dissipation along a column of spheres linked with linear springs and dashpots to illustrate how grains in simultaneous contact may produce a constant “phonon” conductivity of granular fluctuation kinetic energy. In the core of dense unconfined granular flows down bumpy inclines, we show that phonon conductivity dominates its counterpart calculated from gas kinetic theory. However, the volume dissipation rate of phonon fluctuation energy is of the same order as the kinetic theory prediction.
A Distributed Associative Classification Algorithm

Associative classification algorithms have been successfully used to construct classification systems. The major strength of such techniques is that they are able to use the most accurate rules among an exhaustive list of class-association rules. This explains their good performance in general, but to the detriment of an expensive computing cost, inherited from association rules discovery algorithms. We address this issue by proposing a distributed methodology based on FP-growth algorithm. In a shared nothing architecture, subsets of classification rules are generated in parallel from several data partitions. An inter-processor communication is established in order to make global decisions. This exchange is made only in the first level of recursion, allowing each machine to subsequently process all its assigned tasks independently. The final classifier is built by a majority vote. This approach is illustrated by a detailed example, and an analysis of communication cost.
Pseudomembranous colitis: CT findings in children.

A spectrum of nodular haustral thickening and an “accordion” pattern have been reported as specific features of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) in adults. A retrospective review of nine patients with PMC was performed to assess whether this spectrum of CT findings also occurred in children. In four girls and five boys, CT scans were performed within 3 days of a positive stool toxin assay for Clostridium difficile. Documented CT abnormalities included nodular haustral thickening, the “accordion” pattern, colonic wall thickening, ascites, and pericolonic edema. These results were then correlated as to their impact on the clinical outcome. Circumferential colon wall thickening was identified in 7/9 (78%) patients (mean thickening 14.5 mm). Nodular haustral thickening was identified in 4/9 (44 %) and the “accordion” pattern in 2/9 (22 %). Other findings included pericolonic edema in 3/9 (33%) and ascites in 1/9 (11%). Wall thickening was confined to the left colon and rectum in 2/9 (22%), to the right colon in 2/9 (22 %), and involved the whole colon in 3/9 (33 %). Although CT findings associated with PMC in children may be suggestive for this diagnosis, CT is less specific than laboratory and clinical findings.
Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in decerebrate cats

Kuna, Samuel T., and Christi R. Vanoye.Respiratory-related pharyngeal constrictor muscle activity in decerebrate cats. J. Appl. Physiol.83(5): 1588–1594, 1997.—Respiratory-related activity of the h...