cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Water Conductivity, Electrode Material, and Electrode Surface Roughness on the Pulsed Breakdown Strength of Water

Experimental results are presented on the impact water conductivity, electrode material, and electrode surface roughness have on the dielectric strength of water. A 2 mm water gap was tested under pulsed conditions with maximum electric fields in excess of 1.5 MV/cm. Bruce profiled electrodes manufactured from various materials including Molybdenum, Aluminum, Copper, Tungsten, Nickel, Stainless Steel, and Zinc Oxide, which have work functions ranging from 4.2 eV to 5.3 eV, have been tested. The roughness average of the various surfaces was varied from 0.1 ?m to 1.96 ?m and the conductivity of the water within the gap was varied from 1 ?S/cm to 39 ?S/cm to determine the impact each has when tested in combination with the various electrode materials and surface roughnesses. Conclusions are made as to the effect each of these factors has on the holdoff strength of a water dielectric system. This work was soley funded by Sandia National Laboratories.
Modeling conceptions revisited

The previous issue of ZDM raised several fundamental issues on the role of modeling in the school curricula at micro and macro levels. In this paper we complement the approaches described there by discussing some of the issues and the barriers to the implementation of mathematical modeling in school curricula raised there from the perspective of the on going work of the models and modeling research group. In doing so we stress the need for critical literacy as well as the need to initiate a new research agenda based on the fact that we are now living in a fundamentally different world in which reality is characterized by complex systems. This may very well require us to go beyond conventional notions of modeling.
miR-182 attenuates atrophy-related gene expression by targeting FoxO3 in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in response to a variety of conditions including chronic kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, and elevated glucocorticoids. MicroRNAs (miR) may play a role in the wastin...
Characterization of Proteinaceous Membrane Foulants from Whey Ultrafiltration

Abstract Cheddar cheeses were made using calf rennet and Mucor pusillus protease. The resultant wheys were processed with a pilot-scale, plate and frame UF system, which contained negatively charged, 10-kdal (nominal) cutoff, polysulfone membranes. In addition, whey from cheese making using calf rennet was treated with Mucor pusillus protease prior to UF. After whey UF, the proteinaceous fraction of the membrane foulants was isolated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Alpha-lactalbumin and several peptides in whey adsorb preferentially onto the surface and foul the UF membranes. Foulant isolated from UF membranes used to process whey from cheese making using calf rennet contained significant amounts of 13.5-kdal and 18 to 22-kdal peptides that appear to be casein proteolysis products. These peptides were not detectable in the unprocessed wheys or in the membrane foulants from UF of whey form cheese making using Mucor pusillus protease. Permeate flux during UF of whey from cheese making using calf rennet was significantly lower than permeate flux of whey from cheese making using Mucor pusillus protease. When the whey from cheese making with calf rennet was treated with Mucor pusillus protease before UF, permeate flux was improved by 40% when compared with that of untreated whey. Membrane foulants from UF of this whey did not contain the 13.5 and 18 to 22-kdal peptides. Our results indicate that low permeate flux during UF of whey from cheese making using calf rennet is associated with adsorption of various peptides to the UF membrane. Mucor pusillus protease fragmented many of these peptides in whey from cheese making using calf rennet and increased permeate flux to levels comparable to permeate flux during UF of whey from cheese making using Mucor pusillus protease.
Designating tectonostratigraphic terranesversusmapping rock units in subduction complexes: perspectives from the Franciscan Complex of California, USA

Accretionary complex histories are broadly understood. Sedimentation in seafloor and trench environments on drifting subducting plates and in associated trenches, followed by (1) deformation and metamorphism in the subduction zone and (2) subsequent uplift at the overriding plate edge, result in complicated stratigraphic and structural sequences in accretionary complexes. Recognizing, defining, and designating individual terranes in subduction complexes clarify some of these complicated relationships within the resulting continent-scale orogenic belts. Terrane designation does not substitute for detailed stratigraphic and structural mapping. Stratigraphic and structural mapping, combined with radiometric and palaeontologic dating, are necessary for delineation of coherent, broken, and dismembered formations, and various melange units, and for clarification of the details of subduction complex architecture and history. The Franciscan Complex is a representative subduction complex that has evolved through s...
The Formation and Propagation of Matrix Microcracks in Cross-Ply Laminates during Static Loading

Experimental results on a wide variety of composite material systems and cross-ply layups of generic type (0 m/90 n)s are described. The microcrack density was measured as a function of applied load for five graphite fiber composite systems. The measured microcracking fracture toughnesses are: 240 J/sq m for Hercules AS4/3501-6, 690 J/sq m for Fiberite 934/T300, 960 J/sq m for DuPont Avimid K Polymer IM6, 1800 to 2400 J/sq m for Fiberite 977-2/T300, and 3000 J/sq m for ICI PEEK/AS4. These data are found to be in good agreement with predictions of the energy release rate analysis (Nairn, 1989).
Evaluation of irradiance distributions for Fresnel diffraction patterns

A rotated coordinate system is used to evaluate the irradiance distribution of a Fresnel diffraction pattern. Arbitrary diffracting objects are defined in a bounded input plane. Fresnel patterns for linear chirp functions are simply related to the single-slit pattern. Features of the single-slit pattern are developed for use as optical system design criteria.
Disappointment for others

Two studies examined when and why people experience disappointment for others. Study 1 demonstrated that participants reported disappointment for another's outcome only when the outcome had strong personal implications. Study 2 demonstrated that self-image concerns rather than empathy or resource concerns mediated the experience of disappointment for others. Collectively, these findings suggest that people experience disappointment for others when those outcomes implicate the self-image.
Measuring Meta-Ignorance through the Lens of Confidence: Examining Students' Redox Misconceptions about Oxidation Numbers, Charge, and Electron Transfer.

This manuscript describes the relationship between students' redox understandings and confidence as measured by the Redox Concept Inventory (ROXCI) which assesses symbolic and particulate redox concepts. The ROXCI was administered to two samples of 1st- and 2nd-semester general chemistry students after the students were taught and tested on redox concepts in their classrooms. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups of students with similar response patterns, based upon both total scores and average confidence on the ROXCI. Three clusters of students were identified in both samples: students with (1) moderate total scores and high confidence, (2) low total scores and low confidence, and (3) low total scores but high confidence. Clusters were further analyzed at an individual item level using average confidence, individual item difficulties, and the Confidence Discrimination Quotient (CDQ). Findings align with the Dunning–Kruger effect, i.e. in which students demonstrated a false sense of confidence regarding their own poor performance, and therefore, exemplify meta-ignorance. Descriptions of the clusters, example misconceptions held by the students regarding oxidation numbers and electron transfer, and the implications of this research are discussed.
Patients with urologic cancer and other nonurologic malignancies: analysis of a sample and review of the literature

Abstract Objectives. To describe our experience with patients with urologic cancers who also have malignancies of nonurologic origin, before, after, or simultaneously, to review the literature, and to suggest treatment options. Methods. We reviewed our institutions’ tumor registry from 1995 to 2000 to discover how many patients had a urologic malignancy and another nonurologic cancer (antecedent, subsequent, or synchronous). We reviewed Medline from 1966 to 2000 and also questioned several urologists at major centers in the United States concerning this clinical dilemma. Results. We encountered 18 patients during a 6-year period with a urologic cancer and another primary malignancy. Thirteen patients had their second cancer detected during the workup of their primary urologic tumor. Two patients developed a second tumor within 1 year of treatment of the primary urologic tumor. Another patient was referred with two primaries already diagnosed, and another had renal carcinoma detected during her colon cancer workup. We found that multiple tumors, although very rare, are usually detected during the preoperative workup of the primary tumor, usually by physical examination and improved radiologic imaging, or during the follow-up examinations. Most reports suggest that treatment should be performed simultaneously, especially if the lesions are relatively small and require a single incision, and the patient’s medical condition allows longer anesthesia exposure. If these prerequisites are not met, most investigators agree that treatment should be directed at the more aggressive lesion first, which may improve the condition and/or survival, and thus, if a second operation is warranted, it will be possible. Conclusions. Although patients with multiple malignancies are rare, the urologist and/or other specialist should be alerted to this possibility when evaluating patients for the initially presenting symptoms and/or detected tumor, as well as during the follow-up evaluations.
Dynamics of periodic multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates

The cubic vector nonlinear Schrodinger equation with an external trigonometric potential models a quasi-one-dimensional multi-component Bose–Einstein condensate trapped in a standing light wave. We construct families of exact stationary solutions for the more general case of an elliptic function potential. Some of these solutions degenerate to zero as the effect of the external potential disappears, whereas others limit to solutions of the free vector nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The stability of these solutions is examined both analytically and numerically. The stability results depend on the nature of the atomic interactions not only within the components but also between components. As in the scalar case (one component) with repulsive interaction, all linearly stable solutions are deformations of the ground state of the linear Schrodinger equation. Unlike the scalar case with attractive interaction, no solutions are found to be stable if there is any attractive interaction present.
Effect of Changes in Arterial pH on the Action of Adrenalin in Acute Adrenalin-Fast Asthmatics

SUMMARY 1.The physiology literature since 1916 has pointed out the increased effect in animals of adrenalin in an alkaline medium and the decreased effect in acidosis particularly on blood pressure, rate and electrocardiogram. 2.Changing the pH to the acid side by CO 2 inhalation resulted in a markedly decreased effect of adrenalin both in the intact and cardiac by-passed dogs. 3.Circular rings of guinea pig trachea, tied together and immersed in solution, responded to adrenalin with increased dilation when the solution was made more alkaline and less so when the pH was lowered. 4.Intravenous adrenalin was given to human volunteers. Arterial pH was changed to the alkaline side by voluntary hyperventilation and to the acid side by CO 2 inhalation. The response to adrenalin on blood pressure, rate, ECG was markedly increased as the pH was elevated. 5.It would seem that asthmatics may at least, in part, become "adrenalin fast" because of respiratory acidosis. Forty-five "adrenalin-fast" asthmatics were, therefore, given one molar sodium lactate in dosage of 120 to 300 cc. intravenously. Arterial pH was obtained in 10 cases and ranged from 7.26 to 7.32 before therapy and 7.39 to 7.45 after. The results were good when the molar lactate was given early, rapidly and before the thick, tenaceous sputum became more important than the smooth muscle spasm. 6.Molar sodium lactate seems to be the drug of choice in adrenalin fast asthmatics except where contraindicated because of the danger of sodium retention as in nephritis, cardiac decompensation, tetany and possibly the previous use of large doses of steroids. The results seem to be due to the increased effect of adrenalin in more alkaline media, increased sensitivity of the sympathetic to adrenalin in a more alkaline medium or decreased effect of acetylcholine.
A 4.7-Gb/s imaging receiver with adaptive spectrum re-balancing equalizer for wireless optical communications

Imaging Optical Receivers (IOR), in which a single photodiode (PD) is replaced by an array of small on chip PDs followed by a matrix of switches, can reduce the received ambient light noise, multi-path distortion, and allow electronic Line Of Sight (LOS) detection and tracking of the transmitted signal. However, such receivers experience a change in the total input capacitance introduced to the front-end circuitry depending on the number of activated PDs in LOS with the transmitter, mandating adaptive equalization in the receive side. In this work, a high speed imaging receiver is reported in IBM 130 nm CMOS technology. The receiver is formed of a 3×3 matrix of high speed Spatially Modulated Light detectors (SML) followed by a trans-impedance amplifier, an adaptive equalizer and a limiting amplifier. For one activated PD, the chip is capable of communicating at speeds up to 4.7-Gb/s with BER = 10 -10 and sensitivity of -3.5 dBm using λ =850 nm modulated light. For 9 activated PDs, corresponding to an input capacitance of 11.5 pF, the chip is capable of communicating at speeds up to 2-Gb/s for BER = 10 -12 and an optical sensitivity of -5 dBm. The power consumption of the imaging receiver is 97 mW from a single 1.5 V dc supply and the total die area is 1400 μm × 870μm.
Is Lower Pole Caliceal Anatomy Predictive of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy Success for Primary Lower Pole Kidney Stones

ABSTRACTPurpose: The management of lower pole kidney stones is controversial. We examined whether lower pole caliceal anatomy could predict the success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of primary lower pole kidney stones 20 mm. or less.Materials and Methods: From December 1997 to June 2001, 246 adults with a single, 20 mm. or less radiopaque lower pole renal stone were treated with the Doli 50 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia) while under general anesthesia. Of the 246 patients 190 (77%) had excretory urography available for review. Lower pole infundibular length and width, lower pole infundibulopelvic angle and caliceal-pelvic height were measurable on 161 (85%), 129 (68%), 128 (67%) and 163 (86%) excretory urograms, respectively. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was considered a failure if residual stone fragments remained after 1 month, or an auxiliary procedure or re-treatment was required.Results: The overall stone-free rate was 78% (32 of 41) for stones 5 mm. or ...
Resolving the effects of albumin glycation using the quartz crystal microbalance

Both lysine and arginine residues are particularly important at receptor sites for binding anionic ligands. These receptor sites may become compromised via non-enzymatic glycation. While lysine residues are glycated in the presence of glucose, arginine residues are predominantly glycated by α-oxoaldehydes like glyoxal. This study used a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to examine the binding affinity of surface immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) to hemin after the HSA was pre-incubated with glucose or glyoxal. We found it necessary to pre-expose the HSA functionalized crystal surface to hemin to block irreversible unintended interactions. Glycation with glucose showed little affect on HSA’s affinity for hemin, however, modification with glyoxal showed diminished hemin binding capacity. Despite the hemin-blocking step, we were unable to obtain K d values consistent with those in literature, which we attribute to other unaccounted for nonspecific interactions. This study highlights the need for a kinetic QCM-D analysis method that accounts for unintended interactions at the sensor surface so that the hemin-blocking step may be eliminated.
Tectonic Significance of Ross Pass Fault Zone, Central Bridger Range, Montana: ABSTRACT

The Ross Pass fault zone (RPFZ) in the central Bridger Range marks the boundary between Proterozoic Belt Supergroup rocks to the north and Archean metamorphic rocks to the south, and may represent the overlap of two Laramide styles of deformation: thin-skinned fold and thrust deformation to the north and basement-involved foreland deformation to the south. The fault zone consists of three northwest-trending, northeast-dipping, oblique-slip thrust faults with varying amounts of displacement. The middle thrust, the Pass fault, is the most extensive within the zone; to the west, the Proterozoic LaHood Formation is faulted against Archean quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and amphibolites and overlying Middle and Upper Cambrian strata. Displacement decreases eastward as the fault offsets the lower Paleozoic section and dies out within the upper Paleozoic strata. This variation in displacement is caused by folding within the hanging wall strata along the fault plane during thrusting. The folded strata are again offset by another smaller thrust to the northeast, the Peak fault, which may have originated as an out-of-the-syncline thrust. The Dry Fo k fault, southwest of the Pass fault, is largely an intraformational thrust within the Middle Cambrian Meagher Limestone which formed in response to buttressing against the Archean foreland block to the south. South of the RPFZ, both the Archean and the overlying Phanerozoic strata have been deformed into a large asymmetric, steeply dipping, eastward verging fold typical of basement-involved foreland structures. The structural relationships along the RPFZ developed as the southeast margin of the Montana salient of the Cordilleran fold and thrust belt impinged on the northern margin of the Laramide foreland province. The relatively small displacement within the thrusts indicates that the RPFZ is within or near the leading edge of the Montana salient. The RPFZ may be an extension of the inferred ancestral Willow Creek fault zone to the west, which was the southern margin of the Proterozoic Belt basin. Laramide compressional stresses exploited this long active zone of weakness and resulted in the impingement of fold and thrust structures upon a foreland uplift. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1333------------
Early developmental exposure to benzodiazepine ligands alters brain levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in young adult rats.

Levels of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive material were measured in brain regions of 3–4 monthold rats following prenatal exposure to several benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor ligands over gestational days 14–20. Prenatal exposure to diazepam (DZ) at 1.0 mg/kg/day markedly elevated levels of brain TBA-reactive material while exposure to a higher dose (2.5 mg/kg) induced a significant increase only in the hippocampus. Early exposure to the central-type BDZ agonist clonazepam as well as to the central-type antagonist Ro 15-1788 also increased brain levels of TBA-reactive material. Concurrent exposure to the higher dose of DZ partially attenuated the effect of Ro 15-1788. Prenatal exposure to the peripheral-type BDZ ligand PK11195 produced a profound increase in TBA-reactive products in all regions, and concurrent DZ exposure did not attentuate this effect, except in the basal ganglia. Measurement of TBA-reactive material.from birth to 3 months indicated that the effect of prenatal exposure to DZ was not apparent until after 8 weeks of age. Acute in vitro exposure of adult and fetal tissue to DZ had no effect on TBA-reactive material. The results suggest an interference in the organization of cellular metabolism in the brain by developmental exposure to BDZ ligands.
ABNORMAL LUNG COLLAGEN RATIOS IN VENTILATED HUMAN NEONATES

We assessed lung collagen in human infants at risk for chronic lung disease (CLD) because Type I collagen is increased in adult RDS, and idiopathic or experimental pulmonary fibrosis. We determined collagen Types I and III in the lungs from 15 human infants who died while receiving mechanical ventilation, and in 3 stillborn infants. We analyzed lung tissue by CNBr digestion, column chromatography and index polypeptide separation by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. To decrease the influence of measurement error of Type I collagen, we calculated ratios of Type I to III collagen. We then compared infants with clinical and/or pathological CLD to those without CLD using pooled variance techniques and one tailed t-tests. We observed a significant increase in Type I/III collagen with CLD. No general relationship between total ventilator time and collagen I/III ratios existed, but bacterial pneumonia may have been contributory to rapidly developing CLD. All infants with pathologic CLD had increased Type I collagen. Two infants dying early with very high I/III ratios had evidence of prenatal brain damage, suggesting that some increased collagen synthesis may be the result of prenatal lung injury.
Material and Local Time Derivatives of Screws With Applications to Dynamics and Stiffness

Screw quantities provide geometric insight into three-dimensional mechanics modeled by rigid bodies and lumped parameters. Four distinct cases of time differentiation are examined by combining fixed and moving body derivatives (fundamental to rigid body mechanics) with material and local derivatives (fundamental to continuum mechanics). Three combinations always yield another screw quantity while the most common, the material derivative with respect to the fixed body, does not. Two fundamental formulations are examined with this last derivative, Euler’s Laws and the gravitational loading of an elastic system. By coincidence, the formulations appear screw-like when they are expressed at the center-of-mass but, in contrast to actual screw formulations, they do not retain invariant forms when expressed at arbitrary points.© 2004 ASME
Muscular torque generation during imposed joint rotation: torque-angle relationships when subjects' only goal is to make a constant effort.

It is a reasonable expectation that voluntarily activated spinal motoneurons will be further excited by increases in spindle afferent activity produced by muscle stretch. Human motor behavior attributed to tonic stretch reflexes and to reflexes recruited by relatively slow joint rotation has been reported from several laboratories. We reinvestigated this issue by rotating the elbow joint over the central portion of its range while subjects focused on keeping their elbow flexion effort constant at one of three different levels and made no attempt to control the position, speed or direction of movement of their forearm. There is evidence that subjects' voluntary motor status is constant under these conditions so that any change in torque would be of involuntary origin. On average, torques rose somewhat and then fell as the elbow was flexed through a range of 80° at 10, 20 and 60°/s and a similar pattern occurred during elbow extension; i.e., both concentric and eccentric torque-angle profiles had roughly si...
Effect of Fuel-Air Equivalence Ratio and Temperature on the Structure of Laminar Propane-Air Flames

Abstract Gas samples have been withdrawn from laminar atmospheric-pressure propane-air flat flames using an uncooled quartz probe with a 0.1 mm diameter orifice. The samples (60 torr total pressure) are analyzed by gas chromatography for all C11,-C44, hydrocarbons, CO1 C02, N2, and 02. The Quartz probe is movable vertically, allowing measurement of the concentrations of stable molecules as a function of height above the burner with vertical resolution better than 0.2 mm. During lean (Φ=0.6-0.9) operation, intermediate hydrocarbon products (C2H2, C2H4, C3H6, CH4) are seen in the luminous zone at concentrations of 200-2000 ppm. All hydrocarbons decrease to below I ppm within 0.25 mm above the top of the luminous zone. When the flame is rich (Φ= 1.2-1.4), a peak in the intermediate hydrocarbons is again seen in the luminous zone, but the decay rates of C2H2 and CH4 in the post-luminous zone are much slower. These species are present at concentrations of 100-1000 ppm several mm beyond the luminous zone for Φ>...
Shear bond strength comparison of two adhesive systems following thermocycling. A new self-etch primer and a resin-modified glass ionomer.

Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of a standardized thermocycling protocol on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two adhesive systems: a resin-modified glass ionomer and a composite resin used with a new self-etching primer. Materials and Methods: Forty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, brackets were bonded to the teeth using Fuji Ortho LC adhesive, and in group 2, the Transbond Plus system was used. The teeth were stored in water at 37°C for 24 hours, thermocycled between 5 and 55°C, and debonded using a universal testing machine. The enamel surface was examined under 10× magnification to determine the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the tooth. Student's t-test was used to compare the SBS and the chi-square test was used to compare the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores. Results: The mean SBS for the brackets bonded using the Fuji Ortho LC was 6.4 ± 4.5 MPa, and the mean SBS for the Transbond Plus system was 6.1 ± 3.2 MPa. The result of...
EVOLUTION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE REGULATION IN THE GENUS MUS.

Despite the central role suggested for regulatory mutations in many evolutionary scenarios, there is relatively little information available about the type and extent of regulatory differences between species, or to what extent differences between species are independent of variation within species. To address this issue we have studied the regulatory system of β-glucuronidase, a gene implicated in a murine androgen-inducible pheromone-signalling system. We examined the changes in β-glucuronidase hormonal regulation which have occurred during the radiation of a group of 12 closely related species of mice by assaying β-glucuronidase activity in six different tissues after treatment with estrogen, and with androgen alone and in combination with either estrogen or growth hormone. We also examined in some detail the extent of variation in regulatory responses within species. We found extensive variation in regulatory phenotypes both within and among the species surveyed, suggesting that many of the species examined are currently polymorphic for various regulatory factors that affect inducibility of β-glucuronidase. The variation we observed reflects changes in the ability of the β-glucuronidase gene to respond to hormonal influences, rather than changes in aspects of the hormonal signalling system exterior to the gene. The marked differences among species in the renal and uterine responses to hormonal induction of β-glucuronidase are not easily related to the phylogeny of the genus Mus. If hormonal induction of the gene for β-glucuronidase is subject to natural selection, it appears to be subject to widely fluctuating selective forces. We review evidence that the apparently disorderly evolution of the hormonal responsiveness of β-glucuronidase does not appear to be a unique property of this regulatory system. In contrast to the evolution of many protein sequences, which are tightly correlated with phylogeny and proceed at a relatively constant rate, some, perhaps many, regulatory phenotypes are in rapid evolutionary flux, providing an extensive range of phenotypes upon which selection can act.
SUPERSYMMETRIC THEORIES ON A NONSIMPLY CONNECTED SPACETIME

We study the Wess-Zumino theory on ℝ3×S1 where a spatial coordinate is compactified. We show that when the bosonic and fermionic fields satisfy the same boundary condition, the theory does not develop a vacuum energy or tadpoles. We work out the two-point functions at one-loop and show that their forms are consistent with the nonrenormalization theorem. However, the two-point functions are nonanalytic and we discuss the structure of this nonanalyticity.
Wartime America: The World War II Home Front

Part 1 Preface ix Part 2 WARTIME AMERICA: FRAMEWORKS AND MEANINGS 3 Chapter 3 A watershed? A Good War? Part 4 MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY 16 Chapter 5 Managing the war mobilization. Managing the civilian economy. Managing the budget. The political economy of war - and peace. Part 6 VICTORY AT HOME AND ABROAD 43 Chapter 7 The dual victory. The organizational society. A leavening agent. Part 8 A NATION ON THE MOVE 69 Chapter 9 Geographic mobility. The growing Sunbelt. Wartime communities. Families and children. Part 10 NEW CIRCUMSTANCES, OLD PATTERNS 93 Chapter 11 Women and the war. African Americans and the war. Part 12 "AMERICANS ALL"? 120 Chapter 13 "Enemy-alien" groups. Other minority groups. Dissent and deviance. Part 14 "POLITICS AS USUAL" 145 Chapter 15 The election of 1940. The election of 1942 and the Seventy-eighth Congress. The election of 1944. Part 16 GLIMPSES OF WAR, VISIONS OF PEACE 170 Chapter 17 Scenes of battle. Information and images. Home-front roles, postwar goals. Part 18 Epilogue 193 Part 19 A Note on Sources 199 Part 20 Index 209
A system for management of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations for civil engineering

We introduce a web-based system for management of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulations. This system provides an interface for users, on a web-browser, to have an intuitive, user-friendly means of dispatching and controlling long-running simulations. CFD presents a challenge to its users due to the complexity of its internal mathematics, the high computational demands of its simulations and the complexity of inputs to its simulations and related tasks. We designed this system to be as extensible as possible in order to be suitable for many different civil engineering applications. The front-end of this system is a webserver, which provides the user interface. The back-end is responsible for starting and stopping jobs as requested. There are also numerous components specifically for facilitating CFD computation. We discuss our experience with presenting this system to real users and the future ambitions for this project.
Land of giants

Expansion of the railways across the western United States changed the face of vertebrate palaeontology, and perhaps the country itself, explains Ross MacPhee.
Iodine supplementation during pregnancy and lactation.

DIETARY IODINE INTAKE IS OBLIGATORY FOR THE PROduction of thyroid hormones. Despite substantial public health advances over the past 3 decades, iodine deficiency currently affects 1.92 billion people globally. Dietary iodine requirements are increased during pregnancy due to increased thyroid hormone production, increased renal iodine losses, and fetal iodine requirements. Dietary requirements remain increased in lactation due to the concentration of iodine in breast milk. Adverse effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy, when the deficiency leads to severe decreases in maternal thyroxine (T4), include maternal and fetal goiter, cretinism, intellectual impairments, neonatal hypothyroidism, and increased pregnancy loss and infant mortality. Decreases in maternal T4 associated with even mild iodine deficiency may have adverse effects on the cognitive function of offspring, and iodine deficiency remains the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability worldwide.
Development of new technologies for solid‐state polymerization. A conceptual and experimental approach

A review of an extensive study on the preparation and solid-state reactivity of squareplanar NiX2L2 complexes is presented, where X = Cl, Br, I, or NCS and L = P(CH2CH2CN)3. Physical, chemical, and crystallographic criteria have been evaluated for such complexes, from the viewpoints of the properties and reactivity of the squareplanar monomer and the analogous octahedral polymer. Factors such as nearest-neighbor interactions, nucleation, temperature, doping, polymorphism, and crystal symmetry greatly influence the course of the thermal solid-state reactions. The reactions per se are characterized by chemical and crystallographic specificity, stereodirectionality, highly anisotropic front motion in single crystals, and reversibility. In a series of preliminary, related experiments, the radiation-induced polymerization of salts and complexes of β-acryloxypropionic acid and propiolic acid has been studied; there is a great variation in reactivity among these species. Many of the reactive phases have short contacts between neighboring molecules which would appear to satisfy topochemical criteria for reaction in the solid state.
Costimulatory function of umbilical cord blood CD14+ and CD34+ derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) consist of a heterogeneous population of hematopoietic cells characterized by their unique dendritic morphology, their efficient antigen-presenting capability to activate naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and their lack of lineage specific markers. Functional properties comparing umbilical cord blood monocyte-derived and umbilical cord blood stem cell-derived DCs have not yet been investigated. CD14(+) monocytes and CD34(+) stem cells were isolated from human umbilical cord blood and were induced to differentiate into dendritic cells using 100 ng/mL granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 25 ng/mL IL-4, 2.5 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), 100 ng/mL GM-CSF, 25 ng/mL stem cell factor, and 2.5 ng/mL TNF-alpha, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the 14-day-old dendritic cells were CD80(+), CD86(+), CD83(+), CD54(+), CD1a(+), CD11b(+), CD11c(+), HLA-DR(+), CD34(-), CD3(-), CD19(-), CD14(-), and CD16(-). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect expression of mRNA for CD80 and CD86. Differentiating monocytes initially expressed CD86 while CD80 appeared on day 2. Differentiating stem cells expressed CD80 and CD86 on day 2 of culture. The surface expression of CD80 and CD86 was studied over the course of differentiation. Mixed lymphocyte reaction was employed to evaluate the two types of lineage-derived DCs. Prior to the functional assay, CD14(+) and CD34(+) derived DCs were stimulated for 18 h with 0.1 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL E. coli lipopolyssacharide, respectively. Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to CD80 and CD86 were employed to assess their costimulatory roles. A decrease of stimulation as depicted by decreased T cell activation was significant with mabs to both CD80 and CD86 on monocyte-derived DCs while only mabs to CD86 induced decreased T cell activation by stem cell-derived DCs. The varied functional role of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules is associated with DC differentiation from distinct cord blood isolated hematopoietic lineages. These studies demonstrate that DC association with distinct hematopoietic lineages is of relevance in transplantation and vaccine therapies.
Spline interpolation techniques applied to the study of geophysical data

Abstract This work is devoted to the study of geophysical data by using different spline interpolation techniques. A spatial analysis of the California earthquakes geological data was performed, some of the methods proved to be more efficient than others depending on the number of data points considered. Overall, this class of interpolation surface proved to be a very powerful tool for analyzing geophysical data.
Father absence and children's cognitive development.

Reviews literature showing detrimental effects of father absence on children's cognitive development as assessed by standardized IQ and achievement tests and school performance. Differential effects associated with characteristics of the absence (cause, duration, onset), the child (age, sex, race, socioeconomic status), and the skill tested (quantitative, verbal) are examined. The evidence suggests that financial hardship, high levels of anxiety, and, in particular, low levels of parent-child interaction are causes of poor performance among children in single-parent families; sex role identification, however, does not play an important role. An alternative hypothesis concerns the representativeness of father-absent families. The mother's ability to compensate for loss of the father is also considered. (77 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). Â© 1978 American Psychological Association.
Competing failure modes and complex S–N curves in fatigue of structural materials

Abstract Competing failure modes in S – N fatigue, involving surface- and internally-initiated cracks often lead to large variations in fatigue lives, especially in high-strength materials including steels, titanium and nickel alloys. Typically, there exists a shorter-life-distribution that is usually associated with surface-crack-initiated failures. The longer-life-distribution generally occurs due to internal-crack-initiated failures. There can be a complete separation of the two failure distributions in terms of fatigue life or they can dominate at high and low stress ranges with a discontinuity (step) in fatigue life in the mid-stress-range, depending on the material. It is shown that complex shapes of S – N curves, including the very-high-cycle-fatigue segments can exist due to competing failure modes. To support this, some examples of competing fatigue failures in steels, titanium alloys and nickel-base superalloys are reviewed. Some of the metallurgical, mechanical and environmental conditions that would trigger this type of behavior in structural materials are illustrated. Using Monte Carlo simulations of surface- and internal-defect-induced fatigue failures, the effects of number of fatigue tests on the S – N behavior under the competing modes scenario, are also illustrated.
Ormosils of high hardness

Organically modified silicates (ormosils) of high hardness were prepared by the reactions of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) aided by ultrasonic irradiation. The mechanisms leading to the hard ormosil formation were investigated by liquid state29Si NMR spectroscopy. PDMS chains were found to be broken into shorter chains and/or 4-membered siloxane rings during the reaction and finally, all PDMS chains were chemically incorporated as short chains into silica networks. Vickers hardnesses of the hard ormosils were measured and compared with those of the hardest transparent plastics. Whereas the hardest transparent plastics have Vickers hardness values of less than 25 kg/mm2, the hard ormosils have Vickers hardnesses up to higher than 150 kg/mm2. A theoretical model was developed for the calculation of Vickers hardnesses of the hard ormosils and agreed well with experimental results. Predictions based on this theory indicate that even harder ormosils can be made when Al2O3, ZrO2 and TiO2 are substituted for SiO2. Results based on these new ormosils are also presented.
Effects of Chronic Methadone Administration on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

ABSTRACT Pituitary and thyroidal response to the iv administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone was assessed in 8 subjects on chronic methadone therapy. All subjects showed a normal rise of thyrotropin and triiodothyronine, suggesting that the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal axis is intact.
Monitoring mankind: The search for quality

This paper concerns itself with an effort on behalf of the Environmental Studies of the Environmental Protection Agency to develop a methodology for the assessment and quantification of the term quality of life. An experiment was conducted at a QOL symposium in 1973 where a list of QOL factors was generated and weighted in the hope of providing a useful tool for the decision making process. Discussion of the exercise points out the problems and pitfalls to be avoided in trying to quantify this concept. Finally, after analyzing the results, the authors suggest that measuring QOL as a happiness function may not be feasible and suggest, instead, the use of dissatisfaction indices. A brief description of this concept is presented with some current applications.
A comparison of process variation estimators for in-process dimensional measurements and control

Dimensional variation reduction is critical to assure high product quality in discrete-part manufacturing. Recent innovations in sensor technology enable in-process implementation of laser-optical coordinate sensors and continuous monitoring of product dimensional quality. The abundance of measurement data provides an opportunity to develop next generation process control technologies that not only detect process change, but also provide guidelines respective of root cause identification. Given continuous product dimensional measurements, a critical step leading to root cause identification is the variance estimation of process variation sources. A few on-line variance estimators are available. The focus of this paper is to study the interrelationships and properties of the available variance estimators and compare their performance. An operating characteristics curve is developed as a convenient tool to guide the appropriate use of on-line variance estimators under specific circumstances. The method is illustrated using examples of dimensional control for a panel assembly process.
Evolution of AGL6-like MADS Box Genes in Grasses (Poaceae): Ovule Expression Is Ancient and Palea Expression Is New

AGAMOUS-like6 (AGL6) genes encode MIKC-type MADS box transcription factors and are closely related to SEPALLATA and AP1/FUL-like genes. Here, we focus on the molecular evolution and expression of the AGL6-like genes in grasses. We have found that AGL6-like genes are expressed in ovules, lodicules (second whorl floral organs), paleas (putative first whorl floral organs), and floral meristems. Each of these expression domains was acquired at a different time in evolution, indicating that each represents a distinct function of the gene product and that the AGL6-like genes are pleiotropic. Expression in the inner integument of the ovule appears to be an ancient expression pattern corresponding to the expression of the gene in the megasporangium and integument in gymnosperms. Expression in floral meristems appears to have been acquired in the angiosperms and expression in second whorl organs in monocots. Early in grass evolution, AGL6-like orthologs acquired a new expression domain in the palea. Stamen expression is variable. Most grasses have a single AGL6-like gene (orthologous to the rice [Oryza sativa] gene MADS6). However, rice and other species of Oryza have a second copy (orthologous to rice MADS17) that appears to be the result of an ancient duplication.
Network Decoupling for Secure Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

Secure communications are highly demanded by many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. The random key pre-distribution (RKP) scheme has become well accepted in achieving secure communications in WSNs. However, due to its randomness in key distribution and strong constraint in key path construction, the RKP scheme can only be applied in highly dense networks, which are not always feasible in practice. In this paper, we propose a methodology called network decoupling to solve this problem. With this methodology, a wireless sensor network is decoupled into a logical key-sharing network and a physical neighborhood network, which significantly releases the constraint in key path construction of the RKP scheme. We design a secure neighbor establishment protocol (called RKP-DE) as well as a set of link and path dependency elimination rules in decoupled wireless sensor networks. Our analytical and simulation data demonstrate the performance enhancement of our solution and its applicability in non-highly dense wireless sensor networks.
Airspace Complexity Estimations Based on Data-Driven Flow Modeling

This paper presents a new methodology that aims to rapidly generate airspace complexity estimations, which are principally based on the probability of presence of at least one or two aircraft at any given point in a considered sector. Three-dimensional complexity maps are generated using an aircraft flow model driven from historical data. Time-varying flow characteristics such as routes, speed, probability density function of the inter-arrival time between two consecutive aircraft, are determined using Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) data. In addition to the flow characteristics, the complexity maps take into account the sector geometrical configuration and the probability of severe weather. From the complexity maps, a scalar estimation of the airspace complexity is proposed. The complexity estimations presented in this paper are intended to be a predictive tool to support traffic flow management, in order to anticipate for a given time period how different flows may interact together. Especially, the 3-D complexity maps allow to predict which “critical” regions may be subject to possible conflict between aircraft or to the presence of aircraft in severe weather area.
The Sympathetic Nervous System and Hypertension. Recent Developments

A major hypothesisfor the development of hypertension is that abnormal renal excretory function is critical for the initiation, development, and maintenance of primary hypertension.1 The renal body fluid feedback mechanism couples the long-term regulation of arterial pressure to extracellular volume (sodium and water) homeostasis via pressure natriuresis, whereby the kidneys respond to changes in arterial pressure by altering urinary sodium and water excretion. The obligatory requirement for maintenance of sodium and water balance by the kidneys is believed to be primary in the long-term control of arterial pressure. An increase in arterial pressure (via increases in total peripheral resistance or cardiac output or both) leads to an increased urinary sodium and water excretion via the pressure natriuresis mechanism, with consequent reduction in blood volume until arterial pressure is returned to normal. Thus, factors that decrease renal excretory function and disrupt the maintenance of sodium and water balance by the kidneys lead to an increase in arterial pressure, which is required to reestablish and maintain sodium and water balance. Based on computer modeling studies, a long-term increase in arterial pressure can only occur if there is a chronic and sustained decrease in renal excretory function. Increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is known to be a factor capable of decreasing renal excretory function.2,3 The renal effects of increased RSNA include increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption leading to renal sodium retention; decreased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate with renal vasoconstriction and increased renal vascular resistance; and increased renin release leading to angiotensin II production. Each of these renal functional alterations can decrease renal excretory function. The role of increased RSNA as being a critically important factor contributing to this renal excretory dysfunction in hypertension is strengthened by the fact that increased RSNA has been identified in hypertensive human …