cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE LIMITED IN VITRO LIFETIME OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS

Abstract The time at which human diploid cell strains can be expected to cease dividing in vitro (Phase III) is not a function of the number of subcultivations but rather of the number of potential cell doublings. Each clonable cell within the population is endowed with the same doubling potential (50 ±10). Cells of the same strain, but with different “doubling potentials”, were mixed. Phase III in such mixed populations occurs at that time when the “youngest” cell component is expected to reach Phase III. The “older” component has no effect on the time at which Phase III is expected to take place in the “younger” component. An ancillary conclusion that Phase III cannot be explained by the presence of a latent virus, mycoplasma or media composition is confirmed. Human diploid cell strains derived from adult lung have a significantly lower doubling potential in vitro than do fetal strains. The Phase III phenomenon may be related to senescence in vivo. The cellular theory of aging must be related to normal cells in vitro and not to heteroploid cell lines. The former have a finite period of multiplication; the latter are indefinitely cultivable. In vivo experiments also indicate that transplanted normal tissue has a finite lifetime. Chromosome anomalies occurring in Phase III may be related to such anomalies occurring in the cells of older animals, including man. The survival curves obtained with human diploid cell strains are comparable to “multiple-hit” or “multiple-target” curves obtained with other biological systems where an initial threshold dose is required before an exponential form of the curve is established. Whatever cell component(s) may be involved in the finite lifetime of human diploid cell strains, the ultimate accumulation of nondividing cells could be the result of accumulated damage to a single cellular target or to inactivation of many targets.
Structural characteristics of algal communities in thermally altered artificial streams

Algal community structure on natural substrates of thermally altered artificial streams was studied for one year. The streams were fed by a natural blackwater stream near Aiken, South Carolina. Temperature-related shifts in the abundance of major species were demonstrated. Red algae were absent from a stream heated 12·5°C above ambient, but remained abundant in streams heated 7·5°C or less. Water temperatures above 30°C produced blue-green algal dominance and eliminated several indigenous species. Substrate specificity was exhibited by all major taxa. Several taxa were abundant only on the bottom sediments and some showed a distinct affinity for either sand or silt, the principal bottom types.
Localized fractal dimension measurement in digital mammographic images

This paper investigates a novel image processing tool for differentiating between malignant and benign lesions in digitized mammograms. The new technique makes use of localized measurements of fractal parameters, calculated through the use of Gabor filters, and provides a means of quantifying the intrinsic roughness of the intensity surface of the digitized mammographic data. Since benign lesions are usually smoothly marginated while malignant lesions are characterized by indistinct, rough, spiculated borders, the premise used is that a benign lesion will have a value of fractal dimension that is lower than that of a malignant lesion. The technique allows spatio-spectrally accurate fractal parameter measurements to be made by making fractal measurements over different scales. This is done by decomposing the image into N bandpass channels. The local fractal dimension can then be measured from the spectral samples by finding the best linear fit (linear regression) to the data set, from which the fractal parameters of interest are computed. Conjoint resolution can be obtained by selecting the channels filters to be Gabor functions, or frequency-translated Gaussian functions. Results of this technique as applied to lesions in digitized mammograms are presented, using mammogram x-rays digitized to 12 bits of gray scale resolution.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Screening tests: Can we get more by doing less?

Estimating the prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a group is challenging; this is especially so when the prevalence is small. One reason is that the presence of measurement errors resulting from the limited precision of tests makes estimation, using traditional methods, impossible in some screening situations. Measurement error is real, ignoring it leads to severe bias, and inference about the prevalence becomes unsatisfactory. Indeed, in a low prevalence situation the expected number of false positives is very high, often even higher than the number of true positives. The second reason is that in the low prevalence areas the large sample is needed in order to obtain non-zero estimate. This is usually a very costly, and often unrealistic, solution. This paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of pooled testing as an alternative solution to this problem. We show that by pooling sera samples we not only achieve a cost saving but also, which is counterintuitive, an increase in the estimation accuracy. We also discuss the statistical issues associated with the resulting estimator.
Role of CD44 in nonpalpable T1a and T1b breast cancer

Abstract Primary infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDCs) of the breast which measure less than 0.5 cm (T1a lesions) and between 0.5 and 1.0 cm (T1b lesions) are associated with a small risk of nodal metastasis. The role of axillary dissection in T1a and T1b breast cancer is controversial. In the absence of axillary dissection, comparable prognostic information might be obtained by examination of the primary cancer. The adhesion molecule CD44 represents a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Previous investigators have correlated expression of CD44 and its isoforms with prognosis in breast cancer. We investigated the value of CD44 isoform expression as a predictor of nodal metastases in nonpalpable T1a and T1b IDC. Monoclonal antibody against the standard form of CD44 (CD44s) and polyclonal antibody directed against the variant isoform (CD44v6) was tested on 34 cases of nonpalpable node-negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) less than 1.0 cm and 9 cases of nonpalpable node-positive IDC less than 1.0 cm. The expression of CD44s was significantly decreased in node-positive Tla and T1b IDC versus node-negative T1a and T1b IDC (11% vs 65%). In contrast, 97% of the node-negative IDC and 100% of the node-positive IDC expressed the CD44v6 isoform. We conclude that CD44s expression is significantly altered in T1a and T1b IDC with nodal metastases but that the CD44v6 isoform does not correlate with nodal metastases in nonpalpable stage T1a and T1b IDC.
ELECTRONIC POLARIZABILITIES OF IONS FROM THE HARTREE-FOCK WAVE FUNCTIONS

The electronic polarizability $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ has been calculated for several ions by obtaining the perturbation of the wave functions by an external field from a numerical solution of the differential equation satisfied by the perturbation. For the helium-like ions an analytic solution was obtained by using the wave functions of L\"owdin. The calculated values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ are, in general, between 1 and 1.5 times the observed values. For several ions values have been calculated for the quadrupole polarizability which measures the quadrupole moment induced in the ion by an external charge. The effect of the dipole moment induced in the ion on the electric field at the nucleus is discussed.
Natural and Artificial Radionuclides in Seafoods and Marine Protein Concentrates

The concentrations of various radionuclides in seafoods have been measured, and the results indicate that if marine protein concentrates are used as human food the 210Pb–210Po pair may become the principal source of the skeletal radiation dose.
Effect of branched cracks on the elastic compliance of a material

The paper focuses on the elastic properties of a material containing multiple branched cracks with pores in their centers. First, we estimate compliance contribution tensor of such a crack and identify the proper microstructural parameters to describe its effect on the elastic properties. The compliance contribution tensor is used then to predict overall elastic properties of the considered material using various averaging schemes. It is shown that three microstructural parameters have to be combined – relative volume of pores, pore shapes, and relative length of the crack branches. Neglecting any of these parameters may lead to a substantial error in estimation of the effective elastic moduli. As an illustration, we consider example of sintering of metal fibers when all these parameters vary with temperature. It is shown how this variation can be incorporated in the model to monitor changes in the elastic properties with sintering temperature.
Elastic anomalies in the quasi-one-dimensional conductor Nb3Te4

Abstract We have measured the temperature dependence of Young's modulus (E) of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor Nb 3 Te 4 . ΔE(T) E 0 increases its slope sharply at T 1 ∼ 95K, the commensurate charge density wave (CDW) phase transition. The existence of hysteresis in T 1 confirms that this transition is first-order. A more dramatic anomaly, with a dip in relative modulus of 3×10 −3 has been observed at T 2 ∼ 40K, which is possibly due to another (second-order) CDW phase transition. Peaks in the internal friction have also been observed at these temperatures, but they are two orders of magnitude smaller than the relative changes in E.
Is pregnancy contraindicated after cardiac transplantation? A case report and literature review

We report a cardiac allograft recipient who conceived 5 months after transplantation and spontaneously delivered a full term healthy baby girl. Pregnancy in cardiac transplant recipients is gradually becoming a more frequent issue as more patients in this population consider child bearing. In order to advise patients on potential adverse outcomes due to pregnancy, we reviewed the literature on pregnancy after cardiac transplantation. Published reports show that pregnancy in this population carry a higher risk for complications, in particular there is a higher incidence of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, premature labor, premature and low birth weight infants. The risk for these complications, however, is not higher than for pregnancies of renal or liver transplant recipients, to which pregnancy is not invariably advised against. Despite a greater frequency of complications during pregnancy, successful delivery of a healthy infant is the rule, without any detectable long-lasting adverse effects on both mother and offspring. Thus, while cardiac transplant recipients who wish to become pregnant should be counseled on possible complications, it appears that a satisfactory outcome can generally be expected. Additionally, we discuss further issues pertinent to the care of such patients, including hemodynamic changes, immunosuppression, and rejection surveillance during their pregnancies.
Exact noise in three-region coupled reactors

Abstract The theory of space-dependent neutron noise is applied to the coupled core problem. The geometry modeled is a three region configuration consisting of two sub-cores with a central non-multiplying region of one-fourth to four diffusion lengths resulting in a tightly to loosely coupled system. The solution sought is the auto-spectral density function (ASDF) for the system. The results obtained show the space-dependency of the ASDF as a change in the higher frequency asymptotic form due to detector location. Those forms encountered were proportional to ω −2 for detectors near the center of the system, ω − 3 2 when approaching the core — non-multiplying region interface and within the core region, and ω − 1 2 for locations at the outer boundaries. Break frequencies, ω b , were correctly determined only by applying the appropriate higher frequency asymptotic form. This proves the importance of spatial effects on noise studies.
Design of a Synchronous Walsh-Function Generator

Recent development of circuits for generating parallel-programmable and serial-programmable Walsh functions with a high degree of orthogonality is discussed. The realization of these circuits leads to the demand for highly integrated digital circuits with multiple outputs triggered synchronously. Circuits capable of high speed and low input power have just recently come into production. The application of low-power Schottky integrated-circuit logic in the design of a 10-Mzps parallel-output array generator for Walsh functions is presented here. The circuit is designed, built, and tested and the orthogonality error for the Walsh functions is discussed.
Optimized Sampling in the Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectroscopy Interface

The optimum volume for a flow-through gas cell used in the gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy interface (GC-ir) is shown to be equal to the volume of carrier gas between the half-width points of the GC peak. The optimum length and diameter for lightpipe gas cells for GC fractions separated using ⅛ in. packed columns and support-coated open tubular columns has been calculated for infrared measurements made using a rapid-scanning Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with either a triglycine sulfate or a mercury cadmium telluride detector. A sampling trigger actuated by the inflection points of the GC peak has been shown to be superior to the more usual threshold type of trigger. Expressions for the delay time between actuation of the trigger and initiation of data collection are also derived.
A regional comparison of solar, heat pump, and solar-heat pump systems

A comparative study of the thermal and economic performance of the parallel and series solar-heat pump systems, stand-alone solar, and stand-alone heat pump systems for residential space and domestic hot water heating has been undertaken for the United States using F CHART 4.0. The results are useful for a regional assessment of the viability of the different systems, and for assessing policies that will encourage the implementation of the most energy efficient system. The magnitude of the potential energy savings was determined for each system on the basis of an equal system cost in the case of the series, parallel, and solar systems. The cost was governed by current federal tax credits, and found to be 10,000 dollars. The size and cost of the heat pump are the same in the series, parallel, and stand-alone heat pump systems. A line can be drawn across the United States north of which the parallel heat pump system saves the most energy, and south of which the solar system saves the most. The better of either the solar or the parallel systems consistently used less energy than either stand-alone heat pump or series systems for all locations. The conventional oil or gas furnacemore » seasonal efficiency which would be required to save as much primary energy as the better alternative system was identified regionally. In all but the northern portions of the United States, conventional furnaces would use more primary energy than the better alternative system. The price that the solar collector in the series heat pump system would have to be so that a larger collection system could be installed and the series system would match the energy savings of the preferred system, whether solar or parallel heat pump, was calculated. This price was one-half to two-thirds of current collector prices. The break-even electricity price was determined which is the price below which the life cycle savings of the alternative system are positive.« less
«Dios hará inquisición de vuestros juicios»: Antonio Enriquez Gómez' Search for Justice

One theme uniting the work of Antonio Enriquez Gomez (1600-1663), a Spanish Marrano who resided in France for many years, was his search for justice— personal, earthly and divine. By examining two of his plays and two treatises, above all the comically sardonic Inquisicion de Lucifer y Visita de todos los diablos (n.d.), a text recently discovered in Amsterdam, it is possible to see that this author bases his thesis, in part, on two geographical locations: «Peralvillo», which symbolizes the miscarriage of earthly justice, and «el valle de Josafa», where divine justice will prevail.
QUANTUM TUNNELING ACROSS SPIN DOMAINS IN A BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

Quantum tunneling was observed in the decay of metastable spin domains in gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates. A mean-field description of the tunneling was developed and compared with measurement. The tunneling rates are a sensitive probe of the boundary between spin domains, and indicate a spin structure which is prohibited in the bulk fluid. These experiments were performed with optically trapped $F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium.
Sonographic Differences in Venous Return Between Piggyback Versus Caval Interposition in Adult Liver Transplantations

The piggyback technique (PT) is being used more frequently than caval interposition (CI) in adult orthotopic liver transplants (OLT). It is unclear whether PT alters venous return compared with CI, therefore leading to postoperative complications. The aim of our study was to analyze our experience with PT and CI by comparing ultrasound results of hepatic vein flow on the first postoperative day. Patients and Methods. This retrospective analysis of consecutive OLTs performed between 2002 and 2005 included data from a single blinded radiologist who reviewed all postoperative day 1 ultrasound examinations. The hepatic vein waveforms were scored as all phasic, all flat, or partially phasic/flat. Results. During the study period, we performed, 465 OLT among which 270 had available ultrasound examinations. The etiologies of liver disease were similar between the PT and CI cohorts, hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease accounted for more than 60%. Two hundred eight (77%) had undergone PT and 62 (23%) CI. Among the PT, 60% were phasic, 31.1% were partially phasic/flat, and 8% were flat. When a CI was performed, 56.5% were phasic, 35.5% were partially phasic/flat, and 8% were flat. Conclusions. There was no significant difference between PT and CI with regard to an effect on hepatic vein waveforms on the first operative day. Therefore, there do not appear to be early hemodynamic benefits of performing CI versus PT anastamoses of OLTs. Further studies may be needed to determine whether long-term sequelae follow the piggyback technique.
Left-handed surface waves in a photonic structure

It is demonstrated that an isotropic left-handed medium can be constructed as a photonic structure consisting of two dielectric materials, one with positive and another with negative dielectric permittivities e. Electromagnetic waves supported by this structure are the surface waves localized at the dielectric interfaces. These surface waves can be either surface phonon polaritons or surface plasmons. Two examples of negative e materials are used: silicon carbide and free-electron gas.
Congenital Hemicerebral Anomaly in a Stranded Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi)

A stranded 5-month-old female Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) was presented displaying tachypnea and diminished lung sounds. No neurological abnormalities were noted. The animal was treated for verminous pneumonia, but died 2 wk later. Gross necropsy examination revealed a severe obstructive verminous pneumonia associated with large numbers of Otostrongylus circumlitus. In addition, the majority of the right cerebral hemisphere was absent, with hypoplasia of the left cerebellar hemisphere, absence of the right pyramid, and malformation of the right occipital bone. Histopathologic findings included multifocal thrombosis and inflammation of pulmonary arteries, verminous pneumonia, and mild vacuolation of the subependymal white matter in the third ventricle representing swelling of myelin sheaths and edema. This is the first report of a hemicerebral anomaly in a marine mammal.
Trophic transfer of silver to marine herbivores: A review of recent studies

We review recent progress in understanding the trophic transfer of silver (Ag) in marine herbivores, especially mussels that have been extensively used as biomonitors of coastal contamination. A bioenergetic-based kinetic model is invaluable in predicting the trophic transfer and bioaccumulation of Ag in aquatic animals. Critical parameters that need to be quantified in predicting trophic transfer include Ag assimilation efficiency (AE) from ingested food particles, animal feeding rates, and Ag efflux rates. Silver AEs in marine herbivores are generally low (< 30%). Assimilation efficiencies from ingested sediments tend to be lower than those from ingested phytoplankton. Various biological and chemical factors, including Ag distribution in phytoplankton cytoplasm, gut passage time, importance of intracellular versus extracellular digestion, and metal desorption at lowered pHs typical of invertebrate guts, all influence Ag assimilation from ingested particles. Many experimental studies show that uptake from the dissolved phase exceeds uptake via ingestion in the overall Ag bioaccumulation in aquatic animals. However, these results are probably not predictive of field situations due to their simplistic experimental conditions in which fluctuations of feeding conditions of animals and physicochemistry of Ag are not considered. In mussels, the kinetic model predicts that either the solute or particulate pathway can dominate Ag overall uptake in nature, and this is dependent on Ag partition coefficients for suspended particles and Ag AE. Silver is the only metal that varies substantially in the importance of different uptake pathways due to its very high particle reactivity and high uptake rate from the dissolved phase. Total suspended solids (TSS) loads can sharply affect Ag bioaccumulation in mussels because high TSS loads can dilute Ag concentrations in both dissolved and particulate phases. Processes affecting Ag trophic transfer and bioaccumulation are discussed.
Special communication — Impact of president Clinton's health security act on residency programs

Abstract The Clinton Health Security Act calls for a major shift in the emphasis of medical training. While family practice, general pediatrics, general internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology stand to benefit, other specialties will see decreases in their programs and their residency slots. In light of the present sparsity of programs in family practice and the prevalent student disinterest in the specialty, only heroic efforts will make possible achievement of the 55/50 ratio of primary care physicians to other specialists outlined by the Clinton plan. Problems inevitable in the transition are described and incentives for change suggested.
Divorce Patterns in Nineteenth-Century New England:

Sociological explanations of marital disruption and social change have relied on official governmental statistics that trace the emergence of divorce to the late 1800s. New data (N=2241) derived from an eight-county sample in three New England states during the 1800-1860 period are compared with existing evidence for the late nineteenth-century. The findings indicate that divorce rates emerged in the early 1800s increased sharply in the mid-century decades and then leveled off toward the end of the century. These patterns are analyzed in terms of such variables as urbanization the changing status of women and the divorce laws and policies of the individual states demonstrating that ideological changes were more important than forces associated with the industrial revolution. (EXCERPT)
A Novel Approach to Automated Source Separation in Multispeaker Environments

We are proposing a new approach to the solution of the cocktail party problem (CPP). The goal of the CPP is to isolate the speech signals of individuals who are concurrently talking while being recorded with a properly positioned microphone array. The new approach provides a powerful yet simple alternative to commonly used methods for the separation of speakers. It is based on the observation that the estimation of the signal transfer matrix between speakers and microphones is significantly simplified if one can assure that during certain periods of the conversation only one speaker is active while all other speakers are silent. Methods to determine such exclusive activity periods are described and a procedure to estimate the signal transfer matrix is presented. A comparison of the proposed method with other popular source separation methods is drawn. The results show an improved performance of the proposed method over earlier approaches.
Effect of Adult Screwworm Male Size on Mating Competence

Screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), were devastating pests in parts of North America and Central America before their eradication by the Sterile Insect Technique. Now a barrier is maintained to prevent re-entry of screwworms from endemic regions to those free of screwworms. Barrier maintenance requires mass rearing millions of competitive insects, sterilization by irradiation, and release into infested areas. Weight of the mature larvae (or pupae) is used for assessing fly quality for mass-reared screwworms. A method for producing flies of different sizes in the laboratory was developed. Small and large male flies were compared for sexual performance. A standardized measure of the wing length was used to characterize adult size. This measurement correlated positively with the larval and pupal weights. Although small males mated successfully, they mated with fewer females than did large males when each was placed alone with a group of females. When placed together with large males, small screwworm males were out-competed (41.2% as competitive) by the large males. Although behavior of male screwworm flies in laboratory conditions has not been demonstrated to be similar under field conditions, knowledge of mating competitiveness of sterile males of different sizes is valuable to the screwworm eradication program. Resumen. Los gusanos barrenadores, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), fueron plagas devastadoras en partes de Norteamerica y America Central antes de su erradicacion por medio de la Tecnica del insecto esteril (TIS). Actualmente, una barrera es mantenida para prevenir el reingreso de os gusanos barrenadores provenientes de regiones endemicas a aquellas libres de esta plaga. Para que la TIS se lleve a cabo, el mantenimiento de la barrera demanda la cria masiva de millones de insectos competitivos, su esterilizacion por irradiacion y liberacion dentro de areas infestadas. El peso de las larvas maduras (o pupas) se utilizo para evaluar la calidad de las moscas para la cria masiva de barrenadores de ganado. Un metodo para producir moscas de diferentes tamanos en el laboratorio fue desarrollado. Las moscas macho pequenas y grandes fueron entonces comparadas para su desempeno sexual. Una medida estandarizada de la longitud de las alas fue establecida para caracterizar el tamano del macho. Esta medida correlaciono positivamente con los pesos larvarios y pupales. Aunque los
Migration, Spillovers, and Trade Diversion: The Impact of Internationalization on Domestic Stock Market Activity

What is the impact of firms that cross-list, issue depositary receipts, or raise capital in international stock markets on the trading activity and liquidity of remaining firms in domestic markets? Using a panel of 3,000 firms from 55 countries during 1989-2000, we find that internationalization reduces the trading activity and liquidity of domestic firms through two channels. First, the trading of international firms migrates from domestic to international markets and this migration along with the reduction in domestic trading of international firms has negative spillover effects on domestic firm trading activity and liquidity. Second, there is trade diversion within domestic markets as trading activity shifts out of domestic firms and into international firms.
Sub-pixel mapping of urban land cover using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis: Manaus, Brazil

Abstract The spatial and spectral variability of urban environments present fundamental challenges to deriving accurate remote sensing products for urban areas. Multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) is a technique that potentially addresses both challenges. MESMA models spectra as the linear sum of spectrally pure endmembers that vary on a per-pixel basis. Spatial variability is addressed by mapping sub-pixel components of land cover as a combination of endmembers. Spectral variability is addressed by allowing the number and type of endmembers to vary from pixel to pixel. This paper presents an application of MESMA to map the physical components of urban land cover for the city of Manaus, Brazil, using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) imagery. We present a methodology to build a regionally specific spectral library of urban materials based on generalized categories of urban land-cover components: vegetation, impervious surfaces, soil, and water. Using this library, we applied MESMA to generate a total of 1137 two-, three-, and four-endmember models for each pixel; the model with the lowest root-mean-squared (RMS) error and lowest complexity was selected on a per-pixel basis. Almost 97% of the pixels within the image were modeled within the 2.5% RMS error constraint. The modeled fractions were used to generate continuous maps of the per-pixel abundance of each generalized land-cover component. We provide an example to demonstrate that land-cover components have the potential to characterize trajectories of physical landscape change as urban neighborhoods develop through time. Accuracy of land-cover fractions was assessed using high-resolution, geocoded images mosaicked from digital aerial videography. Modeled vegetation and impervious fractions corresponded well with the reference fractions. Modeled soil fractions did not correspond as closely with the reference fractions, in part due to limitations of the reference data. This work demonstrates the potential of moderate-resolution, multispectral imagery to map and monitor the evolution of the physical urban environment.
Aerosol-cloud relationships in continental shallow cumulus

Aerosol-cloud relationships are derived from 14 warm continental cumuli cases sampled during the 2006 Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS) by the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft. Cloud droplet number concentration is clearly proportional to the subcloud accumulation mode aerosol number concentration. An inverse correlation between cloud top effective radius and subcloud aerosol number concentration is observed when cloud depth variations are accounted for. There are no discernable aerosol effects on cloud droplet spectral dispersion; the averaged spectral relative dispersion is 0.30 ± 0.04. Aerosol-cloud relationships are also identified from comparison of two isolated cloud cases that occurred under different degrees of anthropogenic influence. Cloud liquid water content, cloud droplet number concentration, and cloud top effective radius exhibit subadiabaticity resulting from entrainment mixing processes. The degree of LWC subadiabaticity is found to increase with cloud depth. Impacts of subadiabaticity on cloud optical properties are assessed. It is estimated that owing to entrainment mixing, cloud LWP, effective radius, and cloud albedo are decreased by 50–85%, 5–35%, and 2–26%, respectively, relative to adiabatic values of a plane-parallel cloud. The impact of subadiabaticity on cloud albedo is largest for shallow clouds. Results suggest that the effect of entrainment mixing must be accounted for when evaluating the aerosol indirect effect.
A Localized Masculine Crisis: Local Men's Subordination within the Marcellus Shale Region's Masculine Structure

Rural economic decline in the United States has contributed to new situational conditions under which men construct masculinity. Under these conditions, men define jobs and activities that were feminized during periods of economic stability as masculine. One exception to rural economic decline for men is economic growth associated with oil and natural gas development in geographical hot spots throughout the United States and around the world. Employment opportunities in the oil and gas industry largely favor men; however, it is unclear what effect this development has on local men because itinerant extralocal male workers complete most of the labor. This article conceptualizes masculinity as a social structure, and uses economic reports and theoretically distinct literatures on natural-resource-based masculinities and energy boomtowns to illuminate how multinational energy companies and a predominantly extralocal, male itinerant workforce in Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale region cause adverse situational conditions for local men's constructions of masculinity. Within the new masculine structure, extralocal men's constructions of hegemonic masculinity become more important for defining the local socially dominant masculinity, which subordinates local men's constructions of nonhegemonic masculinities in their own communities. The article concludes with a discussion of how the oil and gas industry's hegemonic masculinity impedes sustainable economic development and community well-being.
Adaptive Distributed Power Management Algorithm for Interference-Aware Topology Control in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We will propose an adaptive distributed power management (DISPOW) algorithm that adaptively preserves network connectivity and cooperatively reduces interference for the dynamic environment and the changing network topology thereby improving the network performance. The proposed algorithm distributively builds a unique stable network topology tailored to its surrounding node density and propagation environment over random topologies in a dynamic mobile wireless model. We will show that DISPOW, with adequate power levels, provides strongly connected reliable network, reduces interference and routing overhead consequently providing a shorter packet delay and improving network throughput by as much as 37%. We will also show how it stabilizes node connectivity over the dynamic network and environment and attempts to prevent node from being completely disconnected from the network. Comparing with common node power strategy, DISPOW significantly reduces average node power level in highly attenuating environment and alleviates the dependency of common node power strategy on few nodes that are isolated in the network because of their physical location and surrounding network environment.
CP-481,715, a potent and selective CCR1 antagonist with potential therapeutic implications for inflammatory diseases.

Abstract The chemokines CCL3 and CCL5, as well as their shared receptor CCR1, are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and transplant rejection. In this study we describe the pharmacological properties of a novel small molecular weight CCR1 antagonist, CP-481,715 (quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid [4(R)-carbamoyl-1(S)-(3-fluorobenzyl)-2(S),7-dihydroxy-7-methyloctyl]amide). Radiolabeled binding studies indicate that CP-481,715 binds to human CCR1 with a Kd of 9.2 nm and displaces 125I-labeled CCL3 from CCR1-transfected cells with an IC50 of 74 nm. CP-481,715 lacks intrinsic agonist activity but fully blocks the ability of CCL3 and CCL5 to stimulate receptor signaling (guanosine 5′-O-(thiotriphosphate) incorporation; IC50 = 210 nm), calcium mobilization (IC50 = 71 nm), monocyte chemotaxis (IC50 = 55 nm), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 release (IC50 = 54 nm). CP-481,715 retains activity in human whole blood, inhibiting CCL3-induced CD11b up-regulation and actin polymerization (IC50 = 165 and 57 nm, respectively) on monocytes. Furthermore, it behaves as a competitive and reversible antagonist. CP-481,715 is >100-fold selective for CCR1 as compared with a panel of G-protein-coupled receptors including related chemokine receptors. Evidence for its potential use in human disease is suggested by its ability to inhibit 90% of the monocyte chemotactic activity present in 11/15 rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid samples. These data illustrate that CP-481,715 is a potent and selective antagonist for CCR1 with therapeutic potential for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
Rendering vector data over global, multi-resolution 3D terrain

Modern desktop PCs are capable of taking 2D Geographic Information System (GIS) applications into the realm of interactive 3D virtual worlds. In prior work we developed and presented graphics algorithms and data management methods for interactive viewing of a 3D global terrain system for desktop and virtual reality systems. In this paper we present a key data structure and associated render-time algorithm for the combined display of multi-resolution 3D terrain and traditional GIS polyline vector data. Such vector data is traditionally used for representing geographic entities such as political borders, roads, rivers and cadastral information.
Simulating the Gries/Dijkstra design process

Software design processes are investigated using a three-part approach. For a design method of interest, walkthroughs are first performed on a number of small problems. Second, a simulation program is constructed which duplicates the design produced by the walkthroughs. Third, a process program is constructed that supports human application of the method. This program is being pursued for the formal design process developed by Dijkstra and Gries. (E.W. Dijkstra, 1975, 1976; D. Gries, 1981). This method takes as input a pre- and post-condition specification written in predicate logic and through a sequence of steps transforms it into an algorithm written using guarded commands. A simulation program is described for this process that is based on a library of cliches describing solutions to common programming problems. A prototype implementation was constructed in Prolog and used to generate a number of example designs. >
The Growth of Industry Web Portals: Framework and Guidelines

This article proposes a growth framework for industry web portals which present a new opportunity in the Internet business. The proposed framework contains five stages: business plan stage, website development stage, attraction stage, entrenchment stage, and defense stage. The actions to be taken and strategies to be applied in each stage are set out. Two industry web portals are investigated in detail. The two examples illustrate the applicability of the proposed growth framework to the real world. The combination of a conceptual growth framework and the application of this conceptual framework to two real world examples yields a set of guidelines based in large part on lessons learned from the two examples. Thus, this paper provides a concept-based growth framework and a set of real world-based guidelines that will very possibly provide a practical benefit to industry web portal business practitioners.
Representativeness in corpus design

The present paper addresses a number of issues related to achieving ‘representativeness’ in linguistic corpus design, including: discussion of what it means to `represent’ a language, definition of the target population, stratified versus proportional sampling of a language, sampling within texts, and issues relating to the required sample size (number of texts) of a corpus. The paper distinguishes among various ways that linguistic features can be distributed within and across texts; it analyzes the distributions of several particular features, and it discusses the implications of these distributions for corpus design.
Transmission Line Synthesis

RLC transmission line synthesis is a difficult problem because minimal net delay cannot be achieved or accurately predicted unless: 1) a termination scheme is chosen and properly implemented, and 2) output driver transition rates are constrained at or below the net's capability. This paper describes a method to concurrently find, for any RLC net, an optimal termination value, a maximum source transition rate, and an approximate net delay using the first few response moments. When optimal termination is accomplished and transition rates do not exceed the capabilities of the net, the resulting delay metrics are an interesting extension of the popular Elmore delay metric for RC interconnects. The task of physical RLC interconnect design is facilitated by the ease with which these first few moments are calculated for generalized RLC lines.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates human pancreatic cancer growth in vitro and decreases mortality and tumorigenesis in vivo.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are enzymes responsible for extracellular matrix degradation, a critical component influencing the growth and metastatic potential of cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of MMP inhibition on human pancreatic cancer cells and to document its effect on cancer growth in vivo. The effect of MMP inhibition was determined using the MMP inhibitor BB-94 and a moderately differentiated pancreatic cancer cell line (HPAC). In vitro, a dose response curve was generated over 5 days utilizing the MTT [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. In vivo, using an established orthotopic model for pancreatic cancer (LD 100 = 80 days), 22 nude mice with orthotopic tumors (30 were implanted) received either BB-94 or vehicle beginning 4 days prior to implantation and continuing to death or sacrifice on Day 70. Mice were weighed weekly. At death/sacrifice, tumors were weighed, volume determined, and metastases/distant spread documented. In vitro, BB-94 had little effect on HPAC proliferation at 40 ng/ml but achieved progressively greater to near complete inhibition at doses up to 4000 ng/ml while maintaining cell viability. In vivo, BB-94 significantly increased length of survival (69 ± 0.1 days vs. 56 ± 3.1 days) and necropsy weight (25.7 ± 1.67 g vs. 19.8 ± 1.14 g) while decreasing metastatic rate (1 vs. 20) and tumor size (0.14 ± 0.02 g vs. 0.65 ± 0.1 g). MMP inhibition limits HPAC proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion without direct cytotoxic effects in vitro. Mice harboring orthotopic tumors treated with BB-94 demonstrated significant reductions in tumor weight, volume, and metastases which corresponded to increased animal weight and prolonged survival.
Multifetal prophylaxis—a reality? 1

The steep increase in high-order multiparity in the last 2 decades has paralleled the increased utilization of gonadotropins in the treatment of infertile couples (1–3). Although aggressive treatment protocols have steadily improved conception rates, their harsh attendant shortcomings are visible through the viewing glass of the neonatal intensive care unit—filled to overflowing with tiny premature babies, born ill-equipped to face life, destined for long hospital stays and, in many cases, chronic disabilities.
New approaches to acute lung injury

The lung responds to acute injury of diverse aetiology via a series of common pathways. The pathological changes caused by a variety of toxic and infectious agents evolve over time from endothelial and epithelial injury to alveolar consolidation and finally to fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. Widespread acute injury to the lung produces diffuse alveolar damage [33], a well characterized anatomical entity that forms the basis of the protean clinical picture of acute respiratory failure. This clinical picture has been identified in the past by a host of terms, creating some confusion. Recently, a panel of experts clarified the definition of acute lung injury [4]. The terms acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are proposed to describe the continuum of a syndrome of primary respiratory failure, characterized by the acute onset of dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and bilateral consolidation on the chest radiograph (table 1). ALI is considered to be the early stage of ARDS, with milder abnormalities of respiratory function, and it may subsequently evolve into the more severe and more easily diagnosed syndrome of ARDS. The major reason to define ALI is to facilitate experimental and clinical investigation of the early stages of ARDS, in order to improve the early recognition and treatment of this syndrome [4].
Saccharomyces cerevisiae BLYAS, a New Bioluminescent Bioreporter for Detection of Androgenic Compounds

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, capable of autonomous bioluminescence, was engineered to respond to androgenic chemicals. The strain, S. cerevisiae BLYAS, contains the human androgen receptor in the chromosome and was constructed by inserting a series of androgen response elements between divergent yeast promoters GPD and ADH1 on pUTK401 that constitutively expressed luxA and luxB to create pUTK420. Cotransformation of this plasmid with a second plasmid (pUTK404), containing the genes required for aldehyde synthesis (luxCDE) and FMN reduction (frp), yielded a bioluminescent bioreporter responsive to androgenic chemicals. Using dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as a standard, the response time and the 50% effective concentration values were 3 to 4 h and (9.7 ± 4.6) × 10−9 M, respectively. The lower limit of detection in response to DHT was 2.5 × 10−9 M, and in response to testosterone it was 2.5 × 10−10 M. This strain is suitable for high-throughput screening of chemicals with potential for remote environmental monitoring systems because of the assay speed, sensitivity, and self-containment.
Handling model uncertainty in model predictive control for energy efficient buildings

a b s t r a c t Model uncertainty is a significant challenge to more widespread use of model predictive controllers (MPC) for optimizing building energy consumption. This paper presents two methodologies to handle model uncertainty for building MPC. First, we propose a modeling framework for online estimation of states and unknown parameters leading to a parameter-adaptive building (PAB) model. Second, we propose a robust model predictive control (RMPC) formulation to make a building controller robust to model uncertainties. The results from these two approaches are compared with those from a nominal MPC and a common building rule based control (RBC). The results are then used to develop a methodology for selecting a controller type (i.e. RMPC, MPC, or RBC) as a function of building model uncertainty. RMPC is found to be the superior controller for the cases with an intermediate level of model uncertainty (30-67%), while the nominal MPC is preferred for the cases with a low level of model uncertainty (0-30%). Further, a common RBC outperforms MPC or RMPC if the model uncertainty goes beyond a certain threshold (e.g. 67%). © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
A Theorem on Homotopy Paths

We consider the set of points x ∈ Rn+1 satisfying Hx = 0, where H: Rn+1 → Rn is a C1 function and 0 is a regular value. This set, H-10, is a C1 one-dimensional manifold, and each component can be described by a curve xθ. In this note a theorem is proved which is directly related to and motivated by a result due to Eaves and Scarf on piecewise linear functions. This theorem relates the signs of the derivatives xtθ to the signs of the determinants of submatrices of the Jacobian matrix H'. Applications to solving nonlinear equations are given.