cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Dialogue on the Role of Clothing Care Label for Controlling Microfiber Pollution

The purpose of this conceptual study was to provide a critical dialogue about the role of clothing care label for controlling microfiber pollution. Critical dialogues were addressed around (a) current practices of clothing care label and (b) needs to include the microfiber care instruction within clothing care label, which provides insights for textiles and clothing manufactures being responsible to use quality synthetic fibers for clothing production. This study contributes to bridge the gap between consumers’ awareness of microfiber pollution caused by synthetic clothing and current care label that does not include the proper care instruction of microfiber-contained synthetic clothing. Clothing care label needs to contain its care instruction in an inclusive manner, sustaining both clothing quality and the environment. This study initiated a platform for academic and industry professionals to further discuss the way to control microfiber pollution with a proper use of clothing care label.
Can viscous fiber lower glycemic markers in type 2 diabetes

Review of: Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, Zurbau A, et al. Should viscous fiber supplements be considered in diabetes control? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:755-766. Published correction appears in Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1604.
Long-Term Effects from Early Exposure to Research: Evidence from the NIH

Can a relatively short but intense exposure to frontier research alter the career trajectories of potential innovators? To answer this question, we study the careers and productivity of 3,075 medical school graduates who applied to the Associate Training Programs (ATP) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) during the turbulent period of the Vietnam War, 1965- 1975. Carefully selecting on observables, we compare physicians who attended the program to those who passed a first admission screen but were ultimately not selected. We find that program participants were twice as likely to choose a research-focused position after training, and considerably less likely to switch to purely clinical endeavors as their careers unfolded. Over the life cycle, NIH trainees also garnered publications, citations, and grant funding at a much higher rate than synthetic controls. The direction of their research efforts was also durably imprinted by their training experience. In particular, NIH trainees appear to have acquired a distinct “translational” style of biomedical research which became an implicit training model for physician-scientists as ATP alumni came to occupy the commanding heights of academic medicine throughout the United States.
Explaining US Adolescent Depressive Symptom Trends Through Declines in Religious Beliefs and Service Attendance

Over the past decade, US adolescents’ depressive symptoms have increased, and changing religious beliefs and service attendance may be contributing factors. We examined the contribution of religious factors to depressive symptoms among 417,540 US adolescents (grades: 8, 10, 12), years:1991–2019, in survey-weighted logistic regressions. Among adolescents who felt religion was personally important, those who never attended services had 2.23 times higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms compared to peers attending weekly. Among adolescents who did not feel that religion was important, the pattern was reversed. Among adolescents, concordance between importance of religion and religious service attendance may lower risk of depressive symptoms. Overall, we estimate that depressive symptom trends would be 28.2% lower if religious factors had remained at 1991 levels.
Understanding undergraduate student conceptions about biogeochemical cycles and the earth system

Research has shown the highest level of understanding in the geosciences to be the ability to think about the Earth as a dynamic system. The Earth system contains four spheres: the geosphere, the h...
An Optimal Rice Policy for Sierra Leone: Balancing Consumer and Producer Welfare

Rice is a staple food in the West African nation of Sierra Leone with little difference in consumption between poor and wealthy households. Rice production is also an important source of livelihood with half of all households, three-quarters of rural households and about two-thirds of poor households grow rice. The final price of rice in the domestic market is an important policy issue. The policy challenge is complicated by the fact that poor households, which earn the bulk of their income from rice production, also purchase rice when own production is inadequate. Under the broad assumption that money income is a reasonable measure of well-being, this paper develops a simple model of the Sierra Leone rice sector and applies procedures to determine key outcomes in terms of domestic production, imports, and exports under conditions that maximize consumer’s and producer’s surplus. The paper finds that the rice sector is operating at a suboptimal level. In addition, simulations suggest that an optimal policy path to balance consumer and producer welfare and meet the higher societal objective of creating jobs requires a moderate level of tariff on imported rice, combined with structural policies to improve the productivity of the sector.
Perioperative Surgical Home and the Integral Role of Pain Medicine.

Many criticisms surround the current management of the surgical experience. These include the fragmented nature of care delivered perioperatively with multiple transitions, the high costs of many common procedures, and the sometimes disappointing outcomes given the monetary and human investments made in surgical care ⇓. Modeled in some ways after the concept of the patient-centered medical home, the American society of anesthesiologists has articulated a definition of the perioperative surgical home (PSH) as “a patient-centered and physician-led multidisciplinary and team-based system of coordinated care that guides the patient throughout the entire surgical experience” ⇓. Though, we do not yet fully understand the potential benefits of the PSH model, a recent review suggests that the quality of care is often improved, and costs are reduced ⇓. At the core of the PSH concept is the notion that various groups of health care specialists should work together to provide optimal care. Complementary to that notion, and particularly relevant to reducing fragmented treatment as well as improving the patient's experience, is the recognition that the seamless longitudinal management of specific aspects of care may facilitate optimal outcomes. Pain management in the immediate postoperative period is already one of the better developed components of the PSH, and one on which further expansion of the model can be based ⇓. As our understanding of factors predisposing patients to excessive acute postoperative pain, persistent postoperative pain, poor functional outcomes, and the prolonged use of opioids grows, so too will our ability to contribute to the perioperative management of surgical patients. Figure ⇓ displays a roadmap of key goals for comprehensive pain management in the perioperative setting. Figure 1 A roadmap of pain management in perioperative pain care. In this model pain management issues are addressed at several points in the PSH process. The goals …
The role of cross‐sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of flail mitral leaflet

Cross-sectional echocardiography was performed on two patients with mitral regurgitation in whom M-mode echocardiographic findings were not specific for the etiology of mitral regurgitation. In one patient, flail motion of the free edge of the anterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium was demonstrated only by cross-sectional echocardiograms. In the second patient, the flail posterior mitral leaflet was suggested to be a result of bacterial endocarditis. Cross-sectional echocardiograms clearly identified a flail motion of a mass of vegetation attached to the posterior mitral leaflet. Thus, cross-sectional echocardiography can provide critical information in recognizing patients with a flail mitral leaflet.
Better late than never: time to up-schedule hydrocodone combination products.

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), passed into law 42 years ago, categorizes drugs with similar abuse liability into distinct categories called Schedules . This sensible approach to controlling narcotics makes it possible to link regulations to a drug's classification, allowing for easier access to drugs with less risk, while maintaining greater restrictions on riskier drugs. In addition, scheduling creates a mechanism for informing the medical community and the public how addictive a particular drug might be. For the scheduling of drugs to have the effect the CSA intended, drugs with similar abuse liability must be placed in the same schedule. If drugs are incorrectly scheduled, the system will fail. For example, if a highly addictive drug is incorrectly placed …
The association of endogenous Go alpha with the purified omega-conotoxin GVIA receptor.

Modulation of the neuronal omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive N-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) by neurotransmitters and guanine nucleotides suggests a dynamic interaction between activated G-protein alpha subunits and the N-type VDCC. Our previous report on the purification of the N-type VDCC (McEnery, M. W., Snowman, A. M., Sharp, A. H., Adams, M. E., and Snyder, S. H. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11095-11099), has led us to investigate a possible association of CTXR with an endogenous G alpha subunit. The addition of the G-protein activator AIF4- modulated the 125I-CTX binding characteristics of the solubilized CTXR. Further immunological analyses employing G alpha subunit-specific antibodies to monitor the cofractionation of G alpha with 125I-CTX binding activity throughout the purification procedure indicate the selective recovery of Go alpha in the purified CTXR preparation, as neither Gs alpha, Gi alpha, nor G beta gamma could be detected. Furthermore, Go alpha associated with CTXR acted as a substrate for pertussis toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation only upon the addition of exogenous G beta gamma subunits. These results strongly indicate a high affinity complex between an activated Go alpha and CTXR maintained throughout biochemical purification of the 125I-CTX receptor.
PENNANT: an unstructured mesh mini-app for advanced architecture research

This paper describes PENNANT, a mini-app that operates on general unstructured meshes meshes with arbitrary polygons, and is designed for advanced architecture research. It contains mesh data structures and physics algorithms adapted from the Los Alamos National Laboratory radiation-hydrodynamics code FLAG and gives a sample of the typical memory access patterns of FLAG. The basic capabilities and optimization approaches of PENNANT are presented. Results are shown from sample performance experiments run on serial, multicore, and graphics processing unit implementations, giving an indication of how PENNANT can be a useful tool for studies of new architectures and programming models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Landlocked to Longlining: A Summer with Sharks Puts Stress into Perspective

A Great Hammerhead Shark Sphyrna mokarran captured by longlining. Photo credit: GCRL.Research experience can powerfully ignite students' curiosity, expose them to potential career paths, and ultima...
Gender and the familial risk for schizophrenia: Disentangling confounding factors

Recent studies of the effect of gender on the familial risk for schizophrenia have shown that relatives of females have a higher risk for schizophrenia than relatives of males. This study attempts to explain the effect by examining factors found to differentiate schizophrenic men and women and found to be related to the familial risk for schizophrenia. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to examine the simultaneous effects of age at onset, season of birth, and premorbid history, controlled for symptoms that have been found to differ by gender (dysphoria, paranoia, and flat affect). Results showed that the effect of gender on the transmission of schizophrenia could not be explained by gender differences in age at onset, symptom expression, premorbid history, and winter birth. However, premorbid history had an effect on familial risk independent of gender, indicating that probands with a poor premorbid history had a lower familial risk for schizophrenia than those with a good premorbid history. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Prediction of low-energy collision-induced dissociation spectra of peptides.

A kinetic model, based on the “mobile proton” model of peptide fragmentation, was developed to quantitatively simulate the low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of peptides dissociated in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The model includes most fragmentation pathways described in the literature, plus some additional pathways based on the author's observations. The model was trained by optimizing parameters within the model for predictions of CID spectra of known peptides. A best set of parameters was optimized to obtain best match between the simulated spectra and the experimental spectra in a training data set. The performance of the mathematical model and the associated optimized parameter set used in the CID spectra simulation was evaluated by generating predictions for a large number of known peptides, which were not included in the training data set. It was shown that the model is able to predict peptide CID spectra with reasonable accuracy in fragment ion intensities for bo...
Photooxidation of Lens α-Crystallin by Hypericin (Active Ingredient in St. John's Wort)¶

Abstract Hypericin is the active ingredient in the over the counter antidepressant medication St. John's Wort. Hypericin produces singlet oxygen and other excited state intermediates that indicate it should be a very efficient phototoxic agent in the eye. Furthermore it absorbs in the UV and visible range, which means it can potentially damage both the lens and the retina. Lens α-crystallin, isolated from calf lenses, was irradiated in the presence of hypericin (5 × 10−5 M, 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate, pH 7.0) and in the presence and absence of light (>300 nm, 24 mW/cm2). Hypericin-induced photosensitized photopolymerization as assessed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Further analysis of the oxidative changes occurring in α-crystallin using mass spectrometry showed specific oxidation of methionine, tryptophan and histidine residues, which increased with irradiation time. Hypericin did not damage the lens protein in the dark. Damage to α-crystallin could undermine the integrity ...
Noninterfacial-nitride formation ohmic contact mechanism in Si-containing Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au metallizations on AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures

Excellent ohmic contact formation to undoped-AlGaN∕GaN heterostructures is achieved by the incorporation of silicon into Ti∕Al∕Mo∕Au metallization. Contact resistance and specific contact resistivity as low as 0.16Ωmm and 6.77×10−7Ωcm2, respectively, have been obtained for the Ti∕Si∕Al∕Si∕Mo∕Au scheme. Transmission electron microscopy has revealed that the ohmic contact formation mechanism depends on the competing interfacial nitride and silicide formation reactions, the latter giving rise to improved contact performance. The formation and penetration of non-nitride reaction products of Si-containing Al–Au intermetallics to depths beyond the AlGaN∕GaN interface were observed. The superior ohmic performance of these schemes suggests that silicide-based low Schottky barrier contact formation may be preferable to an interfacial nitride contact mechanism in achieving improved ohmic behavior.
BIOPHYSICAL RESPONSE OF COARCTED SEGMENT TO BALLOON DILATATION DETERMINES RECOARCTATION IN NATIVE COARCTATIONS. 195

Although causes of recoarctation following balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation have been examined in terms of demographic, anatomic, hemodynamic and technical variables, role of biophysical response of the coarcted segment to balloon stretch in the genesis of recoarctation has not been studied. Sixty-seven consecutive infants and children undergoing balloon angioplasty of native coarctations during an 8.7-year-period ending September 1993 were included in the study. Immediate reduction (p 20 mmHg. Stretch ([Balloon circumference - pre-balloon coarcted segment circumference/pre-balloon coarcted segment circumference] × 100), gain(post-balloon coarcted segment circumference - pre-balloon coarcted segment circumference) and recoil (balloon circumference - post-balloon coarcted segment circumference) were calculated from measurements obtained from cineangiograms performed prior to and immediately after balloon dilatation. The percent stretch in 44 children without recoarctation (218 ± 123%) was similar (p > 0.1) to that in 15 children with recoarctation (190± 65%) implying that similar balloon dilating force was applied in both groups. Greater (p < 0.001) gain was observed in the group without recoarctation (15.4 ± 9.1 mm) than in the recoarctation group (9.8± 4.6 mm). Surprisingly the recoil was higher (p < 0.01) in the group without recoarctation (9.1 ± 6.3 mm) than in the recoarctation group (4.1 ± 2.9 mm). These differences remained significant even after normalizing the gain and recoil to the extent of stretch and controlling for covariate effects of stretch (i.e. the coarcted segment and balloon sizes) on gain and recoil. Higher gain and recoil in the group without recoarctation implies preservation of intact elastic tissue in the coarcted segment. In the recoarctation group, with less gain and recoil, the elastic properties may not have been preserved, thereby causing recoarctation. Different degrees of cystic medial necrosis (depletion and disarray of elastic tissue) have been described in excised coarcted segments, and there may be more severe degrees of cystic medial necrosis in recoarctation group than in no recoarctation group.
Repeated acquisition of response sequences: effects of d-amphetamine and chlorpromazine

Abstract Pigeons obtained food by making 4 responses on 3 keys in a specified sequence, e.g., left, right, center, right. All 3 keys were the same color throughout the response sequence. Under the learning condition, the four-response sequence was changed from session to session. After learning (within-session error reduction) had stabilized, this baseline of repeated acquisition was used to assess the effects of varying doses of d -amphetamine and chlorpromazine. For comparison, the drug tests were also conducted under a performance condition in which the four-response sequence was the same from session to session. Increases in total errors and pausing were obtained at the largest dose of each drug under both the learning and performance conditions. Under the learning condition, the error rate decreased across trials within each session, but the degree of negative acceleration was less in the drug sessions than in the control sessions. In contrast, under the performance condition, the error rate was relatively constant across trials, but was higher in the drug sessions than in the control sessions.
Dominant Themes and Intergenerational Differences in Ethnicity: The Greek Americans

Abstract The purpose of this study is to define the dominant themes of Greek American ethnicity as manifested in northeastern Ohio and to examine the intergenerational differences in this phenomenon. Employment of factor analysis on data collected from six northeastern Ohio Hellenic communities demonstrates that Lingua, Culture, and Politika — language, sociocultural activities, and politics are the three dominant and interrelated themes which define Greek American ethnicity. The utilization of Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA), reveals a sharp intergenerational decline in the use of Greek, a less pronounced decrease in the interest in politics, and little variability in participation in sociocultural activities.
Interplay of cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptors with nitric oxide synthases, oxidative and nitrative stress, and cell death during remote neurodegeneration

Remote neuronal degeneration and death/injury, which often occur in regions remote but functionally connected to the primary lesion site, may play a pivotal role in extending neuronal damage/dysfunction following traumatic brain injury, stroke, or peripheral nerve injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Even though the precise mechanisms of remote neuronal injury are poorly understood and no efficacious treatment options are available, it involves glial activation, inflammation, oxidative/nitrative stress, and apoptotic cell death. The newly discovered endocannabinoid signaling system consisting of endocannabinoids (endogenous bioactive lipid mediators), their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes, and their primary G protein-coupled cannabinoid 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) receptors has been implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes/functions, including those associated with neurodegeneration. Using a well-characterized rodent model of remote neuronal degeneration, Oddi et al. (J Mol Med 2012, in press, DOI 10.1007/s00109-012-0884-1 ) have demonstrated that targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors may represent a promising novel approach to attenuate this pathological process. This editorial discusses the clinical significance of these interesting observations and the mechanisms of the possible interplay of CB2 receptors with nitric oxide synthases, oxidative and nitrative stress, and cell death during remote neurodegeneration.
A Preliminary Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Material Variability in the Early-Age Cracking Behavior of Restrained Concrete

The restraint of drying, autogenous, or thermal shrinkage can result in the development of tensile residual stresses. If the residual stresses that develop are large enough, they may cause cracking in the concrete. Substantial research has focused on the development of test methods to assess stress development and the corresponding potential for cracking. These test methods frequently focus on the determination of material properties that can be used in deterministic computer programs to simulate stress development and cracking. While these models are a great step forward, variability is inherent in the material properties, the construction processes, and the environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and relative humidity). This paper presents results of considering variability in a model for predicting the time of shrinkage cracking. A Monte Carlo simulation procedure has been adopted to account for variability in material properties. It has been found that a log-logistic function can accurately describe variability that can be expected in the time of cracking.
Flowers and enemies : predation by nectar-thieving ants in relation to variation in floral form of an alpine wildflower, Polemonium viscosum

Flowers of the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum, are attacked by nectar-thieving ants of Formica neorufibarbus gelida. Plants in this species display continuous variation in floral form from long, broadly-flared flowers to short, narrow flowers. This study addresses three aspects of the potential for ants to exert selection on floral traits in P. viscosum: the effect of ant visitation on seed production, the relationship between ant visitation patterns and variation in floral form among co-occurring between ant visitation patterns and variation in floral form among co-occurring individuals, and the behavioral mechanisms underlying nonrandom flower choice by ants. Ants visiting flowers of P. viscosum interfere with seed production by dislodging the style from the ovary. In 1982 and 1997 plants protected from ant visits set significantly more seeds per flower than open controls. Plants with broadly-flated flowers incurred significantly higher rates of ant damage than individuals with narrower flowers in 1995. Similarly, in 1997, damage increased significantly with plant score on a principal component positively correlated to corolla flare and length. Ant abundance declines with elevation above timberline, and, in 1997, damage associated with corolla flare and length was significantly greater for plants in the timberline (krummholz) habitat than for plants higher on the alpine tundra. Laboratory choice trials showed that ants prefer flowers with long broadly-flared corollas over flowers with short narrow corollas. Ant preference may reflect differences in floral reward: broadly-flared flowers contain more nectar sugar than narrow ones in P. viscosum. Additionally energetic costs associated with nectar collection depend in part on flower form. In choice experiments, handling time, or the time required for an ant to move from the corolla opening to the nectary decreased significantly with corolla flare and was also less variable for ants choosing broadly-flared flowers than those choosing narrow ones. Ants have the potential to exert selection on flower form in P. viscosum, as their activity negatively affects the female component of reproductive fitness and is nonrandomly associated with different floral phenotypes. In this system, enemies show similar flower choice patterns to bumblebee pollinators, and their behavior may help maintain heritable variation in flower form within populations of P. viscosum.
Heterozygous Fabry women are not just carriers, but have a significant burden of disease and impaired quality of life.

Purpose: To determine if there is significant symptomatology in women with heterozygous α-galactosidase mutations. Methods: Data from medical records of the 44 heterozygous females followed at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center were compiled and analyzed for symptoms of Fabry disease. Quality of life data were also analyzed. Results: Seventy-six percent were referred due to an affected male relative; 76% reported acroparesthesias as their first symptom. A mean of 15.7 years elapsed from onset of first symptoms to the diagnosis. Quality of life, measured by the SF-36 survey, was globally reduced. Pain affected mood and enjoyment of life. Central/peripheral nervous, cardiopulmonary, and renal system manifestations of Fabry disease were present far above that predicted for random X-inactivation of the normal allele. Fatigue, present in 59%, was associated with reduced maximum oxygen consumption (P = 0.049); exercise intolerance, present in 83%, was associated with reduced maximal heart rate during exercise testing (P = 0.0089). Women diagnosed via family history experienced more angina (P = 0.035), decreased vibration sense (P = 0.026), and had a worse percentage predicted FEF25–75 (P = 0.037) compared to women diagnosed because of symptoms. Conclusions: This study indicates that the asymptomatic female carrier of Fabry disease is the exception, not the rule: heterozygotes suffer from significant multisystemic disease and reduced quality of life and must be monitored and treated accordingly.
Studying the effects of noisy text on text mining applications

Text mining aims at deriving high quality information from text in an automated way. Text mining applications rely on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools like tagger, parser etc. to locate and retrieve relevant information in an application specific manner. Most of these NLP tools however have been designed to work on clean and grammatically correct text. Presently, many organizations are interested to derive information from informally written text that is generated as a result of human communication through emails, or blog posts, web-based reviews etc. These texts are highly noisy and often found to contain mixture of languages. In this study we present some analysis on how noise introduced due to incorrect English affects the performance of some of the NLP tools and thereafter the text mining applications. The text mining application that we focus on is opinion mining. Opinion mining is the most significant text mining application that has to deal with noisy text generated in an unregulated fashion by users.
Polyamines spermidine and spermine as modulators of calcium-dependent immune processes

Abstract The polyamines spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous in animal cells and have been shown to bind to cell membranes. At least two types of immune processes, secretion of active substances during inflammation and lymphocyte activation in cellular immunity, involve cell membranes and calcium ions. Although these processes are activated by polyvalent substances, spermidine and spermine appear to inhibit them. This action of polyamines is discussed in the context of regulating both cell membrane fluidity and calcium fluxes.
Structure of the aqueous electron: assessment of one-electron pseudopotential models in comparison to experimental data and time-dependent density functional theory.

The prevailing structural paradigm for the aqueous electron is that of an s-like ground-state wave function that inhabits a quasi-spherical solvent cavity, a viewpoint that is supported by numerous atomistic simulations using various one-electron pseudopotential models. This conceptual picture has recently been challenged, however, on the basis of results obtained from a new electron–water pseudopotential model that predicts a more delocalized wave function and no well-defined solvent cavity. Here, we examine this new model in comparison to two alternative, cavity-forming pseudopotential models. We find that the cavity-forming models are far more consistent with the experimental data for the electron’s radius of gyration, optical absorption spectrum, and vertical electron binding energy. Calculations of the absorption spectrum using time-dependent density functional theory are in quantitative or semiquantitative agreement with experiment when the solvent geometries are obtained from the cavity-forming pse...
The Effect of an Unlocked Door on Adolescent Runaway and Aggression

Abstract Runaway behavior and physical aggression were studied in 62 adolescents in an inpatient treatment program during periods when the main door was locked and unlocked. Unlocking the door had no effect on runaway behavior but was associated with a nonsignificant increase in physical aggression. Prior history of running away was an important factor in runaway behavior, while situational factors were more important for physical aggression. We discuss these findings in terms of their meaning for staff in the operation of an adolescent inpatient service.
The changing face of scientific discourse: analysis of genomic and proteomic database usage and acceptance

The explosion of the field of molecular biology is paralleled by the growth in usage and acceptance of Web-based genomic and proteomic databases (GPD) such as GenBank and Protein Data Bank in the scholarly communication of scientists. Surveys, case studies, analysis of bibliographic records from Medline and CAPlus, and examination of "Instructions to Authors" sections of molecular biology journals all confirm the integral role of GPD in the scientific literature cycle. Over the past 20 years the place of GPD in the culture of molecular biologists was observed to move from tacit implication to explicit knowledge. Originally journals suggested deposition of data in GDP but by the late 1980s, the majority of journals mandated deposition of data for a manuscript to be accepted for publication. A surge subsequently occurred in the number of articles retrievable from Medline and CAPlus using the keyword "GenBank." GPD were not found to a new form of publication, but rather a fundamental storage and retrieval mechanism for vast amounts of molecular biology information that support the creation of scientific intellectual property. For science to continue to advance, scientists unequivocally agreed that GDP must remain free of peer-review and available at no charge to the public. The results suggest that the existing models of scientific communication should be updated to incorporate GDP data deposition into the current continuum of scientific communication.
Low threshold current GaAs/AlGaAs GRIN-SCH lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si3N4 masked substrates

High-performance single-quantum-well graded-refractive-index separate confinement heterostructure (SQW GRIN-SCH) lasers have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si3N4 patterned GaAs (100) substrates. Lasers grown on stripe windows orientated in the [011] direction have optical waveguiding and current confinement supplied by facetting occurring during growth. Lasers fabricated on 10μm wide Si3N4 openings have threshold currents as low as 15 mA for a 500 μm-long cavity. The current density required to reach optical transparency is 144 A/cm2, an internal quantum efficiency of 81%, and a peak optical power of 70 mW per facet has been obtained. Device performance comparable to ridge lasers is observed in a self-aligned laser process.
Effect of some co-dissolved inorganic groups on the photodecomposition of aqueous nitrates

The rate of nitrite formation, in UV-irradiated aqueous solutions of alkali metals, is found to depend on co-dissolved chemical compounds and on their reactivities. The effect of some common and simple components of the atmospheric aerosol is investigated in the laboratory.
Multi Modes of Intervention at the Macro Level

Abstract This presentation posits a multidimensional formulation of community intervention, comprising nine variants of practice. It builds on this author's earlier threefold concept, but expands and elaborates it in cross-tab fashion. Accordingly, there is a breakout into three distinct forms respectively of social planning/policy practice, of capacity development, and of advocacy. Some of these modes are unidimensional and others combine strategic elements. Empirical examples of each mode are provided. These practice modes need not be seen as conflicting initiatives. Both rationalistic planning in formal organizations and participatory forms of grassroots problem solving have merits, which can be magnified when linked. A significant challenge for social development involves mixing the best features of laissez faire societies that emphasize voluntarism and freedom with the best features of more collectivist societies that emphasize system planning and equality.
Reevaluation of JPEG image compression to digitalized gastrointestinal endoscopic color images: a pilot study

Endoscopic images play an important role in describing many gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. The field of radiology has been on the leading edge of creating, archiving and transmitting digital images. With the advent of digital videoendoscopy, endoscopists now have the ability to generate images for storage and transmission. X-rays can be compressed 30-40X without appreciable decline in quality. We reported results of a pilot study using JPEG compression of 24-bit color endoscopic images. For that study, the results indicated that adequate compression ratios vary according to the lesion and that images could be compressed to between 31- and 99-fold smaller than the original size without an appreciable decline in quality. The purpose of this study was to expand upon the methodology of the previous study with an eye towards application for the World Wide Web, a medium which would expand both clinical and educational purposes of color medical images. The results indicate that endoscopists are able to tolerate very significant compression of endoscopic images without loss of clinical image quality. This finding suggests that even IMB color images can be compressed to well under 30KB, which is considered a maximal tolerable image size for downloading on the World Wide Web.
Insight into the chemistry of flavin reduction and oxidation in Escherichia coli dihydroorotate dehydrogenase obtained by rapid reaction studies.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) oxidizes dihydroorotate (DHO) to orotate in the only redox reaction of pyrimidine biosynthesis. The enzyme from Escherichia coli is a membrane-bound FMN-containing enzyme that is thought to use ubiquinone as the oxidizing substrate. The chemistry of the reduction of the flavin in DHOD from E. coli by the substrate dihydroorotate (DHO) was studied at 4 degrees C in anaerobic stopped-flow experiments conducted over a broad range of pH values. A Michaelis complex that was characterized by a approximately 20 nm red-shift of the oxidized flavin absorbance formed within the dead-time of the stopped-flow instrument ( approximately 1 ms) upon mixing with DHO. The flavin of the intermediate was reduced by DHO, forming a reduced flavin-orotate charge-transfer complex. The rate constant for the flavin reduction reaction increased with pH, from a value of 1 s(-1) at pH 6.5 to approximately 360 s(-1) at pH values greater than an observed pK(a) of 9.5 which was ascribed to Ser175, the active-site base. At all pH values, the reduced flavin-orotate charge-transfer complex dissociated too slowly to be catalytically relevant. Therefore, the oxidizing quinone substrate must bind to the reduced enzyme-orotate complex at a site distinct from the substrate binding site, in agreement with steady-state kinetic studies [Bjornberg, O., Gruner, A.-C., Roepstorff, P., and Jensen, K. F. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 2899-2908]. Menadione was used as a model quinone substrate to oxidize dithionite-reduced DHOD. The reduced enzyme-orotate complex reacted rapidly with menadione (180 s(-1)), demonstrating that the reduced enzyme-orotate complex is a catalytically competent intermediate.
Investigation using digital image correlation of Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect in Hastelloy X under thermo-mechanical loading

The plastic behavior of Hastelloy X subjected to thermo-mechanical loading was investigated in this work, and the phenomenon of dynamic strain aging was studied under isothermal conditions, using digital image correlation (DIC). The material of interest, Hastelloy X a Ni-based superalloy, is widely used in high temperature applications. It was seen that Hastelloy X exhibits serrated plastic flow behavior between temperatures of 300 °C and 700 °C, as a consequence of the dynamic strain aging effect, which, depending on temperature, manifests as type A/B or A and B oscillations on the uniaxial tension stress–strain curve, and is characterized by strain concentration bands propagating along the length of the specimen. The characteristics of Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) band internal strain distribution in uniaxial tension experiments were also investigated. The bands themselves were seen to have internal (sub)bands of two or three smaller strain jumps. An analysis of the strain increments induced by these bands was performed and clearly illustrates the inhomogeneous nature of the deformation – both spatially and temporally. In addition to the uniaxial behavior, biaxial stress states were investigated by studying PLC band formation near a notch in a double notched tensile geometry. Similar macroscopic results to the uniaxial case were seen while the strain bands themselves were seen to initiate in the notch region and travel away from the notches.
Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes on produce by trisodium phosphate

Abstract The application of trisodium phosphate (TSP) on produce against food-borne bacteria has not been extensively evaluated. This research studied the effect of 20 and 50 mg/ml TSP in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) on model produce (lettuce and peppers). Washed and air-dried Iceberg lettuce (3 × 3 cm 2 ) and Jalapeno peppers (25–30 g) were spiked with S . Typhimurium or L. monocytogenes (∼7 log 10 CFU/ml). Samples were treated with 20 or 50 mg/ml TSP, 200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite (for comparison with traditional washes) or water (control rinse) for 15 or 30 s. Treatments were immediately neutralized with trypticase soy broth (TSB) containing 30 mg/ml beef extract, serially diluted, plated on Xylose Lysine Tergitol 4 (XLT4) agar for ST and Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) for Lm and incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h. Results showed that 20 mg/ml TSP and 200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite caused 5–6 log 10 CFU/ml reduction in ST on both lettuce and peppers after 15 s and 30 s, while 50 mg/ml TSP reduced ST to undetectable levels on both produce at both contact times. For overnight Lm cultures, a mere reduction of 0.21 and 0.28 log 10 CFU/ml was obtained using 20 and 50 mg/ml TSP after even 5 min, while 200 mg/L sodium hypochlorite decreased Lm by ∼1 log 10 CFU/ml after 30 s and 1 min on lettuce, and decreased pure culture Lm to undetectable levels after 3 min. Thus, 50 mg/ml TSP appears effective against ST with negligible effects against Lm, whose mode of action needs to be understood.
Expression of brain natriuretic peptide by human bone marrow stromal cells

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) have been shown to generate neural cells under experimental conditions in vitro and following transplantation into animal models of stroke and traumatic CNS injury. Hastened recovery from the neurological deficit has not correlated with structural repair of the lesion in the stroke model. Secretory functions of BMSC, such as the elaboration of growth factors and cytokines, have been hypothesized to play a role in the enhanced recovery of neurological function. Using gene expression arrays, real time RT-PCR and radioimmunoassay, we have found that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is synthesized and released by BMSC at physiologically relevant levels in vitro. BNP, like its close homolog atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), exerts powerful natriuretic, diuretic and vasodilatory effects. We speculate that transplanted BMSCs facilitate recovery from brain and spinal cord lesions by releasing BNP and other vasoactive factors that reduce edema, decrease intracranial pressure and improve cerebral perfusion.
Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain.

SELECTIVE antagonism of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) and noradrenaline transport by antidepressants is a key element in the 'amine' hypothesis of affective disorders1. Uptake2,3 and/or transport sites4,5 of 5HT have been reported to be reduced in platelets of patients suffering from depression and in post-mortem brain samples of depressed patients6 and suicide victims7. To date there has been little molecular information available on the structure and regulation of 5HT transporters. Using the polymerase chain reaction8with degenerate oligonucleotides9 derived from two highly conserved regions of the transporters for noradrenaline10 and γ-aminobutyric acid11(GABA), we have identified a large family of related gene products expressed in rodent brain. One of these products hybridizes to a single 3.7-kilobase RNA restricted to rat midbrain and brainstem, where it is highly enriched within the serotonergic raphe complex. Transfection with a single 2.3-kilobase brainstem complementary DNA clone is sufficient to confer expression of a Na+-dependent 5HT transporter upon non-neural cells, with transport selectively and potently antagonized by 5HT uptake-specific antidepressants, including paroxetine, citalopram and fluoxetine.
Control of Closed Kinematic Chains Using A Singularly Perturbed Dynamics Model

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the control of closed kinematic chains (CKCs). This method is based on a recently developed singularly perturbed model for CKCs. Conventionally, the dynamics of CKCs are described by differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Our approach transfers the control of the original DAE system to the control of an artificially created singularly perturbed system in which the slow dynamics corresponds to the original DAE when the perturbation parameter tends to zero. Compared to control schemes that rely on solving nonlinear algebraic constraint equations, the proposed method uses an ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver to obtain the dependent coordinates, hence, eliminates the need for Newton-type iterations and is amenable to real-time implementation. The composite Lyapunov function method is used to show that the closed-loop system, when controlled by typical open kinematic chain schemes, achieves asymptotic trajectory tracking. Simulations and experimental results on a parallel robot, the Rice planar Delta robot, are also presented to illustrate the efficacy of our method.
Limiting age for the Provo shoreline of Lake Bonneville

Abstract Pluvial Lake Bonneville features a prominent shoreline at the Provo level, which has been interpreted as having formed during a period of threshold-stabilized overflow. The timing of Provo shoreline development is important for paleoclimate interpretations and for inferences on geomorphic process rates. Estimates for the timing of the shoreline formation, based on radiocarbon measurements from gastropod shells, are from approximately 18 to 15 cal ka. One key radiocarbon age on plant fragments from Swan Lake, which formed in the threshold spillway after overflow ceased, has been taken as a young limiting age. The conventional age of 12090 ± 300 14C when calibrated at 2σ has large uncertainty (13375–15103 cal BP). We report six new AMS radiocarbon ages recovered from new Swan Lake sediment cores. A twig near the base of lacustrine muds was dated at 11,615 ± 40 14C yr (13,350 to 13,560 cal BP). Age determinations on roots in that interval and deeper in the core are somewhat younger. These ages limit the last overflow of the Provo stand to earlier than ∼13.5 cal ka BP, consistent with the younger bound of the imprecise age reported by Bright. If conservative interpretations of sedimentation rates for the thick well-sorted sand interval below the lacustrine muds are correct and landscape change that resulted in damming of Swan Lake is accounted for, cessation of flow probably occurred before ∼14.5 cal ka BP.
Trial Spacing in Instrumental Running

Cotton and Lewis (1957) concluded that the effeccs of trial spacing on instrumental running a re s~rall. The presenc study excended earlier r esearch by investigating a wider range of intertrial intervals over a greater number of uials. It sought to correct possible d ifficulties in earlier s tudies by eliminating massed preacquisicion training trials, decreasing che number of daily trials, and instituting control groups t o assess possible prefeeding and saciacion effects during acquisition. It was designed to evaluate an extension of Estes' ( 1955a) application of statistical learning theory to crial spacing, although the obtained data did not warrant the evaluation (Fozard, 1961). Finally, a measure of spatial position was obtained to relate the effeccs of t rial spacing to variabiliry of running behavior. METHOD
USE OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IN FUNCTIONAL BLEEDING

IN THE PAST THREE YEARS testosterone propionate has been used extensively in the treatment of functional gynecologic conditions (1-9). This paper is a report of 10 cases of functional meno-metrorrhagia, treated with synthetic androgen (testosterone propionate), in which the therapeutic results were evidence of the usefulness of the male hormone in functional bleeding. The rationale of this form of therapy and its margins of safety have been discussed at length elsewhere (10-13). Several investigators (14-18) have shown the bisexual action of the androgens in the female rabbit and spayed rats, manifest by estrogenic and progesta’ tional activity of the endometrium. (This does not occur in monkeys or human subjects.) Salmon (19) has shown that not only do androgens exercise a direct stimulating effect on the Mullerian tract of rats but they also produce follicle growth and corpora lutea in the ovaries of immature rats. This gonadotropic effect is mediated through the hypophysis (20).
Stress Response of Rocket Motors to Environmental Thermal Loads

This paper presents a general approach for the evaluation of thermal stresses and strains in solid-propellant rocket motors under outdoor storage conditions. Models for the variations of mean environmental thermal loads—ambient temperature, sky radiation, wind convection, and solar radiation—are developed by considering records of meteorologica l data and are used to obtain the structure's surface temperature. Numerical illustration is applied to viscoelastic stress analysis of a motor at Pheonix, Arizona.