cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube substrate electrodes for lightweight, long-life rechargeable batteries

Lighter weight and longer life batteries for electrochemical energy storage are needed for many applications including aerospace, transportation, portable electronics, and biomedical devices. Inclusion of inert materials as part of the battery electrode significantly decreases energy density as they contribute to the weight and volume of the electrode, but not to its energy content. This work demonstrates the viability of using novel metal oxide/carbon nanotube substrate (CNT-S) electrodes in rechargeable cells. To our knowledge this is the first reported use of CNT-S for lithium battery cathodes without the use of a supporting metal current collector. Calculations show that the use of CNT-S can increase the cathode specific capacity by 20–60%, due to the low mass of the CNT-S and elimination of binders and other inert conductive carbons typically added to composite cathodes on foil current collectors. The oxidative stability of CNT-S relative to metal foil current collectors may extend battery lifetimes and enable use of electrolytes that are currently not viable. Two methods of preparing electrodes were demonstrated, the first using material deposited on the CNT substrate after isolation and the second method using direct integration during material synthesis.
Brackish Water Cage Culture of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), in South Alabama

Abstract Experiments in the brackish water culture of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted from 25 November 1971 to 24 March 1972 to determine the feasibility of providing a supplemental cash crop in the coastal water of Alabama during the winter. During this period trout were raised from an initial weight of 93.8 g to 354.8 g when stocked at 196 fish/m3 and 322.3 g when stocked at 392 fish/m3. Rainbow trout acclimated easily to brackish water and their potential to southern mariculture appears promising.
Tension and Speed Regulation for Axially Moving Materials

During continuous manufacture of axially moving materials such as fiber, paper, foil, and film, accurate speed and tension control are essential. In this paper, control torques applied to rollers at the boundaries of an axially moving system regulate the material speed and tension using speed and tension sensors for each roller. Given a distributed parameter model, Lyapunov techniques are used to develop a model-based boundary control system that exponentially stabilizes the material tension and speed at desired setpoints and stabilizes longitudinal vibration. Experimental results compare the tension and speed setpoint regulation provided by the proposed control strategy with proportional plus integral speed control and proportional tension feedback.
Landau damping: New aspects of an old story

Abstract We reinvestigate the dispersion relation for longitudinal plasma waves in a collisionless electron plasma. We show that even at finite temperature there exists a critical wave number kcr below which Landau damping is absent. Furthermore, the magnitude of damping deviates from Landau's formula also well above kcr. We propose to extend existing experiments to wave numbers k ∼ kcr.
The cutaneous microcirculation.

The cutaneous microcirculation is organized as two horizontal plexuses. One is situated 1–1.5 mm below the skin surface and the other is at the dermal–subcutaneous junction. Ascending arterioles and descending venules are paired as they connect the two plexuses. From the upper layer, arterial capillaries rise to form the dermal papillary loops that represent the nutritive component of the skin circulation. There are sphincter-like smooth muscle cells at the point where the ascending arterioles divide to form the arteriolar component of the upper horizontal plexus. At the dermal–subcutaneous junction, there are collecting veins with two cusped valves that are oriented to prevent the retrograde flow of blood. Laser Doppler flowmetry has demonstrated vasomotion of red cell flux localized to the sites of ascending arterioles. The simultaneous recording by laser Doppler flowmetry of red cell flux and the concentration of moving red blood cells from individual sites allows one to construct topographic maps of these two values. These two maps, based on initial studies using correlative skin biopsies, can define 1 mm 3 volumes of skin that are predominantly arteriolar in composition, venular in composition, or essentially devoid of all microvascular elements. The electron and light microscopic features that define the microvascular segments, when coupled with that ability of laser Doppler flowmetry to define the predominant microvascular segments under the probe, allow one to study both the mechanisms of normal physiologic states and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying pathologic skin disorders in which the microvasculature plays a predominant role.
Effect of intravenous glucose on serum glucose determinations.

Abstract Hyperglycemia is frequently seen in hospitalized nondiabetic patients receiving intravenous glucose solutions. As no standard method of interpreting the serum glucose value has been defined in patients receiving intravenous glucose, we have attempted to determine if any correlation can be made. It was found that with a 5% dextrose in water infusion at 100 ml/hr, the mean change in serum glucose was 9 mg 100 ml above the fasting serum glucose; with a 5% dextrose in water at 200 ml/hr, the mean serum glucose rose 24 mg 100 ml above the fasting serum glucose obtained in the arm opposite the intravenous infusion. It was thus determined that a serum glucose level greater than 20 mg 100 ml above the fasting serum glucose level in an individual with a 5% glucose in water infusion at 100 ml/hr, or 42 mg 100 ml above the fasting serum glucose in an individual with a 5% glucose in water infusion at 200 ml/hr, which are 3 SD above the mean glucose, should be early evidence for mild subclinical glucose intolerance.
The great escape: World War II, neo-freudianism, and the origins of U.S. psychocultural analysis.

Psychocultural analysis stands as a signal accomplishment of the 1930s U.S. assimilation of European refugee-intellectuals. Scholars in the U.S. had been moving toward a kind of psychocultural analysis well in advance of the Great Migration—the U.S. was not an intellectual vacuum or wasteland—nevertheless, it was through their interdisciplinary collaboration, fueled by the specter of war, that these international peers stimulated one of the most wideranging, dynamic, and productive exchanges of ideas of the century. Through the lens of Erich Fromm’s Escape from Freedom, this article explores psychoculturalism’s emergence in the interstices between cultures, nations, ideas, and disciplines—between Europeans and Americans, psychoanalysts and social scientists. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Escape from Freedom is “nothing less than a masterpiece,” the Jewish Broadway director, critic, and producer Harold Clurman wrote Erich Fromm in an effusive piece of fan mail. “You have taken a really important thesis and, with an admirable expositional skill, have given it a clarity, a force and a usefulness that are beyond anything I have seen in this field” (Clurman, 1942). What had captivated Clurman was Fromm’s adroit capacity to frame and explain the deeper societal and cultural forces animating contemporary events, specifically— one can infer from the content of the book and the year of Clurman’s correspondence, 1942— the war. “In your book, what is valuable in psycho-analysis, in the methodology of Marx, and, in the truest sense, a classic philosophy of life have been integrated with a remarkably wholesome and realistic feeling for our time,” he wrote the book’s author (Clurman, 1942). When confronted with the full extent of the atrocities of war, Americans strained for understanding. What would lead a modern, ostensibly civilized nation to engage in the barbaric extermination of an entire ethnos, an ethnos that lived not in a distant land, not in some dark, forgotten corner of the globe, but next door and around the block? What in the German psyche could have inspired such aggression? Like Clurman, many turned to neo-Freudian psychoanalysis via Fromm’s book and others of its kind. A psychocultural classic, it remains in print nearly seventy years later. Escape from Freedom may have been written by one man, an exiled German-Jewish psychoanalyst, but it was nevertheless a by-product of a near-decade-long collaboration that was international and interdisciplinary in scope, born of intellectual ambition and political expediency, social pressure and biographical predilections. In the 1930s, the late U.S. cultural historian Warren Susman observed, “the idea of culture was domesticated.” Americans began “thinking in terms of patterns of behavior and belief, values and life-styles, symbols and meanings,” he argued (Susman, 1984, p. 154). In Susman’s analysis, neo-Freudianism stood out in this domestication process, concurring with Robert LeVine’s later observation that
Atom interferometer as a selective sensor of rotation or gravity

In the presence of Earth gravity and gravity-gradient forces, centrifugal and Coriolis forces caused by the Earth rotation, the phase of the time-domain atom interferometers is calculated with accuracy up to the terms proportional to the fourth degree of the time separation between pulses. We considered double-loop atom interferometers and found appropriate condition to eliminate their sensitivity to acceleration to get atomic gyroscope, or to eliminate the sensitivity to rotation to increase accuracy of the atomic gravimeter. Consequent use of these interferometers allows one to measure all components of the acceleration and rotation frequency projection on the plane perpendicular to gravity acceleration. Atom interference on the Raman transition driving by noncounterpropagating optical fields is proposed to exclude stimulated echo processes which can affect the accuracy of the atomic gyroscopes. Using noncounterpropagating optical fields allows one to get a new type of the Ramsey fringes arising in the unidirectional Raman pulses and therefore centered at the two-quantum line center. Density matrix in the Wigner representation is used to perform calculations. It is shown that in the time between pulses, in the noninertial frame, for atoms with fully quantized spatial degrees of freedom, this density matrix obeys classical Liouville equations.
Damage smoothing effects in a delocalized rate sensitivity model for metals

It has been long time established that application of damage delocalization method to softening constitutive models yields numerical results that are independent of the size of the finite element. However, the prediction of real-world large and small scale problems using the delocalization method remains in its infancy. One of the drawbacks encountered is that the predicted load versus displacement curve suddenly drops, as a result of excessive smoothing of the damage. The present paper studies this unwanted effect for a delocalized plasticity/damage model for metallic materials. We use some theoretical arguments to explain the failure of the delocalized model considered, following which a simple remedy is proposed to deal with it. Future works involve the numerical implementation of the new version of the delocalized model in order to assess its ability to reproduce real-world problems.
Factors that influence metaphor comprehension skills in adulthood.

Abstract We investigated differences between older and younger adults in interpreting metaphors describing emotions (e.g., “Joe was crashing thunder,” meaning that he was angry). Subjects selected emotional interpretations and explained the basis for their selection for 12 metaphors. Twenty-four older and 24 younger adults read metaphors that described emotions. The group performed identically when selecting interpretations, but older adults were more likely to make up stories about the person named in the metaphor to explain the metaphor than were younger adults, who focused on attributes of the metaphoric terms. These findings suggest that observed adult age differences in metaphor comprehension reflect methodological factors and may reflect cognitive style differences.
Population Marginal Means in the Linear Model: An Alternative to Least Squares Means

The parameter concept in the term least squares mean is defined and given the more meaningful name population marginal mean; and its estimation is discussed.
Moral cognition and moral action: A theoretical perspective☆

Abstract Considerable theoretical work has been done in the area of moral reasoning. However, little conceptual thinking has been done about the relations between moral cognition and moral action. As a result, empirical research in this area has been unsystematic and difficult to interpret. A theoretical model, the Self Model, is proposed here, starting from the assumption that moral reasons are functionally related to action. First, a concept of cognitive motivation is presented as necessary for any cognitive account of morality. Two cognitive approaches to moral conduct, Piaget's and Haan's, are then discussed in their positive contributions and in their limitations. The Self Model is finally described through a set of empirically testable propositions. Its major theoretical characteristics are: it is cognitive, recognizing as the central function of human cognition the appraisal of truth; it acknowledges a basic duality of motivation, but stresses the normative pull of cognitive motivation; it is developmental; it uses the self as the central explanatory concept, establishing both the sense of personal responsibility and the dynamism of self-consistency.
Organizational Collaboration: The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses and the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates Data Sets

Data sets in nursing care are used to standardize, classify, and clarify care delivery. This article describes collaboration between two nursing organizations, the Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) and the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates (SGNA), to explore complementary uses of the AORN Perioperative Nursing Data Set and the SGNA Minimum Data Set. A case study is used to demonstrate how the two data sets complement each other and can be used interchangeably.
Cortical patches on the move

Endocytosis is the primary means by which eukaryotic cells internalize materials from the environment. However, while many components of the endocytic machinery are known, the timing of molecular events leading to endocytosis remains undefined. In this issue of Cell, Kaksonen et al. use real-time microscopy to define the temporal assembly of components of the endocytic machinery in the yeast S. cerevisiae. They also provide new insight into how the actin cytoskeleton is coordinated with the endocytic machinery.
Slow lifelong growth predisposes Populus tremuloides trees to mortality

Widespread dieback of aspen forests, sometimes called sudden aspen decline, has been observed throughout much of western North America, with the highest mortality rates in the southwestern United States. Recent aspen mortality has been linked to drought stress and elevated temperatures characteristic of conditions expected under climate change, but the role of individual aspen tree growth patterns in contributing to recent tree mortality is less well known. We used tree-ring data to investigate the relationship between an individual aspen tree’s lifetime growth patterns and mortality. Surviving aspen trees had consistently higher average growth rates for at least 100 years than dead trees. Contrary to observations from late successional species, slow initial growth rates were not associated with a longer lifespan in aspen. Aspen trees that died had slower lifetime growth and slower growth at various stages of their lives than those that survived. Differences in average diameter growth between live and dead trees were significant (α = 0.05) across all time periods tested. Our best logistical model of aspen mortality indicates that younger aspen trees with lower recent growth rates and higher frequencies of abrupt growth declines had an increased risk of mortality. Our findings highlight the need for species-specific mortality functions in forest succession models. Size-dependent mortality functions suitable for late successional species may not be appropriate for species with different life history strategies. For some early successional species, like aspen, slow growth at various stages of the tree’s life is associated with increased mortality risk.
Complete characterization of the seventeen step moenomycin biosynthetic pathway

The moenomycins are phosphoglycolipid antibiotics produced by Streptomyces ghanaensis and related organisms. The phosphoglycolipids are the only known active site inhibitors of the peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases, an important family of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Although these natural products have exceptionally potent antibiotic activity, pharmacokinetic limitations have precluded their clinical use. We previously identified the moenomycin biosynthetic gene cluster in order to facilitate biosynthetic approaches to new derivatives. Here, we report a comprehensive set of genetic and enzymatic experiments that establish functions for the 17 moenomycin biosynthetic genes involved in the synthesis of moenomycin and variants. These studies reveal the order of assembly of the full molecular scaffold and define a subset of seven genes involved in the synthesis of bioactive analogues. This work will enable both in vitro and fermentation-based reconstitution of phosphoglycolipid scaffolds so that chemoenzymatic approaches to novel analogues can be explored.
Two-Dimensional Hyperbolic Heat Conduction with Temperature-Dependent Properties

Introduction T HE phenomena of non-Fourier heat conduction are observed in many industrial applications, such as laser heating, cryogenic engineering, and nanotechnology. Various conduction models have been proposed to explain the non-Fourier conductive heat-transfer behavior in a very short period of time. These include the macrohyperbolic model1 and Tzou’s dual-phase model.2 The purpose of the present work is to present a numerical solution to the macrohyperbolic heat-conduction (HHC) model in temperature-dependent materials. Both the analytical3 and numerical4−8 methods have been used in solving HHC equation over the years. Glass et al.4 studied the effects of temperature-dependent thermal conductivity on the thermal wave propagation by using the MacCormack’s predictorcorrector scheme. Kar et al.5 solved a nonlinear HHC equation both analytically and numerically by using the Kirchhoff transformation to linearize the nonlinear terms. However, only one-dimensional problems were considered in their works.4,5 Present numerical approach employs the Roe–Sweby’s total-variation-diminishing (TVD)9 scheme to solve two-dimensional HHC equations. This scheme was used in a previous study for HHC in composite media.7 The present work investigates the effects of temperature-dependent properties on the thermal wave propagation in a homogeneous medium.
Hypsarrhythmia assessment exhibits poor interrater reliability: a threat to clinical trial validity.

Summary Objective Hypsarrhythmia is the classic interictal electroencephalographic pattern associated with infantile spasms, and characterized by high voltage, disorganization, and multifocal independent epileptiform discharges. Given this seemingly simple definition, one might expect excellent interrater reliability (IRR) in the identification of this pattern. Alternatively, it may be argued that assessments of voltage and disorganization are fairly subjective, and thus quite challenging in borderline cases. We sought to test the IRR of hypsarrhythmia assessment in a systematic fashion. Methods Six blinded pediatric electroencephalographers from four centers reviewed 22 electroencephalography (EEG) samples from patients with infantile spasms. Each sample was 5 min in duration and included only wakefulness. Raters determined if each EEG was abnormal and if hypsarrhythmia was present/absent, and characterized relevant features: voltage, organization, epileptiform discharges, slowing, interictal attenuations, symmetry, and synchrony. In addition, raters indicated their level of confidence for each assessment. Multirater kappa statistics (κ) were calculated for the assessment of hypsarrhythmia and each feature. Results Although IRR was favorable in determining whether a study was normal or abnormal (κ = 0.89), reliability was unfavorable for assessment of hypsarrhythmia (κ = 0.40), modified hypsarrhythmia (κ = 0.47), high voltage (κ = 0.37), disorganization (κ = 0.22), multifocal epileptiform discharges (κ = 0.68), interictal voltage attenuations (κ = 0.21), slowing (κ = 0.20), asymmetry (κ = 0.26), and asynchrony (κ = 0.08). Despite generally unsatisfactory interrater agreement, raters consistently reported high confidence in assessments. Significance This study contradicts the view that hypsarrhythmia assessment is straightforward. Even small variability in the identification of hypsarrhythmia has potentially deleterious consequences for clinical care, as its presence or absence impacts decisions to pursue high-risk and high-cost therapies. These inconsistencies may similarly confound studies in which abolition of hypsarrhythmia is an outcome measure. There is a great need for practical, reliable, and unbiased measures of hypsarrhythmia.
The opiate quasiwithdrawal syndrome in rhesus monkeys: comparison of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal to effects of cholinergic agents.

The effects of the cholinergic agents UM-1046 (3-cyclopropyl-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-benzazocine hydrochloride) and physostigmine in normal rhesus monkeys were compared to naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent subjects. The two cholinergic drugs produced effects that resembled one another, as well as some of the effects of naloxone in morphine-dependent subjects. The constellation of signs produced by the cholinergic drugs, while overlapping, was not identical to that produced by naloxone in opiate-dependent subjects. Although cholinergic agents produce many of the signs of opiate withdrawal, the withdrawal syndrome in its complete manifestation involves many different neurotransmitter systems.
Coated vesicles and synaptogenesis. A developmental study in the cerebellar cortex of the rat.

Summary The distribution of coated vesicles was examined by electron microscopy in the cerebellar cortex of rats aged 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 21 and 30 days. Vesicles with external coverings were identified in closed (spherical), open (flask-like) and flattened forms. Closed coated vesicles were seen in large numbers in the vicinity of the Golgi apparatus, and sometimes in direct continuity with its cisterns, in rapidly growing regions of immature neurons, such as the apical cones of Purkinje cells in 3–7-day-old animals, and in the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the 7–10-day-old animals. Closed, open and flat coated vesicles were seen on the surface of cells, and in neurons these were frequently opposite cell processes with which synapses are formed, such as in the dendrites of Purkinje cells opposite parallel fibers. Occasionally, these open coated vesicles were situated opposite cell processes which had dense membranes, and sometimes they were continuous with the dense membranes of early attachment sites or presumptive synapses. In the mossy axon terminals in the glomeruli, open granular coated vesicles were common in the 21- and 30-day-old rats. It was postulated that the coated vesicles may be involved in the formation of early attachment sites or of the dense membranes of synapses, and the following sequence of events was suggested. Through a budding process spherical, coated dense membranes are formed from the membranes of the cisterns of the Golgi apparatus. These spherical vesicles migrate to the surface of cells and after attachment to the membrane open up and unfold over its surface. When this unfolding becomes complete the flat dense membranes contribute material to attachment sites or synaptic membranes. Coated vesicles may also contribute to the expansion of the dense membrane surfaces of already formed synapses. The relation between these coated vesicles and micropinosomes was discussed and examples were illustrated where parts of the parallel fiber actually protruded into the cavity of the Purkinje cell coated vesicles.
Temporal aggregates for Web services on the semantic Web

In this paper we describe how we encode our temporal aggregates ontology in OWL for Web services on the semantic Web. We also present one example to show how to use the ontology to represent temporal aggregates information.
A METHOD FOR THE OBJECTIVE STUDY OF TOOL‐USING BEHAVIOR

Key pecking for food was shaped in four crows within a conventional operant-conditioning test chamber. When pecking stabilized, a metal screen with openings 2.5 cm high by 1.0 cm wide, was placed over the response key, so that the crow could still see but could no longer peck the key. At the same time, several dozen wooden matchsticks, which could be used to operate the key, were placed in the test chamber. The crows made no use of these during 50 to 75 hr of exposure to this condition. Subsequently, the behavior of two crows was shaped so that they approached the matchsticks, picked one up in their beaks, approached the response key with the matchstick in their beak, and finally operated the response key by poking the matchstick through the screen. This shaping procedure was ineffective with the two other crows. However, these birds were successfully trained through positional fading of the tool. This involved suspending a metal rod from the ceiling so that it hung directly in front of the response key, and the crow had only to peck it to operate the key. Then, the rod was gradually lowered by lengthening its tether until it eventually rested on the floor of the test chamber. The principal advantage of this methodology is the automatic recording of the terminal (tool-using) behavior under study.
Pharmacotherapy with atomoxetine for US children and adolescents.

Background. Atomoxetine, a non-stimulant medication, was approved for treatment of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in 2002. However, there is a paucity of recent practice-based national data on the use of atomoxetine. This article compares the use of atomoxetine with that of stimulant medications in outpatient treatment of U.S. children and adolescents, and examines the predictors of atomoxetine use in this population.Methods. The 2003–2004 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the outpatient department portion of the 2003–2004 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to determine the utilization of atomoxetine and stimulants in youth < 20 years. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the use of atomoxetine relative to that of stimulant medications in children and adolescents (n = 1,133). Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to visits involving youths with ADHD to examine predictors of atomoxetine use (n = 1,361).Results. An estimated 14.51 million vi...
Future directions for rhodopsin structure and function studies

To understand how the photoreceptor protein rhodopsin performs in its role as a receptor, its structure needs to be determined at the atomic level. Upon receiving a photon of light, rhodopsin undergoes a change in conformation that allows it to bind and activate the G-protein, transducin. An important future goal should be to determine the structure of both the inactive and the photoactivated state of rhodopsin, R * . This should provide the groundwork necessary for experiments on how rhodopsin achieves its signaling state R * , and how R * functions to activate transducin. To do this, the crystal structure of both rhodopsin and R * must be determined. Few membrane proteins have been successfully crystallized, so this is not a trivial undertaking. Two- or three-dimensional crystals of rhodopsin must be prepared that are well ordered, to produce a high-resolution structure. Rhodopsin must be purified to homogeneity and the appropriate detergent(s) selected for crystallization experiments. Long-term thermal stability of the rhodopsin-detergent complex must be achieved in the presence ofa precipitant. Two-dimensional crystals may offer advantages in investigating the structure of R * , but the structure obtained may be limited in resolution. It is necessary to work with rhodopsin in the dark, unless suitable light-stable retinal derivatives are developed. Protein engineering of rhodopsin offers attractive opportunities to improve its ability to crystallize, but is presently hindered by the absence of a high-yielding expression system. Knowledge of the structure of rhodopsin will have general importance. Because rhodopsin is a member of the family of C-protein-coupled receptors, knowledge of the structure and the mechanism of action of rhodopsin suggests by analogy how other members of the receptor family may function.
Fingerprinting techniques for field-programmable gate array intellectual property protection

As current computer-aided design (CAD) tool and very large scale integration technology capabilities create a new market of reusable digital designs, the economic viability of this new core-based design paradigm is pending on the development of techniques for intellectual property protection. This work presents the first technique that leverages the unique characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to protect commercial investment in intellectual property through fingerprinting. A hidden encrypted mark is embedded into the physical layout of a digital circuit when it is placed and routed onto the FPGA. This mark uniquely identifies both the circuit origin and original circuit recipient, yet is difficult to detect and/or remove, even via recipient collusion. While this approach imposes additional constraints on the backend CAD tools for circuit place and route, experiments indicate that the performance and area impacts are minimal.
Marketing's influence and cross-functional interaction in e-commerce

The purpose of the research is to discuss the role of marketing's influence and cross-functional interactions in the new field of commerce – e-commerce. In order to understand how these two factors – marketing's influence and cross-functional interactions – influence business performance in the new arena, we design a framework, "contingency-structure-result", which is based on strategy typology and market orientation. The study will focus on three major online industries – online bookstores, travel websites, and online retail – and take an empirical analysis using a questionnaire. Results from the survey of Taiwan websites are as follows: 1) marketing's influence and cross-functional interactions play a mediating role, which enables strategy typology and market orientation to influence business performance; 2) differentiation strategies and market orientation are positively related to both marketing's influence and cross-functional interactions, and a low cost strategy is positively related to cross-functional interactions; 3) other marketing's influence and cross-functional interaction influence business performance positively; 4) The dimensions (contingency, structure, performance) of one industry are different from those of other industries.
Cerebrovascular Diseases: Controversies and Challenges

This issue of Neurologic Clinics is devoted to cerebrovascular disease. Over the past four decades, the field of cerebrovascular diseases has progressed from recommendations based on experience and opinion to guidelines based on data frommultiple, wellexecuted, randomized clinical trials. Nevertheless, there remain areas of uncertainty and controversy for which current data available from clinical trials have failed to produce consensus within the community of stroke practitioners. For this issue, thirteen of these areas were selected, and experts in each area were asked to provide up-todate articles defining theproblem, reviewingpertinent data, describing the areas of controversy, and providing conclusions regarding efficacy based on the available evidence. The thirteen topics include treatments for acute ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, prevention of subsequent stroke (in patientswith symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis, cervical artery dissection, patent foramen ovale, unruptured arteriovenous malformations, and “aspirin failure”), and the appropriate use of diagnostic testing for intracerebral hemorrhage, hypercoagulability, and suspected primary angiitis of the central nervous system. I amdeeply grateful to all the authorswhodevoted their time to writing such high-quality articles that I had very little to do and learned a lot. I would also like to express my gratitude to Elsevier for providing me the opportunity to organize and edit this issue and to the editorial staff at Neurologic Clinics for their assistance in making it an easy task. William J. Powers, MD H. Houston Merritt Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Neurology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Room 2131, CB #7025, 170 Manning Drive Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
Submarine landslides: Elements of analysis

The stability of seafloor sediments constitutes an important consideration in planning and design of various offshore facilities. The stresses induced either by waves during a storm or by shaking d...
An experimental framework to analyze alternative decision-making strategies using situational simulations in construction management

Situational simulations are dynamic, interactive, context-sensitive, adaptive environments. They further construction research by providing an interactive simulation platform that can be used to explore what-if construction scenarios and to estimate risks and contingencies. This paper extends current research to study the evolution of dynamic uncertainty in construction management projects using situational simulations as experimental testbeds. An experimental framework is proposed to explore alternative outcomes of a particular decision strategy, and also investigate the impact of alternative decision strategies under similar project scenarios. A set of preliminary experiments were conducted to illustrate the proposed framework. The significance of this research is in enhancing and informing the deliberative process during the planning and pre-planning stages of a construction project and supporting the preparation of contingency plans of action in anticipation of varying levels of project risk and uncertainty.
How well can adolescents really judge risk? Simple, self reported risk factors out-predict teens' self estimates of personal risk

Recent investigations of adolescents’ beliefs about risk have led to surprisingly optimistic conclusions: Teens’ self estimates of their likelihood of experiencing various life events not only correlate sensibly with relevant risk factors (Fischhoff et al., 2000), but they also significantly predict later experiencing the events (Bruine de Bruin et al., 2007). Using the same dataset examined in previous investigations, the present study extended these analyses by comparing the predictive value of self estimates of risk to that of traditional risk factors for each outcome. The analyses focused on the prediction of pregnancy, criminal arrest, and school enrollment. Three findings emerged. First, traditional risk factor information tended to out-predict self assessments of risk, even when the risk factors included crude, potentially unreliable measures (e.g., a simple tally of self-reported criminal history) and when the risk factors were aggregated in a nonoptimal way (i.e., unit weighting). Second, despite the previously reported correlations between self estimates and outcomes, perceived invulnerability was a problem among the youth: Over half of the teens who became pregnant, half of those who were not enrolled in school, and nearly a third of those who were arrested had, one year earlier, indicated a 0% chance of experiencing these outcomes. Finally, adding self estimates of risk to the other risk factor information produced only small gains in predictive accuracy. These analyses point to the need for greater education about the situations and behaviors that lead to negative outcomes.
Early Predictors of School Performance Declines at School Transition Points.

This longitudinal study followed students (n = 265) from kindergarten through seventh grade and examined early social and academic predictors of school performance at two normative school transitions. Questions addressed include: (a) are there changes in students’ school performance over time, especially at school transition points; (b) are changes in school performance dependent on sociodemographic factors; and, (c) does early social and academic competence predict stability or change in school performance following transition? Early social and academic competence was assessed in kindergarten via teacher report and standardized tests. Days absent, discipline infractions, and mathematics and language arts letter grades obtained from school records served as outcome variables. Findings showed stability for outcomes with the exception of discipline; discipline infractions increased after the first transition. Sociodemographic factors predicted greater performance declines following transition. Early social competence predicted reduced discipline; students rated as more socially competent in kindergarten were less likely to show discipline increases during transition, after controlling for demographic factors. Findings emphasize behavioral and academic stability suggesting that early social competencies forecast fewer increases in discipline infractions at school transition points.
Genetic analysis of diabetic nephropathy on chromosome 18 in African Americans: linkage analysis and dense SNP mapping

Genetic studies in Turkish, Native American, European American, and African American (AA) families have linked chromosome 18q21.1-23 to susceptibility for diabetes-associated nephropathy. In this study, we have carried out fine linkage mapping in the 18q region previously linked to diabetic nephropathy in AAs by genotyping both microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for linkage analysis in an expanded set of 223 AA families multiplexed for type 2 diabetes associated ESRD (T2DM-ESRD). Several approaches were used to evaluate evidence of linkage with the strongest evidence for linkage in ordered subset analysis with an earlier age of T2DM diagnosis compared to the remaining pedigrees (LOD 3.9 at 90.1 cM, ΔP = 0.0161, NPL P value = 0.00002). Overall, the maximum LODs and LOD-1 intervals vary in magnitude and location depending upon analysis. The linkage mapping was followed up by performing a dense SNP map, genotyping 2,814 SNPs in the refined LOD-1 region in 1,029 AA T2DM-ESRD cases and 1,027 AA controls. Of the top 25 most associated SNPs, 10 resided within genic regions. Two candidate genes stood out: NEDD4L and SERPINB7. SNP rs512099, located in intron 1 of NEDD4L, was associated under a dominant model of inheritance [P value = 0.0006; Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval) OR (95% CI) = 0.70 (0.57-0.86)]. SNP rs1720843, located in intron 2 of SERPINB7, was associated under a recessive model of inheritance [P value = 0.0017; OR (95% CI) = 0.65 (0.50-0.85)]. Collectively, these results suggest that multiple genes in this region may influence diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in AAs.
Chapter Four: Life Cycles in Major Lineages of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes, with a Special Reference to the Origin of Land Plants

Abstract Meiosis and fertilization represent two fundamental events in the origin, development, and evolution of the eukaryotic life cycle. A life cycle with alternation of generations evolved independently in multiple diverse eukaryote lineages, and variations of this type of life cycle can be found in the photosynthetic red, brown, and green algae and embryophyte land plants. The adaptive advantages of maintaining two multicellular stages necessary for sexual reproduction have been explored on both ecological and genetic levels. However, no hypothesis has been found to be applicable across the diverse lineages. This review summarizes the types of life cycles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes, focusing on those lineages that exhibit an alternation of generations and the adaptive advantages such life cycles may confer. The evolution of the embryophyte lineage and its transition from an aquatic to terrestrial habitat are discussed, as is how the first-diverging embryophyte lineage, the liverworts, display...
How deep and how steady is Earth’s surface?

863 Weathering is the ubiquitous hallmark of the interaction of rock with environmental conditions on Earth’s surface. Alteration of fresh rock both releases nutrients to organisms and consumes atmospheric CO 2 . The disaggregated products of weathering provide substrate to anchor roots, and their production is the fi rst step in sculpting landscapes. The porosity structure developed by weathering retains water and paces its fl ow back to the oceans. For all these reasons, we care a great deal about the rates of weathering, how deeply below the surface a rock is weathered, and if this zone of weathering is steady or changing in time. Understanding the connections between weathering rate and erosion rate is a long-lived question in the study of Earth’s surface, and inevitably requires knowledge of the depth to which weathering processes reach and the rates of these processes over time. The balance between the downward penetration of weathering agents (atmospheric fl uids and organisms) and the damage they cause, and the removal of weathered material by erosion integrated over time, governs the thickness of the weathered zone. One
Resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes in women

Background Resting heart rate has been shown to predict risk of cardiovascular disease; its association with diabetes remains unclear, particularly in non-Western populations. Methods We evaluated the association between resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. The analysis included 47 571 Chinese women with no prior history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease or thyroid dysfunction at the time when resting heart rate was measured. Incident diabetes was ascertained through biennial in-person interviews. Results During a mean follow-up of 4.9 years, 849 women developed type 2 diabetes. For heart rate categories of ≤68, 69–72, 73–76, 77–80 and >80 beats/min, the incidence rates of diabetes per 1000 person-years were 2.91, 3.31, 3.71, 4.16 and 5.34, respectively. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] for diabetes across increasing heart rate categories were 1, 1.21 (0.99–1.47), 1.30 (1.05–1.62), 1.37 (1.12–1.69) and 1.60 (1.28–2.00), respectively. Further analyses of the joint effects of heart rate with body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio (WHR) and blood pressure (BP) showed increased risk of diabetes with increasing heart rate in all categories of BMI, WHR or BP. The combinations of the highest heart rate category with highest BMI, WHR or BP category were associated with the highest HRs, ranging from 4.81 to 6.34. Conclusions A high resting heart rate is independently associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women. The combinations of high heart rate with high BMI, WHR or BP level are associated with a substantially increased risk.
Pediatric refugees in Rhode Island: increases in BMI percentile, overweight, and obesity following resettlement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate BMI change among pediatric refugees resettling in Providence, RI. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of pediatric refugees from the initial evaluation to year 3 post-resettlement at Hasbro Children’s Hospital. Primary outcome of interest was within person change in BMI percentile at each time point. RESULTS: From 2007–2012, 181 children visited the clinic. Initial prevalence of overweight and obesity was 14.1% and 3.2% versus 22.8% and 12.6% at year 3. From visit 1 and years 1–3, there was a positive mean within person change in BMI percentile of 12.9% (95% CI 6.3– 19.6%s), 16.6% (95% CI 11.2–21.9%), and 14.4% (95% CI 9.1–19.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 17.3% at initial intake to 35.4% at 3 years post-resettlement to surpass that of American children (31.7–31.8% for 2007–2012). Refugee children have additional risk factors for obesity; multidisciplinary interventions must be designed to address nutrition at each visit.
Cardiorespiratory Responses to Interleukin-1β in Adult Rats: Role of Nitric Oxide, Eicosanoids and Glucocorticoids

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) receptors are abundantly expressed in brain stem regions involved in respiratory control. We hypothesized that systemic administration of IL-1beta would increase ventilation (V(E )), and that nitric oxide, eicosanoids, and glucocorticoid receptors would modulate IL-1beta-induced cardioventilatory responses. Intravenous injections of three doses (37.5 ng kg(-1), 75 ng kg(-1 ) and 150 ng kg(-1)) of IL-1b induced monophasic increases in (V(E)), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) which had a distinctly different onset and duration of action compared to IL-1beta-induced body temperature elevations. Pre-treatment with the nitric oxide inhibitor L-NAME was associated with decreased peak V(E) responses, without affecting the latency and duration of IL-1beta. L-NAME also enhanced HR responses while pressor responses were attenuated. Eicosanoid inhibition with indomethacin resulted in markedly attenuated V responses. However, cardiovascular responses to IL-1beta were not modified by indomethacin. In contrast, pre-treatment with dexamethasone, was not associated with any changes in the IL-1beta-induced V(E), HR, or BP responses. We conclude that IL-1beta increases of V(E) are dose-dependent and are not time-locked with the pyrexic response suggesting the possibility that distinct neural pathways may underlie these responses. In addition, nitric oxide and eicosanoid-dependent mechanisms modulate IL-1beta ventilatory effects.
Comparison of PIN- and pattern-based behavioral biometric authentication on mobile devices

Personal identification numbers (PIN) and unlock patterns are highly popular authentication mechanisms on smart mobile devices but they are not sufficiently secure. PIN or pattern mechanisms enhanced by additional, implicit behavioral biometric authentication can offer stronger authentication assurance while preserving usability, therefore becoming very attractive. Individual studies on PIN- and pattern-based behavioral biometric authentication on smartphones were conducted but their results cannot be directly compared. In this work, we present a comparison study on the authentication accuracy between PIN-based and pattern-based behavioral biometric authentication using both smartphone and tablet. We developed a uniform framework for both PIN-based and pattern-based schemes and used two representative methods—Histogram and DTW—for user verification. We recruited 15 users and collected behavioral biometric data for both simple and complex PINs and patterns. Our experimental results show that PIN-based and pattern-based behavioral biometric authentication schemes can achieve about the same level of accuracy but not all verification methods are equal. The Histogram method can achieve more consistent results and handle template aging better than the DTW method based on our results. Our findings are expected to shed light on the exploration and analysis of effective behavioral biometric verification methods and facilitate more comprehensive investigation on behavioral biometric authentication for mobile devices.